Wikipedia hawiki https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Babban_shafi MediaWiki 1.47.0-wmf.14 first-letter Midiya Musamman Tattaunawa User Tattaunawar user Wikipedia Tattaunawar Wikipedia Fayil Tattaunawar fayil MediaWiki Tattaunawar MediaWiki Samfuri Tattaunawar samfuri Taimako Tattaunawar taimako Rukuni Tattaunawar rukuni TimedText TimedText talk Module Module talk Event Event talk 0 3990 895627 580828 2026-08-12T10:51:22Z Maryam Abdullahi Y 43904 895627 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} [[File:Myanmar-Lower-House-Parliament.jpg|thumb|right|250px|Pyidaungsu Hluttaw, wurin zama na majalisar Myanmar.]] [[File:Flag of Myanmar.svg|thumb|right|250px|Tutar Myanmar.]] [[Fayil:Old Bagan, Myanmar, Landscape of ancient Bagan city.jpg|thumb]] '''Myanmar ko''' '''Burma ko''' '''Birmaniya''', ƙasa ce, da ke a nahiyar [[Asiya]]. Myanmar tana kuma da yawan fili kimani kilomita arabba'i 676,578. Myanmar tana da kuma yawan jama'a da suka Kai kimanin 51,486,253, bisa ga ƙidayar yawan jama'a da akayi acikin shekara ta 2014. Myanmar tana kuma da iyaka da ƙasar [[Indiya]], [[Sin]], [[Bangladash]], [[Laos|Laos,]] kuma da [[Thailand]]. Babban birnin Myanmar, [[Naypyidaw]] ce, amma babban birnin tattalin arzikinta [[Yangon]] ce. Myanmar ta samu yancin kantane acikin shekara ta 1948. <gallery> File:Entrance_of_the_Unfinished_Stupa.jpg|Kofar shiga Stupa File:Bagan,_Myanmar,_Htilominlo_Temple_and_other_Buddhist_stupas_in_Bagan_plain.jpg|Htilominlo Temple and other Buddhist stupas File:Linnaeus_Tripe,_Amerapoora_-_Pyathat_of_Kyoung_No._93,_September_1-October_21,_1855,_NGA_159337.jpg|Amerapoora - Pyathat of Kyoung, 1855 </gallery> ==Manazarta== {{Asiya}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Myanmar}} [[Category:Ƙasashen Asiya]] pktbj0g8znjzcsomjx0osm127ui9gdr 0 4074 895032 891694 2026-08-11T16:23:47Z Martin Macha 2111 12677 /* */ 895032 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} [[File:Triglav.jpg|200px|right|thumbnail|Dutsin Triglav, Sloveniya]] [[File:Ridge of Veliki Vrh, Karawanks, Slovenia 11.jpg|200px|right|thumbnail|wani guri a Slovenia]] [[File:View to Piran from St. George's Parish Church, Piran, Slovenia 10.jpg|200px|right|thumbnail|153x153px]]'''Sloveniya:''' kasan ce daga cikin kasashen Nahiyar Wanda yake a babban birnin Ljubljana da kuma yawan mutanen ya kai kimanin 2,136,385. [[File:Ljubljana_po_potresu_15.jpg|200px|right|thumbnail|Ljubljana bayan girgizar kasa a shekarar 1895]] [[File:%C5%A0tab_2._bataljona_Pre%C5%A1ernove_brigade_1944.jpg|200px|right|thumbnail|Membobin Brigade na Prešeren, 1944 Hedikwatar Battalion ta 2 na Prešeren Brigade, 1944]] ==Hotuna== <gallery> File:View_of_Koper_from_Zusterna.JPG|Birnin Koper, Slovenia File:Triglav.jpg|Dutsen Triglaw File:Bled_Overview.JPG|Tafkin Bled File:Nova_Gorica_0720069_1600x1062_77.jpg|Nova Gorica </gallery> {{Turai}} {{stub}} [[Category:Ƙasā̀shē]] [[Category:Tūrai]] gcr5osrn9e13t16lsvufcguulr87908 0 5088 895259 268940 2026-08-11T22:09:39Z Baffa ali 47435 895259 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Ronald Baird''' (an haife shi a shekara ta 1908 sannan ya mutu a shekara ta 1989) shi ne tsohon ɗan wasan [[ƙwallon ƙafa]] ta [[ƙasar Ingila]].{{stub}} ==Manazarta== {{Reflist}} [[category:Mutuwan 1989]] {{DEFAULTSORT:Baird, Ronald}} [[Category:'Yan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa ta ƙasar Ingila]] kz1c1u16zflzihgmex0uash43fw4m8s 0 5828 894914 414566 2026-08-11T12:41:01Z SanBonne 10578 Requesting deletion ([[:m:Special:MyLanguage/User:TenWhile6/XReport|XReport]] v3.1c) 894914 wikitext text/x-wiki <noinclude>{{delete|1=Out of project scope. self-promotional <small>[[:m:Special:MyLanguage/User:TenWhile6/XReport|XReport]]</small>}}</noinclude> {{databox}} '''Jamaluddin Falih Al-Kilani''' (an haifeshi a shekarar 1972) a kasar [[Iraki]]. Malamin addinin Muslunci ne, kwararren marubuci ne, mai bincike, malamin masanin tarihi da hanyoyin ci gaba na al'ummar musulmai. Yana da kulawa ta musamman akan tarihin [[Shehu Abdulkadir Al-Kilani]] da abubuwan da suka shafi makarantarsa ta Kadiriyya a tsawon zamani. Tun yana yaro, karatun tarihi shi ne babban abin kaunarsa. ==Tarihin Rayuwa== An haifi Dr Jamaluddin Al-Kilani a karamar hukumar Dayali dake kasar Iraki a shekarar 1972. Jamaluddin Al-Kilani sharifi ne jikan Shehu Abdulkadir Al-Kilani kuma jikan Sayyid Hassan dan Imam Aliyyu (karramallahu wajhahu) dan Nana Fadtimah (alaihassalam). == Ilimi== Dr Jamaluddin Al-Kilani ya yi makarantun firamare da sakandire a garin 'khadaul khalis' wanda yake a kasar Iraki; garin da yake a cike a wancan lokaci da manya-manyan masana na ilman zamani, na harshe da na addinin Musulunci. Ya samu shedar kammala digirinsa na farko a fannin Tarihi daga Jami'ar Bagadaza, kamar yadda ya samu shaidar kammala karatun difloma a wannan Jami'a a fannin harshen Turanci. Ya samu shedar digirinsa na biyu a ɓangaren Tarihi da ci gaban harshen Larbci da addinin Musulunci. Shedar digirinsa na uku watau PhD ya same ta ne a kan falsafar tarihin Musulunci.  Tun yana yaro, Jamaluddin Al-Kilani ya samu tarbiyya da kulawa ta musamman daga wurin mahaifinsa Dr Falih Al-Kilani, wanda mashhurin malami ne kuma marubucin rubutattun wakoki ne na adabin Larabci da addinin Musulunci a Gabas ta Tsakiya da Arewacin Afirka. Haka kuma ya samu kyakkyawar kulawa daga wurin babban malamin tarihi na kasar Iraki watau: Imadu Abdussalami Ra'uf. == Malaman sa == Dr Jamaluddin Al-Kilani ya hadu da malamai da yawa wadanda ya koyi karatuttuka a wajansu da wadanda suka bashi cikakken izini na karatu, karantarwa, bincike da rubutu a fannin Tarihi da danganen kabilun Larabawa, daga cikinsu a kwai: Imadu Abdussalami Ra'uf, Salim Al-Alusi, Abdulkarim Muhammad Mudarris, Ali Al-Wardi, Abdurrazaki Al-Hasani, Muhsin Mahdi, Sa'id Abdulfattah Ashur, Muhammad Ammarah da kuma babban masani na hanyoyin jaddada koyarwar addinin Musulunci watau Majid Arsan Al-Kilani. == Ilimantarwar sa == Dr Jamaluddin Al-Kilani ya koyar a makarantun firamare da sakandire wanda daga bisani ya zamto malami mai bada karatu da horarwa a jami'ar Bagadaza, Jami'ar Mosul da ta Mustansiriyyah, kadisiyyah, Basarah, Iskandariyyah, Darul Ulum diyobandi, Jami'ar Musulunci ta Maleshiya da sauransu. ==Tasirantuwa== Ya tasirantu da Shehu Abdulkadir Al-Kilani, Imadu Abdussalam Ra'uf, Mustapha Jawad == Littattafan sa == Dr Jamaluddin Al-Kilani ya rubuta litattafai da dama da harshen Larabci, wasu daga cikinsu an fassara su izuwa harasa daban-daban na duniya. Daga cikin litattafansa akwai: (1) Jugrafiyyatul Bazul Ashhab - wannan littafi littafi ne da aka yi amfani da ka'idodin bincike na zamani na ilmin Tarihi domin tantance riwayun da suka yi bayanin wuri ko kasar da aka haifi Shehu Abdulkadir Al-Kilani. Tsari da abinda wannan littafi ya kunsa ya janyo hankulan masana da dama a duniya ta inda wannan littafi ya tabbatar da ingancin bayanin haihuwar Shehu Abdulkadir Al-Kilani a garin 'Jilu' dake a kasar Iraki tare da korewarsa, bisa dogaro a kan hujjoji da dama, bayanan da suke nuna haihuwar Shehun a garin Tabarustan da yake a kasar Iran. Wannan littafi ya karbu sosai-da-sosai a inda kwafi 100,000 ya kare a dan takaitaccen lokaci, abinda ya janyo maimaita buga shi har sau hudu. Muhammad Mahmud Mustapha ya fassara wannan littafin izuwa harshen Hausa.  (2) Assheikh Abdulkadir Al-Kilani: Ru'uyah Tarikhiyyah Mu'asirah - littafi ne na tarihin rayiwar Shehu Abdulkadir.  (3) Dirasatu wa Tahkiku kitab Bahjatul Asrar.  (4) Attarikul Islami: Ru'uyatun Mu'asirah - littafi ne na tarihin Musulunci a zamanance.  (5) Min As-Shakki ila Al-yakini - littafi ne da yake tabbatar da ingancin danganen Shehu Abdulkadir Al-Kilani da Annabinmu Annabi Muhammadu (salawatullahi wa salamuhu alaihi) cikakkiyar dangataka ta tsatso, bisa dogaro da hujjoji da kuma amfani da ka'idodin ilmi na zamani.  (6) Hakaza Takallamas Sheikh Abdulkadir.  (7) Tahkiku kitab Futuhul Gaib.  (8) Attarikhul Islami: Tafsirun Jadid.  (9) Al-Imamu Ahmadu Arrifa'i: Almuslihul Mujaddid. 10) Arrihlah war Rahhalah fit Tarikhil Islami.  (11) Al-Madkhal li Tarikhil Falsafatil Islamiyyah.  (12) Falsafatul Ishrak.  (13) Badi'uz Zaman Sa'idun Nursi: Kira'ah Jadidah fi Fikrihil Mustanir - littafi ne na tarihi da bayani a kan ilmin masanin Allah wanda aka yi shi a kasar Turkiyya watau Imam Annursi da bayanan nusarwa da ganarwa akan litattafansa wadanda ya rubuta su domin koya sanin Allah da hanyoyin fahimtar halittun Allah watau 'maarifa' bisa tsarin Sufanci madai-daici mai tafiya tare da zamani, domin kawo gyara da ci gaba na alkhairi ga al'ummar Annabi Muhammadu (salawatullahi wa salamuhu alaih). Littattafan Imam Annursi wadanda wannan littafi yake bayani a kansu su ne wadanda aka fi sani da 'Rasailun Nur'.  (14) Sauratur Ruh.  (15) Kurasanu Attarikhiyyah.  (16) Al-Kamusul Al-Kadiri. (17) Al-Imamu Abdulkadir Al-Jili: Tafsirun Jadid. == Lambobin yabo== Dr Jamaluddin ya samu yabo saboda kokarinsa da rubuce-rubucensa daga wurin manya-manyan malamai, kungiyoyi da Jami'o'i. Farfesa Majid Arsan Al-Kilani, Fahmi Jad'an da Farfesa Imadu Abdussalami Ra'ufu sun yabi Dr Jamaluddin Al-Kilani sosai-da-sosai tare da nuna girmamawarsu ga bincikensa da rubuce-rubucensa. Haka kuma jami'o'i, kwaleji-kwaleji da kungiyoyi da dama sun bashi lambobin yabo da karramawa, daga cikinsu akwai; # IIOC - kwalejin addinin Musulunci dake London.  # Al-Jami'atul Islamiyyah - dake Indiya.  # Jami'atu Kasid Mirbah - dake Aljeriya.  # Al-Jami'atul Islamiyyah Al-Alamiyyah - dake Islam Abad, Fakistan.  # Gammayyar Kungiyoyin Musulunci dake Barazil.  # Al-Jami'atul Islamiyyah Al-Alamiyyah - dake Maleshiya.  # Jami'ar Iskandariyah.  # Kungiyar Gammayyar Malaman Iraki.  # Jami'ar Mosul.  # Jami'ar Ain Shams.  # Jami'ar Bagadaza.  # Jami'ar Salahuddin.  ==Manazarta== [[Category: Iraqi malamai]] [[Category:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Category: Masu bincike na Iraqi]] 6cbp688jfuiw0shz2jmxphwgxfj3xpi 0 5887 895351 734996 2026-08-12T04:21:36Z Baffa ali 47435 /* growthexperiments-addlink-summary-summary:2|0|0 */ 895351 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} [[File:Prague Montage.jpg|250px|thumb|Prag.]] '''Prag''' ko '''Purag''' (da harshen Cek: ''Praha''; da Turanci, da Faransanci: '''Prague''') shi ne babban birnin kasar [[Kazech|Jamhuriyar Czech]]. Yawan na birnin fiye da mutane miliyan ɗaya. Prague ne mafi girma a birnin a [[Jamhuriyar Tarayyar Sin|Jamhuriyar]] Czech. Wannan birni ɗaya daga cikin muhimman kasuwanci, al’adu da yawon shakatawa cibiyoyin a Tsakiyar Turai. Prag na akan kogin Vltava ne. Prague birni ne na tarihi tare da Romanesque, Gothic, Renaissance da gine-ginen Baroque. Ita ce babban birnin Masarautar Bohemia kuma mazaunin sarakunan Romawa masu tsarki da yawa, musamman Charles IV (r. 1346–1378) da Rudolf II (r. 1575–1611).<ref>"Brief History of Prague, Czech Republic | Prague.com". ''prague.com''. Archived from the original on 22 February 2024. Retrieved 27 March 2024.</ref>Birni ne mai mahimmanci ga masarautar Habsburg da Austria-Hungary. Birnin ya taka muhimmiyar rawa a cikin Bohemian da sauye-sauyen Furotesta, Yaƙin Shekaru Talatin da kuma a cikin tarihi na ƙarni na 20 a matsayin babban birnin Czechoslovakia tsakanin Yaƙin Duniya da zamanin Kwaminisanci bayan yaƙi.<ref>"Short History of Bohemia, Moravia and then Czechoslovakia and Czech Republic". ''hedgie.eu''. 2015. Archived from the original on 18 May 2016. Retrieved 7 April 2016.</ref> Prague gida ne ga al'adun al'adu da dama da suka hada da Prague Castle, Charles Bridge, Old Town Square tare da agogon astronomical Prague, Quarter Yahudawa, Dutsen Petřín da Vyšehrad. Tun 1992, cibiyar tarihi ta Prague ta kasance cikin jerin wuraren tarihi na UNESCO. Garin yana da manyan gidajen tarihi sama da goma, tare da gidajen wasan kwaikwayo da yawa, gidajen tarihi, sinima, da sauran abubuwan tarihi. Babban tsarin sufurin jama'a na zamani ya haɗa birnin. Gida ce ga makarantu da yawa na jama'a da masu zaman kansu, gami da Jami'ar Charles a Prague, jami'a mafi tsufa a Turai ta Tsakiya. An rarraba Prague a matsayin "Beta+" birni na duniya bisa ga binciken GaWC.<ref>"The World According to GaWC 2020". GaWC. Archived from the original on 10 January 2025. Retrieved 17 January 2025.</ref>A cikin 2019, Fihirisar PICSA ta sanya birnin a matsayin birni na 13 mafi kyawun rayuwa a duniya.<ref>"The PICSA Index". ''PICSA''. Archived from the original on 8 March 2021. Retrieved 2 July 2021.</ref>Babban tarihinta ya sa ya zama sanannen wurin yawon buɗe ido kuma tun daga 2017, birnin yana karɓar baƙi sama da miliyan 8.5 na duniya kowace shekara. A cikin 2017, an jera Prague a matsayin birni na biyar da aka fi ziyarta a Turai bayan London, [[Faris|Paris]], Rome, da [[Istanbul]].<ref>"Top 100 City Destinations Revealed: Prague among Most Visited in the World". ''Expats.cz''. 8 November 2017. Archived from the original on 29 August 2018. Retrieved 28 August 2018.</ref> ==Hotuna == <gallery> Prag-3690-Hradschin und Stadt vom Laurenziberg-2008-gje.jpg Prag-5760-Altstaedter Wasserwerk-2008-gje.jpg Prag-5810-Karlsbruecke von Sued-2008-gje.jpg Prag-4850-Stadt vom Rathausturm-2008-gje.jpg Prag-4900-Stadt vom Rathausturm-2008-gje.jpg Prag-4930-Malé náměstí-Fiaker-2008-gje.jpg Prag-5060-Karlova-2008-gje.jpg Prag-6730-Nerudova-Antiquariat Kelch-2008-gje.jpg Prag-7110-Vrtba-Garten-2008-gje.jpg Prag-3770-Strahov-vom Petřín-Aussichtsturm-2008-gje.jpg File:Wenceslas_Square_end_of_19th_century.jpg|Wenceslas Square, postcard, end of 19th century, view from Mustek, Prag. File:Zizkov_Television_Tower_Prague.jpg|Hasumiyar gidan talabijin na Zizkov Prag File:Pam%C3%A1tn%C3%ADk_na_V%C3%ADtkov%C4%9B.jpg|Monument to Jan Žižka and mausoleum of Klement Gottwald, Prag File:Wenceslaus_I_Duke_of_Bohemia_equestrian_statue_in_Prague_2.jpg|St Venceslas, detail, Prag </gallery> {{DEFAULTSORT:Prag}} [[Category:Biranen Kazech]] ==Sunanta== Duba kuma: Sunayen garuruwan Turai a cikin yaruka daban-daban (M–P) § P Sunan Czech Praha ya samo asali ne daga tsohuwar kalmar Slavic, práh, wanda ke nufin "ford" ko "sauri", yana nufin asalin birnin a mashigar kogin Vltava.<ref>"What's in a Name? (Prague History Lesson)". ''Prague Summer Program for Writers''. 22 February 2016. Archived from the original on 14 March 2017. Retrieved 14 March 2016.</ref> Wani ra'ayi game da asalin sunan kuma yana da alaƙa da kalmar Czech práh (tare da ma'anar ƙofa) kuma ƙa'idar almara ta haɗu da sunan birnin tare da gimbiya Libuše, annabiya da matar wanda ya kafa daular Přemyslid. An ce ta ba da umarnin "a gina birnin inda mutum ya ke saran kofar gidansa". Don haka ana iya fahimtar Czech práh yana nufin Rapids ko mashigai a cikin kogin, wanda gefensa zai iya zama hanyar keɓance kogin - don haka yana ba da "kofa" zuwa gidan. An ba da shawarar wani sunan Praha daga na prazě, asalin kalmar dutsen dutsen shale wanda aka gina ainihin katafaren ginin. A wancan lokacin, ginin yana kewaye da gandun daji, wanda ya rufe tuddai tara na birnin nan gaba - Tsohon Garin da ke gefen kogin, da kuma Karamin Gari da ke ƙarƙashin ginin da ake da shi, ya bayyana ne daga baya.<ref>Dudák, Vladislav (2010). ''Praha: Průvodce magickým centrem Evropy'' [''Prague: A Guide to the Magical Center of Europe'']. Praha: Práh. p. 184. ISBN <bdi>978-80-7252-302-3</bdi>.</ref> Harafin Turanci na sunan birni an aro shi ne daga Faransanci. A cikin ƙarni na 19th da farkon 20th an furta shi da Ingilishi don yin waƙa da "marasa kyau": Lady Diana Cooper (an haife shi 1892) ne ya furta haka a kan Desert Island Discs a cikin 1969, <ref>"Interview with Lady Diana Cooper". ''Desert Island Discs''. 24 March 1969. Archived from the original on 3 February 2019. Retrieved 2 February 2019.</ref> kuma an rubuta shi zuwa rhyme tare da "marasa kyau" a cikin ayar The Beleaguered da kuma Longfellow City (18 Longfellow) na Prague na Edward Lear (1846). Ana kuma kiran Prague "Birnin Ƙaƙwalwar Ƙira", bisa ƙidayar da masanin lissafin karni na 19 Bernard Bolzano ya yi; Ma'aikatar Watsa Labarai ta Prague ta kiyasta adadin na yau a 500.<ref>"Kolik věží má "stověžatá" Praha? Nadšenci jich napočítali přes pět set". ''idnes.cz'' (in Czech). Mladá fronta DNES. 5 August 2010. Archived from the original on 14 May 2013. Retrieved 8 January 2013.</ref> Laƙabi na Prague kuma sun haɗa da: Birnin Zinariya, Uwar Birane da Zuciyar Turai.<ref>"Visit Prague, the City of a Hundred spires". prague.fm. Archived from the original on 10 August 2015. Retrieved 19 August 2015.</ref> Al'ummar Yahudawa na gida, wanda na ɗaya daga cikin tsofaffin da ke ci gaba da kasancewa a duniya, sun bayyana birnin a matsayin עיר ואם בישראל Ir va-em be-yisrael, "Birni da uwa a Isra'ila" <ref>McCarthy, Suzanne (10 December 2012). "A city and a mother in Israel". ''BLT''. Retrieved 1 November 2024.</ref><ref>''Jewish Prague/Židovská Praha - anglicky'' (in Czech).</ref> ==Tarihi== Babban labarin: Tarihin Prague Don jagorar tarihin lokaci, duba Timeline na Prague. Prague ya girma daga ƙauyen da ke shimfiɗa daga Prague Castle a arewa zuwa katangar Vyšehrad a kudu, ya zama babban birnin ƙasar Turai ta zamani. Tare da ajiyar kayan tarihi sama da 10m mai zurfi, birnin ya zama abin koyi don aiwatar da cikakkun ka'idoji don kare kayan tarihi na kayan tarihi a cikin Jamhuriyar Czech.<ref>Novák, D; Staňková, V; Rýpar, V; Podliska, J; Hasil, J (2025). "Managing the Urban Archaeological Heritage of Prague: The Benefits of Collaboration". ''Internet Archaeology'' (70). doi:10.11141/ia.70.3. Archived from the original on 24 March 2025. Retrieved 25 March 2025.</ref> ==Tarihin farko== Gimbiya ta almara Libuše tana annabcin ɗaukakar Prague. An zaunar da yankin tun farkon shekarun Paleolithic.<ref>Demetz, Peter (1997). "Chapter One: Libussa, or Versions of Origin". ''Prague in Black and Gold: Scenes from the Life of a European City''. New York: Hill and Wang. ISBN <bdi>978-0-8090-7843-1</bdi>. Retrieved 7 April 2016.</ref>Marubuci Bayahude David Solomon Ganz, yana ambaton Cyriacus Spangenberg, ya yi iƙirarin cewa an kafa birnin a matsayin Boihaem a c. 1306 BC ta wani tsohon sarki Boyya.<ref>Dovid Solomon Ganz, Tzemach Dovid (3rd edition), part 2, Warsaw 1878, pp. 71, 85 (online Archived 21 April 2022 at the Wayback Machine)</ref> Kusan karni na biyar da na huɗu BC, wata kabilar Celtic ta bayyana a yankin, daga baya ta kafa ƙauyuka, gami da mafi girman oppidum na Celtic a Bohemia, Závist, a cikin wani yanki na kudu na yanzu Zbraslav a cikin Prague, da kuma suna yankin Bohemia, wanda ke nufin "gidan mutanen Boii".<ref>Demetz, Peter (1997). "Chapter One: Libussa, or Versions of Origin". ''Prague in Black and Gold: Scenes from the Life of a European City''. New York: Hill and Wang. ISBN <bdi>978-0-8090-7843-1</bdi>. Retrieved 7 April 2016.</ref><ref name=":0">Kenety, Brian (29 October 2004). "Unearthing Bohemia's Celtic heritage ahead of Samhain, the 'New Year'". Czech Radio. Archived from the original on 10 August 2016. Retrieved 9 August 2016.</ref><ref name=":0" />A cikin karnin da ya gabata BC, kabilun Jamus (Marcomanni, Quadi, Lombards da yuwuwar Suebi) sun kori Celts, wanda ya sa wasu suka sanya kujerar sarki Marcomanni, Maroboduus, a cikin Závist.<ref>Kenety, Brian (19 November 2005). "Atlantis české archeologie" (in Czech). Czech Radio. Archived from the original on 13 September 2016. Retrieved 9 August 2016.</ref><ref>Dovid Solomon Ganz, Tzemach Dovid (3rd edition), part 2, Warsaw 1878, pp. 71, 85 (online Archived 21 April 2022 at the Wayback Machine)</ref>. A kusa da yankin da Prague na yau yake tsaye, taswirar karni na 2 wanda masanin kimiya na Rome Ptolemaios ya zana ya ambaci wani birni na Jamus mai suna Casurgis.<ref>Praha byla Casurgis" [Prague was Casurgis] (in Czech). cs-magazin.com. February 2011. Archived from the original on 13 April 2016. Retrieved 7 April 2016.</ref> == Manazarta == dxh5s27gstio3xj1mp0o82qb3q9xpri 0 7008 895362 833746 2026-08-12T05:22:52Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 895362 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} [[File:Nigerian number plate Edo.jpg|thumb|Lambar motar jihar edo]] [[File:Auchi central mosque.jpg|thumb|Masallacin unguwar auchi dake birnin Edo]] [[File:Nigerian Television Authority, Benin City, Edo State 3.jpg|thumb|Gidan talabijin na jihar Edo]] [[File:Edo state University, Uzairue, Edo state gate2.jpg|thumb|jami'ar Edo]] [[Fayil:Edo state polytechnic Usen.jpg|thumb]] '''Jihar Edo''' Jiha ce dake kudu maso kudancin [[Najeriya]].<ref>"Edo | state, Nigeria". ''Encyclopedia Britannica''. Retrieved 2021-09-16.</ref> Babban birnin jihar shi ne [[Benin City |Benin]]. Dangane da ƙidayar shekara ta 2006, Jihar ita ce ta shida a yawan jama'a da adadin mutane kimanin 3,233,366.<ref>"Nigeria Census - Nigeria Data Portal". ''nigeria.opendataforafrica.org''. Retrieved 2021-07-08.</ref> Edo ita ce ta 22 a faɗin ƙasa a Najeriya.<ref>"World Gazetteer: Nigeria - administrative divisions (per geographical…". ''archive.ph''. 2013-01-05. Archived from the original on 2013-01-05. Retrieved 2022-05-12.</ref> Babban birnin jihar shi ne [[Benin City (Birnin Benin)|Benin City]], ita ce birni ta hudu a girma a [[Najeriya]], kuma ta ƙunshi cibiyar masana'antun roba a Najeriya.<ref>"Benin City | History & Facts". ''Encyclopedia Britannica''. Retrieved 2021-07-09.</ref><ref>admin (2018-06-08). "Obaseki Revives N5.1bn Urhonigbe Rubber Plantation". ''THISDAYLIVE''. Retrieved 2021-07-10.</ref> An ƙirƙire ta a shekarar 1991, daga tsohuwar [[Yamma ta tsakiyar Najeriya|Jihar Bendel]], kuma ana kiranta da kuma suna "Heart beat of the Nation" (bugun zuciyan ƙasa).<ref>"Edo state: The heartbeat of the Nation". ''Channels Television''. Retrieved 2022-08-14.</ref> [[File:Edo state polytechnic Usen.jpg|thumb|Manyan makarantun jihar edo]] Jihar Edo tana da iyaka da [[Kogi (jiha)|Jihar Kogi]] daga arewa maso gabas, [[Anambra|Jihar Anambra]] da ga gabas, [[Delta (jiha)|Jihar Delta]] daga kudu maso gabas da kudu maso kudancin jihar, [[Ondo|Jihar Ondo]] kuma daga yamma.<ref>"Edo | state, Nigeria | Britannica". ''www.britannica.com''. Retrieved 2022-07-24.</ref> Yankunan Jihar Edo a yau sun haɗa iyaka da masarautun da dauloli da aka kafa tun a ƙarni na 11 miladiyya, harda [[Masarautar Benin]].<ref>[[Edo State#CITEREFStrayer2013|Strayer 2013]], pp. 695–696.</ref> A shekarar alif 1897, Daular Burtaniya ta ƙaddamar da wata azzalimar ziyara ga yankin Benin, inda suka tarwatsa tsaffin biranen Edo, inda suka haɗe su a cikin yankin da ta zamo Yankin mulkin mallaka na Kudancin Najeriya.<ref>Obinyan, T. U. (September 1988). "The Annexation of Benin". ''Journal of Black Studies''. Sage . '''19''' (1): 29–40. [[Doi (identifier)|doi]]:10.1177/002193478801900103. [[JSTOR (identifier)|JSTOR]] 2784423. [[S2CID (identifier)|S2CID]] 142726955.</ref><ref>Koutonin, Mawuna (2016-03-18). "Story of cities #5: Benin City, the mighty medieval capital now lost without trace". ''the Guardian''. Retrieved 2021-07-10.</ref> Edo jiha ce dake ɗauke da mutane iri-iri musamman [[Harsunan Edoid]] da kuma [[Mutanen Edo]] ko Bini,<ref>"Edo" (PDF). Archived (PDF) from the original on 2020-05-30.</ref> [[Mutanen Esan|Esan]], [[Kabilar Owan]], [[Mutanen Afemai|Afemai]].<ref>Refugees, United Nations High Commissioner for. "Refworld | Nigeria: Esan ethnic group; whether it is a sub-group of the Yoruba; religions practised; whether members of this ethnic group engage in Ogboni practices". ''Refworld''. Retrieved 2021-03-15.</ref> Harshen da yafi fice daga cikin yarukan Edo shine [[Yaren Edo]] wanda akae yawan amfani dashi a Birnin Benin.<ref>"Edo language, alphabet and pronunciation". ''omniglot.com''. Retrieved 2021-03-15.</ref> Mafi yawa mutanen Jihar mabiya addinin Kiristanci ne. Turawan mishanari na Portugal suka kawo addinin a yankin a ƙarni na 15. Akwai 'yan tsirarun mabiya addinin Musulunci da addinan gargajiya.<ref>"Benin kingdom/Edo state Religions". ''www.edoworld.net''. Retrieved 2021-03-15.</ref> == Tarihi == [[Yankin Yamma ta Tsakiya, Najeriya]] yanki ne a Najeriya a tsakanin shekarun 1963 zuwa 1991. Kuma ana kiranta da [[Yankin Yamma ta Tsakiya, Najeriya|Jihar Bendel]] daga shekarar 1976. An ƙirƙiri jihar a watan June 1963, daga yankin gundumomin Benin da Delta na Yankin Yammacin Najeriya, kuma babban birninta shi ne Benin City.<ref>"About Edo". ''Edo State''. 2019-07-11. Retrieved 2021-07-08.</ref> An canza mata suna zuwa gunduma a 1966, sannna kuma a 1967 lokacin da aka rarraba sauran gundumomin zuwa jihohi da dama, ta tsaya a matsayin yanki, kafin daga bisani ta zamo jiha.<ref>"Edo state: The heartbeat of the Nation". ''Channels Television''. Retrieved 2021-07-09.</ref> A lokacin [[Yaƙin basasar Najeriya]], sojojin [[Biyafara]] sun kai wa sabuwar jihar [[Yankin Yamma ta Tsakiya, Najeriya|Yankin Yamma ta Tsakiya]] hari, wacce ta haɗa hanya da [[Lagos (jiha)|Lagos]], a wata yunkuri na tilasta kawo karshen yakin. A yayin wannan fafatawar, an sanya wa jihar suna <nowiki>''</nowiki>[[Jamhuriyar Benin (1967)|Jamhuriyar Benin]] gabanin sojojin Najeriya su sake ƙwato yankin. Jimhuriyar ta zo ƙarshe na tsawon yini ɗaya bayan sojojin Najeriya sun kwace birnin Benin City. An ƙirƙiri jihar Edo a ranar 27 ga watan Augustan 1991, a lokacin da aka raba [[Yankin Yamma ta Tsakiya, Najeriya|Jihar Bendel]] zuwa jihohin Edo da [[Delta (jiha)|Delta]].<ref>"Unveiling Nigeria - state". ''www.unveilingnigeria.ng''. Retrieved 2021-07-09.</ref><ref>Bondarenko, Dmitri M.; Roese, Peter M. (1999). "Benin Prehistory: The Origin and Settling down of the Edo". ''Anthropos''. '''94''' (4/6): 542–552. [[ISSN (identifier)|ISSN]] 0257-9774. [[JSTOR (identifier)|JSTOR]] 40465021.</ref> == Mutane == [[Fayil:Burial in Edo State.jpg|thumb|Mutanen Edo]] Tare da Birnin Benin a matsayin babban birnin jihar, yawan mutanen garin sun kai kimanin mutum miliyan 8.<ref name=":0">"About Edo". ''Edo State''. 2019-07-11. Retrieved 2021-07-10.</ref> Jihar ta kunshi muhimman kabilu guda hudu sune: [[Mutanen Edo|Kabilar Edo]] (mutanen Bini, [[Owan]], [[Mutanen Esan|Esan]], [[Mutanen Afemai|Afemai]] ([[Kabilar Etsakọ|Etsakọ]] da kuma [[Akoko-Edo]]). A jihar akwai mutane daga yankuna da dama daga sassa daban daban na duniya. Birnin bini yana da tarihin zama daya daga cikin yankunan da Turawa suka zauna a zamanin ziyarar su Nahiyar [[Afirka]] daruruwan shekaru da suka gabata. Wasu daga cikin wadannan yankuna sun zamo wuraren ziyaran buda idanu a yau.<ref>"About Edo". ''Edo State''. 2019-07-11. Retrieved 2021-07-09.</ref> == Zamantakewa == [[Fayil:Edo state University, Uzairue, Edo state gate2.jpg|thumb|Edo]] Muhimman kabilun Jihar Edo sun hada da kabilun Bini, Etsako, Esan, Owan da kuma kabilar Akoko Edo.<ref name=":0" /> Yawancin wadannan Kabilu sun samo asalli ne daga babban birnin Benin City, a dalilin haka harsunansu sun bambanta ne dangane da nisansu da babban birnin. Kabilar Bini sun mamaye kananan hukumomi guda bakwai daga cikin kananan hukumomi 18 dake jihar kuma sun kwashe kaso 57.54% na yawan mutanen Jihar. Sauran kuma: Esan (17.14%), Etsako (12.19%), Owan (7.43%), da kuma Akoko Edo (5.70%).<ref name=":0" /> Amma kuma akwai yarukan dake zaune a yankunan Akoko Edo, su kuma Itsekiri na zaune a yankin Ikpoba-Okha, da kuma harsunan [[Ijaw]]Izons, [[Kabilar Urhobo|Urhobos]] dake zaune a kananan hukumomin Ovia ta Arewa maso Gabas da Kudu maso Yamma da kuma yankunan iyakokin jihar. Har wayau, ana samun [[Harshen Ibo|mutanen Ibo]] a yanki Igbanke(Ika) dake karamar hukumar Orhionmwon.<ref>"Daily, Peoples (2020-07-17). "Edo: Igbo community in Edo declare support for Obaseki". ''Peoples Daily Newspaper''. Retrieved 2021-07-10.</ref> == Gwamnoni == {| class="sortable" !Suna !Take !Lokacin zama gwamna !Lokacin sauka !Jam'iyya !Bayani |- |Colonel [[John Ewerekumoh Yeri]] |[[Governor]] |August 1990 |January 1992 |(Mulkin Soja) | |- |[[John Odigie Oyegun|John E.K. Odigie Oyegun]] |Governor |January 1992 |November 1993 |SDP | |- |Colonel [[Mohammed Abul-Salam Onuka]] |[[Administrator of the government|Administrator]] |9 December 1993 |14 September 1994 |(Mulkin Soja) | |- |Colonel [[Bassey Asuquo]] |Administrator |14 September 1994 |22 August 1996 |(Mulkin Soja) | |- |Group Captain [[Baba Adamu Iyam]] |Administrator |22 August 1996 |7 August 1998 |(Mulkin Soja) | |- |Navy Captain [[Anthony Onyearugbulem]] |Administrator |7 August 1998 |29 May 1999 |(Mulkin Soja) | |- |Chief [[Lucky Igbinedion]] |Governor |29 May 1999 |29 May 2007 |[[People's Democratic Party (Nigeria)|PDP]] | |- |Professor [[Oserheimen Osunbor]] |[[Governor]] |29 May 2007 |12 November 2008 |[[People's Democratic Party (Nigeria)|PDP]] |Kotu ta sauke shi kuma ta soke zaben<ref>{{Cite web |date=2011-04-03 |title=The grand conspiracy that removed me as governor- Prof Osunbor |url=https://www.vanguardngr.com/2011/04/the-grand-conspiracy-that-removed-me-as-governor-prof-osunbor/ |access-date=2022-03-19 |website=Vanguard News |language=en-US}}</ref> |- |Comrade [[Adams Oshiomhole|Adams A. Oshiomhole]] |Governor |12 November 2008 |12 November 2016 |[[Action Congress|AC]] wacce daga bisani tayi maja da wasu jam'iyyoyi suka zama APC ([[All Progressives Congress|All Progressive Congress]]) in 2013 | |- |[[Godwin Obaseki]] |[[Governor]] |12 November 2016 |present |[[All Progressive Congress|APC]] daga baya kuma ya sauya sheka zuwa [[People's Democratic Party (Nigeria)|PDP]] a ranar 19 Juni 2020 don a sake zabar sa<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.vanguardngr.com/2020/06/breaking-edo-2020-governor-obaseki-formally-joins-pdp/|access-date=19 June 2020|title=BREAKING: EDO 2020: Governor Obaseki formally joins PDP|website=www.vanguardngr.com|date=19 June 2020}}</ref> |An sake zaben shi a Satumban 2020.<ref>{{cite news |title=Nigerian opposition governor wins re-election |url=https://news.yahoo.com/nigerian-opposition-governor-wins-election-152121634.html |access-date=20 September 2020 |work=news.yahoo.com |agency=AFP |date=20 September 2020}}</ref> |} [[File:Ososo2.jpg|300px|thumb|Ososo Hills]] == Kananan Hukumomi == Jihar Edo nada [[Kananan hukumomin Nijeriya|Kananan hukumomi]] guda goma sha takwas (18). Sune: *[[Akoko-Edo]] *[[Egor]] *[[Esan ta Tsakiya]] *[[Esan ta Arewa maso Gabas]] *[[Esan ta Kudu maso Gabas]] *[[Esan ta Yamma]] *[[Etsako ta Tsakiya]] *[[Etsako ta Gabas]] *[[Etsako ta Yamma]] *[[Igueben]] *[[Ikpoba-Okha]] *[[Oredo]] *[[Orhionmwon]] *[[Ovia ta Arewa maso Gabas]] *[[Ovia ta Kudu maso Yamma]] *[[Owan ta Gabas]] *[[Owan Yamma]] *[[Uhunmwonde]] == Yankunan Majalisar Dokokin Jihar Edo (Majalisa ta Biyar) a shekara ta 2013 == Majalisar Dokokin Jihar Edo a shekara ta 2013 ta kunshi yankuna guda ashirin da hudu (24){{div col|colwidth=10em}} *[[Akoko-Edo 1]] *[[Ovia ta Kudu maso Yamma]] *[[Orhionmwon I]] *[[Etsako ta Gabas]] *[[Uhunmwode]] *[[Esan ta Kudu maso Gabas]] *[[Esan ta Tsakiya]] *[[Esan ta Yamma]] *[[Igueben]] *[[Oredo ta Yamma]] *[[Esan ta Arewa maso Gabas I]] *[[Ikpoba-Okha]] *[[Etsako ta Gabas I]] *[[Owan ta Gabas]] *[[Orhionmwon II]] *[[Etsako ta Tsakiya]] *[[Owan ta Yamma]] *[[Egor]] *[[Esan ta Arewa maso Gabas II]] *[[Akoko-Edo II]] *[[Ovia ta Arewa maso Gabas II]] *[[Oredo ta Gabas]] *[[Ovia ta Arewa maso Gabas I]] *[[Etsako ta Yamma II]] {{div col end}} == Sashen Shari'a na Jihar Edo == Sashen Shari'a itace mataki na uku na gwamnatin Jihar Edo, wacce ke da alhakin zartar da shari'a da kuma sasanta rigingimu na al'umma da kuma masu laifi a jihar. A ranar 16 ga watab Mayun 2021 ne, Gwamna Obaseki ya rantsar da Mai Shari'a Joe Acha a matsayin a matsayin Alkalin Alkalai na rikon kwarya a Jihar Edo, bayan mai shari'a Esther Edigin ya ajiye aiki.<ref>"EDO: Obaseki appoints new Acting Chief Judge, urges commitment to oath of office". ''Vanguard News''. 2021-05-17. Retrieved 2022-03-19.</ref> == Siyasa == [[Godwin Obaseki]] ne gwamnan jihar Edo na yanzu kuma an rantsar da shi a ranar 12 ga watan Nuwamban, 2016.<ref>"Edo State Governor". ''www.nggovernorsforum.org''. Retrieved 2022-08-20.</ref> Mataimakinshi kuma shine Comrade Philip Shaibu.<ref>"Obaseki begins vacation, transfers powers to deputy". ''Punch Newspapers''. 2022-06-24. Retrieved 2022-08-20.</ref> == Harsuna == Turanci ne harshen gwamnati a jihar. Yarukan da ake magana dasu a jihar sun hada da:[[Harshen Edo]], Igarra, Etsako/Afemai, [[Harshen Esan]] da kuma [[Yaren Okpamheri]].<ref>Seibert, Uwe (24 April 2000). "Languages of Edo State". [[University of Iowa]]. Archived from the original on 13 December 2007. Retrieved 10 November 2007.</ref> Jihar Edo gida ne ga wasu harsunan kamar; [[Mutanen Edo|Edo]], [[Okpe]], [[Okpe]], [[Mutanen Esan|Esan]], Ora, [[Akoko-Edo]], [[Igbanke]], [[Mutanen Emai|Emai]].<ref name=":1">"Full List of Tribes in Edo State Nigeria | AllNigeriaInfo". Retrieved 2022-01-31.</ref><ref>"Benin: City of tradition and culture". ''Vanguard News''. 2011-10-27. Retrieved 2021-07-10.</ref><ref>"Edo » Facts.ng". ''Facts.ng''. Retrieved 2021-07-11.</ref> Kabilun Etsako/Afemai ne ke da mafiya yawan musulmai a jihar. Sun mamaye kananan hukumomi shida kuma muhimmin aikinsu shine noma.<ref>"Full List of Tribes in Edo State Nigeria | AllNigeriaInfo". Retrieved 2022-01-31.</ref> Harsunan Jihar Edo dangane da kananan hukumomin jihar.<ref>"Nigeria". ''Ethnologue'' (22 ed.). Retrieved 10 January 2020.</ref> {| class="wikitable" ! LGA !! Languages |- | [[Akoko-Edo]] || Aduge; Akuku; Ebira; Enwan; Igwe; Ikpeshi; Ivbie North-Okpela-Arhe; Okpamheri; Okpe; Oloma; Ososo; Sasaru; Ukaan; Uneme |- | [[Esan ta TSakiya]] || Esan |- | [[Esan ta Arewa maso Gabas]] || Esan |- | [[Esan ta Kudu maso Gabas]] || Esan |- |[[Esanta Yamma]] || Esan |- | [[Etsako]] || Ivbie North-Okpela-Arhe; Uneme<ref name=":1" /> |- | [[Etsako a TSakiya]] || Etsako |- | [[Etsako ta Gabas]] || Etsako |- | [[Etsako ta Yamma]] || Etsako |- | [[Igueben]] || Esan |- | [[Ikpoba-Okha]] || Edo, Itsekiri |- |[[Oredo]] |Edo |- | [[Orhionmwon]] || Edo; Ika; |- | [[Ovia ta Arewa maso Gabas]] || Edo |- | [[Ovia ta Kudu maso Yamma]] || Edo |- | [[Owan ta Gabas]] || Emai-Iuleha-Ora; Ghotuo; Idesa; Ihievbe |- |[[Owan ta Yamma]]|| Emai - Iuleha, Ora |- | [[Uhunmwonde]] || Edo; Ika |} == Addinai == Mafi yawan mutanen Jihar Edo mabiya addinin Kirista ne tare da tsiraru daga cikin mabiya addinin Musulunci da addinan gargajiya.<ref>"Edo 2020: Group vows to boycott poll if Muslim candidate is not fielded". ''Tribune Online''. 2020-03-23. Retrieved 2022-05-12.</ref><ref>"Benin: City of tradition and culture". ''Vanguard News''. 2011-10-27. Retrieved 2022-05-12.</ref> == Tattalin arziki == Wuraren ziyara na Jihar Edo sun hada da; [[Mutum-mutumin Emotan]] dake cikin Birnin Benin, koramar Ise, da wurin shakatawa na gabar Kogin Niger wato [[Agenebode]]. Etsako-East; Mike Akhigbe Square dake [[fugar]], Ambrose Alli Square, [[Ekpoma]], River Niger Beaches da ke Ilushi, BFFM Building dake [[Ewu]], Igun Bronze Caster da ke Igun Street a birnin Benin City, Kwalejin numa da kiwon halittun ruwa (Agriculture and Aqua Culture Technology, Agenebode), [[Okpekpe]] da tsaunukan ta da wuraren kallo, tsaunin ''Usomege Hills, Apana-Uzairue, Somorika hills'' da ke [[Akoko Edo]] inda akwai wurin bude ido da gwamnati ta a shirya a [[Ososo]] da kyawawan wuraren kallon.<ref>"Edo State". NigeriaGalleria. Retrieved 28 December 2009.</ref><ref>"70 Exciting Tourist Spots". OnlineNigeria. Retrieved 28 December 2009.</ref> Jihar tana samar da man fetur<ref>Ogbeifun, Greg U (April 2006). "Importance of a Sea Outlet for Edo State". Retrieved 10 November 2007.</ref> da sauran ma'adanai kamar farar kasa da dutsen kwaru. Jihar tana da kamfanin siminti a Okpilla.<ref name=":2" /> da kamfanin fulawa a Ewu wanda ke kawo karshe.<ref name=":2">"CEMENT MANUFACTURING /PRODUCTION IN NIGERIA. A CASE STUDY OF EDO CEMENT FACTORY, UKPILLA, EDO STATE". ''NAU :: Open Educational Resources''. Retrieved 2022-08-15.</ref> == Ma'adanai == Ma'adinan da ake iya samu a jihar sun hada da:<ref>"Natural Resources – Welcome To The Embassy of Nigeria". Retrieved 2022-05-09.</ref> * Asphalt/Bitumen * Clay * Dolomite (mineral)/Dolomite * Phosphate * Glass/Glass-sand * Gold * Gypsum/Gypsium * Iron ore/Iron-ore * Lignite * Limestone * Marble * Fossil fuel/Oil/Gas == Ilimi == Makarantu na gaba da sakandare a Jihar Edo sun hada da: <!---♦♦♦ Only add an institution to this list if it already has its own article on the English Wikipedia ♦♦♦---> <!---♦♦♦ Please keep the list in alphabetical order ♦♦♦---> * [[Auchi Polytechnic]]<ref>{{Cite web|title=Welcome to the Auchi Polytechnic|url=https://www.auchipoly-online.com/|access-date=2021-06-23|website=www.auchipoly-online.com}}</ref> * [[Ambrose Alli University]], Ekpoma<ref>{{Cite web|title=2015-06-16 Ambrose Alli University|url=https://www.scholarsatrisk.org/report/2015-06-16-ambrose-alli-university/|access-date=2021-06-23|website=Scholars at Risk|language=en-US}}</ref> * [[Benson Idahosa University]], Benin City<ref>{{Cite web|date=2019-08-01|title=NUC approves new courses for BIU|url=https://guardian.ng/news/nuc-approves-new-courses-for-biu/|access-date=2021-06-23|website=The Guardian Nigeria News - Nigeria and World News|language=en-US|archive-date=2021-06-24|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210624203752/https://guardian.ng/news/nuc-approves-new-courses-for-biu/|url-status=dead}}</ref> * [[Edo State Polytechnic|Edo State Polytechnic Usen]]<ref>{{Cite web|date=2021-01-25|title=Edo poly to resume February 1|url=https://guardian.ng/news/edo-poly-to-resume-february-1/|access-date=2021-06-23|website=The Guardian Nigeria News - Nigeria and World News|language=en-US}}</ref> * [[Edo Technical College]] *[[Edo University, Iyamho|Edo State University]], Uzairue (formerly Edo University, Iyahmo)<ref>{{Cite web|date=2021-03-10|title=Edo University, Iyamho|url=https://www.timeshighereducation.com/world-university-rankings/edo-university-iyamho|access-date=2021-07-15|website=Times Higher Education (THE)|language=en}}</ref> * [[Igbinedion University|Igbinedion University, Okada]]<ref>{{Cite web|title=Igbinedion University Okada Nigeria|url=https://www.campus.africa/university/igbinedion-university-okada/|access-date=2021-06-23|website=campus.africa|language=en-US}}</ref> * [[Kings Polytechnic]]<ref>{{Cite web|title=Kings Polytechnic kingspoly{{!}} School Fees, Courses & Admission info|url=https://universitycompass.com/africa/Nigeria/polytechnic/Kings-Polytechnic.php|access-date=2021-06-23|website=universitycompass.com}}</ref> * [[Mudiame University]], Irrua * [[Samuel Adegboyega University]], [[Ogwa]]<ref>{{Cite web|title=Samuel Adegboyega University Nigeria|url=https://www.campus.africa/university/samuel-adegboyega-university/|access-date=2021-06-23|website=campus.africa|language=en-US}}</ref> * [[Shaka Polytechnic]]<ref>{{Cite web|title=Shaka Polytechnic{{!}} School Fees, Courses & Admission info|url=https://universitycompass.com/africa/Nigeria/polytechnic/Shaka-Polytechnic.php|access-date=2021-06-23|website=universitycompass.com|archive-date=2024-05-19|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240519085314/https://universitycompass.com/africa/Nigeria/polytechnic/Shaka-Polytechnic.php|url-status=dead}}</ref> * [[University of Benin (Nigeria)|University of Benin]] (UNIBEN)<ref>{{Cite web|title=University of Benin on The Conversation|url=https://theconversation.com/institutions/university-of-benin-3614|access-date=2021-06-23|website=theconversation.com}}</ref> * [[Wellspring University]]<ref>{{Cite web|last=keetu|date=2018-02-01|title=Wellspring University School Fees For New Students 2021/2022 Academic Session|url=https://schoolings.org/wellspring-university-school-fees-for-new-students-2018-19/|access-date=2021-06-23|language=en-US}}</ref> *[[College of Education, Ekiadolor]]<ref>{{Cite web|title=College of Education, Ekiadolor courses, details and contact information - CoursesEye.com|url=https://www.courseseye.com/colleges-and-universities/3038-college-of-education-ekiadolor.aspx|access-date=2021-07-15|website=www.courseseye.com|language=en}}{{Dead link|date=May 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> *[[College of Agriculture, Iguoriakhi]]<ref>{{Cite web|date=2020-11-20|title=Edo College of Agriculture to takeoff first quarter 2021, Obaseki reassures|url=https://businessday.ng/news/article/edo-college-of-agriculture-to-takeoff-first-quarter-2021-obaseki-reassures/|access-date=2021-07-15|website=Businessday NG|language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=2019-10-23|title=Obaseki performs groundbreaking ceremony of College of Agriculture in Edo|url=https://www.vanguardngr.com/2019/10/obaseki-performs-groundbreaking-ceremony-of-college-of-agriculture-in-edo/|access-date=2021-07-15|website=Vanguard News|language=en-US}}</ref> == Kiwon Lafiya == Jerin wuraren kiwon lafiya na Jihar Edo da kananan hukumomin da suke.<ref name="opendata.edostate.gov.ng"/> {| class="wikitable" |Medical Zone |Local Government |Name Of Hospital |Medical Zone |Local Government |Name Of Hospital |Medical Zone |Local Government |Name Of Hospital |- |[[Abudu]] |[[Orhionmwon]] |General Hospital, Abudu<ref>{{Cite web|date=2019-08-27|title=For 14-Years Now, BEDC Has Not Supplied Us Electricity – MD, Abudu General Hospital|url=http://nigerianobservernews.com/2019/08/for-14-years-now-bedc-has-not-supplied-us-electricity-md-abudu-general-hospital/|access-date=2021-06-21|website=Nigerian Observer|language=en-US}}</ref> |Benin |[[Oredo]] |Central Hospital B/City<ref>{{Cite web|date=2017-07-18|title=PDP flays Gov Obaseki over Central Hospital, says it's fraud|url=https://www.vanguardngr.com/2017/07/pdp-flays-gov-obaseki-central-hospital-says-fraud/|access-date=2021-07-10|website=Vanguard News|language=en-US}}</ref> |[[Igarra]] |[[Akoko Edo]] |General Hospital, Igarra |- |[[Abudu]] |[[Orhionmwon]] |General Hospital, Igbanke<ref>{{Cite web|title=In Terms of Infrastructure, There Was Igbanke!|url=https://www.thenigerianvoice.com/news/299540/in-terms-of-infrastructure-there-was-igbanke.html|access-date=2021-06-21|website=Nigerian Voice}}</ref> |[[Benin]] |[[Oredo]] |Cottage. Hospital Obayantor<ref>{{Cite web|last=Eshemokha|first=Udomoh|date=2020-05-09|title=73 Accredited List of NHIS Hospitals in Benin city with their Addresses|url=https://nimedhealth.com.ng/2020/05/09/73-accredited-list-of-nhis-hospitals-in-benin-city-with-their-addresses/|access-date=2021-08-21|website=Nigerian Health Blog|language=en-US|archive-date=2021-08-21|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210821214223/https://nimedhealth.com.ng/2020/05/09/73-accredited-list-of-nhis-hospitals-in-benin-city-with-their-addresses/|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref name="ReferenceA">{{Cite web|title=Distribution of Hopital in Edo State – Edo State OpenData|url=http://www.opendata.edostate.gov.ng/2019/12/16/distribution-of-hopital-in-edo-state/|access-date=2021-08-21|language=en-US|archive-date=2021-08-21|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210821214224/http://www.opendata.edostate.gov.ng/2019/12/16/distribution-of-hopital-in-edo-state/|url-status=dead}}</ref> |[[Igarra]] |[[Akoko Edo]] |Government Hospital, Ibillo |- |Abudu |Orhionmwon |General Hospital, Uronigbe<ref>{{Cite web|date=2015-03-26|title=Odubu canvasses votes for APC|url=http://nigerianobservernews.com/2015/03/odubu-canvasses-votes-for-apc/|access-date=2021-06-21|website=Nigerian Observer|language=en-US}}</ref> |Benin |Oredo |Stella Obasanjo Hospital<ref>{{Cite web|date=2020-05-17|title=Stella Obasanjo Hospital Isolation Centre will be best — Obaseki|url=https://guardian.ng/news/stella-obasanjo-hospital-isolation-centre-will-be-best-obaseki/|access-date=2021-08-21|website=The Guardian Nigeria News - Nigeria and World News|language=en-US|archive-date=2021-08-21|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210821215743/https://guardian.ng/news/stella-obasanjo-hospital-isolation-centre-will-be-best-obaseki/|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Stella Obasanjo Women & Children Hospital • Hospitals - Private • Benin City, Benin City|url=https://www.medpages.info/sf/index.php?page=organisation&orgcode=346421|access-date=2021-08-21|website=www.medpages.info}}</ref><ref name="ReferenceA"/> |Etete Layout Road, |Benin City |Dist. Hospital, Uneme-Osu |- |Abudu |Orhionmwon |Cot. Hospital Oben |Ekpoma |Esan West |General Hospital, Ekpoma<ref>{{Cite web|title=ClinicStandard|url=https://clinicstandard.com/General-Hospital-Iruekpen-Iruekpen-Ekpoma-Nigeria-2|access-date=2021-07-10|website=clinicstandard.com|archive-date=2021-07-10|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210710123026/https://clinicstandard.com/General-Hospital-Iruekpen-Iruekpen-Ekpoma-Nigeria-2|url-status=dead}}</ref> |[[Iguobazuwa]] |[[Ovia South West]] |General Hospital. Iguobazuwa |- |Abudu |Orhionmwon |Cot. Hospital Egbokor |Ekpoma |Esan West |General Hospital, Iruekpen |Iguobazuwa |Ovia South West |Government Hospital Usen |- |Abudu |Uhunmwode |Dist. Hospital, Egba |Ekpoma |Esan Central |Dist. Hospital, Usugbenu |Iguobazuwa |Ovia North East |Dist. Hospital, Ekiadolor |- |Afuze |Owan East |General Hospital, Afuze<ref>{{Cite web|title=General and Teaching Hospitals in Delta State Nigeria Information & Guide|url=https://www.nigeriagalleria.com/Nigeria/States_Nigeria/Delta/General-Teaching-Hospitals-in-Delta-State.html|access-date=2021-06-21|website=www.nigeriagalleria.com}}</ref> |Ekpoma |Esan Central |Dist. Hospital, Ewu |Ossiomo |Leprosy Clinic in All L.G.A |Specislist Hospital, Ossiomo |- |[[Afuze]] |Owan East |Dist. Hospital, Otuo |[[Fugar]] |[[Etsako East]] |General Hospital, Fugar |[[Ubiaja]] |[[Esan South West]] |General Hospital, Ubiaja |- |Afuze |Owan West |General Hospital, Sabogida Ora<ref>{{Cite web|date=2019-07-02|title=Edo communities where constituency projects are living testimonies|url=https://www.sunnewsonline.com/edo-communities-where-constituency-projects-are-living-testimonies/|access-date=2021-06-21|website=The Sun Nigeria|language=en-US}}</ref> |Fugar |Etsako East |General Hospital, Agenebode |Ubiaja |Esan South West |Dist. Hospital, Ewohimi |- |Afuze |Owan West |Dist. Hospital, Uzebba |Fugar |Etsako East |Dist. Hospital, Apana |Ubiaja |Igueben |Government Hospital, Igueben |- |[[Auchi]] |[[Etsako West|Estako West]] |Central. Hospital, Auchi<ref>{{Cite web|title=NHIS Providers – EDO STATE {{!}} Integrated Health Care Limited|url=https://integratedhealthcareltd.com/nhis-providers-edo-state-2/|access-date=2021-06-21|language=en-US|archive-date=2021-06-24|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210624204452/https://integratedhealthcareltd.com/nhis-providers-edo-state-2/|url-status=dead}}</ref> |[[Fugar]] |Etsako West |Government Hospital, [[Agbede, Edo State|Agbede]] |Uromi |Esan North East |Central Hospital Uromi |} ==Shahararrun Mutane== <!-- ONLY ADD A PERSON TO THIS LIST IF THEY ALREADY HAVE A WIKIPEDIA ARTICLE--> *[[Oba of Benin]]<ref>{{Cite web|date=2017-08-24|title=Oba of Benin emerges TROMPCOM chairman|url=https://punchng.com/oba-of-benin-emerges-trompcom-chairman/|access-date=2021-07-10|website=Punch Newspapers|language=en-US}}</ref> * [[John Odigie Oyegun]], Gwamnan farko na Jihar Edo kuma tsohon shugaban jam'iyyar APC<ref>{{Cite web|date=2021-06-14|title=Odigie-Oyegun bemoans agitations for Nigeria's breakup|url=https://editor.guardian.ng/news/odigie-oyegun-bemoans-agitations-for-nigerias-breakup/|access-date=2021-06-20|website=The Guardian Nigeria News - Nigeria and World News|language=en-US|archive-date=2021-06-24|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210624200924/https://editor.guardian.ng/news/odigie-oyegun-bemoans-agitations-for-nigerias-breakup/|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=2021-06-13|title=Oyegun to APC: Give Nigerians the change they desire|url=https://www.thecable.ng/oyegun-to-apc-give-nigerians-the-change-they-desire|access-date=2021-06-20|website=TheCable|language=en-US}}</ref> *[[Godwin Obaseki]], Tsohon chiyaman na jiha na kungiyar harkokin tattalin arziki kuma Gwamnan Jihar Edo na yanzu<ref>{{Cite news|title='Make we stop to dey play di ostrich' - See Obaseki response to FG claims on Nigerian economy|work=BBC News Pidgin|url=https://www.bbc.com/pidgin/tori-56763979|access-date=2021-06-20}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=BBL - Using technology to improve teacher performance and education quality in Edo State, Nigeria|url=https://www.worldbank.org/en/topic/edutech/brief/bbl-using-technology-to-improve-teacher-performance-and-education-quality-in-edo-state-nigeria|access-date=2021-06-20|website=World Bank|language=en|archive-date=2021-06-24|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210624204851/https://www.worldbank.org/en/topic/edutech/brief/bbl-using-technology-to-improve-teacher-performance-and-education-quality-in-edo-state-nigeria|url-status=dead}}</ref> *[[Jeffrey O]]bomeghie, Babban jami'i na asibitin International Hospitality Institute da marubuci<ref>{{Cite web |date=2021-11-21 |title=Obomeghie shines in American hospitality industry, inducted into world hotelier's guild |url=https://tribuneonlineng.com/obomeghie-shines-in-american-hospitality-industry-inducted-into-world-hoteliers-guild/ |access-date=2022-05-10 |website=Tribune Online |language=en-GB}}</ref> *[[Erhabor Emokpae]], wanda ya fara fasaha na zamani a Najeriya<ref>{{Cite web|date=2020-01-05|title=Erhabor Ogieva Emokpae; Unforgettable master of African art|url=https://guardian.ng/art/erhabor-ogieva-emokpae-unforgettable-master-of-african-art/|access-date=2021-06-20|website=The Guardian Nigeria News - Nigeria and World News|language=en-US|archive-date=2021-06-25|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210625011457/https://guardian.ng/art/erhabor-ogieva-emokpae-unforgettable-master-of-african-art/|url-status=dead}}</ref> *Admiral [[Mike Akhigbe]], tsohon mataimakin shugaban kasa na [[Federal Republic of Nigeria]].<ref>{{Cite web|date=2013-10-29|title=Mike Akhigbe, ex-Vice President of Nigeria, is dead, elder brother says {{!}} Premium Times Nigeria|url=https://www.premiumtimesng.com/news/147398-mike-akhigbe-ex-vice-president-nigeria-dead-elder-brother-says.html|access-date=2021-06-20|language=en-GB}}</ref> *[[Dele Giwa]], dan jarida a Najeriya, edita kuma wanda ya kirkiri mujallar Newswatch.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2020-10-20|title=34 years after murder, Dele Giwa's family seeks justice, colleague insists on govt investigation|url=https://guardian.ng/features/media/34-years-after-murder-dele-giwas-family-seeks-justice-colleague-insists-on-govt-investigation/|access-date=2021-06-20|website=The Guardian Nigeria News - Nigeria and World News|language=en-US|archive-date=2021-06-25|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210625012328/https://guardian.ng/features/media/34-years-after-murder-dele-giwas-family-seeks-justice-colleague-insists-on-govt-investigation/|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|last=Reuters|date=1986-10-20|title=PARCEL BOMB KILLS NIGERIAN JOURNALIST ACCUSED OF PLOTTING|language=en-US|work=The New York Times|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1986/10/20/world/parcel-bomb-kills-nigerian-journalist-accused-of-plotting.html|access-date=2021-06-20|issn=0362-4331}}</ref> *Senator [[Albert Legogie]], tsohon mataimakin shugaban majalisar dattawa na Jamhuriya ta Uku kuma mafarin "Board of Trustees" na [[Peoples Democratic Party (Nigeria)|Peoples Democratic Party]] (PDP).<ref>{{Cite web|date=2013-06-18|title=Update: Ex-Deputy Senate President, Legogie, dies at 66 {{!}} Premium Times Nigeria|url=https://www.premiumtimesng.com/news/139017-ex-deputy-senate-president-legogie-dead.html|access-date=2021-06-20|language=en-GB}}</ref> *Pa [[Michael Imoudu]], shugaban labour kuma and founder of the Nigeria state,<ref>{{Cite web|date=2019-10-20|title=Pa Michael Imoudu, a selfless labour leader|url=https://guardian.ng/sunday-magazine/pa-michael-imoudu-a-selfless-labour-leader/|access-date=2021-06-20|website=The Guardian Nigeria News - Nigeria and World News|language=en-US|archive-date=2021-06-05|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210605075413/https://guardian.ng/sunday-magazine/pa-michael-imoudu-a-selfless-labour-leader/|url-status=dead}}</ref> *Chief [[Julius Momo Udochi]], jakadan Najeriya na farko da kasar [[United States|Amurka]],<ref>{{Cite web|title=History of Nigeria Ambassadors to US – US-NIGERIA Trade Council USA|url=https://www.usnigeria.org/trade-and-diplomatic-statistics/history-of-nigeria-ambassadors-to-us/|access-date=2021-06-20|language=en-US|archive-date=2022-11-25|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221125085441/https://www.usnigeria.org/trade-and-diplomatic-statistics/history-of-nigeria-ambassadors-to-us/|url-status=dead}}</ref> *Gen. [[George Agbazika Innih]], gwamna na dan-lokaci a zamanin mulkin soji [[Mid-Western Region, Nigeria|Bendel]] and [[Kwara State]],<ref>{{Cite web|title=Major General Agbazika Innih|url=https://www.edoworld.net/General_Innih.html|access-date=2021-06-20|website=www.edoworld.net}}</ref> * Major-General [[Abdul Rahman Mamudu]] tsohon kwamanda [[Nigerian Army]] "Signals Corps and military administrator" [[Gongola State]],<ref>{{Cite web|date=2017-11-24|title=Afemai People {{!}} Hometown.ng™|url=https://hometown.ng/listing-item/afemai-people/|access-date=2021-06-21|language=en-US}}</ref> *[[Aigboje Aig-Imoukhuede]], wanda ya taimaka wajen kirkirar bankin [[Access Bank Plc]] kuma ya kirkiri "Africa Initiative for Governance" (AIG)<ref>{{Cite web|date=2019-09-28|title=Aigboje Aig-Imoukhuede Soldiers on at 53|url=https://www.thisdaylive.com/index.php/2019/09/28/aigboje-aig-imoukhuede-soldiers-on-at-53/|access-date=2021-06-21|website=THISDAYLIVE|language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=2021-05-06|title=Aig-Imoukhuede: How Access Bank designed a winning business model for MTN|url=https://www.thecable.ng/aig-imoukhuede-how-access-bank-designed-a-winning-business-model-for-mtn-in-nigeria|access-date=2021-06-21|website=TheCable|language=en-US}}</ref> *[[Adams Oshiomhole]], tsohon shugaban [[Nigeria Labour Congress]] kuma tsohon gwamnan Jihar Edo; shi ya gina [[Edo University, Iyamho|Edo University]] da ke Iyamoh, Jihar Edo.<ref>{{Cite web|title=The rise and fall of a Nigerian labor hero|url=https://africasacountry.com/2021/02/the-rise-and-fall-of-a-nigerian-labor-hero|access-date=2021-06-21|website=africasacountry.com|language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|title='I dey kampe' - See Oshiomhole reaction to Obaseki election victory|work=BBC News Pidgin|url=https://www.bbc.com/pidgin/tori-54276989|access-date=2021-06-21}}</ref> *Pastor [[Chris Oyakhilome]], wanda ya kirkiri Believers Loveworld Nation<ref>{{Cite web|date=2021-03-31|title=Pastor Oyakhilome has come again {{!}} The Nation Nigeria|url=https://thenationonlineng.net/pastor-oyakhilome-has-come-again/|access-date=2021-06-21|website=Latest Nigeria News, Nigerian Newspapers, Politics|language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=2020-07-31|title=Oyakhilome condemns regulation of church services|url=https://punchng.com/oyakhilome-condemns-regulation-of-church-services/|access-date=2021-06-21|website=Punch Newspapers|language=en-US}}</ref> *Prince [[Tony Momoh]], tsohon ministan Labarai da al'adu (Information and Culture)<ref>{{Cite web|date=2021-02-03|title=Tinubu, Mohammed, Gani Adams, others mourn Momoh|url=https://guardian.ng/news/tinubu-mohammed-gani-adams-others-mourn-momoh/|access-date=2021-06-21|website=The Guardian Nigeria News - Nigeria and World News|language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=2021-02-01|title=Ex-information minister Tony Momoh is dead|url=https://punchng.com/breaking-ex-information-minister-tony-momoh-is-dead/|access-date=2021-06-21|website=Punch Newspapers|language=en-US}}</ref> *[[Maymunah Kadiri]], Wakilin masu tabun hankali a Najeriya<ref>{{Cite web|date=2021-01-25|title=Maymunah Kadiri|url=https://newvoicesfellows.aspeninstitute.org/fellow/maymunah-kadiri/|access-date=2021-06-21|website=New Voices Fellowship|language=en-US|archive-date=2021-06-24|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210624202951/https://newvoicesfellows.aspeninstitute.org/fellow/maymunah-kadiri/|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=WOMAN OF THE MONTH: Dr. Maymunah Yusuf Kadiri – Pinnacle Medical Services|url=https://www.pinnaclemedicalservices.com.ng/woman-of-the-month-dr-maymunah-yusuf-kadiri/|access-date=2021-06-21|language=en-US|archive-date=2021-06-24|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210624204003/https://www.pinnaclemedicalservices.com.ng/woman-of-the-month-dr-maymunah-yusuf-kadiri/|url-status=dead}}</ref> *Commander [[Anthony Ikhazoboh]], ministan wasanni da zurga-zurga{{citation needed|date=June 2022}} *Professor [[Ambrose Folorunsho Alli|Ambrose Alli]], tsohon gwamnan Jihar Bendel da ta shude. Shi ya kirkiri Jami'ar Jihar Bendel kuma an sanya mata sunanshi a yau.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Prof. Ambrose Folorunsho Alli|url=https://www.edoworld.net/Alli_Biography.html|access-date=2021-06-21|website=www.edoworld.net}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=2016-06-18|title=Buhari jailed my father unjustly — Ambrose Alli's daughter|url=https://punchng.com/buhari-jailed-father-unjustly-ambrose-allis-daughter/|access-date=2021-06-21|website=Punch Newspapers|language=en-US}}</ref> *[[John Momoh]], dan jarida mai watsa labari kuma CEO na [[Channels TV]]<ref>{{Cite web|title=John Momoh {{!}} PeaceTech Lab|url=https://www.peacetechlab.org/john-momoh|access-date=2021-06-21|website=PeaceTech Lab {{!}} Putting the Right Tools in the Right Hands to Build Peace|language=en-US|archive-date=2021-06-24|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210624201457/https://www.peacetechlab.org/john-momoh|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=2017-08-22|title=Mr. John Momoh|url=http://www.cfa-network.org/business-services-john-momoh|access-date=2021-06-21|website=Constituency for Africa|language=en-US|archive-date=2021-06-24|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210624202348/http://www.cfa-network.org/business-services-john-momoh|url-status=dead}}</ref> *Professor [[Osayuki Godwin Oshodin]], tsohon vice chancellor na [[University of Benin (Nigeria)|University of Benin]]<ref>{{Cite web|date=2014-12-03|title=Oshodin formally hands over to new Uniben VC|url=https://www.vanguardngr.com/2014/12/oshodin-formally-hands-new-uniben-vc/|access-date=2021-06-21|website=Vanguard News|language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=Perishable|title=Uniben: Oshodin's Footprints News - TELL Magazine|url=https://tell.ng/special-focus/uniben-oshodins-footprints-news/|access-date=2021-06-21|website=tell.ng|language=en-US|archive-date=2021-06-24|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210624210524/https://tell.ng/special-focus/uniben-oshodins-footprints-news/|url-status=dead}}</ref> *[[Jacob U. Egharevba]], a [[Bini people|Bini]] masanin tarihi kuma jagora na gargajiya<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Usuanlele |first1=Uyilawa |last2=Falola |first2=Toyin |date=1994 |title=The Scholarship of Jacob Egharevba of Benin |url=http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/3171890 |journal=History in Africa |volume=21 |pages=303–318 |doi=10.2307/3171890 |jstor=3171890 |s2cid=161203337 |issn=0361-5413}}</ref> * Dr [[Samuel Ogbemudia]], tsohon gwamnan Yankin Yamma ta Tsakiya na Najeriya kuma daga bisani na Jihar Bendel<ref>{{Cite web|title=Midwest/Bendel/Edo state Governors 1963-Date|url=https://www.edoworld.net/Governors_1963_to_date.html|access-date=2021-06-21|website=www.edoworld.net}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=2017-03-12|title=My father dug his grave years ago — Son|url=https://www.vanguardngr.com/2017/03/ogbemudia-ex-governor-midwest-bendel-dies-84/|access-date=2021-06-21|website=Vanguard News|language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=2017-03-18|title=Eulogies as Samuel Ogbemudia is buried|url=https://guardian.ng/news/eulogies-as-samuel-ogbemudia-is-buried/|access-date=2021-06-21|website=The Guardian Nigeria News - Nigeria and World News|language=en-US|archive-date=2021-06-25|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210625012338/https://guardian.ng/news/eulogies-as-samuel-ogbemudia-is-buried/|url-status=dead}}</ref> *Chief [[Anthony Enahoro]], dan adawa da mulkin mallaka kuma mai and pro-democracy activist and politician<ref>{{Cite news|title=Chief Anthony Enahoro|newspaper=[[The Times]]|language=en|url=https://www.thetimes.co.uk/article/chief-anthony-enahoro-h6ndvv5rwbw|access-date=2021-06-21|issn=0140-0460}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=2019-07-24|title=REMEMBERING THE "FATHER OF NIGERIA STATE" CHIEF ANTHONY ENAHORO|url=https://fatherlandgazette.wordpress.com/2019/07/24/remembering-the-father-of-nigeria-state-chief-anthony-enahoro/|access-date=2021-06-21|website=Fatherland Gazette|language=en}}</ref> *Professor [[Festus Iyayi]], marubucin littattafai kuma dan Afurka na farko da ya fara lashe lamban yao na [[Commonwealth Writers Prize]]<ref>{{Cite web|date=2011-02-21|title=South Africa, Nigeria dominate African Region for Commonwealth Writers' Prize|url=https://www.vanguardngr.com/2011/02/south-africa-nigeria-dominate-african-region-for-commonwealth-writers-prize/|access-date=2021-06-21|website=Vanguard News|language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=Nwakobi|first=Emeka|date=2019-10-02|title=Five Times Nigerian Writers Won The Commonwealth Best Book Prize|url=https://www.eelive.ng/five-times-nigerian-writers-won-the-commonwealth-best-book-prize/|access-date=2021-06-21|website=eelive|language=en-US}}</ref> *[[Odia Ofeimun]], mahikyanci kuma tsohon shugaban [[Association of Nigerian Authors]]<ref>{{Cite web|date=2020-03-15|title=Odia: I have never been celibate, ask my girlfriends|url=https://guardian.ng/art/odia-i-have-never-been-celibate-ask-my-girlfriends/|access-date=2021-06-21|website=The Guardian Nigeria News - Nigeria and World News|language=en-US|archive-date=2021-06-24|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210624201320/https://guardian.ng/art/odia-i-have-never-been-celibate-ask-my-girlfriends/|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=2020-03-15|title=Buhari celebrates Poet Odia Ofeimun at 70|url=https://www.premiumtimesng.com/news/more-news/382006-buhari-celebrates-poet-odia-ofeimun-at-70.html|access-date=2021-06-21|language=en-GB}}</ref> *Dr [[Abel Guobadia]], mai ilimantarwa kuma tsohon jakadan Najeriya da Republic of Korea, tsohon Chairman [[Independent National Electoral Commission]] (INEC)<ref>{{Cite web|date=2011-02-04|title=Ex-INEC Boss, Guobadia Dies|url=https://pmnewsnigeria.com/2011/02/04/ex-inec-boss-guobadia-dies/|access-date=2021-06-21|website=P.M. News|language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=2011-02-04|title=Breaking News: Abel Guobadia ex-INEC boss dies|url=https://www.vanguardngr.com/2011/02/breaking-news-abel-guobadia-die/|access-date=2021-06-21|website=Vanguard News|language=en-US}}</ref> *General [[Godwin Abbe]], tsohon ministan Najeriya akan Tsaron cikin Gida<ref>{{Citation|title=Price, Rt Hon. George (Cadle), (15 Jan. 1919–19 Sept. 2011), Senior Minister, 1998–2003, and former Minister of Defence and National Emergency Management, Belize|date=2007-12-01|url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/ww/9780199540884.013.u31415|work=Who Was Who|publisher=Oxford University Press|doi=10.1093/ww/9780199540884.013.u31415|access-date=2021-06-21}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=2019-01-12|title=Godwin Abbe: At 70, I Have Learnt to Be Patient, Satisfied and to Shun Materialism|url=https://www.thisdaylive.com/index.php/2019/01/12/godwin-abbe-at-70-i-have-learnt-to-be-patient-satisfied-and-to-shun-materialism/|access-date=2021-06-21|website=THISDAYLIVE|language=en-US}}</ref> *[[Archbishop John Edokpolo]], wanda ya kirkiri makarantar Edokpolo Grammar Schools and Political Activist<ref>{{Cite web|title=Politics and Legacies- Arch-Bishop John Enoyogiere Edokpolo and the verdict of history- a text presented at Edokpolo Grammar School Old Boys 50th Anniversary Ceremony- 4thDecember 2010 by Comrade Aiyamenkhue Edokpolo- SSA to the Gov of Edo State.|url=https://www.thenigerianvoice.com/news/40149/politics-and-legacies-arch-bishop-john-enoyogiere-edokpolo.html|access-date=2021-06-21|website=Nigerian Voice}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Overview of Edo – Niger Delta Budget Monitoring Group|url=https://www.nigerdeltabudget.org/overview-of-edo/|access-date=2021-06-21|language=en-US}}</ref> *Sir [[Victor Uwaifo]], mawakai<ref>{{Cite web|title=Sir Victor Uwaifo music, videos, stats, and photos|url=https://www.last.fm/music/Sir+Victor+Uwaifo|access-date=2021-06-21|website=Last.fm|language=en}}</ref> *Archbishop [[Benson Idahosa]], shugaban cocin Pentecost<ref>{{Cite web|title=Our Founder|url=https://www.biu.edu.ng/about-biu/our-founder/|access-date=2021-06-21|website=Benson Idahosa University|language=en|archive-date=2022-01-11|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220111125800/https://www.biu.edu.ng/about-biu/our-founder/|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://dacb.org/stories/nigeria/idahosa-bensona/|access-date=2021-06-21|website=dacb.org|title=Idahosa, Benson Andrew}}</ref> *[[Sonny Okosun]], mawaki<ref>{{Cite news|last=Martin|first=Douglas|date=2008-06-25|title=Sonny Okosuns, 61, Musician With Message, Is Dead|language=en-US|work=The New York Times|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2008/06/25/arts/music/25okosuns.html|access-date=2021-06-21|issn=0362-4331}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Okosuns, Sonny {{!}} Encyclopedia.com|url=https://www.encyclopedia.com/education/news-wires-white-papers-and-books/okosuns-sonny|access-date=2021-06-21|website=www.encyclopedia.com}}</ref> *[[Augustine Eguavoen]], tsohon dan wasan kwallafa na kwararru na Najeriya pkuma mai horo <ref>{{Cite web|title=Augustine Eguavoen biography, net worth, age, family, contact & picture|url=https://www.manpower.com.ng/people/15660/augustine-eguavoen|access-date=2021-06-21|website=www.manpower.com.ng}}</ref> *[[Felix Idubor]], artist<ref>{{Cite web|title=Felix Idubor {{!}} Art Auction Results|url=https://www.mutualart.com/Artist/Felix-Idubor/3F455E9A5FE4F72F|access-date=2021-06-21|website=www.mutualart.com|language=en}}{{Dead link|date=September 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> *[[Festus Ezeli]], dan wasan kwallon kwando wanda yayi wasa a kungiyar [[Golden State Warriors]]<ref>{{Cite web|title=Professional Basketball Player Festus Ezeli Works to Brighten the Future for Youth|url=https://kindhumans.com/kindhumans-blog/professional-basketball-player-festus-ezeli-works-to-brighten-the-future-for-youth/|access-date=2021-06-21|website=Kindhumans|language=en-US|archive-date=2021-06-24|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210624203747/https://kindhumans.com/kindhumans-blog/professional-basketball-player-festus-ezeli-works-to-brighten-the-future-for-youth/|url-status=dead}}</ref> *[[Modupe Ozolua]], likitan habaka jiki da surgery<ref>{{Cite web|date=2019-10-27|title=As Modupe Ozolua Dumps 'First Love'|url=https://www.thisdaylive.com/index.php/2019/10/27/as-modupe-ozolua-dumps-first-love/|access-date=2021-06-21|website=THISDAYLIVE|language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=2018-10-30|title=The Rise of Cosmetic Surgery in Nigeria|url=https://m.guardian.ng/life/the-rise-of-cosmetic-surgery-in-nigeria/|access-date=2021-06-21|website=The Guardian Nigeria News - Nigeria and World News|language=en-US}}</ref> *Chief [[Tony Anenih]], chairman na kwamitin amintattu na (PDP) tsohon Ministan Ayyuka.<ref>{{Cite web|last=None|date=2018-10-29|title=Free to read {{!}} FW: Tony Anenih, former Nigerian Minister of Works, is dead|url=https://www.stearsng.com/article/fw-tony-anenih-former-nigerian-minister-of-works-is-dead|access-date=2021-06-21|website=www.stearsng.com|archive-date=2021-06-24|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210624203607/https://www.stearsng.com/article/fw-tony-anenih-former-nigerian-minister-of-works-is-dead|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Tony Anenih – Channels Television|url=https://www.channelstv.com/tag/tony-anenih/|access-date=2021-06-21}}</ref> *[[Gabriel Igbinedion]], international business mogul kuma babban chife na bini, me ITV<ref>{{Cite web|date=2021-01-18|title=CHIEF (SIR) GABRIEL OSAWARU IGBINEDION CELEBRATES 86TH BIRTHDAY IN GRAND STYLE|url=http://www.ovationinternational.com/chief-sir-gabriel-osawaru-igbinedion-celebrates-86th-birthday-in-grand-style/|access-date=2021-06-21|website=Ovation Magazine|language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Itv benin contact|url=https://enseignements.william-marrion-branham.com/3yyomuw/itv-benin-contact.php|access-date=2021-06-21|website=enseignements.william-marrion-branham.com|archive-date=2021-06-24|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210624203251/https://enseignements.william-marrion-branham.com/3yyomuw/itv-benin-contact.php|url-status=dead}}</ref> *[[Raymond Dokpesi]], me babban gidan telebijin a Afurka kuma dan siyasa<ref>{{Cite news|title=DAAR Communications say na politics make goment destroy dia Abuja building|work=BBC News Pidgin|url=https://www.bbc.com/pidgin/tori-47955400|access-date=2021-06-21}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Nigeria shuts down private TV, radio stations tied to opposition|url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2019/6/7/nigeria-shuts-down-private-tv-radio-stations-tied-to-opposition|access-date=2021-06-21|website=www.aljazeera.com|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=2019-12-27|title=Raymond Dokpesi Honoured with 'Zuoje' Title in Liberia|url=https://www.thisdaylive.com/index.php/2019/12/27/raymond-dokpesi-honoured-with-zuoje-title-in-liberia/|access-date=2021-06-21|website=THISDAYLIVE|language=en-US}}</ref> *[[Lancelot Oduwa Imasuen]], film director, screenwriter and producer<ref>{{Cite web|title=Lancelot Oduwa Imasuen|url=https://cultureintelligence.yafri.ca/people/lancelot-oduwa-imasuen/|access-date=2021-06-21|website=Culture Intelligence from RED|language=en-GB|archive-date=2021-06-24|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210624203642/https://cultureintelligence.yafri.ca/people/lancelot-oduwa-imasuen/|url-status=dead}}</ref> *[[Suyi Davies Okungbowa]], marubuci kirkirarren labari da kuma labarai na almara<ref>{{Cite web|last=africaindialogue|date=2020-02-05|title=Pushing Frontiers In African Speculative And Fantasy Fiction: A Dialogue With Suyi Davies Okungbowa|url=https://africaindialogue.com/2020/02/05/pushing-frontiers-in-african-speculative-and-fantasy-fiction-a-dialogue-with-suyi-davies-okungbowa/|access-date=2021-06-21|website=Africa in Dialogue|language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=2020-09-08|title=Suyi Davies Okungbowa|url=https://www.hachettebookgroup.com/contributor/suyi-davies-okungbowa/|access-date=2021-06-21|website=Hachette Book Group|language=en-US}}</ref> *Osaze [[Peter Odemwingie]], kwararren dan wasan kwallon kafa<ref>{{Cite news|title=MR P and ex-Nigerian striker Peter Odemwingie gbas-gbos ontop social media|work=BBC News Pidgin|url=https://www.bbc.com/pidgin/tori-55157341|access-date=2021-06-21}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=Adeoye|first=Aanu|date=2021-01-28|title=A tribute to Peter Odemwingie, a wonderful player unfairly remembered|url=https://www.planetfootball.com/nostalgia/moment-madness-shouldnt-define-peter-odemwingies-career/|access-date=2021-06-21|website=Planet Football|language=en-US}}</ref> *[[Chris Aire]]-Iluobe, mai sana'ar jauhari kuma designer<ref>{{Cite web|date=2013-03-10|title=CHRIS AIRE: A Nigerian can succeed any where in the World|url=https://www.vanguardngr.com/2013/03/chris-aire-a-nigerian-can-succeed-any-where-in-the-world/|access-date=2021-06-21|website=Vanguard News|language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=2015-10-30|title=How I started top jewellery business in US with just $5, 000 — Nigerian-born international bizman Chris Aire|url=https://thenationonlineng.net/how-i-started-top-jewellery-business-in-us-with-just-5-000-nigerian-born-international-bizman-chris-aire/|access-date=2021-06-21|website=Latest Nigeria News, Nigerian Newspapers, Politics|language=en-US}}</ref> *[[Francis Edo-Osagie]], dan kasuwa {{citation needed|date=June 2022}} *[[Kamaru Usman]], kwararren dan damben mixed martial arts wanda aka baiwa kwantiragin [[Ultimate Fighting Championship]], kuma welterweight champion.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Kamaru Usman Net Worth 2021, Salary & Endorsements|url=https://www.sportskeeda.com/mma/kamaru-usman-net-worth|access-date=2021-06-21|website=www.sportskeeda.com|language=en-us}}</ref> *[[Yakubu (footballer)|Yakubu Ayegbeni]], tsohon kwararren dan wasan kwallon kafa<ref>{{Cite web|date=2020-10-30|title=Portsmouth Great Yakubu Aiyegbeni Reveals New Career After Retirement|url=https://soccernet.ng/2020/10/portsmouth-great-yakubu-aiyegbeni-reveals-new-career-after-retirement.html|access-date=2021-06-21|website=Soccernet.ng|language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Yakubu Aiyegbeni: How NFF, Everton and fans celebrated Super Eagles legend at 38 {{!}} Goal.com|url=https://www.goal.com/en-ph/news/yakubu-aiyegbeni-how-nff-everton-and-fans-celebrated-super/7k20k0rqhqyl1jl7fr51st1tp|access-date=2021-06-21|website=www.goal.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=Adeoye|first=Aanu|date=2020-11-22|title=A tribute to Yakubu, the one-man Premier League wrecking ball|url=https://www.planetfootball.com/nostalgia/tribute-yakubu-one-man-premier-league-wrecking-ball/|access-date=2021-06-21|website=Planet Football|language=en-US}}</ref> *[[Rema (Nigerian musician)]], mawaki wanda ya sa hannu da [[Mavin Records]],<ref>{{Cite web|date=2021-05-10|title=Nigeria's Mavin Records launches executive talent program, Mavin Future Five|url=https://www.musicbusinessworldwide.com/nigerias-mavin-records-launches-new-exec-talent-program-mavin-future-five/|access-date=2021-06-21|website=Music Business Worldwide|language=en-US}}</ref> *[[Philip Shaibu]] (haihuwar 1 December 1969, a Kaduna) tsohon dalbi a [[University of Jos]] alkali ne a Najeriya, dan siyasa kuma dan kasuwa. Shine mataimakin gwamnan Jihar Edo na yanzu .<ref>{{Cite web|title=Page 15|url=https://metrowatchonline.com/page/15/?p=infolist%3Fpr%3D125776&lang=en|access-date=2021-06-21|website=METROWATCH|language=en-US}}</ref> *[[Eghosa Asemota Agbonifo]], politician, coordinator of Michael Agbonifo shoe a child foundation<ref>{{Cite web|date=2019-01-21|title=Eghosa Asemota Agbonifo speak on what inspired him to join Edo State politics, as campaign kicks off|url=https://businessday.ng/uncategorized/article/eghosa-asemota-agbonifo-speaks-on-what-inspired-him-to-join-edo-state-politics-as-campaign-kicks-off/|access-date=2021-06-21|website=Businessday NG|language=en-US}}</ref> *Prof [[T. M. Yesufu]], wanda ya fara zama Vice-Chancellor a Jami'ar Benin, economist.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2014-10-09|title=Prof. T. M. Yesufu, pioneer UNIBEN vice chancellor passes on|url=https://www.vanguardngr.com/2014/10/prof-t-m-yesufu-pioneer-uniben-vice-chancellor-passes/|access-date=2021-06-21|website=Vanguard News|language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=THE pioneer vice chancellor of the University of Benin, Prof {{!}} Encomium Magazine|url=https://encomium.ng/pioneer-uniben-vice-chancellor-prof-t-m-yesufu-dies-2/|access-date=2021-06-21|language=en-US}}</ref> *[[Odion Jude Ighalo]], kwararren dan wasan kwallon kafa.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2020-02-11 |title=Odion Ighalo Biography Facts, Childhood, Net Worth, Life |url=https://sportytell.com/biography/odion-ighalo-biography-facts-childhood-net-worth-life/ |access-date=2022-05-26 |website=SportyTell |language=en-US}}</ref> *[[Victor Osimhen]], kwararren dan wasan kwallon kafa.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Victor Osimhen: How football celebrated Africa's most expensive player at 22 {{!}} Goal.com|url=https://www.goal.com/en/news/victor-osimhen-how-football-celebrated-africas-most/3a7vzrikgh1m1rkd6d9edrah4|access-date=2021-06-21|website=www.goal.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Most expensive Nigerian footballer Victor Osimhen biography, net worth, cars, & latest news!|url=https://naijauto.com/market-news/victor-osimhen-6991|access-date=2021-06-21|website=naijauto.com|language=en|archive-date=2021-06-24|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210624202728/https://naijauto.com/market-news/victor-osimhen-6991|url-status=dead}}</ref> *[[Aisha Yesufu]], 'Yar gwarmayar siyasa akan zamantakewa a Najeriya.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Adenuga|first=Pete|date=2021-02-24|title=The Problematic Mentality Of Aisha Yesufu's LGBTQ Activism|url=https://aninjusticemag.com/the-problematic-mentality-of-aisha-yesufus-lgbtq-activism-785f31a0c74a|access-date=2021-06-21|website=Medium|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Nigerian Female Activists Press to Overcome Biases {{!}} Voice of America - English|url=https://www.voanews.com/africa/nigerian-female-activists-press-overcome-biases|access-date=2021-06-21|website=www.voanews.com|language=en}}</ref> *[[Yvonne Jegede]] jaruman, furodusan fina-finai, 'yar talla, kuma mai fitowa a shiri Telebijin; musamman wajen shirya ''3 is Company''.<ref>{{Citation |last=actor. |first=Jombo, Nelson, producer, executive producer. Eme, Emmanuel Mang, director. Kalu, Ijeoma Cinthia, screenwriter. Akindele, Seun, actor. McNwizu, Bayray, actor. Ogbonna, LK, actor. Jegede, Yvonne, actress. Ade, Adunni |title=Housegirl Lover. |url=http://worldcat.org/oclc/906611470 |oclc=906611470 |access-date=2022-03-18}}</ref> *[[Zakariyau Oseni]], shaharrren farfesa na Larabci kuma malami a [[Islamic Studies Library|Islamic studies]], guardian of [[Arabic language school|Arabic language]] da literature, kuma limami kuma poet.<ref>{{Cite web|title=As Nigeria's Guardian of Arabic retires from Unilorin to Auchi|url=https://dailytrust.com/as-nigerias-guardian-of-arabic-retires-from-unilorin-to-auchi|access-date=2021-07-10|website=Daily Trust|date=19 December 2020|language=en|archive-date=2022-07-03|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220703152334/https://dailytrust.com/as-nigerias-guardian-of-arabic-retires-from-unilorin-to-auchi|url-status=dead}}</ref> *[[Mike Ozekhome]], mai kare hakki da 'yan dan Adam.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-03-02 |title=Chief Mike Ozekhome, SAN |url=https://tribuneonlineng.com/chief-mike-ozekhome-san/ |access-date=2022-05-26 |website=Tribune Online |language=en-GB}}</ref> *[[Mike Oghiadomhe]], chief of staff na shugaban kasa [[Goodluck Jonathan]] in 2014.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2014-02-10|title=Why Jonathan's CoS, Oghiadomhe resigned|url=https://www.vanguardngr.com/2014/02/jonathans-cos-oghiadomhe-resigned/|access-date=2021-07-10|website=Vanguard News|language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=2014-02-18|title=Breaking: Jonathan appoints retired General Arogbofa as new Chief of Staff {{!}} Premium Times Nigeria|url=https://www.premiumtimesng.com/news/155371-breaking-jonathan-appoints-retired-general-arogbofa-new-chief-staff.html|access-date=2021-07-10|language=en-GB}}</ref> *[[Solomon Arase]], tsohon kuma Inspeta jenar na 'Yan sanda a Najeriya karkashin shugaba mulkin Goodluck Jonathan.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2015-04-21|title=DIG Solomon Arase appointed acting IGP|url=https://www.vanguardngr.com/2015/04/dig-solomon-arase-appointed-acting-igp/|access-date=2021-07-10|website=Vanguard News|language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=2020-10-23|title=Police reform: Buhari wished Arase worked with him longer, says Femi Adesina|url=https://www.thecable.ng/police-reform-buhari-wished-arase-worked-with-him-longer-says-femi-adesina|access-date=2021-07-10|website=TheCable|language=en-US}}</ref> *[[Julius Aghahowa]], kwararren dan wasan kwallon kafa.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2020-04-01|title=Julius Aghahowa explains why he shunned coaching|url=https://www.vanguardngr.com/2020/04/aghahowa-explains-why-he-shunned-coaching/|access-date=2021-07-10|website=Vanguard News|language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Julius Aghahowa biography, net worth, age, family, contact & picture|url=https://www.manpower.com.ng/people/15643/julius-aghahowa|access-date=2021-07-10|website=www.manpower.com.ng}}</ref> *[[Sam Loco Efe]] (1945-2011), tsohon jarumin Nollywood kuma furodusa.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2017-08-10|title=Six years after death, veteran actor, Sam Loco, comes alive in 'The Diary of Mimicko' {{!}} Premium Times Nigeria|url=https://www.premiumtimesng.com/entertainment/nollywood/239787-six-years-death-veteran-actor-sam-loco-comes-alive-diary-mimicko.html|access-date=2021-07-10|language=en-GB}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=2018-08-08|title=Remembering legendary Nollywood actor 7 years after death|url=https://www.pulse.ng/entertainment/movies/sam-loco-efe-remembering-legendary-nollywood-actor-7-years-after-death/v7hpgbx|access-date=2021-07-10|website=Pulse Nigeria|language=en}}</ref> *Admiral [[Augustus Aikhomu]],tsohon chief of staff a lokacin General [[Ibrahim Babangida]] administration.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2011-08-17|title=Nigerians react as Admiral Augustus Aikhomu dies @72|url=https://www.vanguardngr.com/2011/08/nigerians-react-as-admiral-augustus-aikhomu-dies-72/|access-date=2021-07-10|website=Vanguard News|language=en-US}}</ref> *[[Helen Paul]], 'yar barkwanci kuma jaruma kuma an santa da Tatafo. ta kasance fuskar Telecom consumer na [[Nigerian Communications Commission]] (NCC).<ref>{{Cite web|title=Helen Paul, Tatafo, Comedian, Actress, Singer, Nigeria Personality Profiles|url=https://www.nigeriagalleria.com/Nigeria/Personality-Profiles/Comedians/Helen-Paul.html|access-date=2021-07-10|website=www.nigeriagalleria.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=Sanusi|first=Sola|date=2017-03-17|title=Nollywood actors get appointment with Nigerian Communications Commission|url=https://www.legit.ng/1094260-helen-paul-ali-nuhu-ncc-ambassadorial-appointments.html|access-date=2021-07-10|website=Legit.ng - Nigeria news.|language=en}}</ref> *[[Lancelot Oduwa Imasuen]], darekta kuma furodusa a Nollywood. Ya kirkiri makarantan fim na farko a Benin [[Igbinedion University]], Okada, Jihar Edo. *Hon. [[Joe Edionwele]], dan siyasa kuma dan majalisa a majalisa ta 8 da ta 9 [[National Assembly (Nigeria)|National Assembly, Nigeria]] mai wakiltar mazabar Edo ta Tsakiya. *[[Lucky Igbinedion]] dan siyasa kuma tsohon gwamnan Jihar Edo.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Nosakhare. |first=Igbinedion, Lucky |url=http://worldcat.org/oclc/49861823 |title=A mid-term report of Lucky Nosakhare Igbinedion, Executive Governor, Edo State. |date=2001 |publisher=Ministry of Information, Youth & Sports |oclc=49861823}}</ref> *[[Oserheimen Osunbor]], Lauya kuma gwamna na wani dan lokaci a jihar.<ref>{{Cite book |first=Oserheimen |last=Osunbor |url=http://worldcat.org/oclc/805381036 |title=Deepening democracy in Nigeria through law : an analysis of some contemporary issues in national transformation |date=2010 |publisher=Nigerian Institute of Advanced Legal Studies |isbn=978-978-8407-21-8 |oclc=805381036}}</ref> *[[Osagie Ehanire]] Likitan Najeriya kuma dan siyasa<ref>{{Cite web |title=Dr. E. Osagie Ehanire |url=https://www.gainhealth.org/dr-e-osagie-ehanire |access-date=2022-05-25 |website=Home |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Dr. Osagie E. Ehanire |url=https://tydanjumafoundation.org/board-of-trustees/dr-osagie-e-ehanire/ |access-date=2022-05-25 |website=TY Danjuma Foundation |language=en-US}}</ref> *[[Skales]] mawakin rap na Najeriya, kuma marubci. *[[Nancy Isime]] Jaruma a Najeriya, 'yar talla kuma sannan a midiya. *[[Adesua Etomi]] Jaruma a Najeriya *[[BB02]] Mawaki *[[Prof. Eghosa Emmanuel Osaghae]], farfesa akan harkokin siyasa a Jami'ar Ibadan, Jihar Oyo, Najeriya. ya rike matsayin Vice Chancellor a [[Igbinedion University, Okada]] tsakanin 2004-2018. A shekarar 2019, ya kasance shugaban Claude Ake a Jam'iar Uppsala da ke Sweden. A shekara ta 2017, Professor Osaghae ya koyar da siyasa da zamantakewa a Van Zyl Slabbert, Jam'iar Cape Town South Africa. A yanzu yana bin sahun MacArthur. Shugaba Muhammadu Buhari ya nada shi matsayin Director General na Nigerian Institute of International Affairs (NIIA). <!-- ONLY ADD A PERSON TO THIS LIST IF THEY ALREADY HAVE A WIKIPEDIA ARTICLE--> == Manazarta == {{reflist|2}} {{Jihohin Najeriya}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Edo}} [[Category:Jihohin Nijeriya]] 49gx5jcy988ajnxcbtjuxe0tagneod6 0 8516 895562 596110 2026-08-12T10:26:05Z Maryam Abdullahi Y 43904 895562 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} [[File:Flag of Trinidad and Tobago.svg|thumb|Tutar Trinidad da Tobago]] [[File:Coat of arms of Trinidad and Tobago (2025).svg|thumb|Tambarin Trinidad da Tobago]] [[File:td-map.gif|thumb|upright=1.25|Taswirar Trinidad and Tobago mai nuna rabuwar sassan mulki]] [[File:Trinidad Topography.png|thumb|upright=1.25|Taswirar Trinidad da Tobago mai nuna yanayin kasa]] '''Jamhuriyar Trinidad da Tobago''' (da Turanci: '''Republic of Trinidad and Tobago''') kasa ce a kudancin kogin Karibiyan. Kilomita 11 (mil 7) daga kasar [[Venezuela]]. Ƙasar naɗa manyan tsuburai guda biyu (2) wato '''Trinidad''' da '''Tobego''', da kuma wasu kananan tsuburran da dama. Babban birnin kasar shine '''[[Port of Spain]]'''. Akwai jimillar adadin mutane kimanin 1,262,366 a kasar. Kasar ta samu yancin kanta ne daga ƙasar [[Birtaniya]] a shekarar 1962. Mutanen kasar duka sun zo ne daga kasashen [[Afrika]], [[Turai]], [[Larabawa]], da kuma [[Indiya]]. Kiristanci shine babban addini a kasar sai kuma Hindu da [[Musulunci]]. A kwai kuma addinan gargajiya na mutanen Afrika. Akwai albarkatun kasa a tsuburin wanda shine jigo na tattalin arzikin kasar sai kuma yawon bude ido. <gallery> File:Trinidad_national_museum_2006-23-02.JPG|National Museum, Trinidad da Tobago File:PoSHarbour.jpg|Port of Spain Harbour, Trinidad da Tobago December 2002 File:Gatuscen._Port_of_Spain._Trinidad_och_Tobago_-_SMVK_-_002431.tif|Gatuscen. Port of Spain. Trinidad och Tobago </gallery> ==Sake duba== * [[Trinidad]] * [[Tobago]] ==Manazarta== {{DEFAULTSORT:Trinidad da Tobago}} [[Category:Ƙasashen Amurka]] [[Category:Ƙasashen Karibiyan]] b5vlly95prg2c3n4jn7q6gef3k6ob3e 895563 895562 2026-08-12T10:26:22Z Maryam Abdullahi Y 43904 895563 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} [[File:Flag of Trinidad and Tobago.svg|thumb|Tutar Trinidad da Tobago]] [[File:Coat of arms of Trinidad and Tobago (2025).svg|thumb|Tambarin Trinidad da Tobago]] [[File:td-map.gif|thumb|upright=1.25|Taswirar Trinidad and Tobago mai nuna rabuwar sassan mulki]] [[File:Trinidad Topography.png|thumb|upright=1.25|Taswirar Trinidad da Tobago mai nuna yanayin kasa]] '''Jamhuriyar Trinidad da Tobago''' (da Turanci: '''Republic of Trinidad and Tobago''') kasa ce a kudancin kogin Karibiyan. Kilomita 11 (mil 7) daga kasar [[Venezuela]]. Ƙasar naɗa manyan tsuburai guda biyu (2) wato '''Trinidad''' da '''Tobego''', da kuma wasu kananan tsuburran da dama. Babban birnin kasar shine '''[[Port of Spain]]'''. Akwai jimillar adadin mutane kimanin 1,262,366 a kasar. Ƙasar ta samu ƴancin kanta ne daga ƙasar [[Birtaniya]] a shekarar 1962. Mutanen kasar duka sun zo ne daga kasashen [[Afrika]], [[Turai]], [[Larabawa]], da kuma [[Indiya]]. Kiristanci shine babban addini a kasar sai kuma Hindu da [[Musulunci]]. A kwai kuma addinan gargajiya na mutanen Afrika. Akwai albarkatun kasa a tsuburin wanda shine jigo na tattalin arzikin kasar sai kuma yawon bude ido. <gallery> File:Trinidad_national_museum_2006-23-02.JPG|National Museum, Trinidad da Tobago File:PoSHarbour.jpg|Port of Spain Harbour, Trinidad da Tobago December 2002 File:Gatuscen._Port_of_Spain._Trinidad_och_Tobago_-_SMVK_-_002431.tif|Gatuscen. Port of Spain. Trinidad och Tobago </gallery> ==Sake duba== * [[Trinidad]] * [[Tobago]] ==Manazarta== {{DEFAULTSORT:Trinidad da Tobago}} [[Category:Ƙasashen Amurka]] [[Category:Ƙasashen Karibiyan]] pf1pkoix8lq6e441kgs46edl0ntmxc7 895564 895563 2026-08-12T10:26:38Z Maryam Abdullahi Y 43904 895564 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} [[File:Flag of Trinidad and Tobago.svg|thumb|Tutar Trinidad da Tobago]] [[File:Coat of arms of Trinidad and Tobago (2025).svg|thumb|Tambarin Trinidad da Tobago]] [[File:td-map.gif|thumb|upright=1.25|Taswirar Trinidad and Tobago mai nuna rabuwar sassan mulki]] [[File:Trinidad Topography.png|thumb|upright=1.25|Taswirar Trinidad da Tobago mai nuna yanayin kasa]] '''Jamhuriyar Trinidad da Tobago''' (da Turanci: '''Republic of Trinidad and Tobago''') kasa ce a kudancin kogin Karibiyan. Kilomita 11 (mil 7) daga kasar [[Venezuela]]. Ƙasar naɗa manyan tsuburai guda biyu (2) wato '''Trinidad''' da '''Tobego''', da kuma wasu kananan tsuburran da dama. Babban birnin kasar shine '''[[Port of Spain]]'''. Akwai jimillar adadin mutane kimanin 1,262,366 a kasar. Ƙasar ta samu ƴancin kanta ne daga ƙasar [[Birtaniya]] a shekarar 1962. Mutanen ƙasar duka sun zo ne daga ƙasashen [[Afrika]], [[Turai]], [[Larabawa]], da kuma [[Indiya]]. Kiristanci shine babban addini a kasar sai kuma Hindu da [[Musulunci]]. A kwai kuma addinan gargajiya na mutanen Afrika. Akwai albarkatun kasa a tsuburin wanda shine jigo na tattalin arzikin kasar sai kuma yawon bude ido. <gallery> File:Trinidad_national_museum_2006-23-02.JPG|National Museum, Trinidad da Tobago File:PoSHarbour.jpg|Port of Spain Harbour, Trinidad da Tobago December 2002 File:Gatuscen._Port_of_Spain._Trinidad_och_Tobago_-_SMVK_-_002431.tif|Gatuscen. Port of Spain. Trinidad och Tobago </gallery> ==Sake duba== * [[Trinidad]] * [[Tobago]] ==Manazarta== {{DEFAULTSORT:Trinidad da Tobago}} [[Category:Ƙasashen Amurka]] [[Category:Ƙasashen Karibiyan]] 4jhw37gnqipeifcsjcumsj1ksgwf6wp 0 9215 895514 865539 2026-08-12T10:11:20Z Maryam Abdullahi Y 43904 895514 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Fayil:Badge of the Order of the Federal Republic of Nigeria (Officer).png|thumb]] {{Gyara Fassara}}{{databox}} [[File:Flag of Nigeria.svg|thumb|Tutar Najeriya]] [[Fayil:A group of Yoruba people at a public event.png|thumb|Kadan daga Yar ikan Nigeria ]] '''Dan NajMacea Namiji Ko Ƴar Najeriya Mace,''' ''''Yan Nijeriya''', ko '''Mutanen Nijeriya''' mutane ne dake zama a [[Nijeriya]] ko kuma suke da tarihin kakanninsu daga Nijeriya.<ref name="Gordon (2003), 233">{{cite book|title=Ethnic diversity within nations|year=2003|publisher=ABC-CLIO, Inc.|location=Santa Barbara, California, USA|isbn=1576076822|pages=233|author=April A. Gordon|authorlink=Nigeria's diverse peoples: a reference sourcebook}}</ref> Nigeriya na tattare da al'ummomi da ƙabilu da al'adu daban-daban kuma Kalmar ta Ɗan/Yar/Mutanen Najeriya na alakanta yan ƙasar ne, kamar yadda dokan tabbatacin zama ɗan ƙasa ya nuna.<ref name="Gordon (2003), 233" /> 'yan Nijeriya sun samu NE daga ƙabilu da yaruka fiye da 250.<ref name="Toyin Falola a shekarar 2001. pp. 4">Toyin Falola. ''Culture and Customs of Nigeria''. Westport, Connecticut, USA: Greenwood Press, 2001. p. 4.</ref> Duk da akwai al'ummu daban-daban a Najeriya, Harkokin neman kuɗi ya taka muhimmiyar rawa wurin yawace-yawacen al'ummu daban-daban mabanbanta addini wurin yawo daga wannan ɓangare zuwa wani ɓangaren daga Najeriya, wanda ya samar da haɗuwa da cakudewar mutanen, musamman waɗanda suke zaune a birane su ne abun ya fi shafa.<ref name="Toyin Falola 2001. pp. 8">Toyin Falola. ''Culture and Customs of Naigeria''. Westport, Connecticut, USA: Greenwood Press, 2001. p. 8.</ref> Sama da kashi 50 na Mutanen Najeriya [[Musulunci|Muslimai]] ne wanda sauran kashin na ƙasa da 50 akwai [[Kirista]] da masu bin addinin gargijiya da sauransu.<ref name="April A. Gordon 2003. pp. 233">April A. Gordon. ''Nigeria's Diverse Peoples: A Reference Sourcebook''. Santa Barbara, California, USA: ABC-CLIO, 2003. p. 233.</ref><ref name="Toyin Falola 2001. pp. 6">Toyin Falola. ''Culture and Customs of Nigeria''. Westport, Connecticut, USA: Greenwood Press, 2001. p. 6.</ref><ref>"BILANCIO DEMOGRAFICO NAZIONALE" (PDF). Directorate for social statistics and population census Istat – National Institute of Statistics. p. 10.</ref><ref>Saudi Arabia 2022 Census" (PDF). General Authority for Statistics (GASTAT), Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2024-04-28. Retrieved 2024-10-14.</ref><ref>April A. Gordon. Nigeria's Diverse Peoples: A Reference Sourcebook. Santa Barbara, California, USA: ABC-CLIO, 2003. p. 111.</ref> Ƴan Najeriya mutane ne da suke daga al'umma da kuma addinai daban-daban kasancewar ƙasar an ƙirƙire ta ne sanadiyar mulkin mallaka na turawa da [[Daular Biritaniya]] wanda bata da wani alaƙa da ƙabila ko addinin wurin mulkin ta.<ref name="April A. Gordon 2003. pp. 233"/><ref>Saudi Arabia 2022 Census" (PDF). General Authority for Statistics (GASTAT), Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2024-04-28. Retrieved 2024-10-14.</ref><ref>Nigeria - International emigrant stock</ref> Akwai kuma manyan ƙasashe dake da tarihi a Najeriya waɗanda sun taimaka wurin kasancewar Najeriya ta hannun Sarakuna da irin dokoki da yanayin tsarin harajinsu, da kuma amfani da addini a wurin yardar da kafin Sarakan da hadin kan jama'arsu.<ref name="Toyin Falola 2001. pp. 15-16">Toyin Falola. ''Culture and Customs of Nigeria''. Westport, Connecticut, USA: Greenwood Press, 2001. pp. 15-16.</ref> Arewacin Najeriya ta kasance ta samu canji a al'adunta ta irin canjin da musulunci ya kawo a Yankin, da samun manyan daulolin ƙasashen Musulunci a yankin.<ref name="Toyin Falola 2001. pp. 15-16"/> [[Daular Kanem-Bornu]] da [[Masarautar Sokoto]] sun kasance manyan kasashen Musulunci a tarihin Arewacin Nijeriya.<ref name="Toyin Falola 2001. pp. 15-16"/> Kudancin Najeriya a tarihi suma sunada daulolin ƙasashe masu kafi kamarsu [[Daular Benin]] da [[Daular Oyo]], ƙasashen Ife da wasu daga cikin kasashen Yarbawa.<ref name="Toyin Falola 2001. pp. 15-16"/><ref>mevans, Bild: istockphoto com /. "Demographie". Statista.</ref><ref>Bevölkerung nach Staatsangehörigkeit und Geburtsland". Statistik Austria. Retrieved 18 March 2015.</ref><ref>Nigeria - International emigrant stock</ref><ref>Nigerians in South Africa" (PDF). www.migration.org.za. 2017. Retrieved 2020-04-28.</ref><ref>McFadyen 2008</ref><ref>Befolkning efter födelseland och ursprungsland, 31 december 2024, totalt" [Foreign-born, citizenship and foreign/Swedish background]. Utrikes födda, medborgarskap och utländsk/Svensk bakgrund (in Swedish). Statistiska centralbyrån. December 2024.</ref><ref>Gordon, April A. (2003). Nigeria's diverse peoples: a reference sourcebook. Ethnic diversity within nations. Santa Barbara, California, USA: ABC-CLIO, Inc. p. 233. ISBN 1576076822</ref><ref>April A. Gordon. Nigeria's Diverse Peoples: A Reference Sourcebook. Santa Barbara, California, USA: ABC-CLIO, 2003. p. 233.</ref><ref>Nigeria Fact Sheet" (PDF). United States Embassy in Nigeria. Archived from the original (PDF) on 18 October 2020. Retrieved 23 September 2018.</ref><ref>Toyin Falola. Culture and Customs of Nigeria. Westport, Connecticut, USA: Greenwood Press, 2001. pp. 15-16.</ref><ref>Toyin Falola. Culture and Customs of Nigeria. Westport, Connecticut, USA: Greenwood Press, 2001. p. 18.</ref><ref>Toyin Falola. Culture and Customs of Nigeria. Westport, Connecticut, USA: Greenwood Press, 2001. p. 4.</ref><ref>Toyin Falola. Culture and Customs of Nigeria. Westport, Connecticut, USA: Greenwood Press, 2001. p. 6.</ref><ref>Korieh, Chima J. (2018-01-14). "Olufemi Vaughan. Religion and the Making of Nigeria. Duke University Press, 2016. xi + 336 pp. Notes. Bibliography. Index. $94.95. Cloth. ISBN: 978-0-8223-6206-7. $25.95. Paperback. ISBN: 978-0-8223-6227-2". African Studies Review. 61 (1): 274–275. doi:10.1017/asr.2017.140. ISSN 0002-0206.</ref> Al'adun Nijeriya was profoundly affected by the British [[Colonialism|colonial rule]].<ref name="Toyin Falola 2001. pp. 18">Toyin Falola. ''Culture and Customs of Nigeria''. Westport, Connecticut, USA: Greenwood Press, 2001. p. 18.</ref> Such as British colonial authorities' denouncements and attacks upon [[polygamy]], trial by ordeal, and certain types of sacrifices.<ref name="Toyin Falola 2001. pp. 18"/> At the same time, British colonial authorities maintained and promoted traditional Nigerian culture that strengthened colonial administration.<ref name="Toyin Falola 2001. pp. 18"/> The British spread Christianity throughout southern Nigeria and Christian missionaries assisted British authorities in establishing a [[Western world|Western]]-style education system in Nigeria that resulted in the teaching of the English language in Nigeria and its subsequent adoption as Nigeria's main language.<ref name="Toyin Falola 2001. pp. 18"/> The British replaced unpaid household labour with [[wage labour]].<ref name="Toyin Falola 2001. pp. 18"/> Prior to colonization in the twentieth century, Nigeria's tribes usually [[Land tenure|possessed the land]] as a community, such that land could not be bought or sold.<ref name="Toyin Falola 2001. pp. 4" /> Colonization brought the notion of individuals owning land and commercialization of land began.<ref name="Toyin Falola 2001. pp. 4" /><ref>Immigrants in Brazil (2024, in Portuguese)</ref><ref>Australian Government Department of Immigration and Border Protection" (PDF). immi.gov.au. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2013-10-12. Retrieved 2013-10-05.</ref><ref>"Buhari ask Nigerians in Portugal to join in promoting Nigeria's unity …reiterates commitment to Peaceful election in 2023". 30 June 2022.</ref><ref>AthensNews onLine SEARCH". Archived from the original on 2009-02-12. Retrieved 2013-10-05.</ref><ref>Innvandrere og norskfødte med innvandrerforeldre - Tabeller - SSB". Retrieved 18 March 2015.</ref><ref>History – Ministry of Foreign Affairs, Nigeria". Retrieved 2023-06-01.</ref><ref>Toyin Falola. Culture and Customs of Nigeria. Westport, Connecticut, USA: Greenwood Press, 2001. p. 8.</ref><ref>The World Factbook". Central Intelligence Agency. Archived from the original on January 9, 2021. Retrieved 4 December 2023.</ref> In [[Najeriya|Nigeria]] a majority of seventy percent of Nigerians live in villages of two types: the first type used by the Igbo and Tiv involves a collection of dispersed compounds, the second type used amongst the Hausa, Yoruba, and Kanuri involves nucleii of compounds.<ref name="Toyin Falola 2001. pp. 6" /> These villages compose members of the ethnicity-related through ancestry as well as strangers who have been assimilated into the ethnicity.<ref name="Toyin Falola 2001. pp. 6" /> Since the time prior to colonization to the present it has been common practice of Nigeria's tribes to adopt strangers into the tribes.<ref name="Toyin Falola 2001. pp. 4" /> A male elder commonly serves as a village chief.<ref name="Toyin Falola 2001. pp. 6" /> A manyan biranen Najeriya, there is substantial [[intermingling]] of Nigerians with foreigners, especially Europeans, [[Lebanese people|Lebanese]], and [[Indian people|Indians]].<ref name="Toyin Falola 2001. pp. 8"/> The [[Economic instruments for water policies|economic]] importance of Nigeria's cities has resulted in migrations of people from their traditional ethnic or cultural homeland to cities outside those territories.<ref name="Toyin Falola 2001. pp. 8"/> Igbo and Ibibio people have commonly migrated to [[Lagos]] and many southerners migrate to the north to trade or work while a number of northerner seasonal workers and small-scale entrepreneurs go to the south.<ref name="Toyin Falola 2001. pp. 8"/> Ethnic, religious, and regional disputes and tensions have commonly divided Nigerians on political issues.<ref name="April A. Gordon 2003. pp. 111">April A. Gordon. ''Nigeria's Diverse Peoples: A Reference Sourcebook''. Santa Barbara, California, USA: ABC-CLIO, 2003. p. 111.</ref> In particular, cultural and political divisions between the [[Islam|Muslim]] north and the [[Christianity|Christian]] south has politicized religion and caused significant political disputes in Nigeria.<ref name="April A. Gordon 2003. pp. 111" /> Ethnic-motivated and religious-motivated violence by extremists has increased these tensions as well.<ref name="April A. Gordon 2003. pp. 233" /> Duk da dai, anrka samun wasu masu saurin ra'ayi, ƴan Najeriya sun ci-gaba da zama lafiya a tsakanin su, and a common Nigerian identity has been fostered amongst the more-educated and affluent Nigerians as well as with the many Nigerians who leave small homogeneous ethnic communities to seek economic opportunities in the cities where the population is ethnically mixed.<ref name="April A. Gordon 2003. pp. 233" /> Although there are cultural divisions amongst Nigerians, Nigerians commonly use the English language as their primary language.<ref name="April A. Gordon 2003. pp. 233" /> Also, most Nigerians share a strong commitment to individual liberties and democracy.<ref name="April A. Gordon 2003. pp. 233" /> Even during periods of military rule, such military governments were pressured to maintain democratic stances by the Nigerian people.<ref name="April A. Gordon 2003. pp. 233" /> Nigeria's political figures commonly know multiple indigenous languages outside their own indigenous language.<ref name="April A. Gordon 2003. pp. 233" /> <gallery heights=132px mode=packed caption="Al'adu"> File:Hausawomen.jpg|Matan Hausawa File:Inside the Palms1.jpg|Yan Najeriya na cin kasuwa a wani babban shago a [[Lagos]] File:Kwarastatedrummers.jpg|Yarbawa daga [[Jihar Kwara|Kwara]] sanye da kayan al'adu suna kiɗa File:Durbar.jpg|Mutane akan dawakai a Hawan Daba a Kano File:Igbo hat and Isiagu.jpg|Mutanen Ibo, sanye da [[Isiagu]] na zamani da hulunan al'adar Ibo File:Eyo Iga Jump.jpg|Wani Eyo Iga Olowe Salaye a tsallen masquerade </gallery>. == Manazarta. == {{reflist}} {{DEFAULTSORT:dan Nijeriya}} [[Category:Mutanen Najeriya| ]]. tetfblcfmfwmbattnkl4sz9sq5ikg2k 0 10151 894898 894892 2026-08-11T12:20:47Z Abdulmuddalib Iabrahim Salisu 14681 894898 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} [[File:Real Madrid players in 1902-1908.jpg|thumb|ƴan wasar real Madrid a shekara ta 1902-1908]] [[File:Real Madrid vs Atlético Madrid 28 September 2013 02.jpg|thumb|real madrid da atletico madrid suna fafatawa a rana 28 ga watan Satumba shekara ta 2013]] [[File:Real Madrid Kaka-2.jpg|thumb|ɗan wasar riyal madrid (Kaka)]] [[File:Real Madrid's Santiago Bernabéu Stadium, Madrid, Spain (Ank Kumar) 01.jpg|thumb|sitadiyom ɗin Real Madrid A Supaniya ( Real Madrid stadium at Spain)]] [[File:Real Madrid - Barça (3495454182).jpg|thumb|hoton real Madrid a gida]] [[Fayil:Real Madrid CF (ancien logo).svg|thumb|Hoton tambarin real madri]] [[Fayil:Real Madrid players in 1902-1908.jpg|thumb|yan kwallan real na farko]] [[Fayil:Di stefano real madrid cf (cropped).png|thumb|Hoton Dan kwalo stefano]] [[Fayil:Real Madrid celebration after winning the 2018 UEFA Champions League Final DSC 0494 (41680976994).jpg|thumb|hoyon shugaban real da yan kwalonsa]] [[Fayil:Di stefano real madrid cf (cropped)bw.png|thumb]] [[Fayil:Pasillo Real Madrid - F.C. Barcelona.jpg|thumb|hoton tawagar yan kwslon real da barca]] [[Fayil:Forcejeo Real Madrid - FC Barcelona.jpg|thumb|hoton real da barca lokacin wasa]] [[Fayil:Zinedine Zidane's 1998 Ballon d'Or trophy, Real Madrid Museum, Santiago Bernabéu, Madrid, Spain (Ank Kumar, Infosys Limited) 01.jpg|thumb|hoton kambjn baland or ta zidane]] [[Fayil:Real Madrid FC 1949.jpg|thumb|Hoton tawagar real a 1949]] [[Fayil:Real Madrid C.F. the Winner Of The Champions League in 2018 (1).jpg|thumb|hoton murnar Ashe kofin nshiyat turai a 2018]] [[Fayil:El Real Madrid ofreció la Undécima a los madridistas.webm|thumb|hogon shugan real da yan jarida]] '''[[Emad Hamdy PP|Emab]] Madrid Club de Fútbol''' "Royal Madrid Football Club"), Ana kuma kiran ta da '''Real Madrid''', kungiyar kwararrun kwalon kafa ne dake zaune a birnin [[Madrid]], kasar [[Ispaniya]]. An kuma kafa ƙungiyar a ranar 6 ga watan Maris, shekarar 1902 da sunan Madrid Football Club, kungiyar daman ta kasan ce tun kafuwar ta kayan sawan ýan'wasan ta fari ne. Kalmar ''real'' daga harshen spaniya ne dake nufin "royal" wato ''sarauta'' kuma an laka ba masu sunan ne daga [[Alfonso XIII of Spain|King Alfonso XIII]] acikin shekarar 1920 tare da royal crown in the emblem.Kulub din na wasan ta a fili mai daukan mutane 81,044 wato [[Santiago Bernabéu Stadium]] dake Madrid tun daga cikin shekarar 1947.Real Madrid kulub bakamar sauran kungiyoyin wasannin dake nahiyar turai bane, Dan kuwa waɗanda suka mallake ta tun a farko,Sune suka cigaba da kula da kuma Jan ragamar ta har yanzu. members ('socios'). The club was estimated to be [[Forbes' list of the most valuable football clubs|worth]] €3.47&nbsp;billion ($4.1&nbsp;billion) in 2018, and in the 2016–17 season it was the [[Deloitte Football Money League|second highest-earning]] football club in the world, with an annual revenue of €674.6&nbsp;million.<ref name="Deloitte">{{cite web|url=https://www2.deloitte.com/uk/en/pages/sports-business-group/articles/deloitte-football-money-league.html|title=Deloitte Football Money League 2018|date=23 January 2018|accessdate=23 January 2018|publisher=Deloitte}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title = The World's Most Valuable Soccer Teams | url = https://www.forbes.com/soccer-valuations/ | publisher = Forbes}}</ref><ref name="Sports teams">{{cite news. |url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/kurtbadenhausen/2013/07/15/real-madrid-tops-the-worlds-most-valuable-sports-teams/ | title=Real Madrid Tops The World's Most Valuable Sports Teams |date=15 July 2013 |accessdate=13 December 2013 |agency=Forbes| first=Kurt | last=Badenhausen}}</ref> The club is one of the most widely supported teams in the world.<ref>[https://azscore.ng/football/leagues/europe/uefa-champions-league UEFA Champions League] </ref><ref>Dongfeng Liu, Girish Ramchandani (2012). "The Global Economics of Sport". p. 65. Routledge,</ref> Real Madrid is one of three founding members of [[La Liga]] that have [[List of unrelegated association football clubs|never been relegated]] from the top division since its inception in 1929, along with [[Athletic Bilbao]] and [[FC Barcelona|Barcelona]]. The club holds many long-standing rivalries, most notably ''[[El Clásico]]'' with Barcelona and ''[[Madrid Derby|El Derbi]]'' with [[Atlético Madrid]]. ==Hotuna== <gallery> File:Champions League A 16.JPG|Champions League A 16 File:Bernabeu en un Madrid-Atleti.JPG|Bernabeu en un Madrid-Atleti </gallery> ==Manazarta== <references/> {{DEFAULTSORT:FC, Real Madrid}} [[Category:Kungiyoyin wasan ƙwallon ƙafa]] dsac9mcvb94fg96y04b73rwutfbagln 894899 894898 2026-08-11T12:21:57Z Abdulmuddalib Iabrahim Salisu 14681 894899 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} [[File:Real Madrid players in 1902-1908.jpg|thumb|ƴan wasar real Madrid acikin shekara ta 1902-1908]] [[File:Real Madrid vs Atlético Madrid 28 September 2013 02.jpg|thumb|real madrid da atletico madrid suna fafatawa a rana 28 ga watan Satumba shekara ta 2013]] [[File:Real Madrid Kaka-2.jpg|thumb|ɗan wasar riyal madrid (Kaka)]] [[File:Real Madrid's Santiago Bernabéu Stadium, Madrid, Spain (Ank Kumar) 01.jpg|thumb|sitadiyom ɗin Real Madrid A Supaniya ( Real Madrid stadium at Spain)]] [[File:Real Madrid - Barça (3495454182).jpg|thumb|hoton real Madrid a gida]] [[Fayil:Real Madrid CF (ancien logo).svg|thumb|Hoton tambarin real madri]] [[Fayil:Real Madrid players in 1902-1908.jpg|thumb|yan kwallan real na farko]] [[Fayil:Di stefano real madrid cf (cropped).png|thumb|Hoton Dan kwalo stefano]] [[Fayil:Real Madrid celebration after winning the 2018 UEFA Champions League Final DSC 0494 (41680976994).jpg|thumb|hoyon shugaban real da yan kwalonsa]] [[Fayil:Di stefano real madrid cf (cropped)bw.png|thumb]] [[Fayil:Pasillo Real Madrid - F.C. Barcelona.jpg|thumb|hoton tawagar yan kwslon real da barca]] [[Fayil:Forcejeo Real Madrid - FC Barcelona.jpg|thumb|hoton real da barca lokacin wasa]] [[Fayil:Zinedine Zidane's 1998 Ballon d'Or trophy, Real Madrid Museum, Santiago Bernabéu, Madrid, Spain (Ank Kumar, Infosys Limited) 01.jpg|thumb|hoton kambjn baland or ta zidane]] [[Fayil:Real Madrid FC 1949.jpg|thumb|Hoton tawagar real a 1949]] [[Fayil:Real Madrid C.F. the Winner Of The Champions League in 2018 (1).jpg|thumb|hoton murnar Ashe kofin nshiyat turai a 2018]] [[Fayil:El Real Madrid ofreció la Undécima a los madridistas.webm|thumb|hogon shugan real da yan jarida]] '''[[Emad Hamdy PP|Emab]] Madrid Club de Fútbol''' "Royal Madrid Football Club"), Ana kuma kiran ta da '''Real Madrid''', kungiyar kwararrun kwalon kafa ne dake zaune a birnin [[Madrid]], kasar [[Ispaniya]]. An kuma kafa ƙungiyar a ranar 6 ga watan Maris, shekarar 1902 da sunan Madrid Football Club, kungiyar daman ta kasan ce tun kafuwar ta kayan sawan ýan'wasan ta fari ne. Kalmar ''real'' daga harshen spaniya ne dake nufin "royal" wato ''sarauta'' kuma an laka ba masu sunan ne daga [[Alfonso XIII of Spain|King Alfonso XIII]] acikin shekarar 1920 tare da royal crown in the emblem.Kulub din na wasan ta a fili mai daukan mutane 81,044 wato [[Santiago Bernabéu Stadium]] dake Madrid tun daga cikin shekarar 1947.Real Madrid kulub bakamar sauran kungiyoyin wasannin dake nahiyar turai bane, Dan kuwa waɗanda suka mallake ta tun a farko,Sune suka cigaba da kula da kuma Jan ragamar ta har yanzu. members ('socios'). The club was estimated to be [[Forbes' list of the most valuable football clubs|worth]] €3.47&nbsp;billion ($4.1&nbsp;billion) in 2018, and in the 2016–17 season it was the [[Deloitte Football Money League|second highest-earning]] football club in the world, with an annual revenue of €674.6&nbsp;million.<ref name="Deloitte">{{cite web|url=https://www2.deloitte.com/uk/en/pages/sports-business-group/articles/deloitte-football-money-league.html|title=Deloitte Football Money League 2018|date=23 January 2018|accessdate=23 January 2018|publisher=Deloitte}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title = The World's Most Valuable Soccer Teams | url = https://www.forbes.com/soccer-valuations/ | publisher = Forbes}}</ref><ref name="Sports teams">{{cite news. |url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/kurtbadenhausen/2013/07/15/real-madrid-tops-the-worlds-most-valuable-sports-teams/ | title=Real Madrid Tops The World's Most Valuable Sports Teams |date=15 July 2013 |accessdate=13 December 2013 |agency=Forbes| first=Kurt | last=Badenhausen}}</ref> The club is one of the most widely supported teams in the world.<ref>[https://azscore.ng/football/leagues/europe/uefa-champions-league UEFA Champions League] </ref><ref>Dongfeng Liu, Girish Ramchandani (2012). "The Global Economics of Sport". p. 65. Routledge,</ref> Real Madrid is one of three founding members of [[La Liga]] that have [[List of unrelegated association football clubs|never been relegated]] from the top division since its inception in 1929, along with [[Athletic Bilbao]] and [[FC Barcelona|Barcelona]]. The club holds many long-standing rivalries, most notably ''[[El Clásico]]'' with Barcelona and ''[[Madrid Derby|El Derbi]]'' with [[Atlético Madrid]]. ==Hotuna== <gallery> File:Champions League A 16.JPG|Champions League A 16 File:Bernabeu en un Madrid-Atleti.JPG|Bernabeu en un Madrid-Atleti </gallery> ==Manazarta== <references/> {{DEFAULTSORT:FC, Real Madrid}} [[Category:Kungiyoyin wasan ƙwallon ƙafa]] slq2geor0oa5r4cgqum4kei1ngd9xow 894900 894899 2026-08-11T12:22:51Z Abdulmuddalib Iabrahim Salisu 14681 894900 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} [[File:Real Madrid players in 1902-1908.jpg|thumb|ƴan wasar real Madrid acikin shekara ta 1902-har zuwa 1908]] [[File:Real Madrid vs Atlético Madrid 28 September 2013 02.jpg|thumb|real madrid da atletico madrid suna fafatawa a rana 28 ga watan Satumba shekara ta 2013]] [[File:Real Madrid Kaka-2.jpg|thumb|ɗan wasar riyal madrid (Kaka)]] [[File:Real Madrid's Santiago Bernabéu Stadium, Madrid, Spain (Ank Kumar) 01.jpg|thumb|sitadiyom ɗin Real Madrid A Supaniya ( Real Madrid stadium at Spain)]] [[File:Real Madrid - Barça (3495454182).jpg|thumb|hoton real Madrid a gida]] [[Fayil:Real Madrid CF (ancien logo).svg|thumb|Hoton tambarin real madri]] [[Fayil:Real Madrid players in 1902-1908.jpg|thumb|yan kwallan real na farko]] [[Fayil:Di stefano real madrid cf (cropped).png|thumb|Hoton Dan kwalo stefano]] [[Fayil:Real Madrid celebration after winning the 2018 UEFA Champions League Final DSC 0494 (41680976994).jpg|thumb|hoyon shugaban real da yan kwalonsa]] [[Fayil:Di stefano real madrid cf (cropped)bw.png|thumb]] [[Fayil:Pasillo Real Madrid - F.C. Barcelona.jpg|thumb|hoton tawagar yan kwslon real da barca]] [[Fayil:Forcejeo Real Madrid - FC Barcelona.jpg|thumb|hoton real da barca lokacin wasa]] [[Fayil:Zinedine Zidane's 1998 Ballon d'Or trophy, Real Madrid Museum, Santiago Bernabéu, Madrid, Spain (Ank Kumar, Infosys Limited) 01.jpg|thumb|hoton kambjn baland or ta zidane]] [[Fayil:Real Madrid FC 1949.jpg|thumb|Hoton tawagar real a 1949]] [[Fayil:Real Madrid C.F. the Winner Of The Champions League in 2018 (1).jpg|thumb|hoton murnar Ashe kofin nshiyat turai a 2018]] [[Fayil:El Real Madrid ofreció la Undécima a los madridistas.webm|thumb|hogon shugan real da yan jarida]] '''[[Emad Hamdy PP|Emab]] Madrid Club de Fútbol''' "Royal Madrid Football Club"), Ana kuma kiran ta da '''Real Madrid''', kungiyar kwararrun kwalon kafa ne dake zaune a birnin [[Madrid]], kasar [[Ispaniya]]. An kuma kafa ƙungiyar a ranar 6 ga watan Maris, shekarar 1902 da sunan Madrid Football Club, kungiyar daman ta kasan ce tun kafuwar ta kayan sawan ýan'wasan ta fari ne. Kalmar ''real'' daga harshen spaniya ne dake nufin "royal" wato ''sarauta'' kuma an laka ba masu sunan ne daga [[Alfonso XIII of Spain|King Alfonso XIII]] acikin shekarar 1920 tare da royal crown in the emblem.Kulub din na wasan ta a fili mai daukan mutane 81,044 wato [[Santiago Bernabéu Stadium]] dake Madrid tun daga cikin shekarar 1947.Real Madrid kulub bakamar sauran kungiyoyin wasannin dake nahiyar turai bane, Dan kuwa waɗanda suka mallake ta tun a farko,Sune suka cigaba da kula da kuma Jan ragamar ta har yanzu. members ('socios'). The club was estimated to be [[Forbes' list of the most valuable football clubs|worth]] €3.47&nbsp;billion ($4.1&nbsp;billion) in 2018, and in the 2016–17 season it was the [[Deloitte Football Money League|second highest-earning]] football club in the world, with an annual revenue of €674.6&nbsp;million.<ref name="Deloitte">{{cite web|url=https://www2.deloitte.com/uk/en/pages/sports-business-group/articles/deloitte-football-money-league.html|title=Deloitte Football Money League 2018|date=23 January 2018|accessdate=23 January 2018|publisher=Deloitte}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title = The World's Most Valuable Soccer Teams | url = https://www.forbes.com/soccer-valuations/ | publisher = Forbes}}</ref><ref name="Sports teams">{{cite news. |url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/kurtbadenhausen/2013/07/15/real-madrid-tops-the-worlds-most-valuable-sports-teams/ | title=Real Madrid Tops The World's Most Valuable Sports Teams |date=15 July 2013 |accessdate=13 December 2013 |agency=Forbes| first=Kurt | last=Badenhausen}}</ref> The club is one of the most widely supported teams in the world.<ref>[https://azscore.ng/football/leagues/europe/uefa-champions-league UEFA Champions League] </ref><ref>Dongfeng Liu, Girish Ramchandani (2012). "The Global Economics of Sport". p. 65. Routledge,</ref> Real Madrid is one of three founding members of [[La Liga]] that have [[List of unrelegated association football clubs|never been relegated]] from the top division since its inception in 1929, along with [[Athletic Bilbao]] and [[FC Barcelona|Barcelona]]. The club holds many long-standing rivalries, most notably ''[[El Clásico]]'' with Barcelona and ''[[Madrid Derby|El Derbi]]'' with [[Atlético Madrid]]. ==Hotuna== <gallery> File:Champions League A 16.JPG|Champions League A 16 File:Bernabeu en un Madrid-Atleti.JPG|Bernabeu en un Madrid-Atleti </gallery> ==Manazarta== <references/> {{DEFAULTSORT:FC, Real Madrid}} [[Category:Kungiyoyin wasan ƙwallon ƙafa]] ar0pn50fxfmcsqyqgatm67d6u1wqhkp 894901 894900 2026-08-11T12:23:27Z Abdulmuddalib Iabrahim Salisu 14681 894901 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} [[File:Real Madrid players in 1902-1908.jpg|thumb|ƴan wasar real Madrid acikin shekara ta 1902-har zuwa cikin 1908]] [[File:Real Madrid vs Atlético Madrid 28 September 2013 02.jpg|thumb|real madrid da atletico madrid suna fafatawa a rana 28 ga watan Satumba shekara ta 2013]] [[File:Real Madrid Kaka-2.jpg|thumb|ɗan wasar riyal madrid (Kaka)]] [[File:Real Madrid's Santiago Bernabéu Stadium, Madrid, Spain (Ank Kumar) 01.jpg|thumb|sitadiyom ɗin Real Madrid A Supaniya ( Real Madrid stadium at Spain)]] [[File:Real Madrid - Barça (3495454182).jpg|thumb|hoton real Madrid a gida]] [[Fayil:Real Madrid CF (ancien logo).svg|thumb|Hoton tambarin real madri]] [[Fayil:Real Madrid players in 1902-1908.jpg|thumb|yan kwallan real na farko]] [[Fayil:Di stefano real madrid cf (cropped).png|thumb|Hoton Dan kwalo stefano]] [[Fayil:Real Madrid celebration after winning the 2018 UEFA Champions League Final DSC 0494 (41680976994).jpg|thumb|hoyon shugaban real da yan kwalonsa]] [[Fayil:Di stefano real madrid cf (cropped)bw.png|thumb]] [[Fayil:Pasillo Real Madrid - F.C. Barcelona.jpg|thumb|hoton tawagar yan kwslon real da barca]] [[Fayil:Forcejeo Real Madrid - FC Barcelona.jpg|thumb|hoton real da barca lokacin wasa]] [[Fayil:Zinedine Zidane's 1998 Ballon d'Or trophy, Real Madrid Museum, Santiago Bernabéu, Madrid, Spain (Ank Kumar, Infosys Limited) 01.jpg|thumb|hoton kambjn baland or ta zidane]] [[Fayil:Real Madrid FC 1949.jpg|thumb|Hoton tawagar real a 1949]] [[Fayil:Real Madrid C.F. the Winner Of The Champions League in 2018 (1).jpg|thumb|hoton murnar Ashe kofin nshiyat turai a 2018]] [[Fayil:El Real Madrid ofreció la Undécima a los madridistas.webm|thumb|hogon shugan real da yan jarida]] '''[[Emad Hamdy PP|Emab]] Madrid Club de Fútbol''' "Royal Madrid Football Club"), Ana kuma kiran ta da '''Real Madrid''', kungiyar kwararrun kwalon kafa ne dake zaune a birnin [[Madrid]], kasar [[Ispaniya]]. An kuma kafa ƙungiyar a ranar 6 ga watan Maris, shekarar 1902 da sunan Madrid Football Club, kungiyar daman ta kasan ce tun kafuwar ta kayan sawan ýan'wasan ta fari ne. Kalmar ''real'' daga harshen spaniya ne dake nufin "royal" wato ''sarauta'' kuma an laka ba masu sunan ne daga [[Alfonso XIII of Spain|King Alfonso XIII]] acikin shekarar 1920 tare da royal crown in the emblem.Kulub din na wasan ta a fili mai daukan mutane 81,044 wato [[Santiago Bernabéu Stadium]] dake Madrid tun daga cikin shekarar 1947.Real Madrid kulub bakamar sauran kungiyoyin wasannin dake nahiyar turai bane, Dan kuwa waɗanda suka mallake ta tun a farko,Sune suka cigaba da kula da kuma Jan ragamar ta har yanzu. members ('socios'). The club was estimated to be [[Forbes' list of the most valuable football clubs|worth]] €3.47&nbsp;billion ($4.1&nbsp;billion) in 2018, and in the 2016–17 season it was the [[Deloitte Football Money League|second highest-earning]] football club in the world, with an annual revenue of €674.6&nbsp;million.<ref name="Deloitte">{{cite web|url=https://www2.deloitte.com/uk/en/pages/sports-business-group/articles/deloitte-football-money-league.html|title=Deloitte Football Money League 2018|date=23 January 2018|accessdate=23 January 2018|publisher=Deloitte}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title = The World's Most Valuable Soccer Teams | url = https://www.forbes.com/soccer-valuations/ | publisher = Forbes}}</ref><ref name="Sports teams">{{cite news. |url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/kurtbadenhausen/2013/07/15/real-madrid-tops-the-worlds-most-valuable-sports-teams/ | title=Real Madrid Tops The World's Most Valuable Sports Teams |date=15 July 2013 |accessdate=13 December 2013 |agency=Forbes| first=Kurt | last=Badenhausen}}</ref> The club is one of the most widely supported teams in the world.<ref>[https://azscore.ng/football/leagues/europe/uefa-champions-league UEFA Champions League] </ref><ref>Dongfeng Liu, Girish Ramchandani (2012). "The Global Economics of Sport". p. 65. Routledge,</ref> Real Madrid is one of three founding members of [[La Liga]] that have [[List of unrelegated association football clubs|never been relegated]] from the top division since its inception in 1929, along with [[Athletic Bilbao]] and [[FC Barcelona|Barcelona]]. The club holds many long-standing rivalries, most notably ''[[El Clásico]]'' with Barcelona and ''[[Madrid Derby|El Derbi]]'' with [[Atlético Madrid]]. ==Hotuna== <gallery> File:Champions League A 16.JPG|Champions League A 16 File:Bernabeu en un Madrid-Atleti.JPG|Bernabeu en un Madrid-Atleti </gallery> ==Manazarta== <references/> {{DEFAULTSORT:FC, Real Madrid}} [[Category:Kungiyoyin wasan ƙwallon ƙafa]] 0fa2vh9b7m5ca329t6cd4fobo4b5rvl 894902 894901 2026-08-11T12:24:58Z Abdulmuddalib Iabrahim Salisu 14681 894902 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} [[File:Real Madrid players in 1902-1908.jpg|thumb|ƴan wasar real Madrid acikin shekara ta 1902-har zuwa cikin shekara ta 1908]] [[File:Real Madrid vs Atlético Madrid 28 September 2013 02.jpg|thumb|real madrid da atletico madrid suna fafatawa a rana 28 ga watan Satumba shekara ta 2013]] [[File:Real Madrid Kaka-2.jpg|thumb|ɗan wasar riyal madrid (Kaka)]] [[File:Real Madrid's Santiago Bernabéu Stadium, Madrid, Spain (Ank Kumar) 01.jpg|thumb|sitadiyom ɗin Real Madrid A Supaniya ( Real Madrid stadium at Spain)]] [[File:Real Madrid - Barça (3495454182).jpg|thumb|hoton real Madrid a gida]] [[Fayil:Real Madrid CF (ancien logo).svg|thumb|Hoton tambarin real madri]] [[Fayil:Real Madrid players in 1902-1908.jpg|thumb|yan kwallan real na farko]] [[Fayil:Di stefano real madrid cf (cropped).png|thumb|Hoton Dan kwalo stefano]] [[Fayil:Real Madrid celebration after winning the 2018 UEFA Champions League Final DSC 0494 (41680976994).jpg|thumb|hoyon shugaban real da yan kwalonsa]] [[Fayil:Di stefano real madrid cf (cropped)bw.png|thumb]] [[Fayil:Pasillo Real Madrid - F.C. Barcelona.jpg|thumb|hoton tawagar yan kwslon real da barca]] [[Fayil:Forcejeo Real Madrid - FC Barcelona.jpg|thumb|hoton real da barca lokacin wasa]] [[Fayil:Zinedine Zidane's 1998 Ballon d'Or trophy, Real Madrid Museum, Santiago Bernabéu, Madrid, Spain (Ank Kumar, Infosys Limited) 01.jpg|thumb|hoton kambjn baland or ta zidane]] [[Fayil:Real Madrid FC 1949.jpg|thumb|Hoton tawagar real a 1949]] [[Fayil:Real Madrid C.F. the Winner Of The Champions League in 2018 (1).jpg|thumb|hoton murnar Ashe kofin nshiyat turai a 2018]] [[Fayil:El Real Madrid ofreció la Undécima a los madridistas.webm|thumb|hogon shugan real da yan jarida]] '''[[Emad Hamdy PP|Emab]] Madrid Club de Fútbol''' "Royal Madrid Football Club"), Ana kuma kiran ta da '''Real Madrid''', kungiyar kwararrun kwalon kafa ne dake zaune a birnin [[Madrid]], kasar [[Ispaniya]]. An kuma kafa ƙungiyar a ranar 6 ga watan Maris, shekarar 1902 da sunan Madrid Football Club, kungiyar daman ta kasan ce tun kafuwar ta kayan sawan ýan'wasan ta fari ne. Kalmar ''real'' daga harshen spaniya ne dake nufin "royal" wato ''sarauta'' kuma an laka ba masu sunan ne daga [[Alfonso XIII of Spain|King Alfonso XIII]] acikin shekarar 1920 tare da royal crown in the emblem.Kulub din na wasan ta a fili mai daukan mutane 81,044 wato [[Santiago Bernabéu Stadium]] dake Madrid tun daga cikin shekarar 1947.Real Madrid kulub bakamar sauran kungiyoyin wasannin dake nahiyar turai bane, Dan kuwa waɗanda suka mallake ta tun a farko,Sune suka cigaba da kula da kuma Jan ragamar ta har yanzu. members ('socios'). The club was estimated to be [[Forbes' list of the most valuable football clubs|worth]] €3.47&nbsp;billion ($4.1&nbsp;billion) in 2018, and in the 2016–17 season it was the [[Deloitte Football Money League|second highest-earning]] football club in the world, with an annual revenue of €674.6&nbsp;million.<ref name="Deloitte">{{cite web|url=https://www2.deloitte.com/uk/en/pages/sports-business-group/articles/deloitte-football-money-league.html|title=Deloitte Football Money League 2018|date=23 January 2018|accessdate=23 January 2018|publisher=Deloitte}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title = The World's Most Valuable Soccer Teams | url = https://www.forbes.com/soccer-valuations/ | publisher = Forbes}}</ref><ref name="Sports teams">{{cite news. |url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/kurtbadenhausen/2013/07/15/real-madrid-tops-the-worlds-most-valuable-sports-teams/ | title=Real Madrid Tops The World's Most Valuable Sports Teams |date=15 July 2013 |accessdate=13 December 2013 |agency=Forbes| first=Kurt | last=Badenhausen}}</ref> The club is one of the most widely supported teams in the world.<ref>[https://azscore.ng/football/leagues/europe/uefa-champions-league UEFA Champions League] </ref><ref>Dongfeng Liu, Girish Ramchandani (2012). "The Global Economics of Sport". p. 65. Routledge,</ref> Real Madrid is one of three founding members of [[La Liga]] that have [[List of unrelegated association football clubs|never been relegated]] from the top division since its inception in 1929, along with [[Athletic Bilbao]] and [[FC Barcelona|Barcelona]]. The club holds many long-standing rivalries, most notably ''[[El Clásico]]'' with Barcelona and ''[[Madrid Derby|El Derbi]]'' with [[Atlético Madrid]]. ==Hotuna== <gallery> File:Champions League A 16.JPG|Champions League A 16 File:Bernabeu en un Madrid-Atleti.JPG|Bernabeu en un Madrid-Atleti </gallery> ==Manazarta== <references/> {{DEFAULTSORT:FC, Real Madrid}} [[Category:Kungiyoyin wasan ƙwallon ƙafa]] fvpiz1yr278nmcthyjzujsaisrtn5qg 0 10157 894903 881599 2026-08-11T12:25:56Z Abdulmuddalib Iabrahim Salisu 14681 894903 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} [[File:Camp_Nou_-_FC_Barcelona,_SP(4).jpg |thumb| Daga cikin filin wasa na ƙungiyar]] [[File:Barcelona FC 1893.png|thumb|Barcelona Fc 1893]] [[File:Camp Nou, FC Barcelona - FC Bayern Munich, 2013 - 12.jpg|thumb|camp nou, filin Barcelona fc]] [[File:SoundersFC vs FC Barcelona friendly (August 2009) - teams lineup.jpg|thumb|yan kungiyar Barcelona Fc sunyi line up]] [[File:RealMadrid-Barcelona.svg|thumb|rigar kungiyar Barcelona Fc wanda aka fi sani da Jersey ]] [[File:Camp Nou, FC Barcelona - FC Bayern Munich, 2013 - 14.JPG|thumb|wani bangare daga camp nou. ]] [[File:Messi Barcelona - Valladolid (cropped).jpg|thumb|Messi daya daga cikin shahareren Dan kwallan Barcelona Fc ]] [[Fayil:Futbol Club Barcelona 1922.jpg|thumb]] [[Fayil:034 Ciutat Esportiva Joan Gamper, Futbol Club Barcelona (Sant Joan Despí) (cropped).jpg|thumb]] [[Fayil:Camp Nou - FC Barcelona, SP(4).jpg|thumb]] [[Fayil:Camp Nou - FC Barcelona, SP(3).jpg|thumb]] [[Fayil:FC Barcelona vs Ilford FC - 1922.jpg|thumb]] [[Fayil:Camp Nou - FC Barcelona, SP(5).jpg|thumb]] [[Fayil:Camp Nou - FC Barcelona, SP(6).jpg|thumb]] [[Fayil:Camp Nou - FC Barcelona, SP(1).jpg|thumb]] [[Fayil:Camp Nou - FC Barcelona, SP(2).jpg|thumb]] [[Fayil:FC Barcelona, Camp Nou(Ank Kumar ) 01.jpg|thumb]] [[Fayil:FC Barcelona -Setembre 1910.jpg|thumb]] [[Fayil:1907 - Partit entre el FC Barcelona i el FC X.jpg|thumb]] [[Fayil:FC Barcelona - Novembre 1910.jpg|thumb]] [[Fayil:Xalet del FC Barcelona - 1911.jpg|thumb]] [[Fayil:SoundersFC vs FC Barcelona friendly (August 2009) - teams lineup.jpg|thumb]] [[Fayil:1909-01-03 Partit FC Barcelona - Stade Helvétique.jpg|thumb]] [[Fayil:Camp Nou - FC Barcelona, SP.jpg|thumb]] '''kulub din kwallon kafa na Barcelona''' (furucci.ca|fubˈbɔl ˈklub bəɾsəˈlonə|-|Futbol Club Barcelona) An san su da suna '''Barcelona''' ko da '''Barça''' (IPA-ca|ˈbaɾsə), kulub ɗin kwararrun kwallon kafa ne wanda ke zaune a [[Barcelona]], [[Catalonia]], Spain. An kafa kungiyar acikin shekara ta( 1899), daga wasu kungiyar yan'kwallon kafa daga Swiss, turawa dana Catalan, wanda [[Joan Gamper]] ke jagorantar su, kungiyar ta zama wata abun nuni a al'adar mutanen Catalan da [[Catalanism]], duk da taken ta ''"Más que un club"'' ('''"Mun wuce kulub kawai"''' da turanci ''"More than a club"''). Barcelona ba kamar sauran kungiyoyin kwallon kafa bace, [[Masoyan Barcelona|Masu goyon baya]] suke da kungiyar da kuma kula da ita. Barcelona ne kulub na( 3 ), da tafi kudi a duniya, da arzikin $4.07&nbsp;billion, ana samun kudin shiga, sama da €648.3&nbsp;milliyan a duk shekara.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/mikeozanian/2018/06/12/the-worlds-most-valuable-soccer-teams-2018/#3dddb7c845c8|title=The World's Most Valuable Soccer Teams 2018|last=Ozanian|first=Mike|work=Forbes}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www2.deloitte.com/uk/en/pages/sports-business-group/articles/deloitte-football-money-league.html|title=Deloitte Football Money League 2018|date=23 January 2018|accessdate=23 January 2018|publisher=Deloitte}}</ref> wakan Barcelona ita ce "[[Cant del Barça]]", wanda Jaume Picas da [[Josep Maria Espinàs]] suka rubuta.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.fcbarcelona.com/club/identity/card/the-anthems|title=The history of the Barça anthems|publisher=FC Barcelona|accessdate=24 September 2017}}</ref> [[File:FC Barcelona Trikot 2010-11.jpg|thumb]] A gasar gida, Barcelona ta lashe (25), [[La Liga]],( 30) [[Copa del Rey]] (13) [[Supercopa de España]],( 3), [[Copa Eva Duarte]], da (2), [[Copa de la Liga]] kufuna , kuma ta zama babu kulub din da takaita yawan kufukan da aka lissafo a hudun karshe a Spain. A Ƙungiyar ƙwallon ƙafa ta duniya, Barcelona ta lashe kyautuka( 20) na nahiyar Turai da duniya:( 5), [[UEFA Champions League]] titles, a record 4 [[UEFA Cup Winners' Cup]], a joint record( 5), [[UEFA Super Cup]], a record( 3) [[Inter-Cities Fairs Cup]], da kuma a rikodin haɗin gwiwa (3) [[FIFA Club World Cup]].<ref name="Football Europe: FC Barcelona">{{cite web|url=http://en.archive.uefa.com/footballeurope/club=50080/domestic.html |title=Football Europe: FC Barcelona |publisher=UEFA |accessdate=4 May 2009 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20100603054639/http://en.archive.uefa.com/footballeurope/club%3D50080/domestic.html |archivedate= 3 June 2010 |df= }}</ref> Barcelona ita ce na farko a Jerin kungiyoyin kwallon kafa a shekarun (''[[International Federation of Football History & Statistics]]'') Club World Ranking for (1997 zuwa 2009 da 2011 zuwa 2012 da 2015) <ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.iffhs.de/former-results/ | title=FORMER RESULTS | publisher=International Federation of Football History & Statistics | accessdate=16 December 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=http://iffhs.de/club-world-ranking-2015/ | title=Club World Ranking 2015 | publisher=International Federation of Football History & Statistics | accessdate=7 January 2015}}</ref> kuma ayanzu itace ta biyu a duniya [[UEFA club rankings]].<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.uefa.com/memberassociations/uefarankings/club/ | title=UEFA Club Rankings 2016 | publisher=UEFA | accessdate=5 June 2016}}</ref> kulub din tana hamayya sosai da kulub din [[Real Madrid CF|Real Madrid]] tun da dadewa; wasanni tsakanin su shi ake wa lakabi da ''[[El Clásico]]''. [[File:Goal for Barcelona.JPG|thumb|Taken Kungiyar Barcelona]] Barcelona na daga cikin kungiyoyin kwallon kafa dake da mabiya baya da yawa a duniya, kuma kulub din na da mafi yawan masu goyon bayan ta a kafar sada zumunta (social media).<ref name="Social media">[http://www.marca.com/en/2014/11/13/en/football/barcelona/1415913827.html "Barça, the most loved club in the world"]. ''Marca''. Madrid. Retrieved 15 December 2014.</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=Barcelona wins Social Star Award for 'Most Popular Sports Team' |url=http://www.straitstimes.com/the-big-story/social-media-awards/story/social-star-awards-2013-list-winners-20130523 |work=The Straits Times |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20131103223605/http://www.straitstimes.com/the-big-story/social-media-awards/story/social-star-awards-2013-list-winners-20130523 |archivedate=3 November 2013 }}</ref> Yan'wasan Barcelona sunfi ko wanne yan'wasan kulub yawan lashe [[Ballon d'Or (1956–2009)|Ballon d'Or]] awards da guda goma sha daya (11), daga cikin wadanda suka lashe akwai [[Johan Cruyff]], haka madai sune sukafi yan ko wacce kulub yawan lashe [[FIFA World Player of the Year]] awards da guda (7), daga cikin wadanda suka lashe akwai [[Ronaldo (Brazil)|Ronaldo]], [[Romário]], [[Ronaldinho]], da [[Rivaldo]]. shekara ta ( 2010) ,yan'wasa uku da suka taso ta academi din kulub din wato ([[Lionel Messi]], [[Andrés Iniesta]], da [[Xavi]]) an zabe su a matsayin best players a duniya a [[2010 FIFA Ballon d'Or|FIFA Ballon d'Or]] awards, an unprecedented feat for players from the same football school. Barcelona is one of three founding members of the [[La Liga|Primera División]] that have [[List of unrelegated association football clubs|never been relegated]] from the top division since its inception a cikin shekara ta (1929),along with [[Athletic Bilbao]] and Real Madrid. Acikin shekara ta ( 2009),Barcelona became the first Spanish club to win the [[Treble (association football)|continental treble]] consisting of [[2008–09 La Liga|La Liga]], [[2008–09 Copa del Rey|Copa del Rey]], and the [[2008–09 UEFA Champions League|UEFA Champions League]], and also became the first Spanish football club to win six out of six competitions in a single year, by also winning the [[2009 Supercopa de España|Spanish Super Cup]], [[2009 UEFA Super Cup|UEFA Super Cup]], and [[2009 FIFA Club World Cup|FIFA Club World Cup]].<ref name="fcbarcelona7">{{cite web|url=http://arxiu.fcbarcelona.cat/web/english/club/historia/records/rec_colectius.html|title=FC Barcelona Records|date=12 January 2012|publisher=FC Barcelona|accessdate=12 January 2012}}</ref> a cikin shekara ta ( 2011), the club became European champions again and won five trophies. This Barcelona team,which won( 14) trophies in just( 4) years under [[Pep Guardiola]], is considered by some in the sport to be the greatest team of all time.<ref>{{cite news|title=Is this Barcelona team the best of all time?|url=http://worldsport.blogs.cnn.com/2011/12/23/is-this-barcelona-team-the-best-of-all-time/|publisher=CNN|date=23 December 2011|access-date=25 January 2019|archive-date=30 October 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171030184012/http://worldsport.blogs.cnn.com/2011/12/23/is-this-barcelona-team-the-best-of-all-time/|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref name="Ferguson">{{cite news |title=The great European Cup teams: Barcelona 2009-2011|url=https://www.theguardian.com/football/blog/2013/may/24/great-european-cup-teams-barcelona |newspaper=The Guardian |location=London | date=25 October 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Who's the Greatest of Them All? Barcelona! |url=http://mag.newsweek.com/2011/06/03/is-barcelona-the-greatest-soccer-team-ever.html |work=Newsweek |date=25 October 2015 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304211416/http://mag.newsweek.com/2011/06/03/is-barcelona-the-greatest-soccer-team-ever.html |archivedate=4 March 2016 |df=dmy-all }}</ref> Da samun nasararsu na cin kofin su na biyar a Champions League trophy on [[2015 UEFA Champions League Final|6 June 2015]],Barcelona tazama itace tafarko acikin kulub din Turai data samu yin nasarar continental treble har sau biyu. The highest paid sports team in the world,in November( 2018) Barcelona became the first sports team with average first-team pay in excess of £10m ($13.8m) per year.<ref name="Highest"> {{cite web|url=https://www.theguardian.com/football/2018/nov/25/barcelona-team-average-10m-year-wages-sporting-intelligence |title=Barcelona become first sports team to average £10m a year in wages|newspaper=The Guardian|accessdate=28 November 2018}}</ref><ref name="Highest paid">{{cite web|url=https://www.businessinsider.in/Barcelona-tops-the-2018-list-of-the-highest-paid-sports-teams-in-the-world-with-13-8-million-average-annual-salary/articleshow/66835942.cms|title=Barcelona tops the 2018 list of the highest-paid sports teams in the world with $13.8 million average annual salary|website=Business Insider|accessdate=28 November 2018|archive-date=28 November 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181128210706/https://www.businessinsider.in/Barcelona-tops-the-2018-list-of-the-highest-paid-sports-teams-in-the-world-with-13-8-million-average-annual-salary/articleshow/66835942.cms|url-status=dead}}</ref>. ==Manazarta== <references/> [[Category:Kungiyoyin wasan ƙwallon ƙafa]] 2mjij1762k1c7pyxqie1poi8t1d2s9e 894904 894903 2026-08-11T12:27:03Z Abdulmuddalib Iabrahim Salisu 14681 894904 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} [[File:Camp_Nou_-_FC_Barcelona,_SP(4).jpg |thumb| Daga cikin filin wasa na ƙungiyar]] [[File:Barcelona FC 1893.png|thumb|Barcelona Fc 1893]] [[File:Camp Nou, FC Barcelona - FC Bayern Munich, 2013 - 12.jpg|thumb|camp nou, filin Barcelona fc]] [[File:SoundersFC vs FC Barcelona friendly (August 2009) - teams lineup.jpg|thumb|yan kungiyar Barcelona Fc sunyi line up]] [[File:RealMadrid-Barcelona.svg|thumb|rigar kungiyar Barcelona Fc wanda aka fi sani da Jersey ]] [[File:Camp Nou, FC Barcelona - FC Bayern Munich, 2013 - 14.JPG|thumb|wani bangare daga camp nou. ]] [[File:Messi Barcelona - Valladolid (cropped).jpg|thumb|Messi daya daga cikin shahareren Dan kwallan Barcelona Fc ]] [[Fayil:Futbol Club Barcelona 1922.jpg|thumb]] [[Fayil:034 Ciutat Esportiva Joan Gamper, Futbol Club Barcelona (Sant Joan Despí) (cropped).jpg|thumb]] [[Fayil:Camp Nou - FC Barcelona, SP(4).jpg|thumb]] [[Fayil:Camp Nou - FC Barcelona, SP(3).jpg|thumb]] [[Fayil:FC Barcelona vs Ilford FC - 1922.jpg|thumb]] [[Fayil:Camp Nou - FC Barcelona, SP(5).jpg|thumb]] [[Fayil:Camp Nou - FC Barcelona, SP(6).jpg|thumb]] [[Fayil:Camp Nou - FC Barcelona, SP(1).jpg|thumb]] [[Fayil:Camp Nou - FC Barcelona, SP(2).jpg|thumb]] [[Fayil:FC Barcelona, Camp Nou(Ank Kumar ) 01.jpg|thumb]] [[Fayil:FC Barcelona -Setembre 1910.jpg|thumb]] [[Fayil:1907 - Partit entre el FC Barcelona i el FC X.jpg|thumb]] [[Fayil:FC Barcelona - Novembre 1910.jpg|thumb]] [[Fayil:Xalet del FC Barcelona - 1911.jpg|thumb]] [[Fayil:SoundersFC vs FC Barcelona friendly (August 2009) - teams lineup.jpg|thumb]] [[Fayil:1909-01-03 Partit FC Barcelona - Stade Helvétique.jpg|thumb]] [[Fayil:Camp Nou - FC Barcelona, SP.jpg|thumb]] '''kulub din kwallon kafa na Barcelona''' (furucci.ca|fubˈbɔl ˈklub bəɾsəˈlonə|-|Futbol Club Barcelona) An san su da suna '''Barcelona''' ko da '''Barça''' (IPA-ca|ˈbaɾsə), kulub ɗin kwararrun kwallon kafa ne wanda ke zaune a [[Barcelona]], [[Catalonia]], Spain. An kafa kungiyar acikin shekara ta( 1899), daga wasu kungiyar yan'kwallon kafa daga Swiss, turawa dana Catalan, wanda [[Joan Gamper]] ke jagorantar su, kungiyar ta zama wata abun nuni a al'adar mutanen Catalan da [[Catalanism]], duk da taken ta ''"Más que un club"'' ('''"Mun wuce kulub kawai"''' da turanci ''"More than a club"''). Barcelona ba kamar sauran kungiyoyin kwallon kafa bace, [[Masoyan Barcelona|Masu goyon baya]] suke da kungiyar da kuma kula da ita. Barcelona ne kulub na( 3 ), da tafi kudi a duniya, da arzikin $4.07&nbsp;billion, ana samun kudin shiga, sama da €648.3&nbsp;milliyan a duk shekara.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/mikeozanian/2018/06/12/the-worlds-most-valuable-soccer-teams-2018/#3dddb7c845c8|title=The World's Most Valuable Soccer Teams 2018|last=Ozanian|first=Mike|work=Forbes}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www2.deloitte.com/uk/en/pages/sports-business-group/articles/deloitte-football-money-league.html|title=Deloitte Football Money League 2018|date=23 January 2018|accessdate=23 January 2018|publisher=Deloitte}}</ref> wakan Barcelona ita ce "[[Cant del Barça]]", wanda Jaume Picas da [[Josep Maria Espinàs]] suka rubuta.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.fcbarcelona.com/club/identity/card/the-anthems|title=The history of the Barça anthems|publisher=FC Barcelona|accessdate=24 September 2017}}</ref> [[File:FC Barcelona Trikot 2010-11.jpg|thumb]] A gasar gida, Barcelona ta lashe wasanni(25), [[La Liga]],( 30) [[Copa del Rey]] (13) [[Supercopa de España]],( 3), [[Copa Eva Duarte]], da (2), [[Copa de la Liga]] kufuna , kuma ta zama babu kulub din da takaita yawan kufukan da aka lissafo a hudun karshe a Spain. A Ƙungiyar ƙwallon ƙafa ta duniya, Barcelona ta lashe kyautuka( 20) na nahiyar Turai da duniya:( 5), [[UEFA Champions League]] titles, a record 4 [[UEFA Cup Winners' Cup]], a joint record( 5), [[UEFA Super Cup]], a record( 3) [[Inter-Cities Fairs Cup]], da kuma a rikodin haɗin gwiwa (3) [[FIFA Club World Cup]].<ref name="Football Europe: FC Barcelona">{{cite web|url=http://en.archive.uefa.com/footballeurope/club=50080/domestic.html |title=Football Europe: FC Barcelona |publisher=UEFA |accessdate=4 May 2009 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20100603054639/http://en.archive.uefa.com/footballeurope/club%3D50080/domestic.html |archivedate= 3 June 2010 |df= }}</ref> Barcelona ita ce na farko a Jerin kungiyoyin kwallon kafa a shekarun (''[[International Federation of Football History & Statistics]]'') Club World Ranking for (1997 zuwa 2009 da 2011 zuwa 2012 da 2015) <ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.iffhs.de/former-results/ | title=FORMER RESULTS | publisher=International Federation of Football History & Statistics | accessdate=16 December 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=http://iffhs.de/club-world-ranking-2015/ | title=Club World Ranking 2015 | publisher=International Federation of Football History & Statistics | accessdate=7 January 2015}}</ref> kuma ayanzu itace ta biyu a duniya [[UEFA club rankings]].<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.uefa.com/memberassociations/uefarankings/club/ | title=UEFA Club Rankings 2016 | publisher=UEFA | accessdate=5 June 2016}}</ref> kulub din tana hamayya sosai da kulub din [[Real Madrid CF|Real Madrid]] tun da dadewa; wasanni tsakanin su shi ake wa lakabi da ''[[El Clásico]]''. [[File:Goal for Barcelona.JPG|thumb|Taken Kungiyar Barcelona]] Barcelona na daga cikin kungiyoyin kwallon kafa dake da mabiya baya da yawa a duniya, kuma kulub din na da mafi yawan masu goyon bayan ta a kafar sada zumunta (social media).<ref name="Social media">[http://www.marca.com/en/2014/11/13/en/football/barcelona/1415913827.html "Barça, the most loved club in the world"]. ''Marca''. Madrid. Retrieved 15 December 2014.</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=Barcelona wins Social Star Award for 'Most Popular Sports Team' |url=http://www.straitstimes.com/the-big-story/social-media-awards/story/social-star-awards-2013-list-winners-20130523 |work=The Straits Times |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20131103223605/http://www.straitstimes.com/the-big-story/social-media-awards/story/social-star-awards-2013-list-winners-20130523 |archivedate=3 November 2013 }}</ref> Yan'wasan Barcelona sunfi ko wanne yan'wasan kulub yawan lashe [[Ballon d'Or (1956–2009)|Ballon d'Or]] awards da guda goma sha daya (11), daga cikin wadanda suka lashe akwai [[Johan Cruyff]], haka madai sune sukafi yan ko wacce kulub yawan lashe [[FIFA World Player of the Year]] awards da guda (7), daga cikin wadanda suka lashe akwai [[Ronaldo (Brazil)|Ronaldo]], [[Romário]], [[Ronaldinho]], da [[Rivaldo]]. shekara ta ( 2010) ,yan'wasa uku da suka taso ta academi din kulub din wato ([[Lionel Messi]], [[Andrés Iniesta]], da [[Xavi]]) an zabe su a matsayin best players a duniya a [[2010 FIFA Ballon d'Or|FIFA Ballon d'Or]] awards, an unprecedented feat for players from the same football school. Barcelona is one of three founding members of the [[La Liga|Primera División]] that have [[List of unrelegated association football clubs|never been relegated]] from the top division since its inception a cikin shekara ta (1929),along with [[Athletic Bilbao]] and Real Madrid. Acikin shekara ta ( 2009),Barcelona became the first Spanish club to win the [[Treble (association football)|continental treble]] consisting of [[2008–09 La Liga|La Liga]], [[2008–09 Copa del Rey|Copa del Rey]], and the [[2008–09 UEFA Champions League|UEFA Champions League]], and also became the first Spanish football club to win six out of six competitions in a single year, by also winning the [[2009 Supercopa de España|Spanish Super Cup]], [[2009 UEFA Super Cup|UEFA Super Cup]], and [[2009 FIFA Club World Cup|FIFA Club World Cup]].<ref name="fcbarcelona7">{{cite web|url=http://arxiu.fcbarcelona.cat/web/english/club/historia/records/rec_colectius.html|title=FC Barcelona Records|date=12 January 2012|publisher=FC Barcelona|accessdate=12 January 2012}}</ref> a cikin shekara ta ( 2011), the club became European champions again and won five trophies. This Barcelona team,which won( 14) trophies in just( 4) years under [[Pep Guardiola]], is considered by some in the sport to be the greatest team of all time.<ref>{{cite news|title=Is this Barcelona team the best of all time?|url=http://worldsport.blogs.cnn.com/2011/12/23/is-this-barcelona-team-the-best-of-all-time/|publisher=CNN|date=23 December 2011|access-date=25 January 2019|archive-date=30 October 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171030184012/http://worldsport.blogs.cnn.com/2011/12/23/is-this-barcelona-team-the-best-of-all-time/|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref name="Ferguson">{{cite news |title=The great European Cup teams: Barcelona 2009-2011|url=https://www.theguardian.com/football/blog/2013/may/24/great-european-cup-teams-barcelona |newspaper=The Guardian |location=London | date=25 October 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Who's the Greatest of Them All? Barcelona! |url=http://mag.newsweek.com/2011/06/03/is-barcelona-the-greatest-soccer-team-ever.html |work=Newsweek |date=25 October 2015 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304211416/http://mag.newsweek.com/2011/06/03/is-barcelona-the-greatest-soccer-team-ever.html |archivedate=4 March 2016 |df=dmy-all }}</ref> Da samun nasararsu na cin kofin su na biyar a Champions League trophy on [[2015 UEFA Champions League Final|6 June 2015]],Barcelona tazama itace tafarko acikin kulub din Turai data samu yin nasarar continental treble har sau biyu. The highest paid sports team in the world,in November( 2018) Barcelona became the first sports team with average first-team pay in excess of £10m ($13.8m) per year.<ref name="Highest"> {{cite web|url=https://www.theguardian.com/football/2018/nov/25/barcelona-team-average-10m-year-wages-sporting-intelligence |title=Barcelona become first sports team to average £10m a year in wages|newspaper=The Guardian|accessdate=28 November 2018}}</ref><ref name="Highest paid">{{cite web|url=https://www.businessinsider.in/Barcelona-tops-the-2018-list-of-the-highest-paid-sports-teams-in-the-world-with-13-8-million-average-annual-salary/articleshow/66835942.cms|title=Barcelona tops the 2018 list of the highest-paid sports teams in the world with $13.8 million average annual salary|website=Business Insider|accessdate=28 November 2018|archive-date=28 November 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181128210706/https://www.businessinsider.in/Barcelona-tops-the-2018-list-of-the-highest-paid-sports-teams-in-the-world-with-13-8-million-average-annual-salary/articleshow/66835942.cms|url-status=dead}}</ref>. ==Manazarta== <references/> [[Category:Kungiyoyin wasan ƙwallon ƙafa]] es38uq9gbm8krsymhzzjdfxbne7odzp 894905 894904 2026-08-11T12:29:35Z Abdulmuddalib Iabrahim Salisu 14681 894905 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} [[File:Camp_Nou_-_FC_Barcelona,_SP(4).jpg |thumb| Daga cikin filin wasa na ƙungiyar]] [[File:Barcelona FC 1893.png|thumb|Barcelona Fc 1893]] [[File:Camp Nou, FC Barcelona - FC Bayern Munich, 2013 - 12.jpg|thumb|camp nou, filin Barcelona fc]] [[File:SoundersFC vs FC Barcelona friendly (August 2009) - teams lineup.jpg|thumb|yan kungiyar Barcelona Fc sunyi line up]] [[File:RealMadrid-Barcelona.svg|thumb|rigar kungiyar Barcelona Fc wanda aka fi sani da Jersey ]] [[File:Camp Nou, FC Barcelona - FC Bayern Munich, 2013 - 14.JPG|thumb|wani bangare daga camp nou. ]] [[File:Messi Barcelona - Valladolid (cropped).jpg|thumb|Messi daya daga cikin shahareren Dan kwallan Barcelona Fc ]] [[Fayil:Futbol Club Barcelona 1922.jpg|thumb]] [[Fayil:034 Ciutat Esportiva Joan Gamper, Futbol Club Barcelona (Sant Joan Despí) (cropped).jpg|thumb]] [[Fayil:Camp Nou - FC Barcelona, SP(4).jpg|thumb]] [[Fayil:Camp Nou - FC Barcelona, SP(3).jpg|thumb]] [[Fayil:FC Barcelona vs Ilford FC - 1922.jpg|thumb]] [[Fayil:Camp Nou - FC Barcelona, SP(5).jpg|thumb]] [[Fayil:Camp Nou - FC Barcelona, SP(6).jpg|thumb]] [[Fayil:Camp Nou - FC Barcelona, SP(1).jpg|thumb]] [[Fayil:Camp Nou - FC Barcelona, SP(2).jpg|thumb]] [[Fayil:FC Barcelona, Camp Nou(Ank Kumar ) 01.jpg|thumb]] [[Fayil:FC Barcelona -Setembre 1910.jpg|thumb]] [[Fayil:1907 - Partit entre el FC Barcelona i el FC X.jpg|thumb]] [[Fayil:FC Barcelona - Novembre 1910.jpg|thumb]] [[Fayil:Xalet del FC Barcelona - 1911.jpg|thumb]] [[Fayil:SoundersFC vs FC Barcelona friendly (August 2009) - teams lineup.jpg|thumb]] [[Fayil:1909-01-03 Partit FC Barcelona - Stade Helvétique.jpg|thumb]] [[Fayil:Camp Nou - FC Barcelona, SP.jpg|thumb]] '''kulub din kwallon kafa na Barcelona''' (furucci.ca|fubˈbɔl ˈklub bəɾsəˈlonə|-|Futbol Club Barcelona) An san su da suna '''Barcelona''' ko da '''Barça''' (IPA-ca|ˈbaɾsə), kulub ɗin kwararrun kwallon kafa ne wanda ke zaune a [[Barcelona]], [[Catalonia]], Spain. An kafa kungiyar acikin shekara ta( 1899), daga wasu kungiyar yan'kwallon kafa daga Swiss, turawa dana Catalan, wanda [[Joan Gamper]] ke jagorantar su, kungiyar ta zama wata abun nuni a al'adar mutanen Catalan da [[Catalanism]], duk da taken ta ''"Más que un club"'' ('''"Mun wuce kulub kawai"''' da turanci ''"More than a club"''). Barcelona ba kamar sauran kungiyoyin kwallon kafa bace, [[Masoyan Barcelona|Masu goyon baya]] suke da kungiyar da kuma kula da ita. Barcelona ne kulub na( 3 ), da tafi kudi a duniya, da arzikin $4.07&nbsp;billion, ana samun kudin shiga, sama da €648.3&nbsp;milliyan a duk shekara.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/mikeozanian/2018/06/12/the-worlds-most-valuable-soccer-teams-2018/#3dddb7c845c8|title=The World's Most Valuable Soccer Teams 2018|last=Ozanian|first=Mike|work=Forbes}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www2.deloitte.com/uk/en/pages/sports-business-group/articles/deloitte-football-money-league.html|title=Deloitte Football Money League 2018|date=23 January 2018|accessdate=23 January 2018|publisher=Deloitte}}</ref> wakan Barcelona ita ce "[[Cant del Barça]]", wanda Jaume Picas da [[Josep Maria Espinàs]] suka rubuta.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.fcbarcelona.com/club/identity/card/the-anthems|title=The history of the Barça anthems|publisher=FC Barcelona|accessdate=24 September 2017}}</ref> [[File:FC Barcelona Trikot 2010-11.jpg|thumb]] A gasar gida, Barcelona ta lashe wasanni(25),na [[La Liga]],( 30) [[Copa del Rey]] (13) [[Supercopa de España]],( 3), [[Copa Eva Duarte]], da (2), [[Copa de la Liga]] kufuna , kuma ta zama babu kulub din da takaita yawan kufukan da aka lissafo a hudun karshe a Spain. A Ƙungiyar ƙwallon ƙafa ta duniya, Barcelona ta lashe kyautuka( 20) na nahiyar Turai da duniya:( 5), [[UEFA Champions League]] titles, a record 4 [[UEFA Cup Winners' Cup]], a joint record( 5), [[UEFA Super Cup]], a record( 3) [[Inter-Cities Fairs Cup]], da kuma a rikodin haɗin gwiwa (3) [[FIFA Club World Cup]].<ref name="Football Europe: FC Barcelona">{{cite web|url=http://en.archive.uefa.com/footballeurope/club=50080/domestic.html |title=Football Europe: FC Barcelona |publisher=UEFA |accessdate=4 May 2009 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20100603054639/http://en.archive.uefa.com/footballeurope/club%3D50080/domestic.html |archivedate= 3 June 2010 |df= }}</ref> Barcelona ita ce na farko a Jerin kungiyoyin kwallon kafa a shekarun (''[[International Federation of Football History & Statistics]]'') Club World Ranking for (1997 zuwa 2009 da 2011 zuwa 2012 da 2015) <ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.iffhs.de/former-results/ | title=FORMER RESULTS | publisher=International Federation of Football History & Statistics | accessdate=16 December 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=http://iffhs.de/club-world-ranking-2015/ | title=Club World Ranking 2015 | publisher=International Federation of Football History & Statistics | accessdate=7 January 2015}}</ref> kuma ayanzu itace ta biyu a duniya [[UEFA club rankings]].<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.uefa.com/memberassociations/uefarankings/club/ | title=UEFA Club Rankings 2016 | publisher=UEFA | accessdate=5 June 2016}}</ref> kulub din tana hamayya sosai da kulub din [[Real Madrid CF|Real Madrid]] tun da dadewa; wasanni tsakanin su shi ake wa lakabi da ''[[El Clásico]]''. [[File:Goal for Barcelona.JPG|thumb|Taken Kungiyar Barcelona]] Barcelona na daga cikin kungiyoyin kwallon kafa dake da mabiya baya da yawa a duniya, kuma kulub din na da mafi yawan masu goyon bayan ta a kafar sada zumunta (social media).<ref name="Social media">[http://www.marca.com/en/2014/11/13/en/football/barcelona/1415913827.html "Barça, the most loved club in the world"]. ''Marca''. Madrid. Retrieved 15 December 2014.</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=Barcelona wins Social Star Award for 'Most Popular Sports Team' |url=http://www.straitstimes.com/the-big-story/social-media-awards/story/social-star-awards-2013-list-winners-20130523 |work=The Straits Times |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20131103223605/http://www.straitstimes.com/the-big-story/social-media-awards/story/social-star-awards-2013-list-winners-20130523 |archivedate=3 November 2013 }}</ref> Yan'wasan Barcelona sunfi ko wanne yan'wasan kulub yawan lashe [[Ballon d'Or (1956–2009)|Ballon d'Or]] awards da guda goma sha daya (11), daga cikin wadanda suka lashe akwai [[Johan Cruyff]], haka madai sune sukafi yan ko wacce kulub yawan lashe [[FIFA World Player of the Year]] awards da guda (7), daga cikin wadanda suka lashe akwai [[Ronaldo (Brazil)|Ronaldo]], [[Romário]], [[Ronaldinho]], da [[Rivaldo]]. shekara ta ( 2010) ,yan'wasa uku da suka taso ta academi din kulub din wato ([[Lionel Messi]], [[Andrés Iniesta]], da [[Xavi]]) an zabe su a matsayin best players a duniya a [[2010 FIFA Ballon d'Or|FIFA Ballon d'Or]] awards, an unprecedented feat for players from the same football school. Barcelona is one of three founding members of the [[La Liga|Primera División]] that have [[List of unrelegated association football clubs|never been relegated]] from the top division since its inception a cikin shekara ta (1929),along with [[Athletic Bilbao]] and Real Madrid. Acikin shekara ta ( 2009),Barcelona became the first Spanish club to win the [[Treble (association football)|continental treble]] consisting of [[2008–09 La Liga|La Liga]], [[2008–09 Copa del Rey|Copa del Rey]], and the [[2008–09 UEFA Champions League|UEFA Champions League]], and also became the first Spanish football club to win six out of six competitions in a single year, by also winning the [[2009 Supercopa de España|Spanish Super Cup]], [[2009 UEFA Super Cup|UEFA Super Cup]], and [[2009 FIFA Club World Cup|FIFA Club World Cup]].<ref name="fcbarcelona7">{{cite web|url=http://arxiu.fcbarcelona.cat/web/english/club/historia/records/rec_colectius.html|title=FC Barcelona Records|date=12 January 2012|publisher=FC Barcelona|accessdate=12 January 2012}}</ref> a cikin shekara ta ( 2011), the club became European champions again and won five trophies. This Barcelona team,which won( 14) trophies in just( 4) years under [[Pep Guardiola]], is considered by some in the sport to be the greatest team of all time.<ref>{{cite news|title=Is this Barcelona team the best of all time?|url=http://worldsport.blogs.cnn.com/2011/12/23/is-this-barcelona-team-the-best-of-all-time/|publisher=CNN|date=23 December 2011|access-date=25 January 2019|archive-date=30 October 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171030184012/http://worldsport.blogs.cnn.com/2011/12/23/is-this-barcelona-team-the-best-of-all-time/|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref name="Ferguson">{{cite news |title=The great European Cup teams: Barcelona 2009-2011|url=https://www.theguardian.com/football/blog/2013/may/24/great-european-cup-teams-barcelona |newspaper=The Guardian |location=London | date=25 October 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Who's the Greatest of Them All? Barcelona! |url=http://mag.newsweek.com/2011/06/03/is-barcelona-the-greatest-soccer-team-ever.html |work=Newsweek |date=25 October 2015 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304211416/http://mag.newsweek.com/2011/06/03/is-barcelona-the-greatest-soccer-team-ever.html |archivedate=4 March 2016 |df=dmy-all }}</ref> Da samun nasararsu na cin kofin su na biyar a Champions League trophy on [[2015 UEFA Champions League Final|6 June 2015]],Barcelona tazama itace tafarko acikin kulub din Turai data samu yin nasarar continental treble har sau biyu. The highest paid sports team in the world,in November( 2018) Barcelona became the first sports team with average first-team pay in excess of £10m ($13.8m) per year.<ref name="Highest"> {{cite web|url=https://www.theguardian.com/football/2018/nov/25/barcelona-team-average-10m-year-wages-sporting-intelligence |title=Barcelona become first sports team to average £10m a year in wages|newspaper=The Guardian|accessdate=28 November 2018}}</ref><ref name="Highest paid">{{cite web|url=https://www.businessinsider.in/Barcelona-tops-the-2018-list-of-the-highest-paid-sports-teams-in-the-world-with-13-8-million-average-annual-salary/articleshow/66835942.cms|title=Barcelona tops the 2018 list of the highest-paid sports teams in the world with $13.8 million average annual salary|website=Business Insider|accessdate=28 November 2018|archive-date=28 November 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181128210706/https://www.businessinsider.in/Barcelona-tops-the-2018-list-of-the-highest-paid-sports-teams-in-the-world-with-13-8-million-average-annual-salary/articleshow/66835942.cms|url-status=dead}}</ref>. ==Manazarta== <references/> [[Category:Kungiyoyin wasan ƙwallon ƙafa]] 6isbnc9ygd0fzsveeij7c3kufs8wt1n 894906 894905 2026-08-11T12:31:30Z Abdulmuddalib Iabrahim Salisu 14681 894906 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} [[File:Camp_Nou_-_FC_Barcelona,_SP(4).jpg |thumb| Daga cikin filin wasa na ƙungiyar]] [[File:Barcelona FC 1893.png|thumb|Barcelona Fc 1893]] [[File:Camp Nou, FC Barcelona - FC Bayern Munich, 2013 - 12.jpg|thumb|camp nou, filin Barcelona fc]] [[File:SoundersFC vs FC Barcelona friendly (August 2009) - teams lineup.jpg|thumb|yan kungiyar Barcelona Fc sunyi line up]] [[File:RealMadrid-Barcelona.svg|thumb|rigar kungiyar Barcelona Fc wanda aka fi sani da Jersey ]] [[File:Camp Nou, FC Barcelona - FC Bayern Munich, 2013 - 14.JPG|thumb|wani bangare daga camp nou. ]] [[File:Messi Barcelona - Valladolid (cropped).jpg|thumb|Messi daya daga cikin shahareren Dan kwallan Barcelona Fc ]] [[Fayil:Futbol Club Barcelona 1922.jpg|thumb]] [[Fayil:034 Ciutat Esportiva Joan Gamper, Futbol Club Barcelona (Sant Joan Despí) (cropped).jpg|thumb]] [[Fayil:Camp Nou - FC Barcelona, SP(4).jpg|thumb]] [[Fayil:Camp Nou - FC Barcelona, SP(3).jpg|thumb]] [[Fayil:FC Barcelona vs Ilford FC - 1922.jpg|thumb]] [[Fayil:Camp Nou - FC Barcelona, SP(5).jpg|thumb]] [[Fayil:Camp Nou - FC Barcelona, SP(6).jpg|thumb]] [[Fayil:Camp Nou - FC Barcelona, SP(1).jpg|thumb]] [[Fayil:Camp Nou - FC Barcelona, SP(2).jpg|thumb]] [[Fayil:FC Barcelona, Camp Nou(Ank Kumar ) 01.jpg|thumb]] [[Fayil:FC Barcelona -Setembre 1910.jpg|thumb]] [[Fayil:1907 - Partit entre el FC Barcelona i el FC X.jpg|thumb]] [[Fayil:FC Barcelona - Novembre 1910.jpg|thumb]] [[Fayil:Xalet del FC Barcelona - 1911.jpg|thumb]] [[Fayil:SoundersFC vs FC Barcelona friendly (August 2009) - teams lineup.jpg|thumb]] [[Fayil:1909-01-03 Partit FC Barcelona - Stade Helvétique.jpg|thumb]] [[Fayil:Camp Nou - FC Barcelona, SP.jpg|thumb]] '''kulub din kwallon kafa na Barcelona''' (furucci.ca|fubˈbɔl ˈklub bəɾsəˈlonə|-|Futbol Club Barcelona) An san su da suna '''Barcelona''' ko da '''Barça''' (IPA-ca|ˈbaɾsə), kulub ɗin kwararrun kwallon kafa ne wanda ke zaune a [[Barcelona]], [[Catalonia]], Spain. An kafa kungiyar acikin shekara ta( 1899), daga wasu kungiyar yan'kwallon kafa daga Swiss, turawa dana Catalan, wanda [[Joan Gamper]] ke jagorantar su, kungiyar ta zama wata abun nuni a al'adar mutanen Catalan da [[Catalanism]], duk da taken ta ''"Más que un club"'' ('''"Mun wuce kulub kawai"''' da turanci ''"More than a club"''). Barcelona ba kamar sauran kungiyoyin kwallon kafa bace, [[Masoyan Barcelona|Masu goyon baya]] suke da kungiyar da kuma kula da ita. Barcelona ne kulub na( 3 ), da tafi kudi a duniya, da arzikin $4.07&nbsp;billion, ana samun kudin shiga, sama da €648.3&nbsp;milliyan a duk shekara.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/mikeozanian/2018/06/12/the-worlds-most-valuable-soccer-teams-2018/#3dddb7c845c8|title=The World's Most Valuable Soccer Teams 2018|last=Ozanian|first=Mike|work=Forbes}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www2.deloitte.com/uk/en/pages/sports-business-group/articles/deloitte-football-money-league.html|title=Deloitte Football Money League 2018|date=23 January 2018|accessdate=23 January 2018|publisher=Deloitte}}</ref> wakan Barcelona ita ce "[[Cant del Barça]]", wanda Jaume Picas da [[Josep Maria Espinàs]] suka rubuta.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.fcbarcelona.com/club/identity/card/the-anthems|title=The history of the Barça anthems|publisher=FC Barcelona|accessdate=24 September 2017}}</ref> [[File:FC Barcelona Trikot 2010-11.jpg|thumb]] A gasar gida, Barcelona ta lashe wasanni(25),na [[La Liga]],daku wasanni ( 30) [[Copa del Rey]] (13) [[Supercopa de España]],( 3), [[Copa Eva Duarte]], da (2), [[Copa de la Liga]] kufuna , kuma ta zama babu kulub din da takaita yawan kufukan da aka lissafo a hudun karshe a Spain. A Ƙungiyar ƙwallon ƙafa ta duniya, Barcelona ta lashe kyautuka( 20) na nahiyar Turai da duniya:( 5), [[UEFA Champions League]] titles, a record 4 [[UEFA Cup Winners' Cup]], a joint record( 5), [[UEFA Super Cup]], a record( 3) [[Inter-Cities Fairs Cup]], da kuma a rikodin haɗin gwiwa (3) [[FIFA Club World Cup]].<ref name="Football Europe: FC Barcelona">{{cite web|url=http://en.archive.uefa.com/footballeurope/club=50080/domestic.html |title=Football Europe: FC Barcelona |publisher=UEFA |accessdate=4 May 2009 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20100603054639/http://en.archive.uefa.com/footballeurope/club%3D50080/domestic.html |archivedate= 3 June 2010 |df= }}</ref> Barcelona ita ce na farko a Jerin kungiyoyin kwallon kafa a shekarun (''[[International Federation of Football History & Statistics]]'') Club World Ranking for (1997 zuwa 2009 da 2011 zuwa 2012 da 2015) <ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.iffhs.de/former-results/ | title=FORMER RESULTS | publisher=International Federation of Football History & Statistics | accessdate=16 December 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=http://iffhs.de/club-world-ranking-2015/ | title=Club World Ranking 2015 | publisher=International Federation of Football History & Statistics | accessdate=7 January 2015}}</ref> kuma ayanzu itace ta biyu a duniya [[UEFA club rankings]].<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.uefa.com/memberassociations/uefarankings/club/ | title=UEFA Club Rankings 2016 | publisher=UEFA | accessdate=5 June 2016}}</ref> kulub din tana hamayya sosai da kulub din [[Real Madrid CF|Real Madrid]] tun da dadewa; wasanni tsakanin su shi ake wa lakabi da ''[[El Clásico]]''. [[File:Goal for Barcelona.JPG|thumb|Taken Kungiyar Barcelona]] Barcelona na daga cikin kungiyoyin kwallon kafa dake da mabiya baya da yawa a duniya, kuma kulub din na da mafi yawan masu goyon bayan ta a kafar sada zumunta (social media).<ref name="Social media">[http://www.marca.com/en/2014/11/13/en/football/barcelona/1415913827.html "Barça, the most loved club in the world"]. ''Marca''. Madrid. Retrieved 15 December 2014.</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=Barcelona wins Social Star Award for 'Most Popular Sports Team' |url=http://www.straitstimes.com/the-big-story/social-media-awards/story/social-star-awards-2013-list-winners-20130523 |work=The Straits Times |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20131103223605/http://www.straitstimes.com/the-big-story/social-media-awards/story/social-star-awards-2013-list-winners-20130523 |archivedate=3 November 2013 }}</ref> Yan'wasan Barcelona sunfi ko wanne yan'wasan kulub yawan lashe [[Ballon d'Or (1956–2009)|Ballon d'Or]] awards da guda goma sha daya (11), daga cikin wadanda suka lashe akwai [[Johan Cruyff]], haka madai sune sukafi yan ko wacce kulub yawan lashe [[FIFA World Player of the Year]] awards da guda (7), daga cikin wadanda suka lashe akwai [[Ronaldo (Brazil)|Ronaldo]], [[Romário]], [[Ronaldinho]], da [[Rivaldo]]. shekara ta ( 2010) ,yan'wasa uku da suka taso ta academi din kulub din wato ([[Lionel Messi]], [[Andrés Iniesta]], da [[Xavi]]) an zabe su a matsayin best players a duniya a [[2010 FIFA Ballon d'Or|FIFA Ballon d'Or]] awards, an unprecedented feat for players from the same football school. Barcelona is one of three founding members of the [[La Liga|Primera División]] that have [[List of unrelegated association football clubs|never been relegated]] from the top division since its inception a cikin shekara ta (1929),along with [[Athletic Bilbao]] and Real Madrid. Acikin shekara ta ( 2009),Barcelona became the first Spanish club to win the [[Treble (association football)|continental treble]] consisting of [[2008–09 La Liga|La Liga]], [[2008–09 Copa del Rey|Copa del Rey]], and the [[2008–09 UEFA Champions League|UEFA Champions League]], and also became the first Spanish football club to win six out of six competitions in a single year, by also winning the [[2009 Supercopa de España|Spanish Super Cup]], [[2009 UEFA Super Cup|UEFA Super Cup]], and [[2009 FIFA Club World Cup|FIFA Club World Cup]].<ref name="fcbarcelona7">{{cite web|url=http://arxiu.fcbarcelona.cat/web/english/club/historia/records/rec_colectius.html|title=FC Barcelona Records|date=12 January 2012|publisher=FC Barcelona|accessdate=12 January 2012}}</ref> a cikin shekara ta ( 2011), the club became European champions again and won five trophies. This Barcelona team,which won( 14) trophies in just( 4) years under [[Pep Guardiola]], is considered by some in the sport to be the greatest team of all time.<ref>{{cite news|title=Is this Barcelona team the best of all time?|url=http://worldsport.blogs.cnn.com/2011/12/23/is-this-barcelona-team-the-best-of-all-time/|publisher=CNN|date=23 December 2011|access-date=25 January 2019|archive-date=30 October 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171030184012/http://worldsport.blogs.cnn.com/2011/12/23/is-this-barcelona-team-the-best-of-all-time/|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref name="Ferguson">{{cite news |title=The great European Cup teams: Barcelona 2009-2011|url=https://www.theguardian.com/football/blog/2013/may/24/great-european-cup-teams-barcelona |newspaper=The Guardian |location=London | date=25 October 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Who's the Greatest of Them All? Barcelona! |url=http://mag.newsweek.com/2011/06/03/is-barcelona-the-greatest-soccer-team-ever.html |work=Newsweek |date=25 October 2015 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304211416/http://mag.newsweek.com/2011/06/03/is-barcelona-the-greatest-soccer-team-ever.html |archivedate=4 March 2016 |df=dmy-all }}</ref> Da samun nasararsu na cin kofin su na biyar a Champions League trophy on [[2015 UEFA Champions League Final|6 June 2015]],Barcelona tazama itace tafarko acikin kulub din Turai data samu yin nasarar continental treble har sau biyu. The highest paid sports team in the world,in November( 2018) Barcelona became the first sports team with average first-team pay in excess of £10m ($13.8m) per year.<ref name="Highest"> {{cite web|url=https://www.theguardian.com/football/2018/nov/25/barcelona-team-average-10m-year-wages-sporting-intelligence |title=Barcelona become first sports team to average £10m a year in wages|newspaper=The Guardian|accessdate=28 November 2018}}</ref><ref name="Highest paid">{{cite web|url=https://www.businessinsider.in/Barcelona-tops-the-2018-list-of-the-highest-paid-sports-teams-in-the-world-with-13-8-million-average-annual-salary/articleshow/66835942.cms|title=Barcelona tops the 2018 list of the highest-paid sports teams in the world with $13.8 million average annual salary|website=Business Insider|accessdate=28 November 2018|archive-date=28 November 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181128210706/https://www.businessinsider.in/Barcelona-tops-the-2018-list-of-the-highest-paid-sports-teams-in-the-world-with-13-8-million-average-annual-salary/articleshow/66835942.cms|url-status=dead}}</ref>. ==Manazarta== <references/> [[Category:Kungiyoyin wasan ƙwallon ƙafa]] tn6j852f4keu9m3vxoi3r99l6ugdnct 894907 894906 2026-08-11T12:32:06Z Abdulmuddalib Iabrahim Salisu 14681 894907 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} [[File:Camp_Nou_-_FC_Barcelona,_SP(4).jpg |thumb| Daga cikin filin wasa na ƙungiyar]] [[File:Barcelona FC 1893.png|thumb|Barcelona Fc 1893]] [[File:Camp Nou, FC Barcelona - FC Bayern Munich, 2013 - 12.jpg|thumb|camp nou, filin Barcelona fc]] [[File:SoundersFC vs FC Barcelona friendly (August 2009) - teams lineup.jpg|thumb|yan kungiyar Barcelona Fc sunyi line up]] [[File:RealMadrid-Barcelona.svg|thumb|rigar kungiyar Barcelona Fc wanda aka fi sani da Jersey ]] [[File:Camp Nou, FC Barcelona - FC Bayern Munich, 2013 - 14.JPG|thumb|wani bangare daga camp nou. ]] [[File:Messi Barcelona - Valladolid (cropped).jpg|thumb|Messi daya daga cikin shahareren Dan kwallan Barcelona Fc ]] [[Fayil:Futbol Club Barcelona 1922.jpg|thumb]] [[Fayil:034 Ciutat Esportiva Joan Gamper, Futbol Club Barcelona (Sant Joan Despí) (cropped).jpg|thumb]] [[Fayil:Camp Nou - FC Barcelona, SP(4).jpg|thumb]] [[Fayil:Camp Nou - FC Barcelona, SP(3).jpg|thumb]] [[Fayil:FC Barcelona vs Ilford FC - 1922.jpg|thumb]] [[Fayil:Camp Nou - FC Barcelona, SP(5).jpg|thumb]] [[Fayil:Camp Nou - FC Barcelona, SP(6).jpg|thumb]] [[Fayil:Camp Nou - FC Barcelona, SP(1).jpg|thumb]] [[Fayil:Camp Nou - FC Barcelona, SP(2).jpg|thumb]] [[Fayil:FC Barcelona, Camp Nou(Ank Kumar ) 01.jpg|thumb]] [[Fayil:FC Barcelona -Setembre 1910.jpg|thumb]] [[Fayil:1907 - Partit entre el FC Barcelona i el FC X.jpg|thumb]] [[Fayil:FC Barcelona - Novembre 1910.jpg|thumb]] [[Fayil:Xalet del FC Barcelona - 1911.jpg|thumb]] [[Fayil:SoundersFC vs FC Barcelona friendly (August 2009) - teams lineup.jpg|thumb]] [[Fayil:1909-01-03 Partit FC Barcelona - Stade Helvétique.jpg|thumb]] [[Fayil:Camp Nou - FC Barcelona, SP.jpg|thumb]] '''kulub din kwallon kafa na Barcelona''' (furucci.ca|fubˈbɔl ˈklub bəɾsəˈlonə|-|Futbol Club Barcelona) An san su da suna '''Barcelona''' ko da '''Barça''' (IPA-ca|ˈbaɾsə), kulub ɗin kwararrun kwallon kafa ne wanda ke zaune a [[Barcelona]], [[Catalonia]], Spain. An kafa kungiyar acikin shekara ta( 1899), daga wasu kungiyar yan'kwallon kafa daga Swiss, turawa dana Catalan, wanda [[Joan Gamper]] ke jagorantar su, kungiyar ta zama wata abun nuni a al'adar mutanen Catalan da [[Catalanism]], duk da taken ta ''"Más que un club"'' ('''"Mun wuce kulub kawai"''' da turanci ''"More than a club"''). Barcelona ba kamar sauran kungiyoyin kwallon kafa bace, [[Masoyan Barcelona|Masu goyon baya]] suke da kungiyar da kuma kula da ita. Barcelona ne kulub na( 3 ), da tafi kudi a duniya, da arzikin $4.07&nbsp;billion, ana samun kudin shiga, sama da €648.3&nbsp;milliyan a duk shekara.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/mikeozanian/2018/06/12/the-worlds-most-valuable-soccer-teams-2018/#3dddb7c845c8|title=The World's Most Valuable Soccer Teams 2018|last=Ozanian|first=Mike|work=Forbes}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www2.deloitte.com/uk/en/pages/sports-business-group/articles/deloitte-football-money-league.html|title=Deloitte Football Money League 2018|date=23 January 2018|accessdate=23 January 2018|publisher=Deloitte}}</ref> wakan Barcelona ita ce "[[Cant del Barça]]", wanda Jaume Picas da [[Josep Maria Espinàs]] suka rubuta.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.fcbarcelona.com/club/identity/card/the-anthems|title=The history of the Barça anthems|publisher=FC Barcelona|accessdate=24 September 2017}}</ref> [[File:FC Barcelona Trikot 2010-11.jpg|thumb]] A gasar gida, Barcelona ta lashe wasanni(25),na [[La Liga]],daku wasanni ( 30)a [[Copa del Rey]] (13) [[Supercopa de España]],( 3), [[Copa Eva Duarte]], da (2), [[Copa de la Liga]] kufuna , kuma ta zama babu kulub din da takaita yawan kufukan da aka lissafo a hudun karshe a Spain. A Ƙungiyar ƙwallon ƙafa ta duniya, Barcelona ta lashe kyautuka( 20) na nahiyar Turai da duniya:( 5), [[UEFA Champions League]] titles, a record 4 [[UEFA Cup Winners' Cup]], a joint record( 5), [[UEFA Super Cup]], a record( 3) [[Inter-Cities Fairs Cup]], da kuma a rikodin haɗin gwiwa (3) [[FIFA Club World Cup]].<ref name="Football Europe: FC Barcelona">{{cite web|url=http://en.archive.uefa.com/footballeurope/club=50080/domestic.html |title=Football Europe: FC Barcelona |publisher=UEFA |accessdate=4 May 2009 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20100603054639/http://en.archive.uefa.com/footballeurope/club%3D50080/domestic.html |archivedate= 3 June 2010 |df= }}</ref> Barcelona ita ce na farko a Jerin kungiyoyin kwallon kafa a shekarun (''[[International Federation of Football History & Statistics]]'') Club World Ranking for (1997 zuwa 2009 da 2011 zuwa 2012 da 2015) <ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.iffhs.de/former-results/ | title=FORMER RESULTS | publisher=International Federation of Football History & Statistics | accessdate=16 December 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=http://iffhs.de/club-world-ranking-2015/ | title=Club World Ranking 2015 | publisher=International Federation of Football History & Statistics | accessdate=7 January 2015}}</ref> kuma ayanzu itace ta biyu a duniya [[UEFA club rankings]].<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.uefa.com/memberassociations/uefarankings/club/ | title=UEFA Club Rankings 2016 | publisher=UEFA | accessdate=5 June 2016}}</ref> kulub din tana hamayya sosai da kulub din [[Real Madrid CF|Real Madrid]] tun da dadewa; wasanni tsakanin su shi ake wa lakabi da ''[[El Clásico]]''. [[File:Goal for Barcelona.JPG|thumb|Taken Kungiyar Barcelona]] Barcelona na daga cikin kungiyoyin kwallon kafa dake da mabiya baya da yawa a duniya, kuma kulub din na da mafi yawan masu goyon bayan ta a kafar sada zumunta (social media).<ref name="Social media">[http://www.marca.com/en/2014/11/13/en/football/barcelona/1415913827.html "Barça, the most loved club in the world"]. ''Marca''. Madrid. Retrieved 15 December 2014.</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=Barcelona wins Social Star Award for 'Most Popular Sports Team' |url=http://www.straitstimes.com/the-big-story/social-media-awards/story/social-star-awards-2013-list-winners-20130523 |work=The Straits Times |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20131103223605/http://www.straitstimes.com/the-big-story/social-media-awards/story/social-star-awards-2013-list-winners-20130523 |archivedate=3 November 2013 }}</ref> Yan'wasan Barcelona sunfi ko wanne yan'wasan kulub yawan lashe [[Ballon d'Or (1956–2009)|Ballon d'Or]] awards da guda goma sha daya (11), daga cikin wadanda suka lashe akwai [[Johan Cruyff]], haka madai sune sukafi yan ko wacce kulub yawan lashe [[FIFA World Player of the Year]] awards da guda (7), daga cikin wadanda suka lashe akwai [[Ronaldo (Brazil)|Ronaldo]], [[Romário]], [[Ronaldinho]], da [[Rivaldo]]. shekara ta ( 2010) ,yan'wasa uku da suka taso ta academi din kulub din wato ([[Lionel Messi]], [[Andrés Iniesta]], da [[Xavi]]) an zabe su a matsayin best players a duniya a [[2010 FIFA Ballon d'Or|FIFA Ballon d'Or]] awards, an unprecedented feat for players from the same football school. Barcelona is one of three founding members of the [[La Liga|Primera División]] that have [[List of unrelegated association football clubs|never been relegated]] from the top division since its inception a cikin shekara ta (1929),along with [[Athletic Bilbao]] and Real Madrid. Acikin shekara ta ( 2009),Barcelona became the first Spanish club to win the [[Treble (association football)|continental treble]] consisting of [[2008–09 La Liga|La Liga]], [[2008–09 Copa del Rey|Copa del Rey]], and the [[2008–09 UEFA Champions League|UEFA Champions League]], and also became the first Spanish football club to win six out of six competitions in a single year, by also winning the [[2009 Supercopa de España|Spanish Super Cup]], [[2009 UEFA Super Cup|UEFA Super Cup]], and [[2009 FIFA Club World Cup|FIFA Club World Cup]].<ref name="fcbarcelona7">{{cite web|url=http://arxiu.fcbarcelona.cat/web/english/club/historia/records/rec_colectius.html|title=FC Barcelona Records|date=12 January 2012|publisher=FC Barcelona|accessdate=12 January 2012}}</ref> a cikin shekara ta ( 2011), the club became European champions again and won five trophies. This Barcelona team,which won( 14) trophies in just( 4) years under [[Pep Guardiola]], is considered by some in the sport to be the greatest team of all time.<ref>{{cite news|title=Is this Barcelona team the best of all time?|url=http://worldsport.blogs.cnn.com/2011/12/23/is-this-barcelona-team-the-best-of-all-time/|publisher=CNN|date=23 December 2011|access-date=25 January 2019|archive-date=30 October 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171030184012/http://worldsport.blogs.cnn.com/2011/12/23/is-this-barcelona-team-the-best-of-all-time/|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref name="Ferguson">{{cite news |title=The great European Cup teams: Barcelona 2009-2011|url=https://www.theguardian.com/football/blog/2013/may/24/great-european-cup-teams-barcelona |newspaper=The Guardian |location=London | date=25 October 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Who's the Greatest of Them All? Barcelona! |url=http://mag.newsweek.com/2011/06/03/is-barcelona-the-greatest-soccer-team-ever.html |work=Newsweek |date=25 October 2015 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304211416/http://mag.newsweek.com/2011/06/03/is-barcelona-the-greatest-soccer-team-ever.html |archivedate=4 March 2016 |df=dmy-all }}</ref> Da samun nasararsu na cin kofin su na biyar a Champions League trophy on [[2015 UEFA Champions League Final|6 June 2015]],Barcelona tazama itace tafarko acikin kulub din Turai data samu yin nasarar continental treble har sau biyu. The highest paid sports team in the world,in November( 2018) Barcelona became the first sports team with average first-team pay in excess of £10m ($13.8m) per year.<ref name="Highest"> {{cite web|url=https://www.theguardian.com/football/2018/nov/25/barcelona-team-average-10m-year-wages-sporting-intelligence |title=Barcelona become first sports team to average £10m a year in wages|newspaper=The Guardian|accessdate=28 November 2018}}</ref><ref name="Highest paid">{{cite web|url=https://www.businessinsider.in/Barcelona-tops-the-2018-list-of-the-highest-paid-sports-teams-in-the-world-with-13-8-million-average-annual-salary/articleshow/66835942.cms|title=Barcelona tops the 2018 list of the highest-paid sports teams in the world with $13.8 million average annual salary|website=Business Insider|accessdate=28 November 2018|archive-date=28 November 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181128210706/https://www.businessinsider.in/Barcelona-tops-the-2018-list-of-the-highest-paid-sports-teams-in-the-world-with-13-8-million-average-annual-salary/articleshow/66835942.cms|url-status=dead}}</ref>. ==Manazarta== <references/> [[Category:Kungiyoyin wasan ƙwallon ƙafa]] juqpqcc5mss6xd78hp5y9fgjqlr0831 894908 894907 2026-08-11T12:33:11Z Abdulmuddalib Iabrahim Salisu 14681 894908 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} [[File:Camp_Nou_-_FC_Barcelona,_SP(4).jpg |thumb| Daga cikin filin wasa na ƙungiyar]] [[File:Barcelona FC 1893.png|thumb|Barcelona Fc 1893]] [[File:Camp Nou, FC Barcelona - FC Bayern Munich, 2013 - 12.jpg|thumb|camp nou, filin Barcelona fc]] [[File:SoundersFC vs FC Barcelona friendly (August 2009) - teams lineup.jpg|thumb|yan kungiyar Barcelona Fc sunyi line up]] [[File:RealMadrid-Barcelona.svg|thumb|rigar kungiyar Barcelona Fc wanda aka fi sani da Jersey ]] [[File:Camp Nou, FC Barcelona - FC Bayern Munich, 2013 - 14.JPG|thumb|wani bangare daga camp nou. ]] [[File:Messi Barcelona - Valladolid (cropped).jpg|thumb|Messi daya daga cikin shahareren Dan kwallan Barcelona Fc ]] [[Fayil:Futbol Club Barcelona 1922.jpg|thumb]] [[Fayil:034 Ciutat Esportiva Joan Gamper, Futbol Club Barcelona (Sant Joan Despí) (cropped).jpg|thumb]] [[Fayil:Camp Nou - FC Barcelona, SP(4).jpg|thumb]] [[Fayil:Camp Nou - FC Barcelona, SP(3).jpg|thumb]] [[Fayil:FC Barcelona vs Ilford FC - 1922.jpg|thumb]] [[Fayil:Camp Nou - FC Barcelona, SP(5).jpg|thumb]] [[Fayil:Camp Nou - FC Barcelona, SP(6).jpg|thumb]] [[Fayil:Camp Nou - FC Barcelona, SP(1).jpg|thumb]] [[Fayil:Camp Nou - FC Barcelona, SP(2).jpg|thumb]] [[Fayil:FC Barcelona, Camp Nou(Ank Kumar ) 01.jpg|thumb]] [[Fayil:FC Barcelona -Setembre 1910.jpg|thumb]] [[Fayil:1907 - Partit entre el FC Barcelona i el FC X.jpg|thumb]] [[Fayil:FC Barcelona - Novembre 1910.jpg|thumb]] [[Fayil:Xalet del FC Barcelona - 1911.jpg|thumb]] [[Fayil:SoundersFC vs FC Barcelona friendly (August 2009) - teams lineup.jpg|thumb]] [[Fayil:1909-01-03 Partit FC Barcelona - Stade Helvétique.jpg|thumb]] [[Fayil:Camp Nou - FC Barcelona, SP.jpg|thumb]] '''kulub din kwallon kafa na Barcelona''' (furucci.ca|fubˈbɔl ˈklub bəɾsəˈlonə|-|Futbol Club Barcelona) An san su da suna '''Barcelona''' ko da '''Barça''' (IPA-ca|ˈbaɾsə), kulub ɗin kwararrun kwallon kafa ne wanda ke zaune a [[Barcelona]], [[Catalonia]], Spain. An kafa kungiyar acikin shekara ta( 1899), daga wasu kungiyar yan'kwallon kafa daga Swiss, turawa dana Catalan, wanda [[Joan Gamper]] ke jagorantar su, kungiyar ta zama wata abun nuni a al'adar mutanen Catalan da [[Catalanism]], duk da taken ta ''"Más que un club"'' ('''"Mun wuce kulub kawai"''' da turanci ''"More than a club"''). Barcelona ba kamar sauran kungiyoyin kwallon kafa bace, [[Masoyan Barcelona|Masu goyon baya]] suke da kungiyar da kuma kula da ita. Barcelona ne kulub na( 3 ), da tafi kudi a duniya, da arzikin $4.07&nbsp;billion, ana samun kudin shiga, sama da €648.3&nbsp;milliyan a duk shekara.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/mikeozanian/2018/06/12/the-worlds-most-valuable-soccer-teams-2018/#3dddb7c845c8|title=The World's Most Valuable Soccer Teams 2018|last=Ozanian|first=Mike|work=Forbes}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www2.deloitte.com/uk/en/pages/sports-business-group/articles/deloitte-football-money-league.html|title=Deloitte Football Money League 2018|date=23 January 2018|accessdate=23 January 2018|publisher=Deloitte}}</ref> wakan Barcelona ita ce "[[Cant del Barça]]", wanda Jaume Picas da [[Josep Maria Espinàs]] suka rubuta.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.fcbarcelona.com/club/identity/card/the-anthems|title=The history of the Barça anthems|publisher=FC Barcelona|accessdate=24 September 2017}}</ref> [[File:FC Barcelona Trikot 2010-11.jpg|thumb]] A gasar gida, Barcelona ta lashe wasanni(25),na [[La Liga]],daku wasanni ( 30)a [[Copa del Rey]]da wasanni (13) [[Supercopa de España]],( 3), [[Copa Eva Duarte]], da (2), [[Copa de la Liga]] kufuna , kuma ta zama babu kulub din da takaita yawan kufukan da aka lissafo a hudun karshe a Spain. A Ƙungiyar ƙwallon ƙafa ta duniya, Barcelona ta lashe kyautuka( 20) na nahiyar Turai da duniya:( 5), [[UEFA Champions League]] titles, a record 4 [[UEFA Cup Winners' Cup]], a joint record( 5), [[UEFA Super Cup]], a record( 3) [[Inter-Cities Fairs Cup]], da kuma a rikodin haɗin gwiwa (3) [[FIFA Club World Cup]].<ref name="Football Europe: FC Barcelona">{{cite web|url=http://en.archive.uefa.com/footballeurope/club=50080/domestic.html |title=Football Europe: FC Barcelona |publisher=UEFA |accessdate=4 May 2009 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20100603054639/http://en.archive.uefa.com/footballeurope/club%3D50080/domestic.html |archivedate= 3 June 2010 |df= }}</ref> Barcelona ita ce na farko a Jerin kungiyoyin kwallon kafa a shekarun (''[[International Federation of Football History & Statistics]]'') Club World Ranking for (1997 zuwa 2009 da 2011 zuwa 2012 da 2015) <ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.iffhs.de/former-results/ | title=FORMER RESULTS | publisher=International Federation of Football History & Statistics | accessdate=16 December 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=http://iffhs.de/club-world-ranking-2015/ | title=Club World Ranking 2015 | publisher=International Federation of Football History & Statistics | accessdate=7 January 2015}}</ref> kuma ayanzu itace ta biyu a duniya [[UEFA club rankings]].<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.uefa.com/memberassociations/uefarankings/club/ | title=UEFA Club Rankings 2016 | publisher=UEFA | accessdate=5 June 2016}}</ref> kulub din tana hamayya sosai da kulub din [[Real Madrid CF|Real Madrid]] tun da dadewa; wasanni tsakanin su shi ake wa lakabi da ''[[El Clásico]]''. [[File:Goal for Barcelona.JPG|thumb|Taken Kungiyar Barcelona]] Barcelona na daga cikin kungiyoyin kwallon kafa dake da mabiya baya da yawa a duniya, kuma kulub din na da mafi yawan masu goyon bayan ta a kafar sada zumunta (social media).<ref name="Social media">[http://www.marca.com/en/2014/11/13/en/football/barcelona/1415913827.html "Barça, the most loved club in the world"]. ''Marca''. Madrid. Retrieved 15 December 2014.</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=Barcelona wins Social Star Award for 'Most Popular Sports Team' |url=http://www.straitstimes.com/the-big-story/social-media-awards/story/social-star-awards-2013-list-winners-20130523 |work=The Straits Times |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20131103223605/http://www.straitstimes.com/the-big-story/social-media-awards/story/social-star-awards-2013-list-winners-20130523 |archivedate=3 November 2013 }}</ref> Yan'wasan Barcelona sunfi ko wanne yan'wasan kulub yawan lashe [[Ballon d'Or (1956–2009)|Ballon d'Or]] awards da guda goma sha daya (11), daga cikin wadanda suka lashe akwai [[Johan Cruyff]], haka madai sune sukafi yan ko wacce kulub yawan lashe [[FIFA World Player of the Year]] awards da guda (7), daga cikin wadanda suka lashe akwai [[Ronaldo (Brazil)|Ronaldo]], [[Romário]], [[Ronaldinho]], da [[Rivaldo]]. shekara ta ( 2010) ,yan'wasa uku da suka taso ta academi din kulub din wato ([[Lionel Messi]], [[Andrés Iniesta]], da [[Xavi]]) an zabe su a matsayin best players a duniya a [[2010 FIFA Ballon d'Or|FIFA Ballon d'Or]] awards, an unprecedented feat for players from the same football school. Barcelona is one of three founding members of the [[La Liga|Primera División]] that have [[List of unrelegated association football clubs|never been relegated]] from the top division since its inception a cikin shekara ta (1929),along with [[Athletic Bilbao]] and Real Madrid. Acikin shekara ta ( 2009),Barcelona became the first Spanish club to win the [[Treble (association football)|continental treble]] consisting of [[2008–09 La Liga|La Liga]], [[2008–09 Copa del Rey|Copa del Rey]], and the [[2008–09 UEFA Champions League|UEFA Champions League]], and also became the first Spanish football club to win six out of six competitions in a single year, by also winning the [[2009 Supercopa de España|Spanish Super Cup]], [[2009 UEFA Super Cup|UEFA Super Cup]], and [[2009 FIFA Club World Cup|FIFA Club World Cup]].<ref name="fcbarcelona7">{{cite web|url=http://arxiu.fcbarcelona.cat/web/english/club/historia/records/rec_colectius.html|title=FC Barcelona Records|date=12 January 2012|publisher=FC Barcelona|accessdate=12 January 2012}}</ref> a cikin shekara ta ( 2011), the club became European champions again and won five trophies. This Barcelona team,which won( 14) trophies in just( 4) years under [[Pep Guardiola]], is considered by some in the sport to be the greatest team of all time.<ref>{{cite news|title=Is this Barcelona team the best of all time?|url=http://worldsport.blogs.cnn.com/2011/12/23/is-this-barcelona-team-the-best-of-all-time/|publisher=CNN|date=23 December 2011|access-date=25 January 2019|archive-date=30 October 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171030184012/http://worldsport.blogs.cnn.com/2011/12/23/is-this-barcelona-team-the-best-of-all-time/|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref name="Ferguson">{{cite news |title=The great European Cup teams: Barcelona 2009-2011|url=https://www.theguardian.com/football/blog/2013/may/24/great-european-cup-teams-barcelona |newspaper=The Guardian |location=London | date=25 October 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Who's the Greatest of Them All? Barcelona! |url=http://mag.newsweek.com/2011/06/03/is-barcelona-the-greatest-soccer-team-ever.html |work=Newsweek |date=25 October 2015 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304211416/http://mag.newsweek.com/2011/06/03/is-barcelona-the-greatest-soccer-team-ever.html |archivedate=4 March 2016 |df=dmy-all }}</ref> Da samun nasararsu na cin kofin su na biyar a Champions League trophy on [[2015 UEFA Champions League Final|6 June 2015]],Barcelona tazama itace tafarko acikin kulub din Turai data samu yin nasarar continental treble har sau biyu. The highest paid sports team in the world,in November( 2018) Barcelona became the first sports team with average first-team pay in excess of £10m ($13.8m) per year.<ref name="Highest"> {{cite web|url=https://www.theguardian.com/football/2018/nov/25/barcelona-team-average-10m-year-wages-sporting-intelligence |title=Barcelona become first sports team to average £10m a year in wages|newspaper=The Guardian|accessdate=28 November 2018}}</ref><ref name="Highest paid">{{cite web|url=https://www.businessinsider.in/Barcelona-tops-the-2018-list-of-the-highest-paid-sports-teams-in-the-world-with-13-8-million-average-annual-salary/articleshow/66835942.cms|title=Barcelona tops the 2018 list of the highest-paid sports teams in the world with $13.8 million average annual salary|website=Business Insider|accessdate=28 November 2018|archive-date=28 November 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181128210706/https://www.businessinsider.in/Barcelona-tops-the-2018-list-of-the-highest-paid-sports-teams-in-the-world-with-13-8-million-average-annual-salary/articleshow/66835942.cms|url-status=dead}}</ref>. ==Manazarta== <references/> [[Category:Kungiyoyin wasan ƙwallon ƙafa]] 1m8lw95fd23fc6xf7thkx2i0ykvn9f8 894909 894908 2026-08-11T12:33:58Z Abdulmuddalib Iabrahim Salisu 14681 894909 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} [[File:Camp_Nou_-_FC_Barcelona,_SP(4).jpg |thumb| Daga cikin filin wasa na ƙungiyar]] [[File:Barcelona FC 1893.png|thumb|Barcelona Fc 1893]] [[File:Camp Nou, FC Barcelona - FC Bayern Munich, 2013 - 12.jpg|thumb|camp nou, filin Barcelona fc]] [[File:SoundersFC vs FC Barcelona friendly (August 2009) - teams lineup.jpg|thumb|yan kungiyar Barcelona Fc sunyi line up]] [[File:RealMadrid-Barcelona.svg|thumb|rigar kungiyar Barcelona Fc wanda aka fi sani da Jersey ]] [[File:Camp Nou, FC Barcelona - FC Bayern Munich, 2013 - 14.JPG|thumb|wani bangare daga camp nou. ]] [[File:Messi Barcelona - Valladolid (cropped).jpg|thumb|Messi daya daga cikin shahareren Dan kwallan Barcelona Fc ]] [[Fayil:Futbol Club Barcelona 1922.jpg|thumb]] [[Fayil:034 Ciutat Esportiva Joan Gamper, Futbol Club Barcelona (Sant Joan Despí) (cropped).jpg|thumb]] [[Fayil:Camp Nou - FC Barcelona, SP(4).jpg|thumb]] [[Fayil:Camp Nou - FC Barcelona, SP(3).jpg|thumb]] [[Fayil:FC Barcelona vs Ilford FC - 1922.jpg|thumb]] [[Fayil:Camp Nou - FC Barcelona, SP(5).jpg|thumb]] [[Fayil:Camp Nou - FC Barcelona, SP(6).jpg|thumb]] [[Fayil:Camp Nou - FC Barcelona, SP(1).jpg|thumb]] [[Fayil:Camp Nou - FC Barcelona, SP(2).jpg|thumb]] [[Fayil:FC Barcelona, Camp Nou(Ank Kumar ) 01.jpg|thumb]] [[Fayil:FC Barcelona -Setembre 1910.jpg|thumb]] [[Fayil:1907 - Partit entre el FC Barcelona i el FC X.jpg|thumb]] [[Fayil:FC Barcelona - Novembre 1910.jpg|thumb]] [[Fayil:Xalet del FC Barcelona - 1911.jpg|thumb]] [[Fayil:SoundersFC vs FC Barcelona friendly (August 2009) - teams lineup.jpg|thumb]] [[Fayil:1909-01-03 Partit FC Barcelona - Stade Helvétique.jpg|thumb]] [[Fayil:Camp Nou - FC Barcelona, SP.jpg|thumb]] '''kulub din kwallon kafa na Barcelona''' (furucci.ca|fubˈbɔl ˈklub bəɾsəˈlonə|-|Futbol Club Barcelona) An san su da suna '''Barcelona''' ko da '''Barça''' (IPA-ca|ˈbaɾsə), kulub ɗin kwararrun kwallon kafa ne wanda ke zaune a [[Barcelona]], [[Catalonia]], Spain. An kafa kungiyar acikin shekara ta( 1899), daga wasu kungiyar yan'kwallon kafa daga Swiss, turawa dana Catalan, wanda [[Joan Gamper]] ke jagorantar su, kungiyar ta zama wata abun nuni a al'adar mutanen Catalan da [[Catalanism]], duk da taken ta ''"Más que un club"'' ('''"Mun wuce kulub kawai"''' da turanci ''"More than a club"''). Barcelona ba kamar sauran kungiyoyin kwallon kafa bace, [[Masoyan Barcelona|Masu goyon baya]] suke da kungiyar da kuma kula da ita. Barcelona ne kulub na( 3 ), da tafi kudi a duniya, da arzikin $4.07&nbsp;billion, ana samun kudin shiga, sama da €648.3&nbsp;milliyan a duk shekara.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/mikeozanian/2018/06/12/the-worlds-most-valuable-soccer-teams-2018/#3dddb7c845c8|title=The World's Most Valuable Soccer Teams 2018|last=Ozanian|first=Mike|work=Forbes}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www2.deloitte.com/uk/en/pages/sports-business-group/articles/deloitte-football-money-league.html|title=Deloitte Football Money League 2018|date=23 January 2018|accessdate=23 January 2018|publisher=Deloitte}}</ref> wakan Barcelona ita ce "[[Cant del Barça]]", wanda Jaume Picas da [[Josep Maria Espinàs]] suka rubuta.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.fcbarcelona.com/club/identity/card/the-anthems|title=The history of the Barça anthems|publisher=FC Barcelona|accessdate=24 September 2017}}</ref> [[File:FC Barcelona Trikot 2010-11.jpg|thumb]] A gasar gida, Barcelona ta lashe wasanni(25),na [[La Liga]],daku wasanni ( 30)a [[Copa del Rey]]da wasanni (13)a [[Supercopa de España]],( 3), [[Copa Eva Duarte]], da (2), [[Copa de la Liga]] kufuna , kuma ta zama babu kulub din da takaita yawan kufukan da aka lissafo a hudun karshe a Spain. A Ƙungiyar ƙwallon ƙafa ta duniya, Barcelona ta lashe kyautuka( 20) na nahiyar Turai da duniya:( 5), [[UEFA Champions League]] titles, a record 4 [[UEFA Cup Winners' Cup]], a joint record( 5), [[UEFA Super Cup]], a record( 3) [[Inter-Cities Fairs Cup]], da kuma a rikodin haɗin gwiwa (3) [[FIFA Club World Cup]].<ref name="Football Europe: FC Barcelona">{{cite web|url=http://en.archive.uefa.com/footballeurope/club=50080/domestic.html |title=Football Europe: FC Barcelona |publisher=UEFA |accessdate=4 May 2009 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20100603054639/http://en.archive.uefa.com/footballeurope/club%3D50080/domestic.html |archivedate= 3 June 2010 |df= }}</ref> Barcelona ita ce na farko a Jerin kungiyoyin kwallon kafa a shekarun (''[[International Federation of Football History & Statistics]]'') Club World Ranking for (1997 zuwa 2009 da 2011 zuwa 2012 da 2015) <ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.iffhs.de/former-results/ | title=FORMER RESULTS | publisher=International Federation of Football History & Statistics | accessdate=16 December 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=http://iffhs.de/club-world-ranking-2015/ | title=Club World Ranking 2015 | publisher=International Federation of Football History & Statistics | accessdate=7 January 2015}}</ref> kuma ayanzu itace ta biyu a duniya [[UEFA club rankings]].<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.uefa.com/memberassociations/uefarankings/club/ | title=UEFA Club Rankings 2016 | publisher=UEFA | accessdate=5 June 2016}}</ref> kulub din tana hamayya sosai da kulub din [[Real Madrid CF|Real Madrid]] tun da dadewa; wasanni tsakanin su shi ake wa lakabi da ''[[El Clásico]]''. [[File:Goal for Barcelona.JPG|thumb|Taken Kungiyar Barcelona]] Barcelona na daga cikin kungiyoyin kwallon kafa dake da mabiya baya da yawa a duniya, kuma kulub din na da mafi yawan masu goyon bayan ta a kafar sada zumunta (social media).<ref name="Social media">[http://www.marca.com/en/2014/11/13/en/football/barcelona/1415913827.html "Barça, the most loved club in the world"]. ''Marca''. Madrid. Retrieved 15 December 2014.</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=Barcelona wins Social Star Award for 'Most Popular Sports Team' |url=http://www.straitstimes.com/the-big-story/social-media-awards/story/social-star-awards-2013-list-winners-20130523 |work=The Straits Times |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20131103223605/http://www.straitstimes.com/the-big-story/social-media-awards/story/social-star-awards-2013-list-winners-20130523 |archivedate=3 November 2013 }}</ref> Yan'wasan Barcelona sunfi ko wanne yan'wasan kulub yawan lashe [[Ballon d'Or (1956–2009)|Ballon d'Or]] awards da guda goma sha daya (11), daga cikin wadanda suka lashe akwai [[Johan Cruyff]], haka madai sune sukafi yan ko wacce kulub yawan lashe [[FIFA World Player of the Year]] awards da guda (7), daga cikin wadanda suka lashe akwai [[Ronaldo (Brazil)|Ronaldo]], [[Romário]], [[Ronaldinho]], da [[Rivaldo]]. shekara ta ( 2010) ,yan'wasa uku da suka taso ta academi din kulub din wato ([[Lionel Messi]], [[Andrés Iniesta]], da [[Xavi]]) an zabe su a matsayin best players a duniya a [[2010 FIFA Ballon d'Or|FIFA Ballon d'Or]] awards, an unprecedented feat for players from the same football school. Barcelona is one of three founding members of the [[La Liga|Primera División]] that have [[List of unrelegated association football clubs|never been relegated]] from the top division since its inception a cikin shekara ta (1929),along with [[Athletic Bilbao]] and Real Madrid. Acikin shekara ta ( 2009),Barcelona became the first Spanish club to win the [[Treble (association football)|continental treble]] consisting of [[2008–09 La Liga|La Liga]], [[2008–09 Copa del Rey|Copa del Rey]], and the [[2008–09 UEFA Champions League|UEFA Champions League]], and also became the first Spanish football club to win six out of six competitions in a single year, by also winning the [[2009 Supercopa de España|Spanish Super Cup]], [[2009 UEFA Super Cup|UEFA Super Cup]], and [[2009 FIFA Club World Cup|FIFA Club World Cup]].<ref name="fcbarcelona7">{{cite web|url=http://arxiu.fcbarcelona.cat/web/english/club/historia/records/rec_colectius.html|title=FC Barcelona Records|date=12 January 2012|publisher=FC Barcelona|accessdate=12 January 2012}}</ref> a cikin shekara ta ( 2011), the club became European champions again and won five trophies. This Barcelona team,which won( 14) trophies in just( 4) years under [[Pep Guardiola]], is considered by some in the sport to be the greatest team of all time.<ref>{{cite news|title=Is this Barcelona team the best of all time?|url=http://worldsport.blogs.cnn.com/2011/12/23/is-this-barcelona-team-the-best-of-all-time/|publisher=CNN|date=23 December 2011|access-date=25 January 2019|archive-date=30 October 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171030184012/http://worldsport.blogs.cnn.com/2011/12/23/is-this-barcelona-team-the-best-of-all-time/|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref name="Ferguson">{{cite news |title=The great European Cup teams: Barcelona 2009-2011|url=https://www.theguardian.com/football/blog/2013/may/24/great-european-cup-teams-barcelona |newspaper=The Guardian |location=London | date=25 October 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Who's the Greatest of Them All? Barcelona! |url=http://mag.newsweek.com/2011/06/03/is-barcelona-the-greatest-soccer-team-ever.html |work=Newsweek |date=25 October 2015 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304211416/http://mag.newsweek.com/2011/06/03/is-barcelona-the-greatest-soccer-team-ever.html |archivedate=4 March 2016 |df=dmy-all }}</ref> Da samun nasararsu na cin kofin su na biyar a Champions League trophy on [[2015 UEFA Champions League Final|6 June 2015]],Barcelona tazama itace tafarko acikin kulub din Turai data samu yin nasarar continental treble har sau biyu. The highest paid sports team in the world,in November( 2018) Barcelona became the first sports team with average first-team pay in excess of £10m ($13.8m) per year.<ref name="Highest"> {{cite web|url=https://www.theguardian.com/football/2018/nov/25/barcelona-team-average-10m-year-wages-sporting-intelligence |title=Barcelona become first sports team to average £10m a year in wages|newspaper=The Guardian|accessdate=28 November 2018}}</ref><ref name="Highest paid">{{cite web|url=https://www.businessinsider.in/Barcelona-tops-the-2018-list-of-the-highest-paid-sports-teams-in-the-world-with-13-8-million-average-annual-salary/articleshow/66835942.cms|title=Barcelona tops the 2018 list of the highest-paid sports teams in the world with $13.8 million average annual salary|website=Business Insider|accessdate=28 November 2018|archive-date=28 November 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181128210706/https://www.businessinsider.in/Barcelona-tops-the-2018-list-of-the-highest-paid-sports-teams-in-the-world-with-13-8-million-average-annual-salary/articleshow/66835942.cms|url-status=dead}}</ref>. ==Manazarta== <references/> [[Category:Kungiyoyin wasan ƙwallon ƙafa]] csyww700upu5lmngvzh2b0lr7rb32k8 894910 894909 2026-08-11T12:35:01Z Abdulmuddalib Iabrahim Salisu 14681 894910 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} [[File:Camp_Nou_-_FC_Barcelona,_SP(4).jpg |thumb| Daga cikin filin wasa na ƙungiyar]] [[File:Barcelona FC 1893.png|thumb|Barcelona Fc 1893]] [[File:Camp Nou, FC Barcelona - FC Bayern Munich, 2013 - 12.jpg|thumb|camp nou, filin Barcelona fc]] [[File:SoundersFC vs FC Barcelona friendly (August 2009) - teams lineup.jpg|thumb|yan kungiyar Barcelona Fc sunyi line up]] [[File:RealMadrid-Barcelona.svg|thumb|rigar kungiyar Barcelona Fc wanda aka fi sani da Jersey ]] [[File:Camp Nou, FC Barcelona - FC Bayern Munich, 2013 - 14.JPG|thumb|wani bangare daga camp nou. ]] [[File:Messi Barcelona - Valladolid (cropped).jpg|thumb|Messi daya daga cikin shahareren Dan kwallan Barcelona Fc ]] [[Fayil:Futbol Club Barcelona 1922.jpg|thumb]] [[Fayil:034 Ciutat Esportiva Joan Gamper, Futbol Club Barcelona (Sant Joan Despí) (cropped).jpg|thumb]] [[Fayil:Camp Nou - FC Barcelona, SP(4).jpg|thumb]] [[Fayil:Camp Nou - FC Barcelona, SP(3).jpg|thumb]] [[Fayil:FC Barcelona vs Ilford FC - 1922.jpg|thumb]] [[Fayil:Camp Nou - FC Barcelona, SP(5).jpg|thumb]] [[Fayil:Camp Nou - FC Barcelona, SP(6).jpg|thumb]] [[Fayil:Camp Nou - FC Barcelona, SP(1).jpg|thumb]] [[Fayil:Camp Nou - FC Barcelona, SP(2).jpg|thumb]] [[Fayil:FC Barcelona, Camp Nou(Ank Kumar ) 01.jpg|thumb]] [[Fayil:FC Barcelona -Setembre 1910.jpg|thumb]] [[Fayil:1907 - Partit entre el FC Barcelona i el FC X.jpg|thumb]] [[Fayil:FC Barcelona - Novembre 1910.jpg|thumb]] [[Fayil:Xalet del FC Barcelona - 1911.jpg|thumb]] [[Fayil:SoundersFC vs FC Barcelona friendly (August 2009) - teams lineup.jpg|thumb]] [[Fayil:1909-01-03 Partit FC Barcelona - Stade Helvétique.jpg|thumb]] [[Fayil:Camp Nou - FC Barcelona, SP.jpg|thumb]] '''kulub din kwallon kafa na Barcelona''' (furucci.ca|fubˈbɔl ˈklub bəɾsəˈlonə|-|Futbol Club Barcelona) An san su da suna '''Barcelona''' ko da '''Barça''' (IPA-ca|ˈbaɾsə), kulub ɗin kwararrun kwallon kafa ne wanda ke zaune a [[Barcelona]], [[Catalonia]], Spain. An kafa kungiyar acikin shekara ta( 1899), daga wasu kungiyar yan'kwallon kafa daga Swiss, turawa dana Catalan, wanda [[Joan Gamper]] ke jagorantar su, kungiyar ta zama wata abun nuni a al'adar mutanen Catalan da [[Catalanism]], duk da taken ta ''"Más que un club"'' ('''"Mun wuce kulub kawai"''' da turanci ''"More than a club"''). Barcelona ba kamar sauran kungiyoyin kwallon kafa bace, [[Masoyan Barcelona|Masu goyon baya]] suke da kungiyar da kuma kula da ita. Barcelona ne kulub na( 3 ), da tafi kudi a duniya, da arzikin $4.07&nbsp;billion, ana samun kudin shiga, sama da €648.3&nbsp;milliyan a duk shekara.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/mikeozanian/2018/06/12/the-worlds-most-valuable-soccer-teams-2018/#3dddb7c845c8|title=The World's Most Valuable Soccer Teams 2018|last=Ozanian|first=Mike|work=Forbes}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www2.deloitte.com/uk/en/pages/sports-business-group/articles/deloitte-football-money-league.html|title=Deloitte Football Money League 2018|date=23 January 2018|accessdate=23 January 2018|publisher=Deloitte}}</ref> wakan Barcelona ita ce "[[Cant del Barça]]", wanda Jaume Picas da [[Josep Maria Espinàs]] suka rubuta.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.fcbarcelona.com/club/identity/card/the-anthems|title=The history of the Barça anthems|publisher=FC Barcelona|accessdate=24 September 2017}}</ref> [[File:FC Barcelona Trikot 2010-11.jpg|thumb]] A gasar gida, Barcelona ta lashe wasanni(25),na [[La Liga]],daku wasanni ( 30)a [[Copa del Rey]]da wasanni (13)a [[Supercopa de España]],( 3), [[Copa Eva Duarte]], da (2), [[Copa de la Liga]] kufuna , kuma ta zama babu kulub din da takaita yawan kufukan da aka lissafo a hudun karshe a Spain. Acikin Ƙungiyar ƙwallon ƙafa ta duniya, Barcelona ta lashe kyautuka( 20) na nahiyar Turai da duniya:( 5), [[UEFA Champions League]] titles, a record 4 [[UEFA Cup Winners' Cup]], a joint record( 5), [[UEFA Super Cup]], a record( 3) [[Inter-Cities Fairs Cup]], da kuma a rikodin haɗin gwiwa (3) [[FIFA Club World Cup]].<ref name="Football Europe: FC Barcelona">{{cite web|url=http://en.archive.uefa.com/footballeurope/club=50080/domestic.html |title=Football Europe: FC Barcelona |publisher=UEFA |accessdate=4 May 2009 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20100603054639/http://en.archive.uefa.com/footballeurope/club%3D50080/domestic.html |archivedate= 3 June 2010 |df= }}</ref> Barcelona ita ce na farko a Jerin kungiyoyin kwallon kafa a shekarun (''[[International Federation of Football History & Statistics]]'') Club World Ranking for (1997 zuwa 2009 da 2011 zuwa 2012 da 2015) <ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.iffhs.de/former-results/ | title=FORMER RESULTS | publisher=International Federation of Football History & Statistics | accessdate=16 December 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=http://iffhs.de/club-world-ranking-2015/ | title=Club World Ranking 2015 | publisher=International Federation of Football History & Statistics | accessdate=7 January 2015}}</ref> kuma ayanzu itace ta biyu a duniya [[UEFA club rankings]].<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.uefa.com/memberassociations/uefarankings/club/ | title=UEFA Club Rankings 2016 | publisher=UEFA | accessdate=5 June 2016}}</ref> kulub din tana hamayya sosai da kulub din [[Real Madrid CF|Real Madrid]] tun da dadewa; wasanni tsakanin su shi ake wa lakabi da ''[[El Clásico]]''. [[File:Goal for Barcelona.JPG|thumb|Taken Kungiyar Barcelona]] Barcelona na daga cikin kungiyoyin kwallon kafa dake da mabiya baya da yawa a duniya, kuma kulub din na da mafi yawan masu goyon bayan ta a kafar sada zumunta (social media).<ref name="Social media">[http://www.marca.com/en/2014/11/13/en/football/barcelona/1415913827.html "Barça, the most loved club in the world"]. ''Marca''. Madrid. Retrieved 15 December 2014.</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=Barcelona wins Social Star Award for 'Most Popular Sports Team' |url=http://www.straitstimes.com/the-big-story/social-media-awards/story/social-star-awards-2013-list-winners-20130523 |work=The Straits Times |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20131103223605/http://www.straitstimes.com/the-big-story/social-media-awards/story/social-star-awards-2013-list-winners-20130523 |archivedate=3 November 2013 }}</ref> Yan'wasan Barcelona sunfi ko wanne yan'wasan kulub yawan lashe [[Ballon d'Or (1956–2009)|Ballon d'Or]] awards da guda goma sha daya (11), daga cikin wadanda suka lashe akwai [[Johan Cruyff]], haka madai sune sukafi yan ko wacce kulub yawan lashe [[FIFA World Player of the Year]] awards da guda (7), daga cikin wadanda suka lashe akwai [[Ronaldo (Brazil)|Ronaldo]], [[Romário]], [[Ronaldinho]], da [[Rivaldo]]. shekara ta ( 2010) ,yan'wasa uku da suka taso ta academi din kulub din wato ([[Lionel Messi]], [[Andrés Iniesta]], da [[Xavi]]) an zabe su a matsayin best players a duniya a [[2010 FIFA Ballon d'Or|FIFA Ballon d'Or]] awards, an unprecedented feat for players from the same football school. Barcelona is one of three founding members of the [[La Liga|Primera División]] that have [[List of unrelegated association football clubs|never been relegated]] from the top division since its inception a cikin shekara ta (1929),along with [[Athletic Bilbao]] and Real Madrid. Acikin shekara ta ( 2009),Barcelona became the first Spanish club to win the [[Treble (association football)|continental treble]] consisting of [[2008–09 La Liga|La Liga]], [[2008–09 Copa del Rey|Copa del Rey]], and the [[2008–09 UEFA Champions League|UEFA Champions League]], and also became the first Spanish football club to win six out of six competitions in a single year, by also winning the [[2009 Supercopa de España|Spanish Super Cup]], [[2009 UEFA Super Cup|UEFA Super Cup]], and [[2009 FIFA Club World Cup|FIFA Club World Cup]].<ref name="fcbarcelona7">{{cite web|url=http://arxiu.fcbarcelona.cat/web/english/club/historia/records/rec_colectius.html|title=FC Barcelona Records|date=12 January 2012|publisher=FC Barcelona|accessdate=12 January 2012}}</ref> a cikin shekara ta ( 2011), the club became European champions again and won five trophies. This Barcelona team,which won( 14) trophies in just( 4) years under [[Pep Guardiola]], is considered by some in the sport to be the greatest team of all time.<ref>{{cite news|title=Is this Barcelona team the best of all time?|url=http://worldsport.blogs.cnn.com/2011/12/23/is-this-barcelona-team-the-best-of-all-time/|publisher=CNN|date=23 December 2011|access-date=25 January 2019|archive-date=30 October 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171030184012/http://worldsport.blogs.cnn.com/2011/12/23/is-this-barcelona-team-the-best-of-all-time/|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref name="Ferguson">{{cite news |title=The great European Cup teams: Barcelona 2009-2011|url=https://www.theguardian.com/football/blog/2013/may/24/great-european-cup-teams-barcelona |newspaper=The Guardian |location=London | date=25 October 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Who's the Greatest of Them All? Barcelona! |url=http://mag.newsweek.com/2011/06/03/is-barcelona-the-greatest-soccer-team-ever.html |work=Newsweek |date=25 October 2015 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304211416/http://mag.newsweek.com/2011/06/03/is-barcelona-the-greatest-soccer-team-ever.html |archivedate=4 March 2016 |df=dmy-all }}</ref> Da samun nasararsu na cin kofin su na biyar a Champions League trophy on [[2015 UEFA Champions League Final|6 June 2015]],Barcelona tazama itace tafarko acikin kulub din Turai data samu yin nasarar continental treble har sau biyu. The highest paid sports team in the world,in November( 2018) Barcelona became the first sports team with average first-team pay in excess of £10m ($13.8m) per year.<ref name="Highest"> {{cite web|url=https://www.theguardian.com/football/2018/nov/25/barcelona-team-average-10m-year-wages-sporting-intelligence |title=Barcelona become first sports team to average £10m a year in wages|newspaper=The Guardian|accessdate=28 November 2018}}</ref><ref name="Highest paid">{{cite web|url=https://www.businessinsider.in/Barcelona-tops-the-2018-list-of-the-highest-paid-sports-teams-in-the-world-with-13-8-million-average-annual-salary/articleshow/66835942.cms|title=Barcelona tops the 2018 list of the highest-paid sports teams in the world with $13.8 million average annual salary|website=Business Insider|accessdate=28 November 2018|archive-date=28 November 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181128210706/https://www.businessinsider.in/Barcelona-tops-the-2018-list-of-the-highest-paid-sports-teams-in-the-world-with-13-8-million-average-annual-salary/articleshow/66835942.cms|url-status=dead}}</ref>. ==Manazarta== <references/> [[Category:Kungiyoyin wasan ƙwallon ƙafa]] 19hhyditcwa7ghgp690w6iyb3otcdbm 894911 894910 2026-08-11T12:37:04Z Abdulmuddalib Iabrahim Salisu 14681 894911 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} [[File:Camp_Nou_-_FC_Barcelona,_SP(4).jpg |thumb| Daga cikin filin wasa na ƙungiyar]] [[File:Barcelona FC 1893.png|thumb|Barcelona Fc 1893]] [[File:Camp Nou, FC Barcelona - FC Bayern Munich, 2013 - 12.jpg|thumb|camp nou, filin Barcelona fc]] [[File:SoundersFC vs FC Barcelona friendly (August 2009) - teams lineup.jpg|thumb|yan kungiyar Barcelona Fc sunyi line up]] [[File:RealMadrid-Barcelona.svg|thumb|rigar kungiyar Barcelona Fc wanda aka fi sani da Jersey ]] [[File:Camp Nou, FC Barcelona - FC Bayern Munich, 2013 - 14.JPG|thumb|wani bangare daga camp nou. ]] [[File:Messi Barcelona - Valladolid (cropped).jpg|thumb|Messi daya daga cikin shahareren Dan kwallan Barcelona Fc ]] [[Fayil:Futbol Club Barcelona 1922.jpg|thumb]] [[Fayil:034 Ciutat Esportiva Joan Gamper, Futbol Club Barcelona (Sant Joan Despí) (cropped).jpg|thumb]] [[Fayil:Camp Nou - FC Barcelona, SP(4).jpg|thumb]] [[Fayil:Camp Nou - FC Barcelona, SP(3).jpg|thumb]] [[Fayil:FC Barcelona vs Ilford FC - 1922.jpg|thumb]] [[Fayil:Camp Nou - FC Barcelona, SP(5).jpg|thumb]] [[Fayil:Camp Nou - FC Barcelona, SP(6).jpg|thumb]] [[Fayil:Camp Nou - FC Barcelona, SP(1).jpg|thumb]] [[Fayil:Camp Nou - FC Barcelona, SP(2).jpg|thumb]] [[Fayil:FC Barcelona, Camp Nou(Ank Kumar ) 01.jpg|thumb]] [[Fayil:FC Barcelona -Setembre 1910.jpg|thumb]] [[Fayil:1907 - Partit entre el FC Barcelona i el FC X.jpg|thumb]] [[Fayil:FC Barcelona - Novembre 1910.jpg|thumb]] [[Fayil:Xalet del FC Barcelona - 1911.jpg|thumb]] [[Fayil:SoundersFC vs FC Barcelona friendly (August 2009) - teams lineup.jpg|thumb]] [[Fayil:1909-01-03 Partit FC Barcelona - Stade Helvétique.jpg|thumb]] [[Fayil:Camp Nou - FC Barcelona, SP.jpg|thumb]] '''kulub din kwallon kafa na Barcelona''' (furucci.ca|fubˈbɔl ˈklub bəɾsəˈlonə|-|Futbol Club Barcelona) An san su da suna '''Barcelona''' ko da '''Barça''' (IPA-ca|ˈbaɾsə), kulub ɗin kwararrun kwallon kafa ne wanda ke zaune a [[Barcelona]], [[Catalonia]], Spain. An kafa kungiyar acikin shekara ta( 1899), daga wasu kungiyar yan'kwallon kafa daga Swiss, turawa dana Catalan, wanda [[Joan Gamper]] ke jagorantar su, kungiyar ta zama wata abun nuni a al'adar mutanen Catalan da [[Catalanism]], duk da taken ta ''"Más que un club"'' ('''"Mun wuce kulub kawai"''' da turanci ''"More than a club"''). Barcelona ba kamar sauran kungiyoyin kwallon kafa bace, [[Masoyan Barcelona|Masu goyon baya]] suke da kungiyar da kuma kula da ita. Barcelona ne kulub na( 3 ), da tafi kudi a duniya, da arzikin $4.07&nbsp;billion, ana samun kudin shiga, sama da €648.3&nbsp;milliyan a duk shekara.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/mikeozanian/2018/06/12/the-worlds-most-valuable-soccer-teams-2018/#3dddb7c845c8|title=The World's Most Valuable Soccer Teams 2018|last=Ozanian|first=Mike|work=Forbes}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www2.deloitte.com/uk/en/pages/sports-business-group/articles/deloitte-football-money-league.html|title=Deloitte Football Money League 2018|date=23 January 2018|accessdate=23 January 2018|publisher=Deloitte}}</ref> wakan Barcelona ita ce "[[Cant del Barça]]", wanda Jaume Picas da [[Josep Maria Espinàs]] suka rubuta.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.fcbarcelona.com/club/identity/card/the-anthems|title=The history of the Barça anthems|publisher=FC Barcelona|accessdate=24 September 2017}}</ref> [[File:FC Barcelona Trikot 2010-11.jpg|thumb]] A gasar gida, Barcelona ta lashe wasanni(25),na [[La Liga]],daku wasanni ( 30)a [[Copa del Rey]]da wasanni (13)a [[Supercopa de España]],( 3), [[Copa Eva Duarte]], da (2), [[Copa de la Liga]] kufuna , kuma ta zama babu kulub din da takaita yawan kufukan da aka lissafo a hudun karshe a Spain. Acikin Ƙungiyar ƙwallon ƙafa ta duniya, Barcelona ta lashe kyautuka( 20) na nahiyar Turai da duniya:( 5), [[UEFA Champions League]] titles, a record 4 [[UEFA Cup Winners' Cup]], a joint record( 5), [[UEFA Super Cup]], a record( 3) [[Inter-Cities Fairs Cup]], da kuma a rikodin haɗin gwiwa (3) [[FIFA Club World Cup]].<ref name="Football Europe: FC Barcelona">{{cite web|url=http://en.archive.uefa.com/footballeurope/club=50080/domestic.html |title=Football Europe: FC Barcelona |publisher=UEFA |accessdate=4 May 2009 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20100603054639/http://en.archive.uefa.com/footballeurope/club%3D50080/domestic.html |archivedate= 3 June 2010 |df= }}</ref> Barcelona ita ce na farko a Jerin kungiyoyin kwallon kafa a shekarun (''[[International Federation of Football History & Statistics]]'') Club World Ranking for (1997 zuwa 2009 da 2011 zuwa 2012 da 2015) <ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.iffhs.de/former-results/ | title=FORMER RESULTS | publisher=International Federation of Football History & Statistics | accessdate=16 December 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=http://iffhs.de/club-world-ranking-2015/ | title=Club World Ranking 2015 | publisher=International Federation of Football History & Statistics | accessdate=7 January 2015}}</ref> kuma ayanzu itace ta biyu a duniya [[UEFA club rankings]].<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.uefa.com/memberassociations/uefarankings/club/ | title=UEFA Club Rankings 2016 | publisher=UEFA | accessdate=5 June 2016}}</ref> kulub din tana hamayya sosai da kulub din [[Real Madrid CF|Real Madrid]] tun da dadewa; wasanni tsakanin su shi ake wa lakabi da ''[[El Clásico]]''. [[File:Goal for Barcelona.JPG|thumb|Taken Kungiyar Barcelona]] Barcelona na daga cikin kungiyoyin kwallon kafa dake da mabiya baya da yawa a duniya, kuma kulub din na da mafi yawan masu goyon bayan ta a kafar sada zumunta (social media).<ref name="Social media">[http://www.marca.com/en/2014/11/13/en/football/barcelona/1415913827.html "Barça, the most loved club in the world"]. ''Marca''. Madrid. Retrieved 15 December 2014.</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=Barcelona wins Social Star Award for 'Most Popular Sports Team' |url=http://www.straitstimes.com/the-big-story/social-media-awards/story/social-star-awards-2013-list-winners-20130523 |work=The Straits Times |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20131103223605/http://www.straitstimes.com/the-big-story/social-media-awards/story/social-star-awards-2013-list-winners-20130523 |archivedate=3 November 2013 }}</ref> Yan'wasan Barcelona sunfi ko wanne yan'wasan kulub yawan lashe [[Ballon d'Or tun cikin (1956–2009)|Ballon d'Or]] awards da guda goma sha daya (11), daga cikin wadanda suka lashe akwai [[Johan Cruyff]], haka madai sune sukafi yan ko wacce kulub yawan lashe [[FIFA World Player of the Year]] awards da guda (7), daga cikin wadanda suka lashe akwai [[Ronaldo (Brazil)|Ronaldo]], [[Romário]], [[Ronaldinho]], da [[Rivaldo]]. shekara ta ( 2010) ,yan'wasa uku da suka taso ta academi din kulub din wato ([[Lionel Messi]], [[Andrés Iniesta]], da [[Xavi]]) an zabe su a matsayin best players a duniya a [[2010 FIFA Ballon d'Or|FIFA Ballon d'Or]] awards, an unprecedented feat for players from the same football school. Barcelona is one of three founding members of the [[La Liga|Primera División]] that have [[List of unrelegated association football clubs|never been relegated]] from the top division since its inception a cikin shekara ta (1929),along with [[Athletic Bilbao]] and Real Madrid. Acikin shekara ta ( 2009),Barcelona became the first Spanish club to win the [[Treble (association football)|continental treble]] consisting of [[2008–09 La Liga|La Liga]], [[2008–09 Copa del Rey|Copa del Rey]], and the [[2008–09 UEFA Champions League|UEFA Champions League]], and also became the first Spanish football club to win six out of six competitions in a single year, by also winning the [[2009 Supercopa de España|Spanish Super Cup]], [[2009 UEFA Super Cup|UEFA Super Cup]], and [[2009 FIFA Club World Cup|FIFA Club World Cup]].<ref name="fcbarcelona7">{{cite web|url=http://arxiu.fcbarcelona.cat/web/english/club/historia/records/rec_colectius.html|title=FC Barcelona Records|date=12 January 2012|publisher=FC Barcelona|accessdate=12 January 2012}}</ref> a cikin shekara ta ( 2011), the club became European champions again and won five trophies. This Barcelona team,which won( 14) trophies in just( 4) years under [[Pep Guardiola]], is considered by some in the sport to be the greatest team of all time.<ref>{{cite news|title=Is this Barcelona team the best of all time?|url=http://worldsport.blogs.cnn.com/2011/12/23/is-this-barcelona-team-the-best-of-all-time/|publisher=CNN|date=23 December 2011|access-date=25 January 2019|archive-date=30 October 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171030184012/http://worldsport.blogs.cnn.com/2011/12/23/is-this-barcelona-team-the-best-of-all-time/|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref name="Ferguson">{{cite news |title=The great European Cup teams: Barcelona 2009-2011|url=https://www.theguardian.com/football/blog/2013/may/24/great-european-cup-teams-barcelona |newspaper=The Guardian |location=London | date=25 October 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Who's the Greatest of Them All? Barcelona! |url=http://mag.newsweek.com/2011/06/03/is-barcelona-the-greatest-soccer-team-ever.html |work=Newsweek |date=25 October 2015 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304211416/http://mag.newsweek.com/2011/06/03/is-barcelona-the-greatest-soccer-team-ever.html |archivedate=4 March 2016 |df=dmy-all }}</ref> Da samun nasararsu na cin kofin su na biyar a Champions League trophy on [[2015 UEFA Champions League Final|6 June 2015]],Barcelona tazama itace tafarko acikin kulub din Turai data samu yin nasarar continental treble har sau biyu. The highest paid sports team in the world,in November( 2018) Barcelona became the first sports team with average first-team pay in excess of £10m ($13.8m) per year.<ref name="Highest"> {{cite web|url=https://www.theguardian.com/football/2018/nov/25/barcelona-team-average-10m-year-wages-sporting-intelligence |title=Barcelona become first sports team to average £10m a year in wages|newspaper=The Guardian|accessdate=28 November 2018}}</ref><ref name="Highest paid">{{cite web|url=https://www.businessinsider.in/Barcelona-tops-the-2018-list-of-the-highest-paid-sports-teams-in-the-world-with-13-8-million-average-annual-salary/articleshow/66835942.cms|title=Barcelona tops the 2018 list of the highest-paid sports teams in the world with $13.8 million average annual salary|website=Business Insider|accessdate=28 November 2018|archive-date=28 November 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181128210706/https://www.businessinsider.in/Barcelona-tops-the-2018-list-of-the-highest-paid-sports-teams-in-the-world-with-13-8-million-average-annual-salary/articleshow/66835942.cms|url-status=dead}}</ref>. ==Manazarta== <references/> [[Category:Kungiyoyin wasan ƙwallon ƙafa]] 9jl0bpcgquva3y738cbwf2ptfol3oxz 894912 894911 2026-08-11T12:39:03Z Abdulmuddalib Iabrahim Salisu 14681 894912 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} [[File:Camp_Nou_-_FC_Barcelona,_SP(4).jpg |thumb| Daga cikin filin wasa na ƙungiyar]] [[File:Barcelona FC 1893.png|thumb|Barcelona Fc 1893]] [[File:Camp Nou, FC Barcelona - FC Bayern Munich, 2013 - 12.jpg|thumb|camp nou, filin Barcelona fc]] [[File:SoundersFC vs FC Barcelona friendly (August 2009) - teams lineup.jpg|thumb|yan kungiyar Barcelona Fc sunyi line up]] [[File:RealMadrid-Barcelona.svg|thumb|rigar kungiyar Barcelona Fc wanda aka fi sani da Jersey ]] [[File:Camp Nou, FC Barcelona - FC Bayern Munich, 2013 - 14.JPG|thumb|wani bangare daga camp nou. ]] [[File:Messi Barcelona - Valladolid (cropped).jpg|thumb|Messi daya daga cikin shahareren Dan kwallan Barcelona Fc ]] [[Fayil:Futbol Club Barcelona 1922.jpg|thumb]] [[Fayil:034 Ciutat Esportiva Joan Gamper, Futbol Club Barcelona (Sant Joan Despí) (cropped).jpg|thumb]] [[Fayil:Camp Nou - FC Barcelona, SP(4).jpg|thumb]] [[Fayil:Camp Nou - FC Barcelona, SP(3).jpg|thumb]] [[Fayil:FC Barcelona vs Ilford FC - 1922.jpg|thumb]] [[Fayil:Camp Nou - FC Barcelona, SP(5).jpg|thumb]] [[Fayil:Camp Nou - FC Barcelona, SP(6).jpg|thumb]] [[Fayil:Camp Nou - FC Barcelona, SP(1).jpg|thumb]] [[Fayil:Camp Nou - FC Barcelona, SP(2).jpg|thumb]] [[Fayil:FC Barcelona, Camp Nou(Ank Kumar ) 01.jpg|thumb]] [[Fayil:FC Barcelona -Setembre 1910.jpg|thumb]] [[Fayil:1907 - Partit entre el FC Barcelona i el FC X.jpg|thumb]] [[Fayil:FC Barcelona - Novembre 1910.jpg|thumb]] [[Fayil:Xalet del FC Barcelona - 1911.jpg|thumb]] [[Fayil:SoundersFC vs FC Barcelona friendly (August 2009) - teams lineup.jpg|thumb]] [[Fayil:1909-01-03 Partit FC Barcelona - Stade Helvétique.jpg|thumb]] [[Fayil:Camp Nou - FC Barcelona, SP.jpg|thumb]] '''kulub din kwallon kafa na Barcelona''' (furucci.ca|fubˈbɔl ˈklub bəɾsəˈlonə|-|Futbol Club Barcelona) An san su da suna '''Barcelona''' ko da '''Barça''' (IPA-ca|ˈbaɾsə), kulub ɗin kwararrun kwallon kafa ne wanda ke zaune a [[Barcelona]], [[Catalonia]], Spain. An kafa kungiyar acikin shekara ta( 1899), daga wasu kungiyar yan'kwallon kafa daga Swiss, turawa dana Catalan, wanda [[Joan Gamper]] ke jagorantar su, kungiyar ta zama wata abun nuni a al'adar mutanen Catalan da [[Catalanism]], duk da taken ta ''"Más que un club"'' ('''"Mun wuce kulub kawai"''' da turanci ''"More than a club"''). Barcelona ba kamar sauran kungiyoyin kwallon kafa bace, [[Masoyan Barcelona|Masu goyon baya]] suke da kungiyar da kuma kula da ita. Barcelona ne kulub na( 3 ), da tafi kudi a duniya, da arzikin $4.07&nbsp;billion, ana samun kudin shiga, sama da €648.3&nbsp;milliyan a duk shekara.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/mikeozanian/2018/06/12/the-worlds-most-valuable-soccer-teams-2018/#3dddb7c845c8|title=The World's Most Valuable Soccer Teams 2018|last=Ozanian|first=Mike|work=Forbes}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www2.deloitte.com/uk/en/pages/sports-business-group/articles/deloitte-football-money-league.html|title=Deloitte Football Money League 2018|date=23 January 2018|accessdate=23 January 2018|publisher=Deloitte}}</ref> wakan Barcelona ita ce "[[Cant del Barça]]", wanda Jaume Picas da [[Josep Maria Espinàs]] suka rubuta.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.fcbarcelona.com/club/identity/card/the-anthems|title=The history of the Barça anthems|publisher=FC Barcelona|accessdate=24 September 2017}}</ref> [[File:FC Barcelona Trikot 2010-11.jpg|thumb]] A gasar gida, Barcelona ta lashe wasanni(25),na [[La Liga]],daku wasanni ( 30)a [[Copa del Rey]]da wasanni (13)a [[Supercopa de España]],( 3), [[Copa Eva Duarte]], da (2), [[Copa de la Liga]] kufuna , kuma ta zama babu kulub din da takaita yawan kufukan da aka lissafo a hudun karshe a Spain. Acikin Ƙungiyar ƙwallon ƙafa ta duniya, Barcelona ta lashe kyautuka( 20) na nahiyar Turai da duniya:( 5), [[UEFA Champions League]] titles, a record 4 [[UEFA Cup Winners' Cup]], a joint record( 5), [[UEFA Super Cup]], a record( 3) [[Inter-Cities Fairs Cup]], da kuma a rikodin haɗin gwiwa (3) [[FIFA Club World Cup]].<ref name="Football Europe: FC Barcelona">{{cite web|url=http://en.archive.uefa.com/footballeurope/club=50080/domestic.html |title=Football Europe: FC Barcelona |publisher=UEFA |accessdate=4 May 2009 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20100603054639/http://en.archive.uefa.com/footballeurope/club%3D50080/domestic.html |archivedate= 3 June 2010 |df= }}</ref> Barcelona ita ce na farko a Jerin kungiyoyin kwallon kafa a shekarun (''[[International Federation of Football History & Statistics]]'') Club World Ranking for)daga cikin (1997 zuwa 2009 da 2011 zuwa 2012 da 2015) <ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.iffhs.de/former-results/ | title=FORMER RESULTS | publisher=International Federation of Football History & Statistics | accessdate=16 December 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=http://iffhs.de/club-world-ranking-2015/ | title=Club World Ranking 2015 | publisher=International Federation of Football History & Statistics | accessdate=7 January 2015}}</ref> kuma ayanzu itace ta biyu a duniya [[UEFA club rankings]].<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.uefa.com/memberassociations/uefarankings/club/ | title=UEFA Club Rankings 2016 | publisher=UEFA | accessdate=5 June 2016}}</ref> kulub din tana hamayya sosai da kulub din [[Real Madrid CF|Real Madrid]] tun da dadewa; wasanni tsakanin su shi ake wa lakabi da ''[[El Clásico]]''. [[File:Goal for Barcelona.JPG|thumb|Taken Kungiyar Barcelona]] Barcelona na daga cikin kungiyoyin kwallon kafa dake da mabiya baya da yawa a duniya, kuma kulub din na da mafi yawan masu goyon bayan ta a kafar sada zumunta (social media).<ref name="Social media">[http://www.marca.com/en/2014/11/13/en/football/barcelona/1415913827.html "Barça, the most loved club in the world"]. ''Marca''. Madrid. Retrieved 15 December 2014.</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=Barcelona wins Social Star Award for 'Most Popular Sports Team' |url=http://www.straitstimes.com/the-big-story/social-media-awards/story/social-star-awards-2013-list-winners-20130523 |work=The Straits Times |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20131103223605/http://www.straitstimes.com/the-big-story/social-media-awards/story/social-star-awards-2013-list-winners-20130523 |archivedate=3 November 2013 }}</ref> Yan'wasan Barcelona sunfi ko wanne yan'wasan kulub yawan lashe [[Ballon d'Or tun cikin (1956–2009)|Ballon d'Or]] awards da guda goma sha daya (11), daga cikin wadanda suka lashe akwai [[Johan Cruyff]], haka madai sune sukafi yan ko wacce kulub yawan lashe [[FIFA World Player of the Year]] awards da guda (7), daga cikin wadanda suka lashe akwai [[Ronaldo (Brazil)|Ronaldo]], [[Romário]], [[Ronaldinho]], da [[Rivaldo]]. shekara ta ( 2010) ,yan'wasa uku da suka taso ta academi din kulub din wato ([[Lionel Messi]], [[Andrés Iniesta]], da [[Xavi]]) an zabe su a matsayin best players a duniya a [[2010 FIFA Ballon d'Or|FIFA Ballon d'Or]] awards, an unprecedented feat for players from the same football school. Barcelona is one of three founding members of the [[La Liga|Primera División]] that have [[List of unrelegated association football clubs|never been relegated]] from the top division since its inception a cikin shekara ta (1929),along with [[Athletic Bilbao]] and Real Madrid. Acikin shekara ta ( 2009),Barcelona became the first Spanish club to win the [[Treble (association football)|continental treble]] consisting of [[2008–09 La Liga|La Liga]], [[2008–09 Copa del Rey|Copa del Rey]], and the [[2008–09 UEFA Champions League|UEFA Champions League]], and also became the first Spanish football club to win six out of six competitions in a single year, by also winning the [[2009 Supercopa de España|Spanish Super Cup]], [[2009 UEFA Super Cup|UEFA Super Cup]], and [[2009 FIFA Club World Cup|FIFA Club World Cup]].<ref name="fcbarcelona7">{{cite web|url=http://arxiu.fcbarcelona.cat/web/english/club/historia/records/rec_colectius.html|title=FC Barcelona Records|date=12 January 2012|publisher=FC Barcelona|accessdate=12 January 2012}}</ref> a cikin shekara ta ( 2011), the club became European champions again and won five trophies. This Barcelona team,which won( 14) trophies in just( 4) years under [[Pep Guardiola]], is considered by some in the sport to be the greatest team of all time.<ref>{{cite news|title=Is this Barcelona team the best of all time?|url=http://worldsport.blogs.cnn.com/2011/12/23/is-this-barcelona-team-the-best-of-all-time/|publisher=CNN|date=23 December 2011|access-date=25 January 2019|archive-date=30 October 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171030184012/http://worldsport.blogs.cnn.com/2011/12/23/is-this-barcelona-team-the-best-of-all-time/|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref name="Ferguson">{{cite news |title=The great European Cup teams: Barcelona 2009-2011|url=https://www.theguardian.com/football/blog/2013/may/24/great-european-cup-teams-barcelona |newspaper=The Guardian |location=London | date=25 October 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Who's the Greatest of Them All? Barcelona! |url=http://mag.newsweek.com/2011/06/03/is-barcelona-the-greatest-soccer-team-ever.html |work=Newsweek |date=25 October 2015 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304211416/http://mag.newsweek.com/2011/06/03/is-barcelona-the-greatest-soccer-team-ever.html |archivedate=4 March 2016 |df=dmy-all }}</ref> Da samun nasararsu na cin kofin su na biyar a Champions League trophy on [[2015 UEFA Champions League Final|6 June 2015]],Barcelona tazama itace tafarko acikin kulub din Turai data samu yin nasarar continental treble har sau biyu. The highest paid sports team in the world,in November( 2018) Barcelona became the first sports team with average first-team pay in excess of £10m ($13.8m) per year.<ref name="Highest"> {{cite web|url=https://www.theguardian.com/football/2018/nov/25/barcelona-team-average-10m-year-wages-sporting-intelligence |title=Barcelona become first sports team to average £10m a year in wages|newspaper=The Guardian|accessdate=28 November 2018}}</ref><ref name="Highest paid">{{cite web|url=https://www.businessinsider.in/Barcelona-tops-the-2018-list-of-the-highest-paid-sports-teams-in-the-world-with-13-8-million-average-annual-salary/articleshow/66835942.cms|title=Barcelona tops the 2018 list of the highest-paid sports teams in the world with $13.8 million average annual salary|website=Business Insider|accessdate=28 November 2018|archive-date=28 November 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181128210706/https://www.businessinsider.in/Barcelona-tops-the-2018-list-of-the-highest-paid-sports-teams-in-the-world-with-13-8-million-average-annual-salary/articleshow/66835942.cms|url-status=dead}}</ref>. ==Manazarta== <references/> [[Category:Kungiyoyin wasan ƙwallon ƙafa]] 6a1obikbmys3hotnun4qaftoe9oiook 894913 894912 2026-08-11T12:39:56Z Abdulmuddalib Iabrahim Salisu 14681 894913 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} [[File:Camp_Nou_-_FC_Barcelona,_SP(4).jpg |thumb| Daga cikin filin wasa na ƙungiyar]] [[File:Barcelona FC 1893.png|thumb|Barcelona Fc 1893]] [[File:Camp Nou, FC Barcelona - FC Bayern Munich, 2013 - 12.jpg|thumb|camp nou, filin Barcelona fc]] [[File:SoundersFC vs FC Barcelona friendly (August 2009) - teams lineup.jpg|thumb|yan kungiyar Barcelona Fc sunyi line up]] [[File:RealMadrid-Barcelona.svg|thumb|rigar kungiyar Barcelona Fc wanda aka fi sani da Jersey ]] [[File:Camp Nou, FC Barcelona - FC Bayern Munich, 2013 - 14.JPG|thumb|wani bangare daga camp nou. ]] [[File:Messi Barcelona - Valladolid (cropped).jpg|thumb|Messi daya daga cikin shahareren Dan kwallan Barcelona Fc ]] [[Fayil:Futbol Club Barcelona 1922.jpg|thumb]] [[Fayil:034 Ciutat Esportiva Joan Gamper, Futbol Club Barcelona (Sant Joan Despí) (cropped).jpg|thumb]] [[Fayil:Camp Nou - FC Barcelona, SP(4).jpg|thumb]] [[Fayil:Camp Nou - FC Barcelona, SP(3).jpg|thumb]] [[Fayil:FC Barcelona vs Ilford FC - 1922.jpg|thumb]] [[Fayil:Camp Nou - FC Barcelona, SP(5).jpg|thumb]] [[Fayil:Camp Nou - FC Barcelona, SP(6).jpg|thumb]] [[Fayil:Camp Nou - FC Barcelona, SP(1).jpg|thumb]] [[Fayil:Camp Nou - FC Barcelona, SP(2).jpg|thumb]] [[Fayil:FC Barcelona, Camp Nou(Ank Kumar ) 01.jpg|thumb]] [[Fayil:FC Barcelona -Setembre 1910.jpg|thumb]] [[Fayil:1907 - Partit entre el FC Barcelona i el FC X.jpg|thumb]] [[Fayil:FC Barcelona - Novembre 1910.jpg|thumb]] [[Fayil:Xalet del FC Barcelona - 1911.jpg|thumb]] [[Fayil:SoundersFC vs FC Barcelona friendly (August 2009) - teams lineup.jpg|thumb]] [[Fayil:1909-01-03 Partit FC Barcelona - Stade Helvétique.jpg|thumb]] [[Fayil:Camp Nou - FC Barcelona, SP.jpg|thumb]] '''kulub din kwallon kafa na Barcelona''' (furucci.ca|fubˈbɔl ˈklub bəɾsəˈlonə|-|Futbol Club Barcelona) An san su da suna '''Barcelona''' ko da '''Barça''' (IPA-ca|ˈbaɾsə), kulub ɗin kwararrun kwallon kafa ne wanda ke zaune a [[Barcelona]], [[Catalonia]], Spain. An kafa kungiyar acikin shekara ta( 1899), daga wasu kungiyar yan'kwallon kafa daga Swiss, turawa dana Catalan, wanda [[Joan Gamper]] ke jagorantar su, kungiyar ta zama wata abun nuni a al'adar mutanen Catalan da [[Catalanism]], duk da taken ta ''"Más que un club"'' ('''"Mun wuce kulub kawai"''' da turanci ''"More than a club"''). Barcelona ba kamar sauran kungiyoyin kwallon kafa bace, [[Masoyan Barcelona|Masu goyon baya]] suke da kungiyar da kuma kula da ita. Barcelona ne kulub na( 3 ), da tafi kudi a duniya, da arzikin $4.07&nbsp;billion, ana samun kudin shiga, sama da €648.3&nbsp;milliyan a duk shekara.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/mikeozanian/2018/06/12/the-worlds-most-valuable-soccer-teams-2018/#3dddb7c845c8|title=The World's Most Valuable Soccer Teams 2018|last=Ozanian|first=Mike|work=Forbes}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www2.deloitte.com/uk/en/pages/sports-business-group/articles/deloitte-football-money-league.html|title=Deloitte Football Money League 2018|date=23 January 2018|accessdate=23 January 2018|publisher=Deloitte}}</ref> wakan Barcelona ita ce "[[Cant del Barça]]", wanda Jaume Picas da [[Josep Maria Espinàs]] suka rubuta.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.fcbarcelona.com/club/identity/card/the-anthems|title=The history of the Barça anthems|publisher=FC Barcelona|accessdate=24 September 2017}}</ref> [[File:FC Barcelona Trikot 2010-11.jpg|thumb]] A gasar gida, Barcelona ta lashe wasanni(25),na [[La Liga]],daku wasanni ( 30)a [[Copa del Rey]]da wasanni (13)a [[Supercopa de España]],( 3), [[Copa Eva Duarte]], da (2), [[Copa de la Liga]] kufuna , kuma ta zama babu kulub din da takaita yawan kufukan da aka lissafo a hudun karshe a Spain. Acikin Ƙungiyar ƙwallon ƙafa ta duniya, Barcelona ta lashe kyautuka( 20) na nahiyar Turai da duniya:( 5), [[UEFA Champions League]] titles, a record 4 [[UEFA Cup Winners' Cup]], a joint record( 5), [[UEFA Super Cup]], a record( 3) [[Inter-Cities Fairs Cup]], da kuma a rikodin haɗin gwiwa (3) [[FIFA Club World Cup]].<ref name="Football Europe: FC Barcelona">{{cite web|url=http://en.archive.uefa.com/footballeurope/club=50080/domestic.html |title=Football Europe: FC Barcelona |publisher=UEFA |accessdate=4 May 2009 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20100603054639/http://en.archive.uefa.com/footballeurope/club%3D50080/domestic.html |archivedate= 3 June 2010 |df= }}</ref> Barcelona ita ce na farko a Jerin kungiyoyin kwallon kafa a shekarun (''[[International Federation of Football History & Statistics]]'') Club World Ranking for)daga cikin shekara ta (1997 zuwa 2009 da 2011 zuwa 2012 da 2015) <ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.iffhs.de/former-results/ | title=FORMER RESULTS | publisher=International Federation of Football History & Statistics | accessdate=16 December 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=http://iffhs.de/club-world-ranking-2015/ | title=Club World Ranking 2015 | publisher=International Federation of Football History & Statistics | accessdate=7 January 2015}}</ref> kuma ayanzu itace ta biyu a duniya [[UEFA club rankings]].<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.uefa.com/memberassociations/uefarankings/club/ | title=UEFA Club Rankings 2016 | publisher=UEFA | accessdate=5 June 2016}}</ref> kulub din tana hamayya sosai da kulub din [[Real Madrid CF|Real Madrid]] tun da dadewa; wasanni tsakanin su shi ake wa lakabi da ''[[El Clásico]]''. [[File:Goal for Barcelona.JPG|thumb|Taken Kungiyar Barcelona]] Barcelona na daga cikin kungiyoyin kwallon kafa dake da mabiya baya da yawa a duniya, kuma kulub din na da mafi yawan masu goyon bayan ta a kafar sada zumunta (social media).<ref name="Social media">[http://www.marca.com/en/2014/11/13/en/football/barcelona/1415913827.html "Barça, the most loved club in the world"]. ''Marca''. Madrid. Retrieved 15 December 2014.</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=Barcelona wins Social Star Award for 'Most Popular Sports Team' |url=http://www.straitstimes.com/the-big-story/social-media-awards/story/social-star-awards-2013-list-winners-20130523 |work=The Straits Times |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20131103223605/http://www.straitstimes.com/the-big-story/social-media-awards/story/social-star-awards-2013-list-winners-20130523 |archivedate=3 November 2013 }}</ref> Yan'wasan Barcelona sunfi ko wanne yan'wasan kulub yawan lashe [[Ballon d'Or tun cikin (1956–2009)|Ballon d'Or]] awards da guda goma sha daya (11), daga cikin wadanda suka lashe akwai [[Johan Cruyff]], haka madai sune sukafi yan ko wacce kulub yawan lashe [[FIFA World Player of the Year]] awards da guda (7), daga cikin wadanda suka lashe akwai [[Ronaldo (Brazil)|Ronaldo]], [[Romário]], [[Ronaldinho]], da [[Rivaldo]]. shekara ta ( 2010) ,yan'wasa uku da suka taso ta academi din kulub din wato ([[Lionel Messi]], [[Andrés Iniesta]], da [[Xavi]]) an zabe su a matsayin best players a duniya a [[2010 FIFA Ballon d'Or|FIFA Ballon d'Or]] awards, an unprecedented feat for players from the same football school. Barcelona is one of three founding members of the [[La Liga|Primera División]] that have [[List of unrelegated association football clubs|never been relegated]] from the top division since its inception a cikin shekara ta (1929),along with [[Athletic Bilbao]] and Real Madrid. Acikin shekara ta ( 2009),Barcelona became the first Spanish club to win the [[Treble (association football)|continental treble]] consisting of [[2008–09 La Liga|La Liga]], [[2008–09 Copa del Rey|Copa del Rey]], and the [[2008–09 UEFA Champions League|UEFA Champions League]], and also became the first Spanish football club to win six out of six competitions in a single year, by also winning the [[2009 Supercopa de España|Spanish Super Cup]], [[2009 UEFA Super Cup|UEFA Super Cup]], and [[2009 FIFA Club World Cup|FIFA Club World Cup]].<ref name="fcbarcelona7">{{cite web|url=http://arxiu.fcbarcelona.cat/web/english/club/historia/records/rec_colectius.html|title=FC Barcelona Records|date=12 January 2012|publisher=FC Barcelona|accessdate=12 January 2012}}</ref> a cikin shekara ta ( 2011), the club became European champions again and won five trophies. This Barcelona team,which won( 14) trophies in just( 4) years under [[Pep Guardiola]], is considered by some in the sport to be the greatest team of all time.<ref>{{cite news|title=Is this Barcelona team the best of all time?|url=http://worldsport.blogs.cnn.com/2011/12/23/is-this-barcelona-team-the-best-of-all-time/|publisher=CNN|date=23 December 2011|access-date=25 January 2019|archive-date=30 October 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171030184012/http://worldsport.blogs.cnn.com/2011/12/23/is-this-barcelona-team-the-best-of-all-time/|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref name="Ferguson">{{cite news |title=The great European Cup teams: Barcelona 2009-2011|url=https://www.theguardian.com/football/blog/2013/may/24/great-european-cup-teams-barcelona |newspaper=The Guardian |location=London | date=25 October 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Who's the Greatest of Them All? Barcelona! |url=http://mag.newsweek.com/2011/06/03/is-barcelona-the-greatest-soccer-team-ever.html |work=Newsweek |date=25 October 2015 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304211416/http://mag.newsweek.com/2011/06/03/is-barcelona-the-greatest-soccer-team-ever.html |archivedate=4 March 2016 |df=dmy-all }}</ref> Da samun nasararsu na cin kofin su na biyar a Champions League trophy on [[2015 UEFA Champions League Final|6 June 2015]],Barcelona tazama itace tafarko acikin kulub din Turai data samu yin nasarar continental treble har sau biyu. The highest paid sports team in the world,in November( 2018) Barcelona became the first sports team with average first-team pay in excess of £10m ($13.8m) per year.<ref name="Highest"> {{cite web|url=https://www.theguardian.com/football/2018/nov/25/barcelona-team-average-10m-year-wages-sporting-intelligence |title=Barcelona become first sports team to average £10m a year in wages|newspaper=The Guardian|accessdate=28 November 2018}}</ref><ref name="Highest paid">{{cite web|url=https://www.businessinsider.in/Barcelona-tops-the-2018-list-of-the-highest-paid-sports-teams-in-the-world-with-13-8-million-average-annual-salary/articleshow/66835942.cms|title=Barcelona tops the 2018 list of the highest-paid sports teams in the world with $13.8 million average annual salary|website=Business Insider|accessdate=28 November 2018|archive-date=28 November 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181128210706/https://www.businessinsider.in/Barcelona-tops-the-2018-list-of-the-highest-paid-sports-teams-in-the-world-with-13-8-million-average-annual-salary/articleshow/66835942.cms|url-status=dead}}</ref>. ==Manazarta== <references/> [[Category:Kungiyoyin wasan ƙwallon ƙafa]] 5hrabacq23rrrf56w0x8wu202a3tr5q 0 10211 895534 892885 2026-08-12T10:16:48Z Maryam Abdullahi Y 43904 895534 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} [[File:Long khanh fallen.jpg|thumb|Yakin Duniya]] [[File:Willem van de Velde II - Dutch men-o'-war and other shipping in a calm.jpg|thumb|Ayarin Sojin Holland]] [[File:A Finnish Maxim M-32 machine gun nest during the Winter War.jpg|thumb|Sojoji sun yi kwantan bauna]] '''Yaƙin Duniya na I''' da turanci ''World War I'' (ana kintse sunan '''WWI''' ko '''WW1'''), kuma ana kiran shi da ''First World War'' da turanci wato '''Yaƙin Duniya na Farko''' kuma '''''Great''' War'' wato '''Babban Yaƙi''',wani yaƙin Duniya ne da ya faro daga nahiyar [[Turai]] wanda aka fara tun daga 28 ga watan Juli na shekara ta alif ɗari 1914 har zuwa 11 ga watan Nuwanban shekarar 1918. Wanda kuma ayanzu ake danganta shi da suna ''"the war to end all wars"'' wato ''Yaƙin da zai tsaida Yaƙoƙi'',<ref>{{cite news |date=10 November 1998 |title=The war to end all wars |publisher=BBC News |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/special_report/1998/10/98/world_war_i/198172.stm}}</ref> ya kai ga hada fiye da miliyan 70&nbsp;million na [[ma'aikatan soja]], da miliyan 60 na Turawa, wanda kuma yasa yazama ɗaya daga cikin babban yaƙi ɗaya daga cikin yaƙin da aka rasa rayuka da dama a tarihi, an kuma ƙiyasta kusan mutane miliyan 9 [[Mayaƙa]] aka rasa da miliyan 7 na farin hula waɗanda suka mutu sanadiyar yaƙin, wanda ya haifar da kisan kiyashi da cutar wa. Kuma yayi sanadiyar rasa rayukan Mutane miliyan 50 zuwa 100 a duniya baki ɗaya.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Williams |first1=Rachel |title=Dual Threat: The Spanish Influenza and World War I |date=2014 |publisher=Trace: Tennessee Research and Creative Exchange |location=University of Tennessee Thesis |pages=4–10 |url=https://trace.tennessee.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?referer=https://www.google.com/&httpsredir=1&article=2761&context=utk_chanhonoproj |accessdate=10 September 2018 |archive-date=29 October 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211029163914/https://trace.tennessee.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?referer=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.google.com%2F&httpsredir=1&article=2761&context=utk_chanhonoproj |url-status=dead }}</ref> A 28 ga Yunin shekarar 1914, Gavrilo Princip, wani ɗan ƙasar [[Yugoslavia]], ya kuma kashe Archduke Franz Ferdinand wanda shine magajin Archduke Franz Ferdinand a garin Sarajevo, hakan ya haifar da rikkicin watan Yuli.<ref name="AJPT2"> harvnb |Taylor |1998 |pp=80–93}}</ref> akan mayar da martani, a 23 Yuli Wanda amsar da ƙasar Serbia ta bayar bai gamsar da [[Austriya]] ba, yasa suka shiga yaƙi tsakanin su. Haɗakar ƙawance ya faɗaɗa rikicin akan wani ɗan tattaunawa ne tsakanin mutum biyu a Balkans zuwa ga babban rikici da ya game yawancin nahiyar [[Turai]]. A July na shekarar 1914, [[great powers]] dake Turai sun rabu zuwa haɗaka daban-daban: akwai [[Triple Entente]]—wanda ta haɗa da [[French Third Republic|France]], [[Russian Empire|Russia]] da [[British Empire|Britain]] aciki— da kuma [[Triple Alliance (1882)|Triple Alliance]] na [[German Empire|Germany]], [[Austria-Hungary]] da kuma [[Kingdom of Italy|Italy]] (wanda Triple Alliance sun kasance masu kariya ne, sun bar ƙasar Italiya ta fita daga yaƙin a shekara ta 1914).<ref name="Seymour">{{cite book |title=The Diplomatic Background of the War |author=Charles Seymour |publisher=[[Yale University Press]] |year=1916 |pages=35, 147}}</ref> Rasha ta kasa yin abunda yakama ce ta, na kare Serbia da, bayan Austria-Hungary shelled da babban birnin Serbiya [[Belgrade]] a 28th, an yarda da haɗaka.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Lieven |first1=Dominic |title=Towards the Flame: Empire, War and the End of Tsarist Russia |date=2016 |publisher=Penguin |isbn=978-0141399744 |page=326}}</ref> Babban haɗakar da Rasha tayi, ta bayyana shi ne a yammacin 30 July; a 31st, Austria-Hungary da Germany suma suka yi haka, sai ita kuma Germany ta nema Rasha data rushe haɗakarta acikin awanni goma sha biyu (12 hours).<ref>{{cite book |last1=Martel |first1=Gordon |title=The Month that Changed the World: July 1914 and WWI |date=2014 |publisher=OUP |location=6286 |edition=Kindle |ref=B00K79UOPK}}</ref> itakuma Rasha taƙi bin wannan umurni, wanda hakan yasa Germany ta ƙaddamar da yaƙi a farkon (1) watan Augusta domin taimakon Austria-Hungary, a tareda Austria-Hungary following suit on 6th; sai ƙasar Faransa ta umurce cikakkiyar haɗaka domin taimakawa Rasha a biyu ga watan Agusta.<ref>{{cite journal |title=Le Président de la République, R. [Raymond] Poincaré et al., 'A La Nation Française' |journal=Journal Officiel de la République Française |date=2 August 1914 |pages=7053–7054 |url=https://www.loc.gov/law/help/digitized-books/world-war-i-declarations/ww1-gazettes/France-doc-3-OCR-SPLIT.pdf |accessdate=26 August 2018}}</ref> Dabarun ƙasar Jamus na gabza yaƙi akan Faransa da Rasha shine ta tattara sojoji a yamma waɗanda zasu yi galaba akan France cikin makonni huɗu, sannan kuma ta aika da sojojin Gabas dan gabzawa da Rasha kafin ta gama shiryawa; wanan dabarar ce akasa wa suna [[Schlieffen Plan]].<ref>{{cite book |last1=Zuber |first1=Terence |title=Inventing the Schlieffen Plan: German War Planning 1871–1914 |date=2011 |publisher=OUP |isbn=978-0198718055 |pages=46–49 |edition=2014}}</ref> A biyu ga watan August, Germany ta nemi hanya da zata riƙa wucewa ta kasar Belgium, itace muhimmin samun nasara akan Faransa.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Note Given 2 August 1914, at 19 hours, by M. de Below Saleske [Klaus von Below-Saleske], Minister of Germany, to M. Davignon, Minister of Foreign Affairs] |title=Documents Diplomatiques 1914: La Guerre Européenne Diplomatic Documents 1914: The European War |date=1914 |publisher=Ministère des Affaires Étrangères (Ministry of Foreign Affairs) |page=201 |url=https://www.loc.gov/law/help/digitized-books/world-war-i-declarations/ww1-gazettes/Belgium-1-OCR.pdf |accessdate=26 August 2018}}</ref> bayan kin hakan, sai domin Jamus ta farwa ƙasar Belgium da safiyar ukun Augusta, kuma suka kaddamar da yaki a Faransa a wannan rana; the Belgian government invoked the [[Treaty of London (1839)|1839 Treaty of London]] and in compliance with its obligations under this, Britaniyasuka kaddamar da yaki akan Jamus (Germany ) a ranar hudu ga watan Agusta. A shabiyu ga watan Agusta, Burtaniya da Faransa suka kaddamar da yaki akan Austria-Hungary; a 23rd, [[Empire of Japan|Japan]] sided with the Entente, seizing German possessions in [[Republic of China (1912–1949)|China]] and the Pacific. In November 1914, the [[Ottoman Empire]] entered the war on the side of the Alliance, opening fronts in the [[Caucasus Campaign|Caucasus]], [[Mesopotamian campaign|Mesopotamia]] and the [[Sinai and Palestine Campaign|Sinai Peninsula]]. The war was fought in and drew upon each powers' colonial empires as well, spreading the conflict to [[African theatre of World War I|Africa]] and across the globe. The Entente and its allies would eventually become known as the [[Allies of World War I|Allied Powers]], while the grouping of Austria-Hungary, Germany and their allies would become known as the [[Central Powers]]. The German advance into France was halted at the [[First Battle of the Marne|Battle of the Marne]] and by the end of 1914, the [[Western Front (World War I)|Western Front]] settled into a [[battle of attrition]], marked by a long series of [[trench warfare|trench lines]] that changed little until 1917 (the [[Eastern Front (World War I)|Eastern Front]], by contrast, was marked by much greater exchanges of territory). In 1915, Italy joined the Allied Powers and opened a [[Alpine Front|front in the Alps]]. The [[Kingdom of Bulgaria]] joined the Central Powers in 1915 and the [[Kingdom of Greece]] joined the Allies in 1917, expanding the [[Balkans Campaign (World War I)|war in the Balkans]]. The United States initially remained neutral, though it was an important supplier of war material to the Allies. However, after the sinking of American merchant ships by German submarines, and [[Zimmermann Telegram|the revelation]] that the Germans were trying to incite Mexico to make war on the United States, the [[American entry into World War I|U.S. declared war on Germany]] on 6 April 1917. Trained American forces would not begin arriving at the front in large numbers until mid-1918, but ultimately the [[American Expeditionary Forces|American Expeditionary Force]] would reach some two million troops.<ref>Edward M. Coffman, ''The War to End All Wars: The American Military Experience in World War I'' (1998)</ref> Though [[Serbian Campaign of World War I|Serbia was defeated in 1915]], and [[Kingdom of Romania|Romania]] joined the Allied Powers in 1916 [[Romania during World War I|only to be defeated in 1917]], none of the great powers were knocked out of the war until 1918. The 1917 [[February Revolution]] in Russia replaced the [[Tsarist autocracy]] with the [[Russian Provisional Government|Provisional Government]], but continuing discontent at the cost of the war led to the [[October Revolution]], the creation of the [[Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic|Soviet Socialist Republic]], and the signing of the [[Treaty of Brest-Litovsk]] by the new government in March 1918, ending Russia's involvement in the war. This allowed the transfer of large numbers of German troops from the East to the Western Front, resulting in the [[Spring Offensive|German March 1918 Offensive]]. This offensive was initially successful, but the Allies rallied and drove the Germans back in their [[Hundred Days Offensive]].<ref>{{cite book |last1=Sheffield |first1=Gary |title=Forgotten Victory |date=2002 |publisher=Review |isbn=978-0747271574 |page=251}}</ref> Bulgaria was the first Central Power to sign an armistice—the [[Armistice of Salonica]] on 29 September 1918. On 30 October, the Ottoman Empire capitulated, signing the [[Armistice of Mudros]].<ref name="indiana.edu-1918" /> On 4 November, the Austro-Hungarian empire agreed to the [[Armistice of Villa Giusti]]. With its allies defeated, [[German Revolution of 1918–19|revolution]] at home, and the military no longer willing to fight, [[Wilhelm II, German Emperor|Kaiser Wilhelm]] abdicated on 9 November and Germany signed an [[Armistice of 11 November 1918|armistice on 11 November 1918]]. World War I was a significant turning point in the political, cultural, economic, and social climate of the world. The war [[Aftermath of World War I|and its immediate aftermath]] sparked numerous [[Revolutions of 1917–1923|revolutions and uprisings]]. The [[The Big Four (World War I)|Big Four]] (Britain, France, the United States, and Italy) imposed their terms on the defeated powers in a series of treaties agreed at the 1919 [[Paris Peace Conference, 1919|Paris Peace Conference]], the most well known being the German peace treaty—the [[Treaty of Versailles]].<ref>{{cite book |last1=Gerwath |first1=Robert |title=The Vanquished: Why the First World War Failed to End, 1917–1923 |date=2016 |publisher=Penguin |location=3323–3342 |isbn=978-0141976372 |edition=Kindle}}</ref> Ultimately, as a result of the war the Austro-Hungarian, German, Ottoman, and Russian Empires ceased to exist, with numerous new states created from their remains. However, despite the conclusive Allied victory (and the creation of the [[League of Nations]] during the Peace Conference, intended to prevent future wars), a [[World War II|Second World War]] would follow just over twenty years later. ==Manazarta== {{reflist}} 8h0sn3gyzogwg4kiqhysll15ywe7k3f 0 12211 895519 442335 2026-08-12T10:12:36Z Jidda3711 14843 Ƙarin bayani 895519 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Abu Ayyub al-Ansari''' (Arabic:أبو أيوب الأنصاري, romanized: Abū Ayyūb al-Anṣārī, Turkish: Ebu Eyyûb el-Ensarî, ya rasu shekarar 674) An haifi Khalid ibn Zayd ibn Kulayb ibn Tha'laba (Arabic:خالد ابن زيد ابن كُليب ابن ثعلبه, romanized: Khālid ibn Zayd ibn Kulayb ibn Thaʿlaba) a Yathriba/[[Madina]], ya kasance daga ƙabilar [[Banu Najjar]] kuma ɗaya ne daga cikin manyan sahabban [[Annabi]] [[Muhammad]] S.A.W, Shi mutumin [[Madina]] ne kuma sune na farko a Madina da suka taimaka Annabi. {{Stub}} ==Manazarta== {{reflist}} [[Category:Sahabbai]] 0kr4mflogt9v0ie7ltcyiaeqqbpxl5u 895535 895519 2026-08-12T10:17:27Z Jidda3711 14843 Saka Manazarta 895535 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Abu Ayyub al-Ansari'''<ref>http://www.wdl.org/en/item/8824/ https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Digital_Library 1890–1900. Retrieved 2013-10-18.</ref> (Arabic:أبو أيوب الأنصاري, romanized: Abū Ayyūb al-Anṣārī, Turkish: Ebu Eyyûb el-Ensarî, ya rasu shekarar 674) An haifi Khalid ibn Zayd ibn Kulayb ibn Tha'laba (Arabic:خالد ابن زيد ابن كُليب ابن ثعلبه, romanized: Khālid ibn Zayd ibn Kulayb ibn Thaʿlaba) a Yathriba/[[Madina]], ya kasance daga ƙabilar [[Banu Najjar]] kuma ɗaya ne daga cikin manyan sahabban [[Annabi]] [[Muhammad]] S.A.W, Shi mutumin [[Madina]] ne kuma sune na farko a Madina da suka taimaka Annabi. {{Stub}} ==Manazarta== {{reflist}} [[Category:Sahabbai]] 55uszjdk97glc7j650ar1y0b39io12z 0 13148 895623 691789 2026-08-12T10:49:57Z Maryam Abdullahi Y 43904 895623 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Fayil:Lietuvas parlamenta priekšsēdētāja vizīte Latvijā.jpg|thumb|Babban Dan siyasa]] {{databox}} [[Fayil:Lietuvas parlamenta priekšsēdētāja vizīte Latvijā.jpg|thumb|dan siyasa]] '''Ɗan siyasa''': Shi ne [[Wande Olabisi|wanda]] yake da [[Abubuwan dake cikin haɓaka muhalli|abubuwan]] [[siyasa]] [[Kewaye Mekelle|kowaye]], musamman wanda yake rike da [[ofishi]]n ko wani matsayi a gwantance ko a siyasance ko goyon bayan wata jam'iyya a zamanance kuma yana da ikon zartarwa, sannan dan siyasa dalibi yana zama a karkashin tutar jam'iya wacce itace ke haska alkiblar shi ta siyasa. <ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.yourdictionary.com/politician |title=politician – Webster's New World College Dictionary |publisher=Yourdictionary.com |date=2013-05-21 |access-date=2013-06-26}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://wordfind.com/word/politician/ |title=politician – Princeton Wordnet dictionary |publisher=wordfind.com }}</ref> Haka kuma [[dan siyasa]] na'iya zama [[mutum]] wanda yake kare 'yan [[siyasa]]r ta hanyar amfani da irin [[fasaha]] da [[baiwa]] da [[Allah]] ya ba shi kamar wake, [[waka]], barkonci da kuma [[zalaqar]] [[zance]], misalin dan siyasar da mawakine ayanzu Dauda kahutu rarara, a da Sa'adu zungur dasouransu.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Gaines |first1=Larry K. |title=Criminal Justice in Action |last2=Miller |first2=Roger LeRoy |publisher=Wadsworth Publishing |year=2012 |isbn=978-1111835576 |page=152}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Grant |first1=Donald Lee |title=The Way It Was in the South: The Black Experience in Georgia |last2=Grant |first2=Jonathan |publisher=University of Georgia Press |year=2001 |isbn=978-0820323299 |page=449}}</ref> == Kafofin watsa labarai da zance:== An san ’yan siyasa da maganganun maganganu, kamar a cikin jawabai ko tallace-tallacen yakin neman zabe. An san su musamman da yin amfani da jigogi na gama-gari wadanda ke ba su damar habaka matsayinsu na siyasa ta hanyar da suka saba da masu jefa kuri'a. <ref>Jonathan Charteris-Black, ''Politicians and rhetoric: The persuasive power of metaphor'' (Palgrave-MacMillan, 2005)</ref> ’ Yan siyasa na larura sun zama kwararrun masu amfani da kafofin watsa labarai. <ref>Ofer Feldman, ''Beyond public speech and symbols: Explorations in the rhetoric of politicians and the media'' (2000).</ref> Yan siyasa a karni na 19 sun yi amfani da jaridu da mujallu da kasidu da kuma fosta. <ref>Robert J. Dinkin, ''Campaigning in America: A History of Election Practices'' (1989) [https://www.questia.com/library/1904945/campaigning-in-america-a-history-of-election-practices online] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170630071820/https://www.questia.com/library/1904945/campaigning-in-america-a-history-of-election-practices |date=30 June 2017 }}</ref> A cikin karni na 20, sun shiga cikin rediyo da talabijin, suna mai da tallace-tallacen talabijin ya zama mafi tsada a cikin yakin neman zabe. <ref>Kathleen Hall Jamieson and Keith Spillett, ''The Press Effect: Politicians, Journalists, and the Stories that Shape the Political World'' (2014){{ISBN?}}{{page?|date=December 2022}}</ref> A cikin karni na 21, sun ƙara shiga cikin kafofin watsa labarun dangane da Intanet da wayoyin hannu.<ref>Nathaniel G. Pearlman, ''Margin of Victory: How Technologists Help Politicians Win Elections'' (2012) [https://www.questia.com/library/120087477/margin-of-victory-how-technologists-help-politicians online] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170630065750/https://www.questia.com/library/120087477/margin-of-victory-how-technologists-help-politicians |date=30 June 2017 }}</ref> Jita-jita koyaushe tana taka rawa sosai a siyasa, tare da jita-jita marasa kyau game da abokin hamayya yawanci mafi inganci fiye da jita-jita masu kyau game da nasu bangaren.<ref>David Coast and Jo Fox, "Rumour and Politics" ''History Compass'' (2015), 13#5 pp. 222–234.</ref> ==Hotuna:== <gallery> File:Rt.Hon._Dr._Edouard_Ngirente_-_Prime_Minister_of_the_Republic_of_Rwanda.jpg|Rt. Hon. Dr. Edouard Ngirente - Firayim Minista na Jamhuriyar Ruwanda File:Donald_Trump_swearing_in_ceremony.jpg|Dan siyasa kuma tsohon shugaban kasar Amurka Donal J. Trump a lokacin da ya ke shan rantsuwar kama aiki </gallery> ==Manazarta;== {{Reflist}} sh1elg0sbvq74ruh3egpayirld7nsrb 0 13572 895150 892075 2026-08-11T17:45:20Z Amadee619 37975 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1347137239|Usman Baba Pategi]]" 895150 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Usman Baba Pategi''' (20 ga Mayu 1942 - 12 ga Nuwamba 2023), wanda aka fi sani da ''Samanja'' Mazan Fama, ɗan wasan kwaikwayo ne na Najeriya. Tare da Yusuf Ladan, Mamman Ladan da Idi Jibril, ma'aikatan [[Hukumar Talabijin ta Najeriya|NTA]] sun gabatar da wasan kwaikwayo na Hausa da aka sani yanzu da [[Kannywood]], fina-finai na Arewacin Najeriya ko fina-fukkuna na Hausa a cikin shekarun 1980 ga masu sauraron Arewa. == Tarihin rayuwa == An haifi Usman Baba [[Pategi]] a ranar 20 ga Mayu 1942, a cikin gidan sarauta na Pategi Emirate a Pategi, Arewacin Najeriya . Shi dan Etsu Usman Patako ne marigayi Sarkin Pategi. Ya fara karatunsa na farko a makarantar firamare ta Pategi sannan ya tafi makarantar sakandare ta Ilorin. Daga baya ya tafi Kaduna ya zauna tare da kawunsa Alhaji Audu Bida wanda ya zama mataimakinsa a gida. Ya kuma yi aiki tare da sashen ayyukan jama'a a cikin shagon injiniya, kafin ya shiga [[Gidan Rediyon Tarayyar Najeriya (FRCN)|Kamfanin Watsa Labarai na Arewa]], (NBC) a Kaduna . Pategi ya shiga Sojojin Najeriya a cikin shekarun 1960 inda wani kyaftin din Sojoji a lokacin [[Yaƙin basasan Najeriya|Yaƙin basasar Najeriya]] ya zo neman matasa a Arewacin Najeriya don ba da gudummawa. Ya bar Kamfanin Watsa Labarai don shiga soja kuma ya horar da shi a Makarantar Horar da Sigina, [[Apapa]] . Ya yi aiki a karkashin Janar [[Sani Abacha]] da Janar Sani Sami . Daga baya ya yi ritaya a 1985 kuma ya ci gaba da yin wasan kwaikwayo a wasan kwaikwayo a [[Gidan Rediyon Tarayyar Najeriya (FRCN)|FRCN]] Kaduna inda ya kuma ba da umarni kuma ya rubuta fina-finai. Yawancin lokaci an san shi da ''Samanja Maza Fama'', ma'ana Sergeant-Major (SerMajor) saboda kwarewar da ya samu a aikin soja.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Jiya, Aisha Mohammed |first= |date=2016 |title=Nigeria: I Get Story Ideas From My Dreams - Samanja |url=https://allafrica.com/stories/201601111537.html |access-date=15 March 2020 |website=Allafrica}}</ref> A shekara ta 2010, ya kasance a Indiya don tiyata don rashin lafiya na zuciya wanda daga baya Shugaban [[Dangote Group|Kungiyar Dangote]], Alhaji [[Aliko Dangote]], ya ba da rahoton N1.5 miliyan, wanda [[Gidan Rediyon Tarayyar Najeriya (FRCN)|Kamfanin Rediyo na Tarayya na Najeriya]] (FRCN) ya ruwaito. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Husseni, Shuabu |first= |date=2011 |title=Help from Dangote for Samanja |url=https://www.thenigerianvoice.com/movie/47732/help-from-dangote-for-samanja.html |access-date=15 March 2020 |website=Nigerian Voice}}</ref> Pategi na ɗaya daga cikin sanannun 'yan wasan kwaikwayo na Najeriya da aka sani da (Samanja) da Chika Apala da aka sani le (Zebrudaya) galibi a cikin masana'antun fina-finai kuma sun kasance baƙi masu daraja a abincin dare na gidan wasan kwaikwayo na fasaha a cikin Ƙungiyar Masu Ayyukan Fasaha ta Najeriya (NANTAP). == Ayyukan wasan kwaikwayo == Pategi wanda aka haife shi a cikin gidan sarauta na masarautar, shi ma magajin masarautar Etsu Pategi ne, amma ya bi aikin mafarkinsa; ya yi aiki bayan ya ba da rahoton cewa shi ne babban dan takarar mahaifinsa da babban kakansa kursiyin a matsayin Etsu Patégi, wani garin Nupe a yanzu [[Kwara (Jiha)|Jihar Kwara]] mahaifinsa shine Etsu Usman Patako, sarkin Pategi kuma kakansa ya gaji bayan mutuwarsa, ya yi niyyar zama ɗan'uwansa Chatta don ya bar kursiyin Um Baru saboda ya zama sarki. Yawancin lokaci ya bayyana a matsayin 'yan sanda ko soja a cikin ayyukansu na yau da kullun kuma ya yi wasan kwaikwayo a cikin masana'antar fina-finai, lokacin da aka tambaye shi ya ce saboda kwarewar da ya samu a matsayin soja, na yanke shawarar amfani da hanyar da suke amsawa, motsawa da umarni inda sunan (Samanja) ya zo, hanyar da Sergeant da Major saboda iko da umarni na matsayi kuma ya bayyana cewa yin aiki yana ba shi ƙarin farin ciki kuma wannan shine dalilin da ya sa ya yi ritaya kuma ya koma aikinsa na wasan kwaikwayo. Ya fi yin aiki a bikin Ranar Sojoji, har ma da wanda a matsayin Janar [[Ibrahim Babangida]] a [[Lagos (jiha)|Legas]] da Aso Rock Presidential Villa, Abuja da na [[Maryam Abacha]] . Shahararren ɗan wasan kwaikwayo, marubuci da darektan ya fito a cikin shahararren fim din Hausa da aka sani da: <ref>{{Cite web |last=Kannyhood |first= |date=2016 |title=Usman Baba Pategi, Samanja |url=https://hausafilms.tv/actor/usman_baba_pategi_samanja |access-date=15 March 2020 |website=Hausa film industry- Kannyhood}}</ref> * Samanja * Yusuf's Ladan * Zaman Duniya Iyawa Ne Pategi ya sami shahara daga fim din Samanja, inda ya haɗu da Hausa / Turanci da Pidgin Turanci a hanyar da sojoji na Najeriya ke magana. == Rayuwa da mutuwarsa == Pategi yana da mata uku da yara 20. Ya rasa daya daga cikin matansa Hajiya Maryam Baba yana da shekaru 46. Usman Baba Pategi ya mutu a [[Kaduna (birni)|Kaduna]] a ranar 12 ga Nuwamba 2023, yana da shekaru 81. == Bayanan da aka ambata == [[Rukuni:Mutuwan 2023]] [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1942]] b8ccfy78iwfe5v3iivmwdbotja47bwz 895165 895150 2026-08-11T17:55:01Z Amadee619 37975 895165 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Usman Baba Pategi''' (20 ga Mayu 1942 - 12 ga Nuwamba 2023), wanda aka fi sani da ''Samanja'' Mazan Fama, ɗan wasan kwaikwayo ne na Najeriya. Tare da Yusuf Ladan, Mamman Ladan da Idi Jibril, ma'aikatan [[Hukumar Talabijin ta Najeriya|NTA]] sun gabatar da wasan kwaikwayo na Hausa da aka sani yanzu da [[Kannywood]], fina-finai na Arewacin Najeriya ko fina-fukkuna na Hausa a cikin shekarun 1980 ga masu sauraron Arewa. == Tarihin rayuwa == An haifi Usman Baba [[Pategi]] a ranar 20 ga Mayu 1942, a cikin gidan sarauta na Pategi Emirate a Pategi, Arewacin Najeriya . Shi dan Etsu Usman Patako ne marigayi Sarkin Pategi. Ya fara karatunsa na farko a makarantar firamare ta Pategi sannan ya tafi makarantar sakandare ta Ilorin. Daga baya ya tafi Kaduna ya zauna tare da kawunsa Alhaji Audu Bida wanda ya zama mataimakinsa a gida. Ya kuma yi aiki tare da sashen ayyukan jama'a a cikin shagon injiniya, kafin ya shiga [[Gidan Rediyon Tarayyar Najeriya (FRCN)|Kamfanin Watsa Labarai na Arewa]], (NBC) a Kaduna . Pategi ya shiga Sojojin Najeriya a cikin shekarun 1960 inda wani kyaftin din Sojoji a lokacin [[Yaƙin basasan Najeriya|Yaƙin basasar Najeriya]] ya zo neman matasa a Arewacin Najeriya don ba da gudummawa. Ya bar Kamfanin Watsa Labarai don shiga soja kuma ya horar da shi a Makarantar Horar da Sigina, [[Apapa]] . Ya yi aiki a karkashin Janar [[Sani Abacha]] da Janar Sani Sami . Daga baya ya yi ritaya a 1985 kuma ya ci gaba da yin wasan kwaikwayo a wasan kwaikwayo a [[Gidan Rediyon Tarayyar Najeriya (FRCN)|FRCN]] Kaduna inda ya kuma ba da umarni kuma ya rubuta fina-finai. Yawancin lokaci an san shi da ''Samanja Maza Fama'', ma'ana Sergeant-Major (SerMajor) saboda kwarewar da ya samu a aikin soja.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Jiya, Aisha Mohammed |first= |date=2016 |title=Nigeria: I Get Story Ideas From My Dreams - Samanja |url=https://allafrica.com/stories/201601111537.html |access-date=15 March 2020 |website=Allafrica}}</ref> A shekara ta 2010, ya kasance a Indiya don tiyata don rashin lafiya na zuciya wanda daga baya Shugaban [[Dangote Group|Kungiyar Dangote]], Alhaji [[Aliko Dangote]], ya ba da rahoton N1.5 miliyan, wanda [[Gidan Rediyon Tarayyar Najeriya (FRCN)|Kamfanin Rediyo na Tarayya na Najeriya]] (FRCN) ya ruwaito. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Husseni, Shuabu |first= |date=2011 |title=Help from Dangote for Samanja |url=https://www.thenigerianvoice.com/movie/47732/help-from-dangote-for-samanja.html |access-date=15 March 2020 |website=Nigerian Voice}}</ref> Pategi na ɗaya daga cikin sanannun 'yan wasan kwaikwayo na Najeriya da aka sani da (Samanja) da Chika Apala da aka sani le (Zebrudaya) galibi a cikin masana'antun fina-finai kuma sun kasance baƙi masu daraja a abincin dare na gidan wasan kwaikwayo na fasaha a cikin Ƙungiyar Masu Ayyukan Fasaha ta Najeriya (NANTAP). == Ayyukan wasan kwaikwayo == Pategi wanda aka haife shi a cikin gidan sarauta na masarautar, shi ma magajin masarautar Etsu Pategi ne, amma ya bi aikin mafarkinsa; ya yi aiki bayan ya ba da rahoton cewa shi ne babban dan takarar mahaifinsa da babban kakansa kursiyin a matsayin Etsu Patégi, wani garin Nupe a yanzu [[Kwara (Jiha)|Jihar Kwara]] mahaifinsa shine Etsu Usman Patako, sarkin Pategi kuma kakansa ya gaji bayan mutuwarsa, ya yi niyyar zama ɗan'uwansa Chatta don ya bar kursiyin Um Baru saboda ya zama sarki. Yawancin lokaci ya bayyana a matsayin 'yan sanda ko soja a cikin ayyukansu na yau da kullun kuma ya yi wasan kwaikwayo a cikin masana'antar fina-finai, lokacin da aka tambaye shi ya ce saboda kwarewar da ya samu a matsayin soja, na yanke shawarar amfani da hanyar da suke amsawa, motsawa da umarni inda sunan (Samanja) ya zo, hanyar da Sergeant da Major saboda iko da umarni na matsayi kuma ya bayyana cewa yin aiki yana ba shi ƙarin farin ciki kuma wannan shine dalilin da ya sa ya yi ritaya kuma ya koma aikinsa na wasan kwaikwayo. Ya fi yin aiki a bikin Ranar Sojoji, har ma da wanda a matsayin Janar [[Ibrahim Babangida]] a [[Lagos (jiha)|Legas]] da Aso Rock Presidential Villa, Abuja da na [[Maryam Abacha]] . Shahararren ɗan wasan kwaikwayo, marubuci da darektan ya fito a cikin shahararren fim din Hausa da aka sani da: <ref>{{Cite web |last=Kannyhood |first= |date=2016 |title=Usman Baba Pategi, Samanja |url=https://hausafilms.tv/actor/usman_baba_pategi_samanja |access-date=15 March 2020 |website=Hausa film industry- Kannyhood}}</ref> * Samanja * Yusuf's Ladan * Zaman Duniya Iyawa Ne Pategi ya sami shahara daga fim din Samanja, inda ya haɗu da Hausa / Turanci da Pidgin Turanci a hanyar da sojoji na Najeriya ke magana. == Rayuwa da mutuwarsa == Pategi yana da mata uku da yara 20. Ya rasa daya daga cikin matansa Hajiya Maryam Baba yana da shekaru 46. Usman Baba Pategi ya mutu a [[Kaduna (birni)|Kaduna]] a ranar 12 ga Nuwamba 2023, yana da shekaru 81. == Bayanan da aka ambata == [[Rukuni:Mutuwan 2023]] [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1942]] ahy4hlryiv60janwpsr7zui3f3fb8ci 895166 895165 2026-08-11T17:55:21Z Amadee619 37975 895166 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Usman Baba Pategi''' (20 ga Mayu 1942 - 12 ga Nuwamba 2023), wanda aka fi sani da ''Samanja'' Mazan Fama, ɗan wasan kwaikwayo ne na Najeriya. Tare da Yusuf Ladan, Mamman Ladan da Idi Jibril, ma'aikatan [[Hukumar Talabijin ta Najeriya|NTA]] sun gabatar da wasan kwaikwayo na Hausa da aka sani yanzu da [[Kannywood]], fina-finai na Arewacin Najeriya ko fina-fukkuna na Hausa a cikin shekarun 1980 ga masu sauraron Arewa. == Tarihin rayuwa == An haifi Usman Baba [[Pategi]] a ranar 20 ga Mayu 1942, a cikin gidan sarauta na Pategi Emirate a Pategi, Arewacin Najeriya . Shi dan Etsu Usman Patako ne marigayi Sarkin Pategi. Ya fara karatunsa na farko a makarantar firamare ta Pategi sannan ya tafi makarantar sakandare ta Ilorin. Daga baya ya tafi Kaduna ya zauna tare da kawunsa Alhaji Audu Bida wanda ya zama mataimakinsa a gida. Ya kuma yi aiki tare da sashen ayyukan jama'a a cikin shagon injiniya, kafin ya shiga [[Gidan Rediyon Tarayyar Najeriya (FRCN)|Kamfanin Watsa Labarai na Arewa]], (NBC) a Kaduna . Pategi ya shiga Sojojin Najeriya a cikin shekarun 1960 inda wani kyaftin din Sojoji a lokacin [[Yaƙin basasan Najeriya|Yaƙin basasar Najeriya]] ya zo neman matasa a Arewacin Najeriya don ba da gudummawa. Ya bar Kamfanin Watsa Labarai don shiga soja kuma ya horar da shi a Makarantar Horar da Sigina, [[Apapa]] . Ya yi aiki a karkashin Janar [[Sani Abacha]] da Janar Sani Sami . Daga baya ya yi ritaya a 1985 kuma ya ci gaba da yin wasan kwaikwayo a wasan kwaikwayo a [[Gidan Rediyon Tarayyar Najeriya (FRCN)|FRCN]] Kaduna inda ya kuma ba da umarni kuma ya rubuta fina-finai. Yawancin lokaci an san shi da ''Samanja Maza Fama'', ma'ana Sergeant-Major (SerMajor) saboda kwarewar da ya samu a aikin soja.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Jiya, Aisha Mohammed |first= |date=2016 |title=Nigeria: I Get Story Ideas From My Dreams - Samanja |url=https://allafrica.com/stories/201601111537.html |access-date=15 March 2020 |website=Allafrica}}</ref> A shekara ta 2010, ya kasance a Indiya don tiyata don rashin lafiya na zuciya wanda daga baya Shugaban [[Dangote Group|Kungiyar Dangote]], Alhaji [[Aliko Dangote]], ya ba da rahoton N1.5 miliyan, wanda [[Gidan Rediyon Tarayyar Najeriya (FRCN)|Kamfanin Rediyo na Tarayya na Najeriya]] (FRCN) ya ruwaito. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Husseni, Shuabu |first= |date=2011 |title=Help from Dangote for Samanja |url=https://www.thenigerianvoice.com/movie/47732/help-from-dangote-for-samanja.html |access-date=15 March 2020 |website=Nigerian Voice}}</ref> Pategi na ɗaya daga cikin sanannun 'yan wasan kwaikwayo na Najeriya da aka sani da (Samanja) da Chika Apala da aka sani le (Zebrudaya) galibi a cikin masana'antun fina-finai kuma sun kasance baƙi masu daraja a abincin dare na gidan wasan kwaikwayo na fasaha a cikin Ƙungiyar Masu Ayyukan Fasaha ta Najeriya (NANTAP). == Ayyukan wasan kwaikwayo == Pategi wanda aka haife shi a cikin gidan sarauta na masarautar, shi ma magajin masarautar Etsu Pategi ne, amma ya bi aikin mafarkinsa; ya yi aiki bayan ya ba da rahoton cewa shi ne babban dan takarar mahaifinsa da babban kakansa kursiyin a matsayin Etsu Patégi, wani garin Nupe a yanzu [[Kwara (Jiha)|Jihar Kwara]] mahaifinsa shine Etsu Usman Patako, sarkin Pategi kuma kakansa ya gaji bayan mutuwarsa, ya yi niyyar zama ɗan'uwansa Chatta don ya bar kursiyin Um Baru saboda ya zama sarki. Yawancin lokaci ya bayyana a matsayin 'yan sanda ko soja a cikin ayyukansu na yau da kullun kuma ya yi wasan kwaikwayo a cikin masana'antar fina-finai, lokacin da aka tambaye shi ya ce saboda kwarewar da ya samu a matsayin soja, na yanke shawarar amfani da hanyar da suke amsawa, motsawa da umarni inda sunan (Samanja) ya zo, hanyar da Sergeant da Major saboda iko da umarni na matsayi kuma ya bayyana cewa yin aiki yana ba shi ƙarin farin ciki kuma wannan shine dalilin da ya sa ya yi ritaya kuma ya koma aikinsa na wasan kwaikwayo. Ya fi yin aiki a bikin Ranar Sojoji, har ma da wanda a matsayin Janar [[Ibrahim Babangida]] a [[Lagos (jiha)|Legas]] da Aso Rock Presidential Villa, Abuja da na [[Maryam Abacha]] . Shahararren ɗan wasan kwaikwayo, marubuci da darektan ya fito a cikin shahararren fim din Hausa da aka sani da: <ref>{{Cite web |last=Kannyhood |first= |date=2016 |title=Usman Baba Pategi, Samanja |url=https://hausafilms.tv/actor/usman_baba_pategi_samanja |access-date=15 March 2020 |website=Hausa film industry- Kannyhood}}</ref> * Samanja * Yusuf's Ladan * Zaman Duniya Iyawa Ne Pategi ya sami shahara daga fim din Samanja, inda ya haɗu da Hausa / Turanci da Pidgin Turanci a hanyar da sojoji na Najeriya ke magana. == Rayuwa da mutuwarsa == Pategi yana da mata uku da yara 20. Ya rasa daya daga cikin matansa Hajiya Maryam Baba yana da shekaru 46. Usman Baba Pategi ya mutu a [[Kaduna (birni)|Kaduna]] a ranar 12 ga Nuwamba 2023, yana da shekaru 81. == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Mutuwan 2023]] [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1942]] mo5oecyaikilju2kfz7t6sctk6u4san 0 15147 895000 579795 2026-08-11T15:52:53Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 895000 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Chinwendu''' '''"Chinwe"''' '''Ihezuo''' (An haife ta 30 ga watan Afrilu shekara ta 1997) ta kasance babbar shahararriyar yar wasan kwallon kafa ta [[Nijeriya]] wacce kuma take buga gaba (''Attacker'') ga kulob din ''Henan Jianye'' a ƙasar Sin (China), tana buga wasa ne a cikin league din kasar. Kuma tana buga ƙungiyar kwallon kafar ƙasar ta mata. == Farkon rayuwa == An haifi Ihezuo a ranar 30 ga watan Afrilu shekarar 1997 a [[Ajegunle]], [[Lagos (birni)|Lagos]], Nigeria.<ref name=":12">{{Cite web|url=http://starconnectmedia.com/2016/10/19/chiwendu-ihezuo-arrives-trains-with-falconets/|title=Chiwendu Ihezuo Arrives, Trains With Falconets|last=starconnect|date=19 October 2016|website=Starconnect|publisher=Starconnect Media|location=Nigeria|access-date=25 October 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161025174428/http://starconnectmedia.com/2016/10/19/chiwendu-ihezuo-arrives-trains-with-falconets/|archive-date=25 October 2016|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref name=":32">{{Cite news|url=http://punchng.com/ajegunle-boys-made-me-fall-in-love-with-football-ihezuo/|title=Ajegunle boys made me fall in love with football — Ihezuo – Punch Newspapers|last=Ojoye|first=Taiwo|date=24 April 2016|newspaper=Punch Newspapers|location=Nigeria|language=en-US|access-date=25 October 2016}}</ref><ref name=":102">{{Cite web|url=http://www.uefa.com/womenschampionsleague/season=2017/clubs/player=250099803/index.html|title=UEFA Women's Champions League – Chinwendu Ihezuo|last=UEFA|website=UEFA|publisher=UEFA|access-date=25 October 2016}}</ref> Yarinta ya kasance a Legas.<ref name=":12" /> Ita ce 1.75 m (5 ft. 9 a cikin) tsayi<ref name=":1">{{Cite web}}</ref> Iyayenta sun taimaka mata sosai lokacin da ta fara wasan ƙwallon ƙafa. Mahaifiyarta ta goyi bayan sha'awarta ta wasan ta siyen rigunan ƙwallonta a kasuwar gida. <ref name=":32" /> A lokacin mafi yawan samartakanta, tana gasa tare da yin wasa tare da yara maza a Ajegunle. Ajegunle ya samar da wasu fitattun 'yan wasan kwallon kafa na Najeriya. <ref name=":32" /> == Kariyan ta na kulub == Daga shekarar 2012 zuwa shekarar 2014, ta taka leda a Pelican Stars na [[Kalaba|Calabar]]. Bayan haka, ta koma Delta Queens, kuma tana tare da su har zuwa ƙarshen kakar 2015.<ref>http://www.premiumtimesng.com/sports/110872-ihezuo-ayinde-to-receive-fifa-honours.html</ref><ref>http://www.sl10.ng/news/articles/categories/south-africa/chinwendu-ihezuo-scores-only-goal-in-narrow-win/167639</ref> === BIIK Kazygurt === Ihezuo ta koma kungiyar kwallon kafa ta BIIK Kazygurt ta kasar Kazakhstan a shekara ta 2016, sannan kuma tayi shekara daya a kwantiragin. Sannan kuma tayi kakar wasa ta farko tare da kungiyar, inda ta sanya musu lammba 19, sannan ta ci musu kwallaye 16 a BIIK Kazygurt a wasanni 20. Ta yi takara tare da kungiyar a gasar cin kofin zakarun mata ta UEFA ta shekara 2016-2017 UEFA, ta fara wasanni biyu, kuma ta buga mintina 180. Ba ta da manufa a wannan lokacin, ta kuma ɗauki katin rawaya wato (yellow card) a wasan da ƙungiyarta ta yi nasara a kan Verona da ci 3-1. Ta buga wasan farko a gasar zakarun Turai a wasan da kungiyarta ta doke kungiyar matasa ta Wexford da ci 3-1, a lokacin yayin wasannin neman cancantar shiga gasar.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.eurosport.com/football/chinwendu-ihezuo_prs332057/person.shtml|title=Chinwendu Ihezuo – Player Profile – Football|newspaper=Eurosport|access-date=25 October 2016}}</ref><ref name=":4">{{Cite news|url=https://www.today.ng/sport/199114/ihezuo-arrives-falconets-camp-u20-womens-cup|title=Ihezuo arrives Falconets camp for U20 Women's World Cup » TODAY.ng|last=Iroha-Udoka|first=Jude|date=18 October 2016|publisher=TODAY Digital News and Media Limited|newspaper=TODAY|location=Akwa Ibom, Southern Nigeria|access-date=25 October 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161025174213/https://www.today.ng/sport/199114/ihezuo-arrives-falconets-camp-u20-womens-cup|archive-date=25 October 2016|url-status=dead}}</ref> === Henan Huishang FC === A ranar 7 ga watan Afrilu shekarar 2019 an sanar da cewa ta shiga Henan Huishang a Super League ta Mata. A ranar kuma, ta ci kwallaye a wasanta na farko a sabon wasan da ta sha kashi a hannun Jiangsu Suning da ci 4-1.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.goal.com/en/news/nigeria-striker-chinwendu-ihezuo-joins-henan-huishang/jx4atq1jrv8e17u796u2jnqlx|title=Chinwendu Ihezuo joins Henan Huishang|date=7 April 2019|publisher=Goal.com|language=en-GB|access-date=19 April 2019}}</ref> Aikin Ihezuo a China ya fara haske da ƙwallaye shida da suka zo cikin wasanni shida kacal na kamfen ɗin ƙungiyarta na CFA na shekarar 2019 yayin da Henan Huishang ta kammala ta 9 gaba ɗaya. Daga nan ne mai horar da 'yan wasan kungiyar Thomas Dennerby ya zabe ta a matsayin memba na' yan wasan Najeriya don gasar cin kofin duniya ta mata ta shekarar 2019 [[FIFA]]. A tsawon wasan Super League din mata na kasar Sin na shekarar 2019, Ihezuo shi ne na uku da ya ci kwallaye a raga tare da zura kwallaye bakwai daga wasanni 14 da ta buga. Duk da ƙoƙarin da tayi, Henan ta kare a matsayi na bakwai daga cikin kungiyoyi takwas.<ref>https://web.archive.org/web/20161025174213/https://www.today.ng/sport/199114/ihezuo-arrives-falconets-camp-u20-womens-cup</ref> == Kariyan ta na duniya == === Babbar kungiyar kwallan kafa ta kasa === Bayan rawar da ta taka a gasar cin kofin duniya ta FIFA U-20 na shekarar 2014, an gayyace ta zuwa sansanin horas da kungiyar kwallon kafa ta kasa domin samun damar zabar bangaren da za su fafata a Gasar Matan Afirka a Namibia.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.aitonline.tv/post-four_falconets_promoted_to_falcons|title=Four Falconets Promoted To Falcons|last=Completesport|date=2014|work=Africa Independent Television|access-date=25 October 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161220164117/http://www.aitonline.tv/post-four_falconets_promoted_to_falcons|archive-date=20 December 2016|url-status=dead}}</ref> A watan Maris na shekarar 2016, ta kasance ɗaya daga cikin 'yan wasa 40 da aka kira don shirya wa Gasar Cin Kofin Afirka ta Mata ta shekarar 2016. Ta kasance memba na babbar kungiyar kasa a wasannin All All Games na shekarar 2015 a Congo.<ref name=":02">{{Cite web|url=http://silverbirdtv.com/sports/11467-omagbemi-invites-40-players-awcon-qualifiers|title=Omagbemi Invites 40 Players for AWCON Qualifiers {{!}} Silverbird Television|last=Awosiyan|first=Kunle|date=1 March 2016|website=Silver Bird Television|publisher=The Silverbird Group|location=Nigeria|access-date=25 October 2016|archive-date=25 October 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161025195048/http://silverbirdtv.com/sports/11467-omagbemi-invites-40-players-awcon-qualifiers|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.channelstv.com/2016/02/29/awcon-qualifier-omagbemi-invites-oshoala-39-others-for-falcons/|title=AWCON Qualifier: Omagbemi Invites Oshoala, 39 Others For Falcons|date=29 February 2016|website=Channels Television|publisher=Channels Incorporated Limited.|location=Lagos, Nigeria|access-date=25 October 2016}}</ref>A watan Nuwamba na shekarar 2018, an zabe ta a gasar cin kofin kasashen Afirka ta mata ta shekarar 2018 kuma ta fito a madadin a wasan karshe yayin da Najeriya ta doke Afirka ta Kudu don neman taken. Burin ta na farko a duniya ya zo ne a watan Janairun shekarar 2019, inda ta zira kwallaye a ragar Romania a wasan da aka buga a wani bangare na Gasar kwallon kafa ta Mata ta Meizhou ta Duniya a China. === -Gasar U-20 ta ƙasa === An fara kiran Ihezuo zuwa kungiyar a shekarar 2014. Ta wakilci Najeriya a gasar cin kofin duniya ta mata ta mata 'yan kasa da shekaru 20 na 2014 inda kungiyar ta yi rashin nasara a wasan karshe da Jamus.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.fifa.com/u20womensworldcup/|title=FIFA U-20 Women's World Cup - FIFA.com|website=FIFA.com|access-date=29 October 2015}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.goal.com/en-ng/news/12072/nigeria-women/2015/05/21/11935672/super-falcons-land-in-canada-with-perpetua-nkwocha-for-world|title=Super Falcons land in Canada with Perpetua Nkwocha for World Cup - Goal.com|website=Goal.com|access-date=29 October 2015}}</ref>Tana daga cikin wadanda ke kan gaba wajen zira kwallaye a gasar.<ref name=":52">{{Cite news|url=https://www.today.ng/sport/19341/falconets-whip-dr-congo-in-kinshasa|title=Falconets whip DR Congo in Kinshasa|date=28 September 2015|publisher=TODAY Digital News and Media Limited|newspaper=TODAY|location=Akwa Ibom, Southern Nigeria|access-date=25 October 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161025172727/https://www.today.ng/sport/19341/falconets-whip-dr-congo-in-kinshasa|archive-date=25 October 2016|url-status=dead}}</ref> A waccan shekarar, ta kuma buga wa kungiyar wasa a wasan sada zumunci da Ghana. Ita ce ta ci kwallon daya tilo a wasan wanda ya sa Najeriya ta yi nasara da ci 1 - 0. A watan Satumbar 2016, an gayyace ta zuwa memba mai ƙarfi na horon horo na ƙungiyar ƙasa guda 29 waɗanda ke shirya wa Kofin Duniya na Mata na U-20 na 2018<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://footballlive.ng/footballnews/9ja-news/dedevbo-invites-29-players-for-world-cup-camp/|title=Dedevbo Invites 29 Players for World Cup Camp|last=Aluko|first=Seyi|date=20 September 2016|newspaper=Football Live|location=Lagos, Nigeria|access-date=25 October 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161025130712/http://footballlive.ng/footballnews/9ja-news/dedevbo-invites-29-players-for-world-cup-camp/|archive-date=25 October 2016|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://newtelegraphonline.com/u-20-world-cup-dedevbo-calls-30-camp/|title=U-20 World Cup: Dedevbo calls 30 to camp|date=25 September 2016|website=New Telegraph Newspaper|publisher=New Telegraph Newspaper|location=Nigeria|access-date=25 October 2016}}{{Dead link|date=October 2022 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://sportonsky.com/ihezuo-ohiaeriaku-in-as-dedevbo-invites-30-for-fifa-u20-womens-world-cup/|title=Ihezuo, Ohiaeriaku in as Dedevbo invites 30 for Fifa U20 Women's World Cup|last=administrator|date=21 September 2016|website=SportonSky|location=Nigeria|access-date=25 October 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161025175440/http://sportonsky.com/ihezuo-ohiaeriaku-in-as-dedevbo-invites-30-for-fifa-u20-womens-world-cup/|archive-date=25 October 2016|url-status=dead}}</ref> Ta shiga kungiyar ne a makare, a cikin watan Oktoba a [[Abuja]] ''',''' bayan da kocin kungiyar na kasa ya yi mata barazana da sauran 'yan wasan kasashen waje da za a sauke su idan ba su zo ba 8 ga Oktoba.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://von.gov.ng/dedevbo-issues-october-8-deadline-to-ihezuo-others/|title=Dedevbo issues October 8 deadline to Ihezuo, others|last=Mark|first=Aisha John|date=4 October 2016|newspaper=Voice of Nigeria|language=en-US|access-date=25 October 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161007215204/http://von.gov.ng/dedevbo-issues-october-8-deadline-to-ihezuo-others/|archive-date=7 October 2016|url-status=dead}}</ref> Dole ne ta rasa zaman horo saboda tana buƙatar lokaci don murmurewa daga layin jet. A matsayinta na 'yar wasa, ta yarda da matsin lambar da ta ji a sansanin shiga cikin gasar don yin rawar gani.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://sports.yahoo.com/news/chinwendu-ihezuo-delighted-join-falconets-165317768.html|title=Chinwendu Ihezuo delighted to join Falconets|date=20 October 2016|publisher=Goal|newspaper=Yahoo!Sports|access-date=25 October 2016|archive-date=25 October 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161025181748/http://sports.yahoo.com/news/chinwendu-ihezuo-delighted-join-falconets-165317768.html|url-status=dead}}</ref> Ta ci wa Najeriya kwallaye bakwai a gasar share fagen shiga gasar cin kofin duniya. Daya daga cikin burinta ta zo ne a minti na 16 a wasansu na dawowa da Afirka ta Kudu. Burin ya baiwa Najeriya damar zuwa Gasar cin Kofin Duniya ta FIFA.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.channelstv.com/2012/09/25/womens-world-cup-nigeria-wallop-azerbijan-11-0/|title=Women's World Cup: Nigeria wallop Azerbaijan 11- 0|date=25 September 2012|website=Channels Television|publisher=Channels Incorporated Limited.|location=Lagos, Nigeria|access-date=25 October 2016}}</ref> Wata kwallaye ta zo ne a wasan da Najeriya ta doke Congo daci biyu da daya.<ref>https://www.goal.com/en/news/nigeria-striker-chinwendu-ihezuo-joins-henan-huishang/jx4atq1jrv8e17u796u2jnqlx</ref> === -Gasar U-17 ta ƙasa === Ihezuo ta fara buga wa Najeriya wasa ne a gasar cin kofin duniya ta mata ta mata 'yan kasa da shekaru 17 a shekara ta 2012 a Azerbaijan. Ta fito daga gasar ne da kwallaye shida. Biyar daga cikin wadannan kwallayen sun zo ne a wasa daya tsakaninta da mai masaukin baki Azerbaijan, wanda kungiyarta ta ci 11-0.Wannan nasarar ita ce mafi girma da Najeriya ta samu a duk wasannin da ta buga na FIFA. Kwallayenta biyar suma sun zama tarihi na yawan kwallaye da aka ci a wasa daya a FIFA U-17 Women World Cup.<ref name=":6">{{Cite news|url=http://www.vanguardngr.com/2012/09/chinwendu-ihezuo-sets-fifa-u-17-womens-world-cup-record/|title=Chinwendu Ihezuo sets FIFA U-17 Women's World Cup record – Vanguard News|date=27 September 2012|publisher=Vanguard Media Limited, Nigeria|newspaper=Vanguard News|location=Lagos, Nigeria|language=en-US|access-date=25 October 2016}}</ref><ref name=":7">{{Cite news|url=http://eldia.es/deportes/2016-10-01/7-Espana-golea-anfitriona-debut-mundialista.htm|title=España golea a la anfitriona en el debut mundialista|date=1 October 2016|publisher=Leoncio Rodríguez, S.A.|newspaper=El Día|location=Spain|language=es-ES|access-date=25 October 2016}}</ref><ref name=":8">{{Cite news|url=http://globovision.com/article/espana-y-mexico-debutan-con-victoria-en-sub-17-femenino|title=España y México debutan con victoria en sub 17 femenino|last=EFE|date=30 September 2016|publisher=Globovision Tele C.A.|newspaper=Globovisión|location=Caracas, Venezuela|language=es-ES|access-date=25 October 2016|archive-date=25 October 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161025181119/http://globovision.com/article/espana-y-mexico-debutan-con-victoria-en-sub-17-femenino|url-status=dead}}</ref>Kyra Malinowski ta Jamus da Yeo Minji ta Koriya ta Kudu, wadanda suka ci kwallaye hudu kowannensu a tarihin gasar sun taba rike tarihin. Lorena Navarro ya dace da bugunta a shekarar 2016 lokacin da dan [[Ispaniya|Spain]] din ya zira kwallaye 5 akan [[Jodan|Jordan]]. Kwallayenta shida sun kuma bata kyautar takalmin Azurfa a gasar. An ba ta lambar yabon ne a babban taron shekara-shekara na Hukumar Kwallon Kafa ta Najeriya a shekarar 2012. An fitar da kungiyar ta daga gasar bayan ta sha kashi a hannun Faransa a wasan kusa dana karshe. Ba a sanya ta cikin kungiyar ba a shekara ta 2013, Ihezuo ta kasance memba na kungiyar a shekara ta 2014. Ta sake shiga gasar cin kofin duniya, sanye da lamba 19 kuma tayi wasa a wasan da kungiyar ta buga da China inda ta zo ta maye gurbin.<ref>https://www.bbc.com/sport/football/48255200</ref> == Daraja == === Na duniya === ; Najeriya * Gasar Mata ta Afirka (1): 2018 * FIFA U-20 Mata ta Gasar Cin Kofin Duniya : 2014<ref name=":0">http://www.premiumtimesng.com/sports/110872-ihezuo-ayinde-to-receive-fifa-honours.html</ref> === Kulab === ; BIIK Kazygurt * Gasar Kazakhstani (3): 2016, 2017, 2018 * Kofin Kazakhstani na Mata (3): 2016, 2017, 2018<ref name=":0" /> === Kowane mutum === * FIFA U-17 cin kofin Mata na Duniya na Kofin Azurfa: 2012<ref name=":0" /> == Kididdigan ayyuka == {| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center" |+Bayyanar da kwallaye a ƙungiyar, kakar wasa da kuma gasa ! rowspan="2" | Kulab ! rowspan="2" | Lokaci ! colspan="3" | League ! colspan="2" | Kofin FA ! colspan="2" | Kofin League ! colspan="2" | Nahiya ! colspan="2" | Jimla |- ! Rabuwa ! Ayyuka ! Goals ! Ayyuka ! Goals ! Ayyuka ! Goals ! Ayyuka ! Goals ! Ayyuka ! Goals |- | BIIK Kazygurt | 2016 | Gasar kwallon kafa ta matan Kazakhstani | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 5 | 0 | 5 | 0 |- | BIIK Kazygurt | 2017 | Gasar kwallon kafa ta mata ta Kazakhstani | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 7 | 3 | 7 | 3 |- | BIIK Kazygurt | 2018 | Gasar kwallon kafa ta mata ta Kazakhstani | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 5 | 1 | 5 | 1 |- | Henan Huishang | 2019 | Kungiyar 'Yan Matan China | 14 | 7 | 1 | 1 | 6 | 6 | 0 | 0 | 21 | 14 |- ! colspan="3" | Jimlar aiki ! 14 ! 7 ! 1 ! 1 ! 6 ! 6 ! 17 ! 4 ! 38 ! 18 |} == Manazarta == {{Reflist|30em}} == Hanyoyin haɗin waje == * Chinwendu Ihezuo – rekod din gasar FIFA<ref>https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FIFA_U-20_Women%27s_World_Cup</ref> * Chinwendu Ihezuo – rekod din gasar UEFA [[Category:Mata]] [[Category:Ƴan Najeriya]] [[Category:Mata yan kwallan kafa]] [[Category:Mata yan kwallo]] [[Category:Mutane]] [[Category:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Category:Haihuwan 1997]] [[Category:Pages with unreviewed translations]] d435s9ftqnnon7i28gnku346c37wyn3 0 18066 895625 443287 2026-08-12T10:50:36Z Maryam Abdullahi Y 43904 895625 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} The '''Arab Party for Justice and Equality''' ( {{Lang-ar|الحزب العربي للعدل والمساواة}} ), Ta kuma kasan ce ƙungiya ce ta siyasa wacce ta ƙunshi kabilun Larabawa daga Sinai da Upper Egypt a cikin tsarin siyasa.{{Stub}} ==Manazarta== {{Reflist}} qhkxvxjab6wr5xf3ac7m6o9ajy0p2w4 0 19044 895113 555496 2026-08-11T17:01:57Z Ummun Sultan 23935 895113 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Nuryanda Datau''' (an haife ta a ranar 7 ga watan Yuni, shekara ta alif 1971), wanda aka fi sani da '''Nunu Datau''', ƴar ƙasar Indonesia ce. == Mai dauka == Ta kuma taka rawa a 'yan fim da sabulu opera. Ofaya daga cikin abin da ya koma zuwa kirkirar ba a bayyana sunan bayan shekaru da yawa shi ne sabulu opera Intan. A cikin wannan wasan opera, tana matsayin Wina, Mahaifiyar Rado wacce Dude Harlino ke roka.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Kwafin ajiya |url=http://biodata-artis.com/profil-dan-biodata-nunu-datau-foto-terbaru-lengkap |access-date=2021-03-13 |archive-date=2021-03-02 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210302163945/http://biodata-artis.com/profil-dan-biodata-nunu-datau-foto-terbaru-lengkap |url-status=dead }}</ref> == Filmography == * ''Sejoli Cinta Bintang Remaja'' (1980) * ''Jangan Ambil Nyawaku'' (1981) * ''Tali Merah Perkawinan'' (1981) * ''Damai Kami Sepanjang Hari'' (1985) * ''Lupus II'' (1987) * ''Rini Tomboy'' (1991) * ''Sisi Dunia'' === Sabis opera === * ''Keluarga Pak Shin'' * ''Buruan Sayang Gue'' * ''Kau Masih Kekasihku'' * ''Hidayah'' * ''Putri Kembar'' * ''Katakan Kau Mencintaiku'' * ''Arung dan Si Kaya'' * ''Intan'' * ''Legenda'' * ''Kasih'' * ''Sekar'' * ''Nikita'' * ''Kemilau Cinta Kamila'' * ''Kemilau Cinta Kamila 2: Berkah Ramadhan'' * ''Kemilau Cinta Kamila 3: Makin Cinta'' * ''Kemilau Cinta Kamila 4: Cinta Tiada Akhir'' * ''Putri Simelekete'' * ''Putri yang Ditukar'' * ''Anissa dan Anissa'' * ''Badil &amp;amp; Blangkon Ajaib'' * ''Super ABG'' * ''Cinta Yang Sama'' * ''Otomatis Jatuh Cinta'' * ''Kita Nikah Yuk'' * ''Bastian Karfe Bukan Cowok Biasa'' * ''Perempuan Di Pinggir Jalan Jerin'' * ''Mawar dan Melati'' == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} == Hanyoyin hadin waje == * (in Indonesian) Profile in Kapanlagi.com [[Category:Mutane daga Jakarta]] [[Category:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Category:Pages with unreviewed translations]] 61l62qb4hlc23xqq6a3icf5aiuvq5vy 895114 895113 2026-08-11T17:02:19Z Ummun Sultan 23935 895114 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Nuryanda Datau''' (an haife ta a ranar 7 ga watan Yuni, shekara ta alif 1971), wanda aka fi sani da '''Nunu Datau''', ƴar ƙasar Indonesia ce. == Mai dauka == Ta kuma taka rawa a ƴan fim da sabulu opera. Ofaya daga cikin abin da ya koma zuwa ƙirƙirar ba a bayyana sunan bayan shekaru da yawa shi ne sabulu opera Intan. A cikin wannan wasan opera, tana matsayin Wina, Mahaifiyar Rado wacce Dude Harlino ke roka.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Kwafin ajiya |url=http://biodata-artis.com/profil-dan-biodata-nunu-datau-foto-terbaru-lengkap |access-date=2021-03-13 |archive-date=2021-03-02 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210302163945/http://biodata-artis.com/profil-dan-biodata-nunu-datau-foto-terbaru-lengkap |url-status=dead }}</ref> == Filmography == * ''Sejoli Cinta Bintang Remaja'' (1980) * ''Jangan Ambil Nyawaku'' (1981) * ''Tali Merah Perkawinan'' (1981) * ''Damai Kami Sepanjang Hari'' (1985) * ''Lupus II'' (1987) * ''Rini Tomboy'' (1991) * ''Sisi Dunia'' === Sabis opera === * ''Keluarga Pak Shin'' * ''Buruan Sayang Gue'' * ''Kau Masih Kekasihku'' * ''Hidayah'' * ''Putri Kembar'' * ''Katakan Kau Mencintaiku'' * ''Arung dan Si Kaya'' * ''Intan'' * ''Legenda'' * ''Kasih'' * ''Sekar'' * ''Nikita'' * ''Kemilau Cinta Kamila'' * ''Kemilau Cinta Kamila 2: Berkah Ramadhan'' * ''Kemilau Cinta Kamila 3: Makin Cinta'' * ''Kemilau Cinta Kamila 4: Cinta Tiada Akhir'' * ''Putri Simelekete'' * ''Putri yang Ditukar'' * ''Anissa dan Anissa'' * ''Badil &amp;amp; Blangkon Ajaib'' * ''Super ABG'' * ''Cinta Yang Sama'' * ''Otomatis Jatuh Cinta'' * ''Kita Nikah Yuk'' * ''Bastian Karfe Bukan Cowok Biasa'' * ''Perempuan Di Pinggir Jalan Jerin'' * ''Mawar dan Melati'' == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} == Hanyoyin hadin waje == * (in Indonesian) Profile in Kapanlagi.com [[Category:Mutane daga Jakarta]] [[Category:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Category:Pages with unreviewed translations]] ktp9z1meh7pvopsrivsdflbkt7ofo14 0 19166 895495 641503 2026-08-12T09:49:43Z Umar A Muhammad 22698 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1351192634|Khadija Mushtaq]]" 895495 wikitext text/x-wiki   '''Khadija Mushtaq''' ta kasance mai gudanar da ilimi da kuma [[malami]] a Pakistan. Ta kasance shugabar Jami'ar Roots Ivy International kuma babban jami'in zartarwa na Roots School System . == Ilimi == Mushtaq ya kammala digiri na Master of Economics tare da ƙwarewa a cikin nazarin ci gaba da manufofin kuɗi daga Jami'ar Quaid-i-Azam . == Ayyuka == Mushtaq ta fara aikinta na malamar makaranta. Ta kasance mai fafutukar fara ilimi tun tana ƙarama. Mushtaq ita ce babbar jami'ar Roots School System (RSS). Mushtaq ta kafa kuma ta jagoranci Shirin Ƙasa da Ƙasa na Jami'ar London a RSS. Ita ce shugabar babbar harabar RSS, a Hukumar Gidaje ta Tsaro, Islamabad.<ref name="TNI">{{Cite web |date=4 June 2013 |title=An interview with Khadija Mushtaq |url=http://www.thenews.com.pk/Todays-News-6-181685-An-interview-with-Khadija-Mushtaq |url-status=usurped |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131015091946/http://www.thenews.com.pk/Todays-News-6-181685-An-interview-with-Khadija-Mushtaq |archive-date=15 October 2013 |access-date=1 April 2020}}</ref> Mushtaq shi ne shugaban Jami'ar Roots Ivy International . Mushtaq ya kasance mai fafutuka kuma mai tallafawa kungiyoyi masu zaman kansu da yawa ciki har da 'Liberating the Girl Child Foundation'. Ita ce ta kafa Roots IVY International Schools, Roots IVI International College da IVY College of Management Sciences. Ta kasance majagaba na Transnational Education (TNE) a Pakistan . == Rayuwa ta mutum == Khadija tana da 'ya'ya biyu. Ta mutu a ranar 14 ga watan Janairun shekara ta 2025 daga ciwon daji.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Instagram |url=https://www.instagram.com/p/DE0J9XUAylI/?igsh=ZXZiOHA2ODhvaXU0 |access-date=2025-01-14 |website=www.instagram.com}}</ref> == Kyaututtuka da girmamawa == * Mushtaq ya sami lambar yabo ta Yale Educator a shekara ta 2009 da kuma ''Kyautar Mai ba da shawara mafi kyau'' daga Cibiyar Fasaha ta Massachusetts (MIT) a shekara ta 2010. <ref name="TNI">{{Cite web |date=4 June 2013 |title=An interview with Khadija Mushtaq |url=http://www.thenews.com.pk/Todays-News-6-181685-An-interview-with-Khadija-Mushtaq |url-status=usurped |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131015091946/http://www.thenews.com.pk/Todays-News-6-181685-An-interview-with-Khadija-Mushtaq |archive-date=15 October 2013 |access-date=1 April 2020}}<cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-unfit" data-ve-ignore="">[https://web.archive.org/web/20131015091946/http://www.thenews.com.pk/Todays-News-6-181685-An-interview-with-Khadija-Mushtaq "An interview with Khadija Mushtaq"]. ''The News International, Pakistan (newspaper)''. 4 June 2013. Archived from the original on 15 October 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 April</span> 2020</span>.</cite> [[Category:CS1: unfit URL]]</ref> <ref name=":3" /> * A shekara ta 2011, Mushtaq ya sami lambar yabo ta Tamgha-e-Imtiaz (Medal of Distinction) a fagen ilimi daga Shugaban Pakistan . * Mushtaq ya sami lambar yabo ta Claus Nobel Educator of Distinction daga National Society of High School Scholars, da kuma lambar yabo ta Counsellor daga Jami'ar Richmond da Jami'ar New York.<ref name="TNI" /><ref name=":3">{{Cite web |title=Roots Interact Students – Sow the Seeds of Joy and Hope |url=http://www.rotaryclubrawalpindi.org/roots-interact-students-sow-the-seeds-of-joy-and-hope |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141108070828/http://www.rotaryclubrawalpindi.org/roots-interact-students-sow-the-seeds-of-joy-and-hope |archive-date=8 November 2014 |access-date=1 April 2020 |publisher=Rotary Club of Rawalpindi website}}</ref> * Mushtaq ta sami digiri na girmamawa daga Jami'ar BPP (UK), kuma ta sami kyaututtuka saboda aikinta a ilimi. == Dubi kuma == * Jerin mata shugabanni ko shugabannin kwalejoji da jami'o'i == Manazarta == <templatestyles src="Reflist/styles.css" />{{Reflist}} [[Rukuni:Mutuwan 2025]] [[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1974]] 8b4fop40269lu3tvvpqugdlaxm22gkv 895496 895495 2026-08-12T09:50:08Z Umar A Muhammad 22698 Gyara 895496 wikitext text/x-wiki   '''Khadija Mushtaq''' ta kasance mai gudanar da ilimi da kuma [[malami]] a Pakistan. Ta kasance shugabar Jami'ar Roots Ivy International kuma babban jami'in zartarwa na Roots School System . == Ilimi == Mushtaq ya kammala digiri na Master of Economics tare da ƙwarewa a cikin nazarin ci gaba da manufofin kuɗi daga Jami'ar Quaid-i-Azam . == Ayyuka == Mushtaq ta fara aikinta na malamar makaranta. Ta kasance mai fafutukar fara ilimi tun tana ƙarama. Mushtaq ita ce babbar jami'ar Roots School System (RSS). Mushtaq ta kafa kuma ta jagoranci Shirin Ƙasa da Ƙasa na Jami'ar London a RSS. Ita ce shugabar babbar harabar RSS, a Hukumar Gidaje ta Tsaro, Islamabad.<ref name="TNI">{{Cite web |date=4 June 2013 |title=An interview with Khadija Mushtaq |url=http://www.thenews.com.pk/Todays-News-6-181685-An-interview-with-Khadija-Mushtaq |url-status=usurped |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131015091946/http://www.thenews.com.pk/Todays-News-6-181685-An-interview-with-Khadija-Mushtaq |archive-date=15 October 2013 |access-date=1 April 2020}}</ref> Mushtaq shi ne shugaban Jami'ar Roots Ivy International . Mushtaq ya kasance mai fafutuka kuma mai tallafawa kungiyoyi masu zaman kansu da yawa ciki har da 'Liberating the Girl Child Foundation'. Ita ce ta kafa Roots IVY International Schools, Roots IVI International College da IVY College of Management Sciences. Ta kasance majagaba na Transnational Education (TNE) a Pakistan . == Rayuwa ta mutum == Khadija tana da 'ya'ya biyu. Ta mutu a ranar 14 ga watan Janairun shekara ta 2025 daga ciwon daji.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Instagram |url=https://www.instagram.com/p/DE0J9XUAylI/?igsh=ZXZiOHA2ODhvaXU0 |access-date=2025-01-14 |website=www.instagram.com}}</ref> == Kyaututtuka da girmamawa == * Mushtaq ya sami lambar yabo ta Yale Educator a shekara ta 2009 da kuma ''Kyautar Mai ba da shawara mafi kyau'' daga Cibiyar Fasaha ta Massachusetts (MIT) a shekara ta 2010. <ref name="TNI">{{Cite web |date=4 June 2013 |title=An interview with Khadija Mushtaq |url=http://www.thenews.com.pk/Todays-News-6-181685-An-interview-with-Khadija-Mushtaq |url-status=usurped |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131015091946/http://www.thenews.com.pk/Todays-News-6-181685-An-interview-with-Khadija-Mushtaq |archive-date=15 October 2013 |access-date=1 April 2020}}<cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-unfit" data-ve-ignore="">[https://web.archive.org/web/20131015091946/http://www.thenews.com.pk/Todays-News-6-181685-An-interview-with-Khadija-Mushtaq "An interview with Khadija Mushtaq"]. ''The News International, Pakistan (newspaper)''. 4 June 2013. Archived from the original on 15 October 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 April</span> 2020</span>.</cite> [[Category:CS1: unfit URL]]</ref> <ref name=":3" /> * A shekara ta 2011, Mushtaq ya sami lambar yabo ta Tamgha-e-Imtiaz (Medal of Distinction) a fagen ilimi daga Shugaban Pakistan . * Mushtaq ya sami lambar yabo ta Claus Nobel Educator of Distinction daga National Society of High School Scholars, da kuma lambar yabo ta Counsellor daga Jami'ar Richmond da Jami'ar New York.<ref name="TNI" /><ref name=":3">{{Cite web |title=Roots Interact Students – Sow the Seeds of Joy and Hope |url=http://www.rotaryclubrawalpindi.org/roots-interact-students-sow-the-seeds-of-joy-and-hope |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141108070828/http://www.rotaryclubrawalpindi.org/roots-interact-students-sow-the-seeds-of-joy-and-hope |archive-date=8 November 2014 |access-date=1 April 2020 |publisher=Rotary Club of Rawalpindi website}}</ref> * Mushtaq ta sami digiri na girmamawa daga Jami'ar BPP (UK), kuma ta sami kyaututtuka saboda aikinta a ilimi. == Dubi kuma == * Jerin mata shugabanni ko shugabannin kwalejoji da jami'o'i == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} [[Rukuni:Mutuwan 2025]] [[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1974]] 85n3isjlftwr9duawj5qo4kg4p4b8o6 0 19634 895621 714251 2026-08-12T10:49:04Z Maryam Abdullahi Y 43904 895621 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Plato''' (/ˈpleɪtoʊ/ PLAY-toe; Greek: {{Lang|grc|Πλάτων}}, {{Transl|grc|Plátōn}}; born {{Circa|428–423}}&nbsp;BC, died 348/347&nbsp;BC) was an ancient Greek philosopher of the Classical period who is considered a foundational thinker in Western philosophy and an innovator of the written dialogue and dialectic forms. He influenced all the major areas of theoretical philosophy and practical philosophy, and was the founder of the Platonic Academy, a philosophical school in Athens where Plato taught the doctrines that would later become known as Platonism. Mafi shahararren gudummawar Plato shine ka'idar siffofi (ko ra'ayoyi) , wanda ke da niyyar warware abin da yanzu ake kira Matsalar duniya. Masu tunani na pre-Socratic [[Pythagoras]], Heraclitus, da Parmenides ne suka rinjaye shi, kodayake yawancin abin da aka sani game da su ya samo asali ne daga Plato da kansa. Tare da malaminsa [[Socrates]], da ɗalibinsa [[Aristotle]], Plato babban mutum ne a tarihin Falsafar Yamma. An kuma yi imanin cewa cikakkun ayyukan Plato sun tsira sama da shekaru 2,400 - ba kamar na kusan dukkanin tsaransa ba.{{Sfn|Cooper|1997}} Kodayake shahararsu ta canza, ana karanta su akai-akai kuma ana nazarin su cikin shekaru.{{Sfn|Cooper|1997}} Ta hanyar Neoplatonism, ya kuma rinjayi falsafar Kirista da Islama. A zamanin yau, Alfred North Whitehead ya ce: "mafi amintaccen halayyar al'adar falsafar Turai ita ce ta ƙunshi jerin bayanan rubutu ga Plato".{{Sfn|Whitehead|1978}} == Rayuwa == An haifi Plato tsakanin 428 da 423 KZ a cikin dangin Atina mai daraja da tasiri; ta hanyar mahaifiyarsa, Perictione, ya kasance zuriyar Solon, ɗan siyasa wanda aka yaba da kafa harsashin dimokuradiyya na Atina.{{Sfn|Nails|2002}}{{Sfn|Waterfield|2023}}{{Sfn|Nails|2002}} Akwai wani labari na apocryphal cewa Plato wani laƙabi ne, kuma cewa sunan haihuwarsa ''Aristocles'' ne, ma'ana 'mafi kyawun suna', amma wannan ana ɗaukarsa ƙarya ne ta hanyar masana zamani.{{Sfn|Notopoulos|1939}}{{Sfn|Nails|2002}}{{Sfn|Guthrie|1986}}{{Sfn|Waterfield|2023}} Plato yana da 'yan'uwa maza biyu, Glaucon da Adeimantus, dukansu biyu sun bayyana a ''Jamhuriyar'', da kuma' yar'uwa, [[Plato|Potone]], da kuma ɗan'uwa, Antiphon.{{Sfn|Waterfield|2023}} A lokacin yarantakar Plato, Athens ta shiga cikin Yaƙin Peloponesian da Sparta . 'Yan uwansa, Adeimantus da Glaucon, sun bambanta kansu a yakin Megara a cikin 409 BC.{{Sfn|Nails|2006}} Duk da yakin, Plato da 'yan uwansa, kamar dukkan mazajen Athens, sun sami ilimin gargajiya a wasan motsa jiki da [[kiɗa]].{{Sfn|Waterfield|2023}} A cewar marubutan zamanin d ̄ a, akwai al'adar cewa aikin da Plato ya fi so a shekarunsa na ƙuruciya shine waka: ya rubuta [[Waƙa|waƙoƙi]], dithyrambs da farko, kuma daga baya waƙoƙoƙi da bala'i (tetralogy), amma ya watsar da sha'awarsa ta farko kuma ya ƙone waƙoƙinsa lokacin da ya sadu da Socrates kuma ya juya zuwa falsafar.{{Sfn|Waterfield|2023}} Har ila yau, akwai wasu rubutun da aka danganta ga Plato, amma wasu masana yanzu suna tunanin cewa ba gaskiya ba ne.{{Sfn|Waterfield|2023}} === Socrates === [[Fayil:Socrates_Louvre.jpg|thumb|Plato na ɗaya daga cikin matasa masu bin Socrates, wanda aka nuna jikinsa a sama.]] A lokacin ƙuruciyarsa, Plato ya fara saduwa da [[Socrates]], wanda zai zama malaminsa kuma babbar hanyar wahayi, da farko a cikin ƙungiyar wasu yara maza na Atina a [[Palaestra]], kamar yadda aka nuna tare da Lysis da [[Menexenus]], waɗanda suka tattauna falsafar tare da Socrates a cikin Lysis, amma nan da nan zai zama memba na ƙungiyar Socrates ta ciki, yana saduwa da Socrats da sauran mabiyansa.{{Sfn|Nails|2002}} Socrates, tare da [[Sophist|sophists]] na zamaninsa, sun kalubalanci mayar da hankali ga [[Pre-Socratic philosophy|Falsafar Girka ta Farko]] a kan falsafar halitta, kuma sun bincika tambayoyin ɗabi'a da siyasa, suna nazarin ra'ayoyin masu magana da shi tare da jerin tambayoyin da ake kira [[Socratic method|Hanyar Socratic]]. {{Sfn|Waterfield|2023}} Socrates' immense influence on Plato is clearly borne out in Plato's dialogues: Plato never speaks in his own voice in his dialogues; every dialogue except the ''Laws'' features Socrates, although many dialogues, including the ''Timaeus'' and ''Statesman'', feature him speaking only rarely. Leo Strauss notes that Socrates' reputation for irony casts doubt on whether Plato's Socrates is expressing sincere beliefs.{{Sfn|Strauss|1964}} Xenophon's ''Memorabilia'' and Aristophanes's ''The Clouds'' seem to present a somewhat different portrait of Socrates from the one Plato paints. Aristotle attributes a different doctrine with respect to Forms to Plato and Socrates. Aristotle suggests that Socrates' idea of forms can be discovered through investigation of the natural world, unlike Plato's Forms that exist beyond and outside the ordinary range of human understanding. The Socratic problem concerns how to reconcile these various accounts. The precise relationship between Plato and Socrates remains an area of contention among scholars.{{Sfn|Vlastos|1991}} == Manazarta <sup class="noprint Inline-Template " style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B; == ceteu410e6hhtpccur12qgzylzu93t3 4 21908 895243 894573 2026-08-11T21:27:30Z AmmarBot 13973 Sabunta shafin sabbin editoci 895243 wikitext text/x-wiki Wannan shafin ya na ƙunshe da sabbin editocin da sukayi rajista a Hausa Wikipedia. Robot yana sabunta wannan shafin duk bayan wasu sa'o'i. 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|[[User:26mahamaya|26mahamaya]] |[[Special:Contributions/26mahamaya|Gudummuwa]] |Talata, 11 ga Augusta 2026 |- |} 7h8slm8psykv1fze74y8wnzy0fs99tz 0 22224 895300 517223 2026-08-11T22:52:29Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 895300 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} [[Fayil:Womex 2011 - Day 2 (6288662501).jpg|thumb|Daniela Jacob a gefen hagu ]] '''Daniela Jacob''' (an haife ta a ranar 20 ga watan Yunin shekara ta alif dari tara da sittin da daya 1961) [[Jamus|Bajamushe ce]] masanin kimiyyar yanayi. Tana kuma shugabantar Cibiyar Kula da Yanayi ta Jamus (GERICS) kuma farfesa ce mai ba da shawara a Jami'ar Leuphana ta Lüneburg.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|last=Jacob|first=Daniela|title=Curriculum Vitae|url=https://www.climate-service-center.de/imperia/md/content/csc/cv_ma/cv_daniela_jacob_150617.pdf|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181112101343/https://www.climate-service-center.de/imperia/md/content/csc/cv_ma/cv_daniela_jacob_150617.pdf|archive-date=12 November 2018|access-date=2021-04-07}}</ref><ref name=":1">{{Cite web|title=IPCC Authors (beta)|url=https://archive.ipcc.ch/report/authors/report.authors.php?q=32&p=&p|access-date=2021-04-07|website=archive.ipcc.ch|archive-date=2021-04-06|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210406061518/https://archive.ipcc.ch/report/authors/report.authors.php?q=32&p=&p=|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref name=":2">{{Cite web|title=Daniela Jacob - Climate Service Center Germany|url=https://www.climate-service-center.de/about/team/062489/index.php.de|access-date=2021-04-07|website=www.climate-service-center.de}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Daniela Jacob|url=https://www.leuphana.de/universitaet/personen/daniela-jacob.html|access-date=2021-04-07|website=Leuphana Universität Lüneburg|language=de}}</ref> == Tarihin rayuwa == Yakubu ta karanci ilimin yanayi ne daga shekara ta 1980 zuwa shekara ta 1986 a Jami’ar Fasaha ta Darmstadt kuma ta karbi digirin digirgir a shekara ta alif dari tara da casa'in da daya 1991 daga Jami’ar Hamburg. == Aiki == Binciken Yakubu ta mai da hankali ne kan samfurin yanayi na yanki da sake zagayowar ruwa. Yakubu tana daya daga cikin manyan marubutan Rahoton Bincike na Biyar na IPCC kuma ya kasance mai jagorantar jagorancin marubucin rahoton na Musamman kan dumamar yanayi na 1.5 ° a shekarar C (2018). Yakubu itace babban edita kuma mai kirkirar Elsevier journal Climate Services. Har ila yau, ita ce mai tsarawa, tare da Eleni Katragkou da Stefan Sobolowski, na EURO-CORDEX, wata kimiyyar kimiyya game da samfurin yanayin yanki na Turai.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Daniela Jacob, PhD|url=https://www.journals.elsevier.com/climate-services/editorial-board/daniela-jacob-phd|access-date=2021-04-07|website=www.journals.elsevier.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=Nishat|date=2021-03-24|title=How scientific networks bring cutting-edge science upfront|url=https://www.openaccessgovernment.org/scientific-networks/106997/|access-date=2021-04-07|website=Open Access Government|language=en-GB}}</ref> == Zaɓaɓɓun wallafe-wallafe == * Daniela Jacob: [https://www.zeit.de/wissen/umwelt/2017-06/klimaabkommen-donald-trump-ausstieg-pariser-abkommen-usa ''Klimaabkommen: Paris lebt.''] A cikin: ''Die Zeit .'' 2 Yuni 2017. * Daniela Yakubu, Lars katange, Ole Bøssing Christensen, Jens Hesselbjerg Christensen, Manuel De Castro, Michel Deque, Filippo Giorgi, Stefan Hagemann, Martin Hirschi, Richard Jones, Erik Kjellström, Geert Lenderink, Burkhardt Rockel, Enrique Sanchez, Karin Schaer, Sonia na Seneviratne, Samuel Somot, Aad Van Ulden da Bart Van Den Hurk (2007). Misali-kwatancen yanayin yanki na yanki na Turai: aikin kwalliya a cikin yanayin yau. Canjin Yanayi, 81 (1), 31-52. [[doi:10.1007/s10584-006-9213-4|Doi: 10.1007 / s10584-006-9213-4]] == Manazarta == <references /> [[Category:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Category:Haifaffun 1961]] [[Category:Yanayi]] [[Category:Maza]] [[Category:Mata]] sk80yijy16jf8smz5t2ke8ziidjt4x3 0 22406 895336 618738 2026-08-12T04:10:44Z Baffa ali 47435 /* growthexperiments-addlink-summary-summary:2|1|0 */ 895336 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} [[File:Massacre_of_Kalavryta_Memorial.jpg |thumb| Abin tunawa da kisan kiyashin Kalavryta]] [[File:Mass_execution_in_Kosovo_1912.jpg |thumb|Mass execution in Kosovo 1912 ]] [[File:Malmedy_Massacre.jpg|right|thumb|200x200px| Sakamakon kisan kiyashin Malmedy a 1944, lokacin da sojojin Nazi suka yiwa fursunonin yakin [[Tarayyar Amurka|Amurka kisan kiyashi]]]] [[Fayil:Pakistan Air Force Cold War Jets.jpg|thumb|jiragen yaqi]]   '''Laifin yaki''' wani aiki ne wanda ke haifar da mummunan keta dokokin yaki wanda ke haifar da dawainiyar aikata laifi. Misalai da laifukan sun hada da gangan ya kashe fararen hula ko fursunonin, da azabtarwa, da hallaka farar hula dukiyõyin su da aka yi garkuwa, yin wani ''perfidy, raping'', yin amfani da yara, pillaging, yana nuna cewa babu kwata za a ba, da kuma tsanani keta ka'idojin bambanci, ''proportionality'', da kuma wajibcin soja . Batun aikata laifukan yaki ya samo asali ne a karshen karni na ashirin lokacin da aka tsara kundin dokokin kasa da kasa da suka shafi yaki tsakanin kasashe masu mulkin kansu . Irin wannan bayanin ya faru ne a matakin kasa, kamar buga littafin ''Lieber Code'' a kasar Amurka, da kuma a matakin kasa da Kasa tare da amincewa da yarjejeniyoyi a lokacin yayin taron Hague na shekarun 1899 da shekarar 1907. Bugu da dari, shari'o'in da aka yi a kotunan kasa a wannan lokacin sun kara bayyana doka. Bayan karshen [[Yakin Duniya na II]], manyan cigaba a cikin dokar sun faru. Yawancin gwaji da akayi na masu aikata laifukan yaki na Axis sun kafa ka'idodin Nuremberg, kamar ra'ayin cewa laifukan yaki sun zama laifuka wadanda dokar kasa ta bayyana . Bugu da kari, Yarjejeniyar Geneva a cikin shekara ta 1949 ta bayyana sabbin laifukan yaki kuma sun kafa cewa jihohi na iya yin ikon duniya game da wadannan laifukan. A karshen karni na 20 da farkon karni na 21, bayan Kirkirar kotunan kasa da kasa da yawa, an bayyana karin nau'ikan laifukan yaki da suka shafi rikice-rikicen makamai banda wadanda ke tsakanin jihohi, kamar yake-yake na cikin gida . == Tarihi == [[File:Chinese_killed_by_Japanese_Army_in_a_ditch,_Hsuchow.jpg|thumb| Wani rami cike da gawarwakin fararen hular Sinawa da sojojin Japan suka kashe a Suzhou, China, a shekarar 1938]] ==Misalan farko == Shari'ar Peter von Hagenbach da wata kotun wucin gadi ta Masarautar Roman ta Kudus ta yi a shekarar 1474 ita ce ta farko ta "laifukan yaki" ta duniya, kuma har ila yau ta alhakin daukar nauyi .<ref name="Grant">[http://www.law.harvard.edu/alumni/bulletin/2006/spring/gallery.phpExhibit highlights the first international war crimes tribunal] by Linda Grant, Harvard Law Bulletin.</ref> An kuma yanke masa hukunci kuma an fille kansa saboda aikata laifuka da cewa "shi a matsayinsa na jarumi an dauke shi yana da hakkin hanawa", duk da cewa ya dade yanayin jayayya cewa "yana bin umarnin ne kawai". A shekara ta 1865, Henry Wirz, wani hafsan Sojan Amurka, kotun soji ta tuhume shi kuma ta rataye shi saboda mummunan yanayi a Kurkukun Andersonville, inda fursunonin Yammacin tarayyar da yawa suka mutu a lokacin yakin basasar Amurka. ==Yarjejeniyar Hague == Yarjejeniyar Hague ta kasance yarjejeniyar Kasa da Kasa da aka tattauna a taro na zaman lafiya na Farko da na biyu a Hague, [[Holand|Netherlands]] a shekara ta 1899 da 1907, kuma sun kasance, tare da Yarjejeniyar Geneva, daga cikin bayanan farko na dokokin yaki da laifukan yaki a kungiyar internationalasa ta duniya wacce ba ta addini ba. ==Yarjejeniyar Geneva == Yarjejeniyar Geneva yarjejeniyoyi ne masu alaqa guda hudu wadanda aka amince da su kuma aka cigaba da hadaka ta daga shekara ta 1864 zuwa shekarar 1949 wadanda ke wakiltar tushen doka da tsarin gudanar da yaki karkashin dokar kasa da kasa. Kowane dayan memba na Majalisar Dinkin Duniya a halin yanzu ya amince da yarjejeniyar, wadanda aka yarda da su a matsayin ka'idodin dokar kasa da kasa, wadanda ke suka dace da kowane yanayin rikici a duniya. Koyayar da ladabi ga Yarjejeniyar Geneva da aka zartar a cikin shekarar 1977 wanda ke dauke da mafi mahimmancin, cikakke kuma cikakkiyar kariya ta dokar agaji ta Kasa da Kasa ga mutane da abubuwa a cikin yakin zamani har yanzu ba a tabbatar da su ta hanyar Jihohi da yawa da ke ci gaba da fadawa cikin rikice-rikicen yaki, wato Amurka, Isra’ila, Indiya, Pakistan, Iraki, [[Iran]], da sauransu. Dangane da haka, jihohi suna rike lambobi daban-daban da dabi'u game da halayen lokacin yaki. Wasu masu sanya hannu sun saba ka'idojin Yarjejeniyar Geneva ta yadda ko dai ta amfani da sahihan doka ko kuma jan ra'ayin siyasa don kaucewa ka'idoji da dokokin. An sake inganta manyan taruka uku tare da fadada na hudu wanda aka Kara a shekarar 1949: * Yarjejeniyar Geneva ta Farko ''don Inganta Yanayin Wadanda Sukaji rauni da Marasa Lafiya a Sojojin kasa''' (Taro ''na Amelioration na Yanayin Raunuka da Marasa Lafiya a Sojojin a Field'' an karbe shi a shekarar 1864, an yi kwaskwarima sosai kuma an maye gurbinsa da Tsarin shekara ta 1906, sigar shekarar 1929, daga baya kuma yarjejeniyar Geneva ta Farko shekarar 1949 ). * Yarjejeniyar Geneva ta Biyu ''don Inganta Yanayin raunuka, Marasa lafiya da Jirgin Ruwa a Tekun'' (Taro ''na Amelioration na Yanayin raunuka, Marasa lafiya da Jirgin Ruwa da Ruwa a cikin Tekun'' an karɓi a shekarar 1906, muhimmanci bita da maye gurbinsu da Yarjejeniyar Geneva ta Biyu ta shekarar 1949). * Taron Geneva na Uku ''dangane da Kula da Fursunonin Yaki'' ( Yarjejeniyar <nowiki><i id="mwdA">dangane da Kula da Fursunonin Yaki</i></nowiki> an zartar da ita a shekarar 1929, an yi kwaskwarima sosai tare da maye gurbin ta Taron Geneva na Uku na shekarar 1949).[[File:Destroyed_house_in_the_south_of_Sanaa_12-6-2015-3.jpg|thumb| HRW ta rubuta cewa sa-hannun da Saudiyya ta jagoranta a Yaman wanda ya fara a ranar 26 ga Maris, 2015, ya shafi kai hare-hare ta sama a bayyane take da dokokin yaki. ]] * Yarjejeniyar Geneva ta Hudu ''dangane da Kariyar Jama'a a Lokacin Yakin'' (wanda aka fara amfani da shi a shekara ta 1949, ya dogara da bangarorin Yarjejeniyar Hague ta shekarar 1907). An karbi kariin ladabi biyu a cikin shekara ta 1977 tare da na uku wanda aka Kara a shekarar 2005, kammalawa da sabunta Yarjejeniyar Geneva: * Yarjejeniyar I (1977) ''dangane da Kariyar Wadanda Rikicin Makamai na Internationalasashe ya shafa.'' * Yarjejeniyar II (1977) ''dangane da Kariyar wadanda ke fama da Rikicin Nonasashen Duniya ba.'' * Yarjejeniyar III (2005) ''dangane da Tallafin Distarin Alamar Musamman.'' === Leipzig Gwajin Laifin Yaki === An yi wa wasu tsirarun ma'aikatan sojan Jamusawa na [[Yakin Duniya na I|Yakin Duniya na]] daya hukunci a cikin 1921 da Kotun Germanoli ta Jamhuriyar ta tuhumar su da aikata laifukan yaki. === Yarjejeniyar London / Gwaji Nuremberg 1945 === An inganta tunanin zamani game da aikata laifukan yaki a karkashin kararrakin Nuremberg bisa ma'anar cikin Yarjejeniyar London da aka buga a ranar 8 ga Agusta, 1945. (Hakanan duba ka'idodin Nuremberg). Tare da laifukan yaki, kundin tsarin mulkin ya kuma bayyana laifuffukan da suka shafi zaman lafiya da laifukan cin zarafin bil'adama, wadanda galibi ake aikata su yayin yake-yake kuma a hada kai da laifukan yaki. ==Kotun Soja ta Duniya don Gabas ta Gabas a shekarar 1946 == Har ila yau, ana kiranta da Titin Tokyo, Kotun Laifin Laifukan Yakin Tokyo ko kuma kawai a matsayin Kotu, an yi taronta a ranar 3 ga watan Mayu, shekara ta 1946, don gwada shugabannin Daular Japan game da laifuka iri uku: "Ajin A" (laifuka kan zaman lafiya ), "Ajin B" (laifukan yaki), da "Ajin C" (laifukan cin zarafin bil'adama), da aka aikata a lokacin [[Yakin Duniya na II]] . ==Kotun Laifuka ta Duniya a shekarar 2002 == [[File:My_Lai_massacre.jpg|thumb| Gawarwakin wasu daruruwan villaan ƙabilar Vietnam wadanda sojojin Amurka suka kashe a lokacin kisan kiyashin My Lai]] A ranar 1 ga Yuli, 2002, [[Kotun Shari'ar Miyagun Laifuka|Kotun Laifuka ta Duniya]], wata kotun da ke da hedikwata a Hague, ta kasance don gabatar da hukunce-hukuncen laifukan yaƙi da aka aikata a ko bayan wannan ranar. Kasashe da dama, musamman Amurka, China, Rasha, da Isra’ila, sun soki kotun. Har yanzu Amurka na cikin masu kallo. Mataki na goma sha biyu 12 na Dokar Roma ya ba da iko kan 'yan kasa da jihohin da ba sa kwangila idan an zarge su da aikata laifi a yankin dayan bangarorin jihar. An bayyana laifuffukan yaki a cikin ƙa'idar da ta kafa Kotun hukunta manyan laifuka ta duniya, wanda ya hada da: # Kashe kaburbura na Yarjejeniyar Geneva, kamar su: ## Kisan ganganci, ko haddasa babbar wahala ko rauni mai tsanani ga jiki ko lafiya ## Azabtarwa ko cutar da mutum ## Rushewar doka ba bisa doka ba ko satar dukiya ## Tilasta fursunan yaki ya yi aiki a cikin rundunar maƙiya ## Haramta fursunonin yaki na hukuncin adalci ## Korar jama'a ba bisa doka ba, tsarewa ko canja wuri ## Yin garkuwa da mutane ## Daidaita kai hare-hare kan fararen hula[[File:Prisoners_on_ground_before_execution,Taejon,_South_Korea.jpg|thumb| Kisan Bodo League yayin yakin Koriya a shekarar 1950]] ## Daidaita kai hare-hare kan ma'aikatan jin kai ko kuma sojojin kiyaye zaman lafiya na Majalisar Dinkin Duniya ## Kashe mayakan da aka sallama ## Amfani da tutar sulhu ## Yankin yankin da aka mamaye ## Korar mazaunan yankin da suka mamaye ## Yin amfani da makamai masu guba ## Amfani da fararen hula a matsayin garkuwa ## Yin amfani da yara sojoji ## Yin harbi a kan Magungunan Yaki tare da bayyananniyar alama. # Abubuwan da ke gudana a matsayin ɓangare na rikice-rikice ba na duniya ba: ## Kisan kai, zalunci ko wulakanta mutane da azabtarwa ## Daidaita kai hare-hare kan fararen hula, ma'aikatan jin kai ko kuma sojojin kiyaye zaman lafiya na Majalisar Dinkin Duniya # Abubuwan da ke faruwa a matsayin ɓangare na rikicin duniya:[[File:Lugansk-2014-06-18.jpeg|thumb| Fararen hula da aka kashe a luguden wuta a gabashin [[Ukraniya|Ukraine]] . A cewar rahoton na HRW, "Yin amfani da rokoki ba tare da nuna bambanci ba a yankunan da mutane ke ciki ya sabawa dokokin jin kai na kasa da kasa, ko dokokin yaki, kuma na iya zama laifukan yaki." ]] ## Yin garkuwa da mutane ## Takaitawar aiwatarwa ## Ganima ## Fyade, bautar jima'i, tilasta karuwanci ko tilasta ciki Koyaya kotu tana da iko ne kawai akan wadannan laifuka inda suke "''bangare ne na wani tsari ko manufa ko kuma wani bangare na babban kwamiti na irin wadannan laifuka''". == Manyan fitattu == ==Shugabannin jihohi da na gwamnati == [[File:Omar_al-Bashir,_12th_AU_Summit,_090131-N-0506A-342.jpg|thumb| Shugaban [[Sudan]] Omar al-Bashir, wanda kotun ICC ke nema saboda laifukan yaki da cin zarafin bil adama]] Zuwa yau, na yanzu da tsoffin [[Shugaban kasa|shugabannin kasa]] da [[Shugaban Gwamnati|shugabannin gwamnatocin]] da ake tuhuma da aikata laifukan yaki sun hada da: * Großadmiral na Jamus da Shugaba Karl Dönitz da Firayim Ministocin Japan da Janar-Janar Hideki Tōjō da Kuniaki Koiso a bayan yakin duniya na II. * An gabatar da tsohon shugaban kasar [[Serbiya|Serbia]] , Slobodan Miloševi to a gaban kotu, inda ake tuhumarsa da, kisan kare dangi, cin zarafin bil adama, da laifukan yaki a jamhuriyoyi uku. The tribunal found the prosecution had according to its rules and procedures; enough evidence was tailored, before the defense presentation, that, "a reasonable trier of fact, could conclude, the accused was responsible for the crimes charged." Wannan ya shafi babban nauyi na tuhumar Bosnia da Croatia, da kuma alhakin kowane mutum na tuhumar Kosovo. Babu wani hukunci da aka yanke, duk da haka, tunda ya mutu a tsare a cikin shekarar 2006, kafin a kammala shari'ar. * Shi ma tsohon shugaban Laberiya Charles G. Taylor an kawo shi a Hague ana tuhumarsa da laifukan yaki; shari'arsa ta faro ne daga shekara ta 2007 zuwa Maris 2011. An yanke masa hukunci a cikin Afrilu na shekarar 2012 na taimakawa da tallafawa laifukan cin zarafin bil'adama. * An kama tsohon Shugaban Sabiyawan Bosniya Radovan Karadžić a Belgrade a ranar 18 ga watan Yulin shekarar 2008 kuma aka gabatar da shi a gaban Kotun Laifukan Yakin Yakin na Belgrade kwanaki kadan bayan haka. An mika shi zuwa Netherlands, kuma a yanzu haka yana Hague, a hannun kotun hukunta manyan laifuka ta kasa da kasa ta tsohuwar Yugoslavia . An fara shari'ar a cikin 2010. A ranar 24 ga Maris, 2016, an same shi da laifin kisan kare dangi a Srebrenica, laifukan yaki da cin zarafin bil adama, 10 cikin tuhume-tuhume 11 gaba daya, an yanke masa hukuncin daurin shekaru 40. An yanke masa hukuncin ɗaurin rai da rai a kan roko. * Omar al-Bashir, tsohon shugaban [[Sudan|kasar Sudan]], ana tuhumarsa da aikata laifuka uku na kisan kare dangi, cin zarafin bil adama da sauran laifukan yaki dangane da yakin 2003– a yankin Darfur na Sudan. Shugaban kasa na farko da kotun hukunta manyan laifuka ta kasa da kasa ke tuhuma da kisan kare dangi tare da samin sammacin kama mutane a Darfur .[[File:Sahbag.jpg|thumb|287x287px| Zanga-zangar shekarar 2013 ta Shahbag ta bukaci a zartar da hukuncin kisa ga masu aikata laifukan yaki na yakin ‘yanci na Bangladesh na shekara ta 1971]] * An gurfanar da tsohon shugaban [[Muammar Gaddafi|Libya Muammar Gaddafi]] bisa zargin bada umarnin kisan masu zanga-zanga da fararen hula da Laifukan cin zarafin bil adama, a lokacin yakin basasar Libya na shekarar 2011, amma, an kashe shi kafin ya iya fuskantar shari'a a watan Oktoban shekarar 2011. ==Sauran fitattun masu gabatar da kara == * Yoshijirō Umezu, janar a cikin Sojojin Japan na Sarki * Seishirō Itagaki, Ministan Yaki na Daular Japan * Hermann Göring, Kwamandan Babban Luftwaffe . * Ernst Kaltenbrunner da Adolf Eichmann, manyan membobin SS . * Wilhelm Keitel, Janarfeldmarschall, shugaban kungiyar Oberkommando der Wehrmacht . * Erich Raeder, Großadmiral, Babban Kwamandan Babban Kriegsmarine . * Albert Speer, Ministan Makamai da Samar da Yaƙe-yaƙe a cikin Nazi Jamus 1942–45. * William Calley, tsohon hafsan sojan Amurka an same shi da laifin kisan kai saboda rawar da ya taka a kisan kiyashin My Lai * Ali Hassan Abd al-Majid al-Tikriti, wanda aka fi sani da laƙabi da "Chemical Ali", wanda bayan Ba'athist Iraq ya zartar da hukuncin kisan gilla a [[Kurdawa|ƙauyukan Kurdawa]] a lokacin yakin Iran da Iraki; [[Kuwaiti (ƙasa)|sannan kuma gwamnan Kuwait da ya]] mamaye ba bisa ƙa'ida ba a lokacin Yaƙin Fasha na Farko * Ratko Mladić, wanda aka gurfanar da kisan kare dangi a tsakanin sauran take hakkin bil'adama a lokacin yakin Bosnia ; an kama shi a Serbia a watan Mayu na shekarar 2011 kuma an mika shi don fuskantar shari'a a Hague, inda aka same shi da laifi kuma aka yanke masa hukuncin ɗaurin rai da rai. * Joseph Kony, shugaban kungiyar [[Ƙungiyar Ƴan Tawaye na Ubangiji|'yan tawaye ta Lord Resistance Army]], kungiyar' yan daba da ke aiki a Uganda. == Ma'ana == [[File:Polish_hostages_preparing_by_Nazi_Germans_for_mass_execution_1940.jpg|thumb| A hoto dauka da Polish Karkashin kasa na Nazi asirin 'yan sanda Ƙididdigar up Polish kawo dukkan at Palmiry kusa [[Warszawa|Warsaw]] a 1940 domin taro kisa ( ''AB-Aktion'' )]] Laifukan yaƙi babban keta ƙa'idoji ne na dokokin al'adu da yarjejeniya game da dokar ɗan adam ta ƙasa da ƙasa da aka yarda da ita  a matsayin laifukan aikata laifi wanda akwai alhakin mutum ɗaya. Ma'anar ''hada-hada ta aikata laifukan yaki'' sun hada da keta ka'idojin kariya na ''dokokin yaki'', amma kuma ya hada da gazawa wajen bin ka'idojin aiki da ka'idojin yaki, kamar kai hari ga wadanda ke nuna tutar lumana ta sulhu, ko amfani da waccan tutar a matsayin dabara don hawa hari kan sojojin abokan gaba. A amfani da sinadaran da nazarin halittu makamai a yaƙi suna kuma haramta ta da yawa sinadaran makamai iko da yarjejeniyar da kuma Halittu Makamai Yarjejeniyar . Sanye da makiya kayan ko fararen kaya zuwa infiltrate maƙiyi Lines ga leken asirin ko ɓarna da gangan manufa ne istinbadi magajinsa na yaki, ko yãƙi a fama ko kisan gilla mutane bayan maƙiyi Lines yayin da haka ya ɓadda ba, kamar yadda ya ƙunshi m perfidy. Kai wa sojojin abokan gaba hari yayin da ake tura su ta hanyar hanyar leken asiri ba laifin yaki ba ne. Koyaya, Protocol I, Mataki na 42 na Yarjejeniyar Geneva a bayyane ya hana kai hari ga masu lalatattun fastocin da suke fatarar jirgin nakasassu da masu ba da izinin sauƙaƙe da zarar sun sauka. Mataki na 30 na Yarjejeniyar Hague ta shekarar 1907 ta ''IV - Dokoki da Kwastam na Yaƙi a expasa'' a bayyane ya hana mayaƙan horo don azabtar da iesan leƙen asirin ba tare da shari'ar da ta gabata ba. Dokar yaƙi, wanda aka fi sani da Dokar Rikicin Makamai, yana ba da izinin mahauta su shiga faɗa. Laifin yaƙi yana faruwa yayin da aka yi wa maƙiyi rauni ko azabar da ba dole ba. Laifukan yaƙi sun haɗa da irin waɗannan abubuwa kamar cutar da fursunonin yaƙi ko fararen hula . Laifukan yaki wani lokacin wani bangare ne na lokuta na kisan gilla da kisan kare dangi duk da cewa wadannan laifuffuka an fi rufe su sosai a karkashin dokar agaji ta duniya da aka bayyana a matsayin laifukan cin zarafin bil'adama . A shekara ta 2008, Kwamitin Tsaro na Majalisar Dinkin Duniya ya zartar da kuduri mai lamba a shekarar 1820, wanda ya nuna cewa "fyade da sauran nau'o'in cin zarafin mata na iya zama laifukan yaki, laifukan cin zarafin bil'adama ko kuma aiwatar da wani babban aiki dangane da kisan kare dangi"; ga kuma yakin fyade A shekarar 2016, [[Kotun Shari'ar Miyagun Laifuka|Kotun hukunta manyan laifuka ta duniya ta]] yanke wa wani hukuncin cin zarafin mata a karon farko; musamman, sun kara fyade ga hukuncin laifukan yaki na Mataimakin Shugaban Kwango [[Jean-Pierre Bemba|Jean-Pierre Bemba Gombo]] . [[File:Soviet_soldiers_mass_grave,_German_war_prisoners_concentration_camp_in_Deblin,_German-occupied_Poland.jpg|thumb| Babban kabarin USSR POWs, Jamusawa suka kashe. Kimanin POWs Soviet miliyan 3.3 suka mutu a hannun Nazi .]] Laifukan yaƙi kuma sun haɗa da kai hare-hare da gangan kan 'yan ƙasa da dukiyar ƙasashe masu tsaka-tsaki, kamar harin Jafananci akan Pearl Harbor . Yayinda harin da aka kai kan Pearl Harbor ya faru yayin da Amurka da Japan suke cikin lumana kuma ba tare da wani dalili na kare kai ba, Kotun Tokyo ta ayyana harin don wucewa ta hanyar tabbatar da wajibcin soja don haka ya zama laifin yaki. Laifukan yaƙi suna da mahimmanci a dokar agaji ta ƙasa da ƙasa saboda yanki ne da aka haɗu da kotunan ƙasa da ƙasa kamar na Nuremberg da Tokyo . Misalai na baya-bayan nan sune Kotun hukunta manyan laifuka ta kasa da kasa ta Yugoslavia da kuma Kotun hukunta masu manyan laifuka ta Ruwanda, wadanda Kwamitin Tsaro na Majalisar Dinkin Duniya da ke aiki karkashin Kashi na VIII na Yarjejeniyar Majalisar Dinkin Duniya suka kafa . A karkashin Ka'idojin Nuremberg, ''laifukan yaki'' sun banbanta da na cin zarafin zaman lafiya . Laifukan yaki da zaman lafiya sun hada da shiryawa, shiryawa, farawa, ko yin yakin wuce gona da iri, ko yakin keta yarjejeniyar kasa da kasa, yarjejeniyoyi, ko kuma tabbaci. Saboda za a iya muhawara kan ma'anar yanayin "yaki", kalmar "laifukan yaki" kanta ta ga amfani daban-daban a karkashin tsarin daban-daban na dokar kasa da kasa da ta soja. Yana da ɗan mataki na aikace-aikace a waje da abin da wasu za su iya ɗauka a matsayin yanayin "yaƙi", amma a cikin yankunan da rikice-rikice suka ci gaba har suka haifar da rashin zaman lafiyar jama'a. A wasu lokuta ana zargin shari'o'in yaƙi da ƙunshe da fifiko ga waɗanda suka yi nasara (" Adalcin Victor "), kamar yadda ba a zartar da wasu rikice-rikice a matsayin laifukan yaƙi ba. Wasu misalai sun hada da halakar Allies na biranen Axis a lokacin [[Yaƙin Duniya na II]], kamar fashewar wuta na Dresden, harin <nowiki><i id="mwAbw">Ofishin Taro</i></nowiki> a Tokyo (mummunan harin bam guda ɗaya a tarihi), da fashewar atom na Hiroshima da Nagasaki . Dangane da harin bama-bamai lokacin yakin duniya na II, babu wata yarjejeniya ko kayan aiki na duniya da ke kare fararen hula musamman daga harin jirgin sama, saboda haka hare-hare ta sama kan fararen hula ba laifukan yaƙi a hukumance bane. Allies a shari’ar a [[Nuremberg]] da [[Tokyo]] ba su taɓa gurfanar da Jamusawa ba, gami da babban kwamandan Luftwaffe Hermann Göring, don kai harin bam a Warsaw, Rotterdam, da biranen Biritaniya a lokacin Blitz da kuma hare-haren wuce gona da iri kan biranen kawancen tare da V -1 bama-bamai masu tashi sama da roket V-2, ko Jafananci don kai hare-hare ta sama kan biranen China cike da mutane. Kodayake babu wasu yarjejeniyoyi musamman game da yakin jirgi, Yarjejeniya ta 1, Mataki na 51 na Yarjejeniyar Geneva a bayyane ya hana yin ruwan bama-bamai a biranen da fararen hula za su iya zama ba tare da la'akari da kowace hanya ba. (duba bama-bamai na sama da dokar ƙasa ). Rikici ya faru ne lokacin da Allies suka sake sanya POWs na Jamusanci (a ƙarƙashin kariya ta Yarjejeniyar Geneva ta shekarar 1929 akan fursunonin yaƙi ) a matsayin Enungiyar Maƙiya ta ararya (ana zargin ba a kiyaye ta a shekarar 1929 Geneva Yarjejeniyar kan Fursunonin Yaƙi ba), da yawa waɗanda aka yi amfani da su don tilasta aiki kamar share filayen ma'adinai . <ref name="Modern History 1994 pp. 487">S. P. MacKenzie "The Treatment of Prisoners of War in World War II" ''The Journal of Modern History'', Vol. 66, No. 3. (Sep. 1994), pp. 487–520.</ref> Zuwa Disamban shekarar 1945, watanni shida bayan yakin ya ƙare, hukumomin Faransa sun kiyasta cewa har yanzu ana kashe ko raunata fursunonin Jamusawa dubu biyu kowane wata a cikin haɗarin kwance ma'adinai. An canza kalmomin Yarjejeniyar Geneva ta shekarar 1949 da gangan daga na shekara ta 1929 don Sojojin da suka "fada cikin iko" biyo bayan mika wuya ko yawan garkuwar makiyi yanzu an ba su kariya da kuma wadanda aka kama fursuna yayin yakin. {{Clear}}A karkashin dokar rikici (LOAC), mutuwar waɗanda ba sa yaƙin ba dole ba ne cin zarafi; akwai abubuwa da yawa don la'akari. ''Ba'' za a iya sanya fararen hula abin abin kai hari ba, amma mutuwa / rauni ga fararen hula yayin gudanar da hari kan manufar soja ana mulkinta ne a karkashin ka'idoji kamar na daidaito da bukatar sojoji kuma ana iya halatta. Wajabcin soja "yana ba da izinin halakar rayuwar&nbsp;... mutanen da rikice-rikicen yaƙe-yaƙe ba za su iya kiyaye halakar su ba;&nbsp;... baya ba da izinin kashe bayin Allah marasa laifi don ramuwar gayya ko gamsar da sha'awar kashewa. Lalata dukiya don halal ya zama tilas dole ne a buƙaci buƙatun yaƙi. ” Misali, gudanar da aiki a rumbun ajiye makamai ko sansanin horar da 'yan ta'adda ba za a hana shi ba saboda wani manomi yana nome gona a yankin; manomi ba shine abin kawo hari ba kuma ayyukan zasuyi daidai da karfin soja. A gefe guda, fa'idodin soja na ban mamaki zai zama dole don tabbatar da aikin da ke haifar da haɗarin mutuwa ko rauni ga dubban fararen hula. A cikin "grayer" shari'ar tambaya game da ko cutarwa da ake tsammani ta wuce gona da iri na iya zama mai ma'ana sosai. A saboda wannan dalili, Jihohi suka zaɓi amfani da mizanin "a sarari" don ƙayyade ko keta haddin laifi ya faru. Lokacin da babu wata hujja don aikin soja, kamar farar hula da aka sanya su abin kai hari, binciken kwatankwacin ba shi da muhimmanci don yanke hukuncin cewa harin ba shi da doka. == Kotun hukunta manyan laifuka ta kasa da kasa game da tsohuwar Yugoslavia == Don bugun iska, matukan jirgi gaba ɗaya sun dogara da bayanan da ke fitowa daga kafofin waje (hedkwatar, sojojin ƙasa) cewa takamaiman matsayi shine ainihin abin sojan soja. Game da tsohuwar Yugoslavia, matukan jirgin NATO sun buge wani abu na farar hula ( ofishin jakadancin China a Belgrade ) wanda ba shi da muhimmancin soja, amma matukan jirgin ba su da ra'ayin yanke shi baya ga umarninsu. Kwamitin ya yanke hukuncin cewa "ba za a sanya wa jirgin saman da ke da hannu cikin harin ba saboda an ba su mummunar manufa kuma bai dace ba a yi kokarin sanya alhakin aikata laifi ga abin da ya faru ga manyan shugabanni saboda an ba su bayanai marasa kyau. ta jami'an wata hukumar ". Rahoton ya kuma lura da cewa "Mafi yawan kayan da aka gabatar wa OTP sun kunshi rahotanni ne cewa an kashe fararen hula, galibi ana kiran a kammala da cewa an aikata laifuka. Raunin jingina ga fararen hula da lalata kayayyakin farar hula na iya faruwa saboda wasu dalilai. ” == Dokar Rendulic == An tuhumi Janar Lothar Rendulic na Jamusawa da bayar da umarnin rusa gine-gine da filayen fararen hula yayin da yake ja da baya daga wani harin da ake zargin abokan gaba da shi a cikin abin da ake kira siyasar duniya da aka kona saboda manufar soja ta hana amfani da fili ga makiya. Ya wuce gona da iri da aka hango amma yana jayayya cewa Hague IV ya ba da izinin halakar saboda ya zama wajibi a yi yaƙi. An wanke shi daga wannan tuhumar. Underarkashin "Dokar Rendulic" dole ne mutane su tantance wajibcin aikin soja bisa la’akari da bayanan da suke da su a wancan lokacin; ba za a iya yanke musu hukunci ba dangane da bayanan da suka zo a bayyane. == Duba wasu abubuwan == ==Jerin ƙasar == * Jerin laifukan yaki * Zaluncin Bangladesh a shekarar 1971 * Laifukan yaƙi na ƙawance yayin Yaƙin Duniya na II * Laifukan yaki na Burtaniya * Laifukan yakin na Jamus ** Sakamakon Naziyanci na Jamusawa ** Holocaust ** Laifukan yaƙi na Wehrmacht * Kotun Soja ta Duniya don Gabas ta Gabas * [[Daular Musulunci ta Iraƙi|Kungiyar Daular Islama ta Iraki da binciken laifukan yaki na Levant]] * Laifin yakin Italiya * Laifukan yakin Japan * Tsoma bakin da Saudiyya ta jagoranta a Yemen * Laifukan Yaƙin Koriya * Laifukan yakin Soviet * Kwamitin Majalisar Dattijan Amurka kan Philippines * Amurka laifukan yaki ==Matsalolin doka == * Dokar Kariyar Ba-Amurke * Umurnin umarni * Dokar yaƙi * Dokar Doka a Tsarin Rikici na Rikici (RULAC) * Russell Tribunal * Kotun Musamman ta Saliyo * Kotun Laifuka ta Duniya da mamaye Iraki a 2003 * Dokar Laifin Laifin Yaki (Belgium) * Dokar Laifin Laifin Yaki na 1996 - shigar da Laifukan Yaki a cikin dokar Amurka * Ikon duniya ==Dabam-dabam == * Tarihin Ta'addanci * Mai shiga tsakani na farar hula * Umurnin Commando * Commissar oda * Laifuka akan bil'adama * Laifi akan zaman lafiya * Laifin zalunci * Gwajin likitoci * Masana kimiyya * Garkuwar ɗan adam * Binciken Kotun Laifuka ta Duniya * Katyn kisan gilla * Jerin sunayen tsoffin citizensan asalin ƙasar Amurka waɗanda ba a ba su izini ba, gami da waɗanda aka ba su labarin don ɓoye hannu a cikin laifukan yaƙi don samun citizenshipan ƙasar * Kwashewa * Laifin Mass Laifi * Kashe mutane * Soja amfani da yara * Nazarin ɗan adam na Nazi * Kisan fursinonin NKVD * Babu kwata * Ka'idojin Nuremberg * Farancin * Razakars (Pakistan) * Aikin Sentinel na Tauraron Dan Adam * Kashe-kashen Srebrenica * Ta'addancin Jiha * Tashin bom * Adalcin wucin gadi * Mayaki mara doka * Tashin hankali lokacin tashin hankali * Binciken Sojoji na Hunturu == Manazarta ==   == Kara karantawa == *  <bdi><cite class="citation book cs1" data-ve-ignore="true" id="CITEREFRobert_Cryer2007">[[Musamman: Tushen Littafin / 978-0-521-87609-4|978-0-521-87609-4]]</cite></bdi> *  <bdi><cite class="citation book cs1" data-ve-ignore="true" id="CITEREFYôrām_Dinstein2004">[[Musamman: Tushen Littafin / 978-0-521-54227-2|978-0-521-54227-2]]</cite></bdi> * Hagopian, Patrick (2013). ''<nowiki/>'Yancin Amurka: Laifukan Yaki da Iyakokin Dokokin Duniya.'' Amherst, MA: Jami'ar Massachusetts Latsa. *   <bdi><cite class="citation book cs1" data-ve-ignore="true" id="CITEREFHorvitzCatherwood2011">[[Musamman: Tushen Littafin / 978-0-8160-8083-0|978-0-8160-8083-0]]</cite></bdi>  *  <bdi><cite class="citation book cs1" data-ve-ignore="true" id="CITEREFMalcolm_N._Shaw2008">[[Musamman: Tushen Littafin / 978-0-521-72814-0|978-0-521-72814-0]]</cite></bdi> *  <bdi><cite class="citation book cs1" data-ve-ignore="true" id="CITEREFGary_D._Solis2010">[[Musamman: Tushen Littafin / 978-0-521-87088-7|978-0-521-87088-7]]</cite></bdi> == Duba wasu abubuwan == * Laifuka akan Bil'adama * [[Kotun Shari'ar Miyagun Laifuka|Kotun Laifuka ta Duniya]] * Dokar Rome ta Kotun Laifuka ta Duniya * Dokar Doka == Sauran manazarta == * [http://abmm.org Bunker na Australiya da Gidan Tarihi na Soja - abmm.org] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220330053010/https://abmm.org/ |date=2022-03-30 }} *   *   *   *   * [http://www.usfca.edu/philosophy/pdf%20files/War%20Crimes-%20Responsibility%20and%20the%20Psychology%20of%20Atrocity.pdf Laifin Yaƙi: Yaƙi da Ilimin Hauka na Zalunci]{{Dead link|date=October 2022 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}  * Farkon 'Yancin Dan Adam; [https://web.archive.org/web/20080114162221/http://www.humanrightsfirst.info/pdf/06221-etn-hrf-dic-rep-web.pdf Nauyin Umurni: Mutuwar da Aka Saka a Tsaron Amurka a Iraki da Afghanistan] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20090406030617/http://www.adh-geneva.ch/RULAC/ Dokar Doka a Tsarin Rikice-rikice na Makamai] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20050411125205/http://www.iraqispecialtribunal.org/en/home.htm Kotun Musamman ta Iraki] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20131207221121/http://www.crimesofwar.org/ Laifukan Yakin Yaki] * [https://www.un.org/law/icc/ Yarjejeniyar Rome ta Kotun Laifuka ta Duniya] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20080501184018/http://www.sc-sl.org/ Kotun Musamman ta Saliyo] * [https://www.un.org/icty/ Kotun Laifuka ta Duniya ta Majalisar Dinkin Duniya game da tsohuwar Yugoslavia] * [http://www.ictr.org/ Kotun hukunta manyan laifuka ta Majalisar Dinkin Duniya ta Rwanda] * [http://www.globalpolicy.org/intljustice/etimorindx.htm Kotun Ad-Hoc don Gabashin Timor] * [http://archives.cbc.ca/IDD-1-71-1435/conflict_war/war_criminals/ CBC Digital Archives -Yancin Adalci: Masu Laifin Laifi a Kanada] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20160304083122/http://www.politicaanticrimen.com/sites/all/themes/bluemasters/pdfs/BJC_rjm.pdf Binciken Laifin Laifin mamaye Iraki da Mamayar Iraki Daga Ronald C. Kramer da Raymond J. Michalowski] * {{YouTube|8dtrfpVJJWg|Sri Lanka's Killing Fields: War Crimes Unpunished}} * [https://www.fbi.gov/news/stories/2015/july/investigating-human-rights Binciken 'Yancin Dan-Adam - Neman isa ga Diasporaungiyoyin Diasporaasashen Waje a Amurka don Shawarwarin Laifin Laifin Yaƙi] ( FBI ) * [http://www.legislation.gov.uk/ukpga/1995/27] Dokokin Yarjejeniyar Geneva na Burtaniya (Kwaskwarimar) Dokar 1995 - wacce ta haramta Laifukan Yaki p38zq48nuc98miud5pvysrnsam49osy 0 22777 895659 839914 2026-08-12T11:19:35Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 895659 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} [[File:Hellenic Imperial Airways Boeing 747-200 Spijkers.jpg|thumb]] '''Kamfanin jiragen sama na Imperial Airways''' shi ne kamfanin jirgin sama dake da dogon zango na Birtaniyya, wanda ke aiki daga shekarar 1924 zuwa shekarar 1939 kuma yana gudanar da hidimomin hanyoyin Masarautar Burtaniya zuwa Afirka ta Kudu, Indiya ta Gabas, gami da Australi Malaya da [[Hong Kong]]. Fasinjoji galibi 'yan kasuwa ne ko masu gudanar da mulkin mallaka, yawancin jirage suna ɗaukar fasinjoji 20 ko ƙasa da haka.Haɗari sun kasance m:a cikin shekaru shida na farko, mutane 32 sun mutu a cikin abubuwa bakwai. Kamfanin jirgin sama na Imperial Airways bai taba samun matakan kirkirar kere-kere na kere-kere ba, kuma an hade shi zuwa Kamfanin Jirgin Sama na Burtaniya na kasashen waje (BOAC) a cikin shekarar 1939. BOAC kuma ya hade da British European Airways (BEA) a shekarar 1974 don samar da [[British Airways]]. [[File:Vickers Vulcan Type 74 G-EBLB Imperial Airways Dübendorf - LBS SR02-10199.tif|thumb]] == Asali == Kafa Jirgin sama na Imperial Airways ya faru ne don dabbaqa ƙasashen ƙetare ta hanyar yin balaguro zuwa da dawowa daga yankuna cikin sauri, kuma wannan jirgin zai kuma hanzarta gwamnatin mulkin mallaka da kasuwancin da har zuwa lokacin ya dogara da jiragen ruwa. Kaddamar da kamfanin jirgin ya biyo bayan fashewar hanyar jirgin da aka gudanar a cikin Daular Birtaniyya bayan [[Yaƙin Duniya na I|yakin duniya na farko]], da kuma bayan wasu gwaje-gwajen gwaji (kuma galibi masu hatsari) masu nisan zango zuwa iyakokin Daular. <ref name="Pirie">Pirie, 2009</ref> == Samarwa == [[File:Tanken_van_een_vliegtuig_Airplane_provided_with_fuel.jpg|thumb| Shafin Handley W.8b wanda aka gada daga Shafin Shafin Handley lokacin da aka kirkiro Imperial Airways]] An kirkiri filin jirgin Imperial Airways ne a bayan gasa mai tsananin gaske daga kamfanonin jiragen sama na Faransa da na Jamus waɗanda ke bunkasa da tallafin gwamnati da yawa da bin shawarwarin Kwamitin Caca na gwamnati (wanda aka fi sani da Kwamitin Tallafin CAT) ƙarƙashin Sir Herbert Hambling . <ref name="Ord-Hume1">Ord-Hume, 2010, pp.7–9</ref> Kwamitin, wanda aka kafa a ranar 2 ga watan Janairun shekarar 1923, ya gabatar da rahoto a ranar 15 ga watan Fabrairu, shekara ta 1923 yana mai ba da shawarar cewa hudu daga cikin manyan kamfanonin jiragen sama na yanzu, da Instone Air Line Company, mallakar babban mai jigilar kaya Samuel Instone, Noel Pemberton Billing na British Marine Air Navigation (bangare na kamfanin Supermarine mai tashi da jirgin ruwa), da Daimler Airway, karkashin kulawar George Edward Woods, da Handley Page Transport Co Ltd., ya kamata a hade su. <ref name="Ord-Hume2">Ord-Hume, 2010, p.10</ref> An yi fatan cewa wannan zai haifar da kamfani wanda zai iya yin takara da gasar Faransa da ta Jamus kuma zai iya zama mai ƙarfi don haɓaka ayyukan jiragen sama na Burtaniya tare da rage tallafin da gwamnati ke bayarwa don ayyukan riɓi biyu. Tare da wannan duba, an bada tallafin £ 1m sama da shekaru goma don karfafa haɗakar. An kulla yarjejeniya tsakanin Shugaban Hukumar Kula da Jirgin Sama da British, Foreign and Colonial Corporation a ranar 3 ga watan Disamban shekarar 1923 ga kamfanin, a karkashin taken 'Imperial Air Transport Company' don mallakar ayyukan sufurin jiragen sama na yanzu a Burtaniya. Yarjejeniyar ta ayyana tallafin gwamnati ga sabon kamfanin: £ 137,000 a cikin shekarar farko ta ragu zuwa £ 32,000 a shekara ta goma gami da mafi karancin nisan tafiyar da za a cimma da kuma hukunci idan ba a sadu da su ba. <ref>[http://www.flightglobal.com/pdfarchive/view/1924/1924%20-%200005.html Terms of Agreement Published] ''Flight'', 1924.</ref> An kafa Kamfanin Imperial Airways a ranar 31 ga watan Maris, shekara ta 1924 tare da kayan aiki daga kowane abin da ke ba da gudummawa: British Marine Air Navigation Company Ltd, Daimler Airway, Handley Page Transport Ltd da Instone Air Line Ltd. An nada Sir Eric Geddes shugaban hukumar tare da darekta guda daga kowane kamfanin suka hade. Gwamnati ta nada daraktoci biyu, Caca (wanda kuma shi ne Shugaban Cibiyar Bankunan ) da Manjo John Hills, tsohon Sakataren Kudi na Baitul malin. Hada-Hadan filayen sun kasance ne a Filin jirgin saman Croydon da ke kudancin [[Landan|London]]. Nan da nan kamfanin IAL ya dakatar da aikin magabata zuwa arewacin London, kamfanin jirgin yana mai da hankali ne kan bautar ƙasa da ƙasa maimakon na cikin gida. Bayan haka jirgin IAL kawai da ke aiki 'Arewacin Watford' yawo ne na haya.{{Ana bukatan hujja|date=May 2021}} Matsalolin masana'antu tare da matukan jirgin sunyi sanadiyyar jinkirta fara ayyukan har zuwa 26 ga watan Afrilun shekarar 1924, lokacin da aka buɗe hanyar London zuwa Paris kowace rana tare da de Havilland DH.34 . <ref name="DH34">Stroud, June 1984, pp. 315–19</ref> Bayan haka aikin faɗaɗa hanyoyi tsakanin Ingila da Nahiyar ya fara, tare da Southampton – Guernsey a ranar 1 ga Mayu 1924, London-Brussels – Cologne a ranar 3 ga Mayu, London – Amsterdam a 2 Yuni 1924, da hidimar bazara daga London – Paris – Basel –Zürich a ranar 17 ga Yuni 1924. Sabon jirgin sama na farko da Imperial Airways ya umarta, shine Handley Page W8f ''City na Washington'', wanda aka gabatar a ranar 3 ga watan Nuwamban shekarar 1924. A cikin shekarar farko ta aiki kamfanin ya dauki fasinjoji 11,395 da haruffa 212,380. A watan Afrilun shekarar 1925, fim din ''Thearshen Duniya'' ya zama fim na farko da aka fara duba fasinjoji a kan jirgin jirgin sama da aka shirya lokacin da aka nuna shi a kan hanyar London zuwa Paris.{{Ana bukatan hujja|date=May 2021}} == Hada Hadan Empire == [[File:Imperial_routes_April_1935.jpg|thumb| Afrilu 1935 taswira da ke nuna Imperial Airways '<br /><br /><br /><br /><nowiki></br></nowiki> Hanyoyin jirgin sama tsakanin Ingila, Indiya, Australia da Afirka ta Kudu]] ==Tabbatar da Hanya == Tsakanin 16 ga watan Nuwamban shekarar 1925 da 13 ga watan Maris, shekara ta 1926, Alan Cobham ya yi jirgin binciken jirgin Imperial Airways daga Burtaniya zuwa Cape Town ya dawo cikin Armstrong Siddeley Jaguar –powered de Havilland DH.50J floatplane ''G-EBFO'' . Hanyar waje ita ce [[Landan|London]] - [[Faris|Paris]] - [[Marseille]] - Pisa - Taranto - [[Athens]] - Sollum - [[Kairo|Alkahira]] - [[Luxor]] - Aswan - Wadi Halfa - Atbara - [[Khartoum]] - Malakal - Mongalla - Jinja - [[Kisumu]] - Tabora - Abercorn - [[Ndola]] - Broken Hill - Livingstone - [[Bulawayo]] - [[Pretoria]] - [[Johannesburg]] - Kimberley - Blomfontein - [[Cape Town]] . Bayan dawowars Cobham ya sami lambar yabo ta Air Force Cross saboda ayyukansa na jirgin sama.{{Ana bukatan hujja|date=February 2016}} A ranar 30 ga watan Yuni, shekara ta 1926, Cobham ya tashi daga Kogin Medway a Rochester a ''G-EBFO'' don yin binciken hanyar jirgin sama na Imperial Airways don sabis zuwa Melbourne, yana zuwa 15 ga watan Agustan shekarar 1926. Ya bar Melbourne a ranar 29 ga watan Agusta, shekara ta 1926, kuma, bayan ya kammala {{Convert|28000|nmi|mi km}} a cikin awanni 320 na yawo sama da kwanaki 78, ya sauka a Thames a Westminster a ranar 1 ga watan Oktoba, shekara ta 1926. Sakataren Harkokin Jirgin Sama, Sir Samuel Hoare ya sadu da Cobham, kuma daga baya HM King George V ya yi masa kyakkyawa.{{Ana bukatan hujja|date=February 2016}} A ranar 27 ga watan Disamba, shekara ta 1926, Imperial Airways de Havilland DH.66 Hercules ''G-EBMX City na Delhi sun'' bar Croydon don binciken jirgin zuwa Indiya. Jirgin ya isa Karachi a ranar 6 ga Janairun 1927 da Delhi a kan 8 Janairu 1927. Lady Irwin, matar Viceroy ne ya sanyawa jirgin suna a ranar 10 ga Janairun 1927. Jirgin dawowa ya tashi a ranar 1 ga Fabrairu 1927 kuma ya isa Heliopolis, Alkahira a ranar 7 ga watan Fabrairun shekarar 1927. Lokacin tashi daga Croydon zuwa Delhi ya kasance awanni 62 na mintina 27 da Delhi zuwa Heliopolis awanni 32 da mintuna 50. <ref name="DH66">Stroud, Nov 1986, pp. 609–14</ref>. ==Hanyar Gabas == [[File:Imperial_Airways_Ad_1936.jpg|right|thumb| Wani talla na 1936]] Sabis na yau da kullun akan hanyar [[Kairo|Alkahira]] zuwa [[Basra]] ya fara ne a ranar 12 ga watan Janairun shekarar 1927 ta amfani da jirgin DH.66, ya maye gurbin jirgin saman RAF na baya. <ref name="DH66">Stroud, Nov 1986, pp. 609–14</ref> Bayan tattaunawa na tsawon shekaru 2 tare da hukumomin Farisa game da haƙƙin sararin samaniya, [[Karachi|sabis ɗin London zuwa Karachi ya]] fara a ranar 30 ga watan Maris, shekara ta 1929, yana ɗaukar kwanaki 7 kuma ya ƙunshi jirgi daga Landan zuwa Basle, jirgin ƙasa zuwa [[Genoa]] da Short S.8 Calcutta jirgin ruwan da ke tashi zuwa Alexandria, jirgin kasa zuwa Alkahira sannan a ƙarshe jirgin DH.66 zuwa Karachi. An faɗaɗa hanyar zuwa Delhi a ranar 29 ga watan Disamban shekarar 1929. Hanya tsakanin Turai da Bahar Rum ya canza sau da yawa a cikin fewan shekaru masu zuwa amma kusan koyaushe yana da titin jirgin ƙasa. A watan Afrilun shekarar 1931 an yi gwajin jirgi mai tashi a iska daga [[Asturaliya|Landan- Australia;]] an canza wasikar a Dutch East Indies, kuma ya ɗauki kwanaki 26 gaba ɗaya don isa [[Sydney]] . Don jirgin fasinja da ya tashi daga Landan a ranar 1 ga watan Oktoba, shekara ta 1932, hanyar ta Gabas ta sauya daga Farisa zuwa bangaren Larabawa na Tekun Fasha, kuma an gabatar da jiragen saman Handley Page HP 42 a kan Alkahira zuwa bangaren Karachi. Yunkurin ya ga an kafa tashar jirgin sama da hutawa, Mahatta Fort, a cikin cialasar Trucial ta Sharjah yanzu wani ɓangare na [[Hadaddiyar Daular Larabawa|Hadaddiyar]] Daular Larabawa.{{Ana bukatan hujja|date=May 2021}} A ranar 29 ga watan Mayu, shekara ta 1933 bincike da akayi tsakanin Ingila zuwa Australiya ya tashi, wanda ke karkashin Imperial Airways Armstrong Whitworth Atalanta G-ABTL ''Astraea.'' Manjo HG Brackley, Imperial Airways 'Air Superintendent, shi ke kula da jirgin. ''Astraea ta'' tashi zuwa Croydon - [[Faris|Paris]] - [[Lyon]] - [[Rum|Rome]] - Brindisi - [[Athens]] - [[Alexandria]] - [[Kairo|Alkahira]] inda ta bi hanyar da ta dace zuwa [[Karachi]] sannan ta zarce zuwa Jodhpur - Delhi - [[Kolkata|Calcutta]] - Akyab - [[Yangon|Rangoon]] - [[Bangkok]] - Prachuab - Alor Setar - [[Singafora|Singapore]] - Palembang - [[Jakarta|Batavia]] - [[Surabaya|Sourabaya]] - Bima - Koepang - Bathurst Island - Darwin - Ruwan Newcastle - Camooweal - Cloncurry - Longreach - Roma - Toowoomba ya isa Eagle Farm, Brisbane a ranar 23 ga Yuni. An ziyarci Sydney a ranar 26 Yuni, Canberra a ranar 28 Yuni da Melbourne a 29 Yuni.{{Ana bukatan hujja|date=May 2021}} Sannan an fadada gabacin filin jirgin. Birnin Landan farko zuwa [[Kolkata|sabis na Calcutta ya]] tashi a ranar 1 ga Yuli 1933, London na farko zuwa [[Yangon|Rangoon]] a ranar 23 ga watan Satumba, shekara ta 1933, London da [[Singafora|Singapore]] na farko zuwa sabis a ranar 9 ga watan Disamban shekarar 1933, da kuma London da [[Brisbane]] na farko a ranar 8 Disamba 1934, tare da Qantas ke da alhakin bangaren Singapore zuwa Brisbane. (Farawa ta 1934 don ta wasiƙa ne; jiragen fasinjoji zuwa Brisbane sun fara watan Afrilu mai zuwa. ) Fasinjojin Landan na farko zuwa [[Hong Kong]] sun tashi daga Landan ranar 14 ga Maris 1936 biyo bayan kafa reshe daga Penang zuwa Hong Kong.{{Ana bukatan hujja|date=May 2021}} === Hanyar Afirka === [[File:De_Havilland_Hercules.jpg|right|thumb| de Havilland Hercules ''City na Alkahira'']] A ranar 28 ga watan Fabrairu 1931 aka fara hidimar mako-mako tsakanin London da Mwanza a tafkin Victoria a Tanganyika a matsayin wani ɓangare na hanyar da aka tsara zuwa [[Cape Town]] . A ranar 9 ga Disamba 1931 aka shimfida sabis na Imperial Airways na Afirka ta Tsakiya ta gwaji zuwa Cape Town don ɗaukar wasikun Kirsimeti. Jirgin da aka yi amfani da shi a sashin da ya gabata, DH66 G-AARY ''City of Karachi ya'' isa Cape Town a ranar 21 Disamba 1931. A ranar 20 ga Janairun 1932 aka buɗe hanyar hanyar aika wasiƙa zuwa London zuwa Cape Town. A ranar 27 ga Afrilu an buɗe wannan hanya ga fasinjoji kuma ya ɗauki kwanaki 10. A farkon 1933 Atalantas ya maye gurbin DH.66s akan hanyar Kisumu zuwa Cape Town na hanyar London zuwa Cape Town. <ref name="Atalanta">Stroud, June 1986, pp.321–326</ref> A ranar 9 ga Fabrairu 1936 kamfanin sufurin jiragen sama na Imperial Airways ya buɗe hanyar zuwa Afirka tsakanin Khartoum da [[Kano (birni)|Kano]] a Najeriya. An faɗaɗa wannan hanyar zuwa [[Lagos (birni)|Lagos]] a ranar 15 ga Oktoba 1936. === Jirage masu tashi daga ruwa Short === [[File:StateLibQld_1_154471_Flying_boat,_Challenger_on_her_moorings_in_the_Townsville_Harbour,_Queensland.jpg|thumb| Short Empire yawo jirgin ''Kalubale'' .]] A cikiin shekarata 1937 tare da gabatar da Jirgin Ruwa na Short Empire wanda aka gina a Short Brothers, Imperial Airways zai iya ba da sabis ta hanyar aiki daga [[Southampton]] zuwa Daular. Tafiya zuwa Cape din ya bi ta [[Marseille]],[[Rum|Rome]], Brindisi,[[Athens]], [[Alexandria]], [[Khartoum]], Port Bell, [[Kisumu]] kuma daga nan ta hanyar sana'ar ƙasa zuwa [[Nairobi]],Mbeya kuma daga ƙarshe [[Cape Town]] . Hakanan an yi jigilar jiragen sama a tsallaken [[Tekun Atalanta|Tekun Atlantika]] zuwa [[Sabuwar Zelandiya|New Zealand]] . A tsakiyar 1937 Imperial ya kammala hidimarsa ta dubu ga Daular. Farawa a cikin 1938 jiragen ruwa masu tasowa kuma sun tashi tsakanin Birtaniyya da Ostiraliya ta Indiya da Gabas ta Tsakiya. A watan Maris, shekara ta 1939 Shorts uku a mako guda sun bar Southampton zuwa Australia, suna isa Sydney bayan kwana goma na tashi da jirage tara na dare. Sauran uku sun bar Afirka ta Kudu, suna ɗaukar kwanaki shida na tashi zuwa Durban. === Fasinjoji === Jirgin na Imperial karami ne, mafi yawancin wuraren zama ba su wuce wajen fasinjoji ashirin ba; kimanin fasinjoji dubu 50 suka yi amfani da Imperial Airways a cikin shekarun 1930. Yawancin fasinjoji a kan hanyoyin ƙasashe ko kan sabis tsakanin da masarautun Biritaniya maza ne ke gudanar da mulkin mallaka, kasuwanci ko bincike. Da farko dai attajirai ne kawai zasu iya biyan kudin jirgi, amma jerin fasinjoji ya yawaita a hankali. Kwarewar tafiye-tafiye masu alaƙa da tashi da ƙasa da ƙasa, kuma an ba da rahotonsu da farin ciki a cikin jaridu, mujallu da littattafai. <ref name="Cultures">Pirie, 2012</ref> Akwai dama don yawon buɗe ido daga sama da tasha. <ref>Pirie, G.H. Incidental tourism: British imperial air travel in the 1930s. ''Journal of Tourism History'', 1 (2009) 49–66.</ref> === Ƙungiyoyi === Kamfanin jirgin sama na Imperial Airways ya girka ma'aikatan jirgin saman jirgin maza da mata, da ma'aikatan jirgi da ma'aikatan ƙasa tare da tsawon hanyoyin sa. Injiniyoyin injiniyoyi da sifetoci - da ma'aikatan ƙasa kan juyawa ko tafiya - sun yi tafiya a kan jirgin ba tare da samar da kuɗin shiga ba. Da yawa daga cikin ma'aikatan jirgin sama sun rasa rayukansu a cikin hadari. A ƙarshen 1930s lambobin ƙungiya sun kusan 3,000. Ana sa ran dukkan ma’aikatan za su kasance jakadun Burtaniya da daular Biritaniya. <ref name="Cultures">Pirie, 2012</ref> === Wasikar Jirgin Sama === [[File:FAM_18_Round_the_World_1939.jpg|right|thumb| Murfin jirgi wanda aka ɗauka a duniya akan jirgin PAA Boeing 314 Clippers da Imperial Airways Short S23 jiragen jirgi masu tashi 24 Yuni - 28 July 1939]] A cikin shekara ta 1934 Gwamnati ta fara tattaunawa da Imperial Airways don kafa sabis ( Tsarin Jirgin Sama na Jirgin Sama ) don ɗaukar wasiƙa ta iska a kan hanyoyin da kamfanin jirgin ke amfani da su. Kai tsaye wadannan tattaunawar sun kai ga sallamar a cikin 1936 na Sir Christopher Bullock, Babban Sakatare na Dindindin a Ma’aikatar Jiragen Sama, wanda Kwamitin Bincike ya gano ya yi amfani da matsayinsa wajen neman mukami a kwamitin kamfanin yayin tattaunawar. suna cikin jirgin. Gwamnati, ciki har da Firayim Minista, ta yi nadamar shawarar sallamar sa, daga baya ta gano cewa, a zahiri, ba a zargin rashawa kuma ta nemi a dawo da Bullock wanda ya ki. Shirin Wasikar Jirgin Sama ya fara ne a watan Yulin 1937, ana aikawa ko'ina don 1  d./oz. A tsakiyar 1938 an aika tan ɗari na wasiƙa zuwa Indiya da irin wannan adadin zuwa Afirka. A cikin wannan shekarar, an fara ginin a kan Terminal Empire a Victoria, London, wanda A. Lakeman ya tsara kuma tare da mutum-mutumi na Eric Broadbent, ''Speed Wings Over the World yana'' ɗaukar tashar da ke saman babbar ƙofar. Daga tashar jirgin akwai haɗin jirgin ƙasa zuwa jiragen ruwan Imperial a [[Southampton]] da masu horarwa zuwa tashar jirgin saman ta a filin jirgin saman Croydon . Tashar tayi aiki kwanan nan kamar 1980.{{Ana bukatan hujja|date=May 2021}} Don taimakawa da inganta amfani da sabis ɗin Jirgin Sama, a cikin Yuni da Yuli 1939, Imperial Airways sun halarci tare da Pan American Airways wajen samar da sabis na musamman "a duk duniya"; Imperial ya ɗauki wasiƙar tun daga Foynes, Ireland, zuwa [[Hong Kong|Hongkong]], daga gabashin gabas zuwa [[New York (birni)|New York]] zuwa hanyar New York. Pan American ya ba da sabis daga New York zuwa Foynes (tashi 24 ga Yuni, ta jirgin farko na FAM 18 na Arewa) da Hongkong zuwa [[San Francisco]] (ta hanyar FAM 14), kuma [[United Airlines|Kamfanin Jirgin Sama na United ya]] ɗauka a ƙafa na ƙarshe daga San Francisco zuwa New York, zuwa ranar 28 Yuli.{{Ana bukatan hujja|date=May 2021}} Kyaftin HWC Alger ne matukin jirgin for karon iska mail jirgin dauke mail daga Ingila zuwa Australia a karon farko a kan Short Empire flyingboat ''Castor'' ga na mallaka Airways 'dauloli Air hanyoyi, a 1937. A watan Nuwamba she kara ta 2016, shekaru 80 daga baya, jirgin Crete2Cape Vintage Air Rally ya tashi wannan tsohuwar hanyar tare da jiragen saman girbi goma sha biyar - bikin ƙwarewar ƙwarewar waɗannan ƙwararrun jiragen. == Yakin Duniya na Biyu == Kafin barkewar yaki a ranar 1 ga Satumbar 1939, gwamnatin Birtaniyya ta riga ta aiwatar da Dokar Kewaya Na iska ((kuntatawa a Lokacin Yaƙin) Dokar 1939. Hakan ya ba da umarnin karbe ikon sojoji filayen jiragen saman fararen hula da yawa a Burtaniya, dakatar da duk wasu jirage masu zaman kansu ba tare da izinin kowane jirgin ba, da sauran matakan gaggawa. Wani sashen doka ne na ma'aikatar iska mai taken National Communications Communications (NAC). Zuwa 1 ga Satumba 1939, an tura jiragen da gwamnatocin Imperial Airways da British Airways Ltd zuwa filin jirgin saman Bristol (Whitchurch), don yin aiki tare da NAC. A ranar 1 ga Afrilu 1940, Imperial Airways Ltd da British Airways Ltd an hade su a hukumance zuwa wani sabon kamfani, British Overseas Airways Corporation (BOAC), wanda tuni an kirkireshi a ranar 24 ga Nuwamba Nuwamba 1939 tare da shirye-shiryen hada-hadar kuɗi. <ref>Moss (1962)</ref> == Hadari da abubuwan da suka faru == === Mummunar Haɗari === ==== Cikin shekarata 1920 ==== * 24 ga Disamba 1924: de Havilland DH.34 G-EBBX ''City of Delhi ta yi'' hadari kuma gobara ta tashi jim kadan da tashinsa daga Filin jirgin saman Croydon, inda matukin jirgin da dukkan fasinjojin bakwai suka mutu. <ref name="DH34">Stroud, June 1984, pp. 315–19</ref> * 13 ga Yuli 1928: Vickers Vulcan G-EBLB sun yi hadari a Purley yayin jirgin gwajin, inda mutane hudu daga cikin shida da ke cikin jirgin suka mutu. <ref name="Vulcan">Stroud, Nov 1987, pp.609–612</ref> Sakamakon hatsarin, Imperial Airways ya dakatar da tashiwar ma'aikata (wanda ake kira hawan farin ciki) yayin jigilar gwaji. * 17 Yuni 1929: Handley Page W.10 G-EBMT ''City na Ottawa'' ditched a cikin harshen Turanci Channel wadannan ingine gazawar alhãli kuwa a kan wani jirgin daga Croydon zuwa Paris tare da asarar bakwai rayuwarsu. <ref name="HPW">Stroud, Oct 1983, pp.535–539</ref> * 6 ga watan Satumba 1929: de Havilland Hercules G-EBMZ ''Birnin Kudus'' ya yi hadari ya kone a kan saukarsu a Jask, [[Iran]] a cikin duhu saboda matukin jirgin ya yi rashin fahimta da tsayar da jirgin, ya kashe uku daga biyar a cikin jirgin. * 26 Oktoba 1929: Short Calcutta G-AADN ''City na Rome da'' ƙarfi ya sauka daga La Spezia, [[Italiya]] a cikin yanayi mara kyau; kwale-kwalen da ke tashi sama ya nutse cikin dare yayin kokarin jawo shi zuwa gabar teku, ya kashe bakwai din da ke cikinsa. <ref name="Calcutta">Stroud, Feb 1987, pp.97–103</ref> ==== A tsakanin shekarun 1930 ==== * 30 ga Oktoba 1930: Shafin Handley W.8g G-EBIX ''Birnin Washington ya'' buge da doguwar ƙasa a cikin hazo a Boulogne, [[Faris|Paris]], [[Faransa]], inda ya kashe uku daga shida a cikin jirgin. <ref name="HPW">Stroud, Oct 1983, pp.535–539</ref> * 28 Maris 1933: Armstrong Whitworth Argosy G-AACI ''City na Liverpool'' ya yi hadari a Diksmuide,[[Beljik|Belgium]] bayan wata gobara a cikin jirgin. Wannan ana zargin shine farkon lamarin ɓarna a cikin iska. Duk mutanen goma sha biyar da ke cikin jirgin sun mutu.<ref name="Argosy">Stroud, May 1985, pp.265–269</ref> * 30 ga Disamba 1933: Avro Ten G-ABLU ''Apollo ya'' yi karo da mashin rediyo a Ruysselede, Belgium kuma ya fadi . Duk mutanen goma da ke cikin jirgin sun mutu. <ref name="Avro">Stroud,Feb 1991, pp.115–120</ref> * 31 Disamba 1935: Short Calcutta G-AASJ ''City na Khartoum'' ya fado daga [[Alexandria]], [[Misra|Misira]] lokacin da dukkanin injina huɗu suka kasa zuwa, mai yiwuwa saboda yunwar mai; goma sha biyu daga 13 da ke cikin jirgin sun nitse a lokacin da jirgin da ke shawagi ya nutse. <ref name="Calcutta">Stroud, Feb 1987, pp.97–103</ref> * 22 ga Agusta 1936: Short Kent G-ABFA ''Scipio ya'' nitse a Mirabello Bay, Crete bayan saukar jirgi mai nauyi, ya kashe biyu daga 11 da ke cikin jirgin. <ref name="Calcutta" /> * 24 Maris 1937: Short Empire G-ADVA ''Capricornus'' ya yi hadari a tsaunukan Beaujolois kusa da Ouroux, Faransa sakamakon kuskuren kewayawa, ya kashe biyar. * 1 ga Oktoba 1937: Short Empire G-ADVC ''Courtier'' ya yi hadari a kan sauka a Phaleron Bay, [[Girka (ƙasa)|Girka]] saboda rashin gani sosai, ya kashe biyu daga 15 a cikin jirgin. * 5 ga Disamba 1937: Short Empire G-ADUZ ''Cygnus'' ya yi hadari a kan tashinsa daga Brindisi, Italiya saboda ba daidai ba saitin filin, ya kashe biyu. * 27 ga Yuli 1938: Armstrong Whitworth Atalanta G-ABTG ''Amalthea'' ya tashi zuwa wani tsauni kusa da [[Kisumu]], [[Kenya]] jim kaɗan bayan tashinsa, inda ya kashe duka mutanen da ke cikin jirgin. * 27 ga Nuwamba 1938: Short Empire G-AETW ''Calpurnia ta yi'' hadari a Tafkin Habbaniyah, [[Iraƙi|Iraki]] a cikin mummunan yanayi bayan matukin jirgin ya sauko don ci gaba da ganin ido da kasa bayan rikicewar sararin samaniya, ya kashe dukkan ma'aikatan jirgin hudu. * 21 Janairu 1939: Short Empire G-ADUU ''Cavalier'' ditched a cikin Atlantic 285&nbsp;tashi daga [[New York (jiha)|New York]] saboda icing na carburettor da asarar ƙarfin injiniya;uku sun nitse yayin da masu tsira goma suka dauke ta tankin ''Esso Baytown'' . Bayan haka kuma Imperial Airways da Pan-American trans-ocicic boats masu jirgi suna da saman saman fuka-fukan da aka zana manyan alamun ganuwa mai ruwan lemu. * 1 ga Mayu 1939: Short Empire G-ADVD ''Challenger'' ya yi hadari a cikin lagon Lumbo yayin da yake kokarin sauka a Filin jirgin saman Lumbo, ya kashe biyu daga shida a cikin jirgin. ==== 1940 ==== * 1 ga watan Maris 1940: Jirgin 197, wanda ke aiki da Handley Page HP42 G-AAGX ''Hannibal'', ya bace a kan Tekun Oman dauke da mutane takwas; ba a sami tarkacen jirgin ruwa, kaya ko mazaunan ciki ba. Dalilin faduwar jirgin har yanzu ba a san shi ba, amma yunwa na man fetur, yajin tsuntsaye da ke lalata farfadiya kuma ya haifar da injin ko reshe ya rabu, fashewar jirgin sama ko rashin aikin injiniya da yawa an tsara. Watanni biyu bayan hadarin, an cire HP42 daga ayyukan fasinjoji. An kuma ba da shawarar cewa duk jiragen kasuwanci da ake amfani da su a dogon jirage a kan ruwa su kasance da kayan aiki na sirri da na rayuwa; wannan daga baya zai zama ingantacce a duk masana'antar kamfanin jirgin sama. === Hadarin da bai muni ba === * 21 ga Oktoba 1926: Shafin Handley W.10 G-EBMS ''Garin Melbourne wanda aka'' liƙa a Tashar Ingilishi {{Convert|18|nmi|km}} daga gabar tekun ingila bayan injin ya fadi. Dukkanin mutane 12 da ke cikin jirgin FV ''Invicta'' ne ya ceto su. <ref name="HPW">Stroud, Oct 1983, pp.535–539</ref> * 19 ga Afrilu 1931: de Havilland DH.66 Hercules tare da rajista G-EBMW, sun lalace ba za a iya gyara su ba a saukowar tilas bayan yunwar mai a [[Surabaya]].Jirgin ya yi aiki ne a jirgin jirgi na gwaji daga Indiya zuwa [[Melbourne]] tare da tsayawa a hanyar Semarang, [[Surabaya|Soerabaja]] da Kupang . * 8 ga watan Agusta 1931: Handley Page HP42 G-AAGX ''Hannibal'' yana gudanar da jigilar fasinjan fasinjoji daga Croydon zuwa Paris lokacin da injin ya faskara kuma tarkace suka tilasta wa injin na biyu rufe.Saukewar tilastawa zuwa Five Oak Green,Kent ya haifar da mummunar lalacewa. Babu raunin da ya faru. Hannibal ya warwatse kuma ya yi jigilar kaya zuwa Croydon don a sake gina shi. * 9 ga Nuwamba 1935: Short Kent G-ABFB ''Sylvanus ya'' kama da wuta kuma ya kone yayin shan mai a tashar jirgin ruwa ta Brindisi; ma'aikatan man sun sami damar tsallakewa daga jirgin da ke kone suka tsira. [nb 1] * 29 Satumba 1936:Armstrong Whitworth Atalanta G-ABTK ya ƙone a cikin wutar hangar a Delhi, Indiya. * 31 ga Mayu 1937:Shafin Handley Shafin HP45 (tsohon HP42) G-AAXE ''Hengist'' ya lalace a cikin wutar hangar a [[Karachi]], Indiya. <ref name="HP42">Stroud, Aug 1985, pp.433–437</ref> * 3 Disamba 1938: de Havilland Express G-ADCN ya ƙone a Bangkok. * 12 ga watan Maris 1939: Short S.23 Empire Flying Boat Mk 1 ''G-ADUY'',ya lalace fiye da gyara a Tandjong, Batavia,Netherlands East Indies.Buga wani abu mai nutsuwa yayin hawa motar haya bayan sauka. Jirgin jirgin sama ya lalace amma ya lalace baya gyarawa ta nutsewa da mishandling yayin rashi.Jirgin sama ya warwatse ya shigo dashi England amma bai dawo aiki ba. * 7 ga Nuwamba 1939: Shafin Handley Shafin HP42 G-AXXD ''Horatius'' an rubuta shi biyo bayan saukar sa da aka yi da karfi a filin wasan golf a Tiverton, Devon. * 19 Maris 1940: Shafin Handley Shafin HP45 G-AAXC ''Heracles'' da HP42 G-AAUD ''Hanno'' an rubuta su bayan an busa su cikin guguwar iska yayin da suka tsaya a Filin jirgin saman Whitchurch. == Jirgin sama == Jirgin sama na Imperial Airways yana aiki nau'ikan jirgin sama da yawa daga samuwar sa a ranar 1 ga Afrilu 1924 har zuwa 1 ga Afrilu 1940 lokacin da duk jiragen da ke aiki ke canzawa zuwa BOAC . {| class="wikitable sortable" style="width:95%;" ! width="21%" |Aircraft ! width="10%" |Type !Number !Period !Names ! width="24%" |Notes |- |Armstrong Whitworth Argosy Mk.I | rowspan="2" |landplane<br /><br />''City class'' |3 |{{nowrap|1926–34}} |''Birmingham'' (crashed 1931), ''City of Wellington'' (later ''City of Arundel'') (1934), ''Glasgow'' (retired 1934) | |- |{{nowrap|[[Armstrong Whitworth Argosy|Armstrong Whitworth Argosy Mk.II]]}} |4 |1929–35 |''City of Edinburgh'' (wrecked 1926), ''City of Liverpool'' (wrecked 1933), ''City of Manchester'' (sold 1935) and ''City of Coventry'' (scrapped 1935) |<ref name="Argosy" /> |- |Armstrong Whitworth Atalanta |landplane<br /><br />''Atalanta class'' |8 |1932–41 |''Atalanta'' (sold), ''Andromeda'' (withdrawn 1939), ''Arethusa'' (renamed ''Atalanta''), ''Artemis'', ''Astraea'', ''Athena'' (burnt 1936), ''Aurora'' (sold) and ''Amalthea'' (wrecked 1938). |For Nairobi-Cape Town leg on South Africa route & [[Karachi]]-[[Singafora|Singapore]] leg on Australia route. |- |Armstrong Whitworth Ensign |landplane<br /><br />''Ensign class'' |12 |1938–46 |Empire type (27 passengers) ''Ensign'', ''Egeria'', ''Elsinore'', ''Euterpe'', ''Explorer'', ''Euryalus'', ''Echo'', ''Endymion'' and Western Type (40 passengers) ''Eddystone'', ''Ettrick'', ''Empyrean'' and ''Elysian'' |''Everest'' & ''Enterprise'' delivered to BOAC. Intended to deliver 1st-class mail to the Empire by air.<ref name="Ensign">Stroud, June 1988, pp.433–437</ref> |- |Avro 618 Ten | rowspan="2" |landplane |2 |1930–38 |''Achilles'' (crashed 1938) ''Apollo'' (collided with radio mast 1933) |licence-built Fokker F.VII 3/m<ref name="Avro">Stroud, Feb 1991, pp.115–120</ref> |- |Avro 652 |2 |1936–38 |''Avalon'' and ''Avatar'' (later ''Ava'') to RAF in 1938. |Prototypes for Anson bomber/trainer<ref name="Avro" /> |- |Boulton &amp;amp; Paul P.71A |landplane<br /><br />''Bodiciea class'' |2 |1934–36 |''Bodiciea'' (lost 1935) and ''Britomart'' (lost 1936) |Experimental mailplanes<ref name="BP">Stroud, Aug 1986, pp.433–436</ref> |- |Bristol Type 75 Ten-seater | rowspan="6" |landplane |2 |1924–26 |''G-EAWY'', ''G-EBEV'' (retired 1925) |ex-Instone Air Line used as freighters |- |de Havilland DH.34 |7 |1924–26 |ex-Instone Air Line ''G-EBBR'' (wrecked 1924), ''G-EBBT'' (scrapped 1930), ''G-EBBV'' (scrapped 1926), ''G-EBBW'' (scrapped 1926) and ex-Daimler Airway ''G-EBBX'' (wrecked 1924), ''G-EBBY'' (scrapped 1926), ''G-EBCX'' (wrecked 1924) |<ref name="DH34">Stroud, June 1984, pp. 315–19</ref> |- |de Havilland DH.50 |3 |1924–33 |''G-EBFO'' (damaged 1924 and sold), ''G-EBFP'' (scrapped 1933), ''G-EBKZ'' (crashed 1928) |G-EBFO used for surveys, later fitted with twin floats and sold in Australia |- |de Havilland DH.54 Highclere |1 |1924–27 |''G-EBKI'' |freighter, destroyed in hangar collapse |- |de Havilland Giant Moth |1 |1930-30 |''G-AAEV'' (wrecked 1930) |crashed in Northern Rhodesia 2 weeks after hand over. |- |de Havilland Hercules |9 |1926–35 |''City of Cairo'' (wrecked 1931), ''City of Delhi'' (to SAAF 1934), ''City of Baghdad'' (withdrawn 1933), ''City of Jerusalem'', ''City of Tehran'', ''City of Basra'' (to SAAF 1934), ''City of Karachi'' (withdrawn 1935), ''City of Jodhpur'' (sold) and ''City of Cape Town'' (sold) | |- |de Havilland DH.86 |landplane<br /><br />''Diana'' class |12 |1934–41 |''Daedalus'' (burned 1938), ''Danae'', ''Dardanus'', ''Delia'' (wrecked 1941), ''Delphinus'', ''Demeter'', ''Denebola'', ''Dido'', ''Dione'', ''Dorado'', ''Draco'' (wrecked 1935), and ''Dryad'' (sold 1938) |All surviving aircraft impressed in 1941 |- |de Havilland Albatross |landplane<br /><br />''Frobisher'' class |7 |1938–43 |''Faraday'' (impressed 1940), ''Franklin'' (impressed 1940), ''Frobisher'' (destroyed 1940), ''Falcon'' (scrapped 1943), ''Fortuna'' (crashed 1943), ''Fingal'' (crashed 1940) and ''Fiona'' (scrapped 1943). |1 used as long range mail carrier<ref name="Jackson1973">Jackson, 1973, 433–437</ref> |- |Desoutter IB | rowspan="6" |landplane |1 |1933–35 |''G-ABMW'' |Air-taxi No 6 |- |Handley Page O/10 |1 |1924-24 |''G-EATH'' |ex-Handley Page Transport but never used |- |Handley Page W8b |3 |1924–32 |''Princess Mary'' (wrecked 1928), ''Prince George'' (retired 1929) and ''Prince Henry'' (retired 1932)<ref name="HPW">Stroud, Oct 1983, pp.535–539</ref> |ex-Handley Page Transport<ref name="HPW" /> |- |Handley Page W8f Hamilton |1 |1924–30 |''City of Washington'' (wrecked 1930)<ref name="HPW" /> |Converted to twin engines and redesignated as W8g in 1929 |- |Handley Page W9a Hampstead |1 |1926–29 |''City of New York'' (sold 1929)<ref name="HPW" /> | |- |Handley Page W10 |4 |1926–33 |''City of Melbourne'' (sold 1933), ''City of Pretoria'' (sold 1933), ''City of London'' (crashed 1926) and ''City of Ottawa'' (crashed 1929).<ref name="HPW" /> | |- |Handley Page H.P.42E |landplane<br /><br />''Hannibal class'' |4 |1931–40 |''Hannibal'' (wrecked 1940), ''Horsa'' (impressed 1940), ''Hanno'' (wrecked 1940), ''Hadrian'' (impressed 1940) |(24 passengers) used on long "Empire" routes<ref name="HP42">Stroud, Aug 1985, pp.433–437</ref> |- |Handley Page H.P.42W/H.P.45 |landplane<br /><br />''Heracles class'' |4 |1931–40 |''Heracles'' (wrecked 1940), ''Horatius'' (wrecked 1939), ''Hengist'' (wrecked 1937) and ''Helena'' (impressed 1940) |(38 passengers) on short "Western" routes, ''Hengist'' and ''Helena'' converted to H.P.42E.<ref name="HP42" /> |- |Short S.8 Calcutta |flying boat |5 |1928–35 |''City of Alexandria'' (wrecked 1936), ''City of Athens'' (later ''City of Stonehaven'') (scrapped), ''City of Rome'' (wrecked 1929), ''City of Khartoum'' (wrecked 1935) and ''City of Salonica'' (later ''City of Swanage'') (scrapped)<ref name="Calcutta">Stroud, Feb 1987, pp.97–103</ref> | |- |Short S.17 Kent |flying boat<br /><br />''Scipio class'' |3 |1931–38 |''Scipio'' (wrecked 1936), ''Sylvanus'' (burned 1935) and ''Satyrus'' (scrapped 1938)<ref name="Calcutta" /> | |- |Short L.17 Scylla |landplane |2 |1934–40 |''Scylla'' (wrecked 1940) and ''Syrinx'' (scrapped 1940) |Landplane version of Kent, replacement for lost H.P.42s.<ref name="Scylla">Stroud, Oct 1984, pp.549–553</ref> |- |Short Mayo Composite |flying boat |2 |1938–40 |''Mercury'' (scrapped 1941) and ''Maia'' (destroyed in German raid, 1942). |Long range piggyback Composite aircraft derived from Short Empire. |- |Short S.23 Empire |flying boat<br /><br />''C class'' |31 |1936–47 |''Canopus'', ''Caledonia'', ''Centaurus'', ''Cavalier'', ''Cambria'', ''Castor'', ''Cassiopea'', ''Capella'', ''Cygnus'', ''Capricornus'', ''Corsair'', ''Courtier'', ''Challenger'', ''Centurion'', ''Coriolanus'', ''Calpurnia'', ''Ceres'', ''Clio'', ''Circe'', ''Calypso'', ''Camilla'', ''Corinna'', ''Cordelia'', ''Cameronian'', ''Corinthian'', ''Coogee'', ''Corio'', and ''Coorong''. ''Carpentaria'', ''Coolangatta'', ''Cooee'' delivered but not used, and transferred to Qantas |provided mail and passenger service to Bermuda, South Africa and Australia.<ref name="Empire1">Stroud, Dec 1989, pp.763–769</ref><ref name="Empire2">Stroud, Jan 1990, pp.51–61</ref> |- |Short S.26 |flying boat<br /><br />''G class'' |3 |1939–40 |''Golden Hind'', ''Golden Fleece'' and ''Golden Horn'' |Built for trans-atlantic service, impressed by RAF before entering revenue service. 2 returned to BOAC service and used until 1947. |- |Short S.30 Empire |flying boat<br /><br />''C class'' |9 |1938–47 |''Champion'', ''Cabot'', ''Caribou'', ''Connemara'', ''Clyde'', ''Clare'', ''Cathay'', ''Ao-tea-roa'' (to TEAL as ''Aotearoa''), ''Captain Cook'' (to TEAL as ''Awarua''). |long range variant of S.23<ref name="Empire1" /><ref name="Empire2" /> |- |Supermarine Sea Eagle | rowspan="3" |flying boat |2 |1924–29 |''Sarnia/G-EBGR'' (retired 1929) and ''G-EBGS'' (wrecked 1927) |ex-British Marine Air Navigation |- |Supermarine Southampton |1 |1929–30 |''G-AASH'' |RAF ''S1235'' on loan for 3 months to replace crashed Calcutta on Genoa-Alexandria airmail run.<ref name="Jackson443">Jackson, 1974, p.443</ref> |- |Supermarine Swan |1 |1925–27 |''G-EBJY'' (scrapped 1927) |RAF prototype loaned for cross-Channel service |- |Vickers Vanguard | rowspan="5" |landplane |1 |1926–29 |''G-EBCP'' (wrecked 1929) |on loan from Air Ministry for evaluation |- |Vickers Vellox |1 |1934–36 |''G-ABKY'' (wrecked 1936) |cargo/experimental flights. Crashed at Croyden in August killing pilots and two wireless operators.<ref>[http://www.flightglobal.com/pdfarchive/view/1936/1936%20-%202214.html "Commercial Aviation"] ''Flight'' 13 August 1936 p181</ref> |- |Vickers Vimy Commercial |1 |1924–25 |''City of London'' (wrecked 1925) |ex-Instone Air Line<ref name="Vimy">Stroud, Feb 1984, pp.101–105</ref> |- |Vickers Vulcan |3 |1924–28 |''G-EBLB/City of Brussels'' (wrecked 1928), ''G-EBFC'' (withdrawn 1924 unused), G-EBEK (loaned from Air Ministry for 1925 Empire Exhibition Display.) |<ref name="Vulcan">Stroud, Nov 1987, pp.609–612</ref> |- |Westland IV and Wessex |3 |1931–37 |''G-AAGW'', ''G-ABEG'' (wrecked 1936), ''G-ACHI'' |2 leased to other operators. IV (G-AAGW) upgraded to Wessex.<ref name="Wessex">Stroud, Dec 1985, pp.657–661</ref> |- |}   == Bibliyo == * Baldwin, N.C. 1950.''Imperial Airways (and Subsidiary Companies): A History and Priced Check List of the Empire Air Mails.'' Sutton Coldfield, England: Francis J. Field. * {{cite book|last=Bluffield|first=Robert|date=2009|title=Imperial Airways – The Birth of the British Airline Industry 1914–1940|publisher=Ian Allan Publishing|location=Hersham, Surrey, England|isbn=978-1-906537-07-4}} * Budd,Lucy [http://www.lboro.ac.uk/gawc/rb/rb253.html "Global Networks Before Globalisation: Imperial Airways and the Development of Long-Haul Air Routes"] Globalization and World Cities (GaWC) Research Bulletin 253,5 December 2007. * Cluett, Douglas; Nash, Joanna; Learmonth Bob. 1980.Croydon Airport 1928–1939,The Great Days. London Borough of Sutton {{ISBN|0-9503224-8-2}} * Davies, R.E.G 2005. ''British Airways: An Airline and Its Aircraft, Volume 1: 1919–1939—The Imperial Years.'' McLean, VA: Paladwr Press. {{ISBN|1-888962-24-0}}[[ISBN (identifier)|ISBN]]&nbsp;[[Special:BookSources/1-888962-24-0|1-888962-24-0]] * Doyle, Neville. 2002. The Triple Alliance: The Predecessors of the first British Airways. Air-Britain. {{ISBN|0-85130-286-6}}[[ISBN (identifier)|ISBN]]&nbsp;[[Special:BookSources/0-85130-286-6|0-85130-286-6]] * Higham, Robin. 1960. ''Britain's Imperial Air Routes, 1918 to 1939: The Story of Britain's Overseas Airlines.'' London: G.T. Foulis; Hamden, CT: Shoe String. * Jackson, A.J. 1959 and 1974. ''British Civil Aircraft since 1919'' 2 vols (1st ed.); 3 vols (2nd ed.) London: Putnam. * Moss, Peter W. 1962. Impressments Log (Vol I-IV). Air-Britain. * Moss, Peter W. October 1974. British Airways. ''Aeroplane Monthly''. * {{cite book|last=Ord-Hume|first=Arthur W. J. G.|title=Imperial Airways, From Early Days to BOAC|year=2010|publisher=Stenlake Publishing|location=Catrine, Ayrshire|isbn=9781840335149|page=10|url=http://www.stenlake.co.uk/books/view_book.php?ref=635|access-date=2021-07-22|archive-date=2016-03-04|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304122207/http://stenlake.co.uk/books/view_book.php?ref=635|url-status=dead}} * Pirie, G.H. 2004. Passenger traffic in the 1930s on British imperial air routes: refinement and revision. ''Journal of Transport History'', 25: 66–84. * Pirie, G.H. 2009. ''Air Empire: British Imperial Civil Aviation 1919–39''. Manchester: Manchester University Press. {{ISBN|978-0-7190-4111-2}}[[ISBN (identifier)|ISBN]]&nbsp;[[Special:BookSources/978-0-7190-4111-2|978-0-7190-4111-2]]. * Pirie, G.H. 2009. Incidental tourism: British imperial air travel in the 1930s. ''Journal of Tourism History'', 1: 49–66. * Pirie, G.H. 2012.''Cultures and Caricatures of British Imperial Aviation: Passengers, Pilots, Publicity''. Manchester: Manchester University Press. {{ISBN|978-0-7190-8682-3}}[[ISBN (identifier)|ISBN]]&nbsp;[[Special:BookSources/978-0-7190-8682-3|978-0-7190-8682-3]]. * Pudney, J. 1959. ''The Seven Skies - A Study of BOAC and its forerunners since 1919''. London: Putnam. * Salt, Major A.E.W. 1930.''Imperial Air Routes.'' London: John Murray. * Sanford, Kendall C. 2003. ''Air Crash Mail of Imperial Airways and Predecessor Airlines.'' Bristol: Stuart Rossiter Trust Fund. {{ISBN|0-9530004-6-X}}[[ISBN (identifier)|ISBN]]&nbsp;[[Special:BookSources/0-9530004-6-X|0-9530004-6-X]] * Stroud, John 1962.''Annals of British and Commonwealth Air Transport 1919–1960.'' London: Putnam. * Stroud, John. 2005. ''The Imperial Airways Fleet.'' Stroud, England: Tempus Publishing. {{ISBN|0-7524-2997-3}}[[ISBN (identifier)|ISBN]]&nbsp;[[Special:BookSources/0-7524-2997-3|0-7524-2997-3]] * {{Cite magazine}} * {{Cite magazine}} * {{Cite magazine}} * {{Cite magazine}} * {{Cite magazine}} * {{Cite magazine}} * {{Cite magazine}} * {{Cite magazine}} * {{Cite magazine}} * {{Cite magazine}} * {{Cite magazine}} * {{Cite magazine}} * {{Cite magazine}} * {{Cite magazine}} * {{Cite magazine}} * {{Cite magazine}} * {{Cite magazine}} * {{Cite magazine}}. == Hanyoyin haɗin waje == * [https://web.archive.org/web/20010822124059/http://www.imperial-airways.com/ www.imperial-airways.com yanar gizo mai himma a archive.org] * [http://www.britishairways.com/travel/explore-our-past/public/en_gb British Airways "Binciko abubuwan da suka gabata"] * [http://www.timetableimages.com/ttimages/iaw.htm Tsarin Lokaci na Jirgin Sama na Imperial] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230410093801/http://www.timetableimages.com/ttimages/iaw.htm |date=2023-04-10 }} * [http://www.nzstamps.org.uk/air/external/eastern/easternroute.html Tarihi Hanyar Jirgin Sama Na Gabas] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220331082117/http://www.nzstamps.org.uk/air/external/eastern/easternroute.html |date=2022-03-31 }} * [https://web.archive.org/web/20130518132232/http://imperial-airways.co.uk/ Yanar gizo don bayanan tarihi akan kamfanin jirgin sama] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20140317160801/http://www.imperial-airways.gb.com/ Yanar gizo don Gidan Tarihin Jirgin Sama na Imperial] * [http://www.crete2cape.com Yanar Gizo don Haɗaɗɗen Jirgin Sama na Crete2Cape] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210724160758/https://crete2cape.com/ |date=2021-07-24 }} * Documents and clippings about Imperial Airways == Manazarta == [[Category:Tsaffin filayen jirage]] [[Category:Filin jirgin sama]] [[Category:Filin jiragen da aka kafa]] [[Category:Filin Jirgin Imperial]] [[Category:Pages with unreviewed translations]] 3icfviv46nhk6jl9ys0qx55lp1t7k47 0 23344 894992 217551 2026-08-11T14:45:35Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 894992 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Chamba''' gari ne a Yankin Arewacin Ghana.<ref name="AMPS">{{cite web|last1=Amps|first1=Ghana|title=Nitiwul, B.A Dominic|url=http://ghanamps.com/mps/details.php?id=2680|website=ghanamps.com|publisher=Ghana Amps|accessdate=7 June 2017|archive-date=28 September 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240928151046/https://ghanamps.com/mps/details.php/?id=2680|url-status=dead}}</ref> == Sanannun 'ya'ya maza == * Dominic Nitiwul - Ministan Tsaron Ghana.<ref name="AMPS" /><ref name="ghaWeb">{{cite web|last1=Web|first1=Ghana|title=Member of Parliament Dominic B. A. Nitiwul|url=http://www.ghanaweb.com/GhanaHomePage/republic/parliamentatian.php?ID=124|website=ghanaweb.com|publisher=Ghana Web|accessdate=7 June 2017}}{{Dead link|date=October 2022 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref><ref name="gog">{{cite web|last1=Government of Ghana|first1=Press Secretary|title=Dominic Nitiwul – Defence|url=http://www.ghana.gov.gh/index.php/governance/ministers/3409-dominic-nitiwul-defence|website=ghana.gov.gh|publisher=Ghana Government|accessdate=7 June 2017|archive-date=5 June 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170605063543/http://ghana.gov.gh/index.php/governance/ministers/3409-dominic-nitiwul-defence|url-status=dead}}</ref> == Manazarta == tmx24sbvi504vudp0bhb023inxfmzog 0 24036 895339 555786 2026-08-12T04:12:05Z Baffa ali 47435 /* growthexperiments-addlink-summary-summary:3|0|0 */ 895339 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} [[File:PiscoChile.JPG |thumb| Pisco sour in Santiago]] [[File:Pisco_sour_(buffet).JPG |thumb| Pisco sour, hand on a plate (to be served in a buffet)]] [[Fayil:Pisco sour 20100613b.JPG|thumb|Pisco Sour]] '''Pisco mai tsami''' shine hadaddiyar giyar giya ta [[Peru|asalin Peru]] wacce ta saba da abinci daga Peru da [[Chile]] . Sunan abin sha ya fito ne daga ''pisco'', wanda shine giyar sa ta asali, da kalmar hadaddiyar giyar ''mai tsami'', dangane da ruwan lemu mai tsami da kayan zaki. Ruwan pisco na Peruvian yana amfani da ''pisco na'' Peru azaman giyar giya kuma yana ƙara ruwan 'ya'yan lemun tsami, madara mai sauƙi, kankara, fararen kwai, da haushi na Angostura . Siffar Chile ɗin iri ɗaya ce, amma tana amfani da ''pisco na'' Chile da lemun tsami na Pica, kuma yana cire haushi da fararen kwai. Sauran bambance - bambancen hadaddiyar giyar sun haɗa da waɗanda aka kirkira da 'ya'yan itatuwa kamar abarba ko tsirrai kamar ganyen coca. Ko da yake da shiri na pisco-tushen gauraye abubuwan sha yiwu kwanakin baya zuwa shekarar dubu daya da dari bakwai 1700s, masana tarihi da kuma abin sha masana sun yarda cewa hadaddiyar giyar kamar yadda aka sani a yau aka ƙirƙira a cikin farkon shekarar dubu daya da dari tara da ashirin 1920s a [[Lima]], babban birnin kasar Peru, da Amirka, ma'aikacin bar Victor Vaughen Morris. <ref name="Origin">See: </ref> Morris ya bar Amurka a shekarar dubu daya da casa'in da uku 1903 don yin aiki a Cerro de Pasco, wani gari a tsakiyar Peru. A cikin shekarar dubu daya da dari tara da uku 1916, ya buɗe Bar na Morris a Lima, kuma salon saloon ya zama sanannen wuri ga manyan ɗaliban Peruvian da baƙi na Turanci. Ana samun tsofaffin sanannun ambaton pisco a cikin jaridu da tallan mujallu, tun daga farkon shekarar dubu daya da dari tara da ashirin 1920s, don Morris da mashayarsa da aka buga a Peru da Chile. Pisco tsami ya sami sauye - sauye da yawa har sai Mario Bruiget, wani mashahurin dan kasar Peru da ke aiki a Barikin Morris, ya kirkiro girke -girke na Peruvian na zamani na hadaddiyar giyar a ƙarshen shekarun 1920 ta ƙara Angostura haushi da fararen kwai zuwa gauraya. Masu shaye - shayen hadaddiyar giyar suna ɗaukar pisco tsami a matsayin classic [[Amurka ta Kudu]]. [upper-alpha 1] Chile da Peru duk suna da'awar pisco tsami a matsayin abin shan su na ƙasa, kuma kowannensu yana tabbatar da ikon mallakar giyar ta barasa-pisco; saboda haka, miyar pisco ta zama muhimmiyar magana da aka saba yin muhawara a kan al'adun Latin Amurka . Kafofin watsa labarai da mashahuran mutane da ke sharhi kan takaddamar sukan bayyana fifikon su don sigar hadaddiyar giyar a kan ɗayan, wani lokacin kawai don haifar da rigima. Wasu masu kera pisco sun lura cewa rigimar tana taimakawa inganta sha’awar abin sha. Nau'ikan pisco guda biyu da bambance -bambancen biyu a cikin salon shirya pisco tsami sun bambanta a cikin samarwa da dandano. Peru tana bikin hutu na shekara -shekara don girmama hadaddiyar giyar yayin Asabar ta farko ta Fabrairu. == Suna == A lokaci ''m'' yana nufin gauraye drinks dauke da wani tushe sayar da giya (Bourbon, ko wasu sauran wuski), lemun tsami ko lemun tsami ruwan 'ya'yan itace, da kuma wani abun zaki. {{Sfn|Regan|2003}} ''Pisco'' yana nufin giyar da ake amfani da ita a cikin hadaddiyar giyar. Kalmar kamar yadda ake amfani da abin sha ta fito ne daga tashar Pisco ta Peru. A cikin littafin ''Latin Amurka da Caribbean'', masanin tarihi Olwyn Blouet da masanin tarihin ƙasa Brian Blouet sun bayyana ci gaban gonakin inabi a farkon mulkin mallaka na Peru da yadda a cikin rabin rabin karni na goma sha shida kasuwar sayar da giya ta samo asali daga buƙatar ƙaƙƙarfan ƙauyukan ma'adinai. a cikin Andes . Buƙatar da ke biyo baya don ƙara ƙarfin abin sha ya sa Pisco da garin Ica da ke kusa suka kafa abubuwan shaye -shaye "don yin ruwan inabi ya zama ruwan inabi," {{Sfn|Blouet|Blouet|2009}} kuma samfurin ya sami sunan tashar jiragen ruwa daga inda aka murƙushe shi kuma aka fitar da shi. == Tarihi == === Bayan Fage ===   [[File:Plaza_Acho.jpg|alt=Aerial photograph|right|thumb| A Plaza de toros de Acho (Lima), mafi tsufa bullring a cikin nahiyar Amirka, inda ta maye gurbi a cikin pisco m aka sayar]] An kawo kurangar inabi ta farko zuwa Peru jim kaɗan bayan da Spain ta ci ta a ƙarni na sha shida 16. Masu tarihin Spain daga lokacin da aka lura da yin ruwan inabi na farko a Kudancin Amurka ya faru a cikin ''hacienda'' Marcahuasi na Cuzco . {{Sfn|Franco|1991}} An kafa manyan gonakin inabi na 16 da 17 na Amurka a kwarin Ica na kudu maso tsakiyar Peru. A cikin shekarun dubu daya da dari biyar da arbai'in 1540, Bartolomé de Terrazas da Francisco de Carabantes sun dasa gonakin inabi a Peru. {{Sfn|Pozo|2004}} Carabantes kuma sun kafa gonakin inabi a Ica, daga inda Mutanen Spain daga Andalucia da Extremadura suka gabatar da inabi zuwa Chile. {{Sfn|Pozo|2004}} Tuni a cikin karni na sha shida16, mazaunan Spain a Chile da Peru sun fara samar da aguardiente distilled daga inabi mai ɗaci. Tun aƙalla shekarar dubu daya da dari bakwai da sittin da hudu 1764, an kira aguardiente na Peru "pisco" bayan tashar tashar jiragen ruwa; amfani da sunan "pisco" don aguardiente sannan ya bazu zuwa Chile. Hakkin samarwa da siyar da pisco, wanda har yanzu ana yi a Peru da Chile, shine batun takaddamar da ke gudana tsakanin ƙasashen biyu. {{Sfn|Foley|2011}} A cewar masanin tarihi Luciano Revoredo, shirya pisco tare da dabino na lemo har zuwa karni na sha takwas 18. Ya dogara da da'awar sa akan wata majiya da aka samo a cikin ''Mercurio Peruano'' wanda yayi cikakken bayanin haramcin aguardiente a Lima's ''Plaza de toros de Acho'', mafi tsufa a Amurka. A wannan lokacin, ana kiran abin sha ''Punche'' ( Punch ), kuma bayi ne suka sayar da shi. Revoredo ya ci gaba da jayayya cewa wannan abin sha ya kasance magabaci na pisco na Californian, wanda Duncan Nicol ya ƙirƙira a Barikin Bankin [[San Francisco]], California. Dangane da shirin labarai na dubu daya da dari tara da ashirin da daya 1921 daga ''Jagoran Yankin Yammacin Yammacin Turai'', wata jaridar Turanci daga Peru, sanannu a gundumar Barbary Coast ta San Francisco sanannu ne ga Pisco Sours a lokacin "tsoffin ranakun kafin Volstead ." {{Sfn|McDonnell|2015}} Kwararren mai dafa abinci Duggan McDonnell yayi la’akari da cewa wannan yana danganta shahara (ba asali) na hadaddiyar giyar pisco a San Francisco tun daga farkon girgizar ƙasa ta 1906 da ta lalata Barbary Coast. {{Sfn|McDonnell|2015}} A girke-girke na pisco-based punch, gami da fararen kwai, mai binciken Nico Vera ya samo shi a cikin littafin girki na Peruvian ''Manual de Cocina a la Criolla'' ; saboda haka, McDonnell yayi la'akari da cewa "[i] t yana yiwuwa gaba ɗaya cewa 'Cocktail' wanda ya zama ɗan tsami na pisco&nbsp;... an shirya shi na ɗan lokaci a Lima kafin a haɗa shi cikin littafin dafa abinci. ” {{Sfn|McDonnell|2015}} === Asali === [[File:VVM_Younger.jpg|alt=Photograph of a man|right|thumb| Victor Morris, wanda ya kirkiro miyar pisco]] Tushen pisco ya samo asali ne a Lima, Peru. <ref name="Origin">See: </ref> Victor Vaughen Morris, Ba'amurke ne ya ƙirƙiro shi daga gidan Mormon mai daraja na zuriyar Welsh, wanda ya koma Peru a 1904 don yin aiki a kamfanin jirgin ƙasa a Cerro de Pasco . Baƙin Amurkawa sun yi ƙaura zuwa cibiyar [[hakar ma'adinai]] ta Andean na Cerro de Pasco, sannan birni na biyu mafi girma a Peru, don yin aiki a cikin kasuwancin kasuwanci wanda attajirin nan Alfred W. McCune ya kafa . <ref name="Baird" /> Morris, wanda ya yi aiki a matsayin manajan kantin kayan fure a Salt Lake City, ya shiga aikin McCune don gina abin da ya kasance mafi girman layin dogo a duniya da sauƙaƙe fitar da ƙaƙƙarfan ƙarfe na birni. <ref name="Baird" /> A yayin bikin kammala aikin jirgin kasa a watan Yuli na 1904, Morris, wanda aka dorawa alhakin kula da bukukuwan, ya tuno da fara hada pisco a cikin abin sha bayan kusan mahalarta dubu biyar 5,000 na Amurka da na Peru (ciki har da mashahuran mutane da manyan mutane) sun cinye duk wadataccen wuski . <ref name="Baird" /> Morris ya ƙaura zuwa babban birnin Peru, Lima, tare da matarsa Peruvian da yara uku a dubu daya da dari tara da sha biyar 1915. Bayan shekara guda, ya buɗe gidan cin abinci —Morris 'Bar-wanda ya zama sananne ga duka manyan ɗaliban Peruvian da baƙi na Turanci. Morris, wanda galibi yana gwada sabbin abubuwan sha, ya haɓaka miyar pisco azaman bambance -bambancen miyar wuski. {{Sfn|Kosmas|Zaric|2010}} Masanin tarihin Chilean Gonzalo Vial Correa shima ya danganta kirkirar pisco tsami ga ''Gringo Morris daga Barris na'' Morris na Peru, amma tare da ƙaramin bambanci na sanya masa suna William Morris. {{Sfn|Vial Correa|1981}} Akwai wasu bambance -bambance a kan ainihin ranar da Morris ya kirkiro mashahurin hadaddiyar giyar. Masanin ilimin halittu Dale DeGroff ya tabbatar da cewa an ƙirƙira abin sha a cikin 1915, {{Sfn|DeGroff|2008}} amma wasu kafofin suna jayayya cewa wannan ya faru a cikin 1920s. <ref>See: </ref> Jaridar yanar gizo ta Chile ''El Mercurio Online'' musamman ta musanta cewa masana tarihi sun danganta shekarar ƙirƙirar abin sha kamar 1922, yana mai ƙara da cewa "a cikin dare Morris ya ba abokansa mamaki da sabon abin sha wanda ya kira ''pisco m'', ƙa'idar da ta haɗa ''pisco na'' Peru tare da ''tsami na'' Amurka" (a cikin Mutanen Espanya: " ''Una noche Morris sorprendió a sus amigos con una nueva bebida a la que llamó pisco sour, una fórmula que funde lo peruano del pisco con el 'sour' estadounidense.'' " ). [[File:Morris-Bar-Pisco-Sour-South-Pacific-Mail-1924.JPG|alt=Snippet of an old newspaper|left|thumb|Talla don Bar Morris [upper-alpha 4]]] Abin girke -girke na farko na tsami na Pisco shine na hadaddiyar giyar mai sauƙi. {{Sfn|Duecy|2013}} A cewar mai binciken Peruvian Guillermo Toro-Lira, "ana ɗauka cewa ɗanɗano ne na pisco tare da ruwan lemun tsami da sukari, kamar yadda wuski mai tsami na waɗannan kwanakin." Yayin da girke -girke na hadaddiyar giyar ke ci gaba da haɓaka, rajistar mashaya ta nuna cewa abokan ciniki sun yi tsokaci kan ci gaba da inganta ɗanɗanon abin sha. <ref name="Toro" /> Mario Bruiget, ɗan ƙasar Peru daga Chincha Alta wanda ya yi aiki a ƙarƙashin aikin Morris wanda ya fara aiki a ranar 16 ga Yuli, 1924 ya haɓaka sigar girkin na Peruvian na zamani. Abincin Bruiget ya ƙara haushin Angostura da fararen kwai a gauraya. 'Yar jarida Erica Duecy ta rubuta cewa bidi'ar Bruiget ta kara da "sifa mai sarkakiya da kumfar kai" a cikin hadaddiyar giyar. {{Sfn|Duecy|2013}} Morris yayi amfani da tallace -tallace don haɓaka mashayarsa da ƙirƙirarsa. Tsohuwar sanannen ambaton ruwan pisco ya bayyana a cikin fitowar Satumba 1920 na mujallar Peru ta ''Hogar'' . {{Sfn|Jiménez Morato|2012}} Wani tsohon talla ya bayyana a cikin Afrilu 22, 1921, bugun mujallar Peru ''Mundial'' . A cikin mujallar, ba wai kawai aka bayyana tsami na pisco a matsayin abin sha mai launin fari ba, amma abin da aka ƙirƙira an danganta shi da "Mister Morris." Daga baya, a cikin 1924, tare da taimakon abokin Morris Nelson Rounsevell, mashaya ta yi tallan yankinta da ƙira a [[Valparaiso|Valparaíso]], Chile. Talla ta fito a cikin jaridar Valparaíso ''South Pacific Mail'', mallakar Rounsevell. A shekara ta 1927, Bar Bar na Morris ya sami babban fa'ida ga hadaddiyar giyar sa, musamman tsami na pisco. Brad Thomas Parsons ya rubuta cewa "rajista a Morris Bar ya cika da babban yabo daga baƙi waɗanda suka yi tsokaci game da abin sa hannu." {{Sfn|Parsons|2011}} Sanannen masu halarta a Bar na Morris sun haɗa da marubutan Abraham Valdelomar da José María Eguren, masu baje kolin Richard Halliburton da Dean Ivan Lamb, masanin ɗan adam Alfred Kroeber, da 'yan kasuwa Elmer Faucett da José Lindley . A cikin abin tunawa, Lamb ya tuno da gogewarsa tare da tsami na pisco a cikin Bar na Morris, yana mai cewa "ya ɗanɗana kamar abin sha mai daɗi" kuma yana jin bacin rai bayan ya sha na biyu duk da ƙin yarda da mashaya cewa "yawanci ya isa. " <ref name="Baird" /> === Yaɗa === Bayan lokaci, gasa daga sandunan kusa da tabarbarewar lafiyar Victor Morris ya haifar da koma baya da faduwar sana'arsa. Saboda tsarin mulkinsa da ke taɓarɓarewa, Morris ya ba da mafi yawan mashaya zuwa ga ma'aikatansa. Ƙari ga matsalar, masu fafatawa a kusa, kamar Hotel Bolívar da Hotel Lima Country Club, suna da sanduna waɗanda suka kwace abokan ciniki daga Bar na Morris. Bugu da ƙari, Toro-Lira ya gano cewa Morris ya zargi hudu daga cikin tsoffin mashawartansa na satar dukiyar ilimi bayan sun tafi aiki a ɗayan waɗannan cibiyoyin gasa. A cikin 1929, Morris ya ba da sanarwar fatarar kuɗi kuma ya rufe gidan saloon. Bayan 'yan watanni, a ranar 11 ga Yuni, Victor Vaughen Morris ya mutu sakamakon cirrhosis . <ref name="Toro" /> [[File:2010-0109-Lima-HotelBolivar.jpg|alt=Photograph of a white five-story building|right|thumb| Otal ɗin Bolívar yana cikin otal -otal da yawa na Lima har yanzu suna hidimar ''hadaddiyar giyar pisco'' tun lokacin da aka rufe Bar na Morris]] Masanin tarihi Luis Alberto Sánchez ya rubuta cewa, bayan Morris ya rufe mashayarsa, wasu daga cikin mashayan sa sun bar aiki a wasu wuraren. Bruiget ya fara aiki a matsayin mashaya don Grand Hotel Maury da ke kusa, inda ya ci gaba da hidimar girkinsa na tsami. Nasarar da ya samu tare da abin sha ya haifar da al'adar baka ta Limean na gida don haɗa otal ɗin Maury a matsayin asalin gidan pisco tsami. <ref name="Tatiana" /> Sánchez, wanda a lokacin ƙuruciyarsa kuma yana yawan ziyartar Barikin Morris, ya rubuta a cikin tarihinsa cewa wasu daga cikin masu koyon Morris, Leonidas Cisneros Arteta da Augusto Rodríguez, sun buɗe sandunan nasu. {{Sfn|Sánchez|1969}} Kamar yadda sauran tsoffin masu koyon Morris suka sami aiki a wani wuri, su ma sun ba da girke -girke na tsami na pisco. Tun aƙalla 1927, pisco sours ya fara sayar da shi a Chile, musamman a Club de la Unión, babban kulob na manyan mutane a cikin gari [[Santiago de Chile|Santiago]] . A cikin shekarun 1930, abin sha ya shiga [[California]], ya isa sanduna har zuwa arewacin birnin San Francisco. {{Sfn|Kosmas|Zaric|2010}} Restaurateur Victor Jules Bergeron, Jr., yana tunawa da hidimar pisco sours a ainihin tiki mashawarci Vic a Oakland, a 1934, ga matafiyi wanda ya karanta labarin hadaddiyar giyar a cikin mujallar ''Life.'' {{Sfn|Bergeron|1972}} Aƙalla a ƙarshen shekarun 1960, hadaddiyar giyar kuma ta sami hanyar zuwa New York. {{Sfn|Regan|2003}} Beatriz Jiménez, ɗan jarida daga jaridar ''El Mundo ta'' Spain, ya nuna cewa a cikin Peru, otal -otal na alfarma na Lima sun karɓi tsami na pisco a matsayin nasu a cikin 1940s. Bonanza na mai ya ja hankalin Peru zuwa ƙasashen waje a shekarun 1940 zuwa 1950. A cikin littafin jagorar sa na 1943 wanda ke haɓaka "fahimtar ɗan adam tsakanin Amurka" a lokacin [[Yaƙin Duniya na II|Yaƙin Duniya na Biyu]], mai bincike Earl Parker Hanson ya rubuta cewa 'yan kasashen waje da ke zaune a Peru sun fifita pisco da "sanannen tsami". {{Sfn|Hanson|1943}} Daga cikin baƙi baƙi zuwa Lima akwai shahararrun 'yan wasan Hollywood waɗanda sha'awar pisco ta burge su. Jiménez ya tuno al'adun baka na da'awar Ava Gardner mai cutarwa dole John Wayne ya ɗauke shi bayan ya sha sours na pisco da yawa. An ce Ernest Hemingway da Orson Welles sun kasance manyan magoya bayan abin da suka bayyana a matsayin "abin sha na Peruvian." <ref name="ElMundo" /> A cikin tarihin rayuwarsa, ɗan wasan kwaikwayo Ray Milland ya tuna shan abin shan giya a Fadar Gwamnatin Lima a lokacin shugabancin Bustamante na 1940s, da farko ya gano shi "abin sha mai ban sha'awa" sannan, bayan ya gabatar da "kyakkyawan jawabin sadaukarwa" wanda nasa nasa ya danganta da nasa. hadaddiyar giyar, wacce ake kira da suna "ƙaƙƙarfan tsami mai tsami." {{Sfn|Milland|1974}} A cikin 1969, Sánchez ya rubuta cewa Hotel Maury har yanzu yana ba da "ingantaccen" Pisco Sour daga Bar na Morris. {{Sfn|Sánchez|1969}} Pan American World Airways ya haɗa da tsami na pisco a cikin ɓangaren shawarwarin sha don bugun littafin littafin ''Encyclopedia of Travel'' na 1978, yana gargadin matafiya zuwa Peru cewa "[t] tsami mai tsini yana da laifi, amma yana da ƙarfi." {{Sfn|Pan American World Airways, Inc.|1978}} jaridar Bolivia Ted Córdova Claure ya rubuta, a cikin 1984, cewa Hotel Bolívar ya tsaya a matsayin abin tunawa ga lalacewar oligarchy na Peru (a cikin Mutanen Espanya: " ''Este hotel es un monumento a la decadencia de la oligarquía peruana.'' " ). Ya lura da yankin a matsayin gidan gargajiya na tsami na pisco kuma ya ba da shawarar a matsayin ɗayan mafi kyawun otal a Lima. A zamanin yau, Otal ɗin Bolivar yana ci gaba da ba da hadaddiyar giyar a cikin mashayar ta "El Bolivarcito", yayin da Country Club Lima Hotel ke ba da abin sha a cikin "Barikin Ingilishi". == Shiri da bambance -bambancen karatu == [[File:El_que_trae_aguardiente_de_Yca._1820).jpg|alt=Painting of a man on horseback leading two pack animals|left|thumb| Pisco ya yi jigila a cikin kwantena na ƙasa mai suna iri ɗaya daga Ica, Peru . Zane-zanen ruwa na ɗan Afro-Peruvian Pancho Fierro]] Tsami na pisco yana da hanyoyi uku na shiri. Ana yin hadaddiyar giyar ruwan pisco ta Peru ta hanyar hada pisco na Peru tare da Key ruwan lemun tsami , syrup mai sauƙi, farin kwai, Angostura bitters (don ado ), da kankara. {{Sfn|Kosmas|Zaric|2010}} An samar da hadaddiyar giyar pisco ta Chile ta gauraya Pisco na Chile tare da ruwan limón de Pica, sukari foda, da kankara. {{Sfn|Castillo-Feliú|2000}} Daniel Joelson, marubucin abinci da mai sukar abinci, ya bayar da hujjar cewa babban banbanci tsakanin nau'ikan pisco mai tsami "shine 'yan Peru gabaɗaya sun haɗa da fararen kwai, yayin da mutanen Chile ba sa yin hakan." Siffar daga Ƙungiyar Ƙasa ta Ƙasa, wacce ta lissafa tsami na pisco a cikin “ Sabbin Abubuwa na Zamani ,” yayi kama da na Peru, amma tare da banbancin cewa yana amfani da [[Lemun tsami|ruwan lemun tsami]], maimakon ruwan lemun tsami, kuma baya rarrabe tsakanin su biyun. daban -daban na pisco. Akwai bambance -bambance masu yawa a cikin pisco da ake amfani da su a cikin hadaddiyar giyar. A cewar masanin abinci da giya Mark Spivak, bambancin yana cikin yadda ake samar da abubuwan sha biyu; alhali "Pisco na Chilean ana samarwa da yawa," sigar Peruvian "an yi ta cikin ƙananan ƙungiyoyi." Masanin tarihin hadaddiyar giyar Andrew Bohrer ya mai da hankali kan kwatancensa akan ɗanɗano, yana mai cewa "[i] n Peru, an yi pisco a cikin tukunya har yanzu, an cika shi da hujja, kuma ba ta tsufa; yayi kama da grappa . A Chile, ana yin pisco a cikin ginshiƙi har yanzu kuma yana tsufa cikin itace; yayi kamanceceniya da ɗan ƙaramin haske. ” {{Sfn|Bohrer|2012}} Masanin ilimin tsirrai na ƙasar Chile Patricio Tapia ya ƙara da cewa yayin da masu samar da pisco na Chilean ke haɗe hannun inabi, masu kera Peru suna da takamaiman nau'ikan pisco waɗanda ke amfani da ƙanshin inabi irin su Yellow Muscat da Italia . Tapia ya kammala wannan shine dalilin da yasa kwalaben pisco na Peru suna nuna shekarar girbin su kuma sigar Chile ba. Bambance -bambancen ruwan pisco ya wanzu a Peru, [[Bolibiya|Bolivia]], da Chile. Akwai gyare -gyare na hadaddiyar giyar a cikin Peru ta amfani da 'ya'yan itatuwa kamar ''maracuya'' (wanda aka fi sani da' ya'yan itacen sha'awa), ''aguaymanto'', da tuffa, ko kayan gargajiya irin su ganyen coca. Lima's Hotel Bolivar yana ba da babban sigar hadaddiyar giyar, mai suna ''pisco catedral catedral'', wanda aka ƙirƙira don baƙi da ke zuwa da sauri daga babban cocin Katolika na kusa. A cikin Chile, bambance -bambancen sun haɗa da Ají Sour (tare da barkono kore mai yaji), Mango Sour (tare da [[Mangoro|ruwan mangoro]] ), da Sour de Campo (tare da ginger da zuma). A Bolivia, bambancin Yunqueño (daga yankin Yungas ) ya maye gurbin lemun tsami da ruwan lemu. {{Sfn|Baez Kijac|2003}} Akwai hadaddiyar giyar kamar pisco m a Chile da Peru. Ana yin piscola na Chilean ta hanyar hada pisco da cola . {{Sfn|Castillo-Feliú|2000}} Algarrobina hadaddiyar giyar, wacce aka shahara a arewacin Peru, an yi ta ne daga pisco, madara mai taƙaddama, da ruwan tsami daga itacen ''algarroba na Peru.'' {{Sfn|Albala|2011}} Sauran hadaddiyar giyar da ke kan pisco na Peru sun haɗa da ''chilcano'' (wanda aka yi da pisco da ginger ale ) da ''capitán'' (wanda aka yi da pisco da vermouth ). {{Sfn|Pan American World Airways, Inc.|1978}} Wani irin wannan hadaddiyar giyar, daga Amurka, shine pisco na Californian, wanda aka yi shi da pisco na Peru, abarba, da lemo. <ref>See: </ref> == Shahara == [[File:Presidentes_Cristina_Fernandez_y_Alan_Garcia_brindan_con_pisco.jpg|alt=Photograph|right|thumb| Shugabar Argentina Cristina Fernández da shugabar Peru Alan García sun gasa burodi a cikin gidan gwamnatin Peru a 2010]] Duggan McDonnell ya bayyana pisco tsami a matsayin "mafi kyawun hadaddiyar giyar Latin Amurka, mai kaushi, daidaitacce, mai haske amma mai wadata," ya kara da cewa "Barkeeps a duk Arewacin California za su tabbatar da cewa sun girgiza da yawa Pisco tsami. Ita ce hadaddiyar giyar farin zaƙi kuma mafi ƙaunatacciyar ƙaunatacciya ". {{Sfn|McDonnell|2015}} 'Yar jaridar Ostireliya Kate Schneider ta rubuta cewa miyan pisco" ya shahara sosai cewa akwai bikin ranar Pisco Sour International a ranar Asabar ta farko a watan Fabrairu kowane shekara, kazalika da [[Fezbuk|shafin Facebook]] wanda ke da abubuwan so sama da 600,000. " A cewar ɗan kasuwa ɗan ƙasar Chile Rolando Hinrichs Oyarce, maigidan gidan cin abinci a [[Ispaniya|Spain]], "Pisco tsami yana da ƙasa da ƙasa, kamar Cebiche, don haka ba a san su sosai ba" (Mutanen Espanya: " ''El pisco sour es bastante internacional, al igual que el cebiche, por lo tanto no son tan desconocidos'' "). A cikin 2003, Peru ta ƙirƙiri " ''Día Nacional del Pisco Sour'' " (National Pisco Sour Day), ranar hutu ta gwamnati da aka yi bikin ranar Asabar ta farko ta Fabrairu. Yayin Taron Shugabannin Tattalin Arzikin APEC na 2008, Peru ta inganta pisco mai tsami tare da karbuwa sosai. An ba da rahoton hadaddiyar giyar ita ce mafi kyawun abin sha ga masu halarta, galibi shugabanni, 'yan kasuwa, da wakilai. === Jayayya ta asali === Yawancin masana tarihi suna ɗaukar Victor Vaughen Morris a matsayin wanda ya ƙirƙira hadaddiyar giyar pisco. {{Sfn|Duecy|2013}} Duk da haka, labarin asalin hadaddiyar giyar yana da rikitarwa tare da binciken da ke nuna akasin haka. Dangane da girke - girke daga littafin girki na Peruvian 1903 ''Manual de Cocina a la Criolla'', mai bincike Nico Vera yayi la'akari da cewa "asalin Pisco Sour na iya zama hadaddiyar giyar gargajiya da aka yi a Lima sama da shekaru 100 da suka gabata." Bisa ga clipping daga 1921 ''West Coast Jagoran'' labarai article, McDonnell gan shi yiwu cewa pisco m iya samun zahiri samo asali a San Francisco, la'akari da bugu da žari da cewa a lokacin wannan lokaci da birnin samu wani "fashe na hadaddiyar giyar kerawa," da wuski m hadaddiyar giyar "yana da yalwa da yawa," da "gaskiyar cewa an sanar da Pisco a matsayin ruhu na musamman" a cikin birni. {{Sfn|McDonnell|2015}}. [[File:Wong_Event.jpg|alt=Photograph of two persons in front of a sculpture|left|thumb| An girmama Morris, a cikin 2009, tare da buguwa a Peru]] Don kare Morris, ɗan jarida Rick Vecchio yayi la'akari da cewa "koda akwai wani abu mai kama da wanda ya riga ya kasance" ga hadaddiyar giyar pisco ta Morris, bai kamata a yi shakkar cewa "shine farkon wanda ya fara hidima, ingantawa da kammala abin da aka sani yau ba. kamar yadda Pisco Sour. " McDonnell kuma yayi la'akari da cewa, ba tare da la’akari da ainihin asalin sa ba, pisco m "na Peru ne." {{Sfn|McDonnell|2015}} A cewar marubucin al'adu Saxon Baird, fashewa don girmama Morris yana tsaye a gundumar Lima ta Santiago de Surco "a matsayin shaida ga gudummawar Morris ga al'adun Peru na zamani da ƙasar da ya kira gida fiye da rabin rayuwarsa." Duk da wannan, akwai takaddama mai gudana tsakanin Chile da Peru game da asalin tsami na pisco. {{Sfn|Sandham|2012}} A Chile, wani labari na gida ya ɓullo a cikin 1980s yana danganta kirkirar pisco tsami ga Elliot Stubb, wakilin Ingilishi daga jirgin ruwa mai suna ''Sunshine'' . Tarihin ɗan ƙasar Chile kuma masanin tarihi Oreste Plath ya ba da gudummawa ga yada almara ta hanyar rubuta cewa, a cewar jaridar Peru ta ''El Comercio de Iquique'', a cikin 1872, bayan samun izinin sauka, Stubb ya buɗe mashaya a tashar Iquique ta Peru a lokacin kuma ya ƙirƙira pisco tsami yayin gwaji da abin sha. {{Sfn|Plath|1981}} [upper-alpha 6] Duk da haka, mai bincike Toro-Lira yayi jayayya cewa labarin ya ƙaryata ne bayan da aka gano ''El Comercio de Iquique'' yana nufin ainihin abin da aka ƙera na ƙoshin wuski. <ref name="Toro" /> Labarin Elliot Stubb da zarginsa da ƙirƙira ƙusar ƙushin wuski a Iquique shima ana samunsa a cikin littafin 1962 da Jami'ar Cuyo, [[Argentina]] . Wani bayani daga labarin jaridar yana da Elliot Stubb yana mai cewa, "Daga yanzu&nbsp;... wannan zai zama abin sha na yaƙi, abin sha da na fi so, kuma za a sa masa suna Whiskey Sour "(a cikin Mutanen Espanya:" ''En adelante dijo Elliot - éste será mi trago de batalla, - mi trago favorito -, y se llamará Whiskey " Gishiri.'' "). {{Sfn|Facultad de Filosofía y Letras|1962}} Wasu masu kera pisco sun bayyana cewa takaddamar da ke gudana tsakanin Chile da Peru na taimakawa haɓaka sha'awar giya da takaddamar nuna yanayin ƙasa . American Celebrity shugaba Anthony Bourdain kusantar da hankali ga hadaddiyar giyar lokacin, a wani episode ya Travel Channel shirin ''Ba a Ajiye'', ya sha a pisco m, a Valparaiso, Chile, kuma ya ce "yayi kyau, amma ... gaba lokaci, zan yi biya. " Mai watsa shirye -shiryen Rediyon Radioas del Perú ya ba da rahoton cewa Jorge López Sotomayor, mai gabatar da shirin na Chile kuma abokin tafiya na Bourdain a Chile, ya ce Bourdain ya sami tsami na pisco da ya sha a Valparaíso a matsayin mai ban sha'awa kuma bai cancanci ƙoƙarin ba (a cikin Mutanen Espanya: " ''A mí me dijo que el pisco sour lo encontró aburrido y que no valía la pena.'' " ). Lopez ya kara da cewa kwanan nan Bourdain ya zo daga Peru, inda ya sha sois da yawa wanda yake ganin ya fi ɗanɗanon dandano na Chile. A cikin 2010, mawaƙin Mexico-mawaƙa Aleks Syntek ya sanya dariya a [[Twitter|shafin Twitter]] cewa pisco tsami ɗan ƙasar Chile ne, kuma bayan ya karɓi martani mai mahimmanci ga furucinsa, ya nemi afuwa kuma ya ambaci cewa wasa kawai yake yi. Mai watsa shirye -shiryen gidan talabijin na Mexico kuma ɗan wasan barkwanci Adal Ramones shi ma ya yi barkwanci game da tsami na pisco, dangane da badaƙalar leƙen asirin Chile -Peru ta 2009, a ranar 17 ga Nuwamba, 2009. Ramones, mai son Pisco na Peru, lokacin da aka tambaye shi game da leƙen asirin, ya tambayi abin da 'yan Chile ke leƙen asiri a cikin Peru, yana ba da shawarar cewa yana iya zama yadda ake yin tsami (a cikin Mutanen Espanya: " ''¿Qué quieren espiar los chilenos?'' ''Ó Cómo hacer pisco tsami?'' " ). A cikin 2017, lokacin da aka gaya wa miyan pisco "cikakken ɗan Chile ne" ta wani mai yin hira a gidan rediyon Chile, mawaƙin Burtaniya Ed Sheeran ya yi sharhi cewa ya fi son ɗanɗano pisco na Peru. == Duba kuma == * Jerin hadaddiyar giyar * Jerin piscos * Abincin giya na Peruvian * Singani. == Bayanan kula ==   [[Category:Pages with unreviewed translations]] 9gnpaqyi2okguy127r6xdisk10yrjcg 0 25526 895359 578220 2026-08-12T04:32:51Z Baffa ali 47435 /* growthexperiments-addlink-summary-summary:2|0|0 */ 895359 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} [[Fayil:PEN American Center Official Logo.jpg|thumb|Yambar na '''PEN Center USA''']] [[Fayil:Du Pen Fountain 01.jpg|thumb]] '''PEN Center USA''' reshe ne na PEN, ƙungiyar adabi da haƙƙoƙin ɗan adam ta duniya. Yana ɗaya daga cikin Cibiyoyin Ƙasa da Kasa na PEN guda biyu a Amurka, ɗayan kuma shine PEN America a [[New York (birni)|New York City]]. A ranar 1 ga Maris, shekara ta dubu biyu da sha takwas , Cibiyar PEN ta Amurka ta haɗu a ƙarƙashin laima PEN America a matsayin ofishin PEN America [[Los Angeles]]. An kafa Cibiyar PEN ta Amurka a cikin shekara ta1943 kuma an haɗa ta a matsayin ƙungiya mai zaman kanta a shekara ta alif dari tara da tamanin da daya.Yawancin shirye -shiryen Cibiyar PEN ta Amurka suna ci gaba da fitowa daga ofishin PEN America Los Angeles, gami da Fuskokin Muryoyin Fitowa, PEN A cikin Al'umma mazaunin rubuce -rubuce da shirin mai magana da baki, da jerin tattaunawar PEN. == Tarihi == An kafa kungiyar tun asali a shekara ta 1943. A cikin shekara ta 1952 PEN International ta ba shi 'yancin zama '''Cibiyar PEN Los Angeles''', ta sami damar kafa surorinta. A cikin shekara ta 1981 an haɗa shi azaman ƙungiya mai zaman kanta. A cikin shekara ta 1988 ta nemi canza sunan, kuma a ƙarshe an sake masa suna zuwa '''PEN USA Center West''' . A ranar 1 ga Maris, shekara ta 2018, Cibiyar PEN ta Amurka ta haɗu a ƙarƙashin tutar Amurka ta PEN. == Bayanin manufa == Manufar Cibiyar PEN ta Amurka ita ce ta motsa da kula da sha'awar rubutacciyar kalma, don haɓaka al'adun adabi mai mahimmanci, da kare 'yancin faɗin albarkacin baki a cikin gida da waje. == 'Yancin Rubuta Shiryawa == [[Fayil:Center pier, looking south. - Pendleton Avenue Bridge, Spanning Fall Creek, Pendleton, Madison County, IN HAER IND,48-PEN,1-12.tif|thumb|PEN Center USA]] Cibiyar PEN ta Amurka tana ba da 'Yanci don Rubuta shirye -shirye, wanda aka bayyana a cikin tashoshi guda huɗu na ayyuka: FTW Network Advocacy Network, the Emerging Voices Fellowship, PEN in the Community, and the Year Literary Awards. Kowane ɗayan waɗannan shirye -shiryen suna bin maƙasudin mahimmancin 'Yancin Rubuta ra'ayin - don tallafawa marubutan' yancin faɗin albarkacin baki da haɓaka samun dama ga rubutunsu a duniya. <ref>[https://penusa.org/freedom-write-programs "Freedom to Write Programs"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171027163145/https://penusa.org/freedom-write-programs |date=2017-10-27 }}, PEN Center USA.</ref> === 'Yancin Rubuta Yada Shawara === Freedom to Write Advocacy Network wata ƙungiya ce ta haɗin gwiwa don tallafawa faɗin albarkacin baki da kuma kare marubutan da aka keta haƙƙin ɗan adam da na ɗan adam. A cikin shekara ta 1948, membobin PEN na Duniya sun taimaka wajen ƙera [[Mataki Na Sha Tara (19)|Mataki na ashirin da 19]] na [[Gamayyar Sanarwa na Yancin Dan'adam|Sanarwar Duniya na 'Yancin Dan Adam]], wanda ke ba da tabbacin cewa "kowa yana da' yancin walwala da ra'ayi ... na iyakoki. " PEN tana rike da matsayi na A a [[UNESCO]] da matsayin tuntuba tare da [[Majalisar Ɗinkin Duniya|Majalisar Dinkin Duniya]] . [[Fayil:Center piers, looking west. - Pendleton Avenue Bridge, Spanning Fall Creek, Pendleton, Madison County, IN HAER IND,48-PEN,1-13.tif|thumb]] A matsayin memba na Marubutan PEN na Duniya a Kwamitin Kurkuku, membobin PEN Center USA suna ziyartar abokan aikinsu a kurkuku a wasu sassan duniya kuma suna isar da taimako ta hanyar wasiƙa da taimakon kuɗi. Kwamitin 'Yancin Rubutu na Cibiyar PEN ta Amurka, wanda ya ƙunshi marubutan sa kai sama da 200, yana bincika matsalolin yanki da na ƙasa. Ƙoƙarin da aka yi a baya sun haɗa da Nigeria Initiative, da nufin sanar da alaƙar da ke tsakanin siyasar mai da saɓanin masu adawa a [[Najeriya]], da kuma wani kamfen na haɗin gwiwa don kawo ƙarshen hare -haren da ake kaiwa 'yan jarida a Latin Amurka . <ref name="Freedom to Write" /> A matsayinta na memba na Rapid Action Network na PEN International, Cibiyar PEN ta Amurka tana karba da amsa rahotannin kamawa, hare -hare, da barazana ga marubuta sama da 700 a halin yanzu suna cikin haɗari a duniya. <ref>[https://penusa.org/programs/freedom-to-write "Freedom to Write: NEWS"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170925223400/https://penusa.org/programs/freedom-to-write |date=2017-09-25 }}, PEN Center USA.</ref> === PEN a cikin Al'umma === [[Fayil:Ohio River Scenic Byway - Slave Pen Exhibit - NARA - 7720813.jpg|thumb|PEN Center USA]] Wurin zama a rubuce a cikin Al'umma (PITC) wani bita ne na rubutu wanda ke faruwa a cikin aji, cibiyar al'umma, ƙungiya mai zaman kanta, mafaka, ko ajiyar wuri. Rubuce -rubucen aikin da aka tattara yayin zama shine PEN Center USA ta buga a cikin tarihin PITC, wanda shine taga cikin rayuwar mahalarta - gwagwarmayar su, fatan su, da gogewarsu. An zaɓi masu koyar da PITC daga membobi daban -daban na PEN Center USA don dacewa da bukatun alumma inda zasu koyar. A shirye -shiryen zama na PITC na rubuce -rubuce, masu koyar da PITC da shugabannin alumma suna halartar zaman zama na wajibi a ofishin PEN Center USA. Bayan haka, yin aiki tare da jagoran al'umma, malamin PITC yana haɓaka tsarin karatun, tare da manufar taimaka wa mahalarta kammala aikin ingantaccen rubutun rubuce -rubuce. Wurin zama na rubuce-rubuce na PITC ya ƙunshi tarurrukan rubuce-rubuce guda goma sha biyu, wallafe-wallafen tarihin ɗan takara, da kuma karatun jama'a na ƙarshe. A duk lokacin semester, mai gudanar da shirin PITC yana ziyartar kowace cibiyar al'umma kuma yana sadarwa tare da duk masu koyar da PITC da shugabannin al'umma akai -akai. <ref>[https://penusa.org/programs/pen-in-the-community "PEN in the Community"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171027172615/https://penusa.org/programs/pen-in-the-community |date=2017-10-27 }}, PEN Center USA.</ref> === Ƙungiyoyin Muryoyi Masu tasowa === Muryoyin Maɗaukaka zumunci ne na adabi wanda ke da niyyar samar da sabbin marubuta, waɗanda ba su da damar shiga, tare da kayan aikin da za su buƙaci ƙaddamar da ƙwararrun rubuce -rubuce. Hadin gwiwar watanni takwas ya haɗa da: SHAWARWARAR KWAYOYI: Ana zaɓar Mentors a hankali daga membobin PEN Center USA kuma daga ƙwararrun marubutan da ke Los Angeles. Ana sa ran alaƙar Mentor-Fellow za ta ƙalubalanci aikin ɗan'uwan kuma ta tilasta ci gaba mai mahimmanci. A cikin lokacin haɗin gwiwa, Fuskokin Muryar Maɗaukaki da Mentors yakamata su hadu sau uku a cikin mutum, kuma su kasance masu tuntuɓar aƙalla sau ɗaya a wata. A cikin waɗannan tarurruka guda uku, Mentors za su ba da rubutaccen martani game da ayyukan Voan Ƙungiyoyin Muryoyi masu tasowa. Marubutan da suka kasance masu ba da shawara a baya sun haɗa da Ron Carlson, Harryette Mullen, Chris Abani, Ramona Ausubel, Meghan Daum, da Sherman Alexie . DARASI A CIKIN SHIRIN MAWALLAFIN KARATUN UCLA: Mahalarta za su halarci kwasa-kwasai guda biyu na kyauta (kwas ɗin rubutu na mako 12 da bitar kwana ɗaya) a UCLA Extension, wanda Shirin Marubuta ya bayar. Manajan Shirin zai taimaka wa san Muryar Ƙungiyoyin Murya Masu tasowa tare da zaɓin hanya. [[Fayil:Captain Dan Steele, USAF, 28th Communications Squadron, Ellsworth Air Force Base, South Dakota, updates slides in the Survival Recovery Center during Ellsworth's Operational Readine - DPLA - 30f313bcc636a1205d8a3ae3e603d714.jpeg|thumb|PEN Center USA]] ABUBUWAN MARUBUTA: Kowace Litinin, abokan aiki za su sadu da marubuci mai ziyara, edita ko mai bugawa kuma su yi tambayoyi game da sana'a. 'Yan uwan dole ne su karanta kowane littafin marubucin da ya ziyarta kafin maraice. Za a rarraba jadawalin maraice na Mawallafi a farkon taron daidaiton Muryoyi masu tasowa. Marubutan da suka shiga a baya sun haɗa da Jonathan Lethem, Percival Everett, Maggie Nelson, Cynthia Bond, Aimee Bender, Jerry Stahl, da Bruce Bauman, babban editan mujallar adabi ''Black Clock'' . MASTER CLASSES: Bayan kammala kwasa -kwasan Shirye -shiryen Marubuta na UCLA, Emeran Fuskokin Ƙungiyoyi za su yi rajista a Babbar Jagora. Babbar Jagora wani bita ne na musamman tare da ƙwararren marubuci wanda ke ba abokan aiki damar musayar ra'ayi kan ayyukansu na ci gaba. Malaman Babbar Jagora a baya sun haɗa da Diana Wagman, Alex Espinoza, da Paul Mandelbaum. AIKIN DAUKI: Ana sa ran dukkan san Ƙungiyoyin Muryoyi Masu tasowa za su kammala aikin sa kai na sa'o'i ishirin da boyar wanda ya dace da al'umman adabi. Kadan daga cikin kungiyoyin da suka shiga sun hada da WriteGirl, 826LA, Asibitin Cedars-Sinai, da STARS-San Diego Youth Services. DARASIN KOYAR DA MURYA: Zumunci zai samar da bitar kwana ɗaya tare da Dave Thomas, ƙwararren ɗan wasan kwaikwayo na murya. Fungiyoyin Muryoyi masu tasowa za su karanta aikin su a ɗakin rikodi kuma su karɓi koyarwa kan karanta aikin su a bainar jama'a. KARATUN JAMA'A: Abokai za su shiga cikin karatun jama'a guda uku, Jam'iyyar Maraba, Harshe & Groove Salon, da Karatun Karshe. Abokan karatun sun karanta a wurare daban -daban da abubuwan da suka faru ciki har da Los Angeles Times Festival of Books, Silver Lake Jubilee, Skylight Bookstore, The Standard, Downtown LA. da Hotel Café. A cikin shekaru biyar da suka gabata, haɗin gwiwar ya ƙare a cikin Karatun Karshe da aka gudanar a gidan wasan kwaikwayon Billy Wilder na Hammer, yana nuna ci gaban da kowane ɗan'uwansa ya samu a aikinsa. STIPEND: Hadin gwiwar ya hada da ragi na $ 1,000, wanda aka bayar a cikin kari na $ 500. Ba a buƙatar buga mahalarta ba, amma zumunci yana fuskantar mawaƙa da marubutan almara da kirkirar labari tare da ingantattun ra'ayoyin abin da suke fatan cimmawa ta hanyar rubutun su. <ref name="penusa.org">[https://penusa.org/programs/emerging-voices "PEN Center USA Emerging Voices Fellowship"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180109061204/https://penusa.org/programs/emerging-voices |date=2018-01-09 }}, PEN Center USA.</ref> [[Fayil:General (GEN) John A. Wickham Jr., Army chief of staff, presents the Distinguished Service Medal to Major General (MGEN) Paul M. Timmerberg during his retirement ceremony at the Pen - DPLA - cb51313e33271303f294d92eab32815c.jpeg|thumb]] An shirya shirin ne ga sabbin marubutan da ba su da damar samun kuɗi ko keɓancewa da marubuta daga baƙi, marasa rinjaye, da sauran al'ummomin da ba su da galihu. <ref name="penusa.org"/> === Kyaututtukan adabi da biki === Shirin bayar da kyaututtuka na shekara -shekara na Cibiyar PEN ta Amurka, wanda aka kafa a cikin shekarata 1982, gasa ce ta musamman, gasa ta yanki wacce ke gane kyawun adabi a cikin fannoni goma sha ɗaya: almara, ƙagaggen labari, ba da labari ba, shayari, adabin yara, adabi mai hoto, fassara, aikin jarida, wasan kwaikwayo, wasan kwaikwayo, da wasan kwaikwayo. Wadanda suka ci kyautar a baya sun hada da Barbara Kingsolver, Maxine Hong Kingston, TC Boyle, da Paul Thomas Anderson . Kowace shekara, Cibiyar PEN ta Amurka tana kira don ƙaddamar da aikin da aka samar ko aka buga a cikin shekarar kalanda ta marubutan da ke zaune a yammacin Kogin Mississippi. Ana nazari da shigar da bayanai a cikin rukunoni goma sha ɗaya kuma ana yin hukunci da su ta bangarori na fitattun marubuta, masu suka, da masu gyara. Ana sanar da masu cin nasara a faɗuwar gaba kuma kowannensu yana karɓar kyautar tsabar kuɗi $ 1,000, shekara kyauta ta zama memba tare da Cibiyar PEN ta Amurka, da kuma gayyata zuwa Gasar Baje kolin Lissafi na shekara -shekara a Los Angeles. [[Fayil:An Air Force officer uses a light pen to design an experimental aircraft on a Control Data Cyber Graphics terminal at the Air Froce Avionics Laboratory - DPLA - d0255bcc96c64b13a6205e6716013680.jpeg|thumb|PEN Center USA]] Ana gudanar da Bikin Baje kolin Littattafan ne a Beverly Hills kuma ya haɗa da cin abincin dare, gwanjon shiru ko raffle, da gabatar da Kyautukan Adabi da kyaututtuka na girmamawa. Wannan gala ita ce kawai ta fi girma a Yammacin Tekun Yammacin Duniya kuma fitattun manyan membobin adabi sama da 400 suna halarta. Tsoffin waɗanda suka karɓi Kyautar Daraja da Kyautar Nasarar Rayuwa sun haɗa da Ray Bradbury, Elmore Leonard, Norman Lear, Carolyn See, Gore Vidal, da Billy Wilder . Hakanan maraice yana gabatar da gabatar da babbar lambar yabo ta Kwaskwarimar Farko, da aka baiwa ɗan takarar da ya yi aiki a cikin gida na Amurka don kare Kwaskwarimar Farko, da kuma Kyautar 'Yancin Rubuta, da aka baiwa ɗan takarar da ya yi gwagwarmayar neman' yanci. na magana a duniya. Duk lambobin yabo suna girmama maza da mata waɗanda suka samar da aiki na musamman yayin fuskantar matsananciyar wahala, waɗanda aka hukunta saboda yin amfani da 'yancin faɗin albarkacin bakinsu, ko waɗanda suka yi yaƙi da ƙuntatawa da kare haƙƙin bugawa da yardar kaina. == Membobi == Membobin membobin PEN Center USA sun ƙunshi mawallafa sama da 700 da aka buga (ƙwararrun membobi), da kuma magoya bayan al'umman adabi (Patan Makaranta Majiɓinci da Mambobin Majiɓinci), ɗalibai (membobin ɗalibi), da masu siyar da littattafai (membobin Mawallafi). Kudin shekara -shekara na memba, wanda ya bambanta da nau'in, yana ba da tallafin kuɗi mai mahimmanci wanda ke ba membobi damar gudanar da aikin Cibiyar PEN ta Amurka. <ref>[https://penusa.org/membership "PEN Center USA membership"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171001101325/https://penusa.org/membership |date=2017-10-01 }}, PEN Center USA.</ref> == Littattafan adabi == Cibiyar PEN ta Amurka tana samar da shirye-shirye iri-iri da shirye-shirye na asali kowace shekara, gami da ƙaramin karatuttukan da aka shirya, jerin karatun yau da kullun, da manyan abubuwan musamman don lokutan adabi. == Duba kuma == * International PEN ** PEN Amurka ** PEN Kanada ** Sydney PEN == Manazarta ==   [[Category:Pages with unreviewed translations]] m3z9wwzb8vi7nevf5cl24z0bu6n4ytf 0 25845 895153 885621 2026-08-11T17:46:43Z Amadee619 37975 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1357083223|Ola Balogun]]" 895153 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Ola Balogun''' (an haife shi a ranar 1 ga watan Agustan shekara ta 1945) ɗan fim ne kuma Marubucin rubutun Najeriya. Ya kuma shiga Masana'antar kiɗa ta Najeriya a shekara ta 2001. Balogun, wanda ke yin fina-finai sama da shekaru talatin, yana daga cikin ƙarni na farko na masu shirya fina-fukkuna na Najeriya.<ref name="modernghana">{{Cite web |title=Ola Balogun |url=http://www.modernghana.com/moviethread2/1626/3/ |access-date=29 September 2009 |publisher=Modern Ghana}}</ref> Balogun ta yi karatun fim a Cibiyar Nazarin Cinematography . Shekaru bayan kammala karatunsa, ya rubuta takardar digirin digirinsa a kan fina-finai.{{Sfn|Ukdike|1989}}Bayan ya dawo Najeriya a shekarar 1968, ya shiga ma'aikatan Sashin Fim na Najeriya, wanda ke karkashin gwamnatin [[Ma'aikatar Watsa Labarai ta Tarayya da Wayar da Kan Jama'a (Nijeriya)|Ma'aikatar Bayanai]], sannan daga baya ya yi aiki a Gidan Tarihi na Kasa da [[Jami'ar Obafemi Awolowo]]. Fim din farko na Balogun sun kasance gajerun takardun shaida: One Nigeria da aka fitar a 1969, Les Ponts de Paris (1971), Fire In the Afternoon (1971), ''Thundergod'' (1971), Nupe Masquerade (1972), In the Beginning (1972), da Owuama, A New Yam Festival (1973). {{Sfn|Ukdike|1989}}Fim dinsa na farko shi ne ''Alfa'', fim din da ba shi da kuɗi sosai wanda aka fitar a shekarar 1972 lokacin da yake a Ife.{{Sfn|Ukdike|1989}}A shekara ta 1973, ya kafa kamfaninsa na fim mai zaman kansa, Afrocult Foundation, wanda ya fitar da fina-finai na gaba. Wanda ya biyo baya ga ''Alfa'' shine Vivre, wanda aka saki a shekara ta 1974, sannan kuma ''Nigersteel'', aikin da gwamnati ke tallafawa. A shekara ta 1975, ya fitar da ''Amadi'', fim din [[Harshen Ibo|Harshen Igbo]].{{Sfn|Ukdike|1989}}Ayyukansa na gaba shine jagorantar da samar da ''Ajani Ogun'', fim na yaren Yoruba tare da haɗin gwiwa tare da Duro Ladipo kuma yana da Ade Love . Fim din ya kasance babban ofishin jakadancin kuma shahararren ''Ajani Ogun'' ya tada bayanan Balogun a cikin fim din fim da shugabanci a cikin kasar. Kodayake fim dinsa na gaba Musik Man bai sami karbuwa sosai daga masu sauraro ba, aikin da ya biyo baya, Ade Love's ''Ija Ominira'', ya sami shahara.{{Sfn|Ukdike|1989}} Balogun ya bi ''Ija Ominira'' tare da A Deusa Negra (1978), samar da Portuguese-Nijeriya, sannan ''Aiye'' (1980), tare da [[Hubert Ogunde]], da ''[[Orun Mooru]]'' (1982) tare da Moses Olaiya . == Rayuwa ta farko da ilimi == An haifi Balogun a shekara ta 1945 a Aba, [[Najeriya]], ga iyayen [[Yarbawa|Yoruba]]. Mahaifinsa ya yi aiki a matsayin lauya a Aba har zuwa mutuwarsa lokacin da Balogun ke da shekaru 12. Harshen farko da Balogun ya koya magana shi ne [[Harshen Ibo|Ibo]].<ref name="modernghana">{{Cite web |title=Ola Balogun |url=http://www.modernghana.com/moviethread2/1626/3/ |access-date=29 September 2009 |publisher=Modern Ghana}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[http://www.modernghana.com/moviethread2/1626/3/ "Ola Balogun"]. Modern Ghana<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">29 September</span> 2009</span>.</cite></ref> Ya halarci Makarantar Kristi Sarki, Aba, daga 1951 zuwa 1957, sannan ya tafi [[King's College, Lagos|Kwalejin Sarki, Legas]]. Ya yi karatu a Jami'ar Dakar daga 1962 zuwa 1963, a Jami'an Caen a [[Faransa]] (1963-66), kuma a Institut des hautes études cinématographiques (daga 1966 zuwa 1968), inda Christopher Miles ya kasance ɗan ɗalibi. == Farkon aiki == Balogun ya koma Najeriya a lokacin [[Yaƙin basasan Najeriya|Yaƙin basasar Najeriya]] kuma a wani lokaci Najeriya ba ta da masana'antar fina-finai ta asali. A shekara ta 1969, ya kasance marubuci tare da sashin fim na Ma'aikatar Bayanai ta Tarayyar Najeriya kafin a tura shi zuwa [[Faris|Paris]] a matsayin mai ba da labarai na ofishin jakadancin Najeriya a can, kuma a Paris, ya buga wasan game da [[Shango]]. Ya koma Najeriya kuma yana da alaƙa da Cibiyar Nazarin Afirka a [[Jami'ar Obafemi Awolowo|Jami'ar Ife]] . Shirin farko na Balogun shine One Nigeria (1969), wani shirin fim game da ra'ayinsa game da yakin basasar Najeriya . A tsakiyar yakin, Balogun ya bi ƙungiyar masu lura da Faransa zuwa fagen yaƙi, inda ya ga lalacewar da yaƙin ya haifar. Takardun shaida na One Nigeria da Eastern Nigeria Revisited sun rinjayi ra'ayinsa game da yakin. Wani majagaba na yin fim na Najeriya, Balogun ya samar da fina-finai na farko a farkon shekarun 1970. Fim dinsa na 1981 For Freedom! an shigar da shi cikin bikin fina-finai na kasa da kasa na 12 na Moscow . <ref name="Moscow1981">{{Cite web |title=12th Moscow International Film Festival (1981) |url=http://www.moscowfilmfestival.ru/miff34/eng/archives/?year=1981 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130421050907/http://www.moscowfilmfestival.ru/miff34/eng/archives/?year=1981 |archive-date=21 April 2013 |access-date=25 January 2013 |website=MIFF}}</ref> A shekara ta 1973, ya kafa Gidauniyar Afrocult, kamfani mai zaman kansa. == Ayyukan fim == Bayan samar da shirye-shirye, Balogun ya samar da ''Alfa'', fim mai matsakaici game da wani ɗan gudun hijirar Afirka a Paris. Sakamakon sa shine Vivre, labarin da ba na almara ba ne game da abokinsa wanda ya zama nakasassu sakamakon hatsari. Bayan Vivre, gwamnati ta ba da izini ga Balogun don samar da ''Nigersteel'', fim game da matakin masana'antu na Najeriya. Ayyukan fim dinsa na gaba sun shafi batun rungumar da kuma watsi da al'adun Afirka da al'adarsu a cikin neman burin nan gaba. Wannan fim din, ''Amadi'', wanda aka fitar a shekara ta 1975, fim ne na harshen Igbo game da wani mutum da ke komawa ƙauyen bayan ya sami iyakantaccen nasara da ɗan gamsuwa a birnin Legas. A cikin ƙauyen, ya yi amfani da ilimin da ƙwarewar da aka koya don inganta amfani da fasahar noma ta zamani. Fim din ya bunƙasa sabon wuri a cikin fina-finai na Najeriya a matsayin fim na farko mai tsawo a cikin harshen Igbo.{{Sfn|Ukdike|1989}}Fim din ya sami nasara a [[Yankin Gabashin Najeriya|Gabashin Najeriya]] amma ya iyakance nasara a wasu wurare. Ajani Ogun, fim na farko na yaren Yoruba na Balogun wani kiɗa ne da aka saki a cikin nau'in celluloid a 1975. Fim din yana da Ade Love a matsayin jagora, yayin da yawancin ma'aikatan suka fito ne daga ƙungiyar wasan kwaikwayo ta Duro Ladipo. Balogun ya kai ga masu sauraro da yawa tare da ''Ajani Ogun'' kuma nasarar fim din ta haifar da karuwa a cikin karɓar wasan kwaikwayo na mataki da Yoruba ke yi a cikin fina-finai masu tsawo. Bayan nasarar ''Ajani Ogun'', aikinsa na gaba shine Musik Man, fim din da aka samar a cikin [[Pidgin na Najeriya|pidgin]] da Ingilishi don isa ga masu sauraro da yawa. Koyaya, fim ɗin bai sami nasarar kuɗi ba.{{Sfn|Ukdike|1989}}Balogun ya dawo tare da ''Ija Ominira'', wanda aka daidaita da littafin [[Adebayo Faleti]], ''Omo Olokun Esin'', wanda ƙungiyar wasan kwaikwayo ke yi a kan mataki. An samar da fim din ne tare da hadin gwiwar Ade Love, babban dan wasan kwaikwayo a ''Ajani Ogun''; Ade Love shi ne kuma babban dan wasan a ''Ija Ominira'' . Akwai matsalolin yin fim tsakanin Balogun da Ade Love a kan saitin ''Ija Ominira'', maza biyu suna da ƙananan rashin jituwa game da jagorancin fim din. Balogun ya bi Ade Love's ''Ija Ominira'' tare da A Deusa Negra, wanda aka fi sani da ''[[Black Goddess]]'', wanda ya rubuta kuma ya ba da umarni; aikin haɗin gwiwar Najeriya ne da Brazil wanda Embrafilm na Brazil ya rarraba. Wani furodusa na Brazil ya ga wasu ayyukan da Balogun ya yi a baya kuma ya nemi ya harbe sabon fim a Brazil. Duk da wasu tashin hankali da ƙalubalen kuɗi, ya kammala fim din a shekarar 1978. A cikin ''Aiye'' (1979), Balogun ya fadada wasan kwaikwayo na daya daga cikin shahararrun ayyukan [[Hubert Ogunde]] a cikin fim mai tsawo. Taken fim din labari ne na gargajiya game da gwagwarmaya tsakanin nagarta da mugunta. Mai kyau shine firist na gargajiya ko [[Babalawo]] kuma mugayen haruffa sune mayu a ƙauyen.{{Sfn|Ukdike|1989}}''Aiye'', wanda ya dauki ma'aikatan wasan kwaikwayo na Yoruba da yawa da wasu ma'aikatan fasaha daga ''Black Goddess'', nasara ce ta kudi, kodayake kamar yadda yake tare da ''Ija Ominira'', Balogun da Hubert Ogunde, babban ɗan wasan kwaikwayo da kuma mai haɗin gwiwa, suna da wasu rashin jituwa game da jagorancin fim din. A cikin 1980, Balogun ya samar da Cry Freedom (wanda ake kira ''Haraka'' a baya), tare da Prunella Gee da Albert Hall a cikin manyan matsayi. An harbe fim din a [[Ghana]], kuma Balogun ya yi amfani da wasu masu fasaha, kamar Jose Medeiros, wanda a baya ya yi aiki tare da shi a kan A Deusa Negra . Cry Freedom, wanda [[Meja Mwangi]]'s Carcase for Hounds ya yi wahayi zuwa gare shi, game da tashin hankali ne wanda ya haifar da yakin basasa a wata ƙasa ta Afirka. Fim din ya sami magoya baya tsakanin masu ilimi na Najeriya, amma bai yi kira ga masu sauraro ba.{{Sfn|Ukdike|1989}} Haɗin gwiwar Balogun tare da Musa Olaiya, wanda aka fi sani da Baba Sala, babban kasafin kuɗi ne Orun Mooru (Heaven is Hot). Bayan haka, Balogun ya daina aiki tare da manyan 'yan wasan kwaikwayo daga ƙungiyar wasan kwaikwayo ta Yoruba. A shekara ta 1982, ya saki Money Power . == Rayuwar siyasa == Balogun ya kasance memba na Ofishin Siyasa na [[Ibrahim Babangida|Shugaba Babangida]] amma ya yi murabus saboda damuwa game da hanyar cimma burin ofishin.   <sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B;''[[wikipedia:Ingancin tushen bayani|<span title="The material near this tag may rely on a self-published source. (January 2018)">self-published source</span>]]''&#x5D;</sup> Balogun ya kasance mai halarta na yau da kullun a [[Panafrican Film and Television Festival of Ouagadougou|FESPACO]] (Fim da Talabijin na Panafrican na Ouagadougou).  {{Ana bukatan hujja|date=December 2021}}<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B;''<nowiki><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (December 2021)">citation needed</span></nowiki>''&#x5D;</sup> == Hotunan fina-finai == {| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:center" ! style="width:33px;" |Shekara ! width="145" |Fim din ! width="65" |Daraktan ! width="65" |Mai gabatarwa ! width="65" |Marubuci |- |1972 | style="text-align:left" |''Alfa''| {{Yes}}| {{Yes}}| {{Yes}} |- |1975 | style="text-align:left" |''Ajani Ogun''| {{Yes}}| {{Yes}}| {{Yes}} |- |1975 | style="text-align:left" |''Amadi''| {{Yes}}| {{Yes}}| {{Yes}} |- |1976 | style="text-align:left" |''Mutumin Musik''| {{Yes}}| {{Yes}}| {{Yes}} |- |1978 | style="text-align:left" |''Ija Ominira''| {{Yes}}| {{Yes}} | |- |1978 | style="text-align:left" |''[[Black Goddess]]''| {{Yes}} || {{Yes}} |- |1979 | style="text-align:left" |''Aiye''| {{Yes}}| {{Yes}} | |- |1981 | style="text-align:left" |''<nowiki/>'Yanci na kuka''| {{Yes}}| {{Yes}}| {{Yes}} |- |1982 | style="text-align:left" |''Ikon Kuɗi''| {{Yes}}| {{Yes}}| {{Yes}} |- |1982 | style="text-align:left" |''[[Orun Mooru]]''| {{Yes}}| {{Yes}} | |- |1988 | style="text-align:left" |''Kogin Neja, Black Mother''| {{Yes}} | | |- |1993 | style="text-align:left" |''Magic na Najeriya''| {{Yes}} | | |- |1994 | style="text-align:left" |''Inda ake nufi Barbados''| {{Yes}} | | |- |1998 | style="text-align:left" |''Alloli na Afirka a Brazil''| {{Yes}} || {{Yes}} |} == Bayanan da aka ambata == {{Reflist|30em}} [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1945]] [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] 5pseik0yhf8npophgj6cw8d220i5c10 895158 895153 2026-08-11T17:50:32Z Amadee619 37975 895158 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Ola Balogun''' (an haife shi a ranar 1 ga watan Agustan shekara ta 1945) ɗan fim ne kuma Marubucin rubutun Najeriya. Ya kuma shiga Masana'antar kiɗa ta Najeriya a shekara ta 2001. Balogun, wanda ke yin fina-finai sama da shekaru talatin, yana daga cikin ƙarni na farko na masu shirya fina-fukkuna na Najeriya.<ref name="modernghana">{{Cite web |title=Ola Balogun |url=http://www.modernghana.com/moviethread2/1626/3/ |access-date=29 September 2009 |publisher=Modern Ghana}}</ref> Balogun ta yi karatun fim a Cibiyar Nazarin Cinematography . Shekaru bayan kammala karatunsa, ya rubuta takardar digirin digirinsa a kan fina-finai.{{Sfn|Ukdike|1989}}Bayan ya dawo Najeriya a shekarar 1968, ya shiga ma'aikatan Sashin Fim na Najeriya, wanda ke karkashin gwamnatin [[Ma'aikatar Watsa Labarai ta Tarayya da Wayar da Kan Jama'a (Nijeriya)|Ma'aikatar Bayanai]], sannan daga baya ya yi aiki a Gidan Tarihi na Kasa da [[Jami'ar Obafemi Awolowo]]. Fim din farko na Balogun sun kasance gajerun takardun shaida: One Nigeria da aka fitar a 1969, Les Ponts de Paris (1971), Fire In the Afternoon (1971), ''Thundergod'' (1971), Nupe Masquerade (1972), In the Beginning (1972), da Owuama, A New Yam Festival (1973). {{Sfn|Ukdike|1989}}Fim dinsa na farko shi ne ''Alfa'', fim din da ba shi da kuɗi sosai wanda aka fitar a shekarar 1972 lokacin da yake a Ife.{{Sfn|Ukdike|1989}}A shekara ta 1973, ya kafa kamfaninsa na fim mai zaman kansa, Afrocult Foundation, wanda ya fitar da fina-finai na gaba. Wanda ya biyo baya ga ''Alfa'' shine Vivre, wanda aka saki a shekara ta 1974, sannan kuma ''Nigersteel'', aikin da gwamnati ke tallafawa. A shekara ta 1975, ya fitar da ''Amadi'', fim din [[Harshen Ibo|Harshen Igbo]].{{Sfn|Ukdike|1989}}Ayyukansa na gaba shine jagorantar da samar da ''Ajani Ogun'', fim na yaren Yoruba tare da haɗin gwiwa tare da Duro Ladipo kuma yana da Ade Love . Fim din ya kasance babban ofishin jakadancin kuma shahararren ''Ajani Ogun'' ya tada bayanan Balogun a cikin fim din fim da shugabanci a cikin kasar. Kodayake fim dinsa na gaba Musik Man bai sami karbuwa sosai daga masu sauraro ba, aikin da ya biyo baya, Ade Love's ''Ija Ominira'', ya sami shahara.{{Sfn|Ukdike|1989}} Balogun ya bi ''Ija Ominira'' tare da A Deusa Negra (1978), samar da Portuguese-Nijeriya, sannan ''Aiye'' (1980), tare da [[Hubert Ogunde]], da ''[[Orun Mooru]]'' (1982) tare da Moses Olaiya . == Rayuwa ta farko da ilimi == An haifi Balogun a shekara ta 1945 a Aba, [[Najeriya]], ga iyayen [[Yarbawa|Yoruba]]. Mahaifinsa ya yi aiki a matsayin lauya a Aba har zuwa mutuwarsa lokacin da Balogun ke da shekaru 12. Harshen farko da Balogun ya koya magana shi ne [[Harshen Ibo|Ibo]].<ref name="modernghana">{{Cite web |title=Ola Balogun |url=http://www.modernghana.com/moviethread2/1626/3/ |access-date=29 September 2009 |publisher=Modern Ghana}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[http://www.modernghana.com/moviethread2/1626/3/ "Ola Balogun"]. Modern Ghana<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">29 September</span> 2009</span>.</cite></ref> Ya halarci Makarantar Kristi Sarki, Aba, daga 1951 zuwa 1957, sannan ya tafi [[King's College, Lagos|Kwalejin Sarki, Legas]]. Ya yi karatu a Jami'ar Dakar daga 1962 zuwa 1963, a Jami'an Caen a [[Faransa]] (1963-66), kuma a Institut des hautes études cinématographiques (daga 1966 zuwa 1968), inda Christopher Miles ya kasance ɗan ɗalibi. == Farkon aiki == Balogun ya koma Najeriya a lokacin [[Yaƙin basasan Najeriya|Yaƙin basasar Najeriya]] kuma a wani lokaci Najeriya ba ta da masana'antar fina-finai ta asali. A shekara ta 1969, ya kasance marubuci tare da sashin fim na Ma'aikatar Bayanai ta Tarayyar Najeriya kafin a tura shi zuwa [[Faris|Paris]] a matsayin mai ba da labarai na ofishin jakadancin Najeriya a can, kuma a Paris, ya buga wasan game da [[Shango]]. Ya koma Najeriya kuma yana da alaƙa da Cibiyar Nazarin Afirka a [[Jami'ar Obafemi Awolowo|Jami'ar Ife]] . Shirin farko na Balogun shine One Nigeria (1969), wani shirin fim game da ra'ayinsa game da yakin basasar Najeriya . A tsakiyar yakin, Balogun ya bi ƙungiyar masu lura da Faransa zuwa fagen yaƙi, inda ya ga lalacewar da yaƙin ya haifar. Takardun shaida na One Nigeria da Eastern Nigeria Revisited sun rinjayi ra'ayinsa game da yakin. Wani majagaba na yin fim na Najeriya, Balogun ya samar da fina-finai na farko a farkon shekarun 1970. Fim dinsa na 1981 For Freedom! an shigar da shi cikin bikin fina-finai na kasa da kasa na 12 na Moscow . <ref name="Moscow1981">{{Cite web |title=12th Moscow International Film Festival (1981) |url=http://www.moscowfilmfestival.ru/miff34/eng/archives/?year=1981 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130421050907/http://www.moscowfilmfestival.ru/miff34/eng/archives/?year=1981 |archive-date=21 April 2013 |access-date=25 January 2013 |website=MIFF}}</ref> A shekara ta 1973, ya kafa Gidauniyar Afrocult, kamfani mai zaman kansa. == Ayyukan fim == Bayan samar da shirye-shirye, Balogun ya samar da ''Alfa'', fim mai matsakaici game da wani ɗan gudun hijirar Afirka a Paris. Sakamakon sa shine Vivre, labarin da ba na almara ba ne game da abokinsa wanda ya zama nakasassu sakamakon hatsari. Bayan Vivre, gwamnati ta ba da izini ga Balogun don samar da ''Nigersteel'', fim game da matakin masana'antu na Najeriya. Ayyukan fim dinsa na gaba sun shafi batun rungumar da kuma watsi da al'adun Afirka da al'adarsu a cikin neman burin nan gaba. Wannan fim din, ''Amadi'', wanda aka fitar a shekara ta 1975, fim ne na harshen Igbo game da wani mutum da ke komawa ƙauyen bayan ya sami iyakantaccen nasara da ɗan gamsuwa a birnin Legas. A cikin ƙauyen, ya yi amfani da ilimin da ƙwarewar da aka koya don inganta amfani da fasahar noma ta zamani. Fim din ya bunƙasa sabon wuri a cikin fina-finai na Najeriya a matsayin fim na farko mai tsawo a cikin harshen Igbo.{{Sfn|Ukdike|1989}}Fim din ya sami nasara a [[Yankin Gabashin Najeriya|Gabashin Najeriya]] amma ya iyakance nasara a wasu wurare. Ajani Ogun, fim na farko na yaren Yoruba na Balogun wani kiɗa ne da aka saki a cikin nau'in celluloid a 1975. Fim din yana da Ade Love a matsayin jagora, yayin da yawancin ma'aikatan suka fito ne daga ƙungiyar wasan kwaikwayo ta Duro Ladipo. Balogun ya kai ga masu sauraro da yawa tare da ''Ajani Ogun'' kuma nasarar fim din ta haifar da karuwa a cikin karɓar wasan kwaikwayo na mataki da Yoruba ke yi a cikin fina-finai masu tsawo. Bayan nasarar ''Ajani Ogun'', aikinsa na gaba shine Musik Man, fim din da aka samar a cikin [[Pidgin na Najeriya|pidgin]] da Ingilishi don isa ga masu sauraro da yawa. Koyaya, fim ɗin bai sami nasarar kuɗi ba.{{Sfn|Ukdike|1989}}Balogun ya dawo tare da ''Ija Ominira'', wanda aka daidaita da littafin [[Adebayo Faleti]], ''Omo Olokun Esin'', wanda ƙungiyar wasan kwaikwayo ke yi a kan mataki. An samar da fim din ne tare da hadin gwiwar Ade Love, babban dan wasan kwaikwayo a ''Ajani Ogun''; Ade Love shi ne kuma babban dan wasan a ''Ija Ominira'' . Akwai matsalolin yin fim tsakanin Balogun da Ade Love a kan saitin ''Ija Ominira'', maza biyu suna da ƙananan rashin jituwa game da jagorancin fim din. Balogun ya bi Ade Love's ''Ija Ominira'' tare da A Deusa Negra, wanda aka fi sani da ''[[Black Goddess]]'', wanda ya rubuta kuma ya ba da umarni; aikin haɗin gwiwar Najeriya ne da Brazil wanda Embrafilm na Brazil ya rarraba. Wani furodusa na Brazil ya ga wasu ayyukan da Balogun ya yi a baya kuma ya nemi ya harbe sabon fim a Brazil. Duk da wasu tashin hankali da ƙalubalen kuɗi, ya kammala fim din a shekarar 1978. A cikin ''Aiye'' (1979), Balogun ya fadada wasan kwaikwayo na daya daga cikin shahararrun ayyukan [[Hubert Ogunde]] a cikin fim mai tsawo. Taken fim din labari ne na gargajiya game da gwagwarmaya tsakanin nagarta da mugunta. Mai kyau shine firist na gargajiya ko [[Babalawo]] kuma mugayen haruffa sune mayu a ƙauyen.{{Sfn|Ukdike|1989}}''Aiye'', wanda ya dauki ma'aikatan wasan kwaikwayo na Yoruba da yawa da wasu ma'aikatan fasaha daga ''Black Goddess'', nasara ce ta kudi, kodayake kamar yadda yake tare da ''Ija Ominira'', Balogun da Hubert Ogunde, babban ɗan wasan kwaikwayo da kuma mai haɗin gwiwa, suna da wasu rashin jituwa game da jagorancin fim din. A cikin 1980, Balogun ya samar da Cry Freedom (wanda ake kira ''Haraka'' a baya), tare da Prunella Gee da Albert Hall a cikin manyan matsayi. An harbe fim din a [[Ghana]], kuma Balogun ya yi amfani da wasu masu fasaha, kamar Jose Medeiros, wanda a baya ya yi aiki tare da shi a kan A Deusa Negra . Cry Freedom, wanda [[Meja Mwangi]]'s Carcase for Hounds ya yi wahayi zuwa gare shi, game da tashin hankali ne wanda ya haifar da yakin basasa a wata ƙasa ta Afirka. Fim din ya sami magoya baya tsakanin masu ilimi na Najeriya, amma bai yi kira ga masu sauraro ba.{{Sfn|Ukdike|1989}} Haɗin gwiwar Balogun tare da Musa Olaiya, wanda aka fi sani da Baba Sala, babban kasafin kuɗi ne Orun Mooru (Heaven is Hot). Bayan haka, Balogun ya daina aiki tare da manyan 'yan wasan kwaikwayo daga ƙungiyar wasan kwaikwayo ta Yoruba. A shekara ta 1982, ya saki Money Power . == Rayuwar siyasa == Balogun ya kasance memba na Ofishin Siyasa na [[Ibrahim Babangida|Shugaba Babangida]] amma ya yi murabus saboda damuwa game da hanyar cimma burin ofishin.   <sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B;''[[wikipedia:Ingancin tushen bayani|<span title="The material near this tag may rely on a self-published source. (January 2018)">self-published source</span>]]''&#x5D;</sup> Balogun ya kasance mai halarta na yau da kullun a [[Panafrican Film and Television Festival of Ouagadougou|FESPACO]] (Fim da Talabijin na Panafrican na Ouagadougou).  {{Ana bukatan hujja|date=December 2021}}<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B;''<nowiki><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (December 2021)">citation needed</span></nowiki>''&#x5D;</sup> == Hotunan fina-finai == {| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:center" ! style="width:33px;" |Shekara ! width="145" |Fim din ! width="65" |Daraktan ! width="65" |Mai gabatarwa ! width="65" |Marubuci |- |1972 | style="text-align:left" |''Alfa''| {{Yes}}| {{Yes}}| {{Yes}} |- |1975 | style="text-align:left" |''Ajani Ogun''| {{Yes}}| {{Yes}}| {{Yes}} |- |1975 | style="text-align:left" |''Amadi''| {{Yes}}| {{Yes}}| {{Yes}} |- |1976 | style="text-align:left" |''Mutumin Musik''| {{Yes}}| {{Yes}}| {{Yes}} |- |1978 | style="text-align:left" |''Ija Ominira''| {{Yes}}| {{Yes}} | |- |1978 | style="text-align:left" |''[[Black Goddess]]''| {{Yes}} || {{Yes}} |- |1979 | style="text-align:left" |''Aiye''| {{Yes}}| {{Yes}} | |- |1981 | style="text-align:left" |''<nowiki/>'Yanci na kuka''| {{Yes}}| {{Yes}}| {{Yes}} |- |1982 | style="text-align:left" |''Ikon Kuɗi''| {{Yes}}| {{Yes}}| {{Yes}} |- |1982 | style="text-align:left" |''[[Orun Mooru]]''| {{Yes}}| {{Yes}} | |- |1988 | style="text-align:left" |''Kogin Neja, Black Mother''| {{Yes}} | | |- |1993 | style="text-align:left" |''Magic na Najeriya''| {{Yes}} | | |- |1994 | style="text-align:left" |''Inda ake nufi Barbados''| {{Yes}} | | |- |1998 | style="text-align:left" |''Alloli na Afirka a Brazil''| {{Yes}} || {{Yes}} |} == Bayanan da aka ambata == {{Reflist|30em}} [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1945]] [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] oc0ut6o65wo0nhgzbjqptnr1r87a4c0 895159 895158 2026-08-11T17:51:05Z Amadee619 37975 895159 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Ola Balogun''' (an haife shi a ranar 1 ga watan Agustan shekara ta 1945) ɗan fim ne kuma Marubucin rubutun Najeriya. Ya kuma shiga Masana'antar kiɗa ta Najeriya a shekara ta 2001. Balogun, wanda ke yin fina-finai sama da shekaru talatin, yana daga cikin ƙarni na farko na masu shirya fina-fukkuna na Najeriya.<ref name="modernghana">{{Cite web |title=Ola Balogun |url=http://www.modernghana.com/moviethread2/1626/3/ |access-date=29 September 2009 |publisher=Modern Ghana}}</ref> Balogun ta yi karatun fim a Cibiyar Nazarin Cinematography . Shekaru bayan kammala karatunsa, ya rubuta takardar digirin digirinsa a kan fina-finai.{{Sfn|Ukdike|1989}}Bayan ya dawo Najeriya a shekarar 1968, ya shiga ma'aikatan Sashin Fim na Najeriya, wanda ke karkashin gwamnatin [[Ma'aikatar Watsa Labarai ta Tarayya da Wayar da Kan Jama'a (Nijeriya)|Ma'aikatar Bayanai]], sannan daga baya ya yi aiki a Gidan Tarihi na Kasa da [[Jami'ar Obafemi Awolowo]]. Fim din farko na Balogun sun kasance gajerun takardun shaida: One Nigeria da aka fitar a 1969, Les Ponts de Paris (1971), Fire In the Afternoon (1971), ''Thundergod'' (1971), Nupe Masquerade (1972), In the Beginning (1972), da Owuama, A New Yam Festival (1973). {{Sfn|Ukdike|1989}}Fim dinsa na farko shi ne ''Alfa'', fim din da ba shi da kuɗi sosai wanda aka fitar a shekarar 1972 lokacin da yake a Ife.{{Sfn|Ukdike|1989}}A shekara ta 1973, ya kafa kamfaninsa na fim mai zaman kansa, Afrocult Foundation, wanda ya fitar da fina-finai na gaba. Wanda ya biyo baya ga ''Alfa'' shine Vivre, wanda aka saki a shekara ta 1974, sannan kuma ''Nigersteel'', aikin da gwamnati ke tallafawa. A shekara ta 1975, ya fitar da ''Amadi'', fim din [[Harshen Ibo|Harshen Igbo]].{{Sfn|Ukdike|1989}}Ayyukansa na gaba shine jagorantar da samar da ''Ajani Ogun'', fim na yaren Yoruba tare da haɗin gwiwa tare da Duro Ladipo kuma yana da Ade Love . Fim din ya kasance babban ofishin jakadancin kuma shahararren ''Ajani Ogun'' ya tada bayanan Balogun a cikin fim din fim da shugabanci a cikin kasar. Kodayake fim dinsa na gaba Musik Man bai sami karbuwa sosai daga masu sauraro ba, aikin da ya biyo baya, Ade Love's ''Ija Ominira'', ya sami shahara.{{Sfn|Ukdike|1989}} Balogun ya bi ''Ija Ominira'' tare da A Deusa Negra (1978), samar da Portuguese-Nijeriya, sannan ''Aiye'' (1980), tare da [[Hubert Ogunde]], da ''[[Orun Mooru]]'' (1982) tare da Moses Olaiya . == Rayuwa ta farko da ilimi == An haifi Balogun a shekara ta 1945 a Aba, [[Najeriya]], ga iyayen [[Yarbawa|Yoruba]]. Mahaifinsa ya yi aiki a matsayin lauya a Aba har zuwa mutuwarsa lokacin da Balogun ke da shekaru 12. Harshen farko da Balogun ya koya magana shi ne [[Harshen Ibo|Ibo]].<ref name="modernghana">{{Cite web |title=Ola Balogun |url=http://www.modernghana.com/moviethread2/1626/3/ |access-date=29 September 2009 |publisher=Modern Ghana}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[http://www.modernghana.com/moviethread2/1626/3/ "Ola Balogun"]. Modern Ghana<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">29 September</span> 2009</span>.</cite></ref> Ya halarci Makarantar Kristi Sarki, Aba, daga 1951 zuwa 1957, sannan ya tafi [[King's College, Lagos|Kwalejin Sarki, Legas]]. Ya yi karatu a Jami'ar Dakar daga 1962 zuwa 1963, a Jami'an Caen a [[Faransa]] (1963-66), kuma a Institut des hautes études cinématographiques (daga 1966 zuwa 1968), inda Christopher Miles ya kasance ɗan ɗalibi. == Farkon aiki == Balogun ya koma Najeriya a lokacin [[Yaƙin basasan Najeriya|Yaƙin basasar Najeriya]] kuma a wani lokaci Najeriya ba ta da masana'antar fina-finai ta asali. A shekara ta 1969, ya kasance marubuci tare da sashin fim na Ma'aikatar Bayanai ta Tarayyar Najeriya kafin a tura shi zuwa [[Faris|Paris]] a matsayin mai ba da labarai na ofishin jakadancin Najeriya a can, kuma a Paris, ya buga wasan game da [[Shango]]. Ya koma Najeriya kuma yana da alaƙa da Cibiyar Nazarin Afirka a [[Jami'ar Obafemi Awolowo|Jami'ar Ife]] . Shirin farko na Balogun shine One Nigeria (1969), wani shirin fim game da ra'ayinsa game da yakin basasar Najeriya . A tsakiyar yakin, Balogun ya bi ƙungiyar masu lura da Faransa zuwa fagen yaƙi, inda ya ga lalacewar da yaƙin ya haifar. Takardun shaida na One Nigeria da Eastern Nigeria Revisited sun rinjayi ra'ayinsa game da yakin. Wani majagaba na yin fim na Najeriya, Balogun ya samar da fina-finai na farko a farkon shekarun 1970. Fim dinsa na 1981 For Freedom! an shigar da shi cikin bikin fina-finai na kasa da kasa na 12 na Moscow . <ref name="Moscow1981">{{Cite web |title=12th Moscow International Film Festival (1981) |url=http://www.moscowfilmfestival.ru/miff34/eng/archives/?year=1981 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130421050907/http://www.moscowfilmfestival.ru/miff34/eng/archives/?year=1981 |archive-date=21 April 2013 |access-date=25 January 2013 |website=MIFF}}</ref> A shekara ta 1973, ya kafa Gidauniyar Afrocult, kamfani mai zaman kansa. == Ayyukan fim == Bayan samar da shirye-shirye, Balogun ya samar da ''Alfa'', fim mai matsakaici game da wani ɗan gudun hijirar Afirka a Paris. Sakamakon sa shine Vivre, labarin da ba na almara ba ne game da abokinsa wanda ya zama nakasassu sakamakon hatsari. Bayan Vivre, gwamnati ta ba da izini ga Balogun don samar da ''Nigersteel'', fim game da matakin masana'antu na Najeriya. Ayyukan fim dinsa na gaba sun shafi batun rungumar da kuma watsi da al'adun Afirka da al'adarsu a cikin neman burin nan gaba. Wannan fim din, ''Amadi'', wanda aka fitar a shekara ta 1975, fim ne na harshen Igbo game da wani mutum da ke komawa ƙauyen bayan ya sami iyakantaccen nasara da ɗan gamsuwa a birnin Legas. A cikin ƙauyen, ya yi amfani da ilimin da ƙwarewar da aka koya don inganta amfani da fasahar noma ta zamani. Fim din ya bunƙasa sabon wuri a cikin fina-finai na Najeriya a matsayin fim na farko mai tsawo a cikin harshen Igbo.{{Sfn|Ukdike|1989}}Fim din ya sami nasara a [[Yankin Gabashin Najeriya|Gabashin Najeriya]] amma ya iyakance nasara a wasu wurare. Ajani Ogun, fim na farko na yaren Yoruba na Balogun wani kiɗa ne da aka saki a cikin nau'in celluloid a 1975. Fim din yana da Ade Love a matsayin jagora, yayin da yawancin ma'aikatan suka fito ne daga ƙungiyar wasan kwaikwayo ta Duro Ladipo. Balogun ya kai ga masu sauraro da yawa tare da ''Ajani Ogun'' kuma nasarar fim din ta haifar da karuwa a cikin karɓar wasan kwaikwayo na mataki da Yoruba ke yi a cikin fina-finai masu tsawo. Bayan nasarar ''Ajani Ogun'', aikinsa na gaba shine Musik Man, fim din da aka samar a cikin [[Pidgin na Najeriya|pidgin]] da Ingilishi don isa ga masu sauraro da yawa. Koyaya, fim ɗin bai sami nasarar kuɗi ba.{{Sfn|Ukdike|1989}}Balogun ya dawo tare da ''Ija Ominira'', wanda aka daidaita da littafin [[Adebayo Faleti]], ''Omo Olokun Esin'', wanda ƙungiyar wasan kwaikwayo ke yi a kan mataki. An samar da fim din ne tare da hadin gwiwar Ade Love, babban dan wasan kwaikwayo a ''Ajani Ogun''; Ade Love shi ne kuma babban dan wasan a ''Ija Ominira'' . Akwai matsalolin yin fim tsakanin Balogun da Ade Love a kan saitin ''Ija Ominira'', maza biyu suna da ƙananan rashin jituwa game da jagorancin fim din. Balogun ya bi Ade Love's ''Ija Ominira'' tare da A Deusa Negra, wanda aka fi sani da ''[[Black Goddess]]'', wanda ya rubuta kuma ya ba da umarni; aikin haɗin gwiwar Najeriya ne da Brazil wanda Embrafilm na Brazil ya rarraba. Wani furodusa na Brazil ya ga wasu ayyukan da Balogun ya yi a baya kuma ya nemi ya harbe sabon fim a Brazil. Duk da wasu tashin hankali da ƙalubalen kuɗi, ya kammala fim din a shekarar 1978. A cikin ''Aiye'' (1979), Balogun ya fadada wasan kwaikwayo na daya daga cikin shahararrun ayyukan [[Hubert Ogunde]] a cikin fim mai tsawo. Taken fim din labari ne na gargajiya game da gwagwarmaya tsakanin nagarta da mugunta. Mai kyau shine firist na gargajiya ko [[Babalawo]] kuma mugayen haruffa sune mayu a ƙauyen.{{Sfn|Ukdike|1989}}''Aiye'', wanda ya dauki ma'aikatan wasan kwaikwayo na Yoruba da yawa da wasu ma'aikatan fasaha daga ''Black Goddess'', nasara ce ta kudi, kodayake kamar yadda yake tare da ''Ija Ominira'', Balogun da Hubert Ogunde, babban ɗan wasan kwaikwayo da kuma mai haɗin gwiwa, suna da wasu rashin jituwa game da jagorancin fim din. A cikin 1980, Balogun ya samar da Cry Freedom (wanda ake kira ''Haraka'' a baya), tare da Prunella Gee da Albert Hall a cikin manyan matsayi. An harbe fim din a [[Ghana]], kuma Balogun ya yi amfani da wasu masu fasaha, kamar Jose Medeiros, wanda a baya ya yi aiki tare da shi a kan A Deusa Negra . Cry Freedom, wanda [[Meja Mwangi]]'s Carcase for Hounds ya yi wahayi zuwa gare shi, game da tashin hankali ne wanda ya haifar da yakin basasa a wata ƙasa ta Afirka. Fim din ya sami magoya baya tsakanin masu ilimi na Najeriya, amma bai yi kira ga masu sauraro ba.{{Sfn|Ukdike|1989}} Haɗin gwiwar Balogun tare da Musa Olaiya, wanda aka fi sani da Baba Sala, babban kasafin kuɗi ne Orun Mooru (Heaven is Hot). Bayan haka, Balogun ya daina aiki tare da manyan 'yan wasan kwaikwayo daga ƙungiyar wasan kwaikwayo ta Yoruba. A shekara ta 1982, ya saki Money Power . == Rayuwar siyasa == Balogun ya kasance memba na Ofishin Siyasa na [[Ibrahim Babangida|Shugaba Babangida]] amma ya yi murabus saboda damuwa game da hanyar cimma burin ofishin.   <sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B;''[[wikipedia:Ingancin tushen bayani|<span title="The material near this tag may rely on a self-published source. (January 2018)">self-published source</span>]]''&#x5D;</sup> Balogun ya kasance mai halarta na yau da kullun a [[Panafrican Film and Television Festival of Ouagadougou|FESPACO]] (Fim da Talabijin na Panafrican na Ouagadougou).  {{Ana bukatan hujja|date=December 2021}}<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B;''<nowiki><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (December 2021)">citation needed</span></nowiki>''&#x5D;</sup> == Hotunan fina-finai == {| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:center" ! style="width:33px;" |Shekara ! width="145" |Fim din ! width="65" |Daraktan ! width="65" |Mai gabatarwa ! width="65" |Marubuci |- |1972 | style="text-align:left" |''Alfa''| {{Yes}}| {{Yes}}| {{Yes}} |- |1975 | style="text-align:left" |''Ajani Ogun''| {{Yes}}| {{Yes}}| {{Yes}} |- |1975 | style="text-align:left" |''Amadi''| {{Yes}}| {{Yes}}| {{Yes}} |- |1976 | style="text-align:left" |''Mutumin Musik''| {{Yes}}| {{Yes}}| {{Yes}} |- |1978 | style="text-align:left" |''Ija Ominira''| {{Yes}}| {{Yes}} | |- |1978 | style="text-align:left" |''[[Black Goddess]]''| {{Yes}} || {{Yes}} |- |1979 | style="text-align:left" |''Aiye''| {{Yes}}| {{Yes}} | |- |1981 | style="text-align:left" |''<nowiki/>'Yanci na kuka''| {{Yes}}| {{Yes}}| {{Yes}} |- |1982 | style="text-align:left" |''Ikon Kuɗi''| {{Yes}}| {{Yes}}| {{Yes}} |- |1982 | style="text-align:left" |''[[Orun Mooru]]''| {{Yes}}| {{Yes}} | |- |1988 | style="text-align:left" |''Kogin Neja, Black Mother''| {{Yes}} | | |- |1993 | style="text-align:left" |''Magic na Najeriya''| {{Yes}} | | |- |1994 | style="text-align:left" |''Inda ake nufi Barbados''| {{Yes}} | | |- |1998 | style="text-align:left" |''Alloli na Afirka a Brazil''| {{Yes}} || {{Yes}} |} == Manazarta == {{Reflist|30em}} [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1945]] [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] aghg96dp3wye77v91q62q1zi97xzibu 0 26600 895140 719652 2026-08-11T17:11:01Z Ummun Sultan 23935 895140 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} [[Fayil:Symptoms of coronavirus disease 2019 2.0.svg|thumb|yanda koro ke kumuwa]] [[Fayil:Fphar-11-00937-g001.jpg|thumb|yanda korona virus ake kamuwa da ita]] [[Fayil:COVID-19 Outbreak World Map-Confirmed.svg|thumb|taswirar duniya kan kiddiga cutar korona]] [[Fayil:The Origins of COVID-19 An Investigation of the Wuhan Institute of Viology.pdf|thumb|Asalin anobar corona]] Akwai ƙoƙarin ci gaba dayawa na masana [[kimiyya]], gwamnatoci, kungiyoyin ƙasa da ƙasa, da sauransu don tantance asalin SARS-CoO-2, [[Kwayar cuta ta jihar|kwayar]] da ke da alhakin cutar ta [[Annobar COVID-19 a Afrika|COVID-19]]. Mai masana kimiyya ce cewa kamar yadda tare da kuma sauran cututtukan annoba a tarihin [[dan Adam]], da cutar ne m na zoonotic asalin a wata halitta saitin, sannan da kuma kyakkyawan samo asali daga wani jemage-haifa [[Cutar Korona a Cikin Sanannun Al'adu|cutar.]]<ref name="WHOconvened2"/><ref name="EA-202003172">{{cite news|work=[[EurekAlert!]]|publisher=Scripps Research Institute|title=The COVID-19 coronavirus epidemic has a natural origin, scientists say – Scripps Research's analysis of public genome sequence data from SARS‑CoV‑2 and related viruses found no evidence that the virus was made in a laboratory or otherwise engineered|url=https://www.eurekalert.org/pub_releases/2020-03/sri-tcc031720.php|date=17 March 2020|access-date=15 April 2020|archive-date=11 May 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200511160909/https://www.eurekalert.org/pub_releases/2020-03/sri-tcc031720.php|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|last1=Latinne|title=Origin and cross-species transmission of bat coronaviruses in China|first12=Wei|last13=Wang|first13=Lin-Fa|last14=Shi|first14=Zheng-Li|last15=Daszak|first15=Peter|journal=Nature Communications|first11=Bei|date=25 August 2020|volume=11|issue=1|pages=4235|doi=10.1038/s41467-020-17687-3|pmid=32843626|pmc=7447761|bibcode=2020NatCo..11.4235L|last12=Zhang|last11=Li|first1=Alice|first5=Libiao|last2=Hu|first2=Ben|last3=Olival|first3=Kevin J.|last4=Zhu|first4=Guangjian|last5=Zhang|last6=Li|first10=Jonathan H.|first6=Hongying|last7=Chmura|first7=Aleksei A.|last8=Field|first8=Hume E.|last9=Zambrana-Torrelio|first9=Carlos|last10=Epstein|issn=2041-1723}}</ref><ref name="Proximal2"/><ref name="NYT_Scientists_Calls2">{{cite news|last1=Gorman|first1=James|last2=Zimmer|first2=Carl|title=Another Group of Scientists Calls for Further Inquiry Into Origins of the Coronavirus|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2021/05/13/science/virus-origins-lab-leak-scientists.html|access-date=25 May 2021|work=The New York Times|date=13 May 2021}}</ref><ref name="Hu2020natureReviews2">{{cite journal|last1=Hu|date=6 October 2020|pmc=7537588|pmid=33024307|doi=10.1038/s41579-020-00459-7|pages=141–154|issue=3|volume=19|journal=Nature Reviews. Microbiology|first1=Ben|title=Characteristics of SARS-CoV-2 and COVID-19|first4=Zheng-Li|last4=Shi|first3=Peng|last3=Zhou|first2=Hua|last2=Guo|issn=1740-1526}}</ref><ref name="NationalGeoPangolin2">{{cite news|last1=Kramer|first1=Jillian|title=Here's what the WHO report found on the origins of COVID-19|url=https://www.nationalgeographic.com/science/article/heres-what-the-who-report-found-on-the-origins-of-covid-19|access-date=7 June 2021|work=Science|date=30 March 2021|language=en|quote=Most scientists are not surprised by the report's conclusion that SARS-CoV-2 most likely jumped from an infected bat or pangolin to another animal and then to a human.}}</ref> An kuma gabatar da wasu bayanai da dama, gami da [[Bayanai na Covid-19|ra'ayoyin makirci]] da yawa game da asalin kwayar cutar.<ref name="CovidMayHave2">{{cite news|last1=Horowitz|first1=Josh|last2=Stanway|first2=David|date=9 February 2021|title=COVID may have taken 'convoluted path' to Wuhan, WHO team leader says|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-health-coronavirus-who-china/covid-may-have-taken-convoluted-path-to-wuhan-who-team-leader-says-idUSKBN2A90BW|work=Reuters|access-date=10 February 2021|archive-date=10 February 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210210092128/https://www.reuters.com/article/us-health-coronavirus-who-china/covid-may-have-taken-convoluted-path-to-wuhan-who-team-leader-says-idUSKBN2A90BW|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="nofact2">{{cite news|last1=Pauls|first1=Karen|last2=Yates|first2=Jeff|date=27 January 2020|title=Online claims that Chinese scientists stole coronavirus from Winnipeg lab have 'no factual basis'|publisher=Canadian Broadcasting Corporation|url=https://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/manitoba/china-coronavirus-online-chatter-conspiracy-1.5442376|url-status=live|access-date=8 February 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200208134329/https://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/manitoba/china-coronavirus-online-chatter-conspiracy-1.5442376|archive-date=8 February 2020|name-list-style=vanc}}</ref><ref name="20200208economist2">{{cite news|date=8 February 2020|title=China's rulers see the coronavirus as a chance to tighten their grip|work=[[The Economist]]|url=https://www.economist.com/china/2020/02/08/chinas-rulers-see-the-coronavirus-as-a-chance-to-tighten-their-grip|url-status=live|access-date=29 February 2020|archive-url=https://archive.today/20200229034330/https://www.economist.com/china/2020/02/08/chinas-rulers-see-the-coronavirus-as-a-chance-to-tighten-their-grip|archive-date=29 February 2020}}</ref> SARS-CoV-2 yana da kamanceceniya ta kamanceceniya da Kuma coronaviruses jemagu da yawa da aka gano a baya, yana ba da shawarar cewa ya kuma ratsa cikin mutane daga jemagu.<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Latinne|journal=Nature Communications|last13=Wang|first13=Lin-Fa|last14=Shi|first14=Zheng-Li|last15=Daszak|first15=Peter|display-authors=3|title=Origin and cross-species transmission of bat coronaviruses in China|date=25 August 2020|last12=Zhang|volume=11|issue=1|pages=4235|doi=10.1038/s41467-020-17687-3|pmid=32843626|pmc=7447761|bibcode=2020NatCo..11.4235L|language=en|first12=Wei|first11=Bei|first1=Alice|last6=Li|last2=Hu|first2=Ben|last3=Olival|first3=Kevin J.|last4=Zhu|first4=Guangjian|last5=Zhang|first5=Libiao|first6=Hongying|last11=Li|last7=Chmura|first7=Aleksei A.|last8=Field|first8=Hume E.|last9=Zambrana-Torrelio|first9=Carlos|last10=Epstein|first10=Jonathan H.|issn=2041-1723}}</ref><ref name="NatureZhou2">{{cite journal|display-authors=6|vauthors=Zhou P, Yang XL, Wang XG, Hu B, Zhang L, Zhang W, Si HR, Zhu Y, Li B, Huang CL, Chen HD, Chen J, Luo Y, Guo H, Jiang RD, Liu MQ, Chen Y, Shen XR, Wang X, Zheng XS, Zhao K, Chen QJ, Deng F, Liu LL, Yan B, Zhan FX, Wang YY, Xiao GF, Shi ZL|date=February 2020|title=A pneumonia outbreak associated with a new coronavirus of probable bat origin|journal=[[Nature (journal)|Nature]]|volume=579|issue=7798|pages=270–273|doi=10.1038/s41586-020-2012-7|pmc=7095418|pmid=32015507|bibcode=2020Natur.579..270Z|name-list-style=vanc}}</ref><ref name="LancetNowcasting2">{{cite journal|vauthors=Perlman S|date=February 2020|title=Another Decade, Another Coronavirus|journal=[[The New England Journal of Medicine]]|volume=382|issue=8|pages=760–762|doi=10.1056/NEJMe2001126|pmc=7121143|pmid=31978944|name-list-style=vanc}}</ref><ref name="LancetNowcasting3">{{cite journal|vauthors=Perlman S|date=February 2020|title=Another Decade, Another Coronavirus|journal=[[The New England Journal of Medicine]]|volume=382|issue=8|pages=760–762|doi=10.1056/NEJMe2001126|pmc=7121143|pmid=31978944|name-list-style=vanc}}</ref><ref name="Proximal2"/> Ana kuma cigaba da bincike kan ko SARS-CoV-2 ta fito ne kai tsaye daga jemagu ko a kaikaice ta kowane runduna ta tsakiya.<ref name="DWPangolins2">{{cite news|url=https://www.dw.com/en/coronavirus-from-bats-to-pangolins-how-do-viruses-reach-us/a-52291570|title=Coronavirus: From bats to pangolins, how do viruses reach us?|date=7 February 2020|access-date=13 March 2020|publisher=[[Deutsche Welle]]|vauthors=Shield C|name-list-style=vanc|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200604011742/https://www.dw.com/en/coronavirus-from-bats-to-pangolins-how-do-viruses-reach-us/a-52291570|archive-date=4 June 2020|url-status=live}}</ref> Jerin kwayoyin halittar farko na kwayar cutar sun nuna bambancin bambancin kwayoyin halitta, duk da cewa daga baya wasu bambance-bambancen bambance-bambancen sun fito (wasu suna yaduwa da karfi), suna nuna cewa abin da ya haifar da bullar SARS-CoV-2 ga mutane yana iya faruwa a ƙarshen shekarar 2019.<ref name="early2">{{cite journal|vauthors=Cohen J|date=January 2020|title=Wuhan seafood market may not be source of novel virus spreading globally|journal=[[Science (journal)|Science]]|doi=10.1126/science.abb0611|s2cid=214574620|name-list-style=vanc}}</ref> Hukumomin kiwon lafiya da masana kimiyya a duniya sun bayyana cewa kamar barkewar cutar ta SARS-1 a shekarar 2002-2004, ƙoƙarin gano takamaiman asalin yanki da asalin haraji na SARS-CoV-2 na iya ɗaukar shekaru, kuma sakamakon na iya zama mara ƙima.<ref name="reut_One_year2">{{cite web|last=Cadell|first=Cate|date=11 December 2020|title=One year on, Wuhan market at epicentre of virus outbreak remains barricaded and empty|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/idUSKBN28L0I0|access-date=19 January 2021|work=[[Reuters]]}}</ref> A cikin Janairun shekara ta 2021, Majalisar Kiwon Lafiya ta Duniya (kwamitin yanke shawara na Hukumar Lafiya ta Duniya, WHO) ta ba da umarnin bincike kan asalin cutar, wanda za a gudanar tare tsakanin masana WHO da masana kimiyya na China. A cikin Maris din shekarata 2021, an buga sakamakon wannan binciken akan layi a cikin rahoto ga Kwamishinan WHO.<ref name="WHOconvened2"/><ref name="reut_One_year3"/><ref name="GuardianWHOteamsays2">{{cite news|last1=Davidson|first1=Helen|title=WHO team says theory Covid began in Wuhan lab 'extremely unlikely'|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2021/feb/09/wuhan-laboratory-leak-covid-origin-theory-unlikely-says-who-team|access-date=3 July 2021|work=the Guardian|date=9 February 2021|language=en}}</ref> Sake maimaita kimantawar yawancin masu ilimin viro,<ref name="FrutosInfGen2">{{cite journal|last1=Frutos|title=COVID-19: Time to exonerate the pangolin from the transmission of SARS-CoV-2 to humans|pmc=7405773|issn=1567-1348|doi=10.1016/j.meegid.2020.104493|pages=104493|volume=84|journal=Infection, Genetics and Evolution|date=October 2020|first1=Roger|first4=Christian A.|last4=Devaux|first3=Tianmu|last3=Chen|first2=Jordi|last2=Serra-Cobo|pmid=32768565}}</ref><ref name="NatureNewsDOandDontKnow2">{{cite news|last1=Maxmen|first1=Amy|last2=Mallapaty|first2=Smriti|title=The COVID lab-leak hypothesis: what scientists do and don't know|url=https://www.nature.com/articles/d41586-021-01529-3|access-date=11 June 2021|work=Nature|date=8 June 2021|language=en|doi=10.1038/d41586-021-01529-3}}</ref><ref name="OsuChowskiLancetRespiratory2">{{cite journal|last1=Osuchowski|last26=Torres|last29=Girardis|first28=Ricard|last28=Ferrer|first27=Evangelos J|last27=Giamarellos-Bourboulis|first26=Antoni|first25=Catia|last30=Cossarizza|last25=Cilloniz|first24=Joerg C|last24=Schefold|first23=Thibaud|last23=Spinetti|first22=Christian|last22=Meisel|first29=Massimo|first30=Andrea|last21=Martin-Loeches|journal=The Lancet. Respiratory Medicine|pmc=8102044|pmid=33965003|doi=10.1016/S2213-2600(21)00218-6|pages=622–642|issue=6|volume=9|date=6 May 2021|title=The COVID-19 puzzle: deciphering pathophysiology and phenotypes of a new disease entity|last31=Netea|first34=Ignacio|last34=Rubio|first33=Jesús F|last33=Bermejo-Martín|first32=Tom|last32=van der Poll|first31=Mihai G|first21=Ignacio|first20=Amanda|first1=Marcin F|last6=Lachmann|first9=Michael|last9=Bauer|first8=Fabienne|last8=Venet|first7=Guillaume|last7=Monneret|first6=Gunnar|first5=Manu|first10=Frank M|last5=Shankar-Hari|first4=Sara|last4=Cajander|first3=Tomasz|last3=Skirecki|first2=Martin S|last2=Winkler|last10=Brunkhorst|last11=Weis|last20=de la Fuente|last16=Weigand|first19=Raquel|last19=Almansa|first18=W Joost|last18=Wiersinga|first17=Stefanie B|last17=Flohé|first16=Markus A|first15=Florian|first11=Sebastian|last15=Uhle|first14=Jean-Marc|last14=Cavaillon|first13=Matthijs|last13=Kox|first12=Alberto|last12=Garcia-Salido|issn=2213-2600}}</ref> rahoton ya ƙaddara cewa mai yiwuwa ƙwayar cutar tana da asalin zoonotic a cikin jemagu, mai yiwuwa ta watsa ta hanyar mai watsa shiri na tsakiya. Ta kuma bayyana cewa asalin dakin gwaje -gwaje na kwayar cutar “ba zai yiwu ba.”<ref name="CovidMayHave2"/> <ref name="APNews202102112">{{cite news|last1=Fujiyama|first1=Emily Wang|last2=Moritsugu|first2=Ken|date=11 February 2021|title=EXPLAINER: What the WHO coronavirus experts learned in Wuhan|work=Associated Press News|url=https://apnews.com/article/who-coronavirus-experts-learned-in-wuhan-86549d1189f3d174273a26e39d177d05|access-date=12 February 2021|archive-date=27 February 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210227100554/https://apnews.com/article/who-coronavirus-experts-learned-in-wuhan-86549d1189f3d174273a26e39d177d05|url-status=live}}</ref>Masana kimiyya sun gano ƙarshen rahoton na WHO yana da taimako amma sun lura cewa ana buƙatar ƙarin aiki.<ref name="After_report_nature2">{{cite news|last1=Mallapati|first1=Smriti|title=After the WHO report: what's next in the search for COVID's origins|url=https://www.nature.com/articles/d41586-021-00877-4|access-date=10 June 2021|work=Nature News|date=1 April 2021}}</ref> A Amurka, EU da wasu ƙasashe, wasu sun soki rashin gaskiya da samun bayanai a cikin tsarin rahoton. <ref name="JonCohenScience">{{cite news|last1=Cohen|first1=Jon|title=With call for 'raw data' and lab audits, WHO chief pressures China on pandemic origin probe|url=https://www.sciencemag.org/news/2021/07/who-chief-sharpens-call-china-further-help-probe-origin-pandemic|access-date=23 July 2021|work=Science|date=17 July 2021|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-health-coronavirus-who-china/china-refused-to-provide-who-team-with-raw-data-on-early-covid-cases-team-member-says-idUSKBN2AD090|title=China refused to provide WHO team with raw data on early COVID cases, team member says|author=Cohen, Jon|work=Reuters|accessdate=August 20, 2021|date=February 13, 2021}}</ref> Hukumar ta WHO ta fitar da rahotonta na ranar 30 ga Maris tare da sanarwar babban daraktan WHO Tedros Adhanom Ghebreyesus yana mai cewa lamarin "yana bukatar karin bincike".<ref>{{cite web|title=Virus origin / Origins of the SARS-CoV-2 virus|url=https://www.who.int/health-topics/coronavirus/origins-of-the-virus|website=www.who.int|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|last1=Maxmen|first1=Amy|title=WHO report into COVID pandemic origins zeroes in on animal markets, not labs|url=https://www.nature.com/articles/d41586-021-00865-8|access-date=23 July 2021|work=Nature|date=30 March 2021|pages=173–174|language=en|doi=10.1038/d41586-021-00865-8}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|last1=Shepherd|first1=Christian|title=China rejects WHO criticism and says Covid lab-leak theory 'ruled out'|url=https://www.ft.com/content/a1f8f340-46d8-405b-b1ab-a2b2a6c84534|access-date=23 July 2021|work=www.ft.com|date=31 March 2021}}</ref> Gwamnatin Amurka da wasu ƙasashe 13 da Tarayyar Turai sun ba da sanarwa a wannan rana, inda suka yi ta sukar Tedros game da rahoton saboda rashin gaskiya da samun bayanai a cikin tsara shi.<ref>{{cite news|last1=Mulier|first1=Thomas|title=WHO Chief Faults Covid Report for Dismissing Lab Leak Theory|url=https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2021-03-30/who-chief-critiques-covid-report-says-lab-leak-study-needed|date=31 March 2021}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|author=Reuters Staff|title=U.S., 13 countries concerned WHO COVID-19 origin study was delayed, lacked access - statement|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/health-coronavirus-who-statement-int-idUSKBN2BM2NN|access-date=23 July 2021|work=Reuters|date=31 March 2021|language=en}}</ref> A cikin wani taron manema labarai daga baya, babban daraktan na WHO ya ce "bai kai lokaci ba" ga rahoton na WHO don yin watsi da yuwuwar alaƙa tsakanin ɓarkewar dakin gwaje-gwaje kuma ya yi kira ga China da ta samar da <nowiki>''</nowiki> bayanai masu inganci <nowiki>''</nowiki> da binciken lab a mataki na biyu na bincike.<ref name="JonCohenScience2">{{cite news|last1=Cohen|first1=Jon|title=With call for 'raw data' and lab audits, WHO chief pressures China on pandemic origin probe|url=https://www.sciencemag.org/news/2021/07/who-chief-sharpens-call-china-further-help-probe-origin-pandemic|access-date=23 July 2021|work=Science|date=17 July 2021|language=en}}</ref><ref name="AP_TAG_July152">{{cite news|last1=Jordans|first1=Frank|last2=Cheng|first2=Maria|title=WHO chief says it was 'premature' to rule out COVID lab leak|url=https://apnews.com/article/joe-biden-world-news-health-science-coronavirus-pandemic-c0c594f9060f676c0ea48c2d1c69daec|access-date=20 July 2021|work=AP News|agency=The Associated Press|date=15 July 2021|language=en}}</ref> A ranar 12 ga Oktoba 2021, WHO ta ba da sanarwar sabuwar ƙungiya don yin nazarin asalin barkewar cutar sankara.<ref name="NYT-202110122">{{cite news|last=Mueller|first=Benjamin|title=W.H.O. Will Announce New Team to Study Coronavirus Origins - “This new group can do all the fancy footwork it wants, but China’s not going to cooperate,” one expert said.|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2021/10/12/health/covid-lab-leak-who-china.html|date=12 October 2021|work=[[The New York Times]]|accessdate=13 October 2021}}</ref> Tun da farko, a ranar 22 ga Yuli 2021, gwamnatin kasar Sin ta gudanar da taron manema labarai inda Zeng Yixin, Mataimakin Ministan Lafiya na Hukumar Kiwon Lafiya ta Kasa (NHC), ya ce China ba za ta shiga cikin kashi na biyu na binciken na WHO ba, tare da yin tir da shi a matsayin "m" da "girman kai".<ref name="NY Times July 20212">{{cite news|last1=Buckley|first1=Chris|title=China denounces the W.H.O.'s call for another look at the Wuhan lab as 'shocking' and 'arrogant.'|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2021/07/22/world/china-wuhan-lab-who.html|access-date=23 July 2021|work=The New York Times|date=22 July 2021}}</ref><ref name="CNN July 20212">{{cite news|author=Ben Westcott, Isaac Yee and Yong Xiong|title=Chinese government rejects WHO plan for second phase of Covid-19 origins study|url=https://edition.cnn.com/2021/07/22/china/china-who-second-origin-study-intl-hnk/index.html|access-date=23 July 2021|work=CNN}}</ref> == Bayanan kimiyya == COVID-19 yana haifar da kamuwa da cuta tare da kwayar cutar da ake kira matsanancin ciwon numfashi coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). SARS-CoV-2 da alama ya samo asali ne daga jemagu kuma an watsa shi ga mutane ta hanyar canja wurin zoonotic.<ref name="APNews202102113">{{cite news|last1=Fujiyama|first1=Emily Wang|last2=Moritsugu|first2=Ken|date=11 February 2021|title=EXPLAINER: What the WHO coronavirus experts learned in Wuhan|work=Associated Press News|url=https://apnews.com/article/who-coronavirus-experts-learned-in-wuhan-86549d1189f3d174273a26e39d177d05|access-date=12 February 2021|archive-date=27 February 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210227100554/https://apnews.com/article/who-coronavirus-experts-learned-in-wuhan-86549d1189f3d174273a26e39d177d05|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|last1=Barh|first8=Preetam|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201102043952/https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32920565/|archive-date=2 November 2020|access-date=22 January 2021|pmid=32920565|issn=1124-9390|pages=302–311|issue=3|volume=28|journal=Le Infezioni in Medicina|url=https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32920565/|title=Natural selection versus creation: a review on the origin of SARS-COV-2|date=1 September 2020|last8=Ghosh|first1=Debmalya|first7=Vasco|last7=Azevedo|first6=Luiz Carlos Junior|last6=Alcantara|first5=Aristóteles|last5=Góes-Neto|first4=Marta|last4=Giovanetti|first3=Sandeep|last3=Tiwari|first2=Bruno|last2=Silva Andrade|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="FrutosInfGen3">{{cite journal|last1=Frutos|title=COVID-19: Time to exonerate the pangolin from the transmission of SARS-CoV-2 to humans|pmc=7405773|issn=1567-1348|doi=10.1016/j.meegid.2020.104493|pages=104493|volume=84|journal=Infection, Genetics and Evolution|date=October 2020|first1=Roger|first4=Christian A.|last4=Devaux|first3=Tianmu|last3=Chen|first2=Jordi|last2=Serra-Cobo|pmid=32768565}}</ref> Ainihin tarihin juyin halitta, ainihi da asalin kakanninsa na baya -bayan nan, da wuri, lokaci, da kuma tsarin watsa cutar ɗan adam na farko, har yanzu ba a san su ba.<ref name="WHOconvened2"/><ref name="FrutosInfGen3" /> Ilimin halittu da rarraba yanki na sauran coronaviruses a kudu maso gabashin Asiya, gami da SARS-CoV, suna taimaka wa masana kimiyya ƙarin fahimta game da asalin SARS-CoV-2.<ref name="PopSciJan2">{{cite web|last=Eschner|first=Kat|date=28 January 2020|title=We're still not sure where the Wuhan coronavirus really came from|url=https://www.popsci.com/story/health/wuhan-coronavirus-china-wet-market-wild-animal/|website=[[Popular Science]]|url-status=live|archive-url=https://archive.today/20200130003350/https://www.popsci.com/story/health/wuhan-coronavirus-china-wet-market-wild-animal/|archive-date=30 January 2020|access-date=30 January 2020|name-list-style=vanc}}</ref> Ta hanyar haraji, SARS-CoV-2 kwayar cuta ce ta nau'in ''cututtukan cututtukan cututtukan cututtukan cututtukan da ke da alaƙa da coronavirus'' (SARSr-CoV).<ref name="CoronavirusStudyGroup2">{{cite journal|display-authors=6|vauthors=Gorbalenya AE, Baker SC, Baric RS, de Groot RJ, Drosten C, Gulyaeva AA, Haagmans BL, Lauber C, Leontovich AM, Neuman BW, Penzar D, Perlman S, ((Poon LLM)), Samborskiy DV, Sidorov IA, Sola I, Ziebuhr J|date=March 2020|title=The species Severe acute respiratory syndrome–related coronavirus: classifying 2019-nCoV and naming it SARS-CoV-2|journal=[[Nature Microbiology]]|volume=5|issue=4|pages=536–544|doi=10.1038/s41564-020-0695-z|pmc=7095448|pmid=32123347|name-list-style=vanc}}</ref> An yi imanin yana da asalin zoonotic kuma yana da kamanceceniya ta dabi'a ga coronaviruses na jemage, yana ba da shawarar cewa ya fito daga kwayar cutar da ke ɗauke da jemagu.<ref name="NatureZhou2"/><ref name="LancetNowcasting2"/><ref name="LancetNowcasting3"/><ref name="Proximal2">{{cite journal|vauthors=Andersen KG, Rambaut A, Lipkin WI, Holmes EC, Garry RF|date=17 March 2020|title=Correspondence: The proximal origin of SARS-CoV-2|journal=[[Nature Medicine]]|volume=26|issue=4|pages=450–452|doi=10.1038/s41591-020-0820-9|pmc=7095063|pmid=32284615|name-list-style=vanc}}</ref> Ana ci gaba da bincike kan ko SARS-CoV-2 ta fito ne kai tsaye daga jemagu ko a kaikaice ta kowane runduna ta tsakiya.<ref name="DWPangolins3">{{cite news|url=https://www.dw.com/en/coronavirus-from-bats-to-pangolins-how-do-viruses-reach-us/a-52291570|title=Coronavirus: From bats to pangolins, how do viruses reach us?|date=7 February 2020|access-date=13 March 2020|publisher=[[Deutsche Welle]]|vauthors=Shield C|name-list-style=vanc|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200604011742/https://www.dw.com/en/coronavirus-from-bats-to-pangolins-how-do-viruses-reach-us/a-52291570|archive-date=4 June 2020|url-status=live}}</ref> Kwayar cutar tana nuna ɗan bambancin bambancin kwayoyin halitta, yana nuna cewa yiwuwar zubar da jini wanda ke gabatar da SARS-CoV-2 ga mutane yana iya faruwa a ƙarshen 2019.<ref name="reut_One_year3"/> Daga ƙarshe, takamaiman tarihin juyin halitta na SARS-CoV-2 dangane da sauran coronaviruses zai zama mahimmanci don fahimtar yadda, inda kuma lokacin da kwayar ta bazu cikin yawan mutane.<ref name="Fox2020a2">{{cite journal|vauthors=Fox D|date=24 January 2020|title=What you need to know about the Wuhan coronavirus|journal=[[Nature (journal)|Nature]]|doi=10.1038/d41586-020-00209-y|pmid=33483684|s2cid=213064026|name-list-style=vanc}}</ref> === Tafki da asali === Cutar farko da aka sani daga SARS ‑ CoV ‑ 2 an gano ta a Wuhan,<ref name="NatureZhou2"/> China. Asalin asalin watsa kwayar cutar ga mutane har yanzu ba a sani ba, kamar yadda ko kwayar cutar ta zama mai cutarwa kafin ko bayan faruwar lamarin. Saboda yawancin masu kamuwa da cutar da farko ma’aikata ne a Kasuwar Abincin Huanan, an ba da shawarar cewa mai yiwuwa cutar ta samo asali daga kasuwa. Koyaya, wasu bincike sun nuna cewa mai yiwuwa baƙi sun gabatar da ƙwayar cutar a kasuwa, wanda daga nan ya sauƙaƙe faɗaɗa cututtukan.<ref name="reut_One_year3">{{cite web|last=Cadell|first=Cate|date=11 December 2020|title=One year on, Wuhan market at epicentre of virus outbreak remains barricaded and empty|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/idUSKBN28L0I0|access-date=19 January 2021|work=[[Reuters]]}}</ref><ref name="PopSciJan2"/><ref name="Proximal2"/> Rahoton da WHO ta shirya a watan Maris na 2021 ya bayyana cewa kwararar dan adam ta hanyar mai masaukin dabbobi na tsaka-tsaki shine mafi yuwuwar bayani,<ref name="Proximal2" /> tare da kwararar kai tsaye daga jemagu na gaba. Gabatarwa ta hanyar sarkar samar da abinci da Kasuwar Abincin Huanan an yi la'akari da wata yuwuwar,<ref name="reut_One_year3" /> amma da ƙyar, bayani.<ref name="WHOconvened2"/> Don ƙwayar cuta da aka samu kwanan nan ta hanyar watsawa ta giciye, ana tsammanin saurin juyin halitta.<ref><templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles><cite class="citation journal cs1" id="CITEREFKangHeSharpWang2021">Kang L, He G, Sharp AK, Wang X, Brown AM, Michalak P, Weger-Lucarelli J (August 2021). [//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8260498 "A selective sweep in the Spike gene has driven SARS-CoV-2 human adaptation"]. ''Cell''. '''184''' (17): 4392–4400.e4. [[Doi (identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.1016/j.cell.2021.07.007|10.1016/j.cell.2021.07.007]]. [[PMC (identifier)|PMC]]&nbsp;<span class="cs1-lock-free" title="Freely accessible">[//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8260498 8260498]</span>. [[PMID (identifier)|PMID]]&nbsp;[//pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34289344 34289344].</cite></ref> Adadin maye gurbi da aka kiyasta daga farkon shari'o'in SARS-CoV-2 ya kasance 6.54 × 10−4 a kowane rukunin yanar gizo a kowace shekara. Coronaviruses gabaɗaya suna da filastik na ƙwayoyin cuta, amma juyin halittar hoto na SARS-CoV-2 yana raguwa ta hanyar sake fasalin RNA na kayan aikin kwafinsa. Don kwatantawa, an gano ƙimar maye gurbi a cikin vivo na SARS-CoV-2 ya yi ƙasa da na mura.<ref><templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles><cite class="citation journal cs1" id="CITEREFTaoTzouNouhinGupta2021">Tao, Kaiming; Tzou, Philip L.; Nouhin, Janin; Gupta, Ravindra K.; de Oliveira, Tulio; Kosakovsky Pond, Sergei L.; Fera, Daniela; Shafer, Robert W. (17 September 2021). [//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8447121 "The biological and clinical significance of emerging SARS-CoV-2 variants"]. ''Nature Reviews Genetics''. [[Doi (identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.1038/s41576-021-00408-x|10.1038/s41576-021-00408-x]]. [[PMC (identifier)|PMC]]&nbsp;<span class="cs1-lock-free" title="Freely accessible">[//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8447121 8447121]</span>.</cite></ref> Bincike a cikin madatsar ruwa na ƙwayar cuta wanda ya haifar da barkewar SARS na 2002-2004 ya haifar da gano yawancin coronaviruses irin na SARS, mafi yawa sun samo asali ne daga jemagu. Binciken Phylogenetic yana nuna cewa samfuran da aka ɗauka daga Rhinolophus sinicus suna nuna kamannin 80% zuwa SARS -CoV -2. Binciken Phylogenetic ya kuma nuna cewa kwayar cutar daga Rhinolophus affinis, wanda aka tattara a lardin Yunnan kuma aka sanya RaTG13, yana da kamanni da kashi 96.1% na SARS -CoV -2.<ref name="NatureZhou2" /> Wannan jerin shine mafi kusa da SARS-CoV-2 da aka sani a lokacin gano shi, amma ba shine kakansa kai tsaye ba.<ref><templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles><cite class="citation web cs1">[https://www.snopes.com/news/2021/07/16/lab-leak-evidence/ "The 'Occam's Razor Argument' Has Not Shifted in Favor of a Lab Leak"]. ''Snopes.com''. Snopes<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">18 July</span> 2021</span>.</cite></ref> An kuma gano wasu jerin abubuwan da ke da alaƙa da juna a cikin samfura daga yawan jemagu na gida, kuma an sami mafi kusanci a cikin BANAL-20-52 (BANAL-52), ƙwayar jemagu daga [[Laos]] wanda aka fara bayyana shi a watan Satumba 2021, wanda ke raba ainihi har zuwa 100% don wasu sunadarai da jimlar jimlar jimlar kashi 96.8% tare da SARS-CoV-2<ref name="Laos"><templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles><cite class="citation journal cs1" id="CITEREFTemmamVongphaylothSalazarMunier2021">Temmam, Sarah; Vongphayloth, Khamsing; Salazar, Eduard Baquero; Munier, Sandie; Bonomi, Max; Régnault, Béatrice; Douangboubpha, Bounsavane; Karami, Yasaman; Chretien, Delphine; Sanamxay, Daosavanh; Xayaphet, Vilakhan; Paphaphanh, Phetphoumin; Lacoste, Vincent; Somlor, Somphavanh; Lakeomany, Khaithong; Phommavanh, Nothasin; Pérot, Philippe; Donati, Flora; Bigot, Thomas; Nilges, Michael; Rey, Félix; van der Werf, Sylvie; Brey, Paul; Eloit, Marc (September 2021). "Coronaviruses with a SARS-CoV-2-like receptor-binding domain allowing ACE2-mediated entry into human cells isolated from bats of Indochinese peninsula". ''Research Square''. [[Doi (identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.21203/rs.3.rs-871965/v1|10.21203/rs.3.rs-871965/v1]].</cite></ref> ats ana ɗauka mafi girman tafkin halitta na SARS -CoV -2. Bambance -bambance tsakanin jemagu coronavirus da SARS -CoV ‑ 2 suna ba da shawarar cewa wataƙila mutane sun kamu da cutar ta hanyar mai masaukin baki; ko da yake ba a san tushen gabatarwa cikin mutane ba. Kodayake an fara gabatar da rawar pangolins a matsayin mai masaukin tsaka-tsaki (wani binciken da aka buga a watan Yuli 2020 ya ba da shawarar cewa pangolins babban mai watsa shirye-shirye ne na SARS-CoV-2-like <ref name="OKeeffeJ2021Mar"><templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles><cite class="citation book cs1" id="CITEREFO'KeeffeFreemanNicol2021">O'Keeffe J, Freeman S, Nicol A (21 March 2021). [https://ncceh.ca/documents/evidence-review/basics-sars-cov-2-transmission ''The Basics of SARS-CoV-2 Transmission'']. Vancouver, BC: National Collaborating Centre for Environmental Health (NCCEH). [[ISBN (identifier)|ISBN]]&nbsp;[[Special:BookSources/978-1-988234-54-0|<bdi>978-1-988234-54-0</bdi>]]. [https://web.archive.org/web/20210512134422/https://ncceh.ca/documents/evidence-review/basics-sars-cov-2-transmission Archived] from the original on 12 May 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">12 May</span> 2021</span>.</cite></ref><ref><templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles><cite class="citation journal cs1" id="CITEREFHolmesGoldsteinRasmussenRobertson2021">Holmes EC, Goldstein SA, Rasmussen AL, Robertson DL, Crits-Christoph A, Wertheim JO, et&nbsp;al. (August 2021). [//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8373617 "The Origins of SARS-CoV-2: A Critical Review"]. ''Cell''. [[Doi (identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.1016/j.cell.2021.08.017|10.1016/j.cell.2021.08.017]]. [[PMC (identifier)|PMC]]&nbsp;<span class="cs1-lock-free" title="Freely accessible">[//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8373617 8373617]</span>. [[PMID (identifier)|PMID]]&nbsp;[//pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34480864 34480864].</cite></ref>coronaviruses), binciken da ya biyo baya bai tabbatar da gudummawar da suka bayar ba. Shaida kan wannan hasashe ya haɗa da cewa samfuran ƙwayoyin cuta na pangolin sun yi nisa da SARS-CoV-2: warewar da aka samu daga pangolins da aka kama a Guangdong sun kasance daidai da kashi 92% a jere ga tsarin SARS ‑ CoV ‑ 2 genome (matakan sama da kashi 90 na iya sauti babba, amma a cikin yanayin jinsi yana da rata mai yawa na juyin halitta). Bugu da kari, duk da kamanceceniya a cikin wasu mahimmin amino acid, samfuran kwayar cutar pangolin suna nuna rashin dauri ga mai karɓar ACE2 na ɗan adam. Akwai shaidar kimiyya da ke akwai tana nuna cewa SARS-CoV-2 tana da asalin zoonotic na halitta. Amma duk da haka asalinsa, wanda har yanzu ba a san shi ba, ya zama muhawara a cikin mahallin rikicin geopolitical na duniya.<ref><templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles><cite class="citation news cs1">[https://www.nationalgeographic.com/science/article/why-its-so-tricky-to-trace-the-origin-of-covid-19 "Why it's so tricky to trace the origin of COVID-19"]. ''Science''. National Geographic. 10 September 2021.</cite></ref> A farkon barkewar cutar, ra'ayoyin makirci sun bazu a kafafen sada zumunta suna iƙirarin cewa kwayar cutar makami ce ta halittar da China ta haɓaka,<ref name="Sun2020Trends"><templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles><cite class="citation journal cs1" id="CITEREFSunHeWangLai2020">Sun J, He WT, Wang L, Lai A, Ji X, Zhai X, et&nbsp;al. (May 2020). [//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7118693 "COVID-19: Epidemiology, Evolution, and Cross-Disciplinary Perspectives"]. ''Trends in Molecular Medicine''. '''26''' (5): 483–495. [[Doi (identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.1016/j.molmed.2020.02.008|10.1016/j.molmed.2020.02.008]]. [[PMC (identifier)|PMC]]&nbsp;<span class="cs1-lock-free" title="Freely accessible">[//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7118693 7118693]</span>. [[PMID (identifier)|PMID]]&nbsp;[//pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32359479 32359479].</cite></ref><ref name="Zhang2020Cell">{{cite journal|last1=Zhang|first1=Yong-Zhen|last2=Holmes|first2=Edward C.|title=A Genomic Perspective on the Origin and Emergence of SARS-CoV-2|journal=Cell|date=April 2020|volume=181|issue=2|pages=223–227|doi=10.1016/j.cell.2020.03.035|pmid=32220310|pmc=7194821}}</ref><ref name="Seyran2021JMV">{{cite journal|last1=Seyran|first18=Adam M.|last14=Uversky|first14=Vladimir N.|last15=Sherchan|first15=Samendra P.|last16=Uhal|first16=Bruce D.|last17=Rezaei|first17=Nima|last18=Brufsky|title=Questions concerning the proximal origin of SARS‐CoV‐2|last13=Choudhury|journal=Journal of Medical Virology|date=March 2021|volume=93|issue=3|pages=1204–1206|doi=10.1002/jmv.26478|pmid=32880995|pmc=7898912|quote="There is a consensus that severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS‐CoV‐2) originated naturally from bat coronaviruses (CoVs)"|first13=Pabitra P.|first12=Gajendra K.|first1=Murat|first6=Antonio|last2=Pizzol|first2=Damiano|last3=Adadi|first3=Parise|last4=El‐Aziz|first4=Tarek M. A.|last5=Hassan|first5=Sk. Sarif|last6=Soares|last7=Kandimalla|last12=Azad|first7=Ramesh|last8=Lundstrom|first8=Kenneth|last9=Tambuwala|first9=Murtaza|last10=Aljabali|first10=Alaa A. A.|last11=Lal|first11=Amos|issn=0146-6615}}</ref><ref name="Singhy:21">{{cite journal|vauthors=Singh D, Yi SV|title=On the origin and evolution of SARS-CoV-2|journal=Experimental & Molecular Medicine|volume=53|issue=4|pages=537–547|date=April 2021|pmid=33864026|pmc=8050477|doi=10.1038/s12276-021-00604-z}}</ref> ɗakunan da ake kira echo a cikin Amurka na dama. Sauran ka'idodin maƙarƙashiya sun inganta ba da labari cewa cutar ba mai yaduwa ba ce ko an ƙirƙira ta don cin gajiyar sabbin alluran rigakafi. Wasu 'yan siyasa da masana kimiyya sun yi hasashen cewa watakila kwayar cutar ta bulla ne da gangan daga Cibiyar Nazarin Kwayoyin cuta ta Wuhan.<ref name="BloomJD2021May2">{{cite journal|last1=Bloom|journal=Science|last15=Stearns|first15=Tim|last16=Nimwegen|first16=Erik van|last17=Worobey|first17=Michael|last18=Relman|first18=David A.|title=Investigate the origins of COVID-19|date=14 May 2021|last14=Patterson|volume=372|issue=6543|pages=694|doi=10.1126/science.abj0016|pmid=33986172|bibcode=2021Sci...372..694B|s2cid=234487267|url=https://science.sciencemag.org/content/372/6543/694.1|language=en|issn=0036-8075|first14=Nick|first13=Rasmus|first1=Jesse D.|last7=Fisman|last2=Chan|first2=Yujia Alina|last3=Baric|first3=Ralph S.|last4=Bjorkman|first4=Pamela J.|last5=Cobey|first5=Sarah|last6=Deverman|first6=Benjamin E.|first7=David N.|last13=Nielsen|last8=Gupta|first8=Ravindra|last9=Iwasaki|first9=Akiko|last10=Lipsitch|first10=Marc|last11=Medzhitov|first11=Ruslan|last12=Neher|first12=Richard A.|lay-url=https://www.nytimes.com/2021/05/13/science/virus-origins-lab-leak-scientists.html}}</ref><ref name="WHO_GlobalOrigin_China2">{{cite web|title=WHO-convened global study of origins of SARS-CoV-2: China Part|url=https://www.who.int/publications/i/item/who-convened-global-study-of-origins-of-sars-cov-2-china-part|website=www.who.int|access-date=3 July 2021|language=en}}</ref> Hakan ya sa kafafen yada labarai suka yi ta kiraye-kirayen a ci gaba da bincike kan lamarin. Yawancin masana ilimin ƙwayoyin cuta waɗanda suka yi nazarin coronaviruses suna la'akari da yuwuwar nesa sosai<ref>{{cite news|title=Scientist opens up about his early email to Fauci on virus origins|newspaper=The New York Times|date=14 June 2021|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2021/06/14/science/covid-lab-leak-fauci-kristian-andersen.html?action=click&module=Well&pgtype=Homepage&section=Science|last1=Gorman|first1=James|last2=Zimmer|first2=Carl}}</ref>. Rahoton da WHO ta kira daga Maris 2021 ya bayyana cewa irin wannan bayanin ba zai yuwu ba. <ref name="WHO_GlobalOrigin_China">{{Cite web}}</ref> A cikin wata hira da aka yi da shi a ranar 12 ga Agusta, 2021, Peter Ben Embarek, babban mai binciken kungiyar ta WHO, ya fada wa wani shirin talabijin na Danish cewa kungiyar ta WHO ta ji matsin lamba daga hukumomin kasar Sin da su sanya "mafi wuya" a matsayin tantancewar su.<ref>{{cite news|last1=Dyer|first1=Owen|title=Covid-19: China pressured WHO team to dismiss lab leak theory, claims chief investigator|url=https://www.bmj.com/content/374/bmj.n2023|work=BMJ|publisher=BMJ News|date=13 August 2021|pages=n2023|language=en|doi=10.1136/bmj.n2023|quote="A World Health Organisation mission to study the covid pandemic’s origins in China, which announced in February that the possibility that the virus had escaped from a laboratory needed no further investigation,1 was put under pressure by Chinese scientists who made up half the team to reach that conclusion, the scientist who led the mission has said...Discussing the team’s findings before leaving China, Ben Embarek told reporters that a lab leak was “extremely unlikely.” Asked by Denmark’s TV2 if that wording was a Chinese requirement, he said, “It was the category we chose to put it in at the end, yes.” This did not mean it was not impossible, he added."}}</ref> === Phylogenetics da taxonomy === == Yanayin asali == Asalin SARS-CoV-2 ya kasance batun muhawara.<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Frutos|first1=Roger|last2=Pliez|first2=Olivier|last3=Gavotte|first3=Laurent|last4=Devaux|first4=Christian A.|title=There is no “origin” to SARS-CoV-2|journal=Environmental Research|date=October 2021|pages=112173|doi=10.1016/j.envres.2021.112173}}</ref> Akwai bayanai da yawa da aka gabatar game da yadda aka shigar da SARS-CoV-2 a cikin, da haɓakar abubuwan da suka dace da, yawan ɗan adam. Akwai mahimmin shaida da yarjejeniya cewa mafi kusantar asalin tafki mai hoto hoto ko bidiyo mai zagaya yanar gizo da sauri don SARS-CoV-2 shine jemagu na doki, tare da sanannen dangin hoto na hoto shine RaTG13 . An kiyasta nisa na juyin halitta tsakanin SARS-CoV-2 da RaTG13 kusan shekaru 50 (tsakanin shekaru 38 zuwa 72.<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Boni|first7=Andrew|pmid=32724171|doi=10.1038/s41564-020-0771-4|pages=1408–1417|issue=11|volume=5|date=November 2020|journal=Nature Microbiology|title=Evolutionary origins of the SARS-CoV-2 sarbecovirus lineage responsible for the COVID-19 pandemic|first8=David L.|last8=Robertson|last7=Rambaut|first1=Maciej F.|first6=Todd A.|last6=Castoe|first5=Blair W.|last5=Perry|first4=Tommy Tsan-Yuk|last4=Lam|first3=Xiaowei|last3=Jiang|first2=Philippe|last2=Lemey|s2cid=220809302}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|last1=Pomorska-Mól|journal=Animal|pmid=34126387|doi=10.1016/j.animal.2021.100272|pages=100272|issue=7|volume=15|date=July 2021|title=Review: SARS-CoV-2 infection in farmed minks – an overview of current knowledge on occurrence, disease and epidemiology|first1=M.|first4=M.|last4=Rybska|first3=M.|last3=Gogulski|first2=J.|last2=Włodarek|pmc=8195589}}</ref> An gano farkon shari'ar ɗan adam na SARS-CoV-2 a Wuhan, amma har yanzu ba a san yanayin cutar ba. An yi samfurin RaTG13 daga jemagu a Yunnan,<ref name="CurrentBiologyBats2">{{cite journal|last1=Zhou|journal=Current Biology|first11=Alice C.|last12=Bi|first12=Yuhai|last13=Shi|first13=Weifeng|title=A Novel Bat Coronavirus Closely Related to SARS-CoV-2 Contains Natural Insertions at the S1/S2 Cleavage Site of the Spike Protein|date=June 2020|first10=Edward C.|volume=30|issue=11|pages=2196–2203.e3|doi=10.1016/j.cub.2020.05.023|pmid=32416074|pmc=7211627|last11=Hughes|last10=Holmes|first1=Hong|last5=Song|last2=Chen|first2=Xing|last3=Hu|first3=Tao|last4=Li|first4=Juan|first5=Hao|first9=Jing|last6=Liu|first6=Yanran|last7=Wang|first7=Peihan|last8=Liu|first8=Di|last9=Yang|issn=1879-0445}}</ref><ref name="WHOconvened2"/> yana da kusan {{Convert|1300|km|mi}} nesa da Wuhan,<ref>{{cite web|title=Distance from Yunnan to Wuhan|url=https://www.distancefromto.net/distance-from-yunnan-to-wuhan-cn|website=Distancefromto.net|access-date=18 May 2021}}</ref> kuma akwai ƙananan ƙwayoyin cuta na jemage daga lardin Hubei. Kowane hasashe na asali yana ƙoƙarin bayyana wannan rata a cikin juyin halittar ƙwayoyin cuta da wuri ta wata hanya dabam. Ana ci gaba da bincika waɗannan al'amuran don gano ainihin asalin cutar. === Kai tsaye watsa zoonotic a cikin yanayin yanayi === Hanya mafi kai tsaye ta gabatarwa ita ce watsa zoonotic kai tsaye (wanda kuma aka sani da spillover) daga nau'in tafki zuwa ga mutane. Masana kimiyya sunyi la'akari da wannan a matsayin mai yuwuwar asalin kwayar cutar SARS-CoV-2 a cikin mutane. Haɗin ɗan adam da jemagu ya ƙaru yayin da cibiyoyin jama'a ke mamaye wuraren zama na jemagu, wanda ke haifar da ƙarin damar zubewa. Jemage wani muhimmin nau'in tafki ne na nau'ikan coronaviruses daban-daban, kuma an sami mutane da ƙwayoyin rigakafi a gare su suna ba da shawarar cewa wannan nau'in kamuwa da cuta kai tsaye ta jemagu ya zama ruwan dare. Koyaya, a cikin wannan yanayin, kakannin kai tsaye na SARS-CoV-2 ya kasance ba a gano shi a cikin jemagu ba.<ref name="Wacharapluesadee20212">{{cite journal|last1=Wacharapluesadee|first23=Thiravat|first17=Thanawadee|last18=Jantarat|first18=Niran|last19=Thongnumchaima|first19=Boonchu|last20=Tu|first20=Changchun|last21=Crameri|first21=Gary|last22=Stokes|first22=Martha M.|last23=Hemachudha|last24=Wang|first16=Kirana|first24=Lin-Fa|title=Evidence for SARS-CoV-2 related coronaviruses circulating in bats and pangolins in Southeast Asia|journal=Nature Communications|date=9 February 2021|volume=12|issue=1|pages=972|doi=10.1038/s41467-021-21240-1|pmid=33563978|pmc=7873279|bibcode=2021NatCo..12..972W|language=en|last17=Phaichana|last16=Noradechanon|first1=Supaporn|last8=Chia|last2=Tan|first2=Chee Wah|last3=Maneeorn|first3=Patarapol|last4=Duengkae|first4=Prateep|last5=Zhu|first5=Feng|last6=Joyjinda|first6=Yutthana|last7=Kaewpom|first7=Thongchai|first8=Wan Ni|first15=Apaporn|last9=Ampoot|first9=Weenassarin|last10=Lim|first10=Beng Lee|last11=Worachotsueptrakun|first11=Kanthita|last12=Chen|first12=Vivian Chih-Wei|last13=Sirichan|first13=Nutthinee|last14=Ruchisrisarod|first14=Chanida|last15=Rodpan|issn=2041-1723}}</ref><ref name="WHOconvened2"/> === Mai masaukin baki === Baya ga zubewar kai tsaye, wata hanya, wacce masana kimiyya suka yi la'akari sosai, ita ce ta watsa ta hanyar tsaka-tsaki.<ref name="Banerjee20212">{{cite journal|last1=Banerjee|date=1 March 2021|language=English|pmc=7733689|pmid=33384197|doi=10.1016/j.tree.2020.12.002|pages=180–184|issue=3|volume=36|journal=Trends in Ecology & Evolution|first1=Arinjay|title=Unraveling the Zoonotic Origin and Transmission of SARS-CoV-2|first4=Aaron T.|last4=Irving|first3=Karen|last3=Mossman|first2=Andrew C.|last2=Doxey|issn=0169-5347}}</ref><ref name="NationalGeoPangolin2"/> Musamman, wannan ya nuna cewa a gicciye jinsunan watsa faru kafin da mutum fashewa da kuma cewa shi ya pathogenic sakamakon a kan dabba. Wannan hanyar tana da yuwuwar ba da damar haɓaka mafi girma ga watsawar ɗan adam ta hanyar dabbobi masu kama da sifofin furotin ga mutane, kodayake ba a buƙatar wannan don yanayin ya faru. An yi bayanin rabuwar juyin halitta daga ƙwayoyin cuta na jemage a wannan yanayin ta kasancewar kwayar cutar a cikin wani nau'in da ba a sani ba tare da ƙarancin sa ido kan ƙwayoyin cuta fiye da jemagu.<ref name="Frutos2020Pangolins2">{{cite journal|last1=Frutos|date=1 October 2020|language=en|pmc=7405773|pmid=32768565|doi=10.1016/j.meegid.2020.104493|pages=104493|volume=84|journal=Infection, Genetics and Evolution|first1=Roger|title=COVID-19: Time to exonerate the pangolin from the transmission of SARS-CoV-2 to humans|first4=Christian A|last4=Devaux|first3=Tianmu|last3=Chen|first2=Jordi|last2=Serra-Cobo|issn=1567-1348}}</ref> Ƙwararrun ƙwayoyin cuta don sauƙaƙewa da daidaitawa ga ƙarin nau'in (ciki har da mink) yana ba da shaida cewa irin wannan hanyar watsawa yana yiwuwa.<ref name="WHOconvened2">{{cite web|title=Virus origin / Origins of the SARS-CoV-2 virus|url=https://www.who.int/health-topics/coronavirus/origins-of-the-virus|website=www.who.int|access-date=23 June 2021|quote="WHO-convened Global Study of the Origins of SARS-CoV-2"|language=en}}</ref><ref name="Banerjee20213">{{cite journal|last1=Banerjee|date=1 March 2021|language=English|pmc=7733689|pmid=33384197|doi=10.1016/j.tree.2020.12.002|pages=180–184|issue=3|volume=36|journal=Trends in Ecology & Evolution|first1=Arinjay|title=Unraveling the Zoonotic Origin and Transmission of SARS-CoV-2|first4=Aaron T.|last4=Irving|first3=Karen|last3=Mossman|first2=Andrew C.|last2=Doxey|issn=0169-5347}}</ref> === Sarkar sanyi/abinci === Wani gabatarwar da aka tsara ga ɗan adam shine ta samfuran abinci sabo ko daskararre, wanda ake magana da shi azaman sarkar sanyi/abinci.<ref name="NPRFrozenFoodCorona2">{{cite news|title=Can Frozen Food Spread The Coronavirus?|url=https://www.npr.org/sections/goatsandsoda/2021/02/12/966306301/can-frozen-food-spread-the-coronavirus|access-date=3 July 2021|work=NPR.org|language=en}}</ref> Masana kimiyya ba sa ɗaukar wannan a matsayin wata ila asalin SARS-CoV-2 a cikin mutane.<ref name="CRSReportsOriginsCovid2">{{cite web|title=Origins of the COVID-19 Pandemic|url=https://crsreports.congress.gov/product/pdf/IF/IF11822|publisher=Congressional Research Service|access-date=3 July 2021|date=11 June 2021|archive-date=24 June 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210624145608/https://crsreports.congress.gov/product/pdf/IF/IF11822|url-status=dead}}</ref> Dabbobin tushen wannan yanayin zai iya zama ko dai kai tsaye ko kuma na tsaka-tsaki kamar yadda aka bayyana a sama. Yawancin bincike sun ta'allaka ne a kusa da Kasuwar Kasuwar Abincin Teku ta Huanan a Wuhan, wacce ke da tarin lokuta na farko. Yayin da aka sami barkewar cutar kwayar cuta ta abinci a baya, da kuma shaidar sake bullo da SARS-CoV-2 cikin kasar Sin ta hanyar abinci mai daskarewa da aka shigo da su, binciken bai sami cikakkiyar shaidar kamuwa da kwayar cutar kwayar cuta a cikin samfuran a Kasuwar Huanan ba.<ref name="USNewsWHOReport2">{{cite news|last1=Lardieri|first1=Alexa|url=https://www.usnews.com/news/health-news/articles/2021-02-09/who-extremely-unlikely-coronavirus-came-from-lab-in-china|title="WHO: 'Extremely Unlikely' Coronavirus Came From Lab in China"|access-date=3 July 2021|work=US News|date=9 February 2021}}</ref><ref name="WHOconvened2"/> === Lamarin dakin gwaje-gwaje ===   Wani labari na ƙarshe, wanda yawancin masana ke ganin ba zai yuwu ba,<ref name="OsuChowskiLancetRespiratory2"/><ref name="APNews202102112"/><ref name="After_report_nature2"/> kuma an yi la'akari da "ba zai yuwu ba" ta binciken da WHO ta kira,<ref name="WHOconvened2"/> shine shigar da kwayar cutar ga mutane ta hanyar wani lamari na dakin gwaje-gwaje, wanda aka sani da shi. hasashe na leak.<ref name="APNews202102112" /> Wannan yanayin zai shafi ma'aikatan dakin gwaje-gwajen kamuwa da cutar daga hulɗa da jemagu masu rai (daji ko fursuna), daga hulɗa da samfuran halitta, ko kuma daga cuɗanya da ƙwayoyin cuta da ake girma a cikin vitro.<ref name=":12">{{cite journal|last1=Lawton|first1=Graham|title=Did covid-19 come from a lab?|journal=New Scientist|date=June 2021|volume=250|issue=3337|pages=10–11|doi=10.1016/S0262-4079(21)00938-6|pmid=34108789|pmc=8177866}}</ref><ref name="WHOconvened2" /> Cibiyar Nazarin Kwayoyin cuta ta Wuhan (WIV) ta gudanar da bincike kan coronaviruses na jemage tun 2005, kuma ta gano kwayar cutar RaTG13 a cikin 2013, wanda shine sanannen dangi na SARS-CoV-2. <ref name="NatureNewsDOandDontKnow">{{cite news|last1=Maxmen|first1=Amy|last2=Mallapaty|first2=Smriti|title=The COVID lab-leak hypothesis: what scientists do and don't know|url=https://www.nature.com/articles/d41586-021-01529-3|access-date=11 June 2021|work=Nature|date=8 June 2021|language=en|doi=10.1038/d41586-021-01529-3}}</ref> Bukatun bincike na WIV sun haɗa da bincike kan tushen fashewar 2002-2004 SARS da barkewar MERS na 2012, tare da haɗin gwiwar masu binciken Amurka.<ref name="JV-201506102">{{cite journal|author=Yang, Yang|display-authors=et al.|title=Two Mutations Were Critical for Bat-to-Human Transmission of Middle East Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus|date=10 June 2015|journal=[[Journal of Virology]]|volume=89|issue=17|pages=9119–9123|doi=10.1128/JVI.01279-15|pmid=26063432|pmc=4524054}}</ref><ref name="NM-201511092">{{cite journal|author=Menachery, Vineet D|display-authors=et al.|title=A SARS-like cluster of circulating bat coronaviruses shows potential for human emergence|date=9 November 2015|journal=[[Nature Medicine]]|volume=21|issue=12|pages=1508–1513|doi=10.1038/nm.3985|pmid=26552008|pmc=4797993}}</ref> Kusancin dakin gwaje-gwajen da kasuwar abincin teku ta Huanan ya sa wasu ke hasashen akwai alaka tsakanin su biyun,<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Maxmen|first1=Amy|title=Divisive COVID 'lab leak' debate prompts dire warnings from researchers|journal=Nature|date=27 May 2021|volume=594|issue=7861|pages=15–16|doi=10.1038/d41586-021-01383-3|pmid=34045757|bibcode=2021Natur.594...15M|s2cid=235232290|url=https://www.nature.com/articles/d41586-021-01383-3|language=en}}</ref><ref name="LancetJuly20212">{{cite journal|last1=Calisher|last23=Subbarao|last17=Mackenzie|first17=John S|last18=Madoff|first18=Larry|last19=Mazet|first19=Jonna Keener|last20=Perlman|first20=Stanley M|last21=Poon|first21=Leo|last22=Saif|first22=Linda|first23=Kanta|last16=Lubroth|last24=Turner|first24=Michael|title=Science, not speculation, is essential to determine how SARS-CoV-2 reached humans|journal=The Lancet|date=July 2021|volume=398|issue=10296|pages=209–211|doi=10.1016/S0140-6736(21)01419-7|pmid=34237296|pmc=8257054|language=English|first16=Juan|first15=Sai Kit|first1=Charles H|last8=Farrar|last2=Carroll|first2=Dennis|last3=Colwell|first3=Rita|last4=Corley|first4=Ronald B|last5=Daszak|first5=Peter|last6=Drosten|first6=Christian|last7=Enjuanes|first7=Luis|first8=Jeremy|last15=Lam|last9=Field|first9=Hume|last10=Golding|first10=Josie|last11=Gorbalenya|first11=Alexander E|last12=Haagmans|first12=Bart|last13=Hughes|first13=James M|last14=Keusch|first14=Gerald T|issn=0140-6736}}</ref> da 'yan siyasa, masu watsa labarai, kuma wasu masana kimiyya sun yi kira da a ci gaba da bincike kan lamarin.<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Maxmen|first1=Amy|title=Divisive COVID 'lab leak' debate prompts dire warnings from researchers|journal=Nature|date=27 May 2021|volume=594|issue=7861|pages=15–16|doi=10.1038/d41586-021-01383-3|pmid=34045757|bibcode=2021Natur.594...15M|s2cid=235232290|url=https://www.nature.com/articles/d41586-021-01383-3|language=en}}</ref><ref name="LancetJuly20213">{{cite journal|last1=Calisher|last23=Subbarao|last17=Mackenzie|first17=John S|last18=Madoff|first18=Larry|last19=Mazet|first19=Jonna Keener|last20=Perlman|first20=Stanley M|last21=Poon|first21=Leo|last22=Saif|first22=Linda|first23=Kanta|last16=Lubroth|last24=Turner|first24=Michael|title=Science, not speculation, is essential to determine how SARS-CoV-2 reached humans|journal=The Lancet|date=July 2021|volume=398|issue=10296|pages=209–211|doi=10.1016/S0140-6736(21)01419-7|pmid=34237296|pmc=8257054|language=English|first16=Juan|first15=Sai Kit|first1=Charles H|last8=Farrar|last2=Carroll|first2=Dennis|last3=Colwell|first3=Rita|last4=Corley|first4=Ronald B|last5=Daszak|first5=Peter|last6=Drosten|first6=Christian|last7=Enjuanes|first7=Luis|first8=Jeremy|last15=Lam|last9=Field|first9=Hume|last10=Golding|first10=Josie|last11=Gorbalenya|first11=Alexander E|last12=Haagmans|first12=Bart|last13=Hughes|first13=James M|last14=Keusch|first14=Gerald T|issn=0140-6736}}</ref> Masana sun yi watsi da yin amfani da kwayar cutar da gangan (watau injiniyan halittu ) a matsayin asali mai ma'ana,<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Rabi|journal=Pathogens|pmc=7157541|pmid=32245083|doi=10.3390/pathogens9030231|pages=231|issue=3|volume=9|date=20 March 2020|title=SARS-CoV-2 and Coronavirus Disease 2019: What We Know So Far|first1=Firas A.|first5=Amjad D.|last5=Al-Nasser|first4=Dunia M.|last4=Salameh|first3=Ghena A.|last3=Kasasbeh|first2=Mazhar S.|last2=Al Zoubi|doi-access=free}}</ref><ref name="BeyersteinTNRLabLeak2">{{cite news|last1=Beyerstein|first1=Lindsay|title=The Case Against the Covid-19 Lab Leak Theory|url=https://newrepublic.com/article/162689/bats-covid-19-lab-leak-theory|access-date=2 July 2021|work=The New Republic|date=29 June 2021}} "When you work with this particular virus in the lab, it becomes less capable of being a human pathogen and becomes more of a cell culture adapted virus"..."So that suggests, again, that it's unlikely that this virus, if it were being passaged extensively in cell culture, would jump out of cell culture into people and start a pandemic." - Angella Rasmussen</ref><ref name="PollyHayesTheConv2">{{cite news|last1=Hayes|first1=Polly|title=Here's how scientists know the coronavirus came from bats and wasn't made in a lab|url=https://theconversation.com/heres-how-scientists-know-the-coronavirus-came-from-bats-and-wasnt-made-in-a-lab-141850|access-date=2 July 2021|work=The Conversation|language=en}}</ref> saboda rashin shaidar da za ta taimaka,<ref name="Proximal3">{{cite journal|vauthors=Andersen KG, Rambaut A, Lipkin WI, Holmes EC, Garry RF|date=17 March 2020|title=Correspondence: The proximal origin of SARS-CoV-2|journal=[[Nature Medicine]]|volume=26|issue=4|pages=450–452|doi=10.1038/s41591-020-0820-9|pmc=7095063|pmid=32284615|name-list-style=vanc}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|last1=Paraskevis|first6=S.|pmc=7106301|pmid=32004758|doi=10.1016/j.meegid.2020.104212|pages=104212|volume=79|date=April 2020|journal=Infection, Genetics and Evolution|title=Full-genome evolutionary analysis of the novel corona virus (2019-nCoV) rejects the hypothesis of emergence as a result of a recent recombination event|last6=Tsiodras|first1=D.|first5=G.|last5=Sourvinos|first4=G.|last4=Panayiotakopoulos|first3=G.|last3=Magiorkinis|first2=E.G.|last2=Kostaki|language=en}}</ref>da girma shaida a cikin ni'imar na halitta asali.<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Calisher|last25=Saif|first18=John S.|last19=Madoff|first19=Larry|last20=Mazet|first20=Jonna|last21=Palese|first21=Peter|last22=Perlman|first22=Stanley|last23=Poon|first23=Leo|last24=Roizman|first24=Bernard|first25=Linda|first17=Juan|last26=Subbarao|first26=Kanta|last27=Turner|first27=Mike|title=Statement in support of the scientists, public health professionals, and medical professionals of China combatting COVID-19|journal=The Lancet|date=7 March 2020|volume=395|issue=10226|pages=e42–e43|doi=10.1016/S0140-6736(20)30418-9|pmid=32087122|pmc=7159294|language=English|last18=Mackenzie|last17=Lubroth|first1=Charles|first8=Jeremy|last2=Carroll|first2=Dennis|last3=Colwell|first3=Rita|last4=Corley|first4=Ronald B.|last5=Daszak|first5=Peter|last6=Drosten|first6=Christian|last7=Enjuanes|first7=Luis|last8=Farrar|last9=Field|first16=Sai Kit|first9=Hume|last10=Golding|first10=Josie|last11=Gorbalenya|first11=Alexander|last12=Haagmans|first12=Bart|last13=Hughes|first13=James M.|last14=Karesh|first14=William B.|last15=Keusch|first15=Gerald T.|last16=Lam|issn=0140-6736}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|last1=Lu|first26=Jinmin|last30=Holmes|first29=Wenbo|last29=Xu|first28=Dayan|last28=Wang|first27=William J|last27=Liu|last26=Ma|last31=Gao|first25=Zhihao|last25=Xie|first24=Jianying|last24=Yuan|first23=Yang|last23=Lin|first22=Ji|first30=Edward C|first31=George F|first21=Yao|date=February 2020|url=https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(20)30251-8|pmc=7159086|pmid=32007145|doi=10.1016/s0140-6736(20)30251-8|pages=565–574|issue=10224|volume=395|journal=The Lancet|last32=Wu|title=Genomic characterisation and epidemiology of 2019 novel coronavirus: implications for virus origins and receptor binding|first35=Wenjie|last35=Tan|first34=Weifeng|last34=Shi|first33=Weijun|last33=Chen|first32=Guizhen|last22=Wang|last21=Meng|first1=Roujian|last6=Wu|first9=Baoying|last9=Huang|first8=Hao|last8=Song|first7=Wenling|last7=Wang|first6=Honglong|first5=Bo|first10=Na|last5=Yang|first4=Peihua|last4=Niu|first3=Juan|last3=Li|first2=Xiang|last2=Zhao|last10=Zhu|last11=Bi|first20=Jing|first16=Hong|last20=Chen|first19=Li|last19=Zhao|first18=Weimin|last18=Zhou|first17=Zhenhong|last17=Hu|last16=Zhou|first11=Yuhai|first15=Tao|last15=Hu|first14=Liang|last14=Wang|first13=Faxian|last13=Zhan|first12=Xuejun|last12=Ma|issn=0140-6736}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|last1=Zhou|journal=Cell|last13=Hughes|first13=Alice C.|last14=Holmes|first14=Edward C.|last15=Shi|first15=Weifeng|title=Identification of novel bat coronaviruses sheds light on the evolutionary origins of SARS-CoV-2 and related viruses|date=June 2021|last12=Zhang|volume=184|issue=17|pages=4380–4391.e14|doi=10.1016/j.cell.2021.06.008|pmid=34147139|pmc=8188299|url=https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cell.2021.06.008|access-date=2 July 2021|first12=Yanyan|first11=Mingxue|first1=Hong|last6=Wang|last2=Ji|first2=Jingkai|last3=Chen|first3=Xing|last4=Bi|first4=Yuhai|last5=Li|first5=Juan|first6=Qihui|last11=Cui|last7=Hu|first7=Tao|last8=Song|first8=Hao|last9=Zhao|first9=Runchu|last10=Chen|first10=Yanhua|issn=0092-8674}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|last1=York|first1=Ashley|title=Searching for relatives of SARS-CoV-2 in bats|journal=Nature Reviews Microbiology|date=18 June 2021|volume=19|issue=8|page=482|doi=10.1038/s41579-021-00595-8|pmid=34145421|pmc=8212067|language=en|issn=1740-1534}}</ref> Binciken da ya biyo baya (kamar binciken da WHO ta kira) yayi la'akari da yuwuwar kamuwa da kwayar cuta ta dabi'a ta cutar da ma'aikatan dakin gwaje-gwaje ba da gangan ba.<ref name=":13">{{cite journal|last1=Lawton|first1=Graham|title=Did covid-19 come from a lab?|journal=New Scientist|date=June 2021|volume=250|issue=3337|pages=10–11|doi=10.1016/S0262-4079(21)00938-6|pmid=34108789|pmc=8177866}}</ref> A ranar 15 ga Yuli 2021 WHO darektan-janar Tedros Adhanom ya bayyana a wani jawabin da ya kasance wani "wanda bai kai da tura" raunana ra'ayin wani Lab zuba.<ref>{{cite news|title=The WHO's Chief Says It Was Premature To Rule Out A Lab Leak As The Pandemic's Origin|url=https://www.npr.org/2021/07/15/1016436749/who-chief-wuhan-lab-covid-19-origin-premature-tedros|access-date=21 July 2021|work=NPR.org|language=en}}</ref> Daga baya a cikin wannan jawabin, ya faɗaɗa, “Ni ƙwararren Lab ne, masanin rigakafi, kuma na yi aiki a cikin lab. Kuma hatsarurruka na lab suna faruwa."<ref>{{cite news|last1=Pinghui|first1=Zhuang|title=China rejects WHO plan for study into Covid-19 origin|url=https://www.cnbc.com/2021/07/22/china-rejects-who-plan-for-study-into-covid-19-origin.html|access-date=12 August 2021|work=CNBC|date=22 July 2021|language=en}}</ref> Hukumar ta WHO ta shirya kashi na biyu na bincike wanda zai hada da "binciken dakunan gwaje-gwaje da cibiyoyin bincike". <ref>"[https://www.who.int/director-general/speeches/detail/who-director-general-s-opening-remarks-at-the-member-state-information-session-on-origins WHO Director-General's opening remarks at the Member State Information Session on Origins]," ''WHO,'' 16 July 2021. Retrieved 26 July 2021.</ref> Duk da haka, kasar Sin ta yi watsi da wannan shirin tana mai cewa "ba shi yiwuwa a gare mu mu yarda da irin wannan shirin gano asali". <ref>"[https://www.npr.org/sections/coronavirus-live-updates/2021/07/22/1019244601/china-who-coronavirus-lab-leak-theory China Has Rejected A WHO Plan For Further Investigation Into The Origins Of COVID-19]," ''AP,'' 22 July 2021. Retrieved 26 July 2021.</ref> Wani mahimmin ka'idar leak ta wasu mambobin gwamnatin China ne suka gabatar da su wadanda suka yi iƙirarin cewa kwayar ta fito ne daga dakin gwaje-gwajen sojan Amurka.<ref>{{Cite news|last=Buckley|first=Chris|date=22 July 2021|title=China denounces the W.H.O.'s call for another look at the Wuhan lab as 'shocking' and 'arrogant.'|language=en-US|work=The New York Times|url=https://www.nytimes.com/live/2021/07/21/world/covid-variant-vaccine-updates|access-date=24 July 2021|issn=0362-4331}}</ref> Bukatun kasar Sin na binciken dakin gwaje-gwaje na Amurka a Fort Detrick an ce an yi niyya ne don kawar da hankali daga Wuhan.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Schafer|first=Bret|title=China Fires Back at Biden with Conspiracy Theories About Maryland Lab|url=https://foreignpolicy.com/2021/07/09/china-fires-back-at-biden-with-conspiracy-theories-about-maryland-lab/|access-date=26 July 2021|website=Foreign Policy|language=en-US}}</ref> == Bincike == === Gwamnatin kasar Sin === Binciken farko da aka gudanar a kasar Sin shi ne na Hukumar Lafiya ta birnin Wuhan, inda ta mayar da martani ga asibitocin da ke ba da rahoton bullar cutar huhu da ba a san ko wane irin yanayi ba, wanda ya haifar da rufe kasuwar sayar da abincin teku ta Huanan a ranar 1 ga Janairu, 2020 saboda tsaftar muhalli da kuma kawar da cutar.<ref name="WHOpneumonia05jan20202">{{cite web|title=WHO &#124; Pneumonia of unknown cause – China|url=http://www.who.int/csr/don/05-january-2020-pneumonia-of-unkown-cause-china/en/|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200418052406/https://www.who.int/csr/don/05-january-2020-pneumonia-of-unkown-cause-china/en/|archive-date=18 April 2020|access-date=15 January 2021|website=World Health Organization}}</ref> Tun farko dai ana zargin kasuwar ne tushen kwayar cutar; duk da haka, gwamnatin China da WHO sun yanke shawarar daga baya cewa ba haka ba ne.<ref>{{cite news|last=Areddy|first=James T.|date=26 May 2020|title=China Rules Out Animal Market and Lab as Coronavirus Origin|language=en-US|work=The Wall Street Journal|url=https://www.wsj.com/articles/china-rules-out-animal-market-and-lab-as-coronavirus-origin-11590517508|access-date=7 February 2021|issn=0099-9660|archive-date=17 February 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210217211123/https://www.wsj.com/articles/china-rules-out-animal-market-and-lab-as-coronavirus-origin-11590517508|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|last1=Mackenzie|first1=John S.|last2=Smith|first2=David W.|date=17 March 2020|title=COVID-19: a novel zoonotic disease caused by a coronavirus from China: what we know and what we don't|journal=Microbiology Australia|volume=41|page=45|doi=10.1071/MA20013|issn=1324-4272|pmc=7086482|pmid=32226946}}</ref><ref name="APNews202102114">{{cite news|last1=Fujiyama|first1=Emily Wang|last2=Moritsugu|first2=Ken|date=11 February 2021|title=EXPLAINER: What the WHO coronavirus experts learned in Wuhan|work=Associated Press News|url=https://apnews.com/article/who-coronavirus-experts-learned-in-wuhan-86549d1189f3d174273a26e39d177d05|access-date=12 February 2021|archive-date=27 February 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210227100554/https://apnews.com/article/who-coronavirus-experts-learned-in-wuhan-86549d1189f3d174273a26e39d177d05|url-status=live}}</ref> A cikin Afrilu 2020, China ta sanya takunkumi kan buga binciken ilimi kan sabon coronavirus. Binciken asalin cutar zai sami ƙarin bincike kuma dole ne jami'an Gwamnatin Tsakiya su amince da su.<ref name="cnn._China_imposes2">{{cite web|title=China imposes restrictions on research into origins of coronavirus|last1=Gan|first1=Nectar|last2=Hu|first2=Caitlin|last3=Watson|first3=Ivan|publisher=[[CNN]]|date=12 April 2020|access-date=18 January 2021|url=https://www.cnn.com/2020/04/12/asia/china-coronavirus-research-restrictions-intl-hnk/index.html|archive-date=17 January 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210117123115/https://www.cnn.com/2020/04/12/asia/china-coronavirus-research-restrictions-intl-hnk/index.html|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="apne_China_clamps2">{{cite web|title=China clamps down in hidden hunt for coronavirus origins|last1=Kang|first1=Dake|last2=Cheng|first2=Maria|last3=Mcneil|first3=Sam|work=[[Associated Press]]|date=30 December 2020|access-date=22 January 2021|url=https://apnews.com/article/united-nations-coronavirus-pandemic-china-only-on-ap-bats-24fbadc58cee3a40bca2ddf7a14d2955|archive-date=20 January 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210120162344/https://apnews.com/article/united-nations-coronavirus-pandemic-china-only-on-ap-bats-24fbadc58cee3a40bca2ddf7a14d2955|url-status=live}}</ref> Ƙuntatawa ba su hana bincike ko bugawa ba, gami da masu binciken da ba na China ba; Ian Lipkin, masanin kimiyar Amurka, yana aiki tare da tawagar masu bincike na kasar Sin karkashin kulawar cibiyar dakile cututtuka da rigakafin cututtuka ta kasar Sin, wata hukumar gwamnatin kasar Sin, domin gudanar da bincike kan asalin cutar. Lipkin yana da dadaddiyar alaka da jami'an kasar Sin, ciki har da firaministan kasar Li Keqiang, saboda gudunmuwar da ya bayar wajen yin gwajin gaggawa ga SARS a shekarar 2003.<ref name="ft.c_US_and2">{{cite news|title=US and Chinese researchers team up for hunt into Covid origins|last1=Manson|first1=Katrina|last2=Yu|first2=Sun|newspaper=[[Financial Times]]|date=26 April 2020|access-date=19 January 2021|url=https://www.ft.com/content/f08181a9-526c-4e4b-ac5f-0614bf1cffb3|archive-date=14 November 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201114222104/https://www.ft.com/content/f08181a9-526c-4e4b-ac5f-0614bf1cffb3|url-status=live}}</ref> === Gwamnatin Amurka === ==== Gwamnatin Trump ==== A ranar 6 ga Fabrairu, 2020, darektan Ofishin Kimiyya da Fasaha na [[White House|Fadar White House]] ya bukaci Kwalejin Kimiyya ta Kasa, Injiniya, da Magunguna ta kasa da su kira wani taro na "masana, masana kimiyyar halittu na duniya, kwararrun coronavirus, da masanan juyin halitta", don " tantance menene bayanai, bayanai da samfurori da ake buƙata don magance abubuwan da ba a sani ba, don fahimtar asalin juyin halitta na COVID-19 da kuma ba da amsa da kyau ga duka fashewa da duk wani bayanin da ya haifar".<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.nationalacademies.org/documents/link/LD006CF17B5004C7B41F63CD7E0A0F4EDF738C451F32/fileview/D20D1390AB906330493E8A40B27E965A6761F4117EA2/OSTP+Coronavirus+Request+to+NASEM_02.06.2020.pdf|title=OSTP Coronavirus Request to NASEM|website=nationalacademies.org|access-date=15 January 2021|archive-date=21 January 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210121090506/https://www.nationalacademies.org/documents/link/LD006CF17B5004C7B41F63CD7E0A0F4EDF738C451F32/fileview/D20D1390AB906330493E8A40B27E965A6761F4117EA2/OSTP+Coronavirus+Request+to+NASEM_02.06.2020.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="abcn_White_House2">{{cite web|title=White House asks scientists to investigate origins of coronavirus|last=Gittleson|first=Ben|work=[[ABC News]]|date=6 February 2020|access-date=22 January 2021|url=https://abcnews.go.com/Politics/white-house-asks-scientists-investigate-origins-coronavirus/story?id=68807304|archive-date=8 February 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200208032258/https://abcnews.go.com/Politics/white-house-asks-scientists-investigate-origins-coronavirus/story?id=68807304|url-status=live}}</ref> A watan Afrilun 2020, an ba da rahoton cewa, jami'an leken asirin Amurka suna gudanar da bincike kan ko kwayar cutar ta fito ne daga wani kwatsam da aka yi daga dakin binciken kasar Sin. Hasashen yana ɗaya daga cikin damammaki da masu binciken ke bi. Sakataren tsaron Amurka Mark Esper ya ce sakamakon binciken da aka gudanar bai kai ga cimma ruwa ba.<ref name="cnn._US_explores2">{{cite web|title=US explores possibility that coronavirus spread started in Chinese lab, not a market|last1=Campbell|first1=Josh|last2=Atwood|first2=Kylie|last3=Perez|first3=Evan|publisher=[[CNN]]|date=16 April 2020|access-date=18 January 2021|url=https://www.cnn.com/2020/04/15/politics/us-intelligence-virus-started-chinese-lab/index.html|archive-date=16 January 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210116103307/https://www.cnn.com/2020/04/15/politics/us-intelligence-virus-started-chinese-lab/index.html|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="nbcn_U.S._spies2">{{cite web|title=U.S. intel community examining whether coronavirus emerged accidentally from a Chinese lab|last1=Dilanian|first1=Ken|last2=Kube|first2=Courtney|publisher=[[NBC News]]|date=16 April 2020|access-date=18 January 2021|url=https://www.nbcnews.com/news/china/u-s-intel-community-examining-whether-coronavirus-emerged-accidentally-chinese-n1185371|archive-date=16 April 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200416173210/https://www.nbcnews.com/news/china/u-s-intel-community-examining-whether-coronavirus-emerged-accidentally-chinese-n1185371|url-status=live}}</ref> Ya zuwa karshen Afrilu 2020, Ofishin Daraktan Leken Asiri na Kasa ya ce kungiyar leken asirin Amurka ta yi imanin cewa coronavirus ba mutum ne ya yi ba ko kuma an canza shi ta hanyar kwayoyin halitta.<ref name="reut_Coronavirus_was2">{{cite web|title=Coronavirus was 'not manmade or genetically modified': U.S. spy agency|last=Hosenball|first=Mark|work=[[Reuters]]|date=30 April 2020|access-date=20 January 2021|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-health-coronavirus-usa-intelligence-idUSKBN22C2PN|archive-date=5 January 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210105005015/https://www.reuters.com/article/us-health-coronavirus-usa-intelligence-idUSKBN22C2PN|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="theg_Trump_claims2">{{cite web|title=Trump claims to have evidence coronavirus started in Chinese lab but offers no details|last1=Singh|first1=Maanvi|last2=Davidson|first2=Helen|last3=Borger|first3=Julian|newspaper=[[The Guardian]]|date=30 April 2020|access-date=20 January 2021|url=https://www.theguardian.com/us-news/2020/apr/30/donald-trump-coronavirus-chinese-lab-claim|archive-date=7 May 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200507045320/https://www.theguardian.com/us-news/2020/apr/30/donald-trump-coronavirus-chinese-lab-claim|url-status=live}}</ref> Jami'an Amurka sun soki "sharuɗɗan tunani" da ke baiwa masana kimiyyar China damar yin kashi na farko na binciken farko.<ref name="FrutosInfGen2" /> A ranar 15 ga Janairu, 2021, Sakataren Harkokin Wajen Amurka Mike Pompeo ya ce don taimakawa aikin tawagar binciken na WHO da tabbatar da cikakken bincike na gaskiya game da asalin COVID-19, Amurka tana musayar sabbin bayanai tare da yin kira ga WHO da ta matsa wa gwamnatin China don magance matsalar. takamaiman batutuwa guda uku, gami da cututtukan masu bincike da yawa a cikin WIV a cikin kaka 2019 "tare da alamun da suka dace da duka COVID-19 da cututtukan yanayi na yau da kullun", binciken WIV akan " RaTG13 " da" samun aiki ", da haɗin gwiwar WIV zuwa Rundunar Jama'a .<ref name="stat_Ensuring_a3">{{cite web|last=Pompeo|first=Michael R.|date=15 January 2021|title=Ensuring a Transparent, Thorough Investigation of COVID-19's Origin – United States Department of State|url=https://2017-2021.state.gov/ensuring-a-transparent-thorough-investigation-of-covid-19s-origin//index.html|url-status=live|access-date=19 January 2021|work=[[United States Department of State]]|archive-date=8 February 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210208214244/https://2017-2021.state.gov/ensuring-a-transparent-thorough-investigation-of-covid-19s-origin/index.html}}</ref><ref name=":0">{{cite web|title=Fact Sheet: Activity at the Wuhan Institute of Virology|url=https://2017-2021.state.gov/fact-sheet-activity-at-the-wuhan-institute-of-virology/|access-date=10 June 2021|website=United States Department of State|language=en-US}}</ref> A ranar 18 ga Janairu, Amurka ta yi kira ga kasar Sin da ta ba wa kwararrun kungiyar ta WHO damar yin hira da "masu ba da kulawa, tsoffin marasa lafiya da ma'aikatan dakin gwaje-gwaje" a cikin birnin Wuhan, tare da tsawatawa daga gwamnatin kasar Sin. [[Asturaliya|Ostiraliya]] ta kuma yi kira ga ƙungiyar ta WHO ta sami damar yin amfani da "bayanan da suka dace, bayanai da mahimman wurare".<ref name="reut_U.S._and2">{{cite web|last=Nebehay|first=Stephanie|date=18 January 2021|title=U.S. and China clash at WHO over scientific mission in Wuhan|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-health-coronavirus-who-usa-china/u-s-and-china-clash-at-who-over-scientific-mission-in-wuhan-idUSKBN29N1IX|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210118165232/https://www.reuters.com/article/us-health-coronavirus-who-usa-china/u-s-and-china-clash-at-who-over-scientific-mission-in-wuhan-idUSKBN29N1IX|archive-date=18 January 2021|access-date=18 January 2021|work=[[Reuters]]}}</ref> Wani rahoto da aka keɓe daga Mayu 2020 na Laboratory National Lawrence Livermore, wani dakin gwaje-gwaje na gwamnatin Amurka, ya kammala da cewa hasashen cewa kwayar cutar ta fito daga WIV "yana da ma'ana kuma ya cancanci ƙarin bincike", kodayake rahoton ya kuma lura cewa cutar za ta iya tasowa. a dabi'ance, yana mai da ra'ayin jama'ar leken asirin Amurka, kuma ba ya bayar da "bindigar shan taba" ga ko wanne hasashe.<ref>{{cite news|last=Strobel|first=Michael R. Gordon and Warren P.|date=8 June 2021|title=U.S. Report Found It Plausible Covid-19 Leaked From Wuhan Lab|language=en-US|work=The Wall Street Journal|url=https://www.wsj.com/articles/u-s-report-concluded-covid-19-may-have-leaked-from-wuhan-lab-11623106982|access-date=10 June 2021|issn=0099-9660}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|last1=Bo Williams|first1=Katie|last2=Bertrand|first2=Natasha|last3=Cohen|first3=Zachary|title=Classified report with early support for lab leak theory reemerges as focal point for lawmakers digging into Covid-19 origins|url=https://www.cnn.com/2021/06/07/politics/covid-lab-leak-theory-classified-report/index.html|publisher=CNN}}</ref> ==== Biden administration ==== A ranar 13 ga Fabrairu, 2021, Fadar White House ta ce tana da "damuwa mai zurfi" game da yadda aka ba da rahoton binciken na WHO da kuma tsarin da aka yi amfani da shi don isa gare su. Da yake nuna damuwar da gwamnatin Trump ta nuna, mai ba da shawara kan harkokin tsaro Jake Sullivan ya ce yana da matukar muhimmanci cewa rahoton da WHO ta kira ya zama mai zaman kansa kuma "ba tare da canji daga gwamnatin China ba".<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-health-coronavirus-usa-idUSKBN2AD0FX|title=White House cites 'deep concerns' about WHO COVID report, demands early data from China|work=Reuters|author=Andrea Shalal|access-date=6 March 2021|date=13 February 2021|archive-date=28 April 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210428185157/https://www.reuters.com/article/us-health-coronavirus-usa-idUSKBN2AD0FX|url-status=live}}</ref> A ranar 14 ga Afrilu 2021, Daraktan leken asiri na kasa Avril Haines, tare da sauran jami'an gwamnatin Biden, sun ce ba su yanke hukuncin yiwuwar hadarin dakin gwaje-gwaje ba a matsayin asalin kwayar cutar ta COVID-19. <ref name="YN-202104143">{{cite news|last=McLaughlin|first=Jenna|title=Biden's top intelligence officials won't rule out lab accident theory for COVID-19 origins|url=https://news.yahoo.com/bidens-top-intelligence-officials-wont-rule-out-lab-accident-theory-for-covid-19-origins-193406642.html|date=14 April 2021|work=[[Yahoo News]]|access-date=14 April 2021|archive-date=14 April 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210414194610/https://news.yahoo.com/bidens-top-intelligence-officials-wont-rule-out-lab-accident-theory-for-covid-19-origins-193406642.html|url-status=live}}</ref> A ranar 26 ga Mayu, 2021, Shugaba [[Joe Biden|Joe Biden ya]] umurci kungiyar leken asirin Amurka da su fitar da rahoto cikin kwanaki 90 kan ko kwayar cutar ta COVID-19 ta samo asali ne daga cudanya da dabba da ta kamu da cutar ko kuma ta hanyar leken asiri na bazata, <ref name="Wagner-WaPo2">{{cite news|work=[[The Washington Post]]|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/politics/biden-covid-china-virus-origins/2021/05/26/4f574a24-be44-11eb-9c90-731aff7d9a0d_story.html|title=Biden asks intelligence community to redouble efforts to determine definitive origin of the coronavirus|author=John Wagner|date=26 May 2021|access-date=26 May 2021}}</ref> yana bayyana tsaron kasarsa. ma'aikatan sun ce babu isassun shaidun da za su tantance ko dai hasashe zai iya yiwuwa.<ref>{{cite news|title=Explainer: What we know about the origins of COVID-19|url=https://www.reuters.com/business/healthcare-pharmaceuticals/what-we-know-about-origins-covid-19-2021-05-27/|work=[[Reuters]]|date=28 May 2021|access-date=31 May 2021}}</ref> A ranar 26 ga Agusta, 2021, Ofishin Daraktan Leken Asirin na Kasa ya fitar da takaitaccen bayani game da bincikensu,<ref>{{cite web|title=Unclassified Summary of Assessment on COVID-19 Origins|url=https://www.dni.gov/files/ODNI/documents/assessments/Unclassified-Summary-of-Assessment-on-COVID-19-Origins.pdf|website=[[Office of the Director of National Intelligence]]|access-date=30 August 2021|date=26 August 2021}}</ref> tare da babban batu shi ne cewa rahoton ya ci gaba da kasancewa maras tushe game da asalin kwayar cutar, tare da raba hukumomin leken asiri kan tambayar.<ref>{{Cite web|last1=CohenAug. 27|first1=Jon|last2=2021|last3=Pm|first3=5:45|date=2021-08-27|title=COVID-19's origins still uncertain, U.S. intelligence agencies conclude|url=https://www.sciencemag.org/news/2021/08/covid-19-s-origins-still-uncertain-us-intelligence-agencies-conclude|access-date=2021-08-28|website=Science {{!}} AAAS|language=en}}</ref> Rahoton ya kuma kara da cewa, mai yiwuwa ba a yi amfani da kwayar cutar ta hanyar kwayoyin halitta ba, kuma kasar Sin ba ta da masaniya kan cutar kafin barkewar cutar. Rahoton ya kammala da cewa, ba zai yuwu a tantance asalin asalin ba, ba tare da hadin gwiwa daga gwamnatin kasar Sin ba, yana mai cewa rashin nuna gaskiya a baya "yana nuna rashin tabbas na gwamnatin kasar Sin game da inda bincike zai kai, da kuma takaicin da ta nuna cewa. kasashen duniya na amfani da batun wajen yin matsin lamba na siyasa kan kasar Sin."<ref>{{cite news|last1=Nakashima|first1=Ellen|last2=Achenbach|first2=Joel|title=U.S. spy agencies rule out possibility the coronavirus was created as a bioweapon, say origin will stay unknown without China's help|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/national-security/wuhan-coronavirus-lab-leak/2021/08/27/8f20b024-0740-11ec-8c3f-3526f81b233b_story.html|access-date=28 August 2021|work=Washington Post|date=27 August 2021}}</ref> A ranar 23 ga Mayu 2021, ''Jaridar Wall Street Journal ta'' ruwaito cewa wani rahoton leken asirin Amurka da ba a bayyana a baya ya bayyana cewa masu bincike uku daga Cibiyar Nazarin Virology ta Wuhan sun kamu da rashin lafiya a watan Nuwamba 2019 don neman kulawar asibiti. Rahoton bai fayyace ko menene ciwon ba. Jami'ai da suka saba da bayanan sun banbanta game da ƙarfin da ya tabbatar da hasashen cewa kwayar cutar da ke da alhakin COVID-19 ta fito daga WIV. Rahoton na ''WSJ'' ya lura cewa ba sabon abu ba ne mutane a China su je asibiti tare da mura marasa rikitarwa ko alamun mura.<ref name=":02">{{cite news|last=Hinshaw|first=Michael R. Gordon, Warren P. Strobel and Drew|date=23 May 2021|title=Intelligence on Sick Staff at Wuhan Lab Fuels Debate on Covid-19 Origin|language=en-US|work=The Wall Street Journal|url=https://www.wsj.com/articles/intelligence-on-sick-staff-at-wuhan-lab-fuels-debate-on-covid-19-origin-11621796228|access-date=10 June 2021|issn=0099-9660}}</ref> Yuan Zhiming, darektan dakin gwaje-gwajen Biosafety na WIV na WIV, ya mayar da martani a cikin ''Global Times'', wata kafar yada labarai ta kasar Sin, cewa "da'awar ba ta da tushe".<ref name="bios_New_Report2">{{cite web|title=New Report Says Wuhan Researchers Possibly Ill With COVID-19 in November 2019|last=Terry|first=Mark|publisher=BioSpace|date=24 May 2021|access-date=10 June 2021|url=https://www.biospace.com/article/newly-released-report-says-wuhan-researchers-possibly-sick-from-covid-19-in-november-2019/}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=New information on Wuhan researchers' illness furthers debate on pandemic origins|date=23 May 2021|url=https://www.cnn.com/2021/05/23/politics/us-intelligence-report-wuhan-lab-researchers-coronavirus-origin/index.html|url-status=live|access-date=10 June 2021|publisher=CNN}}</ref> Marion Koopmans, memba na ƙungiyar binciken WHO, ya bayyana adadin cututtuka masu kama da mura a WIV a cikin 2019 a matsayin "cikakkiyar al'ada". <ref name="WHO team scientist2">{{cite news|title=WHO team scientist: Wuhan lab workers fell sick in 2019|url=https://www.nbcnews.com/nightly-news/video/who-team-scientist-wuhan-lab-workers-fell-sick-in-2019-104497733806|access-date=2 July 2021|work=NBC News|language=en}}</ref> Ma'aikata a WIV dole ne su ba da samfuran maganin magani na shekara. <ref name="WHO team scientist">{{cite news|title=WHO team scientist: Wuhan lab workers fell sick in 2019|url=https://www.nbcnews.com/nightly-news/video/who-team-scientist-wuhan-lab-workers-fell-sick-in-2019-104497733806|access-date=2 July 2021|work=NBC News|language=en}}</ref><ref name="WHOconvened2" /> Shi Zhengli masanin cutar WIV ya ce a cikin 2020 cewa, dangane da kimanta waɗancan samfuran maganin, duk ma'aikatan sun gwada rashin lafiyar ƙwayoyin rigakafin COVID-19.<ref name=":03">{{cite news|last=Hinshaw|first=Michael R. Gordon, Warren P. Strobel and Drew|date=23 May 2021|title=Intelligence on Sick Staff at Wuhan Lab Fuels Debate on Covid-19 Origin|language=en-US|work=The Wall Street Journal|url=https://www.wsj.com/articles/intelligence-on-sick-staff-at-wuhan-lab-fuels-debate-on-covid-19-origin-11621796228|access-date=10 June 2021|issn=0099-9660}}</ref> An sake farfado da ka'idar hadarin dakin gwaje-gwaje a wani bangare ta hanyar bugawa, a cikin watan Mayu 2021, na imel na farko tsakanin Anthony Fauci da masana kimiyya da ke tattaunawa kan batun, kafin a cire magudi da gangan har zuwa Maris 2020.<ref name="GuardianNewStudies3">{{cite news|last1=Spinney|first1=Laura|title=In hunt for Covid's origin, new studies point away from lab leak theory|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2021/jun/18/in-hunt-for-covids-origin-new-studies-point-away-from-lab-leak-theory|work=The Guardian|date=18 June 2021|language=en}}</ref> A ranar 14 ga Yuli, 2021, Kwamitin Majalisar kan Kimiyya, Sararin Samaniya da Fasaha ya gudanar da zaman majalisa na farko kan asalin cutar. Bill Foster, dan Democrat na Illinois wanda ya jagoranci sauraron karar, ya ce rashin gaskiyar gwamnatin China ba ita kanta shaida ce ta leburori ba kuma ya yi gargadin cewa ba za a iya sanin amsoshi ba ko da bayan gwamnatin ta fitar da rahoton leken asirinta.<ref>{{cite news|last1=Groppe|first1=Maureen|title=Mike Pence: Evidence 'strongly suggests' COVID-19 came from a Chinese lab|url=https://eu.usatoday.com/story/news/politics/2021/07/14/covid-origin-mike-pence-says-evidence-strongly-suggests-chinese-lab/7968126002/|access-date=15 July 2021|work=USA TODAY}}</ref> Shaidu kwararre Stanley Perlman da David Relman sun gabatar wa dan majalisar bayanai daban-daban da suka gabatar dangane da asalin cutar da kuma yadda ake gudanar da bincike.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.medpagetoday.com/infectiousdisease/covid19/93600|title=House Hearing Grapples with COVID Origin and 'Lab-Leak' Theory|date=15 July 2021}}</ref> A ranar 16 ga Yuli 2021, [[CNN|CNN ta ba da]] rahoton cewa jami'an gwamnatin Biden sun ɗauki ka'idar leak ɗin lab "a matsayin abin dogaro" a matsayin ka'idar asalin halitta.<ref>{{cite web|last1=Bertrand|first1=Natasha|last2=Brown|first2=Pamela|last3=Williams|first3=Katie Bo|last4=Cohen|first4=Zachary|title=Senior Biden officials finding that Covid lab leak theory as credible as natural origins explanation|url=https://www.cnn.com/2021/07/16/politics/biden-intel-review-covid-origins/index.html|date=16 July 2021|work=[[CNN]]|access-date=18 July 2021}}</ref> === Hukumar Lafiya Ta Duniya === Hukumar Lafiya ta Duniya ta ayyana cewa gano inda SARS-CoV-2 ta fito shine fifiko kuma yana da "mahimmanci don fahimtar yadda cutar ta fara." A cikin Mayu 2020, Majalisar Lafiya ta Duniya, wacce ke mulkin [[Hukumar Lafiya ta Duniya]] (WHO), ta zartar da wani kuduri da ke kira da a yi "cikakkiyar nazari, mai zaman kansa da rashin son kai" game da cutar ta COVID-19. Kasashe 137 da suka hada da China ne suka dauki nauyin wannan kudiri, inda suka ba da gagarumin goyon bayan kasashen duniya kan binciken.<ref name="abc._Australia_started2">{{cite news|last=Dziedzic|first=Stephen|date=20 May 2020|title=Australia started a fight with China by pushing for a COVID-19 inquiry — was it necessary?|newspaper=ABC News|publisher=[[Australian Broadcasting Corporation]]|access-date=19 January 2021|url=https://www.abc.net.au/news/2020-05-20/wha-passes-coronavirus-investigation-australia-what-cost/12265896|archive-date=21 May 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200521225421/https://www.abc.net.au/news/2020-05-20/wha-passes-coronavirus-investigation-australia-what-cost/12265896|url-status=live}}</ref> A tsakiyar shekarar 2020, Hukumar Lafiya ta Duniya (WHO) ta fara tattaunawa da gwamnatin kasar Sin kan gudanar da wani bincike a hukumance kan tushen COVID-19. A watan Nuwamba 2020, WHO ta buga wani shiri na nazari mai kashi biyu. Manufar kashi na farko shi ne don fahimtar yadda kwayar cutar "zai iya fara yaduwa a Wuhan", kuma kashi na biyu ya ƙunshi nazarin dogon lokaci bisa sakamakon binciken kashi na farko.<ref name="SCMPWHOreport2ndPhase2">{{cite news|title=US urges WHO to carry out second phase of coronavirus origin study in China|url=https://www.scmp.com/news/world/united-states-canada/article/3135137/us-urges-who-carry-out-second-phase-coronavirus|access-date=3 July 2021|work=South China Morning Post|date=28 May 2021|language=en}}</ref><ref name="WHOconvened2" /> Darakta Janar na WHO Tedros Adhanom ya ce "Muna bukatar sanin asalin wannan kwayar cutar saboda za ta iya taimaka mana wajen hana barkewar cutar nan gaba," ya kara da cewa, "Babu wani abu da za mu boye. Muna son sanin asali, kuma shi ke nan." Ya kuma bukaci kasashen da kada su sanya siyasa a tsarin gano asali, yana mai cewa hakan ba zai haifar da cikas ba ga sanin gaskiya.<ref name="reut_WHO's_Tedros2">{{cite web|title=WHO's Tedros says 'Let's not politicize probe of virus origins'|work=[[Reuters]]|location=Geneva|date=30 November 2020|access-date=22 January 2021|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/health-coronavirus-who-origins/whos-tedros-says-lets-not-politicize-probe-of-virus-origins-idUSG8N2D2022|archive-date=22 January 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210122074935/https://www.reuters.com/article/health-coronavirus-who-origins/whos-tedros-says-lets-not-politicize-probe-of-virus-origins-idUSG8N2D2022|url-status=live}}</ref> ==== Mataki na 1 ==== A kashi na farko, hukumar ta WHO ta kafa wata tawaga ta masu bincike guda goma wadanda suka kware a fannin nazarin halittu, kiwon lafiyar jama'a da dabbobi domin gudanar da cikakken nazari.<ref>{{cite journal|last=Mallapaty|first=Smriti|date=2 December 2020|title=Meet the scientists investigating the origins of the COVID pandemic|journal=Nature|volume=588|issue=7837|pages=208|bibcode=2020Natur.588..208M|doi=10.1038/d41586-020-03402-1|pmid=33262500|doi-access=free}}</ref> Ɗaya daga cikin ayyukan da ƙungiyar ta yi shi ne ta sake yin la'akari da abin da ake sayar da namun daji a kasuwannin cikin gida da ke Wuhan.<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Xiao|journal=Scientific Reports|pmc=8184983|pmid=34099828|doi=10.1038/s41598-021-91470-2|pages=11898|issue=1|volume=11|date=December 2021|title=Animal sales from Wuhan wet markets immediately prior to the COVID-19 pandemic|first1=Xiao|first5=Zhao-Min|last5=Zhou|first4=David W.|last4=Macdonald|first3=Christina D.|last3=Buesching|first2=Chris|last2=Newman|bibcode=2021NatSR..1111898X}}</ref> Tawagar WHO ta kashi daya ta isa [[Wuhan]], Hubei, China a watan Janairun 2021.<ref name="reut_U.S._and3">{{cite web|last=Nebehay|first=Stephanie|date=18 January 2021|title=U.S. and China clash at WHO over scientific mission in Wuhan|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-health-coronavirus-who-usa-china/u-s-and-china-clash-at-who-over-scientific-mission-in-wuhan-idUSKBN29N1IX|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210118165232/https://www.reuters.com/article/us-health-coronavirus-who-usa-china/u-s-and-china-clash-at-who-over-scientific-mission-in-wuhan-idUSKBN29N1IX|archive-date=18 January 2021|access-date=18 January 2021|work=[[Reuters]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|last=Fujiyama|first=Emily Wang|date=28 January 2021|title=WHO team in Wuhan departs quarantine for COVID origins study|newspaper=AP News|url=https://apnews.com/article/who-wuhan-coronavirus-origin-af03b28a0594add8df2b959cfc7dc3fe|access-date=12 February 2021|archive-date=11 February 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210211231101/https://apnews.com/article/who-wuhan-coronavirus-origin-af03b28a0594add8df2b959cfc7dc3fe|url-status=live}}</ref> Mambobin ƙungiyar sun haɗa da Thea Fisher, John Watson, Marion Koopmans, Dominic Dwyer, Vladimir Dedkov, Hung Nguyen-Viet, Fabian Leendertz, Peter Daszak, Farag El Moubasher, da Ken Maeda. Tawagar ta kuma hada da kwararrun WHO guda biyar karkashin jagorancin Peter Ben Embarek, da wakilai biyu na Hukumar Abinci da Aikin Noma, da wakilai biyu daga Hukumar Kula da Lafiyar Dabbobi ta Duniya .<ref name="WHOconvened2" /> Shigar da Peter Daszak a cikin tawagar ya haifar da cece-kuce. Daszak shi ne shugaban EcoHealth Alliance, wata kungiya mai zaman kanta da ke nazarin abubuwan da suka faru, kuma ya kasance mai haɗin gwiwa fiye da shekaru 15 tare da Shi Zhengli, daraktan Cibiyar Nazarin Kwayoyin cuta ta Wuhan na Cibiyar Cututtuka masu tasowa.<ref name="cnet_How_the2">{{cite web|last=Ryan|first=Jackson|date=19 January 2021|title=How the hunt for COVID-19's origin became a twisted, confusing mess|url=https://www.cnet.com/features/the-hunt-for-covid-19s-origin-and-the-lab-leak-theory/|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210122074949/https://www.cnet.com/features/the-lab-leak-theory-and-the-twisted-messy-hunt-for-covid-19s-origin/|archive-date=22 January 2021|access-date=19 January 2021|publisher=[[CNET]]}}</ref><ref name="wsj._The_World2">{{cite web|last1=Chan|first1=Alina|last2=Ridley|first2=Matt|date=15 January 2021|title=The World Needs a Real Investigation Into the Origins of Covid-19|url=https://www.wsj.com/articles/the-world-needs-a-real-investigation-into-the-origins-of-covid-19-11610728316|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210116162137/https://www.wsj.com/articles/the-world-needs-a-real-investigation-into-the-origins-of-covid-19-11610728316|archive-date=16 January 2021|access-date=20 January 2021|newspaper=[[The Wall Street Journal]]}}</ref> Yayin da Daszak ya kware sosai kan dakunan gwaje-gwajen kasar Sin da kuma bullar cututtuka a yankin, dangantakarsa da WIV wasu na kallonsa a matsayin cin karo da sha'awar binciken hukumar ta WHO.<ref name="cnet_How_the3">{{cite web|last=Ryan|first=Jackson|date=19 January 2021|title=How the hunt for COVID-19's origin became a twisted, confusing mess|url=https://www.cnet.com/features/the-hunt-for-covid-19s-origin-and-the-lab-leak-theory/|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210122074949/https://www.cnet.com/features/the-lab-leak-theory-and-the-twisted-messy-hunt-for-covid-19s-origin/|archive-date=22 January 2021|access-date=19 January 2021|publisher=[[CNET]]}}</ref><ref name="wire_If_Covid2">{{cite magazine|last=Pielke Jr.|first=Roger|date=19 January 2021|title=If Covid-19 Did Start With a Lab Leak, Would We Ever Know?|url=https://www.wired.com/story/if-covid-19-did-start-with-a-lab-leak-would-we-ever-know/|access-date=24 January 2021|magazine=[[Wired (magazine)|Wired]]|archive-date=20 January 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210120175528/https://www.wired.com/story/if-covid-19-did-start-with-a-lab-leak-would-we-ever-know/|url-status=live}}</ref> Lokacin da wani dan jaridan BBC ya tambaya game da dangantakarsa da WIV, Daszak ya ce, "Muna shigar da takardun mu, duk a can ne kowa ya gani."<ref name="bbc._Covid_Wuhan2">{{cite web|last=Sudworth|first=John|date=21 December 2020|title=Covid: Wuhan scientist would 'welcome' visit probing lab leak theory|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-china-55364445|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210115024441/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-china-55364445|archive-date=15 January 2021|access-date=20 January 2021|work=[[BBC News]]}}</ref> ===== Sakamakon bincike ===== A watan Fabrairun 2021, bayan gudanar da wani bangare na bincikensu, WHO ta bayyana cewa yiwuwar asalin COVID-19 wani lamari ne na zoonotic daga kwayar cutar da ke yawo a cikin jemagu, mai yiwuwa ta wani jigilar dabba, kuma mai yiwuwa lokacin yadawa ga mutane yana zuwa. karshen 2019.<ref name="APNews202102115">{{cite news|last1=Fujiyama|first1=Emily Wang|last2=Moritsugu|first2=Ken|date=11 February 2021|title=EXPLAINER: What the WHO coronavirus experts learned in Wuhan|work=Associated Press News|url=https://apnews.com/article/who-coronavirus-experts-learned-in-wuhan-86549d1189f3d174273a26e39d177d05|access-date=12 February 2021|archive-date=27 February 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210227100554/https://apnews.com/article/who-coronavirus-experts-learned-in-wuhan-86549d1189f3d174273a26e39d177d05|url-status=live}}</ref> Sinawa da masana na kasa da kasa wadanda suka gudanar da binciken tare da WHO sun yi la'akari da cewa "ba shi da wuya" COVID-19 ya fito daga dakin gwaje-gwaje. <ref>{{cite news|date=9 February 2021|title=Wuhan investigation doesn't dramatically change picture of outbreak, WHO official says|newspaper=The Guardian|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/live/2021/feb/09/coronavirus-live-news-who-says-it-is-too-early-to-dismiss-astrazeneca-vaccine?page=with:block-6022663c8f0859f30ce20396#block-6022663c8f0859f30ce20396|access-date=9 February 2021|archive-date=9 February 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210209201752/https://www.theguardian.com/world/live/2021/feb/09/coronavirus-live-news-who-says-it-is-too-early-to-dismiss-astrazeneca-vaccine?page=with:block-6022663c8f0859f30ce20396#block-6022663c8f0859f30ce20396|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|date=9 February 2021|title=Covid: WHO says 'extremely unlikely' virus leaked from lab in China|language=en-GB|work=BBC News|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-china-55996728|access-date=12 February 2021|archive-date=9 February 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210209115912/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-china-55996728|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|last=Hjelmgaard|first=Kim|date=9 February 2021|title=WHO will end research into 'extremely unlikely' theory that COVID-19 originated in Wuhan lab|url=https://www.usatoday.com/story/news/world/2021/02/09/covid-origin-world-health-organization-end-research-wuhan-lab-theory/4446839001/|access-date=12 February 2021|website=USA Today|language=en-US|archive-date=23 February 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210223232916/https://www.usatoday.com/story/news/world/2021/02/09/covid-origin-world-health-organization-end-research-wuhan-lab-theory/4446839001/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="JonCohenScience" /> Kungiyar ta WHO ta gano babu wata shaida ta leburori daga Cibiyar Nazarin Kwayoyin cuta ta Wuhan, tare da shugaban kungiyar Peter Ben Embarek ya bayyana cewa "ba shi da wuya" saboda ka'idojin aminci a wurin.<ref name="JonCohenScience" /> A cikin wata hira ta ''mintuna 60'' da Lesley Stahl, Peter Daszak, wani memba na kungiyar ta WHO, ya bayyana tsarin binciken da cewa jerin tambayoyi ne da amsoshi tsakanin tawagar WHO da ma'aikatan dakin gwaje-gwaje na Wuhan. Stahl ya yi tsokaci cewa tawagar "kawai suna daukar maganarsu ne kawai", wanda Daszak ya amsa, "To, me kuma za mu iya yi? Akwai iyaka ga abin da za ku iya yi kuma mun ci gaba har zuwa iyakar. Muka yi musu tambayoyi masu tsauri. Ba a tantance su a gaba ba. Kuma amsoshin da suka bayar, mun ga abin gaskatawa ne—daidai kuma tabbatacce.”<ref name="cbsn_What_Happened2">{{cite web|title=What happened in Wuhan? Why questions still linger on the origin of the coronavirus|last=Stahl|first=Lesley|publisher=[[CBS News]]|date=28 March 2021|access-date=10 June 2021|url=https://www.cbsnews.com/news/covid-19-wuhan-origins-60-minutes-2021-03-28/}}</ref> Binciken ya kuma bayyana cewa, da wuya a yi canjawa wuri daga dabbobi zuwa mutane a Kasuwar Abincin Tekun Huanan, tun da an tabbatar da kamuwa da cututtuka ba tare da wata hanyar da aka sani ba, kafin barkewar cutar a kewayen kasuwar.<ref name="JonCohenScience" /> A cikin sanarwar da ta bai wa wasu ƙwararrun ƙasashen waje mamaki, binciken haɗin gwiwar ya kammala cewa watsawa da wuri ta hanyar sarkar sanyi na samfuran daskararre abu ne mai yuwuwa.<ref name="JonCohenScience" /> A cikin Maris 2021, WHO ta buga rubutaccen rahoto tare da sakamakon binciken.<ref name="whoconvened2">{{cite web|title=WHO-convened Global Study of Origins of SARS-CoV-2: China Part. Joint Report.|url=https://www.who.int/docs/default-source/coronaviruse/who-convened-global-study-of-origins-of-sars-cov-2-china-part-joint-report.pdf?sfvrsn=7f341eaf_5&download=true|website=World Health Organization|publisher=World Health Organization|access-date=30 March 2021|archive-date=28 April 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210428185144/https://www.who.int/docs/default-source/coronaviruse/who-convened-global-study-of-origins-of-sars-cov-2-china-part-joint-report.pdf?sfvrsn=7f341eaf_5&download=true|url-status=live}}</ref> Ƙungiyar haɗin gwiwar ta bayyana cewa akwai yanayi guda huɗu don gabatarwa:<ref name=":0" /> * watsa zoonotic kai tsaye ga mutane (spillover), wanda aka kiyasta a matsayin "mai yiwuwa" * gabatarwa ta hanyar tsaka-tsaki mai masaukin baki wanda zai biyo baya, wanda aka kiyasta a matsayin "mai yiwuwa" * gabatarwa ta hanyar sarkar abinci (sanyi), wanda aka kiyasta a matsayin "mai yiwuwa" * gabatarwa ta hanyar wani lamari na dakin gwaje-gwaje, wanda aka kiyasta a matsayin "wanda ba zai yuwu ba" Rahoton ya ambaci cewa watsa zoonotic kai tsaye ga mutane yana da abin koyi, saboda yawancin coronaviruses na ɗan adam na yanzu sun samo asali ne daga dabbobi. Hakanan ana samun goyan bayan watsawar Zoonotic ta gaskiyar cewa RaTG13 yana ɗaure zuwa hACE2, kodayake dacewa ba shine mafi kyau ba.<ref name="WHOconvened2" /><ref name="Liu2021Cell2">{{cite journal|last1=Liu|first22=Jianxun|last17=Chen|first17=Zhihai|last18=Ma|first18=Dongli|last19=Ma|first19=Xiaopeng|last20=Tan|first20=Shuguang|last21=Zhao|first21=Xin|last22=Qi|last23=Gao|last16=Qiao|first23=George F.|last24=Wang|first24=Qihui|title=Binding and molecular basis of the bat coronavirus RaTG13 virus to ACE2 in humans and other species|journal=Cell|date=24 June 2021|volume=184|issue=13|pages=3438–3451.e10|doi=10.1016/j.cell.2021.05.031|pmid=34139177|pmc=8142884|first16=Chengpeng|first15=Dan|first1=Kefang|last8=Meng|last2=Pan|first2=Xiaoqian|last3=Li|first3=Linjie|last4=Yu|first4=Feng|last5=Zheng|first5=Anqi|last6=Du|first6=Pei|last7=Han|first7=Pengcheng|first8=Yumin|last15=Lu|last9=Zhang|first9=Yanfang|last10=Wu|first10=Lili|last11=Chen|first11=Qian|last12=Song|first12=Chunli|last13=Jia|first13=Yunfei|last14=Niu|first14=Sheng|issn=0092-8674}}</ref> Ƙungiyar binciken ta lura da abin da ake buƙata don ci gaba da karatu, tare da lura cewa waɗannan za su "yiwuwar haɓaka ilimi da fahimta a duniya." <ref name="KupferschmidtScienceWHO2">{{cite journal|last1=Kupferschmidt|first1=Kai|title='Compromise' WHO report resolves little on pandemic's origins, but details probe's next steps|journal=Science|date=30 March 2021|doi=10.1126/science.abi7636|s2cid=233520514|url=https://www.sciencemag.org/news/2021/03/compromise-who-report-resolves-little-pandemic-s-origins-details-probe-s-next-steps|access-date=3 July 2021|language=en}}</ref><ref name="WHOconvened2" />{{Rp|9}} ===== Martani ===== Darakta Janar na WHO Tedros Adhanom, wanda ba shi da hannu kai tsaye a binciken, ya ce a shirye yake ya aika da karin ayyuka da suka hada da kwararrun kwararru don haka akwai bukatar a kara bincike. A cikin wata sanarwa da ya fitar, ya ce, "Wasu bayanai na iya yiwuwa fiye da sauran, amma a yanzu duk damar da za ta kasance a kan tebur".<ref name="maxman30march2">{{cite journal|last1=Maxman|first1=Amy|title=WHO report into COVID pandemic origins zeroes in on animal markets, not labs|journal=Nature|date=30 March 2021|volume=592|issue=7853|pages=173–174|doi=10.1038/d41586-021-00865-8|pmid=33785930|bibcode=2021Natur.592..173M|s2cid=232429241|url=https://www.nature.com/articles/d41586-021-00865-8|access-date=17 July 2021}}</ref> Ya kuma ce, "har yanzu ba mu gano tushen kwayar cutar ba, don haka dole ne mu ci gaba da bin kimiyya ba tare da barin komai ba kamar yadda muke yi." Tedros ya kuma yi kira ga kasar Sin da ta samar da "fiye da lokaci da cikakkun bayanai" a matsayin wani bangare na binciken nan gaba.<ref name="WHODirector_AdditionalInvest2">{{cite news|last1=Netburn|first1=Deborah|title=Did the coronavirus escape from a lab? The idea deserves a second look, scientists say|url=https://www.latimes.com/science/story/2021-05-13/did-coronavirus-escape-from-lab-scientists-urge-second-look|access-date=20 July 2021|work=Los Angeles Times|date=13 May 2021}}</ref> Kafofin yada labarai sun lura cewa ko da yake ba gaskiya ba ne a yi tsammanin sakamako mai sauri da kuma babban sakamako daga rahoton, amma "ya ba da ƴan yanke shawara game da fara barkewar cutar", "ya kasa yin nazari kan matsayin jami'in Sinawa a wasu sassan rahoton", kuma ya kasance "mai son zuciya bisa ga masu suka".<ref>{{cite news|title=4 takeaways from the WHO's report on the origins of the coronavirus|url=https://www.sciencenews.org/article/covid-coronavirus-origin-who-report-takeaways|work=Science News|date=1 April 2021}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|last1=Hernández|first1=Javier C.|title=W.H.O. Inquiry on the Pandemic's Origin: What We Know|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2021/03/30/world/asia/who-covid-china.html|work=The New York Times|date=30 March 2021}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=WHO report says COVID originated in bats, but critics claim the study was biased|url=https://www.pbs.org/newshour/show/who-report-says-covid-originated-in-bats-but-critics-claim-the-study-was-biased|work=PBS NewsHour|date=29 March 2021|language=en-us}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title='Compromise' WHO report resolves little on pandemic's origins, but details probe's next steps|url=https://www.science.org/news/2021/03/compromise-who-report-resolves-little-pandemic-s-origins-details-probe-s-next-steps|work=www.science.org|language=en}}</ref> Sauran masana kimiyya sun yaba da yadda rahoton ya yi cikakken bayani kan hanyoyin da za su iya ba da haske kan asalin, idan aka bincika daga baya.<ref>{{cite news|last1=Maxmen|first1=Amy|title=WHO report into COVID pandemic origins zeroes in on animal markets, not labs|url=https://www.nature.com/articles/d41586-021-00865-8|work=Nature|date=30 March 2021|pages=173–174|language=en|doi=10.1038/d41586-021-00865-8}}</ref> Bayan buga rahoton, 'yan siyasa, masu gabatar da shirye-shiryen magana, 'yan jarida, da wasu masana kimiyya sun ci gaba da ikirarin da ba a tallafawa ba cewa SARS-CoV-2 na iya fitowa daga WIV. <ref name="maxman27may">{{Cite journal}}</ref> A cikin Amurka, kiraye-kirayen yin bincike kan ledar dakin gwaje-gwaje ya kai “zazzabi,” yana haifar da zazzafan kalaman da ke haifar da kyama ga mutanen asalin Asiya,<ref name="maxman27may2">{{cite journal|last1=Maxman|first1=Amy|title=Divisive COVID 'lab leak' debate prompts dire warnings from researchers|journal=Nature|date=27 May 2021|volume=594|issue=7861|pages=15–16|doi=10.1038/d41586-021-01383-3|pmid=34045757|bibcode=2021Natur.594...15M|s2cid=235232290|url=https://www.nature.com/articles/d41586-021-01383-3|access-date=17 July 2021}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|vauthors=Alba D|title=How Anti-Asian Activity Online Set the Stage for Real-World Violence|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2021/03/19/technology/how-anti-asian-activity-online-set-the-stage-for-real-world-violence.html|work=The New York Times|date=19 March 2021}}</ref> da cin zarafi na masana kimiyya.<ref>{{cite journal|vauthors=Mello MM, Greene JA, Sharfstein JM|title=Attacks on Public Health Officials During COVID-19|journal=JAMA|volume=324|issue=8|pages=741–742|date=August 2020|pmid=32777019|doi=10.1001/jama.2020.14423|s2cid=221099095|doi-access=free}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|vauthors=Izri T|title=Winnipeg epidemiologist faces online threats, as concerns about COVID-19 misinformation deepen|url=https://winnipeg.ctvnews.ca/winnipeg-epidemiologist-faces-online-threats-as-concerns-about-covid-19-misinformation-deepen-1.5163774|work=Winnipeg|date=27 October 2020|language=en|quote=Experts say the hostility against public health officials is being fueled in part by online conspiracy theories.}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|vauthors=Marcelo P|title=They were experts in viruses, and now in pitfalls of fame|url=https://apnews.com/article/pandemics-public-health-media-social-media-coronavirus-pandemic-878549db9eb8f2d26eb26a54c2d8c8b2|access-date=16 June 2021|work=AP NEWS|date=20 April 2021}}</ref> Amurka, Tarayyar Turai, da wasu kasashe 13 sun soki binciken da WHO ta kira, inda suka yi kira da a nuna gaskiya daga kasar Sin da samun damar yin amfani da danyen bayanai da samfuran asali.<ref>{{cite web|author=Nectar Gan|title=14 countries and WHO chief accuse China of withholding data from coronavirus investigation|date=31 March 2021|url=https://www.cnn.com/2021/03/31/asia/who-report-criticism-intl-hnk/index.html|access-date=31 May 2021|publisher=CNN}}</ref> Jami'an kasar Sin sun bayyana wadannan suka a matsayin wani yunkuri na siyasantar da binciken.<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Zarocostas|first1=John|title=Calls for transparency after SARS-CoV-2 origins report|journal=The Lancet|date=10 April 2021|volume=397|issue=10282|pages=1335|doi=10.1016/S0140-6736(21)00824-2|pmid=33838748|pmc=8032220|s2cid=233186234|language=English|issn=0140-6736|quote="Health diplomats speaking on condition of anonymity said that senior Chinese officials viewed the statements as an attempt to politicise the study."}}</ref> Masana kimiyya da ke da ruwa da tsaki a cikin rahoton na WHO da suka hada da Liang Wannian, John Watson, da Peter Daszak, sun nuna rashin amincewa da sukar da ake yi, kuma sun ce rahoton wani misali ne na hadin gwiwa da tattaunawa da ake bukata domin samun nasarar ci gaba da bincike kan lamarin.<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Zarocostas|first1=John|title=Calls for transparency after SARS-CoV-2 origins report|journal=The Lancet|date=10 April 2021|volume=397|issue=10282|pages=1335|doi=10.1016/S0140-6736(21)00824-2|pmid=33838748|pmc=8032220|language=English|issn=0140-6736}}</ref> A cikin wasiƙar da aka buga a ''Kimiyya'', yawancin masana kimiyya, ciki har da Ralph Baric, sun yi iƙirarin cewa ba a yi cikakken bincike ba game da ra'ayin dakin gwaje-gwaje na haɗari kuma ya kasance mai yiwuwa, yana kira ga karin haske da ƙarin bayanai.<ref name="JV-201506102" /> Wasikar tasu ta samu suka daga wasu masana kimiyyar halittu da kwararrun kiwon lafiyar jama'a, wadanda suka ce "makiya" da "rarrabuwar kawuna" kan WIV ba ta da wata hujja ta hanyar shaida, kuma zai sa masana kimiyya da hukumomin kasar Sin su raba kasa, maimakon karin bayanai. ==== Mataki na 2 ==== A ranar 27 ga Mayu, 2021, masanin cututtukan Danish Tina Fischer ya yi magana a cikin wannan makon a cikin faifan bidiyo na Virology, tana ba da shawarar yin kashi na biyu na binciken don tantance samfuran jini don rigakafin COVID-19 a China.<ref name="TWIVWSJMay20202">{{cite news|last1=Page|first1=Jeremy|last2=Hinshaw|first2=Drew|title=Time Is Running Out in Covid-19 Origins Inquiry, Say WHO-Led Team Members|url=https://www.wsj.com/articles/time-is-running-out-in-covid-19-origins-inquiry-say-who-led-team-members-11622125841|access-date=13 July 2021|work=Wall Street Journal|date=27 May 2021}}</ref><ref name="TWIV7602">{{cite web|last1=Raccaniello|first1=Vincent|last2=Daszak|first2=Peter|last3=Koopmans|first3=Marion|last4=Fischer|first4=Tina|title=TWiV 760: SARS-CoV-2 origins with Peter Daszak, Thea Kølsen Fischer, Marion Koopmans|url=https://www.microbe.tv/twiv/twiv-760/|access-date=13 July 2021|date=27 May 2021}}</ref> Mamba na kungiyar WHO da aka kira Marion Koopmans, a kan wannan watsa shirye-shiryen, ya ba da shawarar kasashe mambobin WHO su yanke shawara a kan kashi na biyu na binciken, kodayake ta kuma yi gargadin cewa binciken binciken dakin gwaje-gwaje da kansa na iya zama maras dacewa. <ref name="TWIVWSJMay2020">{{cite news|last1=Page|first1=Jeremy|last2=Hinshaw|first2=Drew|title=Time Is Running Out in Covid-19 Origins Inquiry, Say WHO-Led Team Members|url=https://www.wsj.com/articles/time-is-running-out-in-covid-19-origins-inquiry-say-who-led-team-members-11622125841|access-date=13 July 2021|work=Wall Street Journal|date=27 May 2021}}</ref> <ref name="TWIV760">{{Cite web}}</ref> A farkon watan Yulin 2021, babban jami'in gaggawa na WHO Michael Ryan ya ce ana aiwatar da cikakkun bayanai na karshe na mataki na 2 a tattaunawar da ake yi tsakanin WHO da kasashe mambobinta, yayin da WHO ke aiki "ta hanyar lallashi" kuma ba za ta tilasta wa kowace kasa memba (ciki har da China) ba da hadin kai.<ref>{{cite news|title=Experts question if WHO should lead pandemic origins probe|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/health/experts-question-if-who-should-lead-pandemic-origins-probe/2021/07/02/c89bcf08-daf6-11eb-8c87-ad6f27918c78_story.html|access-date=13 July 2021|work=Washington Post}}</ref> A watan Yulin 2021 China ta yi watsi da buƙatun WHO na nuna gaskiya, haɗin kai, da samun bayanai a matsayin wani ɓangare na mataki na 2. A ranar 16 ga watan Yulin shekarar 2021, kakakin ma'aikatar harkokin wajen kasar Sin Zhao Lijian ya bayyana cewa, matsayin kasar Sin shi ne, a gudanar da bincike a nan gaba a wasu wurare, kuma ya kamata a mai da hankali kan watsa sarkar sanyi da dakunan gwaje-gwajen sojojin Amurka.<ref>{{cite web|last1=Tiezzi|first1=Shannon|title=China Rejects WHO Call for More Transparency on Origins Probe|url=https://thediplomat.com/2021/07/china-rejects-who-call-for-more-transparency-on-origins-probe/|website=thediplomat.com|publisher=The Diplomat|access-date=20 July 2021}}</ref> A ranar 22 ga watan Yulin shekarar 2021, gwamnatin kasar Sin ta gudanar da wani taron manema labarai, inda Zeng Yixin, mataimakin ministan kiwon lafiya na hukumar lafiya ta kasar (NHC), ya bayyana cewa, kasar Sin ba za ta shiga wani mataki na biyu na binciken hukumar ta WHO ba, yana mai bayyana hakan a matsayin wani abin mamaki. da "masu girman kai".<ref name="CNN July 20212" /> Ya yi karin haske "A wasu bangarori, shirin na WHO na mataki na gaba na binciken asalin coronavirus baya mutunta hankali, kuma ya saba wa kimiyya. Ba shi yiwuwa mu yarda da irin wannan shiri.”<ref name="APNews202102113" /> === Kwamitin Task Force na ''Lancet COVID-19'' === A cikin Nuwamba 2020, an kafa wata ƙungiya ta ƙasa da ƙasa karkashin jagorancin Peter Daszak, shugaban EcoHealth Alliance, a matsayin wani ɓangare na ''Hukumar Lancet'' COVID-19, wanda mujallar likita ta ''Lancet ta goyi bayan.<ref name=":32">{{cite web|date=27 November 2020|title=Where did Covid-19 originate? These virus sleuths are assessing every theory|url=https://www.scmp.com/news/china/science/article/3111691/where-did-covid-19-originate-these-virus-sleuths-are-assessing|access-date=14 February 2021|website=South China Morning Post|language=en|archive-date=15 February 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210215020110/https://www.scmp.com/news/china/science/article/3111691/where-did-covid-19-originate-these-virus-sleuths-are-assessing|url-status=live}}</ref>'' Daszak ya bayyana cewa an kafa rundunar ne don " gudanar da cikakken bincike mai zurfi game da asali da yaduwar cutar ta SARS-CoV-2 ". Rundunar ta goma sha biyu mambobi tare da backgrounds a Daya Health, fashewa da bincike, virology, Lab biosecurity da cutar da lafiyar qasa . <ref>{{cite journal|last1=Sachs|first27=Chandrika|last16=Pate|first34=Ismini|first17=Paul|last28=Bottazzi|first23=Chen|first20=Raj|last27=Bahadur|last26=Zhu|first30=Lauren|first26=Min|last25=Xue|first25=Lan|last24=Were|first24=Miriam Khamadi|last23=Wang|first22=Vaira|last34=Ethridge|last30=Barredo|last21=Thwaites|last15=Lee|first12=Peter|last12=Hotez|first13=Phoebe|last13=Koundouri|first14=Felipe Larraín|last14=Bascuñán|first15=Jong-Koo|last35=Bartels|first31=Ozge Karadag|first29=Yanis Ben|last29=Amor|first35=Juliana G. E.|last33=Torres|last32=Lafortune|first32=Guillaume|last31=Caman|last22=Vike-Freiberga|first21=John|first1=Jeffrey D.|last6=Barron|first9=Vitor|last9=Gaspar|first8=María Fernanda|last8=Espinosa|first7=Peter|last7=Daszak|first6=Gabriela Cuevas|first5=Kirsten|first10=Alejandro|last5=Brosbøl|first4=Joseph|last4=Allen|first3=Lara|last3=Aknin|first2=Salim Abdool|last2=Karim|last10=Gaviria|last11=Haines|last20=Shah|doi-access=free|first16=Muhammad|last19=Serageldin|first19=Ismail|last18=Reddy|first18=Srinath|last17=Polman|first28=Maria Elena|pmid=32941825|first11=Andy|pmc=7489891|doi=10.1016/S0140-6736(20)31927-9|pages=1102–1124|issue=10257|volume=396|journal=The Lancet|title=Lancet COVID-19 Commission Statement on the occasion of the 75th session of the UN General Assembly|date=10 October 2020|first33=Emma}}</ref> Rundunar ta yi shirin nazarin binciken kimiyya kuma ba ta shirin ziyartar kasar Sin. <ref name=":3">{{Cite web}}</ref> A watan Yuni 2021, ''The Lancet ta'' sanar da cewa Daszak ya janye kansa daga hukumar.<ref>{{cite news|last1=Spence|first1=Madeleine|title=The rise and fall of British virus hunter Peter Daszak|url=https://www.thetimes.co.uk/article/the-rise-and-fall-of-british-virus-hunter-peter-daszak-05q8brpz7|access-date=10 July 2021|work=[[The Sunday Times]]|date=26 June 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210709183133/https://www.thetimes.co.uk/article/the-rise-and-fall-of-british-virus-hunter-peter-daszak-05q8brpz7|archive-date=9 July 2021|url-status=bot: unknown}}</ref> A ranar 25 ga Satumba 2021, aikin aikin ya ninka bayan abubuwan da suka shafi tsari da kuma buƙatar faɗaɗa ikonsa don bincika gaskiya da ƙa'idodin gwamnati na binciken dakin gwaje-gwaje mai haɗari.<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Thacker|first1=Paul D|title=Covid-19: Lancet investigation into origin of pandemic shuts down over bias risk|journal=BMJ|date=1 October 2021|pages=n2414|doi=10.1136/bmj.n2414}}</ref> === Bincike mai zaman kansa === A cikin Yuni 2021, NIH ta ba da sanarwar cewa an cire saitin bayanan jeri daga Taskar Karatu (SRA) a watan Yuni 2020. An aiwatar da cirewar bisa ga daidaitaccen aiki bisa buƙatar masu binciken waɗanda suka mallaki haƙƙin jeri, tare da hujjar masu binciken cewa za a ƙaddamar da jeri zuwa wani bayanan bayanai.<ref>{{cite news|title=U.S. Confirms Removal of Wuhan Virus Sequences From Database|url=https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2021-06-24/u-s-confirms-removal-of-wuhan-virus-sequences-from-database|access-date=25 June 2021|work=www.bloomberg.com}}</ref><ref name="WaPoRecovered2">{{cite news|title=Seattle scientist digs up deleted coronavirus genetic data, adding fuel to the covid origin debate|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/health/coronavirus-origin-nih-gene-sequence-deletion/2021/06/23/186e87d0-d437-11eb-a53a-3b5450fdca7a_story.html|access-date=25 June 2021|work=Washington Post}}</ref> Masu binciken daga baya sun buga takarda a cikin wata jarida ta ilimi a wannan watan da aka cire su daga bayanan NIH wanda ya bayyana jerin dalla-dalla kuma sun tattauna dangantakar su ta juyin halitta da wasu jerin, amma ba su haɗa da cikakkun bayanai ba.<ref name="nature-sequences2">{{cite news|last1=Callaway|first1=Ewen|title=Deleted coronavirus genome sequences trigger scientific intrigue|url=https://www.nature.com/articles/d41586-021-01731-3|access-date=25 June 2021|work=Nature|date=24 June 2021|language=en|doi=10.1038/d41586-021-01731-3}}</ref> Masanin ilimin halittu David Robertson ya ce yana da wahala a iya yanke hukunci cewa rufin asiri ne maimakon bayanin da ya fi dacewa: shafe bayanai na yau da kullun ba tare da kuskure ba.<ref>{{cite news|last1=Dean|first1=Grace|title=A scientist says he's found 13 Wuhan coronavirus sequences that were deleted from a US database — and claims they're a 'goldmine' for research into the virus' origins|url=https://www.businessinsider.com/covid-origins-wuhan-china-sequences-jesse-bloom-deleted-sequences-coronavirus-2021-6|access-date=25 June 2021|work=Business Insider}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|last1=Bloom|first1=Jesse D.|title=Recovery of deleted deep sequencing data sheds more light on the early Wuhan SARS-CoV-2 epidemic|journal=bioRxiv|date=29 June 2021|pages=2021.06.18.449051|doi=10.1101/2021.06.18.449051|pmid=34398234|pmc=8436388|s2cid=235650053}}</ref> An dawo da bayanan jeri na kwayoyin da suka ɓace a cikin wani gyara da aka buga a ranar 29 ga Yuli 2021 bayan an bayyana shi kuskuren gyara ne.<ref>{{cite news|last1=Zimmer|first1=Carl|title=Those Virus Sequences That Were Suddenly Deleted? They're Back|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2021/07/30/science/coronavirus-sequences-lab-leak.html|work=[[The New York Times]]|date=30 July 2021}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|last1=Wang|first17=Yan|first13=Dong|last14=Deng|first14=Zixin|last15=Yu|first15=Lilei|last16=Wei|first16=Wu|last17=Li|last18=Liu|first12=Wanxu|first18=Tiangang|title=Nanopore Targeted Sequencing for the Accurate and Comprehensive Detection of SARS-CoV-2 and Other Respiratory Viruses|journal=Small|date=29 July 2021|volume=17|issue=32|pages=2104078|doi=10.1002/smll.202104078|pmid=34323371|last13=Men|last12=Zhao|first1=Ming|last6=Liu|last2=Fu|first2=Aisi|last3=Hu|first3=Ben|last4=Tong|first4=Yongqing|last5=Liu|first5=Ran|first6=Zhen|first11=Gaigai|last7=Gu|first7=Jiashuang|last8=Xiang|first8=Bin|last9=Liu|first9=Jianghao|last10=Jiang|first10=Wen|last11=Shen|pmc=8420111}}</ref> === Kiraye-kirayen kasa da kasa na yin bincike === A cikin Afrilu 2020, Ministan Harkokin Wajen Australiya Marise Payne da Firayim Ministan Australiya Scott Morrison sun yi kira da a gudanar da bincike na kasa da kasa mai zaman kansa kan asalin cutar sankara. <ref name="abc._Payne_wants2">{{cite news|title=Payne wants transparent probe into coronavirus origins independent of WHO|last=Worthington|first=Brett|newspaper=ABC News|publisher=[[Australian Broadcasting Corporation]]|date=19 April 2020|access-date=19 January 2021|url=https://www.abc.net.au/news/2020-04-19/payne-calls-for-inquiry-china-handling-of-coronavirus-covid-19/12162968|archive-date=19 April 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200419073247/https://www.abc.net.au/news/2020-04-19/payne-calls-for-inquiry-china-handling-of-coronavirus-covid-19/12162968|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="sbs._Australia_and2">{{cite web|last=STAYNER|first=TOM|date=21 April 2020|title=Australia and China clash over independent inquiry into coronavirus pandemic|url=https://www.sbs.com.au/news/australia-and-china-clash-over-independent-inquiry-into-coronavirus-pandemic|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210105032844/https://www.sbs.com.au/news/australia-and-china-clash-over-independent-inquiry-into-coronavirus-pandemic|archive-date=5 January 2021|access-date=18 January 2021|publisher=SBS News}}</ref> Bayan 'yan kwanaki bayan haka, shugabar [[Angela Merkel|gwamnatin Jamus Angela Merkel ita]] ma ta matsa wa China don nuna gaskiya game da asalin coronavirus, biyo bayan irin wannan damuwar da shugaban Faransa [[Emmanuel Macron|Emmanuel Macron ya gabatar]].<ref name="scmp_Germany_adds2">{{cite web|last1=Lau|first1=Stuart|last2=Wong|first2=Catherine|date=21 April 2020|title=Germany adds to growing pressure on China over coronavirus origin|newspaper=South China Morning Post|access-date=18 January 2021|url=https://www.scmp.com/news/china/diplomacy/article/3080918/germany-pushes-china-answers-coronavirus-origin-adding|archive-date=4 January 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210104105752/https://www.scmp.com/news/china/diplomacy/article/3080918/germany-pushes-china-answers-coronavirus-origin-adding|url-status=live}}</ref> Birtaniya ta kuma nuna goyon bayanta ga gudanar da bincike, duk da cewa kasashen Faransa da Birtaniya sun ce fifiko a lokacin shi ne fara yaki da cutar.<ref name="reut_UK_envoy2">{{cite web|title=UK envoy in Washington backs probe into origins of pandemic, WHO reforms|work=[[Reuters]]|date=29 April 2020|access-date=19 January 2021|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-health-coronavirus-britain-china/uk-envoy-in-washington-backs-probe-into-origins-of-pandemic-who-reforms-idUSKBN22B2VH|archive-date=13 December 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201213213906/https://www.reuters.com/article/us-health-coronavirus-britain-china/uk-envoy-in-washington-backs-probe-into-origins-of-pandemic-who-reforms-idUSKBN22B2VH|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="reut_Australia_seeks2">{{cite web|last1=Needham|first1=Kirsty|last2=Nebehay|first2=Stephanie|date=21 April 2020|title=Australia seeks probe into coronavirus spread, France and UK say now not the time|work=[[Reuters]]|access-date=18 January 2021|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-health-coronavirus-australia/australia-us-leaders-discuss-investigation-into-coronavirus-pandemic-idUSKCN22401K|archive-date=27 May 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200527220209/https://www.reuters.com/article/us-health-coronavirus-australia/australia-us-leaders-discuss-investigation-into-coronavirus-pandemic-idUSKCN22401K|url-status=live}}</ref> Wasu kwararrun masana kiwon lafiyar jama'a sun kuma yi kira da a gudanar da bincike mai zaman kansa na asalin COVID-19, "suna jayayya cewa WHO ba ta da karfin siyasa don gudanar da irin wannan bincike na bincike".<ref>{{cite news|title=WHO chief says it was 'premature' to rule out COVID lab leak|url=https://apnews.com/article/joe-biden-world-news-health-science-coronavirus-pandemic-c0c594f9060f676c0ea48c2d1c69daec|access-date=5 October 2021|work=AP NEWS|publisher=Associated Press|date=15 July 2021|language=en}}</ref> A cikin Mayu 2021, Firayim Minista [[Justin Trudeau|Justin Trudeau ya]] gaya wa manema labarai Kanada "za ta goyi bayan kiran da Amurka da wasu suka yi don fahimtar asalin COVID-19." <ref>{{cite web|date=27 May 2021|title=Canada supports U.S. efforts to seek origins of COVID-19 -PM Trudeau|url=https://www.reuters.com/business/healthcare-pharmaceuticals/canada-supports-us-efforts-seek-origins-covid-19-pm-trudeau-2021-05-27/|access-date=28 May 2021|work=Reuters}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Military deployed to help Manitoba; Trudeau supports search for COVID-19 origin|url=https://www.theoutlook.ca/military-deployed-to-help-manitoba-trudeau-supports-search-for-covid-19-origin-1.24323679|access-date=28 May 2021|website=The Outlook|archive-date=24 June 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210624201615/https://www.theoutlook.ca/military-deployed-to-help-manitoba-trudeau-supports-search-for-covid-19-origin-1.24323679|url-status=dead}}</ref> A watan Yunin 2021, a taron G7 da aka yi a Cornwall, shugabannin da suka halarci taron sun fitar da wata sanarwa ta hadin gwiwa inda suka yi kira da a gudanar da wani sabon bincike, inda suka yi nuni da kin ba da hadin kai da kasar Sin ta yi da wasu bangarori na ainihin binciken da WHO ta kira.<ref name="CNNG72">{{cite news|last1=Liptak|first1=Kevin|last2=Sullivan|first2=Kate|title=G7 calls for new study into origins of Covid and voices concern on China|url=https://edition.cnn.com/2021/06/13/politics/g7-communique-china/index.html|access-date=18 June 2021|work=CNN}}</ref> Wannan juriya ga matsin lamba na ƙasa da ƙasa yana ɗaya daga cikin mahimman binciken binciken Wall Street Journal kan asalin cutar.<ref>{{cite news|last1=McKay|first1=Drew Hinshaw, Jeremy Page and Betsy|title=What We Know About the Origins of Covid-19|url=https://www.wsj.com/articles/what-we-know-about-the-origins-of-covid-19-11624699801|access-date=26 June 2021|work=Wall Street Journal|publisher=Wall Street Journal|date=26 June 2021}}</ref> Halin rarrabuwar kawuna a muhawarar ya sa masana kimiyya suka yi kira da a rage matsin lamba na siyasa kan batun.<ref name="GuardianNewStudies2">{{cite news|last1=Spinney|first1=Laura|title=In hunt for Covid's origin, new studies point away from lab leak theory|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2021/jun/18/in-hunt-for-covids-origin-new-studies-point-away-from-lab-leak-theory|work=The Guardian|date=18 June 2021|language=en}}</ref> Manazarta harkokin kiwon lafiyar jama'a sun yi la'akari da cewa muhawarar game da asalin SARS-CoV-2 tana haifar da rikici da ba dole ba ne, wanda ke haifar da cin zarafi da cin zarafi na masana kimiyya,<ref name="LastForeignBloomberg2">{{cite news|last1=Fay Cortez|first1=Michelle|title=The Last—And Only—Foreign Scientist in the Wuhan Lab Speaks Out|url=https://www.bloomberg.com/news/features/2021-06-27/did-covid-come-from-a-lab-scientist-at-wuhan-institute-speaks-out|access-date=2 July 2021|work=Bloomberg News}}</ref> kuma yana kara zurfafa rikice-rikicen geopolitical da ke hana haɗin gwiwa a daidai lokacin da irin wannan haɗin gwiwar ya kasance. da ake buƙata, duka don magance cutar ta yanzu da kuma shirye-shiryen irin wannan barkewar nan gaba. <ref>{{cite news|last1=Ni|first1=Vincent|last2=Borger|first2=Julian|title=Biden move to investigate Covid origins opens new rift in US-China relations|url=https://www.theguardian.com/us-news/2021/may/27/biden-china-coronavirus-origins-beijing|work=The Guardian|date=27 May 2021|language=en}}</ref> Wannan ya zo a gaban masana kimiyya da suka yi hasashen irin waɗannan abubuwan shekaru da yawa: a cewar Katie Woolaston, mai bincike a Jami'ar Fasaha ta Queensland, "Ba a tattauna batutuwan da suka shafi muhalli na annoba ba". Muhawarar ta zo ne a daidai lokacin da ake fama da matsananciyar dangantaka da mahukuntan China. Masu bincike sun lura cewa siyasantar da muhawarar yana kara yin wahala, kuma sau da yawa ana karkatar da kalmomi don zama "abinci na ka'idojin makirci." <ref name="AFRdistraction2">{{cite news|last1=Smith|first1=Michael|title=Conspiracy, cover-up or distraction: the lab leak theory is back|url=https://www.afr.com/world/asia/conspiracy-cover-up-or-distraction-the-lab-leak-theory-is-back-20210616-p581ld|work=Australian Financial Review|date=18 June 2021|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|last1=Caulfield|first1=Timothy|author1-link=Timothy Caulfield|title=Opinion {{!}} The consequences of Wuhan lab leak fearmongering could outlast Covid|url=https://www.nbcnews.com/think/opinion/covid-wuhan-lab-leak-theory-being-twisted-validate-conspiracy-theories-ncna1272566|work=NBC News|language=en}}</ref> Wasiƙar da aka buga a cikin ''The Lancet'' a watan Yuli 2021 ta nuna cewa yanayin hasashe da ke tattare da batun ba shi da wani taimako wajen yin kima na haƙiƙa na lamarin.<ref name="LancetJuly20214">{{cite journal|last1=Calisher|last23=Subbarao|last17=Mackenzie|first17=John S|last18=Madoff|first18=Larry|last19=Mazet|first19=Jonna Keener|last20=Perlman|first20=Stanley M|last21=Poon|first21=Leo|last22=Saif|first22=Linda|first23=Kanta|last16=Lubroth|last24=Turner|first24=Michael|title=Science, not speculation, is essential to determine how SARS-CoV-2 reached humans|journal=The Lancet|date=July 2021|volume=398|issue=10296|pages=209–211|doi=10.1016/S0140-6736(21)01419-7|pmid=34237296|pmc=8257054|language=English|first16=Juan|first15=Sai Kit|first1=Charles H|last8=Farrar|last2=Carroll|first2=Dennis|last3=Colwell|first3=Rita|last4=Corley|first4=Ronald B|last5=Daszak|first5=Peter|last6=Drosten|first6=Christian|last7=Enjuanes|first7=Luis|first8=Jeremy|last15=Lam|last9=Field|first9=Hume|last10=Golding|first10=Josie|last11=Gorbalenya|first11=Alexander E|last12=Haagmans|first12=Bart|last13=Hughes|first13=James M|last14=Keusch|first14=Gerald T|issn=0140-6736}}</ref> Dangane da wannan wasiƙar, a cikin wata hanyar sadarwa da aka buga a cikin wannan mujalla, wasu ƙananan masana kimiyya sun yi adawa da ra'ayin cewa ya kamata masana kimiyya su inganta haɗin kai tare da yin kira ga buɗaɗɗen ra'ayoyin.<ref>{{cite journal|last1=van Helden|first15=Etienne|last12=Morand|first12=Serge|last13=Petrovsky|first13=Nikolai|last14=Segreto|first14=Rossana|last15=Decroly|last16=Halloy|last11=Leitenberg|first16=José|title=An appeal for an objective, open, and transparent scientific debate about the origin of SARS-CoV-2|journal=The Lancet|date=September 2021|pages=S0140673621020195|doi=10.1016/S0140-6736(21)02019-5|pmid=34543608|first11=Milton|first10=François|first1=Jacques|first5=Didier|last2=Butler|first2=Colin D|last3=Achaz|first3=Guillaume|last4=Canard|first4=Bruno|last5=Casane|last6=Claverie|last10=Graner|first6=Jean-Michel|last7=Colombo|first7=Fabien|last8=Courtier|first8=Virginie|last9=Ebright|first9=Richard H|pmc=8448488}}</ref> Duk da rashin yuwuwar taron, kuma duk da cewa ana iya ɗaukar tabbataccen amsoshi na tsawon shekaru ana gudanar da bincike, masana harkokin kiwon lafiyar halittu sun yi kira da a sake nazarin manufofin kare lafiyar halittu na duniya, tare da yin la'akari da gibin da aka sani a cikin ƙa'idodin kasa da kasa don kare lafiyar halittu. <ref name="AFRdistraction">{{cite news|last1=Smith|first1=Michael|title=Conspiracy, cover-up or distraction: the lab leak theory is back|url=https://www.afr.com/world/asia/conspiracy-cover-up-or-distraction-the-lab-leak-theory-is-back-20210616-p581ld|work=Australian Financial Review|date=18 June 2021|language=en}}</ref> Har ila yau, lamarin ya sake haifar da muhawara kan bincike na samun aiki, kodayake zafafan kalaman siyasa da ke tattare da batun sun yi barazanar yin watsi da babban bincike kan manufofi a wannan fanni.<ref>{{cite news|last1=Zimmer|first1=Carl|last2=Gorman|first2=James|title=Fight Over Covid's Origins Renews Debate on Risks of Lab Work|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2021/06/20/science/covid-lab-leak-wuhan.html|work=The New York Times|date=20 June 2021}}</ref> == Duba kuma == * Rukunin Shawarwari na Kimiyya don Tushen Sabbin Cututtuka * Martanin Hukumar Lafiya ta Duniya game da cutar ta COVID-19 == Manazarta == [[Category:Covid-19]] [[Category:Shafuka masu Fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] 65n5vnr04oc58vnc7i3ei5nwtpn7g88 0 26810 895577 681970 2026-08-12T10:34:05Z Maryam Abdullahi Y 43904 895577 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''''Blood and Henna''''' fim ne na Najeriya a shekara ta 2012 wanda Kenneth Gyang ya bayar da umarni, tare da [[Ali Nuhu]], Sadiq Sani Sadiq da [[Nafisat Abdullahi]] suka fito a cikin shirin film din. Fim ɗin yayi ƙoƙarin ba da labarin bala'in gwaji na Clinical Pfizer na shekara ta 1996 a [[Kano (jiha)|Kano]], Nigeria.<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.vanguardngr.com/2013/04/nollywood-in-the-1st-quarter-of-the-year/ | title=Nollywood in the 1st quarter of the year | publisher=vanguardngr.com | accessdate=12 September 2014}}</ref> Ta samu naɗi 6 a karo na 9th Africa Movie Academy Awards, kuma a ƙarshe ta samu lambar yabo ta Mafi kyawun Kayan Kaya.<ref>{{cite web | url=http://hausafilms.tv/film/blood_and_henna | title=Blood and Henna | publisher=hausafilms.tv | accessdate=12 September 2014}}</ref> == Labari == Musa wanda kuma aka kafa a shekara ta 1996 a Najeriya, mai shago a Legas, ya koma mahaifarsa a Arewacin Najeriya bayan da aka ƙona shagonsa a Legas saboda tashe-tashen hankulan siyasa a jihar daga ɓangaren ƴan adawa. Musa yana samun kyakkyawar tarba a ƙauyensu kowa da kowa musamman na abokansa guda biyu. Daya daga cikin abokansa, Shehu, dan jarida mai sukar gwamnatin mulkin soja ta yanzu ya bar aikin koyarwa a makarantar al'umma. Baban Saude shi ne mai arzikin manomi a kauyen. Ya aurar da Sude da Musa bayan ya fadada sana’ar mahaifinsa da kwarewarsa ta noma. Ma'auratan suna da cikakkiyar aure har sai da ta fara zubar da ciki. Wata cuta mai saurin kisa ta yadu a kauyen wanda ke barazana ga rayuwar al'umma. == Ƴan wasa == * Sadiq Sani Sadiq * [[Nafisat Abdullahi]] * [[Ali Nuhu]] * Ibrahim Baba * Beauty Sankey * Salihu Bappa * Yachat Sankey == Fita == An fitar da tirelar fim ɗin a ranar 25 ga Nuwamba, Shekara ta 2011.<ref>{{cite web | url=http://nollywoodmindspace.com/2013/03/19/trailer-blood-and-henna/ | title=Trailer: Blood and Henna | publisher=nollywoodmindspace.com | accessdate=12 September 2014}}</ref> == Nassoshi == {{reflist}} [[Category:Fina-finan Najeriya]] [[Category:Fina-Finan Hausa]] [[Category:Fina-finai]] 2pxgfoco6zuyd2qtt8gapjb05s6vgbx 895578 895577 2026-08-12T10:34:23Z Maryam Abdullahi Y 43904 895578 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''''Blood and Henna''''' fim ne na Najeriya a shekara ta 2012 wanda Kenneth Gyang ya bayar da umarni, tare da [[Ali Nuhu]], Sadiq Sani Sadiq da [[Nafisat Abdullahi]] suka fito a cikin shirin film din. Fim ɗin yayi ƙoƙarin ba da labarin bala'in gwaji na Clinical Pfizer na shekara ta 1996 a [[Kano (jiha)|Kano]], Nigeria.<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.vanguardngr.com/2013/04/nollywood-in-the-1st-quarter-of-the-year/ | title=Nollywood in the 1st quarter of the year | publisher=vanguardngr.com | accessdate=12 September 2014}}</ref> Ta samu naɗi 6 a karo na 9th Africa Movie Academy Awards, kuma a ƙarshe ta samu lambar yabo ta Mafi kyawun Kayan Kaya.<ref>{{cite web | url=http://hausafilms.tv/film/blood_and_henna | title=Blood and Henna | publisher=hausafilms.tv | accessdate=12 September 2014}}</ref> == Labari == Musa wanda kuma aka kafa a shekara ta 1996 a Najeriya, mai shago a Legas, ya koma mahaifarsa a Arewacin Najeriya bayan da aka ƙona shagonsa a Legas saboda tashe-tashen hankulan siyasa a jihar daga ɓangaren ƴan adawa. Musa yana samun kyakkyawar tarba a ƙauyensu kowa da kowa musamman na abokansa guda biyu. Daya daga cikin abokansa, Shehu, dan jarida mai sukar gwamnatin mulkin soja ta yanzu ya bar aikin koyarwa a makarantar al'umma. Baban Saude shi ne mai arzikin manomi a kauyen. Ya aurar da Sude da Musa bayan ya faɗaɗa sana’ar mahaifinsa da kwarewarsa ta noma. Ma'auratan suna da cikakkiyar aure har sai da ta fara zubar da ciki. Wata cuta mai saurin kisa ta yadu a kauyen wanda ke barazana ga rayuwar al'umma. == Ƴan wasa == * Sadiq Sani Sadiq * [[Nafisat Abdullahi]] * [[Ali Nuhu]] * Ibrahim Baba * Beauty Sankey * Salihu Bappa * Yachat Sankey == Fita == An fitar da tirelar fim ɗin a ranar 25 ga Nuwamba, Shekara ta 2011.<ref>{{cite web | url=http://nollywoodmindspace.com/2013/03/19/trailer-blood-and-henna/ | title=Trailer: Blood and Henna | publisher=nollywoodmindspace.com | accessdate=12 September 2014}}</ref> == Nassoshi == {{reflist}} [[Category:Fina-finan Najeriya]] [[Category:Fina-Finan Hausa]] [[Category:Fina-finai]] e8e0lrfurvn3vzokfqa5fz8djbyghwc 0 27320 895148 887854 2026-08-11T17:44:58Z Amadee619 37975 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1339073560|Mother of George]]" 895148 wikitext text/x-wiki '''''Uwar George''''' fim ne na wasan kwaikwayo na 2013 wanda [[Andrew Dosunmu]] ya jagoranta <ref name="hollywoodreporter">{{Cite web |last=McCarthy |first=Todd |date=19 January 2013 |title=Mother of George: Sundance Review |url=https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/movie/mother-george/review/413982 |access-date=5 March 2013 |website=The Hollywood Reporter}}</ref> kuma yana ba da labarin sabon ma'aurata na Najeriya a Brooklyn waɗanda ke da kuma gudanar da ƙaramin gidan cin abinci yayin da suke gwagwarmaya da matsalolin haihuwa. Fim din ya fito ne daga Patrick S. Cunningham <ref name="hollywoodreporter" /> da Rhea Scott . Wani hadin gwiwar kasa da kasa na Najeriya da Amurka, ''Uwar George'' ta fara fitowa a gasar Dramatic ta Amurka a bikin fina-finai na Sundance na 2013.<ref name="hollywoodreporter">{{Cite web |last=McCarthy |first=Todd |date=19 January 2013 |title=Mother of George: Sundance Review |url=https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/movie/mother-george/review/413982 |access-date=5 March 2013 |website=The Hollywood Reporter}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFMcCarthy2013">McCarthy, Todd (19 January 2013). [https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/movie/mother-george/review/413982 "Mother of George: Sundance Review"]. ''The Hollywood Reporter''<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">5 March</span> 2013</span>.</cite></ref> Mai daukar hoto Bradford Young ya lashe kyautar Cinematography ta Sundance 2013: Dramatic ta Amurka saboda aikinsa a fim din, da kuma Ain't Them Bodies Saints.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Cheshire |first=Godfrey |author-link=Godfrey Cheshire |date=13 September 2013 |title=Mother of George |url=https://www.rogerebert.com/reviews/mother-of-george-2013 |website=[[RogerEbert.com]]}}</ref> An kuma zaɓi ''Uwar George'' a matsayin fim na ƙarshe a bikin fina-finai na Maryland na 2013.<ref name="Maryland-2013">{{Cite web |title=Mother of George |url=http://md-filmfest.com/festival/film-guide/59 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130607072424/http://www.md-filmfest.com/festival/film-guide/59 |archive-date=2013-06-07 |access-date=2013-08-31 |publisher=Maryland Film Festival}}</ref> Oscilloscope Laboratories ne suka sayi fim din don rarraba Amurka kuma an ba shi iyakantaccen fitowar wasan kwaikwayo a ranar 13 ga Satumba 2013. <ref>{{Cite web |date=16 January 2013 |title=Oscilloscope Acquires Andrew Dosonmu's Mother of George |url=https://deadline.com/2013/01/sundance-oscilloscope-acquires-andrew-dosunmus-mother-of-george-413717/ |access-date=14 March 2013 |website=[[Deadline Hollywood]]}}</ref> == Makirci == Fim din ya fara ne da bikin auren ma'aurata 'yan Najeriya, Ayodele da Adenike Balogun . Adenike ta sami takalma na haihuwa daga surukarta, Mama Ayo kuma kodayake ma'auratan suna yin soyayya a daren farko na aurensu, Adenike tana ƙoƙari ta yi juna biyu. Duk da shan shayi wanda ya kamata ya taimaka tare da haihuwa, Adenike har yanzu ba ta iya ɗaukar ciki kuma tana fuskantar matsin lamba daga Mama Ayo. Ziyarar likitan ta nuna cewa Adenike na iya samun taimako a kan batun, amma Ayodele ya ki yin hadin kai. Sade ta ambaci tallafi amma Adenike ta nace cewa tana so ta haifi yaron da kanta. Mama Ayo ta gabatar da wani zaɓi mai rikitarwa: Adenike na iya ɗaukar ɗa tare da ɗan'uwan Ayodele, Biyi. Biyi da farko ya ki shiga cikin makircin amma daga ƙarshe ya ba da gudummawa. Bayan wannan Adenike ta yi juna biyu. Ayodele ya yi imanin cewa shi ne mahaifin. Laifin ya zama da yawa ga Adenike, kuma a ƙarshe ta gaya wa mijinta gaskiya. Ayodele daga baya ya fita daga auren kuma ya fuskanci mahaifiyarsa. Adenike ya shiga cikin haihuwa, kuma fim din ya ƙare yayin da Ayodele ya haɗu da sauran a asibiti. == Masu ba da labari == * Isaach na Bankolé a matsayin Ayodele Balogun * Danai zai so farin ciki a matsayin Adenike Balogun * [[Bukky Ajayi]] a matsayin Ma Ayo Balogun * [[Tony Okungbowa]] a matsayin Biyi Balogun * Yaya DaCosta a matsayin Sade Bakere * Klarissa Jackson a matsayin Atibo * Ishmael Omolade a matsayin Dave * Roslyn Ruff a matsayin Dokta * Chinaza Uche a matsayin Frank * Florence Egbuchulam a matsayin Funke * Mutiyat Ade-Salu a matsayin Helen * Deen Badarou a matsayin Mista Lawal * Susan Heyward a matsayin Monica * [[Ebbe Bassey]] a matsayin Yinka * Babs Olusanmokun a matsayin Tunde * Hubert Point Du Jour a matsayin Tony == Karɓar baƙi == On the mai tarawashafin yanar gizonTumatir da ya lalace, kashi 91% na sake dubawa na masu sukar 45 suna da kyau. Yarjejeniyar shafin yanar gizon ta karanta: "Halin Darakta Andrew Dosunmu yana ɗaukar wasu don saba da shi, amma Uwar George tana biyan kuɗi tare da aiki mai ƙarfi, rubutun tunani, da kyawawan abubuwan gani. "[7]Metacritic, wanda ke amfani damatsakaicin matsakaici, ya ba fim din maki 77 daga cikin 100, bisa ga masu sukar 21, yana nuna "yawanci mai kyau".[8] A kan ''Afirka Kasar ce'', Steffan Horowitz ya yaba da aikin kyamara, saiti, da makirci, kodayake rubutun ya sami wasu zargi.<ref>{{Cite web |date=31 December 2025 |title=Review: Andrew Dosunmu's "Mother of George" |url=http://africasacountry.com/review-andrew-dosunmus-mother-of-george/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130916150129/http://africasacountry.com/review-andrew-dosunmus-mother-of-george/ |archive-date=16 September 2013 |website=Africa's a Country}}</ref> An lissafa shi a matsayin ''[[New York Times]]'' Critics" Pick . [2]''.'' == Bayanan da aka ambata == 8g12nloyvjho9cv9qcsdzpaabixgx6y 0 27349 895591 747786 2026-08-12T10:39:13Z Maryam Abdullahi Y 43904 895591 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''''Lara and the Beat''''' fim ne na wasan kwaikwayo na shekarar dubu biyu da goma sha takwas 2018 na Najeriya, wanda Tosin Coker ya ba da umarni, tare da [[Seyi Shay]], Vector, [[Somkele Iyamah]], Wale Ojo, [[Sharon Ooja]], [[Shafy Bello|Shaffy Bello]] da [[Uche Jombo]].<ref>{{cite web |last1=Njoku |first1=Benjamin |title=Music meets movie in 'Lara and The Beat' |url=https://www.vanguardngr.com/2018/07/music-meets-movie-in-lara-and-the-beat/ |website=Vanguard |accessdate=1 September 2018 |date=21 July 2018}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Ukiwe |first1=Urenna |title=Meet The Cast Of Lara And The Beat |url=https://guardian.ng/life/meet-the-cast-of-lara-and-the-beat/ |accessdate=1 September 2018 |work=[[The Guardian (Nigeria)|The Guardian]] |date=1 July 2018 |archive-date=1 September 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180901215715/https://guardian.ng/life/meet-the-cast-of-lara-and-the-beat/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> Fim ɗin ya fito a ranar 8 ga Yulin shekarar 2018.<ref>{{cite news |title=World premiere celebrates best of Nollywood afrobeat |url=https://www.pulse.ng/entertainment/movies/lara-and-the-beat-world-premiere-celebrates-best-of-nollywood-id8600132.html |accessdate=1 September 2018 |work=Pulse |date=10 July 2018 |archive-date=1 September 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180901215700/https://www.pulse.ng/entertainment/movies/lara-and-the-beat-world-premiere-celebrates-best-of-nollywood-id8600132.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> Lara and the Beat labari ne mai zuwa na zamani game da kyawawan Giwa Sisters wasu ƴan uwa mata da aka kama a tsakiyar wata badakalar kuɗi tare da iyayensu da suka mutu a kafafen yada labarai. An tilasta wa ƴan’uwa mata ficewa daga kumfa mai gata kuma dole ne su koyi gina nasu gaba da kuma ceto gadar danginsu ta hanyar kiɗa da kasuwanci. == Ƴan wasa == * [[Seyi Shay]] a matsayin Lara Giwa * [[Somkele Iyamah]] a matsayin Dara Giwa * Vector a matsayin Sal Gomez (Mr Beats) * [[Chioma Chukwuka]] a matsayin Aunty Patience * [[Uche Jombo]] a matsayin Fadekemi West * [[Sharon Ooja]] a matsayin Ngozi * [[Shafy Bello]] a matsayin Jide's Mum * Saheed Balogun a matsayin shugaban hukumar * [[Kemi Lala Akindoju]] a matsayin Tonye * Ademola Adedoyin a matsayin Wale Ladejobi * [[Chinedu Ikedieze]] a matsayin Big Chi * Folu Storms kamar Tina * Bimbo Manuel a matsayin Uncle Richard * Wale Ojo a matsayin Uncle Tunde * Deyemi Okanlawon a matsayin Cashflow * DJ Xclusive a matsayin Jide == Magana == {{reflist}} == Hanyoyin haɗi na waje == * {{IMDb title|7819668}} [[Category:Fina-finan Najeriya]] [[Category:Fina-finai]] 70pa7ir4xkmfaylzwpr71e06999q8rv 0 27403 895585 551030 2026-08-12T10:36:28Z Maryam Abdullahi Y 43904 895585 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''Seven and half dates''' fim ɗin Najeriya ne na shekarar 2018 wanda kuma Biodun Stephen ya bada umarni kuma [[Toyin Abraham|Toyin Abraham ta shirya]].<ref>{{Cite web|date=2019-03-21|title=Seven & A Half Ebere Nwizu formerly known as Bayray. Dates|url=https://www.nollywoodreinvented.com/2019/03/seven-a-half-dates.html|url-status=live|archive-url=|archive-date=|access-date=2019-11-14|website=Nollywood REinvented|language=en-US}}</ref> == Labari == Fim ɗin ya ba da haske game da rayuwar wata budurwa Bisola, ƴar kasuwa ce mai himma wacce ita ce farkon iyayen iyayenta, ƴar uwarta ta yi aure kuma ba ta yi aure ba tukuna. Baba yana son ta yi aure da wuri don haka ya kafa mata kwana 10 wanda ta sami soyayyar ta.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.pulse.ng/entertainment/movies/seven-and-a-half-dates-producer-says-movie-starring-jim-iyke-and-mercy-johnson-made/4lvdplq|title=Producer says movie starring Jim Iyke and Mercy Johnson made N10M in 3 days|date=2018-08-08|website=Pulse Nigeria|language=en-US|access-date=2019-11-14|archive-date=2019-11-14|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191114233057/https://www.pulse.ng/entertainment/movies/seven-and-a-half-dates-producer-says-movie-starring-jim-iyke-and-mercy-johnson-made/4lvdplq|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://nlist.ng//title/seven-and-a-half-date-1278/|title=Seven and a Half Dates (2018) - nlist {{!}} Nollywood, Nigerian Movies & Casting|website=nlist.ng|language=en-GB|access-date=2019-11-14|archive-date=2020-09-20|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200920014831/https://nlist.ng/title/seven-and-a-half-date-1278/|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{Citation|title=SEVEN AND THE HALF DATES - 2018 LATEST NIGERIAN MOVIES ONLINE{{!}}LATEST 2018 NOLLYWOOD MOVIES{{!}}MOVIES HD|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=8w7tXrxRpgU|language=en|access-date=2019-11-14}}</ref> == Yan wasa == * [[Mercy Johnson]] * Jim Iya * [[Akin Lewis]] * [[Sola Sobowale]] * Toyin Ibrahim * Fathia Williams * [[Bayray McNwizu]] == Manazarta == [[Category:Fina-finan Najeriya]] [[Category:Fina-finai]] soxrx1bsdydb3zu4k8aantzh2oslsa5 895586 895585 2026-08-12T10:36:50Z Maryam Abdullahi Y 43904 895586 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''Seven and half dates''' fim ɗin Najeriya ne na shekarar 2018 wanda kuma Biodun Stephen ya bada umarni kuma [[Toyin Abraham|Toyin Abraham ta shirya]].<ref>{{Cite web|date=2019-03-21|title=Seven & A Half Ebere Nwizu formerly known as Bayray. Dates|url=https://www.nollywoodreinvented.com/2019/03/seven-a-half-dates.html|url-status=live|archive-url=|archive-date=|access-date=2019-11-14|website=Nollywood REinvented|language=en-US}}</ref> == Labari == Fim ɗin ya ba da haske game da rayuwar wata budurwa Bisola, ƴar kasuwa ce mai himma wacce ita ce farkon iyayen iyayenta, ƴar uwarta ta yi aure kuma ba ta yi aure ba tukuna. Baba yana son ta yi aure da wuri don haka ya kafa mata kwana 10 wanda ta sami soyayyar ta.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.pulse.ng/entertainment/movies/seven-and-a-half-dates-producer-says-movie-starring-jim-iyke-and-mercy-johnson-made/4lvdplq|title=Producer says movie starring Jim Iyke and Mercy Johnson made N10M in 3 days|date=2018-08-08|website=Pulse Nigeria|language=en-US|access-date=2019-11-14|archive-date=2019-11-14|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191114233057/https://www.pulse.ng/entertainment/movies/seven-and-a-half-dates-producer-says-movie-starring-jim-iyke-and-mercy-johnson-made/4lvdplq|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://nlist.ng//title/seven-and-a-half-date-1278/|title=Seven and a Half Dates (2018) - nlist {{!}} Nollywood, Nigerian Movies & Casting|website=nlist.ng|language=en-GB|access-date=2019-11-14|archive-date=2020-09-20|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200920014831/https://nlist.ng/title/seven-and-a-half-date-1278/|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{Citation|title=SEVEN AND THE HALF DATES - 2018 LATEST NIGERIAN MOVIES ONLINE{{!}}LATEST 2018 NOLLYWOOD MOVIES{{!}}MOVIES HD|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=8w7tXrxRpgU|language=en|access-date=2019-11-14}}</ref> == Ƴan wasa == * [[Mercy Johnson]] * Jim Iya * [[Akin Lewis]] * [[Sola Sobowale]] * Toyin Ibrahim * Fathia Williams * [[Bayray McNwizu]] == Manazarta == [[Category:Fina-finan Najeriya]] [[Category:Fina-finai]] mpsysnmmumv6ne4i5rmpy2e0729cfya 0 27560 895639 892214 2026-08-12T10:59:52Z Abdulrahman tahir shika 24962 An kirkira ta fassara "Selected filmography" daga shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1345795655|Odera Olivia Orji]]" 895639 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Odera Olivia Orji''' // ⓘ Jarumar Najeriya ce, daraktan fina-finai kuma furodusa. == Sana'a == Aikin wasan kwaikwayo na Odera Olivia Orji ya fara ne bayan ta fito a fim ɗin " [[Jirgin karshe zuwa Abuja|Last flight to Abuja]] " na shekarar 2012. Aikinta ya kuma fito fili bayan ta fito a matsayin jarumar "Peace" a cikin shirin talabijin na MNET Africa ''mai suna Jemeji'' . Ta kuma fito a fina-finai da kuma dama, ciki har da ''Obsession'', ''The Father'', ''Blue'', ''Fifty'', ''Kayanmata'', ''Bedroom Points'', da ''Just a Fling'' . <ref>{{cite news |title=Odera Olivia Orji |url=https://m.imdb.com/name/nm10708750/bio |accessdate=18 August 2021 |work=imdb.com |location=Lagos, Nigeria}}</ref> A shekarar 2018, an zaɓe ta kuma ta lashe kyautar [[Best of Nollywood Awards]] don Best Kiss a wani fim tare da [[Mawuli Gavor]] . <ref>{{Cite web |last=Bada |first=Gbenga |date=2018-12-09 |title=Mawuli Gavor, Olivia Orji win Best Kiss category - BON Awards 2018 |url=https://www.pulse.ng/entertainment/movies/mawuli-gavor-olivia-orji-win-best-kiss-category-bon-awards-2018/0ef59yy |access-date=2024-11-07 |website=Pulse Nigeria |language=en}}</ref> == Wasu fannonin aiki == Olivia yana aiki a matsayin mataimakiyar kafofin watsa labarai da ƙirƙire-ƙirƙire a Eureka Media Services da kuma Mataimakiyar Darakta, Ci gaban Abubuwan Ciki, Mind works Story Consultancy da Productions. == Fim ɗin da aka zaɓa == * ''Jaruman Lokacin Abincin Rana ('' 2015) * ''Hamsin ('' 2015) * ''Zuwa Nnewi ('' 2015) * ''Ba shi da launi ('' 2016) a matsayin Zainab * ''Ifemelu: wani abu ya faru ('' 2016) * ''Sha'awa ('' 2017) * ''Blessing ta Knockout ('' 2018) a matsayin Vivian * Ma'ajiyar Ɗakin Kwana (2018) * ''Sajen Tutu ('' 2018) * ''Ma'ajiyar Ɗakin Kwana ('' 2019) * ''Shuɗin kwala ('' 2019) * ''Jahannama Mary ('' 2019) * ''Kawai Juyawa ('' 2019) * ''An Ajiye Gefen ('' 2019) * ''Raba (2019)'' * ''Soyayya da Ciwo ('' 2020) a matsayin Augusta * ''Ta Waya ('' 2020) a matsayin Iyanu * ''Uban ('' 2020) a matsayin Bukola * ''Shuɗi ('' 2020) a matsayin Chika * ''Eyimofe (Wannan Shine Burina) ('' 2020) a matsayin Mai karɓar baƙi * ''Bakin Zafi ('' 2020) * ''Sapio ('' 2020) * ''Kayanmata ('' 2020) as Passionate Lady * ''Yanayin da ake ciki ('' 2021) a matsayin Amara * ''Don Yin Gaskiya Tare Da Kai ('' 2022) * An yi watsi da shi (2022) a matsayin Amaka * Ba da izini (2023) === Talabijin === * 'Sool' (2021) a matsayin Anwui * ''Jemeji'' (2017) a matsayin Zaman Lafiya * ''Enakhe'' (2020) as Tamuno * Titin Newman (2016) a matsayin Dr. Sophie * Bayan duhu, (2019) * Calabash, (2016) * Asibitin Shari'a, (2015) === Darakta === * ''Tarihin Kaza'' (2019) * Kotun Iyali (2019) Darakta Mai Kulawa == Lambobin yabo da nadin mukamai == {| class="wikitable" !Shekara ! Taron ! Kyauta ! Mai karɓa ! Sakamako |- | 2018 | [[Best of Nollywood Awards|Mafi kyawun Kyaututtukan Nollywood]] | Wahayin Shekara (MACE) | ''Kanta''|{{Nom}}<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.bonawards.com/revelation-of-the-year-female/|title=REVELATION OF THE YEAR (FEMALE)|date=3 June 2018|work=bonawards.com|accessdate=16 August 2021|location=Lagos, Nigeria|archive-date=20 September 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210920040751/https://www.bonawards.com/revelation-of-the-year-female/|url-status=dead}}</ref> |- | 2018 | [[Best of Nollywood Awards|Mafi kyawun Kyaututtukan Nollywood]] | Mafi Kyawun Kiss a Fim | ''Kanta''|{{Won}}<ref>{{cite news|url=https://lifestyle.thecable.ng/2018-bon-awards-nominees/|title=FULL LIST: 'We Don't Live Here Anymore' bags 11 BON Awards nominations|date= 18 November 2018|work=thecable.ng|accessdate=16 August 2021|location=Lagos, Nigeria}}</ref> |- | 2019 | [[Kyautar Kwalejin Fina-Finan Afirka|Kyaututtukan Kwalejin Fina-finai ta Afirka]] | Mafi Kyawun Jaruma a Matsayin Mai Tallafawa | Kai|{{Nom}}<ref>{{cite news|url=https://tribuneonlineng.com/just-in-amaa-releases-nominations-list-for-2019/|title=JUST IN: AMAA Releases Nominations List For 2019|date= 19 September 2019|work=tribuneonlineng.com|accessdate=16 August 2021|location=Lagos, Nigeria}}</ref> |- | 2019 | Bikin Fina-finai na Duniya na Abuja | Darakta na Farko (Tarihin Kaza) | Kai|{{Nom}}<ref>{{cite news|url=https://crossriverwatch.com/2019/10/abuja-film-festival-kicks-off-announces-award-nominees/|title=Abuja Film Festival Kicks Off, Announces Award Nominees|date= 24 October 2019|work=crossriverwatch.com|accessdate=16 August 2021|location=Lagos, Nigeria}}</ref> |- | 2019 | Kyaututtukan Fina-finai na City People | Jarumar da ta fi kowacce kwarjini a shekarar (Turanci) | Kai|{{Won}}<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.citypeopleonline.com/winner-emerge-2019-city-people-movie-awards/|title=WINNER EMERGE @ 2019 CITY PEOPLE MOVIE AWARDS|date= 14 October 2019|work=citypeopleonline.com|accessdate=19 August 2021|location=Lagos, Nigeria}}</ref> |} == Career == Odera Olivia Orji ta fara aikin wasan kwaikwayo ne bayan ta fito a fim din 2012 "Last flight to Abuja". Olivia tana aiki a matsayin mataimakiyar kafofin watsa labarai da kirkire-kirkire a Eureka Media Services da kuma Mataimakiyar Darakta, Ci gaban Abubuwan Ciki, Mind works Story == Fina finan da aka zaɓa == * ''Jaruman Lokacin Abincin Rana ('' 2015) * ''Hamsin ('' 2015) * ''Zuwa Nnewi ('' 2015) * ''Ba shi da launi ('' 2016) a matsayin Zainab * ''Ifemelu: wani abu ya faru ('' 2016) * ''Sha'awa ('' 2017) * ''Blessing ta Knockout ('' 2018) a matsayin Vivian * Ma'ajiyar Ɗakin Kwana (2018) * ''Sajen Tutu ('' 2018) * ''Ma'ajiyar Ɗakin Kwana ('' 2019) * ''Shuɗin kwala ('' 2019) * ''Jahannama Mary ('' 2019) * ''Kawai Juyawa ('' 2019) * ''An Ajiye Gefen ('' 2019) * ''Raba (2019)'' * ''Soyayya da Ciwo ('' 2020) a matsayin Augusta * ''Ta Waya ('' 2020) a matsayin Iyanu * ''Uban ('' 2020) a matsayin Bukola * ''Shuɗi ('' 2020) a matsayin Chika * ''Eyimofe (Wannan Shine Burina) ('' 2020) a matsayin Mai karɓar baƙi * ''Bakin Zafi ('' 2020) * ''Sapio ('' 2020) * ''Kayanmata ('' 2020) as Passionate Lady * ''Yanayin da ake ciki ('' 2021) a matsayin Amara * ''Don Yin Gaskiya Tare Da Kai ('' 2022) * An yi watsi da shi (2022) a matsayin Amaka * Ba da izini (2023) === Talabijin === * 'Sool' (2021) a matsayin Anwui * ''Jemeji'' (2017) a matsayin Zaman Lafiya * ''Enakhe'' (2020) as Tamuno * Titin Newman (2016) a matsayin Dr. Sophie * Bayan duhu, (2019) * Calabash, (2016) * Asibitin Shari'a, (2015) === Darakta === * ''Tarihin Kaza'' (2019) * Kotun Iyali (2019) Darakta Mai Kulawa == Duba kuma == * [[Jerin masu shirya fina-finai na Najeriya]] == Manazarta == {{Reflist|30em}} == Hanyoyin haɗi na waje == * {{IMDb name|10708750|Odera Olivia Orji}} [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] ojtxdet4z0nunozgux4f08cnvje92di 0 27662 895590 774804 2026-08-12T10:38:40Z Maryam Abdullahi Y 43904 895590 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''''Kimo wi Antimo''''' ( {{Lang-ar|كيمو وأنتيمو}} , "Kimo and his Buddy") wani fim ne na Ƙasar Masar wanda Mohamed Hasib Abdou ya shirya. <ref name="Rakha">Rakha, Youssef. "[http://weekly.ahram.org.eg/2004/684/cu6.htm Unremarkable talents] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120415034226/http://weekly.ahram.org.eg/2004/684/cu6.htm|date=2012-04-15}}." () ''[[Al-Ahram Weekly]]''. 1-7 April 2004. Issue No. 684 Culture. Retrieved on 23 February 2013.</ref> A cikin fim ɗin, wasu mawaƙa biyu daga [[Alexandria|Alexandria sun]] yi tafiya zuwa [[Kairo|Alkahira]] don zama sananne. <ref name="Rakha"/> == Ƴan wasa == * Amer Mounib (Kimo) - Youssef Rakha na ''Al-Ahram Weekly ya'' ce a matsayin Kimo, "Mounib wani hali ne na yau da kullun na hoton jarumtaka da zamantakewar zamantakewa wanda kuma ya shahara a yawancin fina-finan Abdel-Halim Hafez na shekarun 1960." <ref name="Rakha"/> * Tarek Abdel-Aziz (Hammou, abokin Kimo) - Rakha ta ce "An yanke hukunci a kan matasa masu wasan kwaikwayo kamar Ahmed Rizk [...] da Magid El-Kidwani [. . . [1], Ayyukan Abdel-Aziz yayin da Mounib's sidekick ya kasa abin da masu sha'awar wasan barkwanci ke tsammani." <ref name="Rakha" /> * Mai Ezzeddin (Samia, Kimo's love interest) <ref name="Rakha" /> == liyafa == Youssef Rakha na ''Al Ahram Weekly ya'' ce "Ko da yake da nisa daga sahihanci rubutun yana tafiya da kyau kuma ya ƙare da tabbataccen koli wanda ya cancanci Abdel-Halim Hafez ." <ref name="Rakha"/> == Manazarta== [[Category:Finafinan Misra]] [[Category:Fina-finan Afirka]] [[Category:Fina-finai]] axahr4i2vk5572bd9rjpqpl5t0s99bn 0 27706 895536 516929 2026-08-12T10:17:39Z Maryam Abdullahi Y 43904 895536 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} {| class="infobox vevent" ! colspan="2" class="infobox-above summary" style="font-size: 125%; font-style: italic;" |Gharam wa intiqam, '''Love and Revenge''' |- | colspan="2" class="infobox-image" | |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="white-space: nowrap; padding-right: 0.65em;" |Directed by | class="infobox-data" |[[Youssef Wahbi]] |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="white-space: nowrap; padding-right: 0.65em;" |Written by | class="infobox-data" |[[Youssef Wahbi]] adopted from [[Pierre Corneille|Corneille]]'s [[Le Cid]]<ref>Mahmud Qassim, Encyclopedia of Arab Cinema, 2006.</ref> |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="white-space: nowrap; padding-right: 0.65em;" |Produced by | class="infobox-data" |Studio Misr |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="white-space: nowrap; padding-right: 0.65em;" |Starring | class="infobox-data" |[[Asmahan]]<br /><br />[[Anwar Wagdi]]<br /><br />[[Youssef Wahbi]] |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="white-space: nowrap; padding-right: 0.65em;" |Music by | class="infobox-data" |[[Farid al-Atrash]] |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="white-space: nowrap; padding-right: 0.65em;" |<div style="display:inline-block; padding:0.1em 0;line-height:1.2em;white-space: normal;">Release date</div> | class="infobox-data" |<div class="plainlist "> * 1944<span style="display:none">&nbsp;(<span class="bday dtstart published updated">1944</span>)</span> </div> |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="white-space: nowrap; padding-right: 0.65em;" |<div style="display:inline-block; padding:0.1em 0;line-height:1.2em;white-space: normal;">Running time</div> | class="infobox-data" |125 minutes |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="white-space: nowrap; padding-right: 0.65em;" |Country | class="infobox-data" |[[Kingdom of Egypt]] |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="white-space: nowrap; padding-right: 0.65em;" |Language | class="infobox-data" |Arabic |} {{DISPLAYTITLE:Love and Revenge}} '''''Gharam wa intiqam''''' fim ɗin ƙasar Masar ne na shekarar 1944. Wannan wasan kwaikwayo ya kasance babban nasara a lokacinsa, musamman saboda mutuwar tauraruwarsa a wani hatsarin mota, shahararriyar mawakiya [[Amal al-Atrash|Asmahan]], a lokacin tana da shekaru 31 kacal. An yi rikodin din waƙoƙin Asmahan da dama a wajen shirya fim din kamar su, Layali el Ouns fi Vienna (Daren Soyayya a Vienna), da Emta Hata'raf (Yaushe Za Ku Sani). == Taƙaitaccen bayani == Suhair Sultan (Asmahan), shahararriyar ƴar wasan kwaikwayo kuma mawakiya, ta yi wasanta na qarshe kafin ta yi ritaya domin ta auri masoyinta, Wahid Izzat ([[Anwar Wagdi]]). A ranar farko na hutun amarcinsu, aka kashe Wahid a cikin wani yanayi mai ban mamaki. Binciken ya nuna cewa wanda ake zargi na farko a kisan nasa abokinsa ne, wani mashahurin mutum mai suna Gemal Hamdy ([[Youssef Wahbi]]). Suhair ta yi kokarin yaudarar Gemal domin ta rama, kuma ta rama kashe masoyinta. == Waƙoƙi daga Fim == [[Fayil:The comical revenge; or, love in a tub Fleuron T147905-5.png|thumb|Love and Revenge]] Duk waƙoƙin da ke cikin fim din Asmahan ce ta rubuta su kafin ɗaukar fim. An tsara su a nan bisa ga yadda suke fitowa a fim. {| class="wikitable" !Waka ! Fassarar Suna ! Kalmomi ta ! Kiɗa ta |- | Layali el Ouns fi Vienna | Daren Soyayya a Vienna | Ahmed Rami | Farid al-Atrash |- | Ayyuhal Na'im | Kai Mai Barci | Ahmed Rami | Riad Al Sunbati |- | Ahwa | Ina sha'awar (Waƙar Kofi) | [[:ar:مأمون الشناوي|Ma'mon Al-Shanawy]] | Farid al-Atrash |- | Emta Hata'raf | Yaushe Zaku Sani | Ma'mon Al-Shanawy | Mohammed Al Qasabgi |- | Ana Elli Asatahel | Na Cancanta Wannan | Bayram al-Tunisi | Mohammed Al Qasabgi |- | Ana Bint El Nil* | Ni 'yar Kogin Nilu ce | Ahmed Rami | Riyad Al Sunbati |} * Har ila yau, ana kiransa Mawakeb El-Ezz (Tsarin Ƙarfafa), Unshudat Al-Majd (Anthem of Glory) ko Nashid al-Usra al-Alawiyya (The Alawiyya Dynasty Anthem), waka ce ta yabon daular Muhammad Ali, gidan sarauta na Masar. An cece shi daga fim ɗin bayan juyin juya halin 1952 wanda ya hambarar da Sarki Farouk tare da hambarar da daular Muhammad Ali. Sigar ƙarshe na fim ɗin ba ta da wannan waƙa ko wani yanayin da ya shafe ta. Don haka, sanya shi a cikin jerin ba ya wakiltar ainihin wurinsa a ainihin sigar fim ɗin. <ref>[https://www.shahrayar-stars.com/2020/07/9948/ Shahrayar Article on Gharam wa Intikam]</ref> == Ruɗani == Duk hankali da tsammani sun karkata ne akan mutuwar Asmahan makonni biyu kafin kammala daukar shirin. An dauke mutane da dama wajen kammala taka rawar Asmahan acikin shirin. Wahib ya dauka kuduri sosai wajen sauya fim din don tunawa da Asmahan. Duk da cewa yaso a karshen fim din kowa ya zamo cikin farin ciki, ya sake rubutu karsshen labarin tare da Suhair ta mutu a hatsarin mota, tare da jaruminsu Germal ya haukace acikin shirin. Wahib yayi amfani da gawa Suhair a yayin da ake daukar ta cikin lakafani yi zuwa gidanta ta gaba Germal. A karshe dai Wahbi ne ya yanke shawarar ci gaba da daukar fim din da kuma fitar da shi. <ref>[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=-59pS4GXIpc&ab_channel=%D8%B9%D8%A8%D8%AF%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%84%D9%87%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D8%B3%D9%8A%D9%84%D9%8A%D9%85 Interview with Youssef Wahbi regarding the death of Asmahan and completing Love and Revenge.] </ref> Duk hukuncin da Wahbi ta dauka na kammala fim din da kuma sadaukar da shi ga Asmahan ya kasance, kuma har yau ana ɗaukar sa a matsayin abin cece-kuce. Wasu dai sun yarda da bayanin da Wahbi ya yi na daukar wadannan shawarwarin ne saboda mutuntawa da kuma nuna sha'awarsu ga Asmahan, yayin da wasu kuma suka yi Allah wadai da su a matsayin rashin mutuntawa, inda suka zargi Wahbi da Studio Misr da yin amfani da nasarar mutuwar Asmahan don gudanar da nasarar fim din, da kuma yanke shawara mai cike da shakku. yi amfani da jikinta, ko da yake an rufe ta gaba ɗaya, a cikin fim ɗin. == Manazarta ==   * {{IMDb title|0274524}} [[Category:1944 films]] [[Category:Egyptian films]] [[Category:Adaptations of works by Pierre Corneille]] [[Category:Egyptian black-and-white films]] [[Category:Egyptian musical drama films]] [[Category:1940s musical drama films]] [[Category:1944 romantic drama films]] [[Category:1940s romantic musical films]] [[Category:Egyptian romantic drama films]] [[Category:Fina-finan Afirka]] [[Category:Fina-finai]] [[Category:Finafinan Misra]] nstpp92yyn8166f2xli4l6fhranb5ef 0 28836 895328 891840 2026-08-12T02:36:24Z Mr.FarFar 47844 Fayil 895328 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Jiblah''' (larabci: جِبْلَة) birni ne, da ke a kudu maso yammacin Yaman, c. kilomita takwas (5.0 mi) kudu, kudu maso yamma na Ibb a cikin wannan suna. Tana a tsayin kusan mita 2,200 (ƙafa 7,200), kusa da Jabal At-Taʿkar (جَبَل ٱلتَّعْكَر).<ref name="AlmotamarPress 12-2014">{{cite news|newspaper=Almotamar Press|title=مناطق تاريخية (حصن التعكر..مصير مجهول ل6 آلاف سنة من تاريخه)|language=ar|url=https://almotamarpress.com/news841.html|date=2014-12-25|access-date=2021-08-19|archive-date=2021-08-19|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210819102517/https://almotamarpress.com/news841.html|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref name="Al-Arabiya 03-2018">{{cite news|last=سيف|first=إسلام|title=الحوثي يستحدث موقعا عسكريا بأعلى قمة جبلية وسط اليمن|publisher=[[Al Arabiya]]|language=ar|location=Yemen|url=https://www.alarabiya.net/arab-and-world/yemen/2018/03/12/%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AD%D9%88%D8%AB%D9%8A-%D9%8A%D8%B3%D8%AA%D8%AD%D8%AF%D8%AB-%D9%85%D9%88%D9%82%D8%B9%D8%A7-%D8%B9%D8%B3%D9%83%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%A7-%D8%A8%D8%A3%D8%B9%D9%84%D9%89-%D9%82%D9%85%D8%A9-%D8%AC%D8%A8%D9%84%D9%8A%D8%A9-%D9%88%D8%B3%D8%B7-%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%8A%D9%85%D9%86|date=2018-03-12|access-date=2021-08-19}}</ref> An ƙara garin da kewaye cikin jerin abubuwan tarihi na UNESCO saboda ƙimar al'adun duniya. Gidan tarihi na Sarauniya Arwa yana cikin garin.<ref name="Unesco">{{citation|url=https://whc.unesco.org/en/tentativelists/1721/|title=Jibla and its surroundings|publisher=[[UNESCO]] World Heritage Centre|access-date=2009-04-20}}</ref> == Tarihi == [[File:Queen_Arwa's_palace.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Queen_Arwa's_palace.jpg|thumb|Fadar Sarauniyar Arwa a 2013]] Bayan kisan gillar da aka yi wa Sulayhid 'Ali ibn Muhammad a shekara ta 1067 miladiyya, mijin Arwa al-Sulayhi Ahmad ya zama ''de jure'' shugaban kasar Yemen, amma bai iya mulki ba, ya shanye, kuma a kwance. Ya ba wa Arwa dukkan karfinsa, daya daga cikin ayyukanta na farko shi ne mayar da babban birnin kasar daga Sana’a zuwa Jibla, domin ta samu mafi kyawun matsayi na halaka Sa’id bn Najar, ta haka ta rama wa mahaifinta. mutun doka. Hakan ta yi nasarar yin hakan ne ta hanyar lallasa shi cikin tarko a shekarar 1088. Ta gina sabon fada a Jibla, kuma ta mayar da tsohuwar fadar ta zama babban masallaci inda a karshe aka binne ta.<ref name="Unesco" /><ref>Muhammad Zakaria (1998) ''مساجد اليمن''</ref><ref name="MernissiLakeland2003">{{citation|last1=Mernissi|first1=Fatima|last2=Lakeland|first2=Mary Jo|year=2003|title=The forgotten queens of Islam|publisher=[[Oxford University Press]]|isbn=978-0-19-579868-5}}</ref><ref name="NIC Ibb">{{cite web|url=http://www.yemen-nic.info/contents/Brief/images/ibb.pdf|title=Yemen|publisher=NIC|language=ar|access-date=2022-01-24|archive-date=2014-02-03|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140203035452/http://www.yemen-nic.info/contents/Brief/images/ibb.pdf|url-status=dead}}</ref> == Rayuwar mutanen kauye == A karshen shekarar 1979, matan Jibla za su wanke tufafinsu a cikin manyan tafkuna da rafuffukan ruwan magudanan ruwa suka yi, wadanda suka gangaro kan gangaren ''Jebal Attaker''. An yi amfani da tsakuwar rafin a madadin allunan goge-goge. {{cquote|''Ka kwantar da zuciyarka a cikin ƴan ƴan tsaunuka na Dhīl-Sufal, ka dubi faɗuwar sa, / Can iska ta yi haske kamar lu'ulu'u, ruwa yana da tsarki, kuma dare yana kawo farin ciki mafi girma.''.<ref>Aḥmad b. al-Ḥasan al-Jibli (d. 1880 / 1881)</ref>}} == Kayan aiki == === Asibiti === Anan akwai Asibitin Baptist na Amurka. A nan ne Taher Qassim (masanin kula da lafiyar jama'a kuma wanda ya kafa bikin Larabawa na Liverpool, wanda aka haifa a ƙauyen Al-Karaba) ya shafe shekaru 3½ yana sana'a.<ref name="TheNational 08-2021">{{cite news|last=Maghribi|first=Layla|title=Arab arts champion Taher Qassim never forgets his remote Yemen roots: The leading public health practitioner and Liverpool Arab Arts Festival founder has gone far, but memories of his shepherd upbringing remain strong|publisher=[[The National (Abu Dhabi)|The National]]|url=https://www.thenationalnews.com/arts-culture/2021/08/06/arab-arts-champion-taher-qassim-never-forgets-his-remote-yemen-roots/|date=2021-08-06|access-date=2021-08-16}}</ref> A ranar 30 ga Disamba, 2002, wani dan kishin Islama ya shiga asibitin Jibla Baptist, ya harbe wasu ma'aikatan asibitin Kudancin Baptist guda uku. Washegari bayan harbe-harben, an mayar da mallakar asibitin ga gwamnatin Yemen. Gwamnati ta dauki alhakin a cikin 2003, kuma ta ci gaba da daukar ma'aikatan Baptist ta Kudu, har zuwa lokacin da aka rufe a watan Mayu 2007.<ref name="MNN 01-2013">{{cite news|last=Ranish|first=David|title=Southern Baptist 32-year legacy lives on|newspaper=Mission Network News|url=https://www.mnnonline.org/news/southern-baptist-32-year-legacy-lives-on/|date=January 11, 2013|access-date=September 22, 2016}}</ref> [[Fayil:Jibla IMG 5662.JPG|thumb|Jibla, Yemen]] Kamar yadda yake a sauran yankuna a Yemen da yaki ya daidaita, cutar ta COVID-19 ta shafa Jiblah, amma asibitinta ba shi da ikon yin gwajin cutar ta coronavirus, don haka likitocin da ke wurin sun yi amfani da wasu hanyoyi don gano cutar. Amma duk da haka a cewar ma’aikatan kiwon lafiya guda biyu a wurin, asibitin a kullum yana karbar kusan mutane 50 da ke da alamun cutar, kuma saboda tsoron ramuwar gayya, likitoci ba su sanar da dangin da suka mutu ba game da su ko da ana zargin sun kamu da cutar.<ref name="AP 08-2021">{{cite news|last=Magdy|first=Sami|title=In Yemen’s north, Houthis face virus with outright denial|newspaper=[[Associated Press|AP News]]|location=[[Cairo]], [[Egypt]]|url=https://apnews.com/article/middle-east-health-coronavirus-pandemic-united-nations-yemen-1d134157c61c85c844667613183ac1b3|date=2021-08-13|access-date=2021-08-16}}</ref><ref name="Ahram 08-2021">{{cite news|work=AP News|title=In Yemen's north, Houthis face Coronavirus with outright denial|publisher=[[Al-Ahram|Ahram Online]]|location=Cairo|url=https://english.ahram.org.eg/NewsContent/2/8/418996/World/Region/In-Yemens-north,-Houthis-face-Coronavirus-with-out.aspx|date=2021-08-13|access-date=2021-08-16}}</ref><ref name="ArabNews 08-2021">{{cite news|work=AP News|title=In Yemen’s north, Houthis face virus with outright denial|publisher=[[Arab News]]|location=Cairo|url=https://www.arabnews.com/node/1910416/middle-east|date=2021-08-13|access-date=2021-08-19}}</ref><ref name="EgyptIndependent 08-2021">{{cite news|work=AP News|title=In Yemen’s north, Huthis face virus with outright denial|publisher=[[Egypt Independent]]|location=Cairo|url=https://www.egyptindependent.com/in-yemens-north-huthis-face-virus-with-outright-denial/|date=2021-08-13|access-date=2021-08-16}}</ref> === Masallatai === Akwai masallatan tarihi guda biyu a nan:<ref name="Unesco" /><ref name="TravelAdventures">{{cite web|website=Around the World in 80 Clicks|title=Jibla (Yemen)|url=http://www.traveladventures.org/continents/asia/jibla.html|year=May 2004|access-date=2021-08-04}}</ref> * Na Sarauniya Arwa * [[Fayil:Jibla 1987 07.jpg|thumb|Jibla, Yemen]] * [[Fayil:Jibla, Yemen.jpg|thumb|Jibla, Yemen]] Masallacin Qubbat Bayt Az-Zum (Larabci: مَسْجِد قُبَّة بَيْت ٱلْزُّوْم, romanized: ''Masjid Qubbat Bayt Az-Zūm''), kuma aka sani da ''Masjid Qubbat Ash-Shaykh Ya'qub Az-Zūm'' (مَسْجِد قُبَّة ٱلشَّيْخ يَعْقُوْب ٱلْزُّوْم), wanda aka kafa a shekara ta 921H.<ref name="Yemeress 05-20072">{{cite news|last=عميقة|first=فؤاد أحمد المليكي بشرى قاسم|title=جبلة.. تاريخ ملكة عظيمة، اسمها ينسب لأحد صانعي الفخار|newspaper=Yemeress Al-Gomhoriah|language=ar|url=https://www.yemeress.com/algomhoriah/2041114|date=2007-05-05|access-date=2021-08-05|archive-date=2023-11-04|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231104132656/https://www.yemeress.com/algomhoriah/2041114|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref name="Almotamar 01-2005">{{cite news|last=الحسني|first=أحمد|title=جبـــــــــــلة .. ثلاثية المرأة والأفيون والمآذن|newspaper=Almotamar|language=ar|location=Jiblah, Yemen|url=https://www.almotamar.net/pda/18443.htm|date=2005-01-17|access-date=2021-08-19}}</ref> == Manazarta == tbesm7rt5cv38pereq4b9lqe0ihjxll 0 30707 895579 219372 2026-08-12T10:34:50Z Maryam Abdullahi Y 43904 895579 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Norman and Dawbarn''' (mai salo Norman & Dawbarn, kuma daga baya, Norman + Dawbarn) kamfanin zane-zane ne da kere-kere na Biritaniya, wanda aka kafa a cikin shekarar 1934. == Tarihi == Graham Dawbarn da Nigel Norman ne suka kafa wannan ma'aikata a cikin shekarar 1934. Norman, Muntz & Dawbarn ne suka gabace shi, wanda suka kafa tare da Alan Muntz. A cikin shekara ta 2005 Capita Symonds ya mallaki ma'aikatar bayan rushewarta. Ta koma aiki a karkashin kulawar Capita Norman + Dawbarn har zuwa lokacin da sukayi maja da Capita Architecture a 2007, kodayake an ci gaba da amfani da sunan a wasu kasuwannin duniya. == Sanannun ayyuka == * Cibiyar Talabijin ta BBC - An tsara ta 1949, an gina ta 1953 zuwa 1960 * Jami'ar Malta harabar, Msida, [[Malta]] - Tsara 1961, gina 1964 zuwa 1970 * Makarantar Budanilkantha, [[Nepal]] - Kammala 1973 == Sanannun ma'aikata == * Bill Bradfield * Gertrude Leverkus * Michael Manser == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} [[Category:Kere-keren Ingila na 1934]] [[Category:Kamfanonin zane-zane da aka kafa a 1934]] [[Category:Kamfanonin zane na kasar Ingila]] ectroy3emwq9gfd7yyc1z37ux77hmx9 895580 895579 2026-08-12T10:34:58Z Maryam Abdullahi Y 43904 895580 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Norman and Dawbarn''' (mai salo Norman & Dawbarn, kuma daga baya, Norman + Dawbarn) kamfanin zane-zane ne da kere-kere na Biritaniya, wanda aka kafa a cikin shekarar 1934. == Tarihi == Graham Dawbarn da Nigel Norman ne suka kafa wannan ma'aikata a cikin shekarar 1934. Norman, Muntz & Dawbarn ne suka gabace shi, wanda suka kafa tare da Alan Muntz. A cikin shekara ta 2005 Capita Symonds ya mallaki ma'aikatar bayan rushewarta. Ta koma aiki a ƙarƙashin kulawar Capita Norman + Dawbarn har zuwa lokacin da sukayi maja da Capita Architecture a 2007, kodayake an ci gaba da amfani da sunan a wasu kasuwannin duniya. == Sanannun ayyuka == * Cibiyar Talabijin ta BBC - An tsara ta 1949, an gina ta 1953 zuwa 1960 * Jami'ar Malta harabar, Msida, [[Malta]] - Tsara 1961, gina 1964 zuwa 1970 * Makarantar Budanilkantha, [[Nepal]] - Kammala 1973 == Sanannun ma'aikata == * Bill Bradfield * Gertrude Leverkus * Michael Manser == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} [[Category:Kere-keren Ingila na 1934]] [[Category:Kamfanonin zane-zane da aka kafa a 1934]] [[Category:Kamfanonin zane na kasar Ingila]] 5r8t88jpqo6y7kws2ckv4t0p9wzunvx 895581 895580 2026-08-12T10:35:06Z Maryam Abdullahi Y 43904 895581 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Norman and Dawbarn''' (mai salo Norman & Dawbarn, kuma daga baya, Norman + Dawbarn) kamfanin zane-zane ne da kere-kere na Biritaniya, wanda aka kafa a cikin shekarar 1934. == Tarihi == Graham Dawbarn da Nigel Norman ne suka kafa wannan ma'aikata a cikin shekarar 1934. Norman, Muntz & Dawbarn ne suka gabace shi, wanda suka kafa tare da Alan Muntz. A cikin shekara ta 2005 Capita Symonds ya mallaki ma'aikatar bayan rushewarta. Ta kuma koma aiki a ƙarƙashin kulawar Capita Norman + Dawbarn har zuwa lokacin da sukayi maja da Capita Architecture a 2007, kodayake an ci gaba da amfani da sunan a wasu kasuwannin duniya. == Sanannun ayyuka == * Cibiyar Talabijin ta BBC - An tsara ta 1949, an gina ta 1953 zuwa 1960 * Jami'ar Malta harabar, Msida, [[Malta]] - Tsara 1961, gina 1964 zuwa 1970 * Makarantar Budanilkantha, [[Nepal]] - Kammala 1973 == Sanannun ma'aikata == * Bill Bradfield * Gertrude Leverkus * Michael Manser == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} [[Category:Kere-keren Ingila na 1934]] [[Category:Kamfanonin zane-zane da aka kafa a 1934]] [[Category:Kamfanonin zane na kasar Ingila]] 4tty6js8f57pzaszff72z28okxb2dha 895582 895581 2026-08-12T10:35:15Z Maryam Abdullahi Y 43904 895582 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Norman and Dawbarn''' (mai salo Norman & Dawbarn, kuma daga baya, Norman + Dawbarn) kamfanin zane-zane ne da kere-kere na Biritaniya, wanda aka kafa a cikin shekarar 1934. == Tarihi == Graham Dawbarn da Nigel Norman ne suka kafa wannan ma'aikata a cikin shekarar 1934. Norman, Muntz & Dawbarn ne suka gabace shi, wanda suka kafa tare da Alan Muntz. A cikin shekara ta 2005 Capita Symonds ya mallaki ma'aikatar bayan rushewarta. Ta kuma koma aiki a ƙarƙashin kulawar Capita Norman + Dawbarn har zuwa lokacin da sukayi maja da Capita Architecture a 2007, kodayake an ci gaba da amfani da sunan a wasu kasuwannin duniya. == Sanannun ayyuka == * Cibiyar Talabijin ta BBC - An tsara ta 1949, an gina ta 1953 zuwa 1960 * Jami'ar Malta harabar, Msida, [[Malta]] - Tsara 1961, gina 1964 zuwa 1970 * Makarantar Budanilkantha, [[Nepal]] - Kammala a shekarar 1973 == Sanannun ma'aikata == * Bill Bradfield * Gertrude Leverkus * Michael Manser == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} [[Category:Kere-keren Ingila na 1934]] [[Category:Kamfanonin zane-zane da aka kafa a 1934]] [[Category:Kamfanonin zane na kasar Ingila]] an6jsu2raj0f6xwdwzctx52q001dq4o 0 33178 895086 791186 2026-08-11T16:49:25Z Ummun Sultan 23935 895086 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} {{Glittering days}} '''''Glittering Days''''' (Na gargajiya na Sinanci:[[:zh:東方之珠 (電視劇)|東方之珠]]) jerin wasan kwaikwayo ne na lokacin TVB da aka watsa a watan Nuwamban shekarar ta 2006, wanda ke yin fim Roger Kwok, Charmaine Sheh, Liza Wang da Susanna Kwan a matsayin manyan jagorori. An nuna silsilar don murnar cikar TVB ta 39th. aikin ya faru ne bayan shekara ta 1967 zuwa farkon 1970s. Yayin da labarin almara ne, yanayin ya kwaikwayi yanayin kulob din mandopop a [[Hong Kong]] . Jerin ya buga waƙoƙin mandopop da yawa waɗanda suka samo asali daga Taiwan. Kamar yadda kidan mandopop ya mamaye yawancin wuraren kulab ɗin Hong Kong, yawancin shirye-shiryen da shirye-shiryen bayar da agaji na TV an watsa su a talbijin a lokacin, kuma an sake tsara su don shirye-shiryen. == Takaitaccen bayani == Chu Siu-Kiu ( Susanna Kwan ) tana taka rawa tare da wata tsohuwar mawaƙiyar [[Shanghai]] tare da Gam Yin ( Liza Wang ) waɗanda suka yi ''""'' . A cikin bayanin labarin, [[Yaƙin Duniya na II|yakin duniya na biyu]] ya barke a lokacin, Gam Yin ta rabu da danta. Shekaru bayan haka, Gam Yin malami ne na ƙungiyar mawaƙa a mashaya ta Hong Kong. Shahararren mawakin lokacin, Ling Fung ( Roger Kwok ) da Gam Yin sun hadu, amma sam ba su samu jituwa ba. Duk lokacin da suka hadu, wani abu ya faru, ko jayayya ko fada. Chu Yuk-Lan ( Charmaine Sheh ) Abokin yara ne na Ling Fung wanda ke da sha'awar shi tun suna matashi. Ta yi hanyar fita daga cikin ƙauyen don ta same shi, amma akwai wani abu da muryarta. Lokacin da suka fara haduwa, Lan ya fito daga ƙauye mai bango a Sabon Territories kuma da alama ba shi da ilimi da butulci game da komai. Lan ya kuma fara a matsayin ɗalibin Gam Yin. Saboda girman kai na Ling Fung, su biyun suna da wahalar haɗuwa, tare da aikin waƙar Ling Fung a tsakiya. A ƙarshe Ling Fung ya fuskanci jujjuyawar arziki. Ling Fung ya ƙare sayar da rake don rayuwa, yayin da Lan ya zama shahararren mawaki. Wani ya sanar da 'yan sanda tare da alamun cewa Fung dan damfara ne na soyayya da kudi. Babban mai binciken yana bin wannan shari'ar har zuwa mutuwa kuma saboda wannan, Fung ba zai iya ci gaba da yin aiki a duniyar kiɗa ba. A wannan lokacin, Fung ya gano cewa wanda ya sanar da mai ba da rahoto shine Yin. Daga baya, Yin ta gano cewa ɗanta da ya daɗe da bata shine ainihin Ling Fung. == Yin wasan kwaikwayo == {| class="wikitable" !Yin wasan kwaikwayo ! Matsayi ! Bayani |- | Roger Kwak | Law Tai-tei/Ling Fung<br /><br /><br /><br /><nowiki></br></nowiki>羅帶弟/凌豐 |Mawaƙi<br /><br /><br /><br /><nowiki></br></nowiki> Dan Gam Yin dogon bata.<br /><br /><br /><br /><nowiki></br></nowiki> Masoyan Chu Yuk-Lan. |- | Charmaine Sheh | Chu Yuk-Lan /Fan Lan<br /><br /><br /><br /><nowiki></br></nowiki>朱玉蘭/薰蘭 |Mawaƙi<br /><br /><br /><br /><nowiki></br></nowiki> Law Dai-Dei's lover. |- | Liza Wang | Gam Yin<br /><br /><br /><br /><nowiki></br></nowiki>金燕 |Mawaƙa (" Furen Zinare Uku "Memba)<br /><br /><br /><br /><nowiki></br></nowiki> Mahaifiyar Law Dai-Dei. |- | Susanna Kwan | Chu Siu-Kiu<br /><br /><br /><br /><nowiki></br></nowiki>朱小嬌 |Mawaƙa (" Furen Zinare Uku "Memba)<br /><br /><br /><br /><nowiki></br></nowiki> Mahaifiyar Hui Wing-Hong |- | Paul Chun | Chu Dai-Kat<br /><br /><br /><br /><nowiki></br></nowiki>朱大吉 |Chu Yuk-Lan baba. |- | Sharon Chan | Shang Mei-Lai (Carol)<br /><br /><br /><br /><nowiki></br></nowiki>常美麗 |'Yar Sheung Sing<br /><br /><br /><br /><nowiki></br></nowiki> Masoyan Hui Wing-Hong |- | Cecilia Fong ([[:zh:方伊琪|方伊琪]]) | Li Yuk-Fung<br /><br /><br /><br /><nowiki></br></nowiki>李玉鳳 |Mawaƙa (" Furen Zinare Uku "Memba) |- | Lai Lok-yi | Hui Wing-Hong (James)<br /><br /><br /><br /><nowiki></br></nowiki>許永康 |Chu Siu-Kiu's Son<br /><br /><br /><br /><nowiki></br></nowiki> Masoyan Shang Mei-Lai |- | Joel Chan ([[:zh:陳山聰|陳山聰]]) | Law Wai<br /><br /><br /><br /><nowiki></br></nowiki>羅威 |Mawaƙi |- | Bill Chan | Sheung Sin<br /><br /><br /><br /><nowiki></br></nowiki>常昇 |Mahaifin Shang Mei-Lai. |- | Halina Tam | Fai Fei<br /><br /><br /><br /><nowiki></br></nowiki>菲菲 |Mawaƙa |} == Kimar kallo == {| class="wikitable" ! ! Mako ! Episode ! Matsakaicin Matsakaicin ! Wuraren Kololuwa ! Magana |- | style="text-align:center" | '''1''' | Nuwamba 6-10, 2006 | 1-5 | style="text-align:center" | 29 | style="text-align:center" | - | <ref>[http://tvbchinesenews.blogspot.com/2006/11/ratings-report-6112006-12112006.html Week 1 Ratings]</ref> |- | style="text-align:center" | '''2''' | Nuwamba 13-17, 2006 | 6-10 | style="text-align:center" | 30 | style="text-align:center" | - | <ref>[http://tvbchinesenews.blogspot.com/2006/11/ratings-report-13112006-19112006.html Week 2 Ratings]</ref> |- | style="text-align:center" | '''3''' | Nuwamba 20-24, 2006 | 11-15 | style="text-align:center" | 31 | style="text-align:center" | 34 | <ref>[http://tvbchinesenews.blogspot.com/2006/11/ratings-report-20112006-26112006.html Week 3 Ratings]</ref> |- | style="text-align:center" | '''4''' | Nuwamba 27 - Disamba 1, 2006 | 16-20 | style="text-align:center" | 31 | style="text-align:center" | - | <ref>[http://tvbchinesenews.blogspot.com/2006/12/ratings-report-27112006-3122006.html Week 4 Ratings]</ref> |- | style="text-align:center" | '''5''' | Disamba 4-8, 2006 | 21-25 | style="text-align:center" | 32 | style="text-align:center" | - | <ref>[http://tvbchinesenews.blogspot.com/2006/12/ratings-report-4122006-10122006.html Week 5 Ratings]</ref> |- | style="text-align:center" | '''6''' | Disamba 11-15, 2006 | 26-30 | style="text-align:center" | 33 | style="text-align:center" | 35 | <ref>[http://tvbchinesenews.blogspot.com/2006/12/ratings-report-11122006-17122006.html Week 6 Ratings]</ref> |} == Kyaututtuka da naɗi == '''Kyautar Shekaru 40 na TVB (2007)''' * "Mafi kyawun wasan kwaikwayo" * "Mafi kyawun Jarumi a Matsayin Jagora" ( Roger Kwok - Ling Fung/Law Dai-Dei) * "Mafi kyawun Jaruma a Matsayin Jagora" ( Liza Wang - Gam Yin) * "Mafi kyawun Jaruma a Matsayin Jagora" ( Charmaine Sheh - Chuk Yuk-Lan) * "Mafi kyawun Actor a Matsayin Taimako" ( Paul Chun - Chu Dai-Kat) * "Mafi kyawun Jaruma a Matsayin Taimako" ( Halina Tam - Fei Fei) * "Rawar da Nafi So Na Halayen Namiji" ( Roger Kwok - Ling Fung/Law Dai-Dei) * "Rawar da Nafi So na Halayen Mata" ( Liza Wang - Gam Yin) * "Rawar da Nafi So na Halayen Mata" ( Charmaine Sheh - Chuk Yuk-Lan) == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} == Hanyoyin haɗi na waje == * [https://web.archive.org/web/20070110105001/http://tvcity.tvb.com/drama/glittering_days/ TVB.com] ''Ranaku Masu'' Haƙiƙa - Gidan Yanar Gizon Yanar Gizo {{In lang|zh}} * [http://tvb.windy-goddess.net/?p=602 K don TVB.net] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080919020718/http://tvb.windy-goddess.net/?p=602 |date=2008-09-19 }} ''Ranaku Masu'' Hakika - Takaitattun Labarai da Ɗaukar allo {{In lang|en}} 9c6l0hn1hzdkitk5gmb3w27evv5jje7 895087 895086 2026-08-11T16:49:39Z Ummun Sultan 23935 895087 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} {{Glittering days}} '''''Glittering Days''''' (Na gargajiya na Sinanci:[[:zh:東方之珠 (電視劇)|東方之珠]]) jerin wasan kwaikwayo ne na lokacin TVB da aka watsa a watan Nuwamban shekarar ta 2006, wanda ke yin fim Roger Kwok, Charmaine Sheh, Liza Wang da Susanna Kwan a matsayin manyan jagorori. An nuna silsilar don murnar cikar TVB ta 39th. aikin ya faru ne bayan shekara ta 1967 zuwa farkon shekara ta 1970s. Yayin da labarin almara ne, yanayin ya kwaikwayi yanayin kulob din mandopop a [[Hong Kong]] . Jerin ya buga waƙoƙin mandopop da yawa waɗanda suka samo asali daga Taiwan. Kamar yadda kidan mandopop ya mamaye yawancin wuraren kulab ɗin Hong Kong, yawancin shirye-shiryen da shirye-shiryen bayar da agaji na TV an watsa su a talbijin a lokacin, kuma an sake tsara su don shirye-shiryen. == Takaitaccen bayani == Chu Siu-Kiu ( Susanna Kwan ) tana taka rawa tare da wata tsohuwar mawaƙiyar [[Shanghai]] tare da Gam Yin ( Liza Wang ) waɗanda suka yi ''""'' . A cikin bayanin labarin, [[Yaƙin Duniya na II|yakin duniya na biyu]] ya barke a lokacin, Gam Yin ta rabu da danta. Shekaru bayan haka, Gam Yin malami ne na ƙungiyar mawaƙa a mashaya ta Hong Kong. Shahararren mawakin lokacin, Ling Fung ( Roger Kwok ) da Gam Yin sun hadu, amma sam ba su samu jituwa ba. Duk lokacin da suka hadu, wani abu ya faru, ko jayayya ko fada. Chu Yuk-Lan ( Charmaine Sheh ) Abokin yara ne na Ling Fung wanda ke da sha'awar shi tun suna matashi. Ta yi hanyar fita daga cikin ƙauyen don ta same shi, amma akwai wani abu da muryarta. Lokacin da suka fara haduwa, Lan ya fito daga ƙauye mai bango a Sabon Territories kuma da alama ba shi da ilimi da butulci game da komai. Lan ya kuma fara a matsayin ɗalibin Gam Yin. Saboda girman kai na Ling Fung, su biyun suna da wahalar haɗuwa, tare da aikin waƙar Ling Fung a tsakiya. A ƙarshe Ling Fung ya fuskanci jujjuyawar arziki. Ling Fung ya ƙare sayar da rake don rayuwa, yayin da Lan ya zama shahararren mawaki. Wani ya sanar da 'yan sanda tare da alamun cewa Fung dan damfara ne na soyayya da kudi. Babban mai binciken yana bin wannan shari'ar har zuwa mutuwa kuma saboda wannan, Fung ba zai iya ci gaba da yin aiki a duniyar kiɗa ba. A wannan lokacin, Fung ya gano cewa wanda ya sanar da mai ba da rahoto shine Yin. Daga baya, Yin ta gano cewa ɗanta da ya daɗe da bata shine ainihin Ling Fung. == Yin wasan kwaikwayo == {| class="wikitable" !Yin wasan kwaikwayo ! Matsayi ! Bayani |- | Roger Kwak | Law Tai-tei/Ling Fung<br /><br /><br /><br /><nowiki></br></nowiki>羅帶弟/凌豐 |Mawaƙi<br /><br /><br /><br /><nowiki></br></nowiki> Dan Gam Yin dogon bata.<br /><br /><br /><br /><nowiki></br></nowiki> Masoyan Chu Yuk-Lan. |- | Charmaine Sheh | Chu Yuk-Lan /Fan Lan<br /><br /><br /><br /><nowiki></br></nowiki>朱玉蘭/薰蘭 |Mawaƙi<br /><br /><br /><br /><nowiki></br></nowiki> Law Dai-Dei's lover. |- | Liza Wang | Gam Yin<br /><br /><br /><br /><nowiki></br></nowiki>金燕 |Mawaƙa (" Furen Zinare Uku "Memba)<br /><br /><br /><br /><nowiki></br></nowiki> Mahaifiyar Law Dai-Dei. |- | Susanna Kwan | Chu Siu-Kiu<br /><br /><br /><br /><nowiki></br></nowiki>朱小嬌 |Mawaƙa (" Furen Zinare Uku "Memba)<br /><br /><br /><br /><nowiki></br></nowiki> Mahaifiyar Hui Wing-Hong |- | Paul Chun | Chu Dai-Kat<br /><br /><br /><br /><nowiki></br></nowiki>朱大吉 |Chu Yuk-Lan baba. |- | Sharon Chan | Shang Mei-Lai (Carol)<br /><br /><br /><br /><nowiki></br></nowiki>常美麗 |'Yar Sheung Sing<br /><br /><br /><br /><nowiki></br></nowiki> Masoyan Hui Wing-Hong |- | Cecilia Fong ([[:zh:方伊琪|方伊琪]]) | Li Yuk-Fung<br /><br /><br /><br /><nowiki></br></nowiki>李玉鳳 |Mawaƙa (" Furen Zinare Uku "Memba) |- | Lai Lok-yi | Hui Wing-Hong (James)<br /><br /><br /><br /><nowiki></br></nowiki>許永康 |Chu Siu-Kiu's Son<br /><br /><br /><br /><nowiki></br></nowiki> Masoyan Shang Mei-Lai |- | Joel Chan ([[:zh:陳山聰|陳山聰]]) | Law Wai<br /><br /><br /><br /><nowiki></br></nowiki>羅威 |Mawaƙi |- | Bill Chan | Sheung Sin<br /><br /><br /><br /><nowiki></br></nowiki>常昇 |Mahaifin Shang Mei-Lai. |- | Halina Tam | Fai Fei<br /><br /><br /><br /><nowiki></br></nowiki>菲菲 |Mawaƙa |} == Kimar kallo == {| class="wikitable" ! ! Mako ! Episode ! Matsakaicin Matsakaicin ! Wuraren Kololuwa ! Magana |- | style="text-align:center" | '''1''' | Nuwamba 6-10, 2006 | 1-5 | style="text-align:center" | 29 | style="text-align:center" | - | <ref>[http://tvbchinesenews.blogspot.com/2006/11/ratings-report-6112006-12112006.html Week 1 Ratings]</ref> |- | style="text-align:center" | '''2''' | Nuwamba 13-17, 2006 | 6-10 | style="text-align:center" | 30 | style="text-align:center" | - | <ref>[http://tvbchinesenews.blogspot.com/2006/11/ratings-report-13112006-19112006.html Week 2 Ratings]</ref> |- | style="text-align:center" | '''3''' | Nuwamba 20-24, 2006 | 11-15 | style="text-align:center" | 31 | style="text-align:center" | 34 | <ref>[http://tvbchinesenews.blogspot.com/2006/11/ratings-report-20112006-26112006.html Week 3 Ratings]</ref> |- | style="text-align:center" | '''4''' | Nuwamba 27 - Disamba 1, 2006 | 16-20 | style="text-align:center" | 31 | style="text-align:center" | - | <ref>[http://tvbchinesenews.blogspot.com/2006/12/ratings-report-27112006-3122006.html Week 4 Ratings]</ref> |- | style="text-align:center" | '''5''' | Disamba 4-8, 2006 | 21-25 | style="text-align:center" | 32 | style="text-align:center" | - | <ref>[http://tvbchinesenews.blogspot.com/2006/12/ratings-report-4122006-10122006.html Week 5 Ratings]</ref> |- | style="text-align:center" | '''6''' | Disamba 11-15, 2006 | 26-30 | style="text-align:center" | 33 | style="text-align:center" | 35 | <ref>[http://tvbchinesenews.blogspot.com/2006/12/ratings-report-11122006-17122006.html Week 6 Ratings]</ref> |} == Kyaututtuka da naɗi == '''Kyautar Shekaru 40 na TVB (2007)''' * "Mafi kyawun wasan kwaikwayo" * "Mafi kyawun Jarumi a Matsayin Jagora" ( Roger Kwok - Ling Fung/Law Dai-Dei) * "Mafi kyawun Jaruma a Matsayin Jagora" ( Liza Wang - Gam Yin) * "Mafi kyawun Jaruma a Matsayin Jagora" ( Charmaine Sheh - Chuk Yuk-Lan) * "Mafi kyawun Actor a Matsayin Taimako" ( Paul Chun - Chu Dai-Kat) * "Mafi kyawun Jaruma a Matsayin Taimako" ( Halina Tam - Fei Fei) * "Rawar da Nafi So Na Halayen Namiji" ( Roger Kwok - Ling Fung/Law Dai-Dei) * "Rawar da Nafi So na Halayen Mata" ( Liza Wang - Gam Yin) * "Rawar da Nafi So na Halayen Mata" ( Charmaine Sheh - Chuk Yuk-Lan) == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} == Hanyoyin haɗi na waje == * [https://web.archive.org/web/20070110105001/http://tvcity.tvb.com/drama/glittering_days/ TVB.com] ''Ranaku Masu'' Haƙiƙa - Gidan Yanar Gizon Yanar Gizo {{In lang|zh}} * [http://tvb.windy-goddess.net/?p=602 K don TVB.net] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080919020718/http://tvb.windy-goddess.net/?p=602 |date=2008-09-19 }} ''Ranaku Masu'' Hakika - Takaitattun Labarai da Ɗaukar allo {{In lang|en}} mlp7evytya5xrummfn8trzy2c4gsv37 895089 895087 2026-08-11T16:49:59Z Ummun Sultan 23935 895089 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} {{Glittering days}} '''''Glittering Days''''' (Na gargajiya na Sinanci:[[:zh:東方之珠 (電視劇)|東方之珠]]) jerin wasan kwaikwayo ne na lokacin TVB da aka watsa a watan Nuwamban shekarar ta 2006, wanda ke yin fim Roger Kwok, Charmaine Sheh, Liza Wang da Susanna Kwan a matsayin manyan jagorori. An nuna silsilar don murnar cikar TVB ta 39th. aikin ya faru ne bayan shekara ta 1967 zuwa farkon shekara ta 1970s. Yayin da labarin almara ne, yanayin ya kwaikwayi yanayin kulob din mandopop a [[Hong Kong]] . Jerin ya buga waƙoƙin mandopop da yawa waɗanda suka samo asali daga Taiwan. Kamar yadda kidan mandopop ya mamaye yawancin wuraren kulab ɗin Hong Kong, yawancin shirye-shiryen da shirye-shiryen bayar da agaji na TV an watsa su a talbijin a lokacin, kuma an sake tsara su don shirye-shiryen. == Takaitaccen bayani == Chu Siu-Kiu ( Susanna Kwan ) tana taka rawa tare da wata tsohuwar mawaƙiyar [[Shanghai]] tare da Gam Yin ( Liza Wang ) waɗanda suka yi ''""'' . A cikin bayanin labarin, [[Yaƙin Duniya na II|yakin duniya na biyu]] ya barke a lokacin, Gam Yin ta rabu da danta. Shekaru bayan haka, Gam Yin malami ne na ƙungiyar mawaƙa a mashaya ta Hong Kong. Shahararren mawakin lokacin, Ling Fung ( Roger Kwok ) da Gam Yin sun hadu, amma sam ba su samu jituwa ba. Duk lokacin da suka hadu, wani abu ya faru, ko jayayya ko fada. Chu Yuk-Lan ( Charmaine Sheh ) Abokin yara ne na Ling Fung wanda ke da sha'awar shi tun suna matashi. Ta kuma yi hanyar fita daga cikin ƙauyen don ta same shi, amma akwai wani abu da muryarta. Lokacin da suka fara haduwa, Lan ya fito daga ƙauye mai bango a Sabon Territories kuma da alama ba shi da ilimi da butulci game da komai. Lan ya kuma fara a matsayin ɗalibin Gam Yin. Saboda girman kai na Ling Fung, su biyun suna da wahalar haɗuwa, tare da aikin waƙar Ling Fung a tsakiya. A ƙarshe Ling Fung ya fuskanci jujjuyawar arziki. Ling Fung ya ƙare sayar da rake don rayuwa, yayin da Lan ya zama shahararren mawaki. Wani ya sanar da 'yan sanda tare da alamun cewa Fung dan damfara ne na soyayya da kudi. Babban mai binciken yana bin wannan shari'ar har zuwa mutuwa kuma saboda wannan, Fung ba zai iya ci gaba da yin aiki a duniyar kiɗa ba. A wannan lokacin, Fung ya gano cewa wanda ya sanar da mai ba da rahoto shine Yin. Daga baya, Yin ta gano cewa ɗanta da ya daɗe da bata shine ainihin Ling Fung. == Yin wasan kwaikwayo == {| class="wikitable" !Yin wasan kwaikwayo ! Matsayi ! Bayani |- | Roger Kwak | Law Tai-tei/Ling Fung<br /><br /><br /><br /><nowiki></br></nowiki>羅帶弟/凌豐 |Mawaƙi<br /><br /><br /><br /><nowiki></br></nowiki> Dan Gam Yin dogon bata.<br /><br /><br /><br /><nowiki></br></nowiki> Masoyan Chu Yuk-Lan. |- | Charmaine Sheh | Chu Yuk-Lan /Fan Lan<br /><br /><br /><br /><nowiki></br></nowiki>朱玉蘭/薰蘭 |Mawaƙi<br /><br /><br /><br /><nowiki></br></nowiki> Law Dai-Dei's lover. |- | Liza Wang | Gam Yin<br /><br /><br /><br /><nowiki></br></nowiki>金燕 |Mawaƙa (" Furen Zinare Uku "Memba)<br /><br /><br /><br /><nowiki></br></nowiki> Mahaifiyar Law Dai-Dei. |- | Susanna Kwan | Chu Siu-Kiu<br /><br /><br /><br /><nowiki></br></nowiki>朱小嬌 |Mawaƙa (" Furen Zinare Uku "Memba)<br /><br /><br /><br /><nowiki></br></nowiki> Mahaifiyar Hui Wing-Hong |- | Paul Chun | Chu Dai-Kat<br /><br /><br /><br /><nowiki></br></nowiki>朱大吉 |Chu Yuk-Lan baba. |- | Sharon Chan | Shang Mei-Lai (Carol)<br /><br /><br /><br /><nowiki></br></nowiki>常美麗 |'Yar Sheung Sing<br /><br /><br /><br /><nowiki></br></nowiki> Masoyan Hui Wing-Hong |- | Cecilia Fong ([[:zh:方伊琪|方伊琪]]) | Li Yuk-Fung<br /><br /><br /><br /><nowiki></br></nowiki>李玉鳳 |Mawaƙa (" Furen Zinare Uku "Memba) |- | Lai Lok-yi | Hui Wing-Hong (James)<br /><br /><br /><br /><nowiki></br></nowiki>許永康 |Chu Siu-Kiu's Son<br /><br /><br /><br /><nowiki></br></nowiki> Masoyan Shang Mei-Lai |- | Joel Chan ([[:zh:陳山聰|陳山聰]]) | Law Wai<br /><br /><br /><br /><nowiki></br></nowiki>羅威 |Mawaƙi |- | Bill Chan | Sheung Sin<br /><br /><br /><br /><nowiki></br></nowiki>常昇 |Mahaifin Shang Mei-Lai. |- | Halina Tam | Fai Fei<br /><br /><br /><br /><nowiki></br></nowiki>菲菲 |Mawaƙa |} == Kimar kallo == {| class="wikitable" ! ! Mako ! Episode ! Matsakaicin Matsakaicin ! Wuraren Kololuwa ! Magana |- | style="text-align:center" | '''1''' | Nuwamba 6-10, 2006 | 1-5 | style="text-align:center" | 29 | style="text-align:center" | - | <ref>[http://tvbchinesenews.blogspot.com/2006/11/ratings-report-6112006-12112006.html Week 1 Ratings]</ref> |- | style="text-align:center" | '''2''' | Nuwamba 13-17, 2006 | 6-10 | style="text-align:center" | 30 | style="text-align:center" | - | <ref>[http://tvbchinesenews.blogspot.com/2006/11/ratings-report-13112006-19112006.html Week 2 Ratings]</ref> |- | style="text-align:center" | '''3''' | Nuwamba 20-24, 2006 | 11-15 | style="text-align:center" | 31 | style="text-align:center" | 34 | <ref>[http://tvbchinesenews.blogspot.com/2006/11/ratings-report-20112006-26112006.html Week 3 Ratings]</ref> |- | style="text-align:center" | '''4''' | Nuwamba 27 - Disamba 1, 2006 | 16-20 | style="text-align:center" | 31 | style="text-align:center" | - | <ref>[http://tvbchinesenews.blogspot.com/2006/12/ratings-report-27112006-3122006.html Week 4 Ratings]</ref> |- | style="text-align:center" | '''5''' | Disamba 4-8, 2006 | 21-25 | style="text-align:center" | 32 | style="text-align:center" | - | <ref>[http://tvbchinesenews.blogspot.com/2006/12/ratings-report-4122006-10122006.html Week 5 Ratings]</ref> |- | style="text-align:center" | '''6''' | Disamba 11-15, 2006 | 26-30 | style="text-align:center" | 33 | style="text-align:center" | 35 | <ref>[http://tvbchinesenews.blogspot.com/2006/12/ratings-report-11122006-17122006.html Week 6 Ratings]</ref> |} == Kyaututtuka da naɗi == '''Kyautar Shekaru 40 na TVB (2007)''' * "Mafi kyawun wasan kwaikwayo" * "Mafi kyawun Jarumi a Matsayin Jagora" ( Roger Kwok - Ling Fung/Law Dai-Dei) * "Mafi kyawun Jaruma a Matsayin Jagora" ( Liza Wang - Gam Yin) * "Mafi kyawun Jaruma a Matsayin Jagora" ( Charmaine Sheh - Chuk Yuk-Lan) * "Mafi kyawun Actor a Matsayin Taimako" ( Paul Chun - Chu Dai-Kat) * "Mafi kyawun Jaruma a Matsayin Taimako" ( Halina Tam - Fei Fei) * "Rawar da Nafi So Na Halayen Namiji" ( Roger Kwok - Ling Fung/Law Dai-Dei) * "Rawar da Nafi So na Halayen Mata" ( Liza Wang - Gam Yin) * "Rawar da Nafi So na Halayen Mata" ( Charmaine Sheh - Chuk Yuk-Lan) == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} == Hanyoyin haɗi na waje == * [https://web.archive.org/web/20070110105001/http://tvcity.tvb.com/drama/glittering_days/ TVB.com] ''Ranaku Masu'' Haƙiƙa - Gidan Yanar Gizon Yanar Gizo {{In lang|zh}} * [http://tvb.windy-goddess.net/?p=602 K don TVB.net] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080919020718/http://tvb.windy-goddess.net/?p=602 |date=2008-09-19 }} ''Ranaku Masu'' Hakika - Takaitattun Labarai da Ɗaukar allo {{In lang|en}} r1iv8ykdc1sqfs1q9gcfpiznr027pn1 895091 895089 2026-08-11T16:50:31Z Ummun Sultan 23935 895091 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} {{Glittering days}} '''''Glittering Days''''' (Na gargajiya na Sinanci:[[:zh:東方之珠 (電視劇)|東方之珠]]) jerin wasan kwaikwayo ne na lokacin TVB da aka watsa a watan Nuwamban shekarar ta 2006, wanda ke yin fim Roger Kwok, Charmaine Sheh, Liza Wang da Susanna Kwan a matsayin manyan jagorori. An nuna silsilar don murnar cikar TVB ta 39th. aikin ya faru ne bayan shekara ta 1967 zuwa farkon shekara ta 1970s. Yayin da labarin almara ne, yanayin ya kwaikwayi yanayin kulob din mandopop a [[Hong Kong]] . Jerin ya buga waƙoƙin mandopop da yawa waɗanda suka samo asali daga Taiwan. Kamar yadda kidan mandopop ya mamaye yawancin wuraren kulab ɗin Hong Kong, yawancin shirye-shiryen da shirye-shiryen bayar da agaji na TV an watsa su a talbijin a lokacin, kuma an sake tsara su don shirye-shiryen. == Takaitaccen bayani == Chu Siu-Kiu ( Susanna Kwan ) tana taka rawa tare da wata tsohuwar mawaƙiyar [[Shanghai]] tare da Gam Yin ( Liza Wang ) waɗanda suka yi ''""'' . A cikin bayanin labarin, [[Yaƙin Duniya na II|yakin duniya na biyu]] ya barke a lokacin, Gam Yin ta rabu da danta. Shekaru bayan haka, Gam Yin malami ne na ƙungiyar mawaƙa a mashaya ta Hong Kong. Shahararren mawakin lokacin, Ling Fung ( Roger Kwok ) da Gam Yin sun hadu, amma sam ba su samu jituwa ba. Duk lokacin da suka hadu, wani abu ya faru, ko jayayya ko fada. Chu Yuk-Lan ( Charmaine Sheh ) Abokin yara ne na Ling Fung wanda ke da sha'awar shi tun suna matashi. Ta kuma yi hanyar fita daga cikin ƙauyen don ta same shi, amma akwai wani abu da muryarta. Lokacin da suka fara haduwa, Lan ya fito daga ƙauye mai bango a Sabon Territories kuma da alama ba shi da ilimi da butulci game da komai. Lan ya kuma fara a matsayin ɗalibin Gam Yin. Saboda girman kai na Ling Fung, su biyun suna da wahalar haɗuwa, tare da aikin waƙar Ling Fung a tsakiya. A ƙarshe Ling Fung ya fuskanci jujjuyawar arziki. Ling Fung ya ƙare sayar da rake don rayuwa, yayin da Lan ya zama shahararren mawaki. Wani ya sanar da 'yan sanda tare da alamun cewa Fung ɗan damfara ne na soyayya da kudi. Babban mai binciken yana bin wannan shari'ar har zuwa mutuwa kuma saboda wannan, Fung ba zai iya ci gaba da yin aiki a duniyar kiɗa ba. A wannan lokacin, Fung ya gano cewa wanda ya sanar da mai ba da rahoto shine Yin. Daga baya, Yin ta gano cewa ɗanta da ya daɗe da bata shine ainihin Ling Fung. == Yin wasan kwaikwayo == {| class="wikitable" !Yin wasan kwaikwayo ! Matsayi ! Bayani |- | Roger Kwak | Law Tai-tei/Ling Fung<br /><br /><br /><br /><nowiki></br></nowiki>羅帶弟/凌豐 |Mawaƙi<br /><br /><br /><br /><nowiki></br></nowiki> Dan Gam Yin dogon bata.<br /><br /><br /><br /><nowiki></br></nowiki> Masoyan Chu Yuk-Lan. |- | Charmaine Sheh | Chu Yuk-Lan /Fan Lan<br /><br /><br /><br /><nowiki></br></nowiki>朱玉蘭/薰蘭 |Mawaƙi<br /><br /><br /><br /><nowiki></br></nowiki> Law Dai-Dei's lover. |- | Liza Wang | Gam Yin<br /><br /><br /><br /><nowiki></br></nowiki>金燕 |Mawaƙa (" Furen Zinare Uku "Memba)<br /><br /><br /><br /><nowiki></br></nowiki> Mahaifiyar Law Dai-Dei. |- | Susanna Kwan | Chu Siu-Kiu<br /><br /><br /><br /><nowiki></br></nowiki>朱小嬌 |Mawaƙa (" Furen Zinare Uku "Memba)<br /><br /><br /><br /><nowiki></br></nowiki> Mahaifiyar Hui Wing-Hong |- | Paul Chun | Chu Dai-Kat<br /><br /><br /><br /><nowiki></br></nowiki>朱大吉 |Chu Yuk-Lan baba. |- | Sharon Chan | Shang Mei-Lai (Carol)<br /><br /><br /><br /><nowiki></br></nowiki>常美麗 |'Yar Sheung Sing<br /><br /><br /><br /><nowiki></br></nowiki> Masoyan Hui Wing-Hong |- | Cecilia Fong ([[:zh:方伊琪|方伊琪]]) | Li Yuk-Fung<br /><br /><br /><br /><nowiki></br></nowiki>李玉鳳 |Mawaƙa (" Furen Zinare Uku "Memba) |- | Lai Lok-yi | Hui Wing-Hong (James)<br /><br /><br /><br /><nowiki></br></nowiki>許永康 |Chu Siu-Kiu's Son<br /><br /><br /><br /><nowiki></br></nowiki> Masoyan Shang Mei-Lai |- | Joel Chan ([[:zh:陳山聰|陳山聰]]) | Law Wai<br /><br /><br /><br /><nowiki></br></nowiki>羅威 |Mawaƙi |- | Bill Chan | Sheung Sin<br /><br /><br /><br /><nowiki></br></nowiki>常昇 |Mahaifin Shang Mei-Lai. |- | Halina Tam | Fai Fei<br /><br /><br /><br /><nowiki></br></nowiki>菲菲 |Mawaƙa |} == Kimar kallo == {| class="wikitable" ! ! Mako ! Episode ! Matsakaicin Matsakaicin ! Wuraren Kololuwa ! Magana |- | style="text-align:center" | '''1''' | Nuwamba 6-10, 2006 | 1-5 | style="text-align:center" | 29 | style="text-align:center" | - | <ref>[http://tvbchinesenews.blogspot.com/2006/11/ratings-report-6112006-12112006.html Week 1 Ratings]</ref> |- | style="text-align:center" | '''2''' | Nuwamba 13-17, 2006 | 6-10 | style="text-align:center" | 30 | style="text-align:center" | - | <ref>[http://tvbchinesenews.blogspot.com/2006/11/ratings-report-13112006-19112006.html Week 2 Ratings]</ref> |- | style="text-align:center" | '''3''' | Nuwamba 20-24, 2006 | 11-15 | style="text-align:center" | 31 | style="text-align:center" | 34 | <ref>[http://tvbchinesenews.blogspot.com/2006/11/ratings-report-20112006-26112006.html Week 3 Ratings]</ref> |- | style="text-align:center" | '''4''' | Nuwamba 27 - Disamba 1, 2006 | 16-20 | style="text-align:center" | 31 | style="text-align:center" | - | <ref>[http://tvbchinesenews.blogspot.com/2006/12/ratings-report-27112006-3122006.html Week 4 Ratings]</ref> |- | style="text-align:center" | '''5''' | Disamba 4-8, 2006 | 21-25 | style="text-align:center" | 32 | style="text-align:center" | - | <ref>[http://tvbchinesenews.blogspot.com/2006/12/ratings-report-4122006-10122006.html Week 5 Ratings]</ref> |- | style="text-align:center" | '''6''' | Disamba 11-15, 2006 | 26-30 | style="text-align:center" | 33 | style="text-align:center" | 35 | <ref>[http://tvbchinesenews.blogspot.com/2006/12/ratings-report-11122006-17122006.html Week 6 Ratings]</ref> |} == Kyaututtuka da naɗi == '''Kyautar Shekaru 40 na TVB (2007)''' * "Mafi kyawun wasan kwaikwayo" * "Mafi kyawun Jarumi a Matsayin Jagora" ( Roger Kwok - Ling Fung/Law Dai-Dei) * "Mafi kyawun Jaruma a Matsayin Jagora" ( Liza Wang - Gam Yin) * "Mafi kyawun Jaruma a Matsayin Jagora" ( Charmaine Sheh - Chuk Yuk-Lan) * "Mafi kyawun Actor a Matsayin Taimako" ( Paul Chun - Chu Dai-Kat) * "Mafi kyawun Jaruma a Matsayin Taimako" ( Halina Tam - Fei Fei) * "Rawar da Nafi So Na Halayen Namiji" ( Roger Kwok - Ling Fung/Law Dai-Dei) * "Rawar da Nafi So na Halayen Mata" ( Liza Wang - Gam Yin) * "Rawar da Nafi So na Halayen Mata" ( Charmaine Sheh - Chuk Yuk-Lan) == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} == Hanyoyin haɗi na waje == * [https://web.archive.org/web/20070110105001/http://tvcity.tvb.com/drama/glittering_days/ TVB.com] ''Ranaku Masu'' Haƙiƙa - Gidan Yanar Gizon Yanar Gizo {{In lang|zh}} * [http://tvb.windy-goddess.net/?p=602 K don TVB.net] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080919020718/http://tvb.windy-goddess.net/?p=602 |date=2008-09-19 }} ''Ranaku Masu'' Hakika - Takaitattun Labarai da Ɗaukar allo {{In lang|en}} pxowv9vkmjj6t32z74kfv1imrjebta2 0 34778 894915 876036 2026-08-11T12:57:40Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 894915 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''Canwood''' (yawan jama'a na 2021 : 314) ƙauye ne a lardin [[Kanada]] na [[Saskatchewan]] a cikin Karamar Hukumar Canwood Lamba 494 da Sashen Ƙididdiga na No. 16. == Tarihi == Tun lokacin da aka daidaita, Canwood ya shiga canje-canjen suna. Bayanan da ofishin gidan waya ke adana sun nuna ainihin sunan mazaunin Parksideing, amma babu wata shaida da ta nuna cewa an taɓa yin aiki da sunan. Ofishin gidan waya ya bude ranar 1 ga Satumba, 1911, yana aiki da sunan McQuan; wannan kuskuren rubutu ne, kuma bayan watanni uku an gyara sunan zuwa McOwan. Wannan sunan ya girmama Alexander McOwan, majagaba wanda ya kasance wakilin shige da fice, manajan gidaje, kuma marubuci. A ranar 1 ga Yuni, 1912, an sake canza sunan al'ummar zuwa Forgaard don girmama Jens Forgaard, ɗan ƙasar [[Norway]] wanda ya yi hijira daga Minnesota. Daidai shekara ɗaya bayan haka, ranar 1 ga Yuni, 1913, an canza sunan a karo na ƙarshe zuwa [[Canwood]], wanda shine tashar [[Kanada]] Woodlands. Canwood an haɗa shi azaman ƙauye a ranar 18 ga Yuli, 1916.<ref name=Incorporation>{{cite web | url=http://municipal.gov.sk.ca/Municipal-History/Urban-Incorporated-Dates | title=Urban Municipality Incorporations | publisher=Saskatchewan Ministry of Government Relations | access-date=June 1, 2020 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141015042810/http://municipal.gov.sk.ca/Municipal-History/Urban-Incorporated-Dates | archive-date=October 15, 2014}}</ref> == Geography == [[Fayil:20160622 2006-07-17-Canwood 075 Panorama.jpg|thumb|Canwood]] Canwood yana kan Babbar Hanya 55, kuma yana makwabtaka da garuruwan Debden da Shellbrook . Yankin Canwood yana da nisan {{Convert|5|km|mi|0}} kudu maso gabas daga Canwood tare da Babbar Hanya 55. Tana da wuraren zama 20, filin wasan golf mai ramuka tara, da lu'u-lu'u na baseball uku, kuma yana buɗewa daga Mayu zuwa Satumba.<ref>{{cite web|title=The Canwood Regional Park|url=http://www.canwood.ca/tourism/regional-park|publisher=Village of Canwood|access-date=April 27, 2014|archive-date=April 28, 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140428012015/http://www.canwood.ca/tourism/regional-park|url-status=dead}}</ref> == Alkaluma ==   A cikin kididdigar yawan jama'a ta 2021 da Statistics Canada ta gudanar, Canwood yana da yawan jama'a 314 da ke zaune a cikin 154 daga cikin jimlar gidaje 168 masu zaman kansu, canjin yanayi. -5.4% daga yawanta na 2016 na 332 . Tare da yanki na ƙasa na {{Convert|2.42|km2|sqmi}} , tana da yawan yawan jama'a 129.8/km a cikin 2021. A cikin ƙidayar yawan jama'a na 2016, ƙauyen Canwood ya ƙididdige yawan jama'a na 314 da ke zaune a cikin 154 daga cikin 168 na gidaje masu zaman kansu. -5.7% ya canza daga yawan 2016 na 332 . Tare da yanki na ƙasa na {{Convert|2.42|km2|sqmi}} , tana da yawan yawan jama'a 129.8/km a cikin 2021. == Ilimi == Canwood Community School ita ce kawai cibiyar ilimi a Canwood. Wani ɓangare na Sashen Makarantun Kogin Saskatchewan #119, yana koyar da ɗalibai daga Kindergarten zuwa Grade 12. Ana iya neman ilimi mafi girma a bayan gari a Cibiyar Nazarin Kimiyya da Fasaha ta Saskatchewan, Jami'ar Saskatchewan, ko Jami'ar [[Regina]] . == Labarin birni == [[Fayil:Canwood Lane - geograph.org.uk - 4770231.jpg|thumb|Canwood]] Wani labari na birni ya ce [[Albert Einstein]] ya taka leda ga Canwood Canucks a lokacin hunturu lokacin da yake tafiya don samun kwanciyar hankali da shiru don aikinsa a kan Theory of Relativity . Masu lura da kafafen yada labarai sun gano cewa wannan labari ba zai yiwu ba; baya ga rashin yiwuwar Einstein ya ziyarci yankunan karkara na Canwood, an kafa ƙungiyar wasan hockey na Canwood Canucks a 1958, shekaru uku bayan mutuwarsa. == Duba kuma == * Jerin al'ummomi a cikin Saskatchewan * Jerin ƙauyuka a cikin Saskatchewan ==Manazarta== {{Reflist}} == Hanyoyin haɗi na waje == * {{Official website|https://www.canwood.ca/}} {{SKDivision16}} c9zcid72uekbnv68r2bfgm53mxdwbmi 0 34905 895411 578862 2026-08-12T07:45:49Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 895411 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox|item=Q61694590}} '''Emmanuel Kwasi Bedzrah''' dan siyasan Ghana ne kuma dan majalisar wakilai ta bakwai a jamhuriya ta hudu ta Ghana mai wakiltar mazabar Ho West a yankin Volta akan tikitin National Democratic Congress.<ref name="BEDZRAH">{{Cite web|url=https://www.parliament.gh/mps?mp=128|title=Ghana MPs - List of MPs|website=www.parliament.gh|access-date=2019-03-11|archive-date=2023-04-24|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230424224201/https://www.parliament.gh/mps?mp=128|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref name="KWASI">{{Cite web|url=http://www.ghanamps.com/mps/details.php?id=5392|title=Ghana MPs - List of MPs|website=www.ghanamps.com|access-date=2020-02-04|archive-date=2020-01-09|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200109114737/http://ghanamps.com/mps/details.php?id=5392|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref name="EMMANUEL">{{cite web|url=https://mobile.ghanaweb.com/GhanaHomePage/republic/parliamentatian.php?ID=37|title=Member of Parliament Emmanuel Kwasi Bedzrah|publisher=Ghana Web|accessdate=4 February 2020}}{{Dead link|date=October 2022 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref><ref name="E K BEDZRAH">{{cite web|url=https://ukgcc.com.gh/hon-emmanuel-kwasi-bedzrah/|title=HON. EMMANUEL KWASI BEDZRAH|publisher=UKGCC|accessdate=4 February 2020|archive-date=4 February 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200204130922/https://ukgcc.com.gh/hon-emmanuel-kwasi-bedzrah/|url-status=dead}}</ref> == Rayuwar farko da ilimi == An haifi Bedzrah a ranar 28 ga Mayu 1967. Ya fito ne daga Tsitso-Awudome, wani gari a yankin Volta na Ghana. Ya sami takardar shaidar difloma a matsayin mai ba da izini na Chartered daga Cibiyar Nazarin Masana'antu ta Ghana. Sannan kuma ya samu Certificate I (CTC I) daga Takoradi Polytechnic da Digiri na farko a fannin Gudanarwa daga Jami’ar Ghana. Ya yi digiri na biyu a Cibiyar Gudanarwa da Gudanarwa ta Ghana (GIMPA).<ref name="BEDZRAH" /><ref name="KWASI" /><ref name="EMMANUEL" /><ref name="E K BEDZRAH" /> == Aiki da siyasa == Kafin shiga harkokin siyasa, Bedzrah shi ne babban jami’in gudanarwa na hukumar ba da shawara kan sayayya da gudanar da ayyuka.<ref name="BEDZRAH" /><ref name="KWASI" /><ref name="EMMANUEL" /><ref name="E K BEDZRAH" /> An zabe shi ne don wakiltar mazabar Ho West a lokacin babban zaben Ghana na 2008. Ya kasance a majalisar tun ranar 7 ga watan Janairun 2009. A majalisar, ya yi aiki a kwamitoci daban-daban, wasu daga cikinsu sun hada da; Kwamitin Ayyuka da Gidaje, da Kwamitin Tsare-tsare na oda.<ref name="BEDZRAH" /><ref name="KWASI" /><ref name="EMMANUEL" /><ref name="E K BEDZRAH" /> A cikin 2021, Bedzrah tare da [[Alexander Kwamina Afenyo-Markin|Alexander Kwamena Afenyo-Markin]], [[Abdul-Aziz Ayaba Musah]], [[Johnson Kwaku Adu]] da [[Laadi Ayii Ayamba]] an rantsar da su yayin babban zama na 2021 na Majalisar ECOWAS wanda ya faru a Freetown a Saliyo.<ref>{{Cite web|last=author|last2=ANAETO|first2=Fred|date=2021-03-29|title=1st Extraordinary Session 2021 of ECOWAS Parliament: Adoption of the Strategic Plan (2020-2024) as the first priority.|url=https://parl.ecowas.int/2021-first-extraordinary-session-of-the-ecowas-parliament-adoption-of-the-strategic-plan-2020-2024-priority-among-other-events/|access-date=2022-02-04|website=ECOWAS Parliament Website|language=en-US}}</ref> == Rayuwa ta sirri == Bedzrah ya yi aure tare da yara huɗu. Ya bayyana a matsayin Kirista.<ref name="BEDZRAH" /><ref name="KWASI" /><ref name="EMMANUEL" /><ref name="E K BEDZRAH" /> == Manazarta == [[Category:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Category:Haifaffun 1967]] j48i78he9yw4wts4hnzibu2z2tithfz 0 36708 895554 219901 2026-08-12T10:23:29Z Maryam Abdullahi Y 43904 895554 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Jami'ar Kimiyya da Fasaha ta Jihar Legas''' babbar jami'a ce mallakar gwamnati da ke [[Ikorodu|Ikorodu, Jihar Legas]], [[Najeriya]]. Makarantar da a da ake kira '''Legas State College of Science and Technology (LACOSTECH)''' sannan ta koma '''Legas State Polytechnic''' (LASPOTECH).<ref>"[[Lagos State University of Science and Technology]] (LASUST) Archives|[[Premium Times]] [[Nigeria]]". Retrieved 23 March 2022.</ref> == Tarihi == An kuma kafa Jami'ar Kimiyya da Fasaha ta Jihar [[Legas]] (wanda aka fi sani da Lagos State Polytechnic) tare da kaddamar da Dokar [[Lagos (jiha)|Jihar Legas]] mai lamba 1 na 1978 tare da sake dawowa daga Yuni 1, 1977. Cibiyar ta fara azuzuwa a cikin watan Janairun, 1978 a wani wuri na wucin gadi (yanzu Isolo Campus) tare da Sassan guda biyar wato, [[Accounting|Accountancy], Gudanar da Kasuwanci, Banki da Kudi, Kasuwanci da Inshora. A ranar 1 ga watan Agusta 1978, Makarantar Noma da ke [[Ikorodu]] ta haɗe da Cibiyar kuma ta zama jigon wurin dindindin na yau a [[Ikorodu]]. A shekarar 1988. A shekarar 1986, gwamnatin jihar Legas ta canza sunan Cibiyar daga Kwalejin Kimiyya da Fasaha ta Jihar [[Legas]], (LACOSTECH) zuwa Legas Polytechnic (LASPOTECH). A shekarar 2021, Gwamna [[Babajide Sanwo-Olu]] ya mayar da makarantar zuwa jami'a.<ref>"LASUSTECH: Getting it right from the start and approved by the National universities commission [NUC]". Vanguard News. 5 March 2022. Retrieved 23 March 2022.</ref> A karshen shekarun 1970, gwamnatin jihar [[Legas]] ta mallaki fili mai fadin hekta 400 a ƙauyen Ikosi da ke daura da babbar hanyar Legas zuwa Ibadan, wanda aka ba da shawarar ci gaba a matsayin wurin dindindin na Cibiyar. Duk da haka, tare da mamaye ƙasar Ikosi, an daina ganin ci gabanta zuwa wurin dindindin. Gwamnatin jihar ta yanke shawarar amincewa da [[Ikorodu]] a matsayin wurin dindindin na Cibiyar a 1985. Sakamakon wannan canjin, babban ofishin gudanarwa na kwalejin kimiyya da fasaha da ke Isolo Campus tun lokacin da aka kafa Cibiyar ya koma wurin zama na dindindin a [[Ikorodu]] a watan Mayun 2000. Polytechnic a halin yanzu yana da ƙarfin ma'aikata 808 tare da shirye-shirye 56 da aka yarda da su a cikin makarantu daban-daban. Polytechnic yana gudanar da hanyar sadarwa (EDUPORTAL) akan gidan yanar gizon sa-www.mylaspotech.edu.ng. A halin yanzu ana amfani da tashar don aiwatar da shigarwa da rajista na ɗalibai na cikakken lokaci da ɗaliban Makarantar Nazarin Lokaci-lokaci. Ana shirye-shiryen sanya tashar ta ƙara ƙarfi don ba da damar bincika sakamakon jarrabawa, ba da wasiƙun kammalawa da rubutattun rubuce-rubuce, e-learning, samun damar shiga ɗakin karatu na e-library, watsa bayanan harabar da kuma ci gaba mai ban mamaki na Watsa Labarai da Fasahar Sadarwa. Cibiyar, wacce ta fara laccoci da ɗaliban majagaba 287, a halin yanzu tana da ɗalibai kusan 50,000 [[wiktionary:full-time|na cikakken lokaci]] da na ɗan lokaci . Polytechnic a halin yanzu yana aiki a harabar harabar guda uku wato Isolo, [[Surulere (Lagos)|Surulere]] da [[Ikorodu]]. Wannan na baya ya zama wurin dindindin na Cibiyar, Ikosi Campus wanda ya mutu. == Sanannen tsofaffin ɗalibai == * Yinka Durosinmi * [[Adekunle Gold]] * [[Iyabo Ojo]] * Seun Bamiro * David Lanre Messan == Gine-gine da abubuwan tarihi == <gallery mode="packed" caption="Campus of LASPOTECH"> File:School of technology, Laspotech.jpg|Makarantar Fasaha, Laspotech File:Department of Computer engineering, Laspotech.jpg|Sashen Injiniyan Kwamfuta, Laspotech File:School of environmental studies, Laspotech.jpg|Makarantar nazarin muhalli, Laspotech File:LASPOTECH LIBRARY COMPLEX.jpg|Cibiyar Laburare ta Laspotech File:ICT center of LASPOTECH.jpg|Laspotech ICT cibiyar File:ESTATE MANAGEMENT DEPARTMENT, LASPOTECH IKORODU.jpg|Sashen Kula da Gidaje, Laspotech Ikorodu File:Lagos state polytechnic, Ikorodu.jpg|Lagos State Polytechnic, Ikorodu </gallery> == Duba kuma == * Jerin Jami'o'in Najeriya == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} * NAN (Mayu 7, 2018) [https://thenewsnigeria.com.ng/amp/2017/05/nipoga-2017-laspotech-clinches-top-position-with-16-gold/ NIPOGA 2017: LASPOTECH ya zama babban matsayi da zinare 16] The News (Nigeria) * BAYANIN AJASA (23 NOVEMBER, 2020) * [http://ajasainfo.com/2020/11/23/lasg-appoints-new-rector-for-lagos-state-polytechnic-ajasa-info/ LASG Ta Nada Sabon Shugaban Jami’ar Jihar Legas Polytechnic] AJASA INFO (Nigeria) == Hanyoyin haɗi na waje == * {{Official website|mylaspotech.edu.ng}} * https://www.premiumtimesng.com/news/top-news/503312-exclusive-sanwo-olu-to-sign-new-universities-laws-in-january-official.html jr5oygme3z8dpylq4e46fvb0uy4l630 895555 895554 2026-08-12T10:23:31Z KiranBOT 35988 cire bin AMP daga URLs ([[:m:User:KiranBOT/AMP|cikakkun bayanai]]) ([[User talk:Usernamekiran|rahoton kuskure]]) v2.2.9s 895555 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Jami'ar Kimiyya da Fasaha ta Jihar Legas''' babbar jami'a ce mallakar gwamnati da ke [[Ikorodu|Ikorodu, Jihar Legas]], [[Najeriya]]. Makarantar da a da ake kira '''Legas State College of Science and Technology (LACOSTECH)''' sannan ta koma '''Legas State Polytechnic''' (LASPOTECH).<ref>"[[Lagos State University of Science and Technology]] (LASUST) Archives|[[Premium Times]] [[Nigeria]]". Retrieved 23 March 2022.</ref> == Tarihi == An kuma kafa Jami'ar Kimiyya da Fasaha ta Jihar [[Legas]] (wanda aka fi sani da Lagos State Polytechnic) tare da kaddamar da Dokar [[Lagos (jiha)|Jihar Legas]] mai lamba 1 na 1978 tare da sake dawowa daga Yuni 1, 1977. Cibiyar ta fara azuzuwa a cikin watan Janairun, 1978 a wani wuri na wucin gadi (yanzu Isolo Campus) tare da Sassan guda biyar wato, [[Accounting|Accountancy], Gudanar da Kasuwanci, Banki da Kudi, Kasuwanci da Inshora. A ranar 1 ga watan Agusta 1978, Makarantar Noma da ke [[Ikorodu]] ta haɗe da Cibiyar kuma ta zama jigon wurin dindindin na yau a [[Ikorodu]]. A shekarar 1988. A shekarar 1986, gwamnatin jihar Legas ta canza sunan Cibiyar daga Kwalejin Kimiyya da Fasaha ta Jihar [[Legas]], (LACOSTECH) zuwa Legas Polytechnic (LASPOTECH). A shekarar 2021, Gwamna [[Babajide Sanwo-Olu]] ya mayar da makarantar zuwa jami'a.<ref>"LASUSTECH: Getting it right from the start and approved by the National universities commission [NUC]". Vanguard News. 5 March 2022. Retrieved 23 March 2022.</ref> A karshen shekarun 1970, gwamnatin jihar [[Legas]] ta mallaki fili mai fadin hekta 400 a ƙauyen Ikosi da ke daura da babbar hanyar Legas zuwa Ibadan, wanda aka ba da shawarar ci gaba a matsayin wurin dindindin na Cibiyar. Duk da haka, tare da mamaye ƙasar Ikosi, an daina ganin ci gabanta zuwa wurin dindindin. Gwamnatin jihar ta yanke shawarar amincewa da [[Ikorodu]] a matsayin wurin dindindin na Cibiyar a 1985. Sakamakon wannan canjin, babban ofishin gudanarwa na kwalejin kimiyya da fasaha da ke Isolo Campus tun lokacin da aka kafa Cibiyar ya koma wurin zama na dindindin a [[Ikorodu]] a watan Mayun 2000. Polytechnic a halin yanzu yana da ƙarfin ma'aikata 808 tare da shirye-shirye 56 da aka yarda da su a cikin makarantu daban-daban. Polytechnic yana gudanar da hanyar sadarwa (EDUPORTAL) akan gidan yanar gizon sa-www.mylaspotech.edu.ng. A halin yanzu ana amfani da tashar don aiwatar da shigarwa da rajista na ɗalibai na cikakken lokaci da ɗaliban Makarantar Nazarin Lokaci-lokaci. Ana shirye-shiryen sanya tashar ta ƙara ƙarfi don ba da damar bincika sakamakon jarrabawa, ba da wasiƙun kammalawa da rubutattun rubuce-rubuce, e-learning, samun damar shiga ɗakin karatu na e-library, watsa bayanan harabar da kuma ci gaba mai ban mamaki na Watsa Labarai da Fasahar Sadarwa. Cibiyar, wacce ta fara laccoci da ɗaliban majagaba 287, a halin yanzu tana da ɗalibai kusan 50,000 [[wiktionary:full-time|na cikakken lokaci]] da na ɗan lokaci . Polytechnic a halin yanzu yana aiki a harabar harabar guda uku wato Isolo, [[Surulere (Lagos)|Surulere]] da [[Ikorodu]]. Wannan na baya ya zama wurin dindindin na Cibiyar, Ikosi Campus wanda ya mutu. == Sanannen tsofaffin ɗalibai == * Yinka Durosinmi * [[Adekunle Gold]] * [[Iyabo Ojo]] * Seun Bamiro * David Lanre Messan == Gine-gine da abubuwan tarihi == <gallery mode="packed" caption="Campus of LASPOTECH"> File:School of technology, Laspotech.jpg|Makarantar Fasaha, Laspotech File:Department of Computer engineering, Laspotech.jpg|Sashen Injiniyan Kwamfuta, Laspotech File:School of environmental studies, Laspotech.jpg|Makarantar nazarin muhalli, Laspotech File:LASPOTECH LIBRARY COMPLEX.jpg|Cibiyar Laburare ta Laspotech File:ICT center of LASPOTECH.jpg|Laspotech ICT cibiyar File:ESTATE MANAGEMENT DEPARTMENT, LASPOTECH IKORODU.jpg|Sashen Kula da Gidaje, Laspotech Ikorodu File:Lagos state polytechnic, Ikorodu.jpg|Lagos State Polytechnic, Ikorodu </gallery> == Duba kuma == * Jerin Jami'o'in Najeriya == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} * NAN (Mayu 7, 2018) [https://thenewsnigeria.com.ng/2017/05/nipoga-2017-laspotech-clinches-top-position-with-16-gold/ NIPOGA 2017: LASPOTECH ya zama babban matsayi da zinare 16] The News (Nigeria) * BAYANIN AJASA (23 NOVEMBER, 2020) * [http://ajasainfo.com/2020/11/23/lasg-appoints-new-rector-for-lagos-state-polytechnic-ajasa-info/ LASG Ta Nada Sabon Shugaban Jami’ar Jihar Legas Polytechnic] AJASA INFO (Nigeria) == Hanyoyin haɗi na waje == * {{Official website|mylaspotech.edu.ng}} * https://www.premiumtimesng.com/news/top-news/503312-exclusive-sanwo-olu-to-sign-new-universities-laws-in-january-official.html qs9e1fmrkz9w1zxrzrt7zj1yahhepla 0 38820 895193 570855 2026-08-11T19:35:16Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 5 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 895193 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Cletus Apul Avoka''' (an haife shi 20 Nuwamba 1951) lauya ɗan Ghana ne, ɗan siyasa kuma memba na Majalisar Ghana mai wakiltar mazabar Zebilla ta Gabas a yankin Gabas ta Gabas.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|title=Ghana MPs – MP Details – Avoka, Apul Cletus|url=http://www.ghanamps.com/mps/details.php?id=2565|access-date=11 July 2020|website=www.ghanamps.com|archive-date=19 February 2025|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250219111419/https://ghanamps.com/mps/details.php/?id=2565|url-status=dead}}</ref> Ya kasance shugaban masu rinjaye a majalisar a lokacin da yake kan karagar mulki sannan kuma ya taba rike mukamin ministan harkokin cikin gida da ministan filaye da gandun daji.<ref>{{Cite web|date=16 July 2019|title=Parliament needs men of wisdom and experience like me – Cletus Avoka|url=https://www.ghanaweb.com/GhanaHomePage/NewsArchive/Parliament-needs-men-of-wisdom-and-experience-like-me-Cletus-Avoka-763733|access-date=11 July 2020|website=www.ghanaweb.com|language=en}}</ref> == Rayuwar farko da ilimi == An haifi Cletus Apul Avoka 30 Nuwamba 1951. Ya fito daga Teshie kusa da Zebilla, Yankin Gabas ta Tsakiya. Ya halarci Makarantar Sakandare ta Navrongo da Jami'ar Ghana inda ya sami L.L.B a shekarar 1976. Ya kuma halarci Makarantar Koyon Aikin Shari'a ta Ghana inda ya sami digiri na farko a fannin shari'a a 1978.<ref name=":04">{{Cite web|title=Ghana MPs – MP Details – Avoka, Apul Cletus|url=http://www.ghanamps.com/mps/details.php?id=2565|access-date=11 July 2020|website=www.ghanamps.com|archive-date=19 February 2025|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250219111419/https://ghanamps.com/mps/details.php/?id=2565|url-status=dead}}</ref>. == Sana'ar siyasa == Bayan zaben gama gari na shekarar 2012, Benjamin Kunbuor ya maye gurbinsa a matsayin dan majalisar wakilai ta 6 ta jamhuriya ta hudu a matsayin shugaban masu rinjaye. Ya kasance ministan cikin gida a gwamnatin John Atta Mills na jam'iyyar Democratic Congress a Ghana har zuwa Janairun 2010. Matsayinsa na farko na minista shi ne ministan filaye da gandun daji a gwamnatin Jerry Rawlings.<ref>http://www.modernghana.com/news/103854/1/president-swears-in-mmore-cabinet-ministers-.html</ref> Ya taba zama dan majalisar wakilai mai wakiltar mazabar Bawku ta yamma a yankin Upper East na Ghana daga 1993 zuwa 2005. [[Fayil:CLETUS APUL AVOKA.jpg|thumb|Cletus Avoka]] A zaben majalisa na 2008, ya sake shiga majalisar a matsayin dan majalisa na biyu na mazabar Zebilla kuma ya karbi mukamin a watan Janairun 2009.<ref name=":03">{{Cite web|title=Ghana MPs – MP Details – Avoka, Apul Cletus|url=http://www.ghanamps.com/mps/details.php?id=2565|access-date=11 July 2020|website=www.ghanamps.com|archive-date=19 February 2025|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250219111419/https://ghanamps.com/mps/details.php/?id=2565|url-status=dead}}</ref> === Zaben 2000 === Avoka kuma shi ne MP na Garu Tempane daga 2000 zuwa 2004.<ref>https://www.graphic.com.gh/international/international-news/pope-francis-honours-ghana-s-ambassador-to-the-vatican.html</ref> A shekara ta 2000, ya lashe babban zaɓe a matsayin ɗan majalisa na mazabar Garu-Tempane na yankin Gabas ta Gabas ta Ghana.<ref name=":02">{{Cite web|title=Ghana MPs – MP Details – Avoka, Apul Cletus|url=http://www.ghanamps.com/mps/details.php?id=2565|access-date=11 July 2020|website=www.ghanamps.com|archive-date=19 February 2025|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250219111419/https://ghanamps.com/mps/details.php/?id=2565|url-status=dead}}</ref> Ya yi nasara a matsayin dan takara mai zaman kansa a wancan zaben na yankin Upper East. An zabi Akudibila ne da kuri’u 14,282 masu inganci.<ref name=":0a2">{{Cite web|last=FM|first=Peace|title=Ghana Election 2000 Results – Garu Constituency|url=http://ghanaelections.peacefmonline.com/pages/2000/uppereast/171/index.php|access-date=4 September 2020|website=Ghana Elections – Peace FM|archive-date=15 November 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221115174113/https://ghanaelections.peacefmonline.com/pages/2000/uppereast/171/index.php|url-status=dead}}</ref> Wannan ya yi daidai da kashi 45.40 cikin 100 na jimlar ƙuri'un da aka jefa.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://ghanaelections.peacefmonline.com/pages/2000/uppereast/171/index.php |title=Kwafin ajiya |access-date=2022-11-15 |archive-date=2022-11-15 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221115174113/https://ghanaelections.peacefmonline.com/pages/2000/uppereast/171/index.php |url-status=dead }}</ref> An zabe shi a kan William Azuma Dominic na National Democratic Congress, William Pullam na Peoples National Convention Party, Emmanuel S.N.Asigri na New Patriotic Party, Tindogo D.Ashock na Convention Peoples Party, Halid M.Yussif na United Ghana Movement da Hamidu Sahanona na jam’iyyar Reform Party<ref name=":0a">{{Cite web|last=FM|first=Peace|title=Ghana Election 2000 Results – Garu Constituency|url=http://ghanaelections.peacefmonline.com/pages/2000/uppereast/171/index.php|access-date=4 September 2020|website=Ghana Elections – Peace FM|archive-date=15 November 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221115174113/https://ghanaelections.peacefmonline.com/pages/2000/uppereast/171/index.php|url-status=dead}}</ref>. Wadannan sun sami kuri'u 12,224, 2,908, 1,360, 293, 246,138 daga cikin jimillar kuri'u masu inganci da aka kada.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://ghanaelections.peacefmonline.com/pages/2000/uppereast/171/index.php |title=Kwafin ajiya |access-date=2022-11-15 |archive-date=2022-11-15 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221115174113/https://ghanaelections.peacefmonline.com/pages/2000/uppereast/171/index.php |url-status=dead }}</ref> Waɗannan sun yi daidai da 38.90%, 9.20%, 4.30%,0.90%, 0.80%, 0.40% bi da bi na jimillar ƙuri'un da aka jefa.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://ghanaelections.peacefmonline.com/pages/2000/uppereast/171/index.php |title=Kwafin ajiya |access-date=2022-11-15 |archive-date=2022-11-15 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221115174113/https://ghanaelections.peacefmonline.com/pages/2000/uppereast/171/index.php |url-status=dead }}</ref> A lokacin babban zaben Ghana na 2008, ya samu kuri'u 13,074 daga cikin sahihin kuri'u 32,215 da aka kada wanda ke wakiltar 40.50% a kan Appiah Moses wanda ya samu kuri'u 10,470 da ke wakiltar kashi 32.50%, John Akparibo wanda ya samu kuri'u 6,701, Suwulley ya samu kuri'u 20.8001. 4.54%, Azumah Yusif Ndago wanda ya samu kuri'u 273 mai wakiltar 0.85% sai Atiah kudugu wanda ya samu kuri'u 236 mai wakiltar 0.73%.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://ghanaelections.peacefmonline.com/pages/2008/uppereast/176/index.php |title=Kwafin ajiya |access-date=2022-11-15 |archive-date=2022-11-15 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221115183641/https://ghanaelections.peacefmonline.com/pages/2008/uppereast/176/index.php |url-status=dead }}</ref> Ya sake lashe zaben kasar Ghana a shekarar 2012 da kuri'u 21,900 daga cikin kuri'u 41,106 da aka kada wanda ke wakiltar 53.28% a kan Frank Fuseini Adongo wanda ya samu kuri'u 17,082 da ke wakiltar 41.56%, Mallam Yusuf Isa wanda ya samu kuri'u 1,739 da kuma Attahira 4.23. kuri'u masu wakiltar 0.94%.<ref>http://ghanaelections.peacefmonline.com/pages/2012/uppereast/176/index.php{{Dead link|date=January 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> == Rayuwa ta sirri == Avoka Kiristan Katolika ne kuma yana da aure da ’ya’ya hudu.<ref name=":05">{{Cite web|title=Ghana MPs – MP Details – Avoka, Apul Cletus|url=http://www.ghanamps.com/mps/details.php?id=2565|access-date=11 July 2020|website=www.ghanamps.com|archive-date=19 February 2025|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250219111419/https://ghanamps.com/mps/details.php/?id=2565|url-status=dead}}</ref> == Duba kuma == [[Jerin ministocin gwamnatin Mills]] == Manazarta == [[Category:Rayayyun mutane]] qfre9scc3i8adzp7rd5f6jq6ait55b1 0 38879 895319 731038 2026-08-12T00:52:25Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 2 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 895319 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Derrick Oduro''' (an haife shi 23 ga Fabrairu 1958) ɗan siyasan Ghana ne wanda kuma ma'aikacin soja ne mai ritaya tare da sojojin Ghana kuma yana da matsayi na ƙwararru. Mamba ne a New Patriotic Party kuma mataimakin ministan tsaro a Ghana.<ref name="gog">{{cite web|url=http://www.ghana.gov.gh/index.php/governance/deputy-ministers|title=Deputy Ministers|publisher=Government of Ghana|accessdate=2 August 2017|archive-date=24 September 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190924104720/http://ghana.gov.gh/index.php/governance/deputy-ministers|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref name="graph">{{cite web|url=http://www.graphic.com.gh/news/general-news/akufo-addo-releases-names-of-deputy-ministers-designate.html|title=Akufo-Addo releases names of 50 deputy and four more ministerial nominees|publisher=Graphic Ghana|date=15 March 2017|accessdate=2 August 2017}}</ref><ref name="yen">{{cite web|url=https://yen.com.gh/90398-list-akufo-addos-50-deputy-ministers-news-ministers.html|title=List of Akufo-Addo's 50 deputy ministers and four news ministers|publisher=Yen Ghana|date=15 March 2017|accessdate=2 August 2017|archive-date=8 January 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210108143328/https://yen.com.gh/90398-list-akufo-addos-50-deputy-ministers-news-ministers.html|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref name="citi">{{cite web|url=http://citifmonline.com/2017/03/15/akufo-addo-names-50-deputies-4-ministers-of-state/|title=Akufo-Addo names 50 deputies, 4 ministers of state|publisher=Cifi FM Online|date=15 March 2017|accessdate=2 August 2017|archive-date=8 January 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210108143347/https://citifmonline.com/2017/03/akufo-addo-names-50-deputies-4-ministers-of-state/|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref name="ghaweb">{{cite web|url=https://www.ghanaweb.com/GhanaHomePage/religion/Akufo-Addo-picks-deputy-ministers-511811|title=Akufo-Addo picks deputy ministers|publisher=Ghana Web|date=20 February 2017|accessdate=2 August 2017}}</ref> Sannan kuma dan majalisa ne mai wakiltar mazabar Nkoranza ta Arewa a yankin Brong Ahafo.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|title=Parliament of Ghana|url=https://www.parliament.gh/mps?mp=185|access-date=2020-12-07|website=www.parliament.gh|archive-date=2023-03-28|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230328060734/https://parliament.gh/mps?mp=185|url-status=dead}}</ref> == Rayuwar farko da ilimi == Hon. Oduro ya fito daga Dromankese a yankin Brong Ahafo na Ghana. Ya yi digirin digirgir a fannin mulki da jagoranci daga Cibiyar Gudanarwa da Gudanar da Jama'a ta Ghana (GIMPA). Har ila yau, yana da Diploma a fannin Kudi na Jama'a daga Cibiyar Horar da Akanta, da Takaddun shaida daga Jami'ar Cranfield.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.parliament.gh/mps?mp=185|title=Member of Parliament Hon Derek Oduro|publisher=Parliament of Ghana|date=20 February 2017|accessdate=27 April 2019|archive-date=28 March 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230328060734/https://parliament.gh/mps?mp=185|url-status=dead}}</ref> == Aiki da siyasa == Hon. Oduro ya fara aikin bursar ne a kwalejin kasuwanci ta Akosas daga shekarar 1977 zuwa 1979. Bayan haka kuma ya shiga aikin soja daga 1979 zuwa 2005. Ya yi ritaya daga aikin soja<ref>{{Cite web|title=‘Okro mouth’ media inciting public against MPs – Major (rtd) Derek Oduro|url=https://www.graphic.com.gh/news/politics/okro-mouth-media-inciting-public-against-mps-major-rtd-derek-oduro.html|access-date=2020-12-07|website=Graphic Online|language=en-gb}}</ref> kuma ya zama shugaban majalisar gundumar Nkoranza daga 2005 zuwa 2007. A shekarar 2007, karkashin tikitin Sabuwar Jam’iyyar Kishin Kasa, Hon. Derrick Oduro ya doke abokan hamayyarsa daga wasu jam’iyyun siyasa domin wakiltar mazabar Nkoranza ta Arewa. Kuma ya wakilci mazabar sa har yau.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.parliament.gh/mps?mp=185|title=Member of Parliament Hon Derek Oduro|publisher=Parliament of Ghana|date=|accessdate=27 April 2019|archive-date=28 March 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230328060734/https://parliament.gh/mps?mp=185|url-status=dead}}</ref> Ya yi takara a babban zaben Ghana na 2020 akan tikitin New Patriotic Party kuma ya sha kaye a hannun Joseph Kwasi Mensah na National Democratic Congress. Joseph Mensah ya samu kuri'u 15,124 na sahihin kuri'un da aka kada yayin da Oduro ya samu kuri'u 10,978.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Nkoranza North: Deputy Defence Minister loses to NDC's Kwasi Mensah|url=https://www.graphic.com.gh/news/politics/nkoranza-north-deputy-defence-minister-loses-to-ndc-s-kwasi-mensah.html?fbclid=IwAR2pAk-L-WLwGK701CPWPS5xxUQgDDH9dbXUKOtAASbRhgbvrZZcwMJQ_tY|access-date=2020-12-08|website=Graphic Online|language=en-gb}}</ref> == Rayuwa ta sirri == Hon. Derrick Oduro yana da aure da ’ya’ya shida kuma kwararre ne a Seventh Day Adventist.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ghanamps.com/mps/details.php?id=2497|title=Full MP Details Oduro, Derek|publisher=Parliament of Ghana|date=|accessdate=27 April 2019|archive-date=27 September 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240927054447/https://ghanamps.com/mps/details.php/?id=2497|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Ghana MPs - MP Details - Oduro, Derick (Maj Rtd)|url=http://www.ghanamps.com/mps/details.php?id=5527|access-date=2020-12-07|website=www.ghanamps.com|archive-date=2020-07-14|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200714011703/http://www.ghanamps.com/mps/details.php?id=5527|url-status=dead}}</ref> == Kwamitoci == Yana cikin kwamitin jinsi da yara, kwamitin kasuwanci da kuma kwamitin matasa, wasanni da al'adu.<ref name=":0" /> == Manazarta == [[Category:Haihuwan 1958]] [[Category:Rayayyun mutane]] lpzdibjffq6eicedyoyuse92s3ys2g7 0 38981 895216 578709 2026-08-11T21:19:08Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 895216 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} [[Fayil:CYNTHIA MAMLE MORRISON.jpg|thumb|Cynthia Mamle Morrison]] '''Cynthia Mamle Morrison''' (an haife ta 17 Janairu 1964) 'yar siyasa ce 'yar ƙasar Ghana kuma memba ce a Sabuwar Jam'iyyar Patriotic. A halin yanzu ita ce ‘yar majalisa mai wakiltar mazabar Agona ta Yamma. A ranar 9 ga watan Agusta 2018, Shugaba Nana Akufo-Addo ya nada ta Minista mai kula da jinsi, yara da kare zamantakewa.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.myjoyonline.com/news/2018/August-9th/im-eager-to-work-with-oye-lithur-otiko-gender-minister-designate.php|title='I am a submarine politician' - Gender minister-designate eager to make impact|access-date=2018-11-01|language=en-US|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180810111309/https://www.myjoyonline.com/news/2018/August-9th/im-eager-to-work-with-oye-lithur-otiko-gender-minister-designate.php|archive-date=10 August 2018|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.ghanaweb.com/GhanaHomePage/NewsArchive/Agona-West-NDC-congratulates-Cynthia-Morrison-676554|title=Agona West NDC congratulates Cynthia Morrison|website=www.ghanaweb.com|language=en|access-date=2018-11-01}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.graphic.com.gh/news/politics/borstal-homes-are-my-priority-new-gender-minister-nominee.html|title=Borstal homes are my priority - Gender Minister-nominee Cynthia Morrison|work=Graphic Online|access-date=2018-11-01|language=en-gb}}</ref> Ta kasance ministar jinsi, yara da kare zamantakewa.<ref>{{Cite web|title=National Coordinator of School Feeding Programme sacked - MyJoyOnline.com|url=https://www.myjoyonline.com/national-coordinator-of-school-feeding-programme-sacked/|access-date=2021-05-19|website=www.myjoyonline.com|language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Glitz top 100 inspirational women – Page 100 – Glitz Africa Magazine|url=https://www.glitzafrica.com/glitz-top-100-inspirational-women/100/|access-date=2022-05-28|language=en-US|archive-date=2021-05-26|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210526112709/https://www.thestandpoint.com.gh/|url-status=dead}}</ref> == Rayuwar farko da ilimi == An haifi Cynthia Morrison a ranar 17 ga Janairun 1964 a Elmina a yankin Tsakiya.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|title=Morrison, Cynthia Mamle|url=https://ghanamps.com/mp/morrison-cynthia-mamle/|access-date=2022-11-20|website=Ghana MPS|language=en-US}}</ref> Ta sami Takaddar Horar da Malamai a Makarantar Koyarwa ta Maria Montessori a 1992 da kuma a Hepziba Montessori.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.ghanamps.com/mps/details.php?id=5403|title=Ghana MPs - MP Details - Morrison, Cynthia Mamle|website=www.ghanamps.com|access-date=2019-03-02|archive-date=2024-12-03|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241203113451/https://ghanamps.com/mps/details.php/?id=5403|url-status=dead}}</ref> Haka nan tana da takaddun shaida a cikin abinci daga Flair Catering.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web|url=https://www.parliament.gh/mps?mp=20|title=Parliament of Ghana|website=www.parliament.gh|access-date=2019-03-02}}{{Dead link|date=January 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> == Aiki == Ita ce babbar Darakta kuma Manaja ta kamfaninta.<ref name=":1" /> Ta kuma kasance Mai mallakar Maryland Montessori a Dansoman.<ref name=":0" /> A halin yanzu ita ce ministar jinsi, yara da kare zamantakewa ta kasar Ghana.<ref>{{Cite web|title=CLOTTEY KORLEY CONSTITUENCY BENEFITS FROM THE GOG-FBO's FOOD DONATION TO THE NEEDY : Ministry of Gender, Children and Social Protection|url=http://www.mogcsp.gov.gh/index.php/clottey-korley-constituency-benefits-from-the-gog-fbos-food-donation-to-the-needy/|access-date=2020-07-19|website=www.mogcsp.gov.gh}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=ENCOURAGE & SUPPORT ALL CONTESTANTS TO UNDERTAKE PROJECTS – HON. CYNTHIA MORRISON TO MISS GHANA EXECUTIVES : Ministry of Gender, Children and Social Protection|url=http://www.mogcsp.gov.gh/index.php/encourage-support-all-contestants-to-undertake-projects-hon-cynthia-morrison-to-miss-ghana-executives/|access-date=2020-07-19|website=www.mogcsp.gov.gh}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Hon. Cynthia Morrison empower Agona West Children through ICT and Entrepreneur Programmes|url=https://www.modernghana.com/news/950975/hon-cynthia-morrison-empower-agona-west-children.html|access-date=2020-07-19|website=Modern Ghana|language=en}}</ref> == Tallafawa == Cynthia Morrison ta ba da gudummawar kayayyaki da suka haɗa da kujerun ƙafafu, masu horar da makafi da masu kula da sanduna a wani ɓangare na bikin cikarta shekaru 52 da haihuwa.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.modernghana.com/news/670258/cynthia-morrison-cerebrates-her-52-birthday-with-the-people.html|title=Cynthia Morrison Cerebrates Her 52 Birthday with the People with Disability|last=Arthur|first=Christopher}}</ref> == Siyasa == Morrison ita memba ce a 'New Patriotic Party'. A halin yanzu ita ce ‘yar majalisa mai wakiltar mazabar Agona ta Yamma a yankin tsakiyar kasar.<ref name=":2">{{Cite web|title=Parliament of Ghana|url=https://www.parliament.gh/mps?mp=31|access-date=2022-11-20|website=www.parliament.gh}}{{Dead link|date=January 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=2020-11-18|title=Parliament approves construction of TVET facility at Agona West - MyJoyOnline.com|url=https://www.myjoyonline.com/parliament-approves-construction-of-tvet-facility-at-agona-west/|access-date=2022-11-20|website=www.myjoyonline.com|language=en-US}}</ref> === Zaben 2016 === Ta lashe wannan kujera a lokacin babban zaben Ghana na 2016. Wasu ‘yan takara biyu da suka hada da Charles Obeng-Inkoom na 'National Democratic Congress' da Evans Idan Coffie of Convention People’s Party su ma sun fafata a zaben 2016 na mazabar Agona ta Yamma da aka gudanar a shekarar 2016.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://ghanaelections.peacefmonline.com/pages/2016/central/66/index.php|title=Ghana Election 2016 Results - Agona West Constituencywebsite=Ghana Elections|website=Peace FM|access-date=2019-03-14|archive-date=2016-12-11|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161211025705/http://ghanaelections.peacefmonline.com/pages/2016/central/66/index.php|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=NPP Primatries: Cynthia Morrison Retains Agona West Seat|url=https://www.peacefmonline.com/pages/politics/politics/202006/414891.php|access-date=2020-07-19|website=Peacefmonline.com - Ghana news|archive-date=2022-11-20|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221120205043/https://www.peacefmonline.com/pages/politics/politics/202006/414891.php|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Don't impose incumbent MP on Agona West - Concerned Delegates|url=https://www.graphic.com.gh/news/politics/don-t-impose-incumbent-mp-on-agona-west-concerned-delegates.html|access-date=2020-07-19|website=Graphic Online|language=en-gb}}</ref> Cynthia ta lashe zaben ne da samun kuri'u 32,770 daga cikin 56,878 da aka kada, wanda ke wakiltar kashi 58.03 na jimillar kuri'un da aka kada.<ref name=":0" /> === Zaben 2020 === Ta tsaya takara a babban zaben Ghana na 2020 a matsayin 'yar takarar majalisar dokoki ta. 'New Patriotic Party' kuma an zabe ta a karo na biyu na shekaru hudu.<ref name=":3">{{Cite web|title=Agona West Constituency: Cynthia Morrison re-elected as MP|url=https://www.graphic.com.gh/news/politics/agona-west-constituency-cynthia-morrison-re-elected-as-mp.html|access-date=2022-11-20|website=Graphic Online|language=en-gb}}</ref> Ta samu kuri'u 30,513 daga cikin jimillar kuri'u 59,193 da aka kada yayinda Paul Ofori-Amoah na jam'iyyar adawa ta 'National Democratic Congress' ya samu kuri'u 27,673,<ref name=":3" /> sannan dan takara mai zaman kansa Isma'il Kofi Tekyi Turkson ya samu kuri'u 1,007.<ref>{{Cite web|last=FM|first=Peace|title=2020 Election - Agona West Constituency Results|url=http://ghanaelections.peacefmonline.com/pages/2020/parliament/central/agona_west/|access-date=2022-11-20|website=Ghana Elections - Peace FM|archive-date=2024-06-25|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240625161951/https://ghanaelections.peacefmonline.com/pages/2020/parliament/central/agona_west/|url-status=dead}}</ref> === Kwamitoci === Ita ce shugabar kwamitin tabbatar da gwamnati sannan kuma shugabar kwamitin sadarwa.<ref name=":2" /> == Rayuwa ta sirri == Ta auri Herbert Morrison tana da ‘ya’ya bakwai.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2014-01-18|title=Cynthia Morrison - Changed lives of Ghana's conjoined twins|url=https://www.graphic.com.gh/lifestyle/life/cynthia-morrison-changed-lives-of-ghana-s-conjoined-twins.html|access-date=2019-03-02|website=Graphic Online|language=en-gb}}</ref> Ta bayyana a matsayin Kirista.<ref name=":0" /> == Manazarta == [[Category:Haifaffun 1964]] [[Category:Rayayyun mutane]] 984kmbrdku7edsjou8jalmpyncwrrq8 0 39018 895364 578847 2026-08-12T05:27:05Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 895364 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} [[Fayil:Edward Doe Adjaho.JPG|thumb]] '''Edward Korbly Doe Adjaho,''' MP (an haife shi 3 Janairu 1957) ɗan siyasan Ghana ne kuma lauya wanda ya kasance shugaban majalisar dokokin Ghana daga 2013 zuwa 2017. Shi ne shugaban farko da aka zaba daga cikin 'yan majalisar dokokin Ghana. Ta haka ne ya zama kakakin jamhuriya ta hudu ta Ghana na biyar. Bayan hawansa mukamin shugaban majalisa, ya yi murabus daga mukaminsa na dan majalisar wakilai mai wakiltar mazabar Avenor-Ave a majalisar dokokin Ghana.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Doe Adjaho confirmed as Speaker of Parliament, Kumbour is majority leader - MyJoyOnline.com|url=https://www.myjoyonline.com/doe-adjaho-confirmed-as-speaker-of-parliament-kumbour-is-majority-leader/|access-date=2021-02-15|website=www.myjoyonline.com|language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=2009-04-01|title=Doe Adjaho 'regrets' Deputy Speaker post|url=https://www.myjoyonline.com/news/doe-adjaho-regrets-deputy-speaker-post/|access-date=2020-08-02|website=MyJoyOnline.com|language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=Dogbevi|first=Emmanuel|date=2013-01-07|title=Doe Adjaho sworn in as Speaker of Parliament|url=https://www.ghanabusinessnews.com/2013/01/07/doe-adjaho-sworn-in-as-speaker-of-parliament/|access-date=2021-02-15|website=Ghana Business News|language=en-US}}</ref> Ya kasance ɗaya daga cikin ’yan siyasa kalilan da suka ci gaba da rike kujerunsu a majalisar dokoki a duk fadin jamhuriyar Ghana ta hudu inda ya yi shekaru 20 daga 1993 zuwa 2013. Ya kuma kasance mamba a majalisar dokokin Afirka ta Kudu.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|title=Edward Korbly Doe Adjaho , Speaker of Parliament|url=https://www.ghanaweb.com/GhanaHomePage/people/person.php?ID=1178|access-date=2020-08-02|website=www.ghanaweb.com}}</ref> == Rayuwar farko da ilimi == An haifi Edward Korbly Doe Adjaho a ranar 3 ga watan Janairun shekarar 1957. Ya yi karatu a Accra Academy inda kuma ya yi karatun sakandire, ya kuma ci gaba da karatunsa a Jami'ar Ghana, inda ya samu digiri na farko a fannin shari'a, LL.B. a shekarar 1984.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2017-01-07|title=Adjaho takes a bow|url=https://www.ghanaweb.com/GhanaHomePage/NewsArchive/Adjaho-takes-a-bow-499131|access-date=2021-01-16|website=www.ghanaweb.com|language=en}}</ref> Ya shiga makarantar koyon shari’a ta Ghana, inda ya sami horon zama lauya kuma aka kira shi lauya a shekarar 1986. Ya yi aiki a sashin babban lauya kafin ya koma siyasa.<ref name=":02">{{Cite web|title=Edward Korbly Doe Adjaho , Speaker of Parliament|url=https://www.ghanaweb.com/GhanaHomePage/people/person.php?ID=1178|access-date=2020-08-02|website=www.ghanaweb.com}}</ref> == Sana'a == [[Fayil:Edward Doe Adjaho.JPG|thumb|Edward Adjaho]] Adjaho lauya ne ta hanyar sana'a. Ya yi aiki a Sashen Attorney-Janar. Ya kuma kasance dan majalisa daga Janairun shekarar 1993 zuwa Janairu 2013.<ref name="mps">{{Cite web|title=Ghana MPs - MP Details - Adjaho, Edward K. D. (New Speaker)|url=http://www.ghanamps.com/mps/details.php?id=32|access-date=2020-02-24|website=www.ghanamps.com|archive-date=2024-12-30|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241230232804/https://ghanamps.com/mps/details.php/?id=32|url-status=dead}}</ref> == Siyasa == === Dan majalisa === Adjaho ya tsaya kan tikitin jam'iyyar National Democratic Congress a zaben 'yan majalisar dokoki na shekarar 1992 kuma ya ci gaba da zama a duk zaɓukan huɗu da suka biyo baya. Ya kasance dan majalisar dokoki na 1,2,3,4,5, na jamhuriyar Ghana. Ya kasance mataimakin shugaban majalisa na farko daga 2009 zuwa 2013. === Shugaban Majalisar === An zabe shi a matsayin shugaban majalisar dokokin kasar da safiyar ranar 7 ga watan Janairun shekara ta 2013, inda ya gaji Joyce Adeline Bamford-Addo.Shi ne kakakin farko da aka zaba daga cikin 'yan majalisar dokokin Ghana. Ta haka ne ya zama kakakin jamhuriya ta hudu ta Ghana na biyar. Ta hanyar sashe na 97 na Kundin Tsarin Mulki na 1992, Adjaho ya bar kujerar sa bayan da ya hau kujerar Shugaban Majalisar. Babban mai shari’a Georgina Theodora Woode ne ya rantsar da shi a zaman farko na sabuwar majalisar. Ya kasance shugaban majalisa har zuwa lokacin da wa'adinsa ya kare a ranar 6 ga Janairu 2017 bayan an rushe majalisa ta 6.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Parliamentary democracy in last 26 years|url=https://www.graphic.com.gh/news/politics/parliamentary-democracy-in-last-26-years.html|access-date=2020-08-02|website=Graphic Online|language=en-gb}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Doe Adjaho broke law on 'acting president' oath – Supreme Court|url=https://www.graphic.com.gh/news/general-news/doe-adjaho-broke-law-on-acting-president-oath-supreme-court.html|access-date=2020-08-02|website=Graphic Online|language=en-gb}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|author=Aep Editor|date=8 January 2013|title=Profile of Ghana's New Speaker for the Sixth Parliament, Edward Doe Adjaho|url=http://www.africanelections.org/ghana/news_detail.php?nws=7186&t=Profile%20of%20Ghana%E2%80%99s%20New%20Speaker%20for%20the%20Sixth%20Parliament,%20Edward%20Doe%20Adjaho|access-date=31 July 2014|publisher=Ghana Election 2012|archive-date=8 August 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140808052333/http://www.africanelections.org/ghana/news_detail.php?nws=7186&t=Profile%20of%20Ghana%E2%80%99s%20New%20Speaker%20for%20the%20Sixth%20Parliament,%20Edward%20Doe%20Adjaho|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Parliament of Ghana|url=https://www.parliament.gh/mps?speaker|access-date=2020-08-02|website=www.parliament.gh|archive-date=2024-04-04|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240404025730/https://www.parliament.gh/mps?speaker|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Yu Zhengsheng Holds Talks with Parliament Speaker Edward Korbly Doe Adjaho of Ghana|url=http://gh.chineseembassy.org/eng/zgyw/t1357015.htm|access-date=2020-08-02|website=gh.chineseembassy.org}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Founder's Award: Doe Adjaho To Win Primus Prize|url=https://www.modernghana.com/news/716338/founders-award-doe-adjaho-to-win-primus-prize.html|access-date=2020-08-02|website=Modern Ghana|language=en}}</ref> == Zabe == An zabe Adjaho a matsayin majalisar farko ta jamhuriya ta hudu ta Ghana a ranar 7 ga Janairun 1993 bayan an bayyana shi a matsayin wanda ya yi nasara a zaben 1992 na majalisar dokokin Ghana da aka gudanar a ranar 29 ga Disamba 1992.<ref>{{Cite book|last=|first=|title=Ghana Parliamentary Register 1992-1996|publisher=Ghana Publishing Corporation|year=1993|isbn=|location=|pages=353}}</ref> An zabe shi a matsayin dan majalisa mai wakiltar mazabar Avenor a babban zaben Ghana na shekara ta 2000. Ya ci zabe.<ref name=":0e">{{Cite book|title=Electoral Commission of Ghana Parliamentary Result-Election 2000|publisher=Friedrich Ebert Stiftung|year=2007|location=Ghana|pages=16}}</ref> Mazabarsa wani bangare ne na kujerun majalisa 17 daga cikin kujeru 19 da jam'iyyar National Democratic Congress ta lashe a wancan zaben na yankin Volta.<ref name=":12">{{Cite web|date=2016-08-10|title=Statistics of Presidential and Parliamentary Election Results|url=https://www.fact-checkghana.com/statistics-presidential-parliamentary-election-results/|access-date=2020-09-01|website=Fact Check Ghana|language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Ghana Parliamentary Chamber: Parliament Elections held in 1992|url=http://archive.ipu.org/parline-e/reports/arc/2123|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200219090455/http://archive.ipu.org:80/parline-e/reports/arc/2123_92.htm|archive-date=2020-03-19}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=FM|first=Peace|title=Ghana Election 2000 Results - Volta Region|url=https://ghanaelections.peacefmonline.com/pages/2000/volta/|access-date=2020-09-01|website=Ghana Elections - Peace FM|archive-date=2016-12-09|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161209102148/http://ghanaelections.peacefmonline.com/pages/2000/volta/|url-status=dead}}</ref> Jam'iyyar National Democratic Congress ta lashe kujeru 92 daga cikin kujeru 200 na majalisar dokoki ta 3 a jamhuriya ta 4 ta Ghana. An zabe shi da kuri'u 23,981 daga cikin 31,431 da aka kada. Wannan ya yi daidai da kashi 78.3% na jimlar ingantattun ƙuri'un da aka jefa.<ref name=":122">{{Cite web|date=2016-08-10|title=Statistics of Presidential and Parliamentary Election Results|url=https://www.fact-checkghana.com/statistics-presidential-parliamentary-election-results/|access-date=2020-09-01|website=Fact Check Ghana|language=en-US}}</ref><ref name=":2">{{Cite book|title=Electoral Commission of Ghana -Parliamentary Result-Election 2000|publisher=Friedrich Ebert Stiftung|year=2007|location=Ghana|pages=52}}</ref> An zaɓe shi a kan Abledu A. Kofi na United Ghana Movement, Vincent K. Norgbedzi na Jam'iyyar Convention People's Party da Nicholas C. Megbele na Sabuwar Jam'iyyar Patriotic. Wadannan sun samu kuri'u 5,665, 616 da 364 bi da bi cikin jimillar kuri'un da aka kada. Waɗannan sun yi daidai da 18.5%, 2% da 1.2% bi da bi na jimlar ingantattun ƙuri'un da aka jefa.<ref name=":22">{{Cite book|title=Electoral Commission of Ghana -Parliamentary Result-Election 2000|publisher=Friedrich Ebert Stiftung|year=2007|location=Ghana|pages=52}}</ref><ref name=":4">{{Cite web|last=FM|first=Peace|title=Ghana Election 2000 Results -Avenor Constituency|url=https://ghanaelections.peacefmonline.com/pages/2000/volta/188/|access-date=2020-09-02|website=Ghana Elections - Peace FM|archive-date=2022-09-22|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220922120449/https://ghanaelections.peacefmonline.com/pages/2000/volta/188/|url-status=dead}}</ref> == Rayuwa ta sirri == Adjaho Kirista ne. Yana da aure yana da ‘ya’ya hudu.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.ghanaweb.com/GhanaHomePage/people/person.php?ID=1178|title=Edward Korbly Doe Adjaho , Speaker of Parliament}}</ref> == Manazarta == [[Category:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Category:Majalisar Ghana]] pxdt6zfbl2papmqyyb8kk4gtepwwewu 0 42478 895545 839590 2026-08-12T10:21:15Z Maryam Abdullahi Y 43904 895545 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox|Democratic and Social Convention}} '''Democratic and Social Convention - Rahama''' ( {{Lang-fr|Convention démocratique et sociale-Rahama}} , CDS-Rahama) jam'iyyar siyasa ce a [[Nijar (ƙasa)|Nijar]] . == Tarihi == An kafa ta a cikin watan Janairu 1991. A zaɓen 'yan majalisu na watan Fabrairun shekarar 1993 jam'iyyar ta lashe kujeru 22 daga cikin 83 na Majalisar Dokoki ta ƙasa, inda ta zo na biyu a matsayin National Movement for the Development of Society (MNDS). A zaɓen shugaban ƙasa da ya biyo baya, an zaɓi shugaban CDS-Rahama [[Mahamane Ousmane]] a matsayin shugaban ƙasa, inda ya doke [[Mamadou Tandja]] na MNSD. A shekarar 1995 Ousmane ya kira zaɓen 'yan majalisa da wuri, wanda ya ga ya sami kujeru biyu, amma ya kasance babban jam'iyya ta biyu bayan MNSD. A watan Janairun 1996 aka yi masa juyin mulki.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.afrique-express.com/ |title=Kwafin ajiya |access-date=2023-03-02 |archive-date=2004-10-28 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20041028015111/http://www.afrique-express.com/archive/OUEST/niger/gvts/nigergvt05012000.htm |url-status=dead }}</ref> A zaɓen shugaban ƙasa da aka gudanar a watan Yulin waccan shekarar, Ousmane ya zo na biyu bayan jagoran juyin mulkin [[Ibrahim Baré Maïnassara|Ibrahim Baré Mainassara]] . Jam'iyyar ta ƙauracewa zaɓen 'yan majalisar dokoki a ƙarshen wannan shekarar. Tun daga 1999, CDS ta kasance cikin ƙawance da MNSD, ta zama wani ɓangare na rinjaye na majalisa da shiga cikin gwamnati; Ba ta tsayar da ɗan takarar shugaban ƙasa a babban zaɓen 1999 ba, amma ta lashe kujeru 17 a majalisar dokokin ƙasar, wanda Ousmane ya zama shugaban ƙasa. A babban zaɓen shekara ta 2004, Ousmane ya kasance ɗan takarar shugaban ƙasa na CDS a karo na huɗu, inda ya zo na uku da kashi 17.4% na ƙuri'un da aka kaɗa. A zaɓen 'yan majalisar dokoki, jam'iyyar ta samu kashi 17.4% na yawan ƙuri'un da aka kaɗa kuma ta samu kujeru 22 daga cikin 113. Bayan zaɓen, jam'iyyar MNSD ta dawo da gwamnatin haɗaka da CDS-Rahama, wanda kujeru 22 ya baiwa shugaban ƙasa da firaminista rinjayen kujeru 69 a majalisar dokokin ƙasar, inda aka sake zaɓen Ousmane a matsayin shugaban majalisar dokokin ƙasar.<ref>https://web.archive.org/web/20040718020211/http://www.assemblee.ne/organes/ldpce.htm</ref><ref>http://archive.ipu.org/press-e/gen179.htm</ref> CDS ta gudanar da taronta na shida a ranar 1 ga Satumba, 2007.<ref>http://max1412.powweb.com/htdocs/joomla/index2.php?option=com_content&do_pdf=1&id=1338{{Dead link|date=March 2023 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> A ranar 25 ga watan Yunin 2009, bayan da shugaban ƙasar Nijar [[Mamadou Tandja]] ya kori majalisar dokokin ƙasar saboda shirinsa na gudanar da zaɓen raba gardama na kundin tsarin mulkin ƙasar, jam'iyyar CDS ta sanar da janyewarta na ƙarshe da gwamnatin MNSD. Jam'iyyar ta fice daga ƙawance gwamnati tare da janye mambobinta takwas daga majalisar ministocin Nijar.<ref>https://www.google.com/hostednews/afp/article/ALeqM5iOK7lIDeJ4oqmVGm3FJ7EdzE6ecw</ref> A cikin wata sanarwa da hukumar ta CDS ta fitar ta buƙaci shugaban ƙasar da ya miƙa wuya ga hukuncin kotun.<ref>https://nigerdiaspora.info/ {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230302073056/https://nigerdiaspora.info/ |date=2023-03-02 }}</ref> Jam’iyyar ta kuma sanar da kafa nata gamayyar jam’iyyar adawa ta MDD tare da wasu ƙananan jam’iyyu kusan biyar da suka haɗa da UDR da PDP. Ƙungiyar dai tana fafatawa ne kai tsaye da babbar jam'iyyar adawa wato Front for Defence of Democracy (FDD) ƙarƙashin jam'iyyar PNDS, kuma ta gudanar da zanga-zangar adawa da zaɓen raba gardama guda biyu a birnin Yamai.<ref>http://www1.rfi.fr/actufr/articles/114/article_82159.asp</ref><ref>https://www.iol.co.za/index.php?set_id=1&click_id=86&art_id=nw20090625175611378C858514</ref> Jam'iyyar ta ƙauracewa zaɓen 'yan majalisar dokoki na watan Oktoba na 2009. Bayan juyin mulkin da aka yi a shekarar 2010, ta tsaya takara a babban zaɓen 2011 ; Ousmane ya zo na huɗu a zaɓen shugaban ƙasa da kashi 8% na ƙuri'un da aka kaɗa, yayin da jam'iyyar ta samu kujeru uku kacal a majalisar dokokin ƙasar. A zaɓen 2016 jam'iyyar ta tsayar da [[Abdou Labo]] a matsayin ɗan takararta na shugaban ƙasa; ya zo na bakwai a fage na ‘yan takara goma sha biyar da kashi 2% na ƙuri’un. A zaɓukan majalisar dokokin ƙasar, jam’iyyar ta ci gaba da riƙe kujeru uku. == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} 600b6hn62cxtjm438qeqkvimfzgmsuk 895546 895545 2026-08-12T10:21:24Z Maryam Abdullahi Y 43904 895546 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox|Democratic and Social Convention}} '''Democratic and Social Convention - Rahama''' ( {{Lang-fr|Convention démocratique et sociale-Rahama}} , CDS-Rahama) jam'iyyar siyasa ce a [[Nijar (ƙasa)|Nijar]] . == Tarihi == An kafa ta a cikin watan Janairun shekarar 1991. A zaɓen 'yan majalisu na watan Fabrairun shekarar 1993 jam'iyyar ta lashe kujeru 22 daga cikin 83 na Majalisar Dokoki ta ƙasa, inda ta zo na biyu a matsayin National Movement for the Development of Society (MNDS). A zaɓen shugaban ƙasa da ya biyo baya, an zaɓi shugaban CDS-Rahama [[Mahamane Ousmane]] a matsayin shugaban ƙasa, inda ya doke [[Mamadou Tandja]] na MNSD. A shekarar 1995 Ousmane ya kira zaɓen 'yan majalisa da wuri, wanda ya ga ya sami kujeru biyu, amma ya kasance babban jam'iyya ta biyu bayan MNSD. A watan Janairun 1996 aka yi masa juyin mulki.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.afrique-express.com/ |title=Kwafin ajiya |access-date=2023-03-02 |archive-date=2004-10-28 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20041028015111/http://www.afrique-express.com/archive/OUEST/niger/gvts/nigergvt05012000.htm |url-status=dead }}</ref> A zaɓen shugaban ƙasa da aka gudanar a watan Yulin waccan shekarar, Ousmane ya zo na biyu bayan jagoran juyin mulkin [[Ibrahim Baré Maïnassara|Ibrahim Baré Mainassara]] . Jam'iyyar ta ƙauracewa zaɓen 'yan majalisar dokoki a ƙarshen wannan shekarar. Tun daga 1999, CDS ta kasance cikin ƙawance da MNSD, ta zama wani ɓangare na rinjaye na majalisa da shiga cikin gwamnati; Ba ta tsayar da ɗan takarar shugaban ƙasa a babban zaɓen 1999 ba, amma ta lashe kujeru 17 a majalisar dokokin ƙasar, wanda Ousmane ya zama shugaban ƙasa. A babban zaɓen shekara ta 2004, Ousmane ya kasance ɗan takarar shugaban ƙasa na CDS a karo na huɗu, inda ya zo na uku da kashi 17.4% na ƙuri'un da aka kaɗa. A zaɓen 'yan majalisar dokoki, jam'iyyar ta samu kashi 17.4% na yawan ƙuri'un da aka kaɗa kuma ta samu kujeru 22 daga cikin 113. Bayan zaɓen, jam'iyyar MNSD ta dawo da gwamnatin haɗaka da CDS-Rahama, wanda kujeru 22 ya baiwa shugaban ƙasa da firaminista rinjayen kujeru 69 a majalisar dokokin ƙasar, inda aka sake zaɓen Ousmane a matsayin shugaban majalisar dokokin ƙasar.<ref>https://web.archive.org/web/20040718020211/http://www.assemblee.ne/organes/ldpce.htm</ref><ref>http://archive.ipu.org/press-e/gen179.htm</ref> CDS ta gudanar da taronta na shida a ranar 1 ga Satumba, 2007.<ref>http://max1412.powweb.com/htdocs/joomla/index2.php?option=com_content&do_pdf=1&id=1338{{Dead link|date=March 2023 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> A ranar 25 ga watan Yunin 2009, bayan da shugaban ƙasar Nijar [[Mamadou Tandja]] ya kori majalisar dokokin ƙasar saboda shirinsa na gudanar da zaɓen raba gardama na kundin tsarin mulkin ƙasar, jam'iyyar CDS ta sanar da janyewarta na ƙarshe da gwamnatin MNSD. Jam'iyyar ta fice daga ƙawance gwamnati tare da janye mambobinta takwas daga majalisar ministocin Nijar.<ref>https://www.google.com/hostednews/afp/article/ALeqM5iOK7lIDeJ4oqmVGm3FJ7EdzE6ecw</ref> A cikin wata sanarwa da hukumar ta CDS ta fitar ta buƙaci shugaban ƙasar da ya miƙa wuya ga hukuncin kotun.<ref>https://nigerdiaspora.info/ {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230302073056/https://nigerdiaspora.info/ |date=2023-03-02 }}</ref> Jam’iyyar ta kuma sanar da kafa nata gamayyar jam’iyyar adawa ta MDD tare da wasu ƙananan jam’iyyu kusan biyar da suka haɗa da UDR da PDP. Ƙungiyar dai tana fafatawa ne kai tsaye da babbar jam'iyyar adawa wato Front for Defence of Democracy (FDD) ƙarƙashin jam'iyyar PNDS, kuma ta gudanar da zanga-zangar adawa da zaɓen raba gardama guda biyu a birnin Yamai.<ref>http://www1.rfi.fr/actufr/articles/114/article_82159.asp</ref><ref>https://www.iol.co.za/index.php?set_id=1&click_id=86&art_id=nw20090625175611378C858514</ref> Jam'iyyar ta ƙauracewa zaɓen 'yan majalisar dokoki na watan Oktoba na 2009. Bayan juyin mulkin da aka yi a shekarar 2010, ta tsaya takara a babban zaɓen 2011 ; Ousmane ya zo na huɗu a zaɓen shugaban ƙasa da kashi 8% na ƙuri'un da aka kaɗa, yayin da jam'iyyar ta samu kujeru uku kacal a majalisar dokokin ƙasar. A zaɓen 2016 jam'iyyar ta tsayar da [[Abdou Labo]] a matsayin ɗan takararta na shugaban ƙasa; ya zo na bakwai a fage na ‘yan takara goma sha biyar da kashi 2% na ƙuri’un. A zaɓukan majalisar dokokin ƙasar, jam’iyyar ta ci gaba da riƙe kujeru uku. == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} fwdunjx4v98s4pj8yio36q1xt282irm 895547 895546 2026-08-12T10:21:37Z Maryam Abdullahi Y 43904 895547 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox|Democratic and Social Convention}} '''Democratic and Social Convention - Rahama''' ( {{Lang-fr|Convention démocratique et sociale-Rahama}} , CDS-Rahama) jam'iyyar siyasa ce a [[Nijar (ƙasa)|Nijar]] . == Tarihi == An kafa ta a cikin watan Janairun shekarar 1991. A zaɓen ƴan majalisu na watan Fabrairun shekarar 1993 jam'iyyar ta lashe kujeru 22 daga cikin 83 na Majalisar Dokoki ta ƙasa, inda ta zo na biyu a matsayin National Movement for the Development of Society (MNDS). A zaɓen shugaban ƙasa da ya biyo baya, an zaɓi shugaban CDS-Rahama [[Mahamane Ousmane]] a matsayin shugaban ƙasa, inda ya doke [[Mamadou Tandja]] na MNSD. A shekarar 1995 Ousmane ya kira zaɓen 'yan majalisa da wuri, wanda ya ga ya sami kujeru biyu, amma ya kasance babban jam'iyya ta biyu bayan MNSD. A watan Janairun 1996 aka yi masa juyin mulki.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.afrique-express.com/ |title=Kwafin ajiya |access-date=2023-03-02 |archive-date=2004-10-28 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20041028015111/http://www.afrique-express.com/archive/OUEST/niger/gvts/nigergvt05012000.htm |url-status=dead }}</ref> A zaɓen shugaban ƙasa da aka gudanar a watan Yulin waccan shekarar, Ousmane ya zo na biyu bayan jagoran juyin mulkin [[Ibrahim Baré Maïnassara|Ibrahim Baré Mainassara]] . Jam'iyyar ta ƙauracewa zaɓen 'yan majalisar dokoki a ƙarshen wannan shekarar. Tun daga 1999, CDS ta kasance cikin ƙawance da MNSD, ta zama wani ɓangare na rinjaye na majalisa da shiga cikin gwamnati; Ba ta tsayar da ɗan takarar shugaban ƙasa a babban zaɓen 1999 ba, amma ta lashe kujeru 17 a majalisar dokokin ƙasar, wanda Ousmane ya zama shugaban ƙasa. A babban zaɓen shekara ta 2004, Ousmane ya kasance ɗan takarar shugaban ƙasa na CDS a karo na huɗu, inda ya zo na uku da kashi 17.4% na ƙuri'un da aka kaɗa. A zaɓen 'yan majalisar dokoki, jam'iyyar ta samu kashi 17.4% na yawan ƙuri'un da aka kaɗa kuma ta samu kujeru 22 daga cikin 113. Bayan zaɓen, jam'iyyar MNSD ta dawo da gwamnatin haɗaka da CDS-Rahama, wanda kujeru 22 ya baiwa shugaban ƙasa da firaminista rinjayen kujeru 69 a majalisar dokokin ƙasar, inda aka sake zaɓen Ousmane a matsayin shugaban majalisar dokokin ƙasar.<ref>https://web.archive.org/web/20040718020211/http://www.assemblee.ne/organes/ldpce.htm</ref><ref>http://archive.ipu.org/press-e/gen179.htm</ref> CDS ta gudanar da taronta na shida a ranar 1 ga Satumba, 2007.<ref>http://max1412.powweb.com/htdocs/joomla/index2.php?option=com_content&do_pdf=1&id=1338{{Dead link|date=March 2023 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> A ranar 25 ga watan Yunin 2009, bayan da shugaban ƙasar Nijar [[Mamadou Tandja]] ya kori majalisar dokokin ƙasar saboda shirinsa na gudanar da zaɓen raba gardama na kundin tsarin mulkin ƙasar, jam'iyyar CDS ta sanar da janyewarta na ƙarshe da gwamnatin MNSD. Jam'iyyar ta fice daga ƙawance gwamnati tare da janye mambobinta takwas daga majalisar ministocin Nijar.<ref>https://www.google.com/hostednews/afp/article/ALeqM5iOK7lIDeJ4oqmVGm3FJ7EdzE6ecw</ref> A cikin wata sanarwa da hukumar ta CDS ta fitar ta buƙaci shugaban ƙasar da ya miƙa wuya ga hukuncin kotun.<ref>https://nigerdiaspora.info/ {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230302073056/https://nigerdiaspora.info/ |date=2023-03-02 }}</ref> Jam’iyyar ta kuma sanar da kafa nata gamayyar jam’iyyar adawa ta MDD tare da wasu ƙananan jam’iyyu kusan biyar da suka haɗa da UDR da PDP. Ƙungiyar dai tana fafatawa ne kai tsaye da babbar jam'iyyar adawa wato Front for Defence of Democracy (FDD) ƙarƙashin jam'iyyar PNDS, kuma ta gudanar da zanga-zangar adawa da zaɓen raba gardama guda biyu a birnin Yamai.<ref>http://www1.rfi.fr/actufr/articles/114/article_82159.asp</ref><ref>https://www.iol.co.za/index.php?set_id=1&click_id=86&art_id=nw20090625175611378C858514</ref> Jam'iyyar ta ƙauracewa zaɓen 'yan majalisar dokoki na watan Oktoba na 2009. Bayan juyin mulkin da aka yi a shekarar 2010, ta tsaya takara a babban zaɓen 2011 ; Ousmane ya zo na huɗu a zaɓen shugaban ƙasa da kashi 8% na ƙuri'un da aka kaɗa, yayin da jam'iyyar ta samu kujeru uku kacal a majalisar dokokin ƙasar. A zaɓen 2016 jam'iyyar ta tsayar da [[Abdou Labo]] a matsayin ɗan takararta na shugaban ƙasa; ya zo na bakwai a fage na ‘yan takara goma sha biyar da kashi 2% na ƙuri’un. A zaɓukan majalisar dokokin ƙasar, jam’iyyar ta ci gaba da riƙe kujeru uku. == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} jy5vcru35mau43gjozewhkqdq2xm3nx 895548 895547 2026-08-12T10:21:58Z Maryam Abdullahi Y 43904 895548 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox|Democratic and Social Convention}} '''Democratic and Social Convention - Rahama''' ( {{Lang-fr|Convention démocratique et sociale-Rahama}} , CDS-Rahama) jam'iyyar siyasa ce a [[Nijar (ƙasa)|Nijar]] . == Tarihi == An kafa ta a cikin watan Janairun shekarar 1991. A zaɓen ƴan majalisu na watan Fabrairun shekarar 1993 jam'iyyar ta lashe kujeru 22 daga cikin 83 na Majalisar Dokoki ta ƙasa, inda ta zo na biyu a matsayin National Movement for the Development of Society (MNDS). A zaɓen shugaban ƙasa da ya biyo baya, an zaɓi shugaban CDS-Rahama [[Mahamane Ousmane]] a matsayin shugaban ƙasa, inda ya doke [[Mamadou Tandja]] na MNSD. A shekarar 1995 Ousmane ya kira zaɓen ƴan majalisa da wuri, wanda ya ga ya sami kujeru biyu, amma ya kasance babban jam'iyya ta biyu bayan MNSD. A watan Janairun 1996 aka yi masa juyin mulki.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.afrique-express.com/ |title=Kwafin ajiya |access-date=2023-03-02 |archive-date=2004-10-28 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20041028015111/http://www.afrique-express.com/archive/OUEST/niger/gvts/nigergvt05012000.htm |url-status=dead }}</ref> A zaɓen shugaban ƙasa da aka gudanar a watan Yulin waccan shekarar, Ousmane ya zo na biyu bayan jagoran juyin mulkin [[Ibrahim Baré Maïnassara|Ibrahim Baré Mainassara]] . Jam'iyyar ta ƙauracewa zaɓen 'yan majalisar dokoki a ƙarshen wannan shekarar. Tun daga 1999, CDS ta kasance cikin ƙawance da MNSD, ta zama wani ɓangare na rinjaye na majalisa da shiga cikin gwamnati; Ba ta tsayar da ɗan takarar shugaban ƙasa a babban zaɓen 1999 ba, amma ta lashe kujeru 17 a majalisar dokokin ƙasar, wanda Ousmane ya zama shugaban ƙasa. A babban zaɓen shekara ta 2004, Ousmane ya kasance ɗan takarar shugaban ƙasa na CDS a karo na huɗu, inda ya zo na uku da kashi 17.4% na ƙuri'un da aka kaɗa. A zaɓen 'yan majalisar dokoki, jam'iyyar ta samu kashi 17.4% na yawan ƙuri'un da aka kaɗa kuma ta samu kujeru 22 daga cikin 113. Bayan zaɓen, jam'iyyar MNSD ta dawo da gwamnatin haɗaka da CDS-Rahama, wanda kujeru 22 ya baiwa shugaban ƙasa da firaminista rinjayen kujeru 69 a majalisar dokokin ƙasar, inda aka sake zaɓen Ousmane a matsayin shugaban majalisar dokokin ƙasar.<ref>https://web.archive.org/web/20040718020211/http://www.assemblee.ne/organes/ldpce.htm</ref><ref>http://archive.ipu.org/press-e/gen179.htm</ref> CDS ta gudanar da taronta na shida a ranar 1 ga Satumba, 2007.<ref>http://max1412.powweb.com/htdocs/joomla/index2.php?option=com_content&do_pdf=1&id=1338{{Dead link|date=March 2023 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> A ranar 25 ga watan Yunin 2009, bayan da shugaban ƙasar Nijar [[Mamadou Tandja]] ya kori majalisar dokokin ƙasar saboda shirinsa na gudanar da zaɓen raba gardama na kundin tsarin mulkin ƙasar, jam'iyyar CDS ta sanar da janyewarta na ƙarshe da gwamnatin MNSD. Jam'iyyar ta fice daga ƙawance gwamnati tare da janye mambobinta takwas daga majalisar ministocin Nijar.<ref>https://www.google.com/hostednews/afp/article/ALeqM5iOK7lIDeJ4oqmVGm3FJ7EdzE6ecw</ref> A cikin wata sanarwa da hukumar ta CDS ta fitar ta buƙaci shugaban ƙasar da ya miƙa wuya ga hukuncin kotun.<ref>https://nigerdiaspora.info/ {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230302073056/https://nigerdiaspora.info/ |date=2023-03-02 }}</ref> Jam’iyyar ta kuma sanar da kafa nata gamayyar jam’iyyar adawa ta MDD tare da wasu ƙananan jam’iyyu kusan biyar da suka haɗa da UDR da PDP. Ƙungiyar dai tana fafatawa ne kai tsaye da babbar jam'iyyar adawa wato Front for Defence of Democracy (FDD) ƙarƙashin jam'iyyar PNDS, kuma ta gudanar da zanga-zangar adawa da zaɓen raba gardama guda biyu a birnin Yamai.<ref>http://www1.rfi.fr/actufr/articles/114/article_82159.asp</ref><ref>https://www.iol.co.za/index.php?set_id=1&click_id=86&art_id=nw20090625175611378C858514</ref> Jam'iyyar ta ƙauracewa zaɓen 'yan majalisar dokoki na watan Oktoba na 2009. Bayan juyin mulkin da aka yi a shekarar 2010, ta tsaya takara a babban zaɓen 2011 ; Ousmane ya zo na huɗu a zaɓen shugaban ƙasa da kashi 8% na ƙuri'un da aka kaɗa, yayin da jam'iyyar ta samu kujeru uku kacal a majalisar dokokin ƙasar. A zaɓen 2016 jam'iyyar ta tsayar da [[Abdou Labo]] a matsayin ɗan takararta na shugaban ƙasa; ya zo na bakwai a fage na ‘yan takara goma sha biyar da kashi 2% na ƙuri’un. A zaɓukan majalisar dokokin ƙasar, jam’iyyar ta ci gaba da riƙe kujeru uku. == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} sff96trq3sywvmgo4o0c36nw9408ucj 895549 895548 2026-08-12T10:22:12Z Maryam Abdullahi Y 43904 895549 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox|Democratic and Social Convention}} '''Democratic and Social Convention - Rahama''' ( {{Lang-fr|Convention démocratique et sociale-Rahama}} , CDS-Rahama) jam'iyyar siyasa ce a [[Nijar (ƙasa)|Nijar]] . == Tarihi == An kafa ta a cikin watan Janairun shekarar 1991. A zaɓen ƴan majalisu na watan Fabrairun shekarar 1993 jam'iyyar ta lashe kujeru 22 daga cikin 83 na Majalisar Dokoki ta ƙasa, inda ta zo na biyu a matsayin National Movement for the Development of Society (MNDS). A zaɓen shugaban ƙasa da ya biyo baya, an zaɓi shugaban CDS-Rahama [[Mahamane Ousmane]] a matsayin shugaban ƙasa, inda ya doke [[Mamadou Tandja]] na MNSD. A shekarar 1995 Ousmane ya kira zaɓen ƴan majalisa da wuri, wanda ya ga ya sami kujeru biyu, amma ya kasance babban jam'iyya ta biyu bayan MNSD. A watan Janairun 1996 aka yi masa juyin mulki.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.afrique-express.com/ |title=Kwafin ajiya |access-date=2023-03-02 |archive-date=2004-10-28 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20041028015111/http://www.afrique-express.com/archive/OUEST/niger/gvts/nigergvt05012000.htm |url-status=dead }}</ref> A zaɓen shugaban ƙasa da aka gudanar a watan Yulin waccan shekarar, Ousmane ya zo na biyu bayan jagoran juyin mulkin [[Ibrahim Baré Maïnassara|Ibrahim Baré Mainassara]] . Jam'iyyar ta ƙauracewa zaɓen 'yan majalisar dokoki a ƙarshen wannan shekarar. Tun daga shekarar 1999, CDS ta kasance cikin ƙawance da MNSD, ta zama wani ɓangare na rinjaye na majalisa da shiga cikin gwamnati; Ba ta tsayar da ɗan takarar shugaban ƙasa a babban zaɓen 1999 ba, amma ta lashe kujeru 17 a majalisar dokokin ƙasar, wanda Ousmane ya zama shugaban ƙasa. A babban zaɓen shekara ta 2004, Ousmane ya kasance ɗan takarar shugaban ƙasa na CDS a karo na huɗu, inda ya zo na uku da kashi 17.4% na ƙuri'un da aka kaɗa. A zaɓen 'yan majalisar dokoki, jam'iyyar ta samu kashi 17.4% na yawan ƙuri'un da aka kaɗa kuma ta samu kujeru 22 daga cikin 113. Bayan zaɓen, jam'iyyar MNSD ta dawo da gwamnatin haɗaka da CDS-Rahama, wanda kujeru 22 ya baiwa shugaban ƙasa da firaminista rinjayen kujeru 69 a majalisar dokokin ƙasar, inda aka sake zaɓen Ousmane a matsayin shugaban majalisar dokokin ƙasar.<ref>https://web.archive.org/web/20040718020211/http://www.assemblee.ne/organes/ldpce.htm</ref><ref>http://archive.ipu.org/press-e/gen179.htm</ref> CDS ta gudanar da taronta na shida a ranar 1 ga Satumba, 2007.<ref>http://max1412.powweb.com/htdocs/joomla/index2.php?option=com_content&do_pdf=1&id=1338{{Dead link|date=March 2023 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> A ranar 25 ga watan Yunin 2009, bayan da shugaban ƙasar Nijar [[Mamadou Tandja]] ya kori majalisar dokokin ƙasar saboda shirinsa na gudanar da zaɓen raba gardama na kundin tsarin mulkin ƙasar, jam'iyyar CDS ta sanar da janyewarta na ƙarshe da gwamnatin MNSD. Jam'iyyar ta fice daga ƙawance gwamnati tare da janye mambobinta takwas daga majalisar ministocin Nijar.<ref>https://www.google.com/hostednews/afp/article/ALeqM5iOK7lIDeJ4oqmVGm3FJ7EdzE6ecw</ref> A cikin wata sanarwa da hukumar ta CDS ta fitar ta buƙaci shugaban ƙasar da ya miƙa wuya ga hukuncin kotun.<ref>https://nigerdiaspora.info/ {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230302073056/https://nigerdiaspora.info/ |date=2023-03-02 }}</ref> Jam’iyyar ta kuma sanar da kafa nata gamayyar jam’iyyar adawa ta MDD tare da wasu ƙananan jam’iyyu kusan biyar da suka haɗa da UDR da PDP. Ƙungiyar dai tana fafatawa ne kai tsaye da babbar jam'iyyar adawa wato Front for Defence of Democracy (FDD) ƙarƙashin jam'iyyar PNDS, kuma ta gudanar da zanga-zangar adawa da zaɓen raba gardama guda biyu a birnin Yamai.<ref>http://www1.rfi.fr/actufr/articles/114/article_82159.asp</ref><ref>https://www.iol.co.za/index.php?set_id=1&click_id=86&art_id=nw20090625175611378C858514</ref> Jam'iyyar ta ƙauracewa zaɓen 'yan majalisar dokoki na watan Oktoba na 2009. Bayan juyin mulkin da aka yi a shekarar 2010, ta tsaya takara a babban zaɓen 2011 ; Ousmane ya zo na huɗu a zaɓen shugaban ƙasa da kashi 8% na ƙuri'un da aka kaɗa, yayin da jam'iyyar ta samu kujeru uku kacal a majalisar dokokin ƙasar. A zaɓen 2016 jam'iyyar ta tsayar da [[Abdou Labo]] a matsayin ɗan takararta na shugaban ƙasa; ya zo na bakwai a fage na ‘yan takara goma sha biyar da kashi 2% na ƙuri’un. A zaɓukan majalisar dokokin ƙasar, jam’iyyar ta ci gaba da riƙe kujeru uku. == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} anwaegagkxqk46eljznfg4v5w3c9v1a 895550 895549 2026-08-12T10:22:23Z Maryam Abdullahi Y 43904 895550 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox|Democratic and Social Convention}} '''Democratic and Social Convention - Rahama''' ( {{Lang-fr|Convention démocratique et sociale-Rahama}} , CDS-Rahama) jam'iyyar siyasa ce a [[Nijar (ƙasa)|Nijar]] . == Tarihi == An kafa ta a cikin watan Janairun shekarar 1991. A zaɓen ƴan majalisu na watan Fabrairun shekarar 1993 jam'iyyar ta lashe kujeru 22 daga cikin 83 na Majalisar Dokoki ta ƙasa, inda ta zo na biyu a matsayin National Movement for the Development of Society (MNDS). A zaɓen shugaban ƙasa da ya biyo baya, an zaɓi shugaban CDS-Rahama [[Mahamane Ousmane]] a matsayin shugaban ƙasa, inda ya doke [[Mamadou Tandja]] na MNSD. A shekarar 1995 Ousmane ya kira zaɓen ƴan majalisa da wuri, wanda ya ga ya sami kujeru biyu, amma ya kasance babban jam'iyya ta biyu bayan MNSD. A watan Janairun 1996 aka yi masa juyin mulki.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.afrique-express.com/ |title=Kwafin ajiya |access-date=2023-03-02 |archive-date=2004-10-28 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20041028015111/http://www.afrique-express.com/archive/OUEST/niger/gvts/nigergvt05012000.htm |url-status=dead }}</ref> A zaɓen shugaban ƙasa da aka gudanar a watan Yulin waccan shekarar, Ousmane ya zo na biyu bayan jagoran juyin mulkin [[Ibrahim Baré Maïnassara|Ibrahim Baré Mainassara]] . Jam'iyyar ta ƙauracewa zaɓen 'yan majalisar dokoki a ƙarshen wannan shekarar. Tun daga shekarar 1999, CDS ta kasance cikin ƙawance da MNSD, ta zama wani ɓangare na rinjaye na majalisa da shiga cikin gwamnati; Ba ta tsayar da ɗan takarar shugaban ƙasa a babban zaɓen shekara ta 1999 ba, amma ta lashe kujeru 17 a majalisar dokokin ƙasar, wanda Ousmane ya zama shugaban ƙasa. A babban zaɓen shekara ta 2004, Ousmane ya kasance ɗan takarar shugaban ƙasa na CDS a karo na huɗu, inda ya zo na uku da kashi 17.4% na ƙuri'un da aka kaɗa. A zaɓen 'yan majalisar dokoki, jam'iyyar ta samu kashi 17.4% na yawan ƙuri'un da aka kaɗa kuma ta samu kujeru 22 daga cikin 113. Bayan zaɓen, jam'iyyar MNSD ta dawo da gwamnatin haɗaka da CDS-Rahama, wanda kujeru 22 ya baiwa shugaban ƙasa da firaminista rinjayen kujeru 69 a majalisar dokokin ƙasar, inda aka sake zaɓen Ousmane a matsayin shugaban majalisar dokokin ƙasar.<ref>https://web.archive.org/web/20040718020211/http://www.assemblee.ne/organes/ldpce.htm</ref><ref>http://archive.ipu.org/press-e/gen179.htm</ref> CDS ta gudanar da taronta na shida a ranar 1 ga Satumba, 2007.<ref>http://max1412.powweb.com/htdocs/joomla/index2.php?option=com_content&do_pdf=1&id=1338{{Dead link|date=March 2023 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> A ranar 25 ga watan Yunin 2009, bayan da shugaban ƙasar Nijar [[Mamadou Tandja]] ya kori majalisar dokokin ƙasar saboda shirinsa na gudanar da zaɓen raba gardama na kundin tsarin mulkin ƙasar, jam'iyyar CDS ta sanar da janyewarta na ƙarshe da gwamnatin MNSD. Jam'iyyar ta fice daga ƙawance gwamnati tare da janye mambobinta takwas daga majalisar ministocin Nijar.<ref>https://www.google.com/hostednews/afp/article/ALeqM5iOK7lIDeJ4oqmVGm3FJ7EdzE6ecw</ref> A cikin wata sanarwa da hukumar ta CDS ta fitar ta buƙaci shugaban ƙasar da ya miƙa wuya ga hukuncin kotun.<ref>https://nigerdiaspora.info/ {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230302073056/https://nigerdiaspora.info/ |date=2023-03-02 }}</ref> Jam’iyyar ta kuma sanar da kafa nata gamayyar jam’iyyar adawa ta MDD tare da wasu ƙananan jam’iyyu kusan biyar da suka haɗa da UDR da PDP. Ƙungiyar dai tana fafatawa ne kai tsaye da babbar jam'iyyar adawa wato Front for Defence of Democracy (FDD) ƙarƙashin jam'iyyar PNDS, kuma ta gudanar da zanga-zangar adawa da zaɓen raba gardama guda biyu a birnin Yamai.<ref>http://www1.rfi.fr/actufr/articles/114/article_82159.asp</ref><ref>https://www.iol.co.za/index.php?set_id=1&click_id=86&art_id=nw20090625175611378C858514</ref> Jam'iyyar ta ƙauracewa zaɓen 'yan majalisar dokoki na watan Oktoba na 2009. Bayan juyin mulkin da aka yi a shekarar 2010, ta tsaya takara a babban zaɓen 2011 ; Ousmane ya zo na huɗu a zaɓen shugaban ƙasa da kashi 8% na ƙuri'un da aka kaɗa, yayin da jam'iyyar ta samu kujeru uku kacal a majalisar dokokin ƙasar. A zaɓen 2016 jam'iyyar ta tsayar da [[Abdou Labo]] a matsayin ɗan takararta na shugaban ƙasa; ya zo na bakwai a fage na ‘yan takara goma sha biyar da kashi 2% na ƙuri’un. A zaɓukan majalisar dokokin ƙasar, jam’iyyar ta ci gaba da riƙe kujeru uku. == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} 2a7v6qmqhwc3m9qis5fvm653nw76or7 895551 895550 2026-08-12T10:22:42Z Maryam Abdullahi Y 43904 895551 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox|Democratic and Social Convention}} '''Democratic and Social Convention - Rahama''' ( {{Lang-fr|Convention démocratique et sociale-Rahama}} , CDS-Rahama) jam'iyyar siyasa ce a [[Nijar (ƙasa)|Nijar]] . == Tarihi == An kafa ta a cikin watan Janairun shekarar 1991. A zaɓen ƴan majalisu na watan Fabrairun shekarar 1993 jam'iyyar ta lashe kujeru 22 daga cikin 83 na Majalisar Dokoki ta ƙasa, inda ta zo na biyu a matsayin National Movement for the Development of Society (MNDS). A zaɓen shugaban ƙasa da ya biyo baya, an zaɓi shugaban CDS-Rahama [[Mahamane Ousmane]] a matsayin shugaban ƙasa, inda ya doke [[Mamadou Tandja]] na MNSD. A shekarar 1995 Ousmane ya kira zaɓen ƴan majalisa da wuri, wanda ya ga ya sami kujeru biyu, amma ya kasance babban jam'iyya ta biyu bayan MNSD. A watan Janairun 1996 aka yi masa juyin mulki.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.afrique-express.com/ |title=Kwafin ajiya |access-date=2023-03-02 |archive-date=2004-10-28 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20041028015111/http://www.afrique-express.com/archive/OUEST/niger/gvts/nigergvt05012000.htm |url-status=dead }}</ref> A zaɓen shugaban ƙasa da aka gudanar a watan Yulin waccan shekarar, Ousmane ya zo na biyu bayan jagoran juyin mulkin [[Ibrahim Baré Maïnassara|Ibrahim Baré Mainassara]] . Jam'iyyar ta ƙauracewa zaɓen 'yan majalisar dokoki a ƙarshen wannan shekarar. Tun daga shekarar 1999, CDS ta kasance cikin ƙawance da MNSD, ta zama wani ɓangare na rinjaye na majalisa da shiga cikin gwamnati; Ba ta tsayar da ɗan takarar shugaban ƙasa a babban zaɓen shekara ta 1999 ba, amma ta lashe kujeru 17 a majalisar dokokin ƙasar, wanda Ousmane ya zama shugaban ƙasa. A babban zaɓen shekara ta 2004, Ousmane ya kasance ɗan takarar shugaban ƙasa na CDS a karo na huɗu, inda kuma ya zo na uku da kashi 17.4% na ƙuri'un da aka kaɗa. A zaɓen 'yan majalisar dokoki, jam'iyyar ta samu kashi 17.4% na yawan ƙuri'un da aka kaɗa kuma ta samu kujeru 22 daga cikin 113. Bayan zaɓen, jam'iyyar MNSD ta dawo da gwamnatin haɗaka da CDS-Rahama, wanda kujeru 22 ya baiwa shugaban ƙasa da firaminista rinjayen kujeru 69 a majalisar dokokin ƙasar, inda aka sake zaɓen Ousmane a matsayin shugaban majalisar dokokin ƙasar.<ref>https://web.archive.org/web/20040718020211/http://www.assemblee.ne/organes/ldpce.htm</ref><ref>http://archive.ipu.org/press-e/gen179.htm</ref> CDS ta gudanar da taronta na shida a ranar 1 ga Satumba, 2007.<ref>http://max1412.powweb.com/htdocs/joomla/index2.php?option=com_content&do_pdf=1&id=1338{{Dead link|date=March 2023 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> A ranar 25 ga watan Yunin 2009, bayan da shugaban ƙasar Nijar [[Mamadou Tandja]] ya kori majalisar dokokin ƙasar saboda shirinsa na gudanar da zaɓen raba gardama na kundin tsarin mulkin ƙasar, jam'iyyar CDS ta sanar da janyewarta na ƙarshe da gwamnatin MNSD. Jam'iyyar ta fice daga ƙawance gwamnati tare da janye mambobinta takwas daga majalisar ministocin Nijar.<ref>https://www.google.com/hostednews/afp/article/ALeqM5iOK7lIDeJ4oqmVGm3FJ7EdzE6ecw</ref> A cikin wata sanarwa da hukumar ta CDS ta fitar ta buƙaci shugaban ƙasar da ya miƙa wuya ga hukuncin kotun.<ref>https://nigerdiaspora.info/ {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230302073056/https://nigerdiaspora.info/ |date=2023-03-02 }}</ref> Jam’iyyar ta kuma sanar da kafa nata gamayyar jam’iyyar adawa ta MDD tare da wasu ƙananan jam’iyyu kusan biyar da suka haɗa da UDR da PDP. Ƙungiyar dai tana fafatawa ne kai tsaye da babbar jam'iyyar adawa wato Front for Defence of Democracy (FDD) ƙarƙashin jam'iyyar PNDS, kuma ta gudanar da zanga-zangar adawa da zaɓen raba gardama guda biyu a birnin Yamai.<ref>http://www1.rfi.fr/actufr/articles/114/article_82159.asp</ref><ref>https://www.iol.co.za/index.php?set_id=1&click_id=86&art_id=nw20090625175611378C858514</ref> Jam'iyyar ta ƙauracewa zaɓen 'yan majalisar dokoki na watan Oktoba na 2009. Bayan juyin mulkin da aka yi a shekarar 2010, ta tsaya takara a babban zaɓen 2011 ; Ousmane ya zo na huɗu a zaɓen shugaban ƙasa da kashi 8% na ƙuri'un da aka kaɗa, yayin da jam'iyyar ta samu kujeru uku kacal a majalisar dokokin ƙasar. A zaɓen 2016 jam'iyyar ta tsayar da [[Abdou Labo]] a matsayin ɗan takararta na shugaban ƙasa; ya zo na bakwai a fage na ‘yan takara goma sha biyar da kashi 2% na ƙuri’un. A zaɓukan majalisar dokokin ƙasar, jam’iyyar ta ci gaba da riƙe kujeru uku. == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} 8d7kxfzgshhfo45s7ywuls9sluynozx 895552 895551 2026-08-12T10:22:52Z Maryam Abdullahi Y 43904 895552 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox|Democratic and Social Convention}} '''Democratic and Social Convention - Rahama''' ( {{Lang-fr|Convention démocratique et sociale-Rahama}} , CDS-Rahama) jam'iyyar siyasa ce a [[Nijar (ƙasa)|Nijar]] . == Tarihi == An kafa ta a cikin watan Janairun shekarar 1991. A zaɓen ƴan majalisu na watan Fabrairun shekarar 1993 jam'iyyar ta lashe kujeru 22 daga cikin 83 na Majalisar Dokoki ta ƙasa, inda ta zo na biyu a matsayin National Movement for the Development of Society (MNDS). A zaɓen shugaban ƙasa da ya biyo baya, an zaɓi shugaban CDS-Rahama [[Mahamane Ousmane]] a matsayin shugaban ƙasa, inda ya doke [[Mamadou Tandja]] na MNSD. A shekarar 1995 Ousmane ya kira zaɓen ƴan majalisa da wuri, wanda ya ga ya sami kujeru biyu, amma ya kasance babban jam'iyya ta biyu bayan MNSD. A watan Janairun 1996 aka yi masa juyin mulki.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.afrique-express.com/ |title=Kwafin ajiya |access-date=2023-03-02 |archive-date=2004-10-28 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20041028015111/http://www.afrique-express.com/archive/OUEST/niger/gvts/nigergvt05012000.htm |url-status=dead }}</ref> A zaɓen shugaban ƙasa da aka gudanar a watan Yulin waccan shekarar, Ousmane ya zo na biyu bayan jagoran juyin mulkin [[Ibrahim Baré Maïnassara|Ibrahim Baré Mainassara]] . Jam'iyyar ta ƙauracewa zaɓen 'yan majalisar dokoki a ƙarshen wannan shekarar. Tun daga shekarar 1999, CDS ta kasance cikin ƙawance da MNSD, ta zama wani ɓangare na rinjaye na majalisa da shiga cikin gwamnati; Ba ta tsayar da ɗan takarar shugaban ƙasa a babban zaɓen shekara ta 1999 ba, amma ta lashe kujeru 17 a majalisar dokokin ƙasar, wanda Ousmane ya zama shugaban ƙasa. A babban zaɓen shekara ta 2004, Ousmane ya kasance ɗan takarar shugaban ƙasa na CDS a karo na huɗu, inda kuma ya zo na uku da kashi 17.4% na ƙuri'un da aka kaɗa. A zaɓen 'yan majalisar dokoki, jam'iyyar ta samu kashi 17.4% na yawan ƙuri'un da aka kaɗa kuma ta samu kujeru 22 daga cikin 113. Bayan zaɓen, jam'iyyar MNSD ta dawo da gwamnatin haɗaka da CDS-Rahama, wanda kujeru 22 ya baiwa shugaban ƙasa da firaminista rinjayen kujeru 69 a majalisar dokokin ƙasar, inda aka sake zaɓen Ousmane a matsayin shugaban majalisar dokokin ƙasar.<ref>https://web.archive.org/web/20040718020211/http://www.assemblee.ne/organes/ldpce.htm</ref><ref>http://archive.ipu.org/press-e/gen179.htm</ref> CDS ta gudanar da taronta na shida a ranar 1 ga Satumba, 2007.<ref>http://max1412.powweb.com/htdocs/joomla/index2.php?option=com_content&do_pdf=1&id=1338{{Dead link|date=March 2023 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> A ranar 25 ga watan Yunin shekarar 2009, bayan da shugaban ƙasar Nijar [[Mamadou Tandja]] ya kori majalisar dokokin ƙasar saboda shirinsa na gudanar da zaɓen raba gardama na kundin tsarin mulkin ƙasar, jam'iyyar CDS ta sanar da janyewarta na ƙarshe da gwamnatin MNSD. Jam'iyyar ta fice daga ƙawance gwamnati tare da janye mambobinta takwas daga majalisar ministocin Nijar.<ref>https://www.google.com/hostednews/afp/article/ALeqM5iOK7lIDeJ4oqmVGm3FJ7EdzE6ecw</ref> A cikin wata sanarwa da hukumar ta CDS ta fitar ta buƙaci shugaban ƙasar da ya miƙa wuya ga hukuncin kotun.<ref>https://nigerdiaspora.info/ {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230302073056/https://nigerdiaspora.info/ |date=2023-03-02 }}</ref> Jam’iyyar ta kuma sanar da kafa nata gamayyar jam’iyyar adawa ta MDD tare da wasu ƙananan jam’iyyu kusan biyar da suka haɗa da UDR da PDP. Ƙungiyar dai tana fafatawa ne kai tsaye da babbar jam'iyyar adawa wato Front for Defence of Democracy (FDD) ƙarƙashin jam'iyyar PNDS, kuma ta gudanar da zanga-zangar adawa da zaɓen raba gardama guda biyu a birnin Yamai.<ref>http://www1.rfi.fr/actufr/articles/114/article_82159.asp</ref><ref>https://www.iol.co.za/index.php?set_id=1&click_id=86&art_id=nw20090625175611378C858514</ref> Jam'iyyar ta ƙauracewa zaɓen 'yan majalisar dokoki na watan Oktoba na 2009. Bayan juyin mulkin da aka yi a shekarar 2010, ta tsaya takara a babban zaɓen 2011 ; Ousmane ya zo na huɗu a zaɓen shugaban ƙasa da kashi 8% na ƙuri'un da aka kaɗa, yayin da jam'iyyar ta samu kujeru uku kacal a majalisar dokokin ƙasar. A zaɓen 2016 jam'iyyar ta tsayar da [[Abdou Labo]] a matsayin ɗan takararta na shugaban ƙasa; ya zo na bakwai a fage na ‘yan takara goma sha biyar da kashi 2% na ƙuri’un. A zaɓukan majalisar dokokin ƙasar, jam’iyyar ta ci gaba da riƙe kujeru uku. == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} iyxvwopnfu3vm501kzlhjd7a1b58ccb 895553 895552 2026-08-12T10:23:07Z Maryam Abdullahi Y 43904 895553 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox|Democratic and Social Convention}} '''Democratic and Social Convention - Rahama''' ( {{Lang-fr|Convention démocratique et sociale-Rahama}} , CDS-Rahama) jam'iyyar siyasa ce a [[Nijar (ƙasa)|Nijar]] . == Tarihi == An kafa ta a cikin watan Janairun shekarar 1991. A zaɓen ƴan majalisu na watan Fabrairun shekarar 1993 jam'iyyar ta lashe kujeru 22 daga cikin 83 na Majalisar Dokoki ta ƙasa, inda ta zo na biyu a matsayin National Movement for the Development of Society (MNDS). A zaɓen shugaban ƙasa da ya biyo baya, an zaɓi shugaban CDS-Rahama [[Mahamane Ousmane]] a matsayin shugaban ƙasa, inda ya doke [[Mamadou Tandja]] na MNSD. A shekarar 1995 Ousmane ya kira zaɓen ƴan majalisa da wuri, wanda ya ga ya sami kujeru biyu, amma ya kasance babban jam'iyya ta biyu bayan MNSD. A watan Janairun 1996 aka yi masa juyin mulki.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.afrique-express.com/ |title=Kwafin ajiya |access-date=2023-03-02 |archive-date=2004-10-28 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20041028015111/http://www.afrique-express.com/archive/OUEST/niger/gvts/nigergvt05012000.htm |url-status=dead }}</ref> A zaɓen shugaban ƙasa da aka gudanar a watan Yulin waccan shekarar, Ousmane ya zo na biyu bayan jagoran juyin mulkin [[Ibrahim Baré Maïnassara|Ibrahim Baré Mainassara]] . Jam'iyyar ta ƙauracewa zaɓen 'yan majalisar dokoki a ƙarshen wannan shekarar. Tun daga shekarar 1999, CDS ta kasance cikin ƙawance da MNSD, ta zama wani ɓangare na rinjaye na majalisa da shiga cikin gwamnati; Ba ta tsayar da ɗan takarar shugaban ƙasa a babban zaɓen shekara ta 1999 ba, amma ta lashe kujeru 17 a majalisar dokokin ƙasar, wanda Ousmane ya zama shugaban ƙasa. A babban zaɓen shekara ta 2004, Ousmane ya kasance ɗan takarar shugaban ƙasa na CDS a karo na huɗu, inda kuma ya zo na uku da kashi 17.4% na ƙuri'un da aka kaɗa. A zaɓen 'yan majalisar dokoki, jam'iyyar ta samu kashi 17.4% na yawan ƙuri'un da aka kaɗa kuma ta samu kujeru 22 daga cikin 113. Bayan zaɓen, jam'iyyar MNSD ta dawo da gwamnatin haɗaka da CDS-Rahama, wanda kujeru 22 ya baiwa shugaban ƙasa da firaminista rinjayen kujeru 69 a majalisar dokokin ƙasar, inda aka sake zaɓen Ousmane a matsayin shugaban majalisar dokokin ƙasar.<ref>https://web.archive.org/web/20040718020211/http://www.assemblee.ne/organes/ldpce.htm</ref><ref>http://archive.ipu.org/press-e/gen179.htm</ref> CDS ta gudanar da taronta na shida a ranar 1 ga Satumba, 2007.<ref>http://max1412.powweb.com/htdocs/joomla/index2.php?option=com_content&do_pdf=1&id=1338{{Dead link|date=March 2023 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> A ranar 25 ga watan Yunin shekarar 2009, bayan da shugaban ƙasar Nijar [[Mamadou Tandja]] ya kori majalisar dokokin ƙasar saboda shirinsa na gudanar da zaɓen raba gardama na kundin tsarin mulkin ƙasar, jam'iyyar CDS ta sanar da janyewarta na ƙarshe da gwamnatin MNSD. Jam'iyyar ta fice daga ƙawance gwamnati tare da janye mambobinta takwas daga majalisar ministocin Nijar.<ref>https://www.google.com/hostednews/afp/article/ALeqM5iOK7lIDeJ4oqmVGm3FJ7EdzE6ecw</ref> A cikin wata sanarwa da hukumar ta CDS ta fitar ta buƙaci shugaban ƙasar da ya miƙa wuya ga hukuncin kotun.<ref>https://nigerdiaspora.info/ {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230302073056/https://nigerdiaspora.info/ |date=2023-03-02 }}</ref> Jam’iyyar ta kuma sanar da kafa nata gamayyar jam’iyyar adawa ta MDD tare da wasu ƙananan jam’iyyu kusan biyar da suka haɗa da UDR da PDP. Ƙungiyar dai tana fafatawa ne kai tsaye da babbar jam'iyyar adawa wato Front for Defence of Democracy (FDD) ƙarƙashin jam'iyyar PNDS, kuma ta gudanar da zanga-zangar adawa da zaɓen raba gardama guda biyu a birnin Yamai.<ref>http://www1.rfi.fr/actufr/articles/114/article_82159.asp</ref><ref>https://www.iol.co.za/index.php?set_id=1&click_id=86&art_id=nw20090625175611378C858514</ref> Jam'iyyar ta ƙauracewa zaɓen ƴan majalisar dokoki na watan Oktoba na 2009. Bayan juyin mulkin da aka yi a shekarar 2010, ta tsaya takara a babban zaɓen 2011 ; Ousmane ya zo na huɗu a zaɓen shugaban ƙasa da kashi 8% na ƙuri'un da aka kaɗa, yayin da jam'iyyar ta samu kujeru uku kacal a majalisar dokokin ƙasar. A zaɓen 2016 jam'iyyar ta tsayar da [[Abdou Labo]] a matsayin ɗan takararta na shugaban ƙasa; ya zo na bakwai a fage na ‘yan takara goma sha biyar da kashi 2% na ƙuri’un. A zaɓukan majalisar dokokin ƙasar, jam’iyyar ta ci gaba da riƙe kujeru uku. == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} 7s80ivvm1yyw8fnlqlxe67ufie8xlr7 0 42572 895620 843301 2026-08-12T10:48:45Z Maryam Abdullahi Y 43904 895620 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox|Nigerien Alliance for Democracy and Progress}} '''Nigerien Alliance for Democracy and Progress''' ( {{Lang-fr|Alliance nigérienne pour la démocratie et le progrès}}, ANDP-Zaman Lahiya) jam'iyyar siyasa ce a [[Nijar (ƙasa)|Nijar]]. == Jagoran jam'iyya == Moumouni Adamou Djermakoye ya jagoranci jam'iyyar tun daga kafuwarta a shekarar 1992 har zuwa rasuwarsa a shekarar 2009. == Tarihi == === Ƙarni na 20 === Djermakoye shi ne shugaban ɗaya daga cikin manyan ƙungiyoyin biyu da suka fito a cikin National Movement for Development of Society (MNSD) a 1991.<ref name=":0">Myriam Gervais, "Niger: Regime Change, Economic Crisis, and Perpetuation of Privilege", in ''Political Reform in Francophone Africa'' (1997), ed. John F. Clark and David E. Gardinier, pages 100–101.</ref> Shi ɗan ƙabilar [[Zabarmawa|Zarma]] (Djerma) ne, waɗanda a baya suka mamaye jam'iyyar,<ref name=":1">https://www.unisa.ac.za/sites/corporate/default/Contact-us/This-website-was-recently-revamped?Cmd=ViewContent&ContentID=11625</ref> amma an zaɓi shugaban jam'iyyar [[Mamadou Tandja]] a matsayin shugaban jam'iyyar MNSD a watan Nuwamban shekarar 1991<ref name=":0" /> tare da goyon bayan waɗanda ba Zarma ba. a cikin jam'iyyar. Daga nan sai Djermakoye ya ɓalle daga jam’iyyar MNSD ya kafa ƙungiyar Abokan Moumouni Adamou Djermakoye (CAMAD), wacce daga baya ta zama jam’iyyar Nigerien Alliance for Democracy and Progress (ANDP).<ref name=":1" /> Djermakoye shi ne ɗan takarar jam'iyyar ANDP a zaɓen shugaban ƙasa na 1993 ; bayan da ya zo na huɗu da kashi 15.24% na ƙuri'un da aka kaɗa a zagayen farko,<ref name=":2">https://africanelections.tripod.com/ne.html{{Dead link|date=May 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> jam'iyyar ANDP, a wani ɓangare na ƙawancen da ake kira Alliance of the Forces of Change (AFC), wanda ke goyon bayan ɗan takara na biyu [[Mahamane Ousmane]] na jam'iyyar Democrat . da social convention a zagaye na biyu na zaɓen, kuma Ousmane ya yi nasara a kan Tandja na MNSD. ANDP ta kafa wani ɓangare na rinjayen 'yan majalisar dokokin AFC bayan zaɓen 'yan majalisu na 1993, inda ANDP ta samu kujeru 11, inda Djermakoye ya zama shugaban majalisar dokokin ƙasar.<ref name=":1" /> Ana ganin rabuwar da ANDP ta yi da MNSD na da matukar muhimmanci wajen bai wa 'yan adawa damar samun nasara.<ref name=":0" /> Mafi rinjayen jam’iyyar AFC ciki har da ANDP sun daɗe har sai da jam’iyyar PNDS ta Nijar ta ɓalle daga jam’iyyar AFC a watan Satumban 1994, wanda ya kai ga sabon zaɓen ‘yan majalisar dokoki a watan Janairun 1995 inda jam’iyyar adawa ta AFC ta sha kaye a hannun gamayyar jam’iyyun adawa da suka haɗa da farko. MNSD da PNDS. ANDP ta samu kujeru tara sannan ta ci gaba da zama a jam’iyyar AFC a adawa.<ref name=":1" /> Bayan juyin mulkin soja na Janairu 1996, Djermakoye ya sake tsayawa takarar shugaban ƙasa a matsayin ɗan takarar jam'iyyar ANDP a zaɓen Yuli 1996, ya ƙare a matsayi na biyar da kashi 4.77% na ƙuri'un da aka kaɗa.<ref name=":2" /> Bayan nasarar Mainassara, ANDP ta gane hakan kuma ta goyi bayansa.<ref name=":3">https://www.africa.upenn.edu/Newsletters/irinw196.html</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.afrique-express.com/ |title=Kwafin ajiya |access-date=2023-03-03 |archive-date=2004-10-28 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20041028015111/http://www.afrique-express.com/archive/OUEST/niger/gvts/nigergvt05012000.htm |url-status=dead }}</ref> A zaɓen ‘yan majalisu da aka gudanar a watan Nuwamba na shekarar 1996, wanda ‘yan adawa suka ƙauracewa zaɓen, jam’iyyar ANDP ta lashe kujeru takwas, inda ta zama jam’iyya ta biyu mafi girma a majalisar dokokin ƙasar.<ref name=":2" /><ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.afrique-express.com/ |title=Kwafin ajiya |access-date=2023-03-03 |archive-date=2004-10-28 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20041028015111/http://www.afrique-express.com/archive/OUEST/niger/gvts/nigergvt05012000.htm |url-status=dead }}</ref> A farkon 1998 ANDP ta shiga ƙawancen goyon bayan Mainassara na jam'iyyu uku, Alliance of Democratic and Social Forces.<ref>https://www.africa.upenn.edu/Newsletters/irinw137.html</ref> A ranar 28 ga Afrilu, 1998, Djermakoye ya ba da sanarwar cewa ANDP ta rabu da Mainassara, yana mai zargin cewa na biyun ya "ƙasƙantar da jam'iyyar tare da ware".<ref name=":3" /> Bayan wani juyin mulki a watan Afrilun 1999, inda aka kashe Mainassara, Djermakoye shi ne ɗan takarar shugaban ƙasa na jam'iyyar a babban zaɓen watan Oktoba, inda ya ƙare a matsayi na biyar da kashi 7.73% na ƙuri'un,<ref name=":2" /> yayin da ANDP ta lashe kujeru huɗu a zaɓen 'yan majalisar dokoki.<ref name=":2" /><ref name=":4">https://web.archive.org/web/20051018053532/http://democratie.francophonie.org/IMG/pdf/RAPPORT_DE_LA_MISSION_D_OBSERVATION_DES_ELECTIONS_PRESIDENTIELLES_ET_LEGISLATIVES_DES_17_OCTOBRE_ET_24_NOVEMBRE_1999_.pdf</ref> Djermakoye ya goyi bayan ɗan takarar PNDS [[Mahamadou Issoufou]] a zagaye na biyu na zaɓen shugaban ƙasar, ko da yake Issoufou ya sha kaye a hannun ɗan takarar MNSD Tandja.<ref name=":4" /> Bayan zaɓen ne sai jam'iyyar ANDP ta shiga adawa ta koma jam'iyyar 'yan majalisa ɗaya da jam'iyyar RDP-Jama'a.<ref>https://web.archive.org/web/20020830094821/http://www.assemblee.ne/organes/ldpgp.htm</ref> === Ƙarni na 21 === A cikin watan Yulin 2002, jam'iyyar ANDP ta shiga ƙawancen masu rinjaye na majalisa, Alliance of Democratic Forces, inda ta bar jam'iyyar adawa ta Coordination of Democratic Forces.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.afrique-express.com/ |title=Kwafin ajiya |access-date=2023-03-03 |archive-date=2004-10-28 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20041028015111/http://www.afrique-express.com/archive/OUEST/niger/gvts/nigergvt05012000.htm |url-status=dead }}</ref> Djermakoye ya shiga gwamnati a matsayin Ƙaramin Minista a watan Nuwamba 2002, yana aiki a wannan muƙamin har zuwa Disamba 2004.<ref>https://www.izf.net/</ref> A ranar 19 ga Satumba, 2004, a babban taron jam'iyyar ANDP na uku, jam'iyyar ta sake zaɓar Djermakoye a matsayin ɗan takararta na shugaban ƙasa a babban zaɓe mai zuwa, yana mai cewa bai yi niyyar sake tsayawa takara a zaɓen shugaban ƙasa na 2009 ba.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Kwafin ajiya |url=https://africatime.com/niger/nouvelle.asp?no_nouvelle=143842 |access-date=2023-03-03 |archive-date=2012-02-05 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120205095840/http://www.africatime.com/niger/nouvelle.asp?no_nouvelle=143842 |url-status=dead }}</ref> A zaɓen shugaban ƙasa, ya samu kashi 6% na ƙuri'un da aka kaɗa, inda ya samu matsayi na biyar.<ref name=":2" /> Kamar sauran jam’iyyu uku da aka fitar da ‘yan takararsu a zagayen farko, jam’iyyar ANDP ta marawa Tandja baya a zagaye na biyu.<ref>https://web.archive.org/web/20110718101400/http://www.french.xinhuanet.com/french/2004-11/23/content_49745.htm</ref> A zaɓen 'yan majalisar dokoki jam'iyyar ta samu kashi 5.44% na yawan ƙuri'un da aka kaɗa, inda ta lashe kujeru biyar daga cikin kujeru 113.<ref name=":2" /> Djermakoye ya mutu a watan Yuni 2009.<ref>http://www1.rfi.fr/actufr/articles/114/article_81892.asp</ref> Jam'iyyar ta kasance wani ɓangare ne na ƙungiyar haɗin kan dakarun kare Dimokuraɗiyya da jamhuriyar jamhuriyar da ta ƙauracewa zaɓen 'yan majalisar dokoki na shekarar 2009 . Ɗan uwan Djermakoye [[Moussa Moumouni Djermakoye]], wanda ya yi ritaya daga aikin soja, an zaɓe shi a matsayin shugaban jam'iyyar ANDP a wani babban taron jam'iyyar a ranar 20 ga watan Yunin 2010. Ya lashe zaɓen cikin sauƙi; ya samu ƙuri'u 278, yayin da Amadou Nouhou ya samu ƙuri'u 85, Ali Seyni Gado ya samu ƙuri'u 66.<ref>M. Bako, "L'ancien Colonel Moussa Moumouni Djermakoye élu président du Parti", ''Le Sahel'', 21 June 2010 (in French).</ref> Da aka hamɓarar da shugaba Tandja a juyin mulkin 2010, jam'iyyar ANDP ta shiga zaɓen 2011. Moussa Moumouni Djermakoye ya tsaya a matsayin ɗan takarar shugaban ƙasa na jam'iyyar, inda ya samu kashi 4% na ƙuri'un da aka kaɗa, kuma ya zo na shida a cikin 'yan takara goma, yayin da jam'iyyar ta samu kujeru takwas a majalisar dokokin ƙasar. A babban taron jam'iyyar ANDP ta shida da aka gudanar a [[Maradi|Maraɗi]] a ranar &#x2013; ga watan Mayun 2015, an sake zaɓen Djermakoye a matsayin shugaban jam'iyyar ANDP, inda Ɗan Dije mataimakin shugaban ƙasa na farko, Mahamadou Adamou mataimakin shugaban ƙasa na biyu, Saley Saidou a matsayin sakatare na gaba.<ref>https://actuniger.com/politique/10061-6eme-congres-ordinaire-de-l-andp-zaman-lahiya-a-maradi-m-moussa-moumouni-djermakoye-reconduit-president-du-parti.html?device=iphone</ref> Jam'iyyar ba ta tsayar da ɗan takara a zaɓen shugaban ƙasa a watan Fabrairun 2016 ba, inda ta zaɓi amincewa da takarar shugaba mai ci [[Mahamadou Issoufou]] a zagayen farko na zaɓen.<ref>https://www.actuniger.com/politique/10859-pr%C3%A9sidentielles-2016-l%E2%80%99andp-de-djermakoye-d%C3%A9clare-forfait-et-s%E2%80%99aligne-derri%C3%A8re-issoufou-mahamadou.html</ref> A zaɓen majalisar da aka yi a lokaci guda, an rage shi zuwa kujeru huɗu a majalisar dokokin ƙasar. == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} 63amk5xxx38guxbe3ajafatgwnu6ze5 0 43793 895360 476027 2026-08-12T04:33:19Z CommonsDelinker 75 Removing [[:c:File:Dami_Ajayi.jpg|Dami_Ajayi.jpg]], it has been deleted from Commons by [[:c:User:Krd|Krd]] because: No permission since 4 August 2026. 895360 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} [[Category:Articles with hCards]] '''Dami Àjayí''' (an haife shi a shekarar 1986) mawaƙi ne kuma ɗan Najeriya ne, likita, marubuci kuma mai suka kiɗa. Shi ne ya kafa mujallar ''Saraba'' a shekarar 2008.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Kwafin ajiya |url=https://www.dailytrust.com.ng/the-last-good-book-i-read-dami-ajayi-poet-a-strangers-pose-by-emmanuel-iduma.html |access-date=2023-03-13 |archive-date=2019-09-15 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190915203957/https://www.dailytrust.com.ng/the-last-good-book-i-read-dami-ajayi-poet-a-strangers-pose-by-emmanuel-iduma.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> Shi ne marubucin tarin waƙoƙi guda biyu da littafi. == Tarihin Rayuwa == An haifi Dami Àjayí a [[Najeriya]] a shekarar 1986. Yayin da yake karatun digiri na farko a fannin likitanci a Jami’ar Obafemi Awolowo da ke [[Ifẹ|Ile-Ife]], ya kafa ''Mujallar Saraba'' tare da wani ɗalibi.<ref name=":0">https://africainwords.com/2021/02/26/qa-words-on-the-times-dami-ajayi/</ref> Ya kuma haɗa kan kafafen yaɗa labarai ''The Lagos Review'' da ''YabaLeft Review'', tare da marubuta Toni Kan da Tunji Olalere bi da bi. An nuna Àjayí a cikin shirin ''Rubutun Sabuwar Najeriya'' kashi biyu na Rediyo 4 na BBC.<ref>https://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/articles/3H7X6d46c9JgnWQH7pMNw2m/meet-the-authors</ref> == Waƙa == A shekarar 2011, An jera Àjayí a cikin "Mawaƙin Matasa ne na Najeriya Takwas waɗanda Waƙoƙinsu Ke Daɗaɗawa" a cikin Sentinel UK Poetry Blog.<ref>http://citadeloflife1.blogspot.com.ng/2015_11_27_archive.html</ref> Tarin waƙoƙinsa na farko, ''Clinical Blues'', an tantance shi (a cikin rubutun hannu) don Kyautar Melita Hume a 2012.<ref>http://badilishapoetry.com/dami-ajayi/</ref><ref>https://toddswift.blogspot.com/2012/06/melita-hume-poetry-prize-shortlist-11.html?m=1</ref> WriteHouse ne ya buga shi a cikin 2014, kuma an daɗe yana cikin jerin sunayen Wole Soyinka Prize for Literature in Africa.<ref>https://pmnewsnigeria.com/2018/11/03/nine-african-poets-shortlisted-for-2018-wole-soyinka-prize-for-literature/</ref><ref>https://www.graphic.com.gh/news/general-news/9-african-poets-on-2018-wole-soyinka-prize-for-literature-list.html</ref> A shekarar 2017, tarin waƙoƙinsa na biyu, ''Jikin Mace Ƙasa ce,'' ta Ouida Books ne ya buga).<ref>{{Cite web |title=Kwafin ajiya |url=https://thisisafrica.me/a-womans-body-is-a-country-africas-most-anticipated-poetry-collection/ |access-date=2023-03-13 |archive-date=2019-03-27 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190327102717/https://thisisafrica.me/a-womans-body-is-a-country-africas-most-anticipated-poetry-collection/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> Game da aikin, Àjayí ya ce: "Ina son littafina ya nuna yadda sunan 'ƙauna' ya zama fi'ili, kuma a ƙoƙari na ina zana daga tafki na kaina, ina fatan abubuwan da nake da su sun kasance guda ɗaya da na duniya."<ref>https://web.archive.org/web/20171030183232/https://thisisafrica.me/lifestyle/each-collection-dictates-its-own-process-conversation-with-dami-ajayi/</ref> An bayyana shi a matsayin wanda "ya rubuta game da soyayya kamar giya wanda ke nutsar da mutum cikin tunaninsa."<ref>https://www.wrr.ng/features/book-reviews/a-womans-body-is-a-country/</ref> == Larabci da suka == Àjayí ya rubuta gajerun labarai waɗanda aka buga a Najeriya da kuma ƙasashen waje. A halin yanzu yana ba da bita mai mahimmanci game da kiɗan Najeriya ga adadin wallafe-wallafen kan layi.<ref>https://chimurengachronic.co.za/yahoo-boy-no-laptop/</ref><ref>https://www.theafricareport.com/90025/nigeria-afrobeats-unpaid-debt-to-highlifes-crosdale-juba/</ref><ref>https://www.theelephant.info/culture/2019/12/14/finding-lagos-a-jazz-tribute-to-an-african-city/</ref><ref>https://www.theafricareport.com/14697/nigerias-king-sunny-ade-i-see-myself-as-a-freelance/</ref><ref>https://www.theafricareport.com/67977/nigerias-ayinla-omowura-the-original-gangster-and-patron-saint-of-abeokutas-working-class/</ref> Ya kuma kasance ɗaya daga cikin editocin tarihin ''daga Limbe zuwa Legas: NonFiction daga Kamaru da Najeriya'', wanda ya kasance sakamakon taron bita da aka gudanar a Limbe<ref name=":0" /> ga matasan marubutan Afirka. == Littattafai == * ''Clinical Blues'' (2014) * ''Jikin Mace Ƙasa ne'' (2017) == Manazarta == {{Reflist|30em}} [[Category:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Category:Haihuwan 1986]] sm8muvlknid7l9te3g2rp6l7jbqsqki 0 44458 895691 676767 2026-08-12T11:41:52Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 895691 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} [[Category:Articles with hCards]] '''Fiona Afoma Amuzie-Iredu''' ƙwararriyar ƴar Najeriya ce, masaniyar ilimin halayyar ɗan adam, mai fasahar murya kuma mai watsa shirye-shiryen talabijin. Ita ce ta lashe gasar Mafi Kyawun Yarinya a Najeriya (MBGN) a shekarar 2010 da kuma ƴar takarar Najeriya a Miss World 2010. Ta fito daga [[Anambra|jihar Anambra]].<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.pulse.ng/lifestyle/relationships-weddings |title=Kwafin ajiya |access-date=2023-03-18 |archive-date=2023-03-18 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230318135711/https://www.pulse.ng/lifestyle/relationships-weddings |url-status=dead }}</ref> == Tarihi da ilimi == Ta fito daga Abatete, Idemili-North LGA ta [[Anambra|jihar Anambra]]. An yi mata laƙabi da ''Ezenwanyi'' - wanda ke nufin sarauniya a [[Harshen Ibo|harshen Igbo]] - mahaifinta. Ta yi karatun digiri na farko a fannin ilimin halitta a [[Jami'ar Jos|Jami’ar Jos]] a lokacin da ta fafata a gasar ƴ''ar Kyau a [[Najeriya]].'' Ba ta kammala karatunta a [[Jos]] ba amma ta koma [[Birtaniya|Ingila]] inda ta sami digiri na biyu a fannin ilimin halin ɗan Adam a Jami'ar Coventry.<ref>https://theeagleonline.com.ng/ex-mgbn-fiona-amuzie-to-graduate-from-coventry-university/</ref> == Mafi Kyawun Yarinya A Najeriya 2010 == An ba ta lambar yabo mafi kyawun yarinya a Najeriya a cikin shekarar 2010 kuma ta wakilci Najeriya a gasar Miss World 2010.<ref>https://punchng.com/38677-2/</ref> == Rayuwa ta sirri == Ta yi aure da ''Frank Iredu'' ta hanyar al'adun gargajiya daga Obosi, Jihar Anambra a ranar 30 ga watan Disambar 2015 da kuma ɗaurin aure ranar 2 ga watan Janairun 2016.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.pulse.ng/lifestyle/relationships-weddings/fiona-amuzie-see-photos-from-ex-beauty-queen-white-wedding/cw515pq |title=Kwafin ajiya |access-date=2023-03-18 |archive-date=2023-03-18 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230318135956/https://www.pulse.ng/lifestyle/relationships-weddings/fiona-amuzie-see-photos-from-ex-beauty-queen-white-wedding/cw515pq |url-status=dead }}</ref> Ita da mijinta suna da ɗa ɗaya da ɗiya.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Kwafin ajiya |url=http://silverbirdtv.com/uncategorized/35853/mbgn-queen-afoma-fiona-iredu-welcomes-first-child/ |access-date=2023-03-18 |archive-date=2018-08-07 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180807155709/http://silverbirdtv.com/uncategorized/35853/mbgn-queen-afoma-fiona-iredu-welcomes-first-child/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} [[Category:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Category:Haihuwan 1991]] [[Category:Articles with hAudio microformats]] 2ngmdxb9ay1pfm66l3ytfjd4u7y3rzv 0 45111 895082 717135 2026-08-11T16:47:52Z Ummun Sultan 23935 895082 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Nioun Chin Elodie Li Yuk Lo''' (an haife ta a ranar 29 ga watan Satumban shekarar 1982) ƴar wasan ƙwallon ragar bakin teku ce ta [[Mauritius]]. Kamar yadda na shekarar 2012, ta yi wasa tare da Natacha Rigobert.<ref>"Nioun Chin Elodie Li Yuk Lo" . London 2012 . Archived from the original on 2013-04-02.</ref> Sun halarci gasar Olympics ta bazara ta shekarar 2012, kuma an cire su bayan sun yi rashin nasara a wasanninsu uku da Brazil da Jamhuriyar Czech da kuma Jamus da suka kare a matsayi na 19 a gaba daya bayan wasannin.<ref>"Elodie Li Yuk Lo" . Olympics at Sports-Reference.com . Sports Reference LLC. Archived from the original on 2020-04-18. Retrieved 2016-05-09.</ref> An haife ta [[Port Louis|a Port Louis]], Mauritius. <ref>{{Cite sports-reference|url=https://www.sports-reference.com/olympics/athletes/li/elodie-li-yuk-lo-1.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200418082857/https://www.sports-reference.com/olympics/athletes/li/elodie-li-yuk-lo-1.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=2020-04-18|title=Elodie Li Yuk Lo|access-date=2016-05-09}}</ref> == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} == Hanyoyin haɗi na waje == Elodie Li Yuk Lo at FIVB beach volleyball database Elodie Li Yuk Lo at Beach Volleyball Database Elodie Li Yuk Lo at Olympics.com Elodie Li Yuk Lo at Olympedia [[Category:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Category:Haifaffun 1982]] [[Category:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] ahdbpeo8nbauqi9ovyivzpl261z61u2 895084 895082 2026-08-11T16:48:06Z Ummun Sultan 23935 895084 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Nioun Chin Elodie Li Yuk Lo''' (an haife ta a ranar 29 ga watan Satumban shekarar 1982) ƴar wasan ƙwallon ragar bakin teku ce ta [[Mauritius]]. Kamar yadda na shekarar 2012, ta yi wasa tare da Natacha Rigobert.<ref>"Nioun Chin Elodie Li Yuk Lo" . London a shekarar 2012 . Archived from the original on 2013-04-02.</ref> Sun halarci gasar Olympics ta bazara ta shekarar 2012, kuma an cire su bayan sun yi rashin nasara a wasanninsu uku da Brazil da Jamhuriyar Czech da kuma Jamus da suka kare a matsayi na 19 a gaba daya bayan wasannin.<ref>"Elodie Li Yuk Lo" . Olympics at Sports-Reference.com . Sports Reference LLC. Archived from the original on 2020-04-18. Retrieved 2016-05-09.</ref> An haife ta [[Port Louis|a Port Louis]], Mauritius. <ref>{{Cite sports-reference|url=https://www.sports-reference.com/olympics/athletes/li/elodie-li-yuk-lo-1.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200418082857/https://www.sports-reference.com/olympics/athletes/li/elodie-li-yuk-lo-1.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=2020-04-18|title=Elodie Li Yuk Lo|access-date=2016-05-09}}</ref> == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} == Hanyoyin haɗi na waje == Elodie Li Yuk Lo at FIVB beach volleyball database Elodie Li Yuk Lo at Beach Volleyball Database Elodie Li Yuk Lo at Olympics.com Elodie Li Yuk Lo at Olympedia [[Category:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Category:Haifaffun 1982]] [[Category:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] 2g9z9cxwo8d7ds53jdzi36flvl394tf 895085 895084 2026-08-11T16:48:18Z Ummun Sultan 23935 895085 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Nioun Chin Elodie Li Yuk Lo''' (an haife ta a ranar 29 ga watan Satumban shekarar 1982) ƴar wasan ƙwallon ragar bakin teku ce ta [[Mauritius]]. Kamar yadda na shekarar 2012, ta yi wasa tare da Natacha Rigobert.<ref>"Nioun Chin Elodie Li Yuk Lo" . London a shekarar 2012 . Archived from the original on 2013-04-02.</ref> Sun halarci gasar Olympics ta bazara ta shekarar 2012, kuma an cire su bayan sun yi rashin nasara a wasanninsu uku da Brazil da Jamhuriyar Czech da kuma Jamus da suka kare a matsayi na 19 a gaba daya bayan wasannin.<ref>"Elodie Li Yuk Lo" . Olympics at Sports-Reference.com . Sports Reference LLC. Archived from the original on 2020-04-18. Retrieved 2016-05-09.</ref> An kuma haife ta [[Port Louis|a Port Louis]], Mauritius. <ref>{{Cite sports-reference|url=https://www.sports-reference.com/olympics/athletes/li/elodie-li-yuk-lo-1.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200418082857/https://www.sports-reference.com/olympics/athletes/li/elodie-li-yuk-lo-1.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=2020-04-18|title=Elodie Li Yuk Lo|access-date=2016-05-09}}</ref> == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} == Hanyoyin haɗi na waje == Elodie Li Yuk Lo at FIVB beach volleyball database Elodie Li Yuk Lo at Beach Volleyball Database Elodie Li Yuk Lo at Olympics.com Elodie Li Yuk Lo at Olympedia [[Category:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Category:Haifaffun 1982]] [[Category:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] pteym50xd0lddnougtwbfa9yazbg03t 3 47600 895210 858325 2026-08-11T21:12:05Z MediaWiki message delivery 3927 /* Invitation to try the Starter Kit Tool */ sabon sashe 895210 wikitext text/x-wiki == [[:m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/Server switch|Karanta wannan saƙon a wani yaren]] • [https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:Translate&group=page-Tech%2FServer+switch&language=&action=page&filter= {{int:please-translate}}][[foundation:|Wikimedia Foundation]] za'a gwada chanji tsakanin cibiyoyin bayanai na farko dana sakandare. Wannan zai tabbatar da cewa Wikipedia da sauran wikis na wikimedia na iya tsayuwa akan yanar gizo koda bayan wata ruɗani Don tabbatar da cewa komai yana aiki, sashen Fasahar Wikimedia yana buƙatar yin gwajin da aka shirya. Wannan gwajin zai nuna idan zasu iya dogara da amincewa da chanji daga wannan cibiyar zuwa wancan. Ana buƙatar ƙungiyoyi da su zauna cikin shiri kuma su kasance a kusa don magance duk wata matsala da ke iya tasowa yayin gyaran. Duk zirga-zirga za su kunna '''{{#time:j xg|2023-04-26|ha}}'''. Gwajin zai fara daga karfe '''[https://zonestamp.toolforge.org/{{#time:U|2023-04-26T14:00|en}} {{#time:H:i e|2023-04-26T14:00}}]'''.Abin takaici, saboda wasu iyakoki na cikin [[mw:Manual:What is MediaWiki?|MediaWiki]], dole a dakata da duk gyararraki dole ne a yayin da muke yin sauyin. Muna neman afuwa game da wannan tsaiko, kuma muna aiki don raguwarsa nan gaba. '''Zaka iya karantawa, amma banda gyara, a duka wikis na wani ɗan ƙanƙanin lokaci.'''*Ba za ku iya yin wani gyara ba har na tsawon awa ɗaya a ranar {{#time:l j xg Y|2023-04-26|ha}}.*Idan kayi ƙoƙarin gyara ko ajiyewa awannan lokacin, zaku ga saƙon kuskure. Muna fatan cewa babu gyara da za ayi asara awannan lokacin, amma ba za mu iya tabbatar muku ba. Idan ka ga sakon kuskuren, to don Allah a jira har komai ya koma daidai. Sannan ne zaku samu damar adana gyaran ku. Amma, muna ba da shawara cewa ku kwafe canje-canjen ku tun daga farko, idan da hali.''Wasu sakamakon'':*Ayyukan bango zasu Kasance a hankalu kuma wasu za'a iya ajiye su. Tana iya kasancewa hanyoyin hadin masu kalar-ja ba zasu dawo ba da sauri kamar yadda aka saba. Idan ka kirkiri labarin da aka riga aka danganta shi a wani wuri, hanyar hadi zata zauna a kalar-ja fiye da yadda aka saba. Dole ne a tsaida duk wasu rubutun masu dadewa* Muna sa ran tura lambar za ta faru kamar kowane mako. Koyaya, wasu daskarewar lamba-by-case na iya faruwa akan lokaci idan aikin ya buƙaci su daga baya.* [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/GitLab|GitLab]] ba zai kasance ba na kusan mintuna 90.Ana iya jinkirta wannan aikin dangane da yadda hali ya bada Za ka iya karanta tsarin a [[wikitech:Switch_Datacenter|read the schedule at wikitech.wikimedia.org]]. Za a sanar da duk wanu canji na wannan jadawalin. Za a sami karin sanarwar dangane da wannan. Za a nuna wata tuta a kowace wikis mintina 30 kafin wannan aikin ya faru. '''Ayi kokarin yadda wannan bayanin tare ga jama'ar ku.''' == <section begin="server-switch"/><div class="plainlinks"> [[:m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/Server switch|Karanta wannan saƙon a wani yaren]] • [https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:Translate&group=page-Tech%2FServer+switch&language=&action=page&filter= {{int:please-translate}}] [[foundation:|Wikimedia Foundation]] za'a gwada chanji tsakanin cibiyoyin bayanai na farko dana sakandare. Wannan zai tabbatar da cewa Wikipedia da sauran wikis na wikimedia na iya tsayuwa akan yanar gizo koda bayan wata ruɗani Don tabbatar da cewa komai yana aiki, sashen Fasahar Wikimedia yana buƙatar yin gwajin da aka shirya. Wannan gwajin zai nuna idan zasu iya dogara da amincewa da chanji daga wannan cibiyar zuwa wancan. Ana buƙatar ƙungiyoyi da su zauna cikin shiri kuma su kasance a kusa don magance duk wata matsala da ke iya tasowa yayin gyaran. Duk zirga-zirga za su kunna '''{{#time:j xg|2023-04-26|ha}}'''. Gwajin zai fara daga karfe '''[https://zonestamp.toolforge.org/{{#time:U|2023-04-26T14:00|en}} {{#time:H:i e|2023-04-26T14:00}}]'''. Abin takaici, saboda wasu iyakoki na cikin [[mw:Manual:What is MediaWiki?|MediaWiki]], dole a dakata da duk gyararraki dole ne a yayin da muke yin sauyin. Muna neman afuwa game da wannan tsaiko, kuma muna aiki don raguwarsa nan gaba. '''Zaka iya karantawa, amma banda gyara, a duka wikis na wani ɗan ƙanƙanin lokaci.''' *Ba za ku iya yin wani gyara ba har na tsawon awa ɗaya a ranar {{#time:l j xg Y|2023-04-26|ha}}. *Idan kayi ƙoƙarin gyara ko ajiyewa awannan lokacin, zaku ga saƙon kuskure. Muna fatan cewa babu gyara da za ayi asara awannan lokacin, amma ba za mu iya tabbatar muku ba. Idan ka ga sakon kuskuren, to don Allah a jira har komai ya koma daidai. Sannan ne zaku samu damar adana gyaran ku. Amma, muna ba da shawara cewa ku kwafe canje-canjen ku tun daga farko, idan da hali. ''Wasu sakamakon'': *Ayyukan bango zasu Kasance a hankalu kuma wasu za'a iya ajiye su. Tana iya kasancewa hanyoyin hadin masu kalar-ja ba zasu dawo ba da sauri kamar yadda aka saba. Idan ka kirkiri labarin da aka riga aka danganta shi a wani wuri, hanyar hadi zata zauna a kalar-ja fiye da yadda aka saba. Dole ne a tsaida duk wasu rubutun masu dadewa * Muna sa ran tura lambar za ta faru kamar kowane mako. Koyaya, wasu daskarewar lamba-by-case na iya faruwa akan lokaci idan aikin ya buƙaci su daga baya. * [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/GitLab|GitLab]] ba zai kasance ba na kusan mintuna 90. Ana iya jinkirta wannan aikin dangane da yadda hali ya bada Za ka iya karanta tsarin a [[wikitech:Switch_Datacenter|read the schedule at wikitech.wikimedia.org]]. Za a sanar da duk wanu canji na wannan jadawalin. Za a sami karin sanarwar dangane da wannan. Za a nuna wata tuta a kowace wikis mintina 30 kafin wannan aikin ya faru. '''Ayi kokarin yadda wannan bayanin tare ga jama'ar ku.'''</div><section end="server-switch"/> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 23:45, 20 ga Afirilu, 2023 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:UOzurumba (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:Quiddity_(WMF)/Tech_News_test_list&oldid=24911453 --> == Tech/Server switch == <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 23:56, 20 ga Afirilu, 2023 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:UOzurumba (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:Quiddity_(WMF)/Tech_News_test_list&oldid=24911453 --> == Your wiki will be in read-only soon == <section begin="server-switch"/><div class="plainlinks"> [[:m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/Server switch|Karanta wannan saƙon a wani yaren]] • [https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:Translate&group=page-Tech%2FServer+switch&language=&action=page&filter= {{int:please-translate}}] [[foundation:|Wikimedia Foundation]] za'a gwada chanji tsakanin cibiyoyin bayanai na farko dana sakandare. Wannan zai tabbatar da cewa Wikipedia da sauran wikis na wikimedia na iya tsayuwa akan yanar gizo koda bayan wata ruɗani Don tabbatar da cewa komai yana aiki, sashen Fasahar Wikimedia yana buƙatar yin gwajin da aka shirya. Wannan gwajin zai nuna idan zasu iya dogara da amincewa da chanji daga wannan cibiyar zuwa wancan. Ana buƙatar ƙungiyoyi da su zauna cikin shiri kuma su kasance a kusa don magance duk wata matsala da ke iya tasowa yayin gyaran. Duk zirga-zirga za su kunna '''{{#time:j xg|2023-04-26|ha}}'''. Gwajin zai fara daga karfe '''[https://zonestamp.toolforge.org/{{#time:U|2023-04-26T14:00|en}} {{#time:H:i e|2023-04-26T14:00}}]'''. Abin takaici, saboda wasu iyakoki na cikin [[mw:Manual:What is MediaWiki?|MediaWiki]], dole a dakata da duk gyararraki dole ne a yayin da muke yin sauyin. Muna neman afuwa game da wannan tsaiko, kuma muna aiki don raguwarsa nan gaba. '''Zaka iya karantawa, amma banda gyara, a duka wikis na wani ɗan ƙanƙanin lokaci.''' *Ba za ku iya yin wani gyara ba har na tsawon awa ɗaya a ranar {{#time:l j xg Y|2023-04-26|ha}}. *Idan kayi ƙoƙarin gyara ko ajiyewa awannan lokacin, zaku ga saƙon kuskure. Muna fatan cewa babu gyara da za ayi asara awannan lokacin, amma ba za mu iya tabbatar muku ba. Idan ka ga sakon kuskuren, to don Allah a jira har komai ya koma daidai. Sannan ne zaku samu damar adana gyaran ku. Amma, muna ba da shawara cewa ku kwafe canje-canjen ku tun daga farko, idan da hali. ''Wasu sakamakon'': *Ayyukan bango zasu Kasance a hankalu kuma wasu za'a iya ajiye su. Tana iya kasancewa hanyoyin hadin masu kalar-ja ba zasu dawo ba da sauri kamar yadda aka saba. Idan ka kirkiri labarin da aka riga aka danganta shi a wani wuri, hanyar hadi zata zauna a kalar-ja fiye da yadda aka saba. Dole ne a tsaida duk wasu rubutun masu dadewa * Muna sa ran tura lambar za ta faru kamar kowane mako. Koyaya, wasu daskarewar lamba-by-case na iya faruwa akan lokaci idan aikin ya buƙaci su daga baya. * [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/GitLab|GitLab]] ba zai kasance ba na kusan mintuna 90. Ana iya jinkirta wannan aikin dangane da yadda hali ya bada Za ka iya karanta tsarin a [[wikitech:Switch_Datacenter|read the schedule at wikitech.wikimedia.org]]. Za a sanar da duk wanu canji na wannan jadawalin. Za a sami karin sanarwar dangane da wannan. Za a nuna wata tuta a kowace wikis mintina 30 kafin wannan aikin ya faru. '''Ayi kokarin yadda wannan bayanin tare ga jama'ar ku.'''</div><section end="server-switch"/> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 00:31, 21 ga Afirilu, 2023 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:UOzurumba (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:Quiddity_(WMF)/Tech_News_test_list&oldid=24911453 --> == Приглашение к участию в исследовании == <div lang="en" dir="ltr"> Здравствуйте! Фонд Викимедиа проводит опрос википедистов, чтобы лучше понять, что привлекает администраторов к участию в работе над Википедией и что влияет на удержание администраторов. Мы будем использовать это исследование для улучшения возможностей википедистов, решения распространенных проблем и удовлетворения потребностей. Мы определили Вас как подходящего кандидата для этого исследования и будем очень признательны за участие в этом '''[https://wikimediafoundation.limesurvey.net/728994?lang=ru анонимном опросе]'''. Для участия Вам не нужно быть администратором. Прохождение опроса должно занять около 10–15 минут. Вы можете прочитать больше об исследовании на его [[Special:MyLanguage/Research:Wikipedia Administrator Recruitment, Retention, and Attrition|странице Мета-вики]] и просмотреть его [[wmf:Special:MyLanguage/Legal:Administrator Experiences 2024 Survey Privacy Statement|заявление о конфиденциальности]]. Если у Вас есть вопросы или сомнения, обращайтесь к нам с использованием контактов на странице Мета-вики проекта. С уважением, [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Research|Исследовательская группа Фонда Викимедиа]] </div> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:BGerdemann (WMF)|BGerdemann (WMF)]] ([[User talk:BGerdemann (WMF)|hira]]) 16:44, 8 Nuwamba, 2024 (UTC) </bdi> <!-- Message sent by User:UOzurumba (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:UOzurumba_(WMF)/mass_message_test_list&oldid=27720774 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr">Tech News: 2024-46</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr"> <section begin="technews-2024-W46"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/46|Translations]] are available. '''Updates for editors''' * On wikis with the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Extension:Translate|Translate extension]] enabled, users will notice that the FuzzyBot will now automatically create translated versions of categories used on translated pages. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T285463] * View all {{formatnum:29}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:29|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]]. For example, the submitted task to use the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:SecurePoll|SecurePoll extension]] for English Wikipedia's special [[w:en:Wikipedia:Administrator elections|administrator election]] was resolved on time. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T371454] '''Updates for technical contributors''' * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Advanced item]] In <code dir="ltr">[[mw:MediaWiki_1.44/wmf.2|1.44.0-wmf-2]]</code>, the logic of Wikibase function <code>getAllStatements</code> changed to behave like <code>getBestStatements</code>. Invoking the function now returns a copy of values which are immutable. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T270851] * [https://en.wikipedia.org/api/rest_v1/ Wikimedia REST API] users, such as bot operators and tool maintainers, may be affected by ongoing upgrades. The API will be rerouting some page content endpoints from RESTbase to the newer [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/API:REST API|MediaWiki REST API]] endpoints. The [[phab:T374683|impacted endpoints]] include getting page/revision metadata and rendered HTML content. These changes will be available on testwiki later this week, with other projects to follow. This change should not affect existing functionality, but active users of the impacted endpoints should verify behavior on testwiki, and raise any concerns on the related [[phab:T374683|Phabricator ticket]]. '''In depth''' * Admins and users of the Wikimedia projects [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Moderator_Tools/Automoderator#Usage|where Automoderator is enabled]] can now monitor and evaluate important metrics related to Automoderator's actions. [https://superset.wmcloud.org/superset/dashboard/unified-automoderator-activity-dashboard/ This Superset dashboard] calculates and aggregates metrics about Automoderator's behaviour on the projects in which it is deployed. Thanks to the Moderator Tools team for this Dashboard; you can visit [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Moderator Tools/Automoderator/Unified Activity Dashboard|the documentation page]] for more information about this work. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T369488] '''Meetings and events''' * 21 November 2024 ([[m:Special:MyLanguage/Event:Commons community discussion - 21 November 2024 8:00 UTC|8:00 UTC]] & [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Event:Commons community discussion - 21 November 2024 16:00 UTC|16:00 UTC]]) - [[c:Commons:WMF support for Commons/Commons community calls|Community call]] with Wikimedia Commons volunteers and stakeholders to help prioritize support efforts for 2025-2026 Fiscal Year. The theme of this call is how content should be organised on Wikimedia Commons. '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/46|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2024-W46"/> </div> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 23:55, 11 Nuwamba, 2024 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:UOzurumba (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:UOzurumba_(WMF)/mass_message_test_list&oldid=27720774 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr">Tech News: 2024-47</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr"> <section begin="technews-2024-W47"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/47|Translations]] are available. '''Updates for editors''' * Users of Wikimedia sites will now be warned when they create a [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Redirects|redirect]] to a page that doesn't exist. This will reduce the number of broken redirects to red links in our projects. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T326057] * View all {{formatnum:42}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:42|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]]. For example, [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Manual:Pywikibot/Overview|Pywikibot]], which automates work on MediaWiki sites, was upgraded to 9.5.0 on Toolforge. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T378676] '''Updates for technical contributors''' * On wikis that use the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:FlaggedRevs|FlaggedRevs extension]], pages created or moved by users with the appropriate permissions are marked as flagged automatically. This feature has not been working recently, and changes fixing it should be deployed this week. Thanks to Daniel and Wargo for working on this. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T379218][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T368380] '''In depth''' * There is a new [https://diff.wikimedia.org/2024/11/05/say-hi-to-temporary-accounts-easier-collaboration-with-logged-out-editors-with-better-privacy-protection Diff post] about Temporary Accounts, available in more than 15 languages. Read it to learn about what Temporary Accounts are, their impact on different groups of users, and the plan to introduce the change on all wikis. '''Meetings and events''' * Technical volunteers can now register for the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Hackathon 2025|2025 Wikimedia Hackathon]], which will take place in Istanbul, Turkey. [https://pretix.eu/wikimedia/hackathon2025/ Application for travel and accommodation scholarships] is open from '''November 12 to December 10 2024'''. The registration for the event will close in mid-April 2025. The Wikimedia Hackathon is an annual gathering that unites the global technical community to collaborate on existing projects and explore new ideas. * Join the [[C:Special:MyLanguage/Commons:WMF%20support%20for%20Commons/Commons%20community%20calls|Wikimedia Commons community calls]] this week to help prioritize support for Commons which will be planned for 2025–2026. The theme will be how content should be organised on Wikimedia Commons. This is an opportunity for volunteers who work on different things to come together and talk about what matters for the future of the project. The calls will take place '''November 21, 2024, [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Event:Commons community discussion - 21 November 2024 8:00 UTC|8:00 UTC]] and [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Event:Commons community discussion - 21 November 2024 16:00 UTC|16:00 UTC]]'''. * A [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia_Language_and_Product_Localization/Community meetings#29 November 2024|Language community meeting]] will take place '''November 29, 16:00 UTC''' to discuss updates and technical problem-solving. '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/47|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2024-W47"/> </div> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 01:44, 19 Nuwamba, 2024 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:UOzurumba (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:UOzurumba_(WMF)/mass_message_test_list&oldid=27720774 --> == Enabling Dark mode for logged-out users in this Wikipedia == <div lang="en" dir="ltr"> {{int:Hello}} Wikipedians, Apologies as this message is not written in your native language, {{Int:please-translate}}. The [[mediawikiwiki:Reading/Web|Wikimedia Foundation Web team]] will be enabling [[mediawikiwiki:Special:MyLanguage/Reading/Web/Accessibility_for_reading|dark mode]] here on your Wikipedia now that pages on your wiki have passed our checks for accessibility and other quality checks. Congratulations! The plan to enable is made possible by the diligent work of editors and other technical contributors in your community who ensured that templates, gadgets, and other parts of pages can be accessible in dark mode. Thank you all for making dark mode available for everybody! For context, the Web team has concluded work on dark mode. If, on some wikis, the option is not yet available for logged-out users, this is likely because many pages do not yet display well in dark mode. As communities make progress on this work, we enable this feature on additional wikis once per month. If you notice any issues after enabling dark mode, please create a page: <code>Reading/Web/Accessibility for reading/Reporting/xx.wikipedia.org</code> in MediaWiki ([[mediawikiwiki:Reading/Web/Accessibility_for_reading/Reporting|like these pages]]), and report the issue in the created page. Thank you! On behalf of the [[mediawikiwiki:Reading/Web|Wikimedia Foundation Web team]]. </div> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:UOzurumba (WMF)|UOzurumba (WMF)]]</bdi> 22:02, 21 ga Janairu, 2025 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:UOzurumba (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:UOzurumba_(WMF)/mass_message_test_list&oldid=27720774 --> == An improved dashboard for the Content Translation tool == <div lang="en" dir="ltr"> {{Int:hello}} Wikipedians, Apologies as this message is not in your language, {{Int:please-translate}}. The [[mediawikiwiki:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia_Language_and_Product_Localization|Language and Product Localization team]] has improved the [[testwiki:Special:ContentTranslation|Content Translation dashboard]] to create a consistent experience for all contributors using mobile and desktop devices. The improved translation dashboard allows all logged-in users of the tool to enjoy a consistent experience regardless of their type of device. With a harmonized experience, logged-in desktop users now have access to the capabilities shown in the image below. [[file:Content_Translation_new-dashboard.png|alt=|center|thumb|576x576px|Notice that in this screenshot, the new dashboard allows: Users to adjust suggestions with the "For you" and "...More" buttons to select general topics or community-created collections (like the example of Climate topic).  Also, users can use translation to create new articles (as before) and expand existing articles section by section. You can see how suggestions are provided in the new dashboard  in two groups ("Create new pages" and "Expand with new sections")-one for each activity.]] [[File:Content_Translation_dashboard_on_desktop.png|alt=|center|thumb|577x577px|In the current dashboard, you will notice that you can't adjust suggestions to select topics or community-created collections. Also, you can't expand on existing articles by translating new sections.]] We will implement [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Content translation#Improved translation experience|this improvement]] on your wiki '''on Monday, March 17th, 2025''' and remove the current dashboard '''by May 2025'''. Please reach out with any questions concerning the dashboard in this thread. Thank you! On behalf of the Language and Product Localization team. </div> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:UOzurumba (WMF)|UOzurumba (WMF)]]</bdi> 02:33, 13 ga Maris, 2025 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:UOzurumba (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:UOzurumba_(WMF)/mass_message_test_list&oldid=27720774 --> == An improved dashboard for the Content Translation tool == <div lang="en" dir="ltr"> {{Int:hello}} Wikipedians, Apologies as this message is not in your language, {{Int:please-translate}}. The [[mediawikiwiki:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia_Language_and_Product_Localization|Language and Product Localization team]] has improved the [https://test.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:ContentTranslation&filter-type=automatic&filter-id=previous-edits&active-list=suggestions&from=en&to=es Content Translation dashboard] to create a consistent experience for all contributors using mobile and desktop devices. The improved translation dashboard allows all logged-in users of the tool to enjoy a consistent experience regardless of their type of device. With a harmonized experience, logged-in desktop users now have access to the capabilities shown in the image below. [[file:Content_Translation_new-dashboard.png|alt=|center|thumb|576x576px|Notice that in this screenshot, the new dashboard allows: Users to adjust suggestions with the "For you" and "...More" buttons to select general topics or community-created collections (like the example of Climate topic).  Also, users can use translation to create new articles (as before) and expand existing articles section by section. You can see how suggestions are provided in the new dashboard  in two groups ("Create new pages" and "Expand with new sections")-one for each activity.]] [[File:Content_Translation_dashboard_on_desktop.png|alt=|center|thumb|577x577px|In the current dashboard, you will notice that you can't adjust suggestions to select topics or community-created collections. Also, you can't expand on existing articles by translating new sections.]] We will implement [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Content translation#Improved translation experience|this improvement]] on your wiki '''on Monday, March 17th, 2025''' and remove the current dashboard '''by May 2025'''. Please reach out with any questions concerning the dashboard in this thread. Thank you! On behalf of the Language and Product Localization team. </div> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:UOzurumba (WMF)|UOzurumba (WMF)]]</bdi> 02:47, 13 ga Maris, 2025 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:UOzurumba (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:UOzurumba_(WMF)/mass_message_test_list&oldid=28382523 --> == An improved dashboard for the Content Translation tool == <div lang="en" dir="ltr"> {{int:Hello}} Wikipedians, Apologies as this message is not in your language, {{int:please-translate}}. The [[mw:Special:MyLanguage:Wikimedia Language and Product Localization team|Language and Product Localization team]] has improved the [https://test.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:ContentTranslation&filter-type=automatic&filter-id=previous-edits&active-list=suggestions&from=en&to=es Content Translation dashboard] to create a consistent experience for all contributors using mobile and desktop devices. Below is a breakdown of important information about the improvement. '''What are the improvements?'''<br> The improved translation dashboard allows all logged-in users of the tool to enjoy a consistent experience regardless of their type of device. With a harmonized experience, logged-in desktop users can now access the capabilities shown in the image below. [[file:Content_Translation_new-dashboard.png|alt=|center|thumb|576x576px|Notice that in this screenshot, the new dashboard allows: Users to adjust suggestions with the "For you" and "...More" buttons to select general topics or community-created collections (like the example of Climate topic). Also, users can use translation to create new articles (as before) and expand existing articles section by section. You can see how suggestions are provided in the new dashboard in two groups ("Create new pages" and "Expand with new sections")-one for each activity.]] [[File:Content_Translation_dashboard_on_desktop.png|alt=|center|thumb|577x577px|In the current dashboard, you will notice that you can't adjust suggestions to select topics or community-created collections. Also, you can't expand on existing articles by translating new sections.]] '''Does this improvement change the current accessibility of this tool in this Wikipedia?'''<br> The Content translation tool will still be in beta; therefore, only logged-in users who activated the tool from the [[en:wikipedia:Special:Preferences#mw-prefsection-betafeatures|beta features]] will continue to have access to the content translation tool. Also, if the tool is only available to a specific [[en:Wikipedia:User access levels|user group]], it will remain that way. '''When do we plan to implement this improvement?'''<br> We will implement it on your Wikipedia and others by 24th, March 2025. '''What happens to the former dashboard after we implement the improvement?'''<br> You can still access it in the tool for some time. We will remove it from all Wikipedias by May 2025, as maintaining it will no longer be productive. '''Where can I test this improvement and report any issues before it is implemented in this Wiki?''' <br> You can try the improved capabilities in the test wiki using this link: https://test.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:ContentTranslation&campaign=contributionsmenu&to=es&filter-type=automatic&filter-id=previous-edits&active-list=suggestions&from=en#/ . If you notice an issue related to the improved dashboard in the test wiki, please let us know in this thread and ping me, or report it in [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/ Phabricator], adding these tags: <code>BUG REPORT</code> and <code>ContentTranslation</code>. Please ask us any questions regarding this improvement in this thread. Thank you! On behalf of the Language and Product Localization team. </div> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:UOzurumba (WMF)|UOzurumba (WMF)]]</bdi> 03:55, 14 ga Maris, 2025 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:UOzurumba (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:UOzurumba_(WMF)/mass_message_test_list&oldid=28382523 --> == An improved dashboard for the Content Translation tool == <div lang="en" dir="ltr"> {{int:Hello}} Wikipedians, Apologies as this message is not in your language, {{int:please-translate}}. The [[mediawikiwiki:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Language and Product Localization|Language and Product Localization team]] has improved the [https://test.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:ContentTranslation&filter-type=automatic&filter-id=previous-edits&active-list=suggestions&from=en&to=es Content Translation dashboard] to create a consistent experience for all contributors using mobile and desktop devices. Below is a breakdown of important information about the improvement. '''What are the improvements?'''<br> The improved translation dashboard allows all logged-in users of the tool to enjoy a consistent experience regardless of their type of device. With a harmonized experience, logged-in desktop users can now access the capabilities shown in the image below. [[file:Content_Translation_new-dashboard.png|alt=|center|thumb|576x576px|Notice that in this screenshot, the new dashboard allows: Users to adjust suggestions with the "For you" and "...More" buttons to select general topics or community-created collections (like the example of Climate topic). Also, users can use translation to create new articles (as before) and expand existing articles section by section. You can see how suggestions are provided in the new dashboard in two groups ("Create new pages" and "Expand with new sections")-one for each activity.]] [[File:Content_Translation_dashboard_on_desktop.png|alt=|center|thumb|577x577px|In the current dashboard, you will notice that you can't adjust suggestions to select topics or community-created collections. Also, you can't expand on existing articles by translating new sections.]] '''Does this improvement change the current accessibility of this tool in this Wikipedia?'''<br> The Content translation tool will still be in beta; therefore, only logged-in users who activated the tool from the [[en:wikipedia:Special:Preferences#mw-prefsection-betafeatures|beta features]] will continue to have access to the content translation tool. Also, if the tool is only available to a specific [[en:Wikipedia:User access levels|user group]], it will remain that way. '''When do we plan to implement this improvement?'''<br> We will implement it on your Wikipedia and others by 24th, March 2025. '''What happens to the former dashboard after we implement the improvement?'''<br> You can still access it in the tool for some time. We will remove it from all Wikipedias by May 2025, as maintaining it will no longer be productive. '''Where can I test this improvement and report any issues before it is implemented in this Wiki?''' <br> You can try the improved capabilities in the test wiki using this link: https://test.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:ContentTranslation&campaign=contributionsmenu&to=es&filter-type=automatic&filter-id=previous-edits&active-list=suggestions&from=en#/ . If you notice an issue related to the improved dashboard in the test wiki, please let us know in this thread and ping me, or report it in [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/ Phabricator], adding these tags: <code>BUG REPORT</code> and <code>ContentTranslation</code>. Please ask us any questions regarding this improvement in this thread. Thank you! On behalf of the Language and Product Localization team. </div> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:UOzurumba (WMF)|UOzurumba (WMF)]]</bdi> 04:15, 14 ga Maris, 2025 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:UOzurumba (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:UOzurumba_(WMF)/mass_message_test_list&oldid=28382523 --> == Enabling Dark mode for logged-out users in this Wikipedia == <div lang="en" dir="ltr"> {{int:Hello}} Wikipedians, Apologies, as this message is not written in your native language. {{Int:please-translate}}. The [[mediawikiwiki:Reading/Web|Wikimedia Foundation Web team]] will be enabling [[mediawikiwiki:Special:MyLanguage/Reading/Web/Accessibility_for_reading|dark mode]] here on your Wikipedia by 15th May 2025 now that pages on your wiki have passed our checks for accessibility and other quality checks. Congratulations! The plan to enable is made possible by the diligent work of editors and other technical contributors in your community who ensured that templates, gadgets, and other parts of pages can be accessible in dark mode. Thank you all for making dark mode available for everybody! For context, the Web team has concluded work on dark mode. If, on some wikis, the option is not yet available for logged-out users, this is likely because many pages do not yet display well in dark mode. As communities make progress on this work, we enable this feature on additional wikis once per month. If you notice any issues after enabling dark mode, please create a page: <code>Reading/Web/Accessibility for reading/Reporting/xx.wikipedia.org</code> in MediaWiki ([[mediawikiwiki:Reading/Web/Accessibility_for_reading/Reporting|like these pages]]), and report the issue in the created page. Thank you! On behalf of the [[mediawikiwiki:Reading/Web|Wikimedia Foundation Web team]]. </div> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:UOzurumba (WMF)|UOzurumba (WMF)]]</bdi> 23:49, 6 Mayu 2025 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:UOzurumba (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:UOzurumba_(WMF)/mass_message_test_list&oldid=28382523 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr">Tech News: 2025-29</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr"> <section begin="technews-2025-W29"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/29|Translations]] are available. '''Updates for editors''' * [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:TemplateData/Template discovery#Featured templates|Featured templates]], a new feature related to [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Community Wishlist/Focus areas/Template recall and discovery|Template Recall and Discovery]] will be deployed this week to all Wikimedia projects: With this feature, editors will be able to quickly access a list of templates that are likely to be useful. These templates will be displayed in a list, under the "featured" tab of the template discovery interface. Administrators can define the list via the Community Configuration interface. The feature fulfills a request by the community [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Community Wishlist/Wishes/Easy access Templates|through the Community Wishlist]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T367428][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T392896] * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] View all {{formatnum:31}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:31|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]]. For example, the request to add Malayalam fonts in the [[oldWikisource:Special:MyLanguage/Wikisource:WS Export|Wikisource Book Export Tool]] was resolved and now, the rendering of Malayalam letters in exported Wikisource books are accurate. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T374457] '''Updates for technical contributors''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] Detailed code updates later this week: [[mw:MediaWiki 1.45/wmf.10|MediaWiki]] '''In depth''' * Developers, designers, and all Wikimedians are invited to [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/project/board/7953/ submit a project idea] for the Wikimania Hackathon 2025. Read [https://diff.wikimedia.org/2025/06/30/call-for-projects-wikimania-hackathon-2025-is-coming-to-nairobi/ this Diff blog post] for more details. '''Meetings and events''' * [[m:WikiIndaba conference 2025|WikiIndaba 2025]] scholarship application and program submission is open until 23:59 GMT on July 20. WikiIndaba is a regional conference for African Wikimedians both on the continent and in the diaspora to unite and grow together. Submit [https://docs.google.com/forms/d/e/1FAIpQLSdJTv68R1OPASXXDfpIl8EWiMLTM-TDwh6_5gNVvFuWccFZ2Q/viewform your scholarship application] and [https://ee.kobotoolbox.org/x/BI3omIfH program proposal] now! * [https://br.wikimedia.org/wiki/WikiCon_Brasil_2025 WikiCon Brasil 2025] will take place on July 19-20 in Salvador, Bahia, Brazil. The Brazilian community members are encouraged to register and attend! '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/29|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2025-W29"/> </div> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 19:59, 14 ga Yuli, 2025 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:UOzurumba (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:UOzurumba_(WMF)/mass_message_test_list&oldid=28382523 --> == Get started with the Lua interface to simplify preparation of modules for translation of modules in MetaWiki == <div lang="en" dir="ltr"> Greetings! The [[mw:Wikimedia Language and Product Localization|Language and Product Localization team]] has developed a [[mw:Help:Extension:Translate/Message_Bundles/Lua_reference|Lua interface]] to simplify the preparation of Lua modules for translation in the MetaWiki platform. This means that module developers can now use the new Lua interface to load translatable strings, and the translators can translate them in the same translation interface that is used for templates and wiki pages. This improvement makes it easier for translators to find and edit module strings without dealing with raw Lua code. It helps prevent mistakes that could break the module during translation. We invite you to [[commons:File:Translatable_modules_video_demo_July_2025.webm|'''watch our demo video''']] '''and read more about''' [[mw:Translatable_modules|'''translatable modules''']] to understand how it works. '''Please give us your feedback on''' [[mw:Talk:Translatable_modules|'''this talk page''']] on how well the Lua interface addresses the challenges in your workflow and how useful it is in module localization tasks. You can also look at [[m:Module:User Wikimedia project|Module:User Wikimedia project]]. which was recently converted to utilize these messages, for example usage. Your feedback is important as it will help us evaluate and decide how to continue developing and improving this interface, extend it to other wikis, or change our approach. Thank you, and we anticipate your honest feedback. </div> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:UOzurumba (WMF)|UOzurumba (WMF)]]</bdi> 06:13, 28 ga Yuli, 2025 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:UOzurumba (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:UOzurumba_(WMF)/mass_message_test_list&oldid=28382523 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr">Tech News: 2025-36</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr"> <section begin="technews-2025-W36"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/36|Translations]] are available. '''Weekly highlight''' * The Editing team wants to compile a list of templates, jargon terms, and policies used in edit summaries when a copyright violation is removed. This will help them identify the number of edits reverted due to copyright issues. We invite community members from the following Wikis to list these terms in [[Phab:T402601|T402601]], or to share their list with [[User:Trizek (WMF)|Trizek_(WMF)]]: {{int:project-localized-name-arwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-cswiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-dewiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-enwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-eswiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-fawiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-frwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-hewiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-idwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-itwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-jawiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-kowiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-nlwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-plwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-ptwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-trwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-ukwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-viwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-zhwiki/en}}. This project is open until September 9th 2025. '''Updates for editors''' * The [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Extension:CampaignEvents|CampaignEvents extension]] has been enabled for all Wikisources. The extension makes it easier to organize and participate in collaborative activities, like edit-a-thons and WikiProjects, on the wikis. The extension has three features: [[Special:MyLanguage/Event Center/Registration|Event Registration]], [[Special:MyLanguage/CampaignEvents/Collaboration list|Collaboration List]], and [[Special:MyLanguage/Connection Team/Invitation list|Invitation List]]. To request the extension for your wiki, visit the Deployment information page. [https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/CampaignEvents/Deployment_status#How_to_Request_the_CampaignEvents_Extension_for_your_wiki] * The lists in the footer of the editing interface, such as "Templates used on this page," will now be organized into columns when there is enough space. This enhancement minimizes scrolling when editing lengthy articles on Wikipedia. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T401066] * On September 3rd, 2025 we will increase the sampling percentages of our [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Moderator Tools/Watchlist/Experiment#Scope of the experiment|group by toggle experiment]] of the <code>Special:RecentChanges</code>, <code>Special:Watchlist</code>, and <code>Special:RelatedChanges</code> pages on the Chinese, French, and Portuguese Wikipedias to 100 percent, allowing more editors to be part of this experiment. This adjustment is intended to ensure we have sufficient data to make informed decisions when evaluating the experiment results. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T402958][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T396789] * Upon clicking an empty search bar, logged-out users will see suggestions of articles for further reading on English Wikipedia beginning the week of September 22. The feature will be available on both desktop and mobile. All non-English wikis received this change in June and July. The goal is to make it easier for users to find articles. [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Reading/Web/Content Discovery Experiments/Search Suggestions|Learn more]]. * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] View all {{formatnum:37}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:37|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]]. '''Updates for technical contributors''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] Detailed code updates later this week: [[mw:MediaWiki 1.45/wmf.17|MediaWiki]] '''In depth''' * Wikifunctions now has a new capability called "lightweight enumeration types", an enumeration type is simply a fixed set of values that's in the type's definition. This capability makes it quick and easy to define such a type, and allows for the reuse of values that are already present in Wikidata. Here is [[f:Special:MyLanguage/Wikifunctions:Status updates/2025-07-19|a newsletter]] to learn more. * The latest [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Readers/Newsletter updates#August 2025: Newsletter #1|Readers Newsletter]] is now available. This edition includes: the formation of two new teams — Reader Growth and Reader Experience; insights into declining pageviews and account creations; highlights from the Wikimania Nairobi panel on improving the reading experience; upcoming experiments to engage new and existing readers; and more. '''Meetings and events''' * Spotlight on some Wikimania 2025 Sessions: ** Identifying AI-generated text by searching for ISBNs whose checksums fail: Mathias Schindler of WMDE [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Dw9o8Lsl974&t=15910s shared tools to help communities search for these]. ** [https://wikimedia.eventyay.com/talk/wikimania2025/talk/TCHZKH/ La durabilité du mouvement Wikimedia face aux défis actuels et futurs]: This session explored how Wikimedia can stay a trusted source of knowledge in the age of generative AI, information overload, and disinformation. '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/36|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2025-W36"/> </div> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 20:29, 1 Satumba 2025 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:UOzurumba (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:UOzurumba_(WMF)/mass_message_test_list&oldid=29050046 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr">Tech News: 2025-36</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr"> <section begin="technews-2025-W36"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/36|Translations]] are available. '''Weekly highlight''' * The Editing team wants to compile a list of templates, jargon terms, and policies used in edit summaries when a copyright violation is removed. This will help them identify the number of edits reverted due to copyright issues. We invite community members from the following Wikis to list these terms in [[Phab:T402601|T402601]], or to share their list with [[User:Trizek (WMF)|Trizek_(WMF)]]: {{int:project-localized-name-arwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-cswiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-dewiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-enwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-eswiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-fawiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-frwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-hewiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-idwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-itwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-jawiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-kowiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-nlwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-plwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-ptwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-trwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-ukwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-viwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-zhwiki/en}}. This project is open until September 9th 2025. '''Updates for editors''' * The [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Extension:CampaignEvents|CampaignEvents extension]] has been enabled for all Wikisources. The extension makes it easier to organize and participate in collaborative activities, like edit-a-thons and WikiProjects, on the wikis. The extension has three features: [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Event Center/Registration|Event Registration]], [[m:Special:MyLanguage/CampaignEvents/Collaboration list|Collaboration List]], and [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Connection Team/Invitation list|Invitation List]]. To request the extension for your wiki, visit the Deployment information page. [https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/CampaignEvents/Deployment_status#How_to_Request_the_CampaignEvents_Extension_for_your_wiki] * The lists in the footer of the editing interface, such as "Templates used on this page," will now be organized into columns when there is enough space. This enhancement minimizes scrolling when editing lengthy articles on Wikipedia. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T401066] * On September 3rd, 2025 we will increase the sampling percentages of our [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Moderator Tools/Watchlist/Experiment#Scope of the experiment|group by toggle experiment]] of the <code>Special:RecentChanges</code>, <code>Special:Watchlist</code>, and <code>Special:RelatedChanges</code> pages on the Chinese, French, and Portuguese Wikipedias to 100 percent, allowing more editors to be part of this experiment. This adjustment is intended to ensure we have sufficient data to make informed decisions when evaluating the experiment results. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T402958][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T396789] * Upon clicking an empty search bar, logged-out users will see suggestions of articles for further reading on English Wikipedia beginning the week of September 22. The feature will be available on both desktop and mobile. All non-English wikis received this change in June and July. The goal is to make it easier for users to find articles. [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Reading/Web/Content Discovery Experiments/Search Suggestions|Learn more]]. * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] View all {{formatnum:37}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:37|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]]. '''Updates for technical contributors''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] Detailed code updates later this week: [[mw:MediaWiki 1.45/wmf.17|MediaWiki]] '''In depth''' * Wikifunctions now has a new capability called "lightweight enumeration types", an enumeration type is simply a fixed set of values that's in the type's definition. This capability makes it quick and easy to define such a type, and allows for the reuse of values that are already present in Wikidata. Here is [[f:Special:MyLanguage/Wikifunctions:Status updates/2025-07-19|a newsletter]] to learn more. * The latest [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Readers/Newsletter updates#August 2025: Newsletter #1|Readers Newsletter]] is now available. This edition includes: the formation of two new teams — Reader Growth and Reader Experience; insights into declining pageviews and account creations; highlights from the Wikimania Nairobi panel on improving the reading experience; upcoming experiments to engage new and existing readers; and more. '''Meetings and events''' * Spotlight on some Wikimania 2025 Sessions: ** Identifying AI-generated text by searching for ISBNs whose checksums fail: Mathias Schindler of WMDE [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Dw9o8Lsl974&t=15910s shared tools to help communities search for these]. ** [https://wikimedia.eventyay.com/talk/wikimania2025/talk/TCHZKH/ La durabilité du mouvement Wikimedia face aux défis actuels et futurs]: This session explored how Wikimedia can stay a trusted source of knowledge in the age of generative AI, information overload, and disinformation. '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/36|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2025-W36"/> </div> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 20:38, 1 Satumba 2025 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:UOzurumba (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:UOzurumba_(WMF)/mass_message_test_list&oldid=29050046 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr">Tech News: 2025-39</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr"> <section begin="technews-2025-W39"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/39|Translations]] are available. '''Weekly highlight''' * [https://zonestamp.toolforge.org/1758726000 On September 24th at 15:00 UTC], all Wikimedia sites users will experience a brief read-only period due to a scheduled [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/Server switch|datacenter server switchover]]. The Wikimedia Foundation's Site Reliability Engineering (SRE) team will redirect all traffic from one primary server to its backup. You can listen to the switchover using the [http://listen.hatnote.com/ "Listen to Wikipedia"] tool, where you will hear edits stop for a few minutes during the read-only phase, then resume. This twice-yearly datacenter server switchover ensures reliability by testing the backup datacenter, so that our sites can stay online even if the primary datacenter fails. You can [[diffblog:2025/03/12/hear-that-the-wikis-go-silent-twice-a-year/|read more about the process on the Diff blog]]. '''Updates for editors''' * Editors of [[f:Special:Mylanguage/Wikifunctions:Status updates/2025-09-12#Next round of Wiktionaries to receive embedded Wikifunctions calls|60 more Wiktionaries]] will soon be able to call [[f:Special:MyLanguage/Wikifunctions:Introduction|functions from Wikifunctions]] and integrate them into their pages. A function takes one or more inputs and transforms them into a desired output, like adding numbers, converting miles to meters, calculating elapsed time, or declining a word into a case. They will join the other [[f:Special:MyLanguage/Wikifunctions:Status updates/2025-08-29#Wikifunctions available on 65 Wiktionaries|65 Wiktionary language editions]], which already have access to embedded Wikifunctions calls. Later this year, plans are in place to expand to more Wiktionaries and the Incubator. * A new [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Magic words#Technical metadata of another page|parser function]] has been added: <code><nowiki>{{#contentmodel}}</nowiki></code>. Template editors and admins can use it to get the localized or canonical name of the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:ChangeContentModel|content model]] of a specific page. The function makes it easier to create and edit system messages, such as ''MediaWiki:editinginterface'', even when you switch types of pages, like wiki, JavaScript, CSS or JSON page. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T328254] * Adding or editing a <code>DISPLAYTITLE</code> for an article using VisualEditor will no longer be broken. Editors who use VisualEditor mode to modify the <code><nowiki>{{DISPLAYTITLE}}</nowiki></code> would no longer have the literal text "DISPLAYTITLE" or its localized variant added to their articles. A list of pages that may have been affected and might need cleanup is documented in [[phab:P83438|this ticket]]. * Beta users of the Wikipedia Android app can now try the redesigned [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Apps/Team/Android/Activity Tab Experiment|Activity tab]], which replaces the Edits tab. The new tab offers personalized insights into reading, editing, and donation activity, while simplifying navigation and making app use more engaging. * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] View all {{formatnum:12}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:12|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]]. '''Updates for technical contributors''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] Detailed code updates later this week: [[mw:MediaWiki 1.45/wmf.20|MediaWiki]] '''In depth''' * Wikifunctions users can now import many essential facts involving [[f:Special:MyLanguage/Z6011|geo-coordinates]], [[f:Special:MyLanguage/Z6010|quantities]] and [[f:Special:MyLanguage/Z6064|time]] values from Wikidata. This is made possible by the creation of Wikifunctions types for these values, which makes them available for use by functions in Wikifunctions. Learn more about how this works in [[c:File:ImportingWikidataDatatypesIntoWikifunctions.webm|this video]] and Wikifunctions' [[f:Special:MyLanguage/Wikifunctions:Status updates/2025-08-01#News in Types I: Wikidata quantity|August 1 newsletter]] (for quantities) and [[f:Special:MyLanguage/Wikifunctions:Status updates/2025-08-22#News in Types: Wikidata geo-coordinate|August 22 newsletter]] (for geo-coordinates). '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/39|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2025-W39"/> </div> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 22:39, 22 Satumba 2025 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:UOzurumba (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:UOzurumba_(WMF)/mass_message_test_list&oldid=29050046 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr">Tech News: 2025-40</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr"> <section begin="technews-2025-W40"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/40|Translations]] are available. '''Weekly highlight''' * A major software upgrade has been made to [[phab:|Phabricator]]. The update introduces performance improvements, a refreshed search interface, enhancements to Maniphest task search, updates to user profile pages and project workboards, new Herald automation features, as well as general text input, mobile experience improvements and more. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/phame/post/view/321/iterative_improvements_september_2025/] '''Updates for editors''' * The Community Tech team will release the new Community Wishlist extension on October 1, that will improve the way wishes will be submitted. The new extension will allow users to add tags to their wishes to better categorise them, and (in a future iteration) to filter them by status, tags and focus areas. It will also be possible to support individual wishes again, as requested by the community in many instances. The old system will be retired. There will be a brief period of downtime while the extension is deployed and wishes are migrated to the new system. You can read more about this [[:m:Special:MyLanguage/Community Wishlist/Updates|in the latest update]] or you can consult the [[:mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Extension:CommunityRequests|current documentation on MediaWiki]]. * As announced [[diffblog:2025/09/02/better-detecting-bots-and-replacing-our-captcha/|on Diff blog]], the production trial of the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Product Safety and Integrity/Anti-abuse signals/hCaptcha|hCaptcha]] service for bot detection has begun. The trial is currently using hCaptcha to protect account creation on Chinese, Persian, Portuguese, Indonesian, Japanese, and Turkish Wikipedias, where it will replace our existing [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:ConfirmEdit#FancyCaptcha|CAPTCHA]] (FancyCaptcha). The goal with the trial is to better block bots while also improving usability and accessibility for users who encounter CAPTCHA challenges. * The [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:CampaignEvents|CampaignEvents]] extension has been [[m:Special:MyLanguage/CampaignEvents/Deployment status|deployed]] to Wikimedia Commons. The extension makes it easier to organize and participate in collaborative activities, like edit-a-thons and WikiProjects, on the wikis. On Commons, anyone who is a registered user can use it as an event participant. To use it as an organizer, someone needs to have the [[c:Special:MyLanguage/Commons:Event organizers|event organizer right]]. * [[:m:Special:MyLanguage/WMDE Technical Wishes/Sub-referencing|Sub-referencing]], a new feature to re-use references with different details has been released to German Wikipedia. You can [[:m:Special:MyLanguage/WMDE Technical Wishes/Sub-referencing#test|test the feature]] on testwiki or [https://en.wikipedia.beta.wmcloud.org/wiki/Sub-referencing on betawiki] as well. Please share your thoughts on [[:m:Talk:WMDE Technical Wishes/Sub-referencing#Templates used in sub-references|using templates in sub-references]] or [[:m:Talk:WMDE Technical Wishes/Sub-referencing#Pilot wikis|volunteer to become a pilot wiki]]. * On wikis using the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Growth/Mentorship|Mentorship]] system, communities can now opt experienced editors out of Mentorship through [[{{#special:CommunityConfiguration/Mentorship}}]]. Within this setting, communities may define thresholds, based on edit count and account age, to decide when an editor is considered experienced enough to no longer receive Mentorship. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T403563] * The Editing Team and the Machine Learning Team are working on a new check for newcomers: [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Edit check/Tone Check|Tone check]]. Using a prediction model, this check will encourage editors to improve the tone of their edits, using artificial intelligence. We invite volunteers to review the first version of the Tone language model for the following languages: Arabic, Czech, German, Hebrew, Indonesian, Dutch, Polish, Russian, Turkish, Chinese, Farsi, Italian, Norwegian, Romanian and Latvian. Users from these wikis interested in reviewing this model are [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Edit_check/Tone_Check/Model_evaluation|invited to sign up at MediaWiki.org]]. The deadline to sign up is on October 3, which will be the start date of the test. * The rollout of [[:mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Manage blocks|multiblocks]] had the side effect that non-active block logs may have been shown on {{#special:Contributions}} and on blocked users' user and user_talk pages. This issue will be fully resolved in a few days. As part of the fix, [{{fullurl:Special:Allmessages|prefix=sp-contributions-blocked-notice}} messages prefixed with <code>sp-contributions-blocked-notice</code>] will be removed and replaced with [{{fullurl:Special:Allmessages|prefix=blocked-notice-logextract}} those prefixed with <code>blocked-notice-logextract</code>] in a few weeks. Please help translate the new messages and update any local overrides if needed. * There was a bug with links added using visual editor if they included characters such as <code dir=ltr><nowiki>[ ] |</nowiki></code> after the fragment identifier (<code><nowiki>#</nowiki></code>). They were not encoded properly creating an incorrect link. This has been fixed. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T404823] * One new wiki has been created: a {{int:project-localized-name-group-wikiquote/en}} in [[d:Q9237|Malay]] ([[q:ms:|<code>q:ms:</code>]]) [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T404698] * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] View all {{formatnum:21}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:21|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]]. For example, the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Product Safety and Integrity/Anti-abuse signals/User Info|User Info Card]] now displays currently active global lock/blocks. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T401128] '''Updates for technical contributors''' * Later this week, editors using Lua modules will be able to use the <code>[[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:Scribunto/Lua reference manual#mw.title.newBatch|mw.title.newBatch]]</code> function to look up the existence of up to 25 pages at once, in a way that only increases the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Manual:Parser functions#Expensive parser functions|expensive function]] count once. * A new [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Product and Technology Advisory Council/Unsupported Tools Working Group|Unsupported Tools Working Group]] has been formed as part of ongoing efforts to collectively determine technical work priorities, similar to the [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Product and Technology Advisory Council|Product & Technology Advisory Council]] (PTAC). The working group will help prioritize and review requests for support of unmaintained extensions, gadgets, bots, and tools. For the first cycle, the group will be prioritizing an unsupported Wikimedia Commons tool. * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] Detailed code updates later this week: [[mw:MediaWiki 1.45/wmf.21|MediaWiki]] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/40|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2025-W40"/> </div> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 20:35, 29 Satumba 2025 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:UOzurumba (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:UOzurumba_(WMF)/mass_message_test_list&oldid=29050046 --> == Upcoming Dark Mode user interface rollout for anonymous Wikimedia sites users == <div lang="en" dir="ltr"> {{int:Hello}} Wikimedians, Apologies if this message is not in your language. {{int:please-translate}}. The [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Reading/Web|Reader Experience team]] will launch the Dark mode feature for anonymous users on all Wikimedia sites, including yours, on October 29, 2025. [[:en:Special:MyLanguage/Light-on-dark color scheme|Dark mode]] is an option that allows users to view pages in light-coloured text, and icons on a dark background. Once it is available for anonymous users, they can enable it when using various devices. More information on ways to enable it can be found on [[:en:Special:MyLanguage/Wikipedia:Dark mode#Options for anyone|this page]]. Given many pages are still not compatible with dark mode this will be an opt-in feature and not automatically apply to pages. Dark mode requires modifications to content pages and templates, and since our initial launch [https://diff.wikimedia.org/2024/07/17/dark-modes-bright-future-how-dark-mode-will-transform-wikipedias-accessibility/|in July 2024], we have been working with communities and helping them prepare for dark mode. Before the rollout, it is essential that template authors and technical contributors test dark mode and read [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Reading/Web/Accessibility for reading/Updates/2024-04|this page]] to learn how to make pages Dark mode-ready and address any compatibility issues found in templates. We will fix most color compatibility issues only on the most-viewed pages on projects with over 5 million monthly page views. Technical contributors with an account should opt into dark mode currently using preferences or settings and test pages and seek help before the release to ensure everything complies before the enablement. If you have any questions or need help, please [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Talk:Reading/Web/Accessibility for reading#|contact the Reader Experience team]] for support. Thank you! </div> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:UOzurumba (WMF)|UOzurumba (WMF)]]</bdi> 01:24, 30 Satumba 2025 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:UOzurumba (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:UOzurumba_(WMF)/mass_message_test_list&oldid=29050046 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr">Wikimedia Apps newsletter – Third quarter of 2025</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr"> <section begin="content"/> In this edition, we’ll walk you through the major updates, experiments, and improvements that took place in the Wikipedia mobile apps during July, August, and September. === iOS === ==== [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Apps/Team/iOS/Tabbed Browsing (Tabs)|Tabbed Browsing]] ==== * In July, we released the first iteration of Tabbed Browsing to all users. * Our 30-day A/B test showed mixed but promising results: while logged-out user retention gains were modest compared to Android, survey feedback was overwhelmingly positive (93% rated the feature “Neutral to Very Satisfactory”). * We continued improvements throughout August and September, including a design review for “More Dynamic Tabs,” a new tab controller, and bug fixes such as inconsistent tab sizing on iPad mini and tooltip issues. ==== [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Apps/Team/iOS/Personalized Wikipedia Year in Review |Personalized Wikipedia Year in Review]] ==== * Work continued on Year in Review upgrades, with spikes exploring features such as sharing entire reviews, custom app icons, and showing which geographies users read about the most. * We also began preparing overall app data to share richer collective insights. ==== [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Apps/Team/iOS/Navigation Refresh/Updates|Navigation Refresh]] ==== *We improved code behind the History tab and recent searches to prepare for future navigational changes. ==== Other iOS Updates ==== *Released several app versions (7.8.1 through 7.8.3), with smoke tests completed. *Resolved numerous bugs including crashes (tooltips, gestures, search), iPad layout issues, and visual problems with captions, Quick Facts, and images in Dark Mode. *Added a new REST endpoint for remote configuration and upgraded fundraising configurations to support A/B testing. *Verified continued compatibility with multi-factor authentication (MFA). === Android === ==== [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Apps/Team/Android/Customizable Donation Reminder Experiment|Customizable Donation Reminder Experiment]] ==== *In August, we launched the Customizable Donation Reminder experiment in Italy. The reminder will allow users to decide if they want to be reminded to donate, and how often. ==== [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Apps/Team/Android/Activity Tab Experiment|Activity Tab Experiment]] ==== * By September, we finalized core modules, onboarding, instrumentation, and validation tasks needed for the A/B test of the new Activity Tab against the Edit Tab. * This marks a major step toward testing whether an Activity space can improve multi-day engagement and retention. ==== Bug Fixes & Improvements ==== *Fixed crashes with image gallery long-press, saved article syncing for Chinese, edit previews, and special links. *Addressed rendering and Dark Mode issues affecting math tags, GIFs, and citation numbers. ==== Other Android Updates ==== *We released a new beta and conducted multiple regression tests to ensure stability. *We added a general-purpose remote configuration REST endpoint, aligned with iOS. *Continued technical debt cleanup, including removing allowMainThreadQueries and adding suspend to DAO functions. *Upgraded fundraising configuration to support A/B testing. ==== Cross-Platform ==== *Both apps upgraded fundraising A/B test support and created a shared remote configuration REST endpoint. *We began tracking Account Vanish events on iOS and Android for privacy features. ==== Looking Ahead ==== This quarter marked a big step forward on Tabbed Browsing, Activity Tab, and Year in Review — three projects aimed at making Wikipedia more personal, navigable, and engaging. We also advanced donation experiments and backend improvements to support future flexibility. Make sure you’re [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Global message delivery/Targets/Wikimedia Apps updates|subscribed to this newsletter]] to stay in the loop — and thank you for being part of the journey! <section end="content"/> </div> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:ARamadan-WMF|ARamadan-WMF]]</bdi> 02:07, 14 Oktoba 2025 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:UOzurumba (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:UOzurumba_(WMF)/mass_message_test_list&oldid=29050046 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr">Tech News: 2025-46</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr"> <section begin="technews-2025-W46"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/46|Translations]] are available. '''Updates for editors''' [[File:Talk pages default look (April 2023).jpg|thumb|alt=Screenshot of the visual improvements made on talk pages|Example of a talk page with the new design, in French.]] * Starting November 12, users will see a change in the [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Talk pages project/Feature summary#Usability improvements|appearance of talk pages]] on [[Phab:T379264|some Wikipedias]]. Almost [[phab:T392121|all wikis]] have received this design change; [[phab:T409297|English Wikipedia]] will get these changes later. You can read more [[diffblog:2024/05/02/making-talk-pages-better-for-everyone/|on ''Diff'']]. Users can opt out of these changes [[Special:Preferences#mw-prefsection-editing|in their user preferences]] in "{{int:discussiontools-preference-visualenhancements}}". [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T379264] * MediaWiki can now display a [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Protection indicators|page indicator]] automatically while a page is protected. This feature is disabled by default. It can be enabled by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Requesting wiki configuration changes|community request]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T12347] * Using the "{{int:showpreview}}" or "{{int:showdiff}}" buttons in the wikitext editor will now carry over certain URL parameters like '[[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Manual:Parameters to index.php#useskin|useskin]]', '[[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Manual:Parameters to index.php#uselang|uselang]]' and '[[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Section#Editing sections|section]]'. This update also fixes an issue where, if the browser crashed while previewing an edit to a single section, saving this edit could overwrite the entire page with just that section’s content. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T62744][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T24029][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T155097] * Wikivoyage wikis can use [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Extension:Kartographer#Markers and counters|colored map markers in the article text]]. The text of these markers will now be shown in contrasting black or white color, instead of always being white. Local workarounds for the problem can be removed. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T369454] * The Activity tab in the Wikipedia Android app is now available for all users. The new tab offers personalized insights into reading, editing, and donation activity, while simplifying navigation and making app use more engaging. [https://www.mediawiki.org/wiki/Wikimedia_Apps/Team/Android/Activity_Tab_Experiment] * The Reader Growth team is launching an experiment called "Image browsing" to test how to make it easier for readers to browse and discover images on Wikipedia articles. This experiment, a mobile-only A/B test, will go live on English Wikipedia in the week of November 17 and will run for four weeks, affecting 0.05% of users on English wiki. The test launched on November 3 on Arabic, Chinese, French, Indonesian, and Vietnamese wikis, affecting up to 10% of users on those wikis. [https://www.mediawiki.org/wiki/Readers/Reader_Growth/WE3.1.3_Image_Browsing] * [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] View all {{formatnum:27}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:27|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]]. For example the inability to lock accounts on mobile sites has been fixed. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T256185] '''Updates for technical contributors''' * [[wikitech:Help talk:Toolforge/Toolforge standards committee#November 2025 committee nominations|Nominations are open on Wikitech]] for new [[wikitech:Help:Toolforge/Toolforge standards committee|Toolforge standards committee]] members. The committee oversees the Toolforge [[wikitech:Help:Toolforge/Right to fork policy|Right to fork policy]] and [[wikitech:Help:Toolforge/Abandoned tool policy|Abandoned tool policy]] among other duties. Nominations will remain open through 2025-11-28. * The [[w:JSON Web Token#Standard fields|JWT issuer field]] in [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/OAuth/For Developers#OAuth 2|OAuth 2 access tokens]] for [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Unified login|SUL wikis]] has been changed to <code><nowiki>https://meta.wikimedia.org</nowiki></code>. Old access tokens will still work. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T399199] * The [[w:JSON Web Token#Standard fields|JWT subject field]] in [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/OAuth/For Developers#OAuth 2|OAuth 2 access tokens]] will soon change from <code><user id></code> to <code dir=ltr style="white-space:nowrap">mw:<identity type>:<user id></code>, where <code><identity type></code> is typically <code dir=ltr>CentralAuth:</code><!-- not a typo --> (for [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Unified login|SUL wikis]]) or <code dir=ltr style="white-space:nowrap">local:<wiki id></code> (for other wikis). This is to avoid conflicts between different user ID types, and to make OAuth 2 access tokens and the <code>sessionJwt</code> cookie more similar. Old access tokens will still work. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T399199] * MediaWiki's block messages ([[MediaWiki:Blockedtext|blockedtext]], [[MediaWiki:Blockedtext-partial|blockedtext-partial]], [[MediaWiki:Autoblockedtext|autoblockedtext]], [[MediaWiki:Systemblockedtext|systemblockedtext]], [[MediaWiki:Blockedtext-tempuser|blockedtext-tempuser]], [[MediaWiki:Autoblockedtext-tempuser|autoblockedtext-tempuser]]) now support additional parameters indicating whether the user is blocked from editing their own user talk page <code><nowiki>$9</nowiki></code> or emailing other users <code><nowiki>$</nowiki><nowiki>10</nowiki></code>. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T285612] * A <code>REL1_45</code> branch for MediaWiki core and each of the extensions and skins in Wikimedia git has been created. This is the first step in the release process for MediaWiki 1.45.0, scheduled for late November 2025. If you are working on a critical bug fix or working on a new feature, you may need to take note of this change. [https://lists.wikimedia.org/hyperkitty/list/wikitech-l@lists.wikimedia.org/thread/ZUY7TY3Z6XPZWZVAZV63OPO5OW52Q6GE/] * The process for generating CirrusSearch dumps has been updated due to slowing performance. If you encounter any issues migrating to the replacement dumps, please contact the Search Platform Team for support. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T366248][https://lists.wikimedia.org/hyperkitty/list/wikitech-l@lists.wikimedia.org/thread/3KQPOR6ACVN6OVLMLZPIBXQSWQKW4E3K/] * [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] Detailed code updates later this week: [[mw:MediaWiki 1.46/wmf.2|MediaWiki]] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/46|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2025-W46"/> </div> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 20:24, 10 Nuwamba, 2025 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:UOzurumba (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:UOzurumba_(WMF)/mass_message_test_list&oldid=29050046 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr">Tech News: 2026-05</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr"> <section begin="technews-2026-W05"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/05|Translations]] are available. '''Updates for editors''' * Wikimedia Foundation invites comments on [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Product and Technology Advisory Council/Year1 Reflections and Proposed Way Forward 2026 Update|proposed future]] of the [[:m:Special:MyLanguage/Product and Technology Advisory Council|Product and Technology Advisory Council]] until 28 February. * All users with registered accounts can now use passkeys for [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Two-factor authentication|two-factor authentication]] (2FA). Passkeys are a simple way to log in without using a second device. They verify the user's identity using a fingerprint, face scan, or a PIN code. To set up a passkey, first set up a regular 2FA method. Currently, to log in with a passkey, users must also use a password. Later this quarter, passwordless login will allow users to log in with a single click and a passkey. Users with advanced rights will also be required to have 2FA enabled. This is part of the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Product Safety and Integrity/Account Security|Account Security]] project. * Unregistered contributors on blocked IPs or blocked IP ranges can now interact on-wiki to appeal a block by creating a temporary account to appeal a block on the user talk page, unless the "prevent this user from editing their own talk page" is enabled. This solves the problem of logged-out users unable to use the default unblock process via user talk page. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T398673] * [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] View all {{formatnum:20}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:20|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]]. For example, the Two-Factor Authentication (2FA) methods description on the management page has been updated. It is now clearer and easier for users to understand and make use of. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T332385] '''Updates for technical contributors''' * A new AbuseFilter variable, <code>account_type</code>, has been added to provide a reliable way to determine the account type being created in the <code>createaccount</code> and <code>autocreateaccount</code> actions. As part of this change, the variable <code>accountname</code> has been renamed to <code>account_name</code>, and <code>accountname</code> is now deprecated. Edit filter managers should update any filters that use hardcoded account type checks or the deprecated variable. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T414049] * Image thumbnails that are requested in non-standard sizes, and using non-standard methods such as direct requests to <code dir=ltr><nowiki>upload.wikimedia.org/…</nowiki></code> will stop working in the near future. This change is to prevent ongoing external abuse by web-scrapers and bots. Some users with custom CSS/JS, Interface Admins who can fix gadgets and local skins, and Tool-authors, will need to update their code to use standard thumbnail sizes. [[phab:T414805|Details, search-links, and examples of how to fix them, are available in the task]]. * [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] Detailed code updates later this week: [[mw:MediaWiki 1.46/wmf.13|MediaWiki]] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/05|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2026-W05"/> </div> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 21:04, 26 ga Janairu, 2026 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:UOzurumba (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:UOzurumba_(WMF)/mass_message_test_list&oldid=29050046 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr">Tech News: 2026-13</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr"> <section begin="technews-2026-W13"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/13|Translations]] are available. '''Weekly highlight''' * Wikimedia site users can now log in without a password using passkeys. This is a secure method supported by fingerprint, facial recognition, or PIN. With this change, all users who opt for passwordless login will find it easier, faster, and more secure to log in to their accounts using any device. The new passkey login option currently appears as an autofill suggestion in the username field. An additional [[phab:T417120|"Log in with passkey" button]] will soon be available for users who have already registered a passkey. This update will improve security and user experience. The [[c:File:Passwordless_login_screencast.webm|screen recording]] demonstrates the passwordless login process step by step. * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/Server switch|All wikis will be read-only]] for a few minutes on Wednesday, 25 March 2026 at [https://zonestamp.toolforge.org/1774450800 15:00 UTC]. This is for the datacenter server switchover backup tests, [[wikitech:Deployments/Yearly calendar|which happen twice a year]]. During the switchover, all Wikimedia website traffic is shifted from one primary data center to the backup data center to test availability and prevent service disruption even in emergencies. '''Updates for editors''' * Wikimedia site users can now export their notifications older than 5 years using a [[toolforge:echo-chamber|new Toolforge tool]]. This will ensure that users retain their important notifications and avoid them being lost based on the planned change to delete notifications older than 5 years, as previously announced. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T383948] * Wikipedia editors in Indonesian, Thai, Turkish, and Simple English now have access to Special:PersonalDashboard. This is an [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Moderator Tools/Dashboard|early version of an experience]] that introduces newer editors to patrolling workflows, making it easier for them to move from making edits to participating in more advanced moderation work on their project. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T402647] * The [[Special:Block]] now has two minor interface changes. Administrators can now easily perform indefinite blocks through a dedicated radio button in the expiry section. Also, choosing an indefinite expiry provides a different set of common reasons to select from, which can be changed at: [[MediaWiki:Ipbreason-indef-dropdown]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T401823] * Mobile editors [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Contributors/Account Creation Experiments#Logged-out|at several wikis]] can now see an improved logged-out edit warning, thanks to the recent updates from the Growth team. These changes released last week are part of ongoing efforts and tests to enhance [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Contributors/Account Creation Experiments|account creation experience on mobile]] and then increase participation. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T408484] * [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] View all {{formatnum:36}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:36|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]]. For example, the bug that prevented mobile web users from seeing the block information when affected by multiple blocks has been fixed. They can now see messages of all the blocks currently affecting them when they access Wikipedia. '''Updates for technical contributors''' * Images built using Toolforge will soon get the upgraded buildpacks version, bringing support for newer language versions and other upstream improvements and fixes. If you use Toolforge Build Service, review the recent [https://lists.wikimedia.org/hyperkitty/list/cloud-announce@lists.wikimedia.org/thread/EMYTA32EV2V5SQ2JIEOD2CL66YFIZEKV/ cloud-announce email] and update your build configuration as necessary to ensure your tools are compatible. [https://wikitech.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Help:Toolforge/Building_container_images&oldid=2392097#Buildpack_environment_upgrade_process][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T380127] * The [https://api.wikimedia.org/wiki/Main_Page API Portal] documentation wiki will shut down in June 2026. API keys created on the API Portal will continue to work normally. api.wikimedia.org endpoints will be deprecated gradually starting in July 2026. Documentation on the API Portal is moving to [[mw:Wikimedia APIs|mediawiki.org]]. Learn more on the [[wikitech:API Portal/Deprecation|project page]]. * [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] Detailed code updates later this week: [[mw:MediaWiki 1.46/wmf.21|MediaWiki]] '''In depth''' * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/WMDE Technical Wishes|WMDE Technical Wishes]] is considering improvements to [[m:WMDE Technical Wishes/References/VisualEditor automatic reference names|automatically generated reference names in VisualEditor]]. Please check out the [[m:WMDE Technical Wishes/References/VisualEditor automatic reference names#Proposed solutions|proposed solutions]] and participate in the [[m:Talk:WMDE Technical Wishes/References/VisualEditor automatic reference names#Request for comment|request for comment]]. '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/13|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2026-W13"/> </div> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 16:40, 23 ga Maris, 2026 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:UOzurumba (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:UOzurumba_(WMF)/mass_message_test_list&oldid=29050046 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr">Tech News: 2026-18</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr"> <section begin="technews-2026-W18"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/18|Translations]] are available. '''Updates for editors''' * There is a change in how new users are autoconfirmed that will improve anti-vandalism protection. Currently, users who have had an account for a few days and made a few edits are automatically added to the [[{{int:grouppage-autoconfirmed/{{CONTENTLANGUAGE}}}}|{{int:group-autoconfirmed}}]] group. This configuration tends to be exploited by some vandals, who create accounts and start to use them only after some time. To mitigate this, the configuration will be updated next week so that – for the purpose of becoming autoconfirmed – the account age will be counted from their first edit, instead of registration date. The numeric value of the age threshold will remain the same. This change will be deployed only to wikis which require at least one edit as part of the autoconfirmation conditions. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T418484] * All Wikipedia users with new accounts and those who activated the "automatically enable most beta features" option in their preference can now use the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Readers/Reader Experience/WE3.3.4 Reading lists|reading lists]] beta feature to save articles for later reading. This helps organize reading interests in one place for convenient access. * [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] View all {{formatnum:30}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:30|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]]. For example, the issue where infobox images have huge padding in Firefox, has been fixed. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T423676] '''Updates for technical contributors''' * As a reminder, the global API rate limits will be applied this week to identified API traffic. This is to help ensure [[mw:MediaWiki Product Insights/Responsible Reuse|fair use of infrastructure]]. Bots running in Toolforge/WMCS or with the bot user right on any wiki should not be affected for now. However, all developers are advised to follow updated best practices. For more information, including the actual rate limits, see [[mw:Wikimedia APIs/Rate limits|Wikimedia APIs/Rate limits]] and [[mw:Wikimedia APIs/Rate limits/FAQ|Frequently Asked Questions]]. * [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] Detailed code updates later this week: [[mw:MediaWiki 1.46/wmf.26|MediaWiki]] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/18|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2026-W18"/> </div> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 17:57, 27 ga Afirilu, 2026 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:UOzurumba (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:UOzurumba_(WMF)/mass_message_test_list&oldid=29050046 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr">Tech News: 2026-25</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr"> <section begin="technews-2026-W25"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/25|Translations]] are available. '''Weekly highlight''' * The [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Readers/Reader Growth|Reader Growth team]] has launched an [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Readers/Reader Growth/Image Browsing|Image Browsing]] beta feature on the mobile web version of all Wikipedias. The feature shows an image carousel at the top of articles with 3 or more images. Editors can configure this feature with the following controls: to hide a specific image from a page, either use <code>class=notpageimage</code> excluding it from thumbnail previews, or <code>class=noviewer</code> excluding it from MediaViewer. The carousel can also be disabled from a page entirely, with the magic word <code><nowiki>__NOMEDIAVIEWERCAROUSEL__</nowiki></code>. To submit feedback or flag bugs, please visit the [[mw:Talk:Readers/Reader Growth/Image Browsing|project page]]. * [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Tables#class="wikitable"|Wikitables]] can now be [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Sortable tables#Forcing the initial sort direction|sorted in descending order]] on the first click by adding <code dir=ltr>data-sort-order="desc"</code> to the header cell. Previously, by default, clicking a column header for the first time sorts it in ascending order. This addition to a Wikitable gives it more control and flexibility, while the default behavior for subsequent clicks remains unchanged. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T398416] '''Updates for editors''' * The [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Article guidance|Article guidance]] feature is currently being tested with some editors creating new articles on the Simple English, French, and Turkish Wikipedias. The experiment will soon begin on the Arabic and Bangla Wikipedias as well. [[w:simple:Special:NewArticle|This feature]] gives editors community-curated guidance to help them create articles that follow community standards. Experienced editors can continue creating or adapting outlines for specific article types that are commonly created by less experienced contributors. The outlines guide less experienced editors in creating high-quality articles. A quick guide to markups used in outlines can be found on [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Article guidance/Test feature guide#Markups in outlines|this page]]. [[w:simple:Wikipedia:Article Guidance|Example outlines]] that can be adapted and instructions for how to adapt them are on [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Article guidance#Adapting a sample outline in a Wikipedia|this section]] of the project page. * Wikis that wish to replace the "indefinitely" button in Special:Block for temporary accounts (for example, wikis that block temporary users only until account expiration) will be able to do so by creating [[MediaWiki:ipb-indefinite-expiry-temporary-account]] with the block duration they want. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T427125] * [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] View all {{formatnum:41}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:41|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]]. '''Updates for technical contributors''' * By the end of June, a valid user-agent string will be required for automated dumps downloads from the dumps.wikimedia.org website. Automated requests that provide a generic or empty user-agent will be blocked. This [[phab:T400119|extends enforcement]] of the long standing [[foundation:Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Wikimedia Foundation User-Agent Policy|user-agent policy]]. Access to dumps through Wikimedia Cloud Services will not change. * The roll out of global [[mw:Wikimedia APIs/Rate limits|API rate limits]] is now complete, with limits enforced across all APIs and at the documented levels for all groups. Bots running in Toolforge/WMCS or with the bot user right on any wiki remain exempt. All bots should continue to follow the documented best practices to avoid being rate limited. * The [https://api.wikimedia.org/wiki/Main_Page API Portal wiki] will be read only starting this week (June 15-18). The following week (June 22-25), all API Portal wiki URLs will redirect to [[mw:Wikimedia APIs|Wikimedia APIs on mediawiki.org]]. Learn more on the [[wikitech:API Portal/Deprecation|project page]]. * [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] Detailed code updates later this week: [[mw:MediaWiki 1.47/wmf.7|MediaWiki]] '''Meetings and events''' * On June 17th at 6pm UTC the WMF will be holding Discord call focused on a code review. We've heard through the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Developer Satisfaction Survey/2026|Developer Satisfaction Survey]] that volunteers are struggling with code review and we'd like to discuss these experiences with the goal of surfacing workable solutions. You can join the call [https://discord.gg/wikipedia?event=1514727511102062664 via the Wikimedia Community Discord server]. * The [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Conferencia Wikimedia de América Latina 2026|Latin American Wikimedia Conference]] will host a regional hackathon that will bring together the Wikimedia movement’s technical community including developers, system administrators, data scientists, and users with extended rights. Interested technical contributors can [https://docs.google.com/forms/d/e/1FAIpQLSf4osJzTHBJjQbYJk7TMVEJjTEQv7IgtsUDfP-o-qTgeRQQxw/viewform apply for a scholarship] to participate until June 21 at midnight (Bolivia time, UTC-4). * Sign up for Wikimania Team Challenges to join this special event. The Team challenges will take place online and in person from July 21 to 22, before Wikimania conference. Everyone is welcome, regardless of skills or Wikimania registration. Teams will work on 10 important challenges supporting the Wikimedia community. For details, visit [[wmania:Special:MyLanguage/2026:Team challenges|the Team Challenges page]] and [https://wikimedia.eventyay.com/wm/teamchallenges/ register there]. Registration closes on June 20th at 11pm UTC. '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/25|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2026-W25"/> </div> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 16:36, 15 ga Yuni, 2026 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:UOzurumba (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:UOzurumba_(WMF)/mass_message_test_list&oldid=29050046 --> == Invitation to try the Starter Kit Tool == <div lang="en" dir="ltr"> Greetings! As one of the active editors on this Wikipedia, you're invited by the [https://www.mediawiki.org/wiki/Language_Onboarding_and_Development Language Onboarding and Development] initiative to learn about the Starter Kit, try it out, and join a virtual meeting where you can ask questions about the tool.<br> '''What the tool does'''<br> The Starter Kit helps small or new Wikipedia contributors complete essential tasks, like importing infoboxes, tracking your wiki's growth and health metrics, and connecting with members of the broader Wikimedia community for technical guidance. Some features require certain user rights, but three of the six tasks are open to any autoconfirmed editor, so most active editors can get started right away. '''Here's what we would like you to do:''' * Read the manual for more detail on the tool and the tasks you can perform: https://www.mediawiki.org/wiki/Language_Onboarding_and_Development/Starter_kit * Access the Starter Kit tool: https://starterkit.toolforge.org/ and log in with your Wikimedia account to try it out. * Sign up for one of three virtual meetings: https://www.mediawiki.org/wiki/Language_Onboarding_and_Development/Starter_kit/Office_hours#Office_hours, where you can: ** Learn more about the tool. ** Ask questions and share your thoughts. Thank you so much for using the tool, and we look forward to your attending the virtual meeting. Best regards, </div> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:UOzurumba (WMF)|UOzurumba (WMF)]]</bdi> 21:12, 11 ga Augusta, 2026 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:UOzurumba (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:UOzurumba_(WMF)/mass_message_test_list&oldid=30913090 --> ov25brb7wbqtg3qhja5akr7l5s2yj8u 0 49072 894893 640806 2026-08-11T12:08:02Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 894893 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} [[File:CFA_Franc_map.svg|thumb|350x350px| Amfani da:{{Color box|#008800}}CFA franc{{Color box|#ff0000}}'''CFA franc''']] [[File:%D0%9A%D1%83%D0%BF%D1%8E%D1%80%D0%B0_%D0%B2_1000_%D1%84%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B2_%D0%9A%D0%A4%D0%90._%D0%9B%D0%B8%D1%86%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B0.jpg|200px|right|thumbnail|Banknote of 1000 CFA francs. Front side]] '''CFA ta Tsakiyar Afirka''' ( [[Faransanci]] : ''franc CFA'' ko kuma ''franc'' kawai ; ISO code : '''XAF''' ; gajarta: '''F.CFA''' ) kudin kasashe shida masu zaman kansu a [[Afirka ta Tsakiya (yanki)|Afirka ta Tsakiya]] : [[Kamaru]], [[Afirka ta Tsakiya (kasa)|Jamhuriyar Afirka ta Tsakiya]], [[Cadi|Chadi]], [[Jamhuriyar Kwango|Jamhuriyar Kongo]], [[Gini Ikwatoriya|Equatorial Guinea]] da [[Gabon]] . Wadannan kasashe shida suna da jimillar yawan jama'a 55.2&nbsp;mutane miliyan (kamar na 2020),<ref name="2014_data_sheet">{{cite web|url=http://www.prb.org/pdf14/2014-world-population-data-sheet_eng.pdf|title=2014 World Population Data Sheet|author=Population Reference Bureau|author-link=Population Reference Bureau|website=Prb.org|access-date=2017-08-25|archive-date=2018-02-18|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180218233032/http://www.prb.org/pdf14/2014-world-population-data-sheet_eng.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref> da jimlar GDP na sama da dalar Amurka 200&nbsp;biliyan (kamar 2022).<ref name="2013_GDP">{{cite web|url=http://databank.worldbank.org/data/download/GDP.pdf|title=Gross domestic product 2012|author=World Bank|author-link=World Bank|website=Databank.worldbank.org|access-date=2013-10-01|archive-date=2017-02-01|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170201165545/http://databank.worldbank.org/data/download/GDP.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref> CFA na nufin Colonies françaises d'Afrique ("Faransa mazauna Afirka"); daga baya aka mayar da suna zuwa ''Coopération financière en Afrique centrale'' ("Hadin gwiwar Kudi a Afirka ta Tsakiya"). Bankin Afirka ta Tsakiya (BEAC; ''Banque des États de l'Afrique Centrale'' ), wanda ke cikin [[Yaounde|Yaoundé]], [[Kamaru]], ne ya ba da shi ga membobin [[Kungiyar Tattalin Arzikin kasar Afirka ta Tsakiya|kungiyar Tattalin Arziki da Kudi na Afirka ta Tsakiya]] (CEMAC; ''Communauté Économique et Monétaire de l 'Afrique Centrale'' ). An raba franc bisa ga kima zuwa ''santimita'' 100 amma ba a ba da alamar centimi ba. A cikin kasashe da dama na yammacin Afirka, CFA franc na yammacin Afirka, wanda yake daidai da darajar [[CFA franc ( sefar yammaci Afirka)|CFA]] ta Tsakiyar Afirka, yana gudana. == Tarihi == An gabatar da CFA franc ga Turawan mulkin mallaka na Faransa a cikin Equatorial Africa a cikin 1945, wanda ya maye gurbin Faransa Equatorial franc. Yankunan Equatorial na Afirka da ke amfani da kudin CFA sune [[Cadi|Chadi]], Faransa Kamaru, Faransa Kongo, [[Gabon]] da Ubangi-Shari .{{Ana bukatan hujja|date=June 2021}} An ci gaba da amfani da kudin lokacin da wadannan yankuna suka sami 'yancin kai. [[Gini Ikwatoriya|Equatorial Guinea]], wadda ita ce kawai tsohuwar mulkin mallaka na Spain a yankin, ta karbi kudin CFA a shekarar 1984, inda ta maye gurbin Equatorial Guinean ekwele a farashin 1 franc = 4 bipkwele.{{Ana bukatan hujja|date=June 2021}} An danganta kudin zuwa Faransa Franc (F) a F.CFA&nbsp;1 = 2 francs na Faransa daga 1948, ya zama F.CFA&nbsp;1 = NF&nbsp;0.02 bayan gabatarwar sabon franc a 1 sabon franc = 100 tsohon francs. A cikin 1994 an rage darajar kudin da rabi zuwa F.CFA&nbsp;1 = F&nbsp;0.01. Daga 1999 tun daga lokacin an hada shi zuwa Yuro akan €1 = F&nbsp;6.55957 = F.CFA&nbsp;655.957. A ranar 25 ga Afrilu, 2023, an gudanar da taron ministoci na Kungiyar Tattalin Arziki da Tattalin Arziki na Afirka ta Tsakiya (Cemac) da Faransa. Musamman, an tattauna batun CFA franc. A bangaren Faransa kuwa, garantin da aka bayar ga CFA franc, da kuma tabbatar da canjinsa, ana ganinsa a matsayin wani tasiri na daidaita tattalin arzikin yankin. Faransa ta ci gaba da kasancewa "bude" da "samuwa" don ci gaba da yin gyare-gyaren hadin gwiwar hada-hadar kudi a Afirka ta Tsakiya, kamar yadda aka samu a yammacin Afirka. Faransa ta ce a shirye ta ke ta karbi shawarwarin CEmac.[https://www.rfi.fr/fr/afrique/20230425-ressources-financi%C3%A8res-et-franc-cfa-%C3%A0-paris-une-r%C3%A9union-minist%C3%A9rielle-cemac-france-aux-multiples-enjeux] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230609164958/https://amp.rfi.fr/fr/afrique/20230425-ressources-financi%C3%A8res-et-franc-cfa-%C3%A0-paris-une-r%C3%A9union-minist%C3%A9rielle-cemac-france-aux-multiples-enjeux |date=2023-06-09 }}. == Suka == A cewar BBC, "masu suka, irin su masu adawa da CFA, sun ce ci gaban tattalin arziki na gaskiya ga kasashen Afirka 14 ba za a iya samu ba ne kawai idan sun kawar da kudaden. Suna jayayya cewa don musanya garantin da baitulmalin Faransa ya bayar, kasashen Afirka suna ba da karin kudi zuwa Faransa fiye da yadda suke samun taimako. Har ila yau, suna jayayya cewa ba su da wani ra'ayi game da yanke shawara kan muhimman manufofin kudi da kasashen Turai suka amince da su, wadanda ke cikin Tarayyar Turai." == Tsabar kudi == A cikin 1948, an ba da tsabar kudi don amfani a duk yankuna (ba tare da Faransa Kamaru ba) a cikin a kungiyoyin 1 da 2 francs. Wannan ita ce fitowa ta karshe ta tsabar kudin Franc 2 na kusan shekaru 50. A cikin 1958, an kara tsabar kudi 5, 10, da 25, wadanda kuma aka yi amfani da su a Kamarun Faransa. Wadannan suna da sunan ''Cameroun'' ban da ''États de l'Afrique Equatoriale'' . A cikin 1961, an gabatar da tsabar nickel 50 franc, sannan kuma nickel franc 100 a 1966. Daga 1971, an ba da tsabar franc 100 ga kowane dayan kasashe membobin, wanda ke nuna sunan jihar da aka ba su. An kuma bayar da tsabar Franc 50 ta wannan hanya tsakanin 1976 zuwa 1996, bayan an rage girman su. Sai dai a maimakon a nuna sunan jihar kowanne an bai wa wasikar tantancewa a saman baya. An ba da tsabar fran 50 mai harafin "A" ga Chadi, "B" na Jamhuriyar Afirka ta Tsakiya, "C" na Kongo, "D" na Gabon, da "E" na Kamaru. A cikin 1976, an kaddamar da tsabar kudi na 500 cupro-nickel. Daga 1985, wadannan su ma jihohi daya ne suka ba da su. A waccan shekarar kuma an gabatar da 5, 25, 50 da 100 franc don amfani a Equatorial Guinea, wanda kwanan nan ya shiga cikin kungiyar kudi, yana nuna duk lakabi da bayanai a cikin Mutanen Espanya maimakon Faransanci na yau da kullun, musamman ma kungiyar a matsayin "Franco". "maimakon" franc. Duk da bambance-bambance masu mahimmanci a cikin wasu tsabar kudin, duk sun kasance na doka kuma ana iya musanyawa a cikin dukkan kasashe membobin. A cikin 1996, an sake dawo da samar da tsabar franc 100 na tsakiya, tare da dawo da tsabar franc 500 guda daya a cikin 1998. Duk da faduwar sunayen jihohi da haruffan lamba, gaba dayan kirar tsabar kudin ta kasance ba ta canzawa. 2006 ya ga sake fasalin duk kungiyoyin tsabar kudi don CFA franc, tare da kaddamar da yanki na 2 franc. An rage girman tsabar tsabar 1, 5, 10, da 25, yayin da aka gabatar da sabon tsabar kudin franc 100 bi-metallic, tare da sabon kuma rage girman 500 franc Coin tare da karin fasalulluka na tsaro, gami da alamar laser. Duk sabbin tsabar kudi suna kwatanta gajarta "CEMAC" don "Communauté Économique et Monétaire de l'Afrique Centrale". Tsofaffin tsabar kudi suna ci gaba da kasancewa masu tausasawa na doka tare da sabbin tsabar kudi da aka tsara. Duk tsabar kudi na CFA suna nuna alamar mint guda biyu, tare da alamar kebantaccen . Alamar mint tana kan baya a gefen hagu na kungiyar yayin da alamar zanen yana kan dama. == Takardun kudi == Lokacin da aka gabatar da kudin CFA, bayanin kula da ''Caisse Centrale de la France d'Outre-Mer'' ("Central Cashier of Overseas France") ya fitar a cikin kungiyoyin 5, 10, 20, 100, da 1,000 francs suna cikin yaduwa. A cikin 1947, an gabatar da sabon jerin bayanan kula don amfani a cikin Equatorial Afirka ta Faransa, kodayake bayanan ba su dauke da sunan mazauna ba. An ba da bayanin kula a cikin kungiyoyi na 5, 10, 20, 50, 100, da 1,000 francs, sannan na franc 500 a 1949, da kuma franc 5,000 a 1952. A cikin 1957, ''Institut d'Émission de l'Afrique Équatoriale Française et du Cameroun'' ta dauki nauyin samar da kudin takarda, ta ba da duk ƙungiyoyin da suka gabata banda lissafin 500-franc.{{Ana bukatan hujja|date=June 2021}} A cikin 1961, ''Banque Centrale des États de l'Afrique Équatoriale et du Cameroun'' ya dauki nauyin samar da takardar kudi, tare da bayanin kula da ke kasa da franc 100 da aka daina bayarwa. Sunan bankin ya canza zuwa ''Banque Centrale des États de l'Afrique Équatoriale'' a cikin 1963. An gabatar da takardun kudi na franc 10,000 a cikin 1968, yayin da kudin franc 10 aka maye gurbinsu da tsabar kudi a cikin 1971.{{Ana bukatan hujja|date=June 2021}} A cikin 1975, sunan bankin ya sake canjawa zuwa ''Banque des États de l'Afrique Centrale'' kuma jihohi daya sun fara ba da bayanin kula da sunayensu, a cikin kungiyoyin 500, 1,000, 5,000 da 10,000 francs. Wannan aikin ya ƙare a 1993. Tun daga wannan lokacin, an fitar da takardun banki tare da wasiƙa kawai da aka baje kolin don bambance tsakanin batutuwan jihohin. An gabatar da takardun kudin franc 2,000 a cikin 1993. Lambobin haruffan kasa sune kamar haka: Jerin 1993: *C – {{flag|Republic of the Congo}} *E – {{flag|Cameroon}} *F – {{flag|Central African Republic}} *L – {{flag|Gabon}} *N – {{flag|Equatorial Guinea}} *P – {{flag|Chad}} Jerin 2002: *A – {{flag|Gabon}} *C – {{flag|Chad}} *F – {{flag|Equatorial Guinea}} *M – {{flag|Central African Republic}} *T – {{flag|Republic of the Congo}} *U – {{flag|Cameroon}}<ref>{{Cite web|title=Central African States banknotes - Central African States paper money catalog and CAS currency history|url=http://www.atsnotes.com/catalog/banknotes/central-african-states.html|access-date=2021-05-30|website=www.atsnotes.com|archive-date=2022-09-03|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220903214345/http://www.atsnotes.com/catalog/banknotes/central-african-states.html|url-status=live}}</ref> {| class="wikitable" style="font-size: 90%" ! colspan="10" |Bayanan banki na CFA franc na Afirka ta Tsakiya (fitowar 1993-1994) |- ! Hoto ! Daraja ! Banda ! Juya baya ! Magana |- | | 500 francs | Zabus; mutum | Antelope | C (Jamhuriyar Kongo); E (Cameroon); F (Jamhuriyar Afirka ta Tsakiya); L (Gabon); N (Equatorial Guinea); P (Chadi) |- | | 1,000 francs | Girbin kofi; mutum | Raft | C (Jamhuriyar Kongo); E (Cameroon); F (Jamhuriyar Afirka ta Tsakiya); L (Gabon); N (Equatorial Guinea); P (Chadi) |- | | 2,000 francs | 'Ya'yan itace na wurare masu zafi; mace | Yanayin tashar jiragen ruwa | C (Jamhuriyar Kongo); E (Cameroon); F (Jamhuriyar Afirka ta Tsakiya); L (Gabon); N (Equatorial Guinea); P (Chadi) |- | | 5,000 francs | Masu aikin hakar mai | Girbin auduga | C (Jamhuriyar Kongo); E (Cameroon); F (Jamhuriyar Afirka ta Tsakiya); L (Gabon); N (Equatorial Guinea); P (Chadi) |- | | 10,000 francs | Gina ginin Banque des États de l'Afrique Centrale ( Bankin Kasar Afirka ta Tsakiya ); [[Yaounde|Yaoundé]], [[Kamaru]] ; mace | Kamun kifi | C (Jamhuriyar Kongo); E (Cameroon); F (Jamhuriyar Afirka ta Tsakiya); L (Gabon); N (Equatorial Guinea); P (Chad) |} {| class="wikitable" style="font-size: 90%" ! colspan="10" |Bayanan banki na CFA franc na Afirka ta Tsakiya (fitowar 2002) |- ! Hoto ! Daraja ! Banda ! Juya baya ! Magana |- | | 500 francs | Yanayin aji, tare da dalibai suna koyo game da harafin Faransanci B | Mace; bukkoki | A (Gabon); C (Chadi); F (Equatorial Guinea); M (Jamhuriyar Afirka ta Tsakiya); T (Jamhuriyar Kongo); U (Cameroon) |- | | 1,000 francs | Shiga; mutum | Aikin fili | A (Gabon); C (Chadi); F (Equatorial Guinea); M (Jamhuriyar Afirka ta Tsakiya); T (Jamhuriyar Kongo); U (Cameroon) |- | | 2,000 francs | Ruwan lantarki; yarinya | Wurin hakar ma'adinai | A (Gabon); C (Chadi); F (Equatorial Guinea); M (Jamhuriyar Afirka ta Tsakiya); T (Jamhuriyar Kongo); U (Cameroon) |- | | 5,000 francs | Port; mutum | Tashar mai | A (Gabon); C (Chadi); F (Equatorial Guinea); M (Jamhuriyar Afirka ta Tsakiya); T (Jamhuriyar Kongo); U (Cameroon) |- | | 10,000 francs | Gina ginin Banque des États de l'Afrique Centrale ( Bankin Kasar Afirka ta Tsakiya ); [[Yaounde|Yaoundé]], [[Kamaru]] ; mace | Sufuri da sadarwa | A (Gabon); C (Chadi); F (Equatorial Guinea); M (Jamhuriyar Afirka ta Tsakiya); T (Jamhuriyar Kongo); U (Cameroon) |} * {{In lang|fr}} [https://web.archive.org/web/20100310151637/http://www.cemac.int/ {{Lang|fr|Communauté Économique et Monétaire de l'Afrique Centrale}}] (Official Site of the Economic and Monetary Community of Central Africa) * [http://www.frenchbanknotes.com/banks.php?page=7&bank=BEAC Central African CFA franc Banknotes] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303170105/http://www.frenchbanknotes.com/banks.php?page=7&bank=BEAC |date=2016-03-03 }} == Nassoshi == {{reflist}} == Hanyoyin hadi na waje == [[Category:Kudi]] [[Category:Kudade]] [[Category:Afirka]] [[Category:Afirka ta Tsakiya]] [[Category:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] p0fg6t6at50xq7jenazf43zugnpuztc 0 51490 895009 610670 2026-08-11T16:05:44Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 895009 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Christopher John Kirubi''' (20 ga watan Agusta 1941-14 Yuni 2021), An haife shi a gundumar Murang'a, ɗan kasuwan Kenya ne, ɗan kasuwar zamani, kuma masanin masana'antu.<ref>Nsehe, Mfonobong (16 November 2011). "Meet Chris Kirubi, Mr. Kenya" . Forbes . Retrieved 15 July 2017.</ref> Ya kasance darekta a Centum Investment Company, haɗin gwiwar kasuwanci, wanda shine babban mai hannun jari.<ref>Victor Juma (19 September 2013). "Kirubi Builds KSh1 Billion War Chest for Centum Shares" . Business Daily Africa . Nairobi. Retrieved 17 October 2014.</ref> Bisa kididdigar da mujallar Forbes ta fitar a shekara ta 2011 na masu kudin Afirka a Kenya, Kirubi ya kasance a matsayi na biyu mafi arziki a [[Kenya|kasar Kenya]] kuma na 31 a [[Afirka]] inda ya samu dalar Amurka miliyan 301 a shekarar 2011 da Forbes ta bayyana a jerin masu arziki 40 na [[Afirka]]. Ya kasance a bayan dangin Kenyatta kawai, waɗanda suka fi kowa arziki a Kenya a shekarar 2011 tare da darajar dala miliyan 500. Duk da haka, a cikin 2012, Forbes ta fitar da Kirubi daga jerin masu arziki 40 na Afirka.<ref>Nsehe, Mfonobong (20 November 2012). "Africa's 40 Richest: The Dropoffs" . Forbes .</ref> Ya jagoranci: (1) DHL Express Kenya Limited, (2) Haco Industries Kenya Limited, (3) Kiruna International Limited, (4) International House Limited, (5) Nairobi Bottlers Limited, (6) Sandvik East Africa Limited da (7) ) 98.4 Babban FM. Ya kuma kasance ba darekta na (8) Bayer East Africa Limited, (9) UAP Provincial Insurance Company Limited da (10) Beverage Services of Kenya Limited.<ref>"Centum Investment Company Officers: Christopher Kirubi" . Reuters. 15 July 2017. Retrieved 15 July 2017.</ref> Ya mutu a ranar 14 ga watan Yuni 2021 bayan ya yi fama da cutar kansa. == Ƙuruciya da ilimi == An haifi Chris Kirubi a cikin iyali matalauta. Duk iyayensa sun mutu tun yana karami. Ya fara aiki tun yana makaranta, yana aiki a lokacin hutun makaranta don ya ciyar da kansa da ’yan uwansa. Bayan kammala karatunsa, aikinsa na farko shine mai siyarwa, gyara da siyar da silinda gas na [[Shell]], kamfanin man fetur.<ref>SKC (22 February 2017). "Chris Kirubi Wealth, Net Worth, Biography and Family" . Nairobi: Softkenya.com (SKC). Retrieved 15 July 2017.</ref> == Sana'a == A shekara ta 1960s da farkon shekarun 1970s, Kirubi ya yi aiki a matsayin Mai Gudanarwa a ''Kenatco'', kamfanin sufuri mallakar gwamnati. Tun daga shekara ta 1971, ya fara siyan rusassun gine-gine a biranen Nairobi da Mombasa, yana gyara su, ko dai sayar da gine-ginen da aka gyara ko kuma ya ba da hayar su. Ya kuma fara mallakar filaye a birnin Nairobi da kewaye, sannan ya ci gaba da gina haya da sauran kadarori na kasuwanci, ta hanyar amfani da lamuni daga cibiyoyin hada-hadar kudi na Kenya. === Hannun jari === Hannun jarin Kirubi sun haɗa amma ba'a iyakance ga waɗannan masu zuwa ba: (1) Kamfanin Zuba Jari na Centum: Chris Kirubi shine mafi girman mai saka hannun jari guda ɗaya a cikin kamfanin, wanda aka jera hajojin sa a duka kasuwar hada-hadar hannayen jari ta Nairobi da kuma a kan musayar Securities na Uganda. (2) Ya mallaki kashi 100 na Haco Industries Limited, mai kera kayan gida na Kenya. <ref name="Back" /> <ref name="Meeting" /> (3) 98.4 Capital FM, gidan rediyo ne na Nairobi, wanda hannun jarinsa ya mallaki kashi 100 <ref name="Back" /> <ref name="Meeting" /> (4) Rukunin Bankin Kasuwancin Kenya da (5) Rukunin Media na Nation.<ref>Victor Juma (11 September 2013). "Billionaire Kirubi Bets on KCB After He Sells Safaricom" . Business Daily Africa. Retrieved 15 July 2017.</ref> <ref name="List" /> A cikin watan Maris 2020, ya shigar da takardar neman izinin doka don samun wani kashi 20 na hannun jarin Centum, don ƙarawa zuwa kashi 30 cikin ɗari da ya riga ya mallaka a lokacin. Yarjejeniyar ta shafi siyan hannun jari miliyan 133 da darajarsu ta kai biliyan KSh2.7 (dalar Amurka miliyan 25.7). <ref>Victor Juma (24 March 2020). "Billionaire Chris Kirubi to buy Sh2.7bn more Centum shares" . Business Daily Africa . Nairobi. Retrieved 24 March 2020.</ref> === Tsoffin masu zuba jari === A wani lokaci, Kirubi ya mallaki kashi 9.58 na UAP Holdings, wani kamfani na zuba jari da inshora wanda ke ba da zuba jari da sabis na inshora a kasashen Gabas da Tsakiyar Afirka. A cikin 2015, ya sayar da hannun jarinsa zuwa Old Mutual kuma ya fice daga saka hannun jari. <ref>Kennedy Kangethe (5 February 2015). "Why I sold my stake in UAP Holdings – Dr Kirubi" . 98.4 Capital FM . Nairobi, Kenya. Retrieved 15 July 2017.</ref> A cikin watan Mayu 2020, Haco Masana'antu sun sayar da alamar BIC (stationery, lighters and shavers) ga ƙungiyar haɗin gwiwar Faransa BIC. Yarjejeniyar ta kawo ƙarshen shekaru 40 na ikon mallakar fasahar BIC na Haco.<ref>Correspondent, B. T. (22 February 2017). "After fallout with South African partner, Kirubi buys back Haco" . Business Today Kenya.</ref> <ref>Nsehe, Mfonobong (6 August 2019). "Kenyan Tycoon Chris Kirubi Receives Additional $2 Million In BIC Acquisition deal" . Forbes .</ref><ref>Today, Business (6 June 2019). "BIC deal tastes sweeter for Chris Kirubi" . Business Today Kenya. </ref> <ref>"Kirubi receives Sh348m extra in BIC buyout deal" . Business Daily Africa . 10 September 2020.</ref> == Tallafawa == Chris Kirubi ya shiga cikin wani shiri na horar da matasa mai suna ''[https://www.capitalfm.co.ke/business/author/chris-kirubi12436/ Ask Kirubi.] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230611193925/https://www.capitalfm.co.ke/business/author/chris-kirubi12436/ |date=2023-06-11 }}'' Ya kori sha'awarsa na ƙarfafa matasa a Afirka ta hanyar yin rubutun kan layi da maganganun jiki a manyan makarantu da Jami'o'i a Kenya. == Mutuwa == Chris Kirubi ya mutu a ranar 14 ga Yuni 2021 bayan ya yi fama da [[Ciwon daji mai launi|cutar kansar hanji]].<ref>Wakaya, Jeremiah (14 June 2021). "Dr. Chris Kirubi, One of Kenya's Most Successful Businessmen, has Died" . Capital Business . Retrieved 14 June 2021.</ref> == Duba kuma == {{Columns-list|* [[List of wealthiest people in Kenya|Wealthy Kenyans]] * [[Nairobi Securities Exchange]] * [[Centum Investment Company]] * [[James Mworia]] * [[Economy of Kenya|Kenya Economy]]}} == Manazarta == {{Reflist|2}} [[Category:Haifaffun 1941]] [[Category:Matattun 2021]] d8ch46phmcsmhikwzmur5j00ikygbpz 0 51883 895352 869211 2026-08-12T04:27:47Z Baffa ali 47435 /* growthexperiments-addlink-summary-summary:3|0|0 */ 895352 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Airtel Africa plc''' wani kamfani ne na Biritaniya da ke samar da [[Sadarwa|hanyoyin sadarwa]] da kuɗaɗen wayar hannu a ƙasashe 14 na Afirka, musamman a Gabashi da Tsakiya da Yammacin Afirka. Airtel Africa mafi rinjaye mallakin kamfanin sadarwa na Indiya Bharti Airtel ne. Kamfanin Airtel Africa yana ba da sabis na muryar wayar hannu da bayanai da kuma sabis na kuɗin wayar hannu a cikin ƙasa da ƙasa. Airtel Nigeria ita ce rukunin da ya fi samun riba a cikin Airtel Africa, saboda arha tsarin data a Najeriya. Ya zuwa watan Maris na shekarar 2019, Airtel yana da masu biyan kuɗi sama da miliyan 99 a nahiyar. <ref name="ET1">{{Cite web |title=Airtel, Millicom ink pact to merge in Ghana - The Economic Times |url=http://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/companies-a-z/corporate-trends/airtel-millicom-ink-pact-to-merge-in-ghana/articleshow/57456883.cms |access-date=3 March 2017 |website=The Economic Times}}</ref> An jera shi a kasuwar hada-hadar hannayen jari ta London kuma yanki ne na FTSE 100 Index . <ref>{{Cite web |date=26 January 2022 |title=BHP Group Plc (UK) & BHP Group Ltd (Australia): Unification of Share Structure - Update: Changes in FTSE UK Index Series |url=https://research.ftserussell.com/products/index-notices/home/getnotice/?id=2603117 |access-date=26 January 2022}}</ref> == Tarihi == == MTN Group tattaunawar hadaka == A watan Mayun shekarar 2008, ya bayyana cewa Airtel na binciken yuwuwar siyan MTN Group, kamfanin sadarwa na Afirka ta Kudu wanda ke aiki a ƙasashe 21 na Afirka da Gabas ta Tsakiya. ''Jaridar Financial Times'' ta ruwaito cewa Bharti na tunanin bayar da dalar Amurka $45&nbsp;biliyan 100% na hannun jarin MTN, wanda zai kasance mafi girma da wani kamfani Indiya ya samu a ketare. Sai dai ɓangarorin biyu sun jaddada yanayin tattaunawar. Mujallar ''Economist'' ta lura cewa, "Idan wani abu, Bharti za ta yi aure ", saboda MTN yana da ƙarin masu biyan kuɗi, ƙarin kuɗaɗen shiga da kuma faɗaɗa yanayin ƙasa. Duk da haka, tattaunawar ta wargaje yayin da Kamfanin MTN ya yi ƙoƙarinta sauya tattaunawar ta hanyar mayar da Bharti kusan wani reshe na sabon kamfani. A watan Mayun shekarar 2009, Airtel ya <ref>{{Cite web |title=Bharti renews talks with MTN |url=http://topupguru.com/2009/05/25/bharti-renews-talks-with-mtn/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141024133534/http://topupguru.com/2009/05/25/bharti-renews-talks-with-mtn/ |archive-date=24 October 2014 |access-date=19 February 2016}}</ref> cewa ya sake tattaunawa da MTN kuma dukkan kamfanonin biyu sun amince su tattauna yiwuwar hada-hadar kasuwanci a ranar 31 ga Yuli, 2009. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Topupguru.com |url=http://topupguru.com/2009/05/25/bharti-renews-talks-with-mtn/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141024133534/http://topupguru.com/2009/05/25/bharti-renews-talks-with-mtn/ |archive-date=24 October 2014 |access-date=23 August 2010 |publisher=Topupguru.com}}</ref> An tsawaita lokacin keɓancewa sau biyu har zuwa 30 Satumban shekarar 2009. Tattaunawar ta ƙare ba tare da yarjejeniya ba. <ref>{{Cite web |date=1 October 2009 |title=Bharti, MTN call off merger talks |url=http://www.telecoms.com/14914/bharti-mtn-call-off-merger-talks |access-date=23 August 2010 |publisher=Telecoms.com}}</ref> An ba da shawarar mafita inda za a jera sabon kamfani akan musayar hannayen jari guda 2, ɗaya a Afirka ta Kudu ɗaya kuma a Indiya. Koyaya, jerin sunayen kamfanoni biyu ba su da izinin dokar Indiya. <ref>{{Cite web |date=1 October 2009 |title=Bharti Airtel and MTN talks collapse again due to dual-listing disagreement &#124; City A.M |url=http://www.cityam.com/article/bharti-airtel-and-mtn-talks-collapse-again-due-dual-listing-disagreement |access-date=12 November 2015 |publisher=City A.M.}}</ref> == Zain Africa saye == A watan Juni na shekarar 2010, Bharti ta kulla yarjejeniyar siyan ayyukan wayar salula na Zain a kasashen Afirka 15 kan dala 8.97.&nbsp;biliyan, a cikin mafi girma na biyu mafi girma na Indiya a ketare bayan Tata Karfe ta dalar Amurka 13.&nbsp;Bharti Airtel ya kammala siyan Corus a ranar 8 ga watan Yunin shekarar 2010, wanda hakan ya sa Airtel ya zama kamfani na biyar mafi girma a duniya ta hanyar sadarwa ta hanyar sadarwa. Kamfanin Airtel ya ruwaito cewa kudaden shiga na kashi na hudu na 2010 ya karu da kashi 53% zuwa $3.2&nbsp;biliyan idan aka kwatanta da shekarar da ta gabata. Sabbin sashin Afirka da aka samu ya ba da gudummawar dala $911&nbsp;miliyan ga duka. Koyaya, ribar net ɗin ta ragu da kashi 41% daga $470&nbsp;miliyan a 2009 zuwa $291&nbsp;miliyan 2010 saboda $ 188&nbsp;karuwar miliyan na cajin bakan rediyo a Indiya da ƙaruwar dala 106&nbsp;miliyan a cikin riba bashi. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Tripathy |first=Devidutta |last2=Goma |first2=Eman |date=8 June 2010 |title=Bharti closes $9 billion Zain Africa deal |url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-zain-bharti-idUSTRE6570VJ20100608 |access-date=7 September 2014 |website=[[Reuters]] |publisher=Reuters}}</ref> == Sake suna ===L [[File:The_ship_like_building_of_Airtel_headquarter.jpg|thumb|Airtel Tanzania HQ]] A ranar 18 ga Nuwamban shekarar 2010, Airtel ya sake yin suna a Indiya a matakin farko na dabarun sake fasalin duniya. Kamfanin ya ƙaddamar da wani sabon tambari mai ɗauke da ‘airtel’ da aka rubuta da kananan harafi. Kamfanin da ke London mai suna [[The Brand Union]] ne ya tsara shi, sabuwar tambarin ita ce harafin 'a' a cikin ƙananan haruffa, tare da 'airtel' da aka rubuta a cikin ƙananan haruffa a ƙarƙashin tambarin.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2010-11-19 |title=Airtel dons a new look, plans to be closer to consumers across the globe > afaqs! news & features |url=http://www.afaqs.com/news/story.html?sid=28828_Airtel+dons+a+new+look+plans+to+be+closer+to+consumers+across+the+globe |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120611191547/http://www.afaqs.com/news/story.html?sid=28828_Airtel+dons+a+new+look+plans+to+be+closer+to+consumers+across+the+globe |archive-date=11 June 2012 |access-date=2012-06-28 |publisher=Afaqs.com}}</ref> == Warid Uganda saye == Airtel ya sami kasuwancin Warid na [[Uganda]] a cikin 2013. <ref>{{Cite web |date=2013-05-13 |title=Uganda regulator clears Airtel's Warid Telecom acquisition |url=http://www.livemint.com/Industry/p7C9SHRAcudSGxRV2OI7VL/Uganda-regulator-clears-Airtels-Warid-Telecom-acquisition.html |access-date=2014-04-19 |publisher=Mint}}</ref> == Farashin Telecom Seychelles == A ranar 11 ga Agustan shekarar 2010, Bharti Airtel ya sanar da cewa zai mallaki 100% na hannun jari a [[Seychelles]] Telecom akan dalar Amurka $62.&nbsp;miliyan ɗaya ɗauka kasancewarsa a duniya zuwa kasashe 19. Telecom Seychelles ta fara aiki a cikin 1998 kuma tana aiki da 3G, Fixed Line, jirgin ruwa zuwa gaɓar sabis na wayar tauraron dan adam, a cikin ƙarin sabis ɗin da aka ƙara kamar VSAT da Ƙofar Titin Ƙasa da Ƙasa a Seychelles a ƙarƙashin alamar Airtel. Kamfanin yana da sama da kashi 57% na kasuwar wayar hannu ta Seychelles. <ref name="Bharti Airtel to buy Telecom Seychelles for Rs 288 crore" /> Kamfanin Airtel ya sanar da shirin zuba jarin dalar Amurka 10&nbsp;miliyan a cikin ƙayyadaddun hanyar sadarwa da sadarwar wayar hannu a cikin Seychelles sama da shekaru uku, yayin da kuma ke shiga cikin aikin tashar jirgin ruwa na Seychelles Gabashin Afirka (SEAS). US $34&nbsp;miliyan aikin SEAS na da nufin inganta haɗin gwiwar Seychelles ta duniya ta hanyar gina 2,000&nbsp;hanyar haɗin kai mai tsayin kilomita ƙarƙashin teku zuwa Dar es Salaam a [[Tanzaniya]]. <ref>{{Cite web |date=18 August 2010 |title=USD10m plan for Airtel Seychelles; Bharti announces commitment to SEAS cable |url=http://www.telegeography.com/cu/article.php?article_id=34109&email=html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200726185625/https://www.telegeography.com/cu/article.php?article_id=34109&email=html |archive-date=26 July 2020 |access-date=18 September 2012 |publisher=Telegeography.com}}</ref> == Tigo Rwanda saye == Kamfanin na Bharti Airtel ya samu lasisin gudanar da ayyukan wayar hannu <ref>{{Cite web |last=Pandey |first=Navadha |date=19 December 2017 |title=Airtel's Rwanda unit to buy Millicom subsidiary Tigo Rwanda |url=https://www.livemint.com/Industry/D0nXYu3bNZWqknJV7nTERO/Bharti-Airtel-to-buy-Millicoms-operations-in-Rwanda.html |access-date=4 October 2021 |website=mint |language=en}}</ref> Satumbar 2011. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Aulakh |first=Gulveen |date=30 December 2017 |title=Bharti Airtel signs agreement to buy Millicom's operations in Rwanda |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/company/corporate-trends/bharti-airtel-signs-agreement-to-buy-millicoms-operations-in-rwanda/articleshow/62128734.cms |access-date=4 October 2021 |website=The Economic Times}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |date=14 September 2011 |title=Bharti Airtel Rwanda entry seen spurring price war |url=https://www.reuters.com/article/rwanda-telecoms-idINL5E7KE0ZK20110914 |access-date=4 October 2021 |website=Reuters |language=en}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |date=30 March 2012 |title=Airtel launches mobile services in Rwanda |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/industry/telecom/airtel-launches-mobile-services-in-rwanda/articleshow/12471710.cms |access-date=4 October 2021 |website=The Economic Times}}</ref> ya kaddamar da sabis a ranar 30 ga Maris 2012. Airtel shi ne na biyu mafi girma na sadarwar wayar hannu a Ruwanda yana da kashi 40% na kasuwa. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Kurup |first=Rajesh |date=19 December 2017 |title=Bharti Airtel to acquire Millicom's operations in Rwanda |url=https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/info-tech/bharti-airtel-to-acquire-millicoms-operations-in-rwanda/article9996165.ece |access-date=4 October 2021 |website=The Hindu Business Line |language=en}}</ref> Kamfanin ya yi aiki a matsayin Airtel-Tigo bayan haɗewar, har sai da aka mayar da ita a matsayin Airtel Rwanda a cikin Janairu 2020. <ref>{{Cite web |date=16 January 2020 |title=Airtel-Tigo rebrands, launches new campaign |url=https://www.newtimes.co.rw/business/airtel-tigo-rebrands-launches-new-campaign |access-date=21 October 2021 |website=The New Times |language=en}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |title=Airtel-Tigo becomes Airtel Rwanda |url=https://www.commsupdate.com/articles/2020/01/20/airtel-tigo-becomes-airtel-rwanda/ |access-date=21 October 2021 |website=telegeography.com}}</ref> == IPO == Kamfanin Bharti Airtel ya sanar a ranar 4 ga watan Yunin shekarar 2019 cewa zai nemi tara dala miliyan 750 ta hanyar ba da kyauta ga jama'a na Airtel Africa wanda a karkashinsa za a sanya kamfanin a kasuwar hada-hadar hannayen jari ta London.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Airtel Africa to raise $750 mn via IPO, eyes London listing - ET Telecom |url=https://telecom.economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/airtel-africa-to-raise-750-mn-via-ipo-eyes-london-listing/69644888 |access-date=4 June 2019 |website=ETTelecom.com |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=4 June 2019 |title=Airtel Africa to raise ₹5,000 cr via IPO, eyes London listing |url=https://www.thehindu.com/business/Industry/airtel-africa-to-raise-5000-cr-via-ipo-eyes-london-listing/article27436552.ece |access-date=4 June 2019 |website=The Hindu |language=en-IN}}</ref> == Ƙasashen ayyuka == Airtel Africa yana aiki a kasashe kamar haka: {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: left; " ! style="width:12%;" |Country !Subsidiary !Remarks |- ! class="table-rh" {{rh}} |{{Flagu|Chad}} |Airtel Tchad S.A. |Airtel Chad is the #1 operator with 43% market share.<ref name="Zain.com">{{Cite web |title=Airtel Chad |url=https://www.commsupdate.com/articles/2016/05/31/orange-in-talks-with-mic-over-potential-takeovers-in-africa/}}</ref> |- ! class="table-rh" {{rh}} |{{Flagu|Democratic Republic of the Congo}} |Airtel Congo RDC S.A. |Airtel had 1 million customers in 2014.<ref>{{Cite web |date=8 December 2014 |title=Airtel Money has 1M revenue-earning users in DRC |url=https://www.mobileworldlive.com/money/news-money/airtel-money-1m-revenue-earning-users-drc |access-date=21 October 2021 |publisher=Mobile World Live}}</ref> |- ! class="table-rh" {{rh}} |{{Flagu|Gabon}} |Airtel Gabon S.A. |Airtel Gabon has 829,000 customers and its market share stood at 61%.<ref>{{Cite web |title=African operators |url=http://www.ametw.com/free_news_AfricanOperators.html#Zain5 |publisher=AMETW.com }}{{Dead link|date=June 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> |- ! class="table-rh" {{rh}} |{{Flagu|Kenya}} |Airtel Kenya Ltd. |Airtel Kenya is the second largest operator and has about 9 million customers.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2011-01-14 |title=Airtel Kenya grows subscriber base to four million; 3G network to launch in March |url=http://www.telegeography.com/cu/article.php?article_id=35816&email=html |access-date=2012-06-28 |publisher=Telegeography.com }}{{Dead link|date=December 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> |- ! class="table-rh" {{rh}} |{{Flagu|Madagascar}} |Airtel Madagascar S.A. |Airtel holds second place in the mobile telecom market in Madagascar, has a 39% market share and over 1.4&nbsp;million customers.<ref name="Zain.com" /> |- ! class="table-rh" {{rh}} |{{Flagu|Malawi}} |Airtel Malawi Plc |Airtel Malawi is the market leader with a market share of 72%.<ref name="Zain.com" /> |- ! class="table-rh" {{rh}} |{{Flagu|Niger}} |Celtel Niger S.A. |Airtel Niger is the market leader with a 68% market share.<ref name="Zain.com" /> |- ! class="table-rh" {{rh}} |{{Flagu|Nigeria}} |Airtel Networks Limited |Airtel is the 3rd largest operator with 33,376,556 subscribers, behind Globacom (37,268,483) and MTN Nigeria (61,280,293) as of Nov 2016.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Bello |first=Muhammed |title=Industry Statistics |url=http://ncc.gov.ng/stakeholder/statistics-reports/industry-overview#gsm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161225095934/http://www.ncc.gov.ng/stakeholder/statistics-reports/industry-overview#gsm |archive-date=25 December 2016 |access-date=2017-09-10 |website=ncc.gov.ng |language=en-GB}}</ref> |- ! class="table-rh" {{rh}} |{{Flagu|Republic of the Congo}} |Airtel Congo B |Airtel Congo is the market leader with a 55% market share.<ref name="Zain.com" /> |- ! class="table-rh" {{rh}} |{{Flagu|Rwanda}} |Airtel Rwanda |Airtel launched services in Rwanda on 30 March 2012. |- ! class="table-rh" {{rh}} |{{Flagu|Seychelles}} |Airtel Seychelles |Airtel has over 55% market share of mobile market in Seychelles.<ref>{{Cite web |date=1997-10-24 |title=About us &#124; Airtel (Seychelles) – Mobile Phones, Mobile Internet, Broadband, Email, Blackberry & Roaming |url=http://www.airtel.sc/about-us |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100828220024/http://www.airtel.sc/about-us |archive-date=28 August 2010 |access-date=2010-08-23 |publisher=Airtel.sc}}</ref> |- ! class="table-rh" {{rh}} |{{Flagu|Tanzania}} |Airtel Tanzania Limited |Airtel Tanzania is the market leader with a 30% market share.<ref>{{Cite web |date=28 May 2015 |title=Tanzania is betting big on 4G by taking back a Bharti-Airtel stake in the state telco |url=http://qz.com/413597/tanzania-is-betting-big-on-4g-by-taking-back-a-bharti-airtel-stake-in-the-state-telco/ |access-date=2016-01-08 |website=Quartz |language=en-US |archive-date=2016-01-02 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160102023255/http://qz.com/413597/tanzania-is-betting-big-on-4g-by-taking-back-a-bharti-airtel-stake-in-the-state-telco/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> |- ! class="table-rh" {{rh}} |{{Flagu|Uganda}} |Airtel Uganda Limited |Airtel Uganda stands as the #2 operator with a market share of 38%.<ref name="Zain.com" /> |- ! class="table-rh" {{rh}} |{{Flagu|Zambia}} |Airtel Zambia PLC |Airtel Zambia has a 40.5% market share.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Investor Relations FAQs |url=https://www.airtel.co.zm/home_investor_zm#:~:text=As%20of%20Nov%202017%2C%20Airtel,a%2040.5%25%20subscriber%20market%20share. |access-date=20 July 2021 |website=Airtel Zambia}}</ref> |} === Tsoffin ayyuka === ==== Burkina Faso da Saliyo ==== Airtel ya fara aiki a [[Burkina Faso]] da [[Saliyo]] bayan samun ayyukan Zain na Afirka a watan Yunin 2010. <ref name="reuters.com">{{Cite web |date=15 February 2010 |title=Bharti Airtel bidding US$10.7B for Zain's Africa mobile ops |url=https://www.reuters.com/article/urnidgns852573c400693880482576cb0007322f-idUS151558389120100215 |access-date=21 October 2021 |website=Reuters |language=en}}</ref> Airtel da kamfanin sadarwa na Faransa Orange SA sun rattaba hannu kan wata yarjejeniya a watan Yulin 2015 don siyar da ayyukan tsohon a Burkina Faso, Saliyo, Chadi da Kongo-Brazzaville ga karshen. A watan Janairun 2016 ne Airtel ya sanar da cewa ya kulla yarjejeniyar sayar da ayyukansa a Burkina Faso da Saliyo ga Orange. Ba a bayyana darajar yarjejeniyar ba, amma manazarta sun kiyasta ta kai dalar Amurka miliyan 800-900. Yarjejeniyar sayar da aiki a Chadi da Kongo-Brazzaville ta ci tura. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Reporter |first=B. S. |date=14 January 2016 |title=Airtel to sell 2 African operations to Orange |url=http://www.business-standard.com/article/companies/bharti-airtel-sells-burkina-sierra-leone-biz-to-orange-116011300126_1.html |access-date=3 March 2017 |website=Business Standard India}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |date=13 January 2016 |title=Airtel signs deal to sell two African operations to France's Orange |url=http://www.firstpost.com/business/airtel-signs-deal-to-sell-two-african-operations-to-frances-orange-2581888.html |access-date=3 March 2017 |website=Firstpost}}</ref> Orange ya karɓi iko da ayyuka a Burkina Faso a watan Yuni 2016 da Saliyo a Yuli 2016. <ref>{{Cite web |date=19 July 2016 |title=Airtel closes sale of its unit in Sierra Leone to France's Orange |url=http://economictimes.indiatimes.com/industry/tech/hardware/airtel-closes-sale-of-its-unit-in-sierra-leone-to-frances-orange/articleshow/53291015.cms |access-date=3 March 2017 |website=The Economic Times}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |last=Lead |first=Telecom |date=19 July 2016 |title=Orange completes Airtel deal in Sierra Leone {{!}} TelecomLead |url=http://www.telecomlead.com/telecom-services/orange-completes-airtel-deal-sierra-leone-70070 |access-date=3 March 2017 |website=TelecomLead}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |date=3 March 2017 |title=Orange announces 100% takeover of Airtel in Burkina Faso |url=http://www.africanews.com/2016/06/23/orange-announce-100-percent-takeover-of-airtel-in-burkina-faso/ |access-date=3 March 2017 |website=Africanews}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |date=3 March 2017 |title=Orange announces 100% takeover of Airtel in Sierra Leone |url=http://www.africanews.com/2016/07/21/orange-announces-100-percent-takeover-of-airtel-in-sierra-leone/ |access-date=3 March 2017 |website=Africanews}}</ref> ==== Ghana ==== Airtel ya fara aiki a [[Ghana]] bayan ya mallaki ayyukan Zain na Afirka a watan Yuni 2010. <ref name="reuters.com"/> A ranar 4 ga Maris ɗin shekarar 2017, Airtel da Millicom International Cellular sun amince su hade ayyukansu a Ghana (Airtel Ghana Ltd da Tigo Ghana Ltd) don samar da kamfanin sadarwa na wayar salula na biyu mafi girma a kasar, tare da kamfanonin biyu suna da hannun jari daidai a cikin hadakar. <ref name="ET1"/> <ref>{{Cite web |date=3 March 2017 |title=Airtel, Millicom sign pact to combine Ghana operations |url=http://www.livemint.com/Companies/jFs45g0EN7ejTK9vlBOdhJ/Airtel-Millicom-sign-pact-to-combine-Ghana-operations.html |website=Mint}}</ref> A ranar 27 ga Oktoba 2020, Airtel ya sanar da cewa yana shirin barin kasuwancinsa a Ghana, kuma ya shiga cikin "tsalle-tsalle na tattaunawa" don sayar da hannun jari a AirtelTigo ga [[Gwamnatin Ghana]] . <ref>{{Cite web |date=28 October 2020 |title=Ghana government in talks to takeover AirtelTigo shares |url=https://www.reuters.com/article/ghana-airtel-idINKBN27D29P |access-date=16 March 2021 |website=Reuters |language=en}}</ref> An sayar da AirtelTigo Ghana a watan Oktoba 2020 ga gwamnatin Ghana kan dala miliyan 25. <ref name="AirtelgoSold">{{Cite web |last=Mingas |first=Mingas |date=29 October 2020 |title=Ghanaian government buys AirtelTigo for $25 million |url=https://www.capacitymedia.com/articles/3826793/ghanaian-government-buys-airteltigo-for-25-million |access-date=3 April 2021 |website=Capacity Media |language=en |archive-date=3 May 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210503105527/https://www.capacitymedia.com/articles/3826793/ghanaian-government-buys-airteltigo-for-25-million |url-status=dead }}</ref> == Network Daya == [[Fayil:Bharti_Airtel_countries_of_operations.svg|thumb|250x250px|Taswirorin da ke nuna labaran Airtel a duniya]] Daya Network wata hanyar sadarwa ce ta wayar salula wacce ke baiwa abokan huldar Airtel damar amfani da wannan sabis a kasashe da dama a kan farashin gidansu. Abokan ciniki za su iya yin kira mai fita daidai da ƙimar cibiyar sadarwar su, kuma kira mai shigowa kyauta ne. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Bafna |first=Sanjay |date=15 November 2012 |title=AIRTEL Customers in AFRICA to Get FREE Incoming Calls While International Roaming in India, Sri Lanka and Bangladesh |url=http://telecomtalk.info/airtel-cuctomers-africa-free-incoming-calls-international-roaming-india-sri-lanka-bangladesh/102789/#more-102789 |access-date=15 June 2013 |publisher=Telecomtalk.info}}</ref> {{As of|2021}} , ana samun sabis ɗin a Bangladesh, Burkina Faso, Chad, Democratic Republic of Congo, Congo Brazzaville, Gabon, India, Kenya, Madagascar, Niger, Nigeria, Rwanda, Seychelles, Saliyo, Sri Lanka, Tanzania, Uganda, da Zambia. <ref>{{Cite web |year=2014 |title=One Network Services |url=http://africa.airtel.com/wps/wcm/connect/africarevamp/malawi/home/personal/voice-and-text/voice/one-network |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140721033945/http://www.africa.airtel.com/wps/wcm/connect/AfricaRevamp/malawi/home/personal/voice-and-text/voice/one-network |archive-date=21 July 2014 |access-date=7 September 2014 |publisher=Airtel}}</ref> <ref name="AirtelgoSold"/> == Sayar da wani bangare na kudin Airtel == A cikin Maris ɗin shekarar 2021, Airtel Africa ya sayar da wasu tsirarun ƴan tsirarun kasuwancin sa na Airtel Money, ga wani kamfani mai zaman kansa na San Francisco TPG Capital, akan farashin kwangilar dalar Amurka miliyan 200. TPG na zuba jari a cikin kasuwancin Airtel Money na Airtel Africa, ta hannun reshensa, ''The Arise Fund'' . <ref name="AMR">{{Cite web |last=Victor Juma |date=19 March 2021 |title=Airtel sells mobile money service stake to PE firm for Sh21 billion |url=https://www.businessdailyafrica.com/bd/corporate/companies/airtel-sells-mobile-money-service-pe-firm-for-sh21-billion-3327878 |access-date=19 March 2021}}</ref> Ba da daɗewa ba, a farkon Afrilu 2021, Airtel Africa ya sayar da ƙarin ƙaramin hannun jari na Airtel Money zuwa Mastercard akan dalar Amurka miliyan 100. <ref name="AMM">{{Cite web |last=Tage Kene-Okafor |date=1 April 2021 |title=Airtel Africa receives $100M for its mobile money business from Mastercard |url=https://techcrunch.com/2021/04/01/airtel-africa-receives-additional-100m-for-its-mobile-money-business-from-mastercard/ |access-date=12 April 2021}}</ref> == Duba kuma == * airtel India * airtel Sri Lanka * airtel Bangladesh == Manazarta == {{Reflist|30em}} [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] az0e72b85du8f5dh6zok6ell688iyc0 0 52743 895434 840605 2026-08-12T08:19:53Z Maryam Abdullahi Y 43904 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1345911229|JJC Skillz]]" 895434 wikitext text/x-wiki   '''Abdulrasheed Bello''' (an haife shi a ranar 4 ga Afrilu 1977, [[Kano (birni)|Kano]]) wanda aka fi sani da Skillz ko JJC Skillz dan Najeriya ne, mawaƙi, marubucin waƙa, mai shirya rikodin, kuma mai shirya talabijin. JJC Skillz ya sami karbuwa a Najeriya bayan da aka saki daya daga cikin waƙoƙinsa, "We Are Africans," waƙar [[Afrobeats]]. Kafin nasarar "Mu 'yan Afirka ne," Skillz ya kasance furodusa ga kamfanin rikodin hip-hop na Burtaniya da ƙungiyar kiɗa Big Brovaz . A watan Disamba na shekara ta 2002, ya fitar da kundi na farko, Atide, kundi na gwaji tare da kalmomi a cikin harsunan Turanci da Najeriya kuma ya rinjayi hip hop, Afirka, da salon kiɗa na salsa. Ya hada kai da tsohuwar matarsa, [[Funke Akindele]] Industreet, wani shirin talabijin game da masana'antar kiɗa ta Najeriya. == Ayyuka == An haifi Bello a [[Kano (birni)|Kano]] kuma ya bar Najeriya zuwa Burtaniya lokacin da yake dan shekara goma sha huɗu. Ya ci gaba da girmamawa da godiya ga kiɗa, sannu a hankali, daga rikodin kiɗa na ƙasar mahaifinsa da [[Kidan Jujú|kiɗa na juju]]. A Burtaniya, an jawo shi zuwa kiɗa na hip-hop kuma nan da nan ya kafa ƙungiyar kiɗa tare da aboki; bayan haka, sun fara yin wasan kwaikwayo a wasan kwaikwayo.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=JJC |url=http://www.africanmusiciansprofiles.com/jjc.htm |access-date=2019-08-29 |website=www.africanmusiciansprofiles.com}}</ref> Sunan sa na mataki, JJC, yana nufin Johnny Just Come, kalmar da 'yan Najeriya ke amfani da ita don bayyana sababbin masu zuwa birni.<ref name=":0" /> Babban aikin samar da Bello na farko shine ya kafa Big Brovas Records da Big Brovas Collective. A shekara ta 2004, ya saki Atide, kundi na farko tare da tawagar 419. Ayyukansa sun hada da Weird MC's Ijoya, Pu Yanga ta Tillaman, da Morile ta Buoqui.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Nigeriaworld -- Return of JJC (aka Skillz) |url=https://nigeriaworld.com/columnist/fajemisin/101909.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190829235119/https://nigeriaworld.com/columnist/fajemisin/101909.html |archive-date=2019-08-29 |access-date=2019-08-29 |website=nigeriaworld.com}}</ref> Ya kuma zo wurin kiɗa na Afirka, yana ƙirƙirar ayyukan kamar Afropean (haɗin Afro-Turai) da Afrobeats . A shekara ta 2013, ya lashe kyautar mafi kyawun ɗan wasan ƙasa da ƙasa a kyautar nishaɗin Najeriya. Ya kirkiro wata babbar kungiya ta Afirka da ake kira JJC da tawagar 419. Wannan rukuni ya lashe lambar yabo ta Kora All African music a shekarar 2014 == Rayuwa ta mutum == Kafin aurensa da Akindele, Bello ya haifi 'ya'ya uku daga uwaye uku daban-daban. Ya auri [[Funke Akindele]] a shekarar 2016.<ref>{{Cite web |date=11 September 2017 |title=Funke Akindele Husband Biography |url=https://www.informationng.com/2017/09/funke-akindele-husband-biography.html |website=Information Nigeria}}</ref> A cikin 2018, ma'auratan sun haifi tagwaye. A watan Yunin 2022, Bello ya sanar a shafinsa na Instagram cewa ma'auratan sun yanke shawarar bin rayuwarsu daban. Mai gabatar da kiɗa a asirce ya auri amarya ta Ebira a jihar Kano a watan Maris na shekara ta 2023. == Bayanan da aka ambata == <templatestyles src="Reflist/styles.css" />{{Reflist}} [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1977]] 5kcwc3bnan82rmsoutlzogzxaqtlb9d 895438 895434 2026-08-12T08:35:36Z Ummun Sultan 23935 895438 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''Abdulrasheed Bello''' (an haife shi a ranar 4 ga Afrilu 1977, [[Kano (birni)|Kano]]) wanda aka fi sani da Skillz ko JJC Skillz dan Najeriya ne, mawaƙi, marubucin waƙa, mai shirya rikodin, kuma mai shirya talabijin. JJC Skillz ya sami karbuwa a Najeriya bayan da aka saki daya daga cikin waƙoƙinsa, "We Are Africans," waƙar [[Afrobeats]]. Kafin nasarar "Mu 'yan Afirka ne," Skillz ya kasance furodusa ga kamfanin rikodin hip-hop na Burtaniya da ƙungiyar kiɗa Big Brovaz . A watan Disamba na shekara ta 2002, ya fitar da kundi na farko, Atide, kundi na gwaji tare da kalmomi a cikin harsunan Turanci da Najeriya kuma ya rinjayi hip hop, Afirka, da salon kiɗa na salsa. Ya hada kai da tsohuwar matarsa, [[Funke Akindele]] Industreet, wani shirin talabijin game da masana'antar kiɗa ta Najeriya. == Ayyuka == An haifi Bello a [[Kano (birni)|Kano]] kuma ya bar Najeriya zuwa Burtaniya lokacin da yake dan shekara goma sha huɗu. Ya ci gaba da girmamawa da godiya ga kiɗa, sannu a hankali, daga rikodin kiɗa na ƙasar mahaifinsa da [[Kidan Jujú|kiɗa na juju]]. A Burtaniya, an jawo shi zuwa kiɗa na hip-hop kuma nan da nan ya kafa ƙungiyar kiɗa tare da aboki; bayan haka, sun fara yin wasan kwaikwayo a wasan kwaikwayo.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=JJC |url=http://www.africanmusiciansprofiles.com/jjc.htm |access-date=2019-08-29 |website=www.africanmusiciansprofiles.com}}</ref> Sunan sa na mataki, JJC, yana nufin Johnny Just Come, kalmar da 'yan Najeriya ke amfani da ita don bayyana sababbin masu zuwa birni.<ref name=":0" /> Babban aikin samar da Bello na farko shine ya kafa Big Brovas Records da Big Brovas Collective. A shekara ta 2004, ya saki Atide, kundi na farko tare da tawagar 419. Ayyukansa sun hada da Weird MC's Ijoya, Pu Yanga ta Tillaman, da Morile ta Buoqui.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Nigeriaworld -- Return of JJC (aka Skillz) |url=https://nigeriaworld.com/columnist/fajemisin/101909.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190829235119/https://nigeriaworld.com/columnist/fajemisin/101909.html |archive-date=2019-08-29 |access-date=2019-08-29 |website=nigeriaworld.com}}</ref> Ya kuma zo wurin kiɗa na Afirka, yana ƙirƙirar ayyukan kamar Afropean (haɗin Afro-Turai) da Afrobeats . A shekara ta 2013, ya lashe kyautar mafi kyawun ɗan wasan ƙasa da ƙasa a kyautar nishaɗin Najeriya. Ya kirkiro wata babbar kungiya ta Afirka da ake kira JJC da tawagar 419. Wannan rukuni ya lashe lambar yabo ta Kora All African music a shekarar 2014 == Rayuwa ta mutum == Kafin aurensa da Akindele, Bello ya haifi 'ya'ya uku daga uwaye uku daban-daban. Ya auri [[Funke Akindele]] a shekarar 2016.<ref>{{Cite web |date=11 September 2017 |title=Funke Akindele Husband Biography |url=https://www.informationng.com/2017/09/funke-akindele-husband-biography.html |website=Information Nigeria}}</ref> A cikin 2018, ma'auratan sun haifi tagwaye. A watan Yunin 2022, Bello ya sanar a shafinsa na Instagram cewa ma'auratan sun yanke shawarar bin rayuwarsu daban. Mai gabatar da kiɗa a asirce ya auri amarya ta Ebira a jihar Kano a watan Maris na shekara ta 2023. == Bayanan da aka ambata == <templatestyles src="Reflist/styles.css" />{{Reflist}} [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1977]] jn0ckdnx5c718v4puwv4ni5dvq1c1tc 895507 895438 2026-08-12T10:06:11Z Ummun Sultan 23935 895507 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''Abdulrasheed Bello''' (an haife shi a ranar 4 ga Afrilun shekarar 1977, [[Kano (birni)|Kano]]) wanda aka fi sani da Skillz ko JJC Skillz dan Najeriya ne, mawaƙi, marubucin waƙa, mai shirya rikodin, kuma mai shirya talabijin. JJC Skillz ya sami karbuwa a Najeriya bayan da aka saki daya daga cikin waƙoƙinsa, "We Are Africans," waƙar [[Afrobeats]]. Kafin nasarar "Mu 'yan Afirka ne," Skillz ya kasance furodusa ga kamfanin rikodin hip-hop na Burtaniya da ƙungiyar kiɗa Big Brovaz . A watan Disamba na shekara ta 2002, ya fitar da kundi na farko, Atide, kundi na gwaji tare da kalmomi a cikin harsunan Turanci da Najeriya kuma ya rinjayi hip hop, Afirka, da salon kiɗa na salsa. Ya hada kai da tsohuwar matarsa, [[Funke Akindele]] Industreet, wani shirin talabijin game da masana'antar kiɗa ta Najeriya. == Ayyuka == An haifi Bello a [[Kano (birni)|Kano]] kuma ya bar Najeriya zuwa Burtaniya lokacin da yake dan shekara goma sha huɗu. Ya ci gaba da girmamawa da godiya ga kiɗa, sannu a hankali, daga rikodin kiɗa na ƙasar mahaifinsa da [[Kidan Jujú|kiɗa na juju]]. A Burtaniya, an jawo shi zuwa kiɗa na hip-hop kuma nan da nan ya kafa ƙungiyar kiɗa tare da aboki; bayan haka, sun fara yin wasan kwaikwayo a wasan kwaikwayo.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=JJC |url=http://www.africanmusiciansprofiles.com/jjc.htm |access-date=2019-08-29 |website=www.africanmusiciansprofiles.com}}</ref> Sunan sa na mataki, JJC, yana nufin Johnny Just Come, kalmar da 'yan Najeriya ke amfani da ita don bayyana sababbin masu zuwa birni.<ref name=":0" /> Babban aikin samar da Bello na farko shine ya kafa Big Brovas Records da Big Brovas Collective. A shekara ta 2004, ya saki Atide, kundi na farko tare da tawagar 419. Ayyukansa sun hada da Weird MC's Ijoya, Pu Yanga ta Tillaman, da Morile ta Buoqui.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Nigeriaworld -- Return of JJC (aka Skillz) |url=https://nigeriaworld.com/columnist/fajemisin/101909.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190829235119/https://nigeriaworld.com/columnist/fajemisin/101909.html |archive-date=2019-08-29 |access-date=2019-08-29 |website=nigeriaworld.com}}</ref> Ya kuma zo wurin kiɗa na Afirka, yana ƙirƙirar ayyukan kamar Afropean (haɗin Afro-Turai) da Afrobeats . A shekara ta 2013, ya lashe kyautar mafi kyawun ɗan wasan ƙasa da ƙasa a kyautar nishaɗin Najeriya. Ya kirkiro wata babbar kungiya ta Afirka da ake kira JJC da tawagar 419. Wannan rukuni ya lashe lambar yabo ta Kora All African music a shekarar 2014 == Rayuwa ta mutum == Kafin aurensa da Akindele, Bello ya haifi 'ya'ya uku daga uwaye uku daban-daban. Ya auri [[Funke Akindele]] a shekarar 2016.<ref>{{Cite web |date=11 September 2017 |title=Funke Akindele Husband Biography |url=https://www.informationng.com/2017/09/funke-akindele-husband-biography.html |website=Information Nigeria}}</ref> A cikin 2018, ma'auratan sun haifi tagwaye. A watan Yunin 2022, Bello ya sanar a shafinsa na Instagram cewa ma'auratan sun yanke shawarar bin rayuwarsu daban. Mai gabatar da kiɗa a asirce ya auri amarya ta Ebira a jihar Kano a watan Maris na shekara ta 2023. == Bayanan da aka ambata == <templatestyles src="Reflist/styles.css" />{{Reflist}} [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1977]] 419srttr6gorbt2ukjehqk4ub0woaoa 895508 895507 2026-08-12T10:06:20Z Ummun Sultan 23935 895508 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''Abdulrasheed Bello''' (an haife shi a ranar 4 ga Afrilun shekarar 1977, [[Kano (birni)|Kano]]) wanda aka fi sani da Skillz ko JJC Skillz dan Najeriya ne, mawaƙi, marubucin waƙa, mai shirya rikodin, kuma mai shirya talabijin. JJC Skillz ya sami karbuwa a Najeriya bayan da aka saki ɗaya daga cikin waƙoƙinsa, "We Are Africans," waƙar [[Afrobeats]]. Kafin nasarar "Mu 'yan Afirka ne," Skillz ya kasance furodusa ga kamfanin rikodin hip-hop na Burtaniya da ƙungiyar kiɗa Big Brovaz . A watan Disamba na shekara ta 2002, ya fitar da kundi na farko, Atide, kundi na gwaji tare da kalmomi a cikin harsunan Turanci da Najeriya kuma ya rinjayi hip hop, Afirka, da salon kiɗa na salsa. Ya hada kai da tsohuwar matarsa, [[Funke Akindele]] Industreet, wani shirin talabijin game da masana'antar kiɗa ta Najeriya. == Ayyuka == An haifi Bello a [[Kano (birni)|Kano]] kuma ya bar Najeriya zuwa Burtaniya lokacin da yake dan shekara goma sha huɗu. Ya ci gaba da girmamawa da godiya ga kiɗa, sannu a hankali, daga rikodin kiɗa na ƙasar mahaifinsa da [[Kidan Jujú|kiɗa na juju]]. A Burtaniya, an jawo shi zuwa kiɗa na hip-hop kuma nan da nan ya kafa ƙungiyar kiɗa tare da aboki; bayan haka, sun fara yin wasan kwaikwayo a wasan kwaikwayo.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=JJC |url=http://www.africanmusiciansprofiles.com/jjc.htm |access-date=2019-08-29 |website=www.africanmusiciansprofiles.com}}</ref> Sunan sa na mataki, JJC, yana nufin Johnny Just Come, kalmar da 'yan Najeriya ke amfani da ita don bayyana sababbin masu zuwa birni.<ref name=":0" /> Babban aikin samar da Bello na farko shine ya kafa Big Brovas Records da Big Brovas Collective. A shekara ta 2004, ya saki Atide, kundi na farko tare da tawagar 419. Ayyukansa sun hada da Weird MC's Ijoya, Pu Yanga ta Tillaman, da Morile ta Buoqui.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Nigeriaworld -- Return of JJC (aka Skillz) |url=https://nigeriaworld.com/columnist/fajemisin/101909.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190829235119/https://nigeriaworld.com/columnist/fajemisin/101909.html |archive-date=2019-08-29 |access-date=2019-08-29 |website=nigeriaworld.com}}</ref> Ya kuma zo wurin kiɗa na Afirka, yana ƙirƙirar ayyukan kamar Afropean (haɗin Afro-Turai) da Afrobeats . A shekara ta 2013, ya lashe kyautar mafi kyawun ɗan wasan ƙasa da ƙasa a kyautar nishaɗin Najeriya. Ya kirkiro wata babbar kungiya ta Afirka da ake kira JJC da tawagar 419. Wannan rukuni ya lashe lambar yabo ta Kora All African music a shekarar 2014 == Rayuwa ta mutum == Kafin aurensa da Akindele, Bello ya haifi 'ya'ya uku daga uwaye uku daban-daban. Ya auri [[Funke Akindele]] a shekarar 2016.<ref>{{Cite web |date=11 September 2017 |title=Funke Akindele Husband Biography |url=https://www.informationng.com/2017/09/funke-akindele-husband-biography.html |website=Information Nigeria}}</ref> A cikin 2018, ma'auratan sun haifi tagwaye. A watan Yunin 2022, Bello ya sanar a shafinsa na Instagram cewa ma'auratan sun yanke shawarar bin rayuwarsu daban. Mai gabatar da kiɗa a asirce ya auri amarya ta Ebira a jihar Kano a watan Maris na shekara ta 2023. == Bayanan da aka ambata == <templatestyles src="Reflist/styles.css" />{{Reflist}} [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1977]] ndv4q9f6fifca4h8grlzlk5zf27dy36 895509 895508 2026-08-12T10:06:33Z Ummun Sultan 23935 895509 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''Abdulrasheed Bello''' (an haife shi a ranar 4 ga Afrilun shekarar 1977, [[Kano (birni)|Kano]]) wanda aka fi sani da Skillz ko JJC Skillz dan Najeriya ne, mawaƙi, marubucin waƙa, mai shirya rikodin, kuma mai shirya talabijin. JJC Skillz ya sami karbuwa a Najeriya bayan da aka saki ɗaya daga cikin waƙoƙinsa, "We Are Africans," waƙar [[Afrobeats]]. Kafin nasarar "Mu 'yan Afirka ne," Skillz ya kasance furodusa ga kamfanin rikodin hip-hop na Burtaniya da ƙungiyar kiɗa Big Brovaz . A watan Disamba na shekara ta 2002, ya fitar da kundi na farko, Atide, kundi na gwaji tare da kalmomi a cikin harsunan Turanci da Najeriya kuma ya rinjayi hip hop, Afirka, da salon kiɗa na salsa. Ya haɗa kai da tsohuwar matarsa, [[Funke Akindele]] Industreet, wani shirin talabijin game da masana'antar kiɗa ta Najeriya. == Ayyuka == An haifi Bello a [[Kano (birni)|Kano]] kuma ya bar Najeriya zuwa Burtaniya lokacin da yake dan shekara goma sha huɗu. Ya ci gaba da girmamawa da godiya ga kiɗa, sannu a hankali, daga rikodin kiɗa na ƙasar mahaifinsa da [[Kidan Jujú|kiɗa na juju]]. A Burtaniya, an jawo shi zuwa kiɗa na hip-hop kuma nan da nan ya kafa ƙungiyar kiɗa tare da aboki; bayan haka, sun fara yin wasan kwaikwayo a wasan kwaikwayo.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=JJC |url=http://www.africanmusiciansprofiles.com/jjc.htm |access-date=2019-08-29 |website=www.africanmusiciansprofiles.com}}</ref> Sunan sa na mataki, JJC, yana nufin Johnny Just Come, kalmar da 'yan Najeriya ke amfani da ita don bayyana sababbin masu zuwa birni.<ref name=":0" /> Babban aikin samar da Bello na farko shine ya kafa Big Brovas Records da Big Brovas Collective. A shekara ta 2004, ya saki Atide, kundi na farko tare da tawagar 419. Ayyukansa sun hada da Weird MC's Ijoya, Pu Yanga ta Tillaman, da Morile ta Buoqui.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Nigeriaworld -- Return of JJC (aka Skillz) |url=https://nigeriaworld.com/columnist/fajemisin/101909.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190829235119/https://nigeriaworld.com/columnist/fajemisin/101909.html |archive-date=2019-08-29 |access-date=2019-08-29 |website=nigeriaworld.com}}</ref> Ya kuma zo wurin kiɗa na Afirka, yana ƙirƙirar ayyukan kamar Afropean (haɗin Afro-Turai) da Afrobeats . A shekara ta 2013, ya lashe kyautar mafi kyawun ɗan wasan ƙasa da ƙasa a kyautar nishaɗin Najeriya. Ya kirkiro wata babbar kungiya ta Afirka da ake kira JJC da tawagar 419. Wannan rukuni ya lashe lambar yabo ta Kora All African music a shekarar 2014 == Rayuwa ta mutum == Kafin aurensa da Akindele, Bello ya haifi 'ya'ya uku daga uwaye uku daban-daban. Ya auri [[Funke Akindele]] a shekarar 2016.<ref>{{Cite web |date=11 September 2017 |title=Funke Akindele Husband Biography |url=https://www.informationng.com/2017/09/funke-akindele-husband-biography.html |website=Information Nigeria}}</ref> A cikin 2018, ma'auratan sun haifi tagwaye. A watan Yunin 2022, Bello ya sanar a shafinsa na Instagram cewa ma'auratan sun yanke shawarar bin rayuwarsu daban. Mai gabatar da kiɗa a asirce ya auri amarya ta Ebira a jihar Kano a watan Maris na shekara ta 2023. == Bayanan da aka ambata == <templatestyles src="Reflist/styles.css" />{{Reflist}} [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1977]] 1wp9e7owqtpbv2aibi79l0ll5fjzm85 895510 895509 2026-08-12T10:06:42Z Ummun Sultan 23935 895510 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''Abdulrasheed Bello''' (an haife shi a ranar 4 ga Afrilun shekarar 1977, [[Kano (birni)|Kano]]) wanda aka fi sani da Skillz ko JJC Skillz dan Najeriya ne, mawaƙi, marubucin waƙa, mai shirya rikodin, kuma mai shirya talabijin. JJC Skillz ya sami karbuwa a Najeriya bayan da aka saki ɗaya daga cikin waƙoƙinsa, "We Are Africans," waƙar [[Afrobeats]]. Kafin nasarar "Mu 'yan Afirka ne," Skillz ya kasance furodusa ga kamfanin rikodin hip-hop na Burtaniya da ƙungiyar kiɗa Big Brovaz . A watan Disamba na shekara ta 2002, ya fitar da kundi na farko, Atide, kundi na gwaji tare da kalmomi a cikin harsunan Turanci da Najeriya kuma ya rinjayi hip hop, Afirka, da salon kiɗa na salsa. Ya haɗa kai da tsohuwar matarsa, [[Funke Akindele]] Industreet, wani shirin talabijin game da masana'antar kiɗa ta Najeriya. == Ayyuka == An kuma haifi Bello a [[Kano (birni)|Kano]] kuma ya bar Najeriya zuwa Burtaniya lokacin da yake dan shekara goma sha huɗu. Ya ci gaba da girmamawa da godiya ga kiɗa, sannu a hankali, daga rikodin kiɗa na ƙasar mahaifinsa da [[Kidan Jujú|kiɗa na juju]]. A Burtaniya, an jawo shi zuwa kiɗa na hip-hop kuma nan da nan ya kafa ƙungiyar kiɗa tare da aboki; bayan haka, sun fara yin wasan kwaikwayo a wasan kwaikwayo.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=JJC |url=http://www.africanmusiciansprofiles.com/jjc.htm |access-date=2019-08-29 |website=www.africanmusiciansprofiles.com}}</ref> Sunan sa na mataki, JJC, yana nufin Johnny Just Come, kalmar da 'yan Najeriya ke amfani da ita don bayyana sababbin masu zuwa birni.<ref name=":0" /> Babban aikin samar da Bello na farko shine ya kafa Big Brovas Records da Big Brovas Collective. A shekara ta 2004, ya saki Atide, kundi na farko tare da tawagar 419. Ayyukansa sun hada da Weird MC's Ijoya, Pu Yanga ta Tillaman, da Morile ta Buoqui.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Nigeriaworld -- Return of JJC (aka Skillz) |url=https://nigeriaworld.com/columnist/fajemisin/101909.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190829235119/https://nigeriaworld.com/columnist/fajemisin/101909.html |archive-date=2019-08-29 |access-date=2019-08-29 |website=nigeriaworld.com}}</ref> Ya kuma zo wurin kiɗa na Afirka, yana ƙirƙirar ayyukan kamar Afropean (haɗin Afro-Turai) da Afrobeats . A shekara ta 2013, ya lashe kyautar mafi kyawun ɗan wasan ƙasa da ƙasa a kyautar nishaɗin Najeriya. Ya kirkiro wata babbar kungiya ta Afirka da ake kira JJC da tawagar 419. Wannan rukuni ya lashe lambar yabo ta Kora All African music a shekarar 2014 == Rayuwa ta mutum == Kafin aurensa da Akindele, Bello ya haifi 'ya'ya uku daga uwaye uku daban-daban. Ya auri [[Funke Akindele]] a shekarar 2016.<ref>{{Cite web |date=11 September 2017 |title=Funke Akindele Husband Biography |url=https://www.informationng.com/2017/09/funke-akindele-husband-biography.html |website=Information Nigeria}}</ref> A cikin 2018, ma'auratan sun haifi tagwaye. A watan Yunin 2022, Bello ya sanar a shafinsa na Instagram cewa ma'auratan sun yanke shawarar bin rayuwarsu daban. Mai gabatar da kiɗa a asirce ya auri amarya ta Ebira a jihar Kano a watan Maris na shekara ta 2023. == Bayanan da aka ambata == <templatestyles src="Reflist/styles.css" />{{Reflist}} [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1977]] 5ct0sgyn3i6puqn9vizju0umiki754y 895511 895510 2026-08-12T10:06:58Z Ummun Sultan 23935 895511 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''Abdulrasheed Bello''' (an haife shi a ranar 4 ga Afrilun shekarar 1977, [[Kano (birni)|Kano]]) wanda aka fi sani da Skillz ko JJC Skillz dan Najeriya ne, mawaƙi, marubucin waƙa, mai shirya rikodin, kuma mai shirya talabijin. JJC Skillz ya sami karbuwa a Najeriya bayan da aka saki ɗaya daga cikin waƙoƙinsa, "We Are Africans," waƙar [[Afrobeats]]. Kafin nasarar "Mu 'yan Afirka ne," Skillz ya kasance furodusa ga kamfanin rikodin hip-hop na Burtaniya da ƙungiyar kiɗa Big Brovaz . A watan Disamba na shekara ta 2002, ya fitar da kundi na farko, Atide, kundi na gwaji tare da kalmomi a cikin harsunan Turanci da Najeriya kuma ya rinjayi hip hop, Afirka, da salon kiɗa na salsa. Ya haɗa kai da tsohuwar matarsa, [[Funke Akindele]] Industreet, wani shirin talabijin game da masana'antar kiɗa ta Najeriya. == Ayyuka == An kuma haifi Bello a [[Kano (birni)|Kano]] kuma ya bar Najeriya zuwa Burtaniya lokacin da yake dan shekara goma sha huɗu. Ya ci gaba da girmamawa da godiya ga kiɗa, sannu a hankali, daga rikodin kiɗa na ƙasar mahaifinsa da [[Kidan Jujú|kiɗa na juju]]. A Burtaniya, an jawo shi zuwa kiɗa na hip-hop kuma nan da nan ya kafa ƙungiyar kiɗa tare da aboki; bayan haka, sun fara yin wasan kwaikwayo a wasan kwaikwayo.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=JJC |url=http://www.africanmusiciansprofiles.com/jjc.htm |access-date=2019-08-29 |website=www.africanmusiciansprofiles.com}}</ref> Sunan sa na mataki, JJC, yana nufin Johnny Just Come, kalmar da 'yan Najeriya ke amfani da ita don bayyana sababbin masu zuwa birni.<ref name=":0" /> Babban aikin samar da Bello na farko shine ya kafa Big Brovas Records da Big Brovas Collective. A shekara ta 2004, ya kuma saki Atide, kundi na farko tare da tawagar 419. Ayyukansa sun hada da Weird MC's Ijoya, Pu Yanga ta Tillaman, da Morile ta Buoqui.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Nigeriaworld -- Return of JJC (aka Skillz) |url=https://nigeriaworld.com/columnist/fajemisin/101909.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190829235119/https://nigeriaworld.com/columnist/fajemisin/101909.html |archive-date=2019-08-29 |access-date=2019-08-29 |website=nigeriaworld.com}}</ref> Ya kuma zo wurin kiɗa na Afirka, yana ƙirƙirar ayyukan kamar Afropean (haɗin Afro-Turai) da Afrobeats . A shekara ta 2013, ya lashe kyautar mafi kyawun ɗan wasan ƙasa da ƙasa a kyautar nishaɗin Najeriya. Ya kirkiro wata babbar kungiya ta Afirka da ake kira JJC da tawagar 419. Wannan rukuni ya lashe lambar yabo ta Kora All African music a shekarar 2014 == Rayuwa ta mutum == Kafin aurensa da Akindele, Bello ya haifi 'ya'ya uku daga uwaye uku daban-daban. Ya auri [[Funke Akindele]] a shekarar 2016.<ref>{{Cite web |date=11 September 2017 |title=Funke Akindele Husband Biography |url=https://www.informationng.com/2017/09/funke-akindele-husband-biography.html |website=Information Nigeria}}</ref> A cikin 2018, ma'auratan sun haifi tagwaye. A watan Yunin 2022, Bello ya sanar a shafinsa na Instagram cewa ma'auratan sun yanke shawarar bin rayuwarsu daban. Mai gabatar da kiɗa a asirce ya auri amarya ta Ebira a jihar Kano a watan Maris na shekara ta 2023. == Bayanan da aka ambata == <templatestyles src="Reflist/styles.css" />{{Reflist}} [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1977]] 1jpsqr91g9tsq3bsf7glsa1m7gujqiu 895512 895511 2026-08-12T10:07:10Z Ummun Sultan 23935 895512 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''Abdulrasheed Bello''' (an haife shi a ranar 4 ga Afrilun shekarar 1977, [[Kano (birni)|Kano]]) wanda aka fi sani da Skillz ko JJC Skillz dan Najeriya ne, mawaƙi, marubucin waƙa, mai shirya rikodin, kuma mai shirya talabijin. JJC Skillz ya sami karbuwa a Najeriya bayan da aka saki ɗaya daga cikin waƙoƙinsa, "We Are Africans," waƙar [[Afrobeats]]. Kafin nasarar "Mu 'yan Afirka ne," Skillz ya kasance furodusa ga kamfanin rikodin hip-hop na Burtaniya da ƙungiyar kiɗa Big Brovaz . A watan Disamba na shekara ta 2002, ya fitar da kundi na farko, Atide, kundi na gwaji tare da kalmomi a cikin harsunan Turanci da Najeriya kuma ya rinjayi hip hop, Afirka, da salon kiɗa na salsa. Ya haɗa kai da tsohuwar matarsa, [[Funke Akindele]] Industreet, wani shirin talabijin game da masana'antar kiɗa ta Najeriya. == Ayyuka == An kuma haifi Bello a [[Kano (birni)|Kano]] kuma ya bar Najeriya zuwa Burtaniya lokacin da yake dan shekara goma sha huɗu. Ya ci gaba da girmamawa da godiya ga kiɗa, sannu a hankali, daga rikodin kiɗa na ƙasar mahaifinsa da [[Kidan Jujú|kiɗa na juju]]. A Burtaniya, an jawo shi zuwa kiɗa na hip-hop kuma nan da nan ya kafa ƙungiyar kiɗa tare da aboki; bayan haka, sun fara yin wasan kwaikwayo a wasan kwaikwayo.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=JJC |url=http://www.africanmusiciansprofiles.com/jjc.htm |access-date=2019-08-29 |website=www.africanmusiciansprofiles.com}}</ref> Sunan sa na mataki, JJC, yana nufin Johnny Just Come, kalmar da 'yan Najeriya ke amfani da ita don bayyana sababbin masu zuwa birni.<ref name=":0" /> Babban aikin samar da Bello na farko shine ya kafa Big Brovas Records da Big Brovas Collective. A shekara ta 2004, ya kuma saki Atide, kundi na farko tare da tawagar 419. Ayyukansa sun hada da Weird MC's Ijoya, Pu Yanga ta Tillaman, da Morile ta Buoqui.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Nigeriaworld -- Return of JJC (aka Skillz) |url=https://nigeriaworld.com/columnist/fajemisin/101909.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190829235119/https://nigeriaworld.com/columnist/fajemisin/101909.html |archive-date=2019-08-29 |access-date=2019-08-29 |website=nigeriaworld.com}}</ref> Ya kuma zo wurin kiɗa na Afirka, yana ƙirƙirar ayyukan kamar Afropean (haɗin Afro-Turai) da Afrobeats . A shekara ta 2013, ya lashe kyautar mafi kyawun ɗan wasan ƙasa da ƙasa a kyautar nishaɗin Najeriya. Ya ƙirƙiro wata babbar kungiya ta Afirka da ake kira JJC da tawagar 419. Wannan rukuni ya lashe lambar yabo ta Kora All African music a shekarar 2014 == Rayuwa ta mutum == Kafin aurensa da Akindele, Bello ya haifi 'ya'ya uku daga uwaye uku daban-daban. Ya auri [[Funke Akindele]] a shekarar 2016.<ref>{{Cite web |date=11 September 2017 |title=Funke Akindele Husband Biography |url=https://www.informationng.com/2017/09/funke-akindele-husband-biography.html |website=Information Nigeria}}</ref> A cikin 2018, ma'auratan sun haifi tagwaye. A watan Yunin 2022, Bello ya sanar a shafinsa na Instagram cewa ma'auratan sun yanke shawarar bin rayuwarsu daban. Mai gabatar da kiɗa a asirce ya auri amarya ta Ebira a jihar Kano a watan Maris na shekara ta 2023. == Bayanan da aka ambata == <templatestyles src="Reflist/styles.css" />{{Reflist}} [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1977]] a564j0x5eca7evdrdoiwjwb8j6xlhun 895513 895512 2026-08-12T10:07:25Z Ummun Sultan 23935 895513 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''Abdulrasheed Bello''' (an haife shi a ranar 4 ga Afrilun shekarar 1977, [[Kano (birni)|Kano]]) wanda aka fi sani da Skillz ko JJC Skillz dan Najeriya ne, mawaƙi, marubucin waƙa, mai shirya rikodin, kuma mai shirya talabijin. JJC Skillz ya sami karbuwa a Najeriya bayan da aka saki ɗaya daga cikin waƙoƙinsa, "We Are Africans," waƙar [[Afrobeats]]. Kafin nasarar "Mu 'yan Afirka ne," Skillz ya kasance furodusa ga kamfanin rikodin hip-hop na Burtaniya da ƙungiyar kiɗa Big Brovaz . A watan Disamba na shekara ta 2002, ya fitar da kundi na farko, Atide, kundi na gwaji tare da kalmomi a cikin harsunan Turanci da Najeriya kuma ya rinjayi hip hop, Afirka, da salon kiɗa na salsa. Ya haɗa kai da tsohuwar matarsa, [[Funke Akindele]] Industreet, wani shirin talabijin game da masana'antar kiɗa ta Najeriya. == Ayyuka == An kuma haifi Bello a [[Kano (birni)|Kano]] kuma ya bar Najeriya zuwa Burtaniya lokacin da yake dan shekara goma sha huɗu. Ya ci gaba da girmamawa da godiya ga kiɗa, sannu a hankali, daga rikodin kiɗa na ƙasar mahaifinsa da [[Kidan Jujú|kiɗa na juju]]. A Burtaniya, an jawo shi zuwa kiɗa na hip-hop kuma nan da nan ya kafa ƙungiyar kiɗa tare da aboki; bayan haka, sun fara yin wasan kwaikwayo a wasan kwaikwayo.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=JJC |url=http://www.africanmusiciansprofiles.com/jjc.htm |access-date=2019-08-29 |website=www.africanmusiciansprofiles.com}}</ref> Sunan sa na mataki, JJC, yana nufin Johnny Just Come, kalmar da 'yan Najeriya ke amfani da ita don bayyana sababbin masu zuwa birni.<ref name=":0" /> Babban aikin samar da Bello na farko shine ya kafa Big Brovas Records da Big Brovas Collective. A shekara ta 2004, ya kuma saki Atide, kundi na farko tare da tawagar 419. Ayyukansa sun hada da Weird MC's Ijoya, Pu Yanga ta Tillaman, da Morile ta Buoqui.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Nigeriaworld -- Return of JJC (aka Skillz) |url=https://nigeriaworld.com/columnist/fajemisin/101909.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190829235119/https://nigeriaworld.com/columnist/fajemisin/101909.html |archive-date=2019-08-29 |access-date=2019-08-29 |website=nigeriaworld.com}}</ref> Ya kuma zo wurin kiɗa na Afirka, yana ƙirƙirar ayyukan kamar Afropean (haɗin Afro-Turai) da Afrobeats . A shekara ta 2013, ya lashe kyautar mafi kyawun ɗan wasan ƙasa da ƙasa a kyautar nishaɗin Najeriya. Ya ƙirƙiro wata babbar kungiya ta Afirka da ake kira JJC da tawagar 419. Wannan rukuni ya lashe lambar yabo ta Kora All African music a shekarar 2014 == Rayuwa ta mutum == Kafin aurensa da Akindele, Bello ya haifi 'ya'ya uku daga uwaye uku daban-daban. Ya auri [[Funke Akindele]] a shekarar 2016.<ref>{{Cite web |date=11 September 2017 |title=Funke Akindele Husband Biography |url=https://www.informationng.com/2017/09/funke-akindele-husband-biography.html |website=Information Nigeria}}</ref> A cikin 2018, ma'auratan sun haifi tagwaye. A watan Yunin shekarar 2022, Bello ya sanar a shafinsa na Instagram cewa ma'auratan sun yanke shawarar bin rayuwarsu daban. Mai gabatar da kiɗa a asirce ya auri amarya ta Ebira a jihar Kano a watan Maris na shekara ta 2023. == Bayanan da aka ambata == <templatestyles src="Reflist/styles.css" />{{Reflist}} [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1977]] 5onfcwepc1vrezvei16kgu8306416by 0 54078 895053 894128 2026-08-11T16:36:14Z Ummun Sultan 23935 An kirkira ta fassara "Early life" daga shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1368402521|Chika Anadu]]" 895053 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} Chika Anadu ƴar fim ce ta Najeriya wacce aka fi sani da fim din B for Boy (2013). Ta kuma rubuta kuma ta samar da gajeren fina-finai da yawa.[1] An kuma san fina-finai na Anadu da magance batutuwan nuna bambanci tsakanin jinsi da matsalolin al'adu da ke kewaye da al'ada a Najeriya. == Rayuwa ta farko == An kuma haifi Chika Anadu a watan Nuwamban shekarar 1980 a [[Lagos (jiha)|Jihar Legas]], wanda ke yankin kudu maso yammacin [[Najeriya]]. Lokacin da take da shekaru 16, ta koma Ingila don ci gaba da karatunta. Yayinda take can, ta yi matakan 'A', ta kuma kammala digiri na farko a fannin Shari'a da Criminology, kuma ta sami MA a Nazarin Afirka: Ci gaban Dan Adam da Ci gaba mai dorewa.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Ellerson |first=Beti |title=A Glance at Cannes: The Festival Residency |url=http://africanwomenincinema.blogspot.ca/2011/05/glance-at-cannes-festival-residency.html |access-date=22 February 2016 |website=African Women in Cinema Blog}}</ref> A wata hira da aka yi da Kwalejin Fim ta New York, Anadu ta bayyana cewa tana son fina-finai a duk rayuwarta ta farko, amma ba sai shekarar 2006 ba ce ta yi tunanin zama darektan a matsayin aiki na gaskiya ga kanta. Anadu ta koma Najeriya a shekara ta 2006 don kammala shirin ta na National Youth Service Corps (NYSC), shirin aiki na tilas na gwamnati ga 'yan Najeriya da digiri na jami'a. A lokacin da ta zauna, ta ga fim din Italiyanci Cinema Paradiso (1988) kuma sha'awar zama darektan ta burge ta.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Zurko |first=Nick |title=It all Starts With a Script |url=https://www.nyfa.edu/student-resources/it-all-starts-with-a-script-an-interview-with-chika-anadu/ |access-date=9 February 2016 |publisher=New York Film Academy}}</ref> Anadu ya koma Najeriya a shekara ta 2008 kuma ya fara aiki a cikin talabijin da fim. Ba ta gamsu da kwarewarta ba, Anadu ta fara rubutu da yin fim ɗinta a watan Oktoba da Nuwamban shekarar 2009.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Obenson |first=Tambay |title=Chika Anadu Wins AFI Fest 2013 Breakthrough Award w/ Feature Debut B For Boy |url=http://blogs.indiewire.com/shadowandact/chika-anadu-wins-afi-fest-2013-breakthrough-award-w-feature-debut-b-for-boy |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160306175816/http://blogs.indiewire.com/shadowandact/chika-anadu-wins-afi-fest-2013-breakthrough-award-w-feature-debut-b-for-boy |archive-date=6 March 2016 |access-date=22 February 2016 |publisher=Indiewire}}</ref> An nuna gajeren fim dinta na farko, Epilogue (2009), a bikin fina-finai na San Diego Black na 2010 a Amurka. An nuna ''Ava'' (2010) a cikin gajeren fim na bikin fina-finai na Cannes a cikin 2010. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Epilogue |url=http://nigercultures.net/en/file.film.epilogue.13880.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160306012110/http://nigercultures.net/en/file.film.epilogue.13880.html |archive-date=March 6, 2016 |access-date=25 February 2016 |publisher=Nigercultures}}</ref> A cikin shekara ta 2010, Kwalejin Fim ta New York ta zo Najeriya a karo na farko, tana ba da bita na tsawon wata a cikin jagora, wasan kwaikwayo, rubutun allo, da aikin kyamara. Anadu ta zaɓi yin rajista a cikin bita na rubutun allo maimakon jagorantar, duk da sanin cewa tana so ta zama darektan.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |last=Bennett |first=Kim |title=Filmmaker Chika Anadu Creates Dialogue for Change With B For Boy |url=http://seattlemedium.com/filmmaker-chika-anadu-creates-dialogue-for-change-with-b-for-boy/ |access-date=25 February 2016 |website=The Seattle Medium}}</ref> A wannan lokacin, Anadu ya nemi shirin zama na Cannes Cinéfondation a Paris. Maganin rubutun shafi 14 wanda ya kasance wani ɓangare na gabatarwar ta shine tushen abin da zai zama fim dinta na farko, B for Boy (2013). Anadu ya sami ɗaya daga cikin wurare shida kuma ya koma Paris don shiga. Ta rubuta rubutun don B for Boy (2013) a lokacin da ta zauna makonni biyu da rabi. <ref name=":1" /> Anadu ta samar da fim din tare da kamfaninta mai zaman kanta No Blondes Production . An kuma harbe fim din a cikin kwanaki 17, tare da Anadu yana aiki a matsayin darektan, marubuci, furodusa, darektan jefawa, mai binciken wuri, mai lissafi, da lauya. Fim din ya samo asali ne daga kuɗin iyali, dangin Anadu sun ba da gudummawa 70% na farashin, yayin da abokin aikinta mai samarwa Arie Esiri ya ba da guddina ga sauran kashi 30.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |last=Bennett |first=Kim |title=Filmmaker Chika Anadu Creates Dialogue for Change With B For Boy |url=http://seattlemedium.com/filmmaker-chika-anadu-creates-dialogue-for-change-with-b-for-boy/ |access-date=25 February 2016 |website=The Seattle Medium}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFBennett">Bennett, Kim. [http://seattlemedium.com/filmmaker-chika-anadu-creates-dialogue-for-change-with-b-for-boy/ "Filmmaker Chika Anadu Creates Dialogue for Change With B For Boy"]. ''The Seattle Medium''<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">25 February</span> 2016</span>.</cite></ref> B for Boy (2013) an fara shi ne a duniya a bikin fina-finai na BFI na London a shekarar 2013. An kuma nuna shi a AFI Fest inda ya lashe kyautar AFI Fest 2013 Breakthrough Award tare da kyautar kuɗi ta $ 5,000. An kuma gudanar da fim din na Afirka ta Kudu a Durban a ranar 19 ga Yulin shekarar 2014. <ref name=":0">{{Cite web |last=Vourlias |first=Christopher |title=Durban Festival: ‘Boy’ Helmer’s Path to Screen Full of Curves |url=https://variety.com/2014/film/festivals/durban-festival-boy-helmers-path-to-screen-full-of-curves-1201264472/ |access-date=18 February 2016 |website=Variety}}</ref> == Hotunan fina-finai == {| class="wikitable" !Shekara !Fim din |- |2009 |''Epilogue'' |- |2010 |''Ava'' |- |2012 |''The Marriage Factor'' |- |2013 |''[[B for Boy|B for Boy]]'' |- |2015 |''Going Home'' |- |2020 |''Shine your Eyes'' |- |2023 |I Do Not Come to You by Chance |} == Dubi kuma == * [[Jerin masu shirya fina-finai na Najeriya]] == Bayanan da aka ambata == <references /> [[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1980]] [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] == Early life == Lokacin da take da shekaru 16, ta ƙaura zuwa Ingila don ci gaba da karatunta. == Early life == A lokacin da take can, ta yi digirinta na 'A', ta kammala digirinta na farko a fannin Shari'a da Criminology, sannan ta sami digiri na biyu a fannin Nazarin Afirka: Dan Adam da Ci Gaba Mai Dorewa. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Ellerson |first=Beti |title=A Glance at Cannes: The Festival Residency |url=http://africanwomenincinema.blogspot.ca/2011/05/glance-at-cannes-festival-residency.html |access-date=22 February 2016 |website=African Women in Cinema Blog}}</ref>.<ref>{{cite web |last=Ellerson |first=Beti |title=A Glance at Cannes: The Festival Residency |url=http://africanwomenincinema.blogspot.ca/2011/05/glance-at-cannes-festival-residency.html |accessdate=22 February 2016 |website=African Women in Cinema Blog}}</ref> 5bk56f5wrtp77f6hmxblz39ea09a0ea 895054 895053 2026-08-11T16:36:57Z Ummun Sultan 23935 895054 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} Chika Anadu ƴar fim ce ta Najeriya wacce aka fi sani da fim din B for Boy (2013). Ta kuma rubuta kuma ta samar da gajeren fina-finai da yawa.[1] An kuma san fina-finai na Anadu da magance batutuwan nuna bambanci tsakanin jinsi da matsalolin al'adu da ke kewaye da al'ada a Najeriya. == Rayuwa ta farko == An kuma haifi Chika Anadu a watan Nuwamban shekarar 1980 a [[Lagos (jiha)|Jihar Legas]], wanda ke yankin kudu maso yammacin [[Najeriya]]. Lokacin da take da shekaru 16, ta koma ƙasar Ingila don ci gaba da karatunta. Yayinda take can, ta yi matakan 'A', ta kuma kammala digiri na farko a fannin Shari'a da Criminology, kuma ta sami MA a Nazarin Afirka: Ci gaban Dan Adam da Ci gaba mai dorewa.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Ellerson |first=Beti |title=A Glance at Cannes: The Festival Residency |url=http://africanwomenincinema.blogspot.ca/2011/05/glance-at-cannes-festival-residency.html |access-date=22 February 2016 |website=African Women in Cinema Blog}}</ref> A wata hira da aka yi da Kwalejin Fim ta New York, Anadu ta bayyana cewa tana son fina-finai a duk rayuwarta ta farko, amma ba sai shekarar 2006 ba ce ta yi tunanin zama darektan a matsayin aiki na gaskiya ga kanta. Anadu ta koma Najeriya a shekara ta 2006 don kammala shirin ta na National Youth Service Corps (NYSC), shirin aiki na tilas na gwamnati ga 'yan Najeriya da digiri na jami'a. A lokacin da ta zauna, ta ga fim din Italiyanci Cinema Paradiso (1988) kuma sha'awar zama darektan ta burge ta.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Zurko |first=Nick |title=It all Starts With a Script |url=https://www.nyfa.edu/student-resources/it-all-starts-with-a-script-an-interview-with-chika-anadu/ |access-date=9 February 2016 |publisher=New York Film Academy}}</ref> Anadu ya koma Najeriya a shekara ta 2008 kuma ya fara aiki a cikin talabijin da fim. Ba ta gamsu da kwarewarta ba, Anadu ta fara rubutu da yin fim ɗinta a watan Oktoba da Nuwamban shekarar 2009.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Obenson |first=Tambay |title=Chika Anadu Wins AFI Fest 2013 Breakthrough Award w/ Feature Debut B For Boy |url=http://blogs.indiewire.com/shadowandact/chika-anadu-wins-afi-fest-2013-breakthrough-award-w-feature-debut-b-for-boy |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160306175816/http://blogs.indiewire.com/shadowandact/chika-anadu-wins-afi-fest-2013-breakthrough-award-w-feature-debut-b-for-boy |archive-date=6 March 2016 |access-date=22 February 2016 |publisher=Indiewire}}</ref> An nuna gajeren fim dinta na farko, Epilogue (2009), a bikin fina-finai na San Diego Black na 2010 a Amurka. An nuna ''Ava'' (2010) a cikin gajeren fim na bikin fina-finai na Cannes a cikin 2010. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Epilogue |url=http://nigercultures.net/en/file.film.epilogue.13880.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160306012110/http://nigercultures.net/en/file.film.epilogue.13880.html |archive-date=March 6, 2016 |access-date=25 February 2016 |publisher=Nigercultures}}</ref> A cikin shekara ta 2010, Kwalejin Fim ta New York ta zo Najeriya a karo na farko, tana ba da bita na tsawon wata a cikin jagora, wasan kwaikwayo, rubutun allo, da aikin kyamara. Anadu ta zaɓi yin rajista a cikin bita na rubutun allo maimakon jagorantar, duk da sanin cewa tana so ta zama darektan.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |last=Bennett |first=Kim |title=Filmmaker Chika Anadu Creates Dialogue for Change With B For Boy |url=http://seattlemedium.com/filmmaker-chika-anadu-creates-dialogue-for-change-with-b-for-boy/ |access-date=25 February 2016 |website=The Seattle Medium}}</ref> A wannan lokacin, Anadu ya nemi shirin zama na Cannes Cinéfondation a Paris. Maganin rubutun shafi 14 wanda ya kasance wani ɓangare na gabatarwar ta shine tushen abin da zai zama fim dinta na farko, B for Boy (2013). Anadu ya sami ɗaya daga cikin wurare shida kuma ya koma Paris don shiga. Ta rubuta rubutun don B for Boy (2013) a lokacin da ta zauna makonni biyu da rabi. <ref name=":1" /> Anadu ta samar da fim din tare da kamfaninta mai zaman kanta No Blondes Production . An kuma harbe fim din a cikin kwanaki 17, tare da Anadu yana aiki a matsayin darektan, marubuci, furodusa, darektan jefawa, mai binciken wuri, mai lissafi, da lauya. Fim din ya samo asali ne daga kuɗin iyali, dangin Anadu sun ba da gudummawa 70% na farashin, yayin da abokin aikinta mai samarwa Arie Esiri ya ba da guddina ga sauran kashi 30.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |last=Bennett |first=Kim |title=Filmmaker Chika Anadu Creates Dialogue for Change With B For Boy |url=http://seattlemedium.com/filmmaker-chika-anadu-creates-dialogue-for-change-with-b-for-boy/ |access-date=25 February 2016 |website=The Seattle Medium}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFBennett">Bennett, Kim. [http://seattlemedium.com/filmmaker-chika-anadu-creates-dialogue-for-change-with-b-for-boy/ "Filmmaker Chika Anadu Creates Dialogue for Change With B For Boy"]. ''The Seattle Medium''<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">25 February</span> 2016</span>.</cite></ref> B for Boy (2013) an fara shi ne a duniya a bikin fina-finai na BFI na London a shekarar 2013. An kuma nuna shi a AFI Fest inda ya lashe kyautar AFI Fest 2013 Breakthrough Award tare da kyautar kuɗi ta $ 5,000. An kuma gudanar da fim din na Afirka ta Kudu a Durban a ranar 19 ga Yulin shekarar 2014. <ref name=":0">{{Cite web |last=Vourlias |first=Christopher |title=Durban Festival: ‘Boy’ Helmer’s Path to Screen Full of Curves |url=https://variety.com/2014/film/festivals/durban-festival-boy-helmers-path-to-screen-full-of-curves-1201264472/ |access-date=18 February 2016 |website=Variety}}</ref> == Hotunan fina-finai == {| class="wikitable" !Shekara !Fim din |- |2009 |''Epilogue'' |- |2010 |''Ava'' |- |2012 |''The Marriage Factor'' |- |2013 |''[[B for Boy|B for Boy]]'' |- |2015 |''Going Home'' |- |2020 |''Shine your Eyes'' |- |2023 |I Do Not Come to You by Chance |} == Dubi kuma == * [[Jerin masu shirya fina-finai na Najeriya]] == Bayanan da aka ambata == <references /> [[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1980]] [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] == Early life == Lokacin da take da shekaru 16, ta ƙaura zuwa Ingila don ci gaba da karatunta. == Early life == A lokacin da take can, ta yi digirinta na 'A', ta kammala digirinta na farko a fannin Shari'a da Criminology, sannan ta sami digiri na biyu a fannin Nazarin Afirka: Dan Adam da Ci Gaba Mai Dorewa. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Ellerson |first=Beti |title=A Glance at Cannes: The Festival Residency |url=http://africanwomenincinema.blogspot.ca/2011/05/glance-at-cannes-festival-residency.html |access-date=22 February 2016 |website=African Women in Cinema Blog}}</ref>.<ref>{{cite web |last=Ellerson |first=Beti |title=A Glance at Cannes: The Festival Residency |url=http://africanwomenincinema.blogspot.ca/2011/05/glance-at-cannes-festival-residency.html |accessdate=22 February 2016 |website=African Women in Cinema Blog}}</ref> 5dz04thcy65n4mp64pgyh0fbobfc883 895055 895054 2026-08-11T16:37:18Z Ummun Sultan 23935 895055 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} Chika Anadu ƴar fim ce ta Najeriya wacce aka fi sani da fim din B for Boy (2013). Ta kuma rubuta kuma ta samar da gajeren fina-finai da yawa.[1] An kuma san fina-finai na Anadu da magance batutuwan nuna bambanci tsakanin jinsi da matsalolin al'adu da ke kewaye da al'ada a Najeriya. == Rayuwa ta farko == An kuma haifi Chika Anadu a watan Nuwamban shekarar 1980 a [[Lagos (jiha)|Jihar Legas]], wanda ke yankin kudu maso yammacin [[Najeriya]]. Lokacin da take da shekaru 16, ta koma ƙasar Ingila don ci gaba da karatunta. Yayinda take can, ta yi matakan 'A', ta kuma kammala digiri na farko a fannin Shari'a da Criminology, kuma ta sami MA a Nazarin Afirka: Ci gaban Dan Adam da Ci gaba mai dorewa.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Ellerson |first=Beti |title=A Glance at Cannes: The Festival Residency |url=http://africanwomenincinema.blogspot.ca/2011/05/glance-at-cannes-festival-residency.html |access-date=22 February 2016 |website=African Women in Cinema Blog}}</ref> A wata hira da aka yi da Kwalejin Fim ta New York, Anadu ta bayyana cewa tana son fina-finai a duk rayuwarta ta farko, amma ba sai shekarar 2006 ba ce ta yi tunanin zama darektan a matsayin aiki na gaskiya ga kanta. Anadu ta koma Najeriya a shekara ta 2006 don kammala shirin ta na National Youth Service Corps (NYSC), shirin aiki na tilas na gwamnati ga 'yan Najeriya da digiri na jami'a. A lokacin da ta zauna, ta ga fim din Italiyanci Cinema Paradiso (1988) kuma sha'awar zama darektan ta burge ta.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Zurko |first=Nick |title=It all Starts With a Script |url=https://www.nyfa.edu/student-resources/it-all-starts-with-a-script-an-interview-with-chika-anadu/ |access-date=9 February 2016 |publisher=New York Film Academy}}</ref> Anadu ya kuma koma Najeriya a shekara ta 2008 kuma ya fara aiki a cikin talabijin da fim. Ba ta gamsu da kwarewarta ba, Anadu ta fara rubutu da yin fim ɗinta a watan Oktoba da Nuwamban shekarar 2009.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Obenson |first=Tambay |title=Chika Anadu Wins AFI Fest 2013 Breakthrough Award w/ Feature Debut B For Boy |url=http://blogs.indiewire.com/shadowandact/chika-anadu-wins-afi-fest-2013-breakthrough-award-w-feature-debut-b-for-boy |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160306175816/http://blogs.indiewire.com/shadowandact/chika-anadu-wins-afi-fest-2013-breakthrough-award-w-feature-debut-b-for-boy |archive-date=6 March 2016 |access-date=22 February 2016 |publisher=Indiewire}}</ref> An nuna gajeren fim dinta na farko, Epilogue (2009), a bikin fina-finai na San Diego Black na 2010 a Amurka. An nuna ''Ava'' (2010) a cikin gajeren fim na bikin fina-finai na Cannes a cikin 2010. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Epilogue |url=http://nigercultures.net/en/file.film.epilogue.13880.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160306012110/http://nigercultures.net/en/file.film.epilogue.13880.html |archive-date=March 6, 2016 |access-date=25 February 2016 |publisher=Nigercultures}}</ref> A cikin shekara ta 2010, Kwalejin Fim ta New York ta zo Najeriya a karo na farko, tana ba da bita na tsawon wata a cikin jagora, wasan kwaikwayo, rubutun allo, da aikin kyamara. Anadu ta zaɓi yin rajista a cikin bita na rubutun allo maimakon jagorantar, duk da sanin cewa tana so ta zama darektan.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |last=Bennett |first=Kim |title=Filmmaker Chika Anadu Creates Dialogue for Change With B For Boy |url=http://seattlemedium.com/filmmaker-chika-anadu-creates-dialogue-for-change-with-b-for-boy/ |access-date=25 February 2016 |website=The Seattle Medium}}</ref> A wannan lokacin, Anadu ya nemi shirin zama na Cannes Cinéfondation a Paris. Maganin rubutun shafi 14 wanda ya kasance wani ɓangare na gabatarwar ta shine tushen abin da zai zama fim dinta na farko, B for Boy (2013). Anadu ya sami ɗaya daga cikin wurare shida kuma ya koma Paris don shiga. Ta rubuta rubutun don B for Boy (2013) a lokacin da ta zauna makonni biyu da rabi. <ref name=":1" /> Anadu ta samar da fim din tare da kamfaninta mai zaman kanta No Blondes Production . An kuma harbe fim din a cikin kwanaki 17, tare da Anadu yana aiki a matsayin darektan, marubuci, furodusa, darektan jefawa, mai binciken wuri, mai lissafi, da lauya. Fim din ya samo asali ne daga kuɗin iyali, dangin Anadu sun ba da gudummawa 70% na farashin, yayin da abokin aikinta mai samarwa Arie Esiri ya ba da guddina ga sauran kashi 30.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |last=Bennett |first=Kim |title=Filmmaker Chika Anadu Creates Dialogue for Change With B For Boy |url=http://seattlemedium.com/filmmaker-chika-anadu-creates-dialogue-for-change-with-b-for-boy/ |access-date=25 February 2016 |website=The Seattle Medium}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFBennett">Bennett, Kim. [http://seattlemedium.com/filmmaker-chika-anadu-creates-dialogue-for-change-with-b-for-boy/ "Filmmaker Chika Anadu Creates Dialogue for Change With B For Boy"]. ''The Seattle Medium''<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">25 February</span> 2016</span>.</cite></ref> B for Boy (2013) an fara shi ne a duniya a bikin fina-finai na BFI na London a shekarar 2013. An kuma nuna shi a AFI Fest inda ya lashe kyautar AFI Fest 2013 Breakthrough Award tare da kyautar kuɗi ta $ 5,000. An kuma gudanar da fim din na Afirka ta Kudu a Durban a ranar 19 ga Yulin shekarar 2014. <ref name=":0">{{Cite web |last=Vourlias |first=Christopher |title=Durban Festival: ‘Boy’ Helmer’s Path to Screen Full of Curves |url=https://variety.com/2014/film/festivals/durban-festival-boy-helmers-path-to-screen-full-of-curves-1201264472/ |access-date=18 February 2016 |website=Variety}}</ref> == Hotunan fina-finai == {| class="wikitable" !Shekara !Fim din |- |2009 |''Epilogue'' |- |2010 |''Ava'' |- |2012 |''The Marriage Factor'' |- |2013 |''[[B for Boy|B for Boy]]'' |- |2015 |''Going Home'' |- |2020 |''Shine your Eyes'' |- |2023 |I Do Not Come to You by Chance |} == Dubi kuma == * [[Jerin masu shirya fina-finai na Najeriya]] == Bayanan da aka ambata == <references /> [[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1980]] [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] == Early life == Lokacin da take da shekaru 16, ta ƙaura zuwa Ingila don ci gaba da karatunta. == Early life == A lokacin da take can, ta yi digirinta na 'A', ta kammala digirinta na farko a fannin Shari'a da Criminology, sannan ta sami digiri na biyu a fannin Nazarin Afirka: Dan Adam da Ci Gaba Mai Dorewa. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Ellerson |first=Beti |title=A Glance at Cannes: The Festival Residency |url=http://africanwomenincinema.blogspot.ca/2011/05/glance-at-cannes-festival-residency.html |access-date=22 February 2016 |website=African Women in Cinema Blog}}</ref>.<ref>{{cite web |last=Ellerson |first=Beti |title=A Glance at Cannes: The Festival Residency |url=http://africanwomenincinema.blogspot.ca/2011/05/glance-at-cannes-festival-residency.html |accessdate=22 February 2016 |website=African Women in Cinema Blog}}</ref> n9227gxrfzk6x51mmn7ivoo68nsyt6o 895056 895055 2026-08-11T16:37:51Z Ummun Sultan 23935 895056 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} Chika Anadu ƴar fim ce ta Najeriya wacce aka fi sani da fim din B for Boy (2013). Ta kuma rubuta kuma ta samar da gajeren fina-finai da yawa.[1] An kuma san fina-finai na Anadu da magance batutuwan nuna bambanci tsakanin jinsi da matsalolin al'adu da ke kewaye da al'ada a Najeriya. == Rayuwa ta farko == An kuma haifi Chika Anadu a watan Nuwamban shekarar 1980 a [[Lagos (jiha)|Jihar Legas]], wanda ke yankin kudu maso yammacin [[Najeriya]]. Lokacin da take da shekaru 16, ta koma ƙasar Ingila don ci gaba da karatunta. Yayinda take can, ta yi matakan 'A', ta kuma kammala digiri na farko a fannin Shari'a da Criminology, kuma ta sami MA a Nazarin Afirka: Ci gaban Dan Adam da Ci gaba mai dorewa.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Ellerson |first=Beti |title=A Glance at Cannes: The Festival Residency |url=http://africanwomenincinema.blogspot.ca/2011/05/glance-at-cannes-festival-residency.html |access-date=22 February 2016 |website=African Women in Cinema Blog}}</ref> A wata hira da aka yi da Kwalejin Fim ta New York, Anadu ta bayyana cewa tana son fina-finai a duk rayuwarta ta farko, amma ba sai shekarar 2006 ba ce ta yi tunanin zama darektan a matsayin aiki na gaskiya ga kanta. Anadu ta koma Najeriya a shekara ta 2006 don kammala shirin ta na National Youth Service Corps (NYSC), shirin aiki na tilas na gwamnati ga 'yan Najeriya da digiri na jami'a. A lokacin da ta zauna, ta ga fim din Italiyanci Cinema Paradiso (1988) kuma sha'awar zama darektan ta burge ta.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Zurko |first=Nick |title=It all Starts With a Script |url=https://www.nyfa.edu/student-resources/it-all-starts-with-a-script-an-interview-with-chika-anadu/ |access-date=9 February 2016 |publisher=New York Film Academy}}</ref> Anadu ya kuma koma Najeriya a shekara ta 2008 kuma ya fara aiki a cikin talabijin da fim. Ba ta gamsu da kwarewarta ba, Anadu ta fara rubutu da yin fim ɗinta a watan Oktoba da Nuwamban shekarar 2009.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Obenson |first=Tambay |title=Chika Anadu Wins AFI Fest 2013 Breakthrough Award w/ Feature Debut B For Boy |url=http://blogs.indiewire.com/shadowandact/chika-anadu-wins-afi-fest-2013-breakthrough-award-w-feature-debut-b-for-boy |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160306175816/http://blogs.indiewire.com/shadowandact/chika-anadu-wins-afi-fest-2013-breakthrough-award-w-feature-debut-b-for-boy |archive-date=6 March 2016 |access-date=22 February 2016 |publisher=Indiewire}}</ref> An nuna gajeren fim dinta na farko, Epilogue (2009), a bikin fina-finai na San Diego Black na 2010 a Amurka. An nuna ''Ava'' (2010) a cikin gajeren fim na bikin fina-finai na Cannes a cikin 2010. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Epilogue |url=http://nigercultures.net/en/file.film.epilogue.13880.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160306012110/http://nigercultures.net/en/file.film.epilogue.13880.html |archive-date=March 6, 2016 |access-date=25 February 2016 |publisher=Nigercultures}}</ref> A cikin shekara ta 2010, Kwalejin Fim ta New York ta zo Najeriya a karo na farko, tana ba da bita na tsawon wata a cikin jagora, wasan kwaikwayo, rubutun allo, da aikin kyamara. Anadu ta zaɓi yin rajista a cikin bita na rubutun allo maimakon jagorantar, duk da sanin cewa tana so ta zama darektan.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |last=Bennett |first=Kim |title=Filmmaker Chika Anadu Creates Dialogue for Change With B For Boy |url=http://seattlemedium.com/filmmaker-chika-anadu-creates-dialogue-for-change-with-b-for-boy/ |access-date=25 February 2016 |website=The Seattle Medium}}</ref> A wannan lokacin, Anadu ya nemi shirin zama na Cannes Cinéfondation a Paris. Maganin rubutun shafi 14 wanda kuma ya kasance wani ɓangare na gabatarwar ta shine tushen abin da zai zama fim dinta na farko, B for Boy (2013). Anadu ya sami ɗaya daga cikin wurare shida kuma ya koma Paris don shiga. Ta rubuta rubutun don B for Boy (2013) a lokacin da ta zauna makonni biyu da rabi. <ref name=":1" /> Anadu ta samar da fim din tare da kamfaninta mai zaman kanta No Blondes Production . An kuma harbe fim din a cikin kwanaki 17, tare da Anadu yana aiki a matsayin darektan, marubuci, furodusa, darektan jefawa, mai binciken wuri, mai lissafi, da lauya. Fim din ya samo asali ne daga kuɗin iyali, dangin Anadu sun ba da gudummawa 70% na farashin, yayin da abokin aikinta mai samarwa Arie Esiri ya ba da guddina ga sauran kashi 30.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |last=Bennett |first=Kim |title=Filmmaker Chika Anadu Creates Dialogue for Change With B For Boy |url=http://seattlemedium.com/filmmaker-chika-anadu-creates-dialogue-for-change-with-b-for-boy/ |access-date=25 February 2016 |website=The Seattle Medium}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFBennett">Bennett, Kim. [http://seattlemedium.com/filmmaker-chika-anadu-creates-dialogue-for-change-with-b-for-boy/ "Filmmaker Chika Anadu Creates Dialogue for Change With B For Boy"]. ''The Seattle Medium''<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">25 February</span> 2016</span>.</cite></ref> B for Boy (2013) an fara shi ne a duniya a bikin fina-finai na BFI na London a shekarar 2013. An kuma nuna shi a AFI Fest inda ya lashe kyautar AFI Fest 2013 Breakthrough Award tare da kyautar kuɗi ta $ 5,000. An kuma gudanar da fim din na Afirka ta Kudu a Durban a ranar 19 ga Yulin shekarar 2014. <ref name=":0">{{Cite web |last=Vourlias |first=Christopher |title=Durban Festival: ‘Boy’ Helmer’s Path to Screen Full of Curves |url=https://variety.com/2014/film/festivals/durban-festival-boy-helmers-path-to-screen-full-of-curves-1201264472/ |access-date=18 February 2016 |website=Variety}}</ref> == Hotunan fina-finai == {| class="wikitable" !Shekara !Fim din |- |2009 |''Epilogue'' |- |2010 |''Ava'' |- |2012 |''The Marriage Factor'' |- |2013 |''[[B for Boy|B for Boy]]'' |- |2015 |''Going Home'' |- |2020 |''Shine your Eyes'' |- |2023 |I Do Not Come to You by Chance |} == Dubi kuma == * [[Jerin masu shirya fina-finai na Najeriya]] == Bayanan da aka ambata == <references /> [[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1980]] [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] == Early life == Lokacin da take da shekaru 16, ta ƙaura zuwa Ingila don ci gaba da karatunta. == Early life == A lokacin da take can, ta yi digirinta na 'A', ta kammala digirinta na farko a fannin Shari'a da Criminology, sannan ta sami digiri na biyu a fannin Nazarin Afirka: Dan Adam da Ci Gaba Mai Dorewa. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Ellerson |first=Beti |title=A Glance at Cannes: The Festival Residency |url=http://africanwomenincinema.blogspot.ca/2011/05/glance-at-cannes-festival-residency.html |access-date=22 February 2016 |website=African Women in Cinema Blog}}</ref>.<ref>{{cite web |last=Ellerson |first=Beti |title=A Glance at Cannes: The Festival Residency |url=http://africanwomenincinema.blogspot.ca/2011/05/glance-at-cannes-festival-residency.html |accessdate=22 February 2016 |website=African Women in Cinema Blog}}</ref> 6m45n1jttelvcfgrrcet04qhpcdd78n 895057 895056 2026-08-11T16:38:08Z Ummun Sultan 23935 895057 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} Chika Anadu ƴar fim ce ta Najeriya wacce aka fi sani da fim din B for Boy (2013). Ta kuma rubuta kuma ta samar da gajeren fina-finai da yawa.[1] An kuma san fina-finai na Anadu da magance batutuwan nuna bambanci tsakanin jinsi da matsalolin al'adu da ke kewaye da al'ada a Najeriya. == Rayuwa ta farko == An kuma haifi Chika Anadu a watan Nuwamban shekarar 1980 a [[Lagos (jiha)|Jihar Legas]], wanda ke yankin kudu maso yammacin [[Najeriya]]. Lokacin da take da shekaru 16, ta koma ƙasar Ingila don ci gaba da karatunta. Yayinda take can, ta yi matakan 'A', ta kuma kammala digiri na farko a fannin Shari'a da Criminology, kuma ta sami MA a Nazarin Afirka: Ci gaban Dan Adam da Ci gaba mai dorewa.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Ellerson |first=Beti |title=A Glance at Cannes: The Festival Residency |url=http://africanwomenincinema.blogspot.ca/2011/05/glance-at-cannes-festival-residency.html |access-date=22 February 2016 |website=African Women in Cinema Blog}}</ref> A wata hira da aka yi da Kwalejin Fim ta New York, Anadu ta bayyana cewa tana son fina-finai a duk rayuwarta ta farko, amma ba sai shekarar 2006 ba ce ta yi tunanin zama darektan a matsayin aiki na gaskiya ga kanta. Anadu ta koma Najeriya a shekara ta 2006 don kammala shirin ta na National Youth Service Corps (NYSC), shirin aiki na tilas na gwamnati ga 'yan Najeriya da digiri na jami'a. A lokacin da ta zauna, ta ga fim din Italiyanci Cinema Paradiso (1988) kuma sha'awar zama darektan ta burge ta.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Zurko |first=Nick |title=It all Starts With a Script |url=https://www.nyfa.edu/student-resources/it-all-starts-with-a-script-an-interview-with-chika-anadu/ |access-date=9 February 2016 |publisher=New York Film Academy}}</ref> Anadu ta kuma koma Najeriya a shekara ta 2008 kuma ya fara aiki a cikin talabijin da fim. Ba ta gamsu da kwarewarta ba, Anadu ta fara rubutu da yin fim ɗinta a watan Oktoba da Nuwamban shekarar 2009.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Obenson |first=Tambay |title=Chika Anadu Wins AFI Fest 2013 Breakthrough Award w/ Feature Debut B For Boy |url=http://blogs.indiewire.com/shadowandact/chika-anadu-wins-afi-fest-2013-breakthrough-award-w-feature-debut-b-for-boy |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160306175816/http://blogs.indiewire.com/shadowandact/chika-anadu-wins-afi-fest-2013-breakthrough-award-w-feature-debut-b-for-boy |archive-date=6 March 2016 |access-date=22 February 2016 |publisher=Indiewire}}</ref> An nuna gajeren fim dinta na farko, Epilogue (2009), a bikin fina-finai na San Diego Black na 2010 a Amurka. An nuna ''Ava'' (2010) a cikin gajeren fim na bikin fina-finai na Cannes a cikin 2010. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Epilogue |url=http://nigercultures.net/en/file.film.epilogue.13880.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160306012110/http://nigercultures.net/en/file.film.epilogue.13880.html |archive-date=March 6, 2016 |access-date=25 February 2016 |publisher=Nigercultures}}</ref> A cikin shekara ta 2010, Kwalejin Fim ta New York ta zo Najeriya a karo na farko, tana ba da bita na tsawon wata a cikin jagora, wasan kwaikwayo, rubutun allo, da aikin kyamara. Anadu ta zaɓi yin rajista a cikin bita na rubutun allo maimakon jagorantar, duk da sanin cewa tana so ta zama darektan.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |last=Bennett |first=Kim |title=Filmmaker Chika Anadu Creates Dialogue for Change With B For Boy |url=http://seattlemedium.com/filmmaker-chika-anadu-creates-dialogue-for-change-with-b-for-boy/ |access-date=25 February 2016 |website=The Seattle Medium}}</ref> A wannan lokacin, Anadu ya nemi shirin zama na Cannes Cinéfondation a Paris. Maganin rubutun shafi 14 wanda kuma ya kasance wani ɓangare na gabatarwar ta shine tushen abin da zai zama fim dinta na farko, B for Boy (2013). Anadu ya sami ɗaya daga cikin wurare shida kuma ya koma Paris don shiga. Ta rubuta rubutun don B for Boy (2013) a lokacin da ta zauna makonni biyu da rabi. <ref name=":1" /> Anadu ta samar da fim din tare da kamfaninta mai zaman kanta No Blondes Production . An kuma harbe fim din a cikin kwanaki 17, tare da Anadu yana aiki a matsayin darektan, marubuci, furodusa, darektan jefawa, mai binciken wuri, mai lissafi, da lauya. Fim din ya samo asali ne daga kuɗin iyali, dangin Anadu sun ba da gudummawa 70% na farashin, yayin da abokin aikinta mai samarwa Arie Esiri ya ba da guddina ga sauran kashi 30.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |last=Bennett |first=Kim |title=Filmmaker Chika Anadu Creates Dialogue for Change With B For Boy |url=http://seattlemedium.com/filmmaker-chika-anadu-creates-dialogue-for-change-with-b-for-boy/ |access-date=25 February 2016 |website=The Seattle Medium}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFBennett">Bennett, Kim. [http://seattlemedium.com/filmmaker-chika-anadu-creates-dialogue-for-change-with-b-for-boy/ "Filmmaker Chika Anadu Creates Dialogue for Change With B For Boy"]. ''The Seattle Medium''<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">25 February</span> 2016</span>.</cite></ref> B for Boy (2013) an fara shi ne a duniya a bikin fina-finai na BFI na London a shekarar 2013. An kuma nuna shi a AFI Fest inda ya lashe kyautar AFI Fest 2013 Breakthrough Award tare da kyautar kuɗi ta $ 5,000. An kuma gudanar da fim din na Afirka ta Kudu a Durban a ranar 19 ga Yulin shekarar 2014. <ref name=":0">{{Cite web |last=Vourlias |first=Christopher |title=Durban Festival: ‘Boy’ Helmer’s Path to Screen Full of Curves |url=https://variety.com/2014/film/festivals/durban-festival-boy-helmers-path-to-screen-full-of-curves-1201264472/ |access-date=18 February 2016 |website=Variety}}</ref> == Hotunan fina-finai == {| class="wikitable" !Shekara !Fim din |- |2009 |''Epilogue'' |- |2010 |''Ava'' |- |2012 |''The Marriage Factor'' |- |2013 |''[[B for Boy|B for Boy]]'' |- |2015 |''Going Home'' |- |2020 |''Shine your Eyes'' |- |2023 |I Do Not Come to You by Chance |} == Dubi kuma == * [[Jerin masu shirya fina-finai na Najeriya]] == Bayanan da aka ambata == <references /> [[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1980]] [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] == Early life == Lokacin da take da shekaru 16, ta ƙaura zuwa Ingila don ci gaba da karatunta. == Early life == A lokacin da take can, ta yi digirinta na 'A', ta kammala digirinta na farko a fannin Shari'a da Criminology, sannan ta sami digiri na biyu a fannin Nazarin Afirka: Dan Adam da Ci Gaba Mai Dorewa. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Ellerson |first=Beti |title=A Glance at Cannes: The Festival Residency |url=http://africanwomenincinema.blogspot.ca/2011/05/glance-at-cannes-festival-residency.html |access-date=22 February 2016 |website=African Women in Cinema Blog}}</ref>.<ref>{{cite web |last=Ellerson |first=Beti |title=A Glance at Cannes: The Festival Residency |url=http://africanwomenincinema.blogspot.ca/2011/05/glance-at-cannes-festival-residency.html |accessdate=22 February 2016 |website=African Women in Cinema Blog}}</ref> skb6ne1jwasndpfx6a4rqd2z3ki690s 895059 895057 2026-08-11T16:38:31Z Ummun Sultan 23935 895059 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} Chika Anadu ƴar fim ce ta Najeriya wacce aka fi sani da fim din B for Boy (2013). Ta kuma rubuta kuma ta samar da gajeren fina-finai da yawa.[1] An kuma san fina-finai na Anadu da magance batutuwan nuna bambanci tsakanin jinsi da matsalolin al'adu da ke kewaye da al'ada a Najeriya. == Rayuwa ta farko == An kuma haifi Chika Anadu a watan Nuwamban shekarar 1980 a [[Lagos (jiha)|Jihar Legas]], wanda ke yankin kudu maso yammacin [[Najeriya]]. Lokacin da take da shekaru 16, ta koma ƙasar Ingila don ci gaba da karatunta. Yayinda take can, ta yi matakan 'A', ta kuma kammala digiri na farko a fannin Shari'a da Criminology, kuma ta sami MA a Nazarin Afirka: Ci gaban Dan Adam da Ci gaba mai dorewa.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Ellerson |first=Beti |title=A Glance at Cannes: The Festival Residency |url=http://africanwomenincinema.blogspot.ca/2011/05/glance-at-cannes-festival-residency.html |access-date=22 February 2016 |website=African Women in Cinema Blog}}</ref> A wata hira da aka yi da Kwalejin Fim ta New York, Anadu ta bayyana cewa tana son fina-finai a duk rayuwarta ta farko, amma ba sai shekarar 2006 ba ce ta yi tunanin zama darektan a matsayin aiki na gaskiya ga kanta. Anadu ta koma Najeriya a shekara ta 2006 don kammala shirin ta na National Youth Service Corps (NYSC), shirin aiki na tilas na gwamnati ga 'yan Najeriya da digiri na jami'a. A lokacin da ta zauna, ta ga fim din Italiyanci Cinema Paradiso (1988) kuma sha'awar zama darektan ta burge ta.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Zurko |first=Nick |title=It all Starts With a Script |url=https://www.nyfa.edu/student-resources/it-all-starts-with-a-script-an-interview-with-chika-anadu/ |access-date=9 February 2016 |publisher=New York Film Academy}}</ref> Anadu ta kuma koma Najeriya a shekara ta 2008 kuma ya fara aiki a cikin talabijin da fim. Ba ta gamsu da kwarewarta ba, Anadu ta fara rubutu da yin fim ɗinta a watan Oktoba da Nuwamban shekarar 2009.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Obenson |first=Tambay |title=Chika Anadu Wins AFI Fest 2013 Breakthrough Award w/ Feature Debut B For Boy |url=http://blogs.indiewire.com/shadowandact/chika-anadu-wins-afi-fest-2013-breakthrough-award-w-feature-debut-b-for-boy |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160306175816/http://blogs.indiewire.com/shadowandact/chika-anadu-wins-afi-fest-2013-breakthrough-award-w-feature-debut-b-for-boy |archive-date=6 March 2016 |access-date=22 February 2016 |publisher=Indiewire}}</ref> An nuna gajeren fim dinta na farko, Epilogue (2009), a bikin fina-finai na San Diego Black na 2010 a Amurka. An nuna ''Ava'' (2010) a cikin gajeren fim na bikin fina-finai na Cannes a cikin 2010. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Epilogue |url=http://nigercultures.net/en/file.film.epilogue.13880.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160306012110/http://nigercultures.net/en/file.film.epilogue.13880.html |archive-date=March 6, 2016 |access-date=25 February 2016 |publisher=Nigercultures}}</ref> A cikin shekara ta 2010, Kwalejin Fim ta New York ta zo Najeriya a karo na farko, tana ba da bita na tsawon wata a cikin jagora, wasan kwaikwayo, rubutun allo, da aikin kyamara. Anadu ta zaɓi yin rajista a cikin bita na rubutun allo maimakon jagorantar, duk da sanin cewa tana so ta zama darektan.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |last=Bennett |first=Kim |title=Filmmaker Chika Anadu Creates Dialogue for Change With B For Boy |url=http://seattlemedium.com/filmmaker-chika-anadu-creates-dialogue-for-change-with-b-for-boy/ |access-date=25 February 2016 |website=The Seattle Medium}}</ref> A wannan lokacin, Anadu ya nemi shirin zama na Cannes Cinéfondation a Paris. Maganin rubutun shafi 14 wanda kuma ya kasance wani ɓangare na gabatarwar ta shine tushen abin da zai zama fim dinta na farko, B for Boy (2013). Anadu ya sami ɗaya daga cikin wurare shida kuma ya koma Paris don shiga. Ta rubuta rubutun don B for Boy (2013) a lokacin da ta zauna makonni biyu da rabi. <ref name=":1" /> Anadu ta samar da fim ɗin tare da kamfaninta mai zaman kanta No Blondes Production . An kuma harbe fim din a cikin kwanaki 17, tare da Anadu yana aiki a matsayin darektan, marubuci, furodusa, darektan jefawa, mai binciken wuri, mai lissafi, da lauya. Fim ɗin ya samo asali ne daga kuɗin iyali, dangin Anadu sun ba da gudummawa 70% na farashin, yayin da abokin aikinta mai samarwa Arie Esiri ya ba da guddina ga sauran kashi 30.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |last=Bennett |first=Kim |title=Filmmaker Chika Anadu Creates Dialogue for Change With B For Boy |url=http://seattlemedium.com/filmmaker-chika-anadu-creates-dialogue-for-change-with-b-for-boy/ |access-date=25 February 2016 |website=The Seattle Medium}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFBennett">Bennett, Kim. [http://seattlemedium.com/filmmaker-chika-anadu-creates-dialogue-for-change-with-b-for-boy/ "Filmmaker Chika Anadu Creates Dialogue for Change With B For Boy"]. ''The Seattle Medium''<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">25 February</span> 2016</span>.</cite></ref> B for Boy (2013) an fara shi ne a duniya a bikin fina-finai na BFI na London a shekarar 2013. An kuma nuna shi a AFI Fest inda ya lashe kyautar AFI Fest 2013 Breakthrough Award tare da kyautar kuɗi ta $ 5,000. An kuma gudanar da fim din na Afirka ta Kudu a Durban a ranar 19 ga Yulin shekarar 2014. <ref name=":0">{{Cite web |last=Vourlias |first=Christopher |title=Durban Festival: ‘Boy’ Helmer’s Path to Screen Full of Curves |url=https://variety.com/2014/film/festivals/durban-festival-boy-helmers-path-to-screen-full-of-curves-1201264472/ |access-date=18 February 2016 |website=Variety}}</ref> == Hotunan fina-finai == {| class="wikitable" !Shekara !Fim din |- |2009 |''Epilogue'' |- |2010 |''Ava'' |- |2012 |''The Marriage Factor'' |- |2013 |''[[B for Boy|B for Boy]]'' |- |2015 |''Going Home'' |- |2020 |''Shine your Eyes'' |- |2023 |I Do Not Come to You by Chance |} == Dubi kuma == * [[Jerin masu shirya fina-finai na Najeriya]] == Bayanan da aka ambata == <references /> [[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1980]] [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] == Early life == Lokacin da take da shekaru 16, ta ƙaura zuwa Ingila don ci gaba da karatunta. == Early life == A lokacin da take can, ta yi digirinta na 'A', ta kammala digirinta na farko a fannin Shari'a da Criminology, sannan ta sami digiri na biyu a fannin Nazarin Afirka: Dan Adam da Ci Gaba Mai Dorewa. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Ellerson |first=Beti |title=A Glance at Cannes: The Festival Residency |url=http://africanwomenincinema.blogspot.ca/2011/05/glance-at-cannes-festival-residency.html |access-date=22 February 2016 |website=African Women in Cinema Blog}}</ref>.<ref>{{cite web |last=Ellerson |first=Beti |title=A Glance at Cannes: The Festival Residency |url=http://africanwomenincinema.blogspot.ca/2011/05/glance-at-cannes-festival-residency.html |accessdate=22 February 2016 |website=African Women in Cinema Blog}}</ref> 6fm0prdzccs67e2w1lhwfel2knz9sv9 0 54214 895063 877737 2026-08-11T16:40:07Z Ummun Sultan 23935 An kirkira ta fassara "Career" daga shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1347886573|Joy Odiete]]" 895063 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} Joy Odiete darektan fina-finai ne kuma mai rarraba fina-fakkaatu na Najeriya. An san ta da rawar da ta taka a cikin Gone da Money Miss Road. Ita ce Shugaba na Blue Pictures nishaɗi kuma mai haɗin gwiwa na Warner Brothers Pictures, Walt Disney Pictures da Black Sheep Entertainment.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |last=NIFSummit |title=Joy Efe Odiete - Nigerian International Film & TV Summit |url=https://nifsummit.com/2017-speakers/distribution-summit-speakers/joy-efe-odiete |access-date=2022-10-23 |website=nifsummit.com |language=en-gb}}</ref> == Ayyuka == Joy Odiete ta shiga masana'antar fina-finai a shekara ta 2005. Ta yi aiki tare da Silverbird Cinemas da Nu Metro Cinema kafin ta shiga cikin samar da fim kuma daga ƙarshe ta kafa gidan silima.. == Hotuna Masu Kyau == Ita ce manajan darakta na Blue Pictures Entertainment, kamfanin rarraba fina-finai na Najeriya wanda aka kafa a shekara ta 2006. Kamfanin rarraba yana kula da gidajen silima 54 da allo 215. <ref>{{Cite web |title=About Us – Bluepictures Distribution |url=https://bluepicturesng.com/about-us-2/ |access-date=2022-07-30 |language=en-US }}{{Dead link|date=July 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> <ref name=":1"/> == Hotunan fina-finai == * Money Miss Road (2022) * [[Gone (fim 2021)|''Ya tafi'']] * Magungunan da ke da ƙishirwa (2021) == Bayanan da aka ambata == <references /> == Career == Joy Odiete ta shiga masana'antar fina-finai a shekara ta 2005. == Haɗin waje == * {{IMDb name|9866788}} [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] 08gi33k025y2vckhrmxuzt2tact8ra5 0 54230 895151 866785 2026-08-11T17:45:37Z Amadee619 37975 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1346684305|Theo Ukpaa]]" 895151 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Theo Ukpaa''' (an haife shi a ranar 30 ga watan Mayu) shi ne darektan fina-finai na Najeriya kuma furodusa na mataki da talabijin. == Rayuwa ta farko da ilimi == Ukpaa, an haife shi a Surulere, [[Lagos (birni)|Legas]], ya girma a Legas da Los Angeles. Shi ne ɗan Capt. Herbert Ukpaa da Beatrice Ukpaa . Mahaifinsa, mai aikin jirgin ruwa, ya mutu a shekarar 1998. A shekara ta 2005, Ukpaa ta kammala karatu tare da girmamawa na farko a fannin Tattalin Arziki daga [[Jami'ar Benin]] . Daga nan sai ya bi Jagoran Kasuwancin Kasuwanci (MBA) a kan cikakken tallafin karatu a Jami'ar Loyola Marymount da ke Los Angeles. A lokacin da yake Amurka, Ukpaa ya shiga karatun fim a Kwalejin Fim ta New York . Har ila yau, yana da difloma a cikin Dokar Kwangila daga [[Jami'ar Harvard]] mai daraja.<ref>{{Cite web |last= |date=2023-05-16 |title=Nollywood Has Capacity To Surpass Hollywood, Bollywood With FG Support - Theo Ukpaa |url=https://www.ivory-ng.com/nollywood-has-capacity-to-surpass-hollywood-bollywood-with-fg-support-theo-ukpaa/ |access-date=2023-05-20 |website=Ivory NG |language=en-US}}</ref> == Ayyuka == Ukpaa ya fara aikinsa yana da shekaru 16 ta hanyar koyon samar da mataki, kuma a wani lokaci [[Wole Oguntokun]] da [[Rogers Ofime]] ne suka jagoranci shi a gidan wasan kwaikwayo. Tsohon mai shirya fina-finai [[Amaka Igwe]] ne ya koya masa rubuce-rubuce, wanda ya ninka sau biyu a matsayin daya daga cikin mutane biyu da suka yi wahayi zuwa gare shi ya shiga gidan wasan kwaikwayo na farko tare da fim din yaren asali "Ahanna", da kuma [[Tunde Kelani]] tare da "Ti Oluwa Nile".<ref>{{Cite web |title=Theo Ukpaa |url=https://www.imdb.com/name/nm8007720/bio/ |access-date=2023-05-20 |website=IMDb |language=en-US}}</ref> A matsayinsa na darektan talabijin, ya yi aiki tare da Soundcity TV, Spice TV da Trace Urban, Linda Ikeji TV . A wata hira da [[This Day|Wannan Ranar]], ya yaba wa Tajuddeen Adepetu da [[Sam Onyemelukwe]] don ba shi hanyoyin haɗi zuwa waɗannan damar. Kazalika da kasancewa darektan akalla bugu daya na MTV Africa Music Awards da The Headies Awards, ya kasance darektan wasan kwaikwayo na bishara na Kwarewar aƙalla sau biyar.<ref name="gee" /> Ya kuma dauki bakuncin bikin fina-finai na Coal City, tare da [[Izu Ojukwu]] da Chichi Nwoko . Fim dinsa The Hunter an gabatar da shi ne kawai a Afirka Magic . An saki fim dinsa na Lagos Landing tare da hadin gwiwar Alliance française . Ya yaba da tasirin shigar [[Netflix]] da Amazon Prime Video cikin masana'antar fina-finai ta Najeriya, da kuma tasirin fina-fakka. Shi ne Babban jami'in aiki (COO) na bikin fina-finai na kasa da kasa na Afirka (AFRIFF), ta hanyar da yake kirkirar da kuma muhalli inda tsoffin masu shirya fina-fakka suka iya samar da kayan aiki da kuma karfafa masu gudanarwa masu zuwa. <ref name="fif" /><ref>{{Cite web |date=2021-12-10 |title=Theo Ukpaa, Others Empower African Filmmakers At AFRIFF 2021 {{!}} Business Post Nigeria |url=https://businesspost.ng/showbiz/theo-ukpaa-others-empower-african-filmmakers-at-afriff-2021/ |access-date=2023-05-20 |website=Business Post |language=en-GB}}</ref> An sanya masa suna a cikin Top ta hanyar daraktoci ta African Culture Magazine a cikin 2020. <ref>{{Cite web |last=enkay |date=2023-05-16 |title=Nollywood has capacity to surpass Hollywood, Bollywood with FG support - Theo Ukpaa |url=https://www.ivory-ng.com/nollywood-has-capacity-to-surpass-hollywood-bollywood-with-fg-support-theo-ukpaa/ |access-date=2023-05-20 |website=Ivory NG |language=en-US}}</ref> == Rikici == An zargi Ukpaa da fyade ta hanyar mai ba da labari na talabijin Emilia Samuel . An yi zargin cewa lamarin ya faru ne a karo na farko lokacin da yake aiki tare da Spice TV kuma ta zo a matsayin mai takara don wasan da gidan talabijin ya shirya a shekara ta 2008.<ref>{{Cite web |last= |date=2018-08-30 |title=Linda Ikeji Fires Staff Accused Of Rape |url=https://www.tvcentertainment.tv/2018/08/linda-ikeji-fires-staff-accused-of-rape/ |access-date=2023-05-20 |website=[[TVC News]] |language=en-US}}</ref> Ya musanta lamarin kuma ba a gabatar da tuhuma ba, kodayake ma'aikatarsa ta ba da izinin biyan kuɗin shari'a idan wanda aka azabtar yana so ya gabatar da tuhume-tuhumen. Wannan zargi ya haifar da korarsa ta [[Linda Ikeji]] a matsayin Shugaban shirye-shirye daga Linda Ikeji TV. == Hotunan fina-finai == * Kwarewar Marathon (gajere) 2015 * MTN Space (gajere) 2015 * MTN Callertunes (gajere) 2016 * Gudun 2017 * Saukowa Legas 2018 * Sunan Ba Olusho ba ne 2019 * Yarinyar Kira 2021 * Enitan (gajere) 2022 * Jam'iyyar ta Uku 2022 * Mai farauta na 2023 * Haywire 2023 <ref>{{Cite web |title=Theo Ukpaa {{!}} Nollywood, Nigerian Movies & Casting |url=https://nlist.ng//people/theo-ukpaa-2056/ |access-date=2023-05-20 |website=N List |language=en-GB}}</ref> == Bayanan da aka ambata == [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] iprav5i1adn8htvjnrwx8my334m5xar 895163 895151 2026-08-11T17:53:35Z Amadee619 37975 895163 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''o Ukpaa''' (an haife shi a ranar 30 ga watan Mayu) shi ne darektan fina-finai na Najeriya kuma furodusa na mataki da talabijin. == Rayuwa ta farko da ilimi == Ukpaa, an haife shi a Surulere, [[Lagos (birni)|Legas]], ya girma a Legas da Los Angeles. Shi ne ɗan Capt. Herbert Ukpaa da Beatrice Ukpaa . Mahaifinsa, mai aikin jirgin ruwa, ya mutu a shekarar 1998. A shekara ta 2005, Ukpaa ta kammala karatu tare da girmamawa na farko a fannin Tattalin Arziki daga [[Jami'ar Benin]] . Daga nan sai ya bi Jagoran Kasuwancin Kasuwanci (MBA) a kan cikakken tallafin karatu a Jami'ar Loyola Marymount da ke Los Angeles. A lokacin da yake Amurka, Ukpaa ya shiga karatun fim a Kwalejin Fim ta New York . Har ila yau, yana da difloma a cikin Dokar Kwangila daga [[Jami'ar Harvard]] mai daraja.<ref>{{Cite web |last= |date=2023-05-16 |title=Nollywood Has Capacity To Surpass Hollywood, Bollywood With FG Support - Theo Ukpaa |url=https://www.ivory-ng.com/nollywood-has-capacity-to-surpass-hollywood-bollywood-with-fg-support-theo-ukpaa/ |access-date=2023-05-20 |website=Ivory NG |language=en-US}}</ref> == Ayyuka == Ukpaa ya fara aikinsa yana da shekaru 16 ta hanyar koyon samar da mataki, kuma a wani lokaci [[Wole Oguntokun]] da [[Rogers Ofime]] ne suka jagoranci shi a gidan wasan kwaikwayo. Tsohon mai shirya fina-finai [[Amaka Igwe]] ne ya koya masa rubuce-rubuce, wanda ya ninka sau biyu a matsayin daya daga cikin mutane biyu da suka yi wahayi zuwa gare shi ya shiga gidan wasan kwaikwayo na farko tare da fim din yaren asali "Ahanna", da kuma [[Tunde Kelani]] tare da "Ti Oluwa Nile".<ref>{{Cite web |title=Theo Ukpaa |url=https://www.imdb.com/name/nm8007720/bio/ |access-date=2023-05-20 |website=IMDb |language=en-US}}</ref> A matsayinsa na darektan talabijin, ya yi aiki tare da Soundcity TV, Spice TV da Trace Urban, Linda Ikeji TV . A wata hira da [[This Day|Wannan Ranar]], ya yaba wa Tajuddeen Adepetu da [[Sam Onyemelukwe]] don ba shi hanyoyin haɗi zuwa waɗannan damar. Kazalika da kasancewa darektan akalla bugu daya na MTV Africa Music Awards da The Headies Awards, ya kasance darektan wasan kwaikwayo na bishara na Kwarewar aƙalla sau biyar.<ref name="gee" /> Ya kuma dauki bakuncin bikin fina-finai na Coal City, tare da [[Izu Ojukwu]] da Chichi Nwoko . Fim dinsa The Hunter an gabatar da shi ne kawai a Afirka Magic . An saki fim dinsa na Lagos Landing tare da hadin gwiwar Alliance française . Ya yaba da tasirin shigar [[Netflix]] da Amazon Prime Video cikin masana'antar fina-finai ta Najeriya, da kuma tasirin fina-fakka. Shi ne Babban jami'in aiki (COO) na bikin fina-finai na kasa da kasa na Afirka (AFRIFF), ta hanyar da yake kirkirar da kuma muhalli inda tsoffin masu shirya fina-fakka suka iya samar da kayan aiki da kuma karfafa masu gudanarwa masu zuwa. <ref name="fif" /><ref>{{Cite web |date=2021-12-10 |title=Theo Ukpaa, Others Empower African Filmmakers At AFRIFF 2021 {{!}} Business Post Nigeria |url=https://businesspost.ng/showbiz/theo-ukpaa-others-empower-african-filmmakers-at-afriff-2021/ |access-date=2023-05-20 |website=Business Post |language=en-GB}}</ref> An sanya masa suna a cikin Top ta hanyar daraktoci ta African Culture Magazine a cikin 2020. <ref>{{Cite web |last=enkay |date=2023-05-16 |title=Nollywood has capacity to surpass Hollywood, Bollywood with FG support - Theo Ukpaa |url=https://www.ivory-ng.com/nollywood-has-capacity-to-surpass-hollywood-bollywood-with-fg-support-theo-ukpaa/ |access-date=2023-05-20 |website=Ivory NG |language=en-US}}</ref> == Rikici == An zargi Ukpaa da fyade ta hanyar mai ba da labari na talabijin Emilia Samuel . An yi zargin cewa lamarin ya faru ne a karo na farko lokacin da yake aiki tare da Spice TV kuma ta zo a matsayin mai takara don wasan da gidan talabijin ya shirya a shekara ta 2008.<ref>{{Cite web |last= |date=2018-08-30 |title=Linda Ikeji Fires Staff Accused Of Rape |url=https://www.tvcentertainment.tv/2018/08/linda-ikeji-fires-staff-accused-of-rape/ |access-date=2023-05-20 |website=[[TVC News]] |language=en-US}}</ref> Ya musanta lamarin kuma ba a gabatar da tuhuma ba, kodayake ma'aikatarsa ta ba da izinin biyan kuɗin shari'a idan wanda aka azabtar yana so ya gabatar da tuhume-tuhumen. Wannan zargi ya haifar da korarsa ta [[Linda Ikeji]] a matsayin Shugaban shirye-shirye daga Linda Ikeji TV. == Hotunan fina-finai == * Kwarewar Marathon (gajere) 2015 * MTN Space (gajere) 2015 * MTN Callertunes (gajere) 2016 * Gudun 2017 * Saukowa Legas 2018 * Sunan Ba Olusho ba ne 2019 * Yarinyar Kira 2021 * Enitan (gajere) 2022 * Jam'iyyar ta Uku 2022 * Mai farauta na 2023 * Haywire 2023 <ref>{{Cite web |title=Theo Ukpaa {{!}} Nollywood, Nigerian Movies & Casting |url=https://nlist.ng//people/theo-ukpaa-2056/ |access-date=2023-05-20 |website=N List |language=en-GB}}</ref> == Bayanan da aka ambata == [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] f3ud9pln0a82c74lhda5husfztq4kum 895164 895163 2026-08-11T17:54:00Z Amadee619 37975 895164 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Theo Ukpaa''' (an haife shi a ranar 30 ga watan Mayu) shi ne darektan fina-finai na Najeriya kuma furodusa na mataki da talabijin. == Rayuwa ta farko da ilimi == Ukpaa, an haife shi a Surulere, [[Lagos (birni)|Legas]], ya girma a Legas da Los Angeles. Shi ne ɗan Capt. Herbert Ukpaa da Beatrice Ukpaa . Mahaifinsa, mai aikin jirgin ruwa, ya mutu a shekarar 1998. A shekara ta 2005, Ukpaa ta kammala karatu tare da girmamawa na farko a fannin Tattalin Arziki daga [[Jami'ar Benin]] . Daga nan sai ya bi Jagoran Kasuwancin Kasuwanci (MBA) a kan cikakken tallafin karatu a Jami'ar Loyola Marymount da ke Los Angeles. A lokacin da yake Amurka, Ukpaa ya shiga karatun fim a Kwalejin Fim ta New York . Har ila yau, yana da difloma a cikin Dokar Kwangila daga [[Jami'ar Harvard]] mai daraja.<ref>{{Cite web |last= |date=2023-05-16 |title=Nollywood Has Capacity To Surpass Hollywood, Bollywood With FG Support - Theo Ukpaa |url=https://www.ivory-ng.com/nollywood-has-capacity-to-surpass-hollywood-bollywood-with-fg-support-theo-ukpaa/ |access-date=2023-05-20 |website=Ivory NG |language=en-US}}</ref> == Ayyuka == Ukpaa ya fara aikinsa yana da shekaru 16 ta hanyar koyon samar da mataki, kuma a wani lokaci [[Wole Oguntokun]] da [[Rogers Ofime]] ne suka jagoranci shi a gidan wasan kwaikwayo. Tsohon mai shirya fina-finai [[Amaka Igwe]] ne ya koya masa rubuce-rubuce, wanda ya ninka sau biyu a matsayin daya daga cikin mutane biyu da suka yi wahayi zuwa gare shi ya shiga gidan wasan kwaikwayo na farko tare da fim din yaren asali "Ahanna", da kuma [[Tunde Kelani]] tare da "Ti Oluwa Nile".<ref>{{Cite web |title=Theo Ukpaa |url=https://www.imdb.com/name/nm8007720/bio/ |access-date=2023-05-20 |website=IMDb |language=en-US}}</ref> A matsayinsa na darektan talabijin, ya yi aiki tare da Soundcity TV, Spice TV da Trace Urban, Linda Ikeji TV . A wata hira da [[This Day|Wannan Ranar]], ya yaba wa Tajuddeen Adepetu da [[Sam Onyemelukwe]] don ba shi hanyoyin haɗi zuwa waɗannan damar. Kazalika da kasancewa darektan akalla bugu daya na MTV Africa Music Awards da The Headies Awards, ya kasance darektan wasan kwaikwayo na bishara na Kwarewar aƙalla sau biyar.<ref name="gee" /> Ya kuma dauki bakuncin bikin fina-finai na Coal City, tare da [[Izu Ojukwu]] da Chichi Nwoko . Fim dinsa The Hunter an gabatar da shi ne kawai a Afirka Magic . An saki fim dinsa na Lagos Landing tare da hadin gwiwar Alliance française . Ya yaba da tasirin shigar [[Netflix]] da Amazon Prime Video cikin masana'antar fina-finai ta Najeriya, da kuma tasirin fina-fakka. Shi ne Babban jami'in aiki (COO) na bikin fina-finai na kasa da kasa na Afirka (AFRIFF), ta hanyar da yake kirkirar da kuma muhalli inda tsoffin masu shirya fina-fakka suka iya samar da kayan aiki da kuma karfafa masu gudanarwa masu zuwa. <ref name="fif" /><ref>{{Cite web |date=2021-12-10 |title=Theo Ukpaa, Others Empower African Filmmakers At AFRIFF 2021 {{!}} Business Post Nigeria |url=https://businesspost.ng/showbiz/theo-ukpaa-others-empower-african-filmmakers-at-afriff-2021/ |access-date=2023-05-20 |website=Business Post |language=en-GB}}</ref> An sanya masa suna a cikin Top ta hanyar daraktoci ta African Culture Magazine a cikin 2020. <ref>{{Cite web |last=enkay |date=2023-05-16 |title=Nollywood has capacity to surpass Hollywood, Bollywood with FG support - Theo Ukpaa |url=https://www.ivory-ng.com/nollywood-has-capacity-to-surpass-hollywood-bollywood-with-fg-support-theo-ukpaa/ |access-date=2023-05-20 |website=Ivory NG |language=en-US}}</ref> == Rikici == An zargi Ukpaa da fyade ta hanyar mai ba da labari na talabijin Emilia Samuel . An yi zargin cewa lamarin ya faru ne a karo na farko lokacin da yake aiki tare da Spice TV kuma ta zo a matsayin mai takara don wasan da gidan talabijin ya shirya a shekara ta 2008.<ref>{{Cite web |last= |date=2018-08-30 |title=Linda Ikeji Fires Staff Accused Of Rape |url=https://www.tvcentertainment.tv/2018/08/linda-ikeji-fires-staff-accused-of-rape/ |access-date=2023-05-20 |website=[[TVC News]] |language=en-US}}</ref> Ya musanta lamarin kuma ba a gabatar da tuhuma ba, kodayake ma'aikatarsa ta ba da izinin biyan kuɗin shari'a idan wanda aka azabtar yana so ya gabatar da tuhume-tuhumen. Wannan zargi ya haifar da korarsa ta [[Linda Ikeji]] a matsayin Shugaban shirye-shirye daga Linda Ikeji TV. == Hotunan fina-finai == * Kwarewar Marathon (gajere) 2015 * MTN Space (gajere) 2015 * MTN Callertunes (gajere) 2016 * Gudun 2017 * Saukowa Legas 2018 * Sunan Ba Olusho ba ne 2019 * Yarinyar Kira 2021 * Enitan (gajere) 2022 * Jam'iyyar ta Uku 2022 * Mai farauta na 2023 * Haywire 2023 <ref>{{Cite web |title=Theo Ukpaa {{!}} Nollywood, Nigerian Movies & Casting |url=https://nlist.ng//people/theo-ukpaa-2056/ |access-date=2023-05-20 |website=N List |language=en-GB}}</ref> == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] jj7vanzk2fr5mcbmcer9vg1tq1dk748 0 54253 895149 889637 2026-08-11T17:45:09Z Amadee619 37975 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1347101385|Kingsley Ogoro]]" 895149 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Kingsley Eloho Ogoro''' (an haife shi a ranar 29 ga watan Agusta, shekara ta 1965), shi ne darektan fina-finai na Najeriya, marubuci, mai shirya kiɗa kuma tsohon mai rawa. An fi saninsa da fim din 2003 ''[[Osuofia in London|Osuofia a Landan]]'' tare da [[Nkem Owoh]], kuma tun daga lokacin ya yi aiki galibi a matsayin furodusa da darektan masana'antar fina-finai ta [[Nollywood]]. == Rayuwa ta farko == Ogoro ya halarci [[Jami'ar Usmanu Ɗanfodiyo|Jami'ar Sokoto]] inda ya yi karatun Banking & Finance, ya kammala a shekarar 1988, amma ya ci gaba da sha'awar kiɗa duk da rashin amincewar iyayensa. Kafin karatunsa na jami'a, ya kai wasan karshe na John Player Disco Dancing Championships, bayan haka ya fara mai da hankali kan aikin kiɗa a matsayin furodusa.<ref>{{Cite web |title=My Parents Forced Me To School |url=https://www.modernghana.com/nollywood/1556/my-parents-forced-me-to-schoolkingsley-ogoro.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221120010953/https://www.modernghana.com/nollywood/1556/my-parents-forced-me-to-schoolkingsley-ogoro.html |archive-date=2022-11-20 |access-date=2022-11-20}}</ref> == Rayuwa ta mutum == Ogoro a baya ta auri tsohon mawaƙin pop Esse Agesse . Ma'aurata suna da 'ya'ya uku. 'Yarsu ta fari, Ewoma Ogoro, ta kasance Miss Nigeria Ireland a 2012 kuma yanzu injiniya ce. 'Yarsu ta biyu, Mamobo Ogoro 'yar kasuwa ce a Ireland, ita ce ta kafa GORM kuma mai gabatarwa a NewstalkFM . <ref>{{Cite web |title=Mamobo Ogoro, Presenter on NewstalkFM |url=https://www.newstalk.com/shows/younified-1735225/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241209021854/https://www.newstalk.com/shows/younified-1735225 |archive-date=2024-12-09 |access-date=2024-12-16}}</ref> Ɗansu ƙarami Sean Ogoro yana aiki kuma yana zaune a Ireland. == Hotunan fina-finai == === A matsayin mai samarwa === * ''Gwauruwa'' (2005) * ''[[Across the Niger|A fadin Nijar]]'' (2004) * ''Osuofia a cikin London 2'' (2004) * Veno (2004) * Dangerous Babe (2003) * ''[[Osuofia in London|Osuofia a Landan]]'' (2003) === A matsayin darektan === * ''Gwauruwa'' (2005) * ''Osuofia a cikin London 2'' (2004) * Veno (2004) * ''[[Osuofia in London|Osuofia a Landan]]'' (2003) * ''Komawa'' (2003) === A matsayin marubucin allo === * ''Gwauruwa'' (2005) * ''Osuofia a cikin London 2'' (2004) * ''Osuofia a Landan'' (2003) == Dubi kuma == * [[Jerin masu shirya fina-finai na Najeriya]] == Bayanan da aka ambata == [[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1965]] [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] c4vp1l851136dcoh5i3eewtfa7t8ef3 895168 895149 2026-08-11T18:08:43Z Amadee619 37975 895168 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Kingsley Eloho Ogoro''' (an haife shi a ranar 29 ga watan Agusta, shekara ta 1965), shi ne darektan fina-finai na Najeriya, marubuci, mai shirya kiɗa kuma tsohon mai rawa. An fi saninsa da fim din 2003 ''[[Osuofia in London|Osuofia a Landan]]'' tare da [[Nkem Owoh]], kuma tun daga lokacin ya yi aiki galibi a matsayin furodusa da darektan masana'antar fina-finai ta [[Nollywood]]. == Rayuwa ta farko == Ogoro ya halarci [[Jami'ar Usmanu Ɗanfodiyo|Jami'ar Sokoto]] inda ya yi karatun Banking & Finance, ya kammala a shekarar 1988, amma ya ci gaba da sha'awar kiɗa duk da rashin amincewar iyayensa. Kafin karatunsa na jami'a, ya kai wasan karshe na John Player Disco Dancing Championships, bayan haka ya fara mai da hankali kan aikin kiɗa a matsayin furodusa.<ref>{{Cite web |title=My Parents Forced Me To School |url=https://www.modernghana.com/nollywood/1556/my-parents-forced-me-to-schoolkingsley-ogoro.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221120010953/https://www.modernghana.com/nollywood/1556/my-parents-forced-me-to-schoolkingsley-ogoro.html |archive-date=2022-11-20 |access-date=2022-11-20}}</ref> == Rayuwa ta mutum == Ogoro a baya ta auri tsohon mawaƙin pop Esse Agesse . Ma'aurata suna da 'ya'ya uku. 'Yarsu ta fari, Ewoma Ogoro, ta kasance Miss Nigeria Ireland a 2012 kuma yanzu injiniya ce. 'Yarsu ta biyu, Mamobo Ogoro 'yar kasuwa ce a Ireland, ita ce ta kafa GORM kuma mai gabatarwa a NewstalkFM . <ref>{{Cite web |title=Mamobo Ogoro, Presenter on NewstalkFM |url=https://www.newstalk.com/shows/younified-1735225/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241209021854/https://www.newstalk.com/shows/younified-1735225 |archive-date=2024-12-09 |access-date=2024-12-16}}</ref> Ɗansu ƙarami Sean Ogoro yana aiki kuma yana zaune a Ireland. == Hotunan fina-finai == === A matsayin mai samarwa === * ''Gwauruwa'' (2005) * ''[[Across the Niger|A fadin Nijar]]'' (2004) * ''Osuofia a cikin London 2'' (2004) * Veno (2004) * Dangerous Babe (2003) * ''[[Osuofia in London|Osuofia a Landan]]'' (2003) === A matsayin darektan === * ''Gwauruwa'' (2005) * ''Osuofia a cikin London 2'' (2004) * Veno (2004) * ''[[Osuofia in London|Osuofia a Landan]]'' (2003) * ''Komawa'' (2003) === A matsayin marubucin allo === * ''Gwauruwa'' (2005) * ''Osuofia a cikin London 2'' (2004) * ''Osuofia a Landan'' (2003) == Dubi kuma == * [[Jerin masu shirya fina-finai na Najeriya]] == Bayanan da aka ambata == [[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1965]] [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] djiprlst26y2unrjg95uih5ubkaji2j 895169 895168 2026-08-11T18:09:01Z Amadee619 37975 895169 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Kingsley Eloho Ogoro''' (an haife shi a ranar 29 ga watan Agusta, shekara ta 1965), shi ne darektan fina-finai na Najeriya, marubuci, mai shirya kiɗa kuma tsohon mai rawa. An fi saninsa da fim din 2003 ''[[Osuofia in London|Osuofia a Landan]]'' tare da [[Nkem Owoh]], kuma tun daga lokacin ya yi aiki galibi a matsayin furodusa da darektan masana'antar fina-finai ta [[Nollywood]]. == Rayuwa ta farko == Ogoro ya halarci [[Jami'ar Usmanu Ɗanfodiyo|Jami'ar Sokoto]] inda ya yi karatun Banking & Finance, ya kammala a shekarar 1988, amma ya ci gaba da sha'awar kiɗa duk da rashin amincewar iyayensa. Kafin karatunsa na jami'a, ya kai wasan karshe na John Player Disco Dancing Championships, bayan haka ya fara mai da hankali kan aikin kiɗa a matsayin furodusa.<ref>{{Cite web |title=My Parents Forced Me To School |url=https://www.modernghana.com/nollywood/1556/my-parents-forced-me-to-schoolkingsley-ogoro.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221120010953/https://www.modernghana.com/nollywood/1556/my-parents-forced-me-to-schoolkingsley-ogoro.html |archive-date=2022-11-20 |access-date=2022-11-20}}</ref> == Rayuwa ta mutum == Ogoro a baya ta auri tsohon mawaƙin pop Esse Agesse . Ma'aurata suna da 'ya'ya uku. 'Yarsu ta fari, Ewoma Ogoro, ta kasance Miss Nigeria Ireland a 2012 kuma yanzu injiniya ce. 'Yarsu ta biyu, Mamobo Ogoro 'yar kasuwa ce a Ireland, ita ce ta kafa GORM kuma mai gabatarwa a NewstalkFM . <ref>{{Cite web |title=Mamobo Ogoro, Presenter on NewstalkFM |url=https://www.newstalk.com/shows/younified-1735225/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241209021854/https://www.newstalk.com/shows/younified-1735225 |archive-date=2024-12-09 |access-date=2024-12-16}}</ref> Ɗansu ƙarami Sean Ogoro yana aiki kuma yana zaune a Ireland. == Hotunan fina-finai == === A matsayin mai samarwa === * ''Gwauruwa'' (2005) * ''[[Across the Niger|A fadin Nijar]]'' (2004) * ''Osuofia a cikin London 2'' (2004) * Veno (2004) * Dangerous Babe (2003) * ''[[Osuofia in London|Osuofia a Landan]]'' (2003) === A matsayin darektan === * ''Gwauruwa'' (2005) * ''Osuofia a cikin London 2'' (2004) * Veno (2004) * ''[[Osuofia in London|Osuofia a Landan]]'' (2003) * ''Komawa'' (2003) === A matsayin marubucin allo === * ''Gwauruwa'' (2005) * ''Osuofia a cikin London 2'' (2004) * ''Osuofia a Landan'' (2003) == Dubi kuma == * [[Jerin masu shirya fina-finai na Najeriya]] == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1965]] [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] 8l18a0viwste3zf131bf50lfwz8xyle 0 58331 895497 501919 2026-08-12T09:50:28Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 895497 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}}[[Fayil:Drought_in_Nigeria.jpg|thumb| Fari a Najeriya]] Fari da aka dade a [[Najeriya]] ya haifar da [[Desertification in Africa|kwararowar hamada]] da karancin filayen kiwon shanu da noman noma . Domin samun filin [[noma]] ko kiwo, ana ƙarfafa [[manoma]] da [[Rikicin makiyaya da manoma a Najeriya|makiyaya]] su tafi sabbin wurare, wanda a lokuta da yawa ke haifar da tashin hankali <ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=what causes Drought in Nigeria - Google Search |url=https://www.google.com/search?q=what+causes+Drought+in+Nigeria |access-date=2023-07-10 |website=www.google.com}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |date=2017-11-14 |title=Briefing: Nigerian farmers can't fight desertification alone |url=https://www.thenewhumanitarian.org/analysis/2017/11/14/briefing-nigerian-farmers-can-t-fight-desertification-alone |access-date=2023-07-10 |website=The New Humanitarian |language=en}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |date=2017-09-19 |title=Herders against Farmers: Nigeria's Expanding Deadly Conflict |url=https://www.crisisgroup.org/africa/west-africa/nigeria/252-herders-against-farmers-nigerias-expanding-deadly-conflict |access-date=2023-07-10 |website=www.crisisgroup.org |language=en}}</ref> [[Makiyayi|Makiyaya]] da manoma sun shiga faɗan tashin hankali cikin shekaru biyu da suka gabata. <ref>{{Cite web |date=2018-07-26 |title=Stopping Nigeria's Spiralling Farmer-Herder Violence |url=https://www.crisisgroup.org/africa/west-africa/nigeria/262-stopping-nigerias-spiralling-farmer-herder-violence |access-date=2023-07-10 |website=www.crisisgroup.org |language=en}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |last=Salkida |first=Ahmad |date=2020-06-13 |title=Fulani: Villain And Victim Of Militia Attacks? |url=https://humanglemedia.com/fulani-villian-and-victim-of-militia-attacks/ |access-date=2023-07-10 |website=HumAngle |language=en-US |archive-date=2025-03-22 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250322093620/https://humanglemedia.com/fulani-villian-and-victim-of-militia-attacks/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> Fiye da mutane 2,000 ne suka rasa rayukansu a shekarar 2018. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Over 2000 Nigerians Killed In Farmers-Herdsmen Clashes Across Nigeria- Group {{!}} Sahara Reporters |url=https://saharareporters.com/2018/04/09/over-2000-nigerians-killed-farmers-herdsmen-clashes-across-nigeria-group |access-date=2023-07-10 |website=saharareporters.com}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Boyce |first=Christopher J. |last2=Delaney |first2=Liam |last3=Wood |first3=Alex M. |date=2018-08-29 |title=The Great Recession and subjective well-being: How did the life satisfaction of people living in the United Kingdom change following the financial crisis? |journal=PLOS ONE |volume=13 |issue=8 |pages=e0201215 |bibcode=2018PLoSO..1301215B |doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0201215 |issn=1932-6203 |pmc=6114278 |pmid=30157180 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Sai dai da yawa daga cikin mazauna kauyukan [[Plateau (jiha)|jihar Filato]] ta Najeriya ba sa son fita saboda suna ganin yankin a matsayin gidansu. <ref>{{Cite web |title=They Do Not Own This Place: Government Discrimination Against "Non-Indigenes" in Nigeria: Historical Background and Context |url=https://www.hrw.org/reports/2006/nigeria0406/7.htm |access-date=2023-07-10 |website=www.hrw.org}}</ref> Lokacin da aka kona al'umma, ana samar da sabbin bulo don gyara gidajen da suka lalace. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Greenpeace - Drought in Nigeria |url=https://media.greenpeace.org/archive/Drought-in-Nigeria-27MDHU6SU7Y.html |access-date=2023-07-10 |website=media.greenpeace.org}}</ref> Binciken Hotunan sararin samaniya daga Hukumar Kula da Sararin Samaniya ta Kasa (NASA) ya nuna cewa kusan kilomita 900,000 na tsohuwar ciyayi na Savanna a yankin [[Afirka]] an lalata su sosai tsakanin farkon shekarun 1960 zuwa 1986 saboda fari da ake ci gaba da yi (O'Connor 1995). . <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Eze |first=Jude Nwafor |date=2018-10-22 |title=Drought occurrences and its implications on the households in Yobe state, Nigeria |journal=Geoenvironmental Disasters |volume=5 |issue=1 |pages=18 |bibcode=2018GeoDi...5...18E |doi=10.1186/s40677-018-0111-7 |issn=2197-8670 |doi-access=free}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |date=2018-11-14 |title=What Happens After an Entire Town Burns to the Ground? |url=https://gizmodo.com/what-happens-after-an-entire-town-burns-to-the-ground-1830441990 |access-date=2023-07-22 |website=Gizmodo |language=en}}</ref> Fari wani lamari ne da ke faruwa a Najeriya kuma ya shafi al'ummar kasar baki daya. Yankuna masu busassun busassun da ɓarke sun fi hankali fiye da na'urar bushewa ta kudu, amma ƙimar raunin ya bambanta. A [[Yankin Arewacin Najeriya|Arewacin Najeriya]], akwai bayanai da dama na aukuwar fari da suka haifar da yunwa a shekarun 1914, 1924, 1935, 1943, 1951-1954, 1972–1973, Mortimore 1989 da 1991–1995 (Tarhule da Woo). <ref name=":0"/> Wani bincike na baya-bayan nan da wani kamfanin bincike na Afirka SBMINtel ya gudanar a jihohi bakwai na Najeriya, ya nuna cewa kusan kashi 79 cikin 100 na manoman Najeriya suna fama da illar fari da ambaliyar ruwa a shekarar 2020. Daga cikinsu, kashi 26.3% sun sami cikas ga girbin su saboda matsanancin yanayi. Kimanin kashi 52.60% sun ɗan shafa, yayin da 21.1% suka ba da rahoton cewa babu wani tasiri daga fari da ambaliya. Binciken mai taken ‘’Yan Najeriya na son ci ne kawai,’ ya bayyana manyan kalubalen da manoma da masu safarar abinci ke fuskanta a Najeriya, wadanda ka iya kawo cikas ga samar da abinci a kasa. An buga wannan watan. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Nearly 80% of Nigerian farmers affected by floods, drought in 2020 – Report |url=https://www.premiumtimesng.com/agriculture/agric-news/436380-nearly-80-of-nigerian-farmers-affected-by-floods-drought-in-2020-report.html?tztc=1 |access-date=2023-08-03 |website=www.premiumtimesng.com}}</ref> == Tasiri == Fari ya haifar da karuwar sauyin yanayi a duniya da kuma bukatar samun ci gaba mai dorewa. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Hassan |first=A. G. |last2=Fullen |first2=M. A. |last3=Oloke |first3=D. |date=2019-03-01 |title=Problems of drought and its management in Yobe State, Nigeria |url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2212094718300653 |journal=Weather and Climate Extremes |language=en |volume=23 |pages=100192 |bibcode=2019WCE....2300192H |doi=10.1016/j.wace.2019.100192 |issn=2212-0947 |s2cid=134464604 |hdl-access=free}}</ref> Haka nan kuma fari ya yi sanadiyyar salwantar rayuka. A cikin ‘yan shekarun da suka gabata an samu karuwar tashe-tashen hankula tsakanin manoma da makiyaya masu neman kiwo da ruwa. Muhimman tasirin fari a Arewacin Najeriya ya bayyana a shekarun da suka gabata, wanda ya shafi amfanin gona da noma a yankin. Fari yana da alaƙa da tsawaita rashi ko rashin isasshen ruwan sama, wanda ke haifar da ƙarancin ruwan sama na dogon lokaci a wani yanki na musamman. Wannan yanayin yana haifar da damuwa da ruwa da kuma raguwar amfanin gona a lokacin da ruwan sama ya kasa biyan bukatun amfanin gonaki. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Stanke |first=Carla |last2=Kerac |first2=Marko |last3=Prudhomme |first3=Christel |last4=Medlock |first4=Jolyon |last5=Murray |first5=Virginia |date=2013-06-05 |title=Health Effects of Drought: a Systematic Review of the Evidence |journal=PLOS Currents |volume=5 |pages=ecurrents.dis.7a2cee9e980f91ad7697b570bcc4b004 |doi=10.1371/currents.dis.7a2cee9e980f91ad7697b570bcc4b004 |doi-broken-date=2024-08-01 |issn=2157-3999 |pmc=3682759 |pmid=23787891 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Masana sun bayyana ambaliya ta 2022 a Najeriya a matsayin mafi muni tun shekarar 2012. Wannan ambaliya ta lalata amfanin gona a sama da hekta 500,000 na gonaki, lamarin da ya shafi kananan manoma da masu kasuwanci a fadin kasar. <ref name=":1">{{Cite web |date=30 October 2022 |title=Seven major ways climate change affects Nigerians - Daily Trust |url=https://dailytrust.com/seven-major-ways-climate-change-affects-nigerians/ |access-date=2023-08-03 |website=dailytrust.com}}</ref> Sauye-sauyen yanayi na shafar samar da wutar lantarki a Najeriya, domin yana haifar da ruwan sama da ba za a iya tantancewa ba, da kuma yanayin fari, wanda ke yin tasiri ga matakan ruwa a [[Madatsar ruwa|madatsun ruwa]] kamar [[Madatsar ruwa ta Kainji|Dam din Kainji]] . A lokacin fari, yawan wutar lantarki na ruwa yana raguwa, yana shafar rarraba wutar lantarki na kasa da kuma kawo cikas ga ayyukan masana'antu da suka dogara da ingantaccen wutar lantarki. Akasin haka, yawan ruwan sama saboda sauyin yanayi na iya haifar da mummunar ambaliya a cikin al'ummomin da ke makwabtaka da su. <ref name=":1"/> === Jihohin da fari ya shafa a Najeriya === [[Fayil:Drought_in_northern_Yobe.jpg|thumb| Farin jihar Yobe]] Jihohin da suka hada da [[Sokoto (jiha)|Sokoto]], [[Katsina (jiha)|Katsina]], [[Zamfara]], [[Kebbi]], [[Jigawa]] da [[Kano (jiha)|Kano]] a arewa maso yamma da [[Borno]], [[Yobe]], [[Gombe (jiha)|Gombe]], [[Bauchi (jiha)|Bauchi]] da [[Adamawa]] a yankin arewa maso gabashin kasar nan sun fi fama da matsalar fari. <ref>{{Cite web |date=2009-09-13 |title=Nigeria: Alert – Drought to affect northern states – NEMA – Nigeria {{!}} ReliefWeb |url=https://reliefweb.int/report/nigeria/nigeria-alert-drought-affect-northern-states-nema |access-date=2023-09-20 |website=reliefweb.int |language=en}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |date=2009-09-13 |title=Nigeria: Alert – Drought to affect northern states – NEMA – Nigeria {{!}} ReliefWeb |url=https://reliefweb.int/report/nigeria/nigeria-alert-drought-affect-northern-states-nema |access-date=2023-09-30 |website=reliefweb.int |language=en}}</ref> == Yanayi == Lokacin Harmattan da ke faruwa tsakanin karshen watan Nuwamba zuwa tsakiyar Maris na kawo fari a Najeriya. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Harmattan {{!}} Origin, Effects, & Facts {{!}} Britannica |url=https://www.britannica.com/science/harmattan |access-date=2023-09-30 |website=www.britannica.com |language=en}}</ref> Wani lokaci yakan haifar da babban gajimare na kura wanda zai iya haifar da guguwar ƙura ko yashi. Iska na iya ƙara haɗarin wuta kuma ta haifar da mummunar lalacewar amfanin gona. == Hukumar gwamnati == Dokokin kula da muhalli na kasa (Kwantar da Hamada da Rage Fari) na shekarar 2011, na taka rawa wajen daidaita kwararowar hamada a Najeriya. <ref>{{Cite web |title=National Environmental (Desertification Control and Drought Mitigation) Regulations, 2011 (S.I. No. 13 of 2011). {{!}} UNEP Law and Environment Assistance Platform |url=https://leap.unep.org/countries/ng/national-legislation/national-environmental-desertification-control-and-drought |access-date=2023-09-30 |website=leap.unep.org}}</ref> Haka kuma suna taka muhimmiyar rawa wajen wayar da kan ‘yan Nijeriya musabbabi da hadurran da ke tattare da fasadi. Suna cimma wannan ta hanyar ƙarfafa Dashen gandun daji, Reseeding, [[Shuka Itatuwa a daji|Dashen daji]] da kuma kiyaye wuraren da ke ƙarƙashin Hamada. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Admin |first=Law Nigeria |date=2020-08-21 |title=NATIONAL ENVIRONMENTAL (DESERTIFICATION CONTROL AND DROUGHT MITIGATION) REGULATIONS, 2011 |url=https://standards.lawnigeria.com/2020/08/21/national-environmental-desertification-control-and-drought-mitigation-regulations-2011/ |access-date=2023-09-16 |language=en-GB}}</ref> == Manazarta == <references /> [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] fr6nnb1xdhgacerg07vg94452l6obli 0 58886 895256 434561 2026-08-11T22:03:58Z Baffa ali 47435 /* Nassoshi */ 895256 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} [[File:ISS021-E-7867_(cropped).jpg|thumb| Ra'ayin sararin samaniya na gabar tekun Wallis gami da tsibirin Nukuhione]] '''Nukuhione''' tsibiri ne na Wallis da Futuna.Tana kusa da gabar gabas na Mata-Utu,tsibirin Wallis. {{Stub}} == Nassoshi == {{Reflist}} {{Authority control}} {{Coord|13|16|24|S|176|7|51|W|type:landmark|display=title}} [[Category:Islets of Wallis and Futuna]] {{WallisFutuna-geo-stub}} 3rrg77qu86infnp1tk4tmmtjdn2jmtu 0 59819 895316 851849 2026-08-12T00:14:35Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 895316 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} [[Fayil:Niger river BLANK.PNG|thumb]] '''Dazuzzukan Kuros-Niger''' Wani [[Dazuzzuka na bakin teku na Arewacin California|dazuzzukan]] yankin kudu maso gabashin [[Najeriya]] ne, dake tsakanin [[Neja (kogi)|kogin Neja]] a yamma da kuma [[Kogin Cross River (Najeriya)|Cross River]] a gabas. Da zarar cakuda dazuzzuka masu zafi da gandun daji na Savanna ya rufe wadannan tsaunuka marasa karfi, amma a yau, wannan yanki na daya daga cikin wuraren da ke da yawan jama'a a [[Afirka]] kuma a yau an kawar da yawancin dazuzzuka kuma yankin ya zama ciyawa. <ref>https://ecoregions2017.appspot.com/</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |url=https://dopa-explorer.jrc.ec.europa.eu/ecoregion/30106 |title=Kwafin ajiya |access-date=2023-09-13 |archive-date=2024-12-18 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241218193505/https://dopa-explorer.jrc.ec.europa.eu/ecoregion/30106 |url-status=dead }}</ref> <ref>https://editors.eol.org/eoearth/wiki/Cross-Niger_transition_forests</ref> == Wuri da bayanin == Yankin muhalli ya mamaye jihohin [[Najeriya]] [[Abiya|Abia]], [[Akwa Ibom]], [[Anambra]], [[Ebonyi (ƙaramar hukuma)|Ebonyi]], da [[Imo]], wanda ya kai fadin kasa {{Convert|20,700|km2|sqmi}} . <ref>{{Cite web}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web}}</ref> Kogin Neja ya raba dazuzzukan Cross-Nijar daga [[Kananan Dazuzzukan Najeriya|dazuzzukan dazuzzukan Najeriya]] zuwa yamma, wanda mai yiwuwa ya yi kama da ainihin yanayin yanayin yankin [[Cross-Nijar]]. A kudu da kudu maso yamma akwai dazuzzukan fadama na Neja Delta . A arewa, dazuzzukan Cross-Niger suna fitowa zuwa ga gandun daji na Guinea-savanna na busasshiyar ciki. Yanayin ya zama rigar, yana ƙara bushewa a cikin ƙasa, tare da lokacin rani daga Disamba zuwa Fabrairu. == Flora == Tsire-tsire da namun daji na ecoregion "mai canzawa ne", abubuwan da suka haɗu daga gandun daji na Upper Guinea sun haɗa da ''Afzelia'', wanda aka noma don katako, da dabino ''[[Giginya|Borassus aethiopum]]'' . == Fauna == Ƙananan wuraren [[Gandun Daji|dajin]] da aka karewa sun kasance a cikin ciyayi kuma waɗannan gida ne ga dabbobi irin su Sclater's guenon da crested chameleon ( ''Trioceros cristatus'' ). [[Neja (kogi)|Kogin Neja]] ya kasance babban shingen zirga-zirgar namun daji a ciki da wajen yankin. Manyan dabbobi masu shayarwa sun lalace a yankin tun a shekarun 1940 kuma yanzu akwai sauran namun daji da suka rage a yankin wanda hatta [[Jemage|jemagu]] da [[Kwaɗo|kwadi]] sun makale ana ci. == Barazana == Yankin ya ci gaba da dawwama tsawon [[Ƙarni|shekaru aru-aru]], kuma yawancin gandun daji na asali an share su don noma, dazuzzuka, da raya birane kamar matatun mai na [[Port Harcourt|Fatakwal]] . Ragowar dazuzzukan na asali sun hada da gandun dajin Stubbs Creek da ke [[Akwa Ibom]] tare da wasu dazuzzukan dajin, wadanda ke ci gaba da bacewa yayin da rayuwar [[ƙauye|kauye]] ke lalacewa, da facin dajin kogi. Akwai gandun daji a [[Anambra]] da sauran wurare amma waɗannan na ƙarshe sun fi yawa don aikin noman katako maimakon kiyaye yanayin asali. == Manazarta == b2oql5lkr31hc8891743ovjzm3blgte 0 60670 895297 466532 2026-08-11T22:51:23Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 895297 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Daniel Spencer;''' ɗan gwagwarmayar sauyin yanayi ne na Australiya, asalinsa daga Renmark a yankin kudancin Riverland. Ya gudanar da manyan ayyuka na jagoranci acikin [[Ƙungiyar Matasan Canjin Yanayi na Australiya|Ƙungiyar Matasan Yanayi na Australiya]], Repower Port Augusta yaƙin neman zaɓe da Walk for Solar. Ayyukan sa sun mayar da hankali kan inganta hangen nesa da gina tallafin al'umma don maye gurbin tashoshin wutar lantarki da aka kora a Port Augusta tare da madaidaicin hanyar samar da wutar lantarki mai amfani da hasken rana.<ref>Spencer, Daniel [http://newint.org/blog/2012/10/26/youth-daniel-spencer-aycc-port-augusta/ "Meet Australian climate activist Daniel Spencer"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230204180717/https://newint.org/blog/2012/10/26/youth-daniel-spencer-aycc-port-augusta |date=2023-02-04 }} ''New Internationalist Blog'', Australia (2012-10-26). Retrieved 2014-04-03.</ref> Acikin 2012, Spencer ya sami lambar yabo ta Bob Brown Foundation na farko na Matasa Masu Muhalli na Shekara <ref>Darby, Andrew [http://www.smh.com.au/environment/bob-brown-lauds-next-generation-20120928-26q0o.html "Bob Brown lauds next generation"] ''Sydney Morning Herald'', Sydney, Australia (2012-09-28). Retrieved 2014-04-03.</ref> kuma Majalisar Kulawa ta Kudancin Ostiraliya ta karɓe ta tare da lambar yabo ta Jill Hudson don Kariyar Muhalli. Acikin 2013, ya sami lambar yabo ta Flinders Ports Environment Award a Channel 9 Young Achievers Awards a Kudancin Ostiraliya.<ref>[http://www.awardsaustralia.com/young-achiever-awards/sa/word-from-winners/ Awards Australia > South Australia Young Achievers Awards > Words from Winners] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231208232214/https://awardsaustralia.com/young-achiever-awards/sa/word-from-winners |date=2023-12-08 }}. Accessed 2014-04-0</ref> Spencer ya fito acikin fina-finai na gaskiya da ke mai da hankali kan sauyin yanayi da fafutuka, gami da ''juyin juya hali'' da ''Digiri na 2'' kuma mawaƙi ne, marubuci kuma mawaƙi mai jagora ga tushen reggae band ''Babila Burning''. Spencer a halin yanzu yana aiki a reshen Kudancin Australia na Ƙungiyar Sabis na Australiya. == Manazarta == <references /> [[Category:Rayayyun mutane]] nde4f999kkw5ffpkd7bgh52zwl7yzfc 0 62042 895428 893033 2026-08-12T08:09:13Z Shafa Hassan 45932 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1341443700|Restless City]]" 895428 wikitext text/x-wiki {| class="infobox vevent" ! colspan="2" class="infobox-above summary" style="font-size: 125%; font-style: italic;" |Birni mara kwanciyar hankali |- | colspan="2" class="infobox-image" |[[File:Restless_City.jpg|frameless]]<div class="infobox-caption">Hoton talla</div> |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="white-space: nowrap; padding-right: 0.65em;" |An ba da umarni daga | class="infobox-data" |[[Andrew Dosunmu]] |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="white-space: nowrap; padding-right: 0.65em;" |Rubuce-rubuce | class="infobox-data" |Eugene M. Gussenhoven |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="white-space: nowrap; padding-right: 0.65em;" |An samar da shi ta hanyar | class="infobox-data" |Katie MustardMatt ParkerDavid Raymond[[Tony Okungbowa]]<br /><br /><br /> |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="white-space: nowrap; padding-right: 0.65em;" |Fitowa | class="infobox-data" |Sy AlassaneSky Nicole Grey[[Tony Okungbowa]] Gira<br /><br /><br />[[Danai Gurira|Danai zai so]] |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="white-space: nowrap; padding-right: 0.65em;" |Hotuna | class="infobox-data" |[[Bradford Young]] |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="white-space: nowrap; padding-right: 0.65em;" |An shirya shi ta hanyar | class="infobox-data" |Oriana Soddu |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="white-space: nowrap; padding-right: 0.65em;" |<div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0; ">Kamfanin samarwa<br /></div> | class="infobox-data" |<div style="vertical-align: middle;">Clam Prods</div> |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="white-space: nowrap; padding-right: 0.65em;" |An rarraba ta hanyar | class="infobox-data" |[[ARRAY|AFFRM]] |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="white-space: nowrap; padding-right: 0.65em;" |<div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0; white-space: normal;">Ranar fitarwa</div> | class="infobox-data" |<templatestyles src="Plainlist/styles.css" /><div class="plainlist film-date"> * Janairu 23, 2011 <span style="display: none;"> (<span class="bday dtstart published updated itvstart">2011-01-23</span>)&nbsp;</span> (Sundance) &nbsp;&nbsp;&#x20; * Afrilu 27, 2012 <span style="display: none;"> (<span class="bday dtstart published updated itvstart">2012-04-27</span>)&nbsp;</span> (Amurka) &nbsp;&nbsp;&#x20; </div> |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="white-space: nowrap; padding-right: 0.65em;" |<div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0; white-space: normal;">Lokacin gudu</div> | class="infobox-data" |Minti 90 |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="white-space: nowrap; padding-right: 0.65em;" |Kasar | class="infobox-data" |Amurka |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="white-space: nowrap; padding-right: 0.65em;" |Harsuna | class="infobox-data" |Turanci da Faransanci<br /> |}  <templatestyles src="Div col/styles.css" />Restless City fim ne mai zaman kansa na wasan kwaikwayo na 2011 wanda Eugene M. Gussenhoven ya rubuta kuma [[Andrew Dosunmu]] ya ba da umarni. Tauraruwar ta Sy Alassane, Sky Nicole Grey, [[Tony Okungbowa]], [[Stephen Tyrone Williams]], da Danai Gurira. Fim din ya fara ne a ranar 23 ga watan Janairun shekara ta 2011, a bikin fina-finai na Sundance na shekara ta 2011 kuma an sake shi a Amurka a ranar 27 ga Afrilu, 2012. <ref name="AFFRM">{{Cite web |title=Restless City |url=http://www.affrm.com/restless-city/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120613182948/http://www.affrm.com/restless-city/ |archive-date=June 13, 2012 |access-date=26 April 2023 |website=[[AFFRM]]}}</ref> == Makirci == Djibril, wani matashi dan kasar Senegal, yana kokarin yin rayuwa a kan titunan Harlem a New York. Wani mawaƙi mai son, yana fatan wata rana ya sami yarjejeniyar rikodin, amma bayan shekaru huɗu a Amurka har yanzu yana rayuwa tare ta hanyar sayar da CDs a kan titi da kuma yin wasan kwaikwayo a matsayin mai aikawa tare da taimakon moped dinsa. Don tara isasshen kuɗi don yin kundi, Djibril ya yarda ya yi aiki ga Bekay, mai karuwanci da mai ba da rance. Manufar Djilbri ta cika mafarkinsa ta katse lokacin da ya sadu da Trini, karuwa da ke aiki ga Bekay. Djibril ya yi hadari ga komai don ceton Trini daga rayuwarta mara kyau. == Masu ba da labari == {{Reflist}}  == Karɓar baƙi == On the mai tarawashafin yanar gizonTumatir da ya lalace, 45% na sake dubawa na masu sukar 11 suna da kyau, tare da matsakaicin matsayi na 6/10.<ref name="RT">{{Cite web |title=Restless City |url=https://www.rottentomatoes.com/m/restless_city |access-date=26 April 2023 |website=[[Rotten Tomatoes]]}}</ref> A cikin bita mai kyau, Wesley Morris na The Boston Globe ya rubuta, "'Restless City' yana da kyau tare da yanayi", kuma "akwai mafarki mai ban sha'awa ga rayuwa a [Dosunmu's] Harlem kamar yadda ya saba da maganin rayuwa" na wasu fina-finai. Ernest Hardy na The Village Voice ya ce, "An fada a cikin salon elliptical tare da saurin tafiya da saurin motsawa wanda ke ɗaukar wasu ana amfani da su, ƙarfin da ikon fim ɗin yana cikin hotunan waka, a hanyar da Dosunmu da mai daukar hoto Bradford Young ke amfani da haske da abun da ke ciki don yin kusan kowane firam (bayani mai ban sha'awa; kusa da fuska da ƙafafuwa; saurin motsa jiki a kan titunan birni) mai ban mamaki. == Manazarta == <templatestyles src="Reflist/styles.css" />{{Reflist}} == Haɗin waje == sbgy0nm8xi2m0d4boe6obt8dl9r4pdc 895441 895428 2026-08-12T08:37:32Z Ummun Sultan 23935 895441 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} Restless City fim ne mai zaman kansa na wasan kwaikwayo na 2011 wanda Eugene M. Gussenhoven ya rubuta kuma [[Andrew Dosunmu]] ya ba da umarni. Tauraruwar ta Sy Alassane, Sky Nicole Grey, [[Tony Okungbowa]], [[Stephen Tyrone Williams]], da Danai Gurira. Fim din ya fara ne a ranar 23 ga watan Janairun shekara ta 2011, a bikin fina-finai na Sundance na shekara ta 2011 kuma an sake shi a Amurka a ranar 27 ga Afrilu, 2012. <ref name="AFFRM">{{Cite web |title=Restless City |url=http://www.affrm.com/restless-city/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120613182948/http://www.affrm.com/restless-city/ |archive-date=June 13, 2012 |access-date=26 April 2023 |website=[[AFFRM]]}}</ref> == Makirci == Djibril, wani matashi dan kasar Senegal, yana kokarin yin rayuwa a kan titunan Harlem a New York. Wani mawaƙi mai son, yana fatan wata rana ya sami yarjejeniyar rikodin, amma bayan shekaru huɗu a Amurka har yanzu yana rayuwa tare ta hanyar sayar da CDs a kan titi da kuma yin wasan kwaikwayo a matsayin mai aikawa tare da taimakon moped dinsa. Don tara isasshen kuɗi don yin kundi, Djibril ya yarda ya yi aiki ga Bekay, mai karuwanci da mai ba da rance. Manufar Djilbri ta cika mafarkinsa ta katse lokacin da ya sadu da Trini, karuwa da ke aiki ga Bekay. Djibril ya yi hadari ga komai don ceton Trini daga rayuwarta mara kyau. == Masu ba da labari == {{Reflist}}  == Karɓar baƙi == On the mai tarawashafin yanar gizonTumatir da ya lalace, 45% na sake dubawa na masu sukar 11 suna da kyau, tare da matsakaicin matsayi na 6/10.<ref name="RT">{{Cite web |title=Restless City |url=https://www.rottentomatoes.com/m/restless_city |access-date=26 April 2023 |website=[[Rotten Tomatoes]]}}</ref> A cikin bita mai kyau, Wesley Morris na The Boston Globe ya rubuta, "'Restless City' yana da kyau tare da yanayi", kuma "akwai mafarki mai ban sha'awa ga rayuwa a [Dosunmu's] Harlem kamar yadda ya saba da maganin rayuwa" na wasu fina-finai. Ernest Hardy na The Village Voice ya ce, "An fada a cikin salon elliptical tare da saurin tafiya da saurin motsawa wanda ke ɗaukar wasu ana amfani da su, ƙarfin da ikon fim ɗin yana cikin hotunan waka, a hanyar da Dosunmu da mai daukar hoto Bradford Young ke amfani da haske da abun da ke ciki don yin kusan kowane firam (bayani mai ban sha'awa; kusa da fuska da ƙafafuwa; saurin motsa jiki a kan titunan birni) mai ban mamaki. == Manazarta == <templatestyles src="Reflist/styles.css" />{{Reflist}} == Haɗin waje == 466usruci0lierga6tftr1hiftyaouu 895504 895441 2026-08-12T10:04:46Z Ummun Sultan 23935 895504 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} Restless City fim ne mai zaman kansa na wasan kwaikwayo na shekarar 2011 wanda Eugene M. Gussenhoven ya rubuta kuma [[Andrew Dosunmu]] ya ba da umarni. Tauraruwar ta Sy Alassane, Sky Nicole Grey, [[Tony Okungbowa]], [[Stephen Tyrone Williams]], da Danai Gurira. Fim din ya fara ne a ranar 23 ga watan Janairun shekara ta 2011, a bikin fina-finai na Sundance na shekara ta 2011 kuma an sake shi a Amurka a ranar 27 ga Afrilu, 2012. <ref name="AFFRM">{{Cite web |title=Restless City |url=http://www.affrm.com/restless-city/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120613182948/http://www.affrm.com/restless-city/ |archive-date=June 13, 2012 |access-date=26 April 2023 |website=[[AFFRM]]}}</ref> == Makirci == Djibril, wani matashi dan kasar Senegal, yana kokarin yin rayuwa a kan titunan Harlem a New York. Wani mawaƙi mai son, yana fatan wata rana ya sami yarjejeniyar rikodin, amma bayan shekaru huɗu a Amurka har yanzu yana rayuwa tare ta hanyar sayar da CDs a kan titi da kuma yin wasan kwaikwayo a matsayin mai aikawa tare da taimakon moped dinsa. Don tara isasshen kuɗi don yin kundi, Djibril ya yarda ya yi aiki ga Bekay, mai karuwanci da mai ba da rance. Manufar Djilbri ta cika mafarkinsa ta katse lokacin da ya sadu da Trini, karuwa da ke aiki ga Bekay. Djibril ya yi hadari ga komai don ceton Trini daga rayuwarta mara kyau. == Masu ba da labari == {{Reflist}}  == Karɓar baƙi == On the mai tarawashafin yanar gizonTumatir da ya lalace, 45% na sake dubawa na masu sukar 11 suna da kyau, tare da matsakaicin matsayi na 6/10.<ref name="RT">{{Cite web |title=Restless City |url=https://www.rottentomatoes.com/m/restless_city |access-date=26 April 2023 |website=[[Rotten Tomatoes]]}}</ref> A cikin bita mai kyau, Wesley Morris na The Boston Globe ya rubuta, "'Restless City' yana da kyau tare da yanayi", kuma "akwai mafarki mai ban sha'awa ga rayuwa a [Dosunmu's] Harlem kamar yadda ya saba da maganin rayuwa" na wasu fina-finai. Ernest Hardy na The Village Voice ya ce, "An fada a cikin salon elliptical tare da saurin tafiya da saurin motsawa wanda ke ɗaukar wasu ana amfani da su, ƙarfin da ikon fim ɗin yana cikin hotunan waka, a hanyar da Dosunmu da mai daukar hoto Bradford Young ke amfani da haske da abun da ke ciki don yin kusan kowane firam (bayani mai ban sha'awa; kusa da fuska da ƙafafuwa; saurin motsa jiki a kan titunan birni) mai ban mamaki. == Manazarta == <templatestyles src="Reflist/styles.css" />{{Reflist}} == Haɗin waje == 1foxxy5vgcpbztf7sy5cx5v5dkqs4az 895505 895504 2026-08-12T10:05:02Z Ummun Sultan 23935 895505 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} Restless City fim ne mai zaman kansa na wasan kwaikwayo na shekarar 2011 wanda Eugene M. Gussenhoven ya rubuta kuma [[Andrew Dosunmu]] ya ba da umarni. Tauraruwar ta Sy Alassane, Sky Nicole Grey, [[Tony Okungbowa]], [[Stephen Tyrone Williams]], da Danai Gurira. Fim din ya fara ne a ranar 23 ga watan Janairun shekara ta 2011, a bikin fina-finai na Sundance na shekara ta 2011 kuma an sake shi a Amurka a ranar 27 ga Afrilun shekarar 2012. <ref name="AFFRM">{{Cite web |title=Restless City |url=http://www.affrm.com/restless-city/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120613182948/http://www.affrm.com/restless-city/ |archive-date=June 13, 2012 |access-date=26 April 2023 |website=[[AFFRM]]}}</ref> == Makirci == Djibril, wani matashi dan kasar Senegal, yana kokarin yin rayuwa a kan titunan Harlem a New York. Wani mawaƙi mai son, yana fatan wata rana ya sami yarjejeniyar rikodin, amma bayan shekaru huɗu a Amurka har yanzu yana rayuwa tare ta hanyar sayar da CDs a kan titi da kuma yin wasan kwaikwayo a matsayin mai aikawa tare da taimakon moped dinsa. Don tara isasshen kuɗi don yin kundi, Djibril ya yarda ya yi aiki ga Bekay, mai karuwanci da mai ba da rance. Manufar Djilbri ta cika mafarkinsa ta katse lokacin da ya sadu da Trini, karuwa da ke aiki ga Bekay. Djibril ya yi hadari ga komai don ceton Trini daga rayuwarta mara kyau. == Masu ba da labari == {{Reflist}}  == Karɓar baƙi == On the mai tarawashafin yanar gizonTumatir da ya lalace, 45% na sake dubawa na masu sukar 11 suna da kyau, tare da matsakaicin matsayi na 6/10.<ref name="RT">{{Cite web |title=Restless City |url=https://www.rottentomatoes.com/m/restless_city |access-date=26 April 2023 |website=[[Rotten Tomatoes]]}}</ref> A cikin bita mai kyau, Wesley Morris na The Boston Globe ya rubuta, "'Restless City' yana da kyau tare da yanayi", kuma "akwai mafarki mai ban sha'awa ga rayuwa a [Dosunmu's] Harlem kamar yadda ya saba da maganin rayuwa" na wasu fina-finai. Ernest Hardy na The Village Voice ya ce, "An fada a cikin salon elliptical tare da saurin tafiya da saurin motsawa wanda ke ɗaukar wasu ana amfani da su, ƙarfin da ikon fim ɗin yana cikin hotunan waka, a hanyar da Dosunmu da mai daukar hoto Bradford Young ke amfani da haske da abun da ke ciki don yin kusan kowane firam (bayani mai ban sha'awa; kusa da fuska da ƙafafuwa; saurin motsa jiki a kan titunan birni) mai ban mamaki. == Manazarta == <templatestyles src="Reflist/styles.css" />{{Reflist}} == Haɗin waje == ga7wekd3md8a3400nbunc26y35yf48k 895506 895505 2026-08-12T10:05:25Z Ummun Sultan 23935 895506 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} Restless City fim ne mai zaman kansa na wasan kwaikwayo na shekarar 2011 wanda Eugene M. Gussenhoven ya rubuta kuma [[Andrew Dosunmu]] ya ba da umarni. Tauraruwar ta Sy Alassane, Sky Nicole Grey, [[Tony Okungbowa]], [[Stephen Tyrone Williams]], da Danai Gurira. Fim din ya fara ne a ranar 23 ga watan Janairun shekara ta 2011, a bikin fina-finai na Sundance na shekara ta 2011 kuma an sake shi a Amurka a ranar 27 ga Afrilun shekarar 2012. <ref name="AFFRM">{{Cite web |title=Restless City |url=http://www.affrm.com/restless-city/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120613182948/http://www.affrm.com/restless-city/ |archive-date=June 13, 2012 |access-date=26 April 2023 |website=[[AFFRM]]}}</ref> == Makirci == Djibril, wani matashi dan kasar Senegal, yana kokarin yin rayuwa a kan titunan Harlem a New York. Wani mawaƙi mai son, yana fatan wata rana ya sami yarjejeniyar rikodin, amma bayan shekaru huɗu a Amurka har yanzu yana rayuwa tare ta hanyar sayar da CDs a kan titi da kuma yin wasan kwaikwayo a matsayin mai aikawa tare da taimakon moped dinsa. Don tara isasshen kuɗi don yin kundi, Djibril ya yarda ya kuma yi aiki ga Bekay, mai karuwanci da mai ba da rance. Manufar Djilbri ta cika mafarkinsa ta katse lokacin da ya sadu da Trini, karuwa da ke aiki ga Bekay. Djibril ya yi hadari ga komai don ceton Trini daga rayuwarta mara kyau. == Masu ba da labari == {{Reflist}}  == Karɓar baƙi == On the mai tarawashafin yanar gizonTumatir da ya lalace, 45% na sake dubawa na masu sukar 11 suna da kyau, tare da matsakaicin matsayi na 6/10.<ref name="RT">{{Cite web |title=Restless City |url=https://www.rottentomatoes.com/m/restless_city |access-date=26 April 2023 |website=[[Rotten Tomatoes]]}}</ref> A cikin bita mai kyau, Wesley Morris na The Boston Globe ya rubuta, "'Restless City' yana da kyau tare da yanayi", kuma "akwai mafarki mai ban sha'awa ga rayuwa a [Dosunmu's] Harlem kamar yadda ya saba da maganin rayuwa" na wasu fina-finai. Ernest Hardy na The Village Voice ya ce, "An fada a cikin salon elliptical tare da saurin tafiya da saurin motsawa wanda ke ɗaukar wasu ana amfani da su, ƙarfin da ikon fim ɗin yana cikin hotunan waka, a hanyar da Dosunmu da mai daukar hoto Bradford Young ke amfani da haske da abun da ke ciki don yin kusan kowane firam (bayani mai ban sha'awa; kusa da fuska da ƙafafuwa; saurin motsa jiki a kan titunan birni) mai ban mamaki. == Manazarta == <templatestyles src="Reflist/styles.css" />{{Reflist}} == Haɗin waje == g7d9qwl0t21wx88tudb4b7oib2f51jt 0 65539 895432 826673 2026-08-12T08:15:29Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 895432 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Ernest Asi Afiesimama''' [[Climatology|masanin kimiyar muhalli da yanayi ne]] [[Ɗan Nijeriya|ɗan ƙasar Najeriya]] wanda ya yi aiki da Hukumar Kula da Yanayi ta [[Najeriya]] kuma ya kasance mai ba da shawara kan harkokin muhalli da yanayi a Stern Integrated Projects<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.manpower.com.ng/company/284981/stern-integrated-projects-limited |title=Stern Integrated Projects |author=<!--Not stated--> |website=www.manpower.com.ng }}</ref> Ya kuma kasance Coordinator na Save [[Nigeria|Nigerian]] Environment Initiative.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://savenigerianenvironment.org/index.php/2012-03-14-03-21-37/111-national-coordinator|title=Save Nigerian Environment Initiative - Ernest A. Afiesimama (Chairman Board Of Trustee)|website=savenigerianenvironment.org|access-date=24 August 2020|archive-date=1 October 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201001171443/http://savenigerianenvironment.org/index.php/2012-03-14-03-21-37/111-national-coordinator|url-status=dead}}</ref> A halin yanzu yana aiki tare da Hukumar Kula da Yanayi ta Duniya. == Fage == An haifi Afiesimama a Ogoloma, [[Okrika]], [[Jihar Rivers|Jihar Ribas]]. Ya halarci Cibiyar horas da yanayi ta Duniya (WMO) Regional Training Centre (RTC) Legas kuma ya sami takardar shedar Class III (Weather Analyst) da Class II (Weather Forecaster) ya samu satifiket da (distinction). Ya kammala karatun digirin digirgir kan yanayi a shekarar 1988 a [[Kwalejin Fasahar Jiragen Sama ta Najeriya]] da ke [[Zariya]] sannan ya yi karatu a Jami'ar Fasaha ta Tarayya ta [[Akure]]. Ya yi digiri na farko a fannin kimiyyar yanayi (Meteorology) da Master of Sciences (Distinction) a fannin ruwa da albarkatun ruwa. Ya samu digirinsa na uku (Ph.D) a [[Climatology|fannin climatology]] (climatedynamics) a [[Jami'ar Lagos|jami'ar Legas]] kuma ya shafe shekaru da dama yana aikin tuntubar [[muhalli]]. Kwanan nan ya sami digiri na farko a [[Doka|fannin Shari'a]] daga Jami'ar Shari'a, [[United Kingdom]]. Yana da babbar difloma a Injiniyanci na lantarki/lantarki da sauran takaddun karatun digiri a fannonin [[muhalli]] da yanayi. == Ma'aikacin yanayi == Ya shiga Sashen Kula da Yanayi na Ma'aikatar Tarayya a lokacin kuma ya kasance mai gabatar da yanayin gidan talabijin na ƙasa a shekara ta 1997.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://users.ictp.it/~sci_info/News_from_ICTP/News_87/dateline.html|title=News from ICTP 87 - Dateline|website=users.ictp.it|access-date=2023-12-23|archive-date=2007-06-09|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070609221800/http://users.ictp.it/%7Esci_info/News_from_ICTP/News_87/dateline.html|url-status=dead}}</ref> Ya sami lambar yabo don kwarewa a gabatar da yanayi. Ya kasance shugaban hulɗar ƙasa da ƙasa da ka'idoji sannan kuma babban manaja, hasashen yanayi na lambobi (NWP)<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.scidev.net/en/news/nigerian-scientists-allay-fears-of-west-african-ts.html|title=Nigerian scientists allay fears of West African tsunami|first=|last=SciDev.Net|publisher=}}</ref> na Hukumar Kula da Yanayi ta [[Najeriya]] (NiMet).<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.nimet.gov.ng/ |title=Nigerian Meteorological Agency (NiMet). |website=www.nimet.gov.ng |access-date=2023-12-23 |archive-date=2022-06-14 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220614095940/https://nimet.gov.ng/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> A halin yanzu shi ne Manajan Shirye-shiryen, Ofisoshin [[Afirka]] da ƙasashe Masu Ci Gaba a Hukumar Kula da Yanayi ta Duniya a Geneva, [[Switzerland]]. Afiesimama babban masanin kimiyya ne na Cibiyar Nazarin Ilimin Kimiyya ta Duniya (Physics of Weather and Climate Group), Trieste, [[Italiya]] daga shekarun 2002 zuwa 2014. Ya kasance jagoran marubucin sadarwa ta [[Najeriya]] ta biyu kan ci gaban yanayin yanayi a [[Najeriya]]. == Bayan aiki == Ya kasance manajan darakta na Stern Integrated Projects.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.manpower.com.ng/company/284981/stern-integrated-projects-limited |title=Stern Integrated Projects. |author=<!--Not stated--> }}</ref> Waɗannan ayyukan suna da alaƙa da horar da muhalli da tuntuɓar muhalli, ƙididdigar tasirin muhalli da dubawa, raunin muhalli, raguwa da daidaitawa saboda canjin yanayi da canji. Bugu da kari, shi ne kodinetan kungiyar Save Nigerian Environment Initiative (SNEI) na ƙasa.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://savenigerianenvironment.org/index.php/2012-03-14-03-21-37/111-national-coordinator |title=Save Nigerian Environment Initiative (SNEI). |access-date=24 August 2020 |archive-date=1 October 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201001171443/http://savenigerianenvironment.org/index.php/2012-03-14-03-21-37/111-national-coordinator |url-status=dead }}</ref> kungiya ce mai zaman kanta, wacce ke kokarin wayar da kan jama'a, ilmantarwa da inganta kariya, kiyayewa da ingantaccen amfani da muhalli ta hanyar da ta dace don ci gaban zamantakewa da tattalin arziki. Ya rubuta rahotanni game da kimanta tasirin muhalli, batutuwan da suka shafi nazarin zamantakewa da tattalin arziki game da haɗarin yanayi, zaɓuɓɓukan ragewa da kuma daidaitawa da dabarun daidaitawa saboda sauyin yanayi da canji a kan ayyukan gida, na ƙasa da na duniya.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.climdev-africa.org/acc2013CommitteesLP |title=CCDAII Participants |access-date=2023-12-23 |archive-date=2020-01-08 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200108032909/http://www.climdev-africa.org/acc2013CommitteesLP |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.meteo.fr/cic/wsn05/DVD/participants.html |title=World Weather Research Program Symposium on Nowcasting and Very Short Range Forecasting Participants |access-date=2023-12-23 |archive-date=2016-03-05 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160305031558/http://www.meteo.fr/cic/wsn05/DVD/participants.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> Ya kasance memba na Nazarin Monsoon Multidisciplinary Analyzes (AMMA-2050),<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.amma2050.org |title=African Monsoon Multidisciplinary Analyses (AMMA-2050)}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://amma-international.org/|title=AMMA - International|website=www.amma-international.org|language=en|access-date=2017-10-20|archive-date=2022-06-15|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220615191144/https://www.amma-international.org/|url-status=dead}}</ref> International Scientific Steering Committee (ISSC) a Turai<ref>{{cite web |url=http://ihec-epigenomes.org/about/committees/issc |title=International Scientific Steering Committee (ISSC) in Europe |access-date=2023-12-23 |archive-date=2020-02-20 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200220183527/http://ihec-epigenomes.org/about/committees/issc/ |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.clivar.org/organization/africa/ssc/ssc |title=International Scientific Steering Committee}}</ref> kuma shugaban kwamitin kimiyya na AMMA a [[Afirka]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.amma-international.org/|title=AMMA International|website=www.amma2050.org|language=en|access-date=2023-12-23|archive-date=2022-06-15|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220615191144/https://www.amma-international.org/|url-status=dead}}</ref> Shi memba ne na ƙwararrun ƙungiyoyin da suka haɗa da Ƙungiyar Haɗaɗɗiyar Ruwa ta [[Najeriya]], da Kungiyar American Meteorological Society da American Geophysical Union. == Manazarta == [[Category:Rayayyun mutane]] 9v7sfngeiabcfvdul96a229caqnw1yw 0 65872 895370 635220 2026-08-12T06:32:50Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 895370 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Elisabeth Isabel Valerio''' 'yar kasuwa ce kuma 'yar siyasa 'yar ƙasar [[Zimbabwe]] wacce ita ce shugabar [[United Zimbabwe Alliance|Hadaddiyar Kungiyar Haɗin Kan Zimbabwe]] (UZA).<ref>{{Cite web |last=Chronicle |first=The |date=2023-08-16 |title=ZEC clears Elisabeth Isabel Valerio |url=https://www.chronicle.co.zw/zec-clears-elisabeth-isabel-valerio/ |access-date=2023-08-26 |website=The Chronicle |language=en-GB |archive-date=2023-08-26 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230826192310/https://www.chronicle.co.zw/zec-clears-elisabeth-isabel-valerio/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> Ita ce mace ɗaya tilo da ta tsaya takarar shugaban ƙasa a babban zaɓen kasar [[Zimbabwe]] na shekarar 2023.<ref name="bbc.co.uk">{{Cite web |date=2023-07-20 |title=BBC World Service - Newshour, Zimbabwe’s only female presidential candidate wins appeal to stand |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/p0g1xp02 |access-date=2023-08-03 |website=BBC |language=en-GB}}</ref> == Rayuwar farko da ilimi == An haifi Elisabeth Valerio a Masvingo, [[Zimbabwe]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-04-07 |title=Valerio vows to improve the lives of Zimbabweans {{!}} Business Times |url=https://businesstimes.co.zw/valerio-vows-to-improve-the-lives-of-zimbabweans/ |access-date=2023-10-09 |website=businesstimes.co.zw |language=en-US}}</ref> Ta girma a Hwange a lardin Matabeleland ta Arewa.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Victory for Zimbabwe's only female candidate in the presidential race |url=https://www.timeslive.co.za/news/africa/2023-07-20-victory-for-zimbabwes-only-female-candidate-in-the-presidential-race/ |access-date=2023-08-03 |website=TimesLIVE |language=en-ZA}}</ref> Ta shafe yawancin yarintar ta a tsakiyar shekarun 1970s a cikin kantin kayan miya na iyayenta a Cibiyar Siyayya ta Machipisa a Highfield.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |last=ngoafricawatch |date=2023-03-20 |title=‘Zimbabwe is ready for a female President’- Elisabeth Valerio - |url=https://ngoafricawatch.com/2023/03/20/zimbabwe-is-ready-for-a-female-president-elisabeth-valerio/ |access-date=2023-08-03 |website=ngoafricawatch.com |language=en-US |archive-date=2023-06-24 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230624072655/https://ngoafricawatch.com/2023/03/20/zimbabwe-is-ready-for-a-female-president-elisabeth-valerio/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> Valerio ta halarci Jami'ar [[California]], [[Los Angeles]].<ref name="UZA candidate Valerio dreams big">{{Cite web |title=UZA candidate Valerio dreams big |url=https://www.herald.co.zw/uza-candidate-valerio-dreams-big/ |access-date=2023-08-03 |website=The Herald |language=en |archive-date=2023-08-03 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230803220919/https://www.herald.co.zw/uza-candidate-valerio-dreams-big/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> == Sana'a == Valerio masaniya ce a fannin kimiyyar halittu da sunadarai kuma mai kiyayewa ta hanyar sana'a.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Chifamba |first=Jerry |date=2023-07-21 |title=Zimbabwe: Are Zimbabweans Ready to Elect a Woman President? |language=en |work=allAfrica.com |url=https://allafrica.com/stories/202307210384.html |access-date=2023-08-03 |archive-date=2023-08-03 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230803220918/https://allafrica.com/stories/202307210384.html |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Opposition presidential candidate calls for lifting of sanctions |url=https://www.herald.co.zw/opposition-presidential-candidate-calls-for-lifting-of-sanctions/ |access-date=2023-10-09 |website=The Herald |language=en }}{{Dead link|date=June 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> Ta fara aikinta a matsayin masaniya a fannin kimiyyar halittu da sunadarai sannan ta koma Hwange, inda ta zama mai kula da muhalli.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Nyandoro |first=Donald |title=Exploitation of resources jolted me into politics: Valerio |url=https://www.newsday.co.zw/local-news/article/200011937/exploitation-of-resources-jolted-me-into-politics-valerio |access-date=2023-10-09 |website=NewsDay |language=en}}</ref> A cikin shekarar 2020, Elisabeth ta jagoranci wani kira na ƙasa ga Emmerson Mnangagwa da ya dakatar da hakar kwal a cikin gandun dajin Hwange da duk wani wurin shakatawa, majalisar ministocin Zimbabwe ta sanar da cewa ba za a hako ma'adinai a cikin wani dajin ƙasa a [[Zimbabwe]] ba. Ita ce shugabar kungiyar masu yawon buɗe ido ta Hwange.<ref>{{Citation |last=Trevor |first=In Conversation With |title=Elisabeth Valerio, 2023 Presidential Candidate, United Zimbabwe Alliance In Conversation With Trevor |url=https://iono.fm/e/1316881 |access-date=2023-10-09 |language=en |archive-date=2023-06-27 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230627025106/https://iono.fm/e/1316881 |url-status=dead }}</ref> A cikin shekarar 2022, Elisabeth ta kafa Cibiyar Harkokin Kasuwanci da Jagoranci da Ɗorewa a [[Afirka]] (Entrepreneurial & Leadership Initiative for Sustainability in Africa) (ELISA). Elisabeth Valerio ta kafa jam'iyyar siyasa ta United [[Zimbabwe]] Alliance a shekarar 2022. An kaddamar da jam'iyyar ne a ranar 16 ga watan Maris 2022 a ɗakin taro na Andy Millar dake Harare, [[Zimbabwe]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=ZimSitRep_M |date=2022-03-18 |title=Zimbabwean Businesswoman Launches New Opposition Party |url=https://www.zimbabwesituation.com/news/zimbabwean-businesswoman-launches-new-opposition-party/ |access-date=2023-10-09 |website=Zimbabwe Situation |language=en-US}}</ref> Valerio ta zama 'yar takara a hukumance a babban zaɓen ƙasar [[Zimbabwe]] na shekarar 2023 bayan da ta lashe ɗaukaka kara da ta hana ta shiga.<ref name="bbc.co.uk" /><ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-03-16 |title=Zimbabwean Businesswoman Launches New Opposition Party |url=https://www.voazimbabwe.com/a/6488195.html |access-date=2023-10-09 |website=VOA |language=en}}</ref> A zaɓen ta zo na tara a cikin 'yan takara goma sha ɗaya.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-08-26 |title=Zimbabwean President Emmerson Mnangagwa wins re-election after troubled vote, officials say |url=https://apnews.com/article/zimbabwe-election-emmerson-mnangagwa-4aaeb10b7bf49f54fd10af141d18ced2 |access-date=2023-08-28 |website=AP News |language=en}}</ref> == Rayuwa ta sirri == Mahaifiyar Valerio Isabel Madangure ita ce mace ta farko da ta tsaya takarar shugaban ƙasa a tarihin [[Afirka]].<ref name="UZA candidate Valerio dreams big"/> Zuriyar shugaba Masvingo Mugabe.<ref name=":0" /> == Manazarta == [[Category:Rayayyun mutane]] a9qzie0wzcgtwc2ivlpjj0zysb1rkwc 0 67494 895612 410746 2026-08-12T10:45:37Z Maryam Abdullahi Y 43904 895612 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}}{{Databox}}'''Young and the Restless'''<ref>https://daytimeconfidential.com/2018/12/18/breaking-news-tony-morina-and-josh-griffith-to-helm-the-young-and-the-restless</ref> (sau da yawa an taƙaita shi a matsayin '''''Y&R''''') wasan kwaikwayo ne na talabijin na kasar Amurka wanda William J. Bell da Lee Phillip Bell suka kirkira don CBS . An kuma shirya wasan kwaikwayon ne a cikin Genoa City (ba ainihin rayuwar da ake kira Genoa City, Wisconsin ba). An fara watsa shirye-shiryen ne a ranar 26 ga watan Maris, shekarar 1973, The Young and the Restless an fara watsa shi ne a matsayin abubuwan da suka faru na rabin sa'a, sau biyar a mako.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Kwafin ajiya |url=http://www.soapoperanetwork.com/news/ratings-new-lows-for-daysy-another-horrible-week-for-soaps |access-date=2024-01-19 |archive-date=2012-06-06 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120606150305/http://www.soapoperanetwork.com/news/ratings-new-lows-for-daysy-another-horrible-week-for-soaps |url-status=dead }}</ref> == Manazarta == <references />{{Stub}} 8my32iimb7h1219osm3odik8iw9sfjg 0 68630 895152 885909 2026-08-11T17:46:26Z Amadee619 37975 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1345756324|Dwindle (film)]]" 895152 wikitext text/x-wiki Dwindle fim ne na wasan kwaikwayo [[Ɗan Nijeriya|Na Najeriya]] na 2021 wanda Darlington Abuda ya rubuta kuma [[Kayode Kasum]] da Dare Olaitan suka ba da umarni. Mimi Bartels ce ta samar da shi don FilmOne Productions . <ref>{{Cite web |last=Tv |first=Bn |date=2021-04-09 |title=Teaser for "Dwindle" starring Funke Akindele-Bello & Bisola Aiyeola Will Leave You Wanting More |url=https://www.bellanaija.com/2021/04/teaser-for-dwindle/ |access-date=2021-06-24 |website=BellaNaija |language=en-US}}</ref> == Makirci == Yana ba da labarin Sogo da Buta, abokai biyu waɗanda suka sace mota kuma suka shiga cikin igiya, da kuma yadda rayuwarsu ta canza sosai lokacin da suka haɗu da masu kisan kai waɗanda suka sace gwamnan jihar. == Masu ba da labari == * [[Funke Akindele]] a matsayin Jami'in Tolani * [[Bisola Aiyeola]] a matsayin Jami'in Juliet * [[Jide Kene Achufusi|Jidekene Achufusi]] a matsayin Chinedu * [[Lateef Adedimeji]] a matsayin Fuku * Harriet Akinola a matsayin Uwar Todun * Jude Chukwuka a matsayin Uba na Todun * Mary Chukwuma a matsayin mace mai tsarki * [[Jibola Dabo]] a matsayin Gwamna Otunta * Martha Ehinome a matsayin Ajoke Kasum * Oli Ekun a matsayin ilmin sunadarai * Temisan Emmanuel a matsayin Tobi Williams * Rotimi Fakunle a matsayin Jami'in Michael * Ikponmwosa Gold a matsayin Jami'in Abani * [[Efa Iwara]] a matsayin Collins * David 'Mista Nollywood' Patrick a matsayin mai tsaron jiki * Maxwell Nwoye a matsayin mai tsaron jiki * Feyifunmi Oginni a matsayin Uber Driver * Feyisayo Ogundipe a matsayin mai ba da labarai * Immaculata Oko a matsayin Kayin Damola * Tope Olowoniyan a matsayin Todun * Jide 'JBlaze' Oyegbile a matsayin Ikenna * [[Gregory Ojefua]] a matsayin Oga Landlord * [[Broda Shaggi]] a matsayin Buta * [[Lateef Adedimeji|Adedimeji Lateef]] a matsayin Fuku * [[Timini Egbuson]] a matsayin Josiah Otunba * Steve Chuks a matsayin Jide * Demi Banwo a matsayin Ogogoro * [[Efa Iwara]] a matsayin Collins * [[Uzor Arukwe]] a matsayin Mai Tsarki na Mutum. == Saki == An sake shi a wasan kwaikwayo a ranar 16 ga Yuli 2021. <ref>{{Cite web |last=BellaNaija.com |date=2021-03-17 |title=Go Behind-the-Scenes of Kayode Kasum's Coming Movie "Dwindle" Starring Jidekene Achufusi & Broda Shaggi |url=https://www.bellanaija.com/2021/03/kayode-kasum-dwindle-bts/ |access-date=2021-06-24 |website=BellaNaija |language=en-US}}</ref> == Kyaututtuka da gabatarwa == {| class="wikitable" !Shekara !Kyautar !Sashe !Mai karɓa !Sakamakon !Ref |- | rowspan="2" |2022 | rowspan="2" |[[2022 Africa Magic Viewers' Choice Awards|Kyautar Zaɓin Masu Bincike na Afirka]] |Mafi kyawun 'yar wasan kwaikwayo a cikin Comedy |Bisola Aiyeola|{{Nom}} | rowspan="2" | |- |Mafi kyawun Actor a cikin Comedy |Broda Shaggi|{{Won}} |} == Bayanan da aka ambata == p29fe5zna5n2fzx0d84f0116p5sm0a6 895160 895152 2026-08-11T17:51:55Z Amadee619 37975 895160 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} Dwindle fim ne na wasan kwaikwayo [[Ɗan Nijeriya|Na Najeriya]] na 2021 wanda Darlington Abuda ya rubuta kuma [[Kayode Kasum]] da Dare Olaitan suka ba da umarni. Mimi Bartels ce ta samar da shi don FilmOne Productions . <ref>{{Cite web |last=Tv |first=Bn |date=2021-04-09 |title=Teaser for "Dwindle" starring Funke Akindele-Bello & Bisola Aiyeola Will Leave You Wanting More |url=https://www.bellanaija.com/2021/04/teaser-for-dwindle/ |access-date=2021-06-24 |website=BellaNaija |language=en-US}}</ref> == Makirci == Yana ba da labarin Sogo da Buta, abokai biyu waɗanda suka sace mota kuma suka shiga cikin igiya, da kuma yadda rayuwarsu ta canza sosai lokacin da suka haɗu da masu kisan kai waɗanda suka sace gwamnan jihar. == Masu ba da labari == * [[Funke Akindele]] a matsayin Jami'in Tolani * [[Bisola Aiyeola]] a matsayin Jami'in Juliet * [[Jide Kene Achufusi|Jidekene Achufusi]] a matsayin Chinedu * [[Lateef Adedimeji]] a matsayin Fuku * Harriet Akinola a matsayin Uwar Todun * Jude Chukwuka a matsayin Uba na Todun * Mary Chukwuma a matsayin mace mai tsarki * [[Jibola Dabo]] a matsayin Gwamna Otunta * Martha Ehinome a matsayin Ajoke Kasum * Oli Ekun a matsayin ilmin sunadarai * Temisan Emmanuel a matsayin Tobi Williams * Rotimi Fakunle a matsayin Jami'in Michael * Ikponmwosa Gold a matsayin Jami'in Abani * [[Efa Iwara]] a matsayin Collins * David 'Mista Nollywood' Patrick a matsayin mai tsaron jiki * Maxwell Nwoye a matsayin mai tsaron jiki * Feyifunmi Oginni a matsayin Uber Driver * Feyisayo Ogundipe a matsayin mai ba da labarai * Immaculata Oko a matsayin Kayin Damola * Tope Olowoniyan a matsayin Todun * Jide 'JBlaze' Oyegbile a matsayin Ikenna * [[Gregory Ojefua]] a matsayin Oga Landlord * [[Broda Shaggi]] a matsayin Buta * [[Lateef Adedimeji|Adedimeji Lateef]] a matsayin Fuku * [[Timini Egbuson]] a matsayin Josiah Otunba * Steve Chuks a matsayin Jide * Demi Banwo a matsayin Ogogoro * [[Efa Iwara]] a matsayin Collins * [[Uzor Arukwe]] a matsayin Mai Tsarki na Mutum. == Saki == An sake shi a wasan kwaikwayo a ranar 16 ga Yuli 2021. <ref>{{Cite web |last=BellaNaija.com |date=2021-03-17 |title=Go Behind-the-Scenes of Kayode Kasum's Coming Movie "Dwindle" Starring Jidekene Achufusi & Broda Shaggi |url=https://www.bellanaija.com/2021/03/kayode-kasum-dwindle-bts/ |access-date=2021-06-24 |website=BellaNaija |language=en-US}}</ref> == Kyaututtuka da gabatarwa == {| class="wikitable" !Shekara !Kyautar !Sashe !Mai karɓa !Sakamakon !Ref |- | rowspan="2" |2022 | rowspan="2" |[[2022 Africa Magic Viewers' Choice Awards|Kyautar Zaɓin Masu Bincike na Afirka]] |Mafi kyawun 'yar wasan kwaikwayo a cikin Comedy |Bisola Aiyeola|{{Nom}} | rowspan="2" | |- |Mafi kyawun Actor a cikin Comedy |Broda Shaggi|{{Won}} |} == Bayanan da aka ambata == 970ajqfm2z1m7ta8o9bzrx9l2m6ryb9 895162 895160 2026-08-11T17:52:24Z Amadee619 37975 895162 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} Dwindle fim ne na wasan kwaikwayo [[Ɗan Nijeriya|Na Najeriya]] na 2021 wanda Darlington Abuda ya rubuta kuma [[Kayode Kasum]] da Dare Olaitan suka ba da umarni. Mimi Bartels ce ta samar da shi don FilmOne Productions . <ref>{{Cite web |last=Tv |first=Bn |date=2021-04-09 |title=Teaser for "Dwindle" starring Funke Akindele-Bello & Bisola Aiyeola Will Leave You Wanting More |url=https://www.bellanaija.com/2021/04/teaser-for-dwindle/ |access-date=2021-06-24 |website=BellaNaija |language=en-US}}</ref> == Makirci == Yana ba da labarin Sogo da Buta, abokai biyu waɗanda suka sace mota kuma suka shiga cikin igiya, da kuma yadda rayuwarsu ta canza sosai lokacin da suka haɗu da masu kisan kai waɗanda suka sace gwamnan jihar. == Masu ba da labari == * [[Funke Akindele]] a matsayin Jami'in Tolani * [[Bisola Aiyeola]] a matsayin Jami'in Juliet * [[Jide Kene Achufusi|Jidekene Achufusi]] a matsayin Chinedu * [[Lateef Adedimeji]] a matsayin Fuku * Harriet Akinola a matsayin Uwar Todun * Jude Chukwuka a matsayin Uba na Todun * Mary Chukwuma a matsayin mace mai tsarki * [[Jibola Dabo]] a matsayin Gwamna Otunta * Martha Ehinome a matsayin Ajoke Kasum * Oli Ekun a matsayin ilmin sunadarai * Temisan Emmanuel a matsayin Tobi Williams * Rotimi Fakunle a matsayin Jami'in Michael * Ikponmwosa Gold a matsayin Jami'in Abani * [[Efa Iwara]] a matsayin Collins * David 'Mista Nollywood' Patrick a matsayin mai tsaron jiki * Maxwell Nwoye a matsayin mai tsaron jiki * Feyifunmi Oginni a matsayin Uber Driver * Feyisayo Ogundipe a matsayin mai ba da labarai * Immaculata Oko a matsayin Kayin Damola * Tope Olowoniyan a matsayin Todun * Jide 'JBlaze' Oyegbile a matsayin Ikenna * [[Gregory Ojefua]] a matsayin Oga Landlord * [[Broda Shaggi]] a matsayin Buta * [[Lateef Adedimeji|Adedimeji Lateef]] a matsayin Fuku * [[Timini Egbuson]] a matsayin Josiah Otunba * Steve Chuks a matsayin Jide * Demi Banwo a matsayin Ogogoro * [[Efa Iwara]] a matsayin Collins * [[Uzor Arukwe]] a matsayin Mai Tsarki na Mutum. == Saki == An sake shi a wasan kwaikwayo a ranar 16 ga Yuli 2021. <ref>{{Cite web |last=BellaNaija.com |date=2021-03-17 |title=Go Behind-the-Scenes of Kayode Kasum's Coming Movie "Dwindle" Starring Jidekene Achufusi & Broda Shaggi |url=https://www.bellanaija.com/2021/03/kayode-kasum-dwindle-bts/ |access-date=2021-06-24 |website=BellaNaija |language=en-US}}</ref> == Kyaututtuka da gabatarwa == {| class="wikitable" !Shekara !Kyautar !Sashe !Mai karɓa !Sakamakon !Ref |- | rowspan="2" |2022 | rowspan="2" |[[2022 Africa Magic Viewers' Choice Awards|Kyautar Zaɓin Masu Bincike na Afirka]] |Mafi kyawun 'yar wasan kwaikwayo a cikin Comedy |Bisola Aiyeola|{{Nom}} | rowspan="2" | |- |Mafi kyawun Actor a cikin Comedy |Broda Shaggi|{{Won}} |} == Manazarta == sqvbv9kc8s6w1ih8pbtsgvbx60ny4lp 0 68796 895108 677291 2026-08-11T16:59:39Z Ummun Sultan 23935 895108 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''''Benares''''' fim ne na [[Moris|Mauritius]] wanda [[Barlen Pyamootoo]] ya ba da umarni kuma ya rubuta, an saki fim din a ranar 29 ga watan Maris shekarar 2006 (Faransa). Tare da fim ɗin, Pyamootoo ya zama ɗan fim ɗin Mauritius na farko da ya yi amfani da Creole na Mauritius a cikin fim. == Sharhi == Wasu samari biyu da suka zagaye [[Moris|ƙasar Mauritius]] inda suka haɗu da wasu mata biyu masu ban sha'awa waɗanda suka nishaɗantar da su.<ref>{{Citation|title=Benares (2006)|url=https://www.rottentomatoes.com/m/benares|language=en|access-date=2019-11-03}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://en.unifrance.org/movie/24650/benares|title=Bénarès (2005)|website=en.unifrance.org|language=en|access-date=2019-11-03}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://marcelluskua.jimdo.com/2012/12/13/benares-film/|title=Benares Film|date=2012-12-13|website=Website of marcelluskua!|language=en-US|access-date=2019-11-03|archive-date=2019-11-03|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191103142751/https://marcelluskua.jimdo.com/2012/12/13/benares-film/|url-status=dead}}</ref> == Ƴan wasan shirin == * [[Barlen Pyamootoo]] * Danielle Dalbert * Sandra Faro * Davidsen Kamanah * Kristeven Mootien * Vanessa Li Lun Yuk ==Manazarta== {{Reflist}} tdd0ys58d8ygmttbxon0ul1uww4wq6g 0 68859 895544 536367 2026-08-12T10:20:45Z Maryam Abdullahi Y 43904 895544 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''''Kini and Adams''''' fim ne na wasan kwaikwayo na ƙasar [[Burkina Faso|Burkinabe]] na shekarar 1997 wanda kuma Idrissa Ouedraogo ya jagoranta kuma ya bada umarni. An yi fim ɗin a [[Zimbabwe]] cikin harshen Ingilishi.<ref>{{cite book | last = Hoefert De Turégano | first = Teresa | authorlink = | title = African Cinema and Europe: Close-up on Burkina Faso | publisher = European Press Academic Publishing | year = 2004 | pages = 241 | url = | isbn =88-8398-031-X }} </ref> == Labarin fim == A wani wuri a kudancin Afirka, a wani katon yanki mai cike da talakawa, wasu abokai biyu sun yi mafarkin samun ingantacciyar rayuwa, a nesa da ƙauyensu, kuma suka yanke shawarar barin su cika burinsu. Don su tafi, sun yi ƙoƙarin gyara wata tsohuwar mota da kayan aikin hannu na biyu, amma danginsu da abokansu suna yi musu ba'a.Kaɗan kaɗan karfinsu ya mutu haka ma abotansu. Daga karshe dai bacin rai da kishi ya kawo karshen abota da ke tsakanin mutanen biyu kuma suka zama abokan gaba. == 'Yan wasa == * Vusi Kunene a matsayin Kini * David Mohloki a matsayin Adams * [[Nthati Moshesh]] a matsayin Aida * John Kani a matsayin Ben * Netsayi Chigwendere a matsayin Binja * Fidelis Cheza a matsayin Tapera * Sibongile Mlambo a matsayin Bongi == Karɓar baƙi/Liyafa == Don wannan fim ɗin, an zaɓi Idrissa Ouedraogo a Palme d'Or a shekara ta 1997 Cannes Film Festival<ref name="festival-cannes.com">{{cite web |url=http://www.festival-cannes.com/en/archives/ficheFilm/id/4797/year/1997.html |title=Festival de Cannes: Kini and Adams |accessdate=2009-09-21|work=festival-cannes.com}}</ref> kuma ya lashe kyautar Jury a shekarar 1998 [[Bermuda International Film Festival]].<ref>{{cite web |title = Archive: September/October 1998 |publisher = [[Northwest Film Center]] |url = http://www.nwfilm.org/archives/schedule_1998/nowplaying_sepoct98.html |accessdate = 2008-08-03 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20080517054534/http://www.nwfilm.org/archives/schedule_1998/nowplaying_sepoct98.html |archive-date = 2008-05-17 |url-status = dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite web | last = Rabinowitz | first = Mark | authorlink = | title = Bermuda Fest Wraps, "Kini and Adams" Wins Jury Prize | work = [[IndieWire]] | publisher = | date = 1998-05-11 | url = http://www.indiewire.com/ots/fes_98Berm_980511_Awards.html | accessdate =2008-08-03 }} {{Dead link|date=October 2010|bot=H3llBot}}</ref> == Manazarta == [[Category:1997 films]] [[Category:1997 drama films]] [[Category:Films directed by Idrissa Ouedraogo]] [[Category:Films set in Zimbabwe]] [[Category:Burkinabé independent films]] [[Category:Burkinabé drama films]] [[Category:French drama films]] [[Category:1990s English-language films]] [[Category:1990s French films]] 2sjuw666nw1z0ddzp4xin15b1azoa2k 0 69203 895583 607072 2026-08-12T10:35:41Z Maryam Abdullahi Y 43904 895583 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''''Chafika et Metwal''''' ("Chafika et Metwal"," Shafika and Metwali "," Shafika wa Metwalli(y)" ("شفيقة و متولي") fim ne na wasan kwaikwayo na shekarar alif 1979 na ƙasar Masar, akwai jarumi Souad Hosni da Ahmed Zaki. Ali Badrakhan ne ya ba da umarni kuma ya rubuta shi daga labarin Salah Jahin. == Kiredit == *Kiɗa = Fouad Al Zawaheri *montage = Said Sheik *Shekarar saki = 1979 *Tsawon mintuna = 2h.5 minutes *Ƙasa = [[Egypt]] *Yare = [[Arabic]] == Sharhi == Fim ɗin ya dogara ne akan tatsuniya game da ɗan'uwa da ƴan uwa Shafika da Metally. Inda 'yar'uwar ( Souad Hosni ) ta tsira daga wani ƙaramin ƙauyen Upper Masar kuma ta yi ƙaura zuwa birni. Talauci da Chafika ke fuskanta, a ƙarshe ya kai ta don samun mummunar suna a matsayin mai rawa. Badrakhan ya ba wa labarin wani yanayi na zamantakewa da siyasa da ba na al'ada ba ta hanyar kafa shi a tsakiyar ƙarni na 19, lokacin da Pashas na Masar suka daina komi don ƙara arziƙinsu da tasirinsu, koda kuwa yana nufin yin kasuwanci a cikin rayuwar jama'arsu da sadaukar da mutuncin wasu. == Yan wasan shirin == * [[Souad Hosni]] a matsayin Chafika * [[Ahmed Zaki (actor)|Ahmed Zaki]] a matsayin Metwal * [[Mahmoud Abdel Aziz]] a matsayin Diab * [[Ahmed Mazhar]] a matsayin Tarabishi Bek * [[Gamil Ratib]] a matsayin Afandina * [[Mahmoud El Guindi]] * [[Ahmed Bedir]] * [[Younes Shalaby]] * [[Shafika and Metwally]] ==Kyauta== *"1980: "Tanit d'Bronze Award" for Aly Badrakhan. [[Carthage Film Festival]], Tunisia." *"1980: "Golden Montgolfiere Award" for Aly Badrakhan. [[Nantes Three Continents Festival]], France." Shafika and Metwally ==Manazarta== {{Reflist}} *" Cinemed, [http://www.cinemed.tm.fr/cgi-bin/film/film.cgi?lemenu=7&id=00503&festi=8&uk=oui&mod=proguk] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120302014511/http://www.cinemed.tm.fr/cgi-bin/film/film.cgi?lemenu=7&id=00503&festi=8&uk=oui&mod=proguk |date=2012-03-02 }}" ==Hanyoyin Hadi na waje== *"Chafika et Metwal at the Internet Movie Database [https://www.imdb.com/title/tt0295898/]" *"Chafika wa Metwally [http://www.facebook.com/pages/Chafika-wa-Metwally/127954317224887?sk=info]" *"معرض صور فيلم شفيقة ومتولى [http://www.elcinema.com/work/wk1000697/ph123477079]" [[Category:Fim]] gl5rfkddf2nku74ssu0wqprnty4xgp9 895584 895583 2026-08-12T10:35:59Z Maryam Abdullahi Y 43904 895584 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''''Chafika et Metwal''''' ("Chafika et Metwal"," Shafika and Metwali "," Shafika wa Metwalli(y)" ("شفيقة و متولي") fim ne na wasan kwaikwayo na shekarar alif 1979 na ƙasar Masar, akwai jarumi Souad Hosni da Ahmed Zaki. Ali Badrakhan ne ya ba da umarni kuma ya rubuta shi daga labarin Salah Jahin. == Kiredit == *Kiɗa = Fouad Al Zawaheri *montage = Said Sheik *Shekarar saki = 1979 *Tsawon mintuna = 2h.5 minutes *Ƙasa = [[Egypt]] *Yare = [[Arabic]] == Sharhi == Fim ɗin ya dogara ne akan tatsuniya game da ɗan'uwa da ƴan uwa Shafika da Metally. Inda ƴar'uwar ( Souad Hosni ) ta tsira daga wani ƙaramin ƙauyen Upper Masar kuma ta yi ƙaura zuwa birni. Talauci da Chafika ke fuskanta, a ƙarshe ya kai ta don samun mummunar suna a matsayin mai rawa. Badrakhan ya ba wa labarin wani yanayi na zamantakewa da siyasa da ba na al'ada ba ta hanyar kafa shi a tsakiyar ƙarni na 19, lokacin da Pashas na Masar suka daina komi don ƙara arziƙinsu da tasirinsu, koda kuwa yana nufin yin kasuwanci a cikin rayuwar jama'arsu da sadaukar da mutuncin wasu. == Yan wasan shirin == * [[Souad Hosni]] a matsayin Chafika * [[Ahmed Zaki (actor)|Ahmed Zaki]] a matsayin Metwal * [[Mahmoud Abdel Aziz]] a matsayin Diab * [[Ahmed Mazhar]] a matsayin Tarabishi Bek * [[Gamil Ratib]] a matsayin Afandina * [[Mahmoud El Guindi]] * [[Ahmed Bedir]] * [[Younes Shalaby]] * [[Shafika and Metwally]] ==Kyauta== *"1980: "Tanit d'Bronze Award" for Aly Badrakhan. [[Carthage Film Festival]], Tunisia." *"1980: "Golden Montgolfiere Award" for Aly Badrakhan. [[Nantes Three Continents Festival]], France." Shafika and Metwally ==Manazarta== {{Reflist}} *" Cinemed, [http://www.cinemed.tm.fr/cgi-bin/film/film.cgi?lemenu=7&id=00503&festi=8&uk=oui&mod=proguk] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120302014511/http://www.cinemed.tm.fr/cgi-bin/film/film.cgi?lemenu=7&id=00503&festi=8&uk=oui&mod=proguk |date=2012-03-02 }}" ==Hanyoyin Hadi na waje== *"Chafika et Metwal at the Internet Movie Database [https://www.imdb.com/title/tt0295898/]" *"Chafika wa Metwally [http://www.facebook.com/pages/Chafika-wa-Metwally/127954317224887?sk=info]" *"معرض صور فيلم شفيقة ومتولى [http://www.elcinema.com/work/wk1000697/ph123477079]" [[Category:Fim]] n39nh81pen7ifwm9jaybdy2b61ihuls 0 69289 895565 711128 2026-08-12T10:27:56Z Maryam Abdullahi Y 43904 895565 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Paris and Love''' ( Larabci na Masar : ''باريس'' ''والحب'', fassara : ''[[Paris]] wal Hob'' ko ''Baris walhabu'' ) [[wasan kwaikwayo]] ne na soyayya a shekarar 1972 akwai jarumi Salah Zulfikar da Sabah a shirin.<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=B4o3AAAAIAAJ&q=salah+zulfikar |title=La Revue du cinéma, image et son |date=1974 |publisher=Ligue française de l'enseignement et de l'éducation permanente |language=fr}}</ref> Mohamed Salman ne ya bada Umarni.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Armes|first=Roy|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=rHT8LjR_kC4C&dq=paris+et+l%27amour+film&pg=PA118|title=Arab Filmmakers of the Middle East: A Dictionary|date=2010-08-23|publisher=Indiana University Press|isbn=978-0-253-00459-8|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|last=Leaman|first=Oliver|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=X6-EAgAAQBAJ&dq=%22paris+and+love%22+1971&pg=PT606|title=Companion Encyclopedia of Middle Eastern and North African Film|date=2003-12-16|publisher=Routledge|isbn=978-1-134-66251-7|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|last=قاسم|first=أ محمود|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-iTmDAAAQBAJ&dq=%D8%A8%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%B3+%D9%88%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AD%D8%A8&pg=PA1895|title=دليل الممثل العربي في سينما القرن العشرين|date=1999|publisher=مجموعة النيل العربية|isbn=978-977-5919-02-1|language=ar}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|last=Qāsim|first=Mahṃūd|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ufkLAQAAMAAJ&q=%D8%A8%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%B3+%D9%88%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AD%D8%A8|title=Mawsūʻat al-mumaththil fī al-sīnimā al-ʻArabīyah|date=2004|publisher=Maktabat Madbūlī|language=ar}}</ref> == Makirci == Fim ɗin ya ta'allaka ne akan dangi matalauta waɗanda ke dogara ga 'yarsu Halla, wacce ke aiki a matsayin mawaƙiya a ƙananan mashaya. Wata rana, 'yar ta haɗu da Aziz, wani matashin miloniya wanda ya dawo daga [[Faris|Paris]] kuma ta ƙaunace shi. Iyali suna karfafa wannan dangantakar har sai ta auri wannan miloniya don fitar da su daga kwangon talauci da suke rayuwa a ciki. Duk da haka Halla ta ki a ɗaura aure saboda rarrabuwar kawuna a zamantakewa amma har yanzu tana [[soyayya]] da Aziz. == Ƴan wasa shirin == * a lah Zulfikar a matsayin Aziz * Sabah a matsayin Halla * Yousuf Shaaban a matsayin Mounir * Mohammad Reda a matsayin Raouf * Samira Baroudi a matsayin Rime * Akram Ahmad * Silvana Badrakhan * Samir Abu Sa'id ==Manazarta== {{Reflist}} 444snxhwpceyg671ni24gxl9bw33n44 0 69358 895014 886990 2026-08-11T16:16:37Z Ummun Sultan 23935 An kirkira ta fassara "Cast" daga shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1330365636|Irapada]]" 895014 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''''Irapada''''' (Turanci: '''''Fansa''''' ) fim ne mai ban sha'awa na Najeriya na 2006, wanda [[Kunle Afolayan]] ya shirya kuma ya ba da umarni, kuma Kunle Afolayan, John Izuchukwu da Jide Okeke suka rubuta. . <ref>{{Cite web |title="Irapada has not been fairly judged".......Kunle Afolayan |url=http://www.modernghana.com/movie/3567/3/irapada-has-not-been-fairly-judgedkunle-afolayan.html |access-date=11 September 2014 |publisher=modernghana.com}}</ref> A shekarar 2007 ta lashe [[Kyautar Kwalejin Fim ta Afirka don Fim mafi kyau a cikin Harshen Afirka|kyautar Kwalejin Fina-finai ta Afirka don Mafi Kyawun Fim a Harshen Afirka]] . An kuma nuna shi a matsayin ɗaya daga cikin Fina-finan Afirka da ya zama dole a gani a ƙarni na 21 a [[CNN]] African Voices a shekarar 2013. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Must-see African movies of the 21st century |url=https://edition.cnn.com/2013/08/02/showbiz/must-see-african-movies/ |access-date=22 October 2014 |publisher=[[CNN]] edition.cnn.com}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |title=Leila Djansi's Sinking Sands Listed On CNN Among 10 Must-See African Films |url=http://www.news1ghana.com/?p=27799 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141022005151/http://www.news1ghana.com/?p=27799 |archive-date=22 October 2014 |access-date=22 October 2014 |publisher=news1ghana.com}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |title=White Waters" & "Irapada" Make CNN's Must See African Movies Of The 21st Century List - See the Full List |url=http://greenbiro.com/white-waters-irapada-make-cnns-must-see-african-movies-of-the-21st-century-list-see-the-full-list/ |url-status=usurped |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141022022434/http://greenbiro.com/white-waters-irapada-make-cnns-must-see-african-movies-of-the-21st-century-list-see-the-full-list/ |archive-date=22 October 2014 |access-date=11 September 2014}}</ref> An fitar da shi a DVD a watan Yulin 2008. <ref>{{Cite web |title=IRAPADA MOVIE GOES ON SALE IN JULY |url=http://www.thenigerianvoice.com/news/4367/2/irapada-movie-goes-on-sale-in-july.html |access-date=11 September 2014 |publisher=thenigerianvoice.com}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |title=Watch Kunle Afolayan's 'Irapada' & 'The Figurine' free |url=http://www.gistus.com/25122/watch-kunle-afolayans-irapada-the-figurine-free |access-date=11 September 2014 |publisher=gistus.com}}</ref> == 'Yan wasan kwaikwayo == * Kunle Afolayan a matsayin Dewunmi * Deola Oloyede a matsayin Moji * Jotam Ayuba a matsayin Shehu * Angela Phillips a matsayin Amaka * Toun Oni a matsayin Uwar renon yara * Laide Adewale a matsayin Kawun Foster * Joe Adekwagh a matsayin Alhaji * Kunle Coker as Kazeem * Peter Fatomilola a matsayin Boka * Marubucin fim ɗin shine Jude Okeke. ==Manazarta == Cast == * Kunle Afolayan a matsayin Dewunmi * * Jotam Ayuba a matsayin Shehu * * * * * * * rl3qi52em6134f4otjdt3g7akah4wq3 895015 895014 2026-08-11T16:17:31Z Ummun Sultan 23935 895015 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''''Irapada''''' (Turanci: '''''Fansa''''' ) fim ne mai ban sha'awa na Najeriya na shekarar 2006, wanda [[Kunle Afolayan]] ya shirya kuma ya ba da umarni, kuma Kunle Afolayan, John Izuchukwu da Jide Okeke suka rubuta. . <ref>{{Cite web |title="Irapada has not been fairly judged".......Kunle Afolayan |url=http://www.modernghana.com/movie/3567/3/irapada-has-not-been-fairly-judgedkunle-afolayan.html |access-date=11 September 2014 |publisher=modernghana.com}}</ref> A shekarar 2007 ta lashe [[Kyautar Kwalejin Fim ta Afirka don Fim mafi kyau a cikin Harshen Afirka|kyautar Kwalejin Fina-finai ta Afirka don Mafi Kyawun Fim a Harshen Afirka]] . An kuma nuna shi a matsayin ɗaya daga cikin Fina-finan Afirka da ya zama dole a gani a ƙarni na 21 a [[CNN]] African Voices a shekarar 2013. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Must-see African movies of the 21st century |url=https://edition.cnn.com/2013/08/02/showbiz/must-see-african-movies/ |access-date=22 October 2014 |publisher=[[CNN]] edition.cnn.com}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |title=Leila Djansi's Sinking Sands Listed On CNN Among 10 Must-See African Films |url=http://www.news1ghana.com/?p=27799 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141022005151/http://www.news1ghana.com/?p=27799 |archive-date=22 October 2014 |access-date=22 October 2014 |publisher=news1ghana.com}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |title=White Waters" & "Irapada" Make CNN's Must See African Movies Of The 21st Century List - See the Full List |url=http://greenbiro.com/white-waters-irapada-make-cnns-must-see-african-movies-of-the-21st-century-list-see-the-full-list/ |url-status=usurped |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141022022434/http://greenbiro.com/white-waters-irapada-make-cnns-must-see-african-movies-of-the-21st-century-list-see-the-full-list/ |archive-date=22 October 2014 |access-date=11 September 2014}}</ref> An fitar da shi a DVD a watan Yulin 2008. <ref>{{Cite web |title=IRAPADA MOVIE GOES ON SALE IN JULY |url=http://www.thenigerianvoice.com/news/4367/2/irapada-movie-goes-on-sale-in-july.html |access-date=11 September 2014 |publisher=thenigerianvoice.com}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |title=Watch Kunle Afolayan's 'Irapada' & 'The Figurine' free |url=http://www.gistus.com/25122/watch-kunle-afolayans-irapada-the-figurine-free |access-date=11 September 2014 |publisher=gistus.com}}</ref> == 'Yan wasan kwaikwayo == * Kunle Afolayan a matsayin Dewunmi * Deola Oloyede a matsayin Moji * Jotam Ayuba a matsayin Shehu * Angela Phillips a matsayin Amaka * Toun Oni a matsayin Uwar renon yara * Laide Adewale a matsayin Kawun Foster * Joe Adekwagh a matsayin Alhaji * Kunle Coker as Kazeem * Peter Fatomilola a matsayin Boka * Marubucin fim ɗin shine Jude Okeke. ==Manazarta == Cast == * Kunle Afolayan a matsayin Dewunmi * * Jotam Ayuba a matsayin Shehu * * * * * * * lr2zwfpshfqaocspy5glq2o98yo6d5o 895016 895015 2026-08-11T16:17:46Z Ummun Sultan 23935 895016 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''''Irapada''''' (Turanci: '''''Fansa''''' ) fim ne mai ban sha'awa na Najeriya na shekarar 2006, wanda [[Kunle Afolayan]] ya shirya kuma ya kuma ba da umarni, kuma Kunle Afolayan, John Izuchukwu da Jide Okeke suka rubuta. . <ref>{{Cite web |title="Irapada has not been fairly judged".......Kunle Afolayan |url=http://www.modernghana.com/movie/3567/3/irapada-has-not-been-fairly-judgedkunle-afolayan.html |access-date=11 September 2014 |publisher=modernghana.com}}</ref> A shekarar 2007 ta lashe [[Kyautar Kwalejin Fim ta Afirka don Fim mafi kyau a cikin Harshen Afirka|kyautar Kwalejin Fina-finai ta Afirka don Mafi Kyawun Fim a Harshen Afirka]] . An kuma nuna shi a matsayin ɗaya daga cikin Fina-finan Afirka da ya zama dole a gani a ƙarni na 21 a [[CNN]] African Voices a shekarar 2013. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Must-see African movies of the 21st century |url=https://edition.cnn.com/2013/08/02/showbiz/must-see-african-movies/ |access-date=22 October 2014 |publisher=[[CNN]] edition.cnn.com}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |title=Leila Djansi's Sinking Sands Listed On CNN Among 10 Must-See African Films |url=http://www.news1ghana.com/?p=27799 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141022005151/http://www.news1ghana.com/?p=27799 |archive-date=22 October 2014 |access-date=22 October 2014 |publisher=news1ghana.com}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |title=White Waters" & "Irapada" Make CNN's Must See African Movies Of The 21st Century List - See the Full List |url=http://greenbiro.com/white-waters-irapada-make-cnns-must-see-african-movies-of-the-21st-century-list-see-the-full-list/ |url-status=usurped |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141022022434/http://greenbiro.com/white-waters-irapada-make-cnns-must-see-african-movies-of-the-21st-century-list-see-the-full-list/ |archive-date=22 October 2014 |access-date=11 September 2014}}</ref> An fitar da shi a DVD a watan Yulin 2008. <ref>{{Cite web |title=IRAPADA MOVIE GOES ON SALE IN JULY |url=http://www.thenigerianvoice.com/news/4367/2/irapada-movie-goes-on-sale-in-july.html |access-date=11 September 2014 |publisher=thenigerianvoice.com}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |title=Watch Kunle Afolayan's 'Irapada' & 'The Figurine' free |url=http://www.gistus.com/25122/watch-kunle-afolayans-irapada-the-figurine-free |access-date=11 September 2014 |publisher=gistus.com}}</ref> == 'Yan wasan kwaikwayo == * Kunle Afolayan a matsayin Dewunmi * Deola Oloyede a matsayin Moji * Jotam Ayuba a matsayin Shehu * Angela Phillips a matsayin Amaka * Toun Oni a matsayin Uwar renon yara * Laide Adewale a matsayin Kawun Foster * Joe Adekwagh a matsayin Alhaji * Kunle Coker as Kazeem * Peter Fatomilola a matsayin Boka * Marubucin fim ɗin shine Jude Okeke. ==Manazarta == Cast == * Kunle Afolayan a matsayin Dewunmi * * Jotam Ayuba a matsayin Shehu * * * * * * * 45oxqw3f7ih8ersrqc421qafizc0bzb 895017 895016 2026-08-11T16:18:08Z Ummun Sultan 23935 895017 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''''Irapada''''' (Turanci: '''''Fansa''''' ) fim ne mai ban sha'awa na Najeriya na shekarar 2006, wanda [[Kunle Afolayan]] ya shirya kuma ya kuma ba da umarni, kuma Kunle Afolayan, John Izuchukwu da Jide Okeke suka rubuta. . <ref>{{Cite web |title="Irapada has not been fairly judged".......Kunle Afolayan |url=http://www.modernghana.com/movie/3567/3/irapada-has-not-been-fairly-judgedkunle-afolayan.html |access-date=11 September 2014 |publisher=modernghana.com}}</ref> A shekarar 2007 ya lashe [[Kyautar Kwalejin Fim ta Afirka don Fim mafi kyau a cikin Harshen Afirka|kyautar Kwalejin Fina-finai ta Afirka don Mafi Kyawun Fim a Harshen Afirka]] . An kuma nuna shi a matsayin ɗaya daga cikin Fina-finan Afirka da ya zama dole a gani a ƙarni na 21 a [[CNN]] African Voices a shekarar 2013. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Must-see African movies of the 21st century |url=https://edition.cnn.com/2013/08/02/showbiz/must-see-african-movies/ |access-date=22 October 2014 |publisher=[[CNN]] edition.cnn.com}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |title=Leila Djansi's Sinking Sands Listed On CNN Among 10 Must-See African Films |url=http://www.news1ghana.com/?p=27799 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141022005151/http://www.news1ghana.com/?p=27799 |archive-date=22 October 2014 |access-date=22 October 2014 |publisher=news1ghana.com}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |title=White Waters" & "Irapada" Make CNN's Must See African Movies Of The 21st Century List - See the Full List |url=http://greenbiro.com/white-waters-irapada-make-cnns-must-see-african-movies-of-the-21st-century-list-see-the-full-list/ |url-status=usurped |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141022022434/http://greenbiro.com/white-waters-irapada-make-cnns-must-see-african-movies-of-the-21st-century-list-see-the-full-list/ |archive-date=22 October 2014 |access-date=11 September 2014}}</ref> An fitar da shi a DVD a watan Yulin 2008. <ref>{{Cite web |title=IRAPADA MOVIE GOES ON SALE IN JULY |url=http://www.thenigerianvoice.com/news/4367/2/irapada-movie-goes-on-sale-in-july.html |access-date=11 September 2014 |publisher=thenigerianvoice.com}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |title=Watch Kunle Afolayan's 'Irapada' & 'The Figurine' free |url=http://www.gistus.com/25122/watch-kunle-afolayans-irapada-the-figurine-free |access-date=11 September 2014 |publisher=gistus.com}}</ref> == 'Yan wasan kwaikwayo == * Kunle Afolayan a matsayin Dewunmi * Deola Oloyede a matsayin Moji * Jotam Ayuba a matsayin Shehu * Angela Phillips a matsayin Amaka * Toun Oni a matsayin Uwar renon yara * Laide Adewale a matsayin Kawun Foster * Joe Adekwagh a matsayin Alhaji * Kunle Coker as Kazeem * Peter Fatomilola a matsayin Boka * Marubucin fim ɗin shine Jude Okeke. ==Manazarta == Cast == * Kunle Afolayan a matsayin Dewunmi * * Jotam Ayuba a matsayin Shehu * * * * * * * bus6kvf4jbwyskt1367cumrguhznd7e 895018 895017 2026-08-11T16:18:20Z Ummun Sultan 23935 895018 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''''Irapada''''' (Turanci: '''''Fansa''''' ) fim ne mai ban sha'awa na Najeriya na shekarar 2006, wanda [[Kunle Afolayan]] ya shirya kuma ya kuma ba da umarni, kuma Kunle Afolayan, John Izuchukwu da Jide Okeke suka rubuta. . <ref>{{Cite web |title="Irapada has not been fairly judged".......Kunle Afolayan |url=http://www.modernghana.com/movie/3567/3/irapada-has-not-been-fairly-judgedkunle-afolayan.html |access-date=11 September 2014 |publisher=modernghana.com}}</ref> A shekarar 2007 ya kuma lashe [[Kyautar Kwalejin Fim ta Afirka don Fim mafi kyau a cikin Harshen Afirka|kyautar Kwalejin Fina-finai ta Afirka don Mafi Kyawun Fim a Harshen Afirka]] . An kuma nuna shi a matsayin ɗaya daga cikin Fina-finan Afirka da ya zama dole a gani a ƙarni na 21 a [[CNN]] African Voices a shekarar 2013. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Must-see African movies of the 21st century |url=https://edition.cnn.com/2013/08/02/showbiz/must-see-african-movies/ |access-date=22 October 2014 |publisher=[[CNN]] edition.cnn.com}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |title=Leila Djansi's Sinking Sands Listed On CNN Among 10 Must-See African Films |url=http://www.news1ghana.com/?p=27799 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141022005151/http://www.news1ghana.com/?p=27799 |archive-date=22 October 2014 |access-date=22 October 2014 |publisher=news1ghana.com}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |title=White Waters" & "Irapada" Make CNN's Must See African Movies Of The 21st Century List - See the Full List |url=http://greenbiro.com/white-waters-irapada-make-cnns-must-see-african-movies-of-the-21st-century-list-see-the-full-list/ |url-status=usurped |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141022022434/http://greenbiro.com/white-waters-irapada-make-cnns-must-see-african-movies-of-the-21st-century-list-see-the-full-list/ |archive-date=22 October 2014 |access-date=11 September 2014}}</ref> An fitar da shi a DVD a watan Yulin 2008. <ref>{{Cite web |title=IRAPADA MOVIE GOES ON SALE IN JULY |url=http://www.thenigerianvoice.com/news/4367/2/irapada-movie-goes-on-sale-in-july.html |access-date=11 September 2014 |publisher=thenigerianvoice.com}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |title=Watch Kunle Afolayan's 'Irapada' & 'The Figurine' free |url=http://www.gistus.com/25122/watch-kunle-afolayans-irapada-the-figurine-free |access-date=11 September 2014 |publisher=gistus.com}}</ref> == 'Yan wasan kwaikwayo == * Kunle Afolayan a matsayin Dewunmi * Deola Oloyede a matsayin Moji * Jotam Ayuba a matsayin Shehu * Angela Phillips a matsayin Amaka * Toun Oni a matsayin Uwar renon yara * Laide Adewale a matsayin Kawun Foster * Joe Adekwagh a matsayin Alhaji * Kunle Coker as Kazeem * Peter Fatomilola a matsayin Boka * Marubucin fim ɗin shine Jude Okeke. ==Manazarta == Cast == * Kunle Afolayan a matsayin Dewunmi * * Jotam Ayuba a matsayin Shehu * * * * * * * sjznx8hgqu95epb13mtr4uipyl99e7z 0 69422 895570 373814 2026-08-12T10:29:57Z Maryam Abdullahi Y 43904 895570 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Heroes and Villains''' wani fim ne na ban dariya na soyayya na shekarar 2015 na Najeriya game da ma'aurata biyu da suka kusa rabuwa daga aurensu.<ref>{{cite web|title=Adinike Adebayo reviews movie starring Ivie Okujaye and Belinda Effah|url=https://www.pulse.ng/entertainment/movies/heroes-and-villains-adenike-adebayo-reviews-movie-starring-ivie-okujaye-belinda-effa/dz1kxv4}}</ref> == Makirci == Ma'auratan da suke hutu da nufin sake tsara turbar da suka akai a cikin aurensu, sun nemi taimako / shawarwari daga wani wanda kuma suka yi imani ya fi su sani. Dukansu suna zuwa wurin mutum ɗaya ba tare da sun sani ba. Mai ba da shawara ba ta son hakan lokacin da ta fahimci cewa dukansu ba sa bin umarninta.<ref>{{cite web|title=Heroes and Villains|url=https://www.nollywoodreinvented.com/2015/08/heroes-villains.html}}</ref> == Yan wasan kwaikwayo == * Seun Akindele * [[Ivie Okujaye]] * [[Belinda Effah]] * [[Sylvia Oluchy]] * Chucks Chyke * Titi Joseph * Maksat Ampe == Shiryawa == Happy Julien-Uchendu ne ya shirya fim ɗin a shekarar 2015, wanda Shittu Taiwo ya ba da Umarni. == Nassoshi == {{Reflist}} [[Category:Fim]] b0b8m096hmpzjdkzklkfsowquwf9t07 0 69431 895571 639417 2026-08-12T10:30:34Z Maryam Abdullahi Y 43904 895571 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox }} '''''Single and Married, f'''''im ne na wasan kwaikwayo na soyayya na Najeriya na shekarar 2012, wanda Yvonne Nelson ya samar kuma Pascal Amanfo ya ba da umarni. [[Yvonne Nelson]], Chris Attoh, [[Nadia Buari]], Tana Adelana, Kofi Adjorlolo, Eddie Watson da Jane 'Efya' Awindor. "ya fi mayar da hankali kan wasan kwaikwayo, da rikice-rikice da ƙananan asirin abokai maza uku, rayuwarsu ta jima'i, kasancewa marasa aure ko aure, da kuma duk masu zaman kansu". Fim din sami gabatarwa goma a 2012 Ghana Movie Awards kuma ya lashe kyaututtuka hudu a taron, gami da Hoto Mafi kyawu, Mafi kyawun Gudanarwa (Harshe na Turanci), Mafi Kyawun Actress a Matsayin Taimako (Turanci), da Mafi Kyawun Cinematography.<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.ghanaweb.com/GhanaHomePage/entertainment/artikel.php?ID=321199 | title=Yvonne Nelson storms Nollywood with 'Single, Married & Complicated' | publisher=Ghana Web | date=14 August 2014 | accessdate=8 October 2014 | author=Addo, Francis}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.bellanaija.com/2014/06/22/yvonne-nelson-presents-star-packed-single-married-complicated-view-the-trailer/ | title=Yvonne Nelson presents Star Packed "Single, Married & Complicated" - View the Trailer | publisher=bellanaija.com | work=Bella Naija | date=22 June 2014 | accessdate=8 October 2014}}</ref> sake fitowa, Single, Married and Complicated, a cikin shekara ta 2014. == Abubuwan da shirin ya kunsa == Jay (Chris Attoh), wani casanova, ga mamakin abokansa, ya nemi budurwarsa, Kimora (Yvonne Nelson). Abokin Jay, Raymond (Kweku Elliot) wata casanova wacce yanzu ta auri daya daga cikin abokan Kimora, Paula ([[Nadia Buari]]), ba ta damu ba. Andy (Eddie Watson), "mafi ƙyama" na uku, yana tunanin Jay yana gab da shiga kurkuku na rayuwa. Shekara guda bayan auren, Jay yana da alaƙa da Judith (Jane Awindor), kuma koyaushe yana karya wa Kimora. Jay daga ƙarshe ya rabu da ita, saboda ta zama mai mallaka da shi; a kan hanyarsa ta fita daga gidanta, Jay ya haɗu da Raymond, wanda shi ma yana fitowa daga gidan uwargidan, don haka ya gano asirin juna. A bayyane yake, Paula, lauya, koyaushe tana aiki da aiki kuma ba ta sami lokaci ga Raymond ba, yayin da Kimora ta ki ba Jay aikin iska. Paula ta gabatar da Raymond ga Yolanda (Itz Tiffany), tsohuwar abokinta, kuma Raymond ya fara wani al'amari tare da ita. Vida (Tana Adelana), abokiyar Kimora da Paula, ta auri Ranesh (Kofi Adjorlolo), wani mutum mai shekaru 59 wanda ya bar ta ba tare da gamsuwa ba a gado. Ta sadu da sabon maƙwabcinta Andy, kuma a ƙarshe ta furta cewa tana so ta yi jima'i da shi, wanda ya kai su ga samun wani al'amari. Judith ta zama abokiyar Kimora, kuma ta zo ta zauna tare da ma'auratan na wata daya. Judith koyaushe tana ba da jay a gaban matarsa. Jay ya yi magana ba tare da sautin ba yayin gardama da Kimora, wanda ya kai shi ga furta al'amuransa, gami da wanda ke da Judith. Paula ta fahimci cewa tana da mummunan rayuwar jima'i tare da mijinta, don haka ta yi jadawalin jima'i; ya fusata Raymond kuma ya nemi saki. A lokacin tattaunawar kisan aure, Paula ta bayyana cewa ta san game da al'amarin Raymond da Yolanda, kuma a zahiri fare ne tsakanin ta da Yolanda. Kimora ta bar gidan Jay. Ranesh ya kama matarsa da Andy suna yin jima'i; Andy ya tsere ta hanyar tsalle daga bene na farko na ginin, ya karye kafafunsa a sakamakon haka. Paula ta dawo tare da mijinta, bayan mai ba da shawara ya tabbatar da ita. Raymond ya nemi gafara game da komai, yayin da Paula ta tambayi sau nawa zai so ya yi jima'i a cikin mako guda. Kimora kuma ta ga mai ba da shawara, sannan ta koma ga Jay kuma ta nemi ya ja wando don yin amfani da shi, amma ya ki, ya shahara da kasancewarta. Wata mace ce ta zo wa Andy hari da ita wacce ta yi ikirarin cewa tana da ciki da shi kuma tana ƙoƙarin yin wani abu; Andy duk da haka da wayo ya tsere. == Masu ba da labari == * [[Yvonne Nelson]] a matsayin Kimora * Chris Attoh a matsayin Jay * [[Nadia Buari]] a matsayin Paula * [[Tana Adelana]] a matsayin Vida * Kofi Adjorlolo a matsayin Ranesh * Eddie Watson a matsayin Andy * [[Anita Erskine|Anita Erskin]] a matsayin Ruby * Kweku Elliot a matsayin Raymond * Jane Awindor a matsayin Judith * Lisa Raymond a matsayin Sandy * Michelle McKinney Hammond a matsayin mai ba da shawara * Itz Tiffany a matsayin Yolanda == Saki == An saki fim din a [[YouTube]] a ranar 25 ga Yulin 2012, kuma a halin yanzu yana da ra'ayoyi kusan miliyan goma, yana mai da shi ɗaya daga cikin masu kallo na Nollywood. sake shi a Ghana a ranar 22 ga Satumba 2012,<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.ghanacelebrities.com/2012/09/24/all-the-photos-from-the-premiere-of-yvonne-nelsons-movie-single-and-married-featuring-chris-attoh-becca-eazzy-keitta-eddie-watson-efya-prince-david-osei-khareema-aguiar-etc/ | title=ALL THE PHOTOS From The Premiere Of Yvonne Nelson's Movie 'Single and Married' Featuring Chris Attoh, Becca, Eazzy, Keitta, Eddie Watson, Efya, Prince David Osei, Khareema Aguiar, ETC | publisher=GhanaCelebrities.com | date=24 September 2012 | accessdate=8 October 2014 | author=Febiri, Chris-Vincent A. | archive-date=15 October 2014 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141015150440/http://www.ghanacelebrities.com/2012/09/24/all-the-photos-from-the-premiere-of-yvonne-nelsons-movie-single-and-married-featuring-chris-attoh-becca-eazzy-keitta-eddie-watson-efya-prince-david-osei-khareema-aguiar-etc/ | url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.modernghana.com/music/19130/3/yvonne-nelson-outdoors-single-married-movie-with-s.html | title=Yvonne Nelson Outdoors Single & Married Movie With Star Studded Premiere On September 22 | publisher=ModernGhana.com | date=10 September 2012 | accessdate=8 October 2014 | author=Addo, Francis}}</ref> kuma an fara shi a gidan fina-finai na Silverbird, [[Victoria Island, Lagos|Tsibirin Victoria, Legas]] a ranar 28 ga Satumba 2012. [2] == Karɓuwa == === Karɓa mai mahimmanci === Fim din yana da kashi 24% a kan Nollywood Reinvented, wanda ya soki jagorancin labarin, da kuma wasan kwaikwayo na 'yan wasan kwaikwayo. Ya kammala ta hanyar cewa, "Cinematography kusan babu shi! Pascal Amanfo bai yi aiki mara kyau ba - Ba mummunan ba ne; [Duk da haka], tare da fim kamar wannan da taken kamar Single and Married, ina tsammanin zai zama da nisa don kallon wannan fim din neman labari mai ban mamaki. Idan ka shiga neman labari mai girma ko kuma ka yi farin ciki, amma za ka yi takaici. Jaridar Ghanaian Chronicle ta ba da bita mai kyau, tana mai cewa: "Labarin ya haifar da batutuwa masu tsanani game da dalilin da ya sa ma'aurata ke yaudarar abokan hulɗarsu da kuma yadda za a dakatar da su. Amma an gaya masa a cikin hanyar da ba a fahimta ba, mai nishaɗi. " Gaskiya fim ne dole ne a gani.<ref>{{cite web | url=http://thechronicle.com.gh/nollywood-applauds-single-married/ | title=Nollywood Applauds 'Single & Married' | publisher=The Chronicle | work=Ghanaian Chronicle | date=4 October 2012 | accessdate=8 October 2014 | archive-date=14 October 2014 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141014163519/http://thechronicle.com.gh/nollywood-applauds-single-married/ | url-status=dead }}</ref> === Kyaututtuka === {| class="wikitable sortable" style="width:100%" |+Cikakken jerin kyaututtuka !Kyautar !Sashe !Masu karɓa !Sakamakon |- | rowspan="10" |Kyautar Fina-finai ta Ghana ta 2012 |Hoton da ya fi dacewa |Pascal Amanfo| {{Won}} |- |Mafi kyawun Jagora (Harshe na Turanci) |Pascal Amanfo| {{Won}} |- |Mafi kyawun 'yar wasan kwaikwayo a Matsayin Jagora (Turanci) |[[Yvonne Nelson]]| {{Nom}} |- |Mafi kyawun Actor a Matsayin Tallafawa (Turanci) |Chris Attoh| {{Nom}} |- |Mafi kyawun 'yar wasan kwaikwayo a Matsayin Taimako (Turanci) |Anita Erskine| {{Won}} |- |Hoton Mafi Kyawu - Haɗin gwiwar Afirka |Pascal Amanfo, [[Yvonne Nelson]]| {{Nom}} |- |Mafi kyawun Cinematography |Kwame Amuah| {{Won}} |- |Mafi Kyawun Gyara |Okey Benson| {{Nom}} |- |Jagoran Fasaha mafi Kyawu || {{Nom}} |- |Mafi Kyawun Kiɗa (Waƙar asali) |Ibrahim Kasuwanci| {{Nom}} |} == Manazarta == == Haɗin waje == * Marasa aure da aureaNollywood An sake kirkirar * {{YouTube|wlllEV8L__c|''Single and Married'' trailer}} [[Category:Fim]] 9rwagqpb1hyj0tqnedt6cbai1sa22cj 895572 895571 2026-08-12T10:30:51Z Maryam Abdullahi Y 43904 895572 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox }} '''''Single and Married, f'''''im ne na wasan kwaikwayo na soyayya na Najeriya na shekarar 2012, wanda Yvonne Nelson ya samar kuma Pascal Amanfo ya ba da umarni. [[Yvonne Nelson]], Chris Attoh, [[Nadia Buari]], Tana Adelana, Kofi Adjorlolo, Eddie Watson da Jane 'Efya' Awindor. "ya fi mayar da hankali kan wasan kwaikwayo, da rikice-rikice da ƙananan asirin abokai maza uku, rayuwarsu ta jima'i, kasancewa marasa aure ko aure, da kuma duk masu zaman kansu". Fim ɗin sami gabatarwa goma a 2012 Ghana Movie Awards kuma ya lashe kyaututtuka hudu a taron, gami da Hoto Mafi kyawu, Mafi kyawun Gudanarwa (Harshe na Turanci), Mafi Kyawun Actress a Matsayin Taimako (Turanci), da Mafi Kyawun Cinematography.<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.ghanaweb.com/GhanaHomePage/entertainment/artikel.php?ID=321199 | title=Yvonne Nelson storms Nollywood with 'Single, Married & Complicated' | publisher=Ghana Web | date=14 August 2014 | accessdate=8 October 2014 | author=Addo, Francis}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.bellanaija.com/2014/06/22/yvonne-nelson-presents-star-packed-single-married-complicated-view-the-trailer/ | title=Yvonne Nelson presents Star Packed "Single, Married & Complicated" - View the Trailer | publisher=bellanaija.com | work=Bella Naija | date=22 June 2014 | accessdate=8 October 2014}}</ref> sake fitowa, Single, Married and Complicated, a cikin shekara ta 2014. == Abubuwan da shirin ya kunsa == Jay (Chris Attoh), wani casanova, ga mamakin abokansa, ya nemi budurwarsa, Kimora (Yvonne Nelson). Abokin Jay, Raymond (Kweku Elliot) wata casanova wacce yanzu ta auri daya daga cikin abokan Kimora, Paula ([[Nadia Buari]]), ba ta damu ba. Andy (Eddie Watson), "mafi ƙyama" na uku, yana tunanin Jay yana gab da shiga kurkuku na rayuwa. Shekara guda bayan auren, Jay yana da alaƙa da Judith (Jane Awindor), kuma koyaushe yana karya wa Kimora. Jay daga ƙarshe ya rabu da ita, saboda ta zama mai mallaka da shi; a kan hanyarsa ta fita daga gidanta, Jay ya haɗu da Raymond, wanda shi ma yana fitowa daga gidan uwargidan, don haka ya gano asirin juna. A bayyane yake, Paula, lauya, koyaushe tana aiki da aiki kuma ba ta sami lokaci ga Raymond ba, yayin da Kimora ta ki ba Jay aikin iska. Paula ta gabatar da Raymond ga Yolanda (Itz Tiffany), tsohuwar abokinta, kuma Raymond ya fara wani al'amari tare da ita. Vida (Tana Adelana), abokiyar Kimora da Paula, ta auri Ranesh (Kofi Adjorlolo), wani mutum mai shekaru 59 wanda ya bar ta ba tare da gamsuwa ba a gado. Ta sadu da sabon maƙwabcinta Andy, kuma a ƙarshe ta furta cewa tana so ta yi jima'i da shi, wanda ya kai su ga samun wani al'amari. Judith ta zama abokiyar Kimora, kuma ta zo ta zauna tare da ma'auratan na wata daya. Judith koyaushe tana ba da jay a gaban matarsa. Jay ya yi magana ba tare da sautin ba yayin gardama da Kimora, wanda ya kai shi ga furta al'amuransa, gami da wanda ke da Judith. Paula ta fahimci cewa tana da mummunan rayuwar jima'i tare da mijinta, don haka ta yi jadawalin jima'i; ya fusata Raymond kuma ya nemi saki. A lokacin tattaunawar kisan aure, Paula ta bayyana cewa ta san game da al'amarin Raymond da Yolanda, kuma a zahiri fare ne tsakanin ta da Yolanda. Kimora ta bar gidan Jay. Ranesh ya kama matarsa da Andy suna yin jima'i; Andy ya tsere ta hanyar tsalle daga bene na farko na ginin, ya karye kafafunsa a sakamakon haka. Paula ta dawo tare da mijinta, bayan mai ba da shawara ya tabbatar da ita. Raymond ya nemi gafara game da komai, yayin da Paula ta tambayi sau nawa zai so ya yi jima'i a cikin mako guda. Kimora kuma ta ga mai ba da shawara, sannan ta koma ga Jay kuma ta nemi ya ja wando don yin amfani da shi, amma ya ki, ya shahara da kasancewarta. Wata mace ce ta zo wa Andy hari da ita wacce ta yi ikirarin cewa tana da ciki da shi kuma tana ƙoƙarin yin wani abu; Andy duk da haka da wayo ya tsere. == Masu ba da labari == * [[Yvonne Nelson]] a matsayin Kimora * Chris Attoh a matsayin Jay * [[Nadia Buari]] a matsayin Paula * [[Tana Adelana]] a matsayin Vida * Kofi Adjorlolo a matsayin Ranesh * Eddie Watson a matsayin Andy * [[Anita Erskine|Anita Erskin]] a matsayin Ruby * Kweku Elliot a matsayin Raymond * Jane Awindor a matsayin Judith * Lisa Raymond a matsayin Sandy * Michelle McKinney Hammond a matsayin mai ba da shawara * Itz Tiffany a matsayin Yolanda == Saki == An saki fim din a [[YouTube]] a ranar 25 ga Yulin 2012, kuma a halin yanzu yana da ra'ayoyi kusan miliyan goma, yana mai da shi ɗaya daga cikin masu kallo na Nollywood. sake shi a Ghana a ranar 22 ga Satumba 2012,<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.ghanacelebrities.com/2012/09/24/all-the-photos-from-the-premiere-of-yvonne-nelsons-movie-single-and-married-featuring-chris-attoh-becca-eazzy-keitta-eddie-watson-efya-prince-david-osei-khareema-aguiar-etc/ | title=ALL THE PHOTOS From The Premiere Of Yvonne Nelson's Movie 'Single and Married' Featuring Chris Attoh, Becca, Eazzy, Keitta, Eddie Watson, Efya, Prince David Osei, Khareema Aguiar, ETC | publisher=GhanaCelebrities.com | date=24 September 2012 | accessdate=8 October 2014 | author=Febiri, Chris-Vincent A. | archive-date=15 October 2014 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141015150440/http://www.ghanacelebrities.com/2012/09/24/all-the-photos-from-the-premiere-of-yvonne-nelsons-movie-single-and-married-featuring-chris-attoh-becca-eazzy-keitta-eddie-watson-efya-prince-david-osei-khareema-aguiar-etc/ | url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.modernghana.com/music/19130/3/yvonne-nelson-outdoors-single-married-movie-with-s.html | title=Yvonne Nelson Outdoors Single & Married Movie With Star Studded Premiere On September 22 | publisher=ModernGhana.com | date=10 September 2012 | accessdate=8 October 2014 | author=Addo, Francis}}</ref> kuma an fara shi a gidan fina-finai na Silverbird, [[Victoria Island, Lagos|Tsibirin Victoria, Legas]] a ranar 28 ga Satumba 2012. [2] == Karɓuwa == === Karɓa mai mahimmanci === Fim din yana da kashi 24% a kan Nollywood Reinvented, wanda ya soki jagorancin labarin, da kuma wasan kwaikwayo na 'yan wasan kwaikwayo. Ya kammala ta hanyar cewa, "Cinematography kusan babu shi! Pascal Amanfo bai yi aiki mara kyau ba - Ba mummunan ba ne; [Duk da haka], tare da fim kamar wannan da taken kamar Single and Married, ina tsammanin zai zama da nisa don kallon wannan fim din neman labari mai ban mamaki. Idan ka shiga neman labari mai girma ko kuma ka yi farin ciki, amma za ka yi takaici. Jaridar Ghanaian Chronicle ta ba da bita mai kyau, tana mai cewa: "Labarin ya haifar da batutuwa masu tsanani game da dalilin da ya sa ma'aurata ke yaudarar abokan hulɗarsu da kuma yadda za a dakatar da su. Amma an gaya masa a cikin hanyar da ba a fahimta ba, mai nishaɗi. " Gaskiya fim ne dole ne a gani.<ref>{{cite web | url=http://thechronicle.com.gh/nollywood-applauds-single-married/ | title=Nollywood Applauds 'Single & Married' | publisher=The Chronicle | work=Ghanaian Chronicle | date=4 October 2012 | accessdate=8 October 2014 | archive-date=14 October 2014 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141014163519/http://thechronicle.com.gh/nollywood-applauds-single-married/ | url-status=dead }}</ref> === Kyaututtuka === {| class="wikitable sortable" style="width:100%" |+Cikakken jerin kyaututtuka !Kyautar !Sashe !Masu karɓa !Sakamakon |- | rowspan="10" |Kyautar Fina-finai ta Ghana ta 2012 |Hoton da ya fi dacewa |Pascal Amanfo| {{Won}} |- |Mafi kyawun Jagora (Harshe na Turanci) |Pascal Amanfo| {{Won}} |- |Mafi kyawun 'yar wasan kwaikwayo a Matsayin Jagora (Turanci) |[[Yvonne Nelson]]| {{Nom}} |- |Mafi kyawun Actor a Matsayin Tallafawa (Turanci) |Chris Attoh| {{Nom}} |- |Mafi kyawun 'yar wasan kwaikwayo a Matsayin Taimako (Turanci) |Anita Erskine| {{Won}} |- |Hoton Mafi Kyawu - Haɗin gwiwar Afirka |Pascal Amanfo, [[Yvonne Nelson]]| {{Nom}} |- |Mafi kyawun Cinematography |Kwame Amuah| {{Won}} |- |Mafi Kyawun Gyara |Okey Benson| {{Nom}} |- |Jagoran Fasaha mafi Kyawu || {{Nom}} |- |Mafi Kyawun Kiɗa (Waƙar asali) |Ibrahim Kasuwanci| {{Nom}} |} == Manazarta == == Haɗin waje == * Marasa aure da aureaNollywood An sake kirkirar * {{YouTube|wlllEV8L__c|''Single and Married'' trailer}} [[Category:Fim]] ng5l7f6w4v3i792omc0mv3ggx1wfs4m 895573 895572 2026-08-12T10:31:02Z Maryam Abdullahi Y 43904 895573 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox }} '''''Single and Married, f'''''im ne na wasan kwaikwayo na soyayya na Najeriya na shekarar 2012, wanda Yvonne Nelson ya samar kuma Pascal Amanfo ya ba da umarni. [[Yvonne Nelson]], Chris Attoh, [[Nadia Buari]], Tana Adelana, Kofi Adjorlolo, Eddie Watson da Jane 'Efya' Awindor. "ya fi mayar da hankali kan wasan kwaikwayo, da rikice-rikice da ƙananan asirin abokai maza uku, rayuwarsu ta jima'i, kasancewa marasa aure ko aure, da kuma duk masu zaman kansu". Fim ɗin sami gabatarwa goma a shekarar 2012 Ghana Movie Awards kuma ya lashe kyaututtuka hudu a taron, gami da Hoto Mafi kyawu, Mafi kyawun Gudanarwa (Harshe na Turanci), Mafi Kyawun Actress a Matsayin Taimako (Turanci), da Mafi Kyawun Cinematography.<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.ghanaweb.com/GhanaHomePage/entertainment/artikel.php?ID=321199 | title=Yvonne Nelson storms Nollywood with 'Single, Married & Complicated' | publisher=Ghana Web | date=14 August 2014 | accessdate=8 October 2014 | author=Addo, Francis}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.bellanaija.com/2014/06/22/yvonne-nelson-presents-star-packed-single-married-complicated-view-the-trailer/ | title=Yvonne Nelson presents Star Packed "Single, Married & Complicated" - View the Trailer | publisher=bellanaija.com | work=Bella Naija | date=22 June 2014 | accessdate=8 October 2014}}</ref> sake fitowa, Single, Married and Complicated, a cikin shekara ta 2014. == Abubuwan da shirin ya kunsa == Jay (Chris Attoh), wani casanova, ga mamakin abokansa, ya nemi budurwarsa, Kimora (Yvonne Nelson). Abokin Jay, Raymond (Kweku Elliot) wata casanova wacce yanzu ta auri daya daga cikin abokan Kimora, Paula ([[Nadia Buari]]), ba ta damu ba. Andy (Eddie Watson), "mafi ƙyama" na uku, yana tunanin Jay yana gab da shiga kurkuku na rayuwa. Shekara guda bayan auren, Jay yana da alaƙa da Judith (Jane Awindor), kuma koyaushe yana karya wa Kimora. Jay daga ƙarshe ya rabu da ita, saboda ta zama mai mallaka da shi; a kan hanyarsa ta fita daga gidanta, Jay ya haɗu da Raymond, wanda shi ma yana fitowa daga gidan uwargidan, don haka ya gano asirin juna. A bayyane yake, Paula, lauya, koyaushe tana aiki da aiki kuma ba ta sami lokaci ga Raymond ba, yayin da Kimora ta ki ba Jay aikin iska. Paula ta gabatar da Raymond ga Yolanda (Itz Tiffany), tsohuwar abokinta, kuma Raymond ya fara wani al'amari tare da ita. Vida (Tana Adelana), abokiyar Kimora da Paula, ta auri Ranesh (Kofi Adjorlolo), wani mutum mai shekaru 59 wanda ya bar ta ba tare da gamsuwa ba a gado. Ta sadu da sabon maƙwabcinta Andy, kuma a ƙarshe ta furta cewa tana so ta yi jima'i da shi, wanda ya kai su ga samun wani al'amari. Judith ta zama abokiyar Kimora, kuma ta zo ta zauna tare da ma'auratan na wata daya. Judith koyaushe tana ba da jay a gaban matarsa. Jay ya yi magana ba tare da sautin ba yayin gardama da Kimora, wanda ya kai shi ga furta al'amuransa, gami da wanda ke da Judith. Paula ta fahimci cewa tana da mummunan rayuwar jima'i tare da mijinta, don haka ta yi jadawalin jima'i; ya fusata Raymond kuma ya nemi saki. A lokacin tattaunawar kisan aure, Paula ta bayyana cewa ta san game da al'amarin Raymond da Yolanda, kuma a zahiri fare ne tsakanin ta da Yolanda. Kimora ta bar gidan Jay. Ranesh ya kama matarsa da Andy suna yin jima'i; Andy ya tsere ta hanyar tsalle daga bene na farko na ginin, ya karye kafafunsa a sakamakon haka. Paula ta dawo tare da mijinta, bayan mai ba da shawara ya tabbatar da ita. Raymond ya nemi gafara game da komai, yayin da Paula ta tambayi sau nawa zai so ya yi jima'i a cikin mako guda. Kimora kuma ta ga mai ba da shawara, sannan ta koma ga Jay kuma ta nemi ya ja wando don yin amfani da shi, amma ya ki, ya shahara da kasancewarta. Wata mace ce ta zo wa Andy hari da ita wacce ta yi ikirarin cewa tana da ciki da shi kuma tana ƙoƙarin yin wani abu; Andy duk da haka da wayo ya tsere. == Masu ba da labari == * [[Yvonne Nelson]] a matsayin Kimora * Chris Attoh a matsayin Jay * [[Nadia Buari]] a matsayin Paula * [[Tana Adelana]] a matsayin Vida * Kofi Adjorlolo a matsayin Ranesh * Eddie Watson a matsayin Andy * [[Anita Erskine|Anita Erskin]] a matsayin Ruby * Kweku Elliot a matsayin Raymond * Jane Awindor a matsayin Judith * Lisa Raymond a matsayin Sandy * Michelle McKinney Hammond a matsayin mai ba da shawara * Itz Tiffany a matsayin Yolanda == Saki == An saki fim din a [[YouTube]] a ranar 25 ga Yulin 2012, kuma a halin yanzu yana da ra'ayoyi kusan miliyan goma, yana mai da shi ɗaya daga cikin masu kallo na Nollywood. sake shi a Ghana a ranar 22 ga Satumba 2012,<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.ghanacelebrities.com/2012/09/24/all-the-photos-from-the-premiere-of-yvonne-nelsons-movie-single-and-married-featuring-chris-attoh-becca-eazzy-keitta-eddie-watson-efya-prince-david-osei-khareema-aguiar-etc/ | title=ALL THE PHOTOS From The Premiere Of Yvonne Nelson's Movie 'Single and Married' Featuring Chris Attoh, Becca, Eazzy, Keitta, Eddie Watson, Efya, Prince David Osei, Khareema Aguiar, ETC | publisher=GhanaCelebrities.com | date=24 September 2012 | accessdate=8 October 2014 | author=Febiri, Chris-Vincent A. | archive-date=15 October 2014 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141015150440/http://www.ghanacelebrities.com/2012/09/24/all-the-photos-from-the-premiere-of-yvonne-nelsons-movie-single-and-married-featuring-chris-attoh-becca-eazzy-keitta-eddie-watson-efya-prince-david-osei-khareema-aguiar-etc/ | url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.modernghana.com/music/19130/3/yvonne-nelson-outdoors-single-married-movie-with-s.html | title=Yvonne Nelson Outdoors Single & Married Movie With Star Studded Premiere On September 22 | publisher=ModernGhana.com | date=10 September 2012 | accessdate=8 October 2014 | author=Addo, Francis}}</ref> kuma an fara shi a gidan fina-finai na Silverbird, [[Victoria Island, Lagos|Tsibirin Victoria, Legas]] a ranar 28 ga Satumba 2012. [2] == Karɓuwa == === Karɓa mai mahimmanci === Fim din yana da kashi 24% a kan Nollywood Reinvented, wanda ya soki jagorancin labarin, da kuma wasan kwaikwayo na 'yan wasan kwaikwayo. Ya kammala ta hanyar cewa, "Cinematography kusan babu shi! Pascal Amanfo bai yi aiki mara kyau ba - Ba mummunan ba ne; [Duk da haka], tare da fim kamar wannan da taken kamar Single and Married, ina tsammanin zai zama da nisa don kallon wannan fim din neman labari mai ban mamaki. Idan ka shiga neman labari mai girma ko kuma ka yi farin ciki, amma za ka yi takaici. Jaridar Ghanaian Chronicle ta ba da bita mai kyau, tana mai cewa: "Labarin ya haifar da batutuwa masu tsanani game da dalilin da ya sa ma'aurata ke yaudarar abokan hulɗarsu da kuma yadda za a dakatar da su. Amma an gaya masa a cikin hanyar da ba a fahimta ba, mai nishaɗi. " Gaskiya fim ne dole ne a gani.<ref>{{cite web | url=http://thechronicle.com.gh/nollywood-applauds-single-married/ | title=Nollywood Applauds 'Single & Married' | publisher=The Chronicle | work=Ghanaian Chronicle | date=4 October 2012 | accessdate=8 October 2014 | archive-date=14 October 2014 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141014163519/http://thechronicle.com.gh/nollywood-applauds-single-married/ | url-status=dead }}</ref> === Kyaututtuka === {| class="wikitable sortable" style="width:100%" |+Cikakken jerin kyaututtuka !Kyautar !Sashe !Masu karɓa !Sakamakon |- | rowspan="10" |Kyautar Fina-finai ta Ghana ta 2012 |Hoton da ya fi dacewa |Pascal Amanfo| {{Won}} |- |Mafi kyawun Jagora (Harshe na Turanci) |Pascal Amanfo| {{Won}} |- |Mafi kyawun 'yar wasan kwaikwayo a Matsayin Jagora (Turanci) |[[Yvonne Nelson]]| {{Nom}} |- |Mafi kyawun Actor a Matsayin Tallafawa (Turanci) |Chris Attoh| {{Nom}} |- |Mafi kyawun 'yar wasan kwaikwayo a Matsayin Taimako (Turanci) |Anita Erskine| {{Won}} |- |Hoton Mafi Kyawu - Haɗin gwiwar Afirka |Pascal Amanfo, [[Yvonne Nelson]]| {{Nom}} |- |Mafi kyawun Cinematography |Kwame Amuah| {{Won}} |- |Mafi Kyawun Gyara |Okey Benson| {{Nom}} |- |Jagoran Fasaha mafi Kyawu || {{Nom}} |- |Mafi Kyawun Kiɗa (Waƙar asali) |Ibrahim Kasuwanci| {{Nom}} |} == Manazarta == == Haɗin waje == * Marasa aure da aureaNollywood An sake kirkirar * {{YouTube|wlllEV8L__c|''Single and Married'' trailer}} [[Category:Fim]] 91anrr7njjhvqm54eshaflno1qui8zw 895575 895573 2026-08-12T10:32:05Z Maryam Abdullahi Y 43904 895575 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox }} '''''Single and Married, f'''''im ne na wasan kwaikwayo na soyayya na Najeriya na shekarar 2012, wanda Yvonne Nelson ya samar kuma Pascal Amanfo ya ba da umarni. [[Yvonne Nelson]], Chris Attoh, [[Nadia Buari]], Tana Adelana, Kofi Adjorlolo, Eddie Watson da Jane 'Efya' Awindor. "ya fi mayar da hankali kan wasan kwaikwayo, da rikice-rikice da ƙananan asirin abokai maza uku, rayuwarsu ta jima'i, kasancewa marasa aure ko aure, da kuma duk masu zaman kansu". Fim ɗin sami gabatarwa goma a shekarar 2012 Ghana Movie Awards kuma ya lashe kyaututtuka hudu a taron, gami da Hoto Mafi kyawu, Mafi kyawun Gudanarwa (Harshe na Turanci), Mafi Kyawun Actress a Matsayin Taimako (Turanci), da Mafi Kyawun Cinematography.<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.ghanaweb.com/GhanaHomePage/entertainment/artikel.php?ID=321199 | title=Yvonne Nelson storms Nollywood with 'Single, Married & Complicated' | publisher=Ghana Web | date=14 August 2014 | accessdate=8 October 2014 | author=Addo, Francis}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.bellanaija.com/2014/06/22/yvonne-nelson-presents-star-packed-single-married-complicated-view-the-trailer/ | title=Yvonne Nelson presents Star Packed "Single, Married & Complicated" - View the Trailer | publisher=bellanaija.com | work=Bella Naija | date=22 June 2014 | accessdate=8 October 2014}}</ref> sake fitowa, Single, Married and Complicated, a cikin shekara ta 2014. == Abubuwan da shirin ya kunsa == Jay (Chris Attoh), wani casanova, ga mamakin abokansa, ya kuma nemi budurwarsa, Kimora (Yvonne Nelson). Abokin Jay, Raymond (Kweku Elliot) wata casanova wacce yanzu kuma ta auri daya daga cikin abokan Kimora, Paula ([[Nadia Buari]]), ba ta damu ba. Andy (Eddie Watson), "mafi ƙyama" na uku, yana tunanin Jay yana gab da shiga kurkuku na rayuwa. Shekara guda bayan auren, Jay yana da alaƙa da Judith (Jane Awindor), kuma koyaushe yana karya wa Kimora. Jay daga ƙarshe ya rabu da ita, saboda ta zama mai mallaka da shi; a kan hanyarsa ta fita daga gidanta, Jay ya haɗu da Raymond, wanda shi ma yana fitowa daga gidan uwargidan, don haka ya gano asirin juna. A bayyane yake, Paula, lauya, koyaushe tana aiki da aiki kuma ba ta sami lokaci ga Raymond ba, yayin da Kimora ta ki ba Jay aikin iska. Paula ta gabatar da Raymond ga Yolanda (Itz Tiffany), tsohuwar abokinta, kuma Raymond ya fara wani al'amari tare da ita. Vida (Tana Adelana), abokiyar Kimora da Paula, ta auri Ranesh (Kofi Adjorlolo), wani mutum mai shekaru 59 wanda ya bar ta ba tare da gamsuwa ba a gado. Ta sadu da sabon maƙwabcinta Andy, kuma a ƙarshe ta furta cewa tana so ta yi jima'i da shi, wanda ya kai su ga samun wani al'amari. Judith ta zama abokiyar Kimora, kuma ta zo ta zauna tare da ma'auratan na wata daya. Judith koyaushe tana ba da jay a gaban matarsa. Jay ya yi magana ba tare da sautin ba yayin gardama da Kimora, wanda ya kai shi ga furta al'amuransa, gami da wanda ke da Judith. Paula ta fahimci cewa tana da mummunan rayuwar jima'i tare da mijinta, don haka ta yi jadawalin jima'i; ya fusata Raymond kuma ya nemi saki. A lokacin tattaunawar kisan aure, Paula ta bayyana cewa ta san game da al'amarin Raymond da Yolanda, kuma a zahiri fare ne tsakanin ta da Yolanda. Kimora ta bar gidan Jay. Ranesh ya kama matarsa da Andy suna yin jima'i; Andy ya tsere ta hanyar tsalle daga bene na farko na ginin, ya karye kafafunsa a sakamakon haka. Paula ta dawo tare da mijinta, bayan mai ba da shawara ya tabbatar da ita. Raymond ya nemi gafara game da komai, yayin da Paula ta tambayi sau nawa zai so ya yi jima'i a cikin mako guda. Kimora kuma ta ga mai ba da shawara, sannan ta koma ga Jay kuma ta nemi ya ja wando don yin amfani da shi, amma ya ki, ya shahara da kasancewarta. Wata mace ce ta zo wa Andy hari da ita wacce ta yi ikirarin cewa tana da ciki da shi kuma tana ƙoƙarin yin wani abu; Andy duk da haka da wayo ya tsere. == Masu ba da labari == * [[Yvonne Nelson]] a matsayin Kimora * Chris Attoh a matsayin Jay * [[Nadia Buari]] a matsayin Paula * [[Tana Adelana]] a matsayin Vida * Kofi Adjorlolo a matsayin Ranesh * Eddie Watson a matsayin Andy * [[Anita Erskine|Anita Erskin]] a matsayin Ruby * Kweku Elliot a matsayin Raymond * Jane Awindor a matsayin Judith * Lisa Raymond a matsayin Sandy * Michelle McKinney Hammond a matsayin mai ba da shawara * Itz Tiffany a matsayin Yolanda == Saki == An saki fim din a [[YouTube]] a ranar 25 ga Yulin 2012, kuma a halin yanzu yana da ra'ayoyi kusan miliyan goma, yana mai da shi ɗaya daga cikin masu kallo na Nollywood. sake shi a Ghana a ranar 22 ga Satumba 2012,<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.ghanacelebrities.com/2012/09/24/all-the-photos-from-the-premiere-of-yvonne-nelsons-movie-single-and-married-featuring-chris-attoh-becca-eazzy-keitta-eddie-watson-efya-prince-david-osei-khareema-aguiar-etc/ | title=ALL THE PHOTOS From The Premiere Of Yvonne Nelson's Movie 'Single and Married' Featuring Chris Attoh, Becca, Eazzy, Keitta, Eddie Watson, Efya, Prince David Osei, Khareema Aguiar, ETC | publisher=GhanaCelebrities.com | date=24 September 2012 | accessdate=8 October 2014 | author=Febiri, Chris-Vincent A. | archive-date=15 October 2014 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141015150440/http://www.ghanacelebrities.com/2012/09/24/all-the-photos-from-the-premiere-of-yvonne-nelsons-movie-single-and-married-featuring-chris-attoh-becca-eazzy-keitta-eddie-watson-efya-prince-david-osei-khareema-aguiar-etc/ | url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.modernghana.com/music/19130/3/yvonne-nelson-outdoors-single-married-movie-with-s.html | title=Yvonne Nelson Outdoors Single & Married Movie With Star Studded Premiere On September 22 | publisher=ModernGhana.com | date=10 September 2012 | accessdate=8 October 2014 | author=Addo, Francis}}</ref> kuma an fara shi a gidan fina-finai na Silverbird, [[Victoria Island, Lagos|Tsibirin Victoria, Legas]] a ranar 28 ga Satumba 2012. [2] == Karɓuwa == === Karɓa mai mahimmanci === Fim din yana da kashi 24% a kan Nollywood Reinvented, wanda ya soki jagorancin labarin, da kuma wasan kwaikwayo na 'yan wasan kwaikwayo. Ya kammala ta hanyar cewa, "Cinematography kusan babu shi! Pascal Amanfo bai yi aiki mara kyau ba - Ba mummunan ba ne; [Duk da haka], tare da fim kamar wannan da taken kamar Single and Married, ina tsammanin zai zama da nisa don kallon wannan fim din neman labari mai ban mamaki. Idan ka shiga neman labari mai girma ko kuma ka yi farin ciki, amma za ka yi takaici. Jaridar Ghanaian Chronicle ta ba da bita mai kyau, tana mai cewa: "Labarin ya haifar da batutuwa masu tsanani game da dalilin da ya sa ma'aurata ke yaudarar abokan hulɗarsu da kuma yadda za a dakatar da su. Amma an gaya masa a cikin hanyar da ba a fahimta ba, mai nishaɗi. " Gaskiya fim ne dole ne a gani.<ref>{{cite web | url=http://thechronicle.com.gh/nollywood-applauds-single-married/ | title=Nollywood Applauds 'Single & Married' | publisher=The Chronicle | work=Ghanaian Chronicle | date=4 October 2012 | accessdate=8 October 2014 | archive-date=14 October 2014 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141014163519/http://thechronicle.com.gh/nollywood-applauds-single-married/ | url-status=dead }}</ref> === Kyaututtuka === {| class="wikitable sortable" style="width:100%" |+Cikakken jerin kyaututtuka !Kyautar !Sashe !Masu karɓa !Sakamakon |- | rowspan="10" |Kyautar Fina-finai ta Ghana ta 2012 |Hoton da ya fi dacewa |Pascal Amanfo| {{Won}} |- |Mafi kyawun Jagora (Harshe na Turanci) |Pascal Amanfo| {{Won}} |- |Mafi kyawun 'yar wasan kwaikwayo a Matsayin Jagora (Turanci) |[[Yvonne Nelson]]| {{Nom}} |- |Mafi kyawun Actor a Matsayin Tallafawa (Turanci) |Chris Attoh| {{Nom}} |- |Mafi kyawun 'yar wasan kwaikwayo a Matsayin Taimako (Turanci) |Anita Erskine| {{Won}} |- |Hoton Mafi Kyawu - Haɗin gwiwar Afirka |Pascal Amanfo, [[Yvonne Nelson]]| {{Nom}} |- |Mafi kyawun Cinematography |Kwame Amuah| {{Won}} |- |Mafi Kyawun Gyara |Okey Benson| {{Nom}} |- |Jagoran Fasaha mafi Kyawu || {{Nom}} |- |Mafi Kyawun Kiɗa (Waƙar asali) |Ibrahim Kasuwanci| {{Nom}} |} == Manazarta == == Haɗin waje == * Marasa aure da aureaNollywood An sake kirkirar * {{YouTube|wlllEV8L__c|''Single and Married'' trailer}} [[Category:Fim]] a0hs5q99fqkdfv2xeo9ijdhxmuuuaqi 895576 895575 2026-08-12T10:32:45Z Maryam Abdullahi Y 43904 895576 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox }} '''''Single and Married, f'''''im ne na wasan kwaikwayo na soyayya na Najeriya na shekarar 2012, wanda Yvonne Nelson ya samar kuma Pascal Amanfo ya ba da umarni. [[Yvonne Nelson]], Chris Attoh, [[Nadia Buari]], Tana Adelana, Kofi Adjorlolo, Eddie Watson da Jane 'Efya' Awindor. "ya fi mayar da hankali kan wasan kwaikwayo, da rikice-rikice da ƙananan asirin abokai maza uku, rayuwarsu ta jima'i, kasancewa marasa aure ko aure, da kuma duk masu zaman kansu". Fim ɗin sami gabatarwa goma a shekarar 2012 Ghana Movie Awards kuma ya lashe kyaututtuka hudu a taron, gami da Hoto Mafi kyawu, Mafi kyawun Gudanarwa (Harshe na Turanci), Mafi Kyawun Actress a Matsayin Taimako (Turanci), da Mafi Kyawun Cinematography.<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.ghanaweb.com/GhanaHomePage/entertainment/artikel.php?ID=321199 | title=Yvonne Nelson storms Nollywood with 'Single, Married & Complicated' | publisher=Ghana Web | date=14 August 2014 | accessdate=8 October 2014 | author=Addo, Francis}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.bellanaija.com/2014/06/22/yvonne-nelson-presents-star-packed-single-married-complicated-view-the-trailer/ | title=Yvonne Nelson presents Star Packed "Single, Married & Complicated" - View the Trailer | publisher=bellanaija.com | work=Bella Naija | date=22 June 2014 | accessdate=8 October 2014}}</ref> sake fitowa, Single, Married and Complicated, a cikin shekara ta 2014. == Abubuwan da shirin ya kunsa == Jay (Chris Attoh), wani casanova, ga mamakin abokansa, ya kuma nemi budurwarsa, Kimora (Yvonne Nelson). Abokin Jay, Raymond (Kweku Elliot) wata casanova wacce yanzu kuma ta auri daya daga cikin abokan Kimora, Paula ([[Nadia Buari]]), ba ta damu ba. Andy (Eddie Watson), "mafi ƙyama" na uku, yana tunanin Jay yana gab da shiga kurkuku na rayuwa. Shekara guda bayan auren, Jay yana da alaƙa da Judith (Jane Awindor), kuma koyaushe yana karya wa Kimora. Jay daga ƙarshe ya rabu da ita, saboda ta zama mai mallaka da shi; a kan hanyarsa ta fita daga gidanta, Jay ya haɗu da Raymond, wanda shi ma yana fitowa daga gidan uwargidan, don haka ya kuma gano asirin juna. A bayyane yake, Paula, lauya, koyaushe tana aiki da aiki kuma ba ta sami lokaci ga Raymond ba, yayin da Kimora ta ki ba Jay aikin iska. Paula ta gabatar da Raymond ga Yolanda (Itz Tiffany), tsohuwar abokinta, kuma Raymond ya fara wani al'amari tare da ita. Vida (Tana Adelana), abokiyar Kimora da Paula, ta auri Ranesh (Kofi Adjorlolo), wani mutum mai shekaru 59 wanda ya bar ta ba tare da gamsuwa ba a gado. Ta sadu da sabon maƙwabcinta Andy, kuma a ƙarshe ta furta cewa tana so ta yi jima'i da shi, wanda ya kai su ga samun wani al'amari. Judith ta zama abokiyar Kimora, kuma ta zo ta zauna tare da ma'auratan na wata daya. Judith koyaushe tana ba da jay a gaban matarsa. Jay ya yi magana ba tare da sautin ba yayin gardama da Kimora, wanda ya kai shi ga furta al'amuransa, gami da wanda ke da Judith. Paula ta fahimci cewa tana da mummunan rayuwar jima'i tare da mijinta, don haka ta yi jadawalin jima'i; ya fusata Raymond kuma ya nemi saki. A lokacin tattaunawar kisan aure, Paula ta bayyana cewa ta san game da al'amarin Raymond da Yolanda, kuma a zahiri fare ne tsakanin ta da Yolanda. Kimora ta bar gidan Jay. Ranesh ya kama matarsa da Andy suna yin jima'i; Andy ya tsere ta hanyar tsalle daga bene na farko na ginin, ya karye kafafunsa a sakamakon haka. Paula ta dawo tare da mijinta, bayan mai ba da shawara ya tabbatar da ita. Raymond ya nemi gafara game da komai, yayin da Paula ta tambayi sau nawa zai so ya yi jima'i a cikin mako guda. Kimora kuma ta ga mai ba da shawara, sannan ta koma ga Jay kuma ta nemi ya ja wando don yin amfani da shi, amma ya ki, ya shahara da kasancewarta. Wata mace ce ta zo wa Andy hari da ita wacce ta yi ikirarin cewa tana da ciki da shi kuma tana ƙoƙarin yin wani abu; Andy duk da haka da wayo ya tsere. == Masu ba da labari == * [[Yvonne Nelson]] a matsayin Kimora * Chris Attoh a matsayin Jay * [[Nadia Buari]] a matsayin Paula * [[Tana Adelana]] a matsayin Vida * Kofi Adjorlolo a matsayin Ranesh * Eddie Watson a matsayin Andy * [[Anita Erskine|Anita Erskin]] a matsayin Ruby * Kweku Elliot a matsayin Raymond * Jane Awindor a matsayin Judith * Lisa Raymond a matsayin Sandy * Michelle McKinney Hammond a matsayin mai ba da shawara * Itz Tiffany a matsayin Yolanda == Saki == An saki fim din a [[YouTube]] a ranar 25 ga Yulin 2012, kuma a halin yanzu yana da ra'ayoyi kusan miliyan goma, yana mai da shi ɗaya daga cikin masu kallo na Nollywood. sake shi a Ghana a ranar 22 ga Satumba 2012,<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.ghanacelebrities.com/2012/09/24/all-the-photos-from-the-premiere-of-yvonne-nelsons-movie-single-and-married-featuring-chris-attoh-becca-eazzy-keitta-eddie-watson-efya-prince-david-osei-khareema-aguiar-etc/ | title=ALL THE PHOTOS From The Premiere Of Yvonne Nelson's Movie 'Single and Married' Featuring Chris Attoh, Becca, Eazzy, Keitta, Eddie Watson, Efya, Prince David Osei, Khareema Aguiar, ETC | publisher=GhanaCelebrities.com | date=24 September 2012 | accessdate=8 October 2014 | author=Febiri, Chris-Vincent A. | archive-date=15 October 2014 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141015150440/http://www.ghanacelebrities.com/2012/09/24/all-the-photos-from-the-premiere-of-yvonne-nelsons-movie-single-and-married-featuring-chris-attoh-becca-eazzy-keitta-eddie-watson-efya-prince-david-osei-khareema-aguiar-etc/ | url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.modernghana.com/music/19130/3/yvonne-nelson-outdoors-single-married-movie-with-s.html | title=Yvonne Nelson Outdoors Single & Married Movie With Star Studded Premiere On September 22 | publisher=ModernGhana.com | date=10 September 2012 | accessdate=8 October 2014 | author=Addo, Francis}}</ref> kuma an fara shi a gidan fina-finai na Silverbird, [[Victoria Island, Lagos|Tsibirin Victoria, Legas]] a ranar 28 ga Satumba 2012. [2] == Karɓuwa == === Karɓa mai mahimmanci === Fim din yana da kashi 24% a kan Nollywood Reinvented, wanda ya soki jagorancin labarin, da kuma wasan kwaikwayo na 'yan wasan kwaikwayo. Ya kammala ta hanyar cewa, "Cinematography kusan babu shi! Pascal Amanfo bai yi aiki mara kyau ba - Ba mummunan ba ne; [Duk da haka], tare da fim kamar wannan da taken kamar Single and Married, ina tsammanin zai zama da nisa don kallon wannan fim din neman labari mai ban mamaki. Idan ka shiga neman labari mai girma ko kuma ka yi farin ciki, amma za ka yi takaici. Jaridar Ghanaian Chronicle ta ba da bita mai kyau, tana mai cewa: "Labarin ya haifar da batutuwa masu tsanani game da dalilin da ya sa ma'aurata ke yaudarar abokan hulɗarsu da kuma yadda za a dakatar da su. Amma an gaya masa a cikin hanyar da ba a fahimta ba, mai nishaɗi. " Gaskiya fim ne dole ne a gani.<ref>{{cite web | url=http://thechronicle.com.gh/nollywood-applauds-single-married/ | title=Nollywood Applauds 'Single & Married' | publisher=The Chronicle | work=Ghanaian Chronicle | date=4 October 2012 | accessdate=8 October 2014 | archive-date=14 October 2014 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141014163519/http://thechronicle.com.gh/nollywood-applauds-single-married/ | url-status=dead }}</ref> === Kyaututtuka === {| class="wikitable sortable" style="width:100%" |+Cikakken jerin kyaututtuka !Kyautar !Sashe !Masu karɓa !Sakamakon |- | rowspan="10" |Kyautar Fina-finai ta Ghana ta 2012 |Hoton da ya fi dacewa |Pascal Amanfo| {{Won}} |- |Mafi kyawun Jagora (Harshe na Turanci) |Pascal Amanfo| {{Won}} |- |Mafi kyawun 'yar wasan kwaikwayo a Matsayin Jagora (Turanci) |[[Yvonne Nelson]]| {{Nom}} |- |Mafi kyawun Actor a Matsayin Tallafawa (Turanci) |Chris Attoh| {{Nom}} |- |Mafi kyawun 'yar wasan kwaikwayo a Matsayin Taimako (Turanci) |Anita Erskine| {{Won}} |- |Hoton Mafi Kyawu - Haɗin gwiwar Afirka |Pascal Amanfo, [[Yvonne Nelson]]| {{Nom}} |- |Mafi kyawun Cinematography |Kwame Amuah| {{Won}} |- |Mafi Kyawun Gyara |Okey Benson| {{Nom}} |- |Jagoran Fasaha mafi Kyawu || {{Nom}} |- |Mafi Kyawun Kiɗa (Waƙar asali) |Ibrahim Kasuwanci| {{Nom}} |} == Manazarta == == Haɗin waje == * Marasa aure da aureaNollywood An sake kirkirar * {{YouTube|wlllEV8L__c|''Single and Married'' trailer}} [[Category:Fim]] m2ajk9bgy12q7t175qm8euqpquey6a4 0 69545 895436 863133 2026-08-12T08:33:27Z Ummun Sultan 23935 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1345750008|Quam's Money]]" 895436 wikitext text/x-wiki   Quam's Money fim ne na wasan kwaikwayo na Najeriya na 2020 wanda Chinaza Onuzo ya rubuta, kuma [[Kayode Kasum]] ya ba da umarni. Tauraron fim din [[Falz]], Toni Tones, [[Jemima Osunde]], [[Blossom Chukwujekwu]] da [[Nse Ikpe-Etim]] a cikin manyan matsayi.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Tv |first=Bn |date=2020-11-05 |title=This Teaser for Forthcoming "Quam's Money" starring Falz, Toni Tones, Nse Ikpe-Etim is a Whole Different Vibe! |url=https://www.bellanaija.com/2020/11/quams-money-official-teaser/ |access-date=2020-12-23 |website=BellaNaija |language=en-US}}</ref> Yana da ci gaba ga fim din 2018 New Money . Fim din ya fara fitowa a wurare daban-daban guda hudu a Najeriya, gami da FilmHouse Cinemas a [[Lagos (birni)|Legas]] a ranar 6 ga Disamba 2020 kafin fitowar wasan kwaikwayo. An fitar da shi a wasan kwaikwayo a ranar 11 ga Disamba 2020 kuma an buɗe shi ga sake dubawa daga masu sukar yayin da ya fito a matsayin nasarar ofishin akwatin. Kafin a sake shi, an dauke shi daya daga cikin fina-finai na Najeriya da aka fi tsammani na shekarar 2020. <ref>{{Cite web |date=2020-12-18 |title=These Are The Best Nigerian Films of 2020 |url=https://www.okayafrica.com/best-nigerian-movies-2020/ |access-date=2020-12-23 |website=OkayAfrica |language=en}}</ref> == Bayani game da shi == Quam Omole mai tsaron tsaro ne wanda ya zama miliyoyin wanda rayuwarsa ta sauka cikin mafarki mai ban tsoro bayan ya rasa miliyan 500 ga ƙungiyar masu zamba. Daga karshe an mika kuɗin ga 'yan sanda. == Masu ba da labari == * [[Falz]] a matsayin Quam Omole * Toni Tones a matsayin Eme * [[Jemima Osunde]] a matsayin Toun Odumosu * [[Blossom Chukwujekwu]] a matsayin Fineboy * [[Nse Ikpe-Etim]] a matsayin Ozzy * Williams Uchemba a matsayin Eugene * Onyebuchi Ojieh a matsayin manajan gini * Karibi Fubara a matsayin Rotimi * [[Michelle Dede]] a matsayin Hadiza * Gbubemi Ejeye a matsayin manajan kulob din * Badmus Olakunle a matsayin Sanata == Fitarwa == Inkblot Productions, FilmOne Productions da House 21 ne suka hada kai da fim din kuma suka yi alama da aikin samar da gida na 21. Har ila yau, ya nuna haɗin gwiwa na takwas tsakanin Inkblot Productions da FilmOne Productions. Falz, wanda kuma ya bayyana a cikin prequel New Money, ya sake taka rawar da ya taka a matsayin Quam a cikin ci gaba. == Kyaututtuka da gabatarwa == {| class="wikitable" !Shekara !Kyautar !Sashe !Mai karɓa !Sakamakon !Ref |- |2022 |[[2022 Africa Magic Viewers' Choice Awards|Kyautar Zaɓin Masu Bincike na Afirka]] |Mafi kyawun 'yar wasan kwaikwayo a cikin wasan kwaikwayo |Nse Ikpe Etim| {{Nom}} | |} == Bayanan da aka ambata == <templatestyles src="Reflist/styles.css" />{{Reflist}} == Haɗin waje == * {{IMDb title|id=tt13113544}} {{Kayode Kasum}} j75w38xfzrj2j09vp7a51hcrsa42l3b 895437 895436 2026-08-12T08:35:07Z Ummun Sultan 23935 895437 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} Quam's Money fim ne na wasan kwaikwayo na Najeriya na 2020 wanda Chinaza Onuzo ya rubuta, kuma [[Kayode Kasum]] ya ba da umarni. Tauraron fim din [[Falz]], Toni Tones, [[Jemima Osunde]], [[Blossom Chukwujekwu]] da [[Nse Ikpe-Etim]] a cikin manyan matsayi.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Tv |first=Bn |date=2020-11-05 |title=This Teaser for Forthcoming "Quam's Money" starring Falz, Toni Tones, Nse Ikpe-Etim is a Whole Different Vibe! |url=https://www.bellanaija.com/2020/11/quams-money-official-teaser/ |access-date=2020-12-23 |website=BellaNaija |language=en-US}}</ref> Yana da ci gaba ga fim din 2018 New Money . Fim din ya fara fitowa a wurare daban-daban guda hudu a Najeriya, gami da FilmHouse Cinemas a [[Lagos (birni)|Legas]] a ranar 6 ga Disamba 2020 kafin fitowar wasan kwaikwayo. An fitar da shi a wasan kwaikwayo a ranar 11 ga Disamba 2020 kuma an buɗe shi ga sake dubawa daga masu sukar yayin da ya fito a matsayin nasarar ofishin akwatin. Kafin a sake shi, an dauke shi daya daga cikin fina-finai na Najeriya da aka fi tsammani na shekarar 2020. <ref>{{Cite web |date=2020-12-18 |title=These Are The Best Nigerian Films of 2020 |url=https://www.okayafrica.com/best-nigerian-movies-2020/ |access-date=2020-12-23 |website=OkayAfrica |language=en}}</ref> == Bayani game da shi == Quam Omole mai tsaron tsaro ne wanda ya zama miliyoyin wanda rayuwarsa ta sauka cikin mafarki mai ban tsoro bayan ya rasa miliyan 500 ga ƙungiyar masu zamba. Daga karshe an mika kuɗin ga 'yan sanda. == Masu ba da labari == * [[Falz]] a matsayin Quam Omole * Toni Tones a matsayin Eme * [[Jemima Osunde]] a matsayin Toun Odumosu * [[Blossom Chukwujekwu]] a matsayin Fineboy * [[Nse Ikpe-Etim]] a matsayin Ozzy * Williams Uchemba a matsayin Eugene * Onyebuchi Ojieh a matsayin manajan gini * Karibi Fubara a matsayin Rotimi * [[Michelle Dede]] a matsayin Hadiza * Gbubemi Ejeye a matsayin manajan kulob din * Badmus Olakunle a matsayin Sanata == Fitarwa == Inkblot Productions, FilmOne Productions da House 21 ne suka hada kai da fim din kuma suka yi alama da aikin samar da gida na 21. Har ila yau, ya nuna haɗin gwiwa na takwas tsakanin Inkblot Productions da FilmOne Productions. Falz, wanda kuma ya bayyana a cikin prequel New Money, ya sake taka rawar da ya taka a matsayin Quam a cikin ci gaba. == Kyaututtuka da gabatarwa == {| class="wikitable" !Shekara !Kyautar !Sashe !Mai karɓa !Sakamakon !Ref |- |2022 |[[2022 Africa Magic Viewers' Choice Awards|Kyautar Zaɓin Masu Bincike na Afirka]] |Mafi kyawun 'yar wasan kwaikwayo a cikin wasan kwaikwayo |Nse Ikpe Etim| {{Nom}} | |} == Bayanan da aka ambata == <templatestyles src="Reflist/styles.css" />{{Reflist}} == Haɗin waje == * {{IMDb title|id=tt13113544}} {{Kayode Kasum}} fkpj43eyu8gg6j8c7wbaiadx8xy3d7c 0 69918 895557 376391 2026-08-12T10:24:44Z Maryam Abdullahi Y 43904 895557 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''''Rwanda and Juliet''''' wani shirin kisan kare dangi ne na bayan Rwanda wanda mai gabatar da shirye-shiryen Kanada Ben Proudfoot ya shirya.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2020-07-06 |title='Rwanda & Juliet' explores struggle of post-genocide |url=https://www.theeastafrican.co.ke/tea/magazine/-rwanda-juliet-explores-struggle-of-post-genocide--1348466 |access-date=2022-08-05 |website=The East African |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Citation |title=Rwanda & Juliet |url=https://mubi.com/films/rwanda-juliet |language=en |access-date=2022-08-05}}</ref> == Labarin fim == Fim din biyo bayan tafiyar farfesa na Kwalejin Dartmouth Andrew Garrod zuwa [[Kigali]] inda ya yi ƙoƙari ya tattara zuriyar Hutu da Tutsi don yin wasan kwaikwayo na Shakespearean tare da fatan cewa zai iya haifar da sulhu.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Pela |first=Robrt L. |title=Rwanda and Juliet Sees Hutu and Tutsi Teens Through Shakespeare |url=https://www.phoenixnewtimes.com/arts/rwanda-and-juliet-sees-hutu-and-tutsi-teens-through-shakespeare-8200714 |access-date=2022-08-05 |website=Phoenix New Times |language=en}}</ref> == Karɓuwa == An kara fim din a cikin tsarin karatun Jami'o'in Burtaniya Film & Video Council . nuna shi a Kwalejin Meredith, [1] ƙungiyar ɗalibai ta USC Shoah Foundation.<ref>{{Cite web |title="Rwanda & Juliet" Film Screening |url=https://sfi.usc.edu/events/rwanda-juliet-film-screening |access-date=2022-08-05 |website=CAGR {{!}} USC Dornsife}}</ref> == Bukukuwan da nunawa == 2016 Bikin Fim na Rwanda 2016 Bikin Fim na Wisconsin<ref>{{Cite web |last=Citizen |first=Ben Rueter {{!}} Beaver Dam Daily |title=Wayland screens 'Rwanda and Juliet' documentary |url=https://www.wiscnews.com/news/local/wayland-screens-rwanda-and-juliet-documentary/article_1e1a0e65-75f8-5eb5-b64e-3808e7914799.html |access-date=2022-08-05 |website=Wiscnews.com |date=7 October 2016 |language=en}}</ref> == Kyaututtuka == Fim din ya lashe kyautar mafi kyawun shirin a bikin fina-finai na shekara-shekara na 16 na Phoenix .<ref>{{cite web |title=Halifax filmmaker's doc on Shakespeare in Rwanda wins big at U.S. festival |date=2016-04-13 |website=[[CBC News]] |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220806042726/https://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/nova-scotia/ben-proudfoot-rwanda-and-juliet-phoenix-film-festival-1.3534475 |archive-date=2022-08-06 |url-status=live |url=https://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/nova-scotia/ben-proudfoot-rwanda-and-juliet-phoenix-film-festival-1.3534475}}</ref> == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} i8gqnt2drw3p5412txq1l74b8lhr86y 895558 895557 2026-08-12T10:24:53Z Maryam Abdullahi Y 43904 895558 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''''Rwanda and Juliet''''' wani shirin kisan kare dangi ne na bayan Rwanda wanda mai gabatar da shirye-shiryen Kanada Ben Proudfoot ya shirya.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2020-07-06 |title='Rwanda & Juliet' explores struggle of post-genocide |url=https://www.theeastafrican.co.ke/tea/magazine/-rwanda-juliet-explores-struggle-of-post-genocide--1348466 |access-date=2022-08-05 |website=The East African |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Citation |title=Rwanda & Juliet |url=https://mubi.com/films/rwanda-juliet |language=en |access-date=2022-08-05}}</ref> == Labarin fim == Fim ɗin biyo bayan tafiyar farfesa na Kwalejin Dartmouth Andrew Garrod zuwa [[Kigali]] inda ya yi ƙoƙari ya tattara zuriyar Hutu da Tutsi don yin wasan kwaikwayo na Shakespearean tare da fatan cewa zai iya haifar da sulhu.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Pela |first=Robrt L. |title=Rwanda and Juliet Sees Hutu and Tutsi Teens Through Shakespeare |url=https://www.phoenixnewtimes.com/arts/rwanda-and-juliet-sees-hutu-and-tutsi-teens-through-shakespeare-8200714 |access-date=2022-08-05 |website=Phoenix New Times |language=en}}</ref> == Karɓuwa == An kara fim din a cikin tsarin karatun Jami'o'in Burtaniya Film & Video Council . nuna shi a Kwalejin Meredith, [1] ƙungiyar ɗalibai ta USC Shoah Foundation.<ref>{{Cite web |title="Rwanda & Juliet" Film Screening |url=https://sfi.usc.edu/events/rwanda-juliet-film-screening |access-date=2022-08-05 |website=CAGR {{!}} USC Dornsife}}</ref> == Bukukuwan da nunawa == 2016 Bikin Fim na Rwanda 2016 Bikin Fim na Wisconsin<ref>{{Cite web |last=Citizen |first=Ben Rueter {{!}} Beaver Dam Daily |title=Wayland screens 'Rwanda and Juliet' documentary |url=https://www.wiscnews.com/news/local/wayland-screens-rwanda-and-juliet-documentary/article_1e1a0e65-75f8-5eb5-b64e-3808e7914799.html |access-date=2022-08-05 |website=Wiscnews.com |date=7 October 2016 |language=en}}</ref> == Kyaututtuka == Fim din ya lashe kyautar mafi kyawun shirin a bikin fina-finai na shekara-shekara na 16 na Phoenix .<ref>{{cite web |title=Halifax filmmaker's doc on Shakespeare in Rwanda wins big at U.S. festival |date=2016-04-13 |website=[[CBC News]] |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220806042726/https://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/nova-scotia/ben-proudfoot-rwanda-and-juliet-phoenix-film-festival-1.3534475 |archive-date=2022-08-06 |url-status=live |url=https://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/nova-scotia/ben-proudfoot-rwanda-and-juliet-phoenix-film-festival-1.3534475}}</ref> == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} hxyblir9aehj2fwbg9n1x5yg4uluocn 895559 895558 2026-08-12T10:25:12Z Maryam Abdullahi Y 43904 895559 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''''Rwanda and Juliet''''' wani shirin kisan kare dangi ne na bayan Rwanda wanda mai gabatar da shirye-shiryen Kanada Ben Proudfoot ya shirya.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2020-07-06 |title='Rwanda & Juliet' explores struggle of post-genocide |url=https://www.theeastafrican.co.ke/tea/magazine/-rwanda-juliet-explores-struggle-of-post-genocide--1348466 |access-date=2022-08-05 |website=The East African |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Citation |title=Rwanda & Juliet |url=https://mubi.com/films/rwanda-juliet |language=en |access-date=2022-08-05}}</ref> == Labarin fim == Fim ɗin biyo bayan tafiyar farfesa na Kwalejin Dartmouth Andrew Garrod zuwa [[Kigali]] inda ya yi ƙoƙari ya tattara zuriyar Hutu da Tutsi don yin wasan kwaikwayo na Shakespearean tare da fatan cewa zai iya haifar da sulhu.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Pela |first=Robrt L. |title=Rwanda and Juliet Sees Hutu and Tutsi Teens Through Shakespeare |url=https://www.phoenixnewtimes.com/arts/rwanda-and-juliet-sees-hutu-and-tutsi-teens-through-shakespeare-8200714 |access-date=2022-08-05 |website=Phoenix New Times |language=en}}</ref> == Karɓuwa == An kara fim ɗin a cikin tsarin karatun Jami'o'in Burtaniya Film & Video Council . nuna shi a Kwalejin Meredith, [1] ƙungiyar ɗalibai ta USC Shoah Foundation.<ref>{{Cite web |title="Rwanda & Juliet" Film Screening |url=https://sfi.usc.edu/events/rwanda-juliet-film-screening |access-date=2022-08-05 |website=CAGR {{!}} USC Dornsife}}</ref> == Bukukuwan da nunawa == 2016 Bikin Fim na Rwanda 2016 Bikin Fim na Wisconsin<ref>{{Cite web |last=Citizen |first=Ben Rueter {{!}} Beaver Dam Daily |title=Wayland screens 'Rwanda and Juliet' documentary |url=https://www.wiscnews.com/news/local/wayland-screens-rwanda-and-juliet-documentary/article_1e1a0e65-75f8-5eb5-b64e-3808e7914799.html |access-date=2022-08-05 |website=Wiscnews.com |date=7 October 2016 |language=en}}</ref> == Kyaututtuka == Fim din ya lashe kyautar mafi kyawun shirin a bikin fina-finai na shekara-shekara na 16 na Phoenix .<ref>{{cite web |title=Halifax filmmaker's doc on Shakespeare in Rwanda wins big at U.S. festival |date=2016-04-13 |website=[[CBC News]] |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220806042726/https://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/nova-scotia/ben-proudfoot-rwanda-and-juliet-phoenix-film-festival-1.3534475 |archive-date=2022-08-06 |url-status=live |url=https://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/nova-scotia/ben-proudfoot-rwanda-and-juliet-phoenix-film-festival-1.3534475}}</ref> == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} fjgzwc5cvcwl4vilw9jk8onb050ekl2 895560 895559 2026-08-12T10:25:22Z Maryam Abdullahi Y 43904 895560 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''''Rwanda and Juliet''''' wani shirin kisan kare dangi ne na bayan Rwanda wanda mai gabatar da shirye-shiryen Kanada Ben Proudfoot ya shirya.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2020-07-06 |title='Rwanda & Juliet' explores struggle of post-genocide |url=https://www.theeastafrican.co.ke/tea/magazine/-rwanda-juliet-explores-struggle-of-post-genocide--1348466 |access-date=2022-08-05 |website=The East African |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Citation |title=Rwanda & Juliet |url=https://mubi.com/films/rwanda-juliet |language=en |access-date=2022-08-05}}</ref> == Labarin fim == Fim ɗin biyo bayan tafiyar farfesa na Kwalejin Dartmouth Andrew Garrod zuwa [[Kigali]] inda ya yi ƙoƙari ya tattara zuriyar Hutu da Tutsi don yin wasan kwaikwayo na Shakespearean tare da fatan cewa zai iya haifar da sulhu.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Pela |first=Robrt L. |title=Rwanda and Juliet Sees Hutu and Tutsi Teens Through Shakespeare |url=https://www.phoenixnewtimes.com/arts/rwanda-and-juliet-sees-hutu-and-tutsi-teens-through-shakespeare-8200714 |access-date=2022-08-05 |website=Phoenix New Times |language=en}}</ref> == Karɓuwa == An kara fim ɗin a cikin tsarin karatun Jami'o'in Burtaniya Film & Video Council . nuna shi a Kwalejin Meredith, [1] ƙungiyar ɗalibai ta USC Shoah Foundation.<ref>{{Cite web |title="Rwanda & Juliet" Film Screening |url=https://sfi.usc.edu/events/rwanda-juliet-film-screening |access-date=2022-08-05 |website=CAGR {{!}} USC Dornsife}}</ref> == Bukukuwan da nunawa == 2016 Bikin Fim na Rwanda A shekarar 2016 Bikin Fim na Wisconsin<ref>{{Cite web |last=Citizen |first=Ben Rueter {{!}} Beaver Dam Daily |title=Wayland screens 'Rwanda and Juliet' documentary |url=https://www.wiscnews.com/news/local/wayland-screens-rwanda-and-juliet-documentary/article_1e1a0e65-75f8-5eb5-b64e-3808e7914799.html |access-date=2022-08-05 |website=Wiscnews.com |date=7 October 2016 |language=en}}</ref> == Kyaututtuka == Fim din ya lashe kyautar mafi kyawun shirin a bikin fina-finai na shekara-shekara na 16 na Phoenix .<ref>{{cite web |title=Halifax filmmaker's doc on Shakespeare in Rwanda wins big at U.S. festival |date=2016-04-13 |website=[[CBC News]] |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220806042726/https://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/nova-scotia/ben-proudfoot-rwanda-and-juliet-phoenix-film-festival-1.3534475 |archive-date=2022-08-06 |url-status=live |url=https://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/nova-scotia/ben-proudfoot-rwanda-and-juliet-phoenix-film-festival-1.3534475}}</ref> == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} p8forzyr4mrk4ibs1t0whgq6i80p0td 895561 895560 2026-08-12T10:25:34Z Maryam Abdullahi Y 43904 895561 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''''Rwanda and Juliet''''' wani shirin kisan kare dangi ne na bayan Rwanda wanda mai gabatar da shirye-shiryen Kanada Ben Proudfoot ya shirya.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2020-07-06 |title='Rwanda & Juliet' explores struggle of post-genocide |url=https://www.theeastafrican.co.ke/tea/magazine/-rwanda-juliet-explores-struggle-of-post-genocide--1348466 |access-date=2022-08-05 |website=The East African |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Citation |title=Rwanda & Juliet |url=https://mubi.com/films/rwanda-juliet |language=en |access-date=2022-08-05}}</ref> == Labarin fim == Fim ɗin biyo bayan tafiyar farfesa na Kwalejin Dartmouth Andrew Garrod zuwa [[Kigali]] inda ya yi ƙoƙari ya tattara zuriyar Hutu da Tutsi don yin wasan kwaikwayo na Shakespearean tare da fatan cewa zai iya haifar da sulhu.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Pela |first=Robrt L. |title=Rwanda and Juliet Sees Hutu and Tutsi Teens Through Shakespeare |url=https://www.phoenixnewtimes.com/arts/rwanda-and-juliet-sees-hutu-and-tutsi-teens-through-shakespeare-8200714 |access-date=2022-08-05 |website=Phoenix New Times |language=en}}</ref> == Karɓuwa == An kara fim ɗin a cikin tsarin karatun Jami'o'in Burtaniya Film & Video Council . nuna shi a Kwalejin Meredith, [1] ƙungiyar ɗalibai ta USC Shoah Foundation.<ref>{{Cite web |title="Rwanda & Juliet" Film Screening |url=https://sfi.usc.edu/events/rwanda-juliet-film-screening |access-date=2022-08-05 |website=CAGR {{!}} USC Dornsife}}</ref> == Bukukuwan da nunawa == 2016 Bikin Fim na Rwanda A shekarar 2016 Bikin Fim na Wisconsin<ref>{{Cite web |last=Citizen |first=Ben Rueter {{!}} Beaver Dam Daily |title=Wayland screens 'Rwanda and Juliet' documentary |url=https://www.wiscnews.com/news/local/wayland-screens-rwanda-and-juliet-documentary/article_1e1a0e65-75f8-5eb5-b64e-3808e7914799.html |access-date=2022-08-05 |website=Wiscnews.com |date=7 October 2016 |language=en}}</ref> == Kyaututtuka == Fim ɗin ya lashe kyautar mafi kyawun shirin a bikin fina-finai na shekara-shekara na 16 na Phoenix .<ref>{{cite web |title=Halifax filmmaker's doc on Shakespeare in Rwanda wins big at U.S. festival |date=2016-04-13 |website=[[CBC News]] |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220806042726/https://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/nova-scotia/ben-proudfoot-rwanda-and-juliet-phoenix-film-festival-1.3534475 |archive-date=2022-08-06 |url-status=live |url=https://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/nova-scotia/ben-proudfoot-rwanda-and-juliet-phoenix-film-festival-1.3534475}}</ref> == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} gedgw4xkmtn0jfvtipa6lwwt480763h 0 70223 895154 873755 2026-08-11T17:47:03Z Amadee619 37975 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1352934203|Sola Kosoko]]" 895154 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Sola Kosoko''', Listenⓘ wanda aka fi sani da '''Sola Kosoko-Abina''' (an haife ta a ranar 7 ga watan Janairun shekara ta 1980), <ref name="slickson">{{Cite web |last=Slickson |title=Celebrity Birthday: Sola Kosoko is a year Older |url=http://slickson.com/celebrity-birthday-sola-kosoko-is-a-year-older/ |website=slickson.com}}</ref> 'yar fim ce ta Najeriya kuma darektan fim da aka sani da Láròdá òjò . Ita 'yar [[Jide Kosoko]] ce . <ref name="slickson" /> Sola kosoko ta fito a fim din ''Pala Pala'' wanda ya hada da Yemi Solade da Muyiwa Kosoko . Ta yi jawabi ga matasan Najeriya a lokacin shirin Media Literacy and Capacity Building . == Ilimi == Kosoko tana da digiri na farko a fannin zamantakewa daga [[Jami'ar Olabisi Onabanjo]] . == Ayyuka == Kosoko ta fara aikinta na wasan kwaikwayo a 1999 inda ta fito a fim mai suna ''Ola Abata'' wanda mahaifinta ya samar; [[Jide Kosoko]] . A shekara ta 2001, ta yi fim din ''Omo Olorire'' wanda ya sa ta shahara. Ta yi fim a fina-finai da yawa a Turanci da Yoruba tun lokacin da ta fara yin wasan kwaikwayo. == Rayuwa ta mutum == Sola Kosoko tana ɗaya daga cikin 'ya'yan [[Jide Kosoko]] . Ta auri Abiodun Abinna, kuma suna da 'ya'ya mata biyu (Oluwasindara da Oluwasikemi) da ɗa (Oluwasire). == Kyaututtuka da gabatarwa == * Nomin da mutane suka bayar a cikin birni == Hotunan da aka zaɓa == * ''Ola Abata'' (1999) * ''Oko Irese'' (2000) * ''Omo Olorire'' (2003) a matsayin Enitan * ''Oko Irese'' * ''Omo Bishop'' (2005) * Eje Adegbenro 2 (2006) a matsayin Akowe Adegbenre * ''Onitemi (2007) '' * ''Láròdá òjò'' (2008) a matsayin Inuwa * ''[[Apaadi]] (2009) '' * ''Eti Keta (2011) a matsayin Ifeoma'' * ''Oloruka'' (2017) * ''Oga (2017) a matsayin Abokin Demi'' * ''Fadar sarauta'' (2018) * ''Ainiwa (2021) a matsayin Sindara'' * Shadow Parties (2021) a matsayin Asabi * ''Jemila'' * ''Kwarin Tsakanin'' * ''Roses da ƙaya''<ref name="Encomium Magazine 2015">{{Cite web |date=23 December 2015 |title='I want to exceed my father's success,' says Sola Kosoko |url=https://encomium.ng/i-want-to-exceed-my-fathers-success-says-sola-kosoko/ |access-date=27 July 2022 |website=Encomium Magazine}}</ref> == Bayanan da aka ambata == [[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1980]] [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] m581a26ki9gbabrs3r473m8qg4xqehy 895156 895154 2026-08-11T17:48:29Z Amadee619 37975 895156 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''la Kosoko''', Listenⓘ wanda aka fi sani da '''Sola Kosoko-Abina''' (an haife ta a ranar 7 ga watan Janairun shekara ta 1980), <ref name="slickson">{{Cite web |last=Slickson |title=Celebrity Birthday: Sola Kosoko is a year Older |url=http://slickson.com/celebrity-birthday-sola-kosoko-is-a-year-older/ |website=slickson.com}}</ref> 'yar fim ce ta Najeriya kuma darektan fim da aka sani da Láròdá òjò . Ita 'yar [[Jide Kosoko]] ce . <ref name="slickson" /> Sola kosoko ta fito a fim din ''Pala Pala'' wanda ya hada da Yemi Solade da Muyiwa Kosoko . Ta yi jawabi ga matasan Najeriya a lokacin shirin Media Literacy and Capacity Building . == Ilimi == Kosoko tana da digiri na farko a fannin zamantakewa daga [[Jami'ar Olabisi Onabanjo]] . == Ayyuka == Kosoko ta fara aikinta na wasan kwaikwayo a 1999 inda ta fito a fim mai suna ''Ola Abata'' wanda mahaifinta ya samar; [[Jide Kosoko]] . A shekara ta 2001, ta yi fim din ''Omo Olorire'' wanda ya sa ta shahara. Ta yi fim a fina-finai da yawa a Turanci da Yoruba tun lokacin da ta fara yin wasan kwaikwayo. == Rayuwa ta mutum == Sola Kosoko tana ɗaya daga cikin 'ya'yan [[Jide Kosoko]] . Ta auri Abiodun Abinna, kuma suna da 'ya'ya mata biyu (Oluwasindara da Oluwasikemi) da ɗa (Oluwasire). == Kyaututtuka da gabatarwa == * Nomin da mutane suka bayar a cikin birni == Hotunan da aka zaɓa == * ''Ola Abata'' (1999) * ''Oko Irese'' (2000) * ''Omo Olorire'' (2003) a matsayin Enitan * ''Oko Irese'' * ''Omo Bishop'' (2005) * Eje Adegbenro 2 (2006) a matsayin Akowe Adegbenre * ''Onitemi (2007) '' * ''Láròdá òjò'' (2008) a matsayin Inuwa * ''[[Apaadi]] (2009) '' * ''Eti Keta (2011) a matsayin Ifeoma'' * ''Oloruka'' (2017) * ''Oga (2017) a matsayin Abokin Demi'' * ''Fadar sarauta'' (2018) * ''Ainiwa (2021) a matsayin Sindara'' * Shadow Parties (2021) a matsayin Asabi * ''Jemila'' * ''Kwarin Tsakanin'' * ''Roses da ƙaya''<ref name="Encomium Magazine 2015">{{Cite web |date=23 December 2015 |title='I want to exceed my father's success,' says Sola Kosoko |url=https://encomium.ng/i-want-to-exceed-my-fathers-success-says-sola-kosoko/ |access-date=27 July 2022 |website=Encomium Magazine}}</ref> == Bayanan da aka ambata == [[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1980]] [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] dyrlyhjql6geea3vk23njijca32hjl2 895157 895156 2026-08-11T17:48:57Z Amadee619 37975 895157 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Sola Kosoko''', Listenⓘ wanda aka fi sani da '''Sola Kosoko-Abina''' (an haife ta a ranar 7 ga watan Janairun shekara ta 1980), <ref name="slickson">{{Cite web |last=Slickson |title=Celebrity Birthday: Sola Kosoko is a year Older |url=http://slickson.com/celebrity-birthday-sola-kosoko-is-a-year-older/ |website=slickson.com}}</ref> 'yar fim ce ta Najeriya kuma darektan fim da aka sani da Láròdá òjò . Ita 'yar [[Jide Kosoko]] ce . <ref name="slickson" /> Sola kosoko ta fito a fim din ''Pala Pala'' wanda ya hada da Yemi Solade da Muyiwa Kosoko . Ta yi jawabi ga matasan Najeriya a lokacin shirin Media Literacy and Capacity Building . == Ilimi == Kosoko tana da digiri na farko a fannin zamantakewa daga [[Jami'ar Olabisi Onabanjo]] . == Ayyuka == Kosoko ta fara aikinta na wasan kwaikwayo a 1999 inda ta fito a fim mai suna ''Ola Abata'' wanda mahaifinta ya samar; [[Jide Kosoko]] . A shekara ta 2001, ta yi fim din ''Omo Olorire'' wanda ya sa ta shahara. Ta yi fim a fina-finai da yawa a Turanci da Yoruba tun lokacin da ta fara yin wasan kwaikwayo. == Rayuwa ta mutum == Sola Kosoko tana ɗaya daga cikin 'ya'yan [[Jide Kosoko]] . Ta auri Abiodun Abinna, kuma suna da 'ya'ya mata biyu (Oluwasindara da Oluwasikemi) da ɗa (Oluwasire). == Kyaututtuka da gabatarwa == * Nomin da mutane suka bayar a cikin birni == Hotunan da aka zaɓa == * ''Ola Abata'' (1999) * ''Oko Irese'' (2000) * ''Omo Olorire'' (2003) a matsayin Enitan * ''Oko Irese'' * ''Omo Bishop'' (2005) * Eje Adegbenro 2 (2006) a matsayin Akowe Adegbenre * ''Onitemi (2007) '' * ''Láròdá òjò'' (2008) a matsayin Inuwa * ''[[Apaadi]] (2009) '' * ''Eti Keta (2011) a matsayin Ifeoma'' * ''Oloruka'' (2017) * ''Oga (2017) a matsayin Abokin Demi'' * ''Fadar sarauta'' (2018) * ''Ainiwa (2021) a matsayin Sindara'' * Shadow Parties (2021) a matsayin Asabi * ''Jemila'' * ''Kwarin Tsakanin'' * ''Roses da ƙaya''<ref name="Encomium Magazine 2015">{{Cite web |date=23 December 2015 |title='I want to exceed my father's success,' says Sola Kosoko |url=https://encomium.ng/i-want-to-exceed-my-fathers-success-says-sola-kosoko/ |access-date=27 July 2022 |website=Encomium Magazine}}</ref> == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1980]] [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] sm9qx1e9m9oqfu5nuh1fnv5fj9qjjjw 0 70395 895615 378374 2026-08-12T10:47:28Z Maryam Abdullahi Y 43904 895615 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} Max da Mona fim ne na wasan kwaikwayo na shekara ta 2004 wanda kuma aka samar tsakanin Afirka ta Kudu da Sweden, tare da Mpho Lovinga, Jerry Mofokeng da Percy Matsemala kuma Teddy Mattera ne ya ba da umarni.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|last=Jacobs|first=Sean|title=Max and Mona|url=https://africanfilmny.org/articles/max-and-mona-review/|access-date=2021-10-06|website=African Film Festival }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=What I'm watching: Teddy Mattera, writer & director|url=https://www.timeslive.co.za/sunday-times/lifestyle/2017-12-09-what-im-watching-teddy-mattera-writer-amp-director/|access-date=2021-10-06|website=TimesLIVE|language=en-ZA}}</ref> 2006 South African Film and Television Awards ya lashe Golden Horn don Mofokeng a matsayin mafi kyawun ɗan wasan kwaikwayo kuma an zabi shi a cikin mafi kyawun ƙirar samarwa da mafi kyawun ƙira a wannan taron.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2006-09-29|title=SAFTAS nominees announced|url=https://www.screenafrica.com/2006/09/29/film/saftas-nominees-announced/|access-date=2021-10-06|website=Screen Africa }}</ref> == Labarin fim == Max Bua saurayi ne mai burin da yawa wanda ya bar ƙaramin garinsu zuwa babban birni na [[Johannesburg]] don fara karatun likita, tare da burin zama sanannen likita. , lokacin da ya isa can, sai ya fahimci cewa babban birni yana da wasu tsare-tsare a gare shi. == Ƴan Wasa == * Mpho Lovinga a matsayin Max Bua * Jerry Mofokeng a matsayin Norman * Percy Matsemala a matsayin Razor * Thumi Melamu a matsayin Nozipho Dlamini * Coco Merckel a matsayin shida * Seputla Sebogodi a matsayin Skeel == Fitarwa == Darakta Teddy Mattera ya bayyana cewa daya daga cikin dalilan sakin Max ''da Mona'' shine karancin fina-finai masu ban dariya da aka yi niyya da farko ga baƙar fata a Afirka ta Kudu. cewar mai shirya fim din: "Faran fata ne ke yin wasan kwaikwayo a wannan ƙasar inda suke dariya da baƙar fata... Don haka na yi tunanin zai zama ƙalubale a rubuta labarin inda za mu yi dariya da kanmu". == Karɓuwa == Fim din ya sami karɓuwa mai kyau gabaɗaya. Robert Koehler na Variety, "''Max da Mona'' sun yi ƙoƙari su jawo dariya daga wani saurayi na karkara tare da mummunan nau'o'i a cikin babban, mummunan birni. Da farko, mai kula da jirgin ruwa Teddy Mattera ya yi amfani da taɓawa mai ban mamaki ga rubutun sa, amma abubuwan da suka faru da sauri sun rushe da sauri cewa farkon sha'awa Sean Jacobs, Mattera ya sami "wani wasan kwaikwayo mai taushi wanda ke samun dariya a cikin hawaye, haɗuwa da rashin jin da faɗakarwa, da jin daɗi mai tsarki, da kyau". == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} [[Category:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] 1szc2898gxm3zrc6y04v6t3hs3ne10w 895616 895615 2026-08-12T10:47:38Z Maryam Abdullahi Y 43904 895616 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} Max da Mona fim ne na wasan kwaikwayo na shekara ta 2004 wanda kuma aka samar tsakanin Afirka ta Kudu da Sweden, tare da Mpho Lovinga, Jerry Mofokeng da Percy Matsemala kuma Teddy Mattera ne ya ba da umarni.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|last=Jacobs|first=Sean|title=Max and Mona|url=https://africanfilmny.org/articles/max-and-mona-review/|access-date=2021-10-06|website=African Film Festival }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=What I'm watching: Teddy Mattera, writer & director|url=https://www.timeslive.co.za/sunday-times/lifestyle/2017-12-09-what-im-watching-teddy-mattera-writer-amp-director/|access-date=2021-10-06|website=TimesLIVE|language=en-ZA}}</ref> 2006 South African Film and Television Awards ya lashe Golden Horn don Mofokeng a matsayin mafi kyawun ɗan wasan kwaikwayo kuma an zabi shi a cikin mafi kyawun ƙirar samarwa da mafi kyawun ƙira a wannan taron.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2006-09-29|title=SAFTAS nominees announced|url=https://www.screenafrica.com/2006/09/29/film/saftas-nominees-announced/|access-date=2021-10-06|website=Screen Africa }}</ref> == Labarin fim == Max Bua saurayi ne mai burin da yawa wanda kuma ya bar ƙaramin garinsu zuwa babban birni na [[Johannesburg]] don fara karatun likita, tare da burin zama sanannen likita. , lokacin da ya isa can, sai ya fahimci cewa babban birni yana da wasu tsare-tsare a gare shi. == Ƴan Wasa == * Mpho Lovinga a matsayin Max Bua * Jerry Mofokeng a matsayin Norman * Percy Matsemala a matsayin Razor * Thumi Melamu a matsayin Nozipho Dlamini * Coco Merckel a matsayin shida * Seputla Sebogodi a matsayin Skeel == Fitarwa == Darakta Teddy Mattera ya bayyana cewa daya daga cikin dalilan sakin Max ''da Mona'' shine karancin fina-finai masu ban dariya da aka yi niyya da farko ga baƙar fata a Afirka ta Kudu. cewar mai shirya fim din: "Faran fata ne ke yin wasan kwaikwayo a wannan ƙasar inda suke dariya da baƙar fata... Don haka na yi tunanin zai zama ƙalubale a rubuta labarin inda za mu yi dariya da kanmu". == Karɓuwa == Fim din ya sami karɓuwa mai kyau gabaɗaya. Robert Koehler na Variety, "''Max da Mona'' sun yi ƙoƙari su jawo dariya daga wani saurayi na karkara tare da mummunan nau'o'i a cikin babban, mummunan birni. Da farko, mai kula da jirgin ruwa Teddy Mattera ya yi amfani da taɓawa mai ban mamaki ga rubutun sa, amma abubuwan da suka faru da sauri sun rushe da sauri cewa farkon sha'awa Sean Jacobs, Mattera ya sami "wani wasan kwaikwayo mai taushi wanda ke samun dariya a cikin hawaye, haɗuwa da rashin jin da faɗakarwa, da jin daɗi mai tsarki, da kyau". == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} [[Category:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] 0xpv6qhctv5vcgdjp84ga60rpd14d1o 895617 895616 2026-08-12T10:47:56Z Maryam Abdullahi Y 43904 895617 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} Max da Mona fim ne na wasan kwaikwayo na shekara ta 2004 wanda kuma aka samar tsakanin Afirka ta Kudu da Sweden, tare da Mpho Lovinga, Jerry Mofokeng da Percy Matsemala kuma Teddy Mattera ne ya ba da umarni.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|last=Jacobs|first=Sean|title=Max and Mona|url=https://africanfilmny.org/articles/max-and-mona-review/|access-date=2021-10-06|website=African Film Festival }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=What I'm watching: Teddy Mattera, writer & director|url=https://www.timeslive.co.za/sunday-times/lifestyle/2017-12-09-what-im-watching-teddy-mattera-writer-amp-director/|access-date=2021-10-06|website=TimesLIVE|language=en-ZA}}</ref> 2006 South African Film and Television Awards ya lashe Golden Horn don Mofokeng a matsayin mafi kyawun ɗan wasan kwaikwayo kuma an zabi shi a cikin mafi kyawun ƙirar samarwa da mafi kyawun ƙira a wannan taron.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2006-09-29|title=SAFTAS nominees announced|url=https://www.screenafrica.com/2006/09/29/film/saftas-nominees-announced/|access-date=2021-10-06|website=Screen Africa }}</ref> == Labarin fim == Max Bua saurayi ne mai burin da yawa wanda kuma ya bar ƙaramin garinsu zuwa babban birni na [[Johannesburg]] don fara karatun likita, tare da burin zama sanannen likita. , lokacin da ya isa can, sai ya fahimci cewa babban birni yana da wasu tsare-tsare a gare shi. == Ƴan Wasa == * Mpho Lovinga a matsayin Max Bua * Jerry Mofokeng a matsayin Norman * Percy Matsemala a matsayin Razor * Thumi Melamu a matsayin Nozipho Dlamini * Coco Merckel a matsayin shida * Seputla Sebogodi a matsayin Skeel == Fitarwa == Darakta Teddy Mattera ya bayyana cewa daya daga cikin dalilan sakin Max ''da Mona'' shine karancin fina-finai masu ban dariya da aka yi niyya da farko ga baƙar fata a Afirka ta Kudu. cewar mai shirya fim din: "Faran fata ne ke yin wasan kwaikwayo a wannan ƙasar inda suke dariya da baƙar fata... Don haka na yi tunanin zai zama ƙalubale a rubuta labarin inda za mu yi dariya da kanmu". == Karɓuwa == Fim ɗin ya sami karɓuwa mai kyau gabaɗaya. Robert Koehler na Variety, "''Max da Mona'' sun yi ƙoƙari su jawo dariya daga wani saurayi na karkara tare da mummunan nau'o'i a cikin babban, mummunan birni. Da farko, mai kula da jirgin ruwa Teddy Mattera ya yi amfani da taɓawa mai ban mamaki ga rubutun sa, amma abubuwan da suka faru da sauri sun rushe da sauri cewa farkon sha'awa Sean Jacobs, Mattera ya sami "wani wasan kwaikwayo mai taushi wanda ke samun dariya a cikin hawaye, haɗuwa da rashin jin da faɗakarwa, da jin daɗi mai tsarki, da kyau". == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} [[Category:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] 9bi4dvitu8drg3cyy72g1k32zu03b2w 895618 895617 2026-08-12T10:48:06Z Maryam Abdullahi Y 43904 895618 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} Max da Mona fim ne na wasan kwaikwayo na shekara ta 2004 wanda kuma aka samar tsakanin Afirka ta Kudu da Sweden, tare da Mpho Lovinga, Jerry Mofokeng da Percy Matsemala kuma Teddy Mattera ne ya ba da umarni.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|last=Jacobs|first=Sean|title=Max and Mona|url=https://africanfilmny.org/articles/max-and-mona-review/|access-date=2021-10-06|website=African Film Festival }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=What I'm watching: Teddy Mattera, writer & director|url=https://www.timeslive.co.za/sunday-times/lifestyle/2017-12-09-what-im-watching-teddy-mattera-writer-amp-director/|access-date=2021-10-06|website=TimesLIVE|language=en-ZA}}</ref> 2006 South African Film and Television Awards ya lashe Golden Horn don Mofokeng a matsayin mafi kyawun ɗan wasan kwaikwayo kuma an zabi shi a cikin mafi kyawun ƙirar samarwa da mafi kyawun ƙira a wannan taron.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2006-09-29|title=SAFTAS nominees announced|url=https://www.screenafrica.com/2006/09/29/film/saftas-nominees-announced/|access-date=2021-10-06|website=Screen Africa }}</ref> == Labarin fim == Max Bua saurayi ne mai burin da yawa wanda kuma ya bar ƙaramin garinsu zuwa babban birni na [[Johannesburg]] don fara karatun likita, tare da burin zama sanannen likita. , lokacin da ya isa can, sai ya fahimci cewa babban birni yana da wasu tsare-tsare a gare shi. == Ƴan Wasa == * Mpho Lovinga a matsayin Max Bua * Jerry Mofokeng a matsayin Norman * Percy Matsemala a matsayin Razor * Thumi Melamu a matsayin Nozipho Dlamini * Coco Merckel a matsayin shida * Seputla Sebogodi a matsayin Skeel == Fitarwa == Darakta Teddy Mattera ya bayyana cewa daya daga cikin dalilan sakin Max ''da Mona'' shine karancin fina-finai masu ban dariya da aka yi niyya da farko ga baƙar fata a Afirka ta Kudu. cewar mai shirya fim din: "Faran fata ne ke yin wasan kwaikwayo a wannan ƙasar inda suke dariya da baƙar fata... Don haka na yi tunanin zai zama ƙalubale a rubuta labarin inda za mu yi dariya da kanmu". == Karɓuwa == Fim ɗin ya sami karɓuwa mai kyau gabaɗaya. Robert Koehler na Variety, "''Max da Mona'' sun yi ƙoƙari su jawo dariya daga wani saurayi na karkara tare da mummunan nau'o'i a cikin babban, mummunan birni. Da farko, mai kula da jirgin ruwa Teddy Mattera ya yi amfani da taɓawa mai ban mamaki ga rubutun sa, to amma abubuwan da suka faru da sauri sun rushe da sauri cewa farkon sha'awa Sean Jacobs, Mattera ya sami "wani wasan kwaikwayo mai taushi wanda ke samun dariya a cikin hawaye, haɗuwa da rashin jin da faɗakarwa, da jin daɗi mai tsarki, da kyau". == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} [[Category:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] kedtmj83vlw9kjbm081d36ktvjleg45 895619 895618 2026-08-12T10:48:18Z Maryam Abdullahi Y 43904 895619 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} Max da Mona fim ne na wasan kwaikwayo na shekara ta 2004 wanda kuma aka samar tsakanin Afirka ta Kudu da Sweden, tare da Mpho Lovinga, Jerry Mofokeng da Percy Matsemala kuma Teddy Mattera ne ya ba da umarni.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|last=Jacobs|first=Sean|title=Max and Mona|url=https://africanfilmny.org/articles/max-and-mona-review/|access-date=2021-10-06|website=African Film Festival }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=What I'm watching: Teddy Mattera, writer & director|url=https://www.timeslive.co.za/sunday-times/lifestyle/2017-12-09-what-im-watching-teddy-mattera-writer-amp-director/|access-date=2021-10-06|website=TimesLIVE|language=en-ZA}}</ref> 2006 South African Film and Television Awards ya lashe Golden Horn don Mofokeng a matsayin mafi kyawun ɗan wasan kwaikwayo kuma an zabi shi a cikin mafi kyawun ƙirar samarwa da mafi kyawun ƙira a wannan taron.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2006-09-29|title=SAFTAS nominees announced|url=https://www.screenafrica.com/2006/09/29/film/saftas-nominees-announced/|access-date=2021-10-06|website=Screen Africa }}</ref> == Labarin fim == Max Bua saurayi ne mai burin da yawa wanda kuma ya bar ƙaramin garinsu zuwa babban birni na [[Johannesburg]] don fara karatun likita, tare da burin zama sanannen likita. , lokacin da ya isa can, sai ya fahimci cewa babban birni yana da wasu tsare-tsare a gare shi. == Ƴan Wasa == * Mpho Lovinga a matsayin Max Bua * Jerry Mofokeng a matsayin Norman * Percy Matsemala a matsayin Razor * Thumi Melamu a matsayin Nozipho Dlamini * Coco Merckel a matsayin shida * Seputla Sebogodi a matsayin Skeel == Fitarwa == Darakta Teddy Mattera ya bayyana cewa daya daga cikin dalilan sakin Max ''da Mona'' shine karancin fina-finai masu ban dariya da aka yi niyya da farko ga baƙar fata a Afirka ta Kudu. cewar mai shirya fim din: "Faran fata ne ke yin wasan kwaikwayo a wannan ƙasar inda suke dariya da baƙar fata... Don haka na yi tunanin zai zama ƙalubale a rubuta labarin inda za mu yi dariya da kanmu". == Karɓuwa == Fim ɗin ya sami karɓuwa mai kyau gabaɗaya. Robert Koehler na Variety, "''Max da Mona'' sun yi ƙoƙari su jawo dariya daga wani saurayi na karkara tare da mummunan nau'o'i a cikin babban, mummunan birni. Da farko, mai kula da jirgin ruwa Teddy Mattera ya yi amfani da taɓawa mai ban mamaki ga rubutun sa, to amma abubuwan da suka faru da sauri sun rushe da sauri cewa farkon sha'awa Sean Jacobs, Mattera ya sami "wani wasan kwaikwayo mai taushi wanda kuma ke samun dariya a cikin hawaye, haɗuwa da rashin jin da faɗakarwa, da jin daɗi mai tsarki, da kyau". == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} [[Category:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] as4798n90iy38mt0i1dhm21gvljnryp 0 70416 895567 529076 2026-08-12T10:28:43Z Maryam Abdullahi Y 43904 895567 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''''Hasan and Na'ima''''' ({{lang-arz|حسن و نعيمه}}; Hassan wa Nayima). Shirin wasan kwaikwayo ne na Masar a shekarar 1959 wanda kuma Henry Barakat ya ba da umarni. An shigar da shi cikin bikin fina-finai na kasa da kasa na Berlin na 9.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.filmaffinity.com/us/film333947.html |title=Hassan and Nayima |work=Film Affinity |accessdate=7 May 2020}}</ref> == Yan wasan shirin== * Muharram Fouad a matsayin Hassan * Soad Hosny a matsayin Nayima * [[Mohammed Tawfik]] * [[Hassan el Baroudi]] * [[Leila Fahmi]] * Wedad Hamdy == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} == Haɗin waje == * {{IMDb title|title=Hassan and Nayima}} [[Category:Fim]] qtnahn8zpqct3bxm0z9jnjywsms56dq 895568 895567 2026-08-12T10:28:55Z Maryam Abdullahi Y 43904 895568 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''''Hasan and Na'ima''''' ({{lang-arz|حسن و نعيمه}}; Hassan wa Nayima). Shirin wasan kwaikwayo ne na Masar a shekarar 1959 wanda kuma Henry Barakat ya ba da umarni. An shigar da shi cikin bikin fina-finai na ƙasa da ƙasa na Berlin na 9.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.filmaffinity.com/us/film333947.html |title=Hassan and Nayima |work=Film Affinity |accessdate=7 May 2020}}</ref> == Yan wasan shirin== * Muharram Fouad a matsayin Hassan * Soad Hosny a matsayin Nayima * [[Mohammed Tawfik]] * [[Hassan el Baroudi]] * [[Leila Fahmi]] * Wedad Hamdy == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} == Haɗin waje == * {{IMDb title|title=Hassan and Nayima}} [[Category:Fim]] 58mr2rr0v0jlsqmeipfi4audtrrzkhh 0 70438 895541 378552 2026-08-12T10:20:01Z Maryam Abdullahi Y 43904 895541 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''''Money and Women''''' (Arabic) fim ne na Masar da aka fitar a shekarar 1960. Hassan el-Imam da taurari Salah Zulfikar, Soad Hosny da Youssef Wahbi ne suka shirya fim din.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Armes|first=Roy|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=88sTRTl6yKwC&dq=%22money+and+women%22+1960+Egyptian+film&pg=PA27|title=Dictionary of African Filmmakers|date=2008|publisher=Indiana University Press|isbn=978-0-253-35116-6|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|last=قاسم|first=أ محمود|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-iTmDAAAQBAJ&dq=%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%84+%D9%88%D9%86%D8%B3%D8%A7%D8%A1+1960&pg=PA1819|title=دليل الممثل العربي في سينما القرن العشرين|date=1999|publisher=مجموعة النيل العربية|isbn=978-977-5919-02-1|language=ar}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|last=قاسم|first=محمود|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_pBMDwAAQBAJ&dq=%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%84+%D9%88%D9%86%D8%B3%D8%A7%D8%A1+1960&pg=PT74|title=الأديان على شاشة السينما المصرية|date=2018-01-01|publisher=وكالة الصحافة العربية|language=ar}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|last=قاسم|first=محمود|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=iKJ5DwAAQBAJ&dq=%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%84+%D9%88%D9%86%D8%B3%D8%A7%D8%A1+1960&pg=PT40|title=جميلات السينما المصرية|date=2019|publisher=وكالة الصحافة العربية|language=ar}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Remembering Soad Hosny: The Egyptian starlet with youthful charm - Film - Arts & Culture|url=https://english.ahram.org.eg/NewsContent/5/32/372619/Arts--Culture/Film/Remembering-Soad-Hosny-The-Egyptian-starlet-with-y.aspx|access-date=2022-01-09|website=Ahram Online}}</ref> == Labarin fim == Shehata Effendi ma'aikaci ne a asibiti, mutum ne mai sauƙi tare da lamiri mai rai wanda ke wakiltar ƙaya a cikin makogwaron abokan aikinsa masu cin hanci da rashawa waɗanda suka sace daga ɗakunan ajiyar asibiti, kuma su ne Badawi, Hanafi, Borai da Bashkatib, inda suka yarda da mai ba da izini don aika wakilin sa a cikin rabin ɗaukakar, sun sanya hannu kan takardar a cikin cikakken adadin, kuma sun ɗauki bambancin kansu daga Shehata, wanda ke zaune tare da matarsa Amina da 'yarsa Amina kuma yana son ma'aikacin mai arziƙi kuma yana son maƙwabcin Hussein, kuma yana son, mai arziki, kuma yana so ya sami ɗan sawunsa, kuma yana ƙaunar, Saber, kuma yana sha. Hussein ma'aikaci ne kuma yana da alaƙa da ɗayan kwalejojin, kuma ya yi alkawari da Nemat, amma lokacin da Shehata Effendi ya gan su kaɗai a kan rufin, sai ya gaggauta auren su, kuma ya nemi Bashkatib tare da buƙatar rance don shirya bukatun 'yarsa don auren. Ɗaya daga cikin abokansa, don dawo da karɓar amincewa, yana jiran biyan kuɗin, kuma lokacin da suka tabbatar da cewa ya kashe kuɗin a auren 'yarsa, Bashkatib ya sanar da shi game da kin amincewa da kuɗin, kuma ya bukaci ya tallafawa ya dawo da kuɗin ko kuma ɗaurin kurkuku. Ya gano Shehata mai wasa, sannan ya kai hari ga Bashkatib, an tura shi bincike, an kore shi kuma an ɗaure shi, kuma matarsa ta yi rashin lafiya, don haka an tilasta masa ya sumbace ƙafar Bashkatib. Shehata ta rufe idanunsa, matarsa ta warke, 'yarsa ta yi aure, kuma ta yi tafiya tare da mijinta zuwa ma'adinan Abu Znaima a cikin [[Red Sea|Bahar Maliya]], kuma ta sha wahala daga rayuwar hamada, kuma mijinta ya damu da ita da aikinsa da darussansa, don haka ta yi tawaye da wannan rayuwar, kuma jayayya ta ɓarke tsakanin su, don haka sai ta bar shi ta koma Alkahira, don gano cewa mahaifinta ya bar gidan, bayan Amina ya ki zama tare da ita da kuɗin da aka haramta, kuma ya yi hayar da shi don rayuwarsa. Hussein ya nemi gafara. Ta gaya masa, "Kai dan babu wanda yake, kuma ni 'yar wani mai arziki ne. " An yaudari Naamat da bayyanar ƙarya, kuma jin kunya na mahaifinta ya ba da kansa ga ruwan inabi da mata don jin daɗin abin da ya rasa daga jin daɗin duniya. Amma an gano satar, don haka abokan aikinsa sun dauki nauyin kone shagunan don kokarin ɓoye zamba. Shehata ta yi ƙoƙari ta ceci asibitin daga wuta. Ya mutu a wuta. Nemat ya yi ƙoƙari ya koma Hussein, yana neman izini, amma ya ki. Amma Saber ya nemi ya gafarta wa ƙaunatacciyarsa, wanda ya zama shi kaɗai a wannan duniyar, don haka a ƙarshe ya gafartawa mata. == Ma'aikatan fim == * Darakta: Hassan el-Imam * Mawallafin fim: ** Mohamed Othman ** Abdel Rahman Sherif * Mai gabatarwa: Gabriel Talhamy * Studio: Fim din Gabriel Talhamy * Mai rarraba: Fim din Gabriel Talhamy * Mai daukar hoto: Abdel Aziz Fahmy * Waƙoƙi: Fouad el-Zahery * Gyara: Rachida Abdel Salam == Ƴan wasa == === Babban aikin === * Salah Zulfikar a matsayin Hussein * Soad Hosny a matsayin Nemat * Youssef Wahbi a matsayin Shehata * Amina Rizk a matsayin Umm Nemat * Fakher a cikin rawar Saber * Tawfiq Al-Daqan a matsayin Bora * Adly Kasseb a matsayin Al-Bash Kateb * Mohamed El-Deeb a matsayin Ali * Mohamed Shawky a matsayin Taha Al-Saei * Mohamed Sobeih a matsayin Hanafi * Ragaa Hussein a matsayin Azza * Abbas Rahmi a matsayin mai mallakar kamfanin samarwa * Abdel Moneim Bassiouni a matsayin wakilin kamfanin samarwa === Taimako === * Naamat Mukhtar * Hussein Ismail * Salwa Mahmoud * Nagwa Fouad (bayyanar baƙo) * Abdul Moneim Saudiyya * Abdul Moneim Ismail * Hussein Kandil * Ruhia Jamal * Abdul Hamid Badawi * Sultan Al-Jazzar * Zaki Muhammad Hassan * Muhammad Suleiman == Haɗin waje == * [https://elcinema.com/en/work/1007196 Shafin El Cinema] * [https://m.imdb.com/title/tt0366745 Shafin IMDb] == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} e2tlgff7q2xvnf0s6kcbzd3gtz4tlza 895542 895541 2026-08-12T10:20:16Z Maryam Abdullahi Y 43904 895542 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''''Money and Women''''' (Arabic) fim ne na Masar da aka fitar a shekarar 1960. Hassan el-Imam da taurari Salah Zulfikar, Soad Hosny da Youssef Wahbi ne suka shirya fim din.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Armes|first=Roy|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=88sTRTl6yKwC&dq=%22money+and+women%22+1960+Egyptian+film&pg=PA27|title=Dictionary of African Filmmakers|date=2008|publisher=Indiana University Press|isbn=978-0-253-35116-6|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|last=قاسم|first=أ محمود|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-iTmDAAAQBAJ&dq=%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%84+%D9%88%D9%86%D8%B3%D8%A7%D8%A1+1960&pg=PA1819|title=دليل الممثل العربي في سينما القرن العشرين|date=1999|publisher=مجموعة النيل العربية|isbn=978-977-5919-02-1|language=ar}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|last=قاسم|first=محمود|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_pBMDwAAQBAJ&dq=%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%84+%D9%88%D9%86%D8%B3%D8%A7%D8%A1+1960&pg=PT74|title=الأديان على شاشة السينما المصرية|date=2018-01-01|publisher=وكالة الصحافة العربية|language=ar}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|last=قاسم|first=محمود|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=iKJ5DwAAQBAJ&dq=%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%84+%D9%88%D9%86%D8%B3%D8%A7%D8%A1+1960&pg=PT40|title=جميلات السينما المصرية|date=2019|publisher=وكالة الصحافة العربية|language=ar}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Remembering Soad Hosny: The Egyptian starlet with youthful charm - Film - Arts & Culture|url=https://english.ahram.org.eg/NewsContent/5/32/372619/Arts--Culture/Film/Remembering-Soad-Hosny-The-Egyptian-starlet-with-y.aspx|access-date=2022-01-09|website=Ahram Online}}</ref> == Labarin fim == Shehata Effendi ma'aikaci ne a asibiti, mutum ne mai sauƙi tare da lamiri mai rai wanda ke wakiltar ƙaya a cikin makogwaron abokan aikinsa masu cin hanci da rashawa waɗanda suka sace daga ɗakunan ajiyar asibiti, kuma su ne Badawi, Hanafi, Borai da Bashkatib, inda suka yarda da mai ba da izini don aika wakilin sa a cikin rabin ɗaukakar, sun sanya hannu kan takardar a cikin cikakken adadin, kuma sun ɗauki bambancin kansu daga Shehata, wanda ke zaune tare da matarsa Amina da 'yarsa Amina kuma yana son ma'aikacin mai arziƙi kuma yana son maƙwabcin Hussein, kuma yana son, mai arziki, kuma yana so ya sami ɗan sawunsa, kuma yana ƙaunar, Saber, kuma yana sha. Hussein ma'aikaci ne kuma yana da alaƙa da ɗayan kwalejojin, kuma ya yi alkawari da Nemat, amma lokacin da Shehata Effendi ya gan su kaɗai a kan rufin, sai ya gaggauta auren su, kuma ya nemi Bashkatib tare da buƙatar rance don shirya bukatun 'yarsa don auren. Ɗaya daga cikin abokansa, don dawo da karɓar amincewa, yana jiran biyan kuɗin, kuma lokacin da suka tabbatar da cewa ya kashe kuɗin a auren 'yarsa, Bashkatib ya sanar da shi game da kin amincewa da kuɗin, kuma ya bukaci ya tallafawa ya dawo da kuɗin ko kuma ɗaurin kurkuku. Ya gano Shehata mai wasa, sannan ya kai hari ga Bashkatib, an tura shi bincike, an kore shi kuma an ɗaure shi, kuma matarsa ta yi rashin lafiya, don haka an tilasta masa ya sumbace ƙafar Bashkatib. Shehata ta rufe idanunsa, matarsa ta warke, ƴarsa ta yi aure, kuma ta yi tafiya tare da mijinta zuwa ma'adinan Abu Znaima a cikin [[Red Sea|Bahar Maliya]], kuma ta sha wahala daga rayuwar hamada, kuma mijinta ya damu da ita da aikinsa da darussansa, don haka ta yi tawaye da wannan rayuwar, kuma jayayya ta ɓarke tsakanin su, don haka sai ta bar shi ta koma Alkahira, don gano cewa mahaifinta ya bar gidan, bayan Amina ya ki zama tare da ita da kuɗin da aka haramta, kuma ya yi hayar da shi don rayuwarsa. Hussein ya nemi gafara. Ta gaya masa, "Kai dan babu wanda yake, kuma ni 'yar wani mai arziki ne. " An yaudari Naamat da bayyanar ƙarya, kuma jin kunya na mahaifinta ya ba da kansa ga ruwan inabi da mata don jin daɗin abin da ya rasa daga jin daɗin duniya. Amma an gano satar, don haka abokan aikinsa sun dauki nauyin kone shagunan don kokarin ɓoye zamba. Shehata ta yi ƙoƙari ta ceci asibitin daga wuta. Ya mutu a wuta. Nemat ya yi ƙoƙari ya koma Hussein, yana neman izini, amma ya ki. Amma Saber ya nemi ya gafarta wa ƙaunatacciyarsa, wanda ya zama shi kaɗai a wannan duniyar, don haka a ƙarshe ya gafartawa mata. == Ma'aikatan fim == * Darakta: Hassan el-Imam * Mawallafin fim: ** Mohamed Othman ** Abdel Rahman Sherif * Mai gabatarwa: Gabriel Talhamy * Studio: Fim din Gabriel Talhamy * Mai rarraba: Fim din Gabriel Talhamy * Mai daukar hoto: Abdel Aziz Fahmy * Waƙoƙi: Fouad el-Zahery * Gyara: Rachida Abdel Salam == Ƴan wasa == === Babban aikin === * Salah Zulfikar a matsayin Hussein * Soad Hosny a matsayin Nemat * Youssef Wahbi a matsayin Shehata * Amina Rizk a matsayin Umm Nemat * Fakher a cikin rawar Saber * Tawfiq Al-Daqan a matsayin Bora * Adly Kasseb a matsayin Al-Bash Kateb * Mohamed El-Deeb a matsayin Ali * Mohamed Shawky a matsayin Taha Al-Saei * Mohamed Sobeih a matsayin Hanafi * Ragaa Hussein a matsayin Azza * Abbas Rahmi a matsayin mai mallakar kamfanin samarwa * Abdel Moneim Bassiouni a matsayin wakilin kamfanin samarwa === Taimako === * Naamat Mukhtar * Hussein Ismail * Salwa Mahmoud * Nagwa Fouad (bayyanar baƙo) * Abdul Moneim Saudiyya * Abdul Moneim Ismail * Hussein Kandil * Ruhia Jamal * Abdul Hamid Badawi * Sultan Al-Jazzar * Zaki Muhammad Hassan * Muhammad Suleiman == Haɗin waje == * [https://elcinema.com/en/work/1007196 Shafin El Cinema] * [https://m.imdb.com/title/tt0366745 Shafin IMDb] == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} kn5zvoyqys6jak8wfnnskat7lo43i4f 895543 895542 2026-08-12T10:20:28Z Maryam Abdullahi Y 43904 895543 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''''Money and Women''''' (Arabic) fim ne na Masar da aka fitar a shekarar 1960. Hassan el-Imam da taurari Salah Zulfikar, Soad Hosny da Youssef Wahbi ne suka shirya fim din.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Armes|first=Roy|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=88sTRTl6yKwC&dq=%22money+and+women%22+1960+Egyptian+film&pg=PA27|title=Dictionary of African Filmmakers|date=2008|publisher=Indiana University Press|isbn=978-0-253-35116-6|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|last=قاسم|first=أ محمود|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-iTmDAAAQBAJ&dq=%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%84+%D9%88%D9%86%D8%B3%D8%A7%D8%A1+1960&pg=PA1819|title=دليل الممثل العربي في سينما القرن العشرين|date=1999|publisher=مجموعة النيل العربية|isbn=978-977-5919-02-1|language=ar}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|last=قاسم|first=محمود|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_pBMDwAAQBAJ&dq=%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%84+%D9%88%D9%86%D8%B3%D8%A7%D8%A1+1960&pg=PT74|title=الأديان على شاشة السينما المصرية|date=2018-01-01|publisher=وكالة الصحافة العربية|language=ar}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|last=قاسم|first=محمود|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=iKJ5DwAAQBAJ&dq=%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%84+%D9%88%D9%86%D8%B3%D8%A7%D8%A1+1960&pg=PT40|title=جميلات السينما المصرية|date=2019|publisher=وكالة الصحافة العربية|language=ar}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Remembering Soad Hosny: The Egyptian starlet with youthful charm - Film - Arts & Culture|url=https://english.ahram.org.eg/NewsContent/5/32/372619/Arts--Culture/Film/Remembering-Soad-Hosny-The-Egyptian-starlet-with-y.aspx|access-date=2022-01-09|website=Ahram Online}}</ref> == Labarin fim == Shehata Effendi ma'aikaci ne a asibiti, mutum ne mai sauƙi tare da lamiri mai rai wanda ke wakiltar ƙaya a cikin makogwaron abokan aikinsa masu cin hanci da rashawa waɗanda suka sace daga ɗakunan ajiyar asibiti, kuma su ne Badawi, Hanafi, Borai da Bashkatib, inda suka yarda da mai ba da izini don aika wakilin sa a cikin rabin ɗaukakar, sun sanya hannu kan takardar a cikin cikakken adadin, kuma sun ɗauki bambancin kansu daga Shehata, wanda ke zaune tare da matarsa Amina da 'yarsa Amina kuma yana son ma'aikacin mai arziƙi kuma yana son maƙwabcin Hussein, kuma yana son, mai arziki, kuma yana so ya sami ɗan sawunsa, kuma yana ƙaunar, Saber, kuma yana sha. Hussein ma'aikaci ne kuma yana da alaƙa da ɗayan kwalejojin, kuma ya yi alkawari da Nemat, amma lokacin da Shehata Effendi ya gan su kaɗai a kan rufin, sai ya gaggauta auren su, kuma ya nemi Bashkatib tare da buƙatar rance don shirya bukatun 'yarsa don auren. Ɗaya daga cikin abokansa, don dawo da karɓar amincewa, yana jiran biyan kuɗin, kuma lokacin da suka tabbatar da cewa ya kashe kuɗin a auren 'yarsa, Bashkatib ya sanar da shi game da kin amincewa da kuɗin, kuma ya bukaci ya tallafawa ya dawo da kuɗin ko kuma ɗaurin kurkuku. Ya gano Shehata mai wasa, sannan ya kai hari ga Bashkatib, an tura shi bincike, an kore shi kuma an ɗaure shi, kuma matarsa ta yi rashin lafiya, don haka an tilasta masa ya sumbace ƙafar Bashkatib. Shehata ta rufe idanunsa, matarsa ta warke, ƴarsa ta yi aure, kuma ta yi tafiya tare da mijinta zuwa ma'adinan Abu Znaima a cikin [[Red Sea|Bahar Maliya]], kuma ta sha wahala daga rayuwar hamada, kuma mijinta ya damu da ita da aikinsa da darussansa, don haka ta yi tawaye da wannan rayuwar, kuma jayayya ta ɓarke tsakanin su, don haka sai ta bar shi ta koma Alkahira, don gano cewa mahaifinta ya bar gidan, bayan Amina ya ki zama tare da ita da kuɗin da aka haramta, kuma ya yi hayar da shi don rayuwarsa. Hussein ya nemi gafara. Ta gaya masa, "Kai dan babu wanda yake, kuma ni 'yar wani mai arziki ne. " An yaudari Naamat da bayyanar ƙarya, kuma jin kunya na mahaifinta ya ba da kansa ga ruwan inabi da mata don jin daɗin abin da ya rasa daga jin daɗin duniya. Amma an gano satar, don haka abokan aikinsa sun ɗauki nauyin kone shagunan don kokarin ɓoye zamba. Shehata ta yi ƙoƙari ta ceci asibitin daga wuta. Ya mutu a wuta. Nemat ya yi ƙoƙari ya koma Hussein, yana neman izini, amma ya ki. Amma Saber ya nemi ya gafarta wa ƙaunatacciyarsa, wanda ya zama shi kaɗai a wannan duniyar, don haka a ƙarshe ya gafartawa mata. == Ma'aikatan fim == * Darakta: Hassan el-Imam * Mawallafin fim: ** Mohamed Othman ** Abdel Rahman Sherif * Mai gabatarwa: Gabriel Talhamy * Studio: Fim din Gabriel Talhamy * Mai rarraba: Fim din Gabriel Talhamy * Mai daukar hoto: Abdel Aziz Fahmy * Waƙoƙi: Fouad el-Zahery * Gyara: Rachida Abdel Salam == Ƴan wasa == === Babban aikin === * Salah Zulfikar a matsayin Hussein * Soad Hosny a matsayin Nemat * Youssef Wahbi a matsayin Shehata * Amina Rizk a matsayin Umm Nemat * Fakher a cikin rawar Saber * Tawfiq Al-Daqan a matsayin Bora * Adly Kasseb a matsayin Al-Bash Kateb * Mohamed El-Deeb a matsayin Ali * Mohamed Shawky a matsayin Taha Al-Saei * Mohamed Sobeih a matsayin Hanafi * Ragaa Hussein a matsayin Azza * Abbas Rahmi a matsayin mai mallakar kamfanin samarwa * Abdel Moneim Bassiouni a matsayin wakilin kamfanin samarwa === Taimako === * Naamat Mukhtar * Hussein Ismail * Salwa Mahmoud * Nagwa Fouad (bayyanar baƙo) * Abdul Moneim Saudiyya * Abdul Moneim Ismail * Hussein Kandil * Ruhia Jamal * Abdul Hamid Badawi * Sultan Al-Jazzar * Zaki Muhammad Hassan * Muhammad Suleiman == Haɗin waje == * [https://elcinema.com/en/work/1007196 Shafin El Cinema] * [https://m.imdb.com/title/tt0366745 Shafin IMDb] == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} mhf03tzid9blxqrybs0mac68ks8esrg 0 70440 895587 667493 2026-08-12T10:37:17Z Maryam Abdullahi Y 43904 895587 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} [[Fayil:Saint Mary of the Assumption Parish (Springboro, Ohio) - stained-glass, Adoration by the Shepherds detail 2.jpg|thumb|''Love and Adoration'']] [[Fayil:Saint Mary of the Assumption Parish (Springboro, Ohio) - stained-glass, Adoration by the Shepherds detail 2.jpg|thumb|''Film ne akasar masar Love and Adoration'']] '''Love and Money''' (Masar Larabci حب حتي العبادة, fassara. Hubb hata Al-Ebada ko Houbb Hatta Al-Ibadah, sunan: Ƙaunar Allah ko Ƙaunar Bauta, [[Faransanci]]: Ƙaunata da Bauta) fim ne na soyayya na ƙasar Masar na shekarar alif dubu daya da dari tara da sittin 1960, wanda Hassan el-Imam ya rubuta kuma ya ba da<ref>{{Citation |title=Hub hatta el ibada (1960) |url=https://www.csfd.cz/film/381509-hub-hatta-el-ibada/recenze/ |language=cs-CZ |access-date=2023-01-21}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Armes |first=Roy |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=88sTRTl6yKwC&dq=hassan+al-imam+1960+film&pg=PA329 |title=Dictionary of African Filmmakers |date=2008-07-11 |publisher=Indiana University Press |isbn=978-0-253-35116-6 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=fdb.pl |title=Hub hatta el ibada |url=https://fdb.pl/film/171284-hub-hatta-el-ibada |access-date=2023-01-21 |website=fdb.pl |language=pl}}</ref> Salah Zulfikar da Taheyya Kariokka.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Egyptian Movie Pressbook Worship Love Actress Tahia Carioca & Salah Zulficar {{!}} #1757171484 |url=https://www.worthpoint.com/worthopedia/egyptian-movie-pressbook-worship-love-1757171484 |access-date=2023-01-21 |website=Worthpoint |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Brière |first=Jean-François |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=qMIjQwhuOhwC&dq=Houbb+hatt%C3%A2+al-%27ib%C3%A2dah&pg=PA274 |title=Dictionnaire des cinéastes africains de long métrage |date=2008-01-01 |publisher=KARTHALA Editions |isbn=978-2-8111-4250-6 |language=fr}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Remembering Tahia Karioka: A little bit of belly-dancing and a lot of acting - Screens - Arts & Culture |url=https://english.ahram.org.eg/News/278122.aspx |access-date=2023-01-21 |website=Ahram Online}}</ref> == Labarin fim == [[Fayil:Adoration of God.jpg|thumb|''Love and Adoration'']] Abdel Hamid Sabry, lauya wanda ya auri Aisha, kuma suna da farin ciki, kuma suna na ɗa ɗaya, Hussein (Salah Zulfikar), har sai Latifa Hanim ta shiga rayuwarsu, kuma ta yaudari Abd al-Hamid har sai ta auri shi. Ya zauna tare da nk da wani al'amari tare da abokinsa Ahmed Hamed, ya sake ta bayan ya ba da rahoto a sashen 'yan sanda na Montazah, kuma Latifa ta auri masoyinta Ahmed Hamed. El-Dada Fahima ya tayar da Hussein har sai da ya girma kuma ya kammala karatu daga Kwalejin Injiniya, kuma ya shiga aikin Kamfanin Sebahi Textile a Alexandria. Ganin mahaifiyarta, Latifa Hanim, musamman tun lokacin da injiniya, Ahmed Fahmy, abokin aiki a kamfanin, ba wai kawai ya yi gasa da Hussein don shugabancin ƙungiyar kwadago ba, har ma ya yi gasa tare da shi don zuciyar Naima, kuma ya yi niyyar miƙa mata, kuma Hussein ya gaya wa mahaifinsa game da ƙaunarsa ga Naima ya yi aure ta, amma lokacin da Abdel Hamid ya san cewa Naima 'yar Latifa Han, matarsa mai cin amanar, ya ki yarda da ita, saboda haka 'yarsa ta Hussein, saboda haka' yarinta ba, ya ƙi yarda da mahaifiyarsa ba, ya yi nasara, yaƙi da mahaifiyarsa. An tilasta Latifa Hanim ta yarda da tayin injiniya Ahmed Fahmy, kuma ta amince da aurar da shi ga 'yarta, wacce ta ki amincewa da karfi. Hussein ya firgita sosai game da kin amincewar mahaifinsa da kin amincewa da mahaifiyar Naima, kuma ya ji cewa akwai wani asiri cewa kowa yana ɓoye masa, don haka ya kaurace wa mahaifinsa, kuma ya yi amfani da damar gudanar da Nunin Masana'antu da Aikin Gona na shekara-shekara, kuma ya tafi Alkahira don kula da kayayyakin kamfanin a baje kolin, kuma a lokacin hutu, ya sadu da mai rawa a cikin zagaye na tseren doki, Aisha, wanda ya gayyace shi ya ga gazawar ta a cikin ayyukansa, kuma ta'azin Aisha. Kowannensu ya ji cewa wani abu mai ban mamaki ya fi shi ƙarfi, yana jan su tare, kuma injiniya Ahmed Fahmy ya aika da wani don ɗaukar hoto na Hussein tare da mai rawa, don amfani da hotunan don karkatar da hoton Hussein, wanda ke gasa da shi don shugabancin ƙungiyar, da kuma zuciyar Naima, wanda har yanzu yana da bege ga Hussein. Ya nuna hotunan ga ma'aikatan masana'antar, don su juya wa Hussein baya. Ya kuma nuna hotunan ga Naima don juya ta kan Hussein. Abdel Hamid ya ji tsoron ɗansa lokacin da ya ji labarin dangantakarsa da mai rawa, don haka ya yi tafiya zuwa Alkahira don saduwa da shi, yana shawararsa da ya nisanta da mai rawa a cikin otal ɗin da sa'a, kuma ya koyi cewa Aisha wacce ita ce mahaifiyar ɗansa, ita kanta mai rawa ce da ke da alaƙa da ɗansa. Ya firgita, kuma dole ne ya gaya mata cewa Hussein ɗanta ne, kuma ya tambaye ta ta dawo ta sake yin aure da shi, amma ta ki don kada ta karkatar da matsayinta da Hussein a matsayin mahaifiyarsa, kuma ta tambaye shi kada ya gaya masa gaskiyarta, kuma ta yanke shawarar ƙaura daga Hussein kuma ta rabu da shi. An tilasta wa Abdel Hamid ya gaya wa ɗansa gaskiya game da mahaifiyarsa, kuma ita ce matarsa kuma shi ne dalilin abin da ta kai, kuma ya ji mata rauni kuma ya cancanci azabtarwa, kuma bai jimre da gargaɗin ɗansa ba, kuma ba zato ba tsammani, ya mutu. Hussein ya tafi ga mahaifiyarsa, Aisha, ya gaya mata cewa ya koyi gaskiya, kuma ya bi ta zuwa Alexandria don zama tare da shi. Ahmed Fahmy ya yada jita-jita cewa Hussein ya kawo mai rawa ya zauna tare da shi a gidansa, bayan mutuwar mahaifinsa, amma Hussein ya gaya wa ma'aikatan masana'antar cewa wannan mace mahaifiyarsa ce, ba uwargidansa ba, kuma gaskiya ne cewa ita mai rawa ce, amma ba zai iya barin ta ba saboda ita mahaifiyarsa ce ba, kuma Naima ta koma Hussein bayan ta san gaskiyar, amma Latifa Hanim ta fuskanci tsohon matarta, Aisha, yayin da ta iya auren ɗanta, amma Aisha ta saki mijinta, amma Aish, ta ta ta ya sa ta saki mijanta, wanda ta, wanda ta ya sa mahaifiyarta, Naima ta ya sa ya sa ta ya saki mijinta ya sa ta, Naima, Naima ya sa ta ta ya saki matarsa, Naima. A ƙarshe, Naima ta auri Hussein, wanda ya lashe shugabancin ƙungiyar ta hanyar raguwa, kuma injiniya Ahmed Fahmy ya nemi gafara a gare shi. == Ƴan wasa == * Salah Zulfikar a matsayin Hussein * Taheyya Kariokka a matsayin Aisha * Hussein Riad a matsayin Abdel Hamid * Zuzu Nabil a matsayin Latifa Hanem * Omar Al-Hariri a matsayin Ahmed Fahmy * Ferdoos Mohammed a matsayin El-Dada Fahima * Zizi El Badrawy a matsayin Naima * Laila Taher a matsayin abokin aiki na Hussein * Widad Hamdi a matsayin Widad, bawan == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} == Haɗin waje == * {{IMDb title|id=0359437}} hsrtl18pfckbidijx68o1hv2mxpq791 895588 895587 2026-08-12T10:37:40Z Maryam Abdullahi Y 43904 895588 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} [[Fayil:Saint Mary of the Assumption Parish (Springboro, Ohio) - stained-glass, Adoration by the Shepherds detail 2.jpg|thumb|''Love and Adoration'']] [[Fayil:Saint Mary of the Assumption Parish (Springboro, Ohio) - stained-glass, Adoration by the Shepherds detail 2.jpg|thumb|''Film ne akasar masar Love and Adoration'']] '''Love and Money''' (Masar Larabci حب حتي العبادة, fassara. Hubb hata Al-Ebada ko Houbb Hatta Al-Ibadah, sunan: Ƙaunar Allah ko Ƙaunar Bauta, [[Faransanci]]: Ƙaunata da Bauta) fim ne na soyayya na ƙasar Masar na shekarar alif dubu daya da dari tara da sittin 1960, wanda Hassan el-Imam ya rubuta kuma ya ba da<ref>{{Citation |title=Hub hatta el ibada (1960) |url=https://www.csfd.cz/film/381509-hub-hatta-el-ibada/recenze/ |language=cs-CZ |access-date=2023-01-21}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Armes |first=Roy |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=88sTRTl6yKwC&dq=hassan+al-imam+1960+film&pg=PA329 |title=Dictionary of African Filmmakers |date=2008-07-11 |publisher=Indiana University Press |isbn=978-0-253-35116-6 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=fdb.pl |title=Hub hatta el ibada |url=https://fdb.pl/film/171284-hub-hatta-el-ibada |access-date=2023-01-21 |website=fdb.pl |language=pl}}</ref> Salah Zulfikar da Taheyya Kariokka.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Egyptian Movie Pressbook Worship Love Actress Tahia Carioca & Salah Zulficar {{!}} #1757171484 |url=https://www.worthpoint.com/worthopedia/egyptian-movie-pressbook-worship-love-1757171484 |access-date=2023-01-21 |website=Worthpoint |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Brière |first=Jean-François |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=qMIjQwhuOhwC&dq=Houbb+hatt%C3%A2+al-%27ib%C3%A2dah&pg=PA274 |title=Dictionnaire des cinéastes africains de long métrage |date=2008-01-01 |publisher=KARTHALA Editions |isbn=978-2-8111-4250-6 |language=fr}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Remembering Tahia Karioka: A little bit of belly-dancing and a lot of acting - Screens - Arts & Culture |url=https://english.ahram.org.eg/News/278122.aspx |access-date=2023-01-21 |website=Ahram Online}}</ref> == Labarin fim == [[Fayil:Adoration of God.jpg|thumb|''Love and Adoration'']] Abdel Hamid Sabry, lauya wanda ya auri Aisha, kuma suna da farin ciki, kuma suna na ɗa ɗaya, Hussein (Salah Zulfikar), har sai Latifa Hanim ta shiga rayuwarsu, kuma ta yaudari Abd al-Hamid har sai ta auri shi. Ya zauna tare da nk da wani al'amari tare da abokinsa Ahmed Hamed, ya sake ta bayan ya ba da rahoto a sashen 'yan sanda na Montazah, kuma Latifa ta auri masoyinta Ahmed Hamed. El-Dada Fahima ya tayar da Hussein har sai da ya girma kuma ya kammala karatu daga Kwalejin Injiniya, kuma ya shiga aikin Kamfanin Sebahi Textile a Alexandria. Ganin mahaifiyarta, Latifa Hanim, musamman tun lokacin da injiniya, Ahmed Fahmy, abokin aiki a kamfanin, ba wai kawai ya yi gasa da Hussein don shugabancin ƙungiyar kwadago ba, har ma ya yi gasa tare da shi don zuciyar Naima, kuma ya yi niyyar miƙa mata, kuma Hussein ya gaya wa mahaifinsa game da ƙaunarsa ga Naima ya yi aure ta, amma lokacin da Abdel Hamid ya san cewa Naima 'yar Latifa Han, matarsa mai cin amanar, ya ki yarda da ita, saboda haka 'yarsa ta Hussein, saboda haka' yarinta ba, ya ƙi yarda da mahaifiyarsa ba, ya kuma yi nasara, yaƙi da mahaifiyarsa. An tilasta Latifa Hanim ta yarda da tayin injiniya Ahmed Fahmy, kuma ta amince da aurar da shi ga 'yarta, wacce ta ki amincewa da karfi. Hussein ya firgita sosai game da kin amincewar mahaifinsa da kin amincewa da mahaifiyar Naima, kuma ya ji cewa akwai wani asiri cewa kowa yana ɓoye masa, don haka ya kaurace wa mahaifinsa, kuma ya yi amfani da damar gudanar da Nunin Masana'antu da Aikin Gona na shekara-shekara, kuma ya tafi Alkahira don kula da kayayyakin kamfanin a baje kolin, kuma a lokacin hutu, ya sadu da mai rawa a cikin zagaye na tseren doki, Aisha, wanda ya gayyace shi ya ga gazawar ta a cikin ayyukansa, kuma ta'azin Aisha. Kowannensu ya ji cewa wani abu mai ban mamaki ya fi shi ƙarfi, yana jan su tare, kuma injiniya Ahmed Fahmy ya aika da wani don ɗaukar hoto na Hussein tare da mai rawa, don amfani da hotunan don karkatar da hoton Hussein, wanda ke gasa da shi don shugabancin ƙungiyar, da kuma zuciyar Naima, wanda har yanzu yana da bege ga Hussein. Ya nuna hotunan ga ma'aikatan masana'antar, don su juya wa Hussein baya. Ya kuma nuna hotunan ga Naima don juya ta kan Hussein. Abdel Hamid ya ji tsoron ɗansa lokacin da ya ji labarin dangantakarsa da mai rawa, don haka ya yi tafiya zuwa Alkahira don saduwa da shi, yana shawararsa da ya nisanta da mai rawa a cikin otal ɗin da sa'a, kuma ya koyi cewa Aisha wacce ita ce mahaifiyar ɗansa, ita kanta mai rawa ce da ke da alaƙa da ɗansa. Ya firgita, kuma dole ne ya gaya mata cewa Hussein ɗanta ne, kuma ya tambaye ta ta dawo ta sake yin aure da shi, amma ta ki don kada ta karkatar da matsayinta da Hussein a matsayin mahaifiyarsa, kuma ta tambaye shi kada ya gaya masa gaskiyarta, kuma ta yanke shawarar ƙaura daga Hussein kuma ta rabu da shi. An tilasta wa Abdel Hamid ya gaya wa ɗansa gaskiya game da mahaifiyarsa, kuma ita ce matarsa kuma shi ne dalilin abin da ta kai, kuma ya ji mata rauni kuma ya cancanci azabtarwa, kuma bai jimre da gargaɗin ɗansa ba, kuma ba zato ba tsammani, ya mutu. Hussein ya tafi ga mahaifiyarsa, Aisha, ya gaya mata cewa ya koyi gaskiya, kuma ya bi ta zuwa Alexandria don zama tare da shi. Ahmed Fahmy ya yada jita-jita cewa Hussein ya kawo mai rawa ya zauna tare da shi a gidansa, bayan mutuwar mahaifinsa, amma Hussein ya gaya wa ma'aikatan masana'antar cewa wannan mace mahaifiyarsa ce, ba uwargidansa ba, kuma gaskiya ne cewa ita mai rawa ce, amma ba zai iya barin ta ba saboda ita mahaifiyarsa ce ba, kuma Naima ta koma Hussein bayan ta san gaskiyar, amma Latifa Hanim ta fuskanci tsohon matarta, Aisha, yayin da ta iya auren ɗanta, amma Aisha ta saki mijinta, amma Aish, ta ta ta ya sa ta saki mijanta, wanda ta, wanda ta ya sa mahaifiyarta, Naima ta ya sa ya sa ta ya saki mijinta ya sa ta, Naima, Naima ya sa ta ta ya saki matarsa, Naima. A ƙarshe, Naima ta auri Hussein, wanda ya lashe shugabancin ƙungiyar ta hanyar raguwa, kuma injiniya Ahmed Fahmy ya nemi gafara a gare shi. == Ƴan wasa == * Salah Zulfikar a matsayin Hussein * Taheyya Kariokka a matsayin Aisha * Hussein Riad a matsayin Abdel Hamid * Zuzu Nabil a matsayin Latifa Hanem * Omar Al-Hariri a matsayin Ahmed Fahmy * Ferdoos Mohammed a matsayin El-Dada Fahima * Zizi El Badrawy a matsayin Naima * Laila Taher a matsayin abokin aiki na Hussein * Widad Hamdi a matsayin Widad, bawan == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} == Haɗin waje == * {{IMDb title|id=0359437}} jx6lrcxtatcb26c74hxk957gt02cryb 895589 895588 2026-08-12T10:38:12Z Maryam Abdullahi Y 43904 895589 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} [[Fayil:Saint Mary of the Assumption Parish (Springboro, Ohio) - stained-glass, Adoration by the Shepherds detail 2.jpg|thumb|''Love and Adoration'']] [[Fayil:Saint Mary of the Assumption Parish (Springboro, Ohio) - stained-glass, Adoration by the Shepherds detail 2.jpg|thumb|''Film ne akasar masar Love and Adoration'']] '''Love and Money''' (Masar Larabci حب حتي العبادة, fassara. Hubb hata Al-Ebada ko Houbb Hatta Al-Ibadah, sunan: Ƙaunar Allah ko Ƙaunar Bauta, [[Faransanci]]: Ƙaunata da Bauta) fim ne na soyayya na ƙasar Masar na shekarar alif dubu daya da dari tara da sittin 1960, wanda Hassan el-Imam ya rubuta kuma ya ba da<ref>{{Citation |title=Hub hatta el ibada (1960) |url=https://www.csfd.cz/film/381509-hub-hatta-el-ibada/recenze/ |language=cs-CZ |access-date=2023-01-21}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Armes |first=Roy |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=88sTRTl6yKwC&dq=hassan+al-imam+1960+film&pg=PA329 |title=Dictionary of African Filmmakers |date=2008-07-11 |publisher=Indiana University Press |isbn=978-0-253-35116-6 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=fdb.pl |title=Hub hatta el ibada |url=https://fdb.pl/film/171284-hub-hatta-el-ibada |access-date=2023-01-21 |website=fdb.pl |language=pl}}</ref> Salah Zulfikar da Taheyya Kariokka.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Egyptian Movie Pressbook Worship Love Actress Tahia Carioca & Salah Zulficar {{!}} #1757171484 |url=https://www.worthpoint.com/worthopedia/egyptian-movie-pressbook-worship-love-1757171484 |access-date=2023-01-21 |website=Worthpoint |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Brière |first=Jean-François |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=qMIjQwhuOhwC&dq=Houbb+hatt%C3%A2+al-%27ib%C3%A2dah&pg=PA274 |title=Dictionnaire des cinéastes africains de long métrage |date=2008-01-01 |publisher=KARTHALA Editions |isbn=978-2-8111-4250-6 |language=fr}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Remembering Tahia Karioka: A little bit of belly-dancing and a lot of acting - Screens - Arts & Culture |url=https://english.ahram.org.eg/News/278122.aspx |access-date=2023-01-21 |website=Ahram Online}}</ref> == Labarin fim == [[Fayil:Adoration of God.jpg|thumb|''Love and Adoration'']] Abdel Hamid Sabry, lauya wanda ya auri Aisha, kuma suna da farin ciki, kuma suna na ɗa ɗaya, Hussein (Salah Zulfikar), har sai Latifa Hanim ta shiga rayuwarsu, kuma ta yaudari Abd al-Hamid har sai ta auri shi. Ya zauna tare da nk da wani al'amari tare da abokinsa Ahmed Hamed, ya sake ta bayan ya ba da rahoto a sashen 'yan sanda na Montazah, kuma Latifa ta auri masoyinta Ahmed Hamed. El-Dada Fahima ya tayar da Hussein har sai da ya girma kuma ya kammala karatu daga Kwalejin Injiniya, kuma ya shiga aikin Kamfanin Sebahi Textile a Alexandria. Ganin mahaifiyarta, Latifa Hanim, musamman tun lokacin da injiniya, Ahmed Fahmy, abokin aiki a kamfanin, ba wai kawai ya yi gasa da Hussein don shugabancin ƙungiyar kwadago ba, har ma ya yi gasa tare da shi don zuciyar Naima, kuma ya yi niyyar miƙa mata, kuma Hussein ya gaya wa mahaifinsa game da ƙaunarsa ga Naima ya yi aure ta, amma lokacin da Abdel Hamid ya san cewa Naima 'yar Latifa Han, matarsa mai cin amanar, ya ki yarda da ita, saboda haka 'yarsa ta Hussein, saboda haka' yarinta ba, ya ƙi yarda da mahaifiyarsa ba, ya kuma yi nasara, yaƙi da mahaifiyarsa. An tilasta Latifa Hanim ta yarda da tayin injiniya Ahmed Fahmy, kuma ta amince da aurar da shi ga 'yarta, wacce ta ki amincewa da karfi. Hussein ya firgita sosai game da kin amincewar mahaifinsa da kin amincewa da mahaifiyar Naima, kuma ya ji cewa akwai wani asiri cewa kowa yana ɓoye masa, don haka ya kaurace wa mahaifinsa, kuma ya yi amfani da damar gudanar da Nunin Masana'antu da Aikin Gona na shekara-shekara, kuma ya tafi Alkahira don kula da kayayyakin kamfanin a baje kolin, kuma a lokacin hutu, ya sadu da mai rawa a cikin zagaye na tseren doki, Aisha, wanda ya gayyace shi ya ga gazawar ta a cikin ayyukansa, kuma ta'azin Aisha. Kowannensu ya ji cewa wani abu mai ban mamaki ya fi shi ƙarfi, yana jan su tare, kuma injiniya Ahmed Fahmy ya aika da wani don ɗaukar hoto na Hussein tare da mai rawa, don amfani da hotunan don karkatar da hoton Hussein, wanda ke gasa da shi don shugabancin ƙungiyar, da kuma zuciyar Naima, wanda har yanzu yana da bege ga Hussein. Ya nuna hotunan ga ma'aikatan masana'antar, don su juya wa Hussein baya. Ya kuma nuna hotunan ga Naima don juya ta kan Hussein. Abdel Hamid ya ji tsoron ɗansa lokacin da ya ji labarin dangantakarsa da mai rawa, don haka ya yi tafiya zuwa Alkahira don saduwa da shi, yana shawararsa da ya nisanta da mai rawa a cikin otal ɗin da sa'a, kuma ya koyi cewa Aisha wacce ita ce mahaifiyar ɗansa, ita kanta mai rawa ce da ke da alaƙa da ɗansa. Ya firgita, kuma dole ne ya gaya mata cewa Hussein ɗanta ne, kuma ya tambaye ta ta dawo ta sake yin aure da shi, amma ta ki don kada ta karkatar da matsayinta da Hussein a matsayin mahaifiyarsa, kuma ta tambaye shi kada ya gaya masa gaskiyarta, kuma ta yanke shawarar ƙaura daga Hussein kuma ta rabu da shi. An tilasta wa Abdel Hamid ya gaya wa ɗansa gaskiya game da mahaifiyarsa, kuma ita ce matarsa kuma shi ne dalilin abin da ta kai, kuma ya ji mata rauni kuma ya cancanci azabtarwa, kuma bai jimre da gargaɗin ɗansa ba, kuma ba zato ba tsammani, ya mutu. Hussein ya tafi ga mahaifiyarsa, Aisha, ya gaya mata cewa ya koyi gaskiya, kuma ya bi ta zuwa Alexandria don zama tare da shi. Ahmed Fahmy ya yada jita-jita cewa Hussein ya kawo mai rawa ya zauna tare da shi a gidansa, bayan mutuwar mahaifinsa, amma Hussein ya gaya wa ma'aikatan masana'antar cewa wannan mace mahaifiyarsa ce, ba uwargidansa ba, kuma gaskiya ne cewa ita mai rawa ce, amma ba zai iya barin ta ba saboda ita mahaifiyarsa ce ba, kuma Naima ta koma Hussein bayan ta san gaskiyar, amma Latifa Hanim ta fuskanci tsohon matarta, Aisha, yayin da ta iya auren ɗanta, amma Aisha ta saki mijinta, amma Aish, ta ta ta ya sa ta saki mijanta, wanda ta, wanda kuma ta ya sa mahaifiyarta, Naima ta ya sa ya sa ta ya saki mijinta ya sa ta, Naima, Naima ya sa ta ta ya saki matarsa, Naima. A ƙarshe, Naima ta auri Hussein, wanda ya lashe shugabancin ƙungiyar ta hanyar raguwa, kuma injiniya Ahmed Fahmy ya nemi gafara a gare shi. == Ƴan wasa == * Salah Zulfikar a matsayin Hussein * Taheyya Kariokka a matsayin Aisha * Hussein Riad a matsayin Abdel Hamid * Zuzu Nabil a matsayin Latifa Hanem * Omar Al-Hariri a matsayin Ahmed Fahmy * Ferdoos Mohammed a matsayin El-Dada Fahima * Zizi El Badrawy a matsayin Naima * Laila Taher a matsayin abokin aiki na Hussein * Widad Hamdi a matsayin Widad, bawan == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} == Haɗin waje == * {{IMDb title|id=0359437}} j57536gdq3rhf0tl6wzj6szrw6suuho 0 70470 895537 501234 2026-08-12T10:18:48Z Maryam Abdullahi Y 43904 895537 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} [[Fayil:Rabbits at the Mouth of a Burrow .PNG|thumb|zomaye]] '''''Mouths and Rabbits''''' (Arabic) fim ne na Masar da aka fitar a shekarar 1977, wanda kamfanin United Film Company ya samar, kuma Henry Barakat ne ya ba da umarni. == Bayani game da shi == Fim ɗin yana bincika batutuwan talauci da iyalai marasa tsari. Nima (Faten Hamama tana zaune tare da 'yar'uwarta da mijinta Abdulmajid, waɗanda ke da' ya'ya tara tsakanin su. Abdulmajid ma'aikacin jirgin ƙasa ne [[Shaye-shaye|mai shaye-shaye]] wanda ya yi watsi da iyalinsa. Ma'auratan sun yanke shawarar auren Nima ga malami mai suna Al-Batawi don tabbatar da kudi a cikin gidan, wanda ya sa Nima ya gudu zuwa Mansoura yayin da Al-Banawi ya yi aure tare da takardun Abdulmajid. A Mansoura, Nima ya sami aiki a gonar wani mutum mai suna Mahmoud Bey, wanda ya ƙaunace ta bayan ya rabu da budurwarsa. A lokacin da ta dawo don sanar da 'yar'uwarta, Nima ta kawo Mahmoud Bey, wanda ya sadu da Al-Batawi mai fushi kuma ya yi yaƙi da baya wanda ya ƙare a cikin wuka. yake ya lalace, Abdulmajid ya yarda da kuskurensa kuma ya ba Nima damar auren Mahmoud, wanda ke kula da iyalin kamar yadda Al-Batawi ya yi alkawarin yi.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Haddad |first1=Hassan |title=أفواه وأرانب.. نموذج للسينما الخطرة |url=http://www.cinematechhaddad.com/Aflam/Aflam_7.HTM |access-date=23 August 2021 |work=Hana Bahrain |date=May 8, 1991}}</ref> == Ƴan wasa == * Hamama mai banƙyama * Mahmoud Yassin * Farid Shawqi * [[Ali El Sherif]] * Ragaa Hussein * Hassan Mustafa * Magda El-Khatib * Inas El-Degheidy * Mai Hikima Hamdi * [[Abu Bakr Ezzat]] * [[Mohsen Mohieddin]] * Ahmed Salama * [[Salah Nazmi]] == Haɗin waje == * [[imdbtitle:0462662|Shafin IMDb]] * [https://elcinema.com/en/work/2003818/ Shafin El Cinema] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20180326112532/http://www.elfilm.com/title/456236/ Shafin fim ɗin da aka adana] * [http://www.akhbar-alkhaleej.com/13178/article/18679.html Labarin da Hassan Haddad ya rubuta a fim din] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210823145302/http://www.akhbar-alkhaleej.com/13178/article/18679.html |date=2021-08-23 }} * [https://www.albawabhnews.com/798 Labari na Mostafa Bayoumi a kan fim din daga 1 ga Disamba, 2012 na Al-Bawaba] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240222081540/https://www.albawabhnews.com/798 |date=2024-02-22 }} * [http://munabutterfly.blogspot.com/2010/03/blog-post.html Muna Butterfly ya buga a kan Blogspot daga Maris 5, 2010] == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} 1q4rxhq80d6hva47lf3jk66bcqj51bm 895538 895537 2026-08-12T10:19:01Z Maryam Abdullahi Y 43904 895538 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} [[Fayil:Rabbits at the Mouth of a Burrow .PNG|thumb|zomaye]] '''''Mouths and Rabbits''''' (Arabic) fim ne na Masar da aka fitar a shekarar 1977, wanda kamfanin United Film Company ya samar, kuma Henry Barakat ne ya ba da umarni. == Bayani game da shi == Fim ɗin yana bincika batutuwan talauci da iyalai marasa tsari. Nima (Faten Hamama tana zaune tare da ƴar'uwarta da mijinta Abdulmajid, waɗanda ke da' ya'ya tara tsakanin su. Abdulmajid ma'aikacin jirgin ƙasa ne [[Shaye-shaye|mai shaye-shaye]] wanda ya yi watsi da iyalinsa. Ma'auratan sun yanke shawarar auren Nima ga malami mai suna Al-Batawi don tabbatar da kudi a cikin gidan, wanda ya sa Nima ya gudu zuwa Mansoura yayin da Al-Banawi ya yi aure tare da takardun Abdulmajid. A Mansoura, Nima ya sami aiki a gonar wani mutum mai suna Mahmoud Bey, wanda ya ƙaunace ta bayan ya rabu da budurwarsa. A lokacin da ta dawo don sanar da 'yar'uwarta, Nima ta kawo Mahmoud Bey, wanda ya sadu da Al-Batawi mai fushi kuma ya yi yaƙi da baya wanda ya ƙare a cikin wuka. yake ya lalace, Abdulmajid ya yarda da kuskurensa kuma ya ba Nima damar auren Mahmoud, wanda ke kula da iyalin kamar yadda Al-Batawi ya yi alkawarin yi.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Haddad |first1=Hassan |title=أفواه وأرانب.. نموذج للسينما الخطرة |url=http://www.cinematechhaddad.com/Aflam/Aflam_7.HTM |access-date=23 August 2021 |work=Hana Bahrain |date=May 8, 1991}}</ref> == Ƴan wasa == * Hamama mai banƙyama * Mahmoud Yassin * Farid Shawqi * [[Ali El Sherif]] * Ragaa Hussein * Hassan Mustafa * Magda El-Khatib * Inas El-Degheidy * Mai Hikima Hamdi * [[Abu Bakr Ezzat]] * [[Mohsen Mohieddin]] * Ahmed Salama * [[Salah Nazmi]] == Haɗin waje == * [[imdbtitle:0462662|Shafin IMDb]] * [https://elcinema.com/en/work/2003818/ Shafin El Cinema] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20180326112532/http://www.elfilm.com/title/456236/ Shafin fim ɗin da aka adana] * [http://www.akhbar-alkhaleej.com/13178/article/18679.html Labarin da Hassan Haddad ya rubuta a fim din] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210823145302/http://www.akhbar-alkhaleej.com/13178/article/18679.html |date=2021-08-23 }} * [https://www.albawabhnews.com/798 Labari na Mostafa Bayoumi a kan fim din daga 1 ga Disamba, 2012 na Al-Bawaba] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240222081540/https://www.albawabhnews.com/798 |date=2024-02-22 }} * [http://munabutterfly.blogspot.com/2010/03/blog-post.html Muna Butterfly ya buga a kan Blogspot daga Maris 5, 2010] == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} 43tj1rwaj9uhhjfb263jsotleib0ej6 895539 895538 2026-08-12T10:19:17Z Maryam Abdullahi Y 43904 895539 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} [[Fayil:Rabbits at the Mouth of a Burrow .PNG|thumb|zomaye]] '''''Mouths and Rabbits''''' (Arabic) fim ne na Masar da aka fitar a shekarar 1977, wanda kamfanin United Film Company ya samar, kuma Henry Barakat ne ya ba da umarni. == Bayani game da shi == Fim ɗin yana bincika batutuwan talauci da iyalai marasa tsari. Nima (Faten Hamama tana zaune tare da ƴar'uwarta da mijinta Abdulmajid, waɗanda kuma ke da' ya'ya tara tsakanin su. Abdulmajid ma'aikacin jirgin ƙasa ne [[Shaye-shaye|mai shaye-shaye]] wanda ya yi watsi da iyalinsa. Ma'auratan sun yanke shawarar auren Nima ga malami mai suna Al-Batawi don tabbatar da kudi a cikin gidan, wanda ya sa Nima ya gudu zuwa Mansoura yayin da Al-Banawi ya yi aure tare da takardun Abdulmajid. A Mansoura, Nima ya sami aiki a gonar wani mutum mai suna Mahmoud Bey, wanda ya ƙaunace ta bayan ya rabu da budurwarsa. A lokacin da ta dawo don sanar da 'yar'uwarta, Nima ta kawo Mahmoud Bey, wanda ya sadu da Al-Batawi mai fushi kuma ya yi yaƙi da baya wanda ya ƙare a cikin wuka. yake ya lalace, Abdulmajid ya yarda da kuskurensa kuma ya ba Nima damar auren Mahmoud, wanda ke kula da iyalin kamar yadda Al-Batawi ya yi alkawarin yi.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Haddad |first1=Hassan |title=أفواه وأرانب.. نموذج للسينما الخطرة |url=http://www.cinematechhaddad.com/Aflam/Aflam_7.HTM |access-date=23 August 2021 |work=Hana Bahrain |date=May 8, 1991}}</ref> == Ƴan wasa == * Hamama mai banƙyama * Mahmoud Yassin * Farid Shawqi * [[Ali El Sherif]] * Ragaa Hussein * Hassan Mustafa * Magda El-Khatib * Inas El-Degheidy * Mai Hikima Hamdi * [[Abu Bakr Ezzat]] * [[Mohsen Mohieddin]] * Ahmed Salama * [[Salah Nazmi]] == Haɗin waje == * [[imdbtitle:0462662|Shafin IMDb]] * [https://elcinema.com/en/work/2003818/ Shafin El Cinema] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20180326112532/http://www.elfilm.com/title/456236/ Shafin fim ɗin da aka adana] * [http://www.akhbar-alkhaleej.com/13178/article/18679.html Labarin da Hassan Haddad ya rubuta a fim din] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210823145302/http://www.akhbar-alkhaleej.com/13178/article/18679.html |date=2021-08-23 }} * [https://www.albawabhnews.com/798 Labari na Mostafa Bayoumi a kan fim din daga 1 ga Disamba, 2012 na Al-Bawaba] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240222081540/https://www.albawabhnews.com/798 |date=2024-02-22 }} * [http://munabutterfly.blogspot.com/2010/03/blog-post.html Muna Butterfly ya buga a kan Blogspot daga Maris 5, 2010] == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} tkp9hl4385ti03arz7pchqqyadb23p6 895540 895539 2026-08-12T10:19:35Z Maryam Abdullahi Y 43904 895540 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} [[Fayil:Rabbits at the Mouth of a Burrow .PNG|thumb|zomaye]] '''''Mouths and Rabbits''''' (Arabic) fim ne na Masar da aka fitar a shekarar 1977, wanda kamfanin United Film Company ya samar, kuma Henry Barakat ne ya ba da umarni. == Bayani game da shi == Fim ɗin yana bincika batutuwan talauci da iyalai marasa tsari. Nima (Faten Hamama tana zaune tare da ƴar'uwarta da mijinta Abdulmajid, waɗanda kuma ke da' ya'ya tara tsakanin su. Abdulmajid ma'aikacin jirgin ƙasa ne [[Shaye-shaye|mai shaye-shaye]] wanda ya yi watsi da iyalinsa. Ma'auratan sun yanke shawarar auren Nima ga malami mai suna Al-Batawi don tabbatar da kudi a cikin gidan, wanda ya sa Nima ya gudu zuwa Mansoura yayin da Al-Banawi ya yi aure tare da takardun Abdulmajid. A Mansoura, Nima ya sami aiki a gonar wani mutum mai suna Mahmoud Bey, wanda ya ƙaunace ta bayan ya rabu da budurwarsa. A lokacin da ta dawo don sanar da ƴar'uwarta, Nima ta kawo Mahmoud Bey, wanda ya sadu da Al-Batawi mai fushi kuma ya yi yaƙi da baya wanda ya ƙare a cikin wuka. yake ya lalace, Abdulmajid ya yarda da kuskurensa kuma ya ba Nima damar auren Mahmoud, wanda ke kula da iyalin kamar yadda Al-Batawi ya yi alkawarin yi.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Haddad |first1=Hassan |title=أفواه وأرانب.. نموذج للسينما الخطرة |url=http://www.cinematechhaddad.com/Aflam/Aflam_7.HTM |access-date=23 August 2021 |work=Hana Bahrain |date=May 8, 1991}}</ref> == Ƴan wasa == * Hamama mai banƙyama * Mahmoud Yassin * Farid Shawqi * [[Ali El Sherif]] * Ragaa Hussein * Hassan Mustafa * Magda El-Khatib * Inas El-Degheidy * Mai Hikima Hamdi * [[Abu Bakr Ezzat]] * [[Mohsen Mohieddin]] * Ahmed Salama * [[Salah Nazmi]] == Haɗin waje == * [[imdbtitle:0462662|Shafin IMDb]] * [https://elcinema.com/en/work/2003818/ Shafin El Cinema] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20180326112532/http://www.elfilm.com/title/456236/ Shafin fim ɗin da aka adana] * [http://www.akhbar-alkhaleej.com/13178/article/18679.html Labarin da Hassan Haddad ya rubuta a fim din] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210823145302/http://www.akhbar-alkhaleej.com/13178/article/18679.html |date=2021-08-23 }} * [https://www.albawabhnews.com/798 Labari na Mostafa Bayoumi a kan fim din daga 1 ga Disamba, 2012 na Al-Bawaba] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240222081540/https://www.albawabhnews.com/798 |date=2024-02-22 }} * [http://munabutterfly.blogspot.com/2010/03/blog-post.html Muna Butterfly ya buga a kan Blogspot daga Maris 5, 2010] == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} ini44iqzruwq1ylf65l7mukqbgwx0zo 0 70898 895457 509650 2026-08-12T08:59:56Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 895457 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} [[Fayil:Child Life 1928-01.pdf|thumb|rayuwar yara]] '''''Everyone's Child''''' fim ne da aka shirya shi a shekarar 1995 wanda marubuciya [[Tsitsi Dangarembga]] ta shirya wanda ta zama bakar fata ta farko ‘yar [[Zimbabwe|ƙasar Zimbabwe]] da ta shirya wani fim mai kayatarwa. Rubutun ya dogara ne akan novel ɗin ''Harvest of Thorns'' na 1989 na Shimmer Chinodya da taurari Elijah Madzikatire, Momsa Mlambo, da Walter Maparutsa. Kamfanin Media for Development Trust (MFD) na Zimbabwe ne ya shirya shi, an fara ɗaukar Everyone's Child a matsayin bidiyo na horar da shirye-shiryen kula da marayu na al’umma. Ganin yadda marayu da cutar kanjamau ke karuwa a nahiyar a lokacin da ake ci gaba da aikin, an yi hasashen zai kai 10,000,000 nan da shekara ta 2000 an tabbatar da cewa fim ɗin zai fi yin tasiri wajen wayar da kan al’umma kan lamarin.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=California Newsreel - EVERYONE'S CHILD |url=https://newsreel.org/video/EVERYONES-CHILD#:~:text=Everyone%27s%20Child%20was%20produced%20in,parents%20could%20not%20support%20them. |access-date=2022-11-28 |website=newsreel.org}}</ref> Waƙar tana ɗauke da waƙoƙi na asali guda 12 na wasu fitattun mawakan Zimbabwe a lokacin, waɗanda suka haɗa da Thomas Mapfumo, Leonard Zhakata da Andy "Tomato Sauce" Brown.<ref name=":0"/> An soki fim ɗin saboda wasu lafuzzan da ba a saba gani ba da kuma ba da labari mara kyau yayin da waƙar ta sami kyakkyawan bita.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://variety.com/1996/film/reviews/everyone-s-child-1200447659/|title=Everyone's Child|last=Eisner|first=Ken|date=1996-11-18|work=Variety|access-date=2018-09-12|language=en-US}}</ref> == Labarin fim == Fim ɗin ya mayar da hankali kan karuwar matsalar yaran da ke rayuwa cikin wahalhalu musamman sakamakon kamuwa da [[Kanjamau|cutar kanjamau]] fim ɗin ya biyo bayan balaguron batsa na yara biyu zuwa duniyar manya. Itayi da Tamari sun shiga damuwa bayan rasuwar iyayen biyu, yan uwa da abokan arziki sun guje su, ba su da komai. Cike da takaici da bacin rai Itayi ya gwada sa'arsa a babban birni, ya bar Tamari a gida don kula da kanta da kannenta.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://variety.com/1996/film/reviews/everyone-s-child-1200447659/|title=Everyone's Child|last=Eisner|first=Ken|date=1996-11-18|work=Variety|access-date=2018-09-12|language=en-US}}</ref> == Hanyoyin haɗi na waje == * http://www.findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_m0JQP/is_291/ai_30228904 {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110615153046/http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_m0JQP/is_291/ai_30228904/ |date=2011-06-15 }} * https://web.archive.org/web/20041019174406/http://www.mfdi.net/catalogue.php?ctlgtm_id=26 * http://imdb.com/title/tt0116243/ == Manazarta == [[Category:fim]] 7mmm7ayejh9zx9c949ok64b7y8onezb 0 70939 895566 542081 2026-08-12T10:28:24Z Maryam Abdullahi Y 43904 895566 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''''Terrorism and Kebab''''' ( {{Lang-ar|الإرهاب والكباب}}, Transliterated: '''Al-irhab wal kabab''' ) sanannen [[Film|fim]] ne na barkwanci [[Misra|na kasar Misira]] na shekarar 1992 tare da Adel Emam.<ref name="imam1">{{cite news|last=Hedges |first=Chris |date=18 November 1992 |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1992/11/18/world/cairo-journal-that-s-entertainment-but-is-it-blasphemy-too.html |title=Cairo Journal; That's Entertainment. But Is It Blasphemy, Too? |newspaper=[[The New York Times]] |access-date=May 28, 2023}}</ref> == Ƴan wasan kwaikwayo == * Adel Emam a matsayin Ahmed * Yousra a matsayin Hind * Kamal el-Shennawi a matsayin ministan harkokin cikin gida * Ahmed Rateb a matsayin Shalabi ==Manazarta== {{Reflist}} ==Hanyoyin Hadi na waje== * {{IMDb title|id=0107227|title=Al-irhab wal kabab}} * [https://www.amazon.com/s/ref=nb_sb_noss?url=search-alias%3Daps&field-keywords=El+Erhab+Wal+Kabab+&x=23&y=16 ''Al-irhab wal kabab'' DVD] at [[Amazon (company)|Amazon]] [[Category:Fim]] c9scs2abxr2m9czuje0ses6vfjxxh8w 0 71500 895385 523980 2026-08-12T07:16:32Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 895385 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Elvire Adjamonsi''' (an haife ta a ranar 18 ga watan Fabrairu, 1971) 'yar wasan fim ce [[Benin|ta ƙasar Benin]], 'yar wasan kwaikwayo, 'yar jarida kuma mai haɓaka al'adu. Ta shahara da fina-finai na gaskiya da kuma ayyukanta na kirkira da gudanar da bukukuwan fina-finai da cibiyoyin al'adu a faɗin Afirka. == Tarihin Rayuwa == An haifi Adjamonsi a [[Benin]], kuma ta kammala BA a fannin Sadarwa ta gani a Cibiyar Ci Gaban Pan African (IPD) a [[Burkina Faso]]. Tayi fim ɗinta na farko jim kaɗan bayan kammala karatunta.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|url=http://www.africine.org/?menu=fiche&no=13837|title=Adjamonsi Elvire|website=Africine|language=French|access-date=February 28, 2019|archive-date=November 30, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201130154720/http://www.africine.org/?menu=fiche&no=13837|url-status=dead}}</ref> De l'eau toute l'année (Water All Year) fim ne na minti 26 game da kananan madatsun ruwa a Burkina Faso. Rubutun ta, "BIDOSSESSI", ya lashe matsayi na biyu a gasar APEDROMIA, wanda aka gudanar tare da haɗin gwiwar Alliance Française de Bangui. An zaɓi rubutun a shekara ta 2004 don shiga cikin bita na ci gaban rubutun Sud a [[Moroko|Maroko]] da [[Tunisiya]], wanda Organisation internationale de la Francophonie, Cibiyar Cinéma et de l'image animée, da Gidauniyar Hubert Balls ke tallafawa. A cikin shekarar 2010 ta rubuta fim ɗin ta na farko, ''La Maudite'' (La'ananne), wanda aka nuna a bikin Fim na Farko na Farko a [[Atakpamé]] ( [[Togo]] ), sannan kuma wani short, ''Cica la petite Sorcière'' (Cica the Little Witch).<ref name=":1">{{Cite web|url=http://bj.viadeo.com/fr/profile/elvire.adjamonsi|title=Elvire ADJAMONSI|website=Viadeo|access-date=February 28, 2019|archive-date=May 3, 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190503150626/http://bj.viadeo.com/fr/profile/elvire.adjamonsi|url-status=dead}}</ref> Sannan ta sake yin wani fim na Documentary ''mai suna TOLEGBA'', game da Allahn Benin mai suna ɗaya, wanda ake ganin aljani ne, amma duk da haka yana kare mutane. Adjamonsi ta halarci jerin shirye-shiryen talabijin da dama a matsayin 'yar wasan kwaikwayo, waɗanda aka fi sani da su sune "Un tour de vis" da "Baobab", wadanda aka watsa a faɗin Afirka. Ta kuma yi aiki a matsayin mataimakiyar darakta a Channel 2 (La Chaîne 2) a Benin.<ref name=":2">{{Cite web|url=http://www.culturebene.com/7436-elvire-adjamonsi-le-theatre-africain-devient-de-plus-en-plus-competitif.html|title=Elvire Adjamonsi : " le théâtre africain devient de plus en plus compétitif… "|last=Mambachaka|first=Vincent|date=February 19, 2012|website=Culturebène|language=French|access-date=February 28, 2019}}</ref> Baya ga aikinta na fim, Adjamonsi ta fara aiki a matsayin 'yar jarida kuma mai zanen hoto. Ta yi aiki don wallafe-wallafe daban-daban, ciki har da mujallar Faransanci na al'adun Afirka, Mujallar Afiavi, da jaridun Benin da dama, ciki har da ''Le Progrès'', ''l'Aurore'', ''Fraternité'', da ''Le Béninois''. Adjamonsi ta shahara da aikinta na raya al'adu, musamman a ƙasashen da ke magana da Faransanci, ba tare da tallafin gwamnati ga al'adu ba. Ta kafa da sarrafa fina-finai, wasan kwaikwayo da bukukuwan kiɗa, ciki har da: LAGUNIMAGE (Benin, 2000), Les Journees Théâtrales en Campagne ( [[Pointe-Noire]], 2003-2004); Le Ngombi ( [[Bangui]], 2001); FITHEB (Benin, 2006); NSANGU NDJINDJI ( [[Pointe-Noire]], 2008); FITHA ( [[Ivory Coast]] ), RCG ( [[Kinshasa]] ); Wedbinde à Kaya ( [[Burkina Faso]] ); JOUTHEC ( [[Pointe-Noire]], [[Jamhuriyar Kwango|Kongo-Brazza]] ) da @fricourt.<ref name=":0" /><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.spla.pro/file.person.elvire-adjamonsi.13837.html|title=Elvire Adjamonsi|website=SPLA|language=French|access-date=February 28, 2019}}</ref> A cikin shekarar 2016, ta shirya bikin wasan kwaikwayo na tsana da bikin fasahar titi.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://dekartcom.net/elvire-adjamonsi-nous-ne-faisons-pas-teni-tedji-pour-le-maire-de-porto-novo-mais-pour-les-populations/|title=NOUS NE FAISONS PAS TÉNI- TÉDJI POUR LE MAIRE DE PORTO- NOVO MAIS POUR LES POPULATIONS|date=December 13, 2016|website=DEKart Expo|language=French|access-date=February 28, 2019|archive-date=December 4, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201204123446/https://dekartcom.net/elvire-adjamonsi-nous-ne-faisons-pas-teni-tedji-pour-le-maire-de-porto-novo-mais-pour-les-populations/|url-status=dead}}</ref> Bugu da ƙari, Adjamonsi yana aiki tare da ƙungiyar makaɗa, kamfanonin wasan kwaikwayo, cibiyoyin al'adu, kamfanonin samarwa, da hukumomin watsa shirye-shirye. Manufarta ita ce mayar da Afirka ta zama cibiyar fasaha da al'adu ta duniya. == Manazarta == [[Category:Rayayyun mutane]] l4wct6viubbk9evs2dre401m5rtzupe 0 71963 895644 383795 2026-08-12T11:09:31Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 2 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 895644 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Bikin du Cinéma Africain de Khouribga''' ( '''FCAK''' ) ko kuma '''bikin fina-finan Afirka a Khoribga''' bikin fina-finai ne na [[Sinima a Afrika|fina-finan Afirka]] da aka gudanar a Khoribga na [[Moroko|Maroko]]. An kafa shi a cikin shekarar 1977,<ref name="Carter2009">{{cite book|author=Sandra Gayle Carter|title=What Moroccan Cinema?: A Historical and Critical Study, 1956D2006|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=PByNqtLQo8QC&pg=PA130|year=2009|publisher=Lexington Books|isbn=978-0-7391-3187-9|pages=130–1, 222}}</ref> yana ɗaya daga cikin tsofaffi kuma mafi mahimmancin bukukuwan fina-finai a Maroko.<ref name="Gugler2011">{{cite book|author=Josef Gugler|title=Film in the Middle East and North Africa: Creative Dissidence|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=UQ9zsiRnQQMC&pg=PA326|year=2011|publisher=University of Texas Press|isbn=978-0-292-72327-6|page=326}}</ref><ref name="Shafto" /> <ref name="Shafto">Sally Shafto, [https://www.africanfilmny.org/2014/it-all-began-in-khouribga-the-15th-festival-du-cinema-africain-de-khouribga/ It all began in Khouribga: the 15th Festival du Cinéma Africain de Khouribga], ''Senses of Cinema'', No. 64 (September 2012). Republished online, [[African Film Festival, Inc.]], 2014. Accessed 25 November 2019.</ref> == Tarihi == Tun a shekarar 1967 akwai kulob na cinema a Khoribga, tare da mambobi 200 masu aiki da nunin mako-mako. A cikin shekarar 1977, jagorancin Noureddine Saïl, [[National Federation of Cinema Clubs in Morocco|Ƙungiyar Ƙungiyoyin Cinema ta Ƙasa a Maroko]] (FNCCM) ta taimaka wajen tsara '''Rencontres Cinematographiques de Khoribga'''. Gidan cinema na gida ya tabbatar da ci gaba da wanzuwarsa. Tunda babban masana'antar Khoribga shine haƙar ma'adinai phosphate, ƙungiyar ta sami tallafi daga Ofishin Phosphates. Ƙwararrun ƙwararru ƴan ƙasa da ƙasa na Cinema na Uku, ƙungiyar cinema ta tabbatar da cewa bikin ya fi mayar da hankali kan Afirka. <ref name="Carter2009" /> An gudanar da '''taron fina-finan Afirka na uku na Khoribga''' daga ranakun 2-9 ga watan Afrilu, 1988. Tare da kasafin Dirhami 900,000 (Faransa 630,000), an gabatar da gayyata ga 'yan ƙasar 100 da kuma baki kusan 30 daga ƙasashen Larabawa, Turai da Afirka. Ministocin gwamnati huɗu ne suka halarci babban taron, kuma masu kallo akalla 50,000 sun kalli fina-finai daga ƙasashe 14. An gudanar da taro na huɗu a ranar 17-24 ga watan Maris, 1990. An gudanar da taro na shida daga ranar 26 ga Maris zuwa 2 ga watan Afrilu 1994. <ref>''FESPACI News: Newsletter of the African Film-maker'', 1994, pp.12, 14</ref> Tun daga shekarar 2004 wata Gidauniya ce ke tafiyar da FCK, tare da Nourddine Saïl a matsayin Shugaba da Lahoussaine N'douf a matsayin babban darektan. <ref name="Shafto"/> == Kyaututtuka == ; 15 ga watan Nuwamba, 2012 * Ousmane Sembene Award: ''Bayiri, La Patrie''. <ref name="Shafto"/> ; Laraba 16, 2013 * Kyautar Jury ta Musamman: ''Zamora'' . <ref>[https://lfs.org.uk/content/shams-bhanjis-zamora-wins-special-jury-prize-khouribga-african-film-festival Shams Bhanji's Zamora wins Special Jury Prize at the Khourigba African Film Festival] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241225182930/https://lfs.org.uk/content/shams-bhanjis-zamora-wins-special-jury-prize-khouribga-african-film-festival |date=2024-12-25 }}, [[London Film School]], 20 June 2013.</ref> ; Bugu na 17, 14-24 Yuni 2014 * Mafi kyawun Darakta: ''Durban poison''. <ref name="Leaders">Sally Shafto, [http://sensesofcinema.com/2014/festival-reports/leaders-in-african-film-today-the-17th-festival-du-cinema-africain-de-khouribga/ Leaders in African Film Today: the 17th Festival du cinéma africain de Khouribga] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240226173803/http://www.sensesofcinema.com/2014/festival-reports/leaders-in-african-film-today-the-17th-festival-du-cinema-africain-de-khouribga/ |date=2024-02-26 }}, ''Senses of Cinema Festival Reports'', Issue 72, October 2014. Accessed 25 November 2019.</ref> * Kyautar Don Quixote: ''Dust and Fortunes.'' <ref name="Leaders" /> ; 20th ga watan Fabrairu, 2017 * Kyautar Ousmane Sembene: ''Ranar Mata.'' <ref>[http://english.alarabiya.net/en/life-style/entertainment/2017/09/18/-Khouribga-African-Film-Festival-honors-Egyptian-movie-A-day-for-Women-.html Khouribga African Film Festival honors Egyptian film ‘A day for Women’], ''Al Alabiya English'', 18 September 2017.</ref> ; 21 ga watan Disamba, 2018 * Mafi kyawun wasan kwaikwayo, Mafi kyawun Jarumin Tallafawa: ''[[Rahamar Jungle]]''. <ref>Moses Opobo, [https://www.newtimes.co.rw/entertainment/mercy-jungle-scoops-two-continental-film-awards ‘The Mercy of the Jungle’ scoops two continental film awards ], 25 December 2018.</ref> == Manazarta == [[Category:fim]] mso9ya1odjuju0xxnxct10yjwdv7jbv 0 72296 894897 741673 2026-08-11T12:20:18Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 894897 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Camille Mouyéké''' (an haife shi a ranar 16 ga watan Maris na shekara ta 1962), mai shirya fim ne kuma marubuci [[Jamhuriyar Kwango|ɗan Kongo]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Camille Mouyéké |url=https://mubi.com/cast/camille-mouyeke |access-date=2021-10-08 |website=MUBI |language=en-US}}</ref>   An fi saninsa da jagorantar fim mai ban tsoro na 2001 mai suna Voyage à Ouaga.<ref name="Camille">{{Cite web |title=AfricAvenir Interview With Director Camille Mouyeke (Voyage à Ouaga), 16 May 2011, Windhoek - AfricAvenir International |url=https://www.africavenir.org/de/newsdetails/archive/2011/may/article/africavenir-interview-with-director-camille-mouyeke-voyage-a-ouaga-16-may-2011-windhoek.html?tx_ttnews%25255Bday%25255D=18&cHash=ed9e5904826eed9a8df30722dc0ff36c |access-date=2021-10-08 |website=www.africavenir.org |language=de |archive-date=2021-10-08 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211008175519/https://www.africavenir.org/de/newsdetails/archive/2011/may/article/africavenir-interview-with-director-camille-mouyeke-voyage-a-ouaga-16-may-2011-windhoek.html?tx_ttnews%25255Bday%25255D=18&cHash=ed9e5904826eed9a8df30722dc0ff36c |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Africiné - Camille MOUYÉKÉ |url=http://www.africine.org/critique/africine/6100 |access-date=2021-10-08 |website=Africiné |language=fr}}</ref> == Rayuwa ta mutum == An haife shi a ranar 16 ga watan Maris 1962 a Kongo.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Cultures-Haïti - Camille Mouyéké |url=http://haiti.spla.pro/fiche.personne.camille-mouyeke.4562.html |access-date=2021-10-08 |website=Spla |language=en |archive-date=2021-10-08 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211008172521/http://haiti.spla.pro/fiche.personne.camille-mouyeke.4562.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> yi karatun Cinema a Jami'ar [[Faris|Paris]] 8 Vincennes-Saint-Denis kuma daga baya a shekarar 1993, ya sami digiri na biyu daga wannan jami'ar.<ref>{{Cite web |title=TV5MONDE : Les cinémas d'Afrique - page 10 |url=http://www.tv5.org/cms/cinema/p-779-MOUYEKE.htm?ficheId=501&position=139&search=realisateur&recherche=&pays=0&categorie=0&genre=0&annee=&page=10&action=ok&lettre=&cfid=779 |access-date=2021-10-08 |website=TV5MONDE }}{{Dead link|date=December 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Personnes - Africultures : Mouyéké Camille |url=http://africultures.com/personnes/?no=4562 |access-date=2021-10-08 |website=Africultures |language=fr-FR}}</ref> Shi ɗan Kongo na karshe da ya sami tallafin karatu daga gwamnati don a horar da shi a fim kuma ya je ya yi karatun fim. == Ayyuka == Ya fara aikin fim ta hanyar jagorantar fina-finai masu yawa kamar su Police Violence (1993), The Fire Proof (1995), da The ''Mavericks'' (1998).<ref>{{Cite web |title=Camille Mouyeke |url=https://ifcinema.institutfrancais.com/en/search?q_text=Camille%2520Mouyeke |access-date=2021-10-08 |website=ifcinema.institutfrancais.com}}</ref> Bayan ya dawo Kongo daga Paris, ya sami asusun daga Organisation Internationale de la Francophonie (OIF), inda ya fara horar da matasa zuwa yin fim. Daga baya ya faɗaɗa bita kuma ya kafa kamfanin samar da fim ɗin da ake kira "Hortense Films".<ref name="Camille" /><ref>{{Cite web |last=Bris |first=Michel Le |date=2021-10-08 |title=MOUYEKE Camille |url=https://www.etonnants-voyageurs.com/MOUYEKE-Camille.html |access-date=2021-10-08 |website=Etonnants Voyageurs |language=fr}}</ref> A shekara ta 2001, ya ba da umarnin fim ɗin Voyage à Ouaga wanda ya sami kyakkyawan bita daga masu suka kuma daga baya aka nuna shi a bukukuwan fina-finai daban-daban. A halin yanzu, fim ɗin ya kuma lashe kyaututtuka biyu: Kyautar Masu sauraro a bikin fina-finai na Namur na duniya da kuma Kyautar Birnin [[Ouagadougou]] a bikin fina-finai da talabijin na Panafrican na Ouagadoubou (FESPACO).<ref>{{Cite web |title=Voyage à Ouaga - accolades |url=http://www.imdb.com/title/tt0290915/awards/ |access-date=2021-10-08}}</ref> Bayan nasarar fim ɗin, ya fara fim ɗinsa na biyu a shekarar 2012 wanda aka yi shi a Namibia. A halin yanzu, ya kuma haɓaka aikin fim da ake kira "Namib Cinema" a garin Point Noire, Kongo. == Hotunan fina-finai == {| class="wikitable" !Shekara !Fim din !Matsayi !Irin wannan !Tabbacin. |- |1993 |''Rikicin 'yan sanda'' |Daraktan |Gajeren fim | |- |1995 |''Tabbacin Wutar'' |Daraktan |Gajeren fim | |- |1998 |''Mavericks'' |Daraktan |Gajeren fim | |- |2001 |''[[Voyage à Ouaga|Tafiyar zuwa Ouaga]]'' |Daraktan |Fim din | |- |2005 |''Waƙar Masu Cin Hanci'' |Daraktan |Gajeren fim | |} == Manazarta == [[Category:Haihuwan 1962]] [[Category:Rayayyun mutane]] jtwmuo16e7japupmkgd75jq3whft92b 0 72455 895137 540931 2026-08-11T17:09:07Z Ummun Sultan 23935 895137 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} [[Fayil:Raiyani muharramah Biak senyumku 2007.jpg|thumb]] [[:en:Biak_language|Biak]] (wós Vyak ko 'Yaren Biak'; wós kovedi ko 'harshenmu'; [[Indonesiya|Indonesian]]: bahasa Biak), kuma aka sani da Biak-Numfor, Noefoor, Mafoor, Mefoor, Nufoor, Mafoorsch, Myfoorsch da Noefoorsch, yaren Australiya ne na kasar Australiya. Rukunin rukunin Kudancin Halmahera-Yamma New Guinea na harsunan Malayo-Polynesian na Gabas. A cewar Ethnologue, kusan addin mutane 70,000 ne ke magana da shi a Biak da Numfor da ƙananan tsibirai da yawa a cikin tsibirin Schouten, dake lardin Papua na yammacin New Guinea, arewa maso gabashin [[Indonesiya|Indonesia]]. == Yaruka == Akwai yaruka daban-daban na Biak da ake magana da su a tsibirai daban-daban, wanda aka fi sani da Biak-Numfoor, wanda ake magana a tsibirin Numfoor. Waɗannan bambance-bambancen yare ƙanana ne kuma galibi an iyakance su ga ƴan canje-canjen sauti na yau da kullun.<ref>https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biak_language#CITEREFvan_den_Heuvel2006</ref> Mafi yawan masu magana da Biak suma suna iya magana da harshen Malay na gida, amma ba duka ba ne suka kware a daidaitaccen Indonesiya. Rarraba yanki na yarukan Biak a cikin Raja Ampat Regency (Ronsumbre 2020):<ref>https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)</ref> '''Yaren Betew''' * Gundumar Waigeo Selatan: Saonek, Saporkren, Yenbeser, Yenwaupur, Sawinggrai, Kapisawar, da ƙauyukan Arborek. * Gundumar Waigeo Barat: Mutus, Biantsyi, Waisilip, Manyaifun, Meos Manggara, da kauyukan Pam. * Gundumar Kofiau: Kauyukan Barewa, Balal, da Tolobi. * Gundumar Misool: Pulau Tikus, Solol, Meos Kapal, da kauyukan Umkabu. * Gundumar Samate: kauyen Jeffman. * Gundumar Teluk Manyalibit: ƙauyen Mumes. '''Yaren Kafdaron''' * Gundumar Samate: Yensawai, Amdui, Yenanas, da ƙauyukan Aresi '''Yaren Karon''' * Gundumar Sausapor: ƙauyen Sausapor * Bikar (Biak Karon), gundumar Tambrauw '''Yaren usba''' * gundumar Waigeo Utara: kauyen Rauki. * Gundumar Ayau: Dorekar da Meosbekwan kauyuka. '''Yaren Wardo''' * Gundumar Waigeo Timur: Yensner, Urbinasopen, Yembekaki, da Puper kauyuka. * Gundumar Waigeo Utara: Menir, Warwanai, Boni, Asukweri, da Kabare kauyuka. * Gundumar Ayau: Rutung, Reni, da Yenkawir. == Halin zamantakewa == Duk da yawan masu magana da aka kwatanta da wasu yarukan Australiya, Biak har yanzu yana cikin hatsarin bacewa. A cikin manyan garuruwan, tsarar masu magana da ke tsakanin shekaru 20 zuwa 50 suna da ilimin harshe kawai kuma ba safai suke amfani da yaren sosai ba, maimakon haka sun gwammace su yi amfani da Malay. Matasan ba su ma da ilimin harshe gabaɗaya. Biak kawai ake amfani da shi azaman yaren magana da membobin al'umma sama da shekaru 50 ko makamancin haka kuma har ma suna canza sheka zuwa Malay akai-akai.<ref>https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biak_language#CITEREFvan_den_Heuvel2006</ref> Duk da haka, a cikin ƙauyukan da ke kusa da garin har yanzu akwai yara waɗanda ke ƙware a Biak. Waƙoƙin Biak suma sun shahara sosai a cikin tsibiran. Akwai wani yunƙuri mai ƙarfi don haɓaka amfani da yaren Biak, tare da fassarori na littattafai daban-daban da littattafan koyarwa da gidan rediyo da kuma hidimar coci da yawa a duk shekara ana gudanar da su a cikin Biak kaɗai. Tun daga 2002, an kuma yi wani yunƙuri na gabatar da Biak da ake koyar da shi a da a makarantu a tsibirin.<ref name=":0">https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biak_language#CITEREFvan_den_Heuvel2006</ref> == Fassarar sauti == Biak yana da lissafin wayar sauti wanda ya ƙunshi baƙaƙe 13 da wasula 5, wanda tsayin wasalin sauti ne. A cikin rubutun kalmomi an rubuta dogayen wasula tare da babban lafazi. Wayar wayar /t/ ba ta da yawa a amfani da ita kuma wasu tsofaffin lasifikan har yanzu suna gane shi kamar [s] a cikin kalmomin lamuni.<ref>https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biak_language#CITEREFvan_den_Heuvel2006</ref> {| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;" |+ Bakake<ref>https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ethnologue</ref> |- ! !! [[Bilabial consonant|Bilabial]] !! [[Labiodental consonant|Labiodental]] !! [[Alveolar consonant|Alveolar]] !! [[Palatal consonant|Palatal]] !! [[Velar consonant|Velar]] |- ! [[Nasal stop|Nasal]] | {{IPAlink|m}} || || {{IPAlink|n}} || || |- ! [[Plosive]] | {{IPAlink|p}} {{IPAlink|b}}|| || {{IPAlink|t}} {{IPAlink|d}}|| ||{{IPAlink|k}} |- ! [[Fricative]] | {{IPAlink|β}} || {{IPAlink|f}} || {{IPAlink|s}} || || |- ! [[Lateral consonant|Lateral]] | || || {{IPAlink|l}} || || |- ! [[Trill consonant|Trill]] | || || {{IPAlink|r}} || || |- ! [[Semivowel]] | {{IPAlink|w}}|| || || {{IPAlink|j}} || |} {| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;" |+ Wasula<ref>https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biak_language#CITEREFvan_den_Heuvel2006</ref> |- ! !! [[Front vowel|Front]] !! [[Central vowel|Central]] !! [[Back vowel|Back]] |- ! [[Close vowel|Close]] | {{IPAlink|i}} {{IPAlink|iː}} || || {{IPAlink|u}} {{IPAlink|uː}} |- ! [[Mid vowel|Mid]] | {{IPAlink|e}} {{IPAlink|eː}} || || {{IPAlink|ɤ}} {{IPAlink|ɤː}} |- ! [[Open vowel|Open]] | || {{IPAlink|a}} {{IPAlink|aː}} || |} == Ilimin Halitta == '''Karin magana da alamomin mutum''' A cikin karin magana na Biak da labarai suna da alaƙa da yanayin halittar jiki, tare da duka suna sanya ɗan takara ta hanyar nuna maganganun danginsu ko sararin samaniya (misali matsayin jagora ko motsi). Wannan ba sabon abu ba ne ga Harsunan Australiya.[10] Sunaye a cikin Biak ana yiwa lamba da haɗin kai. {| class="wikitable" |+ Wakiklin Suna<ref>https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)</ref> |- ! colspan="2" | ! Singular ! Dual ! Paucal ! Plural |- ! rowspan="2" | 1st person ! {{small|[[clusivity|exclusive]]}} | rowspan="2" | {{lang|bhw|aya}} | {{lang|bhw|nu}} | | {{lang|bhw|inko}} |- ! {{small|[[clusivity|inclusive]]}} | {{lang|bhw|ku}} | | {{lang|bhw|ko}} |- ! colspan="2" | 2nd person | {{lang|bhw|aw}} | {{lang|bhw|mu}} | | {{lang|bhw|mko}} |- ! colspan="2" | 3rd person | {{lang|bhw|i}} | {{lang|bhw|su}} | {{lang|bhw|sko}} | {{lang|bhw|si}} (alienable)<br />{{lang|bhw|na}} (inalienable) |} Sunaye na sirri na kyauta a cikin Biak suna raba manyan kaddarorin rarraba su tare da sunaye; duk da haka, an ɗan taƙaita su. Ana iya amfani da su a matsayin madaidaicin ma'auni ko preposition amma ba za a iya amfani da su azaman batutuwa ba<ref>https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biak_language#CITEREFvan_den_Heuvel2006</ref>. A cikin misalin da ke ƙasa, ana iya ganin amfani da sunan farko na mutum na farko aya don haɗa kalmar aiki, yayin da misali na biyu ya nuna yadda ba za a iya amfani da karin magana na sirri kyauta, a cikin wannan sashe na mutum na uku na i a matsayin batu: '''(1) Badir''' 2sg.sanarwa i 3sg ku ku ku aya 1sg ku 'Ka sanar da ni.' (2) * i 3sg ku d-irin 3sg-tsayi 'Ya tsaya.' Bayanin suna A cikin Biak, bayanan suna na iya haɗawa tare da fi'ili a cikin nau'ikan juzu'i guda uku (an ba da su a cikin tebur ɗin da ke ƙasa), waɗanda ke da sharadi na sauti.<ref>https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biak_language#CITEREFvan_den_Heuvel2006</ref> {| class="wikitable" |- ! !! '''Set 1''' !! '''Set 2''' !! '''Set 3''' |- ! 1SG | align=center| ya- || align=center| y- || align=center| ya- |- ! 2SG | align=center| wa- || align=center| w- || align=center| {{angbr|w}} |- ! 3SG | align=center|i- || align=center| d- || align=center| {{angbr|y}} |- ! 1DU.I | align=center| ku- || align=center| ku- || align=center| ku- |- ! 1DU.E | align=center| nu- || align=center| nu- || align=center| nu- |- ! 2DU | align=center| mu- || align=center| mu-|| align=center| mu- |- ! 3DU | align=center| su- || align=center| su- || align=center| su- |- ! 3PC | align=center| sko- || align=center| sk- || align=center| sko- |- ! 1PL.I | align=center| ko- || align=center| k- || align=center| ko- |- ! 1PL.E | align=center| (i)nko- || align=center| (i)nk- || align=center| (i)nko- |- ! 2PL | align=center| mko- || align=center| mk-|| align=center| mko- |- ! 3PL.AN | align=center| si- || align=center| s- || align=center| s- |- ! 3PL.INAN | align=center| na- || align=center| n- || align=center| n- |} Saboda mutumin da ke yin alamar yanayin waɗannan maƙallan, an soke buƙatar kasancewar ainihin jumlar suna a cikin sashe ɗaya. Don haka jumlar da ke gaba har yanzu tana da nahawu ba tare da NP Rusa nanine ba, kamar yadda kalmar fi’ili tana da maƙalli mai suna wanda ke ba da bayanai iri ɗaya. (3) (Rusa barewa nan ina) giv-3sg.spc-wannan d-irin 3sg-tsayi '''<nowiki/>'Wannan barewa ta tsaya.'''' Waɗannan alamomin suna alamomin mutum ne kuma ana samun su a matsayi na ƙarshe na jimlar suna da suka ƙaddara.<ref name=":1">https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biak_language#CITEREFvan_den_Heuvel2006</ref> Suna haɗawa da fi'ili tare da ƙayyadaddun ƙayyadaddun bayanai wanda ke mannewa bayan maƙalar ma'anar; saboda kaddarorinsu na rarraba wadannan alamomin ya kamata a yi la'akari da su clitics.<ref name=":1" /> Akwai alamomi guda biyu na musamman, -ya da -i, inda za a iya amfani da -ya a kowane matsayi kuma -i an iyakance shi zuwa matsayi kafin tsayawa.[13] A cikin misalin da ke ƙasa labarin ya danganta da kalmar aikatau vebaya, maimakon fi’ili ifrúr domin ita ce fi’ili na ƙarshe a cikin jimlar suna da take jagorantar ta[<ref name=":1" />. (4) i-fur 3sg- yi domin wuta ve-ba=ya rel.big=3sg.spc '''<nowiki/>'Ya yi babbar wuta.'''' Unspecificity, wanda ke nufin abubuwan da ba su wanzu a wannan duniyar ba, ko kuma ana amfani da su don tambaya ko musun kasancewar wani mahaluƙi, an yi masa alama da kasidu –o don muɗaɗɗa da –no don jimlolin sunaye.<ref>https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biak_language#CITEREFvan_den_Heuvel2006</ref> Ana nuna wannan a cikin misalan da ke ƙasa: Ba takamaiman ba (5) I-fur 3sg- yi yuk=o ukulele=nspc.sg fa CONS y-ún 1 sg-yiwa i 3sg ku ku ku Waranda. Kasar Holland 'Yana yin / zai yi ukulele domin in kai shi zuwa Netherlands' Unknown glossing abbreviation(s) (taimako); Musamman (6) I-fur 3sg- yi yuk=ya ukulele=3sg.spc fa CONS y-ún 1sg ku i 3sg ku ku ku Waranda. Kasar Holland 'Ya yi ukulele domin in kai shi zuwa Netherlands' Unknown glossing abbreviation(s) (taimako); Zanga-zangar Biak yana da nau'i iri ɗaya a cikin mashahuran mashahurai da masu magana, wanda ya zama ruwan dare a cikin harsunan Australiya. A cikin Biak, ana iya amfani da nunin a zaman wani yanki na rikitattun labarai masu ƙunshe da tushen nuni da alamomin motsi da kwatance. Rukunin labaran, duk da haka, ba su da duka alamar jagora da alamar motsi. {| class="wikitable mw-collapsible" |+3SG complex articles<ref>https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biak_language#CITEREFvan_den_Heuvel2006</ref> ! ! !giv !person- SPC !dir !motion marker !dm !meaning |- | rowspan="3" |bare demonstrative article |close S:{{lang|bhw|ne}} | |{{lang|bhw|i}} | |({{lang|bhw|ma/fa/ra}}) |{{lang|bhw|ne}} |'this' |- |close A:{{lang|bhw|ya~yi}} | |{{lang|bhw|i}} | |({{lang|bhw|ma/fa/ra}}) |{{lang|bhw|ya}} {{lang|bhw|~yi}} |'that' |- |not S/A:{{lang|bhw|wa~wu}} | |{{lang|bhw|i}} | |({{lang|bhw|ma/fa/ra}}) |{{lang|bhw|wa}} {{lang|bhw|~wu}} |'that over there' |- | rowspan="3" |demonstrative article, given |close S:{{lang|bhw|ne}} |{{lang|bhw|an}} |{{lang|bhw|i}} | |({{lang|bhw|ma/fa/ra}}) |{{lang|bhw|ne}} |'this' |- |close A:{{lang|bhw|ya~yi}} |{{lang|bhw|an}} |{{lang|bhw|i}} | |({{lang|bhw|ma/fa/ra}}) |{{lang|bhw|ya}} |'that' |- |not S/A:{{lang|bhw|wa~wu}} |{{lang|bhw|an}} |{{lang|bhw|i}} | |({{lang|bhw|ma/fa/ra}}) |{{lang|bhw|wa}} |'that over there' |- | rowspan="3" |(given) demonstrative- directional article |close S:{{lang|bhw|ne}} |({{lang|bhw|an}}) |{{lang|bhw|i}} |{{lang|bhw|pur}} |? |{{lang|bhw|ne}} |'this at the back' |- |close A:{{lang|bhw|ya~yi}} |({{lang|bhw|an}}) |{{lang|bhw|i}} |{{lang|bhw|pur}} |? |{{lang|bhw|ya}} |'that at the back' |- |not S/A:{{lang|bhw|wa~wu}} |({{lang|bhw|an}}) |{{lang|bhw|i}} |{{lang|bhw|pur}} |? |{{lang|bhw|wa}} |'that at the back over there' |} Teburin da ke sama yana ƙuntata mutum-SPC zuwa alamar 3SG don bayani, amma ana iya maye gurbin alamar i-3SG sui- (DU), skoi- (TR), da si- (PL.AN) ko na- (PL.INAN) . Har ila yau, yana da mahimmanci a lura cewa gawar ba ta ƙunshi wani misali na ƙayyadaddun labaran da ke ɗauke da alamar jagora da alamar motsi ba.<ref>https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biak_language#CITEREFvan_den_Heuvel2006</ref> Bugu da ƙari, ana amfani da yi da wu azaman allomorphs na ya da wa, bi da bi, amma an tabbatar da su a matsayi na ƙarshe kawai<ref name=":1" />. A cikin Biak, dangantakar da ke tsakanin karin magana na mutum na uku da nuni ba su da alaƙa da nuni, wanda ba a saba gani ba a cikin harsunan Australiya. Koyaya, Biak yana bin yanayin duniya dangane da alaƙar. Haka kuma, ya danganta da nisan dangi na mai magana, Biak yana da bambance-bambancen tazara ta hanyoyi uku na zanga-zangar masu mulki, wanda ya zama ruwan dare a cikin harsunan Australiya. An taƙaita kwatancen don amfani na yanki kawai saboda wasu harsuna ba sa bayyana bambance-bambancen nisa iri ɗaya a cikin mashahuran masu mulki da na furci. Idan labari mai rikitarwa ya ƙunshi abin nunawa, mutum-SPC ya riga ya gabatar da shi, kamar yadda i-ne '3SG.SPC-this' da i-wa '3SG.SPC-over.there' suka nuna, bi da bi. Har ila yau, a cikin misalan da ke ƙasa, an nuna yanayin amfani da abubuwan nunawa. (7) Ruwa r<w>a <2sg>go ma ma zuwa.nan kawokors w-aka-ors 2sg-kuma-tsaya ra ra tare var var 3sg.spc-wannan ine. ina-ne 'Ku zo nan ku tsaya a wannan gefen kuma.'<ref>https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biak_language#CITEREFvan_den_Heuvel2006</ref> Rashin daidaituwa a cikin adadin kalmomin tsakanin layi: 6 kalmomi (s) a layi na 1, kalmomi 6 a cikin layi na 2, kalmomi 5 (s) a cikin layi na 3 (s) taimako); (8) Mov motsi wuri iwa i-wa 3sg.spc-over.akwai snori sno-ri suna-pos.G Munbei Munbei Munbei (...) (...) ' Wurin da ke can sunansa Mnubei (...)'[16] Unknown short glossing (s) (taimako); Siffar rikitattun labarai tana kafa tushen sunaye masu ƙayatarwa, karin magana mai tsinkaya, da kuma wuraren-existentials. Deictic sunaye Ana samun sunaye masu ƙayatarwa ta hanyar amfani da “wuri” da aka tsara a matsayin da ke gaban nuni, kamar yadda di-pur-wu ‘place-back-over.there’ da di-ne ‘wuri-nan’ suka kwatanta. (9) Skovark sko-vark 3 PC - karya ro ro wuri dipurwu. di-pur-wu wuri-baya-over.can 'Suna zaune a can.'<ref name=":2">https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biak_language#CITEREFvan_den_Heuvel2006</ref> Ba a sani ba gajarta (s) (taimako); (10) Mankroder mankroder kwadi ine ina-ne 3sg.spc-wannan duk d-ún-uk 3sg-dauka-biyu ro ro wuri cin abinci. di-ne wuri-nan "Wannan kwado ya wuce ta nan." <ref name=":3">https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biak_language#CITEREFvan_den_Heuvel2006</ref> Ana ganin yanayin amfani da nuni a cikin (9). A gefe guda, (10) yana nuna -ne 'wannan' azaman amfani da yanayi na nuni da -ne 'a nan' azaman amfani da anaphoric na nuni. Maganganun tsinkaya Ana samar da karin magana ta hanyar yin amfani da maƙasudin tsinkaya shine 'PRED' a matsayin da ba haka ba wanda alamar baiwa an.<ref>https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biak_language#CITEREFvan_den_Heuvel2006</ref>An kwatanta wannan ta is-i-ne '3SG.PRED-SPC-this' a duka (11) da (12). (11) Isine ni-ni-ne 3sg.pred-spc-wannan indiya indiya haka mamel. m 2sg.duba 'Ga shi (sago porridge) yana nan, don haka duba!'<ref>https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biak_language#CITEREFvan_den_Heuvel2006</ref>. (12) Betawaya betawe=ya rogo=3sg.spc aiki. ni-ni-ne 3sg.pred-spc-nan 'Wannan a nan rogo ne.'<ref name=":2" /> A cikin (11), ya dogara da mahallin ko halin da ake ciki ko rashin amfani na nunin shine. An ba da yanayin amfani da nunin a cikin (12). Wuraren- wanzuwa Locative-existentials ya bambanta da karin magana na tsinkaya saboda ba su mallaki takamaiman alamar alama ba, wanda i-is-wa '3SG.PRED-over.there' ya kwatanta. (13) Kariya karui=ya dutse=3sg.spc ina-wa ina-wa 3FG.pred-over.akwai kaker. kaker har yanzu 'Dutsen yana nan har yanzu.'<ref name=":3" /> Unknown gajarta (s) (taimako); A cikin (13), amfani da nunin ya dogara da mahallin. ==Harsuna== ===Zanga-zangar=== {| class="wikitable" |+Use of demonstratives, where Viewpoint (V)= speaker(S), R= Relatum, A=addressee<ref name=":0" /> !form !gloss !used to refer to entities conceived as: !Levinson's terminology |- |{{lang|bhw|ne}} |this |close to S, but not closer to A than to S |close to V (usually S) =R |- |{{lang|bhw|ya~yi}} |that |relatively close to S (and A), but not closer to S than to A |Relatively close to V (usually S) =R1, not closer to V than to R2 (usually A). |- |{{lang|bhw|wa~wu}} |that over there |away from shared area of both S and A |Away from R1 (usually S) and R2 (usually A) |} Domin [[Semantics|Semantic]] halayen nuni, ya kamata a san wani ɓangare na kalmomin Levinson don fahimtar bambanci tsakanin Hoto da Ground ko [[Relatum]]. Hoton yana nufin mahaluƙi da aka sanya a wani wuri a cikin sarari, yayin da Ground ko Relatum ke zayyana mahallin dangane da inda mahaluƙi yake. A matsayin ƙarin bayani, akwai mahimman bayanai guda uku game da kalmomin Levinson. Na farko, za'a iya rarraba 'firam na tunani' azaman tsarin ma'anar tunani, tsarin dangi, da cikakken tsarin tunani. Na biyu, yana da mahimmanci a fahimci [[Origo (pragmatics)|origo]] na tsarin daidaitawa. Cibiyar deictic da ake kira origo tana kusan daidai da matsayin mai magana. Na uku, yana da mahimmanci don fahimtar [[deixis]]. Don deixis na sararin samaniya, fassarar abubuwan da ke tattare da harsunan sararin samaniya an ayyana su ta wurin wurin abubuwan karin harshe. Game da amfani da nunin, ƙila [[mai nuni] zai biyo baya, kamar nunin lebe, nunin kai, ko nuna yatsa. Daidaitawa Zanga-zangar Daga mahangar tsarin ma'auni, sunaye na Deictic yawanci suna saita madaidaicin gabatarwa. Wannan ya fito fili daga sifar di-ne 'wuri-a nan,' di-wa 'wuri-over.there' a cikin (14) da (15), bi da bi. Duk da haka, ana amfani da sunaye masu nuna wurin da kansu, ba tare da wani abin da ya gabata ba[18]. An kwatanta wannan ta di-ne 'wuri-nan' a cikin (16). (14) Ivyovr i-vyovr 3 sg - zuw ku ku ku cin abinci di-ne wuri-nan mayi. m-yas zuwa.nan-up "(Babban igiyar ruwa) ya karkata zuwa wurin nan zuwa sama." (15) Ikun ku - ku 3sg ku si si 3 pl.anim ro ro wuri diwa. di-wa wuri-over.can Ya kona su (fatansa) a can.[18] (16) Cin abinci, di-ne wuri-nan randakya randak=ya farkon=3sg.spc kari kari dutse wata. ba-ba mai girma 'A nan, tun da farko akwai manyan duwatsu.'[18]. A cikin (14), (15), da (16), waɗannan sun ƙunshi yanayin amfani da nuni. Mallaka Kama da sauran harsunan Austronesian, Biak yana ba da bambance-bambancen nahawu tsakanin abin da ba za a iya mallaka ba. Mallaka mai iyaka A cikin abin mallaka, ana ƙirƙirar pronominal mai mallaki tare da alamar mallaka ve don nuna mutum, lamba da jinsi na mai shi, kuma ana biye da labarin mai magana da ke alamar jinsi da adadin abin da aka mallaka. Maganganun labarin ya ƙunshi ƙayyadaddun alamomi -i da -ya, tare da -i ana amfani da su kawai a cikin wuraren da aka riga aka dakatar.[19] Teburin da ke gaba yana misalta mallakar gini mai ma'ana. {| class="wikitable" |- ! Possessed-><br />Possessor: ! SG ! DU ! TR ! PL.AN ! PL.INAN |- ! 1SG | (a)ye=d-i/=d-ya | (a)ye=su-ya/-i | (a)ye=sko-ya/-i | (a)ye=s-ya/-i | (a)ye=na |- ! 2SG | be=d-i/=d-ya | be-=su-ya/-i | be=sko-ya/-i | be=s-ya/-i | be=na |- ! 3SG | v<y>e=d-i/=d-ya | v<y>e=su-ya/-i | v<y>e =sko-ya/-i | v<y>e =s-ya/-i | v<y>e =na |- ! 1DU.INCL | Ku-ve=d-i/=d-ya | ku-ve=su-ya/-i | ku-ve=sko-ya/-i | ku-ve=s-ya/-i | ku-ve=na |- ! 1DU.EXC | nu-ve=d-i/=d-ya | nu-ve=su-ya/-i | nu-ve=sko-ya/-i | nu-ve=s-ya/-i | nu-ve=na |- ! 2DU | mu-ve=d-i/=d-ya | mu-ve=su-ya/-i | mu-ve=sko-ya/-i | mu-ve=s-ya/-i | mu-ve=na |- ! 3DU | su-ve=d-i/=d-ya | su-ve=su-ya/-i | su-ve=sko-ya/-i | su-ve=s-ya/-i | su-ve=na |- ! 3PC | sko-ve=d-i/=d-ya | sko-ve=su-ya/-i | sko-ve=sko-ya/-i | sko-ve=s-ya/-i | sko-ve=na |- ! 1PL.INCL | ko-ve=d-i/=d-ya | ko-ve=su-ya/-i | ko-ve=sko-ya/-i | ko-ve=s-ya/-i | i ko-ve=na |- ! 1PL.EXC | (i)nko-ve=d-i/=d-ya | (i)nko-ve=su-ya/-i | (i)nko-ve=sko-ya/-i | (i)nko-ve=s-ya/-i | (i)nko-ve=na |- ! 2PL | mko-ve=d-i/=d-ya | mko-ve=su-ya/-i | mko-ve=sko-ya/-i | mko-ve=s-ya/-i | mko-ve=na |- ! 3PL.AN | se=d-i/=d-ya | se=su-ya/-i | se=sko-ya/-i | se=s-ya/-i | se=na |- ! 3PL.INAN | nbe=d-i/d-ya | nbe=su-ya/-i | nbe=sko-ya/-i | nbe=s-ya/-i | nbe=na{{sfn|van den Heuvel|2006|p=230}} |} Yawanci, Biak yana bin tsarin mallaka-mallaka don ginin mallakar mallaka, tare da maɗaukakiyar maɗaukaki a cikin matsayi: (17) ikak maciji ina-ne giv-3sg.spc-wannan snon suna v<y>e=d-ya <3sg>poss=3sg-spc Kormsamba Kormsamba 'Sunan maciji Kormsamba'[21] Duk da haka, ana iya samar da abin da za a iya mallaka a cikin tsari na mai mallakar, ko da yake wannan ba shi da yawa: (18) romawa ɗa ina 'yar manseren Ubangiji v<y>e=s-ya 3sg>poss=3pl.an-spc 'Ya'yan Ubangiji maza da mata'<ref name=":4">https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biak_language#CITEREFvan_den_Heuvel2006</ref> Mallaka mara iyaka Gine-ginen da ba za a iya sakewa ba ya bambanta da abin da ba za a iya raba shi ba domin babu wani tsarin mabuɗin mallaka, sai dai saitin affixes da ke kan kayan. Sabanin mallaka na baƙon abu, abin da ba zai iya mallaka ba zai iya ɗaukar tsari na mallake-mallaka kawai. Biak yana ƙunshe da ɓangarori uku na rashin daidaituwa: sassan jiki, dangi, da wuri.<ref name=":4" /> sassan jiki Ba duk sassan jiki ba ne ake ganin ba za a iya raba su ba. Waɗanda su ne tushen kalmomin da za su samo wasu sassan jiki daga gare su ta hanyar hadawa. Misali, '' gwiwa'' da ba za a iya raba shi ba yana samuwa ta hanyar tushe mara iyaka da mu ('ƙafa') da mahaɗar pur ('baya') don samar da cirer. Ginin da aka mallaka don sassan jiki masu banƙyama yana bin tsari iri ɗaya da sauran sharuddan da ba za a iya raba su ba.<ref>https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biak_language#CITEREFvan_den_Heuvel2006</ref>Tsarin jujjuyawar sassan jikin da ba za a iya raba su ba shine kamar haka: {| class="wikitable" |+ Vru 'head' ! !SG !DU !TR !PL |- !1SG |Vru-'''ri''' | - | - | - |- !2SG |Vru-'''m-ri''' | - | - | - |- !3SG |Vru-'''ri''' | - | - | - |- !1DU.INCL | - |'''ku-'''vru-'''s-na''' | | |- !1DU.EXC | - |'''nu-'''vru-'''s-na''' | | |- !2DU | - |'''mu-'''vru-'''m-s-na''' | | |- !3DU | - |'''su-'''vru-'''s-na''' | | |- !3TR | - |'''sko-'''vru-'''s-na''' | | |- !1PL.INCL | - |'''ko-'''vru-'''s-na''' | | |- !1PL.EXC | - |'''nko-'''vru-'''s-na''' | | |- !2PL | - |'''mko-'''vru-'''m-s-na''' | | |- !3PL.AN | - |'''si-'''vru-'''s-na'''{{sfn|van den Heuvel|2006|p=238}} | | |} Sabanin harsunan Austronesian na yankin, Biak yana ƙunshe da tsarin juzu'i na juzu'i don kunna sassan jikin da ba za a iya raba su ba. Domin jam'i, suffix -s yana nuna jam'i da rayayyiyar ma'abucinsa da kuma suffix na bayyana jam'i da rashin sanin abin mallaka<ref>https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biak_language#CITEREFvan_den_Heuvel2006</ref>. Kamar yadda aka fada a sama, mallakar da ba za a iya raba shi ba tana samuwa ta hanyar tsarin mallaki-mallaka: (19) zan-ri mamacin ciki.sg i-ba 3sg - babba 'Tana da ciki (cikinta yana da girma)'<ref>https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biak_language#CITEREFvan_den_Heuvel2006</ref>. Sharuddan zumunta Hakazalika ga sassan jiki, ba duka kalmomin dangi ba ne da ba za a iya raba su ba. Sharuɗɗan zumunta masu alaƙa suna samuwa ne ta hanyar haɗakarwa iri ɗaya kamar sassan jiki masu banƙyama, kuma suna bin ƙa'idodin gine-gine iri ɗaya kamar sauran sharuɗɗan bangaranci<ref>https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biak_language#CITEREFvan_den_Heuvel2006</ref>. Wannan tebur yana misalta tsarin jujjuyawa don kalmomin dangi maras iyaka: {| class="wikitable" |+ Me 'cross-uncle' ! !SG !DU !TR !PL |- !1SG | imem(='''i)''' | imem(='''su)''' | imem(='''sko)''' | - |- !2SG | me-'''m(=i)''' | me-'''m(=su)''' | me-'''m(=sko)''' | - |- !3SG | me-'''r(=i)''' | me-'''r(=su)''' | me-'''r(=sko)''' | - |- !1DU | - | - | - | - |- !2DU | - | - | - | - |- !3DU | - | - | - | - |- !3TR | - | - | - | - |- !1PL | - | - | - | - |- !2PL | - | - | - | - |- !3PL | - | - | - | - |} Duk sunaye da ke bin tsarin tebur suna da nau'i na ban mamaki ga mutum na farko, ta amfani da ɗan gajeren lokaci ga mutum na biyu da na uku. (REF shafi na 244) Ga misalin yadda ake amfani da juzu'in dangin da ba za a iya yankewa ba: (20) s<y>ewar <3sg>nema km-r=i uba-mallaki.3sg=3sg 'Ya nemi mahaifinsa'<ref>https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biak_language#CITEREFvan_den_Heuvel2006</ref>. Sunayen wuri Sunaye na wuri su ne bambancin rashi na ƙarshe da aka samu a cikin Biak. Sunayen wuri suna nufin wuraren da ke da alaƙa da wani mahaluƙi.<ref>https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biak_language#CITEREFvan_den_Heuvel2006</ref> Misali, itace a Biak ana kiranta da 'bangare na sama' da 'bangaren kasa', da kwalekwale 'gaba', 'tsakiya' da 'baya'.<ref name=":5">https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biak_language#CITEREFvan_den_Heuvel2006</ref>Tebur mai zuwa yana nuna tsarin jujjuyawar sunaye na wurin da ba za a raba su ba: {| class="wikitable" |+ bo ‘upper part/ area above’ ! !SG !DU !TR !PL.ANIM !Pl.INAN |- !1 | - | - | - | - | - |- !2 |bo-'''m-ri''' | - | - | - | - |- !3 |bo-'''ri''' |bo'''-n-su''' |bo-'''n-sko''' |bo-'''n-si''' |bo-'''n-na'''{{sfn|van den Heuvel|2006|p=250}} |} Suffix -n yana bayyana jam'i da rashin rai na abin mallaka (REF shafi na 250). An kwatanta tsarin mallakar wurin suna a cikin wannan misali: (21) bal ball ina-ne 3sg.spc-wannan v<y>arko <3sg> karya ro wuri karui=su-ya dutse=3du-spc bonsu juye-nsg.inan-3du 'Wannan kwallon tana kan duwatsu biyu'<ref name=":5" />. Negation Biak yana bambanta tsakanin rashin gaskiya da na wajibi (haramta). Alamar rashin gaskiya ta gaskiya shine va. Don haramtawa abin tsoro ne. Gaskiyar magana: va Negator va yana faruwa juzu'i-ƙarshe a cikin juzu'i masu jujjuyawa da juzu'i.<ref>https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biak_language#CITEREFvan_den_Heuvel2006</ref> Intransitive (22) Isyor ina-siyar 3sg-kasa-kasa ba. ba neg 'Ba karamin ruwa ba ne'<ref>https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biak_language#CITEREFvan_den_Heuvel2006</ref> Mai canzawa (23) Dan d-an 3sg- cin (i) mai (i) myef=ya banana=3sg.sp ba. ba neg 'Ba ya cin ayaba'<ref>https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biak_language#CITEREFSteinhauer2005</ref>. (24) Yafar ya-far 1sg-gaya kam kam duka i i 3sg ku ba. ba neg “Ban fadi komai ba”<ref>https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biak_language#CITEREFvan_den_Heuvel2006</ref>. (25) Roma romawa ɗa vyanine v<y>=an-i-ne <3sg>pos=giv-3sg.spc-wannan kura d- uwa 3sg ku babba babba uba isne ba-ne 3sg.pred-wannan ba, ba neg yakramu ya-kram=u 1sg-store=U seno ina = o cent = nspc.sg ba. ba neg 'Dan nasa ya ce, "Baba nan, ba ni da ko kwabo." '<ref>https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biak_language#CITEREFvan_den_Heuvel2006</ref> Ba a san gajarta (s) mai sheki ba (taimako); A cikin juzu'i tare da hujjojin da ba na asali ba, va yana bin gardamar da ta ƙi. (26) Denf d-enf 3sg- barci ro ro wuri cin abinci di-ne wuri-wannan ba. ba neg 'Ba ya barci a nan' (amma wani wuri dabam). (27) Denf d-enf 3sg- barci ba ba neg ro ro wuri cin abinci. di-ne wuri-wannan 'Ba ya barci a nan' (amma yana yin wani abu a nan)<ref>https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biak_language#CITEREFvan_den_Heuvel2006</ref>. Ana kuma amfani da Va don ƙetare jumlar ƙididdiga. (28) Guruna guru=ba malami=nspc.nsg ba. ba neg 'Babu malamai'<ref>https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biak_language#CITEREFvan_den_Heuvel2006</ref>. Gaskiyar rashin gaskiya a cikin hadadden jumla A cikin hadaddun juzu'i tare da fa, haɗin gwiwa yana bayyana sakamako, da alama cewa negator va koyaushe yana faruwa a ƙarshe a cikin jumlar. A cikin sashin magana na kwatsam wanda van den Heuvel ya tattara, babu misalai da va ya bayyana a ƙarshen sashe na farko.<ref>https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biak_language#CITEREFvan_den_Heuvel2006</ref> (29) Mansren Manseren Ubangiji Yesu Yesu Yesu ipok zan-pok 3sg- iya fa fa CONS yafarander v<y>e-farander <3sg>vbz-manta ku ku 1 pl. hada ba. ba neg 'Ubangiji Yesu ba zai iya manta da mu ba.'<ref>https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biak_language#CITEREFvan_den_Heuvel2006</ref> Ba a sani ba gajarta (s) (taimako); A cikin wasu hadaddun sashe mai banƙyama na iya bin sashe na farko ko na ƙarshe. (30) Dar d-ar 3sg-kuka ku ku kamar yadda randip randip alade ba ba neg voi, voi amma jira d-ar 3sg-kuka ku ku kamar yadda snokaku. snokaku mutum.zamani “Ba wai ya yi kuka kamar alade ba, sai a matsayin mutum<ref>https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biak_language#CITEREFvan_den_Heuvel2006</ref>. (31) Sansun sansun tufafi vyena v<y>e=na <3sg>pos=3pl.inan.spc naisa na-is-ya 3pl.inan-pred-cewa voi, voi amma daknayu d-aka-na-yu 3sg-kuma-da-YU sarako aiki=o munduwa=nspc.sg ba. ba neg ' Tufafinsa na nan, amma ba shi da wani munduwa.' <ref>https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biak_language#CITEREFvan_den_Heuvel2006</ref> Unknown short glossing (s) (taimako); (32) Vyeurus v<y>e-urus <3sg>vbz-shirya pyum pyum mai kyau bakn bakn jiki vyedine v<y>e=d-i-ne <3sg>vbz=3sg-spc-wannan ba ba neg rao rao har zuwa isofro isofro 3sg-scabi mai girma. d-armakar "Bai kula da jikinsa sosai ba, har sai da ya samu ciwon kai."<ref>https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biak_language#CITEREFSneddon2010</ref> Rashin daidaito a cikin adadin kalmomi tsakanin layi: 8 kalmomi (s) a layi na 1, 8 kalmomi (s) a layi na 2, 7 kalma. (s) a layi na 3 (taimako); Da bukan Bukan lamuni ne daga Malay/Indonesiyan. A cikin Indonesiya, yin amfani da bukan, a wajen aikinsa na ƙeta kalmomin suna, yana nuna fifiko.<ref>https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biak_language#CITEREFvan_den_Heuvel2006</ref> Yin amfani da bukan a cikin Biak kuma ya bayyana yana nuna girmamawa - a cikin misalan da van den Heuvel ya bayar, yana amfani da shi lokacin da aka ba da bambanci. Ana amfani da Bukan a hade tare da va. Bukan ya gabaci fi’ili na farko kuma va yana wurin da ya saba a karshen sashe<ref>https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biak_language#CITEREFvan_den_Heuvel2006</ref>. (33) Indiya indiya haka bukan bukan neg kokain ko-kain 1pl.hada-zauna kofafyar ko-fafiyar 1pl.incl-gaya son zuciya son zuciya saba ba. ba neg "Saboda haka ba mu (kawai) muna zaune muna ba da labari a nan (amma a yi taro mai tsanani)"<ref>https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biak_language#CITEREFvan_den_Heuvel2006</ref>. (34) Pendeta pendeta minista kura d- uwa 3sg ku "a, a a bukan bukan neg yakofn ya-kofn 1sg - magana ku ku ku ku ku 1 pl. hada vape vape amma yakofn ya-kofn 1sg - magana ku ku ku warga warga memba jematsi. jemat=s-i coci=3pl.anim-spc “Wazirin ya ce: “Ah, ban faɗa mana haka ba, amma ga ’yan ikilisiya!”<ref>https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biak_language#CITEREFvan_den_Heuvel2006</ref> Muhimmiyar rashin fahimta: awer Ana amfani da maƙarƙashiyar alama don warware jayayya a cikin mutum 1st, 2nd da 3rd <ref>https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biak_language#CITEREFvan_den_Heuvel2006</ref>. Mutum na 1 (36) Voi voi amma kowa ku-myof 1pl.hada-kare saitin saitin rabi awar awar proh i i 3sg ku voi voi amma kowa ku-myof 1 pl. hada- kaku kaku kare i i gaskiya kam kam 3sg ku fa… fa duka CONS "Kuma kada mu kare rabinsa, amma bari mu kare gaba dayansa, domin..."<ref>https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biak_language#CITEREFvan_den_Heuvel2006</ref> Rashin daidaituwa a cikin adadin kalmomin tsakanin layi: kalmomi 11 (s) a cikin layi na 1, 11 kalma (s) a layi 2, 12 kalmomi (s) a layi na 3 (taimako); Ba a sani ba gajarta (s) mai sheki (taimako); Mutum na 2 (37) Wenf w-enf 2sg-barci awar! awar neg 'Kada ku yi barci!'<ref>https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biak_language#CITEREFReesink2002</ref> Mutum na 3 (38) Ipok zan-pok 3sg- iya vyunk v<y>ku <3sg>shafa.kashe awar awar ba mnor mnor gamsai vyena. v<y>e=na <3sg>pos=3pl.inan.spc "Ba a yarda da shi ya goge gabobinsa ba"<ref>https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biak_language#CITEREFvan_den_Heuvel2006</ref>. Sauran masu adawa Don bayyana 'ba tukuna' ba, Biak yana amfani da alamar vanim/vaim. Domin 'ba'a ƙara yin amfani da ita ba.<ref>https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biak_language#CITEREFvan_den_Heuvel2006</ref> (39) Ono ku zo indef.pl sibur sa-bur 3pl.anim-bari ku ku ku movo mov=o wuri = nspc.sg movo mov=o wuri = nspc.sg wata wata tukuna kam kam duka vo vo sim (…) Har yanzu ba a sami wasu mutanen da suka tafi wasu wurare da kuma (...)<ref name=":6">https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biak_language#CITEREFvan_den_Heuvel2006</ref>. (40) Sikafkif si-kaf~kif 3pl.an-maimaita~ karba fa fa CONS sukewar s-sewar 3pl.an-nema aiki aiki munduwa ini. ina-ne 3sg.spc-wannan Ma ma kuma sisrow za-zama 3pl.an-nemo i i 3sg ku banza. banza tukuna 'Su (kaji) suna karba don nemo wannan munduwa. Kuma ba su same shi ba tukuna.'[43] Unknown short glossing (s) (taimako); (41) Bukuno buku=ba littafin = nspc.nsg waje. wani-e tukuna 'Babu littattafai tukuna'[36]. (42) Isyor I-siyar 3sg-kasa-kasa wata wata sake ba. ba ba "Ba a sake yin guguwa ba."<ref>https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biak_language#CITEREFReesink2002</ref>. Ra'ayin nau'in nau'i A cikin harsunan Austronesian, ƙetare yawanci yakan riga da abin da aka gani. Don haka Biak, tare da saɓani na ƙarshe, yana da kama da wannan fasalin. Ƙarshe na ƙarshe, duk da haka, siffa ce ta gama gari a yankin Gabashin Tsuntsayen Tsibirin Gabas, a cikin harsunan Austronesian da Papuan. Ya bayyana asalin Papuan ne.<ref name=":6" /> ==Lambobi== {| class="wikitable" |+ Biak numerals{{sfn|van den Heuvel|2006|p=140}} |- ! ! Biak |- ! 1 | {{lang|bhw|eser/oser}} |- ! 2 | {{lang|bhw|suru}} |- ! 3 | {{lang|bhw|kyor}} |- ! 4 | {{lang|bhw|fyak}} |- ! 5 | {{lang|bhw|rim}} |- ! 6 | {{lang|bhw|wonem}} |- ! 7 | {{lang|bhw|fik}} |- ! 8 | {{lang|bhw|war}} |- ! 9 | {{lang|bhw|siw}} |- ! 10 | {{lang|bhw|samfur}} |- ! 11 | {{lang|bhw|samfur sesr oser}} |- ! 20 | {{lang|bhw|samfur di suru}} |- ! 100 | {{lang|bhw|utin}} |- ! 1000 | {{lang|bhw|syáran}} |} ==Kamus== ANIM animate GIV given INAN inanimate INCL inclusive INDEF indefinite LOC locative NEG negator NSG non-singular NSP nonspecific PL plural POS possessive marker PRED predicate REL relativiser SG singular SIM simultaneous SPC specific U ‘filler’ VBZ verbaliser == Manazarta == jqors5dlqz9yy2qx42awsyaapi3p2pd 0 73545 894996 390639 2026-08-11T14:51:41Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 894996 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''Charl Justin Timotheus''' (an haife shi a shekara ta 1982) ɗan wasan kwaikwayo ne na Afirka ta Kudu, marubuci, darektan, furodusa, marubucin allo da furodusa.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Timotheus Charl - gallery |url=https://en.allpowerlifting.com/lifters/ZAF/Timotheus-Charl-5327/gallery/ |access-date=2021-10-20 |website=en.allpowerlifting.com}}</ref> fi saninsa da rawar da ya taka a matsayin Ziggy Arendse a cikin wasan kwaikwayo na sabulu Backstage .<ref>{{Cite web |title=Charl Timotheus: TVSA |url=https://www.tvsa.co.za/actors/viewactor.aspx?actorid=4450 |access-date=2021-10-20 |website=www.tvsa.co.za}}</ref> == Rayuwa ta farko == An haifi Timotheus a Kimberley, Afirka ta Kudu . Ya kammala karatu tare da digiri na farko a fannin fina-finai da wasan kwaikwayo daga Jami'ar Cape Town .<ref>{{Cite web |title=Charl Timotheus – Contractors |url=https://contractors.org.za/product/charl-timotheus/ |access-date=2021-10-20 |language=en-US |archive-date=2021-10-20 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211020175230/https://contractors.org.za/product/charl-timotheus/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> == Ayyuka == Baya ga talabijin, ya bayyana a cikin wasannin mataki kamar Oedipus Rex, Resurrection of Lazarus, Kopano Residence Play, Charl Timotheus, Between the Lines, da The Passion .<ref>{{Cite web |title=Charl Timotheus filmography |url=https://www.artistconnection.co.za/artists/12/cv.pdf |access-date=2021-10-20 |website=artistconnection}}</ref> A shekara ta 2000, Timotheus ya shiga aikin e.tv. wasan kwaikwayo na sabulu Backstage tare da rawar Ziggy Arendse . <ref>{{Cite web |title=Yo! Charl, where have you been? |url=https://www.news24.com/channel/The-Juice/yo-charl-where-have-you-been-20160318 |access-date=2021-10-20 |website=Channel |language=en-US}}</ref>Matsayin zama sananne sosai inda ya taka rawar har zuwa ƙarshen wasan kwaikwayon a shekara ta 2007. Tun daga shekara ta 2005, an fara wasan kwaikwayon kansa mai taken ''Tjooning'' a cikin wannan wasan kwaikwayon Backstage . Nunin yana da tsawon minti biyar wanda ya haɗa da ra'ayin Ziggy game da batun ranar. Bayan haka, akwai kuma hira ta minti uku da ke nuna masu wasan kwaikwayo. Nunin yi tarihi tare da wannan wasan kwaikwayon a cikin wasan kwaikwayon, ya zama karo na farko a tarihin soapie, inda mai wasan kwaikwayo ke magana kai tsaye a cikin kyamara kuma yana sadarwa tare da masu kallo a can. Baya ga Backstage, ya kuma bayyana a cikin sabulu da yawa na talabijin da jerin shirye-shirye kamar; ''Malan a Kie'', ''Vallei van Sluiers I da II'', Get Out Alive da Taryn & Sharon . A cikin 2018, ya shiga cikin simintin SABC2 soapie 7de Laan tare da rawar "Dylan". Ya kuma yi aiki a matsayin mai samar da abun ciki ga Urban Brew Studios, kuma daya daga cikin manyan masu samar da YO-TV da ke kula da shirye-shiryen kai tsaye. == Hotunan fina-finai == {| class="wikitable" !Shekara !Fim din !Matsayi !Irin wannan !Tabbacin. |- |2000 |''Bayan fage'' |Ziggy Arendse |Shirye-shiryen talabijin | |- |2008 |''Malan a Kie'' |Clyde |Shirye-shiryen talabijin | |- |2010 |''Vallei van Sluiers'' |Bertito Lopez |Shirye-shiryen talabijin | |- |2010 |''Fitowa Rayayyu'' |Mai satar mutane |Shirye-shiryen talabijin | |- |2011 |''Vallei van Sluiers na II'' |Bertito Lopez |Shirye-shiryen talabijin | |- |2013 |''Birnin Rhythm'' |Wayne |Shirye-shiryen talabijin | |- |2017 |''Taryn da Sharon'' |Rocky |Shirye-shiryen talabijin | |- |2018 |''Laan na 7'' |Dylan |Shirye-shiryen talabijin | |} == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} [[Category:Haihuwan 1991]] [[Category:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Category:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] 4i9tgdxehsbh4vbevp1z4n9wz3xk8ee 0 73550 895358 878020 2026-08-12T04:32:33Z Baffa ali 47435 /* growthexperiments-addlink-summary-summary:3|0|0 */ 895358 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox person|suna=Hear Word!|image=Hear_Word!.jpg|caption=Ifeoma Fafunwa|citizenship=Nigeria|Gama mulki=Taiwo Ajai-Lycett Joke Silva Ufuoma McDermott Elvina Ibru Omonor Zara Udofia-Ejoh Odenike Rita Edward Debbie Ohiri Oluchi Odii Toluwanimi Arawomo]}} '''Hear Word! or Hear Word! Naija Woman Talk True''' wasa ne na [[Ifeoma Fafunwa]] . Tari ne na kade-kade da wake-wake da raye-rayen da suka samo asali daga labaran rayuwa na gaskiya na gwagwarmayar matan Najeriya don daidaito, aminci, da samun dama da jagoranci. Sama da membobin masu sauraro 120,000 ne suka kalli wasan kuma ''New York Times'' da ''Boston Globe'' sun sake duba shi sosai. An fara wasan ne a [[Lagos (birni)|Legas]], Nijeriya a cikin 2014 a Cibiyar Musical Society of Nigeria (MUSON) Cibiyar kuma ta fara halarta ta duniya a Jami'ar Harvard da ke Cambridge, [[Massachusetts]].<ref name="etisalat2">{{cite news|url=https://www.thenigerianvoice.com/lifestyle/201361/etisalat-sponsored-hear-word-returns-to-stage.html|title=Etisalat –Sponsored Hear Word! Returns To Stage|last=Peter|first=Uche|date=31 December 2015|work=Nigerian Voice|access-date=6 April 2020|location=Lagos, Nigeria}}</ref> <ref name="vang2">{{cite news|url=https://www.vanguardngr.com/2018/03/ifeoma-fafunwas-hear-word-preaches-change-stage/|title=Ifeoma Fafunwa’s Hear Word preaches change on stage|last=Alakam|first=Japhet|date=7 March 2018|work=Nigerian Voice|access-date=6 April 2020|location=Lagos, Nigeria}}</ref><ref name="report2">{{cite news|url=https://americanrepertorytheater.org/shows-events/hear-word-naija-woman-talk-true-2016/|title=Hear Word! Naija WOman Talk True|date=14 April 2016|work=American Repertory Theatre|access-date=6 April 2020|location=Boston, United States}}</ref> ''Ji Magana!'' shi ne wasan Najeriya na farko da aka yi a gidan wasan kwaikwayo na Amurka Repertory Theater . == Bayani == ' Ji Kalma! ''Kalma!'' ''Gidauniyar iOpenEye Africa ce ke samar da ita, kuma wani lokaci tare da haɗin gwiwar gidajen wasan kwaikwayo na duniya, ƙungiyoyin sa-kai na duniya da na gida da kuma manyan kamfanoni a Najeriya.'' Wasan yana gudana na tsawon mintuna 90 kuma ƴan wasan kwaikwayo mata 10 ne suka gabatar da wasan, ƴan wasan kaɗa maza 3 da darekta mace 1. Gidan wasan kwaikwayo ne na agitprop kuma ana iya yin shi ba tare da saiti ba ko a cikin takamaiman wurin. Wani lokaci ƴan wasan kwaikwayo za su yi guguwa a kan titi, suna yin wasan kwaikwayon ba tare da sanarwa ba a kasuwanni, tashoshin mota da harabar jami'a. Nunin ya shafi ainihin batutuwan da suka shafi rayuwar mata da ke iyakance damar su na samun 'yancin kai, jagoranci da gudummawa mai ma'ana ga al'umma. A ƙarshen kowane nunin, masu sauraro za su iya shiga cikin matsakaicin zaman tattaunawa na buɗe ido, wanda ya haɗa da ƴan wasan kwaikwayo da masu ruwa da tsaki na al'amuran jinsi na gida. == Makirci == Wasan yana farawa ne da kalmomi masu sauƙi da ɗan ban dariya waɗanda ke nuna yanayin yau da kullun inda mata ke kewaya duniyar ubanni inda aka ware su: groping, cin zarafi, ware da sauransu gami da fage waɗanda ke nuna ƙarfin hali ga hanyoyin da mata da kansu ke ba da gudummawa ga nasu saniyar ware. Wannan rashin zuciya ba da daɗewa ba ya ba da damar zuwa ga wani sashe na maganganu guda ɗaya waɗanda ke bayyana hanyoyi masu lahani waɗanda ake azabtar da mata, ba su da daraja, da zalunta: gami da lalata, auren yara, fyade, fataucin jima'i, da tashin hankali a cikin gida . Wannan sashe mai raɗaɗi yana ɗauke da kiraye-kirayen yin aiki a cikin nau'in rera waƙa a cikin [[Yarbanci|harshen Yarbanci]] wanda ke gabatar da kashi na biyu na wasan mai kayatarwa da wartsakewa tare da hotuna masu ƙarfi na juriya, nasara da biki. Wasan ya ƙare da wani yanki wanda ya sake ɗaukar jigogi daban-daban a cikin wasan kwaikwayon, da kuma jan hankalin masu sauraro kai tsaye don shiga, ɗaukar mataki, da zama wani ɓangare na mafita. == Fage == ''Ji Magana!'' An samo shi daga jimlar Pidgin-Turanci na Najeriya, wanda ke nufin ''"Saurara kuma Ka Bi"'' . [[Ifeoma Fafunwa]], marubuciyar wasan kwaikwayo, furodusa kuma darakta ta Najeriya ce ta ƙirƙira kuma ta rubuta shi. A shekara ta 2001, ta fara rubutawa, tsarawa da kuma tattara labaran da suka shafi mata a fadin Najeriya, da kuma nata labaran nata, wasu daga cikinsu sun kare a cikin wasan kwaikwayo, Ji Magana! Wasan ya gabatar da cikakken ra'ayi game da cikas da matan Najeriya ke fuskanta, da suka hada da labarun cin zarafi a cikin gida, rashin mata masu mulki, juriya da tsayin daka, ruguza al'adar yin shiru, juya halin da ake ciki, cin zarafi, rashin mutuntawa, jarumtaka, 'yan uwantaka. da farin ciki. Wasan ya samo asali ne daga ''Masoyan Farji Monologues'' da ''Ga 'Yan Mata Masu Kala Da Suka Yi La'akarin Kashe Kai'' . == Sharhi == ''Ji Magana!'' yanzu sama da mambobi 120,000 masu sauraro kai tsaye ne suka kalli Afirka, Turai da Amurka. Bayan rangadi a fadin Najeriya, an fara baje kolin wasan kwaikwayon na kasa da kasa a Jami'ar Harvard sannan kuma ya ci gaba da baje kolin duniya a fitattun gidajen wasan kwaikwayo irin su Frascati Theater ([[Amsterdam]]), The Public Theatre (New York), The Thalia Theater ([[Hamburg]]), Segerstron Center for Arts ( Costa Mesa), da Edinburgh International Festival. A cikin 2018, ''Ji Magana!'' An sayar da shi ga masu sauraro daban-daban a gidan wasan kwaikwayo na Amurka Repertory. An nuna aikin a matsayin mai buɗe taron na Majalisar Dinkin Duniya 2018 Hukumar Kula da Matsayin Mata a cikin Maris 2018. <nowiki><i id="mwWw">Harvard</i></nowiki> <nowiki><i id="mwXA">Crimson</i></nowiki> a cikin nazarin wasan kwaikwayon, ya yaba da ikonsa na magance radadin cin zarafi da cin zarafi, inda ya bayyana cewa an cimma shi ''ba tare da aibu ba saboda ƙwararren rubutun da kuma ƴan wasan kwaikwayo masu kula da rikice-rikice masu rikitarwa tare da kulawa'' . ''Boston Globe'' kamar yadda ya bayyana wasan kwaikwayon a matsayin "kira ga hadin kai da karfafa mata". Ben Brantley na ''New York Times'' ya rubuta "Hasken da ke haskakawa daga simintin gyare-gyare na mata duka yana da haske da zafin wuta mai zafi." ''Sahara Reporters'' sun furta shi a matsayin "mai ban sha'awa sosai kamar yadda yake da zurfin falsafa." == liyafar == A ranar 31 ga Disamba, 2018, ƴan wasan kwaikwayo da ma'aikatan ''Ji Kalma!'' An gudanar da wani gagarumin taro da kamfanin [[Air France]] a [[Filin jirgin saman Lagos|filin jirgin Murtala Mohammed]] da ke Legas, ma'aikatan filin jirgin sun yi wa 'yan iska da kuma daukar hotuna tare da 'yan wasan kwaikwayo. A cikin Janairu 2019 wasan kwaikwayon da aka yi a New York's Premiere Off-Broadway - The Public Theatre, kuma ''Theater Mania'' ya bayyana shi a matsayin ''"aikin farin ciki na fitar da fasaha"'' . Wani bita a cikin ''[[New York Times]]'' ya ce ''"A ƙarshen" JI MAGANA!'' ''Naija Woman Talk True," daga kamfanin iOpenEye Ltd. na Najeriya, hasken da ke haskakawa daga simintin sa na mata duka yana da haske da zafin wuta mai zafi."'' ''Ji Magana!'' Har ila yau, an ƙaddamar da shi a Cibiyar Segerstrom a Costa Mesa, California gidan wasan kwaikwayo na Thalia a Hamburg, Jamus da Royal Lyceum Theatre a Edinburgh Festival a Scotland a watan Agusta, 2019. Hakanan a 2022 Yawon shakatawa na Yammacin Afirka (Accra, Abuja, Ibadan, Legas), Cocin Elevation, da ''Shugabannin Bangaskiya da Al'adu.'' Ilham ta Ji Magana! , tare da haɗin gwiwar Theater de Namur (Namur) da Theater Varia (Belgium), Ifeoma ta yi aiki tare da mata na yau da kullum, 'yan wasan kwaikwayo da masu fassara don haɓaka wasan kwaikwayo mai suna Écoute - nuni na rashin daidaito da cin zarafin jinsi a cikin al'ummar Belgian yau da kullum. Ji Magana! an yi wa matan gwamnonin jihohin Najeriya 36 a Aso Rock. An yi shi a biranen Afirka da dama da suka hada da Legas, Accra, [[Benin City (Birnin Benin)|Benin City]], Enugu, Abeokuta, Nsukka, Ibadan, Abuja, Makoko, Ife, Addis Ababa, [[Monrovia]] da sauran kasashen duniya a garuruwa irinsu Cambridge, Hamburg, Edinburgh, New York, Boston. Costa Mesa, Hartford, Amsterdam. An gudanar da wasan kwaikwayon a Makarantu da Jami'o'i da suka hada da; Jami'ar Legas, Jami'ar Ibadan, Jami'ar Ife, Jami'ar Najeriya, Nsukka, Jami'ar Ibadan, Jami'ar Ife, Jami'ar Jihar Connecticut, Jami'ar Harvard, Kwalejin St. Gregory, Kwalejin Holy Child, Makarantar International Children's International School A cikin 2020 da 2021, EU da British Council ta hanyar shirin ROLAC sun goyi bayan nunin a Abuja da Legas. A cikin 2022, wasan kwaikwayon ya tafi birane biyar a yammacin Afirka. Gidauniyar Ford ce ta tallafa wa shirin. == Manazarta == [[Category:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] mqb7ur9ftbbim2p0hh8jcq8we5iw2e5 0 73933 895355 827877 2026-08-12T04:31:08Z CommonsDelinker 75 Removing [[:c:File:Anwesh_and_Kaneez_Surka_for_Bumble_India.jpg|Anwesh_and_Kaneez_Surka_for_Bumble_India.jpg]], it has been deleted from Commons by [[:c:User:Krd|Krd]] because: No permission since 4 August 2026. 895355 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} [[File:XdtlSbNj.jpg_large.jpg |thumb|Kaneez Surka ]] '''Kaneez Surka''' ƴar wasan kwaikwayo ce ta Afirka ta Kudu, ƴar wasan ban dariya, kuma Mai amfani da yanar gizo na asalin Indiya, wanda ke aiki galibi a Indiya. Ta fara aikinta ne tare da shirin wasan kwaikwayon The Week That Wasn't.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/art-and-culture/people-find-it-easily-digestible-when-guys-are-a-little-crude-comedian-kaneez-surka/story-BwrFZth9a6Dsc8RwXwRilK.html|title=People find it easily digestible when guys are a little crude: Comedian Kaneez Surka|date=2016-12-15|work=Hindustan Times|access-date=2018-08-15|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/web-series/kaneez-surka-aib-amazon-prime-video-5172736/|title=Kaneez Surka on stand-up, multiculturalism and political humour|date=2018-05-13|work=The Indian Express|access-date=2018-08-15|language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.mid-day.com/articles/kaneez-surka-im-scared-to-do-stand-up-comedy/19633162|title=Kaneez Surka: I m scared to do stand-up comedy|date=2018-07-24|work=mid-day|access-date=2018-08-15|language=en}}{{Dead link|date=April 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://t2online.com/lifestyle/from-metoo-to-bolly-humour-kaneez-surka-really-random-rapid-fire/cid/18784|title=From #MeToo to Bolly humour: Kaneez Surka takes our really random rapid fire|website=t2online.com|language=en|access-date=2018-08-15|archive-date=31 March 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190331025156/http://t2online.com/lifestyle/from-metoo-to-bolly-humour-kaneez-surka-really-random-rapid-fire/cid/18784|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.firstpost.com/entertainment/watch-mallika-dua-kaneez-surka-reprise-roles-in-aibs-if-apps-were-people-2-4124807.html|title=Watch: Mallika Dua, Kaneez Surka reprise roles in AIB's If Apps Were People 2|work=Firstpost|access-date=2018-08-15|language=en-US}}</ref> Ta yi aiki a kan dandamali daban-daban. Ta kasance alƙali a farkon lokutan biyu na wasan kwaikwayo na gaskiya na Amazon Prime Video Comicstaan.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://businessofcinema.com/bollywood_news/comicstaans-latest-episode-focuses-on-kaneez-surkas-improv-round/424196|title=Comicstaan's Latest Episode Focuses On Kaneez Surka's Improv Round!|date=2018-07-24|work=Businessofcinema.com|access-date=2018-08-15|language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.glamsham.com/en/comicstaans-latest-episode-focuses-on-kaneez-surkas-improve-round|title=Comicstaan's latest episode focuses on Kaneez Surka's improve round!|website=Glamsham|access-date=2018-08-15}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.thequint.com/entertainment/hot-on-web/amazon-prime-video-comicstaan-review-the-future-is-pretty-funny|title='Comicstaan' Review: The Future Looks Pretty Funny|work=The Quint|access-date=2018-08-15|language=en}}</ref> Kuma ta karɓi baƙuncin wasan kwaikwayo na kan layi, The General Fun Game Show a [[YouTube]].<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.mid-day.com/articles/youtube-series-comedians-books-reading-the-botcast-books-on-toast/18071158|title=Comedians talk about books they read in new YouTube series|date=2017-03-14|work=mid-day|access-date=2018-08-15|language=en}}{{Dead link|date=April 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://mumbaimirror.indiatimes.com/others/things-to-do/things-to-do-in-mumbai-today/articleshow/65409027.cms|title=Things to do in Mumbai today|work=Mumbai Mirror|access-date=2018-08-15}}</ref> == Farkon rayuwa == An haifi Kaneez Surka kuma ta girma a Mthatha, [[Afirka ta Kudu]]. Ta yi karatu a DSG, Makarantar Graham kuma ta halarci Jami'ar Rhodes, inda ta sami digiri na farko a fannin shari'a da ilimin halayyar ɗan Adam. == Fina-finai == === Web === {| class="wikitable" |2021 |[[Netflix]] |[[Comedy Premium League]] |Stand-up comedy |- |2020 |[[Netflix]] |[[Ladies up]] |Stand-up comedy |- |2018 |[[Amazon Prime Video]] |[[Improv All Stars: Games Night]] |Show conceptualiser, producer and host |- |2005 |Film |[[Dosti: Friends Forever]] |Debut Film (Kareena Kapoor's Date.Time stamp from 01:49:30 to 01:51:25) |- |2014 |TV series |The Living Room | |- |2016 |TV mini-series |How Insensitive! By Kanan Gill |Plays various side-characters |- |2015-2016 |YouTube |AIB Honest Series |AIB: Honest Bars & Restaurants Part 1, 2, 3 AIB: Honest Indian Weddings Part 1, 2 |- |2016 |TV series |Better Life Foundation |Plays Vashma Chandi (1 episode) |- |2017 |YouTube Series |Son of Abish |Season 3 with [[Swara Bhaskar]] (Episode 7)<ref>{{Citation|last=Abish Mathew|title=Son Of Abish feat. Kaneez Surka & Swara Bhaskar|date=2017-11-24|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=quAWroEKQUI|access-date=2018-10-17}}</ref> |- | rowspan="2" |2018 | rowspan="2" |[[Amazon Prime]] |The Improvisers: Something from Nothing |Herself |- |[[Comicstaan]] Season 1 |Herself - Judge |- |2019 |[[Amazon Prime]] |[[Comicstaan]] Season 2 |Herself - Judge |} ==Manazarta== {{reflist}} ==Hanyoyin Hadi na waje== * {{IMDb name|nm8595003}} {{authority control}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Surka, Kaneez}} [[Category:Rayayyun mutane]] ocl2rne0hytj6zhtdwb7smirpfqf5i4 0 73991 895425 695536 2026-08-12T08:06:06Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 5 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 895425 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} [[Fayil:Aksam 1934 nisan 22.pdf|thumb|jaridan bayanan '''Eric Mabedi''']] '''Eric Mabedi''' (8 Fabrairu 1965 - 2 Agusta 2021) ɗan wasan barkwanci ne <ref>{{Cite web |last=Itai |first=Brian |date=2021-08-03 |title=Emotional farewell for actor Eric Mabedi |url=https://mwnation.com/emotional-farewell-for-actor-eric-mabedi/ |access-date=2023-12-01 |website=The Nation Online |language=en-US}}</ref>na Malawi kuma ɗan wasan kwaikwayo wanda aka fi sani da sunansa na mataki kamar Jakobo . <ref>{{Cite web |last=Itai |first=Brian |date=2021-08-03 |title=Emotional farewell for actor Eric Mabedi |url=https://mwnation.com/emotional-farewell-for-actor-eric-mabedi/ |access-date=2023-12-01 |website=The Nation Online |language=en-US}}</ref> Ya samu karbuwa a kasa bayan ya yi tarayya da kungiyar wasan kwaikwayo ta Kwathu wanda a cikinsa yake cikin rukunin 'Izeki ndi Jacobo'. Ya mutu a ranar Litinin, 2 ga Agusta, 2021, a asibitin Mwaiwathu mai zaman kansa a Blantyre saboda COVID-19. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Itai |first=Brian |date=2021-08-03 |title=Emotional farewell for actor Eric Mabedi |url=https://mwnation.com/emotional-farewell-for-actor-eric-mabedi/ |access-date=2023-12-01 |website=The Nation Online |language=en-US}}</ref> Ya yi haɗin gwiwa tare da John Nyanga a cikin wasan kwaikwayon Izeki ndi Jakobo. Ya fito ne daga kauyen Thumbwe a gundumar Chiradzulu. An kuma danganta shi da Bon Kalindo wanda aka fi sani da Winiko. Ya <ref>{{Cite web |last=News |first=Times |date=2023-06-26 |title=Jakobo remembered |url=https://times.mw/jakobo-remembered/ |access-date=2023-12-01 |website=The Times Group |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Ngwira |first=Robert |date=2021-08-03 |title=Veteran Actor Eric Mabedi’s burial today at CI Cemetery |url=https://www.faceofmalawi.com/2021/08/03/veteran-actor-eric-mabedis-burial-today-at-ci-cemetery/ |access-date=2023-12-01 |website=Face of Malawi |language=en-US |archive-date=2024-03-07 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240307215630/https://www.faceofmalawi.com/2021/08/03/veteran-actor-eric-mabedis-burial-today-at-ci-cemetery/ |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2021-08-04 |title=Sombre Mood as Comedian Eric Mabedi Laid to Rest at CI: Pictorial Focus |url=https://www.malawivoice.com/2021/08/04/sombre-mood-as-comedian-eric-mabedi-laid-to-rest-at-ci-pictorial-focus/ |access-date=2023-12-01 |website=Malawi Voice |language=en-US |archive-date=2024-03-07 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240307214127/https://www.malawivoice.com/2021/08/04/sombre-mood-as-comedian-eric-mabedi-laid-to-rest-at-ci-pictorial-focus/ |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Ngwira |first=Robert |date=2021-08-02 |title=Lucius shocked with Eric Mabedi’s death |url=https://www.faceofmalawi.com/2021/08/02/lucius-shocked-with-eric-mabedis-death/ |access-date=2023-12-01 |website=Face of Malawi |language=en-US |archive-date=2024-03-07 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240307221134/https://www.faceofmalawi.com/2021/08/02/lucius-shocked-with-eric-mabedis-death/ |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Eric Mabedi {{!}} Malawi Nyasa Times - News from Malawi about Malawi |url=https://www.nyasatimes.com/tag/eric-mabedi/ |access-date=2023-12-01 |website=www.nyasatimes.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Ngwira |first=Robert |date=2021-08-02 |title=Chilima in emotional tribute to Actor Eric Mabedi: ‘Talent Robbed, Era Gone, Chapter Closed’ |url=https://www.faceofmalawi.com/2021/08/02/chilima-in-emotional-tribute-to-actor-eric-mabedi-talent-robbed-era-gone-chapter-closed/ |access-date=2023-12-01 |website=Face of Malawi |language=en-US |archive-date=2024-03-07 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240307222639/https://www.faceofmalawi.com/2021/08/02/chilima-in-emotional-tribute-to-actor-eric-mabedi-talent-robbed-era-gone-chapter-closed/ |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Ngwira |first=Robert |date=2021-08-02 |title=Veteran Actor Eric Mabedi’s burial tomorrow |url=https://www.faceofmalawi.com/2021/08/02/veteran-actor-eric-mabedis-burial-tomorrow/ |access-date=2023-12-01 |website=Face of Malawi |language=en-US |archive-date=2024-03-07 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240307222638/https://www.faceofmalawi.com/2021/08/02/veteran-actor-eric-mabedis-burial-tomorrow/ |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Ngwira |first=Robert |date=2021-08-02 |title=Comedian Eric Mabedi dies |url=https://www.faceofmalawi.com/2021/08/02/comedian-eric-mabedi-dies/ |access-date=2023-12-01 |website=Face of Malawi |language=en-US |archive-date=2024-03-07 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240307215631/https://www.faceofmalawi.com/2021/08/02/comedian-eric-mabedi-dies/ |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Magalasi |first=Mufunanji |date=2008 |title=Malawian Popular Commercial Stage Drama: Origins, Challenges and Growth |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/25065277 |journal=Journal of Southern African Studies |volume=34 |issue=1 |pages=161–177 |issn=0305-7070}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=News |first=Nigeria |date=2021-08-02 |title=Comedian Eric Mabedi dies {{!}} Face of Malawi |url=https://www.ghanamma.com/ng/2021/08/02/comedian-eric-mabedi-dies-face-of-malawi/ |access-date=2023-12-01 |website=Ghanamma.com |language=en-US |archive-date=2024-03-07 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240307214126/https://www.ghanamma.com/ng/2021/08/02/comedian-eric-mabedi-dies-face-of-malawi/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> == Manazarta == [[Category:Matattun 2021]] [[Category:Haihuwan 1965]] 83vovga40renmpo67nx6ceijbzghdbq 0 74096 895111 706951 2026-08-11T17:01:25Z Ummun Sultan 23935 895111 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''John Vlismas''' (an haife shi 13 Mayun shekarar 1973) ɗan wasan barkwanci wasan kwaikwayo ne na Afirka ta Kudu kuma mai tallata nishaɗi .<ref>{{cite web|title=Who's Who SA: John Vlismas|url=http://www.whoswho.co.za/john-vlismas-5551|publisher=whoswhosa.co.za|accessdate=3 April 2013|archive-date=5 October 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121005184009/http://www.whoswho.co.za/john-vlismas-5551|url-status=dead}}</ref> Vlismas ya lashe lambar yabo ta Afirka ta Kudu ta 2007 don mafi kyawun ɗan wasan kwaikwayo na shekara kuma ya kasance dan wasan karshe a cikin 2008 Yuk Yuk's Great Canadian Laugh Off .<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.spling.co.za/movie-reviews/card/outrageous|title=SPLING &#124; Movie Critic &#124; Movie Reviews &#124; Film News &#124; Celeb Interviews – Outrageous! &#124; Comedy|access-date=2024-03-06|archive-date=2016-03-03|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303221643/http://www.spling.co.za/movie-reviews/card/outrageous|url-status=dead}}</ref> A watan Afrilu na shekara ta 2014, Vlismas ya kasance wani ɓangare na kwamitin a Comedy Central Africa's Roast na Kenny Kunene da Steve Hofmeyr .<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.spling.co.za/movie-reviews/card/outrageous|title=SPLING &#124; Movie Critic &#124; Movie Reviews &#124; Film News &#124; Celeb Interviews – Outrageous! &#124; Comedy|access-date=2024-03-06|archive-date=2016-03-03|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303221643/http://www.spling.co.za/movie-reviews/card/outrageous|url-status=dead}}</ref> == See also == * Jerin masu wasan kwaikwayo == Manazarta == [[Category:Haifaffun 1973]] [[Category:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Category:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] <references /> [[Category:Mutanan Afrika ta kudu]] [[Category:Maza]] aq4e9jlxagzipk4x9ng63xzb4n8jskc 0 74757 895491 875400 2026-08-12T09:44:04Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 895491 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''Fanele Ntuli''' (an haife ta 7 Maris 1991),<ref>{{Cite web |date=2020-10-10 |title=Fanele Ntuli Biography |url=https://savannanews.com/fanele-ntuli-biography-age-career-tv-roles-youtube-insta-pics-net-worth-durban-gen/ |access-date=2021-11-13 |website=Savanna News |language=en-US |archive-date=2026-01-19 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260119021849/https://savannanews.com/fanele-ntuli-biography-age-career-tv-roles-youtube-insta-pics-net-worth-durban-gen/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> yar wasan kwaikwayo ce ta [[Afirka ta Kudu]], mai gabatar da shirye shiryen bidiyo a talabijin da kuma YouTuber. An fi saninta da rawar da ta taka a cikin jerin shirye shiryen talabijin ''Uzalo'' da ''Durban Gen.'' <ref>{{Cite web |title=Elysian Management - Artist |url=https://www.elysian-management.com/portfolio/fanele-ntuli/ |access-date=2021-11-13 |website=Elysian Management |language=en |archive-date=2025-11-12 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251112163431/https://www.elysian-management.com/portfolio/fanele-ntuli/ |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=styleyou |date=2021-07-28 |title=Dr. Zondo from Durban Gen currently left fans in a frenzy with her latest look. |url=https://styleyou7.com/dr-zondo-from-durban-gen-currently-left-fans-in-a-frenzy-with-her-latest-look/ |access-date=2021-11-13 |website=style you 7 |language=en-US }}{{Dead link|date=July 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> == Rayuwa ta sirri == Ta shiga makarantar sakandare ta 'yan mata ta Durban a shekara ta 2003 kuma ta yi digiri a shekara ta 2008. Sannan a cikin shekara ta 2013, ta sami Takaddun shaida mafi girma akan karatun ban mamaki daga Kwalejin Oaksfields.<ref name="career">{{Cite web |title=Fanele Ntuli career |url=https://talent-etc.co.za/wp-content/uploads/2019/06/FANELE-NTULI-CV.pdf |access-date=2021-11-12 |website=talent-etc.co.za |archive-date=2021-11-13 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211113183546/https://talent-etc.co.za/wp-content/uploads/2019/06/FANELE-NTULI-CV.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref> == Sana'a == A lokacin rayuwarta a Kwalejin Oaksfields, ta yi wasan kwaikwayo a cikin wasannin kwaikwayo kamar; [[In the Love]] tare da Shakespeare tare da rawadr "Lady Mac Beth", a cikin Labarin Jane Doe a matsayin "Nurse Coco" kuma a cikin tunanin kamar "Michelle, mai sihiri". A cikin 2015, ta fara fitowa a talabijin tare da ƙaramin rawar "Yarinyar Makaranta" a cikin wasan opera sabulu Isibaya . Sa'an nan a cikin shekara ta 2016, ta shiga tare da serial Uzalo don taka rawar "Mandisa". Bayan wannan nasarar, ta shiga tare da e.tv na yau da kullum. wasan kwaikwayo na likitanci telenovela Durban Gen, inda take taka rawar "Dr Thandekile Zondo".<ref>{{Cite web |last=actors |first=Durban Gen |last2=celebrities |first2=their ages-Southern African |date=2021-07-08 |title=Get to know Dr Zondo from Durban Gen in real life |url=https://www.safrolebs.com/blog/celebs/biographies/fanele-ntuli-biography/ |access-date=2021-11-13 |website=Southern African celebrities |language=en |archive-date=2021-11-13 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211113183547/https://www.safrolebs.com/blog/celebs/biographies/fanele-ntuli-biography/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> Yanzu tana taka rawar "Nomaswazi Magwaza" a cikin serial Uzalo bayan ta buga "Mandisa" a cikin 2016. {| class="wikitable" !Shekara ! Fim ! Matsayi ! Salon ! Ref. |- | 2022 | ''Uzalo'' | Nomsawazi Magwaza | Sophie | |- | 2015 | Isibaya | Yarinyar Makaranta | telenovela | |- | 2019 | [[Ifalakhe|Ifalahe]] | Zanezulu | jerin talabijan | |- | 2019-2023 | ''Durban Gen'' | Dr Zandile Mkhize | Telenovela | |} == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} [[Category:Haihuwan 1991]] [[Category:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Category:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] 975h8s9qcx9q6udo4hne2url4sr57xb 0 74781 895314 733422 2026-08-11T23:57:39Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 895314 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''David Rees''' ɗan wasan kwaikwayo ne kuma furodusa na yankin [[Afirka]] ta Kudu. An san shi da rawar gani a fina-finai kamar ''American Ninja 4: The Annihilation'', ''Egoli: Afrikaners Plesierig'' da ''Agter elke man''.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2021-01-09 |title=Realising a childhood secret |url=https://www.citizen.co.za/entertainment/2417096/realising-a-childhood-secret/ |access-date=2021-10-17 |website=The Citizen |language=en}}</ref> == Rayuwa ta sirri == Tun yana matashi, Rees yake shan giya, inda kuma ya kasance yana amfani da smoke dagga tsawon shekaru 20. A cikin shekarar 2007 ya yi aikin gyarawa a ƙarƙashin The Addiction Action Campaign (AAC) bayan rayuwarsa ta kamu da barasa da kuma ƙwayoyi.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Egoli star finally drug-free |url=https://www.news24.com/news24/egoli-star-finally-drug-free-20080403 |access-date=2021-10-17 |website=News24 |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=News |first=Eyewitness |title=Actor speaks about kicking his addiction |url=https://ewn.co.za/2013/01/03/David-Rees-six-years-clean |access-date=2021-10-17 |website=ewn.co.za |language=en}}</ref> Ya auri abokiyar zamansa Lina. == Sana'a == A shekara ta 1990, ya yi fim a cikin fim ɗin ''American Ninja 4: The Annihilation.'' Sa'an nan a cikin shekarar 1992, ya shiga tare da M-Net Soap opera ''Egoli: Place of Gold'' kuma ya taka rawa a matsayin "Nick Naudé". Soapie ya samu karɓuwa sosai, inda ya ci gaba da taka rawa tsawon shekaru 18 a jere har zuwa shekarar 2010 inda aka kore shi saboda tada hankali.<ref>{{Cite web |title=David Rees: TVSA |url=https://www.tvsa.co.za/actors/viewactor.aspx?actorid=10535 |access-date=2021-10-17 |website=www.tvsa.co.za}}</ref> Bayan haka, ya shiga tare da wani TV serial ''Hartland'' da kuma taka rawar a matsayin "Boetman". Baya ga haka, ya kuma fito a cikin fitattun shirye-shiryen talabijin da dama kamar; ''Binnelanders'', da ''Roer Jou Voete'' . A cikin shekarar 2016, ya shiga cikin 'yan wasan fim ɗin na SABC2 soap opera ''7de Laan'', kuma ya taka rawa a matsayin "Chris Welman", mahaifin dangin Welman. Ya ci gaba da taka rawar har zuwa watan Yuli 2018. Koyaya a cikin shekarar 2020, ya koma cikin soapie kuma ya sake mayar da aikinsa.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2020-10-20 |title=David Rees returns to 7de Laan after two years |url=https://savannanews.com/david-rees-returns-to-7de-laan-after-two-years/ |access-date=2021-10-17 |website=Savanna News |language=en-US |archive-date=2025-12-08 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251208093345/https://savannanews.com/david-rees-returns-to-7de-laan-after-two-years/ |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2018-07-02 |title=David Rees on '7de Laan' exit: 'I was bored' |url=https://www.all4women.co.za/1529258/entertainment/tv/david-rees-on-7de-laan-exit-i-was-bored |access-date=2021-10-17 |website=All4Women |language=en-ZA}}</ref> == Filmography == {| class="wikitable" !Shekara ! Fim ! Matsayi ! Salon ! Ref. |- | 1990 | ''Ninja na Amurka 4: Annihilation'' | Rundunar Sojojin Delta | Fim | |- | 1990 | ''Agter elke man'' | Hannes | Fim | |- | 1992-2010 | ''Egoli: Wurin Zinare'' | Nick Naudé | jerin talabijan | |- | 2010 | ''Egoli: Afrikaners shine Plesierig'' | Niek Naudé | Fim | |- | 2010 | ''Susanna van Biljon'' | Dirk Adam | Fim | |- | 2011 | ''Hartland'' | Boetman | jerin talabijan | |- | 2013 | ''Kisan Algiers'' | | Fim | |- | 2016 | ''7 da Lan'' | Chris Welman | jerin talabijan | |- | 2016 | ''Yakin Ubana'' | Colonel Swartz | Fim | |- | 2019 | ''Tydelik Terminal'' | Game da | TV mini jerin | |} == Manazarta == [[Category:Rayayyun mutane]] 79awj9gk6swwcz5stpm3cshri6abpzs 0 77563 894895 826111 2026-08-11T12:14:17Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 894895 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''Caleb Apochi Agada''' (an haife shi 31 ga Agusta 1994) ɗan wasan [[Kwallon kwando|ƙwallon kwando]] ne ɗan Najeriya-Kanada ƙwararren ɗan wasan Prometey na Gasar Kwando ta Latvia-Estoniya . An haife shi a Najeriya kuma ya girma a Kanada, <ref>{{Cite web |last=Leawood |first=Stacey |title=HOW FAITH, ROOTS & ROLE MODELS HAVE SHAPED OVERSEAS BASKETBALL STAR CALEB AGADA & HIS PRO BASKETBALL CAREER |url=https://players.sportmanagementhub.com/caleb-agada-overseas-basketball-player/ |access-date=14 July 2021 |website=Player Side of Sport}}</ref> yana wakiltar kungiyar kwallon kwando ta Najeriya . <ref>{{Cite web |title=Caleb Agada |url=https://www.eurobasket.com/player/Caleb_Agada//Melilla_Baloncesto/266825 |access-date=17 April 2020 |website=eurobasket.com}}</ref> A cikin 2020-21 ya jagoranci gasar cin kofin kwallon kwando ta Isra'ila a maki kowane wasa kuma yana sata kowane wasa. == Rayuwar farko == An haifi Agada a [[Lafia]], Najeriya, kuma ya koma birnin Burlington na kasar Canada, yana da shekaru shida. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Osman |first=Libaan |date=January 21, 2022 |title=Caleb Agada took on Kevin Durant last summer and won. Up next is the Ontario government over which athletes are 'elite' |url=https://www.thestar.com/sports/basketball/2022/01/21/caleb-agada-took-on-kevin-durant-last-summer-and-won-his-next-target-is-the-ontario-government.html |access-date=January 28, 2022 |website=The Star}}</ref> == Aikin koleji == Agada ta buga ƙwallon kwando na kwaleji don Jami'ar Ottawa Gee-Gees daga 2012 – 2017. <ref>{{Cite web |title=AGADA CALEB |url=https://www.interperformances.com/all-players/agada-caleb/ |access-date=18 April 2020 |website=interperformance.com}}</ref> An ba shi lambar yabo ta kasa-da-baya U SPORTS Defensive Player of the Year a cikin 2015-16 da 2016-17. A matakin taro, an nada Agada a matsayin OUA First Team All-Star a cikin yanayi uku a jere daga 2014 zuwa 2017. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Caleb Agada |url=https://teams.geegees.ca/sports/mbkb/2016-17/bios/agada_caleb_7pz5 |access-date=8 August 2021 |website=teams.geegees.ca}}</ref> A cikin lokacin 2016 – 17, ya sami matsakaicin maki 14.9, sake dawowa 6.4 da taimakon 3.3 a kowane wasa a matsayin babban ɗan shekara na biyar, yana samun lambobin yabo na Teamungiyar All-Kanada ta Biyu. == Sana'ar sana'a == Agada ya fara aikinsa a kungiyar Prat Joventud ta Spain a kakar wasa ta 2017 – 18, <ref>{{Cite web |title=The Caleb Agada exterior joins the Prat 2017-18 project |url=http://www.acb.com/articulo/ver/133553 |access-date=18 April 2020 |website=acb.com}}</ref> ya sami maki 14.4, sake dawowa 4.5 da taimakon 3.3. <ref>{{Cite web |title=PRAT JUVENTUD ROSTER |url=https://www.proballers.com/basketball/team/2110/prat-juventud/2017 |access-date=18 April 2020 |website=proballers.com}}</ref> Ya koma Melilla Baloncesto a cikin lokacin 2018 – 19, <ref>{{Cite web |title=Caleb Agada, an SUV for the Dean's outside line |url=http://www.feb.es/2018/7/31/baloncesto/caleb-agada-todoterreno-para-linea-exterior-del-decano/75407.aspx |access-date=18 April 2020 |website=feb.es}}</ref> matsakaicin maki 12, sake dawowa 6.4 da taimakon 2.2. <ref>{{Cite web |title=MELILLA ROSTER |url=https://www.proballers.com/basketball/team/667/melilla/2018 |access-date=18 April 2020 |website=proballers.com}}</ref> Ya kuma taka leda a kungiyar Hamilton Honey Badgers ta Kanada a cikin Gasar Kwallon Kwando ta Elite inda ya buga wasanni biyu ga kungiyar a matsakaicin maki 10, sake dawowa 7.5 da taimakon 4 a kakar 2018 – 19. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Caleb Agada |url=https://www.honeybadgers.ca/caleb-agada |access-date=18 April 2020 |website=honeybadgers.com}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |title=Hamilton Honey Badgers Rosters |url=https://basketball.realgm.com/international/league/128/Canadian-Elite-Basketball-League/team/2049/Hamilton-Honey-Badgers/rosters/2019 |access-date=18 April 2020 |website=basketball.realgm.com}}</ref> A cikin kakar 2019-20, ya sami maki 14.7, sake dawowa 5.3 da taimako 3.7. <ref>{{Cite web |title=CALEB AGADA |url=https://www.proballers.com/basketball/player/174459/caleb-agada |access-date=18 April 2020 |website=proballers.com}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |title=Caleb Agada |url=https://basketball.realgm.com/player/Caleb-Agada/Summary/93403 |access-date=18 April 2020 |website=basketball.realgm.com}}</ref> A ranar 19 ga Mayu 2020, ya rattaba hannu tare da Hapoel Be'er Sheva na Premier League Basketball na Isra'ila . Agada ta samu maki 15, ta 6, ta taimaka 3 da sata 2 a kowane wasa. A ranar 26 ga Yuli, ya yi amfani da zaɓin sa na kasancewa tare da Hapoel Beer Sheva a cikin kakar 2020-21. A ranar 14 ga Satumba, an nada Agada a matsayin dan wasan mako bayan bayar da gudummawar maki 25, sake dawowa takwas, da taimako shida a nasara a kan Maccabi Rishon LeZion . <ref>{{Cite web |date=14 November 2020 |title=Israeli Winner League round 3 best performance: Caleb Agada (by Interperformances) |url=https://www.eurobasket.com/Israel/news/653235/Israeli-Winner-League-round-3-best-performance:-Caleb-Agada-(by-Interperformances) |access-date=14 November 2020 |website=Eurobasket}}</ref> A cikin 2020-21 ya jagoranci Gasar Kwallon Kwando ta Isra'ila a maki kowane wasa (22.9) da sata kowane wasa (2.4). <ref>{{Cite web |title=Israel basketball stats, results, box score, scout report and video online &#124; Scouting4U |url=http://old.scouting4u.com/35,3,0,0/israel-basketball-leaders |access-date=2024-04-26 |archive-date=2022-01-13 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220113210550/http://old.scouting4u.com/35,3,0,0/israel-basketball-leaders |url-status=dead }}</ref> A kan 24 Agusta 2021, Agada ya sanya hannu tare da Melbourne United don lokacin 2021 – 22 NBL . <ref name="united">{{Cite web |date=24 August 2021 |title=Melbourne United Sign Olympian Caleb Agada |url=https://nbl.com.au/news/melbourne-united-sign-olympian-caleb-agada |access-date=24 August 2021 |website=NBL.com.au}}</ref> A ranar 10 ga Yuli 2022, Agada ya rattaba hannu tare da Prometey na Gasar Kwando ta Latvia-Estoniya da EuroCup . <ref>{{Cite web |date=10 July 2022 |title=Prometey adds guard Agada |url=https://www.euroleaguebasketball.net/eurocup/news/prometey-adds-guard-agada/?pageTitle=Homepage&historyUrl=/eurocup/ |access-date=10 July 2022 |website=euroleaguebasketball.net }}{{Dead link|date=April 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> A kan 23 Yuni 2023, Agada ya sanya hannu tare da Ottawa BlackJacks na Canadian Elite Basketball League, <ref>{{Cite web |date=23 June 2023 |title=Ottawa BlackJacks Sign Reigning CEBL Canadian Player of the Year Caleb Agada |url=https://www.cebl.ca/ottawa-blackjacks-sign-reigning-cebl-canadian-player-of-the-year-caleb-agada |access-date=25 June 2023 |website=CEBL.ca |archive-date=25 June 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230625012556/https://www.cebl.ca/ottawa-blackjacks-sign-reigning-cebl-canadian-player-of-the-year-caleb-agada |url-status=dead }}</ref> amma an sake shi a ranar 3 ga Yuli. A ranar 4 ga Yuli 2023, Agada ya rattaba hannu a karo na biyu tare da Prometey na Gasar Kwando ta Latvia-Estoniya . <ref>{{Cite web |date=4 July 2023 |title=Caleb Agada Has Signed A Contract With Bc "Prometey" For The 2023/2024 Season! |url=https://prometeybc.com/en/novosti/caleb-agada-has-signed-contract-bc-prometey-20232024-season |access-date=4 July 2023 |website=PrometeyBC.com |archive-date=4 July 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230704141244/https://prometeybc.com/en/novosti/caleb-agada-has-signed-contract-bc-prometey-20232024-season |url-status=dead }}</ref> == Aikin tawagar kasa == A baya dai an gayyaci Agada don buga wa kungiyar kwallon kwando ta kasar Canada wasa. <ref>{{Cite web |title=CALEB AGADA |url=http://www.basketball.ca/3x3-canada-quest-p150398%26language=en/player/caleb-agada |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200429064959/http://www.basketball.ca/3x3-canada-quest-p150398%26language%3Den/player/caleb-agada |archive-date=29 April 2020 |access-date=18 April 2020 |website=basketball.ca}}</ref> An kira shi ne domin ya buga wa kungiyar kwallon kwando ta Najeriya kwallo a wasannin share fagen shiga gasar cin kofin kwallon kwando ta FIBA ta shekarar 2019, a lokacin da aka yi a ranar 23 – 24 ga watan Fabrairun 2019 a Legas, ya samu maki 4.3, ya samu maki 4.7 da kuma taimakon 4.3. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Caleb Apochi AGADA |url=https://www.fiba.basketball/basketballworldcup/2019/african-qualifiers/player/Caleb-Apochi-Agada |access-date=18 April 2020 |website=fiba.basketball.com}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |title=LATEST QUALIFIER GAMES |url=https://www.fiba.basketball/basketballworldcup/2019/african-qualifiers/team/Nigeria |access-date=18 April 2020 |website=fiba.basketball.com}}</ref> An gayyace shi ne a tawagar farko ta gasar cin kofin kwallon kwando ta FIBA ta Najeriya ta 2019 amma bai yi jerin ‘yan wasa na karshe ba. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Ogunseye |first=Adebanjo |date=27 June 2019 |title=D'Tigers Head Coach, Alex Nwora has released a 44 man preliminary roaster ahead of the 2019 FIBA Men's World Cup in China |url=https://www.brila.net/nwora-invites-2019-nba-draftees-festus-ezeli-and-five-home-based-players-for-world-cup-camp/ |access-date=18 April 2020 |website=brila.net}}</ref> A shekarar 2021, ya wakilci Najeriya a gasar Olympics ta Tokyo . <ref name="united"/> == Manazarta == [[Category:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Category:Haihuwan 1994]] [[Category:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] hrshw26kvddz5ta9rlfyvm6p3ixnyap 0 78613 895254 436059 2026-08-11T21:59:14Z Baffa ali 47435 895254 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} {{Stub}} George Darko Dan :(an haife shi a ranar 12 ga watan janairu 1951 zuwa ranar 20 ga watan mach 2024 ) asalin kasar gana ne, ya kasance marubuci,mawaki sannan Kuma Dan gwagwarmaya. == Manazarta == rboerrm40n72uwjph6u6qux1vdqvux4 0 79056 894896 891057 2026-08-11T12:19:00Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 0 sources and tagging 1 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 894896 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''KAMFEDI,''' (wanda aka fi sani da Kamfen don Ilimi na Mata) kungiya ce ta kasa da kasa, mai zaman kanta, wacce aka kafa a 1993 wacce manufarta ita ce kawar da talauci a Afirka ta hanyar, ilimin 'yan mata da kuma karfafawa mata matasa. Shirye-shiryen CAMFED suna aiki a [[Zimbabwe]], [[Zambiya|Zambia]], [[Ghana]], [[Tanzaniya|Tanzania]] da [[Malawi]]. == Tarihi == Ann Cotton ce ta kafa '''KAMFEDI''' a 1993 don tallafawa 'yan mata su je makaranta wadanda in ba haka ba za a hana su ilimi saboda talauci. Tunanin CAMFED ya fito ne daga bayan tafiyar '''KAMFEDI''' zuwa Zimbabwe inda ta yi imani cewa karancin mata a makaranta saboda talauci ne wanda bai ba su damar rufe kuɗin makaranta ba.<ref name="cotton">{{Cite web |title=Our team – CAMFED - Campaign for Female Education |url=https://camfed.org/about/team/#ann-cotton |access-date=2019-04-09 |website=camfed.org}}</ref> Ya fara ne tare da goyon baya ga 'yan mata 32 don halartar makarantar sakandare a gundumomi biyu na karkara na Zimbabwe. Ya zuwa 2017, Camfed ya tallafa wa yara sama da miliyan 1.5 ta hanyar ilimi a cikin cibiyar sadarwa ta makarantu 5,500 a Ghana, Malawi, Tanzania, Zambia da Zimbabwe.<ref name="auto">{{Cite web |title=Annual report 2016 |url=https://camfedorg2015.s3.amazonaws.com/uploads/files/Camfed_Annual_Report_and_Financial_Statements_2016.pdf |access-date=13 September 2023 |website=Camfed }}{{Dead link|date=May 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> Ya zuwa 2023, Camfed ya ba da rahoton taimakawa yara miliyan 6.4 gabaɗaya, gami da 'yan mata miliyan 1.8 a makarantar sakandare. Da yake tsammanin buƙatar damar tattalin arziki na bayan makaranta ga matasa a cikin al'ummomin karkara, an kafa kungiyar '''KAMFEDI''' Alumnae <ref>{{Cite web |title=CAMA: Young women leading change – CAMFED - Campaign for Female Education |url=https://camfed.org/why-girls-education/leaders-of-change/ |access-date=2019-04-09 |website=camfed.org}}</ref> (CAMA) a cikin 1998 don haɗa matasan mata masu barin makaranta da kuma ba da hanyoyi don damar makarantar sakandare. CAMA tana ba da tsari wanda membobinta za su iya bunkasa gwagwarmayarsu da jagoranci. A shekara ta 2017, CAMA tana da mambobi 84,675 matasan mata, daga cikinsu yanzu malamai, shugabannin kasuwanci, jami'an gwamnati, masu sana'a da 'yan kasuwa.<ref name="auto"/> Alamar Camfed ita ce gwagwarmaya da taimakon jama'a na cibiyar sadarwar tsofaffi, waɗanda ke aiki sosai wajen tarawa da gudanar da kudade don tallafawa ƙarni na gaba na yara a makaranta. == Ayyuka == '''KAMFEDI''' tana mai da hankali kan yankunan karkara na [[Afirka]] inda talauci ya yadu, kuma 'yan mata da matasa mata suna fuskantar warewa daga ilimi da kuma damar da ilimi ke ba da ita. CAMFED tana aiki don gi'''KAMFEDI''' da 'yan mata wani yanayi na tallafi wanda za su iya halarta, kuma su yi nasara, a makarantar firamare da sakandare, da ci gaba zuwa matashi tare da damar da ta haɗa da horar da sana'a, ilimi mafi girma da samar da aiki. '''KAMFEDI''' tana ba da taimako ta hanyar biyan kuɗin makaranta, samar da kayan makaranta, littattafai, da kariya ta tsabta. Suna kuma aiki tare da makarantar ta hanyar horar da malamai don zama masu ba da shawara.<ref>{{Cite web |title=How we operate - our unique model - CAMFED |url=https://camfed.org/our-impact/camfed-model/}}</ref> === CAMA === CAMA, kungiyar '''KAMFEDIKAMFEDI''', ita ce ƙungiyar tsofaffi don masu karatun CAMFED. <ref>[https://camfed.org/why-girls-education/leaders-of-change/ "CAMA alumnae: Young women leading change"], Camfed.</ref> CAMA tana ba da tsari wanda membobinta za su iya bunkasa gwagwarmayarsu da jagoranci. Ana kiran wannan a matsayin 'CAMA Multiplier Effect', inda waɗannan matasan mata masu digiri yanzu suna jagorantar motsi don ilimin 'yan mata a cikin al'ummominsu. Ikon mambobin CAMA don jagorantar da aiwatar da irin wannan canji na dindindin ya fito ne daga kwarewar rayuwarsu. === Shirin Jagoran Mai Koyi === Shirin Learner Guide an fara shi kuma mata ne ke gudanar da shi a cikin ƙungiyar tsofaffin ɗalibai ta '''KAMFEDI''' CAMA waɗanda ke ba da gudummawa a makarantun gida don isar da tsarin karatun da aka tsara wanda ya haɗa da jagoranci, kiwon lafiya, ilmantarwa da ƙwarewar rayuwa ga ƙwaroransu.<ref>{{Cite web |title=The Learner Guide Program – CAMFED - Campaign for Female Education |url=https://camfed.org/our-impact/learner-guide-program/ |access-date=2019-04-09 |website=camfed.org}}</ref> Wannan aikin bangare biyu ne wanda a lokaci guda ke magance daidaitattun damar samun ilimi ga yara da kuma lokacin sauya makarantar sakandare ga mata.<ref>{{Cite web |title=How Can We "Leapfrog" Educational Outcomes? (SSIR) |url=https://ssir.org/articles/entry/how_can_we_leapfrog_educational_outcomes |access-date=2019-04-09 |website=ssir.org |language=en-us}}</ref> Da farko, Shirin Jagora na Malami yana ba da shirin horo ga matasan mata don zama Masu Jagora, buɗe damar bayan sakandare, samar da horo na ƙwarewa, da ƙwarewar aiki. Abu na biyu, masu jagorantar masu ba da gudummawa suna ba da shirin da aka tsara wanda ke tallafawa yara da aka ware ta hanyar iliminsu, tare da tsarin karatun makaranta.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Shapiro |first=Jordan |title=How Some Of The Poorest Girls In The World Get Exactly The Education They Need |url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/jordanshapiro/2016/05/21/how-some-of-the-poorest-girls-in-the-world-get-exactly-the-education-they-need/ |access-date=2019-04-09 |website=Forbes |language=en}}</ref> == '''KAMFEDI''' da Manufofin Ci Gaban Ci gaba == Manufofin Ci Gaban Ci Gaban, jerin manufofi na duniya da nufin magance [[talauci]], rashin daidaito, [[Wariya|nuna bambanci]] da [[Canjin yanayi]] a duk faɗin duniya, sun fara aiki a ranar 1 ga Janairun 2016. A matsayin wani ɓangare na 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development, an tsara waɗannan manufofi don tattara ƙoƙarin duniya don canza duniya cikin shekaru goma sha biyar.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Martin |title=The Sustainable Development Agenda |url=https://www.un.org/sustainabledevelopment/development-agenda/ |access-date=2019-04-09 |website=United Nations Sustainable Development |language=en-US}}</ref> '''KAMFEDI''' tana ba da gudummawa kai tsaye ga ci gaba tare da SDG4: Ilimi mai inganci. Bugu da ƙari, ta hanyar'''KAMFEDI'''-shiryen ci gaba masu ɗorewa da haɓaka <ref>{{Cite web |last=Varma |first=Priyanka |date=2016-11-22 |title=Ensuring millions of children have the opportunity to learn |url=https://www.brookings.edu/blog/education-plus-development/2016/11/22/ensuring-millions-of-children-have-the-opportunity-to-learn/ |access-date=2019-04-09 |website=Brookings |language=en-US}}</ref> wanda CAMFED ta gabatar wajen ilimantar da 'yan mata, da kuma tallafawa mata matasa ta hanyar sauyawa zuwa hanyoyin rayuwa masu aminci, <ref>{{Cite web |last=Thorpe |first=Devin |title=How Many Girls Can One Woman Teach? You'd Be Surprised |url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/devinthorpe/2014/09/16/how-many-girls-can-one-woman-teach-youd-be-surprised/ |access-date=2019-04-09 |website=Forbes |language=en}}</ref> aikin CAMFED yana ba da gudummawa ga cimma yawancin Manufofin Ci gaba mai ɗorewa ciki har da Manufar 1: Talauci, Manufar 3: Lafiya mai kyau, Manufar 5: Daidaitaccen jinsi, Manufar 13: Ayyukan Yanayi, da sauransu. == Takaddun shaida == A watan Oktoba na shekara ta 2014, Kungiyar hadin gwiwar tattalin arziki da ci gaba (OECD) ta amince da '''KAMFEDI''' don mafi kyawun aiki wajen daukar sabbin abubuwan ci gaba.<ref name="oecd">{{Cite web |last=OECD |title=OECD DAC Prize |url=http://www.oecd.org/dac/dacprize.htm |access-date=2015-01-22 |website=}}</ref> A cikin 2017, an ba da kyautar WISE Award na Shirin Jagora na Malami.<ref>{{Cite web |title=2017 WISE Awards |url=http://www.wise-qatar.org/wise-awards-2017 |access-date=2019-04-09 |website=www.wise-qatar.org |language=en}}</ref> Ya zuwa 1 ga Oktoba 2019, '''KAMFEDI''' USA an kiyasta ta Charity Navigator a 96.30 daga cikin 100 gabaɗaya, tare da ƙimar 96.64 daga cikin 100 don kuɗin sa da kuma 96.00 daga cikin 100 saboda gaskiya da lissafi.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Charity Navigator - Rating for Camfed USA Foundation |url=https://www.charitynavigator.org/index.cfm?bay=search.summary&orgid=11479 |access-date=2019-11-28 |website=Charity Navigator}}</ref> == Shahararrun magoya baya == '''KAMFEDI''' ta sami amincewar ɗan wasan kwaikwayo [[Morgan Freeman]], tsohon Shugaban Amurka [[Bill Clinton]], marubuciya [[Doris Lessing]], tsohon Firayim Minista na Ostiraliya da Shugaban Kwamitin GPE Julia Gillard, mawaƙa / marubuciya Joan Armatrading, 'yar wasan kwaikwayo, mawaƙa - marubuciya, kuma mai ba da agaji [[Rihanna]], 'yar kasuwa da mai ba da taimako Martha Lane Fox da kuma 'yar wasan kwaikwayon, samfurin da mai fafutuka [[Emma Watson]]. Kasuwancin zamantakewa '''KAMFEDI'''="cx-link" data-linkid="138" href="./Ayisha_Fuseini" id="mwfg" rel="mw:WikiLink" title="Ayisha Fuseini">Ayisha Fuseini ya zama mai ba da gudummawa ga shirin CAMFED lokacin da ta gabatar da ita ga kasuwancin [[Man kaɗe|man shanu]]. == Ƙarin karantawa == * '''[https://camfedorg2015.s3.amazonaws.com/uploads/files/Camfed_Annual_Report_and_Financial_Statements_2016.pdf KAMFEDI]{{Dead link|date=May 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}'''[https://camfedorg2015.s3.amazonaws.com/uploads/files/Camfed_Annual_Report_and_Financial_Statements_2016.pdf Rahoton Shekara-shekara na 2016]{{Dead link|date=August 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}{{Dead link|date=August 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}{{Dead link|date=July 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}{{Dead link|date=July 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}{{Dead link|date=June 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}{{Dead link|date=May 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}<ref name="auto"/> * Tsarin dabarun '''KAMFEDI''' 2015-19 <ref>[https://camfedorg2015.s3.amazonaws.com/uploads/files/Strategic_Plan_2015-2019.pdf Camfed Strategic Plan 2015-19] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230701082145/https://camfedorg2015.s3.amazonaws.com/uploads/files/Strategic_Plan_2015-2019.pdf |date=2023-07-01 }} Camfed</ref> * Hukumar Ilimi ta 2016, ''The Learning Generation: Zuba jari a ilimi don duniya mai canzawa'' <ref>[http://report.educationcommission.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/09/Learning_Generation_Full_Report.pdf Learning generation] educationcommission.org</ref> * Winthrop, R., Nuwamba 2016, Stanford Social Innovation Review: Ta yaya Za Mu iya "Leapfrog" Sakamakon Ilimi? <ref>{{Cite web |title=How Can We "Leapfrog" Educational Outcomes? (SSIR) |url=https://ssir.org/articles/entry/how_can_we_leapfrog_educational_outcomes |access-date=2019-05-29 |website=ssir.org |language=en-us}}</ref> * Winthrop, R., Perlman Robinson, J., Cibiyar Ilimi ta Duniya a Brookings: Miliyoyin Ilimi: Ƙara Ilimi mai inganci a Kasashe masu tasowa <ref>[https://www.brookings.edu/wp-content/uploads/2016/04/FINAL-Millions-Learning-Report-1.pdf Millions Learning: Scaling up Quality Education in Developing Countries] brookings.edu</ref> * Shapiro, J., Mayu 2016, Forbes: Ta yaya Wasu daga cikin 'yan mata mafi talauci a duniya suka sami daidai ilimin da suke bukata.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Shapiro |first=Jordan |title=How Some Of The Poorest Girls In The World Get Exactly The Education They Need |url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/jordanshapiro/2016/05/21/how-some-of-the-poorest-girls-in-the-world-get-exactly-the-education-they-need/ |access-date=2019-05-29 |website=Forbes |language=en}}</ref> * Shapiro, J., Oktoba 2015, Forbes: [https://www.forbes.com/sites/jordanshapiro/2015/10/03/education-is-the-key-to-all-global-development-goals-qa-with-julia-gillard/#3fab14e223fd ''Ilimi shine mabuɗin Dukkanin Manufofin Ci Gaban Duniya (Q&A Tare da Julia Gillard) ''] <ref>{{Cite web |last=Shapiro |first=Jordan |title=Education Is The Key To All Global Development Goals (Q&A With Julia Gillard) |url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/jordanshapiro/2015/10/03/education-is-the-key-to-all-global-development-goals-qa-with-julia-gillard/ |access-date=2019-05-29 |website=Forbes |language=en}}</ref> * Shapiro, J., Fabrairu 2015, Forbes: Don Gyara Makarantu na Amurka, Ka yi la'akari da Ayyukan Camfed a Afirka ta Kudu <ref>{{Cite web |last=Shapiro |first=Jordan |title=To Fix U.S. Schools, Consider Camfed's Work In Sub-Saharan Africa |url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/jordanshapiro/2015/02/27/to-fix-u-s-schools-consider-camfeds-work-in-sub-saharan-africa/ |access-date=2019-05-29 |website=Forbes |language=en}}</ref> * Bincike Horizons, Jami'ar Cambridge, Fitowa 32 Fabrairu 2017 "Ilimi shine Duk abin da"[https://www.cam.ac.uk/system/files/issue_32_research_horizons.pdf "Ilimi shine Dukkanin"] * [Hotuna a shafi na 9] CAMFED ''Gudanarwa, Lissafi ga Yarinya. '' ''Yin aiki zuwa ga daidaitattun Gudanarwa a Sashin Ci Gaban Duniya''.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Camfed Governance Accounting to the Girl |url=https://camfedorg2015.s3.amazonaws.com/uploads/files/Camfed_Linklaters_Accounting_to_the_Girl.pdf |access-date=13 September 2023 |website=Camfed |archive-date=26 June 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220626093151/https://camfedorg2015.s3.amazonaws.com/uploads/files/Camfed_Linklaters_Accounting_to_the_Girl.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref> * An yi amfani da shi a shekara ta 2010. "A Power-Sharing Model for Systemic Change". Rahoton Tasirin Camfed na 2010. * Kristof, N., da S. WuDunn, 2010. ''Rabin Sama: Juya zalunci zuwa Dama ga Mata a Duniya''. Rubuce-rubuce. * Gidan zura kwarin nan, 2012. [http://www.ungei.org/files/What_Works_in_Girls_Education_in_Ghana.pdf "Abin da ke aiki a cikin Ilimi na 'yan mata a Ghana".] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200816023502/http://www.ungei.org/files/What_Works_in_Girls_Education_in_Ghana.pdf |date=2020-08-16 }} * CAMFED International, 2004. ''Ina da Labari da zan fada: Bikin Shekaru Goma na CAMFED International'',   * Joann Weiner, "Wata mace mai ƙarfi ta Afirka tana rayuwa daidai da kiran Michelle Obama don ba 'yan mata damar zuwa makaranta", The Washington Post, 12 Disamba 2014. * "Mutumin da ya kammala karatu don zama mai ba da shawara kan manufofin ilimi na duniya", Zambia: Newsline, United Nations Girls' Education Initiative. == Manazarta == {{reflist}} == Haɗin waje == * [https://camfed.org/ Shafin yanar gizon hukuma] * Yara marasa makaranta: Sabon Bayyanawa na Bayyana ƙalubalen da ke ci gaba, Cibiyar Nazarin Ƙididdiga ta UNESCO. [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] 6fdljp58bssg637blmbrr9bbsfhfmsk 0 79268 895345 892297 2026-08-12T04:16:11Z Baffa ali 47435 /* growthexperiments-addlink-summary-summary:2|0|1 */ 895345 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} [[File:Water stress 2019 WRI.png|thumb|upright=2|300px|Taswirar ƙarancin ruwa na duniya (alamar ƙarancin ruwa) a shekarar 2019. Ƙarancin ruwa shine rabon amfani da ruwa dangane da wadatar ruwa, saboda haka ƙaranci ne da buƙata ke haifarwa.<ref name="Kummu-2016" />]] '''Karancin ruwa''' (wanda ke da alaƙa ta kusa da '''matsanciyar ƙarancin ruwa''' ko matsalar ruwa) shine rashin wadatar kowane irin tushen ruwa mai daɗi, na gida ko wanda za a iya jigilar sa ta hanyar tattalin arziki, don biyan buƙatun ruwa na yau da kullun a wani yankni. Akwai nau'ikan ƙarancin ruwa kashi biyu. Ɗaya shine ''na zahiri.'' Ɗayan kuma shine ''ƙarancin ruwa na tattalin arziki''.<ref name="Caretta-2022a" />{{rp|560}} Ƙarancin ruwa na zahiri shine inda babu isasshen ruwa don biyan duk buƙatu. Wannan ya haɗa da ruwan da ake buƙata don tsarin muhalli ya yi aiki. Yankunan da ke da yanayin hamada galibi suna fuskantar ƙarancin ruwa na zahiri.<ref name="Rijsberman-2006a">{{Cite journal|last=Rijsberman|first=Frank R.|date=2006|title=Water scarcity: Fact or fiction?|url=https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0378377405002854|journal=Agricultural Water Management|language=en|volume=80|issue=1–3|pages=5–22|doi=10.1016/j.agwat.2005.07.001|bibcode=2006AgWM...80....5R |url-access=subscription}}</ref> Tsakiyar Asiya, Yammacin Asiya, da Arewacin Afirka sune misalan yankuna masu bushewa. Ƙarancin ruwa na tattalin arziki yana faruwa ne sakamakon rashin saka hannun jari a fannin ababen more rayuwa ko fasaha don hako ruwa daga koguna, madatsun ruwa na ƙarƙashin ƙasa, ko wasu hanyoyin ruwa. Hakanan yana faruwa ne sakamakon raunin ƙarfin ɗan adam don biyan buƙatun ruwa.<ref name="Caretta-2022a">Caretta, M.A., A. Mukherji, M. Arfanuzzaman, R.A. Betts, A. Gelfan, Y. Hirabayashi, T.K. Lissner, J. Liu, E. Lopez Gunn, R. Morgan, S. Mwanga, and S. Supratid, 2022: [https://www.ipcc.ch/report/ar6/wg2/downloads/report/IPCC_AR6_WGII_Chapter04.pdf Chapter 4: Water]. In: [https://www.ipcc.ch/report/ar6/wg2/ Climate Change 2022: Impacts, Adaptation and Vulnerability. Contribution of Working Group II to the Sixth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change] [H.-O. Pörtner, D.C. Roberts, M. Tignor, E.S. Poloczanska, K. Mintenbeck, A. Alegría, M. Craig, S. Langsdorf, S. Löschke, V. Möller, A. Okem, B. Rama (eds.)]. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, UK and New York, NY, USA, pp. 551–712, doi:10.1017/9781009325844.006.</ref>{{rp|560}} Mutane da yawa a yankin kudu da hamadar sahara suna rayuwa ne cikin ƙarancin ruwa na tattalin arziki.<ref name="IWMI-2007">IWMI (2007) ''[https://www.iwmi.cgiar.org/assessment/files_new/synthesis/Summary_SynthesisBook.pdf Water for Food, Water for Life: A Comprehensive Assessment of Water Management in Agriculture]''. London: Earthscan, and Colombo: International Water Management Institute.</ref>{{rp|11}} Akwai, kuma koyaushe ana samun isasshen ruwa mai daɗi na zahiri don buƙatun yanzu ko na kusa ko na gaba a matakin duniya. Don haka, ƙarancin ruwa yana faruwa ne sakamakon rashin daidaituwa tsakanin lokaci da inda mutane ke buƙatar ruwa, da kuma lokacin da inda ruwan ke akwai.<ref name="Mekonnen-2016">{{Cite journal|last1=Mekonnen|first1=Mesfin M.|last2=Hoekstra|first2=Arjen Y.|date=2016|title=Four billion people facing severe water scarcity|journal=Science Advances|language=en|volume=2|issue=2|article-number=e1500323|bibcode=2016SciA....2E0323M|doi=10.1126/sciadv.1500323|issn=2375-2548|pmc=4758739|pmid=26933676}}</ref> Wannan na iya faruwa saboda karuwar yawan mutane a wani yankni, canjin yanayin rayuwa da abinci, da kuma faɗaɗa aikin gona na ban ruwa.<ref name="Vorosmarty-2000">{{Cite journal|last=Vorosmarty|first=C. J.|date=2000-07-14|title=Global Water Resources: Vulnerability from Climate Change and Population Growth|url=https://www.science.org/doi/10.1126/science.289.5477.284|journal=Science|volume=289|issue=5477|pages=284–288|doi=10.1126/science.289.5477.284|pmid=10894773|bibcode=2000Sci...289..284V|s2cid=37062764 |url-access=subscription}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Ercin|first1=A. Ertug|last2=Hoekstra|first2=Arjen Y.|date=2014|title=Water footprint scenarios for 2050: A global analysis|journal=Environment International|language=en|volume=64|pages=71–82|doi=10.1016/j.envint.2013.11.019|pmid=24374780|doi-access=free|bibcode=2014EnInt..64...71E }}</ref><ref name="Liu-2017">{{Cite journal |last1=Liu |first1=Junguo |last2=Yang |first2=Hong |last3=Gosling |first3=Simon N. |last4=Kummu |first4=Matti |last5=Flörke |first5=Martina |last6=Pfister |first6=Stephan |last7=Hanasaki |first7=Naota |last8=Wada |first8=Yoshihide |last9=Zhang |first9=Xinxin |last10=Zheng |first10=Chunmiao |last11=Alcamo |first11=Joseph |date=2017 |title=Water scarcity assessments in the past, present, and future: Review on Water Scarcity Assessment |journal=Earth's Future |language=en |volume=5 |issue=6 |pages=545–559 |doi=10.1002/2016EF000518 |pmc=6204262 |pmid=30377623}}</ref> Canjin yanayi (gami da fari ko ambaliyar ruwa), sare bishiyoyi, gurbacewar ruwa da barnatar da ruwa suma na iya nufin rashin wadatar ruwa.<ref name="WWF-2013">{{cite web|year=2013|title=Water Scarcity. Threats|url=http://worldwildlife.org/threats/water-scarcity|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131021012358/http://worldwildlife.org/threats/water-scarcity|archive-date=21 October 2013|access-date=20 October 2013|work=WWF}}</ref> Waɗannan sauye-sauye a cikin ƙarancin ruwa na iya zama sanadin manufofin tattalin arziki da dabarun tsare-tsare da ke akwai. Kimantawar ƙarancin ruwa tana duba nau'ikan bayanai da yawa. Sun haɗa da ruwan kore (ɗanyen ƙasa), ingancin ruwa, buƙatun kwararar muhalli, da kasuwancin ruwa na fito-na-fito.<ref name="Liu-2017" /> ''Matsanciyar ƙarancin ruwa'' (Water stress) wani ma'uni ne na auna ƙarancin ruwa. Yana da amfani a cikin mahallin Burin Ci Gaba Mai Dorewa na 6.<ref name="UN-2017" /> Mutane biliyan rabi suna rayuwa a yankunan da ke da matsanancin ƙarancin ruwa a tsawon shekara,<ref name="Mekonnen-2016" /><ref name="Liu-2017" /> kuma kusan mutane biliyan huɗu suna fuskantar matsanancin ƙarancin ruwa aƙalla wata ɗaya a kowace shekara.<ref name="Mekonnen-2016" /><ref name="weforum17">{{cite web|date=23 March 2017|title=How do we prevent today's water crisis becoming tomorrow's catastrophe?|url=https://www.weforum.org/agenda/2017/03/building-freshwater-resilience-to-anticipate-and-address-water-crises/|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171230115222/https://www.weforum.org/agenda/2017/03/building-freshwater-resilience-to-anticipate-and-address-water-crises/|archive-date=30 December 2017|access-date=30 December 2017|publisher=World Economic Forum}}</ref> Rabin manyan biranen duniya suna fuskantar ƙarancin ruwa.<ref name="weforum17" /> Akwai mutane biliyan 2.3 da ke zaune a ƙasashen da ke da ƙarancin ruwa (ma'ana ƙasa da mita kubik 1700 na ruwa ga kowane mutum a kowace shekara).<ref name="EIB-2022">{{Cite web |title=Wastewater resource recovery can fix water insecurity and cut carbon emissions |url=https://www.eib.org/en/essays/wastewater-resource-recovery |access-date=2022-08-29 |website=European Investment Bank |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=International Decade for Action 'Water for Life' 2005-2015. Focus Areas: Water scarcity |url=https://www.un.org/waterforlifedecade/scarcity.shtml |access-date=2022-08-29 |website=www.un.org |language=EN}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=THE STATE OF THE WORLD'S LAND AND WATER RESOURCES FOR FOOD AND AGRICULTURE |url=https://www.fao.org/3/i1688e/i1688e.pdf}}</ref> Akwai hanyoyi daban-daban don rage ƙarancin ruwa. Ana iya yin hakan ta hanyar sarrafa wadatar ruwa da buƙata, haɗin gwiwa tsakanin ƙasashe da kiyaye ruwa. Faɗaɗa hanyoyin samun ruwa mai amfani na iya taimakawa. Sake amfani da ruwan sha da gishiri sune hanyoyin yin hakan. Wasu hanyoyin sune rage gurbacewar ruwa da canje-canje ga kasuwancin ruwa na fito-na-fito. {{TOC limit|3}} == Ma'anoni == [[File:WWDR4 Global physical and economic water scarcity.png|thumb|upright=2|300px|Karancin ruwa na zahiri da na tattalin arziki na duniya]]'Karancin ruwa' an bayyana shi a matsayin "yawan ƙarar ruwa, ko rashinsa, na albarkatun ruwa mai daɗi" kuma ana tunanin cewa "ɗan adam ne ke haifar da shi".<ref name="CEO Water-2014">The CEO Water Mandate (2014) [https://ceowatermandate.org/wp-content/uploads/2019/11/terminology.pdf Driving Harmonization of Water-Related Terminology, Discussion Paper] September 2014. Alliance for Water Stewardship, Ceres, CDP (formerly the Carbon Disclosure Project), The Nature Conservancy, Pacific Institute, Water Footprint Network, World Resources Institute, and WWF</ref>{{rp|4}} Hakanan ana iya kiran wannan da "ƙarancin ruwa na zahiri".<ref name="IWMI-2007" /> Akwai nau'ikan ƙarancin ruwa kashi biyu. Ɗaya shine ''ƙarancin ruwa na zahiri'' ɗayan kuma shine ''ƙarancin ruwa na tattalin arziki''.<ref name="Caretta-2022a" />{{rp|560}} Wasu ma'anoni na ƙarancin ruwa suna duba buƙatun ruwa na muhalli. Wannan tsarin ya bambanta daga wata ƙungiyar zuwa wata.<ref name="CEO Water-2014" />{{rp|4}} [[File:Annualglobalwaterconsumption.jpg|thumb|upright=1.5|Amfani da ruwa na duniya 1900–2025, ta yanki, a cikin biliyoyin m³ kowace shekara]]Hanyoyin da ke da alaƙa sune ''matsanciyar ƙarancin ruwa'' (water stress) da ''haɗarin ruwa'' (water risk). Hukumar Kula da Ruwa ta Shugaba (The CEO Water Mandate), wani shiri na Yarjejeniyar Majalisar Dinkin Duniya (UN Global Compact), ta ba da shawarar daidaita waɗannan a cikin shekarar 2014.<ref name="CEO Water-2014" />{{rp|2}} A cikin takardar tattaunawarsu sun bayyana cewa kada a yi amfani da waɗannan sharuɗɗan guda uku a madadin juna.<ref name="CEO Water-2014" />{{rp|3}}[[File:Water Stress, Top Countries (2020).svg|thumb|Kasashen da suka fi fuskantar matsanciyar ƙarancin ruwa a duniya a shekarar 2020.<ref>{{Cite book |title=Publication preview page {{!}} FAO {{!}} Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations |url=https://www.fao.org/documents/card/en?details=cc8166en |access-date=2024-01-19 |via=FAODocuments | date=2023 | doi=10.4060/cc8166en | isbn=978-92-5-138262-2 |language=en}}</ref>]] Wasu ƙungiyoyin suna bayyana ''matsanciyar ƙarancin ruwa'' a matsayin ra'ayi mai faɗi. Zai haɗa da fannoni na wadatar ruwa, ingancin ruwa da damar samun sa. Samun dama ya dogara da ababen more rayuwa da ke akwai. Hakanan ya dogara da ko abokan ciniki za su iya biyan kuɗin ruwan.<ref name="CEO Water-2014" />{{rp|4}} Wasu masana suna kiran wannan da ''ƙarancin ruwa na tattalin arziki''.<ref name="IWMI-2007" /> Hukumar Abinci da Aikin Gona (FAO) ta bayyana ''matsanciyar ƙarancin ruwa'' a matsayin "alamomin ƙarancin ruwa ko rashinsa". Irin waɗannan alamomin na iya zama "haɓakar rikici tsakanin masu amfani, da gasar neman ruwa, raguwar ingancin dogaro da sabis, gazawar girbi da ƙarancin abinci".<ref name="FAO2012">{{cite web |year=2012 |title=Coping with water scarcity. An action framework for agriculture and food stress |url=http://www.fao.org/docrep/016/i3015e/i3015e.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180304210442/http://www.fao.org/docrep/016/i3015e/i3015e.pdf |archive-date=4 March 2018 |access-date=31 December 2017 |publisher=Hukumar Abinci da Aikin Gona ta Majalisar Dinkin Duniya}} </ref>{{rp|6}} Ana auna wannan ta hanyar Ma'anonin Matsanciyar Ƙarancin Ruwa daban-daban (Water Stress Indices). Wani rukunin masana kimiyya ya ba da wata ma'anar matsanciyar ƙarancin ruwa a shekarar 2016: "Matsanciyar ƙarancin ruwa tana nufin tasirin babban amfani da ruwa (ko dai hako ko amfani) dangane da wadatar ruwa."<ref name="Kummu-2016">{{Cite journal|last1=Kummu|first1=M.|last2=Guillaume|first2=J. H. A.|last3=deMoel|first3=H.|last4=Eisner|first4=S.|last5=Flörke|first5=M.|last6=Porkka|first6=M.|last7=Siebert|first7=S.|last8=Veldkamp|first8=T. I. E.|last9=Ward|first9=P. J.|date=2016|title=The world's road to water scarcity: shortage and stress in the 20th century and pathways towards sustainability|journal=Scientific Reports|language=en|volume=6|issue=1|article-number=38495|doi=10.1038/srep38495|issn=2045-2322|pmc=5146931|pmid=27934888|bibcode=2016NatSR...638495K}}</ref> Wannan yana nufin ''matsanciyar ƙarancin ruwa'' zai zama ''ƙarancin da buƙata ke haifarwa''. Wani rahoto da Cibiyar UNU don Ruwa, Muhalli da Lafiya ta buga a shekarar 2026 ya nuna cewa kalmomin "matsanciyar ƙarancin ruwa" da "matsalar ruwa" ba su da isasshen bayanin halin da ake ciki yanzu na wadatar ruwa a duniya.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Madani |first=Kaveh |date=January 20, 2026 |year=2026 |title=Global Water Bankruptcy: Living Beyond Our Hydrological Means in the Post-Crisis Era |url=https://collections.unu.edu/eserv/UNU:10445/Global_Water_Bankruptcy_Report__2026_.pdf |access-date=January 22, 2026 |website=Jami'ar Majalisar Dinkin Duniya |publisher=Cibiyar UNU don Ruwa, Muhalli da Lafiya |publication-place=Ontario, Canada |doi=10.53328/INR26KAM001 |isbn=978-92-808-6138-9}}</ref> Sakamakon haka, Majalisar Dinkin Duniya ta karɓi kalmar "[[Fatara ta ruwa]]" (water bankruptcy) a matsayin mafi kyawun kwatancin halin da ake ciki yanzu, wanda ke nuna rashin juyawa da rashin iya biyan buƙatun tsarin ruwa.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2026-01-20 |title=World enters era of ‘global water bankruptcy’ {{!}} UN News |url=https://news.un.org/en/story/2026/01/1166800 |access-date=2026-03-12 |website=news.un.org |language=en}}</ref> == Nau'ika == Masana sun bayyana nau'ikan ƙarancin ruwa kashi biyu. Ɗaya shine ƙarancin ruwa na zahiri. Ɗayan kuma shine ƙarancin ruwa na tattalin arziki. An fara bayyana waɗannan sharuɗɗan ne a cikin wani binciken shekarar 2007 da Cibiyar Kula da Ruwa ta Duniya ta jagoranci. Wannan ya bincika amfani da ruwa a aikin gona a cikin shekaru 50 da suka gabata. Ya nufi gano ko duniya tana da isasshen albarkatun ruwa don samar da abinci ga karuwar yawan jama'a a nan gaba.<ref name="IWMI-2007" /><ref name="FAO2012" />{{rp|1}} === Karancin ruwa na zahiri === Ƙarancin ruwa na zahiri yana faruwa ne lokacin da albarkatun ruwa na halitta ba su isa su biya duk buƙatu ba. Wannan ya haɗa da ruwan da ake buƙata don tsarin muhalli ya yi aiki da kyau. Yankuna masu bushewa galibi suna fama da ƙarancin ruwa na zahiri. Tasirin ɗan adam akan yanayi ya tsananta ƙarancin ruwa a yankunan da riga can matsala ce.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Climate Change 2022: Impacts, Adaptation and Vulnerability |url=https://www.ipcc.ch/report/ar6/wg2/ |access-date=2022-02-28 |website=www.ipcc.ch |language=en}}</ref> Hakanan yana faruwa a inda ruwa yake da yawa amma inda aka wuce gona da iri wajen amfani da albarkatun. Misali ɗaya shine haɓakar ababen more rayuwa na ruwa (hydraulic infrastructure). Wannan na iya zama don ban ruwa ko samar da makamashi. Akwai alamomi da yawa na ƙarancin ruwa na zahiri. Sun haɗa da mummunar lalacewar muhalli, raguwar ruwan ƙarƙashin ƙasa da rabon ruwa da ke fifita wasu rukunoni akan wasu.<ref name="FAO2012" />{{rp|6}} Ruwa ya yi ƙaranci a yankuna masu bushewa da ke da yawan jama'a. Ana hasashen waɗannan yankuna za su sami ƙasa da mita kubik 1000 na ruwa ga kowane mutum a kowace shekara. Misalai sune Tsakiyar Asiya da Yammacin Asiya, da Arewacin Afirka.<ref name="Rijsberman-2006a" /> Wani bincike a shekarar 2007 ya gano cewa fiye da mutane biliyan 1.2 suna zaune a yankunan da ke da ƙarancin ruwa na zahiri.<ref>Molden, D. (Ed). ''Water for food, Water for life: A Comprehensive Assessment of Water Management in Agriculture.'' Earthscan/IWMI, 2007, p.11</ref> Wannan ƙarancin ruwa yana da alaƙa da ruwan da ake samu don samar da abinci, maimakon na ruwan sha wanda shi kaɗan ne.<ref name="Rijsberman-2006a" /><ref>{{Cite web|last1=Molden|first1=David|last2=Fraiture|first2=Charlotte de|last3=Rijsberman|first3=Frank|date=1970-01-01|title=Water Scarcity: The Food Factor|url=https://issues.org/molden-water-food-scarcity/|access-date=2021-09-22|website=Issues in Science and Technology|language=en-US}}</ref> Wasu masana kimiyya sun ba da shawarar wani nau'in ƙarancin ruwa na daban mai suna ''ƙarancin ruwa na muhalli'' (ecological water scarcity)<ref name="Liu-2022" /> kodayake wasu wallafe-wallafen suna jayayya cewa wannan yana cikin ma'anar ƙarancin ruwa na zahiri.<ref name="FAO2012" /><ref name="IWMI-2007" /> Zai mayar da hankali kan buƙatun ruwa na tsarin muhalli, yana nufin mafi ƙarancin yawa da ingancin ruwan da ake fitarwa don kiyaye tsarin muhalli mai dorewa da aiki. Sakamako daga binciken samfuri a shekarar 2022 ya nuna cewa arewacin China ya fi fama da ƙarancin ruwa na muhalli fiye da kudancin China. Babban abun da ke haifar da ƙarancin ruwa na muhalli a yawancin larduna shine gurbacewar ruwa maimakon amfani da ruwa na ɗan adam.<ref name="Liu-2022">{{Cite journal |last1=Liu |first1=Kewei |last2=Cao |first2=Wenfang |last3=Zhao |first3=Dandan |last4=Liu |first4=Shuman |last5=Liu |first5=Junguo |date=2022-10-01 |title=Assessment of ecological water scarcity in China |journal=Environmental Research Letters |volume=17 |issue=10 |page=104056 |doi=10.1088/1748-9326/ac95b0 |bibcode=2022ERL....17j4056L |issn=1748-9326|doi-access=free}} [[File:CC-BY icon.svg|50px]] An karbo rubutu daga wannan tushe, wanda ke akwai a karkashin lasisin Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License</ref> === Karancin ruwa na tattalin arziki === [[File:Collecting clean water with the help of UKaid (5330401479).jpg|thumb|alt=|Mutane suna diban ruwan sha mai tsafta daga famfo a garin Alhan ahammed da ke yammacin lardin Sindh a Pakistan.]] Ƙarancin ruwa na tattalin arziki yana faruwa ne saboda rashin saka hannun jari a fannin ababen more rayuwa ko fasaha don hako ruwa daga koguna, aquifers, ko wasu hanyoyin ruwa. Hakanan yana nuna rashin isasshen ƙarfin ɗan adam don biyan buƙatar ruwa.<ref name="Caretta-2022b">Caretta, M.A., A. Mukherji, M. Arfanuzzaman, R.A. Betts, A. Gelfan, Y. Hirabayashi, T.K. Lissner, J. Liu, E. Lopez Gunn, R. Morgan, S. Mwanga, and S. Supratid, 2022: [https://www.ipcc.ch/report/ar6/wg2/downloads/report/IPCC_AR6_WGII_Chapter04.pdf Chapter 4: Water]. In: [https://www.ipcc.ch/report/ar6/wg2/ Climate Change 2022: Impacts, Adaptation and Vulnerability. Contribution of Working Group II to the Sixth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change] [H.-O. Pörtner, D.C. Roberts, M. Tignor, E.S. Poloczanska, K. Mintenbeck, A. Alegría, M. Craig, S. Langsdorf, S. Löschke, V. Möller, A. Okem, B. Rama (eds.)]. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, UK and New York, NY, USA, pp. 551–712, doi:10.1017/9781009325844.006.</ref>{{rp|560}} Yana sa mutanen da ba su da amintaccen damar samun ruwa su yi tafiya mai nisa don ɗibo ruwa don amfanin gida da na aikin gona. Irin wannan ruwan galibi ba shi da tsafta. Shirin Ci Gaba na Majalisar Dinkin Duniya (UNDP) ya ce ƙarancin ruwa na tattalin arziki shine mafi yawan sanadin ƙarancin ruwa. Wannan saboda yawancin ƙasashe ko yankuna suna da isasshen ruwa don biyan buƙatun gida, masana'antu, aikin gona, da muhalli. Amma ba su da hanyoyin samar da shi ta hanyar da za a iya samun sa cikin sauƙi.<ref name="UNDP-2006">United Nations Development Programme (2006). [http://hdr.undp.org/en/content/human-development-report-2006 Human Development Report 2006: Beyond Scarcity–Power, Poverty and the Global Water Crisis] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180107062747/http://hdr.undp.org/en/content/human-development-report-2006 |date=7 January 2018 }}. Basingstoke, United Kingdom:Palgrave Macmillan.</ref> Kusan kashi ɗaya bisa biyar na al'ummar duniya a halin yanzu suna zaune ne a yankunan da ƙarancin ruwa na zahiri ya shafa.<ref name="UNDP-2006" /> Kashi ɗaya cikin huɗu na al'ummar duniya ya shafu ta hanyar ƙarancin ruwa na tattalin arziki. Siffa ce ta yawancin yankunan kudu da hamadar sahara.<ref name="IWMI-2007"/>{{rp|11}} Don haka ingantattun ababen more rayuwa na ruwa a can zasu iya taimakawa wajen rage talauci. Saka hannun jari a fannin riƙe ruwa da ababen more rayuwa na ban ruwa zai taimaka wajen ƙara samar da abinci. Wannan sh == Kalubale == [[File:Lake Chad map showing receding water area and level 1972-2007.svg|thumb|280px|Tafkin Chadi ya ruku da kashi 90% tun daga shekarun 1960.<ref>{{cite news |date=31 March 2018 |title=Lake Chad: Can the vanishing lake be saved? |work=BBC News |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-43500314 |url-status=live |access-date=9 August 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190809092459/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-43500314 |archive-date=9 August 2019}}</ref>]] === Alamomi masu sauƙi === Akwai alamomi da yawa don auna ƙarancin ruwa. Ɗaya shine rabon amfani da ruwa zuwa wadatar sa. Wannan kuma ana kiran sa da rabon mahimmanci (criticality ratio). Wani kuma shine Alamar IWMI. Wannan yana auna ƙarancin ruwa na zahiri da na tattalin arziki. Wani kuma shine alamar talaucin ruwa (water poverty index).<ref name="Liu-2017" /> "Matsanciyar ƙarancin ruwa" wani ma'uni ne na auna ƙarancin ruwa. Masana suna amfani da shi a cikin mahallin Burin Ci Gaba Mai Dorewa na 6.<ref name="UN-2017" /> Wani rahoto da FAO ta fitar a shekarar 2018 ya ba da ma'anar matsanciyar ƙarancin ruwa. Ya bayyana shi a matsayin "rabon tsakanin jimillar ruwa mai daɗi da aka hako (TFWW) ta dukkan manyan fannoni da kuma jimillar albarkatun ruwa mai daɗi mai sabuntawa (TRWR), bayan an yi la'akari da buƙatun kwararar muhalli (EFR)". Wannan yana nufin cewa an raba ƙimar TFWW ta hanyar bambanci tsakanin TRWR ragi EFR.<ref name="FAO-2018">FAO (2018). [https://www.unwater.org/publications/progress-on-level-of-water-stress-642/ Progress on level of water stress - Global baseline for SDG 6 Indicator 6.4.2] Rome. FAO/UN-Water. 58 pp. Licence: CC BY-NC-SA 3.0 IGO.</ref>{{rp|xii}} Kwararar muhalli sune kwararar ruwan da ake buƙata don dorewar tsarin muhalli na ruwa mai daɗi da na bakin teku. Ma'anar da ta gabata a cikin Burin Ci Gaban Millenium 7, manufa 7.A, ita ce kawai rabon jimillar albarkatun ruwa da aka amfani da su, ba tare da la'akari da EFR ba.<ref name="FAO-2018" />{{rp|28}} Wannan ma'anar ta tsara rukunoni da yawa don matsanciyar ƙarancin ruwa. Ƙasa da 10% shine ƙarancin matsa lamba; 10-20% shine ƙasa-zuwa-matsakaici; 20-40% matsakaici-zuwa-babba; 40-80% babba; sama da 80% yana da girma sosai.<ref name="Ritchie-2018" /> Ana amfani da alamomi don auna girman ƙarancin ruwa.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Matlock|first=Marty D.|title=A Review of Water Scarcity Indices and Methodologies|url=http://oamk.fi/~mohameda/materiaali16/Water%20and%20environmental%20management%202015/2011_Brown_Matlock_Water-Availability-Assessment-Indices-and-Methodologies-Lit-Review.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171013014517/http://oamk.fi/~mohameda/materiaali16/Water%20and%20environmental%20management%202015/2011_Brown_Matlock_Water-Availability-Assessment-Indices-and-Methodologies-Lit-Review.pdf|archive-date=13 October 2017|access-date=5 February 2018|website=University of Arkansas - The Sustainability Consortium}}</ref> Hanyar ɗaya don auna ƙarancin ruwa ita ce lissafin adadin albarkatun ruwa da ke akwai ga kowane mutum a kowace shekara. Misali ɗaya shine "Alamar Matsanciyar Ƙarancin Ruwa ta Falkenmark". An haɓaka wannan ta hannun Malin Falkenmark. Wannan alamar tana cewa ƙasa ko yankni suna fuskantar "matsanciyar ƙarancin ruwa" lokacin da samar da ruwa na shekara-shekara ya faɗi ƙasa da mita kubik 1,700 ga kowane mutum a kowace shekara.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Falkenmark|first1=Malin|last2=Lundqvist|first2=Jan|last3=Widstrand|first3=Carl|date=1989|title=Macro-scale water scarcity requires micro-scale approaches|url=https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1477-8947.1989.tb00348.x|journal=Natural Resources Forum|language=en|volume=13|issue=4|pages=258–267|doi=10.1111/j.1477-8947.1989.tb00348.x|pmid=12317608|bibcode=1989NRF....13..258F |url-access=subscription}}</ref> Matakan tsakanitn 1,700 da 1,000 mita kubik zasu haifar da ƙarancin ruwa na lokaci-lokaci ko iyakancewa. Lokacin da samar da ruwa ya faɗi ƙasa da mita kubik 1,000 ga kowane mutum a kowace shekara ƙasar tana fuskantar "ƙarancin ruwa". Koyar, Alamar Matsanciyar Ƙarancin Ruwa ta Falkenmark ba ta taimakawa wajen bayyana ainihin yanayin ƙarancin ruwa.<ref name="Rijsberman-2006a" /> ==== Albarkatun ruwa mai daɗi mai sabuntawa ==== Kuma yana yiwuwa a auna ƙarancin ruwa ta hanyar duba ruwa mai daɗi mai sabuntawa. Masana suna amfani da shi lokacin kimanta ƙarancin ruwa. Wannan ma'auni na iya bayyana jimillar albarkatun ruwa da ke akwai kowace ƙasa ta ƙunsa. Wannan jimillar albarkatun ruwa da ke akwai tana ba da ra'ayi game da ko ƙasa tana fuskantar ƙarancin ruwa na zahiri.<ref name="WWAP-2012">WWAP (World Water Assessment Programme). 2012. ''[http://www.unesco.org/new/fileadmin/MULTIMEDIA/HQ/SC/pdf/WWDR4%20Volume%201-Managing%20Water%20under%20Uncertainty%20and%20Risk.pdf The United Nations World Water Development Report 4: Managing Water under Uncertainty and Risk]''. Paris, UNESCO.</ref> Wannan ma'auni yana da illa saboda matsakaici ne. Hazo yana isar da ruwa ba daidai ba a faɗin duniya kowace shekara. Don haka albarkatun ruwa mai sabuntawa na shekara-shekara sun bambanta daga shekara zuwa shekara. Wannan ma'auni baya bayyana yadda yake da sauƙi ga mutane, gidaje, masana'antu ko gwamnati su sami ruwa. A ƙarshe wannan ma'auni yana ba da bayanin dukkan ƙasa gaba ɗaya. Don haka baya nuna daidai ko ƙasa tana fuskantar ƙarancin ruwa. Misali, Kanada da [[Brazil]] duka suna da babban matakin samar da ruwa. Amma har yanzu suna fuskantar matsaloli daban-daban masu alaƙa da ruwa.<ref name="WWAP-2012" /> Wasu ƙasashe masu zafi a Asiya da Afirka suna da ƙananan matakan albarkatun ruwa mai daɗi. === Alamomi mafi haɓaka === [[File:Average ecological water scarcity at the provincial level in China 2016-2019.png|thumb|Matsakaicin ƙarancin ruwa na muhalli a matakin lardin China 2016-2019.<ref name="Liu-2022" />]] Kimantawar ƙarancin ruwa dole ne ya haɗa da nau'ikan bayanai da yawa. Sun haɗa da bayanai kan ruwan kore (ɗanyen ƙasa), ingancin ruwa, buƙatun kwararar muhalli, daidaiton duniya, da kasuwancin ruwa na fito-na-fito.<ref name="Liu-2017" /> Tun farkon shekarun 2000, kimantawar ƙarancin ruwa ya amfani da samfura masu rikitarwa. Waɗannan suna amfana daga kayan aikin bincike na sararin samaniya. Ƙarancin ruwan kore-shuɗi yana ɗaya daga cikin waɗannan. Kimantawar ƙarancin ruwa na tushen sawun (footprint-based) wani ne. Wani kuma shine rabon tarawa zuwa buƙata, wanda ke la'akari da sauye-sauyen lokaci. Wasu misalan sune alamomin matsanciyar ƙarancin ruwa na tushen LCA da haɗakar adadin ruwa–ingancin kwararar muhalli.<ref name="Liu-2017" /> Tun farkon shekarun 2010 kimantawa sun duba ƙarancin ruwa ta fuskoki biyu na adadi da inganci.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Zeng |first1=Zhao |last2=Liu |first2=Junguo |last3=Savenije |first3=Hubert H.G. |date=2013 |title=A simple approach to assess water scarcity integrating water quantity and quality |url=https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S1470160X13002434 |journal=Ecological Indicators |language=en |volume=34 |pages=441–449 |doi=10.1016/j.ecolind.2013.06.012|bibcode=2013EcInd..34..441Z |url-access=subscription }}</ref> Nasarar kimantawa za ta haɗa masana daga fannoni daban-daban na kimiyya. Waɗannan sun haɗa da hydrological, ingancin ruwa, kimiyyar tsarin muhalli na ruwa, da al'ummomin kimiyyar zamantakewa.<ref name="Liu-2017" /> == Ruwan da ke akwai == [[File:Water scarcity.jpg|thumb|Yara suna diban ruwa daga rafi mai laka a yankin karkara lokacin rani. Ana kai ruwan gida a tace shi da sauran magunguna kafin amfani.]] [[File:GlobalWaterWithdrawals.jpg|thumb|Amfani da ruwa mai daɗi na duniya, bayanan FAO na 2016]] Majalisar Dinkin Duniya ta yi ƙiyasin cewa mita kubik 200,000 ne kawai na jimillar mita kubik biliyan 1.4 na ruwa a Duniya ke samuwa ga amfanin ɗan adam. Kashi 0.014% kawai na duk ruwan da ke Duniya ne mai daɗi kuma ana iya samun sa cikin sauƙi.<ref>{{Cite web|title=The Water Crisis and its solutions: We need to take global action now.|url=https://waterstillar.com/why/water-crisis/|access-date=2021-09-19|website=WaterStillar|language=en-US|archive-date=20 September 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210920212221/https://waterstillar.com/why/water-crisis/}}</ref> Daga cikin sauran ruwan, 97% gishiri ne, kuma ƙasa da 3% yana da wahalar samu. Ruwa mai daɗi da ke akwai gare mu a doron ƙasa yana kusa da 1% na jimillar ruwan duniya.<ref name="Conceicao-2020">{{Cite web|last=Conceição|first=Pedro|date=2020|title=The next frontier Human development and the Anthropocene|url=http://hdr.undp.org/en/2020-report|access-date=14 March 2021|website=United Nations Development Reports}}</ref> Jimillar adadin ruwa mai daɗi da za a iya samu cikin sauƙi a Duniya shine mita kubik 14,000. Wannan yana ɗaukar nau'in ruwan sama kamar koguna da tafkuna ko ruwan ƙarƙashin ƙasa, misali a cikin aquifers. Daga wannan jimillar adadin, ɗan adam yana amfani da sake amfani da mita kubik 5,000 kawai. A fasahar zamani, akwai isasshen ruwa mai daɗi a matakin duniya. Don haka a ka'ida akwai isasshen ruwa mai daɗi don biyan buƙatun al'ummar duniya na yanzu na mutane biliyan 8. Akwai ma isasshen tallafawa karuwar jama'a zuwa biliyan 9 ko fiye. Amma rashin daidaiton rarraba yanki da rashin daidaiton amfani da ruwa yana sa ya zama albarkatun da ba su da yawa a wasu yankuna da rukunonin mutane. Koguna da tafkuna suna samar da hanyoyin samun ruwa mai daɗi na zahiri. Amma sauran albarkatun ruwa kamar ruwan ƙarƙashin ƙasa da kankara sun zama ingantattun hanyoyin samun ruwa mai daɗi. Sun zama babban tushen ruwa mai tsafta. Ruwan ƙarƙashin ƙasa shine ruwan da ya taru a ƙarƙashin ƙasan Duniya. Zai iya samar da adadin ruwa mai amfani ta hanyar idon ruwa ko rijiyoyi. Waɗannan yankuna na ruwan ƙarƙashin ƙasa kuma ana kiran su aquifers. Yana ƙara wahala amfani da hanyoyin da aka saba da su saboda gurbacewa da canjin yanayi. Don haka mutane suna ƙara dogara ga waɗannan sauran hanyoyin. Karuwar jama'a tana ƙarfafa yin amfani da waɗannan nau'ikan albarkatun ruwa.<ref name="WWAP-2012" /> == SIKELI == === Kimantawa na yanzu === A shekarar 2019 Taron Tattalin Arziki na Duniya (World Economic Forum) ya lissafa ƙarancin ruwa a matsayin ɗaya daga cikin manyan haɗari na duniya dangane da tasirin da zai iya yi a cikin shekaru goma masu zuwa.<ref>{{cite web|title=Global risks report 2019|url=https://www.weforum.org/reports/the-global-risks-report-2019|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190325101510/https://www.weforum.org/reports/the-global-risks-report-2019|archive-date=25 March 2019|access-date=25 March 2019|publisher=World Economic Forum}}</ref> Ƙarancin ruwa na iya ɗaukar nau'ika da yawa. Ɗaya shine gazawar biyan buƙatun ruwa, na ɓangare ko gaba ɗaya. Wasu misalan sune gasar tattalin arziki don adadin ruwa ko inganci, rikici tsakanin masu amfani, raguwar ruwan ƙarƙashin ƙasa da ba za a iya juyawa ba, da kuma mummunan tasiri ga muhalli. Kusan rabin al'ummar duniya a halin yanzu suna fuskantar matsanancin ƙarancin ruwa na aƙalla wani ɓangare na shekara.<ref>{{Cite web |date=February 27, 2022 |title=Climate Change 2022: Impacts, Adaptation and Vulnerability Summary for Policy Makers |url=https://report.ipcc.ch/ar6wg2/pdf/IPCC_AR6_WGII_SummaryForPolicymakers.pdf |access-date=March 1, 2022 |website=IPCC Sixth Assessment Report |archive-date=28 February 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220228111851/https://report.ipcc.ch/ar6wg2/pdf/IPCC_AR6_WGII_SummaryForPolicymakers.pdf }}</ref> Mutane biliyan rabi a duniya suna fuskantar matsanancin ƙarancin ruwa a duk shekara.<ref name="Mekonnen-2016" /> Rabin manyan biranen duniya suna fuskantar ƙarancin ruwa.<ref name="weforum17" /> Kusan mutane biliyan biyu ba su da damar samun ruwan sha mai tsafta a halin yanzu.<ref>{{Cite web |title=IPCC Fact sheet - Food and Water |url=https://www.ipcc.ch/report/ar6/wg2/downloads/outreach/IPCC_AR6_WGII_FactSheet_FoodAndWater.pdf |website=IPCC}}</ref><ref name="EIB-2023b">{{Cite web |title=Water crisis is a vital investment opportunity |url=https://www.eib.org/en/stories/water-crisis-investment |access-date=2023-03-31 |website=European Investment Bank |language=en}}</ref> Wani bincike a shekarar 2016 ya lissafa cewa adadin mutanen da ke fama da ƙarancin ruwa ya ƙaru daga biliyan 0.24 (kashi 14% na al'ummar duniya) a shekarar 1906 zuwa biliyan 3.8 (58%) a shekarar 2004, (bisa ga ƙiyasin Majalisar Dinkin Duniya na 2024),<ref name="Kummu-2016" /> amma daga ƙarshe, ya ƙara ƙaruwa zuwa biliyan 6.2 (75% na al'ummar duniya) a shekarar 2025, yana haifar da damuwa game da yunwa da rashin zaman lafiya.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Potter |first=Rosemary |date=September 29, 2025 |title="Earth's Water Is Vanishing Fast": NASA Satellites Reveal 75% Of Humanity Faces Freshwater Crisis While Governments Hide Continental Drying Data |url=https://www.energy-reporters.com/environment/earths-water-is-vanishing-fast-nasa-satellites-reveal-75-of-humanity-faces-freshwater-crisis-while-governments-hide-continental-drying-data/ |access-date=September 30, 2025 |website=Energy Reporters European Energy News}}</ref> Wannan binciken ya amfani da ra'ayoyi guda biyu don bincika ƙarancin ruwa. Ɗaya shine rashi, ko tasiri saboda ƙarancin wadatar ruwa ga kowane mutum. Ɗayan kuma shine matsakaici, ko tasiri saboda babban amfani dangane da wadatar ruwa. === Hasashen gaba === [[File:Dharan Nepal Shardu Water Scarcity Kaustuvraj.jpg|thumb|Yan mata na mazaunin marasa galihu a Dharan suna diban ruwa daga kogi]]A cikin ƙarni na 20, amfani da ruwa ya kasance yana haɓaka fiye da ninki biyu na ƙaruwar jama'a. Musamman, hako ruwa yana iya tashi da kashi 50 cikin ɗari nan da shekarar 2025 a ƙasashe masu tasowa, da kashi 18 cikin ɗari a ƙasashe masu ci gaba.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Barbier |first1=Edward |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=166CCgAAQBAJ&q=water+withdrawals+are+predicted+to+increase+by+50+percent+by+2025&pg=PA500 |title=Handbook of Water Economics |date=September 25, 2015 |publisher=Edward Elgar Publishing |isbn=978-1-78254-966-6 |page=550 |access-date=6 December 2016}}</ref> Nahiyar ɗaya, misali, Afirka, an yi hasashen za ta sami mazauna miliyan 75 zuwa 250 da ba su da damar samun ruwa mai daɗi.<ref>{{cite web |date=12 March 2009 |title=Ballooning global population adding to water crisis, warns new UN report |url=https://www.un.org/apps/news/story.asp?NewsID=30167&Cr=water&Cr1=supply#.WEYuHLIrLIU |access-date=6 December 2016 |website=United Nations News Centre |publisher=UN News Centre}}</ref> Nan da shekarar 2025, mutane biliyan 1.8 za su zauna a ƙasashe ko yankunan da ke da ƙarancin ruwa kwata-kwata, kuma kashi biyu bisa uku na al'ummar duniya na iya kasancewa cikin yanayin matsanciyar ƙarancin ruwa.<ref>{{cite web |date=2014-11-24 |title=Water scarcity &#124; International Decade for Action 'Water for Life' 2005-2015 |url=https://www.un.org/waterforlifedecade/scarcity.shtml |publisher=Un.org |access-date=2022-04-06}}</ref> Nan da shekarar 2050, fiye da rabin al'ummar duniya za su zauna a yankunan da ke da ƙarancin ruwa, kuma wani biliyan na iya rasa isasshen ruwa, masu bincike na MIT sun gano.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Roberts |first1=Alli Gold |date=2014-01-09 |title=Predicting the future of global water stress |work=MIT News |url=https://news.mit.edu/2014/predicting-the-future-of-global-water-stress |access-date=22 December 2017}}</ref> Tare da haɓakar yanayin zafi na duniya da haɓakar buƙatar ruwa, mutane shida cikin goma suna cikin haɗarin fuskantar matsanancin ƙarancin ruwa. Bushewar wuraren dausayi (wetlands) a duniya, da kusan 67%, shine sanadin kai tsaye na yawancin mutanen da ke cikin haɗarin ƙarancin ruwa. Yayin da buƙatar ruwa ta duniya ke ƙaruwa kuma yanayin zafi ya tashi, yana yiwuwa kashi biyu bisa uku na al'umma za su rayu cikin matsanancin ƙarancin ruwa a shekarar 2025.<ref name="Kummu-2010">{{Cite journal|last1=Matti Kummu|last2=Philip J Ward|last3=Hans de Moel|last4=Olli Varis|date=2010-08-16|title=Is physical water scarcity a new phenomenon? Global assessment of water shortage over the last two millennia|journal=Environmental Research Letters|language=en|volume=5|issue=3|article-number=034006|doi=10.1088/1748-9326/5/3/034006|bibcode=2010ERL.....5c4006K|issn=1748-9326|doi-access=free}}</ref><ref name="Conceicao-2020" />{{rp|191}} Bisa hasashen da Majalisar Dinkin Duniya ta yi, nan da shekarar 2040, za a iya samun kusan mutane biliyan 4.5 da matsalar ruwa (ko ƙarancin ruwa) zai shafa. Bugu da ƙari, tare da haɓakar jama'a, za a sami buƙatar abinci, kuma don fitar da abinci ya dace da haɓakar jama'a, za a sami ƙarin buƙatar ruwa don shayar da amfanin gona.<ref name="Baer-1996">{{Cite journal|last=Baer|first=Anne|date=June 1996|title=Not enough water to go around|url=https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1111/j.1468-2451.1996.tb00079.x|journal=International Social Science Journal|volume=48|issue=148|pages=277–292|doi=10.1111/j.1468-2451.1996.tb00079.x|via=Wiley Online Library|url-access=subscription}}</ref> Taron Tattalin Arziki na Duniya ya kiyasta cewa buƙatar ruwa ta duniya za ta zarce wadatar duniya da kashi 40% nan da shekarar 2030.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Ensuring sustainable water management for all by 2030 |url=https://www.weforum.org/impact/sustainable-water-management/ |access-date=2023-03-31 |website=World Economic Forum |date=16 September 2022 |language=en}}</ref><ref name="EIB-2023a">{{Cite web |title=Water crisis is a vital investment opportunity |url=https://www.eib.org/en/stories/water-crisis-investment |access-date=2023-03-31 |website=European Investment Bank |language=en}}</ref> Haɓakar buƙatar ruwa da kuma haɓakar jama'a yana haifar da matsalar ruwa inda babu isasshen ruwa don rabawa a matakan lafiya. Matsalolin ba kawai saboda yawa bane amma inganci ma yana da mahimmanci. Wani bincike ya gano cewa kashi 6-20% na rijiyoyin ruwan ƙarƙashin ƙasa kusan miliyan 39 suna cikin babban haɗarin bushewa idan matakan ruwan ƙarƙashin ƙasa na gida suka ragu da ƴan mita. A yankuna da yawa kuma mai yiwuwa tare da fiye da rabin manyan aquifers<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Famiglietti |first1=James S. |last2=Ferguson |first2=Grant |title=The hidden crisis beneath our feet |url=https://www.science.org/doi/10.1126/science.abh2867 |journal=Science |access-date=10 May 2021 |pages=344–345 |language=en |doi=10.1126/science.abh2867 |issn=0036-8075 |date=23 April 2021|volume=372 |issue=6540 |pmid=33888627 |bibcode=2021Sci...372..344F |s2cid=233353241 |url-access=subscription }}</ref> wannan zai shafa idan kawai suka ci gaba da raguwa.<ref>{{cite news |title=The largest assessment of global groundwater wells finds many are at risk of drying up |url=https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2021/04/210423130101.htm |access-date=10 May 2021 |work=ScienceDaily |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Jasechko |first1=Scott |last2=Perrone |first2=Debra |title=Global groundwater wells at risk of running dry |journal=Science |date=23 April 2021 |volume=372 |issue=6540 |pages=418–421 |doi=10.1126/science.abc2755 |pmid=33888642 |bibcode=2021Sci...372..418J |s2cid=233353207 |url=https://www.science.org/doi/10.1126/science.abc2755 |access-date=10 May 2021 |language=en |issn=0036-8075|url-access=subscription }}</ref> == Tasiri == === Karancin wadatar ruwa === [[File:California Drought Dry Lakebed 2009.jpg|thumb|Ana ganin busasshiyar gado na tafki a California, wanda ke fuskantar mafi munin fari na megadrought cikin shekaru 1,200 (kamar na 2022), wanda canjin yanayi ya haifar, saboda haka yana da raba ruwa.<ref>{{cite web |author=Irina Ivanova |date=June 2, 2022 |title=California is rationing water amid its worst drought in 1,200 years |url=https://www.cbsnews.com/news/water-cutbacks-california-6-million-people-drought/ |access-date=June 4, 2022 |publisher=CBS News}}</ref> ]] Abubuwan da za a iya sarrafawa kamar gudanarwa da rarraba wadatar ruwa na iya taimakawa ga ƙarancin ruwa. Rahoton Majalisar Dinkin Duniya na shekarar 2006 ya mayar da hankali kan al'amuran gudanarwa a matsayin jigon matsalar ruwa. Rahoton ya lura cewa: "Akwai isasshen ruwa ga kowa". Ya kuma ce: "Rashin wadatar ruwa galibi yana faruwa ne saboda rashin gudanarwa, cin hanci da rashawa, rashin ingantattun cibiyoyi, tsayuwar tsarin mulki da ƙarancin saka hannun jari a fannin ƙarfin ɗan adam da ababen more rayuwa na zahiri".<ref>[http://unesdoc.unesco.org/images/0014/001444/144409E.pdf Water, a shared responsibility. The United Nations World Water Development Report 2] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090106144926/http://unesdoc.unesco.org/images/0014/001444/144409E.pdf|date=6 January 2009}}, 2006</ref> Masana tattalin arziki da wasu sun yi iƙirarin cewa rashin haƙƙin mallaka, ƙa'idodin gwamnati da tallafin ruwa sun haifar da halin da ake ciki da ruwa. Waɗannan abubuwan suna sa farashi ya yi ƙasa da amfani ya yi yawa, suna ba da hujja ga mayar da ruwa hannun masu zaman kansu.<ref>Segerfeldt, Fredrik (25 August 2005), [http://www.cato.org/pub_display.php?pub_id=4462 "Private Water Saves Lives"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110921133211/http://www.cato.org/pub_display.php?pub_id=4462|date=21 September 2011}}, ''Financial Times''.</ref><ref>Zetland, David (1 August 2008) [http://aguanomics.com/2008/08/running-out-of-water.html "Running Out of Water"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110707094104/http://www.aguanomics.com/2008/07/water-crisis.html|date=7 July 2011}}. aguanomics.com</ref><ref>Zetland, David (14 July 2008) [http://aguanomics.com/2008/07/water-crisis.html "Water Crisis"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110707094234/http://www.aguanomics.com/2008/07/water-crisis.html|date=7 July 2011}}. aguanomics.com</ref> Matsalar ruwa mai tsafta wata matsala ce da ke bulla a duniya wacce ta shafi kusan mutane miliyan 785 a duniya.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Why Water? - Water Changes Everything |url=https://water.org/about-us/why-water/ |access-date=2020-03-24 |website=Water.org}}</ref> Mutane miliyan 1.1 ba su da damar samun ruwa kuma biliyan 2.7 suna fuskantar ƙarancin ruwa aƙalla wata ɗaya a shekara. Mutane biliyan 2.4 suna fama da gurbataccen ruwa da rashin tsaftar muhalli. Gurbacewar ruwa na iya haifar da cututtukan gudawa masu kaza kisa kamar kwalara da zazzabin taifot da sauran cututtukan da ke cikin ruwa. Waɗannan sune kashi 80% na cututtuka a duniya.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Global Water Shortage: Water Scarcity & How to Help - Page 2 |url=https://thewaterproject.org/water_scarcity_2 |access-date=2020-03-24 |website=The Water Project |language=en}}</ref> === Muhalli === [[File:Madagascar highland plateau.jpg|thumb|Sare bishiyoyi na Madagascar Highland Plateau ya haifar da babban siltation da rashin daidaiton kwararar kogunan yamma.]] Amfani da ruwa don amfanin gida, abinci da masana'antu yana da babban tasiri ga tsarin muhalli a sassa da yawa na duniya. Wannan na iya shafar har ma yankunan da ba a ɗauka "marasa ruwa" ba.<ref name="Rijsberman-2006a" /> Ƙarancin ruwa yana lalata muhalli ta hanyoyi da yawa. Waɗannan sun haɗa da mummunan tasiri akan tafkuna, koguna, madatsun ruwa, wuraren dausayi da sauran albarkatun ruwa mai daɗi. Wannan yana haifar da wuce gona da iri wajen amfani da ruwa saboda ruwa ya yi ƙaranci. Wannan yakan faru ne a yankunan aikin gona na ban ruwa. Zai iya cutar da muhalli ta hanyoyi da yawa. Wannan ya haɗa da ƙaruwar gishiri, gurbacewar abinci mai gina jiki (nutrient pollution), da asarar wuraren dausayi.<ref name="UNDP-2006" /><ref>{{cite web|title=Water Scarcity Index – Vital Water Graphics|url=http://www.unep.org/dewa/vitalwater/article77.html|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081216143250/http://www.unep.org/dewa/vitalwater/article77.html|archive-date=16 December 2008|access-date=20 October 2013}}</ref> Ƙarancin ruwa yana sa da wuya a yi amfani da kwarara don gyara koridodin birane.<ref>{{cite journal|author1=J.E. Lawrence|author2=C.P.W. Pavia|author3=S. Kaing|author4=H.N. Bischel|author5=R.G. Luthy|author6=V.H. Resh|year=2014|title=Recycled Water for Augmenting Urban Streams in Mediterranean-climate Regions: A Potential Approach for Riparian Ecosystem Enhancement|journal=Hydrological Sciences Journal|volume=59|issue=3–4|pages=488–501|doi=10.1080/02626667.2013.818221|s2cid=129362661|doi-access=free|bibcode=2014HydSJ..59..488L }}</ref>[[File:AralShip.jpg|thumb|Jirgin ruwa da aka bari a tsohon Tekun Aral, kusa da Aral, Kazakhstan]] A cikin shekaru ɗari da suka gabata, fiye da rabin wuraren dausayi na Duniya an lalata su kuma sun ɓace.<ref name="WWF-2013" /> Waɗannan wuraren dausayi suna da mahimmanci a matsayin mazaunin halittu masu yawa kamar dabbobi masu shayarwa, tsuntsaye, kifi, amphibians, da invertebrates. Suna kuma tallafawa shashen shinkafa da sauran amfanin gona. Kuma suna samar da tace ruwa da kariya daga hadari da ambaliyar ruwa. Tafkuna na ruwa mai daɗi kamar Tekun Aral a tsakiyar Asiya suma sun sha wahala. Ya kasance tana da matsayi na huɗu mafi girma a cikin tafkuna na ruwa mai daɗi a duniya. Amma ya rasa fiye da murabba'in kilomita 58,000 na yanki kuma ya ƙaru sosai a cikin yawan gishiri cikin shekaru guda talatin.<ref name="WWF-2013" /> Ruƙuwar ƙasa (Subsidence) wani sakamako ne na ƙarancin ruwa. Hukumar Binciken Kasa ta Amurka (U.S. Geological Survey) ta kiyasta cewa ruƙuwar ƙasa ta shafi fiye da murabba'in mil 17,000 a cikin jihohin Amurka 45, kashi 80 cikin ɗari na sa saboda amfani da ruwan ƙarƙashin ƙasa ne.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Land Subsidence in the United States|url=https://water.usgs.gov/ogw/pubs/fs00165/|access-date=2021-06-15|website=water.usgs.gov}}</ref> Ciyayi da namun daji suna buƙatar isasshen ruwa mai daɗi. Wuraren fadama, bogs da riparian zones sun fi dogara ga samar da ruwa mai dorewa. Dajika da sauran tsarin muhalli na saman tudu suna cikin haɗari daidai gwargwado yayin da ruwa ke raguwa. Game da wuraren dausayi, an ɗauki filaye mai yawa daga amfanin namun daji don ciyar da gidajen mutane da ke haɓaka. Wasu yankuna kuma sun sha wahala daga raguwar kwararar ruwa mai daɗi a hankali yayin da aka karkatar da ruwan sama don amfanin ɗan adam. === Yiwuwar rikici === Sauran tasirin sun haɗa da haɓakar rikici tsakanin masu amfani da haɓakar gasar neman ruwa.<ref name="FAO2012" />{{rp|6}} Misalai na yiwuwar rikici daga ƙarancin ruwa sun haɗa da: Karancin abinci a yankin Gabas ta Tsakiya da Arewacin Afirka (MENA)<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Barnes |first=Jessica |date=Fall 2020 |title=Water in the Middle East: A Primer |url=https://merip.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/09/MERIP-Primer-on-Water-in-the-Middle-East.pdf |url-status=live |journal=Middle East Report |volume=296 |pages=1–9 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201127140347/https://merip.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/09/MERIP-Primer-on-Water-in-the-Middle-East.pdf |archive-date=27 November 2020 |access-date=19 November 2020 |via=Middle East Research and Information Project (MERIP)}}</ref> da rikice-rikice na yanki akan albarkatun ruwa da ba su da yawa.<ref name="RepSynd-2019">{{Cite web |date=12 October 2019 |title=The Coming Wars for Water |url=https://reportsyndication.news.blog/2019/10/12/the-coming-wars-for-water/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191019173433/https://reportsyndication.news.blog/2019/10/12/the-coming-wars-for-water/ |archive-date=19 October 2019 |access-date=6 January 2020 |website=Report Syndication}}</ref> == Sanadin da abubuwan da ke taimakawa == === Karuwar jama'a === Kusan shekaru hamsin da suka gabata, ra'ayin gama gari shine cewa ruwa albarka ce maras iyaka. A wancan lokacin, akwai ƙasa da rabin adadin mutanen da ke doron ƙasa a yanzu. Mutane ba su da wadatar arziki kamar yau, sun cinye ƙarancin kuzari (calories) kuma sun ci ƙarancin nama, don haka an buƙaci ƙarancin ruwa don samar da abincinsu. Sun buƙaci kashi ɗaya cikin uku na adadin ruwan da muke ɗauka a halin yanzu daga koguna. A yau, gasar neman albarkatun ruwa ta fi tsanani. Wannan saboda yanzu akwai mutane biliyan bakwai a doron ƙasa kuma amfaninsu na naman da ke buƙatar ruwa yana ƙaruwa. Kuma masana'antu, birane, amfanin gona na biofuel, da abubuwan abinci da suka dogara da ruwa suna gasa sosai don neman ruwa. A nan gaba, za a buƙaci ƙarin ruwa don samar da abinci saboda an yi hasashen yawan jama'ar Duniya zai tashi zuwa biliyan 9 nan da shekarar 2050.<ref>United Nations Press Release POP/952, 13 March 2007. [https://www.un.org/News/Press/docs/2007/pop952.doc.htm World population will increase by 2.5 billion by 2050] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090728233526/http://www.un.org/News/Press/docs//2007/pop952.doc.htm|date=28 July 2009}}</ref> A shekarar 2000, al'ummar duniya sun kai biliyan 6.2. Majalisar Dinkin Duniya ta kiyasta cewa nan da shekarar 2050 za a sami ƙarin mutane biliyan 3.5, tare da mafi yawan haɓaka a ƙasashe masu tasowa waɗanda riga can suna fama da matsanciyar ƙarancin ruwa.<ref>{{cite web|date=2005-02-24|title=World population to reach 9.1 billion in 2050, UN projects|url=https://www.un.org/apps/news/story.asp?NewsID=13451&Cr=population&Cr1|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170722162959/http://www.un.org/apps/news/story.asp?NewsID=13451&Cr=population&Cr1|archive-date=22 July 2017|access-date=2009-03-12|publisher=Un.org}}</ref> Wannan zai ƙara buƙatar ruwa sai dai idan an sami daidaiton ƙaruwa a fannin kiyaye ruwa da sake amfani da shi.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Foster|first1=S. S.|last2=Chilton|first2=P. J.|date=2003-12-29|title=Groundwater – the processes and global significance of aquifer degradation|journal=Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London. Series B, Biological Sciences|volume=358|issue=1440|pages=1957–1972|doi=10.1098/rstb.2003.1380|pmc=1693287|pmid=14728791}}</ref> Wajen gina bayanan da Majalisar Dinkin Duniya ta gabatar a nan, Babban Bankin Duniya (World Bank)<ref>{{cite web|title=Water|url=http://water.worldbank.org/water/|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120426170221/http://water.worldbank.org/water/|archive-date=26 April 2012|access-date=19 November 2012|publisher=World Bank}}</ref> ya ci gaba da bayyana cewa damar samun ruwa don samar da abinci zai zama ɗaya daga cikin manyan ƙalubale a shekaru masu zuwa. Zai zama dole a daidaita damar samun ruwa tare da sarrafa ruwa ta hanya mai dorewa. A lokaci guda zai zama dole a yi la'akari da tasirin canjin yanayi da sauran abubuwan muhalli da zamantakewa.<ref>{{cite web|year=2010|title=Sustaining water for all in a changing climate: World Bank Group Implementation Progress Report|url=http://water.worldbank.org/water/publications/sustaining-water-all-changing-climate-world-bank-group-implementation-progress-report|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120413214941/http://water.worldbank.org/water/publications/sustaining-water-all-changing-climate-world-bank-group-implementation-progress-report|archive-date=13 April 2012|access-date=2011-10-24|publisher=The World Bank}}</ref> A cikin kashi 60% na biranen Turai da ke da mutane fiye da 100,000, ana amfani da ruwan ƙarƙashin ƙasa cikin sauri fiye da yadda za a iya cika shi.<ref>{{cite web|date=1995-05-20|title=Europe's Environment: The Dobris Assessment|url=http://reports.eea.europa.eu/92-826-5409-5/en|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080922204930/http://reports.eea.europa.eu/92-826-5409-5/en|archive-date=22 September 2008|access-date=2009-03-12|publisher=Reports.eea.europa.eu}}</ref> ==== Amfani da ruwan ƙarƙashin ƙasa fiye da kima ==== [[File:Saudi Arabia irrigation.jpg|thumb|210px|Ban ruwa na Pivot a Saudi Arabia, Afrilu 1997. Saudi Arabia tana fama da babban raguwar ruwa a cikin madatsun ruwa na karkashin kasa.<ref>{{cite web|date=22 April 2015|title=What California can learn from Saudi Arabia's water mystery|url=https://www.revealnews.org/article/what-california-can-learn-from-saudi-arabias-water-mystery/|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151122183436/https://www.revealnews.org/article/what-california-can-learn-from-saudi-arabias-water-mystery/|archive-date=22 November 2015|access-date=9 August 2019|work=Reveal}}</ref>]] Karuwar yawan jama'a tana ƙara gasar neman ruwa. Wannan yana janye yawancin manyan aquifers na duniya. Yana da dalilai guda biyu. Ɗaya shine amfanin ɗan adam na kai tsaye. Ɗayan kuma shine ban ruwa na aikin gona. Miliyoyin famfo na kowane girma a halin yanzu suna hako ruwan ƙarƙashin ƙasa a duk faɗin duniya. Ban ruwa a yankuna masu bushewa kamar arewacin China, Nepal da India yana dogara ne akan ruwan ƙarƙashin ƙasa. Kuma yana hako ruwan ƙarƙashin ƙasa a matakin da ba zai dore ba. Manyan birane da yawa sun fuskantar raguwar aquifer tsakanin mita 10 da 50. Sun haɗa da Mexico City, [[Bangkok]], Beijing, Chennai da Shanghai.<ref>{{cite web|date=1998-03-31|title=Groundwater in Urban Development|url=http://www-wds.worldbank.org/external/default/main?pagePK=64193027&piPK=64187937&theSitePK=523679&menuPK=64187510&searchMenuPK=64187283&siteName=WDS&entityID=000009265_3980429110739|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071016181203/http://www-wds.worldbank.org/external/default/main?pagePK=64193027&piPK=64187937&theSitePK=523679&menuPK=64187510&searchMenuPK=64187283&siteName=WDS&entityID=000009265_3980429110739|archive-date=16 October 2007|access-date=2009-03-12|publisher=Wds.worldbank.org|page=1}}</ref> Har zuwa kwanan nan, ruwan ƙarƙashin ƙasa ba albarka ce da ake amfani da ita sosai ba. A shekarun 1960, an sami haɓakar aquifers na ruwan ƙarƙashin ƙasa da yawa.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Groundwater resources of the world and their use|url=https://unesdoc.unesco.org/ark:/48223/pf0000134433|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201021170543/https://unesdoc.unesco.org/ark:/48223/pf0000134433|archive-date=21 October 2020|access-date=2020-09-18|website=unesdoc.unesco.org}}</ref> Ingantaccen ilimi, fasaha da kuɗi sun sa ya yiwu a mayar da hankali kan hako ruwa daga albarkatun ruwan ƙarƙashin ƙasa maimakon ruwan sama. Waɗannan sun sa juyin juya halin ruwan ƙarƙashin ƙasa na aikin gona ya yiwu. Sun faɗaɗa fannin ban ruwa wanda ya sa ya yiwu a ƙara samar da abinci da ci gaba a yankunan karkara. Ruwan ƙarƙashin ƙasa yana samar da kusan rabin duk ruwan sha a duniya. Babban adadin ruwan da aka adana a ƙarƙashin ƙasa a mafi yawan aquifers yana da babban ƙarfin kariya. Wannan yana sa ya yiwu a hako ruwa lokacin fari ko ƙarancin ruwan sama.<ref name="WWAP-2012" /> Wannan yana da mahimmanci ga mutanen da ke zaune a yankunan da ba za su iya dogara da hazo ko ruwan sama a matasayin hanyoyinsu na kaɗai ba. Yana samar da amintaccen damar samun ruwa a duk shekara. Ya zuwa shekarar 2010, an kiyasta jimillar hako ruwan ƙarƙashin ƙasa na duniya ya kai 1,000 km³ kowace shekara. Daga cikin wannan kashi 67% yana tafiya ne ga ban ruwa, 22% ga amfanin gida da 11% ga amfanin masana'antu.<ref name="WWAP-2012" /> Manyan kasashe goma masu amfani da ruwan da aka hako sun mamaye kashi 72% na duk amfani da ruwan da aka hako a duniya. Sune India, China, Amurka, Pakistan, Iran, Bangladesh, Mexico, Saudi Arabia, Indonesia, da Italy.<ref name="WWAP-2012" /> Hanyoyin ruwan ƙarƙashin ƙasa suna da yawa kwarai. Amma babban fanni ɗaya na damuwa shine sake cika ko saurin dawo da wasu hanyoyin ruwan ƙarƙashin ƙasa. Hako ruwa daga hanyoyin ruwan ƙarƙashin ƙasa da ba sa sabuntawa na iya shanye su idan ba a kula da su kuma aka sarrafa su yadda ya kamata ba. Ƙaruwar amfani da ruwan ƙarƙashin ƙasa na iya rage ingancin ruwa cikin lokaci. Tsarin ruwan ƙarƙashin ƙasa yakan nuna raguwar kwararar halitta, ƙaran da aka adana, da matakan ruwa da kuma lalacewar ruwa.<ref name="WWAP-2012" /> Ragwar ruwan ƙarƙashin ƙasa na iya haifar da lahani ta hanyoyi da yawa. Waɗannan sun haɗa da tsadar famfon ruwan ƙarƙashin ƙasa da canje-canje a cikin gishiri da sauran nau'ikan ingancin ruwa. Hakanan suna iya haifar da ruƙuwar ƙasa, gurɓatattun idon ruwa da rage kwararar ruwa. === Faɗaɗa masu amfani na aikin gona da masana'antu === [[File:20230522 Colorado River water usage - livestock crops etc.svg |thumb |upright=1.4 |Kusan galan tiriliyan 1.9 na ruwa ake amfani da su a cikin kofon Kogin Colorado a cikin shekara ta yau da kullun,<ref name=NYTimes_20230522>{{cite news |last1=Shao |first1=Elena |title=The Colorado River Is Shrinking. See What's Using All the Water. |url=https://www.nytimes.com/interactive/2023/05/22/climate/colorado-river-water.html |work=The New York Times |date=May 22, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230523164140/https://www.nytimes.com/interactive/2023/05/22/climate/colorado-river-water.html |archive-date=May 23, 2023 |url-status=live }} ● Shao ya nakalto {{cite journal |last1=Richter |first1=Brian D. |last2=Bartak |first2=Dominique |last3=Cladwell |first3=Peter |last4=Davis |first4=Kyle Frankel |last5=Debaere |first5=Peter |last6=Hoekstra |first6=Arjen Y.|last7=Li |first7=Tianshu |last8=Marston |first8=Landon |last9=McManamay |first9=Ryan |last10=Mekonnen |first10=Mesfin |last11=Ruddell |first11=Benjamin L. |last12=Rushforth |first12=Richard R. |last13=Troy |first13=Tara J. |display-authors=4 |title=Water scarcity and fish imperilment driven by beef production |journal=Nature Sustainability |date=April 2020 |volume=3 |issue=4 |pages=319–328 |doi=10.1038/s41893-020-0483-z |bibcode=2020NatSu...3..319R |s2cid=211730442 |url=https://www.nature.com/articles/s41893-020-0483-z.epdf}}</ref> yana ba da gudummawa ga ƙarancin ruwa mai tsanani kuma yana sa jihohi su cimma yarjejeniyar kiyayewa da raba albarkatu tare da gwamnatin tarayya.<ref name=NYTimesWaterDeal_20230522>{{cite news |last1=Flavelle |first1=Christopher |title=A Breakthrough Deal to Keep the Colorado River From Going Dry, for Now |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2023/05/22/climate/colorado-river-deal.html |newspaper=The New York Times |date=May 22, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230524092223/https://www.nytimes.com/2023/05/22/climate/colorado-river-deal.html |archive-date=May 24, 2023 |url-status=live }}</ref> Yawancin ruwan kofon Kogin Colorado da mutane ke amfani da shi ana amfani da shi ne don shuka abincin dabbobi—fiye da ninki hudu na adadin da ake amfani da shi don amfanin gona don amfanin ɗan adam kai tsaye.<ref name=NYTimes_20230522/>]] Babban sanadin ƙarancin ruwa sakamakon amfani dashi shine babban amfani da ruwa a aikin gona/kiwon dabba da masana'antu. Mutane a ƙasashe masu ci gaba gaba ɗaya suna amfani da ruwa kusan sau 10 a rana fiye da mutane a ƙasashe masu tasowa.<ref name="nextgrcr">{{cite web|date=8 March 2015|title=Why freshwater shortages will cause the next great global crisis|url=https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2015/mar/08/how-water-shortages-lead-food-crises-conflicts|access-date=3 January 2018|work=The Guardian|archive-date=11 November 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191111192031/https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2015/mar/08/how-water-shortages-lead-food-crises-conflicts|url-status=live}}</ref> Wani babban ɓangare na wannan shine ''amfani na fito-na-fito'' (indirect use) a cikin samar da amfanin gona mai buƙatar ruwa mai yawa da kayayyakin masana'antu na amfanin yau da kullun. Misalai sune 'ya'yan itace, amfanin gona na mai da auduga. Yawancin waɗannan sarƙoƙin samarwa na duniya ne, don haka yawancin amfani da ruwa da gurbacewa a ƙasashe masu tasowa yana faruwa ne don samar da kayayyaki don amfani a ƙasashe masu ci gaba.<ref name="NCDO">{{cite web|date=8 January 2012|title=Water, bron van ontwikkeling, macht en conflict|url=http://www.ncdo.nl/sites/default/files/Globaliseringsreeks%203%20Water.pdf|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190412100919/http://www.ncdo.nl/sites/default/files/Globaliseringsreeks%203%20Water.pdf|archive-date=12 April 2019|access-date=1 January 2018|publisher=NCDO, Netherlands}}</ref> Aquifers da yawa an yi famfo musu da yawa kuma ba sa sake cika cikin sauri. Wannan baya shanye jimillar wadatar ruwa mai daɗi. Amma yana nufin cewa da yawa sun gurbace, sun yi gishiri, ba su dace ba ko kuma babu su don sha, masana'antu da aikin gona. Don guje wa matsalar ruwa ta duniya, manoma za su ƙara yawan aiki don biyan buƙatun abinci da ke ƙaruwa. A lokaci guda masana'antu da birane za su nemo hanyoyin amfani da ruwa yadda ya kamata.<ref name="Haie-2020">{{Cite book|last=Haie|first=Naim|url=https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/bfm%3A978-981-15-6284-6%2F1.pdf|title=Transparent Water Management Theory: Sefficiency in Sequity|publisher=Springer|year=2020}}</ref> Ayyukan kasuwanci kamar yawon buɗe ido suna ci gaba da faɗaɗa. Suna haifar da buƙatar ƙaruwa a fannin wadatar ruwa da tsaftar muhalli. Wannan kuma yana iya haifar da ƙarin matsa lamba akan albarkatun ruwa da tsarin muhalli na halitta. Kusan kashi 50% na ƙaruwar amfani da makamashi a duniya nan da shekarar 2040 zai kuma ƙara buƙatar amfani da ruwa mai inganci.<ref name="Haie-2020" /> Yana iya nufin wasu sauye-sauyen amfani da ruwa daga ban ruwa zuwa masana'antu. Wannan saboda samar da wutar lantarki ta thermal yana amfani da ruwa don samar da tururi da sanyaya.<ref name="Smith Tirpak 1989 p. 172">{{cite book | last1=Smith | first1=J.B. | last2=Tirpak | first2=D.A. | title=The Potential Effects of Global Climate Change on the United States: Report to Congress | publisher=U.S. Environmental Protection Agency | issue=v. 1 | year=1989 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=seHYG5v4GZ4C&pg=PA172 | access-date=16 May 2023 | page=172}}</ref> === Gurbacewar ruwa === Gurbacewar ruwa (ko gurbacewar ruwa na cikin ruwa) shine gurbatar jikin ruwa, yawanci sakamakon ayyukan dan adam ne, ta yadda zai yi illa ga amfaninsa. Jikin ruwa sun hada da tafkuna, koguna, teku, aquifers, wuraren dausayi da ruwan karkashin kasa. Gurbacewar ruwa na faruwa ne lokacin da aka shigar da gurbatattun abubuwa cikin muhallin halitta. Misali, sakin ruwan sha da ba a tace shi ba zuwa jikin ruwa na halitta na iya haifar da lalacewar tsarin muhalli na ruwa. Wannan kuma na iya haifar da matsalolin lafiyar jama'a ga mutanen da ke kasa. Suna iya amfani da wannan ruwan don sha ko ban ruwa. === Canjin yanayi === Canjin yanayi zai iya samun babban tasiri ga albarkatun ruwa a duniya saboda kusancin alaƙa tsakanin yanayi da tsarin ruwa (hydrological cycle). Haɓakar yanayin zafi zai ƙara ƙanƙancewa (evaporation) kuma zai haifar da ƙaruwar hazo. Koyar, za a sami bambance-bambance na yanki a cikin ruwan sama. Duka fari da ambaliyar ruwa na iya zama akai-akai kuma mafi tsanani a yankuna daban-daban a lokuta daban-daban. Za a sami ƙarancin dusar ƙanƙara gaba ɗaya da ƙarin ruwan sama a cikin yanayi mai ɗumi.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2016-07-01 |title=Climate Change Indicators: Snowfall |url=https://www.epa.gov/climate-indicators/climate-change-indicators-snowfall |access-date=2023-07-10 |website=U.S. Environmental Protection Agency |language=en}}</ref> Canje-canje a cikin dusar ƙanƙara da narkewar dusar ƙanƙara a yankunan tuddai suma za su faru. Mafi girman yanayin zafi kuma zai shafi ingancin ruwa ta hanyoyin da masana kimiyya ba su fahimta sarai ba. Tasirin da zai iya faruwa sun haɗa da ƙaruwar eutrophication. Canjin yanayi kuma zai iya haɓaka buƙatar tsarin ban ruwa a aikin gona. Yanzu akwai hujjoji masu yawa cewa babban sauye-sauyen hydrologic da canjin yanayi sun sami babban tasiri a fannin ruwa, kuma za su ci gaba da yin hakan. Wannan zai nuna a cikin tsarin hydrologic, wadatar ruwa, buƙatar ruwa, da rabon ruwa a matakin duniya, yanki, kofi, da na gida.<ref name="worldbank1">{{cite web|date=2009|publisher=World Bank|url=http://water.worldbank.org/water/publications/water-and-climate-change-understanding-risks-and-making-climate-smart-investment-decisi|title=Water and Climate Change: Understanding the Risks and Making Climate-Smart Investment Decisions|access-date=2011-10-24|archive-date=7 April 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120407105752/http://water.worldbank.org/water/publications/water-and-climate-change-understanding-risks-and-making-climate-smart-investment-decisi/|url-status=deviated}}</ref> Hukumar FAO ta Majalisar Dinkin Duniya ta bayyana cewa nan da shekarar 2025 mutane biliyan 1.9 za su zauna a ƙasashe ko yankunan da ke da ƙarancin ruwa kwata-kwata. Ta ce kashi biyu bisa uku na al'ummar duniya na iya kasancewa cikin yanayin matsanciyar ƙarancin ruwa.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.fao.org/nr/water/issues/scarcity.html |website=FAO |title=Hot issues: Water scarcity |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121025075726/http://www.fao.org/nr/water/issues/scarcity.html |archive-date=25 October 2012 |access-date=27 August 2013}}</ref> Bankin Duniya ya ce canjin yanayi na iya canza yanayin wadatar ruwa da amfani dashi a nan gaba. Wannan zai sa matsanciyar ƙarancin ruwa da rashin tsaro su yi muni, a matakin duniya da kuma a fannonin da suka dogara da ruwa.<ref>{{cite web|title=Water and Climate Change: Understanding the Risks and Making Climate-Smart Investment Decisions|url=http://water.worldbank.org/water/publications/water-and-climate-change-understanding-risks-and-making-climate-smart-investment-decisi|access-date=24 October 2011|pages=21–24 |website=World Bank |date=2009 |archive-date=7 April 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120407105752/http://water.worldbank.org/water/publications/water-and-climate-change-understanding-risks-and-making-climate-smart-investment-decisi/|url-status=deviated}}</ref> Masana kimiyya sun gano cewa canjin jama'a ya ninka muhimmancinsa sau huɗu fiye da canjin yanayi na dogon lokaci a cikin tasirinsa ga ƙarancin ruwa.<ref name="Kummu-2010" /> ==== Ja da baya na kankara na dutse ==== Narkewar kankara tana taka rawar gani a fannin samar da ruwa a kasashe da dama. Kankara na tsaunin Himalayas a Asiya suna ciyar da manyan koguna guda bakwai na nahiyar. Wannan yana samar da ruwa ga kashi 40 cikin dari na al'ummar duniya. Masu bincike sun gano cewa canjin yanayi yana haifar da ja da baya na kankara cikin sauri, wanda ke barazana ga samar da ruwa na dogon lokaci a yankin. == Zaɓuɓɓuka don haɓakawa == === Sarrafa wadatar ruwa da buƙata === Wani bincike a shekarar 2006 ya bayyana cewa "Yana da wuya a tantance ko ruwa yana da ƙaranci na zahiri a matakin duniya (matsalar wadatar ruwa) ko kuma akwai shi amma ya kamata a amfani da shi mafi kyau (matsalar buƙata)".<ref name="Rijsberman-2006b">{{Cite journal |last=Rijsberman |first=Frank R. |date=2006 |title=Water scarcity: Fact or fiction? |url=https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0378377405002854 |journal=Agricultural Water Management |language=en |volume=80 |issue=1–3 |pages=5–22 |doi=10.1016/j.agwat.2005.07.001|bibcode=2006AgWM...80....5R |url-access=subscription }}</ref> Kwamitin Albarkatun Duniya (International Resource Panel) na Majalisar Dinkin Duniya ya bayyana cewa gwamnatoci sun saka hannun jari mai yawa a cikin hanyoyin magance matsalar da ba su da inganci. Waɗannan manyan ayyuka ne kamar madatsun ruwa, gudanar ruwa (canals), hanyoyin ruwa (aqueducts), bututun ruwa da wuraren adana ruwa. Gaba ɗaya ba su da dorewa ga muhalli kuma ba su da ingancin tattalin arziki.<ref name="decoupling" /> A cewar kwamitin, mafi ingancin hanyar tattalin arziki na raba amfani da ruwa da haɓakar tattalin arziki shine gwamnatoci su samar da dabarun sarrafa ruwa gaba ɗaya (holistic water management plans). Waɗannan za su yi la'akari da dukkan tsarin ruwa: tun daga tushe zuwa rarrabawa, amfani da tattalin arziki, tacewa, sake amfani da shi, da komawa ga muhalli. Gaba ɗaya, akwai isasshen ruwa a kan sikelin shekara da na duniya. Batun ya fi kasancewa canjin wadatar ruwa ne ta lokaci da yanki. Wuraren adana ruwa da bututun ruwa za su magance wannan canjin wadatar ruwa. Ababen more rayuwa da aka tsara da kyau tare da sarrafa buƙata suna da mahimmanci. Duka sarrafa wadatar ruwa da na buƙata suna da fa'idodi da rashin fa'idodi. === Haɗin gwiwa tsakanin ƙasashe === Rashin haɗin gwiwa na iya haifar da rikice-rikicen ruwa na yanki. Wannan shine lamarin musamman a ƙasashe masu tasowa. Babban dalilin shine rikici game da wadatar ruwa, amfani da kuma sarrafa ruwa.<ref name="RepSynd-2019" /> Misali ɗaya shine takaddama tsakanin Egypt da Ethiopia akan Madatsar Ruwa ta Renaissance (Grand Ethiopian Renaissance Dam) wanda ya tsananta a shekarar 2020.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Walsh |first1=Decian |title=For Thousands of Years, Egypt Controlled the Nile. A New Dam Threatens That |url=https://www.nytimes.com/interactive/2020/02/09/world/africa/nile-river-dam.html |newspaper=New York Times |date=9 February 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200210015121/https://www.nytimes.com/interactive/2020/02/09/world/africa/nile-river-dam.html |archive-date=10 February 2020 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Are Egypt and Ethiopia heading for a water war? |url=https://www.theweek.co.uk/107468/are-egypt-and-ethiopia-heading-for-a-water-war |work=The Week |date=8 July 2020 |access-date=18 July 2020 |archive-date=18 July 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200718151238/https://www.theweek.co.uk/107468/are-egypt-and-ethiopia-heading-for-a-water-war |url-status=live }}</ref> Masar tana kallon madatsar ruwan a matsayin barazana ga rayuwarta, tana tsoron cewa madatsar ruwan za ta rage yawan ruwan da take samu daga Kogin Nilu.<ref>{{cite news |title=Row over Africa's largest dam in danger of escalating, warn scientists |url=https://www.nature.com/articles/d41586-020-02124-8 |work=Nature |date=15 July 2020 |access-date=18 July 2020 |archive-date=18 July 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200718012114/https://www.nature.com/articles/d41586-020-02124-8 |url-status=live }}</ref> === Kiyaye ruwa === Kiyaye ruwa ya hada da duk wata manufa, dabaru da ayyuka na sarrafa ruwa mai dadi a matsayin albarka mai dorewa, don kare muhallin ruwa, da kuma biyan bukatun bil'adama na yanzu da na gaba. Yawan jama'a, girman gida, da arziki duka suna shafar adadin ruwan da ake amfani da shi. Abubuwa kamar canjin yanayi sun kara matsin lamba ga albarkatun ruwa na halitta musamman a aikin gona da masana'antu. === Faɗaɗa hanyoyin samun ruwa mai amfani === Hanyoyin wucin gadi na samar da ruwa mai amfani sun hada da tattara ruwan sama, sake amfani da ruwan sha da kuma cire gishiri daga ruwan teku (desalination). Waɗannan hanyoyin suna taimakawa wajen ƙara wadatar ruwa a yankunan da ke da ƙarancin ruwa na halitta. ==== Tacewar ruwan sha da sake amfani dashi ==== Ruwan da aka sake amfani da shi (ko ruwan da aka dawo da shi) shi ne ruwan sha da aka tace don cire kazanta, ta yadda za a iya sake amfani da shi don dalilai daban-daban. Tacewar ruwan sha wani tsari ne da ake amfani da shi don cire gurbatattun abubuwa daga ruwan sha kafin ya kai ga muhallin halitta ko birane. ==== Cire gishiri (Desalination) ==== Cire gishiri (Desalination) wani tsari ne da ke cire gishiri da sauran ma'adanai daga ruwa mai gishiri don sanya shi dace da amfanin ɗan adam ko ban ruwa. === Kasuwancin ruwa na fito-na-fito === Ruwa na fito-na-fito (Virtual water) shine ruwan da ake amfani da shi wajen samar da kayayyakin aikin gona ko na masana'antu. Misali, ana buƙatar ruwa mai yawa don shuka shinkafa ko samar da mota. Kasuwancin ruwa na fito-na-fito yana nufin shigo da ko fitar da waɗannan kayayyaki tsakanin ƙasashe. Wannan yana taimakawa ƙasashe marasa ruwa su adana albarkatunsu ta hanyar shigo da kayayyaki masu buƙatar ruwa mai yawa daga ƙasashe masu ruwa. == Misalan Yankuna == === Duban yankuna gaba ɗaya === [[File:Level of water stress by major river basin, 2018–2021.svg|thumb|Matakin matsanciyar ƙarancin ruwa ta manyan kofunan kogi, 2018–2021.]] [[File:Nord-Krim-Kanal.png|right|thumb|Bayan mamaye Crimea da Rasha ta yi, Ukraine ta toshe hanyar ruwa ta Arewacin Crimean, wanda ke samar da kashi 85% na ruwa mai dadi na Crimea.<ref>{{cite news |title=Pray For Rain: Crimea's Dry-Up A Headache For Moscow, Dilemma For Kyiv |url=https://www.rferl.org/a/pray-for-rain-crimea-s-dry-up-a-headache-for-moscow-dilemma-for-kyiv/30515986.html |work=Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty |date=29 March 2020 |access-date=14 February 2021 |archive-date=27 February 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210227081645/https://www.rferl.org/a/pray-for-rain-crimea-s-dry-up-a-headache-for-moscow-dilemma-for-kyiv/30515986.html |url-status=live }}</ref>]] Ƙungiyar Tattaunawa kan Binciken Aikin Gona na Duniya (CGIAR) ta buga taswirar da ke nuna ƙasashe da yankunan da suka fi fuskantar matsanciyar ƙarancin ruwa.<ref>{{cite web|title=Retrieved 2009-01-19|url=http://www.cgiar.org/enews/june2007/images_06_07/story12c.gif|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070708002409/http://www.cgiar.org/enews/june2007/images_06_07/story12c.gif|archive-date=2007-07-08}}</ref> Sune Arewacin Afirka, Gabas ta Tsakiya,<ref>Jameel M. Zayed, No Peace Without Water – The Role of Hydropolitics in the Israel-Palestine Conflict http://www.jnews.org.uk/commentary/"no-peace-without-water"-–-the-role-of-hydropolitics-in-the-israel-palestine-conflict</ref> India, Tsakiyar Asiya, China, Chile, Colombia, South Africa, Kanada da Australia. Ƙarancin ruwa kuma yana ƙaruwa a Kudancin Asiya.<ref>World Bank [http://siteresources.worldbank.org/SOUTHASIAEXT/Resources/223546-1171488994713/3455847-1227656528691/SARlifelineatrisk.pdf Climate Change Water: South Asia's Lifeline at Risk], World Bank Washington D.C</ref> Ya zuwa shekarar 2016, kusan mutane biliyan hudu, ko kashi biyu bisa uku na al'ummar duniya, suna fuskantar matsanancin ƙarancin ruwa.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Mekonnen|first1=Mesfin M.|last2=Hoekstra|first2=Arjen Y.|title=Four billion people facing severe water scarcity|journal=Science Advances|year=2016|volume=2|issue=2|article-number=e1500323|doi=10.1126/sciadv.1500323|pmc=4758739|pmid=26933676|bibcode=2016SciA....2E0323M}}</ref> Ƙasashe masu ci gaba na Arewacin Amurka, Turai da Rasha ba za su ga barazana mai tsanani ga wadatar ruwa ba nan da shekarar 2025 gaba ɗaya. Wannan ba kawai saboda wadatar arzikinsu bane. Yawan jama'arsu kuma zai kasance daidai da albarkatun ruwa da ke akwai. Arewacin Afirka, Gabas ta Tsakiya, Kudancin Afirka da arewacin China za su fuskantar ƙarancin ruwa mai tsanani. Wannan yana faruwa ne saboda ƙarancin zahiri da yawan jama'a don ruwan da ke akwai. Yawancin Kudancin Amurka, yankin kudu da hamadar sahara, kudancin China da India za su fuskantar ƙarancin wadatar ruwa nan da shekarar 2025. Ga waɗannan yankuna, ƙarancin ruwa zai kasance ne saboda ƙuntatawa na tattalin arziki akan haɓaka amintaccen ruwan sha, da kuma karuwar jama'a fiye da kima. Karancin ruwa a Afirka ana kiyasta zai kai matsayi babba nan da shekarar 2025 lokacin da aka yi hasashen cewa kusan kashi biyu cikin uku na al'ummar duniya za su fuskanci karancin ruwa. Karin bukata, karuwar jama'a, canjin amfani da filaye da kuma canjin yanayi duka suna taka rawa wajen tsananta karancin ruwa a nahiyar. ==== Yammacin Afirka da Arewacin Afirka ==== Ƙarancin ruwa a Yemen babban rukunin matsala ne da ke ƙaruwa. Karuwar jama'a da canjin yanayi suna cikin sanadin. Wasu sune rashin gudanar da ruwa yadda ya kamata, sauye-sauye a cikin ruwan sama, lalacewar ababen more rayuwa na ruwa, rashin kyakkyawan gudanarwa, da sauran tasirin ɗan adam. Ya zuwa shekarar 2011, ƙarancin ruwa yana da tasirin siyasa, tattalin arziki da zamantakewa a Yemen. Ya zuwa shekarar 2015,<ref>{{Cite web|date=2017-09-12|title=Running out of water: Conflict and water scarcity in Yemen and Syria|url=https://www.atlanticcouncil.org/blogs/menasource/running-out-of-water-conflict-and-water-scarcity-in-yemen-and-syria/|access-date=2021-02-24|website=Atlantic Council|language=en-US|archive-date=8 August 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200808182924/https://www.atlanticcouncil.org/blogs/menasource/running-out-of-water-conflict-and-water-scarcity-in-yemen-and-syria/|url-status=live}}</ref> Yemen tana ɗaya daga cikin ƙasashe da suka fi fama da ƙarancin ruwa. Yawancin mutane a Yemen suna fuskantar ƙarancin ruwa na aƙalla wata ɗaya a shekara. A Najeriya, wasu rahotanni sun ba da shawarar cewa ƙaruwar matsanancin zafi, fari da ƙanƙancewar Tafkin Chadi yana haifar da ƙarancin ruwa da ƙauracewar muhalli. Wannan yana tilasta wa dubban mutane ƙaura zuwa ƙasar Chadi da ke maƙwabtaka da kuma birane.<ref>{{Cite web|title=The Carbon Brief Profile: Nigeria|date=21 August 2020|url=https://www.carbonbrief.org/the-carbon-brief-profile-nigeria|access-date=30 November 2020|archive-date=2 December 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201202023005/https://www.carbonbrief.org/the-carbon-brief-profile-nigeria|url-status=live}}</ref> === Asiya === Wani babban rahoto a shekarar 2019 da fiye da masu bincike 200 suka yi, ya gano cewa ƙanƙara na tsaunin Himalayas na iya rasa kashi 66 cikin ɗari na ƙanƙararsu nan da shekarar 2100.<ref>{{cite news|date=19 June 2019|title=Himalayan glaciers melting at alarming rate, spy satellites show|work=National Geographic|url=https://www.nationalgeographic.com/environment/2019/06/himalayan-glaciers-melting-alarming-rate-spy-satellites-show/|access-date=18 July 2020|archive-date=18 July 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200718173417/https://www.nationalgeographic.com/environment/2019/06/himalayan-glaciers-melting-alarming-rate-spy-satellites-show/}}</ref> Waɗannan ƙanƙara sune tushen manyan kogunan Asiya – Ganges, Indus, Brahmaputra, Yangtze, Mekong, Salween da Yellow River. Kusan mutane biliyan 2.4 suna zaune a cikin kofon malalar kogunan Himalayan.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20090215045754/http://www.peopleandplanet.net/pdoc.php?id=3024 Big melt threatens millions, says UN]. peopleandplanet.net. 4 June 2007</ref> India, China, Pakistan, Bangladesh, Nepal da Myanmar na iya fuskantar ambaliyar ruwa sannan kuma fari a cikin shekaru masu zuwa. A India kaɗai, Kogin Ganges yana samar da ruwan sha da aikin gona ga mutane fiye da miliyan 500.<ref>{{cite web|date=31 December 2004|title=Ganges, Indus may not survive: climatologists|url=http://www.rediff.com/news/2007/jul/24indus.htm|access-date=10 March 2011|work=Rediff.com|archive-date=11 October 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171011181913/http://www.rediff.com/news/2007/jul/24indus.htm|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|date=24 July 2007|title=Glaciers melting at alarming speed|url=http://english.peopledaily.com.cn/90001/90781/90879/6222327.html|access-date=10 March 2011|publisher=English.peopledaily.com.cn|archive-date=25 December 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181225162441/http://en.people.cn/90001/90781/90879/6222327.html|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|last=Singh|first=Navin|date=10 November 2004|title=Himalaya glaciers melt unnoticed|work=BBC News|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/science/nature/3998967.stm|access-date=10 March 2011|archive-date=25 February 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200225131425/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/science/nature/3998967.stm|url-status=live}}</ref> === Afirka === [[File:Water Crisis.jpg|thumb|190px|Gargadin matsalar ruwa ta Cape Town]][[File:AfriqueStressHydrique2025.jpg|thumb|Kiyasin shekarar 2025: Ana ranar kasashe 25 na Afirka za su fuskanci karancin ruwa ko matsanciyar karancin ruwa.<ref>{{cite web |title=GEO-2000 overview |url=http://www.unep.org/geo/GEO2000/pdfs/ov-e.pdf |archive-url=https://web.afchive.org/web/20150609032355/http://www.unep.org/geo/GEO2000/pdfs/ov-e.pdf |archive-date=Jun 9, 2015 |access-date=22 September 2016 |website=UNEP}}</ref>]] Ko da tare da wuce gona da iri na famfon ruwan ƙarƙashin ƙasa, China tana haɓaka ƙarancin hatsi. Lokacin da wannan ya faru, tabbas zai fitar da farashin hatsi sama. Yawancin mutane biliyan 3 da aka tsara za a ƙara a duniya nan da tsakiyar ƙarni za a haife su ne a ƙasashe masu fuskantar ƙarancin ruwa. Sai dai idan za a iya rage haɓakar jama'a cikin sauri, ana tsoron cewa ba za a iya samun mafita mai inganci ba ta hanyar da ba ta tashin hankali ba ko ta ɗan adam ga ƙarancin ruwa na duniya da ke fitowa.<ref>{{cite web|author=Brown, Lester R.|date=27 September 2006|title=Water Scarcity Crossing National Borders|url=http://www.earth-policy.org/Books/Seg/PB2ch03_ss6.htm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090708080207/http://www.earth-policy.org/Books/Seg/PB2ch03_ss6.htm|archive-date=8 July 2009|access-date=10 March 2011|publisher=Earth Policy Institute|url-status=bot: unknown}}</ref><ref>Brown, Lester R. (8 September 2002) [https://afchive.today/20070704120613/http://www.greatlakesdirectory.org/zarticles/080902_water_shortages.htm Water Shortages May Cause Food Shortages]. Greatlakesdirectory.org. Retrieved on 27 August 2013.</ref> Yana da yuwuwa canjin yanayi a Turkiyya zai sa kofofin kogunanta na kudanci su kasance cikin ƙarancin ruwa kafin shekarar 2070, da kuma haɓakar fari a Turkiyya.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Climate|url=http://climatechangeinturkey.com/effects-of-climate-change-water.html|access-date=2021-02-19|website=climatechangeinturkey.com|archive-date=2020-10-22|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201022015020/http://climatechangeinturkey.com/effects-of-climate-change-water.html|url-status=bot: unknown}}</ref> ==== Yammacin Afirka da Arewacin Afirka ==== Ƙarancin ruwa a Yemen babban rukunin matsala ne da ke ƙaruwa. Karuwar jama'a da canjin yanayi suna cikin sanadin. Wasu sune rashin gudanar da ruwa yadda ya kamata, sauye-sauye a cikin ruwan sama, lalacewar ababen more rayuwa na ruwa, rashin kyakkyawan gudanarwa, da sauran tasirin ɗan adam. Ya zuwa shekarar 2011, ƙarancin ruwa yana da tasirin siyasa, tattalin arziki da zamantakewa a Yemen. Ya zuwa shekarar 2015,<ref>{{Cite web|date=2017-09-12|title=Running out of water: Conflict and water scarcity in Yemen and Syria|url=https://www.atlanticcouncil.org/blogs/menasource/running-out-of-water-conflict-and-water-scarcity-in-yemen-and-syria/|access-date=2021-02-24|website=Atlantic Council|language=en-US|archive-date=2021-02-03|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210203180612/https://www.atlanticcouncil.org/blogs/menasource/running-out-of-water-conflict-and-water-scarcity-in-yemen-and-syria/|url-status=bot: unknown}}</ref> Yemen tana ɗaya daga cikin ƙasashe da suka fi fama da ƙarancin ruwa. Yawancin mutane a Yemen suna fuskantar ƙarancin ruwa na aƙalla wata ɗaya a shekara. A Najeriya, wasu rahotanni sun ba da shawarar cewa ƙaruwar matsanancin zafi, fari da ƙanƙancewar Tafkin Chadi yana haifar da ƙarancin ruwa da ƙauracewar muhalli. Wannan yana tilasta wa dubban mutane ƙaura zuwa ƙasar Chadi da ke maƙwabtaka da kuma birane.<ref>{{Cite web|title=The Carbon Brief Profile: Nigeria|date=21 August 2020|url=https://www.carbonbrief.org/the-carbon-brief-profile-nigeria|access-date=30 November 2020|archive-date=2 December 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201202023005/https://www.carbonbrief.org/the-carbon-brief-profile-nigeria|url-status=bot: unknown}}</ref> === Asiya === Wani babban rahoto a shekarar 2019 da fiye da masu bincike 200 suka yi, ya gano cewa ƙanƙara na tsaunin Himalayas na iya rasa kashi 66 cikin ɗari na ƙanƙararsu nan da shekarar 2100.<ref>{{cite news|date=19 June 2019|title=Himalayan glaciers melting at alarming rate, spy satellites show|work=National Geographic|url=https://www.nationalgeographic.com/environment/2019/06/himalayan-glaciers-melting-alarming-rate-spy-satellites-show/|access-date=18 July 2020|archive-date=18 July 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200718173417/https://www.nationalgeographic.com/environment/2019/06/himalayan-glaciers-melting-alarming-rate-spy-satellites-show/|url-status=bot: unknown}}</ref> Waɗannan ƙanƙara sune tushen manyan kogunan Asiya – Ganges, Indus, Brahmaputra, Yangtze, Mekong, Salween da Yellow River. Kusan mutane biliyan 2.4 suna zaune a cikin kofon malalar kogunan Himalayan.<ref>[https://web.arkhive.org/web/20090215045754/http://www.peopleandplanet.net/pdoc.php?id=3024 Big melt threatens millions, says UN]. peopleandplanet.net. 4 June 2007</ref> India, China, Pakistan, Bangladesh, Nepal da Myanmar na iya fuskantar ambaliyar ruwa sannan kuma fari a cikin shekaru masu zuwa. A India kaɗai, Kogin Ganges yana samar da ruwan sha da aikin gona ga mutane fiye da miliyan 500.<ref>{{cite web|date=31 December 2004|title=Ganges, Indus may not survive: climatologists|url=http://www.rediff.com/news/2007/jul/24indus.htm|access-date=10 March 2011|work=Rediff.com|archive-date=15 July 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110715170214/http://www.rediff.com/news/2007/jul/24indus.htm|url-status=bot: unknown}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|date=24 July 2007|title=Glaciers melting at alarming speed|url=http://english.peopledaily.com.cn/90001/90781/90879/6222327.html|access-date=10 March 2011|publisher=English.peopledaily.com.cn|archive-date=12 May 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110512172909/http://english.peopledaily.com.cn/90001/90781/90879/6222327.html|url-status=bot: unknown}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|last=Singh|first=Navin|date=10 November 2004|title=Himalaya glaciers melt unnoticed|work=BBC News|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/science/nature/3998967.stm|access-date=10 March 2011|archive-date=12 May 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110512181221/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/science/nature/3998967.stm|url-status=bot: unknown}}</ref> Ko da tare da wuce gona da iri na famfon ruwan ƙarƙashin ƙasa, China tana haɓaka ƙarancin hatsi. Lokacin da wannan ya faru, tabbas zai fitar da farashin hatsi sama. Yawancin mutane biliyan 3 da aka tsara za a ƙara a duniya nan da tsakiyar ƙarni za a haife su ne a ƙasashe masu fuskantar ƙarancin ruwa. Sai dai idan za a iya rage haɓakar jama'a cikin sauri, ana tsoron cewa ba za a iya samun mafita mai inganci ba ta hanyar da ba ta tashin hankali ba ko ta ɗan adam ga ƙarancin ruwa na duniya da ke fitowa.<ref>{{cite web|author=Brown, Lester R.|date=27 September 2006|title=Water Scarcity Crossing National Borders|url=http://www.earth-policy.org/Books/Seg/PB2ch03_ss6.htm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090708080207/http://www.earth-policy.org/Books/Seg/PB2ch03_ss6.htm|archive-date=8 July 2009|access-date=10 March 2011|publisher=Earth Policy Institute|url-status=bot: unknown}}</ref><ref>Brown, Lester R. (8 September 2002) [https://afchive.today/20070704120613/http://www.greatlakesdirectory.org/zarticles/080902_water_shortages.htm Water Shortages May Cause Food Shortages]. Greatlakesdirectory.org. Retrieved on 27 August 2013.</ref> Yana da yuwuwa canjin yanayi a Turkiyya zai sa kofofin kogunanta na kudanci su kasance cikin ƙarancin ruwa kafin shekarar 2070, da kuma haɓakar fari a Turkiyya.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Climate|url=http://climatechangeinturkey.com/effects-of-climate-change-water.html|access-date=2021-02-19|website=climatechangeinturkey.com|archive-date=2020-10-22|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201022015020/http://climatechangeinturkey.com/effects-of-climate-change-water.html|url-status=bot: unknown}}</ref> === Amurka === [[File:Folsom Lake 58, Nov. 2015 - panoramio.jpg|thumb|Madatsar ruwa ta Folsom Lake lokacin rani a California a shekarar 2015<ref>{{cite web|last=Alexander|first=Kurtis|date=19 May 2015|title=California drought: People support water conservation, in theory|url=http://www.sfgate.com/bayarea/article/California-drought-People-support-water-6271681.php|website=SF Gate|access-date=18 July 2020|archive-date=24 August 2020|archive-url=https://web.afchive.org/web/20200824032931/https://www.sfgate.com/bayarea/article/California-drought-People-support-water-6271681.php|url-status=live}}</ref>]] A cikin kofon Rio Grande (Rio Grande Valley), babban aikin gona na kasuwanci (agribusiness) ya sa ƙarancin ruwa ya yi muni. Ya haifar da takaddamar iko game da haƙƙin ruwa a ɓangarorin biyu na iyakar Mexico da Amurka. Masana kamar Armand Peschard-Sverdrup na Mexico sun yi jaddada cewa wannan takaddama ta haifar da buƙatar sabon tsarin sarrafa ruwa na ƙasashe daban-daban (transnational water management).<ref>{{cite book|last1=Peschard-Sverdrup|first1=Armand|title=U.S.-Mexico Transboundary Water Management: The Case of the Rio Grande/Rio Bravo|date=7 January 2003|publisher=Center for Strategic & International Studies|isbn=978-0-89206-424-3|edition=1}}</ref> Wasu sun kwatanta takaddamar da yaƙi akan raguwar albarkatun ƙasa.<ref>{{cite news|last1=Yardley|first1=Jim|date=19 April 2002|title=Water Rights War Rages on Faltering Rio Grande|work=The New York Times|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2002/04/19/us/water-rights-war-rages-on-faltering-rio-grande.html|access-date=5 April 2020|archive-date=13 September 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200913152007/https://www.nytimes.com/2002/04/19/us/water-rights-war-rages-on-faltering-rio-grande.html|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|last1=Guido|first1=Zack|title=Drought on the Rio Grande|url=https://www.climate.gov/news-features/features/drought-rio-grande|access-date=5 April 2020|website=Climate.gov|publisher=National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration|archive-date=22 February 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200222232633/https://www.climate.gov/news-features/features/drought-rio-grande}}</ref> Gabas ta tsakiya na Arewacin Amurka, wanda ke samun yawancin ruwansa daga ƙanƙara a tsaunuka kamar Rocky Mountains da Sierra Nevada, shi ma yana cikin haɗari.<ref name="sciencedaily.com">{{cite web|date=18 March 2008|title=Glaciers Are Melting Faster Than Expected, UN Reports|url=https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2008/03/080317154235.htm|access-date=10 March 2011|publisher=Sciencedaily.com|archive-date=15 October 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191015192025/https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2008/03/080317154235.htm|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>Schoch, Deborah (2 May 2008) [http://www.latimes.com/news/local/la-me-snowpack2-2008may02,0,6563964.story Water shortage worst in decades, official says] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081007231102/http://www.latimes.com/news/local/la-me-snowpack2-2008may02%2C0%2C6563964.story |date=7 October 2008}}, ''Los Angeles Times''.</ref> === Australia === Mafi girman ɓangare na Australia hamada ce ko filaye masu bushewa da aka sani da outback.<ref>{{cite magazine|date=21 February 2019|title='A Harbinger of Things to Come': Farmers in Australia Struggle With Its Hottest Drought Ever|magazine=Time|url=https://time.com/longform/australia-drought-photos/|access-date=18 July 2020|archive-date=1 August 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200801221638/https://time.com/longform/australia-drought-photos/|url-status=live}}</ref> An sanya iyakancewar amfani da ruwa (Water restrictions) a yankuna da birane da yawa na Australia a matasayin martani ga ƙarancin ruwa na dogon lokaci sakamakon fari. Masanin muhalli Tim Flannery ya hasashen cewa Perth a Yammacin Australia na iya zama birni na farko a duniya da zai zama kango (ghost metropolis). Wannan yana nufin zai zama birni da aka bari ba tare da ruwa don dorewar jama'arsa ba, in ji Flannery, wanda ya kasance Gwarzon Dan Kasar Australia na shekarar 2007.<ref>{{cite news |author=Ayre, Maggie |date=3 May 2007 |title=Metropolis strives to meet its thirst |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/science/nature/6620919.stm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180717160804/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/science/nature/6620919.stm |archive-date=17 July 2018 |access-date=2 December 2011 |work=BBC News}}</ref> A shekarar 2010, Perth ya fuskanci lokacin sanyi na biyu mafi bushewa a tarihi<ref name="morewinterblues">{{cite news|date=31 August 2010|title=More winter blues as rainfall dries up|url=http://www.abc.net.au/news/stories/2010/08/31/2998259.htm?site=perth|access-date=13 January 2011|newspaper=ABC News|archive-date=12 May 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130512112353/http://www.abc.net.au/news/stories/2010/08/31/2998259.htm?site=perth|last1=Waring|first1=Karen}}</ref> kuma kamfanin ruwa ya tsananta iyakancewar ruwa don lokacin bazara.<ref name="savingwater">{{cite web|date=23 September 2010|title=Saving water in spring|url=http://www.watercorporation.com.au/m/media_detail.cfm?id=3656|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110223014312/http://watercorporation.com.au/m/media_detail.cfm?id=3656|archive-date=23 February 2011|access-date=13 January 2011|publisher=Water corporation (Western Australia)}}</ref> Wasu ƙasashe sun riga sun tabbatar da cewa raba amfani da ruwa daga haɓakar tattalin arziki yana yiwuwa. Misali, a Australia, amfani da ruwa ya ragu da kashi 40% tsakanin 2001 da 2009 yayin da tattalin arziki ya ƙaru da fiye da kashi 30%.<ref name="decoupling">{{cite web|date=21 March 2016|title=Half the world to face severe water stress by 2030 unless water use is "decoupled" from economic growth, says International Resource Panel|url=https://www.unenvironment.org/news-and-stories/press-release/half-world-face-severe-water-stress-2030-unless-water-use-decoupled|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190306044334/https://www.unenvironment.org/news-and-stories/press-release/half-world-face-severe-water-stress-2030-unless-water-use-decoupled|archive-date=6 March 2019|access-date=11 January 2018|publisher=UN Environment}}</ref> === Ta kasa === Karancin ruwa ko matsalar ruwa a takamaiman kasashe: {{World topic|Water scarcity in|title=Water scarcity by country|noredlinks=yes|state=expanded}} {{World topic|Water crisis in|title=Water crisis by country|noredlinks=yes|state=expanded}} {{Water supply and sanitation by country|state=collapsed}} == Al'umma da al'ada == === Burikan duniya === [[File:Freshwater withdrawals as a share of internal resources, World map, OWID.svg|thumb|upright=1.8|Hako ruwa mai dadi a matsayin rabo na albarkatun cikin gida a cikin 2014. An bayyana matsanciyar karancin ruwa ta rukunoni masu zuwa: <10% shine karancin matsa lamba; 10-20% shine kasa-zuwa-matsakaici; 20-40% matsakaici-zuwa-babba; 40-80% babba; >80% yana da girma sosai.<ref name="Ritchie-2018">Ritchie, Roser, Mispy, Ortiz-Ospina. [https://sdg-tracker.org/water-and-sanitation "Measuring progress towards the Sustainable Development Goals."] ''SDG-Tracker.org, website'' (2018)</ref>]] Burin Ci Gaba Mai Dorewa na 6 yana da nufin samar da ruwa mai tsafta da tsaftar muhalli ga kowa.<ref name="SDG6">{{cite web|title=Goal 6: Clean water and sanitation|url=http://www.undp.org/content/undp/en/home/sustainable-development-goals/goal-6-clean-water-and-sanitation.html|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200409110606/https://www.undp.org/content/undp/en/home/sustainable-development-goals/goal-6-clean-water-and-sanitation.html|archive-date=9 April 2020|access-date=28 September 2015|website=UNDP}}</ref> Yana ɗaya daga cikin Burikan Ci Gaba Mai Dorewa guda 17 da Majalisar Dinkin Duniya ta kafa a shekarar 2015. Manufa ta huɗu ta SDG 6 tana nufin ƙarancin ruwa. Tana cewa: "Zuwa shekarar 2030, a haɓaka ingancin amfani da ruwa sosai a dukkan fannoni kuma a tabbatar da hako ruwa mai dorewa da samar da ruwa mai daɗi don magance ƙarancin ruwa da kuma rage adadin mutanen da ke fama da ƙarancin ruwa sosai".<ref name="UN-2017">United Nations (2017) Resolution adopted by the General Assembly on 6 July 2017, [[:File:A RES 71 313 E.pdf|Work of the Statistical Commission pertaining to the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development]] ([https://undocs.org/A/RES/71/313 A/RES/71/313])</ref> == Duba kuma == * [[Peak water]] * [[Kiyaye ruwa]] * [[Sawun ruwa]] * [[Abubuwan ruwa a ƙasashe masu tasowa]] * [[Tsaron ruwa]] == Manazarta == {{Reflist|2}} a7tmd6t6ibcur432ry7n67xnvtyla10 0 79551 895200 439598 2026-08-11T20:02:51Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 895200 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} [[Fayil:College_SA_Headquarters_Entrance.jpg|thumb|Wannan hoton yana nuna ƙofar gaba na ofisoshin Kwalejin SA.]] '''College SA''' Kwalejin Koyon Kasuwanci ne mai zaman kansa da Kasuwanci, wanda ke cikin [https://goo.gl/maps/aJS1JymPfAP2 Tygervalley Bellville], [[Afirka ta Kudu]] . Kwalejin SA tana ba da Ilimi da Horarwa na Kasuwanci, Fasaha da Kwarewa (TVET) <ref>{{Cite web |last= |first= |date= |title=Umalusi - TVETColleges |url=http://www.umalusi-online.org.za/enquiries?Name=&providertypeid=&statusid=&provinceid= |access-date=2016-12-06 |website=www.umalusi.org.za |publisher= |archive-date=2023-11-15 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231115085749/http://www.umalusi-online.org.za/enquiries?Name=&providertypeid=&statusid=&provinceid= |url-status=dead }}</ref> ga ɗalibai, a Afirka ta Kudu da kuma duniya. == Tarihi == Kwalejin SA an fara kafa ta ne tare da haɗin gwiwar kungiyar Makarantar Curro, a matsayin Kwalejin Curro a cikin 2007. A shekara ta 2008, Curro School Partners sun sayar da hannun jarin su, kuma Kwalejin Curro ta zama Kwalejin SA. A cikin 2016 an sayar da mafi yawan hannun jari a cikin kamfanin ga JSE da aka lissafa RECM da Calibre Limited (RAC). A wannan lokacin an sake komawa Kwalejin daga Bellville ta Kudu zuwa wurin da take yanzu a Tygervalley Bellville . A cikin 2019, Optimi ta sami Kwalejin SA a cikin ƙoƙari na fadada tayin ta a kasuwar ilmantarwa ta nesa. Kungiyar Optimi tana ba da kyauta a cikin sassa 4: Gida, Wurin aiki, Classroom da Kwalejin. Tare, waɗannan ƙungiyoyi suna ba da sabis ga masu koyo sama da 200,000 a kowace shekara. '''Kwalejin Optimi''' tana ba da damar samun izini da gajerun darussan ga manya. Kwalejin SA, wanda aka kafa a cikin 2007, yana ba da kewayon abubuwan da TVET ke bayarwa a duk faɗin yankin, gami da matric na manya ta hanyar Matric Works. == Takaddun shaida da rajista == Kwalejin Optimi (Pty) Ltd T/A Kwalejin SA. Rubuce-rubuce na: 2007/017012/07. Kwalejin Optimi Pty (Ltd) (wanda aka fi sani da Kwalejin Nazarin Gida ta SA) memba ne na Kungiyar Optimi kuma an yi rajista na wucin gadi tare da Ma'aikatar Ilimi da Horarwa (DHET), Reg no: 2009/ FE07/099.<ref>{{Cite web |last= |first= |date=2016-08-01 |title=DHET listed private colleges |url=http://www.dhet.gov.za/Registers_DocLib/Register%20of%20Private%20Higher%20Education%20Institutions%20August%202016.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161130151119/http://www.dhet.gov.za/Registers_DocLib/Register%20of%20Private%20Higher%20Education%20Institutions%20August%202016.pdf |archive-date=2016-11-30 |access-date=2016-12-06 |website=DHET |publisher=DHET}}</ref> Kwalejin SA ta sami amincewar ta masu ba da izini / masu sana'a masu zuwa: * Umalusi wanda ke ba da Nazarin Injiniya / Fasaha N1-N3. Lambar izini ita ce: 15 FET02 00025 * Fasset don Kasuwanci da Kasuwanci * ICB Asusun Kudi; Asusun Sashin Jama'a; Gudanar da Kasuwanci; Kasuwanci, Gudanar da Ofishin * SABPP wanda ke ba da Gudanar da Albarkatun Dan Adam da aka yi rajista a kan Tsarin cancanta na Kasa (NQF) * CIMA tana ba da Takardar shaidar CIMA a cikin Kasuwancin Kasuwanci * Microsoft wanda ke ba da waɗannan hanyoyi: Microsoft Technical Associate (MTA) takaddun shaida; MCSA Microsoft Windows 8; MCSA & MCSE Microsoft Windows Server; MCSA &MCSE Microsoft SQL Server; MCSD Microsoft Web & Store Applications * CompTIA don takaddun shaida na CompTIA A+ da Network+. == Hanyar isar da shi == Kwalejin SA mai ba da ilmantarwa ne mai nisa. Ana ba da dukkan darussan su ta hanyar wasiƙa, kuma suna samuwa ga ɗalibai a duk faɗin Afirka ta Kudu, <ref>{{Cite web |date= |title=Skills Education Training Authorities. SETA Offices in South Africa |url=http://www.vocational.co.za/ |access-date=2014-02-23 |publisher=Vocational.co.za}}</ref> da ɗaliban ƙasa da ƙasa. Ana ba da tallafin ilimi ga ɗalibai ta hanyar aji na kan layi, Masu Shirye-shiryen Ilimi da mai koyar da darasi. == Wuje == Kwalejin SA da ke Cape Town, Afirka ta Kudu. == Bayanan da aka ambata == bpr0ddfqjswo9wqypw87wppp3lxtvxk 0 79724 895624 454927 2026-08-12T10:50:21Z Maryam Abdullahi Y 43904 895624 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} {{hujja}} '''Galar Fertilizers and Chemicals''' sanannen kamfani ne a masana'antar noma, wanda aka sadaukar don bunƙasa da isar da sabbin mafita don biyan bukatun manoma masu tasowa. Kamfanin yana da hedkwata a Birnin Itarsi, Madhya Pradesh, Indiya. == Bayani na gaba == Galar Fertilizers and Chemicals, a karkashin jagorancin Manajan Darakta Ajay Kumar Galar, yana mai da hankali kan sake bayyana ayyukan noma ta hanyar gabatar da kayan aikin gona na ci gaba. Kamfanin ya hada da Nano Urea, mai amfani da juyin juya hali wanda ke amfani da fasahar capsule mai ci gaba, tare da sauran takin nano daban-daban, bio potash, mycorrhiza mai tushe na vermiculite, da kuma fadada fasahar saki don fungicides da pesticides. == Sabon Gidan Masana'antu == A watan Fabrairu, Galar Fertilizers da Chemicals za su kaddamar da sabon masana'antar masana'antu a Borio, Jharkhand. Wannan wurin zai ƙware wajen samar da mafita daban-daban na aikin gona, gami da: * Kisan ƙwayoyin cuta * Magungunan kashe cututtuka * Masu Gudanar da Girma<ref>https://www.forbesindia.com/lists/2023-digital-stars/profile/sana-galar/78</ref> * Nano Urea * Nano Diammonium Phosphate (DAP) Ana sa ran masana'antar Borio za ta zama cibiyar samar da aikin gona, tana ƙarfafa jajircewar Galar ga kirkire-kirkire da aikin gona mai ɗorewa. Masu siyarwa masu daraja daga Sahibganj, Jharkhand za su halarci bikin kaddamarwa, suna nuna sadaukarwar Galar don inganta haɗin gwiwar gida.<ref>https://www.businessinsider.com/every-new-pokemon-sword-shield-galar-region-2019-7</ref> == Abubuwan mahimmanci da sababbin abubuwa == # Nano Urea tare da Advanced Capsule Technique : Yana amfani da fasahar capsule mai ci gaba don isar da abinci mai gina jiki, tabbatar da ingantaccen sha da amfani da shuke-shuke. # Diverse Range of Nano Fertilizers : Ya haɗa da DAP, ZincR, da kuma nau'ikan nano macro da micro abubuwa, suna ba da mafita masu mahimmanci don inganta amfanin gona da inganci. # Vermiculite-Based Mycorrhiza : Yana inganta dangantaka ta symbiotic tsakanin shuke-shuke da ƙwayoyin cuta masu amfani, inganta sinadarin abinci mai gina jiki, lafiyar tushen, da ƙarfin shuke-tsire gaba ɗaya. # Bio Potash tare da Maximum 45% K2O : Yana ba da gudummawa sosai ga ci gaban shuka, juriya ta damuwa, da yawan amfanin gona gaba ɗaya. # Fasahar Bayar da Bayani don Fungicides da Pesticides : Yana inganta tasirin fungicides da pesticides, yana ba da damar ci gaba da hulɗa a kan tsire-tsire don ingantaccen aiki. # 72 Advanced Patented Products : Ya nuna jajircewar Galar ga kirkire-kirkire wajen magance kalubalen aikin gona na zamani. == Ra'ayi da Jagora == Ajay Kumar Galar, Manajan Darakta kuma Vabhav trivedi shine Darakta na Talla, shine ƙarfin motsawa a bayan ci gaban kamfanin. Ya yi la'akari da Galar Fertilizers da Chemicals a matsayin jagora a sauya aikin gona ta hanyar sababbin hanyoyin da za a iya jurewa. Ya ce, "A Galar Fertilizers da Chemicals, mun yi imani da tura iyakokin kirkire-kirkire don ƙirƙirar mafita mai ɗorewa ga bangaren noma. Kungiyarmu ta himmatu ga haɓaka samfuran da ba kawai haɓaka yawan aiki ba har ma da gudummawa ga dorewar muhalli. " == Bayani == 4k5jazzet3vzz6jxzpfwtiiole35xz3 0 80220 895599 746522 2026-08-12T10:41:37Z Maryam Abdullahi Y 43904 895599 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} [[Fayil:Zewail City.jpg|thumb|Zewail City of Science, Technology and Innovation]] [[Fayil:Zewail City Gates.jpg|thumb|Zewail City of Science, Technology and Innovation]] '''Zewail City of Science, Technology and Innovation''' ,wata kungiya ce mai zaman kanta, mai zaman kanta ta ilmantarwa, bincike da kirkire-kirkire. An gabatar da manufar Birnin a cikin 1999 kuma an kafa dutsen kusurwa a ranar 1 ga Janairun shekarar 2000. Bayan jinkiri da yawa, an farfado da aikin ta hanyar dokar majalisar ministocin Masar a ranar 11 ga Mayu, 2011 bayan Juyin Juya Halin 25 ga Janairu. Ma'aikatar ta lakafta shi a matsayin aikin kasa na Renaissance na Kimiyya kuma ta kira shi Zewail City of Science and Technology. Zewail City of Science and Technology tare da mazabarta guda uku - jami'a, cibiyoyin bincike, da wurin shakatawa na fasaha.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Technology |first=Zewail City of Science and |title=Zewail City of Science and Technology |url=http://www.zewailcity.edu.eg/ |access-date=2017-10-27 |website=zewailcity.edu.eg |language=en}}</ref> == Tarihi == An kafa dutsen kusurwa na Zewail City of Science and Technology a ranar 1 ga Janairu, 2000 a cikin Gundumar Sheikh Zayed ta 6th na Oktoba City, [[Giza]] . Wadanda suka halarci bikin sune [[Ahmed Zewail]], sannan Firayim Minista Atef Ebeid, da kuma ministoci da yawa ciki har da Ahmed Nazif, wanda daga baya ya shiga cikin matsayinsa na Firayim Ministan.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Technology |first=Zewail City of Science and |title=Overview |url=https://www.zewailcity.edu.eg/main/content.php?lang=en&alias=overview |access-date=2017-10-27 |website=www.zewailcity.edu.eg |language=en}}</ref>Bayan jinkiri da yawa a cikin kafa Birnin, juyin juya halin Janairu 25 a cikin 2011 ya haifar da farfado da shirin, kuma gwamnatin Masar ta nemi [[Ahmed Zewail]] ya kafa Babban Kwamitin Ba da Shawara kuma ya sake kaddamar da shirin a shafinsa na asali.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Zewail |first=Ahmed |date=2011-06-22 |title=A Compass of Hope for Egypt:The New "City for Science & Technology" Is the Aswan Dam for the 21st Century |url=https://www.huffingtonpost.com/ahmed-zewail/a-compass-of-hope-for-egy_b_882496.html |access-date=2017-10-27 |website=Huffington Post |language=en-US}}</ref> A ranar 11 ga Mayu, 2011 Ma'aikatar Ministoci ta ba da doka don kafa Shirin Kasa na Renaissance na Kimiyya, kuma ta ba shi suna Zewail City of Science and Technology.An kaddamar da Birnin a hukumance a ranar 1 ga Nuwamba, 2011 a cikin gine-gine biyu na gwamnatin Masar a kan Sheikh Zayed. An kafa matsayin shari'a na ƙarshe lokacin da aka ba City doka da ta tsara manufofin City da masu jefa kuri'a, da kuma tsarin kudi da gudanarwa. A watan Maris na shekara ta 2015, Samih Sawiris ya ba da gudummawar fam miliyan 100 na Masar ga Birnin.<ref>{{Cite web |date=16 March 2015 |title=Egyptian business tycoon donates $13M to Zewail City |url=http://www.thecairopost.com/news/142111/business/egyptian-business-tycoon-donates-13m-to-zewail-city |access-date=22 August 2015 |website=The Cairo Post |archive-date=24 August 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150824212312/http://www.thecairopost.com/news/142111/business/egyptian-business-tycoon-donates-13m-to-zewail-city |url-status=dead }}</ref> == Cibiyoyin bincike == Birnin Zewail na kimiyya da fasaha a halin yanzu yana da cibiyoyin bincike guda bakwai tare da ƙarin shirye-shiryen kara wannan adadin zuwa goma sha biyu. Babban manufar birnin ita ce ta rufe dukkan fannoni na kimiyya da ake buƙata don ci gaban al'ummar Masar.Cibiyoyin yanzu sune: === Cibiyoyin Helmy na Kimiyya na Kiwon Lafiya (HIMS) === * Cibiyar Tsufa da Cututtukan da ke Haɗe da ita (CAAD) * Cibiyar Kwarewa don Binciken Kwayoyin Kwayoyin Kwayar Kwayar Kwalejin Kwalejin (CESC) * Cibiyar Nazarin Halitta (CG) === Cibiyar Nazarin Kimiyya da Bayanai ta NBE (INI) === * Cibiyar Nanotechnology (CNT) * Cibiyar Nanoelectronics da Na'urori * Cibiyar Kimiyya ta Kayan aiki === Cibiyar Nazarin Hotuna da Bayyanawa (IIV) === * Cibiyar Hoto da Microscopy * Cibiyar X-Ray Tabbatar da Tsarin Matter === Cibiyar Kimiyya ta asali (IBS) === * Cibiyar Nazarin Kimiyya (CFP) === Cibiyar Kula da Makamashi, Muhalli da Sarari (IEES) === * Cibiyar Photonics da Smart Materials (CPSM) === Cibiyar Tattalin Arziki da Harkokin Duniya (IEGA) === * Cibiyar Talaat Harb don Tattalin Arziki da Ci gaba (THC) === Cibiyar Ilimi ta Virtual (IVE) === * Cibiyar Fasahar Ilimi (CLT) == Shirye-shiryen fadada == Tsohon shugaban Masar [[Adly Mansour]] ya ba da doka a ranar 9 ga Afrilu, 2014 wanda ya ba da kadada 198 ga Zewail City don gina sabon harabar a cikin lambunan Oktoba na 6 ga Oktoba City. A watan Maris na shekara ta 2015, shugaban kasar [[Abdul Fatah el-Sisi|Abdel Fattah al-Sisi]] ya ba da umarnin cewa Hukumar Injiniya ta Sojojin Masar za ta gina sabon harabar kuma ta kaddamar da shi a cikin shekara guda.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Presidential advisory council formed to find non-traditional solutions: Zewail - Politics - Egypt - Ahram Online |url=http://english.ahram.org.eg/NewsContent/1/64/110402/Egypt/Politics-/Presidential-advisory-council-formed-to-find-nontr.aspx |access-date=2017-10-27 |website=english.ahram.org.eg |language=en}}</ref> Jami'ar Kimiyya da Fasaha da Cibiyoyin Bincike ta Zewail City yanzu suna aiki sosai a sabon harabar yayin da aka kammala gine-gine huɗu (Helmy-Nano-Service-Academic). Hedikwatar kuma tana aiki sosai a Birnin Alkahira. Ƙarin tsare-tsaren sun haɗa da yiwuwar buɗe wani harabar birni a yankin New Suez Canal a cikin shekaru masu zuwa. == Bayanan da aka ambata == dnf3bn84v8h11j9a6stxv5w02ohx0ot 895600 895599 2026-08-12T10:41:53Z Maryam Abdullahi Y 43904 895600 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} [[Fayil:Zewail City.jpg|thumb|Zewail City of Science, Technology and Innovation]] [[Fayil:Zewail City Gates.jpg|thumb|Zewail City of Science, Technology and Innovation]] '''Zewail City of Science, Technology and Innovation''' ,wata kungiya ce mai zaman kanta, mai zaman kanta ta ilmantarwa, bincike da kirkire-kirkire. An gabatar da manufar Birnin a cikin 1999 kuma an kafa dutsen kusurwa a ranar 1 ga Janairun shekarar 2000. Bayan jinkiri da yawa, an farfado da aikin ta hanyar dokar majalisar ministocin Masar a ranar 11 ga Mayun shekarar 2011 bayan Juyin Juya Halin 25 ga Janairu. Ma'aikatar ta lakafta shi a matsayin aikin ƙasa na Renaissance na Kimiyya kuma ta kira shi Zewail City of Science and Technology. Zewail City of Science and Technology tare da mazabarta guda uku - jami'a, cibiyoyin bincike, da wurin shakatawa na fasaha.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Technology |first=Zewail City of Science and |title=Zewail City of Science and Technology |url=http://www.zewailcity.edu.eg/ |access-date=2017-10-27 |website=zewailcity.edu.eg |language=en}}</ref> == Tarihi == An kafa dutsen kusurwa na Zewail City of Science and Technology a ranar 1 ga Janairu, 2000 a cikin Gundumar Sheikh Zayed ta 6th na Oktoba City, [[Giza]] . Wadanda suka halarci bikin sune [[Ahmed Zewail]], sannan Firayim Minista Atef Ebeid, da kuma ministoci da yawa ciki har da Ahmed Nazif, wanda daga baya ya shiga cikin matsayinsa na Firayim Ministan.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Technology |first=Zewail City of Science and |title=Overview |url=https://www.zewailcity.edu.eg/main/content.php?lang=en&alias=overview |access-date=2017-10-27 |website=www.zewailcity.edu.eg |language=en}}</ref>Bayan jinkiri da yawa a cikin kafa Birnin, juyin juya halin Janairu 25 a cikin 2011 ya haifar da farfado da shirin, kuma gwamnatin Masar ta nemi [[Ahmed Zewail]] ya kafa Babban Kwamitin Ba da Shawara kuma ya sake kaddamar da shirin a shafinsa na asali.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Zewail |first=Ahmed |date=2011-06-22 |title=A Compass of Hope for Egypt:The New "City for Science & Technology" Is the Aswan Dam for the 21st Century |url=https://www.huffingtonpost.com/ahmed-zewail/a-compass-of-hope-for-egy_b_882496.html |access-date=2017-10-27 |website=Huffington Post |language=en-US}}</ref> A ranar 11 ga Mayu, 2011 Ma'aikatar Ministoci ta ba da doka don kafa Shirin Kasa na Renaissance na Kimiyya, kuma ta ba shi suna Zewail City of Science and Technology.An kaddamar da Birnin a hukumance a ranar 1 ga Nuwamba, 2011 a cikin gine-gine biyu na gwamnatin Masar a kan Sheikh Zayed. An kafa matsayin shari'a na ƙarshe lokacin da aka ba City doka da ta tsara manufofin City da masu jefa kuri'a, da kuma tsarin kudi da gudanarwa. A watan Maris na shekara ta 2015, Samih Sawiris ya ba da gudummawar fam miliyan 100 na Masar ga Birnin.<ref>{{Cite web |date=16 March 2015 |title=Egyptian business tycoon donates $13M to Zewail City |url=http://www.thecairopost.com/news/142111/business/egyptian-business-tycoon-donates-13m-to-zewail-city |access-date=22 August 2015 |website=The Cairo Post |archive-date=24 August 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150824212312/http://www.thecairopost.com/news/142111/business/egyptian-business-tycoon-donates-13m-to-zewail-city |url-status=dead }}</ref> == Cibiyoyin bincike == Birnin Zewail na kimiyya da fasaha a halin yanzu yana da cibiyoyin bincike guda bakwai tare da ƙarin shirye-shiryen kara wannan adadin zuwa goma sha biyu. Babban manufar birnin ita ce ta rufe dukkan fannoni na kimiyya da ake buƙata don ci gaban al'ummar Masar.Cibiyoyin yanzu sune: === Cibiyoyin Helmy na Kimiyya na Kiwon Lafiya (HIMS) === * Cibiyar Tsufa da Cututtukan da ke Haɗe da ita (CAAD) * Cibiyar Kwarewa don Binciken Kwayoyin Kwayoyin Kwayar Kwayar Kwalejin Kwalejin (CESC) * Cibiyar Nazarin Halitta (CG) === Cibiyar Nazarin Kimiyya da Bayanai ta NBE (INI) === * Cibiyar Nanotechnology (CNT) * Cibiyar Nanoelectronics da Na'urori * Cibiyar Kimiyya ta Kayan aiki === Cibiyar Nazarin Hotuna da Bayyanawa (IIV) === * Cibiyar Hoto da Microscopy * Cibiyar X-Ray Tabbatar da Tsarin Matter === Cibiyar Kimiyya ta asali (IBS) === * Cibiyar Nazarin Kimiyya (CFP) === Cibiyar Kula da Makamashi, Muhalli da Sarari (IEES) === * Cibiyar Photonics da Smart Materials (CPSM) === Cibiyar Tattalin Arziki da Harkokin Duniya (IEGA) === * Cibiyar Talaat Harb don Tattalin Arziki da Ci gaba (THC) === Cibiyar Ilimi ta Virtual (IVE) === * Cibiyar Fasahar Ilimi (CLT) == Shirye-shiryen fadada == Tsohon shugaban Masar [[Adly Mansour]] ya ba da doka a ranar 9 ga Afrilu, 2014 wanda ya ba da kadada 198 ga Zewail City don gina sabon harabar a cikin lambunan Oktoba na 6 ga Oktoba City. A watan Maris na shekara ta 2015, shugaban kasar [[Abdul Fatah el-Sisi|Abdel Fattah al-Sisi]] ya ba da umarnin cewa Hukumar Injiniya ta Sojojin Masar za ta gina sabon harabar kuma ta kaddamar da shi a cikin shekara guda.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Presidential advisory council formed to find non-traditional solutions: Zewail - Politics - Egypt - Ahram Online |url=http://english.ahram.org.eg/NewsContent/1/64/110402/Egypt/Politics-/Presidential-advisory-council-formed-to-find-nontr.aspx |access-date=2017-10-27 |website=english.ahram.org.eg |language=en}}</ref> Jami'ar Kimiyya da Fasaha da Cibiyoyin Bincike ta Zewail City yanzu suna aiki sosai a sabon harabar yayin da aka kammala gine-gine huɗu (Helmy-Nano-Service-Academic). Hedikwatar kuma tana aiki sosai a Birnin Alkahira. Ƙarin tsare-tsaren sun haɗa da yiwuwar buɗe wani harabar birni a yankin New Suez Canal a cikin shekaru masu zuwa. == Bayanan da aka ambata == 7i8esuvslhtzdgga3pz16di4ebb3n4a 895601 895600 2026-08-12T10:42:01Z Maryam Abdullahi Y 43904 895601 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} [[Fayil:Zewail City.jpg|thumb|Zewail City of Science, Technology and Innovation]] [[Fayil:Zewail City Gates.jpg|thumb|Zewail City of Science, Technology and Innovation]] '''Zewail City of Science, Technology and Innovation''' ,wata kungiya ce mai zaman kanta, mai zaman kanta ta ilmantarwa, bincike da kirkire-kirkire. An gabatar da manufar Birnin a cikin 1999 kuma an kafa dutsen kusurwa a ranar 1 ga Janairun shekarar 2000. Bayan jinkiri da yawa, an farfado da aikin ta hanyar dokar majalisar ministocin Masar a ranar 11 ga Mayun shekarar 2011 bayan Juyin Juya Halin 25 ga Janairu. Ma'aikatar ta lakafta shi a matsayin aikin ƙasa na Renaissance na Kimiyya kuma ta kira shi Zewail City of Science and Technology. Zewail City of Science and Technology tare da mazabarta guda uku - jami'a, cibiyoyin bincike, da wurin shakatawa na fasaha.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Technology |first=Zewail City of Science and |title=Zewail City of Science and Technology |url=http://www.zewailcity.edu.eg/ |access-date=2017-10-27 |website=zewailcity.edu.eg |language=en}}</ref> == Tarihi == An kuma kafa dutsen kusurwa na Zewail City of Science and Technology a ranar 1 ga Janairu, 2000 a cikin Gundumar Sheikh Zayed ta 6th na Oktoba City, [[Giza]] . Wadanda suka halarci bikin sune [[Ahmed Zewail]], sannan Firayim Minista Atef Ebeid, da kuma ministoci da yawa ciki har da Ahmed Nazif, wanda daga baya ya shiga cikin matsayinsa na Firayim Ministan.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Technology |first=Zewail City of Science and |title=Overview |url=https://www.zewailcity.edu.eg/main/content.php?lang=en&alias=overview |access-date=2017-10-27 |website=www.zewailcity.edu.eg |language=en}}</ref>Bayan jinkiri da yawa a cikin kafa Birnin, juyin juya halin Janairu 25 a cikin 2011 ya haifar da farfado da shirin, kuma gwamnatin Masar ta nemi [[Ahmed Zewail]] ya kafa Babban Kwamitin Ba da Shawara kuma ya sake kaddamar da shirin a shafinsa na asali.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Zewail |first=Ahmed |date=2011-06-22 |title=A Compass of Hope for Egypt:The New "City for Science & Technology" Is the Aswan Dam for the 21st Century |url=https://www.huffingtonpost.com/ahmed-zewail/a-compass-of-hope-for-egy_b_882496.html |access-date=2017-10-27 |website=Huffington Post |language=en-US}}</ref> A ranar 11 ga Mayu, 2011 Ma'aikatar Ministoci ta ba da doka don kafa Shirin Kasa na Renaissance na Kimiyya, kuma ta ba shi suna Zewail City of Science and Technology.An kaddamar da Birnin a hukumance a ranar 1 ga Nuwamba, 2011 a cikin gine-gine biyu na gwamnatin Masar a kan Sheikh Zayed. An kafa matsayin shari'a na ƙarshe lokacin da aka ba City doka da ta tsara manufofin City da masu jefa kuri'a, da kuma tsarin kudi da gudanarwa. A watan Maris na shekara ta 2015, Samih Sawiris ya ba da gudummawar fam miliyan 100 na Masar ga Birnin.<ref>{{Cite web |date=16 March 2015 |title=Egyptian business tycoon donates $13M to Zewail City |url=http://www.thecairopost.com/news/142111/business/egyptian-business-tycoon-donates-13m-to-zewail-city |access-date=22 August 2015 |website=The Cairo Post |archive-date=24 August 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150824212312/http://www.thecairopost.com/news/142111/business/egyptian-business-tycoon-donates-13m-to-zewail-city |url-status=dead }}</ref> == Cibiyoyin bincike == Birnin Zewail na kimiyya da fasaha a halin yanzu yana da cibiyoyin bincike guda bakwai tare da ƙarin shirye-shiryen kara wannan adadin zuwa goma sha biyu. Babban manufar birnin ita ce ta rufe dukkan fannoni na kimiyya da ake buƙata don ci gaban al'ummar Masar.Cibiyoyin yanzu sune: === Cibiyoyin Helmy na Kimiyya na Kiwon Lafiya (HIMS) === * Cibiyar Tsufa da Cututtukan da ke Haɗe da ita (CAAD) * Cibiyar Kwarewa don Binciken Kwayoyin Kwayoyin Kwayar Kwayar Kwalejin Kwalejin (CESC) * Cibiyar Nazarin Halitta (CG) === Cibiyar Nazarin Kimiyya da Bayanai ta NBE (INI) === * Cibiyar Nanotechnology (CNT) * Cibiyar Nanoelectronics da Na'urori * Cibiyar Kimiyya ta Kayan aiki === Cibiyar Nazarin Hotuna da Bayyanawa (IIV) === * Cibiyar Hoto da Microscopy * Cibiyar X-Ray Tabbatar da Tsarin Matter === Cibiyar Kimiyya ta asali (IBS) === * Cibiyar Nazarin Kimiyya (CFP) === Cibiyar Kula da Makamashi, Muhalli da Sarari (IEES) === * Cibiyar Photonics da Smart Materials (CPSM) === Cibiyar Tattalin Arziki da Harkokin Duniya (IEGA) === * Cibiyar Talaat Harb don Tattalin Arziki da Ci gaba (THC) === Cibiyar Ilimi ta Virtual (IVE) === * Cibiyar Fasahar Ilimi (CLT) == Shirye-shiryen fadada == Tsohon shugaban Masar [[Adly Mansour]] ya ba da doka a ranar 9 ga Afrilu, 2014 wanda ya ba da kadada 198 ga Zewail City don gina sabon harabar a cikin lambunan Oktoba na 6 ga Oktoba City. A watan Maris na shekara ta 2015, shugaban kasar [[Abdul Fatah el-Sisi|Abdel Fattah al-Sisi]] ya ba da umarnin cewa Hukumar Injiniya ta Sojojin Masar za ta gina sabon harabar kuma ta kaddamar da shi a cikin shekara guda.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Presidential advisory council formed to find non-traditional solutions: Zewail - Politics - Egypt - Ahram Online |url=http://english.ahram.org.eg/NewsContent/1/64/110402/Egypt/Politics-/Presidential-advisory-council-formed-to-find-nontr.aspx |access-date=2017-10-27 |website=english.ahram.org.eg |language=en}}</ref> Jami'ar Kimiyya da Fasaha da Cibiyoyin Bincike ta Zewail City yanzu suna aiki sosai a sabon harabar yayin da aka kammala gine-gine huɗu (Helmy-Nano-Service-Academic). Hedikwatar kuma tana aiki sosai a Birnin Alkahira. Ƙarin tsare-tsaren sun haɗa da yiwuwar buɗe wani harabar birni a yankin New Suez Canal a cikin shekaru masu zuwa. == Bayanan da aka ambata == 1uvs7rwwjku223a42xwx9cnditfjkj3 895602 895601 2026-08-12T10:42:12Z Maryam Abdullahi Y 43904 895602 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} [[Fayil:Zewail City.jpg|thumb|Zewail City of Science, Technology and Innovation]] [[Fayil:Zewail City Gates.jpg|thumb|Zewail City of Science, Technology and Innovation]] '''Zewail City of Science, Technology and Innovation''' ,wata kungiya ce mai zaman kanta, mai zaman kanta ta ilmantarwa, bincike da kirkire-kirkire. An gabatar da manufar Birnin a cikin 1999 kuma an kafa dutsen kusurwa a ranar 1 ga Janairun shekarar 2000. Bayan jinkiri da yawa, an farfado da aikin ta hanyar dokar majalisar ministocin Masar a ranar 11 ga Mayun shekarar 2011 bayan Juyin Juya Halin 25 ga Janairu. Ma'aikatar ta lakafta shi a matsayin aikin ƙasa na Renaissance na Kimiyya kuma ta kira shi Zewail City of Science and Technology. Zewail City of Science and Technology tare da mazabarta guda uku - jami'a, cibiyoyin bincike, da wurin shakatawa na fasaha.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Technology |first=Zewail City of Science and |title=Zewail City of Science and Technology |url=http://www.zewailcity.edu.eg/ |access-date=2017-10-27 |website=zewailcity.edu.eg |language=en}}</ref> == Tarihi == An kuma kafa dutsen kusurwa na Zewail City of Science and Technology a ranar 1 ga Janairun shekarar 2000 a cikin Gundumar Sheikh Zayed ta 6th na Oktoba City, [[Giza]] . Wadanda suka halarci bikin sune [[Ahmed Zewail]], sannan Firayim Minista Atef Ebeid, da kuma ministoci da yawa ciki har da Ahmed Nazif, wanda daga baya ya shiga cikin matsayinsa na Firayim Ministan.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Technology |first=Zewail City of Science and |title=Overview |url=https://www.zewailcity.edu.eg/main/content.php?lang=en&alias=overview |access-date=2017-10-27 |website=www.zewailcity.edu.eg |language=en}}</ref>Bayan jinkiri da yawa a cikin kafa Birnin, juyin juya halin Janairu 25 a cikin 2011 ya haifar da farfado da shirin, kuma gwamnatin Masar ta nemi [[Ahmed Zewail]] ya kafa Babban Kwamitin Ba da Shawara kuma ya sake kaddamar da shirin a shafinsa na asali.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Zewail |first=Ahmed |date=2011-06-22 |title=A Compass of Hope for Egypt:The New "City for Science & Technology" Is the Aswan Dam for the 21st Century |url=https://www.huffingtonpost.com/ahmed-zewail/a-compass-of-hope-for-egy_b_882496.html |access-date=2017-10-27 |website=Huffington Post |language=en-US}}</ref> A ranar 11 ga Mayu, 2011 Ma'aikatar Ministoci ta ba da doka don kafa Shirin Kasa na Renaissance na Kimiyya, kuma ta ba shi suna Zewail City of Science and Technology.An kaddamar da Birnin a hukumance a ranar 1 ga Nuwamba, 2011 a cikin gine-gine biyu na gwamnatin Masar a kan Sheikh Zayed. An kafa matsayin shari'a na ƙarshe lokacin da aka ba City doka da ta tsara manufofin City da masu jefa kuri'a, da kuma tsarin kudi da gudanarwa. A watan Maris na shekara ta 2015, Samih Sawiris ya ba da gudummawar fam miliyan 100 na Masar ga Birnin.<ref>{{Cite web |date=16 March 2015 |title=Egyptian business tycoon donates $13M to Zewail City |url=http://www.thecairopost.com/news/142111/business/egyptian-business-tycoon-donates-13m-to-zewail-city |access-date=22 August 2015 |website=The Cairo Post |archive-date=24 August 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150824212312/http://www.thecairopost.com/news/142111/business/egyptian-business-tycoon-donates-13m-to-zewail-city |url-status=dead }}</ref> == Cibiyoyin bincike == Birnin Zewail na kimiyya da fasaha a halin yanzu yana da cibiyoyin bincike guda bakwai tare da ƙarin shirye-shiryen kara wannan adadin zuwa goma sha biyu. Babban manufar birnin ita ce ta rufe dukkan fannoni na kimiyya da ake buƙata don ci gaban al'ummar Masar.Cibiyoyin yanzu sune: === Cibiyoyin Helmy na Kimiyya na Kiwon Lafiya (HIMS) === * Cibiyar Tsufa da Cututtukan da ke Haɗe da ita (CAAD) * Cibiyar Kwarewa don Binciken Kwayoyin Kwayoyin Kwayar Kwayar Kwalejin Kwalejin (CESC) * Cibiyar Nazarin Halitta (CG) === Cibiyar Nazarin Kimiyya da Bayanai ta NBE (INI) === * Cibiyar Nanotechnology (CNT) * Cibiyar Nanoelectronics da Na'urori * Cibiyar Kimiyya ta Kayan aiki === Cibiyar Nazarin Hotuna da Bayyanawa (IIV) === * Cibiyar Hoto da Microscopy * Cibiyar X-Ray Tabbatar da Tsarin Matter === Cibiyar Kimiyya ta asali (IBS) === * Cibiyar Nazarin Kimiyya (CFP) === Cibiyar Kula da Makamashi, Muhalli da Sarari (IEES) === * Cibiyar Photonics da Smart Materials (CPSM) === Cibiyar Tattalin Arziki da Harkokin Duniya (IEGA) === * Cibiyar Talaat Harb don Tattalin Arziki da Ci gaba (THC) === Cibiyar Ilimi ta Virtual (IVE) === * Cibiyar Fasahar Ilimi (CLT) == Shirye-shiryen fadada == Tsohon shugaban Masar [[Adly Mansour]] ya ba da doka a ranar 9 ga Afrilu, 2014 wanda ya ba da kadada 198 ga Zewail City don gina sabon harabar a cikin lambunan Oktoba na 6 ga Oktoba City. A watan Maris na shekara ta 2015, shugaban kasar [[Abdul Fatah el-Sisi|Abdel Fattah al-Sisi]] ya ba da umarnin cewa Hukumar Injiniya ta Sojojin Masar za ta gina sabon harabar kuma ta kaddamar da shi a cikin shekara guda.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Presidential advisory council formed to find non-traditional solutions: Zewail - Politics - Egypt - Ahram Online |url=http://english.ahram.org.eg/NewsContent/1/64/110402/Egypt/Politics-/Presidential-advisory-council-formed-to-find-nontr.aspx |access-date=2017-10-27 |website=english.ahram.org.eg |language=en}}</ref> Jami'ar Kimiyya da Fasaha da Cibiyoyin Bincike ta Zewail City yanzu suna aiki sosai a sabon harabar yayin da aka kammala gine-gine huɗu (Helmy-Nano-Service-Academic). Hedikwatar kuma tana aiki sosai a Birnin Alkahira. Ƙarin tsare-tsaren sun haɗa da yiwuwar buɗe wani harabar birni a yankin New Suez Canal a cikin shekaru masu zuwa. == Bayanan da aka ambata == ihgp877jlsygfdxzgd2nx4pep7huio4 895603 895602 2026-08-12T10:42:33Z Maryam Abdullahi Y 43904 895603 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} [[Fayil:Zewail City.jpg|thumb|Zewail City of Science, Technology and Innovation]] [[Fayil:Zewail City Gates.jpg|thumb|Zewail City of Science, Technology and Innovation]] '''Zewail City of Science, Technology and Innovation''' ,wata kungiya ce mai zaman kanta, mai zaman kanta ta ilmantarwa, bincike da kirkire-kirkire. An gabatar da manufar Birnin a cikin shekarar 1999 kuma an kafa dutsen kusurwa a ranar 1 ga Janairun shekarar 2000. Bayan jinkiri da yawa, an farfado da aikin ta hanyar dokar majalisar ministocin Masar a ranar 11 ga Mayun shekarar 2011 bayan Juyin Juya Halin 25 ga Janairu. Ma'aikatar ta lakafta shi a matsayin aikin ƙasa na Renaissance na Kimiyya kuma ta kira shi Zewail City of Science and Technology. Zewail City of Science and Technology tare da mazabarta guda uku - jami'a, cibiyoyin bincike, da wurin shakatawa na fasaha.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Technology |first=Zewail City of Science and |title=Zewail City of Science and Technology |url=http://www.zewailcity.edu.eg/ |access-date=2017-10-27 |website=zewailcity.edu.eg |language=en}}</ref> == Tarihi == An kuma kafa dutsen kusurwa na Zewail City of Science and Technology a ranar 1 ga Janairun shekarar 2000 a cikin Gundumar Sheikh Zayed ta 6th na Oktoba City, [[Giza]] . Wadanda suka halarci bikin sune [[Ahmed Zewail]], sannan Firayim Minista Atef Ebeid, da kuma ministoci da yawa ciki har da Ahmed Nazif, wanda daga baya ya shiga cikin matsayinsa na Firayim Ministan.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Technology |first=Zewail City of Science and |title=Overview |url=https://www.zewailcity.edu.eg/main/content.php?lang=en&alias=overview |access-date=2017-10-27 |website=www.zewailcity.edu.eg |language=en}}</ref>Bayan jinkiri da yawa a cikin kafa Birnin, juyin juya halin Janairu 25 a cikin 2011 ya haifar da farfado da shirin, kuma gwamnatin Masar ta nemi [[Ahmed Zewail]] ya kafa Babban Kwamitin Ba da Shawara kuma ya sake kaddamar da shirin a shafinsa na asali.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Zewail |first=Ahmed |date=2011-06-22 |title=A Compass of Hope for Egypt:The New "City for Science & Technology" Is the Aswan Dam for the 21st Century |url=https://www.huffingtonpost.com/ahmed-zewail/a-compass-of-hope-for-egy_b_882496.html |access-date=2017-10-27 |website=Huffington Post |language=en-US}}</ref> A ranar 11 ga Mayu, 2011 Ma'aikatar Ministoci ta ba da doka don kafa Shirin Kasa na Renaissance na Kimiyya, kuma ta ba shi suna Zewail City of Science and Technology.An kaddamar da Birnin a hukumance a ranar 1 ga Nuwamba, 2011 a cikin gine-gine biyu na gwamnatin Masar a kan Sheikh Zayed. An kafa matsayin shari'a na ƙarshe lokacin da aka ba City doka da ta tsara manufofin City da masu jefa kuri'a, da kuma tsarin kudi da gudanarwa. A watan Maris na shekara ta 2015, Samih Sawiris ya ba da gudummawar fam miliyan 100 na Masar ga Birnin.<ref>{{Cite web |date=16 March 2015 |title=Egyptian business tycoon donates $13M to Zewail City |url=http://www.thecairopost.com/news/142111/business/egyptian-business-tycoon-donates-13m-to-zewail-city |access-date=22 August 2015 |website=The Cairo Post |archive-date=24 August 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150824212312/http://www.thecairopost.com/news/142111/business/egyptian-business-tycoon-donates-13m-to-zewail-city |url-status=dead }}</ref> == Cibiyoyin bincike == Birnin Zewail na kimiyya da fasaha a halin yanzu yana da cibiyoyin bincike guda bakwai tare da ƙarin shirye-shiryen kara wannan adadin zuwa goma sha biyu. Babban manufar birnin ita ce ta rufe dukkan fannoni na kimiyya da ake buƙata don ci gaban al'ummar Masar.Cibiyoyin yanzu sune: === Cibiyoyin Helmy na Kimiyya na Kiwon Lafiya (HIMS) === * Cibiyar Tsufa da Cututtukan da ke Haɗe da ita (CAAD) * Cibiyar Kwarewa don Binciken Kwayoyin Kwayoyin Kwayar Kwayar Kwalejin Kwalejin (CESC) * Cibiyar Nazarin Halitta (CG) === Cibiyar Nazarin Kimiyya da Bayanai ta NBE (INI) === * Cibiyar Nanotechnology (CNT) * Cibiyar Nanoelectronics da Na'urori * Cibiyar Kimiyya ta Kayan aiki === Cibiyar Nazarin Hotuna da Bayyanawa (IIV) === * Cibiyar Hoto da Microscopy * Cibiyar X-Ray Tabbatar da Tsarin Matter === Cibiyar Kimiyya ta asali (IBS) === * Cibiyar Nazarin Kimiyya (CFP) === Cibiyar Kula da Makamashi, Muhalli da Sarari (IEES) === * Cibiyar Photonics da Smart Materials (CPSM) === Cibiyar Tattalin Arziki da Harkokin Duniya (IEGA) === * Cibiyar Talaat Harb don Tattalin Arziki da Ci gaba (THC) === Cibiyar Ilimi ta Virtual (IVE) === * Cibiyar Fasahar Ilimi (CLT) == Shirye-shiryen fadada == Tsohon shugaban Masar [[Adly Mansour]] ya ba da doka a ranar 9 ga Afrilu, 2014 wanda ya ba da kadada 198 ga Zewail City don gina sabon harabar a cikin lambunan Oktoba na 6 ga Oktoba City. A watan Maris na shekara ta 2015, shugaban kasar [[Abdul Fatah el-Sisi|Abdel Fattah al-Sisi]] ya ba da umarnin cewa Hukumar Injiniya ta Sojojin Masar za ta gina sabon harabar kuma ta kaddamar da shi a cikin shekara guda.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Presidential advisory council formed to find non-traditional solutions: Zewail - Politics - Egypt - Ahram Online |url=http://english.ahram.org.eg/NewsContent/1/64/110402/Egypt/Politics-/Presidential-advisory-council-formed-to-find-nontr.aspx |access-date=2017-10-27 |website=english.ahram.org.eg |language=en}}</ref> Jami'ar Kimiyya da Fasaha da Cibiyoyin Bincike ta Zewail City yanzu suna aiki sosai a sabon harabar yayin da aka kammala gine-gine huɗu (Helmy-Nano-Service-Academic). Hedikwatar kuma tana aiki sosai a Birnin Alkahira. Ƙarin tsare-tsaren sun haɗa da yiwuwar buɗe wani harabar birni a yankin New Suez Canal a cikin shekaru masu zuwa. == Bayanan da aka ambata == kav8tjea9onjfdn1kir95clkkepj2vb 895604 895603 2026-08-12T10:42:42Z Maryam Abdullahi Y 43904 895604 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} [[Fayil:Zewail City.jpg|thumb|Zewail City of Science, Technology and Innovation]] [[Fayil:Zewail City Gates.jpg|thumb|Zewail City of Science, Technology and Innovation]] '''Zewail City of Science, Technology and Innovation''' ,wata kungiya ce mai zaman kanta, mai zaman kanta ta ilmantarwa, bincike da kirkire-kirkire. An gabatar da manufar Birnin a cikin shekarar 1999 kuma an kafa dutsen kusurwa a ranar 1 ga Janairun shekarar 2000. Bayan jinkiri da yawa, an farfado da aikin ta hanyar dokar majalisar ministocin Masar a ranar 11 ga Mayun shekarar 2011 bayan Juyin Juya Halin 25 ga Janairu. Ma'aikatar ta lakafta shi a matsayin aikin ƙasa na Renaissance na Kimiyya kuma ta kira shi Zewail City of Science and Technology. Zewail City of Science and Technology tare da mazabarta guda uku - jami'a, cibiyoyin bincike, da wurin shakatawa na fasaha.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Technology |first=Zewail City of Science and |title=Zewail City of Science and Technology |url=http://www.zewailcity.edu.eg/ |access-date=2017-10-27 |website=zewailcity.edu.eg |language=en}}</ref> == Tarihi == An kuma kafa dutsen kusurwa na Zewail City of Science and Technology a ranar 1 ga Janairun shekarar 2000 a cikin Gundumar Sheikh Zayed ta 6th na Oktoba City, [[Giza]] . Waɗanda suka halarci bikin sune [[Ahmed Zewail]], sannan Firayim Minista Atef Ebeid, da kuma ministoci da yawa ciki har da Ahmed Nazif, wanda daga baya ya shiga cikin matsayinsa na Firayim Ministan.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Technology |first=Zewail City of Science and |title=Overview |url=https://www.zewailcity.edu.eg/main/content.php?lang=en&alias=overview |access-date=2017-10-27 |website=www.zewailcity.edu.eg |language=en}}</ref>Bayan jinkiri da yawa a cikin kafa Birnin, juyin juya halin Janairu 25 a cikin 2011 ya haifar da farfado da shirin, kuma gwamnatin Masar ta nemi [[Ahmed Zewail]] ya kafa Babban Kwamitin Ba da Shawara kuma ya sake kaddamar da shirin a shafinsa na asali.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Zewail |first=Ahmed |date=2011-06-22 |title=A Compass of Hope for Egypt:The New "City for Science & Technology" Is the Aswan Dam for the 21st Century |url=https://www.huffingtonpost.com/ahmed-zewail/a-compass-of-hope-for-egy_b_882496.html |access-date=2017-10-27 |website=Huffington Post |language=en-US}}</ref> A ranar 11 ga Mayu, 2011 Ma'aikatar Ministoci ta ba da doka don kafa Shirin Kasa na Renaissance na Kimiyya, kuma ta ba shi suna Zewail City of Science and Technology.An kaddamar da Birnin a hukumance a ranar 1 ga Nuwamba, 2011 a cikin gine-gine biyu na gwamnatin Masar a kan Sheikh Zayed. An kafa matsayin shari'a na ƙarshe lokacin da aka ba City doka da ta tsara manufofin City da masu jefa kuri'a, da kuma tsarin kudi da gudanarwa. A watan Maris na shekara ta 2015, Samih Sawiris ya ba da gudummawar fam miliyan 100 na Masar ga Birnin.<ref>{{Cite web |date=16 March 2015 |title=Egyptian business tycoon donates $13M to Zewail City |url=http://www.thecairopost.com/news/142111/business/egyptian-business-tycoon-donates-13m-to-zewail-city |access-date=22 August 2015 |website=The Cairo Post |archive-date=24 August 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150824212312/http://www.thecairopost.com/news/142111/business/egyptian-business-tycoon-donates-13m-to-zewail-city |url-status=dead }}</ref> == Cibiyoyin bincike == Birnin Zewail na kimiyya da fasaha a halin yanzu yana da cibiyoyin bincike guda bakwai tare da ƙarin shirye-shiryen kara wannan adadin zuwa goma sha biyu. Babban manufar birnin ita ce ta rufe dukkan fannoni na kimiyya da ake buƙata don ci gaban al'ummar Masar.Cibiyoyin yanzu sune: === Cibiyoyin Helmy na Kimiyya na Kiwon Lafiya (HIMS) === * Cibiyar Tsufa da Cututtukan da ke Haɗe da ita (CAAD) * Cibiyar Kwarewa don Binciken Kwayoyin Kwayoyin Kwayar Kwayar Kwalejin Kwalejin (CESC) * Cibiyar Nazarin Halitta (CG) === Cibiyar Nazarin Kimiyya da Bayanai ta NBE (INI) === * Cibiyar Nanotechnology (CNT) * Cibiyar Nanoelectronics da Na'urori * Cibiyar Kimiyya ta Kayan aiki === Cibiyar Nazarin Hotuna da Bayyanawa (IIV) === * Cibiyar Hoto da Microscopy * Cibiyar X-Ray Tabbatar da Tsarin Matter === Cibiyar Kimiyya ta asali (IBS) === * Cibiyar Nazarin Kimiyya (CFP) === Cibiyar Kula da Makamashi, Muhalli da Sarari (IEES) === * Cibiyar Photonics da Smart Materials (CPSM) === Cibiyar Tattalin Arziki da Harkokin Duniya (IEGA) === * Cibiyar Talaat Harb don Tattalin Arziki da Ci gaba (THC) === Cibiyar Ilimi ta Virtual (IVE) === * Cibiyar Fasahar Ilimi (CLT) == Shirye-shiryen fadada == Tsohon shugaban Masar [[Adly Mansour]] ya ba da doka a ranar 9 ga Afrilu, 2014 wanda ya ba da kadada 198 ga Zewail City don gina sabon harabar a cikin lambunan Oktoba na 6 ga Oktoba City. A watan Maris na shekara ta 2015, shugaban kasar [[Abdul Fatah el-Sisi|Abdel Fattah al-Sisi]] ya ba da umarnin cewa Hukumar Injiniya ta Sojojin Masar za ta gina sabon harabar kuma ta kaddamar da shi a cikin shekara guda.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Presidential advisory council formed to find non-traditional solutions: Zewail - Politics - Egypt - Ahram Online |url=http://english.ahram.org.eg/NewsContent/1/64/110402/Egypt/Politics-/Presidential-advisory-council-formed-to-find-nontr.aspx |access-date=2017-10-27 |website=english.ahram.org.eg |language=en}}</ref> Jami'ar Kimiyya da Fasaha da Cibiyoyin Bincike ta Zewail City yanzu suna aiki sosai a sabon harabar yayin da aka kammala gine-gine huɗu (Helmy-Nano-Service-Academic). Hedikwatar kuma tana aiki sosai a Birnin Alkahira. Ƙarin tsare-tsaren sun haɗa da yiwuwar buɗe wani harabar birni a yankin New Suez Canal a cikin shekaru masu zuwa. == Bayanan da aka ambata == 3hjo35l21o7nktoxn0gxyg6jak01382 0 80248 895529 458106 2026-08-12T10:15:30Z Maryam Abdullahi Y 43904 895529 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''Crown Letters and Punctuation and Their Placements''' Wata sanarwa ce da Ma'aikatar Ilimi ta Masar ta buga kuma Abdulqader Aashour ya rubuta a shekarar 1932. An sake shi bayan kirkirar Crown Script don zama jagora na irin wannan. == Rubutun Crown == Rubutun Crown (خط التاج, {{Lang|ar-Latn|Khat al Taj}}) - rubutun [[Larabci]] ne na zamani wanda masanin rubutun Masar Mohammad Mahfouz ya kirkira a 1931 kuma Sarki Fuad I ya gabatar da shi. Manufar kirkirar wannan rubutun ita ce aiwatar da manyan haruffa a cikin rubutun Larabcin da za a yi amfani da shi kamar yadda ake amfani da manyan haruffan Ingilishi - wanda yake da shi sosai.Harafin Babban Birni sun bambanta da ƙananan haruffa a cikin ma'anar cewa suna da madauki - ko kuma layin sama - a saman su; haruffa waɗanda zasu iya haɗawa da harafin na gaba suma suna haɗawa da wannan madauki, yayin da haruffa da ba su haɗu da harafin gaba ba su haɗawa da waɗannan madauki ba. A cikin 1932, Ma'aikatar Ilimi ta Masar ta fitar da wata takarda mai taken Crown Letters and Punctuation Marks and Their Positions of Use, <ref>{{Cite web |title=حروف التاج و علامات الترقيم &#124; PDF |url=https://www.scribd.com/doc/207119358/%D8%AD%D8%B1%D9%88%D9%81-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AA%D8%A7%D8%AC-%D9%88-%D8%B9%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%AA-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AA%D8%B1%D9%82%D9%8A%D9%85}}</ref> wanda ya bayyana rubutun sosai kuma mai yiwuwa shine littafi na farko da aka rubuta a rubutun Crown. An kuma haɗa alamar alama saboda, a zahiri, babu ka'idojin da aka saita don rubutun Larabci kuma kowa ya rubuta kamar yadda yake so; saboda haka, ana jefa alamar a ko'ina cikin jumla don dalilai masu kyau maimakon sauƙaƙe kalmomi don sauƙaƙa ra'ayoyin fahimta ga mai karatu. Har ma a yanzu, ana amfani da alamar rubutu sosai - wannan ya fi bayyane a shafukan sada zumunta. Takardar ta kammala cewa [''duba ƙasa don ƙarin bayani'']: # Manyan haruffa kamar yadda aka nuna a cikin kari daya za a kira su Harafin Sarauta; tare da la'akari da hanyar da aka ɗora waɗannan haruffa da kuma saboda an haɓaka su ne a ƙarƙashin nufin Sarautar. # Za a yi amfani da alamun alamar kamar yadda aka nuna a kari na biyu. # Za a yi amfani da Harafin Crown kamar yadda aka nuna a cikin kari uku da hudu. # Ma'aikatar Ilimi na iya amfani da duk abin da ya dace don fadada amfani da Harafin Crown da alamun rubutu da duk abin le ake buƙata ta hanyar aiwatar da hakan daga haɗa su cikin tsarin karatu zuwa gabatar da fa'idodi ga taron jama'a don sauƙaƙe amfani da su a cikin manema labarai. Fiye da haka, daidai, rubutun Crown ba ainihin rubutun kansa ba ne; ya fi ƙari ga rubutun da ke akwai. Bayanan Ma'aikatar Ilimi sun bayyana cewa ana iya amfani da Wasikun Crown tare da rubutun Naskh da Rok'a. Kuna iya samun sigar PDF na littafin [https://www.scribd.com/doc/207119358/%D8%AD%D8%B1%D9%88%D9%81-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AA%D8%A7%D8%AC-%D9%88-%D8%B9%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%AA-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AA%D8%B1%D9%82%D9%8A%D9%85 a nan]. == Bayanan da aka ambata == i6sp2pci2sqot83rt034wpi4si5bce7 895530 895529 2026-08-12T10:15:38Z Maryam Abdullahi Y 43904 895530 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''Crown Letters and Punctuation and Their Placements''' Wata sanarwa ce da Ma'aikatar Ilimi ta Masar ta buga kuma Abdulqader Aashour ya rubuta a shekarar 1932. An sake shi bayan kirkirar Crown Script don zama jagora na irin wannan. == Rubutun Crown == Rubutun Crown (خط التاج, {{Lang|ar-Latn|Khat al Taj}}) - rubutun [[Larabci]] ne na zamani wanda masanin rubutun Masar Mohammad Mahfouz ya kirkira a 1931 kuma Sarki Fuad I ya gabatar da shi. Manufar kirkirar wannan rubutun ita ce aiwatar da manyan haruffa a cikin rubutun Larabcin da za a yi amfani da shi kamar yadda ake amfani da manyan haruffan Ingilishi - wanda yake da shi sosai.Harafin Babban Birni sun bambanta da ƙananan haruffa a cikin ma'anar cewa suna da madauki - ko kuma layin sama - a saman su; haruffa waɗanda zasu iya haɗawa da harafin na gaba suma suna haɗawa da wannan madauki, yayin da haruffa da ba su haɗu da harafin gaba ba su haɗawa da waɗannan madauki ba. A cikin shekarar 1932, Ma'aikatar Ilimi ta Masar ta fitar da wata takarda mai taken Crown Letters and Punctuation Marks and Their Positions of Use, <ref>{{Cite web |title=حروف التاج و علامات الترقيم &#124; PDF |url=https://www.scribd.com/doc/207119358/%D8%AD%D8%B1%D9%88%D9%81-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AA%D8%A7%D8%AC-%D9%88-%D8%B9%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%AA-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AA%D8%B1%D9%82%D9%8A%D9%85}}</ref> wanda ya bayyana rubutun sosai kuma mai yiwuwa shine littafi na farko da aka rubuta a rubutun Crown. An kuma haɗa alamar alama saboda, a zahiri, babu ka'idojin da aka saita don rubutun Larabci kuma kowa ya rubuta kamar yadda yake so; saboda haka, ana jefa alamar a ko'ina cikin jumla don dalilai masu kyau maimakon sauƙaƙe kalmomi don sauƙaƙa ra'ayoyin fahimta ga mai karatu. Har ma a yanzu, ana amfani da alamar rubutu sosai - wannan ya fi bayyane a shafukan sada zumunta. Takardar ta kammala cewa [''duba ƙasa don ƙarin bayani'']: # Manyan haruffa kamar yadda aka nuna a cikin kari daya za a kira su Harafin Sarauta; tare da la'akari da hanyar da aka ɗora waɗannan haruffa da kuma saboda an haɓaka su ne a ƙarƙashin nufin Sarautar. # Za a yi amfani da alamun alamar kamar yadda aka nuna a kari na biyu. # Za a yi amfani da Harafin Crown kamar yadda aka nuna a cikin kari uku da hudu. # Ma'aikatar Ilimi na iya amfani da duk abin da ya dace don fadada amfani da Harafin Crown da alamun rubutu da duk abin le ake buƙata ta hanyar aiwatar da hakan daga haɗa su cikin tsarin karatu zuwa gabatar da fa'idodi ga taron jama'a don sauƙaƙe amfani da su a cikin manema labarai. Fiye da haka, daidai, rubutun Crown ba ainihin rubutun kansa ba ne; ya fi ƙari ga rubutun da ke akwai. Bayanan Ma'aikatar Ilimi sun bayyana cewa ana iya amfani da Wasikun Crown tare da rubutun Naskh da Rok'a. Kuna iya samun sigar PDF na littafin [https://www.scribd.com/doc/207119358/%D8%AD%D8%B1%D9%88%D9%81-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AA%D8%A7%D8%AC-%D9%88-%D8%B9%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%AA-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AA%D8%B1%D9%82%D9%8A%D9%85 a nan]. == Bayanan da aka ambata == hodx10bko1msmp0370ql3i8ruob11bh 895531 895530 2026-08-12T10:15:50Z Maryam Abdullahi Y 43904 895531 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''Crown Letters and Punctuation and Their Placements''' Wata sanarwa ce da Ma'aikatar Ilimi ta Masar ta buga kuma Abdulqader Aashour ya rubuta a shekarar 1932. An sake shi bayan kirkirar Crown Script don zama jagora na irin wannan. == Rubutun Crown == Rubutun Crown (خط التاج, {{Lang|ar-Latn|Khat al Taj}}) - rubutun [[Larabci]] ne na zamani wanda masanin rubutun Masar Mohammad Mahfouz ya ƙirƙira a 1931 kuma Sarki Fuad I ya gabatar da shi. Manufar ƙirƙirar wannan rubutun ita ce aiwatar da manyan haruffa a cikin rubutun Larabcin da za a yi amfani da shi kamar yadda ake amfani da manyan haruffan Ingilishi - wanda yake da shi sosai.Harafin Babban Birni sun bambanta da ƙananan haruffa a cikin ma'anar cewa suna da madauki - ko kuma layin sama - a saman su; haruffa waɗanda zasu iya haɗawa da harafin na gaba suma suna haɗawa da wannan madauki, yayin da haruffa da ba su haɗu da harafin gaba ba su haɗawa da waɗannan madauki ba. A cikin shekarar 1932, Ma'aikatar Ilimi ta Masar ta fitar da wata takarda mai taken Crown Letters and Punctuation Marks and Their Positions of Use, <ref>{{Cite web |title=حروف التاج و علامات الترقيم &#124; PDF |url=https://www.scribd.com/doc/207119358/%D8%AD%D8%B1%D9%88%D9%81-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AA%D8%A7%D8%AC-%D9%88-%D8%B9%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%AA-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AA%D8%B1%D9%82%D9%8A%D9%85}}</ref> wanda ya bayyana rubutun sosai kuma mai yiwuwa shine littafi na farko da aka rubuta a rubutun Crown. An kuma haɗa alamar alama saboda, a zahiri, babu ka'idojin da aka saita don rubutun Larabci kuma kowa ya rubuta kamar yadda yake so; saboda haka, ana jefa alamar a ko'ina cikin jumla don dalilai masu kyau maimakon sauƙaƙe kalmomi don sauƙaƙa ra'ayoyin fahimta ga mai karatu. Har ma a yanzu, ana amfani da alamar rubutu sosai - wannan ya fi bayyane a shafukan sada zumunta. Takardar ta kammala cewa [''duba ƙasa don ƙarin bayani'']: # Manyan haruffa kamar yadda aka nuna a cikin kari daya za a kira su Harafin Sarauta; tare da la'akari da hanyar da aka ɗora waɗannan haruffa da kuma saboda an haɓaka su ne a ƙarƙashin nufin Sarautar. # Za a yi amfani da alamun alamar kamar yadda aka nuna a kari na biyu. # Za a yi amfani da Harafin Crown kamar yadda aka nuna a cikin kari uku da hudu. # Ma'aikatar Ilimi na iya amfani da duk abin da ya dace don fadada amfani da Harafin Crown da alamun rubutu da duk abin le ake buƙata ta hanyar aiwatar da hakan daga haɗa su cikin tsarin karatu zuwa gabatar da fa'idodi ga taron jama'a don sauƙaƙe amfani da su a cikin manema labarai. Fiye da haka, daidai, rubutun Crown ba ainihin rubutun kansa ba ne; ya fi ƙari ga rubutun da ke akwai. Bayanan Ma'aikatar Ilimi sun bayyana cewa ana iya amfani da Wasikun Crown tare da rubutun Naskh da Rok'a. Kuna iya samun sigar PDF na littafin [https://www.scribd.com/doc/207119358/%D8%AD%D8%B1%D9%88%D9%81-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AA%D8%A7%D8%AC-%D9%88-%D8%B9%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%AA-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AA%D8%B1%D9%82%D9%8A%D9%85 a nan]. == Bayanan da aka ambata == prxlcjy567x917v1gqfslke3xk21zof 895532 895531 2026-08-12T10:16:04Z Maryam Abdullahi Y 43904 895532 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''Crown Letters and Punctuation and Their Placements''' Wata sanarwa ce da Ma'aikatar Ilimi ta Masar ta buga kuma Abdulqader Aashour ya rubuta a shekarar 1932. An sake shi bayan kirkirar Crown Script don zama jagora na irin wannan. == Rubutun Crown == Rubutun Crown (خط التاج, {{Lang|ar-Latn|Khat al Taj}}) - rubutun [[Larabci]] ne na zamani wanda masanin rubutun Masar Mohammad Mahfouz ya ƙirƙira a 1931 kuma Sarki Fuad I ya gabatar da shi. Manufar ƙirƙirar wannan rubutun ita ce aiwatar da manyan haruffa a cikin rubutun Larabcin da za a yi amfani da shi kamar yadda ake amfani da manyan haruffan Ingilishi - wanda yake da shi sosai.Harafin Babban Birni sun bambanta da ƙananan haruffa a cikin ma'anar cewa suna da madauki - ko kuma layin sama - a saman su; haruffa waɗanda zasu iya haɗawa da harafin na gaba suma suna haɗawa da wannan madauki, yayin da haruffa da ba su haɗu da harafin gaba ba su haɗawa da waɗannan madauki ba. A cikin shekarar 1932, Ma'aikatar Ilimi ta Masar ta fitar da wata takarda mai taken Crown Letters and Punctuation Marks and Their Positions of Use, <ref>{{Cite web |title=حروف التاج و علامات الترقيم &#124; PDF |url=https://www.scribd.com/doc/207119358/%D8%AD%D8%B1%D9%88%D9%81-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AA%D8%A7%D8%AC-%D9%88-%D8%B9%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%AA-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AA%D8%B1%D9%82%D9%8A%D9%85}}</ref> wanda ya bayyana rubutun sosai kuma mai yiwuwa shine littafi na farko da aka rubuta a rubutun Crown. An kuma haɗa alamar alama saboda, a zahiri, babu ka'idojin da aka saita don rubutun Larabci kuma kowa ya rubuta kamar yadda yake so; saboda haka, ana jefa alamar a ko'ina cikin jumla don dalilai masu kyau maimakon sauƙaƙe kalmomi don sauƙaƙa ra'ayoyin fahimta ga mai karatu. Har ma a yanzu, ana amfani da alamar rubutu sosai - wannan ya fi bayyane a shafukan sada zumunta. Takardar ta kammala cewa [''duba ƙasa don ƙarin bayani'']: # Manyan haruffa kamar yadda aka nuna a cikin kari daya za a kira su Harafin Sarauta; tare da la'akari da hanyar da aka ɗora waɗannan haruffa da kuma saboda an haɓaka su ne a ƙarƙashin nufin Sarautar. # Za a yi amfani da alamun alamar kamar yadda aka nuna a kari na biyu. # Za a yi amfani da Harafin Crown kamar yadda aka nuna a cikin kari uku da hudu. # Ma'aikatar Ilimi na iya amfani da duk abin da ya dace don faɗaɗa amfani da Harafin Crown da alamun rubutu da duk abin le ake buƙata ta hanyar aiwatar da hakan daga haɗa su cikin tsarin karatu zuwa gabatar da fa'idodi ga taron jama'a don sauƙaƙe amfani da su a cikin manema labarai. Fiye da haka, daidai, rubutun Crown ba ainihin rubutun kansa ba ne; ya fi ƙari ga rubutun da ke akwai. Bayanan Ma'aikatar Ilimi sun bayyana cewa ana iya amfani da Wasikun Crown tare da rubutun Naskh da Rok'a. Kuna iya samun sigar PDF na littafin [https://www.scribd.com/doc/207119358/%D8%AD%D8%B1%D9%88%D9%81-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AA%D8%A7%D8%AC-%D9%88-%D8%B9%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%AA-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AA%D8%B1%D9%82%D9%8A%D9%85 a nan]. == Bayanan da aka ambata == t8xxkngpwe2cnjiykrr22k1c3t7gl6j 895533 895532 2026-08-12T10:16:11Z Maryam Abdullahi Y 43904 895533 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''Crown Letters and Punctuation and Their Placements''' Wata sanarwa ce da Ma'aikatar Ilimi ta Masar ta buga kuma Abdulqader Aashour ya rubuta a shekarar 1932. An sake shi bayan kirkirar Crown Script don zama jagora na irin wannan. == Rubutun Crown == Rubutun Crown (خط التاج, {{Lang|ar-Latn|Khat al Taj}}) - rubutun [[Larabci]] ne na zamani wanda masanin rubutun Masar Mohammad Mahfouz ya ƙirƙira a 1931 kuma Sarki Fuad I ya gabatar da shi. Manufar ƙirƙirar wannan rubutun ita ce aiwatar da manyan haruffa a cikin rubutun Larabcin da za a yi amfani da shi kamar yadda ake amfani da manyan haruffan Ingilishi - wanda yake da shi sosai.Harafin Babban Birni sun bambanta da ƙananan haruffa a cikin ma'anar cewa suna da madauki - ko kuma layin sama - a saman su; haruffa waɗanda zasu iya haɗawa da harafin na gaba suma suna haɗawa da wannan madauki, yayin da haruffa da ba su haɗu da harafin gaba ba su haɗawa da waɗannan madauki ba. A cikin shekarar 1932, Ma'aikatar Ilimi ta Masar ta fitar da wata takarda mai taken Crown Letters and Punctuation Marks and Their Positions of Use, <ref>{{Cite web |title=حروف التاج و علامات الترقيم &#124; PDF |url=https://www.scribd.com/doc/207119358/%D8%AD%D8%B1%D9%88%D9%81-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AA%D8%A7%D8%AC-%D9%88-%D8%B9%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%AA-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AA%D8%B1%D9%82%D9%8A%D9%85}}</ref> wanda ya bayyana rubutun sosai kuma mai yiwuwa shine littafi na farko da aka rubuta a rubutun Crown. An kuma haɗa alamar alama saboda, a zahiri, babu ka'idojin da aka saita don rubutun Larabci kuma kowa ya rubuta kamar yadda yake so; saboda haka, ana jefa alamar a ko'ina cikin jumla don dalilai masu kyau maimakon sauƙaƙe kalmomi don sauƙaƙa ra'ayoyin fahimta ga mai karatu. Har ma a yanzu, ana amfani da alamar rubutu sosai - wannan ya fi bayyane a shafukan sada zumunta. Takardar ta kammala cewa [''duba ƙasa don ƙarin bayani'']: # Manyan haruffa kamar yadda aka nuna a cikin kari daya za a kira su Harafin Sarauta; tare da la'akari da hanyar da aka ɗora waɗannan haruffa da kuma saboda an haɓaka su ne a ƙarƙashin nufin Sarautar. # Za a yi amfani da alamun alamar kamar yadda aka nuna a kari na biyu. # Za a yi amfani da Harafin Crown kamar yadda aka nuna a cikin kari uku da hudu. # Ma'aikatar Ilimi na iya amfani da duk abin da ya dace don faɗaɗa amfani da Harafin Crown da alamun rubutu da duk abin le ake buƙata ta hanyar aiwatar da hakan daga haɗa su cikin tsarin karatu zuwa gabatar da fa'idodi ga taron jama'a don sauƙaƙe amfani da su a cikin manema labarai. Fiye da haka, dai-dai, rubutun Crown ba ainihin rubutun kansa ba ne; ya fi ƙari ga rubutun da ke akwai. Bayanan Ma'aikatar Ilimi sun bayyana cewa ana iya amfani da Wasikun Crown tare da rubutun Naskh da Rok'a. Kuna iya samun sigar PDF na littafin [https://www.scribd.com/doc/207119358/%D8%AD%D8%B1%D9%88%D9%81-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AA%D8%A7%D8%AC-%D9%88-%D8%B9%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%AA-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AA%D8%B1%D9%82%D9%8A%D9%85 a nan]. == Bayanan da aka ambata == cxmkvtocc2wpqcbm2fu4y2orxpebgwi 0 81349 895354 680685 2026-08-12T04:31:08Z Baffa ali 47435 /* growthexperiments-addlink-summary-summary:3|0|0 */ 895354 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''Yancin ilimi a Jami'ar Brigham Young''' (BYU) ya kasance batun muhawara da yawa, galibi yana mai da hankali kan yanayin addininsa. A cikin 1992, BYU ta fitar da wata sanarwa da ke iyakance [['Yanci na ilimi|'yancin ilimi]] a wasu yankuna, gami da yaren da ya kai hari ga Cocin [[Isa|Yesu]] Almasihu na Kiristoci na Ƙarshe (LDS Church), da harshen da ya saba wa lambar girmamawa ta jami'a. Tun lokacin da aka fitar da wannan [[Sanarwar 'Yancin Yara|sanarwa]], BYU ta sami ci gaba da samun karbuwa daga Hukumar Kula da Kwalejoji da Jami'o'i ta Arewa maso Yamma, wacce musamman ta amince da sanarwar, kamar yadda ya saba da yawancin cibiyoyin addini. A cikin 1997, Ƙungiyar Ƙwararrun Ƙwararrun Jami'ar Amirka (tare da memba na kusan 47,000) sun soki BYU bisa lafazin sabuwar sanarwa, da kuma takaddama na baya-bayan nan da ya shafi furofesoshi da yawa da ake zargin sun ki yarda da hakkinsu na ilimi. Cecilia Konchar Farr, David Knowlton, Gail T. [[Houston]], na daga cikin fitattun gardama, duk da cewa BYU ta bayyana cewa sallamar wadannan farfesoshi ya ta'allaka ne da wasu batutuwan da ba na ilimi ba. A wani bangare na batun, James D. Gordon III, daya daga cikin manyan masu gudanarwa a cikin batutuwa na 1990, ya yi iƙirarin cewa akwai 'yancin ilimi na cibiyoyi, da ikon cibiyar ilimi don ayyana manufofinta da manufofinta, da kuma cewa wata cibiya mai zaman kanta. kamar BYU yakamata ya zama cikakkiyar 'yanci don biyan irin wannan. <ref>James D. Gordon III, ''Brigham Young University Studies'', Vol. 49, issue 2</ref> == Matsalolin 'yanci na ilimi == [[Fayil:BYU_North.jpg|right|thumb| Neman Arewa daga Hasumiyar Kimball zuwa Dutsen Timpanogos]] === Matsayin jami'a === A cikin jawabin 1971 ga ƙungiyar malaman BYU, Martin B. Hickman, sa'an nan shugaban BYU's College of Social Sciences, ya bayar da hujjar cewa shawarar shiga makarantar BYU ya nuna yarda da dabi'un jami'ar kuma don haka duk wanda ya shiga jami'ar. tare da wannan kyakkyawan tunani ba zai sami wasu batutuwan ƴancin ilimi yayin da suke can. <ref>[[Ernest L. Wilkinson]], ed., ''Brigham Young University: The First 100 Years''. Vol. 4, p. 63</ref> A cikin 1992, BYU ta tsara sabon Bayani kan 'Yancin Ilimi. <ref> name="acadfree">{{Cite web |title=Statement on Academic Freedom at BYU |url=http://www.byu.edu/fc/pages/refmapages/acadfree.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060826205013/http://www.byu.edu/fc/pages/refmapages/acadfree.html |archive-date=August 26, 2006 |website=www.byu.edu}}</ref> Bayan samun sharhi daga malamai da sauransu, an aiwatar da daftarin a ranar 14 ga Satumba, 1992. Wannan takarda ta kayyade cewa: "Saboda bisharar ta ƙunshi dukan gaskiya kuma tana tabbatar da cikakken yanayin sanin mutum, iyakokin haɗin kai ga malaman LDS, bisa ƙa'ida, mai faɗi kamar gaskiya kanta." Koyaya, ambaton rawar BYU a matsayin cibiyar addini, takaddar ta ba da izinin sanya iyakoki akan "bayani tare da ɗalibai ko a bainar jama'a cewa: # ya saba ko adawa, maimakon nazari ko tattaunawa, ainihin koyaswar Ikilisiya ko manufa; # da gangan ya kai hari ko izgili da Ikilisiya ko manyan shugabanninta; ko # ya keta ka'idojin girmamawa saboda furcin rashin gaskiya ne, ba bisa ka'ida ba, rashin mutunci, rashin mutunci, ko rashin mutunta wasu. "... Babban alhakin ƙayyade cutar da manufa ta Jami'ar ko coci, duk da haka, ya kasance a hannun hukumomin gudanarwa na Jami'ar - ciki har da shugaban Jami'ar da gwamnatin tsakiya da kuma, a karshe, kwamitin Amintattu." <ref>name="acadfree">{{Cite web |title=Statement on Academic Freedom at BYU |url=http://www.byu.edu/fc/pages/refmapages/acadfree.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060826205013/http://www.byu.edu/fc/pages/refmapages/acadfree.html |archive-date=August 26, 2006 |website=www.byu.edu}}</ref> Hakanan a cikin 1992, BYU ta fara haɗa da wani sashe a cikin kwangilolin ikonta da ke buƙatar ikon koyarwar Saint-day don "karɓi tsammanin ruhaniya da na ɗan lokaci na zama membobin Ikilisiya da zuciya ɗaya". <ref name="acadfree">{{Cite web |title=Statement on Academic Freedom at BYU |url=http://www.byu.edu/fc/pages/refmapages/acadfree.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060826205013/http://www.byu.edu/fc/pages/refmapages/acadfree.html |archive-date=August 26, 2006 |website=www.byu.edu}}</ref> A cikin 1993, kwangiloli sun ƙara buƙatar ikon Saint-day na Ƙarshe don "kulla da ƙa'idodin ɗabi'a daidai da cancantar gata na haikali" <ref name="sampleapp">{{Cite web |title=BYU Division of Continuing Education |url=http://ce.byu.edu/ed/edweek/form1.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110517074103/http://ce.byu.edu/ed/edweek/form1.pdf |archive-date=2011-05-17 |access-date=2010-05-14 |publisher=Ce.byu.edu}}</ref> (yana nufin shiga cikin haikalin Ikilisiya na LDS, wanda dole ne mutum ya cika ka'idodin ayyuka da ɗabi'a a cikin Cocin LDS). ). A cikin 1996, ana buƙatar ƙungiyar Saint-day-Latter-day, a matsayin sharadi na aiki, don samun amincewar shugabannin ikilisiyoyinsu na shekara-shekara wanda ke ba da shaida cewa rukunin sun cancanci haikali. <ref name="sampleapp" /> BYU ba ta ƙyale ƙungiyoyin da ba a cikin harabar su yi amfani da harabar don zanga-zanga ko zanga-zanga. Ƙungiyoyin harabar da ɗalibai dole ne su nemi izini. === Kungiyar Arewa maso Yamma === A cikin 1996, Ƙungiyar Makarantu na Arewa maso Yamma da na Kwalejoji da Jami'o'i (Ƙungiyar Arewa maso Yamma) sun sake nazarin bayanin 'yancin ilimi na BYU kuma sun sabunta takardar shaidarsa. Ƙungiyar Arewa maso Yamma ta amince da sanarwar 'yancin ilimi ta BYU. Irin waɗannan ƙa'idodin amincewa suna ba da izinin "kwalejoji da jami'o'i na addini su sanya iyaka kan 'yancin ilimi muddin sun buga waɗannan iyakokin da gaskiya." <ref name="NascuOnAcademicFreedom">'' THE ISSUE OF ACADEMIC FREEDOM: AN INTERVIEW WITH JIM GORDON'' </ref> Bugu da ƙari, Ƙungiyar Arewa maso Yamma ta binciki "kusan" na zargin da AAUP ta yi game da wasu mutane, inda ta kammala cewa Jami'ar ba ta keta 'yancin ilimi ba. <ref name="NascuOnAcademicFreedom" /> === Ƙungiyar Farfesa na Jami'ar Amirka === Kungiyar Malaman Jami'o'i ta Amurka (AAUP) sun soki manufofin 'yancin ilimi na BYU. A cikin 1997, sun ba da [https://web.archive.org/web/20120921091553/http://www.aaup.org/NR/rdonlyres/27EB0A08-8D25-4415-9E55-8081CC874AC5/0/Brigham.pdf rahoto] da ke tattara shari'o'in furofesoshi da yawa, inda suka kammala "cewa cin zarafi akan 'yancin ilimi abu ne da ya zama ruwan dare gama gari kuma yanayin ƴancin ilimi yana da matukar wahala." <ref>name="aaupreport">{{Cite web |title=Academic Freedom and Tenure: Brigham Young University |url=http://www.aaup.org/NR/rdonlyres/27EB0A08-8D25-4415-9E55-8081CC874AC5/0/Brigham.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120921091553/http://www.aaup.org/NR/rdonlyres/27EB0A08-8D25-4415-9E55-8081CC874AC5/0/Brigham.pdf |archive-date=2012-09-21 |access-date=2010-07-26}}</ref> <ref name="Repression at BYU">{{Cite journal |last=Adams |first=Jonathan |date=Spring 2007 |title=Repression at BYU |url=https://www.secularhumanism.org/index.php/articles/3435 |journal=Secular Humanist Bulletin |volume=23 |issue=1}}</ref> Rahoton na AAUP ya kuma ƙunshi, a matsayin ƙarin bayani, martanin da gwamnatin BYU ta rubuta, wanda ya nuna cewa BYU na da 'yancin iyakance 'yancin ilimi don kiyaye ɗabi'ar addini na makarantar, haƙƙin da bayanin AAUP na 1940 ya nuna kuma gaba ɗaya. ya biyo baya har zuwa 1970. Musamman ma, BYU ta kwatanta kanta da Jami'ar Gonzaga, wata cibiyar Jesuit wadda ta haramta "bude espousal na ra'ayi wanda ya saba wa bayyane ka'idodin bangaskiyar Katolika da ɗabi'a." BYU ta kuma bayyana cewa tsarin shari'ar 'yancin kai na ilimi ba shi da gaskiya da gaskiya. <ref name="aaupreport">{{Cite web |title=Academic Freedom and Tenure: Brigham Young University |url=http://www.aaup.org/NR/rdonlyres/27EB0A08-8D25-4415-9E55-8081CC874AC5/0/Brigham.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120921091553/http://www.aaup.org/NR/rdonlyres/27EB0A08-8D25-4415-9E55-8081CC874AC5/0/Brigham.pdf |archive-date=2012-09-21 |access-date=2010-07-26}}</ref> Hukuncin AAUP ya ci gaba da kasancewa. A cikin 1965, AAUP ta bayyana cewa "sharadi masu gamsarwa na 'yanci na ilimi da aiki yanzu sun mamaye Gonzaga." <ref>{{Cite journal |last=McConnell |first=Michael W. |author-link=Michael W. McConnell |date=October 1990 |title=Academic Freedom in Religious Colleges and Universities |journal=Law and Contemporary Problems |publisher=Duke University School of Law |volume=53 |issue=3: Summer 1990 |pages=303–324 |doi=10.2307/1191799 |issn=0023-9186 |jstor=1191799}}</ref> A cikin 1970, AAUP ta amince da wata sanarwa ta ''Fassarar Fassarorin'' da AAUP ta ce, "Mafi yawan cibiyoyin da ke da alaƙa da coci ba sa buƙatar ko kuma neman ficewa daga ƙa'idar 'yancin ilimi da ke cikin ''Bayanin'' 1940, kuma ba mu yarda da irin wannan ba. tashi". <ref name="valueoflimits">{{Cite web |last=Hardy |first=Lee |title=The Value of Limitations |url=http://www.aaup.org/AAUP/pubsres/academe/2006/JF/Feat/hard.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110517051447/http://www.aaup.org/AAUP/pubsres/academe/2006/JF/Feat/hard.htm |archive-date=2011-05-17 |access-date=2011-01-24 |publisher=Aaup.org}}</ref> A cikin 1998, AAUP ta kada kuri'a don tozarta BYU, wanda ya rage a cikin jerin cibiyoyin da aka yiwa zargi tare da wasu jami'o'i 46. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Censure List |url=http://www.aaup.org/AAUP/about/censuredadmins/default.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101222211527/http://www.aaup.org/AAUP/about/censuredadmins/default.htm |archive-date=22 December 2010 |access-date=2011-01-24 |publisher=AAUP}}</ref> An soki AAUP na kin karbar manyan makarantu masu alaka da addini dangane da sha’awar kare al’adun addini daidai da bayanin da ta yi a shekarar 1940 – sabanin wannan masaukin da kungiyar Arewa maso Yamma ta yi. <ref name="valueoflimits"/> === Nazarin harka === Ba da da ewa ba bayan amincewa da bayaninsu kan 'yancin ilimi a cikin 1992, BYU ta ɗauki ayyuka waɗanda wasu ke kallon su da alaƙa da aiwatar da sabuwar manufar 'yancin ilimi. Alal misali, a cikin marigayi 1992, kwamitin amintattu na BYU ya yi watsi da shawarar BYU don gayyatar Pulitzer Prize Winner da kuma farfesa na Jami'ar Harvard Laurel Thatcher Ulrich, mai aiki na mata, don magance taron shekara-shekara na BYU Women's Conference. <ref>Wilson, Robin. (March 24, 2006). "A Well-Behaved Scholar Makes History." ''The Chronicle of Higher Education.'' v. 52 (29), page A12. </ref> Tun daga wannan lokacin Laurel Thatcher Ulrich an gayyace shi kuma yayi magana a BYU ciki har da kwanan nan kamar 2017. <ref>{{Cite web |url=https://mi.byu.edu/ulrich-lecture-2017/ |title=Kwafin ajiya |access-date=2024-07-12 |archive-date=2024-08-09 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240809212109/https://mi.byu.edu/ulrich-lecture-2017/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> A wasu lokuta tun daga 1992, BYU ta yi watsi da, ta musanta ci gaba da matsayi, ko kuma zargi membobin malamai waɗanda suka ɗauki matsayi mai mahimmanci dangane da manufofin Ikilisiyar LDS na hukuma ko jagoranci, da kuma waɗanda saboda dalilai na kansu ba su ba da [[zakka]] ga Ikilisiyar LDS ba. A cikin 1993, BYU ta soke matsayin ci gaba ga Cecilia Konchar Farr, wacce ta ba da shawarar a bainar jama'a matsayi na zaɓi kan zubar da ciki. An dauki Farr a matsayin mai koyar da Ingilishi kuma wasu suna jin matsayinta na pro-choice ba su da mahimmanci ga aikinta da makarantar. <ref name="aaupreport"/> David Knowlton, wanda ya tattauna tsarin mishan na Ikilisiya a wani dandalin Mormon mai zaman kansa, da kuma yin kalamai na wulakanci game da gine-ginen LDS bai sake sabunta kwangilarsa ba. <ref name="aaupreport" /> A hukumance, masu magana da yawun BYU gabaɗaya sun tsara ayyukan a cikin al'amuran Farr, Knowlton, da Houston dangane da ingancin guraben karatun farfesa, kuma wani lokaci zuwa rashin ɗabi'a da ba a bayyana ba, maimakon abubuwan da ke haifar da cece-kuce na ayyukan ilimi na farfesa. A cikin 1996, BYU ta kori Gail T. Houston, farfesa na Ingilishi, duk da ƙuri'u masu kyau daga Sashen Turanci da Kwamitin Kwalejin. <ref name="aaupreport"/> Ɗaya daga cikin dalilan wannan aikin shine shawararta ta yin addu'a ga Uwar Aljanna. <ref>[http://timesandseasons.org/index.php/2008/09/byu-in-the-memory-of-the-aaup/ Times and Seasons peace on removal of Houston]</ref> Har ila yau a cikin 1996, Farfesa Brian Evenson ya yi murabus don nuna rashin amincewa bayan samun gargadi daga gwamnatin BYU game da wasu hotuna masu tayar da hankali a daya daga cikin gajerun labaransa. <ref name="aaupreport" /> Duk da haka, wasu masu suka suna kallon waɗannan korar a matsayin wani nau'i na tsarkakewa. <ref name="aaupreport" /> Wasu daga cikin farfesoshi da aka kora saboda dalilai na ilimi sun yi iƙirarin cewa shaidar buga littattafai ta fi takwarorinsu da yawa ƙarfi. A cikin 2006, ba a sabunta kwangilar wani malamin jami'a Jeffrey Nielsen ba bayan ya rubuta wani yanki na op-ed a cikin Yuni 4 ''Salt Lake Tribune'' wanda ya soki tare da adawa da matsayin Cocin LDS akan auren jinsi . <ref name="Repression at BYU"/> Darron Smith, Ba’amurke Ba’amurke, ya koyar da wata kwas mai suna “Kwarewar Ba’amurke ta Afirka” daga 1996 zuwa 2006, lokacin da ba a sabunta kwantiraginsa na haɗin gwiwa ba. A cewar Smith, karshen nasa martani ne kai tsaye ga sukar da ya yi kan yadda Cocin LDS ke bi da bakaken fata. <ref>{{Cite web |date=30 March 2006 |title=022-024: Black and Mormon - The Darron Smith Story |url=https://www.mormonstories.org/podcast/mormon-stories-022-023-and-024-black-and-mormon-the-darron-smith-story/ |website=Mormon Stories}}</ref> A cikin 2011, BYU ya sanya farfesa a fannin ilimin kimiyyar lissafi Steven E. Jones akan hutun biya dangane da binciken cikin gida cewa wata takarda da ya rubuta akan dalilan gano cewa hasumiyai na Cibiyar Ciniki ta Duniya sun faɗi akan 9/11 saboda abubuwan fashewa da aka riga aka saita bazai hadu da su ba. "Ma'auni na kimiya na nazari na abokan zamanai" da gazawarsa na "nisanta kansa yadda ya kamata" daga Jami'ar a cikin maganganunsa game da ka'idar fashewa. Mista Jones ya amince da yin ritaya da wuri yayin da bincike ke kan matakin farko. A cikin Fabrairu 2012, Randy L. Bott ya yi cece-kuce na launin fata da suka bayyana a cikin The Washington Post inda Bott ya nuna wani sashe a cikin nassi na Mormon wanda ya ba shi shawarar cewa zuriyar Kayinu suna da alamar fata mai duhu kuma an hana su rike matsayin firist. Masu Gudanarwar BYU da Cocin LDS sun yi Allah wadai da waɗannan kalamai ko kuma Farfesan ya yi ritaya daga BYU jim kaɗan bayan haka. A cikin 2021, Salt Lake Tribune ya lura da tashin hankali tsakanin bangaskiya da malanta (kamar koyarwar juyin halitta a bayyane), da kuma yadda Cocin LDS yanzu ke kiran a sake komawa wanda malaman BYU ke tsoro. <ref name="The Salt Lake Tribune 2021">{{Cite web |last=Fletcher Stack |first=Peggy |date=7 September 2021 |title=Can BYU serve two masters: faith and scholarship? |url=https://www.sltrib.com/religion/2021/09/07/can-unique-byu-really-be/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210917044128if_/https://www.sltrib.com/religion/2021/09/07/can-unique-byu-really-be/ |archive-date=17 September 2021 |access-date=16 September 2021 |website=The Salt Lake Tribune}}</ref> == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] bi05x5ifspu6s1plrgzuyrbh9vlktil 0 83200 895308 516196 2026-08-11T23:11:08Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 0 sources and tagging 4 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 895308 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} [[Fayil:2017-02-02 Oettinger Rockets gegen MLP Academics Heidelberg by Sandro Halank–46.jpg|thumb|Darrel Mitchell]] [[Fayil:2017-02-02 Oettinger Rockets gegen MLP Academics Heidelberg by Sandro Halank–74.jpg|thumb|Darrel Mitchell]] '''Darrel Joseph Mitchell Jr.''' (an haife shi a ranar 3 ga watan Mayu, na shekara ta 1984) tsohon dan wasan kwando ne na Amurka. Ya buga wasan kwando na makarantar sakandare a St. Martinville Senior High School a St. Martinville, Louisiana, kuma an kira shi Louisiana Mr. Basketball a matsayin babban jami'i a shekara ta 2002. Daga nan ya buga wasan Kwando na kwaleji tare da LSU Tigers, ya zauna na tsawon shekaru 4 kuma ya kai NCAA Tournament Final Four a shekara ta 2006. Bayan ya tafi ba tare da an tsara shi ba a cikin shirin NBA na 2006, Mitchell ya fara aiki na sana'a a [[Turai]] tare da ƙungiyar Galatasaray ta [[Turkiyya]] . Ya shiga gasar Euroleague ta 2007-08 tare da kungiyar Lithuania Lietuvos rytas . Ya taka leda a [[Beljik|Belgium]], [[Cyprus]], [[Faransa]], Lithuania, [[Rasha]], Turkiyya da [[Ukraniya|Ukraine]]. == Ayyukan makarantar sakandare == An haifi Mitchell a New Iberia, Louisiana <ref>name="lsu">{{Cite web |date=8 July 2019 |title=22 Darrel Mitchell |url=https://lsusports.net/sports/mens-basketball/roster/darrel-mitchell/2457 |access-date=March 18, 2020 |website=lsusports.net }}{{Dead link|date=August 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> kuma ya halarci makarantar sakandare ta St. Martinville a St. Martinille, inda mahaifinsa Darrel Sr. ya kasance babban kocin. A matsayinsa na ɗan shekara ta biyu, an ambaci Mitchell a cikin ƙungiyar farko ta gundumar bayan ya sami maki 22.2 a kowane wasa. A cikin ƙaramin shekarunsa ya sami maki 21, 3 rebounds, 5 assists da 2.4 steals a kowane wasa, kuma an kira shi Class 4A MVP; shi ma ya kasance na farko-team duk-district selection, kuma St. Martinville Tigers ya kai kwata-kwata na gasar 4A jihar, suka rasa Woodlawn High School a cikin seconds na karshe na wasan.Mahaifinsa ya lashe kyautar Kocin Shekara, bayan kungiyar ta buga rikodin 32-3 na kakar. Ya fi taka leda a matsayin 5" href="./Shooting_guard" id="mwMQ" rel="mw:WikiLink" title="Shooting guard">Mai tsaron harbi a makarantar sakandare, duk da tsarinsa na 5 ft 11 in (1.80 ya sa ya zama mai ƙanƙanta. An gayyaci Mitchell don shiga cikin sansanin ABCD, sansanin mafi kyawun 'yan wasan makarantar sakandare a Amurka, a watan Yulin 2001, lokacin rani da ya riga ya wuce babban shekarunsa. Babban lokacin Mitchell ya ga matsakaicin maki 24.6, 3.1 rebounds, 3.3 assists da 2.9 steals a kowane wasa, harbi 41% daga uku. Ayyukansa na maki 41 a kan Lincoln High School na [[Dallas|Dallas, Texas]] a watan Disamba na shekara ta 2001 ya ba shi sha'awar ƙasa, tun lokacin da dan wasan NBA na gaba Chris Bosh ya jagoranci Lincoln kuma ''Amurka A Yau'' ta sanya shi mafi kyawun ƙungiyar a wasan kwando na makarantar sakandare.Mitchell ya lashe gasar zakarun 4A ta jihar tare da tawagar, wanda ya buga rikodin 36-4 don kakar. A ƙarshen shekara an ba Mitchell suna 2002 [[Louisiana]]_Mr._Basketball" id="mwRg" rel="mw:WikiLink" title="Louisiana Mr. Basketball">Louisiana Mr. Basketball ta Louisiana Sports Writers Association (LSWA), kuma shi ne Gatorade Player of the Year na jihar Louisiana. <ref>{{Cite web |title=2001 - 2002 LOUISIANA BOYS BASKETBALL PLAYER OF THE YEAR - DARREL MITCHELL JR. - GUARD |url=https://playeroftheyear.gatorade.com/winner/darrel-mitchell%20jr/21056 |access-date=March 18, 2020 |website=playeroftheyear.gatorade.com |archive-date=August 20, 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240820212358/https://playeroftheyear.gatorade.com/winner/darrel-mitchell%20jr/21056 |url-status=dead }}</ref> A cikin aikinsa a St. Martinville, Mitchell ya zira kwallaye sama da maki 2,000 kuma ya yi aiki sosai a ilimi, yana kula da GPA 3.0.A shekara ta 2007, makarantar sakandare ta St. Martinville ta yi ritaya da lambar rigarsa, 22. == Ayyukan kwaleji == Mitchell ta samu karbar aiki daga manyan shirye-shiryen NCAA Division I kamar Arkansas, Houston, LSU, Jihar NC, Oklahoma da Virginia, da sauransu. Ya sanya hannu ga LSU a watan Afrilu na shekara ta 2002, ya zaɓe shi a kan Jami'ar Houston.Mitchell ya buga kakar wasa ta farko a karkashin kocin John Brady a matsayin daya daga cikin manyan zaɓuɓɓuka daga benci: ya bayyana a duk wasanni 32, matsakaicin minti 19.8 na lokacin wasa a kowane wasa.<ref>name="lsu">{{Cite web |date=8 July 2019 |title=22 Darrel Mitchell |url=https://lsusports.net/sports/mens-basketball/roster/darrel-mitchell/2457 |access-date=March 18, 2020 |website=lsusports.net }}{{Dead link|date=August 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> A ranar 26 ga Fabrairu, 2003 Mitchell ya harbe 5/5 a kan maki uku a kan Auburn, inda ya zira kwallaye 19 a lokacin.<ref name="lsu" /> Ya kasance na 6 a cikin tawagar a zira kwallaye tare da maki 7 a kowane wasa, kuma shine mafi kyawun mai harbi uku tare da kashi 42.4% a kan yunkurin 3.1 a kowane wasa.<ref>{{Cite web |title=2002-03 LSU Fighting Tigers Roster and Stats |url=https://www.sports-reference.com/cbb/schools/louisiana-state/2003.html |access-date=March 18, 2020 |website=sports-reference.com}}</ref> A kakar wasa ta biyu, Mitchell ya sami karin lokacin wasa a minti 30.4 a kowane wasa, kuma ya fara 17 daga cikin wasansa 29, yana ci gaba zuwa farawa a rabi na biyu na kakar, a lokacin da ya zira kwallaye biyu a cikin 9 daga cikin wasanninsa na karshe 12.<ref name="lsu">{{Cite web |date=8 July 2019 |title=22 Darrel Mitchell |url=https://lsusports.net/sports/mens-basketball/roster/darrel-mitchell/2457 |access-date=March 18, 2020 |website=lsusports.net }}{{Dead link|date=August 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="true">[https://lsusports.net/sports/mens-basketball/roster/darrel-mitchell/2457 "22 Darrel Mitchell"]{{Dead link|date=August 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}. ''lsusports.net''. 8 July 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">March 18,</span> 2020</span>.</cite></ref> A ranar 4 ga Fabrairu, 2004, a wasan da ya yi da Tennessee, Mitchel ya zira kwallaye 22 da ya kai 6/9 a kan maki uku, kuma ya kara da 8 . <ref name="lsu" /> Har ila yau, Mitchell ya kasance babban mai harbi uku a cikin tawagar, yana ɗaukar ƙarin harbe-harbe a ƙoƙarin 5.5 a kowane wasa, kuma yana zira kwallaye a kashi 41.9%.<ref name="lsu04">{{Cite web |title=2003-04 LSU Fighting Tigers Roster and Stats |url=https://www.sports-reference.com/cbb/schools/louisiana-state/2004.html |access-date=March 18, 2020 |website=sports-reference.com}}</ref> Ya kasance na uku mafi kyawun mai zira kwallaye a cikin tawagar tare da matsakaicin 11.9, bayan babban Jaime Lloreda da sabon Brandon Bass.<ref name="lsu04" /> Kocin Brady ya kira Mitchell mai farawa na cikakken lokaci a cikin ƙaramin lokacinsa, kuma mai tsaron ya fara dukkan wasannin 30 da LSU ta buga a wannan shekarar.<ref name="lsu"/> Bayan wasan maki 18 a ranar 12 ga watan Janairu a kan South Carolina, Mitchell ya zira kwallaye 32 a kan Jihar Ohio kwana uku bayan haka.<ref name="lsu" /> A ranar 18 ga watan Janairu aka ba shi suna Player of the Week ta LSWA . <ref name="lsu" /> A ranar 29 ga watan Janairu, Mitchell ya zira kwallaye 20 a kan Jihar Mississippi. Mitchell ya ƙare kakar a matsayin mai zira kwallaye na uku a cikin tawagar (wanda aka haɗa tare da Antonio Hudson kuma a bayan Glen Davis da Brandon Bass) tare da maki 13.1 a kowane wasa.<ref name="lsu05">{{Cite web |title=2004-05 LSU Fighting Tigers Roster and Stats |url=https://www.sports-reference.com/cbb/schools/louisiana-state/2005.html |access-date=March 18, 2020 |website=sports-reference.com}}</ref> Ya kuma inganta matsakaicin taimakonsa, wanda ya tashi zuwa 2.9, alama ta biyu mafi kyau a kan tawagar bayan Tack Minor 4.6 a kowane wasa.<ref name="lsu05" /> Ya kasance na 3 a cikin SEC don kashi na jefa kyauta tare da 84.6%.<ref name="lsu" /> A cikin babban shekarunsa ya kasance wani ɓangare na ƙungiyar LSU ta 2005-06 wanda ya haɗa da 'yan wasa da yawa daga Louisiana a matsayin wani ɓangare na sahun farawa da kuma babban juyawa (Glen Davis, Tasmin Mitchell, Garrett Temple, Tyrus Thomas da Darnell Lazare). <ref>{{Cite web |last=Dowd, Tom |date=January 21, 2020 |title=BKQ&A: GARRETT TEMPLE |url=https://www.nba.com/nets/news/feature/2020/01/22/bkqa-garrett-temple |access-date=March 18, 2020 |website=[[NBA.com]]}}</ref> A ranar 26 ga Nuwamba, 2005 Mitchell ya zira kwallaye a wasan da ya yi da West Virginia, kuma ya kai maki 1,000.<ref name="lsu"/> A ranar 28 ga watan Janairun shekara ta 2006 ya zira kwallaye 28 a kan Ole Miss, sannan ya zira kwallan 27 a kan Auburn a ranar 1 ga watan Fabrairu, da 27 a kan Arkansas a ranar 8 ga watan Fabira; ya kuma zira kwallayen da ya lashe wasan a kan Ar Kansas.<ref name="lsu" /> LSU ta cancanci Gasar NCAA ta 2006, kuma Mitchell ya buɗe gasar tare da maki 19 a kan Iona a ranar 16 ga Maris.<ref name="06gamelog">{{Cite web |title=Darrel Mitchell 2005-06 Game Log |url=https://www.sports-reference.com/cbb/players/darrel-mitchell-1/gamelog/2006/ |access-date=March 18, 2020 |website=sports-reference.com}}</ref> Daga nan sai ya zira kwallaye 16 a kan Texas A&amp;amp;M, kuma ya kuma yi nasarar lashe wasan uku tare da 3.9 seconds da suka rage a wasan. <ref name="lsu" /> Bayan doke Duke da Texas, LSU ta sha kashi a UCLA a ranar 1 ga Afrilu, tare da Mitchell ya zira kwallaye 8 a cikin minti 36.<ref name="06gamelog" /> Sakamakon da ya samu na 16.8 a kowane wasa a kakar ya sanya shi na 4 a cikin SEC <ref name="lsu" /> kuma na biyu a cikin tawagar bayan Glen Davis. <ref name="lsu06">{{Cite web |title=2005-06 LSU Fighting Tigers Roster and Stats |url=https://www.sports-reference.com/cbb/schools/louisiana-state/2006.html |access-date=March 18, 2020 |website=sports-reference.com}}</ref> Minti 1,322 na Mitchell a 2005-06 sun kasance alama ta 3 mafi kyau a cikin kakar wasa guda a tarihin LSU.<ref name="lsu" /> Matsayinsa 1,569 ya kasance na 10 a duk lokacin a LSU lokacin da ya yi ritaya, kuma shi ne jagora mai maki uku a duk lokacin tare da 258. <ref name="lsu" /> === Kididdigar kwaleji === == Ayyukan sana'a == Bayan kammala karatunsa daga LSU, Mitchell ya cancanci kai tsaye don shirin NBA na 2006, inda ya tafi ba tare da an tsara shi ba. Daga nan sai ya sanya hannu tare da Galatasaray, ƙungiyar Kwallon Kwando ta Turkiyya, kuma ya fara aikinsa na farko a can. A cikin kakar 2006-07 ya buga wasanni 30 na yau da kullun, matsakaicin maki 13.8, 3.1 rebounds da 2.9 assists; ya kuma bayyana a wasanni 5 na playoff, inda ya sanya matsakaicin matsakaicin kashi 13, 2.8 rebounds kuma 3.8 assists, harbi 44.4% daga uku. An kuma sanya masa suna a cikin ƙungiyar TBL Foreign All-Stars.<ref>{{Cite web |title=BSL 2006-2007 |url=https://www.eurobasket.com/Turkey/basketball-League-BSL_2006-2007.asp |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160102104724/http://www.eurobasket.com/Turkey/basketball-League-BSL_2006-2007.asp |archive-date=January 2, 2016 |access-date=March 18, 2020 |website=[[eurobasket.com]]}}</ref> A watan Satumbar 2007 ya shiga Lietuvos rytas, ƙungiyar da ke [[Vilnius]], [[Lithuania]], kuma yana da damar yin wasa a gasar Yuroleague. A cikin 2007-08 edition ya bayyana a wasanni 7, matsakaicin maki 2.4, 0.3 rebounds da 0.6 assists.<ref>{{Cite web |title=MITCHELL, DARREL |url=https://www.euroleague.net/competition/players/showplayer?pcode=000275&seasoncode=e2007#!careerstats |access-date=March 18, 2020 |website=euroleague.net}}</ref> Bayan Rytas ya sake shi, Mitchell ya sanya hannu tare da kungiyar Pro A ta Faransa Élan Chalon, kuma ya buga wasanni 16 a gasar zakarun Faransa, yana da maki 13.5 da 5.3 a kowane wasa. Ya kuma bayyana a lokacin gasar cin kofin ULEB ta 2007-08 tare da Chalon, kuma ya sami maki 14.8 da 7.8 a wasanni 4. A shekara ta 2008 ya shiga AEL Limassol a [[Cyprus]], yana wasa a lokacin 2008-09 FIBA EuroChallenge . A wasanni 19 ya samu maki 10.7 da kuma 3.7 yayin da yake harbi 39.3% daga uku. Ya kuma bayyana a wasanni 9 na Cyprus Basketball Division A. A kakar wasa mai zuwa ya sanya hannu ga Khimik na Ukrainian Basketball SuperLeague, kuma ya bayyana a wasanni 25, yana da maki 17.7 da 5.4 da ya taimaka, tare da kashi 3 na 42.4%. Daga nan sai ya bar a watan Afrilu na shekara ta 2010 kuma ya shiga BC Oostende, ya bayyana a wasanni 5 na [[Beljik|Belgian]] Pro Basketball League na yau da kullun, sannan kuma a wasanni 3 na playoff (10 maki, 3.3 taimako). Ya zauna tare da Oostende kuma a kakar 2010-11, a lokacin da ya buga wasanni 29 na yau da kullun da wasanni 3 na playoff. Ya kuma shiga cikin 2010-11 FIBA EuroChallenge tare da ƙungiyar Belgium. A shekara ta 2011 ya sake sanya hannu tare da Khimik, kuma ya buga cikakken kakar SuperLeague (wasan 37, maki 17.1 da taimakon 6 a kowane wasa), kuma ya bayyana tare da tawagar a lokacin 2011-12 FIBA EuroChallenge . A shekara ta 2012 ya shiga wata kungiyar Ukrainian, Politekhnika-Halychyna, kuma ya zauna na daya da rabi a can. A watan Disamba na shekara ta 2013 ya koma Donetsk, kuma a wasanni 5 ya samu maki 9.4 da kuma taimakon 3.2 a kowane wasa. Daga nan sai ya bar Ukraine a watan Maris na shekara ta 2014 kuma ya sanya hannu a kan Pieno devastždės a Lithuania: ya yi ɗan gajeren lokaci tare da tawagar (wasan 6 a cikin LKL da 2 a cikin wasan kwaikwayo). Ya koma Faransa don kakar Pro A ta 2014-15: ya buga wasanni 7 na Pro A tare da tawagar kafin ya koma kungiyar Pro B AS Monaco, inda ya ƙare kakar: a wasanni 26 ya sami maki 14.2 da 5.9 . Monaco ta sami ci gaba zuwa Pro A a ƙarshen shekara, kuma Mitchell ya zauna a Monaco, ya buga wasanni 21 a lokacin kakar Pro A ta 2015-16. A shekara ta 2016 Mitchell ya shiga kungiyar Oettinger Rockets ta Jamus: ya buga kakar wasa ta farko a ProA, matakin na biyu na kwando na Jamus (9.1 maki, 3.2 ya taimaka) da kuma kakar wasa ta biyu a Kwando Bundesliga (11 wasanni, 7.3 maki, 3.3 ya taimaka a kowane wasa). A shekara ta 2018 ya buga wasanni 20 a gasar kwallon kwando ta Rasha Super League 1, matakin na biyu na wasan kwando na Rasha, tare da Spartak Primorye, inda ya lashe gasar. == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1984]] [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] m0bh6hzshpt2xk6zafnk5kcmxg8bkbk 0 85051 895356 679434 2026-08-12T04:31:41Z Baffa ali 47435 /* growthexperiments-addlink-summary-summary:2|0|0 */ 895356 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''Ka'idar wuri''' ta zama wani muhimmin sashi na yanayin tattalin arziki, [[Kimiyya da fasaha|kimiyyar]] a yanki, da [[Tattalin arziki|tattalin arzikin]] sararin samaniya. Ka'idar wuri tana magance tambayoyin menene ayyukan tattalin arziki suke a ina kuma suke me yasa. Ka'idar wuri ko ka'idar microeconomic gabaɗaya tana ɗauka cewa wakilai suna aiki ne don son kansu. Don haka kamfanoni suna zaɓar wuraren da ke haɓaka ribar su kuma daidaikun mutane suna zaɓar wuraren da ke haɓaka amfanin su. == Tarihi == === Farashin sufuri === [[Fayil:Railway_signals_in_Germany_(5).jpg|right|thumb|350x350px| Titin jirgin kasa a [[Jamus]] .]] Yayin da wasu ya kamata su sami wasu ƙididdiga don aikin farko (misali, Richard Cantillon, Etienne Bonnot de Condillac, David Hume, Sir James D. Steuart, da [[David Ricardo]] ), ba har sai an buga littafin Johann Heinrich von Thünen na farko ''Der Isolierte Staat'' a cikin 1826 cewa ka'idar wuri za a iya cewa da gaske ta fara aiki. <ref>Dempsey, Bernard W. 1960. ''The Frontier Wage'' Chicago: Loyola University Press. In pages 187–367 Dempsey has translated von Thünen 1863 piece ''Der Isolierte Staat, Vol II, Part 2'' as ''The Isolated State in Relation to Agriculture and Political Economy, Vol. II: The Natural Wage and Its Relation to the Rate of Interest and to Economic Rent.''</ref> Lallai, fitaccen masanin kimiyar yankin Walter Isard ya kira von Thünen "mahaifin masu ilimin wuri." <ref>Isard (1956, p. 27).</ref> A cikin ''Der Isolierte Staat'', von Thünen ya lura cewa farashin jigilar kayayyaki yana cinye wasu hayar tattalin arzikin Ricardo. Ya lura cewa saboda waɗannan farashin sufuri da, ba shakka, hayar tattalin arziƙi, sun bambanta a cikin kayayyaki, amfani da filaye daban-daban da ƙarfin amfani zai haifar da ƙarin nisa daga kasuwa. Duk da haka, an soki tattaunawar tun lokacin da Johann Heinrich von Thünen ya shafe matsalar tare da tunaninsa na, alal misali, keɓaɓɓen jihohi ko birane guda ɗaya. <ref>Richards, H. A. (1962). Transportation Costs and Plant Location: A Review of Principal Theories. ''Transportation Journal, 2''(2), 19–24.</ref> Kamar dai yadda Jamusanci iri-iri ya yi tasiri a ka'idar wuri tun daga lokacin von Thünen har zuwa littafin Walter Christaller na 1933 ''Die Zentralen Orte a Sűddeutschland'', wanda ya tsara yawancin abin da yanzu aka fahimta a matsayin ka'idar wuri ta tsakiya . Alfred Weber ya ba da gudummawa ta musamman, wanda ya buga ''Über den Standort der Industrien'' a cikin 1909. Yin aiki daga samfuri mai kama da firam ɗin jiki wanda aka daidaita daga wasu ra'ayoyi ta Pierre Varignon ( firam ɗin Varignon ), Weber yana amfani da ƙimar kayan aiki da kayan da aka gama, tare da aikin samarwa da aka gama, don haɓaka algorithm wanda ke gano mafi kyawun wuri don masana'anta [[shuka]]. Har ila yau yana gabatar da ɓarna da aiki ke jawowa da kuma ƙungiyoyin agglomerative da haɓaka. Sa'an nan Weber ya tattauna rukunin ƙungiyoyin samarwa, yana tsammanin yankunan kasuwa na Agusta Lösch . Carl Wilhelm Friedrich Launhardt ya yi la'akari da yawa daga cikin abin da Alfred Weber ya karbi bashi, kafin aikin Weber. Bugu da ƙari, gudunmawar sa sun fi na zamani a cikin abubuwan nazari fiye da na Weber. Wannan yana nuna cewa Launhardt ya riga ya wuce lokacinsa kuma yawancin mutanen zamaninsa ba su fahimce shi ba, alal misali ya nuna cewa ba za a iya inganta hanyoyin jirgin kasa da jari mai zaman kansa kadai ba. <ref>Launhardt Wilhelm 1900. ''The theory of trace: being a discussion of the principles of location'', Lawrence Asylum Press</ref> Ko Weber ya saba da wallafe-wallafen Launhardt har yanzu ba a sani ba. Weber ya kasance mafi rinjaye da wasu, musamman Wilhelm Roscher da Albert Schäffle, waɗanda suke da alama sun karanta aikin Launhardt. Ko da kuwa, wuri tunanin ka'idar ya yi girma ne kawai bayan an buga littafin Weber. Masanin tattalin arziki na [[Sweden]] Tord Palander ya kammala 1935 PhD, ''Gudunmawa ga Ka'idar Wuri'', wanda yayi la'akari da yanki na kasuwa na kamfanoni biyu masu gasa. <ref>[https://books.google.com/books?id=PA5FalH0CeAC&dq=tord+polander&pg=PA676 Google Books]</ref> Masanin tattalin arziki na Amurka William Henry Dean, Jr. ya kammala karatun digirin digirgir na Harvard a 1938, ''Theory of the geographic location of Economics'' . <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Julian Ellison |year=1991 |title=Celestial Mechanics and the Location Theory of William H. Dean, Jr., 1930-52 |journal=The American Economic Review |volume=81 |issue=2 |pages=315–317 |jstor=2006877}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Louis P. Cain |year=1985 |title=William Dean's Theory of Urban Growth: Chicago's Commerce and Industry, 1854-1871 |journal=The Journal of Economic History |volume=45 |issue=2 |pages=241–249 |jstor=2121691}}</ref> === Zaɓin rukunin yanar gizo === Littattafan ka'idar zaɓin rukunin yanar gizo da aka yi amfani da su don duba har zuwa shekarun baya-bayan nan akan batutuwa daban-daban kawai ta mahangar ƙasa. Gabaɗaya, babu sake dubawa na ƙasashen duniya da za a samu a cikin waɗannan littattafan. A cikin Amurka, ƙasar da zaɓin wuraren masana'antu ya taka rawa tun da wuri, wanda ya haifar da neman hanyoyin dabaru da wuri, Edgar M. Hoover ya kasance ɗaya daga cikin jagororin majagaba a fagen nazarin wuraren. A cikin littafinsa "Wurin Ayyukan Tattalin Arziki", Hoover ya tattara mahimman ka'idoji na zaɓin rukunin masana'antu tun farkon 1948 waɗanda har yanzu suke aiki a yau. Akwai, duk da haka, wasu yunƙuri na farko na haɗa ka'idodin kasuwancin ƙasa da ƙasa tare da ka'idodin rukunin yanar gizo na ƙasa don haɓaka ka'idar rukunin yanar gizo tare da hangen nesa na duniya. Ɗaya daga cikin waɗannan marubutan farko shine Ohlin (1952), sai Sabathil (1969), Moore (1978), Tesch (1980), da Goette (1994) . Duk da haka, ko da a yau, wannan yanayin ya canza zuwa wani matsayi. Ko da yake tun a shekarun 1990 ba a daina zama manyan kamfanoni da ke faɗaɗa ƙasashen waje ba, kuma duk wani saka hannun jari kai tsaye na ketare ya haifar da zaɓin rukunin yanar gizon, har yanzu akwai ƙananan binciken da aka yi sosai kan wannan batu. Har yanzu ba a iya gane ka'idar zaɓin rukunin yanar gizo na musamman na duniya. Yawancin wallafe-wallafen na yanzu da na baya-bayan nan ko dai suna yin bitar shawarar rukunin yanar gizo da ƙungiyoyin jama'a ɗaya suka yanke ko kuma tantance su azaman shari'o'in bincike. Sauran wallafe-wallafen suna mayar da hankali kan ƙayyadaddun tsari na ƙayyadaddun farashi wanda akasari ke tafiyar da shi ta hanyar ƙaura daga wurin a cikin mahallin inganta tsarin farashi a tsakanin manyan kamfanoni. Koyaya, waɗannan wallafe-wallafen ba safai ba ne kawai kuma a mafi kyawu suna magance batutuwan gine-gine da abubuwan gine-gine. Theodor Sabathil's 1969 dissertation ana ɗaukarsa ɗaya daga cikin zurfafan binciken farko a fannin zaɓin rukunin yanar gizo na duniya. A ciki, Sabathil ya fi mayar da hankali kan zaɓin ƙasa, wanda ke cikin tsarin zaɓin rukunin yanar gizo. A cikin wannan mahallin, Sabathil ya tattara cikakkun kasida na abubuwan rukunin yanar gizo da tsarin ka'idar zaɓin rukunin yanar gizo; na karshen bai yi cikakken bayani ba. Sabathil kuma ba ya yin la'akari da wasu dalilai na doka, na halitta, ko al'adu. Koyaya, ya tattauna musamman takamaiman yanayin tsarin kamfani da abubuwan tunani. <ref>Glatte, Thomas 2015. ''Location Strategies: Methods and their methodological limitations'' Journal for Engineering, Design and Technology, Volume 13, Issue 3, p. 435 - 462</ref> Kundin karatun da Peter Tesch ya gabatar a cikin 1980 ya zama wani muhimmin ci gaba a ci gaban ka'idar yanar gizo ta duniya. Tesch ya haɗu da ra'ayoyin kasuwancin kasa da kasa da saka hannun jari tare da ka'idodin shafin. Shi ne na farko da ya haɗa da ƙayyadaddun ƙayyadaddun tsarin ƙasa a cikin bincikensa. Babban tushen maganganunsa game da nau'ikan haɗin kai daban-daban sune fa'idodin gasa na musamman na wurin. A cikin wannan mahallin, Tesch ya ɓullo da kasida na ma'auni don yanke shawara na rukunin yanar gizon ƙasa da aka haɗa zuwa kashi uku: • Abubuwan rukunin yanar gizon da suka shafi duk ayyukan kamfani • samuwa da farashin abubuwan abubuwan da ke tasiri akan abubuwan samarwa • abubuwan da suka shafi wurin juyawa. Binciken Thomas Goette na 1994 yayi ƙoƙarin rarraba mahimman abubuwan rukunin yanar gizo na ƙasa da kuma tsara tsarin zaɓin rukunin yanar gizo na duniya. Goette ya bambanta tsakanin yanayin rukunin tattalin arziki ( yuwuwar tallace-tallace, yanayin gasa, kayan more rayuwa da farashin sufuri, aiki, yanayin kuɗi), yanayin rukunin yanar gizon siyasa (dokokin haraji, kariyar muhalli, shingen shiga kasuwannin hukumomi, tallafawa kasuwanci, haɗarin siyasa), yanayin rukunin al'adu. (bambance-bambancen harshe, tunani, addini, da rashin karbuwar kamfanonin kasashen waje), da kuma yanayin rukunin yanar gizo (yanayin yanayi, yanayin yanayi). Wannan binciken ya sake nuna cewa ƙoƙari na rufe dukkan abubuwa zai haifar da asarar inganci kamar yadda duk abubuwan ba su kasance ba ko kuma ba za a iya la'akari da su ba. Goette kuma yayi hasashen cewa, musamman, yanke shawara kan rukunin masana'antu a tsakanin kamfanoni galibi sau ɗaya ne da matakan yanke shawara masu alaƙa. Dangane da wannan, Goette yana ɗaukar ɗan ƙaramin matakin koyo, don haka ƙaramin yuwuwar haɓakawa don ayyukan gaba. A matsayin ɗaya daga cikin manyan gudummawar ƙarshe na ƙarshe, Thomas Glatte ya yi niyya don haɓakawa da haɓaka sanannun tsarin a cikin littafinsa "Zaɓin Yanar Gizon Ƙirƙirar Duniya" ta hanyar samar da tsarin zaɓi na matakai 10, yana ba da shawarar hanyoyin da aka zaɓa don kowane matakin zaɓi da kuma ba da cikakken jerin sharuɗɗa. ga mai yin aikin. <ref>Glatte, Thomas 2013. ''Industrial Production Site Selection'' Expert Verlag, Renningen, Germany</ref> == Sauran amfani == Har ila yau, an yi amfani da ka'idar wuri a waje da tattalin arziki, alal misali a cikin ilimin halitta na kiyayewa, inda zai iya taimakawa wajen gano wuraren da zai yi kyau don nazarin, la'akari da binciken da ya gabata. <ref name="Catalyst">{{Cite web |date=26 August 2010 |title=Hidden Treasures at the Australian Museum |url=http://www.abc.net.au/catalyst/stories/2994141.htm |access-date=2010-08-27 |publisher=Catalyst, ABC}}</ref> == Duba kuma == * Inertia masana'antu * Samfurin wuri * Tattalin arzikin yanki * Tsarin sararin samaniya * Matsalar Weber == manazarta == <references /> == Hanyoyin haɗi na waje == * [http://faculty.washington.edu/krumme/450/traditions.html#classic Günter Krumme akan tarihin Ka'idar Wuri] {{Authority control}} [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] jbt4kia8jd9wq2rp4e0n2uuw1zf72b5 0 86783 894994 615265 2026-08-11T14:47:23Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 894994 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}}[[Fayil:Chapman_in_a_punch_bowl.jpg|thumb|Chapman served in a punch bowl]] '''Chapman''' abin sha ne marar giya, yawanci ja ne a launi. Sau da yawa ana kiransa da abinshan da ba na giya ba, ana yin shi ne a al'adance tare da cakuda Fanta, Sprite, Cucumber, Lemon, Grenadine da Angostura bitters kuma a al'adance ana yin sa a cikin babban mug tare da kankara da ƴan yankan kokwamba. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Iwalaiye |first=Temi |date=2021-05-13 |title=How-Tos: Making traditional Chapman at home |url=https://www.pulse.ng/lifestyle/fashion/how-to-make-traditional-chapman-at-home/5njxkfp |access-date=2022-07-02 |website=Pulse Nigeria |language=en |archive-date=2022-07-05 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220705010045/https://www.pulse.ng/lifestyle/fashion/how-to-make-traditional-chapman-at-home/5njxkfp |url-status=dead }}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |last=inyese |first=amaka |date=2015-06-22 |title=Nigerian chapman |url=https://www.pulse.ng/lifestyle/food-travel/perfectly-refreshing-punch-nigerian-chapman/wgn4z1d |access-date=2022-07-02 |website=Pulse Nigeria |archive-date=2022-07-02 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220702051119/https://www.pulse.ng/lifestyle/food-travel/perfectly-refreshing-punch-nigerian-chapman/wgn4z1d |url-status=dead }}</ref> Ana bayyana shi a matsayin abin sha da aka fi so a Najeriya kuma ko da yake ana sha ba tare da barasa ba, ana iya shayar da shi tare da alamar vodka ko rum. <ref>{{Cite web |date=2017-08-18 |title=Simplest Way To Make Chapman |url=https://guardian.ng/life/food/how-to-make-chapman/ |access-date=2022-07-02 |website=The Guardian Nigeria News - Nigeria and World News |language=en-US}}</ref> == Tarihi == An yi imanin cewa haɗaɗɗiyar giyar ta samo asali ne a wata mashaya ta gida a [[Ikoyi Club]], Legas, Najeriya. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Our Drinks |url=https://www.dvees.com/drinks/ |access-date=2018-10-28 |website=DVees |language=en-GB |archive-date=2020-11-05 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201105144500/https://www.dvees.com/drinks/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> Samuel Alamutu wani mashaya ne a kulob ɗin ƙasar ne ya kirkiro wannan abin sha wanda aka buƙaci ya yi wani abu na musamman ga abokin cinikin da yake so mai suna Chapman. == Sinadaran da bambancin == Chapman tabbas shine shahararren abin sha da aka fi so a Najeriya kuma ana ba da shi a mashaya, kulob-kulob, gidajen cin abinci da kuma lokuta na musamman a ƙasar kuma yana karuwa a faɗin yammacin Afirka. <ref>{{Cite web |date=2019-11-10 |title=Learn How To Make Chapman With A PhD |url=https://guardian.ng/life/learn-how-to-make-chapman-with-a-phd/ |access-date=2022-07-02 |website=The Guardian Nigeria News - Nigeria and World News |language=en-US}}</ref> === Sauran sinadaran === Chapman ya yi fice a matsayin [[Abinsha|abin sha]] a cikin ƙasar, wanda galibi ana jin daɗinsa a taruka daban-daban. Wannan haɗaɗɗiyar giyar, wanda aka fi sani da Chapman ko shapman, abu ne da ya zama ruwan dare a shagulgulan Najeriya. Ba kamar takwaransa na ba-giya ba, mocktail, Chapman ya faɗi cikin rukunin haɗaɗɗiyar giyar saboda haɗawar Angostura aromatic bitters. Ya ƙunshi [[Ruwa mai carbon|carbonated]] orange da [[lemun tsami]] ko lemun tsami sha, grenadine syrup, 'ya'yan itace juices, kankara cubes, da sauran kayan ado, wannan musamman concoction ne mai haskakawa a wurin taro. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Wande |first=S.-Davies |date=2018-06-26 |title=How to make Nigerian chapman drink |url=https://tribuneonlineng.com/how-to-make-nigerian-chapman-drink/ |access-date=2024-02-06 |website=Tribune Online |language=en-GB}}</ref> Duk da yake babu tsarin girke-girke da aka yarda da shi, abin sha na Chapman koyaushe zai haɗa da bitters, lemun tsami, lemun tsami da kokwamba. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Nnamani |first=Aisha |title=Chapman recipe: Ingredients and preparation |url=https://www.legit.ng/1103078-chapman-recipe-ingredients-preparation.html |publisher=legit.ng |access-date=2024-10-29 |archive-date=2022-10-01 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221001052248/https://www.legit.ng/1103078-chapman-recipe-ingredients-preparation.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |date=2020-02-16 |title=How To Make One Of The Easiest, Non-alcoholic Cocktails - Chapman |url=https://t.guardian.ng/life/how-to-make-one-of-the-easiest-cocktails-chapman/ |access-date=2022-07-02 |website=The Guardian Nigeria News - Nigeria and World News |language=en-US }}{{Dead link|date=November 2024 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref><gallery> Fayil:Chapman_drink.jpg Fayil:Fanta_Chapman.jpg </gallery> == Manazarta == 4wmb8pbn7iqicc9hohl2nmp83ay7fdn 0 87273 895363 589452 2026-08-12T05:23:10Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 895363 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Edo black soup''' miyar da aka fi sani da omoebe miyar Najeriya ce wacce ake yin ta da ganye guda uku wato ganyen kamshi da ganyen [[Masoro|uziza]] da [[Shuwaka|ganye mai daci]]. Sauran sinadaran sun haɗa da naman sa, albasa, crayfish, barkono da mai. <ref name=":0">{{Cite web |date=2020-03-22 |title=How To Prepare Delicious Edo State Black Soup |url=https://m.guardian.ng/life/how-to-prepare-delicious-edo-state-black-soup/ |access-date=2022-06-26 |website=The Guardian Nigeria News - Nigeria and World News |language=en-US}}</ref> == Asalin == Miyar Benin ta shahara a [[Edo|jihar Edo]] duk da cewa kowa na iya shan ta a [[Najeriya]]. <ref>{{Cite web |date=2021-03-27 |title=That Edo Black Soup |url=https://tribuneonlineng.com/that-edo-black-soup/ |access-date=2022-06-26 |website=Tribune Online |language=en-GB}}</ref> == Dubawa == Ana dafa naman tare da cubes kayan yaji da albasa. yayin da yake tafasa sai a haɗa ganyen uziza da ganyen kamshi a haɗe tare da daci daban. <ref>{{Cite web |last=omotolani |date=2018-03-20 |title=How to cook black soup |url=https://www.pulse.ng/lifestyle/food-travel/diy-how-to-cook-black-soup/6fv4z0z |access-date=2022-06-26 |website=Pulse Nigeria |language=en |archive-date=2022-06-26 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220626003753/https://www.pulse.ng/lifestyle/food-travel/diy-how-to-cook-black-soup/6fv4z0z |url-status=dead }}</ref> Bugu da ƙari, ƙara [[Manja|man dabino]] da nama a cikin tukunya, barkono da aka yi da ƙasa, crayfish, albasa da kayan lambu mai kamshi da aka haɗe ana barin su a dafa na tsawon minti 2-3. Har ila yau, ana ƙara ganye mai ɗaci a cikin [[miya]] mai kauri. <ref name=":0"/> == Sauran abinci == Ana cin baƙar miya da [[fufu]], [[Eba]], [[Pounded yam|Pounded dam]] da Semovita. <ref>{{Cite web |date=2020-11-06 |title=Edo Black Soup Recipe (#1 Ultimate way) |url=https://www.fitnigerian.com/black-soup-recipe/ |access-date=2022-06-26 |website=FitNigerian |language=en-us}}</ref> == Duba kuma == * [[Abincin Najeriya|Najeriya abinci]] * Hanpen * Abincin yanki na Jafananci == Manazarta == getngrwlna7qo9wcuu4ggqyir000gl3 0 93272 895592 609366 2026-08-12T10:39:31Z Maryam Abdullahi Y 43904 895592 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''Gender and International Aid in Afghanistan: The Politics and Effects of Intervention''' littafi ne na shekarar 2009 na Lina AbiRafeh . Yana rubuce-rubuce kuma yana sukar kokarin yamma don kawo daidaito tsakanin mata a Afghanistan bayan mamayar Amurka a Afghanistan a shekara ta 2001.<ref name=":3">Mohammadi, Fatima. "[https://apiar.org.au/wp-content/uploads/2017/02/19_APJABSS_Feb_BRR723_Social-Sciences-205-214.pdf AN EVALUATION OF GENDER-FOCUSED AID INTERVENTION IN AFGHANISTAN: DOES IT PROMOTE GENDER EQUALITY OR REINFORCING {{Sic|HEIRARCHIES?}}]{{Dead link|date=April 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}." (2017). Asia Pacific Journal of Advanced Business and Social Studies</ref> Ya lura da yadda mummunan bincike da rashin fahimtar al'adu ta ma'aikatan agaji na yamma sun kasance masu fa'ida ga burin daidaito tsakanin jinsi kuma gabaɗaya suna da matukar sukar kokarin su.<ref name=":2">{{Cite journal |last=Smith |first=Julia H. |date=Dec 2012 |title=BOOK REVIEW Gender and International Aid in Afghanistan: The Politics and Effects of Intervention |url=https://www.bradford.ac.uk/library/find-materials/journal-of-peace-conflict-and-development/Iss-19-Art-H-Review2.pdf |url-status=dead |journal=Journal of Peace, Conflict & Development |volume=19 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220518134526/https://www.bradford.ac.uk/library/find-materials/journal-of-peace-conflict-and-development/Iss-19-Art-H-Review2.pdf |archive-date=2022-05-18 |access-date=2022-01-14}}</ref><ref name=":3" /> Ya kammala ta hanyar raba ra'ayoyin matan Afghanistan: cewa ba su ga wani amfani na kayan aiki daga kokarin yamma ba.<ref name=":2" /> Jender and International Aid in Afghanistan ya sami yabo daga masu sukar littattafai kuma an lura da shi saboda kuskuren da ya yi game da kokarin yamma. == Fitarwa == Gender and International Aid in Afghanistan an samar da shi ne a cikin 2009 ta hanyar McFarland & Company kuma Lina AbiRafeh ce ta rubuta shi.<ref name=":0">Walter, Ben. (2017). Gendering Human Security in Afghanistan: In a Time of Western Intervention. United Kingdom: Taylor & Francis.</ref><ref name=":1">Shirazi, Faegheh, Muslim Women in War and Crisis: Representation and Reality. (2010). United States: University of Texas Press.</ref> == Bayani game da shi == Jender and International Aid in Afghanistan ya rubuta kokarin daidaito tsakanin maza da mata da hukumomin agaji suka yi da kuma Amurka da sojojin [[NATO]] a Afghanistan bayan faduwar Taliban a shekara ta 2001 kuma sun soki yadda sojojin yamma suka ware rawar da mazajen Afghanistan ke takawa game da karfafa mata. Littafin ya fara ne ta hanyar ba da tarihin batutuwan jinsi a Afghanistan, yana lura da muhimmancin dangantakar jinsi a siyasa, da kuma sukar ikon yamma don yin watsi da amincewa da wannan yayin da suke ci gaba da aikinsu.<ref name=":2"/><ref name=":3"/> Ya rubuta bambancin da ke tsakanin burin ci gaba da ke cikin Kwamitin Tsaro na Majalisar Dinkin Duniya 1325 da Yarjejeniyar kan kawar da dukkan nau'ikan tashin hankali a kan mata da kuma aiwatar da aikin daidaito tsakanin jinsi a Afghanistan. Misalan da aka bayar sun haɗa da yarjejeniyar dimokuradiyya ta tsarin mulki da Amurka, NATO da Northern Alliance suka yi, wanda aka bayyana a matsayin "ci gaba" don haɗa nassoshi ga Mataki na Bakwai na Sanarwar Duniya kan 'Yancin Dan Adam da Yarjejeniyar kan kawar da dukkan nau'ikan tashin hankali a kan mata, wanda ya bambanta da ayyukan cibiyoyin da aka ba da umarni su tilasta musu, kamar rundunar 'yan sanda ta Afghanistan.<ref name=":0" /> Ya rubuta yadda yunkurin yamma don tilasta mafita ta fasaha ga matsalolin zamantakewa na rashin daidaito tsakanin jinsi ya kasa kuma ya toshe canjin zamantakewa na gida.<ref name=":3"/> Babban jigo a cikin littafin shine yadda gwamnatocin yammaci ba su da shawara game da aikin jinsi don yin aiki tare da mata kawai.<ref name=":3"/> Fatima Mohammadi na Chemonics ya nakalto shafi na 27 a cikin takarda ta 2017 da aka buga a cikin Asia Pacific Journal of Advanced Business and Social Studies: "An haɗa jinsi da mata, kuma an tsara harshen shirye-shiryen taimako game da manufofin mata, ba tare da fahimtar jinsi ba.”<ref name=":3"/> Littafin ya nuna cewa labaran da suka yi watsi da hukumar mata a Afghanistan gwamnatocin Yammacin Turai ne ke tura su don tabbatar da shigarsu ta soja. Ya bayyana halin da kafofin watsa labarai na yamma ke yi na amfani da hotuna na mata "masu ƙasƙantar da su" da ke sanye da burqas don haɓaka labaran burin "yanci" da "ƙarfi", kuma yana sukar tsoma baki na yamma don kawo babu.<ref name=":1" /> Littafin ya soki halin da sashen agaji ke da shi na nuna mata da yara a matsayin "masu rauni" don haka ya hana ikon su a matsayin suna da karin hukumomi, yana ƙarfafa zalunci.<ref name=":3"/> Littafin ya kammala cewa matan Afghanistan sun fahimci cewa kokarin yamma ba su kawo wani gagarumin ci gaba a halin da suke ciki ba game da aiki, ilimi, motsi kyauta ko aminci.<ref name=":3"/> Littafin ya soki shirye-shiryen samar da kudin shiga saboda halin da suke da shi na samar da damar yin aiki ga mata waɗanda ke karfafa ayyukan gargajiya na jinsi.<ref name=":3" /> == Karɓuwar mahimmanci == AbiRafeh da littafin an yaba su a cikin littafin Ben Walter Gendering Human Security in Afghanistan . Julie H. Smith ta bayyana littafin a cikin ''Jaridar Zaman Lafiya, Rikicin & Ci gaba'' a matsayin mummunan sukar yunkurin yamma don kawo daidaiton jinsi ga Afghanistan.<ref name=":2"/> Smith ya yaba da sukar marubucin "mai wartsakewa" game da shigar da ta kasance wani ɓangare na.<ref name=":2" /> == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] a8niahrwek48bajimjuytdw9mxqn7ui 895593 895592 2026-08-12T10:39:38Z Maryam Abdullahi Y 43904 895593 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''Gender and International Aid in Afghanistan: The Politics and Effects of Intervention''' littafi ne na shekarar 2009 na Lina AbiRafeh . Yana rubuce-rubuce kuma yana sukar ƙoƙarin yamma don kawo daidaito tsakanin mata a Afghanistan bayan mamayar Amurka a Afghanistan a shekara ta 2001.<ref name=":3">Mohammadi, Fatima. "[https://apiar.org.au/wp-content/uploads/2017/02/19_APJABSS_Feb_BRR723_Social-Sciences-205-214.pdf AN EVALUATION OF GENDER-FOCUSED AID INTERVENTION IN AFGHANISTAN: DOES IT PROMOTE GENDER EQUALITY OR REINFORCING {{Sic|HEIRARCHIES?}}]{{Dead link|date=April 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}." (2017). Asia Pacific Journal of Advanced Business and Social Studies</ref> Ya lura da yadda mummunan bincike da rashin fahimtar al'adu ta ma'aikatan agaji na yamma sun kasance masu fa'ida ga burin daidaito tsakanin jinsi kuma gabaɗaya suna da matukar sukar kokarin su.<ref name=":2">{{Cite journal |last=Smith |first=Julia H. |date=Dec 2012 |title=BOOK REVIEW Gender and International Aid in Afghanistan: The Politics and Effects of Intervention |url=https://www.bradford.ac.uk/library/find-materials/journal-of-peace-conflict-and-development/Iss-19-Art-H-Review2.pdf |url-status=dead |journal=Journal of Peace, Conflict & Development |volume=19 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220518134526/https://www.bradford.ac.uk/library/find-materials/journal-of-peace-conflict-and-development/Iss-19-Art-H-Review2.pdf |archive-date=2022-05-18 |access-date=2022-01-14}}</ref><ref name=":3" /> Ya kammala ta hanyar raba ra'ayoyin matan Afghanistan: cewa ba su ga wani amfani na kayan aiki daga kokarin yamma ba.<ref name=":2" /> Jender and International Aid in Afghanistan ya sami yabo daga masu sukar littattafai kuma an lura da shi saboda kuskuren da ya yi game da kokarin yamma. == Fitarwa == Gender and International Aid in Afghanistan an samar da shi ne a cikin 2009 ta hanyar McFarland & Company kuma Lina AbiRafeh ce ta rubuta shi.<ref name=":0">Walter, Ben. (2017). Gendering Human Security in Afghanistan: In a Time of Western Intervention. United Kingdom: Taylor & Francis.</ref><ref name=":1">Shirazi, Faegheh, Muslim Women in War and Crisis: Representation and Reality. (2010). United States: University of Texas Press.</ref> == Bayani game da shi == Jender and International Aid in Afghanistan ya rubuta kokarin daidaito tsakanin maza da mata da hukumomin agaji suka yi da kuma Amurka da sojojin [[NATO]] a Afghanistan bayan faduwar Taliban a shekara ta 2001 kuma sun soki yadda sojojin yamma suka ware rawar da mazajen Afghanistan ke takawa game da karfafa mata. Littafin ya fara ne ta hanyar ba da tarihin batutuwan jinsi a Afghanistan, yana lura da muhimmancin dangantakar jinsi a siyasa, da kuma sukar ikon yamma don yin watsi da amincewa da wannan yayin da suke ci gaba da aikinsu.<ref name=":2"/><ref name=":3"/> Ya rubuta bambancin da ke tsakanin burin ci gaba da ke cikin Kwamitin Tsaro na Majalisar Dinkin Duniya 1325 da Yarjejeniyar kan kawar da dukkan nau'ikan tashin hankali a kan mata da kuma aiwatar da aikin daidaito tsakanin jinsi a Afghanistan. Misalan da aka bayar sun haɗa da yarjejeniyar dimokuradiyya ta tsarin mulki da Amurka, NATO da Northern Alliance suka yi, wanda aka bayyana a matsayin "ci gaba" don haɗa nassoshi ga Mataki na Bakwai na Sanarwar Duniya kan 'Yancin Dan Adam da Yarjejeniyar kan kawar da dukkan nau'ikan tashin hankali a kan mata, wanda ya bambanta da ayyukan cibiyoyin da aka ba da umarni su tilasta musu, kamar rundunar 'yan sanda ta Afghanistan.<ref name=":0" /> Ya rubuta yadda yunkurin yamma don tilasta mafita ta fasaha ga matsalolin zamantakewa na rashin daidaito tsakanin jinsi ya kasa kuma ya toshe canjin zamantakewa na gida.<ref name=":3"/> Babban jigo a cikin littafin shine yadda gwamnatocin yammaci ba su da shawara game da aikin jinsi don yin aiki tare da mata kawai.<ref name=":3"/> Fatima Mohammadi na Chemonics ya nakalto shafi na 27 a cikin takarda ta 2017 da aka buga a cikin Asia Pacific Journal of Advanced Business and Social Studies: "An haɗa jinsi da mata, kuma an tsara harshen shirye-shiryen taimako game da manufofin mata, ba tare da fahimtar jinsi ba.”<ref name=":3"/> Littafin ya nuna cewa labaran da suka yi watsi da hukumar mata a Afghanistan gwamnatocin Yammacin Turai ne ke tura su don tabbatar da shigarsu ta soja. Ya bayyana halin da kafofin watsa labarai na yamma ke yi na amfani da hotuna na mata "masu ƙasƙantar da su" da ke sanye da burqas don haɓaka labaran burin "yanci" da "ƙarfi", kuma yana sukar tsoma baki na yamma don kawo babu.<ref name=":1" /> Littafin ya soki halin da sashen agaji ke da shi na nuna mata da yara a matsayin "masu rauni" don haka ya hana ikon su a matsayin suna da karin hukumomi, yana ƙarfafa zalunci.<ref name=":3"/> Littafin ya kammala cewa matan Afghanistan sun fahimci cewa kokarin yamma ba su kawo wani gagarumin ci gaba a halin da suke ciki ba game da aiki, ilimi, motsi kyauta ko aminci.<ref name=":3"/> Littafin ya soki shirye-shiryen samar da kudin shiga saboda halin da suke da shi na samar da damar yin aiki ga mata waɗanda ke karfafa ayyukan gargajiya na jinsi.<ref name=":3" /> == Karɓuwar mahimmanci == AbiRafeh da littafin an yaba su a cikin littafin Ben Walter Gendering Human Security in Afghanistan . Julie H. Smith ta bayyana littafin a cikin ''Jaridar Zaman Lafiya, Rikicin & Ci gaba'' a matsayin mummunan sukar yunkurin yamma don kawo daidaiton jinsi ga Afghanistan.<ref name=":2"/> Smith ya yaba da sukar marubucin "mai wartsakewa" game da shigar da ta kasance wani ɓangare na.<ref name=":2" /> == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] rt0sa8b93d50c095g4fqvsov5auqmjr 895594 895593 2026-08-12T10:39:59Z Maryam Abdullahi Y 43904 895594 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''Gender and International Aid in Afghanistan: The Politics and Effects of Intervention''' littafi ne na shekarar 2009 na Lina AbiRafeh . Yana rubuce-rubuce kuma yana sukar ƙoƙarin yamma don kawo daidaito tsakanin mata a Afghanistan bayan mamayar Amurka a Afghanistan a shekara ta 2001.<ref name=":3">Mohammadi, Fatima. "[https://apiar.org.au/wp-content/uploads/2017/02/19_APJABSS_Feb_BRR723_Social-Sciences-205-214.pdf AN EVALUATION OF GENDER-FOCUSED AID INTERVENTION IN AFGHANISTAN: DOES IT PROMOTE GENDER EQUALITY OR REINFORCING {{Sic|HEIRARCHIES?}}]{{Dead link|date=April 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}." (2017). Asia Pacific Journal of Advanced Business and Social Studies</ref> Ya lura da yadda mummunan bincike da rashin fahimtar al'adu ta ma'aikatan agaji na yamma sun kasance masu fa'ida ga burin daidaito tsakanin jinsi kuma gabaɗaya suna da matukar sukar kokarin su.<ref name=":2">{{Cite journal |last=Smith |first=Julia H. |date=Dec 2012 |title=BOOK REVIEW Gender and International Aid in Afghanistan: The Politics and Effects of Intervention |url=https://www.bradford.ac.uk/library/find-materials/journal-of-peace-conflict-and-development/Iss-19-Art-H-Review2.pdf |url-status=dead |journal=Journal of Peace, Conflict & Development |volume=19 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220518134526/https://www.bradford.ac.uk/library/find-materials/journal-of-peace-conflict-and-development/Iss-19-Art-H-Review2.pdf |archive-date=2022-05-18 |access-date=2022-01-14}}</ref><ref name=":3" /> Ya kuma kammala ta hanyar raba ra'ayoyin matan Afghanistan: cewa ba su ga wani amfani na kayan aiki daga kokarin yamma ba.<ref name=":2" /> Jender and International Aid in Afghanistan ya sami yabo daga masu sukar littattafai kuma an lura da shi saboda kuskuren da ya yi game da kokarin yamma. == Fitarwa == Gender and International Aid in Afghanistan an samar da shi ne a cikin 2009 ta hanyar McFarland & Company kuma Lina AbiRafeh ce ta rubuta shi.<ref name=":0">Walter, Ben. (2017). Gendering Human Security in Afghanistan: In a Time of Western Intervention. United Kingdom: Taylor & Francis.</ref><ref name=":1">Shirazi, Faegheh, Muslim Women in War and Crisis: Representation and Reality. (2010). United States: University of Texas Press.</ref> == Bayani game da shi == Jender and International Aid in Afghanistan ya rubuta kokarin daidaito tsakanin maza da mata da hukumomin agaji suka yi da kuma Amurka da sojojin [[NATO]] a Afghanistan bayan faduwar Taliban a shekara ta 2001 kuma sun soki yadda sojojin yamma suka ware rawar da mazajen Afghanistan ke takawa game da karfafa mata. Littafin ya fara ne ta hanyar ba da tarihin batutuwan jinsi a Afghanistan, yana lura da muhimmancin dangantakar jinsi a siyasa, da kuma sukar ikon yamma don yin watsi da amincewa da wannan yayin da suke ci gaba da aikinsu.<ref name=":2"/><ref name=":3"/> Ya rubuta bambancin da ke tsakanin burin ci gaba da ke cikin Kwamitin Tsaro na Majalisar Dinkin Duniya 1325 da Yarjejeniyar kan kawar da dukkan nau'ikan tashin hankali a kan mata da kuma aiwatar da aikin daidaito tsakanin jinsi a Afghanistan. Misalan da aka bayar sun haɗa da yarjejeniyar dimokuradiyya ta tsarin mulki da Amurka, NATO da Northern Alliance suka yi, wanda aka bayyana a matsayin "ci gaba" don haɗa nassoshi ga Mataki na Bakwai na Sanarwar Duniya kan 'Yancin Dan Adam da Yarjejeniyar kan kawar da dukkan nau'ikan tashin hankali a kan mata, wanda ya bambanta da ayyukan cibiyoyin da aka ba da umarni su tilasta musu, kamar rundunar 'yan sanda ta Afghanistan.<ref name=":0" /> Ya rubuta yadda yunkurin yamma don tilasta mafita ta fasaha ga matsalolin zamantakewa na rashin daidaito tsakanin jinsi ya kasa kuma ya toshe canjin zamantakewa na gida.<ref name=":3"/> Babban jigo a cikin littafin shine yadda gwamnatocin yammaci ba su da shawara game da aikin jinsi don yin aiki tare da mata kawai.<ref name=":3"/> Fatima Mohammadi na Chemonics ya nakalto shafi na 27 a cikin takarda ta 2017 da aka buga a cikin Asia Pacific Journal of Advanced Business and Social Studies: "An haɗa jinsi da mata, kuma an tsara harshen shirye-shiryen taimako game da manufofin mata, ba tare da fahimtar jinsi ba.”<ref name=":3"/> Littafin ya nuna cewa labaran da suka yi watsi da hukumar mata a Afghanistan gwamnatocin Yammacin Turai ne ke tura su don tabbatar da shigarsu ta soja. Ya bayyana halin da kafofin watsa labarai na yamma ke yi na amfani da hotuna na mata "masu ƙasƙantar da su" da ke sanye da burqas don haɓaka labaran burin "yanci" da "ƙarfi", kuma yana sukar tsoma baki na yamma don kawo babu.<ref name=":1" /> Littafin ya soki halin da sashen agaji ke da shi na nuna mata da yara a matsayin "masu rauni" don haka ya hana ikon su a matsayin suna da karin hukumomi, yana ƙarfafa zalunci.<ref name=":3"/> Littafin ya kammala cewa matan Afghanistan sun fahimci cewa kokarin yamma ba su kawo wani gagarumin ci gaba a halin da suke ciki ba game da aiki, ilimi, motsi kyauta ko aminci.<ref name=":3"/> Littafin ya soki shirye-shiryen samar da kudin shiga saboda halin da suke da shi na samar da damar yin aiki ga mata waɗanda ke karfafa ayyukan gargajiya na jinsi.<ref name=":3" /> == Karɓuwar mahimmanci == AbiRafeh da littafin an yaba su a cikin littafin Ben Walter Gendering Human Security in Afghanistan . Julie H. Smith ta bayyana littafin a cikin ''Jaridar Zaman Lafiya, Rikicin & Ci gaba'' a matsayin mummunan sukar yunkurin yamma don kawo daidaiton jinsi ga Afghanistan.<ref name=":2"/> Smith ya yaba da sukar marubucin "mai wartsakewa" game da shigar da ta kasance wani ɓangare na.<ref name=":2" /> == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] 0qms16owymweflzjiu8y5w7jkxznjb7 895595 895594 2026-08-12T10:40:09Z Maryam Abdullahi Y 43904 895595 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''Gender and International Aid in Afghanistan: The Politics and Effects of Intervention''' littafi ne na shekarar 2009 na Lina AbiRafeh . Yana rubuce-rubuce kuma yana sukar ƙoƙarin yamma don kawo daidaito tsakanin mata a Afghanistan bayan mamayar Amurka a Afghanistan a shekara ta 2001.<ref name=":3">Mohammadi, Fatima. "[https://apiar.org.au/wp-content/uploads/2017/02/19_APJABSS_Feb_BRR723_Social-Sciences-205-214.pdf AN EVALUATION OF GENDER-FOCUSED AID INTERVENTION IN AFGHANISTAN: DOES IT PROMOTE GENDER EQUALITY OR REINFORCING {{Sic|HEIRARCHIES?}}]{{Dead link|date=April 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}." (2017). Asia Pacific Journal of Advanced Business and Social Studies</ref> Ya lura da yadda mummunan bincike da rashin fahimtar al'adu ta ma'aikatan agaji na yamma sun kasance masu fa'ida ga burin daidaito tsakanin jinsi kuma gabaɗaya suna da matukar sukar kokarin su.<ref name=":2">{{Cite journal |last=Smith |first=Julia H. |date=Dec 2012 |title=BOOK REVIEW Gender and International Aid in Afghanistan: The Politics and Effects of Intervention |url=https://www.bradford.ac.uk/library/find-materials/journal-of-peace-conflict-and-development/Iss-19-Art-H-Review2.pdf |url-status=dead |journal=Journal of Peace, Conflict & Development |volume=19 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220518134526/https://www.bradford.ac.uk/library/find-materials/journal-of-peace-conflict-and-development/Iss-19-Art-H-Review2.pdf |archive-date=2022-05-18 |access-date=2022-01-14}}</ref><ref name=":3" /> Ya kuma kammala ta hanyar raba ra'ayoyin matan Afghanistan: cewa ba su ga wani amfani na kayan aiki daga kokarin yamma ba.<ref name=":2" /> Jender and International Aid in Afghanistan ya sami yabo daga masu sukar littattafai kuma an lura da shi saboda kuskuren da ya yi game da kokarin yamma. == Fitarwa == Gender and International Aid in Afghanistan an samar da shi ne a cikin shekarar 2009 ta hanyar McFarland & Company kuma Lina AbiRafeh ce ta rubuta shi.<ref name=":0">Walter, Ben. (2017). Gendering Human Security in Afghanistan: In a Time of Western Intervention. United Kingdom: Taylor & Francis.</ref><ref name=":1">Shirazi, Faegheh, Muslim Women in War and Crisis: Representation and Reality. (2010). United States: University of Texas Press.</ref> == Bayani game da shi == Jender and International Aid in Afghanistan ya rubuta kokarin daidaito tsakanin maza da mata da hukumomin agaji suka yi da kuma Amurka da sojojin [[NATO]] a Afghanistan bayan faduwar Taliban a shekara ta 2001 kuma sun soki yadda sojojin yamma suka ware rawar da mazajen Afghanistan ke takawa game da karfafa mata. Littafin ya fara ne ta hanyar ba da tarihin batutuwan jinsi a Afghanistan, yana lura da muhimmancin dangantakar jinsi a siyasa, da kuma sukar ikon yamma don yin watsi da amincewa da wannan yayin da suke ci gaba da aikinsu.<ref name=":2"/><ref name=":3"/> Ya rubuta bambancin da ke tsakanin burin ci gaba da ke cikin Kwamitin Tsaro na Majalisar Dinkin Duniya 1325 da Yarjejeniyar kan kawar da dukkan nau'ikan tashin hankali a kan mata da kuma aiwatar da aikin daidaito tsakanin jinsi a Afghanistan. Misalan da aka bayar sun haɗa da yarjejeniyar dimokuradiyya ta tsarin mulki da Amurka, NATO da Northern Alliance suka yi, wanda aka bayyana a matsayin "ci gaba" don haɗa nassoshi ga Mataki na Bakwai na Sanarwar Duniya kan 'Yancin Dan Adam da Yarjejeniyar kan kawar da dukkan nau'ikan tashin hankali a kan mata, wanda ya bambanta da ayyukan cibiyoyin da aka ba da umarni su tilasta musu, kamar rundunar 'yan sanda ta Afghanistan.<ref name=":0" /> Ya rubuta yadda yunkurin yamma don tilasta mafita ta fasaha ga matsalolin zamantakewa na rashin daidaito tsakanin jinsi ya kasa kuma ya toshe canjin zamantakewa na gida.<ref name=":3"/> Babban jigo a cikin littafin shine yadda gwamnatocin yammaci ba su da shawara game da aikin jinsi don yin aiki tare da mata kawai.<ref name=":3"/> Fatima Mohammadi na Chemonics ya nakalto shafi na 27 a cikin takarda ta 2017 da aka buga a cikin Asia Pacific Journal of Advanced Business and Social Studies: "An haɗa jinsi da mata, kuma an tsara harshen shirye-shiryen taimako game da manufofin mata, ba tare da fahimtar jinsi ba.”<ref name=":3"/> Littafin ya nuna cewa labaran da suka yi watsi da hukumar mata a Afghanistan gwamnatocin Yammacin Turai ne ke tura su don tabbatar da shigarsu ta soja. Ya bayyana halin da kafofin watsa labarai na yamma ke yi na amfani da hotuna na mata "masu ƙasƙantar da su" da ke sanye da burqas don haɓaka labaran burin "yanci" da "ƙarfi", kuma yana sukar tsoma baki na yamma don kawo babu.<ref name=":1" /> Littafin ya soki halin da sashen agaji ke da shi na nuna mata da yara a matsayin "masu rauni" don haka ya hana ikon su a matsayin suna da karin hukumomi, yana ƙarfafa zalunci.<ref name=":3"/> Littafin ya kammala cewa matan Afghanistan sun fahimci cewa kokarin yamma ba su kawo wani gagarumin ci gaba a halin da suke ciki ba game da aiki, ilimi, motsi kyauta ko aminci.<ref name=":3"/> Littafin ya soki shirye-shiryen samar da kudin shiga saboda halin da suke da shi na samar da damar yin aiki ga mata waɗanda ke karfafa ayyukan gargajiya na jinsi.<ref name=":3" /> == Karɓuwar mahimmanci == AbiRafeh da littafin an yaba su a cikin littafin Ben Walter Gendering Human Security in Afghanistan . Julie H. Smith ta bayyana littafin a cikin ''Jaridar Zaman Lafiya, Rikicin & Ci gaba'' a matsayin mummunan sukar yunkurin yamma don kawo daidaiton jinsi ga Afghanistan.<ref name=":2"/> Smith ya yaba da sukar marubucin "mai wartsakewa" game da shigar da ta kasance wani ɓangare na.<ref name=":2" /> == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] noa591fg9lcityqm67f9kjreq0uzd52 895596 895595 2026-08-12T10:40:28Z Maryam Abdullahi Y 43904 895596 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''Gender and International Aid in Afghanistan: The Politics and Effects of Intervention''' littafi ne na shekarar 2009 na Lina AbiRafeh . Yana rubuce-rubuce kuma yana sukar ƙoƙarin yamma don kawo daidaito tsakanin mata a Afghanistan bayan mamayar Amurka a Afghanistan a shekara ta 2001.<ref name=":3">Mohammadi, Fatima. "[https://apiar.org.au/wp-content/uploads/2017/02/19_APJABSS_Feb_BRR723_Social-Sciences-205-214.pdf AN EVALUATION OF GENDER-FOCUSED AID INTERVENTION IN AFGHANISTAN: DOES IT PROMOTE GENDER EQUALITY OR REINFORCING {{Sic|HEIRARCHIES?}}]{{Dead link|date=April 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}." (2017). Asia Pacific Journal of Advanced Business and Social Studies</ref> Ya lura da yadda mummunan bincike da rashin fahimtar al'adu ta ma'aikatan agaji na yamma sun kasance masu fa'ida ga burin daidaito tsakanin jinsi kuma gabaɗaya suna da matukar sukar kokarin su.<ref name=":2">{{Cite journal |last=Smith |first=Julia H. |date=Dec 2012 |title=BOOK REVIEW Gender and International Aid in Afghanistan: The Politics and Effects of Intervention |url=https://www.bradford.ac.uk/library/find-materials/journal-of-peace-conflict-and-development/Iss-19-Art-H-Review2.pdf |url-status=dead |journal=Journal of Peace, Conflict & Development |volume=19 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220518134526/https://www.bradford.ac.uk/library/find-materials/journal-of-peace-conflict-and-development/Iss-19-Art-H-Review2.pdf |archive-date=2022-05-18 |access-date=2022-01-14}}</ref><ref name=":3" /> Ya kuma kammala ta hanyar raba ra'ayoyin matan Afghanistan: cewa ba su ga wani amfani na kayan aiki daga kokarin yamma ba.<ref name=":2" /> Jender and International Aid in Afghanistan ya sami yabo daga masu sukar littattafai kuma an lura da shi saboda kuskuren da ya yi game da kokarin yamma. == Fitarwa == Gender and International Aid in Afghanistan an samar da shi ne a cikin shekarar 2009 ta hanyar McFarland & Company kuma Lina AbiRafeh ce ta rubuta shi.<ref name=":0">Walter, Ben. (2017). Gendering Human Security in Afghanistan: In a Time of Western Intervention. United Kingdom: Taylor & Francis.</ref><ref name=":1">Shirazi, Faegheh, Muslim Women in War and Crisis: Representation and Reality. (2010). United States: University of Texas Press.</ref> == Bayani game da shi == Jender and International Aid in Afghanistan ya rubuta kokarin daidaito tsakanin maza da mata da hukumomin agaji suka yi da kuma Amurka da sojojin [[NATO]] a Afghanistan bayan faɗuwar Taliban a shekara ta 2001 kuma sun soki yadda sojojin yamma suka ware rawar da mazajen Afghanistan ke takawa game da karfafa mata. Littafin ya fara ne ta hanyar ba da tarihin batutuwan jinsi a Afghanistan, yana lura da muhimmancin dangantakar jinsi a siyasa, da kuma sukar ikon yamma don yin watsi da amincewa da wannan yayin da suke ci gaba da aikinsu.<ref name=":2"/><ref name=":3"/> Ya rubuta bambancin da ke tsakanin burin ci gaba da ke cikin Kwamitin Tsaro na Majalisar Dinkin Duniya 1325 da Yarjejeniyar kan kawar da dukkan nau'ikan tashin hankali a kan mata da kuma aiwatar da aikin daidaito tsakanin jinsi a Afghanistan. Misalan da aka bayar sun haɗa da yarjejeniyar dimokuradiyya ta tsarin mulki da Amurka, NATO da Northern Alliance suka yi, wanda aka bayyana a matsayin "ci gaba" don haɗa nassoshi ga Mataki na Bakwai na Sanarwar Duniya kan 'Yancin Dan Adam da Yarjejeniyar kan kawar da dukkan nau'ikan tashin hankali a kan mata, wanda ya bambanta da ayyukan cibiyoyin da aka ba da umarni su tilasta musu, kamar rundunar 'yan sanda ta Afghanistan.<ref name=":0" /> Ya rubuta yadda yunkurin yamma don tilasta mafita ta fasaha ga matsalolin zamantakewa na rashin daidaito tsakanin jinsi ya kasa kuma ya toshe canjin zamantakewa na gida.<ref name=":3"/> Babban jigo a cikin littafin shine yadda gwamnatocin yammaci ba su da shawara game da aikin jinsi don yin aiki tare da mata kawai.<ref name=":3"/> Fatima Mohammadi na Chemonics ya nakalto shafi na 27 a cikin takarda ta 2017 da aka buga a cikin Asia Pacific Journal of Advanced Business and Social Studies: "An haɗa jinsi da mata, kuma an tsara harshen shirye-shiryen taimako game da manufofin mata, ba tare da fahimtar jinsi ba.”<ref name=":3"/> Littafin ya nuna cewa labaran da suka yi watsi da hukumar mata a Afghanistan gwamnatocin Yammacin Turai ne ke tura su don tabbatar da shigarsu ta soja. Ya bayyana halin da kafofin watsa labarai na yamma ke yi na amfani da hotuna na mata "masu ƙasƙantar da su" da ke sanye da burqas don haɓaka labaran burin "yanci" da "ƙarfi", kuma yana sukar tsoma baki na yamma don kawo babu.<ref name=":1" /> Littafin ya soki halin da sashen agaji ke da shi na nuna mata da yara a matsayin "masu rauni" don haka ya hana ikon su a matsayin suna da karin hukumomi, yana ƙarfafa zalunci.<ref name=":3"/> Littafin ya kammala cewa matan Afghanistan sun fahimci cewa kokarin yamma ba su kawo wani gagarumin ci gaba a halin da suke ciki ba game da aiki, ilimi, motsi kyauta ko aminci.<ref name=":3"/> Littafin ya soki shirye-shiryen samar da kudin shiga saboda halin da suke da shi na samar da damar yin aiki ga mata waɗanda ke karfafa ayyukan gargajiya na jinsi.<ref name=":3" /> == Karɓuwar mahimmanci == AbiRafeh da littafin an yaba su a cikin littafin Ben Walter Gendering Human Security in Afghanistan . Julie H. Smith ta bayyana littafin a cikin ''Jaridar Zaman Lafiya, Rikicin & Ci gaba'' a matsayin mummunan sukar yunkurin yamma don kawo daidaiton jinsi ga Afghanistan.<ref name=":2"/> Smith ya yaba da sukar marubucin "mai wartsakewa" game da shigar da ta kasance wani ɓangare na.<ref name=":2" /> == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] m9dekbd3yskmuy6pvheo3956742sxa3 895597 895596 2026-08-12T10:40:48Z Maryam Abdullahi Y 43904 895597 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''Gender and International Aid in Afghanistan: The Politics and Effects of Intervention''' littafi ne na shekarar 2009 na Lina AbiRafeh . Yana rubuce-rubuce kuma yana sukar ƙoƙarin yamma don kawo daidaito tsakanin mata a Afghanistan bayan mamayar Amurka a Afghanistan a shekara ta 2001.<ref name=":3">Mohammadi, Fatima. "[https://apiar.org.au/wp-content/uploads/2017/02/19_APJABSS_Feb_BRR723_Social-Sciences-205-214.pdf AN EVALUATION OF GENDER-FOCUSED AID INTERVENTION IN AFGHANISTAN: DOES IT PROMOTE GENDER EQUALITY OR REINFORCING {{Sic|HEIRARCHIES?}}]{{Dead link|date=April 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}." (2017). Asia Pacific Journal of Advanced Business and Social Studies</ref> Ya lura da yadda mummunan bincike da rashin fahimtar al'adu ta ma'aikatan agaji na yamma sun kasance masu fa'ida ga burin daidaito tsakanin jinsi kuma gabaɗaya suna da matukar sukar kokarin su.<ref name=":2">{{Cite journal |last=Smith |first=Julia H. |date=Dec 2012 |title=BOOK REVIEW Gender and International Aid in Afghanistan: The Politics and Effects of Intervention |url=https://www.bradford.ac.uk/library/find-materials/journal-of-peace-conflict-and-development/Iss-19-Art-H-Review2.pdf |url-status=dead |journal=Journal of Peace, Conflict & Development |volume=19 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220518134526/https://www.bradford.ac.uk/library/find-materials/journal-of-peace-conflict-and-development/Iss-19-Art-H-Review2.pdf |archive-date=2022-05-18 |access-date=2022-01-14}}</ref><ref name=":3" /> Ya kuma kammala ta hanyar raba ra'ayoyin matan Afghanistan: cewa ba su ga wani amfani na kayan aiki daga kokarin yamma ba.<ref name=":2" /> Jender and International Aid in Afghanistan ya sami yabo daga masu sukar littattafai kuma an lura da shi saboda kuskuren da ya yi game da kokarin yamma. == Fitarwa == Gender and International Aid in Afghanistan an samar da shi ne a cikin shekarar 2009 ta hanyar McFarland & Company kuma Lina AbiRafeh ce ta rubuta shi.<ref name=":0">Walter, Ben. (2017). Gendering Human Security in Afghanistan: In a Time of Western Intervention. United Kingdom: Taylor & Francis.</ref><ref name=":1">Shirazi, Faegheh, Muslim Women in War and Crisis: Representation and Reality. (2010). United States: University of Texas Press.</ref> == Bayani game da shi == Jender and International Aid in Afghanistan ya rubuta kokarin daidaito tsakanin maza da mata da hukumomin agaji suka yi da kuma Amurka da sojojin [[NATO]] a Afghanistan bayan faɗuwar Taliban a shekara ta 2001 kuma sun soki yadda sojojin yamma suka ware rawar da mazajen Afghanistan ke takawa game da karfafa mata. Littafin ya fara ne ta hanyar ba da tarihin batutuwan jinsi a Afghanistan, yana lura da muhimmancin dangantakar jinsi a siyasa, da kuma sukar ikon yamma don yin watsi da amincewa da wannan yayin da suke ci gaba da aikinsu.<ref name=":2"/><ref name=":3"/> Ya rubuta bambancin da ke tsakanin burin ci gaba da ke cikin Kwamitin Tsaro na Majalisar Ɗinkin Duniya a shekarar1325 da Yarjejeniyar kan kawar da dukkan nau'ikan tashin hankali a kan mata da kuma aiwatar da aikin daidaito tsakanin jinsi a Afghanistan. Misalan da aka bayar sun haɗa da yarjejeniyar dimokuradiyya ta tsarin mulki da Amurka, NATO da Northern Alliance suka yi, wanda aka bayyana a matsayin "ci gaba" don haɗa nassoshi ga Mataki na Bakwai na Sanarwar Duniya kan 'Yancin Dan Adam da Yarjejeniyar kan kawar da dukkan nau'ikan tashin hankali a kan mata, wanda ya bambanta da ayyukan cibiyoyin da aka ba da umarni su tilasta musu, kamar rundunar 'yan sanda ta Afghanistan.<ref name=":0" /> Ya rubuta yadda yunkurin yamma don tilasta mafita ta fasaha ga matsalolin zamantakewa na rashin daidaito tsakanin jinsi ya kasa kuma ya toshe canjin zamantakewa na gida.<ref name=":3"/> Babban jigo a cikin littafin shine yadda gwamnatocin yammaci ba su da shawara game da aikin jinsi don yin aiki tare da mata kawai.<ref name=":3"/> Fatima Mohammadi na Chemonics ya nakalto shafi na 27 a cikin takarda ta 2017 da aka buga a cikin Asia Pacific Journal of Advanced Business and Social Studies: "An haɗa jinsi da mata, kuma an tsara harshen shirye-shiryen taimako game da manufofin mata, ba tare da fahimtar jinsi ba.”<ref name=":3"/> Littafin ya nuna cewa labaran da suka yi watsi da hukumar mata a Afghanistan gwamnatocin Yammacin Turai ne ke tura su don tabbatar da shigarsu ta soja. Ya bayyana halin da kafofin watsa labarai na yamma ke yi na amfani da hotuna na mata "masu ƙasƙantar da su" da ke sanye da burqas don haɓaka labaran burin "yanci" da "ƙarfi", kuma yana sukar tsoma baki na yamma don kawo babu.<ref name=":1" /> Littafin ya soki halin da sashen agaji ke da shi na nuna mata da yara a matsayin "masu rauni" don haka ya hana ikon su a matsayin suna da karin hukumomi, yana ƙarfafa zalunci.<ref name=":3"/> Littafin ya kammala cewa matan Afghanistan sun fahimci cewa kokarin yamma ba su kawo wani gagarumin ci gaba a halin da suke ciki ba game da aiki, ilimi, motsi kyauta ko aminci.<ref name=":3"/> Littafin ya soki shirye-shiryen samar da kudin shiga saboda halin da suke da shi na samar da damar yin aiki ga mata waɗanda ke karfafa ayyukan gargajiya na jinsi.<ref name=":3" /> == Karɓuwar mahimmanci == AbiRafeh da littafin an yaba su a cikin littafin Ben Walter Gendering Human Security in Afghanistan . Julie H. Smith ta bayyana littafin a cikin ''Jaridar Zaman Lafiya, Rikicin & Ci gaba'' a matsayin mummunan sukar yunkurin yamma don kawo daidaiton jinsi ga Afghanistan.<ref name=":2"/> Smith ya yaba da sukar marubucin "mai wartsakewa" game da shigar da ta kasance wani ɓangare na.<ref name=":2" /> == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] izjrbwy7xu5uf8ugainjweo3hv1r9zm 895598 895597 2026-08-12T10:41:15Z Maryam Abdullahi Y 43904 895598 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''Gender and International Aid in Afghanistan: The Politics and Effects of Intervention''' littafi ne na shekarar 2009 na Lina AbiRafeh . Yana rubuce-rubuce kuma yana sukar ƙoƙarin yamma don kawo daidaito tsakanin mata a Afghanistan bayan mamayar Amurka a Afghanistan a shekara ta 2001.<ref name=":3">Mohammadi, Fatima. "[https://apiar.org.au/wp-content/uploads/2017/02/19_APJABSS_Feb_BRR723_Social-Sciences-205-214.pdf AN EVALUATION OF GENDER-FOCUSED AID INTERVENTION IN AFGHANISTAN: DOES IT PROMOTE GENDER EQUALITY OR REINFORCING {{Sic|HEIRARCHIES?}}]{{Dead link|date=April 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}." (2017). Asia Pacific Journal of Advanced Business and Social Studies</ref> Ya lura da yadda mummunan bincike da rashin fahimtar al'adu ta ma'aikatan agaji na yamma sun kasance masu fa'ida ga burin daidaito tsakanin jinsi kuma gabaɗaya suna da matukar sukar kokarin su.<ref name=":2">{{Cite journal |last=Smith |first=Julia H. |date=Dec 2012 |title=BOOK REVIEW Gender and International Aid in Afghanistan: The Politics and Effects of Intervention |url=https://www.bradford.ac.uk/library/find-materials/journal-of-peace-conflict-and-development/Iss-19-Art-H-Review2.pdf |url-status=dead |journal=Journal of Peace, Conflict & Development |volume=19 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220518134526/https://www.bradford.ac.uk/library/find-materials/journal-of-peace-conflict-and-development/Iss-19-Art-H-Review2.pdf |archive-date=2022-05-18 |access-date=2022-01-14}}</ref><ref name=":3" /> Ya kuma kammala ta hanyar raba ra'ayoyin matan Afghanistan: cewa ba su ga wani amfani na kayan aiki daga kokarin yamma ba.<ref name=":2" /> Jender and International Aid in Afghanistan ya sami yabo daga masu sukar littattafai kuma an lura da shi saboda kuskuren da ya yi game da kokarin yamma. == Fitarwa == Gender and International Aid in Afghanistan an samar da shi ne a cikin shekarar 2009 ta hanyar McFarland & Company kuma Lina AbiRafeh ce ta rubuta shi.<ref name=":0">Walter, Ben. (2017). Gendering Human Security in Afghanistan: In a Time of Western Intervention. United Kingdom: Taylor & Francis.</ref><ref name=":1">Shirazi, Faegheh, Muslim Women in War and Crisis: Representation and Reality. (2010). United States: University of Texas Press.</ref> == Bayani game da shi == Jender and International Aid in Afghanistan ya rubuta kokarin daidaito tsakanin maza da mata da hukumomin agaji suka yi da kuma Amurka da sojojin [[NATO]] a Afghanistan bayan faɗuwar Taliban a shekara ta 2001 kuma sun soki yadda sojojin yamma suka ware rawar da mazajen Afghanistan ke takawa game da karfafa mata. Littafin ya fara ne ta hanyar ba da tarihin batutuwan jinsi a Afghanistan, yana lura da muhimmancin dangantakar jinsi a siyasa, da kuma sukar ikon yamma don yin watsi da amincewa da wannan yayin da suke ci gaba da aikinsu.<ref name=":2"/><ref name=":3"/> Ya rubuta bambancin da ke tsakanin burin ci gaba da ke cikin Kwamitin Tsaro na Majalisar Ɗinkin Duniya a shekarar 1325 da Yarjejeniyar kan kawar da dukkan nau'ikan tashin hankali a kan mata da kuma aiwatar da aikin daidaito tsakanin jinsi a Afghanistan. Misalan da aka bayar sun haɗa da yarjejeniyar dimokuradiyya ta tsarin mulki da Amurka, NATO da Northern Alliance suka yi, wanda aka bayyana a matsayin "ci gaba" don haɗa nassoshi ga Mataki na Bakwai na Sanarwar Duniya kan 'Yancin Dan Adam da Yarjejeniyar kan kawar da dukkan nau'ikan tashin hankali a kan mata, wanda ya bambanta da ayyukan cibiyoyin da aka ba da umarni su tilasta musu, kamar rundunar 'yan sanda ta Afghanistan.<ref name=":0" /> Ya rubuta yadda yunkurin yamma don tilasta mafita ta fasaha ga matsalolin zamantakewa na rashin daidaito tsakanin jinsi ya kasa kuma ya toshe canjin zamantakewa na gida.<ref name=":3"/> Babban jigo a cikin littafin shine yadda gwamnatocin yammaci ba su da shawara game da aikin jinsi don yin aiki tare da mata kawai.<ref name=":3"/> Fatima Mohammadi na Chemonics ya nakalto shafi na 27 a cikin takarda ta 2017 da aka buga a cikin Asia Pacific Journal of Advanced Business and Social Studies: "An kuma haɗa jinsi da mata, kuma an tsara harshen shirye-shiryen taimako game da manufofin mata, ba tare da fahimtar jinsi ba.”<ref name=":3"/> Littafin ya nuna cewa labaran da suka yi watsi da hukumar mata a Afghanistan gwamnatocin Yammacin Turai ne ke tura su don tabbatar da shigarsu ta soja. Ya bayyana halin da kafofin watsa labarai na yamma ke yi na amfani da hotuna na mata "masu ƙasƙantar da su" da ke sanye da burqas don haɓaka labaran burin "yanci" da "ƙarfi", kuma yana sukar tsoma baki na yamma don kawo babu.<ref name=":1" /> Littafin ya soki halin da sashen agaji ke da shi na nuna mata da yara a matsayin "masu rauni" don haka ya hana ikon su a matsayin suna da karin hukumomi, yana ƙarfafa zalunci.<ref name=":3"/> Littafin ya kammala cewa matan Afghanistan sun fahimci cewa kokarin yamma ba su kawo wani gagarumin ci gaba a halin da suke ciki ba game da aiki, ilimi, motsi kyauta ko aminci.<ref name=":3"/> Littafin ya soki shirye-shiryen samar da kudin shiga saboda halin da suke da shi na samar da damar yin aiki ga mata waɗanda ke karfafa ayyukan gargajiya na jinsi.<ref name=":3" /> == Karɓuwar mahimmanci == AbiRafeh da littafin an yaba su a cikin littafin Ben Walter Gendering Human Security in Afghanistan . Julie H. Smith ta bayyana littafin a cikin ''Jaridar Zaman Lafiya, Rikicin & Ci gaba'' a matsayin mummunan sukar yunkurin yamma don kawo daidaiton jinsi ga Afghanistan.<ref name=":2"/> Smith ya yaba da sukar marubucin "mai wartsakewa" game da shigar da ta kasance wani ɓangare na.<ref name=":2" /> == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] gr630zybhhl0qgx89oazkxq8netcogr 0 93278 895628 587888 2026-08-12T10:51:42Z Maryam Abdullahi Y 43904 895628 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''Women Race and Class''' littafi ne na shekarar 1981 na masanin kimiyya kuma marubuciya [[Angela Davis]] . Ya ƙunshi nazarin mata na Marxist game da [[jinsi]], kabilanci da aji. Littafin na uku da Davis ta rubuta, ya rufe tarihin Amurka daga cinikin bayi da ƙungiyoyin [[Kau da Bautan Bayi|abolitionism]] zuwa ƙungiyoyin 'yancin mata waɗanda suka fara a cikin shekarun 1960. == Tarihi == An haifi Angela Davis a [[Alabama]], Amurka, a cikin 1944 a matsayin babba cikin yara huɗu a cikin dangin baƙar fata na tsakiya. Ta kasance mai fafutuka tun tana ƙarama, wanda aka yi wahayi zuwa gare ta da iyayen mata waɗanda suka yi adawa da Dokokin Jim Crow, kuma suka shiga cikin kungiyoyin gurguzu da Marxism-Leninism. Ta halarci Jami'ar Brandeis, tana karatun Faransanci. Daga baya ta yi karatu a karkashin masanin falsafa Herbert Marcuse kuma ta shiga Jam'iyyar Black Panther da Jam'iyyar Kwaminis ta Amurka a ƙarshen shekarun 1960. Bayan kammala digiri na biyu, ta fara koyar da falsafar a Jami'ar California, Los Angeles . An kore ta akai-akai saboda imanin siyasa kuma an daure ta na tsawon shekaru biyu saboda sayen bindigogi daga baya mai juyin juya hali Jonathan P. Jackson ya yi amfani da su, an sake ta a 1972 kuma daga baya aka wanke ta. Ayyukan 1981 Women, Race and Class shine littafi na uku na Davis. Ya biyo bayan If They Come in the Morning: Voices of Resistance (1971), tarin rubuce-rubucen da Davis ta shirya, gami da gudummawar da ta tattauna abubuwan da ta samu a kurkuku, da Angela Davis: An Autobiography (1974), wanda ya kasance game da ƙungiyar kare hakkin bil'adama da tasirin ta akan akidar ta. == Bayani game da shi == Mata, Race da Class tarin litattafai ne 13 game da yunkurin 'yancin mata na Amurka daga shekarun 1960 har zuwa lokacin da aka buga littafin, da kuma game da bautar a Amurka. Ta yi amfani da nazarin Marxist ga dangantakar aji da tseren zuwa jari-hujja a Amurka. Davis ta soki cewa yunkurin 'yancin mata ya gudana ne da kuma ga mata masu tsakiya, ba tare da mata baƙar fata ba, wasu mata masu launi da sauran zamantakewa ba. Ta yi irin wannan tsokaci game da 'yancin mata. Davis ya yi sharhi game da shiga fararen mata a cikin yunkurin [[Kau da Bautan Bayi|abolitionism]]. Littafin ya kuma bayyana Motsi na kulob din mata. Davis ta binciki rawar tattalin arziki na baƙi mata bayi. Ta rubuta cewa mata baƙar fata a ƙarƙashin bautar suna da irin wannan gwagwarmaya ga maza baƙar fata, duka ƙungiyoyin biyu suna raba aikin aiki na hannu da shiga cikin gwagwarmayar abolitionist. Koyaya, ana sa ran mata suyi aikin gida, kamar mata na wasu kabilu. Da yake shiga cikin nazarin Marxist, Davis ya yi jayayya cewa 'yancin mata ya kamata ya kunshi mata da ke shiga cikin aikin albashi da aikin gida da ke zama na zamantakewa. Ta yi imanin cewa fyade laifi ne na iko, yana ba da misalin fararen maza da ke yi wa baƙi fyade. Davis ya bayyana rawar da kabilanci ke takawa a cikin fyade da kuma ainihin nau'in baƙar fata. Ta kuma yi sharhi game da launin fata da [[Kulawar haihuwa|hana haihuwa]], ta haɗa ƙungiyoyin haƙƙin zubar da ciki zuwa Eugenics Society da kuma yin sharhi game le zubar da mata baƙi da Puerto Rican. == Bincike == Bernice McNair Barnett na mujallar Race, Gender & Class ya rubuta cewa, a cikin Women, Race and Class, Davis na ɗaya daga cikin malaman farko da suka yi bincike kan kabilanci, jinsi da aji. Ita da sauran mata masu launi marubuta a wannan lokacin sun haifar da ci gaban irin wannan bincike da bincike a cikin ilimi. A wasu lokuta ana kiran filin da "ƙabilar haɗin kai, jinsi, da karatun aji". Masu bita na Race & Class sun kwatanta littafin da Ain't I a Woman? (1981) ta hanyar ƙugiyoyi, kamar yadda duka biyu suka fara da kwatantawa tsakanin mata masu fata da baƙar fata a cikin abolitionism da ƙungiyoyin sufuri na Amurka. == Karɓuwa == Valerie A. Batts na mujallar Women & Therapy ta yaba da littafin a matsayin "asusun da aka rubuta sosai" na ƙungiyoyin mata a Amurka Ta yaba da rubuce-rubucen Davis a matsayin "bayyanawa kuma mai iya karantawa sosai". Anne Laurent na ''Washington Post'' ta amince da cewa littafin "an rubuta shi da kyau" dangane da tarihin farko, amma ta soki shi saboda bayar da "ƙananan sabbin bayanai" da kuma kasancewa "da ban sha'awa" a tarihin zamani. Ta yaba da "albarka ta gaskiya" littafin amma ta sake duba cewa "tattara rubutun da ba su dace ba". Masu bita na Race & Class sun soki cewa wasu tambayoyin "ba a amsa su ba", musamman game da nazarin Marxist wanda ya watsar da tattaunawar dangantakar mata don amfani da darajar da musayar darajar a cikin tattalin arzikin jari-hujja, kuma ba tare da lissafin gaskiyar cewa "subordination ga" aikin albashi ba zai zama abin so ba. == Manazarta == {{reflist}} <ref name="African">{{cite journal |last=Letsima |date=Summer 1983 |title="Women, Race and Class", by Angela Davis (Book Review) |journal=[[African Communist]] |publisher=[[South African Communist Party]] |volume=93 |pages=93–95 |issn=0001-9976 }}</ref> <ref name="Harare">{{cite journal|last=Win|first=Everjoice J|date=January 1, 1991|title="Women, Race and Class", Angela Davis (Book Review)|journal=[[Journal of Social Development in Africa]]|publisher=School of Social Work, [[Harare]]|volume=6|issue=1|pages=87–88|issn=1012-1080}}</ref> <ref name="Labour">{{cite magazine |last=Pomeroy |first=William J. |author-link=William J. Pomeroy |date=November 1, 1971 |title="If They Come in the Morning...", Angela Davis and others (Book Review) |magazine=[[Labour Monthly]] |volume=53 |issue=11 |page=527 |issn=0023-6985}}</ref> <ref name="O">{{cite web|url=https://www.oprahmag.com/entertainment/books/g32803115/angela-davis-books/|title=9 Essential Angela Davis Books to Add to Your Shelf|work=[[O, The Oprah Magazine]]|last=Jean-Philippe|first=McKenzie|date=June 8, 2020|accessdate=July 3, 2020}}</ref> <ref name="R&C">{{cite journal|last1=Lewis|first1=Gail|last2=Parmar|first2=Pratibha|date=Fall 1983|title="Women, race and class" by Angela Davis (Book Review)|journal=[[Race & Class]]|publisher=[[SAGE Publications]]|volume=25|issue=2|pages=85–91|doi=10.1177/030639688302500209 |issn=0306-3968}}</ref> <ref name="RGC">{{cite journal|last=Barnett|first=Bernice McNair|date=July 31, 2003|title=Angela Davis and Women, Race, & Class: A Pioneer in Integrative RGC Studies|journal=Jean Ait Belkhir, Race, Gender & Class Journal|volume=10|issue=3|pages=9–22}}</ref> <ref name="W&T">{{cite journal|last=Batts|first=Valerie A.|date=December 31, 1982|title=Women, Race and Class. Angela Davis.|journal=[[Women & Therapy]]|volume=1|issue=4|pages=87|publisher=[[Taylor & Francis]]|issn=0270-3149}}</ref> <ref name="WaPo">{{cite news|title=Race Against History|last=Laurent|first=Anne|newspaper=[[The Washington Post]]|date=January 31, 1982}}</ref> == Ƙarin karantawa == * {{Cite journal |last=Woehrle |first=Lynne M |date=1995 |title=General overview of feminism and social change – Women, Race, and Class by Angela Davis |journal=[[Women's Studies Quarterly]] |publisher=[[Feminist Press]] |volume=23 |issue=3–4 |page=215}} * {{Cite journal |last=De Mesquita Silva |first=Luciana |date=2018 |title=Diáspora negra em contexto de tradução: discutindo a publicação de Mulheres, raça e classe, de Angela Davis, no Brasil |journal=Trabalhos em Lingüística Aplicada |language=Portuguese |publisher=[[University of Campinas]] |issn=0103-1813}} [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] 7g0x1ccchlzevmjjhrj730a5j9h2gmg 895629 895628 2026-08-12T10:51:52Z Maryam Abdullahi Y 43904 895629 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''Women Race and Class''' littafi ne na shekarar 1981 na masanin kimiyya kuma marubuciya [[Angela Davis]] . Ya ƙunshi nazarin mata na Marxist game da [[jinsi]], kabilanci da aji. Littafin na uku da Davis ta rubuta, ya rufe tarihin Amurka daga cinikin bayi da ƙungiyoyin [[Kau da Bautan Bayi|abolitionism]] zuwa ƙungiyoyin 'yancin mata waɗanda suka fara a cikin shekarun 1960. == Tarihi == An kuma haifi Angela Davis a [[Alabama]], Amurka, a cikin 1944 a matsayin babba cikin yara huɗu a cikin dangin baƙar fata na tsakiya. Ta kasance mai fafutuka tun tana ƙarama, wanda aka yi wahayi zuwa gare ta da iyayen mata waɗanda suka yi adawa da Dokokin Jim Crow, kuma suka shiga cikin kungiyoyin gurguzu da Marxism-Leninism. Ta halarci Jami'ar Brandeis, tana karatun Faransanci. Daga baya ta yi karatu a karkashin masanin falsafa Herbert Marcuse kuma ta shiga Jam'iyyar Black Panther da Jam'iyyar Kwaminis ta Amurka a ƙarshen shekarun 1960. Bayan kammala digiri na biyu, ta fara koyar da falsafar a Jami'ar California, Los Angeles . An kore ta akai-akai saboda imanin siyasa kuma an daure ta na tsawon shekaru biyu saboda sayen bindigogi daga baya mai juyin juya hali Jonathan P. Jackson ya yi amfani da su, an sake ta a 1972 kuma daga baya aka wanke ta. Ayyukan 1981 Women, Race and Class shine littafi na uku na Davis. Ya biyo bayan If They Come in the Morning: Voices of Resistance (1971), tarin rubuce-rubucen da Davis ta shirya, gami da gudummawar da ta tattauna abubuwan da ta samu a kurkuku, da Angela Davis: An Autobiography (1974), wanda ya kasance game da ƙungiyar kare hakkin bil'adama da tasirin ta akan akidar ta. == Bayani game da shi == Mata, Race da Class tarin litattafai ne 13 game da yunkurin 'yancin mata na Amurka daga shekarun 1960 har zuwa lokacin da aka buga littafin, da kuma game da bautar a Amurka. Ta yi amfani da nazarin Marxist ga dangantakar aji da tseren zuwa jari-hujja a Amurka. Davis ta soki cewa yunkurin 'yancin mata ya gudana ne da kuma ga mata masu tsakiya, ba tare da mata baƙar fata ba, wasu mata masu launi da sauran zamantakewa ba. Ta yi irin wannan tsokaci game da 'yancin mata. Davis ya yi sharhi game da shiga fararen mata a cikin yunkurin [[Kau da Bautan Bayi|abolitionism]]. Littafin ya kuma bayyana Motsi na kulob din mata. Davis ta binciki rawar tattalin arziki na baƙi mata bayi. Ta rubuta cewa mata baƙar fata a ƙarƙashin bautar suna da irin wannan gwagwarmaya ga maza baƙar fata, duka ƙungiyoyin biyu suna raba aikin aiki na hannu da shiga cikin gwagwarmayar abolitionist. Koyaya, ana sa ran mata suyi aikin gida, kamar mata na wasu kabilu. Da yake shiga cikin nazarin Marxist, Davis ya yi jayayya cewa 'yancin mata ya kamata ya kunshi mata da ke shiga cikin aikin albashi da aikin gida da ke zama na zamantakewa. Ta yi imanin cewa fyade laifi ne na iko, yana ba da misalin fararen maza da ke yi wa baƙi fyade. Davis ya bayyana rawar da kabilanci ke takawa a cikin fyade da kuma ainihin nau'in baƙar fata. Ta kuma yi sharhi game da launin fata da [[Kulawar haihuwa|hana haihuwa]], ta haɗa ƙungiyoyin haƙƙin zubar da ciki zuwa Eugenics Society da kuma yin sharhi game le zubar da mata baƙi da Puerto Rican. == Bincike == Bernice McNair Barnett na mujallar Race, Gender & Class ya rubuta cewa, a cikin Women, Race and Class, Davis na ɗaya daga cikin malaman farko da suka yi bincike kan kabilanci, jinsi da aji. Ita da sauran mata masu launi marubuta a wannan lokacin sun haifar da ci gaban irin wannan bincike da bincike a cikin ilimi. A wasu lokuta ana kiran filin da "ƙabilar haɗin kai, jinsi, da karatun aji". Masu bita na Race & Class sun kwatanta littafin da Ain't I a Woman? (1981) ta hanyar ƙugiyoyi, kamar yadda duka biyu suka fara da kwatantawa tsakanin mata masu fata da baƙar fata a cikin abolitionism da ƙungiyoyin sufuri na Amurka. == Karɓuwa == Valerie A. Batts na mujallar Women & Therapy ta yaba da littafin a matsayin "asusun da aka rubuta sosai" na ƙungiyoyin mata a Amurka Ta yaba da rubuce-rubucen Davis a matsayin "bayyanawa kuma mai iya karantawa sosai". Anne Laurent na ''Washington Post'' ta amince da cewa littafin "an rubuta shi da kyau" dangane da tarihin farko, amma ta soki shi saboda bayar da "ƙananan sabbin bayanai" da kuma kasancewa "da ban sha'awa" a tarihin zamani. Ta yaba da "albarka ta gaskiya" littafin amma ta sake duba cewa "tattara rubutun da ba su dace ba". Masu bita na Race & Class sun soki cewa wasu tambayoyin "ba a amsa su ba", musamman game da nazarin Marxist wanda ya watsar da tattaunawar dangantakar mata don amfani da darajar da musayar darajar a cikin tattalin arzikin jari-hujja, kuma ba tare da lissafin gaskiyar cewa "subordination ga" aikin albashi ba zai zama abin so ba. == Manazarta == {{reflist}} <ref name="African">{{cite journal |last=Letsima |date=Summer 1983 |title="Women, Race and Class", by Angela Davis (Book Review) |journal=[[African Communist]] |publisher=[[South African Communist Party]] |volume=93 |pages=93–95 |issn=0001-9976 }}</ref> <ref name="Harare">{{cite journal|last=Win|first=Everjoice J|date=January 1, 1991|title="Women, Race and Class", Angela Davis (Book Review)|journal=[[Journal of Social Development in Africa]]|publisher=School of Social Work, [[Harare]]|volume=6|issue=1|pages=87–88|issn=1012-1080}}</ref> <ref name="Labour">{{cite magazine |last=Pomeroy |first=William J. |author-link=William J. Pomeroy |date=November 1, 1971 |title="If They Come in the Morning...", Angela Davis and others (Book Review) |magazine=[[Labour Monthly]] |volume=53 |issue=11 |page=527 |issn=0023-6985}}</ref> <ref name="O">{{cite web|url=https://www.oprahmag.com/entertainment/books/g32803115/angela-davis-books/|title=9 Essential Angela Davis Books to Add to Your Shelf|work=[[O, The Oprah Magazine]]|last=Jean-Philippe|first=McKenzie|date=June 8, 2020|accessdate=July 3, 2020}}</ref> <ref name="R&C">{{cite journal|last1=Lewis|first1=Gail|last2=Parmar|first2=Pratibha|date=Fall 1983|title="Women, race and class" by Angela Davis (Book Review)|journal=[[Race & Class]]|publisher=[[SAGE Publications]]|volume=25|issue=2|pages=85–91|doi=10.1177/030639688302500209 |issn=0306-3968}}</ref> <ref name="RGC">{{cite journal|last=Barnett|first=Bernice McNair|date=July 31, 2003|title=Angela Davis and Women, Race, & Class: A Pioneer in Integrative RGC Studies|journal=Jean Ait Belkhir, Race, Gender & Class Journal|volume=10|issue=3|pages=9–22}}</ref> <ref name="W&T">{{cite journal|last=Batts|first=Valerie A.|date=December 31, 1982|title=Women, Race and Class. Angela Davis.|journal=[[Women & Therapy]]|volume=1|issue=4|pages=87|publisher=[[Taylor & Francis]]|issn=0270-3149}}</ref> <ref name="WaPo">{{cite news|title=Race Against History|last=Laurent|first=Anne|newspaper=[[The Washington Post]]|date=January 31, 1982}}</ref> == Ƙarin karantawa == * {{Cite journal |last=Woehrle |first=Lynne M |date=1995 |title=General overview of feminism and social change – Women, Race, and Class by Angela Davis |journal=[[Women's Studies Quarterly]] |publisher=[[Feminist Press]] |volume=23 |issue=3–4 |page=215}} * {{Cite journal |last=De Mesquita Silva |first=Luciana |date=2018 |title=Diáspora negra em contexto de tradução: discutindo a publicação de Mulheres, raça e classe, de Angela Davis, no Brasil |journal=Trabalhos em Lingüística Aplicada |language=Portuguese |publisher=[[University of Campinas]] |issn=0103-1813}} [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] lidnpqkj2pd4uoaiwjlfdfrliopbi9p 895630 895629 2026-08-12T10:52:03Z Maryam Abdullahi Y 43904 895630 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''Women Race and Class''' littafi ne na shekarar 1981 na masanin kimiyya kuma marubuciya [[Angela Davis]] . Ya ƙunshi nazarin mata na Marxist game da [[jinsi]], kabilanci da aji. Littafin na uku da Davis ta rubuta, ya rufe tarihin Amurka daga cinikin bayi da ƙungiyoyin [[Kau da Bautan Bayi|abolitionism]] zuwa ƙungiyoyin 'yancin mata waɗanda suka fara a cikin shekarun 1960. == Tarihi == An kuma haifi Angela Davis a [[Alabama]], Amurka, a cikin shekarar 1944 a matsayin babba cikin yara huɗu a cikin dangin baƙar fata na tsakiya. Ta kasance mai fafutuka tun tana ƙarama, wanda aka yi wahayi zuwa gare ta da iyayen mata waɗanda suka yi adawa da Dokokin Jim Crow, kuma suka shiga cikin kungiyoyin gurguzu da Marxism-Leninism. Ta halarci Jami'ar Brandeis, tana karatun Faransanci. Daga baya ta yi karatu a karkashin masanin falsafa Herbert Marcuse kuma ta shiga Jam'iyyar Black Panther da Jam'iyyar Kwaminis ta Amurka a ƙarshen shekarun 1960. Bayan kammala digiri na biyu, ta fara koyar da falsafar a Jami'ar California, Los Angeles . An kore ta akai-akai saboda imanin siyasa kuma an daure ta na tsawon shekaru biyu saboda sayen bindigogi daga baya mai juyin juya hali Jonathan P. Jackson ya yi amfani da su, an sake ta a 1972 kuma daga baya aka wanke ta. Ayyukan 1981 Women, Race and Class shine littafi na uku na Davis. Ya biyo bayan If They Come in the Morning: Voices of Resistance (1971), tarin rubuce-rubucen da Davis ta shirya, gami da gudummawar da ta tattauna abubuwan da ta samu a kurkuku, da Angela Davis: An Autobiography (1974), wanda ya kasance game da ƙungiyar kare hakkin bil'adama da tasirin ta akan akidar ta. == Bayani game da shi == Mata, Race da Class tarin litattafai ne 13 game da yunkurin 'yancin mata na Amurka daga shekarun 1960 har zuwa lokacin da aka buga littafin, da kuma game da bautar a Amurka. Ta yi amfani da nazarin Marxist ga dangantakar aji da tseren zuwa jari-hujja a Amurka. Davis ta soki cewa yunkurin 'yancin mata ya gudana ne da kuma ga mata masu tsakiya, ba tare da mata baƙar fata ba, wasu mata masu launi da sauran zamantakewa ba. Ta yi irin wannan tsokaci game da 'yancin mata. Davis ya yi sharhi game da shiga fararen mata a cikin yunkurin [[Kau da Bautan Bayi|abolitionism]]. Littafin ya kuma bayyana Motsi na kulob din mata. Davis ta binciki rawar tattalin arziki na baƙi mata bayi. Ta rubuta cewa mata baƙar fata a ƙarƙashin bautar suna da irin wannan gwagwarmaya ga maza baƙar fata, duka ƙungiyoyin biyu suna raba aikin aiki na hannu da shiga cikin gwagwarmayar abolitionist. Koyaya, ana sa ran mata suyi aikin gida, kamar mata na wasu kabilu. Da yake shiga cikin nazarin Marxist, Davis ya yi jayayya cewa 'yancin mata ya kamata ya kunshi mata da ke shiga cikin aikin albashi da aikin gida da ke zama na zamantakewa. Ta yi imanin cewa fyade laifi ne na iko, yana ba da misalin fararen maza da ke yi wa baƙi fyade. Davis ya bayyana rawar da kabilanci ke takawa a cikin fyade da kuma ainihin nau'in baƙar fata. Ta kuma yi sharhi game da launin fata da [[Kulawar haihuwa|hana haihuwa]], ta haɗa ƙungiyoyin haƙƙin zubar da ciki zuwa Eugenics Society da kuma yin sharhi game le zubar da mata baƙi da Puerto Rican. == Bincike == Bernice McNair Barnett na mujallar Race, Gender & Class ya rubuta cewa, a cikin Women, Race and Class, Davis na ɗaya daga cikin malaman farko da suka yi bincike kan kabilanci, jinsi da aji. Ita da sauran mata masu launi marubuta a wannan lokacin sun haifar da ci gaban irin wannan bincike da bincike a cikin ilimi. A wasu lokuta ana kiran filin da "ƙabilar haɗin kai, jinsi, da karatun aji". Masu bita na Race & Class sun kwatanta littafin da Ain't I a Woman? (1981) ta hanyar ƙugiyoyi, kamar yadda duka biyu suka fara da kwatantawa tsakanin mata masu fata da baƙar fata a cikin abolitionism da ƙungiyoyin sufuri na Amurka. == Karɓuwa == Valerie A. Batts na mujallar Women & Therapy ta yaba da littafin a matsayin "asusun da aka rubuta sosai" na ƙungiyoyin mata a Amurka Ta yaba da rubuce-rubucen Davis a matsayin "bayyanawa kuma mai iya karantawa sosai". Anne Laurent na ''Washington Post'' ta amince da cewa littafin "an rubuta shi da kyau" dangane da tarihin farko, amma ta soki shi saboda bayar da "ƙananan sabbin bayanai" da kuma kasancewa "da ban sha'awa" a tarihin zamani. Ta yaba da "albarka ta gaskiya" littafin amma ta sake duba cewa "tattara rubutun da ba su dace ba". Masu bita na Race & Class sun soki cewa wasu tambayoyin "ba a amsa su ba", musamman game da nazarin Marxist wanda ya watsar da tattaunawar dangantakar mata don amfani da darajar da musayar darajar a cikin tattalin arzikin jari-hujja, kuma ba tare da lissafin gaskiyar cewa "subordination ga" aikin albashi ba zai zama abin so ba. == Manazarta == {{reflist}} <ref name="African">{{cite journal |last=Letsima |date=Summer 1983 |title="Women, Race and Class", by Angela Davis (Book Review) |journal=[[African Communist]] |publisher=[[South African Communist Party]] |volume=93 |pages=93–95 |issn=0001-9976 }}</ref> <ref name="Harare">{{cite journal|last=Win|first=Everjoice J|date=January 1, 1991|title="Women, Race and Class", Angela Davis (Book Review)|journal=[[Journal of Social Development in Africa]]|publisher=School of Social Work, [[Harare]]|volume=6|issue=1|pages=87–88|issn=1012-1080}}</ref> <ref name="Labour">{{cite magazine |last=Pomeroy |first=William J. |author-link=William J. Pomeroy |date=November 1, 1971 |title="If They Come in the Morning...", Angela Davis and others (Book Review) |magazine=[[Labour Monthly]] |volume=53 |issue=11 |page=527 |issn=0023-6985}}</ref> <ref name="O">{{cite web|url=https://www.oprahmag.com/entertainment/books/g32803115/angela-davis-books/|title=9 Essential Angela Davis Books to Add to Your Shelf|work=[[O, The Oprah Magazine]]|last=Jean-Philippe|first=McKenzie|date=June 8, 2020|accessdate=July 3, 2020}}</ref> <ref name="R&C">{{cite journal|last1=Lewis|first1=Gail|last2=Parmar|first2=Pratibha|date=Fall 1983|title="Women, race and class" by Angela Davis (Book Review)|journal=[[Race & Class]]|publisher=[[SAGE Publications]]|volume=25|issue=2|pages=85–91|doi=10.1177/030639688302500209 |issn=0306-3968}}</ref> <ref name="RGC">{{cite journal|last=Barnett|first=Bernice McNair|date=July 31, 2003|title=Angela Davis and Women, Race, & Class: A Pioneer in Integrative RGC Studies|journal=Jean Ait Belkhir, Race, Gender & Class Journal|volume=10|issue=3|pages=9–22}}</ref> <ref name="W&T">{{cite journal|last=Batts|first=Valerie A.|date=December 31, 1982|title=Women, Race and Class. Angela Davis.|journal=[[Women & Therapy]]|volume=1|issue=4|pages=87|publisher=[[Taylor & Francis]]|issn=0270-3149}}</ref> <ref name="WaPo">{{cite news|title=Race Against History|last=Laurent|first=Anne|newspaper=[[The Washington Post]]|date=January 31, 1982}}</ref> == Ƙarin karantawa == * {{Cite journal |last=Woehrle |first=Lynne M |date=1995 |title=General overview of feminism and social change – Women, Race, and Class by Angela Davis |journal=[[Women's Studies Quarterly]] |publisher=[[Feminist Press]] |volume=23 |issue=3–4 |page=215}} * {{Cite journal |last=De Mesquita Silva |first=Luciana |date=2018 |title=Diáspora negra em contexto de tradução: discutindo a publicação de Mulheres, raça e classe, de Angela Davis, no Brasil |journal=Trabalhos em Lingüística Aplicada |language=Portuguese |publisher=[[University of Campinas]] |issn=0103-1813}} [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] fm6dc73eenjq6oickso3qellswxwwri 895631 895630 2026-08-12T10:52:12Z Maryam Abdullahi Y 43904 895631 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''Women Race and Class''' littafi ne na shekarar 1981 na masanin kimiyya kuma marubuciya [[Angela Davis]] . Ya ƙunshi nazarin mata na Marxist game da [[jinsi]], kabilanci da aji. Littafin na uku da Davis ta rubuta, ya rufe tarihin Amurka daga cinikin bayi da ƙungiyoyin [[Kau da Bautan Bayi|abolitionism]] zuwa ƙungiyoyin 'yancin mata waɗanda suka fara a cikin shekarun 1960. == Tarihi == An kuma haifi Angela Davis a [[Alabama]], Amurka, a cikin shekarar 1944 a matsayin babba cikin yara huɗu a cikin dangin baƙar fata na tsakiya. Ta kasance mai fafutuka tun tana ƙarama, wanda aka yi wahayi zuwa gare ta da iyayen mata waɗanda suka yi adawa da Dokokin Jim Crow, kuma suka shiga cikin kungiyoyin gurguzu da Marxism-Leninism. Ta halarci Jami'ar Brandeis, tana karatun Faransanci. Daga baya ta yi karatu a karkashin masanin falsafa Herbert Marcuse kuma ta shiga Jam'iyyar Black Panther da Jam'iyyar Kwaminis ta Amurka a ƙarshen shekarun 1960. Bayan kammala digiri na biyu, ta fara koyar da falsafar a Jami'ar California, Los Angeles . An kore ta akai-akai saboda imanin siyasa kuma an daure ta na tsawon shekaru biyu saboda sayen bindigogi daga baya mai juyin juya hali Jonathan P. Jackson ya yi amfani da su, an sake ta a 1972 kuma daga baya aka wanke ta. Ayyukan a shekarar 1981 Women, Race and Class shine littafi na uku na Davis. Ya biyo bayan If They Come in the Morning: Voices of Resistance (1971), tarin rubuce-rubucen da Davis ta shirya, gami da gudummawar da ta tattauna abubuwan da ta samu a kurkuku, da Angela Davis: An Autobiography (1974), wanda ya kasance game da ƙungiyar kare hakkin bil'adama da tasirin ta akan akidar ta. == Bayani game da shi == Mata, Race da Class tarin litattafai ne 13 game da yunkurin 'yancin mata na Amurka daga shekarun 1960 har zuwa lokacin da aka buga littafin, da kuma game da bautar a Amurka. Ta yi amfani da nazarin Marxist ga dangantakar aji da tseren zuwa jari-hujja a Amurka. Davis ta soki cewa yunkurin 'yancin mata ya gudana ne da kuma ga mata masu tsakiya, ba tare da mata baƙar fata ba, wasu mata masu launi da sauran zamantakewa ba. Ta yi irin wannan tsokaci game da 'yancin mata. Davis ya yi sharhi game da shiga fararen mata a cikin yunkurin [[Kau da Bautan Bayi|abolitionism]]. Littafin ya kuma bayyana Motsi na kulob din mata. Davis ta binciki rawar tattalin arziki na baƙi mata bayi. Ta rubuta cewa mata baƙar fata a ƙarƙashin bautar suna da irin wannan gwagwarmaya ga maza baƙar fata, duka ƙungiyoyin biyu suna raba aikin aiki na hannu da shiga cikin gwagwarmayar abolitionist. Koyaya, ana sa ran mata suyi aikin gida, kamar mata na wasu kabilu. Da yake shiga cikin nazarin Marxist, Davis ya yi jayayya cewa 'yancin mata ya kamata ya kunshi mata da ke shiga cikin aikin albashi da aikin gida da ke zama na zamantakewa. Ta yi imanin cewa fyade laifi ne na iko, yana ba da misalin fararen maza da ke yi wa baƙi fyade. Davis ya bayyana rawar da kabilanci ke takawa a cikin fyade da kuma ainihin nau'in baƙar fata. Ta kuma yi sharhi game da launin fata da [[Kulawar haihuwa|hana haihuwa]], ta haɗa ƙungiyoyin haƙƙin zubar da ciki zuwa Eugenics Society da kuma yin sharhi game le zubar da mata baƙi da Puerto Rican. == Bincike == Bernice McNair Barnett na mujallar Race, Gender & Class ya rubuta cewa, a cikin Women, Race and Class, Davis na ɗaya daga cikin malaman farko da suka yi bincike kan kabilanci, jinsi da aji. Ita da sauran mata masu launi marubuta a wannan lokacin sun haifar da ci gaban irin wannan bincike da bincike a cikin ilimi. A wasu lokuta ana kiran filin da "ƙabilar haɗin kai, jinsi, da karatun aji". Masu bita na Race & Class sun kwatanta littafin da Ain't I a Woman? (1981) ta hanyar ƙugiyoyi, kamar yadda duka biyu suka fara da kwatantawa tsakanin mata masu fata da baƙar fata a cikin abolitionism da ƙungiyoyin sufuri na Amurka. == Karɓuwa == Valerie A. Batts na mujallar Women & Therapy ta yaba da littafin a matsayin "asusun da aka rubuta sosai" na ƙungiyoyin mata a Amurka Ta yaba da rubuce-rubucen Davis a matsayin "bayyanawa kuma mai iya karantawa sosai". Anne Laurent na ''Washington Post'' ta amince da cewa littafin "an rubuta shi da kyau" dangane da tarihin farko, amma ta soki shi saboda bayar da "ƙananan sabbin bayanai" da kuma kasancewa "da ban sha'awa" a tarihin zamani. Ta yaba da "albarka ta gaskiya" littafin amma ta sake duba cewa "tattara rubutun da ba su dace ba". Masu bita na Race & Class sun soki cewa wasu tambayoyin "ba a amsa su ba", musamman game da nazarin Marxist wanda ya watsar da tattaunawar dangantakar mata don amfani da darajar da musayar darajar a cikin tattalin arzikin jari-hujja, kuma ba tare da lissafin gaskiyar cewa "subordination ga" aikin albashi ba zai zama abin so ba. == Manazarta == {{reflist}} <ref name="African">{{cite journal |last=Letsima |date=Summer 1983 |title="Women, Race and Class", by Angela Davis (Book Review) |journal=[[African Communist]] |publisher=[[South African Communist Party]] |volume=93 |pages=93–95 |issn=0001-9976 }}</ref> <ref name="Harare">{{cite journal|last=Win|first=Everjoice J|date=January 1, 1991|title="Women, Race and Class", Angela Davis (Book Review)|journal=[[Journal of Social Development in Africa]]|publisher=School of Social Work, [[Harare]]|volume=6|issue=1|pages=87–88|issn=1012-1080}}</ref> <ref name="Labour">{{cite magazine |last=Pomeroy |first=William J. |author-link=William J. Pomeroy |date=November 1, 1971 |title="If They Come in the Morning...", Angela Davis and others (Book Review) |magazine=[[Labour Monthly]] |volume=53 |issue=11 |page=527 |issn=0023-6985}}</ref> <ref name="O">{{cite web|url=https://www.oprahmag.com/entertainment/books/g32803115/angela-davis-books/|title=9 Essential Angela Davis Books to Add to Your Shelf|work=[[O, The Oprah Magazine]]|last=Jean-Philippe|first=McKenzie|date=June 8, 2020|accessdate=July 3, 2020}}</ref> <ref name="R&C">{{cite journal|last1=Lewis|first1=Gail|last2=Parmar|first2=Pratibha|date=Fall 1983|title="Women, race and class" by Angela Davis (Book Review)|journal=[[Race & Class]]|publisher=[[SAGE Publications]]|volume=25|issue=2|pages=85–91|doi=10.1177/030639688302500209 |issn=0306-3968}}</ref> <ref name="RGC">{{cite journal|last=Barnett|first=Bernice McNair|date=July 31, 2003|title=Angela Davis and Women, Race, & Class: A Pioneer in Integrative RGC Studies|journal=Jean Ait Belkhir, Race, Gender & Class Journal|volume=10|issue=3|pages=9–22}}</ref> <ref name="W&T">{{cite journal|last=Batts|first=Valerie A.|date=December 31, 1982|title=Women, Race and Class. Angela Davis.|journal=[[Women & Therapy]]|volume=1|issue=4|pages=87|publisher=[[Taylor & Francis]]|issn=0270-3149}}</ref> <ref name="WaPo">{{cite news|title=Race Against History|last=Laurent|first=Anne|newspaper=[[The Washington Post]]|date=January 31, 1982}}</ref> == Ƙarin karantawa == * {{Cite journal |last=Woehrle |first=Lynne M |date=1995 |title=General overview of feminism and social change – Women, Race, and Class by Angela Davis |journal=[[Women's Studies Quarterly]] |publisher=[[Feminist Press]] |volume=23 |issue=3–4 |page=215}} * {{Cite journal |last=De Mesquita Silva |first=Luciana |date=2018 |title=Diáspora negra em contexto de tradução: discutindo a publicação de Mulheres, raça e classe, de Angela Davis, no Brasil |journal=Trabalhos em Lingüística Aplicada |language=Portuguese |publisher=[[University of Campinas]] |issn=0103-1813}} [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] 9pu2ry1w3jcpoqmifgx5cfx1lpap3c2 0 93700 894894 801561 2026-08-11T12:12:53Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 894894 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Caitlín Ní Thoirbheird''' (5 Mayu alif dubu daya da dari takwas Da casa'en da daya zuwa ashirin da hudu 1891 - 24 Yuli 1969) 'yar gwagwarmayar Conradh na Gaeilge ce kuma mai koyar da harshen Irish. == Tarihin Rayuwa == Ni Thoirbheird an haife ta a Boyle a cikin shekarar 1891. Iyayenta sune James Turbitt, mai shirya koci, da Mary Gahan. Ta kasance ɗaya daga cikin yara bakwai masu rai. An san Ní Thoirbheird a cikin iyali da Cassie kuma ita da 'yar uwarta Áine kawai suna magana da yaren Irish. Ní Thoirbheird ta yi aiki a matsayin malama mai balaguro a ciki da wajen Lurgan da Mountmellick a cikin shekarar 1915. <ref name="anim">{{Cite web |title=NÍ THOIRBHEIRD, Caitlín (1891–1969) |url=https://www.ainm.ie/Bio.aspx?ID=798 |website=ainm.ie |language=Irish}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |title=National Archives: Census of Ireland 1911 |url=http://www.census.nationalarchives.ie/pages/1911/Roscommon/Boyle_Urban/Ross_Lane/779240/ |website=www.census.nationalarchives.ie |access-date=2025-02-23 |archive-date=2025-02-21 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250221181217/http://www.census.nationalarchives.ie/pages/1911/Roscommon/Boyle_Urban/Ross_Lane/779240/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> <ref name="irelandxo">{{Cite web |title=Caitlín Ní Thoirbheaird 1891 |url=https://irelandxo.com/ireland-xo/history-and-genealogy/ancestor-database/caitl%C3%ADn-n%C3%AD-thoirbheaird |website=irelandxo.com |access-date=2025-02-23 |archive-date=2025-02-26 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250226125601/https://irelandxo.com/ireland-xo/history-and-genealogy/ancestor-database/caitl%C3%ADn-n%C3%AD-thoirbheaird |url-status=dead }}</ref> Ní Thoirbheird ta yi aiki da Conradh na Gaeilge. An naɗa ta mataimakiyar mai shiryawa a Roscommon a cikin shekarar 1918 sannan kuma sakatariyar gunduma a shekara ta 1920. An kuma naɗa ta malamar balaguro a Majalisar gundumar Roscommon daga shekarun 1923 amma ta ci gaba da aiki ga Gaelic League. Kwamitin Ilimin Sana'a na County Roscommon ya ɗauke ta aiki na cikakken lokaci a matsayin malamar yaren Irish. Ní Thoirbheird ta yi ritaya a ranar 30 ga watan Yuni 1957. Ta mutu a shekara ta 1969, kuma an binne ta a makabartar Assylin. <ref name="anim"/> <ref name="irelandxo"/> == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} [[Rukuni:Mutuwan 1969]] [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1891]] k1vhqb32nu9xqs7zgpld9wj103a3y6s 0 94549 895515 592091 2026-08-12T10:11:40Z Maryam Abdullahi Y 43904 895515 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''Bread and Roses''' ƙungiya ce ta ƴancin mata masu zaman kansu a [[Boston]] a cikin shekarun 1960 da 1970. An sanya wa kungiyar suna ne bayan taken yajin aikin masana'antu na Lawrence na 1912, tare da Gurasa yana nuna albashi mai kyau kuma Roses yana nufin gajeren sa'o'i da karin lokacin hutu. Babban jigon asalin Bread and Roses ya shafi samun kwanciyar hankali da mutunci ga mata a duk faɗin ma'aikata. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Riordan |first=Christine A. |last2=Kowalski |first2=Alexander M. |date=2021 |title=From Bread and Roses to #MeToo: Multiplicity, Distance, and the Changing Dynamics of Conflict in IR Theory |url=http://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/0019793920970868 |journal=ILR Review |language=en |volume=74 |issue=3 |pages=580–606 |doi=10.1177/0019793920970868 |issn=0019-7939 |s2cid=228850414}}</ref> == Tarihi == An kafa kungiyar ne a lokacin rani na 1969 ta hanyar Meredith Tax da Linda Gordon. Haraji ya ce, "Ba za mu iya magana game da 'yan uwa ba tare da fahimtar cewa matsayi na manufa a cikin al'umma na mafi yawanmu ya bambanta da na uwaye masu zaman kansu, na baƙar fata na uwayemu masu farin, da na mata a ƙasashe na uku. 'Yan uwa suna nufin ba da faɗar gwagwarmayarsu gwagwarmu ce gwagwarmaya ce, amma suna yin ta gwagwarsu. " <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Breines |first=Winifred |date=2007 |title=Struggling to Connect: White and Black Feminism in the Movement Years |journal=Contexts |volume=6 |issue=1 |pages=18–24 |doi=10.1525/ctx.2007.6.1.18 |issn=1536-5042 |doi-access=free}}</ref> A cikin 1970, ƙungiyar ta fara neman sararin jiki kuma a shekara ta 1971, sun kwace ɗayan gine-ginen da ba a Jami'ar Harvard ba su da ba don ba su da aka taɓa aiki ba don ba don ba da aji, bita, da kula da yara. Wannan sarari ya dauki kwanaki 10 kawai. Bayan karɓar gudummawa, ƙungiyar ta sami damar kafa sabon sarari a watan Janairun 1972, wanda gida ne a Cambridge mai suna Cibiyar Mata.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Collection: Women's Educational Center (Cambridge, Mass.) records {{!}} Archives and Special Collections |url=https://archivesspace.library.northeastern.edu/repositories/2/resources/831 |access-date=2023-12-03 |website=archivesspace.library.northeastern.edu}}</ref> Wannan rukuni ya kunshi kusan mambobi 250, ciki har da Jean Tepperman, Frans Ansley, Judy Ullman da Trude Bennett, waɗanda suka yi imanin cewa juyin juya hali ya zama dole don samun 'yancin mata. Wadannan mambobi sun kafa ƙungiyoyi daban-daban waɗanda suka mai da hankali kan takamaiman batutuwa, misali, lafiyar mata.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Spain |first=Daphne |date=2011 |title=Women's Rights and Gendered Spaces in 1970s Boston |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/10.5250/fronjwomestud.32.1.0152 |journal=Frontiers: A Journal of Women Studies |volume=32 |issue=1 |pages=152–178 |doi=10.5250/fronjwomestud.32.1.0152 |issn=0160-9009 |jstor=10.5250/fronjwomestud.32.1.0152 |s2cid=143280818}}</ref> Kungiyar ta kasance har zuwa 1973. == Ayyukan hadin gwiwa == === Lafiyar mata === Wani sanannen aikin da kungiyar Bread and Roses ta samar an kira shi ''Mata da Jikin su: Darasi'', wanda daga baya aka haɓaka cikin Jikinmu, Mu.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Ewing |first=Tess |title=Bread and Roses: "A Revolutionary Moment: Women's Liberation in the late 1960s and early 1970s" |url=https://www.bu.edu/wgs/files/2013/10/Ewing-Bread-and-Roses.pdf |journal=Women's, Gender, & Sexuality Studies Program at Boston University}}</ref> An buga wannan darasi a cikin 1970 a ƙarƙashin sunan Boston Women's Health Collective kuma ya haɗu da labaran mata tare da bayanan gaskiya game da batutuwan mata da lafiyar mata. Batutuwan da aka haɗa a cikin wannan darasi sune Mata, Magunguna, da Kasuwanci, Darasi na Gabatarwa; Anatomy da Physiology; Jima'i; Wasu tatsuniyoyi game da Mata; Cututtukan Venereal; Kula da Haihuwa; Zubar ciki; Shirya Haihuwar; Bayan haihuwa; da Cibiyoyin Kiwon Lafiya. Wannan darasi galibi ana yaba shi a matsayin farkon yunkurin kiwon lafiyar mata na kasa da na duniya. === Aiki === Dangane da taken da aka samo sunan kungiyar, wani sanannen gudummawar kungiyar Bread and Roses shine ƙirƙirar ƙungiyar ma'aikatan ma'aikata 9 zuwa 5, wanda yanzu aka sani da 925 na Ƙungiyar Ma'aikatan Ma'aikata ta Duniya. Halitta wannan ƙungiyar ta zo ne saboda yawan ma'aikatan malamai a cikin rukuni waɗanda aka biya su da ƙarancin albashi kuma suna fuskantar rashin girmamawa daga ma'aikatansu. == Rikici == === Tsakanin wurare === Winifred Breines farar fata ce wacce ke aiki tun lokacin da aka kafa kungiyar 'yan mata a cikin shekarun 1960. Ta rubuta abubuwa da yawa da suka shafi intersectionality, ko rashin shi, a cikin yanayin mata na Boston ciki har da Gwagwarmayar Haɗi: White da Black Feminism a cikin Motsi Shekaru, Menene soyayya da ita? ''Me soyayya take da shi? ''fararen mata, baƙar fata mata, da mata a cikin shekarun motsi, da ''Koyon game da wariyar launin fata: White Socialist Feminism da Gurasa da Roses''. A lokacin wannan motsi, manyan ƙungiyoyi guda biyu sune Gurasa da Roses Collective, galibi sun haɗa da fararen fata, manyan ɗalibai, mata masu ilimi, da kuma Combahee River Collective, wanda shine ƙungiyar baƙar fata. Breines ya bayyana cewa yawancin 'yan mata baƙar fata sun ji cewa mata masu yawa ba su da hankali game da batutuwan da suka shafi kabilansu da jinsi, suna ci gaba da "samar da cewa' yan mata masu daraja na iya mai da hankali ne kawai kan batutuwan damuwa na mutum, ba za su iya fahimtar cewa ga' yan mata baƙar kai kabilanci da aji suna da mahimmanci kamar nuna bambancin jima'i ba. "<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Breines |first=Wini |date=2002 |title=What's Love Got to Do with It? White Women, Black Women, and Feminism in the Movement Years |url=https://www.journals.uchicago.edu/doi/10.1086/339634 |journal=Signs: Journal of Women in Culture and Society |language=en |volume=27 |issue=4 |pages=1095–1133 |doi=10.1086/339634 |issn=0097-9740 |s2cid=144139580}}</ref> Akwai kasa ta kowa tsakanin Black da White mata a lokacin da White maza ne masu zalunci, duk da haka, bayan da akwai rashin jituwa da yawa a cikin abubuwan da suka fi muhimmanci na ƙungiyoyin mata. Babban darajar 'yan mata masu fata shine kin amincewa da zamantakewar mata. Wannan shine imanin cewa an haɗa 'yan mata da mata don cika matsayin uwaye da mata, maimakon cin nasara a cikin ayyukansu. Ga 'yan mata na Black, wannan ba shi da iko a gare su saboda matsayinsu a matsayin mata da uwaye ba su ware su daga shiga cikin ma'aikata ba. Wani batu na jayayya shine ra'ayin dangin nukiliya. Masu fafutukar mata sun kalli manufar dangin nukiliya a matsayin babban mai zalunci yayin da yake aiki don kiyaye maza a matsayin iko da mata a matsayin matan gida. Wannan babban abin da aka mayar da hankali ga ƙungiyar Bread and Roses da kuma dalilin da ya sa ƙungiyar ta zaɓi bayar da kula da yara. Ga mata baƙar fata da yawa, iyalin ma'aikata ce mai tsarki kuma mai ban sha'awa yayin da suke neman kare nasu daga wariyar launin fata a duniya. === Gwagwarmaya ta ciki === Abin da ya haifar da saurin rushewar Gurasa da Roses Collective (1969-1971), masanin Yahudawa Joyce Antler ya bayyana, shi ne cewa akwai rashin hangen nesa, tsari, da kuma kafa shugabanci wanda zai iya motsa burin rukuni gaba. Duk da yake wannan ya kasance ne saboda ra'ayoyin masu zaman kansu, masu adawa da sake fasalin, daga baya ya haifar da rikici tsakanin mambobi saboda fifiko ga 'yan uwa mata na ƙarya akan ƙirƙirar ƙungiyar mata. == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} == Bayanan littattafai == {{refbegin}} * {{Cite book |last1=Antler |first1=Joyce |chapter='Conscious Radicals': The Jewish Story of Boston's Bread and Roses |title=Jewish Radical Feminism: Voices from the Women's Liberation Movement |pages=115–153 |date=2018 |volume=3 |isbn=978-0-8147-0763-0 |publisher=NYU Press |jstor=j.ctvwrm564 |df=mdy-all }} * {{Cite journal |last1=Breines |first1=Wini |title=What's Love Got to Do with It? White Women, Black Women, and Feminism in the Movement Years |journal=Signs |volume=27 |issue=4 |pages=1095–1133 |date=2002 |doi=10.1086/339634 |issn=0097-9740 |jstor=10.1086/339634 |s2cid=144139580 |df=mdy-all }} * {{Cite journal |last1=Lee |first1=Choonib |title=Women's Liberation and Sixties Armed Resistance |journal=Journal for the Study of Radicalism |volume=11 |issue=1 |pages=25–52 |date=2017 |doi=10.14321/jstudradi.11.1.0025 |issn=1930-1189 |jstor=10.14321/jstudradi.11.1.0025 |s2cid=151547883 |df=mdy-all }} * {{Cite journal |last1=Wells |first1=Susan |title=Our Bodies, Ourselves: Reading the Written Body |journal=Signs |volume=33 |issue=3 |pages=697–723 |date=2008 |doi=10.1086/523710 |issn=0097-9740 |jstor=10.1086/523710 |s2cid=143466088 |df=mdy-all }} {{refend}} [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] g6lpy5ygz7o7k2cld5mo26c8bnyl49r 895516 895515 2026-08-12T10:11:56Z Maryam Abdullahi Y 43904 895516 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''Bread and Roses''' ƙungiya ce ta ƴancin mata masu zaman kansu a [[Boston]] a cikin shekarun 1960 da 1970. An sanya wa ƙungiyar suna ne bayan taken yajin aikin masana'antu na Lawrence na 1912, tare da Gurasa yana nuna albashi mai kyau kuma Roses yana nufin gajeren sa'o'i da karin lokacin hutu. Babban jigon asalin Bread and Roses ya shafi samun kwanciyar hankali da mutunci ga mata a duk faɗin ma'aikata. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Riordan |first=Christine A. |last2=Kowalski |first2=Alexander M. |date=2021 |title=From Bread and Roses to #MeToo: Multiplicity, Distance, and the Changing Dynamics of Conflict in IR Theory |url=http://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/0019793920970868 |journal=ILR Review |language=en |volume=74 |issue=3 |pages=580–606 |doi=10.1177/0019793920970868 |issn=0019-7939 |s2cid=228850414}}</ref> == Tarihi == An kafa kungiyar ne a lokacin rani na 1969 ta hanyar Meredith Tax da Linda Gordon. Haraji ya ce, "Ba za mu iya magana game da 'yan uwa ba tare da fahimtar cewa matsayi na manufa a cikin al'umma na mafi yawanmu ya bambanta da na uwaye masu zaman kansu, na baƙar fata na uwayemu masu farin, da na mata a ƙasashe na uku. 'Yan uwa suna nufin ba da faɗar gwagwarmayarsu gwagwarmu ce gwagwarmaya ce, amma suna yin ta gwagwarsu. " <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Breines |first=Winifred |date=2007 |title=Struggling to Connect: White and Black Feminism in the Movement Years |journal=Contexts |volume=6 |issue=1 |pages=18–24 |doi=10.1525/ctx.2007.6.1.18 |issn=1536-5042 |doi-access=free}}</ref> A cikin 1970, ƙungiyar ta fara neman sararin jiki kuma a shekara ta 1971, sun kwace ɗayan gine-ginen da ba a Jami'ar Harvard ba su da ba don ba su da aka taɓa aiki ba don ba don ba da aji, bita, da kula da yara. Wannan sarari ya dauki kwanaki 10 kawai. Bayan karɓar gudummawa, ƙungiyar ta sami damar kafa sabon sarari a watan Janairun 1972, wanda gida ne a Cambridge mai suna Cibiyar Mata.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Collection: Women's Educational Center (Cambridge, Mass.) records {{!}} Archives and Special Collections |url=https://archivesspace.library.northeastern.edu/repositories/2/resources/831 |access-date=2023-12-03 |website=archivesspace.library.northeastern.edu}}</ref> Wannan rukuni ya kunshi kusan mambobi 250, ciki har da Jean Tepperman, Frans Ansley, Judy Ullman da Trude Bennett, waɗanda suka yi imanin cewa juyin juya hali ya zama dole don samun 'yancin mata. Wadannan mambobi sun kafa ƙungiyoyi daban-daban waɗanda suka mai da hankali kan takamaiman batutuwa, misali, lafiyar mata.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Spain |first=Daphne |date=2011 |title=Women's Rights and Gendered Spaces in 1970s Boston |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/10.5250/fronjwomestud.32.1.0152 |journal=Frontiers: A Journal of Women Studies |volume=32 |issue=1 |pages=152–178 |doi=10.5250/fronjwomestud.32.1.0152 |issn=0160-9009 |jstor=10.5250/fronjwomestud.32.1.0152 |s2cid=143280818}}</ref> Kungiyar ta kasance har zuwa 1973. == Ayyukan hadin gwiwa == === Lafiyar mata === Wani sanannen aikin da kungiyar Bread and Roses ta samar an kira shi ''Mata da Jikin su: Darasi'', wanda daga baya aka haɓaka cikin Jikinmu, Mu.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Ewing |first=Tess |title=Bread and Roses: "A Revolutionary Moment: Women's Liberation in the late 1960s and early 1970s" |url=https://www.bu.edu/wgs/files/2013/10/Ewing-Bread-and-Roses.pdf |journal=Women's, Gender, & Sexuality Studies Program at Boston University}}</ref> An buga wannan darasi a cikin 1970 a ƙarƙashin sunan Boston Women's Health Collective kuma ya haɗu da labaran mata tare da bayanan gaskiya game da batutuwan mata da lafiyar mata. Batutuwan da aka haɗa a cikin wannan darasi sune Mata, Magunguna, da Kasuwanci, Darasi na Gabatarwa; Anatomy da Physiology; Jima'i; Wasu tatsuniyoyi game da Mata; Cututtukan Venereal; Kula da Haihuwa; Zubar ciki; Shirya Haihuwar; Bayan haihuwa; da Cibiyoyin Kiwon Lafiya. Wannan darasi galibi ana yaba shi a matsayin farkon yunkurin kiwon lafiyar mata na kasa da na duniya. === Aiki === Dangane da taken da aka samo sunan kungiyar, wani sanannen gudummawar kungiyar Bread and Roses shine ƙirƙirar ƙungiyar ma'aikatan ma'aikata 9 zuwa 5, wanda yanzu aka sani da 925 na Ƙungiyar Ma'aikatan Ma'aikata ta Duniya. Halitta wannan ƙungiyar ta zo ne saboda yawan ma'aikatan malamai a cikin rukuni waɗanda aka biya su da ƙarancin albashi kuma suna fuskantar rashin girmamawa daga ma'aikatansu. == Rikici == === Tsakanin wurare === Winifred Breines farar fata ce wacce ke aiki tun lokacin da aka kafa kungiyar 'yan mata a cikin shekarun 1960. Ta rubuta abubuwa da yawa da suka shafi intersectionality, ko rashin shi, a cikin yanayin mata na Boston ciki har da Gwagwarmayar Haɗi: White da Black Feminism a cikin Motsi Shekaru, Menene soyayya da ita? ''Me soyayya take da shi? ''fararen mata, baƙar fata mata, da mata a cikin shekarun motsi, da ''Koyon game da wariyar launin fata: White Socialist Feminism da Gurasa da Roses''. A lokacin wannan motsi, manyan ƙungiyoyi guda biyu sune Gurasa da Roses Collective, galibi sun haɗa da fararen fata, manyan ɗalibai, mata masu ilimi, da kuma Combahee River Collective, wanda shine ƙungiyar baƙar fata. Breines ya bayyana cewa yawancin 'yan mata baƙar fata sun ji cewa mata masu yawa ba su da hankali game da batutuwan da suka shafi kabilansu da jinsi, suna ci gaba da "samar da cewa' yan mata masu daraja na iya mai da hankali ne kawai kan batutuwan damuwa na mutum, ba za su iya fahimtar cewa ga' yan mata baƙar kai kabilanci da aji suna da mahimmanci kamar nuna bambancin jima'i ba. "<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Breines |first=Wini |date=2002 |title=What's Love Got to Do with It? White Women, Black Women, and Feminism in the Movement Years |url=https://www.journals.uchicago.edu/doi/10.1086/339634 |journal=Signs: Journal of Women in Culture and Society |language=en |volume=27 |issue=4 |pages=1095–1133 |doi=10.1086/339634 |issn=0097-9740 |s2cid=144139580}}</ref> Akwai kasa ta kowa tsakanin Black da White mata a lokacin da White maza ne masu zalunci, duk da haka, bayan da akwai rashin jituwa da yawa a cikin abubuwan da suka fi muhimmanci na ƙungiyoyin mata. Babban darajar 'yan mata masu fata shine kin amincewa da zamantakewar mata. Wannan shine imanin cewa an haɗa 'yan mata da mata don cika matsayin uwaye da mata, maimakon cin nasara a cikin ayyukansu. Ga 'yan mata na Black, wannan ba shi da iko a gare su saboda matsayinsu a matsayin mata da uwaye ba su ware su daga shiga cikin ma'aikata ba. Wani batu na jayayya shine ra'ayin dangin nukiliya. Masu fafutukar mata sun kalli manufar dangin nukiliya a matsayin babban mai zalunci yayin da yake aiki don kiyaye maza a matsayin iko da mata a matsayin matan gida. Wannan babban abin da aka mayar da hankali ga ƙungiyar Bread and Roses da kuma dalilin da ya sa ƙungiyar ta zaɓi bayar da kula da yara. Ga mata baƙar fata da yawa, iyalin ma'aikata ce mai tsarki kuma mai ban sha'awa yayin da suke neman kare nasu daga wariyar launin fata a duniya. === Gwagwarmaya ta ciki === Abin da ya haifar da saurin rushewar Gurasa da Roses Collective (1969-1971), masanin Yahudawa Joyce Antler ya bayyana, shi ne cewa akwai rashin hangen nesa, tsari, da kuma kafa shugabanci wanda zai iya motsa burin rukuni gaba. Duk da yake wannan ya kasance ne saboda ra'ayoyin masu zaman kansu, masu adawa da sake fasalin, daga baya ya haifar da rikici tsakanin mambobi saboda fifiko ga 'yan uwa mata na ƙarya akan ƙirƙirar ƙungiyar mata. == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} == Bayanan littattafai == {{refbegin}} * {{Cite book |last1=Antler |first1=Joyce |chapter='Conscious Radicals': The Jewish Story of Boston's Bread and Roses |title=Jewish Radical Feminism: Voices from the Women's Liberation Movement |pages=115–153 |date=2018 |volume=3 |isbn=978-0-8147-0763-0 |publisher=NYU Press |jstor=j.ctvwrm564 |df=mdy-all }} * {{Cite journal |last1=Breines |first1=Wini |title=What's Love Got to Do with It? White Women, Black Women, and Feminism in the Movement Years |journal=Signs |volume=27 |issue=4 |pages=1095–1133 |date=2002 |doi=10.1086/339634 |issn=0097-9740 |jstor=10.1086/339634 |s2cid=144139580 |df=mdy-all }} * {{Cite journal |last1=Lee |first1=Choonib |title=Women's Liberation and Sixties Armed Resistance |journal=Journal for the Study of Radicalism |volume=11 |issue=1 |pages=25–52 |date=2017 |doi=10.14321/jstudradi.11.1.0025 |issn=1930-1189 |jstor=10.14321/jstudradi.11.1.0025 |s2cid=151547883 |df=mdy-all }} * {{Cite journal |last1=Wells |first1=Susan |title=Our Bodies, Ourselves: Reading the Written Body |journal=Signs |volume=33 |issue=3 |pages=697–723 |date=2008 |doi=10.1086/523710 |issn=0097-9740 |jstor=10.1086/523710 |s2cid=143466088 |df=mdy-all }} {{refend}} [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] ifzuac6h9ymjkjxnhwc0helknqzk3i9 895517 895516 2026-08-12T10:12:12Z Maryam Abdullahi Y 43904 895517 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''Bread and Roses''' ƙungiya ce ta ƴancin mata masu zaman kansu a [[Boston]] a cikin shekarun 1960 da 1970. An sanya wa ƙungiyar suna ne bayan taken yajin aikin masana'antu na Lawrence na shekarar 1912, tare da Gurasa yana nuna albashi mai kyau kuma Roses yana nufin gajeren sa'o'i da karin lokacin hutu. Babban jigon asalin Bread and Roses ya shafi samun kwanciyar hankali da mutunci ga mata a duk faɗin ma'aikata. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Riordan |first=Christine A. |last2=Kowalski |first2=Alexander M. |date=2021 |title=From Bread and Roses to #MeToo: Multiplicity, Distance, and the Changing Dynamics of Conflict in IR Theory |url=http://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/0019793920970868 |journal=ILR Review |language=en |volume=74 |issue=3 |pages=580–606 |doi=10.1177/0019793920970868 |issn=0019-7939 |s2cid=228850414}}</ref> == Tarihi == An kafa kungiyar ne a lokacin rani na 1969 ta hanyar Meredith Tax da Linda Gordon. Haraji ya ce, "Ba za mu iya magana game da 'yan uwa ba tare da fahimtar cewa matsayi na manufa a cikin al'umma na mafi yawanmu ya bambanta da na uwaye masu zaman kansu, na baƙar fata na uwayemu masu farin, da na mata a ƙasashe na uku. 'Yan uwa suna nufin ba da faɗar gwagwarmayarsu gwagwarmu ce gwagwarmaya ce, amma suna yin ta gwagwarsu. " <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Breines |first=Winifred |date=2007 |title=Struggling to Connect: White and Black Feminism in the Movement Years |journal=Contexts |volume=6 |issue=1 |pages=18–24 |doi=10.1525/ctx.2007.6.1.18 |issn=1536-5042 |doi-access=free}}</ref> A cikin 1970, ƙungiyar ta fara neman sararin jiki kuma a shekara ta 1971, sun kwace ɗayan gine-ginen da ba a Jami'ar Harvard ba su da ba don ba su da aka taɓa aiki ba don ba don ba da aji, bita, da kula da yara. Wannan sarari ya dauki kwanaki 10 kawai. Bayan karɓar gudummawa, ƙungiyar ta sami damar kafa sabon sarari a watan Janairun 1972, wanda gida ne a Cambridge mai suna Cibiyar Mata.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Collection: Women's Educational Center (Cambridge, Mass.) records {{!}} Archives and Special Collections |url=https://archivesspace.library.northeastern.edu/repositories/2/resources/831 |access-date=2023-12-03 |website=archivesspace.library.northeastern.edu}}</ref> Wannan rukuni ya kunshi kusan mambobi 250, ciki har da Jean Tepperman, Frans Ansley, Judy Ullman da Trude Bennett, waɗanda suka yi imanin cewa juyin juya hali ya zama dole don samun 'yancin mata. Wadannan mambobi sun kafa ƙungiyoyi daban-daban waɗanda suka mai da hankali kan takamaiman batutuwa, misali, lafiyar mata.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Spain |first=Daphne |date=2011 |title=Women's Rights and Gendered Spaces in 1970s Boston |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/10.5250/fronjwomestud.32.1.0152 |journal=Frontiers: A Journal of Women Studies |volume=32 |issue=1 |pages=152–178 |doi=10.5250/fronjwomestud.32.1.0152 |issn=0160-9009 |jstor=10.5250/fronjwomestud.32.1.0152 |s2cid=143280818}}</ref> Kungiyar ta kasance har zuwa 1973. == Ayyukan hadin gwiwa == === Lafiyar mata === Wani sanannen aikin da kungiyar Bread and Roses ta samar an kira shi ''Mata da Jikin su: Darasi'', wanda daga baya aka haɓaka cikin Jikinmu, Mu.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Ewing |first=Tess |title=Bread and Roses: "A Revolutionary Moment: Women's Liberation in the late 1960s and early 1970s" |url=https://www.bu.edu/wgs/files/2013/10/Ewing-Bread-and-Roses.pdf |journal=Women's, Gender, & Sexuality Studies Program at Boston University}}</ref> An buga wannan darasi a cikin 1970 a ƙarƙashin sunan Boston Women's Health Collective kuma ya haɗu da labaran mata tare da bayanan gaskiya game da batutuwan mata da lafiyar mata. Batutuwan da aka haɗa a cikin wannan darasi sune Mata, Magunguna, da Kasuwanci, Darasi na Gabatarwa; Anatomy da Physiology; Jima'i; Wasu tatsuniyoyi game da Mata; Cututtukan Venereal; Kula da Haihuwa; Zubar ciki; Shirya Haihuwar; Bayan haihuwa; da Cibiyoyin Kiwon Lafiya. Wannan darasi galibi ana yaba shi a matsayin farkon yunkurin kiwon lafiyar mata na kasa da na duniya. === Aiki === Dangane da taken da aka samo sunan kungiyar, wani sanannen gudummawar kungiyar Bread and Roses shine ƙirƙirar ƙungiyar ma'aikatan ma'aikata 9 zuwa 5, wanda yanzu aka sani da 925 na Ƙungiyar Ma'aikatan Ma'aikata ta Duniya. Halitta wannan ƙungiyar ta zo ne saboda yawan ma'aikatan malamai a cikin rukuni waɗanda aka biya su da ƙarancin albashi kuma suna fuskantar rashin girmamawa daga ma'aikatansu. == Rikici == === Tsakanin wurare === Winifred Breines farar fata ce wacce ke aiki tun lokacin da aka kafa kungiyar 'yan mata a cikin shekarun 1960. Ta rubuta abubuwa da yawa da suka shafi intersectionality, ko rashin shi, a cikin yanayin mata na Boston ciki har da Gwagwarmayar Haɗi: White da Black Feminism a cikin Motsi Shekaru, Menene soyayya da ita? ''Me soyayya take da shi? ''fararen mata, baƙar fata mata, da mata a cikin shekarun motsi, da ''Koyon game da wariyar launin fata: White Socialist Feminism da Gurasa da Roses''. A lokacin wannan motsi, manyan ƙungiyoyi guda biyu sune Gurasa da Roses Collective, galibi sun haɗa da fararen fata, manyan ɗalibai, mata masu ilimi, da kuma Combahee River Collective, wanda shine ƙungiyar baƙar fata. Breines ya bayyana cewa yawancin 'yan mata baƙar fata sun ji cewa mata masu yawa ba su da hankali game da batutuwan da suka shafi kabilansu da jinsi, suna ci gaba da "samar da cewa' yan mata masu daraja na iya mai da hankali ne kawai kan batutuwan damuwa na mutum, ba za su iya fahimtar cewa ga' yan mata baƙar kai kabilanci da aji suna da mahimmanci kamar nuna bambancin jima'i ba. "<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Breines |first=Wini |date=2002 |title=What's Love Got to Do with It? White Women, Black Women, and Feminism in the Movement Years |url=https://www.journals.uchicago.edu/doi/10.1086/339634 |journal=Signs: Journal of Women in Culture and Society |language=en |volume=27 |issue=4 |pages=1095–1133 |doi=10.1086/339634 |issn=0097-9740 |s2cid=144139580}}</ref> Akwai kasa ta kowa tsakanin Black da White mata a lokacin da White maza ne masu zalunci, duk da haka, bayan da akwai rashin jituwa da yawa a cikin abubuwan da suka fi muhimmanci na ƙungiyoyin mata. Babban darajar 'yan mata masu fata shine kin amincewa da zamantakewar mata. Wannan shine imanin cewa an haɗa 'yan mata da mata don cika matsayin uwaye da mata, maimakon cin nasara a cikin ayyukansu. Ga 'yan mata na Black, wannan ba shi da iko a gare su saboda matsayinsu a matsayin mata da uwaye ba su ware su daga shiga cikin ma'aikata ba. Wani batu na jayayya shine ra'ayin dangin nukiliya. Masu fafutukar mata sun kalli manufar dangin nukiliya a matsayin babban mai zalunci yayin da yake aiki don kiyaye maza a matsayin iko da mata a matsayin matan gida. Wannan babban abin da aka mayar da hankali ga ƙungiyar Bread and Roses da kuma dalilin da ya sa ƙungiyar ta zaɓi bayar da kula da yara. Ga mata baƙar fata da yawa, iyalin ma'aikata ce mai tsarki kuma mai ban sha'awa yayin da suke neman kare nasu daga wariyar launin fata a duniya. === Gwagwarmaya ta ciki === Abin da ya haifar da saurin rushewar Gurasa da Roses Collective (1969-1971), masanin Yahudawa Joyce Antler ya bayyana, shi ne cewa akwai rashin hangen nesa, tsari, da kuma kafa shugabanci wanda zai iya motsa burin rukuni gaba. Duk da yake wannan ya kasance ne saboda ra'ayoyin masu zaman kansu, masu adawa da sake fasalin, daga baya ya haifar da rikici tsakanin mambobi saboda fifiko ga 'yan uwa mata na ƙarya akan ƙirƙirar ƙungiyar mata. == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} == Bayanan littattafai == {{refbegin}} * {{Cite book |last1=Antler |first1=Joyce |chapter='Conscious Radicals': The Jewish Story of Boston's Bread and Roses |title=Jewish Radical Feminism: Voices from the Women's Liberation Movement |pages=115–153 |date=2018 |volume=3 |isbn=978-0-8147-0763-0 |publisher=NYU Press |jstor=j.ctvwrm564 |df=mdy-all }} * {{Cite journal |last1=Breines |first1=Wini |title=What's Love Got to Do with It? White Women, Black Women, and Feminism in the Movement Years |journal=Signs |volume=27 |issue=4 |pages=1095–1133 |date=2002 |doi=10.1086/339634 |issn=0097-9740 |jstor=10.1086/339634 |s2cid=144139580 |df=mdy-all }} * {{Cite journal |last1=Lee |first1=Choonib |title=Women's Liberation and Sixties Armed Resistance |journal=Journal for the Study of Radicalism |volume=11 |issue=1 |pages=25–52 |date=2017 |doi=10.14321/jstudradi.11.1.0025 |issn=1930-1189 |jstor=10.14321/jstudradi.11.1.0025 |s2cid=151547883 |df=mdy-all }} * {{Cite journal |last1=Wells |first1=Susan |title=Our Bodies, Ourselves: Reading the Written Body |journal=Signs |volume=33 |issue=3 |pages=697–723 |date=2008 |doi=10.1086/523710 |issn=0097-9740 |jstor=10.1086/523710 |s2cid=143466088 |df=mdy-all }} {{refend}} [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] fkwznoipi4zkqfdbnu6bzjdfl614ysa 895518 895517 2026-08-12T10:12:28Z Maryam Abdullahi Y 43904 895518 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''Bread and Roses''' ƙungiya ce ta ƴancin mata masu zaman kansu a [[Boston]] a cikin shekarun 1960 da 1970. An sanya wa ƙungiyar suna ne bayan taken yajin aikin masana'antu na Lawrence na shekarar 1912, tare da Gurasa yana nuna albashi mai kyau kuma Roses yana nufin gajeren sa'o'i da ƙarin lokacin hutu. Babban jigon asalin Bread and Roses ya shafi samun kwanciyar hankali da mutunci ga mata a duk faɗin ma'aikata. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Riordan |first=Christine A. |last2=Kowalski |first2=Alexander M. |date=2021 |title=From Bread and Roses to #MeToo: Multiplicity, Distance, and the Changing Dynamics of Conflict in IR Theory |url=http://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/0019793920970868 |journal=ILR Review |language=en |volume=74 |issue=3 |pages=580–606 |doi=10.1177/0019793920970868 |issn=0019-7939 |s2cid=228850414}}</ref> == Tarihi == An kafa kungiyar ne a lokacin rani na 1969 ta hanyar Meredith Tax da Linda Gordon. Haraji ya ce, "Ba za mu iya magana game da 'yan uwa ba tare da fahimtar cewa matsayi na manufa a cikin al'umma na mafi yawanmu ya bambanta da na uwaye masu zaman kansu, na baƙar fata na uwayemu masu farin, da na mata a ƙasashe na uku. 'Yan uwa suna nufin ba da faɗar gwagwarmayarsu gwagwarmu ce gwagwarmaya ce, amma suna yin ta gwagwarsu. " <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Breines |first=Winifred |date=2007 |title=Struggling to Connect: White and Black Feminism in the Movement Years |journal=Contexts |volume=6 |issue=1 |pages=18–24 |doi=10.1525/ctx.2007.6.1.18 |issn=1536-5042 |doi-access=free}}</ref> A cikin 1970, ƙungiyar ta fara neman sararin jiki kuma a shekara ta 1971, sun kwace ɗayan gine-ginen da ba a Jami'ar Harvard ba su da ba don ba su da aka taɓa aiki ba don ba don ba da aji, bita, da kula da yara. Wannan sarari ya dauki kwanaki 10 kawai. Bayan karɓar gudummawa, ƙungiyar ta sami damar kafa sabon sarari a watan Janairun 1972, wanda gida ne a Cambridge mai suna Cibiyar Mata.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Collection: Women's Educational Center (Cambridge, Mass.) records {{!}} Archives and Special Collections |url=https://archivesspace.library.northeastern.edu/repositories/2/resources/831 |access-date=2023-12-03 |website=archivesspace.library.northeastern.edu}}</ref> Wannan rukuni ya kunshi kusan mambobi 250, ciki har da Jean Tepperman, Frans Ansley, Judy Ullman da Trude Bennett, waɗanda suka yi imanin cewa juyin juya hali ya zama dole don samun 'yancin mata. Wadannan mambobi sun kafa ƙungiyoyi daban-daban waɗanda suka mai da hankali kan takamaiman batutuwa, misali, lafiyar mata.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Spain |first=Daphne |date=2011 |title=Women's Rights and Gendered Spaces in 1970s Boston |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/10.5250/fronjwomestud.32.1.0152 |journal=Frontiers: A Journal of Women Studies |volume=32 |issue=1 |pages=152–178 |doi=10.5250/fronjwomestud.32.1.0152 |issn=0160-9009 |jstor=10.5250/fronjwomestud.32.1.0152 |s2cid=143280818}}</ref> Kungiyar ta kasance har zuwa 1973. == Ayyukan hadin gwiwa == === Lafiyar mata === Wani sanannen aikin da kungiyar Bread and Roses ta samar an kira shi ''Mata da Jikin su: Darasi'', wanda daga baya aka haɓaka cikin Jikinmu, Mu.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Ewing |first=Tess |title=Bread and Roses: "A Revolutionary Moment: Women's Liberation in the late 1960s and early 1970s" |url=https://www.bu.edu/wgs/files/2013/10/Ewing-Bread-and-Roses.pdf |journal=Women's, Gender, & Sexuality Studies Program at Boston University}}</ref> An buga wannan darasi a cikin 1970 a ƙarƙashin sunan Boston Women's Health Collective kuma ya haɗu da labaran mata tare da bayanan gaskiya game da batutuwan mata da lafiyar mata. Batutuwan da aka haɗa a cikin wannan darasi sune Mata, Magunguna, da Kasuwanci, Darasi na Gabatarwa; Anatomy da Physiology; Jima'i; Wasu tatsuniyoyi game da Mata; Cututtukan Venereal; Kula da Haihuwa; Zubar ciki; Shirya Haihuwar; Bayan haihuwa; da Cibiyoyin Kiwon Lafiya. Wannan darasi galibi ana yaba shi a matsayin farkon yunkurin kiwon lafiyar mata na kasa da na duniya. === Aiki === Dangane da taken da aka samo sunan kungiyar, wani sanannen gudummawar kungiyar Bread and Roses shine ƙirƙirar ƙungiyar ma'aikatan ma'aikata 9 zuwa 5, wanda yanzu aka sani da 925 na Ƙungiyar Ma'aikatan Ma'aikata ta Duniya. Halitta wannan ƙungiyar ta zo ne saboda yawan ma'aikatan malamai a cikin rukuni waɗanda aka biya su da ƙarancin albashi kuma suna fuskantar rashin girmamawa daga ma'aikatansu. == Rikici == === Tsakanin wurare === Winifred Breines farar fata ce wacce ke aiki tun lokacin da aka kafa kungiyar 'yan mata a cikin shekarun 1960. Ta rubuta abubuwa da yawa da suka shafi intersectionality, ko rashin shi, a cikin yanayin mata na Boston ciki har da Gwagwarmayar Haɗi: White da Black Feminism a cikin Motsi Shekaru, Menene soyayya da ita? ''Me soyayya take da shi? ''fararen mata, baƙar fata mata, da mata a cikin shekarun motsi, da ''Koyon game da wariyar launin fata: White Socialist Feminism da Gurasa da Roses''. A lokacin wannan motsi, manyan ƙungiyoyi guda biyu sune Gurasa da Roses Collective, galibi sun haɗa da fararen fata, manyan ɗalibai, mata masu ilimi, da kuma Combahee River Collective, wanda shine ƙungiyar baƙar fata. Breines ya bayyana cewa yawancin 'yan mata baƙar fata sun ji cewa mata masu yawa ba su da hankali game da batutuwan da suka shafi kabilansu da jinsi, suna ci gaba da "samar da cewa' yan mata masu daraja na iya mai da hankali ne kawai kan batutuwan damuwa na mutum, ba za su iya fahimtar cewa ga' yan mata baƙar kai kabilanci da aji suna da mahimmanci kamar nuna bambancin jima'i ba. "<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Breines |first=Wini |date=2002 |title=What's Love Got to Do with It? White Women, Black Women, and Feminism in the Movement Years |url=https://www.journals.uchicago.edu/doi/10.1086/339634 |journal=Signs: Journal of Women in Culture and Society |language=en |volume=27 |issue=4 |pages=1095–1133 |doi=10.1086/339634 |issn=0097-9740 |s2cid=144139580}}</ref> Akwai kasa ta kowa tsakanin Black da White mata a lokacin da White maza ne masu zalunci, duk da haka, bayan da akwai rashin jituwa da yawa a cikin abubuwan da suka fi muhimmanci na ƙungiyoyin mata. Babban darajar 'yan mata masu fata shine kin amincewa da zamantakewar mata. Wannan shine imanin cewa an haɗa 'yan mata da mata don cika matsayin uwaye da mata, maimakon cin nasara a cikin ayyukansu. Ga 'yan mata na Black, wannan ba shi da iko a gare su saboda matsayinsu a matsayin mata da uwaye ba su ware su daga shiga cikin ma'aikata ba. Wani batu na jayayya shine ra'ayin dangin nukiliya. Masu fafutukar mata sun kalli manufar dangin nukiliya a matsayin babban mai zalunci yayin da yake aiki don kiyaye maza a matsayin iko da mata a matsayin matan gida. Wannan babban abin da aka mayar da hankali ga ƙungiyar Bread and Roses da kuma dalilin da ya sa ƙungiyar ta zaɓi bayar da kula da yara. Ga mata baƙar fata da yawa, iyalin ma'aikata ce mai tsarki kuma mai ban sha'awa yayin da suke neman kare nasu daga wariyar launin fata a duniya. === Gwagwarmaya ta ciki === Abin da ya haifar da saurin rushewar Gurasa da Roses Collective (1969-1971), masanin Yahudawa Joyce Antler ya bayyana, shi ne cewa akwai rashin hangen nesa, tsari, da kuma kafa shugabanci wanda zai iya motsa burin rukuni gaba. Duk da yake wannan ya kasance ne saboda ra'ayoyin masu zaman kansu, masu adawa da sake fasalin, daga baya ya haifar da rikici tsakanin mambobi saboda fifiko ga 'yan uwa mata na ƙarya akan ƙirƙirar ƙungiyar mata. == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} == Bayanan littattafai == {{refbegin}} * {{Cite book |last1=Antler |first1=Joyce |chapter='Conscious Radicals': The Jewish Story of Boston's Bread and Roses |title=Jewish Radical Feminism: Voices from the Women's Liberation Movement |pages=115–153 |date=2018 |volume=3 |isbn=978-0-8147-0763-0 |publisher=NYU Press |jstor=j.ctvwrm564 |df=mdy-all }} * {{Cite journal |last1=Breines |first1=Wini |title=What's Love Got to Do with It? White Women, Black Women, and Feminism in the Movement Years |journal=Signs |volume=27 |issue=4 |pages=1095–1133 |date=2002 |doi=10.1086/339634 |issn=0097-9740 |jstor=10.1086/339634 |s2cid=144139580 |df=mdy-all }} * {{Cite journal |last1=Lee |first1=Choonib |title=Women's Liberation and Sixties Armed Resistance |journal=Journal for the Study of Radicalism |volume=11 |issue=1 |pages=25–52 |date=2017 |doi=10.14321/jstudradi.11.1.0025 |issn=1930-1189 |jstor=10.14321/jstudradi.11.1.0025 |s2cid=151547883 |df=mdy-all }} * {{Cite journal |last1=Wells |first1=Susan |title=Our Bodies, Ourselves: Reading the Written Body |journal=Signs |volume=33 |issue=3 |pages=697–723 |date=2008 |doi=10.1086/523710 |issn=0097-9740 |jstor=10.1086/523710 |s2cid=143466088 |df=mdy-all }} {{refend}} [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] 2h0ua9ep296o8j68m6vad11wbio8t0r 895520 895518 2026-08-12T10:12:42Z Maryam Abdullahi Y 43904 895520 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''Bread and Roses''' ƙungiya ce ta ƴancin mata masu zaman kansu a [[Boston]] a cikin shekarun 1960 da 1970. An sanya wa ƙungiyar suna ne bayan taken yajin aikin masana'antu na Lawrence na shekarar 1912, tare da Gurasa yana nuna albashi mai kyau kuma Roses yana nufin gajeren sa'o'i da ƙarin lokacin hutu. Babban jigon asalin Bread and Roses ya shafi samun kwanciyar hankali da mutunci ga mata a duk faɗin ma'aikata. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Riordan |first=Christine A. |last2=Kowalski |first2=Alexander M. |date=2021 |title=From Bread and Roses to #MeToo: Multiplicity, Distance, and the Changing Dynamics of Conflict in IR Theory |url=http://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/0019793920970868 |journal=ILR Review |language=en |volume=74 |issue=3 |pages=580–606 |doi=10.1177/0019793920970868 |issn=0019-7939 |s2cid=228850414}}</ref> == Tarihi == An kuma kafa ƙungiyar ne a lokacin rani na 1969 ta hanyar Meredith Tax da Linda Gordon. Haraji ya ce, "Ba za mu iya magana game da 'yan uwa ba tare da fahimtar cewa matsayi na manufa a cikin al'umma na mafi yawanmu ya bambanta da na uwaye masu zaman kansu, na baƙar fata na uwayemu masu farin, da na mata a ƙasashe na uku. 'Yan uwa suna nufin ba da faɗar gwagwarmayarsu gwagwarmu ce gwagwarmaya ce, amma suna yin ta gwagwarsu. " <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Breines |first=Winifred |date=2007 |title=Struggling to Connect: White and Black Feminism in the Movement Years |journal=Contexts |volume=6 |issue=1 |pages=18–24 |doi=10.1525/ctx.2007.6.1.18 |issn=1536-5042 |doi-access=free}}</ref> A cikin 1970, ƙungiyar ta fara neman sararin jiki kuma a shekara ta 1971, sun kwace ɗayan gine-ginen da ba a Jami'ar Harvard ba su da ba don ba su da aka taɓa aiki ba don ba don ba da aji, bita, da kula da yara. Wannan sarari ya dauki kwanaki 10 kawai. Bayan karɓar gudummawa, ƙungiyar ta sami damar kafa sabon sarari a watan Janairun 1972, wanda gida ne a Cambridge mai suna Cibiyar Mata.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Collection: Women's Educational Center (Cambridge, Mass.) records {{!}} Archives and Special Collections |url=https://archivesspace.library.northeastern.edu/repositories/2/resources/831 |access-date=2023-12-03 |website=archivesspace.library.northeastern.edu}}</ref> Wannan rukuni ya kunshi kusan mambobi 250, ciki har da Jean Tepperman, Frans Ansley, Judy Ullman da Trude Bennett, waɗanda suka yi imanin cewa juyin juya hali ya zama dole don samun 'yancin mata. Wadannan mambobi sun kafa ƙungiyoyi daban-daban waɗanda suka mai da hankali kan takamaiman batutuwa, misali, lafiyar mata.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Spain |first=Daphne |date=2011 |title=Women's Rights and Gendered Spaces in 1970s Boston |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/10.5250/fronjwomestud.32.1.0152 |journal=Frontiers: A Journal of Women Studies |volume=32 |issue=1 |pages=152–178 |doi=10.5250/fronjwomestud.32.1.0152 |issn=0160-9009 |jstor=10.5250/fronjwomestud.32.1.0152 |s2cid=143280818}}</ref> Kungiyar ta kasance har zuwa 1973. == Ayyukan hadin gwiwa == === Lafiyar mata === Wani sanannen aikin da kungiyar Bread and Roses ta samar an kira shi ''Mata da Jikin su: Darasi'', wanda daga baya aka haɓaka cikin Jikinmu, Mu.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Ewing |first=Tess |title=Bread and Roses: "A Revolutionary Moment: Women's Liberation in the late 1960s and early 1970s" |url=https://www.bu.edu/wgs/files/2013/10/Ewing-Bread-and-Roses.pdf |journal=Women's, Gender, & Sexuality Studies Program at Boston University}}</ref> An buga wannan darasi a cikin 1970 a ƙarƙashin sunan Boston Women's Health Collective kuma ya haɗu da labaran mata tare da bayanan gaskiya game da batutuwan mata da lafiyar mata. Batutuwan da aka haɗa a cikin wannan darasi sune Mata, Magunguna, da Kasuwanci, Darasi na Gabatarwa; Anatomy da Physiology; Jima'i; Wasu tatsuniyoyi game da Mata; Cututtukan Venereal; Kula da Haihuwa; Zubar ciki; Shirya Haihuwar; Bayan haihuwa; da Cibiyoyin Kiwon Lafiya. Wannan darasi galibi ana yaba shi a matsayin farkon yunkurin kiwon lafiyar mata na kasa da na duniya. === Aiki === Dangane da taken da aka samo sunan kungiyar, wani sanannen gudummawar kungiyar Bread and Roses shine ƙirƙirar ƙungiyar ma'aikatan ma'aikata 9 zuwa 5, wanda yanzu aka sani da 925 na Ƙungiyar Ma'aikatan Ma'aikata ta Duniya. Halitta wannan ƙungiyar ta zo ne saboda yawan ma'aikatan malamai a cikin rukuni waɗanda aka biya su da ƙarancin albashi kuma suna fuskantar rashin girmamawa daga ma'aikatansu. == Rikici == === Tsakanin wurare === Winifred Breines farar fata ce wacce ke aiki tun lokacin da aka kafa kungiyar 'yan mata a cikin shekarun 1960. Ta rubuta abubuwa da yawa da suka shafi intersectionality, ko rashin shi, a cikin yanayin mata na Boston ciki har da Gwagwarmayar Haɗi: White da Black Feminism a cikin Motsi Shekaru, Menene soyayya da ita? ''Me soyayya take da shi? ''fararen mata, baƙar fata mata, da mata a cikin shekarun motsi, da ''Koyon game da wariyar launin fata: White Socialist Feminism da Gurasa da Roses''. A lokacin wannan motsi, manyan ƙungiyoyi guda biyu sune Gurasa da Roses Collective, galibi sun haɗa da fararen fata, manyan ɗalibai, mata masu ilimi, da kuma Combahee River Collective, wanda shine ƙungiyar baƙar fata. Breines ya bayyana cewa yawancin 'yan mata baƙar fata sun ji cewa mata masu yawa ba su da hankali game da batutuwan da suka shafi kabilansu da jinsi, suna ci gaba da "samar da cewa' yan mata masu daraja na iya mai da hankali ne kawai kan batutuwan damuwa na mutum, ba za su iya fahimtar cewa ga' yan mata baƙar kai kabilanci da aji suna da mahimmanci kamar nuna bambancin jima'i ba. "<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Breines |first=Wini |date=2002 |title=What's Love Got to Do with It? White Women, Black Women, and Feminism in the Movement Years |url=https://www.journals.uchicago.edu/doi/10.1086/339634 |journal=Signs: Journal of Women in Culture and Society |language=en |volume=27 |issue=4 |pages=1095–1133 |doi=10.1086/339634 |issn=0097-9740 |s2cid=144139580}}</ref> Akwai kasa ta kowa tsakanin Black da White mata a lokacin da White maza ne masu zalunci, duk da haka, bayan da akwai rashin jituwa da yawa a cikin abubuwan da suka fi muhimmanci na ƙungiyoyin mata. Babban darajar 'yan mata masu fata shine kin amincewa da zamantakewar mata. Wannan shine imanin cewa an haɗa 'yan mata da mata don cika matsayin uwaye da mata, maimakon cin nasara a cikin ayyukansu. Ga 'yan mata na Black, wannan ba shi da iko a gare su saboda matsayinsu a matsayin mata da uwaye ba su ware su daga shiga cikin ma'aikata ba. Wani batu na jayayya shine ra'ayin dangin nukiliya. Masu fafutukar mata sun kalli manufar dangin nukiliya a matsayin babban mai zalunci yayin da yake aiki don kiyaye maza a matsayin iko da mata a matsayin matan gida. Wannan babban abin da aka mayar da hankali ga ƙungiyar Bread and Roses da kuma dalilin da ya sa ƙungiyar ta zaɓi bayar da kula da yara. Ga mata baƙar fata da yawa, iyalin ma'aikata ce mai tsarki kuma mai ban sha'awa yayin da suke neman kare nasu daga wariyar launin fata a duniya. === Gwagwarmaya ta ciki === Abin da ya haifar da saurin rushewar Gurasa da Roses Collective (1969-1971), masanin Yahudawa Joyce Antler ya bayyana, shi ne cewa akwai rashin hangen nesa, tsari, da kuma kafa shugabanci wanda zai iya motsa burin rukuni gaba. Duk da yake wannan ya kasance ne saboda ra'ayoyin masu zaman kansu, masu adawa da sake fasalin, daga baya ya haifar da rikici tsakanin mambobi saboda fifiko ga 'yan uwa mata na ƙarya akan ƙirƙirar ƙungiyar mata. == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} == Bayanan littattafai == {{refbegin}} * {{Cite book |last1=Antler |first1=Joyce |chapter='Conscious Radicals': The Jewish Story of Boston's Bread and Roses |title=Jewish Radical Feminism: Voices from the Women's Liberation Movement |pages=115–153 |date=2018 |volume=3 |isbn=978-0-8147-0763-0 |publisher=NYU Press |jstor=j.ctvwrm564 |df=mdy-all }} * {{Cite journal |last1=Breines |first1=Wini |title=What's Love Got to Do with It? White Women, Black Women, and Feminism in the Movement Years |journal=Signs |volume=27 |issue=4 |pages=1095–1133 |date=2002 |doi=10.1086/339634 |issn=0097-9740 |jstor=10.1086/339634 |s2cid=144139580 |df=mdy-all }} * {{Cite journal |last1=Lee |first1=Choonib |title=Women's Liberation and Sixties Armed Resistance |journal=Journal for the Study of Radicalism |volume=11 |issue=1 |pages=25–52 |date=2017 |doi=10.14321/jstudradi.11.1.0025 |issn=1930-1189 |jstor=10.14321/jstudradi.11.1.0025 |s2cid=151547883 |df=mdy-all }} * {{Cite journal |last1=Wells |first1=Susan |title=Our Bodies, Ourselves: Reading the Written Body |journal=Signs |volume=33 |issue=3 |pages=697–723 |date=2008 |doi=10.1086/523710 |issn=0097-9740 |jstor=10.1086/523710 |s2cid=143466088 |df=mdy-all }} {{refend}} [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] f90yitsqxu0unm3cb4ygxueotlxg93n 895521 895520 2026-08-12T10:12:59Z Maryam Abdullahi Y 43904 895521 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''Bread and Roses''' ƙungiya ce ta ƴancin mata masu zaman kansu a [[Boston]] a cikin shekarun 1960 da 1970. An sanya wa ƙungiyar suna ne bayan taken yajin aikin masana'antu na Lawrence na shekarar 1912, tare da Gurasa yana nuna albashi mai kyau kuma Roses yana nufin gajeren sa'o'i da ƙarin lokacin hutu. Babban jigon asalin Bread and Roses ya shafi samun kwanciyar hankali da mutunci ga mata a duk faɗin ma'aikata. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Riordan |first=Christine A. |last2=Kowalski |first2=Alexander M. |date=2021 |title=From Bread and Roses to #MeToo: Multiplicity, Distance, and the Changing Dynamics of Conflict in IR Theory |url=http://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/0019793920970868 |journal=ILR Review |language=en |volume=74 |issue=3 |pages=580–606 |doi=10.1177/0019793920970868 |issn=0019-7939 |s2cid=228850414}}</ref> == Tarihi == An kuma kafa ƙungiyar ne a lokacin rani na shekarar 1969 ta hanyar Meredith Tax da Linda Gordon. Haraji ya ce, "Ba za mu iya magana game da 'yan uwa ba tare da fahimtar cewa matsayi na manufa a cikin al'umma na mafi yawanmu ya bambanta da na uwaye masu zaman kansu, na baƙar fata na uwayemu masu farin, da na mata a ƙasashe na uku. 'Yan uwa suna nufin ba da faɗar gwagwarmayarsu gwagwarmu ce gwagwarmaya ce, amma suna yin ta gwagwarsu. " <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Breines |first=Winifred |date=2007 |title=Struggling to Connect: White and Black Feminism in the Movement Years |journal=Contexts |volume=6 |issue=1 |pages=18–24 |doi=10.1525/ctx.2007.6.1.18 |issn=1536-5042 |doi-access=free}}</ref> A cikin 1970, ƙungiyar ta fara neman sararin jiki kuma a shekara ta 1971, sun kwace ɗayan gine-ginen da ba a Jami'ar Harvard ba su da ba don ba su da aka taɓa aiki ba don ba don ba da aji, bita, da kula da yara. Wannan sarari ya dauki kwanaki 10 kawai. Bayan karɓar gudummawa, ƙungiyar ta sami damar kafa sabon sarari a watan Janairun 1972, wanda gida ne a Cambridge mai suna Cibiyar Mata.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Collection: Women's Educational Center (Cambridge, Mass.) records {{!}} Archives and Special Collections |url=https://archivesspace.library.northeastern.edu/repositories/2/resources/831 |access-date=2023-12-03 |website=archivesspace.library.northeastern.edu}}</ref> Wannan rukuni ya kunshi kusan mambobi 250, ciki har da Jean Tepperman, Frans Ansley, Judy Ullman da Trude Bennett, waɗanda suka yi imanin cewa juyin juya hali ya zama dole don samun 'yancin mata. Wadannan mambobi sun kafa ƙungiyoyi daban-daban waɗanda suka mai da hankali kan takamaiman batutuwa, misali, lafiyar mata.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Spain |first=Daphne |date=2011 |title=Women's Rights and Gendered Spaces in 1970s Boston |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/10.5250/fronjwomestud.32.1.0152 |journal=Frontiers: A Journal of Women Studies |volume=32 |issue=1 |pages=152–178 |doi=10.5250/fronjwomestud.32.1.0152 |issn=0160-9009 |jstor=10.5250/fronjwomestud.32.1.0152 |s2cid=143280818}}</ref> Kungiyar ta kasance har zuwa 1973. == Ayyukan hadin gwiwa == === Lafiyar mata === Wani sanannen aikin da kungiyar Bread and Roses ta samar an kira shi ''Mata da Jikin su: Darasi'', wanda daga baya aka haɓaka cikin Jikinmu, Mu.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Ewing |first=Tess |title=Bread and Roses: "A Revolutionary Moment: Women's Liberation in the late 1960s and early 1970s" |url=https://www.bu.edu/wgs/files/2013/10/Ewing-Bread-and-Roses.pdf |journal=Women's, Gender, & Sexuality Studies Program at Boston University}}</ref> An buga wannan darasi a cikin 1970 a ƙarƙashin sunan Boston Women's Health Collective kuma ya haɗu da labaran mata tare da bayanan gaskiya game da batutuwan mata da lafiyar mata. Batutuwan da aka haɗa a cikin wannan darasi sune Mata, Magunguna, da Kasuwanci, Darasi na Gabatarwa; Anatomy da Physiology; Jima'i; Wasu tatsuniyoyi game da Mata; Cututtukan Venereal; Kula da Haihuwa; Zubar ciki; Shirya Haihuwar; Bayan haihuwa; da Cibiyoyin Kiwon Lafiya. Wannan darasi galibi ana yaba shi a matsayin farkon yunkurin kiwon lafiyar mata na kasa da na duniya. === Aiki === Dangane da taken da aka samo sunan kungiyar, wani sanannen gudummawar kungiyar Bread and Roses shine ƙirƙirar ƙungiyar ma'aikatan ma'aikata 9 zuwa 5, wanda yanzu aka sani da 925 na Ƙungiyar Ma'aikatan Ma'aikata ta Duniya. Halitta wannan ƙungiyar ta zo ne saboda yawan ma'aikatan malamai a cikin rukuni waɗanda aka biya su da ƙarancin albashi kuma suna fuskantar rashin girmamawa daga ma'aikatansu. == Rikici == === Tsakanin wurare === Winifred Breines farar fata ce wacce ke aiki tun lokacin da aka kafa kungiyar 'yan mata a cikin shekarun 1960. Ta rubuta abubuwa da yawa da suka shafi intersectionality, ko rashin shi, a cikin yanayin mata na Boston ciki har da Gwagwarmayar Haɗi: White da Black Feminism a cikin Motsi Shekaru, Menene soyayya da ita? ''Me soyayya take da shi? ''fararen mata, baƙar fata mata, da mata a cikin shekarun motsi, da ''Koyon game da wariyar launin fata: White Socialist Feminism da Gurasa da Roses''. A lokacin wannan motsi, manyan ƙungiyoyi guda biyu sune Gurasa da Roses Collective, galibi sun haɗa da fararen fata, manyan ɗalibai, mata masu ilimi, da kuma Combahee River Collective, wanda shine ƙungiyar baƙar fata. Breines ya bayyana cewa yawancin 'yan mata baƙar fata sun ji cewa mata masu yawa ba su da hankali game da batutuwan da suka shafi kabilansu da jinsi, suna ci gaba da "samar da cewa' yan mata masu daraja na iya mai da hankali ne kawai kan batutuwan damuwa na mutum, ba za su iya fahimtar cewa ga' yan mata baƙar kai kabilanci da aji suna da mahimmanci kamar nuna bambancin jima'i ba. "<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Breines |first=Wini |date=2002 |title=What's Love Got to Do with It? White Women, Black Women, and Feminism in the Movement Years |url=https://www.journals.uchicago.edu/doi/10.1086/339634 |journal=Signs: Journal of Women in Culture and Society |language=en |volume=27 |issue=4 |pages=1095–1133 |doi=10.1086/339634 |issn=0097-9740 |s2cid=144139580}}</ref> Akwai kasa ta kowa tsakanin Black da White mata a lokacin da White maza ne masu zalunci, duk da haka, bayan da akwai rashin jituwa da yawa a cikin abubuwan da suka fi muhimmanci na ƙungiyoyin mata. Babban darajar 'yan mata masu fata shine kin amincewa da zamantakewar mata. Wannan shine imanin cewa an haɗa 'yan mata da mata don cika matsayin uwaye da mata, maimakon cin nasara a cikin ayyukansu. Ga 'yan mata na Black, wannan ba shi da iko a gare su saboda matsayinsu a matsayin mata da uwaye ba su ware su daga shiga cikin ma'aikata ba. Wani batu na jayayya shine ra'ayin dangin nukiliya. Masu fafutukar mata sun kalli manufar dangin nukiliya a matsayin babban mai zalunci yayin da yake aiki don kiyaye maza a matsayin iko da mata a matsayin matan gida. Wannan babban abin da aka mayar da hankali ga ƙungiyar Bread and Roses da kuma dalilin da ya sa ƙungiyar ta zaɓi bayar da kula da yara. Ga mata baƙar fata da yawa, iyalin ma'aikata ce mai tsarki kuma mai ban sha'awa yayin da suke neman kare nasu daga wariyar launin fata a duniya. === Gwagwarmaya ta ciki === Abin da ya haifar da saurin rushewar Gurasa da Roses Collective (1969-1971), masanin Yahudawa Joyce Antler ya bayyana, shi ne cewa akwai rashin hangen nesa, tsari, da kuma kafa shugabanci wanda zai iya motsa burin rukuni gaba. Duk da yake wannan ya kasance ne saboda ra'ayoyin masu zaman kansu, masu adawa da sake fasalin, daga baya ya haifar da rikici tsakanin mambobi saboda fifiko ga 'yan uwa mata na ƙarya akan ƙirƙirar ƙungiyar mata. == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} == Bayanan littattafai == {{refbegin}} * {{Cite book |last1=Antler |first1=Joyce |chapter='Conscious Radicals': The Jewish Story of Boston's Bread and Roses |title=Jewish Radical Feminism: Voices from the Women's Liberation Movement |pages=115–153 |date=2018 |volume=3 |isbn=978-0-8147-0763-0 |publisher=NYU Press |jstor=j.ctvwrm564 |df=mdy-all }} * {{Cite journal |last1=Breines |first1=Wini |title=What's Love Got to Do with It? White Women, Black Women, and Feminism in the Movement Years |journal=Signs |volume=27 |issue=4 |pages=1095–1133 |date=2002 |doi=10.1086/339634 |issn=0097-9740 |jstor=10.1086/339634 |s2cid=144139580 |df=mdy-all }} * {{Cite journal |last1=Lee |first1=Choonib |title=Women's Liberation and Sixties Armed Resistance |journal=Journal for the Study of Radicalism |volume=11 |issue=1 |pages=25–52 |date=2017 |doi=10.14321/jstudradi.11.1.0025 |issn=1930-1189 |jstor=10.14321/jstudradi.11.1.0025 |s2cid=151547883 |df=mdy-all }} * {{Cite journal |last1=Wells |first1=Susan |title=Our Bodies, Ourselves: Reading the Written Body |journal=Signs |volume=33 |issue=3 |pages=697–723 |date=2008 |doi=10.1086/523710 |issn=0097-9740 |jstor=10.1086/523710 |s2cid=143466088 |df=mdy-all }} {{refend}} [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] s4f0qxsi89nmp3rfuv4ihyqksmyzcqk 895522 895521 2026-08-12T10:13:33Z Maryam Abdullahi Y 43904 895522 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''Bread and Roses''' ƙungiya ce ta ƴancin mata masu zaman kansu a [[Boston]] a cikin shekarun 1960 da 1970. An sanya wa ƙungiyar suna ne bayan taken yajin aikin masana'antu na Lawrence na shekarar 1912, tare da Gurasa yana nuna albashi mai kyau kuma Roses yana nufin gajeren sa'o'i da ƙarin lokacin hutu. Babban jigon asalin Bread and Roses ya shafi samun kwanciyar hankali da mutunci ga mata a duk faɗin ma'aikata. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Riordan |first=Christine A. |last2=Kowalski |first2=Alexander M. |date=2021 |title=From Bread and Roses to #MeToo: Multiplicity, Distance, and the Changing Dynamics of Conflict in IR Theory |url=http://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/0019793920970868 |journal=ILR Review |language=en |volume=74 |issue=3 |pages=580–606 |doi=10.1177/0019793920970868 |issn=0019-7939 |s2cid=228850414}}</ref> == Tarihi == An kuma kafa ƙungiyar ne a lokacin rani na shekarar 1969 ta hanyar Meredith Tax da Linda Gordon. Haraji ya ce, "Ba za mu iya magana game da 'yan uwa ba tare da fahimtar cewa matsayi na manufa a cikin al'umma na mafi yawanmu ya bambanta da na uwaye masu zaman kansu, na baƙar fata na uwayemu masu farin, da na mata a ƙasashe na uku. 'Yan uwa suna nufin ba da faɗar gwagwarmayarsu gwagwarmu ce gwagwarmaya ce, amma suna yin ta gwagwarsu. " <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Breines |first=Winifred |date=2007 |title=Struggling to Connect: White and Black Feminism in the Movement Years |journal=Contexts |volume=6 |issue=1 |pages=18–24 |doi=10.1525/ctx.2007.6.1.18 |issn=1536-5042 |doi-access=free}}</ref> A cikin 1970, ƙungiyar ta fara neman sararin jiki kuma a shekara ta 1971, sun kwace ɗayan gine-ginen da ba a Jami'ar Harvard ba su da ba don ba su da aka taɓa aiki ba don ba don ba da aji, bita, da kula da yara. Wannan sarari ya dauki kwanaki 10 kawai. Bayan karɓar gudummawa, ƙungiyar ta sami damar kafa sabon sarari a watan Janairun 1972, wanda gida ne a Cambridge mai suna Cibiyar Mata.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Collection: Women's Educational Center (Cambridge, Mass.) records {{!}} Archives and Special Collections |url=https://archivesspace.library.northeastern.edu/repositories/2/resources/831 |access-date=2023-12-03 |website=archivesspace.library.northeastern.edu}}</ref> Wannan rukuni ya kunshi kusan mambobi 250, ciki har da Jean Tepperman, Frans Ansley, Judy Ullman da Trude Bennett, waɗanda suka yi imanin cewa juyin juya hali ya zama dole don samun 'yancin mata. Wadannan mambobi sun kafa ƙungiyoyi daban-daban waɗanda suka mai da hankali kan takamaiman batutuwa, misali, lafiyar mata.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Spain |first=Daphne |date=2011 |title=Women's Rights and Gendered Spaces in 1970s Boston |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/10.5250/fronjwomestud.32.1.0152 |journal=Frontiers: A Journal of Women Studies |volume=32 |issue=1 |pages=152–178 |doi=10.5250/fronjwomestud.32.1.0152 |issn=0160-9009 |jstor=10.5250/fronjwomestud.32.1.0152 |s2cid=143280818}}</ref> Ƙungiyar ta kasance har zuwa shekarar 1973. == Ayyukan hadin gwiwa == === Lafiyar mata === Wani sanannen aikin da kungiyar Bread and Roses ta samar an kira shi ''Mata da Jikin su: Darasi'', wanda daga baya aka haɓaka cikin Jikinmu, Mu.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Ewing |first=Tess |title=Bread and Roses: "A Revolutionary Moment: Women's Liberation in the late 1960s and early 1970s" |url=https://www.bu.edu/wgs/files/2013/10/Ewing-Bread-and-Roses.pdf |journal=Women's, Gender, & Sexuality Studies Program at Boston University}}</ref> An buga wannan darasi a cikin 1970 a ƙarƙashin sunan Boston Women's Health Collective kuma ya haɗu da labaran mata tare da bayanan gaskiya game da batutuwan mata da lafiyar mata. Batutuwan da aka haɗa a cikin wannan darasi sune Mata, Magunguna, da Kasuwanci, Darasi na Gabatarwa; Anatomy da Physiology; Jima'i; Wasu tatsuniyoyi game da Mata; Cututtukan Venereal; Kula da Haihuwa; Zubar ciki; Shirya Haihuwar; Bayan haihuwa; da Cibiyoyin Kiwon Lafiya. Wannan darasi galibi ana yaba shi a matsayin farkon yunkurin kiwon lafiyar mata na kasa da na duniya. === Aiki === Dangane da taken da aka samo sunan kungiyar, wani sanannen gudummawar kungiyar Bread and Roses shine ƙirƙirar ƙungiyar ma'aikatan ma'aikata 9 zuwa 5, wanda yanzu aka sani da 925 na Ƙungiyar Ma'aikatan Ma'aikata ta Duniya. Halitta wannan ƙungiyar ta zo ne saboda yawan ma'aikatan malamai a cikin rukuni waɗanda aka biya su da ƙarancin albashi kuma suna fuskantar rashin girmamawa daga ma'aikatansu. == Rikici == === Tsakanin wurare === Winifred Breines farar fata ce wacce ke aiki tun lokacin da aka kafa kungiyar 'yan mata a cikin shekarun 1960. Ta rubuta abubuwa da yawa da suka shafi intersectionality, ko rashin shi, a cikin yanayin mata na Boston ciki har da Gwagwarmayar Haɗi: White da Black Feminism a cikin Motsi Shekaru, Menene soyayya da ita? ''Me soyayya take da shi? ''fararen mata, baƙar fata mata, da mata a cikin shekarun motsi, da ''Koyon game da wariyar launin fata: White Socialist Feminism da Gurasa da Roses''. A lokacin wannan motsi, manyan ƙungiyoyi guda biyu sune Gurasa da Roses Collective, galibi sun haɗa da fararen fata, manyan ɗalibai, mata masu ilimi, da kuma Combahee River Collective, wanda shine ƙungiyar baƙar fata. Breines ya bayyana cewa yawancin 'yan mata baƙar fata sun ji cewa mata masu yawa ba su da hankali game da batutuwan da suka shafi kabilansu da jinsi, suna ci gaba da "samar da cewa' yan mata masu daraja na iya mai da hankali ne kawai kan batutuwan damuwa na mutum, ba za su iya fahimtar cewa ga' yan mata baƙar kai kabilanci da aji suna da mahimmanci kamar nuna bambancin jima'i ba. "<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Breines |first=Wini |date=2002 |title=What's Love Got to Do with It? White Women, Black Women, and Feminism in the Movement Years |url=https://www.journals.uchicago.edu/doi/10.1086/339634 |journal=Signs: Journal of Women in Culture and Society |language=en |volume=27 |issue=4 |pages=1095–1133 |doi=10.1086/339634 |issn=0097-9740 |s2cid=144139580}}</ref> Akwai kasa ta kowa tsakanin Black da White mata a lokacin da White maza ne masu zalunci, duk da haka, bayan da akwai rashin jituwa da yawa a cikin abubuwan da suka fi muhimmanci na ƙungiyoyin mata. Babban darajar 'yan mata masu fata shine kin amincewa da zamantakewar mata. Wannan shine imanin cewa an haɗa 'yan mata da mata don cika matsayin uwaye da mata, maimakon cin nasara a cikin ayyukansu. Ga 'yan mata na Black, wannan ba shi da iko a gare su saboda matsayinsu a matsayin mata da uwaye ba su ware su daga shiga cikin ma'aikata ba. Wani batu na jayayya shine ra'ayin dangin nukiliya. Masu fafutukar mata sun kalli manufar dangin nukiliya a matsayin babban mai zalunci yayin da yake aiki don kiyaye maza a matsayin iko da mata a matsayin matan gida. Wannan babban abin da aka mayar da hankali ga ƙungiyar Bread and Roses da kuma dalilin da ya sa ƙungiyar ta zaɓi bayar da kula da yara. Ga mata baƙar fata da yawa, iyalin ma'aikata ce mai tsarki kuma mai ban sha'awa yayin da suke neman kare nasu daga wariyar launin fata a duniya. === Gwagwarmaya ta ciki === Abin da ya haifar da saurin rushewar Gurasa da Roses Collective (1969-1971), masanin Yahudawa Joyce Antler ya bayyana, shi ne cewa akwai rashin hangen nesa, tsari, da kuma kafa shugabanci wanda zai iya motsa burin rukuni gaba. Duk da yake wannan ya kasance ne saboda ra'ayoyin masu zaman kansu, masu adawa da sake fasalin, daga baya ya haifar da rikici tsakanin mambobi saboda fifiko ga 'yan uwa mata na ƙarya akan ƙirƙirar ƙungiyar mata. == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} == Bayanan littattafai == {{refbegin}} * {{Cite book |last1=Antler |first1=Joyce |chapter='Conscious Radicals': The Jewish Story of Boston's Bread and Roses |title=Jewish Radical Feminism: Voices from the Women's Liberation Movement |pages=115–153 |date=2018 |volume=3 |isbn=978-0-8147-0763-0 |publisher=NYU Press |jstor=j.ctvwrm564 |df=mdy-all }} * {{Cite journal |last1=Breines |first1=Wini |title=What's Love Got to Do with It? White Women, Black Women, and Feminism in the Movement Years |journal=Signs |volume=27 |issue=4 |pages=1095–1133 |date=2002 |doi=10.1086/339634 |issn=0097-9740 |jstor=10.1086/339634 |s2cid=144139580 |df=mdy-all }} * {{Cite journal |last1=Lee |first1=Choonib |title=Women's Liberation and Sixties Armed Resistance |journal=Journal for the Study of Radicalism |volume=11 |issue=1 |pages=25–52 |date=2017 |doi=10.14321/jstudradi.11.1.0025 |issn=1930-1189 |jstor=10.14321/jstudradi.11.1.0025 |s2cid=151547883 |df=mdy-all }} * {{Cite journal |last1=Wells |first1=Susan |title=Our Bodies, Ourselves: Reading the Written Body |journal=Signs |volume=33 |issue=3 |pages=697–723 |date=2008 |doi=10.1086/523710 |issn=0097-9740 |jstor=10.1086/523710 |s2cid=143466088 |df=mdy-all }} {{refend}} [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] fwu1wn8q9oiyg3osdeevmxmxc39dbmg 895523 895522 2026-08-12T10:13:49Z Maryam Abdullahi Y 43904 895523 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''Bread and Roses''' ƙungiya ce ta ƴancin mata masu zaman kansu a [[Boston]] a cikin shekarun 1960 da 1970. An sanya wa ƙungiyar suna ne bayan taken yajin aikin masana'antu na Lawrence na shekarar 1912, tare da Gurasa yana nuna albashi mai kyau kuma Roses yana nufin gajeren sa'o'i da ƙarin lokacin hutu. Babban jigon asalin Bread and Roses ya shafi samun kwanciyar hankali da mutunci ga mata a duk faɗin ma'aikata. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Riordan |first=Christine A. |last2=Kowalski |first2=Alexander M. |date=2021 |title=From Bread and Roses to #MeToo: Multiplicity, Distance, and the Changing Dynamics of Conflict in IR Theory |url=http://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/0019793920970868 |journal=ILR Review |language=en |volume=74 |issue=3 |pages=580–606 |doi=10.1177/0019793920970868 |issn=0019-7939 |s2cid=228850414}}</ref> == Tarihi == An kuma kafa ƙungiyar ne a lokacin rani na shekarar 1969 ta hanyar Meredith Tax da Linda Gordon. Haraji ya ce, "Ba za mu iya magana game da 'yan uwa ba tare da fahimtar cewa matsayi na manufa a cikin al'umma na mafi yawanmu ya bambanta da na uwaye masu zaman kansu, na baƙar fata na uwayemu masu farin, da na mata a ƙasashe na uku. 'Yan uwa suna nufin ba da faɗar gwagwarmayarsu gwagwarmu ce gwagwarmaya ce, amma suna yin ta gwagwarsu. " <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Breines |first=Winifred |date=2007 |title=Struggling to Connect: White and Black Feminism in the Movement Years |journal=Contexts |volume=6 |issue=1 |pages=18–24 |doi=10.1525/ctx.2007.6.1.18 |issn=1536-5042 |doi-access=free}}</ref> A cikin 1970, ƙungiyar ta fara neman sararin jiki kuma a shekara ta 1971, sun kwace ɗayan gine-ginen da ba a Jami'ar Harvard ba su da ba don ba su da aka taɓa aiki ba don ba don ba da aji, bita, da kula da yara. Wannan sarari ya dauki kwanaki 10 kawai. Bayan karɓar gudummawa, ƙungiyar ta sami damar kafa sabon sarari a watan Janairun 1972, wanda gida ne a Cambridge mai suna Cibiyar Mata.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Collection: Women's Educational Center (Cambridge, Mass.) records {{!}} Archives and Special Collections |url=https://archivesspace.library.northeastern.edu/repositories/2/resources/831 |access-date=2023-12-03 |website=archivesspace.library.northeastern.edu}}</ref> Wannan rukuni ya kunshi kusan mambobi 250, ciki har da Jean Tepperman, Frans Ansley, Judy Ullman da Trude Bennett, waɗanda suka yi imanin cewa juyin juya hali ya zama dole don samun 'yancin mata. Wadannan mambobi sun kafa ƙungiyoyi daban-daban waɗanda suka mai da hankali kan takamaiman batutuwa, misali, lafiyar mata.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Spain |first=Daphne |date=2011 |title=Women's Rights and Gendered Spaces in 1970s Boston |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/10.5250/fronjwomestud.32.1.0152 |journal=Frontiers: A Journal of Women Studies |volume=32 |issue=1 |pages=152–178 |doi=10.5250/fronjwomestud.32.1.0152 |issn=0160-9009 |jstor=10.5250/fronjwomestud.32.1.0152 |s2cid=143280818}}</ref> Ƙungiyar ta kasance har zuwa shekarar 1973. == Ayyukan hadin gwiwa == === Lafiyar mata === Wani sanannen aikin da ƙungiyar Bread and Roses ta samar an kira shi ''Mata da Jikin su: Darasi'', wanda daga baya aka haɓaka cikin Jikinmu, Mu.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Ewing |first=Tess |title=Bread and Roses: "A Revolutionary Moment: Women's Liberation in the late 1960s and early 1970s" |url=https://www.bu.edu/wgs/files/2013/10/Ewing-Bread-and-Roses.pdf |journal=Women's, Gender, & Sexuality Studies Program at Boston University}}</ref> An buga wannan darasi a cikin 1970 a ƙarƙashin sunan Boston Women's Health Collective kuma ya haɗu da labaran mata tare da bayanan gaskiya game da batutuwan mata da lafiyar mata. Batutuwan da aka haɗa a cikin wannan darasi sune Mata, Magunguna, da Kasuwanci, Darasi na Gabatarwa; Anatomy da Physiology; Jima'i; Wasu tatsuniyoyi game da Mata; Cututtukan Venereal; Kula da Haihuwa; Zubar ciki; Shirya Haihuwar; Bayan haihuwa; da Cibiyoyin Kiwon Lafiya. Wannan darasi galibi ana yaba shi a matsayin farkon yunkurin kiwon lafiyar mata na kasa da na duniya. === Aiki === Dangane da taken da aka samo sunan kungiyar, wani sanannen gudummawar kungiyar Bread and Roses shine ƙirƙirar ƙungiyar ma'aikatan ma'aikata 9 zuwa 5, wanda yanzu aka sani da 925 na Ƙungiyar Ma'aikatan Ma'aikata ta Duniya. Halitta wannan ƙungiyar ta zo ne saboda yawan ma'aikatan malamai a cikin rukuni waɗanda aka biya su da ƙarancin albashi kuma suna fuskantar rashin girmamawa daga ma'aikatansu. == Rikici == === Tsakanin wurare === Winifred Breines farar fata ce wacce ke aiki tun lokacin da aka kafa kungiyar 'yan mata a cikin shekarun 1960. Ta rubuta abubuwa da yawa da suka shafi intersectionality, ko rashin shi, a cikin yanayin mata na Boston ciki har da Gwagwarmayar Haɗi: White da Black Feminism a cikin Motsi Shekaru, Menene soyayya da ita? ''Me soyayya take da shi? ''fararen mata, baƙar fata mata, da mata a cikin shekarun motsi, da ''Koyon game da wariyar launin fata: White Socialist Feminism da Gurasa da Roses''. A lokacin wannan motsi, manyan ƙungiyoyi guda biyu sune Gurasa da Roses Collective, galibi sun haɗa da fararen fata, manyan ɗalibai, mata masu ilimi, da kuma Combahee River Collective, wanda shine ƙungiyar baƙar fata. Breines ya bayyana cewa yawancin 'yan mata baƙar fata sun ji cewa mata masu yawa ba su da hankali game da batutuwan da suka shafi kabilansu da jinsi, suna ci gaba da "samar da cewa' yan mata masu daraja na iya mai da hankali ne kawai kan batutuwan damuwa na mutum, ba za su iya fahimtar cewa ga' yan mata baƙar kai kabilanci da aji suna da mahimmanci kamar nuna bambancin jima'i ba. "<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Breines |first=Wini |date=2002 |title=What's Love Got to Do with It? White Women, Black Women, and Feminism in the Movement Years |url=https://www.journals.uchicago.edu/doi/10.1086/339634 |journal=Signs: Journal of Women in Culture and Society |language=en |volume=27 |issue=4 |pages=1095–1133 |doi=10.1086/339634 |issn=0097-9740 |s2cid=144139580}}</ref> Akwai kasa ta kowa tsakanin Black da White mata a lokacin da White maza ne masu zalunci, duk da haka, bayan da akwai rashin jituwa da yawa a cikin abubuwan da suka fi muhimmanci na ƙungiyoyin mata. Babban darajar 'yan mata masu fata shine kin amincewa da zamantakewar mata. Wannan shine imanin cewa an haɗa 'yan mata da mata don cika matsayin uwaye da mata, maimakon cin nasara a cikin ayyukansu. Ga 'yan mata na Black, wannan ba shi da iko a gare su saboda matsayinsu a matsayin mata da uwaye ba su ware su daga shiga cikin ma'aikata ba. Wani batu na jayayya shine ra'ayin dangin nukiliya. Masu fafutukar mata sun kalli manufar dangin nukiliya a matsayin babban mai zalunci yayin da yake aiki don kiyaye maza a matsayin iko da mata a matsayin matan gida. Wannan babban abin da aka mayar da hankali ga ƙungiyar Bread and Roses da kuma dalilin da ya sa ƙungiyar ta zaɓi bayar da kula da yara. Ga mata baƙar fata da yawa, iyalin ma'aikata ce mai tsarki kuma mai ban sha'awa yayin da suke neman kare nasu daga wariyar launin fata a duniya. === Gwagwarmaya ta ciki === Abin da ya haifar da saurin rushewar Gurasa da Roses Collective (1969-1971), masanin Yahudawa Joyce Antler ya bayyana, shi ne cewa akwai rashin hangen nesa, tsari, da kuma kafa shugabanci wanda zai iya motsa burin rukuni gaba. Duk da yake wannan ya kasance ne saboda ra'ayoyin masu zaman kansu, masu adawa da sake fasalin, daga baya ya haifar da rikici tsakanin mambobi saboda fifiko ga 'yan uwa mata na ƙarya akan ƙirƙirar ƙungiyar mata. == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} == Bayanan littattafai == {{refbegin}} * {{Cite book |last1=Antler |first1=Joyce |chapter='Conscious Radicals': The Jewish Story of Boston's Bread and Roses |title=Jewish Radical Feminism: Voices from the Women's Liberation Movement |pages=115–153 |date=2018 |volume=3 |isbn=978-0-8147-0763-0 |publisher=NYU Press |jstor=j.ctvwrm564 |df=mdy-all }} * {{Cite journal |last1=Breines |first1=Wini |title=What's Love Got to Do with It? White Women, Black Women, and Feminism in the Movement Years |journal=Signs |volume=27 |issue=4 |pages=1095–1133 |date=2002 |doi=10.1086/339634 |issn=0097-9740 |jstor=10.1086/339634 |s2cid=144139580 |df=mdy-all }} * {{Cite journal |last1=Lee |first1=Choonib |title=Women's Liberation and Sixties Armed Resistance |journal=Journal for the Study of Radicalism |volume=11 |issue=1 |pages=25–52 |date=2017 |doi=10.14321/jstudradi.11.1.0025 |issn=1930-1189 |jstor=10.14321/jstudradi.11.1.0025 |s2cid=151547883 |df=mdy-all }} * {{Cite journal |last1=Wells |first1=Susan |title=Our Bodies, Ourselves: Reading the Written Body |journal=Signs |volume=33 |issue=3 |pages=697–723 |date=2008 |doi=10.1086/523710 |issn=0097-9740 |jstor=10.1086/523710 |s2cid=143466088 |df=mdy-all }} {{refend}} [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] t5a6ph4n27cxvnbnygt0mzc147mwkxx 895524 895523 2026-08-12T10:14:06Z Maryam Abdullahi Y 43904 895524 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''Bread and Roses''' ƙungiya ce ta ƴancin mata masu zaman kansu a [[Boston]] a cikin shekarun 1960 da 1970. An sanya wa ƙungiyar suna ne bayan taken yajin aikin masana'antu na Lawrence na shekarar 1912, tare da Gurasa yana nuna albashi mai kyau kuma Roses yana nufin gajeren sa'o'i da ƙarin lokacin hutu. Babban jigon asalin Bread and Roses ya shafi samun kwanciyar hankali da mutunci ga mata a duk faɗin ma'aikata. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Riordan |first=Christine A. |last2=Kowalski |first2=Alexander M. |date=2021 |title=From Bread and Roses to #MeToo: Multiplicity, Distance, and the Changing Dynamics of Conflict in IR Theory |url=http://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/0019793920970868 |journal=ILR Review |language=en |volume=74 |issue=3 |pages=580–606 |doi=10.1177/0019793920970868 |issn=0019-7939 |s2cid=228850414}}</ref> == Tarihi == An kuma kafa ƙungiyar ne a lokacin rani na shekarar 1969 ta hanyar Meredith Tax da Linda Gordon. Haraji ya ce, "Ba za mu iya magana game da 'yan uwa ba tare da fahimtar cewa matsayi na manufa a cikin al'umma na mafi yawanmu ya bambanta da na uwaye masu zaman kansu, na baƙar fata na uwayemu masu farin, da na mata a ƙasashe na uku. 'Yan uwa suna nufin ba da faɗar gwagwarmayarsu gwagwarmu ce gwagwarmaya ce, amma suna yin ta gwagwarsu. " <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Breines |first=Winifred |date=2007 |title=Struggling to Connect: White and Black Feminism in the Movement Years |journal=Contexts |volume=6 |issue=1 |pages=18–24 |doi=10.1525/ctx.2007.6.1.18 |issn=1536-5042 |doi-access=free}}</ref> A cikin 1970, ƙungiyar ta fara neman sararin jiki kuma a shekara ta 1971, sun kwace ɗayan gine-ginen da ba a Jami'ar Harvard ba su da ba don ba su da aka taɓa aiki ba don ba don ba da aji, bita, da kula da yara. Wannan sarari ya dauki kwanaki 10 kawai. Bayan karɓar gudummawa, ƙungiyar ta sami damar kafa sabon sarari a watan Janairun 1972, wanda gida ne a Cambridge mai suna Cibiyar Mata.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Collection: Women's Educational Center (Cambridge, Mass.) records {{!}} Archives and Special Collections |url=https://archivesspace.library.northeastern.edu/repositories/2/resources/831 |access-date=2023-12-03 |website=archivesspace.library.northeastern.edu}}</ref> Wannan rukuni ya kunshi kusan mambobi 250, ciki har da Jean Tepperman, Frans Ansley, Judy Ullman da Trude Bennett, waɗanda suka yi imanin cewa juyin juya hali ya zama dole don samun 'yancin mata. Wadannan mambobi sun kafa ƙungiyoyi daban-daban waɗanda suka mai da hankali kan takamaiman batutuwa, misali, lafiyar mata.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Spain |first=Daphne |date=2011 |title=Women's Rights and Gendered Spaces in 1970s Boston |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/10.5250/fronjwomestud.32.1.0152 |journal=Frontiers: A Journal of Women Studies |volume=32 |issue=1 |pages=152–178 |doi=10.5250/fronjwomestud.32.1.0152 |issn=0160-9009 |jstor=10.5250/fronjwomestud.32.1.0152 |s2cid=143280818}}</ref> Ƙungiyar ta kasance har zuwa shekarar 1973. == Ayyukan hadin gwiwa == === Lafiyar mata === Wani sanannen aikin da ƙungiyar Bread and Roses ta samar an kira shi ''Mata da Jikin su: Darasi'', wanda daga baya aka haɓaka cikin Jikinmu, Mu.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Ewing |first=Tess |title=Bread and Roses: "A Revolutionary Moment: Women's Liberation in the late 1960s and early 1970s" |url=https://www.bu.edu/wgs/files/2013/10/Ewing-Bread-and-Roses.pdf |journal=Women's, Gender, & Sexuality Studies Program at Boston University}}</ref> An buga wannan darasi a cikin 1970 a ƙarƙashin sunan Boston Women's Health Collective kuma ya haɗu da labaran mata tare da bayanan gaskiya game da batutuwan mata da lafiyar mata. Batutuwan da aka haɗa a cikin wannan darasi sune Mata, Magunguna, da Kasuwanci, Darasi na Gabatarwa; Anatomy da Physiology; Jima'i; Wasu tatsuniyoyi game da Mata; Cututtukan Venereal; Kula da Haihuwa; Zubar ciki; Shirya Haihuwar; Bayan haihuwa; da Cibiyoyin Kiwon Lafiya. Wannan darasi galibi ana yaba shi a matsayin farkon yunkurin kiwon lafiyar mata na kasa da na duniya. === Aiki === Dangane da taken da aka samo sunan ƙungiyar, wani sanannen gudummawar kungiyar Bread and Roses shine ƙirƙirar ƙungiyar ma'aikatan ma'aikata 9 zuwa 5, wanda yanzu aka sani da 925 na Ƙungiyar Ma'aikatan Ma'aikata ta Duniya. Halitta wannan ƙungiyar ta zo ne saboda yawan ma'aikatan malamai a cikin rukuni waɗanda aka biya su da ƙarancin albashi kuma suna fuskantar rashin girmamawa daga ma'aikatansu. == Rikici == === Tsakanin wurare === Winifred Breines farar fata ce wacce ke aiki tun lokacin da aka kafa kungiyar 'yan mata a cikin shekarun 1960. Ta rubuta abubuwa da yawa da suka shafi intersectionality, ko rashin shi, a cikin yanayin mata na Boston ciki har da Gwagwarmayar Haɗi: White da Black Feminism a cikin Motsi Shekaru, Menene soyayya da ita? ''Me soyayya take da shi? ''fararen mata, baƙar fata mata, da mata a cikin shekarun motsi, da ''Koyon game da wariyar launin fata: White Socialist Feminism da Gurasa da Roses''. A lokacin wannan motsi, manyan ƙungiyoyi guda biyu sune Gurasa da Roses Collective, galibi sun haɗa da fararen fata, manyan ɗalibai, mata masu ilimi, da kuma Combahee River Collective, wanda shine ƙungiyar baƙar fata. Breines ya bayyana cewa yawancin 'yan mata baƙar fata sun ji cewa mata masu yawa ba su da hankali game da batutuwan da suka shafi kabilansu da jinsi, suna ci gaba da "samar da cewa' yan mata masu daraja na iya mai da hankali ne kawai kan batutuwan damuwa na mutum, ba za su iya fahimtar cewa ga' yan mata baƙar kai kabilanci da aji suna da mahimmanci kamar nuna bambancin jima'i ba. "<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Breines |first=Wini |date=2002 |title=What's Love Got to Do with It? White Women, Black Women, and Feminism in the Movement Years |url=https://www.journals.uchicago.edu/doi/10.1086/339634 |journal=Signs: Journal of Women in Culture and Society |language=en |volume=27 |issue=4 |pages=1095–1133 |doi=10.1086/339634 |issn=0097-9740 |s2cid=144139580}}</ref> Akwai kasa ta kowa tsakanin Black da White mata a lokacin da White maza ne masu zalunci, duk da haka, bayan da akwai rashin jituwa da yawa a cikin abubuwan da suka fi muhimmanci na ƙungiyoyin mata. Babban darajar 'yan mata masu fata shine kin amincewa da zamantakewar mata. Wannan shine imanin cewa an haɗa 'yan mata da mata don cika matsayin uwaye da mata, maimakon cin nasara a cikin ayyukansu. Ga 'yan mata na Black, wannan ba shi da iko a gare su saboda matsayinsu a matsayin mata da uwaye ba su ware su daga shiga cikin ma'aikata ba. Wani batu na jayayya shine ra'ayin dangin nukiliya. Masu fafutukar mata sun kalli manufar dangin nukiliya a matsayin babban mai zalunci yayin da yake aiki don kiyaye maza a matsayin iko da mata a matsayin matan gida. Wannan babban abin da aka mayar da hankali ga ƙungiyar Bread and Roses da kuma dalilin da ya sa ƙungiyar ta zaɓi bayar da kula da yara. Ga mata baƙar fata da yawa, iyalin ma'aikata ce mai tsarki kuma mai ban sha'awa yayin da suke neman kare nasu daga wariyar launin fata a duniya. === Gwagwarmaya ta ciki === Abin da ya haifar da saurin rushewar Gurasa da Roses Collective (1969-1971), masanin Yahudawa Joyce Antler ya bayyana, shi ne cewa akwai rashin hangen nesa, tsari, da kuma kafa shugabanci wanda zai iya motsa burin rukuni gaba. Duk da yake wannan ya kasance ne saboda ra'ayoyin masu zaman kansu, masu adawa da sake fasalin, daga baya ya haifar da rikici tsakanin mambobi saboda fifiko ga 'yan uwa mata na ƙarya akan ƙirƙirar ƙungiyar mata. == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} == Bayanan littattafai == {{refbegin}} * {{Cite book |last1=Antler |first1=Joyce |chapter='Conscious Radicals': The Jewish Story of Boston's Bread and Roses |title=Jewish Radical Feminism: Voices from the Women's Liberation Movement |pages=115–153 |date=2018 |volume=3 |isbn=978-0-8147-0763-0 |publisher=NYU Press |jstor=j.ctvwrm564 |df=mdy-all }} * {{Cite journal |last1=Breines |first1=Wini |title=What's Love Got to Do with It? White Women, Black Women, and Feminism in the Movement Years |journal=Signs |volume=27 |issue=4 |pages=1095–1133 |date=2002 |doi=10.1086/339634 |issn=0097-9740 |jstor=10.1086/339634 |s2cid=144139580 |df=mdy-all }} * {{Cite journal |last1=Lee |first1=Choonib |title=Women's Liberation and Sixties Armed Resistance |journal=Journal for the Study of Radicalism |volume=11 |issue=1 |pages=25–52 |date=2017 |doi=10.14321/jstudradi.11.1.0025 |issn=1930-1189 |jstor=10.14321/jstudradi.11.1.0025 |s2cid=151547883 |df=mdy-all }} * {{Cite journal |last1=Wells |first1=Susan |title=Our Bodies, Ourselves: Reading the Written Body |journal=Signs |volume=33 |issue=3 |pages=697–723 |date=2008 |doi=10.1086/523710 |issn=0097-9740 |jstor=10.1086/523710 |s2cid=143466088 |df=mdy-all }} {{refend}} [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] rdkk55phvizhzho9qx1i50yk6oni7i9 895525 895524 2026-08-12T10:14:22Z Maryam Abdullahi Y 43904 895525 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''Bread and Roses''' ƙungiya ce ta ƴancin mata masu zaman kansu a [[Boston]] a cikin shekarun 1960 da 1970. An sanya wa ƙungiyar suna ne bayan taken yajin aikin masana'antu na Lawrence na shekarar 1912, tare da Gurasa yana nuna albashi mai kyau kuma Roses yana nufin gajeren sa'o'i da ƙarin lokacin hutu. Babban jigon asalin Bread and Roses ya shafi samun kwanciyar hankali da mutunci ga mata a duk faɗin ma'aikata. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Riordan |first=Christine A. |last2=Kowalski |first2=Alexander M. |date=2021 |title=From Bread and Roses to #MeToo: Multiplicity, Distance, and the Changing Dynamics of Conflict in IR Theory |url=http://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/0019793920970868 |journal=ILR Review |language=en |volume=74 |issue=3 |pages=580–606 |doi=10.1177/0019793920970868 |issn=0019-7939 |s2cid=228850414}}</ref> == Tarihi == An kuma kafa ƙungiyar ne a lokacin rani na shekarar 1969 ta hanyar Meredith Tax da Linda Gordon. Haraji ya ce, "Ba za mu iya magana game da 'yan uwa ba tare da fahimtar cewa matsayi na manufa a cikin al'umma na mafi yawanmu ya bambanta da na uwaye masu zaman kansu, na baƙar fata na uwayemu masu farin, da na mata a ƙasashe na uku. 'Yan uwa suna nufin ba da faɗar gwagwarmayarsu gwagwarmu ce gwagwarmaya ce, amma suna yin ta gwagwarsu. " <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Breines |first=Winifred |date=2007 |title=Struggling to Connect: White and Black Feminism in the Movement Years |journal=Contexts |volume=6 |issue=1 |pages=18–24 |doi=10.1525/ctx.2007.6.1.18 |issn=1536-5042 |doi-access=free}}</ref> A cikin shekarar 1970, ƙungiyar ta fara neman sararin jiki kuma a shekara ta 1971, sun kwace ɗayan gine-ginen da ba a Jami'ar Harvard ba su da ba don ba su da aka taɓa aiki ba don ba don ba da aji, bita, da kula da yara. Wannan sarari ya dauki kwanaki 10 kawai. Bayan karɓar gudummawa, ƙungiyar ta sami damar kafa sabon sarari a watan Janairun 1972, wanda gida ne a Cambridge mai suna Cibiyar Mata.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Collection: Women's Educational Center (Cambridge, Mass.) records {{!}} Archives and Special Collections |url=https://archivesspace.library.northeastern.edu/repositories/2/resources/831 |access-date=2023-12-03 |website=archivesspace.library.northeastern.edu}}</ref> Wannan rukuni ya kunshi kusan mambobi 250, ciki har da Jean Tepperman, Frans Ansley, Judy Ullman da Trude Bennett, waɗanda suka yi imanin cewa juyin juya hali ya zama dole don samun 'yancin mata. Wadannan mambobi sun kafa ƙungiyoyi daban-daban waɗanda suka mai da hankali kan takamaiman batutuwa, misali, lafiyar mata.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Spain |first=Daphne |date=2011 |title=Women's Rights and Gendered Spaces in 1970s Boston |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/10.5250/fronjwomestud.32.1.0152 |journal=Frontiers: A Journal of Women Studies |volume=32 |issue=1 |pages=152–178 |doi=10.5250/fronjwomestud.32.1.0152 |issn=0160-9009 |jstor=10.5250/fronjwomestud.32.1.0152 |s2cid=143280818}}</ref> Ƙungiyar ta kasance har zuwa shekarar 1973. == Ayyukan hadin gwiwa == === Lafiyar mata === Wani sanannen aikin da ƙungiyar Bread and Roses ta samar an kira shi ''Mata da Jikin su: Darasi'', wanda daga baya aka haɓaka cikin Jikinmu, Mu.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Ewing |first=Tess |title=Bread and Roses: "A Revolutionary Moment: Women's Liberation in the late 1960s and early 1970s" |url=https://www.bu.edu/wgs/files/2013/10/Ewing-Bread-and-Roses.pdf |journal=Women's, Gender, & Sexuality Studies Program at Boston University}}</ref> An buga wannan darasi a cikin 1970 a ƙarƙashin sunan Boston Women's Health Collective kuma ya haɗu da labaran mata tare da bayanan gaskiya game da batutuwan mata da lafiyar mata. Batutuwan da aka haɗa a cikin wannan darasi sune Mata, Magunguna, da Kasuwanci, Darasi na Gabatarwa; Anatomy da Physiology; Jima'i; Wasu tatsuniyoyi game da Mata; Cututtukan Venereal; Kula da Haihuwa; Zubar ciki; Shirya Haihuwar; Bayan haihuwa; da Cibiyoyin Kiwon Lafiya. Wannan darasi galibi ana yaba shi a matsayin farkon yunkurin kiwon lafiyar mata na kasa da na duniya. === Aiki === Dangane da taken da aka samo sunan ƙungiyar, wani sanannen gudummawar kungiyar Bread and Roses shine ƙirƙirar ƙungiyar ma'aikatan ma'aikata 9 zuwa 5, wanda yanzu aka sani da 925 na Ƙungiyar Ma'aikatan Ma'aikata ta Duniya. Halitta wannan ƙungiyar ta zo ne saboda yawan ma'aikatan malamai a cikin rukuni waɗanda aka biya su da ƙarancin albashi kuma suna fuskantar rashin girmamawa daga ma'aikatansu. == Rikici == === Tsakanin wurare === Winifred Breines farar fata ce wacce ke aiki tun lokacin da aka kafa kungiyar 'yan mata a cikin shekarun 1960. Ta rubuta abubuwa da yawa da suka shafi intersectionality, ko rashin shi, a cikin yanayin mata na Boston ciki har da Gwagwarmayar Haɗi: White da Black Feminism a cikin Motsi Shekaru, Menene soyayya da ita? ''Me soyayya take da shi? ''fararen mata, baƙar fata mata, da mata a cikin shekarun motsi, da ''Koyon game da wariyar launin fata: White Socialist Feminism da Gurasa da Roses''. A lokacin wannan motsi, manyan ƙungiyoyi guda biyu sune Gurasa da Roses Collective, galibi sun haɗa da fararen fata, manyan ɗalibai, mata masu ilimi, da kuma Combahee River Collective, wanda shine ƙungiyar baƙar fata. Breines ya bayyana cewa yawancin 'yan mata baƙar fata sun ji cewa mata masu yawa ba su da hankali game da batutuwan da suka shafi kabilansu da jinsi, suna ci gaba da "samar da cewa' yan mata masu daraja na iya mai da hankali ne kawai kan batutuwan damuwa na mutum, ba za su iya fahimtar cewa ga' yan mata baƙar kai kabilanci da aji suna da mahimmanci kamar nuna bambancin jima'i ba. "<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Breines |first=Wini |date=2002 |title=What's Love Got to Do with It? White Women, Black Women, and Feminism in the Movement Years |url=https://www.journals.uchicago.edu/doi/10.1086/339634 |journal=Signs: Journal of Women in Culture and Society |language=en |volume=27 |issue=4 |pages=1095–1133 |doi=10.1086/339634 |issn=0097-9740 |s2cid=144139580}}</ref> Akwai kasa ta kowa tsakanin Black da White mata a lokacin da White maza ne masu zalunci, duk da haka, bayan da akwai rashin jituwa da yawa a cikin abubuwan da suka fi muhimmanci na ƙungiyoyin mata. Babban darajar 'yan mata masu fata shine kin amincewa da zamantakewar mata. Wannan shine imanin cewa an haɗa 'yan mata da mata don cika matsayin uwaye da mata, maimakon cin nasara a cikin ayyukansu. Ga 'yan mata na Black, wannan ba shi da iko a gare su saboda matsayinsu a matsayin mata da uwaye ba su ware su daga shiga cikin ma'aikata ba. Wani batu na jayayya shine ra'ayin dangin nukiliya. Masu fafutukar mata sun kalli manufar dangin nukiliya a matsayin babban mai zalunci yayin da yake aiki don kiyaye maza a matsayin iko da mata a matsayin matan gida. Wannan babban abin da aka mayar da hankali ga ƙungiyar Bread and Roses da kuma dalilin da ya sa ƙungiyar ta zaɓi bayar da kula da yara. Ga mata baƙar fata da yawa, iyalin ma'aikata ce mai tsarki kuma mai ban sha'awa yayin da suke neman kare nasu daga wariyar launin fata a duniya. === Gwagwarmaya ta ciki === Abin da ya haifar da saurin rushewar Gurasa da Roses Collective (1969-1971), masanin Yahudawa Joyce Antler ya bayyana, shi ne cewa akwai rashin hangen nesa, tsari, da kuma kafa shugabanci wanda zai iya motsa burin rukuni gaba. Duk da yake wannan ya kasance ne saboda ra'ayoyin masu zaman kansu, masu adawa da sake fasalin, daga baya ya haifar da rikici tsakanin mambobi saboda fifiko ga 'yan uwa mata na ƙarya akan ƙirƙirar ƙungiyar mata. == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} == Bayanan littattafai == {{refbegin}} * {{Cite book |last1=Antler |first1=Joyce |chapter='Conscious Radicals': The Jewish Story of Boston's Bread and Roses |title=Jewish Radical Feminism: Voices from the Women's Liberation Movement |pages=115–153 |date=2018 |volume=3 |isbn=978-0-8147-0763-0 |publisher=NYU Press |jstor=j.ctvwrm564 |df=mdy-all }} * {{Cite journal |last1=Breines |first1=Wini |title=What's Love Got to Do with It? White Women, Black Women, and Feminism in the Movement Years |journal=Signs |volume=27 |issue=4 |pages=1095–1133 |date=2002 |doi=10.1086/339634 |issn=0097-9740 |jstor=10.1086/339634 |s2cid=144139580 |df=mdy-all }} * {{Cite journal |last1=Lee |first1=Choonib |title=Women's Liberation and Sixties Armed Resistance |journal=Journal for the Study of Radicalism |volume=11 |issue=1 |pages=25–52 |date=2017 |doi=10.14321/jstudradi.11.1.0025 |issn=1930-1189 |jstor=10.14321/jstudradi.11.1.0025 |s2cid=151547883 |df=mdy-all }} * {{Cite journal |last1=Wells |first1=Susan |title=Our Bodies, Ourselves: Reading the Written Body |journal=Signs |volume=33 |issue=3 |pages=697–723 |date=2008 |doi=10.1086/523710 |issn=0097-9740 |jstor=10.1086/523710 |s2cid=143466088 |df=mdy-all }} {{refend}} [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] 0r5h8ksh3kx634eqm1r94abmo8xndre 895526 895525 2026-08-12T10:14:35Z Maryam Abdullahi Y 43904 895526 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''Bread and Roses''' ƙungiya ce ta ƴancin mata masu zaman kansu a [[Boston]] a cikin shekarun 1960 da 1970. An sanya wa ƙungiyar suna ne bayan taken yajin aikin masana'antu na Lawrence na shekarar 1912, tare da Gurasa yana nuna albashi mai kyau kuma Roses yana nufin gajeren sa'o'i da ƙarin lokacin hutu. Babban jigon asalin Bread and Roses ya shafi samun kwanciyar hankali da mutunci ga mata a duk faɗin ma'aikata. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Riordan |first=Christine A. |last2=Kowalski |first2=Alexander M. |date=2021 |title=From Bread and Roses to #MeToo: Multiplicity, Distance, and the Changing Dynamics of Conflict in IR Theory |url=http://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/0019793920970868 |journal=ILR Review |language=en |volume=74 |issue=3 |pages=580–606 |doi=10.1177/0019793920970868 |issn=0019-7939 |s2cid=228850414}}</ref> == Tarihi == An kuma kafa ƙungiyar ne a lokacin rani na shekarar 1969 ta hanyar Meredith Tax da Linda Gordon. Haraji ya ce, "Ba za mu iya magana game da 'yan uwa ba tare da fahimtar cewa matsayi na manufa a cikin al'umma na mafi yawanmu ya bambanta da na uwaye masu zaman kansu, na baƙar fata na uwayemu masu farin, da na mata a ƙasashe na uku. 'Yan uwa suna nufin ba da faɗar gwagwarmayarsu gwagwarmu ce gwagwarmaya ce, amma suna yin ta gwagwarsu. " <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Breines |first=Winifred |date=2007 |title=Struggling to Connect: White and Black Feminism in the Movement Years |journal=Contexts |volume=6 |issue=1 |pages=18–24 |doi=10.1525/ctx.2007.6.1.18 |issn=1536-5042 |doi-access=free}}</ref> A cikin shekarar 1970, ƙungiyar ta fara neman sararin jiki kuma a shekara ta 1971, sun kwace ɗayan gine-ginen da ba a Jami'ar Harvard ba su da ba don ba su da aka taɓa aiki ba don ba don ba da aji, bita, da kula da yara. Wannan sarari ya dauki kwanaki 10 kawai. Bayan karɓar gudummawa, ƙungiyar ta sami damar kafa sabon sarari a watan Janairun 1972, wanda gida ne a Cambridge mai suna Cibiyar Mata.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Collection: Women's Educational Center (Cambridge, Mass.) records {{!}} Archives and Special Collections |url=https://archivesspace.library.northeastern.edu/repositories/2/resources/831 |access-date=2023-12-03 |website=archivesspace.library.northeastern.edu}}</ref> Wannan rukuni ya kunshi kusan mambobi 250, ciki har da Jean Tepperman, Frans Ansley, Judy Ullman da Trude Bennett, waɗanda suka yi imanin cewa juyin juya hali ya zama dole don samun 'yancin mata. Wadannan mambobi sun kafa ƙungiyoyi daban-daban waɗanda suka mai da hankali kan takamaiman batutuwa, misali, lafiyar mata.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Spain |first=Daphne |date=2011 |title=Women's Rights and Gendered Spaces in 1970s Boston |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/10.5250/fronjwomestud.32.1.0152 |journal=Frontiers: A Journal of Women Studies |volume=32 |issue=1 |pages=152–178 |doi=10.5250/fronjwomestud.32.1.0152 |issn=0160-9009 |jstor=10.5250/fronjwomestud.32.1.0152 |s2cid=143280818}}</ref> Ƙungiyar ta kasance har zuwa shekarar 1973. == Ayyukan haɗin gwiwa == === Lafiyar mata === Wani sanannen aikin da ƙungiyar Bread and Roses ta samar an kira shi ''Mata da Jikin su: Darasi'', wanda daga baya aka haɓaka cikin Jikinmu, Mu.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Ewing |first=Tess |title=Bread and Roses: "A Revolutionary Moment: Women's Liberation in the late 1960s and early 1970s" |url=https://www.bu.edu/wgs/files/2013/10/Ewing-Bread-and-Roses.pdf |journal=Women's, Gender, & Sexuality Studies Program at Boston University}}</ref> An buga wannan darasi a cikin 1970 a ƙarƙashin sunan Boston Women's Health Collective kuma ya haɗu da labaran mata tare da bayanan gaskiya game da batutuwan mata da lafiyar mata. Batutuwan da aka haɗa a cikin wannan darasi sune Mata, Magunguna, da Kasuwanci, Darasi na Gabatarwa; Anatomy da Physiology; Jima'i; Wasu tatsuniyoyi game da Mata; Cututtukan Venereal; Kula da Haihuwa; Zubar ciki; Shirya Haihuwar; Bayan haihuwa; da Cibiyoyin Kiwon Lafiya. Wannan darasi galibi ana yaba shi a matsayin farkon yunkurin kiwon lafiyar mata na kasa da na duniya. === Aiki === Dangane da taken da aka samo sunan ƙungiyar, wani sanannen gudummawar kungiyar Bread and Roses shine ƙirƙirar ƙungiyar ma'aikatan ma'aikata 9 zuwa 5, wanda yanzu aka sani da 925 na Ƙungiyar Ma'aikatan Ma'aikata ta Duniya. Halitta wannan ƙungiyar ta zo ne saboda yawan ma'aikatan malamai a cikin rukuni waɗanda aka biya su da ƙarancin albashi kuma suna fuskantar rashin girmamawa daga ma'aikatansu. == Rikici == === Tsakanin wurare === Winifred Breines farar fata ce wacce ke aiki tun lokacin da aka kafa kungiyar 'yan mata a cikin shekarun 1960. Ta rubuta abubuwa da yawa da suka shafi intersectionality, ko rashin shi, a cikin yanayin mata na Boston ciki har da Gwagwarmayar Haɗi: White da Black Feminism a cikin Motsi Shekaru, Menene soyayya da ita? ''Me soyayya take da shi? ''fararen mata, baƙar fata mata, da mata a cikin shekarun motsi, da ''Koyon game da wariyar launin fata: White Socialist Feminism da Gurasa da Roses''. A lokacin wannan motsi, manyan ƙungiyoyi guda biyu sune Gurasa da Roses Collective, galibi sun haɗa da fararen fata, manyan ɗalibai, mata masu ilimi, da kuma Combahee River Collective, wanda shine ƙungiyar baƙar fata. Breines ya bayyana cewa yawancin 'yan mata baƙar fata sun ji cewa mata masu yawa ba su da hankali game da batutuwan da suka shafi kabilansu da jinsi, suna ci gaba da "samar da cewa' yan mata masu daraja na iya mai da hankali ne kawai kan batutuwan damuwa na mutum, ba za su iya fahimtar cewa ga' yan mata baƙar kai kabilanci da aji suna da mahimmanci kamar nuna bambancin jima'i ba. "<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Breines |first=Wini |date=2002 |title=What's Love Got to Do with It? White Women, Black Women, and Feminism in the Movement Years |url=https://www.journals.uchicago.edu/doi/10.1086/339634 |journal=Signs: Journal of Women in Culture and Society |language=en |volume=27 |issue=4 |pages=1095–1133 |doi=10.1086/339634 |issn=0097-9740 |s2cid=144139580}}</ref> Akwai kasa ta kowa tsakanin Black da White mata a lokacin da White maza ne masu zalunci, duk da haka, bayan da akwai rashin jituwa da yawa a cikin abubuwan da suka fi muhimmanci na ƙungiyoyin mata. Babban darajar 'yan mata masu fata shine kin amincewa da zamantakewar mata. Wannan shine imanin cewa an haɗa 'yan mata da mata don cika matsayin uwaye da mata, maimakon cin nasara a cikin ayyukansu. Ga 'yan mata na Black, wannan ba shi da iko a gare su saboda matsayinsu a matsayin mata da uwaye ba su ware su daga shiga cikin ma'aikata ba. Wani batu na jayayya shine ra'ayin dangin nukiliya. Masu fafutukar mata sun kalli manufar dangin nukiliya a matsayin babban mai zalunci yayin da yake aiki don kiyaye maza a matsayin iko da mata a matsayin matan gida. Wannan babban abin da aka mayar da hankali ga ƙungiyar Bread and Roses da kuma dalilin da ya sa ƙungiyar ta zaɓi bayar da kula da yara. Ga mata baƙar fata da yawa, iyalin ma'aikata ce mai tsarki kuma mai ban sha'awa yayin da suke neman kare nasu daga wariyar launin fata a duniya. === Gwagwarmaya ta ciki === Abin da ya haifar da saurin rushewar Gurasa da Roses Collective (1969-1971), masanin Yahudawa Joyce Antler ya bayyana, shi ne cewa akwai rashin hangen nesa, tsari, da kuma kafa shugabanci wanda zai iya motsa burin rukuni gaba. Duk da yake wannan ya kasance ne saboda ra'ayoyin masu zaman kansu, masu adawa da sake fasalin, daga baya ya haifar da rikici tsakanin mambobi saboda fifiko ga 'yan uwa mata na ƙarya akan ƙirƙirar ƙungiyar mata. == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} == Bayanan littattafai == {{refbegin}} * {{Cite book |last1=Antler |first1=Joyce |chapter='Conscious Radicals': The Jewish Story of Boston's Bread and Roses |title=Jewish Radical Feminism: Voices from the Women's Liberation Movement |pages=115–153 |date=2018 |volume=3 |isbn=978-0-8147-0763-0 |publisher=NYU Press |jstor=j.ctvwrm564 |df=mdy-all }} * {{Cite journal |last1=Breines |first1=Wini |title=What's Love Got to Do with It? White Women, Black Women, and Feminism in the Movement Years |journal=Signs |volume=27 |issue=4 |pages=1095–1133 |date=2002 |doi=10.1086/339634 |issn=0097-9740 |jstor=10.1086/339634 |s2cid=144139580 |df=mdy-all }} * {{Cite journal |last1=Lee |first1=Choonib |title=Women's Liberation and Sixties Armed Resistance |journal=Journal for the Study of Radicalism |volume=11 |issue=1 |pages=25–52 |date=2017 |doi=10.14321/jstudradi.11.1.0025 |issn=1930-1189 |jstor=10.14321/jstudradi.11.1.0025 |s2cid=151547883 |df=mdy-all }} * {{Cite journal |last1=Wells |first1=Susan |title=Our Bodies, Ourselves: Reading the Written Body |journal=Signs |volume=33 |issue=3 |pages=697–723 |date=2008 |doi=10.1086/523710 |issn=0097-9740 |jstor=10.1086/523710 |s2cid=143466088 |df=mdy-all }} {{refend}} [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] 0i7ub8a6ctucj560ky40kaq2jcq6wxq 895527 895526 2026-08-12T10:14:45Z Maryam Abdullahi Y 43904 895527 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''Bread and Roses''' ƙungiya ce ta ƴancin mata masu zaman kansu a [[Boston]] a cikin shekarun 1960 da 1970. An sanya wa ƙungiyar suna ne bayan taken yajin aikin masana'antu na Lawrence na shekarar 1912, tare da Gurasa yana nuna albashi mai kyau kuma Roses yana nufin gajeren sa'o'i da ƙarin lokacin hutu. Babban jigon asalin Bread and Roses ya shafi samun kwanciyar hankali da mutunci ga mata a duk faɗin ma'aikata. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Riordan |first=Christine A. |last2=Kowalski |first2=Alexander M. |date=2021 |title=From Bread and Roses to #MeToo: Multiplicity, Distance, and the Changing Dynamics of Conflict in IR Theory |url=http://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/0019793920970868 |journal=ILR Review |language=en |volume=74 |issue=3 |pages=580–606 |doi=10.1177/0019793920970868 |issn=0019-7939 |s2cid=228850414}}</ref> == Tarihi == An kuma kafa ƙungiyar ne a lokacin rani na shekarar 1969 ta hanyar Meredith Tax da Linda Gordon. Haraji ya ce, "Ba za mu iya magana game da 'yan uwa ba tare da fahimtar cewa matsayi na manufa a cikin al'umma na mafi yawanmu ya bambanta da na uwaye masu zaman kansu, na baƙar fata na uwayemu masu farin, da na mata a ƙasashe na uku. 'Yan uwa suna nufin ba da faɗar gwagwarmayarsu gwagwarmu ce gwagwarmaya ce, amma suna yin ta gwagwarsu. " <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Breines |first=Winifred |date=2007 |title=Struggling to Connect: White and Black Feminism in the Movement Years |journal=Contexts |volume=6 |issue=1 |pages=18–24 |doi=10.1525/ctx.2007.6.1.18 |issn=1536-5042 |doi-access=free}}</ref> A cikin shekarar 1970, ƙungiyar ta fara neman sararin jiki kuma a shekara ta 1971, sun kwace ɗayan gine-ginen da ba a Jami'ar Harvard ba su da ba don ba su da aka taɓa aiki ba don ba don ba da aji, bita, da kula da yara. Wannan sarari ya dauki kwanaki 10 kawai. Bayan karɓar gudummawa, ƙungiyar ta sami damar kafa sabon sarari a watan Janairun 1972, wanda gida ne a Cambridge mai suna Cibiyar Mata.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Collection: Women's Educational Center (Cambridge, Mass.) records {{!}} Archives and Special Collections |url=https://archivesspace.library.northeastern.edu/repositories/2/resources/831 |access-date=2023-12-03 |website=archivesspace.library.northeastern.edu}}</ref> Wannan rukuni ya kunshi kusan mambobi 250, ciki har da Jean Tepperman, Frans Ansley, Judy Ullman da Trude Bennett, waɗanda suka yi imanin cewa juyin juya hali ya zama dole don samun 'yancin mata. Wadannan mambobi sun kafa ƙungiyoyi daban-daban waɗanda suka mai da hankali kan takamaiman batutuwa, misali, lafiyar mata.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Spain |first=Daphne |date=2011 |title=Women's Rights and Gendered Spaces in 1970s Boston |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/10.5250/fronjwomestud.32.1.0152 |journal=Frontiers: A Journal of Women Studies |volume=32 |issue=1 |pages=152–178 |doi=10.5250/fronjwomestud.32.1.0152 |issn=0160-9009 |jstor=10.5250/fronjwomestud.32.1.0152 |s2cid=143280818}}</ref> Ƙungiyar ta kasance har zuwa shekarar 1973. == Ayyukan haɗin gwiwa == === Lafiyar mata === Wani sanannen aikin da ƙungiyar Bread and Roses ta samar an kira shi ''Mata da Jikin su: Darasi'', wanda daga baya aka haɓaka cikin Jikinmu, Mu.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Ewing |first=Tess |title=Bread and Roses: "A Revolutionary Moment: Women's Liberation in the late 1960s and early 1970s" |url=https://www.bu.edu/wgs/files/2013/10/Ewing-Bread-and-Roses.pdf |journal=Women's, Gender, & Sexuality Studies Program at Boston University}}</ref> An buga wannan darasi a cikin shekarar 1970 a ƙarƙashin sunan Boston Women's Health Collective kuma ya haɗu da labaran mata tare da bayanan gaskiya game da batutuwan mata da lafiyar mata. Batutuwan da aka haɗa a cikin wannan darasi sune Mata, Magunguna, da Kasuwanci, Darasi na Gabatarwa; Anatomy da Physiology; Jima'i; Wasu tatsuniyoyi game da Mata; Cututtukan Venereal; Kula da Haihuwa; Zubar ciki; Shirya Haihuwar; Bayan haihuwa; da Cibiyoyin Kiwon Lafiya. Wannan darasi galibi ana yaba shi a matsayin farkon yunkurin kiwon lafiyar mata na kasa da na duniya. === Aiki === Dangane da taken da aka samo sunan ƙungiyar, wani sanannen gudummawar kungiyar Bread and Roses shine ƙirƙirar ƙungiyar ma'aikatan ma'aikata 9 zuwa 5, wanda yanzu aka sani da 925 na Ƙungiyar Ma'aikatan Ma'aikata ta Duniya. Halitta wannan ƙungiyar ta zo ne saboda yawan ma'aikatan malamai a cikin rukuni waɗanda aka biya su da ƙarancin albashi kuma suna fuskantar rashin girmamawa daga ma'aikatansu. == Rikici == === Tsakanin wurare === Winifred Breines farar fata ce wacce ke aiki tun lokacin da aka kafa kungiyar 'yan mata a cikin shekarun 1960. Ta rubuta abubuwa da yawa da suka shafi intersectionality, ko rashin shi, a cikin yanayin mata na Boston ciki har da Gwagwarmayar Haɗi: White da Black Feminism a cikin Motsi Shekaru, Menene soyayya da ita? ''Me soyayya take da shi? ''fararen mata, baƙar fata mata, da mata a cikin shekarun motsi, da ''Koyon game da wariyar launin fata: White Socialist Feminism da Gurasa da Roses''. A lokacin wannan motsi, manyan ƙungiyoyi guda biyu sune Gurasa da Roses Collective, galibi sun haɗa da fararen fata, manyan ɗalibai, mata masu ilimi, da kuma Combahee River Collective, wanda shine ƙungiyar baƙar fata. Breines ya bayyana cewa yawancin 'yan mata baƙar fata sun ji cewa mata masu yawa ba su da hankali game da batutuwan da suka shafi kabilansu da jinsi, suna ci gaba da "samar da cewa' yan mata masu daraja na iya mai da hankali ne kawai kan batutuwan damuwa na mutum, ba za su iya fahimtar cewa ga' yan mata baƙar kai kabilanci da aji suna da mahimmanci kamar nuna bambancin jima'i ba. "<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Breines |first=Wini |date=2002 |title=What's Love Got to Do with It? White Women, Black Women, and Feminism in the Movement Years |url=https://www.journals.uchicago.edu/doi/10.1086/339634 |journal=Signs: Journal of Women in Culture and Society |language=en |volume=27 |issue=4 |pages=1095–1133 |doi=10.1086/339634 |issn=0097-9740 |s2cid=144139580}}</ref> Akwai kasa ta kowa tsakanin Black da White mata a lokacin da White maza ne masu zalunci, duk da haka, bayan da akwai rashin jituwa da yawa a cikin abubuwan da suka fi muhimmanci na ƙungiyoyin mata. Babban darajar 'yan mata masu fata shine kin amincewa da zamantakewar mata. Wannan shine imanin cewa an haɗa 'yan mata da mata don cika matsayin uwaye da mata, maimakon cin nasara a cikin ayyukansu. Ga 'yan mata na Black, wannan ba shi da iko a gare su saboda matsayinsu a matsayin mata da uwaye ba su ware su daga shiga cikin ma'aikata ba. Wani batu na jayayya shine ra'ayin dangin nukiliya. Masu fafutukar mata sun kalli manufar dangin nukiliya a matsayin babban mai zalunci yayin da yake aiki don kiyaye maza a matsayin iko da mata a matsayin matan gida. Wannan babban abin da aka mayar da hankali ga ƙungiyar Bread and Roses da kuma dalilin da ya sa ƙungiyar ta zaɓi bayar da kula da yara. Ga mata baƙar fata da yawa, iyalin ma'aikata ce mai tsarki kuma mai ban sha'awa yayin da suke neman kare nasu daga wariyar launin fata a duniya. === Gwagwarmaya ta ciki === Abin da ya haifar da saurin rushewar Gurasa da Roses Collective (1969-1971), masanin Yahudawa Joyce Antler ya bayyana, shi ne cewa akwai rashin hangen nesa, tsari, da kuma kafa shugabanci wanda zai iya motsa burin rukuni gaba. Duk da yake wannan ya kasance ne saboda ra'ayoyin masu zaman kansu, masu adawa da sake fasalin, daga baya ya haifar da rikici tsakanin mambobi saboda fifiko ga 'yan uwa mata na ƙarya akan ƙirƙirar ƙungiyar mata. == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} == Bayanan littattafai == {{refbegin}} * {{Cite book |last1=Antler |first1=Joyce |chapter='Conscious Radicals': The Jewish Story of Boston's Bread and Roses |title=Jewish Radical Feminism: Voices from the Women's Liberation Movement |pages=115–153 |date=2018 |volume=3 |isbn=978-0-8147-0763-0 |publisher=NYU Press |jstor=j.ctvwrm564 |df=mdy-all }} * {{Cite journal |last1=Breines |first1=Wini |title=What's Love Got to Do with It? White Women, Black Women, and Feminism in the Movement Years |journal=Signs |volume=27 |issue=4 |pages=1095–1133 |date=2002 |doi=10.1086/339634 |issn=0097-9740 |jstor=10.1086/339634 |s2cid=144139580 |df=mdy-all }} * {{Cite journal |last1=Lee |first1=Choonib |title=Women's Liberation and Sixties Armed Resistance |journal=Journal for the Study of Radicalism |volume=11 |issue=1 |pages=25–52 |date=2017 |doi=10.14321/jstudradi.11.1.0025 |issn=1930-1189 |jstor=10.14321/jstudradi.11.1.0025 |s2cid=151547883 |df=mdy-all }} * {{Cite journal |last1=Wells |first1=Susan |title=Our Bodies, Ourselves: Reading the Written Body |journal=Signs |volume=33 |issue=3 |pages=697–723 |date=2008 |doi=10.1086/523710 |issn=0097-9740 |jstor=10.1086/523710 |s2cid=143466088 |df=mdy-all }} {{refend}} [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] 6vxi08qi46b1sqt0yyzxcbwq1921ss0 895528 895527 2026-08-12T10:15:04Z Maryam Abdullahi Y 43904 895528 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''Bread and Roses''' ƙungiya ce ta ƴancin mata masu zaman kansu a [[Boston]] a cikin shekarun 1960 da 1970. An sanya wa ƙungiyar suna ne bayan taken yajin aikin masana'antu na Lawrence na shekarar 1912, tare da Gurasa yana nuna albashi mai kyau kuma Roses yana nufin gajeren sa'o'i da ƙarin lokacin hutu. Babban jigon asalin Bread and Roses ya shafi samun kwanciyar hankali da mutunci ga mata a duk faɗin ma'aikata. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Riordan |first=Christine A. |last2=Kowalski |first2=Alexander M. |date=2021 |title=From Bread and Roses to #MeToo: Multiplicity, Distance, and the Changing Dynamics of Conflict in IR Theory |url=http://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/0019793920970868 |journal=ILR Review |language=en |volume=74 |issue=3 |pages=580–606 |doi=10.1177/0019793920970868 |issn=0019-7939 |s2cid=228850414}}</ref> == Tarihi == An kuma kafa ƙungiyar ne a lokacin rani na shekarar 1969 ta hanyar Meredith Tax da Linda Gordon. Haraji ya ce, "Ba za mu iya magana game da 'yan uwa ba tare da fahimtar cewa matsayi na manufa a cikin al'umma na mafi yawanmu ya bambanta da na uwaye masu zaman kansu, na baƙar fata na uwayemu masu farin, da na mata a ƙasashe na uku. 'Yan uwa suna nufin ba da faɗar gwagwarmayarsu gwagwarmu ce gwagwarmaya ce, amma suna yin ta gwagwarsu. " <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Breines |first=Winifred |date=2007 |title=Struggling to Connect: White and Black Feminism in the Movement Years |journal=Contexts |volume=6 |issue=1 |pages=18–24 |doi=10.1525/ctx.2007.6.1.18 |issn=1536-5042 |doi-access=free}}</ref> A cikin shekarar 1970, ƙungiyar ta fara neman sararin jiki kuma a shekara ta 1971, sun kwace ɗayan gine-ginen da ba a Jami'ar Harvard ba su da ba don ba su da aka taɓa aiki ba don ba don ba da aji, bita, da kula da yara. Wannan sarari ya dauki kwanaki 10 kawai. Bayan karɓar gudummawa, ƙungiyar ta sami damar kafa sabon sarari a watan Janairun 1972, wanda gida ne a Cambridge mai suna Cibiyar Mata.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Collection: Women's Educational Center (Cambridge, Mass.) records {{!}} Archives and Special Collections |url=https://archivesspace.library.northeastern.edu/repositories/2/resources/831 |access-date=2023-12-03 |website=archivesspace.library.northeastern.edu}}</ref> Wannan rukuni ya kunshi kusan mambobi 250, ciki har da Jean Tepperman, Frans Ansley, Judy Ullman da Trude Bennett, waɗanda suka yi imanin cewa juyin juya hali ya zama dole don samun 'yancin mata. Wadannan mambobi sun kafa ƙungiyoyi daban-daban waɗanda suka mai da hankali kan takamaiman batutuwa, misali, lafiyar mata.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Spain |first=Daphne |date=2011 |title=Women's Rights and Gendered Spaces in 1970s Boston |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/10.5250/fronjwomestud.32.1.0152 |journal=Frontiers: A Journal of Women Studies |volume=32 |issue=1 |pages=152–178 |doi=10.5250/fronjwomestud.32.1.0152 |issn=0160-9009 |jstor=10.5250/fronjwomestud.32.1.0152 |s2cid=143280818}}</ref> Ƙungiyar ta kasance har zuwa shekarar 1973. == Ayyukan haɗin gwiwa == === Lafiyar mata === Wani sanannen aikin da ƙungiyar Bread and Roses ta samar an kira shi ''Mata da Jikin su: Darasi'', wanda daga baya aka haɓaka cikin Jikinmu, Mu.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Ewing |first=Tess |title=Bread and Roses: "A Revolutionary Moment: Women's Liberation in the late 1960s and early 1970s" |url=https://www.bu.edu/wgs/files/2013/10/Ewing-Bread-and-Roses.pdf |journal=Women's, Gender, & Sexuality Studies Program at Boston University}}</ref> An buga wannan darasi a cikin shekarar 1970 a ƙarƙashin sunan Boston Women's Health Collective kuma ya haɗu da labaran mata tare da bayanan gaskiya game da batutuwan mata da lafiyar mata. Batutuwan da aka haɗa a cikin wannan darasi sune Mata, Magunguna, da Kasuwanci, Darasi na Gabatarwa; Anatomy da Physiology; Jima'i; Wasu tatsuniyoyi game da Mata; Cututtukan Venereal; Kula da Haihuwa; Zubar ciki; Shirya Haihuwar; Bayan haihuwa; da Cibiyoyin Kiwon Lafiya. Wannan darasi galibi ana yaba shi a matsayin farkon yunkurin kiwon lafiyar mata na kasa da na duniya. === Aiki === Dangane da taken da aka samo sunan ƙungiyar, wani sanannen gudummawar kungiyar Bread and Roses shine ƙirƙirar ƙungiyar ma'aikatan ma'aikata 9 zuwa 5, wanda yanzu aka sani da 925 na Ƙungiyar Ma'aikatan Ma'aikata ta Duniya. Halitta wannan ƙungiyar ta zo ne saboda yawan ma'aikatan malamai a cikin rukuni waɗanda aka biya su da ƙarancin albashi kuma suna fuskantar rashin girmamawa daga ma'aikatansu. == Rikici == === Tsakanin wurare === Winifred Breines farar fata ce wacce ke aiki tun lokacin da aka kafa kungiyar 'yan mata a cikin shekarun 1960. Ta rubuta abubuwa da yawa da suka shafi intersectionality, ko rashin shi, a cikin yanayin mata na Boston ciki har da Gwagwarmayar Haɗi: White da Black Feminism a cikin Motsi Shekaru, Menene soyayya da ita? ''Me soyayya take da shi? ''fararen mata, baƙar fata mata, da mata a cikin shekarun motsi, da ''Koyon game da wariyar launin fata: White Socialist Feminism da Gurasa da Roses''. A lokacin wannan motsi, manyan ƙungiyoyi guda biyu sune Gurasa da Roses Collective, galibi sun haɗa da fararen fata, manyan ɗalibai, mata masu ilimi, da kuma Combahee River Collective, wanda shine ƙungiyar baƙar fata. Breines ya bayyana cewa yawancin 'yan mata baƙar fata sun ji cewa mata masu yawa ba su da hankali game da batutuwan da suka shafi kabilansu da jinsi, suna ci gaba da "samar da cewa' yan mata masu daraja na iya mai da hankali ne kawai kan batutuwan damuwa na mutum, ba za su iya fahimtar cewa ga' yan mata baƙar kai kabilanci da aji suna da mahimmanci kamar nuna bambancin jima'i ba. "<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Breines |first=Wini |date=2002 |title=What's Love Got to Do with It? White Women, Black Women, and Feminism in the Movement Years |url=https://www.journals.uchicago.edu/doi/10.1086/339634 |journal=Signs: Journal of Women in Culture and Society |language=en |volume=27 |issue=4 |pages=1095–1133 |doi=10.1086/339634 |issn=0097-9740 |s2cid=144139580}}</ref> Akwai kuma ƙasa ta kowa tsakanin Black da White mata a lokacin da White maza ne masu zalunci, duk da haka, bayan da akwai rashin jituwa da yawa a cikin abubuwan da suka fi muhimmanci na ƙungiyoyin mata. Babban darajar 'yan mata masu fata shine kin amincewa da zamantakewar mata. Wannan shine imanin cewa an haɗa 'yan mata da mata don cika matsayin uwaye da mata, maimakon cin nasara a cikin ayyukansu. Ga 'yan mata na Black, wannan ba shi da iko a gare su saboda matsayinsu a matsayin mata da uwaye ba su ware su daga shiga cikin ma'aikata ba. Wani batu na jayayya shine ra'ayin dangin nukiliya. Masu fafutukar mata sun kalli manufar dangin nukiliya a matsayin babban mai zalunci yayin da yake aiki don kiyaye maza a matsayin iko da mata a matsayin matan gida. Wannan babban abin da aka mayar da hankali ga ƙungiyar Bread and Roses da kuma dalilin da ya sa ƙungiyar ta zaɓi bayar da kula da yara. Ga mata baƙar fata da yawa, iyalin ma'aikata ce mai tsarki kuma mai ban sha'awa yayin da suke neman kare nasu daga wariyar launin fata a duniya. === Gwagwarmaya ta ciki === Abin da ya haifar da saurin rushewar Gurasa da Roses Collective (1969-1971), masanin Yahudawa Joyce Antler ya bayyana, shi ne cewa akwai rashin hangen nesa, tsari, da kuma kafa shugabanci wanda zai iya motsa burin rukuni gaba. Duk da yake wannan ya kasance ne saboda ra'ayoyin masu zaman kansu, masu adawa da sake fasalin, daga baya ya haifar da rikici tsakanin mambobi saboda fifiko ga 'yan uwa mata na ƙarya akan ƙirƙirar ƙungiyar mata. == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} == Bayanan littattafai == {{refbegin}} * {{Cite book |last1=Antler |first1=Joyce |chapter='Conscious Radicals': The Jewish Story of Boston's Bread and Roses |title=Jewish Radical Feminism: Voices from the Women's Liberation Movement |pages=115–153 |date=2018 |volume=3 |isbn=978-0-8147-0763-0 |publisher=NYU Press |jstor=j.ctvwrm564 |df=mdy-all }} * {{Cite journal |last1=Breines |first1=Wini |title=What's Love Got to Do with It? White Women, Black Women, and Feminism in the Movement Years |journal=Signs |volume=27 |issue=4 |pages=1095–1133 |date=2002 |doi=10.1086/339634 |issn=0097-9740 |jstor=10.1086/339634 |s2cid=144139580 |df=mdy-all }} * {{Cite journal |last1=Lee |first1=Choonib |title=Women's Liberation and Sixties Armed Resistance |journal=Journal for the Study of Radicalism |volume=11 |issue=1 |pages=25–52 |date=2017 |doi=10.14321/jstudradi.11.1.0025 |issn=1930-1189 |jstor=10.14321/jstudradi.11.1.0025 |s2cid=151547883 |df=mdy-all }} * {{Cite journal |last1=Wells |first1=Susan |title=Our Bodies, Ourselves: Reading the Written Body |journal=Signs |volume=33 |issue=3 |pages=697–723 |date=2008 |doi=10.1086/523710 |issn=0097-9740 |jstor=10.1086/523710 |s2cid=143466088 |df=mdy-all }} {{refend}} [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] 8eehnu19a76bj0x718y04k2a42x90l4 0 94998 895214 605583 2026-08-11T21:17:07Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 3 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 895214 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} Cynthia Gail Baum masanin ilimin halayyar dan adam ne na Amurka kuma mai gudanar da ilimi wanda ke aiki a matsayin provost da mataimakin shugaban harkokin ilimi a Jami'ar Jihar Thomas Edison . Ta kasance shugabar Jami'ar Walden kuma shugabar Jami'ar Argosy . == Ilimi == Baum ya sami digiri na farko na kimiyya a fannin ilimin halayyar dan adam a Jami'ar Denison . <ref>name=":1">{{Cite web |last= |first= |date= |title=Cynthia Baum |url=https://www.tesu.edu/about/cynthia-baum |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211130180954/https://www.tesu.edu/about/cynthia-baum |archive-date=2021-11-30 |access-date=2021-01-14 |website=Thomas Edison State University |language=en |url-status=dead }}</ref> Tana da masanin kimiyya da likitan falsafar a fannin ilimin halayyar asibiti daga Jami'ar Georgia . <ref>name=":0">{{Cite web |date=February 1, 2012 |title=Walden University Names Cynthia G. Baum as New President |url=https://www.waldenu.edu/connect/newsroom/walden-news/2012/0201-cynthia-baum-new-president |access-date=2019-03-19 |website=Walden University |language=en }}{{Dead link|date=March 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> Rubutun da ta yi a shekarar 1982 an kira shi "Abubuwan da ke tattare da ƙwaƙwalwar ƙwaƙwalwa". == Ayyuka == Baum masanin ilimin halayyar dan adam ne. Ta kasance memba na cikakken lokaci na Virginia Tech da Jami'ar Katolika ta Amurka . Baum tsohon mataimakin babban darakta ne na ilimi na Ƙungiyar Psychological ta Amurka . <ref>name=":0">{{Cite web |date=February 1, 2012 |title=Walden University Names Cynthia G. Baum as New President |url=https://www.waldenu.edu/connect/newsroom/walden-news/2012/0201-cynthia-baum-new-president |access-date=2019-03-19 |website=Walden University |language=en }}{{Dead link|date=March 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="true">[https://www.waldenu.edu/connect/newsroom/walden-news/2012/0201-cynthia-baum-new-president "Walden University Names Cynthia G. Baum as New President"]{{Dead link|date=March 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}. ''Walden University''. February 1, 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2019-03-19</span></span>.</cite></ref> Baum ya yi aiki a matsayin mataimakin shugaban Jami'ar Walden . A shekara ta 2012, an nada ta a matsayin shugaban kasa na 9, wanda ya maye gurbin [[Jonathan A. Kaplan]] . <ref>{{Cite web |last=Stych |first=Ed |date=February 1, 2012 |title=Walden University names new CEO, president |url=https://www.bizjournals.com/twincities/news/2012/02/01/walden-university-hires-new-president.html |access-date=2019-03-19 |website=St. Paul Business Journal}}</ref> A shekara ta 2015, Baum ya zama shugaban Jami'ar Argosy . <ref>{{Cite web |last=Millward |first=Wade Tyler |date=July 16, 2015 |title=Former president of private for-profit college Walden takes over Argosy |url=https://www.bizjournals.com/tampabay/blog/morning-edition/2015/07/former-president-of-private-for-profit-college.html |access-date=2019-03-19 |website=Tampa Bay Business Journal}}</ref> Ita ce provost kuma mataimakiyar shugaban harkokin ilimi a Jami'ar Jihar Thomas Edison . <ref>name=":1">{{Cite web |last= |first= |date= |title=Cynthia Baum |url=https://www.tesu.edu/about/cynthia-baum |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211130180954/https://www.tesu.edu/about/cynthia-baum |archive-date=2021-11-30 |access-date=2021-01-14 |website=Thomas Edison State University |language=en |url-status=dead }}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="true">[https://www.tesu.edu/about/cynthia-baum "Cynthia Baum"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230602181855/https://www.tesu.edu/about/cynthia-baum |date=2023-06-02 }}. ''Thomas Edison State University''<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2021-01-14</span></span>.</cite></ref> == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] qgkp0g870hewxkob0fpimyx0dnoadl7 0 95152 895119 595136 2026-08-11T17:03:44Z Ummun Sultan 23935 895119 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Ah Quon McElrath''' (15 Disamban shekarar 1915 - 11 Disamba 2008) jagora ce na sake fasalin aiki na Hawaii kuma mai fafutukar zamantakewa. Ta yi ritaya a shekara ta 1981, amma ta yi amfani da aikinta na ba da shawara ga ƙungiyoyi ta hanyar turawa don daidaitattun albashi da magani daga Big Five a Hawaii. == Rayuwa ta farko == An haifi McElrath Leong Yuk Quon a Iwilei bayan iyayenta suka yi hijira zuwa Hawaii daga Zhongshan, China. Mahaifinta ya yi aiki da ƙananan ayyuka da yawa, kuma ya mutu lokacin da McElrath ke da shekaru 5. A lokacin da yake da shekaru 17, McElrath ya tafi gidan wasan kwaikwayo na burlesque don jin Upton Sinclair, sanannen muckraker, yana ba da jawabi game da talauci. Wannan jawabin ya ba ta wahayi don zama mai fafutukar zamantakewa. [ana bukatar hujja][citation needed] Ta auri Robert "Bob" McElrath a shekara ta 1941. == Ayyuka da gwagwarmaya == Yayinda yake shiga Jami'ar Hawai'i, Ah Quon McElrath ya shiga kungiyar Interprofessional Association ta hagu kuma ya sadu da shugaban Jam'iyyar Kwaminisanci ta Amurka Jack Hall, wanda shine shugaban kungiyar International Longshore and Warehouse Union (ILWU) Local 142. Bayan kammala karatunta ta yi aiki a Hukumar Kula da Lafiyar Jama'a. McElrath ya fara aikin sa kai ga ILWU a cikin shekarun 1940 ta hanyar yin jawabai da sanya hannu kan ma'aikatan tashar jiragen ruwa a matsayin membobin ƙungiyar. Ta ba da gudummawarta a matsayin ma'aikaciyar zamantakewa ko'ina, kamar bayan tsunami na 1946 a Hilo . Yayinda take hutu, ta kuma shiga cikin Yajin aikin sukari na 1946, tana koya wa masu yajin aiki wane hakkin da suke da shi.[1] A shekara ta 1954 ta zama ma'aikaciyar zamantakewar albashi tare da ILWU, <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Frank |first=Dana |date=1996 |title=Daughters of Mother Jones |journal=The Women's Review of Books |volume=14 |issue=1 |pages=17–19 |doi=10.2307/4022516 |jstor=4022516}}</ref> kuma ta yi aiki a can ta yi ritaya a shekara ta 1981. <ref name=":3">{{Cite web |last= |first= |date=December 12, 2008 |title=Hawaii activist Ah Quon McElrath dies at 92 |url=https://www.bizjournals.com/pacific/stories/2008/12/08/daily76.html |archive-url= |archive-date= |access-date=2018-04-06 |website=www.bizjournals.com}}</ref> A shekara ta 1981, ta yi aiki a kwamitin kungiyar kare hakkin bil'adama da lauyan kare hakkin bilʼadama na Hawaii David Schutter ya kafa. == Haɗin Kwaminisanci == A cikin 1971, FBI ta fitar da bayanai da ke kiran kwamitin tsakiya na Jam'iyyar Kwaminis ta Amurka a Hawaii. Baya ga McElrath, jerin sun hada da Jack Hall, Jack Denichi Kimoto, John Reinecke, da Robert McElrath. Hall, Kimoto, Reinecke, da wasu hudu an gurfanar da su a gaban shari'a saboda keta Dokar Smith. == Yin ritaya == Bayan ya yi ritaya, McElrath ya ci gaba da ba da shawara ga matalauta, haƙƙin mata, ilimi, da kiwon lafiya. Shekaru biyu bayan da ta yi ritaya ta yi aiki tare da Gidauniyar Villers don inganta shirin Ƙarin Tsaro. Ta kuma yi aiki a Kwamitin Regents a Jami'ar Hawai'i, kuma ta taimaka wajen kirkirar sashen Nazarin Kabilanci a can.<ref>{{Cite web |title=System: Statement from UH President David McClain on the passing of Emeritus Regent Ah Quon McElrath {{!}} University of Hawaii News |url=https://manoa.hawaii.edu/news/article.php?aId=2596 |access-date=2018-04-07 |website=manoa.hawaii.edu}}</ref> McElrath ya sami digirin digirin girmamawa daga Jami'ar a shekarar 1988 da kuma lambar yabo ta UH Founders Alumni Association Lifetime Achievement Award a shekara ta 2004. <ref>{{Cite web |title=System: UH Alumni Association Announces 2004 Distinguished Alumni Award Recipients {{!}} University of Hawaiʻi News |url=https://manoa.hawaii.edu/news/article.php?aId=730 |access-date=2018-04-06 |website=manoa.hawaii.edu}}</ref> McElrath ya mutu a shekara ta 2008. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Hawaii union, social activist Ah Quon McElrath dies at 92 {{!}} The Honolulu Advertiser {{!}} Hawaii's Newspaper |url=http://the.honoluluadvertiser.com/article/2008/Dec/13/ln/hawaii812130334.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180406225813/http://the.honoluluadvertiser.com/article/2008/Dec/13/ln/hawaii812130334.html |archive-date=2018-04-06 |access-date=2018-04-06 |website=the.honoluluadvertiser.com |language=en}}</ref> == Manazarta == {{Reflist|2}} == Haɗin waje == * [http://uluulu.hawaii.edu/titles/14698 Tattaunawar tarihin baki] [[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1915]] [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] 1o41l22bi8a5c0p989dubss8n6esyc0 895121 895119 2026-08-11T17:04:00Z Ummun Sultan 23935 895121 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Ah Quon McElrath''' (15 Disamban shekarar 1915 - 11 Disamba 2008) jagora ce na sake fasalin aiki na Hawaii kuma mai fafutukar zamantakewa. Ta yi ritaya a shekara ta 1981, amma ta yi amfani da aikinta na ba da shawara ga ƙungiyoyi ta hanyar turawa don daidaitattun albashi da magani daga Big Five a Hawaii. == Rayuwa ta farko == An haifi McElrath Leong Yuk Quon a Iwilei bayan iyayenta suka yi hijira zuwa Hawaii daga Zhongshan, China. Mahaifinta ya yi aiki da ƙananan ayyuka da yawa, kuma ya mutu lokacin da McElrath ke da shekaru 5. A lokacin da yake da shekaru 17, McElrath ya tafi gidan wasan kwaikwayo na burlesque don jin Upton Sinclair, sanannen muckraker, yana ba da jawabi game da talauci. Wannan jawabin ya ba ta wahayi don zama mai fafutukar zamantakewa. [ana bukatar hujja][citation needed] Ta auri Robert "Bob" McElrath a shekara ta 1941. == Ayyuka da gwagwarmaya == Yayinda yake shiga Jami'ar Hawai'i, Ah Quon McElrath ya shiga kungiyar Interprofessional Association ta hagu kuma ya sadu da shugaban Jam'iyyar Kwaminisanci ta Amurka Jack Hall, wanda shine shugaban kungiyar International Longshore and Warehouse Union (ILWU) Local 142. Bayan kammala karatunta ta yi aiki a Hukumar Kula da Lafiyar Jama'a. McElrath ya fara aikin sa kai ga ILWU a cikin shekarun 1940 ta hanyar yin jawabai da sanya hannu kan ma'aikatan tashar jiragen ruwa a matsayin membobin ƙungiyar. Ta ba da gudummawarta a matsayin ma'aikaciyar zamantakewa ko'ina, kamar bayan tsunami na 1946 a Hilo . Yayinda take hutu, ta kuma shiga cikin Yajin aikin sukari na 1946, tana koya wa masu yajin aiki wane hakkin da suke da shi.[1] A shekara ta 1954 ta zama ma'aikaciyar zamantakewar albashi tare da ILWU, <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Frank |first=Dana |date=1996 |title=Daughters of Mother Jones |journal=The Women's Review of Books |volume=14 |issue=1 |pages=17–19 |doi=10.2307/4022516 |jstor=4022516}}</ref> kuma ta yi aiki a can ta yi ritaya a shekara ta 1981. <ref name=":3">{{Cite web |last= |first= |date=December 12, 2008 |title=Hawaii activist Ah Quon McElrath dies at 92 |url=https://www.bizjournals.com/pacific/stories/2008/12/08/daily76.html |archive-url= |archive-date= |access-date=2018-04-06 |website=www.bizjournals.com}}</ref> A shekara ta 1981, ta yi aiki a kwamitin kungiyar kare hakkin bil'adama da lauyan kare hakkin bilʼadama na Hawaii David Schutter ya kafa. == Haɗin Kwaminisanci == A cikin shekarar 1971, FBI ta fitar da bayanai da ke kiran kwamitin tsakiya na Jam'iyyar Kwaminis ta Amurka a Hawaii. Baya ga McElrath, jerin sun hada da Jack Hall, Jack Denichi Kimoto, John Reinecke, da Robert McElrath. Hall, Kimoto, Reinecke, da wasu hudu an gurfanar da su a gaban shari'a saboda keta Dokar Smith. == Yin ritaya == Bayan ya yi ritaya, McElrath ya ci gaba da ba da shawara ga matalauta, haƙƙin mata, ilimi, da kiwon lafiya. Shekaru biyu bayan da ta yi ritaya ta yi aiki tare da Gidauniyar Villers don inganta shirin Ƙarin Tsaro. Ta kuma yi aiki a Kwamitin Regents a Jami'ar Hawai'i, kuma ta taimaka wajen kirkirar sashen Nazarin Kabilanci a can.<ref>{{Cite web |title=System: Statement from UH President David McClain on the passing of Emeritus Regent Ah Quon McElrath {{!}} University of Hawaii News |url=https://manoa.hawaii.edu/news/article.php?aId=2596 |access-date=2018-04-07 |website=manoa.hawaii.edu}}</ref> McElrath ya sami digirin digirin girmamawa daga Jami'ar a shekarar 1988 da kuma lambar yabo ta UH Founders Alumni Association Lifetime Achievement Award a shekara ta 2004. <ref>{{Cite web |title=System: UH Alumni Association Announces 2004 Distinguished Alumni Award Recipients {{!}} University of Hawaiʻi News |url=https://manoa.hawaii.edu/news/article.php?aId=730 |access-date=2018-04-06 |website=manoa.hawaii.edu}}</ref> McElrath ya mutu a shekara ta 2008. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Hawaii union, social activist Ah Quon McElrath dies at 92 {{!}} The Honolulu Advertiser {{!}} Hawaii's Newspaper |url=http://the.honoluluadvertiser.com/article/2008/Dec/13/ln/hawaii812130334.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180406225813/http://the.honoluluadvertiser.com/article/2008/Dec/13/ln/hawaii812130334.html |archive-date=2018-04-06 |access-date=2018-04-06 |website=the.honoluluadvertiser.com |language=en}}</ref> == Manazarta == {{Reflist|2}} == Haɗin waje == * [http://uluulu.hawaii.edu/titles/14698 Tattaunawar tarihin baki] [[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1915]] [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] prwkvzpbjkneh4id18zrdr9ys9oouto 0 95319 895373 641487 2026-08-12T06:40:54Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 895373 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''Elizabeth Bonawitz''' masaniyar ilimin halayyar dan adam ce kuma masaniyar kimiyyar lissafi. Binciken da ta yi na zahiri tana mai da hankali kan mahimman abubuwan da ke tattare da ilmantarwa, imanin yara na farko, sha'awar yara, da kuma yadda yara ke haɓaka fahimta game da duniya.<ref> name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Elizabeth Bonawitz |url=https://www.gse.harvard.edu/directory/faculty/elizabeth-bonawitz#:~:text=Elizabeth%20Bonawitz%20is%20the%20David%20J.%20Vitale%20associate,two%20research%20traditions%3A%20cognitive%20development%20and%20computational%20modeling. |access-date=September 24, 2024 |website=Harvard Graduate School of Education}}</ref> An nuna aikinta a cikin The New York Times, The Economist, Psychology Today, <ref>{{Cite web |title=Does Curiosity Guide Children's Learning? {{!}} Psychology Today |url=https://www.psychologytoday.com/us/blog/explananda/201204/does-curiosity-guide-childrens-learning?msockid=1788e2f4797068d224c7f6507d706636 |access-date=2024-10-14 |website=www.psychologytoday.com |language=en-US}}</ref> da kuma Scientific American.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Gopnik |first=Alison |date=June 1, 2017 |title=Artificial Intelligence Helps in Learning How Children Learn |url=https://www.scientificamerican.com/article/gopnik-artificial-intelligence-helps-in-learning-how-children-learn/ |access-date=September 24, 2024 |website=Scientific American}}</ref> Bonawitz shi ne David J. Vitale Mataimakin Farfesa na Kimiyya na Ilimi a Makarantar Ilimi ta Harvard . <ref> name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Elizabeth Bonawitz |url=https://www.gse.harvard.edu/directory/faculty/elizabeth-bonawitz#:~:text=Elizabeth%20Bonawitz%20is%20the%20David%20J.%20Vitale%20associate,two%20research%20traditions%3A%20cognitive%20development%20and%20computational%20modeling. |access-date=September 24, 2024 |website=Harvard Graduate School of Education}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="true">[https://www.gse.harvard.edu/directory/faculty/elizabeth-bonawitz#:~:text=Elizabeth%20Bonawitz%20is%20the%20David%20J.%20Vitale%20associate,two%20research%20traditions%3A%20cognitive%20development%20and%20computational%20modeling. "Elizabeth Bonawitz"]. ''Harvard Graduate School of Education''<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">September 24,</span> 2024</span>.</cite></ref> Kafin ta yi aiki a Harvard, daga shekarun 2013 har zuwa 2020, ta kasance Mataimakin Farfesa kuma ta sami ci gaba zuwa Mataimakin Forofesara a Jami'ar Rutgers-Newark . <ref>{{Cite web |title=Elizabeth Bonawitz |url=https://sasn.rutgers.edu/elizabeth-bonawitz |access-date=September 24, 2024 |website=Rutgers-Newark}}</ref> == Tarihin rayuwa == A shekara ta 2002, Bonawitz ta sami digiri na BS a fannin ilimin halayyar mutum a Jami'ar Arewa maso Gabas. Bayan ta sami digiri na farko, ta sami Ph.D. a cikin Brain da Cognitive Sciences a Cibiyar Fasaha ta Massachusetts (MIT) a cikin shekara ta 2009. A shekara ta 2002, Bonawitz ta yi aiki a matsayin mai kula da dakin gwaje-gwaje a MIT, inda ta yi aiki tare da Schulz da Josh Tenenbaum <ref>{{Cite web |title=People |url=https://cocosci.mit.edu/people |access-date=September 24, 2024 |website=Computational Cognitive Science |archive-date=September 25, 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240925031747/https://cocosci.mit.edu/people |url-status=dead }}</ref> A shekara ta 2009, Bonawitz ta kammala Ph.D. a ƙarƙashin kulawar Dokta Laura Schulz . <ref> name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Elizabeth Bonawitz |url=https://www.gse.harvard.edu/directory/faculty/elizabeth-bonawitz#:~:text=Elizabeth%20Bonawitz%20is%20the%20David%20J.%20Vitale%20associate,two%20research%20traditions%3A%20cognitive%20development%20and%20computational%20modeling. |access-date=September 24, 2024 |website=Harvard Graduate School of Education}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="true">[https://www.gse.harvard.edu/directory/faculty/elizabeth-bonawitz#:~:text=Elizabeth%20Bonawitz%20is%20the%20David%20J.%20Vitale%20associate,two%20research%20traditions%3A%20cognitive%20development%20and%20computational%20modeling. "Elizabeth Bonawitz"]. ''Harvard Graduate School of Education''<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">September 24,</span> 2024</span>.</cite></ref> Rubutun Ph.D dinta ya yi amfani da tsarin Bayesian don bayyana yadda yara ke yin tsinkaya mai ma'ana, bincike, da bayani. Ta yi jayayya cewa yara masana kimiyya ne kuma masu koyo masu hankali, waɗanda ke yin tsinkaya bisa ga abubuwan da suka gabata da bayanan da suka koya. A cikin 2013, Bonawitz ta kammala karatun digiri na biyu a Jami'ar California, Berkeley, inda ta yi aiki tare da Thomas Griffiths da Alison Gopnik . <ref> name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Elizabeth Bonawitz |url=https://www.gse.harvard.edu/directory/faculty/elizabeth-bonawitz#:~:text=Elizabeth%20Bonawitz%20is%20the%20David%20J.%20Vitale%20associate,two%20research%20traditions%3A%20cognitive%20development%20and%20computational%20modeling. |access-date=September 24, 2024 |website=Harvard Graduate School of Education}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="true">[https://www.gse.harvard.edu/directory/faculty/elizabeth-bonawitz#:~:text=Elizabeth%20Bonawitz%20is%20the%20David%20J.%20Vitale%20associate,two%20research%20traditions%3A%20cognitive%20development%20and%20computational%20modeling. "Elizabeth Bonawitz"]. ''Harvard Graduate School of Education''<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">September 24,</span> 2024</span>.</cite></ref> Ɗaya daga cikin ayyukan Bonawitz yana binciken yadda yara ke kalubalantar imanin da suka gabata lokacin da aka gabatar da sabon shaida.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Bonawitz |first=Elizabeth |last2=Ullman |first2=Tomer D. |last3=Bridgers |first3=Sophie |last4=Gopnik |first4=Alison |last5=Tenenbaum |first5=Joshua B. |date=2019 |title=Sticking to the Evidence? A Behavioral and Computational Case Study of Micro-Theory Change in the Domain of Magnetism |url=https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/cogs.12765 |journal=Cognitive Science |language=en |volume=43 |issue=8 |doi=10.1111/cogs.12765 |issn=0364-0213}}</ref> A matsayinta na dalibi mai digiri na MIT, Bonawitz ta sami lambar yabo ta Angus Macdonald don Kyakkyawan Koyarwa a cikin 2006 <ref name=":6">{{Cite web |date=2006-06-07 |title=Brain and Cognitive Sciences awards |url=https://news.mit.edu/2006/awards-bcs-0607 |access-date=2024-09-29 |website=MIT News {{!}} Massachusetts Institute of Technology |language=en}}</ref> da kuma lambar yabo ta Walle Nauta don Ci gaba da Keɓewa ga Koyarwa A Ma'aikatar Kimiyya da Kimiyya ta MIT. <ref name=":3">{{Cite web |date=2007-06-06 |title=Brain & Cognitive Sciences awards |url=https://news.mit.edu/2007/awards-brain-tt0606 |access-date=2024-09-29 |website=MIT News {{!}} Massachusetts Institute of Technology |language=en}}</ref> A shekara ta 2006, ta kuma sami lambar yabo ta Marr, wacce The Cognitive Science Society ke tallafawa.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Conference Awards |url=https://cognitivesciencesociety.org/conference-awards/ |access-date=2024-10-27 |website=Cognitive Science Society |language=en-US}}</ref> A cikin 2018, ta sami tallafin shekaru shida daga Gidauniyar James S. McDonnell, wanda ya kai $ 600,000, don yin bincike kan ƙirar ƙididdiga akan ilmantarwa na yara.<ref>{{Cite web |title=JSMF - Grant Archive - 2018 - Elizabeth Bonawitz - Learning in Early Childhood: A Computational Cognitive Developmental Approach |url=https://grants.jsmf.org/220020544/ |access-date=2024-10-27 |website=grants.jsmf.org}}</ref> Binciken Bonawitz da ba na ilimi ba ya haɗa da rubuta kiɗa, wasa wasan tennis, da kuma tsalle-tsalle.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Interests |url=https://cocosci.princeton.edu/Liz/Interests.html |access-date=September 21, 2024 |website=Computational Cognitive Science}}</ref> Ta kasance tana raira waƙa ga Dead Tongues, wanda shine ƙungiyar da ba ta hukuma ba ta Sashen Harshen Stanford . <ref>{{Cite web |title=History |url=https://web.stanford.edu/dept/linguistics/deadtongues/history.html |access-date=September 22, 2024 |website=Stanford}}</ref> Bonawitz tana da tashar YouTube, kuma tana da bidiyon waƙarta "Empirical Girl," satire take na Madonna ta "Material Girl". == Bincike == Binciken Bonawitz tana mai da hankali kan mahimman abubuwan da ke tattare da ilmantarwa, imanin yara na farko, sha'awar yara, da kuma yadda yara ke haɓaka fahimta game da duniya. Nazarinta ya binciki yadda jarirai da jarirai ke bincika alaƙar da ke haifar da tasiri ta hanyar binciken su. Bonawitz memba ce ta Binciken Gidauniyar Jacobs . <ref name=":7">{{Cite web |title=Elizabeth Bonawitz |url=https://jacobsfoundation.org/fellows/jacobs-foundation-research-fellowship-en/elizabeth-bonawitz/ |access-date=2024-10-27 |website=Jacobs Foundation |language=en-US |archive-date=2024-11-14 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241114020913/https://jacobsfoundation.org/fellows/jacobs-foundation-research-fellowship-en/elizabeth-bonawitz/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> Tana yin gwaje-gwaje a cikin dakin gwaje-gaje don nazarin yadda yara ke koyo daga abubuwan lura, malamai, da nasu bincike da wasa. Tana amfani da ƙirar ƙididdiga don bayyana yadda ilmantarwa ke faruwa a cikin waɗannan mahallin daban-daban.<ref name=":7" /> Binciken da Bonawitz ta fi ambata shi ne game da yadda umarni na bayyane daga babba ke shafar wasan binciken yara. A cikin rukuni ɗaya, yara 25 na makarantar sakandare sun sami umarni kai tsaye da zanga-zangar ayyukan kayan wasa, yayin da aka ba sauran kungiyoyi umarni masu iyaka ko a kaikaice. Binciken ya nuna cewa yara da aka ba su umarni a bayyane game da ayyukan kayan wasa ba su gano sauran ayyukan kayan wasa bane. Yaran da ba a ba su umarni kai tsaye a kan abin wasa ba za su bincika ƙarin kuma su gano wasu ayyukan abin wasa kuma su bincika dalilin da sakamako.<ref name=":2" /> Binciken ya kuma nuna cewa yara da suka ji mai gwaji yayi magana game da ayyukan kayan wasa zai hana binciken su na kayan wasa. Bonawitz ya kuma ba da shawarar cewa yayin da akwai cinikayya wajen ba wa yara umarni kai tsaye, yara za su bincika fiye da abin da aka gaya musu idan sun ƙaddara cewa akwai ƙarin bayani da za su koya da bincika.<ref name=":2">{{Cite journal |last=Bonawitz |first=Elizabeth |last2=Shafto |first2=Patrick |last3=Gweon |first3=Hyowon |last4=Goodman |first4=Noah D. |last5=Spelke |first5=Elizabeth |last6=Schulz |first6=Laura |date=2011 |title=The double-edged sword of pedagogy: Instruction limits spontaneous exploration and discovery |journal=Cognition |language=en |volume=120 |issue=3 |pages=322–330 |doi=10.1016/j.cognition.2010.10.001 |pmc=3369499 |pmid=21216395}}</ref> Binciken Bonawitz na biyu da aka fi ambaton shi a kan masanin Google ya binciki yadda wasan binciken yara ke tallafawa ƙididdigar ƙididdiga. Ra'ayin Bonawitz ya nuna cewa wasan binciken yara zai shafi ingancin shaidar da suke lura. Binciken ya gano cewa lokacin da yara ke cikin yanayi mara kyau, suna iya yin gwaji da bincike.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Schulz |first=Laura E. |last2=Bonawitz |first2=Elizabeth Baraff |date=2007 |title=Serious fun: Preschoolers engage in more exploratory play when evidence is confounded. |url=https://doi.apa.org/doi/10.1037/0012-1649.43.4.1045 |journal=Developmental Psychology |language=en |volume=43 |issue=4 |pages=1045–1050 |doi=10.1037/0012-1649.43.4.1045 |issn=1939-0599}}</ref> == Gudummawa da zumunci == Shirin bincike na Bonawitz ya sami tallafi daga Gidauniyar Kimiyya ta Kasa (NSF). <ref>{{Cite web |title=NSF Grant Awarded to Dr. Bonawitz! |url=https://projects.iq.harvard.edu/ccdlab/news/nsf-grant-awarded-dr-bonawitz |access-date=2024-09-29 |website=projects.iq.harvard.edu |language=en}}</ref> Ɗaya daga cikin ayyukan NSF-sadarwa "Ci gaba da fahimtar farko game da yaduwa a cikin yara masu zuwa makarantar sakandare da kuma makarantar sakandare" haɗin gwiwa ne tsakanin Bonawitz, Nina Fefferman, da Vanessa LoBue.<ref name=":4">{{Cite web |title=NSF Award Search: Award # 2247074 - Developing an early understanding of contagion in preschool- and kindergarten-aged children |url=https://www.nsf.gov/awardsearch/showAward?AWD_ID=2247074 |access-date=2024-09-29 |website=www.nsf.gov}}</ref> Manufar wannan binciken ita ce ta tantance tasirin shigar da labaran kan yaduwar cuta ga yara masu zuwa makarantar sakandare.<ref name=":4" /> Wannan binciken yana da mahimmanci saboda ra'ayoyin da ba daidai ba da kuma bayanan da ba daidai game da rashin lafiya da yaduwa suna da wuyar ingantawa a cikin balaga. Wani aikin NSF-sustained "Cognitive Mechanisms of Guided Instruction in the Early Elementary Years" <ref name=":5">{{Cite web |title=NSF Award Search: Award # 2301180 - Cognitive Mechanisms of Guided Instruction in the Early Elementary Years |url=https://www.nsf.gov/awardsearch/showAward?AWD_ID=2301180&HistoricalAwards=false |access-date=2024-09-29 |website=www.nsf.gov}}</ref> ya yi niyyar bincika yadda nau'ikan koyarwa daban-daban kamar umarnin tambaya kai tsaye da jagora ya shafi ilmantarwar yara na makarantar firamare da motsawa a kimiyya. Wannan bincike ne mai tsawo wanda zai dauki tsawon shekaru 3.5 kuma an kiyasta zai gama a cikin 2028.<ref name=":5" /> Bonawitz shine Babban Mai Bincike na "Manufar Koyon: Samar da Shirin Kimiyya na Tasirin" wanda Gidauniyar Jacobs ta CRISP Fellowship ta tallafawa.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Congratulations to Dr. Elizabeth Bonawitz!!! |url=https://projects.iq.harvard.edu/ccdlab/news/congratulations-dr-elizabeth-bonawitz |access-date=2024-09-29 |website=projects.iq.harvard.edu |language=en}}</ref> Manufar wannan binciken ita ce bincika tasirin sa hannun kimiyya a makarantar firamare.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Elizabeth Bonawitz |url=https://www.gse.harvard.edu/directory/faculty/elizabeth-bonawitz#:~:text=Elizabeth%20Bonawitz%20is%20the%20David%20J.%20Vitale%20associate,two%20research%20traditions%3A%20cognitive%20development%20and%20computational%20modeling. |access-date=September 24, 2024 |website=Harvard Graduate School of Education}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="true">[https://www.gse.harvard.edu/directory/faculty/elizabeth-bonawitz#:~:text=Elizabeth%20Bonawitz%20is%20the%20David%20J.%20Vitale%20associate,two%20research%20traditions%3A%20cognitive%20development%20and%20computational%20modeling. "Elizabeth Bonawitz"]. ''Harvard Graduate School of Education''<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">September 24,</span> 2024</span>.</cite></ref> == Littattafan wakilci == * [Hasiya] An samo asali ne daga Ibrananci da aka yi amfani da ita. Misalai masu yuwuwa, algorithms na ilmantarwa, da bambancin amsawa: samfurori a ci gaban fahimta. Halin da ke cikin Kimiyya, ''18'' (10), 497-500. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tics.2014.06.006 * [Hotuna a shafi na 9] Occam's rattle: amfani da yara na sauƙi da yiwuwar hana fahimta. Ilimin Halitta na Ci gaba, 48 (4), 1156-1164. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0026471 * [Hasiya] An samo asali ne daga Ibrananci da aka yi amfani da ita a lokacin da aka yi la'akari da ita. Takobin da ke da iyaka biyu na koyarwa: Koyarwa yana iyakance bincike da ganowa. [Inda Aka Ɗauko Hoto da ke shafi na 3] https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cognition.2010.10.001 * Bonawitz, E., Ullman, T. D., Bridgers, S., Gopnik, A., & Tenenbaum, J. B. (2019). Biye da shaidar? Nazarin halayyar da lissafi na canjin micro-theory a cikin yankin magnetism. ''Kimiyya ta fahimta, 43'' (8), e12765. https://doi.org/10.1111/cogs.12765 * Za a iya samun ƙarin bayani a wannan talifin a dandalin www.jw.org. Yara suna daidaita ra'ayoyi da shaidu a cikin bincike, bayani, da ilmantarwa. Ilimin tunani na hankali, ''64'' (4), 215-234. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cogpsych.2011.12.002 * Wang, J., Yang, Y., Macias, C., & Bonawitz, E. (2021). Yara da ke da ƙarin rashin tabbas a cikin ra'ayoyinsu na fahimta suna neman bayanai masu dacewa da yankin. ''Kimiyya ta Halitta, 32'' (7), 1147-1156. https://doi.org/10.1177/0956797621994230 == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] bs7192z4vxsxu82jwtd497o0se01qcw 0 95601 895034 596676 2026-08-11T16:25:44Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 7 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 895034 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''Christia Spears Brown''' Masaniyar ilimin halayyar dan adam ce kuma marubuciya. Ita farfesa ce a fannin ilimin halayyar dan adam kuma mataimakiyar kujerar ci gaba da ilimin halayyee jama'a a Jami'ar Kentucky College of Arts and Sciences . Brown shine marubucin littattafai da yawa. Binciken da take so ya haɗa da ra'ayoyin jinsi, yara da matasa game da jinsi da nuna bambancin kabilanci, jinsi da ci gaban kabilanci na kabilanci. == Ilimi == Brown ya sami BS, magna cum laude, a cikin ilimin halayyar dan adam a Jami'ar Belmont a shekarar 1996. Ta sami MA (2000) da Ph.D. (2003) a cikin ilimin halayyar ci gaba tare da ƙarami a cikin kididdiga daga Jami'ar Texas a Austin . <ref>name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Christia Spears Brown {{!}} Psychology |url=https://psychology.as.uky.edu/users/csbrow6 |access-date=2019-07-31 |website=psychology.as.uky.edu |language=en |archive-date=2019-07-30 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190730235114/https://psychology.as.uky.edu/users/csbrow6 |url-status=dead }}</ref> Rubutun ta yana da taken Ra'ayoyin Yara na nuna bambanci: Antecedents da Consequences . Mai ba da shawara ga Brown shine [[Rebecca Bigler]] . == Ayyuka == A shekara ta 2003, Brown ya kasance malami a sashen ilimin halayyar dan adam a Jami'ar Kudu maso Yamma. Daga 2003 zuwa 2007, ta kasance mataimakiyar farfesa a sashen ilimin halayyar dan adam a Jami'ar California, Los Angeles . Brown ya shiga Jami'ar Kentucky College of Arts and Sciences (UK) a 2007 a matsayin mataimakin farfesa. Ta zama mataimakiyar farfesa a shekara ta 2011 kuma a halin yanzu farfesa ce a fannin ilimin halayyar dan adam da kuma Mataimakin Dean na Bambancin, Daidaitawa, da Haɗuwa. A shekara ta 2016, ta zama darakta mai kafa Cibiyar Daidaitawa da Adalci ta Jama'a ta Burtaniya . <ref>name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Christia Spears Brown {{!}} Psychology |url=https://psychology.as.uky.edu/users/csbrow6 |access-date=2019-07-31 |website=psychology.as.uky.edu |language=en |archive-date=2019-07-30 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190730235114/https://psychology.as.uky.edu/users/csbrow6 |url-status=dead }}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="true">[https://psychology.as.uky.edu/users/csbrow6 "Christia Spears Brown | Psychology"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250312123508/https://psychology.as.uky.edu/users/csbrow6 |date=2025-03-12 }}. ''psychology.as.uky.edu''<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">July 31,</span> 2019</span>.</cite></ref> Daga 2017 zuwa 2019, Brown ya kasance shugaban kwamitin Society for Research in Child Development Equity and Justice . <ref>name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Christia Spears Brown {{!}} Psychology |url=https://psychology.as.uky.edu/users/csbrow6 |access-date=2019-07-31 |website=psychology.as.uky.edu |language=en |archive-date=2019-07-30 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190730235114/https://psychology.as.uky.edu/users/csbrow6 |url-status=dead }}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="true">[https://psychology.as.uky.edu/users/csbrow6 "Christia Spears Brown | Psychology"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250312123508/https://psychology.as.uky.edu/users/csbrow6 |date=2025-03-12 }}. ''psychology.as.uky.edu''<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">July 31,</span> 2019</span>.</cite></ref> === Bincike === Brown yana bincike kan ra'ayoyin jinsi, yara da matasa game da jinsi da nuna bambancin kabilanci, jinsi da ci gaban kabilanci na kabilanci. Nazarinta ya haɗa da nazarin ra'ayoyin nuna bambanci ta hanyar masu iko kamar masu horar da malamai da cin zarafin mata. Brown yayi bincike kan nuna bambanci ga yara baƙi da iyaye a cikin karatun da Gidauniyar Ci gaban Yara da Cibiyar Nazarin Talauci ta Burtaniya suka tallafawa. Tana gudanar da binciken shafuka da yawa a karkashin [[Rebecca Bigler]] wanda ke jarraba fahimtar yara game da dangantakar da ke tsakanin launin fata, talauci, siyasa, da jinsi.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Christia Spears Brown {{!}} Psychology |url=https://psychology.as.uky.edu/users/csbrow6 |access-date=2019-07-31 |website=psychology.as.uky.edu |language=en |archive-date=2019-07-30 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190730235114/https://psychology.as.uky.edu/users/csbrow6 |url-status=dead }}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="true">[https://psychology.as.uky.edu/users/csbrow6 "Christia Spears Brown | Psychology"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250312123508/https://psychology.as.uky.edu/users/csbrow6 |date=2025-03-12 }}. ''psychology.as.uky.edu''<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">July 31,</span> 2019</span>.</cite></ref> == Ayyukan da aka zaɓa == === Littattafai === *   *   *   *   == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] tatgcvaz9q0v33rswh3ti4ckddbch4l 0 96456 895375 599439 2026-08-12T06:45:56Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 895375 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''Elizabeth Kwatsoe Tawiah Sackey''' (an haife ta 6 ga Mayu 1958) 'yar siyasa ce ' yar Ghana kuma tsohuwar 'yar majalisa ce mai wakiltar Okaikwei ta Arewa . <ref>{{Cite web |title=Members of Parliament {{!}} Parliament of Ghana |url=http://www.parliament.gh/parliamentarians/101 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161223184337/http://www.parliament.gh/parliamentarians/101 |archive-date=23 December 2016 |access-date=2016-09-05 |website=Parliament Of Ghana}}</ref> Ta kasance ‘yar majalisa ta shida a jamhuriya ta hudu ta Ghana mai wakiltar mazabar Okaikwei ta Arewa a yankin Greater Accra a kan tikitin sabuwar jam’iyyar Patriotic Party. <ref name="mps">{{Cite web |title=Ghana MPs - MP Details - Sackey Tawiah, Kwatsoe Elizabeth |url=http://ghanamps.com/mps/details.php?id=2696 |access-date=2020-02-09 |website=GhanaMps. |archive-date=2025-02-20 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250220173531/https://ghanamps.com/mps/details.php/?id=2696 |url-status=dead }}</ref> An zabe ta a matsayin magajin garin [[Accra]] . <ref name=":0">{{Cite web |date=2021-09-20 |title=Elizabeth Sackey: The former MP set to become first female Mayor of Accra |url=https://www.ghanaweb.com/GhanaHomePage/NewsArchive/Elizabeth-Sackey-The-former-MP-set-to-become-first-female-Mayor-of-Accra-1361221 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210922101347/https://www.ghanaweb.com/GhanaHomePage/NewsArchive/Elizabeth-Sackey-The-former-MP-set-to-become-first-female-Mayor-of-Accra-1361221 |archive-date=22 September 2021 |access-date=2021-09-21 |website=GhanaWeb |language=en}}</ref> Daga baya an tabbatar da ita a matsayin magajin garin [[Accra]] kuma ta zama mace ta farko da ta rike wannan mukamin. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Elizabeth Sackey unanimously endorsed as Accra mayor |url=https://www.graphic.com.gh/news/politics/elizabeth-sackey-unanimously-endorsed-as-accra-mayor.html |access-date=2021-10-08 |website=Graphic Online |language=en-gb}}</ref> == Rayuwar farko da ilimi == An haifi Sackey a Asere a [[Accra]], Ghana, ranar 6 ga Mayu 1958. <ref name="mps"/> <ref name=":1">{{Cite web |title=Elizabeth K. T. Sackey, Biography |url=https://www.ghanaweb.com/person/Elizabeth-K-T-Sackey-1223 |access-date=2021-09-21 |website=GhanaWeb.}}</ref> Sackey ma'aikacin banki ne kuma masanin tattalin arziki. Tana da Certificate a Marketing wanda ta samu a 2003 kuma a halin yanzu tana karatun digiri na biyu a fannin gudanarwa a [[Jami'ar Ghana]] . <ref name="mps" /> <ref name=":1" /> == Siyasa == Sackey dan jam'iyyar New Patriotic Party (NPP) ne. An fara zabe ta a majalisar wakilai don wakiltar mazabar Okaikwei ta Arewa a watan Janairun 2005. Ta sake zama a ofishin a majalisar dokokin Ghana ta 5 bayan sake zabenta a watan Disambar 2008 a babban zaben 2008. A shekarar 2012 ta tsaya takara karo na uku a kan tikitin jam'iyyar NPP ta shiga majalisar dokoki ta shida a jamhuriya ta hudu kuma ta yi nasara. == Sana'a == Kafin zama dan majalisa, Sackey ya yi aiki a matsayin babban magatakarda a bankin kasuwanci na Ghana . Sannan ta zama ‘yar majalisa. <ref name="mps"/> Ta kasance mataimakiyar minista a [[yankin Greater Accra]] daga 2017 zuwa 2020. A cikin Satumba 2021, [[Nana Akufo-Addo]] ta zabe ta a matsayin Shugabar Hukumar AMA . <ref name=":0"/> <ref>{{Cite web |date=2021-09-19 |title=Elizabeth Sackey named as Accra Mayor; to take over from Adjei Sowah |url=https://citinewsroom.com/2021/09/elizabeth-sackey-named-as-accra-mayor-to-take-over-from-adjei-sowah/ |access-date=2021-09-21 |website=Citinewsroom - Comprehensive News in Ghana |language=en-US}}</ref> A halin yanzu ita ce magajin garin Accra. <ref>{{Cite web |date=2021-10-07 |title=Elizabeth Sackey confirmed as AMA’s 1st female MCE |url=https://citinewsroom.com/2021/10/elizabeth-sackey-confirmed-as-amas-1st-female-mce/ |access-date=2021-10-08 |website=Citinewsroom - Comprehensive News in Ghana |language=en-US}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |title=Elizabeth K. T. Sackey {{!}} World Bank Live |url=https://live.worldbank.org/experts/elizabeth-k-t-sackey#readmore |access-date=2023-07-31 |website=live worldbank}}</ref> == Rayuwa ta sirri == Sackey na da aure da ‘ya’ya hudu. Ita [[Kirista]] ce da ke yin ibada a Cocin Fentikos . <ref name="mps"/> <ref name=":1"/> == Magana == [[Rukuni:Mata ƴan majalisar dokokin Ghana]] [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1958]] 63ik685xochxyvdwrcdpljwpu0qekx8 0 96469 895318 648395 2026-08-12T00:32:55Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 895318 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''Della Adjoa Sowah''' (an haife shi 23 ga Nuwamba 1959) tsohuwar mataimakiyar minista ce ta jinsi, yara da kariyar zamantakewa ɗan ƙasar Ghana . <ref>{{Cite web |date=2016-03-15 |title=Teenage Pregnancy Increases From 6 To 26% -Della Sowah - The Chronicle - Ghana News |url=http://thechronicle.com.gh/91828-2/ |access-date=2016-09-09 |language=en-US}}{{Dead link|date=July 2019}}</ref> Ita ce kuma ‘yar majalisa mai wakiltar mazabar Kpando . <ref>{{Cite web |title=Deputy Ministers - Government of Ghana |url=http://www.ghana.gov.gh/index.php/governance/deputy-ministers |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190924104720/http://ghana.gov.gh/index.php/governance/deputy-ministers |archive-date=24 September 2019 |access-date=2016-09-09 |website=Government Of Ghana}}</ref> == Rayuwar farko == An haifi Sowah a Kpandu, [[yankin Volta]] na Ghana a ranar 23 ga Nuwamba 1959. == Ilimi == Sowah ta sami digirinta a fannin ilimin zamantakewa daga [[Jami'ar Kimiyya da Fasaha ta Kwame Nkrumah]] a 1981. Tana da Diploma a fannin Kudi da Master of Business Administration. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Della Sowah {{!}} 18th Microcredit Summit |url=http://18microcreditsummit.org/portfolio/della-sowah/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160916192114/http://18microcreditsummit.org/portfolio/della-sowah/ |archive-date=2016-09-16 |access-date=2016-09-09 |website=18microcreditsummit.}}</ref> == Sana'a == * Mataimakin Minista * Dan Majalisa, 2012-2016 (gwamnatin Ghana) <ref name="mp details">{{Cite web |title=Ghana MPs - MP Details - Sowah, Della |url=http://www.ghanamps.com/mps/details.php?id=5398 |access-date=2020-02-24 |website=GhanaMps. |archive-date=2024-09-26 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240926202223/https://ghanamps.com/mps/details.php/?id=5398 |url-status=dead }}</ref> * Abokin Hulɗa, mai tsara kuɗi, 2001-2012 (Masu-Mai Sauri) <ref name="mp details" /> * Talla, MD, 1990-2000 (DAPEG LTD) <ref name="mp details" /> * Bincike, 1986-1990 (ESSOR LTD) <ref>{{Cite web |title=Hon. Della Adjoa Sowah |url=https://www.parliament.gh/mps?mp=146 |access-date=3 August 2020 |publisher=Parliament of Ghana |archive-date=26 April 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230426005618/https://www.parliament.gh/mps?mp=146 |url-status=dead }}</ref> == Siyasa == Sowah dan majalisa ne na National Democratic Congress kuma dan majalisa mai wakiltar Kpando (mazabar majalisar Ghana) a majalisa ta 6, 7 da ta takwas na jamhuriyar Ghana ta hudu. <ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Parliament of Ghana |url=https://www.parliament.gh/mps?mp=89 |access-date=2023-10-16 |website=parliament of ghana |archive-date=2023-10-21 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231021092602/https://www.parliament.gh/mps?mp=89 |url-status=dead }}</ref> === zaben 2016 === Sowah ya tsaya takarar dan majalisar wakilai na mazabar Kpando a kan tikitin jam'iyyar National Democratic Congress a lokacin babban zaben Ghana na 2016, ya kuma yi nasara da kuri'u 17,318, wanda ke wakiltar kashi 82.38% na kuri'un da aka kada. Ta lashe zaben ne a kan Djampoh Elvis Kweku na sabuwar jam'iyyar Patriotic Party wanda ya samu kuri'u 3,058 daidai da kashi 14.55%, dan takarar majalisar dokoki na jam'iyyar NDP Daniel Karl ya samu kuri'u 359 da ke wakiltar 1.71% sannan dan takarar majalisar wakilai na jam'iyyar Convention People's Party Isaac Adjanya ya samu kuri'u 286.6%.<ref>{{Cite web |last=FM |first=Peace |title=Kpando Constituency Results - Election 2016 |url=http://ghanaelections.peacefmonline.com/pages/2016/volta/kpando/ |access-date=2023-10-16 |website=Ghana Elections - Peace FM |archive-date=2023-09-30 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230930164147/https://ghanaelections.peacefmonline.com/pages/2016/volta/kpando/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> ==== zaben 2020 ==== Sowah ya sake tsayawa takarar majalisar dokokin mazabar Kpando a yankin Volta a kan tikitin jam'iyyar National Democratic Congress a lokacin babban zaben Ghana na 2020 kuma ya samu nasara da kuri'u 13,582 da ke wakiltar 62.29% a kan dan takarar majalisar dokoki na New Patriotic Party Quist Ernest Theophilus wanda ya samu kuri'u 8,221 wanda ya yi daidai da kuri'u 7.3%. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Parliamentary Results for Kpando |url=https://mobile.ghanaweb.com/GhanaHomePage/ghanaelection2020/elections.constituency.results.php?mode=parliamentary&ID=248 |access-date=2023-10-16 |website=MobileGhanaWeb.}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |title=Kpando – Election Data Center – The Ghana Report |url=https://electiondatacenter.theghanareport.com/election-results/2020-2/volta-region/kpando/ |access-date=2023-10-16 |website=Election Data Centre |language=en-US |archive-date=2023-10-02 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231002111610/https://electiondatacenter.theghanareport.com/election-results/2020-2/volta-region/kpando/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> <ref>{{Cite journal |date=2020-11-19 |title=MODELO PARA PREDIÇÃO DE RESULTADOS DE COLHEITAS COM BASE EM MODELOS OCULTOS DE MARKOV |url=http://dx.doi.org/10.33965/ciawi_ciaca2020_202015l019 |journal=IADIS Ibero American Conferences: WWW/Internet and Applied Computing 2020 |publisher=IADIS Press |doi=10.33965/ciawi_ciaca2020_202015l019 |doi-access=free}}</ref> === Kwamitoci === Sowah memba ne na kwamitin Ma'adinai da Makamashi, Kwamitin Tsare-tsare da kuma Kwamitin Kasuwanci. <ref name=":0"/> == Rayuwa ta sirri == Sowah Kirista ce. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Members of Parliament {{!}} Parliament of Ghana |url=http://www.parliament.gh/parliamentarians/305 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160914070253/http://www.parliament.gh/parliamentarians/305 |archive-date=14 September 2016 |access-date=2016-09-09 |website=Parliament Of Ghana}}</ref> Ta yi aure, kuma tana da ‘ya’ya uku. <ref name="mp details"/> == Nassoshi == [[Rukuni:Mata ƴan majalisar dokokin Ghana]] [[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1959]] [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] 8sk43n1lwnzcxv4lyb4tfrpla1m4jjd 0 96610 895205 599987 2026-08-11T20:26:28Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 3 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 895205 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''Constance Porter Uzelac''' (1939-2012), <ref>name="Morand 2020">{{Cite web |last=Morand |first=Michael |date=February 13, 2020 |title=Black History Month Pop-Up Exhibit Celebrates Carter G. Woodson, Dorothy Porter Wesley, and Golden Legacy Magazine |url=https://beinecke.library.yale.edu/blackhistorymonth2020 |access-date=17 June 2022 |website=Beinecke Rare Book & Manuscript Library |publisher=Yale University Library |archive-date=22 May 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220522084056/https://beinecke.library.yale.edu/blackhistorymonth2020 |url-status=dead }}</ref> wadda aka fi sani da '''Coni Porter Uzelac''', ta kasance mai kula da ɗakin karatu na likita kuma mai adana bayanai a Amurka. <ref> name="Emory bio">{{Cite web |title=Constance Porter Uzelac papers, circa 1966-2011 |url=https://findingaids.library.emory.edu/documents/porter1139/series9/ |access-date=17 June 2022 |publisher=Robert W. Woodruff Library, [[Emory University]]}}</ref> Ta kasance Babban Darakta na Cibiyar Bincike ta Dorothy Porter Wesley . Ita 'yar [[Dorothy B. Porter|Dorothy Porter Wesley]] ce da James Amos Porter, kuma ta taimaka wa Wesley da rubuta littattafai da yawa. Ta kuma yi aiki a kan tsara dukkan ayyukan mahaifiyarta da aka ajiye a Cibiyar Nazarin Afirka ta Afirka. Katalogin mahaifinta ya kasance wani ɓangare na nune-nunen James A. Porter: From Me To You wanda aka nuna a wurare daban-daban a fadin Amurka.<ref>{{Cite web |last=<!--Not stated--> |date=January 20, 2010 |title=Uzelac, Constance Porter |url=https://www.blackpast.org/author/uzelacconstanceporter/ |access-date=July 3, 2024 |website=[[BlackPast.org]]}}</ref> == Ayyuka == An haife ta a [[Washington, D.C.|Washington DC]], Uzelac ta sami digiri a cikin karatun ɗakin karatu kuma ta yi aiki a matsayin mai kula da ɗakin karatu na likita ga mafi yawan rayuwarta. Bayan rasuwar mahaifinta a shekara ta 1987, ita da mijinta sun bar gidansu a [[California]] don su kasance kusa da mahaifiyarta Dorothy a Fort Lauderdale, Florida. A lokacin, Dorothy Porter tana aiki a kan shirya tushe a kan William Cooper Nell don rubuta cikakken tarihin rayuwarsa. Uzelac ya shiga don taimakawa tare da bincike, da farko na ɗan lokaci sannan kuma a matsayin marubuci na dindindin don aikin. Sa'an nan, lokacin da mahaifiyarta ta mutu a 1995, Uzelac ta tura cikakken tarin kayan da iyayenta suka mallaka da farko zuwa wani ɗakin karatu a Washington DC sannan zuwa wani gida a Fort Lauderdale, tare da tarin da aka samo asali a cikin akwatuna 720 daban-daban. Tarin da Uzelac ya tsara ya haɗa da ba kawai rubuce-rubuce da litattafan dafa abinci daga bayi da bayin Afirka ba, har ma da kayan da ba na wallafe-wallafen ba kamar zane-zane, zane-zane. Masanin tarihi Charles L. Blockson ne ya lura da su musamman saboda ɓangarorin da ke cikin tarin Uzelac galibi suna ƙunshe da sa hannu na gaskiya. A cikin 1999, har yanzu tana cikin yanke shawara game da abin da za ta yi da tarin da kuma yadda ya kamata a nuna shi ga jama'a. Kungiyoyin da ke da sha'awar sun haɗa da [[Dakin Karatu na Congres|Laburaren Majalisa]], Laburaren Bincike na Afirka da Cibiyar Al'adu, da Smithsonian . Daga nan sai ta shirya tarin a cikin ɗakin karatu na Dorothy Porter Wesley, wanda ta yi aiki a matsayin babban darakta na. Saboda sa hannu a cikin kirkirar Laburaren Bincike na Afirka da Cibiyar Al'adu a Fort Lauderdale, ta yanke shawarar ba da gudummawa ga wani ɓangare na tarin ga cibiyar. An nuna adadi mai yawa na zane-zanen mahaifinta a matsayin nune-nunen gallery na watanni da yawa kuma an yi amfani da ƙarin abubuwa 80 a cikin gallery mai tafiya a fadin Amurka. An kuma ba da kyauta da yawa ga gidan gwamnan Maryland da gidan diflomasiyya. Don tarin littattafan mahaifiyarta, an ba da rance biyu ga Smithsonian da 50 a matsayin nuni na ɗakin karatu. Yawancin tarin ta suna cikin Babban Laburaren Broward County mai taken The Archives of Dorothy Porter Wesley . Ta kafa jerin shafukan yanar gizo na ilimi a shekara ta 2003 wanda ke nuna tarihin Afirka. Baya ga aikinta na warkarwa, ta kuma yi aiki a kan kwamitin reshen Greater Fort Lauderdale na Sister Cities International . Uzelac ya mutu a watan Afrilun 2012 saboda rikitarwa daga ciwon daji. == Ayyuka == * Constance Porter Uzelac (2000). ''Dorothy Porter Wesley (1905-1995): Mai kula da Laburaren Afirka da Bibliophile'' * Nell, William C., Dorothy Porter Wesley, da Constance Porter Uzelac (2002). ''William Cooper Nell, ɗan Afirka na ƙarni na sha tara, ɗan tarihi, mai haɗin kai''<ref name="Morand 2020">{{Cite web |last=Morand |first=Michael |date=February 13, 2020 |title=Black History Month Pop-Up Exhibit Celebrates Carter G. Woodson, Dorothy Porter Wesley, and Golden Legacy Magazine |url=https://beinecke.library.yale.edu/blackhistorymonth2020 |access-date=17 June 2022 |website=Beinecke Rare Book & Manuscript Library |publisher=Yale University Library |archive-date=22 May 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220522084056/https://beinecke.library.yale.edu/blackhistorymonth2020 |url-status=dead }}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="true" id="CITEREFMorand2020">Morand, Michael (February 13, 2020). [https://beinecke.library.yale.edu/blackhistorymonth2020 "Black History Month Pop-Up Exhibit Celebrates Carter G. Woodson, Dorothy Porter Wesley, and Golden Legacy Magazine"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250324004403/https://beinecke.library.yale.edu/blackhistorymonth2020 |date=2025-03-24 }}. ''Beinecke Rare Book & Manuscript Library''. Yale University Library<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">17 June</span> 2022</span>.</cite></ref> * Constance Porter Uzelac (2011) (ed.). ''Baƙo a Ƙasar Ɗaya: Tarihin Charles H. Wesley'' (ba a buga shi ba) == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Matattun 2012]] [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1939]] c2tkry8p9vqtcdj1s8w8h377phqcwig 0 101646 895274 686669 2026-08-11T22:23:58Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 895274 wikitext text/x-wiki   '''Tigers na Ambazonia''' (TTA), kuma aka sani da '''Manyu Tigers''' {{Sfn|International Institute for Strategic Studies|2019}} ko '''Tigers na Manyu''', <ref name="sa">{{Cite web |date=17 September 2020 |title=Why Political Power Distribution Escalated Anglophone Crisis in Cameroon? |url=https://susafrica.com/2020/09/17/why-political-power-distribution-escalated-anglophone-crisis-in-cameroon/ |access-date=8 November 2023 |website=Susa Africa |archive-date=8 November 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231108150502/https://susafrica.com/2020/09/17/why-political-power-distribution-escalated-anglophone-crisis-in-cameroon/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> 'yan tawayen Ambazonian ne 'yan aware. A cewar shafin yanar gizon ta, Tigers sun amince da ikon gwamnatin wucin gadi ta Ambazonia. Mayakan na daga cikin [[Kwamitin Tsaro na Ambazonia|Majalisar Kare Kai ta Ambazonia]]. <ref name="BBCoct42018" /> {{Sfn|HRW|2018}} Tigers galibi suna aiki a Manyu da Meme. {{Sfn|HRW|2018}} == Tarihi == An shirya Tigers a Manyu a cikin kaka na 2017, tare da tsakanin 10 zuwa 30 na farko. Yana daya daga cikin gungun masu dauke da makamai da aka kafa a farkon yakin basasa, {{Sfn|DeLancey|DeLancey|Mbuh|2019}} <ref name="reuters">{{Cite web |last=Edward McAllister |date=8 February 2018 |title=Exclusive - "We are in a war": Cameroon unrest confronted by army offensive |url=https://www.reuters.com/article/cameroon-separatists-idINKBN1FS1WU |access-date=8 November 2023 |website=Reuters}}</ref> suna kai hari kan wuraren binciken sojoji. <ref name="reuters" /> A cewar ''Bareta News'' mai rajin ballewa, Tigers sun fito ne a matsayin mayar da martani ga kisan Ekabe Nyongo, wani basaraken gargajiya a Manyu wanda ya bayyana goyon bayansa ga yunkurin ballewa. Bayan haka ne wasu gungun Tigers tsirara da makamai suka afkawa jana'izar Nyongo, suka kama wani sojan Kamaru da ke wurin suka tilasta masa yin Allah wadai da gwamnati, bayan da 'yan tawayen suka ayyana wani dan aware a matsayin sabon shugaban yankin. A ranar 14 ga watan Janairun shekara ta 2018, jami'an tsaron Kamaru sun kai farmaki a wani yunkurin halaka Tigers, amma aikin ya kara janyo goyon bayan yankin ga 'yan tawayen. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Mark Bareta |date=17 January 2018 |title=Revolutionary Forces of Ambazonia Enter Meme County, as Resistant Kwa Kwa Village Comes into Spotlight. |url=https://www.bareta.news/revolutionary-forces-ambazonia-enter-meme-county-resistant-kwa-kwa-village-comes-spotlight/ |access-date=8 November 2023 |website=Bareta News}}</ref> A cikin watan Satumba na 2018, Tigers sun dauki alhakin fasa gidan yarin Wum . [1] A wannan lokaci, 'yan bindigar wani bangare ne na Majalisar Tsaron Kai ta Ambazonia, [1] kuma ta yi ikirarin cewa tana da mayaka kusan 2,000 a karkashin ikonta, ko da yake ba a iya tabbatar da wannan adadin ba kuma yana iya zama karin gishiri. Tigers sun kuma ba da hadin kai tare da manyan sojojin tsaron Ambazonia da SOCADEF. [[Fayil:Ambazonia_conflict.png|left|thumb|200x200px| Kasancewar kungiyoyin tsagerun Ambazonian, gami da Tigers a launin toka, nan da 2023.]] Ya zuwa shekara ta 2019, ''[[Kungiyar Ganin Karshen Rikice-Rikice Ta Duniya|Kungiyar Rikicin Kasa da Kasa]]'' ta kiyasta cewa Tigers din sun hada da 'yan bindiga kusan 500. Zuwa shekara ta 2020, ''Rahoton leken asirin Kamaru'' ya yi ikirarin cewa Tigers sun yi kaurin suna a tsakanin sojojin Kamaru kuma sun mallaki yankunan karkarar da ke kusa da Mamfe. An ba da rahoton cewa ƙungiyar ta kula da sel da yawa a Manyu, kuma sun yi sintiri a yankin don hana yaduwar [[Murar Mashaƙo 2019|cutar ta COVID-19]]. <ref>{{Cite web |date=18 May 2020 |title=NOSO: après l'assassinat du maire de Mamfé, voici les prochains sur liste des sécessionnistes |url=https://www.camerounweb.com/CameroonHomePage/NewsArchive/NOSO-apr-s-l-assassinat-du-maire-de-Mamf-voici-les-prochains-sur-liste-des-s-cessionnistes-513745 |access-date=8 November 2023 |website=camerounweb.com |agency=Cameroon Intelligence Report |archive-date=8 November 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231108161518/https://www.camerounweb.com/CameroonHomePage/NewsArchive/NOSO-apr-s-l-assassinat-du-maire-de-Mamf-voici-les-prochains-sur-liste-des-s-cessionnistes-513745 |url-status=dead }}</ref> A ranar 6 ga Nuwamba ta 2023, mayakan ‘yan aware sun kashe akalla fararen hula 20 a Egbekaw, kusa da Mamfe. <ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-11-06 |title=Local Official: Gunmen Kill at Least 20 in Pre-Dawn Attack in Cameroon |url=https://www.voanews.com/a/local-official-gunmen-kill-at-least-20-in-pre-dawn-attack-in-cameroon-/7343283.html |access-date=2023-11-06 |website=Voice of America |language=en}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-11-06 |title=Separatist gunmen kill at least 20 in Cameroon |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2023/11/6/anglophone-separatist-gunmen-kill-20-in-cameroons-south-west-region |access-date=2023-11-06 |website=Al Jazeera |language=en}}</ref> ''Kamfanin Dillancin Labaran Kamaru'' ya danganta kisan kiyashin da Tigers, inda ya bayyana hakan a matsayin wani harin ramuwar gayya saboda mutanen yankin da suka dauki hayar sojojin hayar Najeriya da suka kashe daya daga cikin mayakan ‘yan awaren. <ref name="cnanov62023">{{Cite web |date=2023-11-06 |title=Manyu: More than 30 die in Amba attack |url=https://cameroonnewsagency.com/manyu-more-than-30-die-in-amba-attack/ |access-date=2023-11-06 |website=Cameroon News Agency |language=en}}</ref> == Imani == Tigers na bin tsagerun Ambazonian masu fafutuka. Bugu da ƙari, an yi musu wahayi zuwa wani mataki na addinan gargajiya na Afirka; Sunan kungiyar ya dogara ne akan imanin cewa "wasu daga cikin Tigers fatalwar magabata ne wadanda suka tashi daga kabari don kare mutanensu". <ref>{{Cite web |last=Farouk Chothia |date=4 October 2018 |title=Cameroon's Anglophone crisis: Red Dragons and Tigers - the rebels fighting for independence |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-45723211 |access-date=8 November 2023 |website=BBC}}</ref> Imani da kariyar allahntaka da tasiri, wanda ake kira ''odeshi'', ya zama ruwan dare a tsakanin ƙungiyoyin tsagerun Ambazonian. <ref>{{Cite web |date=4 October 2018 |title=Federal Republic of Ambazonia: Red Dragons and Tigers – the rebels fighting for independence |url=https://www.cameroonintelligencereport.com/federal-republic-of-ambazonia-red-dragons-and-tigers-the-rebels-fighting-for-independence/ |access-date=8 November 2023 |website=Cameroon Intelligence Report}}</ref> == Magana == === Ayyukan da aka ambata === * 3ad2hgtm4lir3ufn15qx71ll68lbesd 0 102664 895340 887350 2026-08-12T04:12:29Z Baffa ali 47435 /* growthexperiments-addlink-summary-summary:3|0|0 */ 895340 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Kagara Saint Elizabeth''' (Ukr. '''Фортеця Святої Єлизавети''') wani kagara ne mai siffar tauraro mai siffar hexagonal a cikin birnin Kropyvnytskyi, daya daga cikin 10 irin wadannan kagara a duk Turai kuma babbar alamar tsakiyar [[Ukraniya]]. [[File:Фортеця Святої Єлисавети. Місто Кропивницький.jpg|thumb|Hoton iska]] [[File:Пантеон Вічної Слави, 9 травня 2025.jpg|thumb|250px|Makabartar soja]] Bayan kafa mulkin mallaka na "Sabuwa [[Serbiya|Serbia]]" da mazauna kudancin Turai suka yi, Ukrainiyan Cossacks, bisa ga umarnin Sarauniyar Elizabeth, ya gina sansanin soja don kare wadannan yankuna daga hare-haren [[daular Usmaniyya]]. A cikin 1654, an ƙaddamar da kawancen soja, a cikin tsarin wanda Ukrainiyans suka shiga yaƙe-yaƙe da yawa a gefen Rasha. A lokacin yakin daular Usmaniyya daga shekara ta 1768 zuwa 1774, katangar mai dauke da sojoji 6,000, ta yi nasarar dakile wani katafaren kawanya da maharan dubu 70 suka yi musu tare da dakile harin na Turkiyya. A cikin 1784, an kai cannons a cikin kagara zuwa Kherson. A 1794, 162 cannons sun kasance a can, suna hidimar sojoji 277. Bayan karni na 18, kawai biyu cannons sun tsira - an sanya su a kan ginshiƙan dutse a ƙofar babbar kofa. Ranar 17 ga Satumba, 1842, sarki Nicholas I na Rasha ya isa sansanin soja don farati, a 1874 - Alexander II, da 1888 - Alexander III <ref>[https://dozor.kr.ua/post/khto-kresliv-pershi-plani-fortetsi-svyatoi-elisaveti-11053.html Хто креслив перші плани фортеці Святої Єлисавети]</ref> <ref>[https://armyinform.com.ua/2021/06/16/hto-i-yak-znyshhuvav-zaporizku-sich/ Хто і як знищував Запорізьку Січ]</ref> <ref>[https://uinp.gov.ua/istorychnyy-kalendar/cherven/15/1775-ruynuvannya-zaporizkoyi-sichi 1775 - руйнування Запорізької Січі]</ref>. A lokacin yaki da Jamhuriyar Jama'ar Ukraniyan, 'yan gurguzu sun mamaye birnin, wadanda suka kafa gidan yari ga abokan adawar siyasa a nan. A lokacin yunwa na 1932-1933, lalacewa ta hanyar wucin gadi dalilai da kuma gane a matsayin kisan kare dangi, da kuma repressions na 1937, OGPU da NKVD (Soviet Tsaro Service) asirce binne gawarwakin wadanda suka mutu da yunwa da kuma gawarwakin wadanda suka mutu da danniya a cikin kaburbura. An haramta batun danniya na siyasa na Soviet don tattaunawa ko da a cikin tattaunawar sirri kuma musamman a cikin kafofin watsa labaru; duk wani ambatonsa zai iya kai ga daure marubucin ko kuma asibitin mahaukata, lamarin da ya kasance har zuwa faduwar mulkin kama-karya a shekarar 1991 <ref>[https://dakiro.kr-admin.gov.ua/v/2018/10-23/exh.php З архівних джерел про Великий терор»(до 80-х роковин Великого терору – масових політичних репресій 1937-1938 рр.)]</ref>. A lokacin mamayar da 'yan Nazi suka yi a birnin daga shekarar 1941 zuwa 1944, an yi ta harbe-harbe da dubban Yahudawa da mayakan gwagwarmaya a nan akai-akai. Bayan ’yanci, an binne matattu a nan. Tun daga shekara ta 1950, an gina wani babban abin tunawa da wadanda [[Yaƙin Duniya na II|yakin duniya na biyu]] ya rutsa da su a nan, wanda ya kunshi kaburbura 50,000, galibi 'yan Ukraine da Yahudawa. [[File:Фортеця Святої Єлисавети 9 травня 2025.jpg|thumb|250px|Mutummutumai a cikin kagara]] A cikin shekarun 1960, an kafa abubuwan tarihi na dutse a kan kaburbura, kuma a farkon shekarun 1980, an sanya sassaka a tsakiyar kaburbura. Akwai abubuwan tunawa da aka sadaukar don jarumawa na yakin duniya na biyu da yakin Rasha-Ukrainian (2014-). Bugu da kari, a cikin 2016, an gina wani abin tunawa ga wadanda bala'in yunwar 1932-1933 ya shafa <ref>[https://persha.kr.ua/article/65196-hronika-golokostu-na-kirovogradshhini/ Хроніка Голокосту на Кіровоградщині]</ref><ref>[https://gre4ka.info/statti/72730-13-tysiach-vbytykh-istoryky-rozpovily-pro-kilkist-zhertv-holokostu-na-kirovohradshchyni-foto/ 13 тисяч вбитих: історики розповіли про кількість жертв Голокосту на Кіровоградщині (ФОТО)]</ref><ref>[https://kroptravel.gov.ua/index.php/node/98 Історичні вали фортеці Св. Єлисавети]</ref>. == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} 5x7jpvk1f76s0vs9gzzubcc7y3cwb0u 0 102947 895626 718702 2026-08-12T10:51:02Z Maryam Abdullahi Y 43904 895626 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Friends of the Manifesto and Liberty''' (Faransanci: Amis du Manifeste et de la Liberté, AML) ƙungiya ce ta siyasa a [[Aljeriya]] ta [[Faransa]].<ref name=FT>Frank Tachau (1994) ''Political parties of the Middle East and North Africa'', Greenwood Press, p30</ref> == Tarihi == Ferhat Abbas ne ya kafa jam'iyyar a watan Maris na shekara ta 1944 domin yaɗa jama'ar Aljeriya (Manifesto of the Algerian People) da kuma kare shi. Buƙatun ta sun haɗa da daidaiton haƙƙin ga al'ummar [[musulmi]] da kuma ƙasar Aljeriya mai cin gashin kanta da ke haɗe da [[Faransa]].<ref name="FT" /> Jam'iyyar ta kuma tanadi zama ɗaya daga cikin jam'iyyun da suka yi nasara a tarihin ƙasar Aljeriya, inda ta samu dubban ɗaruruwan mambobi da kuma goyon bayan jam'iyyar Aljeriya da aka haramta wa jam'iyyar da kuma kungiyar malaman musulmi ta Aljeriya.<ref name=FT>Frank Tachau (1994) ''Political parties of the Middle East and North Africa'', Greenwood Press, p30</ref> Sai dai jami'an Faransa sun ki yin magana a jam'iyyar kuma sun yi amfani da [[Kisan kiyashi na Sétif da Guelma|hargitsin]] Setif na ranar 8 ga watan Mayu, 1945 a matsayin hujjar wargaza ta tare da kama Abbas.<ref name=FT>Frank Tachau (1994) ''Political parties of the Middle East and North Africa'', Greenwood Press, p30</ref> Irin wannan yunkuri, an kafa jam'iyyar Democratic Union of the Algerian Manifesto a shekara mai zuwa.<ref name=FT>Frank Tachau (1994) ''Political parties of the Middle East and North Africa'', Greenwood Press, p30</ref> == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} [[Category: Kungiyoyin Siyasa]] [[Category: Kungiyoyi]] 1bbuyxqj91t5962lwqeosxfyixdbpbq 3 105166 895320 657662 2026-08-12T00:58:52Z Superpes15 11792 Superpes15 moved page [[Tattaunawar user:EF5]] to [[Tattaunawar user:Eoline]]: Automatically moved page while renaming the user "[[Special:CentralAuth/EF5|EF5]]" to "[[Special:CentralAuth/Eoline|Eoline]]" 657662 wikitext text/x-wiki == Barka da zuwa! == Ni Robot ne ba mutum ba. [[File:Wikipedia_mini_globe_handheld.jpg|thumb|300px|Hausa Wikipedia na buƙatar gudummuwarku domin ta bunƙasa!]] Barka da zuwa Hausa Wikipedia, EF5! Mun ji daɗin [[Special:Contributions/EF5|gudummuwarku]]. Kuma muna fatan zaku tsaya ku ci gaba da bada gudummuwa. Anan ƙasa ga wasu shafuka da zasu taimaka wajen fahimtar Hausa Wikipedia da yadda ake gyara ta: * [[Wikipedia:Gabatarwa|Gabatarwa]] * [[Wikipedia:Tutorial|Tutorial]] * [[Wikipedia:Cheatsheet|Cheatsheet]] * [[Wikipedia:Yadda_ake_rubuta_muƙala|Yadda ake rubuta muƙala]] * [[Wikipedia:Manufofi biyar|Manufofin Hausa Wikipedia]] * [[Wikipedia:Shawarwari_goma_akan_gyaran_Wikipedia|Shawarwari goma akan gyaran Wikipedia]] Zaku iya yin [[Wikipedia:Tutorial/Shafukan_tattaunawa#Shafin_tattaunawa_na_edita|sayinin rubutunku]] idan kuna akan [[Wikipedia:Shafin tattaunawa|shafukan tattaunawa]] ta hanyar alamar tilde guda huɗu, kamar haka (<nowiki>~~~~</nowiki>); yin hakan, zaisa sunanku da cikkaken kwanan wata. In kana buƙatar wani taimako, ku duba [[Wikipedia:Tutorial]]. Na gode. [[User:AmmarBot|AmmarBot]] ([[User talk:AmmarBot|talk]]) 21:27, 9 ga Yuli, 2025 (UTC) ptv460bx5skygyny7cc6aaiv0zu5p53 0 107235 895211 791351 2026-08-11T21:12:46Z Infovarius 3944 where are links? 895211 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} * Calamity (album) , ta Labule (2008) Calamity (wasan allo), wasan allo wanda Wasannin Wasanni ya fitar a cikin 1983 * Calamity (fim), fim din Czechoslovak na 1982 * Calamity, yarantaka na Martha Jane Cannary, fim din motsa jiki na 2020 * Calamity, littafi na uku a cikin jerin The Reckoners na Brandon Sanderson * Calamity Coyote, wani hali na almara a cikin Tiny Toon Adventures<nowiki><i id="mwGQ">Abubuwan da suka faru na Tiny Toon</i></nowiki> * Calamity James, wani ɗan littafin ban dariya na Burtaniya daga The ''Beano'' * Calamity Jane (fim) , fim din 1953 wanda ya dogara da mutumin * Calamity Town, wani littafi na 1942 na Ellery Queen * The Calamity, wani muhimmin batu na shirin don wasan bidiyo na 2011 Bastion''Ginin'' * Calamity, wani tsari ne na ''Ƙasa'' bidiyo na 2011 Terraria * "Calamity", waƙar Zayn daga kundin sa na 2021 Nobody Is Listening''Babu Wanda Yake Sauraro'' * "Calamity", ikon da 'Wonder of U' ke amfani da shi a cikin 2011 manga JoJ milion''JoJ milion'' == Sauran amfani == * Bala'i, mummunan abu * ''Al-Qaria'' (Turanci: ''bala'i''), sura ta 101 ta Alkur'ani game da ƙarshen lokaci * Calamity Jane (1852-1903), mace mai iyaka ta Amurka * Calamity Ganon, ko kuma kawai Ganon, wani hali a cikin jerin wasannin bidiyo na The Legend of Zelda == Dubi kuma == * All pages with titles containing Calamity * All pages with titles beginning with Calamity {{disambig}} 61ga1mfktw8dymhlsebcznbxzmjbiiq 895212 895211 2026-08-11T21:13:13Z Infovarius 3944 /* Dubi kuma */ Bala'i? 895212 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} * Calamity (album) , ta Labule (2008) Calamity (wasan allo), wasan allo wanda Wasannin Wasanni ya fitar a cikin 1983 * Calamity (fim), fim din Czechoslovak na 1982 * Calamity, yarantaka na Martha Jane Cannary, fim din motsa jiki na 2020 * Calamity, littafi na uku a cikin jerin The Reckoners na Brandon Sanderson * Calamity Coyote, wani hali na almara a cikin Tiny Toon Adventures<nowiki><i id="mwGQ">Abubuwan da suka faru na Tiny Toon</i></nowiki> * Calamity James, wani ɗan littafin ban dariya na Burtaniya daga The ''Beano'' * Calamity Jane (fim) , fim din 1953 wanda ya dogara da mutumin * Calamity Town, wani littafi na 1942 na Ellery Queen * The Calamity, wani muhimmin batu na shirin don wasan bidiyo na 2011 Bastion''Ginin'' * Calamity, wani tsari ne na ''Ƙasa'' bidiyo na 2011 Terraria * "Calamity", waƙar Zayn daga kundin sa na 2021 Nobody Is Listening''Babu Wanda Yake Sauraro'' * "Calamity", ikon da 'Wonder of U' ke amfani da shi a cikin 2011 manga JoJ milion''JoJ milion'' == Sauran amfani == * Bala'i, mummunan abu * ''Al-Qaria'' (Turanci: ''bala'i''), sura ta 101 ta Alkur'ani game da ƙarshen lokaci * Calamity Jane (1852-1903), mace mai iyaka ta Amurka * Calamity Ganon, ko kuma kawai Ganon, wani hali a cikin jerin wasannin bidiyo na The Legend of Zelda {{disambig}} sr71ugjt6327vxn3xcv2z269epp2g54 0 107690 895338 865078 2026-08-12T04:11:39Z Baffa ali 47435 /* growthexperiments-addlink-summary-summary:2|0|0 */ 895338 wikitext text/x-wiki   {{Databox}} '''San Rafael Falls''' (Spanish) wani ruwa ne a kan Kogin Coca a Sucumbíos da Napo, [[Ecuador]] . <ref>{{Cite web |date=March 15, 2011 |title=La mayor cascada de Ecuador compite con una hidroeléctrica |url=https://www.bbc.com/mundo/noticias/2011/03/110315_ecuador_san_rafael_cascada_hidroelectrica_az |website=BBC News Mundo}}</ref> Tsayawa mita 131 (430 tsawo, shi ne mafi tsayi kuma mafi karfi ruwa ruwa ruwa a Ecuador kuma sanannen jan hankalin yawon bude ido.<ref name="World Waterfall Database">{{Cite web |date= |title=San Rafael, Cascada de |url=https://www.worldwaterfalldatabase.com/waterfall/San-Rafael-Cascada-de-373 |access-date=2024-01-26 |publisher=World Waterfall Database}}</ref> Ruwan ya kasance a iyakar gabashin Cayambe Coca National Park, a gabashin tuddai na [[Andes|Andean]] kimanin kilomita 170 (110 zuwa gabashin [[Quito]]. A ranar 2 ga Fabrairu, 2020, faduwar ta rushe cikin wani babban rami a bayan Layer na dutsen dutse mai tsawo wanda ya kafa bakinsa, ya haifar da babbar gada ta halitta da ta ratsa Kogin Coca.<ref name="ESP">{{Cite journal |last=Crespo |first=Pedro D. Barrera |last2=Girón |first2=Pablo Espinoza |last3=Bedoya |first3=Rénan |last4=Gibson |first4=Stanford |last5=East |first5=Amy E. |last6=Langendoen |first6=Eddy J. |last7=Boyd |first7=Paul |date=2024 |title=Major fluvial erosion and a 500-Mt sediment pulse triggered by lava-dam failure, Río Coca, Ecuador |journal=Earth Surface Processes and Landforms |volume=1 |pages=1058–1080 |doi=10.1002/esp.5751 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Har ila yau, gadar ta halitta ta rushe kimanin shekara guda bayan haka, ta bar wani kwari a tsohon wurin da faduwar ta kasance. A lokacin da ta kasance, gadar ta halitta ta kasance mafi tsawo a duniya, ta wuce Xianren Bridge na kasar Sin.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2020-04-10 |title=Sudden Birth of a Large Natural Bridge in Ecuador – Possibly the Longest in the World |url=https://www.naturalarches.org/blog/sudden-birth-of-a-large-natural-bridge-in-ecuador/ |access-date=2024-01-26 |publisher=Natural Arch and Bridge Society}}</ref> Ruwan da kansa ya koma sama sakamakon saurin rushewa kuma ya ɓace cikin 'yan watanni yayin da kogin ya zana sabon tashar da ke saukowa a hankali.<ref name="ESP" /> Rushewar faduwar ta canza Kogin Coca sosai, tare da sabon kogi mai zurfi da ke bayyana a saman tsohon faduwar, da kuma manyan tarin datti da ke sauka a ƙasa. Rushewar ruwa ta lalata gadoji da yawa da bututun mai, kuma tun daga 2023 yana barazanar lalata madatsar ruwan Coca Codo Sinclair, wanda aka gina a saman ruwa a cikin 2016. Ƙarin rushewa sakamakon madatsar ruwa da ke kamawa da madatsar ruwan wasu masu bincike suna tunanin cewa sun hanzarta rushewar ruwan, kodayake abin da ya faru zai iya faruwa a ƙarshe saboda ƙarfin rushewar kogin. == Tarihi == San Rafael Falls an kafa su ne dubban shekaru da suka gabata ta hanyar tarkace da kwararar dutse daga dutsen El Reventador da ke kusa, wanda caldera ke kusa da kilomita 9 (5.6 zuwa yamma. Kimanin shekaru 19,000 da suka gabata, wani babban bangare na gefen gabas na dutsen mai fitattun wuta ya rushe, ya haifar da babban tarkace na dutse da ƙasa zuwa kwarin [[kogin]] Coca. Bayan haka, dutsen mai fitattun wuta ya fashe kuma kwararar dutsen mai kauri mai mita 100 (330 ta toshe Kogin Coca, ta samar da madatsar ruwan mai tsayayya da rushewa a saman ajiyar tarkace na farko. Rashin ruwa na halitta a bayan madatsar ruwan ya cika da cakuda ruwa da ƙarin kayan dutsen wuta daga El Reventador, yayin da kogin ya zubo a saman shingen ya samar da ruwa.<ref name="ESP"/> [[Fayil:San_Rafael_Waterfall,_Coca_Cayambe_Ecological_Reserve,_Ecuador.jpg|left|thumb|San Rafael Falls a watan Agustan 2019, kasa da shekara guda kafin rushewa cikin ramiramin ruwa]] Abubuwan da ke gudana a cikin madatsar ruwan sun wanke, suna ƙara saukowa zuwa sama da mita 130 (430 . Fiye da dubban shekaru, tafkin da ke nutsewa a gindin ruwa ya ci gaba da fadada, yana haifar da babban dutse da kogon inda Layer basalt mai wuya ya huta a saman kayan da ke ƙasa. A wannan lokacin, knickpoint ya zama mai ɗorewa, tare da basalt mai ɗorewar da ke kare kayan da ke ƙasa daga ci gaba da rushewa.<ref name="ESP"/> Yankin da ke kusa da El Reventador ya kasance mai aiki. Girgizar kasa ta Maris 1987 ta haifar da manyan tarkace da ke gudana cikin Kogin Coca wanda ya kai San Rafael Falls. Rushewar ta kai kimanin zurfin mita 20 (66 a faduwar. Kafin rushewar, faduwar ta kasance babbar jan hankalin yawon bude ido ga yankin. A cikin 2019 kimanin mutane 30,000 sun ziyarci faduwar.<ref>{{Cite web |date=6 February 2020 |title=Country's largest waterfall stops flowing after a giant sink hole swallows the Coca River |url=https://cuencahighlife.com/countrys-largest-waterfall-stops-flowing-after-sink-hole-opens-under-river-bed/ |access-date=6 December 2020 |publisher=CuencaHighlife}}</ref> Ana iya samun faduwar ta hanyar tafiya na kimanin minti talatin daga Hostería El Reventador da ke kusa (kimanin kilomita 50 (31 ta hanyar hanyar arewa maso gabashin El Chaco) wanda ya kawo baƙi zuwa wurin kallo mai kyau, "La Mirador", sama da faduwar. Kodayake suna kusa da Gidan shakatawa na Cayambe-Coca, faduwar kanta a zahiri suna kan karamin ajiya mai zaman kansa. A shekara ta 2010, an fara gini a madatsar ruwan Coca Codo Sinclair kimanin kilomita 19 (12 daga sama daga faduwar ruwa. An tsara tashar wutar lantarki ta 1,500 Megawatt, tashar wutar wutar lantarki mafi girma a E, don karkatar da ruwa a kusa da babban karkata ("codo") na Kogin Coca, ta amfani da saukowar ruwa da kogi don samar da wutar lantarki.<ref name="ESP"/> Duk da haifar da babbar gardama game da tasirin muhalli da kuma damar da take da ita na rage kwararar ruwa, an kammala aikin a cikin 2016.<ref>{{Cite web |year=2014 |title=Ecuador's most spectacular waterfall threatened by Chinese-funded hydroelectric project |url=https://www.internationalrivers.org/resources/ecuador-s-most-spectacular-waterfall-threatened-by-chinese-funded-hydroelectric-project |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160917060717/https://www.internationalrivers.org/resources/ecuador-s-most-spectacular-waterfall-threatened-by-chinese-funded-hydroelectric-project |archive-date=2016-09-17 |access-date=2024-01-26 |publisher=International Rivers}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Coca Codo Sinclair Hydroelectric Project |url=https://www.power-technology.com/projects/coca-codo-sinclair-hydroelectric-project/ |access-date=2024-01-26 |publisher=Power Technology}}</ref> Masu haɓaka Coca Codo Sinclair sun yi alkawarin kula da mafi ƙarancin kwararar mita 22 a kowace dakika (780 cu ft / s) a kan faduwar, ko kusan kashi ɗaya cikin huɗu na kwararar lokacin bushewa. Ruwan ya kasance yana fuskantar canje-canje na geomorphic tun daga shekarun 1990, lokacin da ya fadi a matakai biyu daban-daban: karamin cascade na sama wanda ya biyo bayan babban raguwa. A kusan shekara ta 2010, yawancin ƙananan leɓunan faduwar sun lalace, suna kawo matakai biyu kusa tare; a cikin 2015 wannan ɓangaren ya rushe gaba ɗaya, kuma faduwar ta zama faduwa ɗaya ba tare da katsewa ba.<ref name="World Waterfall Database"/><ref name="ESP"/><ref>{{Cite web |last=Creech |first=Calvin |last2=McConnell |first2=Adriel |last3=Gibson |first3=Stanford |year=2023 |title=Reconnaissance of the Rio Coca Regressive Erosion and Building the Partnership |url=https://www.sedhyd.org/2023Program/1/223.pdf |access-date=2024-01-26 |publisher=SEDHYD |archive-date=2024-01-27 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240127000010/https://www.sedhyd.org/2023Program/1/223.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref> == Rugujewar 2020 da tasirin == A watan Yunin 2019, an kafa rami a sama da faduwar kuma an lura da ruwa ya fito daga kasan dutsen, yana nuna cewa ruwa yana shiga cikin kayan da ke ƙarƙashin madatsar ruwan kuma ta haka ne ya wuce faduwar. A ranar 2 ga Fabrairu, 2020, ramin ya rushe kwatsam, ya haɗiye babban ɓangare na kwararar Kogin Coca, wanda ya ci gaba da fashewa daga ƙarƙashin madatsar ruwan. A ranar 6 ga watan Fabrairu an wanke ragowar kayan da ke ƙarƙashin madatsar ruwan kuma cikakken girman Kogin Coca ya gudana a ƙarƙashinsa, ya haifar da babbar gada ta halitta kuma ya cire maɓallin da ruwa ke wakilta. Wani sabon faduwar ruwa ya bayyana nan da nan a saman inda aka sami ramin. Sabuntawar kogi ba zato ba tsammani ya fara rushewar ruwa mai laushi a cikin kogin, wanda ya sa ruwan ya koma sama da sauri.<ref name="ESP"/><ref name="PFG">{{Cite journal |last=Graw |first=Valerie |last2=Dedring |first2=Torben |last3=Hiby |first3=Roman |last4=Jara-Alvear |first4=Jose |last5=Guzman |first5=Pablo |last6=Juergens |first6=Carsten |date=2022-10-20 |title=Regressive Erosion at River Coca in Northeast Ecuador: Landslide Monitoring with Sentinel-1 to Support Disaster Risk Management |journal=Journal of Photogrammetry, Remote Sensing and Geoinformation Science |volume=90 |issue=5 |pages=457–471 |bibcode=2022PFJ....90..457G |doi=10.1007/s41064-022-00221-z |doi-access=free}}</ref> [[Fayil:USGS_Rio_Coca_upstream_of_San_Rafael_Falls_2023.JPG|right|thumb|Babban rushewar ya lalata shimfidar wuri a saman faduwar.]] A watan Yulin 2020, watanni biyar bayan rushewar farko, rushewar ta ci gaba da kilomita 3.8 (2.4 sama, ta samar da canyon mai zurfin mita 100 (330 a wurare. Yayin da kogin ya daidaita, magudanan ruwa sun samo asali ne daga nutsewa guda ɗaya zuwa ƙananan ƙananan, rabuwa, kuma a ƙarshe an rage su zuwa rapids. Ma'aikatar Makamashi ta Ecuador ta fara gina matakan kula da wucin gadi a cikin kogi a cikin ƙoƙari na rage yawan lalacewa.<ref name="Cardona August 2020" /> Ginin na halitta ya rushe kusan shekara guda bayan haka a watan Fabrairun 2021, ya takaitacciyar madatsar ruwan kogin kafin a rufe shi kuma a wanke shi a cikin babban ambaliyar ruwa.<ref name="ESP"/> Kwamitin Ayyukan Gaggawa na Sucumbíos ya ƙuntata damar shiga yankin yayin da Ma'aikatar Muhalli ta Ecuador ta fara binciken lamarin. Rugujewar ƙasa ba da daɗewa ba ta yi barazanar gagarumin ababen more rayuwa a sama. A ranar 7 ga Afrilu, 2020, kogin da ke nutsewa ya karya bututun mai na Trans-Ecuadorial Pipeline System, Crudos Pesados Oil da Poliducto Shushufindi-Quito. Kimanin ganga 15,000 na man fetur ya zubo cikin Kogin Coca kuma nan da nan ya shiga Kogin Napo. An gano man fetur har zuwa Cabo Pantoja, [[Peru]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=19 July 2022 |title=Oil Spills In The Amazon: A Never-ending Tragedy |url=https://eos.com/blog/oil-spills-in-the-amazon-a-never-ending-tragedy/ |access-date=2024-01-26 |publisher=EOS Data Analytics}}</ref> Ruwan mai ya shafi fiye da ɗari da farko al'ummomin asali, da yawa daga cikinsu sun dogara da tattalin arziki akan kamun kifi. A ranar 30 ga watan Afrilu an shigar da karar neman lalacewa daga kamfanonin mai.<ref>{{Cite web |year=2021 |title=Ecuador court case on the oil spill in the San Rafael Waterfall |url=https://ecojurisprudence.org/initiatives/ecuador-case-on-the-oil-spill-in-the-san-rafael-waterfall/ |access-date=2024-01-26 |publisher=Eco Jurisprudence Monitor}}</ref> A watan Agusta, an gina hanyoyi don jagorantar bututun mai daga kogi, yayin da al'ummomin da ke ƙasa suka ci gaba da nuna damuwa game da saurin aikin gyara. A watan Disamba na 2021, Sojojin Injiniyoyi na Amurka da Kamfanin Lantarki na Ecuador (Corporación Eléctrica del Ecuador, ko CELEC) sun sanya hannu kan wata yarjejeniya ta fahimta don nazarin zaɓuɓɓuka don rage lalacewa da kare ababen more rayuwa, musamman madatsar ruwan Coca Codo Sinclair, wanda za'a iya lalata shi ko lalata shi idan lalacewar kai ta kai wannan batu.<ref name="PFG"/> Babban raƙuman ruwa da aka saki ta hanyar rushewa sun canza sosai zuwa gabas na Kogin Coca. Kimanin tan miliyan 250 (Mt) na laka an tattara shi a cikin shekara ta farko bayan rushewa, kuma a farkon 2023, shekaru uku bayan haka, wannan ya karu zuwa 500 Mt.<ref name="ESP"/> Yawan sediment na shekaru uku yana iya kwatanta da jimlar adadin da aka ɗauka a cikin shekaru 43 bayan fashewar Dutsen St. Helens a shekarar 1980.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-02-16 |title=Federal Scientists Assess Unusual River-Erosion Disaster in Ecuadorian Amazon |url=https://www.usgs.gov/centers/pcmsc/news/federal-scientists-assess-unusual-river-erosion-disaster-ecuadorian-amazon |access-date=2024-01-26 |publisher=U.S. Geological Survey}}</ref> Ya zuwa 2023, babban haɓaka ya binne tsohon kogin a cikin ruwa, tare da tarkace da ke tarawa har zuwa mita 40 (130 a wani batu kilomita 2 (1.2 a ƙasa da tsohon ruwa. A tashar wutar lantarki ta Coca Codo, kilomita 44.5 (27.7 a cikin ruwa, kogin kogin ya tashi daga mita 1 zuwa 2 (3.3 zuwa 6.6 , <ref name="ESP" /> wanda ke barazanar iyakance adadin ruwan da zai iya wucewa ta tashar wutar wutar lantarki kuma ta haka ne fitar da wutar lantarki. <ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-06-20 |title=USGS Advises on Sediment and Erosion Monitoring as Part of Emergency Response in Ecuador |url=https://www.usgs.gov/international-programs/news/usgs-advises-sediment-and-erosion-monitoring-part-emergency-response |access-date=2024-01-26 |publisher=U.S. Geological Survey}}</ref> An rage wannan har zuwa yanzu ta hanyar hakowa, amma har yanzu ba a tantance mafita ta dogon lokaci ba.<ref name="ESP" /> Ambaliyar ruwa da tasirin ingancin ruwa da ke da alaƙa da rushewar an bayar da rahoton a Puerto Francisco de Orellana, kilomita 90 (56 daga cikin ruwa.<ref name="ESP" /> A farkon 2023, rushewar ta ci gaba da kilomita 11.3 (7 daga saman ruwa daga asalin wurin ruwa. Kimanin hekta 287 (710 acres) na ƙasar bakin kogi sun rushe kuma akalla gadoji uku sun lalace. Ana sa ran rushewar kai tsaye zai ci gaba har zuwa wani kilomita 28 (17 kafin kogin ya sami daidaitattun gradient, wanda zai zama fiye da isa ga madatsar ruwan Coca Codo Sinclair, sai dai idan kogin ya haɗu da wani dutse mai wuya kafin wannan batu.<ref name="ESP"/> Har ila yau, rushewar ta fara shafar masu ba da gudummawa, musamman Río Malo, wanda ya haɗu da Coca kimanin kilomita 10 (6.2 daga sama daga tsohon faduwar ruwa.<ref name="ESP" /> == Bincike == Duk da yake duk magudanan ruwa suna fuskantar rushewa, masu bincike da kungiyoyi da yawa sun ba da shawarar cewa madatsar ruwan Coca Codo Sinclair na iya ƙara tasirin rushewa a kan magudanan, wanda ya sa ya rushe da wuri fiye da daga ƙarfin yanayin ƙasa kadai. Emilio Cobo, shugaban Shirin Ruwa na Kudancin Amurka na IUCN, ya yi la'akari da cewa madatsar ruwan ta hanzarta rushewar ta hanyar kama turɓaya a saman ruwa, ta kashe kogin turɓaya da kara karfinta. Makarantar Polytechnic ta Kasa ta Ecuador ta yi nazarin tasirin madatsar ruwan bayan an gina ta, tana kimanta cewa rushewar kogi ya karu da kashi 42 bisa dari sakamakon aikin madatsar ruwa.<ref>{{Cite web |date=May 2020 |title=Dam implicated in waterfall collapse and oil spill |url=https://www.ecoamericas.com/issues/article/2020/5/4A758326-B1B1-4B78-AA70-E420A7513166 |access-date=2024-01-26 |website=ecoamericas.com}}</ref>&nbsp; A cewar Alfredo Carrasco, masanin ilimin ƙasa na jihar Ecuador, rugujewar ruwan mai yiwuwa ba ta da tasiri sosai ta hanyar madatsar ruwa, amma saurin rushewar kogin da ya biyo baya ya zama mafi muni ta hanyar madarar ruwa. Bayan rushewar, Carrasco ya nuna damuwa game da yiwuwar tasirin da ke tattare da ababen more rayuwa kamar gadoji da bututun mai, amma ba a dauki wani mataki na gyara ba kafin a lalata wannan ababen more more rayuwa kuma a lalata shi. Masanin ilimin ƙasa Carolina Bernal ya bayyana cewa, "Ina da shakku cewa tsire-tsire na Coca Codo Sinclair ya rinjayi abin da ya faru da ruwan San Rafael [a ranar 2 ga Fabrairu], amma yanzu, bayan ganin tashin hankali na abin da ya haifar, ana iya danganta shi da kula da aikin. Dole ne a tsara tsire-shuke na Hydroelectric sosai a hankali. " == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] aad547ykvczop4gs7ihlxei4z14q42s 0 108302 895194 675495 2026-08-11T19:55:00Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 895194 wikitext text/x-wiki   {{Databox}}[[Fayil:CODE_ROOD_flyer.jpg|thumb|Fitarwa don aikin Code Rood, gami da alamar jan su]] '''Code Rood''' (kuma mai salo '''CODE ROOD''', Yaren mutanen Holland don "Code Red") cibiyar sadarwa ce ta [[Motsi na yanayi|masu fafutukar yanayi]] a cikin [[Holand|Netherlands]] . Masu fafutuka suna shirya manyan ayyuka na rashin biyayya ga jama'a don adawa da masana'antar mai . <ref>{{Cite web |title=Code Rood |url=https://www.patagonia.com/actionworks/grantees/code-rood/ |access-date=2021-03-12 |website=Patagonia Action Works |language=en-US |archive-date=2021-04-15 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210415071750/https://www.patagonia.com/actionworks/grantees/code-rood/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> Code Rood an shirya shi a kwance, kuma [[Ende Gelände 2016]] ne ya yi wahayi zuwa gare shi, a lokacin da masu zanga-zangar suka rufe ma'adinin kwal da tashar wutar lantarki ta kwal na tsawon kwanaki biyu.<ref name=":02">{{Cite web |date=13 June 2017 |title=Code Rood |url=https://amsterdamalternative.nl/articles/3926/code-rood |access-date=2021-03-13 |website=Amsterdam Alternative}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=van de Wiel |first=Han |date=2017-06-27 |title=Code Rood in de Amsterdamse haven: nee tegen kolen |trans-title=Code Rood in the port of Amsterdam: no to coal |url=https://downtoearthmagazine.nl/code-rood-legt-kolenoverslag-amsterdamse-haven-plat/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200809075520/https://downtoearthmagazine.nl/code-rood-legt-kolenoverslag-amsterdamse-haven-plat/ |archive-date=2020-08-09 |access-date=2021-03-13 |website=Down To Earth Magazine |language=nl}}</ref> == Tarihi ==   A watan Yunin 2017, Code Rood ya yi kira ga aikin rashin biyayya na farar hula a Tashar jiragen ruwa ta Amsterdam da kuma sansanin yanayi da ke kusa.<ref>{{Cite web |date=5 June 2017 |title=CODE ROOD calls for mass civil disobedience in port of Amsterdam |url=https://de.indymedia.org/node/12425 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170722055846/https://de.indymedia.org/node/12425 |archive-date=2017-07-22 |access-date=2021-03-13 |website=de.indymedia.org}}</ref> An yi zanga-zangar ta'addanci a ranar 24 ga Yuni, ranar tunawa da shekaru biyu na shari'ar kotu ta ''Jihar Netherlands v. Gidauniyar Urgenda''.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |date=13 June 2017 |title=Code Rood |url=https://amsterdamalternative.nl/articles/3926/code-rood |access-date=2021-03-13 |website=Amsterdam Alternative}}</ref> Wani rukuni na kimanin 'yan gwagwarmaya 300 sun sami nasarar rufe tashar kwal ta [[OBA Bulk Terminal Amsterdam]] sama da sa'o'i takwas, wanda babban darektan kamfanin ya ce ya kashe su kusan Yuro 50,000.<ref>{{Cite web |last=van Kempen |first=Jop |date=25 June 2017 |title='Milieuactivisten maken voor tienduizenden euro's schade' |trans-title=Environmentalists cause tens of thousands of euros in damage |url=https://www.ad.nl/amsterdam/milieuactivisten-maken-voor-tienduizenden-euro-s-schade~a2e0cce8/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170626170751/http://www.ad.nl/amsterdam/milieuactivisten-maken-voor-tienduizenden-euro-s-schade~a2e0cce8/ |archive-date=2017-06-26 |access-date=12 March 2021 |website=[[Algemeen Dagblad]] |language=nl}}</ref> Kungiyar ta bayyana cewa za su bar kafin duhu, amma masu fafutuka biyar sun kasance a cikin wani katako kuma an kama su saboda shiga tsakani.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2017-06-25 |title=Afgesplitste actievoerders Code Rood gearresteerd |trans-title=Separated Code Rood campaigners arrested |url=https://www.parool.nl/gs-bf9a84c1 |access-date=2021-03-13 |website=Het Parool |language=nl-NL}}</ref> A watan Agustan 2018, Code Rood ya shirya zanga-zanga a Groningen kusa da ƙungiyar tankunan ajiya na Nederlandse Aardolie Maatschappij (NAM), hadin gwiwa wanda mallakar [[Shell]] da ExxonMobil ne.<ref name="lng">{{Cite web |date=22 June 2009 |title=Groningen field to produce gas for another 50 years |url=http://www.ogj.com/articles/print/volume-107/issue-24/General_Interest/groningen-field-to-produce-gas-for-another-50-years.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170203131306/http://www.ogj.com/articles/print/volume-107/issue-24/General_Interest/groningen-field-to-produce-gas-for-another-50-years.html |archive-date=2017-02-03 |access-date=11 March 2021 |website=[[Oil & Gas Journal]] |publisher=}}</ref> Mutanen yankin ne suka kafa wannan tafiya wadanda gidajensu suka lalace ta hanyar fitar da iskar gas ta NAM a yankin, kuma kimanin mutane 400 zuwa 700 sun halarci, sun kafa sansanin da ya toshe [[sufuri]] a ciki da waje daga cikin tankin. <ref name=":1" /><ref name=":2">{{Cite book|last3=Andreas Malm}}</ref> Bayan 200 zuwa 300 masu zanga-zangar sun shiga kungiyar da yamma, <ref name=":1" /> 'yan sanda sun yi amfani da sanduna da fure a kan wata kungiya da ta matsa kusa da shinge fiye da yadda aka amince da ita, kuma Code Rood ya ba da rahoton cewa masu gwagwarmaya biyar sun ji rauni kuma dole ne a kula da daya a cikin [[Ambulance|motar asibiti]].<ref name=":2" /><ref>{{Cite web |date=2018-08-29 |title=Police use batons, pepper spray to break up Groningen anti-gas demo |url=https://www.dutchnews.nl/news/2018/08/police-use-batons-pepper-spray-to-break-up-groningen-anti-gas-demo/ |access-date=2021-03-12 |website=DutchNews.nl |language=en-GB}}</ref> A watan Fabrairun 2019, 'yan sanda sun fitar da wata sanarwa cewa [[Jami'an Ƴan Sanda|jami'ai]] sun yi amfani da karfi mara kyau a zanga-zangar.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2019-02-15 |title=Police say use of batons against anti-gas demonstrators was wrong |url=https://www.dutchnews.nl/news/2019/02/police-say-use-of-batons-against-anti-gas-demonstrators-was-wrong/ |access-date=2021-03-12 |website=DutchNews.nl |language=en-GB}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=15 February 2019 |title=Politie kijkt terug op rol tijdens actieweek Code Rood |trans-title=Police look back on role during action week Code Rood |url=https://www.politie.nl/nieuws/2019/februari/15/01-politie-kijkt-terug-op-rol-tijdens-actieweek-code-rood.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190406073733/https://www.politie.nl/nieuws/2019/februari/15/01-politie-kijkt-terug-op-rol-tijdens-actieweek-code-rood.html |archive-date=2019-04-06 |access-date=2021-03-12 |website=Politie |publisher=[[Dutch National Police]] |language=nl}}</ref> A watan Mayu 2021, Code Rood ya haɗu da Extinction Rebellion don fentin Tashar gas din Shell a cikin The [[Hague]] baki a matsayin zanga-zanga yayin da kamfanin gas ke gudanar da Taron shekara-shekara a cikin wannan birni. == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} ownte8c2lpxaxz91id01m6gub12la00 0 108409 895141 730889 2026-08-11T17:22:05Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 895141 wikitext text/x-wiki Cibiyar Ilimi ta Yanayi don Ci Gaban ('''CDKN''') tana aiki don inganta ingancin rayuwa ga mafi talauci da mafi rauni ga canjin yanayi. CDKN yana yin hakan ta hanyar hada bincike, sabis na ba da shawara da gudanar da ilimi don tallafawa tsarin manufofi na gida da sarrafawa. Yana aiki tare da haɗin gwiwa tare da masu yanke shawara a cikin jama'a, masu zaman kansu da wadanda ba na gwamnati ba a cikin ƙasa, yanki da duniya.<ref>{{Cite web |last= |date= |title=CDKN - weADAPT |url=https://www.weadapt.org/organisation/cdkn |access-date=5 March 2019 |website=www.weadapt.org}}</ref> CDKN tana karkashin jagorancin Kudu maso Arewa <ref>{{Cite web |last= |date= |title=SouthSouthNorth - Towards climate resilience |url=https://southsouthnorth.org/ |access-date=5 March 2019 |website=southsouthnorth.org |archive-date=30 March 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230330155130/https://southsouthnorth.org/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> a Afirka ta Kudu, tare da haɗin gwiwa tare da Fundación Futuro Latinoamericano <ref>{{Cite web |last= |date= |title=Fundación Futuro Latinoamericano - Inicio |url=https://www.ffla.net/ |access-date=5 March 2019 |website=www.ffla.net}}</ref> a Ecuador, ICLEI - Gwamnatocin Ƙananan Hukumomi don Ci gaba, Kudancin Asiya, <ref>{{Cite web |last= |date= |title=Home - ICLEI South Asia |url=http://southasia.iclei.org/ |access-date=5 March 2019 |website=southasia.iclei.org}}</ref> a Indiya, da Cibiyar Ci Gaban Kasashen Waje a Burtaniya. CDKN tana aiki a duk faɗin [[Afirka]], [[Asiya]] da Latin Amurka da Caribbean, tare da mai da hankali kan kasashe tara masu fifiko: Kenya, Habasha, Ghana, Bangladesh, Nepal, Indiya, Colombia, Peru da Ecuador. == Afirka == === Yanayin yanayi na gaba ga Afirka === CDKN tana aiki tare da haɗin gwiwa tare da shirin Ci gaban Capacity da Canjin Ilimi na Yanayi na gaba don Afirka. Future Climate for Africa (FCFA) yana da niyyar samar da sabon kimiyyar yanayi da aka mayar da hankali kan Afirka, da kuma tabbatar da cewa wannan kimiyya tana da tasiri ga ci gaban ɗan adam a duk faɗin nahiyar. Manufar FCFA ita ce rage rushewa da lalacewa daga canjin yanayi da kuma kare ci gaban tattalin arziki da kokarin kawar da talauci na dogon lokaci. Ta wannan hanyar, FCFA tana da niyyar yin sabbin ababen more rayuwa na Afirka da tsare-tsaren birane da yankunan karkara da saka hannun jari da suka fi dacewa da yanayi.<ref>{{Cite web |last= |date= |title=Future Climate For Africa (FCFA) - PreventionWeb.net |url=https://www.preventionweb.net/organizations/20706 |access-date=5 March 2019 |website=www.preventionweb.net }}{{Dead link|date=August 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> === Tsarin canjin yanayi na Kudancin Afirka === CDKN ta kuma tallafa wa jami'o'i bakwai daga kasashe biyar na kudancin Afirka a cikin wani aikin da [[Jami'ar Cape Town]] ta jagoranta, don bunkasa tsarin karatun digiri kan canjin yanayi da ci gaba mai ɗorewa ga Kungiyar Jami'o'in Yankin Afirka ta Kudu (SARUA). === Gina ikon Rwanda don ci gaban da ya dace da yanayi === CDKN ta shiga cikin gina iyawa a Rwanda ta hanyar asusun kasa da canjin yanayi, FONERWA - asusun yanayi mafi girma na irin sa a Afirka. Ta hanyar gina iyawa a matakin kasa da na gundumar don iyaka, haɓaka da aiwatar da ayyukan ci gaban da suka dace da yanayi, aikin zai taimaka wajen tallafawa aiwatar da Green Growth & Climate Resilience Strategy na Rwanda da kuma gina ƙarfin ƙarfin ga ƙarancin carbon, ci gaban tattalin arziki mai ƙarfin yanayi a cikin ƙasar.<ref>{{Cite web |last= |date= |title=Climate and Development Knowledge Network (CDKN), South South North |url=http://southsouthnorth.org/climate-and-development-knowledge-network-cdkn/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180902094135/http://southsouthnorth.org/climate-and-development-knowledge-network-cdkn/ |archive-date=2 September 2018 |access-date=5 March 2019 |website=southsouthnorth.org}}</ref> A matsayin wani ɓangare na ci gaba da aiki a Rwanda ta hanyar aikin, "Ginin juriya a Rwanda ta wurin haɗin gwiwar kasuwanci," binciken bincike na CDKN ya nuna cewa ƙananan kamfanoni a kusa da Kogin Nyabugogo, Gatsata da sauran wuraren da ke da ruwa a [[Kigali]] na iya fuskantar ƙarin asarar saboda ambaliyar ruwa idan ba a dauki matakai na gaggawa don magance matsalar ba. Wani bincike, wanda aka gudanar a matsayin wani ɓangare na aikin, ya kalli yadda ambaliyar ruwa ke shafar ƙananan kasuwanni a Kigali, kuma ya gano cewa yankunan sun sami asarar da aka kiyasta a Rwf178.2 miliyan a cikin lalacewar kai tsaye da kai tsaye da ambaliyar ta haifar. Ministan Gudanar da Bala'o'i da Harkokin 'Yan Gudun Hijira, Seraphine Mukantabana, ya ce binciken wani bangare ne na ci gaba da kokarin da ake buƙata don ci gaba da duk ayyukan don rage haɗarin bala'i da gina al'ummomin da ke jure wa bala'i: "Muna da dabarun ci gaban Tattalin Arziki da Rage Talauci na biyu don ci gaba amma mun san yiwuwar cikas da za su iya hana cimma waɗannan burin saboda karuwar haɗarin bala-li'i da [[Tasirin canjin yanayi]]". === Tasirin canjin yanayi a Uganda === A cikin 2016, CDKN ta samar da rahoton "Binciken Tattalin Arziki na tasirin canjin yanayi a [[Uganda]]", <ref>{{Cite web |last= |date= |title=Economic assessment of the impacts of climate change in Uganda |url=https://cdkn.org/wp-content/uploads/2015/11/UGANDA_Economic-assessment-of-climate-change_WEB.pdf |access-date=5 March 2019 |website=cdkn.org}}</ref> wanda Gwamnatin Uganda ta ba da umarni. Ya yi niyyar samar da gwamnati da shaidar tattalin arziki a kan farashin yanzu da na gaba da ke da alaƙa da canjin yanayi da hasashen canjin yanayi, da matakan [[Daidaituwar canjin yanayi|daidaitawa]] da suka dace ga bangarori daban-daban a ma'auni na ƙasa da na gida. Wannan shaidar an yi niyya ne don taimakawa masu tsara manufofi don sauya sauyin yanayi da juriya cikin manufofi na kasa da na bangarori da haɓaka shari'ar saka hannun jari a cikin daidaitawa.<ref name="uganda20">{{Cite web |last= |date= |title=Inaction on climate change will cost Uganda 20 times more than adaptation - weADAPT |url=https://www.weadapt.org/knowledge-base/national-adaptation-planning/inaction-on-climate-change-will-cost-uganda-20-times-more-than-adaptation |access-date=5 March 2019 |website=www.weadapt.org}}</ref> Shaida daga binciken ya riga ya sanar da gudummawar da aka tsara ta Uganda (INDC) zuwa taron jam'iyyun 21 (COP 21) ga Yarjejeniyar Tsarin Majalisar Dinkin Duniya kan Canjin Yanayi (UNFCCC) a Paris, Faransa, a ƙarshen 2015.<ref name="uganda20"/> == Asiya == === Shirin Ayyukan Zafin Ahmedabad === Bayan guguwar zafi ta buge [[Ahmedabad]], wani birni na yammacin mutane miliyan 5.5, a watan Mayu na shekara ta 2010, inda ta kashe mutane sama da 1,300, hukumomin yankin sun tsara yankunan da ke da yawan "mai haɗari" ciki har da ƙauyuka, a matsayin wani ɓangare na shirin aikin zafi mai tsanani. CDKN ta goyi bayan kirkirar da kuma fitar da shirin aikin. Aikin ya gina wayar da kan jama'a game da haɗarin yanayin zafi mai girma kuma ya kafa "wuraren sanyaya" a cikin temples, gine-ginen jama'a da malls a cikin watanni na rani. Har ila yau, shirin ya ƙunshi shirye-shiryen wayar da kan jama'a, da sanya tsarin gargaɗin wuri wanda ke ba da hasashen gaba na kwanaki bakwai game da yanayin zafi mai tsanani da raƙuman zafi da ke gabatowa, da haɓaka ƙwararrun masana kiwon lafiya don kula da masu fama da matsalolin zafi.  A cewar The Hindu, Shirin Ayyukan Heat na birnin, wanda aka bayyana a cikin 2013, ya haifar da mutuwar masu nasaba da zafi da kashi 25%.<ref name="langa">[http://www.pressreader.com/india/the-hindu/20170402/283072709125329 How Ahmedabad beat the heat], Mahesh Langa, The Hindu, access date 2 May 2017</ref> Mata da matasa a kan gaba a aikin daidaita yanayi. Aikin guguwar zafi na Ahmedabad ya nuna cewa mata masu sayar da kaya da masu sayar da titi sune masu sauƙin ilmantarwa game da yadda za a magance guguwar zafin jiki. Suna karɓar matakai don amsawa da kuma ba da saƙon ga wasu mata da yara a cikin birni. === Inganta hadin kai daga sama zuwa kasa da kuma samun daidaito a cikin ruwa a Nepal === A Nepal, CDKN ta hanyar wannan aikin kai tsaye yana amsa buƙatun da aka bayyana daga kungiyoyin masu amfani da ruwa, gwamnatocin birni, da gwamnatocin ƙasa game da haɓaka takaddama tare da al'ummomin da ke sama, kuma sun nemi shiga tsakani na ƙira don tabbatar da kwararar ruwa mai ɗorewa. Wannan aikin ya samo asali ne daga sama da shekaru biyar na bincike da kuma shiga cikin gida kan alaƙar ruwa, birni, da canjin yanayi a cikin birane uku masu saurin birni da ke fuskantar damuwa da ruwa da [http://www.sias-southasia.org/ Cibiyar Nazarin Ci gaba ta Southasia] ta ɗauka. Har ila yau, yana neman ba da gudummawa ga sauyin yanayi da kuma kula da ruwa ta hanyar haɓaka shaidu da ƙarfafa hanyoyin yanke shawara a matakin gida, lardin, da na tarayya. A yin haka, yana neman inganta hanyoyin ma'aikata don hadin kai da samun ruwa mai kyau.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2019 |title=City level water forum for inclusive and equitable water governance |url=http://www.sias-southasia.org/ongoing-research-projects/city-level-water-forum-for-inclusive-and-equitable-water-governance/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210114163540/http://www.sias-southasia.org/ongoing-research-projects/city-level-water-forum-for-inclusive-and-equitable-water-governance/ |archive-date=2021-01-14 |access-date=2020-12-01 |website=SIAS, Southasia Institute for Advanced Studies |language=en-US}}</ref> === Ƙara aikin gona mai basira === A Nepal, aikin CDKN "Scaling Up Climate Smart Agriculture (CSA) a Nepal", yana haɓaka fayiloli na fasahar noma da ayyukan da aka yi niyya don amfana da mata da manoma masu zaman kansu na yankuna uku na Nepal. <ref>{{Cite web |last= |date= |title=Local Initiatives for Biodiversity, Research and Development: Projects Scaling Up Climate Smart Agriculture in Nepal (CSA) |url=http://libird.org/app/projects/view.aspx?record_id=61 |access-date=5 March 2019 |website=libird.org }}{{Dead link|date=August 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> === Kyakkyawan makamashi mai sabuntawa na Pakistan === Wani aikin CDKN ya gano cewa amfani da bangarorin photovoltaic a wani bangare na masana'antu a Sialkot, Pakistan, na iya rage har zuwa tan 377,000 na carbon dioxide kuma ya sami matsakaicin tanadi na US $ 27,400 a kowace shekara akan farashin wutar lantarki. Aikin, wanda aka gudanar tare da Ecofys, ya kimanta aikin ragewa na kasa (NAMA) a matsayin kayan aikin manufofi don samar da makamashi mai sabuntawa ga masana'antar birni.<ref>{{Cite web |last= |date= |title=Ecofys is now Navigant - News & Events - Navigant |url=https://www.navigant.com/news/energy/2019/ecofys-joins-navigant |access-date=5 March 2019 |website=www.navigant.com}}</ref> == Latin Amurka da Caribbean == === Shirin Sawun Birane === A Latin Amurka da Caribbean, CDKN tana aiki tare da gwamnatocin birane don daidaita ci gaban biranen su zuwa ga ci gaban carbon mai ƙarancin yanayi ta hanyar Cibiyar Cibiyar. A matakin farko, an aiwatar da sawun birane a birane uku: La Paz a Bolivia, Quito a Ecuador da Lima a Peru.<ref>{{Cite web |last= |date= |title=- Hot online porn |url=https://www.citiesfootprint.com/index.html |access-date=5 March 2019 |website=www.citiesfootprint.com |archive-date=15 August 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180815004212/http://citiesfootprint.com/index.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> Aikin yana mai da hankali kan kimanta sawun carbon da ruwa na kowace karamar hukuma da kuma kowane birni mai shiga tsakani, da kuma inganta raguwar [gishiri na gas] da matakan gudanar da ruwa waɗanda ke ba da gudummawa ga rage sauyin yanayi da daidaitawa bi da bi.<ref>{{Cite web |last= |date= |title=Introducing the Cities Footprint Project |url=http://ella.practicalaction.org/knowledge-new-post/introducing-the-cities-footprint-project/ |access-date=5 March 2019 |website=ELLA |archive-date=17 March 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190317154425/http://ella.practicalaction.org/knowledge-new-post/introducing-the-cities-footprint-project/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> === Shirye-shiryen birane masu ƙarfi kan Canjin Yanayi a Latin Amurka da Caribbean === Wani shiri na hadin gwiwa tsakanin Cibiyar Binciken Ci Gaban Duniya (IDRC) da CDKN, Resilient Cities Initiative, yana taimakawa wajen karfafa yanke shawara da haɓaka ingantaccen aiki akan ci gaban yanayi don inganta rayuwar waɗanda sauyin yanayi ya fi shafa a Latin Amurka.<ref name="idrc">{{Cite web |last= |date=27 February 2019 |title=Resilient Cities Initiative on Climate Change in Latin America and the Caribbean |url=https://www.idrc.ca/en/project/resilient-cities-initiative-climate-change-latin-america-and-caribbean |access-date=5 March 2019 |website=IDRC - International Development Research Centre |archive-date=6 March 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190306044717/https://www.idrc.ca/en/project/resilient-cities-initiative-climate-change-latin-america-and-caribbean |url-status=dead }}</ref> A cewar IDRC, ayyukan sune: * Gida" a matsayin mai haɓakawa don haɓakawa: ƙaura a cikin gandun daji na Amazon. Wannan aikin yana bincikar yadda za'a iya tsara sababbin matsuguni don jure wa sauyin yanayi, haifar da haɗin kai, da inganta hanyoyin samun damar rayuwa, tare da mai da hankali kan Nuevo Belen a Iquitos, Peru. Hanyar yanke shawara ta haɗin kai game da juriyar yanayi da ci gaban birane a Latin Amurka.  Wannan aikin zai haɓaka da kuma amfani da hanyoyin da za a iya amfani da su, sabbin abubuwa, da kuma hanyoyin shiga da akwatin kayan aiki don tallafawa juriyar yanayi, ci gaban birane a cikin biranen Latin Amurka masu saurin girma, tare da mai da hankali kan Santa Ana, El Salvador, Dos Quebradas, Colombia, da Santo Tome, Argentina. Haɗin gwiwar birni na Triangle: gina haɗin gwiwa mai jure yanayin yanayi a cikin rafin Panama.  Wannan aikin ya bincika yadda hukumomin birni da al'ummomi za su yi aiki tare don magance tasirin yanayi a wurin taron ƙasashe uku: Paraguay, Brazil, da Argentina. Gina alaƙar birane da ƙauyuka don ingantaccen abinci da matsakaicin yanayi masu jure yanayi a cikin Andes.  Wannan aikin zai bincika gudunmawar madadin tsarin abinci don inganta wadatar abinci da kuma mayar da martani ga sauyin yanayi a biranen Pasto da Popayan, Colombia. Ƙarfafa haɓaka mai jure yanayin yanayi a cikin shimfidar birane da ƙauye ta hanyar amfani da hanyar Nexus na Ruwa-Energy-Abinci.  Wannan aikin zai mayar da hankali kan birnin Tarapoto na Amazonian da yankin da ke kewaye da shi kuma zai samar da shaida game da haɗin kai da cinikayya tsakanin albarkatun kasa da kuma buƙatun ruwa, makamashi, da abinci a cikin masu amfani daban-daban. Tasirin bunƙasa da busts da hargitsin yanayi akan rayuwa da juriya na ƙananan garuruwan Amazon delta.  Wannan aikin zai tsara tarihin bala'in tattalin arziki da canjin yanayi da canji a cikin ƙananan garuruwan Amazon delta.[1] * == Tallafin tattaunawa == Shirin Tallafin Tattaunawa na CDKN yana ba da tallafin shari'a da fasaha ga masu tattaunawa daga ƙasashe masu fama da yanayi. Wadannan ƙasashe suna da mafi yawan rasa daga canjin yanayi amma sau da yawa ba sa iya wakiltar bukatun su a tattaunawar yanayi ta duniya.<ref>{{Cite web |last= |date= |title=Supporting international climate negotiators – a monitoring and evaluation framework |url=https://www.gov.uk/dfid-research-outputs/supporting-international-climate-negotiators-a-monitoring-and-evaluation-framework |access-date=5 March 2019 |website=GOV.UK}}</ref> Shirin Tallafin Tattaunawa ya lashe rukunin kasa da kasa a Kyautar Kungiyar Tattaunawa ta Gudanarwa don aikin tallafin tattaunawa game da Yarjejeniyar Yanayi ta Paris.<ref>{{Cite web |last=PricewaterhouseCoopers |date= |title=Our sustainability and climate change awards |url=https://www.pwc.co.uk/services/sustainability-climate-change/sustainability-and-climate-change-credentials.html |access-date=5 March 2019 |website=PwC}}</ref> == Shirin Amsa na Shari'a == CDKN tana tallafawa da kuma tallafawa Dokar Amsa ta Shari'a (LRI), wanda ke neman ƙirƙirar filin wasa mafi girma tsakanin 'yan wasan kwaikwayo a tattaunawar canjin yanayi.<ref name="lri">{{Cite web |last=LRI |date= |title=LRI » Supporting us |url=https://legalresponse.org/about-us/supporters/ |access-date=5 March 2019 |website=legalresponse.org}}</ref> Shirin ba da shari ar a doka yana ba da tallafin shari'a kyauta ga matalauta da musamman ƙasashe masu tasowa masu rauni, da ƙungiyoyin jama'a masu sa ido, a tattaunawar kasa da kasa a ƙarƙashin Yarjejeniyar Tsarin Sauyin yanayi ta Majalisar Dinkin Duniya (UNFCCC).  Yana aiki ta hanyar hanyar sadarwar lauyoyi daga kamfanonin lauyoyi, majalisar barista da jami'o'i a yankuna daban-daban waɗanda ke ba da taimako ta hanyar hannu yayin tarurruka, daftarin ra'ayoyin shari'a ko haɓaka ƙarfin lauyoyi da masu sasantawa daga ƙasashe masu tasowa..<ref name="lri2">{{Cite web |last=LRI |date= |title=LRI |url=https://legalresponse.org/ |access-date=5 March 2019 |website=legalresponse.org}}</ref> Shirin Amsa na Shari'a ya lashe 'Hadin gwiwar Ilimi mafi kyau' a Kyautar Makon Yanayi a cikin 2014 <ref name="lri2"/> da 2017. <ref>{{Cite web |last= |date=5 March 2014 |title=NEWS: CDKN wins Climate Week Award for Legal Response Initiative |url=https://cdkn.org/2014/03/news-cdkn-wins-climate-week-award-for-legal-response-initiative/ |access-date=5 March 2019 |website=Climate and Development Knowledge Network}}</ref> == Littafin CDKN: Ci gaban da ya dace da yanayi == A cikin 2015, CDKN ta ƙaddamar da littafi na dijital, Mainstreaming Climate Compatible Development, <ref>{{Cite web |last= |date= |title=CDKN |url=https://www.cdkn.org/mainstreaming/ |access-date=5 March 2019 |website=www.cdkn.org}}</ref> wanda ke ba da fahimta da darussan da aka koya daga ƙwarewar amfani wajen haɓaka yanayin yanayi a ƙasashe masu tasowa. Yana sanar da tallafawa masu yanke shawara, masu tsara ci gaba da masu aiki don magance canjin yanayi ta hanyar raba hanyoyin da za a iya amfani da su don magance manyan ƙalubalen ci gaban da ya dace da yanayi.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Hub |first=IISD's SDG Knowledge |date= |title=CDKN Launches Digital Book on Mainstreaming Climate Compatible Development - News - SDG Knowledge Hub - IISD |url=http://sdg.iisd.org/news/cdkn-launches-digital-book-on-mainstreaming-climate-compatible-development/ |access-date=5 March 2019 |website=iisd.org}}</ref> == Haɗin gwiwa == A cikin 2015, CDKN ya zama co-sakatariyar Low Emission Development Strategies Global Partnership (LEDS GP) tare da National Renewable Energy Laboratory (NREL). <ref>{{Cite web |last= |date= |title=About the Low Emission Development Strategies Global Partnership (LEDS GP) |url=http://ledsgp.org/about/ |access-date=5 March 2019 |website=LEDS Global Partnership |archive-date=17 September 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150917190342/http://ledsgp.org/about |url-status=dead }}</ref> CDKN kuma memba ne mai aiki na Cibiyar Fasahar Yanayi da Cibiyar sadarwa, <ref>{{Cite web |last= |date=18 November 2014 |title=Climate and Development Knowledge Network |url=https://www.ctc-n.org/network/network-members/climate-and-development-knowledge-network |access-date=5 March 2019 |website=Climate Technology Centre & Network}}</ref> Green Growth Knowledge Platform <ref>{{Cite web |last= |date=10 December 2013 |title=Climate and Development Knowledge Network (CDKN) |url=http://www.greengrowthknowledge.org/organization/climate-and-development-knowledge-network-cdkn |access-date=5 March 2019 |website=Green Growth Knowledge Platform}}</ref> da kuma Climate Knowledge Brokers Group. <ref>{{Cite web |last= |date= |title=REEEP - Climate Knowledge Brokers Group |url=https://www.reeep.org/climate-knowledge-brokers-group |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230503085152/https://www.reeep.org/climate-knowledge-brokers-group |archive-date=3 May 2023 |access-date=5 March 2019 |website=REEEP}}</ref> [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] 9rf6urg7smbqhu62t1of1nkez1werje 0 108433 895343 676929 2026-08-12T04:15:06Z Baffa ali 47435 /* growthexperiments-addlink-summary-summary:3|0|0 */ 895343 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} Makarantar Nuremberg tana cikin Fadar Shari'a ta Nuremberg inda aka yi gwajin Nuremberg. Kwalejin Ka'idodin Nuremberg ta Duniya (wanda kuma ake kira "Nuremberg Academy", Jamusanci: "Internationale Akademie Nürnberger Prinzipien") tushe ne na dokar farar hula da aka sadaukar don ci gaban dokar laifuka ta ƙasa da ƙasa da haƙƙin ɗan adam. An kafa ta a cikin 2014 ta Tarayyar Jamus, Jihar Bavaria ta 'yanci da birnin Nuremberg kuma tana cikin Nuremberg, Jamus<ref>History". International Nuremberg Principles Academy. Retrieved</ref> ==manufar magana== Makarantar Ka'idodin Nuremberg ta kasa da kasa tana da nufin kiyaye zaman lafiya ta hanyar doka da kiyaye gadon gwaji na Nuremberg da sakamakon ka'idodin Nuremberg.<ref> "Signing of the founding documents of the International Nuremberg Principles Academy",</ref> <ref>""Jeder von uns hat die Prozesse gewollt""</ref> Tana goyon bayan yaki da rashin hukunta laifuffukan manyan laifuffuka na kasa da kasa: kisan kare dangi, laifuffukan cin zarafin bil'adama, laifuffukan yaki da laifin zalunci.<ref>"International Nuremberg Principles Academy"</ref> Ayyukan ɗan adam da ke haifar da mummunar cutar da muhalli yawanci suna keta haƙƙin ɗan adam wanda zai iya ba su damar zama laifi kamar kisan kiyashi, laifuffukan cin zarafin bil'adama ko laifukan yaƙi.<ref>."Calls for international criminal court to end 'impunity' for environmental crimes"</ref> ==Batutuwa== Ayyukan Kwalejin Ka'idojin Nuremberg na kasa da kasa sun shafi dokokin laifuka na kasa da kasa da hakkokin bil'adama.<ref> "Signing of the founding documents of the International Nuremberg Principles Academy"</ref> tana nufin, kuma da suna, ga ka'idodin Nuremberg, waɗanda suka fito daga gwaji na Nuremberg kuma ana ɗaukarsu ginshiƙan dokar laifuka ta duniya ta zamani<ref> "What are the Nuremberg Trials, and why do they still matter today? | Coalition for the International Criminal Court"</ref> cibiyar Kwalejin tana cikin Jamus, amma ayyukanta suna da fifikon ƙasa da kai. ==Filayen Ayyuka== Kwalejin tana ba da gudummawa ga maganganun jama'a a fagen dokokin laifuka na duniya, a tsakanin sauran abubuwa ta hanyar buga jagororin, <ref> "Guidelines for Social Workers on Refugees and International Crimes"</ref> shawarwari, <ref>"Guiding Principles and Recommendations on Conflict-Related Sexual Violence"</ref>ka'idoji<ref> "Ethical Principles for International Criminal Judges"</ref> <ref> "Ethica: ethical principles for international criminal judges"</ref> kuma bayyanawa.<ref> "Nuremberg Academy calls for international tribunal on Russian war crimes"</ref> <ref> "Declaration on the 20th Anniversary of the Adoption of the ICC-Statute"</ref> ==Ƙarfafa Ƙarfafawa== Kwalejin tana haɗin gwiwa a duk duniya tare da ƙungiyoyin abokan hulɗa na duniya, na ƙasa da na yanki.[<ref> "Intensive Training Program for Iraqi Judges at the Nuremberg Academy"</ref> ]<ref>"Sénégal : Des magistrats formés pour la poursuite des crimes internationaux et des violences sexuelles liées aux conflits"</ref> Manufar ita ce a ba wa masu aiki da cibiyoyi ilimi da ƙwarewa a cikin dokokin laifuka na ƙasa da ƙasa domin su sami damar gabatar da manyan laifuka na duniya.<ref> "International Nuremberg Principles Academy - Human Rights Office of the City of Nuremberg"</ref> shirye-shiryen shekara-shekara sun haɗa da Kwalejin bazara na Nuremberg don ƙwararrun matasa <ref>"Nuremberg Summer Academy for Young Professionals"</ref> akan dokar laifuka ta ƙasa da ƙasa da Kotun Nuremberg Moot, <ref> "Sammelt ihre Aussagen über Gräueltaten!"</ref> gasar kotu don ɗaliban doka daga ko'ina cikin duniya, <ref> "Nuremberg Moot Court"</ref> da aka gudanar tare da Jami'ar Friedrich-Alexander Erlangen-Nuremberg da Sashin Binciken Dokokin Laifukan Duniya.<ref>"Sammelt ihre Aussagen über Gräueltaten!"</ref> ==Kungiyar bincike da ladabtarwa Bincike== Kwalejin tana gudanar da bincike tare da tsarin da ya dace akan batutuwan dokar laifuka ta ƙasa da ƙasa. Ayyukan bincikensa na nufin ba da gudummawa ga inganta ayyuka da na kasa da kasa, matasan da fikihu na ƙasa. Ayyukan binciken sun shafi batutuwa kamar shaida ta lantarki, tsawon lokacin shari'a a Kotun Hukunta Manyan Laifuka ta Duniya, bincike na sirri a cikin shari'ar laifuka na kasa da kasa da kuma maganganun ƙiyayya a cikin yanayin dokokin laifuka na duniya.[<ref>"Research"</ref> ==Abubuwan da suka faru== Kwalejin tana shirya tarurruka na duniya, tarurrukan karawa juna sani, tattaunawa da taro. Taron shekara-shekara na Nuremberg Forum<ref> "Internationale Top-Juristen beraten über Kinderrechte im Krieg"</ref> yana aiki "a matsayin dandalin kasa da kasa don batutuwa na yau da kullum a cikin dokokin laifuka na kasa da kasa ga mutanen da ke da hannu a ka'idar da aikin wannan filin, da kuma jami'an diflomasiyya, masu yawa da ƙungiyoyin jama'a".<ref>"Signing of the founding documents of the International Nuremberg Principles Academy"</ref> <Ref>Advisory Council". International Nuremberg Principles Academy. Retrieved</ref> Publications - Nuremberg Academy Series Jerin Kwalejin Nuremberg ya ƙunshi batutuwan da suka dace da aiki a cikin dokar laifuka ta ƙasa da ƙasa. Yana mai da hankali kan batutuwan da suke da su da kuma matsananciyar shari'a kuma an sadaukar da su ga ƙalubalen yaƙi da rashin hukunta laifuka a ƙarƙashin dokar laifuka ta ƙasa da ƙasa a ƙarni na 21.[<ref>"Books – Nuremberg Academy Series"</ref> Matakai Biyu Gaba, Mataki Daya Baya: Tasirin Tasirin Kotunan Laifukan Kasa da Kasa (2017) wanda Jennifer Schense da Linda Carter suka shirya. [[Musulunci|Islam]] and International Criminal Law and Justice (2018) wanda Tallyn Gray ya shirya Kotun [[Tokyo]]: Ra'ayoyi kan Doka, Tarihi da Tunatarwa (2020) wanda Viviane E. Dittrich, Kerstin von Lingen, Philipp Osten da Jolana Makraiová suka shirya. [[Jerin jihohi a Nijeriya|Mutunci]] a cikin Adalci na Duniya (2020) Morten Bergsmo da Viviane E. Dittrich suka gyara Tsohon, Yanzu, da Gaba na Kotun Hukunta Laifukan Duniya (2021) Alexander Heinze da Viviane E. Dittrich suka gyara q2ugn7gsc95fc44neujsfxzqev6fwj6 0 108715 895344 678858 2026-08-12T04:15:33Z Baffa ali 47435 /* growthexperiments-addlink-summary-summary:3|0|0 */ 895344 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} Alperin v. Bankin Vatican wani ƙarar aji ne da bai yi nasara ba wanda waɗanda suka tsira daga Holocaust suka shigar a kan Cibiyar Ayyukan Addini ("Bankin Vatican" ko "IOR") da kuma odar Franciscan ("Order of Friars Minor"). An shigar da karar a San Francisco, California ranar 15 ga Nuwamba, 1999. Kotun ta yi zargin cewa bankin Vatican da na Franciscan sun amince da wawashe kadarorin da gwamnatin Ustaše ta wawashe a Croatia a lokacin [[Yaƙin Duniya na II|yakin duniya na biyu]]. Kotun gunduma ta Amurka ta yi watsi da shari’ar da farko a shekara ta 2003 bisa ga cewa ta gabatar da wata tambaya ta siyasa. Duk da haka, a cikin 2005, Kotun Daukaka Kara ta Amurka don Sashe na Tara ta dawo da wani ɓangare na shari'ar, tana mai da hankali kan yadda take kula da da'awarta a ƙarƙashin Dokar Laifin Laifin Alien Tort (ATCA) da Dokar Kariya ta Ƙasashen Waje (FSIA). A shekara ta 2007, an yi watsi da wani bangare na korafin da ake yi wa bankin Vatican bisa kariyar kariyar da aka yi, kuma an yi watsi da sauran kararrakin da ake yi wa bankin saboda rashin isasshiyar alaka (dangi) da Amurka. Kotun ta tara ta amince da wannan shawarar a watan Fabrairun 2010. A wannan lokacin, Dokar Franciscan kawai ta kasance a matsayin wanda ake tuhuma. A cikin Maris 2011, Sashe na Tara ya tabbatar da korar da kotun gunduma ta yi na da'awar a kan Franciscans. Ba a kara daukaka karar ba. Don haka, babu wani bangare na karar da ya kai ga shari’a, kuma ba a kafa ko daya daga cikin zarge-zargen da masu kara suka yi a kotu ba. ==Mahallin tarihi== Kwalejin Pontifical Croatian na St. Jerome a Rome Manyan labarai: Zinare na Nazi da limaman Katolika tare da Ustaše Gaskiyar gaskiyar da ake zargi a cikin da'awar ita ce mambobi na Ustaše, ƙungiyar fascist na Croatia, sun ɓoye adadi mai yawa na zinare da aka sace a Kwalejin Pontifical Croatian na St. Jerome (Makarantar Croatian kusa da Vatican) da kuma cewa daga baya an koma zuwa wasu kayan waje na Vatican da / ko Bankin Vatican.<ref>Phayer, 2008, p</ref> 2] Ko da yake wannan zinariyar za ta kai darajar dubban ɗaruruwan dalar Amurka ta 2008, amma ana zargin ta ƙunshi kaso kaɗan na zinariyar da aka wawashe lokacin Yaƙin Duniya na Biyu, mafi yawan abin da 'yan Nazi suka kwashe.<ref> Phayer, 2008, p</ref> a cewar Phayer, "manyan ma'aikatan Vatican sun san inda zinariyar take," ko da yake bai bayar da wata shaida da za ta goyi bayan wannan ikirari ba kuma bai ambaci sunayen wasu mutane da watakila ke da hannu a ciki ba.,<ref>Phayer, 2008, p</ref> Shari’ar ta yiwu ne ta hanyar wani umarni na 1997 da shugaban Amurka Bill Clinton ya bayar, wanda ya umurci dukkanin sassan gwamnatin Amurka da su bude bayanan yakin duniya na biyu don tantance jama’a.<ref> Phayer, 2008, p. </Ref> An bayar da wannan odar ne bayan shaidun da ke nuna cewa bankunan [[Switzerland]] na lalata bayanan ajiyar Yahudawa.<ref> Phayer, 2008, p. </Ref> kasashe goma sha hudu na Turai, Kanada, da [[Argentina]] sun bi sawu, amma birnin Vatican ba su yi haka ba.<ref> Phayer, 2008, p. </Ref> yamacin shaidun da suka bayyana tun lokacin da aka ba da umarnin zartarwa ba su samuwa ga Hukumar Maido da Zinare ta Uku kafin ta wargaje. Duk da haka, Yugoslavia na daga cikin wadanda aka mayar da su.<ref>Phayer, 2008, p. 214, 217.</ref> ==Hujja== ===Masu kara== An kawo aikin aji a madadin "dukkan Sabiyawa, Yahudawa, da 'yan ƙasa na Tarayyar Soviet (da magadansu da masu amfana) waɗanda suka sha wahala" a hannun Ustaše. Wadanda suka shigar da karar sun yi ikirarin cewa su ne wadanda Ustaše ta aikata laifukan sirri ko na dukiya. Ƙungiyoyi huɗu da ke wakiltar waɗanda suka tsira daga Holocaust ko batutuwan haƙƙin ɗan adam an ba su suna a matsayin masu gabatar da kara.<ref>"Property, War Objectives, and Slave Labor Claims: The Ninth Circuit's Political Question Analysis in Alperin v. Vatican Bank"</ref> Wadanda suka tsira daga Ustaše da danginsu na kusa da ke zaune a California sun kawo karar da bankin Vatican da sauran su a kotun tarayya ta Amurka, Alperin v. Bankin Vatican.<ref> Phayer, 2008, p. 208</ref>, jimillar yuwuwar ajin, da Kotun ta gane da'awar, da ta haɗa da "sama da 300,000 tsohon bawa da ma'aikatan tilastawa, fursunoni, sansanin taro, da waɗanda suka tsira daga ghetto"<ref>"Property, War Objectives, and Slave Labor Claims: The Ninth Circuit's Political Question Analysis in Alperin v. Vatican Bank"</ref> <Ref>Phayer, 2008, p. </Ref> Abubuwan da suka haifar da wannan mataki sun hada da "sauyi, wadata ba bisa ka'ida ba, ramawa, 'yancin yin lissafin kudi, take hakkin dan Adam, da kuma keta dokokin kasa da kasa". An tabbatar da ikon yin magana a ƙarƙashin dokar tarayya, California. ==Wadanda ake tuhuma== Wadanda ake tuhumar sun hada da Bankin Vatican, amma ba birnin Vatican ba (tunda sunan birnin Vatican zai iya kai ga korar karar da aka shigar kan dalilan da suka shafi kariya)<ref> "Property, War Objectives, and Slave Labor Claims: The Ninth Circuit's Political Question Analysis in Alperin v. Vatican Bank"</ref> an yarda da zagaye na tara, don dalilai na yin watsi da, hujjar masu gabatar da kara cewa birnin Vatican da bankin Vatican cibiyoyi ne daban<ref>"Property, War Objectives, and Slave Labor Claims: The Ninth Circuit's Political Question Analysis in Alperin v. Vatican Bank"</ref> Sauran wadanda ake tuhumar sun hada da Order of Friars Minor ("Franciscans"), Ƙungiyoyin 'Yanci na Croatian, da kuma "wasu kungiyoyin addinin Katolika da ba a san su ba da sanannun kuma cibiyoyin banki da ba a san su ba daga kasashe daban-daban"<ref> "Property, War Objectives, and Slave Labor Claims: The Ninth Circuit's Political Question Analysis in Alperin v. Vatican Bank"</ref> Vatican da Order of Friars Minor sun gabatar da karaki daban-daban na yin watsi da shi.<ref>"Property, War Objectives, and Slave Labor Claims: The Ninth Circuit's Political Question Analysis in Alperin v. Vatican Bank"</ref> Lauyoyin Vatican ba su yi adawa da zargin cewa wani babban jigilar zinari ya zo da babbar mota a Roma a shekara ta 1946 ba, ko da yake sun tabbatar da cewa masu shigar da kara sun “saka da ‘gaskiya” na karshe.<ref> Phayer, 2008, p. </Ref> duk da haka, masu tsaron sun yi jayayya da cewa "babu wata alaka ta shaida tsakanin asarar masu gabatar da kara da zinariyar da aka ajiye a bankin Vatican"<ref>Phayer, 2008, pp. 217–218</ref> Wadanda ake tuhumar sun kuma yi jayayya cewa, a ƙarƙashin Dokar Kariya na Ƙasashen Waje (tare da ikon mallakar Vatican da Amurka ta amince da shi a 1984), ba su da alhakin mayar da zinariyar Ustaše da aka sace zuwa Yugoslavia a 1946, tun lokacin da mulkin gurguzu mai adawa ya yi mulkin kasar. Sun yi jayayya: Shawarar da wata hukuma mai zaman kanta ta bayar na ba da kuɗi ga ƙungiyoyin siyasa na ketare na adawa da gurguzu maimakon ga gwamnatin gurguzu, a lokacin da aka fara yaƙin cacar baka a Turai, ba aikin "kasuwa" ba ne; jure imperii ne, aiki ne mai zurfi mai zurfi<ref>Phayer, 2008, p. 217.</ref> A ƙarshe, waɗanda ake tuhuma sun yi jayayya da cewa masu gabatar da kara ba su da matsayi saboda fadar Vatican ta kasance bangare na uku ne kawai ga raunin masu gabatar da kara.<ref>Phayer, 2008, p. 219.</ref> ==Hali== Hukuncin Kotun Lardi na Farko (2003) An shigar da karar ta asali a Kotun Gundumar Arewacin California a San Francisco a cikin 1999.<ref> James Vicini. 2006, January 17. "Court won't review Vatican Bank Holocaust suit". </Ref> <ref> 99-C-4941 (N.D. Cal. filed Nov</ref> bangarorin sun amince a kotun gunduma su takaita hujjarsu ta farko ga tambayar ko shari’ar ta kasance tambaya ce ta siyasa.<ref>"Property, War Objectives, and Slave Labor Claims: The Ninth Circuit's Political Question Analysis in Alperin v. Vatican Bank"</ref>Alkalin gundumar ya yi watsi da karar a shekara ta 2003 bisa hujjar cewa ta kasance tambaya ce ta siyasa.<ref> James Vicini. 2006, January 17. "Court won't review Vatican Bank Holocaust suit". </Ref><ref>21303209 (N.D. Cal. </Ref> A cikin wani ra'ayi na daban, kotun gundumar ta yi watsi da da'awar da ake yi wa Ƙungiyar 'Yanci ta Croatia don rashin ikon kai.<ref> "Property, War Objectives, and Slave Labor Claims: The Ninth Circuit's Political Question Analysis in Alperin v. Vatican Bank",</ref> ==Kiran Da'irar Tara ta Farko (2005)== Kotun daukaka kara na zagaye na tara ta dawo da wasu daga cikin da'awar masu kara a cikin 2005, <ref>410 F.3d 532, 544 (9th Cir. 2005)</ref> kuma Kotun Koli ta ki yarda a cikin Janairu 2006 don ba da certiorari don sake duba wannan hukuncin.<ref>James Vicini. 2006, January 17. "Court won't review Vatican Bank Holocaust suit". Reuters.</ref> <ref> Order of Friars Minor v. Alperin, 126 S. Ct. 1141, 163 L. Ed. 2d 1000, 2006 U.S. LEXIS 774 (U.S., 2006)</ref> ]<ref> Istituto per le Opere di Religione v. Alperin, 126 S. Ct. 1160, 163 L. Ed. 2d 1000, 2006 U.S. LEXIS 775 (U.S., 2006).</ref> da irar Tara ta ɗauka cewa da'awar kadarorin ba tambayoyin siyasa ba ne, yayin da ta yarda cewa "da'awar yaƙi" (ciki har da take haƙƙin ɗan adam, keta dokokin ƙasa da ƙasa, da aikin bawa) tambayoyi ne na siyasa.<ref> ["Property, War Objectives, and Slave Labor Claims: The Ninth Circuit's Political Question Analysis in Alperin v. Vatican Bank"</ref> ] Da'irar Tara ta rubuta cewa saboda shari'ar "ya shafi dangantakar kasashen waje da kuma batutuwan siyasa masu rikitarwa, [ya kasance] jaraba don tsalle zuwa ga ƙarshe cewa irin wannan ikirarin an hana shi ta hanyar koyaswar tambaya ta siyasa," amma ya kamata kotu ta "bincika kowane da'awar a kai-a kai" maimakon "watse alhakin kotu na Mataki na III" <ref> Symeon C. Symeonides. 2005. "Choice of Law in the American Courts in 2005: Nineteenth</ref> kotun ta tara ta kuma tabbatar da cewa har yanzu gwamnatin Amurka ba ta dau matsaya kan batun ba kuma ba batun yarjejeniya ko yarjejeniya ba ne.<ref>Symeon C. Symeonides. 2005. "Choice of Law in the American Courts in 2005: Nineteenth</ref> ===Roko na Kira na Biyu na Tara (2009)=== An saurari karar da'ira ta tara ta biyu kan batun kare hakkin mallaka na bankin Vatican a ranar 10 ga Disamba, 2009, a San Francisco.,<ref>"Court document"</ref> An yi watsi da karar a ranar 28 ga Disamba, 2009.<ref>Sud odbio tužbu preživjelih iz holokausta u NDH protiv Vatikanske banke</ref> Masu gabatar da kara sun nuna cewa za su iya kara daukaka kara<ref>"Nazi-loot suit against Vatican dismissed"</ref> ==Daga baya Hukunce-hukuncen Kotunan Lardi (2006–2009)== A ranar 15 ga Yuni, 2006, mai shari'a Elizabeth Laporte na Gundumar Arewacin California ta musanta ba tare da nuna son kai ba, motsin masu gabatar da kara don gano hukunce-hukuncen shari'a kuma an ba da wani bangare na motsin masu gabatar da kara don samar da kayan bisa ga Dokokin Tarayya na Tsarin Farar Hula.<ref> Alperin v. Vatican Bank, 2006 U.S. Dist. LEXIS 42902 (N.D. Cal., June 15, 2006).</ref> ranar 27 ga Disamba, 2007, alkali Maxine M. Chesney, ya amince da bukatar bankin Vatican na yin watsi da korafi na hudu da aka yi wa kwaskwarima, inda ya kawo karshen shari’ar da ake yi wa bankin na Vatican bisa tushen kariyar da ta dace.<ref> Alperin v. Vatican Bank, 2007 U.S. Dist. LEXIS 95529 (N.D. Cal., Dec. 27, </reF> ranar 14 ga Afrilu, 2009, mai shari’a Chesney ya amince da bukatar masu shigar da kara na neman izinin shigar da kara na shida da aka gyara kafin ranar 1 ga Mayu, 2009.<ref> Alperin v. Vatican Bank, 2009 U.S. Dist. LEXIS 36270 (N.D. Cal., Apr. 14, 2009).</ref> shigar da kara na shida da aka yi wa kwaskwarima, inda aka sanya sunan odar Franciscan a matsayin wanda ake tuhuma da kuma cire bankin Vatican.<ref>"Vaticanbankclaims Resources and Information"</ref> A ranar 11 ga Satumba, 2009, kotun gundumomi ta yi watsi da karar da ake yi wa Franciscans ba tare da nuna bambanci ba bisa dalilan rashin hurumin tarayya kuma ta ki amincewa da bukatar da masu gabatar da kara suka yi na yin gyara a ranar 13 ga Nuwamba, 2009. Masu gabatar da kara sun daukaka kara zuwa Sashe na Tara a kan dalilin da ya sa bankin Vatican ya shiga harkokin kasuwanci amma ya yi kasa a gwiwa a harkokin kasuwanci a <ref>"ECB 7-1-10 | European Central Bank | Lawsuit"</ref> Amurka. ==Binciken shari'a== Korar farko na shari'ar akan koyaswar tambaya ta siyasa shine tsawaita abin da aka kafa a Baker v. Carr.<ref>..S. 186, 210-11 (</ref> A cewar Farfesa Gwynne Skinner, "An yi watsi da yawancin da'awar da ta taso daga Holocaust bisa ga wannan koyarwar, ko dai saboda an riga an yanke shawara game da ramuwar gayya ko kuma saboda sojojin kawance sun riga sun yanke shawara game da wadanda za a gurfanar da su a kan laifuka daban-daban da aka aikata a lokacin Holocaust" <ref>Gwynne Skinner. 2008. "Nuremberg's Legacy Continues: The Nuremberg Trials' Influence on Human Rights Litigation in U.S. Courts under the Alien Tort Statute". 71 Alb. L. Rev. </Ref> A cewar Farfesa Hannibal Travis: "Da farko, kotunan Amurka sun yi watsi da ikirarin da wadanda suka tsira daga Holocaust suka yi a kan dalilin cewa dokokin kasa da kasa ne kawai suka haifar da da'awar tsakanin jihohi kuma ba su aiwatar da kansu ba tare da aiwatar da dokar da Majalisa ta yi ba. An gyara wannan kuskuren fassarar §1350 a cikin 'yan shekaru, kuma tun lokacin da U.S. kusan layukan da ba a warware su ba da suka shafi laifuffuka da suka dace da ake zargin an aikata su a wani wuri wanda ya saba wa dokokin kasa da kasa.<ref>Hannibal Travis. 2008. "Genocide in Sudan: The Role of Oil Exploration and the Entitlement of Victims to Reparations". 25 Ariz. J. Int'l & Comp. Law 1.</ref> An kwatanta shari'ar da wasu kararraki da yawa na 2003 akan 'yan wasan kwaikwayo masu zaman kansu don kuskuren da aka yi a lokacin yakin duniya na biyu, irin su Anderman v. Tarayyar Ostiriya (kuma an ƙaddara ta zama tambaya ta siyasa).<ref>Symeon C. Symeonides. 2004. "Choice of Law in the American Courts in 2003: Seventeenth Annual Survey". 52 Am. J. Comp. L.</ref> An buga shi a matsayin misali na shari'ar Alien Tort Claims Act (ATCA) inda kotuna ba su buƙatar ƙarewar maganin shari'a na ƙasashen waje.<ref> Elise Catera. 2008. "ATCA: Closing the Gap in Corporate Liability for Environmental War Crimes". 33 Brooklyn J. Int'l L. 629.,</ref> soki hukuncin zagaye na tara ta hanyar Binciken Dokokin Jami'ar Golden Gate bisa dalilan cewa: "yayin da kotun ta yanke tsakanin ikirarin dukiya da ikirarin yakin na iya zama hanyar nazari mai kyau don magance batutuwan rukunan siyasa, da'awar aikin bawa bai kamata a cire shi daga iyakokin da'awar dukiya ba"<ref>"Property, War Objectives, and Slave Labor Claims: The Ninth Circuit's Political Question Analysis in Alperin v. Vatican Bank"</ref> Masu gabatar da kara sun yi ƙoƙari su daidaita tare da shari'o'in cin zarafin jima'i na Katolika don "kaucewa bincike daban-daban game da batun samar da damar Vatican don dacewa da ita a Amurka." ==Manazarta== 5o0bpc4wwn6w73qv1u6nznznfmyrqia 0 109025 895347 744319 2026-08-12T04:17:15Z Baffa ali 47435 /* growthexperiments-addlink-summary-summary:3|0|0 */ 895347 wikitext text/x-wiki    '''Marielle Franco''' (pronunciation Portuguese: [maɾiˈɛli ˈfɾɐ̃ku]; An haife ta '''Marielle Francisco da Silva''', 27 ga Yulin shekarar 1979 <ref name="Folha de S. Paulo">{{Cite web |last=Marco Aurélio Canônico |date=15 March 2018 |title=Da Maré, vereadora fazia parte do 'bonde de intelectuais da favela' |url=https://www1.folha.uol.com.br/cotidiano/2018/03/feminista-negra-e-cria-da-mare-quem-foi-a-vereadora-marielle-franco.shtml |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180408140920/https://www1.folha.uol.com.br/cotidiano/2018/03/feminista-negra-e-cria-da-mare-quem-foi-a-vereadora-marielle-franco.shtml |archive-date=8 April 2018 |access-date=16 March 2018 |publisher=Folha de S.Paulo |language=pt |quote=Marielle Francisco da Silva nasceu em 27 de julho de 1979, no Complexo da Maré, zona norte do Rio. … Começou a trabalhar aos 11 anos, para pagar sua escola, foi educadora numa creche na Maré e aluna da primeira turma de pré-vestibular comunitário do complexo, aos 19 anos, em 1998. … Hoje, a menina com nome de deusa indígena tem 19 anos e é caloura de educação física na Uerj.}}</ref> - 14 ga watan Maris 2018) 'yar siyasa ce ta [[Brazil]], masanin zamantakewa, mai fafutukar mata, mai faɗin kai da kuma mai fafutuka kan kare hakkin dan adam. <ref name="vogue">{{Cite web |last=Michelle Ruiz |date=15 March 2018 |title=Brazilian Activist Marielle Franco, Who Protested Police Violence, Has Been Assassinated |url=https://www.vogue.com/article/marielle-franco-protested-police-violence-assassination |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180408095951/https://www.vogue.com/article/marielle-franco-protested-police-violence-assassination |archive-date=8 April 2018 |access-date=20 March 2018 |publisher=Vogue}}</ref> Franco ta yi aiki a matsayin kansila na birnin Rio de Janeiro na jam'iyyar Socialism and Liberty Party (PSOL) daga Janairu 2017 har zuwa kashe ta. A ranar 14 ga Maris 2018, yayin da suke cikin mota bayan sun gabatar da jawabi a arewacin Rio de Janeiro, an harbe Franco da direbanta sau da yawa kuma tsoffin jami'an 'yan sanda biyu <ref name="langlois_2018-03-15_latimes" /> da ke tafiya a cikin wani abin hawa sun kashe su. Franco ya kasance mai sukar cin zarafin 'yan sanda da Kashe-kashen da ba na shari'a ba, da kuma shigar da gwamnatin tarayya ta watan Fabrairun 2018 da shugaban Brazil Michel Temer ya yi a jihar Rio de Janeiro, wanda ya haifar da tura sojoji cikin ayyukan' yan sanda. <ref name="langlois_2018-03-15_latimes">{{Cite web |last=Langlois |first=Jill |date=15 March 2018 |title=Outspoken Rio councilwoman who fought for the marginalized is shot to death; thousands mourn |url=https://www.latimes.com/world/la-fg-brazil-marielle-franco-20180315-story.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180408124350/http://www.latimes.com/world/la-fg-brazil-marielle-franco-20180315-story.html |archive-date=8 April 2018 |access-date=16 March 2018 |website=[[Los Angeles Times]] |quote=Police said two men fired nine shots into Franco's car and sped off. Franco's driver, Anderson Pedro Gomes, was also killed. A press officer sitting next to Franco in the back seat was injured. ... Her party also pointed to her vocal disapproval of a particular military police unit, which she called the 'battalion of death.' ... 'Marielle had just denounced the military police's brutal and truculent operation in the Iraja region of the Acari community,' the Socialism and Liberty Party said in a statement. 'We demand an immediate and rigorous investigation of this heinous crime. We will not keep quiet!'}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |date=15 March 2018 |title=Brazil: Authorities must investigate the killing of human rights defender Marielle Franco |url=https://www.amnesty.org/en/latest/news/2018/03/brazil-authorities-must-investigate-the-killing-of-human-rights-defender-marielle-franco/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180408095951/https://www.vogue.com/article/marielle-franco-protested-police-violence-assassination |archive-date=8 April 2018 |access-date=17 March 2018 |website=Amnesty International |quote=known for denouncing police abuses and extrajudicial executions}}</ref> A watan Maris na shekara ta 2019, an kama Ronnie Lessa da Élcio Vieira de Queiroz kuma an tuhume su da kisan Marielle Franco da direbanta. Sun furta kisan kai sau biyu kuma an kuma yanke musu hukunci kan yunkurin kisan Fernanda Chaves, Sakataren yada labarai na Franco, wanda shi ma yana cikin mota a lokacin. == Rayuwa ta farko == Franco ta girma ne a garin Maré, unguwar marasa galihu da ke arewacin Rio de Janeiro, inda ita ma ta zauna a yawancin rayuwarta, kuma ta fara aiki don ba da gudummawar samun kuɗin gida a shekara ta 1990 sa’ad da take shekara 11.<ref name="Folha de S. Paulo"/> Tana da 'yar'uwa, Anielle . Marielle ta haifi ɗanta na farko kuma kaɗai a shekarar 1998 lokacin da take da shekaru 19. <ref name="Folha de S. Paulo"/><ref name="BBC"/> Franco ta haifi 'yarta ba tare da taimakon mahaifinta ba kuma ta yi aiki a matsayin malami a makarantar sakandare a kan mafi karancin albashi.<ref name="subjetiva">{{Cite web |date=16 May 2017 |title=Entrevistamos Marielle Franco: mulher, negra, periférica e Vereadora do RJ - Mulheres na Política #1 |url=https://medium.com/revista-subjetiva/entrevistamos-marielle-franco-mulher-negra-perif%C3%A9rica-e-vereadora-do-rj-mulheres-na-pol%C3%ADtica-7839b7fbfe06 |access-date=17 March 2018 |publisher=Redação Subjetiva}}</ref><ref name="ozy">{{Cite web |last=Anna Jean Kaiser |date=30 September 2016 |title=A Favela-Born Political Up-and-Comer in Brazil |url=https://www.ozy.com/rising-stars/a-favela-born-political-up-and-comer-in-brazil/72122 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180408145734/https://www.ozy.com/rising-stars/a-favela-born-political-up-and-comer-in-brazil/72122 |archive-date=8 April 2018 |access-date=17 March 2018 |publisher=Ozy |quote=Franco got pregnant at 18; her child’s father wasn’t around after the first few years. She took a job as a preschool teacher earning a minimum wage — about $200 a month — to support herself and her child.}}</ref> A shekara ta 2004, Franco, wacce a duk A cikin 2004, Franco, wanda a duk tsawon aikinta ya yi yaƙi don yancin LGBT, ta fara dangantakar soyayya da Mônica Benício. A cikin 2017, ma'auratan sun yanke shawarar ƙaura tare a unguwar Tijuca tare da Luyara, 'yar Marielle. An shirya daurin aurensu a karshen 2018. A shekara ta 2000, ta fara karatun jami'a.<ref name="subjetiva"/> Bayan mutuwar wani abokinsa daga harsashin da ya bata a shekara ta 2000, Franco ya fara aiki a fafutukar kare hakkin dan adam.<ref name="Folha de S. Paulo"/><ref name="BBC"/> A shekara ta 2002, ta shiga Jami'ar Katolika ta Pontifical ta Rio de Janeiro a kan tallafin karatu kuma ta ci gaba da aiki da kuma tayar da 'yarta yayin da take aiki zuwa digiri a kimiyyar zamantakewa.<ref name="BBC">{{Cite web |last=Júlia Dias Carneiro |date=16 March 2018 |title=Mulher, negra, favelada, Marielle Franco foi de 'cria da Maré' a símbolo de novas lutas políticas no Rio |url=http://www.bbc.com/portuguese/brasil-43423055 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180408144640/http://www.bbc.com/portuguese/brasil-43423055 |archive-date=8 April 2018 |access-date=16 March 2018 |publisher=BBC |language=pt |quote=Marielle nasceu e cresceu no Complexo da Maré, e saiu do curso de pré-vestibular comunitário para a graduação em ciências sociais na PUC-Rio, universidade particular onde ela e outra colega eram as únicas mulheres negras do departamento. … Aos 19 anos, se tornou mãe de uma menina, Luyara.}}</ref><sup class="mw-ref reference" cx-link="" data-linkid="145" href="./Pacifying_Police_Unit" rel="mw:WikiLink" title="Pacifying Police Unit">UPP herself and her child.<nowiki>&</nowiki>quot;}},<nowiki>&</nowiki>quot;i<nowiki>&</nowiki>quot;:0}}]}\" data-ve-no-generated-contents=\"true\" id=\"mwAnk\"><nowiki>&</nowiki>nbsp;<nowiki></span></nowiki><nowiki><cite about=\"#mwt58\" class=\"citation web cs1\" id=\"CITEREFAnna_Jean_Kaiser2016\" data-ve-ignore=\"true\">Anna Jean Kaiser (30 September 2016). <a class=\"external text\" href=\"https://www.ozy.com/rising-stars/a-favela-born-political-up-and-comer-in-brazil/72122\" id=\"mwAno\" rel=\"mw:ExtLink nofollow\">\"A Favela-Born Political Up-and-Comer in Brazil\"</a></nowiki>. Ozy. <nowiki><a class=\"external text\" href=\"https://web.archive.org/web/20180408145734/https://www.ozy.com/rising-stars/a-favela-born-political-up-and-comer-in-brazil/72122\" id=\"mwAns\" rel=\"mw:ExtLink nofollow\">Archived</a></nowiki> from the original on 8 April 2018<nowiki><span class=\"reference-accessdate\" id=\"mwAnw\">. Retrieved <span class=\"nowrap\" id=\"mwAn0\">17 March</span></nowiki> 2018<nowiki></span></nowiki>. <nowiki><q id=\"mwAn4\">Franco got pregnant at 18; her child's father wasn't around after the first few years. She took a job as a preschool teacher earning a minimum wage — about $200 a month — to support herself and her child.</q></nowiki><nowiki></cite></nowiki>"}}" id="cite_ref-ozy_14-1" rel="dc:references" typeof="mw:Extension/ref">[./Marielle_Franco#cite_note-ozy-14 <span class="mw-reflink-text"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket"><nowiki>]</nowiki></span></span>]</sup> Daga baya ta sami digiri na biyu a fannin gudanar da gwamnati daga Jami'ar Tarayya ta Fluminense . <ref name="votos">{{Cite web |date=4 October 2016 |title=Da Maré, Marielle Franco chega à Câmara como a quinta mais votada |url=http://oglobo.globo.com/brasil/da-mare-marielle-franco-chega-camara-como-quinta-mais-votada-20228691 |access-date=15 March 2017 |publisher=O Globo |language=pt}}</ref> Rubutun ta (mai taken "UPP: The Reduction of the Favela to Three Letters") ya shafi shirin tilasta bin doka don sake karɓar iko da favelas na Rio daga ƙungiyoyi. <ref name="broadly">{{Cite web |last=Marie Declercq translated by Meredith Balkus |date=15 March 2018 |title=Marielle Franco, Activist Against Brazil's Police Brutality, Assassinated in Rio |url=https://www.vice.com/en/article/marielle-franco-activist-against-brazils-police-brutality-assassinated-in-rio/ |access-date=17 March 2018 |publisher=Vice}}</ref> == Ayyukan siyasa == [[Fayil:Marielle_Franco_em_agosto_de_2016.jpg|right|thumb|Marielle Franco a watan Agusta 2016]] Tun daga shekara ta 2007, Franco ta yi aiki a matsayin mai ba da shawara ga wakilin jihar Marcelo Freixo, kuma ta haɗu da kwamitin majalisar dokokin jihar don Kare Haƙƙin Dan Adam da zama ɗan ƙasa.<ref name="ANF">{{Cite web |last=Julianne Gouvela |date=23 November 2016 |title=Entrevista: Marielle Franco |url=http://www.anf.org.br/entrevista-marielle-franco/ |access-date=20 March 2018 |publisher=Agência de Notícias das Favelas |language=pt}}</ref><ref name="broadly"/> Ta kuma yi aiki ga kungiyoyin farar hula, gami da Gidauniyar Brazil da Cibiyar Maré don Nazarin Solidarity da Aiki.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Nour El-Youssef |date=22 September 2016 |title=Favela Candidates Run for Office, Among 'City Council Members We Want' [VIDEO] |url=http://www.rioonwatch.org/?p=32963 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://archive.today/20180501102520/http://www.rioonwatch.org/?p=32963 |archive-date=1 May 2018 |access-date=20 March 2018 |publisher=Rio On Watch |quote=She has worked for various civil society organizations, including the Brazil Foundation and CEASM (Maré Center for Solidarity Studies and Action). Currently, she is the coordinator of the Commission for the Defense of Human Rights and Citizenship in the Rio de Janeiro State Legislative Assembly (Alerj).}}</ref> A shekara ta 2016, Franco ya tsaya takara a majalisar birnin Rio de Janeiro a Zaben birni. <ref name="thousands" /> A matsayinta na mace baƙar fata da uwa ɗaya daga favelas, Franco ta sanya kanta a matsayin wakili kuma mai kare mata baƙar fata matalauta da mutane daga favelas.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Maria Morganti Pinheiro |date=26 June 2017 |title=Mãe, preta, favelada e vereadora: Marielle Franco |url=http://www.vozdascomunidades.com.br/destaques/mae-preta-favelada-e-vereadora-marielle-franco/ |access-date=20 March 2018 |publisher=Voz das Comunidades |language=pt}}</ref> Tare da kuri'u sama da 46,500, Franco na ɗaya daga cikin wakilai 51 da aka zaba, yana karɓar kuri'u na biyar mafi girma daga cikin 'yan takara sama da 1,500. <ref>{{Cite web |last=[[Glenn Greenwald]] |date=16 March 2018 |title=Marielle Franco: Why my friend was a repository of hope and a voice for Brazil's voiceless, before her devastating assassination |url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/americas/marielle-franco-death-dead-dies-brazil-assassination-rio-de-janeiro-protest-glenn-greenwald-a8259516.html |access-date=17 March 2018 |website=The Independent}}</ref> A matsayinta na memba na majalisa, Franco ta yi yaƙi da tashin hankali a kan mata, don haƙƙin haihuwa, da kuma haƙƙin mazauna favela. <ref name="BBC"/> Ta jagoranci Hukumar Tsaro ta Mata kuma ta kasance wani ɓangare na kwamitin mutum huɗu wanda ke sa ido kan sa hannun tarayya a Rio de Janeiro.<ref name="G1">{{Cite web |date=15 March 2018 |title=Negra da Maré e socióloga, Marielle foi a 5ª vereadora mais votada do Rio |url=https://g1.globo.com/rj/rio-de-janeiro/noticia/negra-da-mare-e-sociologa-marielle-foi-a-5-vereadora-mais-votada-do-rio.ghtml/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180315180233/https://g1.globo.com/rj/rio-de-janeiro/noticia/negra-da-mare-e-sociologa-marielle-foi-a-5-vereadora-mais-votada-do-rio.ghtml |archive-date=15 March 2018 |access-date=16 March 2018 |publisher=G1 |language=pt}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Felipe Betim |date=16 March 2018 |title=Assassinato político de Marielle Franco reativa as ruas e desafia intervenção no Rio |url=https://brasil.elpais.com/brasil/2018/03/16/politica/1521157108_642756.html |access-date=16 March 2018 |publisher=El País}}</ref> Yin aiki tare da Rio de Janeiro Lesbian Front, Franco ya gabatar da lissafin don ƙirƙirar ranar bayyanar lesbian a Rio de Janeiro a watan Agustan 2017, amma lissafin ya ci nasara da kuri'un 19-17. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Camila Marins |date=18 August 2017 |title=Câmara do Rio de Janeiro rejeita projeto pela visibilidade lésbica |url=https://www.brasildefato.com.br/2017/08/18/camara-do-rio-de-janeiro-rejeita-projeto-pela-visibilidade-lesbica/ |access-date=16 March 2018 |publisher=Brasil de Fato |archive-date=16 June 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180616021733/https://www.brasildefato.com.br/2017/08/18/camara-do-rio-de-janeiro-rejeita-projeto-pela-visibilidade-lesbica/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> == Kwanaki na ƙarshe da kisan kai == [[Fayil:Marielle_Vitória.png|right|thumb|An gudanar da zanga-zangar a Vitória don girmama ƙwaƙwalwar Marielle Franco da Anderson Pedro Gomes.]] [[Fayil:Quem_mandou_matar_Marielle%3F_(32446544927).jpg|thumb|300x300px|zanga-zangar a watan Maris na shekara ta 2019 tana kira ga shari'a ga Marielle a kan wadanda suka kashe ta]] A ranar 13 Maris 2018, Franco ya yi magana a kan [[Twitter]] game da tashin hankalin 'yan sanda a Rio de Janeiro: "Wani kisan kai na wani matashi da za a iya ba da shi ga 'yan sanda. Matheus Melo yana barin coci lokacin da aka kashe shi. Wasu nawa ne za su mutu don kawo karshen yakin?.<ref name="protests held">{{Cite web |last=Phillips |first=Dom |date=15 March 2018 |title=Protests held across Brazil after Rio councillor shot dead |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2018/mar/15/marielle-franco-shot-dead-targeted-killing-rio |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180501104610/https://www.theguardian.com/world/2018/mar/15/marielle-franco-shot-dead-targeted-killing-rio |archive-date=1 May 2018 |access-date=15 March 2018 |website=The Guardian |language=en |quote=One of Franco’s final posts on Twitter called attention to police violence. “Another homicide of a young man that could be credited to the police. Matheus Melo was leaving church when he was killed. How many others will have to die for this war to end?” she wrote.}}</ref> Kashegari, Franco ya halarci tattaunawar tebur mai taken "Young Black Women Moving [Power] Structures" (Portuguese: Jovens Negras Movendo Estruturas). <ref>{{Cite web |last=Gragnani |first=Juliana |date=15 March 2018 |title=Marielle era uma das 32 mulheres negras entre 811 vereadores eleitos em capitais brasileiras |url=http://www.bbc.com/portuguese/brasil-43424088 |access-date=18 March 2018 |website=BBC}}</ref> Kasa da sa'o'i biyu da barin teburin, wasu mutane biyu da ke tuka wata mota sun harbe ta tare da direbanta, Anderson Pedro Gomes. Mutanen sun yi musu harbe-harbe guda tara, hudu daga cikinsu sun bugi Franco – uku a kai da daya a wuya.<ref name="direcao">{{Cite web |last=Roberta Jansen, Marcio Dolzan e Fabio Grellet |date=15 March 2018 |title=Direção dos tiros contra Marielle reforça hipótese de ataque premeditado |url=http://brasil.estadao.com.br/noticias/rio-de-janeiro,direcao-dos-tiros-contra-marielle-reforca-hipotese-de-ataque-premeditado,70002229183 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180316234244/http://brasil.estadao.com.br/noticias/rio-de-janeiro,direcao-dos-tiros-contra-marielle-reforca-hipotese-de-ataque-premeditado,70002229183 |archive-date=16 March 2018 |access-date=18 March 2018 |website=Estadão}}</ref> Jami'in yada labarai na Franco yana kusa da ita a wurin zama na baya kuma ya ji rauni, amma ya tsira.<ref name="protests held"/><ref name="direcao" /><ref>{{Cite web |last=Associated Press |date=15 March 2018 |title=Marielle Franco, councillor and police critic, shot dead in targeted killing in Rio |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2018/mar/15/marielle-franco-shot-dead-targeted-killing-rio |access-date=15 March 2018 |website=The Guardian |language=en}}</ref> Marcelo Freixo, 'yar majalisar dokoki ta Rio de Janeiro daga PSOL da ta zo wurin jim kadan bayan jin labarin kisan ta, ya tabbatar da cewa an yi mata harsasan a wani mataki na kisa. A cewar 'yan sandan Rio de Janeiro, alkiblar harbe-harbe tara ya goyi bayan hasashen cewa an kashe Franco.<ref name="direcao"/> Harsasai da suka kashe Franco sun fito ne daga rukunin da 'Yan sanda na tarayya suka saya a [[Brasilia|Brasília]] a shekara ta 2006; Ministan Tsaron Jama'a Raul Jungmann daga baya ya ce an sace su daga wurin ajiyar gidan waya a Paraíba, <ref name="guardian317">{{Cite web |last=Phillips |first=Dom |date=17 March 2018 |title=Marielle Franco: Brazil's favelas mourn the death of a champion |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2018/mar/18/marielle-franco-brazil-favelas-mourn-death-champion |access-date=18 March 2018 |website=The Guardian}}</ref> amma ma'aikatar daga baya ta janye wannan bayanin bayan Ofishin Jakadancin ya musanta shi a fili.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Lise Alves |date=17 March 2018 |title=Ammunition Which Killed Marielle Franco in Rio Stolen from Police |url=http://riotimesonline.com/brazil-news/rio-politics/ammunition-which-killed-rio-lawmaker-stolen-from-police/ |access-date=23 March 2018 |publisher=The Rio Times}}</ref><ref name="Adorno 2018">{{Cite web |last=Adorno |first=s |date=19 March 2018 |title=Ministério muda versão de Jungmann sobre roubo de munição usada em assassinato de Marielle |url=https://noticias.uol.com.br/cotidiano/ultimas-noticias/2018/03/19/jungmann-recua-sobre-roubo-de-municao-usada-em-assassinato-de-marielle.htm |access-date=21 March 2018 |website=Cotidiano |language=pt}}</ref> A cikin Janairu 2019, 'yan sanda sun kama Ronald Paulo Alves Pereira tare da bayar da sammacin Adriano Magalhães da Nóbrega, wadanda ake zargi da kashe Franco. Kowane wanda ake tuhuma ya sami karramawa daga ɗan shugaban ƙasar Jair Bolsonaro Flávio Bolsonaro a farkon 2000s.<ref>{{Cite web |date=23 January 2019 |title=Suspects in Marielle Franco's Murder Have Ties to Bolsonaro Family |url=https://www.vice.com/en/article/suspects-in-marielle-francos-murder-have-ties-to-bolsonaro-family/ |access-date=30 January 2019 |website=VICE Brazil |language=en}}</ref> Matar Nóbrega da mahaifiyarta har yanzu suna aiki a ofishin Flávio Bolsonaro a shekarar 2018. A watan Maris na shekara ta 2019, 'yan sanda sun kama mutane biyu da ake zargi, tsoffin' yan sanda na soja da ake zarginsu da alaƙa da' yan bindiga, saboda kisan. Kafin kama su, dukansu biyu da ake zargi suna da hotuna da aka dauka tare da tsohon shugaban kasar Jair Bolsonaro, kuma daya daga cikinsu shine makwabcinsa a wani babban gida a Rio.<ref>{{Cite web |date=3 October 2019 |title=Jair Bolsonaro pictured with second accused in Marielle Franco murder case |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2019/oct/03/jair-bolsonaro-photo-marielle-franco-murder-accused |website=The Guardian}}</ref> A watan Nuwamba na shekara ta 2019, biyo bayan rahotanni da aka ɓoye cewa Shugaba Bolsonaro ya kasance yana hulɗa da ɗaya daga cikin manyan waɗanda ake zargi da harbi, yawancin kafofin watsa labarai na Brazil sun ba da rahoton cewa 'yan sanda suna binciken yiwuwar alaƙar ɗansa na biyu, Carlos, da lamarin.<ref>{{Cite web |date=21 November 2019 |title=Police investigates possible participation of Carlos Bolsonaro in Marielle's case, says radio station |url=https://istoe.com.br/policia-civil-investiga-participacao-de-carlos-bolsonaro-no-caso-marielle-diz-radio/ |website=[[Istoé]] |language=Portuguese}}</ref> A cikin 2020, gwamnan Rio de Janeiro na lokacin Wilson Witzel ya yarda a talabijin cewa ya tsoma baki a binciken mutuwarta.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Italo Nogueira |date=2020-05-05 |title=Witzel interferiu no caso Marielle ao sugerir à polícia do Rio quando prender suspeitos |url=https://www1.folha.uol.com.br/poder/2020/05/witzel-interferiu-no-caso-marielle-ao-sugerir-a-policia-do-rio-quando-prender-suspeitos.shtml |access-date=2020-05-12 |website=Folha de S.Paulo}}</ref> A ranar 31 ga Oktoba, 2024, kotun ta A ranar 31 ga Oktoba, 2024, wata kotu ta yanke wa tsoffin jami’an ‘yan sanda Ronnie Lessa da Élcio Vieira de Queiroz hukuncin daurin shekaru 59 da 78 a gidan yari, bi da bi, bisa laifin kashe Franco.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-10-31 |title=Brazil judge sentences ex-cops over Marielle Franco killing |url=https://www.dw.com/en/brazil-judge-sentences-ex-cops-over-marielle-franco-killing/a-70656556 |access-date=2024-11-01 |website=DW |language=en-EN}}</ref> === Halin da aka yi === [[Fayil:Wandmalerei_Gitschiner_Str_64_(Kreuz)_Marielle_Franco&Katerina_Voronina&2021.jpg|thumb|Hoton "Marielle Franco" a Berlin-Kreuzberg]] Dubban mutane ne suka fito kan tituna domin gudanar da zanga-zangar hadin gwiwa a duk fadin kasar Brazil, kuma kungiyoyin Amnesty International da [[Sa-ido akan Haƙƙin Ɗan Adam|Human Rights Watch]] sun yi Allah wadai da kisan nata.<ref name="protests held"/> A Amurka, malaman mata masu baƙar fata sun buga wata sanarwa da ke girmama Marielle a matsayin "har yanzu wani shahadar" ga Movement for Black Lives .<ref>{{Cite journal |author-link= |author-link2= |author-link3= |author-link4= |author-link5=Christen A. Smith |author-link6= |date=March 23, 2018 |title=On the Imperative of Transnational Solidarity: A U.S. Black Feminist Statement on the Assassination of Marielle Franco |url=https://www.theblackscholar.org/on-the-imperative-of-transnational-solidarity-a-u-s-black-feminist-statement-on-the-assassination-of-marielle-franco/ |journal=[[The Black Scholar]] |access-date=August 6, 2022}}</ref> 'Yar jarida Glenn Greenwald, wanda mijinta David Miranda dan majalisa ne a lokacin da aka kashe ta kuma ya kasance babban abokin abokin Franco, <ref name="Miranda NewsHour">{{Cite web |date=16 March 2018 |title=Big rallies after Rio politician shot dead, Newshour |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/p061chqq |access-date=28 July 2018 |website=BBC}}</ref> <ref name="Out">{{Cite web |last=Bernstein |first=Fred A. |date=11 May 2018 |title=The Unflinching Courage of Rio's Gay Crusader |url=https://www.out.com/news-opinion/2018/5/11/undaunting-courage-rios-gay-crusader |access-date=28 July 2018 |website=Out Magazine}}</ref> ya jera abin da ya kira "mafi mahimmancin batutuwan da za a rufe" dangane da kisan Franco yana mai cewa:<blockquote>Yunkurin jajircewarta da jajircewarta ga bataliyoyin ƴan sanda marasa bin doka da oda, adawarta da shiga tsakani na soji, da kuma abin da ya fi ban tsoro, ƙarfinta na girma a matsayinta na bakar fata, 'yar luwadi daga favela tana neman kar ta shiga tsarin ikon Brazil, amma don murƙushe shi.<ref name="whitewash">{{Cite web |last=Glenn Greenwald |date=19 March 2018 |title=Just as U.S. Media Does With MLK, Brazil's Media Is Trying to Whitewash and Exploit Marielle Franco's Political Radicalism |url=https://theintercept.com/2018/03/19/just-as-u-s-media-does-with-mlk-brazils-media-now-trying-to-whitewash-and-exploit-marielle-francos-political-radicalism/ |access-date=19 March 2018 |publisher=[[The Intercept]]}}</ref></blockquote>Kisan biyu na Marielle da direbanta Anderson ya kasance batun yin Allah wadai a fagen siyasa a Brazil. Duk ‘yan takarar shugaban kasa a Brazil a lokacin yakin neman zaben 2018 sun yi tir da wannan aika-aika, in ban da tsohon shugaban kasar Jair Bolsonaro, wanda ya ki cewa komai kan lamarin; <ref>{{Cite web |date=20 March 2018 |title=Bolsonaro criticizes media and again refuses to comment on Marielle's death |url=https://oglobo.globo.com/rio/bolsonaro-critica-imprensa-se-recusa-novamente-comentar-morte-de-marielle-22509418 |website=[[O Globo]] |language=Portuguese}}</ref> yakin neman zabe ya yi zargin cewa ra'ayoyinsa game da batun zai kasance masu rikitarwa, duk da cewa shi ne yakin neman zabe wanda ya fi mayar da hankali kan batutuwan tsaro kafin ranar zabe. <ref>{{Cite web |date=15 March 2018 |title=Bolsonaro's opinion on Marielle's death would be too controversial, aide says |url=https://www1.folha.uol.com.br/cotidiano/2018/03/opiniao-de-bolsonaro-sobre-morte-de-marielle-seria-polemica-demais-diz-assessor.shtml |website=[[Folha de São Paulo]] |language=Portuguese}}</ref> A cikin 2022, Shugaba Lula ta sanar da nadin 'yar uwarta, Anielle Franco, a matsayin ministar daidaiton launin fata.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-12-22 |title=Saiba quem é Anielle Franco, anunciada ministra da Igualdade Racial |url=https://oglobo.globo.com/brasil/noticia/2022/12/saiba-quem-e-anielle-franco-anunciada-ministra-da-igualdade-racial.ghtml |access-date=2023-01-01 |website=O Globo |language=pt-br}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-01-11 |title=Tebet exalta paridade de gênero em sua equipe; Sonia Guajajara e Anielle Franco assumem ministérios |url=https://jovempan.com.br/programas/jornal-da-manha/tebet-exalta-paridade-de-genero-em-sua-equipe-sonia-guajajara-e-anielle-franco-assumem-ministerios.html |access-date=2023-01-16 |website=Jovem Pan |language=pt-br}}</ref> == Kyauta == An gudanar da wani taron bita na fasahar dijital a Nairobi, Kenya mai taken "Hotunan Marielle: Ƙirƙirar Gada tsakanin Kenya da Brazil" tare da matasa masu fasaha na Kenya da suka halarci, kuma an baje kolin zane-zane a gidan tarihin Maré da ke Rio de Janeiro a ranar 10 ga Nuwamba 2018. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Villalobos |first=Chloe |date=22 November 2018 |title=Building Bridges Between Favelas in Kenya and Brazil Through 'Artivism' |url=http://www.rioonwatch.org/?p=49106 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181123004432/http://www.rioonwatch.org/?p=49106 |archive-date=23 November 2018 |access-date=1 December 2018 |publisher=RioOnWatch |language=en}}</ref> Amnesty International ta haɗa da sunan Franco a cikin kamfen ɗin da ta yi wa waɗanda suka rubuta don haƙƙin ɗan adam kuma suka rasa rayukansu, <ref>{{Cite web |date=29 November 2018 |title=Amnesty International launches world's biggest human rights campaign |url=https://www.amnestyusa.org/press-releases/amnesty-international-launches-worlds-biggest-human-rights-campaign/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181129040352/https://www.amnestyusa.org/press-releases/amnesty-international-launches-worlds-biggest-human-rights-campaign/ |archive-date=29 November 2018 |access-date=1 December 2018 |publisher=Amnesty International |language=en}}</ref> yayin da aka yi sabuntawa kuma an jera haraji ta kan layi Franco a cikin masu fafutukar kare haƙƙin ɗan adam sama da 400 ga mata ta Ƙungiyar Haƙƙin Mata a Ci Gaba. Globoplay ne ya fitar da wani jeri mai taken Marielle – O Documentário a ranar 13 ga Maris 2020. <ref>{{Cite web |date=6 March 2020 |title='Marielle – O Documentário' estreia no dia 13 de março no Globoplay |url=https://g1.globo.com/pop-arte/noticia/2020/03/06/marielle-o-documentario-estreia-no-dia-13-de-marco-no-globoplay.ghtml}}</ref> Sigar 19 na antiX, rarrabawar Linux akan Debian Stable, ana kiranta da sunan Marielle Franco.<ref>{{Cite web |title=antiX-19 isos available. – antiX Linux |url=https://antixlinux.com/antix-19-isos-available/ |access-date=12 November 2019 |website=antixlinux.com}}</ref> == Rayuwa ta mutum == Franco ya bayyana a matsayin bisexual.<ref name="globo">{{Cite web |last=Lígia Mesquita |date=15 March 2018 |title=Os últimos momentos de Marielle Franco antes de ser morta com quatro tiros na cabeça |url=https://g1.globo.com/rj/rio-de-janeiro/noticia/os-ultimos-momentos-de-marielle-franco-antes-de-ser-morta-com-quatro-tiros-na-cabeca.ghtml |access-date=29 May 2018 |website=globo.com}}</ref><ref name="casamento">{{Cite web |last=Dias Carneiro |first=Júlia |date=30 March 2018 |title=Rejeição da família, pedido de casamento e luto: a história de amor interrompida de Marielle e Monica |url=http://www.bbc.com/portuguese/brasil-43558653 |access-date=29 May 2018 |website=bbc.com |publisher=BBC |language=pt}}</ref> A cikin 2017, ta koma unguwar Rio de Janeiro ta Tijuca tare da abokin tarayya, Monica Tereza Benicio, da 'yarta mai shekaru 18, Luyara Santos . <ref>{{Cite web |date=16 March 2018 |title=Marielle, 'cria' do Parque Esperança |url=https://odia.ig.com.br/rio-de-janeiro/2018/03/5522608-marielle--cria-do-parque-esperanca.html#foto=1 |access-date=17 March 2018 |publisher=O Dia |language=pt}}</ref><ref name="whitewash"/> Marielle da Monica sun hadu yayin tafiya tare da abokai lokacin da suke da shekaru 18 da 24, bi da bi. Sun kasance suna soyayya na tsawon shekaru 13, kodayake sau da yawa ana katse dangantakar saboda rashin yarda da iyalansu da abokai. A lokacin katsewa, Monica tana da dangantaka da wasu mata da maza kuma Marielle da wasu maza.<ref name="casamento" /> Franco da Benicio suna shirin yin aure a watan Satumbar 2018.<ref>{{Cite web |date=18 March 2018 |title=Viúva de Marielle conta que vereadora estava despreocupada dias antes do assassinato |url=http://brasil.estadao.com.br/noticias/geral,viuva-de-marielle-conta-que-vereadora-estava-despreocupada-dias-antes-do-assassinato,70002232935 |access-date=23 March 2018 |publisher=O Estado de S. Paulo |language=pt}}</ref> == Dubi kuma == * Jerin kisan kai § Brazil == Bayanan da aka ambata == [[Rukuni:Mutuwan 2018]] [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1979]] dt5bb9vmxif0pl8b1qqtu72vvndd2u4 0 109052 895139 725115 2026-08-11T17:10:29Z Ummun Sultan 23935 895139 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} [[Fayil:Gocart_sulfate_optical_thickness.png|thumb|Hotspots na sulfate aerosol gurɓata a 2005-2007 an nuna su a cikin orange. Irin waɗannan sulfates ba sa faruwa ta halitta a waje da aikin dutsen wuta, kuma karuwar matakan su shine babban dalilin ɓarna na duniya.<ref name="IPCC_WGI_Ch11">{{Cite journal |last=Seneviratne |first=S.I. |last2=Zhang |first2=X. |last3=Adnan |first3=M. |last4=Badi |first4=W. |last5=Dereczynski |first5=C. |last6=Di Luca |first6=A. |last7=Ghosh |first7=S. |last8=Iskandar |first8=I. |last9=Kossin |first9=J. |last10=Lewis |first10=S. |last11=Otto |first11=F. |last12=Pinto |first12=I. |last13=Satoh |first13=M. |last14=Vicente-Serrano |first14=S. M. |last15=Wehner |first15=M. |year=2021 |editor-last=Masson-Delmotte |editor-first=V. |editor2-last=Zhai |editor2-first=P. |editor3-last=Piran |editor3-first=A. |editor4-last=Connors |editor4-first=S.L. |editor5-last=Péan |editor5-first=C. |editor6-last=Berger |editor6-first=S. |editor7-last=Caud |editor7-first=N. |editor8-last=Chen |editor8-first=Y. |editor9-last=Goldfarb |editor9-first=L. |title=Weather and Climate Extreme Events in a Changing Climate |url=https://www.ipcc.ch/report/ar6/wg1/downloads/report/IPCC_AR6_WGI_Chapter11.pdf |journal=Climate Change 2021: The Physical Science Basis. Contribution of Working Group I to the Sixth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change |volume=2021 |pages=1513–1766 |bibcode=2021AGUFM.U13B..05K |doi=10.1017/9781009157896.007}}</ref>]]   Dimming na [[duniya]] shine raguwar yawan hasken rana da ke kaiwa saman duniya.<ref name="AGU2021">{{Cite web |date=18 February 2021 |title=Aerosol pollution has caused decades of global dimming |url=https://news.agu.org/press-release/aerosol-pollution-caused-decades-of-global-dimming/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230327143716/https://news.agu.org/press-release/aerosol-pollution-caused-decades-of-global-dimming/ |archive-date=27 March 2023 |access-date=18 December 2023 |website=[[American Geophysical Union]]}}</ref> Yana haifar da kwayoyin halitta na yanayi, galibi sulfate aerosols, waɗanda ke da abubuwan gurɓata iska.<ref name="Myhre2013">{{Cite web |last=Myhre |first=Gunnar |last2=Lund Myhre |first2=Cathrine E. |last3=Samset |first3=Bjorn H. |last4=Storelvmo |first4=Trude |year=2013 |title=Aerosols and their Relation to Global Climate and Climate Sensitivity |url=https://www.nature.com/scitable/knowledge/library/aerosols-and-their-relation-to-global-climate-102215345/ |access-date=6 January 2024 |publisher=The Nature Education Knowledge Project}}</ref> An lura da dimming na duniya ba da daɗewa ba bayan a fara auna tsarin hasken rana a cikin shekarun 1950. Wannan raunanawar hasken rana mai ganuwa ya ci gaba da kashi 4-5% a kowace shekara goma har zuwa shekarun 1980. <ref name="IPCC_WGI_Ch11"/> A cikin waɗannan shekarun, gurɓataccen iska ya karu saboda masana'antu bayan yaƙi. Ayyukan hasken rana ba su bambanta fiye da yadda aka saba a wannan lokacin ba. <ref name="AGU2021" /> <ref name="Eddy1982">{{Cite journal |last=Eddy |first=John A. |last2=Gilliland |first2=Ronald L. |last3=Hoyt |first3=Douglas V. |date=23 December 1982 |title=Changes in the solar constant and climatic effects |journal=[[Nature (journal)|Nature]] |volume=300 |issue=5894 |pages=689–693 |bibcode=1982Natur.300..689E |doi=10.1038/300689a0 |s2cid=4320853 |quote=Spacecraft measurements have established that the total radiative output of the Sun varies at the 0.1−0.3% level}}</ref> Aerosols suna da tasirin sanyaya a kan yanayin duniya, kuma dimming na duniya ya rufe girman dumamar duniya da aka samu har zuwa yau, tare da yankunan da suka fi gurbatawa har ma da fuskantar sanyaya a cikin shekarun 1970s.<ref name="IPCC_WGI_Ch112">{{Cite journal |last=Seneviratne |first=S.I. |last2=Zhang |first2=X. |last3=Adnan |first3=M. |last4=Badi |first4=W. |last5=Dereczynski |first5=C. |last6=Di Luca |first6=A. |last7=Ghosh |first7=S. |last8=Iskandar |first8=I. |last9=Kossin |first9=J. |last10=Lewis |first10=S. |last11=Otto |first11=F. |last12=Pinto |first12=I. |last13=Satoh |first13=M. |last14=Vicente-Serrano |first14=S. M. |last15=Wehner |first15=M. |year=2021 |editor-last=Masson-Delmotte |editor-first=V. |editor2-last=Zhai |editor2-first=P. |editor3-last=Piran |editor3-first=A. |editor4-last=Connors |editor4-first=S.L. |editor5-last=Péan |editor5-first=C. |editor6-last=Berger |editor6-first=S. |editor7-last=Caud |editor7-first=N. |editor8-last=Chen |editor8-first=Y. |editor9-last=Goldfarb |editor9-first=L. |title=Weather and Climate Extreme Events in a Changing Climate |url=https://www.ipcc.ch/report/ar6/wg1/downloads/report/IPCC_AR6_WGI_Chapter11.pdf |journal=Climate Change 2021: The Physical Science Basis. Contribution of Working Group I to the Sixth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change |volume=2021 |pages=1513–1766 |bibcode=2021AGUFM.U13B..05K |doi=10.1017/9781009157896.007}}</ref><ref name="Wild20072">{{Cite journal |last=Wild |first=M. |last2=Ohmura |first2=A. |last3=Makowski |first3=K. |year=2007 |title=Impact of global dimming and brightening on global warming |journal=[[Geophysical Research Letters]] |volume=34 |issue=4 |pages=L04702 |bibcode=2007GeoRL..34.4702W |doi=10.1029/2006GL028031 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Rashin ƙarfi na duniya ya tsoma baki tare da sake zagayowar ruwa ta hanyar rage evaporation, kuma saboda haka mai yiwuwa ya rage ruwan sama a wasu yankuna.<ref name="IPCC_WGI_Ch112" /> Wataƙila ya raunana Monsoon na Kudancin Asiya kuma ya sa duk belin ruwan sama na wurare masu zafi ya kuma koma kudu tsakanin shekara ta 1950 da shekarar 1985, tare da iyakantaccen farfadowa daga baya.<ref name="Lau20062">{{Cite journal |last=Lau |first=K. M. |last2=Kim |first2=K. M. |date=8 November 2006 |title=Observational relationships between aerosol and Asian monsoon rainfall, and circulation |journal=Geophysical Research Letters |volume=33 |issue=21 |bibcode=2006GeoRL..3321810L |doi=10.1029/2006GL027546 |s2cid=129282371 |doi-access=free}}</ref><ref name="Fadnavis20212">{{Cite journal |last=Fadnavis |first=Suvarna |last2=Sabin |first2=T. P. |last3=Rap |first3=Alexandru |last4=Müller |first4=Rolf |last5=Kubin |first5=Anne |last6=Heinold |first6=Bernd |date=16 July 2021 |title=The impact of COVID-19 lockdown measures on the Indian summer monsoon |url=https://iopscience.iop.org/article/10.1088/1748-9326/ac109c |journal=Environmental Research Letters |volume=16 |issue=7 |page=4054 |bibcode=2021ERL....16g4054F |doi=10.1088/1748-9326/ac109c |s2cid=235967722 |doi-access=free}}</ref><ref name="Peace20222">{{Cite journal |last=Peace |first=Amy H. |last2=Booth |first2=Ben B. B. |last3=Regayre |first3=Leighton A. |last4=Carslaw |first4=Ken S. |last5=Sexton |first5=David M. H. |last6=Bonfils |first6=Céline J. W. |last7=Rostron |first7=John W. |date=26 August 2022 |title=Evaluating uncertainty in aerosol forcing of tropical precipitation shifts |url=https://esd.copernicus.org/articles/13/1215/2022/ |journal=Earth System Dynamics |volume=13 |issue=3 |pages=1215–1232 |bibcode=2022ESD....13.1215P |doi=10.5194/esd-13-1215-2022 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Matsayi na rikodin gurɓataccen ƙwayoyin cuta a Arewacin Hemisphere ya haifar ko aƙalla ya kara tsananta gazawar ruwan sama a bayan yunwar [[Itofiya|Habasha]] ta shekarar 1984.<ref name="Rotstayn and Lohmann 20022">{{Cite journal |last=Rotstayn and Lohmann |last2=Lohmann |first2=Ulrike |author-link2=Ulrike Lohmann |year=2002 |title=Tropical Rainfall Trends and the Indirect Aerosol Effect |journal=[[Journal of Climate]] |volume=15 |issue=15 |pages=2103–2116 |bibcode=2002JCli...15.2103R |doi=10.1175/1520-0442(2002)015<2103:TRTATI>2.0.CO;2 |s2cid=55802370 |doi-access=free}}</ref><ref name="Hirasawa20222">{{Cite journal |last=Hirasawa |first=Haruki |last2=Kushner |first2=Paul J. |last3=Sigmond |first3=Michael |last4=Fyfe |first4=John |last5=Deser |first5=Clara |date=2 May 2022 |title=Evolving Sahel Rainfall Response to Anthropogenic Aerosols Driven by Shifting Regional Oceanic and Emission Influences |journal=Journal of Climate |volume=35 |issue=11 |pages=3181–3193 |bibcode=2022JCli...35.3181H |doi=10.1175/JCLI-D-21-0795.1 |doi-access=free}}</ref><ref name="BBC20202">{{Cite web |title=Global Dimming |url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/sn/tvradio/programmes/horizon/dimming_trans.shtml |access-date=2020-01-05 |website=bbc.co.uk |publisher=BBC}}</ref><ref name="Herman20202">{{Cite journal |last=Herman |first=Rebecca Jean |last2=Giannini |first2=Alessandra |last3=Biasutti |first3=Michela |last4=Kushnir |first4=Yochanan |date=22 July 2020 |title=The effects of anthropogenic and volcanic aerosols and greenhouse gases on twentieth century Sahel precipitation |journal=Scientific Reports |volume=10 |issue=1 |page=12203 |bibcode=2020NatSR..1012203H |doi=10.1038/s41598-020-68356-w |pmc=7376254 |pmid=32699339}}</ref> .Tun daga shekarun 1980, raguwar gurɓataccen iska ya haifar da koma baya na yanayin dimming, wani lokaci ana kiranta da haskaka duniya.[1] Wannan haske na duniya ya ba da gudummawa ga haɓakar ɗumamar yanayi, wanda ya fara a cikin 1990s.[1][2] Dangane da ƙirar yanayi, tasirin iska mai yuwuwa yana raguwa a kusa da 0.5 °C (0.90 °F) na ɗumama kamar na 2021.[3] Yayin da al'ummomi ke kokarin rage yawan gurbacewar iska ga lafiyar 'yan kasarsu, ana sa ran tasirin da ake samu kan dumamar yanayi zai kara raguwa.[4] Yanayin yanayin yanayin da ake buƙata don saduwa da 1.5 °C (2.7 °F) da 2 °C (3.6 °F) sun haɗa da raguwar matakan da ake hasashen aerosol.[3] Koyaya, samfuran simintin tasirin iska akan tsarin yanayi sun kasance marasa tabbas.[5][6]<ref name="IPCC_WGI_Ch11"/><ref name="IPCC_WGI_Ch11" /><ref name="Wild2007">{{Cite journal |last=Wild |first=M. |last2=Ohmura |first2=A. |last3=Makowski |first3=K. |year=2007 |title=Impact of global dimming and brightening on global warming |journal=[[Geophysical Research Letters]] |volume=34 |issue=4 |pages=L04702 |bibcode=2007GeoRL..34.4702W |doi=10.1029/2006GL028031 |doi-access=free}}</ref> .<ref name="IPCC_WGI_SPM" /><ref name="XuRamanathanVictor2018">{{Cite journal |last=Xu |first=Yangyang |last2=Ramanathan |first2=Veerabhadran |last3=Victor |first3=David G. |date=5 December 2018 |title=Global warming will happen faster than we think |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/329411074 |journal=Nature |language=en |volume=564 |issue=7734 |pages=30–32 |bibcode=2018Natur.564...30X |doi=10.1038/d41586-018-07586-5 |pmid=30518902 |doi-access=free}}</ref><ref name="IPCC_WGI_SPM">IPCC, 2021: [https://www.ipcc.ch/report/ar6/wg1/downloads/report/IPCC_AR6_WGI_SPM.pdf Summary for Policymakers]. In: [https://www.ipcc.ch/report/ar6/wg1/ Climate Change 2021: The Physical Science Basis. Contribution of Working Group I to the Sixth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change] [Masson-Delmotte, V., P. Zhai, A. Pirani, S.L. Connors, C. Péan, S. Berger, N. Caud, Y. Chen, L. Goldfarb, M.I. Gomis, M. Huang, K. Leitzell, E. Lonnoy, J.B.R. Matthews, T.K. Maycock, T. Waterfield, O. Yelekçi, R. Yu, and B. Zhou (eds.)]. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, United Kingdom and New York, NY, USA, pp. 3–32, {{Doi|10.1017/9781009157896.001}}.</ref>.<ref name="Julsrud2022">{{Cite journal |last=Julsrud |first=I. R. |last2=Storelvmo |first2=T. |last3=Schulz |first3=M. |last4=Moseid |first4=K. O. |last5=Wild |first5=M. |date=20 October 2022 |title=Disentangling Aerosol and Cloud Effects on Dimming and Brightening in Observations and CMIP6 |journal=Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres |volume=127 |issue=21 |page=e2021JD035476 |bibcode=2022JGRD..12735476J |doi=10.1029/2021JD035476 |doi-access=free |hdl-access=free}}</ref><ref name="Persad2022">{{Cite journal |last=Persad |first=Geeta G. |last2=Samset |first2=Bjørn H. |last3=Wilcox |first3=Laura J. |date=21 November 2022 |title=Aerosols must be included in climate risk assessments |journal=Nature |language=en |volume=611 |issue=7937 |pages=662–664 |bibcode=2022Natur.611..662P |doi=10.1038/d41586-022-03763-9 |pmid=36411334 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Hanyoyin da ke bayan dimming na duniya suna kama da allurar aerosol ta stratospheric. Wannan wani shiri ne na aikin injiniya na hasken rana wanda ke da niyyar magance dumamar duniya ta hanyar sakin aerosols masu nunawa da gangan.<ref name="Visioni2020">{{Cite journal |last=Visioni |first=Daniele |last2=Slessarev |first2=Eric |last3=MacMartin |first3=Douglas G |last4=Mahowald |first4=Natalie M |last5=Goodale |first5=Christine L |author-link5=Christine Goodale |last6=Xia |first6=Lili |date=1 September 2020 |title=What goes up must come down: impacts of deposition in a sulfate geoengineering scenario |journal=Environmental Research Letters |volume=15 |issue=9 |page=094063 |bibcode=2020ERL....15i4063V |doi=10.1088/1748-9326/ab94eb |issn=1748-9326 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Allurar Stratospheric aerosol na iya zama mai tasiri sosai wajen dakatar da ko juyar da zafi amma kuma zai sami tasiri sosai a kan sake zagayowar ruwa na duniya, yanayin yanki, da tsarin halittu. Bugu da ƙari, dole ne a gudanar da shi tsawon ƙarni don hana dawowar zafi da sauri.<ref name="IPCC_WGI_SRM">{{Cite journal |last=Trisos |first=Christopher H. |last2=Geden |first2=Oliver |last3=Seneviratne |first3=Sonia I. |last4=Sugiyama |first4=Masahiro |last5=van Aalst |first5=Maarten |last6=Bala |first6=Govindasamy |last7=Mach |first7=Katharine J. |last8=Ginzburg |first8=Veronika |last9=de Coninck |first9=Heleen |last10=Patt |first10=Anthony |year=2022 |title=Cross-Working Group Box SRM: Solar Radiation Modification |url=https://www.ipcc.ch/report/ar6/wg2/downloads/report/IPCC_AR6_WGII_Chapter16.pdf |journal=Climate Change 2022: Impacts, Adaptation and Vulnerability |volume=2021 |pages=2473–2478 |bibcode=2021AGUFM.U13B..05K |doi=10.1017/9781009157896.007}}</ref> == Tarihi == [[Fayil:Julsrud_2022_dimming.jpg|thumb|Abubuwan da aka lura na dimming na duniya da haskakawa a cikin manyan yankuna huɗu. Rashin haske ya fi girma a matsakaicin kwanakin da ba su da girgije (layin ja) fiye da matsakaicin dukkan kwanaki (layin purple), yana nuna cewa sulfate aerosols sune dalilin.<ref name="Julsrud2022">{{Cite journal |last=Julsrud |first=I. R. |last2=Storelvmo |first2=T. |last3=Schulz |first3=M. |last4=Moseid |first4=K. O. |last5=Wild |first5=M. |date=20 October 2022 |title=Disentangling Aerosol and Cloud Effects on Dimming and Brightening in Observations and CMIP6 |journal=Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres |volume=127 |issue=21 |page=e2021JD035476 |bibcode=2022JGRD..12735476J |doi=10.1029/2021JD035476 |doi-access=free |hdl-access=free}}<cite class="citation journal cs1" data-ve-ignore="true" id="CITEREFJulsrudStorelvmoSchulzMoseid2022">Julsrud, I. R.; Storelvmo, T.; Schulz, M.; Moseid, K. O.; Wild, M. (20 October 2022). [[doi:10.1029/2021JD035476|"Disentangling Aerosol and Cloud Effects on Dimming and Brightening in Observations and CMIP6"]]. ''Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres''. '''127''' (21): e2021JD035476. [[Bibcode (identifier)|Bibcode]]:[https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2022JGRD..12735476J 2022JGRD..12735476J]. [[Doi (identifier)|doi]]:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible">[[doi:10.1029/2021JD035476|10.1029/2021JD035476]]</span>. [[Hdl (identifier)|hdl]]:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible">[[hdl:10852/97300|10852/97300]]</span>.</cite></ref>]] A cikin shekarun 1970s, bincike da yawa sun nuna cewa aerosols na yanayi na iya shafar yaduwar hasken rana ta hanyar yanayi, ma'auni wanda aka fi sani da hasken rana kai tsaye.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Barnhardt |first=E. A. |last2=Streete |first2=J. L. |year=1970 |title=A Method for Predicting Atmospheric Aerosol Scattering Coefficients in the Infrared |journal=Applied Optics |volume=9 |issue=6 |pages=1337–1344 |bibcode=1970ApOpt...9.1337B |doi=10.1364/AO.9.001337 |pmid=20076382}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Herman |first=Benjamin M. |last2=Browning |first2=Samuel R. |last3=Curran |first3=Robert J. |date=1 April 1971 |title=The Effect of Atmospheric Aerosols on Scattered Sunlight |journal=Journal of the Atmospheric Sciences |volume=28 |issue=3 |pages=419–428 |bibcode=1971JAtS...28..419H |doi=10.1175/1520-0469(1971)028<0419:TEOAAO>2.0.CO;2 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Ɗaya daga cikin binciken ya nuna cewa karancin hasken rana yana tacewa a tsawo na {{Cvt|1.7|km|mi}} sama da Los Angeles, har ma a waɗancan kwanakin da babu hayaki mai ganuwa.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Hodge |first=Paul W. |date=19 February 1971 |title=Large Decrease in the Clear Air Transmission of the Atmosphere 1.7 km above Los Angeles |journal=[[Nature (journal)|Nature]] |volume=229 |issue=5894 |pages=549 |bibcode=1971Natur.229..549H |doi=10.1038/229549a0 |pmid=16059347}}</ref> Wani ya ba da shawarar cewa gurɓataccen sulfate ko fashewar dutsen wuta na iya haifar da farkon zamanin kankara. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Rasool |first=Ichtiaque, S |last2=Schneider |first2=Stephen H. |date=July 1971 |title=Atmospheric Carbon Dioxide and Aerosols: Effects of Large Increases on Global Climate |journal=[[Science (journal)|Science]] |volume=1 |issue=3992 |pages=138–141 |bibcode=1971Sci...173..138R |doi=10.1126/science.173.3992.138 |pmid=17739641 |s2cid=43228353}}</ref> A cikin shekarun 1980s, Atsumu Ohmura, mai binciken ilimin ƙasa a Cibiyar Fasaha ta Tarayyar [[Switzerland]], ya gano cewa hasken rana da ke mamaye farfajiyar Duniya ya ragu da fiye da 10% a cikin shekaru talatin da suka gabata, koda kuwa zafin duniya yana ƙaruwa tun daga shekarun 1970s. <ref name="Wild2009" /> A cikin shekarun 1990s, wannan ya biyo bayan takardun da ke kwatanta raguwar shekaru goma a Estonia, Jamus, Isra'ila da kuma fadin tsohuwar [[Tarayyar Sobiyet|Tarayyar Soviet]].<ref name="Russak1990">{{Cite journal |last=Russak |first=V. |year=1990 |title=Trends of solar radiation, cloudiness and atmospheric transparency during recent decades in Estonia |journal=Tellus B |volume=42 |issue=2 |pages=206–210 |bibcode=1990TellB..42..206R |doi=10.1034/j.1600-0889.1990.t01-1-00006.x |id=1990TellB..42..206R}}</ref><ref name="Liepert1994">{{Cite journal |last=Liepert |first=B. G. |last2=Fabian |first2=P. |last3=Grassi |first3=H. |year=1994 |title=Solar radiation in Germany – Observed trends and an assessment of their causes. Part 1. Regional approach |url=https://www.osti.gov/etdeweb/biblio/6912594 |journal=Contributions to Atmospheric Physics |volume=67 |pages=15–29}}</ref><ref name="Stanhill1992">{{Cite journal |last=Stanhill |first=G. |last2=Moreshet |first2=S. |date=6 November 2004 |title=Global radiation climate changes in Israel |journal=[[Climatic Change]] |volume=22 |issue=2 |pages=121–138 |bibcode=1992ClCh...22..121S |doi=10.1007/BF00142962 |s2cid=154006620}}</ref><ref name="Abakumova1996">{{Cite journal |last=Abakumova |first=G.M. |year=1996 |title=Evaluation of long-term changes in radiation, cloudiness and surface temperature on the territory of the former Soviet Union |url=http://ams.allenpress.com/archive/1520-0442/9/6/pdf/i1520-0442-9-6-1319.pdf |journal=[[Journal of Climate]] |volume=9 |issue=6 |pages=1319–1327 |bibcode=1996JCli....9.1319A |doi=10.1175/1520-0442(1996)009<1319:EOLTCI>2.0.CO;2}}</ref><ref name="Wild2009">{{Cite journal |last=Wild |first=Martin |date=27 June 2009 |title=Global dimming and brightening: A review |journal=Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres |volume=114 |issue=D10 |bibcode=2009JGRD..114.0D16W |doi=10.1029/2008JD011470}}</ref> Bincike na gaba ya kiyasta matsakaicin raguwar hasken rana da ke mamaye duniya na kusan 4-5% a kowace shekara goma a ƙarshen 1950s-1980s, da 2-3% a kowace shekara ta goma lokacin da aka haɗa shekarun 1990.<ref name="Stanhill1992"/><ref name="Gilgen1998">{{Cite journal |last=Gilgen |first=H. |last2=Wild |first2=M. |last3=Ohmura |first3=A. |year=1998 |title=Means and trends of shortwave irradiance at the surface estimated from global energy balance archive data |url=http://ams.allenpress.com/archive/1520-0442/11/8/pdf/i1520-0442-11-8-2042.pdf |journal=[[Journal of Climate]] |volume=11 |issue=8 |pages=2042–2061 |bibcode=1998JCli...11.2042G |doi=10.1175/1520-0442-11.8.2042 |doi-access=free}}</ref><ref name="Stanhill2001">{{Cite journal |last=Stanhill |first=G. |last2=Cohen |first2=S. |year=2001 |title=Global dimming: a review of the evidence for a widespread and significant reduction in global radiation with discussion of its probable causes and possible agricultural consequences |journal=[[Agricultural and Forest Meteorology]] |volume=107 |issue=4 |pages=255–278 |bibcode=2001AgFM..107..255S |doi=10.1016/S0168-1923(00)00241-0}}</ref><ref name="Liepert2002">{{Cite journal |last=Liepert |first=B. G. |date=2 May 2002 |title=Observed Reductions in Surface Solar Radiation in the United States and Worldwide from 1961 to 1990 |url=http://www.ldeo.columbia.edu/~liepert/pdf/2003GL019060.pdf |journal=[[Geophysical Research Letters]] |volume=29 |issue=12 |pages=61–1–61–4 |bibcode=2002GeoRL..29.1421L |doi=10.1029/2002GL014910 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Musamman, hasken rana a saman yanayi bai bambanta da fiye da 0.1-0.3% a duk wannan lokacin ba, yana nuna cewa dalilan da suka haifar da duhu sun kasance a Duniya.<ref name="Eddy1982"/><ref name="AGU2021" /> Bugu da ƙari, kawai haske mai ganuwa da radiation na infrared sun ɓace, maimakon ɓangaren ultraviolet na bakan. Bugu da ƙari, dimming ya faru ko da lokacin da sararin samaniya ya bayyana, kuma a zahiri ya fi karfi fiye da lokacin kwanakin girgije, yana tabbatar da cewa ba canje-canje a cikin girgije kadai ba ne suka haifar da shi.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Wild |first=Martin |last2=Wacker |first2=Stephan |last3=Yang |first3=Su |last4=Sanchez-Lorenzo |first4=Arturo |date=1 February 2021 |title=Evidence for Clear-Sky Dimming and Brightening in Central Europe |journal=Geophysical Research Letters |volume=48 |issue=6 |bibcode=2021GeoRL..4892216W |doi=10.1029/2020GL092216 |s2cid=233645438 |hdl-access=free}}</ref><ref name="AGU2021"/><ref name="Julsrud2022"/> == Dalilan da suka haifar == === Sulfates na mutum === [[Fayil:SulufrDioxide2017.png|thumb|Hoton tauraron dan adam na sulfur dioxide na sararin samaniya a ranar 15 ga watan Afrilu, shekara ta 2017. Sulfur dioxide yana samar da sulfates masu nunawa sosai, waɗanda ake la'akari da su babban dalilin ɓarna na duniya.<ref name="Myhre2013">{{Cite web |last=Myhre |first=Gunnar |last2=Lund Myhre |first2=Cathrine E. |last3=Samset |first3=Bjorn H. |last4=Storelvmo |first4=Trude |year=2013 |title=Aerosols and their Relation to Global Climate and Climate Sensitivity |url=https://www.nature.com/scitable/knowledge/library/aerosols-and-their-relation-to-global-climate-102215345/ |access-date=6 January 2024 |publisher=The Nature Education Knowledge Project}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="true" id="CITEREFMyhreLund_MyhreSamsetStorelvmo2013">Myhre, Gunnar; Lund Myhre, Cathrine E.; Samset, Bjorn H.; Storelvmo, Trude (2013). [https://www.nature.com/scitable/knowledge/library/aerosols-and-their-relation-to-global-climate-102215345/ "Aerosols and their Relation to Global Climate and Climate Sensitivity"]. The Nature Education Knowledge Project<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">6 January</span> 2024</span>.</cite></ref>]] Rashin haske na duniya ya samo asali ne daga kasancewar barbashi na sulfate wanda ke rataye a cikin [[Sararin Samaniya na Duniya|Yanayin duniya]] a matsayin aerosols. Wadannan aerosols suna da gudummawa kai tsaye ga dimming, yayin da suke nuna hasken rana kamar ƙananan madubai.<ref name="NASA2010">{{Cite web |date=2 November 2010 |title=Aerosols and Incoming Sunlight (Direct Effects) |url=https://earthobservatory.nasa.gov/features/Aerosols/page3.php |publisher=[[NASA]]}}</ref> Har ila yau, suna da tasiri na kai tsaye a matsayin ƙwayoyin, ma'ana cewa ɗigon ruwa a cikin girgije suna haɗuwa a kusa da barbashi. Ƙarin gurɓataccen yanayi yana haifar da ƙarin ƙwayoyin cuta kuma ta haka ne ya haifar da girgije wanda ya ƙunshi adadi mafi girma na ƙananan ɗigon ruwa (watau, adadin ruwa iri ɗaya ya bazu a kan ƙarin ɗigon ruwa). Ƙananan ɗigon ruwa suna sa girgije ya fi nunawa, don haka ƙarin hasken rana mai shigowa ya sake nunawa cikin sararin samaniya kuma ƙasa ya kai saman duniya.<ref name="Myhre2013"/> A cikin samfuran, waɗannan ƙananan ɗigon ruwa suna rage ruwan sama.<ref name="YunQian">{{Cite web |last=Yun Qian |last2=Daoyi Gong |year=2009 |title=The Sky Is Not Falling: Pollution in eastern China cuts light, useful rainfall |url=http://www.physorg.com/news169474977.html |access-date=2009-08-16 |publisher=[[Pacific Northwest National Laboratory]]}}</ref> Kafin [[Industrial Revolution|Juyin Juya Halin Masana'antu]], babban tushen sulfate aerosols shine dimethyl sulfide wanda wasu nau'ikan plankton na teku suka samar. Rashin fitarwa daga aikin dutsen wuta shine tushen na biyu mafi girma, kodayake manyan fashewar dutsen wuta, kamar fashewar Dutsen Pinatubo na shekarar 1991, sun mamaye a cikin shekarun da suka faru. A cikin shekara ta 1990, Rahoton Bincike na Farko na IPCC ya kiyasta fitar da dimethyl sulfide a tan miliyan 40 a kowace shekara, yayin da aka kiyasta fitarwa daga dutsen wuta a tan miliyan 10.<ref name="IPCC_FAR" /> Wadannan matakan shekara-shekara sun kasance masu tsayayya na dogon lokaci. A gefe guda, fitar da sulfur a duniya ya karu daga kasa da tan miliyan 3 a kowace shekara a 1860 zuwa tan miliyan 15 a shekarar 1900, tan miliyan 40 a 1940 da kuma kimanin tan miliyan 80 a 1980. Wannan yana nufin cewa a shekara ta 1980, hayakin da mutum ya haifar daga ƙone man fetur mai dauke da sulfur (yawanci kwal da Man fetur na bunker) ya zama akalla babba kamar ''duk'' hayakin halitta na mahaɗan da ke dauke da sulfuru.<ref name="IPCC_FAR" /> Rahoton ya kuma kammala cewa "a cikin yankuna masu masana'antu na Turai da Arewacin Amurka, hayakin da aka samo daga mutum ya mamaye hayakin halitta da kusan kashi goma ko ma fiye".&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; === Black carbon === [[Fayil:Bellouin_2019_smoke_albedo_effects.jpg|left|thumb|Idan hayaki daga gobarar daji ya haɗu cikin girgije, yana duhunta su, yana rage albedo. Idan babu girgije, to hayaki na iya kara albedo, musamman a kan teku.<ref name="Bellouin2019">{{Cite journal |last=Bellouin |first=N. |last2=Quaas |first2=J. |last3=Gryspeerdt |first3=E. |last4=Kinne |first4=S. |last5=Stier |first5=P. |last6=Watson-Parris |first6=D. |last7=Boucher |first7=O. |last8=Carslaw |first8=K. S. |last9=Christensen |first9=M. |last10=Daniau |first10=A.-L. |last11=Dufresne |first11=J.-L. |last12=Feingold |first12=G. |last13=Fiedler |first13=S. |last14=Forster |first14=P. |last15=Gettelman |first15=A. |date=1 November 2019 |title=Bounding Global Aerosol Radiative Forcing of Climate Change |journal=Reviews of Geophysics |volume=58 |issue=1 |page=e2019RG000660 |doi=10.1029/2019RG000660 |pmc=7384191 |pmid=32734279}}</ref>]] Wani muhimmin nau'in aerosol shine baƙar carbon, wanda aka fi sani da soot. An kafa shi ne saboda ƙonewar da ba ta cika ba na burbushin burbushin halittu, da kuma itace da sauran abubuwan shuke-shuke.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Zeng |first=Linghan |last2=Tan |first2=Tianyi |last3=Zhao |first3=Gang |last4=Du |first4=Zhuofei |last5=Hu |first5=Shuya |last6=Shang |first6=Dongjie |last7=Hu |first7=Ming |date=2 January 2024 |title=Overestimation of black carbon light absorption due to mixing state heterogeneity |journal=npj Climate and Atmospheric Science |volume=7 |issue=1 |page=2 |bibcode=2024npCAS...7....2Z |doi=10.1038/s41612-023-00535-8 |doi-access=free}}</ref> A duniya, mafi girman tushen baƙar fata shine daga ciyawa da gobarar daji, gami da gobarar da aka yi da gangan. Koyaya, amfani da kwal yana da alhakin mafi yawan (60 zuwa 80%) na fitar da carbon baƙar fata a Asiya da Afirka, yayin da konewar diesel ke samar da 70% na carbon baƙar jiki a Turai da Amurka.<ref name="Bond2013">{{Cite journal |last=Bond |first=T. C. |last2=Doherty |first2=S. J. |last3=Fahey |first3=D. W. |last4=Forster |first4=P. M. |last5=Berntsen |first5=T. |last6=DeAngelo |first6=B. J. |last7=Flanner |first7=M. G. |last8=Ghan |first8=S. |last9=Kärcher |first9=B. |last10=Koch |first10=D. |last11=Kinne |first11=S. |last12=Kondo |first12=Y. |last13=Quinn |first13=P. K. |last14=Sarofim |first14=M. C. |last15=Schultz |first15=M. 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A zahiri, bincike ne na Shekarun 1970s a cikin girgije mai launin ruwan kasa na [[Denver]] wanda ya fara gano cewa ƙwayoyin carbon baƙar fata suna shan ƙarfin hasken rana don haka zasu iya shafar adadin hasken rana mai ganuwa.<ref name="Bond2013"/> Bincike daga baya ya gano cewa baƙar fata carbon yana da sau 190 mafi tasiri wajen shan hasken rana a cikin girgije fiye da ƙura ta yau da kullun daga ƙwayoyin [[Ƙasa (shinfidar ƙasa)|ƙasa]].<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Jacobson |first=Mark Z. |date=21 March 2012 |title=Investigating cloud absorption effects: Global absorption properties of black carbon, tar balls, and soil dust in clouds and aerosols |journal=Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres |volume=117 |issue=D6 |bibcode=2012JGRD..117.6205J |doi=10.1029/2011JD017218}}</ref> A mafi muni, duk girgije a cikin yanayin yanayi mai kauri 3-5 suna da duhu sosai, kuma gashin zai iya kaiwa ga sikelin transcontinental (watau Girgije mai launin ruwan kasa na Asiya.) Duk da haka, gabaɗaya dimming daga baƙar fata carbon ya fi ƙasa da wannan daga ƙwayoyin sulfate. <ref name="Ramanathan2008">{{Cite journal |last=Ramanathan |first=V. |last2=Carmichael |first2=G. |date=23 March 2008 |title=Global and regional climate changes due to black carbon |journal=Nature Geoscience |volume=1 |issue=16 |pages=221–227 |bibcode=2008NatGe...1..221R |doi=10.1038/ngeo156}}</ref><ref name="IPCC_WGI_SPM"/>   [[Fayil:Aerosol_dimming.jpg|thumb|aerosols masu toshe rana a duniya sun ragu sosai (launin ja) tun lokacin fashewar Dutsen Pinatubo a shekarar 1991, bisa ga ƙididdigar tauraron dan adam.]] Bayan Shekara ta 1990, yanayin ƙarancin duniya ya sauya zuwa haskakawa na duniya.<ref name="LightensUp">{{Cite web |title=Earth lightens up |url=http://www.pnnl.gov/news/release.aspx?id=20 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120916004426/http://www.pnnl.gov/news/release.aspx?id=20 |archive-date=16 September 2012 |access-date=8 May 2005 |website=Pacific Northwest National Laboratory}}</ref><ref name="Wild2005">{{Cite journal |last=Wild, M |year=2005 |title=From Dimming to Brightening: Decadal Changes in Solar Radiation at Earth's Surface |url=https://www.science.org/doi/10.1126/science.1103215 |journal=[[Science (journal)|Science]] |volume=308 |issue=2005–05–06 |pages=847–850 |bibcode=2005Sci...308..847W |doi=10.1126/science.1103215 |pmid=15879214 |s2cid=13124021 |url-access=subscription}}</ref><ref name="Pinker2005">{{Cite journal |last=Pinker |last2=Zhang |first2=B |last3=Dutton |first3=EG |year=2005 |title=Do Satellites Detect Trends in Surface Solar Radiation? |journal=[[Science (journal)|Science]] |volume=308 |issue=6 May 2005 |pages=850–854 |bibcode=2005Sci...308..850P |doi=10.1126/science.1103159 |pmid=15879215 |s2cid=10644227}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=15 May 2005 |title=Global Dimming may have a brighter future |url=http://www.realclimate.org/index.php?p=154 |access-date=2006-06-12 |website=RealClimate}}</ref> Wannan ya biyo bayan matakan da aka dauka don yaki da gurɓataccen iska da Kasashe masu tasowa suka dauka, yawanci ta hanyar shigar da iskar gas a tashoshin wutar lantarki, kamar su rigar rigar ko konewar gado.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Lin |first=Cheng-Kuan |last2=Lin |first2=Ro-Ting |last3=Chen |first3=Pi-Cheng |last4=Wang |first4=Pu |last5=De Marcellis-Warin |first5=Nathalie |last6=Zigler |first6=Corwin |last7=Christiani |first7=David C. |date=8 February 2018 |title=A Global Perspective on Sulfur Oxide Controls in Coal-Fired Power Plants and Cardiovascular Disease |journal=Scientific Reports |language=en |volume=8 |issue=1 |page=2611 |bibcode=2018NatSR...8.2611L |doi=10.1038/s41598-018-20404-2 |issn=2045-2322 |pmc=5805744 |pmid=29422539}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Henneman |first=Lucas R.F. |last2=Liu |first2=Cong |last3=Mulholland |first3=James A. |last4=Russell |first4=Armistead G. |date=7 October 2016 |title=Evaluating the effectiveness of air quality regulations: A review of accountability studies and frameworks |journal=Journal of the Air & Waste Management Association |language=en |volume=67 |issue=2 |pages=144–172 |doi=10.1080/10962247.2016.1242518 |pmid=27715473}}</ref> A Amurka, sulfate aerosols sun ragu sosai tun shekara ta 1970 tare da wucewar Dokar Tsabtace Ruwa, wanda aka ƙarfafa a shekarar 1977 da Shekara ta 1990. A cewar EPA, daga shekara ta 1970 zuwa shekarar 2005, jimlar hayaki na manyan gurɓataccen iska guda shida, gami da sulfates, ya ragu da kashi 53% a Amurka.<ref name="EPA">{{Cite web |date=8 July 2014 |title=Air Emissions Trends – Continued Progress Through 2005 |url=http://www.epa.gov/airtrends/econ-emissions.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070317212933/http://www.epa.gov/airtrends/econ-emissions.html |archive-date=2007-03-17 |access-date=2007-03-17 |publisher=[[United States Environmental Protection Agency|U.S. Environmental Protection Agency]]}}</ref> A shekara ta 2010, wannan raguwar gurɓataccen sulfate ya haifar da kimanta kuɗin kiwon lafiya wanda ya kai dala biliyan 50 a kowace shekara.<ref name="EPAHealth">{{Cite web |date=2 June 2006 |title=Effects of Acid Rain – Human Health |url=https://www.epa.gov/acidrain/effects-acid-rain#health |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080118120242/http://www.epa.gov/acidrain/effects/health.html |archive-date=18 January 2008 |access-date=2 September 2013 |publisher=[[EPA]]}}</ref> An dauki irin wannan matakai a Turai, kamar Yarjejeniyar Helsinki ta shekarar 1985 kan Rage Sulfur Emissions a karkashin Yarjejeniyar kan Long-Range Transboundary Air Pollution, kuma tare da irin wannan ci gaba. <ref name="EPA" /><ref>{{Cite web |last=Moses |first=Elizabeth |last2=Cardenas |first2=Beatriz |last3=Seddon |first3=Jessica |date=25 February 2020 |title=The Most Successful Air Pollution Treaty You've Never Heard Of |url=https://www.wri.org/insights/most-successful-air-pollution-treaty-youve-never-heard |language=en}}</ref>&nbsp; [[Fayil:Pollution_over_east_China.jpg|left|thumb|Hoton tauraron dan adam wanda ke nuna hayaki mai yawa da hazo daga gobarar daji a Gabashin China. Irin wannan hayaki yana cike da baƙar fata, wanda ke taimakawa wajen rage yanayin amma yana da tasirin dumama gaba ɗaya.]] A gefe guda, wani bita na shekarar 2009 ya gano cewa dimming ya ci gaba da karuwa a kasar Sin bayan ya daidaita a cikin shekarun 1990s kuma ya kara karfi a Indiya, daidai da ci gaba da masana'antu, yayin da Amurka, Turai, da [[Koriya ta Kudu]] suka ci gaba da haskakawa. Shaidu daga Zimbabwe, [[Chile]] da [[Venezuela]] sun kuma nuna karuwar raguwa a wannan lokacin, duk da cewa a matakin amincewa mafi ƙaranci saboda ƙananan abubuwan lura.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Wild |first=Martin |last2=Trüssel |first2=Barbara |last3=Ohmura |first3=Atsumu |last4=Long |first4=Charles N. |last5=König-Langlo |first5=Gert |last6=Dutton |first6=Ellsworth G. |last7=Tsvetkov |first7=Anatoly |date=16 May 2009 |title=Global dimming and brightening: An update beyond 2000 |journal=Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres |volume=114 |issue=D10 |pages=D00D13 |bibcode=2009JGRD..114.0D13W |doi=10.1029/2008JD011382 |doi-access=free}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Carnell |first=R. E. |last2=Senior |first2=C. A. |date=April 1998 |title=Changes in mid-latitude variability due to increasing greenhouse gases and sulphate aerosols |journal=Climate Dynamics |volume=14 |issue=5 |pages=369–383 |bibcode=1998ClDy...14..369C |doi=10.1007/s003820050229 |s2cid=129699440}}</ref> Bincike daga baya ya gano cewa a kan kasar Sin, yanayin da ke raguwa ya ci gaba da raguwa bayan 1990, kuma bai fara juyawa ba har sai a kusa da shekara ta 2005. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=He |first=Yanyi |last2=Wang |first2=Kaicun |last3=Zhou |first3=Chunlüe |last4=Wild |first4=Martin |date=19 April 2018 |title=A Revisit of Global Dimming and Brightening Based on the Sunshine Duration |journal=Geophysical Research Letters |volume=6 |issue=9 |page=6346 |bibcode=2018GeoRL..45.4281H |doi=10.1029/2018GL077424 |s2cid=134001797 |hdl-access=free}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=He |first=Yanyi |last2=Wang |first2=Kaicun |last3=Zhou |first3=Chunlüe |last4=Wild |first4=Martin |date=15 April 2022 |title=Evaluation of surface solar radiation trends over China since the 1960s in the CMIP6 models and potential impact of aerosol emissions |journal=Atmospheric Research |volume=268 |page=105991 |bibcode=2022AtmRe.26805991W |doi=10.1016/j.atmosres.2021.105991 |s2cid=245483347 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Saboda wadannan bambance-bambance, babu wani canji mai mahimmanci da ya faru a duniya daga shekara ta 2001 zuwa shekarar 2012.<ref name="IPCC_WGI_Ch11">{{Cite journal |last=Seneviratne |first=S.I. |last2=Zhang |first2=X. |last3=Adnan |first3=M. |last4=Badi |first4=W. |last5=Dereczynski |first5=C. |last6=Di Luca |first6=A. |last7=Ghosh |first7=S. |last8=Iskandar |first8=I. |last9=Kossin |first9=J. |last10=Lewis |first10=S. |last11=Otto |first11=F. |last12=Pinto |first12=I. |last13=Satoh |first13=M. |last14=Vicente-Serrano |first14=S. 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'''2021''': <span class="nowrap">1513–</span>1766. [[Bibcode (identifier)|Bibcode]]:[https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2021AGUFM.U13B..05K 2021AGUFM.U13B..05K]. [[Doi (identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.1017/9781009157896.007|10.1017/9781009157896.007]].</cite></ref> Binciken bayan 2010 ya nuna cewa raguwar duniya a cikin maida hankali ga aerosol da dimming na duniya sun ci gaba, tare da kula da gurɓataccen yanayi a Masana'antar sufuri ta duniya da ke taka muhimmiyar rawa a cikin 'yan shekarun nan.<ref name="Quaas2022">{{Cite journal |last=Quaas |first=Johannes |last2=Jia |first2=Hailing |last3=Smith |first3=Chris |last4=Albright |first4=Anna Lea |last5=Aas |first5=Wenche |last6=Bellouin |first6=Nicolas |last7=Boucher |first7=Olivier |last8=Doutriaux-Boucher |first8=Marie |last9=Forster |first9=Piers M. |last10=Grosvenor |first10=Daniel |last11=Jenkins |first11=Stuart |last12=Klimont |first12=Zbigniew |last13=Loeb |first13=Norman G. |last14=Ma |first14=Xiaoyan |last15=Naik |first15=Vaishali |date=21 September 2022 |title=Robust evidence for reversal of the trend in aerosol effective climate forcing |url=https://acp.copernicus.org/articles/22/12221/2022/ |journal=Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics |language=en |volume=22 |issue=18 |pages=12221–12239 |bibcode=2022ACP....2212221Q |doi=10.5194/acp-22-12221-2022 |s2cid=252446168 |doi-access=free |hdl-access=free}}</ref> Tun da kusan kashi 90% na yawan mutane suna zaune a Arewacin Hemisphere, girgije da ke akwai sun fi shafar aerosols fiye da Kudancin Hemispher, amma waɗannan bambance-bambance sun ragu a cikin shekaru ashirin tun daga shekara ta 2000, suna ba da ƙarin shaida ga ci gaba da haskaka duniya.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Cao |first=Yang |last2=Zhu |first2=Yannian |last3=Wang |first3=Minghuai |last4=Rosenfeld |first4=Daniel |last5=Liang |first5=Yuan |last6=Liu |first6=Jihu |last7=Liu |first7=Zhoukun |last8=Bai |first8=Heming |date=7 January 2023 |title=Emission Reductions Significantly Reduce the Hemispheric Contrast in Cloud Droplet Number Concentration in Recent Two Decades |journal=Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres |volume=128 |issue=2 |page=e2022JD037417 |bibcode=2023JGRD..12837417C |doi=10.1029/2022JD037417 |doi-access=free}}</ref> == Dangantaka da canjin yanayi == === Rashin sanyaya daga sulfate aerosols === [[Fayil:Bellouin_2019_aerosol_cloud_interactions.jpg|thumb|Rashin gurɓata iska, gami da daga babban tsaunuka na ƙasa, ya kara yawan kasancewar aerosols a cikin yanayi idan aka kwatanta da matakan baya na masana'antu. Nau'ikan barbashi daban-daban suna da sakamako daban-daban, kuma akwai ma'amala iri-iri a cikin nau'ikan yanayi daban-daban. Gabaɗaya, suna ba da sanyaya, amma rikitarwa yana sa ainihin ƙarfin sanyaya yana da wuyar kimantawa.<ref name="Bellouin2019">{{Cite journal |last=Bellouin |first=N. |last2=Quaas |first2=J. |last3=Gryspeerdt |first3=E. |last4=Kinne |first4=S. |last5=Stier |first5=P. |last6=Watson-Parris |first6=D. |last7=Boucher |first7=O. |last8=Carslaw |first8=K. S. |last9=Christensen |first9=M. |last10=Daniau |first10=A.-L. |last11=Dufresne |first11=J.-L. |last12=Feingold |first12=G. |last13=Fiedler |first13=S. |last14=Forster |first14=P. |last15=Gettelman |first15=A. |date=1 November 2019 |title=Bounding Global Aerosol Radiative Forcing of Climate Change |journal=Reviews of Geophysics |volume=58 |issue=1 |page=e2019RG000660 |doi=10.1029/2019RG000660 |pmc=7384191 |pmid=32734279}}<cite class="citation journal cs1" data-ve-ignore="true" id="CITEREFBellouinQuaasGryspeerdtKinne2019">Bellouin, N.; Quaas, J.; Gryspeerdt, E.; Kinne, S.; Stier, P.; Watson-Parris, D.; Boucher, O.; Carslaw, K. S.; Christensen, M.; Daniau, A.-L.; Dufresne, J.-L.; Feingold, G.; Fiedler, S.; Forster, P.; Gettelman, A.; Haywood, J. M.; Lohmann, U.; Malavelle, F.; Mauritsen, T.; McCoy, D. T.; Myhre, G.; Mülmenstädt, J.; Neubauer, D.; Possner, A.; Rugenstein, M.; Sato, Y.; Schulz, M.; Schwartz, S. E.; Sourdeval, O.; Storelvmo, T.; Toll, V.; Winker, D.; Stevens, B. (1 November 2019). [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7384191 "Bounding Global Aerosol Radiative Forcing of Climate Change"]. ''Reviews of Geophysics''. '''58''' (1): e2019RG000660. [[Doi (identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.1029/2019RG000660|10.1029/2019RG000660]]. [[PMC (identifier)|PMC]]&nbsp;<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible">[https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7384191 7384191]</span>. [[PMID (identifier)|PMID]]&nbsp;[https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32734279 32734279].</cite></ref>]] Aerosols suna da tasirin sanyaya, wanda ya rufe jimlar yanayin zafi na duniya da aka samu har zuwa yau.<ref name="Bellouin2019">{{Cite journal |last=Bellouin |first=N. |last2=Quaas |first2=J. |last3=Gryspeerdt |first3=E. |last4=Kinne |first4=S. |last5=Stier |first5=P. |last6=Watson-Parris |first6=D. |last7=Boucher |first7=O. |last8=Carslaw |first8=K. S. |last9=Christensen |first9=M. |last10=Daniau |first10=A.-L. |last11=Dufresne |first11=J.-L. |last12=Feingold |first12=G. |last13=Fiedler |first13=S. |last14=Forster |first14=P. |last15=Gettelman |first15=A. |date=1 November 2019 |title=Bounding Global Aerosol Radiative Forcing of Climate Change |journal=Reviews of Geophysics |volume=58 |issue=1 |page=e2019RG000660 |doi=10.1029/2019RG000660 |pmc=7384191 |pmid=32734279}}<cite class="citation journal cs1" data-ve-ignore="true" id="CITEREFBellouinQuaasGryspeerdtKinne2019">Bellouin, N.; Quaas, J.; Gryspeerdt, E.; Kinne, S.; Stier, P.; Watson-Parris, D.; Boucher, O.; Carslaw, K. S.; Christensen, M.; Daniau, A.-L.; Dufresne, J.-L.; Feingold, G.; Fiedler, S.; Forster, P.; Gettelman, A.; Haywood, J. M.; Lohmann, U.; Malavelle, F.; Mauritsen, T.; McCoy, D. T.; Myhre, G.; Mülmenstädt, J.; Neubauer, D.; Possner, A.; Rugenstein, M.; Sato, Y.; Schulz, M.; Schwartz, S. E.; Sourdeval, O.; Storelvmo, T.; Toll, V.; Winker, D.; Stevens, B. (1 November 2019). [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7384191 "Bounding Global Aerosol Radiative Forcing of Climate Change"]. ''Reviews of Geophysics''. '''58''' (1): e2019RG000660. [[Doi (identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.1029/2019RG000660|10.1029/2019RG000660]]. [[PMC (identifier)|PMC]]&nbsp;<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible">[https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7384191 7384191]</span>. [[PMID (identifier)|PMID]]&nbsp;[https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32734279 32734279].</cite></ref> An fahimci na dogon lokaci cewa duk wani tasiri a kan hasken rana daga aerosols zai shafi Ma'aunin radiation na duniya. An riga an lura da raguwar yanayin yanayi bayan manyan fashewar dutse kamar fashewar Dutsen Agung a Bali a shekarar 1963, fashewar El Chichón a Mexico, fashewar Nevado del Ruiz a Colombia da fashewar Mount Pinatubo a Philippines a Shekara ta 1991. Koyaya, har ma da manyan fashewar suna haifar da tsalle-tsalle na ɗan lokaci na ƙwayoyin sulfur, ba kamar karuwar da ta haifar da gurɓataccen mutum ba. A cikin shekara ta 1990, Rahoton Bincike na Farko na IPCC ya yarda cewa "Aerosols da aka yi da mutum, daga sulfur da aka fitar da shi da yawa a cikin konewar man fetur na iya canza girgije kuma wannan na iya aiki zuwa rage yanayin zafi", yayin da "a iya sa ran raguwar hayaki na sulfur don kara yawan yanayin duniya". Koyaya, rashin bayanan lura da matsaloli wajen lissafin tasirin kai tsaye akan girgije ya bar rahoton ba zai iya kimanta ko jimlar tasirin duk anthropogenic aerosols akan zafin duniya ya kai ga sanyaya ko dumama ba. A shekara ta 1995, Rahoton Bincike na Biyu na IPCC ya amince da tasirin tasirin aerosols gaba ɗaya a matsayin mara kyau (mai sanyaya); duk da haka, an gane aerosols a matsayin babbar tushen rashin tabbas a cikin tsinkaye na gaba a cikin wannan rahoton da na gaba. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Zeke Hausfather |date=5 October 2017 |title=Analysis: How well have climate models projected global warming? |url=https://www.carbonbrief.org/analysis-how-well-have-climate-models-projected-global-warming/ |access-date=2023-03-21 |publisher=[[Carbon Brief]]}}</ref><ref name="IPCC_WGI_Ch11"/> === Warming daga baƙar fata carbon === Ba kamar gurɓataccen sulfate ba, baƙar carbon yana ba da gudummawa ga ƙarancin duniya da dumama na duniya, tunda barbashi suna shan hasken rana da zafi maimakon nuna shi.<ref name="Bond2013"/> Wadannan barbashi kuma suna samar da murfin murfi a tsawon lokaci, wanda zai iya kara yawan shafar farko har zuwa 40%. Saboda yawan da aka kafa waɗannan sutura ya bambanta dangane da lokacin, dumama daga baƙar fata carbon ya bambanta da yanayi.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Mbengue |first=Saliou |last2=Zikova |first2=Nadezda |last3=Schwarz |first3=Jaroslav |last4=Vodička |first4=Petr |last5=Šmejkalová |first5=Adéla Holubová |last6=Holoubek |first6=Ivan |date=28 June 2021 |title=Mass absorption cross-section and absorption enhancement from long term black and elemental carbon measurements: A rural background station in Central Europe |journal=Science of the Total Environment |volume=794 |issue=1 |page=148365 |bibcode=2021ScTEn.79448365M |doi=10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.148365 |pmc=8434419 |pmid=34198082}}</ref> Kodayake wannan dumama ya fi rauni fiye da dumama da aka haifar da ko sanyaya daga sulfates, <ref name="IPCC_WGI_SPM"/> yana iya zama muhimmiyar yanki lokacin da aka sanya carbon baƙar fata a kan kan [[Gileshiya (Tsaunin kankara)|kankara]] kamar dutsen kankara da kankara na Greenland. A can, yana rage albedo kuma yana ƙara yawan ƙwaƙwalwar hasken rana, wanda ke hanzarta narkewar su.<ref name="Ramanathan2008"/> Black carbon kuma yana da gudummawa mai yawa ga dumama cikin gida a cikin biranen da aka gurbata.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Peng |first=Jianfei |last2=Hu |first2=Min |last3=Guo |first3=Song |last4=Zhang |first4=Renyi |date=28 March 2016 |title=Markedly enhanced absorption and direct radiative forcing of black carbon under polluted urban environments |journal=PNAS |volume=113 |issue=16 |pages=4266–4271 |bibcode=2016PNAS..113.4266P |doi=10.1073/pnas.1602310113 |pmc=4843448 |pmid=27035993 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Ko da tasirin kai tsaye na barbashi na soot da ke aiki a matsayin ƙwayoyin girgije ba su da ƙarfi don samar da sanyaya: an san "girgije mai launin ruwan kasa" da aka kafa a kusa da barbashi na su da tasirin dumama tun daga shekarun 2000.<ref>{{Cite web |last=National Science Foundation |author-link=National Science Foundation |date=1 August 2007 |title="Brown Cloud" Particulate Pollution Amplifies Global Warming |url=https://www.nsf.gov/news/news_summ.jsp?cntn_id=109712 |access-date=2008-04-03 |archive-date=2019-01-07 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190107072211/https://www.nsf.gov/news/news_summ.jsp?cntn_id=109712 |url-status=dead }}</ref> Black carbon gurɓata yana da ƙarfi sosai a kan Indiya: don haka, an dauke shi ɗaya daga cikin yankuna kalilan inda tsaftace gurɓataccen iska zai rage, maimakon ƙaruwa, dumama.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Miinalainen |first=Tuuli |last2=Kokkola |first2=Harri |last3=Lipponen |first3=Antti |last4=Hyvärinen |first4=Antti-Pekka |last5=Kumar Soni |first5=Vijay |last6=Lehtinen |first6=Kari E. J. |last7=Kühn |first7=Thomas |date=20 March 2023 |title=Assessing the climate and air quality effects of future aerosol mitigation in India using a global climate model combined with statistical downscaling |url=https://acp.copernicus.org/articles/23/3471/2023/ |journal=Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics |language=en |volume=23 |issue=6 |pages=3471–3491 |bibcode=2023ACP....23.3471M |doi=10.5194/acp-23-3471-2023 |s2cid=253222600 |doi-access=free}}</ref> === Ƙananan rawar da jirgin sama ke takawa === [[Fayil:Sfc.contrail.1.26.01.JPG|thumb|Jirgin sama (fararen layi) da girgije na halitta.]] Jirgin sama yana barin abubuwan da ake gani (wanda aka fi sani da hanyoyin tururi) yayin da suke tafiya. Wadannan ƙwayoyin suna nuna hasken rana mai shigowa da tarkon hasken rana wanda ke fitowa daga Duniya. Saboda contrails suna nuna hasken rana kawai a rana, amma kama zafi rana da dare, galibi ana ɗaukar su don haifar da dumama, duk da cewa ƙananan ne. Kimanin 199² ya kasance tsakanin 3.5 mW / m² da 17 mW / mm2 - daruruwan sau karami fiye da tilasta radiative daga manyan iskar gas.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Ponater |first=M. |year=2005 |title=On contrail climate sensitivity |journal=[[Geophysical Research Letters]] |volume=32 |issue=10 |pages=L10706 |bibcode=2005GeoRL..3210706P |doi=10.1029/2005GL022580 |doi-access=free}}</ref>&nbsp;&nbsp; Koyaya, wasu masana kimiyya sun yi jayayya cewa tasirin sanyaya na rana daga contrails ya fi ƙarfin fiye da yadda aka kiyasta, kuma wannan gardamar ta ja hankalin mutane bayan [[September 11 attacks|Hare-haren Satumba 11]]. Saboda babu jirgin sama na kasuwanci da ya tashi a fadin Amurka nan da nan bayan hare-haren, an dauki wannan lokacin a matsayin ainihin zanga-zangar duniya na yanayin da ba shi da iska. A cikin Tashoshin yanayi 4,000 a cikin nahiyar Amurka, bambancin zafin jiki na rana (bambanci a cikin manyan da ƙananan rana a tashar da aka ɗora) an faɗaɗa shi da {{Cvt|1.1|C-change|F-change}} ° C (2.0 ° F) - mafi girman ƙaruwa da aka rubuta a cikin shekaru 30.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Travis |first=David J. |last2=Carleton |first2=Andrew M. |last3=Lauritsen |first3=Ryan G. |year=2002 |title=Contrails reduce daily temperature range |url=http://facstaff.uww.edu/travisd/pdf/jetcontrailsrecentresearch.pdf |url-status=dead |journal=[[Nature (journal)|Nature]] |volume=418 |issue=6898 |page=601 |bibcode=2002Natur.418..601T |doi=10.1038/418601a |pmid=12167846 |s2cid=4425866 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060503192714/http://facstaff.uww.edu/travisd/pdf/jetcontrailsrecentresearch.pdf |archive-date=3 May 2006}}</ref> A kudancin Amurka, bambancin ya ragu da kimanin {{Cvt|6|F-change|C-change}} ° C (6 ° F), kuma da {{Cvt|5|F-change|C-change}} ° C (5 ° F) a tsakiyar yammacin Amurka. Wasu masana kimiyya sun fassara wannan a matsayin hujja na tasirin sanyaya mai karfi na jirgin sama.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Travis |first=D.J. |last2=A.M. Carleton |last3=R.G. Lauritsen |date=March 2004 |title=Regional Variations in U.S. Diurnal Temperature Range for the 11–14 September 2001 Aircraft Groundings: Evidence of Jet Contrail Influence on Climate |url=https://journals.ametsoc.org/view/journals/clim/17/5/1520-0442_2004_017_1123_rviudt_2.0.co_2.xml |journal=J. Clim. |volume=17 |issue=5 |page=1123 |bibcode=2004JCli...17.1123T |doi=10.1175/1520-0442(2004)017<1123:RVIUDT>2.0.CO;2}}</ref> === Historical cooling === [[Fayil:Physical_Drivers_of_climate_change.svg|thumb|Wannan ginshiƙi yana nuna yadda abubuwa daban-daban na jiki ke shafar [[Canjin yanayi]]. Misali, sulfur dioxide yana haifar da sanyaya saboda yana amsawa don samar da sulfates masu nuna hasken rana iri-iri. Babban kuskuren kuskuren ya nuna cewa akwai rashin tabbas da yawa game da ƙarfin sanyaya wanda sulfur dioxide ya haifar a cikin yanayi.]] A saman ƙarancin duniya, sulfur dioxide ya sami damar magance yanayin dumama gaba ɗaya. A shekara ta {{Convert|1|C-change|F-change}}, ci gaba da karuwa na iskar gas din ya shawo kan tasirin rufewa, kuma sun mamaye tun daga lokacin.<ref name="EPA2">{{Cite web |date=8 July 2014 |title=Air Emissions Trends – Continued Progress Through 2005 |url=http://www.epa.gov/airtrends/econ-emissions.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070317212933/http://www.epa.gov/airtrends/econ-emissions.html |archive-date=2007-03-17 |access-date=2007-03-17 |publisher=[[United States Environmental Protection Agency|U.S. Environmental Protection Agency]]}}</ref> Ko da a lokacin, yankuna masu yawan [[Sulfate aerosol|Sulfate aerosols]] saboda gurɓataccen iska sun fara samun sanyaya, ya sabawa yanayin dumama gaba ɗaya.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Crichton's Thriller State of Fear: Separating Fact from Fiction |url=http://www.ucsusa.org/global_warming/science/crichton-thriller-state-of-fear.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060614125559/http://www.ucsusa.org/global_warming/science/crichton-thriller-state-of-fear.html |archive-date=14 June 2006 |access-date=12 June 2006}}</ref> Gabashin Amurka sanannen misali ne: yanayin zafi a can ya ragu da {{Convert|0.7|C-change|F-change}} ° C (1.3 ° F) tsakanin 1970 da 1980, kuma har zuwa 1 ° C (1.8 ° F) a cikin [[Arkansas (jiha)|Arkansas]] da [[Missouri (jiha)|Missouri]].<ref name=":02">{{Cite web |date=18 May 2012 |title="Warming Hole" Over the Eastern U.S. Due to Air Pollution |url=https://earthobservatory.nasa.gov/images/77966/warming-hole-over-the-eastern-us-due-to-air-pollution |publisher=[[NASA]]}}</ref> === Haskakawa da hanzarin dumama === Tun daga shekarun 1980s, raguwar dimming na duniya ya ba da gudummawa ga yanayin zafi na duniya. matsanancin zafi ya hanzarta yayin da ƙarancin duniya ya ragu. An kiyasta cewa tun daga tsakiyar shekarun 1990, yawan yanayin zafi na yau da kullun a arewa maso gabashin Asiya da kwanakin zafi na shekara a Yammacin Turai za su kasance da sanyi sosai idan maida hankali ga aerosol ya kasance kamar yadda yake a baya.<ref name="IPCC_WGI_Ch11"/> Wasu daga cikin hanzarin hauhawar matakin teku, da kuma karuwar Arctic da raguwar kankara na teku na Arctic, an kuma danganta su da raguwar rufewar aerosol.<ref name="Wild2007"/><ref name="Kerr 2007">{{Cite journal |last=Kerr |first=Richard A. |date=16 March 2007 |title=Climate change: Is a Thinning Haze Unveiling the Real Global Warming? |journal=[[Science (journal)|Science]] |volume=315 |issue=5818 |page=1480 |doi=10.1126/science.315.5818.1480 |pmid=17363636 |s2cid=40829354 |doi-access=free}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Krishnan |first=Srinath |last2=Ekman |first2=Annica M. L. |last3=Hansson |first3=Hans-Christen |last4=Riipinen |first4=Ilona |last5=Lewinschal |first5=Anna |last6=Wilcox |first6=Laura J. |last7=Dallafior |first7=Tanja |date=28 March 2020 |title=The Roles of the Atmosphere and Ocean in Driving Arctic Warming Due to European Aerosol Reductions |journal=Geophysical Research Letters |language=en |volume=47 |issue=11 |pages=e2019GL086681 |bibcode=2020GeoRL..4786681K |doi=10.1029/2019GL086681 |s2cid=216171731}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=14 December 2021 |title=The Arctic is warming four times faster than the rest of the world |url=https://www.science.org/content/article/arctic-warming-four-times-faster-rest-world |access-date=6 October 2022 |language=en}}</ref> A Turai, raguwar yawan aerosol tun daga shekarun {{Convert|1|C-change|F-change}} sun kuma [[Rage iska mai nauyi (Haze)|haze]] hazo, hazo da hauka: gabaɗaya, yana da alhakin kusan 10-20% na dumama na rana a duk faɗin Turai, da kuma kusan 50% na dumama a kan mafi gurɓataccen Gabashin Turai.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Vautard |first=Robert |last2=Yiou |first2=Pascal |last3=Oldenborgh |first3=Geert Jan van |date=3 December 2021 |title=Decline of fog, mist and haze in Europe over the past 30 years |url=https://www.nature.com/articles/ngeo414 |journal=Nature Geoscience |volume=2 |issue=2 |pages=115–119 |doi=10.1038/ngeo414 |url-access=subscription}}</ref> Saboda sanyaya aerosol ya dogara da nuna hasken rana, ingantaccen iska yana da tasiri mara kyau a yanayin zafi na hunturu, amma ya karu da yanayin zafi daga Afrilu zuwa Satumba da kusan 1 ° C (1.8 ° F) a Tsakiya da Gabashin Turai.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Markowicz |first=Krzysztof M. |last2=Zawadzka-Manko |first2=Olga |last3=Posyniak |first3=Michal |date=3 December 2021 |title=A large reduction of direct aerosol cooling over Poland in the last decades |journal=International Journal of Climatology |volume=42 |issue=7 |pages=4129–4146 |doi=10.1002/joc.7488 |s2cid=244881291 |doi-access=free}}</ref><ref name="Glantz2022">{{Cite journal |last=Glantz |first=P. |last2=Fawole |first2=O. G. |last3=Ström |first3=J. |last4=Wild |first4=M. |last5=Noone |first5=K. J. |date=27 November 2022 |title=Unmasking the Effects of Aerosols on Greenhouse Warming Over Europe |url=https://agupubs.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.1029/2021JD035889 |journal=Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres |volume=127 |issue=22 |pages=e2021JD035889 |bibcode=2022JGRD..12735889G |doi=10.1029/2021JD035889 |s2cid=253357109 |hdl-access=free}}</ref> Tsakiyar Amurka da gabashin Amurka sun sami dumama na {{Convert|0.3|C-change|F-change}} ° C (0.54 ° F) tsakanin 1980 da 2010 yayin da aka rage gurɓataccen sulfate, koda kuwa ƙwayoyin sulfate har yanzu suna da kusan kashi 25% na dukkan ƙwayoyin. <ref name=":0">{{Cite web |date=18 May 2012 |title="Warming Hole" Over the Eastern U.S. Due to Air Pollution |url=https://earthobservatory.nasa.gov/images/77966/warming-hole-over-the-eastern-us-due-to-air-pollution |publisher=[[NASA]]}}</ref><ref name="EPAHealth"/> A shekara ta 2021, gabar arewa maso gabashin Amurka ta kasance ɗaya daga cikin yankuna masu saurin dumama na Arewacin Amurka, yayin da raguwar Atlantic Meridional Overturning Circulation ya kara yawan zafin jiki a wannan ɓangaren [[Tekun Atalanta|Tekun Atlantika]].<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Karmalkar |first=Ambarish V. |last2=Horton |first2=Radley M. |date=23 September 2021 |title=Drivers of exceptional coastal warming in the northeastern United States |journal=[[Nature (journal)|Nature Climate Change]] |volume=11 |issue=10 |pages=854–860 |bibcode=2021NatCC..11..854K |doi=10.1038/s41558-021-01159-7 |s2cid=237611075}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Krajick |first=Kevin |date=23 September 2021 |title=Why the U.S. Northeast Coast Is a Global Warming Hot Spot |url=https://news.climate.columbia.edu/2021/09/23/the-u-s-northeast-coast-is-a-global-warming-hot-spot-says-study/ |access-date=2023-03-23 |publisher=[[Columbia Climate School]]}}</ref> [[Fayil:Yang_2020_China_lockdowns_temperature.jpg|thumb|Ragewa da sauri a cikin gurɓataccen iska wanda ya haifar da kullewar COVID-19 a China yana da alhakin har zuwa 40% na canje-canjen zafin jiki na yanki a cikin Janairu-Maris,na shekarar 2020, dangane da Janairu-Marsi, shekarar2019 <ref name="Yang2020">{{Cite journal |last=Yang |first=Yang |last2=Ren |first2=Lili |last3=Li |first3=Huimin |last4=Wang |first4=Hailong |last5=Wang |first5=Pinya |last6=Chen |first6=Lei |last7=Yue |first7=Xu |last8=Liao |first8=Hong |date=17 September 2020 |title=Fast Climate Responses to Aerosol Emission Reductions During the COVID-19 Pandemic |journal=Geophysical Research Letters |volume=47 |issue=19 |page=ee2020GL089788 |bibcode=2020GeoRL..4789788Y |doi=10.1029/2020GL089788 |doi-access=free}}</ref>]] A cikin shekara ta 2020, kullewar COVID-19 ta samar da sanannen "gwaji na halitta", saboda an sami raguwar sulfate da baƙar fata na carbon wanda ya haifar da raguwar zirga-zirgar hanya da fitar da masana'antu. Wannan raguwa yana da tasirin dumama mai ganowa: an kiyasta cewa ya karu da yanayin zafi na duniya da 0.01-0.02 ° C (0.018-{{Convert|0.03|C-change|F-change}} ° F) da farko kuma har zuwa 0.03 ° C (0.054 ° F) ta 2023, kafin ya ɓace. A cikin yanki, an kiyasta kullewar don kara yawan zafin jiki da 0.05-0.15 a gabashin China a cikin Janairu-Maris, sannan da 0.04-0.07 akan Turai, gabashin Amurka, da Kudancin Asiya a watan Maris-Mayu, tare da tasirin {{Convert|0.3|C-change|F-change}} na wasu yankuna na Amurka da Rasha.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Gettelman |first=A. |last2=Lamboll |first2=R. |last3=Bardeen |first3=C. G. |last4=Forster |first4=P. M. |last5=Watson-Parris |first5=D. |date=29 December 2020 |title=Climate Impacts of COVID-19 Induced Emission Changes |journal=Geophysical Research Letters |volume=48 |issue=3 |page=e2020GL091805 |doi=10.1029/2020GL091805 |doi-access=free}}</ref><ref name="Yang2020">{{Cite journal |last=Yang |first=Yang |last2=Ren |first2=Lili |last3=Li |first3=Huimin |last4=Wang |first4=Hailong |last5=Wang |first5=Pinya |last6=Chen |first6=Lei |last7=Yue |first7=Xu |last8=Liao |first8=Hong |date=17 September 2020 |title=Fast Climate Responses to Aerosol Emission Reductions During the COVID-19 Pandemic |journal=Geophysical Research Letters |volume=47 |issue=19 |page=ee2020GL089788 |bibcode=2020GeoRL..4789788Y |doi=10.1029/2020GL089788 |doi-access=free}}<cite class="citation journal cs1" data-ve-ignore="true" id="CITEREFYangRenLiWang2020">Yang, Yang; Ren, Lili; Li, Huimin; Wang, Hailong; Wang, Pinya; Chen, Lei; Yue, Xu; Liao, Hong (17 September 2020). [[doi:10.1029/2020GL089788|"Fast Climate Responses to Aerosol Emission Reductions During the COVID-19 Pandemic"]]. ''Geophysical Research Letters''. '''47''' (19): ee2020GL089788. [[Bibcode (identifier)|Bibcode]]:[https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2020GeoRL..4789788Y 2020GeoRL..4789788Y]. [[Doi (identifier)|doi]]:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible">[[doi:10.1029/2020GL089788|10.1029/2020GL089788]]</span>.</cite></ref> A cikin birnin [[Wuhan]], an gano tasirin tsibirin zafi na birane ya ragu da {{Convert|0.24|C-change|F-change}} ° C (0.43 ° F) da dare kuma da 0.12 ° C (0.22 ° F) gabaɗaya yayin makullin da ya fi tsananin.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Sun |first=Shanlei |last2=Zhou |first2=Decheng |last3=Chen |first3=Haishan |last4=Li |first4=Jinjian |last5=Ren |first5=Yongjian |last6=Liao |first6=Hong |last7=Liu |first7=Yibo |date=25 June 2022 |title=Decreases in the urban heat island effect during the Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) lockdown in Wuhan, China: Observational evidence |journal=International Journal of Climatology |volume=42 |issue=16 |pages=8792–8803 |bibcode=2022IJCli..42.8792S |doi=10.1002/joc.7771 |doi-access=free}}</ref> === Makomar nan gaba === Tun da canje-canje a cikin maida hankali na aerosol sun riga sun yi tasiri a kan yanayin duniya, dole ne su rinjayi tsinkaye na gaba. A zahiri, ba zai yiwu a kimanta tasirin dumama na duk iskar gas ba tare da lissafin maganin sanyaya daga aerosols ba.<ref name="XuRamanathanVictor2018"/><ref name="Bellouin2019"/> [[Fayil:Estimates_of_past_and_future_SO2_global_anthropogenic_emissions.png|left|thumb|A farkon shekarun 2010 an kiyasta abubuwan da suka gabata da na gaba na fitar da sulfur dioxide na duniya, gami da hanyoyin wakilci. Duk da yake babu [[Yanayin canjin yanayi]] da zai iya kaiwa Maximum Feasible Reductions (MFRs), duk suna ɗaukar raguwa mai yawa daga matakan yau. A shekara ta 2019, an tabbatar da raguwar fitar da sulfate don ci gaba da sauri.<ref name="XuRamanathanVictor2018">{{Cite journal |last=Xu |first=Yangyang |last2=Ramanathan |first2=Veerabhadran |last3=Victor |first3=David G. |date=5 December 2018 |title=Global warming will happen faster than we think |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/329411074 |journal=Nature |language=en |volume=564 |issue=7734 |pages=30–32 |bibcode=2018Natur.564...30X |doi=10.1038/d41586-018-07586-5 |pmid=30518902 |doi-access=free}}<cite class="citation journal cs1" data-ve-ignore="true" id="CITEREFXuRamanathanVictor2018">Xu, Yangyang; Ramanathan, Veerabhadran; Victor, David G. (5 December 2018). [https://www.researchgate.net/publication/329411074 "Global warming will happen faster than we think"]. ''Nature''. '''564''' (7734): <span class="nowrap">30–</span>32. [[Bibcode (identifier)|Bibcode]]:[https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2018Natur.564...30X 2018Natur.564...30X]. [[Doi (identifier)|doi]]:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible">[[doi:10.1038/d41586-018-07586-5|10.1038/d41586-018-07586-5]]</span>. [[PMID (identifier)|PMID]]&nbsp;[https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30518902 30518902].</cite></ref>]] [[Tsarin yanayi|Misalai na yanayi]] sun fara lissafin tasirin sulfate aerosols a kusa da Rahoton Bincike na Biyu na IPCC; lokacin da aka buga Rahoton Bishara na Huɗu na IPCC a cikin shekara ta 2007, kowane samfurin yanayi yana da sulfates, amma 5 ne kawai suka iya lissafin ƙananan ƙwayoyin kamar baƙar fata.<ref name="NASA2010"/> Yazo a shekarar 2021, samfuran CMIP6 sun kiyasta jimlar sanyaya aerosol a cikin kewayon daga {{Convert|0.1|C-change|F-change}} ° C ({{Convert|0.1|C-change|F-change}} ° F) zuwa {{Convert|0.7|C-change|F-change}} ° C (1.3 ° F); Rahoton Bincike na shida na IPCC ya zaɓi mafi kyawun ƙididdigar sanyaya {{Convert|0.5|C-change|F-change}} ° C (0.90 ° F) da sulfate aerosols suka bayar, yayin da baƙar carbon ya kai kusan 0.1 na dumama.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Gillett |first=Nathan P. |last2=Kirchmeier-Young |first2=Megan |last3=Ribes |first3=Aurélien |last4=Shiogama |first4=Hideo |last5=Hegerl |first5=Gabriele C. |last6=Knutti |first6=Reto |last7=Gastineau |first7=Guillaume |last8=John |first8=Jasmin G. |last9=Li |first9=Lijuan |last10=Nazarenko |first10=Larissa |last11=Rosenbloom |first11=Nan |last12=Seland |first12=Øyvind |last13=Wu |first13=Tongwen |last14=Yukimoto |first14=Seiji |last15=Ziehn |first15=Tilo |date=18 January 2021 |title=Constraining human contributions to observed warming since the pre-industrial period |url=https://repository.library.noaa.gov/view/noaa/32874/noaa_32874_DS1.pdf |journal=Nature Climate Change |volume=11 |issue=3 |pages=207–212 |bibcode=2021NatCC..11..207G |doi=10.1038/s41558-020-00965-9 |s2cid=231670652}}</ref><ref name="IPCC_WGI_SPM"/> Duk da yake waɗannan dabi'u sun dogara ne akan haɗakar ƙididdigar samfurin tare da ƙuntatawa na lura, gami da waɗanda ke kan abubuwan zafi na teku, ba a riga an daidaita batun ba.<ref name="Quaas2022"/> Bambanci tsakanin ƙididdigar samfurin ya samo asali ne daga rashin jituwa game da tasirin kai tsaye na aerosols akan girgije.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Zhang |first=Jie |last2=Furtado |first2=Kalli |last3=Turnock |first3=Steven T. |last4=Mulcahy |first4=Jane P. |last5=Wilcox |first5=Laura J. |last6=Booth |first6=Ben B. |last7=Sexton |first7=David |last8=Wu |first8=Tongwen |last9=Zhang |first9=Fang |last10=Liu |first10=Qianxia |date=22 December 2021 |title=The role of anthropogenic aerosols in the anomalous cooling from 1960 to 1990 in the CMIP6 Earth system models |url=https://acp.copernicus.org/articles/21/18609/2021/ |journal=Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics |language=en |volume=21 |issue=4 |pages=18609–18627 |bibcode=2021ACP....2118609Z |doi=10.5194/acp-21-18609-2021 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Regardless of the current strength of aerosol cooling, all future [[Yanayin canjin yanayi|climate change scenarios]] project decreases in particulates and this includes the scenarios where {{Convert|1.5|C-change|F-change}} and {{Convert|2|C-change|F-change}} targets are met: their specific emission reduction targets assume the need to make up for lower dimming.<ref name="IPCC_WGI_SPM"/> Since models estimate that the cooling caused by sulfates is largely equivalent to the warming caused by atmospheric methane (and since methane is a relatively short-lived greenhouse gas), it is believed that simultaneous reductions in both would effectively cancel each other out.<ref name="CB2021">{{Cite web |last=Hausfather |first=Zeke |date=29 April 2021 |title=Explainer: Will global warming 'stop' as soon as net-zero emissions are reached? |url=https://www.carbonbrief.org/explainer-will-global-warming-stop-as-soon-as-net-zero-emissions-are-reached |access-date=3 March 2023 |publisher=[[Carbon Brief]]}}</ref> <ref name="Hassan2022">{{Cite journal |last=Hassan |first=Taufiq |last2=Allen |first2=Robert J. |display-authors=etal |date=27 June 2022 |title=Air quality improvements are projected to weaken the Atlantic meridional overturning circulation through radiative forcing effects |journal=Communications Earth & Environment |volume=3 |issue=3 |page=149 |bibcode=2022ComEE...3..149H |doi=10.1038/s43247-022-00476-9 |s2cid=250077615 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Yet, in the recent years, methane concentrations had been increasing at rates exceeding their previous period of peak growth in the 1980s,<ref>{{Cite web |title=Trends in Atmospheric Methane |url=https://gml.noaa.gov/ccgg/trends_ch4/ |access-date=14 October 2022 |website=[[NOAA]]}}</ref> with wetland methane emissions driving much of the recent growth,<ref>{{Cite journal |vauthors=Lan X, Basu S, Schwietzke S, Bruhwiler LM, Dlugokencky EJ, Michel SE, Sherwood OA, Tans PP, Thoning K, Etiope G, Zhuang Q, Liu L, Oh Y, Miller JB, Pétron G, Vaughn BH, Crippa M |date=8 May 2021 |title=Improved Constraints on Global Methane Emissions and Sinks Using δ¹³C-CH₄ |journal=Global Biogeochemical Cycles |volume=35 |issue=6 |pages=e2021GB007000 |bibcode=2021GBioC..3507000L |doi=10.1029/2021GB007000 |pmc=8244052 |pmid=34219915 |doi-access=free}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Feng |first=Liang |last2=Palmer |first2=Paul I. |last3=Zhu |first3=Sihong |last4=Parker |first4=Robert J. |last5=Liu |first5=Yi |date=16 March 2022 |title=Tropical methane emissions explain large fraction of recent changes in global atmospheric methane growth rate |journal=[[Nature Communications]] |language=en |volume=13 |issue=1 |page=1378 |bibcode=2022NatCo..13.1378F |doi=10.1038/s41467-022-28989-z |pmc=8927109 |pmid=35297408}}</ref> while air pollution is getting cleaned up aggressively.<ref name="Quaas2022"/> These trends are some of the main reasons why {{Convert|1.5|C-change|F-change}} warming is now expected around 2030, as opposed to the mid-2010s estimates where it would not occur until 2040.<ref name="XuRamanathanVictor2018"/> [[Fayil:Luo_2020_aerosol_temps_Europe.jpg|thumb|Magana da gurɓataccen iska a cikin layin Turai tare da manufofi na yanzu (layin shuɗi) na iya ƙara yawan kwanakin zafi da rage yawan sanyi. Wadannan karuwa za su kasance da sauri tare da matsakaicin yiwuwar raguwa (layin ja), sai dai idan an magance fitar da GHG a daidai wannan adadin. Za a ga irin wannan yanayin a kasar Sin <ref name="Luo2020">{{Cite journal |last=Luo |first=Feifei |last2=Wilcox |first2=Laura |last3=Dong |first3=Buwen |last4=Su |first4=Qin |last5=Chen |first5=Wei |last6=Dunstone |first6=Nick |last7=Li |first7=Shuanglin |last8=Gao |first8=Yongqi |date=19 February 2020 |title=Projected near-term changes of temperature extremes in Europe and China under different aerosol emissions |journal=Environmental Research Letters |volume=15 |issue=3 |page=4013 |bibcode=2020ERL....15c4013L |doi=10.1088/1748-9326/ab6b34 |doi-access=free}}</ref>]] An kuma ba da shawarar cewa ba a ba da isasshen kulawa a cikin ƙididdigar haɗarin yanki ba, duk da kasancewa da tasiri a kan sikelin yanki fiye da duniya.<ref name="Persad2022"/> Misali, [[Yanayin canjin yanayi]] tare da hayakin iskar gas mai yawa amma raguwa mai ƙarfi a gurɓataccen iska zai ga {{Convert|0.2|C-change|F-change}} ° C (0.36 ° F) ƙarin dumamar duniya nan da shekarar 2050 fiye da wannan yanayin tare da ɗan ingantaccen ingancin iska, amma a yanki, bambancin zai ƙara ƙarin dare 5 na wurare masu zafi a kowace shekara a arewacin China kuma ya karu da hazo a arewacin Indiya.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Li |first=Yingfang |last2=Wang |first2=Zhili |last3=Lei |first3=Yadong |last4=Che |first4=Huizheng |last5=Zhang |first5=Xiaoye |date=23 February 2023 |title=Impacts of reductions in non-methane short-lived climate forcers on future climate extremes and the resulting population exposure risks in eastern and southern Asia |url=https://acp.copernicus.org/articles/23/2499/2023/ |journal=Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics |language=en |volume=23 |issue=4 |pages=2499–2523 |bibcode=2023ACP....23.2499L |doi=10.5194/acp-23-2499-2023 |s2cid=257180147 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Hakazalika, takarda da ke kwatanta matakin yanzu na manufofin iska mai tsabta tare da matsakaicin aikin da za a iya amfani da shi a karkashin in ba haka ba [[Yanayin canjin yanayi]] ya gano cewa wannan na ƙarshe zai kara haɗarin matsanancin zafin jiki da 30-50% a China da Turai.<ref name="Luo2020">{{Cite journal |last=Luo |first=Feifei |last2=Wilcox |first2=Laura |last3=Dong |first3=Buwen |last4=Su |first4=Qin |last5=Chen |first5=Wei |last6=Dunstone |first6=Nick |last7=Li |first7=Shuanglin |last8=Gao |first8=Yongqi |date=19 February 2020 |title=Projected near-term changes of temperature extremes in Europe and China under different aerosol emissions |journal=Environmental Research Letters |volume=15 |issue=3 |page=4013 |bibcode=2020ERL....15c4013L |doi=10.1088/1748-9326/ab6b34 |doi-access=free}}<cite class="citation journal cs1" data-ve-ignore="true" id="CITEREFLuoWilcoxDongSu2020">Luo, Feifei; Wilcox, Laura; Dong, Buwen; Su, Qin; Chen, Wei; Dunstone, Nick; Li, Shuanglin; Gao, Yongqi (19 February 2020). [[doi:10.1088/1748-9326/ab6b34|"Projected near-term changes of temperature extremes in Europe and China under different aerosol emissions"]]. ''Environmental Research Letters''. '''15''' (3): 4013. [[Bibcode (identifier)|Bibcode]]:[https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2020ERL....15c4013L 2020ERL....15c4013L]. [[Doi (identifier)|doi]]:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible">[[doi:10.1088/1748-9326/ab6b34|10.1088/1748-9326/ab6b34]]</span>.</cite></ref> Abin takaici, saboda tarihin aerosols sun fi ƙanƙanta a wasu yankuna fiye da wasu, daidaitattun tsinkaye na yanki na tasirin aerosol yana da wahala. Ko da sabbin samfuran yanayi na CMIP6 na iya wakiltar yanayin aerosol a Turai, <ref name="Julsrud2022" /> amma gwagwarmaya da wakiltar Arewacin Amurka da Asiya. Wannan yana nufin cewa tsinkayen su na kusan nan gaba na tasirin yanki na iya ƙunsar kurakurai.<ref name="Wang2021">{{Cite journal |last=Wang |first=Zhili |last2=Lin |first2=Lei |last3=Xu |first3=Yangyang |last4=Che |first4=Huizheng |last5=Zhang |first5=Xiaoye |last6=Zhang |first6=Hua |last7=Dong |first7=Wenjie |last8=Wang |first8=Chense |last9=Gui |first9=Ke |last10=Xie |first10=Bing |date=12 January 2021 |title=Incorrect Asian aerosols affecting the attribution and projection of regional climate change in CMIP6 models |journal=npj Climate and Atmospheric Science |volume=4 |issue=21 |bibcode=2022JGRD..12735476J |doi=10.1029/2021JD035476 |doi-access=free |hdl-access=free}}</ref><ref name="Julsrud2022"/><ref name="Ramachandran2022">{{Cite journal |last=Ramachandran |first=S. |last2=Rupakheti |first2=Maheswar |last3=Cherian |first3=R. |date=10 February 2022 |title=Insights into recent aerosol trends over Asia from observations and CMIP6 simulations |journal=Science of the Total Environment |volume=807 |issue=1 |page=150756 |bibcode=2022ScTEn.80750756R |doi=10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.150756 |pmid=34619211 |s2cid=238474883 |doi-access=free}}</ref> == Dangantaka da sake zagayowar ruwa ==   [[Fayil:Xie_et_al_2022_Asian_aerosols.png|left|thumb|Sulfate aerosols sun rage ruwan sama a mafi yawan Asiya (ja), amma sun kara shi a wasu sassan Asiya ta Tsakiya (blue). <ref name="Xie2022">{{Cite journal |last=Xie |first=Xiaoning |last2=Myhre |first2=Gunnar |last3=Shindell |first3=Drew |last4=Faluvegi |first4=Gregory |last5=Takemura |first5=Toshihiko |last6=Voulgarakis |first6=Apostolos |last7=Shi |first7=Zhengguo |last8=Li |first8=Xinzhou |last9=Xie |first9=Xiaoxun |last10=Liu |first10=Heng |last11=Liu |first11=Xiaodong |last12=Liu |first12=Yangang |date=27 December 2022 |title=Anthropogenic sulfate aerosol pollution in South and East Asia induces increased summer precipitation over arid Central Asia |journal=Communications Earth & Environment |language=en |volume=3 |issue=1 |page=328 |bibcode=2022ComEE...3..328X |doi=10.1038/s43247-022-00660-x |pmc=9792934 |pmid=36588543}}</ref>]] A kan yanki da kuma duniya, gurɓataccen iska na iya shafar sake zagayowar ruwa, a hanyar da ta yi kama da wasu matakai na halitta. Ɗaya daga cikin misalai shine tasirin ƙura [[Sahara]] akan tsarin guguwa: iska da ke cike da yashi da ma'adanai yana motsawa a kan Tekun Atlantika, inda suke toshe wasu Hasken rana daga isa saman ruwa, dan kadan yana sanyaya shi kuma yana rage ci gaban guguwa.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Pan |first=Bowen |last2=Wang |first2=Yuan |last3=Hu |first3=Jiaxi |last4=Lin |first4=Yun |last5=Hsieh |first5=Jen-Shan |last6=Logan |first6=Timothy |last7=Feng |first7=Xidan |last8=Jiang |first8=Jonathan H. |last9=Yung |first9=Yuk L. |last10=Zhang |first10=Renyi |year=2018 |title=Sahara dust may make you cough, but it's a storm killer |url=https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2018/07/180720154909.htm |journal=Journal of Climate |volume=31 |issue=18 |pages=7621–7644 |doi=10.1175/JCLI-D-16-0776.1 |url-access=subscription |doi-access=free}}</ref> Hakazalika, an ba da shawarar tun farkon shekarun 2000 cewa tun lokacin da aerosols ke rage hasken rana a kan teku kuma saboda haka suna rage evaporation daga gare ta, za su "juyawa cikin sake zagayowar ruwa na duniya".<ref>{{Cite web |last=Cat Lazaroff |date=7 December 2001 |title=Aerosol Pollution Could Drain Earth's Water Cycle |url=http://ens-newswire.com/ens/dec2001/2001-12-07-07.asp |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160603035532/http://ens-newswire.com/ens/dec2001/2001-12-07-07.asp |archive-date=2016-06-03 |access-date=2007-03-24 |publisher=[[Environment News Service]]}}</ref> A cikin shekara ta 2011, an gano cewa anthropogenic aerosols sun kasance babban abin da ya haifar da canje-canje na karni na 20 a cikin ruwan sama a kan sashin Tekun Atlantika, <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Chang |first=C.-Y. |last2=Chiang |first2=J. C. H. |last3=Wehner |first3=M. F. |last4=Friedman |first4=A. R. |last5=Ruedy |first5=R. |date=15 May 2011 |title=Sulfate Aerosol Control of Tropical Atlantic Climate over the Twentieth Century |journal=Journal of Climate |volume=24 |issue=10 |pages=2540–2555 |bibcode=2011JCli...24.2540C |doi=10.1175/2010JCLI4065.1 |doi-access=free}}</ref> lokacin da duk belin ruwan sama na wurare masu zafi ya koma kudu tsakanin shekarun 1950 da shekarar 1985, tare da iyakance canjin arewa daga baya. <ref name="Peace2022">{{Cite journal |last=Peace |first=Amy H. |last2=Booth |first2=Ben B. B. |last3=Regayre |first3=Leighton A. |last4=Carslaw |first4=Ken S. |last5=Sexton |first5=David M. H. |last6=Bonfils |first6=Céline J. W. |last7=Rostron |first7=John W. |date=26 August 2022 |title=Evaluating uncertainty in aerosol forcing of tropical precipitation shifts |url=https://esd.copernicus.org/articles/13/1215/2022/ |journal=Earth System Dynamics |volume=13 |issue=3 |pages=1215–1232 |bibcode=2022ESD....13.1215P |doi=10.5194/esd-13-1215-2022 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Ana sa ran raguwa a cikin fitar da iska a nan gaba zai haifar da saurin canji zuwa arewa, tare da iyakantaccen tasiri a cikin Atlantic amma tasiri mafi girma a cikin Pacific.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Allen |first=Robert J. |date=20 August 2015 |title=A 21st century northward tropical precipitation shift caused by future anthropogenic aerosol reductions |journal=Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres |volume=120 |issue=18 |pages=9087–9102 |bibcode=2015JGRD..120.9087A |doi=10.1002/2015JD023623 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Wasu bincike sun kuma nuna cewa waɗannan raguwa za su shafi AMOC (wanda ake sa ran ya raunana saboda canjin yanayi). Ragewa daga manufofi masu ingancin iska masu ƙarfi na iya kara wannan raguwar da ake tsammani da kusan 10%, sai dai idan an rage hayakin methane da adadin daidai.<ref name="Hassan2022"/> Mafi mahimmanci, nazarin da yawa sun haɗa aerosols daga Arewacin Hemisphere zuwa rashin nasarar ruwan sama a yankin [[Sahara]] a cikin shekarun 1970 da shekarar 1980, wanda ya haifar da fari na [[Sahel]] da yunwa mai alaƙa. <ref name="Rotstayn and Lohmann 2002">{{Cite journal |last=Rotstayn and Lohmann |last2=Lohmann |first2=Ulrike |author-link2=Ulrike Lohmann |year=2002 |title=Tropical Rainfall Trends and the Indirect Aerosol Effect |journal=[[Journal of Climate]] |volume=15 |issue=15 |pages=2103–2116 |bibcode=2002JCli...15.2103R |doi=10.1175/1520-0442(2002)015<2103:TRTATI>2.0.CO;2 |s2cid=55802370 |doi-access=free}}</ref> <ref name="BBC2020">{{Cite web |title=Global Dimming |url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/sn/tvradio/programmes/horizon/dimming_trans.shtml |access-date=2020-01-05 |website=bbc.co.uk |publisher=BBC}}</ref><ref name="Hirasawa2022">{{Cite journal |last=Hirasawa |first=Haruki |last2=Kushner |first2=Paul J. |last3=Sigmond |first3=Michael |last4=Fyfe |first4=John |last5=Deser |first5=Clara |date=2 May 2022 |title=Evolving Sahel Rainfall Response to Anthropogenic Aerosols Driven by Shifting Regional Oceanic and Emission Influences |journal=Journal of Climate |volume=35 |issue=11 |pages=3181–3193 |bibcode=2022JCli...35.3181H |doi=10.1175/JCLI-D-21-0795.1 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Koyaya, ƙirar samfurin yanayin Sahel ba daidai ba ne, don haka yana da wahala a tabbatar da cewa fari ba zai faru ba tare da gurɓataccen iska ba, kodayake a bayyane zai kasance ba mai tsanani ba.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Monerie |first=Paul-Arthur |last2=Dittus |first2=Andrea J. |last3=Wilcox |first3=Laura J. |last4=Turner |first4=Andrew G. |date=22 January 2023 |title=Uncertainty in Simulating Twentieth Century West African Precipitation Trends: The Role of Anthropogenic Aerosol Emissions |journal=Earth's Future |volume=11 |issue=2 |page=e2022EF002995 |bibcode=2023EaFut..1102995M |doi=10.1029/2022EF002995 |doi-access=free}}</ref><ref name="gbd1">{{Cite web |last=Schmidt |first=Gavin |author-link=Gavin Schmidt |date=18 January 2005 |title=Global Dimming? |url=http://www.realclimate.org/index.php?p=105 |access-date=2007-04-05 |website=RealClimate}}</ref><ref name="Herman2020">{{Cite journal |last=Herman |first=Rebecca Jean |last2=Giannini |first2=Alessandra |last3=Biasutti |first3=Michela |last4=Kushnir |first4=Yochanan |date=22 July 2020 |title=The effects of anthropogenic and volcanic aerosols and greenhouse gases on twentieth century Sahel precipitation |journal=Scientific Reports |volume=10 |issue=1 |page=12203 |bibcode=2020NatSR..1012203H |doi=10.1038/s41598-020-68356-w |pmc=7376254 |pmid=32699339}}</ref> Wasu bincike sun nuna cewa waɗancan samfuran da ke nuna dumama kadai da ke haifar da karuwar hazo mai ƙarfi a cikin Sahel sune mafi daidaito, suna mai da shi mai yiwuwa cewa gurɓataccen sulfate ne ya zargi don mamaye wannan martani da aika yankin cikin fari.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Schewe |first=Jacob |last2=Levermann |first2=Anders |date=15 September 2022 |title=Sahel Rainfall Projections Constrained by Past Sensitivity to Global Warming |journal=Earth's Future |volume=11 |issue=2 |page=e2022GL098286 |bibcode=2022GeoRL..4998286S |doi=10.1029/2022GL098286 |doi-access=free}}</ref> [[Fayil:Risser_2024_USA_aerosol_GHG_rainfall.png|thumb|A cikin Amurka, aerosols gabaɗaya suna rage matsakaici da matsanancin hazo a duk lokutan yanayi huɗu, wanda ya soke karuwar da ke haifar da dumama gas <ref name="Risser2024">{{Cite journal |last=Risser |first=Mark D. |last2=Collins |first2=William D. |last3=Wehner |first3=Michael F. |last4=O'Brien |first4=Travis A. |last5=Huang |first5=Huanping |last6=Ullrich |first6=Paul A. |date=22 February 2024 |title=Anthropogenic aerosols mask increases in US rainfall by greenhouse gases |journal=[[Nature Communications]] |language=en |volume=15 |issue=1 |page=1318 |bibcode=2024NatCo..15.1318R |doi=10.1038/s41467-024-45504-8 |pmc=10884021 |pmid=38388495}}</ref>]] Wani binciken ban mamaki ya haɗa tasirin aerosols tare da raunanawar Monsoon na Kudancin Asiya. An fara ci gaba a shekara ta 2006, <ref name="Lau2006">{{Cite journal |last=Lau |first=K. M. |last2=Kim |first2=K. M. |date=8 November 2006 |title=Observational relationships between aerosol and Asian monsoon rainfall, and circulation |journal=Geophysical Research Letters |volume=33 |issue=21 |bibcode=2006GeoRL..3321810L |doi=10.1029/2006GL027546 |s2cid=129282371 |doi-access=free}}</ref> duk da haka ya kasance da wahala a tabbatar da shi. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Tao |first=Wei-Kuo |last2=Chen |first2=Jen-Ping |last3=Li |first3=Zhanqing |last4=Wang |first4=Chien |last5=Zhang |first5=Chidong |date=17 April 2012 |title=Impact of aerosols on convective clouds and precipitation |url=https://agupubs.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1029/2011RG000369 |journal=Reviews of Geophysics |volume=50 |issue=2 |bibcode=2012RvGeo..50.2001T |doi=10.1029/2011RG000369 |s2cid=15554383 |hdl-access=free}}</ref> Musamman, wasu bincike sun ba da shawarar cewa dumama kanta tana ƙara haɗarin gazawar ruwan sama, mai yuwuwar tura shi zuwa wani wuri mai tsawo.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Schewe |first=Jacob |last2=Levermann |first2=Anders |date=5 November 2012 |title=A statistically predictive model for future monsoon failure in India |url=https://iopscience.iop.org/article/10.1088/1748-9326/7/4/044023 |journal=Environmental Research Letters |volume=7 |issue=4 |page=4023 |bibcode=2012ERL.....7d4023S |doi=10.1088/1748-9326/7/4/044023 |s2cid=5754559}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=6 November 2012 |title=Monsoon might fail more often due to climate change |url=https://www.pik-potsdam.de/en/news/latest-news/archive-news/2012/monsoon-might-fail-more-often-due-to-climate-change |access-date=2023-03-25 |publisher=[[Potsdam Institute for Climate Impact Research]]}}</ref> A shekara ta 2021, duk da haka, an kammala cewa dumamar duniya ta ci gaba da ƙarfafa ruwan sama, kuma an riga an lura da wasu ƙarfafawa bayan raguwar aerosol da aka haifar.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Katzenberger |first=Anja |last2=Schewe |first2=Jacob |last3=Pongratz |first3=Julia |last4=Levermann |first4=Anders |date=2021 |title=Robust increase of Indian monsoon rainfall and its variability under future warming in CMIP-6 models |url=https://esd.copernicus.org/articles/12/367/2021/ |journal=Earth System Dynamics |volume=12 |issue=2 |pages=367–386 |bibcode=2021ESD....12..367K |doi=10.5194/esd-12-367-2021 |s2cid=235080216 |doi-access=free}}</ref><ref name="Fadnavis2021">{{Cite journal |last=Fadnavis |first=Suvarna |last2=Sabin |first2=T. P. |last3=Rap |first3=Alexandru |last4=Müller |first4=Rolf |last5=Kubin |first5=Anne |last6=Heinold |first6=Bernd |date=16 July 2021 |title=The impact of COVID-19 lockdown measures on the Indian summer monsoon |url=https://iopscience.iop.org/article/10.1088/1748-9326/ac109c |journal=Environmental Research Letters |volume=16 |issue=7 |page=4054 |bibcode=2021ERL....16g4054F |doi=10.1088/1748-9326/ac109c |s2cid=235967722 |doi-access=free}}</ref> A shekara ta 2009, wani bincike na shekaru 50 na bayanai ya gano cewa [[Yayafi|ruwan sama]] mai sauƙi ya ragu a gabashin [[Sin|China]], kodayake babu wani canji mai mahimmanci a yawan ruwan da ke cikin yanayi. An danganta wannan ga aerosols rage girman droplet a cikin girgije, wanda ya haifar da waɗancan girgije riƙe ruwa na dogon lokaci ba tare da ruwan sama ba.<ref name="YunQian"/> Abubuwan da ke faruwa na aerosols da ke hana ruwan sama ta hanyar rage girman ruwan sama an tabbatar da su ta hanyar binciken da ya biyo baya.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Fan |first=Chongxing |last2=Wang |first2=Minghuai |last3=Rosenfeld |first3=Daniel |last4=Zhu |first4=Yannian |last5=Liu |first5=Jihu |last6=Chen |first6=Baojun |date=18 March 2020 |title=Strong Precipitation Suppression by Aerosols in Marine Low Clouds |journal=Geophysical Research Letters |volume=47 |issue=7 |pages=e2019GL086207 |bibcode=2020GeoRL..4786207F |doi=10.1029/2019GL086207 |doi-access=free |hdl-access=free}}</ref> Bincike daga baya ya gano cewa gurɓataccen aerosol a Kudancin da Gabashin Asiya ba kawai ya hana ruwan sama a can ba, amma kuma ya haifar da ƙarin danshi da aka canja zuwa Asiya ta Tsakiya, inda ruwan sama na rani ya karu a sakamakon haka.<ref name="Xie2022">{{Cite journal |last=Xie |first=Xiaoning |last2=Myhre |first2=Gunnar |last3=Shindell |first3=Drew |last4=Faluvegi |first4=Gregory |last5=Takemura |first5=Toshihiko |last6=Voulgarakis |first6=Apostolos |last7=Shi |first7=Zhengguo |last8=Li |first8=Xinzhou |last9=Xie |first9=Xiaoxun |last10=Liu |first10=Heng |last11=Liu |first11=Xiaodong |last12=Liu |first12=Yangang |date=27 December 2022 |title=Anthropogenic sulfate aerosol pollution in South and East Asia induces increased summer precipitation over arid Central Asia |journal=Communications Earth & Environment |language=en |volume=3 |issue=1 |page=328 |bibcode=2022ComEE...3..328X |doi=10.1038/s43247-022-00660-x |pmc=9792934 |pmid=36588543}}<cite class="citation journal cs1" data-ve-ignore="true" id="CITEREFXieMyhreShindellFaluvegi2022">Xie, Xiaoning; Myhre, Gunnar; Shindell, Drew; Faluvegi, Gregory; Takemura, Toshihiko; Voulgarakis, Apostolos; Shi, Zhengguo; Li, Xinzhou; Xie, Xiaoxun; Liu, Heng; Liu, Xiaodong; Liu, Yangang (27 December 2022). [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9792934 "Anthropogenic sulfate aerosol pollution in South and East Asia induces increased summer precipitation over arid Central Asia"]. ''Communications Earth & Environment''. '''3''' (1): 328. [[Bibcode (identifier)|Bibcode]]:[https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2022ComEE...3..328X 2022ComEE...3..328X]. [[Doi (identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.1038/s43247-022-00660-x|10.1038/s43247-022-00660-x]]. [[PMC (identifier)|PMC]]&nbsp;<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible">[https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9792934 9792934]</span>. [[PMID (identifier)|PMID]]&nbsp;[https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36588543 36588543].</cite></ref> A cikin Amurka, tasirin canjin yanayi a kan sake zagayowar ruwa yawanci zai kara yawan ruwan sama da matsanancin ruwan sama a duk faɗin ƙasar, amma waɗannan tasirin sun kasance "masked" ta hanyar bushewa saboda yawan aerosol mai ƙarfi a tarihi.<ref name="Risser2024">{{Cite journal |last=Risser |first=Mark D. |last2=Collins |first2=William D. |last3=Wehner |first3=Michael F. |last4=O'Brien |first4=Travis A. |last5=Huang |first5=Huanping |last6=Ullrich |first6=Paul A. |date=22 February 2024 |title=Anthropogenic aerosols mask increases in US rainfall by greenhouse gases |journal=[[Nature Communications]] |language=en |volume=15 |issue=1 |page=1318 |bibcode=2024NatCo..15.1318R |doi=10.1038/s41467-024-45504-8 |pmc=10884021 |pmid=38388495}}<cite class="citation journal cs1" data-ve-ignore="true" id="CITEREFRisserCollinsWehnerO'Brien2024">Risser, Mark D.; Collins, William D.; Wehner, Michael F.; O'Brien, Travis A.; Huang, Huanping; Ullrich, Paul A. (22 February 2024). [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10884021 "Anthropogenic aerosols mask increases in US rainfall by greenhouse gases"]. ''[[Nature Communications]]''. '''15''' (1): 1318. [[Bibcode (identifier)|Bibcode]]:[https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2024NatCo..15.1318R 2024NatCo..15.1318R]. [[Doi (identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.1038/s41467-024-45504-8|10.1038/s41467-024-45504-8]]. [[PMC (identifier)|PMC]]&nbsp;<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible">[https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10884021 10884021]</span>. [[PMID (identifier)|PMID]]&nbsp;[https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/38388495 38388495].</cite></ref> Rahoton Bincike na shida na IPCC ya kuma danganta canje-canje a cikin maida hankali ga canjin hazo a yankin [[Bahar Rum]].<ref name="IPCC_WGI_Ch11"/> == Muhimmancin injiniyan hasken rana == [[Fayil:Smith_2020_SAI_RCP_scenarios.jpg|thumb|Wannan jadawalin ya nuna cewa idan za a tura allurar aerosol ta stratospheric tun daga shekara ta 2034, to za a iya daidaita shi sosai don ko dai rabin saurin dumama ta 2100, don dakatar da shi, ko kuma juyawa gaba ɗaya. Ana samun irin wannan matakin sarrafawa a ƙarƙashin yanayin ƙananan, matsakaici da kuma manyan iskar gas <ref name="Smith2020">{{Cite journal |last=Smith |first=Wake |date=October 2020 |title=The cost of stratospheric aerosol injection through 2100 |journal=Environmental Research Letters |language=en |volume=15 |issue=11 |page=114004 |bibcode=2020ERL....15k4004S |doi=10.1088/1748-9326/aba7e7 |issn=1748-9326 |s2cid=225534263 |doi-access=free}}</ref>]] Rashin ƙarfi na duniya yana da mahimmanci ga wasu shawarwari game da jinkirta, dakatar da, ko juyar da dumamar duniya. Karin albedo na duniya na 1% zai kawar da mafi yawan tilasta radiative daga hayakin gas mai ɗumi na mutum kuma ta haka ne dumama duniya, yayin da karuwar albedo na 2% zai hana tasirin dumama na ninka yawan [[carbon dioxide]] na yanayi.<ref name="RoyalSociety2009">{{Cite web |title=The Royal Society |url=https://royalsociety.org/~/media/Royal_Society_Content/policy/publications/2009/8693.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150721043235/https://royalsociety.org/~/media/Royal_Society_Content/policy/publications/2009/8693.pdf |archive-date=21 July 2015 |access-date=20 October 2015 |website=royalsociety.org |page=23}}</ref> Wannan shine ka'idar da ke bayan gyaran radiation na rana (ko geoengineering na hasken rana), kuma babban damar nunawa na sulfate aerosols yana nufin cewa an dauke su a cikin wannan damar tun daga shekarun 1970s.<ref name="Lawrence2016">{{Cite journal |last=Lawrence |first=Mark G. |last2=Crutzen |first2=Paul J. |date=17 November 2016 |title=Was breaking the taboo on research on climate engineering via albedo modification a moral hazard, or a moral imperative? |journal=Earth's Future |volume=5 |issue=2 |pages=136–143 |doi=10.1002/2016EF000463 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Saboda matakan tarihi na dimming na duniya suna da alaƙa da babban mutuwa daga gurɓataccen iska da batutuwan kamar ruwan sama na acid, an bayyana manufar dogaro da sanyaya kai tsaye daga gurɓatawa a matsayin "sadarwar Faustian" kuma ba a la'akari da shi sosai ta hanyar bincike na zamani ba.<ref name="Ramanathan2006">{{Cite journal |last=Ramanathan |first=V. |year=2006 |title=Atmospheric Brown Clouds: Health, Climate and Agriculture Impacts |url=http://www-ramanathan.ucsd.edu/PASScriptaVaria106.pdf |journal=Pontifical Academy of Sciences Scripta Varia (Pontifica Academia Scientiarvm) |volume=106 |issue=Interactions Between Global Change and Human Health |pages=47–60 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070730012326/http://www-ramanathan.ucsd.edu/PASScriptaVaria106.pdf |archive-date=30 July 2007}}</ref><ref name="gbd1"/> Maimakon haka, takarda mai mahimmanci na shekarar 2006 na Paul Crutzen ya ba da shawarar cewa hanyar da za a guje wa karuwar dumama yayin da gurɓataccen sulfate ya ragu shi ne sake duba shawarar a shekara ta 1974 ta mai binciken Soviet Mikhail Budyko.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Crutzen, P. |date=August 2006 |title=Albedo enhancement by stratospheric sulfur injections: a contribution to resolve a policy dilemma? |url=https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007%2Fs10584-006-9101-y.pdf |journal=[[Climatic Change]] |volume=77 |issue=3–4 |pages=211–220 |bibcode=2006ClCh...77..211C |doi=10.1007/s10584-006-9101-y |s2cid=154081541 |doi-access=free}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=William J. Broad |date=27 June 2006 |title=How to Cool a Planet (Maybe) |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2006/06/27/science/earth/27cool.html |access-date=6 April 2009 |website=[[The New York Times]]}}</ref> Shirin ya haɗa da sakin sulfates daga jiragen sama da ke tashi a saman sararin samaniya, a cikin abin da yanzu aka bayyana a matsayin allurar aerosol ta stratospheric, ko SAI.<ref name="Lawrence2016"/> Idan aka kwatanta, mafi yawan gurɓataccen iska yana cikin ƙananan yanayi (troposphere), kuma yana zaune a can kawai na makonni. Saboda aerosols da aka ajiye a cikin stratosphere zai kasance na tsawon shekaru, dole ne a fitar da ƙaramin sulfur don samar da adadin sanyaya iri ɗaya.<ref name="Visioni2020"/> Duk da yake shawarar farko ta Crutzen ta mayar da hankali kan kauce wa dumama da ya haifar da raguwar gurɓataccen iska, nan da nan an fahimci cewa haɓaka wannan shawarar na iya jinkirta, dakatar, ko juyawa dumama.{{Convert|1|C-change|F-change}} An kiyasta cewa adadin sulfur da ake buƙata don daidaitawar dumama na kusan 4 ° C (7.2 ° F) dangane da yanzu (da 5 ° C (9.0 ° F) dangi ga preindustrial), a ƙarƙashin yanayin fitarwa mafi girma RCP 8.5 zai zama ƙasa da abin da aka riga aka fitar ta hanyar gurɓata iska a yau, kuma cewa raguwar gurɓataccen sulfur daga ingantaccen iska na gaba da aka riga an sa ran a ƙarƙashin wannan yanayin zai sa sulfur da aka yi amfani da shi don geoengineering.<ref name="Visioni2020"/> Kasuwancin yana ƙara farashi. Kodayake akwai wani sanannen labari cewa mutane, ƙananan jihohi, ko wasu 'yan wasan da ba na jihar ba za su iya aiwatar da allurar aerosol ta stratospheric, ƙididdigar kimiyya ta nuna cewa sanyaya yanayi da 1 ° C (1.8 ° F) ta hanyar allurar aérospheric zai kashe akalla dala biliyan 18 a kowace shekara (a darajar USD 2020), ma'ana cewa kawai manyan tattalin arziki ko tubalan tattalin arziki zasu iya samun wannan shiga tsakani.<ref name="Smith2020">{{Cite journal |last=Smith |first=Wake |date=October 2020 |title=The cost of stratospheric aerosol injection through 2100 |journal=Environmental Research Letters |language=en |volume=15 |issue=11 |page=114004 |bibcode=2020ERL....15k4004S |doi=10.1088/1748-9326/aba7e7 |issn=1748-9326 |s2cid=225534263 |doi-access=free}}<cite class="citation journal cs1" data-ve-ignore="true" id="CITEREFSmith2020">Smith, Wake (October 2020). [[doi:10.1088/1748-9326/aba7e7|"The cost of stratospheric aerosol injection through 2100"]]. ''Environmental Research Letters''. '''15''' (11): 114004. [[Bibcode (identifier)|Bibcode]]:[https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2020ERL....15k4004S 2020ERL....15k4004S]. [[Doi (identifier)|doi]]:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible">[[doi:10.1088/1748-9326/aba7e7|10.1088/1748-9326/aba7e7]]</span>. [[ISSN]]&nbsp;[https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1748-9326 1748-9326]. [[S2CID (identifier)|S2CID]]&nbsp;[https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:225534263 225534263].</cite></ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Robock |first=Alan |last2=Marquardt |first2=Allison |last3=Kravitz |first3=Ben |last4=Stenchikov |first4=Georgiy |year=2009 |title=Benefits, risks, and costs of stratospheric geoengineering |url=http://climate.envsci.rutgers.edu/pdf/2009GL039209.pdf |journal=Geophysical Research Letters |volume=36 |issue=19 |pages=L19703 |bibcode=2009GeoRL..3619703R |doi=10.1029/2009GL039209 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Duk da haka, waɗannan hanyoyin za su kasance "dokokin girman" mafi arha fiye da rage iskar gas, ba tare da farashin [[tasirin canjin yanayi]] ba. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Grieger |first=Khara D. |last2=Felgenhauer |first2=Tyler |last3=Renn |first3=Ortwin |last4=Wiener |first4=Jonathan |last5=Borsuk |first5=Mark |date=30 April 2019 |title=Emerging risk governance for stratospheric aerosol injection as a climate management technology |journal=Environment Systems and Decisions |volume=39 |issue=4 |pages=371–382 |bibcode=2019EnvSD..39..371G |doi=10.1007/s10669-019-09730-6 |doi-access=free}}</ref><ref name="RoyalSociety2009"/>&nbsp; Ko da SAI ta dakatar ko kuma ta juya yanayin zafi na duniya, yanayin yanayi a wurare da yawa zai canza sosai. Gidan da sauran cututtukan cututtuka zasu canza. Koyaya, ba a san yadda zai kwatanta da sauye-sauyen da za su iya faruwa daga canjin yanayi ba.<ref name="IPCC_WGI_SRM" /> Ƙananan hasken rana zai shafi amfanin gona da sinks na carbon saboda rage [[photosynthesis]], amma wannan zai iya ragewa ta hanyar rashin damuwa daga dumama da kuma tasirin takin CO mafi girma dangane da yanzu.<ref name="IPCC_WGI_SRM"/> Mafi mahimmanci, dumama daga hayaki na CO2 yana da ɗaruruwan zuwa dubban shekaru, yayin da sanyaya daga SAI ya tsaya shekaru 1-3 bayan allurar aerosol ta ƙarshe. Wannan yana nufin cewa ba za a iya amfani da allurar aerosol na stratospheric ko wasu nau'ikan geoengineering na hasken rana a matsayin maye gurbin rage hayakin gas. Sabanin haka, idan matakan iskar gas sun kasance masu girma, zai haifar da "babban da sauri" zafi da kuma irin wannan sauye-sauye na kwatsam ga sake zagayowar ruwa. Dubban nau'o'in halittu za su iya ɓacewa a sakamakon haka. Maimakon haka, duk wani aikin injiniya na hasken rana zai yi aiki a matsayin matakin wucin gadi don iyakance dumama. A lokaci guda, ana rage hayaki na iskar gas kuma An cire carbon dioxide, wanda zai iya ɗaukar daruruwan shekaru.<ref name="IPCC_WGI_SRM" /> == Dubi kuma == * Global cooling - An yi watsi da ra'ayi na shekarun 1970 na sanyaya duniya da ke gabatowa * Global stilling - Rage saurin iska kusa da farfajiyar DuniyaShafuka da ke nuna taƙaitaccen bayanin manufofi * Impact winter - Sakamakon yanayi da aka yi la'akari da shi saboda tasirin asteroid ko comet a Duniya * Nuclear winter - Tasirin yanayi na yaki na nukiliya * Volcanic winter - Abubuwan da suka faru na yanayin zafi wanda ya haifar da fashewar dutse * Pyranometer - Kayan aiki don auna hasken rana * Ship tracks - Girgije da ke kewaye da hayaki da jiragen ruwa suka fitar * Sunshine recorders - Kayan aiki na yanayiShafuka da ke nuna taƙaitaccen bayanin manufofi == Manazarta == {{Reflist|2}} == Haɗin waje == * [https://gacp.giss.nasa.gov Shirin Aerosol na Duniya] {{Pollution}} [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] 4m67tlfpick5u843rsglpwjancu15qk 0 109200 895133 682335 2026-08-11T17:07:47Z Ummun Sultan 23935 895133 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}}   [[Fayil:Hkha_hq.JPG|thumb|Ginin Hukumar Asibiti, inda Babban Ofishin Hukumar Asibiti yake]] '''Hukumar Asibiti''' kungiya ce ta doka da take kula da dukkan Asibitocin gwamnati da cibiyoyin a [[Hong Kong]]. Yana ƙarƙashin jagorancin kwamitin sa kuma yana ƙarƙashin kulawar Sakataren Lafiya na Gwamnatin Hong Kong. Shugabanta shine Henry Fan . == Tarihi == Kafin a kafa Hukumar Asibitoci, dukkan al’amuran lafiya da na jinya suna karkashin kulawar sashen kula da lafiya da lafiya.  A cikin 1990, an ƙaddamar da sabon tsarin kula da lafiya a zaman wani ɓangare na gyare-gyaren 1989.  Ƙaddamar da Hukumar ta yi aiki don sake gina ikon jihohi a cikin bullar siyasar jam'iyya a Hong Kong.[1]  Sashen ya zama Sashen Lafiya, kuma a shekarar 1991, an mika ragamar kula da dukkan asibitocin gwamnati zuwa wata sabuwar hukuma mai kula da asibitoci, wacce aka kafa a ranar 1 ga Disamba, 1990 a karkashin Dokar Hukumar Asibitoci.  A shekara ta 2003, an tura Babban Clinics na Ma'aikatar Kiwon lafiya zuwa hukuma == Cibiyoyin asibiti == Hukumar Asibiti tana ba da sabis ga jama'a a ƙarƙashin tsarin rukuni tun 1993. <ref>{{Cite web |date=June 2013 |title=A General Brief about the Hospital Authority |url=http://www.sars-expertcom.gov.hk/english/reports/submissions/files/a_general_brief_about_ha.pdf |publisher=Hospital Authority}}</ref> A halin yanzu tana kula da asibitoci da cibiyoyin jama'a 43, asibitocin ƙwararru 49 da asibutocin asibitoi 73 na gaba ɗaya. Ya zuwa 31 Maris 2019, yana da ma'aikata kusan 79,000 da wasu gadaje 28,000.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Caring for our community's health |url=https://www.ha.org.hk/visitor/ha_visitor_index.asp?Content_ID=10008&Lang=ENG&Dimension=100&Parent_ID=10004 |access-date=20 November 2020 |website=Hospital Authority}}</ref> Wadannan wuraren an tsara su cikin rukunin asibitoci bakwai bisa ga wuraren da suke, kamar yadda aka nuna a cikin tebur da ke ƙasa. Kowane rukunin asibiti ya ƙunshi haɗuwa da asibitoci masu gaggawa da masu warkewa ko masu farfadowa don samar da cikakken sabis na kiwon lafiya.<ref>{{Cite web |date=16 January 2014 |title=Resources allocation among hospital clusters by the Hospital Authority |url=http://www.legco.gov.hk/yr13-14/english/panels/hs/papers/hs0120cb2-671-5-e.pdf |publisher=Legislative Council}}</ref> {| class="wikitable" !Rukunin asibiti !Yankin sabis !Yawan jama'ar yankin a tsakiyar 2012 |- |Ƙungiyar Gabashin Hong Kong |Yankunan Gabas, Wanchai da Tsibirin (ban da Arewacin Lantau) |825,400 |- |Ƙungiyar Yammacin Hong Kong |Gundumomin Tsakiya da Yamma, da Kudancin tsibirin Hong Kong |544,100 |- |Kowloon Tsakiya |Gundumomin Mong Kok, Yau Ma Tei, Tsim Sha Tsui da Kowloon City, Wong Tai Sin |1,103,200 |- |Kowloon Gabas |Kwun Tong, Tseung Kwan O da kuma wani ɓangare na gundumomin Sai Kung |1,012,000 |- |Kowloon Yamma |Gundumomin Sham Shui Po, Kwai Tsing, Tsuen Wan da Arewacin Lantau |787,600 |- |Sabbin Yankin Gabas |Sha Tin, Tai Po, Arewa da kuma wani ɓangare na gundumomin Sai Kung |1,321,300 |- |Sabbin Yankin Yamma |Gundumomin Tuen Mun da Yuen Long |1,085,300 |} == Gudanar da kamfanoni == === Kwamitin Kula da Asibiti === Bisa ga Dokar Hukumar Asibiti (Cap 113), Babban Jami'in Gudanarwa na Hong Kong ya nada mambobin Hukumar Kula da Asibiti da ke jagorantar hukumar.  Hukumar ta yanzu ta ƙunshi mambobi 27, ciki har da shugaba.  Mambobin hukumar sun hada da jami’ai 23 wadanda ba na gwamnati ba, jami’an gwamnati uku da kuma shugaban zartarwa na hukumar.  Baya ga shugaban zartarwa na hukumar, sauran mambobin ba a biyan su albashi a matsayinsu na mambobin hukumar.<ref name="ar2013">{{Cite web |title=Hospital Authority Annual Report 2012-2013 |url=http://www.ha.org.hk/upload/publication_13/477.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140716185218/http://www.ha.org.hk/upload/publication_13/477.pdf |archive-date=16 July 2014 |access-date=15 July 2014 |publisher=Hospital Authority}}</ref> ==== Shugabannin yanzu da na baya ==== * Sir Sze-yuen Chung, GBM, [[Order of the British Empire|GBE]], JP (1 ga Disamba 1990 - 31 ga Maris 1995) * Peter Woo Kwong-ching, GBM, GBS, JP (1 ga Afrilu 1995 - 30 ga Satumba 2000) * Lo Ka-shui, GBS, JP (1 ga Oktoba 2000 - 30 ga Satumba 2002) * Edward Leong Che-hung, GBM, GBS, [[Order of the British Empire|OBE]], JP (1 ga Oktoba 2002 - 8 ga Yuli 2004) * Anthony Wu Ting-yuk, GBS, JP (7 ga Oktoba 2004 - 30 ga Nuwamba 2013) * John Leong Chi-yan, SBS, JP (1 ga Disamba 2013 - 30 ga Nuwamba 2019) * Henry Fan Hung-ling, SBS, JP (1 ga Disamba 2019 - yanzu) ==== Shugabannin yanzu da na baya ==== * Yeoh Eng-kiong, [[Order of the British Empire|OBE]], JP (Janairu 1994 - Satumba 1999) * William Ho Shiu-wei, JP (20 Satumba 1999 - 19 Satumba 2005) * Ko Wing-man, JP (aiki, 24 Maris 2003 - )   * Vivian Wong Taam Chi-woon, JP (aiki, 20 Satumba 2005 - 28 Fabrairu 2006) * [[Shane Solomon]] (1 Maris 2006 - 23 Yuli 2010) <ref>{{Cite web |date=3 April 2006 |title=Minutes of Hospital Authority Board Meeting held on 30 March 2006 |url=http://www.ha.org.hk/haho/ho/cad_bnc/129500e.pdf |website=Hospital Authority}}</ref> * Leung Pak-yin, JP (8 Nuwamba 2010 - 31 Yuli 2019) * Ko Pat-sing, Tony (1 ga Agusta 2019 -) === Kwamitin Kwamitin === Don aiwatar da matsayinta da kuma yin amfani da ikonta, kwamitin ya kafa kwamitocin aiki guda 11: * Kwamitin Bincike da Hadari * Kwamitin Zartarwa na Gaggawa * Kwamitin zartarwa * Kwamitin Kudi * Kwamitin Kula da Harkokin Dan Adam * Kwamitin Gudanar da Ayyukan Fasahar Bayanai * Babban Kwamitin Tender * Kwamitin Ci gaban Ayyukan Kiwon Lafiya * Kwamitin korafin jama'a * Kwamitin daukaka kara na ma'aikata, da kuma * Kwamitin Ci Gaban Ayyuka na Taimako.<ref name="ar2013">{{Cite web |title=Hospital Authority Annual Report 2012-2013 |url=http://www.ha.org.hk/upload/publication_13/477.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140716185218/http://www.ha.org.hk/upload/publication_13/477.pdf |archive-date=16 July 2014 |access-date=15 July 2014 |publisher=Hospital Authority}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="true">[https://web.archive.org/web/20140716185218/http://www.ha.org.hk/upload/publication_13/477.pdf "Hospital Authority Annual Report 2012-2013"] <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Hospital Authority. Archived from [http://www.ha.org.hk/upload/publication_13/477.pdf the original] <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 16 July 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">15 July</span> 2014</span>.</cite></ref> === Kwamitin Gudanar da Asibiti === Don inganta sa hannun al'umma da shugabancin asibitocin jama'a, hukuma ta kafa Kwamitin Gudanar da Asibitoci 31 a asibitoci da cibiyoyi 38. Wadannan kwamitocin sun karbi rahotanni na gudanarwa na yau da kullun daga shugabannin asibiti, suna sa ido kan ayyukan aiki da na kudi na asibitoci, suna shiga cikin albarkatun mutane da ayyukan sayarwa, da kuma ayyukan haɗin gwiwar asibiti da al'umma.<ref name="ar2013">{{Cite web |title=Hospital Authority Annual Report 2012-2013 |url=http://www.ha.org.hk/upload/publication_13/477.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140716185218/http://www.ha.org.hk/upload/publication_13/477.pdf |archive-date=16 July 2014 |access-date=15 July 2014 |publisher=Hospital Authority}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="true">[https://web.archive.org/web/20140716185218/http://www.ha.org.hk/upload/publication_13/477.pdf "Hospital Authority Annual Report 2012-2013"] <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Hospital Authority. Archived from [http://www.ha.org.hk/upload/publication_13/477.pdf the original] <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 16 July 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">15 July</span> 2014</span>.</cite></ref> === Kwamitin Ba da Shawara na Yankin === Don samar da shawara ga hukuma game da bukatun kiwon lafiya ga takamaiman yankuna na Hong Kong, hukuma ta kafa kwamitocin ba da shawara na yanki guda uku. Kowace kwamiti tana haɗuwa sau hudu a shekara.<ref name="ar2013">{{Cite web |title=Hospital Authority Annual Report 2012-2013 |url=http://www.ha.org.hk/upload/publication_13/477.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140716185218/http://www.ha.org.hk/upload/publication_13/477.pdf |archive-date=16 July 2014 |access-date=15 July 2014 |publisher=Hospital Authority}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="true">[https://web.archive.org/web/20140716185218/http://www.ha.org.hk/upload/publication_13/477.pdf "Hospital Authority Annual Report 2012-2013"] <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Hospital Authority. Archived from [http://www.ha.org.hk/upload/publication_13/477.pdf the original] <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 16 July 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">15 July</span> 2014</span>.</cite></ref> == Kudin == Gwamnatin Hong Kong ce ke ba da kuɗin ikon, wanda ya kai dala biliyan 42.5 na shekarar 2012-2013, wanda ya kai sama da kashi 90% na jimlar kudin shiga na hukuma. Sauran kudaden shiga sun hada da kudaden asibiti da asibiti da caji, gudummawa, da saka hannun jari.<ref name="ar2013">{{Cite web |title=Hospital Authority Annual Report 2012-2013 |url=http://www.ha.org.hk/upload/publication_13/477.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140716185218/http://www.ha.org.hk/upload/publication_13/477.pdf |archive-date=16 July 2014 |access-date=15 July 2014 |publisher=Hospital Authority}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="true">[https://web.archive.org/web/20140716185218/http://www.ha.org.hk/upload/publication_13/477.pdf "Hospital Authority Annual Report 2012-2013"] <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Hospital Authority. Archived from [http://www.ha.org.hk/upload/publication_13/477.pdf the original] <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 16 July 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">15 July</span> 2014</span>.</cite></ref> Jimlar kuɗin da hukumar ta kashe ya kai HK $ 46.1 biliyan na 2012-2013, tare da kashi 70% da aka yi amfani da su don biyan ma'aikata, da kuma kashi 14% don biyan magunguna da sauran kayayyaki.<ref name="ar2013">{{Cite web |title=Hospital Authority Annual Report 2012-2013 |url=http://www.ha.org.hk/upload/publication_13/477.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140716185218/http://www.ha.org.hk/upload/publication_13/477.pdf |archive-date=16 July 2014 |access-date=15 July 2014 |publisher=Hospital Authority}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="true">[https://web.archive.org/web/20140716185218/http://www.ha.org.hk/upload/publication_13/477.pdf "Hospital Authority Annual Report 2012-2013"] <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Hospital Authority. Archived from [http://www.ha.org.hk/upload/publication_13/477.pdf the original] <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 16 July 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">15 July</span> 2014</span>.</cite></ref> === Yaduwar SARS ta 2003 === A shekara ta 2003, Hong Kong ta sha wahala daga barkewar SARS kuma ta yi rikodin adadi mai yawa na marasa lafiya da wadanda suka mutu. An soki jinkirin da jinkirin amsawar Hukumar Asibiti. Da yake gaskata cewa Hong Kong tana da aminci daga cututtukan da ke yaduwa, HA ba ta da isasshen shiri ga wurare kamar unguwanni da ke ware da ɗakuna guda ɗaya waɗanda ke da mahimmanci don maganin cututtukani masu yaduwa sosai. A farkon fashewar cutar, asibitocin jama'a sun sanya marasa lafiya na SARS a cikin ɗakunan da ba a keɓe su ba waɗanda suka kara damar kamuwa da cuta sosai.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Ma |first=Ngok |date=2004 |title=SARS and the Limits of the Hong Kong SAR Administrative State |journal=Asian Perspective |volume=28 |issue=1 |pages=113 |doi=10.1353/apr.2004.0035}}</ref> === Rashin gurɓata madara na 2008 === A ranar da aka gano wata yarinya ‘yar Hong Kong a matsayin mace ta farko da ta fara fuskantar badakalar nonon Sinawa a shekarar 2008, iyayen da ke cikin damuwa sun ji takaicin ganin cewa likitocin sashen musamman da aka kafa a asibitin gimbiya Margaret na hutu.  Mataimakiyar daraktan kiwon lafiya Gloria Tam ta ce "ba wani abu ne na gaggawa ba da ya kamata a magance shi cikin sa'o'i 24... Za su iya tafiya a lokutan ofis gobe".  Dan majalisar dokoki a bangaren kiwon lafiya Leung Ka-lau ya ce rashin samun kariya ta yau da kullun a lokacin rikicin ya kasance "marasa hankali".  Hukumar Kula da Asibitin ta ba da rahoton cewa ta cika da mamaki lokacin da iyaye sama da 10 suka bukaci a duba yaransu a Gimbiya Margaret a cikin rudani game da masu bi da kuma hanyoyin yin rajista, lamarin da ya sa Sakataren Abinci da Lafiya, York Chow ya nuna rashin amincewa da matsalar.[2]  Chow ya yi alkawarin ƙarin wurare 18 a kusa da Hong Kong za su fara aiki a washegari.[3] Lokacin jira don magani na zaɓaɓɓu yana da yawa. Matsakaicin lokacin jira don tiyata a cikin 2014 ya kasance watanni 22. === Magungunan kasar Sin da COVID-19 === A watan Satumbar 2022, Henry Fan Hung Ling, shugaban Hukumar Asibiti, ya yi kira ga "ƙaruwa mai mahimmanci" na maganin gargajiya na kasar Sin da aka yi amfani da shi a kiwon lafiyar jama'a na Hong Kong.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-09-28 |title=Chinese medicine could help relieve 'long Covid' symptoms: Hong Kong study |url=https://www.scmp.com/news/hong-kong/health-environment/article/3194166/coronavirus-hong-kong-study-shows-chinese |access-date=2022-09-28 |website=South China Morning Post |language=en}}</ref> Kwanaki bayan haka, Hukumar Asibitin ta fitar da bayanai daga binciken da ta gudanar, wanda ya nuna cewa ana iya amfani da maganin gargajiya na kasar Sin don warkar da COVID na dogon lokaci.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |last=Standard |first=The |title=Chinese medicine provides hope in long-Covid fight |url=https://www.thestandard.com.hk/section-news/section/4/245967/Chinese-medicine-provides-hope-in-long-Covid-fight |access-date=2022-09-28 |website=The Standard |language=en}}</ref> Rowena Wong Hau-wan, babban manajan Hukumar Asibiti (magungunan kasar Sin), ya ce "Binciken ya zama shaida game da maganin cututtukan COVID tare da maganin kasar Sin. " Koyaya, Farfesa Bian Zhaoxian ya yarda cewa marasa lafiya na iya warkewa ta halitta maimakon saboda maganin kasar Sin, kuma ba a gudanar da binciken ta amfani da gwajin da aka sarrafa a kimiyya ba. <ref name=":0" /><ref name=":0" /> === COVID-19 da asibitocin jama'a === A ranar 27 ga watan Agustan 2022, Sakataren Lafiya Lo Chung-mau ya ba da shawarar cewa asibitoci masu zaman kansu suna da rauni kuma ana iya hukunta su saboda rashin karɓar marasa lafiya marasa cutar COVID daga asibitocin jama'a saboda yiwuwar yawan jama'a a asibitohin jama'a, <ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-08-27 |title=Hong Kong private hospitals "could be punished" over low non-Covid patient intake |url=https://www.scmp.com/news/hong-kong/health-environment/article/3190406/hong-kong-private-hospitals-could-be-punished |access-date=2022-08-29 |website=South China Morning Post |language=en}}</ref> kodayake Dokta Siddharth Sridhar na HKU ya ce yawan jama'ar saboda tsofaffi marasa lafiya da ke fama da COVID-19 galibi ana tura su asibitoyin jama'a ko da yawa. <ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-08-29 |title='Hong Kong's daily tally could peak at 20,000 but let's not go backwards in policy' |url=https://www.scmp.com/news/hong-kong/health-environment/article/3190516/coronavirus-hong-kongs-daily-tally-could-peak |access-date=2022-08-29 |website=South China Morning Post |language=en}}</ref> Watanni daga baya a watan Nuwamba na 2022, Lau Ka-hin na Hukumar Asibiti ya ce za a ba asibitocin jama'a damar samun marasa lafiya masu cutar COVID-19 tare da alamun bayyanar cututtuka masu ƙarancin cutar don warewa a gida maimakon a kula da su a asibiti.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |last=Standard |first=The |title=Covid patients with no obvious symptoms sent to hospital can opt for home quarantine |url=https://www.thestandard.com.hk/breaking-news/section/4/197013/Covid-patients-with-no-obvious-symptoms-sent-to-hospital-can-opt-for-home-quarantine |access-date=2022-11-13 |website=The Standard |language=en}}</ref> Lau ya ce kashi 60% na marasa lafiya na hadari da na gaggawa an dauke su ne kawai saboda sakamakon cutar COVID-19.<ref name=":1" /> === Yankunan siminti sun fadi a kan gadon asibiti === Kankare mai girman karamar jakar baya, ya fada kan gado mara komai a Asibitin Castle Peak da ke Tuen Mun a watan Nuwamba 2022. Hukumar Asibitin ba ta bayyana lamarin ba sai bayan da ya fito a ranar 5 ga Maris, 2023. Slabs na siminti, wanda girman girmansa ya kai kimanin santimita 30 x 30 na silin da ke cikin wani asibiti na Chung a cikin wani dakin bincike na Chung a cikin wani dakin bincike na Chung.  printer, kamar yadda wani gidan yanar gizo ya bayyana.  An kuma bayar da rahoton faɗuwar wasu abubuwa kamar hasken tiyata..<ref>{{Cite web |title=Another ceiling collapse incident sees concrete slab fall at Kwai Chung Hospital, destroying printer |url=https://www.thestandard.com.hk/breaking-news/section/4/201173/Another-ceiling-collapse-incident-sees-concrete-slab-fall-at-Kwai-Chung-Hospital,-destroying-printer}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=18 March 2023 |title=Experts call on Hong Kong government to take falling objects at hospitals as wake-up call to review safety of all buildings |url=https://www.scmp.com/news/hong-kong/society/article/3214025/experts-call-hong-kong-government-take-falling-objects-hospitals-wake-call-review-safety-all}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=6 March 2023 |title=Hong Kong's Hospital Authority to review maintenance of equipment and facilities after revealing slab of concrete fell onto bed |url=https://www.scmp.com/news/hong-kong/health-environment/article/3212579/hong-kongs-hospital-authority-review-maintenance-equipment-and-facilities-after-revealing-slab}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=HA apologises over upkeep issues |url=https://www.news.gov.hk/eng/2023/03/20230308/20230308_151534_208.html}}</ref> Dukkanin sakonni daga asusun [[instagram]] da ke bayyana batun ba za a iya samun su ba tun daga ranar 14 ga Maris 2023 bayan an yi musu ratted.<ref>{{Cite web |date=14 March 2023 |title=揭青山醫院石屎剝落IG專頁「hanosecrets」突消失 帖文清零 |url=https://www.hk01.com/%E7%A4%BE%E6%9C%83%E6%96%B0%E8%81%9E/877282/%E6%8F%AD%E9%9D%92%E5%B1%B1%E9%86%AB%E9%99%A2%E7%9F%B3%E5%B1%8E%E5%89%9D%E8%90%BDig%E5%B0%88%E9%A0%81-hanosecrets-%E7%AA%81%E6%B6%88%E5%A4%B1-%E5%B8%96%E6%96%87%E6%B8%85%E9%9B%B6}}</ref> == Dubi kuma == * Lafiya a Hong Kong * Jerin asibitoci a Hong Kong * Fung Hong * Kayan kiwon lafiya [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] jq0s29gdk0d0yq3y4ox4s3a37msrpry 895134 895133 2026-08-11T17:08:12Z Ummun Sultan 23935 895134 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}}   [[Fayil:Hkha_hq.JPG|thumb|Ginin Hukumar Asibiti, inda Babban Ofishin Hukumar Asibiti yake]] '''Hukumar Asibiti''' kungiya ce ta doka da take kula da dukkan Asibitocin gwamnati da cibiyoyin a [[Hong Kong]]. Yana ƙarƙashin jagorancin kwamitin sa kuma yana ƙarƙashin kulawar Sakataren Lafiya na Gwamnatin Hong Kong. Shugabanta shine Henry Fan . == Tarihi == Kafin a kafa Hukumar Asibitoci, dukkan al’amuran lafiya da na jinya suna karkashin kulawar sashen kula da lafiya da lafiya.  A cikin shekarar 1990, an ƙaddamar da sabon tsarin kula da lafiya a zaman wani ɓangare na gyare-gyaren 1989.  Ƙaddamar da Hukumar ta yi aiki don sake gina ikon jihohi a cikin bullar siyasar jam'iyya a Hong Kong.[1]  Sashen ya zama Sashen Lafiya, kuma a shekarar 1991, an mika ragamar kula da dukkan asibitocin gwamnati zuwa wata sabuwar hukuma mai kula da asibitoci, wacce aka kafa a ranar 1 ga Disamban shekarar 1990 a ƙarƙashin Dokar Hukumar Asibitoci.  A shekara ta 2003, an tura Babban Clinics na Ma'aikatar Kiwon lafiya zuwa hukuma == Cibiyoyin asibiti == Hukumar Asibiti tana ba da sabis ga jama'a a ƙarƙashin tsarin rukuni tun 1993. <ref>{{Cite web |date=June 2013 |title=A General Brief about the Hospital Authority |url=http://www.sars-expertcom.gov.hk/english/reports/submissions/files/a_general_brief_about_ha.pdf |publisher=Hospital Authority}}</ref> A halin yanzu tana kula da asibitoci da cibiyoyin jama'a 43, asibitocin ƙwararru 49 da asibutocin asibitoi 73 na gaba ɗaya. Ya zuwa 31 Maris 2019, yana da ma'aikata kusan 79,000 da wasu gadaje 28,000.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Caring for our community's health |url=https://www.ha.org.hk/visitor/ha_visitor_index.asp?Content_ID=10008&Lang=ENG&Dimension=100&Parent_ID=10004 |access-date=20 November 2020 |website=Hospital Authority}}</ref> Wadannan wuraren an tsara su cikin rukunin asibitoci bakwai bisa ga wuraren da suke, kamar yadda aka nuna a cikin tebur da ke ƙasa. Kowane rukunin asibiti ya ƙunshi haɗuwa da asibitoci masu gaggawa da masu warkewa ko masu farfadowa don samar da cikakken sabis na kiwon lafiya.<ref>{{Cite web |date=16 January 2014 |title=Resources allocation among hospital clusters by the Hospital Authority |url=http://www.legco.gov.hk/yr13-14/english/panels/hs/papers/hs0120cb2-671-5-e.pdf |publisher=Legislative Council}}</ref> {| class="wikitable" !Rukunin asibiti !Yankin sabis !Yawan jama'ar yankin a tsakiyar 2012 |- |Ƙungiyar Gabashin Hong Kong |Yankunan Gabas, Wanchai da Tsibirin (ban da Arewacin Lantau) |825,400 |- |Ƙungiyar Yammacin Hong Kong |Gundumomin Tsakiya da Yamma, da Kudancin tsibirin Hong Kong |544,100 |- |Kowloon Tsakiya |Gundumomin Mong Kok, Yau Ma Tei, Tsim Sha Tsui da Kowloon City, Wong Tai Sin |1,103,200 |- |Kowloon Gabas |Kwun Tong, Tseung Kwan O da kuma wani ɓangare na gundumomin Sai Kung |1,012,000 |- |Kowloon Yamma |Gundumomin Sham Shui Po, Kwai Tsing, Tsuen Wan da Arewacin Lantau |787,600 |- |Sabbin Yankin Gabas |Sha Tin, Tai Po, Arewa da kuma wani ɓangare na gundumomin Sai Kung |1,321,300 |- |Sabbin Yankin Yamma |Gundumomin Tuen Mun da Yuen Long |1,085,300 |} == Gudanar da kamfanoni == === Kwamitin Kula da Asibiti === Bisa ga Dokar Hukumar Asibiti (Cap 113), Babban Jami'in Gudanarwa na Hong Kong ya nada mambobin Hukumar Kula da Asibiti da ke jagorantar hukumar.  Hukumar ta yanzu ta ƙunshi mambobi 27, ciki har da shugaba.  Mambobin hukumar sun hada da jami’ai 23 wadanda ba na gwamnati ba, jami’an gwamnati uku da kuma shugaban zartarwa na hukumar.  Baya ga shugaban zartarwa na hukumar, sauran mambobin ba a biyan su albashi a matsayinsu na mambobin hukumar.<ref name="ar2013">{{Cite web |title=Hospital Authority Annual Report 2012-2013 |url=http://www.ha.org.hk/upload/publication_13/477.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140716185218/http://www.ha.org.hk/upload/publication_13/477.pdf |archive-date=16 July 2014 |access-date=15 July 2014 |publisher=Hospital Authority}}</ref> ==== Shugabannin yanzu da na baya ==== * Sir Sze-yuen Chung, GBM, [[Order of the British Empire|GBE]], JP (1 ga Disamba 1990 - 31 ga Maris 1995) * Peter Woo Kwong-ching, GBM, GBS, JP (1 ga Afrilu 1995 - 30 ga Satumba 2000) * Lo Ka-shui, GBS, JP (1 ga Oktoba 2000 - 30 ga Satumba 2002) * Edward Leong Che-hung, GBM, GBS, [[Order of the British Empire|OBE]], JP (1 ga Oktoba 2002 - 8 ga Yuli 2004) * Anthony Wu Ting-yuk, GBS, JP (7 ga Oktoba 2004 - 30 ga Nuwamba 2013) * John Leong Chi-yan, SBS, JP (1 ga Disamba 2013 - 30 ga Nuwamba 2019) * Henry Fan Hung-ling, SBS, JP (1 ga Disamba 2019 - yanzu) ==== Shugabannin yanzu da na baya ==== * Yeoh Eng-kiong, [[Order of the British Empire|OBE]], JP (Janairu 1994 - Satumba 1999) * William Ho Shiu-wei, JP (20 Satumba 1999 - 19 Satumba 2005) * Ko Wing-man, JP (aiki, 24 Maris 2003 - )   * Vivian Wong Taam Chi-woon, JP (aiki, 20 Satumba 2005 - 28 Fabrairu 2006) * [[Shane Solomon]] (1 Maris 2006 - 23 Yuli 2010) <ref>{{Cite web |date=3 April 2006 |title=Minutes of Hospital Authority Board Meeting held on 30 March 2006 |url=http://www.ha.org.hk/haho/ho/cad_bnc/129500e.pdf |website=Hospital Authority}}</ref> * Leung Pak-yin, JP (8 Nuwamba 2010 - 31 Yuli 2019) * Ko Pat-sing, Tony (1 ga Agusta 2019 -) === Kwamitin Kwamitin === Don aiwatar da matsayinta da kuma yin amfani da ikonta, kwamitin ya kafa kwamitocin aiki guda 11: * Kwamitin Bincike da Hadari * Kwamitin Zartarwa na Gaggawa * Kwamitin zartarwa * Kwamitin Kudi * Kwamitin Kula da Harkokin Dan Adam * Kwamitin Gudanar da Ayyukan Fasahar Bayanai * Babban Kwamitin Tender * Kwamitin Ci gaban Ayyukan Kiwon Lafiya * Kwamitin korafin jama'a * Kwamitin daukaka kara na ma'aikata, da kuma * Kwamitin Ci Gaban Ayyuka na Taimako.<ref name="ar2013">{{Cite web |title=Hospital Authority Annual Report 2012-2013 |url=http://www.ha.org.hk/upload/publication_13/477.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140716185218/http://www.ha.org.hk/upload/publication_13/477.pdf |archive-date=16 July 2014 |access-date=15 July 2014 |publisher=Hospital Authority}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="true">[https://web.archive.org/web/20140716185218/http://www.ha.org.hk/upload/publication_13/477.pdf "Hospital Authority Annual Report 2012-2013"] <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Hospital Authority. Archived from [http://www.ha.org.hk/upload/publication_13/477.pdf the original] <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 16 July 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">15 July</span> 2014</span>.</cite></ref> === Kwamitin Gudanar da Asibiti === Don inganta sa hannun al'umma da shugabancin asibitocin jama'a, hukuma ta kafa Kwamitin Gudanar da Asibitoci 31 a asibitoci da cibiyoyi 38. Wadannan kwamitocin sun karbi rahotanni na gudanarwa na yau da kullun daga shugabannin asibiti, suna sa ido kan ayyukan aiki da na kudi na asibitoci, suna shiga cikin albarkatun mutane da ayyukan sayarwa, da kuma ayyukan haɗin gwiwar asibiti da al'umma.<ref name="ar2013">{{Cite web |title=Hospital Authority Annual Report 2012-2013 |url=http://www.ha.org.hk/upload/publication_13/477.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140716185218/http://www.ha.org.hk/upload/publication_13/477.pdf |archive-date=16 July 2014 |access-date=15 July 2014 |publisher=Hospital Authority}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="true">[https://web.archive.org/web/20140716185218/http://www.ha.org.hk/upload/publication_13/477.pdf "Hospital Authority Annual Report 2012-2013"] <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Hospital Authority. Archived from [http://www.ha.org.hk/upload/publication_13/477.pdf the original] <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 16 July 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">15 July</span> 2014</span>.</cite></ref> === Kwamitin Ba da Shawara na Yankin === Don samar da shawara ga hukuma game da bukatun kiwon lafiya ga takamaiman yankuna na Hong Kong, hukuma ta kafa kwamitocin ba da shawara na yanki guda uku. Kowace kwamiti tana haɗuwa sau hudu a shekara.<ref name="ar2013">{{Cite web |title=Hospital Authority Annual Report 2012-2013 |url=http://www.ha.org.hk/upload/publication_13/477.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140716185218/http://www.ha.org.hk/upload/publication_13/477.pdf |archive-date=16 July 2014 |access-date=15 July 2014 |publisher=Hospital Authority}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="true">[https://web.archive.org/web/20140716185218/http://www.ha.org.hk/upload/publication_13/477.pdf "Hospital Authority Annual Report 2012-2013"] <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Hospital Authority. Archived from [http://www.ha.org.hk/upload/publication_13/477.pdf the original] <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 16 July 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">15 July</span> 2014</span>.</cite></ref> == Kudin == Gwamnatin Hong Kong ce ke ba da kuɗin ikon, wanda ya kai dala biliyan 42.5 na shekarar 2012-2013, wanda ya kai sama da kashi 90% na jimlar kudin shiga na hukuma. Sauran kudaden shiga sun hada da kudaden asibiti da asibiti da caji, gudummawa, da saka hannun jari.<ref name="ar2013">{{Cite web |title=Hospital Authority Annual Report 2012-2013 |url=http://www.ha.org.hk/upload/publication_13/477.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140716185218/http://www.ha.org.hk/upload/publication_13/477.pdf |archive-date=16 July 2014 |access-date=15 July 2014 |publisher=Hospital Authority}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="true">[https://web.archive.org/web/20140716185218/http://www.ha.org.hk/upload/publication_13/477.pdf "Hospital Authority Annual Report 2012-2013"] <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Hospital Authority. Archived from [http://www.ha.org.hk/upload/publication_13/477.pdf the original] <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 16 July 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">15 July</span> 2014</span>.</cite></ref> Jimlar kuɗin da hukumar ta kashe ya kai HK $ 46.1 biliyan na 2012-2013, tare da kashi 70% da aka yi amfani da su don biyan ma'aikata, da kuma kashi 14% don biyan magunguna da sauran kayayyaki.<ref name="ar2013">{{Cite web |title=Hospital Authority Annual Report 2012-2013 |url=http://www.ha.org.hk/upload/publication_13/477.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140716185218/http://www.ha.org.hk/upload/publication_13/477.pdf |archive-date=16 July 2014 |access-date=15 July 2014 |publisher=Hospital Authority}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="true">[https://web.archive.org/web/20140716185218/http://www.ha.org.hk/upload/publication_13/477.pdf "Hospital Authority Annual Report 2012-2013"] <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Hospital Authority. Archived from [http://www.ha.org.hk/upload/publication_13/477.pdf the original] <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 16 July 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">15 July</span> 2014</span>.</cite></ref> === Yaduwar SARS ta 2003 === A shekara ta 2003, Hong Kong ta sha wahala daga barkewar SARS kuma ta yi rikodin adadi mai yawa na marasa lafiya da wadanda suka mutu. An soki jinkirin da jinkirin amsawar Hukumar Asibiti. Da yake gaskata cewa Hong Kong tana da aminci daga cututtukan da ke yaduwa, HA ba ta da isasshen shiri ga wurare kamar unguwanni da ke ware da ɗakuna guda ɗaya waɗanda ke da mahimmanci don maganin cututtukani masu yaduwa sosai. A farkon fashewar cutar, asibitocin jama'a sun sanya marasa lafiya na SARS a cikin ɗakunan da ba a keɓe su ba waɗanda suka kara damar kamuwa da cuta sosai.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Ma |first=Ngok |date=2004 |title=SARS and the Limits of the Hong Kong SAR Administrative State |journal=Asian Perspective |volume=28 |issue=1 |pages=113 |doi=10.1353/apr.2004.0035}}</ref> === Rashin gurɓata madara na 2008 === A ranar da aka gano wata yarinya ‘yar Hong Kong a matsayin mace ta farko da ta fara fuskantar badakalar nonon Sinawa a shekarar 2008, iyayen da ke cikin damuwa sun ji takaicin ganin cewa likitocin sashen musamman da aka kafa a asibitin gimbiya Margaret na hutu.  Mataimakiyar daraktan kiwon lafiya Gloria Tam ta ce "ba wani abu ne na gaggawa ba da ya kamata a magance shi cikin sa'o'i 24... Za su iya tafiya a lokutan ofis gobe".  Dan majalisar dokoki a bangaren kiwon lafiya Leung Ka-lau ya ce rashin samun kariya ta yau da kullun a lokacin rikicin ya kasance "marasa hankali".  Hukumar Kula da Asibitin ta ba da rahoton cewa ta cika da mamaki lokacin da iyaye sama da 10 suka bukaci a duba yaransu a Gimbiya Margaret a cikin rudani game da masu bi da kuma hanyoyin yin rajista, lamarin da ya sa Sakataren Abinci da Lafiya, York Chow ya nuna rashin amincewa da matsalar.[2]  Chow ya yi alkawarin ƙarin wurare 18 a kusa da Hong Kong za su fara aiki a washegari.[3] Lokacin jira don magani na zaɓaɓɓu yana da yawa. Matsakaicin lokacin jira don tiyata a cikin 2014 ya kasance watanni 22. === Magungunan kasar Sin da COVID-19 === A watan Satumbar 2022, Henry Fan Hung Ling, shugaban Hukumar Asibiti, ya yi kira ga "ƙaruwa mai mahimmanci" na maganin gargajiya na kasar Sin da aka yi amfani da shi a kiwon lafiyar jama'a na Hong Kong.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-09-28 |title=Chinese medicine could help relieve 'long Covid' symptoms: Hong Kong study |url=https://www.scmp.com/news/hong-kong/health-environment/article/3194166/coronavirus-hong-kong-study-shows-chinese |access-date=2022-09-28 |website=South China Morning Post |language=en}}</ref> Kwanaki bayan haka, Hukumar Asibitin ta fitar da bayanai daga binciken da ta gudanar, wanda ya nuna cewa ana iya amfani da maganin gargajiya na kasar Sin don warkar da COVID na dogon lokaci.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |last=Standard |first=The |title=Chinese medicine provides hope in long-Covid fight |url=https://www.thestandard.com.hk/section-news/section/4/245967/Chinese-medicine-provides-hope-in-long-Covid-fight |access-date=2022-09-28 |website=The Standard |language=en}}</ref> Rowena Wong Hau-wan, babban manajan Hukumar Asibiti (magungunan kasar Sin), ya ce "Binciken ya zama shaida game da maganin cututtukan COVID tare da maganin kasar Sin. " Koyaya, Farfesa Bian Zhaoxian ya yarda cewa marasa lafiya na iya warkewa ta halitta maimakon saboda maganin kasar Sin, kuma ba a gudanar da binciken ta amfani da gwajin da aka sarrafa a kimiyya ba. <ref name=":0" /><ref name=":0" /> === COVID-19 da asibitocin jama'a === A ranar 27 ga watan Agustan 2022, Sakataren Lafiya Lo Chung-mau ya ba da shawarar cewa asibitoci masu zaman kansu suna da rauni kuma ana iya hukunta su saboda rashin karɓar marasa lafiya marasa cutar COVID daga asibitocin jama'a saboda yiwuwar yawan jama'a a asibitohin jama'a, <ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-08-27 |title=Hong Kong private hospitals "could be punished" over low non-Covid patient intake |url=https://www.scmp.com/news/hong-kong/health-environment/article/3190406/hong-kong-private-hospitals-could-be-punished |access-date=2022-08-29 |website=South China Morning Post |language=en}}</ref> kodayake Dokta Siddharth Sridhar na HKU ya ce yawan jama'ar saboda tsofaffi marasa lafiya da ke fama da COVID-19 galibi ana tura su asibitoyin jama'a ko da yawa. <ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-08-29 |title='Hong Kong's daily tally could peak at 20,000 but let's not go backwards in policy' |url=https://www.scmp.com/news/hong-kong/health-environment/article/3190516/coronavirus-hong-kongs-daily-tally-could-peak |access-date=2022-08-29 |website=South China Morning Post |language=en}}</ref> Watanni daga baya a watan Nuwamba na 2022, Lau Ka-hin na Hukumar Asibiti ya ce za a ba asibitocin jama'a damar samun marasa lafiya masu cutar COVID-19 tare da alamun bayyanar cututtuka masu ƙarancin cutar don warewa a gida maimakon a kula da su a asibiti.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |last=Standard |first=The |title=Covid patients with no obvious symptoms sent to hospital can opt for home quarantine |url=https://www.thestandard.com.hk/breaking-news/section/4/197013/Covid-patients-with-no-obvious-symptoms-sent-to-hospital-can-opt-for-home-quarantine |access-date=2022-11-13 |website=The Standard |language=en}}</ref> Lau ya ce kashi 60% na marasa lafiya na hadari da na gaggawa an dauke su ne kawai saboda sakamakon cutar COVID-19.<ref name=":1" /> === Yankunan siminti sun fadi a kan gadon asibiti === Kankare mai girman karamar jakar baya, ya fada kan gado mara komai a Asibitin Castle Peak da ke Tuen Mun a watan Nuwamba 2022. Hukumar Asibitin ba ta bayyana lamarin ba sai bayan da ya fito a ranar 5 ga Maris, 2023. Slabs na siminti, wanda girman girmansa ya kai kimanin santimita 30 x 30 na silin da ke cikin wani asibiti na Chung a cikin wani dakin bincike na Chung a cikin wani dakin bincike na Chung.  printer, kamar yadda wani gidan yanar gizo ya bayyana.  An kuma bayar da rahoton faɗuwar wasu abubuwa kamar hasken tiyata..<ref>{{Cite web |title=Another ceiling collapse incident sees concrete slab fall at Kwai Chung Hospital, destroying printer |url=https://www.thestandard.com.hk/breaking-news/section/4/201173/Another-ceiling-collapse-incident-sees-concrete-slab-fall-at-Kwai-Chung-Hospital,-destroying-printer}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=18 March 2023 |title=Experts call on Hong Kong government to take falling objects at hospitals as wake-up call to review safety of all buildings |url=https://www.scmp.com/news/hong-kong/society/article/3214025/experts-call-hong-kong-government-take-falling-objects-hospitals-wake-call-review-safety-all}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=6 March 2023 |title=Hong Kong's Hospital Authority to review maintenance of equipment and facilities after revealing slab of concrete fell onto bed |url=https://www.scmp.com/news/hong-kong/health-environment/article/3212579/hong-kongs-hospital-authority-review-maintenance-equipment-and-facilities-after-revealing-slab}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=HA apologises over upkeep issues |url=https://www.news.gov.hk/eng/2023/03/20230308/20230308_151534_208.html}}</ref> Dukkanin sakonni daga asusun [[instagram]] da ke bayyana batun ba za a iya samun su ba tun daga ranar 14 ga Maris 2023 bayan an yi musu ratted.<ref>{{Cite web |date=14 March 2023 |title=揭青山醫院石屎剝落IG專頁「hanosecrets」突消失 帖文清零 |url=https://www.hk01.com/%E7%A4%BE%E6%9C%83%E6%96%B0%E8%81%9E/877282/%E6%8F%AD%E9%9D%92%E5%B1%B1%E9%86%AB%E9%99%A2%E7%9F%B3%E5%B1%8E%E5%89%9D%E8%90%BDig%E5%B0%88%E9%A0%81-hanosecrets-%E7%AA%81%E6%B6%88%E5%A4%B1-%E5%B8%96%E6%96%87%E6%B8%85%E9%9B%B6}}</ref> == Dubi kuma == * Lafiya a Hong Kong * Jerin asibitoci a Hong Kong * Fung Hong * Kayan kiwon lafiya [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] 8v5z5r589tywwr15wd9mnxatriaebfu 895135 895134 2026-08-11T17:08:25Z Ummun Sultan 23935 895135 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}}   [[Fayil:Hkha_hq.JPG|thumb|Ginin Hukumar Asibiti, inda Babban Ofishin Hukumar Asibiti yake]] '''Hukumar Asibiti''' kungiya ce ta doka da take kula da dukkan Asibitocin gwamnati da cibiyoyin a [[Hong Kong]]. Yana ƙarƙashin jagorancin kwamitin sa kuma yana ƙarƙashin kulawar Sakataren Lafiya na Gwamnatin Hong Kong. Shugabanta shine Henry Fan . == Tarihi == Kafin a kafa Hukumar Asibitoci, dukkan al’amuran lafiya da na jinya suna karkashin kulawar sashen kula da lafiya da lafiya.  A cikin shekarar 1990, an ƙaddamar da sabon tsarin kula da lafiya a zaman wani ɓangare na gyare-gyaren 1989.  Ƙaddamar da Hukumar ta yi aiki don sake gina ikon jihohi a cikin bullar siyasar jam'iyya a Hong Kong.[1]  Sashen ya zama Sashen Lafiya, kuma a shekarar 1991, an mika ragamar kula da dukkan asibitocin gwamnati zuwa wata sabuwar hukuma mai kula da asibitoci, wacce aka kafa a ranar 1 ga Disamban shekarar 1990 a ƙarƙashin Dokar Hukumar Asibitoci.  A shekara ta 2003, an tura Babban Clinics na Ma'aikatar Kiwon lafiya zuwa hukuma == Cibiyoyin asibiti == Hukumar Asibiti tana ba da sabis ga jama'a a ƙarƙashin tsarin rukuni tun a shekarar 1993. <ref>{{Cite web |date=June 2013 |title=A General Brief about the Hospital Authority |url=http://www.sars-expertcom.gov.hk/english/reports/submissions/files/a_general_brief_about_ha.pdf |publisher=Hospital Authority}}</ref> A halin yanzu tana kula da asibitoci da cibiyoyin jama'a 43, asibitocin ƙwararru 49 da asibutocin asibitoi 73 na gaba ɗaya. Ya zuwa 31 Maris 2019, yana da ma'aikata kusan 79,000 da wasu gadaje 28,000.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Caring for our community's health |url=https://www.ha.org.hk/visitor/ha_visitor_index.asp?Content_ID=10008&Lang=ENG&Dimension=100&Parent_ID=10004 |access-date=20 November 2020 |website=Hospital Authority}}</ref> Wadannan wuraren an tsara su cikin rukunin asibitoci bakwai bisa ga wuraren da suke, kamar yadda aka nuna a cikin tebur da ke ƙasa. Kowane rukunin asibiti ya ƙunshi haɗuwa da asibitoci masu gaggawa da masu warkewa ko masu farfadowa don samar da cikakken sabis na kiwon lafiya.<ref>{{Cite web |date=16 January 2014 |title=Resources allocation among hospital clusters by the Hospital Authority |url=http://www.legco.gov.hk/yr13-14/english/panels/hs/papers/hs0120cb2-671-5-e.pdf |publisher=Legislative Council}}</ref> {| class="wikitable" !Rukunin asibiti !Yankin sabis !Yawan jama'ar yankin a tsakiyar 2012 |- |Ƙungiyar Gabashin Hong Kong |Yankunan Gabas, Wanchai da Tsibirin (ban da Arewacin Lantau) |825,400 |- |Ƙungiyar Yammacin Hong Kong |Gundumomin Tsakiya da Yamma, da Kudancin tsibirin Hong Kong |544,100 |- |Kowloon Tsakiya |Gundumomin Mong Kok, Yau Ma Tei, Tsim Sha Tsui da Kowloon City, Wong Tai Sin |1,103,200 |- |Kowloon Gabas |Kwun Tong, Tseung Kwan O da kuma wani ɓangare na gundumomin Sai Kung |1,012,000 |- |Kowloon Yamma |Gundumomin Sham Shui Po, Kwai Tsing, Tsuen Wan da Arewacin Lantau |787,600 |- |Sabbin Yankin Gabas |Sha Tin, Tai Po, Arewa da kuma wani ɓangare na gundumomin Sai Kung |1,321,300 |- |Sabbin Yankin Yamma |Gundumomin Tuen Mun da Yuen Long |1,085,300 |} == Gudanar da kamfanoni == === Kwamitin Kula da Asibiti === Bisa ga Dokar Hukumar Asibiti (Cap 113), Babban Jami'in Gudanarwa na Hong Kong ya nada mambobin Hukumar Kula da Asibiti da ke jagorantar hukumar.  Hukumar ta yanzu ta ƙunshi mambobi 27, ciki har da shugaba.  Mambobin hukumar sun hada da jami’ai 23 wadanda ba na gwamnati ba, jami’an gwamnati uku da kuma shugaban zartarwa na hukumar.  Baya ga shugaban zartarwa na hukumar, sauran mambobin ba a biyan su albashi a matsayinsu na mambobin hukumar.<ref name="ar2013">{{Cite web |title=Hospital Authority Annual Report 2012-2013 |url=http://www.ha.org.hk/upload/publication_13/477.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140716185218/http://www.ha.org.hk/upload/publication_13/477.pdf |archive-date=16 July 2014 |access-date=15 July 2014 |publisher=Hospital Authority}}</ref> ==== Shugabannin yanzu da na baya ==== * Sir Sze-yuen Chung, GBM, [[Order of the British Empire|GBE]], JP (1 ga Disamba 1990 - 31 ga Maris 1995) * Peter Woo Kwong-ching, GBM, GBS, JP (1 ga Afrilu 1995 - 30 ga Satumba 2000) * Lo Ka-shui, GBS, JP (1 ga Oktoba 2000 - 30 ga Satumba 2002) * Edward Leong Che-hung, GBM, GBS, [[Order of the British Empire|OBE]], JP (1 ga Oktoba 2002 - 8 ga Yuli 2004) * Anthony Wu Ting-yuk, GBS, JP (7 ga Oktoba 2004 - 30 ga Nuwamba 2013) * John Leong Chi-yan, SBS, JP (1 ga Disamba 2013 - 30 ga Nuwamba 2019) * Henry Fan Hung-ling, SBS, JP (1 ga Disamba 2019 - yanzu) ==== Shugabannin yanzu da na baya ==== * Yeoh Eng-kiong, [[Order of the British Empire|OBE]], JP (Janairu 1994 - Satumba 1999) * William Ho Shiu-wei, JP (20 Satumba 1999 - 19 Satumba 2005) * Ko Wing-man, JP (aiki, 24 Maris 2003 - )   * Vivian Wong Taam Chi-woon, JP (aiki, 20 Satumba 2005 - 28 Fabrairu 2006) * [[Shane Solomon]] (1 Maris 2006 - 23 Yuli 2010) <ref>{{Cite web |date=3 April 2006 |title=Minutes of Hospital Authority Board Meeting held on 30 March 2006 |url=http://www.ha.org.hk/haho/ho/cad_bnc/129500e.pdf |website=Hospital Authority}}</ref> * Leung Pak-yin, JP (8 Nuwamba 2010 - 31 Yuli 2019) * Ko Pat-sing, Tony (1 ga Agusta 2019 -) === Kwamitin Kwamitin === Don aiwatar da matsayinta da kuma yin amfani da ikonta, kwamitin ya kafa kwamitocin aiki guda 11: * Kwamitin Bincike da Hadari * Kwamitin Zartarwa na Gaggawa * Kwamitin zartarwa * Kwamitin Kudi * Kwamitin Kula da Harkokin Dan Adam * Kwamitin Gudanar da Ayyukan Fasahar Bayanai * Babban Kwamitin Tender * Kwamitin Ci gaban Ayyukan Kiwon Lafiya * Kwamitin korafin jama'a * Kwamitin daukaka kara na ma'aikata, da kuma * Kwamitin Ci Gaban Ayyuka na Taimako.<ref name="ar2013">{{Cite web |title=Hospital Authority Annual Report 2012-2013 |url=http://www.ha.org.hk/upload/publication_13/477.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140716185218/http://www.ha.org.hk/upload/publication_13/477.pdf |archive-date=16 July 2014 |access-date=15 July 2014 |publisher=Hospital Authority}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="true">[https://web.archive.org/web/20140716185218/http://www.ha.org.hk/upload/publication_13/477.pdf "Hospital Authority Annual Report 2012-2013"] <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Hospital Authority. Archived from [http://www.ha.org.hk/upload/publication_13/477.pdf the original] <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 16 July 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">15 July</span> 2014</span>.</cite></ref> === Kwamitin Gudanar da Asibiti === Don inganta sa hannun al'umma da shugabancin asibitocin jama'a, hukuma ta kafa Kwamitin Gudanar da Asibitoci 31 a asibitoci da cibiyoyi 38. Wadannan kwamitocin sun karbi rahotanni na gudanarwa na yau da kullun daga shugabannin asibiti, suna sa ido kan ayyukan aiki da na kudi na asibitoci, suna shiga cikin albarkatun mutane da ayyukan sayarwa, da kuma ayyukan haɗin gwiwar asibiti da al'umma.<ref name="ar2013">{{Cite web |title=Hospital Authority Annual Report 2012-2013 |url=http://www.ha.org.hk/upload/publication_13/477.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140716185218/http://www.ha.org.hk/upload/publication_13/477.pdf |archive-date=16 July 2014 |access-date=15 July 2014 |publisher=Hospital Authority}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="true">[https://web.archive.org/web/20140716185218/http://www.ha.org.hk/upload/publication_13/477.pdf "Hospital Authority Annual Report 2012-2013"] <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Hospital Authority. Archived from [http://www.ha.org.hk/upload/publication_13/477.pdf the original] <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 16 July 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">15 July</span> 2014</span>.</cite></ref> === Kwamitin Ba da Shawara na Yankin === Don samar da shawara ga hukuma game da bukatun kiwon lafiya ga takamaiman yankuna na Hong Kong, hukuma ta kafa kwamitocin ba da shawara na yanki guda uku. Kowace kwamiti tana haɗuwa sau hudu a shekara.<ref name="ar2013">{{Cite web |title=Hospital Authority Annual Report 2012-2013 |url=http://www.ha.org.hk/upload/publication_13/477.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140716185218/http://www.ha.org.hk/upload/publication_13/477.pdf |archive-date=16 July 2014 |access-date=15 July 2014 |publisher=Hospital Authority}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="true">[https://web.archive.org/web/20140716185218/http://www.ha.org.hk/upload/publication_13/477.pdf "Hospital Authority Annual Report 2012-2013"] <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Hospital Authority. Archived from [http://www.ha.org.hk/upload/publication_13/477.pdf the original] <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 16 July 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">15 July</span> 2014</span>.</cite></ref> == Kudin == Gwamnatin Hong Kong ce ke ba da kuɗin ikon, wanda ya kai dala biliyan 42.5 na shekarar 2012-2013, wanda ya kai sama da kashi 90% na jimlar kudin shiga na hukuma. Sauran kudaden shiga sun hada da kudaden asibiti da asibiti da caji, gudummawa, da saka hannun jari.<ref name="ar2013">{{Cite web |title=Hospital Authority Annual Report 2012-2013 |url=http://www.ha.org.hk/upload/publication_13/477.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140716185218/http://www.ha.org.hk/upload/publication_13/477.pdf |archive-date=16 July 2014 |access-date=15 July 2014 |publisher=Hospital Authority}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="true">[https://web.archive.org/web/20140716185218/http://www.ha.org.hk/upload/publication_13/477.pdf "Hospital Authority Annual Report 2012-2013"] <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Hospital Authority. Archived from [http://www.ha.org.hk/upload/publication_13/477.pdf the original] <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 16 July 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">15 July</span> 2014</span>.</cite></ref> Jimlar kuɗin da hukumar ta kashe ya kai HK $ 46.1 biliyan na 2012-2013, tare da kashi 70% da aka yi amfani da su don biyan ma'aikata, da kuma kashi 14% don biyan magunguna da sauran kayayyaki.<ref name="ar2013">{{Cite web |title=Hospital Authority Annual Report 2012-2013 |url=http://www.ha.org.hk/upload/publication_13/477.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140716185218/http://www.ha.org.hk/upload/publication_13/477.pdf |archive-date=16 July 2014 |access-date=15 July 2014 |publisher=Hospital Authority}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="true">[https://web.archive.org/web/20140716185218/http://www.ha.org.hk/upload/publication_13/477.pdf "Hospital Authority Annual Report 2012-2013"] <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Hospital Authority. Archived from [http://www.ha.org.hk/upload/publication_13/477.pdf the original] <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 16 July 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">15 July</span> 2014</span>.</cite></ref> === Yaduwar SARS ta 2003 === A shekara ta 2003, Hong Kong ta sha wahala daga barkewar SARS kuma ta yi rikodin adadi mai yawa na marasa lafiya da wadanda suka mutu. An soki jinkirin da jinkirin amsawar Hukumar Asibiti. Da yake gaskata cewa Hong Kong tana da aminci daga cututtukan da ke yaduwa, HA ba ta da isasshen shiri ga wurare kamar unguwanni da ke ware da ɗakuna guda ɗaya waɗanda ke da mahimmanci don maganin cututtukani masu yaduwa sosai. A farkon fashewar cutar, asibitocin jama'a sun sanya marasa lafiya na SARS a cikin ɗakunan da ba a keɓe su ba waɗanda suka kara damar kamuwa da cuta sosai.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Ma |first=Ngok |date=2004 |title=SARS and the Limits of the Hong Kong SAR Administrative State |journal=Asian Perspective |volume=28 |issue=1 |pages=113 |doi=10.1353/apr.2004.0035}}</ref> === Rashin gurɓata madara na 2008 === A ranar da aka gano wata yarinya ‘yar Hong Kong a matsayin mace ta farko da ta fara fuskantar badakalar nonon Sinawa a shekarar 2008, iyayen da ke cikin damuwa sun ji takaicin ganin cewa likitocin sashen musamman da aka kafa a asibitin gimbiya Margaret na hutu.  Mataimakiyar daraktan kiwon lafiya Gloria Tam ta ce "ba wani abu ne na gaggawa ba da ya kamata a magance shi cikin sa'o'i 24... Za su iya tafiya a lokutan ofis gobe".  Dan majalisar dokoki a bangaren kiwon lafiya Leung Ka-lau ya ce rashin samun kariya ta yau da kullun a lokacin rikicin ya kasance "marasa hankali".  Hukumar Kula da Asibitin ta ba da rahoton cewa ta cika da mamaki lokacin da iyaye sama da 10 suka bukaci a duba yaransu a Gimbiya Margaret a cikin rudani game da masu bi da kuma hanyoyin yin rajista, lamarin da ya sa Sakataren Abinci da Lafiya, York Chow ya nuna rashin amincewa da matsalar.[2]  Chow ya yi alkawarin ƙarin wurare 18 a kusa da Hong Kong za su fara aiki a washegari.[3] Lokacin jira don magani na zaɓaɓɓu yana da yawa. Matsakaicin lokacin jira don tiyata a cikin 2014 ya kasance watanni 22. === Magungunan kasar Sin da COVID-19 === A watan Satumbar 2022, Henry Fan Hung Ling, shugaban Hukumar Asibiti, ya yi kira ga "ƙaruwa mai mahimmanci" na maganin gargajiya na kasar Sin da aka yi amfani da shi a kiwon lafiyar jama'a na Hong Kong.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-09-28 |title=Chinese medicine could help relieve 'long Covid' symptoms: Hong Kong study |url=https://www.scmp.com/news/hong-kong/health-environment/article/3194166/coronavirus-hong-kong-study-shows-chinese |access-date=2022-09-28 |website=South China Morning Post |language=en}}</ref> Kwanaki bayan haka, Hukumar Asibitin ta fitar da bayanai daga binciken da ta gudanar, wanda ya nuna cewa ana iya amfani da maganin gargajiya na kasar Sin don warkar da COVID na dogon lokaci.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |last=Standard |first=The |title=Chinese medicine provides hope in long-Covid fight |url=https://www.thestandard.com.hk/section-news/section/4/245967/Chinese-medicine-provides-hope-in-long-Covid-fight |access-date=2022-09-28 |website=The Standard |language=en}}</ref> Rowena Wong Hau-wan, babban manajan Hukumar Asibiti (magungunan kasar Sin), ya ce "Binciken ya zama shaida game da maganin cututtukan COVID tare da maganin kasar Sin. " Koyaya, Farfesa Bian Zhaoxian ya yarda cewa marasa lafiya na iya warkewa ta halitta maimakon saboda maganin kasar Sin, kuma ba a gudanar da binciken ta amfani da gwajin da aka sarrafa a kimiyya ba. <ref name=":0" /><ref name=":0" /> === COVID-19 da asibitocin jama'a === A ranar 27 ga watan Agustan 2022, Sakataren Lafiya Lo Chung-mau ya ba da shawarar cewa asibitoci masu zaman kansu suna da rauni kuma ana iya hukunta su saboda rashin karɓar marasa lafiya marasa cutar COVID daga asibitocin jama'a saboda yiwuwar yawan jama'a a asibitohin jama'a, <ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-08-27 |title=Hong Kong private hospitals "could be punished" over low non-Covid patient intake |url=https://www.scmp.com/news/hong-kong/health-environment/article/3190406/hong-kong-private-hospitals-could-be-punished |access-date=2022-08-29 |website=South China Morning Post |language=en}}</ref> kodayake Dokta Siddharth Sridhar na HKU ya ce yawan jama'ar saboda tsofaffi marasa lafiya da ke fama da COVID-19 galibi ana tura su asibitoyin jama'a ko da yawa. <ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-08-29 |title='Hong Kong's daily tally could peak at 20,000 but let's not go backwards in policy' |url=https://www.scmp.com/news/hong-kong/health-environment/article/3190516/coronavirus-hong-kongs-daily-tally-could-peak |access-date=2022-08-29 |website=South China Morning Post |language=en}}</ref> Watanni daga baya a watan Nuwamba na 2022, Lau Ka-hin na Hukumar Asibiti ya ce za a ba asibitocin jama'a damar samun marasa lafiya masu cutar COVID-19 tare da alamun bayyanar cututtuka masu ƙarancin cutar don warewa a gida maimakon a kula da su a asibiti.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |last=Standard |first=The |title=Covid patients with no obvious symptoms sent to hospital can opt for home quarantine |url=https://www.thestandard.com.hk/breaking-news/section/4/197013/Covid-patients-with-no-obvious-symptoms-sent-to-hospital-can-opt-for-home-quarantine |access-date=2022-11-13 |website=The Standard |language=en}}</ref> Lau ya ce kashi 60% na marasa lafiya na hadari da na gaggawa an dauke su ne kawai saboda sakamakon cutar COVID-19.<ref name=":1" /> === Yankunan siminti sun fadi a kan gadon asibiti === Kankare mai girman karamar jakar baya, ya fada kan gado mara komai a Asibitin Castle Peak da ke Tuen Mun a watan Nuwamba 2022. Hukumar Asibitin ba ta bayyana lamarin ba sai bayan da ya fito a ranar 5 ga Maris, 2023. Slabs na siminti, wanda girman girmansa ya kai kimanin santimita 30 x 30 na silin da ke cikin wani asibiti na Chung a cikin wani dakin bincike na Chung a cikin wani dakin bincike na Chung.  printer, kamar yadda wani gidan yanar gizo ya bayyana.  An kuma bayar da rahoton faɗuwar wasu abubuwa kamar hasken tiyata..<ref>{{Cite web |title=Another ceiling collapse incident sees concrete slab fall at Kwai Chung Hospital, destroying printer |url=https://www.thestandard.com.hk/breaking-news/section/4/201173/Another-ceiling-collapse-incident-sees-concrete-slab-fall-at-Kwai-Chung-Hospital,-destroying-printer}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=18 March 2023 |title=Experts call on Hong Kong government to take falling objects at hospitals as wake-up call to review safety of all buildings |url=https://www.scmp.com/news/hong-kong/society/article/3214025/experts-call-hong-kong-government-take-falling-objects-hospitals-wake-call-review-safety-all}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=6 March 2023 |title=Hong Kong's Hospital Authority to review maintenance of equipment and facilities after revealing slab of concrete fell onto bed |url=https://www.scmp.com/news/hong-kong/health-environment/article/3212579/hong-kongs-hospital-authority-review-maintenance-equipment-and-facilities-after-revealing-slab}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=HA apologises over upkeep issues |url=https://www.news.gov.hk/eng/2023/03/20230308/20230308_151534_208.html}}</ref> Dukkanin sakonni daga asusun [[instagram]] da ke bayyana batun ba za a iya samun su ba tun daga ranar 14 ga Maris 2023 bayan an yi musu ratted.<ref>{{Cite web |date=14 March 2023 |title=揭青山醫院石屎剝落IG專頁「hanosecrets」突消失 帖文清零 |url=https://www.hk01.com/%E7%A4%BE%E6%9C%83%E6%96%B0%E8%81%9E/877282/%E6%8F%AD%E9%9D%92%E5%B1%B1%E9%86%AB%E9%99%A2%E7%9F%B3%E5%B1%8E%E5%89%9D%E8%90%BDig%E5%B0%88%E9%A0%81-hanosecrets-%E7%AA%81%E6%B6%88%E5%A4%B1-%E5%B8%96%E6%96%87%E6%B8%85%E9%9B%B6}}</ref> == Dubi kuma == * Lafiya a Hong Kong * Jerin asibitoci a Hong Kong * Fung Hong * Kayan kiwon lafiya [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] k5e893bcq92ud33a12evoni7xzstsue 0 110042 895138 845936 2026-08-11T17:09:53Z Ummun Sultan 23935 895138 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} Jami'ar City of [[Hong Kong]] ('''CityUHK''') jami'ar bincike ce ta jama'a a [[Kowloon]]_Tong" Kowloon Tong, Kowloun, [[Hong Kong]] . An kafa shi a shekarar 1984 a matsayin City Polytechnic of Hong Kong kuma an kafa shi a matsayin '''Jami'ar Birnin Hong Kong''' a shekarar 1994. Jami'ar a halin yanzu tana da manyan makarantu tara da ke ba da darussan kasuwanci, kimiyya, injiniya, zane-zane da kimiyyar zamantakewa, doka, da likitan dabbobi, tare da Makarantar Nazarin Graduate ta Chow Yei Ching, Cibiyar Nazarin CityU [[Shenzhen]], da Cibiyar Nazaren Ci gaba ta Hong Kong. == Tarihi == Asalin Jami'ar City ya kasance a cikin kiran "polytechnic na biyu" a cikin shekaru bayan kafawar a shekarar 1972 na Hong Kong Polytechnic. A shekara ta 1982, memba na Majalisar Zartarwa Chung Sze-yuen ya yi magana game da yarjejeniya ta gaba ɗaya cewa "ya kamata a gina polytechnic na biyu mai kama da na farko da wuri-wuri". Masu gudanar da gundumar daga Tuen Mun da Tsuen Wan sun matsa wa gwamnati don gina sabon ma'aikata a cikin sabbin garuruwa su. Gwamnati a maimakon haka ta sayi gidaje na wucin gadi a sabon Argyle Center Tower II a Mong Kok, dukiyar da kamfanin Mass Transit Railway Corporation ya haɓaka tare da Tashar Argyle ta lokacin. An kira sabon makarantar City Polytechnic of Hong Kong, sunan da aka zaɓa daga cikin kusan shawarwari 300 da jama'a suka yi. Sabuwar polytechnic ta buɗe a ranar 8 ga Oktoba 1984, tana maraba da dalibai 480 na cikakken lokaci da 680 na ɗan lokaci. Tanadin don dalibai na ɗan lokaci ya ba da gudummawa ga babban shiga, tare da cika adadin kusan nan take.<ref name="standard1" /> An kuma zaɓi wani yanki na ƙasa a tsohon shafin wani ƙauyen mai suna {{Interlanguage link|Chu Koo Chai|yue|朱古仔}} don sabon harabar.<ref>{{Cite web |date=September 28, 2019 |title=【逃犯條例】遭「罷買」的又一城曾是寮屋區 中資股東已成過去式 |url=https://hk.news.yahoo.com/%E9%80%83%E7%8A%AF%E6%A2%9D%E4%BE%8B-%E9%81%AD-%E7%BD%B7%E8%B2%B7-%E7%9A%84%E5%8F%88-%E5%9F%8E%E6%9B%BE%E6%98%AF%E5%AF%AE%E5%B1%8B%E5%8D%80-061255261.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211109102707/https://hk.news.yahoo.com/%E9%80%83%E7%8A%AF%E6%A2%9D%E4%BE%8B-%E9%81%AD-%E7%BD%B7%E8%B2%B7-%E7%9A%84%E5%8F%88-%E5%9F%8E%E6%9B%BE%E6%98%AF%E5%AF%AE%E5%B1%8B%E5%8D%80-061255261.html |archive-date=9 November 2021 |access-date=November 18, 2021 |website=Yahoo News |publisher=hk01 |language=zh-tw}}</ref> Percy Thomas Partnership ne ya lashe kwangilar gine-gine don tsara harabar tare da Alan Fitch da WN Chung.<ref name="ptp">{{Cite web |title=City University of Hong Kong |url=http://www.ptp-architects.com.hk/prj/0001/index.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120425092725/http://www.ptp-architects.com.hk/prj/0001/index.html |archive-date=25 April 2012 |access-date=26 October 2011 |website=Education |publisher=Percy Thomas Architects}}</ref> Da farko an shirya bude shi ne a watan Oktoba na shekara ta 1988. Gwamna Wilson ne ya bude matakin farko a hukumance a ranar 15 ga watan Janairun shekarar 1990, kuma ya yi alfaharin gidajen wasan kwaikwayo 14 da kwamfutoci 1,500. A shekara ta 1991, makarantar tana da dalibai sama da 8,000 na cikakken lokaci da kimanin ɗalibai 3,000 na ɗan lokaci. Sashe na biyu na harabar dindindin ya buɗe a 1993.<ref name="ptp" /> A shekara ta 1994, an ɗaga ma'aikatar zuwa matsayin jami'a, ta ɗauki sunanta na yanzu don nuna godiya ga sunan.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Cap 1132 - City University of Hong Kong Ordinance |url=http://www.legislation.gov.hk/blis_pdf.nsf/6799165D2FEE3FA94825755E0033E532/EEAD3EA20D96610F482575EF00262747/$FILE/CAP_1132_e_b5.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160328155505/http://www.legislation.gov.hk/blis_pdf.nsf/6799165D2FEE3FA94825755E0033E532/EEAD3EA20D96610F482575EF00262747/$FILE/CAP_1132_e_b5.pdf |archive-date=28 March 2016 |access-date=6 October 2014 |website=Bilingual Laws Information System |publisher=Department of Justice}}</ref> A watan Satumbar 2024, an bude CityU (Dongguan), harabar tana cikin Yankin Ci gaban Masana'antu na Songshan Lake (Science City). Ga rukunin farko, Jami'ar tana ba da shirye-shiryen digiri huɗu - (1) kimiyyar kwamfuta da fasaha, (2) injiniyan masana'antu mai basira, (3) kimiyyar kayan aiki da injiniya, da (4) injiniyan makamashi da wutar lantarki - da shirye-'adun masters guda shida: (1) kimiyyyar kwamfa, (2) gudanar da injiniya، (3) injiniyan kayan aiki da nanotechnology, (4) tsarin bayanai na kasuwanci, (5) kimiyyar bayanai, da (6) injiniyan lantarki.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Introduction to the profession {{!}} Admissions website, City University of Hong Kong (Dongguan) |url=https://uga.cityu-dg.edu.cn/en/major |access-date=2025-05-30 |website=uga.cityu-dg.edu.cn}}</ref> == Cibiyar == Jami'ar Birnin Hong Kong tana zaune a harabar birni da ke Kowloon . Adireshin hukuma shine Tat Chee Avenue, <ref>{{Cite web |title=Home |url=https://www.cityu.edu.hk/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20041104045805/https://www.cityu.edu.hk/ |archive-date=4 November 2004 |access-date=5 April 2019 |website=cityu.edu.hk}}</ref> Kowloon Tong, Kowloun. A fannin gudanarwa, yana daga cikin Gundumar Sham Shui Po.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Sam Shui Po District |url=https://www.eac.hk/pdf/distco/maps/dc2015f.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210419081055/https://www.eac.hk/pdf/distco/maps/dc2015f.pdf |archive-date=19 April 2021 |access-date=2019-08-30 |publisher=[[Electoral Affairs Commission]]}}</ref> Wasu gine-gine na babban harabar suna da alama kamar yadda suke a cikin unguwar Shek Kip Mei maimakon Kowloon Tong a cikin littafin adireshin hukuma, kamar Nam Shan Building .<ref>{{Cite web |title=Building Opening Hours |url=https://www.cityu.edu.hk/about/campus/opening-hours |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220108002121/https://www.cityu.edu.hk/about/campus/opening-hours |archive-date=8 January 2022 |access-date=9 November 2021 |website=City University of Hong Kong}}</ref> Babban harabar tana da alaƙa da cibiyar cin kasuwa ta Festival Walk da tashar Kowloon Tong MTR, wanda ke aiki da layin East Rail da Layin Kwun Tong na tsarin Mass Transit Railway (MTR) na Hong Kong. Har ila yau, yana kusa da Shek Kip Mei Park da Nam Shan Estate . <gallery caption="CityU Campus"> Fayil:C01-086.jpg|Main Entrance from Tat Chee Avenue Fayil:City_University_of_Hong_Kong_sign_near_the_main_entrance.jpg|Logo Fayil:香港城市大学_City_University_of_Hong_Kong_-_panoramio_(1).jpg|Buildings Fayil:HK_九龍塘_Kln_Tong_達之路_Tat_Chee_Avenue_香港城市大學_HKCityU_中國銀行（香港）綜合樓_Bank_of_China_(Hong_Kong)_Complex_游泳池_Swimming_Pool_September_2019_SSG_06.jpg|Swimming Pool, 2019 Fayil:香港城市大学_City_University_of_Hong_Kong_-_panoramio.jpg|Kirin sculptures near the main entrance </gallery> === Ginin Ilimi na Yeung Kin Man (YEUNG) === Yeung Kin Man Academic Building, wanda aka fi sani da Academic 1, ana kuma kiransa "Academic Building" kafin kammala karatun 2. An kammala shi a matakai daga shekarar 1989 zuwa 1994. Yankin bene yana da murabba'in murabba'in 63,000 (680,000 sq ft), kuma ya haɗa da ɗakunan karatu na 116, dakunan gwaje-gwaje, dakunan gwaje-gwaje goma sha takwas.  An raba ginin da launi, cikin tsari na shiyyar purple (P), yankin kore (G), yankin shudi (B), yankin rawaya (Y) da yankin ja (R).  Banda dakunan karatu, duk ajujuwa da dakunan gwaje-gwaje an lasafta su ne ta nau'in launi.<gallery caption="Yeung Kin Man Academic Building, CityU"> Fayil:C01-086.jpg|Entrance to YKM Academic Building Fayil:HK_九龍塘_Kln_Tong_達之路_Tat_Chee_Avenue_香港城市大學_HKCityU_楊建文學術樓_Yeung_Kin_Man_Academic_Building_September_2019_SSG_20.jpg|YKM Academic Building, 2019 Fayil:HK_九龍塘_Kln_Tong_達之路_Tat_Chee_Avenue_香港城市大學_HKCityU_楊建文學術樓_Yeung_Kin_Man_Academic_Building_September_2019_SSG_11.jpg|YKM Academic Building, 2019 Fayil:HK_九龍塘_Kln_Tong_達之路_Tat_Chee_Avenue_楊建文學術樓_Yeung_Kin_Man_Academic_Building_Canteen_City_Express_lunch_time_September_2019_SSG_01.jpg|YKM Academic Building, 2019 Fayil:HK_九龍塘_Kln_Tong_達之路_Tat_Chee_Avenue_香港城市大學_HKCityU_楊建文學術樓_Yeung_Kin_Man_Academic_Building_September_2019_SSG_06.jpg|YKM Academic Building, 2019 </gallery> === Li Dak Sum Yip Yio Chin Ginin Ilimi (LI) === Li Dak Sum Yip Yio Chin Academic Building, wanda ake kira Academic 2 a baya, kamfanin gine-gine Aedas ne ya tsara shi.  Tare da jimlar faɗin murabba'in murabba'in mita 20,900 (225,000 sq ft), yana kan gangara bayan rukunin wasanni a harabar, kuma an sanye shi da cibiyar albarkatu, ɗakin ƙira, ɗakin kwamfuta, ɗakin koyar da harshe, da ɗakin cin abinci na ɗalibi, azuzuwa, dakunan karatu, dakunan gani-jita, dakunan ayyukan lambu da yawa.<gallery caption="Li Dak Sum Yip Yio Chin Academic Building, CityU"> Fayil:CityU_AC2_Void_1_View_2011.jpg|AC2 Void 1, 2011 Fayil:HK_九龍塘_Kln_Tong_達之路_Tat_Chee_Avenue_香港城市大學_HKCityU_李達三葉耀珍學術樓_Li_Dak_Sum_Yip_Yio_Chin_Academic_Building_multi-functional_room_September_2019_SSG_01.jpg|Multi-functional room, 2019 Fayil:CityU_AC2_Main_Enterance_2011.jpg|Main Entrance, AC2, 2011 Fayil:HK_九龍塘_Kln_Tong_達之路_Tat_Chee_Avenue_香港城市大學_HKCityU_李達三葉耀珍學術樓_Li_Dak_Sum_Yip_Yio_Chin_Academic_Building_facade_September_2019_SSG_01.jpg|AC2, 2019 </gallery> === Lau Ming Wai Ginin Ilimi (LAU) === Lau Ming Wai Academic Building ana kiransa Ilimi 3. Aikin ginin ilimi ya kasu kashi biyu.  Kashi na farko wani babban bene mai hawa 20 ne, kuma kashi na biyu shine ƙaramin gini mai hawa biyar tare da jimillar yanki mai faɗin murabba'in mita 20,500 (221,000 sq ft).  Shine gini mafi tsayi a CityU.  Kayayyakin sun haɗa da ɗakin taro mai kujeru 600, azuzuwa, dakunan gwaje-gwajen fasahar bayanai, dakunan gwaje-gwaje masu mahimmanci na jihar millimeter, gidajen cin abinci, wuraren koyo, da ofisoshin gudanarwa.] Kamfanin gine-gine na Hong Kong Ronald Lu & Partners ne ya tsara ginin.  An haɗa hawa na uku da na shida da Ginin Ilimi na Li Dak Sum Yip Yio Chin, yayin da hawa na biyar zuwa na bakwai ke da alaƙa da ɗakin kwanan dalibai da Cibiyar Watsa Labarai ta Shaw Creative.  Hakanan akwai lambuna na terrace akan benaye na 6th, 7th da 8th.<gallery caption="Lau Ming Wai Academic Building, CityU"> Fayil:City_University_of_Hong_Kong_academic_3.jpg|alt= Fayil:City_University_of_Hong_Kong,_Hong_Kong_(Unsplash).jpg|alt= Fayil:CityU_HK_AC2_Roof_Garden_201308.jpg|alt= </gallery> === Run Run Run Shaw Creative Media Center === An kammala Cibiyar Kula da Watsa Labarai ta Run Shaw a cikin 2011.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Run Run Shaw Creative Media Centre, City University of Hong Kong |url=https://www.designbuild-network.com/projects/cmc-hongkong/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210417000639/https://www.designbuild-network.com/projects/cmc-hongkong/ |archive-date=17 April 2021 |access-date=4 October 2018 |website=Designbuild}}</ref> Daniel Libeskind ne ya tsara shi tare da hadin gwiwa tare da Leigh da Orange Ltd., kuma ya sami kyaututtuka da yawa don ƙirar sa.<ref>{{Cite web |date=12 March 2014 |title=The Run Run Shaw Creative Media Centre |url=https://libeskind.com/work/the-run-shaw-creative-media-centre/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220111072557/https://libeskind.com/work/the-run-shaw-creative-media-centre/ |archive-date=11 January 2022 |access-date=4 October 2018 |publisher=Libeskind}}</ref> Ginin yana da Makarantar Media ta Jami'ar, Cibiyar Nazarin Kwamfuta da Harkokin Hulɗa da kimiyyar kwamfuta, kafofin watsa labarai da sadarwa, da sassan Ingilishi.<gallery caption="Run Run Shaw Creative Media Centre"> Fayil:Run_Run_Shaw_Creative_Media_Centre_Exterior.jpg|Run Run Shaw Creative Media Centre Fayil:Run_Run_Shaw_Creative_Media_Centre_Gate.jpg|Entrance Fayil:Run_Run_Shaw_Creative_Media_Centre_main_entrance.jpg|Entrance Fayil:CityU_Run_Run_Shaw_Creative_Media_Centre_Level_5_Computer_Lab.jpg|Level 5 Fayil:C01-023.jpg|alt= </gallery> === Jockey Club One Health Tower === Cibiyar Wasanni ta Hu Fa Kuang cibiyar wasanni ce mai hawa biyar wacce ke da zauren da ake da manufa da kuma dakunan motsa jiki guda huɗu don badminton, kwando, volleyball, zane-zane da rawa, da sauran ayyukan. A watan Mayu 2016, rufin zauren wasanni ya rushe saboda nauyin da sabon [[Tsanwan Rufi|rufin kore]] ya sanya a saman.<ref>{{Cite web |date=23 May 2016 |title=Questions mount over City University roof collapse investigation panel after vice-president withdraws |url=http://www.scmp.com/news/hong-kong/health-environment/article/1951528/questions-mount-over-city-university-roof-collapse |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211001023808/https://www.scmp.com/news/hong-kong/health-environment/article/1951528/questions-mount-over-city-university-roof-collapse |archive-date=1 October 2021 |access-date=26 May 2016}}</ref> An fara aikin gini a watan Nuwamba na shekara ta 2017 a kan Hasumiyar Lafiya ta Jockey Club One a shafin yanar gizon tsohon zauren wasanni. Ana sa ran kammala aikin a cikin shekara ta 2025.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Campus Development Office - City University of Hong Kong |url=https://www.cityu.edu.hk/cdo/default.aspx?PageID=sports |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231003021122/https://www.cityu.edu.hk/cdo/default.aspx?PageID=sports |archive-date=3 October 2023 |access-date=2023-09-21 |website=City University of Hong Kong}}</ref> '''<big>Cibiyar Kasa da Kasa ta CityU</big>''' An gudanar da bikin kaddamar da Cibiyar Kasa da Kasa ta CityU a ranar 29 ga Nuwamba, 2021. An shirya budewa a ƙarshen 2023. == Gudanarwa == An kafa shi a cikin 1984 a ƙarƙashin Babi na 1132 na Dokokin Hong Kong (City University of Hong Kong Ordinance), <ref>{{Cite web |title=Cap. 1132 CITY UNIVERSITY OF HONG KONG ORDINANCE |url=https://www.elegislation.gov.hk/hk/cap1132!en@2007-06-22T00:00:00 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220201234829/https://www.elegislation.gov.hk/checkconfig/checkClientConfig.jsp?applicationId=RA001 |archive-date=1 February 2022 |access-date=29 August 2020}}</ref> CityU na ɗaya daga cikin jami'o'i takwas na doka a Hong Kong. Kamar sauran jami'o'in doka a Hong Kong, babban zartarwa na Hong Kong yana aiki a matsayin Shugaba CityU. Kafin Gudanarwa, wannan lakabi ne na bikin da aka ba gwamnan Hong Kong. === Majalisar === Majalisar ita ce babbar hukumar gudanarwa ta jami'a.  Babban jami'in gudanarwa na Hong Kong yana da ikon nada 'yan majalisa 15 daga cikin 23, bakwai daga cikinsu an nada sunayensu kai tsaye sannan kuma nada takwas bisa shawarar majalisar.  Shugaban zartarwa na iya nada shugaba, mataimaki da ma'aji;  Majalisar ta nada mataimakin shugaban majalisar.<ref>{{Cite web |date=9 September 2015 |title=Unsafe harbour? Academic freedom in Hong Kong |url=https://www.timeshighereducation.co.uk/features/academic-freedom-in-hong-kong-unsafe-harbour?page=0,1 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150910163452/https://www.timeshighereducation.co.uk/features/academic-freedom-in-hong-kong-unsafe-harbour?page=0,1 |archive-date=10 September 2015 |access-date=22 September 2016}}</ref> === Majalisar Dattawa === Majalisar dattijai ita ce babbar kungiyar ilimi ta jami'a kuma ita ce ke da alhakin yanke shawara da gyara manufofin jami'ar. Yawanci ya ƙunshi membobin ma'aikatan ilimi amma kuma ya haɗa da wakilai biyu na ƙungiyar ɗalibai da wakilin ƙungiyar Postgraduate na CityU. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Senate - City University of Hong Kong |url=https://www.cityu.edu.hk/arro/senate/Constitution.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210906073830/https://www.cityu.edu.hk/arro/senate/Constitution.htm |archive-date=6 September 2021 |access-date=30 August 2020 |website=www.cityu.edu.hk}}</ref> == Ƙungiyar ilimi == An haɗa rukunin koyarwar jami'ar a ƙarƙashin kwalejoji da makarantu 10, suna ba da shirye-shiryen karatun digiri na farko sama da 150.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Colleges, Schools and Departments |url=https://www.cityu.edu.hk/academic/colleges-schools-and-departments#directories-0 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220107233027/https://www.cityu.edu.hk/academic/colleges-schools-and-departments#directories-0 |archive-date=7 January 2022 |access-date=29 August 2020}}</ref> * Kwalejin Kasuwanci Ma'aikatar Lissafi Ma'auratan Tattalin Arziki da Kudi Ma'aunin Tsarin Bayanai Ma'auni na Gudanarwa Ma'aini na Tallace-tallace Ma'aicin Kimiyya ** Ma'aikatar Lissafi ** Ma'aikatar Tattalin Arziki da Kudi ** Ma'aikatar Tsarin Bayanai ** Ma'aikatar Gudanarwa ** Ma'aikatar Tallace-tallace ** Ma'aikatar Kimiyya ta Gudanarwa * Kwalejin Liberal Arts da Kimiyya ta Jama'a Ma'aikatar Sinanci da Tarihi Ma'aikatu da Sadarwa Ma'aiki Chan Shuk-lin Ma'aunin Harshen Ma'auni da Fassara Ma'aiko na Jama'a da Harkokin Kasa da Kasa Ma'auratan Harkokin Jama'a ** Ma'aikatar Sinanci da Tarihi ** Ma'aikatar Sadarwa da Sadarwa ** Ma'aikatar Turanci ** Cibiyar Harshen Chan Shuk-lin ** Ma'aikatar Harshe da Fassara ** Ma'aikatar Harkokin Jama'a da Kasa da Kasa ** Ma'aikatar Kimiyya ta Jama'a da Halin * Kwalejin Injiniya Ma'aikatar Injiniya na Tsarin Injiniya Sashen Gine-gine da Injiniya Na Biomedical Sashen Kimiyya da Fasaha Sashen Kimiya na Kwamfuta Sashen Injiniya Lantarki Sashen Injin Injiniyan Injiniya ** Ma'aikatar Injiniyan Tsarin ** Ma'aikatar Gine-gine da Injiniyanci ** Ma'aikatar Injiniyan Biomedical ** Sashen Kimiyya da Fasaha na Gine-gine ** Ma'aikatar Kimiyya ta Kwamfuta ** Ma'aikatar Injiniyan Lantarki ** Ma'aikatar Injiniyan Injiniya ** Ma'aikatar Kimiyyar Kayan aiki da Injiniya * Kwalejin Kimiyya Sashen Chemistry Sashen Lissafi Sashen Physics Sashen Biostatistics ** Ma'aikatar ilmin sunadarai ** Ma'aikatar Lissafi ** Ma'aikatar Physics ** Ma'aikatar Biostatistics * Kwalejin Kwalejin Kungiyar Kwararrun Kwararrun Dabbobi da Kwararrun Rayuwa Sashen Kwararrun Kimiyya Sashen Neuroscience Sashen Cututtukan Cututtuka da Lafiyar Jama'a Sashen Kwararru na Kwararrun Likitocin Dabbobi ** Ma'aikatar Kimiyya ta Biomedical ** Ma'aikatar Neuroscience ** Ma'aikatar Cututtuka da Lafiyar Jama'a ** Ma'aikatar Kimiyya ta Asibiti * Kwalejin Kwamfuta Sashen Kimiyya na Kwamfuta Sashin Kimiyya na Bayanai Sashen Biostatistics ** Ma'aikatar Kimiyya ta Kwamfuta ** Ma'aikatar Kimiyya ta Bayanai ** Ma'aikatar Biostatistics * Makarantar Media mai kirkiro * Makarantar Makamashi da Muhalli * Makarantar Shari'a * Makarantar Nazarin Digiri ta Chow Yei Ching == Matsayi da suna ==   === Matsayi na Gaba ɗaya === CityUHK ta kasance a matsayi na # 68 a duk duniya a cikin QS World University Rankings 2026, # 78 a duk duniya cikin Times Higher Education World University Rankings 2025, # 54 a duk duniya da USNEWS Global Rankings 2025, da kuma # 101-150 a duk duniya akan ARWU 2024. CityUHK ta kasance # 68 a duk duniya dangane da jimlar aikin da aka yi a fadin THE, QS, da ARWU, kamar yadda ARTU 2024 ta ruwaito.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Full Rankings {{!}} Rankings |url=https://research.unsw.edu.au/artu/artu-results |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230628200730/https://research.unsw.edu.au/artu/artu-results |archive-date=28 June 2023 |access-date=2023-08-27 |website=research.unsw.edu.au}}</ref> A baya an sanya shi a matsayi na 49 da 48 a duk duniya a QSWUR 2018 da 2021, bi da bi. === Matsayin Jami'ar Matasa === CityUHK ita ce # 4 a duk duniya a cikin QS "Top 50 Under 50" 2021 da # 4 a duniya a cikin The Young Universities Rankings 2024. === Matsayi / Yankin === ==== Matsayi na batun QS ==== A cikin QS World University Rankings ta Mataki 2025: {| class="wikitable sortable" !Batun (batutuwa ne kawai da ke cikin manyan 150 da aka jera) <small> (batutuwa ne kawai da aka jera a cikin manyan 150 da aka jera) </small> !Matsayi na Duniya na CityUHK |- |Manufofin Jama'a da Gudanarwa |37 |- |Ilimin Harshe |38 |- |Kimiyya ta Bayanai da Ilimin Artificial |45 |- |Sadarwa da Nazarin Watsa Labarai |48 |- |Kimiyyar Kayan Kayan Kimiyyar |52 |- |Shari'a & Nazarin Shari'a |56 |- |Kimiyya da Tsarin Bayanai na Kwamfuta |59 |- |Lissafi da Kudi |60 |- |Lissafi |60 |- |Nazarin Kasuwanci da Gudanarwa |61 |- |Injiniya - Lantarki & Lantarki |63 |- |Harshen Ingilishi da Littattafai |82 |- |Tattalin Arziki & Econometrics |86 |- |Ilimin zamantakewa |97 |- |Siyasa |98 |- |Gine-gine & Ginin Muhalli |51-100 |- |Injiniya - Cibiyar Jama'a da Tsarin |51-100 |- |Tallace-tallace |51-100 |- |Kididdiga da Binciken Ayyuka |51-100 |- |Kimiyya ta dabbobi |51-100 |- |Kimiyya ta muhalli |107 |- |Injiniya - Injiniya, Jirgin Sama & Masana'antu |109 |- |Sanyen sunadarai |121 |- |Physics & Astronomy |131 |- |Nazarin Ci Gaban |101-150 |- |Karɓar baƙi da Gudanar da Nishaɗi |101-150 |- |Harsuna na zamani |101-150 |- |Ilimin halayyar dan adam |101-150 |} A cikin QS World University Rankings ta Broad Subject Area 2025: {| class="wikitable sortable" !Yankin da aka yi amfani da shi !Matsayi na Duniya na CityUHK |- |Kimiyya da Gudanarwa |70 |- |Injiniya da Fasaha |99 |- |Fasaha da Humanities |130 |- |Kimiyya ta Halitta |140 |- |Kimiyya ta Rayuwa da Magunguna |380 |} ==== Matsayi na Batun ==== A cikin Times Higher Education World University Rankings by Subjects (2025): {| class="wikitable sortable" !Batun !Matsayi na Duniya na CityUHK |- |Dokar |42 |- |Kasuwanci da Tattalin Arziki |48 |- |Kimiyya ta Kwamfuta |57 |- |Injiniya |59 |- |Kimiyya ta Jama'a |61 |- |Kimiyya ta jiki |65 |- |Kimiyya ta Rayuwa |96 |- |Fasaha da Humanities |101-125 |} ==== GRAS (Rukunin batutuwan ARWU) ==== A cikin Matsayi na Duniya na Batutuwa na Ilimi na 2024 (GRAS): {| class="wikitable sortable" !Batun (batutuwa ne kawai da ke cikin manyan 50 da aka jera) <small> (batutuwa ne kawai da aka jera a cikin manyan 50 da aka jera) </small> !Matsayi na Duniya na CityUHK |- |Laburaren da Kimiyya na Bayanai |1 |- |Gudanar da Jama'a |8 |- |Kimiyya da Injiniya na Makamashi |9 |- |Kayan aiki da sarrafawa |11 |- |Injiniyan ƙarfe |15 |- |Nanoscience & Nanotechnology |16 |- |Kimiyya da Injiniya na Kwamfuta |18 |- |Kayan aiki Kimiyya da Injiniya |18 |- |Gudanar da Kasuwanci |25 |- |Injiniyan Sadarwa |27 |- |Injiniyan lantarki da lantarki |28 |- |Injiniyanci |31 |- |Injiniyan sinadarai |32 |- |Kayan aiki Kimiyya da Fasaha |34 |- |Kimiyya da Injiniya na Muhalli |35 |- |Kimiyya da Fasaha na Sufuri |38 |- |Injiniyancin Biomedical |46 |- |Gudanarwa |46 |- |Sanyen sunadarai |50 |} === Matsayi na Ma'aikata na Digiri === Masu karatun CityUHK sun kasance na 89 a duk duniya a cikin QS Graduate Employability Rankings 2022.<ref>{{Cite web |title=QS Graduate Employability Rankings 2022 |url=https://www.topuniversities.com/university-rankings/employability-rankings/2022 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211005000519/https://www.topuniversities.com/university-rankings/employability-rankings/2022 |archive-date=5 October 2021 |access-date=2022-12-02 |website=Top Universities |language=en}}</ref> == Rayuwar dalibi == === Gidan ɗalibai === Gidajen dalibai suna kan titin Cornwall, kusa da ginin ilimi na Lau Ming Wai. Suna samar da gidaje da wuraren shakatawa ga dalibai da masu digiri. Daga cikinsu, dakunan dakuna 1 zuwa 9 an tsara su ne ta kamfanin Burtaniya RMJM, yayin da dakunan dakunan dakana 10 da 11 an tsara su ta P & T Group. Yawancin dakunan dakuna suna da suna bayan masu ba da gudummawa: <ref>{{Cite web |title=Residential Halls |url=https://www.cityu.edu.hk/sro/AboutStudentResidence/KLT/ResidenceHalls/ |access-date=20 May 2025}}</ref> * Dalibai: Gidan Jama'a na Kungiyar Jockey (Hall 1), Gidan Jamaʼa na HSBC (Hall 2), Gidan Jama 'yan Al'umma (Hall 3), Gidan Kwalejin Kungiyar Jocsey (Hall 4), Chan Sui Kau Hall (Hall 5), Lee Shau Kee Hall (Hally 6), Gidan Harmony Hall (Halls 7), Sir Gordon da Lady Ivy Wu Hall (Holl 9), Hall 10, Hall 11 * Masu karatun digiri na biyu: Yip Yuen Yuk Hing Hall (Hall 8), Gidan Gidan Gida Ayyukan gini don mataki na 5 na aikin Gidan Gida na Dalibai a Whitehead, Ma On Shan ya fara ne a watan Maris na 2022. Gidan zama na dalibai an yi amfani da shi a watan Agustan 2024, wanda ya kunshi dakuna 6 a cikin hasumiyoyi 3 don dalibai 2,200 na CityU da masu karatun digiri. * Hall 12, Hall 13, Hall 14, Hall 15, Hall 16 da Hall 17 Har ila yau, jami'ar tana ba da masauki a waje da harabar da kuma gajeren lokaci ga ɗaliban da ba na gida ba. Kungiyoyin dalibai a CityU sun bambanta. Akwai kungiyoyi sama da 80 daga kungiyoyin masu sha'awa, kungiyoyin mazauna da kungiyoyin sashen, tare da kungiyoyin al'adu ciki har da ƙungiyar mawaƙa, mawaƙa da ƙungiyoyin muhawara.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Student Groups and Societies |url=http://www.cityu.edu.hk/sds/web/studentlife_leader_list.shtml |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200128174808/http://www.cityu.edu.hk/sds/web/studentlife_leader_list.shtml |archive-date=28 January 2020 |access-date=30 August 2020}}</ref> Kungiyoyin wasanni suna jagorantar Ayyukan Ci gaban Dalibai. A watan Afrilu na shekara ta 2017, sun fadada rinjayarsu a gasar wasanni ta hanyar lashe gasar Grand Slam ta tara a gasar wasanni na shekara-shekara ta 2016-2017. <ref>{{Cite web |date=24 April 2017 |title=CityU's sports teams win record-breaking 9th Grand Slam |url=https://www.cityu.edu.hk/media/news/2017/04/24/cityus-sports-teams-win-record-breaking-9th-grand-slam |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210304151947/https://www.cityu.edu.hk/media/news/2017/04/24/cityus-sports-teams-win-record-breaking-9th-grand-slam |archive-date=4 March 2021 |access-date=30 August 2020}}</ref>   == Littattafai == === Jami'ar Birnin Hong Kong Press === An kafa Jami'ar City of Hong Kong Press a cikin 1996 a matsayin ƙungiyar bugawa ta jami'ar. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Our Mission - About Us |url=https://www.cityu.edu.hk/upress/about-us |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211103104945/https://www.cityu.edu.hk/upress/about-us |archive-date=3 November 2021 |access-date=31 August 2020 |website=www.cityu.edu.hk}}</ref> Yafi buga nau'ikan wallafe-wallafe guda uku: ayyukan ilimi, littattafan ƙwararru, da littattafan da ke da sha'awa da damuwa da zamantakewa. Jaridu suna mai da hankali kan karatun kasar Sin, karatun Hong Kong, karatun Asiya, siyasa da manufofin jama'a. === Littattafan jami'a === {| class="wikitable" |+ ! style="background:#B01861;color:white" |Taken !Irin wannan !Masu sauraro !Mai bugawa !Matsakaicin lokaci !Haɗin kai |- |CityUpdate |Mujallar kan layi |Jama'a |Ofishin Sadarwa da Hulɗa da Jama'a |Kowace Wata |[https://www.cityu.edu.hk/cityupdate] |- |Birni Yau |Mujallar |Jama'a |Ofishin Sadarwa da Hulɗa da Jama'a |Kowace rana |[https://www.cityu.edu.hk/cityutoday/zh/home] |- |City AlumNet |Mujallar |Dalibai |Ofishin Sadarwa da Hulɗa da Jama'a |Shekara-shekara |[https://www.cityu.edu.hk/aro/main/communication/CityAlumNet.htm] |- |CityUpbeats |Mujallar |Dalibai |Ayyukan Ci gaban Dalibai |Kowace rana |[https://www.cityu.edu.hk/clc/city_upbeats/] |- |Birni mai ban sha'awa |Shafin yanar gizo |Dalibai na kasa da kasa |Ofishin Kasuwanci na Duniya |Ba zato ba tsammani |[http://www.cityu.edu.hk/geo/divercity/] |} == Shahararrun ɗalibai == * Rimsky Yuen (GBM SC JP) - Tsohon Sakataren Shari'a na Hong Kong, Barrister <ref>{{Cite web |title=Rimsky Yuen, GBM, SC, JP |url=https://www.templechambers.com/member/rimsky-yuen-sc |access-date=2024-12-03 |website=www.templechambers.com}}</ref> * Dokta Christine Loh (SBS [[Order of the British Empire|OBE]] JP Ordre national du Mérite) - Tsohon Mataimakin Sakataren Muhalli <ref>{{Cite web |title=Curriculum Vitae - CHRISTINE LOH |url=http://webb-site.com/codocs/LohCV.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211124091155/https://webb-site.com/codocs/LohCV.pdf |archive-date=24 November 2021 |access-date=6 October 2014 |publisher=Civic Exchange}}</ref> * Christopher Cheung (The Honourable, JP) - Shugaba na Christfund Securities da kuma Majalisar Dokoki <ref>{{Cite web |title=Hon Christopher CHEUNG Wah-fung, SBS, JP |url=http://www.legco.gov.hk/general/english/members/yr12-16/cwf.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141011134536/http://www.legco.gov.hk/general/english/members/yr12-16/cwf.htm |archive-date=11 October 2014 |access-date=6 October 2014 |website=Members' Biographies |publisher=The Legislative Council Commission}}</ref> * David Chung Wai-keung - Mataimakin Sakataren Innovation da Fasaha <ref>{{Cite web |title=Under Secretary and Political Assistant appointed |url=https://www.info.gov.hk/gia/general/201601/29/P201601290458.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230411141002/https://www.info.gov.hk/gia/general/201601/29/P201601290458.htm |archive-date=11 April 2023 |access-date=11 April 2023 |website=www.info.gov.hk}}</ref> * Kam Nai-Wai - Mai ba da shawara ga majalisa <ref>{{Cite web |title=KAM Nai Wai's Profile |url=http://www.kamwai.org/old/en/discuss.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180630105150/http://www.kamwai.org/old/en/discuss.html |archive-date=30 June 2018 |access-date=6 October 2014 |publisher=2008-2012 Work Report of Legislative Councillor KAM Nai-Wai}}</ref> * Eunice Yung Hoi-Yan - Lauyan Hong Kong kuma Dan siyasa * Bona Mugabe - Mace mai kasuwanci, 'yar tsohon shugaban [[Zimbabwe]] da shugaban ZANU-PF, Robert Mugabe <ref>{{Cite web |title=Zimbabwe's next leader: Who is Bona Mugabe-Chikore, Robert Mugabe's possible successor? |url=http://www.ibtimes.co.uk/zimbabwes-next-leader-who-bona-mugabe-chikore-robert-mugabes-possible-successor-1492978 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210525000427/https://www.ibtimes.co.uk/zimbabwes-next-leader-who-bona-mugabe-chikore-robert-mugabes-possible-successor-1492978 |archive-date=25 May 2021 |access-date=6 October 2014 |publisher=IB Times}}</ref> * Paul Tse - Mai ba da shawara ga majalisa <ref>{{Cite web |title=Hon Paul TSE Wai-chun, JP |url=http://www.legco.gov.hk/general/english/members/yr12-16/twc.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141011134534/http://www.legco.gov.hk/general/english/members/yr12-16/twc.htm |archive-date=11 October 2014 |access-date=6 October 2014 |website=Members' Biographies |publisher=The Legislative Council Commission}}</ref> * Lau Kong-Wah - Sakataren Harkokin Cikin Gida, tsohon mataimakin Sakataren Ofishin Harkokin Tsarin Mulki da Mainland, tsohon wakilin majalisa <ref>{{Cite web |title=Hon LAU Kong-wah |url=http://www.legco.gov.hk/yr98-99/english/members/elkw.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060425070023/http://legco.gov.hk/yr98-99/english/members/elkw.htm |archive-date=25 April 2006 |access-date=6 October 2014 |website=Member of the Legislative Council |publisher=The Legislative Council Commission |quote=M. Phil., City Polytechnic of Hong Kong}}</ref> * Sam Kwong - sanannen gudummawa a cikin cybernetics da ƙididdigar bidiyo; 2014 IEEE awardee <ref>{{Cite web |title=2014 elevated fellow |url=https://www.ieee.org/2014Fellowclass |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141231094853/http://www.ieee.org/2014Fellowclass |archive-date=2014-12-31 |access-date=2017-04-12 |website=IEEE Fellows Directory}}</ref> * Matthew Wong - mai zane mai daraja <ref>{{Cite web |date=2018-04-22 |title=Matthew Wong's Hallucinatory Pilgrimages |url=https://hyperallergic.com/439090/matthew-wong-karma-2018/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210418093534/https://hyperallergic.com/439090/matthew-wong-karma-2018/ |archive-date=18 April 2021 |access-date=2020-06-06 |website=Hyperallergic |language=en-US}}</ref> * Jozev Kiu - sanannen marubucin almara na wuxia kuma mawaki <ref>{{Cite web |last=黃子翔 |date=2016-06-11 |title=紅人熱事——打出一片天 喬靖夫新武俠掌門人 |url=https://hd.stheadline.com/news/columns/61/20160111/413649/%E5%B0%88%E6%AC%84-%E7%B4%85%E4%BA%BA%E7%86%B1%E4%BA%8B-%E6%89%93%E5%87%BA%E4%B8%80%E7%89%87%E5%A4%A9-%E5%96%AC%E9%9D%96%E5%A4%AB%E6%96%B0%E6%AD%A6%E4%BF%A0%E6%8E%8C%E9%96%80%E4%BA%BA |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220928085222/https://hd.stheadline.com/news/columns/61/20160111/413649/%E5%B0%88%E6%AC%84-%E7%B4%85%E4%BA%BA%E7%86%B1%E4%BA%8B-%E6%89%93%E5%87%BA%E4%B8%80%E7%89%87%E5%A4%A9-%E5%96%AC%E9%9D%96%E5%A4%AB%E6%96%B0%E6%AD%A6%E4%BF%A0%E6%8E%8C%E9%96%80%E4%BA%BA |archive-date=2022-09-28 |access-date=2022-09-28 |publisher=[[Headline Daily]]}}</ref> * Fiona Sit - mawaƙiya kuma 'yar wasan kwaikwayo * Anson Lo - mawaƙi kuma ɗan wasan kwaikwayo; memba na ƙungiyar Hong Kong Cantopop MIRROR * Alton Wong - mawaƙi kuma ɗan wasan kwaikwayo; memba na ƙungiyar Hong Kong Cantopop MIRROR <ref name="auto" /> * Ian Chan - mawaƙi kuma ɗan wasan kwaikwayo; memba na ƙungiyar Hong Kong Cantopop MIRROR <ref name="auto" /> * Stanley Yau - mawaƙi kuma ɗan wasan kwaikwayo; memba na ƙungiyar Hong Kong Cantopop MIRROR <ref name="auto" /> * Keith Lam (mai zane-zane) - sabon mai zane-zane na kafofin watsa labarai wanda ya kafa Dimension Plus kuma ya kafa filin buɗewa. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Chardronnet |first=Ewen |date=9 September 2019 |title=Soybean futures feed the debate at Ars Electronica : Makery |url=https://www.makery.info/en/2019/09/10/les-futurs-du-soja-nourrissent-le-debat-en-marge-dars-electronica |access-date=10 September 2019 |website=Makery Media for Labs}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=CREATING ART WITH TECHNOLOGY Who knew the future of design could be so 'mechanical'? 21 May 2019 – CUTOUT Magazine |url=https://cutoutmagazine.com/keith-lam-interview |access-date=21 May 2019 |website=CUTOUT Magazine}}</ref> * Ivy Ma - mai zane-zane <gallery caption="Notable Alumni of CityU"> Fayil:FionaSit2007-2.jpg|Fiona Sit, singer Fayil:20200102_Kam_Nai-wai.png|Kam Nai-wai Fayil:Christine_Loh_CWMC_2006.jpg|Christine Loh Fayil:Christopher_Cheung_2015.jpg|Christopher Cheung </gallery> == Gidan wasan kwaikwayo == <gallery caption="Buildings of/near CityU"> Fayil:C01-086.jpg|Main Entrance Fayil:City_University_of_Hong_Kong_academic_3.jpg|College of Business Fayil:CityU_HK_AC2_Roof_Garden_201308.jpg|AC2 Roof Garden 2013 Fayil:CityU_AC3_Void_20141216.jpg|AC3 Fayil:City_University_of_Hong_Kong_sign_near_the_main_entrance.jpg|University Sign Fayil:香港城市大学_City_University_of_Hong_Kong_-_panoramio.jpg|Kirin sculptures near the main entrance Fayil:Kirin_stone_of_City_University_of_Hong_Kong.jpg|One of the Kirin sculptures near the main entrance Fayil:CityU_ACAD2.jpg|ACAD2 Fayil:CityU_AC2_4F.jpg|CityU AC2 Fayil:Run_Run_Shaw_Creative_Media_Centre.JPG|Run Run Shaw Creative Media Centre Fayil:CityU_Student_Residence_201504.jpg|Aerial view of the Student Residences Fayil:Festival_Walk_Escalator_to_CityU_closed_20200116.jpg|Escalators inside the Festival Walk mall connecting to CityU Fayil:Kowloon_Tong_Station_2017_08_part5.jpg|Kowloon Tong MTR Station </gallery> == Abubuwan da suka faru == === Kashe MFA a rubuce-rubuce masu kirkiro === A watan Afrilu na shekara ta 2015, CityU ta rufe shirin Master of Fine Arts a rubuce-rubuce masu kirkiro. Dalibai da tsofaffi sun kaddamar da takarda game da shawarar yayin da malamai da sanannun marubuta na duniya suka ba da wasika mai budewa suna tambayar dalilin da ke bayan rufewar.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Open letter from faculty and international writers |url=http://savecityumfa.tumblr.com/faculty |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161221163605/http://savecityumfa.tumblr.com/faculty |archive-date=21 December 2016 |access-date=21 December 2016 |publisher=Save CityU MFA}}</ref> Mawallafin littafin Kanada kuma memba na malama Madeleine Thien, yana rubutawa a cikin ''[[The Guardian]]'', yana daga cikin waɗanda suka danganta shawarar ga tantancewa da raguwar 'yancin faɗar albarkacin baki a Hong Kong. === Rushewar rufin zauren wasanni === A ranar 20 ga Mayu 2016, tsarin rufin Chan Tai Ho Multi-purpose Hall (Gidan Wasanni) a Cibiyar Wasanni ta Hu Fa Kuang (Cibiyar Wasanni). Ma'aikatan CityU guda biyu sun sami ƙananan raunuka kuma mutum na uku ya firgita. Da farko an shirya wurin ne don gudanar da bikin shekara-shekara a wannan dare don daliban 'yan wasa na CityU 700-800. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Kung |first=Kevin |date=2016-05-21 |title='Dark day for Hong Kong's sports community' narrowly avoided after CityU rooftop collapse |url=https://www.scmp.com/news/hong-kong/education-community/article/1949786/dark-day-hong-kongs-sports-community-narrowly |url-access=subscription |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211119131903/https://www.scmp.com/news/hong-kong/education-community/article/1949786/dark-day-hong-kongs-sports-community-narrowly |archive-date=19 November 2021 |access-date=2020-09-08 |website=South China Morning Post |language=en}}</ref> Rahoton binciken da Ma'aikatar Gine-gine ta fitar ya ce abubuwa uku sun ba da gudummawa ga rushewar: (1) wani nau'i mai laushi na kayan da aka yi amfani da shi a saman tsarin rufin yana da kauri fiye da ƙirar asali, (2) shimfiɗa kayan lambu a kan rufin, da (3) manyan tafkuna na ruwa.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Chiu |first=Peace |last2=Ng |first2=Naomi |last3=Cheung |first3=Tony |date=2017-05-31 |title=No prosecutions planned over collapse of City University of Hong Kong roof |url=https://www.scmp.com/news/hong-kong/health-environment/article/2096409/no-prosecutions-planned-over-collapse-city |url-access=subscription |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220131233816/https://www.scmp.com/news/hong-kong/health-environment/article/2096409/no-prosecutions-planned-over-collapse-city |archive-date=31 January 2022 |access-date=2020-09-08 |website=South China Morning Post |language=en}}</ref> CityU ba ta nemi shawara daban daga mai binciken mai zaman kansa don gudanar da nazarin yiwuwar da kayayyaki ba kafin gabatar da aikin ga masu ba da shawara ko 'yan kwangila. Wani rahoto daga kwamitin bincike na CityU ya kammala cewa za a dauki mai binciken aikin rufin kore da alhakin rushewar duk da cewa ya yi musun shiga cikin ayyukan.<ref name="scmp.com">{{Cite web |last=Yeung |first=Raymond |date=2016-06-10 |title=Surveyor expected to be held liable for roof collapse as City University's top brass are accused of offloading responsibility |url=https://www.scmp.com/news/hong-kong/health-environment/article/1971899/surveyor-expected-be-held-liable-roof-collapse |url-access=subscription |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211105094605/https://www.scmp.com/news/hong-kong/health-environment/article/1971899/surveyor-expected-be-held-liable-roof-collapse |archive-date=5 November 2021 |access-date=2020-09-08 |website=South China Morning Post |language=en}}</ref> An ruwaito cewa mataimakin shugaban CityU Sunny Lee Wai-kwong (wanda ke kula da Ofishin Ci gaban Campus da Facilities) ya tsere wa alhakin yayin da ma'aikatan fasaha za su fuskanci horo.<ref name="scmp.com" /> === Rikici na matsayi na QS === A cikin 2017, an zargi CityU da samar da bayanai masu yaudara ga Quacquarelli Symonds (QS) don bunkasa matsayi na jami'a. Binciken QS, duk da haka, ya tabbatar da cewa bayanan da CityU ta gabatar daidai ne. CityU za ta gabatar da karar ga wani kamfani na waje don tabbatar da bayanan.<ref name="mingpaoaudit" /> A watan Janairun 2018, CityU ta fitar da wata sanarwa da ke nuna cewa ta ba da umarni ga wani kamfani na lissafi don kammala bita mai zaman kansa na bayanan dalibai da CityU ta bayyana kuma ta tabbatar da cewa ba ta sami wata sanarwa wadda ba ta cika ikon bukatun QS ba. === Taron Alkalin kasar Sin a harabar === A ranar 20 ga Oktoba 2018, Kwalejin Alƙalai ta Kasa a ƙarƙashin Kotun Koli ta Jama'a Sin ta ɗora wani labarin a shafin yanar gizon game da taron da "rassan wucin gadi na Jam'iyyar Kwaminis ta Sin" suka gudanar a CityU. A cewar labarin, mambobi 39 na jam'iyya, ciki har da Huang Wenjun, shugaban kasa da sakataren jam'iyya na Kwalejin Alƙalai ta Kasa da kuma mambobi 11 wadanda ba na jam'iyyar ba, sun halarci taron kuma sun ba da lacca. Huang ya gaya wa masu halarta cewa dole ne alƙalai su ɗauki "tsarin da ba daidai ba" a kan siyasa, su kara yawan halayensu na siyasa, su koyi kwaminisanci tare da halaye na Sinanci a cikin sabon zamanin da jagorancin Jam'iyyar Kwaminisanci [[Xi Jinping]] ya jagoranci, kuma ya kamata su yi yaƙi da "magana da ayyukan da ba daidai bane". <ref name=":0">{{Cite web |last=Cheng |first=Kris |date=2018-11-14 |title=Communist Party branch meeting with Chinese judges held at City University of Hong Kong |url=https://hongkongfp.com/2018/11/14/communist-party-branch-meeting-chinese-judges-held-city-university-hong-kong/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://archive.today/20240317235734/https://hongkongfp.com/2018/11/14/communist-party-branch-meeting-chinese-judges-held-city-university-hong-kong/ |archive-date=17 March 2024 |access-date=2020-09-08 |website=Hong Kong Free Press |language=en-GB}}</ref> Duk da gaskiyar cewa alƙalai na Sinancin da suka yi karatu a CityU, Farfesa Lin Feng (aboki na makarantar CityU) wanda ya yi hulɗa da kwalejin wajen shirya darussan, ya ce ya ba da mamaki.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |last=Lok-kei |first=Sum |last2=Lum |first2=Alvin |date=2018-11-15 |title=University in Hong Kong 'surprised' as mainland Chinese judges hold Communist Party meeting on its campus |url=https://www.scmp.com/news/hong-kong/politics/article/2173278/university-hong-kong-surprised-mainland-chinese-judges-hold |url-access=subscription |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211121215031/https://www.scmp.com/news/hong-kong/politics/article/2173278/university-hong-kong-surprised-mainland-chinese-judges-hold |archive-date=21 November 2021 |access-date=2020-09-08 |website=South China Morning Post |language=en}}</ref> Mai ba da shawara na [[Beijing]] Priscilla Leung Mei-fun, farfesa a fannin shari'a a CityU, ta ki yin sharhi, tana mai cewa ba ta san shirin ba.<ref name=":1" /> Mai magana da yawun CityU ya ce yana riƙe da tsaka-tsaki na siyasa kuma bai kamata a gudanar da ayyukan da suka shafi siyasa a harabar ba.<ref name=":0" /> === Shiga tsakani na ikon cin gashin kai na dalibai === A watan Oktoba na 2019, Farfesa Tan wanda ke koyar da darasi na tallace-tallace na dijital ya aika da imel ga ɗalibai, wanda ya gargadi ɗalibai kada su isar da saƙonnin siyasa a cikin gabatarwar aji ko kuma za a ba su alamomi. E-mail ɗin ya haifar da rashin gamsuwa tsakanin ɗalibai.<ref>{{Cite web |date=19 October 2019 |title=修例風波：禁學生簡報宣揚政治 城大教授被質疑製白色恐怖 |url=https://hk.on.cc/hk/bkn/cnt/news/20191019/bkn-20191019120622422-1019_00822_001.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191110045025/https://hk.on.cc/hk/bkn/cnt/news/20191019/bkn-20191019120622422-1019_00822_001.html |archive-date=10 November 2019 |access-date=2019-11-10 |website=on.cc東網 |language=zh-hk}}</ref> Kungiyar masu goyon bayan dimokuradiyya ta Frontline Technology Workers ta nuna cewa gabatarwar ta dace da hanya duk da cewa tana taɓa haramtacciyar zamantakewa.<ref>{{Cite web |title=前線科技人員 |url=https://www.facebook.com/FrontlineTechWorkersConcernGroup/posts/2728989207140795 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200329165655/https://www.facebook.com/FrontlineTechWorkersConcernGroup/posts/2728989207140795 |archive-date=29 March 2020 |access-date=2019-11-10 |website=www.facebook.com |language=zh-Hans}}</ref> Sun kuma nuna labaran mujallar ilimi waɗanda suka tattauna dangantakar da ke tsakanin siyasa da tallace-tallace.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Botha |first=Elsamari |date=2014-06-01 |title=A means to an end: Using political satire to go viral |url=http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-140627 |journal=Public Relations Review |series=Public Relations and Communication Management in South Africa |volume=40 |issue=2 |pages=363–374 |doi=10.1016/j.pubrev.2013.11.023 |issn=0363-8111}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Holbert |first=R. Lance |last2=Hmielowski |first2=Jay |last3=Jain |first3=Parul |last4=Lather |first4=Julie |last5=Morey |first5=Alyssa |date=2011-03-01 |title=Adding Nuance to the Study of Political Humor Effects: Experimental Research on Juvenalian Satire Versus Horatian Satire |journal=American Behavioral Scientist |language=en |volume=55 |issue=3 |pages=187–211 |doi=10.1177/0002764210392156 |issn=0002-7642 |s2cid=145783711}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Moufahim |first=Mona |last2=Humphreys |first2=Michael |last3=Mitussis |first3=Darryn |last4=Fitchett |first4=James |date=2007-06-01 |title=Interpreting discourse: a critical discourse analysis of the marketing of an extreme right party |journal=Journal of Marketing Management |volume=23 |issue=5–6 |pages=537–558 |doi=10.1362/026725707X212829 |issn=0267-257X |s2cid=143368512}}</ref> Kungiyar Dalibai ta yi tambaya game da alkawarin jami'a game da ikon cin gashin kanta.<ref>{{Cite web |title=香港城市大學學生會 City University of Hong Kong Students' Union |url=https://www.facebook.com/cityustudentunion/posts/10157710446371639 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200329165637/https://www.facebook.com/cityustudentunion/posts/10157710446371639 |archive-date=29 March 2020 |access-date=2019-11-10 |website=www.facebook.com |language=zh-Hans}}</ref> === Sabbin matakan tsaro na harabar === A watan Nuwamban shekarar 2019, CityU ta hana dukkan dalibai shiga harabar jami'ar da kuma dakin kwanan dalibai saboda masu zanga-zangar sun lalata wasu wuraren a lokacin da aka killace jami'ar kasar Sin ta Hong Kong. A ranar 30 ga Nuwamba, CityU ta sake buɗe harabar makarantar amma an buƙaci ma'aikata da ɗalibai su gabatar da katunan shaidar su don samun shiga. Ya zuwa watan Disamba, an gina ginshiƙai a kewayen harabar jami'ar kuma an sanya juzu'i a duk kofofin shiga. CityU ta fitar da sanarwar manema labarai, inda ta bayyana cewa mafi yawan 'yan majalisar dattijai da kotun CityU sun goyi bayan matakan tsaro da shigar da tsarin shiga na'urar. Kungiyar daliban ta jaddada cewa ta nuna rashin amincewarta kuma ta kada kuri’a a zaman kotun da aka yi na nuna rashin amincewa da shigar da na’urorin da aka yi musu juzu’i. Kungiyar daliban ta nakalto wani bincike na tambayoyin farko da kungiyar ma’aikatan CityU ta gudanar, inda ta bayyana cewa mafi yawan wadanda suka amsa sun amince cewa “ya kamata a bude wa jama’a cibiyoyin jami’a”. Kungiyar daliban ta sha bayyana rashin amincewarsu da manufar jami’ar na hana jama’a shiga harabar jami’ar tare da yin kira ga jami’ar da ta tuntubi malamai da dalibai kan lamarin..<ref name=":2">{{Cite web |title=城大教務會、顧問委員會通過 在校園安裝電子出入系統 {{!}} 立場報道 {{!}} 立場新聞 |url=https://www.thestandnews.com/politics/%E5%9F%8E%E5%A4%A7%E6%95%99%E5%8B%99%E6%9C%83-%E9%A1%A7%E5%95%8F%E5%A7%94%E5%93%A1%E6%9C%83%E9%80%9A%E9%81%8E-%E5%9C%A8%E6%A0%A1%E5%9C%92%E5%AE%89%E8%A3%9D%E9%9B%BB%E5%AD%90%E5%87%BA%E5%85%A5%E7%B3%BB%E7%B5%B1/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211229132902/https://www.thestandnews.com/politics/%E5%9F%8E%E5%A4%A7%E6%95%99%E5%8B%99%E6%9C%83-%E9%A1%A7%E5%95%8F%E5%A7%94%E5%93%A1%E6%9C%83%E9%80%9A%E9%81%8E-%E5%9C%A8%E6%A0%A1%E5%9C%92%E5%AE%89%E8%A3%9D%E9%9B%BB%E5%AD%90%E5%87%BA%E5%85%A5%E7%B3%BB%E7%B5%B1 |archive-date=29 December 2021 |access-date=2020-09-08 |website=立場新聞 Stand News |language=en}}</ref> [[Rukuni:Webarchive template wayback links]] [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] oia5qg3aonzugftj68i9m375zbzuri9 0 110123 895125 687990 2026-08-11T17:05:58Z Ummun Sultan 23935 895125 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Cibiyar sa ido ta Hong Kong''' ta fitar da siginonin gargaɗin guguwar yanayi mai zafi na Hong Kong don yin gargaɗi game da yuwuwar barazana ko tasirin guguwar mai zafi a yankin Hong Kong mafi girma. Ana wakilta sigina tare da saitin lambobi da alamomi. A baya can, ana amfani da fitilu da dare. Tsarin gargaɗin da ake amfani da shi a halin yanzu a Hong Kong yana dogara ne akan matakin sigina daga matakin mafi ƙasƙanci, Siginar Hurricane No. 1, zuwa matakin mafi girma, Siginar Hurricane No. 10. Lambobin sigina na iya canzawa daidai da yanayin. Da zarar an fitar da duk wata sigina da ta haura na 3, hukumomin gwamnati, makarantu, kasuwannin hada-hadar kudi, da kuma mafi yawan kamfanoni sun rufe ayyukansu. A lokacin manyan guguwa kamar Typhoon Hato a cikin 2017 da Typhoon Mangkhut a cikin shekarar 2018, an dakatar da zirga-zirgar jama'a kuma an rufe makarantu da kasuwanci. == Sharar fage == === Farko === A cikin Mayu 1884, Cibiyar Kula da Hong Kong ta fara gargadi game da guguwar yanayi mai zafi ta hanyar sanar da jaridu da kamfanonin telegraph. Daga baya waccan shekarar, cibiyar lura ta aiwatar da tsarin gargadi na gani na farko a cikin watan Agusta. Ya yi amfani da tsarin ganguna, mazugi, da ƙwallo don nuna kasancewar guguwar yanayi mai zafi a kewayen Hong Kong da matsayinta. An cilla siginar ne a kan wani mastayi da ke gaban barikin 'yan sanda na Tsim Sha Tsui. Ma'aikatan jirgin ruwa da farko sun yi amfani da shi don taimakawa tsara hanyarsu. Alamar ba ta nuna wata barazanar mahaukaciyar guguwa da ke shafar Hong Kong ba.<ref>Lui, WH; Lee, TC; Shun, CM (2018). Technical Note No. 109 Evolution of the Tropical Cyclone Warning Systems in Hong Kong since 1884 (PDF). Hong Kong Observatory. pp. 3–10.</ref> A watan Agusta 1884, Hong Kong Observatory ya fara amfani da bindigar mahaukaciyar guguwa don gargadi mazauna yanayi masu haɗari. An harba harbi daya don nuna lokacin da ake tsammanin gales mai karfi. An harba biyu a lokacin da ake tsammanin iska mai karfin guguwa kuma an sake harba bindiga a duk lokacin da iskar ta canza hanya. Da farko, an kuma yi amfani da wannan bindigar don sanar da isar da saƙo daga London. Wannan ya haifar da rudani ga mazauna, don haka a cikin 1886, an daina amfani da bindigogi don isar da wasiku.<ref>Choy, Chun-wing; Lui, Yuk-sing (May 2023). "A Brief History of "Typhoon Gun" ｜Hong Kong Observatory(HKO)｜Educational Resources". hko.gov.hk.</ref> === Siginar gani da aka bita === A cikin 1890, an fara amfani da launin baƙar fata tare da ganga, mazugi, da siginar gani na ball don nuna nisan hadari daga Hong Kong. An ci gaba da amfani da ja don guguwa aƙalla kilomita 300 daga nesa, yayin da aka yi amfani da baƙar fata don guguwar da ke kusa da kilomita 300. A cikin Fabrairun 1897, alamun guguwar da Admiral Robert FitzRoy ya kirkira a cikin 1861 an gabatar da su a Hong Kong tare da ƙaramin canji. Tsarin gargadin guguwa da aka gyara ya ƙunshi sigina na guguwa a cikin nau'in mazugi ko ganga da sigina na dare. An ɗaga mazugi mai nuni zuwa sama don faɗakar da gales daga arewa ko gabas, yayin da mazugi mai nuni zuwa ƙasa yayi gargaɗin gales daga kudu ko yamma. An ƙara ganga a cikin mazugi lokacin da ake tsammanin guguwa mai ƙarfi da za ta iya kaiwa ga guguwa. Sigina na dare ya ƙunshi fitilu masu launi daban-daban guda uku da aka rataye a kan firam ɗin triangular, suna nuni zuwa sama ko ƙasa. Babu fitulun da aka ɗaga don wakiltar ganga. == Tsarin Lambobin Farko == A cikin 1917, Hong Kong ta fara amfani da sigina masu lamba. Sabon tsarin ya ƙunshi sigina bakwai (A'a. 1-7). An yi amfani da sigina na 1 azaman siginar jiran aiki, Sigina No. 2-5 an yi amfani da su bi da bi don gales da ke fitowa daga kowane shugabanci na Cardinal (arewa, kudu, gabas, da yamma), Sigina No. 6 don gales na karuwa mai karfi, da Sigina No. 7 don iskar guguwa. == Tarihi == A cikin 1917, an aiwatar da tsarin sigina mai lamba don faɗakar da yanayin iska a cikin ƙasa Tsarin halin yanzu bisa ga ka'idojin doka da kwastam a Hong Kong, da zarar an fitar da duk wata sigina da ta fi lamba 3, duk hukumomin gwamnati sun rufe ayyukansu. Makarantu, kasuwannin kuɗi, da yawancin kamfanoni masu zaman kansu suna rufe. Ana sakin ma'aikatan da ba su da mahimmanci daga aiki ta hanyar da ba ta dace ba don guje wa cunkoson ababen hawa. Hukumomin zirga-zirgar jama'a gabaɗaya suna ci gaba da aiki da farko amma suna iya daina aiki cikin ɗan gajeren sanarwa. Tun a shekarar 1987 cibiyar sa ido ta Hong Kong ta ba da gargadin sa'o'i biyu gabanin bayar da siginar gargadi na lamba 8.<ref>"Related Advisory Information and Arrangements from Bureaux and Departments in Tropical Cyclone Situations". Hong Kong Observatory</ref> == Suka == A cikin farkonsa, tsarin ya dogara da saurin iska da aka auna a kusa da tashar jiragen ruwa na Victoria. Yayin da aka mayar da hankali ga yin hidima ga al’ummar da ke cikin birane, ana ganin irin waɗannan abubuwan da aka lura ba su da wani tasiri.<ref>Regional Wind Information". Hong Kong Observatory.</ref> An soki cibiyar sa ido ta Hong Kong a lokacin Typhoon Prapiroon a 2006, lokacin da yanayi a cikin birane ya yi tsanani sosai fiye da na tashar jiragen ruwa, wanda ya ba da hujjar yin amfani da sigina na 3 kawai. Dangane da martani, a cikin 2007, Cibiyar Kula da Lafiya ta Hong Kong ta faɗaɗa hanyar sadarwar ta zuwa na'urori takwas na kusa da teku a kusa da Hong Kong. == Manazarta == cvxvgxchm4grq4me004bvl8p6m82iqo 895126 895125 2026-08-11T17:06:06Z Ummun Sultan 23935 895126 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Cibiyar sa ido ta Hong Kong''' ta fitar da siginonin gargaɗin guguwar yanayi mai zafi na Hong Kong don yin gargaɗi game da yuwuwar barazana ko tasirin guguwar mai zafi a yankin Hong Kong mafi girma. Ana wakilta sigina tare da saitin lambobi da alamomi. A baya can, ana amfani da fitilu da dare. Tsarin gargaɗin da ake amfani da shi a halin yanzu a Hong Kong yana dogara ne akan matakin sigina daga matakin mafi ƙasƙanci, Siginar Hurricane No. 1, zuwa matakin mafi girma, Siginar Hurricane No. 10. Lambobin sigina na iya canzawa daidai da yanayin. Da zarar an fitar da duk wata sigina da ta haura na 3, hukumomin gwamnati, makarantu, kasuwannin hada-hadar kudi, da kuma mafi yawan kamfanoni sun rufe ayyukansu. A lokacin manyan guguwa kamar Typhoon Hato a cikin 2017 da Typhoon Mangkhut a cikin shekarar 2018, an dakatar da zirga-zirgar jama'a kuma an rufe makarantu da kasuwanci. == Sharar fage == === Farko === A cikin Mayun shekara ta 1884, Cibiyar Kula da Hong Kong ta fara gargadi game da guguwar yanayi mai zafi ta hanyar sanar da jaridu da kamfanonin telegraph. Daga baya waccan shekarar, cibiyar lura ta aiwatar da tsarin gargadi na gani na farko a cikin watan Agusta. Ya yi amfani da tsarin ganguna, mazugi, da ƙwallo don nuna kasancewar guguwar yanayi mai zafi a kewayen Hong Kong da matsayinta. An cilla siginar ne a kan wani mastayi da ke gaban barikin 'yan sanda na Tsim Sha Tsui. Ma'aikatan jirgin ruwa da farko sun yi amfani da shi don taimakawa tsara hanyarsu. Alamar ba ta nuna wata barazanar mahaukaciyar guguwa da ke shafar Hong Kong ba.<ref>Lui, WH; Lee, TC; Shun, CM (2018). Technical Note No. 109 Evolution of the Tropical Cyclone Warning Systems in Hong Kong since 1884 (PDF). Hong Kong Observatory. pp. 3–10.</ref> A watan Agusta 1884, Hong Kong Observatory ya fara amfani da bindigar mahaukaciyar guguwa don gargadi mazauna yanayi masu haɗari. An harba harbi daya don nuna lokacin da ake tsammanin gales mai karfi. An harba biyu a lokacin da ake tsammanin iska mai karfin guguwa kuma an sake harba bindiga a duk lokacin da iskar ta canza hanya. Da farko, an kuma yi amfani da wannan bindigar don sanar da isar da saƙo daga London. Wannan ya haifar da rudani ga mazauna, don haka a cikin 1886, an daina amfani da bindigogi don isar da wasiku.<ref>Choy, Chun-wing; Lui, Yuk-sing (May 2023). "A Brief History of "Typhoon Gun" ｜Hong Kong Observatory(HKO)｜Educational Resources". hko.gov.hk.</ref> === Siginar gani da aka bita === A cikin 1890, an fara amfani da launin baƙar fata tare da ganga, mazugi, da siginar gani na ball don nuna nisan hadari daga Hong Kong. An ci gaba da amfani da ja don guguwa aƙalla kilomita 300 daga nesa, yayin da aka yi amfani da baƙar fata don guguwar da ke kusa da kilomita 300. A cikin Fabrairun 1897, alamun guguwar da Admiral Robert FitzRoy ya kirkira a cikin 1861 an gabatar da su a Hong Kong tare da ƙaramin canji. Tsarin gargadin guguwa da aka gyara ya ƙunshi sigina na guguwa a cikin nau'in mazugi ko ganga da sigina na dare. An ɗaga mazugi mai nuni zuwa sama don faɗakar da gales daga arewa ko gabas, yayin da mazugi mai nuni zuwa ƙasa yayi gargaɗin gales daga kudu ko yamma. An ƙara ganga a cikin mazugi lokacin da ake tsammanin guguwa mai ƙarfi da za ta iya kaiwa ga guguwa. Sigina na dare ya ƙunshi fitilu masu launi daban-daban guda uku da aka rataye a kan firam ɗin triangular, suna nuni zuwa sama ko ƙasa. Babu fitulun da aka ɗaga don wakiltar ganga. == Tsarin Lambobin Farko == A cikin 1917, Hong Kong ta fara amfani da sigina masu lamba. Sabon tsarin ya ƙunshi sigina bakwai (A'a. 1-7). An yi amfani da sigina na 1 azaman siginar jiran aiki, Sigina No. 2-5 an yi amfani da su bi da bi don gales da ke fitowa daga kowane shugabanci na Cardinal (arewa, kudu, gabas, da yamma), Sigina No. 6 don gales na karuwa mai karfi, da Sigina No. 7 don iskar guguwa. == Tarihi == A cikin 1917, an aiwatar da tsarin sigina mai lamba don faɗakar da yanayin iska a cikin ƙasa Tsarin halin yanzu bisa ga ka'idojin doka da kwastam a Hong Kong, da zarar an fitar da duk wata sigina da ta fi lamba 3, duk hukumomin gwamnati sun rufe ayyukansu. Makarantu, kasuwannin kuɗi, da yawancin kamfanoni masu zaman kansu suna rufe. Ana sakin ma'aikatan da ba su da mahimmanci daga aiki ta hanyar da ba ta dace ba don guje wa cunkoson ababen hawa. Hukumomin zirga-zirgar jama'a gabaɗaya suna ci gaba da aiki da farko amma suna iya daina aiki cikin ɗan gajeren sanarwa. Tun a shekarar 1987 cibiyar sa ido ta Hong Kong ta ba da gargadin sa'o'i biyu gabanin bayar da siginar gargadi na lamba 8.<ref>"Related Advisory Information and Arrangements from Bureaux and Departments in Tropical Cyclone Situations". Hong Kong Observatory</ref> == Suka == A cikin farkonsa, tsarin ya dogara da saurin iska da aka auna a kusa da tashar jiragen ruwa na Victoria. Yayin da aka mayar da hankali ga yin hidima ga al’ummar da ke cikin birane, ana ganin irin waɗannan abubuwan da aka lura ba su da wani tasiri.<ref>Regional Wind Information". Hong Kong Observatory.</ref> An soki cibiyar sa ido ta Hong Kong a lokacin Typhoon Prapiroon a 2006, lokacin da yanayi a cikin birane ya yi tsanani sosai fiye da na tashar jiragen ruwa, wanda ya ba da hujjar yin amfani da sigina na 3 kawai. Dangane da martani, a cikin 2007, Cibiyar Kula da Lafiya ta Hong Kong ta faɗaɗa hanyar sadarwar ta zuwa na'urori takwas na kusa da teku a kusa da Hong Kong. == Manazarta == ni1fvbyim5fp2lkhao27syodozzh7x6 895127 895126 2026-08-11T17:06:19Z Ummun Sultan 23935 895127 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Cibiyar sa ido ta Hong Kong''' ta fitar da siginonin gargaɗin guguwar yanayi mai zafi na Hong Kong don yin gargaɗi game da yuwuwar barazana ko tasirin guguwar mai zafi a yankin Hong Kong mafi girma. Ana wakilta sigina tare da saitin lambobi da alamomi. A baya can, ana amfani da fitilu da dare. Tsarin gargaɗin da ake amfani da shi a halin yanzu a Hong Kong yana dogara ne akan matakin sigina daga matakin mafi ƙasƙanci, Siginar Hurricane No. 1, zuwa matakin mafi girma, Siginar Hurricane No. 10. Lambobin sigina na iya canzawa daidai da yanayin. Da zarar an fitar da duk wata sigina da ta haura na 3, hukumomin gwamnati, makarantu, kasuwannin hada-hadar kudi, da kuma mafi yawan kamfanoni sun rufe ayyukansu. A lokacin manyan guguwa kamar Typhoon Hato a cikin 2017 da Typhoon Mangkhut a cikin shekarar 2018, an dakatar da zirga-zirgar jama'a kuma an rufe makarantu da kasuwanci. == Sharar fage == === Farko === A cikin Mayun shekara ta 1884, Cibiyar Kula da Hong Kong ta fara gargadi game da guguwar yanayi mai zafi ta hanyar sanar da jaridu da kamfanonin telegraph. Daga baya waccan shekarar, cibiyar lura ta aiwatar da tsarin gargadi na gani na farko a cikin watan Agusta. Ya yi amfani da tsarin ganguna, mazugi, da ƙwallo don nuna kasancewar guguwar yanayi mai zafi a kewayen Hong Kong da matsayinta. An cilla siginar ne a kan wani mastayi da ke gaban barikin 'yan sanda na Tsim Sha Tsui. Ma'aikatan jirgin ruwa da farko sun yi amfani da shi don taimakawa tsara hanyarsu. Alamar ba ta nuna wata barazanar mahaukaciyar guguwa da ke shafar Hong Kong ba.<ref>Lui, WH; Lee, TC; Shun, CM (2018). Technical Note No. 109 Evolution of the Tropical Cyclone Warning Systems in Hong Kong since 1884 (PDF). Hong Kong Observatory. pp. 3–10.</ref> A watan Agustan shekarar 1884, Hong Kong Observatory ya fara amfani da bindigar mahaukaciyar guguwa don gargadi mazauna yanayi masu haɗari. An harba harbi daya don nuna lokacin da ake tsammanin gales mai karfi. An harba biyu a lokacin da ake tsammanin iska mai karfin guguwa kuma an sake harba bindiga a duk lokacin da iskar ta canza hanya. Da farko, an kuma yi amfani da wannan bindigar don sanar da isar da saƙo daga London. Wannan ya haifar da rudani ga mazauna, don haka a cikin 1886, an daina amfani da bindigogi don isar da wasiku.<ref>Choy, Chun-wing; Lui, Yuk-sing (May 2023). "A Brief History of "Typhoon Gun" ｜Hong Kong Observatory(HKO)｜Educational Resources". hko.gov.hk.</ref> === Siginar gani da aka bita === A cikin 1890, an fara amfani da launin baƙar fata tare da ganga, mazugi, da siginar gani na ball don nuna nisan hadari daga Hong Kong. An ci gaba da amfani da ja don guguwa aƙalla kilomita 300 daga nesa, yayin da aka yi amfani da baƙar fata don guguwar da ke kusa da kilomita 300. A cikin Fabrairun 1897, alamun guguwar da Admiral Robert FitzRoy ya kirkira a cikin 1861 an gabatar da su a Hong Kong tare da ƙaramin canji. Tsarin gargadin guguwa da aka gyara ya ƙunshi sigina na guguwa a cikin nau'in mazugi ko ganga da sigina na dare. An ɗaga mazugi mai nuni zuwa sama don faɗakar da gales daga arewa ko gabas, yayin da mazugi mai nuni zuwa ƙasa yayi gargaɗin gales daga kudu ko yamma. An ƙara ganga a cikin mazugi lokacin da ake tsammanin guguwa mai ƙarfi da za ta iya kaiwa ga guguwa. Sigina na dare ya ƙunshi fitilu masu launi daban-daban guda uku da aka rataye a kan firam ɗin triangular, suna nuni zuwa sama ko ƙasa. Babu fitulun da aka ɗaga don wakiltar ganga. == Tsarin Lambobin Farko == A cikin 1917, Hong Kong ta fara amfani da sigina masu lamba. Sabon tsarin ya ƙunshi sigina bakwai (A'a. 1-7). An yi amfani da sigina na 1 azaman siginar jiran aiki, Sigina No. 2-5 an yi amfani da su bi da bi don gales da ke fitowa daga kowane shugabanci na Cardinal (arewa, kudu, gabas, da yamma), Sigina No. 6 don gales na karuwa mai karfi, da Sigina No. 7 don iskar guguwa. == Tarihi == A cikin 1917, an aiwatar da tsarin sigina mai lamba don faɗakar da yanayin iska a cikin ƙasa Tsarin halin yanzu bisa ga ka'idojin doka da kwastam a Hong Kong, da zarar an fitar da duk wata sigina da ta fi lamba 3, duk hukumomin gwamnati sun rufe ayyukansu. Makarantu, kasuwannin kuɗi, da yawancin kamfanoni masu zaman kansu suna rufe. Ana sakin ma'aikatan da ba su da mahimmanci daga aiki ta hanyar da ba ta dace ba don guje wa cunkoson ababen hawa. Hukumomin zirga-zirgar jama'a gabaɗaya suna ci gaba da aiki da farko amma suna iya daina aiki cikin ɗan gajeren sanarwa. Tun a shekarar 1987 cibiyar sa ido ta Hong Kong ta ba da gargadin sa'o'i biyu gabanin bayar da siginar gargadi na lamba 8.<ref>"Related Advisory Information and Arrangements from Bureaux and Departments in Tropical Cyclone Situations". Hong Kong Observatory</ref> == Suka == A cikin farkonsa, tsarin ya dogara da saurin iska da aka auna a kusa da tashar jiragen ruwa na Victoria. Yayin da aka mayar da hankali ga yin hidima ga al’ummar da ke cikin birane, ana ganin irin waɗannan abubuwan da aka lura ba su da wani tasiri.<ref>Regional Wind Information". Hong Kong Observatory.</ref> An soki cibiyar sa ido ta Hong Kong a lokacin Typhoon Prapiroon a 2006, lokacin da yanayi a cikin birane ya yi tsanani sosai fiye da na tashar jiragen ruwa, wanda ya ba da hujjar yin amfani da sigina na 3 kawai. Dangane da martani, a cikin 2007, Cibiyar Kula da Lafiya ta Hong Kong ta faɗaɗa hanyar sadarwar ta zuwa na'urori takwas na kusa da teku a kusa da Hong Kong. == Manazarta == 6gx6uocsazm9yh97s1embk7kn0sy4jq 895128 895127 2026-08-11T17:06:26Z Ummun Sultan 23935 895128 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Cibiyar sa ido ta Hong Kong''' ta fitar da siginonin gargaɗin guguwar yanayi mai zafi na Hong Kong don yin gargaɗi game da yuwuwar barazana ko tasirin guguwar mai zafi a yankin Hong Kong mafi girma. Ana wakilta sigina tare da saitin lambobi da alamomi. A baya can, ana amfani da fitilu da dare. Tsarin gargaɗin da ake amfani da shi a halin yanzu a Hong Kong yana dogara ne akan matakin sigina daga matakin mafi ƙasƙanci, Siginar Hurricane No. 1, zuwa matakin mafi girma, Siginar Hurricane No. 10. Lambobin sigina na iya canzawa daidai da yanayin. Da zarar an fitar da duk wata sigina da ta haura na 3, hukumomin gwamnati, makarantu, kasuwannin hada-hadar kudi, da kuma mafi yawan kamfanoni sun rufe ayyukansu. A lokacin manyan guguwa kamar Typhoon Hato a cikin 2017 da Typhoon Mangkhut a cikin shekarar 2018, an dakatar da zirga-zirgar jama'a kuma an rufe makarantu da kasuwanci. == Sharar fage == === Farko === A cikin Mayun shekara ta 1884, Cibiyar Kula da Hong Kong ta fara gargadi game da guguwar yanayi mai zafi ta hanyar sanar da jaridu da kamfanonin telegraph. Daga baya waccan shekarar, cibiyar lura ta aiwatar da tsarin gargadi na gani na farko a cikin watan Agusta. Ya yi amfani da tsarin ganguna, mazugi, da ƙwallo don nuna kasancewar guguwar yanayi mai zafi a kewayen Hong Kong da matsayinta. An cilla siginar ne a kan wani mastayi da ke gaban barikin 'yan sanda na Tsim Sha Tsui. Ma'aikatan jirgin ruwa da farko sun yi amfani da shi don taimakawa tsara hanyarsu. Alamar ba ta nuna wata barazanar mahaukaciyar guguwa da ke shafar Hong Kong ba.<ref>Lui, WH; Lee, TC; Shun, CM (2018). Technical Note No. 109 Evolution of the Tropical Cyclone Warning Systems in Hong Kong since 1884 (PDF). Hong Kong Observatory. pp. 3–10.</ref> A watan Agustan shekarar 1884, Hong Kong Observatory ya fara amfani da bindigar mahaukaciyar guguwa don gargadi mazauna yanayi masu haɗari. An harba harbi daya don nuna lokacin da ake tsammanin gales mai karfi. An harba biyu a lokacin da ake tsammanin iska mai karfin guguwa kuma an sake harba bindiga a duk lokacin da iskar ta canza hanya. Da farko, an kuma yi amfani da wannan bindigar don sanar da isar da saƙo daga London. Wannan ya haifar da rudani ga mazauna, don haka a cikin 1886, an daina amfani da bindigogi don isar da wasiku.<ref>Choy, Chun-wing; Lui, Yuk-sing (May 2023). "A Brief History of "Typhoon Gun" ｜Hong Kong Observatory(HKO)｜Educational Resources". hko.gov.hk.</ref> === Siginar gani da aka bita === A cikin shekarar 1890, an fara amfani da launin baƙar fata tare da ganga, mazugi, da siginar gani na ball don nuna nisan hadari daga Hong Kong. An ci gaba da amfani da ja don guguwa aƙalla kilomita 300 daga nesa, yayin da aka yi amfani da baƙar fata don guguwar da ke kusa da kilomita 300. A cikin Fabrairun 1897, alamun guguwar da Admiral Robert FitzRoy ya kirkira a cikin 1861 an gabatar da su a Hong Kong tare da ƙaramin canji. Tsarin gargadin guguwa da aka gyara ya ƙunshi sigina na guguwa a cikin nau'in mazugi ko ganga da sigina na dare. An ɗaga mazugi mai nuni zuwa sama don faɗakar da gales daga arewa ko gabas, yayin da mazugi mai nuni zuwa ƙasa yayi gargaɗin gales daga kudu ko yamma. An ƙara ganga a cikin mazugi lokacin da ake tsammanin guguwa mai ƙarfi da za ta iya kaiwa ga guguwa. Sigina na dare ya ƙunshi fitilu masu launi daban-daban guda uku da aka rataye a kan firam ɗin triangular, suna nuni zuwa sama ko ƙasa. Babu fitulun da aka ɗaga don wakiltar ganga. == Tsarin Lambobin Farko == A cikin 1917, Hong Kong ta fara amfani da sigina masu lamba. Sabon tsarin ya ƙunshi sigina bakwai (A'a. 1-7). An yi amfani da sigina na 1 azaman siginar jiran aiki, Sigina No. 2-5 an yi amfani da su bi da bi don gales da ke fitowa daga kowane shugabanci na Cardinal (arewa, kudu, gabas, da yamma), Sigina No. 6 don gales na karuwa mai karfi, da Sigina No. 7 don iskar guguwa. == Tarihi == A cikin 1917, an aiwatar da tsarin sigina mai lamba don faɗakar da yanayin iska a cikin ƙasa Tsarin halin yanzu bisa ga ka'idojin doka da kwastam a Hong Kong, da zarar an fitar da duk wata sigina da ta fi lamba 3, duk hukumomin gwamnati sun rufe ayyukansu. Makarantu, kasuwannin kuɗi, da yawancin kamfanoni masu zaman kansu suna rufe. Ana sakin ma'aikatan da ba su da mahimmanci daga aiki ta hanyar da ba ta dace ba don guje wa cunkoson ababen hawa. Hukumomin zirga-zirgar jama'a gabaɗaya suna ci gaba da aiki da farko amma suna iya daina aiki cikin ɗan gajeren sanarwa. Tun a shekarar 1987 cibiyar sa ido ta Hong Kong ta ba da gargadin sa'o'i biyu gabanin bayar da siginar gargadi na lamba 8.<ref>"Related Advisory Information and Arrangements from Bureaux and Departments in Tropical Cyclone Situations". Hong Kong Observatory</ref> == Suka == A cikin farkonsa, tsarin ya dogara da saurin iska da aka auna a kusa da tashar jiragen ruwa na Victoria. Yayin da aka mayar da hankali ga yin hidima ga al’ummar da ke cikin birane, ana ganin irin waɗannan abubuwan da aka lura ba su da wani tasiri.<ref>Regional Wind Information". Hong Kong Observatory.</ref> An soki cibiyar sa ido ta Hong Kong a lokacin Typhoon Prapiroon a 2006, lokacin da yanayi a cikin birane ya yi tsanani sosai fiye da na tashar jiragen ruwa, wanda ya ba da hujjar yin amfani da sigina na 3 kawai. Dangane da martani, a cikin 2007, Cibiyar Kula da Lafiya ta Hong Kong ta faɗaɗa hanyar sadarwar ta zuwa na'urori takwas na kusa da teku a kusa da Hong Kong. == Manazarta == hfet3wqjjisl8jjxh6pnxtk2p5qq9lh 895129 895128 2026-08-11T17:06:38Z Ummun Sultan 23935 895129 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Cibiyar sa ido ta Hong Kong''' ta fitar da siginonin gargaɗin guguwar yanayi mai zafi na Hong Kong don yin gargaɗi game da yuwuwar barazana ko tasirin guguwar mai zafi a yankin Hong Kong mafi girma. Ana wakilta sigina tare da saitin lambobi da alamomi. A baya can, ana amfani da fitilu da dare. Tsarin gargaɗin da ake amfani da shi a halin yanzu a Hong Kong yana dogara ne akan matakin sigina daga matakin mafi ƙasƙanci, Siginar Hurricane No. 1, zuwa matakin mafi girma, Siginar Hurricane No. 10. Lambobin sigina na iya canzawa daidai da yanayin. Da zarar an fitar da duk wata sigina da ta haura na 3, hukumomin gwamnati, makarantu, kasuwannin hada-hadar kudi, da kuma mafi yawan kamfanoni sun rufe ayyukansu. A lokacin manyan guguwa kamar Typhoon Hato a cikin 2017 da Typhoon Mangkhut a cikin shekarar 2018, an dakatar da zirga-zirgar jama'a kuma an rufe makarantu da kasuwanci. == Sharar fage == === Farko === A cikin Mayun shekara ta 1884, Cibiyar Kula da Hong Kong ta fara gargadi game da guguwar yanayi mai zafi ta hanyar sanar da jaridu da kamfanonin telegraph. Daga baya waccan shekarar, cibiyar lura ta aiwatar da tsarin gargadi na gani na farko a cikin watan Agusta. Ya yi amfani da tsarin ganguna, mazugi, da ƙwallo don nuna kasancewar guguwar yanayi mai zafi a kewayen Hong Kong da matsayinta. An cilla siginar ne a kan wani mastayi da ke gaban barikin 'yan sanda na Tsim Sha Tsui. Ma'aikatan jirgin ruwa da farko sun yi amfani da shi don taimakawa tsara hanyarsu. Alamar ba ta nuna wata barazanar mahaukaciyar guguwa da ke shafar Hong Kong ba.<ref>Lui, WH; Lee, TC; Shun, CM (2018). Technical Note No. 109 Evolution of the Tropical Cyclone Warning Systems in Hong Kong since 1884 (PDF). Hong Kong Observatory. pp. 3–10.</ref> A watan Agustan shekarar 1884, Hong Kong Observatory ya fara amfani da bindigar mahaukaciyar guguwa don gargadi mazauna yanayi masu haɗari. An harba harbi daya don nuna lokacin da ake tsammanin gales mai karfi. An harba biyu a lokacin da ake tsammanin iska mai karfin guguwa kuma an sake harba bindiga a duk lokacin da iskar ta canza hanya. Da farko, an kuma yi amfani da wannan bindigar don sanar da isar da saƙo daga London. Wannan ya haifar da rudani ga mazauna, don haka a cikin 1886, an daina amfani da bindigogi don isar da wasiku.<ref>Choy, Chun-wing; Lui, Yuk-sing (May 2023). "A Brief History of "Typhoon Gun" ｜Hong Kong Observatory(HKO)｜Educational Resources". hko.gov.hk.</ref> === Siginar gani da aka bita === A cikin shekarar 1890, an fara amfani da launin baƙar fata tare da ganga, mazugi, da siginar gani na ball don nuna nisan hadari daga Hong Kong. An ci gaba da amfani da ja don guguwa aƙalla kilomita 300 daga nesa, yayin da aka yi amfani da baƙar fata don guguwar da ke kusa da kilomita 300. A cikin Fabrairun shekarar 1897, alamun guguwar da Admiral Robert FitzRoy ya kirkira a cikin 1861 an gabatar da su a Hong Kong tare da ƙaramin canji. Tsarin gargadin guguwa da aka gyara ya ƙunshi sigina na guguwa a cikin nau'in mazugi ko ganga da sigina na dare. An ɗaga mazugi mai nuni zuwa sama don faɗakar da gales daga arewa ko gabas, yayin da mazugi mai nuni zuwa ƙasa yayi gargaɗin gales daga kudu ko yamma. An ƙara ganga a cikin mazugi lokacin da ake tsammanin guguwa mai ƙarfi da za ta iya kaiwa ga guguwa. Sigina na dare ya ƙunshi fitilu masu launi daban-daban guda uku da aka rataye a kan firam ɗin triangular, suna nuni zuwa sama ko ƙasa. Babu fitulun da aka ɗaga don wakiltar ganga. == Tsarin Lambobin Farko == A cikin 1917, Hong Kong ta fara amfani da sigina masu lamba. Sabon tsarin ya ƙunshi sigina bakwai (A'a. 1-7). An yi amfani da sigina na 1 azaman siginar jiran aiki, Sigina No. 2-5 an yi amfani da su bi da bi don gales da ke fitowa daga kowane shugabanci na Cardinal (arewa, kudu, gabas, da yamma), Sigina No. 6 don gales na karuwa mai karfi, da Sigina No. 7 don iskar guguwa. == Tarihi == A cikin 1917, an aiwatar da tsarin sigina mai lamba don faɗakar da yanayin iska a cikin ƙasa Tsarin halin yanzu bisa ga ka'idojin doka da kwastam a Hong Kong, da zarar an fitar da duk wata sigina da ta fi lamba 3, duk hukumomin gwamnati sun rufe ayyukansu. Makarantu, kasuwannin kuɗi, da yawancin kamfanoni masu zaman kansu suna rufe. Ana sakin ma'aikatan da ba su da mahimmanci daga aiki ta hanyar da ba ta dace ba don guje wa cunkoson ababen hawa. Hukumomin zirga-zirgar jama'a gabaɗaya suna ci gaba da aiki da farko amma suna iya daina aiki cikin ɗan gajeren sanarwa. Tun a shekarar 1987 cibiyar sa ido ta Hong Kong ta ba da gargadin sa'o'i biyu gabanin bayar da siginar gargadi na lamba 8.<ref>"Related Advisory Information and Arrangements from Bureaux and Departments in Tropical Cyclone Situations". Hong Kong Observatory</ref> == Suka == A cikin farkonsa, tsarin ya dogara da saurin iska da aka auna a kusa da tashar jiragen ruwa na Victoria. Yayin da aka mayar da hankali ga yin hidima ga al’ummar da ke cikin birane, ana ganin irin waɗannan abubuwan da aka lura ba su da wani tasiri.<ref>Regional Wind Information". Hong Kong Observatory.</ref> An soki cibiyar sa ido ta Hong Kong a lokacin Typhoon Prapiroon a 2006, lokacin da yanayi a cikin birane ya yi tsanani sosai fiye da na tashar jiragen ruwa, wanda ya ba da hujjar yin amfani da sigina na 3 kawai. Dangane da martani, a cikin 2007, Cibiyar Kula da Lafiya ta Hong Kong ta faɗaɗa hanyar sadarwar ta zuwa na'urori takwas na kusa da teku a kusa da Hong Kong. == Manazarta == tvehtrbxjbryh685sda95c2dqskdgyx 895130 895129 2026-08-11T17:06:50Z Ummun Sultan 23935 895130 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Cibiyar sa ido ta Hong Kong''' ta fitar da siginonin gargaɗin guguwar yanayi mai zafi na Hong Kong don yin gargaɗi game da yuwuwar barazana ko tasirin guguwar mai zafi a yankin Hong Kong mafi girma. Ana wakilta sigina tare da saitin lambobi da alamomi. A baya can, ana amfani da fitilu da dare. Tsarin gargaɗin da ake amfani da shi a halin yanzu a Hong Kong yana dogara ne akan matakin sigina daga matakin mafi ƙasƙanci, Siginar Hurricane No. 1, zuwa matakin mafi girma, Siginar Hurricane No. 10. Lambobin sigina na iya canzawa daidai da yanayin. Da zarar an fitar da duk wata sigina da ta haura na 3, hukumomin gwamnati, makarantu, kasuwannin hada-hadar kudi, da kuma mafi yawan kamfanoni sun rufe ayyukansu. A lokacin manyan guguwa kamar Typhoon Hato a cikin 2017 da Typhoon Mangkhut a cikin shekarar 2018, an dakatar da zirga-zirgar jama'a kuma an rufe makarantu da kasuwanci. == Sharar fage == === Farko === A cikin Mayun shekara ta 1884, Cibiyar Kula da Hong Kong ta fara gargadi game da guguwar yanayi mai zafi ta hanyar sanar da jaridu da kamfanonin telegraph. Daga baya waccan shekarar, cibiyar lura ta aiwatar da tsarin gargadi na gani na farko a cikin watan Agusta. Ya yi amfani da tsarin ganguna, mazugi, da ƙwallo don nuna kasancewar guguwar yanayi mai zafi a kewayen Hong Kong da matsayinta. An cilla siginar ne a kan wani mastayi da ke gaban barikin 'yan sanda na Tsim Sha Tsui. Ma'aikatan jirgin ruwa da farko sun yi amfani da shi don taimakawa tsara hanyarsu. Alamar ba ta nuna wata barazanar mahaukaciyar guguwa da ke shafar Hong Kong ba.<ref>Lui, WH; Lee, TC; Shun, CM (2018). Technical Note No. 109 Evolution of the Tropical Cyclone Warning Systems in Hong Kong since 1884 (PDF). Hong Kong Observatory. pp. 3–10.</ref> A watan Agustan shekarar 1884, Hong Kong Observatory ya fara amfani da bindigar mahaukaciyar guguwa don gargadi mazauna yanayi masu haɗari. An harba harbi daya don nuna lokacin da ake tsammanin gales mai karfi. An harba biyu a lokacin da ake tsammanin iska mai karfin guguwa kuma an sake harba bindiga a duk lokacin da iskar ta canza hanya. Da farko, an kuma yi amfani da wannan bindigar don sanar da isar da saƙo daga London. Wannan ya haifar da rudani ga mazauna, don haka a cikin 1886, an daina amfani da bindigogi don isar da wasiku.<ref>Choy, Chun-wing; Lui, Yuk-sing (May 2023). "A Brief History of "Typhoon Gun" ｜Hong Kong Observatory(HKO)｜Educational Resources". hko.gov.hk.</ref> === Siginar gani da aka bita === A cikin shekarar 1890, an fara amfani da launin baƙar fata tare da ganga, mazugi, da siginar gani na ball don nuna nisan hadari daga Hong Kong. An ci gaba da amfani da ja don guguwa aƙalla kilomita 300 daga nesa, yayin da aka yi amfani da baƙar fata don guguwar da ke kusa da kilomita 300. A cikin Fabrairun shekarar 1897, alamun guguwar da Admiral Robert FitzRoy ya ƙirƙira a cikin 1861 an gabatar da su a Hong Kong tare da ƙaramin canji. Tsarin gargadin guguwa da aka gyara ya ƙunshi sigina na guguwa a cikin nau'in mazugi ko ganga da sigina na dare. An ɗaga mazugi mai nuni zuwa sama don faɗakar da gales daga arewa ko gabas, yayin da mazugi mai nuni zuwa ƙasa yayi gargaɗin gales daga kudu ko yamma. An ƙara ganga a cikin mazugi lokacin da ake tsammanin guguwa mai ƙarfi da za ta iya kaiwa ga guguwa. Sigina na dare ya ƙunshi fitilu masu launi daban-daban guda uku da aka rataye a kan firam ɗin triangular, suna nuni zuwa sama ko ƙasa. Babu fitulun da aka ɗaga don wakiltar ganga. == Tsarin Lambobin Farko == A cikin shekarar 1917, Hong Kong ta fara amfani da sigina masu lamba. Sabon tsarin ya ƙunshi sigina bakwai (A'a. 1-7). An yi amfani da sigina na 1 azaman siginar jiran aiki, Sigina No. 2-5 an yi amfani da su bi da bi don gales da ke fitowa daga kowane shugabanci na Cardinal (arewa, kudu, gabas, da yamma), Sigina No. 6 don gales na karuwa mai karfi, da Sigina No. 7 don iskar guguwa. == Tarihi == A cikin 1917, an aiwatar da tsarin sigina mai lamba don faɗakar da yanayin iska a cikin ƙasa Tsarin halin yanzu bisa ga ka'idojin doka da kwastam a Hong Kong, da zarar an fitar da duk wata sigina da ta fi lamba 3, duk hukumomin gwamnati sun rufe ayyukansu. Makarantu, kasuwannin kuɗi, da yawancin kamfanoni masu zaman kansu suna rufe. Ana sakin ma'aikatan da ba su da mahimmanci daga aiki ta hanyar da ba ta dace ba don guje wa cunkoson ababen hawa. Hukumomin zirga-zirgar jama'a gabaɗaya suna ci gaba da aiki da farko amma suna iya daina aiki cikin ɗan gajeren sanarwa. Tun a shekarar 1987 cibiyar sa ido ta Hong Kong ta ba da gargadin sa'o'i biyu gabanin bayar da siginar gargadi na lamba 8.<ref>"Related Advisory Information and Arrangements from Bureaux and Departments in Tropical Cyclone Situations". Hong Kong Observatory</ref> == Suka == A cikin farkonsa, tsarin ya dogara da saurin iska da aka auna a kusa da tashar jiragen ruwa na Victoria. Yayin da aka mayar da hankali ga yin hidima ga al’ummar da ke cikin birane, ana ganin irin waɗannan abubuwan da aka lura ba su da wani tasiri.<ref>Regional Wind Information". Hong Kong Observatory.</ref> An soki cibiyar sa ido ta Hong Kong a lokacin Typhoon Prapiroon a 2006, lokacin da yanayi a cikin birane ya yi tsanani sosai fiye da na tashar jiragen ruwa, wanda ya ba da hujjar yin amfani da sigina na 3 kawai. Dangane da martani, a cikin 2007, Cibiyar Kula da Lafiya ta Hong Kong ta faɗaɗa hanyar sadarwar ta zuwa na'urori takwas na kusa da teku a kusa da Hong Kong. == Manazarta == 9yf6uw4plyq6fmbguckpwqpzfcagl8y 895131 895130 2026-08-11T17:06:59Z Ummun Sultan 23935 895131 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Cibiyar sa ido ta Hong Kong''' ta fitar da siginonin gargaɗin guguwar yanayi mai zafi na Hong Kong don yin gargaɗi game da yuwuwar barazana ko tasirin guguwar mai zafi a yankin Hong Kong mafi girma. Ana wakilta sigina tare da saitin lambobi da alamomi. A baya can, ana amfani da fitilu da dare. Tsarin gargaɗin da ake amfani da shi a halin yanzu a Hong Kong yana dogara ne akan matakin sigina daga matakin mafi ƙasƙanci, Siginar Hurricane No. 1, zuwa matakin mafi girma, Siginar Hurricane No. 10. Lambobin sigina na iya canzawa daidai da yanayin. Da zarar an fitar da duk wata sigina da ta haura na 3, hukumomin gwamnati, makarantu, kasuwannin hada-hadar kudi, da kuma mafi yawan kamfanoni sun rufe ayyukansu. A lokacin manyan guguwa kamar Typhoon Hato a cikin 2017 da Typhoon Mangkhut a cikin shekarar 2018, an dakatar da zirga-zirgar jama'a kuma an rufe makarantu da kasuwanci. == Sharar fage == === Farko === A cikin Mayun shekara ta 1884, Cibiyar Kula da Hong Kong ta fara gargadi game da guguwar yanayi mai zafi ta hanyar sanar da jaridu da kamfanonin telegraph. Daga baya waccan shekarar, cibiyar lura ta aiwatar da tsarin gargadi na gani na farko a cikin watan Agusta. Ya yi amfani da tsarin ganguna, mazugi, da ƙwallo don nuna kasancewar guguwar yanayi mai zafi a kewayen Hong Kong da matsayinta. An cilla siginar ne a kan wani mastayi da ke gaban barikin 'yan sanda na Tsim Sha Tsui. Ma'aikatan jirgin ruwa da farko sun yi amfani da shi don taimakawa tsara hanyarsu. Alamar ba ta nuna wata barazanar mahaukaciyar guguwa da ke shafar Hong Kong ba.<ref>Lui, WH; Lee, TC; Shun, CM (2018). Technical Note No. 109 Evolution of the Tropical Cyclone Warning Systems in Hong Kong since 1884 (PDF). Hong Kong Observatory. pp. 3–10.</ref> A watan Agustan shekarar 1884, Hong Kong Observatory ya fara amfani da bindigar mahaukaciyar guguwa don gargadi mazauna yanayi masu haɗari. An harba harbi daya don nuna lokacin da ake tsammanin gales mai karfi. An harba biyu a lokacin da ake tsammanin iska mai karfin guguwa kuma an sake harba bindiga a duk lokacin da iskar ta canza hanya. Da farko, an kuma yi amfani da wannan bindigar don sanar da isar da saƙo daga London. Wannan ya haifar da rudani ga mazauna, don haka a cikin 1886, an daina amfani da bindigogi don isar da wasiku.<ref>Choy, Chun-wing; Lui, Yuk-sing (May 2023). "A Brief History of "Typhoon Gun" ｜Hong Kong Observatory(HKO)｜Educational Resources". hko.gov.hk.</ref> === Siginar gani da aka bita === A cikin shekarar 1890, an fara amfani da launin baƙar fata tare da ganga, mazugi, da siginar gani na ball don nuna nisan hadari daga Hong Kong. An ci gaba da amfani da ja don guguwa aƙalla kilomita 300 daga nesa, yayin da aka yi amfani da baƙar fata don guguwar da ke kusa da kilomita 300. A cikin Fabrairun shekarar 1897, alamun guguwar da Admiral Robert FitzRoy ya ƙirƙira a cikin 1861 an gabatar da su a Hong Kong tare da ƙaramin canji. Tsarin gargadin guguwa da aka gyara ya ƙunshi sigina na guguwa a cikin nau'in mazugi ko ganga da sigina na dare. An ɗaga mazugi mai nuni zuwa sama don faɗakar da gales daga arewa ko gabas, yayin da mazugi mai nuni zuwa ƙasa yayi gargaɗin gales daga kudu ko yamma. An ƙara ganga a cikin mazugi lokacin da ake tsammanin guguwa mai ƙarfi da za ta iya kaiwa ga guguwa. Sigina na dare ya ƙunshi fitilu masu launi daban-daban guda uku da aka rataye a kan firam ɗin triangular, suna nuni zuwa sama ko ƙasa. Babu fitulun da aka ɗaga don wakiltar ganga. == Tsarin Lambobin Farko == A cikin shekarar 1917, Hong Kong ta fara amfani da sigina masu lamba. Sabon tsarin ya ƙunshi sigina bakwai (A'a. 1-7). An yi amfani da sigina na 1 azaman siginar jiran aiki, Sigina No. 2-5 an yi amfani da su bi da bi don gales da ke fitowa daga kowane shugabanci na Cardinal (arewa, kudu, gabas, da yamma), Sigina No. 6 don gales na karuwa mai karfi, da Sigina No. 7 don iskar guguwa. == Tarihi == A cikin shekarar 1917, an aiwatar da tsarin sigina mai lamba don faɗakar da yanayin iska a cikin ƙasa Tsarin halin yanzu bisa ga ka'idojin doka da kwastam a Hong Kong, da zarar an fitar da duk wata sigina da ta fi lamba 3, duk hukumomin gwamnati sun rufe ayyukansu. Makarantu, kasuwannin kuɗi, da yawancin kamfanoni masu zaman kansu suna rufe. Ana sakin ma'aikatan da ba su da mahimmanci daga aiki ta hanyar da ba ta dace ba don guje wa cunkoson ababen hawa. Hukumomin zirga-zirgar jama'a gabaɗaya suna ci gaba da aiki da farko amma suna iya daina aiki cikin ɗan gajeren sanarwa. Tun a shekarar 1987 cibiyar sa ido ta Hong Kong ta ba da gargadin sa'o'i biyu gabanin bayar da siginar gargadi na lamba 8.<ref>"Related Advisory Information and Arrangements from Bureaux and Departments in Tropical Cyclone Situations". Hong Kong Observatory</ref> == Suka == A cikin farkonsa, tsarin ya dogara da saurin iska da aka auna a kusa da tashar jiragen ruwa na Victoria. Yayin da aka mayar da hankali ga yin hidima ga al’ummar da ke cikin birane, ana ganin irin waɗannan abubuwan da aka lura ba su da wani tasiri.<ref>Regional Wind Information". Hong Kong Observatory.</ref> An soki cibiyar sa ido ta Hong Kong a lokacin Typhoon Prapiroon a 2006, lokacin da yanayi a cikin birane ya yi tsanani sosai fiye da na tashar jiragen ruwa, wanda ya ba da hujjar yin amfani da sigina na 3 kawai. Dangane da martani, a cikin 2007, Cibiyar Kula da Lafiya ta Hong Kong ta faɗaɗa hanyar sadarwar ta zuwa na'urori takwas na kusa da teku a kusa da Hong Kong. == Manazarta == cats9ms5jtabhvfngtwkmb1qrlyphza 895132 895131 2026-08-11T17:07:20Z Ummun Sultan 23935 895132 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Cibiyar sa ido ta Hong Kong''' ta fitar da siginonin gargaɗin guguwar yanayi mai zafi na Hong Kong don yin gargaɗi game da yuwuwar barazana ko tasirin guguwar mai zafi a yankin Hong Kong mafi girma. Ana wakilta sigina tare da saitin lambobi da alamomi. A baya can, ana amfani da fitilu da dare. Tsarin gargaɗin da ake amfani da shi a halin yanzu a Hong Kong yana dogara ne akan matakin sigina daga matakin mafi ƙasƙanci, Siginar Hurricane No. 1, zuwa matakin mafi girma, Siginar Hurricane No. 10. Lambobin sigina na iya canzawa daidai da yanayin. Da zarar an fitar da duk wata sigina da ta haura na 3, hukumomin gwamnati, makarantu, kasuwannin hada-hadar kudi, da kuma mafi yawan kamfanoni sun rufe ayyukansu. A lokacin manyan guguwa kamar Typhoon Hato a cikin 2017 da Typhoon Mangkhut a cikin shekarar 2018, an dakatar da zirga-zirgar jama'a kuma an rufe makarantu da kasuwanci. == Sharar fage == === Farko === A cikin Mayun shekara ta 1884, Cibiyar Kula da Hong Kong ta fara gargadi game da guguwar yanayi mai zafi ta hanyar sanar da jaridu da kamfanonin telegraph. Daga baya waccan shekarar, cibiyar lura ta aiwatar da tsarin gargadi na gani na farko a cikin watan Agusta. Ya yi amfani da tsarin ganguna, mazugi, da ƙwallo don nuna kasancewar guguwar yanayi mai zafi a kewayen Hong Kong da matsayinta. An cilla siginar ne a kan wani mastayi da ke gaban barikin 'yan sanda na Tsim Sha Tsui. Ma'aikatan jirgin ruwa da farko sun yi amfani da shi don taimakawa tsara hanyarsu. Alamar ba ta nuna wata barazanar mahaukaciyar guguwa da ke shafar Hong Kong ba.<ref>Lui, WH; Lee, TC; Shun, CM (2018). Technical Note No. 109 Evolution of the Tropical Cyclone Warning Systems in Hong Kong since 1884 (PDF). Hong Kong Observatory. pp. 3–10.</ref> A watan Agustan shekarar 1884, Hong Kong Observatory ya fara amfani da bindigar mahaukaciyar guguwa don gargadi mazauna yanayi masu haɗari. An harba harbi daya don nuna lokacin da ake tsammanin gales mai karfi. An harba biyu a lokacin da ake tsammanin iska mai karfin guguwa kuma an sake harba bindiga a duk lokacin da iskar ta canza hanya. Da farko, an kuma yi amfani da wannan bindigar don sanar da isar da saƙo daga London. Wannan ya haifar da rudani ga mazauna, don haka a cikin 1886, an daina amfani da bindigogi don isar da wasiku.<ref>Choy, Chun-wing; Lui, Yuk-sing (May 2023). "A Brief History of "Typhoon Gun" ｜Hong Kong Observatory(HKO)｜Educational Resources". hko.gov.hk.</ref> === Siginar gani da aka bita === A cikin shekarar 1890, an fara amfani da launin baƙar fata tare da ganga, mazugi, da siginar gani na ball don nuna nisan hadari daga Hong Kong. An ci gaba da amfani da ja don guguwa aƙalla kilomita 300 daga nesa, yayin da aka yi amfani da baƙar fata don guguwar da ke kusa da kilomita 300. A cikin Fabrairun shekarar 1897, alamun guguwar da Admiral Robert FitzRoy ya ƙirƙira a cikin 1861 an gabatar da su a Hong Kong tare da ƙaramin canji. Tsarin gargadin guguwa da aka gyara ya ƙunshi sigina na guguwa a cikin nau'in mazugi ko ganga da sigina na dare. An ɗaga mazugi mai nuni zuwa sama don faɗakar da gales daga arewa ko gabas, yayin da mazugi mai nuni zuwa ƙasa yayi gargaɗin gales daga kudu ko yamma. An ƙara ganga a cikin mazugi lokacin da ake tsammanin guguwa mai ƙarfi da za ta iya kaiwa ga guguwa. Sigina na dare ya ƙunshi fitilu masu launi daban-daban guda uku da aka rataye a kan firam ɗin triangular, suna nuni zuwa sama ko ƙasa. Babu fitulun da aka ɗaga don wakiltar ganga. == Tsarin Lambobin Farko == A cikin shekarar 1917, Hong Kong ta fara amfani da sigina masu lamba. Sabon tsarin ya ƙunshi sigina bakwai (A'a. 1-7). An yi amfani da sigina na 1 azaman siginar jiran aiki, Sigina No. 2-5 an yi amfani da su bi da bi don gales da ke fitowa daga kowane shugabanci na Cardinal (arewa, kudu, gabas, da yamma), Sigina No. 6 don gales na karuwa mai karfi, da Sigina No. 7 don iskar guguwa. == Tarihi == A cikin shekarar 1917, an aiwatar da tsarin sigina mai lamba don faɗakar da yanayin iska a cikin ƙasa Tsarin halin yanzu bisa ga ƙa'idojin doka da kwastam a Hong Kong, da zarar an fitar da duk wata sigina da ta fi lamba 3, duk hukumomin gwamnati sun rufe ayyukansu. Makarantu, kasuwannin kuɗi, da yawancin kamfanoni masu zaman kansu suna rufe. Ana sakin ma'aikatan da ba su da mahimmanci daga aiki ta hanyar da ba ta dace ba don guje wa cunkoson ababen hawa. Hukumomin zirga-zirgar jama'a gabaɗaya suna ci gaba da aiki da farko amma suna iya daina aiki cikin ɗan gajeren sanarwa. Tun a shekarar 1987 cibiyar sa ido ta Hong Kong ta ba da gargadin sa'o'i biyu gabanin bayar da siginar gargadi na lamba 8.<ref>"Related Advisory Information and Arrangements from Bureaux and Departments in Tropical Cyclone Situations". Hong Kong Observatory</ref> == Suka == A cikin farkonsa, tsarin ya dogara da saurin iska da aka auna a kusa da tashar jiragen ruwa na Victoria. Yayin da aka mayar da hankali ga yin hidima ga al’ummar da ke cikin birane, ana ganin irin waɗannan abubuwan da aka lura ba su da wani tasiri.<ref>Regional Wind Information". Hong Kong Observatory.</ref> An soki cibiyar sa ido ta Hong Kong a lokacin Typhoon Prapiroon a 2006, lokacin da yanayi a cikin birane ya yi tsanani sosai fiye da na tashar jiragen ruwa, wanda ya ba da hujjar yin amfani da sigina na 3 kawai. Dangane da martani, a cikin 2007, Cibiyar Kula da Lafiya ta Hong Kong ta faɗaɗa hanyar sadarwar ta zuwa na'urori takwas na kusa da teku a kusa da Hong Kong. == Manazarta == kzau8rtdgrr8auhvlj5k7h284b6s4y7 0 110729 895179 689965 2026-08-11T18:57:25Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 895179 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} A shekara ta 2006, Kambodiya ta kasance tushen, wucewa, da kuma makoma ga fataucin mutane. An ruwaito cewa masu fataucin mutane sun shirya kungiyoyin masu aikata laifuka, iyaye, dangi, abokai, abokan tarayya, da maƙwabta.<ref name="humantrafficking2005">{{Cite web |date=2005-05-06 |title=Cambodia 2005 |url=http://www.humantrafficking.org/countries/cambodia |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060420221748/http://www.humantrafficking.org/countries/cambodia |archive-date=2006-04-20 |access-date=2012-02-10 |publisher=HumanTrafficking.org}}</ref> Cambodia ta tabbatar da [[Yarjejeniya don hanawa da kuma azabtar da fataucin mutane, musamman mata da yara|Yarjejeniyar TIP ta Majalisar Dinkin Duniya ta 2000]] a watan Yulin 2007. Duk da cewa fataucin mutane laifi ne a Cambodia, kasar tana da babbar matsalar yawon bude ido ta jima'i ta yara; wasu yara iyayensu ne ke sayar da su, yayin da wasu ke son abin da suke tunanin cewa aikin da aka ba su kamar mai ba da abinci ne, amma sai aka tilasta su cikin karuwanci. Sau da yawa ana kama yara, ana doke su, kuma ana fama da yunwa don tilasta musu yin karuwanci. Har ila yau, Masana'antun zamba sun karu a Cambodia a cikin shekarun 2020. A cikin 2022, Rahoton Kasuwancin Ma'aikatar Harkokin Wajen Amurka ya rage Cambodia zuwa "Tier 3" saboda gazawar Gwamnatin Kambodiya ta cika mafi ƙarancin ka'idoji don kawar da fataucin mutane da rashin isasshen ƙoƙari don magance fataucin mutum.<ref>{{Cite web |date=July 2022 |title=2022 Trafficking in Persons Report |url=https://www.state.gov/reports/2022-trafficking-in-persons-report/ |website=US Department of State}}</ref> Cambodia a baya ta tashi tsakanin Tier 2 da jerin masu tsaro na Tier 2.<ref name="humantrafficking2005"/><ref>{{Cite web |title=Trafficking in Persons Report 2017: Tier Placements |url=https://www.state.gov/j/tip/rls/tiprpt/2017/271117.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170628043920/https://www.state.gov/j/tip/rls/tiprpt/2017/271117.htm |archive-date=2017-06-28 |access-date=2017-12-01 |website=www.state.gov |language=en-US}}</ref> Kasar ta kasance a Tier 3 a cikin 2023. A cikin 2023, Ƙididdigar Laifuka ta Ƙungiya ta ba ƙasar maki 8.5 daga cikin 10 don fataucin mutane, yana lura da karuwar lambobi bayan COVID. == Bincike == Wani binciken [[UNICEF]] ya kammala cewa kashi 35% na [[karuwanci]] 15,000 na Cambodia yara ne da ba su kai shekara 16 ba. Kusan dukkanin gidajen karuwai na Kambodiya mallakar Vietnamese ne, tare da mafi yawan karuwai na zuriyar Vietnamese kuma bayi na jima'i da aka kama na wasu kabilun. Ana fataucin maza don aiki na tilas a cikin noma, kamun kifi, da masana'antun gine-gine. Ana fataucin mata don cin zarafin jima'i da aiki na tilas a masana'antu ko a matsayin ma'aikatan gida. Ana fataucin yara don cin zarafin jima'i da aiki na tilas a cikin zoben bara, neman, da sayar da titi.<ref name="humantrafficking2005"/> Wuraren da aka saba amfani da su don wadanda ke fama da fataucin mutane sune [[Phnom Penh]], Siem Reap, da Sihanoukville . <ref name="afesip1">{{Cite web |date=2009-12-03 |title=AFESIP Siem Reap Center held International Women's Day |url=http://www.afesip.org/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=157:12-december-2009-is-observed-as-national-anti-human-trafficking-day-in-cambodia-&catid=44:activities&Itemid=80 |access-date=2012-02-10 |publisher=AFESIP |archive-date=2012-03-07 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120307183552/http://www.afesip.org/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=157:12-december-2009-is-observed-as-national-anti-human-trafficking-day-in-cambodia-&catid=44:activities&Itemid=80 |url-status=dead }}</ref> A watan Maris na shekara ta 2025, gwamnatin Kambodiya ta bayyana cewa shari'o'in fataucin mutane sun karu a shekarar 2024, tare da jimlar shari'oʼi 197 - 33 fiye da shekarar da ta gabata. Hukumomi sun ba da rahoton cewa sun kori 'yan kasar Sin 2,695,' yan kasar Vietnam 1,198 da' yan kasar Indonesia 861 da ke da hannu a shari'ar fataucin mutane.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Cambodia: Govt. warn of increasing human trafficking cases and tech-based scams |url=https://www.business-humanrights.org/en/latest-news/cambodia-govt-warn-of-increasing-human-trafficking-cases-and-tech-based-scams/ |access-date=2025-07-23 |website=Business & Human Rights Resource Centre |language=en}}</ref> == Yanayi == An bayar da rahoton cewa 'yan karuwanci suna ɗaure kananan yara da suke budurwa. Ba za a sanya waɗannan yara suyi aiki ba har sai an gabatar da su ga jerin masu neman kuɗi, kamar manyan jami'an soja, 'yan siyasa,' yan kasuwa, da masu yawon bude ido na kasashen waje. 'Yan mata da ke aiki a gidajen karuwai suna aiki, bayi na jima'i; ba sa karɓar kuɗi, abinci ne kawai, kuma masu gadi da makamai sun hana su gudu. Sau da yawa ana kama yara, ana doke su, kuma ana fama da yunwa don tilasta musu yin karuwanci == Shari'o'i == === Karuwanci da aka tilasta === Kambodiya ƙasa ce mai wucewa da makoma ga mata waɗanda ke fama da fataucin mutane da cin zarafin jima'i a kudu maso gabashin Asiya. Mata daga yankunan karkara na Cambodia, China, da Vietnam sun zama ganima ga hanyoyin fataucin mutane da masu fataucin da ke jigilar su zuwa manyan birane inda ake sayar da su ko cin zarafin jima'i.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Country Narratives: Countries A Through F |url=https://2009-2017.state.gov/j/tip/rls/tiprpt/2012/192366.htm |access-date=2025-07-23 |website=U.S. Department of State}}</ref> Wani rahoto na UNAIDS na 2016 ya kiyasta yawan ma'aikatan jima'i a Cambodia a 34,000.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Sex workers: Population size estimate - Number, 2016 |url=http://www.aidsinfoonline.org/gam/stock/shared/dv/PivotData_2018_7_22_636678151733621264.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190404121947/http://www.aidsinfoonline.org/gam/stock/shared/dv/PivotData_2018_7_22_636678151733621264.htm |archive-date=4 April 2019 |access-date=2025-07-23 |website=UNAIDS}}</ref> === Cinikin jima'i na yara === Cambodia tana ɗaya daga cikin manyan wuraren karuwanci na yara da yawon shakatawa na jima'i wanda ya shafi yara. Ana sayar da yara masu shekaru 3 a matsayin bayi don jima'i. Ta hanyar wasu kimantawa, ana sayen daruruwan dubban yara, ana sayar da su, ko kuma an sace su a duk duniya a kowace shekara sannan aka tilasta musu yin jima'i.<ref name="MSNBC" /> ECPAT Cambodia ta ba da rahoton cewa kusan kashi ɗaya bisa uku na wadanda aka yi wa fataucin karuwanci yara ne. A shekara ta 1995, an yi wa wani yaro mai shekaru 15 da aka yi fataucin karuwanci a wani gidan karuwai a gundumar Svay Por ta Battambang duka har ya mutu. === Masu lalata yara na kasashen waje === MOI ta ba da rahoton kama 'yan kasashen waje 31 da suka yi lalata da yara a Cambodia a shekara ta 2009.<ref name="usds"> {{Cite web |title=US Department of State: Cambodia |url=https://www.state.gov/g/drl/rls/hrrpt/2009/eap/135988.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100324180847/http://www.state.gov/g/drl/rls/hrrpt/2009/eap/135988.htm |archive-date=2010-03-24 |access-date=2010-05-18}}</ref> A cewar [[Majalisar Ɗinkin Duniya|Majalisar Dinkin Duniya]] da Hukumar Kula da Ci Gaban Kasa da Kasa ta Amurka (USAID), an yi imanin cewa tsakanin mutane 100,000 da 150,000 suna aiki a karkashin tilasta yanayi a cibiyoyin zamba a Cambodia.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Is Cambodia serious about ending organized cyberscams? – DW – 03/16/2025 |url=https://www.dw.com/en/is-cambodia-serious-about-ending-organized-cyberscams/a-71923274 |access-date=2025-07-23 |website=dw.com |language=en}}</ref> Wadanda abin ya shafa sun fito ne daga ko'ina cikin Asiya. Ana janye su zuwa Cambodia ta hanyar cibiyoyin aikata laifuka waɗanda ke sanya tayin aiki na karya a dandamali kamar [[Fezbuk|Facebook]], Telegram, ko WeChat. Tallace-tallace sun yi alkawarin ayyukan ofis da aka biya da kyau a cikin kasuwancin kan layi ko kamfanonin fasaha da ke zaune a Cambodia.<ref>{{Cite web |title=“I Was Someone Else’s Property”: Slavery, Human Trafficking and Torture in Cambodia’s Scamming Compounds |url=https://www.amnestyusa.org/reports/i-was-someone-elses-property-slavery-human-trafficking-and-torture-in-cambodias-scamming-compounds/ |access-date=2025-07-23 |website=Amnesty International USA |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Liu |first=Cezary Podkul,Cindy |date=2022-09-13 |title=Human Trafficking’s Newest Abuse: Forcing Victims Into Cyberscamming |url=https://www.propublica.org/article/human-traffickers-force-victims-into-cyberscamming |access-date=2025-07-23 |website=ProPublica |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Boyle |first=Mary Ann Jolley,David |title=Meet Cambodia’s cyber slaves |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/features/longform/2022/8/11/meet-cambodia-cyber-slaves |access-date=2025-07-23 |website=Al Jazeera |language=en}}</ref> Bayan sun isa, sau da yawa ana cire mutane daga takardun shaidansu, an tilasta su, kuma ana tsare su ba tare da son ransu ba a wuraren zamba.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Human trafficking and forced labour in Cambodia's cyber-scam industry |url=https://www.aseanact.org/resources/tip-cambodia-cyber-scam/ |access-date=2025-07-23 |website=ASEAN–Australia Counter Trafficking |language=en-US}}</ref> Idan ba sa son zamba, suna da haɗari ga girbi. A ranar 17 ga watan Agustan 2022, 'yan Vietnam 42 da suka mutu sun tsere daga gidan caca na Golden Phoenix kusa da tashar binciken iyakar Chrey Thom ta hanyar yin iyo a fadin Kogin Binh Di. Daga cikinsu, wani yaro mai shekaru 16 ya nitse yayin da yake haye kogi. A ranar 17 ga Satumba 2022, wani rukuni na mutane 60 na Vietnam sun tsere daga gidan caca a Birnin Bavet a Lardin Svay Rieng. 'Yan sanda na Kambodiya daga baya sun sami nasarar ceto wasu' yan kasar Vietnam 15.<ref>{{Cite web |date=21 September 2022 |title=60 Vietnamese nationals collectively run for freedom from human traffickers in Cambodia |url=https://news.yahoo.com/60-vietnamese-nationals-collectively-run-222321786.html}}</ref> == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] td2bc7ococ0abql129rhv9jzxpjqv61 0 111100 895335 792952 2026-08-12T04:08:07Z Baffa ali 47435 /* growthexperiments-addlink-summary-summary:3|0|0 */ 895335 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Citizens for Public Justice (CPJ) ''' kungiya ce mai zaman kanta, mai zaman kanta wacce ke inganta adalci a cikin Manufofin jama'a na Kanada ta hanyar bincike da bincike da aka mayar da hankali kan rage talauci, Adalci na muhalli, da haƙƙin 'yan gudun hijira. CPJ ta bayyana adalci na jama'a a matsayin bangaren siyasa na ƙaunar maƙwabcin mutum, kula da halitta, da kuma cimma burin kowa.[1] Sanarwar manufar CPJ ita ce "don inganta adalci na jama'a a Kanada ta hanyar tsara mahimman muhawara game da manufofin jama'a ta hanyar bincike da bincike, bugawa, da tattaunawar jama'a. CPJ tana ƙarfafa 'yan ƙasa, shugabannin cikin al'umma, da gwamnatoci don tallafawa manufofi da ayyuka waɗanda ke nuna kiran Allah na ƙauna, adalci, da bunƙasa Halitta. CPJ ƙungiya ce mai ba da agaji a Kanada wacce ake tallafawa aikinta ta hanyar gudummawa daga masu zaman kansu da membobin, da kuma daga majami'u da tallafin tushe. Kwamitin daraktocinsa ya kunshi wakilai 13 daga dukkan yankuna na Kanada. Daraktoci na iya zama a matsakaicin wa'adin shekaru uku.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Board of Directors |url=http://www.cpj.ca/board |access-date=September 10, 2014 |publisher=Citizens for Public Justice}}</ref> A cikin 2013, CPJ ta yi bikin cika shekaru 50 da haihuwa. CPJ memba ne mai alaƙa da Majalisar Ikklisiyoyin Kanada (CCC). <ref>{{Cite web |title=Members - Canadian Council of Churches |url=http://www.councilofchurches.ca/about-us/members/ |access-date=September 8, 2014 |publisher=Canadian Council of Churches}}</ref> == Tarihi == === Shekaru na 1960: Kafa === An kafa CPJ a [[Toronto]] a 1963 a matsayin Kwamitin Shari'a da 'Yanci (Chillar CJL) ta Gerald Vandezande . A shekara ta 1971, ya haɗu da Gidauniyar Ayyukan Kirista ta Alberta, karkashin jagorancin John Olthuis wanda ya shiga Vandezande a Toronto.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Gruending |first=Dennis |date=June 12, 2008 |title=Citizens for Public Justice questions tar sands |url=http://www.dennisgruending.ca/2008/06/citizens-for-public-justice-questions-tar-sands/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140826113209/http://www.dennisgruending.ca/2008/06/citizens-for-public-justice-questions-tar-sands/ |archive-date=August 26, 2014 |access-date=August 26, 2014}}</ref> === 1970s: Mackenzie Valley Pipeline === A cikin shekarun 1970s, Gidauniyar CJL ta yi yaƙi da shirin Mackenzie Valley Pipeline, wanda za a gina shi ta hanyar ƙasar gargajiya ta mutanen Dene a cikin Mackenzie Valley na Yankin Arewa maso Yamma don aika burbushin burbushin daga Tekun Beaufort ga masu amfani da Amurka. Da yake bayyana a gaban binciken Berger, Gidauniyar CJL ta yi kira ga dakatar da ayyukan shekaru 10. John Olthuis, Hugh McCullum, da Karmel McCullum sun sake maimaita wannan a cikin littafin su Moratorium kuma daga baya ya zama babban shawarar binciken bututun mai na Mackenzie Valley ta Justice Thomas R. Berger. Tommy Douglas, shugaban NDP, ya nemi a sayi daruruwan kwafin littafin don rarraba a Hill Hill. A ƙarshe, gwamnatin Pierre Elliott Trudeau ta ayyana dakatarwar. Wannan nasarar ana daukar ta daya daga cikin manyan tasirin CPJ, kuma nasara ce ta farko ga kungiyar. === 1980s: Grassy Narrows First Nation === A shekara ta 1982, Gidauniyar CJL ta mayar da hankali ga manufofin jama'a na tarayya. A hukumance ya canza sunansa zuwa Citizens for Public Justice (CPJ) kuma ya tsara ''Jagororin Sabis na Siyasa na Kirista'' da ''Yarjejeniyar 'Yancin Jama'a da Hakki''. A farkon shekarun 1980, CPJ ta bude ofisoshin yanki a [[Calgary]], [[Edmonton]], da [[Vancouver]], yayin da ofishinta na kasa ya kasance a Toronto. Kathy Vandergrift, ma'aikaci a ofishin Edmonton, an kira shi Edmonton's Citizen of the Year don ba da shawarar abin da ya zama Blue Box Recycling Program. CPJ ta shiga cikin turawa don aiwatar da wannan shirin, gudanar da bita a makarantu da majami'u, rarraba littattafai, da kuma kafa Edmonton Recycling Society, wanda zai gudanar da cibiyar sake amfani ta farko. A cikin 1980, Olthuis ya fara wakiltar Grassy Narrows First Nation wanda ƙasarsu ta gurɓata da mercury. A shekara ta 1985, an cimma matsaya ta biyan diyya. A wannan lokacin, CPJ ta ba da shawarar asusun Ci gaban Jama'a da Halitta na Kasa. Sa'an nan, a cikin 1986, CPJ ta gabatar da ra'ayin [[zakka]] na gwamnati, inda gwamnati za ta yi amfani da kashi 10% na kasafin kudin ta don taimakawa matalauta. The Toronto Star ya ba da ra'ayin shafi na gaba, kuma wasu kafofin watsa labarai na duniya da na Kirista sun rufe shi yayin da ya sami goyon baya daga shugabannin Kirista.<ref>{{Cite web |last=MacAdam |first=Murray |date=March 14, 2013 |title=50th Anniversary Reflection |url=http://www.cpj.ca/content/50th-anniversary-reflector-murray-macadam |access-date=September 5, 2014 |publisher=Citizens for Public Justice}}</ref> A shekara ta 1988, Harry Kits ya zama Babban Darakta na CPJ. === 1990s: Talauci na yara da 'yancin' yan gudun hijira === A cikin 1991, CPJ ta rufe ofisoshin yankinta kuma ta mayar da dukkan ayyukanta zuwa Toronto. A yin wannan sun kuma canza aikinsu don mayar da hankali kan wasu mahimman batutuwa don samun zurfi tare da kowannensu. Wannan ya haifar da karin hankali kan bincike da ilimi game da haƙƙin 'yan gudun hijira da talauci a Kanada. A cikin shekarun 1990s, CPJ ta mayar da hankali kan haƙƙin 'yan asalin ƙasar, talauci, da haƙƙin' yan gudun hijira. Ya kasance mai murya a cikin goyon bayansa ga Royal Commission on Aboriginal Peoples . Daga baya a farkon shekarun 2000, CPJ ta yi adawa da yarjejeniyar raba gardama ta yarjejeniyar 'yan asalin British Columbia game da haƙƙin yarjejeniyar al'ummomi na farko.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2002 |title=Referendum on Treaty Negotiations: Make your vote count for justice |url=http://www.cpj.ca/files/docs/CPJ_s_BC_referendum_package.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150923211030/http://www.cpj.ca/files/docs/CPJ_s_BC_referendum_package.pdf |archive-date=September 23, 2015 |access-date=September 9, 2014}}</ref> A cikin 1998, CPJ da Kamfen 2000 sun ƙaddamar da "Bari mu saka hannun jari a cikin yara na Kanada", kamfen don kawo ƙarshen talauci na yara a Kanada. CPJ, Majalisar Musulunci ta Kanada, da Majalisar Kanada don Gyara addinin Yahudanci sun bayyana tare a gaban Kwamitin Kudi na House of Commons don jaddada goyon bayan addinai don matakan yaki da talauci. Daga 1995 zuwa 2000, CPJ ta yi magana game da abin da ake kira " harajin kai", kuɗin haƙƙin saukowa na $ 975 da aka caje wa 'yan gudun hijira na Yarjejeniyar lokacin isowa. An cire wannan kuɗin a cikin kasafin kuɗin tarayya na 2000. Sun kuma kasance suna aiki a kan rancen dalibai don batun 'yan gudun hijira, kuma sun ga nasara a kan hakan a farkon 2000s. === Shekaru na 2000: Ka ƙaura zuwa Ottawa === Sabon karni ya nuna canje-canje da yawa ga CPJ. A ranar 22 ga watan Agusta, 2001, Vandezande ta karbi Order of Canada . An amince da CPJ tare da takardar shaidar godiya daga Cibiyar Kula da Shawara ta Kanada ta Somaliya don aikin 'yan gudun hijira, wanda ya ci gaba a cikin shekaru goma. CPJ kuma ta fara aikinta na yaki da talauci, ilimantar da jama'a da gudanar da bincike. Wannan duk ya haifar da ƙaddamar da kamfen din Dignity for All a cikin shekara ta 2009. CPJ ta ƙaura hedkwatarta daga Toronto zuwa Ottawa a cikin 2007. Ɗaya daga cikin manyan dalilan da suka haifar da wannan matakin shi ne cewa CPJ ta ji cewa, tunda sun fi mayar da hankali kan batutuwan tarayya, kasancewa kusa da majalisa na iya taimakawa wajen aikinsu. Sanarwarsu ta bayyana cewa "adalci na jama'a yana kiransa mu kasance inda tattaunawar ke faruwa kuma mu kawo mu fiye da shekaru 40 na fahimta, bincike da matsayi na gwaji. CPJ tana da hangen nesa na Kanada wanda ke rungumar pluralism, wanda ke tambayar wanda ke amfana daga manufofi, kuma hakan yana gabatar da madadin taimako. Ofishin ƙasa a Ottawa zai bar mu ci gaba da wannan hangen nesa yadda ya kamata. " Wannan matakin ya kasance tare da sauye-sauyen ma'aikata, kuma a cikin 2008 Joe Gunn ya zama Babban Darakta na CPJ . <ref>{{Cite web |date=April 29, 2008 |title=Press Release: CPJ Board announces new Executive Director |url=http://www.cpj.ca/press-release-cpj-board-announces-new-executive-director |access-date=September 10, 2014 |publisher=Citizens for Public Justice}}</ref> A cikin shekara ta 2012, an ba Joe Gunn lambar yabo ta Sarauniya ta Diamond Jubilee saboda aikinsa na kawo al'ummomin bangaskiya tare a bayan Kira na Addini don Jagora da Aiki kan Canjin Yanayi.<ref>{{Cite web |last= |first= |date=December 19, 2012 |title=Joe Gunn receives Diamond Jubilee Medal |url=http://www.cpj.ca/joe-gunn-receives-diamond-jubilee-medal |access-date=August 25, 2016 |website=Citizens for Public Justice |publisher=}}</ref> Wanda ya kafa CPJ Gerald Vandezande ya mutu a 2011 yana da shekaru 77. Joe Gunn ya kammala aikinsa a CPJ a watan Janairun 2019. Willard Metzger, tsohon na World Vision da Mennonite Church Canada, ya fara wa'adinsa a matsayin Babban Darakta na huɗu na CPJ a watan Fabrairun 2019. == Ayyukan yanzu == === Talauci a Kanada === A shekara ta 2009, Citizens for Public Justice da Canada Without Poverty sun kafa Dignity for All, wani kamfen da ba na jam'iyya ba wanda ke kira ga shirin yaki da talauci na kasa ga Kanada.<ref>{{Cite web |title=About Dignity for All |url=http://dignityforall.ca/en/about-dignity-all |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://archive.today/20120707103058/http://dignityforall.ca/en/about-dignity-all |archive-date=July 7, 2012 |access-date=September 8, 2014 |publisher=Dignity for All}}</ref> Kowace shekara a ranar 17 ga Oktoba, kamfen ɗin Dignity for All yana nuna Ranar Kasa da Kasa don kawar da talauci tare da abubuwan da suka faru a duk faɗin Kanada. 'Yan majalisa da [[Majalisar Dattijai ta Najeriya|Sanatoci]] da yawa sun amince da yakin, ciki har da Firayim Minista na Kanada [[Justin Trudeau]], shugaban NDP Thomas Mulcair, shugaban Green Party Elizabeth Mayu; Sanatoci Art Eggleton da Janis Johnson; Ministocin Marc Garneau, Scott Brison, Carolyn Bennett, John McCallum, da Kirsty Duncan; da' yan majalisa Scott Armstrong, Gerry Byrne, Nathan Cullen, Joyce Murray, Niki Ashton, da Charlie Angus. Hakanan, fiye da kungiyoyi 700 da mutane 11,000 sun sanya hannu kan kiran Dignity for All zuwa aiki.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Federal Political Endorsements |url=http://dignityforall.ca/en/federal-political-endorsements |access-date=September 8, 2014 |publisher=Dignity for All |archive-date=October 26, 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161026111216/http://dignityforall.ca/en/federal-political-endorsements |url-status=dead }}</ref> CPJ ta taimaka wajen kafa All-Party Anti-Poverty Caucus . Kungiyar, wacce ta kunshi 'yan majalisa da Sanatoci na dukkan jam'iyyun, suna haɗuwa a kai a kai don tattauna ka'idojin manufofi da za su kawo karshen talauci a Kanada. A cikin 2011, CPJ ta taimaka wajen tara shugabannin addinai a Ottawa don sanya hannu kan sanarwar addinai kan talauci a Kanada. Wadanda suka sanya hannu sun hada da Majalisar Ikklisiyoyin Kanada, Wakilin Addinai na Kanada - Taron Addinai na Duniya na 2010, Bishara ta Bishara na Kanada, da kuma Dignity for All. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Interfaith Declaration on Poverty in Canada |url=http://www.councilofchurches.ca/interfaith-declaration-on-poverty-in-canada/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140911215649/http://www.councilofchurches.ca/interfaith-declaration-on-poverty-in-canada/ |archive-date=September 11, 2014 |access-date=September 11, 2014 |publisher=Canadian Council of Churches}}</ref> A cikin bazara na shekara ta 2015, CPJ ta shirya "Justice Tour 2015", tawagar shugabannin cocin kasa wadanda suka yi tafiya zuwa birane takwas don shiga mutane masu bangaskiya a tattaunawa game da talauci a Kanada da canjin yanayi.<ref name="The Ecology of Religion">{{Cite web |date=2016-06-10 |title=The Ecology of Religion |url=http://www.alternativesjournal.ca/people-and-profiles/ecology-religion |access-date=2016-08-26 |archive-date=2021-01-26 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210126090222/https://www.alternativesjournal.ca/people-and-profiles/ecology-religion |url-status=dead }}</ref> Bayan yawon shakatawa, CPJ ta taimaka wajen daidaita "A kan Inganta Adalci na Yanayi da Ƙarshen Talauci a Kanada", wata sanarwa ta addinai daga shugabannin bangaskiya na Kanada. Wannan ita ce ta farko da ta yi irin wannan sanarwa a cikin shekaru hudu kuma sama da masu sa hannu 65 ne suka amince da ita.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Canadian faith leaders call for climate justice « Canadian Council of Churches |url=https://www.councilofchurches.ca/faith-climate-justice/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160826135422/http://www.councilofchurches.ca/faith-climate-justice/ |archive-date=2016-08-26 |access-date=2016-08-26 |website=www.councilofchurches.ca}}</ref> Kamfen din Dignity for All ya fitar da tsarin shirin yaki da talauci na kasa na Kanada a shekarar 2015. <ref>{{Cite web |date=3 February 2015 |title=Canada 'needs a plan' on poverty, says campaign group {{!}} Toronto Star |url=https://www.thestar.com/news/canada/2015/02/03/canada-needs-a-plan-on-poverty-says-campaign-group.html |access-date=2016-08-26 |website=thestar.com}}</ref> Kashegari bayan wannan fitowar, 'yan majalisa sun zartar da wani yunkuri na kusan hadin kai yana kira ga gwamnati "don kawar da talauci na yara a Kanada ta hanyar bunkasa shirin rage talauci na kasa". A cikin 2015, gwamnatin tarayya ta ba da sanarwar shirye-shiryen bunkasa shirin. <ref>{{Cite web |last=InsideToronto.com |date=6 February 2015 |title=Scarborough MP's motion to end child poverty in Canada passed by House of Commons |url=http://www.insidetoronto.com/news-story/5327391-scarborough-mp-s-motion-to-end-child-poverty-in-canada-passed-by-house-of-commons/ |access-date=2016-08-26 |website=www.insidetoronto.com}}</ref> Yaƙin neman zaɓe ya kasance mai aiki a lokacin shawarwarin gwamnatin tarayya na 2017 game da shirin hana talauci na ƙasa mai zuwa. Kowace Oktoba, CPJ tana fitar da rahoto game da talauci a Kanada. A cikin 2018, CPJ ta fitar da "Poverty Trends 2018". Rahoton ya nuna tasirin talauci a kan wasu kungiyoyi, kamar sababbin baƙi, iyalai da uwaye marasa aure ke jagoranta, manya marasa haɗin kai, matasa, da 'yan asalin ƙasar. Har ila yau, yana gabatar da yawan talauci ga kowane lardin da yankin da kuma manyan birane da ƙananan al'ummomi a duk faɗin Kanada. === Adalci na muhalli === Gina kan tarihinsa na aikin muhalli - gami da nasarar kiran don dakatar da Mackenzie Valley Pipeline a cikin 1970s da gabatar da shirye-shiryen sake amfani da birni a cikin 1980s - CPJ tana tallafawa ingantaccen mataki don [[Rage canjin yanayi|yaki da canjin yanayi]] da rage hayakin gas. CPJ memba ne na Cibiyar Ayyukan Yanayi ta Kanada da Cibiyar Tattalin Arziki ta Green . <ref>{{Cite web |title=Our Members - Climate Action Network Canada |url=http://climateactionnetwork.ca/who-we-are/our-members/ |access-date=September 8, 2014 |publisher=Climate Action Network Canada}}</ref> A cikin shekara ta 2011, CPJ da Majalisar Ikklisiyoyin Kanada sun haɓaka Kira na Addinai na Kanada don Jagora da Aiki kan Canjin Yanayi, wata sanarwa ta ecumenical da sama da cibiyoyin bangaskiya 60 suka amince da ita a Kanada.<ref>{{Cite web |date=December 2013 |title=Canadian Interfaith Call for Leadership and Action on Climate Change |url=http://www.councilofchurches.ca/wp-content/uploads/2013/12/Taking_Call_COP17.pdf |access-date=September 8, 2014 |publisher=Canadian Council of Churches}}</ref> Babban Darakta na CPJ a lokacin, Joe Gunn, ya ba da gudummawa ga wani babi mai taken "Taxes and Ecological Justice?" ga littafin The Great Revenue Robbery from Canadians for Tax Fairness . Sa'an nan a cikin 2012, Cibiyar Pembina ta amince da Gunn a matsayin "Clean Energy Champion". <ref>{{Cite web |last=Institute |first=Pembina |title=Clean Energy Champions: Joe Gunn collaborates with Pembina Institute to mobilize the faith community on ecological justice issues |url=http://www.pembina.org/blog/657 |access-date=2016-08-26 |website=Pembina Institute}}</ref> A cikin 2014, CPJ ta buga Living Faithfully into a New Climate, jerin bangaskiya da albarkatun yanayi da ke da alaƙa da Taron Yanayi na Majalisar Dinkin Duniya a New York.<ref>{{Cite web |last= |first= |date=2016-03-13 |title=Church Resources: Ecological Justice |url=http://cpj.ca/climate |access-date=2016-09-13 |website=Citizens for Public Justice |publisher=}}</ref> Daga baya a wannan shekarar, CPJ ta tsara addu'ar addu'a don yin bikin COP20 a Lima.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2014-12-12 |title=Light for Lima |url=http://www.dennisgruending.ca/2014/12/light-for-lima/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160827092650/http://www.dennisgruending.ca/2014/12/light-for-lima/ |archive-date=2016-08-27 |access-date=2016-08-26 |language=en-US}}</ref> A cikin shekara ta 2015, CPJ ta daidaita jerin addu'o'i na addinai, a kan Kanada a cikin makonni biyu na tattaunawar yanayi ta duniya a COP21 a Paris.<ref name="The Ecology of Religion"/> Wannan ya biyo baya a cikin 2016 ta hanyar jerin ayyukan da CPJ ta tattara 'yan Kanada kuma ta yi kira ga shirin aiwatar da yanayi na Kanada wanda ya kafa sabon burin rage hayaki kuma ya ba da gudummawa ga saduwa da sadaukarwar Kanada a cikin [[Yarjejeniyar Paris]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=CPJ |date=2016-06-05 |title=A Public Justice Vision for Canada's Climate Action Plan |url=http://cpj.ca/public-justice-vision-canadas-climate-action-plan |access-date=2016-08-26}}</ref> CPJ ta kaddamar da sabon kamfen a cikin 2017 mai suna "Ka ba da shi ga Duniya!". A lokacin Lent, Kirista a duk faɗin Kanada ya yi alkawarin kansa don rage sawun carbon. Har ila yau, yakin ya haɗa da katin waya da ke kira ga gwamnatin Kanada da ta bi canje-canjen manufofi don yaki da canjin yanayi da saduwa da [[Yarjejeniyar Paris]]. Wannan kamfen ɗin ya ci gaba a cikin 2019, tare da mai da hankali kan manufofin yanayi na ƙasa, gami da sauyawa mai kyau zuwa makamashi mai tsabta da kuma kawo ƙarshen tallafin jama'a na ɓangaren man fetur. === Hakkin 'yan gudun hijira === CPJ ta yi magana game da manufofi da ke watsi da haƙƙin 'yan gudun hijira a Kanada ciki har da yankewa ga shirin Lafiya na Tarayya na wucin gadi, Yarjejeniyar Kasar ta Uku mai aminci, da kuma lokutan jira na dogon lokaci ga' yan gudun hijira masu zaman kansu. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Christian Courier :: Refugees to Canada receive only a half welcome |url=http://www.christiancourier.ca/news/entry/refugees-to-canada-receive-only-a-half-welcome |access-date=2018-05-30 |website=www.christiancourier.ca}}</ref> A cikin 2013, CPJ ta shiga yakin neman zabe na Majalisar 'Yan Gudun Hijira ta Kanada. CPJ ta kuma shiga cikin samun shugabannin coci su sanya hannu a kan Sanarwar Ranar 'Yancin Dan Adam ta 2013 wanda ya hada da fitattun masu sa hannu 47.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Chapman |first=Ashley |date=December 10, 2013 |title=Human Rights Day Statement: What About Refugee Rights? |url=http://www.cpj.ca/refugee-rights-statement |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140913010823/http://www.cpj.ca/refugee-rights-statement |archive-date=September 13, 2014 |access-date=September 12, 2014 |publisher=Citizens for Public Justice}}</ref> CPJ ta yi maraba da shirin gwamnatin Kanada na sake zama da 'yan gudun hijirar Siriya 25,000 a Kanada.<ref>{{Cite web |last= |first= |date=2015-01-09 |title=Letter: Canada to resettle 10,000 Syrian refugees |url=http://www.cpj.ca/syrian-refugee-letter |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160919025012/http://www.cpj.ca/syrian-refugee-letter |archive-date=2016-09-19 |access-date=2016-08-26 |website=Citizens for Public Justice |publisher=}}</ref> CPJ ta shiga kungiyoyin bangaskiya da yawa wajen sakin "Sanarwar Addini kan 'Yan Gudun Hijira na Siriya" a cikin 2014, tana tabbatarwa da kuma dagewa cewa nuna bambanci ta addini ba a yarda da shi ba yayin sake dawo da' yan gudun hijirar Siriya.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Wassink |first=Brad |date=2014-12-12 |title=Syrian Refugees: Discriminating by religion is unacceptable |url=http://www.cpj.ca/refugee-statement |access-date=2016-08-26 |website= |publisher=}}</ref> A watan Afrilu na shekara ta 2017, CPJ ta fitar da "A Half Welcome", wani rahoto game da batutuwan tallafi masu zaman kansu a Kanada ya nuna damuwa game da yarjejeniyar tallafin 'yan gudun hijira' (SAHs) game da manufofin gwamnatin tarayya, gami da dogon lokaci na jira, dogon lokaci na jiran aikace-aikacen da ba na Siriya ba, iyakokin rabon kuɗi, da rance na tafiye-tafiye. A watan Yunin 2018, CPJ ta fitar da "Kariya ta Amincewa", tana kira ga sake fasalin Yarjejeniyar Kasar Kasar Uku mai Tsaro, manufofin da ke ba da damar Hukumar Kula da iyakokin Kanada ta ƙi yawancin ikirarin 'yan gudun hijira da aka yi a Kanada-U. S. iyaka. Rahoton ya yi jayayya cewa ta hanyar soke manufofin, Kanada na iya tabbatar da wajibai na kasa da kasa ga 'yan gudun hijira, da kuma haƙƙin' yan gudun hijira don karɓar tsarin da ya dace. === Sauran batutuwa === CPJ kuma yayi sharhi kan wasu batutuwa kamar: * Gidaje da Rashin Gida * Kudin da za a iya samu a rayuwa <ref>{{Cite web |date=September 2010 |title=Canadian Political Primer on Guaranteed Livable Income |url=http://www.livableincome.org/cdnprimer-poli.htm |access-date=September 10, 2014 |publisher=Livable for All}}</ref> * Kasafin Kudin Tarayya * Yawanci * Canjin Zabe * Adalci na asali * Haraji == Littattafai == === Mai Halitta === CPJ tana buga Catalyst sau uku a shekara. An buga bugu na farko a shekarar 1978. <ref>{{Cite web |date=January 2006 |title=CPJ: A rose by any other name |url=http://www.cpj.ca/files/docs/CPJ_A_rose_by_any_other_name.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150923211019/http://www.cpj.ca/files/docs/CPJ_A_rose_by_any_other_name.pdf |archive-date=September 23, 2015 |access-date=September 8, 2014 |publisher=Citizens for Public Justice}}</ref> Ya haɗa da labaran fasalin bangaskiya da manufofin jama'a na Kanada da kuma ayyukan yanzu da abubuwan da suka faru a CPJ. The Catalyst a kai a kai yana samun kyaututtuka a bikin bayar da kyautar shekara-shekara na Ikilisiyar Kanada.<ref>{{Cite web |title=CCP Member Publication |url=http://canadianchurchpress.com/membership/ccp-member-publications/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140915013558/http://canadianchurchpress.com/membership/ccp-member-publications/ |archive-date=September 15, 2014 |access-date=September 8, 2014 |publisher=Canadian Church Press}}</ref> === Littattafai === * '''''Tafiya zuwa Adalci: Tunanin kan Yunkurin Kirista na Kanada''''' '''(2018)''' <ref>{{Cite web |title=Tanya Granic Allen's campaign exit opens space for other voices of faith {{!}} National Newswatch |url=https://www.nationalnewswatch.com/2018/05/09/tanya-granic-allens-campaign-exit-opens-space-for-other-voices-of-faith/#.WvMX2IgvyM8 |access-date=2018-05-09 |website=www.nationalnewswatch.com |language=en}}</ref> :: Daga Joe Gunn, babban darakta na Citizens for Public Justice. Littafin ya ƙunshi rubutun game da gudummawar da al'ummomin bangaskiya na Kanada suka bayar a fannoni daban-daban ciki har da manufofin 'yan gudun hijira, muhalli, haƙƙin mata, adalci na tattalin arziki, da yaki da wariyar launin fata. * '''''Adalci na Rayuwa: Amsa ta Littafi Mai-Tsarki ga Rikicin Muhalli''''' '''(2013)''' <ref>{{Cite web |title=Living Ecological Justice: A Biblical Response To The Environmental Crisis |url=http://www.ucrdstore.ca/social-justice/economic-and-development-issues/living-ecological-justice-a-biblical-response-to-the-environmental-crisis.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140821094107/http://www.ucrdstore.ca/social-justice/economic-and-development-issues/living-ecological-justice-a-biblical-response-to-the-environmental-crisis.html |archive-date=August 21, 2014 |access-date=September 8, 2014 |publisher=United Church Resource Distribution}}</ref> :: Rev. Dr. Mishka Lysack da Karri Munn-Venn ne suka shirya shi. "Riving Ecological Justice" shine bautar da jagorar aiki ga majami'u da ƙananan kungiyoyi. Ya ƙunshi sashe uku mai taken, "Kariya ga Abin da muke Soyayya", "The Biblical Case for Creation Advocacy", da kuma "Towards Abundant Life for All Creation".<ref>{{Cite web |title=Living Ecological Justice |url=http://www.crc-canada.org/en/node/1189 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140821192011/http://www.crc-canada.org/en/node/1189 |archive-date=August 21, 2014 |access-date=September 8, 2014 |publisher=Canadian Religious Conference}}</ref> * '''''Adalci mai rai: Amsawar Bishara ga Talauci''''' '''(2011)''' :: Rev. Adam Snook da Karri Munn-Venn ne suka shirya shi. Rayuwa mai adalci littafi ne na tunani, addu'o'i, da ayyuka ga majami'u da ƙananan kungiyoyi. Ya haɗa da sassa huɗu game da kayan aiki, motsin rai, al'umma, da talauci na ruhaniya. * '''''Duniyar Duniya da Bege na Kirista: Tattalin Arziki a cikin Sabis na Rayuwa''''' '''(2003)''' :: Daga Bob Goudzwaard da Leo Andringa. * '''''Al'umma zuwa Al'umma: Masarautar Aboriginal da Makomar Kanada''''' '''(2002)''' :: Daga John Bird, Lorraine Land, da Murray MacAdam. "Nation to Nation" tarin labarai ne 18 waɗanda ke ba da bayyani game da dangantakar Aboriginal-Kanada da shawarwari don nan gaba. Batutuwan da aka rufe sun haɗa da gwagwarmayar Innu, makarantun zama, yarjejeniyar Nisga'a, da'awar ƙasa, mata da gwamnati, haihuwar Nunavut, da dabarun hadin kai. * '''''Adalci, Ba Mu kawai ba: Ra'ayoyin Bangaskiya da Abubuwan da suka fi muhimmanci a kasa''''' '''(1999)''' :: Gerald Vandezande ne ya rubuta shi. "Justice, Not Just Us" ya haɗa da tarin rubutun da ke tsara tsarin adalci na jama'a ga batutuwan kamar talauci na yara, rashin daidaito na tattalin arziki, hadin kan kasa, da rashin adalci na ilimi. * '''''Zuwan Adalci: Littafin Bincike''''' '''(1993)''' :: Brian Walsh, Richard Middleton, Mark Vander Vennen, da Sylvia Keesmaat ne suka fito. An buga zuwan adalci a 1993 don bikin cika shekaru 30 na Gidauniyar CJL da Citizens for Public Justice (CPJ). * '''''Moratorium: Adalci, Makamashi, Arewa, da 'yan asalin ƙasar''''' '''(1977)''' :: Daga Hugh McCullum, Karmel McCullum da John Olthuis. == Bayanan da aka ambata == {{Reflist|2}} == Haɗin waje == * [https://cpj.ca/ Shafin yanar gizon CPJ] (www.cpj.ca) {{Authority control}} [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] seuk8horlqosjq559umsgwuszgfk739 0 111449 895341 872555 2026-08-12T04:13:27Z Baffa ali 47435 /* growthexperiments-addlink-summary-summary:2|0|0 */ 895341 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} [[File:20211109_Frequency_of_extreme_weather_for_different_degrees_of_global_warming_-_bar_chart_IPCC_AR6_WG1_SPM.svg|thumb|upright=1.35|Yin tsananin yanayi (mamakon ruwan sama, fari, tsananin zafi) yana ɗaya daga cikin sakamakon sauye-sauyen zagayowar ruwa saboda ɗumamar yanayi na duniya. Waɗannan al'amura za su ci gaba da kasancewa da yawa yayin da Duniya ke ƙara ɗumama.<ref>IPCC, 2021: [https://www.ipcc.ch/report/ar6/wg1/downloads/report/IPCC_AR6_WGI_SPM.pdf Summary for Policymakers]. In: [https://www.ipcc.ch/report/ar6/wg1/ Climate Change 2021: The Physical Science Basis. Contribution of Working Group I to the Sixth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change] [Masson-Delmotte, V., P. Zhai, A. Pirani, S.L. Connors, C. Péan, S. Berger, N. Caud, Y. Chen, L. Goldfarb, M.I. Gomis, M. Huang, K. Leitzell, E. Lonnoy, J.B.R. Matthews, T.K. Maycock, T. Waterfield, O. Yelekçi, R. Yu, and B. Zhou (eds.)]. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, United Kingdom and New York, NY, US, pp. 3−32, doi:10.1017/9781009157896.001.</ref>{{rp|Figure SPM.6}}]]'''Tasirin canjin yanayi a kan zagayowar ruwa''' yana da girma kwarai da gaske kuma an bayyana shi a matsayin ''tsanantawa'' ko ''ƙarfafa'' zagayowar ruwa (wanda kuma ake kira hydrologic cycle).<ref name=":22">Douville, H., K. Raghavan, J. Renwick, R.P. Allan, P.A. Arias, M. Barlow, R. Cerezo-Mota, A. Cherchi, T.Y. Gan, J. Gergis, D. Jiang, A. Khan, W. Pokam Mba, D. Rosenfeld, J. Tierney, and O. Zolina, 2021: [https://www.ipcc.ch/report/ar6/wg1/downloads/report/IPCC_AR6_WGI_Chapter08.pdf Water Cycle Changes]. In [https://www.ipcc.ch/report/ar6/wg1/ Climate Change 2021: The Physical Science Basis. Contribution of Working Group I to the Sixth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change] [Masson-Delmotte, V., P. Zhai, A. Pirani, S.L. Connors, C. Péan, S. Berger, N. Caud, Y. Chen, L. Goldfarb, M.I. Gomis, M. Huang, K. Leitzell, E. Lonnoy, J.B.R. Matthews, T.K. Maycock, T. Waterfield, O. Yelekçi, R. Yu, and B. Zhou (eds.)]. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, United Kingdom and New York, NY, US, pp. 1055–1210, doi:10.1017/9781009157896.010.</ref>{{rp|1079}} An lura da wannan tasiri tun aƙalla shekarar 1980.<ref name=":22" />{{rp|1079}} Misali ɗaya shi ne lokacin da mamakon ruwan sama ke ƙara tsananta. Tasirin canjin yanayi a kan zagayowar ruwa yana da mummunan tasiri ga samuwar albarkatun ruwan daɗi, da kuma sauran madatsun ruwa kamar tekuna, kankara mai faɗi, sararin samaniya da lallokin ƙasa. Zagayowar ruwa yana da mahimmanci ga rayuwa a Duniya kuma yana taka rawa babba a cikin tsarin yanayi na duniya da kuma gudanar ruwan teku. Ana sa ran ɗumamar duniyarmu za ta kasance tare da sauye-sauye a cikin zagayowar ruwa saboda dalilai daban-daban.<ref name=":2">{{Cite book |last=IPCC |title=Climate Change 2013: The Physical Science Basis. Contribution of Working Group I to the Fifth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change |publisher=Cambridge University Press |others=[Stocker, T.F., D. Qin, G.-K. Plattner, M. Tignor, S.K. Allen, J. Boschung, A. Nauels, Y. Xia, V. Bex and P.M. Midgley (eds.)] |year=2013}}</ref> Misali, sararin samaniya mai ɗumi na iya ɗaukar tururin ruwa mai yawa wanda ke da tasiri a kan ƙorafi da kuma ruwan sama. Babban dalilin da ke haifar da tsanantar zagayowar ruwa shi ne ƙaruwar adadin iskar gas mai ɗumamar yanayi (greenhouse gases) a cikin sararin samaniya, wanda ke haifar da sararin samaniya mai ɗumi ta hanyar greenhouse effect.<ref name=":2" /> Dokokin asali na kimiyyar lissafi sun bayyana yadda matsin tururin ruwa mai gamsarwa (saturation vapor pressure) a cikin sararin samaniya ke ƙaruwa da kashi 7% lokacin da zafi ya tashi da 1 °C.<ref name=":1" /> Wannan alaƙa ana kiranta da lissafin Clausius-Clapeyron. Ƙarfin zagayowar ruwa da sauye-sauyensa cikin lokaci suna da babban amfani, musamman yayin da yanayi ke canzawa.<ref name=":6">{{cite journal |last1=Trenberth |first1=Kevin E. |last2=Fasullo |first2=John T. |last3=Mackaro |first3=Jessica |date=2011 |title=Atmospheric Moisture Transports from Ocean to Land and Global Energy Flows in Reanalyses |journal=Journal of Climate |volume=24 |issue=18 |pages=4907–4924 |doi=10.1175/2011JCLI4171.1 |bibcode=2011JCli...24.4907T |doi-access=free}} [[File:CC-BY_icon.svg|50x50px]] Text was copied from this source, which is available under a [[creativecommons:by/4.0/|Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License]]</ref> Tsarin hydrologic wani tsari ne inda ƙorafin lafhi a wuri ɗaya ke haifar da hazo (ruwan sama ko ƙanƙara) a wani wurin daban. Misali, ƙorafi koyaushe yana wuce hazo a kan tekuna. Wannan yana ba da damar jigilar lafhi ta hanyar sararin samaniya daga tekuna zuwa ƙasa inda hazo ya wuce evapotranspiration. Ruwan da ke gudana daga ƙasa yana shiga cikin magudanan ruwa da koguna kuma yana kwarara zuwa teku, wanda ke cika zagayowar duniya.<ref name=":6" /> Zagayowar ruwa muhimmin sashe ne na tsarin kuzari na Duniya ta hanyar sanyaya ƙorafi a saman ƙasa wanda ke ba da zafi mai ɓoye ga sararin samaniya, kamar yaddda tsarin sararin samaniya ke taka rawar gani wajen tura zafi zuwa sama.<ref name=":6" /> Samuwar ruwa yana taka rawa sosai wajen ƙayyade inda ƙarin zafin ke tafiya. Yana iya tafiya ko dai cikin ƙorafi ko kuma cikin ƙaruwar zafin iska. Idan ruwa yana nan (kamar a kan tekuna da yankunan wurare masu zafi), ƙarin zafin yawanci yana tafiya ne cikin ƙorafi. Idan babu ruwa (kamar a busassun wurare a ƙasa), ƙarin zafin yana tafiya ne wajen haɓaka zafin iska.<ref name=":5">{{Cite book |last=Trenberth |first=Kevin E. |title=The Changing Flow of Energy Through the Climate System |date=2022 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=978-1-108-97903-0 |edition=1 |doi=10.1017/9781108979030 |s2cid=247134757}}</ref> Haka kuma, damar ɗaukar ruwa na sararin samaniya tana ƙaruwa daidai da ƙaruwar zafi. Saboda waɗannan dalilai, ƙaruwar zafi ya fi mamaye yankin Arctic (polar amplification) da kuma kan ƙasa amma ba a kan tekuna da yankunan wurare masu zafi ba.<ref name=":5" /> Halaye da yawa na asali suna da damar haifar da canje-canje na farat ɗaya (ba zato ba tsammani) a cikin zagayowar ruwa.<ref name=":8">Arias, P.A., N. Bellouin, E. Coppola, R.G. Jones, G. Krinner, J. Marotzke, V. Naik, M.D. Palmer, G.-K. Plattner, J. Rogelj, M. Rojas, J. Sillmann, T. Storelvmo, P.W. Thorne, B. Trewin, K. Achuta Rao, B. Adhikary, R.P. Allan, K. Armour, G. Bala, R. Barimalala, S. Berger, J.G. Canadell, C. Cassou, A. Cherchi, W. Collins, W.D. Collins, S.L. Connors, S. Corti, F. Cruz, F.J. Dentener, C. Dereczynski, A. Di Luca, A. Diongue Niang, F.J. Doblas-Reyes, A. Dosio, H. Douville, F. Engelbrecht, V. Eyring, E. Fischer, P. Forster, B. Fox-Kemper, J.S. Fuglestvedt, J.C. Fyfe, et al., 2021: [https://www.ipcc.ch/report/ar6/wg1/downloads/report/IPCC_AR6_WGI_TS.pdf Technical Summary]. In [https://www.ipcc.ch/report/ar6/wg1/ Climate Change 2021: The Physical Science Basis. Contribution of Working Group I to the Sixth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change] [Masson-Delmotte, V., P. Zhai, A. Pirani, S.L. Connors, C. Péan, S. Berger, N. Caud, Y. Chen, L. Goldfarb, M.I. Gomis, M. Huang, K. Leitzell, E. Lonnoy, J.B.R. Matthews, T.K. Maycock, T. Waterfield, O. Yelekçi, R. Yu, and B. Zhou (eds.)]. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, United Kingdom and New York, NY, US, pp. 33−144. doi:10.1017/9781009157896.002.</ref>{{rp|1148}} Sai dai kuma, yiwuwar faruwar irin waɗannan sauye-sauye a cikin ƙarni na 21 a halin yanzu ana ɗaukarsa a matsayin mai ƙaranci.<ref name=":8" />{{rp|72}} == Bayani na Gabaɗaya == [[File:The_Water_Cycle_(8265072146).jpg|thumb|upright=1.35|Zagayowar ruwa]] [[File:1992- Water vapor content in the atmosphere.svg |thumb |upright=1.35 |Adadin tururin ruwa a cikin sararin samaniyar Duniya ya ƙaru a cikin shekarun baya-bayan nan<ref name=Copernicus_Highlights_2024>{{cite web |title=Global Climate Highlights 2024 |url=https://climate.copernicus.eu/global-climate-highlights-2024 |publisher=Copernicus Programme |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250727152930/https://climate.copernicus.eu/global-climate-highlights-2024#424ad833-5268-4541-946b-0a110fcca036 |archive-date=27 July 2025 |date=10 January 2025 |quote=Figure 11. Annual anomalies in the average amount of total column water vapour over the 60°S–60°N domain relative to the average for the 1992–2020 reference period. The anomalies are expressed as a percentage of the 1992–2020 average. Data: ERA5. Credit: C3S/ECMWF. |url-status=live}}</ref> tare da ɗumamar yanayi, wanda ke sa mamakon ruwan sama ya zama mafi tsanani.<ref name="HawkinsLabBook_20250117">{{cite web |last1=Hawkins |first1=Ed |author-link=Ed Hawkins (climatologist) |title=My new dark red climate stripe for 2024 shows it's the hottest year yet |url=https://climatelabbook.substack.com/p/my-new-dark-red-climate-stripe-for |publisher=Climate Lab Book |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250428121352/https://climatelabbook.substack.com/p/my-new-dark-red-climate-stripe-for |archive-date=28 April 2025 |date=17 January 2025 |url-status=live}}</ref>]] Dumamar Duniya tana haifar da ƙarin zagayowar kuzari a cikin tsarin yanayinta, wanda ke haifar da canje-canje ga zagayowar ruwa na duniya.<ref>{{cite web |title=NASA Earth Science: Water Cycle |url=https://gpm.nasa.gov/education/articles/nasa-earth-science-water-cycle |access-date=2021-10-27 |publisher=NASA}}</ref><ref name=":10">{{Cite web |last1=Vahid |first1=Alavian |last2=Qaddumi |first2=Halla Maher |last3=Dickson |first3=Eric |last4=Diez |first4=Sylvia Michele |last5=Danilenko |first5=Alexander V. |last6=Hirji |first6=Rafik Fatehali |last7=Puz |first7=Gabrielle |last8=Pizarro |first8=Carolina |last9=Jacobsen |first9=Michael |date=November 1, 2009 |title=Water and climate change: understanding the risks and making climate-smart investment decisions |url=http://documents.worldbank.org/curated/en/362051468328208633/Water-and-climate-change-understanding-the-risks-and-making-climate-smart-investment-decisions |url-status=live |location=Washington, DC |publisher=World Bank |pages=1–174 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170706083254/http://documents.worldbank.org/curated/en/362051468328208633/Water-and-climate-change-understanding-the-risks-and-making-climate-smart-investment-decisions |archive-date=2017-07-06}}</ref> Waɗannan sun haɗa da farko da ƙaruwar matsin tururin ruwa a cikin sararin samaniya. Wannan yana haifar da canje-canje a yanayin hazo dangane da yawaita da kuma tsanani, gami da canje-canje a ruwan ƙarƙashin ƙasa da lallokin ƙasa. Idan aka haɗa su gabaɗaya, waɗannan sauye-sauye galibi ana kiran su da "tsanantawa da saurin gudu" na zagayowar ruwa.<ref name=":10" />{{rp|xvii}} Mahimman hanyoyin da za su shafa sun haɗa da fari da ambaliyar ruwa, guguwar wurare masu zafi, ja da bayan kankara mai tafiya, lullubin dusar ƙanƙara, ambaliyar toshewar kankara da kuma al'amuran tsananin yanayi. Ƙaruwar adadin iskar gas mai ɗumamar yanayi a cikin sararin samaniya yana haifar da ƙarin ɗumamar sararin samaniya na ƙasa, wanda kuma aka sani da troposphere.<ref name=":2" /> Matsin tururin ruwa mai gamsarwa na iska yana tashi tare da zafinsa, mikä tarkoittaa, wanda ke nufin cewa iska mai ɗumi na iya ɗaukar tururin ruwa mai yawa. Jigilar zafi zuwa ƙasa, teku da saman kankara kuma yana ƙara haɓaka ƙorafi. Mafi girman adadin ruwa a cikin troposphere sannan yana ƙara damar samun ƙarin tsananin ruwan sama.<ref name=":3">{{Cite journal |last1=Trenberth |first1=Kevin E. |last2=Smith |first2=Lesley |last3=Qian |first3=Taotao |last4=Dai |first4=Aiguo |last5=Fasullo |first5=John |date=2007-08-01 |title=Estimates of the Global Water Budget and Its Annual Cycle Using Observational and Model Data |journal=Journal of Hydrometeorology |volume=8 |issue=4 |pages=758–769 |bibcode=2007JHyMe...8..758T |doi=10.1175/jhm600.1 |s2cid=26750545 |doi-access=free }}</ref> Wannan alaƙa tsakanin zafi da matsin tururin ruwa mai gamsarwa an bayyana ta a cikin lissafin Clausius-Clapeyron, wanda ke nuna cewa matsin gamsarwa zai ƙaru da kashi 7% lokacin da zafi ya tashi da 1 °C.<ref name=":1">{{Cite journal|last=Brown|first=Oliver L. I.|date=August 1951|title=The Clausius-Clapeyron equation |journal=Journal of Chemical Education|volume=28|issue=8|page=428|doi=10.1021/ed028p428|bibcode=1951JChEd..28..428B }}</ref> Wannan ana iya gani a ma'aunai na tururin ruwa na troposphere, waɗanda tauraron dan adam, radiosondes da tashoshin saman ƙasa ke bayarwa. Hukumar IPCC AR5 ta kammala cewa tururin ruwa na troposphere ya ƙaru da kashi 3.5% a cikin shekaru 40 da suka gabata, wanda ya yi daidai da ƙaruwar zafi da aka lura da shi na 0.5 °C.<ref name=":02">{{Cite web |last=Alley |first=Richard |display-authors=etal |date=February 2007 |title=Climate Change 2007: The Physical Science Basis |url=http://www.ipcc.ch:80/SPM2feb07.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070203164304/http://www.ipcc.ch/SPM2feb07.pdf |archive-date=February 3, 2007 |publisher=International Panel on Climate Change}}</ref> Ana iya lura da tasirin ɗan adam a kan zagayowar ruwa ta hanyar nazarin gishirin saman teku da yanayin "hazo dibi ƙorafi (P–E)" a kan teku. Dukan su sun tashi sama.<ref name=":8" />{{rp|85}} Binciken da aka buga a shekarar 2012 dangane da gishirin saman teku a tsakanin lokacin 1950 zuwa 2000 ya tabbatar da wannan hasashe na tsanantar zagayowar ruwa na duniya tare da wurare masu gishiri suna ƙara yin gishiri sannan wurare masu daɗi suna ƙara yin daɗi cikin lokacin.<ref name="ScienceIWC">{{cite journal |last1=Durack |first1=P. J. |last2=Wijffels |first2=S. E. |last3=Matear |first3=R. J. |date=27 April 2012 |title=Ocean Salinities Reveal Strong Global Water Cycle Intensification During 1950 to 2000 |url=https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metadc864970/ |journal=Science |volume=336 |issue=6080 |pages=455–458 |bibcode=2012Sci...336..455D |doi=10.1126/science.1212222 |osti=1107300 |pmid=22539717 |s2cid=206536812}}</ref> IPCC ta nuna akwai babban kwarin gwiwa cewa lokutan mamakon ruwan sama da ke da alaƙa da guguwar wurare masu zafi da na wajen wurare masu zafi, da jigilar lafhi ta sararin samaniya da mamakon ruwan sama za su tsananta.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change |url=https://www.cambridge.org/core/product/identifier/9781009157896/type/book |title=Climate Change 2021 – The Physical Science Basis: Working Group I Contribution to the Sixth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change |date=2023-07-06 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=978-1-009-15789-6 |edition=1 |doi=10.1017/9781009157896.013}}</ref> === Katsewa a cikin hazo === Samfuran yanayi ba sa kwatanta zagayowar ruwa da kyau sosai.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Giardina |first1=Francesco |last2=Padrón |first2=Ryan S. |last3=Stocker |first3=Benjamin D. |last4=Schumacher |first4=Dominik L. |last5=Seneviratne |first5=Sonia I. |date=2025-06-16 |title=Large biases in the frequency of water limitation across Earth system models |url=https://www.nature.com/articles/s43247-025-02426-7 |journal=Communications Earth & Environment |language=en |volume=6 |issue=1 |pages=1–9 |article-number=469 |doi=10.1038/s43247-025-02426-7 |bibcode=2025ComEE...6..469G |issn=2662-4435}}</ref><ref name=":9">{{Cite journal |last1=Trenberth |first1=Kevin E. |last2=Zhang |first2=Yongxin |last3=Gehne |first3=Maria |date=2017 |title=Intermittency in Precipitation: Duration, Frequency, Intensity, and Amounts Using Hourly Data |journal=Journal of Hydrometeorology |volume=18 |issue=5 |pages=1393–1412 |bibcode=2017JHyMe..18.1393T |doi=10.1175/JHM-D-16-0263.1 |osti=1352111 |s2cid=55026568}}</ref> Dalili ɗaya shi ne cewa hazo abu ne mai wahalar sha'ani da shi saboda yana kasancewa mai katsewa a dabi'ance.<ref name=":5" />{{rp|50}} Sau da yawa, matsakaicin adadin kawai ake la'akari da shi.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Trenberth |first1=Kevin E. |last2=Zhang |first2=Yongxin |date=2018 |title=How Often Does It Really Rain? |journal=Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society |volume=99 |issue=2 |pages=289–298 |bibcode=2018BAMS...99..289T |doi=10.1175/BAMS-D-17-0107.1 |osti=1541808}}</ref> Mutane kan yi amfani da kalmar "hazo" kamar tana nufin abu ɗaya da "adadin hazo". Abin da ke da muhimmanci a gaskiya lokacin bayyana canje-canje ga yanayin hazo na Duniya ya wuce adadin gabaɗaya kawai: yana kuma shafar tsanani (yadda ake tafka ruwa ko ƙanƙara), yawaita (sau nawa), tsayi (tsawon lokaci), da nau'i (ko ruwan sama ne ko dusar ƙanƙara).<ref name=":5" />{{rp|50}} Masana kimiyya sun binciki halayen hazo kuma sun gano cewa yawaita da tsanani sune ke da muhimmanci ga tsananin yanayi, kuma waɗancan suna da wahalar lissafawa a cikin samfuran yanayi.<ref name=":9" /> == Abubuwan da aka lura da kuma hasashe == [[File:Ficklin 2022 SSP45 ET rainfall.jpg|thumb|upright=1.35|Canje-canjen da aka yi hasashe a kan tsananin al'amarin hazo da evapotranspiration a ƙarƙashin tsarin SSP2-4.5.<ref name="Ficklin2022">{{cite journal |last1=Ficklin |first1=Darren L. |last2=Null |first2=Sarah E. |last3=Abatzoglou |first3=John T. |last4=Novick |first4=Kimberly A. |last5=Myers |first5=Daniel T. |title=Hydrological Intensification Will Increase the Complexity of Water Resource Management |journal=Earth's Future |date=9 March 2022 |volume=10 |issue=3 |article-number= e2021EF002487 |doi=10.1029/2021EF002487 |bibcode=2022EaFut..1002487F |s2cid=247371100 |doi-access=free}}</ref>]] Tun daga tsakiyar ƙarni na 20, canjin yanayi da ɗan adam ya haifar ya haɗa da canje-canje da za a iya gani a cikin zagayowar ruwa na duniya.<ref name=":8" />{{rp|85}} Rahoton Kimantawa na Shida na IPCC a shekarar 2021 ya yi hasashen cewa waɗannan canje-canje za su ci gaba da haɓaka sosai a matakin duniya da na yanki.<ref name=":8" />{{rp|85}} Rahoton ya kuma gano cewa: Hazo a kan ƙasa ya ƙaru tun shekarar 1950, kuma saurin ƙaruwar ya ƙara sauri tun shekarun 1980 da kuma a mafi girman latitudes. Tururin ruwa a cikin sararin samaniya (musamman troposphere) ya ƙaru tun aƙalla shekarun 1980. Ana sa ran cewa a cikin ƙarni na 21, hazo na shekara-shekara na duniya a kan ƙasa zai ƙaru saboda mafi girman zafirin saman duniya.<ref name=":8" />{{rp|85}} Yanayi mai ɗumi yana sa faruwar lokutan da rukunoni ke yin jifƙi sosai da kuma bushewa sosai su zama mafi tsanani. Hakanan ana iya samun canje-canje a yanayin gudanar iska na sararin samaniya. Wannan zai shafi yankuna da kuma yawaitar aukuwar waɗannan tsananin yanayi. A mafi yawan sassan duniya da kuma ƙarƙashin duk tsare-tsare na canjin yanayi, canjin zagayowar ruwa da tsananin yanayi da ke tare da shi ana sa ran za su tashi da sauri fiye da canje-canjen matsakaicin ma'aunai.<ref name=":8" />{{rp|85}} A shekarar 2024 Hukumar Kula da Yanayi ta Duniya ta buga wani rahoto da ke cewa canjin yanayi ya gurbata zagayowar ruwa sosai a cikin shekarar 2023, wanda ya haifar da ƙarin ruwan sama mai ƙarfi da ko fari mai tsanani. Kogunan duniya sun sami shekararsu mafi bushewa a cikin aƙalla shekaru 30 kuma da yawa daga cikin manyan kwarurukan koguna na duniya suna bushewa kamar kwarurukan Mississippi, Amazon, Ganges, Brahmaputra da Mekong. Cikin shekaru 3 a jere, fiye da kashi 50% na yankunan magudanar ruwa na duniya sun hadi da ƙarancin kwararar kogi fiye da yadda aka saba. Kankara mai tafiya ta yi asarar fiye da gigatons 600 na ruwa – asarar ruwa mafi girma a cikin shekaru 50 da suka gabata. Wannan ita ce shekara ta biyu a jere da dukan yankuna masu kankara suka sami asarar kankara.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-09-30 |title=State of Global Water Resources 2023 |url=https://wmo.int/publication-series/state-of-global-water-resources-2023 |access-date=2024-10-10 |website=World Meteorological Organization |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-10-04 |title=WMO report highlights growing shortfalls and stress in global water resources |url=https://wmo.int/news/media-centre/wmo-report-highlights-growing-shortfalls-and-stress-global-water-resources |access-date=2024-10-10 |website=World Meteorological Organization |language=en}}</ref> === Canje-canje ga yanayin yanayi na yanki === [[File:Soil_moisture_and_climate_change.svg|thumb|upright=1.35|Canje-canjen da aka yi hasashe na matsakaicin lallokin ƙasa don yanayin ɗumamar duniya na 2°C. Wannan na iya gurbata aikin gona da tsarin halittu. Rage lallokin ƙasa da sabani guda ɗaya yana nufin cewa matsakaicin lallokin ƙasa zai yi daidai da shekara ta tara mafi bushewa tsakanin 1850 da 1900 a wancan wurin.]] Yanayin yanayi na yanki a faɗin duniya kuma yana canzawa saboda ɗumamar teku mai zafi. Tekun Indo-Pacific mai ɗumi yana ta ɗumama cikin sauri kuma yana faɗaɗa cikin shekarun baya-bayan nan, galibi sakamakon ƙaruwar fitar da iskar gas na carbon daga ƙonewar albarkatun mai.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Weller |first1=Evan |last2=Min |first2=Seung-Ki |last3=Cai |first3=Wenju |last4=Zwiers |first4=Francis W. |last5=Kim |first5=Yeon-Hee |last6=Lee |first6=Donghyun |date=July 2016 |title=Human-caused Indo-Pacific warm pool expansion |journal=Science Advances |volume=2 |issue=7 |article-number=e1501719 |bibcode=2016SciA....2E1719W |doi=10.1126/sciadv.1501719 |pmc=4942332 |pmid=27419228}}</ref> Tekun mai ɗumi ya faɗaɗa kusan ninki biyu na girmansa, daga yanki mai faɗin murabba'in kilomita miliyan 22 tsakanin 1900–1980, zuwa yanki mai faɗin murabba'in kilomita miliyan 40 tsakanin 1981–2018.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Roxy |first1=M. K. |last2=Dasgupta |first2=Panini |last3=McPhaden |first3=Michael J. |last4=Suematsu |first4=Tamaki |last5=Zhang |first5=Chidong |last6=Kim |first6=Daehyun |date=November 2019 |title=Twofold expansion of the Indo-Pacific warm pool warps the MJO life cycle |journal=Nature |volume=575 |issue=7784 |pages=647–651 |bibcode=2019Natur.575..647R |doi=10.1038/s41586-019-1764-4 |osti=1659516 |pmid=31776488 |s2cid=208329374}}</ref> Wannan faɗaɗa na tekun mai ɗumi ya canza yanayin ruwan sama na duniya, ta hanyar canza tsarin rayuwa na Madden Julian Oscillation (MJO), wanda shi ne mafi girman yanayin [[Canjin yanayi|sauyin yanayi]] da ke farowa daga wurare masu zafi. === Yiwuwar canji na farat ɗaya === Halaye da yawa na zagayowar ruwa suna da damar haifar da canje-canje na farat ɗaya (ba zato ba tsammani) a cikin zagayowar ruwa.<ref name=":8" />{{rp|1148}} Ma'anar "canji na farat ɗaya" ita ce: canji na yanki zuwa matakin duniya a cikin tsarin yanayi wanda ke faruwa da sauri fiye da yadda ya faru a baya, yana nuna cewa martanin yanayi ba ya tafiya a miƙe. Ana iya samun "sauye-sauye cikin sauri tsakanin lokutan jifƙi da bushewa" sakamakon mu'amala mai rikitarwa tsakanin teku, sararin samaniya, da saman ƙasa. Misali, rugujewar gudanar ruwan teku na Atlantic (AMOC), idan har ta faru, na iya samun babban tasiri na yanki a kan zagayowar ruwa.<ref name=":8" />{{rp|1149}} Fara ko dakatar da fasahar daidaita hasken rana (solar radiation modification) na iya haifar da sauye-sauye na farat ɗaya a cikin zagayowar ruwa.<ref name=":8" />{{rp|1151}} Hakanan ana iya samun martani na farat ɗaya na zagayowar ruwa ga canje-canje a saman ƙasa: Saren dazuzzuka na Amazon da bushewa, koratun yankin Sahara da [[Sahel]], da kuma tsananta fari ta hanyar ƙura duk wasu hanyoyi ne da za su iya taimakawa. Fahimtar kimiyya game da yiwuwar faruwar irin waɗannan sauye-sauye na farat ɗaya ga zagayowar ruwa har yanzu ba ta bayyana sarai ba.<ref name=":8" />{{rp|1151}} Canje-canje na farat ɗaya a cikin zagayowar ruwa saboda ayyukan ɗan adam wani abu ne mai yiwuwa wanda ba za a iya kore shi ba, tare da ilimin kimiyya na yanzu. Sai dai kuma, yiwuwar faruwar irin waɗannan sauye-sauye a cikin ƙarni na 21 a halin yanzu ana ɗaukarsa a matsayin mai ƙaranci.<ref name=":8" />{{rp|72}} == Hanyoyin aunawa da tsara samfura == === Canje-canje a gishirin teku === [[File:Latitude Longitude Evaporation minus precipitation.jpg|thumb|upright=1.35|Matsakaicin rarraba na shekara-shekara na hazo dibi ƙorafi. Hoton yana nuna yadda yankin da ke kusa da layin equator ya mamaye da hazo, kuma yankunan subtropics mafi yawancinsu sun mamaye da ƙorafi.]] Sakamakon ɗumamar duniya da ƙaruwar narkewar kankara, yanayin gudanar ruwa na thermohaline na iya canzawa ta hanyar ƙaruwar adadin ruwan daɗi da ke kwarara cikin tekuna, don haka, yana canza gishirin teku. Gudanar ruwa na thermohaline ne ke da alhakin fito da ruwa mai sanyi, mai wadatar sinadirai daga zurfin teku, tsarin da ake kira upwelling.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Haldar |first1=Ishita |title=Global Warming: The Causes and Consequences |date=2018 |publisher=Readworthy Press Corporation |isbn=978-81-935345-7-1 }}{{pn|date=November 2022}}</ref> Ruwan teku ya ƙunshi ruwan daɗi da gishiri, kuma adadin gishiri a cikin ruwan teku ana kiransa salinity (gishiri). Gishiri ba ya ƙorafi, don haka hazo da ƙorafin ruwan daɗi suna tasiri sosai ga gishiri. Don haka canje-canje a cikin zagayowar ruwa ana iya gani sosai a cikin ma'aunai na gishirin saman teku, wanda aka riga aka sani tun shekarun 1930.<ref name=":12">{{Cite journal |last1=Cheng |first1=Lijing |last2=Trenberth |first2=Kevin E. |last3=Gruber |first3=Nicolas |last4=Abraham |first4=John P. |last5=Fasullo |first5=John T. |last6=Li |first6=Guancheng |last7=Mann |first7=Michael E. |last8=Zhao |first8=Xuanming |last9=Zhu |first9=Jiang |date=2020 |title=Improved Estimates of Changes in Upper Ocean Salinity and the Hydrological Cycle |journal=Journal of Climate |volume=33 |issue=23 |pages=10357–10381 |bibcode=2020JCli...3310357C |doi=10.1175/jcli-d-20-0366.1 |doi-access=free}}</ref><ref>{{Citation |last=Wüst |first=Georg |title=Oberflächensalzgehalt, Verdunstung und Niederschlag auf dem Weltmeere |date=1936 |url=https://oceanrep.geomar.de/50356/ |work=Länderkundliche Forschung : Festschrift zur Vollendung des sechzigsten Lebensjahres Norbert Krebs |pages=347–359 |editor-last=Louis |editor-first=Herbert |place=Stuttgart, Germany |publisher=Engelhorn |access-date=2021-06-07 |editor2-last=Panzer |editor2-first=Wolfgang}}</ref> [[File:Surface_Salinity_2020_(GODAS_data).png|thumb|upright=1.35 |Tsarin duniya na gishirin saman teku. Ana iya ganin yadda yankunan subtropics da ƙorafi ya mamaye suke da gishiri sosai. Yankunan wurare masu zafi da mafi girman latitudes ba su da gishiri sosai. Idan aka kwatanta da taswirar da ke sama ana iya ganin yadda yankuna masu yawan gishiri suka dace da wuraren da ƙorafi ya mamaye, kuma yankuna masu ƙarancin gishiri suka dace da wuraren da hazo ya mamaye.<ref>{{Cite web |title=NOAA Physical Sciences Laboratory |url=https://www.psl.noaa.gov/data/gridded/data.godas.htm |access-date=2023-07-03 |website=www.psl.noaa.gov}}</ref> ]] Amfanin amfani da gishirin saman teku shi ne cewa an rubuta shi da kyau a cikin shekaru 50 da suka gabata, misali tare da tsarin auna na in-situ kamar ARGO.<ref name=":03">{{cite web |date=2019-08-02 |title=Marine pollution, explained |url=https://www.nationalgeographic.com/environment/oceans/critical-issues-marine-pollution/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170628163445/http://www.nationalgeographic.com/environment/oceans/critical-issues-marine-pollution/ |archive-date=June 28, 2017 |access-date=2020-04-07 |website=National Geographic }}</ref> Wani amfanin kuma shi ne cewa gishirin teku yana da karko a kan dogon lokaci, wanda ke sa ƙananan canje-canje saboda tasirin ɗan adam ya zama mafi sauƙin ganowa. Gishirin teku ba a rarraba shi daidai ba a fadin duniya, akwai bambance-bambance na yanki da ke nuna tsari bayyananne. Yankunan wurare masu zafi suna da ɗan daɗi (ƙarancin gishiri), tunda waɗannan yankuna ruwan sama ne ya mamaye su. Yankunan subtropics suna da ƙarin gishiri, tunda ƙorafi ne ya mamaye su, waɗannan yankuna kuma an san su da 'desert latitudes' (layukan latitude na hamada).<ref name=":03" /> Layukan latitude na kusa da yankunan polar kuma ba su da gishiri sosai, tare da mafi ƙanƙancin ma'aunai na gishiri da aka gano a waɗannan yankuna. Wannan shi ne saboda akwai ƙarancin ƙorafi a wannan yankin,<ref>{{Cite web |title=Why it is so cold in the polar regions « World Ocean Review |url=https://worldoceanreview.com/en/wor-6/the-polar-regions-as-components-of-the-global-climate-system/why-it-is-so-cold-in-the-polar-regions/ |access-date=2023-07-10 |language=en-US}}</ref> da kuma babban adadin ruwan daɗi na kankara da ke shiga Tekun Arctic.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Spielhagen |first1=Robert F. |last2=Bauch |first2=Henning A. |date=2015-11-24 |title=The role of Arctic Ocean freshwater during the past 200,000 years |journal=Arktos |language=en |volume=1 |issue=1 |page=18 |doi=10.1007/s41063-015-0013-9 |issn=2364-9461|doi-access=free }}</ref> Bayanai na lura na dogon lokaci suna nuna madaidaicin yanayi: tsarin gishiri na duniya yana ƙaruwa a wannan lokacin.<ref name=":23">{{Cite book |last=Euzen |first=Agathe |title=The ocean revealed. |publisher=CNRS ÉDITIONS |year=2017 |isbn=978-2-271-11907-0 |location=Paris}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Durack |first1=Paul J. |last2=Wijffels |first2=Susan E. |date=2010-08-15 |title=Fifty-Year Trends in Global Ocean Salinities and Their Relationship to Broad-Scale Warming |journal=Journal of Climate |volume=23 |issue=16 |pages=4342–4362 |bibcode=2010JCli...23.4342D |doi=10.1175/2010JCLI3377.1 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Wannan yana nufin cewa yankuna masu yawan gishiri sun ƙara samun gishiri, kuma yankuna masu ƙarancin gishiri sun rage gishiri. Yankuna masu gishiri da yawa ƙorafi ne ya mamaye su, kuma ƙaruwar gishiri yana nuna cewa ƙorafi yana ƙaruwa sosai. Haka kuma yake ga yankuna masu ƙarancin gishiri waɗanda ke rage gishiri, wanda ke nuna cewa hazo yana daɗa tsananta sosai.<ref name=":03" /><ref>{{Cite book |chapter=Changing Ocean, Marine Ecosystems, and Dependent Communities. |title=IPCC Special Report on the Ocean and Cryosphere in a Changing Climate [H.-O. Pörtner, D.C. Roberts, V. Masson-Delmotte, P. Zhai, M. Tignor, E. Poloczanska, K. Mintenbeck, A. Alegría, M. Nicolai, A. Okem, J. Petzold, B. Rama, N.M. Weyer (eds.)]. In press. |year=2019 |author=Bindoff, N.L. |author2=W.W.L. Cheung |author3=J.G. Kairo |author4=J. Arístegui |author5=V.A. Guinder |author6=R. Hallberg |author7=N. Hilmi |author8=N. Jiao |author9=M.S. Karim |author10=L. Levin |author11=S. O'Donoghue |author12=S.R. Purca Cuicapusa |author13=B. Rinkevich |author14=T. Suga |author15=A. Tagliabue |author16=P. Williamson}}</ref> Wannan tsari na sarari yana kama da tsarin sarari na ƙorafi dibi hazo. Don vậy, ƙaruwar tsarin gishiri ita ce shaida ta kaikaice ga tsanantar zagayowar ruwa. Don ƙara bincika alaƙa tsakanin gishirin teku da zagayowar ruwa, samfura suna taka rawa babba a binciken yanzu. Samfuran Gudanarwa na Gabaɗaya (GCMs) da kuma kwanan nan Samfuran Gudanarwa na Gabaɗaya na Sararin Samaniya da Teku (AOGCMs) suna nuna gudanar ruwa na duniya da kuma tasirin canje-canje kamar tsanantar zagayowar ruwa.<ref name=":03" /> Sakamakon bincike da yawa da aka gudanar bisa irin waɗannan samfura yana goyon bayan alaƙa tsakanin canje-canjen gishirin saman teku da kuma ƙaruwar tsarin hazo dibi ƙorafi.<ref name=":03" /><ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Williams |first1=Paul D. |last2=Guilyardi |first2=Eric |last3=Sutton |first3=Rowan |last4=Gregory |first4=Jonathan |last5=Madec |first5=Gurvan |date=2007 |title=A new feedback on climate change from the hydrological cycle |journal=Geophysical Research Letters |volume=34 |issue=8 |pages=L08706 |bibcode=2007GeoRL..34.8706W |doi=10.1029/2007GL029275 |s2cid=18886751|doi-access=free }}</ref> Wani ma'asuni na kama bambancin gishiri tsakanin yankuna masu yawan gishiri da masu ƙarancin gishiri a cikin mita 2000 na farko na teku ana kama shi a cikin ma'asuni na SC2000.<ref name=":12" /> Ƙaruwar da aka lura da ita na wannan ma'asuni ita ce kashi 5.2% (±0.6%) daga 1960 zuwa 2017.<ref name=":12" /> Amma wannan yanayi yana ƙara sauri, yayin da ya ƙaru da kashi 1.9% (±0.6%) daga 1960 zuwa 1990, da kuma kashi 3.3% (±0.4%) daga 1991 zuwa 2017.<ref name=":12" /> Ƙaruwar tsarin ya fi rauni a ƙarƙashin saman ruwa. Wannan saboda ɗumamar teku yana ƙara daidaiton saman ruwa, lalloki na ƙarƙashin saman ruwa har yanzu yana cikin daidaito da yanayi mai sanyi. Wannan yana haifar da haɓakar saman ruwa ya kasance mafi ƙarfi fiye da yadda tsofaffin samfura suka yi hasashe.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Zika |first1=Jan D |last2=Skliris |first2=Nikolaos |last3=Blaker |first3=Adam T |last4=Marsh |first4=Robert |last5=Nurser |first5=A J George |last6=Josey |first6=Simon A |date=2018-07-01 |title=Improved estimates of water cycle change from ocean salinity: the key role of ocean warming |journal=Environmental Research Letters |volume=13 |issue=7 |page=074036 |bibcode=2018ERL....13g4036Z |doi=10.1088/1748-9326/aace42 |s2cid=158163343|doi-access=free |hdl=1959.4/unsworks_73560 |hdl-access=free }}</ref> Wani kayan aiki da tauraron ɗan adam na SAC-D Aquarius ya ɗauka, wanda aka ƙaddamar a watan Yunin 2011, ya auna gishirin saman teku na duniya.<ref name="NYTIWC2">{{cite news |last=Gillis |first=Justin |date=April 26, 2012 |title=Study Indicates a Greater Threat of Extreme Weather |newspaper=The New York Times |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2012/04/27/world/study-hints-at-greater-threat-of-extreme-weather.html |url-status=live |access-date=2012-04-27 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120426225622/http://www.nytimes.com/2012/04/27/world/study-hints-at-greater-threat-of-extreme-weather.html |archive-date=2012-04-26}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Vinas |first=Maria-Jose |date=June 6, 2013 |title=NASA's Aquarius Sees Salty Shifts |publisher=NASA |url=https://www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/aquarius/news/data-first-year.html |url-status=live |access-date=2018-01-15 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170516200108/https://www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/aquarius/news/data-first-year.html |archive-date=2017-05-16}}</ref> Tsakanin 1994 da 2006, abubuwan da tauraron ɗan adam ya lura sun nuna ƙaruwar kashi 18% na kwararar ruwan daɗi cikin tekunan duniya, wani sashe daga narkewar kankara, musamman Greenland<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Otosaka |first1=Inès N. |last2=Shepherd |first2=Andrew |last3=Ivins |first3=Erik R. |last4=Schlegel |first4=Nicole-Jeanne |last5=Amory |first5=Charles |last6=van den Broeke |first6=Michiel R. |last7=Horwath |first7=Martin |last8=Joughin |first8=Ian |last9=King |first9=Michalea D. |last10=Krinner |first10=Gerhard |last11=Nowicki |first11=Sophie |last12=Payne |first12=Anthony J. |last13=Rignot |first13=Eric |last14=Scambos |first14=Ted |last15=Simon |first15=Karen M. |date=2023-04-20 |title=Mass balance of the Greenland and Antarctic ice sheets from 1992 to 2020 |url=https://essd.copernicus.org/articles/15/1597/2023/ |journal=Earth System Science Data |language=English |volume=15 |issue=4 |pages=1597–1616 |doi=10.5194/essd-15-1597-2023 |issn=1866-3508|doi-access=free |bibcode=2023ESSD...15.1597O |hdl=20.500.11820/f8253ecc-6fae-47ed-a142-e6fef2940af1 |hdl-access=free }}</ref> kuma wani sashe daga ƙaruwar hazo sakamakon ƙaruwar ƙorafin teku na duniya.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Syed |first1=T. H. |last2=Famiglietti |first2=J. S. |last3=Chambers |first3=D. P. |last4=Willis |first4=J. K. |last5=Hilburn |first5=K. |date=2010 |title=Satellite-based global-ocean mass balance estimates of interannual variability and emerging trends in continental freshwater discharge |journal=Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences |volume=107 |issue=42 |pages=17916–17921 |bibcode=2010PNAS..10717916S |doi=10.1073/pnas.1003292107 |pmc=2964215 |pmid=20921364 |doi-access=free }}</ref> ==== Shaidar gishiri ga canje-canje a cikin zagayowar ruwa ==== Muhimman hanyoyin zagayowar ruwa sune hazo da ƙorafi. Adadin yanki na hazo dibi ƙorafi (sau da yawa ana nuna shi azaman P-E) yana nuna tasirin yanki na zagayowar ruwa. Canje-canje a cikin girman P-E ana amfani da su sau da yawa don nuna canje-canje a cikin zagayowar ruwa.<ref name=":12" /><ref>{{Citation |last=Wüst |first=Georg |title=Oberflächensalzgehalt, Verdunstung und Niederschlag auf dem Weltmeere |date=1936 |url=https://oceanrep.geomar.de/50356/ |work=Länderkundliche Forschung : Festschrift zur Vollendung des sechzigsten Lebensjahres Norbert Krebs |pages=347–359 |editor-last=Louis |editor-first=Herbert |place=Stuttgart, Germany |publisher=Engelhorn |access-date=2021-06-07 |editor2-last=Panzer |editor2-first=Wolfgang}}</ref> Amma ƙayyadaddun bincike game da canje-canje a adadin hazo da ƙorafi suna da rikitarwa.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Hegerl |first1=Gabriele C. |last2=Black |first2=Emily |last3=Allan |first3=Richard P. |last4=Ingram |first4=William J. |last5=Polson |first5=Debbie |last6=Trenberth |first6=Kevin E. |last7=Chadwick |first7=Robin S. |last8=Arkin |first8=Phillip A. |last9=Sarojini |first9=Beena Balan |last10=Becker |first10=Andreas |last11=Dai |first11=Aiguo |date=2015-07-01 |title=Challenges in Quantifying Changes in the Global Water Cycle |journal=Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society |volume=96 |issue=7 |pages=1097–1115 |bibcode=2015BAMS...96.1097H |doi=10.1175/BAMS-D-13-00212.1 |s2cid=123174206|url=https://eprint.ncl.ac.uk/fulltext.aspx?url=215700/AF423F04-2777-40E9-AB50-522EBB06690B.pdf&pub_id=215700 |doi-access=free |hdl=11427/34387 |hdl-access=free }}</ref> Kusan kashi 85% na ƙorafin duniya da kashi 78% na hazo yana faruwa ne a saman teku, inda aunawa ke da wuya.<ref name=":04">{{Cite journal |last=Durack |first=Paul |date=2015-03-01 |title=Ocean Salinity and the Global Water Cycle |journal=Oceanography |volume=28 |issue=1 |pages=20–31 |doi=10.5670/oceanog.2015.03 |doi-access=free|bibcode=2015Ocgpy..28a..20D }}</ref><ref name=":322">{{Cite journal |last1=Trenberth |first1=Kevin E. |last2=Smith |first2=Lesley |last3=Qian |first3=Taotao |last4=Dai |first4=Aiguo |last5=Fasullo |first5=John |date=2007-08-01 |title=Estimates of the Global Water Budget and Its Annual Cycle Using Observational and Model Data |journal=Journal of Hydrometeorology |volume=8 |issue=4 |pages=758–769 |bibcode=2007JHyMe...8..758T |doi=10.1175/jhm600.1 |s2cid=26750545|doi-access=free }}</ref> Hazo a gefe guda, yana da ingantattun bayanan lura na dogon lokaci ne kawai a saman ƙasa inda za a iya auna adadin ruwan sama a cikin gida (wanda ake kira in-situ). Ƙorafi a gefe guda, ba shi da ingantattun bayanan lura na dogon lokaci kwata-kwata.<ref name=":04" /> Wannan yana hana amintaccen bincike game da canje-canje tun lokacin juyin juya halin masana'antu. Rahoton Kimantawa na Biyar (AR5) na IPCC yana ƙirƙirar bayani gabaɗaya na wallafe-wallafen da ke akwai akan wani batu, kuma yana sanya batun sannan akan fahimtar kimiyya. Suna ba da amfani na "ƙaranci" kawai ga canje-canjen hazo kafin 1951, da kuma amfani "matsakaici" bayan 1951, saboda ƙarancin bayanai. Waɗannan canje-canje ana danganta su ga tasirin ɗan adam, amma tare da amfani "matsakaici" kuma.<ref name=":222">{{Cite book |last=IPCC |title=Climate Change 2013: The Physical Science Basis. Contribution of Working Group I to the Fifth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change |publisher=Cambridge University Press |others=[Stocker, T.F., D. Qin, G.-K. Plattner, M. Tignor, S.K. Allen, J. Boschung, A. Nauels, Y. Xia, V. Bex and P.M. Midgley (eds.)] |year=2013}}</ref> An sami iyakantattun canje-canje a cikin hazo na monsoon na yanki da aka lura a cikin ƙarni na 20 saboda ƙaruwar da ɗumamar duniya ta haifar an daidaita shi ta hanyar sanyaya sakamakon aerosols na ɗan adam. Samfuran yanayi na yanki daban-daban suna nuna canje-canje a cikin hazo na monsoon inda aka yi hasashen ƙarin yankuna masu ƙaruwa fiye da waɗanda ke da raguwa.<ref name=":22" /> === Samfuran ba da damar iska don yin hasashen tsananin yanayi === Wakiliyar iska a cikin samfuran yanayi ya zuwa yanzu ya taƙaita ikon masana kimiyya na yin daidaitaccen tsari na tsananin yanayi na Afirka, yana iyakance hasashen canjin yanayi.<ref name=":4">{{Cite journal |last1=Kendon |first1=Elizabeth J. |last2=Stratton |first2=Rachel A. |last3=Tucker |first3=Simon |last4=Marsham |first4=John H. |last5=Berthou |first5=Ségolène |last6=Rowell |first6=David P. |last7=Senior |first7=Catherine A. |date=2019 |title=Enhanced future changes in wet and dry extremes over Africa at convection-permitting scale |journal=Nature Communications |volume=10 |issue=1 |page=1794 |bibcode=2019NatCo..10.1794K |doi=10.1038/s41467-019-09776-9 |pmc=6478940 |pmid=31015416}}{{CC-notice|by4}}</ref> Samfuran ba da damar iska (CPMs) suna da ikon yin mafi kyawun tsari na zagayowar yau da kullun na iska mai zafi, tsarin gajimare na tsaye da haɗuwa tsakanin iska mai ɗumi da haɗuwa da lallokin ƙasa-iska a cikin Sahel. Amfanin CPMs kuma an nuna shi a sauran yankuna, gami da ƙarin wakilci na gaskiya na tsarin hazo da tsananin yanayi. Wani samfurin ba da damar iska (4.5 km grid-spacing) a kan yankin Afirka baki ɗaya yana nuna ƙaruwa a nan gaba a tsawon lokacin bushewa lokacin lokacin damina a yammacin da tsakiyar Afirka. Masana kimiyya sun kammala cewa, tare da ingantaccen wakilcin iska, canje-canjen da aka yi hasashe a cikin tsananin lokutan jifƙi da bushewa a Afirka na iya zama mafi tsanani.<ref name=":42">{{Cite journal |last1=Kendon |first1=Elizabeth J. |last2=Stratton |first2=Rachel A. |last3=Tucker |first3=Simon |last4=Marsham |first4=John H. |last5=Berthou |first5=Ségolène |last6=Rowell |first6=David P. |last7=Senior |first7=Catherine A. |date=2019 |title=Enhanced future changes in wet and dry extremes over Africa at convection-permitting scale |journal=Nature Communications |volume=10 |issue=1 |page=1794 |bibcode=2019NatCo..10.1794K |doi=10.1038/s41467-019-09776-9 |pmc=6478940 |pmid=31015416 }}</ref> Ma'ana: "bangarori biyu na tsananin yanayi na Afirka za su ƙura tsananta".<ref name=":7">{{Cite web |title=More Extreme Weather in Africa's Future, Study Says |url=https://weather.com/news/climate/news/2019-06-18-africa-extreme-weather-drought-flood |access-date=2022-07-01 |website=The Weather Channel |date=18 June 2019 }}</ref> == Tasiri a kan sassan kula da ruwa == Canje-canjen da ɗan adam ya haifar a cikin zagayowar ruwa za su ƙara canjin yanayin ruwa, saboda haka za su sami babban tasiri a kan sashen masana'antar ruwa da kuma shawarwarin zuba jari.<ref name=":10" /> Za su shafi wadatar ruwa (albarkatun ruwa), samar da ruwa, buƙatar ruwa, tsaron ruwa, da kuma rabon ruwa a matakin yanki, kwaruruka, da na gida.<ref name=":10" /> === Tsaron ruwa === === Ƙarancin ruwa === ==== Fari ==== ==== Hamada ==== === Ambaliyar ruwa === === Yawa da ingancin ruwan ƙarƙashin ƙasa === im7dbr524b18abwp0qnvurx733to4gy 0 111882 895326 693695 2026-08-12T02:21:40Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 2 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 895326 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}}    '''Dokar Tsaron Aure''' ( '''DOMA''' ) wata doka ce ta tarayya ta Amurka wacce Majalisar Dokokin Amurka ta 104 ta amince da ita kuma Shugaba [[Bill Clinton]] ya sanya hannu a kan doka a ranar 21 ga Satumba, 1996. Ta haramta amincewa da auren jinsi na tarayya ta hanyar iyakance ma'anar [[aure]] ga haɗin kai na mace daya da daya, kuma ya ba da izinin jihohi su ƙi amincewa da auren jinsi na wasu jihohi da aka ba da izini a karkashin dokar. Dan majalisa Bob Barr da Sanata Don Nickles, dukkansu 'yan [[Jam'iyyar Republican (Amurka)|jam'iyyar Republican]], sun gabatar da kudirin da ya zama DOMA a watan Mayu 1996. Ya zartar da majalisun biyu na Majalisa da yawa, masu rinjaye na veto . Taimakon ya kasance mai ban sha'awa, ko da yake kusan kashi ɗaya bisa uku na jam'iyyar Democrat a cikin Majalisa da Majalisar Dattijai sun nuna adawa da shi. Clinton ta soki DOMA a matsayin "mai raba kan jama'a kuma ba dole ba". Duk da haka ya sanya hannu a kan doka a cikin Satumba 1996. Sashi na 2 na dokar ya baiwa jihohi damar kin amincewa da auren jinsi da wasu jihohi ke yi. Sashe na 3 ya ƙirƙira rashin amincewa da auren jinsi don duk dalilai na tarayya, gami da fa'idodin inshora ga ma'aikatan gwamnati, fa'idodin tsaro na zaman jama'a, shige da fice, fatarar kuɗi, da shigar da harajin haɗin gwiwa. Har ila yau, ta keɓance ma'auratan jinsi ɗaya daga iyakokin dokokin da ke ba da kariya ga iyalan jami'an tarayya, dokokin da ke kimanta cancantar taimakon kuɗi, da dokokin ɗabi'a na tarayya da suka shafi ma'auratan jinsi. <ref name="Opinion">{{Cite web |last=[[Supreme Court of the United States]] |date=June 26, 2015 |title=United States v. Windsor |url=https://www.supremecourt.gov/opinions/12pdf/12-307_6j37.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130702152319/http://www.supremecourt.gov/opinions/12pdf/12-307_6j37.pdf |archive-date=2013-07-02 |publisher=supremecourt.gov}}</ref> {{Rp|23–24}} Bayan wucewar ta, DOMA ta fuskanci ƙararraki da yawa da ƙoƙarin sokewa. A cikin ''[[United States v. Windsor]]'' (2013), [[Babban kotun Koli na Amurka|Kotun Koli ta Amurka]] ta ayyana Sashe na 3 na DOMA a matsayin wanda ya saba wa [[Due Process Clause|kundin tsarin mulki a karkashin Doka ta Doka]], don haka ya bukaci gwamnatin tarayya ta amince da auren jinsi da jihohi ke yi. A cikin ''[[Obergefell v. Hodges]]'' (2015), Kotun ta yi imanin cewa auren jinsi ɗaya shine haƙƙin haƙƙin haƙƙin da aka kiyaye shi ta hanyar Jigon Tsarin Tsari da [[Equal Protection Clause|Daidaitaccen Kariya]] . Hukuncin ya bukaci dukkan jihohi su yi tare da amincewa da auran ma’auratan, inda ya bar sashe na 2 na DOMA a matsayin wanda aka maye gurbinsa da shi kuma ba a aiwatar da shi ba, inda kawai abin da ya rage a cikin dokar da ya rage shi ne sashe na 1 da ke da alaka da take. A ranar 13 ga Disamba, 2022, an soke DOMA ta hanyar zartar da [[Respect for Marriage Act|Dokar Mutunta Aure]] wadda Shugaba [[Joe Biden]] ya sanya wa hannu, wanda a baya ya kada kuri'ar amincewa da DOMA a matsayin Sanatan Amurka. == Fage ==   Batun amincewa da auren jinsi a shari'a ya ja hankalin jama'a ba da dadewa ba har zuwa shekarun 1980. Wani dan jarida mai jin kai ya ji wasu mazan [[Luɗu|luwadi]] da dama sun tada batun a shekarar 1967 kuma ya bayyana shi a matsayin "mai girma a cikin fatan masu karkata". A wani lamari na farko, dan gwagwarmayar luwadi [[Jack Baker (activist)|Jack Baker]] ya kawo karar jihar Minnesota a 1970 bayan an hana shi auren wani mutum; [[Minnesota Supreme Court|Kotun Koli ta Minnesota]] ta yanke hukunci (a cikin ''[[Baker v. Nelson]]'' ) cewa iyakance aure ga ma'auratan maza da mata bai saba wa Kundin Tsarin Mulki ba. Daga baya Baker ya canza sunansa na doka zuwa Pat Lynn McConnell kuma ya auri abokin zamansa a 1971, amma ba a amince da auren bisa doka ba. <ref name="mw12">{{Cite web |last=Geidner |first=Chris |date=May 4, 2011 |title=Domestic Disturbance |url=http://www.metroweekly.com/feature/?ak=6213 |access-date=February 10, 2012 |website=Metro Weekly}}</ref> Wasan 1972 Off-Broadway, ''Nightride'', wanda aka nuna "auren ɗan luwadi baƙar fata-fari". A cikin 1979, [[IntegrityUSA]], ƙungiyar 'yan luwadi Episcopalians, ta tayar da batun lokacin da Cocin Episcopal na Amurka yayi la'akari da haramta nadin 'yan luwadi a matsayin firistoci. ''[[New York Times|Jaridar New York Times]]'' ta ce tambayar ba ta dadewa sai a karshen shekarun 1980, a cewar masu fafutuka na luwadi, “cutar cutar kanjamau...&nbsp;ya kawo tambayoyi game da gado da fa'idodin mutuwa ga mutane da yawa <ref name="gutis" /> <ref name="gutis" /> watan Mayu 1989, Denmark ta kafa haɗin gwiwar rajista wanda ya ba wa ma'auratan jinsi da yawa hakkokin da ke da alaƙa da aure. na 'yanci na jima'i da haɗin kai na zamantakewa yana ɗaukar siffar, tare da Andrew Sullivan ya buga wani maƙala "A nan Ya zo ango" a cikin ''Sabuwar Jamhuriyya'' a <ref name="mw1">{{Cite web |last=Geidner |first=Chris |date=May 4, 2011 |title=Domestic Disturbance |url=http://www.metroweekly.com/feature/?ak=6213 |access-date=February 10, 2012 |website=Metro Weekly}}</ref> 1989 yana jayayya game da auren jima'i: "Bukatar 'yan tawaye ya yi watsi da sha'awar shiga <ref name="gutis" /> [[Gary Bauer]], shugaban [[Family Research Council|kwamitin bincike na iyali]] [[Social conservatism in the United States|mai ra'ayin mazan jiya]], ya annabta a cikin 1989 cewa batun zai zama "babban fagen fama a cikin 1990s". A cikin 1991, Babban Mai Shari'a na Jojiya [[Mike Bowers|Michael J. Bowers]] (wanda a baya ya kasance wanda ake tuhuma a [[Bowers v. Hardwick|gaban Kotun Koli na kasa da kasa ga wata doka da ta haramta liwadi]] ) ya janye aikin aiki ga 'yar madigo wanda ya shirya auren wata mace a bikin auren Yahudawa. A cikin 1993, wani kwamiti na [[Evangelical Lutheran Church in America|Cocin Evangelical Lutheran a Amurka]] ya fitar da wani rahoto yana roƙon Lutherans su yi la'akari da albarkar auren jinsi tare da bayyana cewa kauracewa rayuwa na rayuwa yana cutarwa ga ma'auratan. Taron na Bishops ya amsa, "Babu wani tushe a cikin Nassi ko al'ada don kafa wani biki na hukuma ta wannan coci don albarkar dangantakar ɗan kishili." A cikin sharhi na tsattsauran ra'ayi a cikin motsi na 'yanci na 'yan luwadi, [[Bruce Bawer]] 's ''A Place at Tebur'' (1993) ya ba da shawarar halatta auren jima'i. === ''Baehr v. Mike'' === A cikin ƙarar 1993 ''[[Baehr v. Miike]]'' [[Supreme Court of Hawaii|Kotun Koli ta Hawaii]] ta yanke hukuncin cewa hana ma'auratan samun lasisin aure shine nuna bambanci tsakanin jima'i. Don haka, kotu ta gano cewa Kundin Tsarin Mulki na Jihar Hawaii ya buƙaci jihar ta nuna cewa ma'anar auren jinsin jinsinta ya cika ƙa'idar doka da aka sani da tsananin bincike. Wannan hukuncin ya haifar da damuwa tsakanin masu adawa da auren jinsi guda, waɗanda ke tsoron cewa auren jinsi na iya zama doka a Hawaii kuma wasu jihohi za su gane ko a tilasta musu su gane waɗannan auren a ƙarƙashin [[Full Faith and Credit Clause|cikakken Faith and Credit Clause]] na Kundin [[United States Constitution|Tsarin Mulki na Amurka]] . Wannan saboda "aure" da "ma'aurata" sun kasance mafi yawan sharuddan da ba a bayyana ba a cikin dokokin tarayya, tare da kotunan tarayya suna dogara ga dokar jiha don ayyana abin da "aure" ya ƙunshi. A nakalto rahoton [[House Judiciary Committee|Kwamitin Shari'a na Majalisar]] 1996 game da lissafin HR 3396 (wanda zai zama DOMA): "Har zuwa halin da ake ciki a Hawaii, babu wani dalili na bayyana abin da ya kasance a bayyane - wato, cewa ma'aurata maza da mata ne kawai za su iya yin aure". <ref name="HJC1996Report2">{{Cite web |last=United States House of Representatives Committee on the Judiciary |date=July 9, 1996 |title=Report 104-664: Defense of Marriage Act |url=http://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg/CRPT-104hrpt664/pdf/CRPT-104hrpt664.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090601050914/http://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg/CRPT-104hrpt664/pdf/CRPT-104hrpt664.pdf |archive-date=2009-06-01 |access-date=August 15, 2013 |pages=4–11}}</ref> A cikin 1995, yayin da ''Baehr v. Miike'' ya ci gaba ta hanyar kotunan Hawai, jihohi da dama sun ba da shawara kuma suka kafa dokoki waɗanda a zahiri sun ki amincewa da auren jinsi da aka yi a wani wuri a Amurka kuma suka ayyana aure a matsayin kasancewa tsakanin mace da namiji. Jihohi za su ci gaba da aiwatar da waɗannan dokoki ko da bayan DOMA ta wuce. Rahoton Kwamitin Shari'a na 1996 ya yi kira ga DOMA a matsayin amsa ga ''Baehr'', saboda "sake ma'anar aure a Hawaii don haɗawa da ma'aurata na luwadi zai iya sa irin waɗannan ma'aurata su cancanci samun cikakken haƙƙin tarayya da fa'idodi". <ref name="HJC1996Report3">{{Cite web |last=United States House of Representatives Committee on the Judiciary |date=July 9, 1996 |title=Report 104-664: Defense of Marriage Act |url=http://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg/CRPT-104hrpt664/pdf/CRPT-104hrpt664.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090601050914/http://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg/CRPT-104hrpt664/pdf/CRPT-104hrpt664.pdf |archive-date=2009-06-01 |access-date=August 15, 2013 |pages=4–11}}</ref> Bugu da ƙari, rahoton ya yi iƙirarin cewa DOMA za ta ci gaba da buƙatun gwamnati guda huɗu: "(1) karewa da kuma kula da cibiyar al'adun gargajiya, auren jinsi; (2) kare ra'ayoyin gargajiya na ɗabi'a; (3) kare ikon mallakar jihohi da mulkin dimokuradiyya; da (4) kiyaye albarkatun gwamnati". <ref name="HJC1996Report3" /> == Rubutu == Manyan abubuwan da wannan doka ta tanada sune kamar haka: <ref>{{Cite web |date=September 21, 1996 |title=Defense of Marriage Act |url=http://frwebgate.access.gpo.gov/cgi-bin/getdoc.cgi?dbname=104_cong_public_laws&docid=f:publ199.104 |access-date=January 18, 2009 |publisher=United States Government Printing Office}}</ref> ; Sashi na 1. Short take : Ana iya kiran wannan dokar a matsayin "Dokar Kare Aure". ; Sashi na 2. Ikon da aka keɓe ga jihohi : Babu wata ƙasa, yanki, ko mallakar Amurka, ko ƙabilar Indiya, da za a buƙaci aiwatar da duk wani aiki na jama'a, rikodin, ko shari'a na kowace Jiha, yanki, mallaka, ko kabila dangane da dangantaka tsakanin mutane masu jinsi ɗaya waɗanda ake ɗaukar matsayin aure a ƙarƙashin dokokin irin wannan Jiha, yanki, mallaka, ko ƙabila, ko haƙƙi ko da'awar da ta taso daga irin wannan dangantakar. ; Sashi na 3. Ma'anar aure : A wajen kayyade ma’anar kowace dokar Majalisa, ko duk wani hukunci, tsari, ko fassarar hukumomin gudanarwa da hukumomin Amurka daban-daban, kalmar ‘aure’ na nufin haduwar shari’a tsakanin namiji daya da mace daya a matsayin miji da mata, kuma kalmar ‘ma’aurata’ tana nufin mutum kishiyar namiji ne kawai miji ko mata. == Doka da rawar Shugaba Clinton == Wakilin Jojiya [[Bob Barr]], sannan dan Republican, ya rubuta Dokar Tsaron Aure kuma ya gabatar da shi a [[United States House of Representatives|Majalisar Wakilai]] a ranar 7 ga Mayu, 1996. Sanata [[Don Nickles]], (R-OK), ya gabatar da kudirin a [[United States Senate|Majalisar Dattijai]] . [[United States House Committee on the Judiciary|Kwamitin Shari'a na Majalisar]] ya bayyana cewa Majalisa ta yi nufin dokar don "tunani da girmama hukuncin ɗabi'a na gama gari da kuma nuna rashin amincewa da liwadi". <ref name="judiciary2">{{Cite web |last=Goodwin |first=Liz |date=March 27, 2013 |title=Lawmakers' 'moral disapproval' of gay people in 1996 could doom DOMA law in Supreme Court |url=https://news.yahoo.com/blogs/ticket/lawmakers-moral-disapproval-gay-people-1996-could-doom-224933451--politics.html |access-date=April 23, 2013 |publisher=Yahoo! News}}</ref> Masu tallafawa Majalisar Dokokin sun bayyana cewa, "[T] kudirin ya gyara dokar Amurka don bayyana abin da aka fahimta a karkashin dokar tarayya sama da shekaru 200; cewa aure shine haɗin kai na shari'a na miji da mata a matsayin miji da mata, kuma ma'aurata miji ne ko matar kishiyar jinsi." [[Fayil:Pat_Schroeder_vs_DOMA.jpg|thumb|[[Pat Schroeder]] yana jayayya da DOMA a majalisar wakilai]] Nickles ya ce, "Idan wasu jihohi suna son sanin auren jinsi, za su iya yin hakan". Ya ce kudirin dokar zai tabbatar da cewa “sauran jihohi 49 ba dole ba ne kuma ba dole ba ne Gwamnatin Tarayya ta yi”. A cikin adawa da lissafin, dan majalisar Colorado [[Pat Schroeder|Patricia Schroeder]] ya ce, "Ba za ku iya gyara Tsarin Mulki tare da ka'ida ba. Kowa ya san haka. Wannan kawai yana motsa ruwa na siyasa da ganin abin da ƙiyayya za ku iya saki." <ref name="nytdunlap3" /> Barr ya yi la'akari da cewa [[Full Faith and Credit Clause|cikakken Faith da Credit Clause]] na Kundin Tsarin Mulki ya ba Majalisa ikon ƙayyade "tasirin" wajibcin kowace jiha don ba da "cikakken bangaskiya da daraja" ga ayyukan wasu jihohi. <ref name="nytdunlap3" /> Dandalin Jam'iyyar Republican na 1996 ya amince da DOMA, yana yin la'akari da Sashe na 2 kawai na dokar: "Mun ƙi yarda da murdiya na [anti-wariya] dokokin don rufe sha'awar jima'i, kuma mun amince da Dokar Tsaron Aure don hana jihohi daga tilastawa su gane ƙungiyoyin jinsi." <ref>{{Cite web |date=August 12, 1996 |title=Republican Party Platform of 1996 |url=http://www.presidency.ucsb.edu/ws/index.php?pid=25848 |access-date=July 15, 2010 |publisher=American Presidency Project}}</ref> Dandalin Jam'iyyar Dimokuradiyya a waccan shekarar ba ta ambaci DOMA ko auren jinsi daya ba. <ref>{{Cite web |date=August 26, 1996 |title=Democratic Party Platform of 1996 |url=http://www.presidency.ucsb.edu/ws/index.php?pid=29611 |access-date=December 4, 2017 |publisher=American Presidency Project}}</ref> A cikin wata hira da aka yi a watan Yuni 1996 a cikin mujallar 'yan luwadi da madigo ''[[The Advocate (LGBT magazine)|The Advocate]]'', Clinton ta ce, "Na ci gaba da adawa da auren jinsi. Na yi imani aure wata cibiya ce ta haɗin gwiwar mace da namiji. Wannan shi ne matsayi na da dadewa, kuma ba a sake dubawa ko sake duba shi ba." Duk da haka, ya kuma soki DOMA da cewa ba dole ba ne kuma mai rarraba. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Issenberg |first=Sasha |date=September 18, 2021 |title=Bill Clinton Tried to Avoid the DOMA Trap Republicans Set. Instead, He Trapped Himself. |url=https://www.politico.com/news/magazine/2021/09/18/doma-anniversary-bill-clinton-book-excerpt-512686 |website=POLITICO}}</ref> Kudirin ya zarce ta Majalisa kan tsarin doka cikin sauri kuma ya gamu da babban amincewa a majalisun biyu na [[Jam'iyyar Republican (Amurka)|Republican]] -Congress Congress. A ranar 12 ga Yuli, 1996, tare da 'yan Democrat 65 kawai sannan Rep. [[Bernie Sanders]] (I-VT) da Rep. [[Steve Gunderson]] (R-WI), a cikin 'yan adawa, 'yan majalisar wakilai 342 na Amurka - 224 Republican da Democrat 118 - sun kada kuri'ar amincewa da DOMA. <ref>{{Cite web |date=July 12, 1996 |title=Final vote results for roll call 316 |url=http://clerk.house.gov/evs/1996/roll316.xml |access-date=January 18, 2009 |publisher=United States House of Representatives}}</ref> A ranar 10 ga Satumba, 1996, Sanatoci 84, yawancin Sanatocin Demokraɗiyya, ciki har da [[Joe Biden]], <ref>{{Cite web |last=Liptak |first=Kevin |last2=Lee |first2=MJ |last3=Klein |first3=Betsy |date=2022-12-13 |title=Biden signs into law same-sex marriage bill, 10 years after his famous Sunday show answer on the issue |url=https://www.cnn.com/2022/12/13/politics/white-house-same-sex-marriage-signing-ceremony/index.html |access-date=2022-12-13 |website=CNN Politics |language=en}}</ref> da duk 'yan Republican-sun zaɓi goyon bayan DOMA. <ref>{{Cite web |date=September 10, 1996 |title=On Passage of the Bill (H.R. 3396) |url=https://www.senate.gov/legislative/LIS/roll_call_lists/roll_call_vote_cfm.cfm?congress=104&session=2&vote=00280 |access-date=January 18, 2009 |publisher=United States Senate}}</ref> Sanatocin Demokuradiyya sun zabi kudirin 32 zuwa 14 (tare da Pryor na Arkansas ba ya nan), kuma Wakilan Democrat sun zabe shi 118 zuwa 65, tare da 15 ba su shiga ba. Dukkan ‘yan jam’iyyar Republican a majalisun biyu ne suka kada kuri’ar amincewa da kudirin, in ban da dan majalisar wakilai na Republican [[Steve Gunderson]] a fili yake. <ref name="Double Defeat2" /> <ref name="mw22">{{Cite web |last=Geidner |first=Chris |date=July 14, 2011 |title=Marriage Wars |url=http://www.metroweekly.com/news/?ak=6427 |access-date=February 10, 2012 |website=Metro Weekly}}</ref> Bayan Majalisa ta wuce DOMA tare da rinjaye na veto-proof a cikin gidaje biyu, Clinton ta sanya hannu kan dokar a ranar 21 ga Satumba, 1996 <ref>{{Cite web |last=Call |first=James |title='A horrible law': Florida lawmakers seek repeal of defunct ban on same-sex marriage |url=https://www.tallahassee.com/story/news/politics/2021/02/12/florida-same-sex-marriage-ban-defunct-law-constitution-gay-lesbian-queer-supreme-court-judge/6736383002/ |website=Tallahassee Democrat}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |last=Geidner |first=Chris |date=October 30, 2015 |title=There's No Evidence In Clinton White House Documents For Clintons' Story On Anti-Gay Law |url=https://www.buzzfeednews.com/article/chrisgeidner/how-the-clinton-white-house-handled-doma-in-1996-in-their-ow |website=BuzzFeed News}}</ref> da daddare a bayan ƙofofi. Clinton, wanda ke tafiya lokacin da Majalisa ta yi aiki, ta sanya hannu kan dokar nan da nan bayan ta dawo Washington, DC; <ref name="mw42">{{Cite web |last=Geidner |first=Chris |date=September 29, 2011 |title=Becoming Law |url=https://www.metroweekly.com/2011/09/becoming-law/ |access-date=February 10, 2012 |website=Metro Weekly}}</ref> Ba a gudanar da bikin sanya hannu ga DOMA ba kuma ba a dauki hotunan Clinton ta sanya hannu ba. Fadar White House ta fitar da wata sanarwa inda Clinton ta ce "bai kamata a kafa wannan doka ba, duk da zafafan kalamai masu tsauri da kuma wasu lokuta masu raba kan juna da ke kewaye da ita, a fahimci cewa suna ba da uzuri na nuna wariya, tashin hankali ko kuma tsoratarwa ga kowane mutum a kan yanayin jima'i". <ref name="mw42" /> == Tasirin siyasa == Ƙungiyar Jam'iyyar Republican ta 2000 ta amince da DOMA a cikin sharuddan gabaɗaya kuma ya nuna damuwa game da [[Judicial activism|gwagwarmayar shari'a]] : "Muna goyon bayan ma'anar gargajiya na 'aure' a matsayin ƙungiyar shari'a ta mutum ɗaya da mace ɗaya, kuma mun yi imanin cewa alƙalai da ma'aikata na tarayya kada su tilasta jihohi su gane sauran tsarin rayuwa a matsayin aure." <ref>{{Cite web |date=July 31, 2000 |title=Democratic Party Platform of 2000 |url=http://www.presidency.ucsb.edu/ws/index.php?pid=25849 |access-date=July 15, 2010 |publisher=American Presidency Project |archive-date=October 11, 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121011004503/http://www.presidency.ucsb.edu/ws/index.php?pid=25849 |url-status=dead }}</ref> Dandalin Jam'iyyar Dimokuradiyya a waccan shekarar ba ta ambaci DOMA ko aure ba a cikin wannan mahallin. <ref>{{Cite web |date=August 14, 2000 |title=Democratic Party Platform of 1996 |url=http://www.presidency.ucsb.edu/ws/index.php?pid=29612 |access-date=July 15, 2010 |publisher=American Presidency Project |archive-date=July 28, 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100728230302/http://www.presidency.ucsb.edu/ws/index.php?pid=29612 |url-status=dead }}</ref> === Gwamnatin daji === A shekara ta 2004, Shugaba [[George W. Bush]] ya amince da wani [[Federal Marriage Amendment|gyare-gyaren tsarin mulki da aka tsara don taƙaita aure ga ma'auratan da ba su da jima'i]] saboda ya gano DOMA yana da rauni: "Bayan fiye da ƙarni biyu na ilimin fikihu na Amurka da ƙwarewar ɗan adam, ƴan alkalai da ƙananan hukumomi suna zaton su canza mafi mahimmancin cibiyoyin wayewa. Ayyukansu sun haifar da rudani." A cikin Janairu 2005, duk da haka, ya ce ba zai yi amfani da shi a madadinsa ba, tun da yawancin Sanatocin Amurka suna tunanin DOMA ba za ta tsira daga ƙalubalen tsarin mulki ba. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Hoffecker |first=Leslie |date=January 17, 2005 |title=Bush Won't Lobby For Amendment |url=https://www.orlandosentinel.com/2005/01/17/bush-wont-lobby-for-amendment/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130115084750/http://articles.orlandosentinel.com/2005-01-17/news/0501170143_1_same-sex-marriage-marriage-act-defense-of-marriage |archive-date=January 15, 2013 |access-date=February 8, 2012 |website=Orlando Sentinel}}</ref> ==== Laifukan shige da fice ==== Sashe na 3 na DOMA ya hana ma'auratan jinsi ɗaya daga zama a Amurka bisa doka, wanda ya hana ɗaya daga cikin ma'aurata daukar nauyin ɗayan don [[Permanent residence (United States)|katin bashi]] . Bayan wasu rashin tabbas bayan da Gwamnatin Obama ta ƙaddara Sashe na 3 ya zama wanda bai dace ba, [[United States Citizenship and Immigration Services|Hukumar Kula da Shige da Fice ta Amurka]] (USCIS) ta sake tabbatar da manufofinta na ƙin irin waɗannan aikace-aikacen. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Geidner |first=Chris |date=March 30, 2011 |title=Immigration Official: 'The Hold Is Over' |url=http://metroweekly.com/poliglot/2011/03/immigration-official-the-hold.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110401043538/http://metroweekly.com/poliglot/2011/03/immigration-official-the-hold.html |archive-date=April 1, 2011 |access-date=March 30, 2011 |website=Metro Weekly}}</ref> Game da samun takardar bizar baƙo, dokokin Ofishin suna kula da ma'auratan jinsi ɗaya na ƙasa ɗaya da abokan auren da ba su yi aure ba a ƙarƙashin rarrabuwa "abokan haɗin gwiwa". <ref>{{Cite web |title=B2 Classification for Cohabiting Partners |url=https://travel.state.gov/visa/laws/telegrams/telegrams_1414.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110326164945/http://travel.state.gov/visa/laws/telegrams/telegrams_1414.html |archive-date=March 26, 2011 |access-date=March 28, 2011 |publisher=Travel.state.gov}}</ref> [[Tim Coco]] da Genesio J. Oliveira, ma'auratan da suka yi aure a Massachusetts a shekara ta 2005, sun yi nasarar kalubalantar wannan manufar kuma sun samar da abin koyi tun lokacin da wasu masu fafutuka na shige da fice suka bi. Amurka ta ƙi amincewa da aurensu, kuma a cikin 2007 Oliveira, ɗan ƙasar Brazil, ya karɓi "tashi na son rai" kuma ya koma Brazil. Sun gudanar da yakin neman zabe na kasa <ref>{{Cite web |date=April 29, 2008 |title=Mass. ad exec fights two battles with ads |url=http://www.adweek.com/adfreak/mass-ad-exec-fights-two-battles-ads-15930 |access-date=August 7, 2011 |website=AdWeek}}</ref> Editan ''[[Boston Globe]]'' yayi sharhi, "An yi babban ci gaba ga daidaito ga 'yan luwadi a cikin wannan kasa, amma mummunan makoma na Tim Coco da Genesio Oliveira ya nuna cewa dubban ma'auratan jima'i, har ma a Massachusetts, har yanzu ba cikakkun 'yan kasa ba ne." Editan ya sami kulawar Sanata [[John F. Kerry]], wanda ya fara zawarcin [[United States Attorney General|Attorney Janar]] [[Eric Holder]] ba tare da nasara ba. ya sami goyon bayan [[United States Secretary of Homeland Security|Sakatariyar Tsaron Cikin Gida]] [[Janet Napolitano]], wacce ta ba wa Oliveira [[Parole (United States immigration)|afuwar jin kai]], wanda ya ba ma'aurata damar sake haduwa a Amurka a watan Yuni 2010. A ranar 28 ga Satumba, 2011, a cikin ''Lui v. Holder'', Alkalin Kotun Gundumar Amurka Stephen V. Wilson ya ki amincewa da kalubale ga DOMA, inda ya ambaci ''Adams v. Howerton'' (1982). Masu gabatar da kara a cikin wannan harka ba su yi nasara ba sun kalubalanci kin amincewa da matsayin dangi na kai tsaye ga ma'auratan jima'i na ɗan ƙasar Amirka. <ref>''[http://metroweekly.com/poliglot/LuiVHolder-Order.pdf Lui v. Holder] {{Webarchive}}'', No: 2:11-CV-01267-SVW (JCGx) (C.D. Cal. September 28, 2011). Retrieved October 4, 2011.</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |last=Harmon |first=Andrew |date=September 29, 2011 |title=Judge Throws Out Binational Couple's DOMA Lawsuit |url=http://www.advocate.com/News/Daily_News/2011/09/29/Judge_Throws_Out_Binational_Couple_s_DOMA_Suit/ |access-date=October 4, 2011 |website=The Advocate}}</ref> A farkon 2012, an ba wa ma'auratan jinsi guda biyu matsayin "matakin jinkiri", suna dakatar da shari'ar kora kan wanda ba dan Amurka ba har tsawon shekara guda. Irin wannan ma'auratan Texas sun yi watsi da shari'ar korar su a cikin Maris 2012, suna barin matar da ba ɗan ƙasa ba ta iya yin aiki bisa doka a Amurka amma ba a sake fuskantar barazanar korar ba. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Carroll |first=Susan |date=March 9, 2012 |title=Gay, married immigrant spared from deportation |url=http://www.chron.com/news/houston-texas/article/Gay-married-immigrant-spared-from-deportation-3395916.php |access-date=March 10, 2012 |website=Houston Chronicle}}</ref> == Soke == A ranar 15 ga Satumba, 2009, 'yan Democrat uku na Congress, [[Jerrold Nadler]] na New York, [[Tammy Baldwin]] na [[Wisconsin]], da [[Jared Polis]] na [[Colorado]], sun gabatar da doka don soke DOMA da ake kira [[Respect for Marriage Act|Dokar Girmama Aure]] . Kudirin yana da masu ba da tallafi na asali na 91 a cikin Majalisar Wakilai kuma Clinton, Barr, da 'yan majalisa da yawa sun goyi bayan DOMA. Dan majalisa [[Barney Frank]] da [[John Berry (administrator)|John Berry]], shugaban ofishin kula da ma'aikata, ba su goyi bayan wannan kokarin ba, yana mai cewa "kashin baya baya nan" a Majalisa. Frank da Berry sun ba da shawarar cewa za a iya soke DOMA da sauri ta hanyar kararraki irin su ''[[Gill v. Office of Personnel Management]]'' wanda [[Gay & Lesbian Advocates & Defenders]] (GLAD) suka shigar. Bayan sanarwar Holder cewa Gwamnatin Obama ba za ta sake kare DOMA Sashe na 3 a kotu ba, a ranar 16 ga Maris, 2011, Sanata [[Dianne Feinstein]] ya sake gabatar da Dokar Mutunta Aure a Majalisar Dattawa kuma Nadler ya gabatar da shi a Majalisa. Kwamitin Shari'a na Majalisar Dattijai ya kada kuri'a 10-8 don goyon bayan ƙaddamar da kudirin zuwa zauren majalisar dattijai, amma masu sa ido sun yi imanin cewa ba zai sami kuri'u 60 da ake bukata don kawo karshen muhawara da kuma kawo shi a jefa kuri'a ba. == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] 9ye392dtgs8d5wp5jivq9jyv6upn0r1 0 112135 895332 721001 2026-08-12T04:04:30Z Baffa ali 47435 /* growthexperiments-addlink-summary-summary:3|0|0 */ 895332 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} [[Fayil:2014-03-08._Митинг_в_Донецке_006.jpg|thumb|300x300px|zanga-zangar adawa da Manufofin kwaminisanci na Ukraine a [[Donetsk]], 2014. Jar tutar ta karanta, "Ƙasarmu ita ce USSR". Har ila yau, hoton shine kwafin Banner of Victory .]] [[Fayil:Ostalgie.jpg|right|thumb|Abubuwan tunawa na Soviet da GDR don sayarwa a Berlin a 2006]] [[Fayil:Ptuj_(8635191420).jpg|thumb|Alamomin Yugoslav a lokacin bikin a Ptuj, Slovenia, a cikin 2013]] '''kwaminisanci nostalgia''', wanda kuma ake kira kwaminisancinostalgia ko kwaminisancin nostalgia ne, shine nostalgia a wasu jihohin Bayan kwaminisanci kai na Tsakiyar Turai da Gabashin [[Rasha]] ga jihohin kwaminisanisanci da suka gabata.<ref>Joakim Ekman, Jonas Linde, [https://www.researchgate.net/publication/248952034_Communist_nostalgia_and_the_consolidation_of_democracy_in_Central_and_Eastern_Europe Communist nostalgia and the consolidation of democracy in Central and Eastern Europe],  ''Journal of Communist Studies and Transition Politics'' 21(3):354-374 · September 2005 {{Doi|10.1080/13523270500183512}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Prusik |first=Monika |last2=Lewicka |first2=Maria |year=2016 |title=Nostalgia for Communist Times and Autobiographical Memory: Negative Present or Positive Past? |url=https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdf/10.1111/pops.12330 |journal=Political Psychology |volume=37 |issue=5 |pages=677–693 |doi=10.1111/pops.12330 |url-access=subscription}}</ref><ref name="bartm">Bartmanski, Dominik, [http://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/download?doi=10.1.1.859.3655&rep=rep1&type=pdf Successful icons of failed time: rethinking post-communist nostalgia], ''Acta sociologica'', vol. 54. № 3. 2011, pp. 213—231, {{Doi|10.1177/0001699311412625}}.</ref> Ana iya lura da misalai na irin wannan nostalgia a Gabashin Jamus, [[Poland]], tsohuwar Tarayyar Soviet, tsohuwar Yugoslavia, [[Bulgeriya|Bulgaria]], [[Hungariya|Hungary]], [[Romainiya|Romania]], <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Ghodsee |first=Kristen |author-link=Kristen Ghodsee |last2=Mead |first2=Julia |date=2018 |title=What Has Socialism Ever Done For Women? |url=https://scholar.harvard.edu/files/kristenghodsee/files/ghodsee_mead_2018.pdf |journal=Catalyst |volume=2 |issue=2 |page=108 |access-date=January 19, 2019 |quote=A 2013 poll of 1,055 adult Romanians found that only a third reported that their lives were worse before 1989: 44 percent said their lives were better, and 16 percent said there was no change.}}</ref> [[Kazech|Jamhuriyar Czech]], [[Albaniya|Albania]], da [[Slofakiya|Slovakia]]. Kasuwanci sun kasuwanci kuma sun sayi tunanin Kwaminisanci a cikin nau'in kwaminisancin kwaminisanta da sauran kayayyaki da kayayyaki da ke tunatar da zamanin da ya gabata.<ref name="thanks" /> == Fahimtar == Dominik Bartmanski ya lura cewa bayan juyin juya halin adawa da kwaminisanci na shekarar 1989, takamaiman ra'ayoyin ci gaban sun kasance ba a bayyane ba na ɗan lokaci, an bayyana su a cikin kalmomi masu mahimmanci kamar "komawa Turai", "zuwa ɗabi'un Yammaci" da sauransu. Wannan ya haifar da tsammanin Utopia game da [[jari-hujja]] da [[Dimokaraɗiyya|Dimokuradiyya]]. Lokacin da aka fuskanci wahalar sauyawa, "Utopia na bayan juyin juya hali" ya haifar da "rashin jin daɗi na bayan juyi".<ref name="bartm">Bartmanski, Dominik, [http://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/download?doi=10.1.1.859.3655&rep=rep1&type=pdf Successful icons of failed time: rethinking post-communist nostalgia], ''Acta sociologica'', vol. 54. № 3. 2011, pp. 213—231, {{Doi|10.1177/0001699311412625}}.</ref> A cewar Kristen R. Ghodsee, mai bincike kan bayan kwaminisanci Gabashin Turai: {{Blockquote|"Only by examining how the quotidian aspects of daily life were affected by great social, political and economic changes can we make sense of the desire for this collectively imagined, more [[Egalitarianism|egalitarian]] past. Nobody wants to revive 20th century [[totalitarianism]]. But nostalgia for communism has become a common language through which ordinary men and women express disappointment with the shortcomings of [[parliamentary democracy]] and [[neoliberal capitalism]] today."<ref>{{cite web|url=http://wamc.org/post/dr-kristen-ghodsee-bowdoin-college-nostalgia-communism|title=Dr. Kristen Ghodsee, Bowdoin College - Nostalgia for Communism|date=November 2011|access-date=2019-06-23|archive-date=2020-11-11|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201111205821/https://www.wamc.org/post/dr-kristen-ghodsee-bowdoin-college-nostalgia-communism|url-status=dead}} "Academic Minute", [[WAMC]]</ref>}} == Zabe == === Tarayyar Soviet === {{Reflist}} ==== Armenia ==== Binciken Gallup na 2013 ya nuna cewa kashi 66% na Armeniyawa sun yi tunanin rushewar USSR yana da lahani, mafi girma daga duk wata ƙasa da aka bincika, idan aka kwatanta da kashi 12% da suka yi tunanin yana da fa'ida.<ref name=":2">{{Cite web |date=2013-12-19 |title=Former Soviet Countries See More Harm From Breakup |url=https://news.gallup.com/poll/166538/former-soviet-countries-harm-breakup.aspx |access-date=2024-02-04 |website=Gallup.com |language=en}}</ref> Binciken da aka yi a shekarar 2016 ya nuna cewa kashi 71% na Armeniyawa sun yi imanin cewa rayuwa ta fi kyau a karkashin USSR.<ref name=":5">{{Cite web |last=Stewart |first=Will |date=2016-08-17 |title=Majority of Russians say life was better in the Soviet Union than now |url=https://www.express.co.uk/news/world/701026/russians-life-better-soviet-union-ussr-sixty-four-percent |access-date=2024-06-03 |website=Express.co.uk |language=en}}</ref> Damuwa game da rushewa daga baya ya karu zuwa 79% bisa ga binciken Pew na 2017, idan aka kwatanta da kawai 15% da ke cewa rushewa abu ne mai kyau.<ref name=":6">{{Cite web |last=Mitchell |first=Travis |date=2017-05-08 |title=Dissolution of USSR seen as a good thing in Baltic countries, bad thing in most other former Soviet republics surveyed |url=https://www.pewresearch.org/religion/2017/05/10/religious-belief-and-national-belonging-in-central-and-eastern-europe/pf-05-10-2017_ce-europe-00-05-png/ |access-date=2024-06-03 |website=Pew Research Center |language=en-US}}</ref> ==== Azerbaijan ==== Binciken Gallup na 2013 ya nuna cewa kashi 31% na Azerbaijanis sun yi tunanin rushewar USSR yana da lahani, idan aka kwatanta da kashi 44% waɗanda suka yi tunanin yana da fa'ida.<ref name=":2">{{Cite web |date=2013-12-19 |title=Former Soviet Countries See More Harm From Breakup |url=https://news.gallup.com/poll/166538/former-soviet-countries-harm-breakup.aspx |access-date=2024-02-04 |website=Gallup.com |language=en}}</ref> A cikin binciken 2016, kashi 69% na 'yan Azerbaijan sun yi imanin cewa rayuwa ta fi kyau a karkashin USSR.<ref name=":5">{{Cite web |last=Stewart |first=Will |date=2016-08-17 |title=Majority of Russians say life was better in the Soviet Union than now |url=https://www.express.co.uk/news/world/701026/russians-life-better-soviet-union-ussr-sixty-four-percent |access-date=2024-06-03 |website=Express.co.uk |language=en}}</ref> ==== Belarus ==== A cikin binciken da aka yi a shekarar 1998, 'yan Belarus sun kasance na biyu mafi kyau, bayan Ukraine kawai, ga tsarin tattalin arzikin kwaminisanci a kashi 78%. Koyaya a shekara ta 2006, kashi 39% ne kawai na mutanen Belarus suka yarda cewa "Babban masifa ne cewa USSR ba ta wanzu ba", idan aka kwatanta da kashi 49% waɗanda suka yarda. Bugu da kari, idan aka kwatanta da Rashawa da Ukrainians, Belarusians sun fi dacewa da tsarin yanzu a 35% sun fi son shi a matsayin tsarin siyasa mafi dacewa. Haɗe tare da waɗanda suka goyi bayan dimokuradiyya ta Yamma (22%) suna samun jimlar 57%, idan aka kwatanta da 28% waɗanda ke goyan bayan tsarin Soviet (20% suna goyan bayan mulkin demokraɗiyya na Soviet, 8% suna goyan baya ga tsarin Soviet na pre-perestroika). Bugu da ƙari, kashi 43% na mutanen Belarus sun goyi bayan tattalin arzikin kasuwa idan aka kwatanta da kashi 27% da suka goyi bayan tsarin tattalin arzikin Soviet, kuma kashi 49% sun ce Belarus ya kamata ta bi hanyar ci gaba ta musamman (wanda kashi 40% suka biyo baya suna cewa ya kamata ta bin hanyar Turai, kuma kashi 5% suna cewa ya zama ya bi hanyar da USSR ke ɗauka). Yawancin mutanen Belarus (55%) sun goyi bayan hadin kai a cikin Commonwealth of Independent States maimakon cikakken hadin kai (16%). Koyaya a shekara ta 2013, binciken Gallup ya nuna cewa kashi 38% na mutanen Belarus sun yi tunanin rushewar USSR yana da lahani, idan aka kwatanta da kashi 26% kawai waɗanda suka yi tunanin yana da fa'ida.<ref name=":2">{{Cite web |date=2013-12-19 |title=Former Soviet Countries See More Harm From Breakup |url=https://news.gallup.com/poll/166538/former-soviet-countries-harm-breakup.aspx |access-date=2024-02-04 |website=Gallup.com |language=en}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://news.gallup.com/poll/166538/former-soviet-countries-harm-breakup.aspx "Former Soviet Countries See More Harm From Breakup"]. ''Gallup.com''. 19 December 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">4 February</span> 2024</span>.</cite></ref> A cikin binciken 2016, ya karu zuwa 53% na Belarusians suna cewa rayuwa ta fi kyau a ƙarƙashin USSR.<ref name=":5">{{Cite web |last=Stewart |first=Will |date=2016-08-17 |title=Majority of Russians say life was better in the Soviet Union than now |url=https://www.express.co.uk/news/world/701026/russians-life-better-soviet-union-ussr-sixty-four-percent |access-date=2024-06-03 |website=Express.co.uk |language=en}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFStewart2016">Stewart, Will (17 August 2016). [https://www.express.co.uk/news/world/701026/russians-life-better-soviet-union-ussr-sixty-four-percent "Majority of Russians say life was better in the Soviet Union than now"]. ''Express.co.uk''<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">3 June</span> 2024</span>.</cite></ref> Rashin jin daɗi game da rushewa daga baya ya sake ƙaruwa dan kadan zuwa 54%, idan aka kwatanta da 34% da ke cewa rushewa abu ne mai kyau bisa ga binciken Pew na 2017.<ref name=":6">{{Cite web |last=Mitchell |first=Travis |date=2017-05-08 |title=Dissolution of USSR seen as a good thing in Baltic countries, bad thing in most other former Soviet republics surveyed |url=https://www.pewresearch.org/religion/2017/05/10/religious-belief-and-national-belonging-in-central-and-eastern-europe/pf-05-10-2017_ce-europe-00-05-png/ |access-date=2024-06-03 |website=Pew Research Center |language=en-US}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFMitchell2017">Mitchell, Travis (8 May 2017). [https://www.pewresearch.org/religion/2017/05/10/religious-belief-and-national-belonging-in-central-and-eastern-europe/pf-05-10-2017_ce-europe-00-05-png/ "Dissolution of USSR seen as a good thing in Baltic countries, bad thing in most other former Soviet republics surveyed"]. ''Pew Research Center''<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">3 June</span> 2024</span>.</cite></ref> ==== Estonia ==== A cikin binciken da aka yi a shekarar 2017, kashi 75% na 'yan Estonia sun ce rushewar USSR abu ne mai kyau, idan aka kwatanta da kashi 15% kawai da suka ce abu ne mara kyau.<ref name=":6">{{Cite web |last=Mitchell |first=Travis |date=2017-05-08 |title=Dissolution of USSR seen as a good thing in Baltic countries, bad thing in most other former Soviet republics surveyed |url=https://www.pewresearch.org/religion/2017/05/10/religious-belief-and-national-belonging-in-central-and-eastern-europe/pf-05-10-2017_ce-europe-00-05-png/ |access-date=2024-06-03 |website=Pew Research Center |language=en-US}}</ref> ==== Georgia ==== Binciken Gallup na 2013 ya nuna cewa kashi 33% na Georgians sun yi tunanin rushewar USSR yana da lahani, idan aka kwatanta da kashi 37% waɗanda suka yi tunanin yana da fa'ida.<ref name=":2">{{Cite web |date=2013-12-19 |title=Former Soviet Countries See More Harm From Breakup |url=https://news.gallup.com/poll/166538/former-soviet-countries-harm-breakup.aspx |access-date=2024-02-04 |website=Gallup.com |language=en}}</ref> Daga baya, binciken da aka yi a shekarar 2017 ya nuna cewa kashi 47% na Georgians sun yi tunanin rushewar abu ne mai kyau, idan aka kwatanta da kashi 38% da suka yi tunanin abu ne mara kyau.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Caucasus Barometer 2021 Georgia |url=https://caucasusbarometer.org/en/cb2021ge/USSRDISS/ |access-date=2024-02-04 |website=caucasusbarometer.org |language=en}}</ref> Wani binciken Pew, kuma a cikin 2017, ya nuna cewa kashi 43% na Georgians sun yi tunanin rushewar abu ne mai kyau, idan aka kwatanta da kashi 42% waɗanda suka yi tunanin abu ne mara kyau.<ref name=":6">{{Cite web |last=Mitchell |first=Travis |date=2017-05-08 |title=Dissolution of USSR seen as a good thing in Baltic countries, bad thing in most other former Soviet republics surveyed |url=https://www.pewresearch.org/religion/2017/05/10/religious-belief-and-national-belonging-in-central-and-eastern-europe/pf-05-10-2017_ce-europe-00-05-png/ |access-date=2024-06-03 |website=Pew Research Center |language=en-US}}</ref> ==== Latvia ==== A cikin binciken Pew na 2017, kashi 30% na Latvians sun ce rushewar USSR abu ne mara kyau, yayin da kashi 53% suka ce abu ne mai kyau.<ref name=":6">{{Cite web |last=Mitchell |first=Travis |date=2017-05-08 |title=Dissolution of USSR seen as a good thing in Baltic countries, bad thing in most other former Soviet republics surveyed |url=https://www.pewresearch.org/religion/2017/05/10/religious-belief-and-national-belonging-in-central-and-eastern-europe/pf-05-10-2017_ce-europe-00-05-png/ |access-date=2024-06-03 |website=Pew Research Center |language=en-US}}</ref> ==== Lithuania ==== A cikin 2017, binciken Pew ya nuna cewa kashi 62% na Lithuanians sun yi imanin rushewar USSR abu ne mai kyau, idan aka kwatanta da kashi 23% waɗanda suka ce abu ne mara kyau.<ref name=":6">{{Cite web |last=Mitchell |first=Travis |date=2017-05-08 |title=Dissolution of USSR seen as a good thing in Baltic countries, bad thing in most other former Soviet republics surveyed |url=https://www.pewresearch.org/religion/2017/05/10/religious-belief-and-national-belonging-in-central-and-eastern-europe/pf-05-10-2017_ce-europe-00-05-png/ |access-date=2024-06-03 |website=Pew Research Center |language=en-US}}</ref> A cikin 2019, wani binciken Pew ya nuna cewa a cikin 1991 kawai 13% na Lithuanians sun kimanta rayuwarsu a matsayin "mai kyau", yayin da a cikin 2019 wannan adadin ya kai 44% .<ref name="pew-2019-study">{{Cite web |date=15 October 2019 |title=European Public Opinion Three Decades After the Fall of Communism |url=https://www.pewresearch.org/global/2019/10/15/european-public-opinion-three-decades-after-the-fall-of-communism/ |access-date=18 July 2025 |website=Pew Research Center}}</ref> Bugu da ƙari, bisa ga binciken 2019, kashi 60% na Lithuanians sun bayyana cewa yanayin tattalin arziki a kasar "mai kyau" kuma kashi 61% sun yi imanin cewa yaransu za su fi dacewa da kudi idan aka kwatanta da iyaye. Hakazalika, kashi 69% sun amince da canjin zuwa tsarin jam'iyyun da yawa kuma kashi 70% sun amince da sauyawar tattalin arzikin kasuwa.<ref name="pew-2019-study" /> ==== Moldova ==== Binciken Gallup na 2013 ya nuna cewa kashi 42% na Moldovans sun yi tunanin rushewar USSR yana da lahani, idan aka kwatanta da kashi 26% waɗanda suka yi tunanin yana da fa'ida.<ref name=":2">{{Cite web |date=2013-12-19 |title=Former Soviet Countries See More Harm From Breakup |url=https://news.gallup.com/poll/166538/former-soviet-countries-harm-breakup.aspx |access-date=2024-02-04 |website=Gallup.com |language=en}}</ref> Damuwa game da rushewa daga baya ya karu zuwa 70% bisa ga binciken Pew na 2017, tare da kashi 18% kawai suna cewa rushewar abu ne mai kyau.<ref name=":6">{{Cite web |last=Mitchell |first=Travis |date=2017-05-08 |title=Dissolution of USSR seen as a good thing in Baltic countries, bad thing in most other former Soviet republics surveyed |url=https://www.pewresearch.org/religion/2017/05/10/religious-belief-and-national-belonging-in-central-and-eastern-europe/pf-05-10-2017_ce-europe-00-05-png/ |access-date=2024-06-03 |website=Pew Research Center |language=en-US}}</ref> ==== Kazakhstan ==== A shekara ta 2005, wani bincike ya nuna cewa kashi 49.7% na Kazakhs "sun amince da karfi ko sun yarda" cewa gwamnatin Soviet ta amsa bukatun 'yan ƙasa, idan aka kwatanta da kashi 9.1% kawai da ke cewa gwamnatin Kazakh ta yanzu ta amsa bukatun' yan ƙasa.<ref name=":8">{{Cite web |last=McMann |first=Kelly M. |date=16 February 2005 |title=CENTRAL ASIANS AND THE STATE: Nostalgia for the Soviet Era |url=https://www.ucis.pitt.edu/nceeer/2005_818_09_McMann.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221227064639/https://www.ucis.pitt.edu/nceeer/2005_818_09_McMann.pdf |archive-date=27 December 2022 |access-date=}}</ref> Koyaya, binciken Gallup na 2013 ya nuna cewa kashi 25% na Kazakhs sun yi tunanin rushewar USSR yana da lahani, idan aka kwatanta da kashi 45% waɗanda suka yi tunanin yana da fa'ida.<ref name=":2">{{Cite web |date=2013-12-19 |title=Former Soviet Countries See More Harm From Breakup |url=https://news.gallup.com/poll/166538/former-soviet-countries-harm-breakup.aspx |access-date=2024-02-04 |website=Gallup.com |language=en}}</ref> A cikin binciken 2016, kusan kashi 60% na Kazakhs sama da shekaru 35 sun yi imanin cewa rayuwa ta fi kyau a ƙarƙashin USSR.<ref name=":5">{{Cite web |last=Stewart |first=Will |date=2016-08-17 |title=Majority of Russians say life was better in the Soviet Union than now |url=https://www.express.co.uk/news/world/701026/russians-life-better-soviet-union-ussr-sixty-four-percent |access-date=2024-06-03 |website=Express.co.uk |language=en}}</ref> ==== Kyrgyzstan ==== A shekara ta 2005, wani bincike ya nuna cewa kashi 70.3% na Kyrgyz "sun yarda ko sun yarda" cewa gwamnatin Soviet ta amsa bukatun 'yan ƙasa, idan aka kwatanta da kashi 16.9% kawai da ke faɗin haka game da gwamnatin Kyrgyz ta yanzu.<ref name=":8">{{Cite web |last=McMann |first=Kelly M. |date=16 February 2005 |title=CENTRAL ASIANS AND THE STATE: Nostalgia for the Soviet Era |url=https://www.ucis.pitt.edu/nceeer/2005_818_09_McMann.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221227064639/https://www.ucis.pitt.edu/nceeer/2005_818_09_McMann.pdf |archive-date=27 December 2022 |access-date=}}</ref> Binciken Gallup na 2013 ya nuna cewa kashi 61% na Kyrgyz sun yi tunanin rushewar USSR yana da lahani, idan aka kwatanta da kashi 16% da suka yi tunanin yana da fa'ida.<ref name=":2">{{Cite web |date=2013-12-19 |title=Former Soviet Countries See More Harm From Breakup |url=https://news.gallup.com/poll/166538/former-soviet-countries-harm-breakup.aspx |access-date=2024-02-04 |website=Gallup.com |language=en}}</ref> ==== Rasha ==== A cikin binciken da aka yi a shekara ta 2005, kashi 66% na Rasha sun ce sun yarda "Wannan babban bala'i ne cewa USSR ba ta wanzu ba", yayin da kashi 30% kawai ba su yarda ba. Bugu da kari, kashi 57% sun goyi bayan wasu nau'ikan tsarin Soviet a matsayin tsarin siyasa da suka fi so (35% suna goyon bayan tsarin Soviet na dimokuradiyya, 22% suna goyon bayan usoro pre-perestroika), idan aka kwatanta da kashi 32% da suka goyi bayan tsarin da ba na Soviet ba (17% suna goyon bayan سیستەمی yanzu, 15% suna goyon bayan dimokuradiyar Yamma). Da daidaitattun kashi na Rasha (34%) sun goyi bayan tattalin arzikin kasuwa ko tsarin tattalin arzikin Soviet. Koyaya, kashi 59% sun goyi bayan Rasha ta kan hanyar ci gaba ta musamman, sabanin bin hanyar USSR (11%) ko Turai (25%). Yawancin mutanen Rasha sun goyi bayan hada CiS (39%), mafi girma fiye da wadanda ke goyon bayan hadin kai (37%) da kuma hadin kai iri daya (10%). Bayanan zabe daga Cibiyar Levada tun 1992 sun nuna yawan nadama game da rushewar Tarayyar Soviet, tare da binciken da aka yi kwanan nan a 2021 ya gano cewa kashi 63% na Rasha sun yi nadama game le rushewar, tare da kashi 28% kawai suna cewa ba su yi nadamar rushewar ba. Regret ya kasance mafi ƙasƙanci a cikin 2012, lokacin da kawai kashi 49% na Rasha suka ce sun yi nadamar rushewar. Koyaya, wannan har yanzu ya fi girma fiye da kashi da ba a yi nadama ba na 36%. Dalilan da aka fi lissafa don nadama sune ƙarshen tsarin tattalin arziki, kuma ba su da zama 'yan ƙasa na babban iko.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |date=2021-12-24 |title=Ностальгия по СССР |url=https://www.levada.ru/2021/12/24/nostalgiya-po-sssr-3/ |access-date=2024-02-04 |language=ru-RU}}</ref> Zaben Levada tun daga tsakiyar shekarun 1990 a kan tsarin siyasa da tattalin arziki da aka fi so na Rashawa kuma yana nuna nostalgia ga Tarayyar Soviet, tare da zaben da aka yi kwanan nan a 2021 wanda ya nuna 49% sun fi son tsarin siyasar Soviet, idan aka kwatanta da 18% sun fi son usoro siyasar yanzu, da 16% sun fi son mulkin demokraɗiyya na Yamma, da kuma 62% suna cewa sun fi son سیستەمی Tsarin tattalin arziki idan aka kwatanta le 24% sun fi son tattalin arzikin jari-hujja.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2021-09-10 |title=Какой должна быть Россия в представлении россиян? |url=https://www.levada.ru/2021/09/10/kakoj-dolzhna-byt-rossiya-v-predstavlenii-rossiyan/ |access-date=2024-02-04 |language=ru-RU}}</ref> A cikin binciken Cibiyar Levada ta 2020, kashi 75% na Rasha sun amince da cewa zamanin Soviet shine "lokaci mafi girma" a tarihin Rasha.<ref name=":9">{{Cite web |date=2020-03-24 |title=Структура и воспроизводство памяти о Советском Союзе |url=https://www.levada.ru/2020/03/24/struktura-i-vosproizvodstvo-pamyati-o-sovetskom-soyuze/ |access-date=2024-02-04 |language=ru-RU}}</ref> {| class="wikitable sortable" |+ !Ranar !% na yin nadamar rushewa !% ba sa nadamar rushewa !Tushen |- |Maris 1992 |'''66%''' |23% |<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |date=2021-12-24 |title=Ностальгия по СССР |url=https://www.levada.ru/2021/12/24/nostalgiya-po-sssr-3/ |access-date=2024-02-04 |language=ru-RU}}</ref> |- |Maris 1993 |'''63%''' |23% |<ref name=":1" /> |- |Agusta 1994 |'''66%''' |19% |<ref name=":1" /> |- |Maris 1999 |'''74%''' |16% |<ref name=":1" /> |- |Disamba 2000 |'''75%''' |19% |<ref name=":1" /> |- |Disamba 2001 |'''72%''' |21% |<ref name=":1" /> |- |Disamba 2002 |'''68%''' |25% |<ref name=":1" /> |- |Disamba 2004 |'''68%''' |26% |<ref name=":1" /> |- |Nuwamba 2005 |'''65%''' |25% |<ref name=":1" /> |- |Nuwamba 2006 |'''61%''' |30% |<ref name=":1" /> |- |Nuwamba 2007 |'''55%''' |36% |<ref name=":1" /> |- |Nuwamba 2008 |'''60%''' |30% |<ref name=":1" /> |- |Nuwamba 2009 |'''60%''' |28% |<ref name=":1" /> |- |Nuwamba 2010 |'''55%''' |30% |<ref name=":1" /> |- |Nuwamba 2011 |'''53%''' |32% |<ref name=":1" /> |- |Disamba 2012 |'''49%''' |36% |<ref name=":1" /> |- |Disamba 2013 |'''57%''' |30% |<ref name=":1" /> |- |Nuwamba 2014 |'''54%''' |28% |<ref name=":1" /> |- |Nuwamba 2015 |'''54%''' |37% |<ref name=":1" /> |- |Maris 2016 |'''56%''' |28% |<ref name=":1" /> |- |Nuwamba 2016 |'''56%''' |28% |<ref name=":1" /> |- |Nuwamba 2017 |'''58%''' |26% |<ref name=":1" /> |- |Nuwamba 2018 |'''66%''' |25% |<ref name=":1" /> |- |Nuwamba 2020 |'''65%''' |26% |<ref name=":9">{{Cite web |date=2020-03-24 |title=Структура и воспроизводство памяти о Советском Союзе |url=https://www.levada.ru/2020/03/24/struktura-i-vosproizvodstvo-pamyati-o-sovetskom-soyuze/ |access-date=2024-02-04 |language=ru-RU}}</ref> |- |Nuwamba 2021 |'''63%''' |28% |<ref name=":1" /> |} ==== Tajikistan ==== Binciken Gallup na 2013 ya nuna cewa kashi 52% na Tajiks sun yi tunanin rushewar USSR yana da lahani, idan aka kwatanta da kashi 27% da suka yi tunanin yana da fa'ida.<ref name=":2">{{Cite web |date=2013-12-19 |title=Former Soviet Countries See More Harm From Breakup |url=https://news.gallup.com/poll/166538/former-soviet-countries-harm-breakup.aspx |access-date=2024-02-04 |website=Gallup.com |language=en}}</ref> A shekara ta 2016, kashi 39% ne kawai na Tajiks suka yi imanin cewa rayuwa a karkashin USSR ta fi kyau.<ref name=":5">{{Cite web |last=Stewart |first=Will |date=2016-08-17 |title=Majority of Russians say life was better in the Soviet Union than now |url=https://www.express.co.uk/news/world/701026/russians-life-better-soviet-union-ussr-sixty-four-percent |access-date=2024-06-03 |website=Express.co.uk |language=en}}</ref> ==== Turkmenistan ==== Binciken Gallup na 2013 ya nuna cewa kashi 8% ne kawai na Turkmen suka yi tunanin rushewar USSR yana da lahani, mafi ƙasƙanci na duk wata ƙasa da aka bincika, idan aka kwatanta da kashi 62% waɗanda suka yi tunanin yana da fa'ida.<ref name=":2">{{Cite web |date=2013-12-19 |title=Former Soviet Countries See More Harm From Breakup |url=https://news.gallup.com/poll/166538/former-soviet-countries-harm-breakup.aspx |access-date=2024-02-04 |website=Gallup.com |language=en}}</ref> ==== Ukraine ==== A cikin binciken da aka yi a shekarar 1998, Ukraine ta sami amincewa mafi girma daga kowace tsohuwar jihar kwaminisanci don tsarin tattalin arzikin kwaminisancin a kashi 90%. Ukraine kuma tana da mafi girman amincewa ga tsarin gwamnatin kwaminisanci a 82%, mafi girman amincewar kwaminisancin a matsayin akidar a 59%, da kuma mafi girman goyon baya ga maido da kwaminisança a 51% . Koyaya, sannu a hankali Ukraine za ta fara samun ra'ayoyi marasa kyau game da abubuwan da suka gabata na Soviet. A cikin binciken da aka yi a shekara ta 2006, kashi 42% ne kawai na Ukrainians suka amince da cewa "Wannan babban bala'i ne cewa USSR ba ta wanzu ba" idan aka kwatanta da kashi 49% wadanda ba su yarda ba. Koyaya, lokacin da aka tambaye su tsarin siyasa da suka fi so, kashi 46% na masu amsa sun fi son wani nau'in tsarin Soviet (31% suna tallafawa tsarin dimokuradiyya, 16% suna tallafawa sigar pre-perestroika) idan aka kwatanta da kashi 42% waɗanda suka goyi bayan tsarin da ba na Soviet ba (18% suna tallafawa usoro yanzu, 24% suna tallafawa dimokuradiyar Yamma). 44% sun goyi bayan tattalin arzikin kasuwa idan aka kwatanta da 25% wadanda suka goyi bayan tsarin tattalin arzikin Soviet. Kashi 49% na Ukrainians sun kuma bayyana cewa Ukraine ya kamata ta bi hanyar ci gaba ta musamman, maimakon bin hanyar Turai (31%) ko hanyar da USSR ke bi (13%). 52% sun goyi bayan hadin kai tare da CiS maimakon cikakken hadin kai (17%). A cikin binciken Pew na 2009, kashi 62% na Ukrainians sun ce rayuwa ta fi muni a tattalin arziki a zamanin yau idan aka kwatanta da zamanin Soviet.<ref name=":7">{{Cite web |date=2009-11-02 |title=End of Communism Cheered but Now with More Reservations |url=https://www.pewresearch.org/global/2009/11/02/end-of-communism-cheered-but-now-with-more-reservations/ |access-date=2024-06-03 |website=Pew Research Center |language=en-US}}</ref> Binciken Gallup na 2013 ya nuna cewa kashi 56% na Ukrainians sun yi tunanin rushewar USSR yana da lahani, yayin da kashi 23% kawai suka yi tunanin yana da fa'ida.<ref name=":2">{{Cite web |date=2013-12-19 |title=Former Soviet Countries See More Harm From Breakup |url=https://news.gallup.com/poll/166538/former-soviet-countries-harm-breakup.aspx |access-date=2024-02-04 |website=Gallup.com |language=en}}</ref> A cikin binciken da aka yi a shekarar 2016, kashi 60% na Ukrainians sama da shekaru 35 sun ce rayuwa ta fi kyau a karkashin USSR.<ref name=":5">{{Cite web |last=Stewart |first=Will |date=2016-08-17 |title=Majority of Russians say life was better in the Soviet Union than now |url=https://www.express.co.uk/news/world/701026/russians-life-better-soviet-union-ussr-sixty-four-percent |access-date=2024-06-03 |website=Express.co.uk |language=en}}</ref> Koyaya, a shekara ta 2020, wani bincike daga Cibiyar Nazarin Harkokin Jama'a ta [[Kiev|Kyiv]] ya nuna cewa kashi 34% na Ukrainians sun yi nadamar rushewar USSR, idan aka kwatanta da kashi 50% waɗanda ba su yi nadama ba. Regret ya kasance mafi girma a Gabashin Ukraine inda kashi 49% na Ukrainians suka yi nadama idan aka kwatanta da kashi 35% da ba su yi ba, yayin da ya fi ƙasa a Yammacin Ukraine inda kashi 15% kawai suka yi nadamar hakan idan aka kwatanta le kashi 69% da ba su da.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Прес-релізи та звіти - Оцінка радянського минулого: травень 2020 року |url=https://kiis.com.ua/?lang=ukr&cat=reports&id=950 |access-date=2024-02-04 |website=kiis.com.ua}}</ref> ==== Uzbekistan ==== A shekara ta 2005, wani bincike ya nuna cewa kashi 48.1% na Uzbeks sun ce gwamnatin Soviet ta amsa bukatun 'yan ƙasa, idan aka kwatanta da kashi 28.1% suna cewa haka game da gwamnatin yanzu.<ref name=":8">{{Cite web |last=McMann |first=Kelly M. |date=16 February 2005 |title=CENTRAL ASIANS AND THE STATE: Nostalgia for the Soviet Era |url=https://www.ucis.pitt.edu/nceeer/2005_818_09_McMann.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221227064639/https://www.ucis.pitt.edu/nceeer/2005_818_09_McMann.pdf |archive-date=27 December 2022 |access-date=}}</ref> Koyaya, a cikin 2016, kashi 4% ne kawai na Uzbeks suka yi imanin cewa rayuwa ta fi kyau a ƙarƙashin USSR.<ref name=":5">{{Cite web |last=Stewart |first=Will |date=2016-08-17 |title=Majority of Russians say life was better in the Soviet Union than now |url=https://www.express.co.uk/news/world/701026/russians-life-better-soviet-union-ussr-sixty-four-percent |access-date=2024-06-03 |website=Express.co.uk |language=en}}</ref> === Sauran mambobin Yarjejeniyar Warsaw === ==== Bulgaria ==== A cikin binciken Pew na 2009, kashi 62% na mutanen Bulgaria sun ce rayuwa ta fi muni a tattalin arziki a zamanin yau idan aka kwatanta da zamanin Warsaw Pact.<ref name=":7">{{Cite web |date=2009-11-02 |title=End of Communism Cheered but Now with More Reservations |url=https://www.pewresearch.org/global/2009/11/02/end-of-communism-cheered-but-now-with-more-reservations/ |access-date=2024-06-03 |website=Pew Research Center |language=en-US}}</ref> A cikin binciken 2019, kashi 45% na mutanen Bulgaria sun ce rayuwa ta fi kyau a karkashin jagoran kwaminisanci Todor Zhivkov, yayin da kashi 22% suka ce rayuwa ta muni. Kashi 74% sun yarda da sanannen sanarwa "Sun lalata wannan ƙasar".<ref>{{Cite web |date=2019-11-18 |title="Съсипаха я тая държава", смятат 3 от 4 българи |url=https://socialni.bg/trima-ot-chetirima-balgari-sasipaha-taya-darzhava |access-date=2024-02-04 |website=Socialni.bg |language=bg}}</ref> A cikin binciken 2023 daga Cibiyar Nazarin Majalisar Dokoki ta Kasa, kashi 32.6% na 'yan Bulgaria sun ce za su fi so su zauna a zamanin gurguzu daga 1946 zuwa 1989 yayin da kashi 28.1% kawai suka ce za su so su zauna bayan 1989.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Survey: 1/3 of Bulgarians want to go back to the times before 1989 |url=https://bnr.bg/en/post/101861522/survey-1-3-of-bulgarians-want-to-go-back-to-the-times-before-1989?page_1_4=8 |access-date=2025-01-20 |website=bnr.bg |language=en}}</ref> Fiye da kashi 9.5% na mutanen Bulgaria suna so su rayu a lokacin tsardom.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Nearly one-third of Bulgarians long for pre-1989 communist era: Survey |url=https://www.aa.com.tr/en/europe/nearly-one-third-of-bulgarians-long-for-pre-1989-communist-era-survey/2963785 |access-date=2025-01-20 |website=www.aa.com.tr}}</ref> ==== Czechia ==== A cikin binciken da aka yi a shekarar 1991, kashi 15% na Czechs sun ce mulkin yanzu "ya fi muni" ko "ɗan muni" idan aka kwatanta da mulkin kwaminisanci na baya, kuma kashi 71% na Czechs suka ce mulkin yanzu ya fi kyau" ko "dan kadan" idan aka haɗa da mulkin kwominisanci na dā. Daga baya a cikin binciken 2021, kashi 25% na Czechs sun ce mulkin yanzu "ya fi muni" ko "ɗan muni" idan aka kwatanta da mulkin kwaminisanci na baya, kuma kashi 59% na Czechs suka ce mulkin yanzu ya fi kyau" ko "ya fi kyau" idan aka haɗa da mulkin kwominisanci na dā.<ref name=":3">{{Cite web |last=Gyárfášová |first=Ol'ga |last2=Hartl |first2=Jan |date=August 19, 2021 |title=DEMOKRATICKÉ HODNOTY SLOBODA, ROVNOSŤ, SPRAVODLIVOSŤ V UNIKÁTNOM POHĽADE ČECHOV A SLOVÁKOV |url=https://focus-research.sk/files/n283_TS_Sloboda%20a%20demokracia.pdf#page=3}}</ref> ==== Gabashin Jamus ==== Dangane da binciken da Cibiyar Allensbach ta yi, yayin da 'yan Jamus ta Gabas da farko suna da asalin Jamusanci, a shekara ta 1993, yawancin' yan Jamus ta Gabashin sun ce suna ɗaukar kansu "tsoffin' yan Jamus na Gabas" maimakon wani ɓangare na Jamus mai haɗin kai. Kashi 11% ne kawai na Jamusawa ta Gabas suka ɗauki kansu a matsayin masu mallakar Jamusanci.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Fisher |first=Marc |date=June 26, 1993 |title=EAST AND WEST GROW APART AS THEY COME TOGETHER |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/archive/politics/1993/06/27/east-and-west-grow-apart-as-they-come-together/4e16668d-27cb-4423-90a2-4d605f35e688/ |access-date=January 20, 2025 |website=[[The Washington Post]]}}</ref> A cikin binciken da aka yi a shekara ta 2009, kashi 49% na 'yan Jamus ta Gabas sun yi imanin cewa "GDR tana da bangarori masu kyau fiye da bangarorin da ba su da kyau. Akwai wasu matsaloli, amma rayuwa tana da kyau a can", yayin da kashi 8% suka yi imanin leswaku "GDR na da bangarororin da suka fi dacewa. Rayuwa akwai mafi farin ciki da kyau fiye da a cikin sake haɗuwa da Jamus a yau", haɗuwa zuwa jimlar 57%. A cikin 2023, wani bincike ya gano cewa kashi 40% na Jamusawa da ke zaune a tsohuwar Gabashin Jamus sun bayyana kansu a matsayin Jamusawa ta Gabas maimakon Jamusawa, wanda kashi 52% suka bayyana a matsayin.<ref>{{Cite web |title=33 Jahre Wiedervereinigung |url=https://www.infratest-dimap.de/umfragen-analysen/bundesweit/umfragen/aktuell/33-jahre-wiedervereinigung/}}</ref> ==== Hungary ==== Wani binciken da aka yi a Pew a shekarar 2010 ya gano cewa kashi 72% na 'yan Hungary sun ce yawancin mutanen kasarsu sun fi muni a tattalin arziki fiye da yadda suka kasance a karkashin kwaminisanci. Kashi 8% ne kawai suka ce yawancin mutane a Hungary sun fi kyau, kuma kashi 16% sun ce abubuwa iri ɗaya ne. Binciken ya kuma gano cewa kashi 42% ba su amince da ƙaura daga kwaminisanci ba.<ref>{{Cite web |date=28 April 2010 |title=Hungary: Better off Under Communism? |url=https://www.pewresearch.org/fact-tank/2010/04/28/hungary-better-off-under-communism/ |website=Pew Research Center}}</ref> Koyaya, binciken Pew na 2019 ya gano cewa kashi 70% na 'yan Hungary sun amince da sauyawa zuwa tattalin arzikin kasuwa.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |last=Mitchell |first=Travis |date=2019-10-15 |title=European Public Opinion Three Decades After the Fall of Communism |url=https://www.pewresearch.org/global/2019/10/15/european-public-opinion-three-decades-after-the-fall-of-communism/ |access-date=2023-06-21 |website=Pew Research Center's Global Attitudes Project |language=en-US}}</ref> Bincike ya nuna cewa nostalgia ga zamanin Kwaminisanci János Kádár ya kasance a ko'ina a Hungary. Dangane da binciken da aka gudanar a shekarar 2020 ta hanyar Manufofin Manufofin a Hungary, kashi 54 cikin 100 na 'yan Hungary sun yi imanin cewa yawancin mutane suna da rayuwa mafi kyau a karkashin Kádár, idan aka kwatanta da kashi 31 cikin 100 da suka ce rayuwa ga yawancin mutane ta fi muni a karkashin K Padár.<ref>{{Cite web |date=May 2020 |title=30 YEARS ON – PUBLIC OPINION ON THE REGIME CHANGE IN HUNGARY |url=https://www.policysolutions.hu/userfiles/elemzes/309/regime_change_30_years_on_en_summary.pdf |access-date=30 January 2022}}</ref> ==== Poland ==== Binciken Pew na 2009 ya gano cewa kashi 35% na 'yan Poland sun yi imanin cewa rayuwa ta fi muni a tattalin arziki a zamanin yau, tare da kashi 47% na' yan Poland suna cewa rayuwa ta kasance mafi kyau a tattalin arziki, idan aka kwatanta da zamanin Warsaw Pact.<ref name=":7">{{Cite web |date=2009-11-02 |title=End of Communism Cheered but Now with More Reservations |url=https://www.pewresearch.org/global/2009/11/02/end-of-communism-cheered-but-now-with-more-reservations/ |access-date=2024-06-03 |website=Pew Research Center |language=en-US}}</ref> ==== Romania ==== Wani bincike na 2014 ya gano cewa kashi 44% na masu amsa sun yi imanin cewa yanayin rayuwa ya fi kyau a karkashin kwaminisanci. Wani zabe na 2010 da Cibiyar Nazarin da Dabarun Romania ta gudanar ya ba da irin wannan sakamako. Daga cikin masu amsa 1,460 , kashi 54% sun yi iƙirarin cewa sun sami mafi kyawun yanayin rayuwa a lokacin kwaminisanci, yayin da kashi 16% suka ce sun fi muni.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Besliu |first=Raluca |date=13 April 2014 |title=Communist nostalgia in Romania |url=https://www.opendemocracy.net/en/can-europe-make-it/communist-nostalgia-in-romania/ |website=open Democracy}}</ref> Dangane da binciken ra'ayi da aka gudanar a shekara ta 2010, kashi 41% na 'yan Romania za su zabi kwaminisanci Nicolae Ceaușescu idan aka ba su damar <ref>{{Cite web |last=Horvath |first=John |date=8 August 2010 |title=Ceausescu – Back from the Dead |url=https://www.heise.de/tp/features/Ceausescu-Back-from-the-Dead-3386499.html |access-date=28 December 2012 |website=[[Heise.de]]}}</ref> kuma kashi 63% sun ji cewa rayuwarsu ta fi kyau kafin 1989. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Crăciun |first=Iulian Andrei |last2=Delcea |first2=Cristian |date=7 November 2010 |title=Noul Partid Comunist Român, condus de un șofer de taxi |trans-title=The new Romanian Communist Party, led by a taxi driver |url=https://adevarul.ro/stiri-interne/evenimente/noul-partid-comunist-roman-condus-de-un-sofer-de-1137465.html |access-date=28 December 2012 |website=[[Adevărul]] |language=ro}}</ref> A cikin 2012, wani bincike ya nuna cewa kashi 53% na Romanians sun ce za su koma kwaminisanci kuma an yi amfani da mulkin Ceausescu ba daidai ba.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2012-08-08 |title=Sondaj: 53% dintre români s-ar întoarce la comunism |url=https://romanialibera.ro/special/sondaj-53-dintre-romani-s-ar-intoarce-la-comunism-273175/ |access-date=2024-06-14 |website=România Liberă |language=ro-RO}}</ref> A cikin 2014, kashi na waɗanda za su jefa kuri'a ga Ceaușescu ya kai kashi 46%.<ref>{{Cite web |date=10 April 2014 |title=SONDAJ. 46% dintre românii intervievați l-ar vota acum pe Nicolae Ceaușescu la prezidențiale |trans-title=POLL. 46% of Romanians surveyed would now vote for Nicolae Ceausescu in the presidential election |url=https://www.digi24.ro/stiri/actualitate/social/sondaj-46-dintre-romanii-intervievati-l-ar-vota-acum-pe-nicolae-ceausescu-la-prezidentiale-227412 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160821180553/http://www.digi24.ro/Stiri/Digi24/Actualitate/Social/SONDAJ+66+dintre+romanii+intervievati+l-ar+vota+acum+pe+Nicolae+ |archive-date=21 August 2016 |access-date=25 June 2016 |website=DIGI24.ro}}</ref> A ranar 27 ga watan Disamba na shekara ta 2018, wani zabe ya gano kashi 64% na mutane suna da kyakkyawan ra'ayi game da shi.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Albert |first=Dénes |date=27 December 2018 |title=Ceaușescu still most beloved President of Romania |url=https://transylvanianow.com/ceausescu-still-most-beloved-president-of-romania/ |access-date=16 September 2022}}</ref> ==== Slovakia ==== Binciken Pew na 2009 ya nuna cewa kashi 48% na Slovaks sun ce rayuwa ta fi muni a tattalin arziki a zamanin yau idan aka kwatanta da zamanin Warsaw Pact.<ref name=":7">{{Cite web |date=2009-11-02 |title=End of Communism Cheered but Now with More Reservations |url=https://www.pewresearch.org/global/2009/11/02/end-of-communism-cheered-but-now-with-more-reservations/ |access-date=2024-06-03 |website=Pew Research Center |language=en-US}}</ref> Wani bincike na 2018 a Slovakia ya gano cewa kashi 81% sun yarda cewa mutane sun taimaka wa juna sosai a lokacin kwaminisanci, sun fi jin tausayi kuma sun fi kusanci da juna. Kashi 79% sun tabbatar da cewa mutane suna zaune a cikin yanayi mafi aminci a lokacin kwaminisanci kuma laifukan tashin hankali ba su da yawa. Wani kashi 77% ya yi iƙirarin cewa godiya ga tattalin arzikin da aka tsara, akwai isasshen aiki mai amfani ga kowa sabili da haka babu rashin aikin yi. Koyaya, binciken ya kuma lura cewa "Yawancin masu amsawa ba sa son komawa tattalin arzikin kwaminisanci kuma sun fi son kasuwa ko tattalin arzikin kasuwar zamantakewa, amma a cikin amsoshin takamaiman tambayoyin sun fi son rawar da jihar ta taka, tare da tabbaci da tabbatar da zamantakewa".<ref>{{Cite web |date=26 June 2018 |title=Poll: People are nostalgic about communism |url=https://spectator.sme.sk/c/20858226/poll-people-are-nostalgic-about-communism.html |website=The Slovak Spectator}}</ref> A cikin binciken da aka yi a shekarar 1991, kashi 35% na Slovaks sun ce mulkin yanzu "ya fi muni" ko "ɗan muni" idan aka kwatanta da mulkin kwaminisanci na baya, kuma kashi 43% na Slovaks suka ce mulkin yanzu ya fi kyau" ko "ya fi kyau" idan aka yi da mulkin kwominisanci na dā. Daga baya a cikin binciken 2021, kashi 40% na Slovaks sun ce mulkin yanzu "ya fi muni" ko "ɗan muni" idan aka kwatanta da mulkin kwaminisanci na baya, kuma kashi 45% na Slovaks suka ce mulkin yanzu ya fi kyau" ko "ya fi kyau" idan aka haɗa da mulkin kwominisanci na dā.<ref name=":3">{{Cite web |last=Gyárfášová |first=Ol'ga |last2=Hartl |first2=Jan |date=August 19, 2021 |title=DEMOKRATICKÉ HODNOTY SLOBODA, ROVNOSŤ, SPRAVODLIVOSŤ V UNIKÁTNOM POHĽADE ČECHOV A SLOVÁKOV |url=https://focus-research.sk/files/n283_TS_Sloboda%20a%20demokracia.pdf#page=3}}</ref> Koyaya, binciken Pew na 2019 ya gano cewa kashi 71% na Slovakians sun amince da canjin zuwa tattalin arzikin kasuwa.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |last=Mitchell |first=Travis |date=2019-10-15 |title=European Public Opinion Three Decades After the Fall of Communism |url=https://www.pewresearch.org/global/2019/10/15/european-public-opinion-three-decades-after-the-fall-of-communism/ |access-date=2023-06-21 |website=Pew Research Center's Global Attitudes Project |language=en-US}}</ref> === Yugoslavia === ==== Bosnia da Herzegovina ==== A cikin binciken Gallup na 2016, kashi 77% na 'yan Bosnia sun ce rushewar Yugoslavia tana da lahani, idan aka kwatanta da kashi 6% wanda ya ce yana da fa'ida.<ref name=":4">{{Cite web |date=2017-05-18 |title=Many in Balkans Still See More Harm From Yugoslavia Breakup |url=https://news.gallup.com/poll/210866/balkans-harm-yugoslavia-breakup.aspx |access-date=2024-02-04 |website=Gallup.com |language=en}}</ref> ==== Croatia ==== A cikin binciken 2015 na Croatians sama da 45 daga mujallar ''Moje Vrijeme'', kashi 74% sun ce za su iya rayuwa a cikin jam'iyya daya kuma kashi 83% sun ce ba su fuskanci nuna bambanci a zamanin Yugoslav ba. Kashi 88% sun ce tsaro na aiki ya fi daraja, kashi 78% sun ce lafiyar jama'a ta fi daraja, 72% sun ce abota da tsaro na tattalin arziki sun fi daraja, 71% sun ce hadin kai ya fi daraja. Kashi 39% sun ce matsayin mata ya kara muni, kashi 34% sun ce ya kasance iri ɗaya, kuma kashi 21% sun ce mata suna da dama a yau idan aka kwatanta da zamanin Yugoslav. Kashi 2% ne kawai suka ce an fi darajar haƙƙin LGBT kuma kashi 12% sun ce an fi daraja 'yancin magana. Kashi 69% sun ce cin hanci da rashawa ya kara muni tare da kashi 2% kawai suna cewa cin hanci leken asiri ya inganta. Kashi 67 cikin 100 sun ce ya fi sauƙi a sami aiki ba tare da wani "haɗi ba", kashi 26 cikin 100 sun cewa yana da sauƙi amma mutum zai buƙaci "haɗi", kuma kashi 1 cikin 100 ne kawai ya ce ya fi sauki a sami aiki yanzu. 71% sun ce ya fi sauƙi a tafi hutu zuwa "Kudanci" kuma 55% sun ce za su iya samun ƙarin. Kashi 91% sun ce yara ba su da lafiya a yau yayin da kashi 1% kawai suka ce sun fi aminci tare da kashi 73% suna goyon bayan dawowar [[Youth work actions|Ayyukan aikin matasa]]. Kashi 8% ne kawai suka ce [[Josip Broz Tito]] mai mulkin kama karya ne tare da kashi 40% suna cewa shi adadi ne mai kyau.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Vrijeme |first=Moje |date=2015-04-07 |title=Hrvatska i BiH složne: U SFRJ se živjelo bolje |url=https://www.mojevrijeme.hr/magazin/2015/04/hrvatska-i-bih-slozne-u-sfrj-se-zivjelo-bolje/ |access-date=2025-01-20 |language=hr}}</ref> A cikin binciken Gallup na 2016, kashi 23% na Croatians sun ce rushewar Yugoslavia tana da lahani, idan aka kwatanta da kashi 55% da suka ce tana da fa'ida.<ref name=":4">{{Cite web |date=2017-05-18 |title=Many in Balkans Still See More Harm From Yugoslavia Breakup |url=https://news.gallup.com/poll/210866/balkans-harm-yugoslavia-breakup.aspx |access-date=2024-02-04 |website=Gallup.com |language=en}}</ref> ==== Montenegro ==== A cikin binciken Gallup na 2016, kashi 65% na Montenegrins sun ce rushewar Yugoslavia tana da lahani, idan aka kwatanta da kashi 15% da suka ce yana da fa'ida.<ref name=":4">{{Cite web |date=2017-05-18 |title=Many in Balkans Still See More Harm From Yugoslavia Breakup |url=https://news.gallup.com/poll/210866/balkans-harm-yugoslavia-breakup.aspx |access-date=2024-02-04 |website=Gallup.com |language=en}}</ref> ==== Arewacin Makidoniya ==== A cikin binciken Gallup na 2016, kashi 12% na mutanen Makidoniya sun ce rushewar Yugoslavia tana da fa'ida, idan aka kwatanta da kashi 61% waɗanda suka ce yana da lahani.<ref name=":4">{{Cite web |date=2017-05-18 |title=Many in Balkans Still See More Harm From Yugoslavia Breakup |url=https://news.gallup.com/poll/210866/balkans-harm-yugoslavia-breakup.aspx |access-date=2024-02-04 |website=Gallup.com |language=en}}</ref> ==== Kosovo ==== A cikin binciken Gallup na 2016, kashi 10% na Kosovo sun ce rushewar Yugoslavia tana da lahani, idan aka kwatanta da kashi 75% da suka ce tana da fa'ida.<ref name=":4">{{Cite web |date=2017-05-18 |title=Many in Balkans Still See More Harm From Yugoslavia Breakup |url=https://news.gallup.com/poll/210866/balkans-harm-yugoslavia-breakup.aspx |access-date=2024-02-04 |website=Gallup.com |language=en}}</ref> ==== Serbia ==== A cikin binciken Gallup na 2016, kashi 81% na [[Serbiya|Serbia]] sun ce rushewar Yugoslavia tana da lahani, idan aka kwatanta da kashi 4% waɗanda suka ce tana da fa'ida.<ref name=":4">{{Cite web |date=2017-05-18 |title=Many in Balkans Still See More Harm From Yugoslavia Breakup |url=https://news.gallup.com/poll/210866/balkans-harm-yugoslavia-breakup.aspx |access-date=2024-02-04 |website=Gallup.com |language=en}}</ref> ==== Slovenia ==== A cikin binciken Gallup na 2014, kashi 45% na 'yan Slovenia sun ce rushewar Yugoslavia tana da lahani, idan aka kwatanta da kashi 41% waɗanda suka ce tana da fa'ida.<ref name=":4">{{Cite web |date=2017-05-18 |title=Many in Balkans Still See More Harm From Yugoslavia Breakup |url=https://news.gallup.com/poll/210866/balkans-harm-yugoslavia-breakup.aspx |access-date=2024-02-04 |website=Gallup.com |language=en}}</ref> === Albania === Binciken OSCE na 2016 ya nuna cewa kashi 42% na Albanians sun ce shugaban kwaminisanci Enver Hoxha yana da tasiri mai KYAUTA, idan aka kwatanta da kashi 45% wanda ya ce yana da mummunan tasiri. 35% na Albanians ba sa kallon kwaminisanci na baya na Albania a matsayin matsala, yayin da 62% ke kallon shi a matsayin akalla matsala.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Mejdini |first=Fatjona |date=December 21, 2016 |title=Albania Survey Shocks Victims of Communist Regime |url=https://balkaninsight.com/2016/12/12/albania-struggles-to-fight-the-root-of-communism-nostalgia-12-09-2016/ |website=Balkan Insight}}</ref> == Dubi kuma == * Rashin amincewa da Jamhuriyar Jama'ar Poland * Rashin jin daɗi ga Tarayyar Soviet * Ostalgie * Yugo-nostalgia * Bayan zamantakewar al'umma * Bayan Kwaminisanci == Manazarta == == Ƙarin karantawa == * Rebecca Mckee, Erica Richardson, Bayard Roberts, Christian Haerpfer and Martin Mckee, "Things Can Only Get Better? Changing Views of the Past, Present and Future in the Former Soviet Union", ''Europe-Asia Studies'', Vol. 65, No. 7, 2013, pp.&nbsp;1466–1478, {{JSTOR|24534205}} *: ''From the abstract'': "We report new analyses from eight former Soviet republics, and from two surveys, in 2001 and 2010, comparing attitudes to government in the Soviet period and at the time of the surveys, as well as expectations for the future. Everywhere, views of the past have become less positive and those of the present more positive. However, both the views in each survey and the change between each of them vary among countries and socio-demographic groups." [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] 9ot0aalhdxn6002l4x72umlexsfrwxq 0 112615 895122 798834 2026-08-11T17:04:37Z Ummun Sultan 23935 895122 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} [[Fayil:ArtAndFeminismNYC-Generations.jpg|thumb|Taimako tsakanin tsararraki a Wikipedia Art + Feminism Edit-a-thon]]   == Abubuwan da ke haifar da Nasara == Nasarar waɗannan haɗin gwiwa ta dogara da dalilai da yawa. Baya ga sakamako na kankare, haɗin gwiwar matasa / manya suna buƙatar takamaiman tallafin al'adu da tsari a cikin ƙungiyoyi da al'ummomi don samun nasara. Akwai bukatar girmama juna da haɗin kai a cikin membobin haɗin gwiwa. <ref name=":2">{{Cite journal |last=Brown |first=Louis D. |last2=Redelfs |first2=Alisha H. |last3=Taylor |first3=Thomas J. |last4=Messer |first4=Reanna L. |date=September 2015 |title=Comparing the Functioning of Youth and Adult Partnerships for Health Promotion |journal=American Journal of Community Psychology |language=en |volume=56 |issue=1–2 |pages=25–35 |doi=10.1007/s10464-015-9730-2 |pmc=4620943 |pmid=26066568}}</ref> == Yanayin da aka saba amfani da shi == Wadannan dangantaka yawanci suna faruwa a cikin Ƙungiyoyin matasa, inda ake nuna su ta hanyar [[Muryar matasa]]. Ana gane muryar matasa a matsayin muhimmin ɓangare na haɗin gwiwar matasa da manya. === Makarantu === A [[Democratic schools|Makarantun dimokuradiyya]], ana nuna su ta [[Student voice|muryar dalibi]]. Ɗaya daga cikin tsammanin daga waɗannan haɗin gwiwar matasa da manya shine cewa ƙungiyoyin da ɗalibai ke jagoranta na iya wakiltar ɗaliban ɗalibai ga gudanarwa da allon makaranta. <ref name=":12">{{Cite journal |last=Mitra |first=Dana L. |date=May 2009 |title=Collaborating with Students: Building Youth-Adult Partnerships in Schools |url=https://www.journals.uchicago.edu/doi/10.1086/597488 |journal=American Journal of Education |language=en |volume=115 |issue=3 |pages=407–436 |doi=10.1086/597488 |issn=0195-6744 |s2cid=145602508}}</ref> Ana iya yin wannan ta hanyoyi daban-daban, kamar ayyukan tsarawa, ƙirƙirar tsarin karatu, da kimanta ci gaba da tasirin shirye-shiryen yanzu a cikin makarantar. <ref name=":12" /> ==== Al'ummomi ==== Haɗin gwiwar matasa da manya na iya karfafa matasa da manya yayin da suke ilimantar da takwarorinsu da kuma ba da shawara don inganta kiwon lafiya da shiga cikin al'umma.<ref name=":2">{{Cite journal |last=Brown |first=Louis D. |last2=Redelfs |first2=Alisha H. |last3=Taylor |first3=Thomas J. |last4=Messer |first4=Reanna L. |date=September 2015 |title=Comparing the Functioning of Youth and Adult Partnerships for Health Promotion |journal=American Journal of Community Psychology |language=en |volume=56 |issue=1–2 |pages=25–35 |doi=10.1007/s10464-015-9730-2 |pmc=4620943 |pmid=26066568}}</ref> == Sakamakon == Haɗin gwiwar matasa da manya yana ba matasa damar: * Bayyana ra'ayoyinsu da kuma wayar da kan jama'a game da batutuwan zamantakewa <ref name=":1">{{Cite journal |last=Mitra |first=Dana L. |date=May 2009 |title=Collaborating with Students: Building Youth-Adult Partnerships in Schools |url=https://www.journals.uchicago.edu/doi/10.1086/597488 |journal=American Journal of Education |language=en |volume=115 |issue=3 |pages=407–436 |doi=10.1086/597488 |issn=0195-6744 |s2cid=145602508}}</ref> * Samun girmamawa ga abokan tarayya manya <ref name=":1" /> * Neman hanyoyin da za su bayyana kirkirarsu * Aiki don kyakkyawan dalili * Ka yi tunani sosai * Kasancewa da dukiya mai daraja ga aikin da al'umma * Tallafa batutuwan da manya zasu iya gujewa, ko kuma ba su sani ba.<ref name=":1" /> Dangantakar da aka kafa ta hanyar haɗin gwiwar matasa da manya ta yaki da ephebiphobia da adultism ta hanyar inganta rawar muryar matasa. Yawancin jam'iyyun suna amfana daga haɗin gwiwar da aka ambata, gami da kungiyoyin da haɗin gwiwar ke faruwa, da kuma manya da matasa da ke da hannu. Amfanin gaske ya fito ne daga karuwar sadaukarwa, zuwa mafi girman jin daɗin kai, da kuma karuwar tasirin ƙungiyoyi da haɗin jama'a. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=To |first=Siu-ming |last2=Chun-Sing Cheung |first2=Johnson |last3=Liu |first3=Xiaoyu |last4=Lau |first4=Cheryl Danielle |last5=Zeng |first5=Hera Junfei |last6=Chan |first6=Adam Man-yuk |date=2020-06-10 |title=Youth Empowerment in the Community and Young People's Creative Self-Efficacy: The Moderating Role of Youth–Adult Partnerships in Youth Service |url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0044118x20930890 |journal=Youth & Society |volume=53 |issue=6 |pages=1021–1043 |doi=10.1177/0044118x20930890 |issn=0044-118X |s2cid=225757865 |url-access=subscription}}</ref> An gano haɗin gwiwar matasa da manya suna da tasiri sosai wajen magance inganta makarantar, inganta shirye-shiryen kiwon lafiya na duniya, da haɗa fasaha a cikin aji.<ref name=":1">{{Cite journal |last=Mitra |first=Dana L. |date=May 2009 |title=Collaborating with Students: Building Youth-Adult Partnerships in Schools |url=https://www.journals.uchicago.edu/doi/10.1086/597488 |journal=American Journal of Education |language=en |volume=115 |issue=3 |pages=407–436 |doi=10.1086/597488 |issn=0195-6744 |s2cid=145602508}}</ref> A cewar Jihar Texas, haɗin gwiwar matasa da manya sun ba matasa damar ɗaukar matsayin masu ba da shawara da masu ba da shawarar ga kungiyoyin matasa, masu fafutukar siyasa, masu shirya al'umma, masu ba da tallafi (kudi) , daraktocin kwamitin ba da riba, da kuma masu ba da sabis na matasa kai tsaye. Ƙarin aiki ya gano muhimmiyar rawa ga haɗin gwiwar matasa da manya a cikin ayyukan haɗin gwiwar jama'a na ƙauyuka da kuma samar da ingantaccen tallafi ga 'yan mata, gay, bisexual, transgender, queer, da kuma tambayar matasa. == Dubi kuma == * Ci gaban matasa na al'umma * [[Intergenerational equity|Daidaitawar tsararraki]] * Ilimin halayyar mutum * Koyon hidima * [[Kasancewar matasa]] == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} esumf15dpbkf2bytkur3css2ok2shnu 0 112837 895083 797804 2026-08-11T16:47:52Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 2 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 895083 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Cibiyar 'Yancin Bil'adama''' (Ukrainian) kungiya ce ta kare hakkin dan adam ta Ukraine karkashin jagorancin lauyan Ukraine Oleksandra Matviichuk . <ref>{{Cite web |title=Oleksandra Matviychuk – Ukraine – Coalition for the International Criminal Court |url=https://www.coalitionfortheicc.org/oleksandra-matviychuk-ukraine |access-date=17 August 2021 |website=www.coalitionfortheicc.org}}</ref> An kafa shi a shekara ta 2007, tare da manufar matsawa gwamnatin Ukraine don yin kasar ta fi dimokuradiyya.<ref name="CCLfreiheitMatviichuk">{{Cite web |last=Todorov |first=Svetoslav |date=14 February 2022 |title=Meet Oleksandra Matviichuk from Ukraine |url=https://www.freiheit.org/east-and-southeast-europe/meet-oleksandra-matviichuk-ukraine |access-date=7 October 2022 |website=[[Friedrich Naumann Foundation]] |language=en-UK |archive-date=10 December 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221210095244/https://www.freiheit.org/east-and-southeast-europe/meet-oleksandra-matviichuk-ukraine |url-status=dead }}</ref> An ba kungiyar Kyautar Nobel ta Zaman Lafiya ta 2022, tare da Ales Bialiatski da kungiyar Rasha Memorial . {{R|nobelprize}}<ref name="onmanorama2022-10-07">{{Cite web |date=7 October 2022 |title=Nobel Peace Prize to activists from Belarus, Russia, Ukraine |url=https://www.onmanorama.com/news/world/2022/10/07/nobel-peace-prize-to-activists-from-belarus-russia-ukraine.html |access-date=7 October 2022 |website=Onmanorama}}</ref> ==Tarihi== An kafa Cibiyar 'Yancin Bil'adama a [[Kiev|Kyiv]], [[Ukraniya|Ukraine]] a ranar 30 ga Mayu 2007. <ref name="3588075center-for-civil-liberties">{{Cite web |date=7 October 2022 |title=Ukraine's Center for Civil Liberties becomes one of Nobel Peace Prize laureates |url=https://www.ukrinform.net/rubric-society/3588075-ukraines-center-for-civil-liberties-becomes-one-of-nobel-peace-prize-laureates.html |access-date=7 October 2022 |website=[[Ukrinform]] |language=en}}</ref> Kungiyar tana da hannu wajen gabatar da gyare-gyaren majalisa a cikin ƙoƙari na sa Ukraine ta fi dimokuradiyya da inganta ikon jama'a na Hukumomin tilasta bin doka da shari'a.<ref name="CCLfreiheitMatviichuk"/> Ɗaya daga cikin abubuwan da kungiyar ke mayar da hankali shine sabunta Dokar Laifuka ta Ukraine.<ref name="CCLfreiheitMatviichuk" /> A lokacin zanga-zangar Euromaidan na 2013-2014, kungiyar ta fara aikin Euromaidan SOS don ba da tallafin doka ga masu zanga-zangar da suka shiga zanga-zangar Euromaidan da kuma lura da cin zarafin da jami'an tsaron shugaban kasar Viktor Yanukovych suka yi. Bayan mamaye Crimea na 2014 na [[Rasha]] da kuma fara yakin Donbas (kuma a cikin 2014), kungiyar ta fara tattara bayanan zalunci na siyasa a Crimea da laifuka a cikin yankin da ke karkashin ikon Jamhuriyar Jama'ar Luhansk mai samun goyon bayan Rasha da Jamhuriyar Jama'ar [[Donetsk]].<ref name="63175334CenterforCivilLiberties">{{Cite web |date=7 October 2022 |title=Belarus, Ukraine, Russia activists win Nobel Peace Prize |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-63175334 |access-date=7 October 2022 |website=[[BBC News]] |language=en}}</ref> Har ila yau, kungiyar ta fara kamfen na kasa da kasa don sakin mutanen da aka daure ba bisa ka'ida ba a Rasha, Crimea da aka mamaye Rasha da Donbas.<ref name="CCLfreiheitMatviichuk"/><ref>{{Cite web |title=Oleksandra Matviichuk |url=https://religiousfreedom.in.ua/public/en/secretariat/co-coordinator |access-date=17 August 2021 |website=religiousfreedom.in.ua |archive-date=7 October 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221007101916/https://religiousfreedom.in.ua/public/en/secretariat/co-coordinator |url-status=dead }}</ref> Bayan mamayar da Rasha ta yi wa Ukraine a shekarar 2022, Cibiyar 'Yancin Jama'a ta kuma fara rubuta laifukan yakin Rasha da aka aikata a lokacin yakin.<ref name="world2022oct07nobelpeaceprize">{{Cite web |date=7 October 2022 |title=Nobel peace prize given to human rights activists in Belarus, Russia and Ukraine |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2022/oct/07/nobel-peace-prize-given-to-human-rights-activists-in-belarus-russia-and-ukraine |access-date=7 October 2022 |website=[[The Guardian]] |language=en}}</ref> Kwamitin Nobel na Norway ya ce a cikin 2022 cewa kungiyar tana taka rawa ta farko wajen daukar masu laifi laifukan da suka aikata.<ref name="LB2022oct07nobelpeaceprize">{{Cite web |date=7 October 2022 |title=Nobel peace prize 2022 awarded to human rights campaigners in Ukraine, Russia and Belarus – as it happened |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/live/2022/oct/07/nobel-peace-prize-2022-live-winners |access-date=7 October 2022 |website=[[The Guardian]] |language=en}}</ref> A ranar 7 ga Oktoba, 2022, Cibiyar 'Yancin Jama'a ta sami lambar yabo ta zaman lafiya ta Nobel ta 2022, tare da Ales Bialiatski da kungiyar Tunawa ta Rasha. <ref name="onmanorama2022-10-07"/> {{R|nobelprize}} Wannan ita ce lambar yabo ta Nobel ta farko da aka bai wa ɗan ƙasar Yukren ko ƙungiya. A lokacin taron manema labarai na 8 ga Oktoba 2022 shugaban Cibiyar 'Yancin Jama'a Oleksandra Matviichuk ya yarda cewa shugaban Ukraine Volodymyr Zelenskyy ko wani jami'in gwamnatin (Ukrainian) ba su taya Cibiyar 'Yancin Jama'a murnar lashe kyautar Nobel ba.<ref name="Korogodskyi531945" /> Matviichuk ta ce watakila sun yi kokari amma ba za su yi nasara ba saboda ita da abokin aikinta "suna dawowa daga balaguron kasuwanci".<ref name="Korogodskyi531945">{{Cite web |last=Yurii Korogodskyi |date=8 October 2022 |title=We hope to create an international tribunal and punish Putin and Lukashenko, – Central Committee on the Nobel Prize |url=https://lb.ua/society/2022/10/08/531945_spodivaiemos_stvoriti_mizhnarodniy.html |access-date=8 October 2022 |website={{ill|Lb.ua|uk|Lb.ua}} |language=Ukrainian}}</ref> A watan Nuwamban 2022 Oleksandra Matviichuk ya yi kira ga kasashe da su samar wa Ukraine da makamai don 'yantar da yankunan da aka mamaye a Ukraine a matsayin hanya mafi kyau don dakatar da laifukan da Tarayyar Rasha ke aikatawa.<ref>{{Cite web |date=28 November 2022 |title=Nobel Peace Laureate Calls for Weapons to Free Ukraine |url=https://www.themoscowtimes.com/2022/11/28/nobel-peace-laureate-calls-for-weapons-to-free-ukraine-a79527 |access-date=28 November 2022 |website=[[The Moscow Times]]}}</ref> A cikin bazara na 2024, Cibiyar 'Yancin Jama'a an lakafta shi a matsayin "kungiyar da ba a so" a Rasha.<ref>{{Cite web |date=April 17, 2024 |title=Russia Labels 3 More Human Rights Groups 'Undesirable' |url=https://www.themoscowtimes.com/2024/04/17/russia-labels-3-more-human-rights-groups-undesirable-a84874 |access-date=April 27, 2024 |website=[[The Moscow Times]]}}</ref> == Suna == Dangane da dokar kungiyar, cikakken sunan kungiyar shine '''Cibiyar 'Yancin Bil'adama''' ta Jama'a kuma ta rage sunan shine Cibiyar' Yancin Bil'umma.<ref name="statute">{{Cite web |date=27 June 2022 |title=Statute of Centre for Civil Liberties Civil Society Organisation – new version |url=https://ccl.org.ua/wp-content/uploads/2022/06/statut.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221007092507/https://ccl.org.ua/wp-content/uploads/2022/06/statut.pdf |archive-date=7 October 2022 |access-date=7 October 2022 |website=Centre for Civil Liberties}}</ref> A shafin yanar gizon ta, kungiyar galibi tana kiran kanta '''Cibiyar 'Yancin Bil'adama'''. == Bayanan da aka ambata == {{Reflist}} == Haɗin waje == * Center for Civil Libertiesa kanNobelPrize.org [[Category: Kungiyoyi]] [[Category: Kungiyoyin Kare Hakkin Dan Adam]] 8i9nt6f95bg3owm4ym21ci54elpl7en 0 112874 895334 879713 2026-08-12T04:06:36Z Baffa ali 47435 /* growthexperiments-addlink-summary-summary:3|0|0 */ 895334 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Externships''' dama ce [[Koyon gogewa|ta koyo ta gogewa]], kamar horon aiki, wanda haɗin gwiwa tsakanin cibiyoyin ilimi da ma'aikata ke bayarwa don ba wa ɗalibai ƙwarewa a fannin karatunsu. A fannin likitanci, yana iya nufin likita mai ziyara wanda ba ya cikin ma'aikatan yau da kullun. A fannin shari'a, yawanci yana nufin damar aiki mai tsauri da ɗaliban shari'a ke yi don samun maki a makarantar lauya, kamar na ƙaramin lauya. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Field placement supervision manual |url=https://www.lls.edu/media/loyolalawschool/glace/GLACE%20Manual%202017newupdate.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170729093449/http://www.lls.edu/media/loyolalawschool/glace/GLACE%20Manual%202017newupdate.pdf |archive-date=2017-07-29}}</ref> An samo shi ne daga Latin ''[[wiktionary:externus#Latin|externus]]'' kuma daga Turanci ''[[wiktionary:-ship#English|-ship]]'' . Kalmar ''externship'' tana da ranar farko da aka sani da amfani da ita a shekarar 1905 a cikin ƙamus na Merriam-Webster. == Fa'idodi == Sau da yawa ana kallon 'yan ƙasashen waje a matsayin aikin ɓoye aiki tunda ma'aikata masu sa kai suna kula da su sosai waɗanda suka yarda su bi su ta hanyar ayyukan yau da kullun a kamfani ko ƙungiya. <ref>{{Cite web |title=University of Arkansas: Externships/Job Shadowing |url=http://career.uark.edu/students/externships.asp |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110813042824/http://career.uark.edu/Students/Externships.aspx |archive-date=2011-08-13 |access-date=2 July 2009}}</ref> Ana iya kallon su a matsayin nazarin waje wanda ke haɗa ilimin aji da gogewa ta gaske. <ref>{{Cite web |title=University of Michigan Law School: Externships |url=https://www.law.umich.edu/curriculum/externshipsandindependentstudy/Pages/default.aspx |access-date=2 July 2009}}</ref> Wannan ilimin yana shirya ɗalibai don sauyawa daga makaranta zuwa aiki . Kwarewa da aka samu ta hanyar aikin waje tana ba wa ɗalibai damar amfani da koyon aikinsu a yanayin rayuwa ta ainihi, da kuma lura da yin tambayoyi a cikin wannan mahallin. <ref>{{Cite web |date=3 April 2003 |title=Pilot program allows second-years to shadow alumni in the workplace |url=https://chronicle.uchicago.edu/030403/externships.shtml |access-date=2 July 2009}}</ref> Aikin waje na iya haifar da damammaki bayan ɗalibai sun kammala karatunsu. Suna iya taimaka wa waɗanda suka kammala karatun kafin su sami damar shiga cikin ƙofa don yiwuwar samun guraben aiki ko ma sanya su zama 'yan takara mafi kyau don damar yin aikin waje mai tsauri, da kuma ba wa waɗanda suka kammala karatun damar sanin sabbin sana'o'i da fannoni na aiki. Aikin waje kuma tushen hulɗar sadarwa ne da zarar an zaɓi sana'a . Ba wai kawai ana gudanar da aikin waje don amfanin wanda ba a yi wa aiki ba, har ma da mai masaukin baki. Dukansu suna samun damar lura da junansu. Nasarar aikin waje na iya haifar da damar daukar ma'aikata wanda zai dogara ne akan shawarar da aka yanke mai zurfi. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Muirhead, Gred. |date=29 April 1991 |title=Student externships aid recruitment |journal=Supermarket News |volume=25}}</ref> == Harkokin shari'a == Ana iya ɗaukar horon shari'a, kamar horon aiki, a matsayin darasin makarantar lauya. Horarwa da horon aiki da makarantun lauya ke bayarwa waɗanda Majalisar ABA ta amince da su kan Ilimin Shari'a da Shiga Lauyoyi ana kiransu darussa "asibitin shari'a" da kuma "wurin aiki" bi da bi, ta hanyar (Takardar Shaida) Standard 304. Darussan Gwaji: Darussan Kwaikwayo, Asibitocin Shari'a, da Wurin Aiki. Ma'auni 304(b) da (c) suna magance tsammanin Majalisar game da darussan kwaikwayo a asibitoci/horon aiki da wurin aiki/waje, bi da bi. Ma'auni 304(d) ya shafi wuraren da aka sanya a fagen aiki (wasanni), yana bayyana su kamar haka don dalilan amincewa da makarantar lauya: "Darasin sanya a fagen yana ba da ƙwarewa mai zurfi ta fannin lauya wanda (1) yayi kama da ƙwarewar lauya mai ba da shawara ko wakiltar abokin ciniki ko kuma yin wasu ayyukan lauya a wani wuri a wajen asibitin lauya a ƙarƙashin kulawar lauya mai lasisi ko kuma mutumin da ya cancanci kulawa..." <ref>{{Cite web |date=2020-01-01 |title=ABA Standards and Rules of Procedure for Approval of Law Schools, 2020-2021 |url=https://www.americanbar.org/content/dam/aba/administrative/legal_education_and_admissions_to_the_bar/standards/2020-2021/2020-21-aba-standards-and-rules-for-approval-of-law-schools.pdf |access-date=2021-11-25 |website=ABA Council of the Section on Legal Education and Admissions to the Bar |language=en}}</ref> Makarantun shari'a da hukumomin gwamnatin jiha suka amince da su, kamar su Lauyan Jiha na California, ban da Majalisar ABA ko kuma a madadin ta, dole ne su bi ƙa'idodin amincewa na waɗannan hukumomin, domin a ci gaba da riƙe waɗannan takardun shaidar. A shari'ar California, Dokar 4.102 a Sashe na 2. Dokokin Makarantar Shari'a da aka amince da su na 4. Ka'idojin Shiga da Ilimi sun tanadar: "Makarantar shari'a wacce Ƙungiyar Lauyoyi ta Amurka ta amince da ita na ɗan lokaci ko kuma cikakkiyar amincewa, Kwamitin [na Masu Jarrabawar Lauyoyi, na Lauyoyin Jiha na California] ya amince da ita kuma an keɓe ta daga waɗannan ƙa'idodi, sai dai idan Ƙungiyar Lauyoyi ta Amurka ta janye amincewarta." <ref>{{Cite web |date=2007-07-01 |title=State Bar of California, Committee of Bar Examiners Rules, Title 4 Admissions and Educational Standards, Division 2 Accredited Law School Rules |url=https://www.calbar.ca.gov/Portals/0/documents/rules/Rules_Title4_Div2-Acc-Law-Sch.pdf |access-date=2021-11-25 |website=State Bar of California, Rules of the State Bar, Title 4 Div. 1, 2, 3 |language=en}}</ref> (An ƙara a cikin akwatin.) Sauran jihohin da suka amince da makarantun shari'a a cikin iyakokinsu sun haɗa da [[Alabama]], Connecticut, [[Massachusetts]], da [[Tennessee]]. Babu wata jami'a ko makarantar koyon aikin lauya da ke da 'yancin kai da ke ba wa ɗalibai damar samun maki na ilimi a fannin kwaikwayo, asibiti (horon aiki) ko kuma darussan da ake ɗauka a fagen aiki (waje) don yin kofi, ɗaukar kaya, ko wasu ayyuka da ba su da alaƙa da ƙwarewar aiki don haɓaka ƙwarewar lauya. Dalibai ''za su iya'' yin kofi idan sun so - amma lokacin da suka ɓatar ''ba za'' a iya ƙidaya shi a matsayin wani ɓangare na lokacin da suka sadaukar da kansu ga kwas ɗin ba. Haka kuma ba za su iya samun maki na ilimi don yin aikin da aka biya ba. == Duba kuma == * Varatuomari == Manazarta == bur45nwz7re9m4j3v0tpe578tigulni 0 113170 895327 874770 2026-08-12T02:21:43Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 2 sources and tagging 1 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 895327 wikitext text/x-wiki {| class="infobox vcard" |+ class="infobox-title fn org" id="4" |Dokar Yanayi da Tsarin Gudanarwa (CLGI) ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="padding-right:0.6em;" |An kafa shi | class="infobox-data note" |2014<span class="noprint">; Shekaru 11 da suka gabata&#x20;&nbsp;</span> <span style="display:none"> (<span class="bday dtstart published updated">2014</span>)&nbsp;</span> |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="padding-right:0.6em;" |Wanda ya kafa shi | class="infobox-data" |[[World Future Council|Majalisar Duniya ta Makomar]], Cibiyar Kula da Dokar Ci Gaban Duniya[[Centre for International Sustainable Development Law|Cibiyar Ci Gaban Duniya]] |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="padding-right:0.6em;" |Manufar | class="infobox-data" |Mai ba da agaji |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="padding-right:0.6em;" |<div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0; ">Yankin da aka yi amfani da shi</div> | class="infobox-data" |A duk duniya |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="padding-right:0.6em;" |<div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0; ">Mutanen da ke da muhimmanci</div> | class="infobox-data" |<templatestyles src="Hlist/styles.css" /><div class="hlist">Marie-Claire Cordonier Segger, [[Ayman Cherkaoui]]</div> |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="padding-right:0.6em;" |Shafin yanar gizo | class="infobox-data" |<span class="url">[http://www.climatelawgovernance.org www.climatelawgovernance.org]{{Dead link|date=August 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</span> |} '''Dokar Yanayi da Gudanarwa''' ƙungiya ce ta ƙasa da ƙasa ta abokan tarayya a cikin al'ummar dokar yanayi da ke aiki don gina iyawa da ilimin da ya shafi doka da hanyoyin gudanarwa don magance Canjin yanayi. Ayyukan bincike na ci gaba da cibiyoyin haɗin gwiwa ke gudanarwa suna tallafawa karbar bakuncin abubuwan da suka faru da kuma bita na musamman na haɓaka ƙwarewa a layi daya da tattaunawar yanayi ta shekara-shekara a ƙarƙashin UNFCCC . [1] Manufar shirin ita ce ingantaccen aiwatar da SDG 13 akan Canjin Yanayi. UNFCCC ta amince da abubuwan da suka faru a hukumance == Abubuwan da suka faru == An kafa shi a cikin 2014 kuma an ƙaddamar da shi a cikin jagorancin tattaunawar [[Taron Sauyin Yanayi na Majalisar Dinkin Duniya na 2015|COP21]] a [[Faris|Paris]], CLGI yana da tushe a cikin abubuwan da suka faru, tarurruka da bita da suka samo asali daga taron farko na Kyoto Protocol (COP11 / CMP1) <ref>{{Cite web |title=About, Our History |url=http://www.climatelawgovernance.org/about/ |access-date=2018-12-31 |website=CLGI |archive-date=2019-01-03 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190103010511/http://www.climatelawgovernance.org/about/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> a [[Montréal|Montreal]], 2005.<ref>{{Cite web |title=CMP1 |url=https://unfccc.int/process-and-meetings/conferences/past-conferences/montreal-climate-change-conference-december-2005/cmp-1 |access-date=2018-12-31 |website=UNFCCC}}</ref> Abubuwan da suka faru a cikin shekaru goma da suka gabata sun kafa tushe don shirin. === Dokar Yanayi da Ranar Gudanarwa 2015 === An gudanar da Ranar Shari'ar Yanayi da Gudanarwa (CLGD) a watan Disamba na 2015 a Jami'ar Paris 1 Panthéon-Sorbonne, tare da haɗuwa da masu ba da shawara game da yanayi, malamai da masu aiki don tattauna rawar da doka da shugabanci ke takawa a kokarin canjin yanayi. Babban mahalarta sun kasance [[John H. Knox]], [[Mary Robinson]], Bianca Jagger da Bradnee Chambers, tare da Marie-Claire Cordonier Segger a matsayin kujera.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Inaugural Climate Law and Governance Day, Program |url=http://cisdl.org/public/docs/Final_Programme_-_Paris_Climate_Law__Governance_Day_-_4_Dec_2015.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160417052655/http://cisdl.org/public/docs/Final_Programme_-_Paris_Climate_Law__Governance_Day_-_4_Dec_2015.pdf |archive-date=2016-04-17 |access-date=2018-12-31 |website=CISDL}}</ref> Manufarta ita ce ƙirƙirar al'umma ta aiki don tallafawa kokarin yanayi na duniya.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Climate Law and Governance Day |url=https://unfccc.int/news/climate-law-and-governance-day |access-date=2018-12-31 |website=UNFCCC}}</ref> === Dokar Yanayi da Ranar Gudanarwa 2016 === An gudanar da CLGD na biyu a Jami'ar Privée de Marrakech a watan Nuwamba 2016, kuma ya binciki ci gaban Littafin Dokokin Paris (daga baya aka kira shi Shirin Yarjejeniyar Ayyuka na Paris, kuma an amince da shi a COP24). <ref>{{Cite web |title=Climate Law and Governance Initiative |url=http://columbiaclimatelaw.com/climate-law-and-governance-initiative/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190102193512/http://columbiaclimatelaw.com/climate-law-and-governance-initiative/ |archive-date=2019-01-02 |access-date=2018-12-31 |website=Columbia Law School, Sabin Centre for Climate Change Law}}</ref> Tattaunawar ta mayar da hankali kan yadda za a iya yin kayan aikin yanayi na cikin gida, hanyoyin da za a tattara kudaden yanayi, batutuwan daidaito, da kuma yanayin [[Shari'ar Canjin Yanayi|Shari'ar yanayi]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Climate Law and Governance Day 2016, Proceedings |url=http://www.climatelawgovernance.org/wp-content/uploads/2018/02/CLGD-2016-Proceedings.pdf |access-date=2018-12-31 |website=CISDL |archive-date=2019-01-03 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190103004901/http://www.climatelawgovernance.org/wp-content/uploads/2018/02/CLGD-2016-Proceedings.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref> An raba sakamakon tare da wakilai zuwa [[Taron Sauyin Yanayi na Majalisar Dinkin Duniya na 2016|COP22]] a wani taron hukuma da aka mayar da hankali kan kasashe masu fama da yanayi.<ref>{{Cite web |title=UNFCCC COP22 Side Event |url=http://www.climatelawgovernance.org/events/climate-justice-and-sustainable-development-event-report/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190103004843/http://www.climatelawgovernance.org/events/climate-justice-and-sustainable-development-event-report/ |archive-date=2019-01-03 |access-date=2018-12-31 |website=CLGI}}</ref> COP22 kuma ya ga darasi na farko na dokar yanayi na musamman don kara karfafawa wakilai don amfani da doka da hanyoyin gudanarwa don [[Rage canjin yanayi|yaki da canjin yanayi]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Review of the One-Day Climate Law and Governance Specialization Course |url=http://www.climatelawgovernance.org/events/a-review-of-the-one-day-climate-law-governance-specialization-course/ |access-date=2019-01-02 |website=CLGI |archive-date=2019-01-03 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190103005005/http://www.climatelawgovernance.org/events/a-review-of-the-one-day-climate-law-governance-specialization-course/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> === Dokar Yanayi da Ranar Gudanarwa ta 2017 === An gudanar da shi a Jami'ar Bonn, Hon Aiyaz Sayed-Khaiyum ne ya buɗe CLGD na uku kuma ya mai da hankali kan ci gaba da doka da gudummawar shugabanci ga aikin yanayi na duniya. Muhimman jigogi sune yadda kirkire-kirkire zasu iya tallafawa nasarar Gudummawar Ƙasa (NDCs) a ƙarƙashin [[Yarjejeniyar Paris]]; aiwatar da wajibai na yanayi; inganta ƙarfin yanayi; da kuma ba da damar kuɗin yanayi.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Climate Law and Governance Day 2017, Proceedings |url=http://www.climatelawgovernance.org/wp-content/uploads/2017/12/CLGD-2017-Proceedings-Report-compressed.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190103004838/http://www.climatelawgovernance.org/wp-content/uploads/2017/12/CLGD-2017-Proceedings-Report-compressed.pdf |archive-date=2019-01-03 |access-date=2018-12-31 |website=CLGI}}</ref> An sanar da zamanta ta hanyar wani taron kafin COP a [[Fiji]] a shirye-shiryen [[2017 taron canjin yanayi na zamani|COP23]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Climate Resilience: What's Lw Got To Do With It |url=http://www.climatelawgovernance.org/events/climate-resilience-whats-law-got/ |access-date=2019-01-02 |website=CLGI |archive-date=2019-01-03 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190103010522/http://www.climatelawgovernance.org/events/climate-resilience-whats-law-got/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> CLGI wani taron da aka amince da shi a hukumance na Shugabancin COP23. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Climate Law and Government Initiative, Endorsed Events |url=https://cop23.com.fj/events/climate-law-government-initiative/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190103055756/https://cop23.com.fj/events/climate-law-government-initiative/ |archive-date=2019-01-03 |access-date=2019-01-02 |website=COP23}}</ref> An gudanar da darasi na musamman na rana guda na biyu tare da Jami'ar Majalisar Dinkin Duniya . <ref>{{Cite web |title=2017 Climate Law and Governance Specialization Course |url=http://www.climatelawgovernance.org/events/2017-climate-law-governance-specialiasation-course/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190103004839/http://www.climatelawgovernance.org/events/2017-climate-law-governance-specialiasation-course/ |archive-date=2019-01-03 |access-date=2019-01-02 |website=CLGI}}</ref> === Dokar Yanayi da Ranar Gudanarwa 2018 === An gudanar da CLGD 2018 a lokacin [[Taron Canjin Yanayi na Majalisar Dinkin Duniya na 2018|COP24]] a Jami'ar Silesia, Katowice, Poland, a watan Disamba 2018. Tattaunawar da ta shafi raba abubuwan da suka faru na kasa da kuma ayyukan da suka fi dacewa, musayar ilimi, da kuma gina al'umma ta aiki don tallafawa kokarin gina karfin duniya.<ref>{{Cite web |title=High-level academic events to address new trends in Climate Law and Governance, UNFCCC Press Release |url=https://docs.google.com/a/uchile.cl/viewer?a=v&pid=sites&srcid=dWNoaWxlLmNsfGNsZ2R8Z3g6NmY0ZGVlZmE3ZTA0OGNmMw |access-date=2019-01-02 |website=UNFCCC}}</ref> An haɓaka shirye-shiryen ranar ta hanyar teburin zagaye a taron da ya gabata.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Climate Law and Governance Roundtable |url=http://www.climatelawgovernance.org/events/2018-climate-law-governance-roundtable/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190103010509/http://www.climatelawgovernance.org/events/2018-climate-law-governance-roundtable/ |archive-date=2019-01-03 |access-date=2019-01-02 |website=CLGI}}</ref> Babban mahalarta sun hada da Christian Voigt, da Kamil Wyszkowski, Shugaban The Global Compact Network for Poland. <ref>{{Cite web |date=7 May 2018 |title=WCEL Contributions Toward UNFCCC/CoP-24 in Katowice |url=https://www.iucn.org/news/world-commission-environmental-law/201805/wcel-contributions-toward-unfccccop-24-katowice |access-date=2019-01-02 |website=IUCN}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Climate Law and Governance Day during COP24 |url=http://ungc.org.pl/aktualnosci/climate-law-and-governance-day-cop24/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190102193546/http://ungc.org.pl/aktualnosci/climate-law-and-governance-day-cop24/ |archive-date=2019-01-02 |access-date=2019-01-02 |website=Global Compact Network Poland}}</ref> == Abokan hulɗa == === Abokan hulɗa === * Cibiyar Lauterpacht don Shari'ar Kasa da Kasa * Bayanan budewa na Duniya don Aikin Gona da Abinci * Cibiyar Sabunta Gudanarwa ta Duniya * Cibiyar Ci Gaban Duniya === Kungiyoyin hadin gwiwa === * Ƙungiyar Ƙasashen Duniya don Kare Yanayi Hukumar Duniya kan Dokar Muhalli (WCEL) * Shirin Muhalli na Majalisar Dinkin Duniya Sashen Dokar Muhalli da Yarjejeniyar (DELC) * Ƙungiyar Dokar Ci Gaban Duniya * Cibiyar Nazarin dazuzzuka ta Duniya * Sashen Bankin Duniya kan Shari'a, Adalci da Ci gaba * Bankin Turai don sake ginawa da ci gaba * Shirin Ci Gaban Majalisar Dinkin Duniya === Cibiyoyin ilimi === * Jami'ar Kudancin Pacific * [[Jami'ar Eduardo Mondlane]] * Jami'ar Majalisar Dinkin Duniya * Jami'ar Bonn * Jami'ar Paris 1 Panthéon-Sorbonne * Jami'ar Cambridge * Makarantar Shari'a ta Columbia * Jami'ar Cadi Ayyad (UCA) * Jami'ar Marrakech mai zaman kanta * Jami'ar Yale * Jami'ar Chile * Jami'ar Kinshasa * Jami'ar Toronto * Jami'ar Hassan 1st na Settat * Jami'ar Ateneo ta Manila === Kamfanonin lauyoyi da ƙungiyoyi === * Ƙungiyar Shari'a ta Duniya * [[Ƙungiyar Lauyoyin Duniya|Ƙungiyar Bar ta Duniya]] * Baker McKenzie == Bayanan da aka ambata == {{Reflist}} [[Rukuni:Doka]] lm7h1y8cne1sn8qzvbpbbnmvhfl00zl 0 113603 895325 700666 2026-08-12T02:17:24Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 895325 wikitext text/x-wiki   (RS, 1985, c. A-1) (Faransanci: Loi sur l'accès à l'information) ko '''''Dokar Bayani''''' Dokar Kanada ce da ke ba da damar samun bayanai a ƙarƙashin ikon hukuma ta tarayya. Ya zuwa 2020, Dokar ta ba da izinin "mutane da ke biyan $ 5 don neman jerin fayilolin tarayya". sakin layi na 2. (1) na Dokar ("Manufa") ya bayyana cewa ya kamata a sami bayanan gwamnati ga jama'a, amma tare da bambance-bambance masu mahimmanci ga haƙƙin samun dama wanda ya kamata ya zama iyakance kuma takamaiman, kuma cewa yanke shawara game da bayyana bayanan gwamnati ya kamata a sake dubawa ba tare da gwamnati ba. Daga baya sakin layi ya ba da alhakin wannan bita ga Kwamishinan Bayanai, wanda ke ba da rahoto kai tsaye ga majalisa maimakon gwamnati mai iko. Koyaya, Dokar ta ba kwamishinan ikon kawai don ba da shawara maimakon tilasta sakin bayanan da aka nema cewa kwamishinan ya yanke hukunci kada ya kasance ƙarƙashin kowane bambanci da aka ƙayyade a cikin Dokar. == Tarihi == A shekara ta 1982, [[Asturaliya|Ostiraliya]], [[Denmark]], [[Holand|Netherlands]], [[New Zealand]], [[Sweden]], da Amurka (1966), sun kafa Dokar 'yancin bayanai ta zamani. ''Dokar Samun Bayani'' ta Kanada ta fara aiki a 1983, <ref name="Act1983">{{Cite web |last=Canada Border Services Agency |author-link=Canada Border Services Agency |date=27 June 2013 |title=Access to Information and Privacy |url=http://www.cbsa-asfc.gc.ca/agency-agence/reports-rapports/pia-efvp/atip-aiprp/menu-eng.html |access-date=16 September 2014 |publisher=[[Government of Canada]]}}</ref> a karkashin gwamnatin Pierre Trudeau, ta ba da izinin 'yan Kanada su dawo da bayanai daga fayilolin gwamnati, suna kafa abin da za a iya samun dama, suna ba da umarni ga lokutan don amsawa. Ta hanyar ka'idojin wannan zamanin, an dauke shi a matsayin abin koyi na kyakkyawan aiki, bayan da ya ɗauki ''aiwatarwa'' da doka da muhimmanci fiye da sauran ƙasashe. Dokar ta kirkiro sabbin ofisoshin da ke da ƙwararrun ƙwararrun don sarrafa shigowar buƙatun, kuma ta haɓaka hanyoyin da suka dace don ƙarfafa aiwatar da buƙatun cikin sauri. Bugu da ƙari, Kwamishinan Bayanai ya yi aiki a matsayin mai ba da shawara mai sauƙi don sasanta shari'o'in yiwuwar rashin kulawa. ''Dokar Sirriyar'' ta Ƙarin ta fara aiki a cikin 1983. Manufar wannan Dokar ita ce ta tsawaita dokokin Kanada na yanzu waɗanda ke kare sirrin mutane game da bayanan sirri game da kansu da cibiyar gwamnatin tarayya ke riƙe da su kuma suna ba da damar samun wannan bayanin. Hakkin mallaka ne na Crown. Wannan Dokar ta tanadi cewa za a iya ba da rahoton korafe-korafe game da yiwuwar keta dokar ga Kwamishinan Tsaro. A cikin 1998, bayan Al'amarin Somaliya, an kara wani sashi ga Dokar, yana mai da shi laifi na tarayya don lalata, yaudarar, ko ɓoye takardun jama'a.<ref name="Bill C-208">{{Cite web |title=Bill C-208 |url=http://www.parl.gc.ca/HousePublications/Publication.aspx?Pub=Bill&Doc=C-208&Language=E&Mode=1&Parl=36&Ses=1 |access-date=14 September 2014}}</ref> Samun damar Kanada ga dokokin bayanai ya bambanta tsakanin samun damar yin rikodin gabaɗaya da samun damar yin rajistar da ke ƙunshe da bayanan sirri game da mutumin da ke yin buƙata. Dangane da banbanci, mutane suna da damar samun dama ga bayanan da ke dauke da nasu bayanan sirri a karkashin Dokar Sirri <ref>{{Cite web |date=11 July 2019 |title=The Privacy Act |url=https://www.priv.gc.ca/leg_c/r_o_a_e.asp |publisher=Office of the Privacy Commissioner of Canada}}</ref> amma jama'a gaba ɗaya ba su da damar samun damar yin amfani da bayanan da ke ƙunshe da bayanan sirri game da wasu a ƙarƙashin ''Dokar Samun Bayani''. Daga 1989 zuwa 2008, an tsara buƙatun da aka yi wa gwamnatin tarayya a cikin Tsarin Samun Samun Bayani (CAIRS). <ref name="cbc" /> Kodayake ba a tsara CAIRS da farko don amfani da jama'a ba, bayanan da ke cikin bayanan sun haifar da sha'awar jama'a.<ref name="CAIRS">{{Cite web |last=Office of the [[Information Commissioner of Canada]] |date=2009–2010 |title=The Coordination of Access to Information Requests System (CAIRS) |url=http://www.oic-ci.gc.ca/eng/syst-inv_inv-syst_2009-2010_1.aspx |access-date=15 September 2014 |publisher=[[Government of Canada]] |archive-date=7 August 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140807031804/http://www.oic-ci.gc.ca/eng/syst-inv_inv-syst_2009-2010_1.aspx |url-status=dead }}</ref> Shafukan yanar gizo guda biyu wadanda ba na gwamnati ba <ref>{{Cite web |title=Home &#124; CAIRS |url=http://cairs.michaelgeist.ca/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120101174926/http://cairs.michaelgeist.ca/ |archive-date=1 January 2012 |access-date=16 September 2014}}</ref> sun ba da bayanai daga CAIRS ga jama'a tare da wurin bincike. A watan Afrilu na shekara ta 2008, gwamnatin Conservative ta [[Firai Minista|Firayim Minista]] [[Stephen Harper]] ta dakatar da kula da wannan bayanan. == Shirye-shiryen da aka tsara == === Gwamnatin Mulroney === A shekara ta 1987, Babban Lauyan ya gabatar da rahoto ga Majalisar tare da marubuci da goyon baya ɗaya na "Kwamitin Shari'a" wanda ya kunshi Kwamitin Dandalin Majalisar Dinkin Duniya kan Shari'a tare da kansa, mai taken Open and Shut: Enhancing the Right to Know and the Right to Privacy . <sup class="mw-ref reference" mwcg="">ATI/CS1/styles.css<nowiki>&</nowiki>quot;},<nowiki>&</nowiki>quot;body<nowiki>&</nowiki>quot;:{<nowiki>&</nowiki>quot;extsrc<nowiki>&</nowiki>quot;:<nowiki>&</nowiki>quot;<nowiki>&</nowiki>quot;},<nowiki>&</nowiki>quot;parts<nowiki>&</nowiki>quot;:<nowiki>[{&amp;quot;template&amp;quot;:{&amp;quot;target&amp;quot;:{&amp;quot;wt&amp;quot;:&amp;quot;cite report&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;href&amp;quot;:&amp;quot;./Template:Cite_report&amp;quot;},&amp;quot;params&amp;quot;:{&amp;quot;title&amp;quot;:{&amp;quot;wt&amp;quot;:&amp;quot;Open and Shut: Enhancing the Right to Know and the Right to Privacy&amp;quot;},&amp;quot;url&amp;quot;:{&amp;quot;wt&amp;quot;:&amp;quot;http://www.publicsafety.gc.ca/cnt/rsrcs/lbrr/ctlg/shwttls-eng.aspx?d=PS&amp;amp;i=879829&amp;quot;},&amp;quot;author&amp;quot;:{&amp;quot;wt&amp;quot;:&amp;quot;Justice Committee&amp;quot;},&amp;quot;publisher&amp;quot;:{&amp;quot;wt&amp;quot;:&amp;quot;[[Queen's Printer]] for Canada&amp;quot;},&amp;quot;date&amp;quot;:{&amp;quot;wt&amp;quot;:&amp;quot;1987&amp;quot;},&amp;quot;access-date&amp;quot;:{&amp;quot;wt&amp;quot;:&amp;quot;14 September 2014&amp;quot;}},&amp;quot;i&amp;quot;:0}}]</nowiki>}\" data-ve-no-generated-contents=\"true\" id=\"mwAdU\"><nowiki>&</nowiki>nbsp;<nowiki></span></nowiki><nowiki><cite about=\"#mwt38\" class=\"citation report cs1\" id=\"CITEREFJustice_Committee1987\" data-ve-ignore=\"\">Justice Committee (1987). </cite></nowiki>"}}" id="cite_ref-Open_and_Shut_10-0" rel="dc:references" typeof="mw:Extension/ref">[./Access_to_Information_Act#cite_note-Open_and_Shut-10 <span class="mw-reflink-text"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket"><nowiki>]</nowiki></span></span>]</sup> Ya ƙunshi shawarwari sama da 100 don yin gyare-gyare ga ATI da Dokar Sirri. Da yawa daga cikin waɗannan sun yi ma'amala da keɓancewa daga samun dama, suna ba da shawarar ƙara gwajin rauni a mafi yawan lokuta, wanda zai kimanta "launin da ke da sha'awa (misali, gudanar da al'amuran kasa da kasa) wanda za'a iya sa ran zai haifar da bayyanawa". Kwamitin ya ba da shawarar cewa a share cikakken cire bayanan majalisar daga aikin Dokar kuma a maye gurbinsa da ''cirewa'' wanda ba zai kasance ƙarƙashin gwajin rauni ba. Wannan gagarumin canji zai ba da damar Kwamishinan Bayanai da Kotun Tarayya ta Kanada su sake duba abin da ake zargi da "takardun ofishin" don sanin ko su ne, a zahiri, asirin majalisar ministoci kuma sun cancanci a cire su. Amsar gwamnati ga rahoton, wanda Ministan Sayarwa da ''Ayyuka'' ya buga a 1987 kuma mai taken "Access and Privacy: The Steps Ahead", gabaɗaya ya goyi bayan gudanarwa, amma ba majalisa ba, canje-canjen da aka gabatar a cikin rahoton Kwamitin Shari'a. An ki amincewa da manufar mummunan rauni a matsayin tushen aikace-aikacen keɓancewa kuma keɓancewa don bayanan da aka karɓa cikin amincewa daga wasu gwamnatoci an tabbatar da shi bisa ga cewa, "[t]shi shirye-shiryen wasu gwamnatocin su ci gaba da raba bayanan su tare da Kanada zai iya shafar mummunan tasiri ta hanyar ƙaramin matakin kariya wanda za a ba shi idan an aiwatar da waɗannan shawarwari". === Gwamnatin Chretien === In 2000, Information Commissioner John Grace presented his case for reform of the ''Act''. He recognized that "while the ''Act'' has served well in enshrining the right to know, it has also come to express a single-request, often confrontational approach to providing information – an approach which is too slow and cumbersome for an information society." He made forty-three recommendations for updating the ''Act''.{{Ana bukatan hujja|date=May 2018}}<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B;''<nowiki><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (May 2018)">citation needed</span></nowiki>''&#x5D;</sup> A watan Agustan 2000, Ministan Shari'a da Shugaban Kwamitin Baitulmalin sun kaddamar da rundunar aiki don sake duba Dokar. Rahoton kwamitin da aka gabatar a watan Yunin 2002, mai taken, Samun Bayani: Yin aiki ga 'yan Kanada, ya sami "rikice a cikin gudanar da bayanai" a cikin gwamnati.<ref name="Task Force 2000">{{Cite web |last=Access to Information Review Task Force |date=June 2002 |title=Strengthening the ''Access to Information: Making it Work for Canadians |url=http://publications.gc.ca/collections/Collection/BT22-83-2002E.pdf |access-date=14 September 2014 |publisher=[[Government of Canada]]}}</ref> Ya ba da shawarwari 139 don sake fasalin majalisa, gudanarwa da al'adu. Babu wani abu da ya fito daga wannan rahoton. === Gwamnatin Martin === A cikin fall of 2003, memba na majalisar John Bryden ya yi ƙoƙari ya fara cikakken gyare-gyare na Dokar ta hanyar lissafin membobin masu zaman kansu, Bill C-462, <ref>{{Cite web |title=Private Member's Bill C-462 (37-3) - First Reading - An Act to amend the Access to Information Act and to make amendments to other Acts - Parliament of Canada |url=https://www.parl.ca/DocumentViewer/en/37-3/bill/C-462/first-reading |website=www.parl.gc.ca}}</ref> wanda ya mutu a kan Dokar Dokar tare da rushewar majalisar ta 37 a watan Mayu na shekara ta 2004. Memba na NDP Pat Martin ne ya gabatar da irin wannan lissafin a ranar 7 ga Oktoba 2004 a matsayin Bill C-201 . <ref>{{Cite web |title=Private Member's Bill C-201 (38-1) - First Reading - Open Government Act - Parliament of Canada |url=https://www.parl.ca/DocumentViewer/en/38-1/bill/C-201/first-reading |website=www.parl.gc.ca}}</ref> Ya fuskanci irin wannan makomar. A watan Afrilu na shekara ta 2005, Ministan Shari'a Irwin Cotler ya gabatar da takarda mai taken A Comprehensive Framework for Access to Information Reform . <ref>{{Cite web |title=THE ACCESS TO INFORMATION ACT AND RECENT PROPOSALS FOR REFORM |url=http://www2.parl.gc.ca/Content/LOP/ResearchPublications/prb0555-e.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100418121028/http://www2.parl.gc.ca/Content/LOP/ResearchPublications/prb0555-e.html |archive-date=18 April 2010 |access-date=18 January 2010}}</ref> Daga baya a shekara ta 2005, an gabatar da wani kudurin lissafi, mai taken Open Government Act, a gaban Kwamitin Dandalin House of Commons kan Samun Bayani, Sirri da Da'a. Kwamishinan Bayanai John Reid ne ya kirkireshi bisa buƙatar Kwamitin Dindindin, dokar da aka gabatar ta haɗa da canje-canje masu yawa ga dokar.<ref name="OGA">{{Cite web |last=Access to Information Review Task Force |date=June 2002 |title=Open Government Act |url=http://publications.gc.ca/collections/Collection/BT22-83-2002E.pdf |access-date=14 September 2014 |publisher=[[Government of Canada]]}}</ref> Babban burin shi ne magance damuwa game da "al'adun sirri" a cikin yanayin siyasa da na gwamnati. Wannan takardar kudi da farko ta sami goyon bayan jam'iyyun da yawa, amma bai isa ba don haifar da gabatarwa ta gwamnati ko sashi a cikin nau'ikan takardun kudi guda biyu na memba masu zaman kansu bisa ga wannan takardar. === Gwamnatin Harper === Ainihin wannan takardar kudi tare da taken "Open Government Act", amma tare da muhimmiyar kari na cikakken ikon yin oda don saki rikodin, NDP MP Pat Martin ne ya gabatar da shi a matsayin Bill C-554 a cikin 2008, kuma a matsayin Bill B-301 <ref>{{Cite web |title=Private Member's Bill C-301 (41-2) - First Reading - Open Government Act - Parliament of Canada |url=http://www.parl.gc.ca/HousePublications/Publication.aspx?Language=E&Mode=1&DocId=6256712 |website=www.parl.gc.ca}}</ref> a cikin 2011. Wannan na karshe ya kai Karatu na Farko a ranar 29 ga Satumba a zaman farko na Majalisar dokoki ta 41, sannan aka sake dawo da shi a zaman na biyu a ranar 16 ga Oktoba 2013. Ya zuwa watan Satumbar 2014, ya kasance a kan takardar umarni yana jiran Karatu na biyu. A shekara ta 2009, Kwamishinan Bayanai Robert Marleau ya bayyana a gaban Kwamitin Dandalin House of Commons kan Samun Bayanai, Sirri da Da'a. <ref name="ICC Appearance">{{Cite web |last=Information Commissioner of Canada |author-link=Information Commissioner of Canada |date=4 March 2009 |title=Strengthening the ''Access to information Act'' To Meet Today's Imperatives |url=http://www.oic-ci.gc.ca/eng/DownloadHandler.ashx?pg=5cc4fad0-e430-44cb-8bff-58a82f76d5d9&section=4c430746-eb53-4e61-bdfe-6f5378f36e53&file=ETHI-EN.pdf |access-date=14 September 2014 |publisher=[[Government of Canada]] |archive-date=1 October 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131001224332/http://www.oic-ci.gc.ca/eng/DownloadHandler.ashx?pg=5cc4fad0-e430-44cb-8bff-58a82f76d5d9&section=4c430746-eb53-4e61-bdfe-6f5378f36e53&file=ETHI-EN.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref> Kwamishinan ya jaddada cewa "an bukaci aiki da gaggawa don sabuntawa" da ƙarfafa Dokar.[was] Ya gabatar da "jerin takamaiman shawarwari goma sha biyu waɗanda ke wakiltar muhimmiyar mataki na farko" don "magana da batutuwan da suka fi gaggawa". (Kimanin makonni 15 bayan haka, Mista Marleau ya yi murabus ba zato ba tsammani shekaru biyar kafin ƙarshen wa'adinsa na yau da kullun, saboda dalilai na "cikakken sirri da na sirri". An ruwaito wannan ya haifar da "duhu game da saurin da kuma jagorancin gyare-gyare ga dokokin bayanai na Kanada da yake jagoranta". A ranar 6 ga Yuni, 2012, Sashen Harkokin Shari'a da Shari'a na Ma'aikatar Bayanai da Bincike na Majalisar Dokoki ya buga wani Laburaren Majalisar, mai taken ''The'' Access to Information Act and Proposals for Reform . <ref name="BackgroundPaper">{{Cite web |last=Douglas |first=Kristen |last2=Hurtubise-Loranger |first2=Élise |last3=Lithwick |first3=Dara |date=6 June 2012 |title=The ''Access to Information Act'' and Proposals for Reform |url=http://www.parl.gc.ca/Content/LOP/ResearchPublications/2005-55-e.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924104645/http://www.parl.gc.ca/Content/LOP/ResearchPublications/2005-55-e.pdf |archive-date=24 September 2015 |access-date=14 September 2014 |publisher=Legal and Legislative Affairs Division, Parliamentary Information and Research Service, Library of Parliament, [[Government of Canada]]}}</ref> Manufar takardar ita ce gano mahimman abubuwan da suka fito daga manyan binciken Dokar da aka gudanar a cikin shekaru ashirin da suka gabata, da kuma nazarin wasu shawarwari na baya-bayan nan game da sake yin aiki da dokar. Takardar ta taƙaita muhimman ƙoƙari goma sha ɗaya a cikin majalisa da gwamnatin tarayya daga 1987 zuwa 2009. Daga nan sai ya kammala ta hanyar lura da cewa gwamnatin Conservative ta [[Stephen Harper]] da ke mulki a cikin 2011-2012 ta ba da shawarar inganta damar samun bayanai, ba ta hanyar yin gyare-gyare ga Dokar ba, amma ta hanyar gabatar da abin da ta kira "gwamnati mai budewa" da kuma "bayanai masu budewa". Takardar ta ci gaba da bayar da rahoton cewa, a matsayin martani, kwamishinonin bayanai da tsare sirri na Kanada sun ba da shawarar cewa Shirin Aiki a kan Gwamnatin Budewa yana wakiltar damar da aka rasa don sake fasalin Dokar gaba ɗaya. Kwamishinan Bayanai Suzanne Legault ya ba da shawarar a cikin wasika cewa gwamnati ta amince da kuma tallafawa dangantakar da ke tsakanin gwamnati mai budewa da Dokar zamani.<ref name="oic-ci.gc.ca">{{Cite web |title=The Commissioner |url=http://www.oic-ci.gc.ca/eng/abu-ans_the-commissioner-le-commissaire.aspx |website=www.oic-ci.gc.ca |access-date=2025-08-12 |archive-date=2019-06-11 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190611210331/http://www.oic-ci.gc.ca/eng/abu-ans_the-commissioner-le-commissaire.aspx |url-status=dead }}</ref> Ta lura, "Bincikenmu a cikin 'yan shekarun nan ya nuna ba kawai tsufa na dokar ba har ma da wasu raunin da ke ciki wanda zai iya hana ko hana ci gaban gwamnati mai budewa da gaske wanda ke karɓar bukatun' yan ƙasa da tattalin arzikinta kuma yana cikin mataki tare da sauran gwamnatoci. " === Gwamnatin Trudeau === A lokacin yakin neman zabe a shekarar 2015, dan takarar Justin Trudeau, da Jam'iyyar Liberal da yake wakilta, sun yi alkawarin canza Dokar Samun Bayanai don hada da Ofishin Firayim Minista da Ma'aikatar a cikin ikonsa. Koyaya, canjin farko da ya gabatar a cikin aikin a watan Yunin 2017 bai haɗa da wani abu game da kowanne ofisoshin ba. Maimakon haka, canje-canjen da aka gabatar sun haɗa da alkawura don fitar da ƙarin bayani fiye da baya. Kudin ya haɗa da kotuna a cikin iyakarsa, wanda ke nufin cewa an bayyana kuɗin tafiye-tafiye da baƙi na alƙali yanzu. Bugu da ƙari, an kuma bayyana takardun bayani da wasiƙun umarni ta atomatik. Sauran canje-canjen da aka gabatar sun ba da damar Kwamishinan Bayanai ya ba da umarni ga takamaiman sassan gwamnati don buga bayanai. Idan sashen bai yi ba, to za a kai karar kotun tarayya. Wani alkawarin da 'yan Liberals suka yi shi ne gudanar da sake dubawa game da Dokar Samun Bayanai a kowace shekara 5 a kalla. Bugu da ƙari, a ƙarƙashin sabon tsari Kwamishinan Bayanai yana da ikon ƙin magance korafe-korafe da aka yanke musu hukunci "marasa amfani ko damuwa". A karkashin dokar da ta gabata, kowa na iya yin kira ga ofishin Kwamishinan Bayanai. Yawancin sukar canje-canjen da aka yi wa aikin sun shafi karya alkawarin daga zaben, yayin da yawancin mutanen da ke kare shawarar suka mayar da hankali kan fadada bayyanar da hankali. Shugaban Hukumar Baitulmalin Scott Brison ya ce wannan don kare ayyukan gwamnati: "Ƙaddamarwa da sanyawa cikin doka don fitar da bayanan gwamnati wani muhimmin mataki ne a haɗuwa da kuma nuna ka'idar budewa ta tsoho, wanda muka yi imanin shine makomar raba bayanan gwamnati. " Trudeau ya yi alkawari a lokacin zaben don kara ikon Kwamishinan Bayanai, wanda ya yi. Amma, sau da yawa a baya gwamnati ta ki amincewa da bukatar Jami'in Bayanai kuma hakan ya haifar da shari'o'in Kotun Tarayya. Kamar yadda ake tsammani, 'yan siyasa da ke wakiltar wasu jam'iyyun ba su gamsu da karyawar da aka yi a lokacin zaben ba. "Sun bar babban alkawarin da ya faru", in ji NDP Nathan Cullent a mayar da martani ga shawarar. "Ta hanyar cire ikon neman bayanai daga ofisoshin ministoci da PMO, wannan gwamnati ba ta cika alkawarin kamfen ɗin su na 'buɗewa ta hanyar tsoho,' shine yadda Katie Gibbs ta ji game da canje-canje. Gibbs ita ce babban darakta na kungiyar Evidence for Democracy, kuma ta goyi bayan wasu sassan aikin a fili, amma gabaɗaya ta yi takaici da 'yan Liberals ba su cika alkawarinsu na zabe ba. == Ci gaba da rushewa a cikin samun bayanai na gwamnatin tarayya == Jami'ar Moncton farfesa Donald Savoie ta 2003 littafin, Breaking the Bargain, <ref name="Broken Bargain">{{Cite book|last3=Donald J. Savoie}}</ref> ya lura cewa a Kanada akwai rashin son sanya komai a rubuce, gami da imel, wanda zai iya samun hanyar shiga cikin jawabin jama'a. A matsayin mahallin, ya yi jayayya cewa rawar da bureaucracy ke takawa a cikin na'urar siyasa ta Kanada ba a taɓa bayyana ta yadda ya kamata ba, cewa dangantakar da ke tsakanin zaɓaɓɓun jami'an gwamnati da na dindindin tana ƙara matsala kuma cewa sabis na jama'a ba zai iya aiki ba idan ana sa ran ya kasance mai zaman kansa daga, kuma yana ƙarƙashin, zaɓaɓɓen jami'an. A watan Fabrairun shekara ta 2005, Ƙungiyar Jaridu ta Kanada ta buga wani rahoto mai taken In Pursuit of Meaningful Access to Information Reform: Proposals to Strengthen Canadian Democracy . <ref>{{Cite web |title=Archived copy |url=http://www.newspaperscanada.ca/system/files/CNA%20POLICY%20-%20In%20Pursuit%20of%20Meaningful%20Access%20to%20Information%20Reform.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140915163114/http://www.newspaperscanada.ca/system/files/CNA%20POLICY%20-%20In%20Pursuit%20of%20Meaningful%20Access%20to%20Information%20Reform.pdf |archive-date=15 September 2014 |access-date=15 September 2014}}</ref> Rahoton ya samo asali ne daga karuwar wahalar da 'yan jarida da membobin kungiyar suka yi amfani da su wajen samun "bayani game da gwamnati da suke buƙata don sanar da jama'a game da al'amuran da suka shafi kasa". Rahoton ya lura cewa "Kwamishinan Bayanai da suka biyo baya sun soki 'al'adun sirri' a Ottawa, inda sassan gwamnati ke rushe nufin majalisar tare da rashin hukunci. " An ba da shawarar saiti na takamaiman fasalulluka ashirin na Dokar da aka sake sabuntawa, bisa ga saiti na "Ma'auni" bakwai. A shekara ta 2006, Alasdair Roberts, wanda a halin yanzu yake a Makarantar Shari'a ta Jami'ar Suffolk kuma marubucin littattafai da yawa kan harkokin jama'a, ya gabatar da wani rahoto mai taken Biyu Challenges in Administration of the Access to Information Act to the Gomery Commission investigating the Sponsorship scandal in the federal government. <ref name="Alasdair Roberts">{{Cite web |last=Alasdair Roberts |date=February 2006 |title=Two Challenges in Administration of the Access to Information Act |url=http://www.humanrightsinitiative.org/programs/ai/rti/international/laws_papers/canada/al_roberts_submission_to_gomery.pdf |access-date=14 September 2014}}</ref> A cikin mahallin shekara ta 2006, Farfesa Roberts ya gano cewa "A fannoni da yawa, aikin Kanada [ya kasance] mafi girma ga aiki a ƙarƙashin Dokar 'Yancin Bayanai ta Amurka (FOIA), kodayake shahararren ra'ayi [ya kasance) sau da yawa baya, kuma ya fi girma ga aikin da ke tasowa a ƙarƙashin sabon tsarin UK FOIA da aka tsara kwanan nan".[was] Kalubale Biyu da ya gano sune Adversarialism a cikin gudanar da Dokar, da kuma iyakanceccen Dokar. Game da tsohon, "daidaitawar dakarun" tsakanin "duka masu tsayayya" don da kuma adawa da bayyanawa bazai iya "adanawa a tsawon lokaci ba; wani bangare na iya tabbatar da ƙwarewa wajen haɓaka sabbin dabarun fiye da ɗayan. Shaida ya nuna cewa cibiyoyin tarayya sun haɓaka dabaru don sarrafa buƙatun siyasa masu mahimmanci waɗanda yanzu suka rage ka'idodin ATIA". An lura da waɗannan dabarun don haifar da jinkiri masu mahimmanci a cikin aiwatar da buƙatun bayanai da aka ɗauka suna da hankali na siyasa, watakila saboda sun samo asali ne daga 'yan jarida. Farfesa Roberts ya lura cewa "irin wannan jinkiri ya nuna cewa ka'idar ATIA ta kasance a ko'ina kuma a kai a kai ta cibiyoyin tarayya. ATIA ya kamata ta mutunta dokar daidaito: zaton cewa za a bi da buƙatun bayanai kamar haka, ba tare da la'akari da sana'ar mai nema ba ko manufar da ake neman bayanin". Game da Scope, Farfesa Roberts ya lura cewa "babban matsala tare da ATIA shine gazawarta ta haɗa da manyan cibiyoyin tarayya da yawa. Shekaru da yawa, wahalar ta'allaka ne akan cire Kamfanonin Crown; kwanan nan, matsalar ta fadada ta haɗa da 'yan kwangila na gwamnati da kewayon hukumomin gwamnati waɗanda ke yin manyan ayyuka na jama'a".[had] A watan Satumbar 2008, wani rahoto mai shafi 393, wanda kungiyoyin jaridu da yawa na Kanada suka tallafawa tare da BC Freedom of Information and Privacy Association <ref>{{Cite web |title=FIPA - BC Freedom of Information and Privacy Association |url=https://fipa.bc.ca/ |website=fipa.bc.ca}}</ref> da lauyoyi biyu na Vancouver, sun kwatanta ''Dokar Samun Bayani'' ta Kanada da dokokin "Freedom of Information" na larduna da na wasu kasashe 68. <ref name="FallenBehind">{{Cite web |last=Stanley L. Tromp |date=2008 |title=Fallen Behind: Canada's Access to Information Act in the World Context |url=http://www3.telus.net/index100/report |access-date=14 September 2014 |archive-date=4 March 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304202608/http://www3.telus.net/index100/report |url-status=dead }}</ref> Kamar yadda taken rahoton ya nuna: "Fallen Behind: Canada's Access to Information Act in the World Context", ya kammala cewa "Kanada tabbas tana buƙatar aƙalla ɗaga dokokinta na FOI har zuwa mafi kyawun ƙa'idodin abokan hulɗarta na Commonwealth- sannan, da fatan, duba bayan Commonwealth don la'akari da sauran duniya. Wannan ba manufa ce mai tsattsauran ra'ayi ko rashin ma'ana, don cimma ta, 'yan majalisa na Kanada ba sauka zuwa nan gaba amma kawai shiga cikin yanzu". A shekara ta 2009, an ruwaito Ministan Shari'a Rob Nicholson <ref name="StillBehind">{{Cite web |last=Stanley L. Tromp |date=29 September 2009 |title=A World of Lost Opportunities: Canada's Access to Information Act on the Global Stage |url=http://www3.telus.net/index100/atiareform |access-date=14 September 2014 |archive-date=4 March 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304091358/http://www3.telus.net/index100/atiareform |url-status=dead }}</ref> cewa ya gaya wa Kwamitin Tsaro na House of Commons kan Samun Bayanai, Sirri da Da'a a ranar 4 ga Mayu cewa: "Ina so ku san cewa ban yarda da duk wanda zai ba da shawarar cewa wannan ƙasa tana da mummunan rikodin duk abin da ya shafi samun damar batutuwan bayanai ba". Mista Nicholson ya ci gaba da cewa "wannan kasar tana da rikodin rikodin, kuma idan wani yana da wani abu daban da zai ce, to ina cewa ba daidai ba ne". A ranar 29 ga watan Satumbar shekara ta 2009, Stanley Tromp, mai kula da kungiyar 'yan jarida ta Kanada kuma marubucin rahoton Fallen Behind na shekara ta 2008, ya yi jawabi ga Taron' yan majalisa: Bayyanawa a cikin Digital Era.<ref name="StillBehind"/> Mista Tromp ya ba da rahoton cewa "masana FOI a wasu ƙasashe sun lura da matsayin da aka yi wa Dokar ATI a cikin yanayin duniya". Misalan da ya bayar sun hada da: * David Banisar, Babban Lauyan Shari'a na kungiyar kare hakkin dan adam ta London ARTICLE 19, ya rubuta a cikin Binciken FOI na Duniya na 2006 <ref>{{Cite web |title=Global Survey 2006 |url=http://www.freedominfo.org/documents/global_survey2006.doc |website=freedominfo.org |access-date=2025-08-12 |archive-date=2025-05-01 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250501022435/http://www.freedominfo.org/documents/global_survey2006.doc |url-status=dead }}</ref> "Akwai sanarwa mai yawa cewa ''Dokar ATI'', wacce ba ta canza ba tun lokacin da aka karbe ta, tana buƙatar sabuntawa sosai". * Farfesa na shari'ar Australiya Rick Snell ya kira Dokar Kanada "mai banƙyama," da kuma tsarin Ottawa na samar da bayanai a matsayin ƙarni na 19, ƙoƙari na doki da buggy don "management sirri".<ref>{{Cite web |title=ricksnell.com.au - Home |url=http://ricksnell.com.au/home/ |website=ricksnell.com.au}}</ref> * Wani rahoto daga Commonwealth Human Rights Initiative ya gano cewa haƙƙin samun dama a Kanada "ya kasa" bin Mataki na 19 na Yarjejeniyar Duniya ta [[Majalisar Ɗinkin Duniya|Majalisar Dinkin Duniya]] ta 1976 kan 'Yancin Bil'adama da Siyasa. A watan Oktoba na shekara ta 2010, kwatankwacin kasa da kasa na samun damar samun bayanai na gwamnati ya sanya Kanada ta ƙarshe tsakanin kasashe huɗu na Commonwealth tare da ireland; babban canji daga shekaru goma da suka gabata lokacin da kasar ta zama abin koyi ga 'yancin bayanai a duniya. An buga binciken Kwalejin Jami'ar London da ke kwatanta Kanada, Burtaniya, Ostiraliya, New Zealand, da Ireland a cikin Bayanan Gwamnati Quarterly . <ref name="UCL">{{Cite journal |last=Hazell |first=Robert |last2=Worthy |first2=Ben |date=October 2010 |title=Assessing the performance of freedom of information |journal=Government Information Quarterly |volume=27 |issue=4 |pages=352–359 |doi=10.1016/j.giq.2010.03.005}}</ref> A cikin watan Satumba na 2014, an buga littafi mai suna Gwamnatin da ba ta da alhaki: Rugujewar Dimokuradiyyar Majalisa a Kanada.[1] Marubucin shine Brent Rathgeber, yana zama dan majalisa mai zaman kansa a shekara ta 2014 tun bayan murabus dinsa daga jam'iyyar Conservative a 2013. A da ya kasance memba na Conservative Conservative a majalisar dokoki ta Alberta. A cikin littafin, Mista Rathgeber ya kwatanta halin da dimokuradiyyar Kanada ke ciki a halin yanzu da ka'idodin kafa gwamnati mai alhakin da aka kafa a shekara ta 1867. Ya yi nazari kan sakamakon rashin iyawa ko ɓatar da zaɓaɓɓun wakilai na zamani don aiwatar da aikin da tsarin mulki ya ba su na riƙe firaminista da majalisarsa da kuma sakamakon rashin kula da abin da majalisar zartaswa ta yi a yanzu. Tare da wannan a matsayin mahallin, Mista Rathgeber ya sadaukar da Babi na 11 don Riƙe iko: Karɓar Dokokin Samun Bayanai na Kanada. Ya ba da ra'ayin Kwamishinan Watsa Labarai Suzanne Legault[2] cewa biyu daga cikin mafi yawan. Babban gazawar dokar yanzu shine cewa ba a sabunta ta ba don tinkarar ko dai tasirin fasahar bayanai na dijital ko haɓaka ma'auni da sarƙaƙƙiya na gwamnati da daidaitawa da ƙaddamar da yanke shawara. Wata babbar matsala ita ce, kwamishinan ba shi da ikon tilastawa maimakon kawai bayar da shawarar fitar da bayanan da aka nema waɗanda ba su dace da sirri ba bisa ƙayyadaddun dalilai masu iyaka, ikon da ke akwai a wasu hukunce-hukuncen da suka haɗa da lardunan Kanada da dama. Don ƙara wa matsalar, jerin keɓancewa da ke akwai a cikin Dokar da ke akwai sun ƙaru sosai a cikin 'yan shekarun nan. Mista Rathgeber ya ruwaito kwamishinan ya ce "Tsarin shiga Kanada (ya kasance) rashin aiki sosai har RCMP ta daina amsa buƙatun gabaɗaya, kuma Ma'aikatar Tsaro ta ƙasa ta bayyana cewa za ta buƙaci kwanaki 1100 don kammala buƙatu ɗaya da take aiki akai". Ya kuma lura da cewa, “akwai tarin shaidun da ke nuna cewa ma’aikatan gwamnati, musamman ma’aikatan siyasa, suna gudanar da kasuwancinsu da baki, ba tare da rike bayanan ba, ko a madadin haka, suna musayar wasiku ta hanyar adiresoshin imel na sirri da/ko yin amfani da na’urori na zamani wadanda ba su da wata alama”[1]. An ruwaito kwamishinan ya ba da shawarar cewa dokar da aka sake yin aiki ya kamata a gyara kurakuran da aka ambata tare da tsawaita dokar da za ta shafi majalisar, ciki har da harkokin gudanarwa na majalisa, da ofisoshin ministoci, inda yawancin ci gaban manufofi da yanke shawara game da dalar haraji. A cikin Satumba 2014, Canadian Press ya ba da rahoton cewa wani umarni na Hukumar Baitulmali a baya a lokacin rani na 2013 ya gabatar da wata manufar da ta buƙaci ma'aikatan tarayya su tuntuɓi lauyoyin sassan game da ko ya kamata a rarraba takardu a matsayin sirri.[1] Ofishin masu zaman kansu (PCO), sakatariyar majalisar ministocin tarayya ne suka yanke irin wannan shawarar a da. Bayan canjin manufofin, ana tuntuɓar PCO a cikin "masu rikitarwa kawai", al'adar da farfesa Errol Mendes, masanin tsarin mulki a Jami'ar Ottawa kuma tsohon Babban Mashawarci ga PCO ya bayyana a matsayin "mummuna". Ya bayyana cewa PCO ne kawai ke da cikakken bayani game da ko an shirya takarda don - ko kuma ta gani - majalisar ministocin tarayya kuma, saboda haka, ta cancanci ware. Tasirin umarnin shine danne manyan takardu, wanda ya ninka adadin korafe-korafe ga Kwamishinan Watsa Labarai, mai zaman kansa. Suzanne Legault, [2] Kwamishinan da ke kan mulki a wannan lokacin, ya nuna damuwa, yana kwatanta iyakar sabon tushen cirewa daga sakin a matsayin "mai fadi sosai", da kuma kasa "mutunta mahimman ka'idojin 'yancin bayanai". Dan majalisar masu sassaucin ra'ayi John McKay ya bayyana yunkurinsa na fitar da bayanan da ake bukata don yin "hukunce-hukunce masu zaman kansu" wajen cika ayyukan majalisar a matsayin "aiki cikin takaici". Har ila yau, an bayyana koke-koke daga kafafen yada labarai da kuma jami’an gwamnatin tarayya da ke da alhakin sa ido, ciki har da babban mai binciken kudi, jami’in kasafin kudi na majalisar dokoki, da kuma jami’an tsaro na sojoji. Michael Ferguson (Aditor Janar) ya ce kokarin da ya yi a farkon shekarar 2014 na duba tsare-tsaren fansho na jama'a don tantance lafiyarsu na dogon lokaci ya samu cikas daga jami'an ma'aikatar kudi da baitulmali. Kevin Page, Jami'in Kasafin Kudi na Majalisar a lokacin 2008-2013, ya bayyana cewa majalisar ko ofishinsa ba za su iya samun bayanan da suke bukata ba. Ya kara da cewa: "Gwamnati tana neman majalisar ta kada kuri'a kan kudirorin doka ba tare da bayanan kudi ba kuma suna fakewa da rufin asiri na amincewar majalisar. Ya kammala da cewa dokar ta bukaci a yi babban bita[3]. == Dubi kuma == * 'Yanci na bayanai a Kanada * Dokar 'yancin bayanai * Tushen Bayani - ajiyar bayanai da ake samu ta hanyar Dokar Sirri da ''Dokar Samun Bayani'' == Manazarta == {{Reflist|30em}} [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] e7euis3moownk0ijogpajcwvj9vn949 0 121361 895556 874684 2026-08-12T10:24:23Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 895556 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Fayil:Jewelled_gecko_BPmale.jpg|thumb|300x300px|Gecko na Canterbury, ''Woodworthia brunnea'', ya kasance manufa ga masu safarar namun daji.]] New Zealand tana da nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan da ba kasafai ba kuma suna cikin haɗari kuma an sami lokuta na safarar namun daji. New Zealand ta rattaba hannu kan CITES (Yarjejeniyar Ciniki ta Kasa da Kasa a cikin Nauyin Dabbobin daji da Flora) da aka kafa don tabbatar da cewa kasuwancin kasa da ƙasa na samfuran dabbobin daji da tsire-tsire ba su yi barazana ga rayuwarsu ba. Ma'aikatar Kulawa ce ke gudanar da CITES. Za a iya gabatar da kara daga safarar namun daji a ƙarƙashin Dokar Ciniki a cikin Hare-hare na 1989. The Wildlife Enforcement Group, ƙungiyar mutane uku da aka samo daga sassan gwamnati guda uku (New Zealand Customs Service, Ma'aikatar Aikin Gona da Kayan Gida da Ma'abiyar Karewa), an kafa ta ne a cikin shekarar 1992 don bincika safarar namun daji zuwa da kuma daga New Zealand. Ayyukan WEG sun haifar da gurfanar da mutane 24, amma an rushe kungiyar a hankali tsakanin 2012 da 2014, kuma tun daga wannan lokacin babu wata runduna mai ba da gudummawa da ke kula da safarar namun daji a New Zealand. WEG ya kamata a maye gurbinsa da babbar Cibiyar Kula da Laifuka ta Muhalli, ko kuma cibiyar dijital, amma babu wanda ya faru.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |last=Allott |first=Amber |date=Sep–Oct 2018 |title=The reptile smugglers |url=https://www.nzgeo.com/stories/the-reptile-smugglers/ |access-date=2020-04-01 |website=New Zealand Geographic |language=en-NZ}}</ref> An ga rushewar WEG a matsayin samar da damar da masu farauta ke yi amfani da namun daji na New Zealand. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Hancock |first=Farah |date=23 August 2017 |title=Three ways NZ can save its native geckos |url=https://www.newsroom.co.nz/2017/08/22/44064/three-ways-nz-can-save-its-native-geckos# |access-date=23 April 2017 |website=Newsroom}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Hancock |first=Farah |date=29 November 2017 |title=Disbanding of NZ wildlife group paves way for poachers |url=https://www.newsroom.co.nz/@environment/2017/11/28/63899/disbanding-of-nz-wildlife-group-paves-way-for-poachers# |access-date=23 April 2018 |website=Newsroom}}</ref> Tun daga wannan lokacin, ma'aikatar masana'antu na farko (MPI - tsohuwar ma'aikatar noma da gandun daji) da kuma ma'aikatar kiyayewa (DOC) sun himmatu wajen yin aiki tare don kai hari ga masu safarar namun daji, tare da tallafi daga Hukumar Kwastam, a karkashin yarjejeniyar fahimtar juna da aka sanya hannu a cikin 2017.<ref name=":0"/> Wannan haɗin gwiwa na farko na tuhuma biyu na shigar da giwayen giwaye ba bisa ka'ida ba a cikin 2013 da 2015, da kuma shigo da bile na Asiya Black bear a cikin 2020.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2020-03-11 |title=Stern message sent after smuggled bear bile case |url=https://www.rnz.co.nz/programmes/the-detail/story/2018737940/new-zealand-s-battle-against-wildlife-smuggling |access-date=2020-04-01 |website=[[RNZ]] |language=en-nz}}</ref> Hukumomin kuma suna musayar bayanai tare da hukumomi iri ɗaya a ƙasashen waje, wanda zai iya haifar da hukunci a wani wuri.<ref name="voxy.co.nz">{{Cite web |title=Californian man sentenced to prison for trafficking ivory to NZ |url=http://www.voxy.co.nz/national/5/267987 |access-date=2020-04-01 |website=www.voxy.co.nz |language=en |archive-date=2016-11-11 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161111144832/http://www.voxy.co.nz/national/5/267987 |url-status=dead }}</ref> Amma yayin da ake ci gaba da kama haramtattun kayayyakin dabbobi masu shigowa cikin New Zealand, tun lokacin da aka wargaza WEG, ba a kama wanda aka kama da safarar nau'ikan 'yan asalin ƙasar ba; Kotun da ta yi nasara ta ƙarshe, kan safarar gecko, ta kasance a cikin 2012.<ref name=":0" /> New Zealand endemic geckos, kasancewa masu launi da kullun, suna da mahimmanci ga masu tarawa da kuma dubban daloli a ketare.<ref name=":0"/> An ci gaba da yunkurin fasa kwaurin, tare da sace gyadar Marlborough koren gecko daga wani wurin baƙo na tsakiyar terrarium, da kuma akwatin abincin da aka rufe a cikin 2017 a cikin Lambunan Botanic na Christchurch mai ɗauke da ƙagaru 58 na asali, kusan duka sun mutu. Herpetologist Cary Knox ya gane mutum geckos daga yawan mutanen da ya yi nazari an tallata su don sayarwa a kan layi.<ref name=":0" /> Yayin da aka fitar da wasu nau'in New Zealand bisa doka kafin a canza dokar a cikin 1989, shahararren gidan yanar gizo na Turai don masu tattara dabbobi masu rarrafe ya lissafa nau'ikan nau'ikan irin su harlequin geckos (Tukutuku rakiurae) da geckos jauhari (Naultinus gemmeus) waɗanda ba a taɓa fitar da su ta hanyar doka ba. Ana siyar da waɗannan dabbobi masu rarrafe akai-akai a wuraren nuna dabbobi masu rarrafe a Jamus.<ref name=":0" /> Haɗin kai tare da hukumomin ketare ya haifar da komawa New Zealand na wasu geckos guda biyu da aka yi fasakwaurinsu a baya daga Jamus a cikin 2016. Daya ya mutu a keɓe a gidan Zoo na Wellington, kuma an bai wa wanda ya tsira sabon gida a wani shinge a gidan tarihi na Otago. Ba za a iya mayar da gecko cikin daji ba saboda haɗarin lafiyar halittu, amma Knox ya iya gano asalin shukar da aka fara farauta daga gare ta, kuma an ƙara wasu itacen a sabon wurin da aka gina.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2016-12-11 |title=Rare gecko's smuggling ordeal over |url=https://www.rnz.co.nz/news/national/320134/rare-gecko%27s-smuggling-ordeal-over |access-date=2020-04-01 |website=[[RNZ]] |language=en-nz}}</ref> == Abubuwan da suka faru == Abubuwan da suka faru na smuggling a New Zealand sun hada da: * A cikin 1993 an yi amfani da jirgin sama mai sauƙi don shigo da tsuntsayen Australiya 31, gami da nau'ikan cockatoo guda biyu, zuwa New Zealand. A cikin "Operation Icarus" 'yan sanda sun kama mutane da yawa tare da yanke hukunci na mutane shida a New Zealand da wasu shida a Ostiraliya. * A cikin 1997 ana shigo da tsuntsayen Australiya sama da 600 ta hanyar New Zealand don Turai, Amurka, da Japan.<ref name="Oceania1997" /> * Freddie Angell ya kasance mai safarar namun daji wanda ya shafe shekaru hudu a kurkuku saboda safarar namun dabbobin daji. * An ci tarar wani yawon bude ido na Jamus $ 12,000 saboda yunkurin fitar da geckos mai laushi na Northland daga kasar a cikin tufafinsa.<ref>{{Cite web |date=1 February 2001 |title=Convicted Gecko smuggler gets [sic - error in title on source page] |url=http://www.beehive.govt.nz/release/convicted+gecko+smuggler+gets |access-date=30 June 2010 |publisher=New Zealand Government}}</ref> * An yanke wa masu ilimin tsire-tsire biyu na Czech hukunci a shekara ta 2004 na ƙoƙarin shigo da tsire-shuke 363 na daji, gami da ƙwayoyin ƙwayoyin cuta 93.<ref>{{Cite web |year=2004 |title=TRAFFIC Bulletin Vol. 20 No. 1 (2004) |url=http://www.traffic.org/traffic-bulletin/traffic_pub_bulletin_20_1.pdf |access-date=30 June 2010 |publisher=TRAFFIC |page=28}}</ref> * A watan Janairun 2010 an yanke wa wani mutumin Jamus wanda ya yi ƙoƙari ya fitar da geckos da skinks 44 daga kasar a cikin tufafinsa na ciki hukuncin makonni 12 a kurkuku. An kama shi yana ƙoƙarin shiga jirgin sama a Filin jirgin saman Christchurch tare da dabbobi.<ref>{{Cite web |date=8 December 2009 |title=Tourist caught smuggling wildlife in underwear |url=http://www.customs.govt.nz/about/News/Tourist+caught+smuggling+wildlife+in+underwear.htm |access-date=30 June 2010 |publisher=New Zealand Customs Service}}</ref> * A watan Maris na shekara ta 2010 an daure mutane biyu na makonni 18 bayan sun dauki geckos masu daraja daga Yankin Otago. An kama su bayan an sami wani ɗan Jamus a Christchurch tare da geckos 16 a cikin bututu a cikin jakarsa. An yanke masa hukuncin makonni 15 a kurkuku. * An daure 'yan Jamus biyu na tsawon watanni huɗu da rabi a watan Maris na shekara ta 2011 saboda yunkurin fitar da geckos masu daraja daga kasar, kuma a watan Mayu na shekara ta 2012 an daure wani mutumin Jamus na makonni 16 bayan an same shi da laifin farauta da mallakar geckos mai daraja guda huɗu. * A watan Satumbar 2012 an yanke wa wani mutumin Tongan hukuncin aiki na sa'o'i 165 na al'umma saboda yunkurin shigo da zane-zane 51 da aka yi daga ƙasusuwan Humpback Whale <ref>{{Cite web |title=Jail threat for whale bone smuggler |url=https://www.stuff.co.nz/auckland/7670441/Jail-threat-for-whale-bone-smuggler |access-date=2020-04-01 |website=[[Stuff (website)|Stuff]] |language=en}}</ref> * An yanke wa wani mai kula da Acupuncturist na Auckland hukunci kuma an ci tarar $ 4,000 saboda yunkurin shigo da magunguna da ke dauke da tsire-tsire masu haɗari a cikin jakarsa a watan Maris na shekara ta 2013 * An yi rikodin hukunci na farko don shigo da hauren giwa ba bisa ka'ida ba a cikin New Zealand a watan Yulin 2013 lokacin da wani mutumin Auckland ya bayyana a kotu kuma an ci tarar $ 12,000 <ref>{{Cite web |title=Auckland man fined $12,000 for illegally importing ivory |url=https://www.doc.govt.nz/news/media-releases/2013/auckland-man-fined-12000-for-illegally-importing-ivory/ |access-date=2020-04-01 |website=[[Department of Conservation (New Zealand)|Department of Conservation]] |language=en-nz}}</ref> * An tuhumi dan kasar Vietnam a karkashin Dokar Tsaro bayan an kama shi yana ƙoƙarin shigo da kifi mai zafi zuwa New Zealand a cikin aljihun wando a watan Agustan 2013 <ref>{{Cite web |date=2013-08-30 |title=Fish smuggler caught with wet pockets |url=https://www.rnz.co.nz/news/national/218314/fish-smuggler-caught-with-wet-pockets |access-date=2020-04-01 |website=[[RNZ]] |language=en-nz}}</ref> * An yanke wa wata mace hukunci kuma an ci tarar $ 10,000 bayan an same ta da kusan gidajen tsuntsaye 50 a watan Disamba na shekara ta 2015.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Industries |first=Ministry for Primary |title=MPI applauds edible bird nest result {{!}} MPI - Ministry for Primary Industries. A New Zealand Government Department. |url=https://www.mpi.govt.nz/news-and-resources/media-releases/mpi-applauds-edible-bird-nest-result/ |access-date=2020-04-01 |website=www.mpi.govt.nz |language=en-NZ}}</ref> Ana amfani da gidajen don yin abincin tsuntsaye. * Hukuncin na biyu don shigo da hauren giwa ba bisa ka'ida ba ya faru ne a watan Disamba na shekara ta 2015 lokacin da aka ci wa mutumin Napier Paddy Cooper tarar $ 8,000 don shigo da Hauren giwa ta hanyar tsarin wasiku <ref>{{Cite web |title=Napier man fined for illegally importing elephant ivory |url=https://www.doc.govt.nz/news/media-releases/2015/napier-man-fined-for-illegally-importing-elephant-ivory/ |access-date=2020-04-01 |website=[[Department of Conservation (New Zealand)|Department of Conservation]] |language=en-nz}}</ref> * An dakatar da wani mutum a lokacin da ya isa daga Vietnam a watan Mayu 2016 kuma an gano yana da kifi na Siamese 5 a cikin jakarsa.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Industries |first=Ministry for Primary |title=MPI intercepts "wet" fighting fish at airport {{!}} MPI - Ministry for Primary Industries. A New Zealand Government Department. |url=https://www.mpi.govt.nz/news-and-resources/media-releases/mpi-intercepts-wet-fighting-fish-at-airport/ |access-date=2020-04-01 |website=www.mpi.govt.nz |language=en-NZ}}</ref> * A watan Oktoba na shekara ta 2016 an yanke wa wani dalibi na ilimin dabbobi na Auckland hukunci saboda yunkurin shigo da maciji na masara, chameleons guda biyar, da iguana <ref>{{Cite web |title=Zoology student ordered to pay $15,000 for importing banned reptiles |url=https://www.stuff.co.nz/national/crime/85320775/zoology-student-ordered-to-pay-15000-for-importing-banned-reptiles |access-date=2020-04-01 |website=[[Stuff (website)|Stuff]] |language=en}}</ref><ref name=":0"/> * Bayanan da aka tattara a lokacin da ake gurfanar da Paddy Cooper an ba da su ga hukumomin Amurka wanda ya haifar da ɗaurin wani mutumin California a watan Nuwamba 2016 don samar da hauren giwa ga Cooper <ref name="voxy.co.nz"/> * A watan Fabrairun 2017 an yanke wa wani mutumin Pahiatua hukunci kuma an ci tarar shi saboda shigo da ƙwai na wata na Malaysia <ref>{{Cite web |title=Pahiatua man fined for hatching and distributing exotic moths |url=https://www.stuff.co.nz/environment/89478331/pahiatua-man-fined-for-hatching-and-distributing-exotic-moths |access-date=2020-04-01 |website=[[Stuff (website)|Stuff]] |language=en}}</ref> * A watan Yulin 2017 an yi zargin cewa an sace wani gecko mai launin kore na Marlborough daga wani terrarium a Cibiyar Baƙi ta Ma'aikatar Karewa a Fiordland National Park inda ya zauna shekaru 30. Ba a kama kowa ba kuma ba a dawo da gecko ba. * A watan Agustan shekara ta 2017 an gano akwatin abincin rana a cikin lambunan Christchurch Botanic da ke dauke da kwayoyin halitta 58 na nau'o'i daban-daban, 4 ne kawai daga cikinsu har yanzu suna da rai. Wannan mai yiwuwa ne sakamakon yunkurin smuggling mara nasara.<ref>{{Cite web |date=15 August 2017 |title=DOC seeks information after lizards found |url=http://www.doc.govt.nz/news/media-releases/2017/doc-seeks-information-after-lizards-found/ |access-date=23 April 2018 |website=[[Department of Conservation (New Zealand)|Department of Conservation Te Papa Atawhai]]}}</ref> * A watan Janairun 2018 an ci wani mutumin Auckland tarar dala 2,250 saboda safarar yankan shuke-shuke da tsaba <ref>{{Cite web |title=Fine for plant smuggler |url=https://www.mpi.govt.nz/news-and-resources/media-releases/fine-for-plant-smuggler/ |access-date=2020-04-01 |website=Ministry for Primary Industries |publisher=New Zealand Government Department |language=en-NZ}}</ref> * A watan Agustan 2019 an hana wata mace ta Fiji shiga New Zealand bayan an same ta tana shigo da tsaba a cikin kwantena na magani <ref>{{Cite web |title=Fijian passenger denied entry |url=https://www.biosecurity.govt.nz/news-and-resources/media-releases/fijian-passenger-denied-entry/ |access-date=2020-04-01 |website=Ministry for Primary Industries |publisher=New Zealand Government |language=en-NZ}}</ref> * A watan Disamba na shekara ta 2019, an tuhumi wata mace ta Tauranga da laifuka 7 saboda yunkurin shigo da shuke-shuke, yanka da tsaba ba bisa ka'ida ba. * A watan Maris na shekara ta 2020 an ci tarar wata mace ta kasar Sin $ 7,500 saboda yunkurin shigo da kwalabe 12 na Asiatic Black bear zuwa New Zealand <ref>{{Cite web |title=Courts take a strong stand on illegal bear bile import |url=https://www.doc.govt.nz/news/media-releases/2020-media-releases/courts-take-a-strong-stand-on-illegal-bear-bile-import/ |access-date=2020-04-01 |website=Department of Conservation |language=en-nz}}</ref> * An ci tarar wata mace ta Auckland $ 31,500 saboda sayar da gidajen tsuntsaye a watan Janairun 2021. An haramta gidajen Swiftlet a New Zealand kuma matar tana sayar da su a WeChat * An yanke wa wani mai shigo da cactus hukuncin kulawa mai zurfi na watanni 12 da sa'o'i 100 na aikin al'umma bayan ya yi ƙoƙari ya shigo da succulents 947 ba bisa ka'ida ba a watan Fabrairun 2021 * A watan Afrilu na shekara ta 2022, an ci wani mutumin Tauranga tarar dala 5,250 saboda yunkurin shigo da shuke-shuke ba bisa ka'ida ba ta hanyar wasika. * A watan Disamba na shekara ta 2022, jami'ai daga Ma'aikatar Karewa sun kwace samfurori na ƙaho a lokacin takardun bincike a gidaje biyu a Auckland == Nabbaya kuma == * Karewa a New Zealand * Kula da lafiyar dabbobi a New Zealand * Fitar da dabbobi a kudancin Afirka == Bayanan da aka ambata == == Haɗin waje == * Shafin [http://doc.govt.nz/about-doc/role/international/endangered-species/ CITES] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141101104440/http://doc.govt.nz/about-doc/role/international/endangered-species/ |date=2014-11-01 }} a [[Ma'aikatar Karewa (New Zealand)|Ma'aikatar Karewa]] * [http://doc.govt.nz/about-doc/role/international/endangered-species/cites/cites-species/nz-cites-listed-species/ Nau'in da aka jera a cikin CITES na New Zealand] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130715063724/http://doc.govt.nz/about-doc/role/international/endangered-species/cites/cites-species/nz-cites-listed-species/ |date=2013-07-15 }} * TRAFFIC Oceania - cibiyar kula da cinikin namun daji *   * {{Cite journal |last=Aynsley |first=B |year=1995 |title=Smugglers in Paradise |journal=New Zealand Listener |location=New Zealand |volume=151 |issue=2897 |pages=18–21}} pdxvoafjgufzj752nyk1vr3887sb7xm 0 121910 895367 742247 2026-08-12T06:16:20Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 4 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 895367 wikitext text/x-wiki == Tarihin rayuwa == {{Databox}} An haifi Lema kuma ta girma a ƙauyen Nronga a cikin Gundumar Moshi ta Yankin Kilimanjaro . Ta yi karatun kimiyyar ɗakin karatu kuma ta yi aiki a ɗakin karatu na kasa. Ta ci gaba da karatunta ta hanyar karatun wallafe-wallafen Ingilishi a Jami'ar Dar es Salaam da rubuce-rubuce masu kirkiro a Jami'an Jihar San Francisco . Lema ta fara rubuta waka sannan ta fara rubuta littattafan yara <ref> name="cca">{{Cite web |title=Elieshi Lema (Tanzania) |url=http://www.cca.ukzn.ac.za/index.php/tow-past-participants/46-tow-2013/207-elieshi-lema-tanzania |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170624071348/http://www.cca.ukzn.ac.za/index.php/tow-past-participants/46-tow-2013/207-elieshi-lema-tanzania |archive-date=2017-06-24 |access-date=2015-08-30 |publisher=Centre for Creative Arts}}</ref> a cikin [[Harshen Swahili|Swahili]] . Takaitaccen labarinta ''Mwendo'' yayi magana akan ayyukan al'adu masu cutarwa ga yarinyar a [[Tanzaniya]]. A cikin 2001, ta rubuta littafinta na farko mai suna ''Parched Earth'' a Turanci. <ref>name="sacaa">{{Cite web |title=Elieshi Lema |url=http://sanaa-central.spla.pro/en/file.person.elieshi-lema.37070.html |website=Sanaa Central |access-date=2025-12-04 |archive-date=2023-11-12 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231112210828/http://sanaa-central.spla.pro/en/file.person.elieshi-lema.37070.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> An fassara wannan littafin zuwa Yaren mutanen Sweden da Faransanci kuma an sami lambar yabo ta lambar yabo ta Noma don bugawa a Afirka . Wani littafinta na matasa na Turanci, mai suna ''In the Belly of Dar es Salaam'', yana cikin jerin sunayen da aka zaba don kyautar Burt don Adabin Afirka. <ref> name=":0">{{Cite web |date=2017-08-31 |title=Elieshi Lema |url=https://www.burtaward.org/elieshi-lema |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200806154323/https://www.burtaward.org/elieshi-lema |archive-date=2020-08-06 |access-date=2020-02-10 |website=CODE's Burt Literary Awards |language=en}}</ref> A matsayinta na babban edita, ta kuma buga ayyukan da shugaban Tanzaniya na farko [[Julius Nyerere]] ya yi, mai suna ''Nyerere akan Ilimi: Zaɓaɓɓun Essays da jawabai.'' Lema ita ce mai haɗin gwiwar gidan wallafe-wallafen E&D Vision Publishing, <ref>{{Cite web |title=E&D Vision – E&D Vision Publishing |url=http://vitabu.edvisionpublishing.co.tz/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200127233152/http://vitabu.edvisionpublishing.co.tz/ |archive-date=2020-01-27 |access-date=2020-02-10 |language=en-US}}</ref> wanda kuma ke gudanar da kantin sayar da littattafai a Dar es Salaam. <ref>name="cca">{{Cite web |title=Elieshi Lema (Tanzania) |url=http://www.cca.ukzn.ac.za/index.php/tow-past-participants/46-tow-2013/207-elieshi-lema-tanzania |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170624071348/http://www.cca.ukzn.ac.za/index.php/tow-past-participants/46-tow-2013/207-elieshi-lema-tanzania |archive-date=2017-06-24 |access-date=2015-08-30 |publisher=Centre for Creative Arts}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://web.archive.org/web/20170624071348/http://www.cca.ukzn.ac.za/index.php/tow-past-participants/46-tow-2013/207-elieshi-lema-tanzania "Elieshi Lema (Tanzania)"]. Centre for Creative Arts. Archived from [http://www.cca.ukzn.ac.za/index.php/tow-past-participants/46-tow-2013/207-elieshi-lema-tanzania the original] on 2017-06-24<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2015-08-30</span></span>.</cite></ref> Bugawar E&D Vision ya fi buga littattafan yara, litattafai da lakabi game da tarihin Afirka, duka cikin Swahili da Turanci. A cikin 1998, sun buga ɗan littafin farko don matasa masu karatu akan tarihin [[Dinosaurs na Tendaguru]], wanda kuma ya zama sananne da shawarar karantawa a makarantun Kenya. <ref>{{Cite web |last=REPUBLIC OF KENYA MINISTRY OF EDUCATION SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY |date=2015 |title=Approved list of school textbooks and other instructional materials for ECDE, Primary schools and teacher training colleges |url=http://icta.go.ke/pdf/approvered-list-of-books-primary-2015.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180127061629/http://icta.go.ke/pdf/approvered-list-of-books-primary-2015.pdf |archive-date=2018-01-27 |access-date=2019-09-24 |website=}}</ref> A matsayinta na marubuciyar marubuciyar adabi na manya da mawallafi da ilimi, Lema ta mai da hankali kan litattafai na yara a matsayin tushen masana'antar buga littattafai a kasarta. <ref>{{Cite web |title=E&D Vision – E&D Vision Publishing |url=http://vitabu.edvisionpublishing.co.tz/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200127233152/http://vitabu.edvisionpublishing.co.tz/ |archive-date=2020-01-27 |access-date=2020-02-10 |language=en-US}}</ref> Har ila yau, ita ce shugabar kafa ta Asusun Amintattun Al'adun Tanzaniya. Bugu da ari, ta yi aiki a hukumar don [[Cibiyar Mawallafa ta Afirka|Cibiyar Sadarwar Masu Buga ta Afirka]], ''Haki Elimu'', Shirin Sadarwar Jinsi na Tanzaniya, Asusun Watsa Labarai na Tanzaniya da kuma a kan kwamitin zartarwa na Ƙungiyar Masu Buga na Tanzaniya, <ref>name="cca">{{Cite web |title=Elieshi Lema (Tanzania) |url=http://www.cca.ukzn.ac.za/index.php/tow-past-participants/46-tow-2013/207-elieshi-lema-tanzania |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170624071348/http://www.cca.ukzn.ac.za/index.php/tow-past-participants/46-tow-2013/207-elieshi-lema-tanzania |archive-date=2017-06-24 |access-date=2015-08-30 |publisher=Centre for Creative Arts}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://web.archive.org/web/20170624071348/http://www.cca.ukzn.ac.za/index.php/tow-past-participants/46-tow-2013/207-elieshi-lema-tanzania "Elieshi Lema (Tanzania)"]. Centre for Creative Arts. Archived from [http://www.cca.ukzn.ac.za/index.php/tow-past-participants/46-tow-2013/207-elieshi-lema-tanzania the original] on 2017-06-24<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2015-08-30</span></span>.</cite></ref> da kuma Cibiyar Nazarin Littafin Yara. <ref>name=":0">{{Cite web |date=2017-08-31 |title=Elieshi Lema |url=https://www.burtaward.org/elieshi-lema |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200806154323/https://www.burtaward.org/elieshi-lema |archive-date=2020-08-06 |access-date=2020-02-10 |website=CODE's Burt Literary Awards |language=en}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://web.archive.org/web/20200806154323/https://www.burtaward.org/elieshi-lema "Elieshi Lema"]. ''CODE's Burt Literary Awards''. 2017-08-31. Archived from [https://www.burtaward.org/elieshi-lema the original] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200806154323/https://www.burtaward.org/elieshi-lema |date=2020-08-06 }} on 2020-08-06<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2020-02-10</span></span>.</cite></ref> <ref> name=":1">{{Cite web |date=14 July 2022 |title=Publisher Elieshi Lema Discusses Private Sector Book Publishing in Africa |url=https://www.globalbookalliance.org/news-views/elieshi-lema-on-private-sector-book-publishing-in-africa |access-date=2023-03-01 |website=Global Book Alliance |language=en-US}}</ref> A wata hira da ta yi da ita game da kalubalen da ake fuskanta na gina al'adun karatu mai dorewa a gabashin Afirka, ta ce: <ref name=":1">{{Cite web |date=14 July 2022 |title=Publisher Elieshi Lema Discusses Private Sector Book Publishing in Africa |url=https://www.globalbookalliance.org/news-views/elieshi-lema-on-private-sector-book-publishing-in-africa |access-date=2023-03-01 |website=Global Book Alliance |language=en-US}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://www.globalbookalliance.org/news-views/elieshi-lema-on-private-sector-book-publishing-in-africa "Publisher Elieshi Lema Discusses Private Sector Book Publishing in Africa"]. ''Global Book Alliance''. 14 July 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2023-03-01</span></span>.</cite></ref> == liyafar == A cikin labarinta na ilimi na 2013 a cikin mujallar kimiyya [[Faransanci|ta Faransa]], Flavia Aiello Traoré ta ba da haske game da hulɗar adabi, ilimi, da al'adu, inda ta bayyana cewa aikin Lema ya ba da gudummawa sosai ga yanayin adabi da ilimi na Tanzaniya. A cewar binciken, yanayin adabin yara a Tanzaniya yana da alaƙa da ilimin jama'a da kuma haɓaka Swahili a matsayin harshen ƙasa. An gabatar da Swahili a matsayin hanyar koyarwa bayan samun 'yancin kai, amma har yanzu akwai kalubale a aikace a duk matakan ilimi. Daga shekarun 1990 zuwa gaba, yunƙuri kamar "Ayyukan Littattafan Yara" sun inganta ƙimar karatu da tallafawa wallafe-wallafen gida. Duk da ci gaban da aka samu, sashen adabin yara na Tanzaniya na fuskantar cikas kamar ƙarancin albarkatu, kasuwannin da ba a bunƙasa ba, da kuma rashin daidaiton ingancin ilimi. <ref> name=":2">{{Cite journal |last=Aiello Traoré |first=Flavia |date=2013-02-01 |title=Littérature enfantine et de jeunesse en Tanzanie : la contribution de Elieshi Lema |url=https://journals.openedition.org/africanistes/3590 |journal=Journal des africanistes |language=fr |issue=83-1 |pages=180–192 |doi=10.4000/africanistes.3590 |issn=0399-0346 |url-access=subscription}}</ref> A matsayinta na wanda ya kafa gidan buga littattafai na kansa, E&D Limited, ayyukanta sun yi niyya don tallafawa ilimin jama'a tare da haɓaka sha'awar yara, ainihi, da kima. Bugu da ari, ta kan gabatar da muhimman jigogi kamar al'adun al'adu, 'yancin yara, ilimi, da daidaiton jinsi. Har ila yau, labarin Lema ya haɗa al'adun baka na Tanzaniya da kuma bayyana halaye na gaskiya don jawo hankalin matasa masu karatu. <ref> name=":2">{{Cite journal |last=Aiello Traoré |first=Flavia |date=2013-02-01 |title=Littérature enfantine et de jeunesse en Tanzanie : la contribution de Elieshi Lema |url=https://journals.openedition.org/africanistes/3590 |journal=Journal des africanistes |language=fr |issue=83-1 |pages=180–192 |doi=10.4000/africanistes.3590 |issn=0399-0346 |url-access=subscription}}<cite class="citation journal cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFAiello_Traoré2013">Aiello Traoré, Flavia (2013-02-01). <span class="id-lock-subscription" title="Paid subscription required">[https://journals.openedition.org/africanistes/3590 "Littérature enfantine et de jeunesse en Tanzanie : la contribution de Elieshi Lema"]</span>. ''Journal des africanistes'' (in French) (<span class="nowrap">83–</span>1): <span class="nowrap">180–</span>192. [[Doi (identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.4000/africanistes.3590|10.4000/africanistes.3590]]. [[ISSN]]&nbsp;[https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0399-0346 0399-0346].</cite> [[Category:CS1 French-language sources (fr)]]</ref> == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1949]] 2t3v443n22dul4snf8et3j8p15644q9 0 122431 895147 861113 2026-08-11T17:44:45Z Amadee619 37975 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1353407739|Adeoluwa Owu]]" 895147 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Adeoluwa Emmanuel Owu''' wanda aka fi sani da '''Kyaftin Degzy''' shi ne darektan fina-finai [[Ɗan Nijeriya|Na Najeriya]], kuma Mai daukar hoto, wanda aka fi saninsa da ayyukansa a jerin shirye-shiryen talabijin na Far From Home (2022) da Shanty Town (2023), da fina-fallafen A Tribe Called Judah (2023) da ''[[Jagun Jagun]]'' (2023), wanda na ƙarshe ya ba shi gabatarwa a [[Kyautar Zaɓin Masu kallo na sihiri na Afirka na 2024|AMVCA]] don Mafi Kyawun Cinematography. <ref>{{Cite web |date=25 March 2024 |title=AMVCA 2024 nominations full list: Over the Bridge get highest nomination |url=https://www.bbc.com/pidgin/articles/c3gmw713z0wo |access-date=21 September 2024 |website=BBC News Pidgin}}</ref> A cikin 2023, FilmOne ya lissafa shi a matsayin darektan mafi girma a kan Littafin Shekara na Kasuwancin Kasuwancin Najeriya . <ref name="Filmone">{{Cite web |title=Nigeria BoxOffice Yearbook 2023 By Filmone |url=http://books.filmhouseng.com/books/mouh/#p=86 |access-date=21 September 2024 |website=Filmhouse Group |publisher=Filmone}}</ref> == Rayuwa ta farko da ilimi == An haifi Adeoluwa Emmanuel Owu a [[Ilorin]], [[Kwara (Jiha)|Jihar Kwara]] . Ya fito ne daga Jihar Kogi kuma ya fito ne daga zuriyar Yagba . <ref name="Independent" /> Owu ya halarci [[Jami'ar Ilorin]] kafin ya ci gaba zuwa Cibiyar Fim ta Pefti a [[Lagos (birni)|Legas]], inda ya sami digiri a cikin fim, kuma ya inganta ƙwarewarsa yayin da yake cikin ma'aikata a matsayin mai daukar hoto, edita, da darektan. <ref name="Independent" /> == Fim ɗin ɓangare == === Fim din === {| class="wikitable" ! style="background:#B0C4DE;" |Shekara ! style="background:#B0C4DE;" |Fim din ! style="background:#B0C4DE;" |Matsayi |- |2025 |''[['Yan fashi na Owambe]]'' |Daraktan |- | rowspan="4" |2024 |''Asiri Ade'' |Daraktan |- |''[[When Love Strikes|Lokacin da Soyayya ta Kashe]]'' |Daraktan |- |''[[Sarauniya Lateefah]]'' |Daraktan |- |''Hanyar da za a haɗu'' |Mai daukar hoto |- | rowspan="4" |2023 |[[Adire (fim)|''Adire'']] | rowspan="3" |Daraktan |- |''[[A Tribe Called Judah|Ƙabilar da ake kira Yahuza]]'' |- |''Abin da Babu Wanda Ya sani'' |- |''[[Jagun Jagun]]'' |Mai daukar hoto |- | rowspan="2" |2022 |''[[One Too Many (fim na 2022)|Ɗaya da yawa]]'' |Mai daukar hoto |- |''Kafin Valentin'' |Mai daukar hoto |- | rowspan="6" |2021 |''Ranar Makafi'' |Daraktan |- |''[[The Griot (fim)|Griot]]'' |Darakta da Babban furodusa |- |''Da Fa'idodi'' |Daraktan |- |''[[What Happened at St James|Abin da ya faru a St James]]'' |Mai daukar hoto |- |''[[My Village People|Mutanen ƙauyenmu]]'' |Mai daukar hoto |- |''[[Charge and Bail (fim)|Haraji da Bail]]'' |Mai daukar hoto |- | rowspan="6" |2020 |''[[Introducing the Kujus|Gabatar da Kujus]]'' |Mai daukar hoto |- |''Triangle na Ƙaunar Betty'' |Mai daukar hoto |- |''Hasken gas'' |Daraktan |- |''[[This Lady Called Life|Wannan Uwargidan da ake kira Rayuwa]]'' |Mai daukar hoto |- |''Lokaci ya yi Canja'' |Mai daukar hoto |- |''Dubban Hanyoyi don Kashe Mutumin da yaudare'' |Mai daukar hoto |- | rowspan="4" |2019 |''Tarihin Chicken'' |Mai daukar hoto |- |''Adaife'' |Mai daukar hoto |- |''Ms Mai zaman kanta'' |Mai daukar hoto |- |''Ba a taɓa ganinsa yana zuwa ba'' |Mai daukar hoto |- | rowspan="3" |2018 |''[[Oga Bolaji]]'' |Daraktan daukar hoto |- |''Ƙauna a Lokaci na Kekes'' |Mai daukar hoto |- |''Tarihin 4'' |Mai daukar hoto |- | rowspan="9" |2017 |''Wani lamari na 'yancin zaɓe'' |Mai daukar hoto |- |''Ga 'ya'yana mata'' |Mai daukar hoto |- |''Ba a rufe shi ba'' |Mai daukar hoto |- |''[[Stormy Hearts|Zuciya Mai Girma]]'' |Mai daukar hoto |- |''A cikin tarko'' |Mai daukar hoto |- |''Baƙo Fiye da Kowace'' |Mai daukar hoto |- |''Rashin Lokaci'' |Mai daukar hoto |- |''Neman Rainbows'' |Mai daukar hoto |- |''Tsakanin Rayuwa Blues'' |Mai daukar hoto |- |2016 |''Soyayya ta wuce gona da iri'' |Mai daukar hoto |- |2011 |''Hawaye na jini'' |Mai daukar hoto |} === Talabijin === {| class="wikitable" ! style="background:#B0C4DE;" |Shekara ! style="background:#B0C4DE;" |Shirye-shiryen talabijin ! style="background:#B0C4DE;" |Matsayi |- |2025 |''Abin da ba daidai ba ne'' |Mai daukar hoto |- |2024 |''Canjin Wasan: Wasan Wasan Wutar'' |Daraktan |- |2023 |''Garin Shanty'' |Mai daukar hoto (steadicam) |- |2022 |''[[Far From Home (TV series)(TV series)|Daga Gida]]'' |Mai shirya fina-finai |- |2021 |''Ƙaunar Ƙauni'' |Mai daukar hoto |} == Kyaututtuka da gabatarwa == {| class="wikitable sortable" !Shekara !Kyautar !Sashe !Ayyuka !Sakamakon |- |2020 |Bikin Fim na Duniya na Sarauniya Palm |Mafi kyawun Cinematography |Shi da kansa ga Anomalous''Abin da ba daidai ba ne''|{{Won}} |- |2021 |[[Africa International Film Festival|Bikin Fim na Duniya na Afirka]] |Kyautar Oronto Douglas don Mafi kyawun Fim na Najeriya |Shi da kansa ga ''[[The Griot (fim)|Griot]]'' |{{Won}} |- |2021 |Bikin Fim na Duniya na Golden Leaf |Kyautar Juri ta Musamman |Himes kansa don Makaho''Ranar Makafi''|{{Won}} |- |2024 |[[Kyautar zaɓuɓɓuka masu kallon afirka|Kyautar Zaɓin Masu Bincike na Afirka]] |Mafi kyawun Cinematography |Shi da kansa ga Jagun Jagun (The Warrior) ''[[Jagun Jagun|Jagun Jagun (Warriya)]]''|{{Nom}} |- |2024 |Nollywood 100 |Kyautar Kyauta |Shi da kansa|{{honoured}} |} == Bayanan da aka ambata == [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1985]] nadu1vjfwep2fj05yxzlxbr8rm2keyp 895170 895147 2026-08-11T18:09:51Z Amadee619 37975 895170 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Adeoluwa Emmanuel Owu''' wanda aka fi sani da '''Kyaftin Degzy''' shi ne darektan fina-finai [[Ɗan Nijeriya|Na Najeriya]], kuma Mai daukar hoto, wanda aka fi saninsa da ayyukansa a jerin shirye-shiryen talabijin na Far From Home (2022) da Shanty Town (2023), da fina-fallafen A Tribe Called Judah (2023) da ''[[Jagun Jagun]]'' (2023), wanda na ƙarshe ya ba shi gabatarwa a [[Kyautar Zaɓin Masu kallo na sihiri na Afirka na 2024|AMVCA]] don Mafi Kyawun Cinematography. <ref>{{Cite web |date=25 March 2024 |title=AMVCA 2024 nominations full list: Over the Bridge get highest nomination |url=https://www.bbc.com/pidgin/articles/c3gmw713z0wo |access-date=21 September 2024 |website=BBC News Pidgin}}</ref> A cikin 2023, FilmOne ya lissafa shi a matsayin darektan mafi girma a kan Littafin Shekara na Kasuwancin Kasuwancin Najeriya . <ref name="Filmone">{{Cite web |title=Nigeria BoxOffice Yearbook 2023 By Filmone |url=http://books.filmhouseng.com/books/mouh/#p=86 |access-date=21 September 2024 |website=Filmhouse Group |publisher=Filmone}}</ref> == Rayuwa ta farko da ilimi == An haifi Adeoluwa Emmanuel Owu a [[Ilorin]], [[Kwara (Jiha)|Jihar Kwara]] . Ya fito ne daga Jihar Kogi kuma ya fito ne daga zuriyar Yagba . <ref name="Independent" /> Owu ya halarci [[Jami'ar Ilorin]] kafin ya ci gaba zuwa Cibiyar Fim ta Pefti a [[Lagos (birni)|Legas]], inda ya sami digiri a cikin fim, kuma ya inganta ƙwarewarsa yayin da yake cikin ma'aikata a matsayin mai daukar hoto, edita, da darektan. <ref name="Independent" /> == Fim ɗin ɓangare == === Fim din === {| class="wikitable" ! style="background:#B0C4DE;" |Shekara ! style="background:#B0C4DE;" |Fim din ! style="background:#B0C4DE;" |Matsayi |- |2025 |''[['Yan fashi na Owambe]]'' |Daraktan |- | rowspan="4" |2024 |''Asiri Ade'' |Daraktan |- |''[[When Love Strikes|Lokacin da Soyayya ta Kashe]]'' |Daraktan |- |''[[Sarauniya Lateefah]]'' |Daraktan |- |''Hanyar da za a haɗu'' |Mai daukar hoto |- | rowspan="4" |2023 |[[Adire (fim)|''Adire'']] | rowspan="3" |Daraktan |- |''[[A Tribe Called Judah|Ƙabilar da ake kira Yahuza]]'' |- |''Abin da Babu Wanda Ya sani'' |- |''[[Jagun Jagun]]'' |Mai daukar hoto |- | rowspan="2" |2022 |''[[One Too Many (fim na 2022)|Ɗaya da yawa]]'' |Mai daukar hoto |- |''Kafin Valentin'' |Mai daukar hoto |- | rowspan="6" |2021 |''Ranar Makafi'' |Daraktan |- |''[[The Griot (fim)|Griot]]'' |Darakta da Babban furodusa |- |''Da Fa'idodi'' |Daraktan |- |''[[What Happened at St James|Abin da ya faru a St James]]'' |Mai daukar hoto |- |''[[My Village People|Mutanen ƙauyenmu]]'' |Mai daukar hoto |- |''[[Charge and Bail (fim)|Haraji da Bail]]'' |Mai daukar hoto |- | rowspan="6" |2020 |''[[Introducing the Kujus|Gabatar da Kujus]]'' |Mai daukar hoto |- |''Triangle na Ƙaunar Betty'' |Mai daukar hoto |- |''Hasken gas'' |Daraktan |- |''[[This Lady Called Life|Wannan Uwargidan da ake kira Rayuwa]]'' |Mai daukar hoto |- |''Lokaci ya yi Canja'' |Mai daukar hoto |- |''Dubban Hanyoyi don Kashe Mutumin da yaudare'' |Mai daukar hoto |- | rowspan="4" |2019 |''Tarihin Chicken'' |Mai daukar hoto |- |''Adaife'' |Mai daukar hoto |- |''Ms Mai zaman kanta'' |Mai daukar hoto |- |''Ba a taɓa ganinsa yana zuwa ba'' |Mai daukar hoto |- | rowspan="3" |2018 |''[[Oga Bolaji]]'' |Daraktan daukar hoto |- |''Ƙauna a Lokaci na Kekes'' |Mai daukar hoto |- |''Tarihin 4'' |Mai daukar hoto |- | rowspan="9" |2017 |''Wani lamari na 'yancin zaɓe'' |Mai daukar hoto |- |''Ga 'ya'yana mata'' |Mai daukar hoto |- |''Ba a rufe shi ba'' |Mai daukar hoto |- |''[[Stormy Hearts|Zuciya Mai Girma]]'' |Mai daukar hoto |- |''A cikin tarko'' |Mai daukar hoto |- |''Baƙo Fiye da Kowace'' |Mai daukar hoto |- |''Rashin Lokaci'' |Mai daukar hoto |- |''Neman Rainbows'' |Mai daukar hoto |- |''Tsakanin Rayuwa Blues'' |Mai daukar hoto |- |2016 |''Soyayya ta wuce gona da iri'' |Mai daukar hoto |- |2011 |''Hawaye na jini'' |Mai daukar hoto |} === Talabijin === {| class="wikitable" ! style="background:#B0C4DE;" |Shekara ! style="background:#B0C4DE;" |Shirye-shiryen talabijin ! style="background:#B0C4DE;" |Matsayi |- |2025 |''Abin da ba daidai ba ne'' |Mai daukar hoto |- |2024 |''Canjin Wasan: Wasan Wasan Wutar'' |Daraktan |- |2023 |''Garin Shanty'' |Mai daukar hoto (steadicam) |- |2022 |''[[Far From Home (TV series)(TV series)|Daga Gida]]'' |Mai shirya fina-finai |- |2021 |''Ƙaunar Ƙauni'' |Mai daukar hoto |} == Kyaututtuka da gabatarwa == {| class="wikitable sortable" !Shekara !Kyautar !Sashe !Ayyuka !Sakamakon |- |2020 |Bikin Fim na Duniya na Sarauniya Palm |Mafi kyawun Cinematography |Shi da kansa ga Anomalous''Abin da ba daidai ba ne''|{{Won}} |- |2021 |[[Africa International Film Festival|Bikin Fim na Duniya na Afirka]] |Kyautar Oronto Douglas don Mafi kyawun Fim na Najeriya |Shi da kansa ga ''[[The Griot (fim)|Griot]]'' |{{Won}} |- |2021 |Bikin Fim na Duniya na Golden Leaf |Kyautar Juri ta Musamman |Himes kansa don Makaho''Ranar Makafi''|{{Won}} |- |2024 |[[Kyautar zaɓuɓɓuka masu kallon afirka|Kyautar Zaɓin Masu Bincike na Afirka]] |Mafi kyawun Cinematography |Shi da kansa ga Jagun Jagun (The Warrior) ''[[Jagun Jagun|Jagun Jagun (Warriya)]]''|{{Nom}} |- |2024 |Nollywood 100 |Kyautar Kyauta |Shi da kansa|{{honoured}} |} == Bayanan da aka ambata == [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1985]] 6lxps29w1ehqqzutqfo8gdy3ty690wy 895171 895170 2026-08-11T18:10:12Z Amadee619 37975 895171 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Adeoluwa Emmanuel Owu''' wanda aka fi sani da '''Kyaftin Degzy''' shi ne darektan fina-finai [[Ɗan Nijeriya|Na Najeriya]], kuma Mai daukar hoto, wanda aka fi saninsa da ayyukansa a jerin shirye-shiryen talabijin na Far From Home (2022) da Shanty Town (2023), da fina-fallafen A Tribe Called Judah (2023) da ''[[Jagun Jagun]]'' (2023), wanda na ƙarshe ya ba shi gabatarwa a [[Kyautar Zaɓin Masu kallo na sihiri na Afirka na 2024|AMVCA]] don Mafi Kyawun Cinematography. <ref>{{Cite web |date=25 March 2024 |title=AMVCA 2024 nominations full list: Over the Bridge get highest nomination |url=https://www.bbc.com/pidgin/articles/c3gmw713z0wo |access-date=21 September 2024 |website=BBC News Pidgin}}</ref> A cikin 2023, FilmOne ya lissafa shi a matsayin darektan mafi girma a kan Littafin Shekara na Kasuwancin Kasuwancin Najeriya . <ref name="Filmone">{{Cite web |title=Nigeria BoxOffice Yearbook 2023 By Filmone |url=http://books.filmhouseng.com/books/mouh/#p=86 |access-date=21 September 2024 |website=Filmhouse Group |publisher=Filmone}}</ref> == Rayuwa ta farko da ilimi == An haifi Adeoluwa Emmanuel Owu a [[Ilorin]], [[Kwara (Jiha)|Jihar Kwara]] . Ya fito ne daga Jihar Kogi kuma ya fito ne daga zuriyar Yagba . <ref name="Independent" /> Owu ya halarci [[Jami'ar Ilorin]] kafin ya ci gaba zuwa Cibiyar Fim ta Pefti a [[Lagos (birni)|Legas]], inda ya sami digiri a cikin fim, kuma ya inganta ƙwarewarsa yayin da yake cikin ma'aikata a matsayin mai daukar hoto, edita, da darektan. <ref name="Independent" /> == Fim ɗin ɓangare == === Fim din === {| class="wikitable" ! style="background:#B0C4DE;" |Shekara ! style="background:#B0C4DE;" |Fim din ! style="background:#B0C4DE;" |Matsayi |- |2025 |''[['Yan fashi na Owambe]]'' |Daraktan |- | rowspan="4" |2024 |''Asiri Ade'' |Daraktan |- |''[[When Love Strikes|Lokacin da Soyayya ta Kashe]]'' |Daraktan |- |''[[Sarauniya Lateefah]]'' |Daraktan |- |''Hanyar da za a haɗu'' |Mai daukar hoto |- | rowspan="4" |2023 |[[Adire (fim)|''Adire'']] | rowspan="3" |Daraktan |- |''[[A Tribe Called Judah|Ƙabilar da ake kira Yahuza]]'' |- |''Abin da Babu Wanda Ya sani'' |- |''[[Jagun Jagun]]'' |Mai daukar hoto |- | rowspan="2" |2022 |''[[One Too Many (fim na 2022)|Ɗaya da yawa]]'' |Mai daukar hoto |- |''Kafin Valentin'' |Mai daukar hoto |- | rowspan="6" |2021 |''Ranar Makafi'' |Daraktan |- |''[[The Griot (fim)|Griot]]'' |Darakta da Babban furodusa |- |''Da Fa'idodi'' |Daraktan |- |''[[What Happened at St James|Abin da ya faru a St James]]'' |Mai daukar hoto |- |''[[My Village People|Mutanen ƙauyenmu]]'' |Mai daukar hoto |- |''[[Charge and Bail (fim)|Haraji da Bail]]'' |Mai daukar hoto |- | rowspan="6" |2020 |''[[Introducing the Kujus|Gabatar da Kujus]]'' |Mai daukar hoto |- |''Triangle na Ƙaunar Betty'' |Mai daukar hoto |- |''Hasken gas'' |Daraktan |- |''[[This Lady Called Life|Wannan Uwargidan da ake kira Rayuwa]]'' |Mai daukar hoto |- |''Lokaci ya yi Canja'' |Mai daukar hoto |- |''Dubban Hanyoyi don Kashe Mutumin da yaudare'' |Mai daukar hoto |- | rowspan="4" |2019 |''Tarihin Chicken'' |Mai daukar hoto |- |''Adaife'' |Mai daukar hoto |- |''Ms Mai zaman kanta'' |Mai daukar hoto |- |''Ba a taɓa ganinsa yana zuwa ba'' |Mai daukar hoto |- | rowspan="3" |2018 |''[[Oga Bolaji]]'' |Daraktan daukar hoto |- |''Ƙauna a Lokaci na Kekes'' |Mai daukar hoto |- |''Tarihin 4'' |Mai daukar hoto |- | rowspan="9" |2017 |''Wani lamari na 'yancin zaɓe'' |Mai daukar hoto |- |''Ga 'ya'yana mata'' |Mai daukar hoto |- |''Ba a rufe shi ba'' |Mai daukar hoto |- |''[[Stormy Hearts|Zuciya Mai Girma]]'' |Mai daukar hoto |- |''A cikin tarko'' |Mai daukar hoto |- |''Baƙo Fiye da Kowace'' |Mai daukar hoto |- |''Rashin Lokaci'' |Mai daukar hoto |- |''Neman Rainbows'' |Mai daukar hoto |- |''Tsakanin Rayuwa Blues'' |Mai daukar hoto |- |2016 |''Soyayya ta wuce gona da iri'' |Mai daukar hoto |- |2011 |''Hawaye na jini'' |Mai daukar hoto |} === Talabijin === {| class="wikitable" ! style="background:#B0C4DE;" |Shekara ! style="background:#B0C4DE;" |Shirye-shiryen talabijin ! style="background:#B0C4DE;" |Matsayi |- |2025 |''Abin da ba daidai ba ne'' |Mai daukar hoto |- |2024 |''Canjin Wasan: Wasan Wasan Wutar'' |Daraktan |- |2023 |''Garin Shanty'' |Mai daukar hoto (steadicam) |- |2022 |''[[Far From Home (TV series)(TV series)|Daga Gida]]'' |Mai shirya fina-finai |- |2021 |''Ƙaunar Ƙauni'' |Mai daukar hoto |} == Kyaututtuka da gabatarwa == {| class="wikitable sortable" !Shekara !Kyautar !Sashe !Ayyuka !Sakamakon |- |2020 |Bikin Fim na Duniya na Sarauniya Palm |Mafi kyawun Cinematography |Shi da kansa ga Anomalous''Abin da ba daidai ba ne''|{{Won}} |- |2021 |[[Africa International Film Festival|Bikin Fim na Duniya na Afirka]] |Kyautar Oronto Douglas don Mafi kyawun Fim na Najeriya |Shi da kansa ga ''[[The Griot (fim)|Griot]]'' |{{Won}} |- |2021 |Bikin Fim na Duniya na Golden Leaf |Kyautar Juri ta Musamman |Himes kansa don Makaho''Ranar Makafi''|{{Won}} |- |2024 |[[Kyautar zaɓuɓɓuka masu kallon afirka|Kyautar Zaɓin Masu Bincike na Afirka]] |Mafi kyawun Cinematography |Shi da kansa ga Jagun Jagun (The Warrior) ''[[Jagun Jagun|Jagun Jagun (Warriya)]]''|{{Nom}} |- |2024 |Nollywood 100 |Kyautar Kyauta |Shi da kansa|{{honoured}} |} == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1985]] 31pm1v9zf5ytx0yhk32p248iznxcq7i 0 122906 895041 882182 2026-08-11T16:32:14Z Ummun Sultan 23935 An kirkira ta fassara "Early life" daga shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1367684196|Babatunde Agunloye]]" 895041 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Babatunde Faruk Agunloye''' (an haife shi a ranar 26 ga Yuli 1977), daraktan fina-finai ne na Najeriya kuma mai shirya fina-finai da ke zaune a Kanada . An san shi da fim ɗinsa na ''Aajule keji Realm 2'' wanda ya ba shi kyautar mafi kyawun fina-finai na duniya a bikin fina-finai na Toronto International Nollywood (TINFF). == Rayuwar farko == Babatunde ya fito ne daga [[jihar Ogun]] kuma an haife shi kuma ya girma a Legas. Ya halarci makarantar firamare ta Ire-Akari Estate model, Isolo da makarantar sakandare ta rundunar sojin sama, Ikeja sannan ya ci gaba zuwa [[Jami'ar Jihar Lagos|Jami'ar Jihar Legas]] Ojo sannan ya ci gaba da karatunsa a [[Toronto Film School|Makarantar Fina-finai ta Toronto]], Toronto. ==Manazarta == Sana'a == A shekarar 2022, Babatunde Agunloye ya lashe kyautar Mafi kyawun fina-finai na duniya a bikin fina-finai na kasa da kasa na Toronto Nollywood Film Festival (TINFF) tare da fim dinsa mai suna 'Aajule keji Realm 2' A shekarar 2024, an sanya Babatunde a cikin manyan masu shirya fina-finan Afirka a cikin ƙasashen waje waɗanda suka tsara sabuwar hanya a masana'antar fina-finai ta hanyar [[Leadership (Najeriya)|Leadership]] . A wannan shekarar, ya shirya fim na farko da aka yi da yawancin 'yan wasan baƙar fata a talabijin na Kanada. [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1977]] == Early life == Babatunde ya fito ne daga [[jihar Ogun]] kuma an haife shi kuma ya girma a Legas. == Aiki == A shekarar 2022, Babatunde Agunloye ya lashe kyautar Mafi kyawun fina-finai na duniya a bikin fina-finai na Toronto International Nollywood (TINFF) tare da fim ɗinsa mai suna 'Aajule keji Realm 2' A shekarar 2024, an sanya sunan Babatunde cikin jerin fitattun masu shirya fina-finai na Afirka da ke zaune a ƙasashen waje waɗanda ke kafa sabon salo a masana’antar fim, kamar yadda jaridar Leadership ta wallafa.A wannan shekarar kuma, ya shirya farkon shirin talabijin a Kanada da mafi yawan jarumansa baƙar fata ne. geqn93c5wn4129z1n0v3f6hxrf2ez82 895043 895041 2026-08-11T16:32:53Z Ummun Sultan 23935 895043 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Babatunde Faruk Agunloye''' (an haife shi a ranar 26 ga Yulin shekarar 1977), daraktan fina-finai ne na Najeriya kuma mai shirya fina-finai da ke zaune a Kanada . An san shi da fim ɗinsa na ''Aajule keji Realm 2'' wanda ya ba shi kyautar mafi kyawun fina-finai na duniya a bikin fina-finai na Toronto International Nollywood (TINFF). == Rayuwar farko == Babatunde ya fito ne daga [[jihar Ogun]] kuma an haife shi kuma ya girma a Legas. Ya halarci makarantar firamare ta Ire-Akari Estate model, Isolo da makarantar sakandare ta rundunar sojin sama, Ikeja sannan ya ci gaba zuwa [[Jami'ar Jihar Lagos|Jami'ar Jihar Legas]] Ojo sannan ya ci gaba da karatunsa a [[Toronto Film School|Makarantar Fina-finai ta Toronto]], Toronto. ==Manazarta == Sana'a == A shekarar 2022, Babatunde Agunloye ya lashe kyautar Mafi kyawun fina-finai na duniya a bikin fina-finai na kasa da kasa na Toronto Nollywood Film Festival (TINFF) tare da fim dinsa mai suna 'Aajule keji Realm 2' A shekarar 2024, an sanya Babatunde a cikin manyan masu shirya fina-finan Afirka a cikin ƙasashen waje waɗanda suka tsara sabuwar hanya a masana'antar fina-finai ta hanyar [[Leadership (Najeriya)|Leadership]] . A wannan shekarar, ya shirya fim na farko da aka yi da yawancin 'yan wasan baƙar fata a talabijin na Kanada. [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1977]] == Early life == Babatunde ya fito ne daga [[jihar Ogun]] kuma an haife shi kuma ya girma a Legas. == Aiki == A shekarar 2022, Babatunde Agunloye ya lashe kyautar Mafi kyawun fina-finai na duniya a bikin fina-finai na Toronto International Nollywood (TINFF) tare da fim ɗinsa mai suna 'Aajule keji Realm 2' A shekarar 2024, an sanya sunan Babatunde cikin jerin fitattun masu shirya fina-finai na Afirka da ke zaune a ƙasashen waje waɗanda ke kafa sabon salo a masana’antar fim, kamar yadda jaridar Leadership ta wallafa.A wannan shekarar kuma, ya shirya farkon shirin talabijin a Kanada da mafi yawan jarumansa baƙar fata ne. 2m99v8nui3nif8lhi5cwvo3sot7yvr3 895044 895043 2026-08-11T16:33:04Z Ummun Sultan 23935 895044 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Babatunde Faruk Agunloye''' (an haife shi a ranar 26 ga Yulin shekarar 1977), daraktan fina-finai ne na Najeriya kuma mai shirya fina-finai da ke zaune a Kanada . An kuma san shi da fim ɗinsa na ''Aajule keji Realm 2'' wanda ya ba shi kyautar mafi kyawun fina-finai na duniya a bikin fina-finai na Toronto International Nollywood (TINFF). == Rayuwar farko == Babatunde ya fito ne daga [[jihar Ogun]] kuma an haife shi kuma ya girma a Legas. Ya halarci makarantar firamare ta Ire-Akari Estate model, Isolo da makarantar sakandare ta rundunar sojin sama, Ikeja sannan ya ci gaba zuwa [[Jami'ar Jihar Lagos|Jami'ar Jihar Legas]] Ojo sannan ya ci gaba da karatunsa a [[Toronto Film School|Makarantar Fina-finai ta Toronto]], Toronto. ==Manazarta == Sana'a == A shekarar 2022, Babatunde Agunloye ya lashe kyautar Mafi kyawun fina-finai na duniya a bikin fina-finai na kasa da kasa na Toronto Nollywood Film Festival (TINFF) tare da fim dinsa mai suna 'Aajule keji Realm 2' A shekarar 2024, an sanya Babatunde a cikin manyan masu shirya fina-finan Afirka a cikin ƙasashen waje waɗanda suka tsara sabuwar hanya a masana'antar fina-finai ta hanyar [[Leadership (Najeriya)|Leadership]] . A wannan shekarar, ya shirya fim na farko da aka yi da yawancin 'yan wasan baƙar fata a talabijin na Kanada. [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1977]] == Early life == Babatunde ya fito ne daga [[jihar Ogun]] kuma an haife shi kuma ya girma a Legas. == Aiki == A shekarar 2022, Babatunde Agunloye ya lashe kyautar Mafi kyawun fina-finai na duniya a bikin fina-finai na Toronto International Nollywood (TINFF) tare da fim ɗinsa mai suna 'Aajule keji Realm 2' A shekarar 2024, an sanya sunan Babatunde cikin jerin fitattun masu shirya fina-finai na Afirka da ke zaune a ƙasashen waje waɗanda ke kafa sabon salo a masana’antar fim, kamar yadda jaridar Leadership ta wallafa.A wannan shekarar kuma, ya shirya farkon shirin talabijin a Kanada da mafi yawan jarumansa baƙar fata ne. 2a1jfbhvd9bj9d77ronrpqndnjhu2x9 895046 895044 2026-08-11T16:33:16Z Ummun Sultan 23935 895046 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Babatunde Faruk Agunloye''' (an haife shi a ranar 26 ga Yulin shekarar 1977), daraktan fina-finai ne na Najeriya kuma mai shirya fina-finai da ke zaune a Kanada . An kuma san shi da fim ɗinsa na ''Aajule keji Realm 2'' wanda ya ba shi kyautar mafi kyawun fina-finai na duniya a bikin fina-finai na Toronto International Nollywood (TINFF). == Rayuwar farko == Babatunde ya fito ne daga [[jihar Ogun]] kuma an haife shi kuma ya girma a Legas. Ya kuma halarci makarantar firamare ta Ire-Akari Estate model, Isolo da makarantar sakandare ta rundunar sojin sama, Ikeja sannan ya ci gaba zuwa [[Jami'ar Jihar Lagos|Jami'ar Jihar Legas]] Ojo sannan ya ci gaba da karatunsa a [[Toronto Film School|Makarantar Fina-finai ta Toronto]], Toronto. ==Manazarta == Sana'a == A shekarar 2022, Babatunde Agunloye ya lashe kyautar Mafi kyawun fina-finai na duniya a bikin fina-finai na kasa da kasa na Toronto Nollywood Film Festival (TINFF) tare da fim dinsa mai suna 'Aajule keji Realm 2' A shekarar 2024, an sanya Babatunde a cikin manyan masu shirya fina-finan Afirka a cikin ƙasashen waje waɗanda suka tsara sabuwar hanya a masana'antar fina-finai ta hanyar [[Leadership (Najeriya)|Leadership]] . A wannan shekarar, ya shirya fim na farko da aka yi da yawancin 'yan wasan baƙar fata a talabijin na Kanada. [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1977]] == Early life == Babatunde ya fito ne daga [[jihar Ogun]] kuma an haife shi kuma ya girma a Legas. == Aiki == A shekarar 2022, Babatunde Agunloye ya lashe kyautar Mafi kyawun fina-finai na duniya a bikin fina-finai na Toronto International Nollywood (TINFF) tare da fim ɗinsa mai suna 'Aajule keji Realm 2' A shekarar 2024, an sanya sunan Babatunde cikin jerin fitattun masu shirya fina-finai na Afirka da ke zaune a ƙasashen waje waɗanda ke kafa sabon salo a masana’antar fim, kamar yadda jaridar Leadership ta wallafa.A wannan shekarar kuma, ya shirya farkon shirin talabijin a Kanada da mafi yawan jarumansa baƙar fata ne. 6o8j3s24yuri5wr2payc37ha30w8b3o 895047 895046 2026-08-11T16:33:34Z Ummun Sultan 23935 895047 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Babatunde Faruk Agunloye''' (an haife shi a ranar 26 ga Yulin shekarar 1977), daraktan fina-finai ne na Najeriya kuma mai shirya fina-finai da ke zaune a Kanada . An kuma san shi da fim ɗinsa na ''Aajule keji Realm 2'' wanda ya ba shi kyautar mafi kyawun fina-finai na duniya a bikin fina-finai na Toronto International Nollywood (TINFF). == Rayuwar farko == Babatunde ya fito ne daga [[jihar Ogun]] kuma an haife shi kuma ya girma a Legas. Ya kuma halarci makarantar firamare ta Ire-Akari Estate model, Isolo da makarantar sakandare ta rundunar sojin sama, Ikeja sannan ya ci gaba zuwa [[Jami'ar Jihar Lagos|Jami'ar Jihar Legas]] Ojo sannan ya ci gaba da karatunsa a [[Toronto Film School|Makarantar Fina-finai ta Toronto]], Toronto. ==Manazarta == Sana'a == A shekarar 2022, Babatunde Agunloye ya lashe kyautar Mafi kyawun fina-finai na duniya a bikin fina-finai na ƙasa da ƙasa na Toronto Nollywood Film Festival (TINFF) tare da fim dinsa mai suna 'Aajule keji Realm 2' A shekarar 2024, an sanya Babatunde a cikin manyan masu shirya fina-finan Afirka a cikin ƙasashen waje waɗanda suka tsara sabuwar hanya a masana'antar fina-finai ta hanyar [[Leadership (Najeriya)|Leadership]] . A wannan shekarar, ya shirya fim na farko da aka yi da yawancin 'yan wasan baƙar fata a talabijin na Kanada. [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1977]] == Early life == Babatunde ya fito ne daga [[jihar Ogun]] kuma an haife shi kuma ya girma a Legas. == Aiki == A shekarar 2022, Babatunde Agunloye ya lashe kyautar Mafi kyawun fina-finai na duniya a bikin fina-finai na Toronto International Nollywood (TINFF) tare da fim ɗinsa mai suna 'Aajule keji Realm 2' A shekarar 2024, an sanya sunan Babatunde cikin jerin fitattun masu shirya fina-finai na Afirka da ke zaune a ƙasashen waje waɗanda ke kafa sabon salo a masana’antar fim, kamar yadda jaridar Leadership ta wallafa.A wannan shekarar kuma, ya shirya farkon shirin talabijin a Kanada da mafi yawan jarumansa baƙar fata ne. 4kaoqugy5u2fydrmn3yrgx7vz1kp527 895048 895047 2026-08-11T16:34:02Z Ummun Sultan 23935 895048 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Babatunde Faruk Agunloye''' (an haife shi a ranar 26 ga Yulin shekarar 1977), daraktan fina-finai ne na Najeriya kuma mai shirya fina-finai da ke zaune a Kanada . An kuma san shi da fim ɗinsa na ''Aajule keji Realm 2'' wanda ya ba shi kyautar mafi kyawun fina-finai na duniya a bikin fina-finai na Toronto International Nollywood (TINFF). == Rayuwar farko == Babatunde ya fito ne daga [[jihar Ogun]] kuma an haife shi kuma ya girma a Legas. Ya kuma halarci makarantar firamare ta Ire-Akari Estate model, Isolo da makarantar sakandare ta rundunar sojin sama, Ikeja sannan ya ci gaba zuwa [[Jami'ar Jihar Lagos|Jami'ar Jihar Legas]] Ojo sannan ya ci gaba da karatunsa a [[Toronto Film School|Makarantar Fina-finai ta Toronto]], Toronto. ==Manazarta == Sana'a == A shekarar 2022, Babatunde Agunloye ya lashe kyautar Mafi kyawun fina-finai na duniya a bikin fina-finai na ƙasa da ƙasa na Toronto Nollywood Film Festival (TINFF) tare da fim ɗinsa mai suna 'Aajule keji Realm 2' A shekarar 2024, an sanya Babatunde a cikin manyan masu shirya fina-finan Afirka a cikin ƙasashen waje waɗanda suka tsara sabuwar hanya a masana'antar fina-finai ta hanyar [[Leadership (Najeriya)|Leadership]] . A wannan shekarar, ya shirya fim na farko da aka yi da yawancin 'yan wasan baƙar fata a talabijin na Kanada. [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1977]] == Early life == Babatunde ya fito ne daga [[jihar Ogun]] kuma an haife shi kuma ya girma a Legas. == Aiki == A shekarar 2022, Babatunde Agunloye ya lashe kyautar Mafi kyawun fina-finai na duniya a bikin fina-finai na Toronto International Nollywood (TINFF) tare da fim ɗinsa mai suna 'Aajule keji Realm 2' A shekarar 2024, an sanya sunan Babatunde cikin jerin fitattun masu shirya fina-finai na Afirka da ke zaune a ƙasashen waje waɗanda ke kafa sabon salo a masana’antar fim, kamar yadda jaridar Leadership ta wallafa.A wannan shekarar kuma, ya shirya farkon shirin talabijin a Kanada da mafi yawan jarumansa baƙar fata ne. 25e8s5gv6mmjxtcwngv9l4n2oukmeyt 895049 895048 2026-08-11T16:34:11Z Ummun Sultan 23935 895049 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Babatunde Faruk Agunloye''' (an haife shi a ranar 26 ga Yulin shekarar 1977), daraktan fina-finai ne na Najeriya kuma mai shirya fina-finai da ke zaune a Kanada . An kuma san shi da fim ɗinsa na ''Aajule keji Realm 2'' wanda ya ba shi kyautar mafi kyawun fina-finai na duniya a bikin fina-finai na Toronto International Nollywood (TINFF). == Rayuwar farko == Babatunde ya fito ne daga [[jihar Ogun]] kuma an haife shi kuma ya girma a Legas. Ya kuma halarci makarantar firamare ta Ire-Akari Estate model, Isolo da makarantar sakandare ta rundunar sojin sama, Ikeja sannan ya ci gaba zuwa [[Jami'ar Jihar Lagos|Jami'ar Jihar Legas]] Ojo sannan ya ci gaba da karatunsa a [[Toronto Film School|Makarantar Fina-finai ta Toronto]], Toronto. ==Manazarta == Sana'a == A shekarar 2022, Babatunde Agunloye ya lashe kyautar Mafi kyawun fina-finai na duniya a bikin fina-finai na ƙasa da ƙasa na Toronto Nollywood Film Festival (TINFF) tare da fim ɗinsa mai suna 'Aajule keji Realm 2' A shekarar 2024, an kuma sanya Babatunde a cikin manyan masu shirya fina-finan Afirka a cikin ƙasashen waje waɗanda suka tsara sabuwar hanya a masana'antar fina-finai ta hanyar [[Leadership (Najeriya)|Leadership]] . A wannan shekarar, ya shirya fim na farko da aka yi da yawancin 'yan wasan baƙar fata a talabijin na Kanada. [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1977]] == Early life == Babatunde ya fito ne daga [[jihar Ogun]] kuma an haife shi kuma ya girma a Legas. == Aiki == A shekarar 2022, Babatunde Agunloye ya lashe kyautar Mafi kyawun fina-finai na duniya a bikin fina-finai na Toronto International Nollywood (TINFF) tare da fim ɗinsa mai suna 'Aajule keji Realm 2' A shekarar 2024, an sanya sunan Babatunde cikin jerin fitattun masu shirya fina-finai na Afirka da ke zaune a ƙasashen waje waɗanda ke kafa sabon salo a masana’antar fim, kamar yadda jaridar Leadership ta wallafa.A wannan shekarar kuma, ya shirya farkon shirin talabijin a Kanada da mafi yawan jarumansa baƙar fata ne. 8ao4c8t2rzdd8wj5l1wz3yoglnaug4x 0 123518 895020 892210 2026-08-11T16:20:28Z Ummun Sultan 23935 An kirkira ta fassara "Career" daga shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1350747781|Onyeka Igwe]]" 895020 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''Onyeka Igwe''' (an haife ta a shekara ta 1986), ƴar wasan kwaikwayo ce ta Burtaniya-Nijeriya, galibi tana aiki a kafofin watsa labarai na fim.<ref>Black Film British Cinema II. (2021). United Kingdom: MIT Press. {{ISBN|9781912685639}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Onyeka Igwe |url=https://onyekaigwe.com/ |access-date=25 January 2024 |website=onyekaigwe.com}}</ref> An kuma nuna ayyukanta a ''MoMA'', Black Radical Imagination, ''Cibiyar Fasaha ta zamani'' (2017), Dhaka Art Summit (2020), ''Bikin Fim na London'' 2015 da 2020, Bikin Fim ɗin Open City a shekarar 2021 da 2022, ''Rotterdam International, Netherlands'' (2018-2020), <ref>Black Film British Cinema II. (2021). United Kingdom: MIT Press. {{ISBN|9781912685639}}</ref> Edinburgh Artist Moving Image (2016), Scotiabank Contact Photography Festival, Hotuna Festival (2019), Camden Arts Center da Smithsonian African American film festival (2018). {{Sfn|Turner|2018}}<ref name="filmlondon">{{Cite web |title=Onyeka Igwe |url=https://filmlondon.org.uk/profile/onyeka-igwe |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240123181302/https://filmlondon.org.uk/profile/onyeka-igwe |archive-date=23 January 2024 |access-date=23 January 2024 |website=Film London}}</ref> == Ayyuka == === Babu rawa, Babu murmushi === No Dance, No Palaver wani ɗan gajeren fim ne da aka nuna a cikin shekarar 2017 da 2018. Aikin ya sami bita mai mahimmanci yayin da ya faɗa The Aba Women's Riots na shekarar 1929 <ref>Black Film British Cinema II. (2021). United Kingdom: MIT Press. {{ISBN|9781912685639}}</ref> da kuma "raunin gani na tarihin mulkin mallaka" kuma yayi ƙoƙari "don canza hanyar da muka san mutanen da ke ciki".{{Sfn|Dyer|2018}} === Ayyukan baya-bayan nan, 2019 === An canza sunayen, gami da na kaina kuma an canza gaskiyar wani ɗan gajeren labari ne wanda Onyeka ya rubuta a cikin shekarar 2019. Labari ne game da kakanta wanda aka fada a hanyoyi huɗu daban-daban. Ya kuma kasance a kan ƙasashen Afirka da ke zaune a ƙasashen waje. A cikin shekarar 2023, Gidan Tarihi na Yammacin Afirka ya jagoranci Pavilion na Najeriya wanda aka tsara a cikin Venice Biennale na shekarar 2024 inda Onyeka ta shiga tare da Yinka Shonibare, Tunji Adeniyi-Jones, [[Ndidi Dike]], [[Fatimah Tuggar]], [[Toyin Odutola|Toyin Ojih Odutola]], Precious Okoyomon da Ibrahim Oghobase . <ref>Black Film British Cinema II. (2021). United Kingdom: MIT Press. {{ISBN|9781912685639}}</ref> == Nuni == === Kawai === * A Repertoire of Protest (Ba Dance, Babu Magana), MoMA PS1, New York (2023) <ref>Black Film British Cinema II. (2021). United Kingdom: MIT Press. {{ISBN|9781912685639}}</ref> * Mu'ujiza a kan George Green, Babban Layin, New York, Amurka (2022) * Abin da ake kira tarihin, LUX, London, UK[[Landan|Landan, Burtaniya]] * STORY na ainihi shine wanene a cikin wannan ROOM, Mercer Union, [[Toronto|Toronto, Kanada]] (2021) <ref>{{Cite web |title=Onyeka Igwe |url=https://onyekaigwe.com/ |access-date=25 January 2024 |website=onyekaigwe.com}}</ref> * Akwai 'yan'uwa biyu, Gidauniyar Jerwood (2019) <ref>Black Film British Cinema II. (2021). United Kingdom: MIT Press. {{ISBN|9781912685639}}</ref>{{Sfn|Hughes|2019}} * Gyara, tare da Aliya Pabani, Trinity Square Video, [[Toronto|Toronto, Kanada]] (2018). === Rukunin === * Legas Peckham Repeat: Hajji zuwa Lakes, Kudancin London Gallery (2023) <ref>Black Film British Cinema II. (2021). United Kingdom: MIT Press. {{ISBN|9781912685639}}</ref> * Echoes, Haus der Kunst, [[München|Munich, Jamus]] (2022) <ref>{{Cite web |title=Onyeka Igwe |url=https://onyekaigwe.com/ |access-date=25 January 2024 |website=onyekaigwe.com}}</ref> * An sake fasalinsa, Timothy Taylor New York, Amurka (2021) <ref>Black Film British Cinema II. (2021). United Kingdom: MIT Press. {{ISBN|9781912685639}}</ref> * Tarihin Tsayayya, Neue Galerie, Innsbruck, Austria (2021) <ref>{{Cite web |title=Onyeka Igwe |url=https://onyekaigwe.com/ |access-date=25 January 2024 |website=onyekaigwe.com}}</ref> * KW Production Series, [[Berlin|Berlin, Jamus]] (2020) <ref>Black Film British Cinema II. (2021). United Kingdom: MIT Press. {{ISBN|9781912685639}}</ref> * Sabbin ƙungiyoyin aiki, Gidauniyar McEvoy don Fasaha, [[San Francisco|San Francisco, Amurka]] * POST Colonial Bodies II, CC Matienzo, [[Buenos Aires|Buenos Aires, Argentina]] (2019) <ref>Black Film British Cinema II. (2021). United Kingdom: MIT Press. {{ISBN|9781912685639}}</ref> * ''Akwai wani abu a cikin tattaunawar da ya fi ban sha'awa fiye da ƙarshen'' (wani taken), London, UK (2018) <ref>Black Film British Cinema II. (2021). United Kingdom: MIT Press. {{ISBN|9781912685639}}</ref>{{Sfn|Dyer|2018}} * Kofin Duniya! , [[Montréal|Montreal, Kanada]] (2018) <ref>{{Cite web |title=Onyeka Igwe |url=https://onyekaigwe.com/ |access-date=25 January 2024 |website=onyekaigwe.com}}</ref> == Hotunan fina-finai == * Sunayen sun canza, ciki har da na kaina da kuma gaskiyar da aka canza (2019) {{Sfn|Biema|2020}}{{Sfn|Bulley|2020}} * Ungentle (wanda aka jagoranta a cikin 2022) * ''Mu'ujiza a kan George Green''<ref>Black Film British Cinema II. (2021). United Kingdom: MIT Press. {{ISBN|9781912685639}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Onyeka Igwe |url=https://onyekaigwe.com/ |access-date=25 January 2024 |website=onyekaigwe.com}}</ref> * ''Abin da ake kira Tarihi'' (2020) * Fasahar Musamman (2018) {{Sfn|Bulley|2020}} * ''Sunan ta a Bakina'' (2017) * ''Kasancewa a kan Mutum'' (2018) * ''Muna Bukatar Sabbin Sunayen'' (2015) * A Radical Duet (2023) * ''Babu Tarihi da zai iya Maido da Kai'' (2020) * ''Ikilisiyoyi'' (2013) * ''Babu rawa, Babu murmushi''{{Sfn|Dyer|2018}} == Littattafai == *   *   * Kasancewa kusa da, tare da ko Tsakanin, The Feminist Review (2020) * Hiraeth, ko Queering Time a cikin Tarihi In ba haka ba (tare da JD Stokely), Alphaville Journal of Film and Screen Media (2019) * Tattaunawar Bayani tare da Yuni Givanni * Jiki masu ƙaura == Career == ''Babu Rawa, Babu Palaver'' wani gajeren shirin gaskiya ne da aka nuna a shekarar 2017 da 2018. ''An canza sunayen, ciki har da nawa da kuma gaskiyar da aka canza,'' wani ɗan gajeren labari ne da Onyeka ya rubuta a shekarar 2019. == Career == No Dance, No Palaver wani ɗan gajeren fim ne da aka nuna a cikin 2017 da 2018. ''An canza sunayen, ciki har da nawa da kuma gaskiyar da aka canza,'' wani ɗan gajeren labari ne da Onyeka ya rubuta a shekarar 2019. == Kyaututtuka da gabatarwa == A cikin 2022, an zabi Onyeka Igwe don Kyautar Jarman [undefined] da Kyautar Max Mara Art for Women . [undefined] A cikin 2021, ta lashe kyautar Foundwork Artist da kuma kyautar 2020 Arts Foundation Futures Award for Experimental Short Film . [undefined][2] A cikin 2019, Onyeka ta lashe lambar yabo ta Berwick New Cinema Awards a bikin Berwick Film & Media Arts . Tare da Seán Elder, Rebecca Moss da AJ Stockwell, The Guardian ta lissafa ta a matsayin kuma nuna Nunin mako don Jerwood shirya jerin shirye-shirye.[1] == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1986]] [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] 7l4r0mtd94860pohx6wmz3nonbwp94d 895022 895020 2026-08-11T16:21:19Z Ummun Sultan 23935 895022 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''Onyeka Igwe''' (an haife ta a shekara ta 1986), ƴar wasan kwaikwayo ce ta Burtaniya-Nijeriya, galibi tana aiki a kafofin watsa labarai na fim.<ref>Black Film British Cinema II. (2021). United Kingdom: MIT Press. {{ISBN|9781912685639}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Onyeka Igwe |url=https://onyekaigwe.com/ |access-date=25 January 2024 |website=onyekaigwe.com}}</ref> An kuma nuna ayyukanta a ''MoMA'', Black Radical Imagination, ''Cibiyar Fasaha ta zamani'' (2017), Dhaka Art Summit (2020), ''Bikin Fim na London'' 2015 da kuma 2020, Bikin Fim ɗin Open City a shekarar 2021 da 2022, ''Rotterdam International, Netherlands'' (2018-2020), <ref>Black Film British Cinema II. (2021). United Kingdom: MIT Press. {{ISBN|9781912685639}}</ref> Edinburgh Artist Moving Image (2016), Scotiabank Contact Photography Festival, Hotuna Festival (2019), Camden Arts Center da Smithsonian African American film festival (2018). {{Sfn|Turner|2018}}<ref name="filmlondon">{{Cite web |title=Onyeka Igwe |url=https://filmlondon.org.uk/profile/onyeka-igwe |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240123181302/https://filmlondon.org.uk/profile/onyeka-igwe |archive-date=23 January 2024 |access-date=23 January 2024 |website=Film London}}</ref> == Ayyuka == === Babu rawa, Babu murmushi === No Dance, No Palaver wani ɗan gajeren fim ne da aka nuna a cikin shekarar 2017 da 2018. Aikin ya sami bita mai mahimmanci yayin da ya faɗa The Aba Women's Riots na shekarar 1929 <ref>Black Film British Cinema II. (2021). United Kingdom: MIT Press. {{ISBN|9781912685639}}</ref> da kuma "raunin gani na tarihin mulkin mallaka" kuma yayi ƙoƙari "don canza hanyar da muka san mutanen da ke ciki".{{Sfn|Dyer|2018}} === Ayyukan baya-bayan nan, 2019 === An canza sunayen, gami da na kaina kuma an canza gaskiyar wani ɗan gajeren labari ne wanda Onyeka ya rubuta a cikin shekarar 2019. Labari ne game da kakanta wanda aka fada a hanyoyi huɗu daban-daban. Ya kuma kasance a kan ƙasashen Afirka da ke zaune a ƙasashen waje. A cikin shekarar 2023, Gidan Tarihi na Yammacin Afirka ya jagoranci Pavilion na Najeriya wanda aka tsara a cikin Venice Biennale na shekarar 2024 inda Onyeka ta shiga tare da Yinka Shonibare, Tunji Adeniyi-Jones, [[Ndidi Dike]], [[Fatimah Tuggar]], [[Toyin Odutola|Toyin Ojih Odutola]], Precious Okoyomon da Ibrahim Oghobase . <ref>Black Film British Cinema II. (2021). United Kingdom: MIT Press. {{ISBN|9781912685639}}</ref> == Nuni == === Kawai === * A Repertoire of Protest (Ba Dance, Babu Magana), MoMA PS1, New York (2023) <ref>Black Film British Cinema II. (2021). United Kingdom: MIT Press. {{ISBN|9781912685639}}</ref> * Mu'ujiza a kan George Green, Babban Layin, New York, Amurka (2022) * Abin da ake kira tarihin, LUX, London, UK[[Landan|Landan, Burtaniya]] * STORY na ainihi shine wanene a cikin wannan ROOM, Mercer Union, [[Toronto|Toronto, Kanada]] (2021) <ref>{{Cite web |title=Onyeka Igwe |url=https://onyekaigwe.com/ |access-date=25 January 2024 |website=onyekaigwe.com}}</ref> * Akwai 'yan'uwa biyu, Gidauniyar Jerwood (2019) <ref>Black Film British Cinema II. (2021). United Kingdom: MIT Press. {{ISBN|9781912685639}}</ref>{{Sfn|Hughes|2019}} * Gyara, tare da Aliya Pabani, Trinity Square Video, [[Toronto|Toronto, Kanada]] (2018). === Rukunin === * Legas Peckham Repeat: Hajji zuwa Lakes, Kudancin London Gallery (2023) <ref>Black Film British Cinema II. (2021). United Kingdom: MIT Press. {{ISBN|9781912685639}}</ref> * Echoes, Haus der Kunst, [[München|Munich, Jamus]] (2022) <ref>{{Cite web |title=Onyeka Igwe |url=https://onyekaigwe.com/ |access-date=25 January 2024 |website=onyekaigwe.com}}</ref> * An sake fasalinsa, Timothy Taylor New York, Amurka (2021) <ref>Black Film British Cinema II. (2021). United Kingdom: MIT Press. {{ISBN|9781912685639}}</ref> * Tarihin Tsayayya, Neue Galerie, Innsbruck, Austria (2021) <ref>{{Cite web |title=Onyeka Igwe |url=https://onyekaigwe.com/ |access-date=25 January 2024 |website=onyekaigwe.com}}</ref> * KW Production Series, [[Berlin|Berlin, Jamus]] (2020) <ref>Black Film British Cinema II. (2021). United Kingdom: MIT Press. {{ISBN|9781912685639}}</ref> * Sabbin ƙungiyoyin aiki, Gidauniyar McEvoy don Fasaha, [[San Francisco|San Francisco, Amurka]] * POST Colonial Bodies II, CC Matienzo, [[Buenos Aires|Buenos Aires, Argentina]] (2019) <ref>Black Film British Cinema II. (2021). United Kingdom: MIT Press. {{ISBN|9781912685639}}</ref> * ''Akwai wani abu a cikin tattaunawar da ya fi ban sha'awa fiye da ƙarshen'' (wani taken), London, UK (2018) <ref>Black Film British Cinema II. (2021). United Kingdom: MIT Press. {{ISBN|9781912685639}}</ref>{{Sfn|Dyer|2018}} * Kofin Duniya! , [[Montréal|Montreal, Kanada]] (2018) <ref>{{Cite web |title=Onyeka Igwe |url=https://onyekaigwe.com/ |access-date=25 January 2024 |website=onyekaigwe.com}}</ref> == Hotunan fina-finai == * Sunayen sun canza, ciki har da na kaina da kuma gaskiyar da aka canza (2019) {{Sfn|Biema|2020}}{{Sfn|Bulley|2020}} * Ungentle (wanda aka jagoranta a cikin 2022) * ''Mu'ujiza a kan George Green''<ref>Black Film British Cinema II. (2021). United Kingdom: MIT Press. {{ISBN|9781912685639}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Onyeka Igwe |url=https://onyekaigwe.com/ |access-date=25 January 2024 |website=onyekaigwe.com}}</ref> * ''Abin da ake kira Tarihi'' (2020) * Fasahar Musamman (2018) {{Sfn|Bulley|2020}} * ''Sunan ta a Bakina'' (2017) * ''Kasancewa a kan Mutum'' (2018) * ''Muna Bukatar Sabbin Sunayen'' (2015) * A Radical Duet (2023) * ''Babu Tarihi da zai iya Maido da Kai'' (2020) * ''Ikilisiyoyi'' (2013) * ''Babu rawa, Babu murmushi''{{Sfn|Dyer|2018}} == Littattafai == *   *   * Kasancewa kusa da, tare da ko Tsakanin, The Feminist Review (2020) * Hiraeth, ko Queering Time a cikin Tarihi In ba haka ba (tare da JD Stokely), Alphaville Journal of Film and Screen Media (2019) * Tattaunawar Bayani tare da Yuni Givanni * Jiki masu ƙaura == Career == ''Babu Rawa, Babu Palaver'' wani gajeren shirin gaskiya ne da aka nuna a shekarar 2017 da 2018. ''An canza sunayen, ciki har da nawa da kuma gaskiyar da aka canza,'' wani ɗan gajeren labari ne da Onyeka ya rubuta a shekarar 2019. == Career == No Dance, No Palaver wani ɗan gajeren fim ne da aka nuna a cikin 2017 da 2018. ''An canza sunayen, ciki har da nawa da kuma gaskiyar da aka canza,'' wani ɗan gajeren labari ne da Onyeka ya rubuta a shekarar 2019. == Kyaututtuka da gabatarwa == A cikin 2022, an zabi Onyeka Igwe don Kyautar Jarman [undefined] da Kyautar Max Mara Art for Women . [undefined] A cikin 2021, ta lashe kyautar Foundwork Artist da kuma kyautar 2020 Arts Foundation Futures Award for Experimental Short Film . [undefined][2] A cikin 2019, Onyeka ta lashe lambar yabo ta Berwick New Cinema Awards a bikin Berwick Film & Media Arts . Tare da Seán Elder, Rebecca Moss da AJ Stockwell, The Guardian ta lissafa ta a matsayin kuma nuna Nunin mako don Jerwood shirya jerin shirye-shirye.[1] == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1986]] [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] 03ay9tabcm9g1hf35tm1dm1ky9a5dys 895023 895022 2026-08-11T16:21:34Z Ummun Sultan 23935 895023 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''Onyeka Igwe''' (an haife ta a shekara ta 1986), ƴar wasan kwaikwayo ce ta Burtaniya-Nijeriya, galibi tana aiki a kafofin watsa labarai na fim.<ref>Black Film British Cinema II. (2021). United Kingdom: MIT Press. {{ISBN|9781912685639}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Onyeka Igwe |url=https://onyekaigwe.com/ |access-date=25 January 2024 |website=onyekaigwe.com}}</ref> An kuma nuna ayyukanta a ''MoMA'', Black Radical Imagination, ''Cibiyar Fasaha ta zamani'' (2017), Dhaka Art Summit (2020), ''Bikin Fim na London'' 2015 da kuma 2020, Bikin Fim ɗin Open City a shekarar 2021 da 2022, ''Rotterdam International, Netherlands'' (2018-2020), <ref>Black Film British Cinema II. (2021). United Kingdom: MIT Press. {{ISBN|9781912685639}}</ref> Edinburgh Artist Moving Image (2016), Scotiabank Contact Photography Festival, Hotuna Festival (2019), Camden Arts Center da Smithsonian African American film festival (2018). {{Sfn|Turner|2018}}<ref name="filmlondon">{{Cite web |title=Onyeka Igwe |url=https://filmlondon.org.uk/profile/onyeka-igwe |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240123181302/https://filmlondon.org.uk/profile/onyeka-igwe |archive-date=23 January 2024 |access-date=23 January 2024 |website=Film London}}</ref> == Ayyuka == === Babu rawa, Babu murmushi === No Dance, No Palaver wani ɗan gajeren fim ne da aka nuna a cikin shekarar 2017 da kuma shekarar 2018. Aikin ya sami bita mai mahimmanci yayin da ya faɗa The Aba Women's Riots na shekarar 1929 <ref>Black Film British Cinema II. (2021). United Kingdom: MIT Press. {{ISBN|9781912685639}}</ref> da kuma "raunin gani na tarihin mulkin mallaka" kuma yayi ƙoƙari "don canza hanyar da muka san mutanen da ke ciki".{{Sfn|Dyer|2018}} === Ayyukan baya-bayan nan, 2019 === An canza sunayen, gami da na kaina kuma an canza gaskiyar wani ɗan gajeren labari ne wanda Onyeka ya rubuta a cikin shekarar 2019. Labari ne game da kakanta wanda aka fada a hanyoyi huɗu daban-daban. Ya kuma kasance a kan ƙasashen Afirka da ke zaune a ƙasashen waje. A cikin shekarar 2023, Gidan Tarihi na Yammacin Afirka ya jagoranci Pavilion na Najeriya wanda aka tsara a cikin Venice Biennale na shekarar 2024 inda Onyeka ta shiga tare da Yinka Shonibare, Tunji Adeniyi-Jones, [[Ndidi Dike]], [[Fatimah Tuggar]], [[Toyin Odutola|Toyin Ojih Odutola]], Precious Okoyomon da Ibrahim Oghobase . <ref>Black Film British Cinema II. (2021). United Kingdom: MIT Press. {{ISBN|9781912685639}}</ref> == Nuni == === Kawai === * A Repertoire of Protest (Ba Dance, Babu Magana), MoMA PS1, New York (2023) <ref>Black Film British Cinema II. (2021). United Kingdom: MIT Press. {{ISBN|9781912685639}}</ref> * Mu'ujiza a kan George Green, Babban Layin, New York, Amurka (2022) * Abin da ake kira tarihin, LUX, London, UK[[Landan|Landan, Burtaniya]] * STORY na ainihi shine wanene a cikin wannan ROOM, Mercer Union, [[Toronto|Toronto, Kanada]] (2021) <ref>{{Cite web |title=Onyeka Igwe |url=https://onyekaigwe.com/ |access-date=25 January 2024 |website=onyekaigwe.com}}</ref> * Akwai 'yan'uwa biyu, Gidauniyar Jerwood (2019) <ref>Black Film British Cinema II. (2021). United Kingdom: MIT Press. {{ISBN|9781912685639}}</ref>{{Sfn|Hughes|2019}} * Gyara, tare da Aliya Pabani, Trinity Square Video, [[Toronto|Toronto, Kanada]] (2018). === Rukunin === * Legas Peckham Repeat: Hajji zuwa Lakes, Kudancin London Gallery (2023) <ref>Black Film British Cinema II. (2021). United Kingdom: MIT Press. {{ISBN|9781912685639}}</ref> * Echoes, Haus der Kunst, [[München|Munich, Jamus]] (2022) <ref>{{Cite web |title=Onyeka Igwe |url=https://onyekaigwe.com/ |access-date=25 January 2024 |website=onyekaigwe.com}}</ref> * An sake fasalinsa, Timothy Taylor New York, Amurka (2021) <ref>Black Film British Cinema II. (2021). United Kingdom: MIT Press. {{ISBN|9781912685639}}</ref> * Tarihin Tsayayya, Neue Galerie, Innsbruck, Austria (2021) <ref>{{Cite web |title=Onyeka Igwe |url=https://onyekaigwe.com/ |access-date=25 January 2024 |website=onyekaigwe.com}}</ref> * KW Production Series, [[Berlin|Berlin, Jamus]] (2020) <ref>Black Film British Cinema II. (2021). United Kingdom: MIT Press. {{ISBN|9781912685639}}</ref> * Sabbin ƙungiyoyin aiki, Gidauniyar McEvoy don Fasaha, [[San Francisco|San Francisco, Amurka]] * POST Colonial Bodies II, CC Matienzo, [[Buenos Aires|Buenos Aires, Argentina]] (2019) <ref>Black Film British Cinema II. (2021). United Kingdom: MIT Press. {{ISBN|9781912685639}}</ref> * ''Akwai wani abu a cikin tattaunawar da ya fi ban sha'awa fiye da ƙarshen'' (wani taken), London, UK (2018) <ref>Black Film British Cinema II. (2021). United Kingdom: MIT Press. {{ISBN|9781912685639}}</ref>{{Sfn|Dyer|2018}} * Kofin Duniya! , [[Montréal|Montreal, Kanada]] (2018) <ref>{{Cite web |title=Onyeka Igwe |url=https://onyekaigwe.com/ |access-date=25 January 2024 |website=onyekaigwe.com}}</ref> == Hotunan fina-finai == * Sunayen sun canza, ciki har da na kaina da kuma gaskiyar da aka canza (2019) {{Sfn|Biema|2020}}{{Sfn|Bulley|2020}} * Ungentle (wanda aka jagoranta a cikin 2022) * ''Mu'ujiza a kan George Green''<ref>Black Film British Cinema II. (2021). United Kingdom: MIT Press. {{ISBN|9781912685639}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Onyeka Igwe |url=https://onyekaigwe.com/ |access-date=25 January 2024 |website=onyekaigwe.com}}</ref> * ''Abin da ake kira Tarihi'' (2020) * Fasahar Musamman (2018) {{Sfn|Bulley|2020}} * ''Sunan ta a Bakina'' (2017) * ''Kasancewa a kan Mutum'' (2018) * ''Muna Bukatar Sabbin Sunayen'' (2015) * A Radical Duet (2023) * ''Babu Tarihi da zai iya Maido da Kai'' (2020) * ''Ikilisiyoyi'' (2013) * ''Babu rawa, Babu murmushi''{{Sfn|Dyer|2018}} == Littattafai == *   *   * Kasancewa kusa da, tare da ko Tsakanin, The Feminist Review (2020) * Hiraeth, ko Queering Time a cikin Tarihi In ba haka ba (tare da JD Stokely), Alphaville Journal of Film and Screen Media (2019) * Tattaunawar Bayani tare da Yuni Givanni * Jiki masu ƙaura == Career == ''Babu Rawa, Babu Palaver'' wani gajeren shirin gaskiya ne da aka nuna a shekarar 2017 da 2018. ''An canza sunayen, ciki har da nawa da kuma gaskiyar da aka canza,'' wani ɗan gajeren labari ne da Onyeka ya rubuta a shekarar 2019. == Career == No Dance, No Palaver wani ɗan gajeren fim ne da aka nuna a cikin 2017 da 2018. ''An canza sunayen, ciki har da nawa da kuma gaskiyar da aka canza,'' wani ɗan gajeren labari ne da Onyeka ya rubuta a shekarar 2019. == Kyaututtuka da gabatarwa == A cikin 2022, an zabi Onyeka Igwe don Kyautar Jarman [undefined] da Kyautar Max Mara Art for Women . [undefined] A cikin 2021, ta lashe kyautar Foundwork Artist da kuma kyautar 2020 Arts Foundation Futures Award for Experimental Short Film . [undefined][2] A cikin 2019, Onyeka ta lashe lambar yabo ta Berwick New Cinema Awards a bikin Berwick Film & Media Arts . Tare da Seán Elder, Rebecca Moss da AJ Stockwell, The Guardian ta lissafa ta a matsayin kuma nuna Nunin mako don Jerwood shirya jerin shirye-shirye.[1] == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1986]] [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] jif54jgew6jzyluwuvi2i02nxj40h4h 895024 895023 2026-08-11T16:21:59Z Ummun Sultan 23935 895024 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''Onyeka Igwe''' (an haife ta a shekara ta 1986), ƴar wasan kwaikwayo ce ta Burtaniya-Nijeriya, galibi tana aiki a kafofin watsa labarai na fim.<ref>Black Film British Cinema II. (2021). United Kingdom: MIT Press. {{ISBN|9781912685639}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Onyeka Igwe |url=https://onyekaigwe.com/ |access-date=25 January 2024 |website=onyekaigwe.com}}</ref> An kuma nuna ayyukanta a ''MoMA'', Black Radical Imagination, ''Cibiyar Fasaha ta zamani'' (2017), Dhaka Art Summit (2020), ''Bikin Fim na London'' 2015 da kuma 2020, Bikin Fim ɗin Open City a shekarar 2021 da 2022, ''Rotterdam International, Netherlands'' (2018-2020), <ref>Black Film British Cinema II. (2021). United Kingdom: MIT Press. {{ISBN|9781912685639}}</ref> Edinburgh Artist Moving Image (2016), Scotiabank Contact Photography Festival, Hotuna Festival (2019), Camden Arts Center da Smithsonian African American film festival (2018). {{Sfn|Turner|2018}}<ref name="filmlondon">{{Cite web |title=Onyeka Igwe |url=https://filmlondon.org.uk/profile/onyeka-igwe |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240123181302/https://filmlondon.org.uk/profile/onyeka-igwe |archive-date=23 January 2024 |access-date=23 January 2024 |website=Film London}}</ref> == Ayyuka == === Babu rawa, Babu murmushi === No Dance, No Palaver wani ɗan gajeren fim ne da aka nuna a cikin shekarar 2017 da kuma shekarar 2018. Aikin ya sami bita mai mahimmanci yayin da ya faɗa The Aba Women's Riots na shekarar 1929 <ref>Black Film British Cinema II. (2021). United Kingdom: MIT Press. {{ISBN|9781912685639}}</ref> da kuma "raunin gani na tarihin mulkin mallaka" kuma yayi ƙoƙari "don canza hanyar da muka san mutanen da ke ciki".{{Sfn|Dyer|2018}} === Ayyukan baya-bayan nan na shekarar 2019 === An canza sunayen, gami da na kaina kuma an canza gaskiyar wani ɗan gajeren labari ne wanda Onyeka ya rubuta a cikin shekarar 2019. Labari ne game da kakanta wanda aka fada a hanyoyi huɗu daban-daban. Ya kuma kasance a kan ƙasashen Afirka da ke zaune a ƙasashen waje. A cikin shekarar 2023, Gidan Tarihi na Yammacin Afirka ya jagoranci Pavilion na Najeriya wanda aka tsara a cikin Venice Biennale na shekarar 2024 inda Onyeka ta shiga tare da Yinka Shonibare, Tunji Adeniyi-Jones, [[Ndidi Dike]], [[Fatimah Tuggar]], [[Toyin Odutola|Toyin Ojih Odutola]], Precious Okoyomon da Ibrahim Oghobase . <ref>Black Film British Cinema II. (2021). United Kingdom: MIT Press. {{ISBN|9781912685639}}</ref> == Nuni == === Kawai === * A Repertoire of Protest (Ba Dance, Babu Magana), MoMA PS1, New York (2023) <ref>Black Film British Cinema II. (2021). United Kingdom: MIT Press. {{ISBN|9781912685639}}</ref> * Mu'ujiza a kan George Green, Babban Layin, New York, Amurka (2022) * Abin da ake kira tarihin, LUX, London, UK[[Landan|Landan, Burtaniya]] * STORY na ainihi shine wanene a cikin wannan ROOM, Mercer Union, [[Toronto|Toronto, Kanada]] (2021) <ref>{{Cite web |title=Onyeka Igwe |url=https://onyekaigwe.com/ |access-date=25 January 2024 |website=onyekaigwe.com}}</ref> * Akwai 'yan'uwa biyu, Gidauniyar Jerwood (2019) <ref>Black Film British Cinema II. (2021). United Kingdom: MIT Press. {{ISBN|9781912685639}}</ref>{{Sfn|Hughes|2019}} * Gyara, tare da Aliya Pabani, Trinity Square Video, [[Toronto|Toronto, Kanada]] (2018). === Rukunin === * Legas Peckham Repeat: Hajji zuwa Lakes, Kudancin London Gallery (2023) <ref>Black Film British Cinema II. (2021). United Kingdom: MIT Press. {{ISBN|9781912685639}}</ref> * Echoes, Haus der Kunst, [[München|Munich, Jamus]] (2022) <ref>{{Cite web |title=Onyeka Igwe |url=https://onyekaigwe.com/ |access-date=25 January 2024 |website=onyekaigwe.com}}</ref> * An sake fasalinsa, Timothy Taylor New York, Amurka (2021) <ref>Black Film British Cinema II. (2021). United Kingdom: MIT Press. {{ISBN|9781912685639}}</ref> * Tarihin Tsayayya, Neue Galerie, Innsbruck, Austria (2021) <ref>{{Cite web |title=Onyeka Igwe |url=https://onyekaigwe.com/ |access-date=25 January 2024 |website=onyekaigwe.com}}</ref> * KW Production Series, [[Berlin|Berlin, Jamus]] (2020) <ref>Black Film British Cinema II. (2021). United Kingdom: MIT Press. {{ISBN|9781912685639}}</ref> * Sabbin ƙungiyoyin aiki, Gidauniyar McEvoy don Fasaha, [[San Francisco|San Francisco, Amurka]] * POST Colonial Bodies II, CC Matienzo, [[Buenos Aires|Buenos Aires, Argentina]] (2019) <ref>Black Film British Cinema II. (2021). United Kingdom: MIT Press. {{ISBN|9781912685639}}</ref> * ''Akwai wani abu a cikin tattaunawar da ya fi ban sha'awa fiye da ƙarshen'' (wani taken), London, UK (2018) <ref>Black Film British Cinema II. (2021). United Kingdom: MIT Press. {{ISBN|9781912685639}}</ref>{{Sfn|Dyer|2018}} * Kofin Duniya! , [[Montréal|Montreal, Kanada]] (2018) <ref>{{Cite web |title=Onyeka Igwe |url=https://onyekaigwe.com/ |access-date=25 January 2024 |website=onyekaigwe.com}}</ref> == Hotunan fina-finai == * Sunayen sun canza, ciki har da na kaina da kuma gaskiyar da aka canza (2019) {{Sfn|Biema|2020}}{{Sfn|Bulley|2020}} * Ungentle (wanda aka jagoranta a cikin 2022) * ''Mu'ujiza a kan George Green''<ref>Black Film British Cinema II. (2021). United Kingdom: MIT Press. {{ISBN|9781912685639}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Onyeka Igwe |url=https://onyekaigwe.com/ |access-date=25 January 2024 |website=onyekaigwe.com}}</ref> * ''Abin da ake kira Tarihi'' (2020) * Fasahar Musamman (2018) {{Sfn|Bulley|2020}} * ''Sunan ta a Bakina'' (2017) * ''Kasancewa a kan Mutum'' (2018) * ''Muna Bukatar Sabbin Sunayen'' (2015) * A Radical Duet (2023) * ''Babu Tarihi da zai iya Maido da Kai'' (2020) * ''Ikilisiyoyi'' (2013) * ''Babu rawa, Babu murmushi''{{Sfn|Dyer|2018}} == Littattafai == *   *   * Kasancewa kusa da, tare da ko Tsakanin, The Feminist Review (2020) * Hiraeth, ko Queering Time a cikin Tarihi In ba haka ba (tare da JD Stokely), Alphaville Journal of Film and Screen Media (2019) * Tattaunawar Bayani tare da Yuni Givanni * Jiki masu ƙaura == Career == ''Babu Rawa, Babu Palaver'' wani gajeren shirin gaskiya ne da aka nuna a shekarar 2017 da 2018. ''An canza sunayen, ciki har da nawa da kuma gaskiyar da aka canza,'' wani ɗan gajeren labari ne da Onyeka ya rubuta a shekarar 2019. == Career == No Dance, No Palaver wani ɗan gajeren fim ne da aka nuna a cikin 2017 da 2018. ''An canza sunayen, ciki har da nawa da kuma gaskiyar da aka canza,'' wani ɗan gajeren labari ne da Onyeka ya rubuta a shekarar 2019. == Kyaututtuka da gabatarwa == A cikin 2022, an zabi Onyeka Igwe don Kyautar Jarman [undefined] da Kyautar Max Mara Art for Women . [undefined] A cikin 2021, ta lashe kyautar Foundwork Artist da kuma kyautar 2020 Arts Foundation Futures Award for Experimental Short Film . [undefined][2] A cikin 2019, Onyeka ta lashe lambar yabo ta Berwick New Cinema Awards a bikin Berwick Film & Media Arts . Tare da Seán Elder, Rebecca Moss da AJ Stockwell, The Guardian ta lissafa ta a matsayin kuma nuna Nunin mako don Jerwood shirya jerin shirye-shirye.[1] == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1986]] [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] g6dkuk5nlumr2kl5pokxsdyw7iskack 895025 895024 2026-08-11T16:22:11Z Ummun Sultan 23935 895025 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''Onyeka Igwe''' (an haife ta a shekara ta 1986), ƴar wasan kwaikwayo ce ta Burtaniya-Nijeriya, galibi tana aiki a kafofin watsa labarai na fim.<ref>Black Film British Cinema II. (2021). United Kingdom: MIT Press. {{ISBN|9781912685639}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Onyeka Igwe |url=https://onyekaigwe.com/ |access-date=25 January 2024 |website=onyekaigwe.com}}</ref> An kuma nuna ayyukanta a ''MoMA'', Black Radical Imagination, ''Cibiyar Fasaha ta zamani'' (2017), Dhaka Art Summit (2020), ''Bikin Fim na London'' 2015 da kuma 2020, Bikin Fim ɗin Open City a shekarar 2021 da 2022, ''Rotterdam International, Netherlands'' (2018-2020), <ref>Black Film British Cinema II. (2021). United Kingdom: MIT Press. {{ISBN|9781912685639}}</ref> Edinburgh Artist Moving Image (2016), Scotiabank Contact Photography Festival, Hotuna Festival (2019), Camden Arts Center da Smithsonian African American film festival (2018). {{Sfn|Turner|2018}}<ref name="filmlondon">{{Cite web |title=Onyeka Igwe |url=https://filmlondon.org.uk/profile/onyeka-igwe |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240123181302/https://filmlondon.org.uk/profile/onyeka-igwe |archive-date=23 January 2024 |access-date=23 January 2024 |website=Film London}}</ref> == Ayyuka == === Babu rawa, Babu murmushi === No Dance, No Palaver wani ɗan gajeren fim ne da aka nuna a cikin shekarar 2017 da kuma shekarar 2018. Aikin ya sami bita mai mahimmanci yayin da ya faɗa The Aba Women's Riots na shekarar 1929 <ref>Black Film British Cinema II. (2021). United Kingdom: MIT Press. {{ISBN|9781912685639}}</ref> da kuma "raunin gani na tarihin mulkin mallaka" kuma yayi ƙoƙari "don canza hanyar da muka san mutanen da ke ciki".{{Sfn|Dyer|2018}} === Ayyukan baya-bayan nan na shekarar 2019 === An canza sunayen, gami da na kaina kuma an canza gaskiyar wani ɗan gajeren labari ne wanda Onyeka ya rubuta a cikin shekarar 2019. Labari ne game da kakanta wanda aka fada a hanyoyi huɗu daban-daban. Ya kuma kasance a kan ƙasashen Afirka da ke zaune a ƙasashen waje. A cikin shekarar 2023, Gidan Tarihi na Yammacin Afirka ya kuma jagoranci Pavilion na Najeriya wanda aka tsara a cikin Venice Biennale na shekarar 2024 inda Onyeka ta shiga tare da Yinka Shonibare, Tunji Adeniyi-Jones, [[Ndidi Dike]], [[Fatimah Tuggar]], [[Toyin Odutola|Toyin Ojih Odutola]], Precious Okoyomon da Ibrahim Oghobase . <ref>Black Film British Cinema II. (2021). United Kingdom: MIT Press. {{ISBN|9781912685639}}</ref> == Nuni == === Kawai === * A Repertoire of Protest (Ba Dance, Babu Magana), MoMA PS1, New York (2023) <ref>Black Film British Cinema II. (2021). United Kingdom: MIT Press. {{ISBN|9781912685639}}</ref> * Mu'ujiza a kan George Green, Babban Layin, New York, Amurka (2022) * Abin da ake kira tarihin, LUX, London, UK[[Landan|Landan, Burtaniya]] * STORY na ainihi shine wanene a cikin wannan ROOM, Mercer Union, [[Toronto|Toronto, Kanada]] (2021) <ref>{{Cite web |title=Onyeka Igwe |url=https://onyekaigwe.com/ |access-date=25 January 2024 |website=onyekaigwe.com}}</ref> * Akwai 'yan'uwa biyu, Gidauniyar Jerwood (2019) <ref>Black Film British Cinema II. (2021). United Kingdom: MIT Press. {{ISBN|9781912685639}}</ref>{{Sfn|Hughes|2019}} * Gyara, tare da Aliya Pabani, Trinity Square Video, [[Toronto|Toronto, Kanada]] (2018). === Rukunin === * Legas Peckham Repeat: Hajji zuwa Lakes, Kudancin London Gallery (2023) <ref>Black Film British Cinema II. (2021). United Kingdom: MIT Press. {{ISBN|9781912685639}}</ref> * Echoes, Haus der Kunst, [[München|Munich, Jamus]] (2022) <ref>{{Cite web |title=Onyeka Igwe |url=https://onyekaigwe.com/ |access-date=25 January 2024 |website=onyekaigwe.com}}</ref> * An sake fasalinsa, Timothy Taylor New York, Amurka (2021) <ref>Black Film British Cinema II. (2021). United Kingdom: MIT Press. {{ISBN|9781912685639}}</ref> * Tarihin Tsayayya, Neue Galerie, Innsbruck, Austria (2021) <ref>{{Cite web |title=Onyeka Igwe |url=https://onyekaigwe.com/ |access-date=25 January 2024 |website=onyekaigwe.com}}</ref> * KW Production Series, [[Berlin|Berlin, Jamus]] (2020) <ref>Black Film British Cinema II. (2021). United Kingdom: MIT Press. {{ISBN|9781912685639}}</ref> * Sabbin ƙungiyoyin aiki, Gidauniyar McEvoy don Fasaha, [[San Francisco|San Francisco, Amurka]] * POST Colonial Bodies II, CC Matienzo, [[Buenos Aires|Buenos Aires, Argentina]] (2019) <ref>Black Film British Cinema II. (2021). United Kingdom: MIT Press. {{ISBN|9781912685639}}</ref> * ''Akwai wani abu a cikin tattaunawar da ya fi ban sha'awa fiye da ƙarshen'' (wani taken), London, UK (2018) <ref>Black Film British Cinema II. (2021). United Kingdom: MIT Press. {{ISBN|9781912685639}}</ref>{{Sfn|Dyer|2018}} * Kofin Duniya! , [[Montréal|Montreal, Kanada]] (2018) <ref>{{Cite web |title=Onyeka Igwe |url=https://onyekaigwe.com/ |access-date=25 January 2024 |website=onyekaigwe.com}}</ref> == Hotunan fina-finai == * Sunayen sun canza, ciki har da na kaina da kuma gaskiyar da aka canza (2019) {{Sfn|Biema|2020}}{{Sfn|Bulley|2020}} * Ungentle (wanda aka jagoranta a cikin 2022) * ''Mu'ujiza a kan George Green''<ref>Black Film British Cinema II. (2021). United Kingdom: MIT Press. {{ISBN|9781912685639}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Onyeka Igwe |url=https://onyekaigwe.com/ |access-date=25 January 2024 |website=onyekaigwe.com}}</ref> * ''Abin da ake kira Tarihi'' (2020) * Fasahar Musamman (2018) {{Sfn|Bulley|2020}} * ''Sunan ta a Bakina'' (2017) * ''Kasancewa a kan Mutum'' (2018) * ''Muna Bukatar Sabbin Sunayen'' (2015) * A Radical Duet (2023) * ''Babu Tarihi da zai iya Maido da Kai'' (2020) * ''Ikilisiyoyi'' (2013) * ''Babu rawa, Babu murmushi''{{Sfn|Dyer|2018}} == Littattafai == *   *   * Kasancewa kusa da, tare da ko Tsakanin, The Feminist Review (2020) * Hiraeth, ko Queering Time a cikin Tarihi In ba haka ba (tare da JD Stokely), Alphaville Journal of Film and Screen Media (2019) * Tattaunawar Bayani tare da Yuni Givanni * Jiki masu ƙaura == Career == ''Babu Rawa, Babu Palaver'' wani gajeren shirin gaskiya ne da aka nuna a shekarar 2017 da 2018. ''An canza sunayen, ciki har da nawa da kuma gaskiyar da aka canza,'' wani ɗan gajeren labari ne da Onyeka ya rubuta a shekarar 2019. == Career == No Dance, No Palaver wani ɗan gajeren fim ne da aka nuna a cikin 2017 da 2018. ''An canza sunayen, ciki har da nawa da kuma gaskiyar da aka canza,'' wani ɗan gajeren labari ne da Onyeka ya rubuta a shekarar 2019. == Kyaututtuka da gabatarwa == A cikin 2022, an zabi Onyeka Igwe don Kyautar Jarman [undefined] da Kyautar Max Mara Art for Women . [undefined] A cikin 2021, ta lashe kyautar Foundwork Artist da kuma kyautar 2020 Arts Foundation Futures Award for Experimental Short Film . [undefined][2] A cikin 2019, Onyeka ta lashe lambar yabo ta Berwick New Cinema Awards a bikin Berwick Film & Media Arts . Tare da Seán Elder, Rebecca Moss da AJ Stockwell, The Guardian ta lissafa ta a matsayin kuma nuna Nunin mako don Jerwood shirya jerin shirye-shirye.[1] == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1986]] [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] awkd9gszqwgrhc07rrzdwovxcq0taft 895026 895025 2026-08-11T16:22:22Z Ummun Sultan 23935 895026 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''Onyeka Igwe''' (an haife ta a shekara ta 1986), ƴar wasan kwaikwayo ce ta Burtaniya-Nijeriya, galibi tana aiki a kafofin watsa labarai na fim.<ref>Black Film British Cinema II. (2021). United Kingdom: MIT Press. {{ISBN|9781912685639}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Onyeka Igwe |url=https://onyekaigwe.com/ |access-date=25 January 2024 |website=onyekaigwe.com}}</ref> An kuma nuna ayyukanta a ''MoMA'', Black Radical Imagination, ''Cibiyar Fasaha ta zamani'' (2017), Dhaka Art Summit (2020), ''Bikin Fim na London'' 2015 da kuma 2020, Bikin Fim ɗin Open City a shekarar 2021 da 2022, ''Rotterdam International, Netherlands'' (2018-2020), <ref>Black Film British Cinema II. (2021). United Kingdom: MIT Press. {{ISBN|9781912685639}}</ref> Edinburgh Artist Moving Image (2016), Scotiabank Contact Photography Festival, Hotuna Festival (2019), Camden Arts Center da Smithsonian African American film festival (2018). {{Sfn|Turner|2018}}<ref name="filmlondon">{{Cite web |title=Onyeka Igwe |url=https://filmlondon.org.uk/profile/onyeka-igwe |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240123181302/https://filmlondon.org.uk/profile/onyeka-igwe |archive-date=23 January 2024 |access-date=23 January 2024 |website=Film London}}</ref> == Ayyuka == === Babu rawa, Babu murmushi === No Dance, No Palaver wani ɗan gajeren fim ne da aka nuna a cikin shekarar 2017 da kuma shekarar 2018. Aikin ya sami bita mai mahimmanci yayin da ya faɗa The Aba Women's Riots na shekarar 1929 <ref>Black Film British Cinema II. (2021). United Kingdom: MIT Press. {{ISBN|9781912685639}}</ref> da kuma "raunin gani na tarihin mulkin mallaka" kuma yayi ƙoƙari "don canza hanyar da muka san mutanen da ke ciki".{{Sfn|Dyer|2018}} === Ayyukan baya-bayan nan na shekarar 2019 === An kuma canza sunayen, gami da na kaina kuma an canza gaskiyar wani ɗan gajeren labari ne wanda Onyeka ya rubuta a cikin shekarar 2019. Labari ne game da kakanta wanda aka fada a hanyoyi huɗu daban-daban. Ya kuma kasance a kan ƙasashen Afirka da ke zaune a ƙasashen waje. A cikin shekarar 2023, Gidan Tarihi na Yammacin Afirka ya kuma jagoranci Pavilion na Najeriya wanda aka tsara a cikin Venice Biennale na shekarar 2024 inda Onyeka ta shiga tare da Yinka Shonibare, Tunji Adeniyi-Jones, [[Ndidi Dike]], [[Fatimah Tuggar]], [[Toyin Odutola|Toyin Ojih Odutola]], Precious Okoyomon da Ibrahim Oghobase . <ref>Black Film British Cinema II. (2021). United Kingdom: MIT Press. {{ISBN|9781912685639}}</ref> == Nuni == === Kawai === * A Repertoire of Protest (Ba Dance, Babu Magana), MoMA PS1, New York (2023) <ref>Black Film British Cinema II. (2021). United Kingdom: MIT Press. {{ISBN|9781912685639}}</ref> * Mu'ujiza a kan George Green, Babban Layin, New York, Amurka (2022) * Abin da ake kira tarihin, LUX, London, UK[[Landan|Landan, Burtaniya]] * STORY na ainihi shine wanene a cikin wannan ROOM, Mercer Union, [[Toronto|Toronto, Kanada]] (2021) <ref>{{Cite web |title=Onyeka Igwe |url=https://onyekaigwe.com/ |access-date=25 January 2024 |website=onyekaigwe.com}}</ref> * Akwai 'yan'uwa biyu, Gidauniyar Jerwood (2019) <ref>Black Film British Cinema II. (2021). United Kingdom: MIT Press. {{ISBN|9781912685639}}</ref>{{Sfn|Hughes|2019}} * Gyara, tare da Aliya Pabani, Trinity Square Video, [[Toronto|Toronto, Kanada]] (2018). === Rukunin === * Legas Peckham Repeat: Hajji zuwa Lakes, Kudancin London Gallery (2023) <ref>Black Film British Cinema II. (2021). United Kingdom: MIT Press. {{ISBN|9781912685639}}</ref> * Echoes, Haus der Kunst, [[München|Munich, Jamus]] (2022) <ref>{{Cite web |title=Onyeka Igwe |url=https://onyekaigwe.com/ |access-date=25 January 2024 |website=onyekaigwe.com}}</ref> * An sake fasalinsa, Timothy Taylor New York, Amurka (2021) <ref>Black Film British Cinema II. (2021). United Kingdom: MIT Press. {{ISBN|9781912685639}}</ref> * Tarihin Tsayayya, Neue Galerie, Innsbruck, Austria (2021) <ref>{{Cite web |title=Onyeka Igwe |url=https://onyekaigwe.com/ |access-date=25 January 2024 |website=onyekaigwe.com}}</ref> * KW Production Series, [[Berlin|Berlin, Jamus]] (2020) <ref>Black Film British Cinema II. (2021). United Kingdom: MIT Press. {{ISBN|9781912685639}}</ref> * Sabbin ƙungiyoyin aiki, Gidauniyar McEvoy don Fasaha, [[San Francisco|San Francisco, Amurka]] * POST Colonial Bodies II, CC Matienzo, [[Buenos Aires|Buenos Aires, Argentina]] (2019) <ref>Black Film British Cinema II. (2021). United Kingdom: MIT Press. {{ISBN|9781912685639}}</ref> * ''Akwai wani abu a cikin tattaunawar da ya fi ban sha'awa fiye da ƙarshen'' (wani taken), London, UK (2018) <ref>Black Film British Cinema II. (2021). United Kingdom: MIT Press. {{ISBN|9781912685639}}</ref>{{Sfn|Dyer|2018}} * Kofin Duniya! , [[Montréal|Montreal, Kanada]] (2018) <ref>{{Cite web |title=Onyeka Igwe |url=https://onyekaigwe.com/ |access-date=25 January 2024 |website=onyekaigwe.com}}</ref> == Hotunan fina-finai == * Sunayen sun canza, ciki har da na kaina da kuma gaskiyar da aka canza (2019) {{Sfn|Biema|2020}}{{Sfn|Bulley|2020}} * Ungentle (wanda aka jagoranta a cikin 2022) * ''Mu'ujiza a kan George Green''<ref>Black Film British Cinema II. (2021). United Kingdom: MIT Press. {{ISBN|9781912685639}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Onyeka Igwe |url=https://onyekaigwe.com/ |access-date=25 January 2024 |website=onyekaigwe.com}}</ref> * ''Abin da ake kira Tarihi'' (2020) * Fasahar Musamman (2018) {{Sfn|Bulley|2020}} * ''Sunan ta a Bakina'' (2017) * ''Kasancewa a kan Mutum'' (2018) * ''Muna Bukatar Sabbin Sunayen'' (2015) * A Radical Duet (2023) * ''Babu Tarihi da zai iya Maido da Kai'' (2020) * ''Ikilisiyoyi'' (2013) * ''Babu rawa, Babu murmushi''{{Sfn|Dyer|2018}} == Littattafai == *   *   * Kasancewa kusa da, tare da ko Tsakanin, The Feminist Review (2020) * Hiraeth, ko Queering Time a cikin Tarihi In ba haka ba (tare da JD Stokely), Alphaville Journal of Film and Screen Media (2019) * Tattaunawar Bayani tare da Yuni Givanni * Jiki masu ƙaura == Career == ''Babu Rawa, Babu Palaver'' wani gajeren shirin gaskiya ne da aka nuna a shekarar 2017 da 2018. ''An canza sunayen, ciki har da nawa da kuma gaskiyar da aka canza,'' wani ɗan gajeren labari ne da Onyeka ya rubuta a shekarar 2019. == Career == No Dance, No Palaver wani ɗan gajeren fim ne da aka nuna a cikin 2017 da 2018. ''An canza sunayen, ciki har da nawa da kuma gaskiyar da aka canza,'' wani ɗan gajeren labari ne da Onyeka ya rubuta a shekarar 2019. == Kyaututtuka da gabatarwa == A cikin 2022, an zabi Onyeka Igwe don Kyautar Jarman [undefined] da Kyautar Max Mara Art for Women . [undefined] A cikin 2021, ta lashe kyautar Foundwork Artist da kuma kyautar 2020 Arts Foundation Futures Award for Experimental Short Film . [undefined][2] A cikin 2019, Onyeka ta lashe lambar yabo ta Berwick New Cinema Awards a bikin Berwick Film & Media Arts . Tare da Seán Elder, Rebecca Moss da AJ Stockwell, The Guardian ta lissafa ta a matsayin kuma nuna Nunin mako don Jerwood shirya jerin shirye-shirye.[1] == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1986]] [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] h7ef61e2yovm608d12tirxj6hon9f48 895027 895026 2026-08-11T16:22:56Z Ummun Sultan 23935 895027 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''Onyeka Igwe''' (an haife ta a shekara ta 1986), ƴar wasan kwaikwayo ce ta Burtaniya-Nijeriya, galibi tana aiki a kafofin watsa labarai na fim.<ref>Black Film British Cinema II. (2021). United Kingdom: MIT Press. {{ISBN|9781912685639}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Onyeka Igwe |url=https://onyekaigwe.com/ |access-date=25 January 2024 |website=onyekaigwe.com}}</ref> An kuma nuna ayyukanta a ''MoMA'', Black Radical Imagination, ''Cibiyar Fasaha ta zamani'' (2017), Dhaka Art Summit (2020), ''Bikin Fim na London'' 2015 da kuma 2020, Bikin Fim ɗin Open City a shekarar 2021 da 2022, ''Rotterdam International, Netherlands'' (2018-2020), <ref>Black Film British Cinema II. (2021). United Kingdom: MIT Press. {{ISBN|9781912685639}}</ref> Edinburgh Artist Moving Image (2016), Scotiabank Contact Photography Festival, Hotuna Festival (2019), Camden Arts Center da Smithsonian African American film festival (2018). {{Sfn|Turner|2018}}<ref name="filmlondon">{{Cite web |title=Onyeka Igwe |url=https://filmlondon.org.uk/profile/onyeka-igwe |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240123181302/https://filmlondon.org.uk/profile/onyeka-igwe |archive-date=23 January 2024 |access-date=23 January 2024 |website=Film London}}</ref> == Ayyuka == === Babu rawa, Babu murmushi === No Dance, No Palaver wani ɗan gajeren fim ne da aka nuna a cikin shekarar 2017 da kuma shekarar 2018. Aikin ya sami bita mai mahimmanci yayin da ya faɗa The Aba Women's Riots na shekarar 1929 <ref>Black Film British Cinema II. (2021). United Kingdom: MIT Press. {{ISBN|9781912685639}}</ref> da kuma "raunin gani na tarihin mulkin mallaka" kuma yayi ƙoƙari "don canza hanyar da muka san mutanen da ke ciki".{{Sfn|Dyer|2018}} === Ayyukan baya-bayan nan na shekarar 2019 === An kuma canza sunayen, gami da na kaina kuma an canza gaskiyar wani ɗan gajeren labari ne wanda Onyeka ya rubuta a cikin shekarar 2019. Labari ne game da kakanta wanda aka fada a hanyoyi huɗu daban-daban. Ya kuma kasance a kan ƙasashen Afirka da ke zaune a ƙasashen waje. A cikin shekarar 2023, Gidan Tarihi na Yammacin Afirka ya kuma jagoranci Pavilion na Najeriya wanda aka tsara a cikin Venice Biennale na shekarar 2024 inda Onyeka ta shiga tare da Yinka Shonibare, Tunji Adeniyi-Jones, [[Ndidi Dike]], [[Fatimah Tuggar]], [[Toyin Odutola|Toyin Ojih Odutola]], Precious Okoyomon da Ibrahim Oghobase . <ref>Black Film British Cinema II. (2021). United Kingdom: MIT Press. {{ISBN|9781912685639}}</ref> == Nuni == === Kawai === * A Repertoire of Protest (Ba Dance, Babu Magana), MoMA PS1, New York (2023) <ref>Black Film British Cinema II. (2021). United Kingdom: MIT Press. {{ISBN|9781912685639}}</ref> * Mu'ujiza a kan George Green, Babban Layin, New York, Amurka (2022) * Abin da ake kira tarihin, LUX, London, UK[[Landan|Landan, Burtaniya]] * STORY na ainihi shine wanene a cikin wannan ROOM, Mercer Union, [[Toronto|Toronto, Kanada]] (2021) <ref>{{Cite web |title=Onyeka Igwe |url=https://onyekaigwe.com/ |access-date=25 January 2024 |website=onyekaigwe.com}}</ref> * Akwai 'yan'uwa biyu, Gidauniyar Jerwood (2019) <ref>Black Film British Cinema II. (2021). United Kingdom: MIT Press. {{ISBN|9781912685639}}</ref>{{Sfn|Hughes|2019}} * Gyara, tare da Aliya Pabani, Trinity Square Video, [[Toronto|Toronto, Kanada]] (2018). === Rukunin === * Legas Peckham Repeat: Hajji zuwa Lakes, Kudancin London Gallery (2023) <ref>Black Film British Cinema II. (2021). United Kingdom: MIT Press. {{ISBN|9781912685639}}</ref> * Echoes, Haus der Kunst, [[München|Munich, Jamus]] (2022) <ref>{{Cite web |title=Onyeka Igwe |url=https://onyekaigwe.com/ |access-date=25 January 2024 |website=onyekaigwe.com}}</ref> * An sake fasalinsa, Timothy Taylor New York, Amurka (2021) <ref>Black Film British Cinema II. (2021). United Kingdom: MIT Press. {{ISBN|9781912685639}}</ref> * Tarihin Tsayayya, Neue Galerie, Innsbruck, Austria (2021) <ref>{{Cite web |title=Onyeka Igwe |url=https://onyekaigwe.com/ |access-date=25 January 2024 |website=onyekaigwe.com}}</ref> * KW Production Series, [[Berlin|Berlin, Jamus]] (2020) <ref>Black Film British Cinema II. (2021). United Kingdom: MIT Press. {{ISBN|9781912685639}}</ref> * Sabbin ƙungiyoyin aiki, Gidauniyar McEvoy don Fasaha, [[San Francisco|San Francisco, Amurka]] * POST Colonial Bodies II, CC Matienzo, [[Buenos Aires|Buenos Aires, Argentina]] (2019) <ref>Black Film British Cinema II. (2021). United Kingdom: MIT Press. {{ISBN|9781912685639}}</ref> * ''Akwai wani abu a cikin tattaunawar da ya fi ban sha'awa fiye da ƙarshen'' (wani taken), London, UK (2018) <ref>Black Film British Cinema II. (2021). United Kingdom: MIT Press. {{ISBN|9781912685639}}</ref>{{Sfn|Dyer|2018}} * Kofin Duniya! , [[Montréal|Montreal, Kanada]] (2018) <ref>{{Cite web |title=Onyeka Igwe |url=https://onyekaigwe.com/ |access-date=25 January 2024 |website=onyekaigwe.com}}</ref> == Hotunan fina-finai == * Sunayen sun canza, ciki har da na kaina da kuma gaskiyar da aka canza (2019) {{Sfn|Biema|2020}}{{Sfn|Bulley|2020}} * Ungentle (wanda aka jagoranta a cikin 2022) * ''Mu'ujiza a kan George Green''<ref>Black Film British Cinema II. (2021). United Kingdom: MIT Press. {{ISBN|9781912685639}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Onyeka Igwe |url=https://onyekaigwe.com/ |access-date=25 January 2024 |website=onyekaigwe.com}}</ref> * ''Abin da ake kira Tarihi'' (2020) * Fasahar Musamman (2018) {{Sfn|Bulley|2020}} * ''Sunan ta a Bakina'' (2017) * ''Kasancewa a kan Mutum'' (2018) * ''Muna Bukatar Sabbin Sunayen'' (2015) * A Radical Duet (2023) * ''Babu Tarihi da zai iya Maido da Kai'' (2020) * ''Ikilisiyoyi'' (2013) * ''Babu rawa, Babu murmushi''{{Sfn|Dyer|2018}} == Littattafai == *   *   * Kasancewa kusa da, tare da ko Tsakanin, The Feminist Review (2020) * Hiraeth, ko Queering Time a cikin Tarihi In ba haka ba (tare da JD Stokely), Alphaville Journal of Film and Screen Media (2019) * Tattaunawar Bayani tare da Yuni Givanni * Jiki masu ƙaura == Career == ''Babu Rawa, Babu Palaver'' wani gajeren shirin gaskiya ne da aka nuna a shekarar 2017 da shekara ta 2018. ''An canza sunayen, ciki har da nawa da kuma gaskiyar da aka canza,'' wani ɗan gajeren labari ne da Onyeka ya rubuta a shekarar 2019. == Career == No Dance, No Palaver wani ɗan gajeren fim ne da aka nuna a cikin 2017 da 2018. ''An canza sunayen, ciki har da nawa da kuma gaskiyar da aka canza,'' wani ɗan gajeren labari ne da Onyeka ya rubuta a shekarar 2019. == Kyaututtuka da gabatarwa == A cikin 2022, an zabi Onyeka Igwe don Kyautar Jarman [undefined] da Kyautar Max Mara Art for Women . [undefined] A cikin 2021, ta lashe kyautar Foundwork Artist da kuma kyautar 2020 Arts Foundation Futures Award for Experimental Short Film . [undefined][2] A cikin 2019, Onyeka ta lashe lambar yabo ta Berwick New Cinema Awards a bikin Berwick Film & Media Arts . Tare da Seán Elder, Rebecca Moss da AJ Stockwell, The Guardian ta lissafa ta a matsayin kuma nuna Nunin mako don Jerwood shirya jerin shirye-shirye.[1] == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1986]] [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] ozxaoi2u81zl9u11vmttke53bvnq0kk 895028 895027 2026-08-11T16:23:07Z Ummun Sultan 23935 895028 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''Onyeka Igwe''' (an haife ta a shekara ta 1986), ƴar wasan kwaikwayo ce ta Burtaniya-Nijeriya, galibi tana aiki a kafofin watsa labarai na fim.<ref>Black Film British Cinema II. (2021). United Kingdom: MIT Press. {{ISBN|9781912685639}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Onyeka Igwe |url=https://onyekaigwe.com/ |access-date=25 January 2024 |website=onyekaigwe.com}}</ref> An kuma nuna ayyukanta a ''MoMA'', Black Radical Imagination, ''Cibiyar Fasaha ta zamani'' (2017), Dhaka Art Summit (2020), ''Bikin Fim na London'' 2015 da kuma 2020, Bikin Fim ɗin Open City a shekarar 2021 da 2022, ''Rotterdam International, Netherlands'' (2018-2020), <ref>Black Film British Cinema II. (2021). United Kingdom: MIT Press. {{ISBN|9781912685639}}</ref> Edinburgh Artist Moving Image (2016), Scotiabank Contact Photography Festival, Hotuna Festival (2019), Camden Arts Center da Smithsonian African American film festival (2018). {{Sfn|Turner|2018}}<ref name="filmlondon">{{Cite web |title=Onyeka Igwe |url=https://filmlondon.org.uk/profile/onyeka-igwe |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240123181302/https://filmlondon.org.uk/profile/onyeka-igwe |archive-date=23 January 2024 |access-date=23 January 2024 |website=Film London}}</ref> == Ayyuka == === Babu rawa, Babu murmushi === No Dance, No Palaver wani ɗan gajeren fim ne da aka nuna a cikin shekarar 2017 da kuma shekarar 2018. Aikin ya sami bita mai mahimmanci yayin da ya faɗa The Aba Women's Riots na shekarar 1929 <ref>Black Film British Cinema II. (2021). United Kingdom: MIT Press. {{ISBN|9781912685639}}</ref> da kuma "raunin gani na tarihin mulkin mallaka" kuma yayi ƙoƙari "don canza hanyar da muka san mutanen da ke ciki".{{Sfn|Dyer|2018}} === Ayyukan baya-bayan nan na shekarar 2019 === An kuma canza sunayen, gami da na kaina kuma an canza gaskiyar wani ɗan gajeren labari ne wanda Onyeka ya rubuta a cikin shekarar 2019. Labari ne game da kakanta wanda aka fada a hanyoyi huɗu daban-daban. Ya kuma kasance a kan ƙasashen Afirka da ke zaune a ƙasashen waje. A cikin shekarar 2023, Gidan Tarihi na Yammacin Afirka ya kuma jagoranci Pavilion na Najeriya wanda aka tsara a cikin Venice Biennale na shekarar 2024 inda Onyeka ta shiga tare da Yinka Shonibare, Tunji Adeniyi-Jones, [[Ndidi Dike]], [[Fatimah Tuggar]], [[Toyin Odutola|Toyin Ojih Odutola]], Precious Okoyomon da Ibrahim Oghobase . <ref>Black Film British Cinema II. (2021). United Kingdom: MIT Press. {{ISBN|9781912685639}}</ref> == Nuni == === Kawai === * A Repertoire of Protest (Ba Dance, Babu Magana), MoMA PS1, New York (2023) <ref>Black Film British Cinema II. (2021). United Kingdom: MIT Press. {{ISBN|9781912685639}}</ref> * Mu'ujiza a kan George Green, Babban Layin, New York, Amurka (2022) * Abin da ake kira tarihin, LUX, London, UK[[Landan|Landan, Burtaniya]] * STORY na ainihi shine wanene a cikin wannan ROOM, Mercer Union, [[Toronto|Toronto, Kanada]] (2021) <ref>{{Cite web |title=Onyeka Igwe |url=https://onyekaigwe.com/ |access-date=25 January 2024 |website=onyekaigwe.com}}</ref> * Akwai 'yan'uwa biyu, Gidauniyar Jerwood (2019) <ref>Black Film British Cinema II. (2021). United Kingdom: MIT Press. {{ISBN|9781912685639}}</ref>{{Sfn|Hughes|2019}} * Gyara, tare da Aliya Pabani, Trinity Square Video, [[Toronto|Toronto, Kanada]] (2018). === Rukunin === * Legas Peckham Repeat: Hajji zuwa Lakes, Kudancin London Gallery (2023) <ref>Black Film British Cinema II. (2021). United Kingdom: MIT Press. {{ISBN|9781912685639}}</ref> * Echoes, Haus der Kunst, [[München|Munich, Jamus]] (2022) <ref>{{Cite web |title=Onyeka Igwe |url=https://onyekaigwe.com/ |access-date=25 January 2024 |website=onyekaigwe.com}}</ref> * An sake fasalinsa, Timothy Taylor New York, Amurka (2021) <ref>Black Film British Cinema II. (2021). United Kingdom: MIT Press. {{ISBN|9781912685639}}</ref> * Tarihin Tsayayya, Neue Galerie, Innsbruck, Austria (2021) <ref>{{Cite web |title=Onyeka Igwe |url=https://onyekaigwe.com/ |access-date=25 January 2024 |website=onyekaigwe.com}}</ref> * KW Production Series, [[Berlin|Berlin, Jamus]] (2020) <ref>Black Film British Cinema II. (2021). United Kingdom: MIT Press. {{ISBN|9781912685639}}</ref> * Sabbin ƙungiyoyin aiki, Gidauniyar McEvoy don Fasaha, [[San Francisco|San Francisco, Amurka]] * POST Colonial Bodies II, CC Matienzo, [[Buenos Aires|Buenos Aires, Argentina]] (2019) <ref>Black Film British Cinema II. (2021). United Kingdom: MIT Press. {{ISBN|9781912685639}}</ref> * ''Akwai wani abu a cikin tattaunawar da ya fi ban sha'awa fiye da ƙarshen'' (wani taken), London, UK (2018) <ref>Black Film British Cinema II. (2021). United Kingdom: MIT Press. {{ISBN|9781912685639}}</ref>{{Sfn|Dyer|2018}} * Kofin Duniya! , [[Montréal|Montreal, Kanada]] (2018) <ref>{{Cite web |title=Onyeka Igwe |url=https://onyekaigwe.com/ |access-date=25 January 2024 |website=onyekaigwe.com}}</ref> == Hotunan fina-finai == * Sunayen sun canza, ciki har da na kaina da kuma gaskiyar da aka canza (2019) {{Sfn|Biema|2020}}{{Sfn|Bulley|2020}} * Ungentle (wanda aka jagoranta a cikin 2022) * ''Mu'ujiza a kan George Green''<ref>Black Film British Cinema II. (2021). United Kingdom: MIT Press. {{ISBN|9781912685639}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Onyeka Igwe |url=https://onyekaigwe.com/ |access-date=25 January 2024 |website=onyekaigwe.com}}</ref> * ''Abin da ake kira Tarihi'' (2020) * Fasahar Musamman (2018) {{Sfn|Bulley|2020}} * ''Sunan ta a Bakina'' (2017) * ''Kasancewa a kan Mutum'' (2018) * ''Muna Bukatar Sabbin Sunayen'' (2015) * A Radical Duet (2023) * ''Babu Tarihi da zai iya Maido da Kai'' (2020) * ''Ikilisiyoyi'' (2013) * ''Babu rawa, Babu murmushi''{{Sfn|Dyer|2018}} == Littattafai == *   *   * Kasancewa kusa da, tare da ko Tsakanin, The Feminist Review (2020) * Hiraeth, ko Queering Time a cikin Tarihi In ba haka ba (tare da JD Stokely), Alphaville Journal of Film and Screen Media (2019) * Tattaunawar Bayani tare da Yuni Givanni * Jiki masu ƙaura == Career == ''Babu Rawa, Babu Palaver'' wani gajeren shirin gaskiya ne da aka nuna a shekarar 2017 da shekara ta 2018. ''An canza sunayen, ciki har da nawa da kuma gaskiyar da aka canza,'' wani ɗan gajeren labari ne da Onyeka ya rubuta a shekarar 2019. == Career == No Dance, No Palaver wani ɗan gajeren fim ne da aka nuna a cikin shekarar 2017 da 2018. ''An canza sunayen, ciki har da nawa da kuma gaskiyar da aka canza,'' wani ɗan gajeren labari ne da Onyeka ya rubuta a shekarar 2019. == Kyaututtuka da gabatarwa == A cikin 2022, an zabi Onyeka Igwe don Kyautar Jarman [undefined] da Kyautar Max Mara Art for Women . [undefined] A cikin 2021, ta lashe kyautar Foundwork Artist da kuma kyautar 2020 Arts Foundation Futures Award for Experimental Short Film . [undefined][2] A cikin 2019, Onyeka ta lashe lambar yabo ta Berwick New Cinema Awards a bikin Berwick Film & Media Arts . Tare da Seán Elder, Rebecca Moss da AJ Stockwell, The Guardian ta lissafa ta a matsayin kuma nuna Nunin mako don Jerwood shirya jerin shirye-shirye.[1] == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1986]] [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] 02za9ildy054la08c2cu9uj1caqedki 895029 895028 2026-08-11T16:23:21Z Ummun Sultan 23935 895029 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''Onyeka Igwe''' (an haife ta a shekara ta 1986), ƴar wasan kwaikwayo ce ta Burtaniya-Nijeriya, galibi tana aiki a kafofin watsa labarai na fim.<ref>Black Film British Cinema II. (2021). United Kingdom: MIT Press. {{ISBN|9781912685639}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Onyeka Igwe |url=https://onyekaigwe.com/ |access-date=25 January 2024 |website=onyekaigwe.com}}</ref> An kuma nuna ayyukanta a ''MoMA'', Black Radical Imagination, ''Cibiyar Fasaha ta zamani'' (2017), Dhaka Art Summit (2020), ''Bikin Fim na London'' 2015 da kuma 2020, Bikin Fim ɗin Open City a shekarar 2021 da 2022, ''Rotterdam International, Netherlands'' (2018-2020), <ref>Black Film British Cinema II. (2021). United Kingdom: MIT Press. {{ISBN|9781912685639}}</ref> Edinburgh Artist Moving Image (2016), Scotiabank Contact Photography Festival, Hotuna Festival (2019), Camden Arts Center da Smithsonian African American film festival (2018). {{Sfn|Turner|2018}}<ref name="filmlondon">{{Cite web |title=Onyeka Igwe |url=https://filmlondon.org.uk/profile/onyeka-igwe |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240123181302/https://filmlondon.org.uk/profile/onyeka-igwe |archive-date=23 January 2024 |access-date=23 January 2024 |website=Film London}}</ref> == Ayyuka == === Babu rawa, Babu murmushi === No Dance, No Palaver wani ɗan gajeren fim ne da aka nuna a cikin shekarar 2017 da kuma shekarar 2018. Aikin ya sami bita mai mahimmanci yayin da ya faɗa The Aba Women's Riots na shekarar 1929 <ref>Black Film British Cinema II. (2021). United Kingdom: MIT Press. {{ISBN|9781912685639}}</ref> da kuma "raunin gani na tarihin mulkin mallaka" kuma yayi ƙoƙari "don canza hanyar da muka san mutanen da ke ciki".{{Sfn|Dyer|2018}} === Ayyukan baya-bayan nan na shekarar 2019 === An kuma canza sunayen, gami da na kaina kuma an canza gaskiyar wani ɗan gajeren labari ne wanda Onyeka ya rubuta a cikin shekarar 2019. Labari ne game da kakanta wanda aka fada a hanyoyi huɗu daban-daban. Ya kuma kasance a kan ƙasashen Afirka da ke zaune a ƙasashen waje. A cikin shekarar 2023, Gidan Tarihi na Yammacin Afirka ya kuma jagoranci Pavilion na Najeriya wanda aka tsara a cikin Venice Biennale na shekarar 2024 inda Onyeka ta shiga tare da Yinka Shonibare, Tunji Adeniyi-Jones, [[Ndidi Dike]], [[Fatimah Tuggar]], [[Toyin Odutola|Toyin Ojih Odutola]], Precious Okoyomon da Ibrahim Oghobase . <ref>Black Film British Cinema II. (2021). United Kingdom: MIT Press. {{ISBN|9781912685639}}</ref> == Nuni == === Kawai === * A Repertoire of Protest (Ba Dance, Babu Magana), MoMA PS1, New York (2023) <ref>Black Film British Cinema II. (2021). United Kingdom: MIT Press. {{ISBN|9781912685639}}</ref> * Mu'ujiza a kan George Green, Babban Layin, New York, Amurka (2022) * Abin da ake kira tarihin, LUX, London, UK[[Landan|Landan, Burtaniya]] * STORY na ainihi shine wanene a cikin wannan ROOM, Mercer Union, [[Toronto|Toronto, Kanada]] (2021) <ref>{{Cite web |title=Onyeka Igwe |url=https://onyekaigwe.com/ |access-date=25 January 2024 |website=onyekaigwe.com}}</ref> * Akwai 'yan'uwa biyu, Gidauniyar Jerwood (2019) <ref>Black Film British Cinema II. (2021). United Kingdom: MIT Press. {{ISBN|9781912685639}}</ref>{{Sfn|Hughes|2019}} * Gyara, tare da Aliya Pabani, Trinity Square Video, [[Toronto|Toronto, Kanada]] (2018). === Rukunin === * Legas Peckham Repeat: Hajji zuwa Lakes, Kudancin London Gallery (2023) <ref>Black Film British Cinema II. (2021). United Kingdom: MIT Press. {{ISBN|9781912685639}}</ref> * Echoes, Haus der Kunst, [[München|Munich, Jamus]] (2022) <ref>{{Cite web |title=Onyeka Igwe |url=https://onyekaigwe.com/ |access-date=25 January 2024 |website=onyekaigwe.com}}</ref> * An sake fasalinsa, Timothy Taylor New York, Amurka (2021) <ref>Black Film British Cinema II. (2021). United Kingdom: MIT Press. {{ISBN|9781912685639}}</ref> * Tarihin Tsayayya, Neue Galerie, Innsbruck, Austria (2021) <ref>{{Cite web |title=Onyeka Igwe |url=https://onyekaigwe.com/ |access-date=25 January 2024 |website=onyekaigwe.com}}</ref> * KW Production Series, [[Berlin|Berlin, Jamus]] (2020) <ref>Black Film British Cinema II. (2021). United Kingdom: MIT Press. {{ISBN|9781912685639}}</ref> * Sabbin ƙungiyoyin aiki, Gidauniyar McEvoy don Fasaha, [[San Francisco|San Francisco, Amurka]] * POST Colonial Bodies II, CC Matienzo, [[Buenos Aires|Buenos Aires, Argentina]] (2019) <ref>Black Film British Cinema II. (2021). United Kingdom: MIT Press. {{ISBN|9781912685639}}</ref> * ''Akwai wani abu a cikin tattaunawar da ya fi ban sha'awa fiye da ƙarshen'' (wani taken), London, UK (2018) <ref>Black Film British Cinema II. (2021). United Kingdom: MIT Press. {{ISBN|9781912685639}}</ref>{{Sfn|Dyer|2018}} * Kofin Duniya! , [[Montréal|Montreal, Kanada]] (2018) <ref>{{Cite web |title=Onyeka Igwe |url=https://onyekaigwe.com/ |access-date=25 January 2024 |website=onyekaigwe.com}}</ref> == Hotunan fina-finai == * Sunayen sun canza, ciki har da na kaina da kuma gaskiyar da aka canza (2019) {{Sfn|Biema|2020}}{{Sfn|Bulley|2020}} * Ungentle (wanda aka jagoranta a cikin 2022) * ''Mu'ujiza a kan George Green''<ref>Black Film British Cinema II. (2021). United Kingdom: MIT Press. {{ISBN|9781912685639}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Onyeka Igwe |url=https://onyekaigwe.com/ |access-date=25 January 2024 |website=onyekaigwe.com}}</ref> * ''Abin da ake kira Tarihi'' (2020) * Fasahar Musamman (2018) {{Sfn|Bulley|2020}} * ''Sunan ta a Bakina'' (2017) * ''Kasancewa a kan Mutum'' (2018) * ''Muna Bukatar Sabbin Sunayen'' (2015) * A Radical Duet (2023) * ''Babu Tarihi da zai iya Maido da Kai'' (2020) * ''Ikilisiyoyi'' (2013) * ''Babu rawa, Babu murmushi''{{Sfn|Dyer|2018}} == Littattafai == *   *   * Kasancewa kusa da, tare da ko Tsakanin, The Feminist Review (2020) * Hiraeth, ko Queering Time a cikin Tarihi In ba haka ba (tare da JD Stokely), Alphaville Journal of Film and Screen Media (2019) * Tattaunawar Bayani tare da Yuni Givanni * Jiki masu ƙaura == Career == ''Babu Rawa, Babu Palaver'' wani gajeren shirin gaskiya ne da aka nuna a shekarar 2017 da shekara ta 2018. ''An kuma canza sunayen, ciki har da nawa da kuma gaskiyar da aka canza,'' wani ɗan gajeren labari ne da Onyeka ya rubuta a shekarar 2019. == Career == No Dance, No Palaver wani ɗan gajeren fim ne da aka nuna a cikin shekarar 2017 da 2018. ''An canza sunayen, ciki har da nawa da kuma gaskiyar da aka canza,'' wani ɗan gajeren labari ne da Onyeka ya rubuta a shekarar 2019. == Kyaututtuka da gabatarwa == A cikin 2022, an zabi Onyeka Igwe don Kyautar Jarman [undefined] da Kyautar Max Mara Art for Women . [undefined] A cikin 2021, ta lashe kyautar Foundwork Artist da kuma kyautar 2020 Arts Foundation Futures Award for Experimental Short Film . [undefined][2] A cikin 2019, Onyeka ta lashe lambar yabo ta Berwick New Cinema Awards a bikin Berwick Film & Media Arts . Tare da Seán Elder, Rebecca Moss da AJ Stockwell, The Guardian ta lissafa ta a matsayin kuma nuna Nunin mako don Jerwood shirya jerin shirye-shirye.[1] == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1986]] [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] 5mi0fqzhehj5h153ajkbenlb96z4jit 895030 895029 2026-08-11T16:23:32Z Ummun Sultan 23935 895030 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''Onyeka Igwe''' (an haife ta a shekara ta 1986), ƴar wasan kwaikwayo ce ta Burtaniya-Nijeriya, galibi tana aiki a kafofin watsa labarai na fim.<ref>Black Film British Cinema II. (2021). United Kingdom: MIT Press. {{ISBN|9781912685639}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Onyeka Igwe |url=https://onyekaigwe.com/ |access-date=25 January 2024 |website=onyekaigwe.com}}</ref> An kuma nuna ayyukanta a ''MoMA'', Black Radical Imagination, ''Cibiyar Fasaha ta zamani'' (2017), Dhaka Art Summit (2020), ''Bikin Fim na London'' 2015 da kuma 2020, Bikin Fim ɗin Open City a shekarar 2021 da 2022, ''Rotterdam International, Netherlands'' (2018-2020), <ref>Black Film British Cinema II. (2021). United Kingdom: MIT Press. {{ISBN|9781912685639}}</ref> Edinburgh Artist Moving Image (2016), Scotiabank Contact Photography Festival, Hotuna Festival (2019), Camden Arts Center da Smithsonian African American film festival (2018). {{Sfn|Turner|2018}}<ref name="filmlondon">{{Cite web |title=Onyeka Igwe |url=https://filmlondon.org.uk/profile/onyeka-igwe |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240123181302/https://filmlondon.org.uk/profile/onyeka-igwe |archive-date=23 January 2024 |access-date=23 January 2024 |website=Film London}}</ref> == Ayyuka == === Babu rawa, Babu murmushi === No Dance, No Palaver wani ɗan gajeren fim ne da aka nuna a cikin shekarar 2017 da kuma shekarar 2018. Aikin ya sami bita mai mahimmanci yayin da ya faɗa The Aba Women's Riots na shekarar 1929 <ref>Black Film British Cinema II. (2021). United Kingdom: MIT Press. {{ISBN|9781912685639}}</ref> da kuma "raunin gani na tarihin mulkin mallaka" kuma yayi ƙoƙari "don canza hanyar da muka san mutanen da ke ciki".{{Sfn|Dyer|2018}} === Ayyukan baya-bayan nan na shekarar 2019 === An kuma canza sunayen, gami da na kaina kuma an canza gaskiyar wani ɗan gajeren labari ne wanda Onyeka ya rubuta a cikin shekarar 2019. Labari ne game da kakanta wanda aka fada a hanyoyi huɗu daban-daban. Ya kuma kasance a kan ƙasashen Afirka da ke zaune a ƙasashen waje. A cikin shekarar 2023, Gidan Tarihi na Yammacin Afirka ya kuma jagoranci Pavilion na Najeriya wanda aka tsara a cikin Venice Biennale na shekarar 2024 inda Onyeka ta shiga tare da Yinka Shonibare, Tunji Adeniyi-Jones, [[Ndidi Dike]], [[Fatimah Tuggar]], [[Toyin Odutola|Toyin Ojih Odutola]], Precious Okoyomon da Ibrahim Oghobase . <ref>Black Film British Cinema II. (2021). United Kingdom: MIT Press. {{ISBN|9781912685639}}</ref> == Nuni == === Kawai === * A Repertoire of Protest (Ba Dance, Babu Magana), MoMA PS1, New York (2023) <ref>Black Film British Cinema II. (2021). United Kingdom: MIT Press. {{ISBN|9781912685639}}</ref> * Mu'ujiza a kan George Green, Babban Layin, New York, Amurka (2022) * Abin da ake kira tarihin, LUX, London, UK[[Landan|Landan, Burtaniya]] * STORY na ainihi shine wanene a cikin wannan ROOM, Mercer Union, [[Toronto|Toronto, Kanada]] (2021) <ref>{{Cite web |title=Onyeka Igwe |url=https://onyekaigwe.com/ |access-date=25 January 2024 |website=onyekaigwe.com}}</ref> * Akwai 'yan'uwa biyu, Gidauniyar Jerwood (2019) <ref>Black Film British Cinema II. (2021). United Kingdom: MIT Press. {{ISBN|9781912685639}}</ref>{{Sfn|Hughes|2019}} * Gyara, tare da Aliya Pabani, Trinity Square Video, [[Toronto|Toronto, Kanada]] (2018). === Rukunin === * Legas Peckham Repeat: Hajji zuwa Lakes, Kudancin London Gallery (2023) <ref>Black Film British Cinema II. (2021). United Kingdom: MIT Press. {{ISBN|9781912685639}}</ref> * Echoes, Haus der Kunst, [[München|Munich, Jamus]] (2022) <ref>{{Cite web |title=Onyeka Igwe |url=https://onyekaigwe.com/ |access-date=25 January 2024 |website=onyekaigwe.com}}</ref> * An sake fasalinsa, Timothy Taylor New York, Amurka (2021) <ref>Black Film British Cinema II. (2021). United Kingdom: MIT Press. {{ISBN|9781912685639}}</ref> * Tarihin Tsayayya, Neue Galerie, Innsbruck, Austria (2021) <ref>{{Cite web |title=Onyeka Igwe |url=https://onyekaigwe.com/ |access-date=25 January 2024 |website=onyekaigwe.com}}</ref> * KW Production Series, [[Berlin|Berlin, Jamus]] (2020) <ref>Black Film British Cinema II. (2021). United Kingdom: MIT Press. {{ISBN|9781912685639}}</ref> * Sabbin ƙungiyoyin aiki, Gidauniyar McEvoy don Fasaha, [[San Francisco|San Francisco, Amurka]] * POST Colonial Bodies II, CC Matienzo, [[Buenos Aires|Buenos Aires, Argentina]] (2019) <ref>Black Film British Cinema II. (2021). United Kingdom: MIT Press. {{ISBN|9781912685639}}</ref> * ''Akwai wani abu a cikin tattaunawar da ya fi ban sha'awa fiye da ƙarshen'' (wani taken), London, UK (2018) <ref>Black Film British Cinema II. (2021). United Kingdom: MIT Press. {{ISBN|9781912685639}}</ref>{{Sfn|Dyer|2018}} * Kofin Duniya! , [[Montréal|Montreal, Kanada]] (2018) <ref>{{Cite web |title=Onyeka Igwe |url=https://onyekaigwe.com/ |access-date=25 January 2024 |website=onyekaigwe.com}}</ref> == Hotunan fina-finai == * Sunayen sun canza, ciki har da na kaina da kuma gaskiyar da aka canza (2019) {{Sfn|Biema|2020}}{{Sfn|Bulley|2020}} * Ungentle (wanda aka jagoranta a cikin 2022) * ''Mu'ujiza a kan George Green''<ref>Black Film British Cinema II. (2021). United Kingdom: MIT Press. {{ISBN|9781912685639}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Onyeka Igwe |url=https://onyekaigwe.com/ |access-date=25 January 2024 |website=onyekaigwe.com}}</ref> * ''Abin da ake kira Tarihi'' (2020) * Fasahar Musamman (2018) {{Sfn|Bulley|2020}} * ''Sunan ta a Bakina'' (2017) * ''Kasancewa a kan Mutum'' (2018) * ''Muna Bukatar Sabbin Sunayen'' (2015) * A Radical Duet (2023) * ''Babu Tarihi da zai iya Maido da Kai'' (2020) * ''Ikilisiyoyi'' (2013) * ''Babu rawa, Babu murmushi''{{Sfn|Dyer|2018}} == Littattafai == *   *   * Kasancewa kusa da, tare da ko Tsakanin, The Feminist Review (2020) * Hiraeth, ko Queering Time a cikin Tarihi In ba haka ba (tare da JD Stokely), Alphaville Journal of Film and Screen Media (2019) * Tattaunawar Bayani tare da Yuni Givanni * Jiki masu ƙaura == Career == ''Babu Rawa, Babu Palaver'' wani gajeren shirin gaskiya ne da aka nuna a shekarar 2017 da shekara ta 2018. ''An kuma canza sunayen, ciki har da nawa da kuma gaskiyar da aka canza,'' wani ɗan gajeren labari ne da Onyeka ya rubuta a shekarar 2019. == Career == No Dance, No Palaver wani ɗan gajeren fim ne da aka nuna a cikin shekarar 2017 da 2018. ''An canza sunayen, ciki har da nawa da kuma gaskiyar da aka canza,'' wani ɗan gajeren labari ne da Onyeka ya rubuta a shekarar 2019. == Kyaututtuka da gabatarwa == A cikin shekarar 2022, an zabi Onyeka Igwe don Kyautar Jarman [undefined] da Kyautar Max Mara Art for Women . [undefined] A cikin 2021, ta lashe kyautar Foundwork Artist da kuma kyautar 2020 Arts Foundation Futures Award for Experimental Short Film . [undefined][2] A cikin 2019, Onyeka ta lashe lambar yabo ta Berwick New Cinema Awards a bikin Berwick Film & Media Arts . Tare da Seán Elder, Rebecca Moss da AJ Stockwell, The Guardian ta lissafa ta a matsayin kuma nuna Nunin mako don Jerwood shirya jerin shirye-shirye.[1] == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1986]] [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] 2wh6s5pry7bi8tlie5318lyrzymqwgo 895031 895030 2026-08-11T16:23:45Z Ummun Sultan 23935 895031 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''Onyeka Igwe''' (an haife ta a shekara ta 1986), ƴar wasan kwaikwayo ce ta Burtaniya-Nijeriya, galibi tana aiki a kafofin watsa labarai na fim.<ref>Black Film British Cinema II. (2021). United Kingdom: MIT Press. {{ISBN|9781912685639}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Onyeka Igwe |url=https://onyekaigwe.com/ |access-date=25 January 2024 |website=onyekaigwe.com}}</ref> An kuma nuna ayyukanta a ''MoMA'', Black Radical Imagination, ''Cibiyar Fasaha ta zamani'' (2017), Dhaka Art Summit (2020), ''Bikin Fim na London'' 2015 da kuma 2020, Bikin Fim ɗin Open City a shekarar 2021 da 2022, ''Rotterdam International, Netherlands'' (2018-2020), <ref>Black Film British Cinema II. (2021). United Kingdom: MIT Press. {{ISBN|9781912685639}}</ref> Edinburgh Artist Moving Image (2016), Scotiabank Contact Photography Festival, Hotuna Festival (2019), Camden Arts Center da Smithsonian African American film festival (2018). {{Sfn|Turner|2018}}<ref name="filmlondon">{{Cite web |title=Onyeka Igwe |url=https://filmlondon.org.uk/profile/onyeka-igwe |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240123181302/https://filmlondon.org.uk/profile/onyeka-igwe |archive-date=23 January 2024 |access-date=23 January 2024 |website=Film London}}</ref> == Ayyuka == === Babu rawa, Babu murmushi === No Dance, No Palaver wani ɗan gajeren fim ne da aka nuna a cikin shekarar 2017 da kuma shekarar 2018. Aikin ya sami bita mai mahimmanci yayin da ya faɗa The Aba Women's Riots na shekarar 1929 <ref>Black Film British Cinema II. (2021). United Kingdom: MIT Press. {{ISBN|9781912685639}}</ref> da kuma "raunin gani na tarihin mulkin mallaka" kuma yayi ƙoƙari "don canza hanyar da muka san mutanen da ke ciki".{{Sfn|Dyer|2018}} === Ayyukan baya-bayan nan na shekarar 2019 === An kuma canza sunayen, gami da na kaina kuma an canza gaskiyar wani ɗan gajeren labari ne wanda Onyeka ya rubuta a cikin shekarar 2019. Labari ne game da kakanta wanda aka fada a hanyoyi huɗu daban-daban. Ya kuma kasance a kan ƙasashen Afirka da ke zaune a ƙasashen waje. A cikin shekarar 2023, Gidan Tarihi na Yammacin Afirka ya kuma jagoranci Pavilion na Najeriya wanda aka tsara a cikin Venice Biennale na shekarar 2024 inda Onyeka ta shiga tare da Yinka Shonibare, Tunji Adeniyi-Jones, [[Ndidi Dike]], [[Fatimah Tuggar]], [[Toyin Odutola|Toyin Ojih Odutola]], Precious Okoyomon da Ibrahim Oghobase . <ref>Black Film British Cinema II. (2021). United Kingdom: MIT Press. {{ISBN|9781912685639}}</ref> == Nuni == === Kawai === * A Repertoire of Protest (Ba Dance, Babu Magana), MoMA PS1, New York (2023) <ref>Black Film British Cinema II. (2021). United Kingdom: MIT Press. {{ISBN|9781912685639}}</ref> * Mu'ujiza a kan George Green, Babban Layin, New York, Amurka (2022) * Abin da ake kira tarihin, LUX, London, UK[[Landan|Landan, Burtaniya]] * STORY na ainihi shine wanene a cikin wannan ROOM, Mercer Union, [[Toronto|Toronto, Kanada]] (2021) <ref>{{Cite web |title=Onyeka Igwe |url=https://onyekaigwe.com/ |access-date=25 January 2024 |website=onyekaigwe.com}}</ref> * Akwai 'yan'uwa biyu, Gidauniyar Jerwood (2019) <ref>Black Film British Cinema II. (2021). United Kingdom: MIT Press. {{ISBN|9781912685639}}</ref>{{Sfn|Hughes|2019}} * Gyara, tare da Aliya Pabani, Trinity Square Video, [[Toronto|Toronto, Kanada]] (2018). === Rukunin === * Legas Peckham Repeat: Hajji zuwa Lakes, Kudancin London Gallery (2023) <ref>Black Film British Cinema II. (2021). United Kingdom: MIT Press. {{ISBN|9781912685639}}</ref> * Echoes, Haus der Kunst, [[München|Munich, Jamus]] (2022) <ref>{{Cite web |title=Onyeka Igwe |url=https://onyekaigwe.com/ |access-date=25 January 2024 |website=onyekaigwe.com}}</ref> * An sake fasalinsa, Timothy Taylor New York, Amurka (2021) <ref>Black Film British Cinema II. (2021). United Kingdom: MIT Press. {{ISBN|9781912685639}}</ref> * Tarihin Tsayayya, Neue Galerie, Innsbruck, Austria (2021) <ref>{{Cite web |title=Onyeka Igwe |url=https://onyekaigwe.com/ |access-date=25 January 2024 |website=onyekaigwe.com}}</ref> * KW Production Series, [[Berlin|Berlin, Jamus]] (2020) <ref>Black Film British Cinema II. (2021). United Kingdom: MIT Press. {{ISBN|9781912685639}}</ref> * Sabbin ƙungiyoyin aiki, Gidauniyar McEvoy don Fasaha, [[San Francisco|San Francisco, Amurka]] * POST Colonial Bodies II, CC Matienzo, [[Buenos Aires|Buenos Aires, Argentina]] (2019) <ref>Black Film British Cinema II. (2021). United Kingdom: MIT Press. {{ISBN|9781912685639}}</ref> * ''Akwai wani abu a cikin tattaunawar da ya fi ban sha'awa fiye da ƙarshen'' (wani taken), London, UK (2018) <ref>Black Film British Cinema II. (2021). United Kingdom: MIT Press. {{ISBN|9781912685639}}</ref>{{Sfn|Dyer|2018}} * Kofin Duniya! , [[Montréal|Montreal, Kanada]] (2018) <ref>{{Cite web |title=Onyeka Igwe |url=https://onyekaigwe.com/ |access-date=25 January 2024 |website=onyekaigwe.com}}</ref> == Hotunan fina-finai == * Sunayen sun canza, ciki har da na kaina da kuma gaskiyar da aka canza (2019) {{Sfn|Biema|2020}}{{Sfn|Bulley|2020}} * Ungentle (wanda aka jagoranta a cikin 2022) * ''Mu'ujiza a kan George Green''<ref>Black Film British Cinema II. (2021). United Kingdom: MIT Press. {{ISBN|9781912685639}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Onyeka Igwe |url=https://onyekaigwe.com/ |access-date=25 January 2024 |website=onyekaigwe.com}}</ref> * ''Abin da ake kira Tarihi'' (2020) * Fasahar Musamman (2018) {{Sfn|Bulley|2020}} * ''Sunan ta a Bakina'' (2017) * ''Kasancewa a kan Mutum'' (2018) * ''Muna Bukatar Sabbin Sunayen'' (2015) * A Radical Duet (2023) * ''Babu Tarihi da zai iya Maido da Kai'' (2020) * ''Ikilisiyoyi'' (2013) * ''Babu rawa, Babu murmushi''{{Sfn|Dyer|2018}} == Littattafai == *   *   * Kasancewa kusa da, tare da ko Tsakanin, The Feminist Review (2020) * Hiraeth, ko Queering Time a cikin Tarihi In ba haka ba (tare da JD Stokely), Alphaville Journal of Film and Screen Media (2019) * Tattaunawar Bayani tare da Yuni Givanni * Jiki masu ƙaura == Career == ''Babu Rawa, Babu Palaver'' wani gajeren shirin gaskiya ne da aka nuna a shekarar 2017 da shekara ta 2018. ''An kuma canza sunayen, ciki har da nawa da kuma gaskiyar da aka canza,'' wani ɗan gajeren labari ne da Onyeka ya rubuta a shekarar 2019. == Career == No Dance, No Palaver wani ɗan gajeren fim ne da aka nuna a cikin shekarar 2017 da 2018. ''An canza sunayen, ciki har da nawa da kuma gaskiyar da aka canza,'' wani ɗan gajeren labari ne da Onyeka ya rubuta a shekarar 2019. == Kyaututtuka da gabatarwa == A cikin shekarar 2022, an zabi Onyeka Igwe don Kyautar Jarman [undefined] da Kyautar Max Mara Art for Women . [undefined] A cikin shekarar 2021, ta lashe kyautar Foundwork Artist da kuma kyautar 2020 Arts Foundation Futures Award for Experimental Short Film . [undefined][2] A cikin 2019, Onyeka ta lashe lambar yabo ta Berwick New Cinema Awards a bikin Berwick Film & Media Arts . Tare da Seán Elder, Rebecca Moss da AJ Stockwell, The Guardian ta lissafa ta a matsayin kuma nuna Nunin mako don Jerwood shirya jerin shirye-shirye.[1] == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1986]] [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] ijrqkywjo8g0viz58l8p4amvwa0jljs 895033 895031 2026-08-11T16:25:37Z Ummun Sultan 23935 895033 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''Onyeka Igwe''' (an haife ta a shekara ta 1986), ƴar wasan kwaikwayo ce ta Burtaniya-Nijeriya, galibi tana aiki a kafofin watsa labarai na fim.<ref>Black Film British Cinema II. (2021). United Kingdom: MIT Press. {{ISBN|9781912685639}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Onyeka Igwe |url=https://onyekaigwe.com/ |access-date=25 January 2024 |website=onyekaigwe.com}}</ref> An kuma nuna ayyukanta a ''MoMA'', Black Radical Imagination, ''Cibiyar Fasaha ta zamani'' (2017), Dhaka Art Summit (2020), ''Bikin Fim na London'' 2015 da kuma 2020, Bikin Fim ɗin Open City a shekarar 2021 da 2022, ''Rotterdam International, Netherlands'' (2018-2020), <ref>Black Film British Cinema II. (2021). United Kingdom: MIT Press. {{ISBN|9781912685639}}</ref> Edinburgh Artist Moving Image (2016), Scotiabank Contact Photography Festival, Hotuna Festival (2019), Camden Arts Center da Smithsonian African American film festival (2018). {{Sfn|Turner|2018}}<ref name="filmlondon">{{Cite web |title=Onyeka Igwe |url=https://filmlondon.org.uk/profile/onyeka-igwe |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240123181302/https://filmlondon.org.uk/profile/onyeka-igwe |archive-date=23 January 2024 |access-date=23 January 2024 |website=Film London}}</ref> == Ayyuka == === Babu rawa, Babu murmushi === No Dance, No Palaver wani ɗan gajeren fim ne da aka nuna a cikin shekarar 2017 da kuma shekarar 2018. Aikin ya sami bita mai mahimmanci yayin da ya faɗa The Aba Women's Riots na shekarar 1929 <ref>Black Film British Cinema II. (2021). United Kingdom: MIT Press. {{ISBN|9781912685639}}</ref> da kuma "raunin gani na tarihin mulkin mallaka" kuma yayi ƙoƙari "don canza hanyar da muka san mutanen da ke ciki".{{Sfn|Dyer|2018}} === Ayyukan baya-bayan nan na shekarar 2019 === An kuma canza sunayen, gami da na kaina kuma an canza gaskiyar wani ɗan gajeren labari ne wanda Onyeka ya rubuta a cikin shekarar 2019. Labari ne game da kakanta wanda aka fada a hanyoyi huɗu daban-daban. Ya kuma kasance a kan ƙasashen Afirka da ke zaune a ƙasashen waje. A cikin shekarar 2023, Gidan Tarihi na Yammacin Afirka ya kuma jagoranci Pavilion na Najeriya wanda aka tsara a cikin Venice Biennale na shekarar 2024 inda Onyeka ta shiga tare da Yinka Shonibare, Tunji Adeniyi-Jones, [[Ndidi Dike]], [[Fatimah Tuggar]], [[Toyin Odutola|Toyin Ojih Odutola]], Precious Okoyomon da Ibrahim Oghobase . <ref>Black Film British Cinema II. (2021). United Kingdom: MIT Press. {{ISBN|9781912685639}}</ref> == Nuni == === Kawai === * A Repertoire of Protest (Ba Dance, Babu Magana), MoMA PS1, New York (2023) <ref>Black Film British Cinema II. (2021). United Kingdom: MIT Press. {{ISBN|9781912685639}}</ref> * Mu'ujiza a kan George Green, Babban Layin, New York, Amurka (2022) * Abin da ake kira tarihin, LUX, London, UK[[Landan|Landan, Burtaniya]] * STORY na ainihi shine wanene a cikin wannan ROOM, Mercer Union, [[Toronto|Toronto, Kanada]] (2021) <ref>{{Cite web |title=Onyeka Igwe |url=https://onyekaigwe.com/ |access-date=25 January 2024 |website=onyekaigwe.com}}</ref> * Akwai 'yan'uwa biyu, Gidauniyar Jerwood (2019) <ref>Black Film British Cinema II. (2021). United Kingdom: MIT Press. {{ISBN|9781912685639}}</ref>{{Sfn|Hughes|2019}} * Gyara, tare da Aliya Pabani, Trinity Square Video, [[Toronto|Toronto, Kanada]] (2018). === Rukunin === * Legas Peckham Repeat: Hajji zuwa Lakes, Kudancin London Gallery (2023) <ref>Black Film British Cinema II. (2021). United Kingdom: MIT Press. {{ISBN|9781912685639}}</ref> * Echoes, Haus der Kunst, [[München|Munich, Jamus]] (2022) <ref>{{Cite web |title=Onyeka Igwe |url=https://onyekaigwe.com/ |access-date=25 January 2024 |website=onyekaigwe.com}}</ref> * An sake fasalinsa, Timothy Taylor New York, Amurka (2021) <ref>Black Film British Cinema II. (2021). United Kingdom: MIT Press. {{ISBN|9781912685639}}</ref> * Tarihin Tsayayya, Neue Galerie, Innsbruck, Austria (2021) <ref>{{Cite web |title=Onyeka Igwe |url=https://onyekaigwe.com/ |access-date=25 January 2024 |website=onyekaigwe.com}}</ref> * KW Production Series, [[Berlin|Berlin, Jamus]] (2020) <ref>Black Film British Cinema II. (2021). United Kingdom: MIT Press. {{ISBN|9781912685639}}</ref> * Sabbin ƙungiyoyin aiki, Gidauniyar McEvoy don Fasaha, [[San Francisco|San Francisco, Amurka]] * POST Colonial Bodies II, CC Matienzo, [[Buenos Aires|Buenos Aires, Argentina]] (2019) <ref>Black Film British Cinema II. (2021). United Kingdom: MIT Press. {{ISBN|9781912685639}}</ref> * ''Akwai wani abu a cikin tattaunawar da ya fi ban sha'awa fiye da ƙarshen'' (wani taken), London, UK (2018) <ref>Black Film British Cinema II. (2021). United Kingdom: MIT Press. {{ISBN|9781912685639}}</ref>{{Sfn|Dyer|2018}} * Kofin Duniya! , [[Montréal|Montreal, Kanada]] (2018) <ref>{{Cite web |title=Onyeka Igwe |url=https://onyekaigwe.com/ |access-date=25 January 2024 |website=onyekaigwe.com}}</ref> == Hotunan fina-finai == * Sunayen sun canza, ciki har da na kaina da kuma gaskiyar da aka canza (2019) {{Sfn|Biema|2020}}{{Sfn|Bulley|2020}} * Ungentle (wanda aka jagoranta a cikin 2022) * ''Mu'ujiza a kan George Green''<ref>Black Film British Cinema II. (2021). United Kingdom: MIT Press. {{ISBN|9781912685639}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Onyeka Igwe |url=https://onyekaigwe.com/ |access-date=25 January 2024 |website=onyekaigwe.com}}</ref> * ''Abin da ake kira Tarihi'' (2020) * Fasahar Musamman (2018) {{Sfn|Bulley|2020}} * ''Sunan ta a Bakina'' (2017) * ''Kasancewa a kan Mutum'' (2018) * ''Muna Bukatar Sabbin Sunayen'' (2015) * A Radical Duet (2023) * ''Babu Tarihi da zai iya Maido da Kai'' (2020) * ''Ikilisiyoyi'' (2013) * ''Babu rawa, Babu murmushi''{{Sfn|Dyer|2018}} == Littattafai == *   *   * Kasancewa kusa da, tare da ko Tsakanin, The Feminist Review (2020) * Hiraeth, ko Queering Time a cikin Tarihi In ba haka ba (tare da JD Stokely), Alphaville Journal of Film and Screen Media (2019) * Tattaunawar Bayani tare da Yuni Givanni * Jiki masu ƙaura == Career == ''Babu Rawa, Babu Palaver'' wani gajeren shirin gaskiya ne da aka nuna a shekarar 2017 da shekara ta 2018. ''An kuma canza sunayen, ciki har da nawa da kuma gaskiyar da aka canza,'' wani ɗan gajeren labari ne da Onyeka ya rubuta a shekarar 2019. == Career == No Dance, No Palaver wani ɗan gajeren fim ne da aka nuna a cikin shekarar 2017 da 2018. ''An canza sunayen, ciki har da nawa da kuma gaskiyar da aka canza,'' wani ɗan gajeren labari ne da Onyeka ya rubuta a shekarar 2019. == Kyaututtuka da gabatarwa == A cikin shekarar 2022, an zaɓi Onyeka Igwe don Kyautar Jarman [undefined] da Kyautar Max Mara Art for Women . [undefined] A cikin shekarar 2021, ta lashe kyautar Foundwork Artist da kuma kyautar 2020 Arts Foundation Futures Award for Experimental Short Film . [undefined][2] A cikin 2019, Onyeka ta lashe lambar yabo ta Berwick New Cinema Awards a bikin Berwick Film & Media Arts . Tare da Seán Elder, Rebecca Moss da AJ Stockwell, The Guardian ta lissafa ta a matsayin kuma nuna Nunin mako don Jerwood shirya jerin shirye-shirye.[1] == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1986]] [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] 0qkjcr1ta36509ah2rmq7smmdmcp3n6 895035 895033 2026-08-11T16:25:53Z Ummun Sultan 23935 895035 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''Onyeka Igwe''' (an haife ta a shekara ta 1986), ƴar wasan kwaikwayo ce ta Burtaniya-Nijeriya, galibi tana aiki a kafofin watsa labarai na fim.<ref>Black Film British Cinema II. (2021). United Kingdom: MIT Press. {{ISBN|9781912685639}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Onyeka Igwe |url=https://onyekaigwe.com/ |access-date=25 January 2024 |website=onyekaigwe.com}}</ref> An kuma nuna ayyukanta a ''MoMA'', Black Radical Imagination, ''Cibiyar Fasaha ta zamani'' (2017), Dhaka Art Summit (2020), ''Bikin Fim na London'' 2015 da kuma 2020, Bikin Fim ɗin Open City a shekarar 2021 da 2022, ''Rotterdam International, Netherlands'' (2018-2020), <ref>Black Film British Cinema II. (2021). United Kingdom: MIT Press. {{ISBN|9781912685639}}</ref> Edinburgh Artist Moving Image (2016), Scotiabank Contact Photography Festival, Hotuna Festival (2019), Camden Arts Center da Smithsonian African American film festival (2018). {{Sfn|Turner|2018}}<ref name="filmlondon">{{Cite web |title=Onyeka Igwe |url=https://filmlondon.org.uk/profile/onyeka-igwe |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240123181302/https://filmlondon.org.uk/profile/onyeka-igwe |archive-date=23 January 2024 |access-date=23 January 2024 |website=Film London}}</ref> == Ayyuka == === Babu rawa, Babu murmushi === No Dance, No Palaver wani ɗan gajeren fim ne da aka nuna a cikin shekarar 2017 da kuma shekarar 2018. Aikin ya sami bita mai mahimmanci yayin da ya faɗa The Aba Women's Riots na shekarar 1929 <ref>Black Film British Cinema II. (2021). United Kingdom: MIT Press. {{ISBN|9781912685639}}</ref> da kuma "raunin gani na tarihin mulkin mallaka" kuma yayi ƙoƙari "don canza hanyar da muka san mutanen da ke ciki".{{Sfn|Dyer|2018}} === Ayyukan baya-bayan nan na shekarar 2019 === An kuma canza sunayen, gami da na kaina kuma an canza gaskiyar wani ɗan gajeren labari ne wanda Onyeka ya rubuta a cikin shekarar 2019. Labari ne game da kakanta wanda aka fada a hanyoyi huɗu daban-daban. Ya kuma kasance a kan ƙasashen Afirka da ke zaune a ƙasashen waje. A cikin shekarar 2023, Gidan Tarihi na Yammacin Afirka ya kuma jagoranci Pavilion na Najeriya wanda aka tsara a cikin Venice Biennale na shekarar 2024 inda Onyeka ta shiga tare da Yinka Shonibare, Tunji Adeniyi-Jones, [[Ndidi Dike]], [[Fatimah Tuggar]], [[Toyin Odutola|Toyin Ojih Odutola]], Precious Okoyomon da Ibrahim Oghobase . <ref>Black Film British Cinema II. (2021). United Kingdom: MIT Press. {{ISBN|9781912685639}}</ref> == Nuni == === Kawai === * A Repertoire of Protest (Ba Dance, Babu Magana), MoMA PS1, New York (2023) <ref>Black Film British Cinema II. (2021). United Kingdom: MIT Press. {{ISBN|9781912685639}}</ref> * Mu'ujiza a kan George Green, Babban Layin, New York, Amurka (2022) * Abin da ake kira tarihin, LUX, London, UK[[Landan|Landan, Burtaniya]] * STORY na ainihi shine wanene a cikin wannan ROOM, Mercer Union, [[Toronto|Toronto, Kanada]] (2021) <ref>{{Cite web |title=Onyeka Igwe |url=https://onyekaigwe.com/ |access-date=25 January 2024 |website=onyekaigwe.com}}</ref> * Akwai 'yan'uwa biyu, Gidauniyar Jerwood (2019) <ref>Black Film British Cinema II. (2021). United Kingdom: MIT Press. {{ISBN|9781912685639}}</ref>{{Sfn|Hughes|2019}} * Gyara, tare da Aliya Pabani, Trinity Square Video, [[Toronto|Toronto, Kanada]] (2018). === Rukunin === * Legas Peckham Repeat: Hajji zuwa Lakes, Kudancin London Gallery (2023) <ref>Black Film British Cinema II. (2021). United Kingdom: MIT Press. {{ISBN|9781912685639}}</ref> * Echoes, Haus der Kunst, [[München|Munich, Jamus]] (2022) <ref>{{Cite web |title=Onyeka Igwe |url=https://onyekaigwe.com/ |access-date=25 January 2024 |website=onyekaigwe.com}}</ref> * An sake fasalinsa, Timothy Taylor New York, Amurka (2021) <ref>Black Film British Cinema II. (2021). United Kingdom: MIT Press. {{ISBN|9781912685639}}</ref> * Tarihin Tsayayya, Neue Galerie, Innsbruck, Austria (2021) <ref>{{Cite web |title=Onyeka Igwe |url=https://onyekaigwe.com/ |access-date=25 January 2024 |website=onyekaigwe.com}}</ref> * KW Production Series, [[Berlin|Berlin, Jamus]] (2020) <ref>Black Film British Cinema II. (2021). United Kingdom: MIT Press. {{ISBN|9781912685639}}</ref> * Sabbin ƙungiyoyin aiki, Gidauniyar McEvoy don Fasaha, [[San Francisco|San Francisco, Amurka]] * POST Colonial Bodies II, CC Matienzo, [[Buenos Aires|Buenos Aires, Argentina]] (2019) <ref>Black Film British Cinema II. (2021). United Kingdom: MIT Press. {{ISBN|9781912685639}}</ref> * ''Akwai wani abu a cikin tattaunawar da ya fi ban sha'awa fiye da ƙarshen'' (wani taken), London, UK (2018) <ref>Black Film British Cinema II. (2021). United Kingdom: MIT Press. {{ISBN|9781912685639}}</ref>{{Sfn|Dyer|2018}} * Kofin Duniya! , [[Montréal|Montreal, Kanada]] (2018) <ref>{{Cite web |title=Onyeka Igwe |url=https://onyekaigwe.com/ |access-date=25 January 2024 |website=onyekaigwe.com}}</ref> == Hotunan fina-finai == * Sunayen sun canza, ciki har da na kaina da kuma gaskiyar da aka canza (2019) {{Sfn|Biema|2020}}{{Sfn|Bulley|2020}} * Ungentle (wanda aka jagoranta a cikin 2022) * ''Mu'ujiza a kan George Green''<ref>Black Film British Cinema II. (2021). United Kingdom: MIT Press. {{ISBN|9781912685639}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Onyeka Igwe |url=https://onyekaigwe.com/ |access-date=25 January 2024 |website=onyekaigwe.com}}</ref> * ''Abin da ake kira Tarihi'' (2020) * Fasahar Musamman (2018) {{Sfn|Bulley|2020}} * ''Sunan ta a Bakina'' (2017) * ''Kasancewa a kan Mutum'' (2018) * ''Muna Bukatar Sabbin Sunayen'' (2015) * A Radical Duet (2023) * ''Babu Tarihi da zai iya Maido da Kai'' (2020) * ''Ikilisiyoyi'' (2013) * ''Babu rawa, Babu murmushi''{{Sfn|Dyer|2018}} == Littattafai == *   *   * Kasancewa kusa da, tare da ko Tsakanin, The Feminist Review (2020) * Hiraeth, ko Queering Time a cikin Tarihi In ba haka ba (tare da JD Stokely), Alphaville Journal of Film and Screen Media (2019) * Tattaunawar Bayani tare da Yuni Givanni * Jiki masu ƙaura == Career == ''Babu Rawa, Babu Palaver'' wani gajeren shirin gaskiya ne da aka nuna a shekarar 2017 da shekara ta 2018. ''An kuma canza sunayen, ciki har da nawa da kuma gaskiyar da aka canza,'' wani ɗan gajeren labari ne da Onyeka ya rubuta a shekarar 2019. == Career == No Dance, No Palaver wani ɗan gajeren fim ne da aka nuna a cikin shekarar 2017 da 2018. ''An canza sunayen, ciki har da nawa da kuma gaskiyar da aka canza,'' wani ɗan gajeren labari ne da Onyeka ya rubuta a shekarar 2019. == Kyaututtuka da gabatarwa == A cikin shekarar 2022, an zaɓi Onyeka Igwe don Kyautar Jarman [undefined] da Kyautar Max Mara Art for Women . [undefined] A cikin shekarar 2021, ta lashe kyautar Foundwork Artist da kuma kyautar shekarar 2020 Arts Foundation Futures Award for Experimental Short Film . [undefined][2] A cikin 2019, Onyeka ta lashe lambar yabo ta Berwick New Cinema Awards a bikin Berwick Film & Media Arts . Tare da Seán Elder, Rebecca Moss da AJ Stockwell, The Guardian ta lissafa ta a matsayin kuma nuna Nunin mako don Jerwood shirya jerin shirye-shirye.[1] == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1986]] [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] c19p51jdqo9rjp1nl1aihsy0palkw8o 895036 895035 2026-08-11T16:26:02Z Ummun Sultan 23935 895036 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''Onyeka Igwe''' (an haife ta a shekara ta 1986), ƴar wasan kwaikwayo ce ta Burtaniya-Nijeriya, galibi tana aiki a kafofin watsa labarai na fim.<ref>Black Film British Cinema II. (2021). United Kingdom: MIT Press. {{ISBN|9781912685639}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Onyeka Igwe |url=https://onyekaigwe.com/ |access-date=25 January 2024 |website=onyekaigwe.com}}</ref> An kuma nuna ayyukanta a ''MoMA'', Black Radical Imagination, ''Cibiyar Fasaha ta zamani'' (2017), Dhaka Art Summit (2020), ''Bikin Fim na London'' 2015 da kuma 2020, Bikin Fim ɗin Open City a shekarar 2021 da 2022, ''Rotterdam International, Netherlands'' (2018-2020), <ref>Black Film British Cinema II. (2021). United Kingdom: MIT Press. {{ISBN|9781912685639}}</ref> Edinburgh Artist Moving Image (2016), Scotiabank Contact Photography Festival, Hotuna Festival (2019), Camden Arts Center da Smithsonian African American film festival (2018). {{Sfn|Turner|2018}}<ref name="filmlondon">{{Cite web |title=Onyeka Igwe |url=https://filmlondon.org.uk/profile/onyeka-igwe |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240123181302/https://filmlondon.org.uk/profile/onyeka-igwe |archive-date=23 January 2024 |access-date=23 January 2024 |website=Film London}}</ref> == Ayyuka == === Babu rawa, Babu murmushi === No Dance, No Palaver wani ɗan gajeren fim ne da aka nuna a cikin shekarar 2017 da kuma shekarar 2018. Aikin ya sami bita mai mahimmanci yayin da ya faɗa The Aba Women's Riots na shekarar 1929 <ref>Black Film British Cinema II. (2021). United Kingdom: MIT Press. {{ISBN|9781912685639}}</ref> da kuma "raunin gani na tarihin mulkin mallaka" kuma yayi ƙoƙari "don canza hanyar da muka san mutanen da ke ciki".{{Sfn|Dyer|2018}} === Ayyukan baya-bayan nan na shekarar 2019 === An kuma canza sunayen, gami da na kaina kuma an canza gaskiyar wani ɗan gajeren labari ne wanda Onyeka ya rubuta a cikin shekarar 2019. Labari ne game da kakanta wanda aka fada a hanyoyi huɗu daban-daban. Ya kuma kasance a kan ƙasashen Afirka da ke zaune a ƙasashen waje. A cikin shekarar 2023, Gidan Tarihi na Yammacin Afirka ya kuma jagoranci Pavilion na Najeriya wanda aka tsara a cikin Venice Biennale na shekarar 2024 inda Onyeka ta shiga tare da Yinka Shonibare, Tunji Adeniyi-Jones, [[Ndidi Dike]], [[Fatimah Tuggar]], [[Toyin Odutola|Toyin Ojih Odutola]], Precious Okoyomon da Ibrahim Oghobase . <ref>Black Film British Cinema II. (2021). United Kingdom: MIT Press. {{ISBN|9781912685639}}</ref> == Nuni == === Kawai === * A Repertoire of Protest (Ba Dance, Babu Magana), MoMA PS1, New York (2023) <ref>Black Film British Cinema II. (2021). United Kingdom: MIT Press. {{ISBN|9781912685639}}</ref> * Mu'ujiza a kan George Green, Babban Layin, New York, Amurka (2022) * Abin da ake kira tarihin, LUX, London, UK[[Landan|Landan, Burtaniya]] * STORY na ainihi shine wanene a cikin wannan ROOM, Mercer Union, [[Toronto|Toronto, Kanada]] (2021) <ref>{{Cite web |title=Onyeka Igwe |url=https://onyekaigwe.com/ |access-date=25 January 2024 |website=onyekaigwe.com}}</ref> * Akwai 'yan'uwa biyu, Gidauniyar Jerwood (2019) <ref>Black Film British Cinema II. (2021). United Kingdom: MIT Press. {{ISBN|9781912685639}}</ref>{{Sfn|Hughes|2019}} * Gyara, tare da Aliya Pabani, Trinity Square Video, [[Toronto|Toronto, Kanada]] (2018). === Rukunin === * Legas Peckham Repeat: Hajji zuwa Lakes, Kudancin London Gallery (2023) <ref>Black Film British Cinema II. (2021). United Kingdom: MIT Press. {{ISBN|9781912685639}}</ref> * Echoes, Haus der Kunst, [[München|Munich, Jamus]] (2022) <ref>{{Cite web |title=Onyeka Igwe |url=https://onyekaigwe.com/ |access-date=25 January 2024 |website=onyekaigwe.com}}</ref> * An sake fasalinsa, Timothy Taylor New York, Amurka (2021) <ref>Black Film British Cinema II. (2021). United Kingdom: MIT Press. {{ISBN|9781912685639}}</ref> * Tarihin Tsayayya, Neue Galerie, Innsbruck, Austria (2021) <ref>{{Cite web |title=Onyeka Igwe |url=https://onyekaigwe.com/ |access-date=25 January 2024 |website=onyekaigwe.com}}</ref> * KW Production Series, [[Berlin|Berlin, Jamus]] (2020) <ref>Black Film British Cinema II. (2021). United Kingdom: MIT Press. {{ISBN|9781912685639}}</ref> * Sabbin ƙungiyoyin aiki, Gidauniyar McEvoy don Fasaha, [[San Francisco|San Francisco, Amurka]] * POST Colonial Bodies II, CC Matienzo, [[Buenos Aires|Buenos Aires, Argentina]] (2019) <ref>Black Film British Cinema II. (2021). United Kingdom: MIT Press. {{ISBN|9781912685639}}</ref> * ''Akwai wani abu a cikin tattaunawar da ya fi ban sha'awa fiye da ƙarshen'' (wani taken), London, UK (2018) <ref>Black Film British Cinema II. (2021). United Kingdom: MIT Press. {{ISBN|9781912685639}}</ref>{{Sfn|Dyer|2018}} * Kofin Duniya! , [[Montréal|Montreal, Kanada]] (2018) <ref>{{Cite web |title=Onyeka Igwe |url=https://onyekaigwe.com/ |access-date=25 January 2024 |website=onyekaigwe.com}}</ref> == Hotunan fina-finai == * Sunayen sun canza, ciki har da na kaina da kuma gaskiyar da aka canza (2019) {{Sfn|Biema|2020}}{{Sfn|Bulley|2020}} * Ungentle (wanda aka jagoranta a cikin 2022) * ''Mu'ujiza a kan George Green''<ref>Black Film British Cinema II. (2021). United Kingdom: MIT Press. {{ISBN|9781912685639}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Onyeka Igwe |url=https://onyekaigwe.com/ |access-date=25 January 2024 |website=onyekaigwe.com}}</ref> * ''Abin da ake kira Tarihi'' (2020) * Fasahar Musamman (2018) {{Sfn|Bulley|2020}} * ''Sunan ta a Bakina'' (2017) * ''Kasancewa a kan Mutum'' (2018) * ''Muna Bukatar Sabbin Sunayen'' (2015) * A Radical Duet (2023) * ''Babu Tarihi da zai iya Maido da Kai'' (2020) * ''Ikilisiyoyi'' (2013) * ''Babu rawa, Babu murmushi''{{Sfn|Dyer|2018}} == Littattafai == *   *   * Kasancewa kusa da, tare da ko Tsakanin, The Feminist Review (2020) * Hiraeth, ko Queering Time a cikin Tarihi In ba haka ba (tare da JD Stokely), Alphaville Journal of Film and Screen Media (2019) * Tattaunawar Bayani tare da Yuni Givanni * Jiki masu ƙaura == Career == ''Babu Rawa, Babu Palaver'' wani gajeren shirin gaskiya ne da aka nuna a shekarar 2017 da shekara ta 2018. ''An kuma canza sunayen, ciki har da nawa da kuma gaskiyar da aka canza,'' wani ɗan gajeren labari ne da Onyeka ya rubuta a shekarar 2019. == Career == No Dance, No Palaver wani ɗan gajeren fim ne da aka nuna a cikin shekarar 2017 da 2018. ''An canza sunayen, ciki har da nawa da kuma gaskiyar da aka canza,'' wani ɗan gajeren labari ne da Onyeka ya rubuta a shekarar 2019. == Kyaututtuka da gabatarwa == A cikin shekarar 2022, an zaɓi Onyeka Igwe don Kyautar Jarman [undefined] da Kyautar Max Mara Art for Women . [undefined] A cikin shekarar 2021, ta lashe kyautar Foundwork Artist da kuma kyautar shekarar 2020 Arts Foundation Futures Award for Experimental Short Film . [undefined][2] A cikin shekarar 2019, Onyeka ta lashe lambar yabo ta Berwick New Cinema Awards a bikin Berwick Film & Media Arts . Tare da Seán Elder, Rebecca Moss da AJ Stockwell, The Guardian ta lissafa ta a matsayin kuma nuna Nunin mako don Jerwood shirya jerin shirye-shirye.[1] == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1986]] [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] ku280ar2opvodti6szz0pon21lxkodw 0 123647 895433 797814 2026-08-12T08:17:32Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 2 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 895433 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Ernesto Balmaceda Bello''' (Fabrairu 27, 1887 - Fabrairu 24, 1906) ya kasance jami'in diflomasiyyar Chile, wanda aka kashe a Belgium a cikin wani shahararren shari'ar da ta zo don bayyana hakkoki na diflomasiyya da rigakafi ga ma'aikatan diflomasiya da iyalai. Ya kasance dan asalin Basque.<ref>{{Cite web |date=June 26, 2003 |title=Encuentra aquí información de Historia de Chile para tu escuela ¡Entra ya! &#124; Rincón del Vago |url=http://html.rincondelvago.com/historia-de-chile_6.html |access-date=December 24, 2025 |archive-date=January 12, 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140112184032/http://html.rincondelvago.com/historia-de-chile_6.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> == Rayuwa ta farko == An haifi Ernesto Balmaceda Bello a ranar 27 ga Fabrairu, 1887 a [[Santiago de Chile|Santiago]], ga José Rafael del Carmen Balmaceda Fernández, [[ɗan siyasa]] da diflomasiyya, da Ana María Bello Codesido, jikokin Andrés Bello . <ref name="Jacobs">{{Cite web |last=Jacobs |first=A |title=Affaire Waddington – 1907 |url=https://collections.heritage.brussels/fr/objects/39819 |access-date=24 September 2025 |website=Collection communale de Schaerbeek; Inventaire du patrimoine mobilier |publisher=Service public régional Bruxelles Urbanisme & Patrimoine; Association du Patrimoine artistique |language=French}}</ref><ref name="BCN">{{Cite web |date=2020 |title=José Rafael del Carmen Balmaceda Fernández: Reseñas biográficas parlamentarias |url=https://www.bcn.cl/historiapolitica/resenas_parlamentarias/wiki/Jos%E9_Rafael_del_Carmen_Balmaceda_Fern%E1ndez |access-date=24 September 2025 |website=Historia Política; Reseñas biográficas parlamentarias |publisher=Biblioteca del Congreso Nacional de Chile |language=Spanish}}</ref> Ta hanyar mahaifinsa, Balmaceda dan dan Shugaba José Manuel Balmaceda ne, kuma jikan mai mallakar ƙasa kuma ɗan siyasa {{Interlanguage link|Manuel José de Balmaceda Ballesteros|es}} (es). <ref name="Jacobs" /> Balmaceda dan uwan Emilio Bello Codesido ne, shugaban gwamnatin 1925. <ref name="Jacobs" /> <ref>{{Cite web |date=June 26, 2003 |title=Encuentra aquí información de Historia de Chile para tu escuela ¡Entra ya! &#124; Rincón del Vago |url=http://html.rincondelvago.com/historia-de-chile_6.html |access-date=December 24, 2025 |archive-date=January 12, 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140112184032/http://html.rincondelvago.com/historia-de-chile_6.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> Bayan kammala karatunsa na sakandare, Balmaceda ya shiga Ofishin Harkokin Waje na Chile. A cikin 1905, an nada Balmaceda sakatare ga Don Luis Waddington Urrutia (1859-1927), mai kula da harkokin kasuwanci na tawagar diflomasiyyar Chile a Brussels. <ref name="Wilson">{{Cite journal |last=Wilson |first=Clifton E. |date=1965 |title=Diplomatic Privileges and Immunities: The Retinue and Families of the Diplomatic Staff |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/757330 |journal=The International and Comparative Law Quarterly |volume=14 |issue=4 |pages=1265–1295 |access-date=24 September 2025}}</ref> == Mutuwa == Babban jami'insa a ofishin jakadancin da ke Brussels shi ne mai kula da harkokin kasuwanci Don Luis Waddington, wanda ke da 'ya'ya biyu: Adelaida da [[Carlos Waddington|Carlos]] . Ba da daɗewa ba bayan isowarsa, Balmaceda ya fara kotu Adelaide kuma jim kadan bayan haka, iyayen amarya sun gano cewa matasan ma'aurata sun riga sun yi jima'i. Daga nan sai suka bukaci Ernesto mai shekaru 18 ya yi alkawari da Adelaide kuma ya "yi wa abin da ba daidai ba" a gare ta. Ya yarda da kuskurensa kuma ya yarda da alkawarin a halin yanzu. Balmaceda bai so ya yi aure ba, don haka ya rubuta wa iyalinsa don a sauya kansa nan da nan zuwa wani ofishin jakadancin. Abokan danginsa sun gudanar da canjinsa zuwa ofishin jakadancin a Amurka, amma kafin ya iya barin labarai sun ɓace, kuma Carlos Waddington mai shekaru 16, ɗan'uwan amaryarsa ya fara yin harbi a cikin lambunan ofishin jakadun a ƙarƙashin taga. Ernesto Balmaceda ya firgita kuma a ranar 24 ga Fabrairu, 1906, ranar da za a sanar da alkawarin a fili a wani biki na ofishin jakadancin, ya ɓoye a cikin ɗakinsa, tare da abokinsa Javier Rengifo. Carlos ya ziyarce shi kuma ya bukaci ya cika maganarsa. Lokacin da Balmaceda ya ki, sai ya harbe shi sau uku: sau ɗaya a zuciya, sau ɗaya a kirji kuma sau ɗaya a kai. [[Fayil:Carlos_Waddington.jpg|right|thumb|[[Carlos Waddington]] a lokacin shari'arsa a 1907]] Bayan kisan, Carlos Waddington ya gudu zuwa ofishin jakadancin Chile kuma ya yi ikirarin kariya ta diflomasiyya da kuma extraterritoriality. Mutanen Belgium sun yi fushi da wannan hali kuma sun kewaye ofishin jakadancin, suna son kama Waddington. Dole ne 'yan sanda su kafa wani shinge na yau da kullun don hana taron jama'a keta ginin da kuma kashe shi.[1] A ranar 2 ga watan Maris, Chile ta yi watsi da hakkokinta kuma ta ba da umarnin a mika Waddington ga 'yan sanda na Belgium don fuskantar shari'a.[2] A lokacin da shari'ar ta faru, ra'ayin jama'a ya sauya cikin ni'imar Waddington, kuma an kalli shi a matsayin mai ramawa na girmama 'yar'uwarsa. Bayan gajeren shari'a, an wanke shi a ranar 6 ga Yuli, 1907. == Ƙarin bayani == === Dubi kuma === * Iyalin Balmaceda == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] 65cze6vdsuh0c351z7clxvpukch9bzd 0 124303 895255 750948 2026-08-11T22:01:30Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 2 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 895255 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Dajin da ke cikin Nijar Delta''' wani yanki ne na gandun daji mai zafi a kudancin [[Najeriya]]. Ya ƙunshi gandun daji na ruwa mai laushi a cikin Neja Delta na [[Neja (kogi)|Kogin Neja]] . Wannan gandun daji na marmara shine na biyu mafi girma a [[Afirka]] bayan gandun daji mai marmara na Kongo.<ref name="wwf">{{Cite web |title=Niger Delta swamp forests |url=https://www.worldwildlife.org/ecoregions/at0122 |access-date=June 20, 2020 |publisher=World Wildlife Federation |language=en}}</ref><ref name="ecomap">{{Cite web |title=Map of Ecoregions 2017 |url=https://ecoregions2017.appspot.com/ |access-date=June 20, 2021 |publisher=Resolve, using WWF data |language=en}}</ref><ref name="dopa">{{Cite web |title=Niger Delta swamp forests |url=https://dopa-explorer.jrc.ec.europa.eu/ecoregion/30122 |access-date=June 20, 2021 |publisher=Digital Observatory for Protected Areas |language=en |archive-date=June 24, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210624205644/https://dopa-explorer.jrc.ec.europa.eu/ecoregion/30122 |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref name="eoe">{{Cite web |title=Niger Delta swamp forests |url=https://editors.eol.org/eoearth/wiki/Niger_Delta_swamp_forests |access-date=June 20, 2021 |publisher=The Encyclopedia of Earth |language=en}}</ref> Kodayake akwai manyan birane a waje da yankin, yankin ya kasance a ware saboda wahalar gina hanyoyi a fadin maras kyau, kodayake wannan yana canzawa tare da ci gaban man fetur da masana'antun katako. Binciken kimiyya ya fara ne kawai a cikin 'yan shekarun nan, kuma ana gano sabbin nau'o'in a cikin shekarun 1990.<ref name="eoe" /> Binciken mai da gurɓataccen mai ya kasance barazana ga gandun daji a yankin Neja Delta.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Onyena |first=Amarachi Paschaline |last2=Sam |first2=Kabari |date=2020 |title=A review of the threat of oil exploitation to mangrove ecosystem: Insights from Niger Delta, Nigeria |journal=Global Ecology and Conservation |volume=22 |bibcode=2020GEcoC..2200961O |doi=10.1016/j.gecco.2020.e00961 |s2cid=213767200 |doi-access=free}}</ref> == Wurin da bayanin == Yankin gandun daji na Nijar Delta ya rufe yankin triangular a bakin [[Neja (kogi)|Kogin Neja]]. Yankin kudancin ya koma baya kimanin kilomita 10 daga [[Tekun Guinea]], wanda yankin [[Mangroves na Afirka ta Tsakiya]] ya kare inda tasirin ruwan gishiri ya fi bayyana. Yankin yammacin yankin ya samo asali ne daga [[Kogin Benin]], iyakar arewacin yana arewacin birnin [[Aboh]], kuma gefen gabas yana gudana tare da [[Kogin Imo]]. Birnin Port Harcourt yana cikin kusurwar kudu maso gabashin yankin. Yankin Neja Delta na Najeriya yana kusa da Tekun Guinea . Ita ce mafi girma a Afirka kuma ta uku mafi girma a duniya kuma ita ce mafi girma marshland a Yamma da Tsakiyar Afirka. Yankin ya kunshi daga Aboh (5°33′49′′ N da 6°31′38′′ E) Ndokwa East, Delta State a Arewa zuwa Palm Point (4°16′22′′ N da6°05′27′′ E) Bayelsa State a kudu. Yankin gabas da yamma yana tsakanin Benin ko kogin Habasha (5°44′11′′ N da 5°3′49′′ E) Jihar Delta a yamma da kogin Imo (4°27′16′′ N da 7°35′27′′ E) Ikot Abasi, Jihar Akwa Ibom zuwa gabas.&nbsp; == Yanayi == Yankin yana da Yanayin zafi na wurare masu zafi, bisa ga rarraba yanayin yanayi na Köppen (Am). Wannan yanayin yana da yanayi na fari daban-daban kuma yana da yanayin zafi a ko'ina cikin shekara, tare da matsakaicin zafin jiki na kowane wata sama da 18 ° C (64 ° F). Kasa da 60 mm, amma fiye da (100- (ma'auni / 25) mm, na hazo ya fadi a lokacin watan da ya fi bushewa. Wannan yanayin yana tsakiyar savannah na wurare masu zafi da kuma gandun daji na wurare masu wurare masu zafi.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Onyena |first=Amarachi Paschaline |last2=Sam |first2=Kabari |date=2020 |title=A review of the threat of oil exploitation to mangrove ecosystem: Insights from Niger Delta, Nigeria |journal=Global Ecology and Conservation |volume=22 |bibcode=2020GEcoC..2200961O |doi=10.1016/j.gecco.2020.e00961 |s2cid=213767200 |doi-access=free}}</ref><ref name="kop-data">{{Cite web |title=Dataset – Koppen climate classifications |url=https://datacatalog.worldbank.org/dataset/world-maps-k%C3%B6ppen-geiger-climate-classification |access-date=September 14, 2019 |publisher=World Bank |language=en}}</ref> Lokacin ruwan sama yana gudana daga Maris-Afrilu zuwa Oktoba. Ruwan sama ya kasance daga 2,500 mm / shekara a arewa zuwa 4,000 mm / shekara tare da bakin teku a kudu.<ref name="wwf"/> Rashin zafi shine 90-100% ga mafi yawan shekara.<ref name="eoe"/>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; == Tsire-tsire da dabbobi == Kimanin kashi 67% na yankin ecoregion an rufe shi da gandun daji mai rufewa, mafi yawa mai laushi mai laushi. Wani 13% shine gandun daji, 8% mai laushi, 5% birane ko gine-gine, 3% a ƙarƙashin noma, da sauran ruwa na dindindin da na yanayi.<ref name="dopa2">{{Cite web |title=Niger Delta swamp forests |url=https://dopa-explorer.jrc.ec.europa.eu/ecoregion/30122 |access-date=June 20, 2021 |publisher=Digital Observatory for Protected Areas |language=en |archive-date=June 24, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210624205644/https://dopa-explorer.jrc.ec.europa.eu/ecoregion/30122 |url-status=dead }}</ref> Itacen abura (''[[Ganyen gori|Hallea ledermannii]]''), wanda aka fi sani da shi, galibi an sare shi daga cikin delta. Bishiyoyi na yau da kullun a cikin gandun daji sun haɗa da itacen dabino na Man (''Elaeis guineensis''), itacen Azobe (''[[Kujeme|Lophira alata]]''), nutmeg na Afirka (''Pycnanthus angolensis''), ''[[Ricinodendron|Ricinodendron heudelotii]]'', ''[[Ganyen gori|Hallea ledermannii]]'', itacen Flatcrown (''Albizia adianthifolia''), mango na daji (''Irvingia gabonensis''), (''Klainedoxa gabonensis'', (Treculia africana), da nau'in (''[[Ficus]]'').<ref name="eoe2">{{Cite web |title=Niger Delta swamp forests |url=https://editors.eol.org/eoearth/wiki/Niger_Delta_swamp_forests |access-date=June 20, 2021 |publisher=The Encyclopedia of Earth |language=en}}</ref> == Manazarta == f6ew40zhh2fg01a4huj216yq0bc5cex 0 125102 895309 802319 2026-08-11T23:31:13Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 895309 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} David Martin Abrahams (Stroll) (an haife shi a ranar 13 ga watan Nuwamba shekara ta 1944) <ref>{{Cite web |title=Family History Records |url=http://www.freeukgenealogy.org.uk/ |access-date=2020-09-16 |website=Free UK Genealogy |language=en}}</ref> ɗan kasuwa ne na [[British people|Birtaniya]], mai ba da agaji kuma ɗan siyasa wanda tasirinsa ya haɗa da kasuwanci, diflomasiyya ta duniya, da sake fasalin zamantakewa. An san shi da goyon baya mai dorewa ga [[Labour Party (UK)|Jam'iyyar Labour]], Ibrahims ya taka muhimmiyar rawa wajen tsara kokarin diflomasiyya na Track II a duk faɗin Gabas ta Tsakiya. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Relations |first=Forum for Foreign |title=Forum for Foreign Relations |url=https://forumforforeignrelations.org/david-abrahams |access-date=2025-07-29 |website=Forum for Foreign Relations |language=en-GB |archive-date=2025-07-19 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250719091251/https://forumforforeignrelations.org/david-abrahams |url-status=dead }}</ref> == Rayuwa ta farko == An haife shi a [[Newcastle|Newcastle a kan Tyne]] kuma ya girma a Whitley Bay, Ibrahims ya zauna a cikin iyali da ke cike da rayuwar siyasa da al'adu. Mahaifinsa, Bennie Abrahams, ya kasance wakilin Labour a Newcastle na tsawon shekaru 35 kuma ya yi aiki a matsayin Lord Mayor. Mahaifiyarsa, Marion Marcelline Abrahams, ƙwararren ɗan wasan violin ne tare da ƙungiyar Liverpool Philharmonic Orchestra <ref>{{Cite book}}</ref> kuma ta yi aiki a matsayin mai ba da shawara na ma'aikata.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Family History Records |url=http://www.freeukgenealogy.org.uk/ |access-date=2020-09-16 |website=Free UK Genealogy |language=en}}</ref> == Ayyukan siyasa == Ibrahims ya yi aiki a Majalisar Tyne da Wear County (1977-1983), tare da mai da hankali kan ci gaban tattalin arziki, da tsarawa da sufuri. Ya ci gaba da aiki a cikin Jam'iyyar Labour, inda ya zama mai goyon bayan New Labour, tare da Tony Blair. Ya yi aiki a Majalisar Zartarwa ta Yankin Arewa ta jam'iyyar kusan shekaru 25. Ya yi aiki a matsayin Mataimakin Shugaban Ƙungiyar Ma'aikata ta Yahudawa da kuma Darakta na Ayyukan Abokai na Isra'ila . <ref>{{Cite book}}</ref> Kowace rana, Turai tana aika da tan 535 na filastik mai tsabta zuwa wuraren zubar da shara ko masu ƙonewa.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |date=2020-10-15 |title=D/srupt Issue 3 by Imperial Enterprise Lab - Issuu |url=https://issuu.com/imperialenterpriselab/docs/final_ent_lab_magazine_2020-21_v5_digital |access-date=2024-02-27 |website=issuu.com |pages=40–41 |language=en |archive-date=2024-02-28 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240228071910/https://issuu.com/imperialenterpriselab/docs/final_ent_lab_magazine_2020-21_v5_digital |url-status=dead }}</ref> Ahn ya kirkiro wani tsabtace tsabta wanda za'a iya amfani dashi kuma a zubar da shi yadda ya kamata.<ref name=":0" /> An tabbatar da tsabtace muhalli, 100% biodegradable, kuma yana da tasirin muhalli iri ɗaya da takardar bayan gida.<ref name=":0" /> Ta sami matsayin "takardar shaidar flushable" ta hanyar aiki tare da [[Water Research Centre|Cibiyar Binciken Ruwa]].<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |title=Our Story |url=https://wearefluus.com/pages/our-story |access-date=2024-02-28 |website=Fluus |language=en |archive-date=2024-02-28 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240228071910/https://wearefluus.com/pages/our-story |url-status=dead }}</ref> Lamarin, duk da wanke shi daga laifin, ya haifar da mummunan sakamako kuma ya nuna ikon lalata hasashe na kafofin watsa labarai wanda ba a haɗa shi da gaskiyar shari'a ba. Wannan shirin ya kuma nuna raunin da ke cikin tsarin jam'iyyar da kuma adana bayanai. <sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B; ''<nowiki><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (October 2025)">ana buƙatar ambato</span></nowiki>'' &#x5D;</sup> == Haɗin diflomasiyya da addinai == Tare da gwagwarmayar siyasa, Ibrahims ya taka muhimmiyar rawa a diflomasiyyar Gabas ta Tsakiya. A matsayinsa na Mataimakin Shugaban kasa da Jakadan Duniya na Cibiyar Ayyuka ta Royal United (RUSI), <ref>{{Cite book}}</ref> ya taimaka wajen kiran manyan tattaunawar yanki tsakanin Larabawa da [[Isra'ila]]. Gudummawar da ya bayar ga diflomasiyyar baya, musamman a lokacin tashin hankali, sun kasance sanannun basirarsu da inganci. Ya yi tattaunawa da manyan jami'an [[Falasdinawa]], ciki har da wakilan [[Hamas]], membobin PLO da [[Fatah]], ciki har da [[Yasser Arafat]], kuma ya yi kira da a yi sassauci da tattaunawa a matsayin hanyoyin da za su kai ga mafita mai ɗorewa. Aikinsa ya taimaka wajen ƙalubalantar maganganun da ba su da tushe kuma ya ƙarfafa sake kimanta dabarun a cikin wasu sassan shugabannin Falasdinawa. <sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B; ''<nowiki><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (October 2025)">ana buƙatar ambato</span></nowiki>'' &#x5D;</sup> [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1944]] ==manazarta == l97v9bj39eebfzckksy5cqw3lrby3dz 0 126278 895361 756780 2026-08-12T04:55:49Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 895361 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Edward John China''' (an haife shi a ranar 9 ga Mayu 1971) shi ne mai gabatar da talabijin na Ingila, injiniya, ƙwararren injiniya kuma mai kirkiro, wanda aka fi sani da kasancewa mai gabatarwa da injiniya a shirin talabijin ya Discovery Channel Wheeler Dealers . Ya kuma bayyana a kan ''Top Gear'', Auto Trader, Scrapheap Challenge da Fifth Gear . == Rayuwa ta farko == Kasar Sin ta ci gaba da sha'awar motoci da injiniyoyi tun tana ƙarama. Ya yi karatu a Makarantar Sarki Edward, Witley a Surrey, kuma yana da digiri a cikin ƙirar kayan aikin injiniya daga Jami'ar London ta Kudu. Yayinda yake a jami'a, kasar Sin ta kirkiro Casual Lofa (sofa mai tuƙi), wanda shine babban aikinsa na farko. An gina shi ne don tara kuɗi don balaguron Raleigh International zuwa [[Belize]]. == Ayyukan talabijin == Bayan nasarar da ya samu na kirkirar Casual Lofa, aikin farko na kasar Sin a talabijin shine a matsayin mai fasaha na musamman ga ''Uba Ted'' a 1994. A cikin 1998, China ta bayyana a matsayin baƙo a kan ''Top Gear'' Live, tana tuka Casual Lofa a Silverstone 'Live Arena'. A wannan shekarar, China da Casual Lofa sun kuma fito a cikin DVD na Jeremy Clarkson The Most Outrageous Jeremy Clarksons Video In The World.... ''Ko da yaushe!'' , inda aka yi tseren Casual Lofa a Thruxton Circuit, a hanyar da ta yi kama da Wacky Races . An kuma nuna kasar Sin a kan Channel 4's The Big Breakfast sau uku a cikin shekaru, yana tuka Casual Lofa, Bog Standard da Street Sleeper. China ta kasance baƙo a kan Scrapheap Challenge (wanda aka sani da Junkyard Wars a Amurka) a cikin wani labari wanda ke nuna gadaje da motocin sofa. A cikin wannan shekarar, an nuna kasar Sin a cikin wani labari na shirin talabijin na This Is Your Life wanda ke nuna mutumin Madness Suggs . Kasar Sin ta kori mai gabatarwa Michael Aspel a kusa da tsoffin wuraren, kuma ta isar da Aspel zuwa ɗakunan talabijin a kan Casual Lofa . China ta kasance mai tsarawa a cikin jerin [[BBC]] Panic Mechanics shekara guda bayan haka, kuma ta kasance baƙo a kan fasalin ''Top Gear'' "Build a Bond Car On A Budget", inda ya nuna Rover 800 (wanda aka saya don £ 200) wanda aka gyara tare da kayan aikin Bond-esque na kasafin kuɗi, kamar wurin zama na fitarwa, don £ 100 kawai. Shi, tare da Penny Mallory, Tony Mason da Alex Riley, sun gabatar da ministocin talabijin na Burtaniya wanda ya bincika tarihin da al'adun motoci na gargajiya, wanda aka tsara don masu sha'awar mota na gargajiya, kuma ana kiransa Classic Car Club don Discovery Channel, wanda aka fara a 2005. === ''Masu sayar da ƙafafun'' === Tashar Discovery Channel ce ta hayar kasar Sin kuma ta haɗu da mai gabatar da talabijin Mike Brewer a cikin 2003 musamman don yin sabon shirin mota: Wheeler Dealers . Ya zama sanannen aikin talabijin na kasar Sin da Brewer har zuwa yau, kuma sun gabatar da wasan kwaikwayon tare don jerin 13, daga 2003 zuwa 2017. A ranar 21 ga watan Maris na shekara ta 2017, kasar Sin ta sanar a tashar [[YouTube]] cewa yana barin Wheeler Dealers saboda rashin jituwa game da jagorancin shirin. Kwanaki shida bayan haka, a cikin wani bidiyo, China ta bayyana yadda Brewer ya kira shi a cikin karshen mako yana cewa shi, matarsa da 'yarsa, suna karɓar mummunar cin zarafin kan layi, gami da Barazanar mutuwa, saboda barin wasan kwaikwayon na China. == Ayyukan kasuwanci == === Cummfy Banana === Bayan nasarar da ya samu a matsayin mai fasaha na musamman a shirin talabijin na wasan kwaikwayo Father Ted, kasar Sin ta kafa Cummfy Banana Limited, a watan Maris na shekara ta 1999, a matsayin hanyar fita don manyan abubuwan da ya kirkira. A shekara ta 2001, an yi hira da kasar Sin game da motocin Cummfy Banana a kan ITV's Pulling Power . A shekara ta 2006, an yi masa tambayoyi a kan ITV's This Morning game da motocin Cummfy Banana. === Mai Junkie === A shekara ta 2009, kasar Sin ta kafa Grease Junkie Limited (wanda shafin yanar gizon ke sayar da Wheeler Dealers da Grease Jankie kayayyaki) kuma ya zama manajan darektan. China ta mallaki MOT da garage a Bracknell, Berkshire, wanda ake kira Grease Junkie, wanda aka kashe shi da son rai a watan Agustan 2016. <ref>[https://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/b006mj59 Top Gear series 1, episode 5. Retrieved 20 June 2008]. Bbc.co.uk (1970-01-01). Retrieved on 26 May 2012.</ref> == Kasancewar Intanet == A ranar 1 ga Mayu 2018, kasar Sin ta fara sabon jerin sa, ''Edd China''<nowiki/>'s Garage Revival, a tashar YouTube.<ref name="MotoringBox2">{{Cite web |last=McKellar, Sean |date=14 April 2018 |title=Edd China returns with ''Garage Revival'' YouTube series |url=http://www.motoringbox.com/cars/entertainment/garage-revival/edd-china-returns-with-garage-revival-youtube-series/ |access-date=1 May 2018 |publisher=MotoringBox |archive-date=22 November 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181122231440/http://www.motoringbox.com/cars/entertainment/garage-revival/edd-china-returns-with-garage-revival-youtube-series/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> China tana lodawa akai-akai zuwa tashar YouTube ta Edd China, wanda ke da bidiyo bayan sanannun ayyukansa bayan Wheeler Dealers. Ya amsa tambayoyin daga magoya baya a tashar a cikin jerin AskEdd. A watan Afrilu na 2021, "Edd China's Workshop Diaries" ya fara ne a tashar YouTube ta Edd, yana nuna ayyukan daban-daban a cikin bitar kansa [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1971]] [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] ==manazarta == gc1mi1mg1zov78hmv7a2kqm47nex6od 0 126442 895501 790757 2026-08-12T10:03:30Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 895501 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Artes Mundi''' ( [[Harshen Latin|Latin]] : ''fasahar duniya'' ) ƙungiya ce ta fasaha ta duniya da ke Cardiff, Wales. An kafa ta a shekara ta 2002, kuma ta himmatu wajen tallafawa masu fasahar gani na zamani na duniya waɗanda aikinsu ya shafi gaskiyar zamantakewa da kuma gogewar rayuwa. Nunin Artes Mundi da kyaututtukan suna gudana sau biyu a shekara, suna gudanar da shirin wayar da kan jama'a da ilmantarwa mai ɗorewa tare da baje kolin jama'a da bayar da kyaututtuka. <ref>{{Cite web |date=2021-02-08 |title=Artes Mundi 9 {{!}} Artes Mundi Announces Virtual Exhibition - News |url=https://www.walesartsreview.org/artes-mundi-announces-virtual-exhibition/ |access-date=2022-04-13 |website=Wales Arts Review |language=en-US |archive-date=2022-12-24 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221224143534/https://www.walesartsreview.org/artes-mundi-announces-virtual-exhibition/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> == Bayani == An kafa Artes Mundi a shekarar 2002, a matsayin wani shiri na mai zane kuma ɗan kasuwan al'adu na Wales [[William Wilkins (artist)|William Wilkins]] tare da goyon bayan Gwamnatin Majalisar Welsh, [[City of Cardiff|Birnin Cardiff]], [[Arts Council of Wales|Majalisar Fasaha ta Wales]] da [[BBC Cymru]] . Manufar kafa ta ita ce kawo fasaha ta ƙasa da ƙasa ta musamman zuwa Wales wacce ta mayar da hankali kan Kyautar Artes Mundi tare da baje kolin da ke da alaƙa da ita wanda ake yi a Cardiff duk bayan shekaru biyu. An ɗauki sunan ƙungiyar, Latin don "fasaha ta duniya", a matsayin nuni na mayar da hankali kan masu fasaha waɗanda aikinsu ya shafi al'amuran zamantakewa, wani ɓangare na babban manufarta.<ref name="Simon Tait, My Story2">{{Cite web |last=Tait |first=Simon |title=MY STORY Artes Mundi, and the art of survival in a Covid world |url=https://www.artsindustry.co.uk/feature/2741-my-story-artes-mundi-and-the-art-of-survival-in-a-covid-world |access-date=2022-04-13 |website=artsindustry.co.uk |language=en-gb}}</ref> Tun daga shekarar 2003, ana gudanar da kyautar fasaha ta Artes Mundi duk bayan shekaru biyu a Gidan Tarihi na Kasa na Cardiff . Tun daga shekarar 2014/15, kyautar da baje kolin sun fadada zuwa wasu wurare. Kyautar ita ce babbar kyautar fasaha a [[Birtaniya|Burtaniya]] tare da £40,000 ga wanda ya lashe kowace shekara. <ref>{{Cite web |date=2021-02-08 |title=Artes Mundi 9 {{!}} Artes Mundi Announces Virtual Exhibition - News |url=https://www.walesartsreview.org/artes-mundi-announces-virtual-exhibition/ |access-date=2022-04-13 |website=Wales Arts Review |language=en-US |archive-date=2022-12-24 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221224143534/https://www.walesartsreview.org/artes-mundi-announces-virtual-exhibition/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> Kodayake baje kolin yana gudana ne a Cardiff, amma an fi mayar da hankali kan masu fasaha na duniya. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Simpson |first=Penny |date=1 November 2012 |title=Artes Mundi 5 |url=http://www.walesartsreview.org/artes-mundi-5-national-museum-cardiff/ |access-date=2017-01-26 |publisher=Wales Arts Review |archive-date=2017-02-02 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170202071519/http://www.walesartsreview.org/artes-mundi-5-national-museum-cardiff/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |date= |title=Artes Mundi |url=http://www.walesonline.co.uk/all-about/artes%20mundi |access-date=2017-01-26 |publisher=WalesOnline}}</ref> === Tallafi da Abokan Hulɗa === Artes Mundi wata ƙungiya ce mai zaman kanta da ba ta riba ba da aka yi wa rijista wacce gwamnati ke ɗaukar nauyinta a matsayin ƙungiyar fasfo ta Majalisar Arts ta Wales kuma tana samun tallafi daga Majalisar Birnin Cardiff . Yawancin sauran kuɗaɗen ana tattara su ne ta hanyar gwamnatin Wales, amintattu, gidauniya, hukumomin al'adu, tallafi, gudummawa da daidaikun mutane. <ref name="Simon Tait, My Story">{{Cite web |last=Tait |first=Simon |title=MY STORY Artes Mundi, and the art of survival in a Covid world |url=https://www.artsindustry.co.uk/feature/2741-my-story-artes-mundi-and-the-art-of-survival-in-a-covid-world |access-date=2022-04-13 |website=artsindustry.co.uk |language=en-gb}}</ref> Gidauniyar Bagri za ta zama Abokin Gabatarwa ga Artes Mundi 10 (2023) da Artes Mundi 11 (2025). Wannan haɗin gwiwar zai zama babban haɗin gwiwa na farko na Gidauniyar a cikin Burtaniya a wajen Landan. <ref>{{Cite web |date=2021-02-08 |title=Artes Mundi 9 {{!}} Artes Mundi Announces Virtual Exhibition - News |url=https://www.walesartsreview.org/artes-mundi-announces-virtual-exhibition/ |access-date=2022-04-13 |website=Wales Arts Review |language=en-US |archive-date=2022-12-24 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221224143534/https://www.walesartsreview.org/artes-mundi-announces-virtual-exhibition/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> === Ma'aikata === Daraktan Fasaha kuma Shugabar Kamfanin ita ce Tessa Jackson . A shekarar 2010, an naɗa Ben Borthwick Daraktan Fasaha da Shugaba, bayan da Jackson ya bar aiki. A shekarar 2013, daraktan ya zama Karen MacKinnon. <ref>{{Cite web |date=2021-02-08 |title=Artes Mundi 9 {{!}} Artes Mundi Announces Virtual Exhibition - News |url=https://www.walesartsreview.org/artes-mundi-announces-virtual-exhibition/ |access-date=2022-04-13 |website=Wales Arts Review |language=en-US |archive-date=2022-12-24 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221224143534/https://www.walesartsreview.org/artes-mundi-announces-virtual-exhibition/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> A shekarar 2019, an naɗa Nigel Prince a matsayin sabon Darakta. <ref>{{Cite web |date=2021-02-08 |title=Artes Mundi 9 {{!}} Artes Mundi Announces Virtual Exhibition - News |url=https://www.walesartsreview.org/artes-mundi-announces-virtual-exhibition/ |access-date=2022-04-13 |website=Wales Arts Review |language=en-US |archive-date=2022-12-24 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221224143534/https://www.walesartsreview.org/artes-mundi-announces-virtual-exhibition/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> == Wadanda suka lashe kyaututtuka == * 2004 (Artes Mundi 1), Xu Bing (China) <ref>{{Cite web |date=2021-02-08 |title=Artes Mundi 9 {{!}} Artes Mundi Announces Virtual Exhibition - News |url=https://www.walesartsreview.org/artes-mundi-announces-virtual-exhibition/ |access-date=2022-04-13 |website=Wales Arts Review |language=en-US |archive-date=2022-12-24 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221224143534/https://www.walesartsreview.org/artes-mundi-announces-virtual-exhibition/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> * 2006 (Artes Mundi 2), Eija-Liisa Ahtila (Finland) <ref>{{Cite web |date=2021-02-08 |title=Artes Mundi 9 {{!}} Artes Mundi Announces Virtual Exhibition - News |url=https://www.walesartsreview.org/artes-mundi-announces-virtual-exhibition/ |access-date=2022-04-13 |website=Wales Arts Review |language=en-US |archive-date=2022-12-24 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221224143534/https://www.walesartsreview.org/artes-mundi-announces-virtual-exhibition/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> * 2008 (Artes Mundi 3), NS Harsha (Indiya) <ref>{{Cite web |last=Simpson |first=Penny |date=1 November 2012 |title=Artes Mundi 5 |url=http://www.walesartsreview.org/artes-mundi-5-national-museum-cardiff/ |access-date=2017-01-26 |publisher=Wales Arts Review |archive-date=2017-02-02 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170202071519/http://www.walesartsreview.org/artes-mundi-5-national-museum-cardiff/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> * 2010 (Artes Mundi 4), Yael Bartana (Isra'ila) <ref>{{Cite web |date= |title=Artes Mundi |url=http://www.walesonline.co.uk/all-about/artes%20mundi |access-date=2017-01-26 |publisher=WalesOnline}}</ref> * 2012 (Artes Mundi 5), Teresa Margolles (Mexico). <ref>{{Cite web |date=2021-02-08 |title=Artes Mundi 9 {{!}} Artes Mundi Announces Virtual Exhibition - News |url=https://www.walesartsreview.org/artes-mundi-announces-virtual-exhibition/ |access-date=2022-04-13 |website=Wales Arts Review |language=en-US |archive-date=2022-12-24 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221224143534/https://www.walesartsreview.org/artes-mundi-announces-virtual-exhibition/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> * 2015 (Artes Mundi 6), Theaster Gates (Amurka), wanda ya bayyana cewa zai raba kyautarsa ta £40,000 tare da sauran waɗanda aka zaɓa. <ref>{{Cite web |date=2021-02-08 |title=Artes Mundi 9 {{!}} Artes Mundi Announces Virtual Exhibition - News |url=https://www.walesartsreview.org/artes-mundi-announces-virtual-exhibition/ |access-date=2022-04-13 |website=Wales Arts Review |language=en-US |archive-date=2022-12-24 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221224143534/https://www.walesartsreview.org/artes-mundi-announces-virtual-exhibition/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> * 2017 (Artes Mundi 7), John Akomfrah (Birtaniya) <ref>{{Cite web |title=Artes Mundi - Artes Mundi 7 |url=http://www.artesmundi.org/exhibitions-prizes/artes-mundi-7 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171220004026/http://www.artesmundi.org/exhibitions-prizes/artes-mundi-7 |archive-date=20 December 2017 |access-date=2018-03-04 |website=www.artesmundi.org}}</ref> * 2019 (Artes Mundi 8), Apichatpong Weerasethakul (Thailand) <ref>{{Cite web |title=Apichatpong Weerasethakul, winner of Artes Mundi 8 |url=http://www.artesmundi.org/en/news/apichatpong-weerasethakul-winner-of-artes-mundi-8 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190130000122/http://www.artesmundi.org/en/news/apichatpong-weerasethakul-winner-of-artes-mundi-8 |archive-date=30 January 2019 |access-date=2019-01-29 |website=www.artesmundi.org}}</ref> * 2021 (Artes Mundi 9), An ba wa dukkan mawakan shida da aka zaɓa kyautar Artes Mundi 9, Firelei Báez (Jamhuriyar Dominican), Dineo Seshee Bopape (Afirka ta Kudu), Meiro Koizumi (Japan), Beatriz Santiago Muñoz (Puerto Rico), Prabhakar Pachpute (Indiya), Carrie Mae Weems (Amurka), kowannensu ya sami £10,000. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Artes Mundi 9 Prize Winners Revealed |url=https://museum.wales/news/1230/Artes-Mundi-9-Prize-Winners-Revealed/ |access-date=2022-04-13 |website=National Museum Wales |language=en}}</ref> * 2024 (Artes Mundi 10), Taloi Havini (Papua New Guinea) <ref>{{Cite web |last=Jones |first=Mary |date=2024-01-25 |title=Taloi Havini Wins Tenth Anniversary Artes Mundi Prize |url=https://artesmundi.org/taloi-havini-wins-tenth-anniversary-artes-mundi-prize/ |access-date=2025-09-21 |website=Artes Mundi |language=en-GB |archive-date=2025-05-23 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250523175119/https://artesmundi.org/taloi-havini-wins-tenth-anniversary-artes-mundi-prize/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |last=Harris |first=Gareth |date=2024-01-26 |title=Artist Taloi Havini wins £40,000 Artes Mundi prize |url=https://www.theartnewspaper.com/2024/01/26/artist-taloi-havini-wins-%C2%A340000-artes-mundi-prize |access-date=2025-09-21 |website=The Art Newspaper - International art news and events |language=en}}</ref> == Duba kuma == * Jerin kyaututtukan fasaha na Turai == Manazarta == q402mh8v60zgcrpnqrhe1tca0u21pdc 0 126801 895310 758306 2026-08-11T23:36:14Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 2 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 895310 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''David Basheer''' mai sharhi ne na wasanni na Australiya kuma mai gabatarwa. An fi saninsa da kasancewa mai sharhi kan [[Kungiyar Kwallon Kafa|kwallon kafa]] a gidan talabijin na SBS, gami da gasar cin [[Kofin kwallon kafa na FIFA na duniya|Kofin Duniya na FIFA]] daga shekara ta 2010. Ya kuma rufe wasu abubuwan wasanni, ciki har da [[Gasar Olympic|Wasannin Olympics]], Wasannin Commonwealth, Tour de France, da kuma gasar tennis ta Grand Slam. == Rayuwa ta farko da ilimi == Basheer ya halarci Kwalejin Prince Alfred a [[Adelaide]], Kudancin Australia, daga 1975 zuwa 1983, inda ya buga [[Kurket|wasan kurket]] da kwallon kafa. A shekara ta 11, ya kafa tashar rediyo a makarantar.<ref name="pacbio">{{Cite web |date=10 December 2020 |title=David Basheer |url=https://pac.edu.au/community/princes-men-gallery/david-basheer/ |access-date=21 July 2023 |website=[[Prince Alfred College]]}}</ref> Ya sami difloma na Injiniyan Audio a harabar SAE Institute Adelaide. == Ayyuka == Kafin fara watsa shirye-shirye, Basheer audio ya haɗu da tallace-tallace a gidan rediyo na Adelaide 5AD . Ayyukan Basheer a cikin watsa shirye-shiryen rediyo ya fara ne a 1986 a gidan rediyo na Adelaide 5AA, inda ya yi aiki a matsayin mai gabatar da jawabi, mai ba da labari, da kuma mai ba da rahoto game da wasanni. A shekara ta 1988, ya lashe kyautar cadetship tare da Kamfanin Watsa Labarai na Australiya (ABC) a matsayin mai watsa shirye-shiryen wasanni, inda ya fara yin sharhi game da wasan kurket, kwallon kafa, AFL, da tseren harness. Basheer daga baya ya koma gidan wasan kwaikwayo na Adelaide na Network Ten na tsawon shekaru biyu kafin SBS ta hayar da shi a shekarar 1995, inda ya rufe kwallon kafa da kuma wasanni da abubuwan da suka faru na keke.<ref name="pacbio"/> Yayinda yake aiki ga SBS, Basheer ya kasance mai karɓar bakuncin kuma mai sharhi tare da ESPN Star Sports a Asiya, yana sharhi game da UEFA Champions League, La Liga, Formula 1 da 2002 FIFA World Cup a [[Koriya ta Kudu]] da [[Japan]].<ref name="SBS1">{{Cite web |last= |date= |title=Staff Profile - David Basheer |url=http://www.sbs.com.au/sport/meettheteam/single/538/David-Basheer |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110521042033/http://www.sbs.com.au/sport/meettheteam/single/538/David-Basheer |archive-date=21 May 2011 |access-date=15 February 2010 |publisher=[[Special Broadcasting Service|SBS]]}}</ref><ref name="pacbio"/> Ya kuma yi aiki ga wasu masu watsa shirye-shiryen kasa da kasa, yana yin sharhi a wasan karshe na Kwallon ƙafa na Olympics, wasanni a Wasannin Commonwealth, da kuma wasannin tennis daban-daban ciki har da French Open, Japan Open, China Open da Australian Open.<ref name="pacbio" /> Basheer appeared on ''The World Game'' from 2007 to 2018,<ref name="SBS1"/> following the departure of former host Andrew Orsatti. Alongside Les Murray, Basheer hosted SBS' UEFA European Championship coverage in 2008 and 2012.<ref>{{Cite web |title=David Basheer |url=https://www.wsportsandmedia.com.au/david-basheer |access-date=2024-11-04 |website=W Sports & Media |language=en |archive-date=2024-10-19 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241019031217/https://www.wsportsandmedia.com.au/david-basheer |url-status=dead }}</ref> Basheer commentated A-League matches on Fox Sports for the 2013-14 A-League season. A cikin 2013, Basheer ya fara yin sharhi game da wasannin A-League a kan SBS2 tare da Michael Bridges a matsayin mai sharhi. Daga 2013 zuwa 2017, SBS ta gudanar da haƙƙin watsa shirye-shirye don wasan A-League guda ɗaya a kowane zagaye, wanda aka gudanar a daren Jumma'a, wanda aka watsa shi a kan Fox Sports. A shekara ta 2014, ya fito ne a matsayin mai sharhi a wasan bidiyo na wasan cricket Don Bradman Cricket 14. Basheer ya yi sharhi ga SBS a gasar cin [[Kofin kwallon kafa na FIFA na duniya|Kofin Duniya na FIFA]] tun shekara ta 2010, ya zama Australiya ta farko da ta yi sharhi a wasan karshe na gasar cin kofen duniya a wannan shekarar tsakanin Spain da Netherlands.<ref>{{Cite web |title=David Basheer |url=https://www.wsportsandmedia.com.au/david-basheer |access-date=2024-11-04 |website=W Sports & Media |language=en |archive-date=2024-10-19 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241019031217/https://www.wsportsandmedia.com.au/david-basheer |url-status=dead }}</ref> Basheer ya dawo don [[Kofin Duniya na FIFA 2022|Gasar Cin Kofin Duniya ta FIFA ta 2022]] tare da Martin Tyler, Niav Owens, Sarah Walsh, Mark Bosnich, Richard Bayliss, da tsohon masanin SBS na cikakken lokaci Craig Foster.<ref>{{Cite web |title=All-star team announced for SBS broadcast of FIFA World Cup 2022 |url=https://www.sbs.com.au/news/article/all-star-team-announced-for-sbs-broadcast-of-fifa-world-cup-2022/5j841mlyz |access-date=2022-09-29 |website=SBS News |language=en}}</ref> == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1966]] [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] j02z5rxj6645pxdrf04xrf8yzuds23u 0 127053 895155 801950 2026-08-11T17:48:01Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 2 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 895155 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Cibiyar Nazarin Heights''' Cibiyar Nazari ce ta Astronomical a Makarantar Heights a Modbury Heights, [[Adelaide]], Kudancin Australia . Wani lokaci ana kiranta da Adelaide Observatory, amma ba za a rikita shi da observatory da aka kafa a Jami'ar Adelaide ba. == Tarihi == Cibiyar ta ƙunshi gine-gine biyu. A cikin 1988-89, an gina Emanuel Papaelia Observatory (wanda aka buɗe Nuwamba 89) wanda ke dauke da na'urar daukar hoto ta 1963 12" Dall-Kirkham Cassegrain wanda ke nunawa na kungiyar Astronomical Society of South Australia (ASSA), kuma an kafa shi ne a Makarantar Sakandare ta Marryatville. A cikin 1996, an gina gini na biyu tare da rufin rufin (Ingham Family Rooms). Wannan ya ƙunshi na biyu 10" Meade LX-200 Schmidt-Cassegrain. A watan Agustan 2011, an maye gurbin 10" Meade a cikin ginin Inghams da 14" Meade LX-200 GPS-ACF. An sayi wannan tare da tallafi daga Ministan Ilimi (Jay Weatherill), wanda aka cika da kudade daga kungiyar STAR. Har ila yau, cibiyar tana da gidan 10" Dobsonian mai ɗaukar hoto, 90mm mai sarrafa SkyWatcher da kuma na'urorin hasken rana na Coronado guda biyu. A watan Afrilu na shekara ta 2012, Makarantar Heights ta sayi digiri na bincike, mai tabbatar da sararin samaniya na 12.5" Ritchey-Chrétien wanda aka gina ta Optical Guidance Systems.<ref>{{Cite web |title=The Heights school in Adelaide's northeast builds observatory for astronomy courses in theory and practice |url=https://adelaideaz.com/articles/the-heights-school-in-adelaide-s-northeast-builds-observatory-for-astronomy-courses-in-theory-and-practice |access-date=2023-10-10 |website=Adelaide AZ |language=English |archive-date=2023-10-16 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231016181546/https://adelaideaz.com/articles/the-heights-school-in-adelaide-s-northeast-builds-observatory-for-astronomy-courses-in-theory-and-practice |url-status=dead }}</ref> Wannan ya maye gurbin 14" LX200 a cikin ginin rufin rufin, kuma a watan Yulin 2012 an shigar da 14" L X200 a cikin Dome, a maimakon tsohon ASSA 12" Dall-Kirkham, wanda aka tura zuwa ASSA's Stockport Observatory don adanawa. == Ayyuka na yanzu == Wani rukuni na dalibai da aka sani da STAR Group suna koyon ilimin taurari a matakin ci gaba, a cikin ka'idar da aiki. Dalibai suna da hannu sosai tare da mai lura. A cikin 2011, Ɗalibi na Yr 12 ya yi amfani da asalin 10" LX200 da kyamarar DMK ta 8bit don gano zirga-zirgar Exo-duniyar a matsayin aikin Binciken SACE. Bimonthly, a ranar Jumma'a da dare mafi kusa da Quarter Moon na farko, Astronomical Society of South Australia tana gudanar da dare na kallon jama'a a wurin kallo, inda membobin jama'a zasu iya ziyartar wurin kallo don kallon sararin samaniya ta hanyar telescopes da telescopes na wurin kallo da mambobin ASSA suka kawo. Mambobin STAR Group suna nuna hotunan lokaci na ainihi a kan na'urar binciken su ta OGS, kuma suna nuna wa jama'a ta hanyar 14 "LX200 a cikin Dome da kuma na'urorin hannu. == Dubi kuma == * Jerin wuraren lura da taurari == Haɗin waje == * http://www.assa.org.au/facilities/theheights/ {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251121194148/https://www.assa.org.au/facilities/theheights |date=2025-11-21 }} * http://www.theheights.sa.edu.au/observatory.html {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140810185827/http://www.theheights.sa.edu.au/observatory.html |date=2014-08-10 }} * http://www.adelaideobservatory.org {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260106103319/http://www.adelaideobservatory.org/ |date=2026-01-06 }} == Manazarta == mvm590oyt1f099qu6pj9rg2qzx3xq6m 0 127590 895311 760317 2026-08-11T23:39:00Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 895311 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''David John Chalmers''' (/ˈtʃɑːmərz/; an haife shi a ranar 20 ga Afrilu 1966) [[Falsafa|masanin falsafa]] ne na Australiya kuma masanin kimiyya, ƙwararre a falsafar tunani da falsafar harshe. Shi farfesa ne na falsafa da kimiyyar jijiyoyi a Jami'ar New York (NYU), da kuma co-direkta na Cibiyar Mind, Brain da Consciousness ta NYU (tare da Ned Block).<ref>{{Cite web |title=David Chalmers |url=http://philosophy.fas.nyu.edu/object/davidchalmers.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170517230115/http://philosophy.fas.nyu.edu/object/davidchalmers.html |archive-date=17 May 2017 |access-date=5 May 2011 |website=philosophy.fas.nyu.edu |publisher=Department of Philosophy, New York University}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=People |url=https://wp.nyu.edu/consciousness/people/ |access-date=2016-12-11 |website=wp.nyu.edu |publisher=Center for Mind, Brain and Consciousness, New York University}}</ref> A shekara ta 2006, an zabe shi a matsayin ɗan'uwan Kwalejin Nazarin Dan Adam ta Australiya.<ref name="FAHA">{{Cite web |title=Professor David Chalmers |url=https://humanities.org.au/fellows/fellow/?contact_id=2905 |access-date=19 January 2022 |website=humanities.org.au |publisher=Australian Academy of the Humanities |archive-date=1 July 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220701224454/https://humanities.org.au/fellows/fellow/?contact_id=2905 |url-status=dead }}</ref> A shekara ta 2013, an zabe shi a matsayin ɗan'uwan Kwalejin Fasaha da Kimiyya ta Amurka. Chalmers an fi saninsa da tsara matsala mai tsanani na sani, da kuma fadada gwajin tunanin zombie na falsafa. Chalmers da David Bourget sun kafa PhilPapers; bayanan mujallu don masana falsafa. == Rayuwa ta farko da ilimi == An haifi David Chalmers a [[Sydney]], New South Wales, kuma daga baya ya girma a [[Adelaide]], Kudancin Australia, inda ya halarci Makarantar Sakandare ta Unley Yayinda yake yaro, ya sami synesthesia. Ya fara yin amfani da lambar da kuma buga [[Wasan Bidiyo|Wasannin kwamfuta]] yana da shekaru 10 a kan PDP-10 a cibiyar kiwon lafiya.<ref>{{Cite Dictionary.com|Chalmers}}</ref> Ya kuma yi aiki na musamman a [[lissafi]], kuma ya sami lambar tagulla a gasar Olympics ta kasa da kasa.<ref name="abc-australia" /> Lokacin da Chalmers ke da shekaru 13, ya karanta littafin Douglas Hofstadter na 1979 ''Gödel, Escher, Bach'', wanda ya farka da sha'awar falsafar.<ref>[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=F_MTuVozQzw "The Thinking Ape: The Enigma of Human Consciousness"], via YouTube</ref> Chalmers ya sami digiri na farko a cikin lissafi mai tsabta daga Jami'ar Adelaide .<ref name="cso-interview">{{Cite journal |last=Lovett |first=Christopher |date=2003 |title=Column: Interview with David Chalmers |url=http://cogsci-online.ucsd.edu/column_archive/CSO1-1-interview.pdf |journal=Cognitive Science Online |volume=1 |issue=1 |access-date=9 October 2018}}</ref> Bayan kammala karatunsa, Chalmers ya kwashe watanni shida yana karatun littattafan falsafar yayin da yake tafiya a duk faɗin Turai,<ref name="cso-interview" /> kafin ya ci gaba da karatunsa a [[Jami'ar Oxford]], inda ya kasance [[Tallafin karatu na Rhodes|Rhodes Scholar]] amma daga ƙarshe ya janye daga karatun. <ref name="austr-npg">{{Cite web |title=David Chalmers |url=https://www.portrait.gov.au/people/david-chalmers-1966 |access-date=9 October 2018 |website=National Portrait Gallery}}</ref> == Ayyuka == [[Fayil:AAAI_2025_-_David_Chalmers_and_Toby_Walsh_-_2025-03-02_(2).jpg|thumb|David Chalmers tare da Toby Walsh a taron AAAI 2025, Philadelphia]] A shekara ta 1994, Chalmers ya gabatar da lacca a taron farko na Toward a Science of Consciousness . A cewar ''Tarihin Ilimi Mafi Girma'', wannan "labaran ya kafa Chalmers a matsayin mai tunani da za a yi la'akari da shi kuma ya jagoranci wani sabon filin zuwa babban matsayi. " <ref name="che-criticism" /> Ya ci gaba da shirya taron (wanda aka sake masa suna "Kimiyyar Sanin") na wasu shekaru tare da Stuart Hameroff, amma ya tafi lokacin da ya ji ya zama ya bambanta da kimiyya ta al'ada. Chalmers memba ne na kafa kungiyar Association for the Scientific Study of Consciousness kuma daya daga cikin shugabannin da suka gabata.<ref name="edgebio">{{Cite web |title=David Chalmers |url=https://www.edge.org/memberbio/david_chalmers |access-date=30 September 2018 |website=Edge.org}}</ref> Bayan ya kafa sunansa, Chalmers ya sami farfesa na farko a [[UC Santa Cruz]], daga Agusta 1995 zuwa Disamba 1998. A shekara ta 1996 ya wallafa littafin da aka fi ambaton shi The Conscious Mind . Daga baya aka nada Chalmers Farfesa a fannin Falsafa (1999-2004) sannan kuma Darakta na Cibiyar Nazarin Sanin (2002-2004) a [[University of Arizona|Jami'ar Arizona]].<ref>{{Cite Dictionary.com|Chalmers}}</ref><ref>[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=F_MTuVozQzw "The Thinking Ape: The Enigma of Human Consciousness"], via YouTube</ref> A shekara ta 2004, Chalmers ya koma Ostiraliya, wanda ARC Federation Fellowship ta karfafa shi, ya zama farfesa a fannin falsafa kuma darektan Cibiyar Sanin sani a Jami'ar Kasa ta Australia.<ref>{{Cite web |title=David Chalmers |url=http://philosophy.fas.nyu.edu/object/davidchalmers.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170517230115/http://philosophy.fas.nyu.edu/object/davidchalmers.html |archive-date=17 May 2017 |access-date=5 May 2011 |website=philosophy.fas.nyu.edu |publisher=Department of Philosophy, New York University}}</ref> Chalmers ya karbi farfesa na ɗan lokaci a [[New York University Department of Philosophy|Sashen falsafar]] [[New York University|Jami'ar New York]] a shekara ta 2009, ya zama farfesa na cikakken lokaci a shekara ta 2014. == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1966]] kbgjmx4ysc5qet7rwa7x3y6x5ei6kal 0 128346 895092 762513 2026-08-11T16:50:52Z Ummun Sultan 23935 895092 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Mun Se-gwang''' (26 Disamba 1951 - 20 Disamban shekarar 1974) ɗan Koriya ne mai kisan gilla wanda ya yi ƙoƙari ya kashe Shugaban Koriya ta Kudu Park Chung Hee a ranar 15 ga Agusta 1974. Yunkurin kisan kai ya haifar da mutuwar matar Park, Yuk Young-soo, da kuma dalibi na makarantar sakandare, Jang Bong-hwa . == Tarihin rayuwa == An haifi Mun Se-gwang ne a cikin dangin kabilun Koriya a [[Osaka]], Japan a ranar 26 ga Disamba 1951. Iyalinsa sun tsere daga [[Koriya ta Arewa]] zuwa Japan jim kadan bayan barkewar Yaƙin Koriya. Yayinda yake makarantar sakandare, ya fara nazarin tarihin [[Mao Zedong]] da [[Kim Il-Sung|Kim Il Sung]], kuma ya zama mai goyon bayan imanin kwaminisanci. Ya yi magana da magoya bayan Juche a cikin al'ummar Koriya na shekaru da yawa, ya shiga hulɗa da jami'an Koriya ta Arewa waɗanda daga ƙarshe suka shawo kansa game da bukatar kawar da Shugaban Jamhuriyar Koriya Park Chung Hee don tayar da tashin hankali a [[Koriya ta Kudu]]. A watan Nuwamba na shekara ta 1973, Mun Se-gwang ya yanke shawarar kashe Park Chung Hee kuma, an biya shi yen 500,000 don shirya da aiwatar da shirinsa. A watan Mayu na shekara ta 1974, ya karbi fasfo na Jafananci na karya a karkashin sunan 'Yuki Kawagami'. == Yunkurin kisan Park Chung-hee == Da yake satar bindiga ta Smith &amp;amp; Wesson .38-caliber daga akwatin 'yan sanda na Osaka a ranar 18 ga Yulin 1974, ya ɓoye shi a cikin jakarsa kuma ya tashi zuwa Koriya ta Kudu a ranar 8 ga Agusta 1974, ta amfani da fasfo na Japan don shiga kasar. Daga nan sai ya shiga cikin Otal din Chosun . <ref name="auto" /> Samun shiga Gidan wasan kwaikwayo na kasa a Seoul, a ranar bikin bikin samun 'yancin Koriya daga Japan wanda Park da matarsa ke halarta, Mun ya yi niyyar harba Park a cikin gidan wasan kwaikwayo. Koyaya, an hana ra'ayinsa; kuma an tilasta masa shiga ya zauna kusa da bayan gidan wasan kwaikwayo. A lokacin jawabin Park, ya yi ƙoƙari ya kusanci Park amma ba da gangan ba ya harba bindigarsa da wuri, ya ji wa kansa rauni. Bayan ya faɗakar da tsaro, Mun ya gudu zuwa gidan wasan kwaikwayon yana harbi sosai. Harsashinsa na biyu ya buga gefen hagu na filin wasa inda Park ke gabatar da jawabinsa. Harsashinsa na uku ya kasance mummunan harbi amma na huɗu ya buge matar Park, Yuk Young-soo, a kai, ya ji mata rauni sosai. Harsashinsa na karshe ya ratsa tutar da ke ado da bayan mataki. Wani harsashi da {{Interlanguage link|Park Jong-gyu|ko|박종규 (1930년)}} , daya daga cikin jami'an tsaro na Shugaban kasa ya harbe shi, don mayar da martani ga harin Mun ya fadi daga bango kuma ya kashe wani dalibi na makarantar sakandare, Jang Bong-hwa. Nan da nan bayan kama Mun, Park ya ci gaba da jawabinsa da aka shirya, duk da raunin matarsa da ita daga mataki. Bayan kammala shi, ya ɗauki jakar matarsa da takalma ya tafi. Duk da tiyata mai yawa, Yuk ya mutu da karfe 7:00 na yamma a wannan rana.&nbsp; A lokacin da aka yi masa tambayoyi, Mun ya furta cewa wani jami'in kungiyar mazauna Koriya ta Arewa ya taimaka masa a kokarin kashe Park. Wannan, da kuma gaskiyar cewa Mun ya yi amfani da fasfo na Japan don shiga Koriya ta Kudu, ya lalata dangantakar diflomasiyya tsakanin Japan, Koriya ta Arewa, da Koriya ta Koriya ta Tsakiya; Koriya ta kudu ta kammala cewa Mun yana aiki a madadin Koriya ta North, amma Japan ta ki yarda da matsayin Koriya ta Sud. Sakamakon haka, Park ya yi barazanar yanke dangantakar diflomasiyya da kuma sanya kadarorin Japan a Koriya ta Kudu. Ya buƙaci matsakaici daga jami'an ofishin jakadancin Amurka kafin Japan ta ba da wasikar nadama, ta sauƙaƙa tashin hankali tsakanin ƙasashen biyu.[1] A lokaci guda, jami'an Koriya ta Arewa sun yi sanarwa cewa ba su da hannu a yunkurin kisan kai, amma sun amince da shi, suna kiran Moon Se-gwang "kwaminisanci na gaskiya".  == Kashewa == A lokacin shari'ar, Mun Se-gwang ya kuma nuna nadama cewa ya kasa kashe Park, kuma wata yarinya mai laifi ta mutu saboda ayyukansa. A ranar 17 ga watan Disamba na shekara ta 1974, an same shi da laifin yunkurin kisan kai wanda ya haifar da mutuwar mutane biyu kuma an yanke masa hukuncin kisa. Watanni huɗu bayan yunkurin da ya gaza, an kashe Mun ta hanyar ratayewa a Cibiyar Tsaro ta Seoul . == Dubi kuma == * Kashe Park Chung Hee * Park Geun-hye ** 2016 Koriya ta Kudu siyasa abin kunya * Tarihin Koriya ta Kudu * Koriya a Japan * Rikici tsakanin Koriya da Japan {{Reflist}} == Bayanan littattafai == *   *   == Haɗin waje == * [https://www.military.com/video/operations-and-strategy/assassination/s-korean-first-lady-assassinated/2507728485001 Bidiyo na yunkurin kisan kai] [[Rukuni:Mutuwan 1974]] [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1951]] 7b9blo0bc6nvq7mfsuwxsqf79b3ztav 895093 895092 2026-08-11T16:51:01Z Ummun Sultan 23935 895093 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Mun Se-gwang''' (26 Disamba 1951 - 20 Disamban shekarar 1974) ɗan Koriya ne mai kisan gilla wanda ya yi ƙoƙari ya kashe Shugaban Koriya ta Kudu Park Chung Hee a ranar 15 ga Agusta 1974. Yunkurin kisan kai ya haifar da mutuwar matar Park, Yuk Young-soo, da kuma dalibi na makarantar sakandare, Jang Bong-hwa . == Tarihin rayuwa == An haifi Mun Se-gwang ne a cikin dangin kabilun Koriya a [[Osaka]], Japan a ranar 26 ga Disamban shekarar 1951. Iyalinsa sun tsere daga [[Koriya ta Arewa]] zuwa Japan jim kadan bayan barkewar Yaƙin Koriya. Yayinda yake makarantar sakandare, ya fara nazarin tarihin [[Mao Zedong]] da [[Kim Il-Sung|Kim Il Sung]], kuma ya zama mai goyon bayan imanin kwaminisanci. Ya yi magana da magoya bayan Juche a cikin al'ummar Koriya na shekaru da yawa, ya shiga hulɗa da jami'an Koriya ta Arewa waɗanda daga ƙarshe suka shawo kansa game da bukatar kawar da Shugaban Jamhuriyar Koriya Park Chung Hee don tayar da tashin hankali a [[Koriya ta Kudu]]. A watan Nuwamba na shekara ta 1973, Mun Se-gwang ya yanke shawarar kashe Park Chung Hee kuma, an biya shi yen 500,000 don shirya da aiwatar da shirinsa. A watan Mayu na shekara ta 1974, ya karbi fasfo na Jafananci na karya a karkashin sunan 'Yuki Kawagami'. == Yunkurin kisan Park Chung-hee == Da yake satar bindiga ta Smith &amp;amp; Wesson .38-caliber daga akwatin 'yan sanda na Osaka a ranar 18 ga Yulin 1974, ya ɓoye shi a cikin jakarsa kuma ya tashi zuwa Koriya ta Kudu a ranar 8 ga Agusta 1974, ta amfani da fasfo na Japan don shiga kasar. Daga nan sai ya shiga cikin Otal din Chosun . <ref name="auto" /> Samun shiga Gidan wasan kwaikwayo na kasa a Seoul, a ranar bikin bikin samun 'yancin Koriya daga Japan wanda Park da matarsa ke halarta, Mun ya yi niyyar harba Park a cikin gidan wasan kwaikwayo. Koyaya, an hana ra'ayinsa; kuma an tilasta masa shiga ya zauna kusa da bayan gidan wasan kwaikwayo. A lokacin jawabin Park, ya yi ƙoƙari ya kusanci Park amma ba da gangan ba ya harba bindigarsa da wuri, ya ji wa kansa rauni. Bayan ya faɗakar da tsaro, Mun ya gudu zuwa gidan wasan kwaikwayon yana harbi sosai. Harsashinsa na biyu ya buga gefen hagu na filin wasa inda Park ke gabatar da jawabinsa. Harsashinsa na uku ya kasance mummunan harbi amma na huɗu ya buge matar Park, Yuk Young-soo, a kai, ya ji mata rauni sosai. Harsashinsa na karshe ya ratsa tutar da ke ado da bayan mataki. Wani harsashi da {{Interlanguage link|Park Jong-gyu|ko|박종규 (1930년)}} , daya daga cikin jami'an tsaro na Shugaban kasa ya harbe shi, don mayar da martani ga harin Mun ya fadi daga bango kuma ya kashe wani dalibi na makarantar sakandare, Jang Bong-hwa. Nan da nan bayan kama Mun, Park ya ci gaba da jawabinsa da aka shirya, duk da raunin matarsa da ita daga mataki. Bayan kammala shi, ya ɗauki jakar matarsa da takalma ya tafi. Duk da tiyata mai yawa, Yuk ya mutu da karfe 7:00 na yamma a wannan rana.&nbsp; A lokacin da aka yi masa tambayoyi, Mun ya furta cewa wani jami'in kungiyar mazauna Koriya ta Arewa ya taimaka masa a kokarin kashe Park. Wannan, da kuma gaskiyar cewa Mun ya yi amfani da fasfo na Japan don shiga Koriya ta Kudu, ya lalata dangantakar diflomasiyya tsakanin Japan, Koriya ta Arewa, da Koriya ta Koriya ta Tsakiya; Koriya ta kudu ta kammala cewa Mun yana aiki a madadin Koriya ta North, amma Japan ta ki yarda da matsayin Koriya ta Sud. Sakamakon haka, Park ya yi barazanar yanke dangantakar diflomasiyya da kuma sanya kadarorin Japan a Koriya ta Kudu. Ya buƙaci matsakaici daga jami'an ofishin jakadancin Amurka kafin Japan ta ba da wasikar nadama, ta sauƙaƙa tashin hankali tsakanin ƙasashen biyu.[1] A lokaci guda, jami'an Koriya ta Arewa sun yi sanarwa cewa ba su da hannu a yunkurin kisan kai, amma sun amince da shi, suna kiran Moon Se-gwang "kwaminisanci na gaskiya".  == Kashewa == A lokacin shari'ar, Mun Se-gwang ya kuma nuna nadama cewa ya kasa kashe Park, kuma wata yarinya mai laifi ta mutu saboda ayyukansa. A ranar 17 ga watan Disamba na shekara ta 1974, an same shi da laifin yunkurin kisan kai wanda ya haifar da mutuwar mutane biyu kuma an yanke masa hukuncin kisa. Watanni huɗu bayan yunkurin da ya gaza, an kashe Mun ta hanyar ratayewa a Cibiyar Tsaro ta Seoul . == Dubi kuma == * Kashe Park Chung Hee * Park Geun-hye ** 2016 Koriya ta Kudu siyasa abin kunya * Tarihin Koriya ta Kudu * Koriya a Japan * Rikici tsakanin Koriya da Japan {{Reflist}} == Bayanan littattafai == *   *   == Haɗin waje == * [https://www.military.com/video/operations-and-strategy/assassination/s-korean-first-lady-assassinated/2507728485001 Bidiyo na yunkurin kisan kai] [[Rukuni:Mutuwan 1974]] [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1951]] gdcnhq38yvunarcl0r8zpgyk9gzdpva 895094 895093 2026-08-11T16:51:09Z Ummun Sultan 23935 895094 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Mun Se-gwang''' (26 Disamba 1951 - 20 Disamban shekarar 1974) ɗan Koriya ne mai kisan gilla wanda ya yi ƙoƙari ya kashe Shugaban Koriya ta Kudu Park Chung Hee a ranar 15 ga Agustan shekarar 1974. Yunkurin kisan kai ya haifar da mutuwar matar Park, Yuk Young-soo, da kuma dalibi na makarantar sakandare, Jang Bong-hwa . == Tarihin rayuwa == An haifi Mun Se-gwang ne a cikin dangin kabilun Koriya a [[Osaka]], Japan a ranar 26 ga Disamban shekarar 1951. Iyalinsa sun tsere daga [[Koriya ta Arewa]] zuwa Japan jim kadan bayan barkewar Yaƙin Koriya. Yayinda yake makarantar sakandare, ya fara nazarin tarihin [[Mao Zedong]] da [[Kim Il-Sung|Kim Il Sung]], kuma ya zama mai goyon bayan imanin kwaminisanci. Ya yi magana da magoya bayan Juche a cikin al'ummar Koriya na shekaru da yawa, ya shiga hulɗa da jami'an Koriya ta Arewa waɗanda daga ƙarshe suka shawo kansa game da bukatar kawar da Shugaban Jamhuriyar Koriya Park Chung Hee don tayar da tashin hankali a [[Koriya ta Kudu]]. A watan Nuwamba na shekara ta 1973, Mun Se-gwang ya yanke shawarar kashe Park Chung Hee kuma, an biya shi yen 500,000 don shirya da aiwatar da shirinsa. A watan Mayu na shekara ta 1974, ya karbi fasfo na Jafananci na karya a karkashin sunan 'Yuki Kawagami'. == Yunkurin kisan Park Chung-hee == Da yake satar bindiga ta Smith &amp;amp; Wesson .38-caliber daga akwatin 'yan sanda na Osaka a ranar 18 ga Yulin 1974, ya ɓoye shi a cikin jakarsa kuma ya tashi zuwa Koriya ta Kudu a ranar 8 ga Agusta 1974, ta amfani da fasfo na Japan don shiga kasar. Daga nan sai ya shiga cikin Otal din Chosun . <ref name="auto" /> Samun shiga Gidan wasan kwaikwayo na kasa a Seoul, a ranar bikin bikin samun 'yancin Koriya daga Japan wanda Park da matarsa ke halarta, Mun ya yi niyyar harba Park a cikin gidan wasan kwaikwayo. Koyaya, an hana ra'ayinsa; kuma an tilasta masa shiga ya zauna kusa da bayan gidan wasan kwaikwayo. A lokacin jawabin Park, ya yi ƙoƙari ya kusanci Park amma ba da gangan ba ya harba bindigarsa da wuri, ya ji wa kansa rauni. Bayan ya faɗakar da tsaro, Mun ya gudu zuwa gidan wasan kwaikwayon yana harbi sosai. Harsashinsa na biyu ya buga gefen hagu na filin wasa inda Park ke gabatar da jawabinsa. Harsashinsa na uku ya kasance mummunan harbi amma na huɗu ya buge matar Park, Yuk Young-soo, a kai, ya ji mata rauni sosai. Harsashinsa na karshe ya ratsa tutar da ke ado da bayan mataki. Wani harsashi da {{Interlanguage link|Park Jong-gyu|ko|박종규 (1930년)}} , daya daga cikin jami'an tsaro na Shugaban kasa ya harbe shi, don mayar da martani ga harin Mun ya fadi daga bango kuma ya kashe wani dalibi na makarantar sakandare, Jang Bong-hwa. Nan da nan bayan kama Mun, Park ya ci gaba da jawabinsa da aka shirya, duk da raunin matarsa da ita daga mataki. Bayan kammala shi, ya ɗauki jakar matarsa da takalma ya tafi. Duk da tiyata mai yawa, Yuk ya mutu da karfe 7:00 na yamma a wannan rana.&nbsp; A lokacin da aka yi masa tambayoyi, Mun ya furta cewa wani jami'in kungiyar mazauna Koriya ta Arewa ya taimaka masa a kokarin kashe Park. Wannan, da kuma gaskiyar cewa Mun ya yi amfani da fasfo na Japan don shiga Koriya ta Kudu, ya lalata dangantakar diflomasiyya tsakanin Japan, Koriya ta Arewa, da Koriya ta Koriya ta Tsakiya; Koriya ta kudu ta kammala cewa Mun yana aiki a madadin Koriya ta North, amma Japan ta ki yarda da matsayin Koriya ta Sud. Sakamakon haka, Park ya yi barazanar yanke dangantakar diflomasiyya da kuma sanya kadarorin Japan a Koriya ta Kudu. Ya buƙaci matsakaici daga jami'an ofishin jakadancin Amurka kafin Japan ta ba da wasikar nadama, ta sauƙaƙa tashin hankali tsakanin ƙasashen biyu.[1] A lokaci guda, jami'an Koriya ta Arewa sun yi sanarwa cewa ba su da hannu a yunkurin kisan kai, amma sun amince da shi, suna kiran Moon Se-gwang "kwaminisanci na gaskiya".  == Kashewa == A lokacin shari'ar, Mun Se-gwang ya kuma nuna nadama cewa ya kasa kashe Park, kuma wata yarinya mai laifi ta mutu saboda ayyukansa. A ranar 17 ga watan Disamba na shekara ta 1974, an same shi da laifin yunkurin kisan kai wanda ya haifar da mutuwar mutane biyu kuma an yanke masa hukuncin kisa. Watanni huɗu bayan yunkurin da ya gaza, an kashe Mun ta hanyar ratayewa a Cibiyar Tsaro ta Seoul . == Dubi kuma == * Kashe Park Chung Hee * Park Geun-hye ** 2016 Koriya ta Kudu siyasa abin kunya * Tarihin Koriya ta Kudu * Koriya a Japan * Rikici tsakanin Koriya da Japan {{Reflist}} == Bayanan littattafai == *   *   == Haɗin waje == * [https://www.military.com/video/operations-and-strategy/assassination/s-korean-first-lady-assassinated/2507728485001 Bidiyo na yunkurin kisan kai] [[Rukuni:Mutuwan 1974]] [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1951]] 5fj9vebw8fxa2bwpck7ljpiwvif6x05 895095 895094 2026-08-11T16:51:23Z Ummun Sultan 23935 895095 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Mun Se-gwang''' (26 Disamba 1951 - 20 Disamban shekarar 1974) ɗan Koriya ne mai kisan gilla wanda ya yi ƙoƙari ya kashe Shugaban Koriya ta Kudu Park Chung Hee a ranar 15 ga Agustan shekarar 1974. Yunƙurin kisan kai ya haifar da mutuwar matar Park, Yuk Young-soo, da kuma dalibi na makarantar sakandare, Jang Bong-hwa . == Tarihin rayuwa == An haifi Mun Se-gwang ne a cikin dangin kabilun Koriya a [[Osaka]], Japan a ranar 26 ga Disamban shekarar 1951. Iyalinsa sun tsere daga [[Koriya ta Arewa]] zuwa Japan jim kadan bayan barkewar Yaƙin Koriya. Yayinda yake makarantar sakandare, ya fara nazarin tarihin [[Mao Zedong]] da [[Kim Il-Sung|Kim Il Sung]], kuma ya zama mai goyon bayan imanin kwaminisanci. Ya yi magana da magoya bayan Juche a cikin al'ummar Koriya na shekaru da yawa, ya shiga hulɗa da jami'an Koriya ta Arewa waɗanda daga ƙarshe suka shawo kansa game da bukatar kawar da Shugaban Jamhuriyar Koriya Park Chung Hee don tayar da tashin hankali a [[Koriya ta Kudu]]. A watan Nuwamba na shekara ta 1973, Mun Se-gwang ya yanke shawarar kashe Park Chung Hee kuma, an biya shi yen 500,000 don shirya da aiwatar da shirinsa. A watan Mayu na shekara ta 1974, ya karbi fasfo na Jafananci na karya a karkashin sunan 'Yuki Kawagami'. == Yunkurin kisan Park Chung-hee == Da yake satar bindiga ta Smith &amp;amp; Wesson .38-caliber daga akwatin 'yan sanda na Osaka a ranar 18 ga Yulin 1974, ya ɓoye shi a cikin jakarsa kuma ya tashi zuwa Koriya ta Kudu a ranar 8 ga Agusta 1974, ta amfani da fasfo na Japan don shiga kasar. Daga nan sai ya shiga cikin Otal din Chosun . <ref name="auto" /> Samun shiga Gidan wasan kwaikwayo na kasa a Seoul, a ranar bikin bikin samun 'yancin Koriya daga Japan wanda Park da matarsa ke halarta, Mun ya yi niyyar harba Park a cikin gidan wasan kwaikwayo. Koyaya, an hana ra'ayinsa; kuma an tilasta masa shiga ya zauna kusa da bayan gidan wasan kwaikwayo. A lokacin jawabin Park, ya yi ƙoƙari ya kusanci Park amma ba da gangan ba ya harba bindigarsa da wuri, ya ji wa kansa rauni. Bayan ya faɗakar da tsaro, Mun ya gudu zuwa gidan wasan kwaikwayon yana harbi sosai. Harsashinsa na biyu ya buga gefen hagu na filin wasa inda Park ke gabatar da jawabinsa. Harsashinsa na uku ya kasance mummunan harbi amma na huɗu ya buge matar Park, Yuk Young-soo, a kai, ya ji mata rauni sosai. Harsashinsa na karshe ya ratsa tutar da ke ado da bayan mataki. Wani harsashi da {{Interlanguage link|Park Jong-gyu|ko|박종규 (1930년)}} , daya daga cikin jami'an tsaro na Shugaban kasa ya harbe shi, don mayar da martani ga harin Mun ya fadi daga bango kuma ya kashe wani dalibi na makarantar sakandare, Jang Bong-hwa. Nan da nan bayan kama Mun, Park ya ci gaba da jawabinsa da aka shirya, duk da raunin matarsa da ita daga mataki. Bayan kammala shi, ya ɗauki jakar matarsa da takalma ya tafi. Duk da tiyata mai yawa, Yuk ya mutu da karfe 7:00 na yamma a wannan rana.&nbsp; A lokacin da aka yi masa tambayoyi, Mun ya furta cewa wani jami'in kungiyar mazauna Koriya ta Arewa ya taimaka masa a kokarin kashe Park. Wannan, da kuma gaskiyar cewa Mun ya yi amfani da fasfo na Japan don shiga Koriya ta Kudu, ya lalata dangantakar diflomasiyya tsakanin Japan, Koriya ta Arewa, da Koriya ta Koriya ta Tsakiya; Koriya ta kudu ta kammala cewa Mun yana aiki a madadin Koriya ta North, amma Japan ta ki yarda da matsayin Koriya ta Sud. Sakamakon haka, Park ya yi barazanar yanke dangantakar diflomasiyya da kuma sanya kadarorin Japan a Koriya ta Kudu. Ya buƙaci matsakaici daga jami'an ofishin jakadancin Amurka kafin Japan ta ba da wasikar nadama, ta sauƙaƙa tashin hankali tsakanin ƙasashen biyu.[1] A lokaci guda, jami'an Koriya ta Arewa sun yi sanarwa cewa ba su da hannu a yunkurin kisan kai, amma sun amince da shi, suna kiran Moon Se-gwang "kwaminisanci na gaskiya".  == Kashewa == A lokacin shari'ar, Mun Se-gwang ya kuma nuna nadama cewa ya kasa kashe Park, kuma wata yarinya mai laifi ta mutu saboda ayyukansa. A ranar 17 ga watan Disamba na shekara ta 1974, an same shi da laifin yunkurin kisan kai wanda ya haifar da mutuwar mutane biyu kuma an yanke masa hukuncin kisa. Watanni huɗu bayan yunkurin da ya gaza, an kashe Mun ta hanyar ratayewa a Cibiyar Tsaro ta Seoul . == Dubi kuma == * Kashe Park Chung Hee * Park Geun-hye ** 2016 Koriya ta Kudu siyasa abin kunya * Tarihin Koriya ta Kudu * Koriya a Japan * Rikici tsakanin Koriya da Japan {{Reflist}} == Bayanan littattafai == *   *   == Haɗin waje == * [https://www.military.com/video/operations-and-strategy/assassination/s-korean-first-lady-assassinated/2507728485001 Bidiyo na yunkurin kisan kai] [[Rukuni:Mutuwan 1974]] [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1951]] a5j1dfh9vk7yred67bxgzzpm08wwp54 895096 895095 2026-08-11T16:51:35Z Ummun Sultan 23935 895096 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Mun Se-gwang''' (26 Disamba 1951 - 20 Disamban shekarar 1974) ɗan Koriya ne mai kisan gilla wanda ya yi ƙoƙari ya kashe Shugaban Koriya ta Kudu Park Chung Hee a ranar 15 ga Agustan shekarar 1974. Yunƙurin kisan kai ya haifar da mutuwar matar Park, Yuk Young-soo, da kuma dalibi na makarantar sakandare, Jang Bong-hwa . == Tarihin rayuwa == An haifi Mun Se-gwang ne a cikin dangin kabilun Koriya a [[Osaka]], Japan a ranar 26 ga Disamban shekarar 1951. Iyalinsa sun tsere daga [[Koriya ta Arewa]] zuwa Japan jim kadan bayan barkewar Yaƙin Koriya. Yayinda yake makarantar sakandare, ya fara nazarin tarihin [[Mao Zedong]] da [[Kim Il-Sung|Kim Il Sung]], kuma ya zama mai goyon bayan imanin kwaminisanci. Ya kuma yi magana da magoya bayan Juche a cikin al'ummar Koriya na shekaru da yawa, ya shiga hulɗa da jami'an Koriya ta Arewa waɗanda daga ƙarshe suka shawo kansa game da bukatar kawar da Shugaban Jamhuriyar Koriya Park Chung Hee don tayar da tashin hankali a [[Koriya ta Kudu]]. A watan Nuwamba na shekara ta 1973, Mun Se-gwang ya yanke shawarar kashe Park Chung Hee kuma, an biya shi yen 500,000 don shirya da aiwatar da shirinsa. A watan Mayu na shekara ta 1974, ya karbi fasfo na Jafananci na karya a karkashin sunan 'Yuki Kawagami'. == Yunkurin kisan Park Chung-hee == Da yake satar bindiga ta Smith &amp;amp; Wesson .38-caliber daga akwatin 'yan sanda na Osaka a ranar 18 ga Yulin 1974, ya ɓoye shi a cikin jakarsa kuma ya tashi zuwa Koriya ta Kudu a ranar 8 ga Agusta 1974, ta amfani da fasfo na Japan don shiga kasar. Daga nan sai ya shiga cikin Otal din Chosun . <ref name="auto" /> Samun shiga Gidan wasan kwaikwayo na kasa a Seoul, a ranar bikin bikin samun 'yancin Koriya daga Japan wanda Park da matarsa ke halarta, Mun ya yi niyyar harba Park a cikin gidan wasan kwaikwayo. Koyaya, an hana ra'ayinsa; kuma an tilasta masa shiga ya zauna kusa da bayan gidan wasan kwaikwayo. A lokacin jawabin Park, ya yi ƙoƙari ya kusanci Park amma ba da gangan ba ya harba bindigarsa da wuri, ya ji wa kansa rauni. Bayan ya faɗakar da tsaro, Mun ya gudu zuwa gidan wasan kwaikwayon yana harbi sosai. Harsashinsa na biyu ya buga gefen hagu na filin wasa inda Park ke gabatar da jawabinsa. Harsashinsa na uku ya kasance mummunan harbi amma na huɗu ya buge matar Park, Yuk Young-soo, a kai, ya ji mata rauni sosai. Harsashinsa na karshe ya ratsa tutar da ke ado da bayan mataki. Wani harsashi da {{Interlanguage link|Park Jong-gyu|ko|박종규 (1930년)}} , daya daga cikin jami'an tsaro na Shugaban kasa ya harbe shi, don mayar da martani ga harin Mun ya fadi daga bango kuma ya kashe wani dalibi na makarantar sakandare, Jang Bong-hwa. Nan da nan bayan kama Mun, Park ya ci gaba da jawabinsa da aka shirya, duk da raunin matarsa da ita daga mataki. Bayan kammala shi, ya ɗauki jakar matarsa da takalma ya tafi. Duk da tiyata mai yawa, Yuk ya mutu da karfe 7:00 na yamma a wannan rana.&nbsp; A lokacin da aka yi masa tambayoyi, Mun ya furta cewa wani jami'in kungiyar mazauna Koriya ta Arewa ya taimaka masa a kokarin kashe Park. Wannan, da kuma gaskiyar cewa Mun ya yi amfani da fasfo na Japan don shiga Koriya ta Kudu, ya lalata dangantakar diflomasiyya tsakanin Japan, Koriya ta Arewa, da Koriya ta Koriya ta Tsakiya; Koriya ta kudu ta kammala cewa Mun yana aiki a madadin Koriya ta North, amma Japan ta ki yarda da matsayin Koriya ta Sud. Sakamakon haka, Park ya yi barazanar yanke dangantakar diflomasiyya da kuma sanya kadarorin Japan a Koriya ta Kudu. Ya buƙaci matsakaici daga jami'an ofishin jakadancin Amurka kafin Japan ta ba da wasikar nadama, ta sauƙaƙa tashin hankali tsakanin ƙasashen biyu.[1] A lokaci guda, jami'an Koriya ta Arewa sun yi sanarwa cewa ba su da hannu a yunkurin kisan kai, amma sun amince da shi, suna kiran Moon Se-gwang "kwaminisanci na gaskiya".  == Kashewa == A lokacin shari'ar, Mun Se-gwang ya kuma nuna nadama cewa ya kasa kashe Park, kuma wata yarinya mai laifi ta mutu saboda ayyukansa. A ranar 17 ga watan Disamba na shekara ta 1974, an same shi da laifin yunkurin kisan kai wanda ya haifar da mutuwar mutane biyu kuma an yanke masa hukuncin kisa. Watanni huɗu bayan yunkurin da ya gaza, an kashe Mun ta hanyar ratayewa a Cibiyar Tsaro ta Seoul . == Dubi kuma == * Kashe Park Chung Hee * Park Geun-hye ** 2016 Koriya ta Kudu siyasa abin kunya * Tarihin Koriya ta Kudu * Koriya a Japan * Rikici tsakanin Koriya da Japan {{Reflist}} == Bayanan littattafai == *   *   == Haɗin waje == * [https://www.military.com/video/operations-and-strategy/assassination/s-korean-first-lady-assassinated/2507728485001 Bidiyo na yunkurin kisan kai] [[Rukuni:Mutuwan 1974]] [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1951]] crznlmct8otph1ulnqix41p5j5mybg9 895097 895096 2026-08-11T16:51:46Z Ummun Sultan 23935 895097 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Mun Se-gwang''' (26 Disamba 1951 - 20 Disamban shekarar 1974) ɗan Koriya ne mai kisan gilla wanda ya yi ƙoƙari ya kashe Shugaban Koriya ta Kudu Park Chung Hee a ranar 15 ga Agustan shekarar 1974. Yunƙurin kisan kai ya haifar da mutuwar matar Park, Yuk Young-soo, da kuma dalibi na makarantar sakandare, Jang Bong-hwa . == Tarihin rayuwa == An haifi Mun Se-gwang ne a cikin dangin kabilun Koriya a [[Osaka]], Japan a ranar 26 ga Disamban shekarar 1951. Iyalinsa sun tsere daga [[Koriya ta Arewa]] zuwa Japan jim kadan bayan barkewar Yaƙin Koriya. Yayinda yake makarantar sakandare, ya fara nazarin tarihin [[Mao Zedong]] da [[Kim Il-Sung|Kim Il Sung]], kuma ya zama mai goyon bayan imanin kwaminisanci. Ya kuma yi magana da magoya bayan Juche a cikin al'ummar Koriya na shekaru da yawa, ya shiga hulɗa da jami'an Koriya ta Arewa waɗanda daga ƙarshe suka shawo kansa game da bukatar kawar da Shugaban Jamhuriyar Koriya Park Chung Hee don tayar da tashin hankali a [[Koriya ta Kudu]]. A watan Nuwamba na shekara ta 1973, Mun Se-gwang ya yanke shawarar kashe Park Chung Hee kuma, an biya shi yen 500,000 don shirya da aiwatar da shirinsa. A watan Mayu na shekara ta 1974, ya karbi fasfo na Jafananci na karya a karkashin sunan 'Yuki Kawagami'. == Yunkurin kisan Park Chung-hee == Da yake satar bindiga ta Smith &amp;amp; Wesson .38-caliber daga akwatin 'yan sanda na Osaka a ranar 18 ga Yulin shekarar 1974, ya ɓoye shi a cikin jakarsa kuma ya tashi zuwa Koriya ta Kudu a ranar 8 ga Agusta 1974, ta amfani da fasfo na Japan don shiga kasar. Daga nan sai ya shiga cikin Otal din Chosun . <ref name="auto" /> Samun shiga Gidan wasan kwaikwayo na kasa a Seoul, a ranar bikin bikin samun 'yancin Koriya daga Japan wanda Park da matarsa ke halarta, Mun ya yi niyyar harba Park a cikin gidan wasan kwaikwayo. Koyaya, an hana ra'ayinsa; kuma an tilasta masa shiga ya zauna kusa da bayan gidan wasan kwaikwayo. A lokacin jawabin Park, ya yi ƙoƙari ya kusanci Park amma ba da gangan ba ya harba bindigarsa da wuri, ya ji wa kansa rauni. Bayan ya faɗakar da tsaro, Mun ya gudu zuwa gidan wasan kwaikwayon yana harbi sosai. Harsashinsa na biyu ya buga gefen hagu na filin wasa inda Park ke gabatar da jawabinsa. Harsashinsa na uku ya kasance mummunan harbi amma na huɗu ya buge matar Park, Yuk Young-soo, a kai, ya ji mata rauni sosai. Harsashinsa na karshe ya ratsa tutar da ke ado da bayan mataki. Wani harsashi da {{Interlanguage link|Park Jong-gyu|ko|박종규 (1930년)}} , daya daga cikin jami'an tsaro na Shugaban kasa ya harbe shi, don mayar da martani ga harin Mun ya fadi daga bango kuma ya kashe wani dalibi na makarantar sakandare, Jang Bong-hwa. Nan da nan bayan kama Mun, Park ya ci gaba da jawabinsa da aka shirya, duk da raunin matarsa da ita daga mataki. Bayan kammala shi, ya ɗauki jakar matarsa da takalma ya tafi. Duk da tiyata mai yawa, Yuk ya mutu da karfe 7:00 na yamma a wannan rana.&nbsp; A lokacin da aka yi masa tambayoyi, Mun ya furta cewa wani jami'in kungiyar mazauna Koriya ta Arewa ya taimaka masa a kokarin kashe Park. Wannan, da kuma gaskiyar cewa Mun ya yi amfani da fasfo na Japan don shiga Koriya ta Kudu, ya lalata dangantakar diflomasiyya tsakanin Japan, Koriya ta Arewa, da Koriya ta Koriya ta Tsakiya; Koriya ta kudu ta kammala cewa Mun yana aiki a madadin Koriya ta North, amma Japan ta ki yarda da matsayin Koriya ta Sud. Sakamakon haka, Park ya yi barazanar yanke dangantakar diflomasiyya da kuma sanya kadarorin Japan a Koriya ta Kudu. Ya buƙaci matsakaici daga jami'an ofishin jakadancin Amurka kafin Japan ta ba da wasikar nadama, ta sauƙaƙa tashin hankali tsakanin ƙasashen biyu.[1] A lokaci guda, jami'an Koriya ta Arewa sun yi sanarwa cewa ba su da hannu a yunkurin kisan kai, amma sun amince da shi, suna kiran Moon Se-gwang "kwaminisanci na gaskiya".  == Kashewa == A lokacin shari'ar, Mun Se-gwang ya kuma nuna nadama cewa ya kasa kashe Park, kuma wata yarinya mai laifi ta mutu saboda ayyukansa. A ranar 17 ga watan Disamba na shekara ta 1974, an same shi da laifin yunkurin kisan kai wanda ya haifar da mutuwar mutane biyu kuma an yanke masa hukuncin kisa. Watanni huɗu bayan yunkurin da ya gaza, an kashe Mun ta hanyar ratayewa a Cibiyar Tsaro ta Seoul . == Dubi kuma == * Kashe Park Chung Hee * Park Geun-hye ** 2016 Koriya ta Kudu siyasa abin kunya * Tarihin Koriya ta Kudu * Koriya a Japan * Rikici tsakanin Koriya da Japan {{Reflist}} == Bayanan littattafai == *   *   == Haɗin waje == * [https://www.military.com/video/operations-and-strategy/assassination/s-korean-first-lady-assassinated/2507728485001 Bidiyo na yunkurin kisan kai] [[Rukuni:Mutuwan 1974]] [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1951]] 92gqkx8up1uuqpf8czb1nsjlwvccfyd 895098 895097 2026-08-11T16:52:03Z Ummun Sultan 23935 895098 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Mun Se-gwang''' (26 Disamba 1951 - 20 Disamban shekarar 1974) ɗan Koriya ne mai kisan gilla wanda ya yi ƙoƙari ya kashe Shugaban Koriya ta Kudu Park Chung Hee a ranar 15 ga Agustan shekarar 1974. Yunƙurin kisan kai ya haifar da mutuwar matar Park, Yuk Young-soo, da kuma dalibi na makarantar sakandare, Jang Bong-hwa . == Tarihin rayuwa == An haifi Mun Se-gwang ne a cikin dangin kabilun Koriya a [[Osaka]], Japan a ranar 26 ga Disamban shekarar 1951. Iyalinsa sun tsere daga [[Koriya ta Arewa]] zuwa Japan jim kadan bayan barkewar Yaƙin Koriya. Yayinda yake makarantar sakandare, ya fara nazarin tarihin [[Mao Zedong]] da [[Kim Il-Sung|Kim Il Sung]], kuma ya zama mai goyon bayan imanin kwaminisanci. Ya kuma yi magana da magoya bayan Juche a cikin al'ummar Koriya na shekaru da yawa, ya shiga hulɗa da jami'an Koriya ta Arewa waɗanda daga ƙarshe suka shawo kansa game da bukatar kawar da Shugaban Jamhuriyar Koriya Park Chung Hee don tayar da tashin hankali a [[Koriya ta Kudu]]. A watan Nuwamba na shekara ta 1973, Mun Se-gwang ya yanke shawarar kashe Park Chung Hee kuma, an biya shi yen 500,000 don shirya da aiwatar da shirinsa. A watan Mayu na shekara ta 1974, ya karbi fasfo na Jafananci na karya a karkashin sunan 'Yuki Kawagami'. == Yunkurin kisan Park Chung-hee == Da yake satar bindiga ta Smith &amp;amp; Wesson .38-caliber daga akwatin ƴan sanda na Osaka a ranar 18 ga Yulin shekarar 1974, ya ɓoye shi a cikin jakarsa kuma ya tashi zuwa Koriya ta Kudu a ranar 8 ga Agustan shekarar 1974, ta amfani da fasfo na Japan don shiga kasar. Daga nan sai ya shiga cikin Otal din Chosun . <ref name="auto" /> Samun shiga Gidan wasan kwaikwayo na kasa a Seoul, a ranar bikin bikin samun 'yancin Koriya daga Japan wanda Park da matarsa ke halarta, Mun ya yi niyyar harba Park a cikin gidan wasan kwaikwayo. Koyaya, an hana ra'ayinsa; kuma an tilasta masa shiga ya zauna kusa da bayan gidan wasan kwaikwayo. A lokacin jawabin Park, ya yi ƙoƙari ya kusanci Park amma ba da gangan ba ya harba bindigarsa da wuri, ya ji wa kansa rauni. Bayan ya faɗakar da tsaro, Mun ya gudu zuwa gidan wasan kwaikwayon yana harbi sosai. Harsashinsa na biyu ya buga gefen hagu na filin wasa inda Park ke gabatar da jawabinsa. Harsashinsa na uku ya kasance mummunan harbi amma na huɗu ya buge matar Park, Yuk Young-soo, a kai, ya ji mata rauni sosai. Harsashinsa na karshe ya ratsa tutar da ke ado da bayan mataki. Wani harsashi da {{Interlanguage link|Park Jong-gyu|ko|박종규 (1930년)}} , daya daga cikin jami'an tsaro na Shugaban kasa ya harbe shi, don mayar da martani ga harin Mun ya fadi daga bango kuma ya kashe wani dalibi na makarantar sakandare, Jang Bong-hwa. Nan da nan bayan kama Mun, Park ya ci gaba da jawabinsa da aka shirya, duk da raunin matarsa da ita daga mataki. Bayan kammala shi, ya ɗauki jakar matarsa da takalma ya tafi. Duk da tiyata mai yawa, Yuk ya mutu da karfe 7:00 na yamma a wannan rana.&nbsp; A lokacin da aka yi masa tambayoyi, Mun ya furta cewa wani jami'in kungiyar mazauna Koriya ta Arewa ya taimaka masa a kokarin kashe Park. Wannan, da kuma gaskiyar cewa Mun ya yi amfani da fasfo na Japan don shiga Koriya ta Kudu, ya lalata dangantakar diflomasiyya tsakanin Japan, Koriya ta Arewa, da Koriya ta Koriya ta Tsakiya; Koriya ta kudu ta kammala cewa Mun yana aiki a madadin Koriya ta North, amma Japan ta ki yarda da matsayin Koriya ta Sud. Sakamakon haka, Park ya yi barazanar yanke dangantakar diflomasiyya da kuma sanya kadarorin Japan a Koriya ta Kudu. Ya buƙaci matsakaici daga jami'an ofishin jakadancin Amurka kafin Japan ta ba da wasikar nadama, ta sauƙaƙa tashin hankali tsakanin ƙasashen biyu.[1] A lokaci guda, jami'an Koriya ta Arewa sun yi sanarwa cewa ba su da hannu a yunkurin kisan kai, amma sun amince da shi, suna kiran Moon Se-gwang "kwaminisanci na gaskiya".  == Kashewa == A lokacin shari'ar, Mun Se-gwang ya kuma nuna nadama cewa ya kasa kashe Park, kuma wata yarinya mai laifi ta mutu saboda ayyukansa. A ranar 17 ga watan Disamba na shekara ta 1974, an same shi da laifin yunkurin kisan kai wanda ya haifar da mutuwar mutane biyu kuma an yanke masa hukuncin kisa. Watanni huɗu bayan yunkurin da ya gaza, an kashe Mun ta hanyar ratayewa a Cibiyar Tsaro ta Seoul . == Dubi kuma == * Kashe Park Chung Hee * Park Geun-hye ** 2016 Koriya ta Kudu siyasa abin kunya * Tarihin Koriya ta Kudu * Koriya a Japan * Rikici tsakanin Koriya da Japan {{Reflist}} == Bayanan littattafai == *   *   == Haɗin waje == * [https://www.military.com/video/operations-and-strategy/assassination/s-korean-first-lady-assassinated/2507728485001 Bidiyo na yunkurin kisan kai] [[Rukuni:Mutuwan 1974]] [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1951]] k76dnkqhh8a8ydcyvdva5rtd6h5u5s4 895099 895098 2026-08-11T16:52:12Z Ummun Sultan 23935 895099 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Mun Se-gwang''' (26 Disamba 1951 - 20 Disamban shekarar 1974) ɗan Koriya ne mai kisan gilla wanda ya yi ƙoƙari ya kashe Shugaban Koriya ta Kudu Park Chung Hee a ranar 15 ga Agustan shekarar 1974. Yunƙurin kisan kai ya haifar da mutuwar matar Park, Yuk Young-soo, da kuma dalibi na makarantar sakandare, Jang Bong-hwa . == Tarihin rayuwa == An haifi Mun Se-gwang ne a cikin dangin kabilun Koriya a [[Osaka]], Japan a ranar 26 ga Disamban shekarar 1951. Iyalinsa sun tsere daga [[Koriya ta Arewa]] zuwa Japan jim kadan bayan barkewar Yaƙin Koriya. Yayinda yake makarantar sakandare, ya fara nazarin tarihin [[Mao Zedong]] da [[Kim Il-Sung|Kim Il Sung]], kuma ya zama mai goyon bayan imanin kwaminisanci. Ya kuma yi magana da magoya bayan Juche a cikin al'ummar Koriya na shekaru da yawa, ya shiga hulɗa da jami'an Koriya ta Arewa waɗanda daga ƙarshe suka shawo kansa game da bukatar kawar da Shugaban Jamhuriyar Koriya Park Chung Hee don tayar da tashin hankali a [[Koriya ta Kudu]]. A watan Nuwamba na shekara ta 1973, Mun Se-gwang ya yanke shawarar kashe Park Chung Hee kuma, an biya shi yen 500,000 don shirya da aiwatar da shirinsa. A watan Mayu na shekara ta 1974, ya karbi fasfo na Jafananci na karya a karkashin sunan 'Yuki Kawagami'. == Yunkurin kisan Park Chung-hee == Da yake satar bindiga ta Smith &amp;amp; Wesson .38-caliber daga akwatin ƴan sanda na Osaka a ranar 18 ga Yulin shekarar 1974, ya ɓoye shi a cikin jakarsa kuma ya tashi zuwa Koriya ta Kudu a ranar 8 ga Agustan shekarar 1974, ta amfani da fasfo na Japan don shiga kasar. Daga nan sai ya shiga cikin Otal din Chosun . <ref name="auto" /> Samun shiga Gidan wasan kwaikwayo na ƙasa a Seoul, a ranar bikin bikin samun 'yancin Koriya daga Japan wanda Park da matarsa ke halarta, Mun ya yi niyyar harba Park a cikin gidan wasan kwaikwayo. Koyaya, an hana ra'ayinsa; kuma an tilasta masa shiga ya zauna kusa da bayan gidan wasan kwaikwayo. A lokacin jawabin Park, ya yi ƙoƙari ya kusanci Park amma ba da gangan ba ya harba bindigarsa da wuri, ya ji wa kansa rauni. Bayan ya faɗakar da tsaro, Mun ya gudu zuwa gidan wasan kwaikwayon yana harbi sosai. Harsashinsa na biyu ya buga gefen hagu na filin wasa inda Park ke gabatar da jawabinsa. Harsashinsa na uku ya kasance mummunan harbi amma na huɗu ya buge matar Park, Yuk Young-soo, a kai, ya ji mata rauni sosai. Harsashinsa na karshe ya ratsa tutar da ke ado da bayan mataki. Wani harsashi da {{Interlanguage link|Park Jong-gyu|ko|박종규 (1930년)}} , daya daga cikin jami'an tsaro na Shugaban kasa ya harbe shi, don mayar da martani ga harin Mun ya fadi daga bango kuma ya kashe wani dalibi na makarantar sakandare, Jang Bong-hwa. Nan da nan bayan kama Mun, Park ya ci gaba da jawabinsa da aka shirya, duk da raunin matarsa da ita daga mataki. Bayan kammala shi, ya ɗauki jakar matarsa da takalma ya tafi. Duk da tiyata mai yawa, Yuk ya mutu da karfe 7:00 na yamma a wannan rana.&nbsp; A lokacin da aka yi masa tambayoyi, Mun ya furta cewa wani jami'in kungiyar mazauna Koriya ta Arewa ya taimaka masa a kokarin kashe Park. Wannan, da kuma gaskiyar cewa Mun ya yi amfani da fasfo na Japan don shiga Koriya ta Kudu, ya lalata dangantakar diflomasiyya tsakanin Japan, Koriya ta Arewa, da Koriya ta Koriya ta Tsakiya; Koriya ta kudu ta kammala cewa Mun yana aiki a madadin Koriya ta North, amma Japan ta ki yarda da matsayin Koriya ta Sud. Sakamakon haka, Park ya yi barazanar yanke dangantakar diflomasiyya da kuma sanya kadarorin Japan a Koriya ta Kudu. Ya buƙaci matsakaici daga jami'an ofishin jakadancin Amurka kafin Japan ta ba da wasikar nadama, ta sauƙaƙa tashin hankali tsakanin ƙasashen biyu.[1] A lokaci guda, jami'an Koriya ta Arewa sun yi sanarwa cewa ba su da hannu a yunkurin kisan kai, amma sun amince da shi, suna kiran Moon Se-gwang "kwaminisanci na gaskiya".  == Kashewa == A lokacin shari'ar, Mun Se-gwang ya kuma nuna nadama cewa ya kasa kashe Park, kuma wata yarinya mai laifi ta mutu saboda ayyukansa. A ranar 17 ga watan Disamba na shekara ta 1974, an same shi da laifin yunkurin kisan kai wanda ya haifar da mutuwar mutane biyu kuma an yanke masa hukuncin kisa. Watanni huɗu bayan yunkurin da ya gaza, an kashe Mun ta hanyar ratayewa a Cibiyar Tsaro ta Seoul . == Dubi kuma == * Kashe Park Chung Hee * Park Geun-hye ** 2016 Koriya ta Kudu siyasa abin kunya * Tarihin Koriya ta Kudu * Koriya a Japan * Rikici tsakanin Koriya da Japan {{Reflist}} == Bayanan littattafai == *   *   == Haɗin waje == * [https://www.military.com/video/operations-and-strategy/assassination/s-korean-first-lady-assassinated/2507728485001 Bidiyo na yunkurin kisan kai] [[Rukuni:Mutuwan 1974]] [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1951]] c6kiqeus20srkkkjt41oof4kl5ubbgf 895100 895099 2026-08-11T16:52:26Z Ummun Sultan 23935 895100 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Mun Se-gwang''' (26 Disamba 1951 - 20 Disamban shekarar 1974) ɗan Koriya ne mai kisan gilla wanda ya yi ƙoƙari ya kashe Shugaban Koriya ta Kudu Park Chung Hee a ranar 15 ga Agustan shekarar 1974. Yunƙurin kisan kai ya haifar da mutuwar matar Park, Yuk Young-soo, da kuma dalibi na makarantar sakandare, Jang Bong-hwa . == Tarihin rayuwa == An haifi Mun Se-gwang ne a cikin dangin kabilun Koriya a [[Osaka]], Japan a ranar 26 ga Disamban shekarar 1951. Iyalinsa sun tsere daga [[Koriya ta Arewa]] zuwa Japan jim kadan bayan barkewar Yaƙin Koriya. Yayinda yake makarantar sakandare, ya fara nazarin tarihin [[Mao Zedong]] da [[Kim Il-Sung|Kim Il Sung]], kuma ya zama mai goyon bayan imanin kwaminisanci. Ya kuma yi magana da magoya bayan Juche a cikin al'ummar Koriya na shekaru da yawa, ya shiga hulɗa da jami'an Koriya ta Arewa waɗanda daga ƙarshe suka shawo kansa game da bukatar kawar da Shugaban Jamhuriyar Koriya Park Chung Hee don tayar da tashin hankali a [[Koriya ta Kudu]]. A watan Nuwamba na shekara ta 1973, Mun Se-gwang ya yanke shawarar kashe Park Chung Hee kuma, an biya shi yen 500,000 don shirya da aiwatar da shirinsa. A watan Mayu na shekara ta 1974, ya karbi fasfo na Jafananci na karya a karkashin sunan 'Yuki Kawagami'. == Yunkurin kisan Park Chung-hee == Da yake satar bindiga ta Smith &amp;amp; Wesson .38-caliber daga akwatin ƴan sanda na Osaka a ranar 18 ga Yulin shekarar 1974, ya ɓoye shi a cikin jakarsa kuma ya tashi zuwa Koriya ta Kudu a ranar 8 ga Agustan shekarar 1974, ta amfani da fasfo na Japan don shiga kasar. Daga nan sai ya shiga cikin Otal din Chosun . <ref name="auto" /> Samun shiga Gidan wasan kwaikwayo na ƙasa a Seoul, a ranar bikin bikin samun 'yancin Koriya daga Japan wanda Park da matarsa ke halarta, Mun ya yi niyyar harba Park a cikin gidan wasan kwaikwayo. Koyaya, an hana ra'ayinsa; kuma an tilasta masa shiga ya zauna kusa da bayan gidan wasan kwaikwayo. A lokacin jawabin Park, ya yi ƙoƙari ya kusanci Park amma ba da gangan ba ya harba bindigarsa da wuri, ya ji wa kansa rauni. Bayan ya faɗakar da tsaro, Mun ya gudu zuwa gidan wasan kwaikwayon yana harbi sosai. Harsashinsa na biyu ya buga gefen hagu na filin wasa inda Park ke gabatar da jawabinsa. Harsashinsa na uku ya kasance mummunan harbi amma na huɗu ya buge matar Park, Yuk Young-soo, a kai, ya ji mata rauni sosai. Harsashinsa na karshe ya ratsa tutar da ke ado da bayan mataki. Wani harsashi da {{Interlanguage link|Park Jong-gyu|ko|박종규 (1930년)}} , ɗaya daga cikin jami'an tsaro na Shugaban kasa ya harbe shi, don mayar da martani ga harin Mun ya fadi daga bango kuma ya kashe wani dalibi na makarantar sakandare, Jang Bong-hwa. Nan da nan bayan kama Mun, Park ya ci gaba da jawabinsa da aka shirya, duk da raunin matarsa da ita daga mataki. Bayan kammala shi, ya ɗauki jakar matarsa da takalma ya tafi. Duk da tiyata mai yawa, Yuk ya mutu da karfe 7:00 na yamma a wannan rana.&nbsp; A lokacin da aka yi masa tambayoyi, Mun ya furta cewa wani jami'in kungiyar mazauna Koriya ta Arewa ya taimaka masa a kokarin kashe Park. Wannan, da kuma gaskiyar cewa Mun ya yi amfani da fasfo na Japan don shiga Koriya ta Kudu, ya lalata dangantakar diflomasiyya tsakanin Japan, Koriya ta Arewa, da Koriya ta Koriya ta Tsakiya; Koriya ta kudu ta kammala cewa Mun yana aiki a madadin Koriya ta North, amma Japan ta ki yarda da matsayin Koriya ta Sud. Sakamakon haka, Park ya yi barazanar yanke dangantakar diflomasiyya da kuma sanya kadarorin Japan a Koriya ta Kudu. Ya buƙaci matsakaici daga jami'an ofishin jakadancin Amurka kafin Japan ta ba da wasikar nadama, ta sauƙaƙa tashin hankali tsakanin ƙasashen biyu.[1] A lokaci guda, jami'an Koriya ta Arewa sun yi sanarwa cewa ba su da hannu a yunkurin kisan kai, amma sun amince da shi, suna kiran Moon Se-gwang "kwaminisanci na gaskiya".  == Kashewa == A lokacin shari'ar, Mun Se-gwang ya kuma nuna nadama cewa ya kasa kashe Park, kuma wata yarinya mai laifi ta mutu saboda ayyukansa. A ranar 17 ga watan Disamba na shekara ta 1974, an same shi da laifin yunkurin kisan kai wanda ya haifar da mutuwar mutane biyu kuma an yanke masa hukuncin kisa. Watanni huɗu bayan yunkurin da ya gaza, an kashe Mun ta hanyar ratayewa a Cibiyar Tsaro ta Seoul . == Dubi kuma == * Kashe Park Chung Hee * Park Geun-hye ** 2016 Koriya ta Kudu siyasa abin kunya * Tarihin Koriya ta Kudu * Koriya a Japan * Rikici tsakanin Koriya da Japan {{Reflist}} == Bayanan littattafai == *   *   == Haɗin waje == * [https://www.military.com/video/operations-and-strategy/assassination/s-korean-first-lady-assassinated/2507728485001 Bidiyo na yunkurin kisan kai] [[Rukuni:Mutuwan 1974]] [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1951]] pdoib72kh5w62tp23u25fgxu8xp4i8a 895101 895100 2026-08-11T16:52:37Z Ummun Sultan 23935 895101 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Mun Se-gwang''' (26 Disamba 1951 - 20 Disamban shekarar 1974) ɗan Koriya ne mai kisan gilla wanda ya yi ƙoƙari ya kashe Shugaban Koriya ta Kudu Park Chung Hee a ranar 15 ga Agustan shekarar 1974. Yunƙurin kisan kai ya haifar da mutuwar matar Park, Yuk Young-soo, da kuma dalibi na makarantar sakandare, Jang Bong-hwa . == Tarihin rayuwa == An haifi Mun Se-gwang ne a cikin dangin kabilun Koriya a [[Osaka]], Japan a ranar 26 ga Disamban shekarar 1951. Iyalinsa sun tsere daga [[Koriya ta Arewa]] zuwa Japan jim kadan bayan barkewar Yaƙin Koriya. Yayinda yake makarantar sakandare, ya fara nazarin tarihin [[Mao Zedong]] da [[Kim Il-Sung|Kim Il Sung]], kuma ya zama mai goyon bayan imanin kwaminisanci. Ya kuma yi magana da magoya bayan Juche a cikin al'ummar Koriya na shekaru da yawa, ya shiga hulɗa da jami'an Koriya ta Arewa waɗanda daga ƙarshe suka shawo kansa game da bukatar kawar da Shugaban Jamhuriyar Koriya Park Chung Hee don tayar da tashin hankali a [[Koriya ta Kudu]]. A watan Nuwamba na shekara ta 1973, Mun Se-gwang ya yanke shawarar kashe Park Chung Hee kuma, an biya shi yen 500,000 don shirya da aiwatar da shirinsa. A watan Mayu na shekara ta 1974, ya karbi fasfo na Jafananci na karya a karkashin sunan 'Yuki Kawagami'. == Yunkurin kisan Park Chung-hee == Da yake satar bindiga ta Smith &amp;amp; Wesson .38-caliber daga akwatin ƴan sanda na Osaka a ranar 18 ga Yulin shekarar 1974, ya ɓoye shi a cikin jakarsa kuma ya tashi zuwa Koriya ta Kudu a ranar 8 ga Agustan shekarar 1974, ta amfani da fasfo na Japan don shiga kasar. Daga nan sai ya shiga cikin Otal din Chosun . <ref name="auto" /> Samun shiga Gidan wasan kwaikwayo na ƙasa a Seoul, a ranar bikin bikin samun 'yancin Koriya daga Japan wanda Park da matarsa ke halarta, Mun ya yi niyyar harba Park a cikin gidan wasan kwaikwayo. Koyaya, an hana ra'ayinsa; kuma an tilasta masa shiga ya zauna kusa da bayan gidan wasan kwaikwayo. A lokacin jawabin Park, ya yi ƙoƙari ya kusanci Park amma ba da gangan ba ya harba bindigarsa da wuri, ya ji wa kansa rauni. Bayan ya faɗakar da tsaro, Mun ya gudu zuwa gidan wasan kwaikwayon yana harbi sosai. Harsashinsa na biyu ya buga gefen hagu na filin wasa inda Park ke gabatar da jawabinsa. Harsashinsa na uku ya kasance mummunan harbi amma na huɗu ya buge matar Park, Yuk Young-soo, a kai, ya ji mata rauni sosai. Harsashinsa na karshe ya ratsa tutar da ke ado da bayan mataki. Wani harsashi da {{Interlanguage link|Park Jong-gyu|ko|박종규 (1930년)}} , ɗaya daga cikin jami'an tsaro na Shugaban kasa ya harbe shi, don mayar da martani ga harin Mun ya fadi daga bango kuma ya kashe wani dalibi na makarantar sakandare, Jang Bong-hwa. Nan da nan bayan kama Mun, Park ya ci gaba da jawabinsa da aka shirya, duk da raunin matarsa da ita daga mataki. Bayan kammala shi, ya ɗauki jakar matarsa da takalma ya tafi. Duk da tiyata mai yawa, Yuk ya mutu da karfe 7:00 na yamma a wannan rana.&nbsp; A lokacin da aka yi masa tambayoyi, Mun ya furta cewa wani jami'in kungiyar mazauna Koriya ta Arewa ya taimaka masa a ƙoƙarin kashe Park. Wannan, da kuma gaskiyar cewa Mun ya yi amfani da fasfo na Japan don shiga Koriya ta Kudu, ya lalata dangantakar diflomasiyya tsakanin Japan, Koriya ta Arewa, da Koriya ta Koriya ta Tsakiya; Koriya ta kudu ta kammala cewa Mun yana aiki a madadin Koriya ta North, amma Japan ta ki yarda da matsayin Koriya ta Sud. Sakamakon haka, Park ya yi barazanar yanke dangantakar diflomasiyya da kuma sanya kadarorin Japan a Koriya ta Kudu. Ya buƙaci matsakaici daga jami'an ofishin jakadancin Amurka kafin Japan ta ba da wasikar nadama, ta sauƙaƙa tashin hankali tsakanin ƙasashen biyu.[1] A lokaci guda, jami'an Koriya ta Arewa sun yi sanarwa cewa ba su da hannu a yunkurin kisan kai, amma sun amince da shi, suna kiran Moon Se-gwang "kwaminisanci na gaskiya".  == Kashewa == A lokacin shari'ar, Mun Se-gwang ya kuma nuna nadama cewa ya kasa kashe Park, kuma wata yarinya mai laifi ta mutu saboda ayyukansa. A ranar 17 ga watan Disamba na shekara ta 1974, an same shi da laifin yunkurin kisan kai wanda ya haifar da mutuwar mutane biyu kuma an yanke masa hukuncin kisa. Watanni huɗu bayan yunkurin da ya gaza, an kashe Mun ta hanyar ratayewa a Cibiyar Tsaro ta Seoul . == Dubi kuma == * Kashe Park Chung Hee * Park Geun-hye ** 2016 Koriya ta Kudu siyasa abin kunya * Tarihin Koriya ta Kudu * Koriya a Japan * Rikici tsakanin Koriya da Japan {{Reflist}} == Bayanan littattafai == *   *   == Haɗin waje == * [https://www.military.com/video/operations-and-strategy/assassination/s-korean-first-lady-assassinated/2507728485001 Bidiyo na yunkurin kisan kai] [[Rukuni:Mutuwan 1974]] [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1951]] cjia1u1760ej6c2ikdfu02lep5tm2ye 0 128726 895203 789659 2026-08-11T20:20:50Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 895203 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} Shirin '''Conservation International Philippines''' shiri ne na Hukumar Conservation International ta Philippines. Shirin ya fara ne a shekarar 1995 kuma yana da hedikwata a Quezon City da ke Metro Manila, tare da ofisoshin filin a Puerto Princesa da Brooke's Point da ke Palawan . <ref name="CIPhilippinesPlaces2">{{Cite web |title=Philippines |url=https://www.conservation.org/places/philippines |website=Conservation International |publisher=Conservation International}}</ref> <ref name="CIPhilippinesOffices2">{{Cite web |title=Grievance mechanism – Philippines |url=https://www.conservation.org/feedback/grievance-mechanism-philippines |website=Conservation International |publisher=Conservation International |access-date=2026-01-03 |archive-date=2025-11-16 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251116084830/https://www.conservation.org/feedback/grievance-mechanism-philippines |url-status=dead }}</ref> == Tarihi == Kamfanin Conservation International ya kafa wani shiri a Philippines a shekarar 1995, wanda ke da hedikwata a Metro Manila, tare da aikin da ya shafi muhimman abubuwan da suka shafi kiyaye muhalli da kuma kiyaye ruwa. <ref name="CIPhilippinesPlaces">{{Cite web |title=Philippines |url=https://www.conservation.org/places/philippines |website=Conservation International |publisher=Conservation International}}</ref> A farkon shekarun 2000, an ambaci ƙungiyar Conservation International Philippines a cikin rahotannin ƙasa ga Yarjejeniyar kan Bambancin Halittu dangane da shirye-shiryen hanyoyin halittu da yanayin teku, gami da Shirin Tsarin Rarraba Halittu na Sierra Madre, Shirin Ci gaban Dabaru na Tsarin Palawan, Aikin Aiwatar da Ingantaccen Tsarin Gabashin Mindanao, da kuma aiki a Yankin Ecoregion na Ruwa na Sulu-Sulawesi. A kudancin Palawan, Conservation International Philippines ta tallafa wa ayyukan da suka shafi kafa da kuma samar da kuɗaɗen dogon lokaci ga yanayin da aka kare a Dutsen Mantalingahan . Gwamnatocin ƙananan hukumomi sun ba da shawarar kariyar tsaunukan Mantalingahan a shekarar 1997, kuma shawarwari da tsare-tsare daga baya sun goyi bayan sanarwar wurin a matsayin wuri mai kariya a shekarar 2009. Gwamnatocin ƙananan hukumomi sun nemi taimakon fasaha daga Ma'aikatar Muhalli da Albarkatun Ƙasa da Kula da Kayayyaki ta Duniya Philippines a lokacin wannan tsari. Daga 2008 zuwa 2011, Conservation International Philippines ta goyi bayan kawancen gwamnatocin kananan hukumomi da ke da hannu wajen kafa hanyar sadarwa ta yankunan da aka kare a teku a cikin Verde Island Passage . A wannan lokacin, kawancen sun daidaita kariyar kusan hekta 17,000 (170)&nbsp;km ² ) ta hanyar yankuna 69 da aka kare daga ruwan teku. <ref name="Horigue2015">{{Cite journal |last=Horigue |first=V. |last2=Pressey |first2=R. L. |last3=Mills |first3=M. |display-authors=etal |year=2015 |title=Benefits and Challenges of Scaling Up Expansion of Marine Protected Area Networks in the Verde Island Passage, Central Philippines |journal=PLoS ONE |volume=10 |issue=8 |doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0135789 |pmc=4545830 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Kamfanin Conservation International Philippines abokin tarayya ne na gida don aikin Shirin Ci Gaban Majalisar Dinkin Duniya ''Ƙarfafa Tsarin Yankin Kare Ruwa don Kare Muhimman Yankunan Rayayyun Halittu na Ruwa (Tekun Smart Philippines)'' (2014 zuwa 2020). === Tekun Smart Teas Philippines === A ƙarƙashin aikin UNDP ''Smart Seas Philippines'' (2014 zuwa 2020), Conservation International Philippines ta tallafa wa aiki a wurare biyar na teku: kudancin Palawan, Verde Island Passage, Tañon Strait, Lanuza Bay, da Davao Gulf . Aikin ya shafi kimanin hekta 2,546,188 (25,462)&nbsp;km ² ) na ruwan birni, ya haɗa da muhimman yankuna 21 na halittu na ruwa, kuma ya goyi bayan haɓaka iya aiki don ingancin gudanarwa a yankuna 128 da aka kare daga ruwan teku da kuma ƙananan hukumomi 69. == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} h1ga6uc6l1ksqlsfu0348tdbf6phkdn 0 130179 894916 833057 2026-08-11T13:00:24Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 894916 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Yankin Namun Daji na Ƙasa na Cap Tourmente yanki''' ne na [[National Wildlife Area|Namun Daji na Ƙasa]] (NWA) wanda ke bakin tekun arewacin [[Saint Lawrence River|Kogin Saint Lawrence]] a Yankin [[Capitale-Nationale|Babban Birnin Lardin Ƙasa]] na [[Kebek (lardi)|Quebec]], Kanada, wanda aka kafa a ranar 28 ga Afrilu 1978. Yana ɗaya daga cikin mahimman wuraren zama ga [[Greater snow goose|babban tsuntsu mai dusar ƙanƙara]] yayin ƙaura. Dubban waɗannan tsuntsaye suna tsayawa don cin [[bullrush]] a lokacin bazara da kaka. An amince da [[Tidal wetland|dausayin ruwa]] a matsayin ƙasa mai dausayi mai mahimmanci ta duniya kamar yadda aka yi a [[Ramsar Convention|Yarjejeniyar Ramsar]] a 1981, wurin farko na Arewacin Amurka da ya sami wannan bambancin. <ref name="first2">{{Cite web |title=Greater Snow Goose |url=http://www.hww.ca/hww2.asp?cid=7&id=44 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101205074343/http://www.hww.ca/hww2.asp?cid=7&id=44 |archive-date=2010-12-05 |access-date=2010-12-15 |website=Hinterland Who's Who |publisher=[[Environment Canada]] and the [[Canadian Wildlife Federation]] |quote=In 1981, the Cap Tourmente NWA was declared North America's first Ramsar site, a site recognized as a wetland of international importance.}}</ref><gallery> Fayil:CapTourmenteOieBlanche.JPG|alt=Snow goose| Akuya mai dusar ƙanƙara Fayil:Spizelloides_arborea_CT5.jpg|alt=American tree sparrow (Spizelloides arborea)| Sparrow na bishiyar Amurka ( ''Spizelloides arborea'' ) </gallery> == Wuri == Cap Tourmente yana da nisan kilomita 50 daga [[Kebek (birni)|birnin Quebec]], kuma yana kan kogin St. Lawrence . Wurin shakatawa wani ɓangare ne na gundumar Saint-Joachim . Wurin wurin shakatawa yana a mahadar tsaunukan Appalachian, Garkuwar Kanada, da ƙananan filayen St. Lawrence . <ref name=":32">{{Cite web |last=Canada |first=Environment and Climate Change |date=2017-12-08 |title=Cap Tourmente National Wildlife Area |url=https://www.canada.ca/en/environment-climate-change/services/national-wildlife-areas/locations/cap-tourmente.html |access-date=2022-10-14 |website=www.canada.ca}}</ref> Saboda haka, wurin shakatawa yana da kyawawan ra'ayoyi na tsaunuka, filayen fadama, da filayen, wanda ke haifar da wurare daban-daban da kuma nau'ikan [[Shuka|tsirrai]] da [[Dabba|dabbobi]] iri-iri. Fadamar wurin shakatawa tana aiki azaman wuraren da tsuntsaye ke tsayawa da kuma wuraren kiwo, wanda ke ba da gudummawa ga mahimmancinsa a matsayin yanki mai kariya. Yankin yana a 47°03.860' N 70°47.774' W. <ref name=":32" /> == Tarihi == An sami wasu kayan tarihi na zamanin da na Amerindian a bakin teku, wanda ke nuna kasancewar 'yan asalin ƙasar sama da shekaru 2,000, tun daga akalla shekaru 2,400 da suka gabata. Shaidun sun nuna cewa ƙananan ƙungiyoyin St. Lawrence Iroquoians ne suka mamaye yankin, waɗanda suka kasance ƙungiyar da ta fi rinjaye a kwarin St. Lawrence tsawon ƙarni da yawa kafin isowar [[Turawa ta mallaki Amurka|Turawa]] . Sun rayu a [[Noma|fannin noma]], farauta da kamun kifi a yankin kwarin St. Lawrence. <ref name=":4">{{Cite web |last=Canada |first=Environment and Climate Change |date=2022-01-11 |title=Cap Tourmente National Wildlife Area: management plan 2020 |url=https://www.canada.ca/en/environment-climate-change/services/national-wildlife-areas/locations/cap-tourmente/management-plan.html |access-date=2022-11-07 |website=www.canada.ca |archive-date=2022-11-07 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221107061317/https://www.canada.ca/en/environment-climate-change/services/national-wildlife-areas/locations/cap-tourmente/management-plan.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> A ƙarshen ƙarni na 16, 'yan Iroquo na St. Lawrence sun ɓace a ɓoye, sun bar tsoffin yankunansu a wani lokaci tsakanin tafiya ta ƙarshe ta mai binciken Faransa [[Jacques Cartier]] a 1541—Cap Tourmente ita ce faɗuwar ƙasa ta farko ga [[Jacques Cartier]] a 1535—da kuma balaguron Samuel de Champlain a 1603. <ref>{{Cite web |title=St Lawrence Iroquoians {{!}} The Canadian Encyclopedia |url=https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/article/st-lawrence-iroquoians |access-date=2022-11-07 |website=www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca}}</ref> A cikin wurin mafakar namun daji akwai wani wurin [[gona]] mai tarihi, La Petite-Ferme du cap Tourmente, wanda Samuel de Champlain ya fara a shekarar 1626, a matsayin tushen abinci ga sabon mazaunin [[Kebek (birni)|Quebec City]] . Daga baya, an sayi gonar kuma an gudanar da ita tsawon kusan shekaru 300 ta hanyar Seminary na Quebec . Gidan gona da aka gina a kusa da 1667 har yanzu yana nan, kuma yana tsakiyar La Petite-Ferme du cap Tourmente National Historic Site, wanda aka keɓe a 2018. <ref name=":2">{{Cite web |last=Canada |first=Parks |date=2018-03-27 |title=Government of Canada Announces 12 New National Historic Designations |url=https://www.canada.ca/en/parks-canada/news/2018/03/government-of-canada-announces-12-new-national-historic-designations.html |access-date=2022-10-14 |website=www.canada.ca }}{{Dead link|date=May 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> Gwamnatin Kanada ta mallaki yankin a shekarar 1969. Daga baya aka amince da shi a matsayin Yankin Namun Daji na Ƙasa a shekarar 1978 kuma a matsayin ƙasa mai dausayi mai mahimmanci kamar yadda aka yi a yarjejeniyar Ramsar a shekarar 1981. == Namun daji == Yankin Namun Daji na Kasa na Cap Tourmente yana da wurare daban-daban na zama kuma ya ƙunshi hekta 400 na [[Tidal wetland|fadama mai zurfi]], hekta 100 na fili a bakin teku, hekta 700 na ƙasar noma da kuma hekta 1198 na [[Gandun Daji|daji]] . <ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Cap Tourmente {{!}} Ramsar Sites Information Service |url=https://rsis.ramsar.org/ris/214 |access-date=2022-10-14 |website=rsis.ramsar.org}}</ref> Gida ne ga nau'ikan dabbobi da tsirrai iri-iri, ciki har da nau'ikan dabbobi sama da 200 da nau'ikan tsire-tsire 700. Tsibirin da ke tsakanin teku, ciyawar bakin teku da kuma filayen bakin teku da kuma gandun daji iri-iri yana ba da matsuguni mai mahimmanci don tsara tsuntsayen da ke ƙaura kuma yana aiki a matsayin wurin kiwo na tsuntsaye. Nau'ikan dutsen NWA sun haɗa da babban tsuntsu mai dusar ƙanƙara, falcon peregrine, da warblers a lokacin bazara. <ref name=":3">{{Cite web |last=Canada |first=Environment and Climate Change |date=2017-12-08 |title=Cap Tourmente National Wildlife Area |url=https://www.canada.ca/en/environment-climate-change/services/national-wildlife-areas/locations/cap-tourmente.html |access-date=2022-10-14 |website=www.canada.ca}}</ref> === Nau'ikan mamaya === Ana ɗaukar tsire-tsire tara a matsayin masu cin zarafi . Faski na shanu, ciyawar shinge, da mannagrass na reed suna ko'ina, kuma ciyawar da aka saba da ita da kuma ciyawar Japan suna cikin nau'ikan da suka fi barazana ga masu cin zarafi a NWA. <ref name=":4"/> == Wuraren shakatawa == Ana iya ɗaukar wannan wurin shakatawa a matsayin wurin shakatawa na yanayi, inda ake ba wa baƙi damar shiga a lokutan da aka ƙayyade tare da ƙaramin kuɗin shiga (har zuwa $6 ga manya) har zuwa lokacin rufewa da ƙarfe 5 na yamma a mafi yawan kwanakin mako. <ref name=":3"/> Wurin shakatawa na iya ɗaukar baƙi har 40,000 a kowace shekara, tare da wuraren jan hankali kamar hanyoyin yawo, lura da yanayi, kallon tsuntsaye, wuraren shakatawa, da tafiye-tafiyen makaranta da aka tsara. Shafukan yanar gizo na hukuma suna ba da shawarar yin amfani da awanni 2-4 a kowace ziyara zuwa wurin shakatawa. <ref name=":3" /> Da wurin da wurin yake, wurin shakatawa da kansa gida ne ga tsuntsaye da yawa masu ƙaura tare da babban abin jan hankali shine manyan garken geese na dusar ƙanƙara. == Manazarta == 12i68ysq6dfmipezho7by1rrintrt8r 0 130963 895208 768718 2026-08-11T20:41:15Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 2 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 895208 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''Countess Eloise ta Orange-Nassau, Jonkvrouwe van Amsberg''' (Eloise Beatrix Sophie Laurence; an haife ta a ranar 8 ga Yuni 2002), a kafofin watsa labarai galibi ana yi mata lakabi da '''Eloise van Oranje''', ita ce 'ya ta farko kuma 'yar Yarima Constantijn da Gimbiya Laurentien ta Netherlands .<ref>[https://www.rtlnieuws.nl/entertainment/royalty/artikel/5182627/eloise-van-oranje-alerter-na-fotos-op-cover-roddelblad Eloise van Oranje is alerter na foto's op cover roddelblad] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230819141245/https://www.rtlnieuws.nl/entertainment/royalty/artikel/5182627/eloise-van-oranje-alerter-na-fotos-op-cover-roddelblad |date=2023-08-19 }} - website [[RTL Nieuws]]</ref><ref>[https://www.libelle.nl/mensen/eloise-van-oranje-bijzonder-openhartig/ Eloise van Oranje (18) is bijzonder openhartig in nieuwe Q&A op Instagram] - website [[Libelle (Nederlands weekblad)|Libelle]]</ref><ref>[https://www.instagram.com/eloisevanoranje/ eloisevanoranje] - officiële Instagram website van Eloise van Oranje</ref> Ita ce jika ta farko ta Sarauniya Beatrix da Yarima Claus na Netherlands . Ita memba ce ta dangin sarautar Holland kuma a halin yanzu ta biyar a layin gadon sarautar Holland . <ref>[http://www.koninklijkhuis.nl/english/Monarchy/Succession_to_the_throne/Current_line_of_succession.html Current line of succession] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110125170708/http://www.koninklijkhuis.nl/english/Monarchy/Succession_to_the_throne/Current_line_of_succession.html |date=25 January 2011 }} – Official website of the Dutch Royal House</ref> == Rayuwa == An haifi Countess Eloise a Asibitin HMC Bronovo da ke [[Hague]] . An yi wa Countess Eloise baftisma a cikin cocin Het Loo Palace da ke Apeldoorn a ranar 15 ga Disamba, 2002. Iyayenta su ne kawunta na uba, Yarima Friso, ɗan uwan mahaifinta na farko , Gimbiya Carolina, Marchioness of Sala, Yarima Mai Jiran Gado na Norway da Sophie van de Wow. <sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B; ''<nowiki><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (December 2024)">ana buƙatar ambato</span></nowiki>'' &#x5D;</sup> A shekarar 2021, ta rubuta wani littafi mai suna ''Learning by Doing'', game da gogewarta ta rabawa a shafukan sada zumunta. Wannan littafin yana magana ne game da salo, karatu, rayuwar gida, kayan kwalliya, girke-girke da shawarwari kan amincewa da kai. Ta fito a wani shiri na talabijin na shekarar 2024 mai ''suna The Masked Singer'' . <sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B; ''<nowiki><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (December 2024)">ana buƙatar ambato</span></nowiki>'' &#x5D;</sup> Tana da asusun [[Instagram]] na jama'a tare da mabiya sama da 400,000. Ita ma mai ƙirƙirar abun ciki ne [[TikTok|a TikTok]], kuma tana tara kuɗi ga mutanen da ke [[Zirin Gaza|yankin Gaza]] ta amfani da dandamalin. A watan Disamba na 2024, an yi wa gidanta da ke Amsterdam sata. == Salo, lakabi da sunaye == Ta hanyar Dokar Sarauta ta ranar 11 ga Mayu 2001, lamba 227, an ƙaddara cewa dukkan yara da zuriyar Yarima Constantijn na Netherlands za su ɗauki taken Count(ess) na Orange-Nassau (mai matsayi na sarauta) da kuma Jonkheer (Jonkvrouwe) van Amsberg mai salon "His/Her Highborn Lord/Lady" kuma suna da sunan mahaifi Van Oranje-Nassau van Amsberg . Bayan murabus ɗin Sarauniya Beatrix, wanda ya faru a ranar 30 ga Afrilu 2013, 'ya'yan Yarima Constantijn da Gimbiya Laurentien sun daina zama membobin gidan sarauta, duk da cewa suna ci gaba da kasancewa membobin gidan sarauta. <ref>[https://www.rtlnieuws.nl/entertainment/royalty/artikel/5182627/eloise-van-oranje-alerter-na-fotos-op-cover-roddelblad Eloise van Oranje is alerter na foto's op cover roddelblad] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230819141245/https://www.rtlnieuws.nl/entertainment/royalty/artikel/5182627/eloise-van-oranje-alerter-na-fotos-op-cover-roddelblad |date=2023-08-19 }} - website [[RTL Nieuws]]</ref> == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 2002]] 8l5thrnzgiusgq2yoq1q1j6owtxhch0 0 132847 895123 801813 2026-08-11T17:05:10Z Ummun Sultan 23935 895123 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Chew Hoong Ling''' ( Chinese; an haife ta a ranar 25 ga Disamban shekarar 1980 a [[Kuala Lumpur]], [[Maleshiya|Malaysia]] ) marubuciya ce ƴar [[Malaysian people|ƙasar Malaysia]], ƙwararriyar [[Master of ceremonies|mai ba da shawara kan bukukuwa]], mai magana mai ƙarfafa gwiwa kuma mai fafutukar kare haƙƙin jama'a kuma 'yar siyasa. Ta kasance tsohuwar mai gabatar da shirye-shiryen talabijin don wani shirin tattaunawa na Malay Selamat Pagi Malaysia (wanda aka fassara shi da "Good Morning Malaysia") a tashar talabijin ta ƙasar Malaysia, [[Radio Televisyen Malaysia]] (RTM). A halin yanzu ita ce mai masaukin baki a wani gidan rediyo na kan layi. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Host: Hoong Ling |url=http://www.inspire.fm/author/hoongling/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131214113929/http://www.inspire.fm/author/hoongling/ |archive-date=14 December 2013 |access-date=28 October 2013 |website=inspire.fm online radio |publisher=inspire.fm}}</ref> A shekarar 2009, ta shahara lokacin da ta ba da gudummawar wani ɓangare na [[Liver|hantarta]] ga wani baƙo. == Rayuwar farko == Iyayen Chew sun rabu lokacin da take da shekaru 5 kuma an rene ta a wani ƙaramin gari mai suna Teluk Intan, Perak. <ref>{{cite news |last=Regina |first=Lee |date=18 January 2012 |title=Organ donor seeks to inspire others via book |url=http://www.thestar.com.my/story.aspx?file=%2f2012%2f1%2f18%2fnation%2f10281856&sec=nation |accessdate=28 October 2013 |newspaper=The Star |archive-date=11 December 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131211113708/http://www.thestar.com.my/story.aspx?file=%2f2012%2f1%2f18%2fnation%2f10281856&sec=nation |url-status=dead }}</ref> An rene ta cikin tsauraran salon ladabtarwa kuma a makaranta, an horar da ita a ƙarƙashin ɗaya daga cikin rukunin kayan makarantar, St. John Ambulance. <ref>{{cite news |last=Yuk Peng |first=Lee |date=30 April 2009 |title=Ex-TV host donates liver to teenage girl |url=http://www.thestar.com.my/story.aspx?file=%2F2009%2F4%2F30%2Fnation%2F3800133&sec=nation |accessdate=28 October 2013 |newspaper=The Star |archive-date=11 December 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131211113705/http://www.thestar.com.my/story.aspx?file=%2F2009%2F4%2F30%2Fnation%2F3800133&sec=nation |url-status=dead }}</ref> Karatunta na farko yana makarantun Convent ne. Ta kammala karatunta da digirin girmamawa a fannin Tsarin Bayanai daga [[Jami'ar Yammacin London|Jami'ar Thames Valley]], Birtaniya. == Gudummawar gabobi == Bayan karanta wani labari a cikin wani littafi mai suna ''Life's Great Gifts'' <ref>{{cite news |date=16 August 2010 |title=A slice of life from Chew |url=http://www.thesundaily.my/node/139438 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131211223956/http://www.thesundaily.my/node/139438 |archive-date=11 December 2013 |accessdate=28 October 2013 |newspaper=The Sun Daily}}</ref> game da wata yarinya 'yar shekara goma sha ɗaya wadda ta yi alƙawarin bayar da gaɓoɓinta, ta sami kwarin gwiwa ta sanya hannu kan alƙawarin bayar da gaɓoɓinta tun tana 'yar shekara 13. Tun daga lokacin, ta tallata bayar da gaɓoɓinta kuma daga baya a shekarar 2009, ta ba da kashi 60% na hantarta ga wata yarinya 'yar ƙasar Malaysia, Lee An Qi, a Asibitin Gleneagles, Singapore. Ta rubuta littafi game da abin da ya faru, ''Ban san ku ba amma bari in cece ku'' da fassarar Sinanci 我把肝脏给了一位陌生人 (a zahiri an fassara shi da "Na ba da hanta ga baƙo"). A shekara ta 2010, an naɗa ta a matsayin memba na kwamitin wayar da kan jama'a game da gudummawar gabobi da nama a ƙarƙashin Ma'aikatar Lafiya ta Malaysia <ref name="edgemay">{{Cite web |last=Anandhi Gopinath |date=28 May 2012 |title=Young transformers |url=http://my.news.yahoo.com/young-transformers-160000427.html |access-date=5 December 2013 |website=The Edge Malaysia |archive-date=14 December 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131214033447/http://my.news.yahoo.com/young-transformers-160000427.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> kuma a shekara ta 2013, ta naɗa ɗaya daga cikin Jakadun Gudummawar Gaba don haɓaka bayar da gudummawar gabobi a Malaysia wadda ke da rajistar mutane kusan 200,000 kacal. == Fafutukar zamantakewa == Chew ta fara fafutuka a makaranta, tana bauta wa wani mai fafutukar kare hakkin jama'a na yankin, Tan Sri [[Lee Lam Thye]] kuma koyaushe tana son zama kamar abin bauta mata. Ta kasance mai himma a cikin [[St. John Ambulance of Malaysia|motar daukar marasa lafiya ta St. John ta Malaysia]] tun lokacin makaranta. Bayan ta bar makaranta an kara mata matsayi zuwa Jami'ar Sashen kuma ta riƙe mukamin Jami'ar Ma'aikata ta Ƙasa a ƙarshe kafin ta yi murabus a shekarar 2009. A unguwarsu, ta shiga cikin shirye-shiryen hana aikata laifuka sosai kuma ita ce ta kafa Pandan Jaya Neighbourhood Watch. Ita ce ta kafa Voice of Women, wani dandali ga sauran matasa mata da ke son bayar da gudummawa ga al'umma. <ref name="edgemay"/> Ta hanyar kungiyar, ta "ta shawo kan Sunlight Radio Taxi ta sa direbobin tasi 100 su tashi da ribbons kore da kuma raba takardu ga fasinjoji don tallata gudummawar gabobi. Ta hanyar kungiyar, wasu mata suma sun fito don yin wasu ayyuka masu ma'ana ga sassa daban-daban na al'umma." <ref name="edgemay" /> == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1980]] m6qykumxbj1q15l5iszz14k1bbacds8 895124 895123 2026-08-11T17:05:33Z Ummun Sultan 23935 895124 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Chew Hoong Ling''' ( Chinese; an haife ta a ranar 25 ga Disamban shekarar 1980 a [[Kuala Lumpur]], [[Maleshiya|Malaysia]] ) marubuciya ce ƴar [[Malaysian people|ƙasar Malaysia]], ƙwararriyar [[Master of ceremonies|mai ba da shawara kan bukukuwa]], mai magana mai ƙarfafa gwiwa kuma mai fafutukar kare haƙƙin jama'a kuma 'yar siyasa. Ta kasance tsohuwar mai gabatar da shirye-shiryen talabijin don wani shirin tattaunawa na Malay Selamat Pagi Malaysia (wanda aka fassara shi da "Good Morning Malaysia") a tashar talabijin ta ƙasar Malaysia, [[Radio Televisyen Malaysia]] (RTM). A halin yanzu ita ce mai masaukin baki a wani gidan rediyo na kan layi. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Host: Hoong Ling |url=http://www.inspire.fm/author/hoongling/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131214113929/http://www.inspire.fm/author/hoongling/ |archive-date=14 December 2013 |access-date=28 October 2013 |website=inspire.fm online radio |publisher=inspire.fm}}</ref> A shekarar 2009, ta shahara lokacin da ta ba da gudummawar wani ɓangare na [[Liver|hantarta]] ga wani baƙo. == Rayuwar farko == Iyayen Chew sun rabu lokacin da take da shekaru 5 kuma an rene ta a wani ƙaramin gari mai suna Teluk Intan, Perak. <ref>{{cite news |last=Regina |first=Lee |date=18 January 2012 |title=Organ donor seeks to inspire others via book |url=http://www.thestar.com.my/story.aspx?file=%2f2012%2f1%2f18%2fnation%2f10281856&sec=nation |accessdate=28 October 2013 |newspaper=The Star |archive-date=11 December 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131211113708/http://www.thestar.com.my/story.aspx?file=%2f2012%2f1%2f18%2fnation%2f10281856&sec=nation |url-status=dead }}</ref> An rene ta cikin tsauraran salon ladabtarwa kuma a makaranta, an horar da ita a ƙarƙashin ɗaya daga cikin rukunin kayan makarantar, St. John Ambulance. <ref>{{cite news |last=Yuk Peng |first=Lee |date=30 April 2009 |title=Ex-TV host donates liver to teenage girl |url=http://www.thestar.com.my/story.aspx?file=%2F2009%2F4%2F30%2Fnation%2F3800133&sec=nation |accessdate=28 October 2013 |newspaper=The Star |archive-date=11 December 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131211113705/http://www.thestar.com.my/story.aspx?file=%2F2009%2F4%2F30%2Fnation%2F3800133&sec=nation |url-status=dead }}</ref> Karatunta na farko yana makarantun Convent ne. Ta kammala karatunta da digirin girmamawa a fannin Tsarin Bayanai daga [[Jami'ar Yammacin London|Jami'ar Thames Valley]], Birtaniya. == Gudummawar gabobi == Bayan karanta wani labari a cikin wani littafi mai suna ''Life's Great Gifts'' <ref>{{cite news |date=16 August 2010 |title=A slice of life from Chew |url=http://www.thesundaily.my/node/139438 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131211223956/http://www.thesundaily.my/node/139438 |archive-date=11 December 2013 |accessdate=28 October 2013 |newspaper=The Sun Daily}}</ref> game da wata yarinya 'yar shekara goma sha ɗaya wadda ta yi alƙawarin bayar da gaɓoɓinta, ta sami kwarin gwiwa ta sanya hannu kan alƙawarin bayar da gaɓoɓinta tun tana 'yar shekara 13. Tun daga lokacin, ta tallata bayar da gaɓoɓinta kuma daga baya a shekarar 2009, ta ba da kashi 60% na hantarta ga wata yarinya 'yar ƙasar Malaysia, Lee An Qi, a Asibitin Gleneagles, Singapore. Ta rubuta littafi game da abin da ya faru, ''Ban san ku ba amma bari in cece ku'' da fassarar Sinanci 我把肝脏给了一位陌生人 (a zahiri an fassara shi da "Na ba da hanta ga baƙo"). A shekara ta 2010, an naɗa ta a matsayin memba na kwamitin wayar da kan jama'a game da gudummawar gabobi da nama a ƙarƙashin Ma'aikatar Lafiya ta Malaysia <ref name="edgemay">{{Cite web |last=Anandhi Gopinath |date=28 May 2012 |title=Young transformers |url=http://my.news.yahoo.com/young-transformers-160000427.html |access-date=5 December 2013 |website=The Edge Malaysia |archive-date=14 December 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131214033447/http://my.news.yahoo.com/young-transformers-160000427.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> kuma a shekara ta 2013, ta naɗa ɗaya daga cikin Jakadun Gudummawar Gaba don haɓaka bayar da gudummawar gabobi a Malaysia wadda ke da rajistar mutane kusan 200,000 kacal. == Fafutukar zamantakewa == Chew ta fara fafutuka a makaranta, tana bauta wa wani mai fafutukar kare hakkin jama'a na yankin, Tan Sri [[Lee Lam Thye]] kuma koyaushe tana son zama kamar abin bauta mata. Ta kasance mai himma a cikin [[St. John Ambulance of Malaysia|motar daukar marasa lafiya ta St. John ta Malaysia]] tun lokacin makaranta. Bayan ta bar makaranta an kara mata matsayi zuwa Jami'ar Sashen kuma ta riƙe mukamin Jami'ar Ma'aikata ta Ƙasa a ƙarshe kafin ta yi murabus a shekarar 2009. A unguwarsu, ta shiga cikin shirye-shiryen hana aikata laifuka sosai kuma ita ce ta kafa Pandan Jaya Neighbourhood Watch. Ita ce ta kafa Voice of Women, wani dandali ga sauran matasa mata da ke son bayar da gudummawa ga al'umma. <ref name="edgemay"/> Ta hanyar kungiyar, ta "ta shawo kan Sunlight Radio Taxi ta sa direbobin tasi 100 su tashi da ribbons kore da kuma raba takardu ga fasinjoji don tallata gudummawar gabobi. Ta hanyar ƙungiyar, wasu mata suma sun fito don yin wasu ayyuka masu ma'ana ga sassa daban-daban na al'umma." <ref name="edgemay" /> == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1980]] 8yatcdhcifsd74pwfb5z7xjnb4tpzlu 0 134003 895350 890911 2026-08-12T04:19:41Z Baffa ali 47435 /* growthexperiments-addlink-summary-summary:3|0|0 */ 895350 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''Brian Charles Booth''' MBE (19 ga Oktoba 1933 - 19 ga Mayu 2023) ɗan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa ne na Australiya wanda ya buga Wasanni 29 na gwaji tsakanin shekarar 1961 da 1966, da kuma wasanni 93 na farko na New South Wales . Ya jagoranci [[Asturaliya|Australia]] a gwaje-gwaje biyu a lokacin jerin Ashes na 1965-66 yayin da kyaftin din Bob Simpson na yau da kullun bai kasance ba saboda rashin lafiya da rauni. Booth ya kasance mai kyau mai tsakiya na tsakiya a No. 4 ko 5, kuma a wasu lokuta yana buga matsakaicin matsakaicin hannun dama ko kuma ya fita. Yana da sha'awar amfani da ƙafafunsa don cajin Masu jefa kwallo. Booth an san shi da kwarewarsa a fagen wasa kuma sau da yawa yana kiran Kiristanci yayin tattauna ƙa'idoji da wasanni. An haife shi a kusa da garin Bathurst na ƙasar New South Wales, Booth ya koma [[Sydney]] a 1952 kuma ya taka leda a gasar wasan [[kurket]] yayin da yake horo don zama malami. Ya fara buga wasan farko na tawagar wasan kurket ta New South Wales kuma ya zama sananne a cikin yanayi mai ban mamaki a wasan sa na biyu, a kan 'yan Ingila masu yawon shakatawa a 1954-55. Saboda janyewa da wuri, an zaɓi Booth a ƙarshen sanarwa kuma dole ne a kira shi daga aiki a safiyar wasan. Da ya zo bayan fara wasan, ya zira kwallaye 74 bayan faduwar batting. Booth ya yi ƙoƙari ya yi tasiri a farkon aikinsa kuma ya rasa kakar wasa don horar da ƙungiyar wasan hockey ta Australiya don Wasannin Olympics na 1956 a Melbourne. Bayan ya dawo wasan kurket na farko a shekarar 1957-58, ya rike matsayi na yau da kullun a cikin tawagar jihar yayin da 'yan wasan Test ke yawon shakatawa a kasashen waje. Booth a hankali ya ci gaba kuma ya sami zaɓi a 1959-60 Australian Second XI yawon shakatawa zuwa [[Sabuwar Zelandiya|New Zealand]]. An zaɓi Booth don ƙungiyar Australiya da ta zagaya Ingila a 1961 kuma ta taka leda a gwaje-gwaje biyu na ƙarshe. Bayan ya dawo Ostiraliya, Booth ya yi ƙarni biyu a cikin jerin gwajin gida na 1962-63 da Ingila, ya kafa kansa a cikin ƙungiyar gwajin. Ya ci gaba da ƙarni biyu a lokacin rani mai zuwa a kan [[Afirka ta Kudu]] kuma an ba shi suna dan wasan Australiya na shekara. Bayan ritaya na Richie Benaud, an nada Booth mataimakin kyaftin a karkashin Simpson yayin da Ostiraliya ta fara rangadin Ingila na 1964, wanda ya ga riƙe Ashes. Booth ya buga wasan gwaji na karshe a 1965-66 a kan Ingila, inda ya jagoranci Australia a gwaje-gwaje na farko da na uku saboda Simpson ya kasance a gefe tare da karyewar wuyan hannu da [[Ƙaranbau|chickenpox]] bi da bi. An zana gwajin farko amma Ostiraliya ta fadi zuwa kashi na farko a cikin kusan shekaru goma a gwajin na uku. Kamar yadda yake cikin raguwa, an bar Booth yayin da masu zabar Australiya suka yi canje-canje masu yawa, suna kawo karshen aikinsa. A lokacin da ya yi ritaya, Booth ya koma aikinsa na koyarwa kuma ya yi aiki a matsayin mai wa'azi na Baptist. An shigar da shi cikin Hall of Fame na Cricket NSW a shekarar 2014. == Shekaru na farko == The son of "Snowy" Booth, a market gardener and talented country cricketer, Booth was born in Perthville, located {{Convert|9|km|mi}} outside the New South Wales regional town of Bathurst. His father hung pictures of Don Bradman and Stan McCabe on the wall and told him that "these are the two greatest living cricketers". Booth represented Bathurst High School at the age of 13 and played first grade cricket in Bathurst at 15. He was selected for a New South Wales youth countryside at the age of just 14. In 1950, Booth represented New South Wales Country against a combined Sydney team, and moved to St. George to play on a weekly basis two years later.<ref name="pollard" /> He made the first grade team at the age of 19 and began a four-year course at Sydney Teachers College. Booth also played hockey in Perthville and began playing for St George upon his arrival in Sydney. Booth ya fara buga wasan farko na [[Cricket bat|bat]]-linkid="283" href="./New_South_Wales_cricket_team" id="mwWA" rel="mw:WikiLink" title="New South Wales cricket team">New South Wales a kan Queensland a 1954-55 Sheffield Shield . Ya yi [[Duck (cricket)|Duck]]_(cricket)" id="mwWw" rel="mw:WikiLink" title="Duck (cricket)">Duck a cikin innings na farko kafin ya kara 19 a cikin na biyu.<ref name="o"/> New South Wales ta lashe, <ref name="o" /> amma an bar Booth lokacin da 'yan wasan Test suka dawo daga aikin kasa da kasa. <ref name="r275">Robinson, p. 275.</ref> An tuno da Booth wata daya bayan haka don wasan da Len Hutton ta Ingila a Sydney Cricket Ground . Arthur Morris da Bill Watson sun janye a ƙarshen sanarwa kuma an nemi Booth ya yi wasa, bayan ya riga ya fara aikinsa na ranar a matsayin malami a Kwalejin Aikin Gona ta Hurlstone. Ya kama jirgin kasa kuma ya isa ƙasa fiye da rabin sa'a bayan fara wasan, lokacin da New South Wales ta rushe zuwa 3/12. New South Wales ya ci gaba da faduwa zuwa 5/26 kafin Booth ya zo tare da ƙwanƙwasawa da aka aro kuma ya shiga Peter Philpott. Sun sanya haɗin gwiwa na 83, kuma Booth daga ƙarshe ya gama innings ba tare ba a ci nasara ba a kan 74 yayin da masu masaukin suka ninka don 172. <ref name="o" /> Booth ya yi duck a wasan na biyu kuma ya dauki wicket na farko yayin da New South Wales ta ci mutanen Hutton. Rashin yawon bude ido ne kawai ya yi nasara a yakin, <ref name="o" /> kuma wasan karshe a kakar wasa ta farko ta Booth.<ref>Booth and White, p. 35.</ref> Booth yana da ƙananan lokaci a cikin 1955-56, yana gwagwarmaya don samun matsayi na yau da kullun a cikin ƙungiyar New South Wales. Kamar yadda babu wasannin kasa da kasa a lokacin bazara, <ref name="auslist">{{Cite web |title=List of match results (by year) Australia – Test matches |url=http://stats.cricinfo.com/australia/engine/records/team/match_results_year.html?class=1;id=2;type=team |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071224153942/http://stats.cricinfo.com/australia/engine/records/team/match_results_year.html?class=1%3Bid%3D2%3Btype%3Dteam |archive-date=24 December 2007 |access-date=4 December 2007 |website=[[ESPNcricinfo]]}}</ref> 'yan wasan Test suna samuwa ga duk yakin. Ya taka leda a wasanni shida kuma yana da 'yan dama kaɗan, yana gudanar da gudu 157 kawai a 31.40, ya wuce hamsin a lokaci ɗaya kawai.<ref>Booth and White, p. 9.</ref> New South Wales ta ci gaba da da da'awar hat-trick na Sheffield Shield titles.<ref name="s">{{Cite web |last=Williamson |first=Martin |title=A history of the Sheffield Shield |url=http://content-www.cricinfo.com/australia/content/story/260057.html |access-date=30 November 2007 |website=[[ESPNcricinfo]] |archive-date=25 November 2007 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071125220530/http://content-www.cricinfo.com/australia/content/story/260057.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> An zaɓi Booth don ƙungiyar hockey ta New South Wales a 1955 kuma ya zagaya New Zealand a 1956. Kyakkyawan wasan kwaikwayon a wannan yawon shakatawa ya haifar da zabinsa a cikin tawagar wasannin Olympics ta Australiya don Wasannin Olympics na bazara na 1956 a [[Melbourne]], amma yana da jira mai damuwa bayan da'awar kafofin watsa labarai cewa ya karɓi kuɗin da aka kashe don yin wasan kurket, wanda zai sa ya zama ƙwararre sabili da haka bai cancanci shiga gasar Olympics ba. A ƙarshe, an cire Booth da 'yan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa na farko Ian Dick da Maurice Foley don su buga wa Australia wasa. Booth ya rasa kakar Sheffield Shield ta 1956-57 saboda ya kasance daga cikin tawagar wasan hockey ta Australiya wacce ta kammala ta biyar a gasar Olympics. <ref>Booth and White, p. 35.</ref> An zaɓi Booth a matsayin hagu na ciki amma ba a yi amfani da shi a kowane wasannin Ostiraliya ba har sai wasannin rarrabuwa na matsayi na 5 zuwa 8 <ref>Booth and White, p. 9.</ref> A cikin 1957-58, Kungiyar gwajin Australiya ta zagaya Afirka ta Kudu a lokacin rani na kudancin, <ref name="auslist"/> ta buɗe damar a gasar Shield a Australia. Booth ya kafa kansa a matakin farko tare da gudu 503 a 50.30.<ref name="o"/> Bayan ya zira kwallaye biyu da hamsin, ya tsallake don ƙarni na farko na farko da ya yi da Victoria a Sydney Cricket Ground, a wasan karshe na kakar.<ref name="o" /> Ya sanya haɗin gwiwa na 325 tare da abokin aikin Test na gaba Norm O'Neill a kasa da sa'o'i hudu. Wannan shi ne karo na goma sha biyar na farko, <ref name="auslist" /> <ref name="o" /> kuma ya taimaka wa jiharsa ta sami lambar yabo ta biyar a jere tare da nasara goma a kan manyan abokan hamayyarsu.<ref name="s"/> Tare da 'yan wasan Test da suka dawo Australia a 1958-59, Booth ya sake fuskantar karin gasa don wurare. Ya yi gwagwarmaya, ya buga wasanni shida kuma ya tara gudu 190 kawai a 31.66. <ref>Booth and White, p. 9.</ref> Ya yi wasanni shida kawai a duk kakar, kuma a cikin damar da ya samu a kan 'yan Ingila na Peter May, ya yi duck. Booth ya wuce 50 a lokuta biyu a lokacin kakar, ya yi 75 da 85.<ref name="o" /> A cikin wasan da ya yi da Kudancin Australia, ya dauki 0/97 tare da saurin sa na ɗan lokaci.<ref name="o" /><ref name="az" /> == Ƙarfafawa na aji na farko == [[Fayil:Brian_Booth_graph.png|alt=Booth's blue line hovered around the 60 mark from the start of his career in 1961, until the later half when it declined to around 40. In the last year of his career in 1965–66, it began sloping downwards towards 20. He scored four of his five centuries in 1964 and before.|left|thumb|240x240px|Ayyukan gwajin Booth. Red bars suna nuna gudu da ya zira kwallaye a cikin innings, tare da layin shuɗi yana nuna Matsakaicin batting a cikin inings goma da suka gabata. Dots masu launin shudi suna nuna innings inda bai kasance ba.<ref name="testlist">{{Cite web |title=Statsguru – BC Booth – Tests – Innings by innings list |url=http://statserver.cricket.org/guru?sdb=player;playerid=1153;class=testplayer;filter=basic;team=0;opposition=0;notopposition=0;season=0;homeaway=0;continent=0;country=0;notcountry=0;groundid=0;startdefault=1961-07-27;start=1961-07-27;enddefault=1966-01-11;end=1966-01-11;tourneyid=0;finals=0;daynight=0;toss=0;scheduledovers=0;scheduleddays=0;innings=0;result=0;followon=0;seriesresult=0;captain=0;keeper=0;dnp=0;recent=;viewtype=aro_list;runslow=;runshigh=;batposition=0;dismissal=0;bowposition=0;ballslow=;ballshigh=;bpof=0;overslow=;overshigh=;conclow=;conchigh=;wicketslow=;wicketshigh=;dismissalslow=;dismissalshigh=;caughtlow=;caughthigh=;caughttype=0;stumpedlow=;stumpedhigh=;csearch=;submit=1;.cgifields=viewtype |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://archive.today/20130414134806/http://statserver.cricket.org/guru?sdb=player;playerid=1153;class=testplayer;filter=basic;team=0;opposition=0;notopposition=0;season=0;homeaway=0;continent=0;country=0;notcountry=0;groundid=0;startdefault=1961-07-27;start=1961-07-27;enddefault=1966-01-11;end=1966-01-11;tourneyid=0;finals=0;daynight=0;toss=0;scheduledovers=0;scheduleddays=0;innings=0;result=0;followon=0;seriesresult=0;captain=0;keeper=0;dnp=0;recent=;viewtype=aro_list;runslow=;runshigh=;batposition=0;dismissal=0;bowposition=0;ballslow=;ballshigh=;bpof=0;overslow=;overshigh=;conclow=;conchigh=;wicketslow=;wicketshigh=;dismissalslow=;dismissalshigh=;caughtlow=;caughthigh=;caughttype=0;stumpedlow=;stumpedhigh=;csearch=;submit=1;.cgifields=viewtype |archive-date=14 April 2013 |access-date=2 April 2007 |website=[[ESPNcricinfo]]}}</ref> ]] Kungiyar ta kasa ta zagaya [[Geology na yankin Indiya|Yankin Indiya]] a lokacin kakar 1959-60 ta Australiya, <ref name="auslist"/> ta buɗe ƙarin wuraren zama a matakin cikin gida. Booth yana da karfi a kakar wasa ta farko, inda ya zira kwallaye 718 a 65.27 tare da ƙarni biyu don sanya na uku a kan jimillar gudu.<ref>Booth and White, p. 9.</ref> Ya fara kakar wasa tare da 168 yayin da New South Wales ta doke Queensland ta hanyar innings kafin ya zira kwallaye 177 biyu daga baya a cikin nasarar innings a kan Kudancin Australia.<ref name="o">{{Cite web |title=Player Oracle BC Booth |url=https://cricketarchive.com/cgi-bin/player_oracle_reveals_results2.cgi?playernumber=1153&opponentmatch=exact&playername=Meckiff&resulttype=All&matchtype=All&teammatch=exact&startwicket=&homeawaytype=All&opponent=&endwicket=&wicketkeeper=&searchtype=InningsList&endscore=&playermatch=contains&branding=cricketarchive&captain=&endseason=&startscore=&team=&startseason= |access-date=14 May 2009 |publisher=CricketArchive}}</ref> Jiharsa ta kammala nasarar Sheffield Shield ta bakwai a jere.<ref name="s"/> Ayyukan Booth sun ga an zaba shi don [[New Zealand cricket team|New Zealand]] in 1959–60">Kungiyar Australiya ta biyu da ta zagaya New Zealand a ƙarƙashin kyaftin din Ian Craig . Ya zira kwallaye 105 a wasansa na farko ga kasarsa, a nasarar da ya samu a kan [[Auckland]].<ref name="o"/> Booth ya zira kwallaye 184 a 30.66 kuma ya dauki wickets uku a 25.00 a wasanni hudu na kasa da kasa da New Zealand.<ref name="o" /> Booth ya yi la'akari da yin ritaya bayan kakar, yana jin cewa lokacin da ake buƙata don wasan kurket na farko yana shafar aikinsa a matsayin mai wa'azi da kuma ma'aikacin matasa na Kirista. [[Rukuni:Mutuwan 2023]] [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1933]] b0chh8zndmd0vvpvt1gbv3ldh244knj 0 134017 895313 793388 2026-08-11T23:51:14Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 895313 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''David Michael dos Santos Miranda''' (; 10 ga Mayu 1985 - 9 ga Mayu 2023) ɗan siyasan Brazil ne. Ya kasance dan majalisa na Tarayya wanda ke wakiltar jihar [[Rio de Janeiro]], yana aiki daga 2019 har zuwa 2023, kuma yana da alaƙa da Jam'iyyar Democrat Labour Party (PDT), bayan ya sauya jam'iyyun daga Jam'iyyar Socialism da Liberty Party (PSOL) a cikin 2022.<ref name="BBC2">{{Cite web |date=24 January 2019 |title=Jean Wyllys: Gay Brazil politician will not return over death threats |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-latin-america-46996206 |access-date=9 May 2018 |website=BBC News}}</ref><ref name="2022PartySwitchPDT">{{Cite web |last=Miranda |first=David |date=22 January 2022 |title=Tempos de mudança |url=https://davidmirandario.com.br/2022/01/22/tempos-de-mudanca/ |access-date=23 January 2022 |website=David Miranda |language=pt-BR |archive-date=2 August 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220802182802/https://davidmirandario.com.br/2022/01/22/tempos-de-mudanca/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> Kafin wannan, ya kasance wakilin gari wanda ke wakiltar birnin Rio de Janeiro . Miranda kuma ta taka muhimmiyar rawa a cikin sa ido na duniya na Edward Snowden.{{IPA|pt|ˈdejvidʒi miˈɾɐ̃dɐ|lang}}{{IPA|pt|ˈdejvidʒi miˈɾɐ̃dɐ|lang}}{{IPA|pt|ˈdejvidʒi miˈɾɐ̃dɐ|lang}} A cikin 2019, mujallar Time ta sanya wa Miranda suna a matsayin daya daga cikin sabbin shugabannin duniya na gaba. == Yunkurin sa ido na duniya == [[Fayil:Greenwald_and_Miranda.jpg|left|thumb|Miranda da mijinta Glenn Greenwald a cikin 2013]] A watan Agustan shekara ta 2013, Miranda tana dauke da yatsa tare da kayan da Edward Snowden ya bayar lokacin da gwamnatin Burtaniya ta tsare shi a Filin jirgin saman Heathrow na London a karkashin Schedule 7 na Dokar Ta'addanci ta 2000 a kan tsayawa tsakanin Berlin da Rio de Janeiro.[1][2] Laura Poitras ce ta ba Miranda kayan, wanda aka nufa wa mijinta, ɗan jaridar Amurka Glenn Greenwald. An kwace kayansa, gami da yatsan yatsa da sauran kayan aikin lantarki.[2][3] Greenwald ya bayyana tsare abokin aikinsa a matsayin "a bayyane yake an yi niyyar aika saƙon tsoratarwa ga waɗanda ke ba da rahoto game da NSA da GCHQ".[4] Miranda ta bayyana yadda hukumomin Burtaniya suka bi da shi a matsayin " azabtar da hankali" kuma daga baya ya ce, "Na tabbata ina tafiya zuwa Guantanamo har abada" Miranda ta jagoranci kamfen ɗin ga gwamnatin Brazil don ba da mafaka ta siyasa ga Edward Snowden <ref>{{Cite news |date=18 August 2013 |title=Glenn Greenwald's partner detained at Heathrow airport for nine hours |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2013/aug/18/glenn-greenwald-guardian-partner-detained-heathrow |access-date=10 May 2023 |work=The Guardian |language=en-GB |issn=0261-3077}}</ref> kuma ta yi aiki tare da Greenwald, don buga wahayi da ke cikin ɓoyewar Snowden da ke ba da cikakken bayani game da sa ido na jama'a ta [[Hukumar Tsaro ta Kasa]] (NSA). Ya sadu da Luciana Genro, dan takarar PSOL a Zaben shugaban kasa na Brazil na 2014, kuma ya sami jajircewarta na fadada mafaka ga Snowden idan aka zabe shi. Yawancin jama'ar Brazil sun goyi bayan yakin, wanda ya kasa shawo kan gwamnatin Dilma Rousseff.<ref>{{cite news |last=Greenwald |first=Glenn |date=19 August 2013 |title=Glenn Greenwald: detaining my partner was a failed attempt at intimidation |url=https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2013/aug/18/david-miranda-detained-uk-nsa |url-status=live |archive-url=https://archive.today/20130819070123/http://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2013/aug/18/david-miranda-detained-uk-nsa |archive-date=19 August 2013 |work=The Guardian |location=London, UK}}</ref> == Ayyukan siyasa == A cikin 2016, an zabi Miranda da abokinsa [[Marielle Franco]] a matsayin 'yan majalisa na LGBTQ na farko a tarihin Rio. <ref>{{Cite news |date=18 August 2013 |title=Glenn Greenwald's partner detained at Heathrow airport for nine hours |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2013/aug/18/glenn-greenwald-guardian-partner-detained-heathrow |access-date=10 May 2023 |work=The Guardian |language=en-GB |issn=0261-3077}}</ref> Miranda ta mayar da hankali da farko kan batutuwan al'ummar LGBT da sauran ɓangarorin da aka ware na yawan mutanen Rio. Miranda da iyalinsa sun yi tafiya a cikin mota mai tsayayya da harsashi tun lokacin da aka kashe Franco a watan Maris na shekara ta 2018. <ref name="Bernstein2018" /> A cikin 2018, an zabi Miranda a matsayin mai maye gurbin mataimakin PSOL Jean Wyllys . Lokacin da Wyllys, memba na LGBT, ya sanar a watan Janairun 2019 cewa ya bar kasar saboda barazanar mutuwa, Miranda, wanda shi ma memba ne na PSOL, ya ɗauki matsayin Wyllys a cikin Majalisar Wakilai. Bayan ya hau kujerarsa, Miranda ya fara karɓar "daruruwan" barazanar mutuwa. Joice Hasselmann, wakilin jam'iyyar tsohon shugaban kasar [[Jair Bolsonaro]], ya zargi Miranda da sayen kujerarsa. Saboda tsoratar da magoya bayan Hasselmann da Bolsonaro suka yi a lokacin Vaza Jato da ke ba da rahoton cewa Greenwald ya shiga ciki, Miranda ya bayyana cewa ya fara shan magungunan rigakafi kuma shi da Greenwald sun bar gidansu da wuya kuma kawai tare da masu tsaron jiki da aka hayar. A ranar 11 ga Satumba 2019, jaridar O Globo ta ruwaito <ref>{{Cite news |date=18 August 2013 |title=Glenn Greenwald's partner detained at Heathrow airport for nine hours |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2013/aug/18/glenn-greenwald-guardian-partner-detained-heathrow |access-date=10 May 2023 |work=The Guardian |language=en-GB |issn=0261-3077}}</ref> cewa binciken da wani bangare na Ma'aikatar Tattalin Arziki ta Brazil ya yi ya gano dala miliyan 2.5 a cikin ma'amaloli masu tuhuma a cikin asusun banki na Miranda a cikin shekara guda daga 2018 zuwa 2019, gami da ajiya daga ma'aikatan yanzu da na baya. A sakamakon haka, Ma'aikatar Jama'a ta bude bincike kan kudadensa. A cewar rahotanni na kafofin watsa labarai, masu bincike sun zargi Miranda da "ɓoye asalin" kudaden da kuma shiga cikin wani aikin da ba bisa ka'ida ba da aka sani da "{{Interlanguage link|rachadinha|pt}} [pt]", inda ma'aikatan gwamnati da ke aiki a ofisoshin zaɓaɓɓun jami'an suka karkatar da wani ɓangare na albashinsu ga shugabansu. Glenn Greenwald ya zargi Ma'aikatar Jama'a ta Brazil, wacce ke wakiltar masu gabatar da kara, da kaddamar da binciken da kuma fitar da shi saboda dalilai na siyasa, saboda sa hannu a gano cin hanci da rashawa da nuna son kai na siyasa tsakanin masu gabatar da karar Brazil da alƙalai da ke da hannu a cikin aikin Lava Jato.<ref>{{cite news |date=22 August 2013 |title=David Miranda: "I was subject to psychological torture" |url=http://www.dw.com/en/david-miranda-i-was-subject-to-psychological-torture/a-17039702 |publisher=[[Deutsche Welle]]}}</ref> Dan takarar shugaban kasa na tsakiya na hagu na 2018 Ciro Gomes da masanin tsakiya na dama Reinaldo Azevedo dukansu sun bayyana binciken da aka yi wa Miranda kamar yadda aka samo daga ruhun 'yan sanda da tsanantawa ta siyasa. <ref>{{Cite news |date=18 August 2013 |title=Glenn Greenwald's partner detained at Heathrow airport for nine hours |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2013/aug/18/glenn-greenwald-guardian-partner-detained-heathrow |access-date=10 May 2023 |work=The Guardian |language=en-GB |issn=0261-3077}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last=Greenwald |first=Glenn |date=19 August 2013 |title=Glenn Greenwald: detaining my partner was a failed attempt at intimidation |url=https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2013/aug/18/david-miranda-detained-uk-nsa |url-status=live |archive-url=https://archive.today/20130819070123/http://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2013/aug/18/david-miranda-detained-uk-nsa |archive-date=19 August 2013 |work=The Guardian |location=London, UK}}</ref> Bayan 'yan kwanaki bayan haka, Miranda da Greenwald sun buɗe asusun banki don samun damar jama'a, kuma sun kalubalanci iyalin Bolsonaro su bi hakan.<ref>{{Cite news |date=18 August 2013 |title=Glenn Greenwald's partner detained at Heathrow airport for nine hours |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2013/aug/18/glenn-greenwald-guardian-partner-detained-heathrow |access-date=10 May 2023 |work=The Guardian |language=en-GB |issn=0261-3077}}</ref>&nbsp; ==Manazarta== {{Reflist}} [[Rukuni:Mutuwan 2023]] [[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1985]] agfce07zhoemjcjw7f1ow9giu5a4q3k 0 135975 895307 778852 2026-08-11T23:03:54Z Nnamadee 31123 895307 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} A yakin duniya na farko, Albania ta kasance ƙasa mai zaman kanta, bayan ta sami 'yancin kai daga [[Daular Usmaniyya|Daular Ottoman]] a ranar 28 ga Nuwamba 1912, a lokacin Yaƙin Balkan na farko . Babban iko ya amince da shi a matsayin Principality of Albania, bayan Daular Ottoman ta yi watsi da dukkan hakkokinta a watan Mayu na shekara ta 1913. {{Sfn|Richard C. Hall|2014}} Da yake sabuwar ƙasa ce, da sauri ta ɓace kuma 'yan watanni bayan karɓar iko, an tilasta wa mai mulkin Jamus, Yarima Wilhelm, ya gudu. Bayan yakin duniya na ya ɓarke, rikici ya mamaye ƙasar yayin da kabilun da yankuna suka yi tawaye da mulkin tsakiya. Don kare 'yan tsirarun Girka, an kafa ikon Girka a cikin gundumomin kudancin maye gurbin raka'a na Arewacin Epirote tun daga watan Oktoba na shekara ta 1914. A mayar da martani ga wannan, Italiya, ko da yake a hukumance tsaka-tsaki a lokacin, ta kuma aika da sojoji zuwa tashar jiragen ruwa ta [[Vlorë]], yayin da Serbia da [[Montenegro]] suka mallaki yankunan arewa. A shekara ta 1915 sojojin Jamus, Austro-Hungary, da Bulgarian sun mamaye Serbia; sojojin Serbia sun janye a fadin tsaunuka na arewacin Albania, zuwa Adriatic. Sojojin Italiya sun kori Helenawa daga kudancin Albania kuma sun kawo kusan dukkanin yankin Albania a ƙarƙashin ikonsu.{{Sfn|Richard C. Hall|2014}} Sojojin Austriya sun mamaye a watan Yunin 1916; Sojojin Austro-Hungary sun kasance a Albania har zuwa karshen yakin lokacin da dakarun Allied da suka tsallake kuma suka tura su a 1918. == Tarihi == [[Albaniya|Albania]] ƙasa ce da ta ayyana 'yancin kanta kawai shekaru biyu kafin [[Yaƙin Duniya na I]]. Bayan Yaƙe-yaƙe na Balkan, [[Serbiya|Serbia]], [[Montenegro]] da [[Girka (ƙasa)|Girka]] duk sun mamaye kuma sun yi ikirarin sassa na Albania. An yanke shawarar cewa Wilhelm na Wied, yarima na Jamus, zai zama shugabanci sabon Masarautar Albania.<ref name="Young-Hodgson-Young p.">{{Harvard citation no brackets|Young|Hodgson|Young|1997}}</ref> An kafa mulkin a karkashin Wilhelm a ranar 21 ga Fabrairu 1914 kuma Yarima Wilhelm ya isa Albania a babban birninsa na wucin gadi na [[Durrës]] a ranar 7 ga Maris 1914 tare da dangin sarauta. Tsaron Albania zai kasance ta hanyar 'yan sanda da jami'an Dutch suka umarce su. A cikin Albania an kira shi Sarki Wilhelm; a waje da Albania, Yarima Wilhelm . Yankin kudancin kasar, Arewacin Epirus, wanda ke da yawan mutanen Girka, ya kasance wani ɓangare na Albania kuma lokacin da sojojin Girka suka tafi, ya tayar da William. A karkashin matsin lamba daga manyan masu iko Helenawa sun goyi bayan bukatun 'yancin kai kuma an gudanar da shawarwari a tsibirin Corfu, inda a ranar 17 ga Mayu 1914 wakilan Albania da Epirote suka sanya hannu kan yarjejeniyar da aka sani da Yarjejeniyar Corfu. Dangane da sharuddansa, Arewacin Epirus zai sami cikakkiyar rayuwa mai cin gashin kanta (a matsayin mai rarrabewa) a ƙarƙashin ikon mallakar Albania na Yarima William . [1] Wakilan manyan iko a Athens ne suka tabbatar da yarjejeniyar yarjejeniyar a ranar 18 ga Yuni kuma gwamnatin Albania a ranar 23 ga Yuni.[2] === Tawayen da aka yi wa Yarima William === A ranar 7 ga watan Maris, wata daya bayan karbar kursiyin, Sarki William ya isa babban birninsa na wucin gadi na [[Durrës]] kuma ya fara shirya gwamnatinsa, ya nada Turhan Pasha Përmeti don kafa majalisar ministocin Albania ta farko. <ref name="Heaton-Armstrong p.">{{Harvard citation no brackets|Heaton-Armstrong|2005}}</ref> Wannan majalisa ta farko ta mamaye mambobin manyan mutane (Essad Pasha Toptani, tsaro da harkokin waje, George Adamidi bey Frachery, kudi, da Aziz pacha Vrioni, noma). Takaitaccen mulkinsa ya zama mai rikici. Nan da nan bayan isowarsa tashin hankali na Musulmi ya ɓarke a tsakiyar Albania, wanda ya rinjayi farfagandar Ottoman wanda ya nuna sabon mulkin a matsayin kayan aiki na Ikon Kirista da manyan masu mallakar ƙasa.<ref name=":10">{{Cite web |date=April 1992 |title=Albania: A Country Study |url=https://www.marines.mil/Portals/1/Publications/Albania%20Study_1.pdf}}</ref> A farkon watan Mayu na shekara ta 1914, rashin jin daɗi ya zama babban tawaye karkashin jagorancin Haxhi Qamili da sauran malaman musulmi.<ref name=":14">{{Cite web |date=2011-07-23 |title=1914 {{!}} Duncan Heaton-Armstrong: An Uprising in the Six-Month Kingdom |url=http://www.albanianhistory.net/texts20_1/AH1914_2.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110723010044/http://www.albanianhistory.net/texts20_1/AH1914_2.html |archive-date=2011-07-23 |access-date=2023-12-03}}</ref> Manufar 'yan tawaye ita ce ta dawo da mulkin Ottoman a kan Albania, kuma sun ki amincewa da kishin kasa na Albania da kuma ra'ayin addini.<ref name=":4">{{Cite web |date=2011-07-17 |title=Robert Elsie: The Photo Collection of the Dutch Military Mission in Albania |url=http://www.albanianphotography.net/en/dmm.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110717003848/http://www.albanianphotography.net/en/dmm.html |archive-date=2011-07-17 |access-date=2023-12-03}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=NOA Lajme - Agjencia Kombëtare e Lajmeve |url=https://noa.al/ |access-date=2023-12-01 |website=noa.al |language=sq}}</ref> Akwai labarai daban-daban game da ainihin yanayin sa hannun Toptani a cikin tashin hankali. Wasu kafofin sun nuna cewa yana da babban matsayi a cikin tashin hankali tun daga farko, <ref name=":42">{{Cite web |date=2011-07-17 |title=Robert Elsie: The Photo Collection of the Dutch Military Mission in Albania |url=http://www.albanianphotography.net/en/dmm.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110717003848/http://www.albanianphotography.net/en/dmm.html |archive-date=2011-07-17 |access-date=2023-12-03}}</ref> duk da haka wasu sun bayyana 'yan tawaye a bayyane a matsayin masu adawa da Toptani. <ref name=":9">{{Cite web |last=Elsie |first=Robert |title=1920 {{!}} Sejfi Vllamasi: Political Confrontation in Albania |url=http://www.albanianhistory.net/1920_Vllamasi/index.html |access-date=2023-12-17 |website=www.albanianhistory.net |language=en}}</ref><ref name=":142">{{Cite web |date=2011-07-23 |title=1914 {{!}} Duncan Heaton-Armstrong: An Uprising in the Six-Month Kingdom |url=http://www.albanianhistory.net/texts20_1/AH1914_2.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110723010044/http://www.albanianhistory.net/texts20_1/AH1914_2.html |archive-date=2011-07-23 |access-date=2023-12-03}}</ref> A kowane hali, kuma ba tare da la'akari da ko ya ji daɗin goyon baya mai yawa tsakanin 'yan tawaye ba, Toptani yana so ya yi amfani da rikici don fitar da Yarima Wilhelm kuma ya kwace iko ga kansa, kuma Italiya ta goyi bayansa, wanda ya kalli Wilhelm a matsayin mai goyon bayan Austriya.<ref name=":102">{{Cite web |date=April 1992 |title=Albania: A Country Study |url=https://www.marines.mil/Portals/1/Publications/Albania%20Study_1.pdf}}</ref><ref name=":142" /> Jami'an Dutch karkashin jagorancin Lodewijk Thomson wadanda aka ajiye a Albania a matsayin wani ɓangare na ICC sun yanke shawarar kama Toptani, duk da cewa Wilhelm ya kasance ba ya yanke shawara game da batun.<ref name=":42" /><ref name=":142" /> A ranar 19 ga Mayu, sojojin gwamnati sun mamaye gidan Toptani kuma ya mika wuya; washegari aka tura shi gudun hijira zuwa Italiya.<ref name=":42" /><ref name=":142" /> == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] 7k1nfe1dyfwydvxdmxkqxzpo1o7jbzd 0 136137 895342 830460 2026-08-12T04:13:57Z Baffa ali 47435 /* growthexperiments-addlink-summary-summary:3|0|0 */ 895342 wikitext text/x-wiki Muhawarar gyaran kiwon lafiya a Amurka ta kasance batun siyasa da ya mayar da hankali kan ƙara yawan inshorar lafiya, rage farashi, gyaran inshora, da kuma falsafar samar da shi, kuɗaɗen shiga, da kuma shigar gwamnati. == Cikakkun bayanai == A lokacin shugabancin [[Barack Obama]], wanda ya yi kamfe sosai kan cimma sauye-sauye a fannin kiwon lafiya, an zartar da Dokar Kare Marasa Lafiya da Kulawa Mai Sauƙi (PPACA) a watan Maris na 2010. A gwamnatin 2016, Shugaba Donald Trump ya ce a lokacin zaɓen cewa tsarin kiwon lafiya ya kamata ya yi aiki bisa ƙa'idodin kasuwa mai 'yanci. Ya amince da wani shiri mai matakai bakwai don gyaran kiwon lafiya: * soke Obamacare * rage shingayen sayar da inshorar lafiya tsakanin jihohi * kafa cikakken ragin haraji don biyan kuɗin inshora ga daidaikun mutane * A sa Asusun Ajiye Lafiya ya zama abin gado * buƙatar bayyana farashi * tallafin Medicaid ga jihohi * ba da damar ƙarin masu samar da magunguna na ƙasashen waje ta hanyar rage shingen dokoki Ya kuma ba da shawarar cewa aiwatar da dokokin shige da fice na iya rage farashin kula da lafiya. [1] Gwamnatin Trump ta yi ƙoƙarin soke ACA da maye gurbinta da wata manufar kiwon lafiya daban (wanda aka sani da hanyar "sokewa da maye gurbin" ), amma ba ta taɓa yin nasarar yin hakan ta hanyar Majalisa ba. [1] Na gaba, gwamnatin ta shiga ƙarar da ke neman soke ACA, kuma Kotun Koli ta amince a farkon Maris 2020 cewa za ta saurari ƙarar. A ƙarƙashin jadawalin da aka saba, za a saurari ƙarar a kaka ta 2020 kuma a yanke hukunci a bazara ta 2021. Duk da haka, yayin da Kotun Koli ta dakatar da shari'ar daga baya saboda annobar cutar coronavirus, ba a san lokacin da za a saurari ƙarar ba. [2] == Muhawarar farashi == [[Fayil:Life_expectancy_vs_healthcare_spending.jpg|thumb|Tsawon rai idan aka kwatanta da kashe kuɗin kula da lafiya na ƙasashen da ke da arzikin OECD. Matsakaicin Amurka na dala $10,447 a shekarar 2018. <ref name="Kenworthy2011">{{Cite web |last=Kenworthy |first=Lane |date=July 10, 2011 |title=America's inefficient health-care system: another look |url=http://lanekenworthy.net/2011/07/10/americas-inefficient-health-care-system-another-look/ |access-date=September 11, 2012 |publisher=Consider the Evidence (blog)}}</ref>]] [[Fayil:Average_annual_health_spending._US_dollars_(PPP)_per_person._OECD_countries_and_more.png|thumb|Jimlar kuɗin kula da lafiya ga kowane mutum . Kashe kuɗi na gwamnati da na masu zaman kansu. Dalar Amurka PPP . $6,319 ga Kanada a 2022. $12,555 ga Amurka a 2022. ]] [[Fayil:Health_spending_by_country._Percent_of_GDP_(Gross_domestic_product).png|right|thumb|Kashe kuɗi a fannin lafiya ta kowace ƙasa . Kashi na GDP ( Jimillar kayayyakin cikin gida ). Kashi 11.2% na Kanada a shekarar 2022. Kashi 16.6% na Amurka a shekarar 2022. ]] Kudaden kula da lafiya na Amurka sun kai kimanin dala tiriliyan 3.2 ko kusan dala 10,000 ga kowane mutum a matsakaicin shekarar 2015. Manyan nau'ikan kuɗaɗen sun haɗa da kula da asibiti (32%), ayyukan likita da na asibiti (20%), da magungunan da aka rubuta (10%). [1] Kudaden Amurka a shekarar 2016 sun fi na sauran ƙasashen OECD yawa, a kashi 17.2% na GDP idan aka kwatanta da kashi 12.4% na GDP ga ƙasa mafi tsada (Switzerland). [2] Dangane da sikelin, bambancin GDP na kashi 5% yana wakiltar kusan dala tiriliyan 1 ko dala 3,000 ga kowane mutum. Wasu daga cikin dalilan da aka ambata na bambancin farashi da sauran ƙasashe sun haɗa da: Babban kuɗaɗen gudanarwa na tsarin mai zaman kansa tare da hanyoyin biyan kuɗi da yawa; ƙarin farashi don samfura da ayyuka iri ɗaya; ƙarin girma/haɗen ayyuka tare da yawan amfani da ƙwararrun ƙwararru masu tsada; tsananin kulawa ga tsofaffi marasa lafiya da kulawa mai sauƙi; ƙarancin amfani da sa hannun gwamnati a farashi; da kuma matakan samun kuɗi mafi girma da ke haifar da ƙarin buƙatar kiwon lafiya. [undefined] [3] [4] Kuɗaɗen kula da lafiya sune babban abin da ke haifar da kuɗaɗen inshorar lafiya, wanda ke haifar da ƙalubalen araha ga miliyoyin iyalai. Akwai muhawara a yanzu ko dokar da ke akwai (ACA/Obamacare) da madadin 'yan Republican (AHCA da BCRA) sun yi isasshen aiki don magance ƙalubalen kuɗaɗen. [5] A shekarar 2009, Amurka ce ke da mafi yawan kuɗaɗen kula da lafiya idan aka kwatanta da girman tattalin arzikin duniya (GDP), inda aka kiyasta cewa 'yan ƙasa miliyan 50.2 (kimanin kashi 16% na yawan jama'a miliyan 312 da aka kiyasta a watan Satumba na 2011) ba su da inshora. Wasu masu suka kan garambawul sun yi iƙirarin cewa kusan huɗu cikin goma daga cikin waɗannan marasa inshora sun fito ne daga gida mai kuɗin shiga sama da dala 50,000 a kowace shekara, don haka za a iya ba su inshora da son rai, ko kuma su zaɓi biyan kuɗin kula da lafiya bisa tsarin "biya-da-ku-tafi". [undefined] Bugu da ƙari, an kiyasta cewa jarirai miliyan 77 na jarirai suna isa shekarun ritaya, wanda tare da ƙaruwar kuɗin kula da lafiya na shekara-shekara ga kowane mutum zai sanya babban matsin lamba a kasafin kuɗi ga gwamnatocin jihohi da na tarayya na Amurka. [1] Kula da lafiyar kuɗin gwamnatin tarayya ta Amurka na dogon lokaci ya dogara sosai kan yadda ake sarrafa kuɗin kula da lafiya. [2] == Ingancin kulawa == Akwai muhawara mai zurfi game da ingancin tsarin kiwon lafiya na Amurka idan aka kwatanta da na wasu ƙasashe. Likitoci na Shirin Lafiya na Ƙasa, wata ƙungiyar fafutukar siyasa, sun yi iƙirarin cewa mafita ta kasuwa ga harkokin kiwon lafiya tana ba da ƙarancin ingancin kulawa, tare da yawan mace-mace mafi girma, fiye da tsarin da gwamnati ke ba da kuɗaɗen gudanarwa. [1] Wannan ƙungiyar ta kuma yi suka ga ingancin ƙungiyoyin kula da lafiya da kuma kulawar da ake gudanarwa . [2] A cewar wani rahoto na 2015 daga Asusun Commonwealth, kodayake Amurka tana biyan kusan ninki biyu na kuɗin da ake biya ga kowace mutum don kula da lafiya kamar sauran ƙasashe masu arziki waɗanda ke da tsarin kula da lafiya na duniya baki ɗaya, sakamakon marasa lafiya ya fi muni. Amurka tana da mafi ƙarancin tsawon rai gabaɗaya kuma adadin mace-macen jarirai shine mafi girma kuma a wasu lokuta ya ninka sau biyu idan aka kwatanta da sauran ƙasashen Ƙungiyar Haɗin Kan Tattalin Arziki da Ci Gaba (OECD). [1] Haka kuma an nuna a cikin wannan rahoton bayanai da ke nuna cewa duk da cewa Amurkawa suna da ɗaya daga cikin mafi ƙarancin kashi na masu shan taba a kowace rana, suna da mafi girman adadin mace-mace ga cututtukan zuciya, ƙimar kiba mai yawa da ƙarin yankewar jiki saboda ciwon suga. Sauran batutuwan da suka shafi lafiya da aka nuna sune cewa Amurkawa sama da shekaru 65 suna da mafi yawan kashi na yawan jama'a tare da cututtuka biyu ko fiye na yau da kullun da mafi ƙarancin kashi na wannan rukunin shekaru. [ ana buƙatar ambato ] A cewar wani bincike da aka yi a shekarar 2000 kan Hukumar Lafiya ta Duniya (WHO), tsarin da kasashen masana'antu ke bayarwa a bainar jama'a yana kashe kuɗi kaɗan kan kiwon lafiya, duka a matsayin kashi na GDP da kuma kowane mutum, kuma yana jin daɗin sakamako mafi kyau na kula da lafiya bisa ga yawan jama'a. [undefined] Duk da haka, mai sharhi mai ra'ayin mazan jiya David Gratzer da Cibiyar Cato, wata ƙungiyar masu ra'ayin 'yanci, sun soki hanyar kwatantawa ta WHO da nuna son kai; binciken WHO ya nuna ƙasashe da samun kulawar lafiya masu zaman kansu ko waɗanda ke biyan kuɗi da kuma kimanta ƙasashe ta hanyar kwatantawa da aikin kiwon lafiya da ake tsammani, maimakon kwatanta ingancin kulawa da kyau. [2] [1] Wasu masu binciken lafiya sun ce binciken gamsuwar marasa lafiya hanya ce mara kyau ta kimanta kulawar lafiya. Masu bincike a Kamfanin RAND da Ma'aikatar Harkokin Tsoffin Sojoji sun nemi tsofaffi marasa lafiya 236 a cikin tsare-tsaren kulawa daban-daban guda biyu da su kimanta kulawarsu, sannan su duba kulawa a cikin bayanan likita, kamar yadda aka ruwaito a cikin Annals of Internal Medicine . Babu wata alaƙa. "Matsakaicin marasa lafiya na kula da lafiya yana da sauƙin samu da bayar da rahoto, amma ba sa auna ingancin fasaha na kula da lafiya daidai," in ji John T. Chang, UCLA, babban marubucin. [undefined] [1] [2] Akwai asarar lafiya sakamakon rashin isasshen inshorar lafiya. Wani bincike da Harvard ta gudanar a shekarar 2009 wanda aka buga a mujallar American Journal of Public Health ya gano cewa fiye da mace-mace 44,800 ne suka wuce gona da iri a kowace shekara a Amurka saboda rashin inshorar lafiya. [undefined] [1] A takaice dai, an kiyasta cewa jimillar adadin mutanen da ke mutuwa a Amurka, ko wadanda aka yi musu inshora ko wadanda ba su da inshora, wadanda suka mutu saboda rashin kulawar lafiya, an kiyasta cewa sun kai kusan 100,000 a kowace shekara. [2] Wani kasidar da aka buga a shekarar 2007 daga The BMJ ta Steffie Woolhandler da David Himmelstein sun yi jayayya sosai cewa tsarin kula da lafiya na Amurka ya samar da kulawa mai ƙarancin inganci a farashi mai tsada, kuma sun ƙara da cewa: "Rashin ingancin kula da lafiya na Amurka ya samo asali ne kai tsaye daga dogaro da hanyoyin kasuwa da kamfanonin da ke neman riba kuma ya kamata ya gargaɗi sauran ƙasashe daga wannan hanyar." [1] == Farashi da inganci == [[Fayil:Total_health_expenditure_per_capita,_US_Dollars_PPP.png|right|thumb|350x350px|Kudin kiwon lafiya ga kowane mutum, a cikin US $ PPP-daidaitawa, idan aka kwatanta tsakanin kasashe daban-daban na duniya ta farko]] Amurka tana kashe [[List of countries by total health expenditure (PPP) per capita|mafi girman kaso]] na GDP ɗinta akan kiwon lafiya (19%) fiye da kowace ƙasa a duniya, banda [[Timor-Leste|Gabashin Timor]] (Timor-Leste). <ref name="WHO 20092">{{Cite web |last=WHO |date=May 2009 |title=World Health Statistics 2009 |url=https://www.who.int/whosis/whostat/2009/en/index.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090525094010/http://www.who.int/whosis/whostat/2009/en/index.html |archive-date=May 25, 2009 |access-date=August 2, 2009 |publisher=[[World Health Organization]]}}</ref> Adadin ma'aikata da ke ba da inshorar lafiya yana raguwa. Kuɗaɗen inshorar lafiya da ma'aikata ke biya suna ƙaruwa da sauri: tun daga 2001, kuɗin inshorar iyali ya ƙaru da kashi 78%, yayin da albashi ya ƙaru da kashi 19% kuma farashin ya ƙaru da kashi 17%, a cewar wani bincike da [[Kaiser Family Foundation|Gidauniyar Kaiser Family]] ta yi a 2007. Inshorar masu zaman kansu a Amurka ta bambanta sosai a fannin inshora; wani bincike da Asusun Commonwealth ya gudanar wanda aka buga a cikin Harkokin Lafiya ya kiyasta cewa manya miliyan 16 na Amurka ba su da inshorar da ta dace a shekarar 2003. Waɗanda ba su da inshorar sun fi waɗanda ke da inshorar da ta dace da su daina kula da lafiya, su ba da rahoton matsalolin kuɗi saboda kuɗin likita, kuma su fuskanci gibin inshora ga abubuwa kamar magungunan da likita ya rubuta. Binciken ya gano cewa rashin inshora yana shafar waɗanda ke da ƙarancin kuɗi. – Kashi 73% na waɗanda ba su da inshorar da ta dace a cikin binciken sun sami kuɗin shiga na shekara-shekara ƙasa da kashi 200% na matakin talauci na tarayya. [1] Duk da haka, wani bincike da Gidauniyar Kaiser Family ta buga a shekarar 2008 ya gano cewa tsarin da aka saba da shi na ƙungiyar masu ba da sabis na babban ma'aikaci (PPO) a shekarar 2007 ya fi karimci fiye da Medicare ko kuma Tsarin Tsarin Fa'idodin Lafiya na Ma'aikata na Tarayya . [1] Wani abin da ke nuna sakamakon rashin daidaiton tsarin kula da lafiya na Amurkawa shine wani bincike da aka yi a Harkokin Lafiya wanda ya kammala da cewa rabin fatarar da aka samu ta mutum ya shafi kuɗaɗen likita, [2] kodayake wasu majiyoyi sun musanta hakan. [3] Masu goyon bayan gyare-gyaren kiwon lafiya da suka shafi faɗaɗa shigar gwamnati don cimma burin kiwon lafiya na duniya baki ɗaya suna jayayya cewa buƙatar samar da riba ga masu zuba jari a cikin tsarin kiwon lafiya na kasuwa mai 'yanci, da ƙarin kashe kuɗi na gudanarwa, yana haifar da hauhawar farashi, wanda ke haifar da tanadi mai tsada. [1] A cewar masanin tattalin arziki kuma tsohon Sakataren Kwadago na Amurka, Robert Reich, "babban zaɓi na ƙasa, na jama'a " ne kawai zai iya tilasta wa kamfanonin inshora su yi aiki tare, su raba bayanai, da kuma rage farashi. " Ƙungiyoyin inshora da aka warwatse, waɗanda aka ware a cikin gida," ƙanana ne da ba za su iya yin hakan ba kuma an "tsara su don su gaza" ta hanyar ƙungiyoyi masu kuɗi da ke adawa da gyaran lafiyar 'yan Democrat. [undefined] [1] === Tasiri ga yawan amfanin tattalin arzikin Amurka === A ranar 1 ga Maris, 2010, attajirin nan Warren Buffett ya ce yawan kuɗaɗen da kamfanonin Amurka ke kashewa wajen kula da lafiyar ma'aikatansu ya sanya su cikin matsala. Ya kwatanta kusan kashi 17% na GDP da Amurka ke kashewa kan kula da lafiya da kashi 9% na GDP da yawancin sauran ƙasashen duniya ke kashewa, ya lura cewa Amurka tana da ƙarancin likitoci da ma'aikatan jinya a kowane mutum, kuma ya ce, "irin wannan kuɗin, idan aka kwatanta da sauran ƙasashen duniya, kamar tsutsar da ke ci a jikin tattalin arzikinmu ne." [1] === Zargin sharar gida === A watan Disamba na 2011, mai barin gado na Cibiyar Ayyukan Medicare & Medicaid, Dr. Donald Berwick, ya yi ikirarin cewa kashi 20% zuwa 30% na kashe kuɗin kula da lafiya ɓarna ne. Ya lissafa dalilai guda biyar da ke haifar da ɓarna: (1) yawan shan marasa lafiya, (2) gazawar daidaita kulawa, (3) sarkakiyar gudanarwa ta tsarin, (4) ƙa'idodi masu nauyi da (5) zamba. [1] == Ra'ayoyi don gyara == {{Reflist|30em}} A lokacin wani jawabi na watan Yunin 2009, Shugaba Barack Obama ya bayyana dabarunsa na yin garambawul. Ya ambaci adana bayanai ta hanyar lantarki, hana cututtuka masu tsada, rage kiba, sake mai da hankali kan abubuwan da likitoci ke bayarwa daga yawan kulawa zuwa inganci, haɗa kuɗaɗen magani maimakon takamaiman ayyuka, gano da kuma isar da magunguna mafi inganci, da kuma rage magungunan kariya. [1] Shugaba Obama ya ƙara bayyana shirinsa a cikin jawabinsa na watan Satumba na 2009 ga taron haɗin gwiwa na Majalisar Dokoki. Shirinsa ya ambaci: rashin daidaito a fannin kuɗi; rashin barin kamfanonin inshora su nuna bambanci bisa ga yanayin da suka riga suka kasance; rage kashe kuɗi a aljihu; ƙirƙirar musayar inshora ga daidaikun mutane da ƙananan kasuwanci; kuɗin haraji ga daidaikun mutane da ƙananan kamfanoni; kwamitocin masu zaman kansu don gano zamba, ɓarna da cin zarafi; da ayyukan gyaran rashin da'a, da sauran batutuwa. [1] [2] Daraktan OMB Peter Orszag ya bayyana wasu fannoni na dabarun gwamnatin Obama a wata hira da aka yi da shi a watan Nuwamba na 2009: "Domin taimakawa wajen rage hauhawar farashin [Medicare da Medicaid] a tsawon lokaci, muna buƙatar sabon tsarin kiwon lafiya wanda ke da bayanai na dijital... inda ake amfani da wannan bayanin don tantance abin da ke aiki da abin da ba shi da kyau, kuma a cikinsa muke biyan kuɗi don inganci maimakon adadi yayin da kuma ƙarfafa rigakafi da lafiya." Ya kuma yi jayayya kan haɗa kuɗaɗen shiga da ƙungiyoyin kula da lafiya masu alhaki, waɗanda ke ba wa likitoci lada saboda aikin haɗin gwiwa da sakamakon marasa lafiya. [1] Shugaban Mayo Clinic kuma babban jami'in gudanarwa Denis Cortese ya ba da shawarar a samar da dabarun da za su jagoranci kokarin gyara. Ya yi jayayya cewa Amurka tana da damar sake fasalin tsarin kula da lafiyarta kuma akwai yarjejeniya mai yawa cewa gyara ya zama dole. Ya bayyana "ginshiƙai" guda huɗu na irin wannan dabarar: [1] * Mayar da hankali kan ƙima, wanda ya bayyana a matsayin rabon ingancin sabis da aka bayar dangane da farashi; * Biya da daidaita abubuwan ƙarfafawa tare da ƙima; * Rufe kowa da kowa; * Kafa hanyoyin inganta tsarin bayar da sabis na kiwon lafiya a cikin dogon lokaci, wanda shine babban hanyar da za a inganta ƙimar ta. A rubuce-rubuce a cikin The New Yorker, likitan tiyata Atul Gawande ya kara rarrabe tsakanin tsarin isar da shi, wanda ke nufin yadda ake ba da sabis na kiwon lafiya ga marasa lafiya, da tsarin biyan kuɗi, wanda ke nuna yadda ake aiwatar da biyan kuɗi don sabis. Ya jaddada cewa sake fasalin tsarin isar da shi yana da mahimmanci don samun farashi a ƙarƙashin iko, amma wannan sake fasalin hanyar biyan kuɗi (misali, ko gwamnati ko masu inshora masu zaman kansu suna aiwatar da biyan kuɗi) ba su da mahimmanci duk da haka suna tara rabon kulawa. Gawande ya yi jayayya cewa ingantawa mai ban mamaki da tanadi a cikin tsarin isar da shi zai ɗauki "akalla shekaru goma. " Ya ba da shawarar canje-canje waɗanda ke magance yawan amfani da kiwon lafiya; sake mayar da hankali ga ƙarfafawa akan darajar maimakon riba; da kuma nazarin kwatankwacin farashin magani a duk faɗin masu ba da kiwon lafiyar lafiya daban-daban don gano mafi kyawun ayyuka. Ya yi jayayya cewa wannan zai zama tsari mai maimaitawa, mai kwarewa kuma ya kamata "cibiyar kula da kiwon lafiya ta kasa" ta gudanar da shi don nazarin da kuma sadarwa damar ingantawa.[1] === Amfani da binciken ingancin kwatantawa === [[Fayil:Medicare_spending_per_capita.png|thumb|300x300px|Kudin Medicare ga kowane mutum ya bambanta sosai a jihohi a shekarar 2006.]] Akwai zaɓuɓɓuka da dama na magani ga wani yanayi na lafiya, tare da farashi daban-daban amma babu wani bambanci na ƙididdiga a sakamakon. Irin waɗannan yanayi suna ba da damar kiyayewa ko inganta ingancin kulawa, yayin da suke rage farashi sosai, ta hanyar binciken inganci na kwatantawa . David Leonhardt, yana rubutu a cikin jaridar New York Times, ya bayyana yadda farashin maganin ciwon daji na mafi yawan lokuta na farkon mataki, wanda ke girma a hankali ya kama daga matsakaicin $2,400 (ana jira a jira don ganin ko yanayin ya lalace) zuwa har zuwa $100,000 (maganin hasken rana): [1] A cewar masanin tattalin arziki Peter A. Diamond da kuma binciken da Ofishin Kasafin Kudi na Majalisa (CBO) ya ambata, farashin kula da lafiya ga kowane mutum a Amurka ya bambanta sosai dangane da yanayin ƙasa da cibiyar lafiya, tare da ƙaramin bambanci ko babu wani bambanci na ƙididdiga a sakamakon. [1] Binciken ingancin kwatancen ya nuna cewa akwai yiwuwar rage farashi mai yawa. Daraktan OMB Peter Orszag ya bayyana cewa: "Kusan kashi talatin cikin ɗari na kuɗaɗen Medicare za a iya adana su ba tare da yin mummunan tasiri ga sakamakon lafiya ba idan za a iya rage kashe kuɗi a wurare masu tsada da matsakaici zuwa matakin yankuna masu rahusa." [1] === Canjin abubuwan da likitan ke motsawa === Masu suka sun yi jayayya cewa tsarin kiwon lafiya yana da wasu abubuwan ƙarfafa gwiwa da ke haifar da tsadar ɗabi'a. Biyu daga cikinsu sun haɗa da: [1] # Yawanci ana biyan likitoci ne don ayyukan da ake bayarwa maimakon albashi. Wannan tsarin biyan kuɗi (wanda galibi ake kira " kuɗin sabis ") yana ba da kwarin gwiwa na kuɗi don ƙara farashin magani da ake bayarwa. # Marasa lafiya waɗanda ke da cikakken inshora ba su da wata kwarin gwiwa ta kuɗi don rage farashi yayin zaɓar daga cikin zaɓuɓɓuka. Sakamakon gabaɗaya shine ƙara kuɗin inshora ga kowa. === Gyaran inshora === Muhawarar ta shafi wasu ayyukan masana'antar inshora kamar sanya iyaka kan inshora, babban matakin biyan kuɗi ko da don muhimman ayyuka kamar hanyoyin kariya, ƙin kamfanonin inshora da yawa su rufe sharuɗɗan da suka riga suka kasance ko ƙara ƙarin nauyin waɗannan sharuɗɗan, da kuma ayyukan da wasu mutane ke ɗauka a matsayin abin ƙyama kamar ƙarin nauyin kuɗin da mata za su biya, batun cewa abokin tarayya ya taɓa cin zarafinsu a baya a matsayin yana da wata cuta da ta riga ta faru, har ma da soke manufofin inshora bisa dalilai masu rauni lokacin da mai da'awa wanda ya biya ƙarin kuɗin da yawa ya gabatar da yanayin lafiya mai tsada. ^{&#x5B; ''[[Wikipedia:Citation needed|ana buƙatar ambato]]'' &#x5D;} Shawarwari daban-daban na majalisar dokoki da ake nazari sosai sun gabatar da tarar manyan ma'aikata waɗanda ba sa samar da mafi ƙarancin ka'idojin inshorar lafiya da kuma tilasta wa mutane su sayi inshorar lafiya mai zaman kansa. Wannan shi ne karo na farko da gwamnatin tarayya ta umarci mutane su sayi inshora, kodayake kusan dukkan jihohi a cikin ƙungiyar kwadago a halin yanzu sun ba da umarnin siyan inshorar mota. Dokar ta kuma sanya haraji kan wasu manufofin inshora masu tsada (wanda ake kira "manufofin Cadillac") don taimakawa wajen ba da tallafin kuɗi ga talakawa 'yan ƙasa. Za a bayar da waɗannan a kan sikelin da ba shi da yawa fiye da matakin talauci na tarayya sau huɗu don ba su damar siyan inshorar lafiya idan ma'aikacinsu bai rufe su ba. [ ana buƙatar ambato ] Batun tattara iko daga masana'antar inshora shi ma ya kasance abin muhawara a kai domin a jihohi da yawa, ƙananan kamfanonin inshora ne suka mamaye kasuwa. Dokar da za ta samar da zaɓi na kamfanin inshora wanda ba na riba ba ne wanda aka yi wa kwaskwarima a kan Medicare amma wanda aka ba shi tallafin kuɗi daga inshora ta kasance batu mai sarkakiya. Muhawara da yawa ta shafi Medicare Advantage da ribar da kamfanonin inshora ke samu daga sayar da ita. [1] Wasu shawarwari sun haɗa da zaɓin wani kamfanin inshora wanda ba na riba ba ne wanda aka yi wa kwaskwarima a kan Medicare (wani lokacin ana kiransa "zaɓin gwamnati"). 'Yan majalisar Democrat sun fi goyon bayan ƙoƙarin sauye-sauyen da aka gabatar, yayin da 'yan Republican suka soki zaɓin gwamnati ko faɗaɗa ƙa'idojin kiwon lafiya. Hukumar GAO ta bayar da rahoto a shekarar 2002 (ta amfani da bayanai 2000) cewa: " Matsakaicin adadin masu jigilar kaya masu lasisi a kasuwar ƙananan rukuni a kowace jiha shine 28, tare da kewayon daga 4 a Hawaii zuwa 77 a Indiana. Matsakaicin kaso na kasuwar manyan masu jigilar kaya shine kusan kashi 33, tare da kewayon daga kusan kashi 14 a [[Texas]] zuwa kusan kashi 89 a [[North Dakota]]." [1] Hukumar GAO ta bayar da rahoto a shekarar 2008 (ta amfani da bayanai na 2007 a mafi yawan lokuta) cewa: "Matsakaicin adadin masu jigilar kaya masu lasisi a kasuwar ƙananan rukuni a kowace jiha shine 27. Matsakaicin kaso na kasuwar manyan masu jigilar kaya a kasuwar ƙananan rukuni shine kusan 47%, tare da kewayon daga kusan 21% a Arizona zuwa kusan 96% a Alabama. A cikin jihohi 31 daga cikin 39 da ke samar da bayanai kan kasuwar, manyan masu jigilar kaya suna da kaso na kasuwa na kashi ɗaya bisa uku ko fiye. Manyan masu jigilar kaya biyar a kasuwar ƙananan rukuni, idan aka haɗa su, sun wakilci kashi uku ko fiye na kasuwar a cikin jihohi 34 daga cikin 39 da ke samar da wannan bayanin, kuma sun wakilci kashi 90% ko fiye a cikin 23 daga cikin waɗannan jihohi.... matsakaicin kaso na duk masu jigilar kaya na BCBS a cikin jihohi 38 da ke ba da rahoton wannan bayanin a 2008 ya kai kusan 51%, idan aka kwatanta da kashi 44% da aka ruwaito a 2005 da kashi 34% da aka ruwaito a 2002 ga jihohi 34 da ke samar da bayanai a cikin kowanne daga cikin waɗannan shekarun." [1] === Gyaran haraji === [[Fayil:Compensation_-_Gross_and_Net_of_Health_Insurance_Premiums.png|thumb|300x300px|Kudaden inshorar lafiya da ake biya a madadin ma'aikata suna ƙara rage diyya.]] Ofishin Kasafin Kudi na Majalisa ya kuma bayyana yadda tsarin haraji na biyan kudin inshora zai iya shafar hali: [1]<gallery> Fayil:Budgetary_Impact_of_Health_Reform_Bills.JPG|alt=Budgetary Impact of House and Senate Bills| [http://crfb.org/blogs/interactive-and-sharable-graphs-comparing-health-care-bills Tasirin Kasafin Kudi ga Dokokin Majalisa da na Majalisar Dattawa] Fayil:Changes_in_Coverage_Health_Care_Bills.png|alt=Changes in Coverage Under House and Senate Bills| [http://crfb.org/blogs/interactive-and-sharable-graphs-comparing-health-care-bills Canje-canje a Tsarin Mulki A ƙarƙashin Dokokin Majalisa da na Majalisar Dattawa] Fayil:Gross_Costs_of_Health_Coverage.png|alt=Gross Cost of Coverage Provisions in House and Senate Bills| [http://crfb.org/blogs/interactive-and-sharable-graphs-comparing-health-care-bills Jimillar Kuɗin da Aka Kashe a Dokokin Majalisa da na Majalisar Dattawa] </gallery>A watan Nuwamba na 2009, Jaridar Economist ta kiyasta cewa sanya harajin inshorar lafiya da ma'aikata ke bayarwa (wanda a yanzu ba a biyan haraji ba) zai ƙara dala biliyan 215 a kowace shekara ga kuɗin shiga na haraji na tarayya a lokacin 2013-2014. [1] Peter Singer ya rubuta a cikin Jaridar New York Times cewa cire kuɗin inshora daga diyya a yanzu yana wakiltar tallafin dala biliyan 200 ga masana'antar inshorar masu zaman kansu kuma wataƙila ba zai wanzu ba tare da shi ba. [2] A wata ma'anar, masu biyan haraji na iya son canza hali ko tsarin da kansa idan suna biyan ƙarin dala biliyan 200 a kowace shekara da suka shafi inshorar lafiya. Don a faɗi wannan adadin a mahangar, gwamnatin tarayya ta tara dala biliyan 1,146 a cikin harajin samun kuɗi a 2008, [3] don haka dala biliyan 200 yana wakiltar ƙaruwar kashi 17.5% a cikin ingantaccen ƙimar haraji. === Kwamitin ba da shawara mai zaman kansa === Shugaba Obama ya gabatar da shawarar "Kwamitin Ba da Shawara Kan Medicare Mai Zaman Kansa" (IMAC) don bayar da shawarwari kan manufofin biyan diyya na Medicare da sauran gyare-gyare. Binciken inganci na kwatantawa zai zama ɗaya daga cikin kayan aikin da IMAC ke amfani da su. An amince da ra'ayin IMAC a cikin wata wasiƙa daga wasu fitattun masana manufofin kiwon lafiya, kamar yadda Daraktan OMB Peter Orszag ya taƙaita: [1] {{Blockquote|Their support of the IMAC proposal underscores what most serious health analysts have recognized for some time: that moving toward a health system emphasizing quality rather than quantity will require continual effort, and that a key objective of legislation should be to put in place structures (like the IMAC) that facilitate such change over time. And ultimately, without a structure in place to help contain costs over the long term as the health market evolves, nothing else we do in fiscal policy will matter much, because eventually rising health care costs will overwhelm the federal budget.}} Shugaban Mayo Clinic, Dakta Denis Cortese da kuma likitan tiyata/marubuci Atul Gawande sun yi jayayya cewa irin wannan kwamitin zai zama muhimmi ga gyaran tsarin bayarwa da kuma inganta darajarsa. David Ignatius, marubucin jaridar Washington Post, ya kuma ba da shawarar Shugaba Obama ya yi aiki da wani kamar Cortese don ya taka rawa sosai wajen haɓaka ƙoƙarin gyara. [1] === Rage kiba === Hana kiba da yanayin kiba yana ba da babbar dama ta rage farashi. Cibiyar Kula da Cututtuka ta ba da rahoton cewa kusan kashi 9% na kuɗaɗen kula da lafiya a shekarar 1998 sun samo asali ne daga kiba da kiba, ko kuma har zuwa dala biliyan 93 a dala 2002. Kusan rabin waɗannan kuɗaɗen gwamnati ce ta biya ta hanyar Medicare ko Medicaid. [1] Duk da haka, zuwa 2008, CDC ta kiyasta cewa waɗannan kuɗaɗen sun ninka har zuwa dala biliyan 147. [2] CDC ta gano jerin yanayi masu tsada da suka fi faruwa saboda kiba. [3] CDC ta fitar da jerin dabarun hana kiba da kiba, gami da: samar da abinci mai kyau da abubuwan sha; tallafawa zaɓin abinci mai kyau; ƙarfafa yara su zama masu aiki; da ƙirƙirar al'ummomi masu aminci don tallafawa motsa jiki. [4] [5] An kiyasta kashi 26% na manya a Amurka a shekarar 2007 sun kasance masu kiba, idan aka kwatanta da kashi 24% a shekarar 2005. Yawan kiba a jihohi ya kama daga kashi 18% zuwa 30%. Yawan kiba ya kasance daidai tsakanin maza da mata. [6] Wasu sun gabatar da shawarar da ake kira " harajin kitse " don samar da abubuwan ƙarfafawa ga ɗabi'a mai kyau, ko dai ta hanyar ɗaukar harajin kan kayayyakin (kamar abubuwan sha masu laushi) waɗanda ake tsammanin suna haifar da kiba, [7] ko kuma ga mutane bisa ga ma'aunin jiki, kamar yadda ake yi a Japan. [8] === Rarraba kulawa === Rangwamen kiwon lafiya na iya nufin takaita ayyukan kula da lafiya bisa ga kowace irin ma'auni ko kuma na zahiri. Dan Republican Newt Gingrich ya yi jayayya cewa shirye-shiryen gyaran da Shugaba Obama ke goyon baya sun fadada ikon gwamnati kan shawarwarin kiwon lafiya, wanda ya kira a matsayin wani nau'in rabon kiwon lafiya. [1] Shugaba Obama ya yi jayayya cewa an riga an raba wa harkokin kiwon lafiya na Amurka rabon, bisa ga kudin shiga, nau'in aiki, da kuma yanayin da ake da shi a fannin kiwon lafiya, inda kusan mutane miliyan 46 ba su da inshora. Ya yi jayayya cewa miliyoyin Amurkawa ba a hana su biyan albashi ko kuma suna fuskantar ƙarin kuɗin fansho sakamakon yanayin da ake da shi a fannin kiwon lafiya. [2] Peter Singer ya rubuta a jaridar New York Times a watan Yulin 2009 cewa ana raba abinci ga marasa lafiya a Amurka kuma ya yi jayayya kan inganta tsarin raba abinci ga marasa lafiya: [1] {{Blockquote|Health care is a scarce resource, and all scarce resources are rationed in one way or another. In the United States, most healthcare is privately financed, and so most rationing is by price: you get what you, or your employer, can afford to insure you for...Rationing healthcare means getting value for the billions we are spending by setting limits on which treatments should be paid for from the public purse. If we ration we won't be writing blank checks to pharmaceutical companies for their patented drugs, nor paying for whatever procedures doctors choose to recommend. When public funds subsidize healthcare or provide it directly, it is crazy not to try to get value for money. The debate over healthcare reform in the United States should start from the premise that some form of healthcare rationing is both inescapable and desirable. Then we can ask, What is the best way to do it?"}} A cewar PolitiFact, kamfanonin inshorar lafiya masu zaman kansu sun riga sun raba kiwon lafiya ta hanyar samun kudin shiga, ta hanyar hana wadanda ke da yanayin da suka riga suka kamu da cutar inshorar lafiya da kuma iyakance kudaden inshorar lafiya. Rage rabon abinci yana nan yanzu, kuma zai ci gaba da wanzuwa tare da ko ba tare da gyara kiwon lafiya ba. [1] David Leonhardt shi ma ya rubuta a cikin jaridar New York Times a watan Yunin 2009 cewa raba rabon abinci wani bangare ne na gaskiyar tattalin arziki: "Zaɓin ba tsakanin raba rabon abinci ba ne ko kuma raba rabon abinci. Yana tsakanin raba rabon abinci mai kyau da kuma raba rabon abinci mara kyau. Ganin cewa Amurka ta sadaukar da tattalin arzikinta ga kiwon lafiya fiye da sauran kasashe masu arziki, kuma tana samun sakamako mafi muni ta hanyoyi da yawa, yana da wuya a yi jayayya cewa yanzu muna raba rabon abinci mai kyau." [2] Jawabin kwamitin mutuwar Palin ya dogara ne akan ra'ayoyin Betsy McCaughey . [1] [2] A lokacin 2009, tsohuwar Gwamnan Alaska Sarah Palin ta rubuta game da zargin raba abinci, tana mai nuni da abin da a ta bakinta "kwamitin mutuwa" "mugunta" a cikin dokar gyara da aka sani da Sashe na HR 3200 1233. [2] Duk da haka, Palin ta goyi bayan irin wannan tattaunawa game da ƙarshen rayuwa da kuma umarnin gaba ga marasa lafiya a 2008. [3] Masu kare shirin sun nuna cewa dokar da aka gabatar ta HR 3200 za ta ba Medicare damar a karon farko ta rufe shawarwarin marasa lafiya da likitoci game da shirin ƙarshen rayuwa, gami da tattaunawa game da tsara wasiyya ta rayuwa ko tsara maganin asibiti. Marasa lafiya za su iya neman irin wannan shawara da kansu, amma ba za a buƙaci hakan ba. Wannan tanadin zai iyakance ɗaukar nauyin Medicare zuwa shawara ɗaya bayan ɗaya bayan kowace shekara biyar. [4] Wakili Earl Blumenauer, D-Ore., wanda ya ɗauki nauyin tanadin shawarwarin ƙarshen rayuwa na HR 3200, ya ce matakin zai toshe kuɗaɗen ba da shawara waɗanda ke nuna kashe kai ko taimaka wa kashe kai a matsayin zaɓi, kuma ya kira ambaton kwamitin mutuwa ko euthanasia "abin da ke ɓata wa hankali". [5] Sanata Johnny Isakson na jam'iyyar Republican, wanda ya ɗauki nauyin tanadin shawarwarin ƙarshen rayuwa na 2007, ya kira da'awar euthanasia "abin ƙyama". [6] Masu sharhi waɗanda suka binciki tanadin ƙarshen rayuwa da Palin ta ambata sun yarda cewa da'awar Palin ba daidai ba ce. [7] [8] [9] [10] [11] A cewar TIME da ABC, Palin da Betsy McCaughey sun yi da'awar euthanasia ta ƙarya. [2] [12] [13] Bukatar gwamnatin tarayya ta cewa asibitoci su taimaki marasa lafiya da abubuwa kamar wasiyya mai rai ta fara ne lokacin da ɗan Republican George HW Bush ya zama shugaban ƙasa. Sashe na 1233 kawai yana ba da damar a biya likitoci kuɗin lokacinsu. [1] Duk da haka, wani bincike da NBC ta gudanar ya nuna cewa ya zuwa watan Agusta, 2009, kashi 45% na Amurkawa sun yi imani da labarin kwamitin mutuwar. [2] Christopher Beam, mai sharhi kan harkokin Slate, ya yi amfani da kalmar "masu kisan kai" don nufin waɗanda suka yi imanin cewa raba abinci da kuma kashe tsofaffi zai iya zama haɗari ga tsofaffi. Shirin Rachel Maddow ya watsa wani shiri mai suna "Obama da Masu kisan kai" inda Maddow ya tattauna ka'idojin makirci waɗanda suka haɗa da "makircin ɓoye na kashe tsofaffi." Daily Kos da sauran shafukan yanar gizo sun yi amfani da kalmar tsawon mako guda kafin Hari Sevugan, mai magana da yawun kwamitin ƙasa na jam'iyyar Democrat, ya aika imel mai taken "Murkowski: Masu kisan kai 'Yana Ƙarya' 'Yana Tada Tsoro.'" Saƙon ya haɗa da wani labarin game da sanarwar zauren gari da Sanata Lisa Murkowski, 'yar jam'iyyar Republican daga Alaska, ta yi, cewa babu wani sigar gyaran lafiya da ya haɗa da "kwamitocin mutuwa". Sevugan ya bayyana kalmar "masu kisan kai" ga Patricia Murphy, wacce ta saba rubuta wani shafi na Politics Daily mai suna "The Capitolist": {{Blockquote|Their support of the IMAC proposal underscores what most serious health analysts have recognized for some time: that moving toward a health system emphasizing quality rather than quantity will require continual effort, and that a key objective of legislation should be to put in place structures (like the IMAC) that facilitate such change over time. And ultimately, without a structure in place to help contain costs over the long term as the health market evolves, nothing else we do in fiscal policy will matter much, because eventually rising health care costs will overwhelm the federal budget.}} Wasu kuma, kamar tsohon Sakataren Kasuwanci na Jam'iyyar Republican Peter G. Peterson, sun nuna cewa wani nau'in rabon kuɗi abu ne da ba makawa kuma abin so ne idan aka yi la'akari da yanayin kuɗaɗen Amurka da kuma tiriliyan daloli na basussukan Medicare da ba a ba su kuɗi ba. Ya kiyasta cewa ana ba da kashi 25-33% na ayyukan kiwon lafiya ga waɗanda ke cikin watanni ko shekarar ƙarshe na rayuwa kuma ya ba da shawarar ƙuntatawa a lokutan da ba za a iya inganta ingancin rayuwa ba. Ya kuma ba da shawarar a kafa kasafin kuɗi don kuɗaɗen kiwon lafiya na gwamnati, ta hanyar kafa ƙa'idodin kashe kuɗi da ƙa'idodin biyan kuɗi kamar yadda kuke so waɗanda ke buƙatar ƙarin haraji ga duk wani ƙarin kashe kuɗi. Ya nuna cewa za a buƙaci haɗakar ƙarin haraji da rage kashe kuɗi. Duk waɗannan batutuwa za a magance su a ƙarƙashin jagorancin kwamitin gyaran kuɗaɗe. <ref>{{Cite web |date=2016 |title=Donald Trump presidential campaign, 2016/healthcare |url=https://ballotpedia.org/Donald_Trump_presidential_campaign,_2016/Healthcare |access-date=May 8, 2017}}</ref> === Kudaden da ake kashewa wajen yin sakaci a fannin lafiya da kuma iyakokin gyara (laifi) === Masu suka sun yi jayayya cewa kuɗaɗen da ake kashewa wajen yin sakaci a fannin likitanci suna da yawa kuma ya kamata a magance su ta hanyar gyaran fuska . <ref>{{Cite web |date=2016 |title=Donald Trump presidential campaign, 2016/healthcare |url=https://ballotpedia.org/Donald_Trump_presidential_campaign,_2016/Healthcare |access-date=May 8, 2017}}</ref> A lokaci guda, wani bincike da aka yi a Hearst Newspapers ya kammala da cewa har zuwa mutane 200,000 a kowace shekara suna mutuwa sakamakon kurakuran likita da kamuwa da cuta a Amurka. <ref>{{Cite web |date=2016 |title=Donald Trump presidential campaign, 2016/healthcare |url=https://ballotpedia.org/Donald_Trump_presidential_campaign,_2016/Healthcare |access-date=May 8, 2017}}</ref> Babu ɗaya daga cikin manyan kuɗaɗe uku da ake la'akari da su da ke da ƙarancin diyya da za a iya dawo da su a shari'o'in sakaci a fannin likitanci, kamar kurakuran likita da ke haifar da lahani ga marasa lafiya, yana da kuɗaɗen kai tsaye da na kai tsaye: * alkalai sun bayar da lada ga wadanda suka ji rauni; * diyya ga ma'aikata ; * rage yawan aiki na ma'aikata sakamakon rauni; * ciwo da wahala ga waɗanda suka ji rauni; Nawa ne kudin da ake kashewa a wannan fanni, abin muhawara ne. Wasu sun yi jayayya cewa kararrakin da ake yi na rashin da'a su ne babban abin da ke haifar da kuɗaɗen magani. Duk da haka, farashin kai tsaye na kararrakin da ba su da'a ya kai kusan kashi 0.5% ne kawai na duk kuɗin da ake kashewa a fannin kiwon lafiya, kuma wani bincike da Harvard ta yi a shekarar 2006 ya nuna cewa sama da kashi 90% na kararrakin da ba su da'a da aka bincika sun ƙunshi shaidar raunin da aka yi wa majiyyaci kuma kotuna ba sa yin watsi da ƙarar da ba su da amfani. <ref name="slate11">{{Cite journal |date=2006-07-11 |title=The Medical Malpractice Myth |url=http://www.slate.com/id/2145400/ |journal=Slate}}</ref> Wani bincike da aka yi a shekarar 2005 ya kiyasta cewa kudin ya kai kusan kashi 0.2%, kuma a shekarar 2009 kamfanin inshorar WellPoint Inc. ya ce "alhaki ba shi ne ke haifar da kuɗin ba." Idan aka ƙididdige kuɗaɗen kai tsaye da na kai tsaye, wasu bincike sun kiyasta cewa jimillar kuɗin da ake kashewa na rashin da'a "yana da alaƙa" da tsakanin kashi 5% zuwa 10% na jimillar kuɗin likitancin Amurka. <ref name="bloom" /> Wani rahoto da Ofishin Kasafin Kuɗi na Majalisa ya fitar a shekarar 2004 ya nuna cewa kuɗaɗen da ake kashewa wajen rashin da'a a fannin kiwon lafiya a kashi 2% na kuɗin da ake kashewa a fannin kiwon lafiya a Amurka da kuma "ragewa mai yawa" ba zai yi wani tasiri ba wajen rage ƙaruwar kuɗaɗen kula da lafiya. <ref name="bloom" /> Marubucin sharhi kan harkokin mazan jiya Charles Krauthammer ya yi jayayya cewa tsakanin dala biliyan 60-200 a kowace shekara za a iya ceto ta hanyar gyaran laifuka. <sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B; ''<nowiki><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (December 2016)">an buƙata ambato</span></nowiki>'' &#x5D;</sup> Likita kuma tsohon Shugaban Kwamitin Jam'iyyar Democrat na Ƙasa Howard Dean ya bayyana dalilin da ya sa gyaran laifi ba ya cikin dokokin da ake la'akari da su: "Lokacin da ka je zartar da wani babban kudiri kamar haka, ƙarin abubuwan da ka saka a ciki, ƙarin maƙiya za ka yi, ko ba haka ba?... Kuma dalilin da ya sa gyaran laifi ba ya cikin kudirin shine saboda mutanen da suka rubuta shi ba sa son ɗaukar lauyoyin shari'a ban da duk wanda suke ɗauka. Wannan ita ce gaskiya mai sauƙi." <ref>{{Cite web |date=2016 |title=Donald Trump presidential campaign, 2016/healthcare |url=https://ballotpedia.org/Donald_Trump_presidential_campaign,_2016/Healthcare |access-date=May 8, 2017}}</ref> Duk da haka, ko da nasarar gyaran laifuka ba zai iya haifar da ƙarancin ɗaukar nauyi ba: misali, masu sharhi kan harkokin lafiya sun yi jayayya cewa tsarin kuɗin da ake biya a yanzu yana karkatar da shari'o'i zuwa manyan shari'o'i yayin da yake yin watsi da ƙananan shari'o'i masu kyau; daidaita shari'o'i da cancanta na iya ƙara yawan ƙananan kyaututtuka, yana rage duk wani raguwa a manyan kyaututtuka. <ref>{{Cite web |date=2016 |title=Donald Trump presidential campaign, 2016/healthcare |url=https://ballotpedia.org/Donald_Trump_presidential_campaign,_2016/Healthcare |access-date=May 8, 2017}}</ref> Wani bincike na New York ya gano cewa kashi 1.5% ne kawai na sakaci a asibiti ya haifar da da'awa; ƙari ga haka, CBO ya lura cewa "masu ba da kiwon lafiya gabaɗaya ba sa fuskantar haɗarin rashin da'a saboda suna da inshorar alhaki, kuma kuɗin da ake biya don wannan inshorar ba ya nuna bayanan ko salon aiki na masu ba da sabis daban-daban amma abubuwan da suka fi yawa kamar wurin aiki da ƙwarewar likita." <ref>{{Cite web |date=2016 |title=Donald Trump presidential campaign, 2016/healthcare |url=https://ballotpedia.org/Donald_Trump_presidential_campaign,_2016/Healthcare |access-date=May 8, 2017}}</ref> Ganin cewa jimlar alhakin ba ta da yawa idan aka kwatanta da adadin da likitoci ke biya a cikin kuɗin inshorar rashin da'a, an gabatar da wasu hanyoyin da za a gyara inshorar rashin da'a. <ref>{{Cite news |last1=Liptak |first1=Adam |last2=Goodnough |first2=Abby |date=2 March 2020 |title=Supreme Court to Hear Obamacare Appeal |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2020/03/02/us/supreme-court-obamacare-appeal.html |access-date=2 April 2020 |work=The New York Times |language=en-US |issn=0362-4331}}</ref> === Magance ƙarancin likitoci, ma'aikatan jinya da kuma ƙarfin asibitoci === Amurka na fuskantar karancin likitoci da ma'aikatan jinya da ake hasashen za su kara tabarbarewa yayin da Amurka ke tsufa, wanda hakan ka iya kara farashin wadannan ayyuka. A cikin wani rubutu da ya yi a ''jaridar The Washington Post'', likitan zuciya Arthur Feldman ya yi ambato nazarce-nazarce daban-daban da ke nuna cewa Amurka na fuskantar karancin likitoci "matukar mahimmanci", ciki har da kimanin likitocin tiyata 1,300 nan da shekarar 2010. Cibiyar Nazarin Iyali ta Amurka ta yi hasashen ƙarancin likitocin kula da lafiya na farko 40,000 (gami da aikin iyali, maganin ciki, kula da yara da kuma kula da mata/mata) nan da shekarar 2020. Adadin ɗaliban likitanci da ke zaɓar ƙwarewar kula da lafiya ta farko ya ragu da kashi 52% tun daga 1997. A halin yanzu, kashi 2% ne kawai na waɗanda suka kammala karatun likitanci suka zaɓi kula da lafiya ta farko a matsayin aiki. Wani gyara ga dokar lafiyar Majalisar Dattawa ya haɗa da kuɗaɗen dala biliyan 2 a cikin shekaru 10 don ƙirƙirar sabbin guraben horo na zama 2,000 waɗanda aka tsara don kula da lafiya ta farko da tiyata ta gaba ɗaya. A rubuce-rubuce a Forbes, wani likita ya yi jayayya cewa wannan "ƙaramin bandeji ne a mafi kyau," yana mai ba da shawarar biyan cikakken lamuni da matsayi mai garanti bayan kammala karatun. Amurka tana da likitoci 2.4 ga kowane mutum 1,000 a shekarar 2002, inda take matsayi na 52. Jamus da Faransa suna da kimanin likitoci 3.4 kuma suna cikin manyan 25. <ref>{{Cite web |date=2016 |title=Donald Trump presidential campaign, 2016/healthcare |url=https://ballotpedia.org/Donald_Trump_presidential_campaign,_2016/Healthcare |access-date=May 8, 2017}}</ref> Matsakaicin OECD a shekarar 2008 shine likitoci 3.1 ga kowane mutum 1,000, yayin da Amurka ke da likitoci 2.4. Bugu da ƙari, Amurka ba ta aunawa da kyau idan aka kwatanta da ƙasashen OECD dangane da gadajen asibiti na gaggawa ba. Ƙasashe huɗu na OECD ne kawai ke da ƙarancin gadajen asibiti na gaggawa ga kowane mutum fiye da Amurka, wacce ke da 2.7 a cikin kowace jama'a 1,000 idan aka kwatanta da matsakaicin OECD na 3.8. Japan tana da gadajen kulawa na gaggawa 8.2 a cikin kowace jama'a 1,000. === Magance zamba ta Medicare === Ofishin Gudanarwa da Kasafin Kudi ya ruwaito cewa an biya dala biliyan 54 na "biya mara kyau" ga Medicare ($24B), Medicaid ($18B) da Medicaid Advantage ($12B) a lokacin kasafin kuɗi na 2009. Wannan shine kashi 9.4% na dala biliyan 573 da aka kashe a waɗannan rukunan. Ofishin Kula da Lafiya na Gwamnati ya lissafa Medicare a matsayin shirin gwamnati mai "babban haɗari" saboda raunin da take da shi na biyan kuɗi mara kyau. <ref>{{Cite web |date=2016 |title=Donald Trump presidential campaign, 2016/healthcare |url=https://ballotpedia.org/Donald_Trump_presidential_campaign,_2016/Healthcare |access-date=May 8, 2017}}</ref> Kasa da kashi 5% na da'awar Medicare ana tantance su. Zamba na Medicare ya kai kimanin dala biliyan 60 a cikin biyan Medicare kowace shekara, kuma "ya zama ɗaya daga cikin laifuka mafi riba a Amurka." <ref name="Rosen & Bach 10-25-2009" /> Masu laifi suna kafa kamfanoni na bogi, sannan su yi wa Medicare lissafin ayyukan zamba da aka bayar ga marasa lafiya na Medicare waɗanda ba su taɓa samun ayyukan ba. Waɗannan kuɗaɗen sun bayyana a cikin bayanan Medicare da aka bai wa masu katin Medicare. Shirin yana biyan sama da dala biliyan 430 a kowace shekara ta hanyar da'awa sama da biliyan 1, wanda hakan ya sa aiwatar da aiki ya zama ƙalubale. <ref name="Rosen & Bach 10-25-2009" /> Kasafin kuɗin aiwatar da shi yana da "ƙanƙanta sosai" a cewar wani jami'in Medicare. Babban Lauyan Amurka Eric Holder ya ce a wata hira: "A bayyane yake cewa akwai buƙatar yin ƙarin bincike kuma yana buƙatar yin hakan a ainihin lokaci." <ref name="Rosen & Bach 10-25-2009" /> Gwamnatin Obama ta bai wa Medicare ƙarin dala miliyan 200 don yaƙi da zamba a matsayin wani ɓangare na kunshin ƙarfafa gwiwa, da kuma biliyoyin daloli don yin amfani da bayanan likita na kwamfuta da haɓaka hanyoyin sadarwa, wanda ya kamata ya taimaka wa Medicare wajen gano da'awar zamba. === Tsarin biyan kuɗi mai biyan kuɗi ɗaya === A tsarin biyan kuɗi ɗaya, gwamnati ko gwamnati na tsara hukumomin da ba na riba ba, suna biyan kuɗin kula da lafiya don karɓar kuɗaɗen fansho da kuma biyan kuɗin masu ba da sabis na kiwon lafiya. Misalai sun haɗa da Kanada, Koriya ta Kudu, Sweden, Taiwan da Burtaniya. Sau da yawa ana kwatanta tsarin Amurka da na maƙwabciyarta ta arewa, Kanada (duba idan aka kwatanta da tsarin kula da lafiya na Kanada da Amurka ). Tsarin Kanada galibi ana ba da kuɗaɗen gwamnati. A shekarar 2006, Amurkawa sun kashe kimanin dala 6,714 ga kowane mutum a fannin kiwon lafiya, yayin da 'yan Kanada suka kashe dala 3,678 ga kowane mutum. <ref name="OECD Canada">{{Cite web |title=OECD Health Data 2008: How Does Canada Compare |url=http://www.oecd.org/dataoecd/46/33/38979719.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120616225257/http://www.oecd.org/dataoecd/46/33/38979719.pdf |archive-date=2012-06-16}}</ref> Wannan ya kai kashi 15% na GDP na Amurka a wannan shekarar, yayin da Kanada ta kashe 10%. Wani bincike da Makarantar Likitanci ta Harvard da Cibiyar Bayanai ta Kanada suka gudanar ya gano cewa kusan kashi 31% na kuɗin kula da lafiya na Amurka (fiye da dala 1,000 ga kowane mutum a kowace shekara) ya tafi ga kuɗaɗen gudanarwa na kula da lafiya. <ref>{{Cite web |date=2016 |title=Donald Trump presidential campaign, 2016/healthcare |url=https://ballotpedia.org/Donald_Trump_presidential_campaign,_2016/Healthcare |access-date=May 8, 2017}}</ref> Masu fafutuka sun yi jayayya cewa mayar da Amurka zuwa tsarin kula da lafiya mai biyan kuɗi ɗaya zai samar da tsarin kula da lafiya na duniya baki ɗaya, zai ba marasa lafiya zaɓin masu samar da lafiya da asibitoci kyauta, kuma ya tabbatar da cikakken tsarin kula da lafiya da kuma samun dama ga duk hanyoyin da suka dace da lafiya, ba tare da ƙara yawan kashe kuɗi ba. Canjawa zuwa tsarin kula da lafiya mai biyan kuɗi ɗaya zai kuma kawar da kulawa daga masu duba kulawa, yana kawar da cikas ga dangantakar likita da marasa lafiya. Masu adawa suna jayayya cewa canzawa zuwa tsarin kula da lafiya mai biyan kuɗi ɗaya zai haifar da ƙarin matsaloli da koma baya. Ƙungiyar Likitoci ta Amurka ta yi jayayya cewa tsarin kula da lafiya mai biyan kuɗi ɗaya zai fuskanci nauyin lokutan jira na dogon lokaci, ba zai yi tasiri ba idan ana maganar kirkire-kirkire na likita da kula da wurare, kuma babban tsarin gwamnati zai iya "haifar da raguwar ikon marasa lafiya da likitocinsu kan yanke shawara a asibiti." <ref>{{Cite web |date=2016 |title=Donald Trump presidential campaign, 2016/healthcare |url=https://ballotpedia.org/Donald_Trump_presidential_campaign,_2016/Healthcare |access-date=May 8, 2017}}</ref> Duk da cewa bincike ya nuna cewa 'yan Democrat sun fi goyon bayan tsarin biyan kuɗi ɗaya fiye da 'yan Republican, babu ɗaya daga cikin kudurorin gyaran da aka yi muhawara a kansu a Majalisar Dokokin Amurka lokacin da 'yan Democrat ke da rinjaye daga 2007 zuwa 2010 da ya haɗa da shawarwari don aiwatar da tsarin kula da lafiya na biyan kuɗi ɗaya. Masu fafutuka suna jayayya cewa babban cikas ga tsarin biyan kuɗi ɗaya, na duniya baki ɗaya a Amurka shine rashin son zuciya. === Kare Medicare daga masu zaman kansu tare da tsarin baucan === {{Blockquote|Health care is a scarce resource, and all scarce resources are rationed in one way or another. In the United States, most healthcare is privately financed, and so most rationing is by price: you get what you, or your employer, can afford to insure you for...Rationing healthcare means getting value for the billions we are spending by setting limits on which treatments should be paid for from the public purse. If we ration we won't be writing blank checks to pharmaceutical companies for their patented drugs, nor paying for whatever procedures doctors choose to recommend. When public funds subsidize healthcare or provide it directly, it is crazy not to try to get value for money. The debate over healthcare reform in the United States should start from the premise that some form of healthcare rationing is both inescapable and desirable. Then we can ask, What is the best way to do it?"}} == Shawarwari na Majalisa kan Gyaran Kula da Lafiya == {{Blockquote|By "deather," I mean an opponent of change who is knowingly spreading false information regarding the existence of an alleged "death panel" in health insurance reform plans despite the fact the claim has been repeatedly and unequivocally debunked by independent fact-checking organizations. Like "[[Barack Obama citizenship conspiracy theories|birthers]]", "deathers" are shamefully lying and trafficking in scurrilous rumors to incite fear and achieve their stated political objective of derailing the president of the United States.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.politicsdaily.com/2009/08/13/democrats-shift-criticism-from-birthers-to-deathers/|title=Democrats Shift Criticism From 'Birthers' to 'Deathers'|first=Patricia|last=Murphy|work=Politics Daily|date=August 13, 2009|access-date=October 1, 2009}}{{Dead link|date=May 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref>}} A ranar 7 ga Nuwamba, 2009, Majalisar ta zartar da wani daftarin kudirin gyaran inshorar lafiya, Dokar Kula da Lafiya Mai Sauƙi ta Amurka, 220–215, amma wannan bai zama doka ba. 'Yan Republican suna ci gaba da da'awar cewa suna da wani kudiri mai aiki don fadada kariya ga dukkan Amurkawa kuma ba ya kashe masu biyan haraji komai, kodayake ba a gabatar da komai a bainar jama'a don tallafawa ikirarin ba. Dokar Karfafa Marasa Lafiya ta Farko wacce aka gabatar a matsayin wani sauyi ga Dokar Majalisar Dattawa yayin tantance kudirin. Duk da haka, Kwamitin Kudi na Majalisar Dattawa ya yi watsi da wannan kudiri na madadin. Ofishin Kasafin Kudi na Majalisa ya ce ba zai rage kaso na mutanen da shekarunsu ke aiki wadanda ba su da inshora a cikin shekaru 10 masu zuwa ba, kuma ya kiyasta cewa zai karfafa masu inshorar lafiya su rage maimakon kara inshorar domin zai cire dokokin kariya da aka wajabta wadanda ke aiki a wasu jihohi. Wannan kudiri zai bai wa masana'antar inshora damar samun kudaden gwamnati ta hanyar sabbin tallafin inshora. <ref>{{Cite web |date=2016 |title=Donald Trump presidential campaign, 2016/healthcare |url=https://ballotpedia.org/Donald_Trump_presidential_campaign,_2016/Healthcare |access-date=May 8, 2017}}</ref> Ba shi da wani tanadin haraji kuma kodayake zai rage gibin a cikin shekaru 10 da dala biliyan 18, wannan ya kasance ƙaramin raguwar gibin fiye da na Majalisar ko Majalisar Dattawa. {| class="wikitable" |+Takaitaccen bayani game da bambance-bambance tsakanin kudirorin gyaran lafiya da aka gabatar ! style="width:10%;" | ! style="width:35%;" | '''HR 3962, Dokar Kula da Lafiya Mai Sauƙi ga Amurka, "Dokar Gida"''' ! style="width:35%;" | '''HR 3590, Dokar Kare Marasa Lafiya da Kulawa Mai Sauƙi, "Dokar Majalisar Dattawa"''' |- ! Kuɗi | Yana sanya ƙarin haraji na kashi 5.4% akan kuɗin shiga sama da $500,000 ga daidaikun mutane da kuma $1,000,000 ga iyalai. <ref name="npr.org">{{Cite web |last=Rau |first=Jordan |date=2009-12-24 |title=A Consumer's Guide To Health Reform |url=https://www.npr.org/templates/story/story.php?storyId=121857029&ft=1&f=1001 |access-date=2013-10-10 |publisher=NPR}}</ref> | Yana ƙara harajin albashin Medicare daga 1.45% zuwa 2.35% akan kuɗin shiga sama da $200,000 ga daidaikun mutane da kuma $250,000 ga iyalai. <ref name="npr.org" /> |- ! Zubar da ciki | Kamfanonin inshora da suka karɓi tallafin tarayya ba za a ba su izinin ɗaukar nauyin zubar da ciki ba. <ref name="npr.org" /> | Kamfanonin inshora da suka shiga cikin sabbin musayar kuɗi da aka ƙirƙira za a ba su izinin haɗa da inshorar zubar da ciki, amma dole ne a rubuta cekin daban ga kamfanin inshorar da ke shiga. <ref name="npr.org" /> Kowace jiha za ta sami zaɓin hana kuɗin tarayya ɗaukar nauyin zubar da ciki a musayar inshorar su. <ref name="ReferenceA">{{Cite web |last=Whitelaw |first=Kevin |date=December 24, 2009 |title=Next Step: Getting A Health Bill To Obama's Desk |url=https://www.npr.org/templates/story/story.php?storyId=121838784&ps=cprs |access-date=2013-10-10 |website=NPR}}</ref> |- ! Zaɓin Jama'a | Eh. <ref name="npr.org" /> | A'a. Madadin haka, gwamnatin tarayya za ta ba da umarnin cewa sabbin kamfanonin inshorar jiha da aka ƙirƙira sun haɗa da aƙalla tsare-tsare biyu na ƙasa waɗanda Ofishin Gudanar da Ma'aikata ya ƙirƙira. Daga cikin waɗannan tsare-tsare biyu na ƙasa, aƙalla ɗaya dole ne ya zama tsarin zaman kansa na ba da riba. <ref name="pbs.org">{{Cite web |date=2009-12-21 |title=Compare the Senate and House Health Reform Bills |url=https://www.pbs.org/newshour/updates/health/july-dec09/billcomparison_12-21.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091224142437/http://www.pbs.org/newshour/updates/health/july-dec09/billcomparison_12-21.html |archive-date=December 24, 2009 |access-date=2013-10-10 |publisher=PBS}}</ref> |- ! Musayar Inshora | Za a ƙirƙiri [[Kasuwar inshorar lafiya|musayar inshora]] ta ƙasa guda ɗaya don ɗaukar tsare-tsaren inshorar masu zaman kansu da kuma zaɓin jama'a. Jihohi daban-daban na iya gudanar da musayar nasu a ƙarƙashin jagororin tarayya. <ref name="ReferenceA" /> <ref name="pbs.org" /> | Kowace jiha za ta ƙirƙiri nata musayar inshorar a ƙarƙashin jagororin tarayya. <ref name="ReferenceA" /> |- ! Cancanta ga Medicaid | An faɗaɗa zuwa kashi 150% na matakin talauci na tarayya <ref name="npr.org" /> | An faɗaɗa zuwa kashi 133% na matakin talauci na tarayya <ref name="npr.org" /> |- ! Baƙi Ba bisa ƙa'ida ba | An ba su izinin shiga cikin musayar inshora, amma ba za su iya karɓar tallafin tarayya ba. | Ba za su iya shiga cikin musayar ba ko kuma karɓar tallafi. |- ! Kimanta Kudin CBO | Dala biliyan 1,050 a cikin shekaru 10. <ref>{{Cite web |date=2016 |title=Donald Trump presidential campaign, 2016/healthcare |url=https://ballotpedia.org/Donald_Trump_presidential_campaign,_2016/Healthcare |access-date=May 8, 2017}}</ref> Za a rage jimillar gibin dala biliyan 138 daga 2010 zuwa 2019 bayan an karɓi haraji da kuma rage farashi. <ref>{{Cite news |last1=Liptak |first1=Adam |last2=Goodnough |first2=Abby |date=2 March 2020 |title=Supreme Court to Hear Obamacare Appeal |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2020/03/02/us/supreme-court-obamacare-appeal.html |access-date=2 April 2020 |work=The New York Times |language=en-US |issn=0362-4331}}</ref> | Dala biliyan 871 cikin shekaru 10. <ref name="pbs.org" /> Za a rage gibin dala biliyan 132 daga 2010 zuwa 2019 bayan an karɓi haraji da kuma rage farashi. <ref>{{Cite web |date=2016 |title=Donald Trump presidential campaign, 2016/healthcare |url=https://ballotpedia.org/Donald_Trump_presidential_campaign,_2016/Healthcare |access-date=May 8, 2017}}</ref> |- ! Yana aiki | 2013 | 2014 |} === Kamanceceniya tsakanin Dokokin Majalisa da na Majalisar Dattawa === Kudirin biyu iri ɗaya ne ta hanyoyi da dama. Musamman ma, duka kudirin biyu: <ref name="autogenerated1">{{Cite web |date=2009-11-19 |title=Updated Health Care Charts |url=http://crfb.org/blogs/updated-health-care-charts |access-date=2013-10-10 |publisher=Committee for a Responsible Federal Budget – Crfb.org}}</ref> * Umarni mafi ƙarancin fa'idodin inshorar lafiya ga yawancin Amurkawa * Cire iyakokin inshora na shekara-shekara da na rayuwa akan inshorar kuma iyakance adadin haɗin gwiwa * Cire haɗin-kuɗi akan wasu ayyuka kamar gwaje-gwajen lafiya da wasu alluran rigakafi * Sanya sabon harajin fitar da kaya ga na'urorin likitanci da magunguna, gami da alluran rigakafi <ref name="politico.com">{{Cite web |last=Frates |first=Chris |date=November 21, 2009 |title=Politico.com |url=https://www.politico.com/livepulse/1109/Reform_tax_would_hit_H1N1_vaccine_manufacturers_.html |access-date=January 12, 2012 |publisher=Politico.com }}{{Dead link|date=May 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> (gwamnatin tarayya ta fara biyan haraji kan alluran rigakafi a shekarar 1987 ). * Kafa [[Kasuwar inshorar lafiya|musayar inshorar lafiya]] wanda zai sauƙaƙa kwatanta farashi da ɗaukar hoto da kuma siyan mutane da ƙananan 'yan kasuwa don siyan inshorar kiwon lafiya * Hana masu inshora su sayar da manufofin inshorar musayar kuɗi waɗanda ba su cika ƙa'idodin ɗaukar nauyin da ya dace ba * Hana kamfanonin inshora hana mutane ɗaukar nauyin inshora ga mutanen da ke da matsalolin lafiya a da * Hana nuna wariya ga mata ta hanyar yin amfani da kamfanonin inshora (musamman wariya ga mata a yanzu) wajen tsara biyan kuɗi * Iyakance wariya ga shekaru daga masu inshora yayin tsara manufofin biyan kuɗi * Taƙaita ikon kamfanonin inshora na soke manufofin da suke karɓar kuɗin fansho a kai * Ana buƙatar masu inshora su biya wa yara manya har zuwa tsakiyar shekarunsu na ashirin a matsayin wani ɓangare na tsarin inshorar iyali. * Faɗaɗa cancantar Medicaid zuwa matakin samun kudin shiga (zuwa kashi 133% na layin talauci a cikin lissafin Majalisar Dattawa da kashi 150% a cikin lissafin Majalisar) * Bayar da rangwamen haraji ga wasu ƙananan 'yan kasuwa (ƙasa da ma'aikata 25) waɗanda ke ba wa ma'aikata inshorar lafiya * Sanya hukunci ga ma'aikata waɗanda ba sa bayar da inshorar lafiya ga ma'aikatansu * A yanke hukunci ga mutanen da ba su da inshorar lafiya (banda 'yan asalin Amurka (wanda Hukumar Lafiya ta Indiya ke kula da shi a yanzu), mutanen da ke da ƙin amincewa da addini da kuma mutanen da za su iya nuna wahalhalun kuɗi) * Samar da tallafin tallafin inshorar lafiya ga waɗanda ke samun har zuwa kashi 400% na matakin talauci na tarayya waɗanda dole ne su sayi inshorar kansu * Bayar da sabon shirin inshorar kulawa na dogon lokaci na son rai * Biyan kuɗi don sabbin kashe kuɗi, a wani ɓangare, ta hanyar rage yawan kuɗaɗen da ake kashewa (a ƙarƙashin dokar da ke akwai) da ake bai wa kamfanonin inshora masu zaman kansu waɗanda ke sayar da tsare-tsaren kula da lafiya na sirri ga tsofaffi (wanda ake kira tsare-tsaren Medicare Advantage ), rage yawan biyan kuɗin masu ba da sabis na Medicare , rage farashin magunguna na Medicare da Medicaid , rage kashe kuɗi na Medicare da Medicaid ta hanyar ingantaccen tsarin lada, da kuma ƙara haraji akan fakitin kula da lafiya mai yawa (yawanci ana bayarwa ga manyan jami'ai) da kuma tarar da za a yi wa manyan kamfanoni rashin bai wa ma'aikatansu inshorar kiwon lafiya da wasu mutanen da ba sa sayen inshorar lafiya. * Sanya iyaka ta dala $2,500 ga gudummawar da aka bayar ga asusun kashe kuɗi mai sassauƙa (FSAs), fa'idodin kiwon lafiya kafin haraji, don biyan kuɗin gyaran kiwon lafiya. === Bambance-bambance a cikin Dokokin Majalisa da na Majalisar Dattawa === Ayyukan da aka tallata a matsayin kulawar rigakafi batu ne da ake ci gaba da muhawara a kai. Shekaru da dama na bincike sun nuna cewa yawancin ayyukan da aka saba yi ba sa ba da fa'ida ga marasa lafiya. <ref>{{Cite web |date=2016 |title=Donald Trump presidential campaign, 2016/healthcare |url=https://ballotpedia.org/Donald_Trump_presidential_campaign,_2016/Healthcare |access-date=May 8, 2017}}</ref> Kudirin Majalisar Dokoki da Majalisar Dattawa za su tilasta sayen manufofin da ke biyan kashi 100% na kudin wasu ayyuka, ba tare da biyan kuɗi ba; lokacin da aka gyara kudirin Majalisar Dattawa zuwa ga biyan kuɗin gwaje-gwaje wanda kwamitin tarayya da kuma US News &amp;amp; World Report suka ce "yana yin illa fiye da alheri," <ref>{{Cite news |last1=Liptak |first1=Adam |last2=Goodnough |first2=Abby |date=2 March 2020 |title=Supreme Court to Hear Obamacare Appeal |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2020/03/02/us/supreme-court-obamacare-appeal.html |access-date=2 April 2020 |work=The New York Times |language=en-US |issn=0362-4331}}</ref> [[New York Times|Jaridar New York Times]] ta rubuta, "Wannan shirin ba shi da kyau ga ƙoƙarin gyara don rage kashe kuɗi akan wasu hanyoyin bisa ga ingantattun shaidun kimiyya na fa'idodi da haɗarin da ke tattare da su ga marasa lafiya." ==== Bambance-bambance a yadda kowace majalisa ke tantance tallafin kuɗi ==== [[Fayil:Percentage_of_income_allotted_to_pay_for_health_insurance_vs._federal_poverty_level_for_house_and_senate.jpg|alt=A graphic that demonstrates how the subsidies are more generous for those closer to the poverty line and drop off as a family's distance from the poverty line increases. The rate at which the subsidy falls off decreases with increased distance from the poverty line. The curve representative of the "house bill" is concave and has a negative second derivative. The curve representative of the "senate bill" is linear from 100% FPL to 300% FPL and then flattens out at 9.8% of annual income until 400% FPL.|right|thumb|300x300px|Alaƙar da ke tsakanin matakin talauci na iyali da kuma kaso na kuɗin shigarsu da aka ware don biyan inshorar lafiya. Lura cewa Dokar Majalisar Dattawa ta tanadar da tallafin Medicaid har zuwa kashi 133% na matakin talauci na tarayya yayin da Dokar Majalisar Wakilai ta tanadar da tallafin Medicaid har zuwa kashi 150% na matakin talauci na tarayya. An ɗauko daga rubuce-rubucen Dokar Majalisar Wakilai da Dokar Majalisar Dattawa.]] Yadda kowanne kudiri ke tantance tallafin shi ma ya bambanta. Kowace kudiri tana tallafawa farashin kudin fansho da kuma kudaden da za a kashe daga aljihu amma suna da yawa ko ƙasa da haka dangane da dangantakar kudin shiga na iyali da matakin talauci na tarayya. <sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B; ''<nowiki><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (August 2023)">ana buƙatar ambato</span></nowiki>'' &#x5D;</sup> Ana ƙididdige adadin tallafin da aka bai wa iyali don biyan kuɗin tallafin ta amfani da dabarar da ta haɗa da kuɗin shiga na iyali dangane da matakin talauci na tarayya. Matakin talauci na tarayya yana da alaƙa da wani kaso da aka ƙayyade wanda ke bayyana adadin kuɗin shiga na wannan iyalin da za a iya sanyawa ga kuɗin inshorar lafiya. Misali, a ƙarƙashin Dokar Majalisar Wakilai, iyali mai kashi 200% na matakin talauci na tarayya ba zai kashe fiye da kashi 5.5% na kuɗin shiga na shekara-shekara akan kuɗin inshorar lafiya ba. A ƙarƙashin Dokar Majalisar Dattawa, iyali ɗaya ba zai kashe fiye da kashi 6.3% na kuɗin shiga na shekara-shekara akan kuɗin inshorar lafiya ba. Gwamnatin tarayya ce ke biyan bambancin da ke tsakanin mafi girman gudummawar iyali ga kuɗin inshorar lafiya da farashin kuɗin inshorar lafiya. Don fahimtar yadda kowane kuɗi zai iya shafar matakan talauci daban-daban da kuɗin shiga, duba [http://healthreform.kff.org/SubsidyCalculator.aspx kalkuleta na tallafin] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130422185025/http://healthreform.kff.org/SubsidyCalculator.aspx |date=2013-04-22 }} Gidauniyar Kaiser Family Foundation Archived ===== Tallafin Kuɗi A Ƙarƙashin Dokar Majalisa ===== Tsarin Majalisar yana tallafawa farashin shirin da kuma kuɗaɗen da za a kashe daga aljihu. Ana ba da tallafin kuɗin shirin bisa ga matakin talauci na iyali, wanda hakan ke rage tallafin yayin da matakin talauci ke kusantowa da kashi 400%. Haka kuma ana ba da tallafin kuɗaɗen da za a kashe daga aljihu bisa ga matakin talauci a waɗannan ƙimar. Ana ba da tallafin kuɗaɗen da za a kashe daga aljihu da farko kuma ba a yarda su wuce wani takamaiman adadin da zai tashi tare da kuɗin inshora na asali ba. {| class="wikitable" ! style="width:170px;" |Ga waɗanda ke yin tsakanin ! Wannan mafi yawan kuɗaɗen da aka kashe wajen biyan kuɗi an rufe su. ! Kuma mutum ɗaya (iyali) ba zai kashe fiye da wannan adadin ba wajen kashe kuɗi daga aljihunsa. |- | har zuwa 150% na FPL | kashi 97% | $500 ($1,000) |- | Kashi 150% da 200% na FPL | Kashi 93% | $1,000 ($2,000) |- | Kashi 200% da 250% na FPL | 85% | $2,000 ($4,000) |- | Kashi 250% da 300% na FPL | kashi 78% | $4,000 ($8,000) |- | Kashi 300% da 350% na FPL | kashi 72% | $4,500 ($9,000) |- | Kashi 350% da 400% na FPL | kashi 70% | $5,000 ($10,000) |} ===== Tallafi a ƙarƙashin Dokar Majalisar Dattawa ===== {| class="wikitable" ! style="width:170px;" |Ga waɗanda ke yin tsakanin ! Wannan mafi yawan kuɗin da aka kashe daga aljihu an biya shi |- | har zuwa 200% na FPL | kashi 66% |- | Kashi 200% da 300% na FPL | 50% |- | Kashi 300% da 400% na FPL | Kashi 33% |} Dokar Majalisar Dattawa ta kuma nemi rage kuɗaɗen da za a kashe wajen biyan kuɗi ta hanyar tsara ƙa'idodi kan adadin kuɗin da za a iya kashewa ga iyali a cikin kashi 200% na layin talauci. Iyali a cikin kashi 150% na FPL ba za su iya kashe fiye da kashi 10% na kuɗaɗen lafiyarsu a matsayin kuɗaɗen da za a kashe daga aljihunsu ba. Iyali tsakanin kashi 150% zuwa 200% na FPL ba za su iya kashe fiye da kashi 20% na kuɗaɗen lafiyarsu a matsayin kuɗaɗen da za a kashe daga aljihunsu ba. Dokar Majalisar Wakilai da ta Majalisar Dattawa za ta bambanta, a wani ɓangare, a tasirinsu gabaɗaya. Dokar Majalisar Dattawa za ta rufe ƙarin mutane miliyan 31, a kan kuɗin kasafin kuɗin tarayya na kusan dala biliyan 850 (ba tare da la'akari da umarnin da ba a biya ba) tsawon shekaru goma, ta rage gibin shekaru goma da dala biliyan 130, kuma ta rage gibin a cikin shekaru goma na biyu da kusan kashi 0.25% na GDP. Dokar Majalisar, a halin yanzu, za ta rufe ƙarin mutane miliyan 36, wanda ya kai kusan dala biliyan 1050 a cikin tanade-tanaden ɗaukar nauyin, ta rage gibin shekaru goma da dala biliyan 138, sannan ta rage gibin a cikin shekaru goma na biyu. <ref name="autogenerated1"/> === Sharhi kan nazarin farashi === Ya kamata a lura cewa dukkan kuɗaɗen sun dogara ne da wasu "dabaru" don samun lambobin rage gibin da suka dace. Misali, duka biyun sun kafa inshorar kulawa ta dogon lokaci ta jama'a da aka sani da Dokar CLASS - saboda wannan inshorar tana da lokacin jingina na shekaru 5, da alama za ta tara kudaden shiga a cikin shekaru goma na farko, duk da cewa za a buƙaci a biya duk kuɗin. Idan aka cire Dokar CLASS daga kuɗaɗen, kudirin Majalisar Dattawa zai rage gibin da dala biliyan 57 a cikin shekaru goma, da kuma Majalisar da dala biliyan 37. Baya ga Dokar CLASS, babu ɗayan kuɗaɗen da ya kai kuɗin sabunta biyan kuɗin likitocin Medicare, duk da cewa Majalisar [http://www.medscape.com/viewarticle/712775 ta yi hakan ne bisa ga gibin da aka samu] jim kaɗan bayan ta zartar da kudirin kula da lafiyarsu. <ref>{{Cite web |date=2016 |title=Donald Trump presidential campaign, 2016/healthcare |url=https://ballotpedia.org/Donald_Trump_presidential_campaign,_2016/Healthcare |access-date=May 8, 2017}}</ref> Dokar Majalisar Dattawa ta kuma fara yawancin tanade-tanaden bayan shekara guda bayan dokar Majalisar domin ta sa farashi ya yi kama da ƙarami:<gallery> Fayil:Budgetary_Impact_of_Health_Reform_Bills.JPG|alt=Budgetary Impact of House and Senate Bills| [http://crfb.org/blogs/interactive-and-sharable-graphs-comparing-health-care-bills Tasirin Kasafin Kudi ga Dokokin Majalisa da na Majalisar Dattawa] Fayil:Changes_in_Coverage_Health_Care_Bills.png|alt=Changes in Coverage Under House and Senate Bills| [http://crfb.org/blogs/interactive-and-sharable-graphs-comparing-health-care-bills Canje-canje a Tsarin Mulki A ƙarƙashin Dokokin Majalisa da na Majalisar Dattawa] Fayil:Gross_Costs_of_Health_Coverage.png|alt=Gross Cost of Coverage Provisions in House and Senate Bills| [http://crfb.org/blogs/interactive-and-sharable-graphs-comparing-health-care-bills Jimillar Kuɗin da Aka Kashe a Dokokin Majalisa da na Majalisar Dattawa] </gallery>Likitan tiyata Atul Gawande ya rubuta a cikin ''jaridar The New Yorker'' cewa kudurorin Majalisar Dattawa da na Majalisar Wakilai da aka amince da su sun ƙunshi shirye-shiryen gwaji iri-iri waɗanda ka iya yin tasiri mai yawa kan farashi da inganci a cikin dogon lokaci, kodayake ba a haɗa waɗannan cikin kimanta farashin CBO ba. Ya ce waɗannan shirye-shiryen gwaji sun shafi kusan duk wata ra'ayi da ƙwararrun kiwon lafiya ke fafutukar bayarwa, banda gyaran rashin adalci/gazawa. Ya yi jayayya cewa dabarun gwaji da kurakurai, tare da haɗin gwiwar masana'antu da gwamnati, shine yadda Amurka ta shawo kan irin wannan ƙalubalen a masana'antar noma a farkon ƙarni na 20. == Yin amfani da ƙarfin gwiwa == Bayanan da OpenSecrets ta tattara sun nuna cewa fannin lafiya da inshora sun bai wa 'yan majalisar wakilai da na dattawa kusan dala miliyan 170 a shekarar 2007 da 2008, yayin da kashi 54% suka ba wa 'yan Democrat. Canjin jam'iyyu ya fi bayyana a cikin watanni uku na farko na 2009, lokacin da 'yan Democrat suka tara kashi 60% na dala miliyan 5.4 da kamfanonin kiwon lafiya da ma'aikatansu suka bayar. 'Yan majalisar da ke jagorantar kwamitoci masu muhimmanci sun kasance kan gaba wajen karbar kudi, wasu daga cikinsu sun sami fiye da dala miliyan 1.0 a cikin gudunmawa. Matt Taibbi ya rubuta a cikin ''Rolling Stone'' cewa Shugaba Obama da manyan sanatoci waɗanda suka ba da shawarar tsarin biyan kuɗi ɗaya a baya ba sa son fuskantar kamfanonin inshora da ƙoƙarinsu na yin amfani da ƙarfi. Manyan 'yan siyasa a Kwamitin Kuɗi na Majalisar Dattawa da ke da hannu a tsara dokoki sun sami sama da dala miliyan 2 a cikin gudummawar kamfen daga masana'antar kiwon lafiya. Da yawa daga cikin kamfanonin da aka gayyata don yin shaida a zaman sauraron ƙararrakin sun aika da masu fafutuka waɗanda suka yi aiki ga Sanata Max Baucus, shugaban kwamitin a baya. Mista Baucus ya bayyana a watan Fabrairun 2009 cewa: "Akwai lokacin da za mu iya matsa lamba don neman mai biyan kuɗi ɗaya. A wannan lokacin, ba za a kai ga tushe na farko a Majalisa ba." George McGovern ya rubuta cewa an bai wa shugaban kwamitin kuɗi na Majalisar Dattawa kuma memba mai matsayi a kwamitin kuɗi na Majalisar Dattawa, wanda ke da iko kan dokokin kula da lafiya: "Shugaban kwamitin kula da lafiya Max Baucus na Montana, ɗan jam'iyyar Democrat, da kwamitinsa na siyasa sun sami kusan dala miliyan 4 daga ƙungiyar kula da lafiya tun daga 2003. Babban ɗan jam'iyyar Republican, Charles Grassley na Iowa, ya sami sama da dala miliyan 2. Kuskure ne ga wani ɗan siyasa ya yi hukunci kan dalilan wani. Amma Sen. Baucus da Grassley sun kasance masu adawa da tsarin biyan kuɗi ɗaya, kamar sauran manyan 'yan majalisar da aka ba su lada mai yawa ta hanyar ƙungiyar inshora." == Muhawara game da hanyoyin shirya siyasa == Yawancin labaran da aka bayar a muhawarar sun shafi yadda ɓangarori daban-daban ke fafatawa don bayyana ra'ayoyinsu, maimakon takamaiman shawarwarin gyara. Muhawarar gyaran lafiyar da aka yi a Amurka ta sami tasiri daga zanga-zangar da aka yi a Jam'iyyar Tea Party, inda 'yan jarida da 'yan siyasa ke ɓatar da lokaci suna mayar da martani a kai. <ref name="summer" /> Masu goyon bayan babban rawar da gwamnati ke takawa a fannin kiwon lafiya, kamar tsohon shugaban kamfanin inshorar jama'a Wendell Potter na Cibiyar Kafafen Yaɗa Labarai da Dimokuraɗiyya - wanda kuɗaɗen da aka samu daga ƙungiyoyi kamar Tides Foundation - <ref name="financial">{{Cite web |date=2004-11-20 |title=Financial Supporters |url=http://www.prwatch.org/finances.html |access-date=June 3, 2008 |publisher=[[Center for Media and Democracy]]}}</ref> suna jayayya cewa wuce gona da iri da wannan lamari ya haifar wani nau'i ne na astroturfing na kamfanoni, wanda ya ce ya saba rubuta wa CIGNA . Masu adawa da ƙarin shiga gwamnati, kamar Phil Kerpen na Americans for Prosperity - wanda kuɗaɗen da aka samu galibi daga kamfanin Koch Industries - <ref>{{Cite web |date=2016 |title=Donald Trump presidential campaign, 2016/healthcare |url=https://ballotpedia.org/Donald_Trump_presidential_campaign,_2016/Healthcare |access-date=May 8, 2017}}</ref> sun yi jayayya cewa waɗannan kamfanoni suna adawa da [[Kula da lafiyar jama'a|shirin jama'a]], amma wasu suna ƙoƙarin matsa lamba ga ayyukan gwamnati waɗanda za su amfane su ba bisa ƙa'ida ba, kamar tilasta wa kamfanoni masu zaman kansu su sayi inshorar lafiya ga ma'aikatansu. Ɗan jarida Ben Smith ya ambaci tsakiyar shekarar 2009 a matsayin "Lokacin bazara na Astroturf" idan aka yi la'akari da ƙoƙarin shiryawa da kuma haɗakar ƙungiyoyi daban-daban a ɓangarorin masu goyon baya da kuma masu adawa da sauyi. <ref name="summer">{{Cite web |last=Ben Smith |author-link=Ben Smith (journalist) |date=August 21, 2009 |title=The Summer of Astroturf |url=https://www.politico.com/story/2009/08/the-summer-of-astroturf-026312 |access-date=August 28, 2009 |publisher=[[Politico (newspaper)|Politico]]}}</ref> == Hujjoji game da gyaran harkokin kiwon lafiya == Masu sassaucin ra'ayi su ne manyan masu fafutukar kare lafiyar jama'a da kuma Medicare, waɗanda galibi ake mayar da hankali a kansu a matsayin manyan faɗaɗa gwamnati wanda ke da matuƙar gamsuwa tsakanin masu cin gajiyar. <ref>{{Cite web |date=2016 |title=Donald Trump presidential campaign, 2016/healthcare |url=https://ballotpedia.org/Donald_Trump_presidential_campaign,_2016/Healthcare |access-date=May 8, 2017}}</ref> Shugaba Obama ya yi jayayya a lokacin taron haɗin gwiwa na Majalisar Dokoki ta Satumba 2009 cewa gwamnati tana da alhakin ɗabi'a na tabbatar da cewa kiwon lafiya mai inganci ya isa ga dukkan 'yan ƙasa. Ya kuma yi nuni ga wata wasiƙa daga marigayi Sanata Ted Kennedy . <ref>{{Cite web |date=2016 |title=Donald Trump presidential campaign, 2016/healthcare |url=https://ballotpedia.org/Donald_Trump_presidential_campaign,_2016/Healthcare |access-date=May 8, 2017}}</ref> Muhawara mai ra'ayin mazan jiya da ta 'yanci game da rawar da gwamnati ke takawa a fannin kiwon lafiya ta bayyana a shekarun 1910, yayin da damuwar jama'a ke ƙaruwa game da matsalolin samun damar kula da lafiya da tsadar magani. A shekarun 1930, dokar shugaban ƙasa Franklin D. Roosevelt game da kula da lafiya ta duniya ta fuskanci adawa mai tsanani daga Ƙungiyar Likitoci ta Amurka kuma ta yi suka ga dokar. <ref>{{Cite web |date=2016 |title=Donald Trump presidential campaign, 2016/healthcare |url=https://ballotpedia.org/Donald_Trump_presidential_campaign,_2016/Healthcare |access-date=May 8, 2017}}</ref> Shugaba Truman, wanda ya kasance mai goyon bayan Dokar Wagner-Murray-Dingell wadda za ta kafa wani shirin inshorar lafiya na ƙasa wanda aka biya ta hanyar haraji, an zaɓe shi a ƙarshen shekarun 1940 kuma AMA ta kashe sama da dala miliyan 1 kan wani kamfen na sake fasalin kiwon lafiya, tana Allah wadai da kudirin kuma ta ƙara rura wutar rikicin gurguzu. Kamar yadda waɗannan rikice-rikicen suka nuna, farfagandar yakin cacar baka da gurguzu sun kasance muhimmai a cikin muhawarar kiwon lafiya har ra'ayoyin inshorar lafiya da damar shiga sun zama ba za a iya raba su daga siyasa ba. Yawancin maganganun masu ra'ayin mazan jiya a tarihin Amurka sun ta'allaka ne akan farfagandar [[Cold War|Yaƙin Cacar Baki]] da akidar tattalin arziki ta neoliberal. Irin waɗannan maganganun suna bayyana har ma a cikin harshen da Ƙungiyar Likitoci ta Amurka (AMA) ke amfani da shi, wanda ya bayyana manufofin kiwon lafiya na duniya a matsayin "maganin zamantakewa". AMA da likitoci da yawa sun riƙe mukamai na siyasa waɗanda suka yi adawa da ƙungiyoyi da yawa na jama'a don inshorar lafiya ta tilas, saboda ƙarfafa gwiwa ta sirri/riba da kuma ƙiyayya ga "gurguzu". Shugaban jam'iyyar Republican Reagan ya yi magana game da Socialized Medicine, inda ya "soki Social Security saboda maye gurbin tanadin kuɗi na sirri kuma ya yi gargaɗin cewa tallafin magani zai rage 'yancin Amurkawa" kuma "nan ba da jimawa ba ɗanka ba zai yanke shawara lokacin da yake makaranta ba, inda zai je ko abin da zai yi don rayuwa." Tattalin arzikin kiwon lafiya ya ci gaba da kasancewa babban abin da ke cikin muhawarar masu ra'ayin mazan jiya, yayin da 'yan siyasa da yawa ke kawo ra'ayin kasuwar kyauta cikin harkokin kiwon lafiya. Misali, marubucin jam'iyyar Conservative ta Republican Bill Kristol ya ba da shawarar yin gyare-gyare da dama a kasuwa maimakon shirin Clinton a lokacin 1993-1994. [undefined] John Stossel, mai ba da rahoto kan bincike kuma marubucin sharhi, ya lura cewa "Inshora tana gayyatar ɓata lokaci. Wannan shine dalilin da ya sa kula da lafiya ke tsada sosai, kuma sau da yawa ba ya da kyau ga masu amfani. A cikin 'yan yankuna kaɗan inda akwai kasuwanni kyauta a fannin kiwon lafiya - kamar maganin kwalliya da tiyatar ido ta Lasik - hidimar abokin ciniki tana da kyau, kuma farashi yana ci gaba da faɗuwa." [1] Sanata kuma likitan likita Tom Coburn na jam'iyyar Republican ya bayyana cewa tsarin kiwon lafiya a Switzerland ya kamata ya zama abin koyi ga gyaran Amurka. Ya rubuta wa New York Sun cewa gyare-gyare ya kamata ya ƙunshi hanyar da ta dogara da kasuwa don canja wurin fa'idodin harajin kiwon lafiya ga mutane maimakon ma'aikata da kuma ba wa mutane ƙarin kuɗi don samun ƙarin ɗaukar hoto. [2] Wasu masu suka kan kudurorin da aka zartar a shekarar 2009 sun kira su "karɓar gwamnati a harkokin kiwon lafiya." <ref>{{Cite web |date=2016 |title=Donald Trump presidential campaign, 2016/healthcare |url=https://ballotpedia.org/Donald_Trump_presidential_campaign,_2016/Healthcare |access-date=May 8, 2017}}</ref> FactCheck ta kira kalmar "mantra" mara tushe." <ref>{{Cite web |date=2016 |title=Donald Trump presidential campaign, 2016/healthcare |url=https://ballotpedia.org/Donald_Trump_presidential_campaign,_2016/Healthcare |access-date=May 8, 2017}}</ref> (Factcheck ta kuma soki wasu ikirari da dama da masu fafutuka suka yi a shekarar 2009 daga bangarorin biyu na muhawarar). <ref>{{Cite news |last1=Liptak |first1=Adam |last2=Goodnough |first2=Abby |date=2 March 2020 |title=Supreme Court to Hear Obamacare Appeal |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2020/03/02/us/supreme-court-obamacare-appeal.html |access-date=2 April 2020 |work=The New York Times |language=en-US |issn=0362-4331}}</ref> CBS News ta bayyana shi a matsayin tatsuniya "wanda aka gauraya da wasu dalilai na gaske da ke haifar da damuwa." Shugaba Obama ya musanta ra'ayin kwace gwamnati kuma ya ce ba ya son jami'an gwamnati su yi katsalandan fiye da yadda yake son jami'an kamfanonin inshora su yi hakan. Wasu majiyoyi sun yi iƙirarin cewa kudurorin sun kai ga kwace gwamnati ko kwace kamfani, ko duka biyun. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Kliff |first=Sarah |date=June 30, 2017 |title=The Senate bill does nothing to fix America’s biggest health care problem |url=https://www.vox.com/2017/6/30/15894832/senate-bill-health-prices |website=Vox}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |date=2016 |title=Donald Trump presidential campaign, 2016/healthcare |url=https://ballotpedia.org/Donald_Trump_presidential_campaign,_2016/Healthcare |access-date=May 8, 2017}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |date=2016 |title=Donald Trump presidential campaign, 2016/healthcare |url=https://ballotpedia.org/Donald_Trump_presidential_campaign,_2016/Healthcare |access-date=May 8, 2017}}</ref> Wannan muhawara ta faru ne a cikin mahallin "juyin juya hali...wanda ke canza yadda ake bayar da kulawar lafiya:" daga 2002 zuwa 2008, kaso na ayyukan likitanci da likitoci ke mallaka ya faɗi daga fiye da kashi 70% zuwa ƙasa da kashi 50%; sabanin al'adar gargajiya da yawancin likitoci ke kula da marasa lafiya a ƙananan asibitoci masu zaman kansu, zuwa 2008 yawancin likitoci sun zama ma'aikatan asibitoci, kusan dukkansu mallakar kamfanoni ne ko gwamnati. 'Yan Republican kuma suna jayayya cewa harajin da aka tsara kan na'urorin likitanci da magunguna zai ƙara nauyin haraji ga masu yin allurar rigakafi. <ref name="politico.com2">{{Cite web |last=Frates |first=Chris |date=November 21, 2009 |title=Politico.com |url=https://www.politico.com/livepulse/1109/Reform_tax_would_hit_H1N1_vaccine_manufacturers_.html |access-date=January 12, 2012 |publisher=Politico.com }}{{Dead link|date=May 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |date=2016 |title=Donald Trump presidential campaign, 2016/healthcare |url=https://ballotpedia.org/Donald_Trump_presidential_campaign,_2016/Healthcare |access-date=May 8, 2017}}</ref> == Duba kuma == * Lafiya ta duniya * [[Tsarin kiwon lafiya|An kwatanta kula da lafiya]] - kwatantawa a tebur na Amurka, Kanada, da sauran ƙasashe. * [[Manufofin kiwon lafiya|Manufar lafiya]] * Tattalin arzikin lafiya * [[Dokar kiwon lafiya|Dokar Lafiya]] * [[Kungiyar inshorar lafiya|Kamfanin inshorar lafiya]] * [[Tsarin kiwon lafiya|Tsarin lafiya]] * Tarihin gyaran tsarin kiwon lafiya a Amurka * Jerin ƙungiyoyin fafutukar kawo sauyi a fannin kiwon lafiya a Amurka * Ra'ayin jama'a kan gyaran kiwon lafiya a Amurka * [[Kula da lafiyar duniya|Kula da lafiya ta duniya baki ɗaya]] == Nassoshi == == Hanyoyin haɗi na waje == * [https://web.archive.org/web/20090913102536/http://www.pbs.org/now/shows/health-care-reform/index.html Rahoton Musamman na PBS: Gyaran Kula da Lafiya] YANZU akan PBS * Malhotra, Umang, [https://books.google.com/books?id=HFhb8GiqTOsC ''Magance Rikicin Kiwon Lafiya na Amurka''], iUniverse, 2010. [[ISBN (identifier)|ISBN]]&nbsp;[[Special:BookSources/978-1-4401-8018-7|<bdi>978-1-4401-8018-7</bdi>]] [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] 4vd7yi9qq4jtemkc31k2zg4xr0zjjhm 0 136682 895329 780042 2026-08-12T03:26:20Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 0 sources and tagging 3 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 895329 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Donald Steele Potter''' (21 Afrilu 1902 - 7 Yuni 2004) ƙwararren mai sassaka ne na Ingila, mai sassaka itace, [[Tukwane|mai tukwane]] kuma [[malami]] . == Rayuwa ta farko == An haifi Don Potter a Newington, kusa da Sittingbourne, Kent, ɗan wani malamin makaranta, kuma ya halarci wata makaranta mai zaman kanta. Ya shiga Wolf Cubs yana da shekaru takwas kuma ya zama mai himma a cikin ƙungiyar leƙen asiri . == Sana'a == Potter ya girma a matsayin mai sassaka itace, yana samar da sandunan totem, ƙofofi da ƙofofi. Lokacin da Potter ya kai shekaru ashirin, shugaban Scouts, Baden-Powell da kansa, ya fahimci cewa ƙwararren masani ne. Potter ya yi sansani a gidan Baden-Powell da ke Pax Hill kusa da Bentley, Hampshire kuma ya ɗauki nauyin sassaka masa. Ya yi amfani da tsoffin bishiyoyin oak na gida da suka faɗi, waɗanda aka ce sun kai shekaru 1,200. Don Jamboree na Duniya na 1929, Potter ya tsara sandunan totem don Mulkin Burtaniya na Ostiraliya, Kanada, Indiya, Afirka ta Kudu da New Zealand. Baya ga sassaka itace, Potter ya fara aiki a kan dutse kuma ya haɗu da Jacob Epstein (wanda ya yi karatu tare da Auguste Rodin a [[Faris|Paris]] ). A shekarar 1931, ya tuntuɓi Eric Gill ya nemi ya yi karatu a ƙarƙashinsa. Gill ƙwararren mai sassaka ne, mai tsara rubutu da sassaka, tare da sassaka a Cathedral na Westminster . Da farko, Potter yana kan gwaji na watanni shida, amma ya ci gaba da zama ɗalibin Gill na tsawon shekaru shida. Ya yi aiki tare da Gill a kan sassaka a Otal ɗin Midland, Morecambe . Yayin da yake tare da Gill, ya yi aikin sassaka itace, gami da bangarorin ƙofofin Ɗakin Littattafai Masu Rare na 1934 <ref>{{Cite book}}</ref> <ref>{{cite news |last=Davies |first=Peter |date=8 June 2004 |title=Obituary: Don Potter |url=http://www.findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_qn4158/is_20040608/ai_n12784977/pg_1 |accessdate=2006-08-30 |newspaper=[[The Independent]] |location=UK }}{{Dead link|date=August 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> a cikin Laburaren Kimiyya na Radcliffe ( [[Jami'ar Oxford]] ), <ref>{{Cite book}}</ref> [[Gicciyewa|gicciye]] don bagadin cocin St Peter Manzo ( Gorleston-on-Sea, Norfolk ), da kuma gicciye a cikin dazuzzuka a Pigotts inda Gill yake kusa da High Wycombe . Baya ga kasancewarsa mai sassaka, Potter ya yi aikinsa na ƙarshe a matsayin malami a Makarantar Bryanston da ke Dorset (1940–1984), yana da alhakin sassaka da [[tukwane]] . Kafin ya karɓi wannan naɗin, bai taɓa yin wani aikin tukwane ba, kuma ya ɗauki darussa daga Amy Krauss a Corfe Castle sannan Winchcombe Pottery inda [[Ray Finch (mai tukwane)|Ray Finch]] da [[Michael Cardew]] ke aiki. <ref>{{cite news |last=Davies |first=Peter |date=8 June 2004 |title=Obituary: Don Potter |url=http://www.findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_qn4158/is_20040608/ai_n12784977/pg_1 |accessdate=2006-08-30 |newspaper=[[The Independent]] |location=UK }}{{Dead link|date=August 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> A lokacin [[Yaƙin Duniya na II|Yaƙin Duniya na Biyu]], Sir Terence Conran ya sami kwarin gwiwa daga gare shi a matsayin ɗaya daga cikin ɗalibansa. Potter ya ci gaba da gudanar da ayyuka a lokacin da yake malami, ciki har da wasu na Makarantar. Misali, ana iya ganin misalan sassaka dutse da ya yi a 1991 a wata cocin gida a ƙauyen Durweston . Baranda Cocin Our Lady of Grace da St Teresa na Avila RC da ke Chingford, Arewa maso Gabashin London, tana da allon itacen oak da ke nuna dabbobi da kifaye da Potter ya sassaka a shekarar 1956. <ref>{{Cite book}}</ref> <ref>{{cite news |last=Davies |first=Peter |date=8 June 2004 |title=Obituary: Don Potter |url=http://www.findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_qn4158/is_20040608/ai_n12784977/pg_1 |accessdate=2006-08-30 |newspaper=[[The Independent]] |location=UK }}{{Dead link|date=August 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> Babban aikin da Potter ya yi shi ne mutum-mutumin dutse na Robert Baden-Powell (1960–61) wanda ya tsaya a gaban sabon gidan Baden-Powell a Queen's Gate, South Kensington, London . [1] [2] Duk da haka, an sayar da wannan kadarar, kuma an mayar da mutum-mutumin zuwa Hedikwatar Scout da ke Gilwell Park, Chingford. Wani daga cikin ayyukansa shi ne Dutsen Tunawa da Tsibirin Brownsea, wanda 'yar BP Betty ta buɗe a ranar 1 ga Agusta 1967. '''Makarantar Fasaha ta Don Potter''' da ke Makarantar Bryanston, wacce aka buɗe a watan Oktoban 1997 a gabansa, an sanya mata suna ne saboda sunansa. <ref>{{Cite book}}</ref> == Hotunan Hotuna == <gallery> Fayil:Don_Potter_Art_School_-_October_1997.jpg|alt=Don Potter with the carved sign at the opening of the Don Potter Art School, Bryanston School, October 1997| Don Potter dauke da alamar da aka sassaka a bude Makarantar Fasaha ta Don Potter, Makarantar Bryanston, Oktoba 1997 Fayil:Sculpture_of_Robert_Baden-Powell_by_Don_Potter,_1960.jpg|alt=Statue of Robert Baden-Powell (1960–61), Baden-Powell House, Queen's Gate, London| Mutum-mutumin Robert Baden-Powell (1960–61), Gidan Baden-Powell, Ƙofar Sarauniya, London Fayil:Don_Potter_sculpture,_St_Nicholas,_Durweston.JPG|alt=Carving on the south face of the tower of St Nicholas church in Durweston, Dorset, by Don Potter (1991)| An sassaka a gefen kudu na hasumiyar cocin St Nicholas da ke Durweston, Dorset, ta Don&nbsp;Mai ginin tukwane (1991) </gallery> == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1902]] 6vfxepj7p9eplhkxrrlx6bzekr0oytn 0 137211 895312 790339 2026-08-11T23:41:55Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 895312 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} David Dreman (an haife shi a shekara ta 1936) mai saka jari ne, wanda ya kafa kuma shine shugaban kamfanin Dreman Value Management, wani kamfanin saka hannun jari . Dreman ya buga labarai da dama na ilimi kuma ya rubuta littattafai guda huɗu. Dreman kuma ya rubuta wani shafi na mujallar ''Forbes'' . Dreman yana cikin kwamitin gudanarwa na [http://www.dremanbehavioralfinance.org Cibiyar Kuɗin Halayya], mai buga mujallar Kuɗin Halayya . == Na Kai == An haifi Dreman a [[Winnipeg|Winnipeg, Manitoba]], Kanada a shekarar 1936. Mahaifinsa, Joseph Dreman, fitaccen ɗan kasuwa ne a kasuwar kayan masarufi ta Winnipeg tsawon shekaru da yawa. == Ilimi == David Dreman ya kammala karatunsa daga Jami'ar Manitoba a shekarar 1958. <ref> name=":0">{{Cite web |last=Loth |first=Richard |date= |title=The Greatest Investors: David Dreman |url=http://www.investopedia.com/university/greatest/daviddreman.asp |access-date=April 28, 2016 |website=Investopedia |publisher=}}</ref> == Sana'a == Bayan kammala karatunsa, ya yi aiki a matsayin darektan bincike na Rauscher Pierce, babban jami'in saka hannun jari a Seligman, kuma babban editan Value Line Investment Service. A shekarar 1977, ya kafa kamfanin saka hannun jari na farko, Dreman Value Management, LLC., kuma ya yi aiki a matsayin shugabanta kuma shugabanta. <ref>name=":0">{{Cite web |last=Loth |first=Richard |date= |title=The Greatest Investors: David Dreman |url=http://www.investopedia.com/university/greatest/daviddreman.asp |access-date=April 28, 2016 |website=Investopedia |publisher=}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFLoth">Loth, Richard. [http://www.investopedia.com/university/greatest/daviddreman.asp "The Greatest Investors: David Dreman"]. ''Investopedia''<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">April 28,</span> 2016</span>.</cite></ref> Daga ƙarshe Kemper ya sayi dangin asusun Dreman, wanda Scudder ya saya, wanda Deutsche Bank ta saya. <ref> name=":1" </ref> A shekara ta 2009 kamfaninsa ya zaɓi ya riƙe hannun jarin banki yayin da suke durƙushewa, daidai da falsafar saka hannun jarinsa ta ƙima. Sakamakon haka, hukumar Deutsche Bank ta cire kamfaninsa daga gudanar da babban asusun DWS Dreman High Return Equity, bisa ga rashin aikin yi. == Littattafai == * ''Ilimin Halayyar Dan Adam da Kasuwar Hannun Jari: Dabarun Zuba Jari Bayan Tafiya Bazata'' . 1977. Ƙungiyar Gudanar da Amurka. . * ''Dabarun Zuba Jari Masu Haɗaka: Ilimin Halayyar Dan Adam na Nasarar Kasuwar Hannun Jari'' . 1980. Gidan Bazuwar. [[ISBN (identifier)|ISBN]]&nbsp;[[Special:BookSources/0-394-42390-9|<bdi>0-394-42390-9</bdi>]] . * ''Sabuwar Dabarun Zuba Jari Mai Haɗaka da Masu Adawa'' . 1982. Gidan Bazata. [[ISBN (identifier)|ISBN]]&nbsp;[[Special:BookSources/0-394-52364-4|<bdi>0-394-52364-4</bdi>]] . * ''Dabarun Zuba Jari Masu Alaƙa da Juna: Tsara Mai Zuwa'' . 1998. Simon & Schuster. [[ISBN (identifier)|ISBN]]&nbsp;[[Special:BookSources/0-684-81350-5|<bdi>0-684-81350-5</bdi>]] . * ''Dabarun Zuba Jari Masu Alaƙa da Juna: Gefen Hankali'' . 2012. 'Yan Jarida. [[ISBN (identifier)|ISBN]]&nbsp;[[Special:BookSources/0-743-29796-2|<bdi>0-743-29796-2</bdi>]] . == Littattafai Game da == * [https://www.amazon.com/Guru-Investor-Historys-Investment-Strategies/dp/0470377097 Mai Zuba Jari na Guru: Yadda Ake Cin Kasuwa Ta Amfani da Mafi Kyawun Dabarun Zuba Jari na Tarihi (Wiley 2009)] == Labarai na Masana == Dreman ya rubuta ƙarin labarai da yawa. Waɗannan kaɗan ne daga cikin wasu labaran da suka gabata. * ''Shin Dabaru Masu Hana Yaɗuwa Suna Aiki A Cikin Masana'antu?'' David Dreman da Eric Lufkin, 1997. ''Mujallar Zuba Jari'' . [https://ssrn.com/abstract=76708 Takaitaccen Bayani] * ''Hasashen Kurakurai na Masu Nazarin Kasuwanci da Tasirinsu ga Nazarin Tsaro'' . David Dreman da MA Berry, 1995. ''Mujallar Masu Nazarin Kuɗi'' . * ''Yawan Mai Zuba Jari: Shaida da ke nuna cewa tushensa yana da alaƙa da ilimin halayyar ɗan adam'' . David Dreman da Eric Lufkin, 2000. * ''Kumfa da Matsayin Hasashen Masu Nazarin'' . David Dreman, 2002. ''Mujallar Ilimin Halayyar Dan Adam da Kasuwannin Kuɗi'' (yanzu Mujallar Kuɗin Halayyar Dan Adam). * ''Rahoton Bincike kan Binciken Jin Daɗin Masu Zuba Jari na Maris 2001.'' David Dreman, S. Johnson, D. MacGregor da Paul Slovic, 2001. [http://www.psychologyandmarkets.org/pdf_files/3_2001_investor_sentiment2.pdf Labarin] ''Mujallar Ilimin Halayyar Dan Adam da Kasuwannin Kuɗi'' (wanda yanzu ake kira The Journal of Behavioral Finance). == Manazarta == == Hanyoyin haɗi na waje == * [http://www.dreman.com Dreman Value Management] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060610163405/http://dreman.com/ |date=2006-06-10 }} Archived * [https://www.forbes.com/dreman Labarai daga David Dreman a Forbes.com] * [http://www.findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_m1318/is_6_55/ai_74925779/print Hira da Kiplinger na 2001 da Dreman] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20040727082255/http://www.findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_m1318/is_6_55/ai_74925779 |date=2004-07-27 }} * [http://www.dremanbehavioralfinance.org Cibiyar Kuɗin Halayya] [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1936]] l58hes0x4mnnc3j7p7dywzs8jm35l8d 0 137759 895333 787307 2026-08-12T04:05:50Z Baffa ali 47435 /* growthexperiments-addlink-summary-summary:2|0|0 */ 895333 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Cream''' kungiya ce ta hip hop ta [[Japan]] wacce ta kunshi mawaƙa-marubucin Minami da rapper / mai yin waƙa Staxx T . <ref>{{Cite web |date=22 August 2013 |title=CREAM、主催イベント8月23日開催。「Wonderland」『DREAMIN'+1』リリース＆Staxx Tのバースデー |url=http://www.barks.jp/news/?id=1000093604 |access-date=25 August 2013 |publisher=Barks}}</ref> Halin kiɗan su yana da tasiri daga hip-hop, pop, rock, da kiɗa na rawa na lantarki (EDM) - wanda suke magana da shi gaba ɗaya a matsayin "sabon jpop". Kungiyar ta ɗauki sunanta daga haɗakar kalmomin "mai kirkirar" da "ƙungiya".<ref name="official profile">{{Cite web |title=Official CREAM website |url=http://www.creamofficial.com/home/profile |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140207102512/http://www.creamofficial.com/home/profile |archive-date=7 February 2014 |access-date=25 August 2013 |publisher=CREAM}}</ref> Kungiyar ta kirkiro kiɗan su ta hanyar sa Minami ta tsara kalmomin waƙa a Turanci, bayan haka Staxx T ya fassara shi zuwa Jafananci.<ref>{{Cite web |title=[Interview Vol.1/2] CREAM 'I Got So into Bob Marley When I Was in Elementary School.' |url=http://www.en.barks.jp/sp/news/?id=1000001614 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304052158/http://www.en.barks.jp/sp/news/?id=1000001614 |archive-date=4 March 2016 |access-date=25 August 2013 |publisher=Barks}}</ref> == Tarihin rayuwa == A shekara ta 2010, sun fito da "DJ Deckstream ya gabatar da ICEKREAM SOUNDZ Vol. 1" wanda ya zama # 1 a kan iTunes Hip Hop Charts na makonni hudu a jere. Tun daga wannan lokacin, suna fitar da abun ciki na asali a tashar [[YouTube]] CREAM VISION. An saki kundi na farko, DREAMIN' ta hanyar Avex Group a ranar 23 ga watan Janairun shekara ta 2013, tare da jagora guda "Shooting Star" wanda ya kasance # 1 a kan USEN HIT JPOP . <ref>{{Cite web |date=22 August 2013 |title=CREAM、主催イベント8月23日開催。「Wonderland」『DREAMIN'+1』リリース＆Staxx Tのバースデー |url=http://www.barks.jp/news/?id=1000093604 |access-date=25 August 2013 |publisher=Barks}}</ref> Kundin ya kasance # 1 a kan iTunes Japan Top Song Chart kuma duo sun yi rangadin saki tare da wasanni 29 a cikin birane 24.<ref>{{Cite web |title=[Interview Vol.1/2] CREAM 'I Got So into Bob Marley When I Was in Elementary School.' |url=http://www.en.barks.jp/sp/news/?id=1000001614 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304052158/http://www.en.barks.jp/sp/news/?id=1000001614 |archive-date=4 March 2016 |access-date=25 August 2013 |publisher=Barks}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Artimage Official Website - English |url=http://www.artimage.co.jp/top/english/cream.html}}</ref> Baya ga aikinsu, duka Minami da Staxx T suna aiki sosai wajen tsara kalmomi da kiɗa ga masu fasaha daban-daban. Wadannan masu zane-zane sun hada da M-Flo, Namie Amuro, BoA, ICONIQ, V6 (band) , da MADEMOISELLE YULIA . <ref>{{Cite web |date=22 August 2013 |title=CREAM、主催イベント8月23日開催。「Wonderland」『DREAMIN'+1』リリース＆Staxx Tのバースデー |url=http://www.barks.jp/news/?id=1000093604 |access-date=25 August 2013 |publisher=Barks}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=[Interview Vol.1/2] CREAM 'I Got So into Bob Marley When I Was in Elementary School.' |url=http://www.en.barks.jp/sp/news/?id=1000001614 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304052158/http://www.en.barks.jp/sp/news/?id=1000001614 |archive-date=4 March 2016 |access-date=25 August 2013 |publisher=Barks}}</ref> === Minami === An haife ta a [[Hong Kong]] a ranar 9 ga Fabrairu, 1989, amma ta girma a Kobe, Japan, Minami Minami ta yanke shawarar da wuri cewa tana son aikinta ya mayar da hankali kan abubuwan sha'awa na kiɗa ko fina-finai. Tana da harsuna biyu a cikin Jafananci da Ingilishi kuma tana neman kowane damar raira waƙa da rubuta waƙoƙi. Daga bisani M-flo's Verbal ne ya gano ta wanda ya zama mai ba da shawara. Ta ci gaba da bunkasa tare da taimakon Verbal kuma ta rubuta waƙoƙi ga masu fasaha da yawa.<ref name="official profile">{{Cite web |title=Official CREAM website |url=http://www.creamofficial.com/home/profile |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140207102512/http://www.creamofficial.com/home/profile |archive-date=7 February 2014 |access-date=25 August 2013 |publisher=CREAM}}</ref> === Staxx T (Rapper) / T'Z BEETZ' (Mai yin waƙa) === An haife shi kuma ya girma a Osaka Japan, Takuma Kitahashi (Staxx T) yana da sha'awar kiɗa tun yana ƙarami. Bayan an gabatar da shi ga kiɗa na hip hop yana da shekaru 15, ya yi wasan kai tsaye a karo na farko yana da shekaru 17 lokacin da ya gano sha'awarsa a matsayin mawaƙi. Ba da daɗewa ba ya fara samar da waƙarsa kuma an nuna shi a cikin mujallar hip hop TIGHT . Baya ga kiɗa, ya kuma yi samfurin mujallu na hip hop ciki har da 411. A shekara ta 2005 ya shiga gasar yaƙi ta kai tsaye wanda DJ MASTERKEY ya shirya kuma Coca-Cola ta tallafawa inda ya lashe matsayi na farko a cikin Sashen MC / Vocal. Kwarewarsa a matsayin mawaki ya jawo masa karin hankali yayin da ya fara rubutu ga wasu masu fasaha da yawa.[1] == Cream Vision == Da farko a cikin 2011, biyun sun fara loda bidiyo a kan tashar YouTube CREAM VISION ko dai mako-mako ko mako-mayoyi. Uploads sun hada da asali songs, bayan al'amuran fim, live performances da cover songs a cikin Jafananci. Tasharsu ta sami ra'ayoyi sama da 17,000,000 da masu biyan kuɗi 100,000 kuma tana ci gaba da girma. == Albums / Singles Discography == [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] khwpdo9vs9f10vq3sdnxna1wc6nlwm7 0 137886 895337 829894 2026-08-12T04:11:09Z Baffa ali 47435 /* growthexperiments-addlink-summary-summary:2|0|0 */ 895337 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Shirin Programa Universidade para Todos''' ( [[Turanci]] : Jami'ar Kowacce Shirin), wanda aka fi sani da '''ProUni''', Gwamnatin Tarayya ta [[Brazil]] ce ta ƙirƙiro shi kuma Fernando Haddad, Ministan Ilimi a wancan lokacin ya ƙirƙiro shi, da nufin samar da cikakken tallafin karatu na ɗalibai a cikin darussa na musamman na digiri na farko da na biyu a manyan makarantu masu zaman kansu. An kafa shi ta hanyar Dokar Lamba 11,096 ta ranar 13 ga Janairu, 2005 a lokacin gwamnatin Lula . <ref name=":0">{{Cite web |date=2023-07-04 |title=ProUni: como funciona o programa que dá bolsas de estudos no Ensino Superior |url=https://descomplica.com.br/blog/como-funciona-o-prouni/#o-que-e-prouni |access-date=2023-12-18 |website=Descomplica}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |title=LEI Nº 11.096, DE 13 DE JANEIRO DE 2005 |url=https://www.planalto.gov.br/ccivil_03/_ato2004-2006/2005/lei/L11096.htm |access-date=2023-12-18 |website=Federal Government}}</ref> <ref name=":1">{{Cite web |title=PROUNI |url=https://acessounico.mec.gov.br/prouni |access-date=2023-12-18 |website=gov.br}}</ref> Zuwa shekarar 2013, Prouni ta samar da damar samun ilimi mai zurfi ga matasa miliyan 1.2 a manyan makarantu masu zaman kansu guda 1,116 da ke cikin shirin, tare da matsakaicin daidai da tallafin karatu guda ɗaya ga kowane ɗalibai 10.7 da ke biyan kuɗi. <ref>{{Cite web |title=LEI Nº 11.096, DE 13 DE JANEIRO DE 2005 |url=https://www.planalto.gov.br/ccivil_03/_ato2004-2006/2005/lei/L11096.htm |access-date=2023-12-18 |website=Federal Government}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |date=2012-05-03 |title=Por 7 votos a 1, STF confirma a legalidade das bolsas do ProUni |url=https://www.cartacapital.com.br/politica/por-7-votos-a-1-stf-confirma-a-legalidade-das-bolsas-do-prouni/ |access-date=2023-12-18 |website=CartaCapital}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |date=2014-04-05 |title=Prouni terá 11,7 mil bolsas a menos |url=https://www.gazetadopovo.com.br/vida-e-cidadania/prouni-tera-117-mil-bolsas-a-menos-1nbw0ywcmkgxsga2i738ayjwu/ |access-date=2023-12-18 |website=Gazeta do Povo}}</ref> == Bukatu == Ɗaliban Brazil waɗanda ba su da digirin jami'a kuma waɗanda suka cika aƙalla ɗaya daga cikin waɗannan sharuɗɗan za su iya shiga cikin Prouni: <ref name=":0"/> <ref name=":1"/> <ref name=":2">{{Cite web |title=COMO FUNCIONA O PROUNI? |url=https://prouniportal.mec.gov.br/tire-suas-duvidas-pesquisa/o-prouni/47-como-funciona-o-prouni#:~:text=Para%20concorrer%20%C3%A0%20bolsa%20integral,tr%C3%AAs%20sal%C3%A1rios%20m%C3%ADnimos%20por%20pessoa. |access-date=2023-12-18 |website=ProUni }}{{Dead link|date=May 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> * sun kammala makarantar sakandare a wata cibiyar gwamnati; * sun kammala makarantar sakandare a wata cibiya mai zaman kanta a kan cikakken tallafin karatu; * sun halarci makarantar sakandare wani ɓangare a wata cibiyar gwamnati da kuma wani ɓangare a wata cibiyar masu zaman kansu a matsayin cikakken ɗalibi na tallafin karatu a cibiyar masu zaman kansu; * zama mutum mai nakasa; * koyar da ilimin asali a makarantun gwamnati na dindindin kuma suna da digiri a fannin ilimi. A wannan yanayin babu buƙatar samun kuɗi. == Tsarin zaɓe == [[Fayil:Participantes_do_Enem.jpg|thumb|Mahalarta ENEM.]] Tsarin zaɓen ProUni ya ƙunshi matakai biyu: tsarin yau da kullun da kuma tsarin tallafin karatu na sauran. A cikin tsarin yau da kullun, 'yan takarar da suka shiga Jarrabawar Makarantar Sakandare ta Ƙasa (ENEM a cikin harshen [[Portugal]]) na shekarar da ta gabata kuma waɗanda suka sami aƙalla maki 450 akan matsakaicin maki na jarrabawa da kuma maki sama da sifili akan rubutun za su iya nema. [undefined] [1] Yan takara za su iya neman sauran tallafin karatu idan sun: [2] * sun yi rajista, a cikin dukkan zaɓuɓɓukan su, a cikin darussa da aka yi wa rijista a matsayin ba su da aji a cikin tsarin zaɓen ProUni don zangon karatu na biyu na 2014; * koyar da ilimin asali a cikin tsarin makarantun gwamnati na dindindin kuma yana da digiri a fannin ilimi; * sun shiga cikin ENEM, tun daga bugu na 2010 zuwa gaba, kuma sun sami matsakaicin maki na maki 450 ko fiye a cikin gwaje-gwajen da kuma maki fiye da sifili a cikin rubutun, wanda ya yi daidai da kusan rabin amsoshin da suka dace a kowace jarrabawa. == Manazarta == 61sou2qo6e5yemxmzbsme9ngg2zt4jq 0 138782 895115 784206 2026-08-11T17:02:50Z Ummun Sultan 23935 895115 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''George Zames''' (Janairu 7, 1934 - Agusta 10, 1997) ya kasance masanin ilimin kula da Poland-Kanada kuma farfesa a [[Jami'ar McGill]], [[Montréal|Montreal]], [[Kebek (lardi)|Quebec]], Kanada . An san Zames da gudummawar da ya bayar ga ka'idar sarrafawa mai ƙarfi, kuma an yaba shi don ci gaban sanannun sakamako daban-daban kamar su karamin riba, passivity theorem, ma'aunin da'irar a cikin tsarin shigarwa-fitarwa, kuma mafi shahara, Hanyoyin H-infinity.<ref name="ZamesLegacy">{{Cite journal |last=S. Mitter |last2=A. Tannenbaum |year=1998 |title=The Legacy of George Zames |url=http://www.ece.utk.edu/~djouadi/files/Zames%20Legacy.pdf |url-status=dead |journal=IEEE Transactions on Automatic Control |volume=43 |issue=5 |pages=591 |doi=10.1109/TAC.1998.668826 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100626050227/http://www.ece.utk.edu/~djouadi/files/Zames%20Legacy.pdf |archive-date=2010-06-26 |access-date=2008-07-05}}</ref> == Tarihin rayuwa == === Yaronta === An haifi George Zames a ranar 7 ga Janairun shekarar 1934, a Łódź, Poland ga dangin Yahudawa. Yayinda yake girma a Warsaw, Zames da iyalinsa sun tsere daga birnin a farkon yakin duniya na biyu, kuma suka koma Kobe (Japan), ta hanyar Lithuania da Siberia, kuma a ƙarshe zuwa Anglo-Faransa International Settlement a Shanghai. Zames ya nuna daga baya cewa shi da iyalinsa sun ba da kuɗin su ga biza ta wucewa da wakilin Japan ya bayar a Lithuania, Chiune Sugihara . [1] A Shanghai, Zames ya ci gaba da karatunsa, kuma a cikin 1948, iyalin suka yi hijira zuwa Kanada. === Ilimi === Zames ya shiga [[Jami'ar McGill]] yana da shekaru 15 kuma ya sami B.Eng. digiri a fannin Injiniya Physics . Da yake kammala karatunsa a saman aji, Zames ya lashe Athlone Fellowship don karatu a [[Ingila]], kuma ya koma Kwalejin Imperial. Bayan kammala karatunsa a cikin shekaru biyu, masu ba shi shawara sun hada da Colin Cherry, Dennis Gabor, da John Hugh Westcott . A shekara ta 1956, Zames ya shiga Cibiyar Fasaha ta Massachusetts don fara karatun digirinsa, kuma a shekara ta 1960 ya sami [[Sc.D.|D.]]" id="mwNA" rel="mw:WikiLink" title="Sc.D.">Sc. D. don rubutun da ake kira Nonlinear Operations of System Analysis . Norbert Wiener da Yuk-Wing Lee ne suka ba shi shawara.<ref name="Zames1960">{{Cite journal |last=Zames, G. |year=1960 |title=Nonlinear operations of system analysis}}</ref> === Ayyuka === Daga 1960 zuwa 1965, Zames ya rike mukamai daban-daban na koyarwa a MIT da [[Jami'ar Harvard]]. A shekara ta 1965, Zames ya sami Guggenheim Fellowship kuma ya koma Cibiyar Nazarin Lantarki ta NASA (ERC), inda ya kafa Ofishin Ka'idar Kulawa da Aikace-aikace (OCTA). A shekara ta 1969, an ba da sanarwar cewa za a rufe NASA ERC, kuma Zames ya shiga sabuwar Cibiyar Binciken Sufuri da aka kafa a shekarar 1970. A shekara ta 1972, Zames ya yi sabbatical a Technion a Haifa, Isra'ila, kuma a shekara ta 1974, ya koma Jami'ar McGill don ya zama farfesa kuma daga ƙarshe ya zama Shugaban MacDonald na Injiniyan Lantarki har zuwa mutuwarsa a shekara ta 1997. === Iyali === Zames ya auri Eva, wanda ya sadu da ita a Isra'ila. Suna da 'ya'ya maza biyu, Ethan da Jonathan. Dan uwan da ya girma tare da shi a [[Wosaa|Warsaw]], masanin gine-gine [[Israel Stein|Isra'ila Stein]], yana zaune a Isra'ila bayan ya tsira daga Holocaust. == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Mutuwan 1997]] [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1934]] [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] s8hsllj2yp7ssi4d8izgrh7pj33b4nr 895116 895115 2026-08-11T17:03:13Z Ummun Sultan 23935 895116 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''George Zames''' (Janairu 7, 1934 - Agusta 10, 1997) ya kasance masanin ilimin kula da Poland-Kanada kuma farfesa a [[Jami'ar McGill]], [[Montréal|Montreal]], [[Kebek (lardi)|Quebec]], Kanada . An san Zames da gudummawar da ya bayar ga ka'idar sarrafawa mai ƙarfi, kuma an yaba shi don ci gaban sanannun sakamako daban-daban kamar su karamin riba, passivity theorem, ma'aunin da'irar a cikin tsarin shigarwa-fitarwa, kuma mafi shahara, Hanyoyin H-infinity.<ref name="ZamesLegacy">{{Cite journal |last=S. Mitter |last2=A. Tannenbaum |year=1998 |title=The Legacy of George Zames |url=http://www.ece.utk.edu/~djouadi/files/Zames%20Legacy.pdf |url-status=dead |journal=IEEE Transactions on Automatic Control |volume=43 |issue=5 |pages=591 |doi=10.1109/TAC.1998.668826 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100626050227/http://www.ece.utk.edu/~djouadi/files/Zames%20Legacy.pdf |archive-date=2010-06-26 |access-date=2008-07-05}}</ref> == Tarihin rayuwa == === Yaronta === An haifi George Zames a ranar 7 ga Janairun shekarar 1934, a Łódź, Poland ga dangin Yahudawa. Yayinda yake girma a Warsaw, Zames da iyalinsa sun tsere daga birnin a farkon yakin duniya na biyu, kuma suka koma Kobe (Japan), ta hanyar Lithuania da Siberia, kuma a ƙarshe zuwa Anglo-Faransa International Settlement a Shanghai. Zames ya nuna daga baya cewa shi da iyalinsa sun ba da kuɗin su ga biza ta wucewa da wakilin Japan ya bayar a Lithuania, Chiune Sugihara . [1] A Shanghai, Zames ya ci gaba da karatunsa, kuma a cikin 1948, iyalin suka yi hijira zuwa Kanada. === Ilimi === Zames ya shiga [[Jami'ar McGill]] yana da shekaru 15 kuma ya sami B.Eng. digiri a fannin Injiniya Physics . Da yake kammala karatunsa a saman aji, Zames ya lashe Athlone Fellowship don karatu a [[Ingila]], kuma ya koma Kwalejin Imperial. Bayan kammala karatunsa a cikin shekaru biyu, masu ba shi shawara sun hada da Colin Cherry, Dennis Gabor, da John Hugh Westcott . A shekara ta 1956, Zames ya shiga Cibiyar Fasaha ta Massachusetts don fara karatun digirinsa, kuma a shekara ta 1960 ya sami [[Sc.D.|D.]]" id="mwNA" rel="mw:WikiLink" title="Sc.D.">Sc. D. don rubutun da ake kira Nonlinear Operations of System Analysis . Norbert Wiener da Yuk-Wing Lee ne suka ba shi shawara.<ref name="Zames1960">{{Cite journal |last=Zames, G. |year=1960 |title=Nonlinear operations of system analysis}}</ref> === Ayyuka === Daga shekarar 1960 zuwa 1965, Zames ya rike mukamai daban-daban na koyarwa a MIT da [[Jami'ar Harvard]]. A shekara ta 1965, Zames ya sami Guggenheim Fellowship kuma ya koma Cibiyar Nazarin Lantarki ta NASA (ERC), inda ya kafa Ofishin Ka'idar Kulawa da Aikace-aikace (OCTA). A shekara ta 1969, an ba da sanarwar cewa za a rufe NASA ERC, kuma Zames ya shiga sabuwar Cibiyar Binciken Sufuri da aka kafa a shekarar 1970. A shekara ta 1972, Zames ya yi sabbatical a Technion a Haifa, Isra'ila, kuma a shekara ta 1974, ya koma Jami'ar McGill don ya zama farfesa kuma daga ƙarshe ya zama Shugaban MacDonald na Injiniyan Lantarki har zuwa mutuwarsa a shekara ta 1997. === Iyali === Zames ya auri Eva, wanda ya sadu da ita a Isra'ila. Suna da 'ya'ya maza biyu, Ethan da Jonathan. Dan uwan da ya girma tare da shi a [[Wosaa|Warsaw]], masanin gine-gine [[Israel Stein|Isra'ila Stein]], yana zaune a Isra'ila bayan ya tsira daga Holocaust. == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Mutuwan 1997]] [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1934]] [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] 2t7kbeb6b2w5a9ge1tocr6fn6lhhv2f 895117 895116 2026-08-11T17:03:24Z Ummun Sultan 23935 895117 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''George Zames''' (Janairu 7, 1934 - Agusta 10, 1997) ya kasance masanin ilimin kula da Poland-Kanada kuma farfesa a [[Jami'ar McGill]], [[Montréal|Montreal]], [[Kebek (lardi)|Quebec]], Kanada . An san Zames da gudummawar da ya bayar ga ka'idar sarrafawa mai ƙarfi, kuma an yaba shi don ci gaban sanannun sakamako daban-daban kamar su karamin riba, passivity theorem, ma'aunin da'irar a cikin tsarin shigarwa-fitarwa, kuma mafi shahara, Hanyoyin H-infinity.<ref name="ZamesLegacy">{{Cite journal |last=S. Mitter |last2=A. Tannenbaum |year=1998 |title=The Legacy of George Zames |url=http://www.ece.utk.edu/~djouadi/files/Zames%20Legacy.pdf |url-status=dead |journal=IEEE Transactions on Automatic Control |volume=43 |issue=5 |pages=591 |doi=10.1109/TAC.1998.668826 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100626050227/http://www.ece.utk.edu/~djouadi/files/Zames%20Legacy.pdf |archive-date=2010-06-26 |access-date=2008-07-05}}</ref> == Tarihin rayuwa == === Yaronta === An haifi George Zames a ranar 7 ga Janairun shekarar 1934, a Łódź, Poland ga dangin Yahudawa. Yayinda yake girma a Warsaw, Zames da iyalinsa sun tsere daga birnin a farkon yakin duniya na biyu, kuma suka koma Kobe (Japan), ta hanyar Lithuania da Siberia, kuma a ƙarshe zuwa Anglo-Faransa International Settlement a Shanghai. Zames ya nuna daga baya cewa shi da iyalinsa sun ba da kuɗin su ga biza ta wucewa da wakilin Japan ya bayar a Lithuania, Chiune Sugihara . [1] A Shanghai, Zames ya ci gaba da karatunsa, kuma a cikin 1948, iyalin suka yi hijira zuwa Kanada. === Ilimi === Zames ya shiga [[Jami'ar McGill]] yana da shekaru 15 kuma ya sami B.Eng. digiri a fannin Injiniya Physics . Da yake kammala karatunsa a saman aji, Zames ya lashe Athlone Fellowship don karatu a [[Ingila]], kuma ya koma Kwalejin Imperial. Bayan kammala karatunsa a cikin shekaru biyu, masu ba shi shawara sun hada da Colin Cherry, Dennis Gabor, da John Hugh Westcott . A shekara ta 1956, Zames ya shiga Cibiyar Fasaha ta Massachusetts don fara karatun digirinsa, kuma a shekara ta 1960 ya sami [[Sc.D.|D.]]" id="mwNA" rel="mw:WikiLink" title="Sc.D.">Sc. D. don rubutun da ake kira Nonlinear Operations of System Analysis . Norbert Wiener da Yuk-Wing Lee ne suka ba shi shawara.<ref name="Zames1960">{{Cite journal |last=Zames, G. |year=1960 |title=Nonlinear operations of system analysis}}</ref> === Ayyuka === Daga shekarar 1960 zuwa 1965, Zames ya rike mukamai daban-daban na koyarwa a MIT da [[Jami'ar Harvard]]. A shekara ta 1965, Zames ya sami Guggenheim Fellowship kuma ya koma Cibiyar Nazarin Lantarki ta NASA (ERC), inda ya kafa Ofishin Ka'idar Kulawa da Aikace-aikace (OCTA). A shekara ta 1969, an ba da sanarwar cewa za a rufe NASA ERC, kuma Zames ya shiga sabuwar Cibiyar Binciken Sufuri da aka kafa a shekarar 1970. A shekara ta 1972, Zames ya yi sabbatical a Technion a Haifa, Isra'ila, kuma a shekara ta 1974, ya koma Jami'ar McGill don ya zama farfesa kuma daga ƙarshe ya zama Shugaban MacDonald na Injiniyan Lantarki har zuwa mutuwarsa a shekara ta 1997. === Iyali === Zames ya auri Eva, wanda ya sadu da ita a Isra'ila. Suna da 'ya'ya maza biyu, Ethan da Jonathan. Ɗan uwan da ya girma tare da shi a [[Wosaa|Warsaw]], masanin gine-gine [[Israel Stein|Isra'ila Stein]], yana zaune a Isra'ila bayan ya tsira daga Holocaust. == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Mutuwan 1997]] [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1934]] [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] mvsab75iubr27bzb7kaukpbmpyq9ns9 0 139562 895622 790126 2026-08-12T10:49:32Z Maryam Abdullahi Y 43904 895622 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''Littafin The Belly and the Members''' yana ɗaya daga cikin Tatsuniyoyi na Aesop kuma yana lamba 130 a cikin Perry Index . An fassara shi ta hanyoyi daban-daban na siyasa tsawon ƙarni. == Tatsuniya == [[Fayil:Wenceslas_Hollar_-_The_belly_and_the_members.jpg|thumb|Zane-zanen Wenceslas Hollar daga sigar John Ogilby ta tatsuniyoyi, 1668.]] Akwai nau'ikan tatsuniyoyi da dama. A cikin majiyoyin Girkanci na farko, ya shafi takaddama tsakanin ciki da ƙafafu, ko tsakaninsa da hannuwa da ƙafafu a cikin sigar Latin ta baya. Waɗannan suna gunaguni ne saboda ciki yana samun dukkan abincin, yana ƙin ba su abinci mai gina jiki. Suna ganin ma'ana lokacin da suka fahimci cewa suna raunana kansu. A cikin sigar [[Zamanin Tsakiya|zamanin da]], sauran jikin yana raguwa har ya mutu, kuma misalai na baya kusan iri ɗaya suna nuna mutum mai rauni yana mutuwa a ƙasa. Fahimtar da ake da ita a yanzu ita ce ɗabi'ar labarin tana goyon bayan ƙoƙarin ƙungiya da kuma fahimtar muhimmiyar rawar da duk membobi ke takawa a ciki. Duk da haka, a zamanin mulkin kama-karya, an ɗauki tatsuniyoyi don tabbatar da alkibla daga tsakiya. Bincike ya nuna tatsuniyoyi na Gabas na farko da suka shafi irin wannan takaddama. Mafi mahimmanci akwai wani ɗan littafin Masar mai rarrafe wanda ya koma ƙarni na 2 kafin haihuwar Annabi Isa wanda ya kasance cikin nau'in waƙoƙin muhawara na Gabas ta Tsakiya ; a wannan yanayin takaddamar tana tsakanin Ciki da Kai. Saboda haka yana kuma cikin misalan farko da aka sani na kwatancin siyasa na jiki . == Aikace-aikace daga baya == Akwai amfani da [[Sabon Alkawari|nassi]] na fahimtar haɗin kai tsakanin sassa daban-daban na jiki ta hannun [[Bulus Manzo|Bulus na Tarsus]], wanda ya sami ilimi a cikin tunanin Ibrananci da Helenanci. A cikin wasiƙarsa ta farko zuwa ga Korintiyawa, ya canza daga aikace-aikacen siyasa na tatsuniyoyi ya ba shi mahallin ruhaniya na jikin Cocin. An yi amfani da kwatancin don jayayya cewa wannan jikin yana wakiltar baiwa da yawa da ke aiki tare. Duk da cewa har yanzu akwai wani tsari a cikinsa, duk za a daraja su daidai gwargwado don rawar da suke takawa: : Gama jiki ba gaɓoɓi ɗaya ba ne, amma da yawa. Idan ƙafa ta ce, Domin ba ni da hannu, ni ba na jiki ba ne, to, ba na jiki ba ne? Idan kunne ya ce, Domin ni ba na jiki ba ne, to, ba na jiki ba ne? Da dukkan jiki ido ne, ina ji? Da dukan ji ne, ina ƙamshin yake? Amma yanzu Allah ya sanya gaɓoɓin kowannensu a cikin jiki, kamar yadda ya gamshe shi. Kuma da dukansu gaɓoɓi ɗaya ne, ina jiki yake? Amma yanzu gaɓoɓi da yawa ne, amma jiki ɗaya ne kawai. Kuma ido ba zai iya ce wa hannu, Ba ni da buƙatarka ba: kuma kai ga ƙafafu, Ba ni da buƙatarka. A'a, waɗannan gaɓoɓin jiki, waɗanda suke kamar sun fi rauni, suna da mahimmanci. Kuma waɗannan gaɓoɓin jiki waɗanda muke tsammanin ba su da daraja, muna ba da girmamawa mai yawa a kansu. (Sigar da aka yarda da ita 12.14–23) Masanin tarihin Latin Livy ne ya jagoranci amfani da tatsuniyar ga rikicin farar hula. Ya ba da labarinta a cikin mahallin rabuwar Aventine a 495-93 KZ cewa wani memba na Majalisar Dattawan Roma ya shawo kan ' yan plebeians, waɗanda suka bar Rome suna nuna rashin amincewa da cin zarafin da patricians suka yi musu, su dawo ta hanyar ba da labarin. A cikin wannan tsari na siyasa, tare da patricians suna taka rawa a cikin ciki, tatsuniyar ta samar da "misalin misali" don falsafar Romawa ta gaba game da siyasa ta jiki . Daga baya an maimaita irin wannan tatsuniyar a cikin littafin Plutarch 's Life of Coriolanus . : "Ya taɓa faruwa," in ji Menenius Agrippa, "cewa duk sauran gabobin wani mutum sun yi tawaye ga ciki, wanda suka zarge shi a matsayin kawai ɓangaren jiki mara aiki, ba tare da wani taimako ba, yayin da sauran kuma aka saka su cikin wahala da kuma kashe kuɗi mai yawa don ciyar da abinci da kuma ciyar da shi. Duk da haka, cikin ya yi ba'a ne kawai ga wauta na membobin, waɗanda suka bayyana ba su san cewa cikin yana samun abinci na gabaɗaya ba, amma kawai don ya dawo da shi, ya kuma raba shi ga sauran. Haka lamarin yake," in ji shi, "ya ku 'yan ƙasa, tsakanin ku da majalisar dattawa. Shawarwari da tsare-tsaren da ke wurin sun narke sosai, suna isar da kuma tabbatar muku da fa'idodinku da goyon bayanku." <ref>Laura Gibbs has collected most of these on her [https://www.flickr.com/search/?w=38299630@N05&q=venter Flickr site]</ref> Daga wannan tushe [[William Shakespeare]] ne ya ɗauki hoton kuma ya nuna shi a wurin buɗe wasansa na ''Coriolanus'' . A cikin majiyoyin Faransa, an yi amfani da labarin makamancin haka. Sigar ƙarshen ƙarni na 12 ta Marie de France ta ƙare da tunani na feudal cewa 'babu wanda ke da girmamawa wanda ya kunyata ubangijinsa, kuma ba shi da uba sai dai idan ya girmama mutanensa'. Kusan ƙarshen ƙarni na 14, Eustache Deschamps ya yi Allah wadai da yaƙin basasa a cikin wani ballade mai taken ''Comment le chief et les membres doyvent amer l'un l'autre'' (Yadda shugaban da membobi ya kamata su ƙaunaci juna). Wannan ya yi amfani da tatsuniyar don yin jayayya cewa ƙasa tana raunana lokacin da aka keta wajibcin feudal. Bai kamata shugaban ya zalunci waɗanda ke ƙarƙashinsa ba kuma a bi shi. Ƙarnuka uku bayan haka La Fontaine ya fassara tatsuniyar dangane da cikakken mulkin mallaka na zamaninsa. Yana juyawa tsarin tsoffin masana tarihi, ya fara da tatsuniyar, ya zana dogon ɗabi'a kuma sai kawai ya ba da mahallin da aka fara ba shi labarinsa. A gare shi ikon sarauta shine tsakiya ga kuma mai kula da ƙasa. [[Fayil:Kawanabe_Kyosai's_"The_lazy_one_in_the_middle".jpg|left|thumb|Batsa mai ban dariya na Kawanabe Kyosai, ''Mai kasala a tsakiya'', 1870–80]] Wannan ma haka abin yake ga John Ogilby a cikin tarihin Ingila na ƙarni na 17 mai cike da matsaloli. [1] Mutum ɗaya tilo da aka gani a cikin misalin Wenceslas Hollar na tatsuniya (duba sama) shine kan mutum-mutumin da ya karye wanda cikinsa makaho mai takobi ya lalata. Batun yanke kan Sarki Charles na Majalisa da rushewar gwamnati a lokacin jamhuriya da ya biyo baya ba zai iya zama mafi haske ba. A farkon ƙarni na 19, mai fassara Turanci na La Fontaine, John Matthews, shine ya faɗaɗa tatsuniya zuwa wani tsayi mai tsawo. Tun daga mahallin Romawa, yana kwatanta rikicin zamantakewa ta hanyar amfani da kalmomi na zamani kuma yana nuna cewa tatsuniya tana goyon bayan ikon majalisar sarakuna ta zamaninsa ba tare da buƙatar faɗin haka kai tsaye ba. Ambrose Bierce ya yi amfani da tatsuniyar a cikin takaddamar aiki a cikin littafinsa ''mai suna Fantastic Fables'' (1899). Lokacin da ma'aikata a masana'antar takalma suka shiga yajin aiki don neman mafi kyawun yanayi, a cikin sake rubuta shi na barkwanci, mai shi ya kunna wuta don karɓar inshorar don haka ya bar su babu aiki. <ref>Laura Gibbs has collected most of these on her [https://www.flickr.com/search/?w=38299630@N05&q=venter Flickr site]</ref> Wani ɗan lokaci da ya gabata na bugun katako na Japan wanda Kawanabe Kyosai ya buga a cikin jerin ''Isoho Monogotari'' (1870-80) ya kuma ba tatsuniyar aikace-aikacen kasuwanci. Mai taken "Mai kasala a tsakiya", yana nuna cikin da ke zaune yana shan bututu yayin da sassan jiki da suka rabu suka rarrafe a ƙasa a kusa da shi. An yi wa babban ɗaurinsa lakabi da 'Mai Kuɗi' a cikin haruffan yamma don ya nuna ma'anar. A cikin waɗannan biyun, an juya hujjar cibiyar a matsayin mai tallafawa. Maimakon kiyaye membobin rai, damuwar son kai da buƙatun kwadayi na ciki suna ɓata musu kuzari.{{Clear}} == Manazarta == 4rqry2iklfa50s7tjb871d1zrg3vhvg 0 139601 895613 790397 2026-08-12T10:46:39Z Maryam Abdullahi Y 43904 895613 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} The cat and the Mice tatsuniya ce da aka danganta ta da Aesop, wadda akwai nau'ikanta da dama. Wani lokaci weasel shine mafarauci; abincin kuma yana iya zama beraye da kaji. == Tatsuniyoyi == [[Fayil:Steinhowel_cat.gif|right|thumb|Buga daga bugun Jamusanci na tatsuniyoyi na Aesop na 1501 a Jami'ar Mannheim]] Sigar Girkanci ta tatsuniyar da Babrius ya rubuta ta shafi wani kyanwa da ya yi kamar jaka ce da ke rataye a kan ƙugiya domin ya yaudari kaji, amma zakara ya ga ɓacin ransa. Wannan lamba 79 ce a cikin Perry Index . William Caxton ya ba da labarin beraye da suka mutu a kan kyanwa. Waɗannan suna da majalisa kuma suna yanke shawarar zama a ƙasa su ajiye a cikin ƙofa. Daga nan kyanwar ta rataye kanta daga ƙugiya ta yi kamar ta mutu, amma ba a yaudare beraye ba. <ref>{{Cite web |title=6.8. Of the catte and of the rat (Caxton's Aesop) |url=http://mythfolklore.net/aesopica/caxton/68.htm |access-date=2025-11-22 |website=mythfolklore.net}}</ref> Marubutan daga baya sun maye gurbin beraye da beraye. Darasin ɗabi'a da waɗannan labaran suka koya an taƙaita shi ta hanyar karin maganar Ingilishi 'Da zarar an cije ni, sau biyu ina jin kunya'. Labarin beraye da ke riƙe da majalisa yayi kama da tatsuniyar The Beres in Council wacce ta ba da shawarar rataye kararrawa a kan kyanwa, amma hakan ya samo asali ne kawai a zamanin Tsakiya kuma yana da ɗabi'a daban-daban. Sigar Phaedrus ta tatsuniya tana da lamba 511 daban a cikin Perry Index kuma an fara bayar da shawarwari kan buƙatar mutum ya kasance mai hankali game da ɗaya. <ref>{{Cite web |title=6.8. Of the catte and of the rat (Caxton's Aesop) |url=http://mythfolklore.net/aesopica/caxton/68.htm |access-date=2025-11-22 |website=mythfolklore.net}}</ref> Ya ba da labarin yadda, domin kama beraye, wani ɗan daji wanda ya girma dattijo yana birgima a cikin gari kuma yana kwance a kusurwar gidan har sai abin da ya kama ya kusanto. Wani mai wayo da ya tsira ya ga dabararsa kuma ya magance ta daga nesa. Baya ga Caxton, Roger L'Estrange shi ma ya rubuta nau'ikan biyu, amma bai tsira ba fiye da lokacinsa. <sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B; ''<nowiki><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (November 2025)">ana buƙatar ambato</span></nowiki>'' &#x5D;</sup> Jean de la Fontaine ta haɗa abubuwan da suka faru na duka kuma biyun a cikin tatsuniyar guda ɗaya a cikin ''Le Chat et un Vieux Rat'' (Mage da tsohon bera, III.18). <ref>{{Cite web |title=6.8. Of the catte and of the rat (Caxton's Aesop) |url=http://mythfolklore.net/aesopica/caxton/68.htm |access-date=2025-11-22 |website=mythfolklore.net}}</ref> Berayen sun yi taka tsantsan don nuna kansu saboda kyanwar, don haka ta rataye kanta kamar ta mutu kuma tana jiran berayen su mamaye kabarin. Wannan zai iya aiki sau ɗaya kawai, don haka dabararta ta gaba ita ce ta ɓuya a cikin baho mai kauri ta yi wa waɗanda abin ya shafa kwanton ɓauna a can. Wani babban dattijo mai taka tsantsan ya ceci kansa ta hanyar nisantar da kansa kuma ya yi masa ba'a da suna. Robert Dodsley ya sake amfani da sigar La Fontaine a cikin tarin tatsuniyarsa ta 1764 kuma a cikin bugun Turanci na 1884 na ''Aesop's Fables: A New Revised Version from Original Sources'' . A cikin zanen katako wanda ke kwatanta shi, linzamin kwamfuta mai taka tsantsan yana leƙawa a kan jaka a bayan kyanwar da aka yi fari a gefen ɗakin ajiya. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Aesop's Fables, illustrated by Tenniel and others |url=http://mythfolklore.net/aesopica/aesop1884/137.htm |access-date=2025-11-22 |website=mythfolklore.net}}</ref> == Manazarta == ont89isw4tkpm8p5h9wuf392vepx823 0 139692 895605 790904 2026-08-12T10:43:19Z Maryam Abdullahi Y 43904 895605 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} "The Taill of the Cok and the Jasp" wani nau'in tatsuniya ne na Middle Scots na Aesop's Fable The Cock and the Jewel na mawaki na Scotland na ƙarni na 15 Robert Henryson . Shi ne na farko a cikin tarin Henryson da aka sani da Morall Fabillis na Esope the Phrygian . ''Cok da Jasp'' an tsara su ne ta hanyar gabatarwa da ''moralitas'', kuma a matsayin waka ta farko a cikin tarin yana aiki a kan matakai da yawa, kuma a duk sassansa, don gabatar da sake zagayowar mafi girma. <ref>Henryson directly quotes the second line of the prologue to the ''verse Romulus'', "Dulcius arrident seria picta iocis," in his own ''prolog'' — a clear and deliberate identifier of his ''[[Author|auctor]]''. See [[Edward Wheatley]], ''Mastering Aesop: Medieval Education, Chaucer and his Followers'', University Press of Florida, 2000. p.152.</ref> == Majiyoyi == [[Fayil:Tacuin_Seigle37.jpg|right|thumb|Tara hatsi a ƙarni na 14]] Ko da yake labarin Aesopian na ''The Cock and the Jewel'', wanda Henryson ya sake ba da labari, yawanci abu ne mai sauƙi, yana ɗaya daga cikin mafi rikitarwa a cikin littafin tatsuniyoyi. Yana gabatar da abin da, a zahiri, [[Kacici-kacici|wasali ne]] kan ƙimomin dangi tare da kusan ƙarfin kōan . Wata fassarar zamani ta tatsuniyoyi, a cikin mafi kyawun sigarta, tana gudana kamar haka: {{Blockquote|A Cock, scratching the ground for something to eat, turned up a Jewel that had by chance been dropped there. "Ho!" said he, "a fine thing you are, no doubt, and, had your owner found you, great would his joy have been. But for me ! give me a single grain of corn before all the jewels in the world." :''[[Aesop's Fables]]'', translated by V.S. Vernon Jones (1912)}} Duk da haka, fassarar da aka saba yi ta tatsuniya ta zamanin da (wanda Henryson ya biyo baya) ta zo da ƙarfi a kan zakara bisa dalilin cewa lu'u-lu'u yana wakiltar hikima maimakon dukiya ko jan hankali kawai. An bayyana wannan fassarar a cikin ''ayar Romulus'', rubutun tatsuniya na yau da kullun a duk faɗin Turai a wannan zamanin, wanda aka rubuta a cikin harshen Faransanci, Latin. Henryson ya amince da wannan "tushe" a cikin sigarsa ta faɗaɗa ta hanyar da'awar cewa yana yin "fassarar" daga Latin kuma yana ambaton wasu layukan sa kai tsaye. ''Romulus'' rubutu ne na aji na yau da kullun da ake amfani da shi a ilimin firamare don koyar da Latin. Tunda ''The Cock and the Jewel'' ( ''De Gallo et Jaspide'' ) shine tatsuniya ta farko a cikin wannan tarin daidaitattun abubuwa, ''a zahiri,'' rubutu ne da aka saba da shi a cikin ilimin adabi a duk faɗin Turai. == Gabatarwa == Babu shakka cewa taƙaitaccen ''gabatarwar'' da ke kaiwa ga ''Cok da Jasp'' an yi shi ne don gabatar da tarin Fabillis gabaɗaya, ba kawai Fabill na ''Cok da Jasp'' ba. Ya fara da kare waƙoƙi (wanda aka faɗaɗa daga ''ayar Romulus'' ), ya gabatar da uzuri don yin ''fassarar'', ya kafa mai ba da labari na mutum na farko, ya taƙaita aikin Aesop kuma ya samar da hanyar haɗi zuwa ''Fabill na Farko'' .<ref>The textual witnesses which place Henryson's ''Cok and the Jasp'' at the head of the sequence (as also occurs in the ''verse Romulus'') include the [[Charteris]] and [[Bassandyne]] editions of 1570 and 1571 respectively. Earlier manuscript witnesses, being more fragmented, do not universally make this clear. See [[John MacQueen]], ''Complete and Full with Numbers: The Narrative Poetry of Robert Henryson.'' Scottish Cultural Review of Language and Literature, Vol. 5. Rodopi. Amsterdam/New York. 2006. p.283.</ref> [[Fayil:Boricha.jpg|left|250x250px]] Rubuce-rubucen farko guda huɗu sun samar da hujja ta gabaɗaya cewa [[Fiction (Almara)|almara]], ko da yake tana iya zama ''feinyeit'' ta dabi'a, tana iya samun kyakkyawan manufa ta ɗabi'a a zuciyarta, kuma labaran da suke da ''[[Aesthetics/Kayan ado|pleisand]]'' (layi na 4) ko ''merie'' (layi na 20) sun fi dacewa su isar da hikima fiye da rubuce-rubucen ilimi na busasshe. Henryson ya haɓaka ma'anarsa ta amfani da hotuna uku; [[Siril|noman hatsi]] (layi na 2), ''schell na nuttis'' (layi na 3) da kuma igiyar baka (layi na 4). A cikin babi [[5 (alƙalami)|na 5]] (babi na tsakiya na gabatarwar), mai ba da labarin ya gano kuma ya yi magana kai tsaye ga masu sauraronsa a karon farko a matsayin ''maigidana'', ko kuma a wata ma'anar, takwarorinsa da suka yi karatu a jami'a . A zahiri, marubucin yana ɗaukar kansa a matsayin ɗalibi a gaban malamansa (masu karatunsa). Babi na kuma ya yi nuni ga wani mai ba da umarni wanda ba a san sunansa ba ga waƙar wanda wataƙila ya wanzu ko bai wanzu ba. Tawali'u ya ci gaba zuwa cikin babi na gaba inda mai ba da labarin ya yi kamar ba shi da fahimtar magana da kuma ikon rubutu kawai cikin harshen ''rashin kunya'' da ''hamelie'', wani nuni ne na girmama kansa ga zaɓin da ya yi na ƙirƙirar waƙa a cikin harshen Scotland maimakon Latin . Ya kammala da gayyatar masu karatunsa su gyara duk wani kuskure da suka samu. Bayan haka, sai a biyo baya da taƙaitaccen bayani game da adabin tatsuniyoyi na Aesop a cikin babi uku masu zuwa tare da cikakken bayani game da manufofinsa da kuma wasu sharhi kan yadda ɗabi'un dabbobi da yanayin ɗan adam suka bambanta. Babi na tara ya ƙare da sauri cikin Fabill na farko. == Tatsuniya == [[Fayil:Gallo_de_corral_(view_large).jpg|right|220x220px]] Daga cikin dukkan waƙoƙin da aka rubuta a ''cikin litattafai'' goma sha uku, ''Cok da Jasp'' sun fi yin kamar sake ba da labari na yau da kullun da na al'ada wanda aka saba gani a cikin nau'in tatsuniyoyi. Sabbin abubuwa da ci gaban Henryson daga tushensa sun haɗa da gabatar da siffar [[Kaza|cok]] mai kyau da aka fahimta a cikin wani yanayi na musamman da aka zana. Ya kafa dalilai bayyanannu na asarar jasp kuma ya saita wurin da aka gano shi a matsayin [[Wajen zubar da shara|midden]] . Ya kuma faɗaɗa hujjojin zakara da dalilan ƙarshe na ƙin jasp a matsayin wani tsari mai kyau na magana mai cikakken tsari wanda duk da haka yana ci gaba da yin sauti kamar ana isar da shi da muryar zakara. Amma tunda wannan ba labari bane - mafi kyawun vignette mai ƙarfi - fabill bai cika cika buƙatun bayar da labari mai inganci da aka yi jayayya a kai a cikin gabatarwar ba. Wannan zai zo a cikin fabillis na gaba, don haka, a wata ma'ana, First Fabill ya yi aiki don jinkirta tsammanin mai karatu. Cok ɗin ya yi magana kai tsaye ga dutsen, ya yarda da darajarsa, ya gane cewa an ɓata shi kuma ya yi jayayya, a zahiri, cewa ba shi da amfani a gare shi. Ya ce, jasp abu ne da ya fi dacewa da ''ubangida ko [[Sarauta|sarki]]'' (layi na 81), yayin da yake gamsuwa kawai da biyan buƙatunsa na tawali'u a cikin ''zane'', ''[[masara]]'', ''tsutsotsi'' da ''[[Dodon kodi|snaillis]]'' - ''[[Burodi|taronsa]]'' na yau da kullun. Ƙarshen magana ya zo a cikin babi na bakwai na fabill inda ''cok ɗin'', wanda ya tashi akan wasu tambayoyi na magana, ya ƙare da roƙon da ya kusan zama abin mamaki don dutsen ya tashi ya koma wani wuri na sarauta: : ''Ta yaya za ku zama mazaunin ku?'' : ''Quhar suld thow duell bot a cikin yawon shakatawa na royall ?'' : ''Quhar suld ta zauna akan ane kingis croun ,'' : ''Ana ɗaukaka ibada da kuma girmamawa mai girma?'' : ''Jasper mai laushi, daga dukkan [[Duwatsu (geology)|stanis]] ɗin gari'' : ''Daga wannan tsakiyar, kuma pas quhar zai zama;'' : ''Yaya [[wiktionary:gain|gani ba]] don ni ba, ni kuma [[wiktionary:thee|don]] .'' (Layukan MF 106-112) Kuma zakara, yana barin jasp, ya fita daga waƙar don ''neman gamsuwarsa'' (layi na 114). == Moralitas == [[Fayil:Chludov_saint_peter.jpg|left|thumb|167x167px|Saint Peter da Zakara.]] Mawakin nan da nan ya bi ''bayansa'' da wani salon magana . Wannan wata dabara ce da aka saba amfani da ita a adabin tatsuniyoyi na zamanin da da na farfaɗowa, kuma amfani da ita a nan ya kafa al'adar da Henryson zai yi amfani da ita akai-akai a duk cikin goma sha uku na ''Morall Fabillis'' . Amma a wannan yanayin, kafin Moralitas su fara yadda ya kamata, stanza 18 (ƙaramin ta tara na fabill) a matsayin maƙallin ƙasa zuwa ''wutsiya'', yana shiga tsakani da cikakken bayani game da halayen jasp, gami da [[Tsafi|halayen kariyarsa]], wanda kusan nan take yana jefa shakku kan hikimar shawarar zakara. Misali, layuka 125-6: : Toh wannan snn sll din yana da damar da za'a iya zarcewa , : daga wuta, kuma kada ka shayar da shi, kada ka ji [[tsoro]] . A wata ma'ana, babi na 18 ya gabatar da wani sabon wasali kuma, don a amsa, yana buƙatar a juya hujjar zakara. Yawanci ana bayar da takardar Moralitas don farawa bayan babi na 18 a cikin mafi yawan shaidun rubutu banda Bannatyne . Babi na biyar ɗinsa suna fitowa fili a kan zakara, don haka, ta hanyar ma'ana, suna nuna ra'ayin rufewa akan ainihin Aesop mai buɗewa da ban mamaki. Mai ba da labarin bai yi wata magana ba wajen bayyana yadda kuskuren zakara ya kasance mai tsanani wajen ƙin dutsen saboda, a cewarsa, jasp yana wakiltar ''kimiyya'', a ma'anar hikima, wanda ya bayyana a cikin kalmomin da ke kusantar da shi ga ma'anar ra'ayoyi kamar ''dharma'' . A cikin babi na ƙarshe, ya yi kuka game da gazawar ɗan adam gabaɗaya na girmama da fahimtar waɗannan dabi'u: : Bot yanzu, allace, wannan jasp ɗin yana [[wiktionary:loss|da kyau]] kuma yana ɓoye; : Mun yanke shawara, kuma ba [[wiktionary:strive|mu san]] shi don gano ... Ya rufe, da nuna rashin kulawa, ta hanyar ba wa mai karatu shawara, idan yana so, ya je ya nemi jasp inda yake. == Jigogi == [[Fayil:Blason_Jausiers.svg|right|thumb|132x132px|Zakara mai launin Heraldic tare da hatsi]] Faɗaɗa tatsuniyar Aesop da Henryson ya yi ya sa bincikensa ya zama gaskiya, ya gabatar da sarkakiya kuma ya ɗaga jigogi da yawa a cikin ɗan gajeren lokaci. Dangane da sauran littattafan tatsuniyar da aka sani a Turai har zuwa wannan lokacin, abubuwan da aka ɗora suna da matuƙar wadata. Duk da cewa kyawawan halaye sun zo ne da gaske kuma da ƙarfi a gefen dutsen da aka ƙi, duk da haka, zakara ya tayar da tambayoyi waɗanda ba lallai ne a warware su cikin sauƙi ba. Waƙoƙin da suka biyo baya za su ƙara ƙara tsananta waɗannan shakku da bambance-bambancen maimakon warware su. Saboda haka, ɓangaren ban dariya na asalin Aesopian, a wasu fannoni, ba a ƙarshe an juya shi ba kuma ana iya cewa an kiyaye shi a matsayin wani ɓangare na ƙirar waƙar. Daga cikin takamaiman batutuwan da aka taɓo ko aka nuna a faɗaɗa Henryson akwai tambayoyi na [[Fiction (Almara)|almara]] da [[gaskiya]], sha'awa, son kai, rashin kunya, son abin duniya, aiki, hikima, matsayi, [[Daidaiton zamantakewa|daidaito]], ilimi, tsarin zamantakewa, [[gwamnati]], yanayin masu mulki, yanayin sarauta da sauransu da yawa. Akwai kuma tambayar wanene zakara a ƙarshe yake wakilta, kuma ko, a wata ma'ana, waƙar Henryson da kanta ita ce waƙar da mai karatu ya ci karo da ita "a tsakiyar" don ɗauka ko tafi kamar yadda yake so. == Layukan buɗewa == Ya kamata a lura cewa buɗe littafin Henryson Prolog ga ''Morall Fabillis'' yana maimaita layukan farko na littafin John Barbour ''Brus'' . Saboda haka, bambanci ne kan jigon alaƙar da ke tsakanin gaskiya da rahoto a cikin adabi. Don kwatantawa, layuka goma na farko, na ''littafin The Brus'', waɗanda aka rubuta a shekarun 1370, sun gudana: : ''Labarun da za a [[Karatu|sake]] tsarawa'' : ''A ce thai ba ta da kyau amma fabill,'' : ''Fiye da labaran da suka [[wiktionary:reliable|shafi soyayya]]'' : ''Kuma Yaƙin Thai ya ce a kan Allah'' : ''Ka yi farin ciki sau biyu a heryng.'' : ''Farin ciki na farko shine [[Tilawa|carpyng]] ,'' : ''Kuma zuwa ga suthfastnes'' : ''Wannan yana nuna mana yadda abin yake,'' : ''Kuma waɗannan abubuwan suna kama da'' : ''Har sai mannys heryng ar plesand.'' ( Barbour, ''The Brus'', layuka 1-10) Waƙar farko ta Henryson, wadda aka rubuta bayan ƙarni ɗaya, ta yi amfani da wasu kalmomi iri ɗaya (ko makamancin haka), amma, a cikin ɗan gajeren sarari, tana haifar da ɗan ƙaramin ra'ayi game da alaƙar da ke tsakanin labari, masu sauraro da kuma batun da aka tattauna. Bambance-bambancen ba su da zurfi, amma sun bambanta: : ''Thocht feinyit fabillis na ald mawaƙi'' : ''Kada ka yi kasa a gwiwa kan gaskiya, duk [[wiktionary:then|da haka]]'' : ''Kalmomin ladabi na Thair na magana mai dadi'' : ''Richt plesand ar ga ear nasu mutum;'' : ''[[wiktionary:also|Kuma]] dalilin da ya sa aka fara'' : ''Ya kamata mu gyara kuskuren da ya faru'' : ''Banda mutum, ka zama kamar wani abu daban.'' (Henryson, ''Morall Fabillis'', layi na 1-7) Fabill na farko, a cikin dukkan sassa uku, ya ƙunshi sassa 23, an rarraba su 9—9—5. * Gabatarwa: babi 9 * Fabill: Babi 9, gami da babi 18 akan halayen jasp (duba sama). * Moralitas: 5 babi Saboda rashin tabbas game da matsayin babi na 18 (kamar yadda a wani ma'anar "ƙananan" moralitas na biyu) ana iya fassara ƙidayar a matsayin * 9—8—6, ko ma wataƙila, * 9—8—1—5. == Manazarta == {{Reflist|2}} [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] nv8wvlou0lutmquk6pddpmkbgiwe26v 895606 895605 2026-08-12T10:43:30Z Maryam Abdullahi Y 43904 895606 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} "The Taill of the Cok and the Jasp" wani nau'in tatsuniya ne na Middle Scots na Aesop's Fable The Cock and the Jewel na mawaki na Scotland na ƙarni na 15 Robert Henryson . Shi ne na farko a cikin tarin Henryson da aka sani da Morall Fabillis na Esope the Phrygian . ''Cok da Jasp'' an tsara su ne ta hanyar gabatarwa da ''moralitas'', kuma a matsayin waka ta farko a cikin tarin yana aiki a kan matakai da yawa, kuma a duk sassansa, don gabatar da sake zagayowar mafi girma. <ref>Henryson directly quotes the second line of the prologue to the ''verse Romulus'', "Dulcius arrident seria picta iocis," in his own ''prolog'' — a clear and deliberate identifier of his ''[[Author|auctor]]''. See [[Edward Wheatley]], ''Mastering Aesop: Medieval Education, Chaucer and his Followers'', University Press of Florida, 2000. p.152.</ref> == Majiyoyi == [[Fayil:Tacuin_Seigle37.jpg|right|thumb|Tara hatsi a ƙarni na 14]] Ko da yake labarin Aesopian na ''The Cock and the Jewel'', wanda kuma Henryson ya sake ba da labari, yawanci abu ne mai sauƙi, yana ɗaya daga cikin mafi rikitarwa a cikin littafin tatsuniyoyi. Yana gabatar da abin da, a zahiri, [[Kacici-kacici|wasali ne]] kan ƙimomin dangi tare da kusan ƙarfin kōan . Wata fassarar zamani ta tatsuniyoyi, a cikin mafi kyawun sigarta, tana gudana kamar haka: {{Blockquote|A Cock, scratching the ground for something to eat, turned up a Jewel that had by chance been dropped there. "Ho!" said he, "a fine thing you are, no doubt, and, had your owner found you, great would his joy have been. But for me ! give me a single grain of corn before all the jewels in the world." :''[[Aesop's Fables]]'', translated by V.S. Vernon Jones (1912)}} Duk da haka, fassarar da aka saba yi ta tatsuniya ta zamanin da (wanda Henryson ya biyo baya) ta zo da ƙarfi a kan zakara bisa dalilin cewa lu'u-lu'u yana wakiltar hikima maimakon dukiya ko jan hankali kawai. An bayyana wannan fassarar a cikin ''ayar Romulus'', rubutun tatsuniya na yau da kullun a duk faɗin Turai a wannan zamanin, wanda aka rubuta a cikin harshen Faransanci, Latin. Henryson ya amince da wannan "tushe" a cikin sigarsa ta faɗaɗa ta hanyar da'awar cewa yana yin "fassarar" daga Latin kuma yana ambaton wasu layukan sa kai tsaye. ''Romulus'' rubutu ne na aji na yau da kullun da ake amfani da shi a ilimin firamare don koyar da Latin. Tunda ''The Cock and the Jewel'' ( ''De Gallo et Jaspide'' ) shine tatsuniya ta farko a cikin wannan tarin daidaitattun abubuwa, ''a zahiri,'' rubutu ne da aka saba da shi a cikin ilimin adabi a duk faɗin Turai. == Gabatarwa == Babu shakka cewa taƙaitaccen ''gabatarwar'' da ke kaiwa ga ''Cok da Jasp'' an yi shi ne don gabatar da tarin Fabillis gabaɗaya, ba kawai Fabill na ''Cok da Jasp'' ba. Ya fara da kare waƙoƙi (wanda aka faɗaɗa daga ''ayar Romulus'' ), ya gabatar da uzuri don yin ''fassarar'', ya kafa mai ba da labari na mutum na farko, ya taƙaita aikin Aesop kuma ya samar da hanyar haɗi zuwa ''Fabill na Farko'' .<ref>The textual witnesses which place Henryson's ''Cok and the Jasp'' at the head of the sequence (as also occurs in the ''verse Romulus'') include the [[Charteris]] and [[Bassandyne]] editions of 1570 and 1571 respectively. Earlier manuscript witnesses, being more fragmented, do not universally make this clear. See [[John MacQueen]], ''Complete and Full with Numbers: The Narrative Poetry of Robert Henryson.'' Scottish Cultural Review of Language and Literature, Vol. 5. Rodopi. Amsterdam/New York. 2006. p.283.</ref> [[Fayil:Boricha.jpg|left|250x250px]] Rubuce-rubucen farko guda huɗu sun samar da hujja ta gabaɗaya cewa [[Fiction (Almara)|almara]], ko da yake tana iya zama ''feinyeit'' ta dabi'a, tana iya samun kyakkyawan manufa ta ɗabi'a a zuciyarta, kuma labaran da suke da ''[[Aesthetics/Kayan ado|pleisand]]'' (layi na 4) ko ''merie'' (layi na 20) sun fi dacewa su isar da hikima fiye da rubuce-rubucen ilimi na busasshe. Henryson ya haɓaka ma'anarsa ta amfani da hotuna uku; [[Siril|noman hatsi]] (layi na 2), ''schell na nuttis'' (layi na 3) da kuma igiyar baka (layi na 4). A cikin babi [[5 (alƙalami)|na 5]] (babi na tsakiya na gabatarwar), mai ba da labarin ya gano kuma ya yi magana kai tsaye ga masu sauraronsa a karon farko a matsayin ''maigidana'', ko kuma a wata ma'anar, takwarorinsa da suka yi karatu a jami'a . A zahiri, marubucin yana ɗaukar kansa a matsayin ɗalibi a gaban malamansa (masu karatunsa). Babi na kuma ya yi nuni ga wani mai ba da umarni wanda ba a san sunansa ba ga waƙar wanda wataƙila ya wanzu ko bai wanzu ba. Tawali'u ya ci gaba zuwa cikin babi na gaba inda mai ba da labarin ya yi kamar ba shi da fahimtar magana da kuma ikon rubutu kawai cikin harshen ''rashin kunya'' da ''hamelie'', wani nuni ne na girmama kansa ga zaɓin da ya yi na ƙirƙirar waƙa a cikin harshen Scotland maimakon Latin . Ya kammala da gayyatar masu karatunsa su gyara duk wani kuskure da suka samu. Bayan haka, sai a biyo baya da taƙaitaccen bayani game da adabin tatsuniyoyi na Aesop a cikin babi uku masu zuwa tare da cikakken bayani game da manufofinsa da kuma wasu sharhi kan yadda ɗabi'un dabbobi da yanayin ɗan adam suka bambanta. Babi na tara ya ƙare da sauri cikin Fabill na farko. == Tatsuniya == [[Fayil:Gallo_de_corral_(view_large).jpg|right|220x220px]] Daga cikin dukkan waƙoƙin da aka rubuta a ''cikin litattafai'' goma sha uku, ''Cok da Jasp'' sun fi yin kamar sake ba da labari na yau da kullun da na al'ada wanda aka saba gani a cikin nau'in tatsuniyoyi. Sabbin abubuwa da ci gaban Henryson daga tushensa sun haɗa da gabatar da siffar [[Kaza|cok]] mai kyau da aka fahimta a cikin wani yanayi na musamman da aka zana. Ya kafa dalilai bayyanannu na asarar jasp kuma ya saita wurin da aka gano shi a matsayin [[Wajen zubar da shara|midden]] . Ya kuma faɗaɗa hujjojin zakara da dalilan ƙarshe na ƙin jasp a matsayin wani tsari mai kyau na magana mai cikakken tsari wanda duk da haka yana ci gaba da yin sauti kamar ana isar da shi da muryar zakara. Amma tunda wannan ba labari bane - mafi kyawun vignette mai ƙarfi - fabill bai cika cika buƙatun bayar da labari mai inganci da aka yi jayayya a kai a cikin gabatarwar ba. Wannan zai zo a cikin fabillis na gaba, don haka, a wata ma'ana, First Fabill ya yi aiki don jinkirta tsammanin mai karatu. Cok ɗin ya yi magana kai tsaye ga dutsen, ya yarda da darajarsa, ya gane cewa an ɓata shi kuma ya yi jayayya, a zahiri, cewa ba shi da amfani a gare shi. Ya ce, jasp abu ne da ya fi dacewa da ''ubangida ko [[Sarauta|sarki]]'' (layi na 81), yayin da yake gamsuwa kawai da biyan buƙatunsa na tawali'u a cikin ''zane'', ''[[masara]]'', ''tsutsotsi'' da ''[[Dodon kodi|snaillis]]'' - ''[[Burodi|taronsa]]'' na yau da kullun. Ƙarshen magana ya zo a cikin babi na bakwai na fabill inda ''cok ɗin'', wanda ya tashi akan wasu tambayoyi na magana, ya ƙare da roƙon da ya kusan zama abin mamaki don dutsen ya tashi ya koma wani wuri na sarauta: : ''Ta yaya za ku zama mazaunin ku?'' : ''Quhar suld thow duell bot a cikin yawon shakatawa na royall ?'' : ''Quhar suld ta zauna akan ane kingis croun ,'' : ''Ana ɗaukaka ibada da kuma girmamawa mai girma?'' : ''Jasper mai laushi, daga dukkan [[Duwatsu (geology)|stanis]] ɗin gari'' : ''Daga wannan tsakiyar, kuma pas quhar zai zama;'' : ''Yaya [[wiktionary:gain|gani ba]] don ni ba, ni kuma [[wiktionary:thee|don]] .'' (Layukan MF 106-112) Kuma zakara, yana barin jasp, ya fita daga waƙar don ''neman gamsuwarsa'' (layi na 114). == Moralitas == [[Fayil:Chludov_saint_peter.jpg|left|thumb|167x167px|Saint Peter da Zakara.]] Mawakin nan da nan ya bi ''bayansa'' da wani salon magana . Wannan wata dabara ce da aka saba amfani da ita a adabin tatsuniyoyi na zamanin da da na farfaɗowa, kuma amfani da ita a nan ya kafa al'adar da Henryson zai yi amfani da ita akai-akai a duk cikin goma sha uku na ''Morall Fabillis'' . Amma a wannan yanayin, kafin Moralitas su fara yadda ya kamata, stanza 18 (ƙaramin ta tara na fabill) a matsayin maƙallin ƙasa zuwa ''wutsiya'', yana shiga tsakani da cikakken bayani game da halayen jasp, gami da [[Tsafi|halayen kariyarsa]], wanda kusan nan take yana jefa shakku kan hikimar shawarar zakara. Misali, layuka 125-6: : Toh wannan snn sll din yana da damar da za'a iya zarcewa , : daga wuta, kuma kada ka shayar da shi, kada ka ji [[tsoro]] . A wata ma'ana, babi na 18 ya gabatar da wani sabon wasali kuma, don a amsa, yana buƙatar a juya hujjar zakara. Yawanci ana bayar da takardar Moralitas don farawa bayan babi na 18 a cikin mafi yawan shaidun rubutu banda Bannatyne . Babi na biyar ɗinsa suna fitowa fili a kan zakara, don haka, ta hanyar ma'ana, suna nuna ra'ayin rufewa akan ainihin Aesop mai buɗewa da ban mamaki. Mai ba da labarin bai yi wata magana ba wajen bayyana yadda kuskuren zakara ya kasance mai tsanani wajen ƙin dutsen saboda, a cewarsa, jasp yana wakiltar ''kimiyya'', a ma'anar hikima, wanda ya bayyana a cikin kalmomin da ke kusantar da shi ga ma'anar ra'ayoyi kamar ''dharma'' . A cikin babi na ƙarshe, ya yi kuka game da gazawar ɗan adam gabaɗaya na girmama da fahimtar waɗannan dabi'u: : Bot yanzu, allace, wannan jasp ɗin yana [[wiktionary:loss|da kyau]] kuma yana ɓoye; : Mun yanke shawara, kuma ba [[wiktionary:strive|mu san]] shi don gano ... Ya rufe, da nuna rashin kulawa, ta hanyar ba wa mai karatu shawara, idan yana so, ya je ya nemi jasp inda yake. == Jigogi == [[Fayil:Blason_Jausiers.svg|right|thumb|132x132px|Zakara mai launin Heraldic tare da hatsi]] Faɗaɗa tatsuniyar Aesop da Henryson ya yi ya sa bincikensa ya zama gaskiya, ya gabatar da sarkakiya kuma ya ɗaga jigogi da yawa a cikin ɗan gajeren lokaci. Dangane da sauran littattafan tatsuniyar da aka sani a Turai har zuwa wannan lokacin, abubuwan da aka ɗora suna da matuƙar wadata. Duk da cewa kyawawan halaye sun zo ne da gaske kuma da ƙarfi a gefen dutsen da aka ƙi, duk da haka, zakara ya tayar da tambayoyi waɗanda ba lallai ne a warware su cikin sauƙi ba. Waƙoƙin da suka biyo baya za su ƙara ƙara tsananta waɗannan shakku da bambance-bambancen maimakon warware su. Saboda haka, ɓangaren ban dariya na asalin Aesopian, a wasu fannoni, ba a ƙarshe an juya shi ba kuma ana iya cewa an kiyaye shi a matsayin wani ɓangare na ƙirar waƙar. Daga cikin takamaiman batutuwan da aka taɓo ko aka nuna a faɗaɗa Henryson akwai tambayoyi na [[Fiction (Almara)|almara]] da [[gaskiya]], sha'awa, son kai, rashin kunya, son abin duniya, aiki, hikima, matsayi, [[Daidaiton zamantakewa|daidaito]], ilimi, tsarin zamantakewa, [[gwamnati]], yanayin masu mulki, yanayin sarauta da sauransu da yawa. Akwai kuma tambayar wanene zakara a ƙarshe yake wakilta, kuma ko, a wata ma'ana, waƙar Henryson da kanta ita ce waƙar da mai karatu ya ci karo da ita "a tsakiyar" don ɗauka ko tafi kamar yadda yake so. == Layukan buɗewa == Ya kamata a lura cewa buɗe littafin Henryson Prolog ga ''Morall Fabillis'' yana maimaita layukan farko na littafin John Barbour ''Brus'' . Saboda haka, bambanci ne kan jigon alaƙar da ke tsakanin gaskiya da rahoto a cikin adabi. Don kwatantawa, layuka goma na farko, na ''littafin The Brus'', waɗanda aka rubuta a shekarun 1370, sun gudana: : ''Labarun da za a [[Karatu|sake]] tsarawa'' : ''A ce thai ba ta da kyau amma fabill,'' : ''Fiye da labaran da suka [[wiktionary:reliable|shafi soyayya]]'' : ''Kuma Yaƙin Thai ya ce a kan Allah'' : ''Ka yi farin ciki sau biyu a heryng.'' : ''Farin ciki na farko shine [[Tilawa|carpyng]] ,'' : ''Kuma zuwa ga suthfastnes'' : ''Wannan yana nuna mana yadda abin yake,'' : ''Kuma waɗannan abubuwan suna kama da'' : ''Har sai mannys heryng ar plesand.'' ( Barbour, ''The Brus'', layuka 1-10) Waƙar farko ta Henryson, wadda aka rubuta bayan ƙarni ɗaya, ta yi amfani da wasu kalmomi iri ɗaya (ko makamancin haka), amma, a cikin ɗan gajeren sarari, tana haifar da ɗan ƙaramin ra'ayi game da alaƙar da ke tsakanin labari, masu sauraro da kuma batun da aka tattauna. Bambance-bambancen ba su da zurfi, amma sun bambanta: : ''Thocht feinyit fabillis na ald mawaƙi'' : ''Kada ka yi kasa a gwiwa kan gaskiya, duk [[wiktionary:then|da haka]]'' : ''Kalmomin ladabi na Thair na magana mai dadi'' : ''Richt plesand ar ga ear nasu mutum;'' : ''[[wiktionary:also|Kuma]] dalilin da ya sa aka fara'' : ''Ya kamata mu gyara kuskuren da ya faru'' : ''Banda mutum, ka zama kamar wani abu daban.'' (Henryson, ''Morall Fabillis'', layi na 1-7) Fabill na farko, a cikin dukkan sassa uku, ya ƙunshi sassa 23, an rarraba su 9—9—5. * Gabatarwa: babi 9 * Fabill: Babi 9, gami da babi 18 akan halayen jasp (duba sama). * Moralitas: 5 babi Saboda rashin tabbas game da matsayin babi na 18 (kamar yadda a wani ma'anar "ƙananan" moralitas na biyu) ana iya fassara ƙidayar a matsayin * 9—8—6, ko ma wataƙila, * 9—8—1—5. == Manazarta == {{Reflist|2}} [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] n4kv8wfpqydsdpvzsvyou8iy2mo9gko 895607 895606 2026-08-12T10:43:48Z Maryam Abdullahi Y 43904 895607 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} "The Taill of the Cok and the Jasp" wani nau'in tatsuniya ne na Middle Scots na Aesop's Fable The Cock and the Jewel na mawaki na Scotland na ƙarni na 15 Robert Henryson . Shi ne na farko a cikin tarin Henryson da aka sani da Morall Fabillis na Esope the Phrygian . ''Cok da Jasp'' an tsara su ne ta hanyar gabatarwa da ''moralitas'', kuma a matsayin waka ta farko a cikin tarin yana aiki a kan matakai da yawa, kuma a duk sassansa, don gabatar da sake zagayowar mafi girma. <ref>Henryson directly quotes the second line of the prologue to the ''verse Romulus'', "Dulcius arrident seria picta iocis," in his own ''prolog'' — a clear and deliberate identifier of his ''[[Author|auctor]]''. See [[Edward Wheatley]], ''Mastering Aesop: Medieval Education, Chaucer and his Followers'', University Press of Florida, 2000. p.152.</ref> == Majiyoyi == [[Fayil:Tacuin_Seigle37.jpg|right|thumb|Tara hatsi a ƙarni na 14]] Ko da yake labarin Aesopian na ''The Cock and the Jewel'', wanda kuma Henryson ya sake ba da labari, yawanci abu ne mai sauƙi, yana ɗaya daga cikin mafi rikitarwa a cikin littafin tatsuniyoyi. Yana gabatar da abin da, a zahiri, [[Kacici-kacici|wasali ne]] kan ƙimomin dangi tare da kusan ƙarfin kōan . Wata fassarar zamani ta tatsuniyoyi, a cikin mafi kyawun sigarta, tana gudana kamar haka: {{Blockquote|A Cock, scratching the ground for something to eat, turned up a Jewel that had by chance been dropped there. "Ho!" said he, "a fine thing you are, no doubt, and, had your owner found you, great would his joy have been. But for me ! give me a single grain of corn before all the jewels in the world." :''[[Aesop's Fables]]'', translated by V.S. Vernon Jones (1912)}} Duk da haka, fassarar da aka saba yi ta tatsuniya ta zamanin da (wanda Henryson ya biyo baya) ta zo da ƙarfi a kan zakara bisa dalilin cewa lu'u-lu'u yana wakiltar hikima maimakon dukiya ko jan hankali kawai. An bayyana wannan fassarar a cikin ''ayar Romulus'', rubutun tatsuniya na yau da kullun a duk faɗin Turai a wannan zamanin, wanda kuma aka rubuta a cikin harshen Faransanci, Latin. Henryson ya amince da wannan "tushe" a cikin sigarsa ta faɗaɗa ta hanyar da'awar cewa yana yin "fassarar" daga Latin kuma yana ambaton wasu layukan sa kai tsaye. ''Romulus'' rubutu ne na aji na yau da kullun da ake amfani da shi a ilimin firamare don koyar da Latin. Tunda ''The Cock and the Jewel'' ( ''De Gallo et Jaspide'' ) shine tatsuniya ta farko a cikin wannan tarin daidaitattun abubuwa, ''a zahiri,'' rubutu ne da aka saba da shi a cikin ilimin adabi a duk faɗin Turai. == Gabatarwa == Babu shakka cewa taƙaitaccen ''gabatarwar'' da ke kaiwa ga ''Cok da Jasp'' an yi shi ne don gabatar da tarin Fabillis gabaɗaya, ba kawai Fabill na ''Cok da Jasp'' ba. Ya fara da kare waƙoƙi (wanda aka faɗaɗa daga ''ayar Romulus'' ), ya gabatar da uzuri don yin ''fassarar'', ya kafa mai ba da labari na mutum na farko, ya taƙaita aikin Aesop kuma ya samar da hanyar haɗi zuwa ''Fabill na Farko'' .<ref>The textual witnesses which place Henryson's ''Cok and the Jasp'' at the head of the sequence (as also occurs in the ''verse Romulus'') include the [[Charteris]] and [[Bassandyne]] editions of 1570 and 1571 respectively. Earlier manuscript witnesses, being more fragmented, do not universally make this clear. See [[John MacQueen]], ''Complete and Full with Numbers: The Narrative Poetry of Robert Henryson.'' Scottish Cultural Review of Language and Literature, Vol. 5. Rodopi. Amsterdam/New York. 2006. p.283.</ref> [[Fayil:Boricha.jpg|left|250x250px]] Rubuce-rubucen farko guda huɗu sun samar da hujja ta gabaɗaya cewa [[Fiction (Almara)|almara]], ko da yake tana iya zama ''feinyeit'' ta dabi'a, tana iya samun kyakkyawan manufa ta ɗabi'a a zuciyarta, kuma labaran da suke da ''[[Aesthetics/Kayan ado|pleisand]]'' (layi na 4) ko ''merie'' (layi na 20) sun fi dacewa su isar da hikima fiye da rubuce-rubucen ilimi na busasshe. Henryson ya haɓaka ma'anarsa ta amfani da hotuna uku; [[Siril|noman hatsi]] (layi na 2), ''schell na nuttis'' (layi na 3) da kuma igiyar baka (layi na 4). A cikin babi [[5 (alƙalami)|na 5]] (babi na tsakiya na gabatarwar), mai ba da labarin ya gano kuma ya yi magana kai tsaye ga masu sauraronsa a karon farko a matsayin ''maigidana'', ko kuma a wata ma'anar, takwarorinsa da suka yi karatu a jami'a . A zahiri, marubucin yana ɗaukar kansa a matsayin ɗalibi a gaban malamansa (masu karatunsa). Babi na kuma ya yi nuni ga wani mai ba da umarni wanda ba a san sunansa ba ga waƙar wanda wataƙila ya wanzu ko bai wanzu ba. Tawali'u ya ci gaba zuwa cikin babi na gaba inda mai ba da labarin ya yi kamar ba shi da fahimtar magana da kuma ikon rubutu kawai cikin harshen ''rashin kunya'' da ''hamelie'', wani nuni ne na girmama kansa ga zaɓin da ya yi na ƙirƙirar waƙa a cikin harshen Scotland maimakon Latin . Ya kammala da gayyatar masu karatunsa su gyara duk wani kuskure da suka samu. Bayan haka, sai a biyo baya da taƙaitaccen bayani game da adabin tatsuniyoyi na Aesop a cikin babi uku masu zuwa tare da cikakken bayani game da manufofinsa da kuma wasu sharhi kan yadda ɗabi'un dabbobi da yanayin ɗan adam suka bambanta. Babi na tara ya ƙare da sauri cikin Fabill na farko. == Tatsuniya == [[Fayil:Gallo_de_corral_(view_large).jpg|right|220x220px]] Daga cikin dukkan waƙoƙin da aka rubuta a ''cikin litattafai'' goma sha uku, ''Cok da Jasp'' sun fi yin kamar sake ba da labari na yau da kullun da na al'ada wanda aka saba gani a cikin nau'in tatsuniyoyi. Sabbin abubuwa da ci gaban Henryson daga tushensa sun haɗa da gabatar da siffar [[Kaza|cok]] mai kyau da aka fahimta a cikin wani yanayi na musamman da aka zana. Ya kafa dalilai bayyanannu na asarar jasp kuma ya saita wurin da aka gano shi a matsayin [[Wajen zubar da shara|midden]] . Ya kuma faɗaɗa hujjojin zakara da dalilan ƙarshe na ƙin jasp a matsayin wani tsari mai kyau na magana mai cikakken tsari wanda duk da haka yana ci gaba da yin sauti kamar ana isar da shi da muryar zakara. Amma tunda wannan ba labari bane - mafi kyawun vignette mai ƙarfi - fabill bai cika cika buƙatun bayar da labari mai inganci da aka yi jayayya a kai a cikin gabatarwar ba. Wannan zai zo a cikin fabillis na gaba, don haka, a wata ma'ana, First Fabill ya yi aiki don jinkirta tsammanin mai karatu. Cok ɗin ya yi magana kai tsaye ga dutsen, ya yarda da darajarsa, ya gane cewa an ɓata shi kuma ya yi jayayya, a zahiri, cewa ba shi da amfani a gare shi. Ya ce, jasp abu ne da ya fi dacewa da ''ubangida ko [[Sarauta|sarki]]'' (layi na 81), yayin da yake gamsuwa kawai da biyan buƙatunsa na tawali'u a cikin ''zane'', ''[[masara]]'', ''tsutsotsi'' da ''[[Dodon kodi|snaillis]]'' - ''[[Burodi|taronsa]]'' na yau da kullun. Ƙarshen magana ya zo a cikin babi na bakwai na fabill inda ''cok ɗin'', wanda ya tashi akan wasu tambayoyi na magana, ya ƙare da roƙon da ya kusan zama abin mamaki don dutsen ya tashi ya koma wani wuri na sarauta: : ''Ta yaya za ku zama mazaunin ku?'' : ''Quhar suld thow duell bot a cikin yawon shakatawa na royall ?'' : ''Quhar suld ta zauna akan ane kingis croun ,'' : ''Ana ɗaukaka ibada da kuma girmamawa mai girma?'' : ''Jasper mai laushi, daga dukkan [[Duwatsu (geology)|stanis]] ɗin gari'' : ''Daga wannan tsakiyar, kuma pas quhar zai zama;'' : ''Yaya [[wiktionary:gain|gani ba]] don ni ba, ni kuma [[wiktionary:thee|don]] .'' (Layukan MF 106-112) Kuma zakara, yana barin jasp, ya fita daga waƙar don ''neman gamsuwarsa'' (layi na 114). == Moralitas == [[Fayil:Chludov_saint_peter.jpg|left|thumb|167x167px|Saint Peter da Zakara.]] Mawakin nan da nan ya bi ''bayansa'' da wani salon magana . Wannan wata dabara ce da aka saba amfani da ita a adabin tatsuniyoyi na zamanin da da na farfaɗowa, kuma amfani da ita a nan ya kafa al'adar da Henryson zai yi amfani da ita akai-akai a duk cikin goma sha uku na ''Morall Fabillis'' . Amma a wannan yanayin, kafin Moralitas su fara yadda ya kamata, stanza 18 (ƙaramin ta tara na fabill) a matsayin maƙallin ƙasa zuwa ''wutsiya'', yana shiga tsakani da cikakken bayani game da halayen jasp, gami da [[Tsafi|halayen kariyarsa]], wanda kusan nan take yana jefa shakku kan hikimar shawarar zakara. Misali, layuka 125-6: : Toh wannan snn sll din yana da damar da za'a iya zarcewa , : daga wuta, kuma kada ka shayar da shi, kada ka ji [[tsoro]] . A wata ma'ana, babi na 18 ya gabatar da wani sabon wasali kuma, don a amsa, yana buƙatar a juya hujjar zakara. Yawanci ana bayar da takardar Moralitas don farawa bayan babi na 18 a cikin mafi yawan shaidun rubutu banda Bannatyne . Babi na biyar ɗinsa suna fitowa fili a kan zakara, don haka, ta hanyar ma'ana, suna nuna ra'ayin rufewa akan ainihin Aesop mai buɗewa da ban mamaki. Mai ba da labarin bai yi wata magana ba wajen bayyana yadda kuskuren zakara ya kasance mai tsanani wajen ƙin dutsen saboda, a cewarsa, jasp yana wakiltar ''kimiyya'', a ma'anar hikima, wanda ya bayyana a cikin kalmomin da ke kusantar da shi ga ma'anar ra'ayoyi kamar ''dharma'' . A cikin babi na ƙarshe, ya yi kuka game da gazawar ɗan adam gabaɗaya na girmama da fahimtar waɗannan dabi'u: : Bot yanzu, allace, wannan jasp ɗin yana [[wiktionary:loss|da kyau]] kuma yana ɓoye; : Mun yanke shawara, kuma ba [[wiktionary:strive|mu san]] shi don gano ... Ya rufe, da nuna rashin kulawa, ta hanyar ba wa mai karatu shawara, idan yana so, ya je ya nemi jasp inda yake. == Jigogi == [[Fayil:Blason_Jausiers.svg|right|thumb|132x132px|Zakara mai launin Heraldic tare da hatsi]] Faɗaɗa tatsuniyar Aesop da Henryson ya yi ya sa bincikensa ya zama gaskiya, ya gabatar da sarkakiya kuma ya ɗaga jigogi da yawa a cikin ɗan gajeren lokaci. Dangane da sauran littattafan tatsuniyar da aka sani a Turai har zuwa wannan lokacin, abubuwan da aka ɗora suna da matuƙar wadata. Duk da cewa kyawawan halaye sun zo ne da gaske kuma da ƙarfi a gefen dutsen da aka ƙi, duk da haka, zakara ya tayar da tambayoyi waɗanda ba lallai ne a warware su cikin sauƙi ba. Waƙoƙin da suka biyo baya za su ƙara ƙara tsananta waɗannan shakku da bambance-bambancen maimakon warware su. Saboda haka, ɓangaren ban dariya na asalin Aesopian, a wasu fannoni, ba a ƙarshe an juya shi ba kuma ana iya cewa an kiyaye shi a matsayin wani ɓangare na ƙirar waƙar. Daga cikin takamaiman batutuwan da aka taɓo ko aka nuna a faɗaɗa Henryson akwai tambayoyi na [[Fiction (Almara)|almara]] da [[gaskiya]], sha'awa, son kai, rashin kunya, son abin duniya, aiki, hikima, matsayi, [[Daidaiton zamantakewa|daidaito]], ilimi, tsarin zamantakewa, [[gwamnati]], yanayin masu mulki, yanayin sarauta da sauransu da yawa. Akwai kuma tambayar wanene zakara a ƙarshe yake wakilta, kuma ko, a wata ma'ana, waƙar Henryson da kanta ita ce waƙar da mai karatu ya ci karo da ita "a tsakiyar" don ɗauka ko tafi kamar yadda yake so. == Layukan buɗewa == Ya kamata a lura cewa buɗe littafin Henryson Prolog ga ''Morall Fabillis'' yana maimaita layukan farko na littafin John Barbour ''Brus'' . Saboda haka, bambanci ne kan jigon alaƙar da ke tsakanin gaskiya da rahoto a cikin adabi. Don kwatantawa, layuka goma na farko, na ''littafin The Brus'', waɗanda aka rubuta a shekarun 1370, sun gudana: : ''Labarun da za a [[Karatu|sake]] tsarawa'' : ''A ce thai ba ta da kyau amma fabill,'' : ''Fiye da labaran da suka [[wiktionary:reliable|shafi soyayya]]'' : ''Kuma Yaƙin Thai ya ce a kan Allah'' : ''Ka yi farin ciki sau biyu a heryng.'' : ''Farin ciki na farko shine [[Tilawa|carpyng]] ,'' : ''Kuma zuwa ga suthfastnes'' : ''Wannan yana nuna mana yadda abin yake,'' : ''Kuma waɗannan abubuwan suna kama da'' : ''Har sai mannys heryng ar plesand.'' ( Barbour, ''The Brus'', layuka 1-10) Waƙar farko ta Henryson, wadda aka rubuta bayan ƙarni ɗaya, ta yi amfani da wasu kalmomi iri ɗaya (ko makamancin haka), amma, a cikin ɗan gajeren sarari, tana haifar da ɗan ƙaramin ra'ayi game da alaƙar da ke tsakanin labari, masu sauraro da kuma batun da aka tattauna. Bambance-bambancen ba su da zurfi, amma sun bambanta: : ''Thocht feinyit fabillis na ald mawaƙi'' : ''Kada ka yi kasa a gwiwa kan gaskiya, duk [[wiktionary:then|da haka]]'' : ''Kalmomin ladabi na Thair na magana mai dadi'' : ''Richt plesand ar ga ear nasu mutum;'' : ''[[wiktionary:also|Kuma]] dalilin da ya sa aka fara'' : ''Ya kamata mu gyara kuskuren da ya faru'' : ''Banda mutum, ka zama kamar wani abu daban.'' (Henryson, ''Morall Fabillis'', layi na 1-7) Fabill na farko, a cikin dukkan sassa uku, ya ƙunshi sassa 23, an rarraba su 9—9—5. * Gabatarwa: babi 9 * Fabill: Babi 9, gami da babi 18 akan halayen jasp (duba sama). * Moralitas: 5 babi Saboda rashin tabbas game da matsayin babi na 18 (kamar yadda a wani ma'anar "ƙananan" moralitas na biyu) ana iya fassara ƙidayar a matsayin * 9—8—6, ko ma wataƙila, * 9—8—1—5. == Manazarta == {{Reflist|2}} [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] ibigpx9xgdrvfqmme7ojxhs6v12ypum 895608 895607 2026-08-12T10:44:21Z Maryam Abdullahi Y 43904 895608 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} "The Taill of the Cok and the Jasp" wani nau'in tatsuniya ne na Middle Scots na Aesop's Fable The Cock and the Jewel na mawaki na Scotland na ƙarni na 15 Robert Henryson . Shi ne na farko a cikin tarin Henryson da aka sani da Morall Fabillis na Esope the Phrygian . ''Cok da Jasp'' an tsara su ne ta hanyar gabatarwa da ''moralitas'', kuma a matsayin waka ta farko a cikin tarin yana aiki a kan matakai da yawa, kuma a duk sassansa, don gabatar da sake zagayowar mafi girma. <ref>Henryson directly quotes the second line of the prologue to the ''verse Romulus'', "Dulcius arrident seria picta iocis," in his own ''prolog'' — a clear and deliberate identifier of his ''[[Author|auctor]]''. See [[Edward Wheatley]], ''Mastering Aesop: Medieval Education, Chaucer and his Followers'', University Press of Florida, 2000. p.152.</ref> == Majiyoyi == [[Fayil:Tacuin_Seigle37.jpg|right|thumb|Tara hatsi a ƙarni na 14]] Ko da yake labarin Aesopian na ''The Cock and the Jewel'', wanda kuma Henryson ya sake ba da labari, yawanci abu ne mai sauƙi, yana ɗaya daga cikin mafi rikitarwa a cikin littafin tatsuniyoyi. Yana gabatar da abin da, a zahiri, [[Kacici-kacici|wasali ne]] kan ƙimomin dangi tare da kusan ƙarfin kōan . Wata fassarar zamani ta tatsuniyoyi, a cikin mafi kyawun sigarta, tana gudana kamar haka: {{Blockquote|A Cock, scratching the ground for something to eat, turned up a Jewel that had by chance been dropped there. "Ho!" said he, "a fine thing you are, no doubt, and, had your owner found you, great would his joy have been. But for me ! give me a single grain of corn before all the jewels in the world." :''[[Aesop's Fables]]'', translated by V.S. Vernon Jones (1912)}} Duk da haka, fassarar da aka saba yi ta tatsuniya ta zamanin da (wanda Henryson ya biyo baya) ta zo da ƙarfi a kan zakara bisa dalilin cewa lu'u-lu'u yana wakiltar hikima maimakon dukiya ko jan hankali kawai. An bayyana wannan fassarar a cikin ''ayar Romulus'', rubutun tatsuniya na yau da kullun a duk faɗin Turai a wannan zamanin, wanda kuma aka rubuta a cikin harshen Faransanci, Latin. Henryson ya amince da wannan "tushe" a cikin sigarsa ta faɗaɗa ta hanyar da'awar cewa yana yin "fassarar" daga Latin kuma yana ambaton wasu layukan sa kai tsaye. ''Romulus'' rubutu ne na aji na yau da kullun da ake amfani da shi a ilimin firamare don koyar da Latin. Tunda ''The Cock and the Jewel'' ( ''De Gallo et Jaspide'' ) shine tatsuniya ta farko a cikin wannan tarin daidaitattun abubuwa, ''a zahiri,'' rubutu ne da aka saba da shi a cikin ilimin adabi a duk faɗin Turai. == Gabatarwa == Babu shakka cewa taƙaitaccen ''gabatarwar'' da ke kaiwa ga ''Cok da Jasp'' an yi shi ne don gabatar da tarin Fabillis gabaɗaya, ba kawai Fabill na ''Cok da Jasp'' ba. Ya fara da kare waƙoƙi (wanda aka faɗaɗa daga ''ayar Romulus'' ), ya gabatar da uzuri don yin ''fassarar'', ya kafa mai ba da labari na mutum na farko, ya taƙaita aikin Aesop kuma ya samar da hanyar haɗi zuwa ''Fabill na Farko'' .<ref>The textual witnesses which place Henryson's ''Cok and the Jasp'' at the head of the sequence (as also occurs in the ''verse Romulus'') include the [[Charteris]] and [[Bassandyne]] editions of 1570 and 1571 respectively. Earlier manuscript witnesses, being more fragmented, do not universally make this clear. See [[John MacQueen]], ''Complete and Full with Numbers: The Narrative Poetry of Robert Henryson.'' Scottish Cultural Review of Language and Literature, Vol. 5. Rodopi. Amsterdam/New York. 2006. p.283.</ref> [[Fayil:Boricha.jpg|left|250x250px]] Rubuce-rubucen farko guda huɗu sun samar da hujja ta gabaɗaya cewa [[Fiction (Almara)|almara]], ko da yake tana iya zama ''feinyeit'' ta dabi'a, tana iya samun kyakkyawan manufa ta ɗabi'a a zuciyarta, kuma labaran da suke da ''[[Aesthetics/Kayan ado|pleisand]]'' (layi na 4) ko ''merie'' (layi na 20) sun fi dacewa su isar da hikima fiye da rubuce-rubucen ilimi na busasshe. Henryson ya haɓaka ma'anarsa ta amfani da hotuna uku; [[Siril|noman hatsi]] (layi na 2), ''schell na nuttis'' (layi na 3) da kuma igiyar baka (layi na 4). A cikin babi [[5 (alƙalami)|na 5]] (babi na tsakiya na gabatarwar), mai ba da labarin ya gano kuma ya yi magana kai tsaye ga masu sauraronsa a karon farko a matsayin ''maigidana'', ko kuma a wata ma'anar, takwarorinsa da suka yi karatu a jami'a . A zahiri, marubucin yana ɗaukar kansa a matsayin ɗalibi a gaban malamansa (masu karatunsa). Babi na kuma ya yi nuni ga wani mai ba da umarni wanda ba a san sunansa ba ga waƙar wanda wataƙila ya wanzu ko bai wanzu ba. Tawali'u ya ci gaba zuwa cikin babi na gaba inda mai ba da labarin ya yi kamar ba shi da fahimtar magana da kuma ikon rubutu kawai cikin harshen ''rashin kunya'' da ''hamelie'', wani nuni ne na girmama kansa ga zaɓin da ya yi na ƙirƙirar waƙa a cikin harshen Scotland maimakon Latin . Ya kammala da gayyatar masu karatunsa su gyara duk wani kuskure da suka samu. Bayan haka, sai a biyo baya da taƙaitaccen bayani game da adabin tatsuniyoyi na Aesop a cikin babi uku masu zuwa tare da cikakken bayani game da manufofinsa da kuma wasu sharhi kan yadda ɗabi'un dabbobi da yanayin ɗan adam suka bambanta. Babi na tara ya ƙare da sauri cikin Fabill na farko. == Tatsuniya == [[Fayil:Gallo_de_corral_(view_large).jpg|right|220x220px]] Daga cikin dukkan waƙoƙin da aka rubuta a ''cikin litattafai'' goma sha uku, ''Cok da Jasp'' sun fi yin kamar sake ba da labari na yau da kullun da na al'ada wanda aka saba gani a cikin nau'in tatsuniyoyi. Sabbin abubuwa da ci gaban Henryson daga tushensa sun haɗa da gabatar da siffar [[Kaza|cok]] mai kyau da aka fahimta a cikin wani yanayi na musamman da aka zana. Ya kafa dalilai bayyanannu na asarar jasp kuma ya saita wurin da aka gano shi a matsayin [[Wajen zubar da shara|midden]] . Ya kuma faɗaɗa hujjojin zakara da dalilan ƙarshe na ƙin jasp a matsayin wani tsari mai kyau na magana mai cikakken tsari wanda duk da haka yana ci gaba da yin sauti kamar ana isar da shi da muryar zakara. Amma tunda wannan ba labari bane - mafi kyawun vignette mai ƙarfi - fabill bai cika cika buƙatun bayar da labari mai inganci da aka yi jayayya a kai a cikin gabatarwar ba. Wannan zai zo a cikin fabillis na gaba, don haka, a wata ma'ana, First Fabill ya yi aiki don jinkirta tsammanin mai karatu. Cok ɗin ya kuma yi magana kai tsaye ga dutsen, ya yarda da darajarsa, ya gane cewa an ɓata shi kuma ya yi jayayya, a zahiri, cewa ba shi da amfani a gare shi. Ya ce, jasp abu ne da ya fi dacewa da ''ubangida ko [[Sarauta|sarki]]'' (layi na 81), yayin da yake gamsuwa kawai da biyan buƙatunsa na tawali'u a cikin ''zane'', ''[[masara]]'', ''tsutsotsi'' da ''[[Dodon kodi|snaillis]]'' - ''[[Burodi|taronsa]]'' na yau da kullun. Ƙarshen magana ya zo a cikin babi na bakwai na fabill inda ''cok ɗin'', wanda ya tashi akan wasu tambayoyi na magana, ya ƙare da roƙon da ya kusan zama abin mamaki don dutsen ya tashi ya koma wani wuri na sarauta: : ''Ta yaya za ku zama mazaunin ku?'' : ''Quhar suld thow duell bot a cikin yawon shakatawa na royall ?'' : ''Quhar suld ta zauna akan ane kingis croun ,'' : ''Ana ɗaukaka ibada da kuma girmamawa mai girma?'' : ''Jasper mai laushi, daga dukkan [[Duwatsu (geology)|stanis]] ɗin gari'' : ''Daga wannan tsakiyar, kuma pas quhar zai zama;'' : ''Yaya [[wiktionary:gain|gani ba]] don ni ba, ni kuma [[wiktionary:thee|don]] .'' (Layukan MF 106-112) Kuma zakara, yana barin jasp, ya fita daga waƙar don ''neman gamsuwarsa'' (layi na 114). == Moralitas == [[Fayil:Chludov_saint_peter.jpg|left|thumb|167x167px|Saint Peter da Zakara.]] Mawakin nan da nan ya bi ''bayansa'' da wani salon magana . Wannan wata dabara ce da aka saba amfani da ita a adabin tatsuniyoyi na zamanin da da na farfaɗowa, kuma amfani da ita a nan ya kafa al'adar da Henryson zai yi amfani da ita akai-akai a duk cikin goma sha uku na ''Morall Fabillis'' . Amma a wannan yanayin, kafin Moralitas su fara yadda ya kamata, stanza 18 (ƙaramin ta tara na fabill) a matsayin maƙallin ƙasa zuwa ''wutsiya'', yana shiga tsakani da cikakken bayani game da halayen jasp, gami da [[Tsafi|halayen kariyarsa]], wanda kusan nan take yana jefa shakku kan hikimar shawarar zakara. Misali, layuka 125-6: : Toh wannan snn sll din yana da damar da za'a iya zarcewa , : daga wuta, kuma kada ka shayar da shi, kada ka ji [[tsoro]] . A wata ma'ana, babi na 18 ya gabatar da wani sabon wasali kuma, don a amsa, yana buƙatar a juya hujjar zakara. Yawanci ana bayar da takardar Moralitas don farawa bayan babi na 18 a cikin mafi yawan shaidun rubutu banda Bannatyne . Babi na biyar ɗinsa suna fitowa fili a kan zakara, don haka, ta hanyar ma'ana, suna nuna ra'ayin rufewa akan ainihin Aesop mai buɗewa da ban mamaki. Mai ba da labarin bai yi wata magana ba wajen bayyana yadda kuskuren zakara ya kasance mai tsanani wajen ƙin dutsen saboda, a cewarsa, jasp yana wakiltar ''kimiyya'', a ma'anar hikima, wanda ya bayyana a cikin kalmomin da ke kusantar da shi ga ma'anar ra'ayoyi kamar ''dharma'' . A cikin babi na ƙarshe, ya yi kuka game da gazawar ɗan adam gabaɗaya na girmama da fahimtar waɗannan dabi'u: : Bot yanzu, allace, wannan jasp ɗin yana [[wiktionary:loss|da kyau]] kuma yana ɓoye; : Mun yanke shawara, kuma ba [[wiktionary:strive|mu san]] shi don gano ... Ya rufe, da nuna rashin kulawa, ta hanyar ba wa mai karatu shawara, idan yana so, ya je ya nemi jasp inda yake. == Jigogi == [[Fayil:Blason_Jausiers.svg|right|thumb|132x132px|Zakara mai launin Heraldic tare da hatsi]] Faɗaɗa tatsuniyar Aesop da Henryson ya yi ya sa bincikensa ya zama gaskiya, ya gabatar da sarkakiya kuma ya ɗaga jigogi da yawa a cikin ɗan gajeren lokaci. Dangane da sauran littattafan tatsuniyar da aka sani a Turai har zuwa wannan lokacin, abubuwan da aka ɗora suna da matuƙar wadata. Duk da cewa kyawawan halaye sun zo ne da gaske kuma da ƙarfi a gefen dutsen da aka ƙi, duk da haka, zakara ya tayar da tambayoyi waɗanda ba lallai ne a warware su cikin sauƙi ba. Waƙoƙin da suka biyo baya za su ƙara ƙara tsananta waɗannan shakku da bambance-bambancen maimakon warware su. Saboda haka, ɓangaren ban dariya na asalin Aesopian, a wasu fannoni, ba a ƙarshe an juya shi ba kuma ana iya cewa an kiyaye shi a matsayin wani ɓangare na ƙirar waƙar. Daga cikin takamaiman batutuwan da aka taɓo ko aka nuna a faɗaɗa Henryson akwai tambayoyi na [[Fiction (Almara)|almara]] da [[gaskiya]], sha'awa, son kai, rashin kunya, son abin duniya, aiki, hikima, matsayi, [[Daidaiton zamantakewa|daidaito]], ilimi, tsarin zamantakewa, [[gwamnati]], yanayin masu mulki, yanayin sarauta da sauransu da yawa. Akwai kuma tambayar wanene zakara a ƙarshe yake wakilta, kuma ko, a wata ma'ana, waƙar Henryson da kanta ita ce waƙar da mai karatu ya ci karo da ita "a tsakiyar" don ɗauka ko tafi kamar yadda yake so. == Layukan buɗewa == Ya kamata a lura cewa buɗe littafin Henryson Prolog ga ''Morall Fabillis'' yana maimaita layukan farko na littafin John Barbour ''Brus'' . Saboda haka, bambanci ne kan jigon alaƙar da ke tsakanin gaskiya da rahoto a cikin adabi. Don kwatantawa, layuka goma na farko, na ''littafin The Brus'', waɗanda aka rubuta a shekarun 1370, sun gudana: : ''Labarun da za a [[Karatu|sake]] tsarawa'' : ''A ce thai ba ta da kyau amma fabill,'' : ''Fiye da labaran da suka [[wiktionary:reliable|shafi soyayya]]'' : ''Kuma Yaƙin Thai ya ce a kan Allah'' : ''Ka yi farin ciki sau biyu a heryng.'' : ''Farin ciki na farko shine [[Tilawa|carpyng]] ,'' : ''Kuma zuwa ga suthfastnes'' : ''Wannan yana nuna mana yadda abin yake,'' : ''Kuma waɗannan abubuwan suna kama da'' : ''Har sai mannys heryng ar plesand.'' ( Barbour, ''The Brus'', layuka 1-10) Waƙar farko ta Henryson, wadda aka rubuta bayan ƙarni ɗaya, ta yi amfani da wasu kalmomi iri ɗaya (ko makamancin haka), amma, a cikin ɗan gajeren sarari, tana haifar da ɗan ƙaramin ra'ayi game da alaƙar da ke tsakanin labari, masu sauraro da kuma batun da aka tattauna. Bambance-bambancen ba su da zurfi, amma sun bambanta: : ''Thocht feinyit fabillis na ald mawaƙi'' : ''Kada ka yi kasa a gwiwa kan gaskiya, duk [[wiktionary:then|da haka]]'' : ''Kalmomin ladabi na Thair na magana mai dadi'' : ''Richt plesand ar ga ear nasu mutum;'' : ''[[wiktionary:also|Kuma]] dalilin da ya sa aka fara'' : ''Ya kamata mu gyara kuskuren da ya faru'' : ''Banda mutum, ka zama kamar wani abu daban.'' (Henryson, ''Morall Fabillis'', layi na 1-7) Fabill na farko, a cikin dukkan sassa uku, ya ƙunshi sassa 23, an rarraba su 9—9—5. * Gabatarwa: babi 9 * Fabill: Babi 9, gami da babi 18 akan halayen jasp (duba sama). * Moralitas: 5 babi Saboda rashin tabbas game da matsayin babi na 18 (kamar yadda a wani ma'anar "ƙananan" moralitas na biyu) ana iya fassara ƙidayar a matsayin * 9—8—6, ko ma wataƙila, * 9—8—1—5. == Manazarta == {{Reflist|2}} [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] gr4l40fgbmq3w50p1eaud1a8n26al48 0 139936 895253 792061 2026-08-11T21:56:25Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 5 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 895253 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''Dainene Alexia Baldwin''' <ref>{{Cite web |title=Dai Burger on Instagram |url=https://www.instagram.com/p/BwMf8RmBP8u/ |access-date=July 23, 2019 |website=[[Instagram]]}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |title=the dai burger interview |url=http://www.powderzine.com/node/409 |access-date=July 23, 2019 |website=powderzine.com |archive-date=July 23, 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190723195806/http://www.powderzine.com/node/409 |url-status=dead }}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |title=Dainene Alexia Baldwin |url=https://www.deezer.com/en/artist/9182320 |access-date=July 23, 2019 |website=[[Deezer]]}}</ref> (an haife ta a ranar 13 ga Fabrairu), <ref>{{Cite web |date=February 14, 2014 |title=DAI BURGER |url=https://ladygunn.com/dai-burger/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190723195756/https://ladygunn.com/dai-burger/ |archive-date=July 23, 2019 |access-date=July 23, 2019 |website=Ladygunn}}</ref> wacce aka fi sani da sunanta na dandamali, '''Dai Burger''' (/deɪ/) <ref>{{Cite web |title=DAY |url=http://dictionary.cambridge.org/us/pronunciation/english/day |access-date=2015-12-06 |website=dictionary.cambridge.org}}</ref> ƙwararriyar mawakiyar Amurka ce. Ta fito daga Queens da ke [[New York (birni)|birnin New York]] . Ta fitar da kundin waƙoƙi guda biyu na studio zuwa yanzu. == Rayuwar farko == An haifi Baldwin kuma ya girma a Queens, amma kuma ya zauna a Brooklyn . <ref>{{Cite web |title=Dai Burger on Instagram |url=https://www.instagram.com/p/BwMf8RmBP8u/ |access-date=July 23, 2019 |website=[[Instagram]]}}</ref> == Sana'a == Aikin Baldwin ya fara ne yayin da yake aiki a matsayin mai rawa a lokacin yawon shakatawa tare da Lil Mama . <ref name="Shorey2">{{Cite web |last=Shorey |first=Eric |date=September 1, 2013 |title=The Next Wave of Queer Hip-Hop: 12 Upcoming Legendary Children |url=http://www.mtviggy.com/lists/the-next-wave-of-queer-hip-hop-lgbt-rap/ |access-date=July 20, 2015 |website=www.queerty.com |publisher=[[Queerty]] |quote=She has previously collaborated with Cakes Da Killa and Jonte (another notable queer artist) and sometimes outshines her partners.}}</ref> Tun daga wannan lokacin ta fito a cikin bidiyon kiɗa da dama, ciki har da " Bikin Biki " na [[Beyoncé]], <ref name="Ladygunn">{{Cite web |last=<!--Staff writer(s); no by-line.--> |date=February 13, 2014 |title=Dai Burger |url=http://ladygunn.com/music/dai-burger |access-date=July 20, 2015 |website=ladygunn.com/ |publisher=LADYGUNN |quote=If you don’t know,..}}</ref> kuma ta yi aiki a matsayin mai gyaran gashi ga shagon kayan kwalliya na Patricia Field . Ta kuma yi rangadin tare da [[Chris Brown]] da Soulja Boy a matsayin mai rawa a madadin. <ref>{{Cite web |title=the dai burger interview |url=http://www.powderzine.com/node/409 |access-date=July 23, 2019 |website=powderzine.com |archive-date=July 23, 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190723195806/http://www.powderzine.com/node/409 |url-status=dead }}</ref> Baldwin ta fara aikinta na kiɗa da aikinta na ''MyMixxxytape'' na 2010, wanda mawakiyar rap Junglepussy ta shirya. Ta bayyana cewa sunan ta na wasan kwaikwayo ya fito "daga ko'ina, amma ina son in yi tunanin cewa ina da tsari, kuma ina da ruwa." A shekarar 2011, Burger ta fitar da kundin wakokinta na biyu mai ''suna Raw Burger'' wanda ya nuna Junglepussy a waƙar "Titty Attack". An fitar da "In Ya' Mouf" ta hanyar ''Complex'' Magazine a watan Janairun 2014. Tare da shirye-shiryen Shane Augustus da Mighty Mark, an yi maraba da jerin waƙoƙin da aka haɗa saboda waƙar Baldwin mai wayo da kuma wakilcin ƙarfin 'yan mata. <ref name="Ortiz">{{Cite web |last=Ortiz |first=Edwin |date=January 9, 2014 |title=Stream Dai Burger's New Project "In Ya Mouf" |url=http://www.complex.com/music/2014/01/dai-burger-in-ya-mouf-stream |access-date=2015-12-06 |website=Complex}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |title=Dai Burger on Instagram |url=https://www.instagram.com/p/BwMf8RmBP8u/ |access-date=July 23, 2019 |website=[[Instagram]]}}</ref> Bidiyon waƙar "Soufflé" ya fara fitowa a mujallar ''Interview'' <ref>{{Cite web |title=the dai burger interview |url=http://www.powderzine.com/node/409 |access-date=July 23, 2019 |website=powderzine.com |archive-date=July 23, 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190723195806/http://www.powderzine.com/node/409 |url-status=dead }}</ref> kuma an zaɓe shi a matsayin ɗaya daga cikin mafi kyawun bidiyon kiɗan [[Feminism|mata]] na 2013. <ref name="BF">{{Cite web |last=Bayetti Flores |first=Verónica |date=2013 |title=Best Feminist Music Videos of 2013 |url=http://feministing.com/2013/12/12/best-feminist-music-videos-of-2013/ |access-date=July 20, 2015 |website=feministing.com |publisher=[[Feministing]]}}</ref> An nuna fitowar a cikin Solange Knowles ' Saint-Heron <ref>{{Cite web |title=Dainene Alexia Baldwin |url=https://www.deezer.com/en/artist/9182320 |access-date=July 23, 2019 |website=[[Deezer]]}}</ref> kuma ya ba da gudummawa ga sanya wa Burger suna "Artist To Watch" ta mujallar ''Rolling Stone'' a watan Afrilun 2014. A lokacin da take shirin yin aikinta na gaba, Baldwin ta yi aiki tare da furodusa Darq E Freaker da ke Landan a kan waƙar "Choppin Necks". Masu suka sun yaba wa "Choppin Necks" a matsayin waƙar duhu mai ban mamaki ta hanyar da ta dace. Burger ya gabatar da "sandunan da ke rage radadi", a cewar James Keith daga Complex . A ranar 4 ga Disamba, 2015, Dai Burger ta fara gabatar da aikinta mai taken "Dai Burger" mai waƙoƙi 5 tare da mujallar ''Dazed'' kawai. <ref name="dazeddigital.com">{{Cite web |date=December 3, 2015 |title=Premiere: Dai Burger is back with her attitude-packed new EP |url=http://www.dazeddigital.com/music/article/28706/1/premiere-dai-burger-is-back-with-her-attitude-packed-new-ep |access-date=2015-12-06 |website=Dazed}}</ref> Baldwin ta yi wasa a bikin "Sound & Style" na farko da aka taɓa yi a New York, wanda Boss Lady da Reebok suka shirya kuma ta kasance a matsayin mai gabatarwa ga [[Lil Wayne]] da 2 chainz a Long Beach, NY a lokacin bazara na 2014. Zuwa yanzu ta yi aiki tare da mawaka ciki har da Kool Keith, Cakes da Killa, Cazwell da Jonte' Moaning . <ref name="Shorey1">{{Cite web |last=Shorey |first=Eric |date=January 21, 2015 |title=5 Gay Lady Rappers Who Are (Also) "Better Than Everybody" |url=http://www.queerty.com/5-gay-lady-rappers-who-are-also-better-than-everybody-20130901/3 |access-date=July 20, 2015 |website=www.mtviggy.com/ |publisher=[[MTV]]}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |title=the dai burger interview |url=http://www.powderzine.com/node/409 |access-date=July 23, 2019 |website=powderzine.com |archive-date=July 23, 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190723195806/http://www.powderzine.com/node/409 |url-status=dead }}</ref> An fitar da kundin wakokinta na farko a studio, mai suna ''Soft Serve'', a ranar 24 ga Agusta, 2017. Baldwin ta fitar da kundin waƙoƙinta na biyu na studio, ''Bite the Burger'', a shekarar 2019. Kundin ya fitar da maki 6.7 daga ''Pitchfork,'' inda mai sharhin ya yi tsokaci, "Mai fasaha mai ƙarfin hali da gaskiya kamar Dai bai kamata ya yi kama da mai gundura haka ba." <ref>{{Cite web |title=Dai Burger on Instagram |url=https://www.instagram.com/p/BwMf8RmBP8u/ |access-date=July 23, 2019 |website=[[Instagram]]}}</ref> Dai Burger a bayyane take cewa ɗan luwaɗi ne. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Dai Burger on Instagram |url=https://www.instagram.com/p/BwMf8RmBP8u/ |access-date=July 23, 2019 |website=[[Instagram]]}}</ref> Da take magana a wata hira game da jima'inta, ta ce, "Ina son ƙawaye saboda laima ce, fiye da yadda take gano abu ɗaya. Ba sai na zaɓi wasiƙa ba." <ref>{{Cite web |title=the dai burger interview |url=http://www.powderzine.com/node/409 |access-date=July 23, 2019 |website=powderzine.com |archive-date=July 23, 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190723195806/http://www.powderzine.com/node/409 |url-status=dead }}</ref> == Kundin Waƙoƙi == === Kundin waƙoƙin studio === * ''Sabis Mai Taushi'' (2017) * ''Ciji Burger'' (2019) === Tapes ɗin Mix === * ''Mymixxxytape'' (2010) * ''Burger danye'' (2011) * ''In Ya' Mouf'' (2014) === Wasannin da aka faɗaɗa === * ''Dai Burger'' (2015) * ''Kayan Zaki'' (2020) == Duba kuma == * Al'adun LGBT a birnin New York * Jerin mutanen LGBT daga birnin New York * Maris ɗin alfahari na NYC == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] 42s2o2c8ltulxcas0ex4micczxo7c3i 0 140012 895317 792431 2026-08-12T00:25:14Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 895317 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''Debra Martin Chase''' (an haife ta a ranar 11 ga Oktoban shekarar 1956) 'yar Amurka ce mai shirya fina-finai, talabijin, da kuma wasan kwaikwayo. Chase ita ce furodusa mace baƙar fata ta farko da ta yi ciniki a kowace babbar situdiyo. Ita ce kuma ɗaya daga cikin 'yan fim ɗin Bakar fata na farko da suka shirya fim wanda ya tara sama da dala miliyan 100. Zuwa yanzu, fina-finanta sun tara sama da dala biliyan hamsin a ofishin talla. == Bayani == An haifi Chase a Great Lakes, Illinois, amma ta ƙaura da iyalinta tun tana ƙarama zuwa Pasadena, California . Ta sami digirin farko na farko daga Kwalejin Mount Holyoke a shekarar 1977 da kuma digirin JD daga Makarantar Shari'a ta Harvard a shekarar 1981. A wata hira da mujallar ''Essence'' a shekarar 1997, ta shaida wa 'yar jarida Audrey Edwards cewa, "Ni ne yaron da ke zuwa sinima kowace Asabar." Debra ta ƙara da cewa, "Ni mai sha'awar fina-finai ne tun ina ƙarama, kuma hotunana na duniya sun samo asali ne daga abin da na gani a allon. Ina so in yi iya ƙoƙarina don ganin cewa ba wai kawai ana nuna Baƙar fata a fim ba, har ma da inganta shi." Game da fara aiki da farko, Chase ya ce, "Ban san yadda abubuwa ke aiki ba. Don haka na karanta littattafai, na je tarurrukan karawa juna sani, na haɗu da duk wanda zai haɗu da ni kawai don koyon bayanai." Chase ta haɗu da babban lauya a kamfanin samar da Columbia Pictures ta hanyar 'yar uwar wata abokiyar kirki. Daga baya ta haɗu kuma ta zama mataimakiyar shugaba ga Frank Price, shugaban Columbia Pictures . Chase ta yi aiki tare da Price na tsawon shekara guda. Bayan Sony ta kawo Mark Canton don babban aiki kuma Price ta sami matsayi ga Chase a cikin ma'aikatan kirkire-kirkire, kafin ya bar kamfanin. (Alexander, George) == Sana'a == Martin Chase Productions yana da yarjejeniya gabaɗaya da Universal Universal Television, wani ɓangare na NBCUniversal Television Group. A da, yana da ɗaya da [[The Walt Disney Company|Kamfanin Walt Disney]] daga 2001 zuwa shekarar 2016. An ruwaito cewa yarjejeniyar Disney ta sanya Chase mace 'yar Afirka ta farko da ta yi yarjejeniya da wani babban ɗakin studio. <ref name="auto">{{Cite web |title=Debra Martin Chase &#124; Mount Holyoke College |url=https://www.mtholyoke.edu/directory/alum/debra-martin-chase |website=www.mtholyoke.edu}}</ref> Kafin hakan, Chase ya jagoranci BrownHouse Productions na [[Whitney Houston]] daga 1995 zuwa 2012 da Mundy Lane Entertainment, kamfanin shirya fina-finai na Denzel [[Denzel Washington]], daga 1992 zuwa 1995. Fim ɗin Martin Chase na 1996 na Denzel Washington Courage Under Fire ya sanya Chase mace baƙar fata ta farko da ta shirya fim wanda ya tara sama da dala miliyan 100. <ref>Interview with George Alexander (490)</ref> Haɗin gwiwar farko da Chase da Houston suka yi shine sake fasalin fim ɗin ''Cinderella'' na talabijin na 1997, wanda ya samar da mafi girman ƙimar fim mai taken Disney a cikin sama da shekaru goma tare da masu kallo sama da miliyan 60 suna kallon fim ɗin, wanda daga baya ya ba Chase da Houston zaɓi na [[Emmy Awards|Emmy]] don Outstanding Variety, Music ko Comedy Series . A shekara ta 2001, 'yan wasan biyu sun haɗa kai wajen shirya shirin ''The Princess Diaries'', wanda aka yi bisa ga littafin da ke da suna iri ɗaya . Bayan shekaru uku, sun sake haɗin gwiwa da ''The Princess Diaries 2: Royal Engagement'', a shekara ta 2004. <ref name="auto" /> Houston da Chase suma sun haɗa kai wajen shirya fina-finan talabijin guda biyu na farko na 'yan mata na Cheetah . Fim ɗin ƙarshe na Houston da Chase tare shine ''Sparkle'' na 2012, wanda Houston ta taka rawa tare a fim ɗin kuma shine fim ɗinta na ƙarshe kafin [[Whitney Houston|mutuwarta a watan Fabrairun 2012.]] Daga baya aka fitar da fim ɗin a watan Agusta kuma ya sami nasara kaɗan. A halin yanzu tana jagorantar shirya shirin talabijin ''na The Equalizer'' wanda [[Sarauniya Latifah|Queen Latifah]] ta fito a Universal Television da CBS wanda ke cikin kakar wasa ta biyar. Chase ta fitar da True True Spirit wanda ya fara fitowa a [[Netflix]] a watan Fabrairun 2023. A shekarar 2022, Chase ta haɗu da Marc Platt, inda ta shirya wani fim mai suna ''A Strange Loop'' wanda ya lashe kyautar Pulitzer Prize, wanda ya lashe kyautar Tony Awards, wanda ya lashe kyautar Tony Awards, don Mafi Kyawun Waƙa da Mafi Kyawun Littafi. Ta kuma shirya wani fim mai suna ''Topdog/Underdog'' wanda ya lashe kyautar Pulitzer Prize a shekarar 2022, tare da Platt, wanda ya lashe kyautar Tony Best Revival of a Play. A shekarar 2024, Chase ta shirya wani fim mai suna ''The Outsiders'', wanda ya dogara ne akan littafin da SE Hinton ta rubuta da kuma fim ɗin gargajiya na Francis Ford Coppola, wanda ya lashe kyautar Tony Awards guda huɗu, ciki har da Mafi Kyawun Waƙa da Mafi Kyawun Darakta na Musical da ''Illinoise'', wanda aka zaɓa don Mafi Kyawun Waƙa kuma ya lashe kyautar Tony don Mafi Kyawun Waƙa. Chase ta kammala karatun Phi Beta Kappa da Magna Cum Laude daga Kwalejin Mount Holyoke da Makarantar Shari'a ta Harvard . Kafin ta shiga masana'antar nishaɗi, Chase ta yi aikin lauya a manyan kamfanonin lauyoyi da kamfanoni na Fortune 500 a birnin New York da Houston. Chase tana aiki a kwamitin gudanarwa na B&G Foods, Inc., wani kamfanin Amurka mai riƙe da kayayyakin abinci masu alama wanda ke ciniki a Kasuwar Hannun Jari ta New York, inda take shugabantar Kwamitin Alhakin Jin Dadin Jama'a na Kamfanoni; Bridge Investment Group, wani kamfanin sarrafa kadarori da ake ciniki a kansa; da kuma Gaming and Leisure Properties, Inc., wani kamfanin saka hannun jari na gidaje da ake ciniki a kansa a bainar jama'a. Ita mamba ce a Kwalejin Motion Picture, inda take aiki a Kwamitin Zartarwa na Furodusa, Kwalejin Talabijin, da kuma Ƙungiyar Broadway League, inda take aiki a kwamitin gudanarwa na Tony. == Rayuwa ta sirri == An haifi Chase a [[Cocin katolika|matsayin Katolika]], ta daina yin aiki tun tana ƙarama, daga baya ta yi aure a Cocin. Ta sake fara halartar Mass bayan wasu shekaru, inda ta gane cewa Katolika ce a shekarar 2005. <ref>Interview with George Alexander (490)</ref> Chase memba ne na girmamawa na ƙungiyar Alpha Kappa Alpha . <ref>Interview with George Alexander (490)</ref> == Daraja ga masu shiryawa == Ta kasance furodusa a dukkan fina-finai sai dai idan an yi la'akari da wani abu daban. === Fim === {| class="wikitable" style="font-size:95%;" ! style="background:#B0C4DE;" |Shekara ! style="background:#B0C4DE;" | Fim ! style="background:#B0C4DE;" | Daraja ! style="background:#B0C4DE;" | Bayanan kula |- | rowspan="2" | 1996 | ''Jarumtaka A Ƙarƙashin Wuta'' | Babban mai shiryawa | |- | ''Matar Mai Wa'azi'' | Mai haɗin gwiwa | |- | 2001 | ''Littafin Gimbiya'' | | |- | 2004 | ''Littafin Gimbiya na 2: Hulɗar Sarauta'' | | |- | 2005 | ''<nowiki/>'Yan'uwantaka ta Wandon Tafiya'' | | |- | 2008 | ''<nowiki/>'Yan'uwantaka ta Wandon Tafiya 2'' | | |- | 2009 | ''Ku 2'' | | Kai-tsaye zuwa bidiyo |- | 2010 | ''Kawai Wright'' | | |- | rowspan="2" | 2012 | ''Wata Yarinya 'Yar Amurka: McKenna Ta Dauki Hotuna Don Taurari'' | | Kai-tsaye zuwa bidiyo |- | ''Walƙiya'' | | |- | 2015 | ''Wata 'Yar Amurka: Grace Ta Tada Nasara'' | | Kai-tsaye zuwa bidiyo |- | 2016 | ''Wata Yarinya 'yar Amurka: Ku Yi Kokarin Ceto'' | | Kai-tsaye zuwa bidiyo |- | 2019 | ''Harriet'' | | |- | 2023 | ''Ruhu Mai Gaskiya'' | | Netflix |- | 2023 | ''A matsayin Mary Tyler Moore'' | | Shirin gaskiya |} === Talabijin === {| class="wikitable" style="font-size:95%;" ! style="background:#B0C4DE;" |Shekara ! style="background:#B0C4DE;" | Lakabi ! style="background:#B0C4DE;" | Daraja ! style="background:#B0C4DE;" | Bayanan kula |- | 1997 | ''Cinderella'' | Babban mai shiryawa | Fim ɗin talabijin |- | 2003 | ''<nowiki/>'Yan Matan Cheetah'' | Babban mai shiryawa | Fim ɗin talabijin |- | 2003−06 | ''Babu'' | Babban mai shiryawa | |- | 2006 | ''<nowiki/>'Yan Matan Cheetah 2'' | Babban mai shiryawa | Fim ɗin talabijin |- | 2008 | ''<nowiki/>'Yan Matan Cheetah: Duniya Daya'' | Babban mai shiryawa | Fim ɗin talabijin |- | 2011 | ''Bakin Lemonade'' | Babban mai shiryawa | Fim ɗin talabijin |- | rowspan="2" | 2013 | ''Lovestruck: Waƙar Kiɗa'' | Babban mai shiryawa | Fim ɗin talabijin |- | ''Yarinya 'yar Amurka: Saige Zane-zanen Sama'' | | Fim ɗin talabijin |- | 2014 | ''Aaliyah: Gimbiya ta R&amp;amp;B'' | Babban mai shiryawa | Fim ɗin talabijin |- | 2016 | ''Zoe Ever After'' | Babban mai shiryawa | |- | 2018 | ''Sami Christie Love!'' | Babban mai shiryawa | Mai aikin gwaji a talabijin |- | 2021–2025 | ''Mai Daidaita Daidaito'' | Babban mai shiryawa | |} === Gidan wasan kwaikwayo === {| class="wikitable" style="font-size:95%;" ! style="background:#B0C4DE;" |Shekara ! style="background:#B0C4DE;" | Lakabi ! style="background:#B0C4DE;" | Daraja ! style="background:#B0C4DE;" | Bayanan kula |- | 2022 | ''Zamewa Mai Ban Mamaki'' | Mai haɗin gwiwa | Broadway |- | 2022 | ''Topdog/Ƙarƙashin Kare'' | Mai haɗin gwiwa | Broadway |- | 2024 | ''Masu Waje'' | Mai haɗin gwiwa | Broadway |- | 2024 | ''Illinois'' | Mai haɗin gwiwa | Broadway |- | 2024 | ''Mutuwa Ta Zama Ta'' | Mai haɗin gwiwa | Broadway |} == Ƙarin karatu == * Brashares, Ann. ''<nowiki/>'Yan'uwantaka na Wandon Tafiya'' . Dell Books. 23 ga Mayu, 2006 * Cabot, Meg (2001). ''Littafin Tarihin Gimbiya'' . New York, New York. HarperTrophy. . * George, Alexander. ''Dalilin da Ya Sa Muke Yin Motsi: Masu Shirya Fina-finai Baƙaƙe Suna Magana Game da Sihiri na Sinima'' . Harlem Moon. 2003 == Bayanan kula == == Manazarta == * {{IMDb name|153744}} * [http://www.thehistorymakers.com/biography/debra-martin-chase-40 Biography] at The HistoryMakers * ''[https://web.archive.org/web/20060903205833/http://www.alumnae.mtholyoke.edu/quarterly/sum05/chase_feature.pdf Chasing Hollywood]'' - Mount Holyoke College * [https://www.usatoday.com/life/movies/news/2004-08-11-princess-diaries-producer_x.htm "For 'Princess' producer, movie dreams really do come true"] - ''USA Today'' * ''[http://www.findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_m1264/is_12_33/ai_99118626/print Hollywood Hit Maker] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050103153734/http://www.findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_m1264/is_12_33/ai_99118626/print |date=2005-01-03 }}'' [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1956]] [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] 29t2jbiddpoi4r7zufivyuhjnmo54l5 0 140023 895609 792405 2026-08-12T10:44:39Z Maryam Abdullahi Y 43904 895609 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''Littafin Fox and the Mask''' yana ɗaya daga cikin Tatsuniyoyi na Aesop, wanda akwai nau'ikan Girkanci da Latin. An kumalasafta shi a lamba 27 a cikin Ma'aunin Perry . == Tatsuniya ga marasa kai == [[Fayil:Renard&buste.jpg|thumb|351x351px|Zane-zanen JJGrandville na ''Tatsuniyoyi'' na La Fontaine, 1838]] Tatsuniya koyaushe ana faɗinta a taƙaice kuma galibi ita ce hanyar da ake amfani da ita wajen sukar kyawawan mutane amma marasa hankali a manyan mutane. Dila ya ci karo da abin rufe fuska da 'yan wasan kwaikwayo ke amfani da shi a da; bayan an yi masa bincike, sai ya ce, 'Cike da kyau, babu kwakwalwa!' Sigar Latin ta wannan, wacce aka taƙaita ta zuwa ''caput vacuum cerebro'', sai ta zama abin karin magana. Erasmus ya rubuta ta a cikin littafinsa ''Adagia'', tare da ma'anarsa ta Girka (Ὦ οἷα κεφαλὴ, καὶ ἐγκέφαλον ούκ ἔχει), tare da bayanin cewa ta samo asali ne daga tatsuniyar Aesop. <ref>Desiderius Erasmus Adagiourum epitome, Amsterdam 1650, [https://books.google.com/books?id=YmhCAAAAcAAJ&dq=caput+vacuum+cerebro+++%22Erasmus%22&pg=PA319 p. 319]</ref> Akwai nau'ikan labarin daban-daban, wani lokacin yana da alaƙa da kerkeci yana tunanin kan mutum-mutumin da ya karye. Farkon bayyanarsa ta Turanci tana cikin tarin tatsuniyoyi na William Caxton (1484), a ƙarƙashin taken "Kwilf da hede mutumin dede", a matsayin misali na shawarar cewa 'Mutane da yawa suna da girmamawa ga bauta da ɗaukaka amma ba hankali ba'. Amma Andrea Alciato, wanda ya kafa littafin alama mai tasiri na Italiya, gabaɗaya yana nuna dila yana tunanin abin rufe fuska. Waƙar Latin mai layi shida da ke tare da ita ta bayyana cewa hankali ne, ba siffar waje ba, shine mafi mahimmanci ( ''Mentem, nonformam, da pollere'' ). Wannan sigar ta kuma bayyana a cikin waƙar Neo-Latin ta [[Gabriele Faerno]] . An ba da labarin sigar La Fontaine's Fables game da dila da ƙirji (IV.14). Duk da haka, tatsuniya kawai an yi nuni da ita a cikin waƙarsa, wanda ya fi yin bimbini kan kamanni da sharhi a ƙarshe cewa furucin dila "ga mutane da yawa yana aiki da ubangiji". Lokacin da mai zane-zane JJ Grandville ya kwatanta Tatsuniyoyi a 1838, ya sabunta sharhin zamantakewa, yana amfani da dabbobi maimakon mutane. A wani baje kolin Kwalejin, dila ya kalli gefe yana kallon wani babban gindi mai hoto wanda jaki ke duba shi da kyau, tare da siffofin agwagwa mai kayan aiki da kuma ɗan wasan mujiya a baya. Masanin falsafa na Jamus Gothold Ephraim Lessing shi ma ya sake fassara tatsuniya a shekarar 1759, inda ya gano masu magana a matsayin abin da zai yi niyya. A Ingila yara ƙanana ne suka yi watsi da karatunsu waɗanda Richard Scrafton Sharpe ya yi amfani da tatsuniyar "The Fox and the Mask" a cikin ''tsoffin abokansa cikin sabuwar riga: tatsuniyoyi da aka saba da su a cikin baiti'' (London, 1807). Daga baya a cikin ƙarni, WS Gilbert ya sake duba bambancin da ke tsakanin gaskiya da wakilci a cikin waƙar barkwanci mai suna "The Pantomime 'Super' to His Mask". A can, ɗan wasan ya la'anci abin rufe fuska a matsayin rashin kwakwalwa kuma ya dogara da shi don nasarar tarihi na motsin zuciyar da ke bayyana. Abin rufe fuska ya amsa cewa idan ɗan wasan ya duba ciki zai sami daidaito tsakanin abin da yake aiwatarwa da halayensa na gaske. == Manazarta == khzruuspk7dzv7ynp0cojnvoo7agf2t 895610 895609 2026-08-12T10:44:52Z Maryam Abdullahi Y 43904 895610 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''Littafin Fox and the Mask''' yana ɗaya daga cikin Tatsuniyoyi na Aesop, wanda akwai nau'ikan Girkanci da Latin. An kumalasafta shi a lamba 27 a cikin Ma'aunin Perry . == Tatsuniya ga marasa kai == [[Fayil:Renard&buste.jpg|thumb|351x351px|Zane-zanen JJGrandville na ''Tatsuniyoyi'' na La Fontaine, 1838]] Tatsuniya koyaushe ana faɗinta a taƙaice kuma galibi ita ce hanyar da ake amfani da ita wajen sukar kyawawan mutane amma marasa hankali a manyan mutane. Dila ya ci karo da abin rufe fuska da ƴan wasan kwaikwayo ke amfani da shi a da; bayan an yi masa bincike, sai ya ce, 'Cike da kyau, babu kwakwalwa!' Sigar Latin ta wannan, wacce aka taƙaita ta zuwa ''caput vacuum cerebro'', sai ta zama abin karin magana. Erasmus ya rubuta ta a cikin littafinsa ''Adagia'', tare da ma'anarsa ta Girka (Ὦ οἷα κεφαλὴ, καὶ ἐγκέφαλον ούκ ἔχει), tare da bayanin cewa ta samo asali ne daga tatsuniyar Aesop. <ref>Desiderius Erasmus Adagiourum epitome, Amsterdam 1650, [https://books.google.com/books?id=YmhCAAAAcAAJ&dq=caput+vacuum+cerebro+++%22Erasmus%22&pg=PA319 p. 319]</ref> Akwai nau'ikan labarin daban-daban, wani lokacin yana da alaƙa da kerkeci yana tunanin kan mutum-mutumin da ya karye. Farkon bayyanarsa ta Turanci tana cikin tarin tatsuniyoyi na William Caxton (1484), a ƙarƙashin taken "Kwilf da hede mutumin dede", a matsayin misali na shawarar cewa 'Mutane da yawa suna da girmamawa ga bauta da ɗaukaka amma ba hankali ba'. Amma Andrea Alciato, wanda ya kafa littafin alama mai tasiri na Italiya, gabaɗaya yana nuna dila yana tunanin abin rufe fuska. Waƙar Latin mai layi shida da ke tare da ita ta bayyana cewa hankali ne, ba siffar waje ba, shine mafi mahimmanci ( ''Mentem, nonformam, da pollere'' ). Wannan sigar ta kuma bayyana a cikin waƙar Neo-Latin ta [[Gabriele Faerno]] . An ba da labarin sigar La Fontaine's Fables game da dila da ƙirji (IV.14). Duk da haka, tatsuniya kawai an yi nuni da ita a cikin waƙarsa, wanda ya fi yin bimbini kan kamanni da sharhi a ƙarshe cewa furucin dila "ga mutane da yawa yana aiki da ubangiji". Lokacin da mai zane-zane JJ Grandville ya kwatanta Tatsuniyoyi a 1838, ya sabunta sharhin zamantakewa, yana amfani da dabbobi maimakon mutane. A wani baje kolin Kwalejin, dila ya kalli gefe yana kallon wani babban gindi mai hoto wanda jaki ke duba shi da kyau, tare da siffofin agwagwa mai kayan aiki da kuma ɗan wasan mujiya a baya. Masanin falsafa na Jamus Gothold Ephraim Lessing shi ma ya sake fassara tatsuniya a shekarar 1759, inda ya gano masu magana a matsayin abin da zai yi niyya. A Ingila yara ƙanana ne suka yi watsi da karatunsu waɗanda Richard Scrafton Sharpe ya yi amfani da tatsuniyar "The Fox and the Mask" a cikin ''tsoffin abokansa cikin sabuwar riga: tatsuniyoyi da aka saba da su a cikin baiti'' (London, 1807). Daga baya a cikin ƙarni, WS Gilbert ya sake duba bambancin da ke tsakanin gaskiya da wakilci a cikin waƙar barkwanci mai suna "The Pantomime 'Super' to His Mask". A can, ɗan wasan ya la'anci abin rufe fuska a matsayin rashin kwakwalwa kuma ya dogara da shi don nasarar tarihi na motsin zuciyar da ke bayyana. Abin rufe fuska ya amsa cewa idan ɗan wasan ya duba ciki zai sami daidaito tsakanin abin da yake aiwatarwa da halayensa na gaske. == Manazarta == j6q2r9jv280b5k02g7exclutrusrjmh 895611 895610 2026-08-12T10:45:12Z Maryam Abdullahi Y 43904 895611 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''Littafin Fox and the Mask''' yana ɗaya daga cikin Tatsuniyoyi na Aesop, wanda akwai nau'ikan Girkanci da Latin. An kumalasafta shi a lamba 27 a cikin Ma'aunin Perry . == Tatsuniya ga marasa kai == [[Fayil:Renard&buste.jpg|thumb|351x351px|Zane-zanen JJGrandville na ''Tatsuniyoyi'' na La Fontaine, 1838]] Tatsuniya koyaushe ana faɗinta a taƙaice kuma galibi ita ce hanyar da ake amfani da ita wajen sukar kyawawan mutane amma marasa hankali a manyan mutane. Dila ya ci karo da abin rufe fuska da ƴan wasan kwaikwayo ke amfani da shi a da; bayan an yi masa bincike, sai ya ce, 'Cike da kyau, babu kwakwalwa!' Sigar Latin ta wannan, wacce aka taƙaita ta zuwa ''caput vacuum cerebro'', sai ta zama abin karin magana. Erasmus ya rubuta ta a cikin littafinsa ''Adagia'', tare da ma'anarsa ta Girka (Ὦ οἷα κεφαλὴ, καὶ ἐγκέφαλον ούκ ἔχει), tare da bayanin cewa ta samo asali ne daga tatsuniyar Aesop. <ref>Desiderius Erasmus Adagiourum epitome, Amsterdam 1650, [https://books.google.com/books?id=YmhCAAAAcAAJ&dq=caput+vacuum+cerebro+++%22Erasmus%22&pg=PA319 p. 319]</ref> Akwai nau'ikan labarin daban-daban, wani lokacin yana da alaƙa da kerkeci yana tunanin kan mutum-mutumin da ya karye. Farkon bayyanarsa ta Turanci tana cikin tarin tatsuniyoyi na William Caxton (1484), a ƙarƙashin taken "Kwilf da hede mutumin dede", a matsayin misali na shawarar cewa 'Mutane da yawa suna da girmamawa ga bauta da ɗaukaka amma ba hankali ba'. Amma Andrea Alciato, wanda ya kafa littafin alama mai tasiri na Italiya, gabaɗaya yana nuna dila yana tunanin abin rufe fuska. Waƙar Latin mai layi shida da ke tare da ita ta bayyana cewa hankali ne, ba siffar waje ba, shine mafi mahimmanci ( ''Mentem, nonformam, da pollere'' ). Wannan sigar ta kuma bayyana a cikin waƙar Neo-Latin ta [[Gabriele Faerno]] . An kuma ba da labarin sigar La Fontaine's Fables game da dila da ƙirji (IV.14). Duk da haka, tatsuniya kawai an yi nuni da ita a cikin waƙarsa, wanda ya fi yin bimbini kan kamanni da sharhi a ƙarshe cewa furucin dila "ga mutane da yawa yana aiki da ubangiji". Lokacin da mai zane-zane JJ Grandville ya kwatanta Tatsuniyoyi a 1838, ya sabunta sharhin zamantakewa, yana amfani da dabbobi maimakon mutane. A wani baje kolin Kwalejin, dila ya kalli gefe yana kallon wani babban gindi mai hoto wanda jaki ke duba shi da kyau, tare da siffofin agwagwa mai kayan aiki da kuma ɗan wasan mujiya a baya. Masanin falsafa na Jamus Gothold Ephraim Lessing shi ma ya sake fassara tatsuniya a shekarar 1759, inda ya gano masu magana a matsayin abin da zai yi niyya. A Ingila yara ƙanana ne suka yi watsi da karatunsu waɗanda Richard Scrafton Sharpe ya yi amfani da tatsuniyar "The Fox and the Mask" a cikin ''tsoffin abokansa cikin sabuwar riga: tatsuniyoyi da aka saba da su a cikin baiti'' (London, 1807). Daga baya a cikin ƙarni, WS Gilbert ya sake duba bambancin da ke tsakanin gaskiya da wakilci a cikin waƙar barkwanci mai suna "The Pantomime 'Super' to His Mask". A can, ɗan wasan ya la'anci abin rufe fuska a matsayin rashin kwakwalwa kuma ya dogara da shi don nasarar tarihi na motsin zuciyar da ke bayyana. Abin rufe fuska ya amsa cewa idan ɗan wasan ya duba ciki zai sami daidaito tsakanin abin da yake aiwatarwa da halayensa na gaske. == Manazarta == 3fl59awhwsaaw0prowwa60j4ma1jkhc 0 140571 895692 795074 2026-08-12T11:41:55Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 895692 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Fiona Ayerst''' (an haife ta a ranar 20 ga watan Satumba, 1965)<ref>13 April 2012, The Gremlin News & Information, [http://thegremlin.co.za/mossel-bay-news/wordpress/2012/04/13/mossel-bay-announces-responsible-tourism-photo-of-the-year/ Mossel Bay announces Responsible Tourism Photo of the Year], Retrieved 15 August 2014, "..The winning image – "Look Dad Shark" – was made by professional photographer Fiona Ayerst,..."</ref> mai ɗaukar hoto ce ta manyan namun daji da ke zaune a Afirka ta Kudu,<ref name=twsTodayMagazineArchive>Underwater Photography magazine (archive), 2007, Fiona Ayerst – World Champion 2007], Retrieved 15 August 2014, ".. top prize goes to a woman... saw a very strong entry from Fiona across all contest categories throughout the year...."</ref> wacce ta shahara wajen ɗaukar hotunan ƙarƙashin ruwa.<ref>The Telegraph, 21 September 2011, [https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/picturegalleries/picturesoftheday/8778684/Pictures-of-the-day-21-September-2011.html?image=3 Pictures of the day], Retrieved 15 August 2014, "...Underwater photographer Fiona Ayerst captures pictures of bull sharks off the coast of Mozambique, southern Africa..."</ref> == Tarihin Rayuwa == Ta yi iyo da nau'ikan kifin shark da yawa, ta ɗauki hotunansu, ciki har da kifin shark mai kama da kifin damisa da kuma babban kifin whale mai kama da kifin tamer.<ref>June/July 2009, Magazines.co.za, [http://www.magazines.co.za/issue/200905201.html Riveting Shark Encounters: Fiona Ayerst recounts her magical experience with the Leander free-diving duo and gentle tiger shark in the warm silky waters of the Bahamas] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140819090040/http://www.magazines.co.za/issue/200905201.html |date=19 August 2014 }}, Retrieved 15 August 2014</ref><ref>Note: while Tiger sharks have attacked humans in the past, such incidents are rare, and these sharks are a near-threatened species which Ayerst argues deserve protection</ref> Hotunanta sun lashe kyaututtuka a gasannin ɗaukar hoto da dama. Tana rubutu a mujallu da dama, kuma tana aiki a matsayin edita ga mujallar ''Beyond Blue''. <ref>June/July 2009, Magazines.co.za, [http://www.magazines.co.za/editor_letter/200905201.html Fiona Ayerst, professional underwater photographer and editor of Beyond Blue magazine, reveals the elusive frogfish]{{Dead link|date=August 2025|fix-attempted=yes}}, Retrieved 15 August 2014</ref> Ita ce mai goyon bayan kare kifayen shark da muhallin teku. Hotunanta sun bayyana a mujallu da jaridu a duk duniya, kamar ''[[Time (magazine)|mujallar Time]]'', da kuma a kan mujallu da littattafan teburin kofi waɗanda ke ɗauke da hotunan namun daji. <sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B; ''<nowiki><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (December 2020)">ana buƙatar ambato</span></nowiki>'' &#x5D;</sup> Ta lashe kyautar Mai Ɗaukar Hotunan Daji na Shekara ta Afirka ta Kudu ta shekarar 2003. Ta yi jawabi a TED a shekarar 2012 mai taken ''My Travel into Water''. Darakta ce a ''Africa Media''.<ref>28 March 2012, The Gremlin News & Information, [http://thegremlin.co.za/mossel-bay-news/wordpress/2012/03/28/mossel-bay-photographer-talks-at-tedxseapoint/ Mossel Bay photographer talks at TEDxSeaPoint] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241127034734/https://thegremlin.co.za/mossel-bay-news/wordpress/2012/03/28/mossel-bay-photographer-talks-at-tedxseapoint/ |date=2024-11-27 }}, Retrieved 15 August 2014, "..Fiona Ayerst – a professional photographer who gave up the law in order to follow her passion for the sea – called her talk 'My journey into water.'..."</ref> == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1965]] [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] 0arg1pjqmsv4t8rmyq4xd31bxfujwxw 0 141212 895499 891392 2026-08-12T09:57:47Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 895499 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''Joy Castro''' ƙwararriyar marubuciya ce 'yar Amurka, mai rubuta tarihin rayuwa, kuma mai rubuta makala. A halin yanzu ita ce Farfesa Willa Cather a fannin Turanci da Nazarin Ƙabilanci (Nazarin Latin) a Jami'ar Nebraska-Lincoln, inda take jagorantar Cibiyar Nazarin Ƙabilanci. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Joy Castro {{!}} Department of English |url=https://www.unl.edu/english/joy-castro |access-date=2023-01-02 |website=[[University of Nebraska–Lincoln]] }}{{Dead link|date=May 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |title=Erotic Desire, Trauma, and Political Choices: An Interview with Joy Castro Regarding Her Novel, One Brilliant Flame By Daniel A. Olivas |url=https://www.latinobookreview.com/erotic-desire-trauma-and-political-choices-an-interview-with-joy-castro-regarding-her-novel-one-brilliant-flame-by-daniel-a-olivas-latino-book-review.html |access-date=2024-08-27 |website=LATINO BOOK REVIEW |language=en-US}}</ref> == Rayuwa ta farko == Castro ta yi ƙuruciyarta a Miami, Florida, da kuma London (UK). Ta zauna a West Virginia tun tana 'yar shekara 7 har zuwa kammala karatun sakandare. Tun tana ƙarama, Castro ta ce a shekarar 2021 cewa "ta fito daga wani yanayi mai tsauri da tsauri - ni ce ta farko, daga talauci, kuma daga wata ƙungiyar Kirista mai tsattsauran ra'ayi wadda ba ta yarda da juyin halitta ko zaɓe ba - amma duk da haka na daɗe ina jin yunwar rayuwar tunani." == Sana'a == Aikin Castro a fannin labaran da ba na almara ba da kuma labaran karya ya binciko tarihin cin zarafi da sharhin siyasa da zamantakewa, galibi a ƙarƙashin sunan labaran laifuka, yana kwatanta shi da "nau'in adalci." <ref>{{Cite web |date=18 January 2018 |title=The Fallout of Disaster |url=https://chapter16.org/the-fallout-of-disaster/ |access-date=2023-01-02 |website=chapter16.org |language=en-US}}</ref> <ref name="crimereads">{{Cite web |date=2021-11-01 |title=How Crime Fiction Can Help Us Understand The Many Layers of Violence in Society |url=https://crimereads.com/how-crime-fiction-can-help-us-understand-violence/ |access-date=2023-01-02 |website=CrimeReads |language=en-US}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://crimereads.com/how-crime-fiction-can-help-us-understand-violence/ "How Crime Fiction Can Help Us Understand The Many Layers of Violence in Society"]. ''CrimeReads''. 2021-11-01<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2023-01-02</span></span>.</cite></ref> Ita ce editan farko na shirin Machete, <ref name="castro_ohio">{{Cite web |date=2022-12-07 |title=Joy Castro of Ohio State University Press |url=https://www.pw.org/agents_editors_recommend/joy_castro_of_ohio_state_university_press |access-date=2023-01-02 |website=Poets & Writers |language=en}}</ref> wani shiri a cikin sabbin littattafan adabi a Jami'ar Jihar Ohio. Ta yi aiki a matsayin bako a alkalamin CRAFT na farko na Creative Nonfiction Award, <ref>{{Cite web |last= |date=2020-12-15 |title=Interview: Joy Castro |url=https://www.craftliterary.com/2020/12/15/interview-joy-castro/ |access-date=2023-01-02 |website=CRAFT |language=en-US}}</ref> kuma ayyukanta sun bayyana a wurare da suka haɗa da ''Poets & Writers'', <ref name="castro_ohio" /> ''Writer's Digest'', <ref>{{Cite web |last=Castro |first=Joy |date=12 November 2021 |title=Writing Brilliant Essays |url=https://www.writersdigest.com/write-better-nonfiction/writing-brilliant-essays |access-date=2023-01-02 |website=Writer's Digest |language=en}}</ref> ''Literary Hub'', <ref>{{Cite web |date=2021-09-02 |title=On the Life and Under-Recognized Work of Margery Latimer, Visionary Modernist Writer |url=https://lithub.com/on-the-life-and-under-recognized-work-of-margery-latimer-visionary-modernist-writer/ |access-date=2023-01-02 |website=Literary Hub |language=en-US}}</ref> ''Crime Reads'', <ref name="crimereads"/> ''The Rumpus'', <ref>{{Cite web |date=25 May 2021 |title=Rumpus Exclusive: Cover Reveal For Flight Risk |url=https://therumpus.net/2021/05/25/rumpus-exclusive-cover-reveal-for-flight-risk/ |access-date=2023-01-02 |website=The Rumpus.net}}</ref> ''Plowshares'', <ref>{{Cite web |title=Spring 2019 |url=https://www.pshares.org/issues/spring-2019 |access-date=2023-01-02 |website=Ploughshares}}</ref> The ''Brooklyn Rail,'' <ref name="brooklynrail">{{Cite web |last=Castro |first=Joy |date=2022-06-01 |title=Ein Haus am Meer |url=https://brooklynrail.org/2022/06/fiction/Ein-Haus-am-Meer |access-date=2023-01-02 |website=The Brooklyn Rail |language=en-US}}</ref> ''Senses of Cinema'', <ref>{{Cite web |date=12 February 2004 |title=Joy Castro |url=https://www.sensesofcinema.com/author/joy-castro/ |access-date=2023-01-02 |website=Senses of Cinema |language=en-US |archive-date=2023-01-02 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230102205055/https://www.sensesofcinema.com/author/joy-castro/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> ''Salon'', <ref>{{Cite web |last=Castro |first=Joy |date=2014-06-13 |title=Donna Tartt's multicultural fantasy: How "The Goldfinch" got away with its disgraceful racial politics |url=https://www.salon.com/2014/06/13/donna_tartts_multicultural_fantasy_how_the_goldfinch_got_away_with_its_disgraceful_racial_politics/ |access-date=2023-01-02 |website=Salon |language=en}}</ref> ''Gulf Coast,'' <ref>{{Cite web |title=Racial and Ethnic Justice in the Creative Writing Course |url=https://gulfcoastmag.org/online/fall-2015/racial-and-ethnic-justice-in-the-creative-writing-course/ |access-date=2023-01-02 |website=gulfcoastmag.org |language=en}}</ref> ''Brevity'', [ <ref>{{Cite web |title=How We See One Another: Our Guest Editors Castro and Sukrungruang in Conversation |url=https://brevitymag.com/craft-essays/how-we-see-one-another/ |access-date=2023-01-02 |website=Brevity: A Journal of Concise Literary Nonfiction}}</ref> ''Seneca Review'', <ref>{{Cite web |title=Seneca Review: Back Issues |url=https://www.hws.edu/offices/senecareview/back-issues.aspx |access-date=2023-01-02 |website=www.hws.edu |language=en |archive-date=2022-12-26 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221226172559/https://www.hws.edu/offices/senecareview/back-issues.aspx |url-status=dead }}</ref> ''Los Angeles Review of Books'', <ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-03-05 |title=know-that-i-am-perfectly-well-and-that-i-always-find-a-way-the-revolutionary-letters-of-che-guevara/ |url=https://lareviewofbooks.org/article/know-that-i-am-perfectly-well-and-that-i-always-find-a-way-the-revolutionary-letters-of-che-guevara/ |access-date=2023-01-02 |website=Los Angeles Review of Books |language=en}}</ref> da kuma ''The New York Times Magazine'' . Ta kasance Marubuciya a Jami'ar Vanderbilt . ''<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B; ''<nowiki><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (December 2025)">ana buƙatar ambato</span></nowiki>'' &#x5D;</sup>'' == Muhimmin karɓuwa ga ayyukan da suka gabata == Game da ''Flight Risk'', Melissa Scholes Young ta ce a cikin ''Fiction Writers Review :'' "Ko da muna dogara ga tushenmu, muna tono tsararraki da suka bi wannan hanyar kafin mu sa ƙafa a kanta. Maido da waɗannan tushen a matsayin wani ɓangare na asalinmu maimakon rufe su don hanya mai sauƙi shi ma wani abu ne na juyin juya hali, musamman lokacin da wannan wanzuwar ta kasance cikin talauci. Lokacin da mai ba da labari a cikin ''Flight Risk'' ya yi tsokaci cewa yunwa sirri ne da za a riƙe kuma ya yi iƙirarin kunyar son abinci a cikin duniya mai yalwa, akwai wahayi da masu karatu dole ne su yi kokawa da zargin kansu a ciki. Idan talauci batu ne na mata, bai kamata mu yi watsi da shi ba amma mu yi la'akari da yadda wariya da wariya ga jinsi ke ci gaba da wanzuwa. ''Flight Risk'' ya tashi zuwa ga wannan ƙalubalen kuma ya bayyana bege ga duniyar da za a iya daraja mata da kuma yanke shawara kan kanta. Akwai kyau da zaman lafiya a cikin hangen nesa na Isabel Morales na adalci ga kanta da ƙasar da take ƙauna." <ref>{{Cite web |last=Young |first=Melissa Scholes |title=Reclaiming Our Roots: A Conversation with Joy Castro |url=https://fictionwritersreview.com/interview/reclaiming-our-roots-a-conversation-with-joy-castro/ |access-date=2023-01-02 |website=Fiction Writers Review}}</ref> Da yake gabatar da gajerun labaran Castro, "Ein Haus am Meer," a cikin ''littafin The Brooklyn Rail ,'' Will Chancellor ya ce, "tafiya, yanayi, da tambayoyi na labarin sun cimma burin babban bayani: don kama kyawun wucin gadi, wanda ba a iya gani ba da kuma isar da kuzarin sa mai mahimmanci." <ref name="brooklynrail"/> == Littattafai == === Labarai === *   *   *   *   === Tarin gajerun labarai === *   === Abubuwan Tunawa === *   === Tarin rubuce-rubuce === *   === A matsayin edita === *   == Lambobin yabo da nadin mukamai == * Wanda ya lashe kyautar Thriller ta Duniya ta 2022, don ''Haɗarin Jirgin Sama'' <ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-02-28 |title=International Thriller Writers Names Finalists for 2022 Thriller Awards |url=https://booktrib.com/2022/02/28/international-thriller-writers-names-finalists-for-2022-thriller-awards/ |access-date=2023-01-02 |website=BookTrib |language=en-US}}</ref> * Kyautar Littafin Nebraska, don ''Jahannama ko Babban Ruwa''{{Ana bukatan hujja|date=December 2025}} * Kyautar Littattafai ta Latino ta Duniya, don ''Tsibirin Kasusuwa{{Ana bukatan hujja|date=December 2025}}'' == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1967]] [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] c9qmf04wu017rp3uim1slv1zf6k9hc5 0 142424 894989 801467 2026-08-11T14:29:40Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 894989 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Cecily Maude O'Connell''' (30 Yuni 1884 - 13 Disamba 1965) ta kasance ma'aikaciyar ƙungiyar kwadago ta Australiya kuma ma'aikaciyar zamantakewa ta addini. == Rayuwa ta farko == An haifi Cecily Maude Mary O'Connell ga Patrick Martin O'Connell da Rosina, wanda aka haifa a matsayin Hosking a ranar 30 ga Yuni, 1884 a Beaufort, Victoria . Mahaifinta mai shago ne kuma ɗan uwan Archbishop Daniel Mannix . Iyalan sun fara zama a Beaufort kafin su ƙaura zuwa Kilmore ta hanyar Bairnsdale da Walhalla. A Kilmore, mahaifiyarta, Rosina O'Connell, ta mutu, sakamakon haka aka tura O'Connell zuwa Abbotsford, Melbourne. == Aiki da fafutuka == O'Connell ta fara aiki a matsayin malami kuma ya shiga cikin aikin zamantakewa da Sister M. Bernardine na asibitin St Vincent da Sister M, Monica na Good Shepherd Sisters suka yi. Lokacin da ta yi aiki a masana'antar taba O'Connell ta zama mai fafutukar kungiyar kwadago kuma ta yi aiki tare da Jam'iyyar Labour. O'Connell ya wakilci ma'aikatan taba a Majalisar Trades Hall da kuma taron Majalisar Ma'aikata ta Siyasa a 1915-16. Game da wannan lokacin ta ƙi matsayi na aiki ga Kamfanin Taba na Burtaniya-Australasian . <ref name="The University of Melbourne 2013">{{Cite web |last=The University of Melbourne |date=2013-11-20 |title=Resource Section - O'Connell, Cecily Maude (1884-1965) - The Encyclopedia of Women and Leadership in Twentieth-Century Australia |url=http://www.womenaustralia.info/leaders/bib/WLP003325.htm |access-date=2020-03-27 |website=The Australian Women's Register}}</ref><ref name="history">{{Cite web |title=Maude O'Connell and 'the need of the mother' |url=http://www.womenaustralia.info/leaders/fff/pdfs/oconnell.pdf |publisher=School of History and Philosophy}}</ref><ref name="The Catholic Church">{{Cite web |title=The Catholic Church |url=https://repository.divinity.edu.au/1398/2/The_Catholic_Church.Women_and_Leadership.pdf}}</ref> Duk da cewa tana goyon bayan Jam'iyyar Labour, O'Connell ta yi jayayya cewa tallafin gwamnati zai je makarantu masu zaman kansu. Ita ce ma'ajin kuɗi na farko na ƙungiyar zamantakewa ta mata ta Katolika ( Katolika Women's League ) lokacin da aka kafa ta a shekarar 1916. Ta yi aiki don tabbatar da cewa mata waɗanda ba su da aikin yi saboda yajin aiki sun sami wurin zama. O'Connell ta yi aiki a matsayin ma'aikaciyar jinya, tana horo a Asibitin Ido da Kunne kuma tana aiki a lokacin annobar mura ta 1919 . Lokacin da take da shekaru 46, ta kafa Kamfanin Uwargidanmu ta Sacrament, wanda aka fi sani da 'Yan'uwa Mata Masu Jin Daɗi, a gidan Kewn Kreestha da ke Daylesford, Victoria . An buɗe gidan a shekarar 1930. Manufar ƙungiyar ita ce kula da iyaye mata da yara. Iyaye mata suna iya hutawa a gidan yayin da 'ya'yansu ke cikin damuwa. Wannan damuwa ta ƙalubalanci matan da ke aiki tare da 'Yan'uwa Mata Masu Jin Daɗi. Sun samar da tsaftacewa, girki, siyayya da kula da yara ga iyalai masu rashin lafiya ko jaririya. O'Connell ta taimaka wa Muriel Heagney wajen fara Ƙungiyar Agajin 'Yan Mata Masu Rashin Aikin Yi. 'Yan'uwa Mata Masu Jin Daɗi sun zama cocin addini a shekarar 1949. == Mutuwa da gado == O'Connell ya mutu a ranar 13 ga Disamba 1965. Kafin ta mutu Grey Sisters sun bude gidaje a Prahran, Surrey Hills, Canterbury da Croydon. Kamfanin Our Lady of the Blessed Sacrament tun daga shekara ta 1986 an san shi da Family Care Sisters (Grey Sisters).<ref name="Find a Grave-gedenkplek 1965">{{Cite web |date=1965-12-13 |title=Sr Cecily Maude O'Connell (Onbekend-1965) -... |url=https://www.findagrave.com/memorial/155990330/cecily-maude-o_connell |access-date=2020-03-27 |website=Find a Grave-gedenkplek |language=nl}}</ref><ref name="history"/><ref name="The University of Melbourne 2013"/><ref name="The Catholic Church"/><ref>{{Cite web |title=Child Sexual Abuse in the Catholic Church |url=http://religionsforpeaceaustralia.org.au/download/child-sex-abuse-and-the-catholic-church.pdf |access-date=2026-03-03 |archive-date=2024-07-06 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240706112256/https://religionsforpeaceaustralia.org.au/download/child-sex-abuse-and-the-catholic-church.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref> == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Mutuwan 1965]] [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1884]] ms5z6514a3ayp5duuvd13867he4lqy3 0 143420 895569 804218 2026-08-12T10:29:15Z Maryam Abdullahi Y 43904 895569 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''''Duffy and the Devil''''' (1973) littafi ne da Margot Zemach da mijinta Harvey Fichstrom (a matsayin Harve Zemach) suka rubuta. A shekarar 1974, ta kuma zo ta ƙarshe a gasar lambar yabo ta ƙasa, adabin yara kuma ta lashe lambar yabo ta Caldecott Medal a matsayin [[Illustration|misali]] . Laburaren Majalisa na Amurka sun ambaci "tatsuniyar Cornish da Harve Zemach ya sake bayarwa" kuma Kestrel Books ta buga bugu na Burtaniya a shekarar 1974, wanda ke ɗauke da cikakken taken Duffy and the Devil: a Cornish tatsuniyar da aka sake bayarwa . == Nassoshi == hp7inpq7hxq4am7o7b1r2ge4f2vi2sj 0 145225 895574 809086 2026-08-12T10:31:25Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 2 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 895574 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Fatimé Kimto''' (ta mutu a ranar 21 ga watan Mayu, 2015) 'yar siyasa ce '[[Cadi|yar Chadi]].<ref name="Ph.D.Jean-Jacques2015">{{cite book|author1=Toyin Falola Ph.D.|author2=Daniel Jean-Jacques|title=Africa: An Encyclopedia of Culture and Society &#91;3 volumes&#93;: An Encyclopedia of Culture and Society|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=YjoVCwAAQBAJ&pg=PA240|date=14 December 2015|publisher=ABC-CLIO|isbn=978-1-59884-666-9|pages=240–}}</ref> Ita ce mace ta farko da ta yi aiki a matsayin minista a tarihin ƙasar. <ref>{{Cite web |date=5 April 2012 |title=Tchad : l'éternel second rôle féminin – JeuneAfrique.com |url=http://www.jeuneafrique.com/142236/politique/tchad-l-ternel-second-r-le-f-minin/ |access-date=6 November 2017 |publisher=JeuneAfrique.com}}</ref> Kimto [[Musulmi|Musulma]] ce daga kudancin ƙasar. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Chad: Uproar over introducing law to make women equal - Women Reclaiming and Redefining Cultures |url=http://www.wluml.org/node/2049 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171107060852/http://www.wluml.org/node/2049 |archive-date=7 November 2017 |access-date=6 November 2017 |website=www.wluml.org}}</ref> An fara naɗa ta a matsayin minista a shekarar 1982, ta zama Ministar Harkokin Jama'a da Mata; ta ci gaba da riƙe muƙamin har zuwa shekara ta 1984.<ref name="Ph.D.Jean-Jacques2015"/> Ta sake yin aiki sau biyu a majalisar ministoci a lokacin aikinta; ta kasance Ministar Ayyukan Jin Daɗi da Iyali daga shekarun 1999 zuwa 2001 da kuma daga shekarun 2004 zuwa 2005,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.un.org/womenwatch/daw/followup/beijing+5stat/statments/chad9.htm|title=REPUBLIQUE DU TCHAD|website=www.un.org|accessdate=6 November 2017}}</ref> kuma ta kasance Ministar Ayyukan Jin Daɗi, Aiki, da Aiki daga shekarun 2005 zuwa 2007. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Chad Ministers |url=http://www.guide2womenleaders.com/Chad.htm |access-date=6 November 2017 |website=www.guide2womenleaders.com}}</ref> A matsayi na biyu ta yi jawabi a taron [[Babban Taron Majalisar Ɗinkin Duniya|Majalisar Ɗinkin Duniya]] a shekarar 2000, ta ɗauki daidaiton jinsi a matsayin batunta. <ref>{{Cite web |title=REPUBLIQUE DU TCHAD |url=http://www.un.org/womenwatch/daw/followup/beijing+5stat/statments/chad9.htm |access-date=6 November 2017 |website=www.un.org}}</ref> A lokacin farkon aikinta, ta kuma kasance memba a ofishin siyasa na Ƙungiyar 'Yanci da Juyin Juya Halin Ƙasa.<ref name="Yorongar2003">{{cite book|author=Ngarlejy Yorongar|title=Tchad, le procès d'Idriss Déby: témoignage à charge|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=KHd0AAAAMAAJ|year=2003|publisher=Harmattan|isbn=978-2-7475-5117-5}}</ref> Daga cikin batutuwan da ta damu da su yayin da take gwamnati akwai batutuwan da suka shafi aiki da yanayin ma'aikata a Chadi da haƙƙin mata a cikin al'ummar Chadi. <ref>{{Cite web |date=8 April 2005 |title=Uproar over introducing law to make women equal |url=http://www.irinnews.org/fr/node/221399 |access-date=6 November 2017 |publisher=irinnews.org}}</ref> Kimto ta mutu a [[Ndjamena|N'Djamena]] bayan doguwar rashin lafiya; <ref>{{Cite web |title=Fatimé Kimto est décédée |url=http://www.tchadactuel.com/?p=12442 |access-date=6 November 2017 |publisher=tchadactuel.com |archive-date=7 November 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171107111851/http://www.tchadactuel.com/?p=12442 |url-status=dead }}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |last=Mak |title=Nécro: décès au Tchad de l'ancienne ministre, Mme Fatimé Kimto - Makaila, plume combattante et indépendante |url=http://www.makaila.fr/2015/05/necro-deces-au-tchad-de-l-ancienne-ministre-mme-fatime-kimto.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171107061229/http://www.makaila.fr/2015/05/necro-deces-au-tchad-de-l-ancienne-ministre-mme-fatime-kimto.html |archive-date=7 November 2017 |access-date=6 November 2017 |publisher=Makaila}}</ref> Gwamnatin da ke kan mulki ba ta taɓa lura da mutuwarta ba. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Décès de Mme Fatimé Kimto: anonymat total! |url=http://www.tchadactuel.com/?p=12454 |access-date=6 November 2017 |publisher=tchadactuel.com |archive-date=7 November 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171107111924/http://www.tchadactuel.com/?p=12454 |url-status=dead }}</ref> == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} [[Rukuni:Matattun 2015]] 1dtatukrt8928joskr5bpezi5h183ir 0 145289 895447 826698 2026-08-12T08:45:23Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 895447 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Eunice Uche Julian Atuejide''' // i (an haife ta a ranar 16 ga watan Agustan shekara ta 1978) 'yar kasuwa ce ta Najeriya, lauya, kuma 'yar siyasa. An fi saninta da kafa Jam'iyyar National Interest Party (NIP) <ref>{{Cite web |title=Eunice Atuejide Registers Political Party National Interest Party (NIP) |url=http://justumagazine.com/eunice-atuejides-registers-political-party-national-interest-party-nip/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180316032956/http://justumagazine.com/eunice-atuejides-registers-political-party-national-interest-party-nip/ |archive-date=16 March 2018 |access-date=13 January 2018 |website=Just U Magazine}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |title=INEC Registers 21 New Political Parties |url=https://www.channelstv.com/2017/12/14/inec-registers-21-new-political-parties/ |access-date=14 December 2017 |website=Channels Television}}</ref> kuma ita ce dan takarar Shugaban kasa na Najeriya na 2019 na Jam'iyyar NIP (NIP).<ref>{{Cite web |last=Admin |date=20 July 2018 |title=2019 NIP's Presidential Aspirant, Eunice Uche Atuejide Declaration Speech |url=https://www.nationalinterestparty.com/public-announcement/2019-nips-presidential-aspirant-eunice-uche-atuejide-declaration-speech/ |access-date=13 February 2019 |website=NIP |archive-date=13 February 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190213183517/https://www.nationalinterestparty.com/public-announcement/2019-nips-presidential-aspirant-eunice-uche-atuejide-declaration-speech/ |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Bakare |first=Tonye |date=July 2018 |title=39-year old woman, Eunice Atuejide plans to unseat Buhari |url=https://guardian.ng/news/39-year-old-woman-plans-to-unseat-buhari/ |access-date=13 February 2019 |website=Guardian}}</ref> == Rayuwa ta farko da ilimi == An haifi Atuejide kuma ta girma a [[Lagos (jiha)|Jihar Legas]], [[Najeriya]], kodayake iyalinta sun fito ne daga [[Enugu (jiha)|Jihar Enugu]]. An fi saninta da kafa jam'iyyar siyasa da ke karkashin jagorancin matasa, da ake kira National Interest Party (NIP) a Najeriya. Ta halarci makarantar firamare ta Onike Girls a Legas, ta shafe shekara guda a makarantar sakandare mai alaƙa <ref>{{Cite web |date=2018-11-03 |title=The Three Women Presidential Candidates: What are their Chances? (A Must Read) |url=https://news.assure.ng/the-three-women-presidential-candidates-what-are-their-chances-a-must-read/ |access-date=2020-05-24 |website=NewsNow Nigeria |language=en-US }}{{Dead link|date=April 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> kafin ta koma makarantar sakandare ta Reagan Memorial Girls, kuma a Legas. Ta koma [[Jami'ar Ibadan]] don nazarin Tattalin Arziki.<ref name="Anokam 2018">{{Cite web |last=Anokam |first=Sam |date=January 2018 |title=Eunice Atuejide: Set For Paradigm Shift With NIP |url=http://www.samurahh.com/2018/01/eunice-atuejide-set-for-paradigm-shift.html?m=1 |access-date=26 January 2018 |website=Samurahh Blog |archive-date=16 March 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180316084807/http://www.samurahh.com/2018/01/eunice-atuejide-set-for-paradigm-shift.html?m=1 |url-status=dead }}</ref> Atuejide ta shiga cikin [[Taekwondo]] a duk lokacin da take karatun sakandare da sakandare kuma tana cikin ƙungiyar da ta wakilci Jami'ar Ibadan a wasannin NUGA daga 1996 zuwa 1999. Ta sami belin baki na 1st Dan a 2005 tare da BUDO Taekwondo Club a Siegen Jamus . <ref>{{Cite web |last=Odoekwu |first=Joseph |date=13 January 2018 |title=Female Taekwondo Black-belt Holder Registers Political Party In Nigeria |url=https://sportintelligencemag.com/a-female-taekwondo-black-belt-holder-registers-political-party-nigeria/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180316024522/https://sportintelligencemag.com/a-female-taekwondo-black-belt-holder-registers-political-party-nigeria/ |archive-date=16 March 2018 |access-date=13 January 2018 |website=Sport Intelligence Magazine}}</ref> Atuejide ya bar Tattalin Arziki a Jami'ar Ibadan kuma ya dauki difloma a cikin Harshen Faransanci a Institut Internationale d'Etudes Française, a Jami'a Marc Bloch, Strasbourg, Faransa. A can, ta sadu da mijinta na farko Frank Becker kuma ta koma [[Jamus]]. Ta yi difloma a cikin harshen Jamusanci a Sprahenschule Siegerland . Ta dauki Deutsche Sprachprüfung für den Hochschulzugang (DSH) kuma ta shiga Jami'ar Siegen, inda ta yi karatun Gudanar da Kasuwanci.<ref name="urbanwomanmag.com">{{Cite web |date=2018-10-06 |title=Eunice Atuejide Is The Founder Of The World's First Online Political Party, National Interest Party |url=https://urbanwomanmag.com/eunice-atuejide-founder-of-national-interest-party/ |access-date=2020-05-29 |website=Urban Woman Magazine |language=en-GB}}</ref><ref name="ReferenceA">{{Cite web |date=2018-10-06 |title=Eunice Atuejide Is The Founder Of The World's First Online Political Party, National Interest Party |url=https://urbanwomanmag.com/eunice-atuejide-founder-of-national-interest-party/ |access-date=2020-05-26 |website=Urban Woman Magazine |language=en-GB}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2018-11-23 |title=Know Your Candidate: Eunice Atuejide – NIP |url=https://theinterview.ng/2018/11/23/know-your-candidate-eunice-atuejide-nip/ |access-date=2020-05-07 |website=TheInterview Nigeria |language=en-GB}}</ref> Atuejide ya ɗauki difloma a cikin yin fina-finai da yin fim a Kwalejin Fim ta New York da Sally Johnson's Studios bi da bi, duka a Birnin New York, Amurka.[1][2] Bayan shekaru bakwai tana yin da inganta fina-finai na Najeriya kuma yayin da take kiwon iyalinta, ta koma makaranta don karatun doka. Ta kammala Digiri na Digiri a Shari'a, Digiri na LLB, Darasi na Shari'a na Shari'aa, da LLM a Kwarewar Shari'a a Jami'ar BPP, London, Ingila.[3] Daga nan sai ta koma Najeriya inda ta kammala shirin horar da kwararru da ake buƙata don yin rajista a matsayin Barrister da Solicitor na Kotun Koli na Najeriya . [4] == Ayyuka == A matsayinta na lauya, Atuejide tana aiki a [[Najeriya]] da Ingila.<ref name="Anokam 2018"/> A matsayinta na 'yar kasuwa, tana da hannu tare da IT Consultancy ciki har da ci gaban gidan yanar gizon da gudanarwa ga SMEs da agaji. Ta kuma samar da kudade ga kasuwanci a Turai da ayyukan ababen more rayuwa a Afirka, Latin Amurka da [[Asiya]].<ref name="ReferenceA"/><ref name="urbanwomanmag.com"/> An fara sha'awar Atuejide a siyasa yayin da take makarantar shari'a ta Najeriya a Abuja . Ta tara abokan aikinta a makarantar shari'a wadanda suka raba irin wannan manufofin siyasa tare da ita, kuma sun tafi tafiya tare don kafa jam'iyyar siyasa. Wannan ya haifar da kafawa da rajista na Jam'iyyar National Interest Party (NIP) a cikin 2018 . <ref>{{Cite web |date=12 January 2018 |title=Nigerians're tired of recycled politicians |url=https://www.nigerianbulletin.com/threads/nigerians%E2%80%99re-tired-of-recycled-politicaians-%E2%80%93atuejide-%E2%80%93-newtelegraph.284476/ |access-date=12 January 2018 |website=Nigerian Bulletin}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=10 January 2018 |title=INEC presents certificates to 21 newly registered political parties |url=http://punchng.com/inec-presents-certificates-to-21-newly-registered-political-parties/ |access-date=10 January 2018 |website=Punch}}</ref> == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1978]] [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] c9j9s23gg2nr76583wzul5lqpdj9umu 0 145603 895161 826204 2026-08-11T17:52:02Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 895161 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Cibiyar Mata ta Connexxus / Cibiyar Mujeres''' kungiya ce mai zaman kanta da aka kafa a watan Janairun 1985 a Yammacin Hollywood, California . Adel Martinez da Lauren Jardine ne suka kafa kungiyar <ref>{{Cite web |last=Williams |first=Bob |date=February 18, 2020 |title=Adel M. 'Del' Martinez |url=https://diocesela.org/obituaries/adel-m-del-martinez/ |access-date=25 July 2021 |website=[[Episcopal Diocese of Los Angeles]]}}</ref> a shekarar 1984 a matsayin cibiyar gudanar da mata a Los Angeles, kuma sun ba da sabis da ke ba da abinci ga mata, musamman [[Maɗigo|'Yan mata]] da kuma sarari inda' yan mata za su iya bunƙasa da sana'a, da kansu, da kuma zamantakewa.<ref name="Sangwand">{{Cite web |last=Sangwand |first=Tiffany-Kay |date=2009 |title=Connexxus/Centro de Mujeres collection, 1985–1991 |url=http://pdf.oac.cdlib.org/pdf/ucla/mss/conn1848.pdf |access-date=25 July 2021 |website=[[Online Archive of California]] |page=2 |archive-date=25 July 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210725105036/http://pdf.oac.cdlib.org/pdf/ucla/mss/conn1848.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref> A watan Janairun 1988, ta bude wani ƙarin kayan aiki a Gabashin Los Angeles mai suna Connexxus East / Centro de Mujeres wanda aka yi don fadadawa ga al'ummomin Latina da Chicana.<ref name="Sangwand" /> Sabon wurin ya ba da sabis da farko ga 'yan mata a cikin Los Angeles County, kuma ya sauƙaƙa bayani game da samun dama ga hukumomin sabis na ɗan adam daban-daban. Har ila yau, ya ba da shawara game da haɓaka da gudanar da ƙananan kasuwanci. Har ila yau, wurin ya dauki nauyin kuma ya dauki bakuncin ayyukan al'adu da ilimi. Cibiyar murabba'in mita 1,400 ta ƙunshi sarari don ɗakin karatu, bita, ƙungiyoyin rap, tarurrukan ba da shawara, da ayyukan zamantakewa.<ref>{{Cite book|edition=Brenda}}</ref> Connexxus ya fara ne daga watan Mayu na 1984 zuwa Yuni na 1990. Lokacin da aka buɗe shi, membobin ƙungiyar 'yan madigo ne suka jagoranci ƙungiyar, kamar [[Jeanne Córdova]], Jodi Curlee, Judy Doyle, Lauren Jardine, Bunny MacCulloch, Del Martinez, June Mazer, [[Yolanda Retter]], da Jane Wagner. Domin ci gaba da wannan ƙungiya, hukumar ta tara sama da dala 20,000 don ayyukanta. Ta sami tallafi daga National Endowment for the Arts, California Arts Council, Colling Higgins Foundation, da Liberty Hill Foundation. == Shirye-shiryen == === Ƙarfafa Tattalin Arziki === A watan Mayu na shekara ta 1998, Shugaban Amurka na lokacin, [[Bill Clinton]], ya ba da Dokar Zartarwa ta 13087, wanda ya haramta nuna bambanci a cikin aikin farar hula na tarayya bisa ga jima'i. Shekaru shida da suka gabata a shekarar 1992, gwamnan Pete Wilson ya sanya hannu kan AB 2601, wanda ya haramta nuna bambanci ga masu luwadi da mata a California (ya amince da irin wannan lissafin, AB 101, a shekarar da ta gabata). === Yuni L. Mazer Tarin Lesbian === Yuni L. Mazer Lesbian Collections ya fara ne a matsayin West Coast Lesbian Colletions (WCLC) a cikin 1980, a [[Oakland, California]], a cikin gidan masu zaman kansu na ma'aurata. Yayin da WCLC ta girma ya zama da wuya a kiyaye shi kuma an yanke shawarar neman wani wuri don shi. Cibiyar Mata ta Connexxus ta amince da tallafawa sake komawa. Yuni Mazer da abokinta Bunny MacCulloch, duka mambobi ne na Connexxus da kungiyar 'yan mata ta Southern California Women for Understanding, <ref>{{Cite web |title=Bunny MacCulloch papers, 1928–1989 |url=http://pdf.oac.cdlib.org/pdf/ucla/mss/macc1959.pdf |website=[[Online Archive of California]] |access-date=2026-03-16 |archive-date=2022-03-20 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220320085654/http://pdf.oac.cdlib.org/pdf/ucla/mss/macc1959.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref> <ref name="Mazer">{{Cite web |date=2021 |title=Herstory |url=https://www.mazerlesbianarchives.org/about-us |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150908204519/http://pdf.oac.cdlib.org/pdf/ucla/mss/macc1959.pdf |archive-date=September 8, 2015 |website=[[June L. Mazer Lesbian Archives]]}}</ref> sun amince da zama masu kula da WCLC kuma an tura su gida a [[Southern California|Kudancin California]].<ref name="Sheffield" /> Bayan mutuwar Yuni Mazer a 1987, an sake sunan WCLC da Yuni L. Mazer Lesbian Collections (JMLC). <ref name="Sheffield" /><ref name="WeHo1988">{{Cite web |date=November 21, 1988 |title=Minutes: City Council Meeting |url=https://www.weho.org/Home/ShowDocument?id=9695 |access-date=25 July 2021 |publisher=[[West Hollywood|City of West Hollywood]] |page=8 |archive-date=22 September 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150922085854/http://www.weho.org/Home/ShowDocument?id=9695 |url-status=dead }}</ref> == Manazarta == io722ws2g5jnn6tgnwb0lf9t986exl1 0 145940 895330 811185 2026-08-12T03:37:30Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 895330 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Doris Estella (Rhoads) Lockness''' (2 ga Fabrairu, 1910 &#x2013; 30 ga Janairu, 2017) ta kasance matukin jirgin sama na Amurka mai tasowa. <ref name="LATIMES">{{Cite web |date=8 February 2017 |title=Doris Lockness, one of the country's most honored female pilots, dies at 106 |url=http://www.latimes.com/local/obituaries/la-me-doris-lockness-20170208-story.html |access-date=2017-02-11 |website=[[Los Angeles Times]] |agency=Associated Press}}</ref> <ref name="AOPA">{{Cite web |date=2017-03-02 |title=Hall of Fame pilot Doris Lockness has died |url=https://www.aopa.org/news-and-media/all-news/2017/february/03/hall-of-fame-pilot-doris-lockness-has-died |access-date=2017-02-11 |website=aopa.org}}</ref> Ya'yanta maza biyu, Dave Rhodes da Ron Rhoads, masu keken Olympics ne. == Tarihin Rayuwa == An haifi Lockness a [[Pennsylvania]] a shekarar 1910 kuma ya fara tashi a shekarar 1939 kuma ya yi aiki a matsayin injiniyan haɗin gwiwa a Kamfanin Jiragen Sama na Douglas . Ta bar aiki a shekarar 1943 don shiga Matan Jiragen Sama na Sojojin Sama, <ref name="AOPA"/> tana ɗaya daga cikin mata 25,000 da suka nemi zama matukan jirgin sama na Rundunar Sojojin Sama kuma tana ɗaya daga cikin mata 1,074 da aka karɓa. Ta shiga aikin yaƙi bayan mijinta a lokacin ya sami jinkiri, saboda 'ya'yan ma'auratan huɗu. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Samrick |first=Julie |date=2016-02-24 |title=A happy birthday for the woman who can fly |url=https://www.villagelife.com/news/local/a-happy-birthday-for-the-woman-who-can-fly/article_d711a171-acb0-5243-9a14-db53a26a14a2.html |access-date=2024-05-23 |website=Village Life |language=en}}</ref> Bayan yaƙin, ta ci gaba da aikin jirgin sama, tana aiki a matsayin mai koyar da jirgin sama da kuma yin wasa a nunin jiragen sama. Ta riƙe ƙimar jirgin sama da takaddun shaida da yawa, ciki har da CFI, jiragen ruwa na teku, jiragen ƙasa masu saukar ungulu, balan-balan da ƙimar helikwafta. <ref>{{Cite web |title=High flying pilot keeps her feet on the ground |url=https://goldcountrymedia.com/news/40955/high-flying-pilot-keeps-her-feet-on-the-ground/ |access-date=2024-05-23 |website=goldcountrymedia.com |language=en}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |last=Stratford |first=Cecil |date=January 30, 2017 |title=New Horizons - Doris Estella (Rhoads) Lockness (1/30/2017) (The... |url=https://www.ninety-nines.org/NH-Doris_Estella_Rhoads_Lockness_28.htm |access-date=2024-05-23 |website=The Ninety-Nines, Inc. |language=en |archive-date=2024-05-23 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240523150151/https://www.ninety-nines.org/NH-Doris_Estella_Rhoads_Lockness_28.htm |url-status=dead }}</ref> Lockness ta sami ƙimar helikwafta a ranar 20 ga Afrilu, 1963. <ref>{{Cite web |title=MSS 664.55.6 |url=https://twudigital.contentdm.oclc.org/digital/collection/p16283coll1/id/354/ |access-date=2024-05-23 |website=twudigital.contentdm.oclc.org |language=en}}</ref> Ita ce mace ta 55 da ta sami ƙimar helikwafta, kuma ta zama memba ta 55 na Whirly Girls, wata ƙungiya ta mata a fannin jiragen sama masu saukar ungulu. A shekarar 1998, ta sami lasisin jirgin sama na kasuwanci. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Pilots |first=The Ninety-Nines Museum Of Women |title=Doris Lockness : Women Pilots (Museum Of Women Pilots) |url=https://www.museumofwomenpilots.org/women-pilots-doris-lockness-33.htm |access-date=2024-05-23 |website=Museum Of Women Pilots |language=en}}</ref> Ita ce mace ta biyu da ta riƙe matsayin gyroplane mai saurin gudu akai-akai. <ref name=":0">{{Cite web |date=2017-03-02 |title=Hall of Fame pilot Doris Lockness has died |url=https://www.aopa.org/news-and-media/all-news/2017/february/03/hall-of-fame-pilot-doris-lockness-has-died |access-date=2024-05-23 |website=www.aopa.org |language=en}}</ref> A matsayinta na mai wasan kwaikwayo a sararin samaniya, sau da yawa tana tashi da jirgin "Swamp Angel", Vultee Stinson L-5 mai injin dawaki 190 wanda aka yi amfani da shi a New Guinea a yakin duniya na biyu. [1] Ta sayi "Swamp-Angel" a matsayin ƙarin yaƙi kuma ta riƙe jirgin har sai da ta kai shekara 90. [2] Kasadarta ba ta takaita ga sararin samaniya ba. Doris kuma ƙwararriyar mai sha'awar Jaguar ce kuma memba ce a Sacramento Jaguar Club. [3] == Kyaututtuka == * 1995 - Kyautar Dattijon Shugaban Jiragen Sama na Ƙasa <ref>{{Cite web |title=Gone West: Pioneering Female Pilot Doris Lockness {{!}} Aero-News Network |url=https://www.aero-news.net/index.cfm?do=main.textpost&id=df9094c8-06c1-4c82-8f7b-d63c23c602bb |access-date=2024-05-23 |website=www.aero-news.net}}</ref> * 1996 - Kyautar Whirly Girls Livingston * 1997 - Kofin Tunawa da Katharine Wright na NAA * 2002 - Zauren Shahararrun Mata a Sufurin Jiragen Sama na Duniya * 2010 - Babban Jami'in Tsaron Kasa na California na St. Michael <ref>{{Cite web |title=High flying pilot keeps her feet on the ground |url=https://goldcountrymedia.com/news/40955/high-flying-pilot-keeps-her-feet-on-the-ground/ |access-date=2024-05-23 |website=goldcountrymedia.com |language=en}}</ref> * 2010 - Lambar Zinare ta WASP <ref>{{Cite web |title=High flying pilot keeps her feet on the ground |url=https://goldcountrymedia.com/news/40955/high-flying-pilot-keeps-her-feet-on-the-ground/ |access-date=2024-05-23 |website=goldcountrymedia.com |language=en}}</ref> == Mai alaƙa == * Mata matukan jirgin sama na rundunar sojin sama * Casa'in da tara * 'Yan Matan Whirly * "Shawagi" na Henry M. Holden, * "Ladybirds II: Labarin Ci Gaba na Matan Amurka a Jiragen Sama" * "Mata da Jirgin Sama" na Carolyn Russo. == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Mutuwan 2017]] [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1910]] exjfuvn4rs3ldrap24en2ni335x7n2t 0 147085 895435 816297 2026-08-12T08:31:33Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 895435 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Esther Mūchemi''', mai lissafi, 'ɗan kasuwa, 'yar kasuwanci da kuma shugaban kamfanoni a [[Kenya]], wanda ke aiki a matsayin babban jami'in zartarwa na Samchi Group of Companies, wani kamfani daban-daban na Kenya, wanda kamfanoninsa suka hada da sadarwa, microfinance, karɓar baƙi, dukiya, gidajen cin abinci da ICT.<ref name="1R"/> == Tarihi == An haifi Mūchemi a Kenya kuma ta halarci makarantun gida don karatun firamare da sakandare. Ta kammala karatu daga [[Jami'ar Nairobi]] tare da digiri na farko na Kasuwanci . Daga nan sai ta horar da ita a matsayin mai lissafi kuma ta yi aiki a matsayin mai binciken kudi na shekaru ashirin, kafin ta fara aiki a matsayin 'yar kasuwa, da kanta.<ref name="2R">{{Cite web |last=Mulupi |first=Dinfin |date=26 August 2014 |title=How Esther Muchemi's early bet on the growth of mobile telecoms paid off |url=https://www.howwemadeitinafrica.com/how-esther-muchemis-early-bet-on-the-growth-of-mobile-telecoms-paid-off/42824/ |access-date=27 September 2018 |publisher=How We Made It In Africa |archive-date=31 October 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201031105231/https://www.howwemadeitinafrica.com/how-esther-muchemis-early-bet-on-the-growth-of-mobile-telecoms-paid-off/42824/ |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref name="3R">{{Cite web |last=Okoti |first=Daisy |date=2 February 2018 |title=Youth have many opportunities, they just don't see them |url=https://www.nation.co.ke/lifestyle/mynetwork/PERSONALITY-OF-THE-WEEK-Esther-Muchemi-/3141096-4287602-155ajcgz/index.html |access-date=27 September 2018}}</ref> Har ila yau, ita ma Mai ba da takardar shaidar lissafin jama'a ce (CPA), tare da Cibiyar Masu ba da takaddun shaida na jama'a ta Kenya . <ref name="4R">{{Cite web |last=Mwitari |first=David |date=September 2017 |title=10 tips on building an impressive business - Esther Muchemi CEO of Samchi Group of Companies |url=https://www.sde.co.ke/article/2001236514/10-tips-on-building-an-impressive-business-esther-muchemi-ceo-of-samchi-group-of-companies |access-date=27 September 2018 |publisher=SDE.CO.KE}}</ref> == Ayyuka == Shekaru 16, tun daga shekarar 1984, ta yi aiki a masana'antar lissafi a matsayin mai binciken kudi. A shekara ta 2000, ta bar aikinta na yau da kullun kuma ta bude kantin sayar da kayayyaki a kan titin Koinange, a cikin gari [[Nairobi]], babban birnin Kenya, tana sayar da katunan sim na Safaricom da lokacin iska.<ref name="3R"/> A cikin shekaru ta sannu a hankali ta fadada daularta zuwa ƙungiyar saka hannun jari tare da kusan kamfanoni goma sha biyu.<ref name="1R"/> == Kungiyar Samchi == Mūchemi ta shirya kasuwancinta a karkashin laima da aka sani da Samchi Group of Companies . Kungiyar ta haɗa da: (a) Samchi Telecommunications Limited (b) Jumbo Communications Limited (c) Forward Airtime Limited da (d) Mergut Limited. Wadannan hudu na farko duk suna cikin sashin sadarwa.<ref name="1R">{{Cite web |last=Kyatusiimire |first=Sharon |date=13 July 2018 |title=Meet Esther Muchemi, the Kenyan Entrepreneur Inspiring Ugandan Businesswomen |url=https://chimpreports.com/meet-esther-muchemi-the-kenyan-entrepreneur-inspiring-ugandan-businesswomen/ |access-date=27 September 2018 |publisher=Chimprepots.com}}</ref> Sauran kamfanoni a cikin rukuni sune: (e) Samchi Credit Limited, kamfani na microfinance (f) Samchi Heights Limited, kamfanin ci gaban ƙasa (g) Bayan 40 Hotel Limited, wanda ke kan titin Biashara a Nairobi (h) El-Roi Plaza, gidan cin kasuwa da ke kan titinin Tom Mboya a Nairobi (i) Heavenly Wings Limited, gidan cin abinci a cikin El-Rei Plaza da (j) kamfanin ofishin kama-da-wane da ake kira Space International Limited.<ref name="1R"/> A cikin 2018, Kungiyar Samchi ta dauki ma'aikata 560 . <ref name="1R" /> == Sauran la'akari == A cikin 2017, Mūchemi ta kasance mai karɓar lambar yabo ta Jagorancin Mata ta Duniya ta 2017, wanda Cibiyar Tattalin Arziki da Ci gaban Jagora ta bayar. Ta sami lambar yabo a taron mata na Kudancin Amurka-Afirka-Middle East-Asia na 2017, wanda aka gudanar a Dubai, Hadaddiyar Daular Larabawa . [1] A cikin wannan shekarar, an shigar da ita cikin 100 Global Women Leaders Hall of Fame na Amazon. [1] == Dubi kuma == * Stella Kilonzo * [[Catherine Mturi-Wairi]] * Nancy Onyango * Esther Nyaiyaki == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] moxgi85b20aatrw6aazysd9qbo3j1iu 0 147737 895376 819260 2026-08-12T06:49:55Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 895376 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} Elizabeth Shoyemi ƙwararriyar 'yar Najeriya ce kuma ƙwararriya a fannin lafiyar jima'i da haihuwa da kuma kare haƙƙin mata. Tana aiki a matsayin Darakta Mai Kula da Cibiyar Kula da Lafiyar Jama'a (CPHI), wata ƙungiya mai zaman kanta da ke Legas da Port Harcourt, Najeriya, wadda ke kula da buƙatun lafiyar jima'i da haihuwa. == Ilimi == Ta sami digirin farko a fannin ilimin halittu masu rai (microbiology) daga [[Jami'ar Calabar]], digiri na biyu a fannin kimiyyar lafiya daga [[Jami'ar Lagos|Jami'ar Legas]], sannan daga baya ta sami digiri na biyu a fannin gudanar da kasuwanci daga Jami'ar Nexford. <ref name=":2">{{Cite web |last=Africa |first=She Leads |date=2021-09-14 |title=HGCP 2021 Participants: CPHI Director, Elizabeth Shoyemi serves marginalized communities by providing for their sexual and reproductive health needs - She Leads Africa |url=https://sheleadsafrica.org/elizabeth-shoyemi/ |access-date=2026-03-21 |language=en}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |last=Shoyemi |first=Elizabeth |title=Elizabeth Shoyemi: Education |url=https://www.linkedin.com/in/elizabeth-shoyemi-17508a40/details/education/ |access-date=2026-03-21 |website=linkedin.com}}</ref> == Sana'a == Shoyemi ta yi aiki a matsayin babbar darakta ta CPHI, wacce aka kafa a watan Yunin 2020, <ref>{{Cite web |title=Centre for Population Health Initiatives - Organization |url=https://www.idealist.org/en/nonprofit/4f8d14b0965c42849f705f205f1d2e09-centre-for-population-health-initiatives-lagos |access-date=2026-03-21 |website=www.idealist.org |language=en}}</ref> inda kungiyar ke bada kayan gwajin kai kyauta, magungunan STI, PrEP da PEP, da sauran ayyuka ga manyan al'umma a Legas da Jihar Rivers kuma ta ga ayyukan rigakafi sama da 30,000. <ref name=":1">{{Cite web |title=Who We Are – Centre For Population Health Initiatives |url=https://cphing.org/about/ |access-date=2026-03-21 |website=cphing.org}}</ref> <ref name="cphing.org">{{Cite web |title=Centre For Population Health Initiatives – Meeting the sexual and mental health needs of vulnerable populations |url=https://cphing.org/ |access-date=2026-03-21 |website=cphing.org}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |title=Community-Based HIV Prevention and Treatment, Care and Support Services for key populations in Lagos and Rivers – Centre For Population Health Initiatives |url=https://cphing.org/community-based-hiv-prevention-and-treatment-care-and-support-services-for-key-populations-in-lagos-and-rivers/ |access-date=2026-03-21 |website=cphing.org}}</ref> <ref name=":2"/> Tana da kwarewa sama da shekaru 10 a fannin ba da riba, bayan ta yi aiki da kungiyoyi kamar Majalisar Jama'a, Kungiyar Agajin Gaggawa ta DeltaWomen, da Shirin Taimakon Matasa na Najeriya, kuma ta yi aikin sa kai tare da Kungiyar Lafiyar Iyali da Karfafa Matasa. <ref name=":2" /> <ref>{{Cite web |title=Sexuality Leadership Development Fellowship |url=http://www.arsrc.org/training/sldf/alumni2015.html |access-date=2026-03-21 |website=www.arsrc.org |archive-date=2026-04-16 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260416100139/http://www.arsrc.org/training/sldf/alumni2015.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> == Ayyuka == Ta yi aiki tare da rubuta littattafai sama da 20, inda ta tattara ambato sama da 300, kan bincike da aka mayar da hankali kan rage tsangwama da kuma hanyoyin magance ɗabi'a. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Elizabeth Shoyemi |url=https://scholar.google.com/citations?user=U2rzjCQAAAAJ&hl=en |access-date=2026-03-21 |website=scholar.google.com}}</ref> Shoyemi ta gabatar da waɗannan sakamakon a tarurrukan ƙasa da ƙasa tare da haɗin gwiwar ƙungiyoyin lafiya na duniya. Ta yi imanin cewa amfani da dandamalin kiwon lafiya na dijital da kamfen ɗin kafofin sada zumunta shine babban abin da ke haifar da fafutukar rigakafin cutar HIV, yana taimakawa wajen haifar da tasiri da ci gaba mai ɗorewa. <ref name=":0" /> A shekarar 2025, CPHI ta ƙaddamar da injunan sayar da kwaroron roba da man shafawa. Yayin da ɓangaren agaji na Najeriya ke fuskantar raguwar kuɗaɗen shiga daga [[Hukumar Kula da Ci Gaban Kasa da Kasa ta Amurka|USAID]], CPHI ta ci gaba da samar da damar shiga waɗannan muhimman ayyuka. <ref>{{Cite web |title=How Nigerian Non-Profit Organizations are rebooting HIV prevention for LGBTIQ+ people |url=https://www.beintheknow.org/news-and-blogs/how-nigerian-non-profit-organizations-are-rebooting-hiv-prevention-lgbtiq-people |access-date=2026-03-21 |website=Be in the KNOW |language=en}}</ref> == Rayuwa ta sirri == Shoyemi ta fito ne daga jihar [[Akwa Ibom]], a halin yanzu tana zaune a jihar Legas, kuma tana da 'ya'ya biyu. <ref name=":2"/> Ta kammala karatun digiri na biyu yayin da take aiki a matsayin uwa, tana kula da ciki da kuma kula da jariri. <ref>{{Cite web |last=PAWH |first= |date=2019-08-12 |title=Meet Elizabeth Shoyemi, an experienced professional working for an NGO addressing sexual reproductive health and rights of vulnerable people |url=http://www.pawh.org/meet-elizabethan-experienced-professional-working-for-an-ngo-addressing-sexual-reproductive-health-and-rights-of-vulnerable-people/ |access-date=2026-03-21 |website=PAWH |language=en-US}}</ref> == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] hmxtxn941t2rmnlt6bsfiua9yeti0jv 0 148614 895632 826884 2026-08-12T10:52:32Z Maryam Abdullahi Y 43904 895632 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''The Life and Times of Sarah Baartman''' fim ne na Afirka ta Kudu na shekarar 1998 wanda Zola Maseko ya jagoranta. == Bayani game da shi == Fim din ya shafi wata mace mai suna [[Sarah baartman|Sarah Baartman]] a lokacin mulkin mallaka. An kafa shi tsakanin 1810 da 1815, shirin ya ba da labarin gaskiya na wata mace mai shekaru 20 da ke tafiya zuwa [[Landan]] daga Cape Town. Wani memba na mutanen [[Khoekhoe]], an nuna matar a matsayin mai banƙyama a duk faɗin Ingila kuma ta zama sananne da Hottentot Venus . Wata kungiya mai adawa da abolitionist ba ta yi nasara ba ta kai karar don 'yantar da ita daga masu baje kolin. An kai Baartman Faransa a 1814 kuma daga nan ya zama batun binciken kimiyya. Ko da bayan mutuwarta a shekara mai zuwa, ta zama alama ce ta ƙarancin al'adun Afirka kuma an nuna gabobin jima'i da kwakwalwarta a Gidan Tarihi na Mutum har zuwa 1985.<ref name="Icarus">{{Cite web |title=The Life and Times of Sarah Baartman:"The Hottentot Venus" |url=http://icarusfilms.com/new99/hottento.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081023131437/http://icarusfilms.com/new99/hottento.html |archive-date=23 October 2008 |access-date=4 November 2020 |publisher=Icarus Films}}</ref> == Fitarwa == Zola Maseko ya yi tafiya zuwa Paris don duba gyaran gyare-gyare na jikin Baartman a Gidan Tarihi na Mutum . Don kada ya sake maimaita abin da matar kanta ta fuskanta, sai ya yanke shawarar kada ya yi fim din a tsirara. Maimakon haka, Maseko ya shawo kan wani ma'aikacin gidan kayan gargajiya na Afirka ya bar shi ya yi amfani da rigarta don taimakawa wajen kiyaye mutunci ga Baartman. Maseko ya yi aiki a kan fim din na tsawon shekaru bakwai. == Saki da karɓa == Fim din ya sami yabo sosai. Ya sami kyaututtuka da yawa ciki har da Mafi Kyawun Takaddun Afirka, 1999 a [[Panafrican Film and Television Festival of Ouagadougou|Bikin Fim da Talabijin na Panafrican na Ouagadougou]] (FESPACO), Mafi Kyawun Kaddun a Bikin Finai na Afirka na Milan na 1999 da kuma lambar yabo a Bikin Fasaha na Kungiyar Fim na Afirka na 2001. <ref name="Icarus">{{Cite web |title=The Life and Times of Sarah Baartman:"The Hottentot Venus" |url=http://icarusfilms.com/new99/hottento.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081023131437/http://icarusfilms.com/new99/hottento.html |archive-date=23 October 2008 |access-date=4 November 2020 |publisher=Icarus Films}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[http://icarusfilms.com/new99/hottento.html "The Life and Times of Sarah Baartman:"The Hottentot Venus""]. Icarus Films. [https://web.archive.org/web/20081023131437/http://icarusfilms.com/new99/hottento.html Archived] from the original on 23 October 2008<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">4 November</span> 2020</span>.</cite></ref> A rubuce-rubuce a cikin mujallar ''H-AfriLitCine'', Miriam Ma'at-Ka-Re Monges ta kira shi "fim ne mai kyau" kuma ta ce "za ta ba da shawarar cewa a sanya shi wani ɓangare na ɗakin karatu na bidiyo na shirye-shiryen Nazarin Mata na Afirka, Afirka da na Mata. <ref name="Icarus" /> [[Keith Shiri]] ya rubuta a cikin ''[[The Guardian]]'': "Wannan fim mai ƙarfi shine fim na biyu ne kawai daga wannan matashi mai yin fim din Afirka kuma ya yi shelar fitowar mai basira da kuma ya zama mai ban sha'awa sosai". <ref>{{Cite web |last=Shiri |first=Keith |title=The Life and Times of Sara Baartman - The Hottentot Venus |url=https://www.theguardian.com/film/movie/80285/life-and-times-of-sara-baartman-the-hottentot-venus |access-date=4 November 2020 |website=[[The Guardian]]}}</ref> Jane Bryce na tarihin fim ɗin zamani mai zurfiyar amfani da ra'ayi mai zurfi na tarihin fim din.<ref name="Icarus" /> == Bayanan da aka ambata == {{reflist}} == Haɗin waje == * [[imdbtitle:0290726|Rayuwa da Lokaci na Sarah Baartman]] a Cibiyar [[IMDb|Bayanan Fim na Intanet]] i2qhs5sd2h6cu70ghxazv9u6qtxe3nv 895633 895632 2026-08-12T10:52:41Z Maryam Abdullahi Y 43904 895633 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''The Life and Times of Sarah Baartman''' fim ne na Afirka ta Kudu na shekarar 1998 wanda Zola Maseko ya jagoranta. == Bayani game da shi == Fim ɗin ya shafi wata mace mai suna [[Sarah baartman|Sarah Baartman]] a lokacin mulkin mallaka. An kafa shi tsakanin 1810 da 1815, shirin ya ba da labarin gaskiya na wata mace mai shekaru 20 da ke tafiya zuwa [[Landan]] daga Cape Town. Wani memba na mutanen [[Khoekhoe]], an nuna matar a matsayin mai banƙyama a duk faɗin Ingila kuma ta zama sananne da Hottentot Venus . Wata kungiya mai adawa da abolitionist ba ta yi nasara ba ta kai karar don 'yantar da ita daga masu baje kolin. An kai Baartman Faransa a 1814 kuma daga nan ya zama batun binciken kimiyya. Ko da bayan mutuwarta a shekara mai zuwa, ta zama alama ce ta ƙarancin al'adun Afirka kuma an nuna gabobin jima'i da kwakwalwarta a Gidan Tarihi na Mutum har zuwa 1985.<ref name="Icarus">{{Cite web |title=The Life and Times of Sarah Baartman:"The Hottentot Venus" |url=http://icarusfilms.com/new99/hottento.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081023131437/http://icarusfilms.com/new99/hottento.html |archive-date=23 October 2008 |access-date=4 November 2020 |publisher=Icarus Films}}</ref> == Fitarwa == Zola Maseko ya yi tafiya zuwa Paris don duba gyaran gyare-gyare na jikin Baartman a Gidan Tarihi na Mutum . Don kada ya sake maimaita abin da matar kanta ta fuskanta, sai ya yanke shawarar kada ya yi fim din a tsirara. Maimakon haka, Maseko ya shawo kan wani ma'aikacin gidan kayan gargajiya na Afirka ya bar shi ya yi amfani da rigarta don taimakawa wajen kiyaye mutunci ga Baartman. Maseko ya yi aiki a kan fim din na tsawon shekaru bakwai. == Saki da karɓa == Fim din ya sami yabo sosai. Ya sami kyaututtuka da yawa ciki har da Mafi Kyawun Takaddun Afirka, 1999 a [[Panafrican Film and Television Festival of Ouagadougou|Bikin Fim da Talabijin na Panafrican na Ouagadougou]] (FESPACO), Mafi Kyawun Kaddun a Bikin Finai na Afirka na Milan na 1999 da kuma lambar yabo a Bikin Fasaha na Kungiyar Fim na Afirka na 2001. <ref name="Icarus">{{Cite web |title=The Life and Times of Sarah Baartman:"The Hottentot Venus" |url=http://icarusfilms.com/new99/hottento.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081023131437/http://icarusfilms.com/new99/hottento.html |archive-date=23 October 2008 |access-date=4 November 2020 |publisher=Icarus Films}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[http://icarusfilms.com/new99/hottento.html "The Life and Times of Sarah Baartman:"The Hottentot Venus""]. Icarus Films. [https://web.archive.org/web/20081023131437/http://icarusfilms.com/new99/hottento.html Archived] from the original on 23 October 2008<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">4 November</span> 2020</span>.</cite></ref> A rubuce-rubuce a cikin mujallar ''H-AfriLitCine'', Miriam Ma'at-Ka-Re Monges ta kira shi "fim ne mai kyau" kuma ta ce "za ta ba da shawarar cewa a sanya shi wani ɓangare na ɗakin karatu na bidiyo na shirye-shiryen Nazarin Mata na Afirka, Afirka da na Mata. <ref name="Icarus" /> [[Keith Shiri]] ya rubuta a cikin ''[[The Guardian]]'': "Wannan fim mai ƙarfi shine fim na biyu ne kawai daga wannan matashi mai yin fim din Afirka kuma ya yi shelar fitowar mai basira da kuma ya zama mai ban sha'awa sosai". <ref>{{Cite web |last=Shiri |first=Keith |title=The Life and Times of Sara Baartman - The Hottentot Venus |url=https://www.theguardian.com/film/movie/80285/life-and-times-of-sara-baartman-the-hottentot-venus |access-date=4 November 2020 |website=[[The Guardian]]}}</ref> Jane Bryce na tarihin fim ɗin zamani mai zurfiyar amfani da ra'ayi mai zurfi na tarihin fim din.<ref name="Icarus" /> == Bayanan da aka ambata == {{reflist}} == Haɗin waje == * [[imdbtitle:0290726|Rayuwa da Lokaci na Sarah Baartman]] a Cibiyar [[IMDb|Bayanan Fim na Intanet]] 3zlencq0h0jc9jdgs8fddm8fs9ul3uy 895634 895633 2026-08-12T10:52:56Z Maryam Abdullahi Y 43904 895634 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''The Life and Times of Sarah Baartman''' fim ne na Afirka ta Kudu na shekarar 1998 wanda Zola Maseko ya jagoranta. == Bayani game da shi == Fim ɗin ya shafi wata mace mai suna [[Sarah baartman|Sarah Baartman]] a lokacin mulkin mallaka. An kafa shi tsakanin 1810 da 1815, shirin ya ba da labarin gaskiya na wata mace mai shekaru 20 da ke tafiya zuwa [[Landan]] daga Cape Town. Wani memba na mutanen [[Khoekhoe]], an nuna matar a matsayin mai banƙyama a duk faɗin Ingila kuma ta zama sananne da Hottentot Venus . Wata ƙungiya mai adawa da abolitionist ba ta yi nasara ba ta kai karar don 'yantar da ita daga masu baje kolin. An kai Baartman Faransa a 1814 kuma daga nan ya zama batun binciken kimiyya. Ko da bayan mutuwarta a shekara mai zuwa, ta zama alama ce ta ƙarancin al'adun Afirka kuma an nuna gabobin jima'i da kwakwalwarta a Gidan Tarihi na Mutum har zuwa 1985.<ref name="Icarus">{{Cite web |title=The Life and Times of Sarah Baartman:"The Hottentot Venus" |url=http://icarusfilms.com/new99/hottento.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081023131437/http://icarusfilms.com/new99/hottento.html |archive-date=23 October 2008 |access-date=4 November 2020 |publisher=Icarus Films}}</ref> == Fitarwa == Zola Maseko ya yi tafiya zuwa Paris don duba gyaran gyare-gyare na jikin Baartman a Gidan Tarihi na Mutum . Don kada ya sake maimaita abin da matar kanta ta fuskanta, sai ya yanke shawarar kada ya yi fim din a tsirara. Maimakon haka, Maseko ya shawo kan wani ma'aikacin gidan kayan gargajiya na Afirka ya bar shi ya yi amfani da rigarta don taimakawa wajen kiyaye mutunci ga Baartman. Maseko ya yi aiki a kan fim din na tsawon shekaru bakwai. == Saki da karɓa == Fim din ya sami yabo sosai. Ya sami kyaututtuka da yawa ciki har da Mafi Kyawun Takaddun Afirka, 1999 a [[Panafrican Film and Television Festival of Ouagadougou|Bikin Fim da Talabijin na Panafrican na Ouagadougou]] (FESPACO), Mafi Kyawun Kaddun a Bikin Finai na Afirka na Milan na 1999 da kuma lambar yabo a Bikin Fasaha na Kungiyar Fim na Afirka na 2001. <ref name="Icarus">{{Cite web |title=The Life and Times of Sarah Baartman:"The Hottentot Venus" |url=http://icarusfilms.com/new99/hottento.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081023131437/http://icarusfilms.com/new99/hottento.html |archive-date=23 October 2008 |access-date=4 November 2020 |publisher=Icarus Films}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[http://icarusfilms.com/new99/hottento.html "The Life and Times of Sarah Baartman:"The Hottentot Venus""]. Icarus Films. [https://web.archive.org/web/20081023131437/http://icarusfilms.com/new99/hottento.html Archived] from the original on 23 October 2008<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">4 November</span> 2020</span>.</cite></ref> A rubuce-rubuce a cikin mujallar ''H-AfriLitCine'', Miriam Ma'at-Ka-Re Monges ta kira shi "fim ne mai kyau" kuma ta ce "za ta ba da shawarar cewa a sanya shi wani ɓangare na ɗakin karatu na bidiyo na shirye-shiryen Nazarin Mata na Afirka, Afirka da na Mata. <ref name="Icarus" /> [[Keith Shiri]] ya rubuta a cikin ''[[The Guardian]]'': "Wannan fim mai ƙarfi shine fim na biyu ne kawai daga wannan matashi mai yin fim din Afirka kuma ya yi shelar fitowar mai basira da kuma ya zama mai ban sha'awa sosai". <ref>{{Cite web |last=Shiri |first=Keith |title=The Life and Times of Sara Baartman - The Hottentot Venus |url=https://www.theguardian.com/film/movie/80285/life-and-times-of-sara-baartman-the-hottentot-venus |access-date=4 November 2020 |website=[[The Guardian]]}}</ref> Jane Bryce na tarihin fim ɗin zamani mai zurfiyar amfani da ra'ayi mai zurfi na tarihin fim din.<ref name="Icarus" /> == Bayanan da aka ambata == {{reflist}} == Haɗin waje == * [[imdbtitle:0290726|Rayuwa da Lokaci na Sarah Baartman]] a Cibiyar [[IMDb|Bayanan Fim na Intanet]] 1vhxvqg1holed366at9cf4q0s2x0k57 895635 895634 2026-08-12T10:53:10Z Maryam Abdullahi Y 43904 895635 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''The Life and Times of Sarah Baartman''' fim ne na Afirka ta Kudu na shekarar 1998 wanda Zola Maseko ya jagoranta. == Bayani game da shi == Fim ɗin ya shafi wata mace mai suna [[Sarah baartman|Sarah Baartman]] a lokacin mulkin mallaka. An kafa shi tsakanin 1810 da 1815, shirin ya ba da labarin gaskiya na wata mace mai shekaru 20 da ke tafiya zuwa [[Landan]] daga Cape Town. Wani memba na mutanen [[Khoekhoe]], an nuna matar a matsayin mai banƙyama a duk faɗin Ingila kuma ta zama sananne da Hottentot Venus . Wata ƙungiya mai adawa da abolitionist ba ta yi nasara ba ta kai karar don ƴantar da ita daga masu baje kolin. An kai Baartman Faransa a 1814 kuma daga nan ya zama batun binciken kimiyya. Ko da bayan mutuwarta a shekara mai zuwa, ta zama alama ce ta ƙarancin al'adun Afirka kuma an nuna gabobin jima'i da kwakwalwarta a Gidan Tarihi na Mutum har zuwa 1985.<ref name="Icarus">{{Cite web |title=The Life and Times of Sarah Baartman:"The Hottentot Venus" |url=http://icarusfilms.com/new99/hottento.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081023131437/http://icarusfilms.com/new99/hottento.html |archive-date=23 October 2008 |access-date=4 November 2020 |publisher=Icarus Films}}</ref> == Fitarwa == Zola Maseko ya yi tafiya zuwa Paris don duba gyaran gyare-gyare na jikin Baartman a Gidan Tarihi na Mutum . Don kada ya sake maimaita abin da matar kanta ta fuskanta, sai ya yanke shawarar kada ya yi fim din a tsirara. Maimakon haka, Maseko ya shawo kan wani ma'aikacin gidan kayan gargajiya na Afirka ya bar shi ya yi amfani da rigarta don taimakawa wajen kiyaye mutunci ga Baartman. Maseko ya yi aiki a kan fim din na tsawon shekaru bakwai. == Saki da karɓa == Fim din ya sami yabo sosai. Ya sami kyaututtuka da yawa ciki har da Mafi Kyawun Takaddun Afirka, 1999 a [[Panafrican Film and Television Festival of Ouagadougou|Bikin Fim da Talabijin na Panafrican na Ouagadougou]] (FESPACO), Mafi Kyawun Kaddun a Bikin Finai na Afirka na Milan na 1999 da kuma lambar yabo a Bikin Fasaha na Kungiyar Fim na Afirka na 2001. <ref name="Icarus">{{Cite web |title=The Life and Times of Sarah Baartman:"The Hottentot Venus" |url=http://icarusfilms.com/new99/hottento.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081023131437/http://icarusfilms.com/new99/hottento.html |archive-date=23 October 2008 |access-date=4 November 2020 |publisher=Icarus Films}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[http://icarusfilms.com/new99/hottento.html "The Life and Times of Sarah Baartman:"The Hottentot Venus""]. Icarus Films. [https://web.archive.org/web/20081023131437/http://icarusfilms.com/new99/hottento.html Archived] from the original on 23 October 2008<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">4 November</span> 2020</span>.</cite></ref> A rubuce-rubuce a cikin mujallar ''H-AfriLitCine'', Miriam Ma'at-Ka-Re Monges ta kira shi "fim ne mai kyau" kuma ta ce "za ta ba da shawarar cewa a sanya shi wani ɓangare na ɗakin karatu na bidiyo na shirye-shiryen Nazarin Mata na Afirka, Afirka da na Mata. <ref name="Icarus" /> [[Keith Shiri]] ya rubuta a cikin ''[[The Guardian]]'': "Wannan fim mai ƙarfi shine fim na biyu ne kawai daga wannan matashi mai yin fim din Afirka kuma ya yi shelar fitowar mai basira da kuma ya zama mai ban sha'awa sosai". <ref>{{Cite web |last=Shiri |first=Keith |title=The Life and Times of Sara Baartman - The Hottentot Venus |url=https://www.theguardian.com/film/movie/80285/life-and-times-of-sara-baartman-the-hottentot-venus |access-date=4 November 2020 |website=[[The Guardian]]}}</ref> Jane Bryce na tarihin fim ɗin zamani mai zurfiyar amfani da ra'ayi mai zurfi na tarihin fim din.<ref name="Icarus" /> == Bayanan da aka ambata == {{reflist}} == Haɗin waje == * [[imdbtitle:0290726|Rayuwa da Lokaci na Sarah Baartman]] a Cibiyar [[IMDb|Bayanan Fim na Intanet]] 5vwhdzrpxevxa2x7negxposn5xr16zo 895636 895635 2026-08-12T10:53:20Z Maryam Abdullahi Y 43904 895636 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''The Life and Times of Sarah Baartman''' fim ne na Afirka ta Kudu na shekarar 1998 wanda Zola Maseko ya jagoranta. == Bayani game da shi == Fim ɗin ya shafi wata mace mai suna [[Sarah baartman|Sarah Baartman]] a lokacin mulkin mallaka. An kafa shi tsakanin 1810 da 1815, shirin ya ba da labarin gaskiya na wata mace mai shekaru 20 da ke tafiya zuwa [[Landan]] daga Cape Town. Wani memba na mutanen [[Khoekhoe]], an nuna matar a matsayin mai banƙyama a duk faɗin Ingila kuma ta zama sananne da Hottentot Venus . Wata ƙungiya mai adawa da abolitionist ba ta yi nasara ba ta kai karar don ƴantar da ita daga masu baje kolin. An kai Baartman Faransa a 1814 kuma daga nan ya zama batun binciken kimiyya. Ko da bayan mutuwarta a shekara mai zuwa, ta zama alama ce ta ƙarancin al'adun Afirka kuma an nuna gabobin jima'i da kwakwalwarta a Gidan Tarihi na Mutum har zuwa 1985.<ref name="Icarus">{{Cite web |title=The Life and Times of Sarah Baartman:"The Hottentot Venus" |url=http://icarusfilms.com/new99/hottento.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081023131437/http://icarusfilms.com/new99/hottento.html |archive-date=23 October 2008 |access-date=4 November 2020 |publisher=Icarus Films}}</ref> == Fitarwa == Zola Maseko ya kuma yi tafiya zuwa Paris don duba gyaran gyare-gyare na jikin Baartman a Gidan Tarihi na Mutum . Don kada ya sake maimaita abin da matar kanta ta fuskanta, sai ya yanke shawarar kada ya yi fim din a tsirara. Maimakon haka, Maseko ya shawo kan wani ma'aikacin gidan kayan gargajiya na Afirka ya bar shi ya yi amfani da rigarta don taimakawa wajen kiyaye mutunci ga Baartman. Maseko ya yi aiki a kan fim din na tsawon shekaru bakwai. == Saki da karɓa == Fim din ya sami yabo sosai. Ya sami kyaututtuka da yawa ciki har da Mafi Kyawun Takaddun Afirka, 1999 a [[Panafrican Film and Television Festival of Ouagadougou|Bikin Fim da Talabijin na Panafrican na Ouagadougou]] (FESPACO), Mafi Kyawun Kaddun a Bikin Finai na Afirka na Milan na 1999 da kuma lambar yabo a Bikin Fasaha na Kungiyar Fim na Afirka na 2001. <ref name="Icarus">{{Cite web |title=The Life and Times of Sarah Baartman:"The Hottentot Venus" |url=http://icarusfilms.com/new99/hottento.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081023131437/http://icarusfilms.com/new99/hottento.html |archive-date=23 October 2008 |access-date=4 November 2020 |publisher=Icarus Films}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[http://icarusfilms.com/new99/hottento.html "The Life and Times of Sarah Baartman:"The Hottentot Venus""]. Icarus Films. [https://web.archive.org/web/20081023131437/http://icarusfilms.com/new99/hottento.html Archived] from the original on 23 October 2008<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">4 November</span> 2020</span>.</cite></ref> A rubuce-rubuce a cikin mujallar ''H-AfriLitCine'', Miriam Ma'at-Ka-Re Monges ta kira shi "fim ne mai kyau" kuma ta ce "za ta ba da shawarar cewa a sanya shi wani ɓangare na ɗakin karatu na bidiyo na shirye-shiryen Nazarin Mata na Afirka, Afirka da na Mata. <ref name="Icarus" /> [[Keith Shiri]] ya rubuta a cikin ''[[The Guardian]]'': "Wannan fim mai ƙarfi shine fim na biyu ne kawai daga wannan matashi mai yin fim din Afirka kuma ya yi shelar fitowar mai basira da kuma ya zama mai ban sha'awa sosai". <ref>{{Cite web |last=Shiri |first=Keith |title=The Life and Times of Sara Baartman - The Hottentot Venus |url=https://www.theguardian.com/film/movie/80285/life-and-times-of-sara-baartman-the-hottentot-venus |access-date=4 November 2020 |website=[[The Guardian]]}}</ref> Jane Bryce na tarihin fim ɗin zamani mai zurfiyar amfani da ra'ayi mai zurfi na tarihin fim din.<ref name="Icarus" /> == Bayanan da aka ambata == {{reflist}} == Haɗin waje == * [[imdbtitle:0290726|Rayuwa da Lokaci na Sarah Baartman]] a Cibiyar [[IMDb|Bayanan Fim na Intanet]] 8vrkkop5zir07plq8gyder8sjyky9u2 895637 895636 2026-08-12T10:53:36Z Maryam Abdullahi Y 43904 895637 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''The Life and Times of Sarah Baartman''' fim ne na Afirka ta Kudu na shekarar 1998 wanda Zola Maseko ya jagoranta. == Bayani game da shi == Fim ɗin ya shafi wata mace mai suna [[Sarah baartman|Sarah Baartman]] a lokacin mulkin mallaka. An kafa shi tsakanin 1810 da 1815, shirin ya ba da labarin gaskiya na wata mace mai shekaru 20 da ke tafiya zuwa [[Landan]] daga Cape Town. Wani memba na mutanen [[Khoekhoe]], an nuna matar a matsayin mai banƙyama a duk faɗin Ingila kuma ta zama sananne da Hottentot Venus . Wata ƙungiya mai adawa da abolitionist ba ta yi nasara ba ta kai karar don ƴantar da ita daga masu baje kolin. An kai Baartman Faransa a 1814 kuma daga nan ya zama batun binciken kimiyya. Ko da bayan mutuwarta a shekara mai zuwa, ta zama alama ce ta ƙarancin al'adun Afirka kuma an nuna gabobin jima'i da kwakwalwarta a Gidan Tarihi na Mutum har zuwa 1985.<ref name="Icarus">{{Cite web |title=The Life and Times of Sarah Baartman:"The Hottentot Venus" |url=http://icarusfilms.com/new99/hottento.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081023131437/http://icarusfilms.com/new99/hottento.html |archive-date=23 October 2008 |access-date=4 November 2020 |publisher=Icarus Films}}</ref> == Fitarwa == Zola Maseko ya kuma yi tafiya zuwa Paris don duba gyaran gyare-gyare na jikin Baartman a Gidan Tarihi na Mutum . Don kada ya sake maimaita abin da matar kanta ta fuskanta, sai ya yanke shawarar kada ya yi fim din a tsirara. Maimakon haka, Maseko ya shawo kan wani ma'aikacin gidan kayan gargajiya na Afirka ya bar shi ya yi amfani da rigarta don taimakawa wajen kiyaye mutunci ga Baartman. Maseko ya yi aiki a kan fim din na tsawon shekaru bakwai. == Saki da karɓa == Fim ɗin ya sami yabo sosai. Ya sami kyaututtuka da yawa ciki har da Mafi Kyawun Takaddun Afirka, 1999 a [[Panafrican Film and Television Festival of Ouagadougou|Bikin Fim da Talabijin na Panafrican na Ouagadougou]] (FESPACO), Mafi Kyawun Kaddun a Bikin Finai na Afirka na Milan na 1999 da kuma lambar yabo a Bikin Fasaha na Kungiyar Fim na Afirka na 2001. <ref name="Icarus">{{Cite web |title=The Life and Times of Sarah Baartman:"The Hottentot Venus" |url=http://icarusfilms.com/new99/hottento.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081023131437/http://icarusfilms.com/new99/hottento.html |archive-date=23 October 2008 |access-date=4 November 2020 |publisher=Icarus Films}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[http://icarusfilms.com/new99/hottento.html "The Life and Times of Sarah Baartman:"The Hottentot Venus""]. Icarus Films. [https://web.archive.org/web/20081023131437/http://icarusfilms.com/new99/hottento.html Archived] from the original on 23 October 2008<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">4 November</span> 2020</span>.</cite></ref> A rubuce-rubuce a cikin mujallar ''H-AfriLitCine'', Miriam Ma'at-Ka-Re Monges ta kira shi "fim ne mai kyau" kuma ta ce "za ta ba da shawarar cewa a sanya shi wani ɓangare na ɗakin karatu na bidiyo na shirye-shiryen Nazarin Mata na Afirka, Afirka da na Mata. <ref name="Icarus" /> [[Keith Shiri]] ya rubuta a cikin ''[[The Guardian]]'': "Wannan fim mai ƙarfi shine fim na biyu ne kawai daga wannan matashi mai yin fim din Afirka kuma ya yi shelar fitowar mai basira da kuma ya zama mai ban sha'awa sosai". <ref>{{Cite web |last=Shiri |first=Keith |title=The Life and Times of Sara Baartman - The Hottentot Venus |url=https://www.theguardian.com/film/movie/80285/life-and-times-of-sara-baartman-the-hottentot-venus |access-date=4 November 2020 |website=[[The Guardian]]}}</ref> Jane Bryce na tarihin fim ɗin zamani mai zurfiyar amfani da ra'ayi mai zurfi na tarihin fim din.<ref name="Icarus" /> == Bayanan da aka ambata == {{reflist}} == Haɗin waje == * [[imdbtitle:0290726|Rayuwa da Lokaci na Sarah Baartman]] a Cibiyar [[IMDb|Bayanan Fim na Intanet]] mwrsi5plf06x39xt569709nawnxg5vx 0 148644 895315 839580 2026-08-12T00:09:51Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 0 sources and tagging 1 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 895315 wikitext text/x-wiki   '''Dawn Cavanagh''' (23 Maris 1962) 'yar gwagwarmayar [[Afirka ta Kudu]] ce, [[marubuci]] kuma mai fafutuka mata.<ref name="unngls">{{Cite web |title=Patricia Dawn Cavanagh - UN-NGLS |url=https://www.unngls.org/IMG/docx/DAWN_CAVANAGH.docx |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230318103915/https://www.unngls.org/IMG/docx/DAWN_CAVANAGH.docx |archive-date=18 March 2023 |access-date=29 November 2017 |publisher=United Nations Non-Governmental Liaison Service}}</ref> == Rayuwa ta farko da ilimi == An haifi Cavanagh a ranar 23 ga Maris 1962. Ta halarci [[Fairvale Senior Secondary School|Makarantar Sakandare ta Fairvale]] a Wentworth, KwaZulu-Natal, kuma ta kammala karatu daga [[Jami'ar Natal]] tare da digiri na farko na Kimiyya a aikin zamantakewa a shekarar 1982. Ta sami digiri na farko a fannin zamantakewa daga [[Jami'ar Afirka ta Kudu]] a 1996 kuma ta yi karatu don digiri na biyu a karatun ci gaba daga Jami'an Natal . <ref name="unngls"/> == Ayyuka == Cavanagh ta kasance mai aiki a [[Afirka ta Kudu]] a fannonin daidaito ga kiwon lafiya, gwagwarmayar [[Kanjamau|HIV / AIDS]], haƙƙin mata, haƙƙin jima'i da haƙƙin haihuwa. Ta yi aiki a kan ayyukan Adalci na zamantakewa da ci gaba a cikin al'ummomin gida da kuma yankuna da na duniya.<ref name="cooper">{{Cite journal |last=Cooper |first=Meghan |date=November 2011 |title=Preventing the gendered reproduction of citizenship: the role of social movements in South Africa |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/41306010 |journal=Gender & Development |volume=19 |issue=3 |pages=357–370 |doi=10.1080/13552074.2011.625634 |url-access=subscription |access-date=10 June 2024}}</ref> A shekara ta 2004, ta yi aiki ga Forum for the Empowerment of Women da Coalition of African Lesbians, <ref name=":1">{{Cite web |date=2018-03-07 |title=10 vozes femininas poderosas na luta por direitos iguais pelo mundo |url=https://claudia.abril.com.br/noticias/mulheres-a-frente-da-luta-por-direitos-iguais/ |access-date=2023-01-06 |website=CLAUDIA |language=pt-BR}}</ref> kungiyar kare hakkin mata ta farko a Afirka ta Kudu. Ta kuma yi aiki ga Oxfam da kuma [[Masu Kare Ƴancin Jama'a|Masu kare hakkin bil'adama]], Akina Mama wa Afrika da Cibiyar Jagorancin Mata a [[Namibiya|Namibia]]. <ref>{{Cite web |date=22 April 2019 |title=Re-orienting and strengthening the journey of feminist and transformational leadership at the African Women's Leadership Institute |url=https://www.akinamamawaafrika.org/re-orienting-and-strengthening-the-journey-of-feminist-and-transformational-leadership-at-the-african-womens-leadership-institute/ |access-date=2023-01-06 |website=Akina Mama wa Afrika |language=en-US }}{{Dead link|date=August 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Lesbian empowerment programme - Women's Leadership Centre |url=https://www.wlc-namibia.org/projects/lesbian-empowerment-programme |access-date=2023-01-06 |website=www.wlc-namibia.org}}</ref> Ta taimaka wajen kafa Coalition of African [[Maɗigo|lesbian]] a shekara ta 2004 <ref name=":1" /> kuma ta zama darakta a shekara ta 2010. A cikin 2014, Cavanagh ya kafa shirin Masakhane ([[Harshen Zulu|Zulu]] don "Ku zo, bari mu sami ƙarfi tare") tare da LSVD na Jamus don samar da ingantaccen hanyar sadarwa da karfafawa ga mata masu jima'i da masu canza launin fata a Afirka ta kudu da Sahara. Cavanagh ya kuma yi aiki tare da AWID.<ref>{{Cite web |date=12 July 2012 |title=Ongoing Dilemmas: Religion, Fundamentalisms and Human Rights panel session - 12th AWID Forum |url=https://www.awid.org/news-and-analysis/ongoing-dilemmas-religion-fundamentalisms-and-human-rights-panel-session-12th |access-date=2023-01-06 |website=AWID}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2014-10-20 |title=The Right To Autonomy Over Our Bodies And Loves: The Resolution On Human Rights, Sexual Orientation And Gender Identity Furthers Dialogue |url=https://sxpolitics.org/around-the-web-148/9908 |access-date=2023-01-06 |website=Sexuality Policy Watch |language=en-US |archive-date=2023-01-06 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230106230940/https://sxpolitics.org/around-the-web-148/9908 |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Marler |first=Isabel |date=26 September 2016 |title=12 Activists Who Will Make You Hopeful For Feminist Futures |url=https://wunrn.com/2016/09/12-activists-who-will-make-you-hopeful-for-feminist-futures/ |access-date=2023-01-06 |website=WUNRN |language=en-US}}</ref> == Littattafai == * "Rashin jadawalin Beijing a cikin Tekun 'Sabon Magani' ga cutar kanjamau da cutar kanjamauyyar cuta" (2005), a cikin ''Agenda: Karfafa Mata don Daidaita Jima'i.''<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Cavanagh |first=Dawn |date=2005 |title=Losing the Beijing Agenda in the Sea of 'New Solutions' to HIV and AIDS |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/4066563 |journal=Agenda: Empowering Women for Gender Equity |issue=64 |pages=17–20 |issn=1013-0950 |jstor=4066563}}</ref> * REFLECT na OTHER: Shekaru biyar na gina Gidauniyar Al'umma tare da mutanen LGBTIQ a Kudancin Afirka Binciken waje (2019) (tare da Hope Chigudu) == Manazarta == {{Reflist}}{{Authority control}} [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1962]] t7ezz1i1w9080c5y94xr6wxa8i5jqo0 0 149168 894978 829851 2026-08-11T14:00:43Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 894978 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Henrique Guedes da Silva''' (an haife shi a ranar 6 ga Maris 1972), wanda aka fi sani da '''Catanha''', ƙwararren [[Kungiyar Kwallon Kafa|ɗan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa]] ne wanda ke buga wasa a matsayin ɗan wasan gaba a ƙungiyar Segunda Federación Conquense . An haife shi a Brazil, ya wakilci ƙungiyar ƙwallon ƙafa ta ƙasar Spain . Ya buga wasa kusan kawai ga ƙananan ƙungiyoyi a ƙasarsa ta Brazil (jimilla ƙungiyoyi bakwai), sai dai ɗan gajeren lokaci tare da Atlético Mineiro . Ya fafata a Spain a cikin shekaru 12, musamman tare da [[RC Celta de Vigo|Celta]], inda ya tara jimillar wasanni 148 a [[La Liga|gasar La Liga]] da kwallaye 62 a cikin shekaru biyar. == Aikin kulob == An haifi Catanha a [[Recife]] . Bayan ya buga wasa da ƙananan ƙungiyoyi a ƙasarsa ta haihuwa, ya isa Portugal a shekarar 1995 don bugawa CF Os Belenenses wasa, tare da ɗan ƙasarsa Everton Giovanella wanda daga baya ya buga wasa da shi a ƙungiyoyi biyu a Spain; a can ne ya fara fafatawa a rukuni na biyu, tare da UD Salamanca da CD Leganés . Catanha ya koma Malaga CF a kakar wasa ta 1998-99, ya ba da gudummawa da kwallaye 26 ga ƙungiyar [[Andalusia]] a gasar [[La Liga]], kuma ya lashe Kofin Pichichi . <ref>{{Cite web |date=7 May 2015 |title=Catanha: "El Málaga CF me dio la oportunidad de ir a la selección" |trans-title=Catanha: "Málaga CF gave me the chance to reach the national team" |url=http://www.malagacf.com/noticia/catanha-el-malaga-cf-me-dio-la-oportunidad-de-ir-a-la-seleccion |access-date=4 May 2016 |publisher=Málaga CF |language=Spanish}}</ref> Ya ci ƙarin kwallaye 24 a gasar 1999-2000, inda ya yi kunnen doki da Jimmy Floyd Hasselbaink na [[Atlético Madrid|Atletico Madrid]] . Catanha ya koma [[RC Celta de Vigo]] a watan Yulin 2000, inda ya taka muhimmiyar rawa a wasannin da [[Galicia (Spain)|Galicia]] ta yi a cikin gida da kuma [[UEFA|na Turai]] a cikin shekaru uku. Duk da haka, lokacin da kulob din ya buga [[UEFA Champions League|gasar zakarun Turai ta UEFA]] a kakar wasa ta 2003-04, ya goyi bayan Savo Milošević ne kawai, kuma ya sha wahala a faduwa daga gasar . <ref>{{Cite web |date=3 April 2008 |title=Catanha |url=http://www.yojugueenelcelta.com/2008/04/catanha.html |access-date=6 April 2014 |publisher=Yo Jugué en el Celta |language=Spanish}}</ref> Bayan haka Catanha ba a kula da shi sosai ba, yana wakiltar FC Krylia Sovetov Samara, Belenenses, Marília Atlético Clube da Clube Atlético Mineiro . <ref>{{Cite web |date=20 August 2005 |title=Catanha estréia no Atlético-MG neste sábado |trans-title=Catanha to make Atlético-MG debut this Saturday |url=http://esportes.terra.com.br/futebol/brasileiro2005/interna/0,,OI636239-EI4847,00-Catanha+estreia+no+AtleticoMG+neste+sabado.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160602022104/http://esportes.terra.com.br/futebol/brasileiro2005/interna/0,,OI636239-EI4847,00-Catanha+estreia+no+AtleticoMG+neste+sabado.html |archive-date=2 June 2016 |access-date=12 May 2016 |publisher=Terra |language=Portuguese}}</ref> A watan Janairun 2006 ya koma Spain, yana wasa da CD Linares mai sauƙi ( mataki na uku, kakar wasa biyu da rabi) da kuma Unión Estepona CF ( division na huɗu ). A farkon shekarar 2010, Catanha yana da shekaru kusan 38, ya koma ƙasar haihuwarsa, inda ya sake komawa fagen wasa a ƙananan lig. <ref>{{Cite web |date=26 January 2012 |title=Sport Atalaia anuncia atacante Catanha para o Alagoano |trans-title=Sport Atalaia announces forward Catanha for ''Alagoano'' |url=http://www.tribunahoje.com/noticia/15836/esporte/2012/01/26/sport-atalaia-anuncia-atacante-catanha-para-o-alagoano.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160604092513/http://www.tribunahoje.com/noticia/15836/esporte/2012/01/26/sport-atalaia-anuncia-atacante-catanha-para-o-alagoano.html |archive-date=4 June 2016 |access-date=12 May 2016 |publisher=Tribuna Hoje |language=Portuguese}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |date=11 March 2016 |title=Catanha acerta seu retorno ao futebol para defender o Sete de Setembro |trans-title=Catanha confirms his return to football to defend Sete de Setembro |url=http://gazetaweb.globo.com/portal/noticia.php?c=5872 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160610085845/http://gazetaweb.globo.com/portal/noticia.php?c=5872 |archive-date=10 June 2016 |access-date=12 May 2016 |publisher=Gazeta Web |language=Portuguese}}</ref> Bayan ya shafe shekaru 40 yana wasa tare da ɗansa Pedro a UD Dos Hermanas San Andrés, daga ƙarshe ya yi ritaya daga ƙwallon ƙafa a shekarar 2017, bayan ya yi wasa a Club Atlético Estación. <ref name="OF">{{Cite web |date=20 March 2020 |title=Catanha, la gaviota que sobrevoló el fútbol modesto |trans-title=Catanha, the seagull who flew over the modest football |url=https://onefootball.com/es/noticias/catanha-la-gaviota-que-sobrevolo-el-futbol-modesto-29509819?variable=20200419 |access-date=19 April 2020 |publisher=OneFootball |language=es}}</ref> An sanar da Catanha a matsayin manajan ƙungiyar Leo FC ta rukuni na biyu ta Gibraltar a watan Yunin 2017, <ref>{{Cite web |date=16 June 2017 |title=Jun 16 – Leo FC signs on Catanha as first team manager |url=https://www.yourgibraltartv.com/sport/14953-jun-16-leo-fc-signs-on-catanha-as-first-team-manager |access-date=19 November 2017 |publisher=Your Gibraltar TV |archive-date=1 December 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171201044343/https://www.yourgibraltartv.com/sport/14953-jun-16-leo-fc-signs-on-catanha-as-first-team-manager |url-status=dead }}</ref> amma ya yi murabus kafin ya fito a gasar cin kofin zakarun Turai. Daga nan ya zama darektan ƙwallon ƙafa na CD Estepona. <ref name="OF"/> == Aikin ƙasa da ƙasa == Catanha ya buga wa Spain wasanni uku - duk a shekarar 2000 - duk da cewa an haife shi a Brazil. Wasansa na farko ya faru ne a ranar 7 ga Oktoba a wasan neman gurbin shiga gasar cin kofin duniya ta FIFA da Isra'ila a shekarar 2002, inda ya buga wasa a minti na 71 a madadin Ismael Urzaiz a wasan da suka ci 2-0 a gida. [1] Catanha yana ɗaya daga cikin 'yan wasa biyar baƙaƙe ko na gauraye da suka buga wa Spain wasa tare da Thiago Alcântara, Donato, Vicente Engonga da Marcos Senna, duk 'yan ƙasar Brazil ne banda na uku. <ref>{{Cite web |date=4 May 2012 |title=Spanish Football Legends: Celta Vigo's Catanha |url=http://www.insidespanishfootball.com/11495/spanish-football-legends-celta-vigos-catanha/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160611160342/http://www.insidespanishfootball.com/11495/spanish-football-legends-celta-vigos-catanha/# |archive-date=11 June 2016 |access-date=12 May 2016 |publisher=Inside Spanish Football}}</ref> == Duba kuma == * Jerin 'Yan Wasan Kwallon Kafa Na Ƙasashen Duniya Na Spain Da Aka Haifa A Wajen Spain == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1972]] ktfyfffq8vwgdjfvp5fztg41vlkheew 0 151628 895366 891327 2026-08-12T06:10:10Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 895366 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Eleta Kingsley Oshiokha''' ( Bengali ; an haife shi a ranar 29 ga Oktoba 1989) ƙwararren [[Kungiyar Kwallon Kafa|ɗan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa]] ne wanda ke buga wasa a matsayin ɗan gaba a ƙungiyar ƙwallon ƙafa ta Bangladesh Premier League Brothers Union . An haife shi a Najeriya, ya wakilci Bangladesh a matakin ƙasa da ƙasa. <ref>{{Cite web |date=25 March 2023 |title=Nigerian Eleta Kingsley makes debut in Bangladesh jersey |url=https://www.dhakatribune.com/sport/2023/03/25/nigerian-kingsley-makes-debut-in-bangladesh-jersey |access-date=27 March 2023 |website=[[Dhaka Tribune]]}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |date=25 March 2023 |title=Tariq scores winner against Seychelles on Kingsley's debut |url=https://www.tbsnews.net/sports/tariq-scores-winner-against-seychelles-kingsleys-debut-605442 |access-date=27 March 2023 |website=The Business Standard}}</ref> == Rayuwa ta farko == Kingsley ya fara wasan ƙwallon ƙafa tun yana ƙarami, inda ya yi rajista a makarantun koyar da ƙwallon ƙafa na Najeriya. <ref name="tribune">{{Cite web |last=Ahmed |first=Syed Faiz |date=20 September 2021 |title=Eleta Kingsley: The saga of confidence, harmony and love of a Bangladeshi family man |url=https://archive.dhakatribune.com/sport/2021/09/20/eleta-kingsley-the-saga-of-confidence-harmony-and-love-of-a-bangladeshi-family-man |website=[[Dhaka Tribune]]}}</ref> Ya buga ƙwallon ƙafa ta matasa tare da [[Warri Wolves F.C.|hukumar kula da tashoshin jiragen ruwa ta Najeriya]] . <ref>{{Cite web |last=Kingsley |first=Eleta |date=30 November 2022 |title=A stroke of good fortune |url=https://www.dhakatribune.com/football/2022/11/30/a-stroke-of-good-fortune |website=[[Dhaka Tribune]]}}</ref> == Aikin kulob == Kingsley ya fara buga wasansa na gaba da ƙungiyar Gabros International FC ta Najeriya. <ref>{{Cite web |date=14 February 2005 |title=African leagues round-up: 12-13 Feb |url=https://news.bbc.co.uk/sport2/hi/football/africa/4264033.stm |website=[[BBC Sport]]}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |last=Batalha |first=José |last2=Schöggl |first2=Hans |date=27 September 2018 |title=Nigeria 2004 |url=https://www.rsssf.org/tablesn/nig04.html |website=[[RSSSF]]}}</ref> Bayan haka, ya buga wa [[Dolphin FC (Nijeriya)|ƙungiyar Dolphin FC]] wasa. <ref>{{Cite web |date=2 May 2006 |title=Nigeria: Glo League: Ocean Boys Cry Foul |url=https://allafrica.com/stories/200605020284.html |website=All Africa}}</ref> Daga 2009 zuwa 2011, ya buga wa ƙungiyar Akwa United FC ta Najeriya wasa <ref name="goal">{{Cite web |last=Banerjee |first=Ritabrata |date=14 September 2021 |title=Bangladesh set to feature Nigeria-born forward Eleta Kingsley in SAFF Championship 2021 |url=https://www.goal.com/en-us/news/bangladesh-awaits-fifa-nod-eleta-kingsley-saff-championship/1x61rv8xzhaja1wi08q1p03j5d |website=[[Goal (website)|Goal]]}}</ref> Bayan haka, ya bar Najeriya ya tafi Uzbekistan, amma saboda matsalolin izinin aiki da sauran matsaloli, dole ne ya bar ƙasar, daga ƙarshe ya nufi Bangladesh bisa shawarar wani abokinsa. <ref name="tribune"/> Ya buga wasa tsakanin 'yan ƙasashen waje da 'yan wasan ƙungiyar ƙasa, inda ya burge shi kuma ya sami tayi daga manyan ƙungiyoyin Bangladesh kamar Abahani Limited Dhaka da Sheikh Jamal DC, amma maimakon haka ya sanya hannu a Arambagh KS saboda ya yi alƙawari a kansu a baya. <ref name="tribune" /> Ya zira kwallaye uku a wasansa na farko a gasar Premier ta Bangladesh a 2012 da Sheikh Jamal DC . <ref>{{Cite web |last=Bakul |first=Wahid Ullah |date=27 August 2020 |title=Kingsley in love with Bangladesh |url=https://www.newagebd.net/article/114701/kingsley-in-love-with-bangladesh |website=[[New Age (Bangladesh)|New Age]] |access-date=18 May 2026 |archive-date=21 September 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210921074451/https://www.newagebd.net/article/114701/kingsley-in-love-with-bangladesh |url-status=dead }}</ref> A shekarar 2012, Kingsley ya sanya hannu a ƙungiyar BJMC . <ref name="kumparan">{{Cite web |date=7 January 2022 |title=Profil Eleta Kingsley, Striker Naturalisasi Bangladesh Calon Lawan Indonesia |trans-title=Profile of Eleta Kingsley, Bangladesh Naturalization Striker Candidate Against Indonesia |url=https://kumparan.com/kumparanbola/profil-eleta-kingsley-striker-naturalisasi-bangladesh-calon-lawan-indonesia-1xGGu7zq6ix/3 |website=kumparanBOLA |language=Indonesian}}</ref> A cikin 2013, ya shiga Muktijoddha Sangsad KC . <ref name="kumparan"/> A shekarar 2015, ya buga wasa tare da Chittagong Abahani a gasar cin kofin duniya ta Sheikh Kamal ta shekarar 2015, inda ya lashe gasar kuma ya kare a matsayin wanda ya fi zura kwallaye da kwallaye 5, sannan ya lashe kyautar gwarzon dan wasa a wasan karshe, da kuma gwarzon dan wasa mafi daraja a gasar. Bayan haka, ya koma ƙungiyar BJMC, inda ya ci gaba da zama tare da ƙungiyar har zuwa shekarar 2019. <ref name="kumparan"/> A wasan Kofin 'Yanci na 2016, ya zira kwallaye 5 a wasan da suka doke ƙungiyar ƙwallon ƙafa ta Feni da ci 6-0. <ref>{{Cite web |date=19 April 2016 |title=BJMC ride on Kingsley treble |url=https://m.theindependentbd.com/arcprint/details/41074/2016-04-19 |website=[[The Independent (Bangladesh)]]}}</ref> Ya tafi aro na ɗan lokaci na 'yan kwanaki a shekarar 2019 zuwa Bashundhara Kings . <ref>{{Cite web |date=16 March 2021 |title=Eleta Kingsley awarded Bangladesh citizenship |url=https://www.observerbd.com/news.php?id=303752 |website=[[The Daily Observer (Bangladesh)|The Daily Observer]]}}</ref> A cikin 2019, ya koma Arambagh KS . <ref name="kumparan"/> A shekarar 2021, ya sanya hannu a kan Bashundhara Kings . <ref>{{Cite web |date=24 April 2021 |title=Kingsley's BPL fate hangs in balance |url=https://www.thedailystar.net/sports/news/kingsleys-bpl-fate-hangs-balance-2082701 |website=[[The Daily Star (Bangladesh)|The Daily Star]]}}</ref> A ranar 18 ga Mayu 2022, ya fara buga gasar cin kofin AFC da Maziya a matsayin wanda ya cancanta. <ref>{{Cite web |date=19 May 2022 |title=Kings make winning start AFC Cup 2022 |url=https://www.daily-sun.com/post/621408/Kings-make-winning-start-AFC-Cup-2022 |website=[[Daily Sun (Bangladesh)|Daily Sun]] |access-date=18 May 2026 |archive-date=16 December 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241216014621/https://www.daily-sun.com/post/621408/Kings-make-winning-start-AFC-Cup-2022 |url-status=dead }}</ref> A cikin 2022, ya sanya hannu a Dhaka Abahani . <ref>{{Cite web |date=26 October 2022 |title=Eleta Kingsley to play for Dhaka Abahani |url=https://thedailynewnation.com/news/337837/Eleta-Kingsley-to-play-for-Dhaka-Abahani |website=The New Nation}}</ref> A shekarar 2023, ya buga wasa da Muktijoddha Sangsad KC da ke Chittagong a gasar ƙwallon ƙafa ta Chittagong, amma an sake shi bayan ya buga wasanni biyu. <ref>{{Cite web |date=23 October 2023 |title=The end of the road for Kingsley in Bangladesh football? |url=https://www.thedailystar.net/sports/football/news/the-end-the-road-kingsley-bangladesh-football-3450551 |website=[[The Daily Star (Bangladesh)|The Daily Star]]}}</ref> A watan Maris na 2024, Kingsley ya sanya hannu da Brothers Union . <ref>{{Cite web |date=24 March 2024 |title=এবার ব্রাদার্স ইউনিয়নে এলিটা কিংসলে |trans-title=This time it's Elita Kingsley in Brothers Union |url=https://protidinerbangladesh.com/sports/92565/%E0%A6%8F%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B0-%EF%BB%BF%E0%A6%AC%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A6%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B8-%E0%A6%87%E0%A6%89%E0%A6%A8%E0%A6%BF%E0%A7%9F%E0%A6%A8%E0%A7%87-%E0%A6%8F%E0%A6%B2%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%9F%E0%A6%BE-%E0%A6%95%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%82%E0%A6%B8%E0%A6%B2%E0%A7%87 |website=Protidiner Bangladesh |language=Bengali |access-date=18 May 2026 |archive-date=16 December 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241216004813/https://protidinerbangladesh.com/sports/92565/%E0%A6%8F%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B0-%EF%BB%BF%E0%A6%AC%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A6%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B8-%E0%A6%87%E0%A6%89%E0%A6%A8%E0%A6%BF%E0%A7%9F%E0%A6%A8%E0%A7%87-%E0%A6%8F%E0%A6%B2%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%9F%E0%A6%BE-%E0%A6%95%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%82%E0%A6%B8%E0%A6%B2%E0%A7%87 |url-status=dead }}</ref> A ranar 30 ga Maris, ya zura kwallo a wasansa na farko a kungiyar Brothers Union, a wasan da suka sha kashi a hannun Bashundhara Kings. <ref>{{Cite web |date=30 March 2024 |title=Kingsley scores on ‘debut’ but Kings celebrate 100 in style |url=https://www.thedailystar.net/sports/football/news/kingsley-scores-debut-kings-celebrate-100-style-3578246 |website=[[The Daily Star (Bangladesh)|The Daily Star]]}}</ref> == Aikin ƙasa da ƙasa == An haife shi a matsayin [[Ƙungiyar ƙwallon ƙafar Najeriya|ɗan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa na Najeriya]], Kingsley ya sami takardar zama ɗan ƙasar Bangladesh a shekarar 2021, ta hanyar zama ɗan wasa na ƙasa, ya zama ɗan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa na farko na ƙasashen waje da ya sami fasfo na Bangladesh. <ref>{{Cite web |date=26 June 2021 |title=Kingsley shines in Kings' win |url=https://www.newagebd.net/article/142020/kingsley-shines-in-kings-win |website=[[New Age (Bangladesh)|New Age]] |access-date=18 May 2026 |archive-date=25 March 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230325133431/https://www.newagebd.net/article/142020/kingsley-shines-in-kings-win |url-status=dead }}</ref> An sanya shi cikin tawagar farko ta ƙungiyar ƙwallon ƙafa ta Bangladesh don gasar cin kofin SAFF ta 2021, amma bai sami damar wakiltar ƙungiyar ba saboda rashin samun izini daga FIFA akan lokaci don cancanta. <ref>{{Cite web |date=27 September 2021 |title=Eleta to miss Saff Championship, wait grows for Bangladesh debut |url=https://archive.dhakatribune.com/sport/2021/09/27/eleta-to-miss-saff-championship-wait-grows-for-bangladesh-debut |website=[[Dhaka Tribune]]}}</ref> A watan Maris na 2023, an sanya shi cikin tawagar wucin gadi kafin wasannin sada zumunci. <ref>{{Cite web |date=2 March 2023 |title=জাতীয় দল ঘোষণা; নতুন মুখ তিন |trans-title=National team announcement; New face three |url=https://www.offsidebangladesh.com/জাতীয়-দল-ঘোষণা-নতুন-মুখ-ত/ |website=Offside Bangladesh |language=Bengali}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |date=2 March 2023 |title=Kingsley included in preliminary squad for tri-nation tournament |url=https://www.thedailystar.net/sports/football/news/kingsley-included-preliminary-squad-tri-nation-tournament-3261366 |website=[[The Daily Star (Bangladesh)|The Daily Star]]}}</ref> Ya buga wasa a wasan sada zumunci na ban mamaki da Bangladesh a ranar 15 ga Maris 2023 da Malawi . <ref>{{Cite web |date=24 March 2023 |title=No one like Kingsley: Jamal Bhuiyan |url=https://www.thedailystar.net/sports/football/news/no-one-kingsley-jamal-bhuiyan-3279561 |website=[[The Daily Star (Bangladesh)|The Daily Star]]}}</ref> Ya fara buga wasa a hukumance a wasan da aka maye gurbinsa a ranar 25 ga Maris da [[Kungiyar kwallon kafa ta Seychelles|Seychelles]] . <ref>{{Cite web |date=25 March 2023 |title=Nigerian Eleta Kingsley makes debut in Bangladesh jersey |url=https://www.dhakatribune.com/football/2023/03/25/nigerian-kingsley-makes-debut-in-bangladesh-jersey |website=[[Dhaka Tribune]]}}</ref> == Rayuwa ta sirri == An haifi Kingsley a Najeriya, yana zaune a yankin Bashundhara tare da matarsa Liza 'yar Bangladesh, wacce ya aura a watan Mayu na 2012. Ma'auratan suna da 'ya mace mai suna Safira. [1] Ya nemi izinin zama ɗan ƙasar Bangladesh a shekarar 2014, kuma an ba shi izinin a shekarar 2021. [2] == Ƙididdigar aiki == {{Updated|match played 22 August 2023}}<ref>{{soccerway|484567}}</ref> {| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center" |+Bayyanar da kwallaye a raga ta kulob, kakar wasa da kuma gasa ! rowspan="2" | Kulob ! rowspan="2" | Kakar wasa ! colspan="3" | Gasar League ! colspan="2" | Kofin ƙasa ! colspan="2" | Wani kofi ! colspan="2" | Nahiyar Nahiyar ! colspan="2" | Jimilla |- ! Sashe ! Manhajoji ! Ƙwallaye ! Manhajoji ! Ƙwallaye ! Manhajoji ! Ƙwallaye ! Manhajoji ! Ƙwallaye ! Manhajoji ! Ƙwallaye |- | rowspan="2" | Ƙungiyar BJMC | 2017–18 | Gasar Premier ta Bangladesh | 18 | 8 | colspan="2" | — | colspan="2" | — | colspan="2" | — | 18 | 8 |- | 2018–19 | Gasar Premier ta Bangladesh | 11 | 3 | colspan="2" | — | colspan="2" | — | colspan="2" | — | 11 | 3 |- | Arambagh KS | 2020 | Gasar Premier ta Bangladesh | 5 | 6 | colspan="2" | — | colspan="2" | — | colspan="2" | — | 5 | 6 |- | rowspan="2" | Sarakunan Bashundhara | 2021 | Gasar Premier ta Bangladesh | 9 | 3 | colspan="2" | — | colspan="2" | — | colspan="2" | — | 9 | 3 |- | 2022 | Gasar Premier ta Bangladesh | 9 | 6 | colspan="2" | — | colspan="2" | — | 2 | 0 | 11 | 6 |- | Dhaka Abahani | 2022–23 | Gasar Premier ta Bangladesh | 14 | 8 | colspan="2" | — | colspan="2" | — | 0 | 0 | 14 | 8 |- ! colspan="3" | Jimillar aiki ! 66 ! 34 ! 0 ! 0 ! 0 ! 0 ! 2 ! 0 ! 68 ! 34 |} == Daraja == '''Chittagong Abahani''' * Kofin Ƙungiyoyin Duniya na Sheikh Kamal : 2015 '''Mutum ɗaya''' * Sheikh Kamal International Club Cup : 2015 * Wanda Ya Fi Kowa Cin Kwallo a Gasar Cin Kofin Independence : 2016 == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1989]] [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] 2ta0berfby354g9sy1a2ibpdsp51ubc 0 152233 895058 851466 2026-08-11T16:38:18Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 895058 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Christopher Kolade''', CON (28 Disamba 1932 - 8 Oktoba 2025) ya kasance jami'in diflomasiyyar Najeriya kuma masanin kimiyya. == Rayuwa ta farko da ilimi == An haifi Kolade a Erin - Oke, Colony da Protectorate na Najeriya a ranar 28 ga Disamba 1932.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Amaechi |first=Ikechukwu |date=1 December 2022 |title=At 90, Christopher Kolade still bristles with patriotic passion |url=https://www.vanguardngr.com/2022/12/at-90-christopher-kolade-still-bristles-with-patriotic-passion/ |access-date=3 July 2024 |location=Lagos, Nigeria |newspaper=[[Vanguard (Nigeria)|Vanguard]]}}</ref><ref>[https://books.google.com/books?id=HFViAAAAMAAJ&q=Christopher+Kolade+28+December+1932&dq=Christopher+Kolade+28+December+1932&hl=en&newbks=1&newbks_redir=0&source=gb_mobile_search&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwj9s97FlZeQAxW4VKQEHZ5UHEMQ6AF6BAgIEAM#Christopher%20Kolade%2028%20December%201932 Profile of Christopher Kolade]</ref> Shi ɗan mishan ne na Anglican. Ya kammala karatun sakandare a [[Kwalejin Gwamnati, Ibadan]] bayan haka ya yi karatu a Kwaleji ta Fourah Bay, Freetown, Saliyo . <ref>{{Cite web |title=McPherson University - Home |url=https://www.mcu.edu.ng/ |access-date=15 April 2023 |website=www.mcu.edu.ng}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=29 August 2021 |title=Christopher Kolade |url=https://litcaf.com/christopher-olusola-kolade/ |access-date=15 April 2023 |website=LitCaf |language=en-US |archive-date=15 April 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230415105049/https://litcaf.com/christopher-olusola-kolade/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> == Ayyuka == Kolade ya yi aiki a matsayin mai watsa shirye-shirye kuma ya kasance Darakta Janar na Kamfanin Watsa Labarai na Najeriya. Ya kasance Babban Darakta kuma Shugaban Cadbury Nigeria Plc kuma tsohon Babban Kwamishinan Najeriya a Ƙasar Ingila. Ya kasance Jami'in Ilimi na zamanin mulkin mallaka a Najeriya. Ya koyar da Gudanar da Kamfanoni da Gudanarwa da Albarkatun Dan Adam a Makarantar Kasuwancin [[Lagos (birni)|Legas]] (LBS), da Jagora & Gudanar da Rikicin a Makarantar Media & Sadarwa (SMC). LBS da SMC duka makarantun [[Jami'ar Pan Atlantic|Jami'ar Pan-Atlantic]] ne, Legas. Tsohon memba na Majalisar Gudanarwa ta jami'ar, Kolade tun daga shekarar 2012 ya kasance Pro-Chancellor kuma Shugaban Majalisar Gudanar da Jami'ar Pan-Atlantic. Ya kasance Shugaban Jami'ar McPherson, [[Ogun]], Najeriya.<ref>{{cite news |date=31 January 2014 |title=History: 25 Million People Worldwide Listened To Dr. Obiageli Ezekwesili, Kola Oyeneyin, Tonye Cole, Omotola Jolade And More At 'The GenVoices Telethon' |url=http://www.360nobs.com/2014/01/history-25-million-people-worldwide-listened-to-dr-obiageli-ezekwesili-kola-oyeneyin-tonye-cole-omotola-jolade-and-more-at-the-genvoices-telethon/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170519020133/https://www.360nobs.com/2014/01/history-25-million-people-worldwide-listened-to-dr-obiageli-ezekwesili-kola-oyeneyin-tonye-cole-omotola-jolade-and-more-at-the-genvoices-telethon/ |archive-date=19 May 2017 |access-date=19 May 2015 |website=360nobs}}</ref> Kolade ya inganta gaskiya da riƙon amana a harkokin kasuwanci a Najeriya ta hanyar shugabancin da ya yi a ƙungiyoyi irin su Integrity Organisation Ltd GTE da The Convention on Business Integrity Ltd GTE. Ta wannan hanyar, ya taimaka wajen bunƙasa ɗabi'a mai kyau, gaskiya, da riƙon amana a harkokin kasuwanci a Najeriya.. <ref>{{Cite web |title=The Convention |url=http://www.theconvention.org |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181202084257/http://www.theconvention.org/ |archive-date=2 December 2018 |access-date=21 July 2018}}</ref> == Rayuwa da mutuwarsa == Ya mutu a ranar 8 ga Oktoba 2025, yana da shekaru 92. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Anichukwueze |first=Donatus |date=2025-10-09 |title=Revered Statesman Christopher Kolade Dies At 93 |url=https://www.channelstv.com/2025/10/09/revered-statesman-christopher-kolade-dies-at-92/ |access-date=2025-11-12 |website=Channels Television |language=en}}</ref> == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Mutuwan 2025]] [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1932]] kdthy8bhvcbnwhzox4wc0jloj01d5xd 0 152365 895136 840648 2026-08-11T17:08:26Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 895136 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Cibiyar Ci Gaban Infrastructure Resilient Climate (CRIDF)''', wacce ke aiki tare da kasashe 12 a Kudancin Afirka, shirin fam miliyan 31 ne wanda Ofishin Harkokin Waje, Commonwealth & Development na Burtaniya ya tallafawa. Manufarta ita ce samar da mafita na dogon lokaci ga matsalolin da suka shafi ruwa waɗanda ke tasiri da barazana ga jin daɗin mutane sama da miliyan 200, da yawa daga cikinsu matalauta ne.<ref>{{Cite web |date=18 March 2022 |title=Climate Resilient Infrastructure Development Facility |url=https://intdev.tetratecheurope.com/projects/cridf-southern-africa/ |access-date=2024-07-12 |website=intdevtetratecheurope.com |language=en-AU}}</ref> Cibiyar Ci Gaban Infrastructure Resilient Climate (CRIDF) shirin FCDO ne (Foreign, Commonwealth & Development Office) wanda ke aiki don samar da mafita na dogon lokaci ga batutuwan ruwa waɗanda ke shafar al'ummomin matalauta a Kudancin Afirka <ref>{{Cite web |date=2017-07-03 |title=CRIDF's aims and approaches {{!}} CRIDF |url=https://cridf.net/aims/ |access-date=2024-07-12 |language=en-GB}}</ref> Ga ayyukan ababen more rayuwa waɗanda, da zarar an gama, hukumomin ƙasa da na gida, masu amfani da ruwa / makamashi, da ƙungiyoyin masu cin gajiyarwa za su mallake su kuma su sarrafa su, CRIDF tana tallafawa hanyoyin sayen ƙasa, kuɗi, da sa ido.<ref>{{Cite web |title=DevTracker Programme DK-CVR-44623528-A102724 |url=https://devtracker.fcdo.gov.uk/programme/DK-CVR-44623528-A102724/summary |access-date=2024-07-15 |website=devtracker.fcdo.gov.uk}}</ref> == Tarihi == CRIDF sabon shirin samar da ruwa ne na Ma'aikatar Ci Gaban Duniya (DFID) don kudancin Afirka. A cikin shekaru hudu masu zuwa, Cibiyar tana da niyyar isar da ƙananan kayan aiki masu ɗorewa a cikin ƙasashe 11 na Kudancin Afirka (SADC). Hedikwatar a [[Pretoria]], [[Afirka ta Kudu]], shirin da ake buƙata yana mai da hankali kan sabis na ruwa, gudanar da albarkatun ruwa, da aikin gona, yana haifar da tasiri mai ɗorewa akan ruwan yankin, abinci da tsaro na makamashi Baya ga samar da tallafi tare da ƙirar tsarin ban ruwa a ƙarƙashin aikin UNDP-GEF don ayyukan zanga-zangar rayuwa, CRIDF ta ba da tallafinta ga aikin OKACOM-EU ta hanyar tsara tashoshin hydrometric guda huɗu waɗanda za a gina a cikin kwandon.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Climate Resilient Infrastructure Development Facility (CRIDF) {{!}} OKACOM |url=https://www.okacom.org/climate-resilient-infrastructure-development-facility-cridf |access-date=2024-07-15 |website=www.okacom.org}}</ref> == Ayyuka == Babban manufar CRIDF ita ce canza hanyar da ake amfani da ababen more rayuwa na ruwa don kara karfin yanayi ga 'yan Afirka na Kudu waɗanda ke talauci.<ref>{{Cite web |date=18 March 2022 |title=Climate Resilient Infrastructure Development Facility |url=https://intdev.tetratecheurope.com/projects/cridf-southern-africa/ |access-date=2024-07-15 |website=intdevtetratecheurope.com |language=en-AU}}</ref> Koyaya, CRIDF yana sauƙaƙa: * Haɗin kai da fadada kasuwanci wanda ke haifar da ci gaban tattalin arziki mai ɗorewa da raba; * Haɗin gwiwa don sarrafa ƙarancin albarkatun ƙetare, don tabbatar da ci gaba mai ɗorewa, gina ƙarfin yanayi da kuma magance batutuwan zaman lafiya, ikon mallaka da tsaro. * Haɗin kai don magance farashi yadda ya kamata tare da batutuwan da ke fuskantar yankin - kamar canjin yanayi. Bugu da ƙari, CRIDF tana ba da ƙungiyoyi masu cancanta da ayyukan Sabis mai Ba da Shawara (RAS) wanda ke ba da sabis mai sauri akan buƙata.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Climate Resilient Infrastructure Development Facility – SouthSouthNorth |url=https://southsouthnorth.org/portfolio_page/climate-resilient-infrastructure-development-facility-cridf/ |access-date=2024-07-15 |language=en-ZA |archive-date=2024-07-15 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240715020550/https://southsouthnorth.org/portfolio_page/climate-resilient-infrastructure-development-facility-cridf/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> == Manazarta == 1xr1c4xfeswytrk6g6qbn7lteo73wj8 0 152486 895353 870338 2026-08-12T04:30:34Z Baffa ali 47435 /* growthexperiments-addlink-summary-summary:3|0|0 */ 895353 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} ''''''WaSH'''''' (ko '''WatSan''', WaSH; wanda ya samo asali ne daga haruffa na farko na "[[Samar da Ruwa|ruwa]], [[Tsafta|tsabta]] da tsabta") wani bangare ne na hadin gwiwar ci gaba, ko a cikin [[Ƙananan hukumomin Najeriya|kananan hukumomi]], wanda ke ba da ruwa, tsabta, da sabis na tsabta ga al'ummomi. Babban manufar samar da damar yin amfani da ayyukan WASH shine don cimma nasarar kiwon lafiya na jama'a, aiwatar da [[Haƙƙin ɗan adam na ruwa da tsaftar muhalli|Hakkin ɗan adam ga ruwa da tsabta]], rage nauyin tattara ruwan sha ga mata, da inganta ilimi da sakamakon kiwon lafiya a makarantu da wuraren kiwon lafiya. Samun dama ga ayyukan WASH wani muhimmin bangare ne na [[Tsaro na ruwa]].<ref name=":72">{{Cite web |date=2020 |title=REACH Global Strategy 2020-2024 |url=https://reachwater.org.uk/resource/reach-global-strategy-2020-2024/ |website=REACH program |publisher=University of Oxford}}</ref> Duniyar duniya, mai araha, da kuma samun dama mai ɗorewa ga WASH babban batu ne a cikin ci gaban kasa da kasa, kuma shine mayar da hankali ga manufofi biyu na farko na Ci gaba mai ɗorewar Ci gaba 6 (SDG 6). <ref name=":14">{{Cite web |title=Goal 6 .:. Sustainable Development Knowledge Platform |url=https://sustainabledevelopment.un.org/sdg6 |access-date=2017-11-17 |website=sustainabledevelopment.un.org |language=en}}</ref> Manufofin 6.1 da 6.2 suna da niyyar samun ruwa mai daidaituwa da tsabta ga kowa. A cikin 2017, an kiyasta cewa mutane biliyan 2.3 suna rayuwa ba tare da kayan aikin [[Tsabtace Yanayi|tsabtace muhalli]] ba, kuma mutane miliyan 844 suna rayuwa ba ba tare da samun ruwan sha mai aminci da tsabta ba. Ƙididdigar WASH tana amfani da ita sosai ta kungiyoyi masu zaman kansu da hukumomin agaji a [[Developing country|Kasashe masu tasowa]]. An yi nazarin nauyin cutar da raunin da ake samu a WASH sosai. Cututtuka da yanayin da ke da alaƙa da rashin WASH sun haɗa da [[Gudawa/Zawo|zawo]], [[Rashin abinci mai gina jiki]], da raguwa, ban da Cututtukan da aka yi watsi da su.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Burden of disease |url=https://www.who.int/teams/environment-climate-change-and-health/water-sanitation-and-health/burden-of-disease |access-date=2024-12-27 |website=www.who.int |language=en}}</ref> Akwai ƙarin haɗarin kiwon lafiya ga mata, alal misali, yayin [[Juna biyu|ciki]] da haihuwa, ko kuma dangane da kula da tsabtace haila.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Das |first=Padma |last2=Baker |first2=Kelly K. |last3=Dutta |first3=Ambarish |last4=Swain |first4=Tapoja |last5=Sahoo |first5=Sunita |last6=Das |first6=Bhabani Sankar |last7=Panda |first7=Bijay |last8=Nayak |first8=Arati |last9=Bara |first9=Mary |last10=Bilung |first10=Bibiana |last11=Mishra |first11=Pravas Ranjan |last12=Panigrahi |first12=Pinaki |last13=Cairncross |first13=Sandy |last14=Torondel |first14=Belen |date=30 June 2015 |title=Menstrual Hygiene Practices, WASH Access and the Risk of Urogenital Infection in Women from Odisha, India |journal=PLOS ONE |language=en |volume=10 |issue=6 |bibcode=2015PLoSO..1030777D |doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0130777 |pmc=4488331 |pmid=26125184 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Rashin ciki na yau da kullun na iya samun mummunar tasiri na dogon lokaci a kan yara dangane da ci gaban jiki da fahimta.<ref name=":3">{{Cite web |title=Water, Sanitation & Hygiene: Strategy Overview |url=http://www.gatesfoundation.org/What-We-Do/Global-Development/Water-Sanitation-and-Hygiene |access-date=27 April 2015 |website=Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation}}</ref> Duk da haka, tattara takamaiman shaidar kimiyya game da sakamakon kiwon lafiya wanda ya haifar da ingantaccen damar zuwa WASH yana da wahala saboda dalilai masu rikitarwa. Masana sun ba da shawarar buƙatar nazarin dogon lokaci game da ingancin fasaha, ƙarin bincike game da tsoma baki na tsabta, da kuma nazarin tasirin haɗuwa da yawa don inganta nazarin sakamakon kiwon lafiya na WASH.<ref name=":9">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Waddington H, Snilstveit B, White H, Fewtrell L |date=2012 |title=Water, sanitation and hygiene interventions to combat childhood diarrhoea in developing countries |url=http://3ieimpact.org/evidence-hub/publications/systematic-reviews/water-sanitation-and-hygiene-interventions-combat |journal=Journal of Development Effectiveness |doi=10.23846/sr0017 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Ana buƙatar samun damar zuwa WASH ba kawai anayin sa bane a matakin gida ba har ma a cikin saitunan da ba na gida ba kamar makarantu, wuraren kiwon lafiya, wuraren aiki, kurkuku, saitunan amfani na wucin gadi da kuma ga yawan mutanen da suka rabu.<ref name=":21">{{Cite journal |last=Cronk |first=Ryan |last2=Slaymaker |first2=Tom |last3=Bartram |first3=Jamie |date=2015 |title=Monitoring drinking water, sanitation, and hygiene in non-household settings: Priorities for policy and practice |url=https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S1438463915000267 |journal=International Journal of Hygiene and Environmental Health |language=en |volume=218 |issue=8 |pages=694–703 |bibcode=2015IJHEH.218..694C |doi=10.1016/j.ijheh.2015.03.003 |pmid=25836758}}</ref> A makarantu, wuraren wanke hannu na rukuni na iya inganta tsabta. Rashin wuraren WASH a makarantu sau da yawa yakan sa ɗaliban mata kada su halarci makaranta, don haka rage nasarorin da suka samu a ilimi.<ref name=":4">{{Cite web |title=Water, Sanitation, and Hygiene: Introduction |url=http://www.unicef.org/wash/index_3951.html |access-date=27 April 2015 |website=UNICEF}}</ref> Yana da wahala a samar da ayyukan WASH masu sarrafawa cikin aminci a cikin ƙauyuka na birane. Tsarin WASH na iya kasawa ba da daɗewa ba bayan shigarwa (misali, [[Tsarin rarraba ruwa]] mai leki). Ƙarin ƙalubale sun haɗa da tushen ruwa mai gurɓata da [[Tsaro na ruwa|Tasirin]] [[Canjin yanayi]] akan tsaro na ruwa. Hanyoyin tsarawa don samun dama mai aminci da daidaito ga WASH sun haɗa da, alal misali, shirye-shiryen WASH na ƙasa da saka idanu, Ƙarfafa mata, da inganta yanayin yanayi na ayyukan WASH. Kyakkyawan iyawa a cikin tsarin kula da ruwa na iya taimakawa wajen shawo kan wasu tasirin abubuwan da suka shafi yanayi da kara karfin yanayi.<ref name=":72">{{Cite web |date=2020 |title=REACH Global Strategy 2020-2024 |url=https://reachwater.org.uk/resource/reach-global-strategy-2020-2024/ |website=REACH program |publisher=University of Oxford}}</ref> : 25 Masu ruwa da tsaki a ma'auni daban-daban, alal misali, daga ƙananan kayan aiki na birane zuwa gwamnatocin ƙasa, suna buƙatar samun damar samun bayanai masu aminci game da yanayin yankin da duk wani canje-canje da ake tsammani saboda canjin yanayi. Tunanin WASH ya haɗa bangarori daban-daban na samar da [[Samar da Ruwa|Ruwa]], gami da samun damar yin amfani da ayyukan ruwan sha, tsaftacewa, da [[Tsafta|tsabta]] saboda tasirin raunin a kowane yanki ya mamaye sosai. [[Fayil:Water_Lebuje_camp,_Uganda.jpg|thumb|Mata sun yi layi a rami don cika kwantena da ruwa (Labuje IDP camp, Kitgum, Kitgum District, Northern Region of Uganda) Yankin Arewacin Uganda) ]] [[Hukumar Lafiya ta Duniya|WHO]] and [[UNICEF]] state that a safe drinking water service is one that is located in an accessible location, available when needed, and uncontaminated. Additionally, [[Hukumar Lafiya ta Duniya|WHO]] and [[UNICEF]] use the terms [[Ingantaccen tushen ruwa|improved water source]] and unimproved water source as a water quality monitoring tool. The term "improved water source" refers to piped water on premises. Examples include a piped household water connection located inside the user's dwelling plot or yard, and other improved drinking water sources such as public taps or [[Famfon titi mai tsayi|standpipes]], [[Ruwa mai zurfi|tube wells]] or [[Rijiyar burtsatse|boreholes]], protected dug [[Rijiya Mai Zurfi|wells]], protected [[Bazara (Ilimin Ruwa)|springs]], and [[Girbi ruwan sama|rainwater collection]]. Samun damar ruwan sha an haɗa shi a cikin Manufar 6.1 na Ci Gaban Ci gaba mai dorewa Manufar 6 (SDG 6), wanda ya ce: "Zuwa 2030, cimma damar samun ruwa mai kyau da kuma daidaito ga kowa da kowa. " <ref name="UN_A/RES/71/313">{{Cite web |date=2017 |title=Resolution adopted by the General Assembly on 6 July 2017 |url=https://documents-dds-ny.un.org/doc/UNDOC/GEN/N17/207/63/PDF/N1720763.pdf?OpenElement |website=United Nations |id=A/RES/71/313 |quote=Work of the Statistical Commission pertaining to the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development}}</ref> Wannan alamar manufa guda ɗaya, Mai nuna 6.1.1, wanda ya bayyana "Rashin yawan jama'a ta amfani da ayyukan ruwa mai sarrafawa". <ref name="Ritchie_2018">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Ritchie, Roser, Mispy, Ortiz-Ospina |date=2018 |title=Measuring progress towards the Sustainable Development Goals. (SDG 6) |url=https://sdg-tracker.org/water-and-sanitation |journal=SDG-Tracker.org}}</ref> A cikin 2017, mutane miliyan 844 har yanzu ba su da sabis na ruwan sha na asali. : 3 A cikin 2019, an ruwaito cewa mutane miliyan 435 sun yi amfani da hanyoyin da ba a inganta su ba don ruwan sha, kuma miliyan 144 har yanzu suna amfani da ruwan sama, kamar tabkuna da rafi. Ana iya samun ruwan sha daga tushen ruwa masu zuwa: ruwa na sama, [[Ruwa na kasa|Ruwa na ƙasa]], ko ruwan sama, a kowane hali bayan tattarawa, magani, da rarrabawa. Rashin ruwa mai tsabta shine wani tushen ruwa mai kyau. Mutanen da ba su da damar samun amintaccen, abin dogaro, samar da ruwa na cikin gida suna fuskantar karancin [[Tsaro na ruwa]] a takamaiman lokuta a ko'ina cikin shekara saboda sauye-sauye na sake zagayowar ruwa ko inganci.<ref>{{Cite book|ref=6}}</ref><ref name=":22">{{Cite web |last=Taye |first=Meron Teferi |last2=Dyer |first2=Ellen |date=22 August 2019 |title=Ethiopia's future is tied to water -- a vital yet threatened resource in a changing climate |url=http://theconversation.com/ethiopias-future-is-tied-to-water-a-vital-yet-threatened-resource-in-a-changing-climate-121844 |access-date=4 August 2022 |website=The Conversation |language=en}}</ref> Misali, inda ba a samun damar samun ruwa a cikin gida ba, [[ingancin ruwa]] sha a wurin amfani (PoU) na iya zama mafi muni idan aka kwatanta da inganci a wurin tattarawa (PoC). Ayyukan gida masu kyau game da tsabta, ajiya, da magani suna da mahimmanci. Akwai hulɗa tsakanin yanayi, tushen ruwa, da gudanarwa, kuma waɗannan su ma suna tasiri ga lafiyar ruwan sha.<ref name="Katrina20222">{{Cite journal |last=Charles |first=Katrina J. |last2=Howard |first2=Guy |last3=Villalobos Prats |first3=Elena |last4=Gruber |first4=Joshua |last5=Alam |first5=Sadekul |last6=Alamgir |first6=A.S.M. |last7=Baidya |first7=Manish |last8=Flora |first8=Meerjady Sabrina |last9=Haque |first9=Farhana |last10=Hassan |first10=S.M. Quamrul |last11=Islam |first11=Saiful |date=2022 |title=Infrastructure alone cannot ensure resilience to weather events in drinking water supplies |journal=Science of the Total Environment |language=en |volume=813 |bibcode=2022ScTEn.81351876C |doi=10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.151876 |pmid=34826465 |doi-access=free |hdl-access=free}}</ref> Ayyukan tsaftacewa ba za su cika ba tare da ingantaccen sarrafa laka ba (FSM), wanda shine ajiya, tattarawa, sufuri, magani, da kuma amfani da ƙarshen aminci ko zubar da laka. : 3 An bayyana laka na Fecal sosai kamar yadda abin da ke tarawa a cikin tsarin [[Tsabtace Yanayi|tsabtace wuri]] (misali latrines, tankuna da mafita na kwantena) kuma musamman ba a jigilar shi ta hanyar datti.<ref name=":73" /> : Ma'aikatan [[Tsabtace Yanayi|tsabtace muhalli]] 5 su ne mutanen da ake buƙata don tsaftacewa, kiyayewa, aiki, ko zubar da fasahar [[Tsabtace Yanayi|tsabtace muhalli]] a kowane mataki na sarkar tsabtace muvalangi. == Sassa == Ra’ayin WASH yana haɗa fannoni daban-daban na samar da ruwa, ciki har da samun ruwan sha, tsafta da kuma tsabtar jiki saboda tasirin kowanne bangare yana da alaƙa da juna. === Ruwan sha === [[File:Water Lebuje camp, Uganda.jpg|thumb|Mata suna layi a rijiyar burtsatse don cika kwantena da ruwa (Labuje IDP camp, Kitgum, Uganda)]] WHO da UNICEF sun bayyana cewa ruwan sha mai aminci shi ne wanda yake a wurin da ake iya zuwa, yana samuwa a lokacin da ake buƙata, kuma ba ya gurɓata.<ref name="WHO_UNICEF_Progress_2017">{{cite report |url=http://apps.who.int/iris/bitstream/handle/10665/258617/9789241512893-eng.pdf?sequence=1 |title=Progress on Drinking Water, Sanitation and Hygiene |date=2014 |publisher=JMP, WHO and UNICEF |isbn=978-92-4-151289-3 |access-date=22 March 2018}}</ref> Ana bambance tsakanin “ingantaccen tushen ruwa” da “tushen da ba a inganta ba” a matsayin hanyar sa ido kan ingancin ruwa.<ref name="ourworldindata_Hannah_2018">{{citation |title=Water Access, Resources & Sanitation |url=https://ourworldindata.org/water-access-resources-sanitation#access-to-improved-water-sources |work=OurWorldInData.org |year=2018 |access-date=22 March 2018}}</ref> Manufar SDG 6.1 ta ce: “Daga yanzu zuwa 2030, a tabbatar da samun ruwan sha mai aminci da sauƙi ga kowa da kowa.”<ref name="UN_A/RES/71/313">{{cite web | work = United Nations | date = 2017 | title = Resolution adopted by the General Assembly on 6 July 2017 |url=https://documents-dds-ny.un.org/doc/UNDOC/GEN/N17/207/63/PDF/N1720763.pdf?OpenElement}}</ref> A 2017, mutane miliyan 844 ba su da ma ko ruwan sha na asali.<ref name=":7" /> A 2019, mutane miliyan 435 suna amfani da tushen ruwa da ba a inganta ba, kuma miliyan 144 suna amfani da ruwan saman ƙasa kamar tafkuna da koguna.<ref name=":13">{{cite report |title=Progress on household drinking water, sanitation and hygiene 2000-2017 |date=2019 |publisher=UNICEF and WHO}}</ref> === Ruwan ƙasa === Ruwan ƙasa yana da matuƙar muhimmanci musamman a yankunan da ba su da isasshen ruwan saman ƙasa.<ref name=":19">{{cite journal |title=Divergent effects of climate change on future groundwater availability |journal=Nature Communications |volume=11 |date=2020}}</ref> Fiye da kashi ɗaya bisa uku na ruwan da ake amfani da shi a duniya yana fitowa daga ƙasa. Amma sauyin yanayi da yawan jama’a suna ƙara matsin lamba kan wannan albarkatun.<ref name=":19" /> Ruwan ƙasa yana taka muhimmiyar rawa wajen samar da ruwa a Afirka ta Kudu da Sahara.<ref>{{cite journal |title=Observed controls on resilience of groundwater to climate variability in sub-Saharan Africa |journal=Nature |volume=572 |date=2019}}</ref> Amma yawanci ana ɗaukar ruwan ƙasa ba tare da tacewa ba, wanda ke iya ɗauke da gurɓatattun sinadarai kamar fluoride, arsenic, nitrate da salinity.<ref name=":33">{{Cite journal |title=Water chemistry poses health risks as reliance on groundwater increases |journal=Science of the Total Environment |volume=904 |date=2023}}</ref> === Tsafta === Tsarin tsafta yana da matakai daga mafi ƙasa zuwa mafi inganci: buɗaɗɗen bayan gida, mara inganci, iyakantacce, na asali, da kuma wanda aka sarrafa lafiya.<ref name="WHO_2017">{{cite web |title=Progress on drinking water, sanitation and hygiene: 2017 update and SDG baselines |publisher=WHO and UNICEF |year=2017}}</ref> Ingantaccen bayan gida yana nufin wanda aka ƙera don raba najasa daga hulɗar ɗan adam.<ref name="WHO_2017" /> Manufar SDG 6.2 ta ce: “Daga yanzu zuwa 2030, a tabbatar da samun tsafta da tsabtar jiki ga kowa da kowa, tare da kulawa ga mata da ’yan mata da masu rauni.”<ref name="UN_A/RES/71/3132">{{cite web |date=2017 |title=Resolution adopted by the General Assembly on 6 July 2017 |url=https://documents-dds-ny.un.org/doc/UNDOC/GEN/N17/207/63/PDF/N1720763.pdf?OpenElement}}</ref> A 2017, mutane biliyan 4.5 ba su da bayan gida mai aminci a gidajensu.<ref name=":74">{{Cite book |title=Progress on drinking water, sanitation and hygiene: 2017 update and SDG baselines |publisher=WHO, UNICEF |year=2017}}</ref> ==== Gudanar da najasa da ma’aikatan tsafta ==== Gudanar da najasa yana nufin tara, jigila, tacewa da kuma zubar da najasa cikin aminci.<ref name=":73">{{Cite book |title=Methods for Faecal Sludge Analysis |publisher=IWA Publishing |year=2021}}</ref> Ma’aikatan tsafta su ne waɗanda ke tsaftacewa, kula da bayan gida da tsarin tsafta.<ref name=":0a">World Bank, ILO, WaterAid, and WHO (2019). Health, Safety and Dignity of Sanitation Workers.</ref> === Tsabtar jiki === [[File:Pupil_washes_hands_during_COVID-19_pandemic_in_Ghana.jpg|thumb|Daliba tana wanke hannu a Ghana]] Tsabtar jiki yana nufin halaye da yanayi da ke taimakawa wajen kiyaye lafiya da hana yaduwar cututtuka.<ref>{{cite web |title=Hygiene: Overview |url=https://www.afro.who.int/health-topics/hygiene |publisher=WHO}}</ref> A cikin WASH, wanke hannu da sabulu da ruwa yana da matuƙar muhimmanci. “Tsabtar jiki na asali” shi ne inda ake da wurin wanke hannu da sabulu da ruwa a gida.<ref name="WHO_2017" /> A 2017, rahoto ya nuna cewa kashi 25% na mutane a ƙasashe masu ƙarancin kuɗi ne kawai ke da wurin wanke hannu da sabulu a gida; a Afirka ta Kudu da Sahara kashi 14% ne kawai.<ref name=":7" /> A duniya, mata da ’yan mata miliyan 500 ba su da wuraren tsafta da aminci don kula da al’ada.<ref>{{Cite news |title=Menstrual Hygiene Management Enables Women and Girls to Reach Their Full Potential |work=World Bank |date=2018}}</ref> Kusan kashi 40% na mutanen duniya ba su da wurin wanke hannu da sabulu a gida.<ref name="UN-Water">{{Cite web |title=Handwashing/Hand hygiene |url=https://www.unwater.org/water-facts/handhygiene/ |website=UN-Water}}</ref> == Tasirin rashin WASH == [[File:Mortality rate attributable to unsafe water, sanitation, and hygiene (WASH), OWID.svg|thumb|Yawan mace-mace da ke da alaƙa da rashin ruwa, tsafta da tsabtar jiki.<ref>{{cite web |title=Mortality rate attributable to unsafe water, sanitation, and hygiene (WASH) |url=https://ourworldindata.org/grapher/mortality-rate-attributable-to-wash |access-date=5 March 2020 |website=Our World in Data}}</ref>]] [[File:F-diagram-01.jpg|thumb|“F-diagram” (najasa, yatsu, ƙwari, filaye, ruwa, abinci), yana nuna hanyoyin yaduwar cututtukan da najasa ke haifarwa.]] === Rukunin tasirin lafiya === Tasirin rashin tsafta da ruwan sha mai aminci ya kasu gida uku:<ref name="WHOHealth2018">{{Cite book |url=https://www.who.int/publications/i/item/9789241514705 |title=Guidelines on sanitation and health |publisher=World Health Organization |year=2018}}</ref> # Tasirin kai tsaye: cututtuka da najasa ke haifarwa kamar gudawa, helminthiasis da cututtukan ƙwari. # Tasirin sakamako: kamar nakasar girma, ƙarancin nauyi, matsalar haihuwa, raunin kwakwalwa, ciwon huhu da anemia. # Tasirin rayuwa gaba ɗaya: damuwa, cin zarafi, rashin zuwa makaranta, talauci, raguwar tattalin arziki da juriya ga magunguna.<ref name="WHOHealth2018" /> === Nauyin cututtuka da rauni da WASH ke haifarwa === WHO ta bincika yawan mace-mace da cututtuka da rashin WASH ke haifarwa. Sun mai da hankali kan gudawa, cututtukan huhu, rashin abinci mai gina jiki da helminthiasis.<ref name=":32" /> A 2019, amfani da WASH mai aminci zai iya hana mutuwar mutane miliyan 1.4 da DALYs miliyan 74.<ref name=":32" /> Gudawa ce ta fi yawa, fiye da mutuwar miliyan 1 da DALYs miliyan 55.<ref name=":32" /> Cututtukan huhu su ne na biyu, sai rashin abinci mai gina jiki da helminthiasis. Yawan mace-mace ya fi yawa a ƙasashe masu ƙarancin kuɗi.<ref name=":32" /> Yankunan Afirka da Asiya ta Kudu sun fi shafa. Rashin tsafta kamar buɗaɗɗen bayan gida yana da alaƙa da gudawa da cututtukan ƙwari.<ref name="UN2015">{{cite web |title=Call to action on sanitation |url=http://sanitationdrive2015.org/wp-content/uploads/2013/03/DSG_Sanitation_Fast-Facts_final.pdf |access-date=15 August 2014}}</ref> Rahoton WHO na 2016 ya nuna cewa WASH ya haifar da kashi 3.3% na mutuwar duniya da kashi 4.6% na DALYs.<ref name=":17" /> A 2002, an kiyasta mutuwar mutane miliyan 5 a shekara daga cututtukan da za a iya kaucewa.<ref>{{cite report |date=2002 |title=Dirty Water: Estimated Deaths from Water-Related Diseases 2000–2020 |publisher=Pacific Institute}}</ref> === Jerin cututtuka === Aƙalla akwai cututtuka guda goma sha biyu da ke yawaita idan babu WASH:<ref name=":17">{{cite book |title=Safer Water, Better Health |publisher=WHO |year=2019}}</ref> * Gudawa * Cututtukan huhu * Helminthiasis * Malaria * Trachoma * Schistosomiasis * Lymphatic filariasis * Onchocerciasis * Dengue * Japanese encephalitis * Rashin abinci mai gina jiki * Nutsewa Akwai kuma wasu cututtuka da ake danganta da rashin WASH kamar arsenicosis, fluorosis, legionellosis, leptospirosis, hepatitis A da E, guba daga cyanobacteria, guba daga gubar ƙarfe, scabies, raunin kashin baya, polio, matsalolin jarirai da uwa, da sauran cututtuka.<ref name=":17" /> === Gudawa, rashin abinci da nakasar girma === Gudawa yawanci tana yaduwa ta hanyar hulɗar najasa da abinci. A 2011, gudawa ta haifar da mutuwar yara miliyan 0.7 ƙasa da shekaru biyar.<ref>{{cite journal |title=Global burden of childhood pneumonia and diarrhoea |journal=Lancet |date=2013}}</ref> Wannan ya yi daidai da mutuwar yara 2000 a rana.<ref>{{cite web|title=WHO Diarrhoeal disease|url=https://www.who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/fs330/en/}}</ref> Yara masu gudawa suna fi saurin zama ƙarancin nauyi da nakasar girma.<ref>{{Cite journal|title=Open defecation and childhood stunting in India |journal=PLOS ONE |date=2013}}</ref> Nazarin WHO ya nuna cewa kusan rabin matsalolin rashin abinci mai gina jiki a yara ƙasa da shekaru biyar suna da alaƙa da gudawa ko cututtukan ƙwari.<ref name="WHO2008Bartram">{{cite report |title=Safer water, better health |publisher=WHO |year=2008}}</ref> === Cututtukan da aka manta (NTDs) === WASH yana taimakawa wajen hana cututtukan da aka manta kamar helminthiasis.<ref name=":0">{{cite journal |title=Challenges and opportunities associated with neglected tropical disease |journal=BMC Public Health |year=2015}}</ref> Fiye da mutane biliyan 2 suna da cutar ƙwari ta ƙasa.<ref>{{cite report |title=Soil-transmitted helminth infections |publisher=WHO |year=2014}}</ref> WHO ta ƙaddamar da dabarar haɗa WASH da NTDs tun 2015.<ref>{{cite report |title=Water Sanitation and Hygiene for accelerating and sustaining progress on Neglected Tropical Diseases |publisher=WHO |year=2015}}</ref> === Ƙarin haɗarin lafiya ga mata === Mata suna fuskantar haɗarin cututtuka saboda ƙarancin WASH.<ref>{{Cite journal |title=Vulnerability of women to climate change |journal=Journal of Arid Environments |year=2018}}</ref> Mata masu juna biyu suna fuskantar matsaloli wajen zuwa wurin tara ruwa. Rashin tsafta na al’ada yana ƙara haɗarin cututtuka.<ref>{{Cite journal |title=Menstrual hygiene in South Asia |journal=Gender & Development |year=2010}}</ref> === Haɗarin lafiya ga ma’aikatan tsafta === Ma’aikatan tsafta suna fuskantar haɗarin lafiya daga najasa da suke kula da ita.<ref>{{Cite book |title=Methods for Faecal Sludge Analysis |publisher=IWA Publishing |year=2021}}</ref> === Tasirin sauyin yanayi === Sauyin yanayi yana ƙara haɗarin cututtuka da dama.<ref name=":32" /> === Ingancin shirin WASH === Akwai muhawara kan tasirin shirin WASH. Nazarin ya nuna cewa wanke hannu da sabulu yana rage haɗarin gudawa da kashi 40%.<ref name="Fewtrell">{{cite journal |title=Water, sanitation, and hygiene interventions |journal=The Lancet |year=2005}}</ref> Haka kuma, amfani da chlorine wajen tsabtace ruwa ya rage yawan cholera da kashi 75%.<ref name="Taylor">{{cite journal |title=The Impact of Water, Sanitation and Hygiene Interventions to Control Cholera |journal=PLOS ONE |year=2015}}</ref> == Bangarorin jinsi na rashin ayyukan WASH == Mata da 'yan mata ne suka fi fuskantar kalubale saboda rashin ingantattun ayyukan WASH.<ref name=":34"/><ref name=":35">{{Cite journal |last1=Bisung |first1=Elijah |last2=Dickin |first2=Sarah |date=2019 |title=Concept mapping: Engaging stakeholders to identify factors that contribute to empowerment in the water and sanitation sector in West Africa |journal=SSM - Population Health |language=en |volume=9 |article-number=100490 |doi=10.1016/j.ssmph.2019.100490 |pmc=6978480 |pmid=31993485 |doi-access=free}} [[File:CC-BY icon.svg|50px]] An kwashe rubutun ne daga wannan madogara, wacce ke da lasisin [https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License]</ref> Rashin isasshen agaji na samun ruwa da tsafta na shafar mata da 'yan mata ta hanyoyi da dama saboda al'adun da ke akwai a wasu al'ummomi da ke sanya su a matsayin manyan masu dibar ruwa da kula da gida, rashin samun damar yin fitsari cikin sauki a wajen ban daki mara tsafta ko kuma inda babu ban daki a kusa, da kuma sakamakon jinin al'ada da ke farawa lokacin balaga. Wadannan illolin sun hada da karancin shiga kasuwar kwadago da ayyukan al'umma, mummunan sakamako ga lafiya (biomedical), matsin lamba na tunani da zamantakewa (psychosocial), da kuma karancin sakamako a fannin ilimi.<ref name=":35" /> Yawancin lokaci mata da 'yan mata ne ke fuskantar babban kalubale na lafiya da zamantakewa da ke tattare da rashin tsaron ruwa da tsafta fiye da maza da yara maza, kamar yawan kamuwa da cututtuka masu alaka da ruwa, kyamar al'ada, da rashin samun damar gudanar da ayyukan tattalin arziki.<ref name=":34" /> === Lokacin da ake bukata don dibar ruwa === [[File:Niger,_Margou_(13),_water_well_with_tree.jpg|thumb|300x300px|Mata da yara suna dibar ruwa daga rijiya a Jamhuriyar Nijar.]] [[File:DRAWING WATER TO QUENCH THURST.jpg|alt=Mace tana dibar ruwa a Kenya.|thumb|Mace tana dibar ruwa a Kenya.]]Rashin samun wadataccen ruwa mai tsafta, mai saukin kudi kuma kusa, yana da mummunan tasiri musamman ga mata a kasashe masu tasowa.<ref name="Yadav 4–17" /> An kiyasta cewa mutane miliyan 263 a duniya suna amfani da sama da mintuna 30 a kowace tafiya don dibar ruwa daga ingantacciyar madogara.<ref name=":7" />{{rp|3}} A yankin kudu da hamadar Sahara (sub-Saharan Africa), mata da 'yan mata suna daukar kwanukan ruwa suna tafiya ta tazarar mil uku a matsakaicin kowace rana, inda suke amfani da sa'o'i biliyan 40 a kowace shekara wajen dibar ruwa (tafiya zuwa wurin ruwa, jiran layi, da dawowa gida).<ref>{{cite web |date=2019 |title=Water, sanitation and hygiene - A Pathway to Realizing Gender Equality and the Empowerment of Women and Girls |url=https://www.susana.org/en/knowledge-hub/resources-and-publications/library/details/3664 |work=WaterAid Canada}}</ref>{{rp|14}} Lokacin dibar ruwa na iya zama sanadin rashin samun ilimi, ayyukan samar da kudin shiga, shiga harkar al'adu da siyasa, da samun lokacin hutu da nishadi.<ref name="Diverting">{{Cite book |url=https://www.ircwash.org/resources/diverting-flow-resource-guide-gender-rights-and-water-privatization |title=Diverting the flow: a resource guide to gender, rights and water privatization |vauthors=Sidhu G, Grossman A, Johnson N |date=2003 |publisher=Woman's Environment and Development Organization (WEDO) |isbn=978-0-9746651-0-8 |location=New York, NY, USA}}</ref>{{rp|2}} Alal misali, a yankunan matalauta na birnin Nairobi, mata suna daukar kwanukan ruwa masu nauyin fam 44 zuwa gidajensu, wanda ke daukar tsawon sa'a guda zuwa sa'o'i da dama suna jiran layi da dibar ruwan.<ref name="Crow10">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Crow B, Odaba E |date=November 2010 |title=Access to Water in a Nairobi Slum: Women's Work and Institutional Learning |url=https://cloudfront.escholarship.org/dist/prd/content/qt7h52n89v/qt7h52n89v.pdf |journal=Water International |volume=35 |issue=6 |pages=733–747 |doi=10.1080/02508060.2010.533344 |bibcode=2010WatIn..35..733C |s2cid=153289383}}</ref>{{rp|733}} A wurare da dama na duniya, samo ruwa da samar da shi ana daukarsa a matsayin "aikin mata," saboda haka akwai alaka mai karfi tsakanin jinsi da samun ruwa.<ref name="Keefer15">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Keefer N, Bousalis R |date=January 2015 |title=How Do You Get Your Water? Structural Violence Pedagogy and Women's Access to Water |journal=Social Studies |volume=106 |issue=6 |pages=256–263 |doi=10.1080/00377996.2015.1072793 |s2cid=143162763}}</ref>{{rp|256}} Tara ruwa da samar da shi ga iyalai ya kasance babban aikin mace a kasashen da ba su ci gaba sosai ba inda ake daukar dibar ruwa a matsayin babban aikin gida.<ref name="Keefer15" />{{rp|256}} Wannan aikin ruwan yawanci aikin gida ne da ba a biyan kudi akansa wanda ya ginu a kan tsarin jinsi na sarautar maza (patriarchal) kuma galibi yana da alaka da ayyukan gida, kamar wanki, girki da renon yara.<ref name="Koolwal10" />{{rp|5}} Yankunan da suka dogara ga mata wajen dibar ruwa sun hada da kasashe a Afirka, Kudancin Asiya da kuma Gabas Ta Tsakiya.<ref name="Koolwal10" />{{rp|4}} === Rikici da cin zarafin mata === {{Further|Violence against women}} Yawancin lokaci mata da 'yan mata ne ke da alhakin dibar ruwa, wanda galibi aiki ne mai cin lokaci da wahala, sannan yana iya zama hadari a gare su.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Gender |url=https://www.unwater.org/water-facts/gender/ |access-date=21 February 2020 |website=UN-Water}}</ref> Mata da 'yan mata da ke dibar ruwa na iya fuskantar duka da fyade ko cin zarafi na jima'i a kan hanya (rikici da cin zarafin mata).<ref name=":23">{{cite web |date=2014 |title=Violence, Gender and WASH: A Practitioner's Toolkit - Making water, sanitation and hygiene safer through improved programming and services |url=https://www.susana.org/en/knowledge-hub/resources-and-publications/library/details/2098 |publisher=WaterAid/SHARE |vauthors=House S, Ferron S, Sommer M, Cavill S, Violence G |location=London, UK}}</ref> Wannan ya hada da kasada ta fuskantar fyade lokacin dibar ruwa daga wurare masu nisa, duka a cikin gida saboda yawan ruwan da aka diba, da kuma fada a kan karancin ruwa da ake da shi.<ref>{{Cite journal |vauthors=Sommer M, Ferron S, Cavill S, House S |date=2015 |title=Violence, gender and WASH: spurring action on a complex, under-documented and sensitive topic |journal=Environment and Urbanization |language=en |volume=27 |issue=1 |pages=105–116 |doi=10.1177/0956247814564528 |bibcode=2015EnUrb..27..105S |issn=0956-2478 |s2cid=70398487}}</ref> Wani bincike da aka gudanar a Indiya, alal misali, ya gano cewa mata suna fuskantar tsananin tsoron cin zarafi na jima'i lokacin amfani da ayyukan ruwa da ban daki.<ref name="washfunders.org">{{Cite web |title=Improving WASH, Reducing Vulnerabilities to Violence |url=https://washfunders.org/improving-wash-reducing-vulnerabilities-to-violence |access-date=2021-05-13 |website=WASHfunders |language=en-US}}</ref> Wani bincike makamancin haka a [[Uganda]] shi ma ya gano cewa mata sun bayar da rahoton cewa suna jin fargaba ga tsaron lafiyarsu lokacin tafiya ban daki, musamman da daddare.<ref name="washfunders.org" /> === Al'adun jinsi a fannin sana'o'i === Al'adun jinsi na iya yin tasiri mara kyau ga yadda maza da mata ke samun ruwa ta hanyar irin wadannan tsammanin hali na banbancin jinsi—alal misali, lokacin da dibar ruwa ya zama aikin mace, maza masu dibar ruwa na iya fuskantar kyamata saboda yin abin da ake ganin aikin mata ne.<ref name=":12">{{Cite web |title=Why gender matters - A tutorial for water managers - Resources • SuSanA |url=https://www.susana.org/en/knowledge-hub/resources-and-publications/library/details/3777 |access-date=2022-07-06 |website=www.susana.org}}</ref> Mata na iya fuskantar tarnaki wajen shiga harkar kamfanonin samar da ruwa a kasashe masu tasowa saboda "al'adun zamantakewa sun tsara cewa fanni ne na aiki da bai dace da su ba ko kuma ba za su iya gudanar da shi da kyau ba".<ref name=":16">{{cite web |date=2019 |title=Women in Water Utilities - Breaking Barriers |url=https://www.susana.org/en/knowledge-hub/resources-and-publications/library/details/3779 |publisher=World Bank |location=Washington, DC}}</ref>{{rp|13}} Duk da haka, wani bincike da Babban Bankin Duniya (World Bank) ya gudanar a shekarar 2019 ya gano cewa yawan mata masu sana'a a fannin ruwa ya karu a cikin 'yan shekarun da suka gabata.<ref name=":16" />{{rp|x}} A cikin al'ummomi da dama, aikin gyara da share ban daki yana fadowa ne a kan mata ko yara, wanda hakan zama silar kara jefa su cikin hadarin kamuwa da cututtuka.<ref name=":12" />{{rp|19}} == A wuraren da ba na gida ba == Wuraren da ba na gida ba don ayyukan WASH sun hada da ire-ire guda shida masu zuwa: makarantu, cibiyoyin kiwon lafiya, wuraren aiki (gami da gidajen yari), wuraren amfani na wucin gadi, wuraren taron jama'a, da kuma sansanin 'yan gudun hijira.<ref name=":21">{{Cite journal |last1=Cronk |first1=Ryan |last2=Slaymaker |first2=Tom |last3=Bartram |first3=Jamie |date=2015 |title=Monitoring drinking water, sanitation, and hygiene in non-household settings: Priorities for policy and practice |url=https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S1438463915000267 |journal=International Journal of Hygiene and Environmental Health |language=en |volume=218 |issue=8 |pages=694–703 |doi=10.1016/j.ijheh.2015.03.003|pmid=25836758 |bibcode=2015IJHEH.218..694C }}</ref> === A makarantu === [[File:School toilets - WASH in schools (Bangladesh) (37720260454).jpg|thumb|Ban dukan makaranta a makarantar sakandaren gwamnati ta Shaheed Monumia, Tejgaon, Dhaka, Bangladesh)]] [[File:School toilet 2 - WASH in schools (Bangladesh) (38403428742).jpg|thumb|Ban dakunan makaranta a kwaleji da makarantar IPH, Mohakhali, Dhaka, Bangladesh)]] [[File:Handwashing stands - WASH in schools - India (37547981435).jpg|thumb|Wuraren wanke hannu a wata makaranta a gundumar Mysore, Karnataka, Indiya]] {{Further|School hygiene}}Sama da rabin dukkan makarantun firamare a kasashe masu tasowa da ke da wadatar bayanai ba su da isassun ababen more rayuwa na ruwa kuma kusan kashi biyu cikin uku ba su da isassun ban dakuna.<ref name=":1">{{cite report |url=http://www.susana.org/en/knowledge-hub/resources-and-publications/library/details/2521 |title=Raising Even More Clean Hands: Advancing Learning, Health and Participation through WASH in Schools |date=2012 |publisher=UNICEF, United Nations Children's Fund |location=New York}}</ref> Ko da a inda ababen more rayuwar suke, galibi suna cikin mummunan yanayi ne. Yara suna samun damar shiga makaranta sosai kuma su fi gane karatu lokacin da aka inganta hanyoyin samun ruwa.<ref name="Koolwal10">{{Cite book |url=http://repositorio.minedu.gob.pe/bitstream/handle/123456789/1356/Access%20to%20Water%2C%20Women%E2%80%99s%20Work%20and%20Child%20Outcomes.pdf?sequence=1&isAllowed=y |title=Access to Water, Women's Work and Child Outcomes |vauthors=Koolwal G, Van de Walle D |date=May 2010 |publisher=The World Bank |archive-date=2018-04-16 |access-date=2020-02-04 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180416073708/http://repositorio.minedu.gob.pe/bitstream/handle/123456789/1356/Access%20to%20Water%2C%20Women%E2%80%99s%20Work%20and%20Child%20Outcomes.pdf?sequence=1&isAllowed=y }}</ref>{{rp|24}} Rashin ababen more rayuwa na WASH na iya hana dalibai zuwa makaranta, musamman dalibai mata.<ref name=":4"/> Tsauraran kyamar al'ada game da jinin al'ada, wadanda ke akwai a cikin al'ummomi da dama, tare da rashin ayyukan Kula da Tsaftar Jinin Al'ada (Menstrual Hygiene Management) a makarantu, na sanya 'yan mata kin zuwa makaranta lokacin da suke jinin al'ada.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2014 |title=Puberty Education and Menstrual Hygiene Management |url=http://unesdoc.unesco.org/images/0022/002267/226792e.pdf |website=UNESCO}}</ref> Dalilan rashin ko rashin kula da ababen more rayuwa na ruwa da tsafta a makarantun kasashe masu tasowa sun hada da rashin hadin kai tsakanin sassa daban-daban; rashin hadin gwiwa tsakanin makarantu, al'ummomi da matakai daban-daban na gwamnati; da kuma rashin jagoranci da gaskiya wajen gudanar da aiki.<ref name=":2">{{cite report |url=http://www.susana.org/en/resources/library/details/2677 |title=Managing WASH in Schools: Is the Education Sector Ready? |date=2016 |publisher=Sustainable Sanitation Alliance |location=Germany |vauthors=Dauenhauer K, Schlenk J, Langkau T |work=A Thematic Discussion Series hosted by GIZ and SuSanA.}}</ref> ==== Sakamako daga inganta WASH a makarantu ==== Ayyukan WASH a makarantu, wanda wani lokaci ake kira SWASH ko WinS, yana rage cututtuka masu alaka da tsafta sosai, yana kara yawan halartar dalibai makaranta sannan yana taimakawa wajen samar da kima da daidaiton jinsi.<ref name=":1" /> Ayyukan WASH a makarantu na taimakawa wajen samar da ingantaccen yanayin makaranta mai cike da koshin lafiya da tsaro. Haka kuma zai iya sa yara su zama masu kawo canji wajen inganta dabi'un amfani da ruwa, tsafta, da kiyaye lafiya a cikin iyalansu da al'ummominsu.<ref name=":1" /> Alal misali, an yi nazari kan bayanai daga makarantu sama da 10,000 a kasar Zambiya a shekarar 2017 kuma an tabbatar da cewa inganta samar da ababen more rayuwa na tsafta a makarantu yana da alaka da yawan rajistar dalibai mata idan aka kwanta da maza, da kuma rage yawan maimaita aji da dainawa makaranta, musamman ga 'yan mata.<ref name=":5">{{Cite journal| vauthors = Agol D, Harvey P, Maíllo J |date=2018-03-01|title=Sanitation and water supply in schools and girls' educational progression in Zambia|journal=Journal of Water Sanitation and Hygiene for Development|language=en|volume=8|issue=1|pages=53–61|doi=10.2166/washdev.2017.032|bibcode=2018JWSHD...8...53A |issn=2043-9083|doi-access=free}}</ref> ==== Hanyoyin inganta WASH a makarantu ==== Hanyoyin inganta yanayin samar da ababen more rayuwa na WASH a makarantu sun hada da, a matakin manufofi: fadada mayar da hankali ga fannin ilimi, kafa tsarin tabbatar da inganci, rarraba da amfani da kudade cikin hikima.<ref name=":2" /> Sauran shawarwari masu amfani sun hada da: kasancewa da bayyananniyar dabara ta hada kan jama'a, tallafawa fannin ilimi don karfafa gwiwar abokan tarayya na sassa daban-daban, kafa tsari na dindindin na sanya idanu wanda ke karkashin fannin ilimi, ilimantar da malamai da kuma hadin gwiwa da hukumar gudanarwar makaranta.<ref name=":2" /> Tallafin da hukumomin raya kasa (development agencies) ke baiwa gwamnati a matakin kasa, jiha da gundumomi yana da amfani wajen samar da abin da aka saba kira da ''yanayi mai taimakawa'' don ayyukan WASH a makarantu.<ref name="India">{{Cite book|vauthors=Tiberghien JE|title=School WASH research: India country report|publisher=WaterAid|year=2016|url=http://www.wateraid.org/what-we-do/our-approach/research-and-publications/view-publication?id=8851e0b6-7a36-4102-8630-4555130e750d|archive-date=2017-08-17|access-date=2017-08-17|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170817162908/http://www.wateraid.org/what-we-do/our-approach/research-and-publications/view-publication?id=8851e0b6-7a36-4102-8630-4555130e750d}}{{page needed|date=October 2017}}</ref><ref name="Pakistan">{{Cite book|vauthors=Tiberghien JE|title=School WASH research: Pakistan country report|publisher=WaterAid|year=2016|url=http://www.wateraid.org/what-we-do/our-approach/research-and-publications/view-publication?id=8851e0b6-7a36-4102-8630-4555130e750d|archive-date=2017-08-17|access-date=2017-08-17|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170817162908/http://www.wateraid.org/what-we-do/our-approach/research-and-publications/view-publication?id=8851e0b6-7a36-4102-8630-4555130e750d}}{{page needed|date=October 2017}}</ref> Nasarar hakan kuma ya dogara ne da jagoranci a matakin gida da kuma sadaukarwar gaba daya ta masu ruwa da tsaki na makaranta wajen bunkasa makarantar. Wannan ya shafi dalibai da kungiyoyinsu, shugaban makaranta, malamai da iyaye. Bugu da kari, dole ne a sanya sauran masu ruwa da tsaki a cikin tsarin tasirinsu kai tsaye, kamar: mambobin al'umma, kungiyoyin al'umma, jami'an ilimi, da hukumomin gida.<ref name="Nepal">{{Cite book|vauthors=Tiberghien JE|title=School WASH research: Nepal country report|publisher=WaterAid|year=2016|url=http://www.wateraid.org/what-we-do/our-approach/research-and-publications/view-publication?id=8851e0b6-7a36-4102-8630-4555130e750d|archive-date=2017-08-17|access-date=2017-08-17|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170817162908/http://www.wateraid.org/what-we-do/our-approach/research-and-publications/view-publication?id=8851e0b6-7a36-4102-8630-4555130e750d}}{{page needed|date=October 2017}}</ref><ref name="Bangladesh">{{Cite book|vauthors=Tiberghien JE|title=School WASH research: Bangladesh country report|publisher=WaterAid|year=2016|url=http://www.wateraid.org/what-we-do/our-approach/research-and-publications/view-publication?id=8851e0b6-7a36-4102-8630-4555130e750d|archive-date=2017-08-17|access-date=2017-08-17|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170817162908/http://www.wateraid.org/what-we-do/our-approach/research-and-publications/view-publication?id=8851e0b6-7a36-4102-8630-4555130e750d}}{{page needed|date=October 2017}}</ref> ==== Wanke hannu a rukuni ==== [[File:In_Rwanda_build_where_everyone_can_wash_hand_in_prevention_of_covid-19.jpg|thumb|Wurin wanke hannu na al'umma a kasar Ruwanda mai dauke da wuraren wanke hannu ga mutane masu tsayi daban-daban. Lokacin annobar COVID-19 a Ruwanda wanke hannu yana daya daga cikin tsare-tsaren kiwon lafiyar jama'a da aka karfafa don rage yaduwar cutar.]] Sanya idanu wajen wanke hannu na rukuni na yau da kullum a makarantu dabara ce mai tasiri don gina kyawawan dabi'un tsafta, tare da yuwuwar kawo kyakkyawan sakamako na lafiya da ilimi ga yara.<ref name="UNICEF2016">{{cite report | publisher = UNICEF, GIZ | date = 2016 | url = http://www.susana.org/en/resources/library/details/2641 | title = Scaling up group handwashing in schools - Compendium of group washing facilities across the globe. | location = New York, US; Eschborn, Germany }}</ref> Wannan alal misali an aiwatar da shi ne a cikin "Shirin Kula da Lafiya na Musamman" ta Ma'aikatar Ilimi ta kasar Philippines.<ref name="UNICEF2012">{{cite report | publisher = UNICEF | date = 2012 | url = http://www.unicef.org/wash/schools/files/Raising_Even_More_Clean_Hands_Web_17_October_2012(1).pdf | title = Raising Even More Clean Hands: Advancing Health, Learning and Equity through WASH in Schools, Joint Call to Action }}</ref> Tsaftace ciki daga tsutsotsi (Mass deworming) sau biyu a shekara, tare da wanke hannu kullum da sabulu da kuma goge hakora kullum da maganin hakori mai dauke da fluoride, shine babban jigon wannan shiri na kasa. Haka kuma an yi nasarar aiwatar da shi a kasar [[Indonesiya]].<ref>{{cite book|url=http://www.susana.org/en/resources/library/details/1513|title=School Community Manual - Indonesia (formerly Manual for teachers), Fit for School.|date=2014|publisher=GIZ Fit for School, Philippines|isbn=978-3-95645-250-5}}</ref><ref name="Fit for school1">{{cite book|url=http://www.susana.org/en/resources/library/details/2074|title=Field Guide: Hardware for Group Handwashing in Schools|publisher=Deutsche Gesellschaft für Internationale Zusammenarbeit (GIZ), Philippines|isbn=978-3-95645-057-0}}{{page needed|date=October 2017}}</ref> === A cibiyoyin kiwon lafiya === [[File:Unsafe drinking water 03.jpg|thumb|Wata mace tana cika gora da ruwan sha mara kyau a rijiyar Boromata da ke Jamhuriyar Afirka Ta Tsakiya.]] Samar da wadataccen ruwa, tsafta da kiyaye lafiya muhimmin bangare ne na samar da ayyukan kiwon lafiya na yau da kullum a cibiyoyin kiwon lafiya. Ayyukan WASH a cibiyoyin kiwon lafiya suna taimakawa wajen hana yaduwar cututtuka masu yauki sannan kuma suna kare ma'aikata da marasa lafiya. A halin yanzu ayyukan WASH a cibiyoyin lafiya a kasashe masu tasowa galibi rashi gare su.<ref name="WHO2015">{{Cite web |date=2015-03-20 |title=WHO {{!}} Water, sanitation and hygiene in health care facilities |url=http://www.who.int/water_sanitation_health/publications/wash-health-care-facilities/en/ |access-date=2022-07-06 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150320123231/http://www.who.int/water_sanitation_health/publications/wash-health-care-facilities/en/ |archive-date=2015-03-20 }}</ref> A cewar Hukumar Lafiya ta Duniya (World Health Organization), bayanai daga kasashe 54 a yankuna masu karamin karfi da matsakaicin kudin shiga wadanda ke wakiltar cibiyoyin lafiya 66,101 sun nuna cewa kashi 38% na cibiyoyin kiwon lafiya ba su da ingantacciyar madogara ta ruwa, kashi 19% ba su da ingantattun ban dakuna yayin da kashi 35% ba su da damar samun ruwa da sabulu don wanke hannu. Rashin wadannan muhimman ababen more rayuwa na WASH yana rage ingancin samar da ayyukan yau da kullum sannan yana kawo cikas ga ikon hanawa da shawo kan cututtuka. Samar da ruwa a cibiyoyin lafiya ya fi karanci a Afirka, inda kashi 42% na cibiyoyin kiwon lafiya ba su da ingantacciyar madogara ta ruwa a cikin rukunin ginin ko kuma a kusa. Samar da ingantacciyar tsafta kuma ya fi karanci a yankunan Amurka inda kashi 43% na cibiyoyin kiwon lafiya ba su da wadatattun ayyuka.<ref name="WHO2015" /> A shekarar 2019, Hukumar Lafiya ta Duniya (WHO) ta kiyasta cewa: "Cibiyar kiwon lafiya daya cikin hudu ba ta da muhimman ayyukan samar da ruwa, sannan daya cikin biyar ba ta da ayyukan tsafta na ban daki – wanda hakan ke shafar mutane biliyan 2.0 da biliyan 1.5 bi da bi." Haka kuma, an kiyasta cewa "cibiyoyin kiwon lafiya a kasashe masu karamin kudin shiga sun ninka akalla sau uku rashin samun ayyukan ruwa idan aka kwanta da cibiyoyin da ke yankunan da ke da wadatattun albarkatu". Ana ganin hakan yana taimakawa wajen sanya cututtukan da mata ke kamuwa da su bayan haihuwa (maternal sepsis) ninka sau biyu a kasashe masu tasowa fiye da yadda yake a kasashe masu dukiya da kudin shiga na gaba-gaba (high income countries).<ref name=":18">{{cite report | url = https://www.who.int/water_sanitation_health/publications/wash-in-health-care-facilities/en/ | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20190418063506/https://www.who.int/water_sanitation_health/publications/wash-in-health-care-facilities/en/ | archive-date = 18 April 2019 | title = Water, sanitation and hygiene in health care facilities: practical steps to achieve universal access | location = Geneva | publisher = World Health Organization | date = 2019 | quote = Licence: CC BY-NC-SA 3.0 IGO }}</ref>{{rp|vii}} Tarnaki ga samar da ayyukan WASH a cibiyoyin kiwon lafiya sun hada da: Tsare-tsaren da ba su kammala ba, rashin isasshen sanya idanu, tsara kasafin kudin da ya shafi takamaiman cututtuka kawai, ma'aikatan da ba su da iko ko goyon baya (disempowered), da kuma rashin kyawun ababen more rayuwa na WASH.<ref name=":18" />{{rp|14}} Inganta matakan WASH a cikin cibiyoyin lafiya yana bukatar jagorancin manufofi da ka'idoji na kasa, gami da ware kasafin kudi don inganta da kuma kula da ayyukan.<ref name="WHO2015" /> Akwai mafita da dama da za su iya inganta lafiya da amincin marasa lafiya da ma'aikatan lafiya a cibiyoyin kiwon lafiya sosai:<ref name="WHO16">{{cite report |url=http://www.who.int/water_sanitation_health/monitoring/coverage/wash-in-hcf-core-questions.pdf?ua=1 |title=Monitoring WASH in Health Care Facilities. |date=2016 |publisher=World Health Organization |access-date=3 October 2017}}</ref><ref name="WaterAid">{{cite report |url=http://www.wateraidamerica.org/publications/water-sanitation-and-hygiene-in-health-care-facilities-in-asia-pacific |title=Water, sanitation and hygiene in health care facilities in Asia and the Pacific. |date=2015 |access-date=3 October 2017 |work=WaterAid |archive-date=4 October 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171004085536/http://www.wateraidamerica.org/publications/water-sanitation-and-hygiene-in-health-care-facilities-in-asia-pacific |url-status=dead }}</ref> * Samun gurbataccen ruwa mai aminci don sha, da kuma amfani da shi yayin tiyata (surgery) da karbar haihuwa, shirya abinci, da wanka: Akwai bukatar inganta tsarin famfo da injinan jawo ruwa a cikin cibiyoyin lafiyar. * Dole ne a aiwatar da ingantattun dabi'un wanke hannu a tsakanin ma'aikatan lafiya. Wannan yana bukatar samar da wuraren wanke hannu masu aiki a wurare masu muhimmanci na duba marasa lafiya da kuma kusa da ban dakuna. * Kula da tsarin zubar da shara: Kyakkyawan tsarin kula da sharar cibiyoyin lafiya da kuma zubar da bayan gida (excreta) da ruwan shara cikin aminci yana da matukar muhimmanci don hana yaduwar cututtuka. * Karfafa dabi'un tsafta (hygiene) ga marasa lafiya, masu ziyara da ma'aikata. * Ban dakuna masu tsafta da saukin shiga, wadanda aka raba su ta jinsi (na maza daban na mata daban), a cikin adadin da ya wadanci ma'aikata, marasa lafiya da masu ziyara. Inganta damar samun wuraren wanke hannu da ban dakuna a wuraren kiwon lafiya zai rage yawan kamuwa da cututtuka da mace-mace sosai, musamman a fannin lafiyar uwa da jinjiri.<ref name="UN-Water" /> === A gidajen yari === A kasashe masu tasowa, gine-gineden gidajen yari galibi suna cunkushe da mutane da yawa sannan kuma sun tsufa sosai.<ref name=":11">{{Cite web |date=2020 |title=Water, Sanitation, Hygiene and Habitat in Prisons |url=https://www.icrc.org/en/publication/0823-water-sanitation-hygiene-and-habitat-prisons |access-date=2022-08-02 |website=International Committee of the Red Cross |language=en}}</ref>{{rp|12}} Wani rahoto da Kwamitin Red Cross na Duniya (ICRC) ya fitar ya bayyana cewa "Matakan da ke hana mutane 'yancinsu kada su kasance, ta kowane hali, masu tsananta musu ta hanyar wulakanci ko sanya su a cikin yanayin tsarewa da ke tauye kima da hakkokin dan adam."<ref name=":11" />{{rp|12}} Tsarin samar da ruwa da ababen more rayuwa na tsafta a gidajen yari galibi ba su da isasshen da zai biya bukatun mutanen da ke tsare a lokutan da adadin fursunonin ya wuce kima da karfin da gidan yarin zai iya dauka.<ref name=":11" /> Yawan amfani da wadannan ababen more rayuwa fiye da kima yana haifar da lalacewarsu cikin sauri. Kasafin kudin da jiha ke ware wa gidajen yari galibi bai wadatar da zai biya bukatun fursunonin ba ta fannin abinci da kulawar likitanci, balle kuma a fannin kula da gyaran ababen more rayuwa na ruwa da tsafta.<ref name=":11" />{{rp|12}} Duk da haka, ko da tare da karancin kudade, yana yuwuwa a kula da ko a gyara ababen more rayuwa da ke lalacewa ta hanyar amfani da dabarun tsare-tsare masu kyau da zabar hanyoyin samar da ruwa da tsafta masu saukin kudi. == Kalubale wajen aiwatar da WASH == === Samun daidaiton shiga tsarin samar da ruwan sha === Akwai rashin daidaito wajen samun damar shiga ayyukan ruwa, tsafta da kiyaye lafiya.<ref name=":13" />{{rp|11}} Irin wannan rashin daidaiton alal misali yana da alaka da matakin kudin shiga da kuma jinsi. A shekarar 2019 a cikin kasashe 24 da ake da bayanan da aka rarrabe, damar samun ruwa na yau da kullum a tsakanin rukunin masu arziki ya ninka akalla sau biyu idan aka kwanta da rukunin matalauta fiye da kima.<ref name=":13" /> Alal misali, a kasar Bangladesh, kabilun tsirarru (minority ethnic groups) suna da karancin samun damar ayyukan WASH idan aka kwanta da sauran al'ummar Bengali.<ref name=":29">{{Cite journal |last=Alam |first=Md Zakiul |date=2022 |title=Ethnic inequalities in access to WASH in Bangladesh |journal=The Lancet Global Health |language=en |volume=10 |issue=8 |pages=e1086–e1087 |doi=10.1016/S2214-109X(22)00232-7 |pmid=35839804 |s2cid=250514173 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Wannan yana faruwa ne saboda "wariya ta tsarin launin fata" a Bangladesh.<ref name=":29" /> Damar samun ayyukan WASH kuma ya bambanta a cikin gida a cikin kasashe dangane da yanayin tattalin arziki da zamantakewa (socioeconomic status), ikon siyasa, da matakin ci gaban birane (urbanization). A shekarar 2004 an gano cewa gidajen da ke birane sun fi samun damar amfani da ingantattun madogarar ruwa da tsafta da kashi 30% da kashi 135% bi da bi, idan aka kwanta da yankunan karkara.<ref name=":8" /> Hakkokin dan adam na samun ruwa da tsafta sun hana nuna bambanci a kan dalilai na "launin fata, jinsi, harshe, addini, ra'ayin siyasa ko wani ra'ayi daban, asalin kasa ko zamantakewa, dukiya, haihuwa, nakasa ko wani yanayi daban". Wadannan duka fannoni ne na rashin daidaito a cikin ayyukan WASH.<ref name=":13" />{{rp|13}} === Yankunan birane masu karamin kudin shiga === [[File:Distributing jerrycans to help people store clean drinking water in the Philippines (11252748734).jpg|thumb|Ana amfani da gora (jerrycans) don adana ruwan sha mai tsafta a kasar Philippines]]Akwai manyan tarnaki guda uku wajen inganta ayyukan birane a yankunan marasa galihu (slums): Na farko, rashin isasshen samar da ababen more rayuwa, musamman na tsarin sadarwa na raga (networked services). Na biyu, yawanci akwai matsalolin bukata da ke takaita damar mutane na samun wadannan ayyuka (alal misali saboda karancin sha'awar biyan kudi).<ref>{{Cite journal| vauthors = Abellán J, Alonso JA |date=2022|title=Promoting global access to water and sanitation: A supply and demand perspective|url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/358066020|journal=Water Resources and Economics|language=en|volume=38|issue=|article-number=100194|doi=10.1016/j.wre.2022.100194|s2cid=246261266|doi-access=|bibcode=2022WRE....3800194A }}</ref> Na uku, akwai matsaloli na hukumomi da ke hana talakawa samun wadataccen ayyukan birane.<ref>{{cite book|vauthors=Duflo E, Galiani S, Mobarak M|title=Improving Access to Urban Services for the Poor: Open Issues and a Framework for a Future Research Agenda|date=October 2012|publisher=Abdul Latif Jameel Poverty Action Lab|location=Cambridge, MA|page=5|url=http://www.povertyactionlab.org/sites/default/files/publications/USI%20Review%20Paper.pdf|access-date=4 March 2020|archive-date=8 July 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170708150227/https://www.povertyactionlab.org/sites/default/files/publications/USI%20Review%20Paper.pdf}}</ref> === Madogaran ruwa masu guba ko datti === [[File:Washing Utensils And Vegetables.png|thumb|Mata a wani babban tafki na kauye a Matlab, Bangladesh: Matar da ke hagu tana sanya tsumman tacewa (sari filter) a jikin tukunyar dibar ruwa (ko kalash) don tace ruwan sha.|alt=]] Madogaran samar da ruwa sun hada da ruwan sama (surface water) da kuma ruwan karkashin kasa (groundwater). Wadannan muhimman albarkatun ruwa galibi suna fuskantar kasadar gurbatawa ko amfani da su fiye da kima. {{excerpt|water pollution|paragraphs=1|file=no}} {{excerpt|groundwater pollution|paragraphs=1|file=no}} === Lalacewar tsarin WASH cikin lokaci === {{Further|Failures of WASH systems}} [[File:Existing pit latrines of the schools (5324341452).jpg|thumb|Ban dakin rami (pit latrine) da ba a kula da shi da kyau ba a wata makaranta a lardin Nyanza, Kenya]] Lalacewa da gazawar tsarin samar da ruwa (kamar wuraren taba ruwa, rijiyoyi da ramin burtsatse) da tsarin tsafta an rubuta su da kyau a cikin bincike daban-daban.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Water Currents: Learning from Failures |url=https://www.globalwaters.org/resources/assets/water-currents-learning-failures |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210411002721/https://www.globalwaters.org/resources/assets/water-currents-learning-failures |url-status=usurped |archive-date=April 11, 2021 |access-date=2022-07-12 |website=Water Currents: Learning from Failures {{!}} Globalwaters.org |language=en}}</ref><ref name=":10">{{Cite journal |last1=Vernon |first1=Naomi |last2=Myers |first2=Jamie |date=2021 |title=Acknowledging and Learning from Different Types of Failure |journal=Environmental Health Insights |volume=15 |issue=1 |article-number=11786302211018095 |doi=10.1177/11786302211018095 |pmc=8186116 |pmid=34158799 |bibcode=2021EnvHI..1510180V |s2cid=235593971}}</ref> An danganta wannan ga tsadar kudi, rashin isasshen horo na fasaha don gudanarwa da kulawa, rashin kyawun amfani da sabbin ababen more rayuwa da dabi'un da aka koyar, da kuma rashin shigar al'umma da mallakar abubuwan da kansu.<ref>{{Cite journal| vauthors = Carter RC, Tyrrel SF, Howsam P |date=August 1999|title=The Impact and Sustainability of Community Water Supply and Sanitation Programmes in Developing Countries|journal=Water and Environment Journal|volume=13|issue=4|pages=292–296|doi=10.1111/j.1747-6593.1999.tb01050.x|bibcode=1999WaEnJ..13..292C |s2cid=16993732 |issn=1747-6585}}</ref> Mafi yawancin talakawa ba su da ikon biyan kudaden da ake bukata don gudanarwa da kuma kula da ababen more rayuwa na WASH, wanda hakan ke hana su amfana ko da kuwa tsarin yana nan akwai.<ref name=":8">{{cite journal | vauthors = Moe CL, Rheingans RD | title = Global challenges in water, sanitation and health | journal = Journal of Water and Health | volume = 4| issue = S1 | pages = 41–57 | date = July 2006 | pmid = 16493899 | doi = 10.2166/wh.2006.0043 | bibcode = 2006JWH.....4S..41M | doi-access = free }}</ref> Gurbacewar ruwa a cikin tsarin rarraba ruwa (distribution systems) babban kalubale ne kuma yana iya taimakawa wajen yaduwar cututtuka masu alaka da ruwa.<ref name=":8" /> === Yanayin aikin ma'aikatan tsafta === {{excerpt|Sanitation worker|paragraphs=1-2}} == Fannoni na sauyin yanayi == === Fitar da iskar gas mai dumama duniya === Ayyukan samar da ruwa da tsafta suna taimakawa wajen fitar da iskar gas mai dumama duniya. An raba wadannan abubuwa da ake fitarwa zuwa gida uku a cikin yarjejeniyar kasa da kasa ta iskar gas mai dumama duniya: fitarwa kai-tsaye, da kuma manyan hanyoyi biyu na fitarwa ta kaikaice (duba kasa).<ref>{{Cite book |title=The greenhouse gas protocol: a corporate accounting and reporting standard. |date=2004 |publisher=World Business Council for Sustainable Development |others=World Business Council for Sustainable Development, World Resources Institute |isbn=1-56973-568-9 |edition=Rev.|location=Geneva, Switzerland |oclc=55049070}}</ref><ref name="IWAbook2022" />{{rp|9}} ==== Fitarwa ta kai-tsaye (Scope 1) ==== Scope 1 ya hada da "fitarwa ta kai-tsaye da ke fitowa dumu-dumu daga gudanar da aiki". A fannin WASH, wannan shi ne fitar da iskar methane da nitrous oxide yayin sarrafa ruwan datti da lakar kashi na ban daki. Ayyukan tsafta suna samar da kashi 2–6% na iskar methane ta duniya da mutane ke haddasawa.<ref name=":24">Isabella Montgomery, Kory Russel, Roshni Dave, Lauren Harroff (2020) Supporting the Shift to Climate Positive Sanitation POLICY BRIEF August 2020 Emissions calculator demonstrates reduced climate impact with container-based sanitation. CSBA and WSSCC.</ref> Rijiyoyin burtsatse na tsohon yayi, ban dakunan rami, tafkunan sarrafa datti ba tare da iska ba, da injinan rurrushe datti duka tsari ne na bazuwar datti ba tare da iska ba wadanda ke fitar da iskar methane wanda za a iya kamawa ko kuma kada a kama shi (a yanayin rijiyoyin burtsatse yawanci ba a kamawa). An kiyasta, ta hanyar amfani da bayanai na shekarar 2012 da 2013, cewa "sarrafa ruwan datti a manyan cibiyoyi na tsakiya kadai yana taimakawa da kusan kashi 3% na iskar nitrous oxide na duniya da kuma kashi 7% na iskar methane da mutane ke haddasawa".<ref name="IWAbook2022" />{{rp|11}} Bayanai na shekarar 2023 daga manyan matatun sarrafa ruwan datti na tsakiya a Amurka sun nuna cewa iskar methane da ake fitarwa ta ninka kimantawa da IPCC ta bayar a shekarar 2019 kusan sau biyu, wato 10.9 ± 7.0 idan aka kwanta da 4.3-6.1 MMT (miliyan metric tons) CO2-eq/yr.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Song |first1=Cuihong |last2=Zhu |first2=Jun-Jie |last3=Willis |first3=John L. |last4=Moore |first4=Daniel P. |last5=Zondlo |first5=Mark A. |last6=Ren |first6=Zhiyong Jason |date=2023-02-14 |title=Methane Emissions from Municipal Wastewater Collection and Treatment Systems |journal=Environmental Science & Technology |language=en |volume=57 |issue=6 |pages=2248–2261 |doi=10.1021/acs.est.2c04388 |pmid=36735881 |s2cid=256577352 |issn=0013-936X|pmc=10041530 |bibcode=2023EnST...57.2248S }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=IPCC |date=2019 |title=2019 Refinement to the 2006 IPCC Guidelines for National Greenhouse Gas Inventories. Vol. 5. Waste. Chapter 6 Wastewater Treatment and Discharge |url=https://www.ipcc-nggip.iges.or.jp/public/2019rf/pdf/5_Volume5/19R_V5_6_Ch06_Wastewater.pdf}}</ref> Hanyoyin yanzu na kimanta hayakin tsafta sun rage muhimmancin fitar da iskar methane daga tsarin tsafta da ba na sewer ba (NSSS).<ref name=":111" /> Wannan yana faruwa ne duk da cewa irin wadannan tsarin tsafta sun yadu sosai a kasashe da dama.<ref name=":111">{{Cite journal |last1=Cheng |first1=Shikun |last2=Long |first2=Jinyun |last3=Evans |first3=Barbara |last4=Zhan |first4=Zhe |last5=Li |first5=Tianxin |last6=Chen |first6=Cong |last7=Mang |first7=Heinz-Peter |last8=Li |first8=Zifu |date=2022 |title=Non-negligible greenhouse gas emissions from non-sewered sanitation systems: A meta-analysis |journal=Environmental Research |language=en |volume=212 |issue=Pt D |article-number=113468 |doi=10.1016/j.envres.2022.113468 |pmc=9227720 |pmid=35597295 |bibcode= 2022ER....21213468C|doi-access=free}} Text was copied from this source, which is available under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License</ref> NSSS suna taka muhimmiyar rawa wajen kula da lakar kashi cikin aminci kuma suna daukar kusan rabin duk wani tsarin samar da tsafta da ke akwai. An kiyasta cewa jimillar iskar methane da ake fitarwa daga NSSS a duniya a shekarar 2020 ya kai 377 Mt CO2e/shekara ko kashi 4.7% na iskar methane ta duniya da mutane ke haddasawa. Wannan yana da kwatankwacin iskar gas mai dumama duniya da ke fitowa daga matatun sarrafa ruwan datti na al'ada.<ref name=":111" /> Saboda haka, fitar da GHG daga tsarin tsafta da ba na sewer ba wani tushe ne da ba za a iya kauce masa ba. Kasashen Indiya da China suna ba da gudunmawa sosai wajen fitar da iskar methane na NSSS saboda yawan jama'arsu da kuma yawan amfani da NSSS.<ref name=":111" /> ==== Fitarwa ta kaikaice da ke da alaka da makamashin da ake bukata (Scope 2) ==== Scope 2 ya hada da "fitarwa ta kaikaice da ke da alaka da makamashin da aikin ke bukata". Kamfanonin da ke hulda da ayyukan ruwa da ruwan datti suna bukatar makamashi don tsari daban-daban. Suna amfani da rabe-raben makamashi (energy mix) da ke akwai a kasar. Idan yawan man fetur ko kwal (fossil fuels) ya karu a cikin rabe-raben makamashin, to fitar da GHG a karkashin Scope 2 zai yi yawa ma dumu-dumu.<ref name="IWAbook2022" />{{rp|12}} Hanyoyin da ke bukatar makamashi sun hada da: janyo ruwa (misali famfo ruwan karkashin kasa), adana ruwan sha, jigilar ruwa, tace ruwa, rarraba ruwa, sarrafa ruwan datti, amfani da ruwa na karshe (misali dumama ruwa), cire gishiri a ruwan teku da kuma sake amfani da ruwan datti.<ref name="IWAbook2022" />{{rp|20–24}} Alal misali, ana bukatar makamashin wutar lantarki don tura ruwan datti da kuma sanya iska ta hanyar injina a matatun sarrafa laka mai rai (activated sludge treatment plants). Lokacin duban hayaki daga fannin tsafta da ruwan datti yawancin mutane suna mai da hankali ne kan tsarin sarrafawa, musamman matatun sarrafawa. Wannan saboda matatun sarrafawa suna bukatar babban shigarwar makamashi kuma an kiyasta suna cinye kashi 3% na wutar lantarkin duniya baki daya.<ref name=":30">{{Cite journal |last1=Dickin |first1=Sarah |last2=Bayoumi |first2=Moustafa |last3=Giné |first3=Ricard |last4=Andersson |first4=Kim |last5=Jiménez |first5=Alejandro |date=25 May 2020 |title=Sustainable sanitation and gaps in global climate policy and financing |journal=npj Clean Water |language=en |volume=3 |issue=1 |page=24 |doi=10.1038/s41545-020-0072-8 |issn=2059-7037 |s2cid=218865175|doi-access=free|bibcode=2020npjCW...3...24D }} Text was copied from this source, which is available under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License</ref> Wannan yana da ma'ana ga kasashe masu dukiya sosai, inda sarrafa ruwan datti shi ne mafi girman mai cin makamashi idan aka kwanta da sauran ayyukan fannin ruwa.<ref name="IWAbook2022" />{{rp|23}} Tsarin sanya iska da ake amfani da shi a cikin yawancin hanyoyin sarrafawa na biyu yana da tsananin cin makamashi (yana cinye kusan kashi 50% na jimillar makamashin da ake bukata don sarrafawa).<ref name="IWAbook2022" />{{rp|24}} Adadin makamashin da ake bukata don sarrafa ruwan datti ya dogara da abubuwa da dama: yawa da ingancin ruwan datti (wato yaya yawansa da kuma yaya gurbacensa yake), matakin sarrafawa da ake bukata wanda shi kuma ke tasiri ga nau'in tsarin sarrafawa da za a zaba.<ref name="IWAbook2022" />{{rp|23}} Ingantaccen amfani da makamashi na tsarin sarrafawa wani lamari ne daban.<ref name="IWAbook2022" />{{rp|23}} {| class="wikitable" |+Amfani da makamashi da wutar lantarki ta ayyukan ruwa da ruwan datti a karkashin Scope 2 na hanyar kididdigar carbon (Fitarwa ta kaikaice da ke da alaka da makamashi) !Ma'auni !Adadi !Karin bayani !Tushe !Shekarar kimantawa |- |Jimillar makamashin da fannin ruwa ke amfani da shi a duniya |1400 TWh | |<ref name="IWAbook2022" />{{rp|20}} |2014 |- |Kason jimillar makamashin da aka amfani da shi azaman wutar lantarki |60% |Mafi yawanci don famfo ruwan karkashin kasa don shayar da gonaki. |<ref name="IWAbook2022" />{{rp|20}} |2014 |- |Kason jimillar makamashin da aka amfani da shi azaman makamashin zafi |40% | |<ref name="IWAbook2022" />{{rp|20}} |2014 |- |Kashi na amfani da wutar lantarki na duniya da fannin ruwa ke amfani da shi |4% |Ba a hada da makamashi don amfani da ruwa ta masu amfani na karshe ba (misali dumama ruwa). |<ref name="IWAbook2022" />{{rp|20}} |2014 |- |Rarraba amfani da wutar lantarki da aka cinye don samar da ruwa |Janyo ruwa: 40% Sarrafa ruwan datti: 25% Rarraba ruwa: 20% Cire gishiri a ruwan teku: 5% | |<ref name="IWAbook2022" />{{rp|20}} |2014 |- |Kashi na amfani da wutar lantarki na duniya da aka amfani da shi don matatun sarrafa ruwan datti |3% | |<ref name=":30" /> |2020 |} ==== Fitarwa ta kaikaice mai alaka da aikin amma kungiyoyi daban suka haddasa shi (Scope 3) ==== Scope 3 ya hada da "fitarwa ta kaikaice mai alaka da aikin amma kungiyoyi daban suka haddasa shi". Fitarwa ta kaikaice a karkashin Scope 3 tana da wuyar aunawa ta tsarin bai-daya. Sun hada da misali hayaki daga gina ababen more rayuwa, daga kera sinadarai da ake bukata a tsarin sarrafawa da kuma daga kula da lakar datti da aka samar azaman kayan karshe.<ref name="IWAbook2022" />{{rp|12}} ==== Rage fitar da iskar gas mai dumama duniya ==== Akwai mafita don rage fitar da iskar gas mai dumama duniya na ayyukan ruwa da tsafta.<ref name=":110" /> Wadannan mafita sun kasu kashi uku wadanda ke dan hadewa da juna: Na farko "rage amfani da ruwa da makamashi ta hanyar hanyoyi masu sauki da inganci"; na biyu "rungumar tattalin arziki na rawaya (circular economy) don samar da makamashi da kayayyaki masu daraja"; da kuma na uku ta hanyar "tsara tsare-tsare don rage fitar da GHG ta hanyar shawarwari na dabara".<ref name="IWAbook2022">{{Cite book |title=Reducing the Greenhouse Gas Emissions of Water and Sanitation Services: Overview of emissions and their potential reduction illustrated by utility know-how |date=2022 |publisher=IWA Publishing |isbn=978-1-78906-317-2 |editor-last=Alix |editor-first=Alexandre |language=en |doi=10.2166/9781789063172 |s2cid=250128707 |editor-last2=Bellet |editor-first2=Laurent |editor-last3=Trommsdorff |editor-first3=Corinne |editor-last4=Audureau |editor-first4=Iris}}</ref>{{rp|28}} Ambaton ''hanyoyi masu sauki da inganci'' sun hada da misali lalubo hanyoyin rage asarar ruwa daga hanyoyin sadarwar ruwa da kuma rage kwararar ruwan sama ko ruwan karkashin kasa zuwa cikin magudanun ruwa na sewer.<ref name="IWAbook2022" />{{rp|29}} Haka kuma, za a iya ba da kwarin gwiwa don karfafa gwiwar gidaje da masana'antu su rage amfani da ruwansu da kuma bukatun makamashinsu na dumama ruwa.<ref name="IWAbook2022" />{{rp|31}} Akwai wata hanyar kuma ta rage bukatun makamashi don sarrafa danyen ruwa don yin ruwan sha daga gare shi: kare ingancin ruwan tushe mafi kyau.<ref name="IWAbook2022" />{{rp|32}} Hanyoyin da suka shiga karkashin rukunin ''tattalin arziki na rawaya'' sun hada da: Sake amfani da ruwa, sinadaran abinci (nutrients) da kayayyaki; Samar da makamashi mai karancin carbon (misali amfani da hasken rana a saman rufin gine-ginen amfanitallahi, dawo da barnar zafi daga ruwan datti, samar da wutar lantarki ta ruwa ta hanyar girka injunan micro-turbines, samar da makamashi daga biosolids da lakar datti.<ref name="IWAbook2022" />{{rp|33–37}} Shawarwari na dabara game da rage fitar da GHG sun hada da: wayar da kai da ilimantarwa, gudanarwa da ke goyon bayan canza dabi'un aiki, samar da kwarin gwiwa na tattalin arziki don adana ruwa da rage amfani da shi, kuma a karshe zabar makamashi da kayayyaki masu karancin carbon.<ref name="IWAbook2022" />{{rp|38–39}} === Mummunan tasiri na sauyin yanayi === {{Further|Effects of climate change|Effects of climate change on human health}} Tasirin sauyin yanayi na iya samun mummunan tasiri a kan ayyukan tsafta da ke akwai ta hanyoyi da dama, alal misali ta hanyar lalacewa da asarar ayyuka daga ambaliyar ruwa da rage karfin daukar nauyin ruwa da ke karbar ruwan datti.<ref name=":110">{{Cite journal |last1=Howard |first1=Guy |last2=Calow |first2=Roger |last3=Macdonald |first3=Alan |last4=Bartram |first4=Jamie |date=2016 |title=Climate Change and Water and Sanitation: Likely Impacts and Emerging Trends for Action |journal=Annual Review of Environment and Resources |language=en |volume=41 |issue=1 |pages=253–276 |doi=10.1146/annurev-environ-110615-085856 |bibcode=2016ARER...41..253H |issn=1543-5938 |doi-access=free |s2cid=155259589}}</ref><ref name=":31" /><ref name=":32">WHO (2023) Burden of disease attributable to unsafe drinking-water, sanitation and hygiene, 2019 update. Geneva: World Health Organization; 2023. Licence: CC BY-NC-SA 3.0 IGO.</ref>{{rp|23}} Al'amuran da suka shafi yanayi da sauyin yanayi (sauye-sauye, lokuta da matsanancin yanayi) koyaushe suna da tasiri a kan samar da ayyukan tsafta.<ref>SWA (2020) Adapting to climate change and fostering a low carbon water and sanitation sector. Sanitation and Water for All (SWA)</ref>{{rp|3}} Amma yanzu, matsanancin yanayi, kamar ambaliyar ruwa da fari, gaba daya suna karuwa a yawa da tsanani saboda sauyin yanayi a yankuna da dama.<ref name=":182">Douville, H., K. Raghavan, J. Renwick, R.P. Allan, P.A. Arias, M. Barlow, R. Cerezo-Mota, A. Cherchi, T.Y. Gan, J. Gergis, D. Jiang, A. Khan, W. Pokam Mba, D. Rosenfeld, J. Tierney, and O. Zolina, 2021: Water Cycle Changes. In Climate Change 2021: The Physical Science Basis. Contribution of Working Group I to the Sixth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, United Kingdom and New York, NY, USA, pp. 1055–1210, doi:10.1017/9781009157896.010</ref>{{rp|1157}} Suna shafar ayyukan samar da ruwa, magudanun ruwan sama da ababen more rayuwa na sewer, da matatun sarrafa ruwan datti.<ref name=":62">{{Cite book |last=Sinisi, L. |title=Guidance on Water Supply and Sanitation in Extreme Weather Events. |date=2011 |publisher=World Health Organization |isbn=978-92-890-0259-2 |location=Geneva |oclc=870244396}}</ref> Canje-canje a cikin yawa da tsananin matsanancin yanayi na iya rurrita kalubalen yanzu yayin da samun ruwa ke zama mai wuyar tabbatarwa, kuma kasadar lafiya na karuwa saboda gurbatattun madogaran ruwa. Tasirin sauyin yanayi na iya haifar da raguwar samun ruwa, karuwar bukatar ruwa, lalacewar wuraren WASH, da kuma karuwar gurbacewar ruwa daga abubuwan gurbatawa.<ref name=":31">{{Cite web |date=December 2020 |title=Climate Change Response for Inclusive WASH: A guidance note for Plan International Indonesia, Guidance Note |url=https://reliefweb.int/report/indonesia/climate-change-response-inclusive-wash-guidance-note-plan-international-indonesia |access-date=2021-05-13 |website=ReliefWeb |language=en |location=Indonesia}}</ref><ref name=":32" />{{rp|23}} Saboda wadannan tasiri, sauyin yanayi na iya "tsananta kasada da cututtuka da yawa masu alaka da WASH".<ref name=":32" />{{rp|23}} Sauyin yanayi yana kawo karancin aminci ga tsarin WASH, musamman a yankin Saharar Afirka inda damar samun ingantacciyar tsafta ta yau da kullum ke da karanci sosai. A wancan yankin, tsarin WASH da ba a kula da su da kyau ba, alal misali a matsugunan da ba na ka'ida ba (informal settlements), su ne ke sanya mutane kasancewa cikin kasada ga tasirin sauyin yanayi fiye da mutane a wasu wuraren. Dangane da tsarin zagayowar ruwa (water cycle), sauyin yanayi na iya shafar adadin kutsawar ruwa a cikin kasa, zurfafawar tacewa, saboda haka da kuma sake cika ruwan karkashin kasa. Haka kuma, hauhawar zafin jiki yana kara bukatar tirorwar ruwa (evaporative demand) a kan kasa, wanda ke takaita adadin ruwan da zai sake cika ruwan karkashin kasa. ====Tasirin sauyin yanayi a kan cututtukan da ake dauka ta ruwa==== {{excerpt|Climate change and infectious diseases|paragraphs=1-3}} === Daidaitawa da sauyin yanayi === {{Further|Climate change adaptation}} Kokarin daidaitawa a fannin WASH sun hada da misali kare albarkatun ruwa na gida (kamar yadda wadannan albarkatu ke zama tushen ruwa don samar da ruwan sha) da kuma bincika inganta tsarin samar da ruwa da dabarun adana shi. Haka kuma yana iya zama dole a daidaita tsare-tsare da ayyukan kamfanonin amfanitallahi.<ref name="IWAbook2022" />{{rp|41}} Manufofin daidaitawa da sauyin yanayi suna bukatar la'akari da kasadar da ke tattare da matsanancin yanayi. Matakan daidaitawa da ake bukata suna bukatar la'akari da matakai don fari da kuma wadanda na ambaliyar ruwa.<ref name=":26">Sinisi, L & Aertgeerts, R. (2011). Guidance on water supply and sanitation in extreme weather events. World Health Organization. Regional Office for Europe.</ref>{{rp|61}} Matakan daidaitawa don fari sun hada da misali: rage yoyon ruwa cikin hikima, sanar da takunkumin amfani da ruwa ga masu amfani. Matakan daidaitawa don ambaliyar ruwa sun hada da misali: Bincika wuraren da aka gina matatun ruwa da na ruwan datti a wuraren da ke fuskantar ambaliya, rage tasirin ruwan ambaliya a kan kayan aiki na yau da kullum.<ref name=":26" />{{rp|61}} Mafita na dabi'a (Nature-based solutions - NbS) na iya taka muhimmiyar rawa ga hanyoyin daidaitawa da sauyin yanayi na ayyukan ruwa da tsafta. Wannan ya hada da dawo da tsarin halitta na muhalli (wanda zai iya inganta kutsawar ruwa sannan kuma ya rage ambaliyar ruwa), injiniyan muhalli don sarrafa ruwan datti, ababen more rayuwa na kore don kula da ruwan sama, da matakai don rike ruwa na dabi'a.<ref name="IWAbook2022" />{{rp|45}} Mafi yawancin Tsare-tsaren Daidaitawa na Kasa da Majalisar Dinkin Duniya kan Sauyin Yanayi (UN Framework Convention for Climate Change) ta fasa gari sun hada da matakan inganta tsafta da kiyaye lafiya. Injiniyoyi da masu tsara shirye-shirye suna bukatar su daidaita mizanin tsare-tsare na tsarin ruwa da tsafta don yin bayani kan canjin yanayin yanzu. In ba haka ba, wadannan tsare-tsare na ababen more rayuwa za su kasance masu rauni sosai a nan gaba. Haka kuma lamarin yake ga sauran muhimman tsarin ababen more rayuwa kamar sufuri, makamashi da sadarwa. == Hanyoyin tsare-tsare da aiwatarwa == === Tsare-tsaren WASH na kasa da sanya idanu === UN-Water tana gudanar da shirin bincike na "Global Analysis and Assessment of Sanitation and Drinking-Water (GLAAS)". Wannan aiki yana bincikar "matakin da kasashe ke haɓakawa da kuma aiwatar da manufofi da tsare-tsare na kasa don WASH, gudanar da sanya idanu na yau da kullum, daidaitawa da daukar matakan gyara kamar yadda ake bukata, da kuma daidaita wadannan tsare-tsare na parallel tare da isassun albarkatun kudi da tallafi daga manyan hukumomin kasa."<ref name=":15">{{cite web | date = 2019 | url = https://www.susana.org/en/knowledge-hub/resources-and-publications/library/details/3705 | title = UN-Water Global Analysis and Assessment of Sanitation and Drinking-Water (GLAAS) 2019 Report - National systems to support drinking-water, sanitation and hygiene - Global status report 2019 | publisher = World Health Organization (WHO) | location = Geneva, Switzerland }}</ref> Tsare-tsaren WASH na kasashe da yawa ba su da tallafin kudi da na ma'aikata da ake bukata. Wannan yana kawo cikas ga aiwatar da su da kuma sakamakon da ake tsammani don isar da ayyukan WASH.<ref name=":15" /> Ya zuwa shekarar 2022, yana zama ruwan dare ga kasashe su hada da "hanyoyin shirye-shiryen sauyin yanayi" a cikin tsare-tsarensu na WASH na kasa. Shirye-shirye (Preparedness) a cikin wannan mahallin yana nufin yin aiki a kan rage tasiri, daidaitawa da juriya na tsarin WASH.<ref name=":28">WHO (2022) Strong systems and sound investments: evidence on and key insights into accelerating progress on sanitation, drinking-water and hygiene. The UN-Water global analysis and assessment of sanitation and drinking-water (GLAAS) 2022 report. Geneva: World Health Organization; 2022. Licence: CC BY-NC-SA 3.0 IGO.</ref>{{rp|11}} Duk da haka, mafi yawan manufofin kasa game da ayyukan WASH ba su bayyana yadda za a magance kasadar yanayi ba da kuma yadda za a kara juriyar ababen more rayuwa da gudanarwa.<ref name=":28" />{{rp|vii}} == Tarihi == Tarihin samar da ruwa da tsafta jigo ne na wani rukunin labarin daban. An fara amfani da gajertaccen sunan ''WASH'' ne daga shekarar 1988 zuwa sama a matsayin gajeruwar kalma (acronym) ga tsarin ''Water and Sanitation for Health Project'' na Hukumar Amurka don Ci gaban Kasa da Kasa (USAID).<ref>{{Cite web|date=1988|title=WASH Technical Report No 37 |url=http://pdf.usaid.gov/pdf_docs/Pnaaz336.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090403061318/http://pdf.usaid.gov/pdf_docs/pnaaz336.pdf|archive-date=April 3, 2009|access-date=2015-12-30|publisher=USAID}}</ref> A wancan lokacin, harafin "H" yana wakiltar ''health'' ne (wato lafiya), ba ''hygiene'' ba (wato kiyaye tsafta). Haka kuma, a kasar Zambiya an yi amfani da kalmar WASHE a cikin wani rahoto na shekarar 1987 wanda ke wakiltar ''Water Sanitation Health Education''.<ref>{{cite web | work = WASHE (Water Sanitation Health Education) | date = 1987 | url = https://wedc-knowledge.lboro.ac.uk/details.html?id=5438 | title = Participatory health education: ready for use materials: design and production WASHE programme | publisher = WASHE | location = Western Province, Zambia | access-date = 11 March 2016 }}</ref> Akwai ma wani tsohon rahoton ''WASH project report'' na USAID da ya samo asali tun farkon shekarar 1981.<ref>{{cite report | id = WASH Technical Report No 7 | date = 1981 | url = https://wedc-knowledge.lboro.ac.uk/details.html?id=2360 | title = Facilitation of community organization: an approach to water and sanitation programs in developing countries (WASH Task No 94): prepared for USAID. | publisher = USAID/WASH | location = Washington DC, USA | access-date = 11 March 2016 }}</ref> Daga kusan shekarar 2001 zuwa sama, kungiyoyin kasa da kasa da ke fafutuka a fannin samar da ruwa da tsafta, kamar su Majalisar Hadin Gwiwa ta Samar da Ruwa da Tsafta (Water Supply and Sanitation Collaborative Council) da Cibiyar Ruwa da Tsafta ta Kasa da Kasa (IRC) a kasar Netherlands sun fara amfani da ''WASH'' a matsayin babban lafazi na hadin gwiwa ga ruwa, tsafta, da kiyaye tsafta.<ref>{{cite report | vauthors = de Jong D | date = 2003 | url = http://www.ircwash.org/resources/advocacy-water-environmental-sanitation-and-hygiene | title = Advocacy for water, environmental sanitation and hygiene - Thematic overview paper | publisher = IRC | location = The Netherlands }}</ref> Tun daga wancan lokacin, an amshi kalmar ''WASH'' ko'ina a matsayin gajertaccen lafazi mai sauki ga ruwa, tsafta, da kiyaye tsafta a cikin mahallin ci gaban kasa da kasa.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2005|title=Sanitation and Hygiene Promotion|url=https://www.who.int/water_sanitation_health/hygiene/sanhygpromo.pdf|access-date=2015-12-17|website=WHO.int}}</ref> An kuma yi amfani da kalmar ''WatSan'' na wani lokaci, musamman a fannin ba da agajin gaggawa kamar a Hukumar Red Cross ta Duniya (IFRC) da Hukumar Kula da 'Yan Gudun Hijira ta Majalisar Dinkin Duniya (UNHCR),<ref>{{cite web | publisher = UNHCR Division of Operational Services | date = 2008 | url = http://www.unhcr.org/cgi-bin/texis/vtx/search?page=search&docid=49d080df2&query=water | title = A Guidance for UNHCR Field Operations on Water and Sanitation Services. | location = Geneva, Switzerland | access-date = 11 March 2016 }}</ref> amma bai shahara sosai kamar WASH ba. == Al'umma da al'ada == === Manufofin duniya === {{Further|Manufar Ci Gaba Mai Dorewa ta 6|Shirin Sanya Idanu na Hadin Gwiwa kan Samar da Ruwa da Tsafta}} [[File:Share of population using safely managed sanitation facilities, OWID.svg|thumb|300x300px|Taswirar duniya don Manuniya 6.2.1a a shekarar 2022: Kason yawan jama'a da ke amfani da ababen more rayuwa na tsafta da ake gudanarwa cikin aminci<ref name="Ritchie_2018" />]] Tun daga shekarar 1990, Shirin Sanya Idanu na Hadin Gwiwa kan Samar da Ruwa da Tsafta (JMP) na Hukumar Lafiya ta Duniya (WHO) da UNICEF yake fitar da kiyasin ci gaban WASH na duniya a kai-a kai.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Reports {{!}} JMP |url=https://washdata.org/reports |access-date=2022-07-07 |website=washdata.org}}</ref><ref name=":6">{{Cite book |title=Transforming our world the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development: A/RES/70/1 |date=2015 |publisher=United Nations, Division for Sustainable Development |oclc=973387855}}</ref> Shirin na JMP shi ne ke da alhakin sanya idanu kan Manufar Ci Gaban Karni na Majalisar Dinkin Duniya (MDG) Target 7.C, wando ke da nufin "raba gida biyu, nan da shekarar 2015, kason mutanen da ba su da damar samun ruwan sha mai aminci da ingantacciyar tsafta mai dorewa".<ref>{{cite web |title=Goal 7: Ensure Environmental Sustainability |url=https://www.un.org/millenniumgoals/environ.shtml |access-date=27 April 2015 |website=United Nations Millennium Development Goals website}}</ref> An sauya wannan a shekarar 2015 da Manufar Ci Gaba Mai Dorewa ta 6 (SDG 6), wacce ita ce "tabbatar da samuwa da kuma gudanarwa mai dorewa na ruwa da tsafta ga kowa da kowa" nan da shekarar 2030.<ref name=":14" /> Don samar da masgala (reference point) da za a iya sanya idanu kan ci gaban cimma nasarar SDGs, shirin na JMP ya fitar da rahoton "Progress on Drinking Water, Sanitation and Hygiene: 2017 Update and SDG Baselines".<ref name=":7" /> Fadada kewayon WASH da sanya idanu a wuraren da ba na gida ba kamar makarantu, cibiyoyin kiwon lafiya, da wuraren aiki, yana cikin Manufar Ci Gaba Mai Dorewa ta 6.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Cronk |first1=R. |last2=Slaymaker |first2=T. |last3=Bartram |first3=J. |year=2015 |title=Monitoring drinking water, sanitation, and hygiene in non-household settings: Priorities for policy and practice |journal=International Journal of Hygiene and Environmental Health |volume=218 |issue=8 |pages=694–703 |doi=10.1016/j.ijheh.2015.03.003 |pmid=25836758|bibcode=2015IJHEH.218..694C }}</ref> Hukumar WaterAid International kungiya ce mai zaman kanta (NGO) wacce ke aiki kan inganta samun ruwan sha mai aminci a wasu kasashen da suka fi fama da talauci a duniya.<ref>{{cite web |date=26 October 2011 |title=Where we work |url=http://www.wateraid.org/international/what_we_do/where_we_work/default.asp |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111121212941/http://www.wateraid.org/international/what_we_do/where_we_work/default.asp |archive-date=21 November 2011 |access-date=5 December 2011 |publisher=WaterAid}}</ref> Hadin gwiwar Sanitation and Water for All wata kawance ce da ke tara gwamnatocin kasashe, masu ba da taimako, hukumomin MDD, kungiyoyi masu zaman kansu, da sauran abokan hulda na ci gaba. Suna aiki ne don inganta damar samun tsafta da samar da ruwa mai dorewa.<ref>United Nations Children's Fund. UNICEF's engagement in Sanitation and Water for All (2012-07). [http://www.unicef.org/partners/Partnership_profile_2012_Water_and_Sanitation_for_All_V5.pdf "UNICEF's engagement in Sanitation and Water for All"] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150103153136/http://www.unicef.org/partners/Partnership_profile_2012_Water_and_Sanitation_for_All_V5.pdf|date=3 January 2015}}.</ref> A shekarar 2014, kasashe 77 sun riga sun cika burin tsafta na MDG, 29 suna kan hanya, yayin da 79 ba sa kan karena.<ref name="WHO_UNICEF_Progress_2017"/> === Lambobin yabo === Muhimman lambobin yabo ga daidai-da-daiku ko kungiyoyin da ke aiki a fannin WASH sun hada da Kyautar Ruwa ta Stockholm (Stockholm Water Prize) tun daga shekarar 1991 da kuma Lambar Yabo ta Tsafta ta Sarphati (Sarphati Sanitation Awards) tun daga shekarar 2013, don harkar kasuwancin tsafta. === Hukumomin Majalisar Dinkin Duniya === * UNICEF - Tsarin da UNICEF ta ayyana shi ne "cimma daidaitacciyar dama ga kowa na samun ruwan sha mai aminci kuma mai saukin kudi ga kowa".<ref>{{cite report | title = UNICEF Strategy for Water, Sanitation, and Hygiene 2016-2030 | date = August 2016 | location = New York | publisher = UNICEF | url = https://www.unicef.org/wash/files/UNICEF_Strategy_for_WASH_2016-2030.pdf | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20171004135458/https://www.unicef.org/wash/files/UNICEF_Strategy_for_WASH_2016-2030.pdf | archive-date = 4 October 2017 }}</ref> UNICEF ta hada da shirye-shiryen WASH a cikin ayyukansu da makarantu a kasashe sama da 30.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Water, sanitation and education &#124; Water, Sanitation and Hygiene &#124; UNICEF|work=UNICEF |url=https://www.unicef.org/wash/index_schools.html}}</ref> * UN-Water - wata kafa ce ta hadin gwiwar hukumomi da ke "daidaita ayyukan hukumomin MDD da kungiyoyin kasa da kasa da ke aiki kan batutuwan ruwa da tsafta".<ref>{{Cite web |title=About UN-Water |url=https://www.unwater.org/about-unwater/ |access-date=2022-07-11 |website=UN-Water |language=en-US}}</ref> [[File:GHWWSD.JPG|thumb|Bikin Ranar Wanke Hannu ta Duniya (Global Handwashing Day) a kasar Indonesia]] === Wayar da kai ta hynar kwanakin biki === Shekarar Tsafta ta Kasa da Kasa ta Majalisar Dinkin Duniya a shekarar 2008 ta taimaka wajen kara mai da hankali ga samar da kudaden tallafi na tsafta a cikin shirye-shiryen WASH na masu ba da gudunmawa da dama. Alal misali, Gidauniyar Bill da Melinda Gates ta kara yawan kudaden tallafinsu ga ayyukan tsafta tun daga shekarar 2009, tare da ba da muhimmanci sosai ga sake amfani da kashi.<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = von Muench E, Spuhler D, Surridge T, Ekane N, Andersson K, Fidan EG, Rosemarin A | date = 2013 | url = http://www.susana.org/_resources/documents/default/2-2042-ssp-17okt20134-10-about-the-gates-sanitation-grants-on-forum.pdf | title = Sustainable Sanitation Alliance members take a closer look at the Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation's sanitation grants | journal = Sustainable Sanitation Practice Journal | issue = 17 | pages = 4–10 | archive-date = 2016-11-30 | access-date = 2015-04-30 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20161130222401/http://www.susana.org/_resources/documents/default/2-2042-ssp-17okt20134-10-about-the-gates-sanitation-grants-on-forum.pdf }}</ref> Ana gudanar da ayyukan wayar da kai game da mahimmancin WASH ta hynar kwanakin biki na kasa da kasa na Majalisar Dinkin Duniya daban-daban, wadanda suka hada da Ranar Ruwa ta Duniya (World Water Day), Ranar Tsaftar Haila (Menstrual Hygiene Day), Ranar Ban Daki ta Duniya (World Toilet Day), da kuma Ranar Wanke Hannu ta Duniya (Global Handwashing Day). == Manazarta == hurfepuzoxmzarm3wmp5lzkbilbnw7w 0 152998 895465 885223 2026-08-12T09:07:00Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 5 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 895465 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Professor Ezekiel Femi Adebiyi''' ɗan Najeriya ne kuma farfesa a fannin [[Bioinformatics]] da [[Computer science]]. An san shi a matsayin ɗaya daga cikin jagororin binciken bioinformatics a Afirka ta Yamma, kuma ya zama farfesan bioinformatics na farko a yankin Afirka ta Yamma bayan naɗa shi a [[Covenant University]] a shekarar 2010.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.h3abionet.org/index.php/nodes/cu |title=Prof. Ezekiel Adebiyi : Head of CUBRe |website=H3ABioNet |access-date=2026-05-29 |archive-date=2026-05-29 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260529073307/https://www.h3abionet.org/index.php/nodes/cu |url-status=dead }}</ref> Ya taba zama mataimakin shugaban kungiyar African Society for Bioinformatics and Computational Biology, sannan kuma shugaban Nigerian Society of Bioinformatics and Computational Biology.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1390-2359 |title=Ezekiel Femi Adebiyi |website=ORCID |access-date=2026-05-29}}</ref> == Rayuwar farko da karatu == An haifi Ezekiel Adebiyi a ranar 28 ga Yulin shekarar 1970 a birnin Ibadan da ke jihar Oyo, Najeriya. Asalinsa daga yankin Boluwaduro na jihar Osun yake.<ref>{{cite news |title=We Aim to Eradicate Malaria in Africa - Ezekiel Adebiyi |work=Vanguard Newspaper |date=2012-10-25}}</ref> Ya yi karatun sakandare a makarantar United Community Secondary School da ke Ilorin. Daga shekarar 1987 zuwa 1991 ya yi karatun lissafi a [[University of Ilorin]], inda ya kammala a matsayin mafi ƙwazon ɗalibi a ajinsa. Daga baya ya samu digirin digirgir (M.Sc) a wannan jami'a a shekarar 1995.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1390-2359 |title=Ezekiel Femi Adebiyi |website=ORCID |access-date=2026-05-29}}</ref> A shekarar 2002 ya samu digirin PhD a fannin Computer Science – Algorithms and Bioinformatics daga [[University of Tübingen]] da ke ƙasar Jamus ta karkashin tallafin karatu na DAAD.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.h3abionet.org/index.php/nodes/cu |title=Prof. Ezekiel Adebiyi : Head of CUBRe |website=H3ABioNet |access-date=2026-05-29 |archive-date=2026-05-29 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260529073307/https://www.h3abionet.org/index.php/nodes/cu |url-status=dead }}</ref> == Aiki == Adebiyi ya fara aikin koyarwa a [[University of Ilorin]] a matsayin Graduate Assistant a shekarar 1992. Daga baya ya yi aiki a matsayin visiting scientist a cibiyoyi daban-daban na bincike a Turai da Amurka, ciki har da San Diego Supercomputer Center da German Cancer Research Center.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1390-2359 |title=Ezekiel Femi Adebiyi |website=ORCID |access-date=2026-05-29}}</ref> A shekarar 2008 ya koma [[Covenant University]], sannan aka naɗa shi farfesa a shekarar 2010.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://cubre.covenantuniversity.edu.ng/previous-team/ |title=Previous CUBRe Team |website=Covenant University Bioinformatics Research |access-date=2026-05-29}}</ref> Shi ne shugaban farko na Covenant University Bioinformatics Research (CUBRe), wata cibiyar bincike da ke mayar da hankali kan bioinformatics, genomics, da nazarin cututtuka irin su malaria da cututtukan gado.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.h3abionet.org/nodes/cu |title=Building Pan-African Bioinformatics Capacity |website=H3ABioNet |access-date=2026-05-29 |archive-date=2026-05-29 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260529073307/https://www.h3abionet.org/nodes/cu |url-status=dead }}</ref> == Bincike == Babban fannin bincikensa ya haɗa da: * Computational molecular biology * Bioinformatics * Human genetics * Genomics * Nazarin malaria ta hanyar amfani da kwamfuta Adebiyi ya taka muhimmiyar rawa a ayyukan binciken malaria a Afirka, tare da amfani da dabarun bioinformatics wajen gano hanyoyin magance cutar.<ref>{{cite news |title=Covenant varsity don discovers way to eradicate malaria |work=Vanguard Newspaper |date=2011-04-07}}</ref> Har ila yau ya kasance cikin jagororin aikin NIH H3ABioNet Consortium, wanda ke tallafa wa binciken genomics da bioinformatics a Afirka.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.h3abionet.org/index.php/nodes/cu |title=Prof. Ezekiel Adebiyi : Head of CUBRe |website=H3ABioNet |access-date=2026-05-29 |archive-date=2026-05-29 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260529073307/https://www.h3abionet.org/index.php/nodes/cu |url-status=dead }}</ref> == Mukamai == * Shugaban Nigerian Society of Bioinformatics and Computational Biology * Mataimakin shugaban African Society for Bioinformatics and Computational Biology (2007–2011) * Jagoran Covenant University Bioinformatics Research (CUBRe) == Duba kuma == * [[Covenant University]] * [[Bioinformatics]] * [[University of Ilorin]] == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} == Hanyoyin waje == * [https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1390-2359 ORCID Profile] * [https://www.h3abionet.org/index.php/nodes/cu H3ABioNet Profile] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260529073307/https://www.h3abionet.org/index.php/nodes/cu |date=2026-05-29 }} [[Category:Haifaffun 1970]] [[Category:Rayayyun Mutane]] qeblpnqw54toqvu37dysnjkgadscmfz 0 153369 895365 843198 2026-08-12T05:52:49Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 895365 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''El Jebelein''' (Arabic), wanda aka fi sani da '''Al Jabalayn''', wani gari ne a tsakiyar [[Sudan]] a gabashin [[Nil|Kogin Nilu]] . == Tarihi == Garin ya kasance wani ɓangare na Masarautar Shilluk, wanda ya wanzu a kan [[White Nile]] kuma yana da alaƙa da 'yan asalin Shilluk na yankin. Mazauna da yawa sun yi aiki a aikin gona saboda kusanci da garin ga White Nile.<ref>{{Cite web |date=28 December 2003 |title=مذبحة الجبلين 28/ديسمبر/1989 |trans-title=The Jabalayn Massacre, December 28, 1989 |url=https://sudaneseonline.com/board/285/msg/%D9%85%D8%B0%D8%A8%D8%AD%D8%A9-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AC%D8%A8%D9%84%D9%8A%D9%86-28-%D8%AF%D9%8A%D8%B3%D9%85%D8%A8%D8%B1-1989-1185693024.html |access-date=22 April 2026}}</ref> Daga 28 zuwa 29 ga Disamba 1989, Kisan kiyashi na El Jebelein ya faru ne a cikin ƙauyen, yana nufin ma'aikatan Shilluk.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Nearly 200 reported killed in Sudan clash - UPI Archives |url=https://www.upi.com/Archives/1990/01/03/Nearly-200-reported-killed-in-Sudan-clash/2297631342800/ |access-date=20 April 2026 |website=UPI |language=en}}</ref> Kimanin gwamnati ya sanya adadin wadanda suka mutu a 150 zuwa 250, yayin da kafofin yankin suka kiyasta cewa kimanin fararen hula 1,500 ne aka kashe. Daga 2 zuwa 3 ga Disamba 2024, kimanin gidaje 3,069 sun yi hijira daga ƙauyuka shida a ciki da kusa da El Jebelein saboda hare-haren da RSF ta kai a yankin.<ref>{{Cite web |date=5 December 2024 |title=DTM Sudan Flash Alert: Conflict in Aj Jabalain (Altboon Village), White Nile (Update 001): 05 December 2024 |url=https://reliefweb.int/report/sudan/dtm-sudan-flash-alert-conflict-aj-jabalain-altboon-village-white-nile-update-001-05-december-2024 |access-date=20 April 2026 |website=[[International Organization for Migration]] |publisher=[[ReliefWeb]]}}</ref> A ranar 1 ga Afrilu 2026, a lokacin [[Rikicin Sudan, 2023|Yaƙin basasar Sudan]], hare-haren jirgi guda biyu da RSF ta kai asibitin El Jebelein, inda ta kashe mutane 7 zuwa 12, ciki har da likitoci bakwai. Mutane ashirin da biyu sun ji rauni a harin. Ya faru ne kwana daya bayan wani harin jirgin sama wanda ya kai ga wani wurin ajiyar magani a Jihar White Nile ya ji wa mutane uku rauni, ciki har da likitan magani. Ƙungiyar Musulmi ta Duniya ta yi Allah wadai da yajin aikin a asibitin, tana mai cewa "babban keta dukkan dabi'un addini ne, da dokoki da ka'idojin jin kai na kasa da kasa". Ma'aikatar Harkokin Waje ta Sudan ta kuma yi Allah wadain da yajin, ta bayyana shi a matsayin "laifuka masu ban tsoro" wanda ya saba wa dokokin jin kai da ka'idodi. == Infrastructure == Wani reshe na Sudan Railways ne ya yi aiki da shi daga 1943 zuwa 1950.<ref>{{Cite web |title=SUDAN RAILWAYS - PASSENGER STATIONS & STOPS |url=https://www.branchline.uk/jfpdf/sudanrlys.pdf |access-date=20 April 2026 |pages=March 2002 |archive-date=12 March 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230312224728/https://www.branchline.uk/jfpdf/sudanrlys.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref> Tashar El Jebelain a cikin garin wani bangare ne na kayan aikin sufuri na mai wanda ke haɗa filayen mai a Jihar Nilu ta Kudu, tare da tashar fitar da mai a tashar Marsa Bashayer a kan [[Red Sea|Bahar Maliya]], kudu da Port Sudan . <ref>{{Cite web |title=MARSA BASHAYER |url=https://ports.marinelink.com/ports/port/marsa-bashayer |access-date=22 April 2026 |website=[[World Ports Directory]]}}</ref> A watan Nuwamba na shekara ta 2025, jirage marasa matuka da makamai masu linzami da sojojin RSF suka kaddamar suka kai hari kan tashar, wanda ya haifar da lalata kayan aiki a shafin. Hudu daga cikin hare-haren ba a kai su ga tashar famfo ta mai ta yankin, inda suka kashe injiniya daya da ke aiki a shafin kuma suka ji wa wasu mutane hudu rauni. Kamfanin Bashayer Pipeline ya ba da umarnin rufe shafin na gaggawa. Darakta, Mohamed Awad, ya aika da wasika ga manyan jami'ai a Ma'aikatar Man Fetur da Kamfanin Man Fetur na [[Sudan ta Kudu]] game da lamarin. == Dubi kuma == * Rabak * Tashoshin jirgin kasa a Sudan * Yaƙin basasar Sudan na Biyu == Manazarta == risa5guetspjc3094wucqmtangxab24 0 153832 895409 858328 2026-08-12T07:44:35Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 895409 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Emmanuel Chukwudi Eze''' // i (18 ga Janairun 1963 - 31 ga Disamba 2007) [[Falsafa|masanin falsafa]] ne [[Ɗan Nijeriya|Na Najeriya]]. Eze kwararre ne a fannin [[Falsafa|falsafar]] Bayan mulkin mallaka. Ya rubuta kuma ya shirya tarihin tarihin falsafar bayan mulkin mallaka a [[Afirka]], [[Turai]], da [[Amurka]]. Ya kawo wariyar launin fata na [[Immanuel Kant]] ga haske tsakanin masu tunani na Yamma a cikin shekarun 1990, wani yanki na rayuwar Kant wanda masana falsafa na Yammacin sau da yawa ke haskakawa.<ref name="Slate">{{Cite web |last=Bouie |first=Jamelle |date=5 June 2018 |title=How the Enlightenment Created Modern Race Thinking and Why We Should Confront It |url=https://slate.com/news-and-politics/2018/06/taking-the-enlightenment-seriously-requires-talking-about-race.html |access-date=16 June 2020 |website=Slate Magazine |language=en}}</ref> Tasiri a cikin aikinsa sun hada da Paulin Hountondji, Richard Rorty, David Hume, da [[Immanuel Kant]] .{{Spaced en dash}} A lokacin mutuwarsa, Eze ya kasance Mataimakin Farfesa na Falsafa a Jami'ar DePaul, inda ya kuma kafa kuma ya shirya mujallar Philosophia Africana .[http://condor.depaul.edu/~africana/] Ya mutu a ranar 31 ga Disamba, 2007, a Lewisburg, Pennsylvania bayan gajeren rashin lafiya. == Tarihi == Eze an haife ta ne ga iyayen Najeriya, Daniel da Rebecca (waɗanda su ne [[Inyamurai|Ibo]] kuma [[Cocin katolika|Katolikawa]] ne masu ibada), a Agbokete, a [[Yankin Arewacin Najeriya]]. Saboda kabilanci da addinin iyayensa sun tsere daga Arewa a lokacin [[Yaƙin basasan Najeriya|Yaƙin basasar Najeriya]] zuwa [[Nsukka]], a gabashin kasar. == Ilimi da koyarwa == Eze ta sami ilimi daga Jesuits a kwalejoji a Benin City, [[Najeriya]] da Kimwenza, Zaire (yanzu [[Jamhuriyar Dimokuraɗiyyar Kwango|Jamhuriyar Demokradiyyar Kongo]]). Ya halarci makarantar firamare ta St. Patrick a Iheakpu-Awka daga 1970 zuwa 1976. A shekara ta 1982 ya kammala karatu daga makarantar sakandare ta Igbo-Eze . Daga watan Satumba na wannan shekarar ya yi aiki a matsayin magatakarda a Ma'aikatar Aikin Gona ta [[Kaduna (jiha)|Jihar Kaduna]] a Funtua . A shekarar 1983, Eze ya yi murabus daga aikinsa sannan ya shiga makarantar horas da sabbin mabiya ta '''St. Ignatius Jesuit Novitiate''' a . Daga shekarar 1985 zuwa 1987 ya yi karatu a '''S. Pierre Canisius College''' da ke , a cikin . Bayan haka, ya koyar da harshen Faransanci a '''Bishop Kelly College''' da ke Benin City na tsawon shekara guda ta karatu kafin ya koma . Ya samu digirinsa na biyu (Master's Degree) a shekarar 1989 da kuma digirin digirgir (Ph.D.) a shekarar 1993 daga . Taken kundin bincikensa na digirin Ph.D. shi ne: '''"Hankali da Muhawarar da ake yi kan Falsafar Afirka"''' (''Rationality and the Debates about African Philosophy'').. Eze ya koyar a Jami'ar Bucknell da Kwalejin Mount Holyoke . Bugu da kari, ya kasance masanin ziyara na post-doctoral a Jami'ar Cambridge (1996-1997, inda ya tsara shirin M.Phil. a Nazarin Afirka), farfesa mai ziyara a Sabon Makarantar Nazarin Jama'a (1997) da kuma [[Jami'ar Cape Town]] (2003). == Ayyuka == === Littattafai === * A kan Dalili: Rationality in a World of Cultural Conflict and Racism (2008) [https://web.archive.org/web/20070903225337/http://www.dukeupress.edu/cgibin/forwardsql/search.cgi?template0=nomatch.htm]{{ISBN|978-0822341956}} * ''Tseren da Haskakawa: Mai Karatu'' (1997), . [http://www.blackwellpublishing.com/]{{ISBN|0-631-20137-8}} * Falsafar Afirka ta Postcolonial: Mai Karatu mai Karatu (1997), . [http://www.blackwellpublishing.com/]{{ISBN|0-631-20340-0}} * Samun bil'adama: The Idea of the Postracial Future (2001), . [http://www.routledge.com/]{{ISBN|0-415-92941-5}} * ''Falsafar Afirka: Anthology'' (2006), . [http://www.blackwellpublishing.com/]{{ISBN|0-631-20338-9}} * ''Tunanin Afirka (I): Da'a da siyasa'', . [http://www.agapea.com/PENSAMIENTO-AFRICANO-I--n62962i.htm]{{ISBN|84-7290-155-6}} * ''Tunanin Afirka (II): Falsafa'', . [https://web.archive.org/web/20061016174722/http://www.ikuska.com/Africa/libros/Titulos/8472901900.htm]{{ISBN|84-7290-189-0}} * ''Pensamieto Africano (III): Al'adu da Al'umma'', . [https://web.archive.org/web/20061016174703/http://www.ikuska.com/Africa/libros/Titulos/847290282x.htm]{{ISBN|84-7290-282-X}} === Labarai === * "Fitar da Afirka: Ka'idar Sadarwa da Hegemony na Al'adu". ''Telos'' 111 (Spring 1998). New York: [http://www.telospress.com Telos Press] == Dubi kuma == * [[Falsafar Afirka]] * Falsafar Afirka * Falsafar Amurka * Jerin masana falsafa na Amurka == Bayani == {{Reflist}} == Ƙarin karantawa == * Carmen L. Bohórquez, "Kaddamarwa, Dussel, Wiredu da Eze: Hanyar Al'adu ga Kyakkyawan Adalci," Revista de Filosofia, Vol. 34, No. 1 (2000): 7-16. * Michael A. Rosenthal, "'The black, scabby Brazilian': Wasu Tunanin kan Race da Falsafar zamani ta Farko," Falsafa da Karyataccen Jama'a, Vo.l 31, No. 2 (2005): 211-221. * M.L. Thomas, "Tsarin Dimokuradiyya na Yarjejeniya na Akan a matsayin Sauran Hanyar Yin Shawarwarin Siyasa. " [http://home.uchicago.edu/~mlthomas/consensus.pdf]{{Dead link|date=June 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} [maɓallin mutu na dindindin]  ''A kan "Cinquirer Our Humanity: The Idea of the Postracial Future"'' * Binciken Frank M. Kirkland, a cikin Notre Dame Philosophical Review, 2002.04.05 Archived.cfm?date=4%7C2002" id="mwmQ" rel="ve:NumberedLink">[1] An adana shi 2007-03-11 a * Binciken da Cleavis Headley ya yi, "The Ideal of the Postracial Future," a cikin Philosophia Africana, Vol. 7, Na 1, 2004:109-202. * Tattaunawar Charles Mills, "Kant's ''Untermenschen''," a cikin Andrew Valls, Race and Racism in Modern Philosophy, Cornell University Press, 2005, shafi na 169-193.&nbsp; ''A kan "Race and the Enlightenment: A Reader"'': * Bincike na Peter Hulme, ''Bincike a cikin Littattafan Afirka'', Vol. 31, No. 2, 2000: 232-233 [http://muse.jhu.edu/cgi-bin/access.cgi?uri=/journals/research_in_african_literatures/v031/31.2hulme.html] * Binciken da Bob Carter ya yi, "Fata daga Afirka: Falsafa, 'tseren' da hukumar ," a cikin Falsafa ta Radical, Mayu / Yuni 1998. [https://web.archive.org/web/20061022041537/http://www.radicalphilosophy.com/default.asp?channel_id=2188&editorial_id=10278] * Binciken da Andrew N. Carpenter ya yi, a cikin Falsafar Koyarwa, Vol. 23 Na 3 (2000). * Binciken Felmon Davis, a cikin Constellations, Vol. 5, No. 2, 1998: 296-304 [http://www.ingentaconnect.com/content/bpl/cons] * Bincike a cikin ''Jaridar Baƙi a Ilimi Mafi Girma'', No. 16, 1997: 137-138 * Binciken Adam Shatz, "Mene ne mafi munin Haskakawa ya shafi mafi kyawunsa?," Lingua Franca, Afrilu-Mayu 1997, shafuffuka 19-20&nbsp; ''A kan "Falsafar Afirka ta Bayan mulkin mallaka: Mai Karatu Mai Karatu"'': * Binciken da Kai Kresse ya yi, a cikin polylog: Forum for Intercultural Philosophy [http://lit.polylog.org/2/rkk-en.htm] * Bincike a cikin ''Mujallar Falsafa'' . [https://web.archive.org/web/20060821220555/http://www.philosophersnet.com/magazine/reviews_archive.php] * Bincike a cikin The Sociological Review, Vol. 45, No. 4, 1997: 704-750 [http://www.ingentaconnect.com/content/bpl/sore] * Bincike a cikin Juyin Juya Halin, Vol. 18, No. 4, 2001: 264 [https://web.archive.org/web/20040409160540/http://www.ocms.ac.uk/transformation/results_authors.php?mm_aut=346] ''A kan "Falsafar Afirka: Anthology"'': * Binciken Barry Hallen, "Falsafar Afirka a cikin Sabon Maɓalli," a cikin ''Binciken Nazarin Afirka'', Vol. 43, Na 3, 2000: 131-134. * Binciken Stephen Clark, "Falsafar Afirka: tarihin," a cikin ''Afr Aff'' (Lond), 1999 98: 128-130. * Binciken da [[Nigel Gibson]] ya yi, a cikin ''Nazarin Afirka da Asiya'', Vol. 36, Na 3, 2001: 253-329. * Binciken da Rodney C. Roberts ya yi, a cikin Falsafa ta Gabas da Yamma, Oktoba, 1999 [http://www.findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_hb235/is_199910/ai_hibm1G162496720] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070312143745/http://www.findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_hb235/is_199910/ai_hibm1G162496720 |date=2007-03-12 }} == Haɗin waje == [[Rukuni:Matattun 2007]] [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1963]] kc6lk214bu78i395dmx2hh1lbbs7num 0 155920 895357 852269 2026-08-12T04:32:08Z Baffa ali 47435 /* growthexperiments-addlink-summary-summary:2|0|0 */ 895357 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} [[Fayil:Good_Food_Display_-_NCI_Visuals_Online.jpg|thumb|Wasu abinci masu lafiya, ciki har da [[wake]], hatsi, farin kabeji, cantaloupe, [[Pasta|taliya]], [[burodi]], lemu, turkey, kifi, [[karas]], turnips, zucchini, wake mai dusar ƙanƙara, wake mai kauri, radishes, bishiyar asparagus, kabewa na bazara, naman sa mai laushi, [[tumatir]], da [[Dankalin turawa|dankali]] <ref>{{Cite web |date=2001-01-01 |title=Healthy Food Display: Image Details |url=https://visualsonline.cancer.gov/details.cfm?imageid=2397 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210506043125/https://visualsonline.cancer.gov/details.cfm?imageid=2397 |archive-date=2021-05-06 |access-date=2021-10-03 |website=NCI Visuals Online |publisher=[[National Cancer Institute]]}}</ref>]] '''Abinci mai kyau''' (ko '''abinci mai kyau''' ) abinci ne da ke kula ko inganta [[lafiya]] gaba ɗaya, yana ba wa jiki abinci mai gina jiki mai mahimmanci: ruwa, sinadarai masu gina jiki kamar furotin, sinadarai masu gina jiki kamar bitamin, da isasshen zare da kuzarin abinci . <ref name="lean">{{Cite journal |last=Lean |first=Michael E.J. |date=2015 |title=Principles of Human Nutrition |journal=Medicine |volume=43 |issue=2 |pages=61–65 |doi=10.1016/j.mpmed.2014.11.009 |s2cid=220865321}}</ref> Abinci mai kyau zai iya ƙunsar 'ya'yan itatuwa, kayan lambu, da hatsi gaba ɗaya, kuma yana iya ƙunsar abinci mai ƙarancin sarrafawa ko abubuwan sha masu zaki . <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Harlan |first=Timothy S. |last2=Gow |first2=Rachel V. |last3=Kornstädt |first3=Andreas |last4=Alderson |first4=P. Wolfram |last5=Lustig |first5=Robert H. |date=2023 |title=The Metabolic Matrix: Re-engineering ultraprocessed foods to feed the gut, protect the liver, and support the brain |journal=Frontiers in Nutrition |volume=10 |doi=10.3389/fnut.2023.1098453 |issn=2296-861X |pmc=10097968 |pmid=37063330 |doi-access=free}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Lustig |first=Robert H. |date=2020-11-05 |title=Ultraprocessed Food: Addictive, Toxic, and Ready for Regulation |journal=Nutrients |volume=12 |issue=11 |page=3401 |doi=10.3390/nu12113401 |issn=2072-6643 |pmc=7694501 |pmid=33167515 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Ana iya biyan buƙatun abinci mai kyau daga nau'ikan abinci na tsirrai da na dabbobi, kodayake ana buƙatar ƙarin hanyoyin samun bitamin B 12 ga waɗanda ke bin abincin vegan . <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Melina |first=Vesanto |last2=Craig |first2=Winston |last3=Levin |first3=Susan |date=December 2016 |title=Position of the Academy of Nutrition and Dietetics: Vegetarian Diets |url=https://www.eatrightpro.org/~/media/eatrightpro%20files/practice/position%20and%20practice%20papers/position%20papers/vegetarian-diet.ashx |journal=Journal of the Academy of Nutrition and Dietetics |volume=116 |issue=12 |pages=1970–1980 |doi=10.1016/j.jand.2016.09.025 |pmid=27886704 |s2cid=4984228 |url-access=subscription |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161202165753/https://www.eatrightpro.org/~/media/eatrightpro%20files/practice/position%20and%20practice%20papers/position%20papers/vegetarian-diet.ashx |archive-date=2016-12-02}}</ref> Cibiyoyin lafiya da na gwamnati suna buga [[Jerin jagororin abinci mai gina jiki|jagororin abinci mai gina jiki]] daban-daban don ilmantar da mutane game da abin da ya kamata su ci don su kasance cikin ƙoshin lafiya. Ba wai kawai ba. talla na iya haifar da fifiko ga abinci mara kyau. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Lustig |first=Robert H. |date=2010 |title=Fructose: metabolic, hedonic, and societal parallels with ethanol |journal=Journal of the American Dietetic Association |volume=110 |issue=9 |pages=1307–1321 |doi=10.1016/j.jada.2010.06.008 |issn=1878-3570 |pmid=20800122}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Daubenmier |first=Jennifer |last2=Lustig |first2=Robert H. |last3=Hecht |first3=Frederick M. |last4=Kristeller |first4=Jean |last5=Woolley |first5=Josh |last6=Adam |first6=Tanja |last7=Dallman |first7=Mary |last8=Epel |first8=Elissa |date=2014-03-01 |title=A new biomarker of hedonic eating? A preliminary investigation of cortisol and nausea responses to acute opioid blockade |journal=Appetite |volume=74 |pages=92–100 |doi=10.1016/j.appet.2013.11.014 |issn=1095-8304 |pmc=4125886 |pmid=24291355}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Moszak |first=Małgorzata |last2=Marcickiewicz |first2=Justyna |last3=Pelczyńska |first3=Marta |last4=Bogdański |first4=Paweł |date=2025-05-13 |title=The Interplay Between Psychological and Neurobiological Predictors of Weight Regain: A Narrative Review |journal=Nutrients |volume=17 |issue=10 |page=1662 |doi=10.3390/nu17101662 |issn=2072-6643 |pmc=12114007 |pmid=40431402 |doi-access=free}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Gheonea |first=Theodora Claudia |last2=Oancea |first2=Carmen-Nicoleta |last3=Mititelu |first3=Magdalena |last4=Lupu |first4=Elena Carmen |last5=Ioniță-Mîndrican |first5=Corina-Bianca |last6=Rogoveanu |first6=Ion |date=2023-11-20 |title=Nutrition and Mental Well-Being: Exploring Connections and Holistic Approaches |journal=Journal of Clinical Medicine |volume=12 |issue=22 |page=7180 |doi=10.3390/jcm12227180 |issn=2077-0383 |pmc=10672474 |pmid=38002792 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Don sauya wannan yanayin, ya kamata a sanar da masu amfani, a ƙarfafa su, kuma a ba su ikon zaɓar abinci mai kyau. Lakabin bayanai game da abinci mai gina jiki suma wajibi ne a wasu ƙasashe don ba wa masu amfani damar zaɓar tsakanin abinci bisa ga abubuwan da suka shafi lafiya. <ref name="EU1">{{Cite web |title=Food information to consumers – legislation |url=http://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/en/ALL/?uri=CELEX:32011R1169 |access-date=24 November 2017 |website=EU}}</ref> <ref name="WHO123">{{Cite web |title=WHO &#124; Promoting fruit and vegetable consumption around the world |url=https://www.who.int/dietphysicalactivity/publications/f&v_promotion_initiative_report.pdf |website=WHO}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Vlassopoulos |first=Antonis |last2=Katidi |first2=Alexandra |last3=Savvidou |first3=Tereza |last4=Kapsokefalou |first4=Maria |date=2022-12-01 |title=Alignment of Nutri-Score with Mediterranean Diet Pyramid: A Food Level Analysis |journal=Nutrients |volume=14 |issue=23 |page=5097 |doi=10.3390/nu14235097 |issn=2072-6643 |pmc=9741127 |pmid=36501126 |doi-access=free}}</ref>{{owidslider|start=2024|list=Template:OWID/Number healthy diet unaffordable#gallery|location=commons|caption=|title=|language=|file=[[File:Number healthy diet unaffordable, World, 2024.svg|link=|thumb|upright=1.6|right|Number healthy diet unaffordable]]|startingView=World}}A shekarar 2024, kashi 31.9% na al'ummar duniya ba za su iya biyan kuɗin abinci mai kyau ba, idan aka kwatanta da kashi 36.9% a shekarar 2020 da kashi 38.4% a shekarar 2017. A shekarar 2024, rashin iya biyan kuɗi shi ne mafi girma a Afirka (kashi 66.6% na yawan jama'a), kuma ƙasa sosai a Asiya (kashi 28.1%), Latin Amurka da Caribbean (kashi 27.4%), Oceania (kashi 19.6%) da Arewacin Amurka da Turai (kashi 5.0%). Wannan sau da yawa batun siyasa ne. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Sisa |first=Ivan |last2=Mena |first2=María Belen |date=2025-05-12 |title=A legal battle between Ecuadorian citizens and corporate power |journal=Journal of Global Health |volume=15 |doi=10.7189/jogh.15.03017 |issn=2047-2986 |pmc=12068418 |pmid=40354115}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Springmann |first=Marco |last2=Dinivitzer |first2=Eugenia |last3=Freund |first3=Florian |last4=Jensen |first4=Jørgen Dejgård |last5=Bouyssou |first5=Clara G. |date=2025-01-09 |title=A reform of value-added taxes on foods can have health, environmental and economic benefits in Europe |journal=Nature Food |volume=6 |issue=2 |pages=161–169 |doi=10.1038/s43016-024-01097-5 |issn=2662-1355 |pmc=11850278 |pmid=39789160}}</ref> Hukumar Abinci da Noma da [[Hukumar Lafiya ta Duniya]] sun tsara muhimman ƙa'idodi guda huɗu na abin da ya ƙunshi abinci mai kyau. A cewar waɗannan ƙungiyoyi biyu, abinci mai kyau shine: * '''Isasshe''', kamar yadda suke cika, ba tare da wuce gona da iri ba, kuzarin jikinmu da buƙatun gina jiki masu mahimmanci don tallafawa dukkan ayyukan jiki da yawa. * '''Nau'o'in abinci iri-iri''', domin sun haɗa da abinci mai gina jiki daban-daban a cikin da kuma a cikin ƙungiyoyin abinci don taimakawa wajen samar da isassun abubuwan gina jiki da jikinmu ke buƙata. * '''Daidaitacce''', domin suna ƙunshe da kuzari daga manyan hanyoyin guda uku (sunadarai, mai, da carbohydrates) ta hanyar da ta dace kuma suna haɓaka lafiyayyen nauyi, girma da aiki, da kuma hana cututtuka. * '''Matsakaici''', domin sun ƙunshi ƙananan abinci (ko babu) waɗanda ka iya yin mummunan tasiri ga lafiya, kamar abinci mai yawan gishiri da sukari. Duk da karuwar farashin abinci a shekarar 2024, adadin mutanen da ba za su iya biyan bukatun abinci mai kyau a duniya ya ragu daga biliyan 2.76 a shekarar 2019 zuwa biliyan 2.60 a shekarar 2024. Duk da haka, adadin ya karu a Afirka daga miliyan 864 zuwa sama da biliyan 1 a wannan lokacin (daga kashi 64% zuwa 66.6%). A kasashen da ke da karancin kudin shiga, adadin ya karu daga miliyan 464 a shekarar 2019 zuwa miliyan 545 (72%) a shekarar 2024, da kuma a kasashen da ke da karancin kudin shiga (ban da Indiya), daga miliyan 791 zuwa miliyan 869 (52%) a wannan lokacin. A duniya, kusan kashi daya bisa uku na yara 'yan watanni 6 zuwa 23 da kuma kashi biyu bisa uku na mata 'yan shekaru 15 zuwa 49 sun cimma matsakaicin bambancin abinci. == Shawarwari == === Hukumar Lafiya Ta Duniya === [[Hukumar Lafiya ta Duniya]] (WHO) ta gabatar da shawarwari guda biyar masu zuwa game da al'umma da kuma daidaikun mutane: <ref>{{Cite web |title=WHO &#124; Diet |url=https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/healthy-diet |website=WHO}}</ref> # Kiyaye nauyin da ya dace ta hanyar cin kusan adadin adadin kuzari da jikinki ke amfani da shi. # A rage yawan shan mai zuwa kashi 30% na jimlar yawan abincin da ake ci, a fifita kitse mara kitse fiye da kitse mai cike da kitse . A guji kitsen trans . # A ci akalla gram 400 na [['ya'yan itace|'ya'yan itatuwa]] da kayan lambu a kowace rana (ban da dankali, dankali mai zaki, rogo, da sauran tushen sitaci). Abinci mai kyau kuma yana ɗauke da [[Legum|wake]] (misali lentil, wake), hatsi cikakke, da goro . <ref>{{Cite web |title=Healthy Diet – WHO |url=https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/healthy-diet}}</ref> # A rage yawan shan sukari mai sauƙi zuwa ƙasa da kashi 10% na yawan kalori (ƙasa da kashi 5% na kalori ko kuma gram 25 na iya zama mafi kyau). <ref>{{Cite web |title=WHO guideline: sugar consumption recommendation |url=https://www.who.int/mediacentre/news/releases/2015/sugar-guideline/en/ |access-date=6 January 2018 |website=World Health Organization}}</ref> # A rage gishiri/ sodium daga dukkan tushe kuma a tabbatar da cewa gishirin yana dauke da sinadarin iodine . Kasa da gram 5 na gishiri a rana zai iya rage hadarin kamuwa da [[Cutar zuciya|cututtukan zuciya da jijiyoyin jini]] . <ref name="who.int">{{Cite web |title=WHO – Unhealthy diet |url=https://www.who.int/gho/ncd/risk_factors/unhealthy_diet_text/en/ |website=who.int}}</ref> Hukumar Lafiya ta Duniya (WHO) ta bayyana cewa rashin wadataccen kayan lambu da 'ya'yan itatuwa ne ke haifar da kashi 2.8% na mace-macen da ake samu a duniya. <ref name="who.int"/> <sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B; ''[[wikipedia:Ingancin tushen bayani|<span title="The material near this tag failed verification of its source citation(s). (March 2021)">tabbacin da ya gaza</span>]]'' &#x5D;</sup> Sauran shawarwarin WHO sun haɗa da: * tabbatar da cewa abincin da aka zaɓa yana da isasshen bitamin da wasu ma'adanai; * guje wa guba kai tsaye (misali ƙarfe mai nauyi) da abubuwan da ke haifar da cutar kansa (misali [[benzene]] ); * guje wa abincin da ƙwayoyin cuta na ɗan adam suka gurɓata (misali ''E. coli'', ƙwai [[Farin tsusa|na tsutsotsi]] ); * da kuma maye gurbin kitse mai cike da kitse da [[Mai yawan kitse|kitsen polyunsaturated]] a cikin abincin, wanda zai iya rage haɗarin kamuwa da cututtukan jijiyoyin zuciya da [[ciwon suga]] . <ref name="who.int"/> <sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B; ''[[wikipedia:Ingancin tushen bayani|<span title="The material near this tag failed verification of its source citation(s). (March 2021)">tabbacin da ya gaza</span>]]'' &#x5D;</sup> === Ma'aikatar Noma ta Amurka === [[Jagororin Abinci ga Amurkawa|Ka'idojin Abinci ga Amurkawa]] ta Ma'aikatar Noma ta Amurka (USDA) ta ba da shawarar tsarin abinci guda uku masu lafiya, waɗanda aka taƙaita a cikin teburin da ke ƙasa, don abincin kalori na 2000. <ref name="USGuidelines2013">{{Cite journal |last=Jensen |first=MD |last2=Ryan |first2=DH |last3=Apovian |first3=CM |last4=Ard |first4=JD |last5=Comuzzie |first5=AG |last6=Donato |first6=KA |last7=Hu |first7=FB |last8=Hubbard |first8=VS |last9=Jakicic |first9=JM |last10=Kushner |first10=RF |last11=Loria |first11=CM |last12=Millen |first12=BE |last13=Nonas |first13=CA |last14=Pi-Sunyer |first14=FX |last15=Stevens |first15=J |date=24 June 2014 |title=2013 AHA/ACC/TOS guideline for the management of overweight and obesity in adults: a report of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Task Force on Practice Guidelines and The Obesity Society. |journal=Circulation |type=Professional society guideline |volume=129 |issue=25 Suppl 2 |pages=S102-38 |doi=10.1161/01.cir.0000437739.71477.ee |pmc=5819889 |pmid=24222017}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |title=Dietary Guidelines for Americans, 2020-2025 and Online Materials {{!}} Dietary Guidelines for Americans |url=https://www.dietaryguidelines.gov/resources/2020-2025-dietary-guidelines-online-materials |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230721092537/https://www.dietaryguidelines.gov/resources/2020-2025-dietary-guidelines-online-materials |archive-date=21 July 2023 |access-date=2023-05-13 |website=www.dietaryguidelines.gov}}</ref> Ƙungiyoyi da cibiyoyi daban-daban suna ƙara ɗaukar waɗannan jagororin don haɓaka girke-girke da tsarin abinci. <ref>{{Cite web |date=2019-04-17 |title=Our Nutrition Guidelines And Food Philosophy Healthy Recipes 101 |url=https://healthyrecipes101.com/page/healthy-eating-guideline/ |access-date=2023-05-13 |website=Healthy Recipes 101}}</ref> Jagororin sun jaddada dorewar lafiya da muhalli da kuma hanyar da za a bi wajen sassautawa. Kwamitin da ya tsara shi ya rubuta: "Babban binciken da aka yi game da abinci mai dorewa shi ne cewa abinci mai yawa a cikin abincin da ake amfani da shi a tsirrai, kamar kayan lambu, 'ya'yan itatuwa, hatsi, wake, goro, da iri, da kuma ƙarancin kalori da abincin da ake amfani da shi a dabbobi yana ƙara inganta lafiya kuma yana da alaƙa da ƙarancin tasirin muhalli fiye da abincin da ake amfani da shi a yanzu a Amurka. Ana iya cimma wannan tsarin cin abinci ta hanyar nau'ikan tsarin abinci iri-iri, gami da "Tsarin Lafiya na Amurka", "Tsarin Lafiya na Masu Cin Ganyayyaki" da "Tsarin Lafiya na Bahar Rum". <ref>{{Cite web |title=App. E-3.7: Developing Vegetarian and Mediterranean-style Food Patterns - 2015 Advisory Report - health.gov |url=http://health.gov/dietaryguidelines/2015-scientific-report/15-appendix-E3/e3-7.asp |access-date=30 September 2015 |website=health.gov |archive-date=3 January 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170103202902/https://health.gov/dietaryguidelines/2015-scientific-report/15-appendix-E3/e3-7.asp |url-status=dead }}</ref> Adadin rukunin abinci yana kasancewa kowace rana, sai dai idan an lura da shi a kowane mako. {| class="wikitable" |+Tsarin lafiya guda uku ! Rukunin abinci/ƙananan rukuni (raka'a) ! Salon Amurka ! [[Cin ganyayyaki kawai|Mai cin ganyayyaki]] ! Salon matsakaici |- | '''[['ya'yan itace|<nowiki/>'Ya'yan itatuwa]] (kofin daidai)''' | 2 | 2 | 2.5 |- | '''Kayan lambu (kofin daidai gwargwado)''' | 2.5 | 2.5 | 2.5 |- | Kore mai duhu | 1.5/sati | 1.5/sati | 1.5/sati |- | Ja/lemu | 5.5/sati | 5.5/sati | 5.5/sati |- | Sitaci | 5/mako | 5/mako | 5/mako |- | Legumes | 1.5/sati | 3/mako | 1.5/sati |- | Wasu | 4/mako | 4/mako | 4/mako |- | '''Hatsi (oz eq)''' | 6 | 6.5 | 6 |- | Cikakke | 3 | 3.5 | 3 |- | An gyara | 3 | 3 | 3 |- | '''Madara (kofin daidai gwargwado)''' | 3 | 3 | 2 |- | '''[[Jerin abinci ta hanyar furotin|Abincin Protein]] (oz eq)''' | 5.5 | 3.5 | 6.5 |- | Nama (ja da aka sarrafa) | 12.5/sati | – | 12.5/sati |- | Kaji | 10.5/sati | – | 10.5/sati |- | abincin teku | 8/mako | – | 15/mako |- | ƙwai | 3/mako | 3/mako | 3/mako |- | Gyada/Iya | 4/mako | 7/mako | 4/mako |- | Waken soya da aka sarrafa (gami da tofu) | 0.5/sati | 8/mako | 0.5/sati |- | '''Mai (grams)''' | 27 | 27 | 27 |- | '''Iyakar kitse mai ƙarfi (grams)''' | 18 | 21 | 17 |- | '''Ƙarin iyaka na sukari (grams)''' | 30 | 36 | 29 |} === Ƙungiyar Zuciya ta Amurka / Asusun Binciken Ciwon daji na Duniya / Cibiyar Nazarin Ciwon daji ta Amurka === Ƙungiyar Zuciya ta Amurka, Asusun Binciken Ciwon daji na Duniya, da Cibiyar Nazarin Ciwon daji ta Amurka sun ba da shawarar cin abinci wanda ya ƙunshi galibin abincin [[shuka]] da ba a sarrafa ba, tare da mai da hankali kan nau'ikan hatsi iri-iri, wake, da kayan lambu da 'ya'yan itatuwa marasa sitaci. Wannan abinci mai kyau ya haɗa da nau'ikan kayan lambu da 'ya'yan itatuwa marasa sitaci waɗanda ke ba da launuka daban-daban ciki har da ja, kore, rawaya, fari, shunayya, da lemu. Shawarwarin sun lura cewa tumatir da aka dafa da mai, kayan lambu na allium kamar tafarnuwa, da kayan lambu masu giciye kamar farin kabeji, suna ba da kariya daga cutar kansa. Wannan abinci mai kyau yana da ƙarancin kuzari, wanda zai iya karewa daga ƙaruwar nauyi da cututtuka masu alaƙa. A ƙarshe, iyakance cin abubuwan sha masu sukari, iyakance abinci mai wadataccen kuzari, gami da "abinci mai sauri" da jan nama, da kuma guje wa nama da aka sarrafa yana inganta lafiya da tsawon rai. Gabaɗaya, masu bincike da masu tsara manufofin kiwon lafiya sun kammala da cewa wannan abinci mai kyau zai iya rage haɗarin cututtuka na yau da kullun da ciwon daji. <ref name="urlwww.cancer.org">{{Cite web |title=American Cancer Society Guidelines on Nutrition and Physical Activity for Cancer Prevention |url=http://www.cancer.org/acs/groups/cid/documents/webcontent/002577-pdf.pdf |website=Last Revised: 1 November 2012}}</ref> Ana ba da shawarar yara su ci gram 25 ko ƙasa da haka na ƙarin sukari (kalori 100) a kowace rana. <ref name="Vos2016">{{Cite journal |last=Vos |first=Miriam B. |last2=Kaar |first2=Jill L. |last3=Welsh |first3=Jean A. |last4=Van Horn |first4=Linda V. |last5=Feig |first5=Daniel I. |last6=Anderson |first6=Cheryl A.M. |last7=Patel |first7=Mahesh J. |last8=Cruz Munos |first8=Jessica |last9=Krebs |first9=Nancy F. |last10=Xanthakos |first10=Stavra A. |last11=Johnson |first11=Rachel K. |date=22 August 2016 |title=Added Sugars and Cardiovascular Disease Risk in Children |journal=Circulation |volume=135 |issue=19 |pages=e1017–e1034 |doi=10.1161/CIR.0000000000000439 |pmc=5365373 |pmid=27550974}}</ref> Wasu shawarwari sun haɗa da rashin ƙarin sukari ga waɗanda ba su kai shekara biyu ba da kuma ƙasa da abin sha ɗaya a mako. <ref name="Vos2016" /> Tun daga shekarar 2017, ba a ba da shawarar rage yawan kitse ba, amma a maimakon haka, shawarar rage haɗarin kamuwa da [[Cutar zuciya|cututtukan zuciya da jijiyoyin jini]] ita ce ƙara yawan cin kitse mai monounsaturated da [[Mai yawan kitse|kitse mai polyunsaturated]], yayin da rage yawan cin kitse mai cike da kitse . <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Sacks |first=Frank M. |last2=Lichtenstein |first2=Alice H. |last3=Wu |first3=Jason H.Y. |last4=Appel |first4=Lawrence J. |last5=Creager |first5=Mark A. |last6=Kris-Etherton |first6=Penny M. |last7=Miller |first7=Michael |last8=Rimm |first8=Eric B. |last9=Rudel |first9=Lawrence L. |last10=Robinson |first10=Jennifer G. |last11=Stone |first11=Neil J. |last12=Van Horn |first12=Linda V. |date=15 June 2017 |title=Dietary Fats and Cardiovascular Disease: A Presidential Advisory From the American Heart Association |journal=Circulation |volume=136 |issue=3 |pages=e1–e23 |doi=10.1161/CIR.0000000000000510 |pmid=28620111 |s2cid=367602 |doi-access=free}}</ref> === Makarantar Lafiyar Jama'a ta Harvard === Tushen Abinci Mai Gina Jiki na Makarantar Lafiyar Jama'a ta Harvard (HSPH) ya ba da shawarwari masu zuwa game da abinci: <ref name="nsm">{{Cite web |date=18 September 2012 |title=What Should I Eat? |url=https://www.hsph.harvard.edu/nutritionsource/what-should-you-eat/ |access-date=8 August 2022 |website=The Nutrition Source |publisher=Harvard School of Public Health}}</ref> * Ku ci kitse mai lafiya: kitse mai lafiya yana da mahimmanci kuma yana da amfani ga lafiya. <ref name="HSPH-fats">{{Cite web |date=18 September 2012 |title=Fats and Cholesterol |url=https://www.hsph.harvard.edu/nutritionsource/what-should-you-eat/fats-and-cholesterol/ |access-date=8 August 2022 |website=The Nutrition Source |publisher=The President and Fellows of Harvard College}}</ref> HSPH "yana ba da shawarar akasin saƙon ƙarancin kitse da USDA ta yi ta tallatawa tsawon shekaru da yawa" kuma "ba ya saita matsakaicin adadin kalori da mutane ya kamata su samu kowace rana daga tushen kitse mai lafiya." <ref name="nsm"/> Kitse mai lafiya ya haɗa da kitse mai polyunsaturated da monounsaturated, wanda ake samu a cikin man kayan lambu, goro, tsaba, da kifi. Ya kamata a guji abincin da ke ɗauke da kitse mai trans, yayin da abinci mai yawan kitse kamar jan nama, man shanu, cuku, ice cream, kwakwa da man dabino yana yin mummunan tasiri ga lafiya kuma ya kamata a iyakance shi. <ref name="HSPH-fats" /> <ref name="HSPH-coconutoil">{{Cite web |date=24 July 2018 |title=Coconut Oil |url=https://www.hsph.harvard.edu/nutritionsource/food-features/coconut-oil/ |access-date=8 August 2022 |website=The Nutrition Source |publisher=The President and Fellows of Harvard College}}</ref> * Ku ci furotin mai lafiya: yawancin furotin ya kamata ya fito daga tushen shuke-shuke idan zai yiwu: lentil, wake, goro, iri, hatsi cikakke; ku guji nama da aka sarrafa kamar naman alade. <ref name="HSPH-protein">{{Cite web |date=18 September 2012 |title=Protein |url=https://www.hsph.harvard.edu/nutritionsource/what-should-you-eat/protein/ |access-date=8 August 2022 |website=The Nutrition Source |publisher=The President and Fellows of Harvard College}}</ref> * Galibi kuna cin kayan lambu, 'ya'yan itatuwa, da hatsi gaba ɗaya. <ref name="nsm" /> * Sha ruwa. A sha abubuwan sha masu sukari, ruwan 'ya'yan itace, da madara kawai a matsakaici. Abubuwan sha masu zaki na wucin gadi suna taimakawa wajen ƙara nauyi saboda abubuwan sha masu zaki suna haifar da sha'awa. Ruwan 'ya'yan itace 100% yana da yawan kalori. Ba a san adadin madara da calcium da ya dace a yau ba. <ref name="HSPH-drinks">{{Cite web |date=4 September 2013 |title=Drinks to Consume in Moderation |url=https://www.hsph.harvard.edu/nutritionsource/healthy-drinks/drinks-to-consume-in-moderation/ |access-date=8 August 2022 |website=The Nutrition Source |publisher=The President and Fellows of Harvard College}}</ref> * Kula da yawan gishirin da ake ci daga abincin da aka shirya a kasuwa: yawancin gishirin abinci yana fitowa ne daga abincin da aka sarrafa, "ba daga gishirin da aka ƙara wa girki a gida ko ma daga gishirin da aka ƙara a teburi kafin a ci ba." <ref name="HSPH-salt">{{Cite web |date=18 July 2013 |title=Salt and Sodium |url=https://www.hsph.harvard.edu/nutritionsource/salt-and-sodium/ |access-date=8 August 2022 |website=The Nutrition Source |publisher=The President and Fellows of Harvard College}}</ref> * Bitamin da ma'adanai: dole ne a same su daga abinci domin ba a samar da su a jikinmu ba. Ana samar da su ta hanyar abinci mai ɗauke da kitse mai kyau, furotin mai kyau, kayan lambu, 'ya'yan itatuwa, madara da hatsi gaba ɗaya. <ref name="HSPH-vitamins">{{Cite web |date=18 September 2012 |title=Vitamins and Minerals |url=https://www.hsph.harvard.edu/nutritionsource/vitamins/ |access-date=8 August 2022 |website=The Nutrition Source |publisher=The President and Fellows of Harvard College}}</ref> <ref name="HSPH-drinks" /> * Kula da fakitin carbohydrates: nau'in carbohydrates a cikin abinci ya fi muhimmanci fiye da adadin carbohydrates. Kyawawan tushen carbohydrates sune kayan lambu, 'ya'yan itatuwa, wake, da hatsi gaba ɗaya. Guji sodas masu sukari, ruwan 'ya'yan itace 100%, abubuwan sha masu zaki na wucin gadi, da sauran abinci masu sarrafawa sosai. <ref name="HSPH-drinks" /> <ref name="nsm" /> Banda abinci mai gina jiki, jagorar ta ba da shawarar kasancewa cikin motsa jiki da kuma kiyaye lafiyar jiki . <ref name="nsm"/> == Takamaiman sharuɗɗa == === Ciwon suga === Cin abinci mai kyau tare da motsa jiki zai iya taimaka wa waɗanda ke fama da ciwon suga su ci gaba da daidaita sukarin jininsu. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Diabetes Diet, Eating, & Physical Activity - NIDDK |url=https://www.niddk.nih.gov/health-information/diabetes/overview/healthy-living-with-diabetes?dkrd=/health-information/diabetes/overview/diet-eating-physical-activity |access-date=2023-05-13 |website=National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases}}</ref> Hukumar CDC ta Amurka ta shawarci mutanen da ke fama da ciwon suga da su tsara abinci na yau da kullun, daidaitacce, kuma su haɗa da kayan lambu marasa sitaci, rage yawan sukari da hatsi masu kyau, sannan su mai da hankali kan abinci mai cikakke maimakon abinci mai inganci. <ref>{{Cite web |last=CDC |date=2023-04-19 |title=Meal Planning |url=https://www.cdc.gov/diabetes/managing/eat-well/meal-plan-method.html |access-date=2023-05-13 |website=Centers for Disease Control and Prevention}}</ref> Gabaɗaya, ana ƙarfafa mutanen da ke fama da ciwon suga da waɗanda ke cikin haɗari su ƙara yawan abincin da za su ci. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Evert |first=Alison B. |last2=Dennison |first2=Michelle |last3=Gardner |first3=Christopher D. |last4=Garvey |first4=W. Timothy |last5=Lau |first5=Ka Hei Karen |last6=MacLeod |first6=Janice |last7=Mitri |first7=Joanna |last8=Pereira |first8=Raquel F. |last9=Rawlings |first9=Kelly |last10=Robinson |first10=Shamera |last11=Saslow |first11=Laura |last12=Uelmen |first12=Sacha |last13=Urbanski |first13=Patricia B. |last14=Yancy |first14=William S. |display-authors=3 |date=May 2019 |title=Nutrition Therapy for Adults With Diabetes or Prediabetes: A Consensus Report |journal=Diabetes Care |volume=42 |issue=5 |pages=731–754 |doi=10.2337/dci19-0014 |issn=1935-5548 |pmc=7011201 |pmid=31000505}}</ref> === Hawan jini === Cin abinci mai ƙarancin sinadarin sodium yana da amfani ga mutanen da ke da hawan jini. Wani bita na Cochrane na 2008 ya kammala da cewa cin abinci mai ƙarancin sinadarin sodium na dogon lokaci (fiye da makonni huɗu) yana rage hawan jini, duka a cikin mutanen da ke da [[hawan jini]] (hawan jini) da kuma waɗanda ke da hawan jini na yau da kullun. <ref name="cochrane2008">{{Cite journal |last=He |first=FJ |last2=MacGregor |first2=GA |year=2004 |editor-last=MacGregor |editor-first=Graham A |title=Effect of longer-term modest salt reduction on blood pressure |journal=Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews |volume=1 |issue=3 |doi=10.1002/14651858.CD004937 |pmid=15266549}}</ref> Abincin DASH (Dietary Approaches to Stop Hypertension) abinci ne da Cibiyar Zuciya, Huhu, da Jini ta Ƙasa (wani ɓangare na NIH, wata ƙungiyar gwamnatin Amurka) ke tallata don rage hawan jini. Babban fasalin shirin shine rage shan sodium, <ref name="dashguide">{{Cite web |title=Your Guide To Lowering Your Blood Pressure With DASH |url=http://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/health/public/heart/hbp/dash/new_dash.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20011126032836/http://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/health/public/heart/hbp/dash/new_dash.pdf |archive-date=26 November 2001 |access-date=8 June 2009}}</ref> kuma abincin gabaɗaya yana ƙarfafa cin goro, hatsi gaba ɗaya, kifi, kaji, 'ya'yan itatuwa, da kayan lambu yayin da yake rage cin jan nama, alewa, da sukari. Hakanan yana da "wadataccen potassium, magnesium, da calcium, da kuma furotin". An kuma nuna cewa abincin Bahar Rum, wanda ya haɗa da rage cin jan nama da amfani da man zaitun a girki, yana inganta sakamakon cututtukan zuciya da jijiyoyin jini. <ref name="Walker C, Reamy BV 2009 571–8">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Walker C, Reamy BV |date=April 2009 |title=Diets for cardiovascular disease prevention: what is the evidence? |journal=Am Fam Physician |volume=79 |issue=7 |pages=571–7 |pmid=19378874}}</ref> === Kiba === An kiyasta cewa sama da manya miliyan 675 ne ke da kiba. Mutane masu kiba ko [[kiba]] za su iya amfani da abinci mai kyau tare da [[motsa jiki]] don [[Rashin nauyi|rage kiba]], kodayake wannan hanyar ba ita ce kawai magani mai tasiri na dogon lokaci ga kiba ba kuma galibi tana da tasiri na ɗan gajeren lokaci kawai (har zuwa shekara guda), bayan haka ana sake dawo da wasu nauyin. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Thom |first=G |last2=Lean |first2=M |date=May 2017 |title=Is There an Optimal Diet for Weight Management and Metabolic Health? |url=http://eprints.gla.ac.uk/137779/7/137779.pdf |journal=Gastroenterology |type=Review |volume=152 |issue=7 |pages=1739–1751 |doi=10.1053/j.gastro.2017.01.056 |pmid=28214525}}</ref> Wani bincike na meta-bincike bai gano wani bambanci tsakanin nau'ikan abinci ba ( ƙananan mai, ƙarancin carbohydrate, da ƙarancin kalori ), tare da {{Convert|2–4|kg}} rage nauyi. <ref name="Strychar">{{Cite journal |last=Strychar I |date=January 2006 |title=Diet in the management of weight loss |journal=CMAJ |volume=174 |issue=1 |pages=56–63 |doi=10.1503/cmaj.045037 |pmc=1319349 |pmid=16389240}}</ref> Wannan matakin rage nauyi bai isa ya motsa mutum daga nau'in ma'aunin nauyin jiki na 'kiba' (BMI) zuwa BMI na 'al'ada' ba. === Matsalolin da suka shafi Gluten === Gluten, cakuda sunadarai da ake samu a cikin alkama da hatsi masu alaƙa, ciki har da [[sha'ir]], hatsin rai, oat, da dukkan nau'ikansu da kuma gauraye (kamar su spelt, kamut, da triticale ), yana haifar da matsalolin lafiya ga waɗanda ke da cututtukan da suka shafi gluten, gami da cutar celiac, rashin lafiyar gluten mara celiac, gluten ataxia, dermatitis herpetiformis, da rashin lafiyar alkama . <ref name="LudvigssonLeffler">{{Cite journal |display-authors=3 |vauthors=Ludvigsson JF, Leffler DA, Bai JC, Biagi F, Fasano A, Green PH, Hadjivassiliou M, Kaukinen K, Kelly CP, Leonard JN, Lundin KE, Murray JA, Sanders DS, Walker MM, Zingone F, Ciacci C |date=January 2013 |title=The Oslo definitions for coeliac disease and related terms |journal=Gut |volume=62 |issue=1 |pages=43–52 |doi=10.1136/gutjnl-2011-301346 |pmc=3440559 |pmid=22345659}}</ref> A cikin waɗannan mutanen, abincin da ba shi da gluten shine kawai maganin da ake samu. <ref name="MulderWanrooijQuotation">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Mulder CJ, van Wanrooij RL, Bakker SF, Wierdsma N, Bouma G |date=2013 |title=Gluten-free diet in gluten-related disorders |journal=Dig. Dis. |type=Review |volume=31 |issue=1 |pages=57–62 |doi=10.1159/000347180 |pmid=23797124 |s2cid=14124370 |quote=The only treatment for CD, dermatitis herpetiformis (DH) and gluten ataxia is lifelong adherence to a GFD.}}</ref> <ref name="HischenhuberCrevelQuotation">{{Cite journal |display-authors=3 |vauthors=Hischenhuber C, Crevel R, Jarry B, Mäki M, Moneret-Vautrin DA, Romano A, Troncone R, Ward R |date=1 March 2006 |title=Review article: safe amounts of gluten for patients with wheat allergy or coeliac disease |journal=Aliment Pharmacol Ther |volume=23 |issue=5 |pages=559–75 |doi=10.1111/j.1365-2036.2006.02768.x |pmid=16480395 |s2cid=9970042 |quote=For both wheat allergy and coeliac disease the dietary avoidance of wheat and other gluten-containing cereals is the only effective treatment. |doi-access=free}}</ref> <ref name="VoltaCaio2015Quotation">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Volta U, Caio G, De Giorgio R, Henriksen C, Skodje G, Lundin KE |date=June 2015 |title=Non-celiac gluten sensitivity: a work-in-progress entity in the spectrum of wheat-related disorders |journal=Best Pract Res Clin Gastroenterol |volume=29 |issue=3 |pages=477–91 |doi=10.1016/j.bpg.2015.04.006 |pmid=26060112 |quote=A recently proposed approach to NCGS diagnosis is an objective improvement of gastrointestinal symptoms and extra-intestinal manifestations assessed through a rating scale before and after GFD. Although a standardized symptom rating scale is not yet applied worldwide, a recent study indicated that a decrease of the global symptom score higher than 50% after GFD can be regarded as confirmatory of NCGS (Table 1) [53]. (…) After the confirmation of NCGS diagnosis, according to the previously mentioned work-up, patients are advized to start with a GFD [49].}}</ref> === Farfadiya === Abincin ketogenic magani ne don rage farfadiya ga manya da yara idan ƙungiyar kula da lafiya ta kula da su. <ref name="EatrightKeto">{{Cite web |date=April 2019 |title=What is the Ketogenic Diet |url=https://www.eatright.org/health/weight-loss/fad-diets/what-is-the-ketogenic-diet |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210428215913/https://www.eatright.org/health/weight-loss/fad-diets/what-is-the-ketogenic-diet |archive-date=28 April 2021 |access-date=28 October 2019 |website=www.eatright.org |publisher=Academy of Nutrition and Dietetics}}</ref>{{excerpt|Nutritional psychiatry}} == Abinci mara kyau == [[Fayil:Proportion_of_the_population_unable_to_afford_a_healthy_diet_by_region.svg|thumb|Adadin al'ummar da ba sa iya biyan kuɗin abinci mai kyau a kowane yanki ]] Cin abinci mara kyau babban abin da ke haifar da cututtuka masu tsanani da dama, ciki har da: [[hawan jini]], [[Hypercholesterolemia|yawan cholesterol]], [[ciwon suga]], rashin isasshen kitse a jini, kiba / [[kiba]], [[Cutar zuciya|cututtukan zuciya da jijiyoyin jini]], da kuma ciwon daji. <ref name="WHOD">{{Cite web |date=2021 |title=Diet and physical activity: a public health priority |url=https://www.who.int/dietphysicalactivity/background/en/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140327040240/http://www.who.int/dietphysicalactivity/background/en/ |archive-date=27 March 2014 |access-date=25 March 2021 |publisher=World Health Organization}}</ref> Kiyasi ya nuna cewa, kowace shekara, [[Cutar da ba ta yaduwa|cututtuka marasa yaduwa]] (NCDs) kamar ciwon suga da cututtukan zuciya da jijiyoyin jini ne ke haifar da mutuwar mutane miliyan 41 - kusan kashi biyu cikin uku na dukkan mace-macen da ake samu a duniya. Hukumar Lafiya ta Duniya ta kiyasta cewa mace-mace miliyan 2.7 a kowace shekara ana danganta su da [[rashin abinci mai gina jiki]] da 'ya'yan itatuwa da kayan lambu a ƙarni na 21. <ref>{{Cite web |date=2003 |title=WHO and FAO announce global initiative to promote consumption of fruit and vegetables |url=https://www.who.int/mediacentre/news/releases/2003/pr84/en/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20040825183329/http://www.who.int/mediacentre/news/releases/2003/pr84/en/ |archive-date=25 August 2004 |access-date=19 March 2021 |publisher=World Health Organization}}</ref> Akalla mata biliyan 1.2 ba su da isasshen bitamin da ma'adanai, wanda ke ƙara haɗarin fuskantar gajiya mai ɗorewa, ƙarancin juriya ga cututtuka da lahani ga haihuwa a cikin 'ya'yansu. <ref name="FAO-2024b" /> A duk duniya, ana kiyasta cewa irin waɗannan abincin suna haifar da kusan kashi 19% na ciwon daji na ciki, kashi 31% na cututtukan zuciya da ke haifar da ischemic, da kuma kashi 11% na [[bugun jini]], <ref name="WHO123"/> don haka ya sanya shi ɗaya daga cikin manyan abubuwan da za a iya hana mutuwa a duk duniya, <ref>{{Cite journal |vauthors=Lopez AD, Mathers CD, Ezzati M, Jamison DT, Murray CJ |date=May 2006 |title=Global and regional burden of disease and risk factors, 2001: systematic analysis of population health data |journal=Lancet |volume=367 |issue=9524 |pages=1747–57 |doi=10.1016/S0140-6736(06)68770-9 |pmid=16731270 |s2cid=22609505}}</ref> kuma shine na huɗu a cikin manyan abubuwan da ke haifar da [[Nauyin cuta|kowace cuta]] . <ref name="Hebden2017">{{Cite journal |last=Hebden |first=L |last2=O'Leary |first2=F |last3=Rangan |first3=A |last4=Singgih Lie |first4=E |last5=Hirani |first5=V |last6=Allman-Farinelli |first6=M |date=13 August 2017 |title=Fruit consumption and adiposity status in adults: A systematic review of current evidence. |journal=Critical Reviews in Food Science and Nutrition |volume=57 |issue=12 |pages=2526–2540 |doi=10.1080/10408398.2015.1012290 |pmid=26115001 |s2cid=28000503}}</ref> Misali, tsarin abincin Yammacin duniya "yana da wadataccen nama ja, kayayyakin kiwo, abinci da aka sarrafa da kuma waɗanda aka yi wa zaƙi da su, da gishiri, tare da ƙarancin cin 'ya'yan itatuwa, kayan lambu, kifi, wake, da hatsi gaba ɗaya," idan aka kwatanta da abincin Bahar Rum wanda ke da alaƙa da ƙarancin rashin lafiya da mace-mace . <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Bloomfield |first=HE |last2=Kane |first2=R |last3=Koeller |first3=E |last4=Greer |first4=N |last5=MacDonald |first5=R |last6=Wilt |first6=T |date=November 2015 |title=Benefits and Harms of the Mediterranean Diet Compared to Other Diets |url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK379574/pdf/Bookshelf_NBK379574.pdf |journal=VA Evidence-based Synthesis Program Reports |pmid=27559560}}</ref> Tsarin abinci da ke haifar da cututtuka marasa yaduwa yana haifar da asarar yawan aiki. Wani bincike na gaskiya game da tasirin tsarin noma (TCA) ya kiyasta cewa tsarin abinci mara kyau yana samar da sama da dala tiriliyan 9 a cikin ɓoyayyun kuɗaɗen da suka shafi lafiya a shekarar 2020, wanda shine kashi 73 cikin 100 na jimlar kuɗaɗen da aka ƙididdige na tsarin noma na duniya (dala tiriliyan 12.7). A duk duniya, matsakaicin asarar yawan aiki ga kowane mutum daga cin abinci daidai yake da kashi 7 cikin 100 na GDP na daidaiton ƙarfin siye (PPP) a shekarar 2020; ƙasashe masu ƙarancin kuɗi sun ba da rahoton mafi ƙarancin ƙima (kashi 4 cikin 100), yayin da wasu rukunonin samun kuɗi suka ba da rahoton kashi 7 cikin 100 ko sama da haka. == Lafiyar jama'a == [[Fayil:Proportion_of_the_population_unable_to_afford_a_healthy_diet_(2024).svg|thumb|Adadin al'umma ba zai iya biyan kuɗin abinci mai kyau ba (2024) ]] [[Fayil:Percentage_of_children_aged_6_to_23_months_achieving_minimum_dietary_diversity_by_region.svg|thumb|Kashi na yara 'yan watanni 6 zuwa 23 da suka cimma mafi ƙarancin bambancin abinci a kowane yanki]] Masu amfani da abinci gabaɗaya sun san abubuwan da ke cikin abinci mai kyau, amma suna ganin alamun abinci mai gina jiki da shawarwarin abinci a cikin shahararrun kafofin watsa labarai suna ruɗani. <ref name="Ridder2017">{{Cite journal |last=de Ridder |first=D |last2=Kroese |first2=F |last3=Evers |first3=C |last4=Adriaanse |first4=M |last5=Gillebaart |first5=M |date=August 2017 |title=Healthy diet: Health impact, prevalence, correlates, and interventions. |journal=Psychology & Health |volume=32 |issue=8 |pages=907–941 |doi=10.1080/08870446.2017.1316849 |pmid=28447854 |doi-access=free |hdl-access=free}}</ref> Ana sukar injunan sayar da kayayyaki da cewa hanyoyi ne na shiga makarantu ga masu tallata abinci mai gurbata muhalli, amma akwai ƙarancin dokoki kuma yana da wuya ga yawancin mutane su yi nazari sosai kan ainihin fa'idodin kamfani da ke kiran kansa da "mai lafiya." Kwamitin Ayyukan Talla a Burtaniya ya ƙaddamar da wani shawara na takaita tallan kafofin watsa labarai ga kayayyakin abinci da abin sha masu ɗauke da mai, gishiri, ko sukari. <ref>{{Cite web |date=2016 |title=Launch of public consultation on new food ad rules |url=https://www.cap.org.uk/News-reports/Media-Centre/2016/Launch-of-public-consultation-on-new-food-ad-rules.aspx |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160919214554/https://www.cap.org.uk/News-reports/Media-Centre/2016/Launch-of-public-consultation-on-new-food-ad-rules.aspx |archive-date=19 September 2016 |access-date=16 August 2016 |website=Committee of Advertising Practice}}</ref> Gidauniyar Zuciya ta Burtaniya ta fitar da tallace-tallacen da gwamnati ke bayarwa, waɗanda aka yi wa lakabi da "Food4Thought", waɗanda aka yi niyya ga yara da manya don hana halaye marasa kyau na cin abinci mai gurbata muhalli. <ref>{{Cite web |date=22 September 2006 |title=British Heart Foundation launches Food4Thought campaign |url=https://www.bcs.com/pages/news_full.asp?NewsID=17678356 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171108204928/https://www.bcs.com/pages/news_full.asp?NewsID=17678356 |archive-date=8 November 2017 |access-date=16 August 2016 |publisher=British Cardiovascular Society}}</ref> Daga mahangar [[Ilimin halin dan Adam|tunani]] da [[Al'ada|al'adu]], cin abinci mai kyau na iya zama da wahala ga mutanen da ke da mummunan halaye na cin abinci. Wannan na iya faruwa ne saboda dandanon da ake samu a lokacin ƙuruciya da kuma fifikon abinci mai sukari, gishiri, da mai. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=James WP |year=2008 |title=The fundamental drivers of the obesity epidemic |journal=Obesity Research |volume=9 Suppl 1 |issue=Mar;9 Suppl 1:6–13 |pages=6–13 |doi=10.1111/j.1467-789X.2007.00432.x |pmid=18307693 |s2cid=19894128}}</ref> A cikin 2018, babban jami'in lafiya na Burtaniya ya ba da shawarar a riƙa biyan haraji ga sukari da gishiri don hana cin abinci. Tsarin Kiba na gwamnatin Burtaniya na 2020 yana ƙarfafa zaɓuɓɓuka masu lafiya ta hanyar taƙaita tallan abinci da abin sha marasa lafiya. <ref name=":1b">{{Cite journal |last=Jenneson |first=V. |last2=Greenwood |first2=D. |last3=Clarke |first3=G. |last4=Hancock |first4=N. |last5=Cade |first5=J. |last6=Morris |first6=M. |date=27 October 2020 |title=Restricting Retail Food Promotions: implementation challenges could limit policy success |url=http://eprints.whiterose.ac.uk/167285/ |doi=10.5518/100/52 |access-date=27 October 2020}}</ref> Ingancin hanyoyin magance matsalar lafiya a matakin jama'a ya haɗa da dabarun farashin abinci, kamfen ɗin kafofin watsa labarai da shirye-shiryen lafiya a wurin aiki. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Afshin |first=Ashkan |last2=Sur |first2=Patrick John |last3=Fay |first3=Kairsten A. |last4=Cornaby |first4=Leslie |last5=Ferrara |first5=Giannina |last6=Salama |first6=Joseph S |last7=Mullany |first7=Erin C |last8=Abate |first8=Kalkidan Hassen |last9=Abbafati |first9=Cristiana |last10=Abebe |first10=Zegeye |last11=Afarideh |first11=Mohsen |last12=Aggarwal |first12=Anju |last13=Agrawal |first13=Sutapa |last14=Akinyemiju |first14=Tomi |last15=Alahdab |first15=Fares |display-authors=3 |date=2019-05-11 |title=Health effects of dietary risks in 195 countries, 1990–2017: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2017 |journal=The Lancet |volume=393 |issue=10184 |pages=1958–1972 |doi=10.1016/S0140-6736(19)30041-8 |issn=0140-6736 |pmc=6899507 |pmid=30954305}}</ref> Peso ɗaya a kowace lita na maganin rage farashin abubuwan sha masu sukari (SSB) da aka aiwatar a Mexico ya haifar da raguwar kashi 12% a siyan SSB. <ref name="afshin">{{Cite journal |last=Afshin |first=Ashkan |last2=Penalvo |first2=Jose |last3=Del Gobbo |first3=Liana |last4=Kashaf |first4=Michael |last5=Micha |first5=Renata |last6=Morrish |first6=Kurtis |last7=Pearson-Stuttard |first7=Jonathan |last8=Rehm |first8=Colin |last9=Shangguan |first9=Siyi |last10=Smith |first10=Jessica D. |last11=Mozaffarian |first11=Dariush |display-authors=3 |date=2015-09-14 |title=CVD Prevention Through Policy: a Review of Mass Media, Food/Menu Labeling, Taxation/Subsidies, Built Environment, School Procurement, Worksite Wellness, and Marketing Standards to Improve Diet |journal=Current Cardiology Reports |volume=17 |issue=11 |page=98 |doi=10.1007/s11886-015-0658-9 |issn=1534-3170 |pmc=4569662 |pmid=26370554}}</ref> Yaƙin neman zaɓen kafofin watsa labarai a Pakistan da Amurka da nufin ƙara yawan amfani da kayan lambu da 'ya'yan itatuwa ya sami canje-canje masu kyau a cikin halayen abinci. <ref name="afshin" /> Bita kan ingancin hanyoyin magance matsalar lafiya a wurin aiki ya gano shaidar da ke haɗa shirye-shiryen da rage nauyi da ƙaruwar yawan amfani da 'ya'yan itatuwa da kayan lambu. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Gudzune |first=Kimberly |last2=Hutfless |first2=Susan |last3=Maruthur |first3=Nisa |last4=Wilson |first4=Renee |last5=Segal |first5=Jodi |date=2013-10-01 |title=Strategies to prevent weight gain in workplace and college settings: A systematic review |url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S009174351300073X |journal=Preventive Medicine |volume=57 |issue=4 |pages=268–277 |doi=10.1016/j.ypmed.2013.03.004 |issn=0091-7435 |pmid=23523689 |url-access=subscription}}</ref> == Sauran dabbobi == Dabbobin da mutane ke kiyayewa suma suna amfana daga abinci mai kyau, amma buƙatun irin waɗannan abincin na iya bambanta sosai da abincin da ɗan adam ya dace da shi. <ref>{{Cite web |date=2017 |title=Heathlthy and Balanced Diet for Dogs |url=https://www.rspca.org.uk/adviceandwelfare/pets/dogs/diet |access-date=8 December 2017 |publisher=RSPCA}}</ref> == Manazarta == {{Reflist|30em}} [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] dmbea70lvh4ooq4dp6aw88q9d8qt5xn 0 156215 895185 852504 2026-08-11T19:07:10Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 895185 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} Ciwon zuciya mai tsanani (ACS) ciwon cuta ne saboda raguwar jini a cikin jijiyoyin zuciya kamar yadda wani ɓangare na tsokoki na zuciya ba zai iya aiki yadda ya kamata ba ko ya mutu.[1] Alamar da aka fi sani da ita ita ce ciwon kirji mai kama da matsin lamba, sau da yawa yana haskakawa zuwa kafada ta hagu ko kusurwar jaw, kuma yana da alaƙa da ƙishirwa da gumi.[2] Mutane da yawa da ke fama da cututtukan zuciya masu tsanani suna nuna alamun da ba su da ciwon kirji, musamman mata, tsofaffi, da mutanen da ke fama le Ciwon sukari.[3] Ana rarraba ciwon zuciya mai tsanani a cikin yanayi uku dangane da kasancewar canje-canje na electrocardiogram (ECG) da sakamakon gwajin jini (canji a cikin [[Alamar zuciya|alamun zuciya kamar matakan troponin]]): <ref name="Grech2003">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Grech ED, Ramsdale DR |date=June 2003 |title=Acute coronary syndrome: unstable angina and non-ST segment elevation myocardial infarction |journal=BMJ |volume=326 |issue=7401 |pages=1259–61 |doi=10.1136/bmj.326.7401.1259 |pmc=1126130 |pmid=12791748}}</ref> ST hauhawar myocardial infarction (STEMI), wanda ba ST hauhawa myocardial infarction (NSTEMI), ko angina mara daidaituwa. <ref name="Torres2007">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Torres M, Moayedi S |date=May 2007 |title=Evaluation of the acutely dyspneic elderly patient |journal=Clin. Geriatr. Med. |volume=23 |issue=2 |pages=307–25, vi |doi=10.1016/j.cger.2007.01.007 |pmid=17462519}}</ref> STEMI ana nuna shi ta hanyar cikakkiyar toshewar jijiyar zuciya wanda ke haifar da necrosis na wani ɓangare na tsokoki na zuciya wanda aka nuna ta hanyar ST tsawo akan ECG, NSTEMI ana bayyana shi da wani ɓangaren jijiyar zuciya da ke haifar da neurosis na wani ɓangare da tsokoki wanda canje-canje na ECG zasu iya nunawa, kuma angina mara daidaituwa ana nuna shi da ischemia na tsokokin zuciya wanda ba ya haifar da rauni ko necrosis.<ref name="ESC2020">{{Cite journal |last=Collet |first=Jean-Philippe |last2=Thiele |first2=Holger |last3=Barbato |first3=Emanuele |last4=Barthélémy |first4=Olivier |last5=Bauersachs |first5=Johann |last6=Bhatt |first6=Deepak L. |last7=Dendale |first7=Paul |last8=Dorobantu |first8=Maria |last9=Edvardsen |first9=Thor |last10=Folliguet |first10=Thierry |last11=Gale |first11=Chris P. |last12=Gilard |first12=Martine |last13=Jobs |first13=Alexander |last14=Jüni |first14=Peter |last15=Lambrinou |first15=Ekaterini |display-authors=5 |date=2021-04-07 |title=2020 ESC Guidelines for the management of acute coronary syndromes in patients presenting without persistent ST-segment elevation |journal=European Heart Journal |volume=42 |issue=14 |pages=1289–1367 |doi=10.1093/eurheartj/ehaa575 |issn=1522-9645 |pmid=32860058 |quote=Unstable angina is defined as myocardial ischaemia at rest or on minimal exertion in the absence of acute cardiomyocyte injury/necrosis. [...] Compared with NSTEMI patients, individuals with unstable angina do not experience acute cardiomyocyte injury/necrosis. |doi-access=free |hdl-access=free}}</ref><ref name="ESC2020_QA">{{Cite journal |last=Barthélémy |first=Olivier |last2=Jobs |first2=Alexander |last3=Meliga |first3=Emanuele |last4=Mueller |first4=Christian |last5=Rutten |first5=Frans H. |last6=Siontis |first6=George C. M. |last7=Thiele |first7=Holger |last8=Collet |first8=Jean-Philippe |last9=ESC Scientific Document Group |display-authors=3 |date=2021-04-07 |title=Questions and answers on workup diagnosis and risk stratification: a companion document of the 2020 ESC Guidelines for the management of acute coronary syndromes in patients presenting without persistent ST-segment elevation |journal=European Heart Journal |volume=42 |issue=14 |pages=1379–1386 |doi=10.1093/eurheartj/ehaa602 |issn=1522-9645 |pmc=8026278 |pmid=32860030 |quote=NSTEMI is characterized by ischaemic symptoms associated with acute cardiomyocyte injury (=rise and/or fall in cardiac troponin T/I), while ischaemic symptoms at rest (or minimal effort) in the absence of acute cardiomyocyte injury define unstable angina. This translates into an increased risk of death in NSTEMI patients, while unstable angina patients are at relatively low short-term risk of death. |doi-access=free}}</ref> Ya kamata a rarrabe ACS daga angina mai ɗorewa, wanda ke tasowa yayin aiki na jiki ko damuwa kuma yana ƙuduri a hutawa. Ya bambanta da angina mai ɗorewa, angina mara ɗorewa yana faruwa ba zato ba tsammani, sau da yawa a hutawa ko tare da ƙarancin ƙoƙari, ko a ƙananan matakan ƙoƙari fiye da angina na baya ("crescendo angina"). An kuma dauki sabon angina a matsayin angina mara daidaituwa, tunda yana nuna sabon matsala a cikin jijiyar zuciya.<ref name="MSD_ACS">{{Cite web |title=Acute Coronary Syndromes (Heart Attack; Myocardial Infarction; Unstable Angina) - Heart and Blood Vessel Disorders |url=https://www.msdmanuals.com/home/heart-and-blood-vessel-disorders/coronary-artery-disease/acute-coronary-syndromes-heart-attack-myocardial-infarction-unstable-angina |access-date=2023-02-12 |website=MSD Manual Consumer Version |language=en}}</ref> == Alamomi da alamomi == Alamomin cututtukan zuciya masu tsanani suna kama da juna.[1] Babban alama na raguwar jini zuwa zuciya shine ciwon kirji, wanda aka samu kamar tsananin, matsin lamba, ko konewa.[2] Location ya fi yawa a kusa ko a kan kirji kuma yana iya haskakawa ko kasancewa a hannun, kafada, wuyansa, baya, ciki na sama, ko jaw.[2] Wannan na iya haɗawa da gumi, ƙishirwa, ko gajeren numfashi.[1][2] A baya, an yi amfani da kalmar "atypical" don bayyana ciwon kirji wanda ba ya da alaƙa da zuciya, duk da haka, ba a ba da shawarar wannan kalmar kuma an maye gurbin ta da "marasa ciwon kirki" don bayyana Ciwon kirji da ke nuna ƙarancin yiwuwar ciwon zuciya.[2] A cikin angina mara daidaituwa, alamun na iya bayyana a kan hutawa ko a kan ƙaramin aiki.<ref name="ESC2020"/> Alamomin na iya zama na dogon lokaci fiye da waɗanda ke cikin angina mai ɗorewa, na iya zama masu tsayayya da hutawa ko magani, kuma na iya zama mafi muni a tsawon lokaci.<ref name="MSD_ACS"/><ref>{{Cite web |title=Unstable Angina |url=https://www.heart.org/en/health-topics/heart-attack/angina-chest-pain/unstable-angina |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230213123638/https://www.heart.org/en/health-topics/heart-attack/angina-chest-pain/unstable-angina |archive-date=13 February 2023 |access-date=12 February 2023 |website=American Heart Association}}</ref> Kodayake ACS yawanci ana danganta shi da coronary thrombosis, ana iya danganta shi le amfani da [[Hypotension|ƙasa]]-linkid="78" href="./Cocaine" id="mwcw" rel="mw:WikiLink" title="Cocaine">cocaine.<ref>{{Cite journal |vauthors=Achar SA, Kundu S, Norcross WA |year=2005 |title=Diagnosis of acute coronary syndrome |url=http://www.aafp.org/afp/20050701/119.html |url-status=live |journal=Am Fam Physician |volume=72 |issue=1 |pages=119–26 |pmid=16035692 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071009042441/http://www.aafp.org/afp/20050701/119.html |archive-date=2007-10-09}}</ref> Ciwon kirji tare da siffofi na asalin zuciya (angina) kuma ana iya haifar da shi ta hanyar ƙarancin jini, Brady- ko [[tachycardia]] (mai saurin gaske ko saurin zuciya), ƙananan ko hawan jini, tsananin aortic valve stenosis (ƙuntata bawul a farkon aorta), Hawan jini na huhu da sauran yanayi da yawa.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2019-01-20 |title=Chest Pain in the Emergency Department: Differential Diagnosis |url=https://www.thecardiologyadvisor.com/home/decision-support-in-medicine/cardiology/chest-pain-in-the-emergency-department-differential-diagnosis/ |access-date=2019-07-25 |website=The Cardiology Advisor |language=en-US}}</ref> == Ilimin jiki == A cikin waɗanda ke da ACS, fashewar atheroma galibi ana samun kashi 60% idan aka kwatanta da rushewar ateroma (30%), don haka yana haifar da samar da thrombus wanda ke toshe jijiyoyin zuciya. Rushewar plaque yana da alhakin kashi 60% a cikin ciwon zuciya mai girma na ST (STEMI) yayin da rushewar plaques ke da alhaken kashi 30% na STEMI kuma akasin haka ga ciwon zuciya na Non ST (NSTEMI). A cikin fashewar plaque, abubuwan da ke cikin plaque suna da wadataccen lipid, collagen matalauta, tare da kumburi mai yawa wanda shine macrophage mafi rinjaye, kuma an rufe shi da ƙanƙara mai laushi. A halin yanzu, a cikin lalacewar plaque, plaque yana da wadata tare da matrix na extracellular, proteoglycan, glycoaminoglycan. Bayan an buɗe jijiyoyin zuciya, akwai haɗarin raunin sakewa fasalin saboda yaduwar matsakanci a cikin jiki. Har yanzu ana gudanar da bincike kan rawar da cyclophilin D ke takawa wajen rage raunin sake fashewa.[1] Sauran, wadanda ba a saba gani ba, abubuwan da ke haifar da ciwon zuciya mai tsanani sun hada da cututtukan jijiyoyin zuciya, <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Franke |first=Kyle B |last2=Wong |first2=Dennis TL |last3=Baumann |first3=Angus |last4=Nicholls |first4=Stephen J |last5=Gulati |first5=Rajiv |last6=Psaltis |first6=Peter J |date=April 4, 2019 |title=Current state-of-play in spontaneous coronary artery dissection |url=http://cdt.amegroups.com/article/view/25190/23518 |journal=Cardiovascular Diagnosis and Therapy |volume=9 |issue=3 |pages=281–298 |doi=10.21037/cdt.2019.04.03 |pmc=6603494 |pmid=31275818 |doi-access=free}}</ref> ischemia ba tare da cututsin jijiyoyin zuciya ba (INOCA), da kuma ciwon zuciya ba tare da cutar jijiyoyin zuciya (MINOCA). <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Tamis-Holland |first=JE |date=March 27, 2019 |title=Diagnosis and Management of MINOCA Patients |journal=Circulation |volume=139 |issue=18 |pages=891–908 |doi=10.1161/CIR.0000000000000670 |pmid=30913893 |doi-access=free}}</ref> == Binciken ganewa == [[Fayil:ACS_scheme.jpg|right|thumb|Rarraba cututtukan zuciya masu tsanani.<ref name="Alpert2000">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Alpert JS, Thygesen K, Antman E, Bassand JP |year=2000 |title=Myocardial infarction redefined--a consensus document of The Joint European Society of Cardiology/American College of Cardiology Committee for the redefinition of myocardial infarction |journal=J Am Coll Cardiol |volume=36 |issue=3 |pages=959–69 |doi=10.1016/S0735-1097(00)00804-4 |pmid=10987628 |doi-access=free}}</ref>]] === Electrocardiogram === A cikin saitin ciwon kirji mai tsanani, electrocardiogram (ECG ko EKG) shine binciken da ya fi dacewa ya bambanta tsakanin dalilai daban-daban.<ref>{{Cite journal |vauthors=Chun AA, McGee SR |year=2004 |title=Bedside diagnosis of coronary artery disease: a systematic review |journal=Am. J. Med. |volume=117 |issue=5 |pages=334–43 |doi=10.1016/j.amjmed.2004.03.021 |pmid=15336583}}</ref> Ya kamata a yi ECG da wuri kamar yadda zai yiwu, gami da a cikin motar asibiti idan ya yiwu.<ref name=":0">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Neumar RW, Shuster M, Callaway CW, Gent LM, Atkins DL, Bhanji F, Brooks SC, de Caen AR, Donnino MW, Ferrer JM, Kleinman ME, Kronick SL, Lavonas EJ, Link MS, Mancini ME, Morrison LJ, O'Connor RE, Samson RA, Schexnayder SM, Singletary EM, Sinz EH, Travers AH, Wyckoff MH, Hazinski MF |date=3 November 2015 |title=Part 1: Executive Summary: 2015 American Heart Association Guidelines Update for Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation and Emergency Cardiovascular Care |journal=Circulation |volume=132 |issue=18 Suppl 2 |pages=S315–67 |doi=10.1161/cir.0000000000000252 |pmid=26472989 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Canje-canje na ECG da ke nuna mummunar lalacewar zuciya sun haɗa da: ST tsawo, sabon ɓangaren reshe na hagu da ST depression da sauransu. Rashin canje-canjen ECG ba ya rarrabe tsakanin angina da NSTEMI.<ref name="ESC2020"/> === Gwajin jini === Canji a cikin matakan alamun zuciya, kamar troponin I da troponin T, suna nuna [[Ciwon zuciya|Ciwon zuciya na myocardial]] ciki har da [[Ciwon zuciya|STEMI]] da [[Ciwon zuciya|NSTEMI]], duk da haka matakan su ba su da tasiri a cikin angina mara daidaituwa.<ref name="ESC2020"/> === Sakamakon tsinkaya === Haɗin alamun ''Zuciya'' da ƙididdigar haɗari, kamar ƙimar HEART da ƙimar TIMI, na iya taimakawa wajen tantance yiwuwar ciwon zuciya a cikin yanayin gaggawa.<ref name="Fanaroff2015">{{Cite journal |last=Fanaroff |first=Alexander C. |last2=Rymer |first2=Jennifer A. |last3=Goldstein |first3=Sarah A. |last4=Simel |first4=David L. |last5=Newby |first5=L. Kristin |date=2015-11-10 |title=Does This Patient With Chest Pain Have Acute Coronary Syndrome?: The Rational Clinical Examination Systematic Review |journal=JAMA |volume=314 |issue=18 |pages=1955–1965 |doi=10.1001/jama.2015.12735 |issn=1538-3598 |pmid=26547467}}</ref><ref name="Eisen2016">{{Cite journal |last=Eisen |first=Alon |last2=Giugliano |first2=Robert P |last3=Braunwald |first3=Eugene |date=20 July 2016 |title=Updates on acute coronary syndrome: A review |journal=JAMA Cardiology |volume=1 |issue=16 |pages=718–730 |doi=10.1001/jamacardio.2016.2049 |pmid=27438381}}</ref> == Rigakafi == Ciwon zuciya mai tsanani sau da yawa yana nuna wani mataki na lalacewa ga coronaries ta hanyar atherosclerosis. Rigakafin farko na atherosclerosis yana sarrafa abubuwan haɗari: cin abinci mai kyau, motsa jiki, magani don hauhawar jini da Ciwon sukari, guje wa shan sigari da sarrafa matakan cholesterol; a cikin marasa lafiya tare da mahimman abubuwan haɗari, an nuna aspirin don rage haɗarin abubuwan da suka faru na zuciya. Ana tattauna rigakafin sakandare a cikin ciwon zuciya.[1] Bayan an gabatar da haramtacciyar shan sigari a duk wuraren jama'a da aka rufe a Scotland a watan Maris na shekara ta 2006, an samu raguwar kashi 17% a cikin shigar da mutane a asibiti don ciwon zuciya mai tsanani. Kashi 67% na raguwar ya faru ne a cikin wadanda ba masu shan sigari ba.<ref>{{Cite journal |display-authors=etal |vauthors=Pell JP, Haw S, Cobbe S |year=2008 |title=Smoke-free Legislation and Hospitalizations for Acute Coronary Syndrome |url=http://dspace.stir.ac.uk/bitstream/1893/16659/1/Haw_Smoke_free_legislation_and_hospitalisations_acute_coronary_syndrome.pdf |journal=New England Journal of Medicine |volume=359 |issue=5 |pages=482–91 |doi=10.1056/NEJMsa0706740 |pmid=18669427 |hdl-access=free |access-date=2026-06-09 |archive-date=2020-03-22 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200322075616/https://dspace.stir.ac.uk/bitstream/1893/16659/1/Haw_Smoke_free_legislation_and_hospitalisations_acute_coronary_syndrome.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref> == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] 84egm1vqey1cc0hu63za3w978kmo4df 0 157956 894999 858609 2026-08-11T15:44:16Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 0 sources and tagging 1 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 894999 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} />'''Chike Francis Ofodile''', [[Order of the Federal Republic|OFR]] (20 Nuwamba 1921 - 3 Agusta2014)<ref>{{cite news |last=Okonkwo |first=Nwabueze |date=5 August 2014 |title=Ofodile, ex-Justice Minister feared dead |url=https://www.vanguardngr.com/2014/08/ofodile-ex-justice-minister-feared-dead/ |access-date=29 September 2021 |location=Lagos, Nigeria |newspaper=[[Vanguard (Nigeria)|Vanguard]]}}</ref>ya kasance Babban Lauyan kuma Ministan Shari'a na Najeriya daga 1985 zuwa 1991 kuma Alkalin [[Babban Kotun koli na Duniya|Kotun Shari'a ta Duniya]] daga 1984 zuwa 1985. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Federal Attorneys-General of the Federation of Nigeria – Past & Present |url=https://lawnigeria.com/2018/03/attorneys-general-of-the-federation-of-nigeria-past-present/ |website=LawNigeria }}{{Dead link|date=August 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> Ya kasance Firayim Minista na gargajiya na Onitsha.<ref>{{cite news |date=3 October 2009 |title=Obi of Onitsha survives kidnap attempt |url=https://www.vanguardngr.com/2009/10/obi-of-onitsha-survives-kidnap-attempt/ |access-date=29 September 2021 |location=Lagos, Nigeria |newspaper=[[Vanguard (Nigeria)|Vanguard]]}}</ref> == Rayuwa ta farko da ilimi == An haifi Onowu Chike Ofodile a ranar 20 ga Nuwamba, 1921, a [[Onitsha]], Jihar Anambra . Don karatun firamare, ya halarci makarantar jarirai ta Ikilisiyar Immanuel, makarantar firamare ta St. Mary a Onitsha . Ilimi na makarantar sakandare ya kasance a [[Kwalejin Sarki Kiristi|Kwalejin Kristi Sarki (CKC]]) , kuma a Onitsha . Bayan kammala karatunsa daga CKC, ya yi aiki a matsayin malami a Makarantar Triniti Mai Tsarki, Onitsha a shekarar 1941. A shekara ta 1954 ya ci gaba zuwa Kwalejin Balham da Tooting, London da North-Western Polytechnic, London. Ya halarci Makarantar Shari'a ta Kotun a shekarar 1959. An kira shi zuwa mashaya a Haikali na Tsakiya, London, kuma a shekarar 1959. Ya halarci [[Makarantar Koyan Lauya ta Najeriya|Makarantar Shari'a ta Najeriya]] kuma an kira shi zuwa Bar na Najeriya a shekarar 1960.<ref name="DNL2">{{cite news |last=Peters |first=Ifeoma |date=7 September 2017 |title=Fallen Legal Heroes: Chief Chike Ofodile SAN, OFR |url=https://dnllegalandstyle.com/2017/fallen-legal-heroes-chief-chike-ofodile-san-ofr/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210127043853/https://dnllegalandstyle.com/2017/fallen-legal-heroes-chief-chike-ofodile-san-ofr/ |archive-date=27 January 2021 |access-date=29 September 2021 |agency=DNL Legal}}</ref> == Ayyuka == Ya fara aikin lauya a 1959 a cikin ɗakunan dan uwansa kuma ya yi aiki a can har zuwa 1964. A shekara ta 1964, ya shiga aikin kansa. A shekara ta 1979, an sanya shi [[Babban Lauyan Najeriya|Babban Lauyan]] [[Najeriya]] da kuma mai kula da rayuwa. Ya bar aikin kansa a 1983 kuma ya zama memba na Babban Kwamitin Soja. A shekara ta 1984, [[Muhammadu Buhari|Janar Muhammadu Buhari]], shugaban soja na Najeriya a lokacin ya nada shi a matsayin Babban Lauyan Tarayya da Ministan Shari'a. Ya bar ofis a watan Agustan shekara ta 1985.<ref>{{cite news |last=Kalu |first=Awa |date=3 September 2014 |title=The SAN's Pulpit: Chief Chike Ofodile, SAN: The most handsome is gone (2) |url=https://www.vanguardngr.com/2014/09/sans-pulpit-chief-chike-ofodile-san-handsome-gone-2/ |access-date=29 September 2021 |location=Lagos, Nigeria |newspaper=[[Vanguard (Nigeria)|Vanguard]]}}</ref> == Kyaututtuka da yabo == A shekara ta 2008, Shugaba [[Umaru Musa Yar'adua|Umaru Musa Yar'Adua]] ya ba shi lambar yabo ta kasa, Jami'in Order of the Federal Republic ((OFR).<ref name="DNL3">{{cite news |last=Peters |first=Ifeoma |date=7 September 2017 |title=Fallen Legal Heroes: Chief Chike Ofodile SAN, OFR |url=https://dnllegalandstyle.com/2017/fallen-legal-heroes-chief-chike-ofodile-san-ofr/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210127043853/https://dnllegalandstyle.com/2017/fallen-legal-heroes-chief-chike-ofodile-san-ofr/ |archive-date=27 January 2021 |access-date=29 September 2021 |agency=DNL Legal}}</ref> == Manazarta == {{Reflist}}{{Nigerian Ministers of Justice}} == Haɗin waje == * {{Cite web |date=21 March 2009 |title=Bola Ajibola: An icon at 75 |url=http://thenationonlineng.net/web2/articles/225/1/Bola-Ajibola-An-icon-at-75/Page1.html |url-status=bot: unknown |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101220125953/http://thenationonlineng.net/web2/articles/225/1/Bola-Ajibola-An-icon-at-75/Page1.html |archive-date=20 December 2010 |access-date=29 September 2021}} [[Rukuni:Mutuwan 2014]] [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1924]] 7bl0jn7fz61jxyf2cu0bdo2h4hp5tue 0 158748 895195 861634 2026-08-11T19:55:02Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 895195 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Coelacanths''' / / ˈs iːləkæn θ /​​​ ⓘ SEE -lə-kanth ) tsohuwar ƙungiyar kifaye ne da aka yi da lobe finned (Sarcopterygii) a cikin ajin '''Actinistia''' . <ref>{{Cite web |title=Order Summary for Coelacanthiformes |url=https://www.fishbase.se/summary/OrdersSummary.php?order=Coelacanthiformes |access-date=2023-03-13 |website=fishbase.se}}</ref> A matsayinsu na sarcopterygians, suna da alaƙa ta kud da kud da lungfish da tetrapods (ƙananan halittu na ƙasa ciki har da masu rai amphibians, masu rarrafe, [[Tsuntsu|tsuntsaye]] da dabbobi masu shayarwa ) fiye da kifayen da aka yi da ray finned . Akwai nau'in halittu guda ɗaya kawai, ''Latimeria'', tare da nau'ikan halittu guda biyu da aka bayyana. Sunan '''coelacanth''' ya samo asali ne daga halittar Permian ''Coelacanthus'', wacce ita ce nau'in coelacanths na farko [[Nomenclature na binomial|da aka sanya wa suna a kimiyya]] (a shekara ta 1839), ta zama nau'in halittar '''Coelacanthiformes''' kamar yadda aka gano aka kuma sanya wa wasu nau'ikan suna. <ref>{{Cite book|last3=Louis Agassiz}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |last=Osterloff |first=Emily |title=Coelacanths: the fish that 'outdid' the Loch Ness Monster |url=https://www.nhm.ac.uk/discover/coelacanths-the-fish-that-outdid-the-loch-ness-monster.html |access-date=12 May 2025 |publisher=Natural History Museum, London}}</ref> An wakilta shi sosai a cikin ma'adinan ruwa da ruwa tun farkon zamanin Devonian (fiye da 410){{Spaces}}shekaru miliyan da suka wuce ), ana tsammanin sun ɓace a ƙarshen Cretaceous, kimanin [[Abubuwan da suka faru na Cretaceous-Paleogene|shekaru 66.{{Spaces}}shekaru miliyan da suka wuce]] . An bayyana nau'in halittar farko mai rai, ''Latimeria chalumnae'', coelacanth na [[Tekun Indiya]] ta Yamma, daga samfuran da aka kamo a bakin tekun [[Afirka ta Kudu]] tun daga 1938 zuwa gaba; <ref name="ref2">{{Cite journal |last=Lavett Smith |first=C. |last2=Rand |first2=Charles S. |last3=Schaeffer |first3=Bobb |last4=Atz |first4=James W. |year=1975 |title=Latimeria, the Living Coelacanth, is Ovoviviparous |journal=Science |volume=190 |issue=4219 |pages=1105–6 |bibcode=1975Sci...190.1105L |doi=10.1126/science.190.4219.1105 |s2cid=83943031}}</ref> yanzu an san su da zama a cikin tekuna da ke kewaye da [[Tsibirin Comoro]] a [[Gabashin Afirka|gabashin gabar Afirka]] . Nau'in na biyu, ''Latimeria menadoensis'', coelacanth na Indonesia, an gano shi a ƙarshen shekarun 1990, wanda ke zaune a cikin tekuna na Gabashin Indonesia, daga Manado zuwa Papua . <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Yokoyama |first=Shozo |last2=Zhang |first2=Huan |last3=Radlwimmer |first3=F. Bernhard |last4=Blow |first4=Nathan S. |year=1999 |title=Adaptive evolution of color vision of the Comoran coelacanth (Latimeria chalumnae) |journal=Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences |volume=96 |issue=11 |pages=6279–84 |bibcode=1999PNAS...96.6279Y |doi=10.1073/pnas.96.11.6279 |pmc=26872 |pmid=10339578 |doi-access=free}}</ref> == Asalin Ma'anar == Kalmar ''Coelacanth'' an yi ta ne da sunan Latin {{Lang|la|Cœlacanthus}} na zamani. ('m kashin baya'), daga tsohuwar Girkanci {{Lang|grc|κοῖλ-ος}} ( {{Transl|grc|koilos}}, 'm') da {{Lang|grc|ἄκανθ-α}} ( {{Transl|grc|akantha}}, 'kashin baya'), <ref>{{Cite web |title=The Coelancanth |url=http://www.actforlibraries.org/the-coelancanth/ |access-date=2015-10-30 |website=actforlibraries.org |archive-date=2016-03-04 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304054308/http://www.actforlibraries.org/the-coelancanth/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> yana nufin haskoki na kashin caudal mai zurfi na samfurin burbushin farko da [[Louis Agassiz]] ya bayyana kuma ya sanya masa suna a shekarar 1839, mallakar nau'in ''Coelacanthus'' . {{Rp|1}}Sunan asalin ''Latimeria'' yana tunawa da Marjorie Courtenay-Latimer, wacce ta gano samfurin farko. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Smithsonian Institution – The Coelacanth: More Living than Fossil |url=http://vertebrates.si.edu/fishes/coelacanth/coelacanth_wider.html |access-date=2015-10-30 |website=vertebrates.si.edu}}</ref> == Manazarta == 2fm7rre6o0v5qwfa5vc8zzqsyxndijg 0 159100 895182 862922 2026-08-11T19:03:03Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 895182 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Ciwon Diogenes''', wanda aka fi sani da '''ciwon tsufa''', cuta ce da ke tattare da [[Rashin kula da kai|sakaci da kai]], rashin kwanciyar hankali a cikin gida, rashin son kai, rashin kulawa da kuma tara shara ko dabbobi da dole. Mutanen da abin ya shafa kuma suna iya nuna alamun cutar catatonia . <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Cybulska |first=E |last2=Rucinski |first2=J |year=1986 |title=Gross Self-neglect in Old Age |journal=Br J Hosp Med |volume=36 |issue=1 |pages=21–23 |pmid=3535960}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Rosenthal |first=M |last2=Stelian |first2=J |last3=Wagner |first3=J |last4=Berkman |first4=P |year=1999 |title=Diogenes syndrome and hoarding in the elderly: case reports |journal=The Israel Journal of Psychiatry and Related Sciences |volume=36 |issue=1 |pages=29–34 |pmid=10389361}}</ref> An fara gane wannan yanayin a shekarar 1966 <ref name="Macmillan">{{Cite journal |last=Macmillan |first=D |last2=Shaw |first2=P. |year=1966 |title=Senile breakdown in standards of personal and environmental cleanliness |journal=BMJ |volume=2 |issue=5521 |pages=1032–7 |doi=10.1136/bmj.2.5521.1032 |pmc=1944569 |pmid=5919035}}</ref> kuma Likita ANG Clark da abokan aikinsa sun sanya masa suna Diogenes syndrome <ref name="Clark">{{Cite journal |last=Clark |first=AN |last2=Mankikar |first2=GD |last3=Gray |first3=I |year=1975 |title=Diogenes syndrome A clinical study of gross neglect in old age |journal=Lancet |volume=1 |issue=7903 |pages=366–368 |doi=10.1016/S0140-6736(75)91280-5 |pmid=46514 |s2cid=44838574}}</ref> Sunan ya samo asali ne daga [[Diogenes|Diogenes na Sinope]], wani tsohon masanin falsafa na Girka, mai tsattsauran ra'ayi kuma mai son kai, wanda ake zargin yana zaune a cikin babban tulu a Athens. <ref>{{Cite web |date=March 2026 |title=The Greek Philosopher Who Lived in a Jar |url=https://www.missedhistory.com/article/diogenes-the-barrel-philosopher |access-date=June 10, 2026 |website=missedhistory.com}}</ref> Ba wai kawai bai tara ba, har ma ya nemi rakiyar ɗan adam ta hanyar yin tafiya kowace rana zuwa Agora . Saboda haka, ana ɗaukar wannan sunan a matsayin ba daidai ba . <ref name="Cybulska">{{Cite journal |last=Cybulska |first=E |year=1998 |title=Senile Squalor: Plyushkin's not Diogenes Syndrome |journal=Psychiatric Bulletin |volume=22 |issue=5 |pages=319–320 |doi=10.1192/pb.22.5.319 |doi-access=free}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Marcos |first=M |last2=Gomez-Pellin |first2=MC. |year=2008 |title=A tale of a misnamed eponym: Diogenes syndrome |journal=Int J Geriatr Psychiatry |volume=23 |issue=9 |pages=990–1 |doi=10.1002/gps.2005 |pmid=18752218 |s2cid=45209151}}</ref> Sauran kalmomin da za a iya amfani da su sune ''lalacewar tsufa'', ''cutar Plyushkin'' (bayan halin Gogol ), <ref name="Cybulska" /> ''lalacewar zamantakewa'', da kuma ''ciwon tsufa'' . <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Cooney |first=C |last2=Hamid |first2=W |year=1995 |title=Review: diogenes syndrome |url=http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_m2459/is_n5_v24/ai_17438718 |journal=Age and Ageing |volume=24 |issue=5 |pages=451–3 |doi=10.1093/ageing/24.5.451 |pmid=8669353 |url-access=subscription |access-date=2026-06-21 |archive-date=2007-12-14 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071214220249/http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_m2459/is_n5_v24/ai_17438718/print |url-status=dead }}</ref> Rashin lafiyar gaba na iya taka rawa a cikin dalilin. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Orrell |first=M |last2=Sahakian |first2=B. |year=1991 |title=Dementia of frontal type |journal=Psychol Med |volume=21 |issue=3 |pages=553–6 |doi=10.1017/S0033291700022170 |pmid=1946843 |doi-access=free}}</ref> == Gabatarwa == [[Fayil:Syndrome_de_Diogène_dans_la_cour_d'une_maison.jpg|thumb|Bayyanar cutar Diogenes a bayan gida]] Ciwon Diogenes cuta ce da ta ƙunshi tara shara da kuma sakaci sosai. Bugu da ƙari, wannan cuta tana da alaƙa da rashin kwanciyar hankali a cikin gida, rashin kwanciyar hankali, rabuwar zamantakewa, da kuma ƙin taimako. An nuna cewa tana faruwa ne a matsayin martani ga [[Matsalar tunani|damuwa]], sau da yawa a ƙarshen rayuwa. <ref name="Reyes-Ortiz">{{Cite journal |last=Reyes-Ortiz |first=C |year=2001 |title=Diogenes syndrome: The self-neglect elderly |journal=Comprehensive Therapy |volume=27 |issue=2 |pages=117–121 |doi=10.1007/s12019-996-0005-6 |pmid=11430258 |s2cid=41954393}}</ref> A mafi yawan lokuta, an lura da marasa lafiya suna da rashin daidaituwar mallaka da kuma yanayin rikitarwa ta hanyar da ba ta dace ba. Waɗannan alamun suna nuna lalacewa ga sassan gaba na kwakwalwa, saboda alaƙarta da yanke shawara . Sabanin haka, akwai kuma lokuta inda aka shirya abubuwan da aka tara ta hanyar da ta dace, wanda zai iya nuna wani dalili banda lalacewar kwakwalwa. <sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B; ''<nowiki><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (January 2026)">ana buƙatar ambato</span></nowiki>'' &#x5D;</sup> Rashin gano cutar autism shi ma yana iya zama wani abu da ke haifar da hakan. Duk da cewa an lura da yawancin marasa lafiya sun fito daga gidaje masu fama da rashin lafiya, kuma da yawa sun daɗe suna fuskantar [[talauci]], waɗannan kamanceceniya ba a ɗaukar su a matsayin sanadin wannan ciwo ba. Bincike ya nuna cewa wasu daga cikin waɗanda suka kamu da wannan cuta suna da asali mai kyau na iyali da kuma rayuwa mai kyau ta ƙwararru. Rabin marasa lafiyar suna da ƙwarewa mai zurfi. <ref name="Clark study">{{Cite journal |last=Clark |first=ANG |last2=Mannikar |date=February 15, 1975 |title=Diogenes syndrome. A clinical study of gross neglect in old age. |journal=The Lancet |volume=1 |issue=7903 |pages=366–8 |doi=10.1016/S0140-6736(75)91280-5 |pmid=46514 |s2cid=44838574}}</ref> Tsananin sakaci da suke jawo wa kansu yawanci yakan haifar da rugujewar jiki ko kuma lalacewar kwakwalwa. Yawancin mutanen da ke fama da wannan matsala ba a gane su ba har sai sun fuskanci wannan matakin rugujewa, saboda son ƙin taimako daga wasu. <ref name="Clark"/> Ko kuma har sai wani rikici ya faru, misali gobara a gida <ref>{{Cite web |title=Flat fire - Chelsea |url=https://www.london-fire.gov.uk/incidents/2025/october/flat-fire-chelsea/ |access-date=2026-02-01 |website=www.london-fire.gov.uk |language=en-GB}}</ref> . Halayen halayen da ake iya gani akai-akai a cikin marasa lafiya da aka gano suna da cutar Diogenes sune tashin hankali, taurin kai, zargin wasu, canjin yanayi mara tabbas, rashin kwanciyar hankali na motsin rai da kuma fahimtar gaskiya. <ref name="Reyes-Ortiz"/> Ciwon zuciya na biyu yana da alaƙa da cututtukan kwakwalwa. <ref name="Reyes-Ortiz" /> Alaƙar kai tsaye tsakanin halayen marasa lafiya da wannan cuta ba ta bayyana ba, kodayake kamanceceniya a cikin halin yana nuna yiwuwar hanyoyin bincike. <ref name="Reyes-Ortiz" /> == Ganewar Ganewa == Mutane da ke fama da cutar Diogenes galibi suna nuna alamun tarin abubuwa, tarin abubuwa, ko kuma matsalar tilastawa. Mutanen da suka sami rauni a kwakwalwa, musamman gaban goshi, na iya fuskantar haɗarin kamuwa da cutar. Gaban goshi suna da sha'awa musamman, saboda an san suna da hannu a cikin manyan hanyoyin fahimta, kamar tunani, yanke shawara da sa ido kan rikici. Ciwon Diogenes yakan faru ne a tsakanin tsofaffi. Mutanen da ke fama da wannan cuta galibi suna da manyan matsalolin aiki da ke da alaƙa da rashin lafiya da mace-mace. [1] == Manazarta == slir93fh4vr5sj8ag9aegg7omur3mbp 0 160361 895202 891162 2026-08-11T20:15:26Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 895202 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}}  {{Notelist}}'''Constance Ella Glynn''' (an haife ta a ranar 16 ga watan Maris na shekara ta 1994) marubuciya ce ta Ingilishi, mai ba da labari a Intanet, mawaƙa kuma tsohuwar cosplayer. Glynn ya sami shahara a YouTube kuma tun daga lokacin ya zama sananne don rubuta fiction na matasa. == Rayuwa ta farko == Glynn ta fito ne daga Hatfield, Hertfordshire . Ita da ɗan'uwanta sun halarci [[Letchworth]]" id="mwFw" rel="mw:WikiLink" title="St. Christopher School, Letchworth">Makarantar St. Christopher a Letchworth a kan bursary.{{Efn|Glynn uses [[she/her]] and [[they/them]] pronouns. This article uses she/her pronouns for consistency.}}<ref name="haulternative">{{Cite journal |last=Blanchard |first=Tamsin |date=24 April 2015 |title=Noodlerella's vintage #haulternative video |url=http://fashion.telegraph.co.uk/videos/TMG11558237/Noodlerellas-vintage-haulternative-video.html |journal=The Telegraph |access-date=24 August 2019}}</ref> Ta dauki darussan a makarantar Guildhall School of Music & Drama a matsayin matashiya.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Connie Glynn |url=https://www.penguin.com.au/authors/connie-glynn |access-date=24 August 2019 |website=Penguin Books Australia}}</ref> Bayan kammala karatunsa daga Jami'ar Sussex tare da digiri na farko a Nazarin Fim a 2016, Glynn ya koma [[Landan]]. <ref name="unapologetically pink">{{Cite journal |last=Tostevin |first=Daniel |date=26 February 2016 |title=Connie Glynn: Unapologetically Pink |url=https://teneightymagazine.com/2017/02/26/connie-glynn-interview-unapologetically-pink/ |journal=TenEighty |access-date=10 July 2019}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=18 May 2019 |title=ROOM TOUR - Dream Pink Princess Teen Fantasy Room + Walk in Closet - Connie Glynn |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=N1XVi3LeUD4 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190518183936/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=N1XVi3LeUD4&gl=US&hl=en |archive-date=18 May 2019 |access-date=25 August 2019 |publisher=YouTube}}</ref> == Ayyuka == Glynn ta bayyana rawar da Moxie Dewdrop ta taka a cikin fitowar Burtaniya na fim din DreamWorks na shekarar 2016 ''Trolls'' . <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Nordin |first=Kiersten |date=13 September 2016 |title=Carrie Hope Fletcher and Noodlerella Join the Cast of Trolls |url=https://teneightymagazine.com/2016/09/13/carrie-hope-fletcher-and-noodlerella-join-the-cast-of-trolls/ |journal=TenEighty |access-date=10 July 2019}}</ref> A cikin 2017, Glynn ya sanya hannu kan yarjejeniyar littattafai uku tare da manufar littattafai biyar tare da Penguin Random House <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Eyre |first=Charlotte |date=24 January 2017 |title=YouTuber Connie Glynn lands book deal with PRH |url=https://www.thebookseller.com/news/prh-children-s-signs-youtuber-connie-glynn-473961 |journal=The Bookseller |access-date=10 July 2019}}</ref> don jerin tatsuniyoyin matasa masu girma The Rosewood Chronicles wanda ya dogara da abubuwan da Glynn ya samu a makarantar kwana. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Ryan |first=Keeley |date=5 September 2018 |title=Author Connie Glynn shares her best advice for anyone wanting to become a writer |url=https://www.her.ie/life/author-connie-glynn-shares-her-best-advice-for-anyone-wanting-to-become-a-writer-429186 |journal=Her |access-date=23 August 2019}}</ref> Kashi na farko a cikin jerin, Undercover Princess ya sanya ta babbar marubuciya ta farko a cikin nau'ikan matasa a Burtaniya a cikin 2017.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Oldfield |first=Kate |date=14 January 2019 |title=The Teach Primary Book Awards 2019 – Meet the Judges! |url=https://www.teachwire.net/news/the-teach-primary-book-awards-2019-meet-the-judges |journal=Teach Wire |access-date=23 August 2019}}</ref> Princess-in-Practice da The Lost Princess sun biyo baya a cikin 2018 da 2019 bi da bi.<ref name="pop">{{Cite journal |last=Oldfield |first=Kate |date=27 October 2018 |title=Connie Glynn On Writing, YouTube, And Her Dream Casting For Princess in Practice |url=https://www.unitedbypop.com/interviews/connie-glynn/ |journal=United by Pop |access-date=23 August 2019}}</ref> Tare da waɗannan ya zo yawon shakatawa na littattafai.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Williamson |first=Sarah |date=15 July 2019 |title=Connie Glynn Announces UK Book Tour |url=https://teneightymagazine.com/2019/07/15/connie-glynn-announces-uk-book-tour/ |journal=TenEighty |access-date=15 August 2019}}</ref> A cikin 2018, Glynn ta ƙaura daga halinta na Noodlerella, kuma a watan Agustan 2019, ta sake ƙaura daga "launi mai ruwan hoda" a matsayin wani ɓangare na asalinta da kyawawan abubuwa yayin da ta yanke shawarar mai da hankali kan rubuce-rubuce da kiɗa tare da ƙungiyarta Snaggletooth. <ref>{{Cite web |date=18 August 2019 |title=we're breaking up |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=_wjg-WejnhY |access-date=25 August 2019 |publisher=YouTube}}</ref><ref name="pop"/><ref>{{Cite web |last=Woods |first=Teri |date=28 May 2021 |title=The Definition of Snaggletooth |url=https://www.mothsandgiraffes.com/theactualcontent/cnyshp5h5qxfr90r8v7183w7mpc737 |access-date=6 October 2021 |website=Moths and Giraffes}}</ref> Glynn ta bayyana murfin Princess a Heart a watan Oktoba 2020, littafi na huɗu a cikin jerin Rosewood Chronicles . A sake shi a watan Fabrairun 2021. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Princess at Heart |url=https://www.penguin.co.uk/books/316818/princess-at-heart/9780241458358.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201018173436/https://www.penguin.co.uk/books/316818/princess-at-heart/9780241458358.html |archive-date=18 October 2020 |access-date=15 October 2020 |website=Penguin Random House}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Oldfield |first=Kate |date=31 March 2021 |title=Connie Glynn Talks, Princess At Heart, Book Four In The Rosewood Chronicles Series |url=https://www.unitedbypop.com/books/young-adult-books/connie-glynn-talks-princess-at-heart-book-four-in-the-rosewood-chronicles-series/ |access-date=9 October 2024 |website=United by Pop}}</ref> Glynn ta sanar da taken na biyar da na karshe na jerin, Princess Ever After a watan Yulin 2021, don ranar fitarwa ta Fabrairu shekarar 2022.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Lucilla Rose |date=23 November 2023 |title=Princess Ever After by Connie Glynn |url=https://storylinks.booklinks.org.au/2023/11/23/princess-ever-after/ |access-date=9 October 2024 |website=Story Links |archive-date=9 October 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241009061351/https://storylinks.booklinks.org.au/2023/11/23/princess-ever-after/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> Glynn ta sake haɗuwa da Penguin don littafin fantasy na matasa na gaba, wanda ya fara da The Cursed Melodies . <ref>{{Cite web |date=7 June 2024 |title=The Cursed Melodies by Connie Glynn |url=https://www.penguin.co.uk/books/456177/the-cursed-melodies-by-glynn-connie/9780241646144 |access-date=21 July 2024 |website=Penguin Books}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Fraser |first=Katie |date=18 October 2024 |title=Penguin signs Connie Glynn's fantasy trilogy in six-figure deal |url=https://www.thebookseller.com/rights/penguin-signs-connie-glynns-fantasy-trilogy-in-six-figure-deal |access-date=8 January 2025 |website=The Bookseller}}</ref> == Rayuwa ta mutum == Glynn tana da Jima'i biyu kuma ta tabbatar da cewa tana da saurayi a 2024, <su about="#mwt86" class="mw-ref reference" data-cx="{}" data-mw='{"name":"ref","attrs":{},"body":{"id":"mw-reference-text-cite_note-25","html":"<nowiki><span typeof=\"mw:Transclusion\" data-mw=\"{&amp;quot;name&amp;quot;:&amp;quot;templatestyles&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;attrs&amp;quot;:{&amp;quot;src&amp;quot;:&amp;quot;Module:Cita/CS1/styles.css&amp;quot;},&amp;quot;body&amp;quot;:{&amp;quot;extsrc&amp;quot;:&amp;quot;&amp;quot;},&amp;quot;parts&amp;quot;:[{&amp;quot;template&amp;quot;:{&amp;quot;target&amp;quot;:{&amp;quot;wt&amp;quot;:&amp;quot;Cite web&amp;quot;,&amp;quot;href&amp;quot;:&amp;quot;./Template:Cite_web&amp;quot;},&amp;quot;params&amp;quot;:{&amp;quot;url&amp;quot;:{&amp;quot;wt&amp;quot;:&amp;quot;https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=8wF4acb69Bs&amp;quot;},&amp;quot;title&amp;quot;:{&amp;quot;wt&amp;quot;:&amp;quot;no more internet drama. i just wanna kiss my boyfriend&amp;quot;},&amp;quot;author&amp;quot;:{&amp;quot;wt&amp;quot;:&amp;quot;Connie Glynn&amp;quot;},&amp;quot;via&amp;quot;:{&amp;quot;wt&amp;quot;:&amp;quot;YouTube&amp;quot;},&amp;quot;date&amp;quot;:{&amp;quot;wt&amp;quot;:&amp;quot;19 January 2025&amp;quot;},&amp;quot;accessdate&amp;quot;:{&amp;quot;wt&amp;quot;:&amp;quot;20 January 2025&amp;quot;}},&amp;quot;i&amp;quot;:0}}]}\" data-ve-no-generated-contents=\"true\" id=\"mwAf0\">&</nowiki>nbsp;<nowiki></span></nowiki><nowiki><cite about=\"#mwt84\" class=\"citation web cs1\" id=\"CITEREFConnie_Glynn2025\" data-ve-ignore=\"\">Connie Glynn (19 January 2025). </cite></nowiki>"}}' id="cite_ref-25" rel="dc:references" typeof="mw:Extension/ref">[./Connie_Glynn#cite_note-25 <span class="mw-reflink-text"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket"><nowiki>]</nowiki></span></span>] bayan da ta kasance a buɗe game da tafiyarta tare da lakabi daban-daban.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Wood |first=Lucy |date=12 February 2018 |title=YouTuber Connie Glynn aka Noodlerella reveals she's aromantic |url=https://metro.co.uk/2018/02/12/youtuber-connie-glynn-aka-noodlerella-reveals-aromantic-7306105/?ito=cbshare |journal=Metro |access-date=10 July 2019}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Gilmour |first=Paisley |date=13 February 2019 |title="It's a big societal reminder that I'm different" - Valentine's Day when you're asexual or aromantic |url=https://www.cosmopolitan.com/uk/love-sex/relationships/a26320354/asexual-aromantic-valentines-day/ |journal=Cosmopolitan |access-date=10 July 2019}}</ref> Glynn tana amfani da sunayen su da ita.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Glynn |first=Connie |title=honey im home ( and im a lesbian ) |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=FKHqEvQurDM |access-date=16 July 2021 |via=YouTube}}</ref> Motar ta buge Glynn a watan Nuwamba shekarar 2016 kuma ta karye kafa. An yi mata tiyata sau biyu. A watan Mayu na shekara ta 2019, ta bayyana game da PTSD da kuma agoraphobia da ta biyo baya da paranoia da ta samu a cikin shekarun da suka biyo bayan hadarin.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Rodriguez |first=Karla |date=29 November 2016 |title=Connie Ella 'Nooderella' Glynn Was Hit by a Car |url=https://www.j-14.com/posts/connie-ella-glynn-known-as-noodlerella-was-hit-by-a-car-119789/ |journal=J-14 |access-date=17 January 2021 |archive-date=27 November 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241127060047/https://www.j-14.com/posts/connie-ella-glynn-known-as-noodlerella-was-hit-by-a-car-119789/ |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Smith |first=Emma-Louise |date=17 May 2019 |title=Video Spotlight: I was insane for 2 years and didn't tell anyone. |url=https://teneightymagazine.com/2019/05/17/video-spotlight-i-was-insane-for-2-years-and-didnt-tell-anyone/ |journal=TenEighty |access-date=10 July 2019}}</ref> == Bayanan littattafai == === ''Tarihin Rosewood'' === * ''Gimbiya mai ɓoye'' (2017) * ''Gimbiya a cikin Ayyuka'' (2018) * Gimbiya da ta ɓace (2019) * ''Gimbiya a Zuciya'' (2021) * ''Gimbiya Ko da yaushe'' (2022) === ''Labarai daga Shadow Library'' === * ''Waƙoƙin da aka la'anta'' (2025) * ''Duet mafi duhu'' (2026) == Kyaututtuka da gabatarwa == {| class="wikitable sortable plainrowheaders" !Shekara !Kyautar !Sashe !Ayyuka !Sakamakon ! class="unsortable" scope="col" |{{Abbr|Ref.|References}} |- |2016 |Kyautar Zaɓin Yara |UK da aka fi so Breakthrough Vlogger |Shi da kansa| {{Nom}} |<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Hodson |first=Charleyy |date=15 March 2016 |title=Cherry Wallis Is The UK's Newest Breakthrough Vlogger |url=https://www.wetheunicorns.com/news/cherry-wallis-breakthrough-vlogger-kids-choice/ |journal=We the Unicorns |access-date=24 August 2019}}</ref> |- |2016 |Summer a cikin City Awards |Kyautar Kyauta |Shi da kansa| {{Nom}} |<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Sutton |first=Erin |date=14 August 2016 |title=Summer in the City Awards 2016 Round-Up |url=https://teneightymagazine.com/2016/08/14/summer-in-the-city-awards-2016-round-up/ |journal=TenEighty |access-date=26 June 2019}}</ref> |- |2018 |Summer a cikin City Awards |Littafin Shekara |''Gimbiya mai ɓoye''| {{Nom}} |<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Beveridge |first=Marta |date=12 August 2018 |title=Summer in the City Awards 2018 Round-Up |url=https://teneightymagazine.com/2018/08/12/summer-in-the-city-awards-2018-round-up/ |journal=TenEighty |access-date=26 June 2019}}</ref> |- |} == Bayani == <templatestyles src="Reflist/styles.css" />{{Reflist}}{{Notelist}} == Bayanan da aka ambata == == Haɗin waje == * {{IMDb name|8563381}} [[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1994]] [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] r8p5ikvvnyquc7jheq8riaxudzt676i 0 160424 895638 872895 2026-08-12T10:59:21Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 895638 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox person |name = Femi Olubanwo |image = |caption = |birth_date = {{Birth date and age|1958|3|28|df=y}} |birth_place = Nigeria |death_place = |other_names = |known_for = Top ranking Intellectual Property Lawyer }} '''Femi Olubanwo''' lauya ne a Najeriya. Shi ne tare da [[Asue Ighodalo]], abokin haɗin gwiwar kafa kamfanin lauya na Banwo da Ighodolo wanda ke ƙwarewa wajen ba da shawara ga manyan kamfanoni kan dukiya da [[Fasaha|Fasahar]], Project Finance, haɗuwa da saye-saye, kasuwannin jari, da al'amuran da suka shafi kudaden kamfanoni da dabaru. Ya shiga cikin ma'amaloli da yawa na cikin gida da na duniya. == Shekaru na farko == Femi Olubanwo ya kammala karatu daga [[Jami'ar Lagos|Jami'ar Legas]] a 1981, da kuma Makarantar Shari'a ta Najeriya.<ref>https://web.archive.org/web/20140921011648/http://www.banwo-ighodalo.com/people/our-partners/femi-olubanwo</ref> A cikin 1991, Femi ya shiga Ighodalo don kafa Banwo & Ighodalu wanda aka ci gaba da sanya shi a matsayin babban kamfanin lauya [[Najeriya|Na Najeriya]] a yankunan Kasuwancin Kasuwanci, Tsaro, Haɗuwa & Kasuwanci.<ref name="biz2">{{Cite news |date=13 February 2014 |title=Banwo & Ighodalo turns 23 |url=http://businessdayonline.com/2014/02/banwo-ighodalo-turns-23/#.VG26PTTF-y4 |accessdate=November 8, 2014 |publisher=BusinessDay Media Ltd}}</ref>A cikin shekaru 30 da suka gabata na aikinsa, ya yi aiki a matsayin mai ba da shawara kan shari'a ga kamfanonin ƙwayoyin cuta da masu launin shudi a bangarori daban-daban ciki har da Pharmaceuticals, Telecommunications, da Manufacturing dangane da kariya da aiwatar da haƙƙin mallaka a Najeriya da Afirka.<ref name="iclg">{{Cite web |title=Banwo & Ighodalo |url=http://www.iclg.co.uk/firms/banwo-and-ighodalo/femi-olubanwo |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141129100020/http://www.iclg.co.uk/firms/banwo-and-ighodalo/femi-olubanwo |archive-date=29 November 2014 |access-date=14 November 2014 |publisher=International Comparative Legal Guide}}</ref> Don nuna godiya ga ƙarfinsa, daidaito da kulawa ga daki-daki, an kira Femi, a cikin damar ba da shawara daban-daban, don taimakawa matakan gwamnati daban-daban a Najeriya, da kuma kasashe da yawa, kan 'yancin tattalin arziki da sake fasalin. A shekara ta 2010, an nada shi shugaban kwamitin da Ma'aikatar Kudi ta Tarayya ta kafa don tsara ka'idar shugabanci / ɗabi'a ga masu kula da kasuwannin jari.<ref>https://www.lexology.com/index</ref> A shekara ta 2011, an gayyaci Femi a matsayin babban mai magana a taron ci gaban Afirka na Harvard na shekara ta 2011, wanda aka gudanar a ranar 26 ga Maris 2011 a Jami'ar Harvard. <ref name="cpafrica">{{Cite web |date=7 March 2011 |title=Nobel prize winner, Amartya Sen, Jeffrey Sachs to speak at the upcoming Harvard African Development Conference |url=http://www.cp-africa.com/2011/03/07/nobel-prize-winner-amartya-sen-jeffrey-sachs-speak-upcoming-harvard-african-development-conference/ |access-date=14 November 2014 |website=CPAfrica |publisher=CP Africa |archive-date=29 November 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141129114433/http://www.cp-africa.com/2011/03/07/nobel-prize-winner-amartya-sen-jeffrey-sachs-speak-upcoming-harvard-african-development-conference/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> == Littattafai da ayyukanta == Shi ne marubucin Talla ga yara a Najeriya, "Young Consumers da aka buga a shekarar 2012. <ref name="emerald">{{Cite journal |title="Advertising to children in Nigeria", Young Consumers |publisher=Emerald Insight |doi=10.1108/yc.2012.32113baa.002}}</ref> Femi ya rubuta labarai da yawa kuma akai-akai yana ba da takardu kuma yana ba da gabatarwa kan batutuwa a cikin manyan wuraren aikinsa.<ref name="whoiswho">{{Cite web |title=Biography |url=http://whoswholegal.com/profiles/24195/0/olubanwo/femi-olubanwo/ |access-date=14 November 2014 |publisher=WhoisWho Legal}}</ref> == Kwamitoci, membobin da kyaututtuka == Ya zauna a matsayin darektan a kan allon kamfanoni da yawa ciki har da BlackBerry Technologies Nigeria Limited (sashin kula da BlackBerry Limited na Najeriya), Calyx Securities Limited, da kuma Courage Education Foundation (wani NGO da ya himmatu ga tallafawa ilimin yara masu basira amma marasa galihu). <ref name="whoiswho"/> Femi memba ne na kungiyar lauyoyin Najeriya, Cibiyar Kasuwanci, Hukumar Shari'ar Ruwa ta Najeriya, Ƙungiyar Kasuwanci ta Duniya, Cibiyar Ciniki ta Duniya ta Najeriya.<ref name="banwo">{{Cite web |title=Our Partners |url=http://www.banwo-ighodalo.com/people/our-partners/femi-olubanwo |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140921011648/http://www.banwo-ighodalo.com/people/our-partners/femi-olubanwo |archive-date=21 September 2014 |access-date=13 November 2014 |publisher=Banwo & Ighodalo}}</ref> == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1958]] enunvf84ehf6gd7id5j3lethw8wsxzh 0 160659 895167 874911 2026-08-11T17:55:27Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 895167 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox organization|name=Arid Lands Environment Centre|type=[[Non-Profit Organization]]|founder=|headquarters=Alice Springs, [[Australia]]|owner=|dissolved=}}'''Cibiyar Muhalli ta Arid Lands''' (ALEC) ƙungiya ce mai zaman kanta a fannin muhalli wadda ke da hedikwata a Alice Springs a tsakiyar Ostiraliya. == Tarihi == Ƙungiyar masana kimiyya, masu fafutuka, lauyoyi da masu kare muhalli ce ta fara ALEC, duk da manyan ci gaban ayyukan da ake samu a yankin.<ref>{{Cite web |title=About |url=https://www.alec.org.au/about |access-date=2023-12-16 |website=Arid Lands Environment Centre |language=en}}</ref> == Muhimman ayyuka == === Anti-fracking === A cikin shekaru goma da suka gabata, ALEC ta yi fafutukar dakatar da fasa bututun mai a Yankin Arewa tare da haɗin gwiwar wasu ƙungiyoyin al'umma masu yaƙi da fasa bututun mai. Ta fi mayar da hankali kan Kogin Beetaloo wanda aka kiyasta zai ƙara yawan hayakin carbon da ke Australiya da sama da kashi 20%. === Kariyar ruwa === ALEC tana fafutukar kare haƙƙin ruwa da ruwa a Yankin Arewa. A halin yanzu tana mai da hankali kan wani aikin ci gaba da aka tsara a Tashar Singleton.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Bergin |first=Julia |date=2023-07-04 |title='Not listening': Traditional Owners ask Plibersek to hear them on water rights |url=https://www.crikey.com.au/2023/07/04/water-rights-nt-traditional-owners-plibersek/ |access-date=2023-12-16 |website=Crikey |language=en-US}}</ref> A shekarar 2022, sun ɗauki matakin shari'a da Majalisar Ƙasa ta Tsakiya bisa rashin nasara, suna zargin cewa amincewar Gwamnatin Yankin Arewa bai bi Dokar Ruwa ba. === Gudanar da Ciyawar Buffel === ALEC tana fafutukar kula da [[Ƙarangiyar azbin|ciyawar]] da ta mamaye yankin bayan gobarar da ta faru a yankin a shekarar 2023. === Grid na Gaba na Alice Springs === Gudanar da ɓangarorin haɗin gwiwa tsakanin al'umma na gwajin tashar wutar lantarki ta kama-da-wane (VPP) a Alice Springs wanda ya ƙunshi mahalarta 50 tare da tsarin adana hasken rana da batir.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Project Participants |url=https://alicespringsfuturegrid.com.au/project-partners |access-date=2023-12-16 |website=Alice Springs Future Grid |language=en-AU}}</ref> === Alice Water Smart === Shirin wanda aka fara daga 2013 zuwa 2016, an samar da shi ne da dala miliyan 15 tare da Kamfanin Wutar Lantarki da Ruwa, Gwamnatin Yankin Arewa, Majalisar Garin Alice Springs da kuma Hukumar Yawon Bude Ido ta NT, wanda shirin Ruwan Sama na Gwamnatin Ostiraliya ya tallafa masa. Manufar shirin shine taimakawa garin rage yawan amfani da ruwa da lita miliyan 1600 a kowace shekara.<ref>{{Cite web |title=OUR WATER FUTURE: Discussion Paper: A Conversation with Territorians |url=https://denr.nt.gov.au/__data/assets/pdf_file/0009/273447/our-water-future-case-study-4.pdf |access-date=16 December 2023 |publisher=Water Resources Division, Northern Territory Government}}</ref> === Birnin Alice Solar === A matsayin ɗaya daga cikin ayyuka bakwai da aka ba da kuɗi ta hanyar Shirin [[Birane na Rana a Ostiraliya|Birane Masu Hasken Rana]] na Gwamnatin Ostiraliya da aka ƙaddamar a shekara ta 2004, an sanar da Alice Springs a matsayin birnin samar da hasken rana a shekara ta 2007. An tsara aikin dala miliyan 42 don bincika yadda wutar lantarki ta hasken rana, fasahar da ba ta da amfani da makamashi da sabbin hanyoyin samar da wutar lantarki da farashi za su iya ƙara sabunta da dorewar garin da kuma ci gaban tashar samar da hasken rana ta Uterne.<ref>{{Cite web |date=November 2013 |title=Alice Solar City 2008–2013 |url=https://assets-astc.s3-ap-southeast-2.amazonaws.com/files/files/Alice%20Solar%20City%202008-2013%20Report.pdf |access-date=15 December 2023 |archive-date=16 December 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231216031201/https://assets-astc.s3-ap-southeast-2.amazonaws.com/files/files/Alice%20Solar%20City%202008-2013%20Report.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref> Shirin ya ci gaba har zuwa 2013.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Chlanda |first=Erwin |date=2013-06-17 |title=Alice Solar City – over to you - Alice Springs News |url=https://alicespringsnews.com.au/2013/06/18/solar-city-over-to-you/ |access-date=2023-12-16 |language=en-AU}}</ref> == Manazarta == j4y8hxy3yk1bcvv9m7remt499q13620 0 160681 895142 883792 2026-08-11T17:32:50Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 0 sources and tagging 1 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 895142 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Cibiyar Kiwon Lafiya ta Jami'ar Mississippi''' ( '''UMMC''' ) harabar kimiyyar lafiya ce ta Jami'ar Mississippi (Ole Miss) kuma tana cikin Jackson, [[Mississippi (jiha)|Mississippi]], [[Tarayyar Amurka|Amurka]] . UMMC, wacce kuma aka sani da Cibiyar Kiwon Lafiya, ita ce cibiyar likitanci ta ilimi guda ɗaya tilo da ke jihar. UMMC tana da makarantu bakwai na kimiyyar lafiya: Magunguna, Ilimin Hakori, Jinya, Sana'o'in da suka shafi Lafiya, Nazarin Digiri a Kimiyyar Lafiya, Lafiyar Jama'a da Magunguna. (Babban Makarantar Magunguna tana da hedikwata a harabar Jami'ar Mississippi (UM) <ref>{{Cite web |title=University of Mississippi |url=http://www.olemiss.edu/ |access-date=2015-09-02 |website=www.olemiss.edu}}</ref> da ke Oxford, Mississippi .) Harabar makarantar mai fadin eka 164 ta kuma hada da Asibitin Jami'a, Asibitin Wiser na Mata da Jarirai, Asibitin Kula da Lafiya na Conerly, Yara na Mississippi (gami da Blair E. Batson Tower da Kathy da Joe Sanderson Tower), asibitin yara tilo na jihar, da kuma Laburaren Lafiya na Rowland. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Library Home - University of Mississippi Medical Center |url=https://www.umc.edu/library/ |access-date=2015-09-02}}</ref> == Tarihi == An buɗe Cibiyar Kiwon Lafiya ta Jami'ar Mississippi a shekarar 1955, <ref>{{Cite web |title=History |url=https://www.umc.edu/History.aspx |access-date=2015-09-02 |website=University of Mississippi Medical Center }}{{Dead link|date=July 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> amma farkonta ya fara ne tun daga shekarar 1903 lokacin da aka kafa makarantar likitanci ta shekaru biyu a harabar makarantar da ke Oxford. A wannan lokacin, waɗanda suka kammala karatun digiri na farko sun fita daga jihar don kammala karatun digirin digirgir na likitanci. <sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B; ''<nowiki><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (May 2017)">ana buƙatar ambato</span></nowiki>'' &#x5D;</sup> [[Fayil:University_Medical_Center,_Jackson,_before_additions.png|right|thumb|Cibiyar Kiwon Lafiya ta Jami'a, kusan 1950]] A ƙarshe, a shekarar 1950, Majalisar Dokokin Mississippi ta kafa doka don ƙirƙirar makarantar likitanci ta shekaru huɗu da ke da alaƙa da Jami'ar Mississippi . A ranar 1 ga Yuli, 1955, sabuwar Cibiyar Kiwon Lafiya ta jihar, wacce a lokacin ake kira UMC, ta buɗe a Jackson, da farko a matsayin makarantar likitanci ta shekaru huɗu tare da ɗaliban likitanci da na digiri, masu horon aiki da mazauna. Kamar yadda yake a Oxford, Makarantar Magunguna ta ba da shirye-shiryen digiri na likita da na digiri na biyu. Harabar ta ƙunshi asibitin koyarwa da ɗakin karatu. <sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B; ''<nowiki><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (May 2017)">ana buƙatar ambato</span></nowiki>'' &#x5D;</sup> Sashen kula da ma'aikatan jinya na harabar Oxford ya koma Cibiyar Kiwon Lafiya a shekarar 1956 kuma an ba shi matsayin makaranta a shekarar 1958. An ƙara Makarantar Koyon Sana'o'i Masu Alaƙa da Lafiya (SHRP) a shekarar 1971 kuma ta fara bayar da manhajar karatu ta farko a shekarar 1973. An ba da izinin Makarantar Koyon Hakori a shekarar 1973, kuma an shigar da ɗalibanta na farko a shekarar 1975. An ɗaga darajar shirin digiri na biyu zuwa matsayin makaranta a shekarar 2001 kuma an naɗa shi Makarantar Koyon Digiri na Biyu a Kimiyyar Lafiya. <sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B; ''<nowiki><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (May 2017)">ana buƙatar ambato</span></nowiki>'' &#x5D;</sup> Fannin da Asibitin Jami'ar UMMC ya zauna a kai a da shine wurin da Asibitin Mississippi Insane yake, <ref>{{Cite web |title=Graves' discovery affects Miss. medical school's plans |url=https://www.usatoday.com/story/news/nation/2014/02/09/mississippi-medical-school-graves-found/5320995/ |access-date=2015-09-02 |website=[[USA Today]]}}</ref> wanda ya mayar da ayyukansa a shekarar 1935 zuwa Whitfield, Miss., kuma ya zama Asibitin Jihar Mississippi . <ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=History of the Mississippi State Asylum |url=http://msacp.cobb.msstate.edu/history.html |access-date=2015-09-02 |website=msacp.cobb.msstate.edu |archive-date=2015-08-18 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150818060338/http://msacp.cobb.msstate.edu/history.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> An gano gawarwakin marasa lafiya kusan dubu bakwai a harabar makarantar a cikin kaburbura marasa alama. === Zamanin kare hakkin jama'a === A lokacin da aka buɗe asibitin a shekarar 1955, [https://teacuppig.co/ UMMC] ta ba da kulawa ga marasa lafiya 'yan asalin Afirka, amma an raba wuraren kula da marasa lafiya ta hanyar launin fata, bisa ga dokokin yankin Kudu a wancan lokacin. A shekarar 1963, an kai shugaban kare hakkin jama'a [[Medgar Evers]] zuwa UMMC bayan an harbe shi a gidansa da ke Jackson, MS, amma ya mutu a ɗakin gaggawa na asibiti. A shekarar 1964, UMMC ta zama babban mai ba da sabis na lafiya ga [[Masu Hanyar 'Yanci|'yan gudun hijirar Freedom Riders]] da suka ji rauni. [[Dokar 'Yancin Bil'adama ta 1964|Take na VI na Dokar 'Yancin Bil'adama ta 1964]] ta haramta wa cibiyoyin da gwamnatin tarayya ke tallafawa wariya. A shekarar 1965, Hukumar Kare Hakkin Bil'adama ta NAACP ta shigar da ƙarar kare haƙƙin bil'adama ta tarayya a kan UMMC. Robert Q. Marston, MD, wanda a lokacin shi ne shugaban sashen lafiya kuma darektan Cibiyar Kiwon Lafiya, ya ƙirƙiro dabarun bin ƙa'ida wanda ya haɗa da ɗaukar ma'aikacin sashen baƙar fata na farko, da haɗa asibitoci da asibitoci. <ref name="deShazo">{{Cite journal |last=Richard D. deShazo |last2=Robert Smith |last3=Leigh Baldwin Skipworth |date=March 29, 2014 |title=A White Dean and Black Physicians at the Epicenter of the Civil Rights Movement |journal=Am J Med |volume=127 |issue=6 |pages=469–78 |doi=10.1016/j.amjmed.2014.03.021 |pmid=24690668}}</ref> A daidai lokacin, Dr. Blair E. Batson, shugaban Sashen Kula da Yara na UMMC, ya ba Dr. Aaron Shirley, wani likita ɗan asalin Afirka wanda ya halarci makarantar likitanci a <ref>{{Cite web |title=Dr. Blair E. Batson |url=https://www.umc.edu/administration/institutional_advancement/children_s_hospital/dr__blair_e__batson.aspx |access-date=2015-09-02 |website=University of Mississippi Medical Center |archive-date=2015-09-05 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150905213857/https://www.umc.edu/Administration/Institutional_Advancement/Children_s_Hospital/Dr__Blair_E__Batson.aspx |url-status=dead }}</ref> mukami a shirin ilimin zama na sashen. Shirley ya zama ɗan asalin Afirka na farko da ya koyi karatu a UMMC lokacin da ya shiga shirin zama a 1965. A shekarar 1966, Sammie Long ta zama mace bakar fata ta farko da ta halarci makarantar. A shekarar 1972, James Oliver ya zama bakar fata ta farko da ta samu digirin MD a makarantar. === Zamanin zamani === A watan Yunin 2023, UMMC ta rufe asibitin kula da lafiyar LGBT saboda matsin lamba daga majalisar dokoki. <ref>{{Cite web |date=June 2023 |title=UMMC to shut down LGBTQ+ clinic amid political pressure |url=https://mississippitoday.org/2023/06/01/ummc-shut-down-team-clinic/}}</ref> == Bayani == A matsayinta na harabar kimiyyar lafiya ta jami'ar Mississippi, Cibiyar Lafiya tana aiki a matsayin wani sashe mai zaman kansa wanda aka amince da shi daban, wanda ke da alhakin shugaban jami'ar kuma ta hanyarsa ga Kwamitin Amintattu na Tsarin Mulki na Cibiyoyin Ilimi na Jiha (IHL). Cibiyar Lafiya ta Jami'ar Mississippi ta sami amincewar Kwamitin Kwalejoji da Makarantu na Kudancin (SACSCOC) <ref>{{Cite web |title=Commission on Colleges |url=http://sacscoc.org/ |access-date=2015-09-02 |website=sacscoc.org}}</ref> don bayar da digiri na farko, digiri na biyu da na uku. Hukumar Haɗin gwiwa ta amince da Cibiyar Lafiya. Hukumar Amintattu ta IHL <ref>{{Cite web |title=Mississippi Public Universities - Board of Trustees |url=http://www.mississippi.edu/board/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150817070132/http://www.mississippi.edu/board/ |archive-date=August 17, 2015 |access-date=2015-09-02 |website=www.mississippi.edu}}</ref> ta naɗa shugaban jami'ar UM, wanda daga nan ya ba da shawarar wanda zai zama mataimakin shugaban jami'ar UMMC kan harkokin lafiya. Mataimakin shugaban jami'ar kuma yana aiki a matsayin shugaban makarantar likitanci ta Jami'ar Mississippi. An naɗa LouAnn Woodward, MD, <ref name="umc.edu">{{Cite web |title=LouAnn Woodward - University of Mississippi Medical Center |url=https://www.umc.edu/LouAnn_Woodward.asp |access-date=2015-09-02 |archive-date=2015-09-05 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150905150359/https://www.umc.edu/LouAnn_Woodward.asp |url-status=dead }}</ref> a ranar 1 ga Maris, 2015, don cike gurbin mataimakin shugaban jami'a. <ref name="umc.edu" /> <ref>{{Cite web |title=Biography: LouAnn Woodward {{!}} University of Mississippi |url=http://www.olemiss.edu/info/bios/woodward.html |access-date=2015-09-02 |website=www.olemiss.edu |archive-date=2015-09-05 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150905063423/http://www.olemiss.edu/info/bios/woodward.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> Ita ce ke da alhakin jagorancin dabarun Cibiyar Lafiya gaba ɗaya. Ita ce mace ta farko kuma mutum na 10 da ta riƙe wannan muƙamin. Dalibai sama da 3,000 ne suka shiga cikin shirye-shiryen digiri na UMMC <ref>{{Cite web |title=Degree Programs |url=https://umc.edu/UMMC/Degree-Programs.html |access-date=2021-12-17 |website=University of Mississippi Medical Center |language=en}}</ref> . <ref>{{Cite web |title=About Us |url=https://umc.edu/UMMC/About-Us/About-Us-Overview.html |access-date=2021-12-17 |website=University of Mississippi Medical Center |language=en}}</ref> Ana ba wa mazauna Mississippi fifikon shiga don ƙoƙarin samar da ƙwararru don biyan buƙatun kula da lafiya na jihar. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Official UMMC website |url=https://umcstage.umc.edu/education/ }}{{Dead link|date=August 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> Ƙungiyar Ɗaliban da ke da alaƙa da Jami'ar (ASB) ita ce ƙungiyar gwamnatin ɗalibai ta UMMC. Tana aiki a matsayin wata hanya ta tsara ayyukan ɗaliban da ba sa cikin makaranta da kuma bayyana damuwarsu, ra'ayoyi, da tambayoyi ga gwamnati da al'umma. UMMC ita ce asibiti ɗaya tilo a jihar da aka keɓe a matsayin cibiyar rauni ta Level 1. Ayyukan asibiti na musamman sun haɗa da: MRI na shiga tsakani; sashin kulawa mai zurfi na jarirai na Level 4 (NICU) ɗaya tilo a jihar; asibitoci daban-daban na likita, tiyata, zuciya, ilimin jijiyoyi da na yara; cibiyar kula da cututtukan zuciya don ganowa da magance [[Cutar zuciya|cututtukan zuciya]] ; asibitin [[gazawar zuciya]] ; shirye-shiryen dashen zuciya, koda, hanta, pancreas, cornea da ƙashi; cikakken sashin [[bugun jini]] ; tsarin daukar hoton rediyo na zamani; dakin gwaje-gwaje [[Rashin bacci|na cututtukan barci]] ; shirin hadi a cikin vitro ; da kuma ayyukan magunguna na musamman. Wani ɓangare na fili a harabar UMMC a da shine wurin da Mississippi Insane Asylum ya kasance, <ref name=":0"/> wanda ya canza aikinsa a 1935 kuma ya zama Asibitin Jihar Mississippi . === Wuraren kiwon lafiya === UMMC tana da asibiti ɗaya tilo a jihar da aka keɓe a matsayin cibiyar kula da rauni ta Level 1, da kuma sashin kula da jarirai na Level 4 (NICU) ɗaya tilo da ke cikin Asibitin Wiser na Mata da Jarirai. Cibiyar Lafiya kuma tana da shirin dashen gabobi (manya da yara) da kuma ɗakin gaggawa na mata/mata a Mississippi. Tare da jimillar gadaje 1,003, ciki har da wuraren Holmes County da Grenada, UMMC ita ce mafi girman tsarin kulawa da ganewar asali, magani da kuma kulawa ta hanyar tura marasa lafiya a jihar. Dangane da kididdigar shekarar kuɗi ta baya-bayan nan (2013-14), shigar marasa lafiya a wurare da dama ya kai sama da 33,000, tare da ziyartar marasa lafiya a asibiti sama da 487,000. Dakunan gaggawa na UMMC da ke Jackson sun ziyarci mutane 70,000, yayin da Grenada ta ziyarci mutane 18,324, kuma Holmes County ta ziyarci mutane 6,657. <ref>{{Cite web |title=University of Mississippi Medical Center |url=https://www.umc.edu/ |access-date=2015-09-02 |website=University of Mississippi Medical Center}}</ref> * UP Pavilion – Jackson, Miss. * Jirgin Ruwa na UP Grants - Flowood, Miss. * Cibiyar Magunguna ta UP Lakeland - Jackson, Miss * UP Northeast Jackson a Asibitin Musamman na Select – Jackson, Miss. * Kula da Lafiya ta Musamman ga Mata a Mirror Lake – Flowood, Miss. * Cibiyar Fuska da Fata ta Likitocin Jami'a - Ridgeland, Miss. * Cibiyar Kula da Ciwon daji ta UMMC a Jackson Medical Mall – Jackson, Miss. * Asibitocin UP a Jackson Medical Mall – Jackson, Miss. Sauran fasaloli da kayan aiki sun haɗa da na'urorin likitanci daban-daban, na tiyata, na zuciya, na jijiyoyi da na kwakwalwa na yara; Cibiyar Zuciya ta Jami'a don ganowa da magance [[Cutar zuciya|cututtukan zuciya]] ; asibitin [[gazawar zuciya]] ; cibiyar [[bugun jini]] mai cikakken bayani; cibiyar [[Farfaɗiya|farfadiya]], tsarin daukar hoton rediyo na zamani; dakin gwaje-gwaje [[Rashin bacci|na cututtukan barci]] ; shirin hadi a cikin vitro ; da kuma ayyukan [[Magani|magunguna]] na musamman. [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] fnlh93uy880mx1cdvsk7qiyuy85svab 0 160784 895324 876191 2026-08-12T01:52:57Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 2 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 895324 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Doireann MacDermott Goodridge''' (13 Disamba 1923 - 13 Nuwamba 2024) ta kasance mai fassara 'yar ƙasar Ireland, marubuciya, ƙwararriya a fannin ilimin falsafar Sifaniyanci, kuma farfesa ce a [[Nazarin Ingilishi|fannin nazarin Turanci]] a Jami'ar Barcelona.<ref name="fifteenMins">{{Cite web |last=Firth Marsden |first=Kathleen |date=9 January 2015 |title=15 minuts amb... Doireann MacDermott |trans-title=15 Minutes with... |url=http://www.ub.edu/ubtv/video/15-minuts-amb-doireann-macdermott/ |access-date=9 July 2018 |publisher=[[University of Barcelona]] |language=ca,en}}</ref><ref name=":0">{{Cite web |last=Gaitero |first=Ana |date=18 March 2023 |title=La pionera de los estudios de inglés que se enamoró de El Bierzo |trans-title=The pioneer of English studies who fell in love with El Bierzo |url=https://www.diariodeleon.es/articulo/equipos-sombra/pionera-estudios-ingles-que-enamoro-bierzo/202303181909422314809.html |website=DiarioDeLeon.es}}</ref> Ta fara nazarin harshe da adabi na ƙasashen da ke magana da Turanci na tsohuwar Commonwealth. == Rayuwar farko == An haifi Doireann MacDermott Goodridge<ref name="cathedras">{{Cite web |date=11 April 2010 |title=Solo el 13% de las cátedras de la Universidad de Zaragoza están ocupadas por mujeres |trans-title=Only 13% of UofZ Cathedras occupied by Women |url=http://www.heraldo.es/noticias/zaragoza/solo_las_catedras_universidad_zaragoza_estan_ocupadas_por_mujeres.html |access-date=10 July 2018 |website=[[Heraldo de Aragón]] |publisher=[[Europa Press (news agency)|Europa Press]] |language=Spanish |archive-date=4 March 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304115647/http://www.heraldo.es/noticias/zaragoza/solo_las_catedras_universidad_zaragoza_estan_ocupadas_por_mujeres.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> a [[Dublin]], Ireland, a ranar 13 ga Disamba, 1923<ref name=":0" /> ga uba ɗan ƙasar Ireland, Anthony MacDermott, wanda jami'i ne a rundunar sojojin ruwa ta Burtaniya kuma uwa 'yar ƙasar Kanada,<ref name="fifteenMins" /> Evelyn Goodridge, wacce aka haifa a St. John's, Newfoundland da Labrador kuma ta yi karatu a Jamus. Daga 1924 zuwa 1930 ta zauna tare da iyalinta a Bad Ischl, Austria.<ref name="fifteenMins" /> A 1930 sun ƙaura zuwa Tsibirin Wight, Ingila.<ref name="fifteenMins" /> A 1939, ɗan'uwanta, Diarmuid MacDermott, ya mutu a nutsewar jirgin ruwan yaƙi na Burtaniya {{HMS|Royal Oak|08|6}}, wanda jirgin ruwan Jamus mai saukar ungulu ya nutsar a Scapa Flow, a gefen gabar tekun arewacin Scotland, a farkon Yaƙin Duniya na Biyu.<ref name="fifteenMins" /> A shekarar 1941 ta shiga rundunar sojojin ruwa ta Royal Navy,<ref name="fifteenMins" /> tana aiki a tashoshin jiragen ruwa daban-daban a kudu maso yammacin Ingila, waɗanda duk an yi musu ruwan bama-bamai sosai. == Aikin ilimi == A shekarar 1947, ta fara karatunta a Kwalejin Royal Holloway da ke Jami'ar Landan kuma ta sami digiri a shekarar 1950. <ref name="fifteenMins"/> Ta yi kwas ɗin Faransanci a [[Jami'ar Geneva]], inda ta haɗu da mijinta na gaba, {{Interlanguage link|Ramón Carnicer Blanco|es}} . <ref name="fifteenMins" /> Daga 1950 zuwa 1952 ta koyar a wata makaranta ta ƙasa da ƙasa a Switzerland. <ref name="fifteenMins" /> A 1952, ta zauna a [[Barcelona]], Spain, <ref name="fifteenMins" /> inda ta kasance farfesa a Cibiyar Burtaniya har zuwa 1956. A watan Yunin 1953, ta auri Blanco a Vallvidrera . <ref name="fifteenMins" /> A shekarar 1953, ma'auratan sun kafa Makarantar Harsunan Zamani a Jami'ar Barcelona . <ref name="fifteenMins"/> Daga 1953 zuwa 1967, farfesa ce kuma shugabar sashen Turanci a Makarantar Harsunan Zamani. A shekarar 1955, an naɗa ta farfesa ta farko a sabuwar sashen ilimin falsafar Jamusanci da aka ƙirƙira a Jami'ar Barcelona. A shekarar 1962, ta kammala karatunta a fannin Falsafa da Wasiku daga Jami'ar Madrid . A shekarar 1964, ta sami digirin ''digirgir'' a fannin Falsafa da Wasiku daga Jami'ar Barcelona, saboda takardar digirinta mai suna "La otra cara de la justicia" ("The other face of justice"), wani bincike kan duniyar laifuka a adabin Ingilishi, wanda ya ba ta {{Interlanguage link|Premio Ciudad de Barcelona|es}}, kuma Plaza &amp;amp; Janés ne suka buga a 1966. MacDermott ya lashe mukamin shugaban Cibiyar kuma ya koyar da Harshen Turanci a {{Interlanguage link|Institut Menéndez y Pelayo|ca}} a Barcelona. A shekarar 1967, an naɗa ta shugabar farko ta Harshen Turanci da Adabi ta Jami'ar Zaragoza, ta zama mace ta farko da ta riƙe irin wannan matsayi a can, <ref name="cathedras"/> da kuma kasancewa ɗaya daga cikin waɗanda suka fara zama a ƙasa baki ɗaya, <ref name="fifteenMins"/> kuma tsakanin 1968 da 1971 ta jagoranci Cibiyar Harsuna ta UofZ. A shekarar 1971, ta zama shugabar Harsuna da Adabi ta Turanci a Jami'ar Barcelona kuma ta jagoranci Sashen Ilimin Turanci daga 1971 zuwa 1989. A shekarar 1978 ta buga littafin ''Aldous Huxley, annabta da dawowa'' (Plaza & Janés, 1978) bayan dogon bincike kan Aldous Huxley da aikinsa da kuma wani lokaci a Jami'ar California, San Diego . A shekarar 1978 ta ba da kwas a Jami'ar Barcelona kan mulkin mallaka na Ostiraliya . A shekarar 1980, ta zagaya Ostiraliya, bisa gayyatar gwamnatin Ostiraliya . Tsakanin 1990 da 1996, ta jagoranci reshen Turai na Ƙungiyar Nazarin Adabi da Harsuna ta Commonwealth (ACLALS), <ref name="fifteenMins"/> wanda aka keɓe don nazarin harshe da adabi na ƙasashen [[Kasashen common wealth|Commonwealth]] masu magana da Ingilishi kamar Kanada, Ostiraliya, Indiya da Najeriya. <ref>{{Cite web |title=The Commonwealth |url=https://thecommonwealth.org/ |website=Commonwealth}}</ref> MacDermott ta kasance majagaba a cikin gabatarwar nazarin bayan mulkin mallaka na Spain kuma ta buga labarai da yawa kan wannan batu. <ref>{{Cite web |title=''Postcolonial Studies in Spain'' |url=http://ddd.uab.cat/pub/lal/11337397n8p27.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140116184415/http://ddd.uab.cat/pub/lal/11337397n8p27.pdf |archive-date=2014-01-16 |access-date=2018-07-06}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |title=Trove |url=https://trove.nla.gov.au/people/1163047?c=people/ |website=trove.nla.gov.au}}</ref> Ana gudanar da wani taro mai suna bayanta kowace shekara a Jami'ar Barcelona. <ref>{{Cite web |year=2014 |title=The Doireann MacDermott Lecture |url=http://www.ub.edu/dpfilsa/macdermottlec2013.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141020065540/http://www.ub.edu/dpfilsa/macdermottlec2013.html |archive-date=20 October 2014 |access-date=9 July 2018 |website=[[www.ub.edu]]}}</ref> Tare da zama ɗan ƙasar Ireland, MacDermott yana da zama ɗan ƙasar Birtaniya da Sifaniya. Ta buga littattafai da labarai da dama a Spain da sauran ƙasashe, kuma ta yi aiki tare a mujallu kamar ''Laye'' da ''{{Interlanguage link|Historia y Vida|es}}'' da kuma a cikin wallafe-wallafen ilimi a Spain da ƙasashen waje. Ta shirya kuma ta halarci tarurrukan ilimi da yawa. Ta fassara littattafai da yawa zuwa/daga Turanci da kuma daga Jamusanci da Faransanci zuwa Sifaniyanci, wasu tare da haɗin gwiwar mijinta. Ta shirya jerin ''Universal Classics'' don gidan buga littattafai na Editorial Planeta . Ta rubuta muƙaloli na kundin sani kan batun marubutan Ingilishi, 16 ga Enciclopedia Salvat da 13 ga {{Interlanguage link|Gran Enciclopedia Rialp|es}} . == Mutuwa == MacDermott ya mutu a ranar 13 ga Nuwamba, 2024, yana da shekaru 100. == Ayyuka == === Makaloli da nazarin adabi === * {{Cite journal |year=1965 |title=''La representación de "Romeo y Julieta" en el teatro isabelino'' |trans-title=Representation of "Romeo and Juliet" in Elizabethan Theatre |journal=Estudios Escénicos, Cuadernos del Instituto del Teatro |language=Spanish |location=Barcelona |publisher=[[Institut del Teatre]], Barcelona |issue=11}} *   Essay on the world of crime according to the testimony of English literature. *   – A profile of 24 English writers with a selection of texts. *   Complete study of the life and work of Aldous Huxley. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Review in Atlantis Journal |url=http://www.atlantisjournal.org/Papers/v7%20n1%202/v7%20n1%202-10.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140116201713/http://www.atlantisjournal.org/Papers/v7%20n1%202/v7%20n1%202-10.pdf |archive-date=16 January 2014}}</ref> === Gidan wasan kwaikwayo === * ''Rosencrantz da Guildenstern sun mutu amma ba za su kwanta ba'' . Barcelona: Jami'ar Barcelona, 1982 <ref>{{Cite web |title=6661509 They%2520Wont%2520Lie%2520Down |url=https://pdfexist.com/download/6661509-They%20Wont%20Lie%20Down.pdf |access-date=2026-07-04 |archive-date=2024-11-20 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241120211854/https://pdfexist.com/download/6661509-They%20Wont%20Lie%20Down.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref> * ''Babu Gidajen Sarauta a gare Mu'', (1982). == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Mutuwan 2024]] [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1923]] 5pm1hakv283ciunve8c8sspjdbi3whr 0 160978 895493 878197 2026-08-12T09:47:05Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 0 sources and tagging 1 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 895493 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox person | name = Fanta Baba Shehu | office = Member of the [[House of Representatives (Nigeria)|House of Representatives]] | constituency = Kaga/Gubio/Magumeri Federal Constituency | term_start = 3 June 2003 | term_end = 5 June 2007 | predecessor = S. Shehu | successor = Shettima Shehu | party = [[People's Democratic Party (Nigeria)|People's Democratic Party]] }} '''Hajja Fanta Baba Shehu''' 'yar siyasar Najeriya ce wadda ta yi aiki a matsayin mamba a Majalisar Wakilai ta Tarayyar Najeriya, inda ta wakilci Mazabar Tarayya ta Kaga/Gubio/Magumeri da ke Jihar Borno daga shekarar 2003 zuwa 2007.<ref>https://citizensciencenigeria.org/public-offices/positions/5fe0fb048da2d812a6c7b88d</ref> == Rayuwar Farko da Ilimi == Shehu ta fito ne daga Jihar Borno da ke yankin Arewa maso Gabashin Najeriya. Gwamna Kashim Shettima ya naɗa ta a matsayin mamba a Majalisar Zartarwa ta Jihar Borno.<ref>https://www.vanguardngr.com/2018/11/gov-shettima-swears-in-21-commissioners</ref> == Harkokin Siyasa == Shehu ta shiga siyasar ƙasa lokacin da ta tsaya takara a zaɓen gama-gari na Najeriya na shekarar 2003 domin wakiltar Mazabar Tarayya ta Kaga/Gubio/Magumeri a Majalisar Wakilai. Ta yi nasara a zaɓen kuma ta kama aiki a watan Yunin 2003. Nasarar da ta samu ta sanya ta cikin matan da suka wakilci mazaɓu a Majalisar Dokokin Ƙasa ta Najeriya a farkon shekarun Jamhuriya ta Huɗu.<ref>https://citizensciencenigeria.org/public-offices/persons/fanta-baba-shehu</ref> == Zamanta a Majalisar Dokokin Ƙasa == Ta yi aiki a Majalisar Dokokin Ƙasa ta Biyar ta Najeriya daga shekarar 2003 zuwa 2007, tana wakiltar ƙananan hukumomin Kaga, Gubio da Magumeri na Jihar Borno. Ta gaji S. Shehu, wanda ya wakilci mazabar daga shekarar 1999 zuwa 2003, sannan Shettima Shehu ya gaje ta a shekarar 2007.<ref>https://www.vanguardngr.com/2015/09/boko-haram-shettima-creates-ministry-for-reconstruction-swears-in-21-commissioners/{{Dead link|date=August 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref><ref>https://citizensciencenigeria.org/public-offices/positions/5fe0fb048da2d812a6c7b88d</ref> == Gadonta == Shehu na daga cikin matan da suka taka rawa a harkokin majalisun dokoki a farkon shekarun Jamhuriya ta Huɗu a Najeriya. Wa'adinta ya zo ne a lokacin da adadin mata a Majalisar Dokokin Ƙasa ya kasance ƙalilan.<ref>https://allafrica.com/stories/201105190588.html</ref> == Duba kuma == * [[Majalisar Dokokin Ƙasa ta Najeriya]] * [[Majalisar Wakilai ta Najeriya]] * [[Jihar Borno]] == Manazarta == dzkqzw9pe86qzqdp0k5a44w721qeode 0 160986 895614 891406 2026-08-12T10:47:19Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 895614 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Adetokunbo Olufela Durotoye''' (an haife shi a Ibadan, Jihar Oyo, a ranar 12 ga Mayu 1971), wanda aka fi sani da '''Fela Durotoye''', mashawarcin harkokin kasuwanci ne, ƙwararren jagoranci, ɗan siyasa, kuma mai gabatar da jawabai masu ƙarfafa gwiwa daga Najeriya. Ya kasance ɗan takarar shugaban ƙasa na jam'iyyar Alliance for New Nigeria (ANN) a zaɓen shugaban ƙasa na Najeriya na shekarar 2019.<ref>https://www.pulse.ng/news/politics/fela-durotoye-is-now-anns-presidential-candidate-id8918274.html</ref> A shekarar 2023, an naɗa Durotoye a matsayin Babban Mataimaki na Musamman ga Shugaba Bola Ahmed Tinubu kan harkokin ɗabi'u na ƙasa da adalci na zamantakewa.<ref>https://www.pulse.ng/news/local/tinubu-appoints-fela-durotoye-others-to-serve-in-presidential-media-team/e8hpev7</ref> == Ilimi == An haifi Fela Durotoye ga Layiwola da Adeline Durotoye, waɗanda dukkansu farfesoshi ne a Jami'ar Ibadan.<ref>https://www.thisdaylive.com/index.php/2017/10/21/fela-durotoye-i-am-willing-to-serve-nigeria-if-power-brokers-are-transparent-and-honest/</ref> Bayan iyayensa sun koma Jami'ar Obafemi Awolowo da ke Ile-Ife, Fela ya halarci Makarantar 'Ya'yan Ma'aikatan Jami'ar Obafemi Awolowo tsakanin shekarun 1974 zuwa 1981, sannan ya yi karatu a Moremi High School daga shekarar 1981 zuwa 1986. Daga baya ya samu digirin farko na Kimiyyar Kwamfuta tare da Tattalin Arziki, sannan ya samu digirin Babbar Jagora a Gudanar da Kasuwanci (MBA) daga Jami'ar Obafemi Awolowo da ke Ile-Ife. Haka kuma, tsohon ɗalibi ne na shirin Executive Education na John F. Kennedy School of Government na Jami'ar Harvard.<ref>https://web.archive.org/web/20180305143156/http://www.thefutureafrica.com/menu/fela-durotoye/</ref><ref>https://www.inigerian.com/fela-durotoye-proudly-nigerian/</ref> Durotoye ya halarci shirin High Impact Leadership for a Better Society a Jami'ar Yale. Har ila yau, ƙwararren mai horas da shugabanci ne da ke da takardar shaidar ƙungiyar John Maxwell Team.<ref>https://web.archive.org/web/20180305164316/https://www.nigerianinfopedia.com/fela-durotoye-biography-net-worth/</ref> A shekarar 2015, ya kammala shirin horaswa kan dabaru, kirkire-kirkire da shugabanci a Lagos Business School.<ref>https://web.archive.org/web/20180305164316/https://www.nigerianinfopedia.com/fela-durotoye-biography-net-worth/</ref> Bayan haka ya halarci shirin horaswa na Supernumerary Police a Kwalejin Horar da 'Yan Sanda ta Najeriya, inda ya kammala da sakamako mai daraja.<ref>https://web.archive.org/web/20180305164316/https://www.nigerianinfopedia.com/fela-durotoye-biography-net-worth/</ref><ref>https://web.archive.org/web/20200810193627/https://feladurotoye.net/about/</ref> == Aiki == A shekarar 1992, Fela Durotoye ya yi aiki a matsayin mai nazarin harkokin kuɗi a kamfanin Ventures & Trusts Limited.<ref>https://punchng.com/profile-fela-durotoye/</ref> A shekarar 1998 kuma, ya zama shugaban sashen kula da abokan ciniki na Phillips Consulting Limited. A shekarar 2000, ya kafa kamfanin V.I.P Consulting Limited, wanda ya yi suna wajen gudanar da harkokin abokan ciniki da bunƙasa albarkatun ɗan adam a Najeriya. Daga baya an sake fasalin kamfanin ya koma wata cibiyar zamantakewa mai suna Visible Impact Limited.<ref>http://www.citypeopleonline.com/motivational-speaker-fela-durotoye-storms-city-people-talks-create-new-nigeria/</ref> Durotoye yana gudanar da tarurruka da horaswa kan shugabanci da gudanarwa a Najeriya da kuma ƙasashen waje.<ref>https://web.archive.org/web/20180308050458/https://newtelegraphonline.com/2017/07/egbemode-fela-durotoye-speak-rccg-conference/</ref><ref>https://punchng.com/ohiwerei-durotoye-for-students-fortress-conference/</ref><ref>https://www.vanguardngr.com/2018/01/obasanjo-gov-ahmed-dabiri-erewa-others-attend-investment-forum-u-s/</ref> A shekarar 2018, ya gabatar da jawabi ga fiye da 'yan kasuwa 200 a taron farko na Nigerian American Business Forum da aka gudanar a Tampa, Florida, inda ya yi jawabi tare da manyan mutane da suka haɗa da Sanata Mohammed Shaaba Lafiagi, Sanata Ben Murray-Bruce, shugaban Kasuwar Hannayen Jari ta Najeriya Abimbola Ogunbanjo, Biodun Shobanjo, Peter Obi da Ade Olufeko.<ref>https://www.medianigeria.com/profile-of-fela-durotoye/</ref><ref>https://www.vanguardngr.com/2018/03/2019-presidency-fela-durotoye-overreaching/amp/</ref> == Shirin Gyaran Mushin == A watan Disambar shekarar 2009, Fela Durotoye ya jagoranci aikin sabunta muhalli mai suna ''Mushin Makeover''. Aikin ya samu goyon bayan fitattun mutane da dama daga masana'antar nishaɗi da sauran fannoni. Ya tara sama da masu sa kai 2,000 waɗanda suka yi wa gidaje 296 fenti a tituna bakwai na unguwar Mushin da ke Legas ba tare da cajin masu gidajen komai ba. A yayin gudanar da aikin, kamfanin Berger Paints PLC ya horar da matasa marasa aikin yi sama da 100 a fannin zanen gine-gine da dabarunsa. Da yawa daga cikin waɗannan matasa sun samu hanyar samun abin dogaro da kai bayan kammala horon.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.pulse.ng/news/local/fela-durotoye-shares-5-important-facts-about-himself-id8030918.html |title=Kwafin ajiya |access-date=2026-07-07 |archive-date=2018-05-31 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180531090021/http://www.pulse.ng/news/local/fela-durotoye-shares-5-important-facts-about-himself-id8030918.html |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>https://www.bellanaija.com/2009/12/mushin-makeover-today/?amp</ref><ref>https://www.channelstv.com/2018/02/22/young-strong-fela-durotoye-declares-presidential-ambition/amp/</ref> == Harkokin Siyasa == A ranar 22 ga Fabrairu, 2018, Durotoye ya bayyana aniyarsa ta tsayawa takarar shugaban ƙasar Najeriya a zaɓen shekarar 2019 a ƙarƙashin jam'iyyar Alliance for New Nigeria (ANN).<ref>https://www.vanguardngr.com/2018/03/2019-presidency-fela-durotoye-overreaching/</ref><ref>http://saharareporters.com/2018/08/30/fela-durotoye-emerges-pact-consensus-presidential-candidate</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.pulse.ng/news/politics/fela-durotoye-says-running-for-president-is-not-easy/pzqngtb |title=Kwafin ajiya |access-date=2026-07-07 |archive-date=2019-10-12 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191012132916/https://www.pulse.ng/news/politics/fela-durotoye-says-running-for-president-is-not-easy/pzqngtb |url-status=dead }}</ref> Haɗakar 'yan takarar shugaban ƙasa guda 11 ƙarƙashin ƙungiyar Presidential Aspirants Coming Together (PACT) ta zaɓe shi a matsayin ɗan takarar bai ɗaya.<ref>https://www.vanguardngr.com/2018/11/2019-election-durotoye-picks-khadijah-abdullahi-iya-as-running-mate/</ref> A ranar 29 ga Satumba, 2018, ya zama ɗan takarar shugaban ƙasa na jam'iyyar ANN a zaɓen shekarar 2019.<ref>https://web.archive.org/web/20190124212611/https://oak.tv/newstrack/fela-durotoye-commends-oby-ezekwesili/</ref> Yayin yaƙin neman zaɓe, ya bayyana cewa neman muƙamin shugaban ƙasa ba abu ne mai sauƙi ba, amma ya ce hanya mafi kyau ta yi wa ƙasarsa hidima ita ce ta hanyar jagorantar ƙasar daga mafi girman muƙami.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://allovernaija.com/2019-ypp-ann-form-coalition-to-present-consensus-presidential-candidate/ |title=Kwafin ajiya |access-date=2026-07-07 |archive-date=2019-05-18 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190518035637/http://allovernaija.com/2019-ypp-ann-form-coalition-to-present-consensus-presidential-candidate/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> Daga baya ya zaɓi Khadijah Abdullahi-Iya a matsayin abokiyar takararsa ta mataimakiyar shugaban ƙasa. An san ta a matsayin fitacciyar 'yar kasuwa mai gudanar da ayyukan zamantakewa.<ref>https://punchng.com/breaking-president-tinubu-appoints-fela-durotoye-others-as-presidential-media-aides/</ref> A ranar 24 ga Janairu, 2019, Durotoye ya yabawa Oby Ezekwesili saboda ƙoƙarinta na gina haɗin gwiwa domin fitar da ɗan takarar bai ɗaya a zaɓen shugaban ƙasa na shekarar 2019.<ref>https://www.thecable.ng/fela-durotoye-i-served-as-tinubus-aide-for-6-months-without-pay/</ref> Ya kuma bayyana cewa a shirye yake ya mara wa duk ɗan takarar bai ɗaya da aka zaɓa ta hanyar gaskiya baya idan shi bai samu wannan matsayi ba. Kafin hakan, an yi yunƙurin kafa wata haɗakar siyasa tsakanin Young Progressive Party da Alliance for New Nigeria da za a kira ''The Force''.<ref>https://www.thecable.ng/nigeria-needs-heroes-now/</ref> A ranar 9 ga Oktoba, 2023, an naɗa shi Babban Mataimaki na Musamman ga Shugaban Ƙasa kan ɗabi'u na ƙasa da adalci na zamantakewa. Ya bayyana cewa ya yi aiki ba tare da karɓar albashi daga gwamnatin Bola Tinubu ba daga Oktoba 2023 zuwa Maris 2024.<ref>https://www.bellanaija.com/2018/05/tara-fela-durotoye-celebrate-17th-wedding-anniversary/</ref> == Rayuwar Kai == Fela Durotoye ya auri Tara Fela-Durotoye, fitacciyar mai kwalliya, lauya kuma shugabar kamfanin House of Tara a Najeriya. Suna da 'ya'ya maza uku, wato Mobolurin, Demilade da Morolaoluwa. Fela Durotoye mabiyin addinin Kirista ne.<ref>https://www.bellanaija.com/2018/05/tara-fela-durotoye-celebrate-17th-wedding-anniversary/</ref> == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} [[Category:Haifaffun 1971]] jjatbzdal6gfm21hdf6mr1h20agoxcb 0 161026 894935 878511 2026-08-11T13:16:33Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 894935 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Carla Camacho Carrillo''' (Spanish pronunciation: [ˈkaɾ.la ka.ˈma.tʃo ka.ˈri.o]; an haife ta a ranar 2 ga Mayu 2005) 'yar wasan ƙwallon ƙafa ce ta Mutanen Espanya wacce ke buga wa Kungiyar Mata ta Super League Brighton &amp;amp; Hove Albion da kuma tawagar Spain ta kasa da shekaru 19. Carla a baya ta buga wa kungiyar Ligue F ta Real Madrid wasa.{{IPA|es|ˈkaɾ.la ka.ˈma.tʃo ka.ˈri.ʝo}}{{IPA|es|ˈkaɾ.la ka.ˈma.tʃo ka.ˈri.ʝo}}{{IPA|es|ˈkaɾ.la ka.ˈma.tʃo ka.ˈri.ʝo}} == Ayyukan kulob din == === Real Madrid B & Real Madrid === [[Fayil:Valerenga_v_Real_Madrid,_2023_-_B_29.jpg|thumb|Camacho tare da Real Madrid a 2023]] Camacho ta fara babban aikinta tare da Real Madrid . Camacho ta fara buga wasan farko da Eibar, ta zo a matsayin mai maye gurbin Caroline Møller a minti na 87 na wasan.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Romero |first=Angela M. |title=Histórica Carla Camacho: debutó con 16 años en Primera con el Real Madrid |url=https://es.besoccer.com/noticia/historica-carla-camacho-debuto-16-anos-primera-real-madrid-1053764 |access-date=26 November 2021 |publisher=BeSoccer |language=Spanish |archive-date=30 November 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211130090902/https://es.besoccer.com/noticia/historica-carla-camacho-debuto-16-anos-primera-real-madrid-1053764 |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Villarrubia |first=Begoña |date=3 November 2021 |title=Golpe en la mesa de las jóvenes promesas europeas |url=https://www.mundodeportivo.com/futbol/femenino/20211103/1001708304/golpe-mesa-jovenes-promesas-europeas.html |access-date=26 November 2021 |website=[[Mundo Deportivo]] |language=Spanish}}</ref> === Brighton & Hove Albion === A ranar 4 ga watan Agustan 2025, an ba da sanarwar cewa Camacho ya sanya hannu a kulob din Brighton & Hove Albion na Super League. [1] == Manazarta == <templatestyles src="Reflist/styles.css" />{{Reflist}} [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 2005]] lauxvbuug9qnrf1ein2f052ow0puzkv 0 161033 895647 888805 2026-08-12T11:13:02Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 895647 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Festus Bikepre Igbeyinadun Porbeni''', CFR tsohon jami'in rundunar ruwa ne na [[Najeriya]], ɗan siyasa kuma jami'in gudanar da harkokin wasanni.<ref name=":0">{{cite web |title=PORBENI, Rear Admiral Festus Bikepre Igbeyinadun |url=https://blerf.org/index.php/biography/porbeni-rear-admiral-festus-bikepre-igbeyinadun/ |website=Biographical Legacy and Research Foundation |access-date=26 December 2025}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Chukwu |first=Ignatius |date=2025-06-08 |title=Festus Porbeni, retired admiral, alerts IG to alleged use of armed men to breach court order in Lekki |url=https://businessday.ng/news/article/festus-porbeni-retired-admiral-alerts-ig-to-alleged-use-of-armed-men-to-breach-court-order-in-lekki/ |location=Lagos, Nigeria |access-date=2025-12-26 |newspaper=BusinessDay |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=DailyTrend |date=2025-06-13 |title=Ex-Transport Minister, Porbeni Makes Case for Development of Diving Sector, Training Institutions |url=https://dailytrend.com.ng/2025/06/13/ex-transport-minister-porbeni-makes-case-for-divers-training-institutions/ |access-date=2025-12-26 |website=First with the news |language=en-US}}</ref> == Asali da rayuwar sirri == An haifi Porbeni a watan Mayun shekarar 1946 a [[Abari]], [[Jihar Delta]], [[Najeriya]].<ref name=":1">{{cite web |title=MARITIME LIVING LEGEND OF THE WEEK: Admiral Festus Porbeni (Rtd) |url=https://shippingworld-ng.com/index.php/2019/07/29/maritime-living-legend-of-the-week-admiral-festus-porbeni-rtd-mni-cfr/ |access-date=26 December 2025}}</ref> Ya auri Gladys Dubling-Green a shekarar 1974, kuma sun haifi ’ya’ya huɗu, maza biyu da mata biyu. Gladys Dubling-Green ta rasu daga baya.<ref name=":0" /> == Ilimi == Festus Porbeni ya yi karatunsa na firamare a '''Ereko Methodist Primary School''' daga shekarar 1951 zuwa 1959. Daga baya ya halarci '''Hussy College''', [[Warri]], tsakanin shekarun 1963 zuwa 1964, sannan ya ci gaba da karatu a '''Government College, Ughelli''' daga shekarar 1965 zuwa 1966. A shekarar 1967 ya shiga aikin [[Rundunar Ruwan Najeriya]] kuma ya kammala karatu a [[Nigerian Defence Academy]], [[Kaduna]], inda aka bayyana shi a matsayin mafi ƙwarewa a darussan aikin soja a rukunin ''3rd Regular Course''. A shekarar 1970 ya halarci kwas ɗin horar da mataimakan jami'an fasaha a Venderthy Cochia da ke [[Indiya]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Nigeria @ 60: What Biafra, Oduduwa, Niger Delta, Other Agitators Must Do – Porbeni |url=https://kristinareports.net/nigeria-60-what-biafra-oduduwa-niger-delta-other-agitators-must-do-porbeni/ |access-date=26 December 2025}}</ref> A shekarar 1972 ya kammala horon nutsewa cikin zurfin teku (Deep Sea Diving Course) a [[Port Harcourt]], sannan ya yi kwas a makarantar koyar da harkokin jirgin ruwa ta rundunar ruwan Birtaniya a [[Portsmouth]], [[Ingila]], a shekarar 1973. Ya kuma kammala kwas na ƙwarewa a fannin zirga-zirgar jiragen ruwa (Navigation Specialist Course) a Indiya a shekarar 1975. Daga shekarar 1979 zuwa 1980 ya yi karatu a [[Armed Forces Command and Staff College, Jaji|Command and Staff College, Jaji]].<ref>{{Cite news |last=Rapheal |date=2021-05-28 |title=Gam-Dede, Odogbili brave the sea to produce Festus Porbeni's biopic |url=https://thesun.ng/gam-dede-odogbili-brave-the-sea-to-produce-festus-porbenis-biopic/ |location=Lagos, Nigeria |access-date=2025-12-26 |newspaper=The Sun |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Rapheal |date=2021-06-19 |title=Admiral Festus Porbeni: How I convinced Babangida to secure |url=https://thesun.ng/admiral-festus-porbeni-how-i-convinced-babangida-to-secure-mandelas-release/ |location=Lagos, Nigeria |access-date=2025-12-26 |newspaper=The Sun |language=en}}</ref> == Aiki == === Aikin rundunar ruwa === A shekarar 1971 an naɗa shi Babban Mataimakin Jami'i (Executive Officer) na '''NNS Enugu'''. A shekarar 1974 ya zama Kwamandan '''NNS Argungu''', sannan a shekarar 1976 aka tura shi a matsayin jami'in farko mai kula da '''Naval Training School, Port Harcourt'''.<ref name=":0" /> A shekarar 1977 ya zama jami'in kula da zirga-zirgar jirgin ruwa da kuma First Lieutenant. A shekarar 1978 ya yi aiki a '''NNS Obuma''' sannan ya zama Kwamandan '''NNS Ruwan Yaro'''. A wannan shekarar ne kuma aka naɗa shi Executive Officer na '''NNS Akaso'''. A shekarar 1979 ya zama jami'in kula da ayyukan rundunar jiragen ruwa (Flotilla Operations Officer).<ref name=":0" /> A shekarar 1980 ya zama Kwamandan farko na '''Naval College Onne''' da ke Port Harcourt. A wannan shekarar ne aka ɗaga matsayinsa zuwa hedikwatar rundunar ruwa a matsayin Daraktan Ayyukan Rundunar Ruwa. Zuwa shekarar 1982 ya zama Staff Officer I kuma Daraktan Horaswa da Ma'aikata a Hedikwatar Tsaro ta Najeriya da ke Legas. Haka kuma ya taɓa zama shugaban '''Nigerian Naval College''' da kuma Daraktan Bincike da Nazari a '''Nigerian War College'''.<ref name=":0" /> === Aikin diflomasiyya da siyasa === Porbeni ya kasance jami'in tsaro na farko na Najeriya a [[Malabo]], [[Equatorial Guinea]]. Daga baya ya zama jakadan Najeriya mai zama a Equatorial Guinea tare da samun izinin wakiltar Najeriya a [[Kamaru]], [[Gabon]] da [[São Tomé da Príncipe]] daga shekarar 1982 zuwa 1988.<ref>{{cite web |title=Mutual 2018 Annual Report & Accounts |url=https://www.mutualng.com/assets/docs/plc-investors/2018/2018_ANNUAL_REPORT_FOR_MUTUAL_BENEFITS_ASSURANCE_PLC_JULY_19TH_2019.pdf |access-date=26 December 2025 |archive-date=20 July 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240720130045/https://www.mutualng.com/assets/docs/plc-investors/2018/2018_ANNUAL_REPORT_FOR_MUTUAL_BENEFITS_ASSURANCE_PLC_JULY_19TH_2019.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Chukwu |first=Ignatius |date=2025-02-19 |title=Festus Porbeni, a retired rear admiral, recalls Edwin Clark's strong character and patriotism |url=https://businessday.ng/news/article/festus-porbeni-a-retired-rear-admiral-recalls-edwin-clarks-strong-character-and-patriotism/ |location=Lagos, Nigeria |access-date=2025-12-26 |newspaper=BusinessDay |language=en-US}}</ref> An naɗa shi [[Ministan Sufuri na Najeriya]] a gwamnatin riƙon ƙwarya ta Janar [[Abdulsalami Abubakar]], inda ya yi aiki daga shekarar 1998 har zuwa komawar Najeriya mulkin farar hula a shekarar 1999.<ref name=":0" /><ref>{{Cite news |last=Ogunseyin |first=Oluyemi |date=2024-11-23 |title=Vacate Porbeni's Lekki property, court orders LASG again |url=https://guardian.ng/news/vacate-porbenis-lekki-property-court-orders-lasg-again/ |location=Lagos, Nigeria |access-date=2025-12-26 |newspaper=The Guardian |language=en-GB}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Chukwu |first=Ignatius |date=2023-06-20 |title=Ex-transport minister, Festus Porbeni, makes call for more funding of FG Colleges |url=https://businessday.ng/news/article/ex-transport-minister-festus-porbeni-makes-call-for-more-funding-of-fg-colleges/ |location=Lagos, Nigeria |access-date=2025-12-26 |newspaper=BusinessDay |language=en-US}}</ref> === Gudanar da harkokin wasanni === Porbeni ya taka muhimmiyar rawa a harkokin wasanni, musamman a fannin kwale-kwale da tuƙin jiragen ruwa. Ya kasance Shugaban [[Nigeria Rowing, Canoe and Sailing Federation]] (NRCSF).<ref>{{Cite news |last=Usman |first=Salifu |title=I Have Succession Plan For Nigeria Rowing, Canoe and Sailing Federation – Porbeni |url=https://leadership.ng/i-have-succession-plan-for-nigeria-rowing-canoe-and-sailing-federation-porbeni/ |newspaper=Leadership}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Ochicha |first=Lovette |date=2025-04-29 |title=Making Waves: How Rear Admiral Festus Porbeni is Steering Nigeria's Rise in Global Rowing and Canoeing |url=https://www.sports247.ng/making-waves-how-rear-admiral-festus-porbeni-is-steering-nigerias-rise-in-global-rowing-and-canoeing/ |access-date=2025-12-26 |website=Sports247 Nigeria |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Asaba |first=Okungbowa Aiwerie |date=2023-01-08 |title=FESTUS PORBENI: I want to popularize kayaking in Nigeria |url=https://thenationonlineng.net/festus-porbeni-i-want-to-popularize-kayaking-in-nigeria/ |location=Lagos, Nigeria |access-date=2025-12-26 |newspaper=The Nation |language=en-US}}</ref> Haka kuma ya riƙe muƙamin Mataimakin Shugaban '''Confederation of African Canoeing (CAC)'''.<ref name=":1" /> Ya kuma goyi bayan shirya manyan gasannin nahiyar Afirka na Canoe Sprint Championship.<ref>{{cite web |title=Porbeni, former Transport Minister, advocates development of diving sector to boost massive employment |url=https://theeyewitnessnews.com/2025/06/13/porbeni-former-transport-minister-advocates-development-of-diving-sector-for-massive-employment/ |access-date=26 December 2025}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Nigeria will host befitting African Canoe Sprint Championship — Porbeni |url=https://sportingtribune.com/nigeria-willhost-befitting-african-canoe-sprint-championship-porbeni/ |access-date=26 December 2025}}</ref> === Sauran ayyuka === Bayan ritayarsa daga aikin soja, Porbeni ya shiga harkokin kasuwanci kuma ya riƙe mukamai daban-daban a kamfanoni masu zaman kansu, ciki har da kasancewa darakta mara zartarwa a kamfanin '''Mutual Benefits Assurance Plc'''. Haka kuma ya kasance Jakadan Girmamawa na ƙasar [[Romania]] a yankin [[Niger Delta]].<ref name=":1" /> == Lambobin yabo da karramawa == * Mamba na [[Nautical Institute]], London. * Lambar Yabon '''Forces Staff Medal''' ta Najeriya. * Lambar Yabon Soja ta Equatorial Guinea, Mataki na Biyu. * [[Commander of the Order of the Federal Republic]] (CFR). == Duba kuma == * [[Rundunar Ruwan Najeriya]] * [[National Institute for Policy and Strategic Studies]] == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} 6a5l7tenavez7zjia1lnt8mb9cfrlib 0 161482 895490 891388 2026-08-12T09:36:31Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 6 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 895490 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''Faisal bin Abdulaziz bin Mohammed bin Ayyaf Al-Muqrin''' Yarima ne na Saudiyya wanda ya rike mukamin magajin garin [[Riyadh]] tun daga ranar 26 ga Nuwamba, 2019. <ref>{{Cite web |date=26 November 2019 |title=Prince Faisal bin Abdulaziz appointed as Riyadh mayor by royal decree |url=https://www.arabnews.com/node/1590146/saudi-arabia |access-date=18 June 2020 |website=Arab News}}</ref> Ya ƙware a cikin tsarawa da gudanarwa na birane kuma yana da digiri na biyu a cikin "Tsarin Birni da Yankin da Gudanarwa. " Mahaifinsa, Yarima Abdulaziz bin Mohammed bin Ayyaf Al-Muqrin, mai ba da shawara ne ga mai kula da Masallatai Masu Tsarki Biyu [[Salman bin Abdulaziz Al Saud|Sarki Salman bin Abdulaziz]], kuma Mataimakin Ministan Tsaro na Kasa.<ref>{{Cite web |title=عام / أمر ملكي : تعيين صاحب السمو الأمير فيصل بن عبدالعزيز بن محمد بن عياف آل مقرن أميناً لمنطقة الرياض بالمرتبة الممتازة وكالة الأنباء السعودية |url=https://www.spa.gov.sa/viewfullstory.php?lang=ar&newsid=2003467#2003467 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190613175617/https://www.spa.gov.sa/viewfullstory.php?lang=ar |archive-date=13 June 2019 |access-date=2019-11-26 |website=www.spa.gov.sa}}</ref><ref name=":2">{{Cite web |title=سمو الأمير فيصل بن عبد العزيز بن عياف |url=https://princefaisal.alriyadh.gov.sa/ |access-date=2024-11-01 |website=princefaisal.alriyadh.gov.sa |archive-date=2023-03-26 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230326114329/https://princefaisal.alriyadh.gov.sa/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> Yarima Faisal yana jagorantar kungiyoyi da yawa, kamfanoni, da allon daraktoci ban da rawar da yake takawa a yanzu. Ya kuma jagoranci majalisun da kwamitoci da yawa a cikin [[Saudi Arebiya|Masarautar Saudi Arabia]] . Tare da kwarewar kwararru a ci gaban birane, ya yi aiki tare da kamfanoni daban-daban a cikin Saudi Arabia da kuma duniya. Ya ba da gudummawa ga ayyukan da yawa a Royal Commission for Riyadh City kuma ya haɗa kai da kamfanonin gine-gine a [[Tarayyar Amurka|Amurka]], [[Kanada]], da [[Faransa]]. Ya kuma yi aiki a matsayin malami da mataimakin koyarwa a [[Jami'ar Harvard]] da Jami'ar King Saud . <ref>{{Cite web |title=Leadership |url=https://remat.sa/en/pages/leaders.aspx |access-date=2024-11-01 |website=remat.sa |archive-date=2024-12-02 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241202202815/https://remat.sa/en/pages/leaders.aspx |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=فيصل عبدالعزيز بن محمد بن عياف {{!}} Faculty members |url=https://faculty.ksu.edu.sa/en/faalmogren |access-date=2024-11-01 |website=faculty.ksu.edu.sa}}</ref> == Ilimi == Ya sami digiri na farko tare da girmamawa daga Kwalejin Gine-gine da Shirye-shiryen a Jami'ar King Saud . Ya sami digiri na biyu a fannin Gine-gine da Urban Design daga Jami'ar Columbia da ke New York a shekarar 2014. <ref>{{Cite web |date=8 January 2016 |title=Faisal Almogren (MUP '16) |url=https://www.gsd.harvard.edu/2016/01/faisal-almogren/ |website=gsd.harvard.edu |access-date=13 July 2026 |archive-date=14 June 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250614233830/https://www.gsd.harvard.edu/2016/01/faisal-almogren/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> A shekara ta 2016, ya kammala digiri na biyu a fannin Shirye-shiryen Birane da Gudanarwa a [[Jami'ar Harvard]]. Takardar bincikensa tana da taken: "Ci gaban Birane da Gudanarwa: Riyadh da Gulf Cities. " An ba shi PhD a cikin "Tsarin Birane da Yankin" daga Jami'ar California, Berkeley, a cikin 2023.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Faisal Al Muqrin, PH.D. Students - City and Regional Planning |url=https://ced.berkeley.edu/academics/city-regional-planning/people/phd-students/faisal-almogren |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200620144015/https://ced.berkeley.edu/academics/city-regional-planning/people/phd-students/faisal-almogren |archive-date=20 June 2020 |access-date=18 June 2020 |website=ced.berkeley.edu}}</ref><ref name=":0">{{Cite web |last=أخبار 24 |date=2019-11-26 |title=السيرة الذاتية لأمين منطقة الرياض الجديد الأمير فيصل بن عياف |url=https://www.akhbaar24.com/article/detail/468953 |access-date=2024-11-01 |website=أخبار 24 |language=ar}}</ref> == Ayyukan sana'a == Yarima Faisal ya yi aiki a matsayin mai ba da shawara kan tsara birane a Royal Commission for [[Riyadh]] city kuma a matsayin mai tsara zane da nazarin birane a Skidmore, Owings &amp;amp; Merrill a [[Tarayyar Amurka|Amurka]], da sauran matsayi a fagen tsara birane. An nada shi a matsayin Magajin garin Riyadh ta hanyar dokar sarauta a ranar 26 ga Nuwamba, 2019 (29 / 3 / 1441H). <ref>{{Cite web |title=أمانة منطقة الرياض |url=https://www.alriyadh.gov.sa/en/content/AboutAmana/THJFOTBjWHdwL289 |access-date=2024-11-01 |website=www.alriyadh.gov.sa}}</ref> Garin Riyadh yana daya daga cikin mafi girma a Saudi Arabia dangane da fa'ida da iko, yana kula da kananan hukumomi 63 a fadin yankin Riyadh, gami da birane, gwamnatoci, da gundumomi. Yarima Faisal ya himmatu ga inganta ayyukan karamar hukumar, ya kaddamar da aikin Riyadh Humanization a cikin unguwa da yawa da sake fasalin karamar hukumar tare da sabon tsarin aiki da aka gabatar a cikin 2022.<ref>{{Cite web |last=عبدالله |first=أحمد |title=في اليوم العالمي للمدن.. توجه سعودي لـ”أنسنة” مدن المملكة |url=https://www.aljazeera.net/lifestyle/2022/11/1/%D9%81%D9%8A-%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%8A%D9%88%D9%85-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B9%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D9%8A-%D9%84%D9%84%D9%85%D8%AF%D9%86-%D8%AA%D9%88%D8%AC%D9%87-%D8%B3%D8%B9%D9%88%D8%AF%D9%8A-%D9%84%D8%AE%D9%84%D9%82 |access-date=2024-11-01 |website=الجزيرة نت |language=ar}}</ref><ref name=":0"/> '''Kungiyoyi da Kamfanoni''' Yana jagorantar kungiyoyi da kamfanoni da yawa, ciki har da: * Shugaban kamfanin Riyadh Holding Company.<ref>{{Cite web |title=نبذة عن شركة الرياض القابضة |url=https://arriyadhholding.com.sa/About-Us/About |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221220215839/https://arriyadhholding.com.sa/About-Us/About |archive-date=20 December 2022 |access-date=21 December 2022 |website=arriyadhholding.com.sa}}</ref> * Shugaban, Kamfanin Ci Gaban Riyadh.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Leadership |url=https://riyadh.dev/en/leadership/ |access-date=2024-11-01 |website=Riyadh Development Company |language=en-US |archive-date=2024-12-02 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241202202739/https://riyadh.dev/en/leadership/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> * Shugaban, Kamfanin Ci Gaban Rimat Riyadh <ref name=":3">{{Cite web |title=Leadership |url=https://remat.sa/en/pages/leaders.aspx |access-date=2024-11-01 |website=remat.sa |archive-date=2024-12-02 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241202202815/https://remat.sa/en/pages/leaders.aspx |url-status=dead }}</ref> * Shugaban, Cibiyar Ayyukan Infrastructure, Yankin Riyadh <ref>{{Cite web |title=Our Mission {{!}} RIPC |url=https://www.ripc.gov.sa/en/about |access-date=2024-11-01 |website=www.ripc.gov.sa |language=en}}</ref> * Shugaban, Cibiyar Ci gaban Birane ta Larabawa.<ref>{{Cite web |last=سبق |date=2022-10-06 |title="المغيري" مديرًا عامًّا لـ"المعهد العربي لإنماء المدن" |url=https://sabq.org/saudia/regions/uorm4f9xbj |access-date=2024-11-01 |website=صحيفة سبق الالكترونية |language=ar}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Prince Faisal bin Abdul Aziz bin Ayyaf – Arab Urban Development Institute |url=https://araburban.org/en/crew/prince-faisal-bin-abdul-aziz-bin-ayyaf/ |access-date=2024-11-01 |language=en-US}}</ref> '''Membobin kwamitin da kwamitocin''' Ya rike mukamai da yawa na gudanarwa a kan allon kamfanoni da cibiyoyi da yawa, gami da: <ref>{{Cite web |title=عام / وزارة الثقافة تعلن تشكيل مجلس إدارة هيئة فنون العمارة والتصميم |url=https://www.spa.gov.sa/2114589 |access-date=2024-11-01 |website=spa.gov.sa |language=ar}}</ref> <ref name=":1">{{Cite web |title=سمو الأمير فيصل بن عبد العزيز بن عياف |url=https://princefaisal.alriyadh.gov.sa/#skills |access-date=2024-11-01 |website=princefaisal.alriyadh.gov.sa |archive-date=2023-03-26 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230326114329/https://princefaisal.alriyadh.gov.sa/#skills |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref name=":3"/> * memba na kwamitin, Royal Commission for Riyadh City <ref>{{Cite web |title=about-us |url=https://www.rcrc.gov.sa/en/about-us}}</ref> * memba, Majalisar Yankin Riyadh <ref name=":1"/> * memba na kwamitin, Hukumar Raya Diriyah Gate . <ref>{{Cite web |title=مجلس إدارة هيئة تطوير بوابة الدرعيّة |url=https://dgda.gov.sa/our-company/our-leadership.aspx?lang=ar-sa |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240610021158/https://dgda.gov.sa/our-company/our-leadership.aspx?lang=ar-sa |archive-date=2024-06-10 |access-date=27 June 2024}}</ref> * memba na kwamitin, Kamfanin Zuba Jari na Qiddiya * memba na kwamitin zartarwa, New Murabba Development Company. * memba na kwamitin, Gidauniyar Sarki Salman Park * memba na kwamitin, Riyadh Non-Profit Foundation * memba na kwamitin, Kamfanin Ci gaban Al-Soudah * memba na kwamitin, Gidauniyar Sports Boulevard . <ref>{{Cite web |title=Learn about the Sports Boulevard - The world's largest linear park. |url=https://sportsboulevard.sa/en/about-us |access-date=2024-11-01 |website=sportsboulevard.sa |language=en}}</ref> * memba na kwamitin, Hukumar Gine-gine da zane-zane * memba na kwamitin, Kamfanin Ci gaban Filin Jirgin Sama na Sarki Salman * memba na kwamitin, Riyadh Airlines * Kwamitin Amintattun memba, Gidauniyar Taimako ta Riyadh don Kimiyya * memba na kwamitin, Tuwaiq Nature Reserve * memba na kwamitin, Kamfanin Riyadh Holding Company for Investment and Development * memba na kwamitin, Asusun Zuba Jari na Ayyuka * memba na kwamitin, Cibiyar Mazaunin Premium * memba na kwamitin gudanarwa, Green Riyadh Project. * Shugaban, Kwamitin Gudanarwa, Karamar Hukumar Riyadh. * Shugaban, Majalisar Ba da Shawara, Gidajen Kasa da Kasa na Sarki Abdullah. * Shugaban, Kwamitin Gudanarwa, Shirin Wadi Al-Sulay. * Shugaban, Kwamitin Gudanarwa, Inganta Yanayin Birane. * Shugaban, Kwamitin Gudanarwa, Kula da Birni. * Shugaban, Kwamitin Kulawa, Ayyukan Kasuwanci. * Shugaban, Kwamitin Gudanar da Kudi. * Shugaban, Kwamitin Canjin Dijital. * Shugaban, Kwamitin Shirye-shirye da Ci Gaban. * Shugaban, Kwamitin Ƙananan Hukumomi. * Shugaban, Kwamitin Shirye-shiryen da Canjin Cibiyoyin. == Littattafai == Yarima Faisal ya wallafa littattafai da yawa, takardun bincike, labarai, da wallafe-wallafe, gami da: <ref>{{Cite web |title=أمانة منطقة الرياض |url=https://www.alriyadh.gov.sa/ar/Mayors/NXhKY1pRRlJBaWs9 |access-date=2024-11-01 |website=www.alriyadh.gov.sa}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=abdullah |first=fahad |date=2023-02-26 |title=من هو الأمير فيصل بن عبدالعزيز بن عياف |url=https://almanshorat.com/%D9%85%D9%86-%D9%87%D9%88-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A3%D9%85%D9%8A%D8%B1-%D9%81%D9%8A%D8%B5%D9%84-%D8%A8%D9%86-%D8%B9%D8%A8%D8%AF%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B9%D8%B2%D9%8A%D8%B2-%D8%A8%D9%86-%D8%B9%D9%8A%D8%A7%D9%81/ |access-date=2024-11-01 |website=المنشورات |language=ar |archive-date=2023-03-13 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230313065933/https://almanshorat.com/%d9%85%d9%86-%d9%87%d9%88-%d8%a7%d9%84%d8%a3%d9%85%d9%8a%d8%b1-%d9%81%d9%8a%d8%b5%d9%84-%d8%a8%d9%86-%d8%b9%d8%a8%d8%af%d8%a7%d9%84%d8%b9%d8%b2%d9%8a%d8%b2-%d8%a8%d9%86-%d8%b9%d9%8a%d8%a7%d9%81/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> Tsarin birni mai amfani: Wani ra'ayi na daban akan Shirye-shiryen a Riyadh . Ya kuma rubuta wani labarin da aka sake dubawa a cikin Jaridar Duniya ta Nazarin Gabas ta Tsakiya a cikin 2017 mai taken "Reprioritizing the Human Element in Gulf Cities' Development". Ya rubuta littafin Turning Points... Ginin Birni a Riyadh da Gulf, wanda Tara Publishing ta buga a cikin 2017. Ya wallafa wata takarda mai taken "Birni a Gabas ta Tsakiya mai tasowa" a cikin Harvard Graduate School of Design Exhibition a cikin 2016. == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] s9snkw48zeqfw04i86i2wbpj7h7q221 0 161959 895322 885327 2026-08-12T01:13:11Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 895322 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Digiri na kan layi''' digiri ne na ilimi (yawanci digiri ne na kwaleji, amma wani lokacin kalmar ta haɗa da difloma na makarantar sakandare da shirye-shiryen takardar shaidar da ba na digiri ba) waɗanda za a iya samu galibi ko gaba ɗaya ta hanyar amfani da kwamfuta mai haɗin [[Yanar gizo|intanet]], maimakon halartar kwaleji a cikin yanayin [[Campus|harabar]] gargajiya. Inganta fasaha, ƙaruwar amfani da Intanet a duk duniya, da buƙatar mutane su sami jadawalin makaranta masu sassauƙa yayin da suke aiki sun haifar da yawaitar kwalejoji na kan layi waɗanda ke ba da digiri na aboki, digiri na farko, digiri na biyu, da digiri na uku . == Amincewa == Manufar amincewa da ilimi, a cewar Ma'aikatar Ilimi ta Amurka, ita ce tabbatar da cewa shirye-shiryen da cibiyoyin ilimi masu zurfi ke bayarwa sun cika matakan inganci masu dacewa. {{R|usdoe}} ENQA, Ƙungiyar Turai don Tabbatar da Inganci a Ilimi Mai Girma, ta bayyana rawar da tabbatar da inganci na waje ke takawa a ilimi a matsayin wanda "ya haɗa duka alhakin tabbatar da jama'a da kuma rawar da ta dace da ci gaba don haɓaka inganci a cibiyoyi." {{R|enqa}} A fannin ilimin kan layi, yana da mahimmanci a guji masana'antar difloma marasa izini waɗanda ke ba da digiri na bogi, domin abin takaici waɗannan sun zama ruwan dare. Ya kamata ɗaliban da ke neman ingantattun digiri na kan layi su sami shaidar amincewa daga hukumar da ta dace da amincewa ta ƙasa ko ta yanki. A Amurka, kwalejojin yanar gizo waɗanda aka amince da su sosai sun sami takardar shaidar jami'a mai karɓuwa daga ɗaya daga cikin allunan amincewa na yankuna shida, ɗaya daga cikin allunan amincewa na ƙasa shida {{R|accred7}}, ko ɗaya daga cikin allunan amincewa na ƙasa huɗu masu tushen addini. Kowanne yanki shida na Amurka yana da hukumar amincewa ta yanki ɗaya, wata hukuma mai zaman kanta wadda ke kula da kuma amincewa da cibiyoyin bayar da takardar shaidar digiri waɗanda ke da hedikwata a yankunansu. A wajen Amurka, sauran ƙa'idodin amincewa na ƙasa da na yanki suna da, kuma suna iya zama masu goyon bayan ilimin nesa. Misali, Jami'ar Oberta de Catalunya, ko Open University of Catalonia, an amince da ita ta AQU, Hukumar Tabbatar da Inganci a Tsarin Jami'ar Catalan (cikakken memba na ENQA), tun lokacin da aka kafa ta a 1995, kuma an kira ta "babban labarin nasara" a matsayin "jami'a ta kama-da-wane ta farko a duniya mai ci gaba, mai ɗorewa." {{R|rajasingham}} Hakazalika, a [[Ayilan (ƙasa)|Ireland]], Majalisar Ba da Lamuni ta Ilimi da Horarwa (HETAC) ta amince da wasu kwalejoji da digiri na kan layi (misali, Kwalejin Setanta ). <ref>{{Cite web |title=Setantal Report Final with Amendments |url=http://www.hetac.ie/docs/Setanta%20Report%20July.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131112101159/http://www.hetac.ie/docs/Setanta%20Report%20July.pdf |archive-date=2013-11-12}}</ref> == Inganci == Ilimi ta yanar gizo yana bawa mutanen da ke da [[Rashin lafiya na jiki|nakasa ta jiki]], ma'aikata na cikakken lokaci, sojoji, waɗanda ke zaune a ƙasashen waje, da iyayen da ke zama a gida, da sauransu, damar samun damar samun ingantaccen ilimi. Fahimtar ingancin digirin kan layi idan aka kwatanta da digirin kan layi ya bambanta, amma yana ƙaruwa a cikin 'yan shekarun nan. Duk da cewa yawancin manyan kwalejojin kan layi suna da izini a yankuna, kimantawar jama'a game da ingancinsu yana cikin takaddama. Wani bincike na ƙasa kan wakilan ɗaukar ma'aikata ya nuna cewa akwai fifiko ga digirin kan layi. A wasu lokuta, manyan jami'ai masu ɗaukar ma'aikata ba su son la'akari da masu neman digirin kan layi ba. {{R|adams-defleur}} Wasu ƙwararru suna jayayya cewa digiri a wasu fannoni an fi karɓar su akan layi fiye da wasu, yayin da wasu shirye-shirye ba su dace da makarantu na kan layi kawai ba. {{R|wellen}} Babban matsala ga shirye-shiryen kan layi da aka amince da su kuma masu suna shine yaduwar shirye-shiryen kan layi kawai waɗanda aka yi suka a cikin 'yan shekarun nan. <ref>{{Cite web |date=5 October 2011 |title=Fraud and Online Learning |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2011/10/06/opinion/fraud-and-online-learning.html |website=The New York Times |via=NYTimes.com}}</ref> Wani bincike da Hukumar Tabbatar da Ilimi Daga Nesa (DEAC) ta gudanar ya gano cewa kashi 100% na ma'aikata da suka amsa sun ji cewa waɗanda suka kammala karatun digiri na nesa sun fi yin aiki a wurin aiki sakamakon digirinsu (idan aka kwatanta da aikin da suka yi a baya). Bugu da ƙari, ma'aikata sun ji cewa ma'aikaci da ke karɓar digiri na ilimi daga nesa ya fi kyau, dangane da ilimin da aka koya, da wanda ke da digiri na zama. {{R|robinson}} A gefe guda kuma, ''Jaridar The Chronicle of Higher Education'' ta ruwaito a watan Janairun 2007 kan wani bincike da aka gudanar a Vault Inc. wanda ya gano kashi 55 cikin 100 na ma'aikata sun fi son digiri na gargajiya fiye da na kan layi. Duk da haka, kashi 41 cikin 100 sun ce za su ba da "daidai da la'akari da nau'ikan digiri biyu." {{R|carnevale}} Ƙungiyar Sloan Consortium, wata ƙungiya da Gidauniyar Alfred P. Sloan ke ɗaukar nauyinta don kula da inganta ilimin nesa, tana buga rahotanni akai-akai kan yanayin ilimin nesa na Amurka. A cikin rahotonta na 2006 mai taken "Yin Daraja: Ilimin Kan layi a Amurka, 2006," ta bayyana cewa "a cikin 2003, kashi 57 cikin 100 na shugabannin ilimi sun kimanta sakamakon koyo a ilimin kan layi a matsayin iri ɗaya ko sama da na waɗanda ke fuskantar fuska da fuska. Wannan adadin yanzu ya kai kashi 62 cikin 100, ƙaramin ƙaruwa amma abin lura." {{R|allen-seaman}} A cewar labarin Steve Lohr a jaridar ''New York Times'', an yi wani babban bincike a shekarar 2009 wanda Ma'aikatar Ilimi ta dauki nauyinsa. Binciken da aka tattara ya samo asali ne daga tsawon shekaru 12 kuma ya kammala da cewa koyo ta yanar gizo a matsakaici ya fi koyarwa ta fuska da fuska da ƙaramin gibi amma na kididdiga. A lokuta da yawa, digirin kan layi da aka samu ta hanyar jami'ar gwamnati ko ta masu zaman kansu da aka amince da ita na iya zama ba a iya bambance shi da digirin da aka samu a cikin shirin jami'a, wanda wani lokacin ake kiransa da shirye-shiryen "bulo-da-turmi". Umarnin sau da yawa iri ɗaya ne, tare da digirin kan layi wanda ba shi da takamaiman suna. Saboda haka, ana samun fakitin tallafin kuɗi iri ɗaya ga ɗaliban kan layi, wanda ya taimaka wajen sa su zama masu sauƙin samu ga masu neman aiki na gargajiya. Misalin shirin digiri wanda ba za a iya bambance shi ba shine wanda Jami'ar Columbia ke bayarwa. Daliban da suka sami digiri ta hanyar Cibiyar Bidiyo ta Columbia (CVN) suna samun daidai irin digirin da shirin da ke kan harabar jami'a. {{R|schweitzer}} Farfesoshi, darussa, aikin gida, jarrabawa, da takaddun shaida da difloma na ƙarshe iri ɗaya ne da na ɗaliban da ke kan harabar jami'a. Wani misali kuma shine NYU Tandon Online wanda ke ba da digiri na biyu gaba ɗaya akan layi ta hanyar Makarantar Injiniya ta Tandon ta Jami'ar New York . A cikin 'yan shekarun nan, manyan jami'o'i da yawa suna ƙara faɗaɗa shirye-shiryensu na faɗaɗa ilimi ta yanar gizo da kuma na yanar gizo don halasta fagen ilimi ta yanar gizo. <ref>{{Cite web |last=charley |date=8 April 2015 |title=About Us |url=https://www.extension.harvard.edu/about-us}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |date=7 October 2015 |title=Online courses + time on campus = a new path to an MIT master's degree |url=https://news.mit.edu/2015/online-supply-chain-management-masters-mitx-micromasters-1007}}</ref> Duk da cewa shiga shirye-shiryen yanar gizo a manyan jami'o'i bai ga wani gagarumin ƙaruwa ba, an sami babban faɗaɗa a cikin shirye-shiryen kwas a cikin 'yan shekarun nan. Kusan dukkan jami'o'in Ivy League da manyan jami'o'i 20 yanzu suna ba da aƙalla shirin digiri na biyu ko takardar shaida ta yanar gizo. <ref>{{Cite web |date=9 July 2016 |title=Top Universities You Didn't Know Had Online Masters Degree Programs - academical. |url=http://www.howtogetintograduateschool.com/masters/top-online-masters-degree/ |access-date=20 July 2026 |archive-date=16 April 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250416222204/http://www.howtogetintograduateschool.com/masters/top-online-masters-degree/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> == Yaɗuwar ilimin yanar gizo == Cibiyar Kididdiga ta Ilimi ta Ƙasa (NCES) ta gudanar da wani bincike kan ilimin nesa bisa ga shekarar karatu ta 2001-2002 a cibiyoyin bayar da digiri na shekaru 2 da 4 na Amurka waɗanda suka cancanci tallafin karatu na tarayya na Amurka. Binciken ya ba da rahoton cewa kashi 56 cikin 100 na cibiyoyin da aka yi bincike a kansu suna ba da darussan ilimin nesa. Binciken ya kuma gano cewa cibiyoyin gwamnati sun fi bayar da ilimin nesa fiye da cibiyoyin masu zaman kansu. {{R|tabs}} Ƙungiyar Sloan Consortium, bisa ga bayanai da aka tattara daga kwalejoji da jami'o'i sama da 2,200 a Amurka, ta ba da rahoton cewa kusan ɗalibai miliyan 3.2 sun ɗauki aƙalla kwas ɗaya ta yanar gizo a lokacin 2005 (ƙaruwa mai yawa fiye da miliyan 2.3 da aka ruwaito a 2004). A cewar wannan rahoton, kusan kashi biyu cikin uku na manyan cibiyoyi suna da shirye-shiryen yanar gizo gaba ɗaya. {{R|allen-seaman}} A cikin 2010, sama da ɗalibai miliyan 6 suna ɗaukar aƙalla kwas ɗaya ta yanar gizo. Ya zuwa shekarar 2013, adadin ɗaliban da suka yi rajista a cikin kwasa-kwasan yanar gizo ya karu zuwa sama da miliyan 6.7. <ref>{{Cite web |title=The Rise of Online MBA Education |url=http://onlinemba.ohio.edu/resources/infographics/online-mba-education-2/ |access-date=23 February 2015 |website=University of Ohio}}</ref> A cewar labarin Steve Lohr a jaridar ''New York Times'', an yi wani babban bincike a shekarar 2009 wanda Ma'aikatar Ilimi ta dauki nauyinsa. Binciken da aka tattara ya samo asali ne daga tsawon shekaru 12 kuma ya kammala da cewa koyo ta yanar gizo a matsakaici ya fi koyarwa ta fuska da fuska da ƙaramin gibin ƙididdiga. == Taimakon kuɗi == Har zuwa shekarar 2006, ɗaliban Amurka da suka yi rajista a shirye-shiryen digiri na kan layi ba su cancanci tallafin karatu na tarayya ba sai dai idan aƙalla rabin shirye-shiryensu sun kasance na harabar jami'a (doka da aka kafa a shekarar 1992 kuma aka sani da ƙa'idar kashi 50). {{R|croix}} A watan Fabrairun 2006, an soke wannan dokar, wanda ya sa tallafin karatu na tarayya a cikin nau'in lamunin tarayya, tallafi, da karatun aiki ya kasance a Amurka ga ɗaliban da suka yi rajista a cikin shirin digiri na kan layi da suka cancanta a wata cibiya da aka amince da ita mai taken IV . {{R|consider}} == Duba kuma == * [[Jami'ar kan layi|Jami'ar kama-da-wane]] * Koyon nesa == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] o8olp11lq33wjbkrqulidhnbc42058o 0 162067 894998 891078 2026-08-11T15:17:56Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 894998 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Charlie Trafford''' (an haife shi a ranar 24 ga Mayu 1992) ɗan ƙasar Kanada ne, tsohon ɗan wasan [[Kungiyar Kwallon Kafa|ƙwallon ƙafa]] wanda ya taka leda a matsayin [[Mai buga tsakiya|ɗan wasan tsakiya]] . == Aikin kulob == === Matasa da kwaleji === An haife shi a [[Calgary]], Alberta, Trafford ya shafe lokaci yana buga ƙwallon ƙafa ta matasa a yankin kafin ya koma Whitecaps Residency . <ref name="RNO1">{{Cite web |last=Steve Bottjer |date=24 November 2013 |title=Red Nation Interview Series: Charlie Trafford |url=http://www.rednationonline.ca/Interviews2012/RNOInterviewSeriesCharlieTrafford.aspx |access-date=12 January 2015 |publisher=[[Red Nation Online]]}}</ref> Daga baya ya buga ƙwallon ƙafa ta kwaleji tare da Jami'ar York, kuma ya shafe lokaci tare da ƙungiyar De Graafschap ta ƙasar Holland. <ref name="RNO1" /> A shekarar 2012, ya buga wasa da SC Toronto na ƙungiyar ƙwallon ƙafa ta Kanada . <ref>{{Cite web |last=Canadian Soccer League |author-link=Canadian Soccer League |title=SC Toronto |url=http://canadiansoccerleague.com/teams/sctoronto.asp |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120606012704/http://canadiansoccerleague.com/teams/sctoronto.asp |archive-date=6 June 2012 |access-date=21 July 2025}}</ref> === Finland === [[Fayil:Charlie_Trafford.jpg|left|thumb]] Trafford ya fara aikinsa na ƙwararru a Finland, inda ya buga wasa da IFK Mariehamn, TPS da KuPS . <ref name="SW">{{Soccerway|charlie-trafford/309269|accessdate=8 January 2015}}</ref> Yayin da yake tare da KuPS, Trafford ya lashe kyautar ɗan wasan shekara ta 2014 da kuma kyautar ƙwallon shekara ta 2014. <ref name="RNO2">{{Cite web |last=Steve Bottjer |date=1 December 2014 |title=Trafford aiming to build on breakthrough year |url=http://www.rednationonline.ca/Articles2015/Traffordaimingtobuildonbreakthroughyear.aspx |access-date=12 January 2015 |publisher=[[Red Nation Online]]}}</ref> === Poland === Trafford ya rattaba hannu da kulob din Ekstraklasa Korona Kielce a ranar 24 ga Nuwamba 2015 kuma ya koma kulob din a ranar 1 ga Janairu 2016. <ref>{{Cite web |date=24 November 2015 |title=Reprezentant Kanady w Koronie! |url=http://korona-kielce.pl/news,8132-reprezentant-kanady-w-koronie.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151125022100/http://korona-kielce.pl/news,8132-reprezentant-kanady-w-koronie.html |archive-date=25 November 2015 |access-date=24 November 2015}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |last=Molinaro |first=John |date=24 November 2015 |title=Canadian midfielder Trafford joins Polish club |url=http://www.sportsnet.ca/soccer/charlie-trafford-canada-poland-korona-kielce-finland/}}</ref> Ya fara buga wasa a karawarsa da Pogoń Szczecin a ranar 15 ga Fabrairu 2016. Trafford zai yi wahala ya samu lokacin wasa tare da Korona Kielce, kuma a watan Maris na 2017 zai koma kulob din I Liga Sandecja Nowy Sącz . <ref>{{Cite web |date=1 March 2017 |title=Charlie Trafford piłkarzem Sandecji |url=http://www.sandecja.com.pl/22,1879,Charlie_Trafford_pilkarzem_Sandecji.htm |website=MKS Sanecja Nowy Sacz |access-date=22 July 2026 |archive-date=16 March 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170316030158/http://www.sandecja.com.pl/22,1879,Charlie_Trafford_pilkarzem_Sandecji.htm |url-status=dead }}</ref> === Komawa zuwa Finland === Trafford ya koma Finland kuma ya sanya hannu da RoPS a ranar 14 ga Yuli 2017. <ref>{{Cite web |date=14 July 2017 |title=Kanadalainen Charlie Trafford vahvistaa Rovaniemen Palloseuraa |url=https://www.rops.fi/edustusjoukkueen-uutiset/4598-kanadalainen-charlie-trafford-vahvistaa-rovaniemen-palloseuraa |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171030003140/https://www.rops.fi/edustusjoukkueen-uutiset/4598-kanadalainen-charlie-trafford-vahvistaa-rovaniemen-palloseuraa |archive-date=30 October 2017 |access-date=14 July 2017}}</ref> Ya fara buga wasa a tsakaninsu da FC Lahti a ranar 16 ga Yuli. === Scotland === Bayan wata ɗaya kacal da RoPS, Trafford ya koma ƙungiyar ƙwallon ƙafa ta Scotland Inverness Caledonian Thistle a ranar 18 ga Agusta 2017. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Skinner |first=Andy |date=18 August 2017 |title=Done deal: Caley Jags get Charlie Trafford |url=https://www.pressandjournal.co.uk/fp/sport/football/inverness-caledonian-thistle/1311195/caley-jags-get-trafford/}}</ref> Ya fara buga wasa washegari da Greenock Morton . Trafford zai fara wasa akai-akai a ƙungiyar a cikin watanni biyu na farko, amma zai rasa matsayinsa na farko bayan ya ji rauni a babban yatsansa. <ref>{{Cite web |date=30 November 2017 |title=Charlie Trafford determined to win back Caley Thistle spot after "stupid" thumb injury |url=http://www.highland-news.co.uk/Sport/Football/Charlie-Trafford-determined-to-win-back-Caley-Thistle-spot-after-stupid-thumb-injury-29112017.htm |website=Highland News}}{{Dead link|date=July 2020}}</ref> Trafford zai kasance cikin jerin 'yan wasa na farko a cikin shekaru 2.5 na farko a Inverness, yana nuna kyakkyawan tsari lokacin da yake samun wasanni akai-akai. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Andy Skinner |date=13 November 2019 |title=Trafford challenged to consolidate Caley Jags midfield place |url=https://www.pressandjournal.co.uk/fp/sport/football/inverness-caledonian-thistle/1888028/trafford-challenged-to-consolidate-caley-jags-midfield-place/ |website=The Press and Journal}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |last=Andy Skinner |date=9 November 2019 |title=Caley Thistle's Gayfield trip nothing compared to Trafford's experiences playing in freezing Finland |url=https://www.pressandjournal.co.uk/fp/sport/football/inverness-caledonian-thistle/1885970/finnishing-school-in-lapland-so-gayfield-is-no-problem/ |website=The Press and Journal}}</ref> Ya bar ƙungiyar a ƙarshen kakar wasa ta 2019-20. <ref>{{Cite web |date=2 June 2020 |title=End of Season 2019/20 Squad Update |url=https://ictfc.com/end-of-season-2019-20-squad-update}}</ref> Sannan ya sanya hannu kan Hamilton Academical . <ref>{{Cite web |title=Trafford agrees deal with Premiership side Accies after leaving Inverness |url=https://www.pressandjournal.co.uk/fp/sport/football/inverness-caledonian-thistle/2296286/trafford-agrees-deal-with-premiership-side-accies-after-leaving-inverness/}}</ref> A ranar 19 ga Mayu 2021 an sanar da cewa zai bar Hamilton a ƙarshen kakar wasa, bayan ƙarewar kwangilarsa. <ref>{{Cite web |date=19 May 2021 |title=End of Season Summary |url=https://hamiltonacciesfc.co.uk/end-of-season-summary/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210519121241/https://hamiltonacciesfc.co.uk/end-of-season-summary/ |archive-date=19 May 2021 |access-date=19 May 2021}}</ref> === Wales === Trafford ya rattaba hannu da ƙungiyar Wrexham ta National League a ranar 25 ga Oktoba 2021, inda ya sanya hannu kan yarjejeniyar ɗan gajeren lokaci bayan gwajin da aka yi masa. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Williams |first=Ollie |date=25 October 2021 |title=Signed {{!}} Wrexham Sign Midfielder Charlie Trafford |url=https://www.wrexhamafc.co.uk/news/2021/october/signed--wrexham-sign-midfielder-charlie-trafford/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240519170616/https://www.wrexhamafc.co.uk/news/2021/october/signed--wrexham-sign-midfielder-charlie-trafford/ |archive-date=19 May 2024 |access-date=21 July 2025 |publisher=[[Wrexham A.F.C.]]}}</ref> A watan Janairun 2022, an sanar da cewa kwangilar Trafford ta ƙare ba tare da ya buga wa ƙungiyar wasa ba. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Henrys |first=Colin |date=30 January 2022 |title=Squad Update {{!}} Dawid Szczepaniak extends contract; Charlie Trafford released |url=https://www.wrexhamafc.co.uk/news/2022/january/new-pasquad-update--dawid-szczepaniak-extends-contract-charlie-trafford-releasedge/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240519172919/https://www.wrexhamafc.co.uk/news/2022/january/new-pasquad-update--dawid-szczepaniak-extends-contract-charlie-trafford-releasedge/ |archive-date=19 May 2024 |access-date=21 July 2025 |publisher=[[Wrexham A.F.C.]]}}</ref> === Ƙungiyar Sojan Dawaki ta Cavalry === A ranar 17 ga Fabrairu, 2022, Trafford ya sanya hannu kan kwantiragin shekaru biyu da kulob dinsa na asali, Cavalry FC na Kanada, inda ya haɗu da ɗan uwansa Mason . <ref>{{Cite web |date=17 February 2022 |title=Cavalry FC Welcomes "New Trafford" To the Roster |url=https://cavalryfc.canpl.ca/article/cavalry-fc-welcomes-new-trafford-to-the-roster |access-date=17 February 2022 |publisher=[[Cavalry FC]] |archive-date=17 February 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220217155651/https://cavalryfc.canpl.ca/article/cavalry-fc-welcomes-new-trafford-to-the-roster |url-status=dead }}</ref> A watan Janairun 2024, Trafford ya tsawaita kwangilarsa da Cavalry har zuwa kakar wasa ta 2025, tare da zaɓin kulob na 2026. <ref>{{Cite web |date=22 January 2024 |title=Cavalry FC Re-signs midfielder Charlie Trafford |url=https://cavalryfc.canpl.ca/article/cavalry-fc-re-signs-charlie-trafford |website=Cavalry FC}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |last=Jacques |first=John |date=22 January 2024 |title=Cavalry Inks Charlie Trafford To Multi-Year Deal |url=https://northerntribune.ca/cavalry-fc-charlie-trafford-sign-2024/ |access-date=23 January 2024 |website=Northern Tribune |language=en-CA}}</ref> Ya zura kwallonsa ta farko a kulob din a watan Mayun 2024 a kan Vancouver FC . <ref>{{Cite web |last=Todd Saelhof |date=3 May 2024 |title=Cavalry ruthless against Vancouver in collecting first win of CPL campaign |url=https://calgaryherald.com/sports/cavalry-ruthless-in-collecting-first-win-of-cpl-campaign |website=Calgary Herald}}</ref> A watan Maris na 2025, ya sanar da yin ritaya. <ref>{{Cite web |date=March 25, 2025 |title=Cavalry FC Midfielder Charlie Trafford Announces Retirement |url=https://cavalryfc.canpl.ca/article/cavalry-fc-midfielder-charlie-trafford-announces-retirement |website=[[Cavalry FC]]}}</ref> == Aikin ƙasa da ƙasa == An gayyaci Trafford a karon farko zuwa tawagar ƙasar Kanada a ranar 6 ga Oktoba 2015 a matsayin wanda zai maye gurbin Kyle Bekker, wanda ya janye daga tawagar saboda rauni. <ref>{{Cite web |date=6 October 2015 |title=Canada loses 2 to injury ahead of Ghana friendly |url=http://www.sportsnet.ca/soccer/canada-loses-2-to-injury-ahead-of-ghana-friendly/}}</ref> Ya fara buga wasa bayan kwana bakwai a ranar 13 ga Oktoba, inda ya fara wasa a tsakiyar fili da [[Hukumar kwallon kafa ta kasa a Ghana|Ghana]] . <ref>{{Cite web |date=13 October 2015 |title=Canada MNT deliver impressive performance in Ghana draw |url=http://www.canadasoccer.com/-canada-mnt-deliver-impressive-performance-in-ghana-draw-p158721 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151117051631/http://www.canadasoccer.com/-canada-mnt-deliver-impressive-performance-in-ghana-draw-p158721 |archive-date=17 November 2015 |access-date=14 October 2015}}</ref> == Rayuwa ta sirri == Ɗan uwansa Mason Trafford shi ma ƙwararren ɗan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa ne. Dukansu sun buga wa ƙungiyar IFK Mariehamn da Cavalry FC wasa. <ref name="RNO1" /> A watan Nuwamba na 2023 ya fara harkar noma a birane tare da 'yar uwarsa Sya. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Neil Davidson |date=February 13, 2025 |title=Cavalry FC midfielder Charlie Trafford looking to make a difference on the food front |url=https://www.thespec.com/sports/soccer/cavalry-fc-midfielder-charlie-trafford-looking-to-make-a-difference-on-the-food-front |website=Calgary Herald}}</ref> Trafford wani ɓangare ne na ƙungiyar Northern Super League Calgary Wild . <ref>{{Cite web |date=April 10, 2025 |title=Adekugbe, Trafford join ownership group of NSL's Calgary Wild FC |url=https://www.tsn.ca/soccer/sam-adekugbe-charlie-trafford-join-ownership-group-of-nsl-s-calgary-wild-fc-1.2286395 |website=TSN}}</ref> == Ƙididdigar aiki == {{Updated|13 February 2025}}<ref name = "SW"/> {| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center" |+Appearances and goals by club, season and competition ! rowspan="2" |Club ! rowspan="2" |Season ! colspan="3" |League ! colspan="2" |National Cup ! colspan="2" |League Cup ! colspan="2" |Other ! colspan="2" |Total |- !Division !Apps !Goals !Apps !Goals !Apps !Goals !Apps !Goals !Apps !Goals |- |Mariehamn |2013 |Veikkausliiga |7 |2 |0 |0 |0 |0 |0 |0 |7 |2 |- |TPS |2014 |Veikkausliiga |5 |0 |1 |0 |3 |0 |0 |0 |9 |0 |- | rowspan="3" |KuPS |2014 |Veikkausliiga |21 |3 | colspan="2" |— | colspan="2" |— |0 |0 |21 |3 |- |2015 |Veikkausliiga |28 |5 |3 |0 |4 |1 |0 |0 |35 |6 |- ! colspan="2" |Total !49 !8 !3 !0 !4 !1 !0 !0 !56 !9 |- | rowspan="3" |Korona Kielce |2015–16 |Ekstraklasa |3 |0 |0 |0 | colspan="2" |— | colspan="2" |— |3 |0 |- |2016–17 |Ekstraklasa |0 |0 |1 |0 | colspan="2" |— | colspan="2" |— |1 |0 |- ! colspan="2" |Total !3 !0 !1 !0 !0 !0 !0 !0 !4 !0 |- | rowspan="3" |Korona Kielce II |2015–16<ref>{{Cite web |title=Sezon 2015/16 |url=http://www.90minut.pl/wystepy.php?id=31193&id_sezon=87 |access-date=24 May 2024 |website=90minut.pl |language=pl}}</ref> |III liga, gr. G |6 |0 | colspan="2" |— | colspan="2" |— | colspan="2" |— |6 |0 |- |2016–17<ref>{{Cite web |title=Zawodnik: Charlie Trafford |url=https://www.laczynaspilka.pl/rozgrywki/zawodnik/40e99945-c41e-4044-87ef-fc08af89b8ee?season=2016%2F2017&leagueId=1bbf167f-ec17-4d1f-91f2-6ef0e4b8fc18&tab=tab-matches |access-date=24 May 2024 |website=laczynaspilka.pl |language=pl}}</ref> |IV liga Holy Cross |8 |2 | colspan="2" |— | colspan="2" |— | colspan="2" |— |8 |2 |- ! colspan="2" |Total !14 !2 !0 !0 !0 !0 !0 !0 !14 !2 |- |Sandecja Nowy Sącz |2016–17 |I liga |8 |0 | colspan="2" |— | colspan="2" |— | colspan="2" |— |8 |0 |- |RoPS |2017 |Veikkausliiga |6 |1 |0 |0 |0 |0 |0 |0 |6 |1 |- | rowspan="4" |Inverness Caledonian Thistle |2017–18 |Scottish Championship |26 |0 |1 |0 |0 |0 |1 |0 |28 |0 |- |2018–19 |Scottish Championship |24 |1 |6 |0 |3 |0 |5 |1 |38 |2 |- |2019–20 |Scottish Championship |20 |0 |3 |1 |3 |0 |4 |1 |30 |2 |- ! colspan="2" |Total !70 !1 !10 !1 !6 !0 !10 !2 !96 !4 |- |Hamilton Academical |2020–21 |Scottish Premiership |17{{Efn|Includes appearance on 1 May 2021, v [[St Mirren F.C.|St Mirren]] not recorded on Soccerbase or Soccerway:<ref>{{cite web|title=St Mirren 1—2 Accies, 1st May 2021|url=https://www.hamiltonacciesfc.co.uk/st-mirren-1-2-accies-1st-may-2021/|website=hamiltonacciesfc.co.uk|last=McConnell|first=Martin|date=1 May 2021|access-date=8 May 2021|archive-date=4 May 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210504080741/https://hamiltonacciesfc.co.uk/st-mirren-1-2-accies-1st-may-2021/|url-status=dead}}</ref>}} |0 |0 |0 |1 |1 |0 |0 |18 |1 |- | rowspan="5" |Cavalry FC |2022 | rowspan="4" |Canadian Premier League |23 |0 |2 |0 |0 |0 |1 |0 |26 |0 |- |2023 |25 |0 |1 |0 |0 |0 |3 |0 |29 |0 |- |2024 |20 |1 |3 |0 |0 |0 |4 |0 |27 |1 |- |2025 |0 |0 |0 |0 |0 |0 |2 |1 |2 |1 |- ! colspan="2" |Total !68 !1 !6 !0 !0 !0 !10 !1 !84 !2 |- ! colspan="3" |Career total !247 !15 !21 !1 !14 !2 !20 !3 !302 !21 |} {{Notelist}} == Daraja == '''Sandecja Nowy Sącz''' * Gasar Cin Kofin Zakarun Turai : 2016–17 <ref>{{Cite web |title=Nice I liga 2016/2017 |url=http://www.90minut.pl/liga/0/liga8695.html |access-date=24 May 2024 |website=90minut.pl |language=pl}}</ref> == Hanyoyin haɗi na waje == * Charlie Trafford at 90minut.pl (in Polish) * Charlie Trafford at Canada Soccer [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1992]] == Manazarta == 11w2dhphiew8xb9cxeqm0i4x929h5g0 0 162112 895403 886241 2026-08-12T07:35:54Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 0 sources and tagging 2 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 895403 wikitext text/x-wiki   {{Databox}} Emily Mendenhall (an haife ta a shekara ta 1982) ƙwararriyar masaniyar ilimin ɗan adam ce kuma Farfesa a Makarantar Ayyukan Ƙasashen Waje ta Edmund A. Walsh a Jami'ar Georgetown . Bincikenta ya yi la'akari da [[Syndemic|ƙungiyoyin da ke da alaƙa da juna]], [[lafiyar kwakwalwa]], salon al'adu na damuwa, siyasa da tsarin lafiya, ƙaura da lafiya, bunƙasa, da kuma yanayi mai rikitarwa. An ba ta lambar yabo ta George Foster don yin aikin likitancin ɗan adam a shekara ta 2017 daga Society for Medical Anthropology saboda aikinta kan [[Syndemic|cututtuka]] . A shekara ta 2023, ta sami lambar yabo ta Guggenheim daga Gidauniyar Tunawa da John Simon Guggenheim don girmama aikinta na ilimin ɗan adam kan [[Koronavirus 2019|COVID-19]] . Mendenhall ta rubuta littattafai da dama, ciki har da ''Syndemic Suffering: Social Distress, Depression, and Diabetes among the Mexican Immigrant Women'' (2012, Routledge), ''Global Mental Health: Anthropological Perspectives'' (2015, Routledge, with Brandon Kohrt), ''Rethinking Diabetes: Entanglements with Trauma, Poverty, and HIV'' (2019, Cornell), ''Unmasked: COVID, Community, and the Case of Okoboji'' (2022, Vanderbilt), da ''Invisible Illness: A History, from Hysteria to Long Covid'' (California). A shekarar 2017 ta jagoranci wani shiri a cikin ''The Lancet'' akan syndemics, ka'idar yadda da kuma dalilin da yasa yanayin zamantakewa da lafiya ke tafiya tare. == Rayuwar farko da ilimi == An haifi Mendenhall kuma ta girma a Okoboji, [[Iowa]] . Ta halarci Kwalejin Davidson . Ta sami digiri na biyu a fannin Lafiyar Jama'a daga Sashen Hubert na Lafiyar Duniya a Jami'ar Emory sannan daga baya ta kammala digiri na uku a [[Ilimin ɗan adam|fannin ilimin halayyar ɗan adam]] a Jami'ar Northwestern . Takardar karatunta ta gabatar da manufar "VIDA Syndemic", wacce ta ƙunshi batutuwa guda biyar masu haɗuwa: tashin hankali, shige da fice da warewa, baƙin ciki, [[ciwon suga]], da cin zarafi (baki, motsin rai, da jima'i). A cikin littafin, ta kammala da cewa ba za a iya raba wahalar jiki ta mata da muhallin da ke kewaye da su ba. <ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=The VIDDA Syndemic: Distress and Diabetes in Social and Cultural Context {{!}} WorldCat.org |url=https://search.worldcat.org/en/title/864782367 |access-date=2025-04-01 |website=search.worldcat.org |language=en}}</ref> Wannan ya sanar da aikinta na baya, ''Rethinking Diabetes'', wanda ke nazarin abubuwan duniya da na gida waɗanda suka canza yadda ake fahimtar ciwon suga. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Rethinking Diabetes by Emily Mendenhall. foreword by Mark Nichter {{!}} Paperback |url=https://www.cornellpress.cornell.edu/book/9781501738432/rethinking-diabetes/#bookTabs=4 |access-date=2025-04-01 |website=Cornell University Press |language=en-US}}</ref> Mendenhall ta kammala karatun Fogarty Fellowship wanda Cibiyoyin Lafiya na Ƙasa suka ba ta kuɗi inda aka ɗauke ta aiki a Gidauniyar Lafiyar Jama'a ta Indiya da ke [[New Delhi]] . A matsayinta na ƙwararren masanin ilimin ɗan adam na farko da ta gudanar da wannan karatun, ta ce, "Domin ni masanin ilimin ɗan adam ne, ba likita ko masanin cututtuka ba, ni misali ne na Fogarty da ke ɗaukar kasada. Syndemics hanya ce ta haɗa mu duka don yin tattaunawa game da yadda hulɗa take da mahimmanci ga abin da lafiya da rashin lafiya ke nufi." Ta kuma kammala karatun digiri na uku a [[Jami'ar Witwatersrand]] . == Bincike da aiki == Mendenhall farfesa ce a Makarantar Ayyukan Ƙasashen Waje ta Edmund A. Walsh ta Jami'ar Georgetown. Ta rubuta wani shiri na shekarar 2017 a cikin ''The Lancet'' akan syndemics. A farkon shirin, ta yi jayayya cewa "yadda muke tunani game da cututtukan cututtuka yana shafar yadda muke tsara manufofi da kuma isar da kulawa ga waɗanda suka fi fama da rashin daidaiton zamantakewa da tattalin arziki. Tsarin gargajiya a fannin likitanci da lafiyar jama'a, kamar kamuwa da cuta da [[Rashin lafiya da yawa|cututtuka da yawa]], sau da yawa suna yin watsi da tasirin abubuwan zamantakewa, siyasa, da muhalli... ka'idar syndemics tana inganta tsarin al'ada a cikin ka'idoji da kuma aikace-aikace ta hanyar haskaka yadda abubuwan zamantakewa na matakin macro ke haɓaka tarin cututtuka a matakin jama'a da kuma tasirin cututtukan cututtuka a matakin mutum ɗaya." Ta kuma gudanar da bincike a [[Tarayyar Amurka|Amurka]], [[Indiya]], [[Kenya]], da [[Afirka ta Kudu]], inda ta mai da hankali kan yadda ciwon suga da damuwa ke fitowa da kuma hulɗa daban-daban tsakanin mutanen da ke da ƙarancin kuɗi da ke fuskantar ƙalubalen kiwon lafiya a cikin yanayi daban-daban. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Rethinking Diabetes by Emily Mendenhall. foreword by Mark Nichter {{!}} Paperback |url=https://www.cornellpress.cornell.edu/book/9781501738432/rethinking-diabetes/#bookTabs=4 |access-date=2025-04-01 |website=Cornell University Press |language=en-US}}</ref> Bugu da ƙari, Mendenhall ta binciki cututtukan da ke da alaƙa da juna a Soweto, Afirka ta Kudu. Yawancin wannan aikin ya mayar da hankali kan [[Yanayin da ba shi da kyau|cututtuka masu tsanani]] (musamman ciwon suga na nau'in 2, baƙin ciki, [[Sankaran Nono|ciwon nono]], da HIV ), ƙalubalen zamantakewa kamar ƙyama da yadda mutane ke tafiyar da rayuwa tare da cututtuka masu tsanani da yawa a lokaci guda. Ta kuma gudanar da bincike kan gano cutar kansar nono a matakin ƙarshe wanda shingayen zamantakewa da tsarin rayuwa suka shafa. Ta nuna cewa mata baƙar fata da ke zaune a Soweto an gano su da cutar kansar nono a makare don samun nasarar jiyya kuma ta yi imanin cewa jiyya (misali [[chemotherapy]] ) ta fi cutar kansa muni. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Spooner |first=Moina |last2=Dreyer |first2=Nadine |date=2024-10-01 |title=Breast cancer is the most common cancer in the world. 5 reads that could save lives |url=https://theconversation.com/breast-cancer-is-the-most-common-cancer-in-the-world-5-reads-that-could-save-lives-239909 |access-date=2025-04-01 |website=The Conversation}}</ref> Ta yi kira ga mutane da su fahimci mahimmancin abubuwan da ke haifar da damuwa a zamantakewa da tsarin zamantakewa. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Mendenhall |first=Emily |last2=Kim |first2=Andrew Wooyoung |last3=Panasci |first3=Anthony |last4=Cele |first4=Lindile |last5=Mpondo |first5=Feziwe |last6=Bosire |first6=Edna N. |last7=Norris |first7=Shane A. |last8=Tsai |first8=Alexander C. |date=January 2022 |title=A mixed-methods, population-based study of a syndemic in Soweto, South Africa |journal=Nature Human Behaviour |volume=6 |issue=1 |pages=64–73 |doi=10.1038/s41562-021-01242-1 |pmc=8799501 |pmid=34949783}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Cele |first=Lindile |last2=Willen |first2=Sarah S. |last3=Dhanuka |first3=Maydha |last4=Mendenhall |first4=Emily |date=2021-12-01 |title=Ukuphumelela: Flourishing and the pursuit of a good life, and good health, in Soweto, South Africa |journal=SSM - Mental Health |volume=1 |doi=10.1016/j.ssmmh.2021.100022 |issn=2666-5603 |doi-access=free}}</ref> A lokacin annobar COVID-19, Mendenhall ta yi nazarin yadda mutane a arewa maso yammacin Iowa suka mayar da martani ga COVID-19 . Ta tantance yadda gazawar siyasa a jihar, rugujewar tattaunawa, da rashin amincewa da kimiyya suka sa aka ayyana Okoboji a matsayin wurin da cutar korona ta fi kamari. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Emily Mendenhall: Why Okoboji Became a COVID-19 Hotspot – Vox |url=https://www.vox.com/2020/10/13/21514002/covid-iowa-surge-masks-politics |access-date=2025-04-01 }}{{Dead link|date=August 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> Wannan aikin ya zaburar da littafinta, ''Unmasked'', kuma an nuna shi a cikin wani labarin da aka zana a cikin ''Sapiens'' . <ref>{{Cite web |title=COVID, Community, and Okoboji – Sapiens |url=https://www.sapiens.org/culture/covid-iowa-community-illustration/ |access-date=2025-04-01 }}{{Dead link|date=August 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> Mendenhall ta yi rubutu sosai game da [[Dogon COVID-19|Long COVID]] . <ref>{{Cite web |last=Kaplan |first=Emily Mendenhall, Kenton |title=The 'Brain Fog' of Long COVID Is a Serious Medical Issue That Needs More Attention |url=https://www.scientificamerican.com/article/the-brain-fog-of-long-covid-is-a-serious-medical-issue-that-needs-more-attention/ |access-date=2025-04-01 |website=Scientific American}}</ref> Ta rubuta game da abubuwan da suka faru na hazo a kwakwalwa a cikin ''Scientific American'' . Ta bincika yadda tsarin kiwon lafiya da al'umma ke tallafawa mutanen da ke fama da cututtuka na yau da kullun, tun daga [[lupus]] zuwa [[Ciwon Lyme|cutar Lyme]] da kuma [[Dogon COVID-19|dogon COVID]] . == Lambobin yabo da girmamawa == * 2023 Guggenheim Fellowship <ref name=":2">{{Cite web |title=Emily Mendenhall – John Simon Guggenheim Memorial Foundation… |url=https://www.gf.org/fellows/emily-mendenhall/ |access-date=2025-03-31 |language=en}}</ref> == Littattafai da aka zaɓa == *   *   *   * Mendenhall, Emily (2026). ''Invisible Illness: A History, from Hysteria to Long Covid.'' Berkeley: University of California Press. {{ISBN|978-0-520-42152-3}}[[ISBN (identifier)|ISBN]]&nbsp;[[Special:BookSources/978-0-520-42152-3|<bdi>978-0-520-42152-3</bdi>]] === Littattafai === *   *   *   * Mendenhall, Emily (2026). ''Invisible Illness: A History, from Hysteria to Long Covid.'' Berkeley: University of California Press. {{ISBN|978-0-520-42152-3}}[[ISBN (identifier)|ISBN]]&nbsp;[[Special:BookSources/978-0-520-42152-3|<bdi>978-0-520-42152-3</bdi>]] == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1982]] [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] m5ixzyunq7z9q4w3u9o8catet8bdgd9 0 162244 895323 887172 2026-08-12T01:28:04Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 2 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 895323 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Diogo Filipe Guerreiro Viana''' (an haife shi 22 ga Fabrairu 1990) ƙwararren [[Kungiyar Kwallon Kafa|ɗan ƙwallon ƙafa ne]] na ƙasar Portugal wanda ke taka leda a matsayin [[Mai buga tsakiya|ɗan wasan dama]] . Ya girma a Sporting CP da Porto, ya buga wasanni 129 na Primeira Liga ga Gil Vicente, Belenenses, B-SAD da Braga, yayin da kuma ya yi wasa a ƙasashen waje a Netherlands, Bulgaria da Romania. == Aikin kulob == An haife ta a [[Lagos, Portugal|Legas]], Algarve, Viana ta shafe shekaru shida a matsayin matashi a Sporting CP . A watan Yunin 2008, an mayar da ɗan wasan mai shekaru 18 zuwa FC Porto a matsayin wani ɓangare na yarjejeniyar da ta shafi Hélder Postiga, <ref>{{Cite web |date=1 June 2008 |title=Postiga leaves Porto for Sporting |url=https://www.uefa.com/news-media/news/01ce-0f84dd87883e-dc66e30e0869-1000--postiga-leaves-porto-for-sporting/ |access-date=11 February 2024 |publisher=UEFA}}</ref> inda ' [[Porto|yan arewa]] suka karɓi Yuro miliyan 2.5 yayin da ƙungiyar [[Lisbon]] ta riƙe kashi 50% na haƙƙinsa. <ref>{{Cite web |date=1 June 2008 |title=Comunicado |trans-title=Announcement |url=http://web3.cmvm.pt/english/sdi2004/emitentes/docs/FR18965.pdf |access-date=4 October 2010 |publisher=[[Portuguese Securities Market Commission]] |language=pt |archive-date=2 September 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110902030755/http://web3.cmvm.pt/english/sdi2004/emitentes/docs/FR18965.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref> A kakar wasa ta 2008–09, yayin da yake ƙarami, ya fara buga wasa a ƙungiyar farko, inda ya buga wasanni huɗu a Taça da Liga kuma jimillar mintuna 55 ya yi nasara biyu da rashin nasara biyu. Fitowarsa na farko shine a kan Vitória de Setúbal ( 2-1 nasara gida ), akan 8 Janairu 2009. <ref>{{Cite web |date=8 January 2009 |title=FC Porto bate Vitória de Setúbal com tento de Rabiola |trans-title=FC Porto beat Vitória de Setúbal with Rabiola goal |url=https://www.rtp.pt/noticias/fc-porto/fc-porto-bate-vitoria-de-setubal-com-tento-de-rabiola_d260045 |access-date=30 October 2017 |publisher=[[Rádio e Televisão de Portugal]] |language=pt}}</ref> A ranar 17 ga Yuni 2009, Viana ta koma aro zuwa VVV-Venlo a [[Holand|Netherlands]] . Ya buga wasanni 23 na Eredivisie a shekararsa ta farko, wanda hakan ya taimaka wa ƙungiyar Limburg ta kammala a matsayi na 12. A watan Janairun 2011, ya koma Portugal kuma ya koma CD Aves na Segunda Liga a matsayin aro. Bayan shekaru biyu da ya yi a FC Penafiel a mataki na biyu, Viana ta koma Gil Vicente FC a gasar zakarun Turai a shekarar 2013. A watan Nuwamba na wannan shekarar, ya amince da sabuwar kwangila don ci gaba da zama a can har zuwa 2016, tare da yarjejeniyar siyan €5 miliyan. Viana ta sanya hannu da ƙungiyar First Professional Football League (Bulgaria) PFC Litex Lovech a watan Yunin 2015, <ref>{{Cite web |date=24 June 2015 |title=Литекс представи Диого Виана (СНИМКИ). 25-годишният португалец взе номер 7 при "оранжевите" |trans-title=Litex present Diogo Viana (PHOTOS). 25-year-old Portuguese took the number 7 at the Orange |url=http://www.blitz.bg/sport/bg-futbol/liteks-predstavi-diogo-viana-snimki_280018.html |access-date=15 August 2016 |publisher=Blitz |language=bg}}</ref> bayan shekaru biyu a gasar Primeira Liga tare da Gil Vicente FC . <ref>{{Cite web |date=13 June 2013 |title=Diogo Viana assina por dois anos |trans-title=Diogo Viana signs for two years |url=https://desporto.sapo.pt/futebol/primeira-liga/artigos/diogo-viana-assina-por-dois-anos |access-date=30 October 2017 |publisher=[[SAPO (company)|SAPO]] |language=pt}}</ref> A lokacin bazara na shekarar 2016 ya koma PFC CSKA Sofia a kan yarjejeniyar canja wuri kyauta, bayan da ta haɗu da ta biyun. A ranar 31 ga Janairun 2017, Viana ta koma CF Os Belenenses kan kuɗin da ba a bayyana ba. <ref>{{Cite web |date=31 January 2017 |title=ЦСКА продаде Диого Виана на Белененсеш |trans-title=CSKA sell Diogo Viana to Belenenses |url=http://cska.bg/index.php?main_page=document_general_info&cPath=65&products_id=2391&zenid=6o5mu49mu99ne6mnmvbobv8ga5 |access-date=1 February 2017 |publisher=CSKA Sofia |language=bg |archive-date=6 July 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180706022859/http://cska.bg/index.php?main_page=document_general_info&cPath=65&products_id=2391&zenid=6o5mu49mu99ne6mnmvbobv8ga5 |url-status=dead }}</ref> Ya ci kwallo sau ɗaya a wasan da aka sake shiryawa na B-SAD a ranar 11 ga Maris 2019, yayin da suka dawo daga baya suka riƙe jagorar SL Benfica da kunnen doki 2-2 a waje. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Geron |first=Vítor |date=11 March 2019 |title=Benfica abre 2–0, mas Belenenses-SAD iguala após falhas |trans-title=Benfica open a 2–0 lead, but Belenenses-SAD equalise after mistakes |url=https://br.onefootball.com/benfica-abre-2-0-mas-belenenses-sad-iguala-apos-falhas/ |access-date=11 December 2019 |publisher=One Football |language=pt}}</ref> Bayan kwangilarsa ta kare, an tabbatar da Viana a matsayin ɗan wasa a SC Braga a ranar 25 ga Yuni 2019, bisa kwantiragin shekaru biyu. Bayan wasanni takwas na gasa, dukkan bangarorin biyu sun amince su kawo karshen kawancensu a ranar 5 ga Oktoba 2020. <ref>{{Cite web |date=5 October 2020 |title=Diogo Viana e Sporting de Braga rescindem contrato |trans-title=Diogo Viana and Sporting de Braga cancel contract |url=https://desporto.sapo.pt/futebol/primeira-liga/artigos/diogo-viana-e-sporting-de-braga-rescindem-contrato |access-date=31 October 2020 |publisher=SAPO |language=pt}}</ref> Viana ta sanya hannu da CD Feirense a ranar 1 ga Fabrairu, 2021, kyauta. <ref>{{Cite web |date=1 February 2021 |title=Diogo Viana é reforço |trans-title=Diogo Viana is an addition |url=https://www.cdfeirense.pt/site/2021/02/01/diogo-viana-e-reforco/ |access-date=2 February 2021 |publisher=C.D. Feirense |language=pt}}</ref> A ranar 25 ga watan Yuni, ya sake komawa ƙasar waje, tare da ɗan ƙasarsa João Miguel zuwa FC Argeș Pitești a gasar La Liga ta Romania. <ref>{{Cite web |date=25 June 2021 |title=Diogo Viana e João Miguel mudam-se para a Roménia |trans-title=Diogo Viana and João Miguel move to Romania |url=https://cnnportugal.iol.pt/mercado/made-in/diogo-viana-e-joao-miguel-mudam-se-para-a-romenia |access-date=11 July 2023 |publisher=[[CNN Portugal|TVI 24]] |language=pt}}</ref> Ƙwallonsa ta farko ta zo ne a ranar wasa ta uku, inda ta samu kunnen doki 2-2 da CS Gaz Metan Mediaș a ƙarin lokaci. <ref>{{Cite web |date=30 July 2021 |title=VÍDEO: Diogo Viana vale ponto na estreia a marcar na Roménia |trans-title=VIDEO: Diogo Viana worth a point with first goal in Romania |url=https://tvi.iol.pt/noticias/made-in/fc-arges/video-diogo-viana-vale-ponto-na-estreia-a-marcar-na-romenia |access-date=11 July 2023 |publisher=[[Televisão Independente]] |language=pt}}</ref> A ranar 30 ga Agusta 2022, Viana ta koma rukuni na biyu na ƙasarta, bisa kwangilar da ba a bayyana tsawon lokacin da ta ɗauka ba a SC Farense . Ya buga wasanni shida a kakar wasansu ta lashe gasar cin kofin zakarun Turai, tare da wasu uku a gasar cin kofin, kafin ya tafi a watan Yuni. <ref>{{Cite web |date=28 June 2023 |title=Liga: Diogo Viana anuncia saída do Farense |trans-title=League: Diogo Viana announces departure from Farense |url=https://maisfutebol.iol.pt/farense/liga/liga-diogo-viana-anuncia-saida-do-farense |access-date=11 July 2023 |publisher=Mais Futebol |language=pt}}</ref> == Hanyoyin haɗi na waje == * Diogo Viana at ForaDeJogo (archived) * [http://www.vi.nl/Spelers/Speler.htm?dbid=62503&typeofpage=84137 Stats at Voetbal International] {{In lang|nl}} * Diogo Viana national team profile at the Portuguese Football Federation (in Portuguese) * Diogo Viana at Soccerway [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1990]] == Manazarta == {{Reflist|2}} 0p29givaj5d06xfgz4xxc2floakyiye 0 162272 895231 887334 2026-08-11T21:25:29Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 895231 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Çağdaş Atan''' ({{IPA|tr|ˈtʃaːdaʃ ˈatan}} ; an haife shi a ranar 29 ga watan Fabrairu shekarar 1980) kocin [[Kungiyar Kwallon Kafa|ƙwallon ƙafa]] ne na ƙasar Turkiyya kuma tsohon ɗan wasa wanda ya taka rawa a matsayin mai tsaron baya na tsakiya. Atan ya fara aikinsa a matasan Altay da Marmaris Belediyespor, kafin ya kafa kansa a matsayin babban ɗan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa a [[Denizlispor]] a farkon shekarun 2000. Daga nan ne ya samu damar komawa manyan kungiyoyin kwallon kafa na Turkiyya [[Beşiktaş]] da Trabzonspor . A shekara ta 2009, Atan ya sanya hannu da Basel a gasar Swiss Super League, inda ya lashe kofunan gasar a jere kuma ya buga wasannin rukuni [[UEFA Champions League|na gasar UEFA Champions League]] . Daga baya ya koma Turkiyya don bugawa Mersin İdmanyurdu, Akhisarspor, Gaziantep BB, da Manisaspor wasa, daga ƙarshe ya yi ritaya daga buga wasa a shekarar 2015. A ƙasashen duniya, Atan ya fara buga wa ƙungiyar ƙwallon ƙafa ta ƙasar Turkiyya wasa a shekarar 2004, kuma ya yi bikin ne ta hanyar zura ƙwallo a wasan sada zumunci da suka fafata da Croatia . Ya kuma buga wa ƙungiyar 'yan ƙasa da shekara 21 ta Turkiyya wasa a farkon aikinsa. Bayan ya ajiye takalmansa, Atan ya koma koyarwa. Ya fara aiki a matsayin mataimakin manaja a Alanyaspor kafin a ɗaukaka shi zuwa babban koci a shekarar 2020. Ya jagoranci ƙungiyar zuwa matsayi na 5 a tarihi a gasar Süper Lig ta 2019-20, inda ya tabbatar da cancantar shiga gasar Turai a karon farko. A shekarar 2022, ya karbi ragamar kula da Kayserispor, inda ya jagorance su zuwa matsayi na tsakiya a gasar rukuni na farko ta Turkiyya. Sunan Atan ya ƙaru bayan komawarsa Başakşehir a shekarar 2023, inda ya sami ƙarin kwangila a watan Mayun shekarar 2025. Duk da haka, bayan fara kakar wasa ta 2025-26 cikin rashin nasara, kulob din da Atan sun amince su rabu a watan Satumba na shekarar 2025. <ref name=":0">{{Cite web |date=8 September 2025 |title=Başakşehir'de sürpriz ayrılık |url=https://www.trtspor.com.tr/haber/futbol/basaksehirde-surpriz-ayrilik-27610606 |access-date=8 September 2025 |website=TRT Spor |language=tr}}</ref> == Aikin kulob == === Farkon aikina === Atan ya fara aikinsa ne da Altay kafin ya koma Marmaris, inda ya sanya hannu kan kwangilarsa ta farko ta ƙwararru, a shekarar 2000. Ya koma Altay a shekara ta 2001 kuma ya buga wasanni biyu. Bayan haka, ya sanya hannu a [[Denizlispor]] da [[Beşiktaş]] A ranar 1 ga Yunin 2006, ya koma Trabzonspor, wanda ke da hedikwata a birnin [[Trabzon]] mai tashar jiragen [[Black Sea|ruwa ta Baƙar fata]] . A lokacin bazara na shekarar 2008, Atan ya sanya hannu kan kwantiragin shekaru biyu da kulob din Jamus FC Energie Cottbus . Amma saboda ƙungiyar ta sha fama da koma baya, ya zauna a ƙungiyar a kakar wasa ɗaya kacal. Bayan faduwa daga gasar, Energie Cottbus ta yi tayin neman 'yan wasa 2. Bundesliga, amma ra'ayoyin kuɗi na ɓangarorin biyu sun yi nisa sosai. <ref name="DFL-Cottbus-Atan">{{Cite web |last=(red) |author-link= |date=23 June 2009 |title=Çağdaş Atan verabschiedet sich aus Cottbus |trans-title=Çağdaş Atan says goodbye to Cottbus |url=https://www.bundesliga.com/de/bundesliga/news/cagdas-atan-verabschiedet-sich-aus-cottbus_0000129087.jsp |access-date=2022-11-16 |publisher=DFL Deutsche Fußball Liga GmbH |language=de |format= |archive-date=2022-12-17 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221217211608/https://www.bundesliga.com/de/bundesliga/news/cagdas-atan-verabschiedet-sich-aus-cottbus_0000129087.jsp |url-status=dead }}</ref> === Basel === A ranar 25 ga Yuni 2009 aka sanar da cewa Atan ya koma FC Basel a kan yarjejeniyar canja wuri kyauta. <ref name="Baz-2009-FCB-Atan">{{Cite web |last=Kieslich |first=Christoph |author-link= |date=25 June 2009 |title=Samuel Inkoom und Cagdas Atan stossen im Engadin zum FC Basel |trans-title=Samuel Inkoom and Cagdas Atan join FC Basel in Engadin |url=https://www.joggeli.ch/presseschau?id=16051&shizzle |access-date=2022-11-16 |publisher=Basler Zeitung |language=de |format=}}</ref> Ya shiga ƙungiyar farko ta Basel kafin kakar wasa ta 2009-10 a ƙarƙashin kocin Thorsten Fink . Bayan ya buga wasanni uku na gwaji, Atan ya buga wasansa na farko a gasar cikin gida a kulob din a wasan waje a Kybunpark a ranar 12 ga Yuli 2009 yayin da Basel ta yi nasara da ci 1-0 a kan St. Gallen . <ref name="fcb-achiv-2009/10-H-FCSG-FCB">{{Cite web |last=Verein "Basler Fussballarchiv” |author-link= |date=12 July 2009 |title=FC St. Gallen - FC Basel 2:0 (0:0) |url=https://www.fcb-archiv.ch/saison/spiele?command=detail&id=15298 |access-date=2022-11-16 |publisher=Verein "Basler Fussballarchiv” |format=}}</ref> Ya zura kwallonsa ta farko a sabuwar ƙungiyarsa a wasan gida da aka buga a St. Jakob-Park a ranar 20 ga Fabrairun 2010. Wannan ita ce nasarar da aka samu a wasan yayin da Basel ta yi nasara a kan Aarau da ci 2-1. <ref name="fcb-achiv-2009/10-F-FCB-FCA">{{Cite web |last=Verein "Basler Fussballarchiv” |author-link= |date=20 February 2010 |title=FC Basel - FC Aarau 2:1 (0:1) |url=https://www.fcb-archiv.ch/saison/spiele?command=detail&id=16766 |access-date=2022-11-16 |publisher=Verein "Basler Fussballarchiv” |format=}}</ref> Basel ta shiga gasar cin kofin zakarun Turai ta UEFA ta 2009-10 a zagaye na biyu na cancantar shiga gasar. Basel ta kai matakin rukuni, inda duk da nasarar da ta samu a wasanni uku cikin shida, ta ƙare a matsayi na uku kuma an fitar da ita daga gasar. Sun kammala maki huɗu a bayan Roma wadda ta lashe rukuni ɗaya, sannan Fulham ta sha kashi da ci 3-2 a wasan ƙarshe na matakin. Atan ya buga cikakken minti 90. <ref name="Uefa-2009/10-fcb-fulham">{{Cite web |last=Homewood |first=Brian |author-link= |date=16 December 2009 |title=Zamora one-two knocks Basel out |url=https://www.uefa.com/uefaeuropaleague/news/01e0-0e738fb7046b-fbb1da829ba8-1000--zamora-one-two-knocks-basel-out/ |access-date=2022-11-16 |publisher=[[UEFA]] |format=}}</ref> A ƙarshen kakar wasa ta 2009–10, ya lashe gasar Double tare da ƙungiyarsa. Sun lashe gasar Zakarun Turai da maki 3 a kan Young Boys da ke matsayi na biyu. <ref name="rsssf-Switzerland 2009/10">{{Cite web |last=Stokkermans |first=Karel |author-link= |year=2012 |title=Switzerland 2009/10 |url=https://www.rsssf.org/tablesz/zwit2010.html |access-date=2022-11-16 |publisher=Rec.Sport.Soccer Statistics Foundation |language=fr}}</ref> Ƙungiyar ta lashe gasar cin kofin Swiss, inda ta lashe wasan ƙarshe da ci 6-0 a kan Lausanne-Sport . <ref name="sfv-cup-2009/10-FCB-LS">{{Cite web |last=Swiss Football Verband (SFV) |author-link= |date=9 May 2010 |title=FC Basel - FC Lausanne-Sport 6:0 (2:0) |url=https://www.football.ch/sfv/schweizer-cups/schweizer-cup/statistik-und-resultate.aspx/oid-1/s-2010/cp-1341/cr-0/tg-1649471/ |access-date=2022-11-16 |publisher=Swiss Football Verband (SFV) internet |format=}}</ref> Basel ta fara a zagaye na uku na cancantar shiga gasar zakarun Turai ta 2010-11, kuma ta kai matakin rukuni, amma ta kawo karshen rukunin a matsayi na uku. Saboda haka, sun faɗi zuwa matakin knockout na Europa League na 2010-11, amma a nan Spartak Moscow ta fitar da su. <ref name="Uefa-2010/11-UEL-Spartak-FCB">{{Cite web |last=van Poortvliet |first=Richard |author-link= |date= |title=Spartak shake off Basel revival |url=https://www.uefa.com/uefaeuropaleague/news/0254-0d7d092b64ca-8f031a97421a-1000--spartak-shake-off-basel-revival/ |access-date=2022-11-16 |publisher=[[UEFA]] |format=}}</ref> Atan ya buga wasanni shida cikin goma na gasar zakarun Turai, inda ya zura kwallo a wasan neman cancantar shiga gasar da kungiyar Debrecen ta kasar Hungary. <ref name="fcb-achiv-2010/11-UCL-FCB-Debrecen">{{Cite web |last=Verein "Basler Fussballarchiv” |author-link= |date=4 August 2010 |title=FC Basel - Debreceni VSC 3:1 (1:0) |url=https://www.fcb-archiv.ch/saison/spiele?command=detail&id=18030 |access-date=2022-11-16 |publisher=Verein "Basler Fussballarchiv” |format=}}</ref> Ya kuma buga wasanni 10 cikin 18 na gasar lig ta cikin gida a rabin farko na kakar wasa, duk da haka, a rabin na biyu na kakar wasa, babban kocin Fink bai sake tunaninsa ba. Tare da Basel, Atan ya lashe gasar cin kofin Switzerland ta biyu a karshen kakar wasa ta 2010–11 . <ref name="rsssf-Switzerland 2010/2011">{{Cite web |last=Zea |first=Anthony |author-link= |year=2012 |title=Switzerland 2010/2011 |url=https://www.rsssf.org/tablesz/zwit08.html |access-date=2022-11-16 |publisher=Rec.Sport.Soccer Statistics Foundation}}</ref> Kulob din ya yanke shawarar kin tsawaita kwantiragin Atan. A cikin kakar wasa biyu da ya yi da ƙungiyar, Atan ya buga wasanni 92 ga Basel, inda ya zura kwallaye huɗu jimilla. Wasanni 44 daga cikin waɗannan sun kasance a gasar Swiss Super League, biyar a gasar Swiss Cup, 16 a gasar UEFA sannan 27 sun kasance wasannin sada zumunci. Ya zura kwallo daya a gasar cin kofin cikin gida, daya a gasar zakarun Turai, sauran biyu kuma an zura su ne a wasannin gwaji. <ref name="fcb-achiv-Çağdaş Atan">{{Cite web |last=Verein "Basler Fussballarchiv” |author-link= |year=2015 |title=Çağdaş Atan - FCB statistic |url=https://www.fcb-archiv.ch/spieler?command=detail&id=6258 |access-date=2022-11-16 |publisher=Verein "Basler Fussballarchiv” |format=}}</ref> === 2011–2015: Aikin daga baya === A ranar 18 ga Agusta 2011, an sanar da cewa Atan ya koma kulob din Mersin İdman Yurdu na Turkiyya, wanda aka haura zuwa gasar [[Süper Lig]] a kakar wasa da ta gabata. Bayan kakar wasa ɗaya kacal da Mersin İdman Yurdu, ya bar ƙungiyar ya koma ƙungiyar Akhisar Belediyespor da ke kan gaba a gasar. Ba tare da cimma yarjejeniya kan tsawaita kwantiragi da kulob dinsa ba a lokacin bazara, Atan ya koma kungiyar Gaziantep BB ta rukuni na biyu. Duk da haka, ya bar Gaziantep BB a tsakiyar kakar wasa mai zuwa kuma a maimakon haka ya koma abokin hamayyarsa na gasar Manisaspor . Bayan kakar wasa ta 2014-15, ya yi ritaya daga aikinsa. == Aikin ƙasa da ƙasa == A ranar 18 ga Fabrairu 2004, Çağdaş ya sanya rigar ƙungiyar ƙwallon ƙafa ta ƙasar Turkiyya a karon farko a wasan da suka buga da Denmark . A ranar 31 ga Maris 2004, ya zura kwallonsa ta farko a wasan sada zumunci da Croatia . Ya kuma buga wa ƙungiyar ƙwallon ƙafa ta ƙasa ta 'yan ƙasa da shekara 21 ta ƙasar Turkiyya wasa sau 3 kuma ya zura ƙwallo 1. == Aikin gudanarwa == === Farkon aikina === A shekarar 2016, Atan ya fara aiki da dama a matsayin mataimakin manaja a ƙarƙashin Sergen Yalçın a ƙungiyoyi daban-daban. A shekarar 2020, ya sami damar ɗaukar nauyin ƙungiyar ƙwallon ƙafa a karon farko kuma ya zama babban kocin Alanyaspor . A lokacin da yake aiki, ya jagoranci ƙungiyar cikin nasara, inda ya kammala kakar wasa ta 2020–21 Süper Lig a matsayi na 7. A ranar 15 ga Yuni 2022, ya ci gaba da aikinsa na kocin ta hanyar sanya hannu da Kayserispor . A kakarsa ta farko ya jagoranci Kayserispor don kammala kakar wasa ta [[Süper Lig]] a ƙarƙashin jagorancinsa a matsayi na 9. Tare da iliminsa na ƙwallon ƙafa da kuma iyawarsa ta shugabanci, ana ɗaukar Atan a matsayin ɗaya daga cikin manyan mutane a ƙwallon ƙafa ta Turkiyya . A kakar wasa ta 2023-24, Kayserispor ta fara wasa mai kyau ta hanyar samun nasara daya da canjaras uku a wasanni hudu na farko karkashin jagorancin Atan. Duk da haka, ƙungiyar ta fuskanci ƙalubale yayin da lokacin canja wurin 'yan wasa ya kasance a rufe tun lokacin da aka fara kakar wasa. Atan ya ci gaba da isar da damuwarsa ga hukumar kula da 'yan wasan kulob din game da bukatun canja wurin 'yan wasa da ba a magance su ba. A ranar 6 ga Satumba 2023 bayan rufe kasuwar musayar 'yan wasa, Atan ya sanar da ficewarsa daga Kayserispor a hukumance ta hanyar wata sanarwa da aka buga a [[Dandalin Sada Zumunta|shafukan sada zumunta]] . === Başakşehir === A ranar 9 ga Satumba, 2023, bayan tafiyar Emre Belözoğlu, Başakşehir ya sanar da nadin Atan a matsayin sabon manaja. A ranar 11 ga Satumba, 2023, Atan ya sanya hannu kan kwangilar aiki ta shekara 2+1 tare da Başakşehir . Atan ya jagoranci wata kungiya da ke fuskantar manyan kalubale, domin suna matsayi na 19 a teburin gasar kuma ba su samu nasara a lokacin da aka nada su ba. Duk da wannan mawuyacin farawa, Atan ya aiwatar da sauye-sauye na dabaru kuma ya ƙarfafa ƙungiyar, wanda hakan ya haifar da gagarumin sauyi a cikin aikin ƙungiyar. A ƙarshen kakar wasa, Başakşehir ya kare a matsayi na 4 a gasar, wanda hakan ya nuna ƙwarewar Atan a fannin gudanarwa. Wannan gagarumin ci gaba ba wai kawai ya tabbatar wa kungiyar samun gurbi a zagaye na biyu na cancantar shiga gasar UEFA Conference League ba, har ma ya nuna nasarar kamfen, wanda hakan ya shimfida harsashin ci gaba a nan gaba. A kakar wasa ta 2024-25, Atan ya jagoranci Başakşehir zuwa gasar Turai a karo na biyu a jere. Kungiyar ta samu nasarar tsallake zagayen neman gurbin shiga gasar UEFA Conference League, inda ta doke La Fiorita (jimillar kwallaye 10-1), Iberia 1999 (jimillar kwallaye 3-0), da kuma St Patrick's Athletic (jimillar kwallaye 2-0), inda ta kai matakin gasar . Duk da cewa Başakşehir ya fara wasa da kyau, ya yi fama a matakin gasar, inda ya kare a matsayi na 26 jimilla. A cikin gida, ƙungiyar ta samu matsayi na 5 a gasar [[Süper Lig]] da maki 54, inda ta sake samun damar shiga gasar cin kofin Turai. A gasar cin kofin Turkiyya, Başakşehir ta fafata a rukunin C, inda ta kare a matsayi na 3 a bayan Konyaspor da [[Galatasaray S.K.|Galatasaray]], duk da cewa maki daya ne tsakaninta da [[Galatasaray S.K.|Galatasaray]], amma ta kasa samun nasara a wasan saboda dokar wasa mai kyau, bayan ta sake samun katin rawaya. Kakar wasa ta biyu ta Atan ta nuna daidaitonsa wajen jagorantar ƙungiyar zuwa matakin Turai, yayin da kuma ta ƙarfafa matsayinta na gasa a ƙwallon ƙafa ta Turkiyya. A ranar 29 ga Mayu 2025, bayan da aka fahimci ci gaban da aka samu a ƙarƙashin jagorancin Atan, ƙungiyar ta sanar da cewa ƙungiyar ta tsawaita kwangilar Atan na tsawon shekaru biyu. An gudanar da bikin sanya hannu kan yarjejeniyar, wadda ke nuna tsawaita wa'adin aikinsa, tare da halartar shugaban kulob din Gümüşdağ, mambobin kwamitin gudanarwa, da 'yan wasa. A ƙarƙashin Atan, Başakşehir ta ci gaba da ƙarfafa tsarin hukumomi da kuma kasancewarta a gasa a ƙwallon ƙafa ta cikin gida da ta Turai. <ref>{{Cite web |date=29 May 2025 |title=Çağdaş Atan ile iki yıl daha |url=https://ibfk.com.tr/haberler/cagdas-atan-ile-iki-yil-daha |access-date=1 June 2025 |website=İstanbul Başakşehir FK |language=tr}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |date=29 May 2025 |title=Çağdaş Atan 2 yıl daha Başakşehir'de |url=https://www.trtspor.com.tr/haber/futbol/cagdas-atan-2-yil-daha-basaksehirde-26211540 |access-date=1 June 2025 |website=TRT Spor |language=tr}}</ref> Bayan sabunta kwantiraginsa na tsawon shekaru biyu a ranar 29 ga Mayu 2025, Çağdaş Atan ya fuskanci ƙalubalen fara kakar wasa ta 2025-26 . A gasar Turai, Başakşehir ya fara kaiwa zagaye na uku na cancantar shiga gasar UEFA Conference League, inda ya doke Cherno More da ci 5-0 a jimilla (4-0, 1-0), sannan ya doke Viking da ci 4-2 a jimilla (1-1, 3-1). Duk da haka, an fitar da su a zagayen share fage bayan sun sha kashi a jimillar kwallaye 2-5 a hannun CS Universitatea Craiova - inda suka sha kashi 1-2 a gida da kuma 1-3 a waje. <ref>{{Cite web |date=29 August 2025 |title=İstanbul Başakşehir ousted from Conference League after 3–1 loss to Craiova |url=https://www.turkiyetoday.com/sports/istanbul-basaksehir-ousted-from-conference-league-after-3-1-loss-to-craiova-3206108 |access-date=29 August 2025 |website=Turkiye Today}}</ref> Wasan farko da suka fafata da CS Universitatea Craiova ya ƙare da rashin nasara a gida da ci 1-2 a filin wasa na Fatih Terim . <ref>{{Cite web |date=22 August 2025 |title=Başakşehir falls 2–1 at home to Craiova in Conference League play-off first leg |url=https://www.turkiyetoday.com/sports/three-turkish-teams-suffer-setbacks-in-european-playoff-first-legs-3205748 |access-date=29 August 2025 |website=Turkiye Today}}</ref> Bayan rashin nasara da aka yi a wasan dawowa da aka yi a Romania da ci 1-3 (3-1 a daren; jimilla 5-2), kakar wasannin Basaksehir ta Turai ta ƙare ba zato ba tsammani. A ranar 8 ga Satumba 2025, Başakşehir ta sanar da cewa ta soke kwangilarta da Atan. A cikin sanarwar ƙungiyar, Başakşehir ya gode wa Atan saboda ƙwarewarsa da kuma jagorantar ƙungiyar zuwa ga gasannin Turai a kakar wasa ta baya-bayan nan, kuma ya yi masa fatan samun nasara a mataki na gaba na aikinsa. <ref name=":0"/> == Ƙididdigar aiki == === Kulob === {| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center" |+Appearances and goals by club, season and competition ! rowspan="2" |Club ! rowspan="2" |Season ! colspan="3" |League ! colspan="2" |Cup ! colspan="2" |[[UEFA|Continental]]{{Efn|Appearances in the [[UEFA Champions League]] and [[UEFA Europa League|UEFA Europa League/UEFA Cup]]}} ! colspan="2" |Total |- !Division !Apps !Goals !Apps !Goals !Apps !Goals !Apps !Goals |- | rowspan="2" |Marmaris |2000–01 | rowspan="1" |3. Lig |28 |7 |0 |0 | colspan="2" |— |28 |7 |- ! colspan="2" |Total !28 !7 !0 !0 !0 !0 !28 !7 |- | rowspan="3" |Altay |2001–02 | rowspan="1" |1. Lig |24 |1 |2 |0 | colspan="2" |— |26 |1 |- |2002–03 | rowspan="1" |[[Süper Lig]] |30 |3 |3 |0 | colspan="2" |— |33 |3 |- ! colspan="2" |Total !54 !4 !3 !0 !0 !0 !57 !4 |- | rowspan="2" |[[Denizlispor]] |2003–04 | rowspan="1" |[[Süper Lig]] |32 |2 |3 |0 | colspan="2" |— |35 |2 |- ! colspan="2" |Total !32 !2 !3 !0 !0 !0 !35 !2 |- | rowspan="3" |[[Beşiktaş]] |2004–05 | rowspan="2" |[[Süper Lig]] |20 |1 |2 |0 |3 |0 |25 |1 |- |2005–06 |20 |1 |7 |0 |5 |0 |32 |1 |- ! colspan="2" |Total !40 !2 !10 !0 !8 !0 !58 !2 |- | rowspan="3" |Trabzonspor |2006–07 | rowspan="2" |[[Süper Lig]] |20 |4 |4 |0 |1 |0 |25 |4 |- |2007–08 |21 |1 |3 |0 | colspan="2" |— |24 |1 |- ! colspan="2" |Total !41 !4 !7 !0 !1 !0 !49 !2 |- | rowspan="2" |Energie Cottbus |2008–09 | rowspan="1" |Bundesliga |30 |2 |2 |0 | colspan="2" |— |32 |2 |- ! colspan="2" |Total !30 !2 !2 !0 !0 !0 !32 !2 |- | rowspan="3" |Basel |2009–10 | rowspan="2" |Super League |34 |1 |3 |0 |10 |0 |47 |1 |- |2010–11 |10 |0 |2 |0 |6 |0 |18 |0 |- ! colspan="2" |Total !44 !1 !5 !0 !16 !0 !65 !1 |- | rowspan="2" |Mersin İdman Yurdu |2011–12 | rowspan="1" |[[Süper Lig]] |26 |0 |1 |0 | colspan="2" |— |27 |1 |- ! colspan="2" |Total !26 !0 !1 !0 !0 !0 !27 !1 |- | rowspan="3" |Akhisarspor |2012–13 | rowspan="2" |[[Süper Lig]] |31 |1 |0 |0 | colspan="2" |— |31 |1 |- |2013–14 |26 |0 |6 |0 | colspan="2" |— |32 |9 |- ! colspan="2" |Total !57 !1 !6 !0 !0 !0 !63 !1 |- | rowspan="2" |Gaziantep BB |[[2014–15 TFF First League|2014–15]] | rowspan="1" |1. Lig |13 |0 |0 |0 | colspan="2" |— |13 |0 |- ! colspan="2" |Total !13 !0 !0 !0 !0 !0 !13 !0 |- | rowspan="2" |Manisaspor |[[2014–15 TFF First League|2014–15]] | rowspan="1" |1. Lig |12 |0 |0 |0 | colspan="2" |— |12 |0 |- ! colspan="2" |Total !12 !0 !0 !0 !0 !0 !12 !0 |- ! colspan="3" |Career total !374 !23 !37 !0 !25 !0 !436 !23 |} {{Notelist}} === Na Ƙasa da Ƙasa === {| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center" |+Bayyanar da kwallayen da ƙungiyar ƙasa ta samu da kuma shekarar da ta gabata ! Tawagar ƙasa ! Shekara ! Manhajoji ! Ƙwallaye |- | rowspan="1" | Turkiyya | 2004 | 1 | 0 |- ! colspan="2" | Jimilla ! 2 ! 1 |} : ''Sakamakon maki da sakamako sun fara nuna adadin kwallayen da Turkiyya ta ci, ginshiƙin maki yana nuna maki bayan kowace ƙwallo ta Atan.'' {| class="wikitable sortable" |+Jerin kwallayen da Çağdaş Atan ya zura a gasar cin kofin duniya ! scope="col" | A'a. ! scope="col" | Kwanan wata ! scope="col" | Wuri ! scope="col" | Abokin hamayya ! scope="col" | Ci ! scope="col" | Sakamako ! scope="col" | Gasar |- | align="center" | 1 | 31 Maris 2004 | Stadion Maksimir, [[Zagreb]], Croatia |{{Fb|CRO}} | align="center" | '''2''' – 2 | align="center" | 2–2 | Aboki |} == Ƙididdigar Gudanarwa == {{Updated|31 January 2026}}<ref>{{cite web |title=Cagdas Atan Manager Profile |url=https://www.sofascore.com/manager/cagdas-atan/794748 |website=sofascore.com |publisher=Sofascore |access-date=12 August 2022}}</ref> {| class="wikitable" style="text-align:centre" ! rowspan="2" |Ƙungiyar ! rowspan="2" | Daga ! rowspan="2" | Zuwa ! colspan="8" | Rikodi |- ! G ! W ! D ! L ! Nasara % |- | Alanyaspor | align="left" | 12 Agusta 2020 | align="left" | 2 Satumba 2021{{WDL|47|21|8|18}} |- | Kayserispor | align="left" | 15 Yuni 2022 | align="left" | 6 Satumba 2023{{WDL|43|18|8|17}} |- | Başakşehir | align="left" | 9 Satumba 2023 | align="left" | 8 Satumba 2025{{WDL|98|46|23|29}} |- | Konyaspor | align="left" | 6 Nuwamba 2025 | align="left" | 4 ga Fabrairu 2026{{WDL|12|3|5|4}} |- ! colspan="3" | Jimilla {{WDLtot|200|88|44|68}} |} == Daraja == === Ɗan wasa === ==== Beşiktaş ==== * Kofin Turkiyya (1): 2005–06 ==== Basel ==== * Gasar Super League ta Switzerland (1): 2009–10 * Kofin Swiss (1): 2009–10 == Hanyoyin haɗi na waje == <templatestyles src="Module:Side box/styles.css"></templatestyles> * {{Soccerway|cagdas-atan/39437}} * {{NFT player|6795}} * {{UEFA player|91463}} [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1980]] == Manazarta == <templatestyles src="Reflist/styles.css" />{{Reflist}} 0lqxp1po2ntky6e0ee4mkx11lumbb62 0 162273 895346 891935 2026-08-12T04:16:37Z Baffa ali 47435 /* growthexperiments-addlink-summary-summary:3|0|0 */ 895346 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''Joshua Kipkemboi Whittaker Lelan''' (an haife shi a ranar 21 ga watan Disamba a shekarar 1994) ƙwararren [[Kungiyar Kwallon Kafa|ɗan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa]] ne wanda ke taka leda a matsayin [[Mai buga baya|mai tsaron baya na tsakiya ko kuma mai tsaron baya na dama]] ga Farnham Town bayan ya yi rajista sau biyu daga Hayes &amp;amp; Yeading United . An haife shi a [[Ingila]], yana wakiltar ƙungiyar ƙwallon ƙafa ta ƙasar [[Kenya]]. == Aikin kulob == === Gundumar Derby === An haife shi a Church Broughton, [[Ingila]], Lelann ya fara aikinsa a cikin tsarin matasa na Derby County tun lokacin da ya shiga kulob din lokacin yana da shekaru goma sha huɗu kuma yana riƙe da tikitin kakar wasa. <ref>{{Cite web |date=22 August 2012 |title=First Test for U21S |url=https://www.dcfc.co.uk/news/2012/08/first-test-for-u21s |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210226093644/https://www.dcfc.co.uk/news/2012/08/first-test-for-u21s |archive-date=26 February 2021 |access-date=26 February 2021 |publisher=Derby County F.C.}}</ref> A ranar 29 ga watan Afrilu shekarar 2012, Lelan ya bayyana a ƙungiyar farko a karon farko, a matsayin wanda ba a yi amfani da shi ba a wasan da suka tashi kunnen doki 1-1 da Peterborough United . Kafin kakar wasa ta Shekarar 2012-13, an ba shi riga mai lamba ashirin da takwas kuma ya bayyana a wasannin farko na ƙungiyar a matsayin wanda ba a yi amfani da shi ba. <ref>{{Cite web |date=13 August 2012 |title=Revised Squad Numbers |url=https://www.dcfc.co.uk/news/2012/08/revised-squad-numbers |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210226093653/https://www.dcfc.co.uk/news/2012/08/revised-squad-numbers |archive-date=26 February 2021 |access-date=26 February 2021 |publisher=Derby County F.C.}}</ref> A ranar 6 ga watan Afrilu shekarar 2013, Lelan ya sanya hannu kan kwangilarsa ta farko ta aiki da Derby County bayan kammala shirye-shiryensa na tallafin karatu na shekaru biyu. <ref>{{Cite web |date=6 April 2013 |title=Rams Hand Professional Deals To Ten |url=http://www.dcfc.co.uk/news/article/rams-hand-professional-deals-to-ten-754541.aspx |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130408081843/http://www.dcfc.co.uk/news/article/rams-hand-professional-deals-to-ten-754541.aspx |archive-date=8 April 2013 |access-date=10 June 2015 |publisher=Derby County F.C.}}</ref> Lelan ya fara jin daɗin ƙwallon ƙafa ta manyan 'yan wasa ne lokacin da ya koma ƙungiyar ƙwallon ƙafa ta Gateshead a matsayin aro na wata ɗaya a ranar 20 ga watan Satumba shekarar, 2013. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Derby County defender makes loan move |url=http://www.derbytelegraph.co.uk/Derby-County-defender-makes-loan/story-19819898-detail/story.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140809232226/http://www.derbytelegraph.co.uk/Derby-County-defender-makes-loan/story-19819898-detail/story.html |archive-date=9 August 2014 |access-date=9 August 2014 |publisher=Derby Telegraph}}</ref> Ya fara buga wasa a karon farko a wasan da suka doke Tamworth da ci 1-0 bayan kwana uku. <ref>{{Cite web |date=23 September 2013 |title=Loan Watch: 23/09/13 |url=http://www.dcfc.co.uk/news/article/loan-watch-230913-1070466.aspx |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150610220924/http://www.dcfc.co.uk/news/article/loan-watch-230913-1070466.aspx |archive-date=10 June 2015 |access-date=10 June 2015 |publisher=Derby County F.C.}}</ref> Lelan ya koma ƙungiyar iyayensa bayan ya buga wasanni huɗu a Gateshead. A ranar 23 ga watan Yulin shekarar 2014, Lelan ya koma Swindon Town a kan aro na wata ɗaya. Ya fara buga wasa a ranar farko ta kakar wasa ta 2014–15 a gidan Swindon, inda ya yi nasara a kan Scunthorpe United . A ranar 29 ga Agusta 2014, Lelan ya tsawaita zaman aronsa a Swindon da wata guda, wanda hakan zai sa ya ci gaba da zama a kulob din har zuwa 27 ga Satumba 2014. <ref name="Derby County's Josh Lelan Extends His Loan At Swindon Town">{{Cite web |title=Derby County's Josh Lelan Extends His Loan At Swindon Town |url=http://www.dcfc.co.uk/news/article/derby-countys-josh-lelan-extends-his-loan-at-swindon-town-1883121.aspx |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141129081808/http://www.dcfc.co.uk/news/article/derby-countys-josh-lelan-extends-his-loan-at-swindon-town-1883121.aspx |archive-date=29 November 2014 |access-date=29 August 2014 |publisher=Derby County F.C.}}</ref> Lelan ya buga wasanni biyar a ƙungiyar, kamar yadda ƙungiyar iyayensa ta sake kiransa. A ƙarshen kakar wasa ta 2014-15, ƙungiyar ta sallami Lelan. <ref>{{Cite web |date=12 May 2015 |title=Derby County Confirm End Of Season Retained List |url=http://www.dcfc.co.uk/news/article/derby-county-confirm-end-of-season-retained-list-2452729.aspx |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150610221804/http://www.dcfc.co.uk/news/article/derby-county-confirm-end-of-season-retained-list-2452729.aspx |archive-date=10 June 2015 |access-date=10 June 2015 |publisher=Derby County F.C.}}</ref> === Garin Northampton === Bayan da Derby County ta sallame shi, Lelan ya koma ƙungiyar ƙwallon ƙafa ta Northampton Town ta Football League Two a kan kwantiragin watanni 12. Da ya shiga ƙungiyar, an ba shi riga mai lamba goma sha biyu. Lelan ya fara buga wasa a Northampton Town, inda ya fara wasan gaba daya a matsayin dan wasan baya na dama, a wasan da suka doke Bristol Rovers da ci 1-0 a wasan farko na kakar wasa ta bana. Ya taimaka wa kulob din ya ci gaba da kasancewa cikin 'yanci a wasanni biyu da za su yi da Blackpool da Exeter City . Duk da haka, a wasan da suka yi da Plymouth Argyle a ranar 22 ga Agusta shekarar 2015, Lelan ya sami katin jan kati na biyu na bugun fenariti, bayan an yi masa katin gargadi sau biyu a cikin mintuna biyu na ƙarshe na wasan, yayin da Northampton Town ta sha kashi da ci 2-0. A wasan da suka yi da Dagenham da Redbridge, ya yi laifin zura kwallo ta farko a wasan, yayin da kungiyar ta sha kashi da ci 2-1. Sakamakon haka, Lelan ya rasa matsayinsa na farko a ƙungiyar a matsayin ɗan wasan baya na dama, inda Darnell Furlong da Brendan Moloney suka fi so a matsayin ɗan wasan baya na dama na Northampton Town. Sai a ranar 24 ga Nuwamba 2015 lokacin da ya dawo cikin tawagar farko da Crawley Town, inda ya buga wasa a minti na 62, a wasan da suka sha kashi 2-1. A wasan da ya biyo baya, Lelan ya fara buga wasa a karon farko a kungiyar cikin watanni biyu da suka fafata da Yeovil Town, kuma ya taimaka wa Northampton Town ta ci gaba da kasancewa a kan teburi, inda suka yi nasara da ci 2-0. Duk da haka, ya sake rasa matsayinsa na farko a ƙungiyar ga Moloney a matsayin ɗan wasan baya na dama na tsawon watanni biyar masu zuwa. Bayan ƙungiyar ta haura zuwa League One, Lelan ya fara wasa a sauran wasanni huɗu na kakar wasa, yana wasa a matsayin ɗan wasan baya na dama. A ƙarshen kakar wasa ta 2015–16, ya buga wasanni goma sha uku a dukkan gasa. Bayan haka, Northampton Town ta saki Lelan, yayin da manajan kulob din Rob Page ya nuna nadama bayan yanke shawarar sakin dan wasan, yana mai cewa "yaron ya shiga ya kuma bayar da kyakkyawan bayani game da kansa. Daga ra'ayin magoya baya, yana iya zama abin mamaki, amma mun yanke shawarar [sakin Lelan] a matsayin rukuni kuma abin da muke ganin ya fi dacewa da wannan kulob din kwallon kafa." <ref>{{Cite web |last=Casey |first=Jeremy |date=20 May 2016 |title=Rose offered new Cobblers contract as Lelan and Corry are released |url=http://www.northamptonchron.co.uk/sport/football/rose-offered-new-cobblers-contract-as-lelan-and-corry-are-released-1-7393442 |access-date=14 July 2016 |website=Northampton Chronicle & Echo |archive-date=17 September 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160917232554/http://www.northamptonchron.co.uk/sport/football/rose-offered-new-cobblers-contract-as-lelan-and-corry-are-released-1-7393442 |url-status=dead }}</ref> A watan Yulin shekarar 2016, Lelan, yana neman sabuwar ƙungiya, ya buga wasa a matsayin mai gwada 'yan wasa a ƙungiyar Ligue One Gillingham a wasan da suka doke Concord Rangers da kuma ƙungiyar League Two Plymouth Argyle a wasan da suka doke St Blazey da ci 9-0. <ref>{{Cite web |date=20 July 2016 |title=Former Scunthorpe player Marcus Williams and ex Northampton defender Josh Lelan among the trialists at Gillingham |url=http://www.kentonline.co.uk/medway/sport/trial-players-hoping-to-win-99280/? |access-date=2016-07-20 |language=en-GB}}</ref> An ruwaito cewa yana halartar shari'a a ƙungiyar Västerås SK ta [[Sweden]] a ranar 11 ga Agusta, 2016, amma bai sami kwangila ba. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Korir |first=Patrick |title=Harambee Stars call up lands Swedish trial |url=http://www.soka.co.ke/news/item/harambee-stars-call-up-lands-swedish-trial |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160815105854/http://soka.co.ke/news/item/harambee-stars-call-up-lands-swedish-trial |archive-date=15 August 2016}}</ref> Daga nan Lelan ya koma tsohuwar ƙungiyarsa, Derby County U23, inda ya buga wasanni bakwai tsakanin Oktoba 2016 da Janairu 2017. <ref>{{Cite web |date=24 October 2016 |title=U23 Report: Derby County 0-2 S.L. Benefica B |url=https://www.dcfc.co.uk/news/2016/10/u23-report-derby-county-0-2-sl-benifca-b |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201108114333/https://www.dcfc.co.uk/news/2016/10/u23-report-derby-county-0-2-sl-benifca-b |archive-date=8 November 2020 |access-date=26 February 2021 |publisher=Derby County F.C.}}</ref> A ranar 2 ga Disamba 2016, an yi masa gwaji tare da Leyton Orient, ƙungiyar League Two, inda za su fafata da Southend United a wasan sada zumunci na sirri.{{Ana bukatan hujja|date=February 2021}}<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B; ''<nowiki><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (February 2021)">ana buƙatar ambato</span></nowiki>'' &#x5D;</sup> === Garin Crawley === A ranar 26 ga watan Janairu shekarar 2017, Lelan ya koma ƙungiyar League Two Crawley Town kan yarjejeniyar shekara ɗaya da rabi bayan ya yi gwajin ɗan gajeren lokaci a Derby County. A ranar 4 ga watan Fabrairu shekarar 2017, ya fara buga wa kulob din wasa a wasan da suka sha kashi a gida da ci 2-1 a hannun [[Stevenage FC|Stevenage]] . An bai wa Lelan kyautar gwarzon ɗan wasan Crawley Town bayan ya fara buga wasa mai ban sha'awa duk da rashin nasara da ya yi. <ref name="Lelan Crawley Observer2" /> Tun lokacin da ya shiga kulob din, ya fara wasa a wasanni hudu masu zuwa, inda ya buga wasa a tsakiya-baya da kuma dama-baya. Duk da haka, a wasan da suka yi da Wycombe Wanderers a ranar 25 ga Fabrairu 2017, Lelan ya ji rauni kuma an sauya shi a minti na 21, yayin da Crawley Town ta yi nasara da ci 2-1. Bayan ya rasa wasa ɗaya, ya koma cikin jerin 'yan wasan da za su fara wasa da Doncaster Rovers kuma ya taimaka wa ƙungiyar ta ci gaba da kasancewa cikin 'yan wasa marasa sa'a, a wasan da suka tashi kunnen doki 0-0 a ranar 4 ga Maris 2017. Daga nan Lelan ya biyo baya ta hanyar farawa a matsayin dama-baya don wasanni uku masu zuwa ga Crawley Town. Duk da haka, ya sami lokacin wasa, galibi daga benci mai maye gurbinsa a sauran kakar wasa ta 2016-17. A ƙarshen kakar wasa ta 2016–17, Lelan ya ci gaba da buga wasanni ashirin a duk gasannin da ya buga. A farkon kakar wasa ta 2017-18, Lelan ya ci gaba da kafa kansa a cikin ƙungiyar farko, yana wasa a matsayin tsakiya-baya, hagu-baya da kuma matsayin dama-baya. Daga nan ya taimaka wa Crawley Town ta ci gaba da kasancewa a shirye don kare kanta a wasanni biyu tsakanin 26 ga Agusta 2017 da 2 ga Satumba 2017 da Swindon Town da Yeovil Town. Lelan ya taimaka wa kulob din ya kare kwallaye hudu a raga daga cikin wasanni biyar da suka fafata tsakanin 7 ga Oktoba 2017 da 28 ga Oktoba 2017. Tun farkon kakar wasa ta 2017–18, ya fara wasa a kowanne wasa har sai da aka ajiye shi a benci a wasanni biyu masu zuwa tsakanin 21 ga Nuwamba 2017 da 25 ga Nuwamba 2017. Amma Lelan ya dawo cikin jerin 'yan wasan farko da Mansfield Town a ranar 9 ga Disamba 2017 kuma ya taimaka wa Crawley Town ta ci gaba da kasancewa cikin 'yan wasa marasa kyau, a wasan da suka yi nasara da ci 2-0. Daga nan ya sake samun matsayinsa na farko a ƙungiyar a wasanni goma masu zuwa ga ƙungiyar. Duk da haka, Lelan ya rasa matsayinsa na farko a ƙungiyar kuma an sanya shi a kan benci na wucin gadi a sauran kakar wasa ta 2017-18. A ƙarshen kakar wasa ta 2017–18, ya buga wasanni talatin da uku a dukkan gasannin. A ranar 14 ga Mayu 2018, an sanar da cewa Lelan zai bar Crawley a ƙarshen yarjejeniyarsa ta yanzu a watan Yuni. === Garin Aldershot === A ranar 2 ga Watan Yuli shekarar 2018, bayan an sallame shi daga Crawley, Lelan ya amince ya koma ƙungiyar National League ta Aldershot Town . Ya fara buga wasa a ƙungiyar, inda ya fara wasan gaba ɗaya a matsayin ɗan baya na dama, a wasan da suka sha kashi da ci 1-0 a hannun Solihull Moors a ranar 11 ga Agusta 2018. <ref>{{Cite web |date=11 August 2018 |title=Report: Solihull Moors 1-0 The Shots |url=https://www.theshots.co.uk/report-solihull-moors-1-0-the-shots/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200930053140/https://www.theshots.co.uk/report-solihull-moors-1-0-the-shots/ |archive-date=30 September 2020 |access-date=26 February 2021 |publisher=Aldershot Town Official Site}}</ref> Tun lokacin da ya koma Aldershot Town, Lelan ya zama ɗan wasa na farko da ya fara bugawa a ƙungiyar, yana wasa a matsayin ɗan tsakiya-mai baya da kuma a matsayin ɗan baya-mai baya. <ref>{{Cite web |date=27 August 2018 |title=Shots 2-1 Sutton United |url=https://www.theshots.co.uk/shots-2-1-sutton-united/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200927130739/https://www.theshots.co.uk/shots-2-1-sutton-united/ |archive-date=27 September 2020 |access-date=26 February 2021 |publisher=Aldershot Town Official Site}}</ref> Daga ƙarshe ƙungiyar ta fice daga gasar bayan kunnen doki 1-1 da Hartlepool United a ranar 13 ga Watan Afrilu shekarar 2019. <ref>{{Cite web |date=13 April 2019 |title=Shots 1-1 Pools – Aldershot Relegated |url=https://www.theshots.co.uk/full-time-shots-1-1-pools-aldershot-relegated/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200926134424/https://www.theshots.co.uk/full-time-shots-1-1-pools-aldershot-relegated/ |archive-date=26 September 2020 |access-date=26 February 2021 |publisher=Aldershot Town Official Site}}</ref> A ƙarshen kakar wasa ta 2018-19, ya buga wasanni ashirin da shida a dukkan gasannin. Bayan haka, an sallami Lelan a ƙarshen kakarsa ta farko a ƙungiyar. === Hayes da Yeading === A farkon shekarar 2023, Lelan ya rattaba hannu kan Hayes &amp;amp; Yeading United === Garin Farnham === A ranar 22 ga Watan Satumba shekarar 2023, Lelan ya sanya hannu kan yarjejeniyar zama ɗan wasa na Farnham Town bayan ya yi rijista sau biyu daga Hayes &amp;amp; Yeading United . <ref>{{Cite tweet|title=📝 Farnham Sign Experienced Defender @FarnhamTownFC are delighted to announce the signing of defender Josh Lelan on a dual-registration from @HYUFC_Official|user=FarnhamTownFC}}</ref> == Aikin ƙasa da ƙasa == A ranar 5 ga Watan Agusta shekarar 2016, Lelan ya sami kiran farko zuwa Kenya a karon farko kuma ya cancanci buga wa ƙungiyar ƙwallon ƙafa ta ƙasa ta hannun mahaifinsa. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Tracing Harambee Stars callups Jonah Ayunga and Joshua Lelan |url=http://www.soka.co.ke/news/item/tracing-harambee-stars-callups-jonah-ayunga-and-joshua-lelan |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160810024810/http://www.soka.co.ke/news/item/tracing-harambee-stars-callups-jonah-ayunga-and-joshua-lelan |archive-date=10 August 2016}}</ref> Ya fara buga wa ƙasarsa wasa a ranar 30 ga Watan Agusta Shekarar 2016 a wasan da suka yi da [[Uganda]], inda ya buga wasa a madadinsa, a wasan da suka tashi kunnen doki 0-0. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Opiyo |first=Vincent |title=Uganda Cranes, Harambee Stars fire blanks at Namboole |url=http://www.soka.co.ke/news/item/uganda-cranes-harambee-stars-fire-blanks-at-namboole |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160903082113/http://www.soka.co.ke/news/item/uganda-cranes-harambee-stars-fire-blanks-at-namboole |archive-date=3 September 2016}}</ref> Bayan ya fara buga wa Kenya wasa, Lelan ya yi tunani game da wasansa na farko, yana mai cewa: "Salon ƙwallon ƙafa ne daban-daban wanda na koya abubuwa da yawa daga gare shi kuma ina son yin ƙarin wasanni a wasannin ƙasashen waje. Yin wasa da Victor lokaci ne mai matuƙar alfahari a gare ni da iyalina." == Ƙididdigar aiki == {{Updated|match played 15 December 2018.}} {| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center" |+Appearances and goals by club, season and competition ! rowspan="2" |Club ! rowspan="2" |Season ! colspan="3" |League ! colspan="2" |FA Cup ! colspan="2" |League Cup ! colspan="2" |Other ! colspan="2" |Total |- !Division !Apps !Goals !Apps !Goals !Apps !Goals !Apps !Goals !Apps !Goals |- | rowspan="1" valign="center" |Gateshead (loan) |2013–14 |Conference Premier |4 |0 |0 |0 | colspan="2" |— |0 |0 |4 |0 |- | rowspan="1" valign="center" |Swindon Town (loan) |2014–15 |League One |5 |0 |0 |0 |0 |0 |1 |0 |6 |0 |- | rowspan="1" valign="center" |Northampton Town |2015–16 |League Two |11 |0 |0 |0 |1 |0 |1<ref group="lower-alpha" name="FLT" /> |0 |13 |0 |- | rowspan="3" valign="center" |Crawley Town |2016–17 |League Two |13 |0 |0 |0 |0 |0 |0 |0 |13 |0 |- |2017–18 |League Two |30 |0 |1 |0 |0 |0 |1 |0 |32 |0 |- ! colspan="2" |Total !43 !0 !1 !0 !0 !0 !1 !0 !45 !0 |- | rowspan="1" valign="center" |Aldershot Town |2018–19 |National League |17 |0 |1 |0 | colspan="2" |— |1 |0 |19 |0 |- ! colspan="3" |Career total !80 !0 !2 !0 !1 !0 !4 !0 !87 !0 |} {{Reflist|group=lower-alpha}} == Daraja == '''Garin Northampton''' * Gasar Kwallon Kafa ta Biyu : 2015–16 == Manazarta == == Hanyoyin haɗi na waje == * Josh Lelan at Soccerbase [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1994]] do2jyyuurrnhes21hfi9id0xfl5snf5 0 162368 895143 888200 2026-08-11T17:35:52Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 2 sources and tagging 1 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 895143 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Cibiyar Koyon Harshe''' (a Māori: Te Pūtahi Reo) cibiyar koyon harshe ce da ake iya samun damar shiga kai tsaye wadda ke ba da albarkatu da kayan aiki ga waɗannan harsunan koyo a Jami'ar Victoria ta Wellington . <ref>{{Cite web |title=Homepage |url=https://www.victoria.ac.nz/llc |access-date=25 May 2018 |website=Language Learning Centre}}</ref> == Kayan aiki == Da zarar ta mamaye dukkan ginin von Zedlitz, Cibiyar ta ƙunshi dakunan gwaje-gwaje na harsuna, ɗakunan karatu na rukuni masu jigo, ɗakin kwamfuta da kuma ɗakin karatu na kai wanda ya haɗa da masu karatu masu maki, fina-finai, darussan nazarin kai, littattafan karatu da wasannin allo don dukkan harsuna goma da ake koyarwa a Victoria (Turanci, Māori, Harshen Kurame na New Zealand, Faransanci, Sinanci, Jamusanci, Italiyanci, Jafananci, Samoa da Sifaniyanci) da kuma wasu da dama. Ganin rashin albarkatun koyon harshe ga harsunan Pacific da yawa, ya yi aiki tare da masu magana da harshen asali na gida don ƙaddamar da dandamali na kan layi don harsuna kamar Māori, Samoan da Cook Islands Māori. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Old Samoan songs and stories made available online |url=https://www.radionz.co.nz/international/programmes/datelinepacific/audio/201781357/old-samoan-songs-and-stories-made-available-online |access-date=25 May 2018 |website=Radio New Zealand}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |title=Cook Islands digital free online resource |url=http://www.mpia.govt.nz/news-and-stories/cook-islands-digital-free-online-resource/ |access-date=25 May 2018 |website=Ministry for Pacific Peoples |archive-date=28 January 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180128002257/http://mpia.govt.nz/news-and-stories/cook-islands-digital-free-online-resource/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |title=Rays of Sound from across the Pacific |url=https://gazette.education.govt.nz/articles/rays-of-sound-from-across-the-pacific/ |access-date=25 May 2018 |website=Education Gazette Tukutuku Kо̄rero |publisher=New Zealand Ministry of Education}}</ref> An samar da kayan aikin dakunan gwaje-gwajen harsuna a cikin Cibiyar don koyar da Harshen Kurame na New Zealand ban da harsunan da ake magana da su. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Interview with Edith Paillat, Language Technology Specialist – Victoria University of Wellington |url=https://www.sansinc.com/success-stories/source/profilewellington.pdf |access-date=25 May 2018 |website=Sans Software and Network Solutions }}{{Dead link|date=August 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> == Shirin Abokiyar Harshe == Cibiyar ta gudanar da shirin koyon harsunan Tandem wanda ke ba ɗalibai damar yin aiki tare da mai magana da harshensu na asali don inganta ƙwarewar tattaunawa da kuma koyo game da al'adun takwarorinsu. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Language buddies│Hoa reo |url=https://www.victoria.ac.nz/llc/language-buddies |access-date=23 May 2018 |website=Language Learning Centre}}</ref> == Tarihi == An kafa dakin gwaje-gwajen harsuna na farko a 30 Kelburn Parade a shekarar 1967 ta hannun Ma'aikatar Faransa ta wancan lokacin. A shekarar 1974 an gabatar da wani sashe na dakin gwaje-gwaje na harshe a cikin shirin Faransanci a hukumance domin a fallasa ɗalibai ga ingantattun kayan aiki. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Barrowman |first=Rachel |title=Victoria University of Wellington 1899-1999 - A history |url=http://nzetc.victoria.ac.nz/tm/scholarly/tei-BarVict-c11.html |access-date=25 May 2018 |website=New Zealand Electronic Text Collection}}</ref> A shekarar 1989, Cibiyar Harshen Turanci ta jami'ar ta fara ba da muhimmanci ga koyon harshe mai zaman kansa ta hanyar abin da a lokacin ake kira Cibiyar Samun Kai, wani muhimmin cibiya ga Shirin Ƙwarewar Turanci (EPP). Daga baya aka san wannan da Cibiyar Koyon Harshe (LLC) kuma ta faɗaɗa don ɗaukar nauyin ɗaliban wasu harsunan da ake koyarwa a Victoria da kuma harsunan da ba a koyar da su ba. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Cotterall |first=Sara |last2=Reinders |first2=Hayo |date=2001 |title=Fortress or Bridge? Learners’ Perceptions and Practice in Self Access Language Learning |url=http://unitec.researchbank.ac.nz/bitstream/handle/10652/2418/article%20-%202001%20-%20tesolanz%20%28independent%20learning%29.pdf?sequence=3&isAllowed=y |journal=Tesolanz |issue=8 |pages=23–38 |access-date=23 May 2018 |archive-date=9 August 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170809121253/http://unitec.researchbank.ac.nz/bitstream/handle/10652/2418/article%20-%202001%20-%20tesolanz%20%28independent%20learning%29.pdf?sequence=3&isAllowed=y |url-status=dead }}</ref> == Manazarta == 5p3kfvsegj1btpwxzbityuqcvy1v7an 0 162451 895209 888871 2026-08-11T21:09:00Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 895209 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Cututtukan cututtuka a cikin saitunan gyara na Amurka''' damuwa ne a cikin bangaren kiwon lafiya na jama'a. Yawan mutanen da ke gyarawa suna iya kamuwa da cututtukan cututtuka ta hanyar fuskantar jini da sauran ruwa na jiki, allurar miyagun ƙwayoyi, kula da lafiya mara kyau, yawan jama'a, batutuwan tsaro, rashin tallafin al'umma don shirye-shiryen farfadowa, da halayen haɗari.<ref name="Weinbaum">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Weinbaum CM, Sabin KM, Santibanez SS |date=October 2005 |title=Hepatitis B, hepatitis C, and HIV in correctional populations: a review of epidemiology and prevention |journal=AIDS |volume=19 Suppl 3 |pages=S41–6 |doi=10.1097/01.aids.0000192069.95819.aa |pmid=16251827 |s2cid=22609548 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Yaduwar [[Infectious disease|Cututtukan cututtuka]], irin su [[HIV]] da sauran cututtuken da ake samu ta hanyar jima'i, [[Hepatitis C]] (HCV), [[Hepatitis B]] (HBV), da [[tarin fuka]], ya samo asali ne daga raba allurar, amfani da miyagun ƙwayoyi, da jima'i da ba a yarda da shi ba tsakanin fursunoni.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Guillemette |first=Sean |year=2003 |title=The silent killer doing time |url=http://hepatitismag.com/storydetail.asp?storyid=7 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070616003127/http://hepatitismag.com/storydetail.asp?storyid=7 |archive-date=June 16, 2007 |access-date=September 10, 2014}}</ref><ref name="Stark">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Stark K, Herrmann U, Ehrhardt S, Bienzle U |date=August 2006 |title=A syringe exchange programme in prison as prevention strategy against HIV infection and hepatitis B and C in Berlin, Germany |journal=Epidemiology and Infection |volume=134 |issue=4 |pages=814–9 |doi=10.1017/S0950268805005613 |jstor=3865972 |pmc=2870452 |pmid=16371183}}</ref> HIV da hepatitis C suna buƙatar takamaiman kulawa saboda takamaiman damuwa game da lafiyar jama'a da batutuwan da suka tayar. Aiwatar da shirye-shiryen tantance HIV da STI a cikin saitin gyarawa muhimmiyar hanya ce don rage yawan sabbin cututtukan HIV na shekara-shekara a Amurka. Tsarin gyarawa a Amurka yana da tsari iri-iri na saituna iri-iri kamar su gidajen kurkuku na jihohi da na tarayya, gidajen kurkukun gida, da [[Cibiyar tsare matasa|Cibiyoyin tsare yara]] kuma sun haɗa da ƙuntatawa na doka na dokokin jihohi. Ɗaya daga cikin hanyoyin gwajin kwayar cutar kanjamau ba zai yiwu ba ko ma ba zai yiwu a duk saitunan gyarawa ba.<ref name="stacks.cdc.gov">{{Cite web |last=MacGowan |first=Robin J. |date=January 2009 |title=HIV testing implementation guidance for correctional settings |url=https://stacks.cdc.gov/view/cdc/5279 |access-date=2021-11-22 |website=stacks.cdc.gov}}</ref> Akwai bambanci na asali a cikin kurkuku da yanayin kurkuku wanda ya cancanci gwajin cututtukan cututtuka a matakin kurkuku. Ana amfani da kurkuku da yawa don riƙe masu laifi waɗanda aka tuhume su amma ba a yanke musu hukunci da laifi ba. Kurkuku na cikin gida sun yarda da kimanin mutane miliyan 11.7 a cikin watanni 12 da suka ƙare a ranar 30 ga Yuni, 2013. Matsakaicin yawan jujjuyawar mako-mako ya kasance 60.2%.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Jail Inmates at Midyear 2013 - Statistical Tables (Revised) |url=https://bjs.ojp.gov/library/publications/jail-inmates-midyear-2013-statistical-tables-revised |access-date=2021-11-22 |website=Bureau of Justice Statistics |language=en}}</ref> Aiwatar da HIV, HCV da sauran shirye-shiryen tantance STI a matakin kurkuku hanya ce mai inganci don gano cutar kafin a sake sakin mutumin da ya kamu da cutar ga al'umma kuma ya iya watsa cutar. == Cututtukan da ke cikin haɗari == Akalla kashi 17% na mutanen da ke fama da cutar HIV / AIDS an tsare su a wani lokaci a rayuwarsu.<ref name="Arp">{{Cite journal |last=Arp III |first=William |year=2009 |title=Race, Incarceration and HIV/AIDS in Louisiana: Risky Sexual Behavior Demands Mandatory Testing |journal=Race, Gender & Class |volume=16 |issue=1/2 |pages=228–37 |jstor=41658870}}</ref> Adadin kamuwa da kwayar cutar kanjamau ya ninka sau goma zuwa ɗari a cikin tsarin kurkuku fiye da waje.<ref name="Women Prison HIV">{{Cite journal |last=Chandler C |year=2003 |title=Death and dying in America: the prison industrial complex's impact on women's health |url=http://scholarship.law.berkeley.edu/bglj/vol18/iss1/3 |journal=Berkeley Women's Law Journal |volume=18 |pages=40–60 |pmid=15199931 |access-date=2026-07-29 |archive-date=2016-08-13 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160813132956/http://scholarship.law.berkeley.edu/bglj/vol18/iss1/3/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> Jama'ar da ke kurkuku sun fi kamuwa da cutar saboda suna fuskantar halayen haɗari a cikin tsarin gyara. A cikin binciken kurkuku na Louisiana, fursunoni 242 (72.8% na fursunonin maza) sun shiga cikin jima'i da wasu maza, kuma ba koyaushe suna da damar samun kariya mai kyau ba.<ref name="Arp" /> Bugu da ƙari, bincike ya nuna cewa yawan kamuwa da cuta ta hanyar allura ya fi girma a tsakanin waɗanda suka yi aiki a kurkuku a baya. Bincike ya nuna cewa karuwar kamuwa da cuta sakamakon karuwar hukuncin ɗaurin kurkuku ne saboda laifukan da suka shafi miyagun ƙwayoyi da kuma yaki da miyagun ƙ ƙwayoyi.<ref name="Hazel">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Dean-Gaitor HD, Fleming PL |date=December 1999 |title=Epidemiology of AIDS in incarcerated persons in the United States, 1994-1996 |journal=AIDS |volume=13 |issue=17 |pages=2429–35 |doi=10.1097/00002030-199912030-00015 |pmid=10597785 |doi-access=free}}</ref><ref name="Lynda">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Gaiter J, Doll LS |date=September 1996 |title=Improving HIV/AIDS prevention in prisons is good public health policy |journal=American Journal of Public Health |volume=86 |issue=9 |pages=1201–3 |doi=10.2105/ajph.86.9.1201 |pmc=1380577 |pmid=8806366}}</ref> Tun da fursunoni gabaɗaya suna raba mutane ta hanyar jinsi, yawan jama'a suna fuskantar yanayi daban-daban; [[Kurkuku na mata a Amurka|Mata da aka tsare a Amurka]] suna da ƙimar kamuwa da cuta.<ref name="Women Prison HIV" /> == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Webarchive template wayback links]] 5xqhe9rfj9ljsc197f08mzyt9qyfx48 0 162514 894997 889368 2026-08-11T15:01:32Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 894997 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Charles S. Grob''' farfesa ne a fannin ilimin halayyar kwakwalwa da kimiyyar halayyar halittu da ilimin yara kuma darektan Sashen Yara da Matasa a Cibiyar Kiwon Lafiya ta Harbor-UCLA . <ref>{{Cite web |title=Charles S. Grob, M.D. |url=http://www.harboruclapsych.com/charles-s-grob-m-d/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180722184729/http://www.harboruclapsych.com/charles-s-grob-m-d/ |archive-date=July 22, 2018 |access-date=July 22, 2018 |publisher=Harbor-UCLA Psychiatry}}</ref> Ya sami digiri biyu na BS daga [[Oberlin College|Kwalejin Oberlin]] da [[Columbia University|Jami'ar Columbia]], kafin ya sami MD daga Jami'ar Jihar New York, [[Downstate Medical Center|Cibiyar Kiwon Lafiya ta Downstate]]. Binciken Grob ya haɗa da damuwa da rikice-rikice na yanayi da kuma maganin kai da kuma shan miyagun ƙwayoyi. [[Hukumar Abinci da Magunguna|FDA]] ta amince da daya daga cikin karatun Mataki na 1 don nazarin tasirin tunani da na jiki na [[MDMA]] da hallucinogen [[ayahuasca]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Charles Grob, MD |url=http://labiomed.org/charles-grob-md |publisher=LA BioMed |access-date=2026-07-30 |archive-date=2019-07-17 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190717061708/https://labiomed.org/charles-grob-md |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Charles S. Grob, M.D. – psychedelic researcher |url=https://psychedelicsalon.com/transcripts/charles-s-grob-m-d-psychedelic-researcher/ |publisher=Psychedelic Salon Podcasts}}</ref> Grob kuma shi ne editan Hallucinogens: A Reader, wanda aka buga a 2002. Littafin tarin matani ne na psychedelic wanda ke rufe batutuwa masu yawa, kamar shamanism, al'umma, da bincike na psilocybin. Ya ƙunshi sassan daga shugabannin ƙungiyar psychedelic, gami da Terence McKenna, Albert Hofmann, da Ralph Metzner . <ref>{{Cite web |date=March 9, 2010 |title=Hallucinogens A Reader by Charles S. Grob (Ed) |url=http://psypressuk.com/2010/03/09/literary-review-hallucinogens-a-reader-edit-charles-s-grob/ |publisher=PsypressUK}}</ref> == Ayyukan bincike == * '''The Hoasca Project''' – Hoasca, also known as ayahuasca, is a plant-based beverage used as a component of ritualistic practices in Brazil by the members of UDV, a syncretic religious movement. It is the most comprehensive and in-depth study done on the relationship between ayahuasca and mental health.<ref>{{Cite web |date=March 28, 2013 |title=The Hoasca Project |url=https://myayahuasca.wordpress.com/the-hoasca-project/}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=MAPS - Volume 5 Number 4 Summer 1995 - The Hoasca Project: Current Status |url=http://www.maps.org/news-letters/v05n4/05404aya.html |publisher=}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=((MilagrosL7)) |date=March 12, 2011 |title=Dr. Charles Grob- Ayahuasca & Hallucinogens- Clinical studies- Past Present and Future |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Q4XL_Hk_L5g |publisher= |via=YouTube}}</ref> * '''Psilocybin''' – Charles Grob conducted a study that observed the effect of psilocybin when used by patients with advanced cancer and existential anxiety. From 2004 to 2008, the research group at Harbor–UCLA Medical Center conducted a double-blind, placebo-controlled investigation examining the safety and efficacy of psilocybin as a treatment for advanced-cancer anxiety. A total of twelve subjects were studied, all of whom tolerated the experimental treatment without adverse effects.<ref>{{Cite web |last=MAPS |date=July 24, 2013 |title=Psilocybin at the End of Life – Charles Grob |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=tWeEp0S1AAQ |publisher= |via=YouTube}}</ref> In August 2020, the Lundquist Institute announced Grob would co-lead a $1.75M+ study using psilocybin for palliative care of patients near the end of their lives.<ref>{{Cite web |date=July 21, 2020 |title=The Lundquist Institute Accepts a $1.75 Million Anonymous Donation to Improve the Quality of Dying |url=https://lundquist.org/news/lundquist-institute-accepts-175-million-anonymous-donation-improve-quality-dying |access-date=January 7, 2025 |publisher=The Lundquist Institute}}</ref> == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] 32jdrziwskdpl9eqar30dg1oymjpd3o 0 162974 894987 893630 2026-08-11T14:08:39Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 894987 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Cathleen Naundorf''' (an haife ta a ranar 13 ga Afrilu, 1968 a Weißenfels ) <ref>{{Cite web |title=Cathleen Naundorf {{!}} artnet |url=http://www.artnet.com/artists/cathleen-naundorf/ |access-date=4 June 2020 |website=www.artnet.com}}</ref> ƙwararriyar mai fasaha ce kuma mai ɗaukar hoto ta zamani . Tana zaune a [[Faris|Paris]] da [[Landan|London]] . == Rayuwa == An haife shi a Weißenfels, <ref>{{Cite web |title=Cathleen Naundorf Paintings & Artwork for Sale {{!}} Cathleen Naundorf Art Value Price Guide |url=https://www.invaluable.com/artist/naundorf-cathleen-akkrjhzmr4/sold-at-auction-prices/ |access-date=4 June 2020 |website=www.invaluable.com}}</ref> Naundorf ya ƙaura daga Jamhuriyar Dimokuraɗiyyar Jamus zuwa [[Jamus|Jamhuriyar Tarayya ta Jamus]] a shekarar 1985. Daga shekarar 1990 zuwa 1992 ta yi karatu a [[München|Munich]] a Kwalejin Zane ta Municipal tare da mai da hankali kan zane-zane, zane da daukar hoto. Daga shekarar 1990, Naundorf ta taimaka a ɗakunan daukar hoto a Munich, [[Berlin]], Paris, [[New York (birni)|New York City]] da [[Singafora|Singapore]] . A farkon shekarun 1990, ta yi tafiya a madadin mawallafan littattafai daban-daban a matsayin mai ɗaukar hoto na rahotanni . Tun daga shekarar 1989, Naundorf ta mayar da hankali kan sha'awarta ta kirkire-kirkire da kuma alkiblar fasaha a fannin daukar hotunan kwalliya tsakanin ayyukan da ke birnin New York da Paris. A shekarar 1998 ta zauna a birnin Paris na dindindin kuma ta buɗe ɗakin studio da ɗakin studio na biyu a Landan a shekarar 2015. == Daukar hoto == Aikinta na farko a matsayin mai ɗaukar hoto kan rahotanni ya mayar da hankali ne kan ƙabilu a [[Tsakiyar Asiya|Tsakiya]] da Gabashin Asiya da [[Amurka ta Kudu|Kudancin Amurka]] . Ta rayu kuma ta yi aiki tare da mutanen asali kamar Yanomami, Mongols da [[Kazakhs]] a tsaunukan Altai da kuma tare da shamans a Yakutia, Siberia . <ref name=":4">{{Cite web |last=Somerset House |date=29 November 2012 |title=Valentino: Master of Couture |url=https://www.somersethouse.org.uk/whats-on/valentino-master-couture |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170331080232/https://www.somersethouse.org.uk/whats-on/valentino-master-couture |archive-date=31 March 2017 |access-date=25 September 2021 |website=somersethouse.org.uk}}</ref> An buga hotunanta a cikin ''National Geographic ,'' <nowiki><i id="mwRw">GEO</i></nowiki> da <nowiki><i id="mwSQ">Globo</i></nowiki> . <ref name=":7">{{Cite journal |last=Hainer |first=Caroline |date=2018 |title=Modedrömmar I Storformat. Teatrala Scener och Fantasieggande Modehistsorier. Cathleen Naundorfs Fotografi är Grandiost och Spektakulärt. Till och med Hennes Kamera är Storslagen. |url=https://cathleennaundorf.com/press/modedroemmar-i-storformat/ |journal=Fotografiska, Sweden |volume=03.2018 |pages=8–10}}</ref> A ƙarshen shekarun 1980, Naundorf ta haɗu da mai ɗaukar hoto na zamani Horst P. Horst a birnin New York, wanda ya zama mai ba ta shawara. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Susanna |first=Brown |date=2014 |title=Horst: Photographers of Style. The Legacy Lives On |url=https://cathleennaundorf.com/press/the-legacy-lives-on/ |journal=V&A Magazine |volume=35 |pages=48–52}}</ref> <ref name=":2">{{Cite journal |last=Sanson |first=Anna |date=2016 |title=Cathleen Naundorf |url=https://cathleennaundorf.com/press/cathleen-naundorf/ |journal=White Wall Magazine, USA |access-date=17 September 2021}}</ref> A shekarar 1997, ta fara ɗaukar hotunan Condé Nast a bayan fage yayin wasannin kwaikwayo daban-daban na Paris. Naundorf ya yi aiki a jerin hotuna masu taken "Un rêve de mode", inda ya mai da hankali kan gidajen kwalliya na Haute couture kamar Dior, Chanel, Valentino, Gaultier, Elie Saab da Armani . Haɗin gwiwa da Réunion des Musées Nationaux ya haifar da jerin hotuna da aka shirya a Grand Palais, a Gidan Tarihi na Tarihin Halitta na Ƙasa da kuma jerin hotuna da ke Château de Malmaison . Ayyukan sun haɗa gine-ginen tarihi na Faransa da jigogin salon zamani na Paris. Daga shekarar 2010, Naundorf ta yi aiki tare da Gidan Tarihi na Rodin da ke Paris, da kuma Gidan Tarihi na Rodin de Meudon . <ref name=":2"/> Ta yi aiki tare sau da yawa da mai tsara kayan cikin gida Didier Gomez da Sofitel Paris Hotel, <ref>{{Cite web |last=Rivera |first=Lizzie |date=2016-10-04 |title=The designer hotels for Paris fashion week |url=https://www.standard.co.uk/homesandproperty/interiors/paris-fashion-week-designer-hotels-for-stays-that-are-the-ultimate-in-luxury-and-style-a104031.html |access-date=2021-06-22 |website=www.standard.co.uk |language=en}}</ref> da kuma masu yin kayan ado na Paris. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Naundorf |first=Cathleen |date=2010 |title=Series: "Les Liaisons Dangereuses" |url=https://cathleennaundorf.com/fine-art-photography/photo-works/still-life/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210419153946/https://cathleennaundorf.com/fine-art-photography/photo-works/still-life/ |archive-date=19 April 2021 |access-date=16 September 2021 |website=}}</ref> Tun daga shekarar 2012, Naundorf yana aiki tare da Valentino Garavani kan ayyuka daban-daban kamar "Labarin Italiyanci - Au Chateau de Wideville" da kuma kamfen ɗin baje kolin Valentino's Somerset House "Valentino: Master of Couture". <ref name=":4"/> An yi ayyuka da dama tare da Gidan Tarihi na Victoria da Albert <ref>{{Cite web |last=Victoria and Albert Museum |first=Digital Media |date=15 October 2014 |title=Video: Cathleen Naundorf photographs 1930s French couture at the V&A |url=http://www.vam.ac.uk/content/exhibitions/exhibition-horst-photographer-of-style/video-cathleen-naundorf-photographs-1930s-french-couture-at-the-v-and-a/ |access-date=12 July 2020 |website=www.vam.ac.uk}}</ref> a shekarar 2014 kamar na baje kolin "Horst - Mai Daukar Hoto na Salo". Tun daga shekarar 2000 tana aiki tare da wasu a Vogue, Tatler, da Harper's Bazaar . <ref name=":6">{{Cite web |date=2018 |title=Cathleen Naundorf {{!}} Secret Times |url=https://old.fotografiska.com/sto/en/news/cathleen-naundorf-secret-times/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210928165107/https://old.fotografiska.com/sto/en/news/cathleen-naundorf-secret-times/ |archive-date=28 September 2021 |access-date=28 September 2021 |website=Fotografiska}}</ref> An buga ayyukan haɗin gwiwarta da gidajen kayan kwalliya kamar Dior, Valentino, Chanel da Armani a cikin littafin ɗaukar hoto ''na Haute Couture.'' ''Jaruman Polaroid na Cathleen Naundorf'' a shekarar ''2012.'' Mujallar 2018 mai taken ''"Women of Singleular beauty - Chanel Haute Couture" ta Cathleen Naundorf'' ta yi bayani game da haɗin gwiwar Naundorf da gidan kayan kwalliyar Chanel na tsawon shekaru 15. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Boddy |first=Jessica |date=1 October 2018 |title=A Photographer's Dreamy Look at Chanel in Paris |url=https://www.thecut.com/2018/10/women-of-singular-beauty-chanel-haute-couture-cathleen-naundorf.html |access-date=12 July 2020 |website=The Cut}}</ref> A shekarar 2016 ta lashe kyautar daukar hoto ta Amurka. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Kavanagh |first=Nicola |date=2017-03-10 |title=Fashion's power women – Glass meets some of the world's most influential photographers – The Glass Magazine |url=https://www.theglassmagazine.com/interview-female-fashion-photographers/ |access-date=2021-06-22 |language=en-GB}}</ref> A shekarar 2018, an nuna [[Hotuna|Fotografiska]] a Stockholm a ƙarƙashin taken ''Sirrin lokaci,'' manyan hotuna 100, kyamararta, tarihin rayuwarta da kuma ƙirar saitin. <ref name=":6"/> Hotunan Naundorf suna cikin tarin kayan tarihi na jama'a da na masu zaman kansu, ciki har da Gidan Tarihi na Metropolitan, New York, Gidan Tarihi na Victoria da Albert, <ref>{{Cite web |last=V&A Collections |date=19 September 2021 |title=Cathleen Naundorf at V&A Collections |url=https://collections.vam.ac.uk/search/?q=cathleen%20naundorf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211006101530/https://collections.vam.ac.uk/search/?q=cathleen%20naundorf |archive-date=6 October 2021 |access-date=19 September 2021 |website=collections.vam.ac.uk}}</ref> London da Gidan Tarihi na Rodin, Paris. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Musée Rodin, Les collections du Musée Rodin |url=https://collections.musee-rodin.fr/fr/museum?q=cathleen+naundorf |access-date=2021-10-15 |website=collections.musee-rodin.fr |language=fr |archive-date=2021-10-15 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211015204651/https://collections.musee-rodin.fr/fr/museum?q=cathleen+naundorf |url-status=dead }}</ref> <ref name=":7"/> == Nune-nune == [[Fayil:The_Evolution_of_Fashion_for_Dior,_Cathleen_Naundorf.jpg|alt=Fashion photography of a model in haute couture by DIOR. Photographed at the National Museum of Natural History, Paris.|thumb| Cathleen Naundorf: ''Juyin Halittar Salo na I,'' (Dior)]] Zaɓaɓɓun nune-nunen kai kaɗai <ref name=":5">{{Cite web |date=22 September 2021 |title=Cathleen Naundorf Exhibitions |url=https://cathleennaundorf.com/about/exhibitions/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210419144118/https://cathleennaundorf.com/about/exhibitions/ |archive-date=19 April 2021 |access-date=22 September 2021 |website=cathleennaundorf.com}}</ref> * ''Lokutan sirri - Cathleen Naundorf.'' [[Hotuna|Fotografiska]], Stockholm, 2018 * ''Wasan Kuka - Cathleen Naundorf'' . Gidan Tarihi na Izzy, Toronto, 2018 * ''Cathleen Naundorf'' . Edwynn Houk Gallery, New York, 2016 * ''Cathleen Naundorf: Jirgin Nuhu'' . [https://www.hamiltonsgallery.com Hamiltons Gallery], London, 2015 * ''Cathleen Naundorf'' . Edwynn Houk Gallery, Zurich, 2015 * ''Cathleen Naundorf - Haute Couture'' . Fahey Klein Gallery, Los Angeles, 2014 * ''Mawakan Polaroid na Cathleen Naundorf'' . [https://www.holdenluntz.com Holden Luntz Gallery], Palm Beach, 2014 * ''Un rêve de mode - Cathleen Naundorf'' . Hamiltons Gallery, London 2012 * ''Hotunan Cahtleen Naundorf.'' Gidan Tarihi na Weissenfels, 2011 * ''Cathleen Naundorf.'' ''Fasaha + Salo.'' Museum Kleinhues Bau, Kornwestheim, 2010 == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1968]] [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] slm6u4pd00unba3ww3igd6sowqjwy5p 0 163015 895331 894721 2026-08-12T03:48:56Z ~2026-44060-71 47845 Undid revision [[Special:Diff/894721|894721]] by [[Special:Contributions/Vinitborde|Vinitborde]] ([[User talk:Vinitborde|talk]]) 895331 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Priya Gold'''<ref>https://www.financialexpress.com/lifestyle/meet-the-agarwals-the-family-behind-your-favourite-butter-bite-biscuit-priyagold-know-about-the-owners-their-journey-and-more/3238183/</ref><ref>https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/topic/priyagold-biscuits</ref> kamfani ne na abinci na Indiya.<ref>https://hindi.news18.com/news/business/success-story-ballabh-prasad-agarwal-priyagold-owner-net-worth-surya-foods-butter-bite-cnc-biscuits-products-list-8108179.html</ref><ref>https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/industry/cons-products/food/priyagold-to-launch-chocolates-by-nov-aims-rs-10-cr-revenue/articleshow/3455077.cms?from=mdr</ref> An kafa alamar a cikin 1994 a ƙarƙashin Surya Food & Agro Ltd. ta Shri. Ballabh Prasad Agarwal da 'ya'yansa maza, Shri. Manoj Kumar Agarwal, Shri. Navin Kumar Agarwal, da Shri. Shekhar Agarwal Da yake aiki a karkashin Surya Food & Agro Ltd.<ref>https://www.financialexpress.com/lifestyle/meet-the-agarwals-the-family-behind-your-favourite-butter-bite-biscuit-priyagold-know-about-the-owners-their-journey-and-more/3238183/</ref> Priyagold ya kafa kasancewar duniya, fitar da biscuits, snacks, cakulan, da sauran kayayyakin abinci zuwa kasashe sama da 20 a duk faɗin Asiya, Afirka, Turai, Amurka, Ostiraliya, Gabas ta Tsakiya, da Tsibirin Caribbean. Surya Food & Agro Ltd., ƙungiyar sayar da kek a ƙarƙashin alamar Priyagold, ta kaddamar da sabon masana'antu a jihar West Bengal a cikin 2022.<ref>https://www.patrika.com/noida-news/bp-agarwal-start-priya-gold-biscuit-factory-now-2000-crore-turnover-6875452</ref><ref>https://www.financialexpress.com/business/brandwagon-priyagold-launches-its-d2c-website-3315386/</ref><ref>https://hindi.news18.com/news/business/success-story-ballabh-prasad-agarwal-priyagold-owner-net-worth-surya-foods-butter-bite-cnc-biscuits-products-list-8108179.html</ref><ref>https://www.hindustantimes.com/delhi-news/workers-ransack-priyagold-unit-in-greater-noida-injure-policemen/story-Y3lWRs50EpZwjJkxiCjy7O.html</ref><ref>https://www.financialexpress.com/business/brandwagon-the-marcom-avenue-wins-the-performance-marketing-mandate-of-priyagold-3257339/</ref> == Tarihi == An kafa shi a cikin 1994, Priya Gold ya fuskanci ƙalubale na farko amma ya sami ci gaba da ci gaba. A lokacin Shri. Mutuwar Ballabh Agarwal, kamfanin ya gina daular da ta kai Rs 3000 crores, kamar yadda Patrika ta ruwaito. A cikin 1994 Priyagold ya kafa a ƙarƙashin sunan Surya Food & Agro Ltd. kuma ya ƙaddamar da samfurin sa na farko, Butter Bite .<ref>https://www.patrika.com/noida-news/bp-agarwal-start-priya-gold-biscuit-factory-now-2000-crore-turnover-6875452</ref><ref>https://www.dnaindia.com/business/report-meet-ballabh-prasad-agarwal-who-quit-family-business-built-rs-3000-crore-firm-priyagold-which-is-challenging-3080038</ref><ref>https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/industry/cons-products/food/priyagold-to-launch-chocolates-by-nov-aims-rs-10-cr-revenue/articleshow/3455077.cms?from=mdr</ref><ref>https://brandequity.economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/the-pitch-report/the-marcom-avenue-secures-priyagold-mandate-for-performance-marketing/103986274</ref><ref>https://www.livemint.com/companies/news/biscuit-maker-priyagold-opens-manufacturing-unit-in-west-bengal-11643967412653.html</ref><ref>https://brandequity.economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/advertising/katrina-kaif-to-endorse-priyagolds-superstar/63466114</ref><ref>https://brandequity.economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/the-pitch-report/the-marcom-avenue-secures-priyagold-mandate-for-performance-marketing/103986274</ref> == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} 36w0fb37e56s6jrhhjsjf6ss73w4jqc 895348 895331 2026-08-12T04:17:19Z Vinitborde 47729 Blanked the page 895348 wikitext text/x-wiki phoiac9h4m842xq45sp7s6u21eteeq1 895349 895348 2026-08-12T04:18:31Z Codename Noreste 23622 Reverted edit by [[Special:Contributions/Vinitborde|Vinitborde]] ([[User talk:Vinitborde|talk]]) to last revision by [[User:~2026-44060-71|~2026-44060-71]] 895331 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Priya Gold'''<ref>https://www.financialexpress.com/lifestyle/meet-the-agarwals-the-family-behind-your-favourite-butter-bite-biscuit-priyagold-know-about-the-owners-their-journey-and-more/3238183/</ref><ref>https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/topic/priyagold-biscuits</ref> kamfani ne na abinci na Indiya.<ref>https://hindi.news18.com/news/business/success-story-ballabh-prasad-agarwal-priyagold-owner-net-worth-surya-foods-butter-bite-cnc-biscuits-products-list-8108179.html</ref><ref>https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/industry/cons-products/food/priyagold-to-launch-chocolates-by-nov-aims-rs-10-cr-revenue/articleshow/3455077.cms?from=mdr</ref> An kafa alamar a cikin 1994 a ƙarƙashin Surya Food & Agro Ltd. ta Shri. Ballabh Prasad Agarwal da 'ya'yansa maza, Shri. Manoj Kumar Agarwal, Shri. Navin Kumar Agarwal, da Shri. Shekhar Agarwal Da yake aiki a karkashin Surya Food & Agro Ltd.<ref>https://www.financialexpress.com/lifestyle/meet-the-agarwals-the-family-behind-your-favourite-butter-bite-biscuit-priyagold-know-about-the-owners-their-journey-and-more/3238183/</ref> Priyagold ya kafa kasancewar duniya, fitar da biscuits, snacks, cakulan, da sauran kayayyakin abinci zuwa kasashe sama da 20 a duk faɗin Asiya, Afirka, Turai, Amurka, Ostiraliya, Gabas ta Tsakiya, da Tsibirin Caribbean. Surya Food & Agro Ltd., ƙungiyar sayar da kek a ƙarƙashin alamar Priyagold, ta kaddamar da sabon masana'antu a jihar West Bengal a cikin 2022.<ref>https://www.patrika.com/noida-news/bp-agarwal-start-priya-gold-biscuit-factory-now-2000-crore-turnover-6875452</ref><ref>https://www.financialexpress.com/business/brandwagon-priyagold-launches-its-d2c-website-3315386/</ref><ref>https://hindi.news18.com/news/business/success-story-ballabh-prasad-agarwal-priyagold-owner-net-worth-surya-foods-butter-bite-cnc-biscuits-products-list-8108179.html</ref><ref>https://www.hindustantimes.com/delhi-news/workers-ransack-priyagold-unit-in-greater-noida-injure-policemen/story-Y3lWRs50EpZwjJkxiCjy7O.html</ref><ref>https://www.financialexpress.com/business/brandwagon-the-marcom-avenue-wins-the-performance-marketing-mandate-of-priyagold-3257339/</ref> == Tarihi == An kafa shi a cikin 1994, Priya Gold ya fuskanci ƙalubale na farko amma ya sami ci gaba da ci gaba. A lokacin Shri. Mutuwar Ballabh Agarwal, kamfanin ya gina daular da ta kai Rs 3000 crores, kamar yadda Patrika ta ruwaito. A cikin 1994 Priyagold ya kafa a ƙarƙashin sunan Surya Food & Agro Ltd. kuma ya ƙaddamar da samfurin sa na farko, Butter Bite .<ref>https://www.patrika.com/noida-news/bp-agarwal-start-priya-gold-biscuit-factory-now-2000-crore-turnover-6875452</ref><ref>https://www.dnaindia.com/business/report-meet-ballabh-prasad-agarwal-who-quit-family-business-built-rs-3000-crore-firm-priyagold-which-is-challenging-3080038</ref><ref>https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/industry/cons-products/food/priyagold-to-launch-chocolates-by-nov-aims-rs-10-cr-revenue/articleshow/3455077.cms?from=mdr</ref><ref>https://brandequity.economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/the-pitch-report/the-marcom-avenue-secures-priyagold-mandate-for-performance-marketing/103986274</ref><ref>https://www.livemint.com/companies/news/biscuit-maker-priyagold-opens-manufacturing-unit-in-west-bengal-11643967412653.html</ref><ref>https://brandequity.economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/advertising/katrina-kaif-to-endorse-priyagolds-superstar/63466114</ref><ref>https://brandequity.economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/the-pitch-report/the-marcom-avenue-secures-priyagold-mandate-for-performance-marketing/103986274</ref> == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} 36w0fb37e56s6jrhhjsjf6ss73w4jqc 895368 895349 2026-08-12T06:25:50Z NDG 37615 Requesting deletion ([[:m:Special:MyLanguage/User:TenWhile6/XReport|XReport]] v3.1c) 895368 wikitext text/x-wiki <noinclude>{{delete|1=Spam <small>[[:m:Special:MyLanguage/User:TenWhile6/XReport|XReport]]</small>}}</noinclude> {{Databox}} '''Priya Gold'''<ref>https://www.financialexpress.com/lifestyle/meet-the-agarwals-the-family-behind-your-favourite-butter-bite-biscuit-priyagold-know-about-the-owners-their-journey-and-more/3238183/</ref><ref>https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/topic/priyagold-biscuits</ref> kamfani ne na abinci na Indiya.<ref>https://hindi.news18.com/news/business/success-story-ballabh-prasad-agarwal-priyagold-owner-net-worth-surya-foods-butter-bite-cnc-biscuits-products-list-8108179.html</ref><ref>https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/industry/cons-products/food/priyagold-to-launch-chocolates-by-nov-aims-rs-10-cr-revenue/articleshow/3455077.cms?from=mdr</ref> An kafa alamar a cikin 1994 a ƙarƙashin Surya Food & Agro Ltd. ta Shri. Ballabh Prasad Agarwal da 'ya'yansa maza, Shri. Manoj Kumar Agarwal, Shri. Navin Kumar Agarwal, da Shri. Shekhar Agarwal Da yake aiki a karkashin Surya Food & Agro Ltd.<ref>https://www.financialexpress.com/lifestyle/meet-the-agarwals-the-family-behind-your-favourite-butter-bite-biscuit-priyagold-know-about-the-owners-their-journey-and-more/3238183/</ref> Priyagold ya kafa kasancewar duniya, fitar da biscuits, snacks, cakulan, da sauran kayayyakin abinci zuwa kasashe sama da 20 a duk faɗin Asiya, Afirka, Turai, Amurka, Ostiraliya, Gabas ta Tsakiya, da Tsibirin Caribbean. Surya Food & Agro Ltd., ƙungiyar sayar da kek a ƙarƙashin alamar Priyagold, ta kaddamar da sabon masana'antu a jihar West Bengal a cikin 2022.<ref>https://www.patrika.com/noida-news/bp-agarwal-start-priya-gold-biscuit-factory-now-2000-crore-turnover-6875452</ref><ref>https://www.financialexpress.com/business/brandwagon-priyagold-launches-its-d2c-website-3315386/</ref><ref>https://hindi.news18.com/news/business/success-story-ballabh-prasad-agarwal-priyagold-owner-net-worth-surya-foods-butter-bite-cnc-biscuits-products-list-8108179.html</ref><ref>https://www.hindustantimes.com/delhi-news/workers-ransack-priyagold-unit-in-greater-noida-injure-policemen/story-Y3lWRs50EpZwjJkxiCjy7O.html</ref><ref>https://www.financialexpress.com/business/brandwagon-the-marcom-avenue-wins-the-performance-marketing-mandate-of-priyagold-3257339/</ref> == Tarihi == An kafa shi a cikin 1994, Priya Gold ya fuskanci ƙalubale na farko amma ya sami ci gaba da ci gaba. A lokacin Shri. Mutuwar Ballabh Agarwal, kamfanin ya gina daular da ta kai Rs 3000 crores, kamar yadda Patrika ta ruwaito. A cikin 1994 Priyagold ya kafa a ƙarƙashin sunan Surya Food & Agro Ltd. kuma ya ƙaddamar da samfurin sa na farko, Butter Bite .<ref>https://www.patrika.com/noida-news/bp-agarwal-start-priya-gold-biscuit-factory-now-2000-crore-turnover-6875452</ref><ref>https://www.dnaindia.com/business/report-meet-ballabh-prasad-agarwal-who-quit-family-business-built-rs-3000-crore-firm-priyagold-which-is-challenging-3080038</ref><ref>https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/industry/cons-products/food/priyagold-to-launch-chocolates-by-nov-aims-rs-10-cr-revenue/articleshow/3455077.cms?from=mdr</ref><ref>https://brandequity.economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/the-pitch-report/the-marcom-avenue-secures-priyagold-mandate-for-performance-marketing/103986274</ref><ref>https://www.livemint.com/companies/news/biscuit-maker-priyagold-opens-manufacturing-unit-in-west-bengal-11643967412653.html</ref><ref>https://brandequity.economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/advertising/katrina-kaif-to-endorse-priyagolds-superstar/63466114</ref><ref>https://brandequity.economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/the-pitch-report/the-marcom-avenue-secures-priyagold-mandate-for-performance-marketing/103986274</ref> == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} 5lwe3pc6igg8qmto417dkvbfjj1z47m 895374 895368 2026-08-12T06:43:48Z Vinitborde 47729 Replaced content with "<noinclude>{{delete|1=Spam <small>[[:m:Special:MyLanguage/User:TenWhile6/XReport|XReport]]</small>}}</noinclude> {{Databox}} {{Reflist}}" 895374 wikitext text/x-wiki <noinclude>{{delete|1=Spam <small>[[:m:Special:MyLanguage/User:TenWhile6/XReport|XReport]]</small>}}</noinclude> {{Databox}} {{Reflist}} 0rnlppfygnuk314ar8vqg0eat5xmkj7 895684 895374 2026-08-12T11:35:30Z Gwanki 3834 Reverted edit by [[Special:Contributions/Vinitborde|Vinitborde]] ([[User talk:Vinitborde|talk]]) to last revision by [[User:NDG|NDG]] 895368 wikitext text/x-wiki <noinclude>{{delete|1=Spam <small>[[:m:Special:MyLanguage/User:TenWhile6/XReport|XReport]]</small>}}</noinclude> {{Databox}} '''Priya Gold'''<ref>https://www.financialexpress.com/lifestyle/meet-the-agarwals-the-family-behind-your-favourite-butter-bite-biscuit-priyagold-know-about-the-owners-their-journey-and-more/3238183/</ref><ref>https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/topic/priyagold-biscuits</ref> kamfani ne na abinci na Indiya.<ref>https://hindi.news18.com/news/business/success-story-ballabh-prasad-agarwal-priyagold-owner-net-worth-surya-foods-butter-bite-cnc-biscuits-products-list-8108179.html</ref><ref>https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/industry/cons-products/food/priyagold-to-launch-chocolates-by-nov-aims-rs-10-cr-revenue/articleshow/3455077.cms?from=mdr</ref> An kafa alamar a cikin 1994 a ƙarƙashin Surya Food & Agro Ltd. ta Shri. Ballabh Prasad Agarwal da 'ya'yansa maza, Shri. Manoj Kumar Agarwal, Shri. Navin Kumar Agarwal, da Shri. Shekhar Agarwal Da yake aiki a karkashin Surya Food & Agro Ltd.<ref>https://www.financialexpress.com/lifestyle/meet-the-agarwals-the-family-behind-your-favourite-butter-bite-biscuit-priyagold-know-about-the-owners-their-journey-and-more/3238183/</ref> Priyagold ya kafa kasancewar duniya, fitar da biscuits, snacks, cakulan, da sauran kayayyakin abinci zuwa kasashe sama da 20 a duk faɗin Asiya, Afirka, Turai, Amurka, Ostiraliya, Gabas ta Tsakiya, da Tsibirin Caribbean. Surya Food & Agro Ltd., ƙungiyar sayar da kek a ƙarƙashin alamar Priyagold, ta kaddamar da sabon masana'antu a jihar West Bengal a cikin 2022.<ref>https://www.patrika.com/noida-news/bp-agarwal-start-priya-gold-biscuit-factory-now-2000-crore-turnover-6875452</ref><ref>https://www.financialexpress.com/business/brandwagon-priyagold-launches-its-d2c-website-3315386/</ref><ref>https://hindi.news18.com/news/business/success-story-ballabh-prasad-agarwal-priyagold-owner-net-worth-surya-foods-butter-bite-cnc-biscuits-products-list-8108179.html</ref><ref>https://www.hindustantimes.com/delhi-news/workers-ransack-priyagold-unit-in-greater-noida-injure-policemen/story-Y3lWRs50EpZwjJkxiCjy7O.html</ref><ref>https://www.financialexpress.com/business/brandwagon-the-marcom-avenue-wins-the-performance-marketing-mandate-of-priyagold-3257339/</ref> == Tarihi == An kafa shi a cikin 1994, Priya Gold ya fuskanci ƙalubale na farko amma ya sami ci gaba da ci gaba. A lokacin Shri. Mutuwar Ballabh Agarwal, kamfanin ya gina daular da ta kai Rs 3000 crores, kamar yadda Patrika ta ruwaito. A cikin 1994 Priyagold ya kafa a ƙarƙashin sunan Surya Food & Agro Ltd. kuma ya ƙaddamar da samfurin sa na farko, Butter Bite .<ref>https://www.patrika.com/noida-news/bp-agarwal-start-priya-gold-biscuit-factory-now-2000-crore-turnover-6875452</ref><ref>https://www.dnaindia.com/business/report-meet-ballabh-prasad-agarwal-who-quit-family-business-built-rs-3000-crore-firm-priyagold-which-is-challenging-3080038</ref><ref>https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/industry/cons-products/food/priyagold-to-launch-chocolates-by-nov-aims-rs-10-cr-revenue/articleshow/3455077.cms?from=mdr</ref><ref>https://brandequity.economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/the-pitch-report/the-marcom-avenue-secures-priyagold-mandate-for-performance-marketing/103986274</ref><ref>https://www.livemint.com/companies/news/biscuit-maker-priyagold-opens-manufacturing-unit-in-west-bengal-11643967412653.html</ref><ref>https://brandequity.economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/advertising/katrina-kaif-to-endorse-priyagolds-superstar/63466114</ref><ref>https://brandequity.economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/the-pitch-report/the-marcom-avenue-secures-priyagold-mandate-for-performance-marketing/103986274</ref> == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} 5lwe3pc6igg8qmto417dkvbfjj1z47m 0 163036 895640 894212 2026-08-12T11:01:38Z Abdulrahman tahir shika 24962 Nayi gyara 895640 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Jutta Koether''' (an haife ta a shekara ta 1958) ƙwararriyar mai fasaha ce ta Jamus, mawaƙiya kuma mai suka wadda ke zaune a birnin New York da Berlin tun farkon shekarun 1990. == Rayuwar farko da ilimi == An haifi Koether a [[Köln|Cologne]] kuma ya yi karatun fasaha da falsafa a Jami'ar Cologne. Ta koma birnin New York a shekarar 1991. == Sana'a == Zane-zanen Koether motsa jiki ne na launi, layi, tsari da tsari kuma galibi suna ɗauke da rubutu. Salon ta ya yi fice a cikin ayyukan Sigmar Polke da Kenny Scharf. Haka kuma tana samun kwarin gwiwa daga masu fasaha da masana ilimi waɗanda suka ƙirƙiri madadin al'adun gargajiya, ciki har da mai shirya fina-finai na ƙarƙashin ƙasa [[Kenneth Fushi|Kenneth Anger]] da mawaƙi [[Patti Smith]]. Ta yi aiki tare da Kim Gordon na Sonic Youth a kan ayyuka da dama, misali ''Her Noise'' a Tate Modern a 2005. Aikin Koether yana da alaƙa da Martin Kippenberger. Alaƙarsu ta fara ne a Cologne lokacin da ta yi masa hira a mujallar Spex. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Gordon |first=Kim |date=February 2011 |title=Jutta Koether: The Inside Job |url=https://www.flashartonline.com/article/jutta-koether/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170908064857/https://www.flashartonline.com/article/jutta-koether/ |archive-date=September 8, 2017 |access-date=September 7, 2017 |website=Flash Art}}</ref> Duk da cewa aikinta bai yi girma kamar Kippenberger ba, dukkan ayyukansu sun shafi tarihin Turai, musamman ma zane-zanen Jamus. A mafi yawan shekarun 1990, ta haɗa goge-goge da aka yi wahayi zuwa ga zane-zanen rubutu, launuka masu haske (musamman ruwan hoda mai haske), hotuna masu rarrafe da kuma kalamai daban-daban a saman da ke da tsiro mai ƙarfi, ko'ina a ƙarƙashin ƙasa. Shirinta na kaɗaici a Pat Hearn Gallery, New York, a shekarar 1997 ya ƙunshi waƙoƙin mawaƙin, tare da rakiyar Tom Verlaine . Aikinta na hangen nesa, a cewar jaridar ''[[New York Times|The New York Times]]'' mai sukar zane-zane Roberta Smith, yana ganin zane a matsayin manufa mai yawa. Shirin Koether na shekarar 2009 mai suna ''Lux Exterior'' at Reena Spaulings ya ƙara bincika wani jigo na gama gari a cikin aikinta, dangantakar zane da sauran fannoni na al'adun ka'ida da na adawa. An tattauna shirin Koether na 2009 a cikin rubutun David Joselit mai taken ''Painting Beside Itself'' . <ref name=":0">{{Cite journal |last=Joselit |first=David |date=2009-10-01 |title=Painting Beside Itself |journal=October |volume=- |pages=125–134 |doi=10.1162/octo.2009.130.1.125 |issn=0162-2870 |s2cid=57570958}}</ref> Baje kolin, wanda ya haɗa da zane mai suna ''Hot Rod (bayan Poussin) (2009)'' tare da abubuwan sassaka da aka samo da kuma jerin wasanni uku, Joselit ya lura da shi a matsayin "martani mai zurfi ga tambayar da na fara [wannan muƙala]: Ta yaya zane yake kasancewa na hanyar sadarwa?" <ref name=":0" /> A lokacin bazara na 2012, Koether ya shiga cikin baje kolin Whitney Biennial na tsawon watanni uku. <ref name="NYT2012a">{{Cite web |last=Roberta Smith |date=March 1, 2012 |title=A Survey of a Different Color 2012 Whitney Biennial |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2012/03/02/arts/design/2012-whitney-biennial.html?pagewanted=all |access-date=March 5, 2012 |publisher=NY Times}}</ref> A lokacin, ta ƙirƙiri manyan ayyuka guda biyu waɗanda suka mayar da martani kai tsaye ga mai zane-zanen Faransa Nicolas Poussin, fassarar littafinsa na ''The Seven Sacraments'' wanda aka sake tunaninsa a matsayin jerin shirye-shirye, da kuma ''Seasons'' (2012), martani ga ''The Four Seasons'' na Poussin. Koether ya koyar a cibiyoyi da dama, ciki har da Jami'ar Columbia, [[Kwalejin Fasaha, Berlin|Kwalejin Fasaha ta Berlin]], Jami'ar Yale, da Kwalejin Bard . Daga 2010 har zuwa 2024 ta kasance farfesa a Hochschule für bildende Künste Hamburg. == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1958]] [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] p9u01lbgy8pqjgodi2u7aaelgneb8oi 0 163161 894917 2026-08-11T13:06:23Z Nnamadee 31123 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1360681064|Guda (nun)]]" 894917 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Guda''' wata mata ce mai ilimin addinin Kirista kuma mai haskakawa a ƙarni na 12 daga Jamus. An yaba mata a matsayin wadda ta ƙirƙiri mafi tsufa misali na hoton mace da aka sanya wa hannu a cikin rubutun hannu mai haske . (Rubutun shine Frankfurt Universitätsbibliothek Ms. Barth. 42; hoton Guda ya bayyana a folio 110v; an saka rubutun a [https://sammlungen.ub.uni-frankfurt.de/msma/urn/urn:nbn:de:hebis:30:2-14495 nan] .) == Hoton Kai == Guda ya ƙirƙiri hoton kansa a cikin wasiƙar farko a cikin Wa'azin St. Bartholomew na ƙarni na 12 (yanzu yana cikin [[Frankfurt|Frankfurt am Main]] Staatsbibliothek). An sanya hoton kanta a cikin wa'azin St. John Chrysostom na tara, matsayi mafi dacewa don shaida zuwan Almasihu na biyu . An yi amfani da rubutunta, "Guda, mai zunubi, ta rubuta kuma ta zana wannan littafin," don furta laifinta, tare da bayyana kanta a matsayin mai zane da fatan ƙara mata damar samun ceto. <ref name="Shrimpton" /> Baya ga yin aiki a matsayin hoton kai, wannan farkon rubutun da aka zana za a iya ɗaukarsa a matsayin sa hannun hoto, wanda ke nuna Guda a matsayin marubuci. == Gado == Masana a yau suna yaba wa Guda da kasancewa ɗaya daga cikin mata na farko a cikin wayewar yamma da suka ƙirƙiri hoton kansu da aka sanya hannu a kai. Ko da yake akwai wasu mata masu haskakawa kamar Claricia, wata mace mai zaman kanta a cikin [[Bavarian Scriptorium|Scriptorium na Bavarian]], babu wata shaida ta zahiri da ke nuna cewa ta shiga cikin waɗannan hasken. [[Fayil:Hortus_Deliciarum,_Die_Philosophie_mit_den_sieben_freien_Künsten.JPG|thumb| Zane na Falsafa da Fasaha Bakwai Masu Sauƙin Ra'ayi a cikin ''Hortus delicarum'' .]] Daga baya an ga shigar mata cikin rubutun hannu da haske tare da Herrad na Landsberg da aikinta akan ''Hortus deliciarum .'' Shaidar Herrad ta rubuta ta yi daidai da wannan rubutun. Herrad ta zaɓi waɗanne rubuce-rubuce na addini za ta cire kuma ta haɗa da su dangane da abin da ta so, <ref name="Griffiths 2007" /> da kuma hanyoyin gyara don sauƙaƙe wa mata masu ibada na Hohenbourg Abbey damar shiga rubutun. <ref name="Griffiths 2007" /> Sukar da aka yi wa malaman addini kamar yadda aka gani a cikin hoton jahannama da aka cire wanda ta yi ƙoƙarin haɗawa da shi. <ref name="Griffiths 2007" /> Wannan ya nuna ƙarin shaidu game da gudummawar mata ga ƙirƙirar rubuce-rubuce da haske bayan hoton Guda. Gudummawar mata daga baya ga rubuce-rubuce kamar haske a cikin rubuce-rubucen hannu daga malaman addini a [[St. Maria Magdalena]] sun sanya kansu a sahun gaba a cikin ayyukan addini daban-daban. <ref name="Winston-Allen 2016 224">{{Cite journal |last=Winston-Allen |date=2016 |title=Making Manuscripts as Political Engagement by Women in the Fifteenth-Century Observant Reform Movement |url=http://dx.doi.org/10.5325/jmedirelicult.42.2.0224 |journal=Journal of Medieval Religious Cultures |volume=42 |issue=2 |pages=224–247 |doi=10.5325/jmedirelicult.42.2.0224 |issn=1947-6566 |s2cid=156547527 |url-access=subscription}}</ref> == Manazarta == 5flkyvotybs8mkkx0s3qpm11hky949x 894918 894917 2026-08-11T13:06:46Z Nnamadee 31123 894918 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Guda''' wata mata ce mai ilimin addinin Kirista kuma mai haskakawa a ƙarni na 12 daga Jamus. An yaba mata a matsayin wadda ta ƙirƙiri mafi tsufa misali na hoton mace da aka sanya wa hannu a cikin rubutun hannu mai haske . (Rubutun shine Frankfurt Universitätsbibliothek Ms. Barth. 42; hoton Guda ya bayyana a folio 110v; an saka rubutun a [https://sammlungen.ub.uni-frankfurt.de/msma/urn/urn:nbn:de:hebis:30:2-14495 nan] .) == Hoton Kai == Guda ya ƙirƙiri hoton kansa a cikin wasiƙar farko a cikin Wa'azin St. Bartholomew na ƙarni na 12 (yanzu yana cikin [[Frankfurt|Frankfurt am Main]] Staatsbibliothek). An sanya hoton kanta a cikin wa'azin St. John Chrysostom na tara, matsayi mafi dacewa don shaida zuwan Almasihu na biyu . An yi amfani da rubutunta, "Guda, mai zunubi, ta rubuta kuma ta zana wannan littafin," don furta laifinta, tare da bayyana kanta a matsayin mai zane da fatan ƙara mata damar samun ceto. <ref name="Shrimpton" /> Baya ga yin aiki a matsayin hoton kai, wannan farkon rubutun da aka zana za a iya ɗaukarsa a matsayin sa hannun hoto, wanda ke nuna Guda a matsayin marubuci. == Gado == Masana a yau suna yaba wa Guda da kasancewa ɗaya daga cikin mata na farko a cikin wayewar yamma da suka ƙirƙiri hoton kansu da aka sanya hannu a kai. Ko da yake akwai wasu mata masu haskakawa kamar Claricia, wata mace mai zaman kanta a cikin [[Bavarian Scriptorium|Scriptorium na Bavarian]], babu wata shaida ta zahiri da ke nuna cewa ta shiga cikin waɗannan hasken. [[Fayil:Hortus_Deliciarum,_Die_Philosophie_mit_den_sieben_freien_Künsten.JPG|thumb| Zane na Falsafa da Fasaha Bakwai Masu Sauƙin Ra'ayi a cikin ''Hortus delicarum'' .]] Daga baya an ga shigar mata cikin rubutun hannu da haske tare da Herrad na Landsberg da aikinta akan ''Hortus deliciarum .'' Shaidar Herrad ta rubuta ta yi daidai da wannan rubutun. Herrad ta zaɓi waɗanne rubuce-rubuce na addini za ta cire kuma ta haɗa da su dangane da abin da ta so, <ref name="Griffiths 2007" /> da kuma hanyoyin gyara don sauƙaƙe wa mata masu ibada na Hohenbourg Abbey damar shiga rubutun. <ref name="Griffiths 2007" /> Sukar da aka yi wa malaman addini kamar yadda aka gani a cikin hoton jahannama da aka cire wanda ta yi ƙoƙarin haɗawa da shi. <ref name="Griffiths 2007" /> Wannan ya nuna ƙarin shaidu game da gudummawar mata ga ƙirƙirar rubuce-rubuce da haske bayan hoton Guda. Gudummawar mata daga baya ga rubuce-rubuce kamar haske a cikin rubuce-rubucen hannu daga malaman addini a [[St. Maria Magdalena]] sun sanya kansu a sahun gaba a cikin ayyukan addini daban-daban. <ref name="Winston-Allen 2016 224">{{Cite journal |last=Winston-Allen |date=2016 |title=Making Manuscripts as Political Engagement by Women in the Fifteenth-Century Observant Reform Movement |url=http://dx.doi.org/10.5325/jmedirelicult.42.2.0224 |journal=Journal of Medieval Religious Cultures |volume=42 |issue=2 |pages=224–247 |doi=10.5325/jmedirelicult.42.2.0224 |issn=1947-6566 |s2cid=156547527 |url-access=subscription}}</ref> == Manazarta == a2jisjv9u21jfibhd8vvwlot78zg4fz 0 163162 894919 2026-08-11T13:07:25Z Nnamadee 31123 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1363844662|Pauline Boudry & Renate Lorenz]]" 894919 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Fayil:On_the_set_of_Charming_For_The_Revolution,_2009.jpg|thumb| A kan saitin fim ɗin ''Charming For The Revolution'' (Werner Hirsch, Pauline Boudry, Renate Lorenz)]] '''Pauline Boudry & Renate Lorenz''' mawaka ne biyu da ke zaune a Berlin, waɗanda ke aiki a fannin wasan kwaikwayo na fim. Kayan aikinsu galibi sun haɗa da [[fim]] da sassaka, da kuma abubuwan da aka tsara, kamar labule masu motsi, matakala, mayafi, ko hayaki mai rai. Masu yin wasan kwaikwayo su ne masu fasaha, masu rawa, masu tsara rawa, da mawaka, waɗanda suke ƙulla alaƙa ta dogon lokaci da su. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Pauline Boudry / Renate Lorenz - Exhibitions - Kunsthalle Zürich |url=https://www.kunsthallezurich.ch/en/ausstellungen/115-pauline-boudry-renate-lorenz |access-date=2026-05-11 |website=www.kunsthallezurich.ch |language=en}}</ref> Ganuwa da rashin haske da kuma abokantakar 'yan luwaɗi jigo ne da ke tafe a cikin gabatarwarsu. An nuna ayyukansu a duk duniya, misali a bikin Venice Biennale na 58 (Swiss Pavilion), 2019, a Palacio Cristal/ Museo Reina Sofia a Madrid (2022/23) da kuma a São Paulo Biennale 2024. <ref name="boudry-lorenz">{{Cite web |title=Pauline Boudry / Renate Lorenz - Statement, Biography |url=https://www.boudry-lorenz.de/biography/ |access-date=2014-07-26 |publisher=boudry-lorenz.de}}</ref> == Rayuwar farko da ilimi == An haifi Renate Lorenz a shekarar 1963 a Bonn kuma ta yi karatun wasan kwaikwayo a Cibiyar Wasan Kwaikwayo ta Giessen tare da René Pollesch . <ref>{{Cite web |title=RENÉ POLLESCH (1962–2024) Von Renate Lorenz |url=https://www.textezurkunst.de/en/articles/rene-pollesch-nachruf-von-renate-lorenz/ |access-date=2026-05-14 |website=www.textezurkunst.de}}</ref> Tarihin wasan kwaikwayonsu ya sa suka yi sha'awar haɗin gwiwa, wasan kwaikwayo, kiɗa, da kuma hanyoyin da ba na al'ada ba. Daga baya Renate Lorenz ta kammala digirin masters a Kwalejin Fasaha ta Kafafen Yaɗa Labarai ta Cologne . A ƙarshen shekarun 1980, Jochen Becker da Renate Lorenz sun kafa ƙungiyar mawaka Büro Bert. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Büro Bert - Monoskop |url=https://monoskop.org/B%C3%BCro_Bert |access-date=2026-05-14 |website=monoskop.org |language=en}}</ref> Daga 1992 zuwa 1996, Silvia Kafehsy, Marion von Osten, Ursula Biemann da Renate Lorenz sun yi aiki a Shedhalle Zürich, inda suka ƙirƙiro wani shiri mai tsauri da na mata, wanda ke da tasiri mai yawa ga tsararrakin masu kula da ayyukan da ke aiki tare da nunin da aka yi bisa bincike. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Pauline Boudry / Renate Lorenz {{!}} SIK-ISEA Recherche |url=https://recherche.sik-isea.ch/en/sik:group-12772338/in/sikisea/ |access-date=2026-05-11 |website=recherche.sik-isea.ch |language=en}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |title=shedhalle |url=http://archiv2009.shedhalle.ch/dt/programm/zeitung/05/lorenz/index.shtml |access-date=2026-05-11 |website=archiv2009.shedhalle.ch}}</ref> Renate Lorenz, a matsayinta na farfesa a fannin fasaha da bincike, tana aiki tare da Annette Baldauf, shirin digirin digirgir a fannin aiki a Kwalejin Fasaha ta Fine da ke Vienna tun daga shekarar 2010. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Survey: Renate Lorenz - Features - Education - e-flux |url=https://www.e-flux.com/education/features/547749/survey-renate-lorenz |access-date=2026-05-14 |website=www.e-flux.com |language=en}}</ref> An haifi Pauline Boudry a shekarar 1972 a Lausanne kuma ta yi karatu a Kwalejin Fasaha ta Geneva ( HEAD) . Ta bayyana asalinta na Bulgaria da kuma gadon fasaha na iyalinta—ciki har da kakanta, mai zane-zanen Symbolist CC Olsommer—a matsayin tasirin ci gaba. Tun tana ƙara shiga cikin ayyukan rukuni, ta fara shiga cikin ayyukan rukuni tun tana ƙarama. A shekarar 1997, ta haɗa kai wajen shirya baje kolin mata ''na Environ 27'' a Geneva, inda ta ƙulla alaƙa da masu fasaha kamar Julie Ault ko Renée Green. <ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-12-03 |title=On the Record |url=https://www.hesge.ch/head/issue/en/publications/record-notes-feminist-practices-visual-arts-interviewing-julie-enckell-julliard-federica-martini |access-date=2026-06-15 |website=HEAD Genève – Issue |language=fr}}</ref> A shekarar 1999 ta kafa ƙungiyar mawakan lantarki ta queer Rhythm King da Abokanta a Berlin, inda ta yi aiki da su har zuwa 2008 kuma ta yi yawon buɗe ido sosai. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Normal Work Exhibition at Gallery 44 |url=https://www.gallery44.org//exhibitions/exhibition-normal-work |access-date=2026-05-11 |website=www.gallery44.org}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |title=Rhythm King and her Friends: "I am Disco" |url=https://www.derstandard.at/story/1775143/rhythm-king-and-her-friends-i-am-disco |access-date=2026-06-15 |website=DER STANDARD |language=de-AT}}</ref> Pauline Boudry ta koyar tsakanin 2005 da 2008 a Kunsthochschule Weissensee Berlin, <ref>{{Cite web |title=k_b_l Brigitta Kuster, Pauline Boudry, Renate Lorenz - Generali Foundation |url=https://foundation.generali.at/en/collection/artists/k_b_l-brigitta-kuster-pauline-boudry-renate-lorenz/ |access-date=2026-05-14 |website=foundation.generali.at |language=en}}</ref> tsakanin 2009 da 2023 a ZHdK Zürich, kuma tana nan a HEAD Geneva tun 2023. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Pauline Boudry – information/fiction, HEAD Genève |url=https://campus.hesge.ch/informationfiction/personnes/pauline-boudry/ |access-date=2026-05-14 |website=campus.hesge.ch}}</ref> Renate Lorenz da Pauline Boudry suna aiki tare tun daga shekarar 1998, da farko a cikin ƙungiyoyi daban-daban sannan daga 2007 a matsayin ƙungiya biyu tare da wasan kwaikwayo don ƙirƙirar misalai waɗanda ke iya haɗawa lokaci daban-daban kuma galibi suna ƙirƙirar haɗin gwiwa ba bisa ƙa'ida ba - wani ɓangare na ƙirƙira, wani ɓangare na lokaci-lokaci. == Aiki == An kawo kalmomi biyu dangane da aikin Boudry & Lorenz: Temporal Drag da Queer Archeology. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Queer Temporalities and the Chronopolitics of Transtemporal Drag - Journal #28 |url=https://www.e-flux.com/journal/28/68031/queer-temporalities-and-the-chronopolitics-of-transtemporal-drag |access-date=2026-06-15 |website=www.e-flux.com |language=en}}</ref> Fina-finan da suka fi dacewa galibi suna haɗuwa da siffofi, alamunsu, waƙoƙinsu, ko hotuna daga baya. Ana amfani da waɗannan a matsayin "maki" don wasan kwaikwayo na zamani. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Pauline Boudry / Renate Lorenz |url=https://awarewomenartists.com/en/artiste/pauline-boudry-renate-lorenz/ |access-date=2026-05-14 |website=AWARE Women artists / Femmes artistes |language=en-US}}</ref> Suna hulɗa da "abokan da suka gabata" don bayyana yanayi da yawa a lokaci guda, suna amfani da dabarun aikin jan hankali na ƙasa da kuma dabarun aiki waɗanda ke wargaza ra'ayoyin lokaci na yau da kullun. Mathias Danbolt ya bayyana yadda "ilimin kayan tarihi na queer" a matsayin al'adar waiwaye baya ke sake farfaɗo da lokutan juyin juya hali waɗanda ba a taɓa cimma su ba, ta haka ne ke kawo hasashen makomar da aka yi. [[Fayil:On_the_set_of_Salomania,_2008.jpg|thumb| Renate Lorenz, tare da Yvonne Rainer da Wu Tsang a wurin ɗaukar fim ɗin ''Salomania'', 2008]] ''Aikin Normal'' (2007) ya yi nuni da wani tarihin hotunan kai na wani mai aiki a Victorian London - wanda ya ratsa fagen naƙuda da kuma jima'i [[Sadomasochism|na S/M]] - wanda ya zama wurin fara wasan kwaikwayo na Werner Hirsch. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Pauline Boudry & Renate Lorenz – Biennale de l’Image en Mouvement, Genève |url=https://2016.biennaleimagemouvement.ch/pauline-boudry-renate-lorenz/ |access-date=2026-05-14 |language=en-US}}</ref> a cikin ''NO Body (2008),'' a cikin wani tsari da Jack Smith ya rinjayi, Werner Hirsch ya sake sake fasalin wani tarihin daukar hoto na bambancin jinsi da jinsi wanda masanin kimiyyar jima'i Magnus Hirschfeld ya ƙirƙira a shekarun 1930. Fim ɗin ''Salomania'' (2009) ya haɗa mai tsara rawa ta postmodern Yvonne Rainer da mai zane Wu Tsang a matsayin masu wasan kwaikwayo, suna hulɗa da fim ɗin Art Nouveau Salomé na Alla Nazimova da aka manta da shi daga 1923. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Les Complices - Salomania |url=https://lescomplices.ch/recollect/salomania/salomania/ |access-date=2026-05-14 |website=lescomplices.ch}}</ref> A cikin waɗannan shirye-shiryen fina-finai guda uku, ana yin wasan kwaikwayo na zamani ne ta hanyar tattaunawa da abubuwan da aka samo daga baya, waɗanda galibi ana gabatar da su a wurin baje kolin tare da fim ɗin. A cikin ''Toxic'' (2012), akwai canjin ra'ayi. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Toxic Assemblages, Queer Socialities: A Dialogue of Mutual Poisoning - Journal #44 |url=https://www.e-flux.com/journal/44/60173/toxic-assemblages-queer-socialities-a-dialogue-of-mutual-poisoning |access-date=2026-05-14 |website=www.e-flux.com |language=en}}</ref> Boudry & Lorenz har yanzu suna magana ne game da tarihin gani wanda ke amfani da ayyukan bincike kamar abin da ake kira harbin mug, amma a cikin wasannin kwaikwayo na fim ɗin suna tsara nasu tarihin almara. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Electra |url=http://www.electra-productions.com/projects/2012/toxic/overview.shtml |access-date=2026-05-14 |website=www.electra-productions.com}}</ref> === Maki === Tsakanin 2013 da 2017, Boudry & Lorenz sun shirya jerin fina-finai da aka yi wahayi zuwa gare su daga manyan sakamakon gwaji. <ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=The Chronic - springerin {{!}} Hefte für Gegenwartskunst |url=https://www.springerin.at/en/2014/1/the-chronic/ |access-date=2026-05-14 |website=www.springerin.at}}</ref> A cikin ''fim ɗin To Valerie Solanas da [[Marilyn Monroe]] a cikin Recognition of Their Desperation'' (2013), wani fim da Pauline Oliveros ta rubuta, sun gayyaci mawaƙa biyar su sake tunanin tsarin mata masu tsattsauran ra'ayi a cikin fassarar da aka yi fim ɗin, inda kyamarar kanta ke ɗaukar nauyin wani ƙarin mai yin wasan kwaikwayo. An ɗauki fim ɗin a Funkhaus Nalepastraße, tsohon ɗakin rediyo na GDR da ke Berlin, kuma yana nuna wasan kwaikwayo daga mawaƙa Ray Aggs, [[Peaches (mai kiɗa)|Peaches]], Catriona Shaw, Verity Susman, Ginger Brooks Takahashi, da William Wheeler. An gabatar da aikin a karon farko a matsayin wani ɓangare na shirin su ''na Patrical Poetry'' a Badischer Kunstverein, Karlsruhe, a kaka ta 2013 <ref name="badischer-kunstverein">{{Cite web |title=Badischer-Kunstverein Programm Vorschau |url=http://www.badischer-kunstverein.de/index.php?Direction=Programm&list=Vorschau&Detail=469 |access-date=2014-07-26 |publisher=badischer-kunstverein.de}}</ref> kuma an nuna shi a Gidan Tarihi na Fasaha na Zamani, New York, a wani taron musamman tare da masu fasaha, Oliveros da Gregg Bordowitz <ref name="moma">{{Cite web |title=MoMA {{pipe}} An Evening with Pauline Boudry/Renate Lorenz with Gregg Bordowitz and Pauline Oliveros |url=http://www.moma.org/visit/calendar/film_screenings/20983 |access-date=2014-07-26 |publisher=moma.org}}</ref> a watan Mayu na 2014. A cikin tattaunawa da ayyukan Oliveros, fim ɗin ya bincika yuwuwar da iyakokin siyasa ta 'yan luwaɗi da aka gina bisa ga siffofi marasa ma'ana. <ref>{{Cite web |title=An Evening with Pauline Boudry/Renate Lorenz with Gregg Bordowitz and Pauline Oliveros {{!}} MoMA |url=https://www.moma.org/calendar/events/214 |access-date=2026-05-14 |website=The Museum of Modern Art |language=en}}</ref> A cikin ''Silent (2016)'', mawaki Aéréa Negrot ya fassara maki 4´33´´ na John Cage daga 1952, wanda ya nemi mawakan su yi shiru. A cewar [[Maya Hoberman]], aikin ya binciki rabuwar da ke tsakanin shiru a matsayin mai tayar da zaune tsaye da 'yantar da kai (kamar a zanga-zangar shiru) da kuma yin shiru, inda shiru zai iya zama sakamakon tashin hankali, ko sa ido. '''<ref>{{Cite web |title=‘A silence other than the one that is imposed’ - Amelia Groom |url=https://ameliagroom.com/a-silence-other-than-the-one-that-is-imposed/ |access-date=2026-05-14 |website=ameliagroom.com}}</ref>''' <ref>{{Cite web |last=Hoberman |first=Mara |date=2018-03-01 |title=Pauline Boudry and Renate Lorenz |url=https://www.artforum.com/events/pauline-boudry-and-renate-lorenz-2-239220/ |access-date=2026-06-15 |website=Artforum |language=en-US}}</ref> ''Telepathic Improvisation (2017)'', bisa ga maki na 1975 na Pauline Oliveros, yana nufin ikon telepathy kuma a cikin mamaki yana gayyatar baƙi da ke kallon shigar da fim a wurin baje kolin don aika kiɗa da ayyuka ta hanyar telepathy ga masu yin fim ɗin. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Pauline Boudry/Renate Lorenz: Telepathic Improvisation {{!}} Walker Art Center |url=https://www.walkerart.org/reader/pauline-boudry-and-renate-lorenzs-telepathic-improvisation/ |access-date=2026-05-14 |website=www.walkerart.org |language=en-US}}</ref> == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1972]] [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] exorij4lh40valev1e89rm9u22difdh 894920 894919 2026-08-11T13:07:57Z Nnamadee 31123 894920 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}}[[Fayil:On_the_set_of_Charming_For_The_Revolution,_2009.jpg|thumb| A kan saitin fim ɗin ''Charming For The Revolution'' (Werner Hirsch, Pauline Boudry, Renate Lorenz)]] '''Pauline Boudry & Renate Lorenz''' mawaka ne biyu da ke zaune a Berlin, waɗanda ke aiki a fannin wasan kwaikwayo na fim. Kayan aikinsu galibi sun haɗa da [[fim]] da sassaka, da kuma abubuwan da aka tsara, kamar labule masu motsi, matakala, mayafi, ko hayaki mai rai. Masu yin wasan kwaikwayo su ne masu fasaha, masu rawa, masu tsara rawa, da mawaka, waɗanda suke ƙulla alaƙa ta dogon lokaci da su. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Pauline Boudry / Renate Lorenz - Exhibitions - Kunsthalle Zürich |url=https://www.kunsthallezurich.ch/en/ausstellungen/115-pauline-boudry-renate-lorenz |access-date=2026-05-11 |website=www.kunsthallezurich.ch |language=en}}</ref> Ganuwa da rashin haske da kuma abokantakar 'yan luwaɗi jigo ne da ke tafe a cikin gabatarwarsu. An nuna ayyukansu a duk duniya, misali a bikin Venice Biennale na 58 (Swiss Pavilion), 2019, a Palacio Cristal/ Museo Reina Sofia a Madrid (2022/23) da kuma a São Paulo Biennale 2024. <ref name="boudry-lorenz">{{Cite web |title=Pauline Boudry / Renate Lorenz - Statement, Biography |url=https://www.boudry-lorenz.de/biography/ |access-date=2014-07-26 |publisher=boudry-lorenz.de}}</ref> == Rayuwar farko da ilimi == An haifi Renate Lorenz a shekarar 1963 a Bonn kuma ta yi karatun wasan kwaikwayo a Cibiyar Wasan Kwaikwayo ta Giessen tare da René Pollesch . <ref>{{Cite web |title=RENÉ POLLESCH (1962–2024) Von Renate Lorenz |url=https://www.textezurkunst.de/en/articles/rene-pollesch-nachruf-von-renate-lorenz/ |access-date=2026-05-14 |website=www.textezurkunst.de}}</ref> Tarihin wasan kwaikwayonsu ya sa suka yi sha'awar haɗin gwiwa, wasan kwaikwayo, kiɗa, da kuma hanyoyin da ba na al'ada ba. Daga baya Renate Lorenz ta kammala digirin masters a Kwalejin Fasaha ta Kafafen Yaɗa Labarai ta Cologne . A ƙarshen shekarun 1980, Jochen Becker da Renate Lorenz sun kafa ƙungiyar mawaka Büro Bert. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Büro Bert - Monoskop |url=https://monoskop.org/B%C3%BCro_Bert |access-date=2026-05-14 |website=monoskop.org |language=en}}</ref> Daga 1992 zuwa 1996, Silvia Kafehsy, Marion von Osten, Ursula Biemann da Renate Lorenz sun yi aiki a Shedhalle Zürich, inda suka ƙirƙiro wani shiri mai tsauri da na mata, wanda ke da tasiri mai yawa ga tsararrakin masu kula da ayyukan da ke aiki tare da nunin da aka yi bisa bincike. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Pauline Boudry / Renate Lorenz {{!}} SIK-ISEA Recherche |url=https://recherche.sik-isea.ch/en/sik:group-12772338/in/sikisea/ |access-date=2026-05-11 |website=recherche.sik-isea.ch |language=en}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |title=shedhalle |url=http://archiv2009.shedhalle.ch/dt/programm/zeitung/05/lorenz/index.shtml |access-date=2026-05-11 |website=archiv2009.shedhalle.ch}}</ref> Renate Lorenz, a matsayinta na farfesa a fannin fasaha da bincike, tana aiki tare da Annette Baldauf, shirin digirin digirgir a fannin aiki a Kwalejin Fasaha ta Fine da ke Vienna tun daga shekarar 2010. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Survey: Renate Lorenz - Features - Education - e-flux |url=https://www.e-flux.com/education/features/547749/survey-renate-lorenz |access-date=2026-05-14 |website=www.e-flux.com |language=en}}</ref> An haifi Pauline Boudry a shekarar 1972 a Lausanne kuma ta yi karatu a Kwalejin Fasaha ta Geneva ( HEAD) . Ta bayyana asalinta na Bulgaria da kuma gadon fasaha na iyalinta—ciki har da kakanta, mai zane-zanen Symbolist CC Olsommer—a matsayin tasirin ci gaba. Tun tana ƙara shiga cikin ayyukan rukuni, ta fara shiga cikin ayyukan rukuni tun tana ƙarama. A shekarar 1997, ta haɗa kai wajen shirya baje kolin mata ''na Environ 27'' a Geneva, inda ta ƙulla alaƙa da masu fasaha kamar Julie Ault ko Renée Green. <ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-12-03 |title=On the Record |url=https://www.hesge.ch/head/issue/en/publications/record-notes-feminist-practices-visual-arts-interviewing-julie-enckell-julliard-federica-martini |access-date=2026-06-15 |website=HEAD Genève – Issue |language=fr}}</ref> A shekarar 1999 ta kafa ƙungiyar mawakan lantarki ta queer Rhythm King da Abokanta a Berlin, inda ta yi aiki da su har zuwa 2008 kuma ta yi yawon buɗe ido sosai. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Normal Work Exhibition at Gallery 44 |url=https://www.gallery44.org//exhibitions/exhibition-normal-work |access-date=2026-05-11 |website=www.gallery44.org}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |title=Rhythm King and her Friends: "I am Disco" |url=https://www.derstandard.at/story/1775143/rhythm-king-and-her-friends-i-am-disco |access-date=2026-06-15 |website=DER STANDARD |language=de-AT}}</ref> Pauline Boudry ta koyar tsakanin 2005 da 2008 a Kunsthochschule Weissensee Berlin, <ref>{{Cite web |title=k_b_l Brigitta Kuster, Pauline Boudry, Renate Lorenz - Generali Foundation |url=https://foundation.generali.at/en/collection/artists/k_b_l-brigitta-kuster-pauline-boudry-renate-lorenz/ |access-date=2026-05-14 |website=foundation.generali.at |language=en}}</ref> tsakanin 2009 da 2023 a ZHdK Zürich, kuma tana nan a HEAD Geneva tun 2023. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Pauline Boudry – information/fiction, HEAD Genève |url=https://campus.hesge.ch/informationfiction/personnes/pauline-boudry/ |access-date=2026-05-14 |website=campus.hesge.ch}}</ref> Renate Lorenz da Pauline Boudry suna aiki tare tun daga shekarar 1998, da farko a cikin ƙungiyoyi daban-daban sannan daga 2007 a matsayin ƙungiya biyu tare da wasan kwaikwayo don ƙirƙirar misalai waɗanda ke iya haɗawa lokaci daban-daban kuma galibi suna ƙirƙirar haɗin gwiwa ba bisa ƙa'ida ba - wani ɓangare na ƙirƙira, wani ɓangare na lokaci-lokaci. == Aiki == An kawo kalmomi biyu dangane da aikin Boudry & Lorenz: Temporal Drag da Queer Archeology. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Queer Temporalities and the Chronopolitics of Transtemporal Drag - Journal #28 |url=https://www.e-flux.com/journal/28/68031/queer-temporalities-and-the-chronopolitics-of-transtemporal-drag |access-date=2026-06-15 |website=www.e-flux.com |language=en}}</ref> Fina-finan da suka fi dacewa galibi suna haɗuwa da siffofi, alamunsu, waƙoƙinsu, ko hotuna daga baya. Ana amfani da waɗannan a matsayin "maki" don wasan kwaikwayo na zamani. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Pauline Boudry / Renate Lorenz |url=https://awarewomenartists.com/en/artiste/pauline-boudry-renate-lorenz/ |access-date=2026-05-14 |website=AWARE Women artists / Femmes artistes |language=en-US}}</ref> Suna hulɗa da "abokan da suka gabata" don bayyana yanayi da yawa a lokaci guda, suna amfani da dabarun aikin jan hankali na ƙasa da kuma dabarun aiki waɗanda ke wargaza ra'ayoyin lokaci na yau da kullun. Mathias Danbolt ya bayyana yadda "ilimin kayan tarihi na queer" a matsayin al'adar waiwaye baya ke sake farfaɗo da lokutan juyin juya hali waɗanda ba a taɓa cimma su ba, ta haka ne ke kawo hasashen makomar da aka yi. [[Fayil:On_the_set_of_Salomania,_2008.jpg|thumb| Renate Lorenz, tare da Yvonne Rainer da Wu Tsang a wurin ɗaukar fim ɗin ''Salomania'', 2008]] ''Aikin Normal'' (2007) ya yi nuni da wani tarihin hotunan kai na wani mai aiki a Victorian London - wanda ya ratsa fagen naƙuda da kuma jima'i [[Sadomasochism|na S/M]] - wanda ya zama wurin fara wasan kwaikwayo na Werner Hirsch. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Pauline Boudry & Renate Lorenz – Biennale de l’Image en Mouvement, Genève |url=https://2016.biennaleimagemouvement.ch/pauline-boudry-renate-lorenz/ |access-date=2026-05-14 |language=en-US}}</ref> a cikin ''NO Body (2008),'' a cikin wani tsari da Jack Smith ya rinjayi, Werner Hirsch ya sake sake fasalin wani tarihin daukar hoto na bambancin jinsi da jinsi wanda masanin kimiyyar jima'i Magnus Hirschfeld ya ƙirƙira a shekarun 1930. Fim ɗin ''Salomania'' (2009) ya haɗa mai tsara rawa ta postmodern Yvonne Rainer da mai zane Wu Tsang a matsayin masu wasan kwaikwayo, suna hulɗa da fim ɗin Art Nouveau Salomé na Alla Nazimova da aka manta da shi daga 1923. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Les Complices - Salomania |url=https://lescomplices.ch/recollect/salomania/salomania/ |access-date=2026-05-14 |website=lescomplices.ch}}</ref> A cikin waɗannan shirye-shiryen fina-finai guda uku, ana yin wasan kwaikwayo na zamani ne ta hanyar tattaunawa da abubuwan da aka samo daga baya, waɗanda galibi ana gabatar da su a wurin baje kolin tare da fim ɗin. A cikin ''Toxic'' (2012), akwai canjin ra'ayi. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Toxic Assemblages, Queer Socialities: A Dialogue of Mutual Poisoning - Journal #44 |url=https://www.e-flux.com/journal/44/60173/toxic-assemblages-queer-socialities-a-dialogue-of-mutual-poisoning |access-date=2026-05-14 |website=www.e-flux.com |language=en}}</ref> Boudry & Lorenz har yanzu suna magana ne game da tarihin gani wanda ke amfani da ayyukan bincike kamar abin da ake kira harbin mug, amma a cikin wasannin kwaikwayo na fim ɗin suna tsara nasu tarihin almara. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Electra |url=http://www.electra-productions.com/projects/2012/toxic/overview.shtml |access-date=2026-05-14 |website=www.electra-productions.com}}</ref> === Maki === Tsakanin 2013 da 2017, Boudry & Lorenz sun shirya jerin fina-finai da aka yi wahayi zuwa gare su daga manyan sakamakon gwaji. <ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=The Chronic - springerin {{!}} Hefte für Gegenwartskunst |url=https://www.springerin.at/en/2014/1/the-chronic/ |access-date=2026-05-14 |website=www.springerin.at}}</ref> A cikin ''fim ɗin To Valerie Solanas da [[Marilyn Monroe]] a cikin Recognition of Their Desperation'' (2013), wani fim da Pauline Oliveros ta rubuta, sun gayyaci mawaƙa biyar su sake tunanin tsarin mata masu tsattsauran ra'ayi a cikin fassarar da aka yi fim ɗin, inda kyamarar kanta ke ɗaukar nauyin wani ƙarin mai yin wasan kwaikwayo. An ɗauki fim ɗin a Funkhaus Nalepastraße, tsohon ɗakin rediyo na GDR da ke Berlin, kuma yana nuna wasan kwaikwayo daga mawaƙa Ray Aggs, [[Peaches (mai kiɗa)|Peaches]], Catriona Shaw, Verity Susman, Ginger Brooks Takahashi, da William Wheeler. An gabatar da aikin a karon farko a matsayin wani ɓangare na shirin su ''na Patrical Poetry'' a Badischer Kunstverein, Karlsruhe, a kaka ta 2013 <ref name="badischer-kunstverein">{{Cite web |title=Badischer-Kunstverein Programm Vorschau |url=http://www.badischer-kunstverein.de/index.php?Direction=Programm&list=Vorschau&Detail=469 |access-date=2014-07-26 |publisher=badischer-kunstverein.de}}</ref> kuma an nuna shi a Gidan Tarihi na Fasaha na Zamani, New York, a wani taron musamman tare da masu fasaha, Oliveros da Gregg Bordowitz <ref name="moma">{{Cite web |title=MoMA {{pipe}} An Evening with Pauline Boudry/Renate Lorenz with Gregg Bordowitz and Pauline Oliveros |url=http://www.moma.org/visit/calendar/film_screenings/20983 |access-date=2014-07-26 |publisher=moma.org}}</ref> a watan Mayu na 2014. A cikin tattaunawa da ayyukan Oliveros, fim ɗin ya bincika yuwuwar da iyakokin siyasa ta 'yan luwaɗi da aka gina bisa ga siffofi marasa ma'ana. <ref>{{Cite web |title=An Evening with Pauline Boudry/Renate Lorenz with Gregg Bordowitz and Pauline Oliveros {{!}} MoMA |url=https://www.moma.org/calendar/events/214 |access-date=2026-05-14 |website=The Museum of Modern Art |language=en}}</ref> A cikin ''Silent (2016)'', mawaki Aéréa Negrot ya fassara maki 4´33´´ na John Cage daga 1952, wanda ya nemi mawakan su yi shiru. A cewar [[Maya Hoberman]], aikin ya binciki rabuwar da ke tsakanin shiru a matsayin mai tayar da zaune tsaye da 'yantar da kai (kamar a zanga-zangar shiru) da kuma yin shiru, inda shiru zai iya zama sakamakon tashin hankali, ko sa ido. '''<ref>{{Cite web |title=‘A silence other than the one that is imposed’ - Amelia Groom |url=https://ameliagroom.com/a-silence-other-than-the-one-that-is-imposed/ |access-date=2026-05-14 |website=ameliagroom.com}}</ref>''' <ref>{{Cite web |last=Hoberman |first=Mara |date=2018-03-01 |title=Pauline Boudry and Renate Lorenz |url=https://www.artforum.com/events/pauline-boudry-and-renate-lorenz-2-239220/ |access-date=2026-06-15 |website=Artforum |language=en-US}}</ref> ''Telepathic Improvisation (2017)'', bisa ga maki na 1975 na Pauline Oliveros, yana nufin ikon telepathy kuma a cikin mamaki yana gayyatar baƙi da ke kallon shigar da fim a wurin baje kolin don aika kiɗa da ayyuka ta hanyar telepathy ga masu yin fim ɗin. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Pauline Boudry/Renate Lorenz: Telepathic Improvisation {{!}} Walker Art Center |url=https://www.walkerart.org/reader/pauline-boudry-and-renate-lorenzs-telepathic-improvisation/ |access-date=2026-05-14 |website=www.walkerart.org |language=en-US}}</ref> == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1972]] [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] jjld1g5wtkuuhlpku41y0er0s9ejdbx 0 163163 894921 2026-08-11T13:08:28Z Nnamadee 31123 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1363540632|Amalia von Helvig]]" 894921 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Fayil:Amalia_von_Helvig.jpg|thumb| Amalia von Helvig (1776-1831)]] '''Anna Amalia von Helvig''' (Agusta 16, 1776 - Satumba 17, 1831) ta kasance mai fasaha ta Jamus da Sweden, marubuciya, mai fassara, mai zamantakewa, mai salon salon da kuma halayyar al'adu. An san ta a matsayin wata kwararriya ga masu fasaha da yawa. Ta kasance memba a Kwalejin Fasaha ta Royal Swedish . == Tarihin Rayuwa == An haife ta ga Baron Carl Christoph von Imhoff na dangin Imhoff masu arziki da kuma Luise von Schardt, 'yar uwar Charlotte von Stein . A shekara ta 1791, an gabatar da ita a kotun Charles Augustus, Grand Duke na Saxe-Weimar-Eisenach a Weimar, inda ta kasance 'yar fadar mahaifiyar Charles Anna Amalia ta Brunswick-Wolfenbüttel . An ba ta kyakkyawar ilimin fasaha kuma [[Johann Wolfgang von Goethe|Goethe]] da Schiller sun ƙarfafa ta ta rubuta waƙoƙi. Ta auri Janar Karl Gottfried von Helvig a shekarar 1803, ta koma [[Stockholm]] a shekarar 1804, inda ta kafa salon gyaran gashi kuma ta zama sananne a rayuwar al'adun babban birnin. An zaɓe ta zuwa Kwalejin Fasaha a shekarar 1804 kuma ta halarci nune-nunen da dama tsakanin 1804 da 1810. Ta koma Jamus a shekarar 1810, amma ta shafe shekaru daga 1814 zuwa 1816 a Sweden, inda ta zauna a Uppsala a matsayin wani ɓangare na da'irar da ke kewaye da mai gyaran gashi Malla Silfverstolpe . An yi ta tattaunawa sosai game da abotarta da Erik Gustaf Geijer da Per Daniel Amadeus Atterbom, kuma an nuna ta a matsayin tushen wahayi ga masu fasaha da yawa; ta yi wasiƙu da masu fasaha na Sweden bayan ta koma Jamus. A [[Berlin]], ta kafa ɗaya daga cikin mahimman salon adabi na farkon ƙarni na 19. == A cikin al'ada == Carina Burman ta kwatanta dangantakar da ke tsakanin Amalia von Helvig da Gustaf Geijer a cikin littafin ''Islandet'' (2001). == Duba kuma == * Christina Charlotta Cederström * Jerin mata 'yan wasan kwaikwayo na Jamus == Manazarta == 8hlh24kriing7e1uy2djm95qduzknin 894922 894921 2026-08-11T13:08:55Z Nnamadee 31123 894922 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}}[[Fayil:Amalia_von_Helvig.jpg|thumb| Amalia von Helvig (1776-1831)]] '''Anna Amalia von Helvig''' (Agusta 16, 1776 - Satumba 17, 1831) ta kasance mai fasaha ta Jamus da Sweden, marubuciya, mai fassara, mai zamantakewa, mai salon salon da kuma halayyar al'adu. An san ta a matsayin wata kwararriya ga masu fasaha da yawa. Ta kasance memba a Kwalejin Fasaha ta Royal Swedish . == Tarihin Rayuwa == An haife ta ga Baron Carl Christoph von Imhoff na dangin Imhoff masu arziki da kuma Luise von Schardt, 'yar uwar Charlotte von Stein . A shekara ta 1791, an gabatar da ita a kotun Charles Augustus, Grand Duke na Saxe-Weimar-Eisenach a Weimar, inda ta kasance 'yar fadar mahaifiyar Charles Anna Amalia ta Brunswick-Wolfenbüttel . An ba ta kyakkyawar ilimin fasaha kuma [[Johann Wolfgang von Goethe|Goethe]] da Schiller sun ƙarfafa ta ta rubuta waƙoƙi. Ta auri Janar Karl Gottfried von Helvig a shekarar 1803, ta koma [[Stockholm]] a shekarar 1804, inda ta kafa salon gyaran gashi kuma ta zama sananne a rayuwar al'adun babban birnin. An zaɓe ta zuwa Kwalejin Fasaha a shekarar 1804 kuma ta halarci nune-nunen da dama tsakanin 1804 da 1810. Ta koma Jamus a shekarar 1810, amma ta shafe shekaru daga 1814 zuwa 1816 a Sweden, inda ta zauna a Uppsala a matsayin wani ɓangare na da'irar da ke kewaye da mai gyaran gashi Malla Silfverstolpe . An yi ta tattaunawa sosai game da abotarta da Erik Gustaf Geijer da Per Daniel Amadeus Atterbom, kuma an nuna ta a matsayin tushen wahayi ga masu fasaha da yawa; ta yi wasiƙu da masu fasaha na Sweden bayan ta koma Jamus. A [[Berlin]], ta kafa ɗaya daga cikin mahimman salon adabi na farkon ƙarni na 19. == A cikin al'ada == Carina Burman ta kwatanta dangantakar da ke tsakanin Amalia von Helvig da Gustaf Geijer a cikin littafin ''Islandet'' (2001). == Duba kuma == * Christina Charlotta Cederström * Jerin mata 'yan wasan kwaikwayo na Jamus == Manazarta == flamczve8upvjwqznc1z0hvsjm7cc1i 894923 894922 2026-08-11T13:10:27Z Nnamadee 31123 894923 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}}[[Fayil:Amalia_von_Helvig.jpg|thumb| Amalia von Helvig (1776-1831)]] '''Anna Amalia von Helvig''' (Agusta 16, 1776 - Satumba 17, 1831) ta kasance mai fasaha ta Jamus da Sweden, marubuciya, mai fassara, mai zamantakewa, mai salon salon da kuma halayyar al'adu. An san ta a matsayin wata kwararriya ga masu fasaha da yawa. Ta kasance memba a Kwalejin Fasaha ta Royal Swedish . == Tarihin Rayuwa == An haife ta ga Baron Carl Christoph von Imhoff na dangin Imhoff masu arziki da kuma Luise von Schardt, 'yar uwar Charlotte von Stein . A shekara ta 1791, an gabatar da ita a kotun Charles Augustus, Grand Duke na Saxe-Weimar-Eisenach a Weimar, inda ta kasance 'yar fadar mahaifiyar Charles Anna Amalia ta Brunswick-Wolfenbüttel. An ba ta kyakkyawar ilimin fasaha kuma [[Johann Wolfgang von Goethe|Goethe]] da Schiller sun ƙarfafa ta ta rubuta waƙoƙi.<ref>Hagerman, Maja (2006). Det rena landet: Om konsten att uppfinna sina förfäder (in Swedish). Stockholm: Prisma. p. 150. <nowiki>ISBN 9789113044200</nowiki>.</ref> Ta auri Janar Karl Gottfried von Helvig a shekarar 1803, ta koma [[Stockholm]] a shekarar 1804, inda ta kafa salon gyaran gashi kuma ta zama sananne a rayuwar al'adun babban birnin. An zaɓe ta zuwa Kwalejin Fasaha a shekarar 1804 kuma ta halarci nune-nunen da dama tsakanin 1804 da 1810. Ta koma Jamus a shekarar 1810, amma ta shafe shekaru daga 1814 zuwa 1816 a Sweden, inda ta zauna a Uppsala a matsayin wani ɓangare na da'irar da ke kewaye da mai gyaran gashi Malla Silfverstolpe . An yi ta tattaunawa sosai game da abotarta da Erik Gustaf Geijer da Per Daniel Amadeus Atterbom, kuma an nuna ta a matsayin tushen wahayi ga masu fasaha da yawa; ta yi wasiƙu da masu fasaha na Sweden bayan ta koma Jamus. A [[Berlin]], ta kafa ɗaya daga cikin mahimman salon adabi na farkon ƙarni na 19. == A cikin al'ada == Carina Burman ta kwatanta dangantakar da ke tsakanin Amalia von Helvig da Gustaf Geijer a cikin littafin ''Islandet'' (2001). == Duba kuma == * Christina Charlotta Cederström * Jerin mata 'yan wasan kwaikwayo na Jamus == Manazarta == 7wdej98djtqqcyizsbov764e68dnhrt 0 163164 894924 2026-08-11T13:10:40Z Mustysummy 21281 sabuwar mukala 894924 wikitext text/x-wiki Dabbobi Dabbobi ne na gidaje waɗanda aka haifa a cikin aikin noma galibi don samar da aiki da samar da kayayyakin dabbobi daban-daban don amfani da mutum kamar nama, ƙwai, madara, gashi, fata, da ulu. Ana amfani da kalmar a wasu lokuta don komawa ga dabbobi waɗanda aka kiwon su don amfani, kuma wani lokacin ana amfani da su don komawa ga ruminants masu noma, kamar shanu, tumaki, da awaki.[1] Kiwo, kulawa, yanka da kuma mamaye dabbobi gabaɗaya, wanda ake kira Kiwon dabbobi, wani ɓangare ne na aikin gona na zamani kuma an yi shi a al'adu da yawa tun lokacin da ɗan adam ya sauya zuwa noma daga salon rayuwar mafarauta-mai tarawa. Ayyukan kiwon dabbobi sun bambanta sosai a tsakanin al'adu da lokutan. Suna ci gaba da taka muhimmiyar rawa ta tattalin arziki da al'adu a cikin al'ummomi da yawa. Ayyukan kiwon dabbobi sun sauya zuwa kiwon dabba mai zurfi.[1] Irin wannan noma yana ƙara yawan amfanin kasuwanci daban-daban, amma kuma yana lalata jin daɗin dabbobi, muhalli, da lafiyar jama'a.[2] Musamman, naman sa, madara da tumaki sune babban tushen fitar da iskar gas daga aikin gona. mml7umjfx5igg3ycwu92hswuowoqakc 894929 894924 2026-08-11T13:13:16Z Mustysummy 21281 Saka manazarta 894929 wikitext text/x-wiki Dabbobi Dabbobi ne na gidaje waɗanda aka haifa a cikin aikin noma galibi don samar da aiki da samar da kayayyakin dabbobi daban-daban don amfani da mutum kamar nama, ƙwai, madara, gashi, fata, da ulu. Ana amfani da kalmar a wasu lokuta don komawa ga dabbobi waɗanda aka kiwon su don amfani, kuma wani lokacin ana amfani da su don komawa ga ruminants masu noma, kamar shanu, tumaki, da awaki.<ref>https://www.britannica.com/topic/livestock</ref> Kiwo, kulawa, yanka da kuma mamaye dabbobi gabaɗaya, wanda ake kira Kiwon dabbobi, wani ɓangare ne na aikin gona na zamani kuma an yi shi a al'adu da yawa tun lokacin da ɗan adam ya sauya zuwa noma daga salon rayuwar mafarauta-mai tarawa. Ayyukan kiwon dabbobi sun bambanta sosai a tsakanin al'adu da lokutan. Suna ci gaba da taka muhimmiyar rawa ta tattalin arziki da al'adu a cikin al'ummomi da yawa. Ayyukan kiwon dabbobi sun sauya zuwa kiwon dabba mai zurfi.<ref>https://web.archive.org/web/20171122112942/https://www.agcensus.usda.gov/Publications/2012/</ref> Irin wannan noma yana ƙara yawan amfanin kasuwanci daban-daban, amma kuma yana lalata jin daɗin dabbobi, muhalli, da lafiyar jama'a.<ref>https://academic.oup.com/phe/article/8/3/246/2362362</ref> Musamman, naman sa, madara da tumaki sune babban tushen fitar da iskar gas daga aikin gona. ==Manazarta== jvcs0054lowj23agk73pn0wwr0rnkk1 894931 894929 2026-08-11T13:14:29Z Mustysummy 21281 saka databox 894931 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}}Dabbobi Dabbobi ne na gidaje waɗanda aka haifa a cikin aikin noma galibi don samar da aiki da samar da kayayyakin dabbobi daban-daban don amfani da mutum kamar nama, ƙwai, madara, gashi, fata, da ulu. Ana amfani da kalmar a wasu lokuta don komawa ga dabbobi waɗanda aka kiwon su don amfani, kuma wani lokacin ana amfani da su don komawa ga ruminants masu noma, kamar shanu, tumaki, da awaki.<ref>https://www.britannica.com/topic/livestock</ref> Kiwo, kulawa, yanka da kuma mamaye dabbobi gabaɗaya, wanda ake kira Kiwon dabbobi, wani ɓangare ne na aikin gona na zamani kuma an yi shi a al'adu da yawa tun lokacin da ɗan adam ya sauya zuwa noma daga salon rayuwar mafarauta-mai tarawa. Ayyukan kiwon dabbobi sun bambanta sosai a tsakanin al'adu da lokutan. Suna ci gaba da taka muhimmiyar rawa ta tattalin arziki da al'adu a cikin al'ummomi da yawa. Ayyukan kiwon dabbobi sun sauya zuwa kiwon dabba mai zurfi.<ref>https://web.archive.org/web/20171122112942/https://www.agcensus.usda.gov/Publications/2012/</ref> Irin wannan noma yana ƙara yawan amfanin kasuwanci daban-daban, amma kuma yana lalata jin daɗin dabbobi, muhalli, da lafiyar jama'a.<ref>https://academic.oup.com/phe/article/8/3/246/2362362</ref> Musamman, naman sa, madara da tumaki sune babban tushen fitar da iskar gas daga aikin gona. ==Manazarta== 3w2mmob0qz3nuhwc6kruyxqo2p7aix2 894936 894931 2026-08-11T13:17:15Z Mustysummy 21281 894936 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}}Dabbobi ne na gida waɗanda aka haifa a cikin aikin noma galibi don samar da aiki da samar da kayayyakin dabbobi daban-daban don amfani da mutum kamar nama, ƙwai, madara, gashi, fata, da ulu. Ana amfani da kalmar a wasu lokuta don komawa ga dabbobi waɗanda aka kiwon su don amfani, kuma wani lokacin ana amfani da su don komawa ga ruminants masu noma, kamar shanu, tumaki, da awaki.<ref>https://www.britannica.com/topic/livestock</ref> Kiwo, kulawa, yanka da kuma mamaye dabbobi gabaɗaya, wanda ake kira Kiwon dabbobi, wani ɓangare ne na aikin gona na zamani kuma an yi shi a al'adu da yawa tun lokacin da ɗan adam ya sauya zuwa noma daga salon rayuwar mafarauta-mai tarawa. Ayyukan kiwon dabbobi sun bambanta sosai a tsakanin al'adu da lokutan. Suna ci gaba da taka muhimmiyar rawa ta tattalin arziki da al'adu a cikin al'ummomi da yawa. Ayyukan kiwon dabbobi sun sauya zuwa kiwon dabba mai zurfi.<ref>https://web.archive.org/web/20171122112942/https://www.agcensus.usda.gov/Publications/2012/</ref> Irin wannan noma yana ƙara yawan amfanin kasuwanci daban-daban, amma kuma yana lalata jin daɗin dabbobi, muhalli, da lafiyar jama'a.<ref>https://academic.oup.com/phe/article/8/3/246/2362362</ref> Musamman, naman sa, madara da tumaki sune babban tushen fitar da iskar gas daga aikin gona. ==Manazarta== kxwq5o3g2654vkiveybgisuxmdjbsww 0 163165 894925 2026-08-11T13:10:50Z Nnamadee 31123 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1366596692|Birgit Hein]]" 894925 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Birgit Hein''' (6 ga Agusta 1942 - 23 ga Fabrairu 2023) [[Darakta|daraktan fina-finai]] ne na Jamus, furodusa, mai zane-zane, farfesa a jami'a, kuma marubucin allo wanda ya yi fina-finan gwaji tun daga shekarun 1960, tare da mijinta na lokacin Wilhelm Hein. == Tarihin Rayuwa == An haifi Hein a [[Berlin]] a shekarar 1942. <ref name="official">{{Cite web |last=Büttenbender |first=Gerhard |author-link= |title=Birgit Hein - Ihr leben |url=http://www.hbk-bs.de/bhein/leben/index.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081004195508/http://www.hbk-bs.de/bhein/leben/index.html |archive-date=4 October 2008 |access-date=17 May 2008 |publisher=Official site}}</ref> Tare da fina-finanta na gine-gine (tun daga 1966), wasan kwaikwayo, muƙaloli na fim na tarihi da wallafe-wallafen nazarin fina-finai, ana ɗaukarta a matsayin ɗaya daga cikin manyan masu tsara fina-finan Jamus na ƙarƙashin ƙasa da na gwaji . A shekarar 1964, ta auri Wilhelm Hein (An raba ta a shekarar 1988, an sake ta a shekarar 1995), <ref>{{Cite web |title=Rohfilm {{!}} Raw Film |url=https://www.berlinale.de/en/archive/jahresarchive/2018/02_programm_2018/02_filmdatenblatt_2018_201802568.html#tab=filmStills |access-date=14 April 2020 |website=www.berlinale.de |language=en}}</ref> wanda ta yi aiki tare da shi a wasu ayyukan fina-finai na gwaji. <ref name="official" /> A shekarar 1968, ta kafa [[XSCREEN]], <ref name=":1">{{Cite journal |last=Halle |first=Randall |date=13 May 2017 |title=Xscreen 1968: material film aesthetics and radical cinema politics |journal=The Sixties |pages=1–16 |doi=10.1080/17541328.2017.1320884 |issn=1754-1328 |s2cid=148898994}}</ref> wani wurin baje kolin kayayyaki a [[Köln|Cologne]] . <ref>{{Cite web |title=After the Avant-garde: Participants |url=http://www.pitt.edu/~rhalle/avantgarde/bios.htm#bh |access-date=17 May 2008 |publisher=[[University of Pittsburgh]]}} </ref> A cikin 1993, Hein ta lashe lambar yabo mafi kyawun Fina-Finan [[German Film Critics Association|Fina-Finan Jamus]] don fim ɗinta ''[[Die Unheimlichen Frauen]]'' . Hein ya yi karatun tarihin fasaha da kuma karatun wasan kwaikwayo a Jami'ar Cologne a farkon shekarun 1960. Daga shekarar 1966 zuwa 1988 ta yi aiki tare da Wilhelm Hein wajen shirya fina-finai da kuma yin wasanni tare da shi. An wakilta ta da ayyukan fina-finai guda biyu, tare da Wilhelm Hein a cikin Documenta V a Kassel a shekarar 1972, wani baje kolin fasaha mai tasiri a duniya bayan [[Yaƙin Duniya na II|Yaƙin Duniya na Biyu]] . <ref>{{Cite web |title=documenta 5 - Retrospective - documenta |url=https://www.documenta.de/en/retrospective/documenta_5 |access-date=14 April 2020 |website=www.documenta.de}}</ref> An gabatar da ayyukansu na haɗin gwiwa ta hanyoyi daban-daban na baya-bayan nan, misali a cikin Anthology Archives, New York (1974), a cikin Filmmuseum Frankfurt (1985) da kuma a Cologne (1988) da kuma a [[Kwapanhagan|Copenhagen]] (1989). A shekarun 1970 sun shirya kuma sun shirya nune-nunen fina-finai da dama, misali Art Remains Art (Cologne 1974), Film As Film (Cologne, Berlin, Essen, Stuttgart 1977) da Film As Film (London 1979). Sun yi rangadin yawon shakatawa a Pakistan, Bangladesh da Indiya (1987) kuma sun shiga cikin taron fina-finai na gwaji na duniya na Toronto (1989). A Cologne, ta kasance wacce ta kafa fasahar XScreen don wasannin kwaikwayo na al'adu daban-daban da kuma shirye-shiryen sinima daban-daban. A shekarun 1970, ta koyar da ayyukan zane-zane na fim a jami'o'i daban-daban (ciki har da makarantun masana'antar Cologne). Ta gudanar da wasu muhimman ayyukan kula da fina-finai, ciki har da wani sabon sashe na fim a Documenta VI . Birgit Hein farfesa ce a Jami'ar Fasaha ta Braunschweig tun daga shekarar 1990, ta yi ritaya a shekarar 2007. Fina-finanta da yawa da aka fara nunawa a taron fina- [[Forum des Junge Films|finan Forum des Junge]], bikin fina-finan Berlin (1986, 1992, 1995) da kuma shirye-shiryen talabijin (misali Baby, I Will Make You Sweat, 1997) da kuma sayen tarin fina-finai (misali Musée d'Art Moderne - Center Pompidou, 1999). Ta yi nunin ayyukanta da dama, misali Montreal 2000, Rotterdam 2000, Madrid 2002 da kuma Arsenal Berlin 2003. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Roddy |first=Bernard |date=1 November 2012 |title=The Translator's Echo: Listening to Birgit Hein's Baby, I Will Make You Sweat |journal=Afterimage |volume=40 |issue=3 |pages=21–24 |doi=10.1525/aft.2012.40.3.21 |issn=0300-7472}}</ref> Tun daga shekarar 2007 ta kasance memba na [[Kwalejin Fasaha, Berlin|Akademie der Künste]] Berlin, kuma tun daga shekarar 2012 ta kasance mataimakiyar darakta a sashen fasahar gani. == Rayuwar fim == * 1967: ''[[S & W (film)|S da W]]'' * 1968: ''[[Rohfilm]]'' <ref name=":1">{{Cite journal |last=Halle |first=Randall |date=13 May 2017 |title=Xscreen 1968: material film aesthetics and radical cinema politics |journal=The Sixties |pages=1–16 |doi=10.1080/17541328.2017.1320884 |issn=1754-1328 |s2cid=148898994}}<cite class="citation journal cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFHalle2017">Halle, Randall (13 May 2017). "Xscreen 1968: material film aesthetics and radical cinema politics". ''The Sixties'': <span class="nowrap">1–</span>16. [[Doi (identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.1080/17541328.2017.1320884|10.1080/17541328.2017.1320884]]. [[ISSN]]&nbsp;[https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1754-1328 1754-1328]. [[S2CID (identifier)|S2CID]]&nbsp;[https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:148898994 148898994].</cite></ref> * 1969: 625, 16&nbsp;mm, Minti 34 * 1978–82: [[Superman und Wonderwoman]], [[Hein, Birgit, and Wilhelm Hein. “Superman and Wonderwoman: Filmperformance 1980-82.” SubStance 11/12 (January 1, 1982): 171–177.|Ayyukan Fim]] <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Hein |first=Birgit |last2=Hein |first2=Wilhelm |date=1983 |title=Superman and Wonderwoman: Filmperformance 1980-82 |journal=SubStance |volume=11 |issue=4 |pages=171 |doi=10.2307/3684189 |issn=0049-2426 |jstor=3684189}}</ref> * 1982: ''[[Love Stinks (1982 film)|Ƙanshin Soyayya]]'' * 1986: [[Verbotene Bilder]], 16&nbsp;mm, Minti 87 * 1986: ''Wanke Kafafu (kashi) a cikin Yesu - Fim ɗin Der'' * 1987–88: Die Kali-Filme, 16&nbsp;mm, Minti 70 * 1992: ''[[Die Unheimlichen Frauen]]'' * 1995: ''[[Baby, I Will Make You Sweat|Baby, Zan Sa Ki Yi Gumi]]'' * 1997: Eintagsfliegen, Bidiyo, 24 Min * 2000: ''[[La Moderna poesia]]'' * 2006: Kriegsbilder, Bidiyo, Minti 10 * 2013: Fim ɗin Abstrakter, Bidiyo, Minti 10 == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Mutuwan 2023]] [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1942]] bj9io83rgk1lawhiz0evxng60vmvwct 894926 894925 2026-08-11T13:11:26Z Nnamadee 31123 894926 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Birgit Hein''' (6 ga Agusta 1942 - 23 ga Fabrairu 2023) [[Darakta|daraktan fina-finai]] ne na Jamus, furodusa, mai zane-zane, farfesa a jami'a, kuma marubucin allo wanda ya yi fina-finan gwaji tun daga shekarun 1960, tare da mijinta na lokacin Wilhelm Hein. == Tarihin Rayuwa == An haifi Hein a [[Berlin]] a shekarar 1942. <ref name="official">{{Cite web |last=Büttenbender |first=Gerhard |author-link= |title=Birgit Hein - Ihr leben |url=http://www.hbk-bs.de/bhein/leben/index.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081004195508/http://www.hbk-bs.de/bhein/leben/index.html |archive-date=4 October 2008 |access-date=17 May 2008 |publisher=Official site}}</ref> Tare da fina-finanta na gine-gine (tun daga 1966), wasan kwaikwayo, muƙaloli na fim na tarihi da wallafe-wallafen nazarin fina-finai, ana ɗaukarta a matsayin ɗaya daga cikin manyan masu tsara fina-finan Jamus na ƙarƙashin ƙasa da na gwaji . A shekarar 1964, ta auri Wilhelm Hein (An raba ta a shekarar 1988, an sake ta a shekarar 1995), <ref>{{Cite web |title=Rohfilm {{!}} Raw Film |url=https://www.berlinale.de/en/archive/jahresarchive/2018/02_programm_2018/02_filmdatenblatt_2018_201802568.html#tab=filmStills |access-date=14 April 2020 |website=www.berlinale.de |language=en}}</ref> wanda ta yi aiki tare da shi a wasu ayyukan fina-finai na gwaji. <ref name="official" /> A shekarar 1968, ta kafa [[XSCREEN]], <ref name=":1">{{Cite journal |last=Halle |first=Randall |date=13 May 2017 |title=Xscreen 1968: material film aesthetics and radical cinema politics |journal=The Sixties |pages=1–16 |doi=10.1080/17541328.2017.1320884 |issn=1754-1328 |s2cid=148898994}}</ref> wani wurin baje kolin kayayyaki a [[Köln|Cologne]] . <ref>{{Cite web |title=After the Avant-garde: Participants |url=http://www.pitt.edu/~rhalle/avantgarde/bios.htm#bh |access-date=17 May 2008 |publisher=[[University of Pittsburgh]]}} </ref> A cikin 1993, Hein ta lashe lambar yabo mafi kyawun Fina-Finan [[German Film Critics Association|Fina-Finan Jamus]] don fim ɗinta ''[[Die Unheimlichen Frauen]]'' . Hein ya yi karatun tarihin fasaha da kuma karatun wasan kwaikwayo a Jami'ar Cologne a farkon shekarun 1960. Daga shekarar 1966 zuwa 1988 ta yi aiki tare da Wilhelm Hein wajen shirya fina-finai da kuma yin wasanni tare da shi. An wakilta ta da ayyukan fina-finai guda biyu, tare da Wilhelm Hein a cikin Documenta V a Kassel a shekarar 1972, wani baje kolin fasaha mai tasiri a duniya bayan [[Yaƙin Duniya na II|Yaƙin Duniya na Biyu]] . <ref>{{Cite web |title=documenta 5 - Retrospective - documenta |url=https://www.documenta.de/en/retrospective/documenta_5 |access-date=14 April 2020 |website=www.documenta.de}}</ref> An gabatar da ayyukansu na haɗin gwiwa ta hanyoyi daban-daban na baya-bayan nan, misali a cikin Anthology Archives, New York (1974), a cikin Filmmuseum Frankfurt (1985) da kuma a Cologne (1988) da kuma a [[Kwapanhagan|Copenhagen]] (1989). A shekarun 1970 sun shirya kuma sun shirya nune-nunen fina-finai da dama, misali Art Remains Art (Cologne 1974), Film As Film (Cologne, Berlin, Essen, Stuttgart 1977) da Film As Film (London 1979). Sun yi rangadin yawon shakatawa a Pakistan, Bangladesh da Indiya (1987) kuma sun shiga cikin taron fina-finai na gwaji na duniya na Toronto (1989). A Cologne, ta kasance wacce ta kafa fasahar XScreen don wasannin kwaikwayo na al'adu daban-daban da kuma shirye-shiryen sinima daban-daban. A shekarun 1970, ta koyar da ayyukan zane-zane na fim a jami'o'i daban-daban (ciki har da makarantun masana'antar Cologne). Ta gudanar da wasu muhimman ayyukan kula da fina-finai, ciki har da wani sabon sashe na fim a Documenta VI . Birgit Hein farfesa ce a Jami'ar Fasaha ta Braunschweig tun daga shekarar 1990, ta yi ritaya a shekarar 2007. Fina-finanta da yawa da aka fara nunawa a taron fina- [[Forum des Junge Films|finan Forum des Junge]], bikin fina-finan Berlin (1986, 1992, 1995) da kuma shirye-shiryen talabijin (misali Baby, I Will Make You Sweat, 1997) da kuma sayen tarin fina-finai (misali Musée d'Art Moderne - Center Pompidou, 1999). Ta yi nunin ayyukanta da dama, misali Montreal 2000, Rotterdam 2000, Madrid 2002 da kuma Arsenal Berlin 2003. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Roddy |first=Bernard |date=1 November 2012 |title=The Translator's Echo: Listening to Birgit Hein's Baby, I Will Make You Sweat |journal=Afterimage |volume=40 |issue=3 |pages=21–24 |doi=10.1525/aft.2012.40.3.21 |issn=0300-7472}}</ref> Tun daga shekarar 2007 ta kasance memba na [[Kwalejin Fasaha, Berlin|Akademie der Künste]] Berlin, kuma tun daga shekarar 2012 ta kasance mataimakiyar darakta a sashen fasahar gani. == Rayuwar fim == * 1967: ''[[S & W (film)|S da W]]'' * 1968: ''[[Rohfilm]]'' <ref name=":1">{{Cite journal |last=Halle |first=Randall |date=13 May 2017 |title=Xscreen 1968: material film aesthetics and radical cinema politics |journal=The Sixties |pages=1–16 |doi=10.1080/17541328.2017.1320884 |issn=1754-1328 |s2cid=148898994}}<cite class="citation journal cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFHalle2017">Halle, Randall (13 May 2017). "Xscreen 1968: material film aesthetics and radical cinema politics". ''The Sixties'': <span class="nowrap">1–</span>16. [[Doi (identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.1080/17541328.2017.1320884|10.1080/17541328.2017.1320884]]. [[ISSN]]&nbsp;[https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1754-1328 1754-1328]. [[S2CID (identifier)|S2CID]]&nbsp;[https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:148898994 148898994].</cite></ref> * 1969: 625, 16&nbsp;mm, Minti 34 * 1978–82: [[Superman und Wonderwoman]], [[Hein, Birgit, and Wilhelm Hein. “Superman and Wonderwoman: Filmperformance 1980-82.” SubStance 11/12 (January 1, 1982): 171–177.|Ayyukan Fim]] <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Hein |first=Birgit |last2=Hein |first2=Wilhelm |date=1983 |title=Superman and Wonderwoman: Filmperformance 1980-82 |journal=SubStance |volume=11 |issue=4 |pages=171 |doi=10.2307/3684189 |issn=0049-2426 |jstor=3684189}}</ref> * 1982: ''[[Love Stinks (1982 film)|Ƙanshin Soyayya]]'' * 1986: [[Verbotene Bilder]], 16&nbsp;mm, Minti 87 * 1986: ''Wanke Kafafu (kashi) a cikin Yesu - Fim ɗin Der'' * 1987–88: Die Kali-Filme, 16&nbsp;mm, Minti 70 * 1992: ''[[Die Unheimlichen Frauen]]'' * 1995: ''[[Baby, I Will Make You Sweat|Baby, Zan Sa Ki Yi Gumi]]'' * 1997: Eintagsfliegen, Bidiyo, 24 Min * 2000: ''[[La Moderna poesia]]'' * 2006: Kriegsbilder, Bidiyo, Minti 10 * 2013: Fim ɗin Abstrakter, Bidiyo, Minti 10 == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Mutuwan 2023]] [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1942]] f0bjo31y38iij033x6mp375gyoz5uyp 0 163166 894927 2026-08-11T13:12:24Z Nnamadee 31123 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1305491549|Birgit Stauch]]" 894927 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Birgit Stauch''' (an haife ta a ranar 11 ga Disamba, 1961, a Baden-Baden, [[Yammacin Jamus]]) ƙwararren mai sassaka ce ta Jamus wacce ke aiki a fannin tagulla, sassaka, zane-zane da [[Hoto (Portrait)|hotuna]]. == Rayuwa == An haifi Stauch a Baden-Baden, Baden-Württemberg, 'yar mai zane kuma mai sassaka, Alexander Stauch. Bayan dawowa daga aikin dole a lokacin [[Yaƙin Duniya na II|Yaƙin Duniya na Biyu,]] mahaifinta ya yi karatun sassaka dutse a matsayin sana'a da sassaka a matsayin sha'awa, wanda hakan ya sa 'yarsa ta bi sawun sa. Ta yi karatun zane a Cibiyar Johann Friedrich Böttger a Selb, Bavaria. Ta ci gaba da karatunta a matsayin ɗalibi a Arno Breker (1900-1991) da kuma mai sassaka Rudolf Alexander Agricola (1912-1990). Stauch kuma yayi karatun zane a karkashin Clarissa Kupferberg (1907-1989). Ta yi aiki a matsayin darakta mai kirkire-kirkire a gidan wasan kwaikwayo na Strassackers', babban kamfanin kere-kere na Turai tsawon shekaru 14. Da ta dawo Baden-Baden, ta karɓi aikin ginin dutse na mahaifinta a matsayin manajan darakta duk da haka ta ci gaba da ƙirƙirar ayyuka iri-iri baya ga koyar da sassaka. == Ayyuka == Ayyukanta sun haɗa da zane-zane iri-iri, zane-zane <ref>{{Cite web |date=August 7, 2009 |title=Birgit Stauch Artist: Guepard |url=https://birgitstauchartist.blogspot.com/2009/08/guepard.html}}</ref>, sassaka na dutse da tagulla, <ref>{{Cite web |date=August 7, 2009 |title=Birgit Stauch Artist: Nomad |url=https://birgitstauchartist.blogspot.com/2009/08/nomad.html}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |date=August 7, 2009 |title=Birgit Stauch Artist: Sensuality |url=https://birgitstauchartist.blogspot.com/2009/08/sensuality.html}}</ref> kayan ado na tagulla, ginshiƙai kamar [[Käthe Kollwitz]], ƙofofi, zane na tagulla, ayyuka daban-daban da kuma kayan aikin da aka ba da izini. [[Fayil:Pauline_Viardot_Denkmal_Baden_Baden_(fcm).jpg|thumb| Pauline Viardot 2004 Baden-Baden]] Stauch ya ƙirƙiri wani abin tunawa [[The Holocaust|da kisan kiyashi]] don tunawa da korar Yahudawa 450 daga Freiburg zuwa sansanin fursunoni da ke Gurs, a Faransa, kusa da kan iyakar Spain a ranar 22 ga Oktoba, 1940. An yi la'akari da Gurs a matsayin wurin da fursunoni za su iya wucewa zuwa Auschwitz . <ref>{{Cite web |date=August 7, 2009 |title=Birgit Stauch Artist: The coat left behind |url=https://birgitstauchartist.blogspot.com/2009/08/coat-left-behind.html}}</ref> === Abubuwan tarihi na jama'a === * Har Eulenspiegel, Aikin Ruwa, Baden-Baden 1986 * Tunawa, "17. Yuni", Baden-Baden 1989 * "Monk" Sandstone, Bad Herrenalb 1991 * Maɓuɓɓugan Ruwa na Jama'a, Rastatt Rauental 1992, 2002 * Ruwan Ruwa na Jama'a, Sandweier 1994 * Fountain Jama'a, Giengen an der Brenz 1996 * Maɓuɓɓugar Ruwa ta Jama'a ta Weyhr 1999 * Tunawa da "Zaman Lafiya, 'Yanci da Abota a Turai" Baden-Baden 2007 === Tashoshin tagulla === * Fadar Gwamnatin Sarkin [[Qatar]] a shekarar 1986 * Tafkin ruwa na Schmalbach 1992 * Ma'ajiyar ruwa ta Annaberg 1998 == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1961]] 44dbg8g3b3icdogv8g199wyk3hdrhx4 894928 894927 2026-08-11T13:13:00Z Nnamadee 31123 894928 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Birgit Stauch''' (an haife ta a ranar 11 ga Disamba, 1961, a Baden-Baden, [[Yammacin Jamus]]) ƙwararren mai sassaka ce ta Jamus wacce ke aiki a fannin tagulla, sassaka, zane-zane da [[Hoto (Portrait)|hotuna]]. == Rayuwa == An haifi Stauch a Baden-Baden, Baden-Württemberg, 'yar mai zane kuma mai sassaka, Alexander Stauch. Bayan dawowa daga aikin dole a lokacin [[Yaƙin Duniya na II|Yaƙin Duniya na Biyu,]] mahaifinta ya yi karatun sassaka dutse a matsayin sana'a da sassaka a matsayin sha'awa, wanda hakan ya sa 'yarsa ta bi sawun sa. Ta yi karatun zane a Cibiyar Johann Friedrich Böttger a Selb, Bavaria. Ta ci gaba da karatunta a matsayin ɗalibi a Arno Breker (1900-1991) da kuma mai sassaka Rudolf Alexander Agricola (1912-1990). Stauch kuma yayi karatun zane a karkashin Clarissa Kupferberg (1907-1989). Ta yi aiki a matsayin darakta mai kirkire-kirkire a gidan wasan kwaikwayo na Strassackers', babban kamfanin kere-kere na Turai tsawon shekaru 14. Da ta dawo Baden-Baden, ta karɓi aikin ginin dutse na mahaifinta a matsayin manajan darakta duk da haka ta ci gaba da ƙirƙirar ayyuka iri-iri baya ga koyar da sassaka. == Ayyuka == Ayyukanta sun haɗa da zane-zane iri-iri, zane-zane <ref>{{Cite web |date=August 7, 2009 |title=Birgit Stauch Artist: Guepard |url=https://birgitstauchartist.blogspot.com/2009/08/guepard.html}}</ref>, sassaka na dutse da tagulla, <ref>{{Cite web |date=August 7, 2009 |title=Birgit Stauch Artist: Nomad |url=https://birgitstauchartist.blogspot.com/2009/08/nomad.html}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |date=August 7, 2009 |title=Birgit Stauch Artist: Sensuality |url=https://birgitstauchartist.blogspot.com/2009/08/sensuality.html}}</ref> kayan ado na tagulla, ginshiƙai kamar [[Käthe Kollwitz]], ƙofofi, zane na tagulla, ayyuka daban-daban da kuma kayan aikin da aka ba da izini. [[Fayil:Pauline_Viardot_Denkmal_Baden_Baden_(fcm).jpg|thumb| Pauline Viardot 2004 Baden-Baden]] Stauch ya ƙirƙiri wani abin tunawa [[The Holocaust|da kisan kiyashi]] don tunawa da korar Yahudawa 450 daga Freiburg zuwa sansanin fursunoni da ke Gurs, a Faransa, kusa da kan iyakar Spain a ranar 22 ga Oktoba, 1940. An yi la'akari da Gurs a matsayin wurin da fursunoni za su iya wucewa zuwa Auschwitz . <ref>{{Cite web |date=August 7, 2009 |title=Birgit Stauch Artist: The coat left behind |url=https://birgitstauchartist.blogspot.com/2009/08/coat-left-behind.html}}</ref> === Abubuwan tarihi na jama'a === * Har Eulenspiegel, Aikin Ruwa, Baden-Baden 1986 * Tunawa, "17. Yuni", Baden-Baden 1989 * "Monk" Sandstone, Bad Herrenalb 1991 * Maɓuɓɓugan Ruwa na Jama'a, Rastatt Rauental 1992, 2002 * Ruwan Ruwa na Jama'a, Sandweier 1994 * Fountain Jama'a, Giengen an der Brenz 1996 * Maɓuɓɓugar Ruwa ta Jama'a ta Weyhr 1999 * Tunawa da "Zaman Lafiya, 'Yanci da Abota a Turai" Baden-Baden 2007 === Tashoshin tagulla === * Fadar Gwamnatin Sarkin [[Qatar]] a shekarar 1986 * Tafkin ruwa na Schmalbach 1992 * Ma'ajiyar ruwa ta Annaberg 1998 == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1961]] 5r4benr4wrcxadepvglbjpsd398fzeu 0 163167 894930 2026-08-11T13:14:01Z Nnamadee 31123 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1366320542|Gunta Stölzl]]" 894930 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Gunta Stölzl''' (5 Maris 1897 &#x2013; 22 Afrilu 1983) yar ƙasar Jamus ce mai zane-zanen yadi wadda ta taka muhimmiyar rawa a ci gaban makarantar [[Bauhaus]] [[Saƙa|ta saka]], inda ta haifar da babban sauyi yayin da take sauyawa daga ayyukan zane-zane na mutum ɗaya zuwa zane-zanen masana'antu na zamani. Tana ɗaya daga cikin ƙananan malamai mata a cikin ma'aikatan [[Bauhaus]] kuma ta farko da ta riƙe muƙamin "Master". Ana kyautata zaton aikinta na yadi yana wakiltar salon musamman na yadin Bauhaus. Ta shiga makarantar Bauhaus a matsayin ɗaliba a shekarar 1919, ta zama ƙaramar master a shekarar 1927. An kore ta daga aiki saboda dalilai na siyasa a shekarar 1931, shekaru biyu kafin a rufe Bauhaus sakamakon matsin lamba daga Nazi . Sashen yadi wani ɓangare ne da aka yi watsi da shi na Bauhaus lokacin da Stölzl ta fara aikinta, kuma ƙwararrunsa sun yi rauni a fannin fasaha na samar da yadi. Ba da daɗewa ba ta zama mai ba da shawara ga sauran ɗalibai kuma ta sake buɗe ɗakunan rini na Bauhaus a shekarar 1921. Bayan ɗan lokaci, Stölzl ya zama darektan saka na makarantar a shekarar 1925 lokacin da ta ƙaura daga Weimar zuwa Dessau kuma ta faɗaɗa sashen don ƙara yawan kayan aikin saka da rini. <ref name="Biography">{{Cite web |title=Biography |url=https://www.guntastolzl.org/About/Biography |access-date=13 March 2026 |website=guntastolzl.org}}</ref> Ta yi amfani da ra'ayoyi daga fasahar zamani zuwa saka, ta yi gwaji da kayan roba, sannan ta inganta koyarwar fasaha ta sashen don haɗa da darussa a fannin lissafi. Sashen saka kayan aikin Bauhaus ya zama ɗaya daga cikin wuraren da suka fi samun nasara a ƙarƙashin jagorancinta. == Rayuwar farko == An haifi Stölzl a [[München|Munich]], Bavaria ga Franz Seraph Stölzl, malami kuma shugaban makaranta da kuma Kreszenz Stürzer, wanda mahaifinsa abokin malamin gyara ne Georg Kerschensteiner . Tana da ɗan'uwa ɗaya, Erwin. Ta halarci makarantar sakandare ta 'ya'yan ƙwararru, ta kammala karatunta a shekarar 1913. Ta fara karatunta a [[Kunstgewerbeschule]] (Makarantar Fasaha Mai Amfani) a shekarar 1914, inda ta yi nazarin zane-zanen gilashi, zane-zanen ado da kuma tukwane a ƙarƙashin fitaccen daraktan Richard Riemerschmid . A shekarar 1917, yaƙin da ake yi ya katse karatun Stölzl, kuma ta yi aikin sa kai a matsayin ma'aikaciyar jinya ga [[Kungiyar agaji ta Red Cross da Red Crescent ta kasa da kasa|Red Cross]], a bayan layin gaba har zuwa ƙarshen Yaƙin Duniya na Ɗaya a shekarar 1918. Bayan ta dawo gida, ta sake tsunduma cikin karatunta a Kunstgewerbeschule da ke Munich, inda ta shiga cikin gyaran manhajar makarantar. A wannan lokacin ne Stölzl ya gamu da manufofin [[Bauhaus]] . Bayan ta yanke shawarar ci gaba da karatunta a sabuwar makarantar Bauhaus da aka kafa, Stölzl ta yi bazara ta 1919 a cikin azuzuwan zane-zanen gilashi da na bango na Bauhaus don samun karbuwa a gwaji a cikin kwas ɗin farko na Johannes Itten . Zuwa shekarar 1920, Stölzl ba wai kawai an karɓe shi gaba ɗaya a makarantar Bauhaus ba, har ma an ba shi tallafin karatu don halarta. <ref name="Weltge">Sigrid Wortmann Weltge. Bauhaus Textiles: Women Artists and the Weaving Workshop. Thames and Hudson, 1993. ({{ISBN|0-500-28034-7}})</ref> == Rayuwar ɗalibi == [[File:Stolzl_breuer_african_chair.jpg|alt=Wooden chair with colorful woven fabric pattern and unusual shape|right|thumb|345x345px| Shugaban Afirka, haɗin gwiwa da Marcel Breuer a 1921]] [[Fayil:Oskar_Schlemmer_Webereiklasse_auf_der_Bauhaustreppe_1927.jpg|alt=Many women seen going up and down the stairs of the Bauhaus|thumb| Ajin saka na Oskar Schlemmer a kan matakan Bauhaus a shekarar 1927]] A cikin shekarar farko ta Stölzl a Bauhaus, ta fara abin da ta kira "sashen mata", wanda saboda rawar da mata ke takawa a makarantar, daga ƙarshe ya zama kamar bitar saka. <ref name="Weltge">Sigrid Wortmann Weltge. Bauhaus Textiles: Women Artists and the Weaving Workshop. Thames and Hudson, 1993. ({{ISBN|0-500-28034-7}})</ref> Stölzl yana da himma sosai a sashen saka kaya kuma nan take aka ɗauke shi a matsayin jagora a cikin ƙungiyar. A lokacin, sashen yana mai da hankali kan fasahar zane-zane da ayyukan mutum ɗaya waɗanda ke nuna koyarwa da falsafar masu zane waɗanda suka yi aiki a matsayin ƙwararrun Bauhaus. Bauhaus na Weimar yana da yanayi mai annashuwa wanda kusan ya dogara ne kawai ga ɗaliban da ke koyar da kansu da kuma junansu. Abin takaici, Georg Muche, wanda shi ne shugaban sashen saƙa a lokacin, ba shi da sha'awar sana'ar kanta. Ya ɗauki saka da sauran fasahar yadi a matsayin 'aikin mata' don haka bai taimaka sosai ba ga hanyoyin fasaha da ake amfani da su. Wannan yana nufin ɗaliban an bar su da ƙwarewarsu don gano duk fannoni na fasaha na sana'a waɗanda yawancinsu ba su da ƙwarewa sosai a aiki. Saboda wannan tsari, yana da mahimmanci a kalli ayyukan zamanin Weimar a gani maimakon a fasaha. <ref name="Weltge" /> A shekarar 1921 Stölzl da abokanta biyu suka yi tafiya zuwa Italiya don ganin zane-zane da gine-ginen da suka koya don ƙarin wahayi. Bayan ta ci jarrabawar mai aikin saƙa da kuma ɗaukar darussan rini a wata makaranta da ke [[Krefeld]], Stölzl ta sami damar buɗe ɗakunan rini da aka yi watsi da su a baya. Ya zama a bayyane cewa tana ba da umarni ga sauran ɗalibai, kodayake ba bisa ƙa'ida ba, domin Muche, ƙwararren mai tsara zane ko [[Helene Börner]], ƙwararren mai tsara zane, ba za su iya koyarwa da haɓaka ɗaliban a fannoni na fasaha ba. A shekarar 1921, Stölzl ya yi aiki tare da Marcel Breuer a kan [http://www.guntastolzl.org/gallery/1456128_hors3#74248012_RYBxR kujerar Afirka] - wanda aka yi da itace mai fenti tare da saka mai launi. An fara baje kolin Bauhaus na farko a hukumance a watan Satumba na shekarar 1923 a ginin Haus am Horn . Ginin da kansa, wanda Georg Muche ya tsara, tsari ne mai sauƙi, mai tsari na zamani wanda aka yi shi da ƙarfe da siminti. An tsara kowane ɗaki na gidan bisa ga takamaiman aikinsa kuma an yi shi musamman da kayan daki, kayan aiki da sauransu, waɗanda aka ƙera a cikin bita na Bauhaus. Taron saka ya halarci ta hanyar ƙirƙirar kafet, rataye bango da sauran abubuwa don ɗakuna daban-daban waɗanda duk suka sami kyakkyawan sakamako. Da wannan baje kolin, Walter Gropius ya fitar da wani rubutu mai taken 'Fasaha da Fasaha - Sabuwar Haɗin Kai' wanda ya yi kama da yana da tasiri sosai ga matan da ke cikin taron saka. Duk da kyakkyawan sharhin da aka yi game da ayyukansu, matan sun fara barin hotunan hoto da hanyoyin gargajiya da suke aiki da su har zuwa wannan lokacin kuma suka fara aiki a zahiri, suna ƙoƙarin yin abubuwa daidai da koyarwar Kandinsky na 'zuciyar ciki'. <ref name="Weltge">Sigrid Wortmann Weltge. Bauhaus Textiles: Women Artists and the Weaving Workshop. Thames and Hudson, 1993. ({{ISBN|0-500-28034-7}})</ref> == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Mutuwan 1983]] [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1897]] o12irlnseidchczeu76kucbm9x3a92a 894932 894930 2026-08-11T13:14:39Z Nnamadee 31123 894932 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Gunta Stölzl''' (5 Maris 1897 &#x2013; 22 Afrilu 1983) yar ƙasar Jamus ce mai zane-zanen yadi wadda ta taka muhimmiyar rawa a ci gaban makarantar [[Bauhaus]] [[Saƙa|ta saka]], inda ta haifar da babban sauyi yayin da take sauyawa daga ayyukan zane-zane na mutum ɗaya zuwa zane-zanen masana'antu na zamani. Tana ɗaya daga cikin ƙananan malamai mata a cikin ma'aikatan [[Bauhaus]] kuma ta farko da ta riƙe muƙamin "Master". Ana kyautata zaton aikinta na yadi yana wakiltar salon musamman na yadin Bauhaus. Ta shiga makarantar Bauhaus a matsayin ɗaliba a shekarar 1919, ta zama ƙaramar master a shekarar 1927. An kore ta daga aiki saboda dalilai na siyasa a shekarar 1931, shekaru biyu kafin a rufe Bauhaus sakamakon matsin lamba daga Nazi. Sashen yadi wani ɓangare ne da aka yi watsi da shi na Bauhaus lokacin da Stölzl ta fara aikinta, kuma ƙwararrunsa sun yi rauni a fannin fasaha na samar da yadi. Ba da daɗewa ba ta zama mai ba da shawara ga sauran ɗalibai kuma ta sake buɗe ɗakunan rini na Bauhaus a shekarar 1921. Bayan ɗan lokaci, Stölzl ya zama darektan saka na makarantar a shekarar 1925 lokacin da ta ƙaura daga Weimar zuwa Dessau kuma ta faɗaɗa sashen don ƙara yawan kayan aikin saka da rini.<ref name="Biography">{{Cite web |title=Biography |url=https://www.guntastolzl.org/About/Biography |access-date=13 March 2026 |website=guntastolzl.org}}</ref> Ta yi amfani da ra'ayoyi daga fasahar zamani zuwa saka, ta yi gwaji da kayan roba, sannan ta inganta koyarwar fasaha ta sashen don haɗa da darussa a fannin lissafi. Sashen saka kayan aikin Bauhaus ya zama ɗaya daga cikin wuraren da suka fi samun nasara a ƙarƙashin jagorancinta. == Rayuwar farko == An haifi Stölzl a [[München|Munich]], Bavaria ga Franz Seraph Stölzl, malami kuma shugaban makaranta da kuma Kreszenz Stürzer, wanda mahaifinsa abokin malamin gyara ne Georg Kerschensteiner . Tana da ɗan'uwa ɗaya, Erwin. Ta halarci makarantar sakandare ta 'ya'yan ƙwararru, ta kammala karatunta a shekarar 1913. Ta fara karatunta a [[Kunstgewerbeschule]] (Makarantar Fasaha Mai Amfani) a shekarar 1914, inda ta yi nazarin zane-zanen gilashi, zane-zanen ado da kuma tukwane a ƙarƙashin fitaccen daraktan Richard Riemerschmid . A shekarar 1917, yaƙin da ake yi ya katse karatun Stölzl, kuma ta yi aikin sa kai a matsayin ma'aikaciyar jinya ga [[Kungiyar agaji ta Red Cross da Red Crescent ta kasa da kasa|Red Cross]], a bayan layin gaba har zuwa ƙarshen Yaƙin Duniya na Ɗaya a shekarar 1918. Bayan ta dawo gida, ta sake tsunduma cikin karatunta a Kunstgewerbeschule da ke Munich, inda ta shiga cikin gyaran manhajar makarantar. A wannan lokacin ne Stölzl ya gamu da manufofin [[Bauhaus]] . Bayan ta yanke shawarar ci gaba da karatunta a sabuwar makarantar Bauhaus da aka kafa, Stölzl ta yi bazara ta 1919 a cikin azuzuwan zane-zanen gilashi da na bango na Bauhaus don samun karbuwa a gwaji a cikin kwas ɗin farko na Johannes Itten . Zuwa shekarar 1920, Stölzl ba wai kawai an karɓe shi gaba ɗaya a makarantar Bauhaus ba, har ma an ba shi tallafin karatu don halarta. <ref name="Weltge">Sigrid Wortmann Weltge. Bauhaus Textiles: Women Artists and the Weaving Workshop. Thames and Hudson, 1993. ({{ISBN|0-500-28034-7}})</ref> == Rayuwar ɗalibi == [[File:Stolzl_breuer_african_chair.jpg|alt=Wooden chair with colorful woven fabric pattern and unusual shape|right|thumb|345x345px| Shugaban Afirka, haɗin gwiwa da Marcel Breuer a 1921]] [[Fayil:Oskar_Schlemmer_Webereiklasse_auf_der_Bauhaustreppe_1927.jpg|alt=Many women seen going up and down the stairs of the Bauhaus|thumb| Ajin saka na Oskar Schlemmer a kan matakan Bauhaus a shekarar 1927]] A cikin shekarar farko ta Stölzl a Bauhaus, ta fara abin da ta kira "sashen mata", wanda saboda rawar da mata ke takawa a makarantar, daga ƙarshe ya zama kamar bitar saka. <ref name="Weltge">Sigrid Wortmann Weltge. Bauhaus Textiles: Women Artists and the Weaving Workshop. Thames and Hudson, 1993. ({{ISBN|0-500-28034-7}})</ref> Stölzl yana da himma sosai a sashen saka kaya kuma nan take aka ɗauke shi a matsayin jagora a cikin ƙungiyar. A lokacin, sashen yana mai da hankali kan fasahar zane-zane da ayyukan mutum ɗaya waɗanda ke nuna koyarwa da falsafar masu zane waɗanda suka yi aiki a matsayin ƙwararrun Bauhaus. Bauhaus na Weimar yana da yanayi mai annashuwa wanda kusan ya dogara ne kawai ga ɗaliban da ke koyar da kansu da kuma junansu. Abin takaici, Georg Muche, wanda shi ne shugaban sashen saƙa a lokacin, ba shi da sha'awar sana'ar kanta. Ya ɗauki saka da sauran fasahar yadi a matsayin 'aikin mata' don haka bai taimaka sosai ba ga hanyoyin fasaha da ake amfani da su. Wannan yana nufin ɗaliban an bar su da ƙwarewarsu don gano duk fannoni na fasaha na sana'a waɗanda yawancinsu ba su da ƙwarewa sosai a aiki. Saboda wannan tsari, yana da mahimmanci a kalli ayyukan zamanin Weimar a gani maimakon a fasaha. <ref name="Weltge" /> A shekarar 1921 Stölzl da abokanta biyu suka yi tafiya zuwa Italiya don ganin zane-zane da gine-ginen da suka koya don ƙarin wahayi. Bayan ta ci jarrabawar mai aikin saƙa da kuma ɗaukar darussan rini a wata makaranta da ke [[Krefeld]], Stölzl ta sami damar buɗe ɗakunan rini da aka yi watsi da su a baya. Ya zama a bayyane cewa tana ba da umarni ga sauran ɗalibai, kodayake ba bisa ƙa'ida ba, domin Muche, ƙwararren mai tsara zane ko [[Helene Börner]], ƙwararren mai tsara zane, ba za su iya koyarwa da haɓaka ɗaliban a fannoni na fasaha ba. A shekarar 1921, Stölzl ya yi aiki tare da Marcel Breuer a kan [http://www.guntastolzl.org/gallery/1456128_hors3#74248012_RYBxR kujerar Afirka] - wanda aka yi da itace mai fenti tare da saka mai launi. An fara baje kolin Bauhaus na farko a hukumance a watan Satumba na shekarar 1923 a ginin Haus am Horn . Ginin da kansa, wanda Georg Muche ya tsara, tsari ne mai sauƙi, mai tsari na zamani wanda aka yi shi da ƙarfe da siminti. An tsara kowane ɗaki na gidan bisa ga takamaiman aikinsa kuma an yi shi musamman da kayan daki, kayan aiki da sauransu, waɗanda aka ƙera a cikin bita na Bauhaus. Taron saka ya halarci ta hanyar ƙirƙirar kafet, rataye bango da sauran abubuwa don ɗakuna daban-daban waɗanda duk suka sami kyakkyawan sakamako. Da wannan baje kolin, Walter Gropius ya fitar da wani rubutu mai taken 'Fasaha da Fasaha - Sabuwar Haɗin Kai' wanda ya yi kama da yana da tasiri sosai ga matan da ke cikin taron saka. Duk da kyakkyawan sharhin da aka yi game da ayyukansu, matan sun fara barin hotunan hoto da hanyoyin gargajiya da suke aiki da su har zuwa wannan lokacin kuma suka fara aiki a zahiri, suna ƙoƙarin yin abubuwa daidai da koyarwar Kandinsky na 'zuciyar ciki'. <ref name="Weltge">Sigrid Wortmann Weltge. Bauhaus Textiles: Women Artists and the Weaving Workshop. Thames and Hudson, 1993. ({{ISBN|0-500-28034-7}})</ref> == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Mutuwan 1983]] [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1897]] nxzsmuvqw8ym83cb183lmuvwcjzhpfn 0 163168 894933 2026-08-11T13:15:38Z Nnamadee 31123 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1342984317|Tomma Abts]]" 894933 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Tomma Abts''' (an haife ta a ranar 26 ga Disamba 1967) <ref>{{Cite web |title=Abts, Tomma, (born 26 Dec. 1967), artist; Professor of Painting, Kunstakademie, Düsseldorf, since 2010 {{!}} WHO'S WHO & WHO WAS WHO |url=https://www.ukwhoswho.com/view/10.1093/ww/9780199540884.001.0001/ww-9780199540884-e-246465 |website=www.ukwhoswho.com |language=en |doi=10.1093/ww/9780199540884.013.U246465 |isbn=978-0-19-954088-4}}</ref> [[Zane-zane na gani|ƙwararriyar mai zane ce]] 'yar asalin Jamus wadda aka san ta da zane-zanen mai masu kama da juna . Abts ya lashe kyautar Turner a shekarar 2006. A halin yanzu tana zaune kuma tana aiki a [[Landan]], Ingila. <ref name="Zwirner">{{Cite web |title=David Zwirner |url=http://www.davidzwirner.com/ |website=David Zwirner}}</ref> == Rayuwar farko da ilimi == An haifi Abts a shekarar 1967 a [[Kiel]], Jamus, ga wani malami a makarantar firamare da kuma likitan mata. Tsakanin 1989 da 1995 Abts sun halarci Hochschule der Künste Berlin . <ref name="Abts" /> Tana zaune a Landan tun 1995, kuma tana kula da wani sitidiyo a Clerkenwell, wanda ta zauna tun lokacin da ta fara zuwa Landan da tallafin kuɗi. <ref name="theguardian.com" /> Sai a shekarar 2002 ne kawai ta sami damar rayuwa kawai daga zane-zanenta. <ref name="theguardian.com" /> == Aiki == Fara kowace daga cikin ayyukanta ba tare da wata shawara da ta riga ta yi ba, sanin girman zane da kayanta kawai, <ref name="davidzwirner.com">{{Cite web |date=10 September – 25 October 2014 |title=Tomma Abts Press Release |url=http://www.davidzwirner.com/exhibition/tomma-abts-2/?view=press-release |access-date=25 June 2018 |publisher=[[David Zwirner]]}}</ref> Abts tana aiki da acrylic da mai, sau da yawa tana gina ƙirarta daga abubuwan da ke maimaitawa na geometric. Za a iya rarraba salonta a matsayin abin da ba a iya gani ba, amma kuma yana adawa da zane-zanen Neo-Expressionist na Jamus. Babu ɗaya daga cikin zane-zanenta da ke wakiltar. Babu wani abu da ya shafi yanayi, duniya ko wani jigo. An goyi bayan taƙaitaccen bayani a cikin zane-zanenta da rashin cikakkun bayanai da kuma yanayin da aka saba gani a baya. Zane-zanen sun ƙunshi siffofi masu rikitarwa waɗanda aka haɗa su da layuka kuma aka saka su ta hanyoyi daban-daban tare da ƙarin haske, inuwa da kuma fahimtar zurfin. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Johnson, Ken |date=11 April 2008 |title=Little Canvases That Contain Worlds |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2008/04/11/arts/design/11abts.html?ref=arts |website=New York Times}}</ref> Abts sun kasance suna aiki akan zane-zane na kowane girma. Tun farkon shekarun 2000, dukkan zane-zanen Abts suna da tsawon santimita 48 x 38 kuma taken zane-zanenta an samo su ne daga ƙamus na sunayen farko na Jamusanci. Ta ce wannan shine girma da salon da ya dace da ita. <ref name="bbcturner">{{Cite web |date=5 December 2006 |title=German painter wins Turner Prize |url=https://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/entertainment/6205970.stm |access-date=16 April 2008 |publisher=BBC News}}</ref> Kowace aiki tana ɗaukar tsarin launi mai wadata kuma mai ɗan tsaka tsaki. Launukan ba su da haske a bayyane kuma suna aiki da launukan juna a cikin kowane aikin fasaha. Abts yana ƙirƙirar tasirin 3D ta hanyar ci gaba da kuma yin layi da kuma yin aiki da kowane zane a hankali. An yi wa ayyukan fenti mai kauri, kusan an yi musu fenti fiye da kima, wanda hakan ke nuna wani abu da aka ƙirƙira ta hanyar gwaji da kuskure. Da alama dai layukan fenti na iya rufe wani abu a ƙarƙashin samfurin da aka gama. "Abts yana kusantar kowace zane ba tare da tunanin wani abu ba, yana gina layukan fenti har sai wani siffa ta yi lu'ulu'u." <ref>{{Cite web |title=Tomma Abts |url=http://www.cmoa.org/international/the_exhibition/artist.asp?abts |access-date=16 April 2008 |publisher=Carnegie International}}</ref> Abts tana ɗaukar lokaci mai tsawo kafin ta samar da ayyukanta, kuma ba ta da ƙwarewa sosai. Ta kuma fara fassara zane-zanenta zuwa zane-zane, musamman tare da Crown Point Press da ke San Francisco, California. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Tomma Abts {{!}} Crown Point Press |url=https://www.crownpoint.com/artists/abts |access-date=2016-02-25 |website=www.crownpoint.com}}</ref> == Ganewa == Abts shine wanda ya lashe kyautar Turner ta 2006, wacce Tate ta bayar a Landan. <ref name="bbcturner">{{Cite web |date=5 December 2006 |title=German painter wins Turner Prize |url=https://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/entertainment/6205970.stm |access-date=16 April 2008 |publisher=BBC News}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite book|last3=Sarah Thornton}}</ref> Tate Gallery ta yaba da "tsarin da ta yi na zane mai tsauri da daidaito" kuma ta ƙara da cewa "Ta hanyar zane-zanenta masu ban sha'awa da ban sha'awa, tana ginawa da kuma wadatar da harshen zane mai ban mamaki." <ref name="tateturner">{{Cite web |year=2006 |title=Turner Prize 2006 |url=http://www.tate.org.uk/whats-on/tate-britain-other-venues/exhibitionseries/turner-prize-series/turner-prize-year-year |access-date=14 October 2010 |publisher=Tate}}</ref> Sauran mawakan da aka zaɓa a cikin jerin sunayen a shekarar 2006 sune Rebecca Warren, Phil Collins, da Mark Titchner . Abts ita ce mace ta farko da ta lashe kyautar. == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1967]] s39f8yk844agnbv195h28l6r41yr0oj 894934 894933 2026-08-11T13:16:30Z Nnamadee 31123 894934 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Tomma Abts''' (an haife ta a ranar 26 ga Disamba 1967) <ref>{{Cite web |title=Abts, Tomma, (born 26 Dec. 1967), artist; Professor of Painting, Kunstakademie, Düsseldorf, since 2010 {{!}} WHO'S WHO & WHO WAS WHO |url=https://www.ukwhoswho.com/view/10.1093/ww/9780199540884.001.0001/ww-9780199540884-e-246465 |website=www.ukwhoswho.com |language=en |doi=10.1093/ww/9780199540884.013.U246465 |isbn=978-0-19-954088-4}}</ref> [[Zane-zane na gani|ƙwararriyar mai zane ce]] 'yar asalin Jamus wadda aka san ta da zane-zanen mai masu kama da juna . Abts ya lashe kyautar Turner a shekarar 2006. A halin yanzu tana zaune kuma tana aiki a [[Landan]], Ingila. <ref name="Zwirner">{{Cite web |title=David Zwirner |url=http://www.davidzwirner.com/ |website=David Zwirner}}</ref> == Rayuwar farko da ilimi == An haifi Abts a shekarar 1967 a [[Kiel]], Jamus, ga wani malami a makarantar firamare da kuma likitan mata. Tsakanin 1989 da 1995 Abts sun halarci Hochschule der Künste Berlin . <ref name="Abts" /> Tana zaune a Landan tun 1995, kuma tana kula da wani sitidiyo a Clerkenwell, wanda ta zauna tun lokacin da ta fara zuwa Landan da tallafin kuɗi. <ref name="theguardian.com" /> Sai a shekarar 2002 ne kawai ta sami damar rayuwa kawai daga zane-zanenta. <ref name="theguardian.com" /> == Aiki == Fara kowace daga cikin ayyukanta ba tare da wata shawara da ta riga ta yi ba, sanin girman zane da kayanta kawai, <ref name="davidzwirner.com">{{Cite web |date=10 September – 25 October 2014 |title=Tomma Abts Press Release |url=http://www.davidzwirner.com/exhibition/tomma-abts-2/?view=press-release |access-date=25 June 2018 |publisher=[[David Zwirner]]}}</ref> Abts tana aiki da acrylic da mai, sau da yawa tana gina ƙirarta daga abubuwan da ke maimaitawa na geometric. Za a iya rarraba salonta a matsayin abin da ba a iya gani ba, amma kuma yana adawa da zane-zanen Neo-Expressionist na Jamus. Babu ɗaya daga cikin zane-zanenta da ke wakiltar. Babu wani abu da ya shafi yanayi, duniya ko wani jigo. An goyi bayan taƙaitaccen bayani a cikin zane-zanenta da rashin cikakkun bayanai da kuma yanayin da aka saba gani a baya. Zane-zanen sun ƙunshi siffofi masu rikitarwa waɗanda aka haɗa su da layuka kuma aka saka su ta hanyoyi daban-daban tare da ƙarin haske, inuwa da kuma fahimtar zurfin. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Johnson, Ken |date=11 April 2008 |title=Little Canvases That Contain Worlds |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2008/04/11/arts/design/11abts.html?ref=arts |website=New York Times}}</ref> Abts sun kasance suna aiki akan zane-zane na kowane girma. Tun farkon shekarun 2000, dukkan zane-zanen Abts suna da tsawon santimita 48 x 38 kuma taken zane-zanenta an samo su ne daga ƙamus na sunayen farko na Jamusanci. Ta ce wannan shine girma da salon da ya dace da ita. <ref name="bbcturner">{{Cite web |date=5 December 2006 |title=German painter wins Turner Prize |url=https://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/entertainment/6205970.stm |access-date=16 April 2008 |publisher=BBC News}}</ref> Kowace aiki tana ɗaukar tsarin launi mai wadata kuma mai ɗan tsaka tsaki. Launukan ba su da haske a bayyane kuma suna aiki da launukan juna a cikin kowane aikin fasaha. Abts yana ƙirƙirar tasirin 3D ta hanyar ci gaba da kuma yin layi da kuma yin aiki da kowane zane a hankali. An yi wa ayyukan fenti mai kauri, kusan an yi musu fenti fiye da kima, wanda hakan ke nuna wani abu da aka ƙirƙira ta hanyar gwaji da kuskure. Da alama dai layukan fenti na iya rufe wani abu a ƙarƙashin samfurin da aka gama. "Abts yana kusantar kowace zane ba tare da tunanin wani abu ba, yana gina layukan fenti har sai wani siffa ta yi lu'ulu'u." <ref>{{Cite web |title=Tomma Abts |url=http://www.cmoa.org/international/the_exhibition/artist.asp?abts |access-date=16 April 2008 |publisher=Carnegie International}}</ref> Abts tana ɗaukar lokaci mai tsawo kafin ta samar da ayyukanta, kuma ba ta da ƙwarewa sosai. Ta kuma fara fassara zane-zanenta zuwa zane-zane, musamman tare da Crown Point Press da ke San Francisco, California. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Tomma Abts {{!}} Crown Point Press |url=https://www.crownpoint.com/artists/abts |access-date=2016-02-25 |website=www.crownpoint.com}}</ref> == Ganewa == Abts shine wanda ya lashe kyautar Turner ta 2006, wacce Tate ta bayar a Landan. <ref name="bbcturner">{{Cite web |date=5 December 2006 |title=German painter wins Turner Prize |url=https://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/entertainment/6205970.stm |access-date=16 April 2008 |publisher=BBC News}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite book|last3=Sarah Thornton}}</ref> Tate Gallery ta yaba da "tsarin da ta yi na zane mai tsauri da daidaito" kuma ta ƙara da cewa "Ta hanyar zane-zanenta masu ban sha'awa da ban sha'awa, tana ginawa da kuma wadatar da harshen zane mai ban mamaki." <ref name="tateturner">{{Cite web |year=2006 |title=Turner Prize 2006 |url=http://www.tate.org.uk/whats-on/tate-britain-other-venues/exhibitionseries/turner-prize-series/turner-prize-year-year |access-date=14 October 2010 |publisher=Tate}}</ref> Sauran mawakan da aka zaɓa a cikin jerin sunayen a shekarar 2006 sune Rebecca Warren, Phil Collins, da Mark Titchner . Abts ita ce mace ta farko da ta lashe kyautar. == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1967]] cx9msaa7pkuq25q2kbtkm12hpd7x7cy 0 163169 894937 2026-08-11T13:17:22Z Nnamadee 31123 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1368769032|Sonja Alhäuser]]" 894937 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Sonja Alhäuser''' (an haife ta a shekara ta 1969) ƙwararriyar mai fasaha ce ' yar ƙasar Jamus. <ref name="artf">{{Cite web |title=Sonja Alhäuser |url=http://www.artfacts.net/en/artist/sonja-alhauser-3115/profile.html |access-date=13 November 2020 |website=artfacts.net}}</ref> == Tarihin Rayuwa == An haifi Sonja Alhäuser a Kirchen (Westerwald), Jamus a cikin 1969 kuma ya yi karatu a Staatliche Kunstakademie (State Art Academy) a [[Düsseldorf]], ya zama "Meisterschülerin" (Master Almajiri) na Fritz Schwegler a 1995. <ref name="artf">{{Cite web |title=Sonja Alhäuser |url=http://www.artfacts.net/en/artist/sonja-alhauser-3115/profile.html |access-date=13 November 2020 |website=artfacts.net}}</ref> Daga 2002 zuwa 2005, Alhäuser ya koyar da zane a Jami'ar Duisburg-Essen, kuma daga 2007 zuwa 2009 ya koyar da zane a Kwalejin Braunschweig. Ta sami lambobin yabo da dama, ciki har da "Peter-Mertes-Scholarship" na "Bonn Kunstverein" a 1997, "Förderpreis der Stadt Düsseldorf" a 2000 da kuma " [[Dorothea Erxleben]] -Scholarship" na [[Lower Saxony|Gwamnatin Tarayya ta Lower Saxony]], 2007–2009. Yanzu haka tana zaune kuma tana aiki a Berlin kuma gidan adana kayan tarihi na Michael Schultz ne ya wakilta ta. == Ayyuka == Alhäuser yana amfani da hanyoyin sadarwa iri-iri tare da mai da hankali kan na ɗan lokaci. Kayanta sun haɗa da abinci. An kwatanta aikinta da Joseph Beuys, wanda shi ma ya yi amfani da kayan aiki na wucin gadi kamar mai da zuma. Tana kuma yin sassaka da azurfa ta Jamus kuma tana yin manyan zane-zane a bango. In ba haka ba, tana aiki a cikin kafofin watsa labarai na gargajiya kamar su ruwan sha, acrylic da crayon. Wasu daga cikin ayyukanta sun haɗa da tattaunawa kan [[Ka,idojin Muhalli|ɗabi'un muhalli]] . == Littattafai == * Sonja Alhäuser, ''Kunst in Schokolade'', Gesellschaft für moderne Kunst am Museum Ludwig, Imhoff-Stollwerck-Museum (edd.), Cologne 2005 * Sonja Alhäuser, ''Immerzu'', Cologne 2007 * Sonja Alhäuser, ''Hartgesotten'', Städtische Galerie Delmenhorst / Kunstverein Ulm 2010 * Sonja Alhäuser, ''fundamentales Vielleicht'', Galerie Michael Schultz, Berlin 2010 * Sonja Alhäuser, ''Maximelange'', Galerie Michael Schultz, Berlin 2013 == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1969]] kfn9xdxhg4nwc1uatalf4t2x0iu5em2 894938 894937 2026-08-11T13:17:49Z Nnamadee 31123 894938 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Sonja Alhäuser''' (an haife ta a shekara ta 1969) ƙwararriyar mai fasaha ce ' yar ƙasar Jamus. <ref name="artf">{{Cite web |title=Sonja Alhäuser |url=http://www.artfacts.net/en/artist/sonja-alhauser-3115/profile.html |access-date=13 November 2020 |website=artfacts.net}}</ref> == Tarihin Rayuwa == An haifi Sonja Alhäuser a Kirchen (Westerwald), Jamus a cikin 1969 kuma ya yi karatu a Staatliche Kunstakademie (State Art Academy) a [[Düsseldorf]], ya zama "Meisterschülerin" (Master Almajiri) na Fritz Schwegler a 1995. <ref name="artf">{{Cite web |title=Sonja Alhäuser |url=http://www.artfacts.net/en/artist/sonja-alhauser-3115/profile.html |access-date=13 November 2020 |website=artfacts.net}}</ref> Daga 2002 zuwa 2005, Alhäuser ya koyar da zane a Jami'ar Duisburg-Essen, kuma daga 2007 zuwa 2009 ya koyar da zane a Kwalejin Braunschweig. Ta sami lambobin yabo da dama, ciki har da "Peter-Mertes-Scholarship" na "Bonn Kunstverein" a 1997, "Förderpreis der Stadt Düsseldorf" a 2000 da kuma " [[Dorothea Erxleben]] -Scholarship" na [[Lower Saxony|Gwamnatin Tarayya ta Lower Saxony]], 2007–2009. Yanzu haka tana zaune kuma tana aiki a Berlin kuma gidan adana kayan tarihi na Michael Schultz ne ya wakilta ta. == Ayyuka == Alhäuser yana amfani da hanyoyin sadarwa iri-iri tare da mai da hankali kan na ɗan lokaci. Kayanta sun haɗa da abinci. An kwatanta aikinta da Joseph Beuys, wanda shi ma ya yi amfani da kayan aiki na wucin gadi kamar mai da zuma. Tana kuma yin sassaka da azurfa ta Jamus kuma tana yin manyan zane-zane a bango. In ba haka ba, tana aiki a cikin kafofin watsa labarai na gargajiya kamar su ruwan sha, acrylic da crayon. Wasu daga cikin ayyukanta sun haɗa da tattaunawa kan [[Ka,idojin Muhalli|ɗabi'un muhalli]] . == Littattafai == * Sonja Alhäuser, ''Kunst in Schokolade'', Gesellschaft für moderne Kunst am Museum Ludwig, Imhoff-Stollwerck-Museum (edd.), Cologne 2005 * Sonja Alhäuser, ''Immerzu'', Cologne 2007 * Sonja Alhäuser, ''Hartgesotten'', Städtische Galerie Delmenhorst / Kunstverein Ulm 2010 * Sonja Alhäuser, ''fundamentales Vielleicht'', Galerie Michael Schultz, Berlin 2010 * Sonja Alhäuser, ''Maximelange'', Galerie Michael Schultz, Berlin 2013 == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1969]] t7e8scoy0d2cybaf6jv1p3f30pmxxz0 0 163170 894939 2026-08-11T13:18:32Z Nnamadee 31123 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1280182421|Renate Riek]]" 894939 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Renate Riek''' (an haife ta a ranar 11 ga Maris 1960) tsohuwar 'yar wasan ƙwallon raga ce ta Jamus. Ta fafata a gasar mata a gasar Olympics ta bazara ta 1984.<ref name="SportsRef">{{Cite sports-reference|url=https://www.sports-reference.com/olympics/athletes/ri/renate-riek-1.html|title=Renate Riek Olympic Results|access-date=8 February 2019}}</ref> == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1960]] 9k1v538vjpe345ewst23vch9s5k050z 894940 894939 2026-08-11T13:20:11Z Nnamadee 31123 894940 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Renate Riek''' (an haife ta a ranar 11 ga Maris 1960) tsohuwar 'yar wasan ƙwallon raga ce ta Jamus. Ta fafata a gasar mata a gasar Olympics ta bazara ta 1984.<ref name="SportsRef">{{Cite sports-reference|url=https://www.sports-reference.com/olympics/athletes/ri/renate-riek-1.html|title=Renate Riek Olympic Results|access-date=8 February 2019}}</ref> == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1960]] iph0cwxv5gh9p4pq8z8nk3tv3t23w24 0 163171 894941 2026-08-11T13:21:42Z Nnamadee 31123 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1343427839|Susanne Maria von Sandrart]]" 894941 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Susanne Maria von Sandrart''' (10 ga Agusta 1658 a [[Nuremberg]] – 20 ga Disamba 1716 a Nuremberg) yar ƙasar Jamus ce mai zane kuma mai sassaka . Ita 'yar mai sassaka Jacob von Sandrart ce, kuma yawancin ayyukanta an tsara su ne don taron bitarsa. Tun tana ƙarama, Von Sandrart ta fara koyon hanyoyi daban-daban na zane-zane, tana samar da zane-zane daga ɗakin studio na mahaifinta. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Lessmann |first=Sabina |date=1993 |title=Susanna Maria von Sandrart: Women Artists in 17th-Century Nurnberg |journal=Woman's Art Journal |volume=14 |issue=1 |pages=10–14 |doi=10.2307/1358424 |issn=0270-7993 |jstor=1358424}}</ref> [[Fayil:Sandrart_Susanna_Maria_Lesende_Frau.jpg|thumb| ''Mai karatu'' (kimanin 1690), [[wiktionary:tusche|tusche]] akan takarda.]] == Ƙarin karatu == * Sabina Lessmann: ''Susanna Maria von Sandrart (1658-1716).'' ''Arbeitsbedingungen einer nürnberger Grafikerin im 17.'' ''Jahrhundert'' . Georg Olms Verlag, 1991. . * Britta-Juliane Kruse: ''Witwen.'' ''Kulturgeschichte eines Standes in Spätmittelalter und früher Neuzeit'' . De Gruyter Verlag, 2006.{{ISBN|3-11-018926-7}}[[ISBN (identifier)|ISBN]]&nbsp;[[Special:BookSources/3-11-018926-7|<bdi>3-11-018926-7</bdi>]] * Nadja Bennewitz, Gaby Franger (ed.): "Am Anfang War Sigena. Ein Nürnberger Frauengeschichtsbuch. ", shafi na 10&nbsp;124–132. ars vivendi verlag, Cadolzburg, 2000.{{ISBN|3-89716-092-7}}[[ISBN (identifier)|ISBN]]&nbsp;[[Special:BookSources/3-89716-092-7|<bdi>3-89716-092-7</bdi>]] . == Manazarta == enkzfkxehq7yptutqqno4oinmh1ex9h 894943 894941 2026-08-11T13:23:16Z Nnamadee 31123 894943 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Susanne Maria von Sandrart''' (10 ga Agusta 1658 a [[Nuremberg]] – 20 ga Disamba 1716 a Nuremberg) yar ƙasar Jamus ce mai zane kuma mai sassaka . Ita 'yar mai sassaka Jacob von Sandrart ce, kuma yawancin ayyukanta an tsara su ne don taron bitarsa. Tun tana ƙarama, Von Sandrart ta fara koyon hanyoyi daban-daban na zane-zane, tana samar da zane-zane daga ɗakin studio na mahaifinta. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Lessmann |first=Sabina |date=1993 |title=Susanna Maria von Sandrart: Women Artists in 17th-Century Nurnberg |journal=Woman's Art Journal |volume=14 |issue=1 |pages=10–14 |doi=10.2307/1358424 |issn=0270-7993 |jstor=1358424}}</ref> [[Fayil:Sandrart_Susanna_Maria_Lesende_Frau.jpg|thumb| ''Mai karatu'' (kimanin 1690), [[wiktionary:tusche|tusche]] akan takarda.]] == Ƙarin karatu == * Sabina Lessmann: ''Susanna Maria von Sandrart (1658-1716).'' ''Arbeitsbedingungen einer nürnberger Grafikerin im 17.'' ''Jahrhundert'' . Georg Olms Verlag, 1991. . * Britta-Juliane Kruse: ''Witwen.'' ''Kulturgeschichte eines Standes in Spätmittelalter und früher Neuzeit'' . De Gruyter Verlag, 2006.{{ISBN|3-11-018926-7}}[[ISBN (identifier)|ISBN]]&nbsp;[[Special:BookSources/3-11-018926-7|<bdi>3-11-018926-7</bdi>]] * Nadja Bennewitz, Gaby Franger (ed.): "Am Anfang War Sigena. Ein Nürnberger Frauengeschichtsbuch. ", shafi na 10&nbsp;124–132. ars vivendi verlag, Cadolzburg, 2000.{{ISBN|3-89716-092-7}}[[ISBN (identifier)|ISBN]]&nbsp;[[Special:BookSources/3-89716-092-7|<bdi>3-89716-092-7</bdi>]] . == Manazarta == pddpb8tkaum04mjghw54or2m860jg9y 0 163172 894942 2026-08-11T13:23:15Z Mustysummy 21281 sabuwar fassara 894942 wikitext text/x-wiki Aquaculture [1] wanda aka fi sani da aquafarming, shine sarrafa noma (" noma") na halityun ruwa kamar kifi, crustaceans, mollusks, algae da sauran kwayoyin da ke da daraja kamar Tsire-tsire na ruwa (misali lotus). Aquaculture ya haɗa da noman Ruwa mai laushi, ruwa mai lawu, da yawan ruwan gishiri a ƙarƙashin sarrafawa ko yanayin yanayi na halitta kuma ana iya bambanta shi da kamun Kifi na kasuwanci, wanda shine girbi na Kifi na daji.[2] Aquaculture kuma aiki ne da ake amfani da shi don maidowa da sake farfado da yanayin ruwa da ruwa mai laushi.[3] Mariculture, wanda aka fi sani da aikin gona na ruwa, shine kiwon kifi a cikin wuraren zama na ruwa da lagoons, sabanin kiwon kifin ruwa mai laushi. Kiwon kifi wani nau'in kiwon kifi ne wanda ya kunshi kiwon kifin don samun kayayyakin kifi a matsayin abinci. Hakanan ana iya bayyana kiwon kifi a matsayin kiwo, girma, da girbi na kifi da sauran tsire-tsire na ruwa, wanda aka fi sani da noma a cikin ruwa. Tushen muhalli ne na abinci da kayayyakin kasuwanci waɗanda ke taimakawa wajen inganta wuraren zama masu lafiya kuma ana amfani da su don sake gina yawan nau'ikan ruwa masu haɗari. Fasahar ta kara yawan kifi a cikin ruwan teku na bakin teku da kuma bude teku saboda karuwar bukatar abinci na teku. lz5ovdt1n5wgprule37ybbvj6yh0ap0 894945 894942 2026-08-11T13:25:55Z Mustysummy 21281 saka manzarta 894945 wikitext text/x-wiki Aquaculture <ref>http://www.lawprose.org/bryan-garner/books-by-bryan-garner/garners-modern-english-usage-4th-edition-2016</ref> wanda aka fi sani da aquafarming, shine sarrafa noma (" noma") na halityun ruwa kamar kifi, crustaceans, mollusks, algae da sauran kwayoyin da ke da daraja kamar Tsire-tsire na ruwa (misali lotus). Aquaculture ya haɗa da noman Ruwa mai laushi, ruwa mai lawu, da yawan ruwan gishiri a ƙarƙashin sarrafawa ko yanayin yanayi na halitta kuma ana iya bambanta shi da kamun Kifi na kasuwanci, wanda shine girbi na Kifi na daji.<ref>https://web.archive.org/web/20060719044903/http://www.answers.com/topic/aquaculture</ref> Aquaculture kuma aiki ne da ake amfani da shi don maidowa da sake farfado da yanayin ruwa da ruwa mai laushi.<ref>https://www.globalseafood.org/advocate/study-aquaculture-can-be-part-of-the-solution-to-marine-ecosystem-restoration/</ref> Mariculture, wanda aka fi sani da aikin gona na ruwa, shine kiwon kifi a cikin wuraren zama na ruwa da lagoons, sabanin kiwon kifin ruwa mai laushi. Kiwon kifi wani nau'in kiwon kifi ne wanda ya kunshi kiwon kifin don samun kayayyakin kifi a matsayin abinci. Hakanan ana iya bayyana kiwon kifi a matsayin kiwo, girma, da girbi na kifi da sauran tsire-tsire na ruwa, wanda aka fi sani da noma a cikin ruwa. Tushen muhalli ne na abinci da kayayyakin kasuwanci waɗanda ke taimakawa wajen inganta wuraren zama masu lafiya kuma ana amfani da su don sake gina yawan nau'ikan ruwa masu haɗari. Fasahar ta kara yawan kifi a cikin ruwan teku na bakin teku da kuma bude teku saboda karuwar bukatar abinci na teku. ==Manazarta== qv05vorgg0k2xglljyc92sawt753jn9 894947 894945 2026-08-11T13:27:56Z Mustysummy 21281 saka databox 894947 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}}Aquaculture <ref>http://www.lawprose.org/bryan-garner/books-by-bryan-garner/garners-modern-english-usage-4th-edition-2016</ref> wanda aka fi sani da aquafarming, shine sarrafa noma (" noma") na halityun ruwa kamar kifi, crustaceans, mollusks, algae da sauran kwayoyin da ke da daraja kamar Tsire-tsire na ruwa (misali lotus). Aquaculture ya haɗa da noman Ruwa mai laushi, ruwa mai lawu, da yawan ruwan gishiri a ƙarƙashin sarrafawa ko yanayin yanayi na halitta kuma ana iya bambanta shi da kamun Kifi na kasuwanci, wanda shine girbi na Kifi na daji.<ref>https://web.archive.org/web/20060719044903/http://www.answers.com/topic/aquaculture</ref> Aquaculture kuma aiki ne da ake amfani da shi don maidowa da sake farfado da yanayin ruwa da ruwa mai laushi.<ref>https://www.globalseafood.org/advocate/study-aquaculture-can-be-part-of-the-solution-to-marine-ecosystem-restoration/</ref> Mariculture, wanda aka fi sani da aikin gona na ruwa, shine kiwon kifi a cikin wuraren zama na ruwa da lagoons, sabanin kiwon kifin ruwa mai laushi. Kiwon kifi wani nau'in kiwon kifi ne wanda ya kunshi kiwon kifin don samun kayayyakin kifi a matsayin abinci. Hakanan ana iya bayyana kiwon kifi a matsayin kiwo, girma, da girbi na kifi da sauran tsire-tsire na ruwa, wanda aka fi sani da noma a cikin ruwa. Tushen muhalli ne na abinci da kayayyakin kasuwanci waɗanda ke taimakawa wajen inganta wuraren zama masu lafiya kuma ana amfani da su don sake gina yawan nau'ikan ruwa masu haɗari. Fasahar ta kara yawan kifi a cikin ruwan teku na bakin teku da kuma bude teku saboda karuwar bukatar abinci na teku. ==Manazarta== 8roxg48zh6v63a4kdsgk55vm5xg2r5y 0 163173 894944 2026-08-11T13:25:27Z Nnamadee 31123 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1360838148|Gitte Hähner-Springmühl]]" 894944 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Gitte Hähner-Springmühl''' (an haife ta a ranar 9 ga Oktoba 1951 a matsayin ''Brigitte Springmühl'' a Zwickau) [[Painting|ƙwararriyar mai zane ce]] ta Jamus, mai zane-zane kuma [[Mawaƙi|mawaƙiya]] wacce ta kasance ɓangare na fagen fasaha mai zaman kanta na GDR a [[Chemnitz]] (Karl-Marx-Stadt) tun daga shekarun 1980 zuwa gaba. (Karl-Marx-Stadt) daga shekarun 1980. == Rayuwa == Brigitte Springmühl, wacce aka fi sani da Gitte Springmühl, wacce daga baya aka fi sani da Gitte Hähner-Springmühl, ta fara karatun guitar na tsawon shekaru shida a [[Robert-Schumann-Konservatorium Zwickau]] kafin ta koma Karl-Marx-Stadt, wacce yanzu ake kira Chemnitz, a shekarar 1971. A shekarar 1973, ta auri mai zane [[Klaus Hähner-Springmühl]], wanda ke da tasiri sosai a kan matasan masana fasaha a Karl-Marx-Stadt. Ta yi karatun adabi da kuma aikin laburare a Leipzig, amma daga baya ta ci gaba da gudanar da ayyuka daban-daban. Tun daga kusan shekarar 1978, ta fara rubuta zane-zane da zane-zanen da ba su da tushe a kan adabi, misali, mawaƙin schizophrenia Ernst Herbeck . Duk da cewa ta sake a shekarar 1979, ta yi aiki tare da Klaus Hähner-Springmühl kan ayyuka, wasanni da kuma waƙoƙin da suka shafi wasan kwaikwayo kyauta, ciki har da a cikin ƙungiyar ''Kartoffelschälmaschine'' . Wannan ya faru ne a wurare a cikin ɗakunan studio masu zaman kansu (Hinterhof Richterstraße 9) da kuma wasu ɗakunan nunin gidaje kamar [[Galerie Oben]] ko EIGEN+ART ( [[Gerd Harry Lybke]] ). An lura da wurin zane-zane na madadin ta hannun [[Informeller Mitarbeiter|Informelle Mitarbeiter]], wanda shi ma daga wurin da lamarin ya faru, Ma'aikatar Tsaron Jiha, ciki har da Gitte Hähner-Springmühl. A shekarar 1989, ta buga kwafi 31 na littafin mai zane mai suna ''Obdachlosen-Zone 1'' tare da rubuce-rubuce da kuma zane-zane 17 masu launin hannu. == Nunin nune-nune da ayyuka == Ta yi baje kolinta na farko a shekarar 1988 a Galerie Hermannstrasse da ke Chemnitz, sannan wasu suka biyo baya a gidajen tarihi na sirri. Wurin zane-zane a Chemnitz ya jawo hankali a Yammacin Jamus kuma an nuna ayyukanta a baje kolin ''Neuerdings Chemnitz'' da ke Munich a shekarar 1990. Daga 1991 zuwa 1993, ta yi aiki tukuru kan taken "Ƙarƙashin Jirgin Sama - Overflight", wanda kuma shine taken wani baje koli a 1995 a Gidan Tarihi na Städtisches Zwickau da Galerie Oben da ke Chemnitz. A shekarar 1999 da 2000 ta fara aikin Land Art "Seh-Zeichen I + II" a ART Galerie Scheel, [[Morsum (Sylt)]] . A shekara ta 2003 ta kafa makarantar ''refugia'' mai zaman kanta ta fasaha da kiɗa a Chemnitz. Babban baje kolin ƙungiyarta na ƙarshe shine "Kunstbad Keitum" da aka shirya a Sylt a shekarar 2005. == Adabi == * ''Neuerdings Chemnitz.'' ''Hotuna 11 na masu fasaha.'' (Catalog na nunin daga Nuwamba 27 zuwa Disamba 9, 1990, a Galerie auf der Praterinsel, Munich). Munich 1990, <nowiki>ISBN 3-927743-02-X</nowiki>, shafi na 1.&nbsp;66–77. * ''Gitte Hähner-Springmühl - Unterflug, Überflug.'' ''Hotuna da zane-zane.'' (An buga kundin a lokacin baje kolin a Gidan Tarihi na Städtisches Zwickau, daga 12 ga Maris zuwa 23 ga Afrilu 1995 da kuma a Galerie Oben, Chemnitz, daga 28 ga Yuni zuwa 29 ga Yuli 1995). Städtisches Museum Zwickau 1995, <nowiki>ISBN 3-9803420-3-4</nowiki> (54 p.). [[Rukuni:Mai zane-zanen Jamus]] [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1951]] 0g6w06xh5nak07c3rmuczemvjgrjyg5 894946 894944 2026-08-11T13:26:36Z Nnamadee 31123 894946 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Gitte Hähner-Springmühl''' (an haife ta a ranar 9 ga Oktoba 1951 a matsayin ''Brigitte Springmühl'' a Zwickau) [[Painting|ƙwararriyar mai zane ce]] ta Jamus, mai zane-zane kuma [[Mawaƙi|mawaƙiya]] wacce ta kasance ɓangare na fagen fasaha mai zaman kanta na GDR a [[Chemnitz]] (Karl-Marx-Stadt) tun daga shekarun 1980 zuwa gaba. (Karl-Marx-Stadt) daga shekarun 1980. == Rayuwa == Brigitte Springmühl, wacce aka fi sani da Gitte Springmühl, wacce daga baya aka fi sani da Gitte Hähner-Springmühl, ta fara karatun guitar na tsawon shekaru shida a [[Robert-Schumann-Konservatorium Zwickau]] kafin ta koma Karl-Marx-Stadt, wacce yanzu ake kira Chemnitz, a shekarar 1971. A shekarar 1973, ta auri mai zane [[Klaus Hähner-Springmühl]], wanda ke da tasiri sosai a kan matasan masana fasaha a Karl-Marx-Stadt. Ta yi karatun adabi da kuma aikin laburare a Leipzig, amma daga baya ta ci gaba da gudanar da ayyuka daban-daban. Tun daga kusan shekarar 1978, ta fara rubuta zane-zane da zane-zanen da ba su da tushe a kan adabi, misali, mawaƙin schizophrenia Ernst Herbeck . Duk da cewa ta sake a shekarar 1979, ta yi aiki tare da Klaus Hähner-Springmühl kan ayyuka, wasanni da kuma waƙoƙin da suka shafi wasan kwaikwayo kyauta, ciki har da a cikin ƙungiyar ''Kartoffelschälmaschine'' . Wannan ya faru ne a wurare a cikin ɗakunan studio masu zaman kansu (Hinterhof Richterstraße 9) da kuma wasu ɗakunan nunin gidaje kamar [[Galerie Oben]] ko EIGEN+ART ( [[Gerd Harry Lybke]] ). An lura da wurin zane-zane na madadin ta hannun [[Informeller Mitarbeiter|Informelle Mitarbeiter]], wanda shi ma daga wurin da lamarin ya faru, Ma'aikatar Tsaron Jiha, ciki har da Gitte Hähner-Springmühl. A shekarar 1989, ta buga kwafi 31 na littafin mai zane mai suna ''Obdachlosen-Zone 1'' tare da rubuce-rubuce da kuma zane-zane 17 masu launin hannu. == Nunin nune-nune da ayyuka == Ta yi baje kolinta na farko a shekarar 1988 a Galerie Hermannstrasse da ke Chemnitz, sannan wasu suka biyo baya a gidajen tarihi na sirri. Wurin zane-zane a Chemnitz ya jawo hankali a Yammacin Jamus kuma an nuna ayyukanta a baje kolin ''Neuerdings Chemnitz'' da ke Munich a shekarar 1990. Daga 1991 zuwa 1993, ta yi aiki tukuru kan taken "Ƙarƙashin Jirgin Sama - Overflight", wanda kuma shine taken wani baje koli a 1995 a Gidan Tarihi na Städtisches Zwickau da Galerie Oben da ke Chemnitz. A shekarar 1999 da 2000 ta fara aikin Land Art "Seh-Zeichen I + II" a ART Galerie Scheel, [[Morsum (Sylt)]] . A shekara ta 2003 ta kafa makarantar ''refugia'' mai zaman kanta ta fasaha da kiɗa a Chemnitz. Babban baje kolin ƙungiyarta na ƙarshe shine "Kunstbad Keitum" da aka shirya a Sylt a shekarar 2005. == Adabi == * ''Neuerdings Chemnitz.'' ''Hotuna 11 na masu fasaha.'' (Catalog na nunin daga Nuwamba 27 zuwa Disamba 9, 1990, a Galerie auf der Praterinsel, Munich). Munich 1990, <nowiki>ISBN 3-927743-02-X</nowiki>, shafi na 1.&nbsp;66–77. * ''Gitte Hähner-Springmühl - Unterflug, Überflug.'' ''Hotuna da zane-zane.'' (An buga kundin a lokacin baje kolin a Gidan Tarihi na Städtisches Zwickau, daga 12 ga Maris zuwa 23 ga Afrilu 1995 da kuma a Galerie Oben, Chemnitz, daga 28 ga Yuni zuwa 29 ga Yuli 1995). Städtisches Museum Zwickau 1995, <nowiki>ISBN 3-9803420-3-4</nowiki> (54 p.). [[Rukuni:Mai zane-zanen Jamus]] [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1951]] 035i6mgruny37mgwwg3o1mofry9jct7 894948 894946 2026-08-11T13:28:00Z Nnamadee 31123 894948 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Gitte Hähner-Springmühl''' (an haife ta a ranar 9 ga Oktoba 1951 a matsayin ''Brigitte Springmühl'' a Zwickau) [[Painting|ƙwararriyar mai zane ce]] ta Jamus, mai zane-zane kuma [[Mawaƙi|mawaƙiya]] wacce ta kasance ɓangare na fagen fasaha mai zaman kanta na GDR a [[Chemnitz]] (Karl-Marx-Stadt) tun daga shekarun 1980 zuwa gaba. (Karl-Marx-Stadt) daga shekarun 1980. == Rayuwa == Brigitte Springmühl, wacce aka fi sani da Gitte Springmühl, wacce daga baya aka fi sani da Gitte Hähner-Springmühl, ta fara karatun guitar na tsawon shekaru shida a [[Robert-Schumann-Konservatorium Zwickau]] kafin ta koma Karl-Marx-Stadt, wacce yanzu ake kira Chemnitz, a shekarar 1971. A shekarar 1973, ta auri mai zane [[Klaus Hähner-Springmühl]], wanda ke da tasiri sosai a kan matasan masana fasaha a Karl-Marx-Stadt. Ta yi karatun adabi da kuma aikin laburare a Leipzig, amma daga baya ta ci gaba da gudanar da ayyuka daban-daban. Tun daga kusan shekarar 1978, ta fara rubuta zane-zane da zane-zanen da ba su da tushe a kan adabi, misali, mawaƙin schizophrenia Ernst Herbeck . Duk da cewa ta sake a shekarar 1979, ta yi aiki tare da Klaus Hähner-Springmühl kan ayyuka, wasanni da kuma waƙoƙin da suka shafi wasan kwaikwayo kyauta, ciki har da a cikin ƙungiyar ''Kartoffelschälmaschine'' . Wannan ya faru ne a wurare a cikin ɗakunan studio masu zaman kansu (Hinterhof Richterstraße 9) da kuma wasu ɗakunan nunin gidaje kamar [[Galerie Oben]] ko EIGEN+ART ( [[Gerd Harry Lybke]] ).<ref>Yvonne Fiedler: Kunst im Korridor. Private Galerien in der DDR zwischen Autonomie und Illegalität. Ch. Links Verlag, Berlin 2013, <nowiki>ISBN 978-3-86153-726-7</nowiki>, S. 318 (, p. 318, at Google Books).</ref> An lura da wurin zane-zane na madadin ta hannun [[Informeller Mitarbeiter|Informelle Mitarbeiter]], wanda shi ma daga wurin da lamarin ya faru, Ma'aikatar Tsaron Jiha, ciki har da Gitte Hähner-Springmühl. A shekarar 1989, ta buga kwafi 31 na littafin mai zane mai suna ''Obdachlosen-Zone 1'' tare da rubuce-rubuce da kuma zane-zane 17 masu launin hannu. == Nunin nune-nune da ayyuka == Ta yi baje kolinta na farko a shekarar 1988 a Galerie Hermannstrasse da ke Chemnitz, sannan wasu suka biyo baya a gidajen tarihi na sirri. Wurin zane-zane a Chemnitz ya jawo hankali a Yammacin Jamus kuma an nuna ayyukanta a baje kolin ''Neuerdings Chemnitz'' da ke Munich a shekarar 1990. Daga 1991 zuwa 1993, ta yi aiki tukuru kan taken "Ƙarƙashin Jirgin Sama - Overflight", wanda kuma shine taken wani baje koli a 1995 a Gidan Tarihi na Städtisches Zwickau da Galerie Oben da ke Chemnitz. A shekarar 1999 da 2000 ta fara aikin Land Art "Seh-Zeichen I + II" a ART Galerie Scheel, [[Morsum (Sylt)]] . A shekara ta 2003 ta kafa makarantar ''refugia'' mai zaman kanta ta fasaha da kiɗa a Chemnitz. Babban baje kolin ƙungiyarta na ƙarshe shine "Kunstbad Keitum" da aka shirya a Sylt a shekarar 2005. == Adabi == * ''Neuerdings Chemnitz.'' ''Hotuna 11 na masu fasaha.'' (Catalog na nunin daga Nuwamba 27 zuwa Disamba 9, 1990, a Galerie auf der Praterinsel, Munich). Munich 1990, <nowiki>ISBN 3-927743-02-X</nowiki>, shafi na 1.&nbsp;66–77. * ''Gitte Hähner-Springmühl - Unterflug, Überflug.'' ''Hotuna da zane-zane.'' (An buga kundin a lokacin baje kolin a Gidan Tarihi na Städtisches Zwickau, daga 12 ga Maris zuwa 23 ga Afrilu 1995 da kuma a Galerie Oben, Chemnitz, daga 28 ga Yuni zuwa 29 ga Yuli 1995). Städtisches Museum Zwickau 1995, <nowiki>ISBN 3-9803420-3-4</nowiki> (54 p.). == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Mai zane-zanen Jamus]] [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1951]] 054t2b6d4qhj9xk10466oc2bb5e9200 894949 894948 2026-08-11T13:28:52Z Nnamadee 31123 894949 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Gitte Hähner-Springmühl''' (an haife ta a ranar 9 ga Oktoba 1951 a matsayin ''Brigitte Springmühl'' a Zwickau) [[Painting|ƙwararriyar mai zane ce]] ta Jamus, mai zane-zane kuma [[Mawaƙi|mawaƙiya]] wacce ta kasance ɓangare na fagen fasaha mai zaman kanta na GDR a [[Chemnitz]] (Karl-Marx-Stadt) tun daga shekarun 1980 zuwa gaba. (Karl-Marx-Stadt) daga shekarun 1980. == Rayuwa == Brigitte Springmühl, wacce aka fi sani da Gitte Springmühl, wacce daga baya aka fi sani da Gitte Hähner-Springmühl, ta fara karatun guitar na tsawon shekaru shida a [[Robert-Schumann-Konservatorium Zwickau]] kafin ta koma Karl-Marx-Stadt, wacce yanzu ake kira Chemnitz, a shekarar 1971. A shekarar 1973, ta auri mai zane [[Klaus Hähner-Springmühl]], wanda ke da tasiri sosai a kan matasan masana fasaha a Karl-Marx-Stadt. Ta yi karatun adabi da kuma aikin laburare a Leipzig, amma daga baya ta ci gaba da gudanar da ayyuka daban-daban. Tun daga kusan shekarar 1978, ta fara rubuta zane-zane da zane-zanen da ba su da tushe a kan adabi, misali, mawaƙin schizophrenia Ernst Herbeck . Duk da cewa ta sake a shekarar 1979, ta yi aiki tare da Klaus Hähner-Springmühl kan ayyuka, wasanni da kuma waƙoƙin da suka shafi wasan kwaikwayo kyauta, ciki har da a cikin ƙungiyar ''Kartoffelschälmaschine'' . Wannan ya faru ne a wurare a cikin ɗakunan studio masu zaman kansu (Hinterhof Richterstraße 9) da kuma wasu ɗakunan nunin gidaje kamar [[Galerie Oben]] ko EIGEN+ART ( [[Gerd Harry Lybke]] ).<ref>Yvonne Fiedler: Kunst im Korridor. Private Galerien in der DDR zwischen Autonomie und Illegalität. Ch. Links Verlag, Berlin 2013, <nowiki>ISBN 978-3-86153-726-7</nowiki>, S. 318 (, p. 318, at Google Books).</ref> An lura da wurin zane-zane na madadin ta hannun [[Informeller Mitarbeiter|Informelle Mitarbeiter]], wanda shi ma daga wurin da lamarin ya faru, Ma'aikatar Tsaron Jiha, ciki har da Gitte Hähner-Springmühl.<ref>Yvonne Fiedler: Kunst im Korridor. Private Galerien in der DDR zwischen Autonomie und Illegalität. Ch. Links Verlag, Berlin 2013, <nowiki>ISBN 978-3-86153-726-7</nowiki>, S. 191–192 (, p. 318, at Google Books). Davon Facsimile in: Galerie Boykott. Eine kunsthistorische Betrachtung zur Geschichte der privaten Galerien in der DDR. Galerie Laterne, Chemnitz 2010, <nowiki>ISBN 978-3-00-030150-6</nowiki>.</ref> A shekarar 1989, ta buga kwafi 31 na littafin mai zane mai suna ''Obdachlosen-Zone 1'' tare da rubuce-rubuce da kuma zane-zane 17 masu launin hannu. == Nunin nune-nune da ayyuka == Ta yi baje kolinta na farko a shekarar 1988 a Galerie Hermannstrasse da ke Chemnitz, sannan wasu suka biyo baya a gidajen tarihi na sirri. Wurin zane-zane a Chemnitz ya jawo hankali a Yammacin Jamus kuma an nuna ayyukanta a baje kolin ''Neuerdings Chemnitz'' da ke Munich a shekarar 1990. Daga 1991 zuwa 1993, ta yi aiki tukuru kan taken "Ƙarƙashin Jirgin Sama - Overflight", wanda kuma shine taken wani baje koli a 1995 a Gidan Tarihi na Städtisches Zwickau da Galerie Oben da ke Chemnitz. A shekarar 1999 da 2000 ta fara aikin Land Art "Seh-Zeichen I + II" a ART Galerie Scheel, [[Morsum (Sylt)]] . A shekara ta 2003 ta kafa makarantar ''refugia'' mai zaman kanta ta fasaha da kiɗa a Chemnitz. Babban baje kolin ƙungiyarta na ƙarshe shine "Kunstbad Keitum" da aka shirya a Sylt a shekarar 2005. == Adabi == * ''Neuerdings Chemnitz.'' ''Hotuna 11 na masu fasaha.'' (Catalog na nunin daga Nuwamba 27 zuwa Disamba 9, 1990, a Galerie auf der Praterinsel, Munich). Munich 1990, <nowiki>ISBN 3-927743-02-X</nowiki>, shafi na 1.&nbsp;66–77. * ''Gitte Hähner-Springmühl - Unterflug, Überflug.'' ''Hotuna da zane-zane.'' (An buga kundin a lokacin baje kolin a Gidan Tarihi na Städtisches Zwickau, daga 12 ga Maris zuwa 23 ga Afrilu 1995 da kuma a Galerie Oben, Chemnitz, daga 28 ga Yuni zuwa 29 ga Yuli 1995). Städtisches Museum Zwickau 1995, <nowiki>ISBN 3-9803420-3-4</nowiki> (54 p.). == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Mai zane-zanen Jamus]] [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1951]] gypni1hxbpwbhvro6j233uhld3xlthb 894950 894949 2026-08-11T13:30:02Z Nnamadee 31123 894950 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Gitte Hähner-Springmühl''' (an haife ta a ranar 9 ga Oktoba 1951 a matsayin ''Brigitte Springmühl'' a Zwickau) [[Painting|ƙwararriyar mai zane ce]] ta Jamus, mai zane-zane kuma [[Mawaƙi|mawaƙiya]] wacce ta kasance ɓangare na fagen fasaha mai zaman kanta na GDR a [[Chemnitz]] (Karl-Marx-Stadt) tun daga shekarun 1980 zuwa gaba. (Karl-Marx-Stadt) daga shekarun 1980. == Rayuwa == Brigitte Springmühl, wacce aka fi sani da Gitte Springmühl, wacce daga baya aka fi sani da Gitte Hähner-Springmühl, ta fara karatun guitar na tsawon shekaru shida a [[Robert-Schumann-Konservatorium Zwickau]] kafin ta koma Karl-Marx-Stadt, wacce yanzu ake kira Chemnitz, a shekarar 1971. A shekarar 1973, ta auri mai zane [[Klaus Hähner-Springmühl]], wanda ke da tasiri sosai a kan matasan masana fasaha a Karl-Marx-Stadt. Ta yi karatun adabi da kuma aikin laburare a Leipzig, amma daga baya ta ci gaba da gudanar da ayyuka daban-daban. Tun daga kusan shekarar 1978, ta fara rubuta zane-zane da zane-zanen da ba su da tushe a kan adabi, misali, mawaƙin schizophrenia Ernst Herbeck . Duk da cewa ta sake a shekarar 1979, ta yi aiki tare da Klaus Hähner-Springmühl kan ayyuka, wasanni da kuma waƙoƙin da suka shafi wasan kwaikwayo kyauta, ciki har da a cikin ƙungiyar ''Kartoffelschälmaschine'' . Wannan ya faru ne a wurare a cikin ɗakunan studio masu zaman kansu (Hinterhof Richterstraße 9) da kuma wasu ɗakunan nunin gidaje kamar [[Galerie Oben]] ko EIGEN+ART ( [[Gerd Harry Lybke]] ).<ref>Yvonne Fiedler: Kunst im Korridor. Private Galerien in der DDR zwischen Autonomie und Illegalität. Ch. Links Verlag, Berlin 2013, <nowiki>ISBN 978-3-86153-726-7</nowiki>, S. 318 (, p. 318, at Google Books).</ref> An lura da wurin zane-zane na madadin ta hannun [[Informeller Mitarbeiter|Informelle Mitarbeiter]], wanda shi ma daga wurin da lamarin ya faru, Ma'aikatar Tsaron Jiha, ciki har da Gitte Hähner-Springmühl.<ref>Yvonne Fiedler: Kunst im Korridor. Private Galerien in der DDR zwischen Autonomie und Illegalität. Ch. Links Verlag, Berlin 2013, <nowiki>ISBN 978-3-86153-726-7</nowiki>, S. 191–192 (, p. 318, at Google Books). Davon Facsimile in: Galerie Boykott. Eine kunsthistorische Betrachtung zur Geschichte der privaten Galerien in der DDR. Galerie Laterne, Chemnitz 2010, <nowiki>ISBN 978-3-00-030150-6</nowiki>.</ref> A shekarar 1989, ta buga kwafi 31 na littafin mai zane mai suna ''Obdachlosen-Zone 1'' tare da rubuce-rubuce da kuma zane-zane 17 masu launin hannu.<ref>B 150, Sonderausstellung der Galerie am Sachsenplatz in Leipzig, auch in: Jens Henkel: Bibliografie der Künstlerbücher und originalgrafische Zeitschriften im Eigenverlag. Rudolstadt 1990.</ref> == Nunin nune-nune da ayyuka == Ta yi baje kolinta na farko a shekarar 1988 a Galerie Hermannstrasse da ke Chemnitz, sannan wasu suka biyo baya a gidajen tarihi na sirri. Wurin zane-zane a Chemnitz ya jawo hankali a Yammacin Jamus kuma an nuna ayyukanta a baje kolin ''Neuerdings Chemnitz'' da ke Munich a shekarar 1990. Daga 1991 zuwa 1993, ta yi aiki tukuru kan taken "Ƙarƙashin Jirgin Sama - Overflight", wanda kuma shine taken wani baje koli a 1995 a Gidan Tarihi na Städtisches Zwickau da Galerie Oben da ke Chemnitz. A shekarar 1999 da 2000 ta fara aikin Land Art "Seh-Zeichen I + II" a ART Galerie Scheel, [[Morsum (Sylt)]] . A shekara ta 2003 ta kafa makarantar ''refugia'' mai zaman kanta ta fasaha da kiɗa a Chemnitz. Babban baje kolin ƙungiyarta na ƙarshe shine "Kunstbad Keitum" da aka shirya a Sylt a shekarar 2005. == Adabi == * ''Neuerdings Chemnitz.'' ''Hotuna 11 na masu fasaha.'' (Catalog na nunin daga Nuwamba 27 zuwa Disamba 9, 1990, a Galerie auf der Praterinsel, Munich). Munich 1990, <nowiki>ISBN 3-927743-02-X</nowiki>, shafi na 1.&nbsp;66–77. * ''Gitte Hähner-Springmühl - Unterflug, Überflug.'' ''Hotuna da zane-zane.'' (An buga kundin a lokacin baje kolin a Gidan Tarihi na Städtisches Zwickau, daga 12 ga Maris zuwa 23 ga Afrilu 1995 da kuma a Galerie Oben, Chemnitz, daga 28 ga Yuni zuwa 29 ga Yuli 1995). Städtisches Museum Zwickau 1995, <nowiki>ISBN 3-9803420-3-4</nowiki> (54 p.). == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Mai zane-zanen Jamus]] [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1951]] 6tcxnmachm2tjtvhm6mfpl68jtnlsuv 0 163174 894951 2026-08-11T13:31:07Z Nnamadee 31123 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1361953631|Sarah Schumann]]" 894951 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Sarah Schumann''' (an haife ta Maria Schirmer; <ref name=":0">{{Cite web |date=2026-06-26 |title=Sarah Schumann's Art For Sale, Exhibitions & Biography |url=https://ocula.com/artists/sarah-schumann/ |access-date=2026-06-26 |website=ocula.com |language=en}}</ref> Agusta 13, 1933 - Yuli 3, 2019 a Berlin) yar ƙasar [[Jamus]] ce [[Painting|mai zane]], mai zane-zane da kuma mai zane-zane . Ta kasance mai matuƙar taka rawa a cikin ƙungiyar mata ta Jamus a tsawon aikinta, inda ta kafa ƙungiyar mata ta [[Brot+Rosen|Brot]] [[Brot+Rosen|+ Rosen]] (Bread + Roses) a shekarar 1972 da kuma haɗa ƙungiyar ''[[Künstlerinnen International 1877–1977]] ,'' baje kolin fasaha ta mata na ƙarni na ashirin a Jamus. <ref name=":0" /> == Tarihin Rayuwa == An haifi Schumann a matsayin Maria Schirmer ga masu sassaka Dora da Kilian Schirmer a Berlin. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Die Künstlerin Sarah Schumann ist tot |url=https://www.monopol-magazin.de/die-kuenstlerin-sarah-schumann-ist-tot |access-date=2026-06-26 |website=www.monopol-magazin.de |language=de}}</ref> A matsayinta na 'yar gudun hijira a [[Yaƙin Duniya na II|yaƙin Yaƙin Duniya na Biyu]], ta girma cikin talauci kuma tana fama da rashin abinci mai gina jiki, wanda hakan ya haifar da matsalolin lafiya a lokacin girmarta. <ref name=":0">{{Cite web |date=2026-06-26 |title=Sarah Schumann's Art For Sale, Exhibitions & Biography |url=https://ocula.com/artists/sarah-schumann/ |access-date=2026-06-26 |website=ocula.com |language=en}}</ref> An koya mata fasaha da kanta saboda dole, domin iyayenta ba za su iya biyan kuɗin makaranta don makarantar fasaha ba, amma sun rene ta da baiwa a ɗakinsu. <ref name=":0" /> Sake auren mahaifiyarta da wani jami'in tsaro na jam'iyyar Nazi Mann ya sa Schumann ya bar gida yana da shekaru 15, ya fara koyon aiki a [[Hamburg]] . <ref>{{Cite web |last=WELT |first=Gesine Borcherdt |title=Sarah Schumann: Wenn traumatische Erfahrungen im Körper keinen Platz mehr haben - WELT |url=https://www.welt.de/kultur/article68f9f32b882d4580395e90df/sarah-schumann-wenn-traumatische-erfahrungen-im-koerper-keinen-platz-mehr-haben.html |access-date=2026-06-26 |website=DIE WELT |language=de}}</ref> Ta haɗu da mai zane-zane Hans Brockstedt, wanda ya kai ta tafiye-tafiyensa don gabatar da ita ga fagen fasaha, kuma daga baya ta aure shi yana da shekaru 18. <ref name=":0" /> A shekarun 1950, ta yi tafiya ta Turai tare da mijinta na wancan lokacin Hans Brockstedt, suna ziyartar gidajen tarihi da tarin kayan tarihi, inda ta baje kolin zane-zane a ƙarƙashin sunan Maria Brockstedt. <ref name=":0">{{Cite web |date=2026-06-26 |title=Sarah Schumann's Art For Sale, Exhibitions & Biography |url=https://ocula.com/artists/sarah-schumann/ |access-date=2026-06-26 |website=ocula.com |language=en}}</ref> Bayan rabuwa da mijinta, ta zauna a Landan daga 1960 zuwa 1963, inda ta saba da yanayin zane-zane na Landan sosai, kuma ta ɗauki sunan Sarah Schumann. <ref name=":0" /> A Landan, ta yi baje kolin a Cibiyar Fasaha ta Zamani (ICA) inda ta sayar da ayyuka cikin nasara; a shekarar 1963, saboda tsadar rayuwa, ta ƙaura zuwa Villa Engadina da ke Piedmont, Italiya . <ref name=":0" /> Schumann ta zauna a Charlottenburg, Berlin tare da abokiyar zamanta Silvia Bovenschen har zuwa mutuwar Bovenschen a shekarar 2019. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Sarah Schumann - Art & Prints for Sale |url=https://www.artsy.net/artist/sarah-schumann |access-date=2026-06-26 |website=Artsy |language=en}}</ref> == Liyafa da sake ganowa == An ɗauki yawancin ayyukanta na farko a matsayin waɗanda suka ɓace. Duk da haka an adana guntu-guntu da yawa a cikin rufin gidan tsohon mijinta, Hans Brockstedt. <ref name="fromde" /> Bayan an gabatar da su a Hamburger Kunstverein a shekarar 1983, an mayar da su wurin ajiya. Mai kula da kayan tarihi Christoph Keller ya gano a gidan Brockstedt; kusan hotunan zane-zane 60 da zane-zane 15. An tattara su don baje kolin kayan tarihi a Meyer Riegger Gallery da ke Berlin, inda ba a sayar da ayyukan ba. <ref name="fromde" /> A lokaci guda kuma, an gabatar da zane-zanen Schumann na farko na yau da kullun a cikin 2025 a cikin baje kolin "InformELLE - Mata Masu Zane-zane na shekarun 1950/60s" a Gidan Tarihi na Emil Schumacher Hagen. == Ayyuka a cikin tarin jama'a == === Jamus === * Stiftung Stadtmuseum Berlin, Berlin * [[Gidan baje kolin Berlin|Gidan Tarihi na Berlinische,]] Berlin * Gidan Tarihi na Morsbroich, Leverkusen * Gidan Tarihi na Kunstmuseum Wolfsburg, Wolfsburg * [[Neuer Berliner Kunstverein|Sabuwar Ƙungiyar Fasaha ta Berlin (nbk),]] Berlin === Na Ƙasa da Ƙasa === * Gidan Tarihi na Fasaha na Zamani (MoMA), New York, Amurka == Kyaututtuka == * 1977/78: Tallafin karatu ga Kwalejin Jamus, Villa Massimo, Rome * 1981: Tallafin aiki daga Sanata mai kula da harkokin al'adu, Berlin * 1986: Tallafin karatu ga masarautar masu fasaha ta Bleckede, Lower Saxony * 1987: Tallafin aiki daga Sanata mai kula da harkokin al'adu, Berlin * 1990: Tallafin aiki daga Asusun Fasaha, Bonn == Littattafai (an zaɓa) == === Littattafan littattafai === * ''Sarah Schumann.'' Tare da gudummawar Silvia Bovenschen. Frölich und Kaufmann, Berlin 1983,{{ISBN|3-88725-012-5}} . * ''Moscow.'' ''Ma'adinai da Jiki.'' Dvorah-Verlag, Berlin 1995,{{ISBN|3-927926-20-5}} . * Kathrin Mosler (Ed.): ''Sarah Schumann: Ayyuka 1958–2002.'' Nicolai, Berlin 2003,{{ISBN|3-87584-969-8}} . * Christoph Keller (Ed.): ''Sarah Schumann.'' ''Kwalayen Shock Collages 1957–1964'' . Spector Books, Leipzig 2025,{{ISBN|978-3-95905-919-0}} . === Zane-zane === * Tsarin murfin bugu na ayyukan da aka tattara - Tattara Ayyukan [[Virginia Woolf]] wanda S. Fischer Verlag ya buga * Tsarin zane-zanen murfin littattafai, gami da cikakkun ayyukan Virginia Woolf wanda S. Fischer Verlag ya buga, littattafai na Silvia Bovenschen da Alexander Garcia Düttmann . * Zane-zane don bugu na littafin Lewis Carroll ''Alice a cikin Wonderland'', 1974 * Murfin da fosta na mujallu kamar [[Freedom, Courage|''Freedom'', ''Courage'']] da ''[[Frauen im Film]]'' === Rayuwar fim === * 1978: [[Harun Farocki]] : ''Hoton Sarah Schumann'' * 2000: [[:de:Renate_Sami|Renate Sami]] : ''Sarah Schumann ta zana hoto'' * 2012: Michaela Melián: Silvia Bovenschen da Sarah Schumann * 2015: Lone Thau: ''Daga Duhu Zuwa Haske'' * 2019: Bettina Böttinger : ''Sarah Schumann tana tattaunawa da Bettina Böttinger'', wanda VAN HAM Art Estate ta shirya [[Rukuni:Mutuwan 2019]] [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1933]] [[Rukuni:Mai zane-zanen Jamus]] fhk33ch401vcm9ug7gbjfq7zxkj7n8u 894952 894951 2026-08-11T13:33:03Z Nnamadee 31123 894952 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Sarah Schumann''' (an haife ta Maria Schirmer; <ref name=":0">{{Cite web |date=2026-06-26 |title=Sarah Schumann's Art For Sale, Exhibitions & Biography |url=https://ocula.com/artists/sarah-schumann/ |access-date=2026-06-26 |website=ocula.com |language=en}}</ref> Agusta 13, 1933 - Yuli 3, 2019 a Berlin) yar ƙasar [[Jamus]] ce [[Painting|mai zane]], mai zane-zane da kuma mai zane-zane . Ta kasance mai matuƙar taka rawa a cikin ƙungiyar mata ta Jamus a tsawon aikinta, inda ta kafa ƙungiyar mata ta [[Brot+Rosen|Brot]] [[Brot+Rosen|+ Rosen]] (Bread + Roses) a shekarar 1972 da kuma haɗa ƙungiyar ''[[Künstlerinnen International 1877–1977]] ,'' baje kolin fasaha ta mata na ƙarni na ashirin a Jamus. <ref name=":0" /> == Tarihin Rayuwa == An haifi Schumann a matsayin Maria Schirmer ga masu sassaka Dora da Kilian Schirmer a Berlin. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Die Künstlerin Sarah Schumann ist tot |url=https://www.monopol-magazin.de/die-kuenstlerin-sarah-schumann-ist-tot |access-date=2026-06-26 |website=www.monopol-magazin.de |language=de}}</ref> A matsayinta na 'yar gudun hijira a [[Yaƙin Duniya na II|yaƙin Yaƙin Duniya na Biyu]], ta girma cikin talauci kuma tana fama da rashin abinci mai gina jiki, wanda hakan ya haifar da matsalolin lafiya a lokacin girmarta. <ref name=":0">{{Cite web |date=2026-06-26 |title=Sarah Schumann's Art For Sale, Exhibitions & Biography |url=https://ocula.com/artists/sarah-schumann/ |access-date=2026-06-26 |website=ocula.com |language=en}}</ref> An koya mata fasaha da kanta saboda dole, domin iyayenta ba za su iya biyan kuɗin makaranta don makarantar fasaha ba, amma sun rene ta da baiwa a ɗakinsu. <ref name=":0" /> Sake auren mahaifiyarta da wani jami'in tsaro na jam'iyyar Nazi Mann ya sa Schumann ya bar gida yana da shekaru 15, ya fara koyon aiki a [[Hamburg]] . <ref>{{Cite web |last=WELT |first=Gesine Borcherdt |title=Sarah Schumann: Wenn traumatische Erfahrungen im Körper keinen Platz mehr haben - WELT |url=https://www.welt.de/kultur/article68f9f32b882d4580395e90df/sarah-schumann-wenn-traumatische-erfahrungen-im-koerper-keinen-platz-mehr-haben.html |access-date=2026-06-26 |website=DIE WELT |language=de}}</ref> Ta haɗu da mai zane-zane Hans Brockstedt, wanda ya kai ta tafiye-tafiyensa don gabatar da ita ga fagen fasaha, kuma daga baya ta aure shi yana da shekaru 18. <ref name=":0" /> A shekarun 1950, ta yi tafiya ta Turai tare da mijinta na wancan lokacin Hans Brockstedt, suna ziyartar gidajen tarihi da tarin kayan tarihi, inda ta baje kolin zane-zane a ƙarƙashin sunan Maria Brockstedt. <ref name=":0">{{Cite web |date=2026-06-26 |title=Sarah Schumann's Art For Sale, Exhibitions & Biography |url=https://ocula.com/artists/sarah-schumann/ |access-date=2026-06-26 |website=ocula.com |language=en}}</ref> Bayan rabuwa da mijinta, ta zauna a Landan daga 1960 zuwa 1963, inda ta saba da yanayin zane-zane na Landan sosai, kuma ta ɗauki sunan Sarah Schumann. <ref name=":0" /> A Landan, ta yi baje kolin a Cibiyar Fasaha ta Zamani (ICA) inda ta sayar da ayyuka cikin nasara; a shekarar 1963, saboda tsadar rayuwa, ta ƙaura zuwa Villa Engadina da ke Piedmont, Italiya . <ref name=":0" /> Schumann ta zauna a Charlottenburg, Berlin tare da abokiyar zamanta Silvia Bovenschen har zuwa mutuwar Bovenschen a shekarar 2019. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Sarah Schumann - Art & Prints for Sale |url=https://www.artsy.net/artist/sarah-schumann |access-date=2026-06-26 |website=Artsy |language=en}}</ref> == Liyafa da sake ganowa == An ɗauki yawancin ayyukanta na farko a matsayin waɗanda suka ɓace. Duk da haka an adana guntu-guntu da yawa a cikin rufin gidan tsohon mijinta, Hans Brockstedt. <ref name="fromde" /> Bayan an gabatar da su a Hamburger Kunstverein a shekarar 1983, an mayar da su wurin ajiya. Mai kula da kayan tarihi Christoph Keller ya gano a gidan Brockstedt; kusan hotunan zane-zane 60 da zane-zane 15. An tattara su don baje kolin kayan tarihi a Meyer Riegger Gallery da ke Berlin, inda ba a sayar da ayyukan ba. <ref name="fromde" /> A lokaci guda kuma, an gabatar da zane-zanen Schumann na farko na yau da kullun a cikin 2025 a cikin baje kolin "InformELLE - Mata Masu Zane-zane na shekarun 1950/60s" a Gidan Tarihi na Emil Schumacher Hagen. == Ayyuka a cikin tarin jama'a == === Jamus === * Stiftung Stadtmuseum Berlin, Berlin * [[Gidan baje kolin Berlin|Gidan Tarihi na Berlinische,]] Berlin * Gidan Tarihi na Morsbroich, Leverkusen * Gidan Tarihi na Kunstmuseum Wolfsburg, Wolfsburg * [[Neuer Berliner Kunstverein|Sabuwar Ƙungiyar Fasaha ta Berlin (nbk),]] Berlin === Na Ƙasa da Ƙasa === * Gidan Tarihi na Fasaha na Zamani (MoMA), New York, Amurka == Kyaututtuka == * 1977/78: Tallafin karatu ga Kwalejin Jamus, Villa Massimo, Rome * 1981: Tallafin aiki daga Sanata mai kula da harkokin al'adu, Berlin * 1986: Tallafin karatu ga masarautar masu fasaha ta Bleckede, Lower Saxony * 1987: Tallafin aiki daga Sanata mai kula da harkokin al'adu, Berlin * 1990: Tallafin aiki daga Asusun Fasaha, Bonn == Littattafai (an zaɓa) == === Littattafan littattafai === * ''Sarah Schumann.'' Tare da gudummawar Silvia Bovenschen. Frölich und Kaufmann, Berlin 1983,{{ISBN|3-88725-012-5}} . * ''Moscow.'' ''Ma'adinai da Jiki.'' Dvorah-Verlag, Berlin 1995,{{ISBN|3-927926-20-5}} . * Kathrin Mosler (Ed.): ''Sarah Schumann: Ayyuka 1958–2002.'' Nicolai, Berlin 2003,{{ISBN|3-87584-969-8}} . * Christoph Keller (Ed.): ''Sarah Schumann.'' ''Kwalayen Shock Collages 1957–1964'' . Spector Books, Leipzig 2025,{{ISBN|978-3-95905-919-0}} . === Zane-zane === * Tsarin murfin bugu na ayyukan da aka tattara - Tattara Ayyukan [[Virginia Woolf]] wanda S. Fischer Verlag ya buga * Tsarin zane-zanen murfin littattafai, gami da cikakkun ayyukan Virginia Woolf wanda S. Fischer Verlag ya buga, littattafai na Silvia Bovenschen da Alexander Garcia Düttmann . * Zane-zane don bugu na littafin Lewis Carroll ''Alice a cikin Wonderland'', 1974 * Murfin da fosta na mujallu kamar [[Freedom, Courage|''Freedom'', ''Courage'']] da ''[[Frauen im Film]]'' === Rayuwar fim === * 1978: [[Harun Farocki]] : ''Hoton Sarah Schumann'' * 2000: [[:de:Renate_Sami|Renate Sami]] : ''Sarah Schumann ta zana hoto'' * 2012: Michaela Melián: Silvia Bovenschen da Sarah Schumann * 2015: Lone Thau: ''Daga Duhu Zuwa Haske'' * 2019: Bettina Böttinger : ''Sarah Schumann tana tattaunawa da Bettina Böttinger'', wanda VAN HAM Art Estate ta shirya == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Mutuwan 2019]] [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1933]] [[Rukuni:Mai zane-zanen Jamus]] adqd8d54376ncvedzus64xh72v8b5pn 0 163175 894953 2026-08-11T13:36:31Z Nnamadee 31123 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1315075135|Franziska Schlopsnies]]" 894953 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Franziska Schlopsnies''', ''an haife shi a Spangenthal'' (an haife shi a ranar 1 ga Disamba 1884 a [[Frankfurt]] am Main; ya mutu a ranar 30 ga Disamba 1944 a sansanin tsare-tsare na Auschwitz ) ƙwararren mai zane ne na salon zamani, mai talla da zane na Jamus. A cikin 1920s, zane-zane na Art Deco da sutura sun bayyana a cikin, da sauransu, na mako-mako ''Jugend'', ''Simplicissimus'', ''Meggendorfer-Blätter'', da ''Berliner Illustrirte Zeitung'' . == Tarihin Rayuwa == An haifi Franziska Spangenthal a Frankfurt am Main a matsayin babbar 'ya'ya mata uku na ɗan kasuwan [[Yahudawa|Bayahude]] Robert Spangenthal da matarsa Henriette Klein. Mahaifinta dillalin kayayyaki ne na sinadarai da man injina. Ba da daɗewa ba bayan mutuwar mahaifinta a shekarar 1905, ta haɗu da mai zane, mai yin 'yar tsana da kuma mai zane mai ban dariya {{Interlanguage link|Albert Schlopsnies}} . Ɗan wani mai filaye na Furotesta daga Gabashin Prussia, ya yi karatu a Munich Art Academy tare da Gabriel von Hackl daga 1903. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Matrikeldatenbank - Academy of Fine Arts Munich |url=https://matrikel.adbk.de/matrikel/mb_1884-1920/jahr_1903/matrikel-02700 |access-date=2018-06-06 |language=en}}</ref> A ranar 15 ga Satumba, 1910 a Frankfurt Franziska ya auri Albert, wanda a lokacin yake aiki a matsayin mai zaman kansa a Margarete Steiff GmbH, <ref>{{Cite web |title=Biographical Memorial Book of the Munich Jews |url=http://www.muenchen.de/rathaus/gedenkbuch/gedenkbuch.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170803171642/http://www.muenchen.de/rathaus/gedenkbuch/gedenkbuch.html |archive-date=2017-08-03 |access-date=2018-06-09}}</ref> wanda ya tsara kasida da 'yan tsana da dabbobi da yawa. A shekara ta 1913, Franziska da Albert suka ƙaura zuwa [[München|Munich]] suka zauna a gundumar Schwabing . A watan Mayu na shekarar 1915 aka haifi 'yarsu Irmgard Erika. <ref name=": 0" /> [[Fayil:Schlopsnies_Pietaet.jpg|thumb| ''Taƙawa'' : Murfin ''Fliegende Blätter'' na 18 ga Mayu 1928]] Bayan [[Yaƙin Duniya na I|Yaƙin Duniya na Ɗaya]], Franziska Schlopsnies ta fara tsara fosta don nunin kayan kwalliya, shagunan kayan kwalliya da kuma nune-nunen kayayyaki. Ɗaya daga cikin ƙirarta ta farko da ta tsira an yi ta ne a shekarar 1920 don shagon Tietz . Bayan [[Saki|rabuwar]] ma'auratan a ranar 18 ga Disamba, 1922, ta kan sanya hannu kan ƙirarta da sunan "Slopsnies". Tun daga tsakiyar shekarun 1920, ta fi son zana siffofi da kayan ado. Tare da Doris Buscher, Liliane da Margaret von Suttner, an ɗauke ta a matsayin ɗaya daga cikin manyan masu zane-zanen salon. An buga zane-zane na zane-zane da zane-zane na Art Deco akai-akai a cikin mujallu, kamar ''Jugend'', ''Simplicissimus'', <ref>{{Cite web |title=Simplicissimus · historical satirical magazine · individuals |url=http://www.jugend-wochenschrift.de/index.php?id=23&tx_lombkswjournaldb_pi2%5Bpersonid%5D=15060&tx_lombkswjournaldb_pi2%5Belement%5D=all&tx_lombkswjournaldb_pi2%5Btype%5D=date&tx_lombkswjournaldb_pi2%5Baction%5D=nameFilter&tx_lombkswjournaldb_pi2%5Bcontroller%5D=PersonRegister&cHash=65f7471d21986288a84693c73fbf8d99 |access-date=2018-06-09 |language=en}}</ref> ''Eleganten Welt'', ''Berliner Illustrirten Zeitung'', ''Sport im Bild'' da ''Velhagen & Klasings Monatshefte'' na wata-wata. Ga littattafan barkwanci na ''Fliegende Blätter'' da ''Meggendorfer-Blätter'', ta tsara murfin littattafai da dama a rabin na biyu na shekarun 1920. Bayan hawan Adolf Hitler kan mulki, ba ta samar da wani zane da aka buga ba. Domin ta kare rayuwarta da ta 'yarta, ta yi hayar wasu ɗakuna a ɗakinta ga ɗalibai. 'Yan'uwanta mata da mahaifiyarta sun yi nasarar yin ƙaura, yayin da Franziska da farko an iya kare ta daga ƙaura saboda ita ce mahaifiyar 'ya mace wadda, a ma'anarta ta 'yan gurguzu na ƙasa, "Mutum ne mai bambancin launin fata na Yahudawa" na digiri na farko. Dangane da ranar da aka kora ta, bayanin ya saba wa juna. An koro ta daga ƙasar a shekarar 1943 ko Janairu 1944 ba tare da sanin inda za ta je ba. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Yad Vashem: Memorial for Franziska Schlopsnies |url=https://yvng.yadvashem.org/nameDetails.html?language=en&itemId=1404106&ind=0 |access-date=2018-06-10}}</ref> A ranar 30 ga Disamba, 1944 Franziska Schlopsnies ya mutu a sansanin 'yan gudun hijira na Auschwitz. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Federal Archives |title=Memorial Book - Victims of the persecution of Jews under Nazi tyranny in Germany 1933-1945 |url=https://www.bundesarchiv.de/gedenkbuch/de966074 |access-date=2018-06-06 |language=DE}}</ref> 'Yarta Erika ta tsira daga [[Yaƙin Duniya na II|Yaƙin Duniya na Biyu]] kuma ta yi ƙaura zuwa [[Tarayyar Amurka|Amurka]] a shekarar 1946. A yau a gwanjon ƙasa da ƙasa, zane-zane da kwafi na Franziska Schlopsnies sun kai farashin har zuwa dubban Yuro.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Schlopsnies F. Aquarellen en ander werk op papier te koop aangeboden Elegant paar, aquarel en gouache op papier 27.5 x 21.9 cm, gesigneerd ro en gedateerd '26 7166197 Coll.I cv |url=https://www.simonis-buunk.nl/kunstwerk/schlopsnies-f/17898/#info |access-date=2018-06-09 |language=nl-NL}}</ref> == Zaɓin ayyuka == [[Fayil:Schlopsnies_Meggendorfer_Blätter_1875.jpg|thumb| ''Geeignet'' - Murfin ''Meggendorfer-Blätter'' na 2 Disamba 1926]] * Talla don nunin kayan kwalliya a Hause Tietz, 1920 * Talla ga Schirm Schönherr, Theatinerstraße ; Munchen 1923 * Talla don nunin ''Der gedeckte Tisch'', München 1926 * Talla ga kamfanin Andreas Kaut * Talla ga kamfanin Gebr. E da J Marx, München * ''Die modische Linie'', 1923 (Jugend Heft 22) * ''An der Riviera'', 1926, (Jugend Heft 36) * ''Geeignet'', 1926 ( ''Meggendorfer-Blätter'' Nr. 1875) * ''Offenherzig - Elegantes Paar im Gespräch über den Wert der Zeit des Mannes'', 1927 ( ''Meggendorfer-Blätter'' Nr. 1895) * ''Die Spanierin'', 1926 (Velhagen & Klasings Monatshefte Nr. 41 6), 1928 ( ''Illustrirte Zeitung'' Nr. 4347-4359) * ''Der Geschiedene'', 1927 ( ''Meggendorfer-Blätter'' Nr. 1890) * ''Vor dem Spiegel'', 1927 ( ''Sport im Bild'' 1927 Nr. 2) * ''Kühl'', 1927, ( ''Fliegende Blätter'' Nr. 4278) * ''Pietät'', 1928 ( ''Fliegende Blätter'' Nr. 4320) * ''Die prüde Gattin'', 1928 ( ''Fliegende Blätter'' Nr. 4328) * ''Paradox'', 1928 ( ''Fliegende Blätter'' Nr. 4335) * ''Paar beim Spaziergang mit Hund'', 1928 ( ''Fliegende Blätter'' . Nr. 4368) * ''Fasching der eleganten Welt: auf dem Ball Pare im Deutschen Theatre zu München'', 1928, ( ''Illustrirte Zeitung'' Nr. 4323) * ''Hujja'', 1929 ( ''Fliegende Blätter'' Nr. 4367) * ''Der Tag fängt an'', 1929, ( ''Fliegende Blätter'' Nr. 4375) * ''Eben wollt ich 'nen Kuss, Thea'', 1929, ( ''Fliegende Blätter'' Nr. 4379) * ''Abin Meta..'' ''- mit diesen Launen quälst du dich und mich'' , 1931, ( ''Fliegende Blätter'' Nr. 4493) * ''Diese Segler sind mir zu dreist'', 1932, ( ''Fliegende Blätter'' Nr. 4528) * ''Große Wirkungen'', 1932, ( ''Fliegende Blätter'' Nr. 4551) <gallery> Fayil:Schlopsnies_Nach_Coué_(cropped).jpg|alt=Nach Coué — "Ich werde von Tag zu Tag in jeder hinsicht hübscher und hübscher." 1922| '''''Nach Coué''''' - ''"Ich werde von Tag zu Tag in jeder hinsicht hübscher und hübscher."'' 1922 Fayil:Schlopsnies_Offenherzig_(cropped).jpg| ''Offenherzig,'' 1927 Fayil:Schlopsnies_Auf_der_Terrasse_von_San_Sebastian.jpg| ''Auf der Terrasse von San Sebastian.'' 1927 Fayil:Schlopsnies_Die_pruede_Gattin_(cropped).jpg|alt=Die prüde Gattin, 1928| ''Gattin,'' 1928 Fayil:Schlopsnies_Mit_dir_kann_man_nie_gehn,_Vetter_(cropped).jpg| ''Mit Dir kann man nie gehen, Vetter..,'' 1929 Fayil:Schlopsnies_Aber_Meta_(cropped).jpg| ''Aber Meta..,'' 1931 Fayil:Schlopsnies_Diese_Segler_sind_mir_zu_dreist_(cropped).jpg| ''Diese Segler sind mir zu dreist,'' 1932 </gallery> == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1884]] 6z60p90h6bm106gqmx6fmqcte7wzzqn 894954 894953 2026-08-11T13:37:15Z Nnamadee 31123 894954 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Franziska Schlopsnies''', ''an haife shi a Spangenthal'' (an haife shi a ranar 1 ga Disamba 1884 a [[Frankfurt]] am Main; ya mutu a ranar 30 ga Disamba 1944 a sansanin tsare-tsare na Auschwitz ) ƙwararren mai zane ne na salon zamani, mai talla da zane na Jamus. A cikin 1920s, zane-zane na Art Deco da sutura sun bayyana a cikin, da sauransu, na mako-mako ''Jugend'', ''Simplicissimus'', ''Meggendorfer-Blätter'', da ''Berliner Illustrirte Zeitung'' . == Tarihin Rayuwa == An haifi Franziska Spangenthal a Frankfurt am Main a matsayin babbar 'ya'ya mata uku na ɗan kasuwan [[Yahudawa|Bayahude]] Robert Spangenthal da matarsa Henriette Klein. Mahaifinta dillalin kayayyaki ne na sinadarai da man injina. Ba da daɗewa ba bayan mutuwar mahaifinta a shekarar 1905, ta haɗu da mai zane, mai yin 'yar tsana da kuma mai zane mai ban dariya {{Interlanguage link|Albert Schlopsnies}} . Ɗan wani mai filaye na Furotesta daga Gabashin Prussia, ya yi karatu a Munich Art Academy tare da Gabriel von Hackl daga 1903. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Matrikeldatenbank - Academy of Fine Arts Munich |url=https://matrikel.adbk.de/matrikel/mb_1884-1920/jahr_1903/matrikel-02700 |access-date=2018-06-06 |language=en}}</ref> A ranar 15 ga Satumba, 1910 a Frankfurt Franziska ya auri Albert, wanda a lokacin yake aiki a matsayin mai zaman kansa a Margarete Steiff GmbH, <ref>{{Cite web |title=Biographical Memorial Book of the Munich Jews |url=http://www.muenchen.de/rathaus/gedenkbuch/gedenkbuch.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170803171642/http://www.muenchen.de/rathaus/gedenkbuch/gedenkbuch.html |archive-date=2017-08-03 |access-date=2018-06-09}}</ref> wanda ya tsara kasida da 'yan tsana da dabbobi da yawa. A shekara ta 1913, Franziska da Albert suka ƙaura zuwa [[München|Munich]] suka zauna a gundumar Schwabing . A watan Mayu na shekarar 1915 aka haifi 'yarsu Irmgard Erika. <ref name=": 0" /> [[Fayil:Schlopsnies_Pietaet.jpg|thumb| ''Taƙawa'' : Murfin ''Fliegende Blätter'' na 18 ga Mayu 1928]] Bayan [[Yaƙin Duniya na I|Yaƙin Duniya na Ɗaya]], Franziska Schlopsnies ta fara tsara fosta don nunin kayan kwalliya, shagunan kayan kwalliya da kuma nune-nunen kayayyaki. Ɗaya daga cikin ƙirarta ta farko da ta tsira an yi ta ne a shekarar 1920 don shagon Tietz . Bayan [[Saki|rabuwar]] ma'auratan a ranar 18 ga Disamba, 1922, ta kan sanya hannu kan ƙirarta da sunan "Slopsnies". Tun daga tsakiyar shekarun 1920, ta fi son zana siffofi da kayan ado. Tare da Doris Buscher, Liliane da Margaret von Suttner, an ɗauke ta a matsayin ɗaya daga cikin manyan masu zane-zanen salon. An buga zane-zane na zane-zane da zane-zane na Art Deco akai-akai a cikin mujallu, kamar ''Jugend'', ''Simplicissimus'', <ref>{{Cite web |title=Simplicissimus · historical satirical magazine · individuals |url=http://www.jugend-wochenschrift.de/index.php?id=23&tx_lombkswjournaldb_pi2%5Bpersonid%5D=15060&tx_lombkswjournaldb_pi2%5Belement%5D=all&tx_lombkswjournaldb_pi2%5Btype%5D=date&tx_lombkswjournaldb_pi2%5Baction%5D=nameFilter&tx_lombkswjournaldb_pi2%5Bcontroller%5D=PersonRegister&cHash=65f7471d21986288a84693c73fbf8d99 |access-date=2018-06-09 |language=en}}</ref> ''Eleganten Welt'', ''Berliner Illustrirten Zeitung'', ''Sport im Bild'' da ''Velhagen & Klasings Monatshefte'' na wata-wata. Ga littattafan barkwanci na ''Fliegende Blätter'' da ''Meggendorfer-Blätter'', ta tsara murfin littattafai da dama a rabin na biyu na shekarun 1920. Bayan hawan Adolf Hitler kan mulki, ba ta samar da wani zane da aka buga ba. Domin ta kare rayuwarta da ta 'yarta, ta yi hayar wasu ɗakuna a ɗakinta ga ɗalibai. 'Yan'uwanta mata da mahaifiyarta sun yi nasarar yin ƙaura, yayin da Franziska da farko an iya kare ta daga ƙaura saboda ita ce mahaifiyar 'ya mace wadda, a ma'anarta ta 'yan gurguzu na ƙasa, "Mutum ne mai bambancin launin fata na Yahudawa" na digiri na farko. Dangane da ranar da aka kora ta, bayanin ya saba wa juna. An koro ta daga ƙasar a shekarar 1943 ko Janairu 1944 ba tare da sanin inda za ta je ba. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Yad Vashem: Memorial for Franziska Schlopsnies |url=https://yvng.yadvashem.org/nameDetails.html?language=en&itemId=1404106&ind=0 |access-date=2018-06-10}}</ref> A ranar 30 ga Disamba, 1944 Franziska Schlopsnies ya mutu a sansanin 'yan gudun hijira na Auschwitz. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Federal Archives |title=Memorial Book - Victims of the persecution of Jews under Nazi tyranny in Germany 1933-1945 |url=https://www.bundesarchiv.de/gedenkbuch/de966074 |access-date=2018-06-06 |language=DE}}</ref> 'Yarta Erika ta tsira daga [[Yaƙin Duniya na II|Yaƙin Duniya na Biyu]] kuma ta yi ƙaura zuwa [[Tarayyar Amurka|Amurka]] a shekarar 1946. A yau a gwanjon ƙasa da ƙasa, zane-zane da kwafi na Franziska Schlopsnies sun kai farashin har zuwa dubban Yuro.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Schlopsnies F. Aquarellen en ander werk op papier te koop aangeboden Elegant paar, aquarel en gouache op papier 27.5 x 21.9 cm, gesigneerd ro en gedateerd '26 7166197 Coll.I cv |url=https://www.simonis-buunk.nl/kunstwerk/schlopsnies-f/17898/#info |access-date=2018-06-09 |language=nl-NL}}</ref> == Zaɓin ayyuka == [[Fayil:Schlopsnies_Meggendorfer_Blätter_1875.jpg|thumb| ''Geeignet'' - Murfin ''Meggendorfer-Blätter'' na 2 Disamba 1926]] * Talla don nunin kayan kwalliya a Hause Tietz, 1920 * Talla ga Schirm Schönherr, Theatinerstraße ; Munchen 1923 * Talla don nunin ''Der gedeckte Tisch'', München 1926 * Talla ga kamfanin Andreas Kaut * Talla ga kamfanin Gebr. E da J Marx, München * ''Die modische Linie'', 1923 (Jugend Heft 22) * ''An der Riviera'', 1926, (Jugend Heft 36) * ''Geeignet'', 1926 ( ''Meggendorfer-Blätter'' Nr. 1875) * ''Offenherzig - Elegantes Paar im Gespräch über den Wert der Zeit des Mannes'', 1927 ( ''Meggendorfer-Blätter'' Nr. 1895) * ''Die Spanierin'', 1926 (Velhagen & Klasings Monatshefte Nr. 41 6), 1928 ( ''Illustrirte Zeitung'' Nr. 4347-4359) * ''Der Geschiedene'', 1927 ( ''Meggendorfer-Blätter'' Nr. 1890) * ''Vor dem Spiegel'', 1927 ( ''Sport im Bild'' 1927 Nr. 2) * ''Kühl'', 1927, ( ''Fliegende Blätter'' Nr. 4278) * ''Pietät'', 1928 ( ''Fliegende Blätter'' Nr. 4320) * ''Die prüde Gattin'', 1928 ( ''Fliegende Blätter'' Nr. 4328) * ''Paradox'', 1928 ( ''Fliegende Blätter'' Nr. 4335) * ''Paar beim Spaziergang mit Hund'', 1928 ( ''Fliegende Blätter'' . Nr. 4368) * ''Fasching der eleganten Welt: auf dem Ball Pare im Deutschen Theatre zu München'', 1928, ( ''Illustrirte Zeitung'' Nr. 4323) * ''Hujja'', 1929 ( ''Fliegende Blätter'' Nr. 4367) * ''Der Tag fängt an'', 1929, ( ''Fliegende Blätter'' Nr. 4375) * ''Eben wollt ich 'nen Kuss, Thea'', 1929, ( ''Fliegende Blätter'' Nr. 4379) * ''Abin Meta..'' ''- mit diesen Launen quälst du dich und mich'' , 1931, ( ''Fliegende Blätter'' Nr. 4493) * ''Diese Segler sind mir zu dreist'', 1932, ( ''Fliegende Blätter'' Nr. 4528) * ''Große Wirkungen'', 1932, ( ''Fliegende Blätter'' Nr. 4551) <gallery> Fayil:Schlopsnies_Nach_Coué_(cropped).jpg|alt=Nach Coué — "Ich werde von Tag zu Tag in jeder hinsicht hübscher und hübscher." 1922| '''''Nach Coué''''' - ''"Ich werde von Tag zu Tag in jeder hinsicht hübscher und hübscher."'' 1922 Fayil:Schlopsnies_Offenherzig_(cropped).jpg| ''Offenherzig,'' 1927 Fayil:Schlopsnies_Auf_der_Terrasse_von_San_Sebastian.jpg| ''Auf der Terrasse von San Sebastian.'' 1927 Fayil:Schlopsnies_Die_pruede_Gattin_(cropped).jpg|alt=Die prüde Gattin, 1928| ''Gattin,'' 1928 Fayil:Schlopsnies_Mit_dir_kann_man_nie_gehn,_Vetter_(cropped).jpg| ''Mit Dir kann man nie gehen, Vetter..,'' 1929 Fayil:Schlopsnies_Aber_Meta_(cropped).jpg| ''Aber Meta..,'' 1931 Fayil:Schlopsnies_Diese_Segler_sind_mir_zu_dreist_(cropped).jpg| ''Diese Segler sind mir zu dreist,'' 1932 </gallery> == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1884]] 4flj22t6ry4zsg536tb4t7vqzfeqi3q 0 163176 894955 2026-08-11T13:38:08Z Nnamadee 31123 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1341084096|Isolde Schmitt-Menzel]]" 894955 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Isolde Schmitt-Menzel''' (11 Afrilu 1930 - 4 Satumba 2022) ƙwararren mai zane ne na Jamus, marubuci, mai zane, mai zane, kuma mai zane-zanen yumbu. == Tarihin Rayuwa == Schmitt-Menzel ya yi karatu a Jami'ar Fasaha da Zane ta Burg Giebichenstein da ke Halle.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Isolde Schmitt-Menzel |url=http://www.wdrmaus.de/rundumdiemaus/mausmacher/isolde_schmittmenzel/index.phtml |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080804091011/http://www.wdrmaus.de/rundumdiemaus/mausmacher/isolde_schmittmenzel/index.phtml |archive-date=4 August 2008 |website=Die Sendung mit der Maus |language=German}}</ref> Ta rubuta littattafai ga yara da kuma hanyoyin yin aikin yumbu.<ref>{{Cite web |title="Isolde Schmitt-Menzel" |url=https://gallica.bnf.fr/services/engine/search/sru?operation=searchRetrieve&version=1.2&page=1&query=(gallica%20adj%20%22Isolde%20Schmitt-Menzel%22) |website=BnF Gallica |language=French}}</ref> Ita ce ta kirkiro shirin talabijin na Jamus ''Die Sendung mit der Maus.'' == Littattafai == * ''Mosaik aus Stein, Glas, Holz, Papier'' (1968) * ''Keramik bemalen'' (1970) * ''Ton, geformt, bemalt, gebrannt'' (1970) * ''Zwölf Wünsche da Elisabeth'' (1985) * ''Maus und Bär beim Zahnarzt'' (1995) * ''Maus, erzähl mir was von der Schule'' (1995) * ''Die Maus sagt dir Gute Nacht'' (1997) * ''Die Maus hat Geburtstag'' (1999) * ''Die Maus auf dem Bauernhof'' (2001) * ''Fingerspiele mit der Maus'' (2003) == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Mutuwan 2022]] [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1930]] rubjwg2xw3dc2w44riyttga9phn2836 894956 894955 2026-08-11T13:38:38Z Nnamadee 31123 894956 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Isolde Schmitt-Menzel''' (11 Afrilu 1930 - 4 Satumba 2022) ƙwararren mai zane ne na Jamus, marubuci, mai zane, mai zane, kuma mai zane-zanen yumbu. == Tarihin Rayuwa == Schmitt-Menzel ya yi karatu a Jami'ar Fasaha da Zane ta Burg Giebichenstein da ke Halle.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Isolde Schmitt-Menzel |url=http://www.wdrmaus.de/rundumdiemaus/mausmacher/isolde_schmittmenzel/index.phtml |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080804091011/http://www.wdrmaus.de/rundumdiemaus/mausmacher/isolde_schmittmenzel/index.phtml |archive-date=4 August 2008 |website=Die Sendung mit der Maus |language=German}}</ref> Ta rubuta littattafai ga yara da kuma hanyoyin yin aikin yumbu.<ref>{{Cite web |title="Isolde Schmitt-Menzel" |url=https://gallica.bnf.fr/services/engine/search/sru?operation=searchRetrieve&version=1.2&page=1&query=(gallica%20adj%20%22Isolde%20Schmitt-Menzel%22) |website=BnF Gallica |language=French}}</ref> Ita ce ta kirkiro shirin talabijin na Jamus ''Die Sendung mit der Maus.'' == Littattafai == * ''Mosaik aus Stein, Glas, Holz, Papier'' (1968) * ''Keramik bemalen'' (1970) * ''Ton, geformt, bemalt, gebrannt'' (1970) * ''Zwölf Wünsche da Elisabeth'' (1985) * ''Maus und Bär beim Zahnarzt'' (1995) * ''Maus, erzähl mir was von der Schule'' (1995) * ''Die Maus sagt dir Gute Nacht'' (1997) * ''Die Maus hat Geburtstag'' (1999) * ''Die Maus auf dem Bauernhof'' (2001) * ''Fingerspiele mit der Maus'' (2003) == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Mutuwan 2022]] [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1930]] n30lx4l9p5k6j43rxjqbhdgwaujgv1e 0 163177 894957 2026-08-11T13:39:43Z Nnamadee 31123 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1362823966|Barbara Schober]]" 894957 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Fayil:B_Schober_-_Skulpturenprojekt_„Verrücken“_(AK_Kulturamt_Tübingen_1991).jpg|thumb| "Verrücken" - Hölderlinturm, gasar sassaka, Tübingen 1991, katin waya ta Ofishin Al'adu Tübingen, Hoto: Chris Schaal]] '''Barbara Schober''' ’yar Jamus ce mai zane-zane. Aikinta ya shafi fannoni daban-daban na kafofin watsa labarai inda kalmar " Sanin Intanet " take taka muhimmiyar rawa. Ta hanyar amfani da dabarun da aka saba da su da kuma gwaje-gwajen kayan aiki, ta kafa wani abu da zai iya kawo cikas ga duniyar dijital da ta yaɗu. Schober yana amfani da [[Photography|daukar hoto]] da kuma daskare firam, yana ƙirƙirar hotunan dijital da analog kuma yana (sake) canza su, fenti a kansu, ko kuma yana amfani da abubuwa na zahiri a kansu. Tana haɗa tsare-tsare da gangan ko kuma bazuwar da aka ƙirƙira a wasu wurare a cikin aikinta. Babban batu a cikin aikin Schober shine wasan kwaikwayo mai ƙarfi tare da hangen nesa da girma wanda ke ci gaba da lalata matsayin mai kallo. Waƙoƙin da ba zato ba tsammani, na bazata da na fasaha suna da mahimmanci kamar yadda mai zane ya shiga cikin abin ko batun. An fi mai da hankali kan yankunan da ba su da kyau, daidaiton da ba su da tabbas da kuma muhimman lokutan daukar hoto, sassaka, [[fim]] da [[Painting|zane]]. == Ilimi == [[Fayil:KunstVisite_Burri.jpg|thumb| "KunstVisite Burri" - aikin daukar hoto]] Barbara Schober ta yi karatun zane-zane na tsakiya a Kwalejin Fasaha ta Jiha da ke Stuttgart a ajin Sotiros Michou da Moritz Baumgartl. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Sotirios Michou |url=https://www.leo-bw.de/partner/akademie-der-bildenden-kunste-stuttgart |access-date=2017-10-12 |website=www.abk-stuttgart.de |language=de-DE}}</ref> Aikinta a can ya mayar da hankali ne kan batun "Gidan Tarihi na Tunani". Ta kuma yi karatun aikin jarida a Cibiyar Kimiyyar Kafafen Yaɗa Labarai ta Jami'ar Tübingen . == Nunin nune-nune da ayyuka == '''<big>Na Ƙasa da Ƙasa</big>''' * "Boundaries", Gidan Tarihi na Fasaha na Zamani, Oxford (1990): Gayyatar ƙasa da ƙasa don bayar da kyautar "Oxford Photography", wanda Trevor Ashby ya shirya <ref>{{Cite web |date=2012-11-21 |title=Photographic Exhibition by Trevor Ashby in Oxford |url=https://oxfordschoolofphotography.wordpress.com/2012/11/21/photographic-exhibition-by-trevor-ashby-in-oxford/ |access-date=2017-03-11 |website=Oxford School of Photography}}</ref> * "Menas Be Sienų. Fasaha Ba Tare da Iyakoki ba", Gidajen tarihi na birane na Šiauliai und Panevėžys, Lithuania (1992): Tare da masu fasaha na Lithuania da Denmark, shine aikin musayar kuɗi na farko da masu fasaha suka tsara a Lithuania tun zamanin Soviet lokacin da aka ba da izinin yin nunin kayan tarihi da gwamnati ta shirya kawai. * "NowHere", <ref>{{Cite web |title=Nowhere |url=https://frieze.com/article/nowhere |access-date=2017-03-11 |website=frieze.com |language=en}}</ref> Gidan Tarihi na Fasaha na Zamani na Louisiana A shekarar 1996 a Humlebaek, Denmark, a matsayinta na edita mai ziyara tare da Bettina Lehmann na aikin Fanzine ''Network Orange'' don sashin mai kula da Ute Meta Bauer, ta yi aiki tare a kan "NowHere", wani babban gabatarwa na fasahar zamani ta duniya. An shirya baje kolin tare da haɗin gwiwar baƙi huɗu: Ute Meta Bauer, Iwona Blazwick, Laura Cottingham da Bruce Ferguson. * "Durban ta haɗu da Stuttgart. Stuttgart ta haɗu da Durban", musayar al'adu, Jamus/Afirka ta Kudu, (1997): Aikin Ƙungiyar Masu Zane-zane Masu Kyau, tare da Ingrid Hartlieb da Wolfgang Thiel * Taron Ƙasa da Ƙasa na SEA(S) (nunin rukuni), wanda Haytham Nawar, Cibiyar Ionian, Cephalonia, [[Girka (ƙasa)|Girka]], ta shirya, (2018) * Baje kolin Kayayyakin Mata na Ƙungiyar Masu Zane-zane (SWA) na 157 na Shekara-shekara, wanda aka zaɓa don halarta, Mall Galleries London, kallo na sirri tare da Gimbiya Michael na Kent ta HRH, wanda ƙungiyar Fasaha ta shirya (2018) * Biennale d'Arte Contemporanea, Terza Edizione, wanda aka zaɓa don shiga cikin Art Biennale Salerno, Italiya (2018) * "Herland - Neman Utopia na Mata", wanda Freya Black ta shirya, nunin rukuni a Laburaren Mata, Sydney, Ostiraliya (2019) * Zaɓin Jury don Biennale Larnaca, Cyprus, wanda Yev Kravt ya tsara, <ref>{{Cite web |title=Curator Larnaca Biennale 2023 |url=https://www.yevkravt.com/}}</ref> Pierides Museum, Larnaca (2023) <ref>{{Cite web |title=Selected Participants, Biennale Larnaca, 2023 |url=https://biennalelarnaca.com/selected-artists/}}</ref> * Mai zane Talk An Lantair, Stornoway, Tsibiri na Lewis, Outer Hebrides, Scotland (2024) <ref>{{Cite web |title=Artist Talk with Barbara Schober |url=https://lanntair.com/events/event/artist-gathering-with-barbara-schober-and-ian-waugh/}}</ref> * Zaɓen Juri don Zama a Fannin Fasaha da Kimiyya na Arctic Circle, Svalbard, Norway (2024) <ref>{{Cite web |title=Arctic Circle Artist Residency, Participants 2024 |url=https://thearcticcircle.org/participants/}}</ref> == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] a84vgw7ftctvvj8tf5vtn2oa5bz5w70 894958 894957 2026-08-11T13:40:18Z Nnamadee 31123 894958 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}}[[Fayil:B_Schober_-_Skulpturenprojekt_„Verrücken“_(AK_Kulturamt_Tübingen_1991).jpg|thumb| "Verrücken" - Hölderlinturm, gasar sassaka, Tübingen 1991, katin waya ta Ofishin Al'adu Tübingen, Hoto: Chris Schaal]] '''Barbara Schober''' ’yar Jamus ce mai zane-zane. Aikinta ya shafi fannoni daban-daban na kafofin watsa labarai inda kalmar " Sanin Intanet " take taka muhimmiyar rawa. Ta hanyar amfani da dabarun da aka saba da su da kuma gwaje-gwajen kayan aiki, ta kafa wani abu da zai iya kawo cikas ga duniyar dijital da ta yaɗu. Schober yana amfani da [[Photography|daukar hoto]] da kuma daskare firam, yana ƙirƙirar hotunan dijital da analog kuma yana (sake) canza su, fenti a kansu, ko kuma yana amfani da abubuwa na zahiri a kansu. Tana haɗa tsare-tsare da gangan ko kuma bazuwar da aka ƙirƙira a wasu wurare a cikin aikinta. Babban batu a cikin aikin Schober shine wasan kwaikwayo mai ƙarfi tare da hangen nesa da girma wanda ke ci gaba da lalata matsayin mai kallo. Waƙoƙin da ba zato ba tsammani, na bazata da na fasaha suna da mahimmanci kamar yadda mai zane ya shiga cikin abin ko batun. An fi mai da hankali kan yankunan da ba su da kyau, daidaiton da ba su da tabbas da kuma muhimman lokutan daukar hoto, sassaka, [[fim]] da [[Painting|zane]]. == Ilimi == [[Fayil:KunstVisite_Burri.jpg|thumb| "KunstVisite Burri" - aikin daukar hoto]] Barbara Schober ta yi karatun zane-zane na tsakiya a Kwalejin Fasaha ta Jiha da ke Stuttgart a ajin Sotiros Michou da Moritz Baumgartl. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Sotirios Michou |url=https://www.leo-bw.de/partner/akademie-der-bildenden-kunste-stuttgart |access-date=2017-10-12 |website=www.abk-stuttgart.de |language=de-DE}}</ref> Aikinta a can ya mayar da hankali ne kan batun "Gidan Tarihi na Tunani". Ta kuma yi karatun aikin jarida a Cibiyar Kimiyyar Kafafen Yaɗa Labarai ta Jami'ar Tübingen . == Nunin nune-nune da ayyuka == '''<big>Na Ƙasa da Ƙasa</big>''' * "Boundaries", Gidan Tarihi na Fasaha na Zamani, Oxford (1990): Gayyatar ƙasa da ƙasa don bayar da kyautar "Oxford Photography", wanda Trevor Ashby ya shirya <ref>{{Cite web |date=2012-11-21 |title=Photographic Exhibition by Trevor Ashby in Oxford |url=https://oxfordschoolofphotography.wordpress.com/2012/11/21/photographic-exhibition-by-trevor-ashby-in-oxford/ |access-date=2017-03-11 |website=Oxford School of Photography}}</ref> * "Menas Be Sienų. Fasaha Ba Tare da Iyakoki ba", Gidajen tarihi na birane na Šiauliai und Panevėžys, Lithuania (1992): Tare da masu fasaha na Lithuania da Denmark, shine aikin musayar kuɗi na farko da masu fasaha suka tsara a Lithuania tun zamanin Soviet lokacin da aka ba da izinin yin nunin kayan tarihi da gwamnati ta shirya kawai. * "NowHere", <ref>{{Cite web |title=Nowhere |url=https://frieze.com/article/nowhere |access-date=2017-03-11 |website=frieze.com |language=en}}</ref> Gidan Tarihi na Fasaha na Zamani na Louisiana A shekarar 1996 a Humlebaek, Denmark, a matsayinta na edita mai ziyara tare da Bettina Lehmann na aikin Fanzine ''Network Orange'' don sashin mai kula da Ute Meta Bauer, ta yi aiki tare a kan "NowHere", wani babban gabatarwa na fasahar zamani ta duniya. An shirya baje kolin tare da haɗin gwiwar baƙi huɗu: Ute Meta Bauer, Iwona Blazwick, Laura Cottingham da Bruce Ferguson. * "Durban ta haɗu da Stuttgart. Stuttgart ta haɗu da Durban", musayar al'adu, Jamus/Afirka ta Kudu, (1997): Aikin Ƙungiyar Masu Zane-zane Masu Kyau, tare da Ingrid Hartlieb da Wolfgang Thiel * Taron Ƙasa da Ƙasa na SEA(S) (nunin rukuni), wanda Haytham Nawar, Cibiyar Ionian, Cephalonia, [[Girka (ƙasa)|Girka]], ta shirya, (2018) * Baje kolin Kayayyakin Mata na Ƙungiyar Masu Zane-zane (SWA) na 157 na Shekara-shekara, wanda aka zaɓa don halarta, Mall Galleries London, kallo na sirri tare da Gimbiya Michael na Kent ta HRH, wanda ƙungiyar Fasaha ta shirya (2018) * Biennale d'Arte Contemporanea, Terza Edizione, wanda aka zaɓa don shiga cikin Art Biennale Salerno, Italiya (2018) * "Herland - Neman Utopia na Mata", wanda Freya Black ta shirya, nunin rukuni a Laburaren Mata, Sydney, Ostiraliya (2019) * Zaɓin Jury don Biennale Larnaca, Cyprus, wanda Yev Kravt ya tsara, <ref>{{Cite web |title=Curator Larnaca Biennale 2023 |url=https://www.yevkravt.com/}}</ref> Pierides Museum, Larnaca (2023) <ref>{{Cite web |title=Selected Participants, Biennale Larnaca, 2023 |url=https://biennalelarnaca.com/selected-artists/}}</ref> * Mai zane Talk An Lantair, Stornoway, Tsibiri na Lewis, Outer Hebrides, Scotland (2024) <ref>{{Cite web |title=Artist Talk with Barbara Schober |url=https://lanntair.com/events/event/artist-gathering-with-barbara-schober-and-ian-waugh/}}</ref> * Zaɓen Juri don Zama a Fannin Fasaha da Kimiyya na Arctic Circle, Svalbard, Norway (2024) <ref>{{Cite web |title=Arctic Circle Artist Residency, Participants 2024 |url=https://thearcticcircle.org/participants/}}</ref> == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] 11xq5tb8xnb535dosz28qtnhpdvmhrp 0 163178 894959 2026-08-11T13:41:24Z Nnamadee 31123 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1342984348|Kristina Buch]]" 894959 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Fayil:Kbuch_some_at_times_cast_light.jpg|thumb| Grete-Penelope Mars, Zane a matsayin wani ɓangare na ''Wasu a wasu lokutan suna haskakawa'']] '''Kristina Buch''' (an haife ta a ranar 18 ga Janairu 1983) 'yar ƙasar Jamus ce, mai zane-zane, wacce ke zaune a Düsseldorf da London. == Tarihin Rayuwa == Kristina Buch tana da digiri a fannin ilmin halittu kuma ta karanci ilimin tauhidin Furotesta, kafin ta yi digirinta na biyu a Kwalejin Fasaha ta Royal . , <ref>{{Cite web |title=Kristina Buch |url=http://www.rca.ac.uk/students/kristina-buch/ |website=Royal College of Art}}</ref> a Landan. Daga baya ta halarci Kunstakademie Düsseldorf kuma ta zama Meisterschüler tare da Rosemarie Trockel . A shekarar 2012 ita ce ƙaramar mawakiya da ta shiga gasar dOCUMENTA (13) . <ref>{{Cite web |last=documenta13 |title=dOCUMENTA (13) |url=http://d13.documenta.de/#/teilnehmer/teilnehmer/kristina-buch/?m=n&L=0 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150306230259/http://d13.documenta.de/ |archive-date=2015-03-06 |website=documenta.de}}</ref> A 2013 ta sauke karatu daga Kunstakademie Düsseldorf kuma ta zama mataimakiyar farfesa ga Carolyn Christov-Bakargiev a Johann Wolfgang Goethe-Universität Frankfurt am Main . <ref>{{Cite web |last=Helga Meister |date=8 July 2013 |title=Kunstwerke zum Vernaschen |url=http://www.wz-newsline.de/lokales/duesseldorf/kultur/kunstwerke-zum-vernaschen-1.1366214 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150714041500/http://www.wz-newsline.de/lokales/duesseldorf/kultur/kunstwerke-zum-vernaschen-1.1366214 |archive-date=14 July 2015 |access-date=25 June 2015 |website=Westdeutsche Zeitung}}</ref> Tana aiki a matsayin malamar da ke ba da ziyara a HGK Basel, inda ta zama wacce ta fara riƙe da matsayin farfesa na 'Next Society' a shekarar 2015. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Gastdozierende - Institut Kunst HGK FHNW |url=http://institut-kunst.ch/gastdozierende/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150617020423/http://institut-kunst.ch/gastdozierende/ |archive-date=2015-06-17 |access-date=2015-06-25 |website=Institut Kunst HGK FHNW}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |title="The Next Society" – Launch of Pilot Project at the Institut Kunst in Basel |url=http://www.scheringstiftung.de/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=2895%3Athe-next-society-pilotprojekt-am-institut-kunst-in-basel-gestartet&catid=18%3Aaktuelles&Itemid=11&lang=en |website=scheringstiftung.de}}</ref> == Aiki == * ''Before the I was folded'' (2009) - Installation into which Buch integrated the first ever sculpture made by a group of chimpanzees. With this work the discourse about ape culture and the question of art beyond the human context was critically relaunched within the contemporary art discourse.<ref>{{Cite web |date=12 April 2012 |title=Chimps run the show after aping artist's work |url=https://www.standard.co.uk/news/chimps-run-the-show-after-aping-artists-work-6725456.html}}</ref> * ''The Lover'' (2012) – Installation and 'life-gesture' / over 100 days at dOCUMENTA (13).<ref>{{Cite web |date=21 June 2012 |title=Kristina Buch's Constant Garden - News - Art in America |url=http://www.artinamericamagazine.com/news-features/news/kristina-buch-documenta-13/ |website=artinamericamagazine.com}}</ref> * ''later, Goliath. And then started humming'' (2013) – Candy paintings, reminiscent of paintings by Kasimir Malevitch and Barnett Newman, appear in different international collections of modern painting until they have been licked away.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Interfase |date=6 July 2013 |title=Iconoclash by tongue / MOUSSE CONTEMPORARY ART MAGAZINE |url=http://moussemagazine.it/iconoclash-by-tongue/ |website=moussemagazine.it}}</ref> * ''untitled (holes)'' (2014) - a one-off concert in cooperation with Iko Birk <ref>{{Cite web |last=Interfase |date=19 May 2014 |title=Kristina Buch "untitled (holes)" at Kölnischer Kunstverein / MOUSSE CONTEMPORARY ART MAGAZINE |url=http://moussemagazine.it/kristina-buch-kolnischer/ |website=moussemagazine.it}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=(holes) - The White Review |url=http://www.thewhitereview.org/art/holes/ |website=thewhitereview.org}}</ref> * ''Some at times cast light'' (2015) – Through an official council decision, Buch named a public place in [[Bochum-Ehrenfeld]](<templatestyles src="Module:Coordinates/styles.css"></templatestyles>{{Coord|51.46536|7.20748|region:DE-NW_type:landmark}}) in [[Bochum]], [[Jamus|Germany]] after a fictitious woman (Grete-Penelope Mars), who deliberately has no biography.<ref>{{Cite web |date=16 January 2021 |title=Way: Grete-Penelope-Mars-Platz (340010380) |url=https://www.openstreetmap.org/way/340010380#map=19/51.46532/7.20756&layers=N}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Archived copy |url=https://www.bochum.de/C12571A3001D56CE/vwContentByKey/W2A27BTA094BOCMDE/$FILE/2015_grete_penelope_mars_platz.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151222103651/https://www.bochum.de/C12571A3001D56CE/vwContentByKey/W2A27BTA094BOCMDE/$FILE/2015_grete_penelope_mars_platz.pdf |archive-date=2015-12-22 |access-date=2015-10-23}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Grete-Penelope-Mars-Platz · Am Wiesental, 44789 Bochum, Germany |url=https://www.google.com/maps/place/Grete+Penelope+Mars+platz/@51.4653046,7.2073518,15z/data=!4m5!3m4!1s0x0:0x8762f3c48805822d!8m2!3d51.4653046!4d7.2073518}}</ref> A bronze bust of the woman was permanently installed on the site, as well as an official street sign. Every year in June/July, fireflies which have been populated in the adjacent park, temporarily become part of the work.<ref>{{Cite web |title=e-Zine - Urbane Künste Ruhr |url=http://www.urbanekuensteruhr.de/de/e-zine |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150626113230/http://www.urbanekuensteruhr.de/de/e-zine |archive-date=26 June 2015 |access-date=25 June 2015 |website=urbanekuensteruhr.de}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Schauspielhaus Bochum |title=Schauspielhaus Bochum - Some at times cast light, Installation/Intervention von Kristina Buch (D) |url=http://www.schauspielhausbochum.de/spielplan/some-at-times-cast-light/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150610030608/http://www.schauspielhausbochum.de/spielplan/some-at-times-cast-light/ |archive-date=2015-06-10 |access-date=2015-06-25 |website=schauspielhausbochum.de}}</ref> * ''Such prophecies we write on banana skins. (triangulation of criminal grace)'' (2015) – a two-channel HD video projection / soundscape commissioned and produced by 14th Istanbul Biennial. The work suggests an unending major explosion of a landmark art institution on one channel and a complete detonation of Mount Everest on the other channel. In this work Buch expands on a recurring theme in her work, suggesting a necessity for a continued inner dissolution and reconfiguration of images, notions and categories that we tend to create and maintain within human thinking. Buch was the only German artist represented at the 14th Istanbul Biennial.<ref>{{Cite web |date=28 September 2015 |title=Matter That Really Matters: Carolyn Christov-Bakargiev's Istanbul Biennial |url=http://www.artinamericamagazine.com/news-features/news/matter-that-really-matters-carolyn-christov-bakargievs-istanbul-biennial/}}</ref> * ''It’s normal that reality happens. (these games will fall apart)'' (2016) - Abstract game field made of white marble lines, laid into the lawn of a public park in Merano, challenging the game/play dichotomy and the drawing of lines and borders at large.<ref>{{Cite web |title=BAU talks to Kristina Buch |url=https://vimeo.com/167762495}}</ref> * ''EXECUTION SEMANTICS for a necessary criminal'' (2016) - Solo exhibition at Kunsthalle Bremerhaven.<ref>{{Cite web |date=July 2016 |title=Kristina Buch "EXECUTION SEMANTICS for a necessary criminal" at Kunsthalle Bremerhaven • |url=http://moussemagazine.it/kristina-buch-execution-semantics-for-a-necessary-criminal-at-kunsthalle-bremerhaven-2016/}}</ref> * ''“One of the things that baffles me about you is that you remain unmurdered.”'' (2012–2016) <ref>{{Cite web |date=28 December 2016 |title=Lecture by Kristina Buch, December 6, 2016 |url=https://vimeo.com/197323263}}</ref> * ''OH, BOY! (conjugation of a stick)'' (2017) <ref>{{Cite web |date=30 January 2018 |title=The Curve of Fate, the Beginning of a Smile: Kristina Buch • |url=http://moussemagazine.it/kristina-buch-2018/}}</ref> * ''Playing above the snake line'' (2018) <ref>{{Cite web |title=THE PLAYGROUND PROJECT – OUTDOOR - Art and Exhibition Hall of the Federal Republic of Germany - Bonn |url=https://www.bundeskunsthalle.de/en/exhibitions/the-playground-project-outdoor.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191224213955/https://www.bundeskunsthalle.de/en/exhibitions/the-playground-project-outdoor.html |archive-date=24 December 2019}}</ref> == Kyaututtuka == * Kyautar Matasan Mawakan Turai ta Trieste ta 2012 * Bremerhaven Stipendium na 2015 * 2019 [[Hans-Purrmann-Preis|Großer Hans Purrmann-Preis der Stadt Speyer]] <ref>{{Cite web |title=Kristina Buch wins Germany's Grand Hans Purrmann Award |url=https://www.e-flux.com/announcements/257885/kristina-buch-wins-germany-s-grand-hans-purrmann-award/}}</ref> == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1983]] [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] qu4wgy5a4rzehhegjkiqomuse71t9ks 894960 894959 2026-08-11T13:42:27Z Nnamadee 31123 894960 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}}[[Fayil:Kbuch_some_at_times_cast_light.jpg|thumb| Grete-Penelope Mars, Zane a matsayin wani ɓangare na ''Wasu a wasu lokutan suna haskakawa'']] '''Kristina Buch''' (an haife ta a ranar 18 ga Janairu 1983) 'yar ƙasar Jamus ce, mai zane-zane, wacce ke zaune a Düsseldorf da London. == Tarihin Rayuwa == Kristina Buch tana da digiri a fannin ilmin halittu kuma ta karanci ilimin tauhidin Furotesta, kafin ta yi digirinta na biyu a Kwalejin Fasaha ta Royal . , <ref>{{Cite web |title=Kristina Buch |url=http://www.rca.ac.uk/students/kristina-buch/ |website=Royal College of Art}}</ref> a Landan. Daga baya ta halarci Kunstakademie Düsseldorf kuma ta zama Meisterschüler tare da Rosemarie Trockel . A shekarar 2012 ita ce ƙaramar mawakiya da ta shiga gasar dOCUMENTA (13) . <ref>{{Cite web |last=documenta13 |title=dOCUMENTA (13) |url=http://d13.documenta.de/#/teilnehmer/teilnehmer/kristina-buch/?m=n&L=0 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150306230259/http://d13.documenta.de/ |archive-date=2015-03-06 |website=documenta.de}}</ref> A 2013 ta sauke karatu daga Kunstakademie Düsseldorf kuma ta zama mataimakiyar farfesa ga Carolyn Christov-Bakargiev a Johann Wolfgang Goethe-Universität Frankfurt am Main . <ref>{{Cite web |last=Helga Meister |date=8 July 2013 |title=Kunstwerke zum Vernaschen |url=http://www.wz-newsline.de/lokales/duesseldorf/kultur/kunstwerke-zum-vernaschen-1.1366214 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150714041500/http://www.wz-newsline.de/lokales/duesseldorf/kultur/kunstwerke-zum-vernaschen-1.1366214 |archive-date=14 July 2015 |access-date=25 June 2015 |website=Westdeutsche Zeitung}}</ref> Tana aiki a matsayin malamar da ke ba da ziyara a HGK Basel, inda ta zama wacce ta fara riƙe da matsayin farfesa na 'Next Society' a shekarar 2015. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Gastdozierende - Institut Kunst HGK FHNW |url=http://institut-kunst.ch/gastdozierende/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150617020423/http://institut-kunst.ch/gastdozierende/ |archive-date=2015-06-17 |access-date=2015-06-25 |website=Institut Kunst HGK FHNW}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |title="The Next Society" – Launch of Pilot Project at the Institut Kunst in Basel |url=http://www.scheringstiftung.de/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=2895%3Athe-next-society-pilotprojekt-am-institut-kunst-in-basel-gestartet&catid=18%3Aaktuelles&Itemid=11&lang=en |website=scheringstiftung.de}}</ref> == Aiki == * ''Before the I was folded'' (2009) - Installation into which Buch integrated the first ever sculpture made by a group of chimpanzees. With this work the discourse about ape culture and the question of art beyond the human context was critically relaunched within the contemporary art discourse.<ref>{{Cite web |date=12 April 2012 |title=Chimps run the show after aping artist's work |url=https://www.standard.co.uk/news/chimps-run-the-show-after-aping-artists-work-6725456.html}}</ref> * ''The Lover'' (2012) – Installation and 'life-gesture' / over 100 days at dOCUMENTA (13).<ref>{{Cite web |date=21 June 2012 |title=Kristina Buch's Constant Garden - News - Art in America |url=http://www.artinamericamagazine.com/news-features/news/kristina-buch-documenta-13/ |website=artinamericamagazine.com}}</ref> * ''later, Goliath. And then started humming'' (2013) – Candy paintings, reminiscent of paintings by Kasimir Malevitch and Barnett Newman, appear in different international collections of modern painting until they have been licked away.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Interfase |date=6 July 2013 |title=Iconoclash by tongue / MOUSSE CONTEMPORARY ART MAGAZINE |url=http://moussemagazine.it/iconoclash-by-tongue/ |website=moussemagazine.it}}</ref> * ''untitled (holes)'' (2014) - a one-off concert in cooperation with Iko Birk <ref>{{Cite web |last=Interfase |date=19 May 2014 |title=Kristina Buch "untitled (holes)" at Kölnischer Kunstverein / MOUSSE CONTEMPORARY ART MAGAZINE |url=http://moussemagazine.it/kristina-buch-kolnischer/ |website=moussemagazine.it}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=(holes) - The White Review |url=http://www.thewhitereview.org/art/holes/ |website=thewhitereview.org}}</ref> * ''Some at times cast light'' (2015) – Through an official council decision, Buch named a public place in [[Bochum-Ehrenfeld]](<templatestyles src="Module:Coordinates/styles.css"></templatestyles>{{Coord|51.46536|7.20748|region:DE-NW_type:landmark}}) in [[Bochum]], [[Jamus|Germany]] after a fictitious woman (Grete-Penelope Mars), who deliberately has no biography.<ref>{{Cite web |date=16 January 2021 |title=Way: Grete-Penelope-Mars-Platz (340010380) |url=https://www.openstreetmap.org/way/340010380#map=19/51.46532/7.20756&layers=N}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Archived copy |url=https://www.bochum.de/C12571A3001D56CE/vwContentByKey/W2A27BTA094BOCMDE/$FILE/2015_grete_penelope_mars_platz.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151222103651/https://www.bochum.de/C12571A3001D56CE/vwContentByKey/W2A27BTA094BOCMDE/$FILE/2015_grete_penelope_mars_platz.pdf |archive-date=2015-12-22 |access-date=2015-10-23}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Grete-Penelope-Mars-Platz · Am Wiesental, 44789 Bochum, Germany |url=https://www.google.com/maps/place/Grete+Penelope+Mars+platz/@51.4653046,7.2073518,15z/data=!4m5!3m4!1s0x0:0x8762f3c48805822d!8m2!3d51.4653046!4d7.2073518}}</ref> A bronze bust of the woman was permanently installed on the site, as well as an official street sign. Every year in June/July, fireflies which have been populated in the adjacent park, temporarily become part of the work.<ref>{{Cite web |title=e-Zine - Urbane Künste Ruhr |url=http://www.urbanekuensteruhr.de/de/e-zine |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150626113230/http://www.urbanekuensteruhr.de/de/e-zine |archive-date=26 June 2015 |access-date=25 June 2015 |website=urbanekuensteruhr.de}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Schauspielhaus Bochum |title=Schauspielhaus Bochum - Some at times cast light, Installation/Intervention von Kristina Buch (D) |url=http://www.schauspielhausbochum.de/spielplan/some-at-times-cast-light/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150610030608/http://www.schauspielhausbochum.de/spielplan/some-at-times-cast-light/ |archive-date=2015-06-10 |access-date=2015-06-25 |website=schauspielhausbochum.de}}</ref> * ''Such prophecies we write on banana skins. (triangulation of criminal grace)'' (2015) – a two-channel HD video projection / soundscape commissioned and produced by 14th Istanbul Biennial. The work suggests an unending major explosion of a landmark art institution on one channel and a complete detonation of Mount Everest on the other channel. In this work Buch expands on a recurring theme in her work, suggesting a necessity for a continued inner dissolution and reconfiguration of images, notions and categories that we tend to create and maintain within human thinking. Buch was the only German artist represented at the 14th Istanbul Biennial.<ref>{{Cite web |date=28 September 2015 |title=Matter That Really Matters: Carolyn Christov-Bakargiev's Istanbul Biennial |url=http://www.artinamericamagazine.com/news-features/news/matter-that-really-matters-carolyn-christov-bakargievs-istanbul-biennial/}}</ref> * ''It’s normal that reality happens. (these games will fall apart)'' (2016) - Abstract game field made of white marble lines, laid into the lawn of a public park in Merano, challenging the game/play dichotomy and the drawing of lines and borders at large.<ref>{{Cite web |title=BAU talks to Kristina Buch |url=https://vimeo.com/167762495}}</ref> * ''EXECUTION SEMANTICS for a necessary criminal'' (2016) - Solo exhibition at Kunsthalle Bremerhaven.<ref>{{Cite web |date=July 2016 |title=Kristina Buch "EXECUTION SEMANTICS for a necessary criminal" at Kunsthalle Bremerhaven • |url=http://moussemagazine.it/kristina-buch-execution-semantics-for-a-necessary-criminal-at-kunsthalle-bremerhaven-2016/}}</ref> * ''“One of the things that baffles me about you is that you remain unmurdered.”'' (2012–2016) <ref>{{Cite web |date=28 December 2016 |title=Lecture by Kristina Buch, December 6, 2016 |url=https://vimeo.com/197323263}}</ref> * ''OH, BOY! (conjugation of a stick)'' (2017) <ref>{{Cite web |date=30 January 2018 |title=The Curve of Fate, the Beginning of a Smile: Kristina Buch • |url=http://moussemagazine.it/kristina-buch-2018/}}</ref> * ''Playing above the snake line'' (2018) <ref>{{Cite web |title=THE PLAYGROUND PROJECT – OUTDOOR - Art and Exhibition Hall of the Federal Republic of Germany - Bonn |url=https://www.bundeskunsthalle.de/en/exhibitions/the-playground-project-outdoor.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191224213955/https://www.bundeskunsthalle.de/en/exhibitions/the-playground-project-outdoor.html |archive-date=24 December 2019}}</ref> == Kyaututtuka == * Kyautar Matasan Mawakan Turai ta Trieste ta 2012 * Bremerhaven Stipendium na 2015 * 2019 [[Hans-Purrmann-Preis|Großer Hans Purrmann-Preis der Stadt Speyer]] <ref>{{Cite web |title=Kristina Buch wins Germany's Grand Hans Purrmann Award |url=https://www.e-flux.com/announcements/257885/kristina-buch-wins-germany-s-grand-hans-purrmann-award/}}</ref> == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1983]] [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] jx867kl2fxnzhg99f1rumc7oiyi2o9s 0 163179 894961 2026-08-11T13:42:37Z Mustysummy 21281 sabuwar mukala 894961 wikitext text/x-wiki A cikin aikin noma, monoculture shine aikin shuka nau'in amfanin gona guda ɗaya a filin a lokaci guda.[1] Monocultures suna kara sauƙi da inganci a shuka, sarrafawa, da girbi amfanin gona na ɗan gajeren lokaci, sau da yawa tare da taimakon injuna. Koyaya, monocultures sun fi kamuwa da cututtuka ko barkewar annoba na dogon lokaci [2] saboda raguwar halittu da ƙarancin abinci mai gina jiki.[3][4][5] Za'a iya ƙara bambancin amfanin gona a lokaci, kamar yadda yake tare da juyawa ko jerin amfanin gona, ko a sararin samaniya, tare da polyculture ko intercropping.[6] An haɗa ayyukan monoculture ta hanyoyi da yawa don yin mummunar tasiri ga lafiyar ɗan adam daga hangen nesa na Lafiya ɗaya. Wadannan alaƙa sun haɗa da amma ba'a iyakance su ga lalacewar muhalli ba, karuwar annoba da barkewar cututtuka, mafi yawan amfani da magunguna / herbicide, da raguwa a cikin bambancin abinci (wanda ke da alaƙa da nauyin cututtukan da suka shafi abinci ciki har da cututtukani na zuciya da ciwon sukari). [7] 5yzz0s5cvk48obprnb22ycrcavhtjnu 894966 894961 2026-08-11T13:45:42Z Mustysummy 21281 saka manazarta 894966 wikitext text/x-wiki A cikin aikin noma, monoculture shine aikin shuka nau'in amfanin gona guda ɗaya a filin a lokaci guda.<ref>https://nopr.niscpr.res.in/bitstream/123456789/57201/1/IJTK%2020%282%29%20479-485.pdf</ref> Monocultures suna kara sauƙi da inganci a shuka, sarrafawa, da girbi amfanin gona na ɗan gajeren lokaci, sau da yawa tare da taimakon injuna. Koyaya, monocultures sun fi kamuwa da cututtuka ko barkewar annoba na dogon lokaci <ref>https://scholarworks.wm.edu/vimsarticles/1747</ref> saboda raguwar halittu da ƙarancin abinci mai gina jiki.<ref>https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fjoac.12402</ref> Za'a iya ƙara bambancin amfanin gona a lokaci, kamar yadda yake tare da juyawa ko jerin amfanin gona, ko a sararin samaniya, tare da polyculture ko intercropping. An haɗa ayyukan monoculture ta hanyoyi da yawa don yin mummunar tasiri ga lafiyar ɗan adam daga hangen nesa na Lafiya ɗaya. Wadannan alaƙa sun haɗa da amma ba'a iyakance su ga lalacewar muhalli ba, karuwar annoba da barkewar cututtuka, mafi yawan amfani da magunguna / herbicide, da raguwa a cikin bambancin abinci (wanda ke da alaƙa da nauyin cututtukan da suka shafi abinci ciki har da cututtukani na zuciya da ciwon sukari). ==Manazarta== pe0k3n5huqf6lgfu1c6inz9skv9kwjs 894969 894966 2026-08-11T13:48:25Z Mustysummy 21281 saka databox 894969 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}}A cikin aikin noma, monoculture shine aikin shuka nau'in amfanin gona guda ɗaya a filin a lokaci guda.<ref>https://nopr.niscpr.res.in/bitstream/123456789/57201/1/IJTK%2020%282%29%20479-485.pdf</ref> Monocultures suna kara sauƙi da inganci a shuka, sarrafawa, da girbi amfanin gona na ɗan gajeren lokaci, sau da yawa tare da taimakon injuna. Koyaya, monocultures sun fi kamuwa da cututtuka ko barkewar annoba na dogon lokaci <ref>https://scholarworks.wm.edu/vimsarticles/1747</ref> saboda raguwar halittu da ƙarancin abinci mai gina jiki.<ref>https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fjoac.12402</ref> Za'a iya ƙara bambancin amfanin gona a lokaci, kamar yadda yake tare da juyawa ko jerin amfanin gona, ko a sararin samaniya, tare da polyculture ko intercropping. An haɗa ayyukan monoculture ta hanyoyi da yawa don yin mummunar tasiri ga lafiyar ɗan adam daga hangen nesa na Lafiya ɗaya. Wadannan alaƙa sun haɗa da amma ba'a iyakance su ga lalacewar muhalli ba, karuwar annoba da barkewar cututtuka, mafi yawan amfani da magunguna / herbicide, da raguwa a cikin bambancin abinci (wanda ke da alaƙa da nauyin cututtukan da suka shafi abinci ciki har da cututtukani na zuciya da ciwon sukari). ==Manazarta== 6wj20zwbl3c2pkbi3daz1vxhfhwo0d9 0 163180 894962 2026-08-11T13:43:17Z Nnamadee 31123 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1342987888|Pola Brändle]]" 894962 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Fayil:Pola_Brändle,_Stacked_2.7.jpg|thumb| Collage a cikin firam ɗin ginshiƙi na inuwar, 2015, 47 x 47 cm]] [[Fayil:Pola_Brändle,_Magical.jpg|thumb| Collage/decollage a cikin firam ɗin ginshiƙin inuwa, 2015, 90 x 66 cm]] [[Fayil:Pola_Brändle,_Emil_Portrait.jpg|thumb| Hoton Emil, Collage/Decollage, 2012, 250 x 180 cm]] [[Fayil:Pola_Brändle,_The_Dandy_Rabbit.jpg|thumb| Collage/decollage a cikin firam ɗin ginshiƙin inuwa, 2015, 65 x 46 cm]] [[Fayil:Pola_Brändle,_Frankfurt_Looks.jpg|thumb| Kallon Frankfurt, Collage/decollage akan itace, 2015, 101 x 70 cm]] [[Fayil:Pola_Brändle,_Morning_Beauty.jpg|thumb| Kyakkyawar Safiya, Collage/Decollage, 2014, 128 x 100 cm]] '''Pola Brändle''' (an haife ta a ranar 7 ga Afrilu, 1980, a Aachen, Yammacin Jamus) ƙwararren mai zane ne na zane-zanen Jamusanci / kayan ado na kayan ado wanda ke zaune kuma yana aiki a [[Berlin]] Kreuzberg, Jamus. == Rayuwa == Brändle ta girma a Aachen, kuma bayan kammala karatunta na sakandare, ta shiga Maastricht Academy of Fine Arts, inda ta sami digirinta na farko a fannin zane a shekarar 2003. Aikin ƙarshe na Brändle a Maastricht Academy of Fine Arts ya samu goyon baya daga "TENT Academy Award" (Rotterdam) tare da wasu zaɓaɓɓun mutane tara a matsayin mafi kyawun ayyukan ƙarshe a Netherlands. A lokacin karatunta, Brändle ta haɓaka ƙwarewarta ta daukar hoto ta fasaha kuma ta gano sha'awar fosta da damar da fasaharsu ke da ita don ƙarin gyarawa. Bayan ya zauna a [[Portsmouth]], [[Berlin]] da [[Lisbon]], Brändle ya ƙaura zuwa tsibirin [[Mayorka|Mallorca]] na Bahar Rum. A shekarar 2012, Bränlde ta koma Berlin Kreuzberg, inda take zaune kuma take aiki yanzu. == Aiki == Brändle ta bi sawun masu gabatar da kara da ke aiki da fosta daga muhallinta, amma kuma tana tattara bayanai kan tafiye-tafiyenta, waɗanda ke ba ta tushen ayyukanta na zamani da na al'ada. Aikinta ya ƙunshi ƙananan gutsuttsura da manyan zane-zane, waɗanda suka haɗa da fasahar pop da kuma zane-zanen da ba a iya fahimta ba . == Nunin nune-nune (zaɓi) == Wannan shine teburin nunin Pola Brändle * 2018: Kunststation Kleinsassen, Kleinsassen, Jamus * 2017: Alte Feuerwache - dakin aikin, Berlin, Jamus * 2016: Haus am Lützowplatz, Berlin, Jamus * 2016: Hotel de Rome ( Rocco Forte Hotels ), Berlin, Jamus * 2015/16: Sunnubraut, Island Biennial, Gardur, Island * 2015: RDKM, Yalova Biennial, Istanbul & Yalova, Turkiyya * 2014: Kunstetage K55, Heilbronn, Jamus * 2014: Gidan Tarihi na MMG, Budapest, Hungary * 2013: Gidan kayan tarihi na birni, Yalova, Turkiyya * 2010: CoCA - Cibiyar Fasaha ta Zamani, Seattle, Amurka == Adabi == * Brändle, Pola: "Plakatief - Duniya a cikin Yadudduka"; Kerber Verlag, Bielefeld; [https://www.amazon.de/Pola-Br%C3%A4ndle-Plakatief/dp/3866784848/ref=sr_1_1?ie=UTF8&qid=1317033964&sr=8-1] == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1980]] np5lev1hilg134h23wtpbpd84zhx625 894963 894962 2026-08-11T13:43:43Z Nnamadee 31123 894963 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}}[[Fayil:Pola_Brändle,_Stacked_2.7.jpg|thumb| Collage a cikin firam ɗin ginshiƙi na inuwar, 2015, 47 x 47 cm]] [[Fayil:Pola_Brändle,_Magical.jpg|thumb| Collage/decollage a cikin firam ɗin ginshiƙin inuwa, 2015, 90 x 66 cm]] [[Fayil:Pola_Brändle,_Emil_Portrait.jpg|thumb| Hoton Emil, Collage/Decollage, 2012, 250 x 180 cm]] [[Fayil:Pola_Brändle,_The_Dandy_Rabbit.jpg|thumb| Collage/decollage a cikin firam ɗin ginshiƙin inuwa, 2015, 65 x 46 cm]] [[Fayil:Pola_Brändle,_Frankfurt_Looks.jpg|thumb| Kallon Frankfurt, Collage/decollage akan itace, 2015, 101 x 70 cm]] [[Fayil:Pola_Brändle,_Morning_Beauty.jpg|thumb| Kyakkyawar Safiya, Collage/Decollage, 2014, 128 x 100 cm]] '''Pola Brändle''' (an haife ta a ranar 7 ga Afrilu, 1980, a Aachen, Yammacin Jamus) ƙwararren mai zane ne na zane-zanen Jamusanci / kayan ado na kayan ado wanda ke zaune kuma yana aiki a [[Berlin]] Kreuzberg, Jamus. == Rayuwa == Brändle ta girma a Aachen, kuma bayan kammala karatunta na sakandare, ta shiga Maastricht Academy of Fine Arts, inda ta sami digirinta na farko a fannin zane a shekarar 2003. Aikin ƙarshe na Brändle a Maastricht Academy of Fine Arts ya samu goyon baya daga "TENT Academy Award" (Rotterdam) tare da wasu zaɓaɓɓun mutane tara a matsayin mafi kyawun ayyukan ƙarshe a Netherlands. A lokacin karatunta, Brändle ta haɓaka ƙwarewarta ta daukar hoto ta fasaha kuma ta gano sha'awar fosta da damar da fasaharsu ke da ita don ƙarin gyarawa. Bayan ya zauna a [[Portsmouth]], [[Berlin]] da [[Lisbon]], Brändle ya ƙaura zuwa tsibirin [[Mayorka|Mallorca]] na Bahar Rum. A shekarar 2012, Bränlde ta koma Berlin Kreuzberg, inda take zaune kuma take aiki yanzu. == Aiki == Brändle ta bi sawun masu gabatar da kara da ke aiki da fosta daga muhallinta, amma kuma tana tattara bayanai kan tafiye-tafiyenta, waɗanda ke ba ta tushen ayyukanta na zamani da na al'ada. Aikinta ya ƙunshi ƙananan gutsuttsura da manyan zane-zane, waɗanda suka haɗa da fasahar pop da kuma zane-zanen da ba a iya fahimta ba . == Nunin nune-nune (zaɓi) == Wannan shine teburin nunin Pola Brändle * 2018: Kunststation Kleinsassen, Kleinsassen, Jamus * 2017: Alte Feuerwache - dakin aikin, Berlin, Jamus * 2016: Haus am Lützowplatz, Berlin, Jamus * 2016: Hotel de Rome ( Rocco Forte Hotels ), Berlin, Jamus * 2015/16: Sunnubraut, Island Biennial, Gardur, Island * 2015: RDKM, Yalova Biennial, Istanbul & Yalova, Turkiyya * 2014: Kunstetage K55, Heilbronn, Jamus * 2014: Gidan Tarihi na MMG, Budapest, Hungary * 2013: Gidan kayan tarihi na birni, Yalova, Turkiyya * 2010: CoCA - Cibiyar Fasaha ta Zamani, Seattle, Amurka == Adabi == * Brändle, Pola: "Plakatief - Duniya a cikin Yadudduka"; Kerber Verlag, Bielefeld; [https://www.amazon.de/Pola-Br%C3%A4ndle-Plakatief/dp/3866784848/ref=sr_1_1?ie=UTF8&qid=1317033964&sr=8-1] == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1980]] qqjd5tduzeuiesdogw4fseib989j5yb 894964 894963 2026-08-11T13:44:55Z Nnamadee 31123 894964 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}}[[Fayil:Pola_Brändle,_Stacked_2.7.jpg|thumb| Collage a cikin firam ɗin ginshiƙi na inuwar, 2015, 47 x 47 cm]] [[Fayil:Pola_Brändle,_Magical.jpg|thumb| Collage/decollage a cikin firam ɗin ginshiƙin inuwa, 2015, 90 x 66 cm]] [[Fayil:Pola_Brändle,_Emil_Portrait.jpg|thumb| Hoton Emil, Collage/Decollage, 2012, 250 x 180 cm]] [[Fayil:Pola_Brändle,_The_Dandy_Rabbit.jpg|thumb| Collage/decollage a cikin firam ɗin ginshiƙin inuwa, 2015, 65 x 46 cm]] [[Fayil:Pola_Brändle,_Frankfurt_Looks.jpg|thumb| Kallon Frankfurt, Collage/decollage akan itace, 2015, 101 x 70 cm]] [[Fayil:Pola_Brändle,_Morning_Beauty.jpg|thumb| Kyakkyawar Safiya, Collage/Decollage, 2014, 128 x 100 cm]] '''Pola Brändle''' (an haife ta a ranar 7 ga Afrilu, 1980, a Aachen, Yammacin Jamus) ƙwararren mai zane ne na zane-zanen Jamusanci / kayan ado na kayan ado wanda ke zaune kuma yana aiki a [[Berlin]] Kreuzberg, Jamus. == Rayuwa == Brändle ta girma a Aachen, kuma bayan kammala karatunta na sakandare, ta shiga Maastricht Academy of Fine Arts, inda ta sami digirinta na farko a fannin zane a shekarar 2003. Aikin ƙarshe na Brändle a Maastricht Academy of Fine Arts ya samu goyon baya daga "TENT Academy Award" (Rotterdam) tare da wasu zaɓaɓɓun mutane tara a matsayin mafi kyawun ayyukan ƙarshe a Netherlands. A lokacin karatunta, Brändle ta haɓaka ƙwarewarta ta daukar hoto ta fasaha kuma ta gano sha'awar fosta da damar da fasaharsu ke da ita don ƙarin gyarawa.<ref>Exhibition TENT Academy Award, Contemporary Art and Spirits(CAS), Osaka, Japan</ref> Bayan ya zauna a [[Portsmouth]], [[Berlin]] da [[Lisbon]], Brändle ya ƙaura zuwa tsibirin [[Mayorka|Mallorca]] na Bahar Rum. A shekarar 2012, Bränlde ta koma Berlin Kreuzberg, inda take zaune kuma take aiki yanzu. == Aiki == Brändle ta bi sawun masu gabatar da kara da ke aiki da fosta daga muhallinta, amma kuma tana tattara bayanai kan tafiye-tafiyenta, waɗanda ke ba ta tushen ayyukanta na zamani da na al'ada. Aikinta ya ƙunshi ƙananan gutsuttsura da manyan zane-zane, waɗanda suka haɗa da fasahar pop da kuma zane-zanen da ba a iya fahimta ba . == Nunin nune-nune (zaɓi) == Wannan shine teburin nunin Pola Brändle * 2018: Kunststation Kleinsassen, Kleinsassen, Jamus * 2017: Alte Feuerwache - dakin aikin, Berlin, Jamus * 2016: Haus am Lützowplatz, Berlin, Jamus * 2016: Hotel de Rome ( Rocco Forte Hotels ), Berlin, Jamus * 2015/16: Sunnubraut, Island Biennial, Gardur, Island * 2015: RDKM, Yalova Biennial, Istanbul & Yalova, Turkiyya * 2014: Kunstetage K55, Heilbronn, Jamus * 2014: Gidan Tarihi na MMG, Budapest, Hungary * 2013: Gidan kayan tarihi na birni, Yalova, Turkiyya * 2010: CoCA - Cibiyar Fasaha ta Zamani, Seattle, Amurka == Adabi == * Brändle, Pola: "Plakatief - Duniya a cikin Yadudduka"; Kerber Verlag, Bielefeld; [https://www.amazon.de/Pola-Br%C3%A4ndle-Plakatief/dp/3866784848/ref=sr_1_1?ie=UTF8&qid=1317033964&sr=8-1] == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1980]] goh4s2pfoskri695hryy8ajz1g9gdjj 0 163181 894965 2026-08-11T13:45:36Z Nnamadee 31123 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1367457896|Ulla von Brandenburg]]" 894965 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Ulla von Brandenburg''' (an haife ta a shekara ta 1974 a Karlsruhe ) mawakiya ce 'yar ƙasar Jamus . Tana zaune kuma tana aiki a birnin Paris. She shows her work internationally and is one of the four finalists nominated for the Marcel Duchamp Prize in 2016.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |date=5 February 2016 |title=Les artistes nommés pour l'édition 2016 du prix Marcel Duchamp {{!}} ADIAF |url=http://www.adiaf.com/les-artistes-nommes-pour-ledition-2016-du-prix-marcel-duchamp/ |access-date=3 May 2016}}</ref> == Bayani == An yi wa Ulla von Brandenburg horo a Jamus a Jami'ar Karlsruhe ta Fasaha da Zane-zane a fannin zane-zane. Ta kuma yi karatun zane-zane a Jami'ar Fasaha ta Hamburg . <ref name="a">{{Cite web |date= |title=EDIT: ULLA VON BRANDENBURG |url=http://www.edit-revue.com/?Article=141 |access-date=2016-03-05 |website=www.edit-revue.com}}</ref> Ta ci gajiyar samun gurbin zama a Cité internationale des arts da ke [[Faris|Paris]], a shekarar 2007, 2008, da kuma 2009 <ref>{{Cite web |title=Les artistes en résidence – Cité Internationale des Arts |url=https://www.citeinternationaledesarts.fr/les-artistes-en-residence/ |access-date=2026-01-14 |language=fr-FR}}</ref> . Ayyukan Ulla von Brandenburg sun samo asali ne daga [[adabi]], [[Gidan wasan kwaikwayo|wasan kwaikwayo]] da kuma nazarin halayyar ɗan adam . Tana da sha'awar zane-zanen tarihi na ƙarni na XIX, tarihin fasaha da [[Industrial Revolution|juyin juya halin masana'antu]] . Tana amfani da hanyoyi daban-daban na watsa labarai da dabaru, ciki har da bidiyo, wasan kwaikwayo, wasan kwaikwayo, zane-zanen bango, zane <ref>{{Cite web |date= |title=Ulla von Brandenburg {{!}} Palais de Tokyo, centre d'art contemporain |url=http://www.palaisdetokyo.com/fr/exposition/interventions-batiments/ulla-von-brandenburg |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151208055421/http://www.palaisdetokyo.com/fr/exposition/interventions-batiments/ulla-von-brandenburg |archive-date=2015-12-08 |access-date=2016-03-05 |website=www.palaisdetokyo.com}}</ref> da kuma tsarin zane-zane. Ulla von Brandenburg ta ayyana cewa "Ina samun ra'ayin aiki a lokaci guda da tsarin da ya dace da wannan aikin". <ref name="a">{{Cite web |date= |title=EDIT: ULLA VON BRANDENBURG |url=http://www.edit-revue.com/?Article=141 |access-date=2016-03-05 |website=www.edit-revue.com}}</ref> Idan ta fi son bidiyoyinta su zama baƙi da fari, to a launi ne ake nuna ayyukanta na gani. Launin gine-gine don labulenta, shigar da yadi, hotunan ribbons masu ƙyalli ko ma yanke takarda mai launi. Launi mai duhu ga launukan ruwanta na haruffan fatalwa. Ayyukan Ulla von Brandenburg sun tabo batun wakilci kuma ta hanyar salo da yaren wasan kwaikwayo da zane-zane ne ta gina yawancin ayyukanta. Abubuwan da suka shafi yanayi, labulen Commedia dell'arte, kayan ado na Harlequin, da sauransu, duk nassoshi ne da ke ba wa ayyukanta damar tafiya daga gaskiya zuwa tatsuniyoyi ko mafarki. Kayan aikinta suna bayyana kamar kayan ado waɗanda galibi ana iya fahimtar su ta hanyar juya yanayin da kuma inda mutum ke shiga ta cikin labule. Labulen wani muhimmin abu ne a cikin aikinta, wanda ta bayyana kamar haka: "Kamar yadda madubin yake da ɓangarori biyu, wanda ke nuna mu da wanda ke ɓoye a baya, labulen yana da ɓangarori biyu kuma. A cikin da'irar wasan kwaikwayo za ku iya naɗe shi a ƙaramin girma kuma ku buɗe shi don fitar da wani katanga daga ciki. Ina son ɓoye ko canza wurin da kyau ko kuma hanya mai sauƙi don ƙirƙirar wani wuri. Yadi shine matsakaici mafi kyau, mai araha, mai sauƙin jigilar kaya, mai tsari. Kayan noma ne." <ref>{{Cite web |last=lefigaro.fr |date=23 January 2014 |title=Ulla von Brandenburg, le théâtre de l'art |url=http://www.lefigaro.fr/mon-figaro/2014/01/23/10001-20140123ARTFIG00538-ulla-von-brandenburg-le-theatre-de-l-art.php |access-date=2016-03-06 |website=Le Figaro}}</ref> Wani abin da ake yawan tunawa da shi a cikin aikinta shi ne daji, wanda za a iya samu a cikin bidiyonta (kamar ''Chorspiel'' ) da kuma ayyukanta da aka yanke a fuskar bangon waya. Kamar yadda yake a labule, wannan ma'anar ba ta nufin wani batu na musamman ba, amma tana nufin "kamar yadda yake a [[Richard Wagner|Wagner]] da Jamus kamar yadda yake a Tarkovski da kuma al'ada ta gama gari. Ko'ina yana daidai da sararin samaniya, da tatsuniyoyi, da kuma waɗanda ba su sani ba...". Ayyukanta, a bainar jama'a ko bidiyo, sun bayyana fannoni daban-daban na ayyukan Ulla von Brandenburg: tana rubuta rubuce-rubuce da waƙoƙi, tana tsara kayan aiki da kayan sawa, tana zaɓar kuma tana ba da umarni ga 'yan wasan kwaikwayo. A cikin Fabrairu 2019, wani nuni a Musée régional d'Art contemporain Occitanie, a cikin Sérignan ( [[Hérault]] ), ta gabatar da hotunan mata masu himma, masu ilimi da tsage. == Kyaututtuka == * Begabtenstipendium der Dietzte-Stiftung, 2003 * Reisestipendium, Verein für Neue Kunst a Hamburg Stipendium Künstlerstätte Schloss Bleckede, 2005 * Juergen-Ponto-Stipendium, 2006 * Kunstpreis der Böttcherstraße a cikin Bremen, 2007 * Kyautar Fasaha ta Finkewerder, 2013 <ref>{{Cite web |date= |title=Hamburg Aviation: Finkenwerder Art Prize 2013 for Ulla von Brandenburg |url=http://www.hamburg-aviation.de/en/press/news/article/view-article/kunstpreis-finkenwerder-2013-fuer-ulla-von-brandenburg.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160305210445/http://www.hamburg-aviation.de/en/press/news/article/view-article/kunstpreis-finkenwerder-2013-fuer-ulla-von-brandenburg.html |archive-date=2016-03-05 |access-date=2016-03-05 |website=www.hamburg-aviation.de}}</ref> * A shekarar 2016, tana ɗaya daga cikin 'yan takara huɗu da aka zaɓa a ƙarshe don Marcel Duchamp Prize <ref name=":0">{{Cite web |date=5 February 2016 |title=Les artistes nommés pour l'édition 2016 du prix Marcel Duchamp {{!}} ADIAF |url=http://www.adiaf.com/les-artistes-nommes-pour-ledition-2016-du-prix-marcel-duchamp/ |access-date=3 May 2016}}</ref> * Kubus. Sparda-Kunstpreis, 2022 <ref>{{Cite web |last=SWR2 |last2=SWR2 |title=Stuttgarter Kubus-Kunstpreis 2022 geht an Karlsruher Künstlerin Ulla von Brandenburg |url=https://www.swr.de/swr2/kunst-und-ausstellung/kulturmeldung-stuttgarter-kunstpreis-an-ulla-von-brandenburg-100.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221109133634/https://www.swr.de/swr2/kunst-und-ausstellung/kulturmeldung-stuttgarter-kunstpreis-an-ulla-von-brandenburg-100.html |archive-date=2022-11-09 |access-date=2022-11-18 |website=swr.online |language=de}}</ref> == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1974]] [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] 3m82f9653vo60to9k5kt0l7d6iab28x 894967 894965 2026-08-11T13:46:03Z Nnamadee 31123 894967 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Ulla von Brandenburg''' (an haife ta a shekara ta 1974 a Karlsruhe ) mawakiya ce 'yar ƙasar Jamus . Tana zaune kuma tana aiki a birnin Paris. She shows her work internationally and is one of the four finalists nominated for the Marcel Duchamp Prize in 2016.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |date=5 February 2016 |title=Les artistes nommés pour l'édition 2016 du prix Marcel Duchamp {{!}} ADIAF |url=http://www.adiaf.com/les-artistes-nommes-pour-ledition-2016-du-prix-marcel-duchamp/ |access-date=3 May 2016}}</ref> == Bayani == An yi wa Ulla von Brandenburg horo a Jamus a Jami'ar Karlsruhe ta Fasaha da Zane-zane a fannin zane-zane. Ta kuma yi karatun zane-zane a Jami'ar Fasaha ta Hamburg . <ref name="a">{{Cite web |date= |title=EDIT: ULLA VON BRANDENBURG |url=http://www.edit-revue.com/?Article=141 |access-date=2016-03-05 |website=www.edit-revue.com}}</ref> Ta ci gajiyar samun gurbin zama a Cité internationale des arts da ke [[Faris|Paris]], a shekarar 2007, 2008, da kuma 2009 <ref>{{Cite web |title=Les artistes en résidence – Cité Internationale des Arts |url=https://www.citeinternationaledesarts.fr/les-artistes-en-residence/ |access-date=2026-01-14 |language=fr-FR}}</ref> . Ayyukan Ulla von Brandenburg sun samo asali ne daga [[adabi]], [[Gidan wasan kwaikwayo|wasan kwaikwayo]] da kuma nazarin halayyar ɗan adam . Tana da sha'awar zane-zanen tarihi na ƙarni na XIX, tarihin fasaha da [[Industrial Revolution|juyin juya halin masana'antu]] . Tana amfani da hanyoyi daban-daban na watsa labarai da dabaru, ciki har da bidiyo, wasan kwaikwayo, wasan kwaikwayo, zane-zanen bango, zane <ref>{{Cite web |date= |title=Ulla von Brandenburg {{!}} Palais de Tokyo, centre d'art contemporain |url=http://www.palaisdetokyo.com/fr/exposition/interventions-batiments/ulla-von-brandenburg |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151208055421/http://www.palaisdetokyo.com/fr/exposition/interventions-batiments/ulla-von-brandenburg |archive-date=2015-12-08 |access-date=2016-03-05 |website=www.palaisdetokyo.com}}</ref> da kuma tsarin zane-zane. Ulla von Brandenburg ta ayyana cewa "Ina samun ra'ayin aiki a lokaci guda da tsarin da ya dace da wannan aikin". <ref name="a">{{Cite web |date= |title=EDIT: ULLA VON BRANDENBURG |url=http://www.edit-revue.com/?Article=141 |access-date=2016-03-05 |website=www.edit-revue.com}}</ref> Idan ta fi son bidiyoyinta su zama baƙi da fari, to a launi ne ake nuna ayyukanta na gani. Launin gine-gine don labulenta, shigar da yadi, hotunan ribbons masu ƙyalli ko ma yanke takarda mai launi. Launi mai duhu ga launukan ruwanta na haruffan fatalwa. Ayyukan Ulla von Brandenburg sun tabo batun wakilci kuma ta hanyar salo da yaren wasan kwaikwayo da zane-zane ne ta gina yawancin ayyukanta. Abubuwan da suka shafi yanayi, labulen Commedia dell'arte, kayan ado na Harlequin, da sauransu, duk nassoshi ne da ke ba wa ayyukanta damar tafiya daga gaskiya zuwa tatsuniyoyi ko mafarki. Kayan aikinta suna bayyana kamar kayan ado waɗanda galibi ana iya fahimtar su ta hanyar juya yanayin da kuma inda mutum ke shiga ta cikin labule. Labulen wani muhimmin abu ne a cikin aikinta, wanda ta bayyana kamar haka: "Kamar yadda madubin yake da ɓangarori biyu, wanda ke nuna mu da wanda ke ɓoye a baya, labulen yana da ɓangarori biyu kuma. A cikin da'irar wasan kwaikwayo za ku iya naɗe shi a ƙaramin girma kuma ku buɗe shi don fitar da wani katanga daga ciki. Ina son ɓoye ko canza wurin da kyau ko kuma hanya mai sauƙi don ƙirƙirar wani wuri. Yadi shine matsakaici mafi kyau, mai araha, mai sauƙin jigilar kaya, mai tsari. Kayan noma ne." <ref>{{Cite web |last=lefigaro.fr |date=23 January 2014 |title=Ulla von Brandenburg, le théâtre de l'art |url=http://www.lefigaro.fr/mon-figaro/2014/01/23/10001-20140123ARTFIG00538-ulla-von-brandenburg-le-theatre-de-l-art.php |access-date=2016-03-06 |website=Le Figaro}}</ref> Wani abin da ake yawan tunawa da shi a cikin aikinta shi ne daji, wanda za a iya samu a cikin bidiyonta (kamar ''Chorspiel'' ) da kuma ayyukanta da aka yanke a fuskar bangon waya. Kamar yadda yake a labule, wannan ma'anar ba ta nufin wani batu na musamman ba, amma tana nufin "kamar yadda yake a [[Richard Wagner|Wagner]] da Jamus kamar yadda yake a Tarkovski da kuma al'ada ta gama gari. Ko'ina yana daidai da sararin samaniya, da tatsuniyoyi, da kuma waɗanda ba su sani ba...". Ayyukanta, a bainar jama'a ko bidiyo, sun bayyana fannoni daban-daban na ayyukan Ulla von Brandenburg: tana rubuta rubuce-rubuce da waƙoƙi, tana tsara kayan aiki da kayan sawa, tana zaɓar kuma tana ba da umarni ga 'yan wasan kwaikwayo. A cikin Fabrairu 2019, wani nuni a Musée régional d'Art contemporain Occitanie, a cikin Sérignan ( [[Hérault]] ), ta gabatar da hotunan mata masu himma, masu ilimi da tsage. == Kyaututtuka == * Begabtenstipendium der Dietzte-Stiftung, 2003 * Reisestipendium, Verein für Neue Kunst a Hamburg Stipendium Künstlerstätte Schloss Bleckede, 2005 * Juergen-Ponto-Stipendium, 2006 * Kunstpreis der Böttcherstraße a cikin Bremen, 2007 * Kyautar Fasaha ta Finkewerder, 2013 <ref>{{Cite web |date= |title=Hamburg Aviation: Finkenwerder Art Prize 2013 for Ulla von Brandenburg |url=http://www.hamburg-aviation.de/en/press/news/article/view-article/kunstpreis-finkenwerder-2013-fuer-ulla-von-brandenburg.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160305210445/http://www.hamburg-aviation.de/en/press/news/article/view-article/kunstpreis-finkenwerder-2013-fuer-ulla-von-brandenburg.html |archive-date=2016-03-05 |access-date=2016-03-05 |website=www.hamburg-aviation.de}}</ref> * A shekarar 2016, tana ɗaya daga cikin 'yan takara huɗu da aka zaɓa a ƙarshe don Marcel Duchamp Prize <ref name=":0">{{Cite web |date=5 February 2016 |title=Les artistes nommés pour l'édition 2016 du prix Marcel Duchamp {{!}} ADIAF |url=http://www.adiaf.com/les-artistes-nommes-pour-ledition-2016-du-prix-marcel-duchamp/ |access-date=3 May 2016}}</ref> * Kubus. Sparda-Kunstpreis, 2022 <ref>{{Cite web |last=SWR2 |last2=SWR2 |title=Stuttgarter Kubus-Kunstpreis 2022 geht an Karlsruher Künstlerin Ulla von Brandenburg |url=https://www.swr.de/swr2/kunst-und-ausstellung/kulturmeldung-stuttgarter-kunstpreis-an-ulla-von-brandenburg-100.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221109133634/https://www.swr.de/swr2/kunst-und-ausstellung/kulturmeldung-stuttgarter-kunstpreis-an-ulla-von-brandenburg-100.html |archive-date=2022-11-09 |access-date=2022-11-18 |website=swr.online |language=de}}</ref> == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1974]] [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] e38gidnv6oysxf26568wnxppwp52rfl 894968 894967 2026-08-11T13:46:47Z Nnamadee 31123 894968 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Ulla von Brandenburg''' (an haife ta a shekara ta 1974 a Karlsruhe ) mawakiya ce 'yar ƙasar Jamus. Tana zaune kuma tana aiki a birnin Paris. She shows her work internationally and is one of the four finalists nominated for the Marcel Duchamp Prize in 2016.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |date=5 February 2016 |title=Les artistes nommés pour l'édition 2016 du prix Marcel Duchamp {{!}} ADIAF |url=http://www.adiaf.com/les-artistes-nommes-pour-ledition-2016-du-prix-marcel-duchamp/ |access-date=3 May 2016}}</ref> == Bayani == An yi wa Ulla von Brandenburg horo a Jamus a Jami'ar Karlsruhe ta Fasaha da Zane-zane a fannin zane-zane. Ta kuma yi karatun zane-zane a Jami'ar Fasaha ta Hamburg . <ref name="a">{{Cite web |date= |title=EDIT: ULLA VON BRANDENBURG |url=http://www.edit-revue.com/?Article=141 |access-date=2016-03-05 |website=www.edit-revue.com}}</ref> Ta ci gajiyar samun gurbin zama a Cité internationale des arts da ke [[Faris|Paris]], a shekarar 2007, 2008, da kuma 2009 <ref>{{Cite web |title=Les artistes en résidence – Cité Internationale des Arts |url=https://www.citeinternationaledesarts.fr/les-artistes-en-residence/ |access-date=2026-01-14 |language=fr-FR}}</ref>. Ayyukan Ulla von Brandenburg sun samo asali ne daga [[adabi]], [[Gidan wasan kwaikwayo|wasan kwaikwayo]] da kuma nazarin halayyar ɗan adam. Tana da sha'awar zane-zanen tarihi na ƙarni na XIX, tarihin fasaha da [[Industrial Revolution|juyin juya halin masana'antu]]. Tana amfani da hanyoyi daban-daban na watsa labarai da dabaru, ciki har da bidiyo, wasan kwaikwayo, wasan kwaikwayo, zane-zanen bango, zane<ref>{{Cite web |date= |title=Ulla von Brandenburg {{!}} Palais de Tokyo, centre d'art contemporain |url=http://www.palaisdetokyo.com/fr/exposition/interventions-batiments/ulla-von-brandenburg |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151208055421/http://www.palaisdetokyo.com/fr/exposition/interventions-batiments/ulla-von-brandenburg |archive-date=2015-12-08 |access-date=2016-03-05 |website=www.palaisdetokyo.com}}</ref> da kuma tsarin zane-zane. Ulla von Brandenburg ta ayyana cewa "Ina samun ra'ayin aiki a lokaci guda da tsarin da ya dace da wannan aikin".<ref name="a">{{Cite web |date= |title=EDIT: ULLA VON BRANDENBURG |url=http://www.edit-revue.com/?Article=141 |access-date=2016-03-05 |website=www.edit-revue.com}}</ref> Idan ta fi son bidiyoyinta su zama baƙi da fari, to a launi ne ake nuna ayyukanta na gani. Launin gine-gine don labulenta, shigar da yadi, hotunan ribbons masu ƙyalli ko ma yanke takarda mai launi. Launi mai duhu ga launukan ruwanta na haruffan fatalwa. Ayyukan Ulla von Brandenburg sun tabo batun wakilci kuma ta hanyar salo da yaren wasan kwaikwayo da zane-zane ne ta gina yawancin ayyukanta. Abubuwan da suka shafi yanayi, labulen Commedia dell'arte, kayan ado na Harlequin, da sauransu, duk nassoshi ne da ke ba wa ayyukanta damar tafiya daga gaskiya zuwa tatsuniyoyi ko mafarki. Kayan aikinta suna bayyana kamar kayan ado waɗanda galibi ana iya fahimtar su ta hanyar juya yanayin da kuma inda mutum ke shiga ta cikin labule. Labulen wani muhimmin abu ne a cikin aikinta, wanda ta bayyana kamar haka: "Kamar yadda madubin yake da ɓangarori biyu, wanda ke nuna mu da wanda ke ɓoye a baya, labulen yana da ɓangarori biyu kuma. A cikin da'irar wasan kwaikwayo za ku iya naɗe shi a ƙaramin girma kuma ku buɗe shi don fitar da wani katanga daga ciki. Ina son ɓoye ko canza wurin da kyau ko kuma hanya mai sauƙi don ƙirƙirar wani wuri. Yadi shine matsakaici mafi kyau, mai araha, mai sauƙin jigilar kaya, mai tsari. Kayan noma ne." <ref>{{Cite web |last=lefigaro.fr |date=23 January 2014 |title=Ulla von Brandenburg, le théâtre de l'art |url=http://www.lefigaro.fr/mon-figaro/2014/01/23/10001-20140123ARTFIG00538-ulla-von-brandenburg-le-theatre-de-l-art.php |access-date=2016-03-06 |website=Le Figaro}}</ref> Wani abin da ake yawan tunawa da shi a cikin aikinta shi ne daji, wanda za a iya samu a cikin bidiyonta (kamar ''Chorspiel'' ) da kuma ayyukanta da aka yanke a fuskar bangon waya. Kamar yadda yake a labule, wannan ma'anar ba ta nufin wani batu na musamman ba, amma tana nufin "kamar yadda yake a [[Richard Wagner|Wagner]] da Jamus kamar yadda yake a Tarkovski da kuma al'ada ta gama gari. Ko'ina yana daidai da sararin samaniya, da tatsuniyoyi, da kuma waɗanda ba su sani ba...". Ayyukanta, a bainar jama'a ko bidiyo, sun bayyana fannoni daban-daban na ayyukan Ulla von Brandenburg: tana rubuta rubuce-rubuce da waƙoƙi, tana tsara kayan aiki da kayan sawa, tana zaɓar kuma tana ba da umarni ga 'yan wasan kwaikwayo. A cikin Fabrairu 2019, wani nuni a Musée régional d'Art contemporain Occitanie, a cikin Sérignan ( [[Hérault]] ), ta gabatar da hotunan mata masu himma, masu ilimi da tsage. == Kyaututtuka == * Begabtenstipendium der Dietzte-Stiftung, 2003 * Reisestipendium, Verein für Neue Kunst a Hamburg Stipendium Künstlerstätte Schloss Bleckede, 2005 * Juergen-Ponto-Stipendium, 2006 * Kunstpreis der Böttcherstraße a cikin Bremen, 2007 * Kyautar Fasaha ta Finkewerder, 2013 <ref>{{Cite web |date= |title=Hamburg Aviation: Finkenwerder Art Prize 2013 for Ulla von Brandenburg |url=http://www.hamburg-aviation.de/en/press/news/article/view-article/kunstpreis-finkenwerder-2013-fuer-ulla-von-brandenburg.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160305210445/http://www.hamburg-aviation.de/en/press/news/article/view-article/kunstpreis-finkenwerder-2013-fuer-ulla-von-brandenburg.html |archive-date=2016-03-05 |access-date=2016-03-05 |website=www.hamburg-aviation.de}}</ref> * A shekarar 2016, tana ɗaya daga cikin 'yan takara huɗu da aka zaɓa a ƙarshe don Marcel Duchamp Prize <ref name=":0">{{Cite web |date=5 February 2016 |title=Les artistes nommés pour l'édition 2016 du prix Marcel Duchamp {{!}} ADIAF |url=http://www.adiaf.com/les-artistes-nommes-pour-ledition-2016-du-prix-marcel-duchamp/ |access-date=3 May 2016}}</ref> * Kubus. Sparda-Kunstpreis, 2022 <ref>{{Cite web |last=SWR2 |last2=SWR2 |title=Stuttgarter Kubus-Kunstpreis 2022 geht an Karlsruher Künstlerin Ulla von Brandenburg |url=https://www.swr.de/swr2/kunst-und-ausstellung/kulturmeldung-stuttgarter-kunstpreis-an-ulla-von-brandenburg-100.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221109133634/https://www.swr.de/swr2/kunst-und-ausstellung/kulturmeldung-stuttgarter-kunstpreis-an-ulla-von-brandenburg-100.html |archive-date=2022-11-09 |access-date=2022-11-18 |website=swr.online |language=de}}</ref> == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1974]] [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] sudvtuc9m4rpw48kacywy7e3z4q95v6 0 163182 894970 2026-08-11T13:51:07Z Nnamadee 31123 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1342985142|Stefanie Schneider]]" 894970 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Stefanie Schneider''' (an haife ta a shekara ta 1968) mai ɗaukar hoto ce 'yar ƙasar Jamus da ke zaune a [[Berlin]] da [[Los Angeles]] . Hotunan Schneider sun nuna bayyanar fim ɗin Polaroid mai ƙarewa, tare da maye gurbi a cikin sinadaransa. An fitar da shi a cikin littattafai da kasidu na baje kolin, da kuma a cikin fim ɗinta mai suna ''29 Palms, CA'' (2014). An kuma yi amfani da ayyukanta a matsayin zane-zanen murfin kiɗa na Red Hot Chili Peppers da Cyndi Lauper, da kuma a cikin fim ɗin ''Stay'' (2005). == Rayuwa da aiki == Schneider ya yi sharhi kan waƙar Red Hot Chili Peppers mai suna " Desecration Smile " (2006) da kuma kundin wakokin Cyndi Lauper mai suna ''Bring Ya to the Brink'' (2008). Ta shirya dukkan zane-zanen da aka yi a fim ɗin ''Stay'' na shekarar 2005 wanda Marc Forster ya ba da umarni, domin jarumin da Ryan Gosling ya taka. An kuma yi amfani da fim ɗin Polaroid da ya ƙare da ƙarewa a fim ɗin. Schneider ya taka rawar mawaki a fim ɗin shirin gaskiya na 2017 ''Instant Dreams'' na Willem Baptist . <ref>{{Cite web |date=2016-08-31 |title=Instant Dreams |url=https://magazine.the-impossible-project.com/instantdreams/ |publisher=magazine.the-impossible-project.com}}</ref> == Littattafai == [[File:Stefanie_Schneider_-_Stranger_Than_Paradise.jpg|right|thumb| ''Baƙon da Ya Fi Aljanna'' (2006)]] * ''Gurɓatattun wurare.'' Bugun Braus, 2006. Thomas Schirmböck ne ya gyara. . Tare da rubuce-rubucen James Scarborough, Megan Mullally, Mark Gisbourne, da Renée Chabria. Buga kwafi 50 * ''29 Palms, CA.'' 2004.{{ISBN|3-937623-04-3}}[[ISBN (identifier)|ISBN]]&nbsp;[[Special:BookSources/3-937623-04-3|<bdi>3-937623-04-3</bdi>]] . Tare da wani rubutu na Stefan Gronert, "Mafi Girman Komai, Girman Fasaha". Buga kwafi 350. Edita daga Galerie Kämpf, Basel * ''Baƙon da ya fi Aljanna.'' Hatje Cantz, 2006. Dominique A. Faix, Noëlle Stahel, da Daniela Bosshardt ne suka gyara.{{ISBN|3-7757-1751-X}}[[ISBN (identifier)|ISBN]]&nbsp;[[Special:BookSources/3-7757-1751-X|<bdi>3-7757-1751-X</bdi>]] . A cikin Jamusanci da Ingilishi. * ''29 Palms, CA.'' Jerin Polaroid na Aljihu #004. Berlin: Schwarzer Freitag.{{ISBN|978-3-937623-04-7}}[[ISBN (identifier)|ISBN]]&nbsp;[[Special:BookSources/978-3-937623-04-7|<bdi>978-3-937623-04-7</bdi>]] . * ''Mafarkai nan take.'' Jerin Polaroid na Aljihu #004. Avenso, 2014.{{ISBN|978-3-935971-69-0}}[[ISBN (identifier)|ISBN]]&nbsp;[[Special:BookSources/978-3-935971-69-0|<bdi>978-3-935971-69-0</bdi>]] . A cikin Jamusanci, Ingilishi da Faransanci. == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1968]] jxfvrpmrz27balxh53hpje6ypbxh5t3 894971 894970 2026-08-11T13:51:34Z Nnamadee 31123 894971 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Stefanie Schneider''' (an haife ta a shekara ta 1968) mai ɗaukar hoto ce 'yar ƙasar Jamus da ke zaune a [[Berlin]] da [[Los Angeles]] . Hotunan Schneider sun nuna bayyanar fim ɗin Polaroid mai ƙarewa, tare da maye gurbi a cikin sinadaransa. An fitar da shi a cikin littattafai da kasidu na baje kolin, da kuma a cikin fim ɗinta mai suna ''29 Palms, CA'' (2014). An kuma yi amfani da ayyukanta a matsayin zane-zanen murfin kiɗa na Red Hot Chili Peppers da Cyndi Lauper, da kuma a cikin fim ɗin ''Stay'' (2005). == Rayuwa da aiki == Schneider ya yi sharhi kan waƙar Red Hot Chili Peppers mai suna " Desecration Smile " (2006) da kuma kundin wakokin Cyndi Lauper mai suna ''Bring Ya to the Brink'' (2008). Ta shirya dukkan zane-zanen da aka yi a fim ɗin ''Stay'' na shekarar 2005 wanda Marc Forster ya ba da umarni, domin jarumin da Ryan Gosling ya taka. An kuma yi amfani da fim ɗin Polaroid da ya ƙare da ƙarewa a fim ɗin. Schneider ya taka rawar mawaki a fim ɗin shirin gaskiya na 2017 ''Instant Dreams'' na Willem Baptist . <ref>{{Cite web |date=2016-08-31 |title=Instant Dreams |url=https://magazine.the-impossible-project.com/instantdreams/ |publisher=magazine.the-impossible-project.com}}</ref> == Littattafai == [[File:Stefanie_Schneider_-_Stranger_Than_Paradise.jpg|right|thumb| ''Baƙon da Ya Fi Aljanna'' (2006)]] * ''Gurɓatattun wurare.'' Bugun Braus, 2006. Thomas Schirmböck ne ya gyara. . Tare da rubuce-rubucen James Scarborough, Megan Mullally, Mark Gisbourne, da Renée Chabria. Buga kwafi 50 * ''29 Palms, CA.'' 2004.{{ISBN|3-937623-04-3}}[[ISBN (identifier)|ISBN]]&nbsp;[[Special:BookSources/3-937623-04-3|<bdi>3-937623-04-3</bdi>]] . Tare da wani rubutu na Stefan Gronert, "Mafi Girman Komai, Girman Fasaha". Buga kwafi 350. Edita daga Galerie Kämpf, Basel * ''Baƙon da ya fi Aljanna.'' Hatje Cantz, 2006. Dominique A. Faix, Noëlle Stahel, da Daniela Bosshardt ne suka gyara.{{ISBN|3-7757-1751-X}}[[ISBN (identifier)|ISBN]]&nbsp;[[Special:BookSources/3-7757-1751-X|<bdi>3-7757-1751-X</bdi>]] . A cikin Jamusanci da Ingilishi. * ''29 Palms, CA.'' Jerin Polaroid na Aljihu #004. Berlin: Schwarzer Freitag.{{ISBN|978-3-937623-04-7}}[[ISBN (identifier)|ISBN]]&nbsp;[[Special:BookSources/978-3-937623-04-7|<bdi>978-3-937623-04-7</bdi>]] . * ''Mafarkai nan take.'' Jerin Polaroid na Aljihu #004. Avenso, 2014.{{ISBN|978-3-935971-69-0}}[[ISBN (identifier)|ISBN]]&nbsp;[[Special:BookSources/978-3-935971-69-0|<bdi>978-3-935971-69-0</bdi>]] . A cikin Jamusanci, Ingilishi da Faransanci. == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1968]] qsy14o186p7d1cajk7tdcpvwwf5omyz 0 163183 894972 2026-08-11T13:52:50Z Nnamadee 31123 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1367647329|Karin Sander]]" 894972 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Karin Sander''' (an haife ta a shekara ta 1957 a Bensberg, North Rhine-Westphalia ) <ref name="RKD">{{Cite web |title=Karin Sander |url=https://rkd.nl/en/explore/artists/232971 |access-date=25 October 2021 |website=RKD |language=en}}</ref> 'yar ƙasar Jamus ce mai zane-zane mai ra'ayin mazan jiya . Tana zaune kuma tana aiki a [[Berlin]] da Zurich . Karin Sander tana aiki a fannoni daban-daban na kafofin watsa labarai, ciki har da sassaka, wasan kwaikwayo, daukar hoto, bidiyo, da kuma gine-gine. Ainihin aikinta na tunani shine hulɗa da yanayi, wurare, da kuma mahallin hukumomi. Ayyukanta suna shiga tsakani a cikin tsare-tsaren da aka bayar, suna canza su, kuma suna sa su zama masu sauƙin fahimta. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Sander |first=Karin |date=2026-04-20 |title=Official Website |url=http://www.karinsander.de/en}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |date=2026-04-20 |title=Artists biographies |url=https://www.estherschipper.com/artists/ |website=Gallery Esther Schipper}}</ref> == Rayuwa == === Ilimi === Sander yayi nazarin fasaha da tarihin fasaha a Freie Kunstschule Stuttgart da kuma a Staatliche Akademie der Bildenden Künste Stuttgart, da sauransu tare da farfesa Jürgen Brodwolf. Daga 1989 zuwa 1990 ta sami tallafin karatu daga Hukumar Musayar Ilimi ta Jamus ( [[Sabis ɗin Musayar Ilimi na Jamus|DAAD-scholarship]] ) don New York, inda ta halarci Shirin Nazarin 'Yanci (ISP) na Gidan Tarihi na Fasaha ta Amurka na Whitney . <ref>{{Cite web |orig-date=March 1994 |title=PROJECTS: KARIN SANDER |url=https://www.moma.org/momaorg/shared/pdfs/docs/press_archives/7239/releases/MOMA_1994_0025_15.pdf |access-date=2026-04-20 |website=The Museum of Modern Art}}</ref> === Koyarwa === An gayyace Sander zuwa farfesa na ziyarta a Jami'ar Fasaha ta Iceland, [[Reykjavik|Reykjavík]] (Listaháskóli Íslands, 1993), CalArts (Cibiyar Fasaha ta California, Los Angeles) (1995), Akademie der Bildenden Künste a Karlsruhe (1995 – 1996), Staatlichen Bilden, Staatliche (1997–1998) da Elam School of Fine Arts, Auckland (2003). Daga 1999 zuwa 2007, ta sami matsayin farfesa a Kunsthochschule Berlin-Weissensee. Daga shekarar 2007 zuwa 2023, ta rike mukamin shugabar sashen gine-gine da fasaha a Cibiyar Fasaha ta Tarayya ta ETH Zurich ta Switzerland . Ta fahimci koyarwarta a matsayin ci gaba da ayyukanta na fasaha. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Professor Karin Sander Architecture and Art |url=https://sander.arch.ethz.ch/ |access-date=2026-04-20 |website=ETH Zurich}}</ref> === Sauran ayyuka === Sander memba ne na Deutscher Künstlerbund (Association of German Artists) <ref>{{Cite web |title=Deutscher Künstlerbund e.V. - Ehrenmitglieder |url=https://www.kuenstlerbund.de/deutsch/mitglieder/mitglieder/sander-karin.html?ch=S |access-date=2022-09-26 |website=www.kuenstlerbund.de}}</ref> da Internationalen Künstlergremium (Kwamitin Mawakan Duniya). <ref>{{Cite web |title=Members |url=https://ikg-art.org/en/members/ |access-date=2026-04-20 |website=Internationales Künstlergremium IKG (International Artists’ Committee)}}</ref> A cikin 2007, an zaɓi Sander zuwa [[Kwalejin Fasaha, Berlin|Akademie der Künste]] (Academy of Arts) Berlin. Tun daga watan Nuwamba na 2021, ita ce darakta a sashen zane-zane a can. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Jeanine Meerapfel und Kathrin Röggla setzen ihre Arbeit als Präsidentin und Vizepräsidentin der Akademie der Künste für weitere drei Jahre fort |url=https://www.adk.de/de/news/index.htm?we_objectID=63180 |access-date=2022-09-26 |website=www.adk.de |language=de}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |title=Directors from the Senat of the Akademie der Künste |url=https://adk.de/en/about-us/structure-tasks |access-date=2026-04-20 |website=Akademie der Künste}}</ref> A wannan matsayin, ta kasance memba na alkalan da suka zaɓi Katharina Sievending (2017) da Candida Höfer (2024) a matsayin waɗanda suka karɓi kyautar Käthe Kollwitz . A shekarar 2024, ta kuma kasance cikin alkalan da suka zaɓi Simone Fattal a matsayin wadda za ta karɓi kyautar fasaha ta Berlin ta Kwalejin. A shekarar 2023, Sander da masanin tarihi a fannin fasaha da gine-gine Philip Ursprung sun wakilci Switzerland a cikin rumfar Switzerland a bikin 18th Venice Biennale of Architecture . Karin Sander yana wakilta ta galleries Esther Schipper, Berlin (tun 2012), I8 Gallery, Reykjavik (tun 2000), Galeria Helga de Alvear, Madrid (tun 1995) und Galerie Nächst St. Stephan - Rosemarie Schwarzwälder, Vienna (tun 199). <ref>{{Cite web |title=Artists |url=https://www.schwarzwaelder.at/artists |access-date=2026-04-22 |website=Galerie nächst St. Stephan Rosemarie Schwarzwälder}}</ref> Tana kuma da hannu a manufofin al'adu da birane a Berlin, tana fafutukar kiyaye wuraren studio na masu fasaha, ciki har da haɓaka wurin Uferhallen. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Uferhallen e.V. |url=https://uferhallen-ev.de/ |access-date=2026-04-20}}</ref> A shekara ta 2000, Sander yana cikin ƙungiyar masu fasaha da gine-gine 15 waɗanda suka sayi wani gini mai suna Werkhof L57, inda sojojin Prussia suka taɓa ƙera kayan aikinsu, a cikin Moabit na Berlin. Kason Sander shine hawa biyu na ginin hawa uku, ɗaya a ƙasa ɗayan kuma a hawa na uku, tare da jimlar sararin da ya kai murabba'in ƙafa 5,800. == Aiki (zaɓi) == A cikin nune-nunen da ta yi, Sander ta yi nuni da yanayin da ake ciki kuma ta yi magana kan yanayin cibiyoyi, siyasa da tarihi. Sau da yawa aikinta yana da sassaka, wanda ya shafi wurin da aka yi amfani da shi, kuma yana da hannu a ciki. Ana sake tunani game da abin da aka saba gani, yana zama wurin fara aikin bincike. Tana amfani da kafofin watsa labarai daban-daban, ciki har da zane, sassaka, zane, kafofin watsa labarai na lantarki, fim da daukar hoto. Abubuwan da suka sake faruwa a aikinta sun haɗa da alaƙar da ke tsakanin fasaha da gine-gine da kuma fassara hanyoyin wakilci zuwa zane-zane masu girma uku da aka samar ta hanyar dijital. Ayyukanta sun haɗa da ƙarfin nazari da ƙwarewar ji kuma suna nuna muhimman tambayoyi na sararin samaniya, fahimta, abu, da kuma yanayin zamantakewa. Abin da ya fi tasiri shi ne yadda take amfani da fasahar zamani tun daga shekarun 1990. A shekarar 1997 ta fara aiki da tsarin duba hotuna da bugawa ta hanyar amfani da fasahar 3D, inda ta samar da nau'ikan daukar hoto masu girma uku. === Fuskokin bango (tun daga 1986) === ''Wall Pieces'' wani tsari ne na dogon lokaci wanda ya daɗe yana aiki inda ake yin yashi da goge wasu wurare na bangon don ƙirƙirar saman da ke haskakawa waɗanda ke kama da yanayinsu. Ba a samar da hoton ta hanyar ƙara kayan aiki ba, sai dai ta hanyar cire shi. Sander ya yi nuni da mafarkin buɗewa a cikin zanen allo na gargajiya kuma ya canza shi: hoton an ƙirƙira shi ne ta hanyar hangen nesa na mai kallo. Don haka an faɗaɗa alaƙar da ke tsakanin sararin samaniya na gaske da wakilcinsa a kan saman mai girma biyu. An nuna waɗannan ayyukan a [[:de:Museum Abteiberg|Gidan Tarihi na Abteiberg]], Mönchengladbach (na dindindin, tun 1992), [[:de:Museum of Modern Art|Gidan Tarihi na Fasaha na Zamani]], New York (1994), da [[:de:Solomon R. Guggenheim Museum|Gidan Tarihi na Solomon R. Guggenheim]], New York (2004), da sauransu da yawa. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Anke Hervol |title=Karin Sander |url=https://nothingtoseeness.de/en_EN/artist/257062 |access-date=2026-04-20}}</ref> === Kwai, an goge shi, danye, girman 0 (1994) === ''Kwai, wanda aka goge, danye, girman 0'' (1994) yana ɗaya daga cikin ayyukan sassaka na farko na Sander. Ta hanyar yin yashi da goge harsashin ƙwai mai laushi, ana ƙirƙirar wani wuri mai sheƙi mai haske sosai. Fuskar mai haske tana nuna yanayin da ke ciki, yayin da wani ƙaramin haske mai launin rawaya ke nuna cikin. Sauya wani abu mai rauni na yau da kullun zuwa sassaka mai sauƙi yana magance matsalar mata da kuma adawa kamar gani da ɓoyewa, ko siffar halitta da kayan fasaha. An haɓaka aikin don nunin tafiye-tafiye "Leiblicher Logos, 14 mata masu fasaha" (1995-2002) na [[:de:Institut für Auslandsbeziehungen|Institut für Auslandsbeziehungen]] . === Gebrauchsbilder (tun daga 1990) === The ''Gebrauchsbilder'' are among Sander’s central conceptual work groups. The idea of the image as a representation of reality is realized almost literally—as the direct imprint of a process. Instructions to collectors or institutions to install the work without protection in a place determined by the collector him/herself, create a form of shared authorship. The works are in the process of permanent change and open action. This work series illustrates how Sander deliberately intervenes in private and institutional processes in order to reveal their underlying conditions and bring about lasting change through minimal interventions. === Zane-zanen da aka aika ta wasiƙa (tun daga 2004) === === Kayan Dakin Girki (tun daga shekarar 2012) === == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1957]] [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] 66f1bvxuuljse73pltejuixmdx2gwmb 894973 894972 2026-08-11T13:53:47Z Nnamadee 31123 894973 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Karin Sander''' (an haife ta a shekara ta 1957 a Bensberg, North Rhine-Westphalia ) <ref name="RKD">{{Cite web |title=Karin Sander |url=https://rkd.nl/en/explore/artists/232971 |access-date=25 October 2021 |website=RKD |language=en}}</ref> 'yar ƙasar Jamus ce mai zane-zane mai ra'ayin mazan jiya. Tana zaune kuma tana aiki a [[Berlin]] da Zurich . Karin Sander tana aiki a fannoni daban-daban na kafofin watsa labarai, ciki har da sassaka, wasan kwaikwayo, daukar hoto, bidiyo, da kuma gine-gine. Ainihin aikinta na tunani shine hulɗa da yanayi, wurare, da kuma mahallin hukumomi. Ayyukanta suna shiga tsakani a cikin tsare-tsaren da aka bayar, suna canza su, kuma suna sa su zama masu sauƙin fahimta.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Sander |first=Karin |date=2026-04-20 |title=Official Website |url=http://www.karinsander.de/en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2026-04-20 |title=Artists biographies |url=https://www.estherschipper.com/artists/ |website=Gallery Esther Schipper}}</ref> == Rayuwa == === Ilimi === Sander yayi nazarin fasaha da tarihin fasaha a Freie Kunstschule Stuttgart da kuma a Staatliche Akademie der Bildenden Künste Stuttgart, da sauransu tare da farfesa Jürgen Brodwolf. Daga 1989 zuwa 1990 ta sami tallafin karatu daga Hukumar Musayar Ilimi ta Jamus ( [[Sabis ɗin Musayar Ilimi na Jamus|DAAD-scholarship]] ) don New York, inda ta halarci Shirin Nazarin 'Yanci (ISP) na Gidan Tarihi na Fasaha ta Amurka na Whitney . <ref>{{Cite web |orig-date=March 1994 |title=PROJECTS: KARIN SANDER |url=https://www.moma.org/momaorg/shared/pdfs/docs/press_archives/7239/releases/MOMA_1994_0025_15.pdf |access-date=2026-04-20 |website=The Museum of Modern Art}}</ref> === Koyarwa === An gayyace Sander zuwa farfesa na ziyarta a Jami'ar Fasaha ta Iceland, [[Reykjavik|Reykjavík]] (Listaháskóli Íslands, 1993), CalArts (Cibiyar Fasaha ta California, Los Angeles) (1995), Akademie der Bildenden Künste a Karlsruhe (1995 – 1996), Staatlichen Bilden, Staatliche (1997–1998) da Elam School of Fine Arts, Auckland (2003). Daga 1999 zuwa 2007, ta sami matsayin farfesa a Kunsthochschule Berlin-Weissensee. Daga shekarar 2007 zuwa 2023, ta rike mukamin shugabar sashen gine-gine da fasaha a Cibiyar Fasaha ta Tarayya ta ETH Zurich ta Switzerland . Ta fahimci koyarwarta a matsayin ci gaba da ayyukanta na fasaha. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Professor Karin Sander Architecture and Art |url=https://sander.arch.ethz.ch/ |access-date=2026-04-20 |website=ETH Zurich}}</ref> === Sauran ayyuka === Sander memba ne na Deutscher Künstlerbund (Association of German Artists) <ref>{{Cite web |title=Deutscher Künstlerbund e.V. - Ehrenmitglieder |url=https://www.kuenstlerbund.de/deutsch/mitglieder/mitglieder/sander-karin.html?ch=S |access-date=2022-09-26 |website=www.kuenstlerbund.de}}</ref> da Internationalen Künstlergremium (Kwamitin Mawakan Duniya). <ref>{{Cite web |title=Members |url=https://ikg-art.org/en/members/ |access-date=2026-04-20 |website=Internationales Künstlergremium IKG (International Artists’ Committee)}}</ref> A cikin 2007, an zaɓi Sander zuwa [[Kwalejin Fasaha, Berlin|Akademie der Künste]] (Academy of Arts) Berlin. Tun daga watan Nuwamba na 2021, ita ce darakta a sashen zane-zane a can. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Jeanine Meerapfel und Kathrin Röggla setzen ihre Arbeit als Präsidentin und Vizepräsidentin der Akademie der Künste für weitere drei Jahre fort |url=https://www.adk.de/de/news/index.htm?we_objectID=63180 |access-date=2022-09-26 |website=www.adk.de |language=de}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |title=Directors from the Senat of the Akademie der Künste |url=https://adk.de/en/about-us/structure-tasks |access-date=2026-04-20 |website=Akademie der Künste}}</ref> A wannan matsayin, ta kasance memba na alkalan da suka zaɓi Katharina Sievending (2017) da Candida Höfer (2024) a matsayin waɗanda suka karɓi kyautar Käthe Kollwitz . A shekarar 2024, ta kuma kasance cikin alkalan da suka zaɓi Simone Fattal a matsayin wadda za ta karɓi kyautar fasaha ta Berlin ta Kwalejin. A shekarar 2023, Sander da masanin tarihi a fannin fasaha da gine-gine Philip Ursprung sun wakilci Switzerland a cikin rumfar Switzerland a bikin 18th Venice Biennale of Architecture . Karin Sander yana wakilta ta galleries Esther Schipper, Berlin (tun 2012), I8 Gallery, Reykjavik (tun 2000), Galeria Helga de Alvear, Madrid (tun 1995) und Galerie Nächst St. Stephan - Rosemarie Schwarzwälder, Vienna (tun 199). <ref>{{Cite web |title=Artists |url=https://www.schwarzwaelder.at/artists |access-date=2026-04-22 |website=Galerie nächst St. Stephan Rosemarie Schwarzwälder}}</ref> Tana kuma da hannu a manufofin al'adu da birane a Berlin, tana fafutukar kiyaye wuraren studio na masu fasaha, ciki har da haɓaka wurin Uferhallen. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Uferhallen e.V. |url=https://uferhallen-ev.de/ |access-date=2026-04-20}}</ref> A shekara ta 2000, Sander yana cikin ƙungiyar masu fasaha da gine-gine 15 waɗanda suka sayi wani gini mai suna Werkhof L57, inda sojojin Prussia suka taɓa ƙera kayan aikinsu, a cikin Moabit na Berlin. Kason Sander shine hawa biyu na ginin hawa uku, ɗaya a ƙasa ɗayan kuma a hawa na uku, tare da jimlar sararin da ya kai murabba'in ƙafa 5,800. == Aiki (zaɓi) == A cikin nune-nunen da ta yi, Sander ta yi nuni da yanayin da ake ciki kuma ta yi magana kan yanayin cibiyoyi, siyasa da tarihi. Sau da yawa aikinta yana da sassaka, wanda ya shafi wurin da aka yi amfani da shi, kuma yana da hannu a ciki. Ana sake tunani game da abin da aka saba gani, yana zama wurin fara aikin bincike. Tana amfani da kafofin watsa labarai daban-daban, ciki har da zane, sassaka, zane, kafofin watsa labarai na lantarki, fim da daukar hoto. Abubuwan da suka sake faruwa a aikinta sun haɗa da alaƙar da ke tsakanin fasaha da gine-gine da kuma fassara hanyoyin wakilci zuwa zane-zane masu girma uku da aka samar ta hanyar dijital. Ayyukanta sun haɗa da ƙarfin nazari da ƙwarewar ji kuma suna nuna muhimman tambayoyi na sararin samaniya, fahimta, abu, da kuma yanayin zamantakewa. Abin da ya fi tasiri shi ne yadda take amfani da fasahar zamani tun daga shekarun 1990. A shekarar 1997 ta fara aiki da tsarin duba hotuna da bugawa ta hanyar amfani da fasahar 3D, inda ta samar da nau'ikan daukar hoto masu girma uku. === Fuskokin bango (tun daga 1986) === ''Wall Pieces'' wani tsari ne na dogon lokaci wanda ya daɗe yana aiki inda ake yin yashi da goge wasu wurare na bangon don ƙirƙirar saman da ke haskakawa waɗanda ke kama da yanayinsu. Ba a samar da hoton ta hanyar ƙara kayan aiki ba, sai dai ta hanyar cire shi. Sander ya yi nuni da mafarkin buɗewa a cikin zanen allo na gargajiya kuma ya canza shi: hoton an ƙirƙira shi ne ta hanyar hangen nesa na mai kallo. Don haka an faɗaɗa alaƙar da ke tsakanin sararin samaniya na gaske da wakilcinsa a kan saman mai girma biyu. An nuna waɗannan ayyukan a [[:de:Museum Abteiberg|Gidan Tarihi na Abteiberg]], Mönchengladbach (na dindindin, tun 1992), [[:de:Museum of Modern Art|Gidan Tarihi na Fasaha na Zamani]], New York (1994), da [[:de:Solomon R. Guggenheim Museum|Gidan Tarihi na Solomon R. Guggenheim]], New York (2004), da sauransu da yawa. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Anke Hervol |title=Karin Sander |url=https://nothingtoseeness.de/en_EN/artist/257062 |access-date=2026-04-20}}</ref> === Kwai, an goge shi, danye, girman 0 (1994) === ''Kwai, wanda aka goge, danye, girman 0'' (1994) yana ɗaya daga cikin ayyukan sassaka na farko na Sander. Ta hanyar yin yashi da goge harsashin ƙwai mai laushi, ana ƙirƙirar wani wuri mai sheƙi mai haske sosai. Fuskar mai haske tana nuna yanayin da ke ciki, yayin da wani ƙaramin haske mai launin rawaya ke nuna cikin. Sauya wani abu mai rauni na yau da kullun zuwa sassaka mai sauƙi yana magance matsalar mata da kuma adawa kamar gani da ɓoyewa, ko siffar halitta da kayan fasaha. An haɓaka aikin don nunin tafiye-tafiye "Leiblicher Logos, 14 mata masu fasaha" (1995-2002) na [[:de:Institut für Auslandsbeziehungen|Institut für Auslandsbeziehungen]] . === Gebrauchsbilder (tun daga 1990) === The ''Gebrauchsbilder'' are among Sander’s central conceptual work groups. The idea of the image as a representation of reality is realized almost literally—as the direct imprint of a process. Instructions to collectors or institutions to install the work without protection in a place determined by the collector him/herself, create a form of shared authorship. The works are in the process of permanent change and open action. This work series illustrates how Sander deliberately intervenes in private and institutional processes in order to reveal their underlying conditions and bring about lasting change through minimal interventions. === Zane-zanen da aka aika ta wasiƙa (tun daga 2004) === === Kayan Dakin Girki (tun daga shekarar 2012) === == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1957]] [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] 6xsdagi2e0swzrocvjzf16hnncr8jn1 0 163184 894974 2026-08-11T13:56:49Z Nnamadee 31123 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1367127941|Vanessa Hafenbrädl]]" 894974 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Vanessa Hafenbrädl''' (an haife ta a ranar 5 ga Disamba 1979) ƙwararriyar mai fasaha ce ta Jamus wadda ke ƙirƙirar kayan aiki masu zurfi ta amfani da taswirar bidiyo, zane-zanen gilashi, kiɗa, da waƙoƙi. Ayyukanta sau da yawa suna tambayar ƙa'idodin zamantakewa, nau'ikan mutane, da kuma abin koyi. Hafenbrädl memba ce a ƙungiyar masu fasaha ta Jamus tun daga shekarar 2012. An ba Hafenbrädl kyautar Tassilo a shekarar 2023 saboda labaranta na gani na waka. == Rayuwa da aiki == An haifi Hafenbrädl a ranar 5 ga Disamba, 1979 kuma ya girma a Gräfelfing, wata ƙaramar hukuma da ke yammacin [[München|Munich]] . Aikinta ya fara ne a gidan wasan kwaikwayo, inda ta kafa kanta a matsayin mai fasaha, mai fasahar pyrotechnics, da kuma mai fasaha ta bidiyo. Ayyukanta sun kai ta ga manyan matakai, daga gidan wasan kwaikwayo na Thalia da ke [[Hamburg]] zuwa gidan wasan kwaikwayo na Residenztheater da kuma Münchner Kammerspiele zuwa wasu wurare kamar {{Interlanguage link|Muffathalle|de}}, {{Interlanguage link|Kunstpark Ost|de}}, Rote Fabrik a Zurich, da {{Interlanguage link|Hafenklang|de}} da Fusion Festival Lärz . Ta kuma yi wasa a ƙasashen duniya tare da Aktionstheater Panoptikum . Domin haɗa ƙwarewarta ta fasaha da hangen nesa na fasaha, ta yi karatun "Fina-finai na Dijital da Zane-zane" a Cibiyar SAE da ke Hamburg daga 2011 zuwa 2013. Tana ganin ayyukanta na fasaha a matsayin tattaunawa tsakanin tarihi da fasahar zamani. An nuna ayyukanta na taswirar bidiyo a bukukuwan ƙasa da ƙasa, tun daga Luminale a [[Frankfurt]] zuwa ''Lichtkunst Biennale Evi Lichtungen'' a Hildesheim, ''List í Ljósi'' a [[Ayislan|Iceland]], ''bikin Illuminus'' a [[Tarayyar Amurka|Amurka]], da ''bikin Lux Light'' a [[New Zealand]]. Wani sauyi a aikinta ya zo a shekarar 2016 lokacin da ta lashe gasar International Festival for Audiovisual Projections Genius Loci Weimar tare da shirinta na ''Erlinde'' . Wannan nasarar ba wai kawai ta zaburar da ita wajen haskaka tarihin wurare ba, har ma da bincika su. A cikin bidiyon da aka saka wa ''Angel in the House'', tare da wani hoton sauti na Anna McCarthy, ta yi tambaya game da rawar da mata ke takawa a ƙarni na 19. Aikin ya yi wasa da tatsuniyar Snow White da kuma "Wasan Kwaikwayo na Ludwigsthal" daga tarihin danginta, inda mata suka fuskanci irin wannan ƙaddara saboda ƙa'idodin ɗabi'a da aka sanya musu. An yi madubin da aka yi amfani da su wajen shigarwa da gilashin gargajiya na asali daga Glasfabrik Lamberts, wanda ke ƙara wani ƙarin tarihi ga aikin. A shekarar 2022, Hafenbrädl ta yi wasa a tsohon gidan iyali da ke Ludwigsthal da kuma cocin Sacred Heart da ke makwabtaka da ita, tare da Marc Chouarain a kan gilashin organ . Wani aikin, Wild Things, an sadaukar da shi ga labarin Jella Lepman, wacce ta kafa Laburare na Matasa na Duniya a Blutenburg Castle . Labarunta na wakoki sun sa ta sami kyautar Al'adu ta Tassilo daga jaridar Süddeutsche Zeitung a shekarar 2023. Ta ci gaba da aikinta na ƙasashen duniya a shekarar 2024 tare da samun izinin zama a Tbilisi tare da haɗin gwiwar Goethe-Institut. Shigar da bidiyon "Dyad" wani aiki ne na ɗan lokaci na fasaha wanda ke nunawa a kan fuskar gidan tarihi na Dießen am Ammersee . Kamfanin Heimatverein Dießen eV ne ya ba da umarnin aikin a lokacin bikin cika shekaru 100 da kafuwa kuma ya gudana daga 19 zuwa 22 ga Yuli, 2025. Lakabin " Dyad " yana nufin biyun juna ko kuma ma'aurata waɗanda ke da alaƙa da juna. Shigarwar ta nuna alaƙar da ke tsakanin mutane da kurciya, wadda a tarihi ake ɗaukarta a matsayin mataimaka masu amfani da kuma dabbobi marasa daraja. == Nunin nune-nune (zaɓi) == === Nunin kai kaɗai === * 2021: ''Spiegel im Spiegel'' (shigar bidiyo), Studio Rose, Schondorf am Ammersee, Jamus * 2022: ''Mala'ika a cikin gida'' (shigar bidiyo), Gidan Ludwigsthal da Coci, Jamus * 2022: ''Geisterbesetzung - Lichtkunstspaziergang'' (Ghost Casting - Light Art Walk) (taswirar bidiyo & sauti collage), Künstlerhaus Gasteiger, Utting am Ammersee, Jamus <ref name="Tassilo2" /> * 2022: ''Buronale da "Kaufbeuren leuchtet" suna gabatarwa: Vanessa Hafenbrädl – KB WIRWIRWIR'', Gidan Tarihi na Kaufbeuren * 2023: ''Abubuwan Daji - Maɓallin'', shigarwar bidiyo game da Jella Lepman a Laburaren Yara da Matasa na Blutenburg na Duniya, Munich * 2025: ''Glasstides'', (shigarwa) Gidauniyar Fasaha da Yanayi, Langes Haus (Nantesbuch), Bad Heilbrunn * 2025: ''DAS WORT - Juriya ba ta da amfani'' (Shigarwa) ''Scapes'' da ''Glasstides'' ɗinku a cikin rumfunan mawaƙa na Buxheim da kuma Buxheim Charterhouse, Jamus * 2025: ''Glasstides'', St. Anna (Romenthal), Jamus * 2025: ''Dyad'' (shigar bidiyo), Taubenturm, Monastery Dießen am Ammersee * 2025: ''Francis Ya Yi Wa'azi Ga Tsuntsaye'' (shigar bidiyo), St. John the Baptist, Peißenberg === Nunin rukuni === * 2016: List í ljósi lightart festival – Seyðisfjörður, Iceland * 2018: ''2nd Weilheim Light Art Festival'', Germany * 2018: ''Antipode'' – Hydroshield Projection (video installation) "Lux Light Festival" Wellington * 2018: ''Erlinde'' – Hydroshield Projection "Lux Light Festival" in Wellington, New Zealand * 2020: ''Grim white'' (video mapping) at the Luminale, [[Frankfurt|Frankfurt am Main]], Germany<ref name="Tassilo3" /> * 2021: Bright festival at the ''Kunstkraftwerk'' in [[Leipzig]] (360-degree projection)<ref name="Bio" /> * 2021: ''Zugspitze in Glass'' at ''The Glass – Meet the Future 2021 Film Festival'' in Lybster, [[Scotland]]<ref name="Bio" /> * 2021: ''Mise en abyme – Der Spiegel im Spiegel'' (video installation), Transformations, Schlehdorf Abbey, Schlehdorf * 2022: ''HI – touched'' (video projection), ''Evilichtungen – Artificiality and Nature Edition 2022'', Hildesheim * 2024: ''Spiegelgedicht'' (mirror poem) (video/mirror object), < 10 percent commissioned by the city of Pforzheim for the junge Galerie Pforzheim * 2024: ''Your Scapes – Regina'' (360°/audio/video/glass), Relight Festival, Regensburg * 2025: ''Glasstides'' (installation) "Goldstücke. Light – Art – Projects Gelsenkirchen," [[Gelsenkirchen]] * 2025: ''No Flag'', Leipzig Festival of Lights * 2026: ''USHIS – No Flag. Just Fire.'' (video installation), Zamma-Festival, Unterschleißheim (Cooperation with the Forum Unterschleißheim Alliance for Democracy and Diversity)<ref>{{Cite web |last=Andreas Sachse |date=2026-07-02 |title=Feminismus als bunte Show: Videoinstallation projiziert Frauen auf fließendes Nylon |url=https://www.merkur.de/lokales/muenchen-lk/unterschleissheim-ort29622/zamma-festival-unterschleissheim-videoinstallation-projiziert-frauen-auf-fliessendes-nylon-94348644.html |access-date=2026-07-31 |website=Münchner Merkur / Unterschleißheimer Zeitung}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Charlotte Borst |date=2026-03-31 |title=Drei Projekte suchen Mitwirkende für das Zamma-Festival in Unterschleißheim |url=https://www.merkur.de/lokales/muenchen-lk/unterschleissheim-ort29622/drei-projekte-suchen-frauen-fuer-das-zamma-festival-in-unterschleissheim-94243660.html |access-date=2026-07-31 |website=Münchner Merkur}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2026-07-04 |title=USHIS - no flag. Just fire |url=https://www.bezirk-oberbayern.de/?object=tx,2615.131.1&ModID=11&FID=3432.1328.1 |access-date=2026-08-01 |publisher=bezirk-oberbayern.de |language=de}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Bündnis Unterschleißheim für Demokratie und Vielfalt |date=2026-07-02 |title=Vernissage: USHIS – No Flag. Just Fire. |url=https://ush-ist-bunt.de/event/vernissage-ushis-no-flag-just-fire/ |access-date=2026-07-31 |publisher=ush-ist-bunt.de |language=de}}</ref> * 2026: ''No Flag'', Relight – Festival in Regensburg, Germany<ref>{{Cite web |last=Florian Deglmann |date=2026-03-14 |title=Licht an in Regensburg – Re.Light-Festival erleuchtet Domstadt |url=https://www.br.de/nachrichten/kultur/licht-an-in-regensburg-re-light-festival-erleuchtet-domstadt,VDkyB8q |access-date=2026-07-31 |website=BR24 |language=de}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2026-07-31 |title=Vanessa Hafenbrädl »No Flag |url=https://relight-regensburg.de/artist/02-vanessa-hafenbraedl-no-flag/ |access-date=2026-07-31 |website=relight-regensburg.de |language=de}}</ref> * 2026: Glasstides (Installation), Blik Blik Festival - kostel Nanebevzetí Panny Marie in Plzeň, [[Kazech|Czech Republic]]<ref>{{Cite web |date=2026-07-31 |title=Vanessa Hafenbrädl - Glasstides |url=https://www.blikblik.cz/glasstides |access-date=2026-07-31 |website=blikblik.cz |language=czech}}</ref> * 2016: Wasan kwaikwayo na rami mai haske ga Anna McCarthy a Wiedemann Sanatorium, Ambach * 2022: Metamorphosis, Duo Amabile, Kunstkraftwerk Leipzig, Musikbrauerei Berlin, da Tonalisaal Hamburg <ref name="Bio" /> === Ayyukan mataki === * 2017: ''Lilja 4-ever'' (bidiyo), Darakta: Anja Sczilinski, Gidan wasan kwaikwayo na Munich * 2024: ''Tuddai Suna da Idanu Masu Hauka.'' ''Mace a cikin shimfidar wuri'' (bidiyo), Münchner Kammerspiele <ref>{{Cite web |title=MK: The Hills Have Crazy Eyes |url=https://www.muenchner-kammerspiele.de/simple/programm/30730-the-hills-have-crazy-eyes |website=Münchner Kammerspiele}}</ref> * 2024: ''Sake saitawa.'' ''Komai yana numfashi!'' (bidiyo), Ufo, Deutsche Oper am Rhein, Düsseldorf * 2025: ''Discofox im Dachsbau'' (bidiyo), wanda Elle-Kollektiv ya jagoranta, tare da Lara Paschke da [[Luis Lüps]], kiɗan [[Jakob Lakner]], Stadttheater Landsberg == Kyaututtuka == * 2016: Wanda ya lashe gasar Genius Loci Weimar * 2020: Tallafin karatu daga [[Alexander Tutsek Foundation|Gidauniyar Alexander Tutsek]] * 2021: Zaɓen Tassilo Award <ref name="Tassilo">Dieter Roettig: [https://www.merkur.de/lokales/landsberg-kreisbote/diessenerin-vanessa-hafenbraedl-erhaelt-tassilo-kulturpreis -92188994.html ''Dießen artist Vanessa Hafenbrädl receives Tassilo Culture Prize''] In: ''Merkur.de'', April 3, 2023</ref> * 2022: Kyautar Fasaha ta Bidiyo daga Bikin ''Filmzeit Kaufbeuren'' na Stadtmuseum Kaufbeuren <ref name="Bio" /> * 2023: Babban Kyautar Tassilo <ref name="Kurz" /> * 2024: Gile Haindl-Steiner Scholarship * 2026: An zaɓe ta, Kyautar Taswirar Bidiyo (Lille, Faransa) a cikin rukunin ''Taswirar Abubuwan da aka yi amfani da su'' don shigar da ''Glasstides'' . <ref name="Lille2026">{{Cite web |title=Video Mapping Awards 2026 |url=https://videomappingfestival.com/en/video-mapping-awards-2026/ |access-date=2026-07-26 |website=videomappingfestival.com}}</ref> Ayyukan Hafenbrädl suna da alaƙa da al'adu daban-daban da kuma jigon da ba a saba gani ba, kuma za a iya rarraba su zuwa wani ɗan lokaci kaɗan a cikin rukunan fasaha da tarihi na yanzu. A cikin jaridar Süddeutsche Zeitung, 'yar jarida kuma masanin tarihin fasaha Katja Sebald ta yi tsokaci kan wannan halayyar a shekarar 2023, tana rubutawa: == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1979]] 9stodmctjqhi20lnuzv8y817dqr20el 894975 894974 2026-08-11T13:57:45Z Nnamadee 31123 894975 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Vanessa Hafenbrädl''' (an haife ta a ranar 5 ga Disamba 1979) ƙwararriyar mai fasaha ce ta Jamus wadda ke ƙirƙirar kayan aiki masu zurfi ta amfani da taswirar bidiyo, zane-zanen gilashi, kiɗa, da waƙoƙi. Ayyukanta sau da yawa suna tambayar ƙa'idodin zamantakewa, nau'ikan mutane, da kuma abin koyi. Hafenbrädl memba ce a ƙungiyar masu fasaha ta Jamus tun daga shekarar 2012. An ba Hafenbrädl kyautar Tassilo a shekarar 2023 saboda labaranta na gani na waka. == Rayuwa da aiki == An haifi Hafenbrädl a ranar 5 ga Disamba, 1979 kuma ya girma a Gräfelfing, wata ƙaramar hukuma da ke yammacin [[München|Munich]] . Aikinta ya fara ne a gidan wasan kwaikwayo, inda ta kafa kanta a matsayin mai fasaha, mai fasahar pyrotechnics, da kuma mai fasaha ta bidiyo. Ayyukanta sun kai ta ga manyan matakai, daga gidan wasan kwaikwayo na Thalia da ke [[Hamburg]] zuwa gidan wasan kwaikwayo na Residenztheater da kuma Münchner Kammerspiele zuwa wasu wurare kamar {{Interlanguage link|Muffathalle|de}}, {{Interlanguage link|Kunstpark Ost|de}}, Rote Fabrik a Zurich, da {{Interlanguage link|Hafenklang|de}} da Fusion Festival Lärz . Ta kuma yi wasa a ƙasashen duniya tare da Aktionstheater Panoptikum . Domin haɗa ƙwarewarta ta fasaha da hangen nesa na fasaha, ta yi karatun "Fina-finai na Dijital da Zane-zane" a Cibiyar SAE da ke Hamburg daga 2011 zuwa 2013. Tana ganin ayyukanta na fasaha a matsayin tattaunawa tsakanin tarihi da fasahar zamani. An nuna ayyukanta na taswirar bidiyo a bukukuwan ƙasa da ƙasa, tun daga Luminale a [[Frankfurt]] zuwa ''Lichtkunst Biennale Evi Lichtungen'' a Hildesheim, ''List í Ljósi'' a [[Ayislan|Iceland]], ''bikin Illuminus'' a [[Tarayyar Amurka|Amurka]], da ''bikin Lux Light'' a [[New Zealand]]. Wani sauyi a aikinta ya zo a shekarar 2016 lokacin da ta lashe gasar International Festival for Audiovisual Projections Genius Loci Weimar tare da shirinta na ''Erlinde'' . Wannan nasarar ba wai kawai ta zaburar da ita wajen haskaka tarihin wurare ba, har ma da bincika su. A cikin bidiyon da aka saka wa ''Angel in the House'', tare da wani hoton sauti na Anna McCarthy, ta yi tambaya game da rawar da mata ke takawa a ƙarni na 19. Aikin ya yi wasa da tatsuniyar Snow White da kuma "Wasan Kwaikwayo na Ludwigsthal" daga tarihin danginta, inda mata suka fuskanci irin wannan ƙaddara saboda ƙa'idodin ɗabi'a da aka sanya musu. An yi madubin da aka yi amfani da su wajen shigarwa da gilashin gargajiya na asali daga Glasfabrik Lamberts, wanda ke ƙara wani ƙarin tarihi ga aikin. A shekarar 2022, Hafenbrädl ta yi wasa a tsohon gidan iyali da ke Ludwigsthal da kuma cocin Sacred Heart da ke makwabtaka da ita, tare da Marc Chouarain a kan gilashin organ . Wani aikin, Wild Things, an sadaukar da shi ga labarin Jella Lepman, wacce ta kafa Laburare na Matasa na Duniya a Blutenburg Castle . Labarunta na wakoki sun sa ta sami kyautar Al'adu ta Tassilo daga jaridar Süddeutsche Zeitung a shekarar 2023. Ta ci gaba da aikinta na ƙasashen duniya a shekarar 2024 tare da samun izinin zama a Tbilisi tare da haɗin gwiwar Goethe-Institut. Shigar da bidiyon "Dyad" wani aiki ne na ɗan lokaci na fasaha wanda ke nunawa a kan fuskar gidan tarihi na Dießen am Ammersee . Kamfanin Heimatverein Dießen eV ne ya ba da umarnin aikin a lokacin bikin cika shekaru 100 da kafuwa kuma ya gudana daga 19 zuwa 22 ga Yuli, 2025. Lakabin " Dyad " yana nufin biyun juna ko kuma ma'aurata waɗanda ke da alaƙa da juna. Shigarwar ta nuna alaƙar da ke tsakanin mutane da kurciya, wadda a tarihi ake ɗaukarta a matsayin mataimaka masu amfani da kuma dabbobi marasa daraja. == Nunin nune-nune (zaɓi) == === Nunin kai kaɗai === * 2021: ''Spiegel im Spiegel'' (shigar bidiyo), Studio Rose, Schondorf am Ammersee, Jamus * 2022: ''Mala'ika a cikin gida'' (shigar bidiyo), Gidan Ludwigsthal da Coci, Jamus * 2022: ''Geisterbesetzung - Lichtkunstspaziergang'' (Ghost Casting - Light Art Walk) (taswirar bidiyo & sauti collage), Künstlerhaus Gasteiger, Utting am Ammersee, Jamus <ref name="Tassilo2" /> * 2022: ''Buronale da "Kaufbeuren leuchtet" suna gabatarwa: Vanessa Hafenbrädl – KB WIRWIRWIR'', Gidan Tarihi na Kaufbeuren * 2023: ''Abubuwan Daji - Maɓallin'', shigarwar bidiyo game da Jella Lepman a Laburaren Yara da Matasa na Blutenburg na Duniya, Munich * 2025: ''Glasstides'', (shigarwa) Gidauniyar Fasaha da Yanayi, Langes Haus (Nantesbuch), Bad Heilbrunn * 2025: ''DAS WORT - Juriya ba ta da amfani'' (Shigarwa) ''Scapes'' da ''Glasstides'' ɗinku a cikin rumfunan mawaƙa na Buxheim da kuma Buxheim Charterhouse, Jamus * 2025: ''Glasstides'', St. Anna (Romenthal), Jamus * 2025: ''Dyad'' (shigar bidiyo), Taubenturm, Monastery Dießen am Ammersee * 2025: ''Francis Ya Yi Wa'azi Ga Tsuntsaye'' (shigar bidiyo), St. John the Baptist, Peißenberg === Nunin rukuni === * 2016: List í ljósi lightart festival – Seyðisfjörður, Iceland * 2018: ''2nd Weilheim Light Art Festival'', Germany * 2018: ''Antipode'' – Hydroshield Projection (video installation) "Lux Light Festival" Wellington * 2018: ''Erlinde'' – Hydroshield Projection "Lux Light Festival" in Wellington, New Zealand * 2020: ''Grim white'' (video mapping) at the Luminale, [[Frankfurt|Frankfurt am Main]], Germany<ref name="Tassilo3" /> * 2021: Bright festival at the ''Kunstkraftwerk'' in [[Leipzig]] (360-degree projection)<ref name="Bio" /> * 2021: ''Zugspitze in Glass'' at ''The Glass – Meet the Future 2021 Film Festival'' in Lybster, [[Scotland]]<ref name="Bio" /> * 2021: ''Mise en abyme – Der Spiegel im Spiegel'' (video installation), Transformations, Schlehdorf Abbey, Schlehdorf * 2022: ''HI – touched'' (video projection), ''Evilichtungen – Artificiality and Nature Edition 2022'', Hildesheim * 2024: ''Spiegelgedicht'' (mirror poem) (video/mirror object), < 10 percent commissioned by the city of Pforzheim for the junge Galerie Pforzheim * 2024: ''Your Scapes – Regina'' (360°/audio/video/glass), Relight Festival, Regensburg * 2025: ''Glasstides'' (installation) "Goldstücke. Light – Art – Projects Gelsenkirchen," [[Gelsenkirchen]] * 2025: ''No Flag'', Leipzig Festival of Lights * 2026: ''USHIS – No Flag. Just Fire.'' (video installation), Zamma-Festival, Unterschleißheim (Cooperation with the Forum Unterschleißheim Alliance for Democracy and Diversity)<ref>{{Cite web |last=Andreas Sachse |date=2026-07-02 |title=Feminismus als bunte Show: Videoinstallation projiziert Frauen auf fließendes Nylon |url=https://www.merkur.de/lokales/muenchen-lk/unterschleissheim-ort29622/zamma-festival-unterschleissheim-videoinstallation-projiziert-frauen-auf-fliessendes-nylon-94348644.html |access-date=2026-07-31 |website=Münchner Merkur / Unterschleißheimer Zeitung}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Charlotte Borst |date=2026-03-31 |title=Drei Projekte suchen Mitwirkende für das Zamma-Festival in Unterschleißheim |url=https://www.merkur.de/lokales/muenchen-lk/unterschleissheim-ort29622/drei-projekte-suchen-frauen-fuer-das-zamma-festival-in-unterschleissheim-94243660.html |access-date=2026-07-31 |website=Münchner Merkur}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2026-07-04 |title=USHIS - no flag. Just fire |url=https://www.bezirk-oberbayern.de/?object=tx,2615.131.1&ModID=11&FID=3432.1328.1 |access-date=2026-08-01 |publisher=bezirk-oberbayern.de |language=de}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Bündnis Unterschleißheim für Demokratie und Vielfalt |date=2026-07-02 |title=Vernissage: USHIS – No Flag. Just Fire. |url=https://ush-ist-bunt.de/event/vernissage-ushis-no-flag-just-fire/ |access-date=2026-07-31 |publisher=ush-ist-bunt.de |language=de}}</ref> * 2026: ''No Flag'', Relight – Festival in Regensburg, Germany<ref>{{Cite web |last=Florian Deglmann |date=2026-03-14 |title=Licht an in Regensburg – Re.Light-Festival erleuchtet Domstadt |url=https://www.br.de/nachrichten/kultur/licht-an-in-regensburg-re-light-festival-erleuchtet-domstadt,VDkyB8q |access-date=2026-07-31 |website=BR24 |language=de}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2026-07-31 |title=Vanessa Hafenbrädl »No Flag |url=https://relight-regensburg.de/artist/02-vanessa-hafenbraedl-no-flag/ |access-date=2026-07-31 |website=relight-regensburg.de |language=de}}</ref> * 2026: Glasstides (Installation), Blik Blik Festival - kostel Nanebevzetí Panny Marie in Plzeň, [[Kazech|Czech Republic]]<ref>{{Cite web |date=2026-07-31 |title=Vanessa Hafenbrädl - Glasstides |url=https://www.blikblik.cz/glasstides |access-date=2026-07-31 |website=blikblik.cz |language=czech}}</ref> * 2016: Wasan kwaikwayo na rami mai haske ga Anna McCarthy a Wiedemann Sanatorium, Ambach * 2022: Metamorphosis, Duo Amabile, Kunstkraftwerk Leipzig, Musikbrauerei Berlin, da Tonalisaal Hamburg <ref name="Bio" /> === Ayyukan mataki === * 2017: ''Lilja 4-ever'' (bidiyo), Darakta: Anja Sczilinski, Gidan wasan kwaikwayo na Munich * 2024: ''Tuddai Suna da Idanu Masu Hauka.'' ''Mace a cikin shimfidar wuri'' (bidiyo), Münchner Kammerspiele <ref>{{Cite web |title=MK: The Hills Have Crazy Eyes |url=https://www.muenchner-kammerspiele.de/simple/programm/30730-the-hills-have-crazy-eyes |website=Münchner Kammerspiele}}</ref> * 2024: ''Sake saitawa.'' ''Komai yana numfashi!'' (bidiyo), Ufo, Deutsche Oper am Rhein, Düsseldorf * 2025: ''Discofox im Dachsbau'' (bidiyo), wanda Elle-Kollektiv ya jagoranta, tare da Lara Paschke da [[Luis Lüps]], kiɗan [[Jakob Lakner]], Stadttheater Landsberg == Kyaututtuka == * 2016: Wanda ya lashe gasar Genius Loci Weimar * 2020: Tallafin karatu daga [[Alexander Tutsek Foundation|Gidauniyar Alexander Tutsek]] * 2021: Zaɓen Tassilo Award <ref name="Tassilo">Dieter Roettig: [https://www.merkur.de/lokales/landsberg-kreisbote/diessenerin-vanessa-hafenbraedl-erhaelt-tassilo-kulturpreis -92188994.html ''Dießen artist Vanessa Hafenbrädl receives Tassilo Culture Prize''] In: ''Merkur.de'', April 3, 2023</ref> * 2022: Kyautar Fasaha ta Bidiyo daga Bikin ''Filmzeit Kaufbeuren'' na Stadtmuseum Kaufbeuren <ref name="Bio" /> * 2023: Babban Kyautar Tassilo <ref name="Kurz" /> * 2024: Gile Haindl-Steiner Scholarship * 2026: An zaɓe ta, Kyautar Taswirar Bidiyo (Lille, Faransa) a cikin rukunin ''Taswirar Abubuwan da aka yi amfani da su'' don shigar da ''Glasstides'' . <ref name="Lille2026">{{Cite web |title=Video Mapping Awards 2026 |url=https://videomappingfestival.com/en/video-mapping-awards-2026/ |access-date=2026-07-26 |website=videomappingfestival.com}}</ref> Ayyukan Hafenbrädl suna da alaƙa da al'adu daban-daban da kuma jigon da ba a saba gani ba, kuma za a iya rarraba su zuwa wani ɗan lokaci kaɗan a cikin rukunan fasaha da tarihi na yanzu. A cikin jaridar Süddeutsche Zeitung, 'yar jarida kuma masanin tarihin fasaha Katja Sebald ta yi tsokaci kan wannan halayyar a shekarar 2023, tana rubutawa: == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1979]] suyjg3ne6dpza1afawtv0o2bq1wnhw8 0 163185 894976 2026-08-11T13:58:49Z Nnamadee 31123 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1367393822|Lin May Saeed]]" 894976 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Lin May Saeed''' (1973–2023) ƙwararren mai fasaha ne na zamani na Jamus-Iraƙi wanda aka fi sani da sassaka, zane-zane, zane-zane, ayyuka akan takarda, da bidiyo. Aikinta ya mayar da hankali kan haƙƙin dabbobi, batutuwan muhalli, da kuma sake fasalta alaƙar ɗan adam da dabbobi. An bambanta ta da amfani da kayan da ba a saba gani ba kamar su styrofoam, waɗanda ta "fassara" ta hanyar fasaha yayin da take amincewa da tasirinsu ga muhalli. <ref name="ArtNewsObit">{{Cite web |last=Greenberger |first=Alex |date=2023-08-31 |title=Lin May Saeed, Empathetic Sculptor Who Viewed Animals as Her Equals, Dies at 50 |url=https://www.artnews.com/art-news/news/lin-may-saeed-sculptor-dead-1234678194/ |access-date=2025-08-13 |website=ARTnews.com}}</ref> == Rayuwar farko da ilimi == An haife shi a Würzburg a shekarar 1973 ga uba ɗan ƙasar Iraqi kuma mahaifiyar Jamus, Saeed ya daɗe yana cin ganyayyaki kuma mai fafutuka. <ref name="NewInstitute">{{Cite web |title=The Freedom of Bees |url=https://thenew.institute/en/media/the-freedom-of-bees |access-date=2025-08-13 |website=The New Institute}}</ref> Ta yi karatun sassaka a Kunstakademie Düsseldorf a ƙarƙashin Luise Kimme da Tony Cragg, ta kammala karatunta a shekarar 2001. <ref name="ArtNewsObit">{{Cite web |last=Greenberger |first=Alex |date=2023-08-31 |title=Lin May Saeed, Empathetic Sculptor Who Viewed Animals as Her Equals, Dies at 50 |url=https://www.artnews.com/art-news/news/lin-may-saeed-sculptor-dead-1234678194/ |access-date=2025-08-13 |website=ARTnews.com}}</ref> <ref name="ArtInAmerica">{{Cite web |last=Watlington |first=Emily |date=2020-10-06 |title=The Art of Animal Liberation |url=https://www.artnews.com/art-in-america/features/art-of-animal-liberation-lin-may-saeed-1234572782/ |access-date=2025-08-13 |website=ARTnews.com}}</ref> A lokacin da take Düsseldorf ne ta fara fafutukar neman 'yancin kanta; daga baya, yayin da take aiki a Berlin, ta raba ɗakin studio ɗinta da zomaye biyu. <ref name="ArtInAmerica" /> == Sana'a == Gidan Sa'eed mallakar Galerie Jacky Strenz ne, Frankfurt; <ref name="ArtReview">{{Cite web |last=ArtReview |title=Lin May Saeed, sculptor whose work presented animals as humans’ equals, 1973–2023 |url=https://artreview.com/lin-may-saeed-sculptor-whose-work-presented-animals-as-humans-equals-1973-2023/ |access-date=2025-08-13 |website=ArtReview}}</ref> Gidan Tarihi na Chris Sharp, Los Angeles shi ma ya wakilci gidanta. An nuna ayyukanta a muhimman nune-nunen da wurare, ciki har da Manifesta 15, Biennale na 9 na Berlin, Gidan Tarihi Frieder Burda, Palais de Tokyo, Studio Voltaire, Amsterdam Sculpture Biennale, Ljubljana Biennial of Graphic Arts, Castello di Rivoli, Gidan Tarihi na Aspen Art, da Cibiyar Fasaha ta Clark . <ref name="ArtReview" /> == Nune - Nune == === Nunin kai kaɗai === * 2024 - Tunani Kamar Dutse, GAMeC, Bergamo, Italiya. * 2023 - Dusar ƙanƙara ta faɗo a hankali a cikin Aljanna, Gidan Tarihi na Georg Kolbe, Berlin, Jamus; da Lin May Saeed a cikin Tattaunawa da Renée Sintenis, wuri ɗaya. * 2021 - Solo yana nunawa a nunin sipgate (Düsseldorf) da Rami, Galerie Jacky Strenz (Frankfurt). * 2020 – Zuwan Dabbobi, Cibiyar Fasaha ta Clark, Williamstown, MA, Amurka; gidan kayan tarihi na farko da ta fara yi, tana gabatar da ayyukanta a Styrofoam, takarda, da ƙarfe. Tare da wani littafi mai suna "Monograph", tare da kasidu da kundin bayanai game da dabbobi da kuma nau'in halittu. <ref name="ClarkCatalogue">{{Cite web |title=Clark Art Institute: Lin May Saeed: Arrival of the Animals |url=https://www.clarkart.edu/Microsites/Lin-May-Saeed/Exhibition |access-date=2025-08-13}}</ref> * 2018 - Biene, Studio Voltaire, London, UK * 2017 - Djamil, Lulu, Mexico City, MX === Nunin rukuni === * 2024 – Majalisar Marmots (Biennale Gherdëina, Urtijëi, Italiya); Waƙoƙi don Sauya Lokutan (Vienna Climate Biennale); Daidaita Rikice-rikice (Manifesta 15, Barcelona); Damisa Uku Masu Gajiya (Cibiyar Fasaha ta Jameel, Dubai); Für Alle! Demokratie neu gestalten (Bundeskunsthalle, Bonn); Ainihin Fractals, Dokar II (Sculpture Milwaukee, WI) <ref name="ChrisSharpPostFair">{{Cite web |title=Post-Fair 2025 – Lin May Saeed |url=https://www.chrissharpgallery.com/post-fair-2025 |access-date=2025-08-13 |website=Chris Sharp Gallery}}</ref> * 2023 – Jochen Lempert da Lin May Saeed (Gidan Tarihi na Chris Sharp, LA) * 2022 – Extase de l'abîme (Le Quai, Faransa); Mu Na Junanmu ne (Carlier Gebauer, Berlin). * 2021 - Eurasia - Tsarin Halitta na Mutability (M HKA, Antwerp); Amsterdam Sculpture Biennale, La Mer Imaginaire / Imaginary Sea (Fondation Carmignac); Espressioni (Castello di Rivoli). * 2020 – Crack Up - Crack Down (Ujazdowski Castle CCA, Warsaw); El oro de los tigres / Zinare na Tigers (Air de Paris); Winter Festival (Aspen Art Museum). * 2019 - Birnin Prince/sses, Palais de Tokyo, Paris, FR * 2018 - Metamorphosis, C: Chus Martínez, Museo Castello di Rivoli, Turino, IT * 2016 - 9th Berlin Biennale for Contemporary Art, Akademie der Künste Berlin, Berlin, DE == Jigogi da tasirinsu == Aikin Saeed ya yi tambaya game da ilimin ɗan adam kuma ya gabatar da tausayi tsakanin nau'ikan halittu, yana zana hotunan mutane daga tsoffin tushe na Gabas ta Tsakiya, Masar, da Girka-Roman. Amfani da Styrofoam ɗin da aka watsar ya nuna lalacewar muhalli da kuma raunin rayuwar dabbobi da aka yi watsi da shi. <ref name="NicolasKrupp">{{Cite web |title=Nicolas Krupp press on *Arrival of the Animals* |url=https://nicolaskrupp.com/news/2020-clark-art-institute-lin-may-saeed |access-date=2025-08-13 |website=Nicolas Krupp Gallery}}</ref> Ta taɓa bayyana zaɓin da ta yi na Styrofoam: "wani abu da ke bayyana kuskuren ɗan adam." <ref name="Sgfara">{{Cite web |title=Lin May Saeed obituary |url=https://www.sgfara.org/lin-may-saeed-empathetic-sculptor-who-viewed-animals-as-her-equals-dies-at-50/ |access-date=2025-08-13 |website=SGFARA}}</ref> == Mutuwa == Saeed ya mutu sakamakon cutar kansar kwakwalwa a shekarar 2023, yana da shekaru 50. <ref name="ArtNewsObit">{{Cite web |last=Greenberger |first=Alex |date=2023-08-31 |title=Lin May Saeed, Empathetic Sculptor Who Viewed Animals as Her Equals, Dies at 50 |url=https://www.artnews.com/art-news/news/lin-may-saeed-sculptor-dead-1234678194/ |access-date=2025-08-13 |website=ARTnews.com}}</ref> == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Mutuwan 2023]] [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1973]] 1n7ij8276rjadbotl83dl5rwvsgvfii 894977 894976 2026-08-11T13:59:46Z Nnamadee 31123 894977 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Lin May Saeed''' (1973–2023) ƙwararriyar mai fasaha ce ta zamani ta Jamus-Iraƙi wadda aka fi sani da sassaka, zane-zane, zane-zane, ayyuka akan takarda, da bidiyo. Aikinta ya mayar da hankali kan haƙƙin dabbobi, batutuwan muhalli, da kuma sake fasalta alaƙar ɗan adam da dabbobi. An bambanta ta da amfani da kayan da ba a saba gani ba kamar su styrofoam, waɗanda ta "fassara" ta hanyar fasaha yayin da take amincewa da tasirinsu ga muhalli. <ref name="ArtNewsObit">{{Cite web |last=Greenberger |first=Alex |date=2023-08-31 |title=Lin May Saeed, Empathetic Sculptor Who Viewed Animals as Her Equals, Dies at 50 |url=https://www.artnews.com/art-news/news/lin-may-saeed-sculptor-dead-1234678194/ |access-date=2025-08-13 |website=ARTnews.com}}</ref> == Rayuwar farko da ilimi == An haife shi a Würzburg a shekarar 1973 ga uba ɗan ƙasar Iraqi kuma mahaifiyar Jamus, Saeed ya daɗe yana cin ganyayyaki kuma mai fafutuka. <ref name="NewInstitute">{{Cite web |title=The Freedom of Bees |url=https://thenew.institute/en/media/the-freedom-of-bees |access-date=2025-08-13 |website=The New Institute}}</ref> Ta yi karatun sassaka a Kunstakademie Düsseldorf a ƙarƙashin Luise Kimme da Tony Cragg, ta kammala karatunta a shekarar 2001. <ref name="ArtNewsObit">{{Cite web |last=Greenberger |first=Alex |date=2023-08-31 |title=Lin May Saeed, Empathetic Sculptor Who Viewed Animals as Her Equals, Dies at 50 |url=https://www.artnews.com/art-news/news/lin-may-saeed-sculptor-dead-1234678194/ |access-date=2025-08-13 |website=ARTnews.com}}</ref> <ref name="ArtInAmerica">{{Cite web |last=Watlington |first=Emily |date=2020-10-06 |title=The Art of Animal Liberation |url=https://www.artnews.com/art-in-america/features/art-of-animal-liberation-lin-may-saeed-1234572782/ |access-date=2025-08-13 |website=ARTnews.com}}</ref> A lokacin da take Düsseldorf ne ta fara fafutukar neman 'yancin kanta; daga baya, yayin da take aiki a Berlin, ta raba ɗakin studio ɗinta da zomaye biyu. <ref name="ArtInAmerica" /> == Sana'a == Gidan Sa'eed mallakar Galerie Jacky Strenz ne, Frankfurt; <ref name="ArtReview">{{Cite web |last=ArtReview |title=Lin May Saeed, sculptor whose work presented animals as humans’ equals, 1973–2023 |url=https://artreview.com/lin-may-saeed-sculptor-whose-work-presented-animals-as-humans-equals-1973-2023/ |access-date=2025-08-13 |website=ArtReview}}</ref> Gidan Tarihi na Chris Sharp, Los Angeles shi ma ya wakilci gidanta. An nuna ayyukanta a muhimman nune-nunen da wurare, ciki har da Manifesta 15, Biennale na 9 na Berlin, Gidan Tarihi Frieder Burda, Palais de Tokyo, Studio Voltaire, Amsterdam Sculpture Biennale, Ljubljana Biennial of Graphic Arts, Castello di Rivoli, Gidan Tarihi na Aspen Art, da Cibiyar Fasaha ta Clark . <ref name="ArtReview" /> == Nune - Nune == === Nunin kai kaɗai === * 2024 - Tunani Kamar Dutse, GAMeC, Bergamo, Italiya. * 2023 - Dusar ƙanƙara ta faɗo a hankali a cikin Aljanna, Gidan Tarihi na Georg Kolbe, Berlin, Jamus; da Lin May Saeed a cikin Tattaunawa da Renée Sintenis, wuri ɗaya. * 2021 - Solo yana nunawa a nunin sipgate (Düsseldorf) da Rami, Galerie Jacky Strenz (Frankfurt). * 2020 – Zuwan Dabbobi, Cibiyar Fasaha ta Clark, Williamstown, MA, Amurka; gidan kayan tarihi na farko da ta fara yi, tana gabatar da ayyukanta a Styrofoam, takarda, da ƙarfe. Tare da wani littafi mai suna "Monograph", tare da kasidu da kundin bayanai game da dabbobi da kuma nau'in halittu. <ref name="ClarkCatalogue">{{Cite web |title=Clark Art Institute: Lin May Saeed: Arrival of the Animals |url=https://www.clarkart.edu/Microsites/Lin-May-Saeed/Exhibition |access-date=2025-08-13}}</ref> * 2018 - Biene, Studio Voltaire, London, UK * 2017 - Djamil, Lulu, Mexico City, MX === Nunin rukuni === * 2024 – Majalisar Marmots (Biennale Gherdëina, Urtijëi, Italiya); Waƙoƙi don Sauya Lokutan (Vienna Climate Biennale); Daidaita Rikice-rikice (Manifesta 15, Barcelona); Damisa Uku Masu Gajiya (Cibiyar Fasaha ta Jameel, Dubai); Für Alle! Demokratie neu gestalten (Bundeskunsthalle, Bonn); Ainihin Fractals, Dokar II (Sculpture Milwaukee, WI) <ref name="ChrisSharpPostFair">{{Cite web |title=Post-Fair 2025 – Lin May Saeed |url=https://www.chrissharpgallery.com/post-fair-2025 |access-date=2025-08-13 |website=Chris Sharp Gallery}}</ref> * 2023 – Jochen Lempert da Lin May Saeed (Gidan Tarihi na Chris Sharp, LA) * 2022 – Extase de l'abîme (Le Quai, Faransa); Mu Na Junanmu ne (Carlier Gebauer, Berlin). * 2021 - Eurasia - Tsarin Halitta na Mutability (M HKA, Antwerp); Amsterdam Sculpture Biennale, La Mer Imaginaire / Imaginary Sea (Fondation Carmignac); Espressioni (Castello di Rivoli). * 2020 – Crack Up - Crack Down (Ujazdowski Castle CCA, Warsaw); El oro de los tigres / Zinare na Tigers (Air de Paris); Winter Festival (Aspen Art Museum). * 2019 - Birnin Prince/sses, Palais de Tokyo, Paris, FR * 2018 - Metamorphosis, C: Chus Martínez, Museo Castello di Rivoli, Turino, IT * 2016 - 9th Berlin Biennale for Contemporary Art, Akademie der Künste Berlin, Berlin, DE == Jigogi da tasirinsu == Aikin Saeed ya yi tambaya game da ilimin ɗan adam kuma ya gabatar da tausayi tsakanin nau'ikan halittu, yana zana hotunan mutane daga tsoffin tushe na Gabas ta Tsakiya, Masar, da Girka-Roman. Amfani da Styrofoam ɗin da aka watsar ya nuna lalacewar muhalli da kuma raunin rayuwar dabbobi da aka yi watsi da shi. <ref name="NicolasKrupp">{{Cite web |title=Nicolas Krupp press on *Arrival of the Animals* |url=https://nicolaskrupp.com/news/2020-clark-art-institute-lin-may-saeed |access-date=2025-08-13 |website=Nicolas Krupp Gallery}}</ref> Ta taɓa bayyana zaɓin da ta yi na Styrofoam: "wani abu da ke bayyana kuskuren ɗan adam." <ref name="Sgfara">{{Cite web |title=Lin May Saeed obituary |url=https://www.sgfara.org/lin-may-saeed-empathetic-sculptor-who-viewed-animals-as-her-equals-dies-at-50/ |access-date=2025-08-13 |website=SGFARA}}</ref> == Mutuwa == Saeed ya mutu sakamakon cutar kansar kwakwalwa a shekarar 2023, yana da shekaru 50. <ref name="ArtNewsObit">{{Cite web |last=Greenberger |first=Alex |date=2023-08-31 |title=Lin May Saeed, Empathetic Sculptor Who Viewed Animals as Her Equals, Dies at 50 |url=https://www.artnews.com/art-news/news/lin-may-saeed-sculptor-dead-1234678194/ |access-date=2025-08-13 |website=ARTnews.com}}</ref> == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Mutuwan 2023]] [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1973]] ml1y0njffhpgqa8wjp3s72r333d9a9c 0 163186 894979 2026-08-11T14:01:46Z Nnamadee 31123 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1343233939|Juliane Herrmann]]" 894979 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Juliane Herrmann''' (an haife ta a shekara ta 1989) ƙwararriyar mai ɗaukar hoto ce kuma mai kula da harkokin hoto 'yar ƙasar Jamus da ke [[Köln|Cologne]], North Rhine-Westphalia . <ref>{{Cite web |title=Juliane Herrmann. Female Photoclub |url=https://femalephotoclub.com/member/juliane-herrmann/ |website=Female Photoclub}}</ref> Aikin Herrmann ya shahara ne saboda binciken da ta yi kan [[Al'umma da aka rufe|Al'ummomin da aka rufe]] kamar Freemasonry, <ref>{{Cite web |last=Prager |first=Lutz |date=2014-09-20 |title=Juliane Herrmann aus Jena gewinnt Jugendfotopreis |url=https://www.otz.de/regionen/jena/juliane-herrmann-aus-jena-gewinnt-jugendfotopreis-id220405739.html |access-date=2022-03-31 |website=www.otz.de |language=de-DE}}</ref> Scouting, <ref>{{Cite web |title=Juliane Herrmann – Juliane Herrmann: Attitude – Internationale Photoszene |url=https://festival.photoszene.de/Festival/attitude/300.html |access-date=2022-03-31 |website=festival.photoszene.de}}</ref> da Studentenverbindung . <ref name="kwerfeldein, Ankündigung: OpenTable mit Juliane Herrmann">{{Cite web |date=August 14, 2018 |title=Ankündigung: OpenTable mit Juliane Herrmann – kwerfeldein – Magazin für Fotografie |url=https://kwerfeldein.de/2018/08/14/opentable-juliane-herrmann/}}</ref> A shekarar 2016, ta fara mujallar daukar hoto ''ta Beyond'' . <ref name="Beyond">{{Cite web |title=Beyond Magazin – Magazine for Photography in newspaper format › Beyond Magazin |url=https://beyond-magazin.de/ |website=beyond-magazin.de}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |date=2018-06-05 |title=Magazin Beyond: Im Gespräch mit Juliane Herrmann – kwerfeldein – Magazin für Fotografie |url=https://kwerfeldein.de/2018/06/05/magazin-beyond/ |access-date=2022-03-31 |website=kwerfeldein |language=de-DE}}</ref> A cikin shekarun baya-bayan nan ta kasance tana shirya nunin hotuna a matsayin Facing Gender – f2 Fotofestival, a cikin [[:de:Depot Immermannstraße|Kulturort Depot]], [[Dortmund]], <ref name="Facing Gender">{{Cite web |date=16 June 2021 |title=16 Ausstellungen zum Thema "Identität": Von der Nordstadt aus erobert das "f²-Fotofestival" das Ruhrgebiet |url=https://www.nordstadtblogger.de/16-ausstellungen-zum-thema-identitaet-von-der-nordstadt-aus-erobert-das-f-fotofestival-das-ruhrgebiet/ |website=nordstadtblogger}}</ref> (2021) da Beyond III – [post]koloniale Gegenwart, a cikin Altes Pfandhaus, [[Köln]] (2021). <ref name="Beyond III">{{Cite web |title=BEYOND |url=http://www.africologne-festival.de/programm/beyond/ |publisher=}}</ref> == Aiki akan al'ummomin da aka rufe == Binciken gani na Herrmann ya mayar da hankali kan sirrin [[Al'umma da aka rufe|ƙungiyoyi]] . Tana aiki da hoton da ba a saba gani ba a waɗannan ƙungiyoyin don ƙirƙirar bincike mai zurfi ta hanyar ɗaukar hotunan shirye-shirye na ɗan adam. Ta fara aiki a kan ƙungiyoyin ɗaliban Jamus da aka fi sani da Studentenverbindung, misali a [[:de:Corps Saxonia Jena|Corps Saxonia Jena]], ɗaya daga cikin ƙungiyoyin ɗaliban Jamus da ke [[Jena]] . Aikinta da aka fi sani shine "Mutum a tsakanin Maza" <ref name="Man Among Men">{{Cite web |last=Rebecca |first=Fulleylove |title=Juliane Herrmann captures the day-to-day life of the Freemasons |url=https://www.itsnicethat.com/articles/juliane-herrmann-man-among-men-freemasons-photography-290917 |access-date=December 12, 2021 |website=It's Nice That}}</ref> wata hanya ce ta gani ta Freemasonry a cikin mahallin duniya. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Hendriks |first=Door Ton |date=2017-10-18 |title=Vrijmetselarij: filosofische bowlingclub • Pf |url=https://pf.nl/vrijmetselarij-filosofische-bowlingclub/ |access-date=2022-03-31 |website=Pf}}</ref> Yana nuna hotunan Freemasons, hotunan masaukinsu da al'adunsu, gami da hotunan rayuwar yau da kullun a cikin masaukin da ayyukan Freemasons na yau da kullun, waɗanda aka rubuta a cikin shekaru 5 na bincike. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Man among Men — Take a Peek Inside the World of Freemasonry |url=http://fotoroom.co/man-among-men-juliane-herrmann/ |access-date=2022-03-31 |website=FotoRoom |language=en-US}}</ref> An buga ayyukan Herrmann a matsayin littafi <ref>{{Cite web |date=2018-08-14 |title=Ankündigung: OpenTable mit Juliane Herrmann – kwerfeldein – Magazin für Fotografie |url=https://kwerfeldein.de/2018/08/14/opentable-juliane-herrmann/ |access-date=2022-03-31 |website=kwerfeldein |language=de-DE}}</ref> a cikin 2017 don cika shekaru 300 na Freemasonry na zamani, wanda aka tattauna a cikin Freemasonry saboda wataƙila ya tona asirinta da yawa. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Zeitung |first=Westdeutsche |date=2018-09-20 |title=NRW-Forum zeigt Ausstellung zu Verschwörungstheorien |url=https://www.wz.de/nrw/duesseldorf/kultur/nrw-forum-zeigt-ausstellung-zu-verschwoerungstheorien_aid-33160531 |access-date=2022-03-31 |website=Westdeutsche Zeitung |language=de}}</ref> Duk da haka, yayin da mujallar jaridar Die Zeit ta ƙasar Jamus ta mako-mako <ref name="Freimauer Logen">{{Cite web |date=13 January 2016 |title=ZEIT ONLINE {{pipe}} Lesen Sie zeit.de mit Werbung oder im PUR-Abo. Sie haben die Wahl |url=https://www.zeit.de/zeit-magazin/leben/2015-12/freimaurer-logen-fs}}</ref> ta buga ayyukan Herrmann a shekarar 2015, ''freimaurer-wiki.de'', wani gidan yanar gizo da ke da alaƙa da al'ummar Freemason, ta bayyana shi a matsayin "bayyana tsoffin wariya." <ref name="Freimauer Wiki">{{Cite web |title=Juliane Herrmann – Freimaurer-Wiki |url=https://freimaurer-wiki.de/index.php/Juliane_Herrmann |website=freimaurer-wiki.de}}</ref> Tun daga shekarar 2018 tana aiki tare da ƙungiyoyin Scout a [[Jamus]], tana bin su a sansanonin bazara, tarurruka, tafiye-tafiye da manyan taruka kamar 24th World Scout Jamboree . <ref>{{Cite web |title=Foto Galerien – Worldscoutjamboree RdP |url=https://usa.worldscoutjamboree.de/index.php/nggallery/test/Vorlage-Immenhausen/page/4?page_id=2510}}</ref> An baje kolin hotunan 'yan leƙen asiri daga ƙasashe daban-daban a cikin MOUNTAINVIEW Gallery na [[Kunstraum Fuhrwerkswaage]] da ke Cologne, a cikin 2021. <ref name="Award Winner">{{Cite web |title=AWARD – WINNERS 1 – Internationale Photoszene |url=https://festival.photoszene.de/Juliane-Herrmann-en/ |website=festival.photoszene.de}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |title=2021 {{!}} Kunstraum Fuhrwerkswaage |url=https://www.fuhrwerkswaage.de/mountainview-gallery/2021/ |access-date=2022-03-31 |website=www.fuhrwerkswaage.de |language=en}}</ref> == Haƙƙoƙin mata masu ɗaukar hoto == Baya ga gudummawar da ta bayar wajen daukar hotunan al'ummomin da aka rufe, Herrmann mace ce mai fafutukar kare hakkin masu daukar hoto. <ref name="BÄM! Magazin: Fifty-five Photographers">{{Cite web |date=September 25, 2020 |title=BÄM! Magazin: Fifty-five Photographers |url=http://andshewaslikebam.de/bam-magazin-fifty-five-photographers/ |website=And She Was Like: BÄM!}}</ref> Tare da masu ɗaukar hoto [[Laura Morgenstern]], [[Melina Mörsdorf]], [[Alexandra Lechner]], [[Claudia Gödke]] da [[Claudia Masur]] da [[Angelika Zinzow]], ta kasance ɗaya daga cikin waɗanda suka kafa ƙungiyar mata masu ɗaukar hoto ta Jamus [[Female Photoclub]] a shekarar 2020. <ref name="Female Future Force Day">{{Cite web |date=August 11, 2021 |title=Der "Female Future Force Day", Neues vom "Female Photo Club", ein plastikfreier Online-Superarkt & mehr! |url=https://femtastics.com/journal/fempower-news-der-female-future-force-day-neues-vom-female-photo-club-ein-plastikfreier-online-supermarkt-mehr/}}</ref> [[Nora Tabel]] <ref>{{Cite web |title=#11 Nora Tabel // Female Photoclub // Frauen in der Fotografie |url=https://getpodcast.com/at/podcast/100-frauen-der-podcast-uber-modernen-feminismus/11-nora-tabel-female-photoclub-frauen-in-der-fotografie_4d25654f05 |access-date=2022-03-31 |website=GetPodcast |language=de-at}}</ref> da [[Laura Morgenstern]] ne suka fara wannan ƙungiyar a [[Berlin]] a shekarar 2017. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Fotografin |url=https://lauramorgenstern.de/fotografin/ |access-date=2022-03-31 |website=www.lauramorgenstern.de |language=de-DE}}</ref> Godiya ga ƙungiyar, a cewar Herrmann "mata sun ƙara ƙarfin hali da ƙarfin gwiwa, kuma suna musayar ra'ayoyi da juna." <ref name="wahrscheinlich keine Frau">{{Cite web |date=August 19, 2020 |title=Foto: wahrscheinlich keine Frau |url=https://uebermedien.de/52166/foto-wahrscheinlich-keine-frau/}}</ref> Ƙungiyar daukar hoto ta mata tana da manufa ta ƙara yawan ganin masu ɗaukar hoto mata da kuma jawo hankali ga koke-koke, tsara tattaunawar jama'a, da kuma sa a ga ra'ayoyin mata masu ɗaukar hoto. <ref>{{Cite web |date=2021-08-11 |title=Fempower News: Der "Female Future Force Day", Neues vom "Female Photo Club", ein plastikfreier Online-Supermarkt & mehr! |url=https://femtastics.com/journal/fempower-news-der-female-future-force-day-neues-vom-female-photo-club-ein-plastikfreier-online-supermarkt-mehr/ |access-date=2022-03-31 |website=Das Fempower-Magazin! |language=de-DE}}</ref> == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1989]] tp64p9xpy0mzewbq37l7p6eqn23knuw 894980 894979 2026-08-11T14:02:25Z Nnamadee 31123 894980 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Juliane Herrmann''' (an haife ta a shekara ta 1989) ƙwararriyar mai ɗaukar hoto ce kuma mai kula da harkokin hoto 'yar ƙasar Jamus da ke [[Köln|Cologne]], North Rhine-Westphalia . <ref>{{Cite web |title=Juliane Herrmann. Female Photoclub |url=https://femalephotoclub.com/member/juliane-herrmann/ |website=Female Photoclub}}</ref> Aikin Herrmann ya shahara ne saboda binciken da ta yi kan [[Al'umma da aka rufe|Al'ummomin da aka rufe]] kamar Freemasonry, <ref>{{Cite web |last=Prager |first=Lutz |date=2014-09-20 |title=Juliane Herrmann aus Jena gewinnt Jugendfotopreis |url=https://www.otz.de/regionen/jena/juliane-herrmann-aus-jena-gewinnt-jugendfotopreis-id220405739.html |access-date=2022-03-31 |website=www.otz.de |language=de-DE}}</ref> Scouting, <ref>{{Cite web |title=Juliane Herrmann – Juliane Herrmann: Attitude – Internationale Photoszene |url=https://festival.photoszene.de/Festival/attitude/300.html |access-date=2022-03-31 |website=festival.photoszene.de}}</ref> da Studentenverbindung . <ref name="kwerfeldein, Ankündigung: OpenTable mit Juliane Herrmann">{{Cite web |date=August 14, 2018 |title=Ankündigung: OpenTable mit Juliane Herrmann – kwerfeldein – Magazin für Fotografie |url=https://kwerfeldein.de/2018/08/14/opentable-juliane-herrmann/}}</ref> A shekarar 2016, ta fara mujallar daukar hoto ''ta Beyond'' . <ref name="Beyond">{{Cite web |title=Beyond Magazin – Magazine for Photography in newspaper format › Beyond Magazin |url=https://beyond-magazin.de/ |website=beyond-magazin.de}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |date=2018-06-05 |title=Magazin Beyond: Im Gespräch mit Juliane Herrmann – kwerfeldein – Magazin für Fotografie |url=https://kwerfeldein.de/2018/06/05/magazin-beyond/ |access-date=2022-03-31 |website=kwerfeldein |language=de-DE}}</ref> A cikin shekarun baya-bayan nan ta kasance tana shirya nunin hotuna a matsayin Facing Gender – f2 Fotofestival, a cikin [[:de:Depot Immermannstraße|Kulturort Depot]], [[Dortmund]], <ref name="Facing Gender">{{Cite web |date=16 June 2021 |title=16 Ausstellungen zum Thema "Identität": Von der Nordstadt aus erobert das "f²-Fotofestival" das Ruhrgebiet |url=https://www.nordstadtblogger.de/16-ausstellungen-zum-thema-identitaet-von-der-nordstadt-aus-erobert-das-f-fotofestival-das-ruhrgebiet/ |website=nordstadtblogger}}</ref> (2021) da Beyond III – [post]koloniale Gegenwart, a cikin Altes Pfandhaus, [[Köln]] (2021). <ref name="Beyond III">{{Cite web |title=BEYOND |url=http://www.africologne-festival.de/programm/beyond/ |publisher=}}</ref> == Aiki akan al'ummomin da aka rufe == Binciken gani na Herrmann ya mayar da hankali kan sirrin [[Al'umma da aka rufe|ƙungiyoyi]] . Tana aiki da hoton da ba a saba gani ba a waɗannan ƙungiyoyin don ƙirƙirar bincike mai zurfi ta hanyar ɗaukar hotunan shirye-shirye na ɗan adam. Ta fara aiki a kan ƙungiyoyin ɗaliban Jamus da aka fi sani da Studentenverbindung, misali a [[:de:Corps Saxonia Jena|Corps Saxonia Jena]], ɗaya daga cikin ƙungiyoyin ɗaliban Jamus da ke [[Jena]] . Aikinta da aka fi sani shine "Mutum a tsakanin Maza" <ref name="Man Among Men">{{Cite web |last=Rebecca |first=Fulleylove |title=Juliane Herrmann captures the day-to-day life of the Freemasons |url=https://www.itsnicethat.com/articles/juliane-herrmann-man-among-men-freemasons-photography-290917 |access-date=December 12, 2021 |website=It's Nice That}}</ref> wata hanya ce ta gani ta Freemasonry a cikin mahallin duniya. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Hendriks |first=Door Ton |date=2017-10-18 |title=Vrijmetselarij: filosofische bowlingclub • Pf |url=https://pf.nl/vrijmetselarij-filosofische-bowlingclub/ |access-date=2022-03-31 |website=Pf}}</ref> Yana nuna hotunan Freemasons, hotunan masaukinsu da al'adunsu, gami da hotunan rayuwar yau da kullun a cikin masaukin da ayyukan Freemasons na yau da kullun, waɗanda aka rubuta a cikin shekaru 5 na bincike. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Man among Men — Take a Peek Inside the World of Freemasonry |url=http://fotoroom.co/man-among-men-juliane-herrmann/ |access-date=2022-03-31 |website=FotoRoom |language=en-US}}</ref> An buga ayyukan Herrmann a matsayin littafi <ref>{{Cite web |date=2018-08-14 |title=Ankündigung: OpenTable mit Juliane Herrmann – kwerfeldein – Magazin für Fotografie |url=https://kwerfeldein.de/2018/08/14/opentable-juliane-herrmann/ |access-date=2022-03-31 |website=kwerfeldein |language=de-DE}}</ref> a cikin 2017 don cika shekaru 300 na Freemasonry na zamani, wanda aka tattauna a cikin Freemasonry saboda wataƙila ya tona asirinta da yawa. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Zeitung |first=Westdeutsche |date=2018-09-20 |title=NRW-Forum zeigt Ausstellung zu Verschwörungstheorien |url=https://www.wz.de/nrw/duesseldorf/kultur/nrw-forum-zeigt-ausstellung-zu-verschwoerungstheorien_aid-33160531 |access-date=2022-03-31 |website=Westdeutsche Zeitung |language=de}}</ref> Duk da haka, yayin da mujallar jaridar Die Zeit ta ƙasar Jamus ta mako-mako <ref name="Freimauer Logen">{{Cite web |date=13 January 2016 |title=ZEIT ONLINE {{pipe}} Lesen Sie zeit.de mit Werbung oder im PUR-Abo. Sie haben die Wahl |url=https://www.zeit.de/zeit-magazin/leben/2015-12/freimaurer-logen-fs}}</ref> ta buga ayyukan Herrmann a shekarar 2015, ''freimaurer-wiki.de'', wani gidan yanar gizo da ke da alaƙa da al'ummar Freemason, ta bayyana shi a matsayin "bayyana tsoffin wariya." <ref name="Freimauer Wiki">{{Cite web |title=Juliane Herrmann – Freimaurer-Wiki |url=https://freimaurer-wiki.de/index.php/Juliane_Herrmann |website=freimaurer-wiki.de}}</ref> Tun daga shekarar 2018 tana aiki tare da ƙungiyoyin Scout a [[Jamus]], tana bin su a sansanonin bazara, tarurruka, tafiye-tafiye da manyan taruka kamar 24th World Scout Jamboree . <ref>{{Cite web |title=Foto Galerien – Worldscoutjamboree RdP |url=https://usa.worldscoutjamboree.de/index.php/nggallery/test/Vorlage-Immenhausen/page/4?page_id=2510}}</ref> An baje kolin hotunan 'yan leƙen asiri daga ƙasashe daban-daban a cikin MOUNTAINVIEW Gallery na [[Kunstraum Fuhrwerkswaage]] da ke Cologne, a cikin 2021. <ref name="Award Winner">{{Cite web |title=AWARD – WINNERS 1 – Internationale Photoszene |url=https://festival.photoszene.de/Juliane-Herrmann-en/ |website=festival.photoszene.de}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |title=2021 {{!}} Kunstraum Fuhrwerkswaage |url=https://www.fuhrwerkswaage.de/mountainview-gallery/2021/ |access-date=2022-03-31 |website=www.fuhrwerkswaage.de |language=en}}</ref> == Haƙƙoƙin mata masu ɗaukar hoto == Baya ga gudummawar da ta bayar wajen daukar hotunan al'ummomin da aka rufe, Herrmann mace ce mai fafutukar kare hakkin masu daukar hoto. <ref name="BÄM! Magazin: Fifty-five Photographers">{{Cite web |date=September 25, 2020 |title=BÄM! Magazin: Fifty-five Photographers |url=http://andshewaslikebam.de/bam-magazin-fifty-five-photographers/ |website=And She Was Like: BÄM!}}</ref> Tare da masu ɗaukar hoto [[Laura Morgenstern]], [[Melina Mörsdorf]], [[Alexandra Lechner]], [[Claudia Gödke]] da [[Claudia Masur]] da [[Angelika Zinzow]], ta kasance ɗaya daga cikin waɗanda suka kafa ƙungiyar mata masu ɗaukar hoto ta Jamus [[Female Photoclub]] a shekarar 2020. <ref name="Female Future Force Day">{{Cite web |date=August 11, 2021 |title=Der "Female Future Force Day", Neues vom "Female Photo Club", ein plastikfreier Online-Superarkt & mehr! |url=https://femtastics.com/journal/fempower-news-der-female-future-force-day-neues-vom-female-photo-club-ein-plastikfreier-online-supermarkt-mehr/}}</ref> [[Nora Tabel]] <ref>{{Cite web |title=#11 Nora Tabel // Female Photoclub // Frauen in der Fotografie |url=https://getpodcast.com/at/podcast/100-frauen-der-podcast-uber-modernen-feminismus/11-nora-tabel-female-photoclub-frauen-in-der-fotografie_4d25654f05 |access-date=2022-03-31 |website=GetPodcast |language=de-at}}</ref> da [[Laura Morgenstern]] ne suka fara wannan ƙungiyar a [[Berlin]] a shekarar 2017. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Fotografin |url=https://lauramorgenstern.de/fotografin/ |access-date=2022-03-31 |website=www.lauramorgenstern.de |language=de-DE}}</ref> Godiya ga ƙungiyar, a cewar Herrmann "mata sun ƙara ƙarfin hali da ƙarfin gwiwa, kuma suna musayar ra'ayoyi da juna." <ref name="wahrscheinlich keine Frau">{{Cite web |date=August 19, 2020 |title=Foto: wahrscheinlich keine Frau |url=https://uebermedien.de/52166/foto-wahrscheinlich-keine-frau/}}</ref> Ƙungiyar daukar hoto ta mata tana da manufa ta ƙara yawan ganin masu ɗaukar hoto mata da kuma jawo hankali ga koke-koke, tsara tattaunawar jama'a, da kuma sa a ga ra'ayoyin mata masu ɗaukar hoto. <ref>{{Cite web |date=2021-08-11 |title=Fempower News: Der "Female Future Force Day", Neues vom "Female Photo Club", ein plastikfreier Online-Supermarkt & mehr! |url=https://femtastics.com/journal/fempower-news-der-female-future-force-day-neues-vom-female-photo-club-ein-plastikfreier-online-supermarkt-mehr/ |access-date=2022-03-31 |website=Das Fempower-Magazin! |language=de-DE}}</ref> == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1989]] j3e57jm7ot38v9mmdls63f38od3901d 0 163187 894981 2026-08-11T14:03:39Z Mustysummy 21281 sabuwar fassara 894981 wikitext text/x-wiki Kasar noma yawanci ƙasa ce da aka sadaukar da ita ga aikin gona, [1] tsarin da sarrafawa na wasu nau'ikan rayuwa - musamman kiwon dabbobi da samar da amfanin gona - don samar da abinci ga mutane. [2][3] Gabaɗaya yana da alaƙa da gonar gona ko gonar gona, da makiyaya ko makiyaya Kungiyar Abinci da Aikin Gona ta Majalisar Dinkin Duniya (FAO) da sauransu suna bin ma'anar ta, duk da haka, suna amfani da ƙasar noma ko yankin noma a matsayin kalmar fasaha, inda yake nufin tarin: [1][2] pk9um78efyrxhn5shurq0wk2nwagou6 894986 894981 2026-08-11T14:08:11Z Mustysummy 21281 saka manazarta 894986 wikitext text/x-wiki Kasar noma yawanci ƙasa ce da aka sadaukar da ita ga aikin gona,<ref>https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oxford_English_Dictionary</ref> tsarin da sarrafawa na wasu nau'ikan rayuwa - musamman kiwon dabbobi da samar da amfanin gona - don samar da abinci ga mutane. <ref>https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oxford_English_Dictionary</ref> <ref>http://www.alc.gov.bc.ca/alr/What_is_Ag_Land.htm</ref>Gabaɗaya yana da alaƙa da gonar gona ko gonar gona, da makiyaya ko makiyaya Kungiyar Abinci da Aikin Gona ta Majalisar Dinkin Duniya (FAO) da sauransu suna bin ma'anar ta, duk da haka, suna amfani da ƙasar noma ko yankin noma a matsayin kalmar fasaha, inda yake nufin tarin: <ref>https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wayback_Machine</ref><ref>http://stats.oecd.org/glossary/detail.asp?ID=74</ref> ==Manazarta== 9g3srrs3sfq5mxhlx3yfkiieqfdnj19 894988 894986 2026-08-11T14:09:54Z Mustysummy 21281 saka databox 894988 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}}Kasar noma yawanci ƙasa ce da aka sadaukar da ita ga aikin gona,<ref>https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oxford_English_Dictionary</ref> tsarin da sarrafawa na wasu nau'ikan rayuwa - musamman kiwon dabbobi da samar da amfanin gona - don samar da abinci ga mutane. <ref>https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oxford_English_Dictionary</ref> <ref>http://www.alc.gov.bc.ca/alr/What_is_Ag_Land.htm</ref>Gabaɗaya yana da alaƙa da gonar gona ko gonar gona, da makiyaya ko makiyaya Kungiyar Abinci da Aikin Gona ta Majalisar Dinkin Duniya (FAO) da sauransu suna bin ma'anar ta, duk da haka, suna amfani da ƙasar noma ko yankin noma a matsayin kalmar fasaha, inda yake nufin tarin: <ref>https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wayback_Machine</ref><ref>http://stats.oecd.org/glossary/detail.asp?ID=74</ref> ==Manazarta== qt8d0pewjevf47vh9fgjdtll7y26fhg 0 163188 894982 2026-08-11T14:03:49Z Nnamadee 31123 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1342984409|Ingrid Hermentin]]" 894982 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Ingrid Hermentin''' (an haife ta a ranar 26 ga Satumba 1951 a Löwenstein, Yammacin Jamus) mai zane ce kuma majagaba a fannin zane-zanen kwamfuta . == Rayuwa == Daga shekarar 1969 zuwa 1979, Hermentin ya sami horo a fannin likitanci kuma ya yi aiki a asibitoci daban-daban a yankin [[Stuttgart]] . A shekarar 1980, ta shafe watanni da dama a Kanada da Amurka. Tun daga shekarar 1981, Hermentin yana zaune kuma yana aiki a Marburg . A shekarar 1983, ta fara aikinta a matsayin mai zane tare da tafiye-tafiye da dama zuwa Italiya. Tun daga shekarar 1990 ne ta mayar da hankali kan zane-zanen kwamfuta. Tun daga lokacin ta yi nune-nune da dama a Jamus da kuma ƙasashen waje. == Tsarin == Ta hanyar haɗa mutane, kwamfutoci, da fasaha, Hermentin tana ɗaukar ayyukanta a matsayin "nuni na ado na duniya da aka tsara ta hanyar kafofin watsa labarai. Abubuwan da muka fuskanta a kafofin watsa labarai sun zama abubuwan ƙarfafawa da kuma abubuwan da suka haifar da wayewarmu. Rayuwarmu, ko fahimtarmu game da ita a lokacin da muka fuskanci "gaskiya", tana nuna kanta a matsayin hoton roba sannan kuma ana bayyana ta a cikin yanayi mai nisa". [an fassara daga <ref>„Online...“ in Katalog: Computerkunst ‘98, Gladbeck, {{ISBN|3-923815-34-4}}</ref> ] Domin nuna yanayin fasaha mai rikitarwa da kuma bayar da tsari ga abubuwan da ke faruwa na masu nuna alama, waɗanda aka mayar da su bayanai kuma aka adana su, yana buƙatar, a cewar Hermentin, amfani da kayan aikin nesa: kwamfuta. "Dole ne a karanta faɗaɗa tunani ta hanyar nisan lantarki a matsayin halitta ta bazata da kuma wadda aka nuna. Babban ɓangaren a nan shine wakilcin siffofi da aka canza da kuma rashin iyaka wanda zai zama abin tunani ta hanyar jerin abubuwa. ... Sha'awar sararin samaniya da za a iya zato amma ba don aunawa ba yana haifar da alamar. Ba a karya juriyar kayan ta hanyar ƙarfi da lalacewa, sai dai ta hanyar lissafi". [an fassara daga <ref>„Online...“ in Katalog: Computerkunst ‘98, Gladbeck, {{ISBN|3-923815-34-4}}</ref> <ref>„Online...“ in Katalog: 3. Gabriele Münter Preis 2000, {{ISBN|3-928239-47-3}}</ref> ] "Cinkoson tsarin tunani na ilimi a cikin fasaha, falsafa da kimiyya, a cikin amsawa da alaƙa da ƙwaƙwalwa, ilimi da gogewa, yana sa su bayyana nau'ikan abubuwan mamaki daban-daban". [an fassara daga ] == Ci gaban fasaha == Yayin da Hermentin tare da "kwalayen dijital" a cikin tsarin bugawa na inkjet har zuwa Din-A3 ya kafa tushen zane-zanenta da aka buga (1991-1994), ta kuma ƙirƙiro hanyar buga inkjet mai jerin gwano don samar da manyan tsare-tsare na hoto bisa ga kwafi na Din-A3 (1993-1994). A lokaci guda, ta yi amfani da babban tsarin buga takardu na dijital don ayyukan serial a cikin tsarin Din-A1 (tun 1992) ko tsarin Din-A0 (tun 1994) kuma ta ƙirƙiri dabarar gilashi don "hotunan roba" don samar da ƙarin launuka masu haske, ta amfani da babban firinta mai inkjet mai launuka marasa lalacewa tun 1998. == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1951]] 8xpazj4ia0e57kwfnhcbk3r1bztv0ik 894983 894982 2026-08-11T14:04:14Z Nnamadee 31123 894983 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Ingrid Hermentin''' (an haife ta a ranar 26 ga Satumba 1951 a Löwenstein, Yammacin Jamus) mai zane ce kuma majagaba a fannin zane-zanen kwamfuta. == Rayuwa == Daga shekarar 1969 zuwa 1979, Hermentin ya sami horo a fannin likitanci kuma ya yi aiki a asibitoci daban-daban a yankin [[Stuttgart]] . A shekarar 1980, ta shafe watanni da dama a Kanada da Amurka. Tun daga shekarar 1981, Hermentin yana zaune kuma yana aiki a Marburg . A shekarar 1983, ta fara aikinta a matsayin mai zane tare da tafiye-tafiye da dama zuwa Italiya. Tun daga shekarar 1990 ne ta mayar da hankali kan zane-zanen kwamfuta. Tun daga lokacin ta yi nune-nune da dama a Jamus da kuma ƙasashen waje. == Tsarin == Ta hanyar haɗa mutane, kwamfutoci, da fasaha, Hermentin tana ɗaukar ayyukanta a matsayin "nuni na ado na duniya da aka tsara ta hanyar kafofin watsa labarai. Abubuwan da muka fuskanta a kafofin watsa labarai sun zama abubuwan ƙarfafawa da kuma abubuwan da suka haifar da wayewarmu. Rayuwarmu, ko fahimtarmu game da ita a lokacin da muka fuskanci "gaskiya", tana nuna kanta a matsayin hoton roba sannan kuma ana bayyana ta a cikin yanayi mai nisa". [an fassara daga <ref>„Online...“ in Katalog: Computerkunst ‘98, Gladbeck, {{ISBN|3-923815-34-4}}</ref> ] Domin nuna yanayin fasaha mai rikitarwa da kuma bayar da tsari ga abubuwan da ke faruwa na masu nuna alama, waɗanda aka mayar da su bayanai kuma aka adana su, yana buƙatar, a cewar Hermentin, amfani da kayan aikin nesa: kwamfuta. "Dole ne a karanta faɗaɗa tunani ta hanyar nisan lantarki a matsayin halitta ta bazata da kuma wadda aka nuna. Babban ɓangaren a nan shine wakilcin siffofi da aka canza da kuma rashin iyaka wanda zai zama abin tunani ta hanyar jerin abubuwa. ... Sha'awar sararin samaniya da za a iya zato amma ba don aunawa ba yana haifar da alamar. Ba a karya juriyar kayan ta hanyar ƙarfi da lalacewa, sai dai ta hanyar lissafi". [an fassara daga <ref>„Online...“ in Katalog: Computerkunst ‘98, Gladbeck, {{ISBN|3-923815-34-4}}</ref> <ref>„Online...“ in Katalog: 3. Gabriele Münter Preis 2000, {{ISBN|3-928239-47-3}}</ref> ] "Cinkoson tsarin tunani na ilimi a cikin fasaha, falsafa da kimiyya, a cikin amsawa da alaƙa da ƙwaƙwalwa, ilimi da gogewa, yana sa su bayyana nau'ikan abubuwan mamaki daban-daban". [an fassara daga ] == Ci gaban fasaha == Yayin da Hermentin tare da "kwalayen dijital" a cikin tsarin bugawa na inkjet har zuwa Din-A3 ya kafa tushen zane-zanenta da aka buga (1991-1994), ta kuma ƙirƙiro hanyar buga inkjet mai jerin gwano don samar da manyan tsare-tsare na hoto bisa ga kwafi na Din-A3 (1993-1994). A lokaci guda, ta yi amfani da babban tsarin buga takardu na dijital don ayyukan serial a cikin tsarin Din-A1 (tun 1992) ko tsarin Din-A0 (tun 1994) kuma ta ƙirƙiri dabarar gilashi don "hotunan roba" don samar da ƙarin launuka masu haske, ta amfani da babban firinta mai inkjet mai launuka marasa lalacewa tun 1998. == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1951]] ordutfqlppfvgo7weidh3tclb5vwvlg 0 163189 894984 2026-08-11T14:07:06Z Nnamadee 31123 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1342985145|Katharina Sieverding]]" 894984 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Fayil:Sieverding,katharina-in-Kunst-u-Kapital_bukuhalle-bonn_100317_3q.jpg|thumb| Katharina Sievering a cikin baje kolinta mai taken "Art and Babi" a cikin Bundeskunsthalle Bonn (2017)]] '''Katharina Sievering''' (an haife ta a ranar 16 ga Nuwamba 1941) [[Mai daukar hoto|ƙwararriyar mai ɗaukar hoto]] ce 'yar ƙasar Jamus wadda aka san ta da ɗaukar hoton kanta. Sievering yana rayuwa da aiki a [[Berlin]] da [[Düsseldorf]] . Ita farfesa ce mai ritaya a Jami'ar Fasaha ta Berlin. <ref name="Tagesspiegel 2010">{{Cite web |date=14 September 2010 |title=Ein Studiengang im Ruhestand |url=https://www.tagesspiegel.de/wissen/universitaet-der-kuenste-berlin-ein-studiengang-im-ruhestand/1932678.html |access-date=29 January 2022 |website=[[Der Tagesspiegel]] |language=de}}</ref> == Rayuwar farko da ilimi == An haifi Sieverding a [[Prag|Prague]], <ref name="Tagesspiegel 2021">{{Cite web |date=16 November 2021 |title=Der forschende Blick, dem man nicht entkommt |url=https://www.tagesspiegel.de/kultur/katharina-sieverding-wird-80-der-forschende-blick-dem-man-nicht-entkommt/27802046.html |access-date=29 January 2022 |website=[[Der Tagesspiegel]] |language=de}}</ref> a lokacin da ake kira Protectorate of Bohemia and Moravia, ga iyayen Jamusawa. Ta girma a yankin Ruhr . Ta fara karatun fasaha a Kunstakademie Düsseldorf a shekarar 1964. <ref name="Duehren 2021" /> A can ta fara karatun zane-zanen dandamali tare da Georg Klusemann da Jörg Immendorff a ƙarƙashin Teo Otto, amma daga baya ta shiga ajin sassaka wanda Joseph Beuys ya koyar a shekarar 1967. <ref name="Duehren 2021">{{Cite web |last=Duehren |first=Claudia von |date=12 May 2021 |title=Katharina Sieverding: "Einen besseren Lehrer für die Kunst hätte es nicht geben können" |url=https://www.bz-berlin.de/kultur/katharina-sieverding-einen-besseren-lehrer-fuer-die-kunst-haette-es-nicht-geben-koennen |access-date=29 January 2022 |website=B.Z. Berlin |language=de}}</ref> Abokan karatunta sun haɗa da Blinky Palermo da Imi Knoebel . Tsakanin 1971 da 1974, ta kasance cikin ajin fina-finai a Kunstakademie . A shekarar 1976, ta shiga cikin Shirin Nazarin Zamani na 'Yancin Kai a Gidan Tarihi na Whitney of American Art . == Aiki == Ayyukan Sieverding sun ƙunshi zane-zanen kai kuma yawancinsu suna da inganci mai kyau. Tana amfani da dabarun siffa, bambanci, da kuma kusanci sosai don sa hoton ya fi bayyana kanta. Ta yi wa dukkan zane-zanen fenti a cikin wani jerin 1969 mai launin ja mai zurfi, wani kuma ta yi wa fuskarta fenti mai launin zinare. Ayyukanta galibi suna yin kalamai game da al'umma da kuma mutum ɗaya, kamar nuna sanin kai da kuma nisan wasu. Sau da yawa tana haɗa hotuna da yawa a wuri ɗaya. Kowace hoto tana cika firam ɗin ta hanyar da za ta nuna kasancewar kanta. ''Maton'' (1969–1972), <ref name="Kemper Art Museum">{{Cite web |title=Artwork Detail |url=https://www.kemperartmuseum.wustl.edu/collection/explore/artwork/2360 |access-date=29 January 2022 |website=Kemper Art Museum}}</ref> ɗaya daga cikin jerin hotunan farko, ya ƙunshi hotunan mai zane da aka shirya a cikin ɗakin daukar hoto. Waɗannan hotunan sun sake bayyana a cikin jerin hotuna 16 mafi girma na Sieverding a Stauffenberg-Block, daga 1969, wanda taken sa ya nuna jami'in soja na Jamus Claus Schenk von Stauffenberg, wanda ya yi yunƙurin kashe [[Adolf Hitler]] a 1944 wanda bai yi nasara ba. <ref name="Müller 2016">{{Cite web |last=Müller |first=Martina |date=9 December 2016 |title=Katharina Sieverding: "Stauffenberg-Block" – K21, Kunstsammlung NRW |url=https://www1.wdr.de/kultur/kunst/west-art-meisterwerke/stauffenberg-block104.html |access-date=29 January 2022 |website=WDR |language=de}}</ref> Idan aka duba a jere, yanayin fuskokin ya kasance a tsaye—baki a rufe, ba tare da murmushi ba, idanun sun ɗan karkata sama. Da yake gwada maganin, Sievering ya yi amfani da ruwan zafi na azurfa gelatin sannan ya yi amfani da jan tacewa don yin fenti ga hotunan. <ref name="The Museum of Modern Art 1977">{{Cite web |date=13 July 1977 |title=Katharina Sieverding: Close Up |url=https://www.moma.org/calendar/exhibitions/4830 |access-date=29 January 2022 |website=The Museum of Modern Art}}</ref> A cikin jerin shirye-shiryen ''Die Sonne um Mitternacht schauen'' mai sassa 56, an nuna hotunan fuskar mai zane da aka zana a cikin ƙurar zinare mai sheƙi. <ref name="Neumann 2021">{{Cite web |last=Neumann |first=Patrick |date=27 August 2021 |title=Katharina Sieverding im Museum Frieder Burda in Baden-Baden: "Die Sonne um Mitternacht schauen" |url=https://www.swr.de/swr2/kunst-und-ausstellung/katharina-sieverding-burda-museum-baden-baden-100.html |access-date=29 January 2022 |website=swr.online |language=de}}</ref> <ref name="Kunstakademie Düsseldorf-Katharina Sieverding">{{Cite web |title=Katharina Sieverding – Weltlinie |url=https://www.kunstakademie-duesseldorf.de/galerie/ausstellungen/katharina-sieverding-weltlinie/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220129205100/https://www.kunstakademie-duesseldorf.de/galerie/ausstellungen/katharina-sieverding-weltlinie/ |archive-date=29 January 2022 |access-date=29 January 2022 |website=Kunstakademie Düsseldorf-Katharina Sieverding |language=de}}</ref> Wani aikin kuma, ''Motorkamera'' (1973/1974) ya ƙunshi hotunan Sievering da abokin aikinta Klaus Mettig guda 336 waɗanda suka yi jerin tsayuka na sirri. <ref name="The Museum of Modern Art 1977" /> <ref name="Kunstakademie Düsseldorf-Katharina Sieverding" /> Wannan shine wurin tashi daga wani babban jerin shirye-shirye daga wannan lokacin, ''Transformer'' (1973), wanda ke nuna manyan hotunan androgynous masu layuka da yawa. <ref name="Tagesspiegel 2021" /> Wani babban tsari na kafofin watsa labarai da yawa daga baya, ''Untitled (Ultramarine)'' (1993), jerin hotuna ne guda takwas da aka ɗauka kai tsaye, kowannensu yana da sassa uku, waɗanda aka haɗa su da madaidaicin launi mai launin shuɗi na lantarki. Tun daga shekarar 1975, Sieverding, tare da Mettig, ta kuma yi kalamai na siyasa ta hanyar daukar hotonta ta amfani da tarihin Jamus da Amurka a matsayin tushe. A tsakanin 1976 zuwa 1978, mai zane ya yi tafiya zuwa China da Amurka, yana tattara farfagandar gani don ƙara bincika hanyoyin sadarwa na alama da ake amfani da su a cikin hotuna da rubutu da aka tallata a kasuwa. Misali ɗaya shine babban hoton ''IX'' mai sassa huɗu, wanda aka ɗauka a kan rufin wani gini na birnin New York a lokacin zaman Sieverding na shekara ɗaya a birnin a shekarar 1977. A cikin wannan hoton, Sieverding ta lulluɓe cikin teku mai baƙi, hannu ɗaya tana riƙe da gilashi, ɗayan kuma tana ɗora a kanta. A lokacin da take ambaton mummunan katsewar wutar lantarki a birnin New York a daren bazara na ranar 13 ga Yuli, 1977, an buga kalmomin "THE GREAT WHITE WAY GOES BLACK" a fuskarta. <ref name="Tagesspiegel 2021">{{Cite web |date=16 November 2021 |title=Der forschende Blick, dem man nicht entkommt |url=https://www.tagesspiegel.de/kultur/katharina-sieverding-wird-80-der-forschende-blick-dem-man-nicht-entkommt/27802046.html |access-date=29 January 2022 |website=[[Der Tagesspiegel]] |language=de}}<cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source" data-ve-ignore="">[https://www.tagesspiegel.de/kultur/katharina-sieverding-wird-80-der-forschende-blick-dem-man-nicht-entkommt/27802046.html "Der forschende Blick, dem man nicht entkommt"]. ''[[Der Tagesspiegel]]'' (in German). 16 November 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">29 January</span> 2022</span>.</cite> [[Category:CS1 German-language sources (de)]]</ref> Ayyukanta sun sha haifar da muhawara kan al'amuran zamantakewa na zamani, siyasa, zamantakewa da al'adu, misali ɗaya shine rubutunta na poster ''Deutschland wird Deutscher'' na 1993, wanda ta yi tare da haɗin gwiwar Klaus Biesenbach, da kuma ''Die Pleite'' na 2005 a Greater Berlin. A shekarar 1992, an ba Sieverding aikin tsara abin tunawa ga 'yan majalisar da aka zalunta a Jamhuriyar Weimar . Ana nuna shi a Reichstag da ke Berlin. A shekarar 1995, ta shirya shirin lacca mai taken "Never mind the cames" tare da Klaus Biesenbach, wacce ta yi karatun freie Kunst a Jami'ar Fasaha ta Berlin tare da Katharina Sievering daga 1993 zuwa 1998. A lokacin da yake farfesa mai ziyara a Kwalejin Fasaha ta China da ke Hangzhou/Shanghai, Sievering ya shirya fim ɗin ''Shanghai'' (2002–2003). Fim ɗin, wanda ya ƙunshi zagaye biyu na mintuna biyar, ya ƙunshi tarihin rayuwar tituna a cikin birni da kewaye. == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1944]] [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] k8fu54mhr6o7pi0yv7tm88jdolexvb9 894985 894984 2026-08-11T14:08:07Z Nnamadee 31123 894985 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}}[[Fayil:Sieverding,katharina-in-Kunst-u-Kapital_bukuhalle-bonn_100317_3q.jpg|thumb| Katharina Sievering a cikin baje kolinta mai taken "Art and Babi" a cikin Bundeskunsthalle Bonn (2017)]] '''Katharina Sievering''' (an haife ta a ranar 16 ga Nuwamba 1941) [[Mai daukar hoto|ƙwararriyar mai ɗaukar hoto]] ce 'yar ƙasar Jamus wadda aka san ta da ɗaukar hoton kanta. Sievering yana rayuwa da aiki a [[Berlin]] da [[Düsseldorf]] . Ita farfesa ce mai ritaya a Jami'ar Fasaha ta Berlin. <ref name="Tagesspiegel 2010">{{Cite web |date=14 September 2010 |title=Ein Studiengang im Ruhestand |url=https://www.tagesspiegel.de/wissen/universitaet-der-kuenste-berlin-ein-studiengang-im-ruhestand/1932678.html |access-date=29 January 2022 |website=[[Der Tagesspiegel]] |language=de}}</ref> == Rayuwar farko da ilimi == An haifi Sieverding a [[Prag|Prague]], <ref name="Tagesspiegel 2021">{{Cite web |date=16 November 2021 |title=Der forschende Blick, dem man nicht entkommt |url=https://www.tagesspiegel.de/kultur/katharina-sieverding-wird-80-der-forschende-blick-dem-man-nicht-entkommt/27802046.html |access-date=29 January 2022 |website=[[Der Tagesspiegel]] |language=de}}</ref> a lokacin da ake kira Protectorate of Bohemia and Moravia, ga iyayen Jamusawa. Ta girma a yankin Ruhr . Ta fara karatun fasaha a Kunstakademie Düsseldorf a shekarar 1964. <ref name="Duehren 2021" /> A can ta fara karatun zane-zanen dandamali tare da Georg Klusemann da Jörg Immendorff a ƙarƙashin Teo Otto, amma daga baya ta shiga ajin sassaka wanda Joseph Beuys ya koyar a shekarar 1967. <ref name="Duehren 2021">{{Cite web |last=Duehren |first=Claudia von |date=12 May 2021 |title=Katharina Sieverding: "Einen besseren Lehrer für die Kunst hätte es nicht geben können" |url=https://www.bz-berlin.de/kultur/katharina-sieverding-einen-besseren-lehrer-fuer-die-kunst-haette-es-nicht-geben-koennen |access-date=29 January 2022 |website=B.Z. Berlin |language=de}}</ref> Abokan karatunta sun haɗa da Blinky Palermo da Imi Knoebel . Tsakanin 1971 da 1974, ta kasance cikin ajin fina-finai a Kunstakademie . A shekarar 1976, ta shiga cikin Shirin Nazarin Zamani na 'Yancin Kai a Gidan Tarihi na Whitney of American Art . == Aiki == Ayyukan Sieverding sun ƙunshi zane-zanen kai kuma yawancinsu suna da inganci mai kyau. Tana amfani da dabarun siffa, bambanci, da kuma kusanci sosai don sa hoton ya fi bayyana kanta. Ta yi wa dukkan zane-zanen fenti a cikin wani jerin 1969 mai launin ja mai zurfi, wani kuma ta yi wa fuskarta fenti mai launin zinare. Ayyukanta galibi suna yin kalamai game da al'umma da kuma mutum ɗaya, kamar nuna sanin kai da kuma nisan wasu. Sau da yawa tana haɗa hotuna da yawa a wuri ɗaya. Kowace hoto tana cika firam ɗin ta hanyar da za ta nuna kasancewar kanta. ''Maton'' (1969–1972), <ref name="Kemper Art Museum">{{Cite web |title=Artwork Detail |url=https://www.kemperartmuseum.wustl.edu/collection/explore/artwork/2360 |access-date=29 January 2022 |website=Kemper Art Museum}}</ref> ɗaya daga cikin jerin hotunan farko, ya ƙunshi hotunan mai zane da aka shirya a cikin ɗakin daukar hoto. Waɗannan hotunan sun sake bayyana a cikin jerin hotuna 16 mafi girma na Sieverding a Stauffenberg-Block, daga 1969, wanda taken sa ya nuna jami'in soja na Jamus Claus Schenk von Stauffenberg, wanda ya yi yunƙurin kashe [[Adolf Hitler]] a 1944 wanda bai yi nasara ba. <ref name="Müller 2016">{{Cite web |last=Müller |first=Martina |date=9 December 2016 |title=Katharina Sieverding: "Stauffenberg-Block" – K21, Kunstsammlung NRW |url=https://www1.wdr.de/kultur/kunst/west-art-meisterwerke/stauffenberg-block104.html |access-date=29 January 2022 |website=WDR |language=de}}</ref> Idan aka duba a jere, yanayin fuskokin ya kasance a tsaye—baki a rufe, ba tare da murmushi ba, idanun sun ɗan karkata sama. Da yake gwada maganin, Sievering ya yi amfani da ruwan zafi na azurfa gelatin sannan ya yi amfani da jan tacewa don yin fenti ga hotunan. <ref name="The Museum of Modern Art 1977">{{Cite web |date=13 July 1977 |title=Katharina Sieverding: Close Up |url=https://www.moma.org/calendar/exhibitions/4830 |access-date=29 January 2022 |website=The Museum of Modern Art}}</ref> A cikin jerin shirye-shiryen ''Die Sonne um Mitternacht schauen'' mai sassa 56, an nuna hotunan fuskar mai zane da aka zana a cikin ƙurar zinare mai sheƙi. <ref name="Neumann 2021">{{Cite web |last=Neumann |first=Patrick |date=27 August 2021 |title=Katharina Sieverding im Museum Frieder Burda in Baden-Baden: "Die Sonne um Mitternacht schauen" |url=https://www.swr.de/swr2/kunst-und-ausstellung/katharina-sieverding-burda-museum-baden-baden-100.html |access-date=29 January 2022 |website=swr.online |language=de}}</ref> <ref name="Kunstakademie Düsseldorf-Katharina Sieverding">{{Cite web |title=Katharina Sieverding – Weltlinie |url=https://www.kunstakademie-duesseldorf.de/galerie/ausstellungen/katharina-sieverding-weltlinie/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220129205100/https://www.kunstakademie-duesseldorf.de/galerie/ausstellungen/katharina-sieverding-weltlinie/ |archive-date=29 January 2022 |access-date=29 January 2022 |website=Kunstakademie Düsseldorf-Katharina Sieverding |language=de}}</ref> Wani aikin kuma, ''Motorkamera'' (1973/1974) ya ƙunshi hotunan Sievering da abokin aikinta Klaus Mettig guda 336 waɗanda suka yi jerin tsayuka na sirri. <ref name="The Museum of Modern Art 1977" /> <ref name="Kunstakademie Düsseldorf-Katharina Sieverding" /> Wannan shine wurin tashi daga wani babban jerin shirye-shirye daga wannan lokacin, ''Transformer'' (1973), wanda ke nuna manyan hotunan androgynous masu layuka da yawa. <ref name="Tagesspiegel 2021" /> Wani babban tsari na kafofin watsa labarai da yawa daga baya, ''Untitled (Ultramarine)'' (1993), jerin hotuna ne guda takwas da aka ɗauka kai tsaye, kowannensu yana da sassa uku, waɗanda aka haɗa su da madaidaicin launi mai launin shuɗi na lantarki. Tun daga shekarar 1975, Sieverding, tare da Mettig, ta kuma yi kalamai na siyasa ta hanyar daukar hotonta ta amfani da tarihin Jamus da Amurka a matsayin tushe. A tsakanin 1976 zuwa 1978, mai zane ya yi tafiya zuwa China da Amurka, yana tattara farfagandar gani don ƙara bincika hanyoyin sadarwa na alama da ake amfani da su a cikin hotuna da rubutu da aka tallata a kasuwa. Misali ɗaya shine babban hoton ''IX'' mai sassa huɗu, wanda aka ɗauka a kan rufin wani gini na birnin New York a lokacin zaman Sieverding na shekara ɗaya a birnin a shekarar 1977. A cikin wannan hoton, Sieverding ta lulluɓe cikin teku mai baƙi, hannu ɗaya tana riƙe da gilashi, ɗayan kuma tana ɗora a kanta. A lokacin da take ambaton mummunan katsewar wutar lantarki a birnin New York a daren bazara na ranar 13 ga Yuli, 1977, an buga kalmomin "THE GREAT WHITE WAY GOES BLACK" a fuskarta. <ref name="Tagesspiegel 2021">{{Cite web |date=16 November 2021 |title=Der forschende Blick, dem man nicht entkommt |url=https://www.tagesspiegel.de/kultur/katharina-sieverding-wird-80-der-forschende-blick-dem-man-nicht-entkommt/27802046.html |access-date=29 January 2022 |website=[[Der Tagesspiegel]] |language=de}}<cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source" data-ve-ignore="">[https://www.tagesspiegel.de/kultur/katharina-sieverding-wird-80-der-forschende-blick-dem-man-nicht-entkommt/27802046.html "Der forschende Blick, dem man nicht entkommt"]. ''[[Der Tagesspiegel]]'' (in German). 16 November 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">29 January</span> 2022</span>.</cite> [[Category:CS1 German-language sources (de)]]</ref> Ayyukanta sun sha haifar da muhawara kan al'amuran zamantakewa na zamani, siyasa, zamantakewa da al'adu, misali ɗaya shine rubutunta na poster ''Deutschland wird Deutscher'' na 1993, wanda ta yi tare da haɗin gwiwar Klaus Biesenbach, da kuma ''Die Pleite'' na 2005 a Greater Berlin. A shekarar 1992, an ba Sieverding aikin tsara abin tunawa ga 'yan majalisar da aka zalunta a Jamhuriyar Weimar . Ana nuna shi a Reichstag da ke Berlin. A shekarar 1995, ta shirya shirin lacca mai taken "Never mind the cames" tare da Klaus Biesenbach, wacce ta yi karatun freie Kunst a Jami'ar Fasaha ta Berlin tare da Katharina Sievering daga 1993 zuwa 1998. A lokacin da yake farfesa mai ziyara a Kwalejin Fasaha ta China da ke Hangzhou/Shanghai, Sievering ya shirya fim ɗin ''Shanghai'' (2002–2003). Fim ɗin, wanda ya ƙunshi zagaye biyu na mintuna biyar, ya ƙunshi tarihin rayuwar tituna a cikin birni da kewaye. == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1944]] [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] 2s71u6lk0kwqbcwhockxokzeuokkmch 0 163190 894990 2026-08-11T14:42:36Z Mustysummy 21281 sabuwar fassara 894990 wikitext text/x-wiki taki mai ko taki wani abu ne na halitta ko na roba wanda aka yi amfani da shi a ƙasa ko a cikin kyallen shuka don samar da abubuwan gina jiki na shuka. Fertilizers na iya zama daban daga kayan liming ko wasu gyare-Gyaran ƙasa marasa abinci mai gina jiki. Akwai maɓuɓɓugar taki da yawa, na halitta da na masana'antu.[1] Ga mafi yawan Ayyukan noma na zamani, taki yana mai da hankali kan manyan macronutrients guda uku: nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P), da potassium (K) tare da ƙarin kari na lokaci-lokaci kamar garin dutse don micronutrients. Manoma suna amfani da waɗannan taki a hanyoyi da yawa: ta hanyar bushewa ko pelletized ko tsarin aikace-aikacen ruwa, ta amfani da manyan kayan aikin gona, ko hanyoyin kayan aikin hannu. jlezidgm9mntuswgjl9f8wz6nu5bb35 894991 894990 2026-08-11T14:44:35Z Mustysummy 21281 Manazarta 894991 wikitext text/x-wiki taki mai ko taki wani abu ne na halitta ko na roba wanda aka yi amfani da shi a ƙasa ko a cikin kyallen shuka don samar da abubuwan gina jiki na shuka. Fertilizers na iya zama daban daga kayan liming ko wasu gyare-Gyaran ƙasa marasa abinci mai gina jiki. Akwai maɓuɓɓugar taki da yawa, na halitta da na masana'antu.<ref>https://z-library.ec/book/09QgD6k4Xp</ref> Ga mafi yawan Ayyukan noma na zamani, taki yana mai da hankali kan manyan macronutrients guda uku: nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P), da potassium (K) tare da ƙarin kari na lokaci-lokaci kamar garin dutse don micronutrients. Manoma suna amfani da waɗannan taki a hanyoyi da yawa: ta hanyar bushewa ko pelletized ko tsarin aikace-aikacen ruwa, ta amfani da manyan kayan aikin gona, ko hanyoyin kayan aikin hannu. ==Manazarta== hertncc0h379v6egvi0u1f08vnd1b9y 894993 894991 2026-08-11T14:46:48Z Mustysummy 21281 saka databox 894993 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}}taki mai ko taki wani abu ne na halitta ko na roba wanda aka yi amfani da shi a ƙasa ko a cikin kyallen shuka don samar da abubuwan gina jiki na shuka. Fertilizers na iya zama daban daga kayan liming ko wasu gyare-Gyaran ƙasa marasa abinci mai gina jiki. Akwai maɓuɓɓugar taki da yawa, na halitta da na masana'antu.<ref>https://z-library.ec/book/09QgD6k4Xp</ref> Ga mafi yawan Ayyukan noma na zamani, taki yana mai da hankali kan manyan macronutrients guda uku: nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P), da potassium (K) tare da ƙarin kari na lokaci-lokaci kamar garin dutse don micronutrients. Manoma suna amfani da waɗannan taki a hanyoyi da yawa: ta hanyar bushewa ko pelletized ko tsarin aikace-aikacen ruwa, ta amfani da manyan kayan aikin gona, ko hanyoyin kayan aikin hannu. ==Manazarta== m90xjms5yu2hfedhfmpnvrexho21szm 894995 894993 2026-08-11T14:50:27Z Mustysummy 21281 karamin gyara 894995 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}}taki mai ko taki wani abu ne na halitta ko wanda aka hada a masanaanta don samar da abubuwan gina jiki na shuka. Fertilizers na iya zama daban daga kayan liming ko wasu gyare-Gyaran ƙasa marasa abinci mai gina jiki. Akwai maɓuɓɓugar taki da yawa, na halitta da na masana'antu.<ref>https://z-library.ec/book/09QgD6k4Xp</ref> Ga mafi yawan Ayyukan noma na zamani, taki yana mai da hankali kan manyan macronutrients guda uku: nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P), da potassium (K) tare da ƙarin kari na lokaci-lokaci kamar garin dutse don micronutrients. Manoma suna amfani da waɗannan taki a hanyoyi da yawa: ta hanyar bushewa ko pelletized ko tsarin aikace-aikacen ruwa, ta amfani da manyan kayan aikin gona, ko hanyoyin kayan aikin hannu. ==Manazarta== 8jw57wiauuncrc3waqyfpuixqxf3pkn 0 163191 895001 2026-08-11T15:57:02Z Nnamadee 31123 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1342984399|Angela Hampel]]" 895001 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Fayil:Dresden-Johannstadt_Skulptur_"Undine_geht"_von_Angela_Hampel.jpg|thumb| "Undine geht" (Undine Leaves), sassaka na Angela Hampel a Dresden]] '''Angela Hampel''' (an haife ta a shekara ta 1956) ƙwararriyar mai zane ce ta ƙasar Jamus, mai zane-zane, kuma mai zane-zanen shigarwa wadda aka fi sani da zane-zanen Neo-expressive da zane-zanen mata masu ƙarfi daga tatsuniyoyi da kuma Littafi Mai Tsarki. == Rayuwar farko == An haife ta a shekarar 1956 a Räckelwitz kusa da Kamenz a Bezirk Dresden na Gabashin Jamus (yanzu Saxony ), Hampel ya yi horo a matsayin ma'aikacin gandun daji daga 1972 zuwa 1974. Daga nan ta yi aiki a fannin gandun daji na tsawon shekaru biyu yayin da take karatun zane-zane a azuzuwan yamma a reshen Bautzen na Kwalejin Fasaha ta Dresden . Bayan ta shafe shekara guda tana shirya shirye-shirye ga matasa a cibiyar al'adu ta Kamenz, ta ci gaba da karatun zane-zane da zane-zane a ƙarƙashin Jutta Damme da Dietmar Büttner a makarantar har zuwa 1982. <ref name="grafiek">{{Cite web |last=Grâtz, Wolfgang |date=April 2015 |title=Angela Hampel |url=https://www.grafikbrief.de/kuenstler/kuenstler.php?biolang=1&num=10 |access-date=3 April 2020 |publisher=Frankfurter Grafikbrief |language=German}}</ref> == Aiki == Daga 1982-85, Hampel dan takara ne na Ƙungiyar Ƙwararrun Ƙwararru ta Jamus ta Gabas (Verband Bildende Künstler), ya zama memba na hukuma a 1985. Nunin farko da ta yi shi kaɗai shi kaɗai ya kasance a shekarar 1984, a wannan shekarar da ta karanta kuma littafin Christa Wolf mai <nowiki><i id="mwHw">suna Cassandra</i></nowiki> ya zaburar da ita. Ta ƙirƙiri wasu rubuce-rubuce da zane-zane a kan wannan batu, inda ta faɗaɗa har ta haɗa da Penthesilea da sauran muhimman mutane mata daga tatsuniyoyi da Littafi Mai Tsarki, kamar Judith da Salomé. Karin Weber, masanin tarihin fasaha, ta bayyana cewa: "Sunan Angela Hampel yana da alaƙa da ƙungiyar fasaha ta zamani a Jamhuriyar Dimokuraɗiyyar Jamus a shekarun 1980 lokacin da masu zane suka nemi shiga tsakani da farin ciki a rikice-rikicen zamanin." <ref name="grafiek">{{Cite web |last=Grâtz, Wolfgang |date=April 2015 |title=Angela Hampel |url=https://www.grafikbrief.de/kuenstler/kuenstler.php?biolang=1&num=10 |access-date=3 April 2020 |publisher=Frankfurter Grafikbrief |language=German}}<cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFGrâtz,_Wolfgang2015">Grâtz, Wolfgang (April 2015). [https://www.grafikbrief.de/kuenstler/kuenstler.php?biolang=1&num=10 "Angela Hampel"] (in German). Frankfurter Grafikbrief<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">3 April</span> 2020</span>.</cite> [[Category:CS1 German-language sources (de)]]</ref> A shekarar 1989, Hampel ta haɗu ta kafa ƙungiyar mata masu fasaha ta Dresdner Sezession '89, wacce ta kasance irinta ta farko a Saxony. <ref name="grafiek" /> Ayyukan Hampel masu bayyana ra'ayi mai ban sha'awa suna gabatar da tambayoyi game da wanzuwar rayuwa, suna tayar da tatsuniyoyi da Littafi Mai Tsarki. Ƙirƙirar ta ta yau da kullun tana gabatar da ƙarfin mata, tare da tsokana, tawaye da juriya a cikin al'adun [[Käthe Kollwitz]] . <ref name="eschborn">{{Cite web |date=23 April 2019 |title="Malerei, Grafik, Zeichnung" - expressive Arbeiten von Angela Hampel |url=https://www.eschborn.de/presseservice/archiv-pressemitteilungen/pressemitteilung/detail/News/malerei-grafik-zeichnung-expressive-arbeiten-von-angela-hampel/ |access-date=3 April 2020 |publisher=eschborn.de |language=German}}</ref> Hampel ya kuma tsara murfin littattafai don takardu da kuma kasidu na baje kolin littattafai kamar na Dresden City Archives a shekarar 2014. Tana aiki da sassaka katako, sau da yawa tana jira har sai ta sami allo da ya dace da aikinta na yanzu daga gidan da aka rushe. Tana kuma da ƙwarewa a fannin fasahar algraphy ko bugawa a kan faranti na aluminum, tana aiki da launuka daban-daban na launin toka tsakanin baƙi da fari. <ref name="grafiek">{{Cite web |last=Grâtz, Wolfgang |date=April 2015 |title=Angela Hampel |url=https://www.grafikbrief.de/kuenstler/kuenstler.php?biolang=1&num=10 |access-date=3 April 2020 |publisher=Frankfurter Grafikbrief |language=German}}<cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFGrâtz,_Wolfgang2015">Grâtz, Wolfgang (April 2015). [https://www.grafikbrief.de/kuenstler/kuenstler.php?biolang=1&num=10 "Angela Hampel"] (in German). Frankfurter Grafikbrief<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">3 April</span> 2020</span>.</cite> [[Category:CS1 German-language sources (de)]]</ref> Hampel ya samo asali ne a [[Dresden]] . <ref name="grafiek">{{Cite web |last=Grâtz, Wolfgang |date=April 2015 |title=Angela Hampel |url=https://www.grafikbrief.de/kuenstler/kuenstler.php?biolang=1&num=10 |access-date=3 April 2020 |publisher=Frankfurter Grafikbrief |language=German}}<cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFGrâtz,_Wolfgang2015">Grâtz, Wolfgang (April 2015). [https://www.grafikbrief.de/kuenstler/kuenstler.php?biolang=1&num=10 "Angela Hampel"] (in German). Frankfurter Grafikbrief<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">3 April</span> 2020</span>.</cite> [[Category:CS1 German-language sources (de)]]</ref> <ref name="eschborn">{{Cite web |date=23 April 2019 |title="Malerei, Grafik, Zeichnung" - expressive Arbeiten von Angela Hampel |url=https://www.eschborn.de/presseservice/archiv-pressemitteilungen/pressemitteilung/detail/News/malerei-grafik-zeichnung-expressive-arbeiten-von-angela-hampel/ |access-date=3 April 2020 |publisher=eschborn.de |language=German}}<cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source" data-ve-ignore="">[https://www.eschborn.de/presseservice/archiv-pressemitteilungen/pressemitteilung/detail/News/malerei-grafik-zeichnung-expressive-arbeiten-von-angela-hampel/ ""Malerei, Grafik, Zeichnung" - expressive Arbeiten von Angela Hampel"] (in German). eschborn.de. 23 April 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">3 April</span> 2020</span>.</cite> [[Category:CS1 German-language sources (de)]]</ref> == Kyaututtuka == Hampel ya sami kyaututtuka da dama, ciki har da: <ref name="grafiek">{{Cite web |last=Grâtz, Wolfgang |date=April 2015 |title=Angela Hampel |url=https://www.grafikbrief.de/kuenstler/kuenstler.php?biolang=1&num=10 |access-date=3 April 2020 |publisher=Frankfurter Grafikbrief |language=German}}<cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFGrâtz,_Wolfgang2015">Grâtz, Wolfgang (April 2015). [https://www.grafikbrief.de/kuenstler/kuenstler.php?biolang=1&num=10 "Angela Hampel"] (in German). Frankfurter Grafikbrief<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">3 April</span> 2020</span>.</cite> [[Category:CS1 German-language sources (de)]]</ref> <ref name="eschborn">{{Cite web |date=23 April 2019 |title="Malerei, Grafik, Zeichnung" - expressive Arbeiten von Angela Hampel |url=https://www.eschborn.de/presseservice/archiv-pressemitteilungen/pressemitteilung/detail/News/malerei-grafik-zeichnung-expressive-arbeiten-von-angela-hampel/ |access-date=3 April 2020 |publisher=eschborn.de |language=German}}<cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source" data-ve-ignore="">[https://www.eschborn.de/presseservice/archiv-pressemitteilungen/pressemitteilung/detail/News/malerei-grafik-zeichnung-expressive-arbeiten-von-angela-hampel/ ""Malerei, Grafik, Zeichnung" - expressive Arbeiten von Angela Hampel"] (in German). eschborn.de. 23 April 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">3 April</span> 2020</span>.</cite> [[Category:CS1 German-language sources (de)]]</ref> * 2023: Kunstpreis der Landeshauptstadt Dresden * 1999: Kyauta ta musamman: "100 Ausgewählte Grafiken" (100 zaɓaɓɓun zane-zane) * 1990: Kyautar Marianne Werefkin (an yi ta ne don mata) == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1956]] 9ozg3jbyy18hnjslomim7k40ge8yx2a 895002 895001 2026-08-11T15:57:37Z Nnamadee 31123 895002 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}}[[Fayil:Dresden-Johannstadt_Skulptur_"Undine_geht"_von_Angela_Hampel.jpg|thumb| "Undine geht" (Undine Leaves), sassaka na Angela Hampel a Dresden]] '''Angela Hampel''' (an haife ta a shekara ta 1956) ƙwararriyar mai zane ce ta ƙasar Jamus, mai zane-zane, kuma mai zane-zanen shigarwa wadda aka fi sani da zane-zanen Neo-expressive da zane-zanen mata masu ƙarfi daga tatsuniyoyi da kuma Littafi Mai Tsarki. == Rayuwar farko == An haife ta a shekarar 1956 a Räckelwitz kusa da Kamenz a Bezirk Dresden na Gabashin Jamus (yanzu Saxony ), Hampel ya yi horo a matsayin ma'aikacin gandun daji daga 1972 zuwa 1974. Daga nan ta yi aiki a fannin gandun daji na tsawon shekaru biyu yayin da take karatun zane-zane a azuzuwan yamma a reshen Bautzen na Kwalejin Fasaha ta Dresden . Bayan ta shafe shekara guda tana shirya shirye-shirye ga matasa a cibiyar al'adu ta Kamenz, ta ci gaba da karatun zane-zane da zane-zane a ƙarƙashin Jutta Damme da Dietmar Büttner a makarantar har zuwa 1982. <ref name="grafiek">{{Cite web |last=Grâtz, Wolfgang |date=April 2015 |title=Angela Hampel |url=https://www.grafikbrief.de/kuenstler/kuenstler.php?biolang=1&num=10 |access-date=3 April 2020 |publisher=Frankfurter Grafikbrief |language=German}}</ref> == Aiki == Daga 1982-85, Hampel dan takara ne na Ƙungiyar Ƙwararrun Ƙwararru ta Jamus ta Gabas (Verband Bildende Künstler), ya zama memba na hukuma a 1985. Nunin farko da ta yi shi kaɗai shi kaɗai ya kasance a shekarar 1984, a wannan shekarar da ta karanta kuma littafin Christa Wolf mai <nowiki><i id="mwHw">suna Cassandra</i></nowiki> ya zaburar da ita. Ta ƙirƙiri wasu rubuce-rubuce da zane-zane a kan wannan batu, inda ta faɗaɗa har ta haɗa da Penthesilea da sauran muhimman mutane mata daga tatsuniyoyi da Littafi Mai Tsarki, kamar Judith da Salomé. Karin Weber, masanin tarihin fasaha, ta bayyana cewa: "Sunan Angela Hampel yana da alaƙa da ƙungiyar fasaha ta zamani a Jamhuriyar Dimokuraɗiyyar Jamus a shekarun 1980 lokacin da masu zane suka nemi shiga tsakani da farin ciki a rikice-rikicen zamanin." <ref name="grafiek">{{Cite web |last=Grâtz, Wolfgang |date=April 2015 |title=Angela Hampel |url=https://www.grafikbrief.de/kuenstler/kuenstler.php?biolang=1&num=10 |access-date=3 April 2020 |publisher=Frankfurter Grafikbrief |language=German}}<cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFGrâtz,_Wolfgang2015">Grâtz, Wolfgang (April 2015). [https://www.grafikbrief.de/kuenstler/kuenstler.php?biolang=1&num=10 "Angela Hampel"] (in German). Frankfurter Grafikbrief<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">3 April</span> 2020</span>.</cite> [[Category:CS1 German-language sources (de)]]</ref> A shekarar 1989, Hampel ta haɗu ta kafa ƙungiyar mata masu fasaha ta Dresdner Sezession '89, wacce ta kasance irinta ta farko a Saxony. <ref name="grafiek" /> Ayyukan Hampel masu bayyana ra'ayi mai ban sha'awa suna gabatar da tambayoyi game da wanzuwar rayuwa, suna tayar da tatsuniyoyi da Littafi Mai Tsarki. Ƙirƙirar ta ta yau da kullun tana gabatar da ƙarfin mata, tare da tsokana, tawaye da juriya a cikin al'adun [[Käthe Kollwitz]] . <ref name="eschborn">{{Cite web |date=23 April 2019 |title="Malerei, Grafik, Zeichnung" - expressive Arbeiten von Angela Hampel |url=https://www.eschborn.de/presseservice/archiv-pressemitteilungen/pressemitteilung/detail/News/malerei-grafik-zeichnung-expressive-arbeiten-von-angela-hampel/ |access-date=3 April 2020 |publisher=eschborn.de |language=German}}</ref> Hampel ya kuma tsara murfin littattafai don takardu da kuma kasidu na baje kolin littattafai kamar na Dresden City Archives a shekarar 2014. Tana aiki da sassaka katako, sau da yawa tana jira har sai ta sami allo da ya dace da aikinta na yanzu daga gidan da aka rushe. Tana kuma da ƙwarewa a fannin fasahar algraphy ko bugawa a kan faranti na aluminum, tana aiki da launuka daban-daban na launin toka tsakanin baƙi da fari. <ref name="grafiek">{{Cite web |last=Grâtz, Wolfgang |date=April 2015 |title=Angela Hampel |url=https://www.grafikbrief.de/kuenstler/kuenstler.php?biolang=1&num=10 |access-date=3 April 2020 |publisher=Frankfurter Grafikbrief |language=German}}<cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFGrâtz,_Wolfgang2015">Grâtz, Wolfgang (April 2015). [https://www.grafikbrief.de/kuenstler/kuenstler.php?biolang=1&num=10 "Angela Hampel"] (in German). Frankfurter Grafikbrief<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">3 April</span> 2020</span>.</cite> [[Category:CS1 German-language sources (de)]]</ref> Hampel ya samo asali ne a [[Dresden]] . <ref name="grafiek">{{Cite web |last=Grâtz, Wolfgang |date=April 2015 |title=Angela Hampel |url=https://www.grafikbrief.de/kuenstler/kuenstler.php?biolang=1&num=10 |access-date=3 April 2020 |publisher=Frankfurter Grafikbrief |language=German}}<cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFGrâtz,_Wolfgang2015">Grâtz, Wolfgang (April 2015). [https://www.grafikbrief.de/kuenstler/kuenstler.php?biolang=1&num=10 "Angela Hampel"] (in German). Frankfurter Grafikbrief<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">3 April</span> 2020</span>.</cite> [[Category:CS1 German-language sources (de)]]</ref> <ref name="eschborn">{{Cite web |date=23 April 2019 |title="Malerei, Grafik, Zeichnung" - expressive Arbeiten von Angela Hampel |url=https://www.eschborn.de/presseservice/archiv-pressemitteilungen/pressemitteilung/detail/News/malerei-grafik-zeichnung-expressive-arbeiten-von-angela-hampel/ |access-date=3 April 2020 |publisher=eschborn.de |language=German}}<cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source" data-ve-ignore="">[https://www.eschborn.de/presseservice/archiv-pressemitteilungen/pressemitteilung/detail/News/malerei-grafik-zeichnung-expressive-arbeiten-von-angela-hampel/ ""Malerei, Grafik, Zeichnung" - expressive Arbeiten von Angela Hampel"] (in German). eschborn.de. 23 April 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">3 April</span> 2020</span>.</cite> [[Category:CS1 German-language sources (de)]]</ref> == Kyaututtuka == Hampel ya sami kyaututtuka da dama, ciki har da: <ref name="grafiek">{{Cite web |last=Grâtz, Wolfgang |date=April 2015 |title=Angela Hampel |url=https://www.grafikbrief.de/kuenstler/kuenstler.php?biolang=1&num=10 |access-date=3 April 2020 |publisher=Frankfurter Grafikbrief |language=German}}<cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFGrâtz,_Wolfgang2015">Grâtz, Wolfgang (April 2015). [https://www.grafikbrief.de/kuenstler/kuenstler.php?biolang=1&num=10 "Angela Hampel"] (in German). Frankfurter Grafikbrief<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">3 April</span> 2020</span>.</cite> [[Category:CS1 German-language sources (de)]]</ref> <ref name="eschborn">{{Cite web |date=23 April 2019 |title="Malerei, Grafik, Zeichnung" - expressive Arbeiten von Angela Hampel |url=https://www.eschborn.de/presseservice/archiv-pressemitteilungen/pressemitteilung/detail/News/malerei-grafik-zeichnung-expressive-arbeiten-von-angela-hampel/ |access-date=3 April 2020 |publisher=eschborn.de |language=German}}<cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source" data-ve-ignore="">[https://www.eschborn.de/presseservice/archiv-pressemitteilungen/pressemitteilung/detail/News/malerei-grafik-zeichnung-expressive-arbeiten-von-angela-hampel/ ""Malerei, Grafik, Zeichnung" - expressive Arbeiten von Angela Hampel"] (in German). eschborn.de. 23 April 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">3 April</span> 2020</span>.</cite> [[Category:CS1 German-language sources (de)]]</ref> * 2023: Kunstpreis der Landeshauptstadt Dresden * 1999: Kyauta ta musamman: "100 Ausgewählte Grafiken" (100 zaɓaɓɓun zane-zane) * 1990: Kyautar Marianne Werefkin (an yi ta ne don mata) == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1956]] b6kv2n95em1wxop9rhzo1nd7dwzd6vs 0 163192 895003 2026-08-11T15:59:53Z Nnamadee 31123 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1342984400|Heide Hatry]]" 895003 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Heide Hatry''' (an haife ta a shekara ta 1965) ƙwararriyar mai fasaha ce ta Jamus, mai kula da harkokin fasaha, kuma [[Editing|edita]] a [[New York (birni)|birnin New York]] da [[Berlin]] . Ayyukanta, galibi ko dai suna da alaƙa da jiki ko kuma suna amfani da naman dabbobi da gaɓoɓinsu (misali: fasahar halittu ) ko wasu kayan da aka watsar, waɗanda aka raina, ko kuma "babu", sun tayar da cece-kuce kuma wasu masu suka sun ɗauke ta a matsayin abin tsoro, abin ƙyama ko mai ban sha'awa, yayin da wasu kuma suka yaba mata a matsayin "mai tayar da hankali",<ref>{{Cite web |last=Shuster |first=Robert |date=22 July 2009 |title=Introducing Heide Hatry,... Three New York City artists you probably don't know, but should |url=https://www.villagevoice.com/2009/07/22/introducing-heide-hatry-william-lamson-and-carrie-moyer/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180425033629/https://www.villagevoice.com/2009/07/22/introducing-heide-hatry-william-lamson-and-carrie-moyer/ |archive-date=April 25, 2018 |website=Village Voice}}</ref> "ƙarfin yanayi..., mai zane kuma mai son ɗan adam wanda ke ba da gudummawa ga rayuwa ba tare da son kai ba", da kuma mai zane wanda ayyukansa suka haifar da "martani kamar ganin kisan kai".<ref>{{Cite web |last=Julie Oakes |title=Heide Hatry |url=http://www.headbonesgallery.com/woman/Hatry/Heide%20Hatry%20Commentary.htm |website=The Drawers}}</ref> [[Fayil:Heide_Hatry_Portrait.jpg|right|thumb|259x259px| Heide Hatry, 2005]] == Tarihin Rayuwa == Hatry ya girma a wata gona a wajen Holzgerlingen . Ta bar gida tana da shekaru 15 don yin rajista a makarantar wasanni. Daga baya ta karanci zane-zane, bugu, rubutu, daukar hoto, da sassaka a makarantun fasaha daban-daban ciki har da Akademie der Bildenden Künste a [[Stuttgart]] da Pädagogische Hochschule a Heidelberg, da kuma tarihin fasaha a Jami'ar Heidelberg . Bayan shekaru da yawa tana koyar da zane-zane yayin da take kafa tare da gudanar da shagon sayar da littattafai na kayan tarihi a Heidelberg, ta fara aikinta a matsayin mai zane-zane a shekarar 2003 a birnin New York. == Aikin fasaha == === ''Fata'' === Nunin farko nata na kaɗaici ya faru ne a [http://www.freightandvolume.com/ Volume Gallery] da ke Chelsea a watan Oktoba, 2004 kuma ya ƙunshi rukuni daban-daban na zane-zane, abubuwa da littattafai na musamman, tare da mai da hankali kan sabbin ayyuka waɗanda daga ƙarshe za su zama wani ɓangare na aikin littafinta mai suna ''SKIN'' . <ref>{{Cite web |title=Heide Hatry |url=https://www.kehrerverlag.com/de/heide-hatry-skin-978-3-936636-72-7 |website=Publisher's website |publisher=Kehrer Verlag}}</ref> Baya ga kasancewa takardar shaidar shekaru da dama na aiki tare da kayan fasaha mai ban mamaki, ''SKIN'' wani aiki ne mai rikitarwa kuma mai cikakken tsari wanda Hatry ke taka rawa a kan gaskiyar cewa fata ita ce hanyar da aka fi karɓar asalin mutum. Mata bakwai masu fasaha duk suna aiki da fata a matsayin hanyar sadarwa a zahiri fannoni bakwai ne na Hatry kanta. A cikin littafin, ta raba tarihin rayuwarta kuma ta rarraba sassan aikin tsakanin mutane bakwai daban-daban. Hatry ya yi nasara a kan masana tarihi, masu suka, masu kula da fasaha da masu tunani guda tara ( [[Susanna Partsch]], Heinz-Norbert Jocks, Renée Vara, Michaël Amy, Elsbeth Sachs, Cornelia Koch, Christoph Zuschlag, Veronica Mundi da Hans Gercke) don shiga cikin aikin, suna riƙe da girman kai da kuma ɗaukar kowanne daga cikin waɗanda suka yi fice a matsayin masu fasaha na musamman. Hatry ta ƙirƙiri hoton mai zane ga kowace "kanta" ta amfani da kayan kwalliya da kayan kwalliya, kamar aikin Cindy Sherman . [[Fayil:Betty_Hirst_by_Heide_Hatry.jpg|left|thumb|285x285px| ''Betty Hirst'', Hoto, 2005]] Akalla ɗaya daga cikin waɗannan hotunan ya zama sanannen fitacciyar mace ta zamani (duba: Betty Hirst). <ref>{{Cite web |title=Meat after Meat Joy |url=http://www.eatmedaily.com/2008/10/meat-after-meat-joy-art-gallery-show/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081211193500/http://www.eatmedaily.com/2008/10/meat-after-meat-joy-art-gallery-show/ |archive-date=11 December 2008 |website=Eat Me Daily}}</ref> A lokacin wasu abubuwan da suka shafi baje kolin, Hatry ko wata 'yar wasan kwaikwayo da ta yi aure, za su taka rawar ɗaya ko fiye daga cikin almararta. Littafin yana da siffa ta rashin fahimta da kuma yaudara iri-iri, har ma da nuni ga masu fasaha da ba su da su, littattafai, da sassa a cikin littattafai (na gaske), ambaton kuskure, bayanan ƙasa na ƙarya, ambaton ƙarya, da kuma rubutun ƙarya, gami da ɓoye asalin jinsi, yayin da yake gabatar da ingantattun ka'idoji masu suka. [[Fayil:Mask_Heide_Hatry.jpg|right|thumb|204x204px| ''Abin rufe fuska'', 2004. Fatar alade da aka kiyaye, nama da zare.]] Fasahar da ''SKIN'' ke rubutawa tana da halaye daban-daban, gami da abubuwan sassaka, wasu na zahiri, wasu suna kwatantawa da [[Abun Rufe Fuska Na Gargajiya|abin rufe fuska na Afirka ko Etruscan]] ko kuma kayan tarihi, gine-gine masu girma biyu, zane-zane a cikin jini, da zane-zanen da ke kula da batutuwa na tarihi da fasaha da aka gani ta hanyar fim na mafitsara na dabba ko fatar dabba mai haske, yana tunawa da wani aiki na Doris Salcedo, da kuma ƙirƙirar ra'ayi na gaskiya mai ƙarfi, hoto a zahiri "cikin jiki". Hatry ita ce mai zane ta farko da ta yi amfani da fatar alade da ba a yi mata magani ba da sauran sassan dabbobi don ƙirƙirar zane-zane na gaske, galibi na sassaka, na fuskar ɗan adam, wani lokacin na wani hali da ke nuna fasahar sake farfaɗowa. Ta yi gwaji da dabarun kiyayewa da yawa, gami da hanyar " filastik " ta shahararren masanin cututtuka, da kuma Gunther von Hagens, wanda ta saba da shi a Heidelberg. An sanya baje kolin da ''SKIN'' ta yi aiki a matsayin kundin bayanai, wanda aka yi amfani da shi sosai ''a matsayin babban littafin'', a wurare daban-daban na masu zaman kansu da na jama'a a Amurka da Turai, kuma gudummawar da Hatry ta bayar, wacce ta gina "ɗakin fata," Cosmoto ta rubuta. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Cosmoto |title=Video of ''Skin Room'' performance |url=https://vimeo.com/673789730?embedded=true&source=vimeo_logo&owner=4551843 |website=Vimeo}}</ref> An kuma rubuta babban aikinta na biyu, ''Heads and Tales'', a cikin wani littafi, wanda Charta ta buga a Turanci a shekarar 2009. == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1965]] [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] 20sk56l63jjvhs7d54nu5vgyp62m5e7 895004 895003 2026-08-11T16:00:35Z Nnamadee 31123 895004 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Heide Hatry''' (an haife ta a shekara ta 1965) ƙwararriyar mai fasaha ce ta Jamus, mai kula da harkokin fasaha, kuma [[Editing|edita]] a [[New York (birni)|birnin New York]] da [[Berlin]]. Ayyukanta, galibi ko dai suna da alaƙa da jiki ko kuma suna amfani da naman dabbobi da gaɓoɓinsu (misali: fasahar halittu ) ko wasu kayan da aka watsar, waɗanda aka raina, ko kuma "babu", sun tayar da cece-kuce kuma wasu masu suka sun ɗauke ta a matsayin abin tsoro, abin ƙyama ko mai ban sha'awa, yayin da wasu kuma suka yaba mata a matsayin "mai tayar da hankali",<ref>{{Cite web |last=Shuster |first=Robert |date=22 July 2009 |title=Introducing Heide Hatry,... Three New York City artists you probably don't know, but should |url=https://www.villagevoice.com/2009/07/22/introducing-heide-hatry-william-lamson-and-carrie-moyer/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180425033629/https://www.villagevoice.com/2009/07/22/introducing-heide-hatry-william-lamson-and-carrie-moyer/ |archive-date=April 25, 2018 |website=Village Voice}}</ref> "ƙarfin yanayi..., mai zane kuma mai son ɗan adam wanda ke ba da gudummawa ga rayuwa ba tare da son kai ba", da kuma mai zane wanda ayyukansa suka haifar da "martani kamar ganin kisan kai".<ref>{{Cite web |last=Julie Oakes |title=Heide Hatry |url=http://www.headbonesgallery.com/woman/Hatry/Heide%20Hatry%20Commentary.htm |website=The Drawers}}</ref> [[Fayil:Heide_Hatry_Portrait.jpg|right|thumb|259x259px| Heide Hatry, 2005]] == Tarihin Rayuwa == Hatry ya girma a wata gona a wajen Holzgerlingen . Ta bar gida tana da shekaru 15 don yin rajista a makarantar wasanni. Daga baya ta karanci zane-zane, bugu, rubutu, daukar hoto, da sassaka a makarantun fasaha daban-daban ciki har da Akademie der Bildenden Künste a [[Stuttgart]] da Pädagogische Hochschule a Heidelberg, da kuma tarihin fasaha a Jami'ar Heidelberg . Bayan shekaru da yawa tana koyar da zane-zane yayin da take kafa tare da gudanar da shagon sayar da littattafai na kayan tarihi a Heidelberg, ta fara aikinta a matsayin mai zane-zane a shekarar 2003 a birnin New York. == Aikin fasaha == === ''Fata'' === Nunin farko nata na kaɗaici ya faru ne a [http://www.freightandvolume.com/ Volume Gallery] da ke Chelsea a watan Oktoba, 2004 kuma ya ƙunshi rukuni daban-daban na zane-zane, abubuwa da littattafai na musamman, tare da mai da hankali kan sabbin ayyuka waɗanda daga ƙarshe za su zama wani ɓangare na aikin littafinta mai suna ''SKIN'' . <ref>{{Cite web |title=Heide Hatry |url=https://www.kehrerverlag.com/de/heide-hatry-skin-978-3-936636-72-7 |website=Publisher's website |publisher=Kehrer Verlag}}</ref> Baya ga kasancewa takardar shaidar shekaru da dama na aiki tare da kayan fasaha mai ban mamaki, ''SKIN'' wani aiki ne mai rikitarwa kuma mai cikakken tsari wanda Hatry ke taka rawa a kan gaskiyar cewa fata ita ce hanyar da aka fi karɓar asalin mutum. Mata bakwai masu fasaha duk suna aiki da fata a matsayin hanyar sadarwa a zahiri fannoni bakwai ne na Hatry kanta. A cikin littafin, ta raba tarihin rayuwarta kuma ta rarraba sassan aikin tsakanin mutane bakwai daban-daban. Hatry ya yi nasara a kan masana tarihi, masu suka, masu kula da fasaha da masu tunani guda tara ( [[Susanna Partsch]], Heinz-Norbert Jocks, Renée Vara, Michaël Amy, Elsbeth Sachs, Cornelia Koch, Christoph Zuschlag, Veronica Mundi da Hans Gercke) don shiga cikin aikin, suna riƙe da girman kai da kuma ɗaukar kowanne daga cikin waɗanda suka yi fice a matsayin masu fasaha na musamman. Hatry ta ƙirƙiri hoton mai zane ga kowace "kanta" ta amfani da kayan kwalliya da kayan kwalliya, kamar aikin Cindy Sherman . [[Fayil:Betty_Hirst_by_Heide_Hatry.jpg|left|thumb|285x285px| ''Betty Hirst'', Hoto, 2005]] Akalla ɗaya daga cikin waɗannan hotunan ya zama sanannen fitacciyar mace ta zamani (duba: Betty Hirst). <ref>{{Cite web |title=Meat after Meat Joy |url=http://www.eatmedaily.com/2008/10/meat-after-meat-joy-art-gallery-show/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081211193500/http://www.eatmedaily.com/2008/10/meat-after-meat-joy-art-gallery-show/ |archive-date=11 December 2008 |website=Eat Me Daily}}</ref> A lokacin wasu abubuwan da suka shafi baje kolin, Hatry ko wata 'yar wasan kwaikwayo da ta yi aure, za su taka rawar ɗaya ko fiye daga cikin almararta. Littafin yana da siffa ta rashin fahimta da kuma yaudara iri-iri, har ma da nuni ga masu fasaha da ba su da su, littattafai, da sassa a cikin littattafai (na gaske), ambaton kuskure, bayanan ƙasa na ƙarya, ambaton ƙarya, da kuma rubutun ƙarya, gami da ɓoye asalin jinsi, yayin da yake gabatar da ingantattun ka'idoji masu suka. [[Fayil:Mask_Heide_Hatry.jpg|right|thumb|204x204px| ''Abin rufe fuska'', 2004. Fatar alade da aka kiyaye, nama da zare.]] Fasahar da ''SKIN'' ke rubutawa tana da halaye daban-daban, gami da abubuwan sassaka, wasu na zahiri, wasu suna kwatantawa da [[Abun Rufe Fuska Na Gargajiya|abin rufe fuska na Afirka ko Etruscan]] ko kuma kayan tarihi, gine-gine masu girma biyu, zane-zane a cikin jini, da zane-zanen da ke kula da batutuwa na tarihi da fasaha da aka gani ta hanyar fim na mafitsara na dabba ko fatar dabba mai haske, yana tunawa da wani aiki na Doris Salcedo, da kuma ƙirƙirar ra'ayi na gaskiya mai ƙarfi, hoto a zahiri "cikin jiki". Hatry ita ce mai zane ta farko da ta yi amfani da fatar alade da ba a yi mata magani ba da sauran sassan dabbobi don ƙirƙirar zane-zane na gaske, galibi na sassaka, na fuskar ɗan adam, wani lokacin na wani hali da ke nuna fasahar sake farfaɗowa. Ta yi gwaji da dabarun kiyayewa da yawa, gami da hanyar " filastik " ta shahararren masanin cututtuka, da kuma Gunther von Hagens, wanda ta saba da shi a Heidelberg. An sanya baje kolin da ''SKIN'' ta yi aiki a matsayin kundin bayanai, wanda aka yi amfani da shi sosai ''a matsayin babban littafin'', a wurare daban-daban na masu zaman kansu da na jama'a a Amurka da Turai, kuma gudummawar da Hatry ta bayar, wacce ta gina "ɗakin fata," Cosmoto ta rubuta. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Cosmoto |title=Video of ''Skin Room'' performance |url=https://vimeo.com/673789730?embedded=true&source=vimeo_logo&owner=4551843 |website=Vimeo}}</ref> An kuma rubuta babban aikinta na biyu, ''Heads and Tales'', a cikin wani littafi, wanda Charta ta buga a Turanci a shekarar 2009. == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1965]] [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] saznuz4jlqqzxtcd29yseosvwchbvra 0 163193 895005 2026-08-11T16:01:56Z Nnamadee 31123 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1342985141|Martina Schumacher]]" 895005 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Martina Schumacher''' (an haife ta a shekara ta 1972 a Geislingen an der Steige, Jamus) ƙwararriyar mai zane ce kuma mai zane mai ra'ayi. == Ilimi == A lokacin da yake halartar Kwalejin Fasaha ta Royal da ke [[Landan]], Schumacher ya kasance babban ɗalibi a ƙarƙashin jagorancin Farfesa Georg Baselitz a Jami'ar Fasaha ta Berlin . <ref name="Die Ganze Freiheit">{{Cite web |title=Martina Schumacher |url=https://dieganzefreiheit.berlin/en/kuenstler/martina-schumacher/ |access-date=26 October 2021 |website=Die Ganze Freiheit |language=de}}</ref> == Sana'a == Schumacher ya lashe kyautar Georg Meistermann Art Prize. Duk da cewa ayyukanta sun ƙunshi abubuwa marasa ma'ana kamar gels na filastik, sequins, tafkunan tawada da ruwan fenti, amma ba fenti kanta ba, ana cewa amfani da Schumacher na tsari da launi ya samo asali ne daga tunanin mai zane. Game da babban zanenta mai siffar monochromatic "Along the Square", Marli Hoppe-Ritter Collection ta lura cewa aikin "ya kawo muhimman tambayoyi game da zane tare - kamar alaƙar da ke tsakanin saman da zurfin, tasirin launi, da kuma ƙarshe amma ba mafi ƙaranci ba dangantakar da ke tsakanin siffar siminti da wakilcin gaskiya da ake iya gani." An nuna zane-zane na Schumacher a [[:de:Museum Ritter|Museum Ritter]] a Waldenbuch, Museum Bochum, [[:de:Temporäre Kunsthalle Berlin|Temporäre Kunsthalle Berlin]], Kunstverein Arnsberg, Kunstverein Bochum, [[:de:Wilhelm-Hack-Museum|Wilhelm Hack Museum]] a Ludwigshafen, [[:de:Märkisches Museum (Witten)|Märkisches Museum]] a Witten, Mehdi Chouakri, Berlin a New York Gallery, da kuma Fitar Gallery. aikinta ya bayyana a cikin tarin dindindin da suka hada da Gidauniyar Fasaha da Kimiyya ta Richard Massey a New York, Tarin Marli Hoppe-Ritter, da [[Gidan Tarihi na Tsohon da Sabon Fasaha|MONA]] a Tasmania . == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1972]] adwure4tfyvvp1tmv88scdj0w27crjv 895006 895005 2026-08-11T16:02:19Z Nnamadee 31123 895006 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Martina Schumacher''' (an haife ta a shekara ta 1972 a Geislingen an der Steige, Jamus) ƙwararriyar mai zane ce kuma mai zane mai ra'ayi. == Ilimi == A lokacin da yake halartar Kwalejin Fasaha ta Royal da ke [[Landan]], Schumacher ya kasance babban ɗalibi a ƙarƙashin jagorancin Farfesa Georg Baselitz a Jami'ar Fasaha ta Berlin . <ref name="Die Ganze Freiheit">{{Cite web |title=Martina Schumacher |url=https://dieganzefreiheit.berlin/en/kuenstler/martina-schumacher/ |access-date=26 October 2021 |website=Die Ganze Freiheit |language=de}}</ref> == Sana'a == Schumacher ya lashe kyautar Georg Meistermann Art Prize. Duk da cewa ayyukanta sun ƙunshi abubuwa marasa ma'ana kamar gels na filastik, sequins, tafkunan tawada da ruwan fenti, amma ba fenti kanta ba, ana cewa amfani da Schumacher na tsari da launi ya samo asali ne daga tunanin mai zane. Game da babban zanenta mai siffar monochromatic "Along the Square", Marli Hoppe-Ritter Collection ta lura cewa aikin "ya kawo muhimman tambayoyi game da zane tare - kamar alaƙar da ke tsakanin saman da zurfin, tasirin launi, da kuma ƙarshe amma ba mafi ƙaranci ba dangantakar da ke tsakanin siffar siminti da wakilcin gaskiya da ake iya gani." An nuna zane-zane na Schumacher a [[:de:Museum Ritter|Museum Ritter]] a Waldenbuch, Museum Bochum, [[:de:Temporäre Kunsthalle Berlin|Temporäre Kunsthalle Berlin]], Kunstverein Arnsberg, Kunstverein Bochum, [[:de:Wilhelm-Hack-Museum|Wilhelm Hack Museum]] a Ludwigshafen, [[:de:Märkisches Museum (Witten)|Märkisches Museum]] a Witten, Mehdi Chouakri, Berlin a New York Gallery, da kuma Fitar Gallery. aikinta ya bayyana a cikin tarin dindindin da suka hada da Gidauniyar Fasaha da Kimiyya ta Richard Massey a New York, Tarin Marli Hoppe-Ritter, da [[Gidan Tarihi na Tsohon da Sabon Fasaha|MONA]] a Tasmania . == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1972]] cf2gag1vk6ibrbuik3ox01eb8ci3l2c 0 163194 895007 2026-08-11T16:04:33Z Nnamadee 31123 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1366123871|Regine Schumann]]" 895007 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Regine Schumann''' (an haife ta a ranar 23 ga Fabrairu, 1961) 'yar ƙasar Jamus ce wacce aka sanya ta a matsayin mai zane mai sauƙi, mai zane na zamani da kuma mai zane mai shigarwa . Schumann yana zaune kuma yana aiki a [[Köln|Cologne]] . == Rayuwa da aiki == Regine Schumann yayi karatu daga 1982 zuwa 1989 a Hochschule für Bildene Künste Braunschweig art. A 1989 an yarda da ita a matsayin babban ɗalibin Roland Dörfler. Daga 1986 zuwa 1994 ta kasance memba na ƙungiyar masu fasaha ''ta Freiraum'', wacce ta ƙunshi Frank Fuhrmann, Dieter Hinz da Schumann. Baya ga tallafin karatu da ta samu, ciki har da tallafin karatu [[Sabis ɗin Musayar Ilimi na Jamus|na DAAD]] ga Italiya a shekarar 1990, tallafin karatu daga jihar North Rhine-Westphalia ga Japan a shekarar 2000 <ref>{{Cite web |date=2007 |title=Christian Herdeg – Regine Schumann (2006/2007) |url=https://kunst.celle.de/ARCHIV/Ausstellungen/index.php?La=1&object=tx,2738.126.1&kat=&kuo=2&sub=0 |access-date=2023-10-07 |publisher=Kunstmuseum Celle |language=de}}</ref> da kwangiloli don zane-zane na jama'a, ta sami kyautar Leo Breuer a shekarar 2006. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Leo Breuer Preis: bisherige Preisträger |trans-title=Leo Breuer Prize previous winners |url=https://www.leo-breuer.de/leo_breuer_preis |access-date=2026-07-15 |website=leo-breuer.de |language=german}}</ref> A cikin littafinta Regine Schumann ta mayar da hankali kan tasirin haske da kayan haske ke haifarwa. Wasu daga cikin kayan da take amfani da su sune igiyoyin polylight masu launi da kuma allunan acrylic masu launi daban-daban, waɗanda take haɗa su cikin wurare masu rikitarwa na launi bisa ga ka'idar launuka ta Goethe . Mai zane kuma yana amfani da hasken baƙi don ƙara wa sauran launuka. Ƙaddamar da ƙayyadaddun kayan aiki na ɗakinta shine fadada gine-ginen da ake da su zuwa girman rawar jiki da kuma - kamar yadda ta kira shi - daidaitawar ''yanayin zafi na dakin'' : "Der Einbezug bildhauerischer Prinzipien wie Hängen, Legen, Arrangieren, Verspannen, Umhüllen ist charakterürürürtüman Schürtgine Schüründen das Denken in Farben und Farbräumen in eine räumlich erfahrbare Plastizität über." ("Hada ƙa'idodin sassaka kamar ratayewa, shimfiɗawa, shiryawa, haɗawa, da kuma yin jaket alama ce ta aikin Regine Schumann kuma tana haifar da tunani a cikin launuka da wurare masu launi a cikin yanayin ƙwarewa a sarari.") <gallery widths="200"> Fayil:Regine_Schumann_Lightcatcher_Bild_1.jpg|alt="Lightcatcher" (2017), fluorescent acrylic glass, 4-part installation, each 160 x 90 x 50 cm| "Lightcatcher" (2017), gilashin acrylic mai haske, shigarwa mai sassa 4,<br /><br /><br /><br /> kowanne 160 x 90 x 50&nbsp;cm Fayil:Regine_Schumann_Lightcatcher_Bild_2.jpg|alt="Lightcatcher" (2017), Installation view 1| "Mai kama haske" (2017),<br /><br /><br /><br /> Duban shigarwa 1 Fayil:Regiine_Schumann_Lightcatcher_Bild_3.jpg|alt="Lightcatcher" (2017), Installation view 2| "Mai kama haske" (2017),<br /><br /><br /><br /> Duba shigarwa 2 </gallery>Regine Schumann ta bayyana yadda za ta yi aiki da ita kamar haka: "Das Material des farbigen und fluoreszierenden Acrylglases spielt hierbei eine wichtige Rolle. Kunstlicht. ("Kayan gilashin acrylic masu launi da haske suna taka muhimmiyar rawa a nan. Kayan da nake amfani da su suna haskakawa da zarar sun sami makamashin haske, ko dai a cikin hasken rana na halitta ko hasken wucin gadi. Dangane da wurin, bangarori masu launi daban-daban suna haifar da watsawa, haɗuwa, haɗawa da zaɓi.") <ref>{{Cite web |last=Sophia Reitzig |date=2015-09-24 |title=Über Farbräume und Architektur. Ein Gespräch mit Regine Schumann |trans-title= |url=http://talkingaboutart.de/uber-farbraume-und-architektur-ein-gesprach-mit-regine-schumann |access-date=2016-07-03 |publisher=Talking about Art. Art Press – Ute Weingarten |pages= |language=German |format= |quote=}}</ref> Sauye-sauye da tasirin haske akai-akai shine abin da ke burge mai zane da abin da take mayar da hankali a kai na musamman ga ɗakinta da ayyukanta.<gallery widths="200"> Fayil:Regine_Schumann_Colormirrormoons_Tageslicht.jpg|alt="Colormirror moons Nr 2" (2020), fluorescent acrylic glass, at daylight, 170 x 100 x 11 cm| "Watanni masu launi lamba 2" (2020),<br /><br /><br /><br /> Gilashin acrylic mai haske, a hasken rana, 170 x 100 x 11&nbsp;cm Fayil:Regine_Schumann_Colormirrormoons_Schwarzlicht.jpg|alt="Colormirror moons Nr 2" (2020), under black light| "Watanni Masu Launi Nr 2" (2020), a ƙarƙashin hasken baƙi Fayil:Regine_Schumann_Colormirrormoons_Seitenansicht.jpg|alt="Colormirror moons Nr 2"(2020), side view| "Watanni masu launi lamba 2" (2020),<br /><br /><br /><br /> kallon gefe </gallery> == Tarin abubuwa == * Kunstmuseum Celle, <ref>{{Cite web |title=Sammlung Lichtkunst |url=https://kunst.celle.de/Sammlung/Lichtkunst |access-date=2019-07-06 |website=Kunstmuseum Celle}}</ref> Jamus * Rheinisches Landesmuseum Bonn, <ref>{{Cite web |title=Leo Breuer Preis |url=https://www.leo-breuer.de/content/leo_breuer_preis |access-date=2019-07-06 |website=www.leo-breuer.de}}</ref> Jamus * ''Centrum Kunstlicht in de Kunst'', <ref>{{Cite web |title=Regine Schumann: Feel color |url=https://www.bonn.de/veranstaltungskalender/veranstaltungen/hauptkalender/extern/Regine_Schumann_-_feel_color.php |access-date=2019-07-06 |website=www.bonn.de}}</ref> Eindhoven, Netherlands * Stadtmuseum Oldenburg, Jamus * Gidauniyar Stroom, <ref>{{Cite web |date=2008 |title=Kunst in de stad: Regine Schumann, (geen titel), 2008 |trans-title=Art in the City: Regine Schuman, (without title) 2008 |url=https://www.stroom.nl/kunst-in-de-stad/regine-schumann-2008 |access-date=2026-07-17 |website=Stroom.nl |language=Nl}}</ref> [[Hague|The Hague]], Netherlands * Gidan kayan tarihi na Städtisches Engen, <ref>{{Cite web |title=Sammlung städtisches Museum Engen |trans-title=Collection of the Engen Municipal Museum |url=https://museum-engen.de/sammlung |access-date=2026-07-17 |website=Museum Engen}}</ref> Engen, Jamus * Kulturstiftung Annelies und Gerhard Derriks, Fürstenfeldbruck, Jamus * Staatliches Museum Schwerin, <ref name="artfacts">{{Cite web |title=Regine Schumann |url=https://artfacts.net/artist/regine-schumann/35171 |access-date=2019-07-06 |website=artfacts.net}}</ref> Jamus * Gidan Tarihi na Ritter, <ref name="artfacts" /> Waldenbruch, Jamus * Das kleine Museum of Weißenstadt, <ref>{{Cite web |last=Sziegoleit |first=Ralf |date=2014-10-22 |title=Kunst und Kultur: Symbiose von Farbe und Licht |trans-title=Art and culture: symbiosis of color and light |url=https://www.frankenpost.de/inhalt.kunst-und-kultur-symbiose-von-farbe-und-licht.c3f4d9bd-d511-481b-af35-8e2f81125eb0.html |access-date=2023-10-07 |website=frankenpost.de |language=de}}</ref> Jamus * Museum für Angewandte Kunst Köln <ref>{{Cite web |date=2018-10-29 |title=Art Cologne: Kirchner war der Teuerste |trans-title=Art Cologne: Kirchner was the most expensive |url=https://www.ksta.de/kultur-medien/art-cologne-kirchner-war-der-teuerste-247269 |access-date=2023-10-03 |website=[[Kölner Stadt-Anzeiger]]}}</ref> * Gidan Tarihi na Kunstmuseum Ahlen <ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-04-24 |title=Lemgoer Kunstsammler-Paar verschenkt 180 Werke an Museum in Ahlen |trans-title=Lemgo art collector couple donate 180 works to museum in Ahlen |url=https://www.lz.de/lippe/lemgo/23838339_Lemgoer-Kunstsammler-Paar-verschenkt-180-Werke-an-Museum-in-Ahlen.html |access-date=2024-08-07 |website=lz.de}}</ref> == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1961]] payho2bvdgmpbs9ac9ek1zrnf3j1kvz 895008 895007 2026-08-11T16:05:12Z Nnamadee 31123 895008 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Regine Schumann''' (an haife ta a ranar 23 ga Fabrairu, 1961) 'yar ƙasar Jamus ce wacce aka sanya ta a matsayin mai zane mai sauƙi, mai zane na zamani da kuma mai zane mai shigarwa . Schumann yana zaune kuma yana aiki a [[Köln|Cologne]]. == Rayuwa da aiki == Regine Schumann yayi karatu daga 1982 zuwa 1989 a Hochschule für Bildene Künste Braunschweig art. A 1989 an yarda da ita a matsayin babban ɗalibin Roland Dörfler. Daga 1986 zuwa 1994 ta kasance memba na ƙungiyar masu fasaha ''ta Freiraum'', wacce ta ƙunshi Frank Fuhrmann, Dieter Hinz da Schumann. Baya ga tallafin karatu da ta samu, ciki har da tallafin karatu [[Sabis ɗin Musayar Ilimi na Jamus|na DAAD]] ga Italiya a shekarar 1990, tallafin karatu daga jihar North Rhine-Westphalia ga Japan a shekarar 2000 <ref>{{Cite web |date=2007 |title=Christian Herdeg – Regine Schumann (2006/2007) |url=https://kunst.celle.de/ARCHIV/Ausstellungen/index.php?La=1&object=tx,2738.126.1&kat=&kuo=2&sub=0 |access-date=2023-10-07 |publisher=Kunstmuseum Celle |language=de}}</ref> da kwangiloli don zane-zane na jama'a, ta sami kyautar Leo Breuer a shekarar 2006. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Leo Breuer Preis: bisherige Preisträger |trans-title=Leo Breuer Prize previous winners |url=https://www.leo-breuer.de/leo_breuer_preis |access-date=2026-07-15 |website=leo-breuer.de |language=german}}</ref> A cikin littafinta Regine Schumann ta mayar da hankali kan tasirin haske da kayan haske ke haifarwa. Wasu daga cikin kayan da take amfani da su sune igiyoyin polylight masu launi da kuma allunan acrylic masu launi daban-daban, waɗanda take haɗa su cikin wurare masu rikitarwa na launi bisa ga ka'idar launuka ta Goethe . Mai zane kuma yana amfani da hasken baƙi don ƙara wa sauran launuka. Ƙaddamar da ƙayyadaddun kayan aiki na ɗakinta shine fadada gine-ginen da ake da su zuwa girman rawar jiki da kuma - kamar yadda ta kira shi - daidaitawar ''yanayin zafi na dakin'' : "Der Einbezug bildhauerischer Prinzipien wie Hängen, Legen, Arrangieren, Verspannen, Umhüllen ist charakterürürürtüman Schürtgine Schüründen das Denken in Farben und Farbräumen in eine räumlich erfahrbare Plastizität über." ("Hada ƙa'idodin sassaka kamar ratayewa, shimfiɗawa, shiryawa, haɗawa, da kuma yin jaket alama ce ta aikin Regine Schumann kuma tana haifar da tunani a cikin launuka da wurare masu launi a cikin yanayin ƙwarewa a sarari.") <gallery widths="200"> Fayil:Regine_Schumann_Lightcatcher_Bild_1.jpg|alt="Lightcatcher" (2017), fluorescent acrylic glass, 4-part installation, each 160 x 90 x 50 cm| "Lightcatcher" (2017), gilashin acrylic mai haske, shigarwa mai sassa 4,<br /><br /><br /><br /> kowanne 160 x 90 x 50&nbsp;cm Fayil:Regine_Schumann_Lightcatcher_Bild_2.jpg|alt="Lightcatcher" (2017), Installation view 1| "Mai kama haske" (2017),<br /><br /><br /><br /> Duban shigarwa 1 Fayil:Regiine_Schumann_Lightcatcher_Bild_3.jpg|alt="Lightcatcher" (2017), Installation view 2| "Mai kama haske" (2017),<br /><br /><br /><br /> Duba shigarwa 2 </gallery>Regine Schumann ta bayyana yadda za ta yi aiki da ita kamar haka: "Das Material des farbigen und fluoreszierenden Acrylglases spielt hierbei eine wichtige Rolle. Kunstlicht. ("Kayan gilashin acrylic masu launi da haske suna taka muhimmiyar rawa a nan. Kayan da nake amfani da su suna haskakawa da zarar sun sami makamashin haske, ko dai a cikin hasken rana na halitta ko hasken wucin gadi. Dangane da wurin, bangarori masu launi daban-daban suna haifar da watsawa, haɗuwa, haɗawa da zaɓi.") <ref>{{Cite web |last=Sophia Reitzig |date=2015-09-24 |title=Über Farbräume und Architektur. Ein Gespräch mit Regine Schumann |trans-title= |url=http://talkingaboutart.de/uber-farbraume-und-architektur-ein-gesprach-mit-regine-schumann |access-date=2016-07-03 |publisher=Talking about Art. Art Press – Ute Weingarten |pages= |language=German |format= |quote=}}</ref> Sauye-sauye da tasirin haske akai-akai shine abin da ke burge mai zane da abin da take mayar da hankali a kai na musamman ga ɗakinta da ayyukanta.<gallery widths="200"> Fayil:Regine_Schumann_Colormirrormoons_Tageslicht.jpg|alt="Colormirror moons Nr 2" (2020), fluorescent acrylic glass, at daylight, 170 x 100 x 11 cm| "Watanni masu launi lamba 2" (2020),<br /><br /><br /><br /> Gilashin acrylic mai haske, a hasken rana, 170 x 100 x 11&nbsp;cm Fayil:Regine_Schumann_Colormirrormoons_Schwarzlicht.jpg|alt="Colormirror moons Nr 2" (2020), under black light| "Watanni Masu Launi Nr 2" (2020), a ƙarƙashin hasken baƙi Fayil:Regine_Schumann_Colormirrormoons_Seitenansicht.jpg|alt="Colormirror moons Nr 2"(2020), side view| "Watanni masu launi lamba 2" (2020),<br /><br /><br /><br /> kallon gefe </gallery> == Tarin abubuwa == * Kunstmuseum Celle, <ref>{{Cite web |title=Sammlung Lichtkunst |url=https://kunst.celle.de/Sammlung/Lichtkunst |access-date=2019-07-06 |website=Kunstmuseum Celle}}</ref> Jamus * Rheinisches Landesmuseum Bonn, <ref>{{Cite web |title=Leo Breuer Preis |url=https://www.leo-breuer.de/content/leo_breuer_preis |access-date=2019-07-06 |website=www.leo-breuer.de}}</ref> Jamus * ''Centrum Kunstlicht in de Kunst'', <ref>{{Cite web |title=Regine Schumann: Feel color |url=https://www.bonn.de/veranstaltungskalender/veranstaltungen/hauptkalender/extern/Regine_Schumann_-_feel_color.php |access-date=2019-07-06 |website=www.bonn.de}}</ref> Eindhoven, Netherlands * Stadtmuseum Oldenburg, Jamus * Gidauniyar Stroom, <ref>{{Cite web |date=2008 |title=Kunst in de stad: Regine Schumann, (geen titel), 2008 |trans-title=Art in the City: Regine Schuman, (without title) 2008 |url=https://www.stroom.nl/kunst-in-de-stad/regine-schumann-2008 |access-date=2026-07-17 |website=Stroom.nl |language=Nl}}</ref> [[Hague|The Hague]], Netherlands * Gidan kayan tarihi na Städtisches Engen, <ref>{{Cite web |title=Sammlung städtisches Museum Engen |trans-title=Collection of the Engen Municipal Museum |url=https://museum-engen.de/sammlung |access-date=2026-07-17 |website=Museum Engen}}</ref> Engen, Jamus * Kulturstiftung Annelies und Gerhard Derriks, Fürstenfeldbruck, Jamus * Staatliches Museum Schwerin, <ref name="artfacts">{{Cite web |title=Regine Schumann |url=https://artfacts.net/artist/regine-schumann/35171 |access-date=2019-07-06 |website=artfacts.net}}</ref> Jamus * Gidan Tarihi na Ritter, <ref name="artfacts" /> Waldenbruch, Jamus * Das kleine Museum of Weißenstadt, <ref>{{Cite web |last=Sziegoleit |first=Ralf |date=2014-10-22 |title=Kunst und Kultur: Symbiose von Farbe und Licht |trans-title=Art and culture: symbiosis of color and light |url=https://www.frankenpost.de/inhalt.kunst-und-kultur-symbiose-von-farbe-und-licht.c3f4d9bd-d511-481b-af35-8e2f81125eb0.html |access-date=2023-10-07 |website=frankenpost.de |language=de}}</ref> Jamus * Museum für Angewandte Kunst Köln <ref>{{Cite web |date=2018-10-29 |title=Art Cologne: Kirchner war der Teuerste |trans-title=Art Cologne: Kirchner was the most expensive |url=https://www.ksta.de/kultur-medien/art-cologne-kirchner-war-der-teuerste-247269 |access-date=2023-10-03 |website=[[Kölner Stadt-Anzeiger]]}}</ref> * Gidan Tarihi na Kunstmuseum Ahlen <ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-04-24 |title=Lemgoer Kunstsammler-Paar verschenkt 180 Werke an Museum in Ahlen |trans-title=Lemgo art collector couple donate 180 works to museum in Ahlen |url=https://www.lz.de/lippe/lemgo/23838339_Lemgoer-Kunstsammler-Paar-verschenkt-180-Werke-an-Museum-in-Ahlen.html |access-date=2024-08-07 |website=lz.de}}</ref> == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1961]] fekozjv024ae6pgtxfjdbh80px8kbj1 0 163195 895010 2026-08-11T16:12:34Z Nnamadee 31123 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1353364219|Wiebke Siem]]" 895010 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Fayil:Wiebke_Siem.jpg|thumb| Wiebke Siem]] '''Wiebke Siem''' (an haife ta a shekarar 1954 a Kiel) ƙwararren mai fasaha ne na kafofin watsa labarai na Jamusanci da na Poland, wanda ya lashe kyautar Goslarer Kaiserring mai suna a shekarar 2014 a matsayin "ɗaya daga cikin mawakan da suka fi ƙirƙira da asali waɗanda ba su taɓa yin sakaci a cikin fasaharsu ba kuma waɗanda sassakansu ke da matuƙar kyau da kuma kasancewa saboda suna haɗa abubuwan da suka saba da waɗanda ba su saba ba, waɗanda aka sani da waɗanda ba a sani ba". == Sana'a == Ayyukanta sun haɗa da girka kayan gini, sassaka, yadi da kayan kwalliya waɗanda ke nuna zane-zane, salon zamani da ƙira na ƙarni na 20. Wajen haɗa sana'o'in hannu na gargajiya kamar su kayan kwalliya da yadi da waɗanda maza suka fi rinjaye kamar zane-zane masu kyau da ƙirar abubuwa, Siem ta yi tambaya game da rawar da mahaliccin ya taka ta hanyar dagewa kan rawar da mace za ta taka ba kawai a matsayin mai ƙera ba har ma a matsayin marubuciya. Ayyukanta, waɗanda galibi ana ɗinka su ko kuma a sassaka su, suna da matuƙar muhimmanci ga aiki kuma galibi suna magana ne game da jigogi na gida da kuma ayyukan da mata ke yi a fannin zamantakewa. Yawancin ayyukan farko na Siem sun yi amfani da tsararrun fasaha na Jamus da suka gabata a matsayin kayan aiki ta hanyar ambato da aro abubuwan ado duk da cewa suna da ban dariya da ban dariya. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Artist's Biography |url=https://www.estherschipper.com/artists/64-wiebke-siem/biography/ |access-date=27 November 2018 |website=Esther Schipper Berlin}}</ref> A tsawon lokacin aikinta, Siem ta kuma samo daga nau'ikan bayanai daban-daban na al'adu, ciki har da 'yan tsana, ƙirar kayan daki na gargajiya, da kayan gargajiya na Turai da kuma abubuwan da suka shafi ilimin ɗan adam da zamantakewa. Mai zane tana zaune kuma tana aiki a Berlin. == Ilimi == Daga shekarar 1979 zuwa 1984, Siem ta yi karatu a Jami'ar Fasaha ta Hamburg. An naɗa Siem da kanta a matsayin Farfesa Mai Ziyara daga 2000–2001 da kuma Farfesa Mai Zane-zane daga 2002 zuwa 2008. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Artist's Biography |url=https://www.estherschipper.com/artists/64-wiebke-siem/biography/ |access-date=27 November 2018}}</ref> A wannan lokacin Siem ma memba ne na Deutscher Künstlerbund . <ref>{{Cite web |date=20 November 2018 |title=Members since 1903 of the Deutscher Künstlerbund |url=http://www.kuenstlerbund.de/english/history/archive/mitglieder-seit-1903.html?idcat=189&search_page=83&search_term=Wiebke+siem&hitpageidart=2099&page=1#anc2099 |access-date=20 November 2018 |website=Deutscher Künstlerbund}}</ref> == Aiki == Siem ta ƙirƙiro zane-zanenta na farko a cikin nau'in riguna, zane-zanen bango da huluna a lokacin da kuma bayan karatunta a Hamburg tsakanin 1983 da 1988. A cikin waɗannan ayyukan, Siem ta yi amfani da fannoni na 'gargajiya' na mata kamar dinki da kayan kwalliya don yin barkwanci da kuma yin sharhi kan tasirin tsararrun fasaha masu tasiri da suka gabace ta. Misali, 'tufafinta' na farkon shekarun 1980 amsa ce ga ayyukan yadi na mai zane-zanen Jamus Franz Erhard Walther ta hanyar sanya masa suna "abubuwan da za a yi amfani da su", kalmar da Walther da kansa ya yi amfani da ita wajen kwatanta wasu sassaken yadin da yake sawa. Ta hanyar amfani da alamu masu jan hankali waɗanda suka ɗan bambanta a saman rigar, kamar an ɗinka sassan ba tare da kulawa ba, Siem ta ƙirƙiri yanayin rabuwar kai wanda ke ɗaga tufafin da aka tsara don amfanin yau da kullun. Hakazalika, zane-zanen bango da Siem ya ƙirƙira a wannan lokacin suna nuni da manyan zane-zanen bango da mai zane-zanen Jamus Blinky Palermo ya yi. Maimakon yin zane mai kama da na Palermo, Siem ta zana wani dutse mai kama da marmara, kamar yadda mutum zai yi a cikin gidan wasan kwaikwayo. Ana sanya waɗannan ayyukan bango a wuraren jama'a kamar matakala, dakunan ofis, ko gidajen shayi kuma suna nan ba tare da an yi musu alama a matsayin aikin fasaha ba, a wasu lokutan tsawon shekaru. A gefe guda kuma, 'Hannun hula' na Siem abubuwa ne da ba za a iya sawa a jiki ba, waɗanda ba za a iya gane su a matsayin zane-zane ba, sai dai bambancinsu. A gaskiya ma, an nuna ayyukan yadi na Siem ne kawai a matsayin kayan fasaha bayan wasu shekaru, a cikin gidan tarihi na Chantal Crousel da ke Paris a shekarar 1995. === Ƙungiyoyin Aiki Huɗu === Daga 1989 zuwa 1997, Siem ta ƙirƙiri ƙungiyoyi huɗu na ayyuka waɗanda ke da matsayi mai mahimmanci a cikin ayyukanta. Rukunin ayyuka na farko, wanda aka ƙirƙira daga 1989 zuwa 1993, ya ƙunshi riguna, huluna, jakunkuna, da takalma. Kamar yadda yake a cikin ayyukanta na baya, abubuwan da mai zane ke yi suna ɓatar da bambancin da ke tsakanin fasaha da salon zamani domin yana yiwuwa a saka su a kuma yi la'akari da su a ƙarƙashin sharuɗɗan kyau na zahiri. A matsayin samfuran samfura masu yuwuwa, yawanci ana nuna su a cikin salon gabatar da kayayyaki da mutum zai samu a shagon kayan kwalliya. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Messler |first=Norbert |title=Portrait: Wiebke Siem |url=https://www.artist-kunstmagazin.de/de/seite/artikel/319 |journal=Artist Kunstmagazin |volume=19 |access-date=1 December 2018}}</ref> Abubuwan da ke cikin rukuni na biyu na ayyuka (1991-1994) sun fi karkata. Kalmomin da ake amfani da su wajen bayyana abubuwan - ''tufafi, salon gyara gashi, shawls, kekunan hawa'' - suna nuna kayan kwalliya ko salon rayuwa, amma rukunin ayyukan da kansu suna kama da tarin gidan tarihi na al'adu da tarihi. 'Tufafin' suna da tauri, kamar sulke, kuma 'salon gyaran gashi' (wanda aka yi da dutse) ba zai yiwu a saka ko ma a ɗauka ba tare da taimakon likita ba. 'Kekunan hawa' samfuran katako ne masu nauyi iri ɗaya da waɗanda za a iya samu a gidan kayan tarihi na noma. 'Shawls' ɗin an yi su ne da kayan da aka yi da auduga. Saboda haka fahimtar rawar da mata ke takawa an karkatar da ita kuma an sake fasalta ta a cikin nau'in abubuwan mata na 'na zahiri' waɗanda ke nuna kansu a matsayin abin da ba shi da ma'ana. <ref name="Norbert">{{Cite journal |last=Messler |first=Norbert |date=October 1993 |title=Reviews. Cologne: Wiebke Siem, Johnen + Schöttle |url=https://www.artforum.com/print/reviews/199308/wiebke-siem-57695 |journal=Artforum |page=109 |access-date=1 December 2018}}</ref> Hakazalika, rukuni na uku na ayyuka (1993-1997) shi ma yana tunawa da tarin kayan tarihi. An yi wa ado da kayan kwalliya masu kama da na gargajiya na mutanen da suka ''fito'' daga yankunan Alpine na Jamus, Switzerland, da Austria. A cikin ƙungiyar ''Untitled (7 Masks),'' mai zane ta sake ƙirƙirar fuskarta a fuskoki bakwai daban-daban dangane da mai sassaka na Jamus-Australiya Franz Xaver Messerschmidt na ƙarni na 18. Ƙungiyar ''Untitled (42 Stones)'' ta yi zane-zanen zamani a cikin papier-mâché (wanda aka nuna a zahiri kamar Hans Arp da Henry Moore) a cikin misalai 42 daban-daban. Rukunin ayyuka na huɗu (1995-1997) ya ƙunshi shigarwa wanda ke haifar da bayyanar babban ɗaki. Ƙungiyar 'yan tsana, siffofi da kayan katako masu girman gaske suna bayyana ƙanana kamar kayan wasa, a tsakiyar babban kafet. 'Yan tsana suna nufin siffofin 'yan tsana na Turai na gargajiya da kuma sassaka da kayan wasan kwaikwayo na Dadaist Oskar Schlemmer . == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1954]] [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] 0iveuehlkfcjmtei8q6s2jbfrd9z19p 895011 895010 2026-08-11T16:13:02Z Nnamadee 31123 895011 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}}[[Fayil:Wiebke_Siem.jpg|thumb| Wiebke Siem]] '''Wiebke Siem''' (an haife ta a shekarar 1954 a Kiel) ƙwararren mai fasaha ne na kafofin watsa labarai na Jamusanci da na Poland, wanda ya lashe kyautar Goslarer Kaiserring mai suna a shekarar 2014 a matsayin "ɗaya daga cikin mawakan da suka fi ƙirƙira da asali waɗanda ba su taɓa yin sakaci a cikin fasaharsu ba kuma waɗanda sassakansu ke da matuƙar kyau da kuma kasancewa saboda suna haɗa abubuwan da suka saba da waɗanda ba su saba ba, waɗanda aka sani da waɗanda ba a sani ba". == Sana'a == Ayyukanta sun haɗa da girka kayan gini, sassaka, yadi da kayan kwalliya waɗanda ke nuna zane-zane, salon zamani da ƙira na ƙarni na 20. Wajen haɗa sana'o'in hannu na gargajiya kamar su kayan kwalliya da yadi da waɗanda maza suka fi rinjaye kamar zane-zane masu kyau da ƙirar abubuwa, Siem ta yi tambaya game da rawar da mahaliccin ya taka ta hanyar dagewa kan rawar da mace za ta taka ba kawai a matsayin mai ƙera ba har ma a matsayin marubuciya. Ayyukanta, waɗanda galibi ana ɗinka su ko kuma a sassaka su, suna da matuƙar muhimmanci ga aiki kuma galibi suna magana ne game da jigogi na gida da kuma ayyukan da mata ke yi a fannin zamantakewa. Yawancin ayyukan farko na Siem sun yi amfani da tsararrun fasaha na Jamus da suka gabata a matsayin kayan aiki ta hanyar ambato da aro abubuwan ado duk da cewa suna da ban dariya da ban dariya. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Artist's Biography |url=https://www.estherschipper.com/artists/64-wiebke-siem/biography/ |access-date=27 November 2018 |website=Esther Schipper Berlin}}</ref> A tsawon lokacin aikinta, Siem ta kuma samo daga nau'ikan bayanai daban-daban na al'adu, ciki har da 'yan tsana, ƙirar kayan daki na gargajiya, da kayan gargajiya na Turai da kuma abubuwan da suka shafi ilimin ɗan adam da zamantakewa. Mai zane tana zaune kuma tana aiki a Berlin. == Ilimi == Daga shekarar 1979 zuwa 1984, Siem ta yi karatu a Jami'ar Fasaha ta Hamburg. An naɗa Siem da kanta a matsayin Farfesa Mai Ziyara daga 2000–2001 da kuma Farfesa Mai Zane-zane daga 2002 zuwa 2008. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Artist's Biography |url=https://www.estherschipper.com/artists/64-wiebke-siem/biography/ |access-date=27 November 2018}}</ref> A wannan lokacin Siem ma memba ne na Deutscher Künstlerbund . <ref>{{Cite web |date=20 November 2018 |title=Members since 1903 of the Deutscher Künstlerbund |url=http://www.kuenstlerbund.de/english/history/archive/mitglieder-seit-1903.html?idcat=189&search_page=83&search_term=Wiebke+siem&hitpageidart=2099&page=1#anc2099 |access-date=20 November 2018 |website=Deutscher Künstlerbund}}</ref> == Aiki == Siem ta ƙirƙiro zane-zanenta na farko a cikin nau'in riguna, zane-zanen bango da huluna a lokacin da kuma bayan karatunta a Hamburg tsakanin 1983 da 1988. A cikin waɗannan ayyukan, Siem ta yi amfani da fannoni na 'gargajiya' na mata kamar dinki da kayan kwalliya don yin barkwanci da kuma yin sharhi kan tasirin tsararrun fasaha masu tasiri da suka gabace ta. Misali, 'tufafinta' na farkon shekarun 1980 amsa ce ga ayyukan yadi na mai zane-zanen Jamus Franz Erhard Walther ta hanyar sanya masa suna "abubuwan da za a yi amfani da su", kalmar da Walther da kansa ya yi amfani da ita wajen kwatanta wasu sassaken yadin da yake sawa. Ta hanyar amfani da alamu masu jan hankali waɗanda suka ɗan bambanta a saman rigar, kamar an ɗinka sassan ba tare da kulawa ba, Siem ta ƙirƙiri yanayin rabuwar kai wanda ke ɗaga tufafin da aka tsara don amfanin yau da kullun. Hakazalika, zane-zanen bango da Siem ya ƙirƙira a wannan lokacin suna nuni da manyan zane-zanen bango da mai zane-zanen Jamus Blinky Palermo ya yi. Maimakon yin zane mai kama da na Palermo, Siem ta zana wani dutse mai kama da marmara, kamar yadda mutum zai yi a cikin gidan wasan kwaikwayo. Ana sanya waɗannan ayyukan bango a wuraren jama'a kamar matakala, dakunan ofis, ko gidajen shayi kuma suna nan ba tare da an yi musu alama a matsayin aikin fasaha ba, a wasu lokutan tsawon shekaru. A gefe guda kuma, 'Hannun hula' na Siem abubuwa ne da ba za a iya sawa a jiki ba, waɗanda ba za a iya gane su a matsayin zane-zane ba, sai dai bambancinsu. A gaskiya ma, an nuna ayyukan yadi na Siem ne kawai a matsayin kayan fasaha bayan wasu shekaru, a cikin gidan tarihi na Chantal Crousel da ke Paris a shekarar 1995. === Ƙungiyoyin Aiki Huɗu === Daga 1989 zuwa 1997, Siem ta ƙirƙiri ƙungiyoyi huɗu na ayyuka waɗanda ke da matsayi mai mahimmanci a cikin ayyukanta. Rukunin ayyuka na farko, wanda aka ƙirƙira daga 1989 zuwa 1993, ya ƙunshi riguna, huluna, jakunkuna, da takalma. Kamar yadda yake a cikin ayyukanta na baya, abubuwan da mai zane ke yi suna ɓatar da bambancin da ke tsakanin fasaha da salon zamani domin yana yiwuwa a saka su a kuma yi la'akari da su a ƙarƙashin sharuɗɗan kyau na zahiri. A matsayin samfuran samfura masu yuwuwa, yawanci ana nuna su a cikin salon gabatar da kayayyaki da mutum zai samu a shagon kayan kwalliya. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Messler |first=Norbert |title=Portrait: Wiebke Siem |url=https://www.artist-kunstmagazin.de/de/seite/artikel/319 |journal=Artist Kunstmagazin |volume=19 |access-date=1 December 2018}}</ref> Abubuwan da ke cikin rukuni na biyu na ayyuka (1991-1994) sun fi karkata. Kalmomin da ake amfani da su wajen bayyana abubuwan - ''tufafi, salon gyara gashi, shawls, kekunan hawa'' - suna nuna kayan kwalliya ko salon rayuwa, amma rukunin ayyukan da kansu suna kama da tarin gidan tarihi na al'adu da tarihi. 'Tufafin' suna da tauri, kamar sulke, kuma 'salon gyaran gashi' (wanda aka yi da dutse) ba zai yiwu a saka ko ma a ɗauka ba tare da taimakon likita ba. 'Kekunan hawa' samfuran katako ne masu nauyi iri ɗaya da waɗanda za a iya samu a gidan kayan tarihi na noma. 'Shawls' ɗin an yi su ne da kayan da aka yi da auduga. Saboda haka fahimtar rawar da mata ke takawa an karkatar da ita kuma an sake fasalta ta a cikin nau'in abubuwan mata na 'na zahiri' waɗanda ke nuna kansu a matsayin abin da ba shi da ma'ana. <ref name="Norbert">{{Cite journal |last=Messler |first=Norbert |date=October 1993 |title=Reviews. Cologne: Wiebke Siem, Johnen + Schöttle |url=https://www.artforum.com/print/reviews/199308/wiebke-siem-57695 |journal=Artforum |page=109 |access-date=1 December 2018}}</ref> Hakazalika, rukuni na uku na ayyuka (1993-1997) shi ma yana tunawa da tarin kayan tarihi. An yi wa ado da kayan kwalliya masu kama da na gargajiya na mutanen da suka ''fito'' daga yankunan Alpine na Jamus, Switzerland, da Austria. A cikin ƙungiyar ''Untitled (7 Masks),'' mai zane ta sake ƙirƙirar fuskarta a fuskoki bakwai daban-daban dangane da mai sassaka na Jamus-Australiya Franz Xaver Messerschmidt na ƙarni na 18. Ƙungiyar ''Untitled (42 Stones)'' ta yi zane-zanen zamani a cikin papier-mâché (wanda aka nuna a zahiri kamar Hans Arp da Henry Moore) a cikin misalai 42 daban-daban. Rukunin ayyuka na huɗu (1995-1997) ya ƙunshi shigarwa wanda ke haifar da bayyanar babban ɗaki. Ƙungiyar 'yan tsana, siffofi da kayan katako masu girman gaske suna bayyana ƙanana kamar kayan wasa, a tsakiyar babban kafet. 'Yan tsana suna nufin siffofin 'yan tsana na Turai na gargajiya da kuma sassaka da kayan wasan kwaikwayo na Dadaist Oskar Schlemmer . == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1954]] [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] 02t19ebz94xnbsglycm1lmnjyp4vqfm 0 163196 895012 2026-08-11T16:14:31Z Nnamadee 31123 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1365732400|Sophie von Hellermann]]" 895012 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Sophie von Hellermann''' (an haife ta a shekara ta 1975, [[München|Munich]] ) wata mai fasaha ce da ke zaune a [[Landan]] wadda ta sami digirin fasaha mai kyau a Kwalejin Fasaha ta Royal . <ref name="Vice Interview">{{Cite web |last=Parkes |first=Olivia |date=August 19, 2016 |title=Identity: Deceptively Whimsy Paintings with a Political Stroke |url=https://www.vice.com/en/article/sophie-von-hellerman-interview/ |access-date=January 17, 2021 |website=Vice.com |quote=Artist Sophie von Hellermann isn't afraid to be cute, girly, and playful. Case in point: She answered our questions with drawings. But her work is anything but light.}}</ref> Ta je makarantar fasaha a Landan, kuma ta zauna saboda "Abin sihiri ne." <ref name="Vice Interview" /> Ta samu kwarin gwiwa daga salon soyayya na Jamus da kuma salon bayyana ra'ayin Jamusanci . <ref name="Vice Interview" /> Von Hellermann ya nuna ayyuka a ƙasashen duniya a nunin kayan tarihi da suka haɗa da "Dear Fenter… Paint Me" a Pompidou Centre da ke [[Faris|Paris]], "On The Ground" a [[Vilma Gold]] da ke Landan, "Post Modern" a [[Greene Naftali]] da ke [[New York (birni)|New York]], da kuma Margate, Ingila . <ref>{{Cite web |last=Payne |first=James |date=February 7, 2020 |title=Margate – Art In Ex Toilets And Family Homes |url=https://www.artlyst.com/features/margate-art-ex-toilets-family-homes-james-payne/ |access-date=January 17, 2021 |website=ArtLyst}}</ref> Ta kasance cikin baje kolin shekara-shekara na "Bazara ta Satumba" na 2011 a [[Toulouse]] . <ref>{{Cite web |last=Vigroux |first=Sophie |date=September 23, 2011 |title=Spring of September, Exhibitions, Haute-Garonne, Toulouse |url=https://www.ladepeche.fr/article/2011/09/23/1174405-coup-d-envoi-du-printemps-de-septembre.html |access-date=January 17, 2021 |website=[[LaDepeche]]}}</ref> Ta kuma yi nunin fina-finai kai kaɗai "Cold as a Witch's Tit" a Firstsite, [[Colchester]] (2013), da kuma "Play With Fire" a Vilma Gold (2015). <ref name="Vice Interview">{{Cite web |last=Parkes |first=Olivia |date=August 19, 2016 |title=Identity: Deceptively Whimsy Paintings with a Political Stroke |url=https://www.vice.com/en/article/sophie-von-hellerman-interview/ |access-date=January 17, 2021 |website=Vice.com |quote=Artist Sophie von Hellermann isn't afraid to be cute, girly, and playful. Case in point: She answered our questions with drawings. But her work is anything but light.}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFParkes2016">Parkes, Olivia (19 August 2016). [https://www.vice.com/en/article/sophie-von-hellerman-interview/ "Identity: Deceptively Whimsy Paintings with a Political Stroke"]. ''Vice.com''<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">17 January</span> 2021</span>. <q>Artist Sophie von Hellermann isn't afraid to be cute, girly, and playful. Case in point: She answered our questions with drawings. But her work is anything but light.</q></cite></ref> Ɗaya daga cikin kayanta yana cikin tarin Tak Room na dindindin a Hudson Yards tun daga shekarar 2019. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Pei-Ru Keh |date=June 28, 2019 |title=Travel: Tak Room — New York, USA |url=https://www.wallpaper.com/travel/usa/new-york/restaurants/tak-room |access-date=January 17, 2021 |website=[[Wallpaper (magazine)|Wallpaper*]]}}</ref> Bayan kulle-kullen da aka yi saboda [[Koronavirus 2019|COVID-19]], ta kasance cikin wani ɓangare na wani baje kolin sake buɗewa a [[Berlin]] a watan Mayu na 2020. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Brown |first=Kate |date=May 7, 2020 |title=What's It Like to See Art in the Era of Social Distancing? We Crawled Berlin's Newly Reopened Gallery Scene to Find Out: There's a cautiously optimistic buzz in the air in the German capital. |url=https://news.artnet.com/market/berlin-galleries-reopen-1853085 |access-date=January 17, 2021 |website=ArtNet}}</ref> A shekarar 2022, an ba von Hellermann aikin gina gidaje na Yahudawa a [[Jami'ar Oxford]] da kuma urKultur don ƙirƙirar wani zane-zane na musamman a Schloss Freienwalde, tsohon gidan Walther Rathenau . == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1975]] sa9vf51tjf3e5kszn2gunu46tqr01gn 895013 895012 2026-08-11T16:15:23Z Nnamadee 31123 895013 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Sophie von Hellermann''' (an haife ta a shekara ta 1975, [[München|Munich]] ) wata mai fasaha ce da ke zaune a [[Landan]] wadda ta sami digirin fasaha mai kyau a Kwalejin Fasaha ta Royal . <ref name="Vice Interview">{{Cite web |last=Parkes |first=Olivia |date=August 19, 2016 |title=Identity: Deceptively Whimsy Paintings with a Political Stroke |url=https://www.vice.com/en/article/sophie-von-hellerman-interview/ |access-date=January 17, 2021 |website=Vice.com |quote=Artist Sophie von Hellermann isn't afraid to be cute, girly, and playful. Case in point: She answered our questions with drawings. But her work is anything but light.}}</ref> Ta je makarantar fasaha a Landan, kuma ta zauna saboda "Abin sihiri ne." <ref name="Vice Interview" /> Ta samu kwarin gwiwa daga salon soyayya na Jamus da kuma salon bayyana ra'ayin Jamusanci . <ref name="Vice Interview" /> Von Hellermann ya nuna ayyuka a ƙasashen duniya a nunin kayan tarihi da suka haɗa da "Dear Fenter… Paint Me" a Pompidou Centre da ke [[Faris|Paris]], "On The Ground" a [[Vilma Gold]] da ke Landan, "Post Modern" a [[Greene Naftali]] da ke [[New York (birni)|New York]], da kuma Margate, Ingila . <ref>{{Cite web |last=Payne |first=James |date=February 7, 2020 |title=Margate – Art In Ex Toilets And Family Homes |url=https://www.artlyst.com/features/margate-art-ex-toilets-family-homes-james-payne/ |access-date=January 17, 2021 |website=ArtLyst}}</ref> Ta kasance cikin baje kolin shekara-shekara na "Bazara ta Satumba" na 2011 a [[Toulouse]] . <ref>{{Cite web |last=Vigroux |first=Sophie |date=September 23, 2011 |title=Spring of September, Exhibitions, Haute-Garonne, Toulouse |url=https://www.ladepeche.fr/article/2011/09/23/1174405-coup-d-envoi-du-printemps-de-septembre.html |access-date=January 17, 2021 |website=[[LaDepeche]]}}</ref> Ta kuma yi nunin fina-finai kai kaɗai "Cold as a Witch's Tit" a Firstsite, [[Colchester]] (2013), da kuma "Play With Fire" a Vilma Gold (2015). <ref name="Vice Interview">{{Cite web |last=Parkes |first=Olivia |date=August 19, 2016 |title=Identity: Deceptively Whimsy Paintings with a Political Stroke |url=https://www.vice.com/en/article/sophie-von-hellerman-interview/ |access-date=January 17, 2021 |website=Vice.com |quote=Artist Sophie von Hellermann isn't afraid to be cute, girly, and playful. Case in point: She answered our questions with drawings. But her work is anything but light.}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFParkes2016">Parkes, Olivia (19 August 2016). [https://www.vice.com/en/article/sophie-von-hellerman-interview/ "Identity: Deceptively Whimsy Paintings with a Political Stroke"]. ''Vice.com''<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">17 January</span> 2021</span>. <q>Artist Sophie von Hellermann isn't afraid to be cute, girly, and playful. Case in point: She answered our questions with drawings. But her work is anything but light.</q></cite></ref> Ɗaya daga cikin kayanta yana cikin tarin Tak Room na dindindin a Hudson Yards tun daga shekarar 2019. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Pei-Ru Keh |date=June 28, 2019 |title=Travel: Tak Room — New York, USA |url=https://www.wallpaper.com/travel/usa/new-york/restaurants/tak-room |access-date=January 17, 2021 |website=[[Wallpaper (magazine)|Wallpaper*]]}}</ref> Bayan kulle-kullen da aka yi saboda [[Koronavirus 2019|COVID-19]], ta kasance cikin wani ɓangare na wani baje kolin sake buɗewa a [[Berlin]] a watan Mayu na 2020. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Brown |first=Kate |date=May 7, 2020 |title=What's It Like to See Art in the Era of Social Distancing? We Crawled Berlin's Newly Reopened Gallery Scene to Find Out: There's a cautiously optimistic buzz in the air in the German capital. |url=https://news.artnet.com/market/berlin-galleries-reopen-1853085 |access-date=January 17, 2021 |website=ArtNet}}</ref> A shekarar 2022, an ba von Hellermann aikin gina gidaje na Yahudawa a [[Jami'ar Oxford]] da kuma urKultur don ƙirƙirar wani zane-zane na musamman a Schloss Freienwalde, tsohon gidan Walther Rathenau . == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1975]] kr1lpf25vkyxewfurku41dii7sw5j8c 895051 895013 2026-08-11T16:35:26Z Baffa ali 47435 895051 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Sophie von Hellermann''' (an haife ta a shekara ta 1975, [[München|Munich]] ) wata mai fasaha ce da ke zaune a [[Landan]] wadda ta sami digirin fasaha mai kyau a Kwalejin Fasaha ta Royal . <ref name="Vice Interview">{{Cite web |last=Parkes |first=Olivia |date=August 19, 2016 |title=Identity: Deceptively Whimsy Paintings with a Political Stroke |url=https://www.vice.com/en/article/sophie-von-hellerman-interview/ |access-date=January 17, 2021 |website=Vice.com |quote=Artist Sophie von Hellermann isn't afraid to be cute, girly, and playful. Case in point: She answered our questions with drawings. But her work is anything but light.}}</ref> Ta je makarantar fasaha a Landan, kuma ta zauna saboda "Abin sihiri ne." <ref name="Vice Interview" /> Ta samu kwarin gwiwa daga salon soyayya na Jamus da kuma salon bayyana ra'ayin Jamusanci . <ref name="Vice Interview" /> a Wannan lokutan a kalla tana da shekaru 50 zuwa 51 sannan turancin jamusanci takeji . Von Hellermann ya nuna ayyuka a ƙasashen duniya a nunin kayan tarihi da suka haɗa da "Dear Fenter… Paint Me" a Pompidou Centre da ke [[Faris|Paris]], "On The Ground" a [[Vilma Gold]] da ke Landan, "Post Modern" a [[Greene Naftali]] da ke [[New York (birni)|New York]], da kuma Margate, Ingila . <ref>{{Cite web |last=Payne |first=James |date=February 7, 2020 |title=Margate – Art In Ex Toilets And Family Homes |url=https://www.artlyst.com/features/margate-art-ex-toilets-family-homes-james-payne/ |access-date=January 17, 2021 |website=ArtLyst}}</ref> Ta kasance cikin baje kolin shekara-shekara na "Bazara ta Satumba" na 2011 a [[Toulouse]] . <ref>{{Cite web |last=Vigroux |first=Sophie |date=September 23, 2011 |title=Spring of September, Exhibitions, Haute-Garonne, Toulouse |url=https://www.ladepeche.fr/article/2011/09/23/1174405-coup-d-envoi-du-printemps-de-septembre.html |access-date=January 17, 2021 |website=[[LaDepeche]]}}</ref> Ta kuma yi nunin fina-finai kai kaɗai "Cold as a Witch's Tit" a Firstsite, [[Colchester]] (2013), da kuma "Play With Fire" a Vilma Gold (2015). <ref name="Vice Interview">{{Cite web |last=Parkes |first=Olivia |date=August 19, 2016 |title=Identity: Deceptively Whimsy Paintings with a Political Stroke |url=https://www.vice.com/en/article/sophie-von-hellerman-interview/ |access-date=January 17, 2021 |website=Vice.com |quote=Artist Sophie von Hellermann isn't afraid to be cute, girly, and playful. Case in point: She answered our questions with drawings. But her work is anything but light.}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFParkes2016">Parkes, Olivia (19 August 2016). [https://www.vice.com/en/article/sophie-von-hellerman-interview/ "Identity: Deceptively Whimsy Paintings with a Political Stroke"]. ''Vice.com''<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">17 January</span> 2021</span>. <q>Artist Sophie von Hellermann isn't afraid to be cute, girly, and playful. Case in point: She answered our questions with drawings. But her work is anything but light.</q></cite></ref> Ɗaya daga cikin kayanta yana cikin tarin Tak Room na dindindin a Hudson Yards tun daga shekarar 2019. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Pei-Ru Keh |date=June 28, 2019 |title=Travel: Tak Room — New York, USA |url=https://www.wallpaper.com/travel/usa/new-york/restaurants/tak-room |access-date=January 17, 2021 |website=[[Wallpaper (magazine)|Wallpaper*]]}}</ref> Bayan kulle-kullen da aka yi saboda [[Koronavirus 2019|COVID-19]], ta kasance cikin wani ɓangare na wani baje kolin sake buɗewa a [[Berlin]] a watan Mayu na 2020. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Brown |first=Kate |date=May 7, 2020 |title=What's It Like to See Art in the Era of Social Distancing? We Crawled Berlin's Newly Reopened Gallery Scene to Find Out: There's a cautiously optimistic buzz in the air in the German capital. |url=https://news.artnet.com/market/berlin-galleries-reopen-1853085 |access-date=January 17, 2021 |website=ArtNet}}</ref> A shekarar 2022, an ba von Hellermann aikin gina gidaje na Yahudawa a [[Jami'ar Oxford]] da kuma urKultur don ƙirƙirar wani zane-zane na musamman a Schloss Freienwalde, tsohon gidan Walther Rathenau . == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1975]] j1o7rfu48wpjv15fpxo4y61pu1kd79l 0 163197 895019 2026-08-11T16:20:21Z Nnamadee 31123 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1367098726|Astrid Kirchherr]]" 895019 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Astrid Kirchherr''' ( {{IPA|de|ˈastʁɪt ˈkɪʁçhɛʁ|}} ; 20 ga Mayu 1938&nbsp;– 12 ga Mayu 2020) ta kasance mai ɗaukar hoto kuma mai fasaha 'yar ƙasar Jamus wacce aka san ta da alaƙa da [[The Beatles|Beatles]] (tare da abokanta Klaus Voormann da Jürgen Vollmer ) da hotunanta na membobin ƙungiyar ta asali — [[John Lennon]], Paul McCartney, George Harrison, Stuart Sutcliffe da Pete Best — a farkon kwanakinsu a Hamburg . Kirchherr ya haɗu da mai fasaha Stuart Sutcliffe a mashayar Kaiserkeller da ke [[Hamburg]] a shekarar 1960, inda Sutcliffe ke buga bass tare da Beatles, kuma daga baya aka yi masa baiko, kafin rasuwarsa a shekarar 1962. Duk da cewa Kirchherr ta ɗauki hotuna kaɗan ne bayan 1967, an nuna ayyukanta na farko a Hamburg, [[Bremen]], London, [[Liverpool]], New York City, Washington, DC, Tokyo, Vienna, da kuma a Rock 'n' Roll Hall of Fame . Ta buga littattafai uku na hotuna masu ɗan gajeren bugu. == Rayuwar farko == An haifi Kirchherr a ranar 20 ga Mayu 1938 a Hamburg, Jamus, kuma 'yar wani tsohon shugaban kamfanin [[Ford|Ford Motor Company]] na reshen Jamus ce {{Sfn|Harry|1997}} kuma mahaifiyarta bazawara, Nielsa Kirchherr, ta rene ta a Eimsbütteler Strasse, a wani yanki mai arziki na yankin Altona na gundumar Hamburg. {{Sfn|Miles|1997}} A lokacin Yaƙin Duniya na Biyu, an kwashe ta zuwa tsaron [[Tekun Baltic]] inda ta tuna ganin gawawwaki a bakin teku (bayan da aka jefa bam a kan jiragen ruwa ''na Cap Arcona'' da SS ''Deutschland'' ) da kuma barnar da aka yi a Hamburg lokacin da ta dawo. <ref name="InterviewAstridKirchherrRetrosellers">{{Cite web |title=An interview with Astrid Kirchherr |url=http://www.retrosellers.com/features10.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120204101432/http://www.retrosellers.com/features10.htm |archive-date=4 February 2012 |access-date=30 May 2011 |publisher=Retrosellers}}</ref> Bayan kammala karatunta, Kirchherr ta yi rajista a Meisterschule für Mode, Textil, Grafik und Werbung da ke Hamburg, domin tana son yin karatun ƙirar kayan kwalliya amma ta nuna hazaka wajen ɗaukar hoto baƙaƙe da fari . <ref name="RedfernsMusicPictureGallery">{{Cite web |title=Photographers: Astrid Kirchherr |url=http://gallery2.redferns.com/gallery_text/photographer_biographies/astrid_kirchherr_biog.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080119124001/http://gallery2.redferns.com/gallery_text/photographer_biographies/astrid_kirchherr_biog.htm |archive-date=19 January 2008 |access-date=30 May 2011 |publisher=Redferns Music Picture Gallery}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |title=Astrid Kirchherr |url=http://www.theater-schwedt.de/idx/info/1073/go/kirchherr/ |access-date=30 May 2011 |website=Happy Birthday Yellow Submarine |publisher=www.theater-schwedt.de |language=de}}</ref> Reinhard Wolf, babban malamin daukar hoto na makarantar, ya shawo kanta ta canza darussa kuma ya yi alƙawarin zai ɗauke ta aiki a matsayin mataimakiyarsa idan ta kammala karatunta. {{Sfn|Harry|1997}} Kirchherr ya yi aiki a Wolf a matsayin mataimakinsa daga 1959 har zuwa 1963. {{Sfn|Miles|1997}} A ƙarshen shekarun 1950 da farkon shekarun 1960, Kirchherr da abokanta na makarantar fasaha sun shiga cikin ƙungiyar Turai ta [[Imanin wanzuwa|masu ra'ayin wanzuwar rayuwa]], waɗanda daga baya Lennon ya yi wa mabiyansa laƙabi da "Exis" . {{Sfn|Spitz|2005}} A shekarar 1995, ta shaida wa BBC Radio Merseyside cewa: "Falsafancinmu a lokacin, saboda mu ƙananan yara ne kawai, muna sanya baƙaƙen kaya muna yawo muna kallon masu fushi. Tabbas, mun san ko wanene Jean-Paul Sartre . <ref name="AstridInterviewNZ">{{Cite web |date=13 Mar 2008 |title=Astrid Kirchherr, Beatles Photographer, Interviewed (1994): Young, Free And Wild |url=http://www.elsewhere.co.nz/absoluteelsewhere/505/astrid-kirchherr-beatles-photographer-interviewed-1994-young-free-and-wild/ |access-date=30 May 2011 |publisher=Elsewhere Ltd.}}</ref> Duk masu fasaha da marubutan Faransa sun yi mana wahayi, domin wannan shine mafi kusanci da za mu iya samu. Ingila tana da nisa sosai, kuma Amurka ba ta cikin wannan tambayar. Don haka Faransa ita ce mafi kusa. Don haka mun sami duk bayanan daga Faransa, kuma mun yi ƙoƙarin yin ado kamar masu ra'ayin wanzuwar Faransa... Muna son mu kasance 'yanci, muna son mu bambanta, kuma muna ƙoƙarin yin kyau, kamar yadda muke kira yanzu." <ref name="AstridKirchherrquotesPiczo">{{Cite web |title=Astrid Kirchherr quotes |url=http://astridkirchherr.piczo.com/?g=15644731&cr=3 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110811231433/http://astridkirchherr.piczo.com/?g=15644731 |archive-date=11 August 2011 |access-date=30 May 2011 |publisher=Piczo}}</ref> == Beatles == Kirchherr, Voormann da Vollmer abokai ne waɗanda duk suka halarci Meisterschule, kuma sun raba ra'ayoyi iri ɗaya game da salon zamani, al'ada da kiɗa. Voormann ya zama saurayin Astrid, kuma ya koma gidan Kirchherr, inda yake da nasa ɗakin. <ref name="AstridKirchherrbiogPiczo">{{Cite web |title=Astrid Kirchherr biog |url=http://astridkirchherr.piczo.com/?g=15644505&cr=3 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110811231106/http://astridkirchherr.piczo.com/?g=15644505 |archive-date=11 August 2011 |access-date=30 May 2011 |publisher=Piczo}}</ref> A shekarar 1960, bayan Voorman ya yi jayayya da Kirchherr da Vollmer, sai ya yi yawo a Reeperbahn (a gundumar St. Pauli ta Hamburg) ya kuma ji kiɗa daga ƙungiyar Kaiserkeller . Voormann ya shigo ya kalli wasan kwaikwayo na wata ƙungiya mai suna Beatles: Lennon, McCartney, Harrison, Sutcliffe da Best, mai buga ganga a lokacin. <ref name="KlausVoormannBiographycom">{{Cite web |title=Klaus Voormann Biography |url=http://www.voormann.com/biography |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110717231704/http://www.voormann.com/biography |archive-date=17 July 2011 |access-date=30 May 2011 |publisher=Klaus Voormann}}</ref> Voormann ta nemi Kirchherr da Vollmer su saurari wannan sabuwar waƙar, kuma bayan an shawo kanta ta ziyarci Kaiserkeller (wanda ke cikin yankin Reeperbahn mai wahala), <ref name="FreshAirinterviewwithAstrid">{{Cite web |date=15 January 2008 |title=''Fresh Air'' interview with Astrid Kirchherr (15 January 2008) |url=https://freshairarchive.org/segments/photographer-astrid-kirchherr |access-date=30 May 2011 |publisher=[[WHYY-FM]]}}</ref> Kirchherr ta yanke shawarar cewa abin da kawai take so ta yi shi ne ta kasance kusa da Beatles gwargwadon iyawarta. {{Sfn|Miles|1997}} Abokan ukun ba su taɓa jin waƙar rock n' roll ba a da, bayan sun taɓa jin waƙar trad jazz kawai, tare da wasu waƙoƙin Nat King Cole da The Platters . {{Sfn|Spitz|2005}} {{Sfn|Miles|1997}} Daga nan sai mutanen uku suka ziyarci Kaiserkeller kusan kowace dare, suna isa da ƙarfe 9 suna zaune a gaban dandamali. {{Sfn|Spitz|2005}} Daga baya Kirchherr ya ce: "Kamar wani abin farin ciki ne a cikin kaina, sun yi kama da abin mamaki... Rayuwata ta canza cikin 'yan mintuna kaɗan. Abin da kawai nake so shi ne in kasance tare da su kuma in san su." {{Sfn|Spitz|2005}} Daga baya Kirchherr ta ce ita da Voormann da Vollmer sun ji laifi game da kasancewarsu Bajamushe, da kuma tarihin Jamus na baya-bayan nan. Haɗuwa da Beatles wani abu ne na musamman a gare ta, duk da cewa ta san cewa mutanen Ingila za su yi tunanin cewa tana cin sauerkraut, kuma za su yi tsokaci kan lafazin Jamusanci mai ƙarfi, amma sun yi barkwanci game da shi tare. <ref name="AstridKirchherrbiogPiczo">{{Cite web |title=Astrid Kirchherr biog |url=http://astridkirchherr.piczo.com/?g=15644505&cr=3 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110811231106/http://astridkirchherr.piczo.com/?g=15644505 |archive-date=11 August 2011 |access-date=30 May 2011 |publisher=Piczo}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://web.archive.org/web/20110811231106/http://astridkirchherr.piczo.com/?g=15644505 "Astrid Kirchherr biog"]. Piczo. Archived from [http://astridkirchherr.piczo.com/?g=15644505&cr=3 the original] on 11 August 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">30 May</span> 2011</span>.</cite></ref> Lennon zai yi maganganu masu ban dariya daga kan dandamali, yana cewa "Ku Krauts, mun yi nasara a yaƙin", yana sane da cewa Jamusawa kaɗan ne a cikin masu sauraro ke jin Turanci, amma matuƙan jirgin ruwa daga ƙasashen da ke magana da Ingilishi za su yi ihu da dariya. <ref name="FreshAirinterviewwithAstrid">{{Cite web |date=15 January 2008 |title=''Fresh Air'' interview with Astrid Kirchherr (15 January 2008) |url=https://freshairarchive.org/segments/photographer-astrid-kirchherr |access-date=30 May 2011 |publisher=[[WHYY-FM]]}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://freshairarchive.org/segments/photographer-astrid-kirchherr "''Fresh Air'' interview with Astrid Kirchherr (15 January 2008)"]. [[WHYY-FM]]. 15 January 2008<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">30 May</span> 2011</span>.</cite></ref> Sutcliffe ya yi sha'awar mutanen uku, musamman Kirchherr, kuma ya yi tunanin sun yi kama da " masu son bohemians na gaske". Daga baya Bill Harry ya ce idan Kirchherr ta shigo, kowace kai za ta juya ta nan take, kuma koyaushe tana jan hankalin ɗakin gaba ɗaya. {{Sfn|Spitz|2005}} Sutcliffe ya rubuta wa wani abokinsa cewa da kyar ya iya ɗauke idanunsa daga gare ta kuma ya yi ƙoƙarin yin magana da Kirchherr a lokacin hutun da ke tafe, amma ta riga ta bar ƙungiyar. {{Sfn|Spitz|2005}} Sutcliffe ya sami nasarar haɗuwa da su daga ƙarshe, kuma ya gano cewa dukkansu ukun sun halarci Meisterschule, wanda shine irin kwalejin fasaha da Lennon da Sutcliffe suka halarta a Liverpool. {{Sfn|Spitz|2005}} (The ''Meisterschule für Mode, Textil, Grafik und Werbung - Master Craftspeoples' College for Fashion, Textile, Graphics, and Advertising'' - yanzu ake kira Jami'ar Kimiyyar Kimiyya ). <ref name="FabFourHangouts">{{Cite web |last=Hillman |first=Bill |title=Early '60s – Part V: Fab Four Hangouts (Quotations taken from ''The Beatles Anthology'') |url=http://www.hillmanweb.com/BEATLES/places.html |access-date=30 May 2011 |publisher=Hillmanweb}}</ref> == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Mutattun 2020]] [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1938]] 2a0wkjn43z6cf9uwqbmilx8u8n8idsx 895021 895019 2026-08-11T16:21:09Z Nnamadee 31123 895021 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Astrid Kirchherr''' (20 ga Mayu 1938– 12 ga Mayu 2020) ta kasance mai ɗaukar hoto kuma mai fasaha 'yar ƙasar Jamus wacce aka san ta da alaƙa da [[The Beatles|Beatles]] (tare da abokanta Klaus Voormann da Jürgen Vollmer ) da hotunanta na membobin ƙungiyar ta asali — [[John Lennon]], Paul McCartney, George Harrison, Stuart Sutcliffe da Pete Best — a farkon kwanakinsu a Hamburg . Kirchherr ya haɗu da mai fasaha Stuart Sutcliffe a mashayar Kaiserkeller da ke [[Hamburg]] a shekarar 1960, inda Sutcliffe ke buga bass tare da Beatles, kuma daga baya aka yi masa baiko, kafin rasuwarsa a shekarar 1962. Duk da cewa Kirchherr ta ɗauki hotuna kaɗan ne bayan 1967, an nuna ayyukanta na farko a Hamburg, [[Bremen]], London, [[Liverpool]], New York City, Washington, DC, Tokyo, Vienna, da kuma a Rock 'n' Roll Hall of Fame . Ta buga littattafai uku na hotuna masu ɗan gajeren bugu. == Rayuwar farko == An haifi Kirchherr a ranar 20 ga Mayu 1938 a Hamburg, Jamus, kuma 'yar wani tsohon shugaban kamfanin [[Ford|Ford Motor Company]] na reshen Jamus ce {{Sfn|Harry|1997}} kuma mahaifiyarta bazawara, Nielsa Kirchherr, ta rene ta a Eimsbütteler Strasse, a wani yanki mai arziki na yankin Altona na gundumar Hamburg. {{Sfn|Miles|1997}} A lokacin Yaƙin Duniya na Biyu, an kwashe ta zuwa tsaron [[Tekun Baltic]] inda ta tuna ganin gawawwaki a bakin teku (bayan da aka jefa bam a kan jiragen ruwa ''na Cap Arcona'' da SS ''Deutschland'' ) da kuma barnar da aka yi a Hamburg lokacin da ta dawo. <ref name="InterviewAstridKirchherrRetrosellers">{{Cite web |title=An interview with Astrid Kirchherr |url=http://www.retrosellers.com/features10.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120204101432/http://www.retrosellers.com/features10.htm |archive-date=4 February 2012 |access-date=30 May 2011 |publisher=Retrosellers}}</ref> Bayan kammala karatunta, Kirchherr ta yi rajista a Meisterschule für Mode, Textil, Grafik und Werbung da ke Hamburg, domin tana son yin karatun ƙirar kayan kwalliya amma ta nuna hazaka wajen ɗaukar hoto baƙaƙe da fari . <ref name="RedfernsMusicPictureGallery">{{Cite web |title=Photographers: Astrid Kirchherr |url=http://gallery2.redferns.com/gallery_text/photographer_biographies/astrid_kirchherr_biog.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080119124001/http://gallery2.redferns.com/gallery_text/photographer_biographies/astrid_kirchherr_biog.htm |archive-date=19 January 2008 |access-date=30 May 2011 |publisher=Redferns Music Picture Gallery}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |title=Astrid Kirchherr |url=http://www.theater-schwedt.de/idx/info/1073/go/kirchherr/ |access-date=30 May 2011 |website=Happy Birthday Yellow Submarine |publisher=www.theater-schwedt.de |language=de}}</ref> Reinhard Wolf, babban malamin daukar hoto na makarantar, ya shawo kanta ta canza darussa kuma ya yi alƙawarin zai ɗauke ta aiki a matsayin mataimakiyarsa idan ta kammala karatunta. {{Sfn|Harry|1997}} Kirchherr ya yi aiki a Wolf a matsayin mataimakinsa daga 1959 har zuwa 1963. {{Sfn|Miles|1997}} A ƙarshen shekarun 1950 da farkon shekarun 1960, Kirchherr da abokanta na makarantar fasaha sun shiga cikin ƙungiyar Turai ta [[Imanin wanzuwa|masu ra'ayin wanzuwar rayuwa]], waɗanda daga baya Lennon ya yi wa mabiyansa laƙabi da "Exis" . {{Sfn|Spitz|2005}} A shekarar 1995, ta shaida wa BBC Radio Merseyside cewa: "Falsafancinmu a lokacin, saboda mu ƙananan yara ne kawai, muna sanya baƙaƙen kaya muna yawo muna kallon masu fushi. Tabbas, mun san ko wanene Jean-Paul Sartre . <ref name="AstridInterviewNZ">{{Cite web |date=13 Mar 2008 |title=Astrid Kirchherr, Beatles Photographer, Interviewed (1994): Young, Free And Wild |url=http://www.elsewhere.co.nz/absoluteelsewhere/505/astrid-kirchherr-beatles-photographer-interviewed-1994-young-free-and-wild/ |access-date=30 May 2011 |publisher=Elsewhere Ltd.}}</ref> Duk masu fasaha da marubutan Faransa sun yi mana wahayi, domin wannan shine mafi kusanci da za mu iya samu. Ingila tana da nisa sosai, kuma Amurka ba ta cikin wannan tambayar. Don haka Faransa ita ce mafi kusa. Don haka mun sami duk bayanan daga Faransa, kuma mun yi ƙoƙarin yin ado kamar masu ra'ayin wanzuwar Faransa... Muna son mu kasance 'yanci, muna son mu bambanta, kuma muna ƙoƙarin yin kyau, kamar yadda muke kira yanzu." <ref name="AstridKirchherrquotesPiczo">{{Cite web |title=Astrid Kirchherr quotes |url=http://astridkirchherr.piczo.com/?g=15644731&cr=3 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110811231433/http://astridkirchherr.piczo.com/?g=15644731 |archive-date=11 August 2011 |access-date=30 May 2011 |publisher=Piczo}}</ref> == Beatles == Kirchherr, Voormann da Vollmer abokai ne waɗanda duk suka halarci Meisterschule, kuma sun raba ra'ayoyi iri ɗaya game da salon zamani, al'ada da kiɗa. Voormann ya zama saurayin Astrid, kuma ya koma gidan Kirchherr, inda yake da nasa ɗakin. <ref name="AstridKirchherrbiogPiczo">{{Cite web |title=Astrid Kirchherr biog |url=http://astridkirchherr.piczo.com/?g=15644505&cr=3 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110811231106/http://astridkirchherr.piczo.com/?g=15644505 |archive-date=11 August 2011 |access-date=30 May 2011 |publisher=Piczo}}</ref> A shekarar 1960, bayan Voorman ya yi jayayya da Kirchherr da Vollmer, sai ya yi yawo a Reeperbahn (a gundumar St. Pauli ta Hamburg) ya kuma ji kiɗa daga ƙungiyar Kaiserkeller . Voormann ya shigo ya kalli wasan kwaikwayo na wata ƙungiya mai suna Beatles: Lennon, McCartney, Harrison, Sutcliffe da Best, mai buga ganga a lokacin. <ref name="KlausVoormannBiographycom">{{Cite web |title=Klaus Voormann Biography |url=http://www.voormann.com/biography |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110717231704/http://www.voormann.com/biography |archive-date=17 July 2011 |access-date=30 May 2011 |publisher=Klaus Voormann}}</ref> Voormann ta nemi Kirchherr da Vollmer su saurari wannan sabuwar waƙar, kuma bayan an shawo kanta ta ziyarci Kaiserkeller (wanda ke cikin yankin Reeperbahn mai wahala), <ref name="FreshAirinterviewwithAstrid">{{Cite web |date=15 January 2008 |title=''Fresh Air'' interview with Astrid Kirchherr (15 January 2008) |url=https://freshairarchive.org/segments/photographer-astrid-kirchherr |access-date=30 May 2011 |publisher=[[WHYY-FM]]}}</ref> Kirchherr ta yanke shawarar cewa abin da kawai take so ta yi shi ne ta kasance kusa da Beatles gwargwadon iyawarta. {{Sfn|Miles|1997}} Abokan ukun ba su taɓa jin waƙar rock n' roll ba a da, bayan sun taɓa jin waƙar trad jazz kawai, tare da wasu waƙoƙin Nat King Cole da The Platters . {{Sfn|Spitz|2005}} {{Sfn|Miles|1997}} Daga nan sai mutanen uku suka ziyarci Kaiserkeller kusan kowace dare, suna isa da ƙarfe 9 suna zaune a gaban dandamali. {{Sfn|Spitz|2005}} Daga baya Kirchherr ya ce: "Kamar wani abin farin ciki ne a cikin kaina, sun yi kama da abin mamaki... Rayuwata ta canza cikin 'yan mintuna kaɗan. Abin da kawai nake so shi ne in kasance tare da su kuma in san su." {{Sfn|Spitz|2005}} Daga baya Kirchherr ta ce ita da Voormann da Vollmer sun ji laifi game da kasancewarsu Bajamushe, da kuma tarihin Jamus na baya-bayan nan. Haɗuwa da Beatles wani abu ne na musamman a gare ta, duk da cewa ta san cewa mutanen Ingila za su yi tunanin cewa tana cin sauerkraut, kuma za su yi tsokaci kan lafazin Jamusanci mai ƙarfi, amma sun yi barkwanci game da shi tare. <ref name="AstridKirchherrbiogPiczo">{{Cite web |title=Astrid Kirchherr biog |url=http://astridkirchherr.piczo.com/?g=15644505&cr=3 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110811231106/http://astridkirchherr.piczo.com/?g=15644505 |archive-date=11 August 2011 |access-date=30 May 2011 |publisher=Piczo}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://web.archive.org/web/20110811231106/http://astridkirchherr.piczo.com/?g=15644505 "Astrid Kirchherr biog"]. Piczo. Archived from [http://astridkirchherr.piczo.com/?g=15644505&cr=3 the original] on 11 August 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">30 May</span> 2011</span>.</cite></ref> Lennon zai yi maganganu masu ban dariya daga kan dandamali, yana cewa "Ku Krauts, mun yi nasara a yaƙin", yana sane da cewa Jamusawa kaɗan ne a cikin masu sauraro ke jin Turanci, amma matuƙan jirgin ruwa daga ƙasashen da ke magana da Ingilishi za su yi ihu da dariya. <ref name="FreshAirinterviewwithAstrid">{{Cite web |date=15 January 2008 |title=''Fresh Air'' interview with Astrid Kirchherr (15 January 2008) |url=https://freshairarchive.org/segments/photographer-astrid-kirchherr |access-date=30 May 2011 |publisher=[[WHYY-FM]]}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://freshairarchive.org/segments/photographer-astrid-kirchherr "''Fresh Air'' interview with Astrid Kirchherr (15 January 2008)"]. [[WHYY-FM]]. 15 January 2008<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">30 May</span> 2011</span>.</cite></ref> Sutcliffe ya yi sha'awar mutanen uku, musamman Kirchherr, kuma ya yi tunanin sun yi kama da " masu son bohemians na gaske". Daga baya Bill Harry ya ce idan Kirchherr ta shigo, kowace kai za ta juya ta nan take, kuma koyaushe tana jan hankalin ɗakin gaba ɗaya. {{Sfn|Spitz|2005}} Sutcliffe ya rubuta wa wani abokinsa cewa da kyar ya iya ɗauke idanunsa daga gare ta kuma ya yi ƙoƙarin yin magana da Kirchherr a lokacin hutun da ke tafe, amma ta riga ta bar ƙungiyar. {{Sfn|Spitz|2005}} Sutcliffe ya sami nasarar haɗuwa da su daga ƙarshe, kuma ya gano cewa dukkansu ukun sun halarci Meisterschule, wanda shine irin kwalejin fasaha da Lennon da Sutcliffe suka halarta a Liverpool. {{Sfn|Spitz|2005}} (The ''Meisterschule für Mode, Textil, Grafik und Werbung - Master Craftspeoples' College for Fashion, Textile, Graphics, and Advertising'' - yanzu ake kira Jami'ar Kimiyyar Kimiyya ). <ref name="FabFourHangouts">{{Cite web |last=Hillman |first=Bill |title=Early '60s – Part V: Fab Four Hangouts (Quotations taken from ''The Beatles Anthology'') |url=http://www.hillmanweb.com/BEATLES/places.html |access-date=30 May 2011 |publisher=Hillmanweb}}</ref> == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Mutattun 2020]] [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1938]] nv8kpcwdhfd6rpgaw3ukbdduyg67ms7 895037 895021 2026-08-11T16:28:26Z Baffa ali 47435 895037 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Astrid Kirchherr''' (daga 20 ga watan Mayu shekara ta 1938 harzuwa ranar 12 ga watan Mayu shekara ta 2020) ta kasance mai ɗaukar hoto kuma mai fasaha 'yar ƙasar Jamus wacce aka san ta da alaƙa da [[The Beatles|Beatles]] (tare da abokanta Klaus Voormann da Jürgen Vollmer ) da hotunanta na membobin ƙungiyar ta asali — [[John Lennon]], Paul McCartney, George Harrison, Stuart Sutcliffe da Pete Best — a farkon kwanakinsu a Hamburg . Kirchherr ya haɗu da mai fasaha Stuart Sutcliffe a mashayar Kaiserkeller da ke [[Hamburg]] a shekarar 1960, inda Sutcliffe ke buga bass tare da Beatles, kuma daga baya aka yi masa baiko, kafin rasuwarsa a shekarar 1962. Duk da cewa Kirchherr ta ɗauki hotuna kaɗan ne bayan 1967, an nuna ayyukanta na farko a Hamburg, [[Bremen]], London, [[Liverpool]], New York City, Washington, DC, Tokyo, Vienna, da kuma a Rock 'n' Roll Hall of Fame . Ta buga littattafai uku na hotuna masu ɗan gajeren bugu. == Rayuwar farko == An haifi Kirchherr a ranar 20 ga watan Mayu shekara ta 1938 a Hamburg, Jamus, kuma 'yar wani tsohon shugaban kamfanin [[Ford|Ford Motor Company]] na reshen Jamus ce {{Sfn|Harry|1997}} kuma mahaifiyarta bazawara, Nielsa Kirchherr, ta rene ta a Eimsbütteler Strasse, a wani yanki mai arziki na yankin Altona na gundumar Hamburg. {{Sfn|Miles|1997}} A lokacin Yaƙin Duniya na Biyu, an kwashe ta zuwa tsaron [[Tekun Baltic]] inda ta tuna ganin gawawwaki a bakin teku (bayan da aka jefa bam a kan jiragen ruwa ''na Cap Arcona'' da SS ''Deutschland'' ) da kuma barnar da aka yi a Hamburg lokacin da ta dawo. <ref name="InterviewAstridKirchherrRetrosellers">{{Cite web |title=An interview with Astrid Kirchherr |url=http://www.retrosellers.com/features10.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120204101432/http://www.retrosellers.com/features10.htm |archive-date=4 February 2012 |access-date=30 May 2011 |publisher=Retrosellers}}</ref> Bayan kammala karatunta, Kirchherr ta yi rajista a Meisterschule für Mode, Textil, Grafik und Werbung da ke Hamburg, domin tana son yin karatun ƙirar kayan kwalliya amma ta nuna hazaka wajen ɗaukar hoto baƙaƙe da fari . <ref name="RedfernsMusicPictureGallery">{{Cite web |title=Photographers: Astrid Kirchherr |url=http://gallery2.redferns.com/gallery_text/photographer_biographies/astrid_kirchherr_biog.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080119124001/http://gallery2.redferns.com/gallery_text/photographer_biographies/astrid_kirchherr_biog.htm |archive-date=19 January 2008 |access-date=30 May 2011 |publisher=Redferns Music Picture Gallery}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |title=Astrid Kirchherr |url=http://www.theater-schwedt.de/idx/info/1073/go/kirchherr/ |access-date=30 May 2011 |website=Happy Birthday Yellow Submarine |publisher=www.theater-schwedt.de |language=de}}</ref> Reinhard Wolf, babban malamin daukar hoto na makarantar, ya shawo kanta ta canza darussa kuma ya yi alƙawarin zai ɗauke ta aiki a matsayin mataimakiyarsa idan ta kammala karatunta. {{Sfn|Harry|1997}} Kirchherr ya yi aiki a Wolf a matsayin mataimakinsa daga 1959 har zuwa 1963. {{Sfn|Miles|1997}} A ƙarshen shekarun 1950 da farkon shekarun 1960, Kirchherr da abokanta na makarantar fasaha sun shiga cikin ƙungiyar Turai ta [[Imanin wanzuwa|masu ra'ayin wanzuwar rayuwa]], waɗanda daga baya Lennon ya yi wa mabiyansa laƙabi da "Exis" . {{Sfn|Spitz|2005}} A shekarar 1995, ta shaida wa BBC Radio Merseyside cewa: "Falsafancinmu a lokacin, saboda mu ƙananan yara ne kawai, muna sanya baƙaƙen kaya muna yawo muna kallon masu fushi. Tabbas, mun san ko wanene Jean-Paul Sartre . <ref name="AstridInterviewNZ">{{Cite web |date=13 Mar 2008 |title=Astrid Kirchherr, Beatles Photographer, Interviewed (1994): Young, Free And Wild |url=http://www.elsewhere.co.nz/absoluteelsewhere/505/astrid-kirchherr-beatles-photographer-interviewed-1994-young-free-and-wild/ |access-date=30 May 2011 |publisher=Elsewhere Ltd.}}</ref> Duk masu fasaha da marubutan Faransa sun yi mana wahayi, domin wannan shine mafi kusanci da za mu iya samu. Ingila tana da nisa sosai, kuma Amurka ba ta cikin wannan tambayar. Don haka Faransa ita ce mafi kusa. Don haka mun sami duk bayanan daga Faransa, kuma mun yi ƙoƙarin yin ado kamar masu ra'ayin wanzuwar Faransa... Muna son mu kasance 'yanci, muna son mu bambanta, kuma muna ƙoƙarin yin kyau, kamar yadda muke kira yanzu." <ref name="AstridKirchherrquotesPiczo">{{Cite web |title=Astrid Kirchherr quotes |url=http://astridkirchherr.piczo.com/?g=15644731&cr=3 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110811231433/http://astridkirchherr.piczo.com/?g=15644731 |archive-date=11 August 2011 |access-date=30 May 2011 |publisher=Piczo}}</ref> == Beatles == Kirchherr, Voormann da Vollmer abokai ne waɗanda duk suka halarci Meisterschule, kuma sun raba ra'ayoyi iri ɗaya game da salon zamani, al'ada da kiɗa. Voormann ya zama saurayin Astrid, kuma ya koma gidan Kirchherr, inda yake da nasa ɗakin. <ref name="AstridKirchherrbiogPiczo">{{Cite web |title=Astrid Kirchherr biog |url=http://astridkirchherr.piczo.com/?g=15644505&cr=3 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110811231106/http://astridkirchherr.piczo.com/?g=15644505 |archive-date=11 August 2011 |access-date=30 May 2011 |publisher=Piczo}}</ref> A shekarar 1960, bayan Voorman ya yi jayayya da Kirchherr da Vollmer, sai ya yi yawo a Reeperbahn (a gundumar St. Pauli ta Hamburg) ya kuma ji kiɗa daga ƙungiyar Kaiserkeller . Voormann ya shigo ya kalli wasan kwaikwayo na wata ƙungiya mai suna Beatles: Lennon, McCartney, Harrison, Sutcliffe da Best, mai buga ganga a lokacin. <ref name="KlausVoormannBiographycom">{{Cite web |title=Klaus Voormann Biography |url=http://www.voormann.com/biography |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110717231704/http://www.voormann.com/biography |archive-date=17 July 2011 |access-date=30 May 2011 |publisher=Klaus Voormann}}</ref> Voormann ta nemi Kirchherr da Vollmer su saurari wannan sabuwar waƙar, kuma bayan an shawo kanta ta ziyarci Kaiserkeller (wanda ke cikin yankin Reeperbahn mai wahala), <ref name="FreshAirinterviewwithAstrid">{{Cite web |date=15 January 2008 |title=''Fresh Air'' interview with Astrid Kirchherr (15 January 2008) |url=https://freshairarchive.org/segments/photographer-astrid-kirchherr |access-date=30 May 2011 |publisher=[[WHYY-FM]]}}</ref> Kirchherr ta yanke shawarar cewa abin da kawai take so ta yi shi ne ta kasance kusa da Beatles gwargwadon iyawarta. {{Sfn|Miles|1997}} Abokan ukun ba su taɓa jin waƙar rock n' roll ba a da, bayan sun taɓa jin waƙar trad jazz kawai, tare da wasu waƙoƙin Nat King Cole da The Platters . {{Sfn|Spitz|2005}} {{Sfn|Miles|1997}} Daga nan sai mutanen uku suka ziyarci Kaiserkeller kusan kowace dare, suna isa da ƙarfe 9 suna zaune a gaban dandamali. {{Sfn|Spitz|2005}} Daga baya Kirchherr ya ce: "Kamar wani abin farin ciki ne a cikin kaina, sun yi kama da abin mamaki... Rayuwata ta canza cikin 'yan mintuna kaɗan. Abin da kawai nake so shi ne in kasance tare da su kuma in san su." {{Sfn|Spitz|2005}} Daga baya Kirchherr ta ce ita da Voormann da Vollmer sun ji laifi game da kasancewarsu Bajamushe, da kuma tarihin Jamus na baya-bayan nan. Haɗuwa da Beatles wani abu ne na musamman a gare ta, duk da cewa ta san cewa mutanen Ingila za su yi tunanin cewa tana cin sauerkraut, kuma za su yi tsokaci kan lafazin Jamusanci mai ƙarfi, amma sun yi barkwanci game da shi tare. <ref name="AstridKirchherrbiogPiczo">{{Cite web |title=Astrid Kirchherr biog |url=http://astridkirchherr.piczo.com/?g=15644505&cr=3 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110811231106/http://astridkirchherr.piczo.com/?g=15644505 |archive-date=11 August 2011 |access-date=30 May 2011 |publisher=Piczo}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://web.archive.org/web/20110811231106/http://astridkirchherr.piczo.com/?g=15644505 "Astrid Kirchherr biog"]. Piczo. Archived from [http://astridkirchherr.piczo.com/?g=15644505&cr=3 the original] on 11 August 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">30 May</span> 2011</span>.</cite></ref> Lennon zai yi maganganu masu ban dariya daga kan dandamali, yana cewa "Ku Krauts, mun yi nasara a yaƙin", yana sane da cewa Jamusawa kaɗan ne a cikin masu sauraro ke jin Turanci, amma matuƙan jirgin ruwa daga ƙasashen da ke magana da Ingilishi za su yi ihu da dariya. <ref name="FreshAirinterviewwithAstrid">{{Cite web |date=15 January 2008 |title=''Fresh Air'' interview with Astrid Kirchherr (15 January 2008) |url=https://freshairarchive.org/segments/photographer-astrid-kirchherr |access-date=30 May 2011 |publisher=[[WHYY-FM]]}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://freshairarchive.org/segments/photographer-astrid-kirchherr "''Fresh Air'' interview with Astrid Kirchherr (15 January 2008)"]. [[WHYY-FM]]. 15 January 2008<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">30 May</span> 2011</span>.</cite></ref> Sutcliffe ya yi sha'awar mutanen uku, musamman Kirchherr, kuma ya yi tunanin sun yi kama da " masu son bohemians na gaske". Daga baya Bill Harry ya ce idan Kirchherr ta shigo, kowace kai za ta juya ta nan take, kuma koyaushe tana jan hankalin ɗakin gaba ɗaya. {{Sfn|Spitz|2005}} Sutcliffe ya rubuta wa wani abokinsa cewa da kyar ya iya ɗauke idanunsa daga gare ta kuma ya yi ƙoƙarin yin magana da Kirchherr a lokacin hutun da ke tafe, amma ta riga ta bar ƙungiyar. {{Sfn|Spitz|2005}} Sutcliffe ya sami nasarar haɗuwa da su daga ƙarshe, kuma ya gano cewa dukkansu ukun sun halarci Meisterschule, wanda shine irin kwalejin fasaha da Lennon da Sutcliffe suka halarta a Liverpool. {{Sfn|Spitz|2005}} (The ''Meisterschule für Mode, Textil, Grafik und Werbung - Master Craftspeoples' College for Fashion, Textile, Graphics, and Advertising'' - yanzu ake kira Jami'ar Kimiyyar Kimiyya ). <ref name="FabFourHangouts">{{Cite web |last=Hillman |first=Bill |title=Early '60s – Part V: Fab Four Hangouts (Quotations taken from ''The Beatles Anthology'') |url=http://www.hillmanweb.com/BEATLES/places.html |access-date=30 May 2011 |publisher=Hillmanweb}}</ref> == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Mutattun 2020]] [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1938]] ez4b298a8rsplwn46lokg619z6walth 0 163198 895038 2026-08-11T16:30:32Z Nnamadee 31123 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1368207371|Iris Häussler]]" 895038 wikitext text/x-wiki   '''Iris Haeussler''' (ko kuma rubutun Jamusanci '''Häussler'''; an haife ta a ranar 6 ga Afrilu 1962) ƙwararriyar mai fasaha ce kuma mai tsara zane , asalinta 'yar ƙasar Jamus ce. Tana zaune a [[Toronto]], Kanada. Yawancin ayyukan Iris Haeussler cikakkun bayanai ne, kuma shigarwar da ba ta da tabbas sosai wadda baƙi za su iya fassarawa a matsayin labaran labari. Batutuwan da ake yawan yi a cikin ayyukanta sun haɗa da tarihinta, al'adu, zamantakewa da kuma asalin ƙasa; alaƙar iyali, dangantaka, tunawa, tarihi, rauni da kuma sha'awar jima'i. == Tarihin Rayuwa == Haeussler ya yi karatu a Kwalejin Fasaha ta Fine Arts, Munich a ƙarƙashin Heribert Sturm. Manhajar karatu mai sassauci ta jaddada aikin studio. Akwai darussa kaɗan da suka wajaba kuma an fi mai da hankali kan bincike da gwaji, aiki da tattaunawa mai zurfi. Gwaje-gwajen Haeussler sun sami tasiri daga matsayin fasaha na Wilhelm Lehmbruck da Joseph Beuys ; ita da kanta ta ambaci Medardo Rosso a matsayin mafi mahimmancin abin da ya ba ta kwarin gwiwa. An karrama su da tallafin karatu daga Gidauniyar Tallafin Karatu ta Jamus, Kyautar Karl-Hofer ta Kwalejin Fasaha ta Berlin da kuma Ƙungiyar Kunstfonds. A shekarar 1999, Haeussler ya sami matsayin farfesa a Kwalejin Munich . Ta yi fice a duk faɗin Turai a shekarun casa'in kafin ta koma Toronto, Kanada a shekara ta 2001. Duk da cewa an horar da Haeussler a matsayin mai zane da mai sassaka, ayyukanta ba a rarraba su cikin sauƙi ta hanyar hanya ko nau'i: ta yi nunin zane-zane, zane-zane da sassaka da kuma ayyukan da suka shafi hulɗa. Duk da haka, mafi kyawun ayyukanta sune manyan kayan aiki masu ban sha'awa. Masanin Falsafa Mark Kingwell ya lura: "Misali ne na abin da za mu iya kira fasahar ''ra'ayi ta haptic'' : fasahar ra'ayoyi da ke aiki ta hanyar nutsewa, har ma da rarrafe." == Manyan kayan aikin da ke cikin gidan kayan tarihi da kuma na waje == Da kayan aikinta na gaske, ta gabatar da yanayin rayuwar jaruman da suka tsara rayuwarsu a tsakanin sha'awa da fasaha. "Memories na Synthetic" alama ce da Haeussler ke amfani da ita ga manyan kayan aikinta; tana ganin "synthetic" maimakon "analytic" a cikin tsarin fasaha na ƙirƙirar ƙwaƙwalwa daga bincike, ra'ayoyi da aikin studio. Sau da yawa suna yin shekaru da yawa, suna samun yawancin sahihancinsu daga kulawa mai zurfi zuwa cikakkun bayanai na musamman a wurin da kuma shirye-shiryen da ba su da tabbas. Haka kuma ayyukan da ake yi a wajen wurin ba su da wani amfani. Da farko ta ɗauki dabarar goge kanta da kuma al'adun gabatar da ayyukanta a matsayin "fasaha" ta hanyar ƙirƙirar yanayi da ya zama kamar an gina shi sannan aka yi watsi da shi daga mutanen da suka damu da shi (waɗanda ake kira 'yan waje). A cikin ayyukan da suka gabata, ta haɗa da tsarin bincike da kuma shirya gabatarwar ƙarshe. == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1962]] [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] poxkpe0kwzb0rq7nkglupzk9sdjzgbg 895040 895038 2026-08-11T16:32:01Z Nnamadee 31123 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1368207371|Iris Häussler]]" 895040 wikitext text/x-wiki   '''Iris Haeussler''' (ko kuma rubutun Jamusanci '''Häussler'''; an haife ta a ranar 6 ga Afrilu 1962) ƙwararriyar mai fasaha ce kuma mai tsara zane , asalinta 'yar ƙasar Jamus ce. Tana zaune a [[Toronto]], Kanada. Yawancin ayyukan Iris Haeussler cikakkun bayanai ne, kuma shigarwar da ba ta da tabbas sosai wadda baƙi za su iya fassarawa a matsayin labaran labari. Batutuwan da ake yawan yi a cikin ayyukanta sun haɗa da tarihinta, al'adu, zamantakewa da kuma asalin ƙasa; alaƙar iyali, dangantaka, tunawa, tarihi, rauni da kuma sha'awar jima'i. == Tarihin Rayuwa == Haeussler ya yi karatu a Kwalejin Fasaha ta Fine Arts, Munich a ƙarƙashin Heribert Sturm. Manhajar karatu mai sassauci ta jaddada aikin studio. Akwai darussa kaɗan da suka wajaba kuma an fi mai da hankali kan bincike da gwaji, aiki da tattaunawa mai zurfi. Gwaje-gwajen Haeussler sun sami tasiri daga matsayin fasaha na Wilhelm Lehmbruck da Joseph Beuys ; ita da kanta ta ambaci Medardo Rosso a matsayin mafi mahimmancin abin da ya ba ta kwarin gwiwa. An karrama su da tallafin karatu daga Gidauniyar Tallafin Karatu ta Jamus, Kyautar Karl-Hofer ta Kwalejin Fasaha ta Berlin da kuma Ƙungiyar Kunstfonds. A shekarar 1999, Haeussler ya sami matsayin farfesa a Kwalejin Munich . Ta yi fice a duk faɗin Turai a shekarun casa'in kafin ta koma Toronto, Kanada a shekara ta 2001. Duk da cewa an horar da Haeussler a matsayin mai zane da mai sassaka, ayyukanta ba a rarraba su cikin sauƙi ta hanyar hanya ko nau'i: ta yi nunin zane-zane, zane-zane da sassaka da kuma ayyukan da suka shafi hulɗa. Duk da haka, mafi kyawun ayyukanta sune manyan kayan aiki masu ban sha'awa. Masanin Falsafa Mark Kingwell ya lura: "Misali ne na abin da za mu iya kira fasahar ''ra'ayi ta haptic'' : fasahar ra'ayoyi da ke aiki ta hanyar nutsewa, har ma da rarrafe." == Manyan kayan aikin da ke cikin gidan kayan tarihi da kuma na waje == Da kayan aikinta na gaske, ta gabatar da yanayin rayuwar jaruman da suka tsara rayuwarsu a tsakanin sha'awa da fasaha. "Memories na Synthetic" alama ce da Haeussler ke amfani da ita ga manyan kayan aikinta; tana ganin "synthetic" maimakon "analytic" a cikin tsarin fasaha na ƙirƙirar ƙwaƙwalwa daga bincike, ra'ayoyi da aikin studio. Sau da yawa suna yin shekaru da yawa, suna samun yawancin sahihancinsu daga kulawa mai zurfi zuwa cikakkun bayanai na musamman a wurin da kuma shirye-shiryen da ba su da tabbas. Haka kuma ayyukan da ake yi a wajen wurin ba su da wani amfani. Da farko ta ɗauki dabarar goge kanta da kuma al'adun gabatar da ayyukanta a matsayin "fasaha" ta hanyar ƙirƙirar yanayi da ya zama kamar an gina shi sannan aka yi watsi da shi daga mutanen da suka damu da shi (waɗanda ake kira 'yan waje). A cikin ayyukan da suka gabata, ta haɗa da tsarin bincike da kuma shirya gabatarwar ƙarshe. * '''Ko Topos''' - Wien (1989), shigar da ɗakinta na farko ya sake haifar da halin da ake ciki na wani tsoho a cikin aikin gidaje na zamantakewa na ƙarni "Ou Topos" a [[Vienna]],Austria. Austria. Mahimmanci na shigarwa shine ɗakin kwana wanda aka cika da dubban gwangwani na adanawa, an ɗora su a kan rufi, ɗakunan katako, kowannensu an lulluɓe shi da babban gubar-foil kuma an lakafta shi da ranar da suka ƙare. Baƙi sun bincika sararin samaniya ba tare da kulawa da kansu ba. "[Aikin] ya bayyana yanayin wasu, ba tare da keta dangantakarsu ko mutunci ba. Don ƙirƙirar ainihin wakilci, [Haeussler] ta zauna a cikin wannan ɗakin na rabin shekara. Ta nutse kanta sosai a cikin wannan sararin da ba a sani ba, ta shawo kan ƙanshin gidan, ta saurari sautunan ta kuma ta daidaita ayyukanta ga na sauran mazauna. " Lokacin da aka buɗe ɗakin ga baƙi, fiction da gaskiyar sun bayyana sun haɗa da su. " * '''Pro Polis''' (1993) ita ce ta farko da Haeussler ta shiga cikin otal, wanda aka shirya a cikin otal mai taurari uku kusa da Cathedral a Milan, Italiya. Ta rufe ganuwar, bene, taga da duk abubuwan more rayuwa na ɗakin baƙo tare da babban layin albasa. Baƙi sun sami maɓallin a wurin liyafar don kwarewar sararin samaniya ba tare da kulawa ba. Tare da wannan aikin Haeussler "ya sauya canon na zane-zane, a cikin ruhun mai zane-zane na juyin juya hali Medardo Rosso, [...kamar yadda ta ...] ta tayar da tambaya game da shawo kan iyakokinta na asali". * '''Huckepack''' (1995: Piggyback) wani otal ne wanda Haeussler ya shigar da kayan mutum na wata mace mai tafiya a cikin ɗaki na otal a cikin Leipzig, Jamus. An ba baƙi haɓakawa a cikin wannan dakin, idan sun yarda su raba sararin su tare da wannan mutumin da ba a sani ba. Sun fuskanci daya daga cikin gadaje da ba a yi ba kuma an bar siliki-pajama a shafin, an yi amfani da ɗaya daga cikin tawul ɗin, jakar buɗewa tare da abubuwa na sirri a kan rigar, duk suna makirci don ƙirƙirar kama-da-wane, duk da haka kasancewar jiki. * '''Monopati''' (2000), ya nuna gidaje biyu a cikin birane biyu daban-daban - [[München|Munich]] da [[Berlin]], Jamus. Wadannan an canza su zuwa labaran daban-daban, amma sun kasance suna da alaƙa ta hanyar hoto guda ɗaya na makaranta, wanda aka ɗauka a ƙarshen shekarun 1930 wanda za'a iya gani a cikin gidaje biyu. Baƙi sun sami damar samun maɓallin gidaje a wuraren da ke kusa (Galerie Huber-Goueffon a Munich, Wohnmaschine a Berlin) kuma sun ci gaba da kansu cikin shigarwa. * The Legacy of Joseph Wagenbach (2006) shine babban aikin farko na Iris Haeussler a Arewacin Amurka kuma mafi girma kuma mafi rikitarwa a wannan lokacin. Rhonda Corvese ne ya tsara shi kuma ya sake dubawa a duniya, wannan shigarwa mai yawa a cikin gidan da ke cikin garin Toronto "The Legacy of Joseph Wagenbach" - Toronto ya ba da labarin rayuwar wani tsoho, mai zane-zane, ta hanyar matsakaici na mai adana bayanai a shafin (sau da yawa Haeussler kanta). Da farko, ba a yada aikin a matsayin zane-zane ba amma an gabatar da shi azaman kimantawa ta hanyar "Municipal Archives". Haeussler ya yi niyyar sauƙaƙe ƙwarewar da ba a tantance ta ba. Bayyanawar da ta biyo baya ta haifar da gardama game da ka'idojin shiga baƙi marasa ilimi a cikin gamuwa da sau da yawa tare da labarin almara wanda aka gabatar da shi a matsayin gaskiya. Kamfanin Dillancin Labaran Kasa na Kanada ya gudanar da taken "Mai zane-zane na gari mai banƙyama" wanda ya sa Mark Kingwell ya rushe wannan "karamin labari na fushi" kuma ya bayyana cewa canjin daga gaskiya zuwa fiction a cikin kwarewar baƙo ya kasance ainihin mahimmanci ga aikin. Mawallafi Martha Baillie ta ziyarci kimantawa, ta amince da gaskiyar gabatarwar. Ta wallafa wata kasida game da kwarewarta, inda ta lura cewa: "Ba ta da ikon yin ƙarya a gare ni", tana jin fushi da asarar, duk da haka a ƙarshe ta yarda: "Joseph Wagenbach da na kirkira a zuciyata, [...] babu wanda zai iya karɓar daga gare ni, har ma da Iris Häussler. " * Gidan yanar gizon '''Gidauniyar Joseph Wagenbach''' ya nuna aikin Häussler na dogon lokaci, yana ci gaba daga shigarwa ta 2006 da fadada gadon Wagenbach a cikin tushe mai ban mamaki. An ƙaddamar da shi a hukumance a '''Villa Toronto''' a watan Janairun 2015, yana ba da ƙaramin tagulla na wasu siffofinsa da kuma zane ga jama'a. Duk da yake tushe yana aiki a kan ƙididdigar zane-zanensa da zane-zane, da kuma shirya kan yada aikinsa da rayuwarsa, Häussler ya ce: "Gidauniyar Joseph Wagenbach tushe ne na ɗan wasan kwaikwayo, amma ayyukansa na gaske ne. " * Ya kira ta Amber (2008-2010) shigarwa ce a cikin The Grange, [[Toronto]], wanda David Moos ya tsara kuma Art Gallery of Ontario ya ba da izini. Häussler ya kirkiro Amber, wata yarinya mai ba da izini ta Irish ta ƙarni na 19, wacce ta yi shekaru da yawa a asirce ta jagoranci rayuwa mai ban sha'awa da ban mamaki. Wani kamfani mai suna Anthropological Services Ontario (wanda Häussler ya kirkira) ya gudanar da tonowa a gidan kayan gargajiya na tarihi. Gudanar da yawon shakatawa ya ba da izinin kallon binciken da aka yi kwanan nan na kayan tarihi na Ambers wanda ta saka a cikin ƙudan zuma kuma ta ɓoye a ƙarƙashin allon bene a cikin gidan. A cikin shekara ta 2012, Gidan zane-zane na Ontario ya buga wani littafi da ke ba da labarin aikin, gami da amsoshin baƙi masu rikitarwa waɗanda suka biyo baya game da aikin fasaha wanda aka gabatar da shi da farko a matsayin binciken tarihi. * Ya yi mafarki na Overtime: All Our Relations, 18th Biennale na Sydney . Catherine De Zegher da Gerald McMaster ne suka tsara shi. Häussler ya haɓaka labarin tsohon mai kula da wurin shakatawa wanda ya yi makoki game da ƙaunar da ta ɓace. A cikin wannan tsari ya kirkiro abubuwa masu ban mamaki masu kama da murjani. Labarin ya ba da labarin binciken da kamfanin kula da kwari ya yi. Daga ƙarshe, manajan kamfanin da kansa ya zama mai ban sha'awa sosai game da shari'ar cewa ya sake yin wasu sassan aikin mai tsaron da ya ɓace, ya haɗa shi da nasa fassarorin kuma ya kirkiro shafin yanar gizon kamfaninsa, yana kwatanta sake fasalin tunanin kansa na duniyar sha'awar ɗan adam, sha'awa da asarar. * Ou Topos - Abandoned Trailer Project, an ba da izini don "Nuit Blanche" ko White Night festivals Toronto, 2012. kuma Janine Marchessault da [https://www.ocadu.ca/academics/explore-faculty/mprokopow Michael Prokopow] ne suka tsara shi. Haeussler ta sake komawa shigar da ɗakinta na farko, ta kirkiro jikan asalin mai gabatarwa daga "OuTopos - Memory Synthetic a Vienna a cikin 1989". Wannan sabon hali ya wakilci matashi mai tsira, yana binciken tasirin nukiliya. Ba tare da hukumomi su lura da shi ba, ya sami nasarar shigar da kansa, kayansa da kuma gwajin gwaji-kamar trailer a cikin garage na karkashin kasa na birnin Toronto. * Sophie La Rosière Project (2016-2022) ya gabatar da rayuwar da aikin mace mai zane-zane na Faransa na farkon karni na 20, Sophie La Ronière . Babi na I, wanda aka gabatar a Art Gallery na Jami'ar York a cikin 2016, ya gabatar da tarihin La Rosière kuma ya gabatar da sake gina ɗakinsa.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Out There – Iris Häussler The Sophie La Rosière Project |url=http://theagyuisoutthere.org/everywhere/?p=5094 |access-date=19 April 2017 |website=theagyuisoutthere.org |language=en-US}}</ref> Babi na II, wanda aka gabatar a Scrap Metal Gallery a Toronto, ya bincika wasu ayyukan fasaha na La Rosière ta hanyar nazarin X-ray kuma ya gabatar da tambayoyin bidiyo tare da masana game da gaskiyar da asalin aikinta. Babi na III, (a Daniel Faria Gallery, Toronto) ya nuna ayyukanta na zane-zane a kansu.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Daniel Faria Gallery {{!}} Iris Häussler: The Sophie La Rosière Project – Chapter III |url=https://danielfariagallery.com/exhibition/the-sophie-la-rosiere-project-chapter-iii |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181129014757/https://danielfariagallery.com/exhibition/the-sophie-la-rosiere-project-chapter-iii |archive-date=29 November 2018 |access-date=19 April 2017 |website=danielfariagallery.com |language=en}}</ref> Labarin Sophie La Rosière ya haɗu sosai da masu zane-zane na ainihi na zamanin kamar Madeleine Smith.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Welcome to Iris Haeussler: The Sophie La Rosière Project {{!}} Iris Haeussler: The Sophie La Rosière Project |url=http://sophielarosiere.org/ |access-date=19 April 2017 |website=sophielarosiere.org |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Iris Häussler: In the Flesh |url=https://www.wondereur.com/artists/iris-haussler}}</ref> * '''Florence Hadari''' (2017-2022) wani tsawo na aikin Sophie La Rosière, wannan sabon zaren yana haɓaka labarin rayuwar halin almara da tsohon masoyin wanda aka ambata a sama. Wannan labarin ya dauke mu daga Faransa zuwa Amurka kuma ya binciki fasahar Hasard a cikin nata dama da kuma haifar da dangantakar da ke tattare da wadannan mata biyu da kuma yanayin tarihi. Nuni sun hada da: "Tale of Two" (2018) da "Apartment 4" (2018-2019), dukansu an gabatar da su a Cibiyar Fasaha ta John Michael Kohler a Sheboygan, WI. Ya biyo bayan "Apartment 5 project" wanda aka nuna a Armory Show a New York (2019) da kuma "Kein Mensch kennt mich" a Gidan Tarihi na Georg Kolbe, Berlin 2022. * Grams goma sha bakwai na Longing (2024) Taken "Grams goma sha shida na Longing" yana nufin matsakaicin nauyin tsuntsaye mai ƙaura. Wannan aikin yana mai da hankali kan rayuwar tsuntsaye da labarin almara na 'yan uwan tagwaye, Kurt da Carl Pfister. Shige da fice shine taken da ke haɗa shi duka tare a cikin ma'anar wallafe-wallafen. Yana bincika haɗarin da mutum ke fuskanta yayin yin tafiya mai tsawo zuwa sababbin ƙasashe - musamman fashewar taga ga tsuntsaye. Abubuwan aikin sun haɗa da: windows da aka zana tare da siffofin tsuntsaye da taswira, takarda tsuntsaye a cikin wayoyin hannu, tsuntsaye X-ray, matani, zane-zane, gidajen tsuntsaye masu zinariya, da shigarwa masu nutsewa. An nuna sassa daban-daban na aikin a PSM Gallery a Berlin da kuma Daniel Faria Gallery daidai da shigarwa mai zurfi a cikin garage na mai zane a Toronto, Kanada. * Divided Heavens (2025) Shafin yanar gizon Häussler na musamman Divided Hevens a Tom Thomson Shack a McMichael Canadian Art Collection ya ja hankalin baƙi zuwa zurfin duniyar tunanin halayen da aka haifa a Jamus, 'yan uwan tagwaye Kurt da Carl Pfister. An raba su tun suna yara bayan Yaƙin Duniya na Biyu, tagwayen sun girma ba tare da sanin juna ba, duk da haka suna da tausayi sosai ga tsuntsaye masu ƙaura. An gayyaci baƙi zuwa Rabuwa da Sama don bincika ɗakunan biyu na shack inda labaran da aka haɗa suka bayyana ta hanyar abubuwan tunawa, gilashin da aka zana da madubai da ke ɗauke da siffofin tsuntsaye da alamun haɗari, da kuma globes masu haske tare da hanyoyin ƙaura da aka ɗaure da hannu. Wadannan abubuwa sun haɗa da kwatanci zuwa shigarwar babban dakin, wanda ya gabatar da kayan tarihi na tsuntsaye da samfurori na tsuntsayen daga haɗarin fashewar tsuntsaye, yayin da wayar hannu ta yankan tsuntsaye ta motsa iska a sama. == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1962]] [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] grzgadviq3r72nv3k0ywpg38fs453do 895045 895040 2026-08-11T16:33:11Z Nnamadee 31123 895045 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}}   '''Iris Haeussler''' (ko kuma rubutun Jamusanci '''Häussler'''; an haife ta a ranar 6 ga Afrilu 1962) ƙwararriyar mai fasaha ce kuma mai tsara zane , asalinta 'yar ƙasar Jamus ce. Tana zaune a [[Toronto]], Kanada. Yawancin ayyukan Iris Haeussler cikakkun bayanai ne, kuma shigarwar da ba ta da tabbas sosai wadda baƙi za su iya fassarawa a matsayin labaran labari. Batutuwan da ake yawan yi a cikin ayyukanta sun haɗa da tarihinta, al'adu, zamantakewa da kuma asalin ƙasa; alaƙar iyali, dangantaka, tunawa, tarihi, rauni da kuma sha'awar jima'i. == Tarihin Rayuwa == Haeussler ya yi karatu a Kwalejin Fasaha ta Fine Arts, Munich a ƙarƙashin Heribert Sturm. Manhajar karatu mai sassauci ta jaddada aikin studio. Akwai darussa kaɗan da suka wajaba kuma an fi mai da hankali kan bincike da gwaji, aiki da tattaunawa mai zurfi. Gwaje-gwajen Haeussler sun sami tasiri daga matsayin fasaha na Wilhelm Lehmbruck da Joseph Beuys ; ita da kanta ta ambaci Medardo Rosso a matsayin mafi mahimmancin abin da ya ba ta kwarin gwiwa. An karrama su da tallafin karatu daga Gidauniyar Tallafin Karatu ta Jamus, Kyautar Karl-Hofer ta Kwalejin Fasaha ta Berlin da kuma Ƙungiyar Kunstfonds. A shekarar 1999, Haeussler ya sami matsayin farfesa a Kwalejin Munich . Ta yi fice a duk faɗin Turai a shekarun casa'in kafin ta koma Toronto, Kanada a shekara ta 2001. Duk da cewa an horar da Haeussler a matsayin mai zane da mai sassaka, ayyukanta ba a rarraba su cikin sauƙi ta hanyar hanya ko nau'i: ta yi nunin zane-zane, zane-zane da sassaka da kuma ayyukan da suka shafi hulɗa. Duk da haka, mafi kyawun ayyukanta sune manyan kayan aiki masu ban sha'awa. Masanin Falsafa Mark Kingwell ya lura: "Misali ne na abin da za mu iya kira fasahar ''ra'ayi ta haptic'' : fasahar ra'ayoyi da ke aiki ta hanyar nutsewa, har ma da rarrafe." == Manyan kayan aikin da ke cikin gidan kayan tarihi da kuma na waje == Da kayan aikinta na gaske, ta gabatar da yanayin rayuwar jaruman da suka tsara rayuwarsu a tsakanin sha'awa da fasaha. "Memories na Synthetic" alama ce da Haeussler ke amfani da ita ga manyan kayan aikinta; tana ganin "synthetic" maimakon "analytic" a cikin tsarin fasaha na ƙirƙirar ƙwaƙwalwa daga bincike, ra'ayoyi da aikin studio. Sau da yawa suna yin shekaru da yawa, suna samun yawancin sahihancinsu daga kulawa mai zurfi zuwa cikakkun bayanai na musamman a wurin da kuma shirye-shiryen da ba su da tabbas. Haka kuma ayyukan da ake yi a wajen wurin ba su da wani amfani. Da farko ta ɗauki dabarar goge kanta da kuma al'adun gabatar da ayyukanta a matsayin "fasaha" ta hanyar ƙirƙirar yanayi da ya zama kamar an gina shi sannan aka yi watsi da shi daga mutanen da suka damu da shi (waɗanda ake kira 'yan waje). A cikin ayyukan da suka gabata, ta haɗa da tsarin bincike da kuma shirya gabatarwar ƙarshe. * '''Ko Topos''' - Wien (1989), shigar da ɗakinta na farko ya sake haifar da halin da ake ciki na wani tsoho a cikin aikin gidaje na zamantakewa na ƙarni "Ou Topos" a [[Vienna]],Austria. Austria. Mahimmanci na shigarwa shine ɗakin kwana wanda aka cika da dubban gwangwani na adanawa, an ɗora su a kan rufi, ɗakunan katako, kowannensu an lulluɓe shi da babban gubar-foil kuma an lakafta shi da ranar da suka ƙare. Baƙi sun bincika sararin samaniya ba tare da kulawa da kansu ba. "[Aikin] ya bayyana yanayin wasu, ba tare da keta dangantakarsu ko mutunci ba. Don ƙirƙirar ainihin wakilci, [Haeussler] ta zauna a cikin wannan ɗakin na rabin shekara. Ta nutse kanta sosai a cikin wannan sararin da ba a sani ba, ta shawo kan ƙanshin gidan, ta saurari sautunan ta kuma ta daidaita ayyukanta ga na sauran mazauna. " Lokacin da aka buɗe ɗakin ga baƙi, fiction da gaskiyar sun bayyana sun haɗa da su. " * '''Pro Polis''' (1993) ita ce ta farko da Haeussler ta shiga cikin otal, wanda aka shirya a cikin otal mai taurari uku kusa da Cathedral a Milan, Italiya. Ta rufe ganuwar, bene, taga da duk abubuwan more rayuwa na ɗakin baƙo tare da babban layin albasa. Baƙi sun sami maɓallin a wurin liyafar don kwarewar sararin samaniya ba tare da kulawa ba. Tare da wannan aikin Haeussler "ya sauya canon na zane-zane, a cikin ruhun mai zane-zane na juyin juya hali Medardo Rosso, [...kamar yadda ta ...] ta tayar da tambaya game da shawo kan iyakokinta na asali". * '''Huckepack''' (1995: Piggyback) wani otal ne wanda Haeussler ya shigar da kayan mutum na wata mace mai tafiya a cikin ɗaki na otal a cikin Leipzig, Jamus. An ba baƙi haɓakawa a cikin wannan dakin, idan sun yarda su raba sararin su tare da wannan mutumin da ba a sani ba. Sun fuskanci daya daga cikin gadaje da ba a yi ba kuma an bar siliki-pajama a shafin, an yi amfani da ɗaya daga cikin tawul ɗin, jakar buɗewa tare da abubuwa na sirri a kan rigar, duk suna makirci don ƙirƙirar kama-da-wane, duk da haka kasancewar jiki. * '''Monopati''' (2000), ya nuna gidaje biyu a cikin birane biyu daban-daban - [[München|Munich]] da [[Berlin]], Jamus. Wadannan an canza su zuwa labaran daban-daban, amma sun kasance suna da alaƙa ta hanyar hoto guda ɗaya na makaranta, wanda aka ɗauka a ƙarshen shekarun 1930 wanda za'a iya gani a cikin gidaje biyu. Baƙi sun sami damar samun maɓallin gidaje a wuraren da ke kusa (Galerie Huber-Goueffon a Munich, Wohnmaschine a Berlin) kuma sun ci gaba da kansu cikin shigarwa. * The Legacy of Joseph Wagenbach (2006) shine babban aikin farko na Iris Haeussler a Arewacin Amurka kuma mafi girma kuma mafi rikitarwa a wannan lokacin. Rhonda Corvese ne ya tsara shi kuma ya sake dubawa a duniya, wannan shigarwa mai yawa a cikin gidan da ke cikin garin Toronto "The Legacy of Joseph Wagenbach" - Toronto ya ba da labarin rayuwar wani tsoho, mai zane-zane, ta hanyar matsakaici na mai adana bayanai a shafin (sau da yawa Haeussler kanta). Da farko, ba a yada aikin a matsayin zane-zane ba amma an gabatar da shi azaman kimantawa ta hanyar "Municipal Archives". Haeussler ya yi niyyar sauƙaƙe ƙwarewar da ba a tantance ta ba. Bayyanawar da ta biyo baya ta haifar da gardama game da ka'idojin shiga baƙi marasa ilimi a cikin gamuwa da sau da yawa tare da labarin almara wanda aka gabatar da shi a matsayin gaskiya. Kamfanin Dillancin Labaran Kasa na Kanada ya gudanar da taken "Mai zane-zane na gari mai banƙyama" wanda ya sa Mark Kingwell ya rushe wannan "karamin labari na fushi" kuma ya bayyana cewa canjin daga gaskiya zuwa fiction a cikin kwarewar baƙo ya kasance ainihin mahimmanci ga aikin. Mawallafi Martha Baillie ta ziyarci kimantawa, ta amince da gaskiyar gabatarwar. Ta wallafa wata kasida game da kwarewarta, inda ta lura cewa: "Ba ta da ikon yin ƙarya a gare ni", tana jin fushi da asarar, duk da haka a ƙarshe ta yarda: "Joseph Wagenbach da na kirkira a zuciyata, [...] babu wanda zai iya karɓar daga gare ni, har ma da Iris Häussler. " * Gidan yanar gizon '''Gidauniyar Joseph Wagenbach''' ya nuna aikin Häussler na dogon lokaci, yana ci gaba daga shigarwa ta 2006 da fadada gadon Wagenbach a cikin tushe mai ban mamaki. An ƙaddamar da shi a hukumance a '''Villa Toronto''' a watan Janairun 2015, yana ba da ƙaramin tagulla na wasu siffofinsa da kuma zane ga jama'a. Duk da yake tushe yana aiki a kan ƙididdigar zane-zanensa da zane-zane, da kuma shirya kan yada aikinsa da rayuwarsa, Häussler ya ce: "Gidauniyar Joseph Wagenbach tushe ne na ɗan wasan kwaikwayo, amma ayyukansa na gaske ne. " * Ya kira ta Amber (2008-2010) shigarwa ce a cikin The Grange, [[Toronto]], wanda David Moos ya tsara kuma Art Gallery of Ontario ya ba da izini. Häussler ya kirkiro Amber, wata yarinya mai ba da izini ta Irish ta ƙarni na 19, wacce ta yi shekaru da yawa a asirce ta jagoranci rayuwa mai ban sha'awa da ban mamaki. Wani kamfani mai suna Anthropological Services Ontario (wanda Häussler ya kirkira) ya gudanar da tonowa a gidan kayan gargajiya na tarihi. Gudanar da yawon shakatawa ya ba da izinin kallon binciken da aka yi kwanan nan na kayan tarihi na Ambers wanda ta saka a cikin ƙudan zuma kuma ta ɓoye a ƙarƙashin allon bene a cikin gidan. A cikin shekara ta 2012, Gidan zane-zane na Ontario ya buga wani littafi da ke ba da labarin aikin, gami da amsoshin baƙi masu rikitarwa waɗanda suka biyo baya game da aikin fasaha wanda aka gabatar da shi da farko a matsayin binciken tarihi. * Ya yi mafarki na Overtime: All Our Relations, 18th Biennale na Sydney . Catherine De Zegher da Gerald McMaster ne suka tsara shi. Häussler ya haɓaka labarin tsohon mai kula da wurin shakatawa wanda ya yi makoki game da ƙaunar da ta ɓace. A cikin wannan tsari ya kirkiro abubuwa masu ban mamaki masu kama da murjani. Labarin ya ba da labarin binciken da kamfanin kula da kwari ya yi. Daga ƙarshe, manajan kamfanin da kansa ya zama mai ban sha'awa sosai game da shari'ar cewa ya sake yin wasu sassan aikin mai tsaron da ya ɓace, ya haɗa shi da nasa fassarorin kuma ya kirkiro shafin yanar gizon kamfaninsa, yana kwatanta sake fasalin tunanin kansa na duniyar sha'awar ɗan adam, sha'awa da asarar. * Ou Topos - Abandoned Trailer Project, an ba da izini don "Nuit Blanche" ko White Night festivals Toronto, 2012. kuma Janine Marchessault da [https://www.ocadu.ca/academics/explore-faculty/mprokopow Michael Prokopow] ne suka tsara shi. Haeussler ta sake komawa shigar da ɗakinta na farko, ta kirkiro jikan asalin mai gabatarwa daga "OuTopos - Memory Synthetic a Vienna a cikin 1989". Wannan sabon hali ya wakilci matashi mai tsira, yana binciken tasirin nukiliya. Ba tare da hukumomi su lura da shi ba, ya sami nasarar shigar da kansa, kayansa da kuma gwajin gwaji-kamar trailer a cikin garage na karkashin kasa na birnin Toronto. * Sophie La Rosière Project (2016-2022) ya gabatar da rayuwar da aikin mace mai zane-zane na Faransa na farkon karni na 20, Sophie La Ronière . Babi na I, wanda aka gabatar a Art Gallery na Jami'ar York a cikin 2016, ya gabatar da tarihin La Rosière kuma ya gabatar da sake gina ɗakinsa.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Out There – Iris Häussler The Sophie La Rosière Project |url=http://theagyuisoutthere.org/everywhere/?p=5094 |access-date=19 April 2017 |website=theagyuisoutthere.org |language=en-US}}</ref> Babi na II, wanda aka gabatar a Scrap Metal Gallery a Toronto, ya bincika wasu ayyukan fasaha na La Rosière ta hanyar nazarin X-ray kuma ya gabatar da tambayoyin bidiyo tare da masana game da gaskiyar da asalin aikinta. Babi na III, (a Daniel Faria Gallery, Toronto) ya nuna ayyukanta na zane-zane a kansu.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Daniel Faria Gallery {{!}} Iris Häussler: The Sophie La Rosière Project – Chapter III |url=https://danielfariagallery.com/exhibition/the-sophie-la-rosiere-project-chapter-iii |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181129014757/https://danielfariagallery.com/exhibition/the-sophie-la-rosiere-project-chapter-iii |archive-date=29 November 2018 |access-date=19 April 2017 |website=danielfariagallery.com |language=en}}</ref> Labarin Sophie La Rosière ya haɗu sosai da masu zane-zane na ainihi na zamanin kamar Madeleine Smith.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Welcome to Iris Haeussler: The Sophie La Rosière Project {{!}} Iris Haeussler: The Sophie La Rosière Project |url=http://sophielarosiere.org/ |access-date=19 April 2017 |website=sophielarosiere.org |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Iris Häussler: In the Flesh |url=https://www.wondereur.com/artists/iris-haussler}}</ref> * '''Florence Hadari''' (2017-2022) wani tsawo na aikin Sophie La Rosière, wannan sabon zaren yana haɓaka labarin rayuwar halin almara da tsohon masoyin wanda aka ambata a sama. Wannan labarin ya dauke mu daga Faransa zuwa Amurka kuma ya binciki fasahar Hasard a cikin nata dama da kuma haifar da dangantakar da ke tattare da wadannan mata biyu da kuma yanayin tarihi. Nuni sun hada da: "Tale of Two" (2018) da "Apartment 4" (2018-2019), dukansu an gabatar da su a Cibiyar Fasaha ta John Michael Kohler a Sheboygan, WI. Ya biyo bayan "Apartment 5 project" wanda aka nuna a Armory Show a New York (2019) da kuma "Kein Mensch kennt mich" a Gidan Tarihi na Georg Kolbe, Berlin 2022. * Grams goma sha bakwai na Longing (2024) Taken "Grams goma sha shida na Longing" yana nufin matsakaicin nauyin tsuntsaye mai ƙaura. Wannan aikin yana mai da hankali kan rayuwar tsuntsaye da labarin almara na 'yan uwan tagwaye, Kurt da Carl Pfister. Shige da fice shine taken da ke haɗa shi duka tare a cikin ma'anar wallafe-wallafen. Yana bincika haɗarin da mutum ke fuskanta yayin yin tafiya mai tsawo zuwa sababbin ƙasashe - musamman fashewar taga ga tsuntsaye. Abubuwan aikin sun haɗa da: windows da aka zana tare da siffofin tsuntsaye da taswira, takarda tsuntsaye a cikin wayoyin hannu, tsuntsaye X-ray, matani, zane-zane, gidajen tsuntsaye masu zinariya, da shigarwa masu nutsewa. An nuna sassa daban-daban na aikin a PSM Gallery a Berlin da kuma Daniel Faria Gallery daidai da shigarwa mai zurfi a cikin garage na mai zane a Toronto, Kanada. * Divided Heavens (2025) Shafin yanar gizon Häussler na musamman Divided Hevens a Tom Thomson Shack a McMichael Canadian Art Collection ya ja hankalin baƙi zuwa zurfin duniyar tunanin halayen da aka haifa a Jamus, 'yan uwan tagwaye Kurt da Carl Pfister. An raba su tun suna yara bayan Yaƙin Duniya na Biyu, tagwayen sun girma ba tare da sanin juna ba, duk da haka suna da tausayi sosai ga tsuntsaye masu ƙaura. An gayyaci baƙi zuwa Rabuwa da Sama don bincika ɗakunan biyu na shack inda labaran da aka haɗa suka bayyana ta hanyar abubuwan tunawa, gilashin da aka zana da madubai da ke ɗauke da siffofin tsuntsaye da alamun haɗari, da kuma globes masu haske tare da hanyoyin ƙaura da aka ɗaure da hannu. Wadannan abubuwa sun haɗa da kwatanci zuwa shigarwar babban dakin, wanda ya gabatar da kayan tarihi na tsuntsaye da samfurori na tsuntsayen daga haɗarin fashewar tsuntsaye, yayin da wayar hannu ta yankan tsuntsaye ta motsa iska a sama. == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1962]] [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] pzb8vwgihlawjffpxl4sgsv0mxzcmjr 0 163199 895039 2026-08-11T16:31:28Z Umar A Muhammad 22698 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1348678466|Humaira Ali]]" 895039 wikitext text/x-wiki   '''Humaira Ali''' (née '''Chaudhry'''; 5 Afrilu 1960 - 3 Mayu 2025) Jarumar fim ce kuma mawaƙiya 'yar Pakistan ce. An san ta da rawar da ta taka a cikin wasannin kwaikwayo kamar Nail Polish, Kankar, Jab We Wed da Sammi. Ta kuma taka rawa a cikin fim ɗin Ingilishi ɗaya tilo da aka yi a Pakistan, Beyond the Last Mountain (1976) <ref>{{Cite web |date=1 December 2020 |title=CULTURE CIRCLE : Ajoka set to undertake 'Amrika Chalo' project |url=https://www.dawn.com/news/1156276 |website=Dawn News}}</ref> == Rayuwa ta farko == == Ayyuka == Ali ya shiga masana'antar talabijin a shekarar 1973. <ref>{{Cite web |date=3 December 2020 |title=IN MEMORIAM: THE MAN WHO SPOKE WITH HIS EYES |url=https://www.dawn.com/news/1504619 |website=Dawn}}</ref> Ta fara fitowa a matsayin 'yar wasan kwaikwayo a wasan kwaikwayo na PTV mai suna ''Jhok Siyal'', tana taka muhimmiyar rawa tare da Abid Ali, wanda daga baya ta auri.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2 December 2020 |title=PTV's Golden Jubilee: Fade to black |url=https://www.dawn.com/news/1155511 |website=Dawn}}</ref> Humaira ta kuma raira waƙoƙi a cikin ''Jhok Sial'' da kuma wasan kwaikwayo da mijinta Abid ya jagoranta.<ref>{{Cite web |date=8 December 2020 |title=culture circle : Art consultancy launches Artist's Notebook |url=https://www.dawn.com/news/1157709 |website=Dawn News}}</ref> A shekarar 1974, ta fito a matsayin Batool a cikin fim ɗin Aik Mohabbat So Afsaday wanda Ashfaq Ahmed ya rubuta kuma ta fito tare da Sheeba Hassan, Khursheed Shahid da Mustansar Hussain Tarar. Ta bayyana rawar da wata matar gida mai kirki da kirki ta taka wadda ta yi baƙin ciki sosai lokacin da ta ji cewa mijinta ya auri wata yarinya a wata ƙasa. A shekarar 1976, ta yi aiki a fim ɗin Turanci na farko da aka yi a Pakistan, Beyond the Last Mountain, inda ta nuna amarya da ta auri wanda ba ta sani ba kuma daga baya ta fuskanci wasu matsaloli. Javed Jabbar ne ya ba da umarni kuma ya rubuta shi; daga baya, an nuna shi a bikin fina-finai na duniya na 6 da aka yi a Delhi. An san ta da raira waƙa a cikin wasan kwaikwayo Dasht, ''Doosra Aasman'' da ''Hawa Pe Raqs'' wanda kuma mijinta ya ba da umarni.<ref>{{Cite web |date=7 December 2020 |title=ہر دور کے سب سے مقبول 20 پاکستانی ڈرامے |url=https://www.dawnnews.tv/news/1007915 |website=Dawn News Television}}</ref> Bayan haka ta fito a cikin wasan kwaikwayo da yawa, ciki har da ''Akbari Asghari'', ''Sabz Pari Laal Kabootar'', Nail Polish, ''Kankar'', ''Jab We Wed'', ''Ranjish Hi Sahi'' da ''Sammi'' . <ref>{{Cite web |date=10 December 2020 |title=Mawra Hocane's Sammi is a slow unravelling of one of Pakistan's darkest truths |url=https://images.dawn.com/news/1177053 |website=Images.Dawn}}</ref> == Rayuwa da mutuwarsa == Humaira ta auri Abid Ali a shekara ta 1976. <ref>{{Cite web |date=4 December 2020 |title=Jee Saheeli Epi-23 part 4/5 Guest : Humaira Ali, Ismat Iqbal, Faiza Gillani |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=olOX9d6lW48 |website=[[YouTube]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=14 December 2020 |title=Iman Ali shares her childhood picture and fans are just loving it! |url=https://arynews.tv/en/iman-ali-childhood-picture-instagram |website=Ary News}}</ref> Sun hadu a lokacin harbi na wasan kwaikwayo ''Johak Sial'' . Suna da 'ya'ya mata uku, ciki har da Iman Ali da [[Rahma Ali]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=5 December 2020 |title=Jee Saheeli Epi-23 part 5/5 Guest : Humaira Ali, Ismat Iqbal, Faiza Gillani |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=IjXGNXJ3k-s |website=[[YouTube]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=12 December 2020 |title=Supermodel Iman Ali is married now! |url=https://www.thenews.com.pk/latest/435382-inside-iman-alis-glitzy-wedding-ceremony |website=The News International}}</ref> Ita da Abid Ali sun sake aure a shekara ta 2006; har yanzu tana amfani da sunansa na karshe kuma dukansu sun kasance cikin kyakkyawar dangantaka har zuwa mutuwarsa a shekara ta 2019. <ref>{{Cite web |date=13 December 2020 |title=In Memory: Abid Ali and the end of an era |url=https://www.thenews.com.pk/tns/detail/568469-memory-abid-ali-end-era |website=The News International}}</ref> Humaira Ali ya mutu a ranar 3 ga Mayu 2025, yana da shekaru 65.  {{Ana bukatan hujja|date=April 2026}}<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B;''<nowiki><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (April 2026)">citation needed</span></nowiki>''&#x5D;</sup> == Hotunan fina-finai == === Talabijin === {| class="wikitable sortable plainrowheaders" |- style="text-align:center;" ! scope="col" |Shekara ! scope="col" |Taken ! scope="col" |Matsayi ! scope="col" |Cibiyar sadarwa |- |1973 |''Jhok Siyal'' |Mehru |PTV |- |1974 |''Aik Mohabbat So Afsanay'' |Batool |PTV |- |1993 |''Daɗaukaki'' |Shahtaaj |NTM |- |2005 |''Azal'' |Begum Ahsan |Indus TV |- | rowspan="2" |2007 |''Ƙofar Lahori'' |Kulsoom |PTV |- |''Awaz'' |Suraiya Begum |PTV |- |2008 |''Yaad Piya ki Aaye'' |Abida |PTV |- | rowspan="5" |2010 |''Din Dhallay'' |Sidra |PTV |- |''Jeevan Ki Rahon Mein'' |Ma'adinai |PTV |- |''Bas Ik Tera Intezar'' |Safeena |PTV |- |''40 Fiye da haka Yana da Rashin Halin'' |Mahaifiyar Beenish |PTV |- |''Dastaan'' |Kaamini |Hum TV |- | rowspan="4" |2011 |''Ƙusa na Poland'' |Nafeesa Mehboob |Ƙari ga haka |- |''Akbari Asghari'' |Batool |Hum TV |- |''Sehra Teri Pyas'' |Ameer Bibi |Gida na PTV |- |''Timmy G Season 1'' |Nusrat |ARY na dijital |- | rowspan="8" |2012 |''Kawai Huzoor'' |Mahaifiyar Nain Tara |Nishaɗi na gaggawa |- |''Koi Meray Dil Say Pouchay'' |Shireen |PTV |- |''Ghar zuwa Akhir Apna Hay'' |Begum Sahiba |PTV |- |''Timmy G Season 2'' |Nusrat |ARY na dijital |- |''Bano Bazar'' |Bibi |Geo TV |- |''Wilyti Desi'' |Shamshad Begum |PTV |- |''Dil Deke Jayen Ge'' |Mahaifiyar Maham |Geo TV |- |''Sabz Pari Laal Kabootar'' |Nasima |Geo Nishaɗi |- | rowspan="5" |2013 |''Pachtawa'' |Nuzhat |ARY na dijital |- |''Kankar'' |Aapa |Hum TV |- |''Yeh Shadi Nahi Ho Sakti'' |Chami |Zindagi ta Zindagi |- |''Darmiyan'' |Mahaifiyar Farishtay |ARY na dijital<ref>{{Cite web |date=11 December 2020 |title=Promising drama 'Darmiyaan' hits the airwaves |url=https://www.pakistantoday.com.pk/2013/08/30/promising-drama-darmiyaan-hits-the-airwaves |website=Pakistan Today}}</ref> |- |''Ranjish Hi Sahi'' |Hira |Geo Nishaɗi |- | rowspan="5" |2014 |''Haq Meher'' |Sultan |ARY na dijital |- |''Jab We Wed'' |Mahaifiyar Heer |Urdu 1 |- |''Behnein Aisi Bhi Hoti Hain'' |Akhtari |Zindagi ta Zindagi |- |''Rasam'' |Yasmeen |Geo TV |- |''Shikwa'' |Tamanna Khanam |ARY na dijital |- | rowspan="5" |2015 |''Ek Sitam Aur Sahi'' |Zawar Gul |Nishaɗi na gaggawa |- |''Shukrana'' |Imtiaz |Nishaɗi na gaggawa |- |''Mohabbat Aag Si'' |Mahaifiyar Samiya |Hum TV |- |''Yehi Hai Zindagi'' |Karamin Tara |Nishaɗi na gaggawa |- |''Paras'' |Sanin |Geo Nishaɗi |- | rowspan="3" |2016 |''Lagaao'' |Nadra |Hum TV |- |''Yehi Hai Zindagi Season 2'' |Karamin Tara |Nishaɗi na gaggawa |- |''Hassil'' |Mahaifiyar Junaid |Geo TV |- | rowspan="7" |2017 |''Thori Si Wafa'' |Farzana |Hum TV |- |''Yehi Hai Zindagi Season 3'' |Karamin Tara |Nishaɗi na gaggawa |- |''Bachay Baraye Farokht'' |Mahaifiyar Shazia |Urdu 1 |- |''Sammi'' |Nargis Jutt |Hum TV<ref>{{Cite web |date=9 December 2020 |title='Sammi' raises questions about the value of a daughter's life in Pakistan, but will it give us any answers? |url=https://images.dawn.com/news/1177601 |website=Images.Dawn}}</ref> |- |''Massi'' |Mahaifiyar Aruba |Nishaɗi na gaggawa |- |''Beti zuwa Main Bhi Hoon'' |Qudsia |Urdu 1 |- |''Yeh Shadi Nahin Hosakti'' |Shehla |Zindagi ta Zindagi |- | rowspan="3" |2018 |''Bayar Parwaian'' |Sultana Bibi |PTV |- |''Rabbaway'' |Khalida | rowspan="2" |Nishaɗi na Bol |- |''Bol Kaffara'' |Mahaifiyar Liaquat |- |2019 |''Gulfam'' |Samreen |ATV |} === Fim din talabijin === {| class="wikitable sortable plainrowheaders" |- style="text-align:center;" ! scope="col" |Shekara ! scope="col" |Taken ! scope="col" |Matsayi |- |2012 |''Roshni Ki Dastak'' |Ani |- |2016 |''Shab-e-Zulmat'' |Mahaifiyar Beena |} === Fim din === {| class="wikitable sortable plainrowheaders" |- style="text-align:center;" ! scope="col" |Shekara ! scope="col" |Taken ! scope="col" |Matsayi |- |1976 |''Bayan Dutsen Ƙarshe'' |Bride |- |2011 |''Kwando'' |Ofishin Lady na Aure |- |2012 |''Iffat-e-Maab'' |Aunty Anjuman |- |2022 |''Tich Button'' |Parveen |- |TBA |''[[Hamza Ali Abbasi|Kambakht]]'' |TBA |} == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} [[Rukuni:Mutuwan 2025]] [[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1960]] 4k3q076vya3wz43w0jcr481hq7m3uy5 895042 895039 2026-08-11T16:32:32Z Umar A Muhammad 22698 895042 wikitext text/x-wiki   {{Databox}} '''Humaira Ali''' (née '''Chaudhry'''; 5 Afrilu 1960 - 3 Mayu 2025) Jarumar fim ce kuma mawaƙiya 'yar Pakistan ce. An san ta da rawar da ta taka a cikin wasannin kwaikwayo kamar Nail Polish, Kankar, Jab We Wed da Sammi. Ta kuma taka rawa a cikin fim ɗin Ingilishi ɗaya tilo da aka yi a Pakistan, Beyond the Last Mountain (1976) <ref>{{Cite web |date=1 December 2020 |title=CULTURE CIRCLE : Ajoka set to undertake 'Amrika Chalo' project |url=https://www.dawn.com/news/1156276 |website=Dawn News}}</ref> == Rayuwa ta farko == == Ayyuka == Ali ya shiga masana'antar talabijin a shekarar 1973. <ref>{{Cite web |date=3 December 2020 |title=IN MEMORIAM: THE MAN WHO SPOKE WITH HIS EYES |url=https://www.dawn.com/news/1504619 |website=Dawn}}</ref> Ta fara fitowa a matsayin 'yar wasan kwaikwayo a wasan kwaikwayo na PTV mai suna ''Jhok Siyal'', tana taka muhimmiyar rawa tare da Abid Ali, wanda daga baya ta auri.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2 December 2020 |title=PTV's Golden Jubilee: Fade to black |url=https://www.dawn.com/news/1155511 |website=Dawn}}</ref> Humaira ta kuma raira waƙoƙi a cikin ''Jhok Sial'' da kuma wasan kwaikwayo da mijinta Abid ya jagoranta.<ref>{{Cite web |date=8 December 2020 |title=culture circle : Art consultancy launches Artist's Notebook |url=https://www.dawn.com/news/1157709 |website=Dawn News}}</ref> A shekarar 1974, ta fito a matsayin Batool a cikin fim ɗin Aik Mohabbat So Afsaday wanda Ashfaq Ahmed ya rubuta kuma ta fito tare da Sheeba Hassan, Khursheed Shahid da Mustansar Hussain Tarar. Ta bayyana rawar da wata matar gida mai kirki da kirki ta taka wadda ta yi baƙin ciki sosai lokacin da ta ji cewa mijinta ya auri wata yarinya a wata ƙasa. A shekarar 1976, ta yi aiki a fim ɗin Turanci na farko da aka yi a Pakistan, Beyond the Last Mountain, inda ta nuna amarya da ta auri wanda ba ta sani ba kuma daga baya ta fuskanci wasu matsaloli. Javed Jabbar ne ya ba da umarni kuma ya rubuta shi; daga baya, an nuna shi a bikin fina-finai na duniya na 6 da aka yi a Delhi. An san ta da raira waƙa a cikin wasan kwaikwayo Dasht, ''Doosra Aasman'' da ''Hawa Pe Raqs'' wanda kuma mijinta ya ba da umarni.<ref>{{Cite web |date=7 December 2020 |title=ہر دور کے سب سے مقبول 20 پاکستانی ڈرامے |url=https://www.dawnnews.tv/news/1007915 |website=Dawn News Television}}</ref> Bayan haka ta fito a cikin wasan kwaikwayo da yawa, ciki har da ''Akbari Asghari'', ''Sabz Pari Laal Kabootar'', Nail Polish, ''Kankar'', ''Jab We Wed'', ''Ranjish Hi Sahi'' da ''Sammi'' . <ref>{{Cite web |date=10 December 2020 |title=Mawra Hocane's Sammi is a slow unravelling of one of Pakistan's darkest truths |url=https://images.dawn.com/news/1177053 |website=Images.Dawn}}</ref> == Rayuwa da mutuwarsa == Humaira ta auri Abid Ali a shekara ta 1976. <ref>{{Cite web |date=4 December 2020 |title=Jee Saheeli Epi-23 part 4/5 Guest : Humaira Ali, Ismat Iqbal, Faiza Gillani |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=olOX9d6lW48 |website=[[YouTube]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=14 December 2020 |title=Iman Ali shares her childhood picture and fans are just loving it! |url=https://arynews.tv/en/iman-ali-childhood-picture-instagram |website=Ary News}}</ref> Sun hadu a lokacin harbi na wasan kwaikwayo ''Johak Sial'' . Suna da 'ya'ya mata uku, ciki har da Iman Ali da [[Rahma Ali]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=5 December 2020 |title=Jee Saheeli Epi-23 part 5/5 Guest : Humaira Ali, Ismat Iqbal, Faiza Gillani |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=IjXGNXJ3k-s |website=[[YouTube]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=12 December 2020 |title=Supermodel Iman Ali is married now! |url=https://www.thenews.com.pk/latest/435382-inside-iman-alis-glitzy-wedding-ceremony |website=The News International}}</ref> Ita da Abid Ali sun sake aure a shekara ta 2006; har yanzu tana amfani da sunansa na karshe kuma dukansu sun kasance cikin kyakkyawar dangantaka har zuwa mutuwarsa a shekara ta 2019. <ref>{{Cite web |date=13 December 2020 |title=In Memory: Abid Ali and the end of an era |url=https://www.thenews.com.pk/tns/detail/568469-memory-abid-ali-end-era |website=The News International}}</ref> Humaira Ali ya mutu a ranar 3 ga Mayu 2025, yana da shekaru 65.  {{Ana bukatan hujja|date=April 2026}}<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B;''<nowiki><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (April 2026)">citation needed</span></nowiki>''&#x5D;</sup> == Hotunan fina-finai == === Talabijin === {| class="wikitable sortable plainrowheaders" |- style="text-align:center;" ! scope="col" |Shekara ! scope="col" |Taken ! scope="col" |Matsayi ! scope="col" |Cibiyar sadarwa |- |1973 |''Jhok Siyal'' |Mehru |PTV |- |1974 |''Aik Mohabbat So Afsanay'' |Batool |PTV |- |1993 |''Daɗaukaki'' |Shahtaaj |NTM |- |2005 |''Azal'' |Begum Ahsan |Indus TV |- | rowspan="2" |2007 |''Ƙofar Lahori'' |Kulsoom |PTV |- |''Awaz'' |Suraiya Begum |PTV |- |2008 |''Yaad Piya ki Aaye'' |Abida |PTV |- | rowspan="5" |2010 |''Din Dhallay'' |Sidra |PTV |- |''Jeevan Ki Rahon Mein'' |Ma'adinai |PTV |- |''Bas Ik Tera Intezar'' |Safeena |PTV |- |''40 Fiye da haka Yana da Rashin Halin'' |Mahaifiyar Beenish |PTV |- |''Dastaan'' |Kaamini |Hum TV |- | rowspan="4" |2011 |''Ƙusa na Poland'' |Nafeesa Mehboob |Ƙari ga haka |- |''Akbari Asghari'' |Batool |Hum TV |- |''Sehra Teri Pyas'' |Ameer Bibi |Gida na PTV |- |''Timmy G Season 1'' |Nusrat |ARY na dijital |- | rowspan="8" |2012 |''Kawai Huzoor'' |Mahaifiyar Nain Tara |Nishaɗi na gaggawa |- |''Koi Meray Dil Say Pouchay'' |Shireen |PTV |- |''Ghar zuwa Akhir Apna Hay'' |Begum Sahiba |PTV |- |''Timmy G Season 2'' |Nusrat |ARY na dijital |- |''Bano Bazar'' |Bibi |Geo TV |- |''Wilyti Desi'' |Shamshad Begum |PTV |- |''Dil Deke Jayen Ge'' |Mahaifiyar Maham |Geo TV |- |''Sabz Pari Laal Kabootar'' |Nasima |Geo Nishaɗi |- | rowspan="5" |2013 |''Pachtawa'' |Nuzhat |ARY na dijital |- |''Kankar'' |Aapa |Hum TV |- |''Yeh Shadi Nahi Ho Sakti'' |Chami |Zindagi ta Zindagi |- |''Darmiyan'' |Mahaifiyar Farishtay |ARY na dijital<ref>{{Cite web |date=11 December 2020 |title=Promising drama 'Darmiyaan' hits the airwaves |url=https://www.pakistantoday.com.pk/2013/08/30/promising-drama-darmiyaan-hits-the-airwaves |website=Pakistan Today}}</ref> |- |''Ranjish Hi Sahi'' |Hira |Geo Nishaɗi |- | rowspan="5" |2014 |''Haq Meher'' |Sultan |ARY na dijital |- |''Jab We Wed'' |Mahaifiyar Heer |Urdu 1 |- |''Behnein Aisi Bhi Hoti Hain'' |Akhtari |Zindagi ta Zindagi |- |''Rasam'' |Yasmeen |Geo TV |- |''Shikwa'' |Tamanna Khanam |ARY na dijital |- | rowspan="5" |2015 |''Ek Sitam Aur Sahi'' |Zawar Gul |Nishaɗi na gaggawa |- |''Shukrana'' |Imtiaz |Nishaɗi na gaggawa |- |''Mohabbat Aag Si'' |Mahaifiyar Samiya |Hum TV |- |''Yehi Hai Zindagi'' |Karamin Tara |Nishaɗi na gaggawa |- |''Paras'' |Sanin |Geo Nishaɗi |- | rowspan="3" |2016 |''Lagaao'' |Nadra |Hum TV |- |''Yehi Hai Zindagi Season 2'' |Karamin Tara |Nishaɗi na gaggawa |- |''Hassil'' |Mahaifiyar Junaid |Geo TV |- | rowspan="7" |2017 |''Thori Si Wafa'' |Farzana |Hum TV |- |''Yehi Hai Zindagi Season 3'' |Karamin Tara |Nishaɗi na gaggawa |- |''Bachay Baraye Farokht'' |Mahaifiyar Shazia |Urdu 1 |- |''Sammi'' |Nargis Jutt |Hum TV<ref>{{Cite web |date=9 December 2020 |title='Sammi' raises questions about the value of a daughter's life in Pakistan, but will it give us any answers? |url=https://images.dawn.com/news/1177601 |website=Images.Dawn}}</ref> |- |''Massi'' |Mahaifiyar Aruba |Nishaɗi na gaggawa |- |''Beti zuwa Main Bhi Hoon'' |Qudsia |Urdu 1 |- |''Yeh Shadi Nahin Hosakti'' |Shehla |Zindagi ta Zindagi |- | rowspan="3" |2018 |''Bayar Parwaian'' |Sultana Bibi |PTV |- |''Rabbaway'' |Khalida | rowspan="2" |Nishaɗi na Bol |- |''Bol Kaffara'' |Mahaifiyar Liaquat |- |2019 |''Gulfam'' |Samreen |ATV |} === Fim din talabijin === {| class="wikitable sortable plainrowheaders" |- style="text-align:center;" ! scope="col" |Shekara ! scope="col" |Taken ! scope="col" |Matsayi |- |2012 |''Roshni Ki Dastak'' |Ani |- |2016 |''Shab-e-Zulmat'' |Mahaifiyar Beena |} === Fim din === {| class="wikitable sortable plainrowheaders" |- style="text-align:center;" ! scope="col" |Shekara ! scope="col" |Taken ! scope="col" |Matsayi |- |1976 |''Bayan Dutsen Ƙarshe'' |Bride |- |2011 |''Kwando'' |Ofishin Lady na Aure |- |2012 |''Iffat-e-Maab'' |Aunty Anjuman |- |2022 |''Tich Button'' |Parveen |- |TBA |''[[Hamza Ali Abbasi|Kambakht]]'' |TBA |} == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} [[Rukuni:Mutuwan 2025]] [[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1960]] k3x7l98lc522v80erk2fzpfr3d4d3u0 0 163200 895050 2026-08-11T16:35:12Z Nnamadee 31123 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1342985166|Bettina von Zwehl]]" 895050 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Bettina von Zwehl''' (an haife ta a shekara ta 1971 <ref>{{Cite web |title=Union List of Artist Names Online |url=http://www.getty.edu/vow/ULANFullDisplay?find=Bettina+von+Zwehl&role=&nation=&prev_page=1&subjectid=500330785 |website=www.getty.edu}}</ref> ) wata 'yar ƙasar Jamus ce mai zane-zane wadda ke zaune kuma tana aiki a Landan. Ta mayar da hankali kan aikinta na fasaha kan daukar hoto, shigarwa da kuma binciken kayan tarihi wanda ke tasowa ta hanyar gidajen zama na masu fasaha a gidajen tarihi. Aikinta ya binciko wakilcin yanayin ɗan adam da damuwar ɗan adam ta hanyar lura tare da amfani na musamman na hangen nesa da siffa ta fuskar mutum wanda ke ci gaba da ƙarfafa aikinta. <ref>{{Cite web |title=About |url=http://www.bettinavonzwehl.com/about.html}}</ref> == Sana'a == An haifi Von Zwehl a Munich kuma ya yi karatu a Landan, inda ya sami digiri na farko a fannin daukar hoto daga Kwalejin Buga Littattafai ta Landan da kuma digiri na biyu a fannin daukar hoto daga Kwalejin Fasaha ta Royal, Landan. <ref name="PHResume">{{Cite web |title=Resume: Bettina von Zwehl |url=http://www.purdyhicks.com/pdf/Bettina%20_von%20Zwehl.pdf |access-date=2014-07-23 |website=www.purdyhicks.com}}</ref> Ta fara yin zane-zane a matsayin ɗaliba a Kwalejin Fasaha ta Royal, ta amfani da wata hanyar ƙarni na 19 da ta ci karo da ita a matsayin mataimakiyar mai ɗaukar hoto a Rome, tana aiki a kan {{Convert|10|x|8|in}} fim mai babban faranti. <ref name="VandA">{{Cite web |date=3 January 2012 |title=Photography Resident: Bettina von Zwehl |url=http://www.vam.ac.uk/content/articles/p/bettina-von-zwehl/ |access-date=2014-07-23 |publisher=Victoria and Albert Museum}}</ref> Yawancin ayyukanta sun kasance a cikin situdiyo. Sharhin aikinta na farko sau da yawa yana yin tsokaci kan tsarin ra'ayinta da kuma nuna mutane a cikin yanayi na zahiri ko na motsin rai, tare da ƙaruwar rauni. <ref name="NYTReview">{{Cite web |last=Smith |first=Roberta |date=September 15, 2000 |title=Art in Review: Bettina von Zwehl |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2000/09/15/arts/art-in-review-bettina-von-zwehl.html |access-date=2014-08-01 |website=The New York Times}}</ref> A lokaci guda kuma, tana da sha'awar ɗaukar hotunan martaba. Tana ambaton tasirin zanen Renaissance, ta kira hoton bayanin martaba "ɗaya daga cikin hanyoyin da suka fi ƙarfi na wakiltar mutum." <ref name="VandA" /> A shekarar 2010 aka ba ta aikin ɗaukar hotunan 'yan wasa da masu wasan paralympics da ke shirin shiga gasar Olympics ta London ta 2012. <ref name="Guardian2010">{{Cite web |date=20 July 2010 |title=Olympic exhibition opens at the National Portrait Gallery |url=https://www.theguardian.com/uk/2010/jul/20/olympic-exhibition-national-portrait-gallery |access-date=2014-07-23 |website=The Guardian}}</ref> Kwanan nan an gayyace ta ta ƙirƙiri ayyuka don mayar da martani ga tarin gidajen tarihi da dama, ciki har da Gidan Tarihi na Victoria &amp;amp; Albert (V&A), <ref name="VandA">{{Cite web |date=3 January 2012 |title=Photography Resident: Bettina von Zwehl |url=http://www.vam.ac.uk/content/articles/p/bettina-von-zwehl/ |access-date=2014-07-23 |publisher=Victoria and Albert Museum}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[http://www.vam.ac.uk/content/articles/p/bettina-von-zwehl/ "Photography Resident: Bettina von Zwehl"]. Victoria and Albert Museum. 3 January 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">23 July</span> 2014</span>.</cite></ref> Gidan Tarihi na Holburne <ref name="Rubys">{{Cite web |last=Barron |first=Katy |title=Bettina Von Zwehl: Ruby's Room |url=http://www.photomonitor.co.uk/2013/07/bettina-von-zwehl-rubys-room/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140810041729/http://www.photomonitor.co.uk/2013/07/bettina-von-zwehl-rubys-room/ |archive-date=2014-08-10 |access-date=2014-07-23 |website=www.photomonitor.co.uk}}</ref> da Gidan Tarihi na Freud . <ref name="Freud">{{Cite web |title=Bettina Von Zwehl installation at the Freud Museum |url=http://www.darbyshire.uk.com/bettina-von-zwehl-installation-at-the-freud-museum/ |access-date=2014-07-23 |website=www.darbyshire.uk.com}}</ref> A shekarar 2014 ta yi aiki tare da ƙawarta kuma abokiyar aikinta Sophy Rickett a wani aikin da ke mayar da martani ga wani kundin waƙoƙi daga Sir Benjamin Stone Archive a Laburare na Birmingham . <ref name="Stone">{{Cite web |last=Padley |first=Gemma |date=1 May 2014 |title=Library of Birmingham opens its archive to photographers |url=http://www.bjp-online.com/2014/05/library-of-birmingham-commissions-photographers/ |access-date=2014-07-23 |publisher=British Journal of Photography}}</ref> Ta kasance mai zane a gidanta na tsawon watanni 6 a shekarar 2011 a V&A (2011) <ref name="VandA">{{Cite web |date=3 January 2012 |title=Photography Resident: Bettina von Zwehl |url=http://www.vam.ac.uk/content/articles/p/bettina-von-zwehl/ |access-date=2014-07-23 |publisher=Victoria and Albert Museum}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[http://www.vam.ac.uk/content/articles/p/bettina-von-zwehl/ "Photography Resident: Bettina von Zwehl"]. Victoria and Albert Museum. 3 January 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">23 July</span> 2014</span>.</cite></ref> kuma mai zane a gidanta na tsawon watanni 5 a shekarar 2013–2014 a Gidan Tarihi na Freud, inda ta ƙirƙiri wani ɗaki na dindindin don Ɗakin Anna Freud don mayar da martani ga rayuwar Anna Freud da gadonta. <ref name="Freud">{{Cite web |title=Bettina Von Zwehl installation at the Freud Museum |url=http://www.darbyshire.uk.com/bettina-von-zwehl-installation-at-the-freud-museum/ |access-date=2014-07-23 |website=www.darbyshire.uk.com}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[http://www.darbyshire.uk.com/bettina-von-zwehl-installation-at-the-freud-museum/ "Bettina Von Zwehl installation at the Freud Museum"]. ''www.darbyshire.uk.com''<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">23 July</span> 2014</span>.</cite></ref> ''An yi waƙar Soyayya ta Made up'' (2011) sakamakon zama a Gidan Tarihi na Victoria &amp;amp; Albert . Von Zwehl ya bincika tarin ƙananan hotunan hoto a gidan tarihi, inda ya ƙirƙiri wani hoto mai tsayi a cikin ƙaramin hoto a sassa 34 na Sophia Birikorang, memba na ƙungiyar masu baƙo a V&A. <ref>{{Cite web |date=6 February 2012 |title=Bettina von Zwehl : Made Up Love Song - Photomonitor |url=https://photomonitor.co.uk/essay/bettina-von-zwehl/,%20https://photomonitor.co.uk/essay/bettina-von-zwehl/ |website=photomonitor.co.uk}}</ref> A shekarar 2013/14 ta yi aikin zama a gidan tarihi na Freud Museum da ke Landan, inda ta yi aikin dindindin a ɗakin Anna Freud a gidan tarihi. Bayan zamanta a gidan tarihi, ta yi wani shiri na musamman da aka kira Gayyatar zuwa Shadows' a shekarar 2016. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Bettina von Zwehl - Invitation to Frequent the Shadows |url=https://www.freud.org.uk/exhibitions/bettina-von-zwehl-invitation-to-frequent-the-shadows/ |website=Freud Museum London}}</ref> An buga littafin Lament don ya yi daidai da baje kolin kuma Josh Cohen ne ya rubuta shi tare. <ref>{{Cite web |date=30 August 2016 |title=Lament - Photomonitor |url=https://photomonitor.co.uk/book/lament/,%20https://photomonitor.co.uk/book/lament/ |website=photomonitor.co.uk}}</ref> A shekarar 2018 an gayyaci von Zwehl don zama mai zane na farko a New-York Historical Society . Ta sami tallafi daga Gidauniyar Pollock-Krasner a shekarar 2017 kuma a shekarar 2018 ta yi makonni 6 a New-York tana bincike kan tarin hotunan da kuma yin sabbin ayyuka: Meditations in an Emergency (2018), <ref>{{Cite web |title=Meditations in an Emergency &#124; New-York Historical Society |url=https://www.nyhistory.org/exhibitions/meditations-emergency}}</ref> wani shirin daukar hoto wanda aka yi wahayi zuwa gare shi daga zanga-zangar matasa bayan bala'in da ya faru a Makarantar Sakandare ta Stoneman Douglas a Ranar Masoya ta 2018, da kuma tarin hotunan hoto a N-YHSM. Wunderkammer (2020), <ref>{{Cite web |title=WUNDERKAMMER |url=https://www.innsitu.at/en/ausstellung/wunderkammer-the-exhibition/}}</ref> wani hoto ne na musamman da kuma shigarwar kafofin watsa labarai iri-iri don mayar da martani ga tsawon shekara guda na bincike a Renaissance Kunst-und Wunderkammer (Ɗakin Fasaha da Abubuwan Al'ajabi) na Ferdinand II a Castle Ambras a Innsbruck Austria. A shekarar 2024 von Zwehl ya sami kyautar RPS ( The Royal Photographic Society ) saboda Nasara a Fasahar Daukar Hoto. == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1971]] 67uoskqn36zgct6ea5f6wjs4yiwlpi5 895052 895050 2026-08-11T16:35:39Z Nnamadee 31123 895052 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Bettina von Zwehl''' (an haife ta a shekara ta 1971 <ref>{{Cite web |title=Union List of Artist Names Online |url=http://www.getty.edu/vow/ULANFullDisplay?find=Bettina+von+Zwehl&role=&nation=&prev_page=1&subjectid=500330785 |website=www.getty.edu}}</ref> ) wata 'yar ƙasar Jamus ce mai zane-zane wadda ke zaune kuma tana aiki a Landan. Ta mayar da hankali kan aikinta na fasaha kan daukar hoto, shigarwa da kuma binciken kayan tarihi wanda ke tasowa ta hanyar gidajen zama na masu fasaha a gidajen tarihi. Aikinta ya binciko wakilcin yanayin ɗan adam da damuwar ɗan adam ta hanyar lura tare da amfani na musamman na hangen nesa da siffa ta fuskar mutum wanda ke ci gaba da ƙarfafa aikinta. <ref>{{Cite web |title=About |url=http://www.bettinavonzwehl.com/about.html}}</ref> == Sana'a == An haifi Von Zwehl a Munich kuma ya yi karatu a Landan, inda ya sami digiri na farko a fannin daukar hoto daga Kwalejin Buga Littattafai ta Landan da kuma digiri na biyu a fannin daukar hoto daga Kwalejin Fasaha ta Royal, Landan. <ref name="PHResume">{{Cite web |title=Resume: Bettina von Zwehl |url=http://www.purdyhicks.com/pdf/Bettina%20_von%20Zwehl.pdf |access-date=2014-07-23 |website=www.purdyhicks.com}}</ref> Ta fara yin zane-zane a matsayin ɗaliba a Kwalejin Fasaha ta Royal, ta amfani da wata hanyar ƙarni na 19 da ta ci karo da ita a matsayin mataimakiyar mai ɗaukar hoto a Rome, tana aiki a kan {{Convert|10|x|8|in}} fim mai babban faranti. <ref name="VandA">{{Cite web |date=3 January 2012 |title=Photography Resident: Bettina von Zwehl |url=http://www.vam.ac.uk/content/articles/p/bettina-von-zwehl/ |access-date=2014-07-23 |publisher=Victoria and Albert Museum}}</ref> Yawancin ayyukanta sun kasance a cikin situdiyo. Sharhin aikinta na farko sau da yawa yana yin tsokaci kan tsarin ra'ayinta da kuma nuna mutane a cikin yanayi na zahiri ko na motsin rai, tare da ƙaruwar rauni. <ref name="NYTReview">{{Cite web |last=Smith |first=Roberta |date=September 15, 2000 |title=Art in Review: Bettina von Zwehl |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2000/09/15/arts/art-in-review-bettina-von-zwehl.html |access-date=2014-08-01 |website=The New York Times}}</ref> A lokaci guda kuma, tana da sha'awar ɗaukar hotunan martaba. Tana ambaton tasirin zanen Renaissance, ta kira hoton bayanin martaba "ɗaya daga cikin hanyoyin da suka fi ƙarfi na wakiltar mutum." <ref name="VandA" /> A shekarar 2010 aka ba ta aikin ɗaukar hotunan 'yan wasa da masu wasan paralympics da ke shirin shiga gasar Olympics ta London ta 2012. <ref name="Guardian2010">{{Cite web |date=20 July 2010 |title=Olympic exhibition opens at the National Portrait Gallery |url=https://www.theguardian.com/uk/2010/jul/20/olympic-exhibition-national-portrait-gallery |access-date=2014-07-23 |website=The Guardian}}</ref> Kwanan nan an gayyace ta ta ƙirƙiri ayyuka don mayar da martani ga tarin gidajen tarihi da dama, ciki har da Gidan Tarihi na Victoria &amp;amp; Albert (V&A), <ref name="VandA">{{Cite web |date=3 January 2012 |title=Photography Resident: Bettina von Zwehl |url=http://www.vam.ac.uk/content/articles/p/bettina-von-zwehl/ |access-date=2014-07-23 |publisher=Victoria and Albert Museum}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[http://www.vam.ac.uk/content/articles/p/bettina-von-zwehl/ "Photography Resident: Bettina von Zwehl"]. Victoria and Albert Museum. 3 January 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">23 July</span> 2014</span>.</cite></ref> Gidan Tarihi na Holburne <ref name="Rubys">{{Cite web |last=Barron |first=Katy |title=Bettina Von Zwehl: Ruby's Room |url=http://www.photomonitor.co.uk/2013/07/bettina-von-zwehl-rubys-room/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140810041729/http://www.photomonitor.co.uk/2013/07/bettina-von-zwehl-rubys-room/ |archive-date=2014-08-10 |access-date=2014-07-23 |website=www.photomonitor.co.uk}}</ref> da Gidan Tarihi na Freud . <ref name="Freud">{{Cite web |title=Bettina Von Zwehl installation at the Freud Museum |url=http://www.darbyshire.uk.com/bettina-von-zwehl-installation-at-the-freud-museum/ |access-date=2014-07-23 |website=www.darbyshire.uk.com}}</ref> A shekarar 2014 ta yi aiki tare da ƙawarta kuma abokiyar aikinta Sophy Rickett a wani aikin da ke mayar da martani ga wani kundin waƙoƙi daga Sir Benjamin Stone Archive a Laburare na Birmingham . <ref name="Stone">{{Cite web |last=Padley |first=Gemma |date=1 May 2014 |title=Library of Birmingham opens its archive to photographers |url=http://www.bjp-online.com/2014/05/library-of-birmingham-commissions-photographers/ |access-date=2014-07-23 |publisher=British Journal of Photography}}</ref> Ta kasance mai zane a gidanta na tsawon watanni 6 a shekarar 2011 a V&A (2011) <ref name="VandA">{{Cite web |date=3 January 2012 |title=Photography Resident: Bettina von Zwehl |url=http://www.vam.ac.uk/content/articles/p/bettina-von-zwehl/ |access-date=2014-07-23 |publisher=Victoria and Albert Museum}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[http://www.vam.ac.uk/content/articles/p/bettina-von-zwehl/ "Photography Resident: Bettina von Zwehl"]. Victoria and Albert Museum. 3 January 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">23 July</span> 2014</span>.</cite></ref> kuma mai zane a gidanta na tsawon watanni 5 a shekarar 2013–2014 a Gidan Tarihi na Freud, inda ta ƙirƙiri wani ɗaki na dindindin don Ɗakin Anna Freud don mayar da martani ga rayuwar Anna Freud da gadonta. <ref name="Freud">{{Cite web |title=Bettina Von Zwehl installation at the Freud Museum |url=http://www.darbyshire.uk.com/bettina-von-zwehl-installation-at-the-freud-museum/ |access-date=2014-07-23 |website=www.darbyshire.uk.com}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[http://www.darbyshire.uk.com/bettina-von-zwehl-installation-at-the-freud-museum/ "Bettina Von Zwehl installation at the Freud Museum"]. ''www.darbyshire.uk.com''<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">23 July</span> 2014</span>.</cite></ref> ''An yi waƙar Soyayya ta Made up'' (2011) sakamakon zama a Gidan Tarihi na Victoria &amp;amp; Albert . Von Zwehl ya bincika tarin ƙananan hotunan hoto a gidan tarihi, inda ya ƙirƙiri wani hoto mai tsayi a cikin ƙaramin hoto a sassa 34 na Sophia Birikorang, memba na ƙungiyar masu baƙo a V&A. <ref>{{Cite web |date=6 February 2012 |title=Bettina von Zwehl : Made Up Love Song - Photomonitor |url=https://photomonitor.co.uk/essay/bettina-von-zwehl/,%20https://photomonitor.co.uk/essay/bettina-von-zwehl/ |website=photomonitor.co.uk}}</ref> A shekarar 2013/14 ta yi aikin zama a gidan tarihi na Freud Museum da ke Landan, inda ta yi aikin dindindin a ɗakin Anna Freud a gidan tarihi. Bayan zamanta a gidan tarihi, ta yi wani shiri na musamman da aka kira Gayyatar zuwa Shadows' a shekarar 2016. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Bettina von Zwehl - Invitation to Frequent the Shadows |url=https://www.freud.org.uk/exhibitions/bettina-von-zwehl-invitation-to-frequent-the-shadows/ |website=Freud Museum London}}</ref> An buga littafin Lament don ya yi daidai da baje kolin kuma Josh Cohen ne ya rubuta shi tare. <ref>{{Cite web |date=30 August 2016 |title=Lament - Photomonitor |url=https://photomonitor.co.uk/book/lament/,%20https://photomonitor.co.uk/book/lament/ |website=photomonitor.co.uk}}</ref> A shekarar 2018 an gayyaci von Zwehl don zama mai zane na farko a New-York Historical Society . Ta sami tallafi daga Gidauniyar Pollock-Krasner a shekarar 2017 kuma a shekarar 2018 ta yi makonni 6 a New-York tana bincike kan tarin hotunan da kuma yin sabbin ayyuka: Meditations in an Emergency (2018), <ref>{{Cite web |title=Meditations in an Emergency &#124; New-York Historical Society |url=https://www.nyhistory.org/exhibitions/meditations-emergency}}</ref> wani shirin daukar hoto wanda aka yi wahayi zuwa gare shi daga zanga-zangar matasa bayan bala'in da ya faru a Makarantar Sakandare ta Stoneman Douglas a Ranar Masoya ta 2018, da kuma tarin hotunan hoto a N-YHSM. Wunderkammer (2020), <ref>{{Cite web |title=WUNDERKAMMER |url=https://www.innsitu.at/en/ausstellung/wunderkammer-the-exhibition/}}</ref> wani hoto ne na musamman da kuma shigarwar kafofin watsa labarai iri-iri don mayar da martani ga tsawon shekara guda na bincike a Renaissance Kunst-und Wunderkammer (Ɗakin Fasaha da Abubuwan Al'ajabi) na Ferdinand II a Castle Ambras a Innsbruck Austria. A shekarar 2024 von Zwehl ya sami kyautar RPS ( The Royal Photographic Society ) saboda Nasara a Fasahar Daukar Hoto. == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1971]] 4w1vg669ce9489w0rwwffdznjkj9eu1 0 163201 895060 2026-08-11T16:38:41Z Nnamadee 31123 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1363917345|Petra Wunderlich]]" 895060 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Petra Wunderlich''' (an haife ta a shekara ta 1954 a [[Gelsenkirchen]]) 'yar ƙasar Jamus ce mai daukar hoto. Tana da alaƙa da Makarantar Düsseldorf ta Düsseldorf. Wunderlich yana zaune kuma yana aiki a [[Düsseldorf]] da [[New York (birni)|New York]]. == Nazari == Wunderlich ta yi karatu a zanen farko a École nationale supérieure des beaux-arts de Paris, daga 1975 zuwa 1985. Daga baya ta yanke shawarar yin karatun daukar hoto, kuma ta kasance a matsayin babban ɗalibi a ƙarƙashin Bernd Becher a Kunstakademie Düsseldorf, daga 1985 zuwa 1988. Wunderlich na ɗaya daga cikin ɗaliban farko na Makarantar Düsseldorf ta Düsseldorf. Ta sami tallafin karatu na aiki daga Gidauniyar Kunstfonds, a shekarar 1987, da kuma tallafin karatu na Karl Schmidt Rottluff, a shekarar 1988. == Aiki == Babban jigon ayyukan Wunderlich shine gine-ginen coci da wuraren hakar ma'adinai. Kullum tana ɗaukar hotuna da baƙi da fari. Ayyukanta koyaushe ba sa rasa mutane. Wani batu na aikinta shi ne wuraren hakar ma'adinai a Carrara, waɗanda take ɗaukar hoto tun daga shekarun 1980, da kuma daga Solnhofen, tun daga shekarun 1990. Waɗannan layukan duwatsu na haƙa dutse suna nuna tarihin fasaha da gine-gine, domin manyan mashahurai kamar [[Michelangelo]] sun yi aiki da marmara daga Carrara, kamar yadda yake yi da yawancin masu gine-gine da masu gini tun zamanin Daular Romawa . Haka kuma wuraren hakar ma'adinai suna samar da kayan aikin gini na cocin. A cikin ayyukanta na farko, Wunderlich ta ɗauki hotunan majami'un kamar yadda aka gani daga gaba kuma da ƙarfin yankewa, ba tare da nuna cikakken ginin ba. Daga baya an karya wannan tsari na hukuma ta hanyar nuna gine-gine daban-daban da kuma hulɗarsu. Don ''taswirar'' jerin (1994-1998), Wunderlich ya ɗauki hotunan majami'u daban-daban da ke wanzuwa a Brooklyn, New York. Ta nuna yadda kabilu daban-daban da ke zaune a wurin ke rubuta addininsu da kyawunsu a cikin yanayin birni, ta hanyar tsara fuskokin da abubuwan da suka shafi addini. Wunderlich ta kuma ƙirƙiri jerin hotunan majami'u a New York, daga 1995 zuwa 2015, wanda aka fara nuna shi da taken ''Common Ground'' a Gidan Tarihi na Fasaha na Bernhard Knaus da ke [[Frankfurt]], a cikin 2013–2014. == Nunin nune-nune (zaɓi) == * Seven Stones, BERNHARD KNAUS FINE ART, Frankfurt, Jamus (solo), 2013 * Ƙasar No-Men - Matsayi 7 na Hotuna na zamani, Neuer Kunstverein Aschaffenburg eV, Aschaffenburg, Jamus, 2011-2012 * Die Erfindung der Wirklichkeit - Hoto an der Kunstakademie Düsseldorf von 1970 bis heute, Kunstakademie Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Jamus, 2010–2011 * Viaggio a Italiya, Palazzo Fabroni, Pistoia, Italiya, 2010-2011 == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1954]] q8bhg66sp4uublda3kbln8deq5zpxis 895061 895060 2026-08-11T16:39:09Z Nnamadee 31123 895061 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Petra Wunderlich''' (an haife ta a shekara ta 1954 a [[Gelsenkirchen]]) 'yar ƙasar Jamus ce mai daukar hoto. Tana da alaƙa da Makarantar Düsseldorf ta Düsseldorf. Wunderlich yana zaune kuma yana aiki a [[Düsseldorf]] da [[New York (birni)|New York]]. == Nazari == Wunderlich ta yi karatu a zanen farko a École nationale supérieure des beaux-arts de Paris, daga 1975 zuwa 1985. Daga baya ta yanke shawarar yin karatun daukar hoto, kuma ta kasance a matsayin babban ɗalibi a ƙarƙashin Bernd Becher a Kunstakademie Düsseldorf, daga 1985 zuwa 1988. Wunderlich na ɗaya daga cikin ɗaliban farko na Makarantar Düsseldorf ta Düsseldorf. Ta sami tallafin karatu na aiki daga Gidauniyar Kunstfonds, a shekarar 1987, da kuma tallafin karatu na Karl Schmidt Rottluff, a shekarar 1988. == Aiki == Babban jigon ayyukan Wunderlich shine gine-ginen coci da wuraren hakar ma'adinai. Kullum tana ɗaukar hotuna da baƙi da fari. Ayyukanta koyaushe ba sa rasa mutane. Wani batu na aikinta shi ne wuraren hakar ma'adinai a Carrara, waɗanda take ɗaukar hoto tun daga shekarun 1980, da kuma daga Solnhofen, tun daga shekarun 1990. Waɗannan layukan duwatsu na haƙa dutse suna nuna tarihin fasaha da gine-gine, domin manyan mashahurai kamar [[Michelangelo]] sun yi aiki da marmara daga Carrara, kamar yadda yake yi da yawancin masu gine-gine da masu gini tun zamanin Daular Romawa . Haka kuma wuraren hakar ma'adinai suna samar da kayan aikin gini na cocin. A cikin ayyukanta na farko, Wunderlich ta ɗauki hotunan majami'un kamar yadda aka gani daga gaba kuma da ƙarfin yankewa, ba tare da nuna cikakken ginin ba. Daga baya an karya wannan tsari na hukuma ta hanyar nuna gine-gine daban-daban da kuma hulɗarsu. Don ''taswirar'' jerin (1994-1998), Wunderlich ya ɗauki hotunan majami'u daban-daban da ke wanzuwa a Brooklyn, New York. Ta nuna yadda kabilu daban-daban da ke zaune a wurin ke rubuta addininsu da kyawunsu a cikin yanayin birni, ta hanyar tsara fuskokin da abubuwan da suka shafi addini. Wunderlich ta kuma ƙirƙiri jerin hotunan majami'u a New York, daga 1995 zuwa 2015, wanda aka fara nuna shi da taken ''Common Ground'' a Gidan Tarihi na Fasaha na Bernhard Knaus da ke [[Frankfurt]], a cikin 2013–2014. == Nunin nune-nune (zaɓi) == * Seven Stones, BERNHARD KNAUS FINE ART, Frankfurt, Jamus (solo), 2013 * Ƙasar No-Men - Matsayi 7 na Hotuna na zamani, Neuer Kunstverein Aschaffenburg eV, Aschaffenburg, Jamus, 2011-2012 * Die Erfindung der Wirklichkeit - Hoto an der Kunstakademie Düsseldorf von 1970 bis heute, Kunstakademie Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Jamus, 2010–2011 * Viaggio a Italiya, Palazzo Fabroni, Pistoia, Italiya, 2010-2011 == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1954]] n7k694i8pyziomvjl645x44mb5hpniy 895062 895061 2026-08-11T16:39:46Z Nnamadee 31123 895062 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Petra Wunderlich''' (an haife ta a shekara ta 1954 a [[Gelsenkirchen]]) 'yar ƙasar Jamus ce mai daukar hoto. Tana da alaƙa da Makarantar Düsseldorf ta Düsseldorf. Wunderlich yana zaune kuma yana aiki a [[Düsseldorf]] da [[New York (birni)|New York]].<ref><nowiki>https://bernhardknaus.com/en/artist/petra-wunderlich~a499/biography</nowiki></ref> == Nazari == Wunderlich ta yi karatu a zanen farko a École nationale supérieure des beaux-arts de Paris, daga 1975 zuwa 1985. Daga baya ta yanke shawarar yin karatun daukar hoto, kuma ta kasance a matsayin babban ɗalibi a ƙarƙashin Bernd Becher a Kunstakademie Düsseldorf, daga 1985 zuwa 1988. Wunderlich na ɗaya daga cikin ɗaliban farko na Makarantar Düsseldorf ta Düsseldorf. Ta sami tallafin karatu na aiki daga Gidauniyar Kunstfonds, a shekarar 1987, da kuma tallafin karatu na Karl Schmidt Rottluff, a shekarar 1988. == Aiki == Babban jigon ayyukan Wunderlich shine gine-ginen coci da wuraren hakar ma'adinai. Kullum tana ɗaukar hotuna da baƙi da fari. Ayyukanta koyaushe ba sa rasa mutane. Wani batu na aikinta shi ne wuraren hakar ma'adinai a Carrara, waɗanda take ɗaukar hoto tun daga shekarun 1980, da kuma daga Solnhofen, tun daga shekarun 1990. Waɗannan layukan duwatsu na haƙa dutse suna nuna tarihin fasaha da gine-gine, domin manyan mashahurai kamar [[Michelangelo]] sun yi aiki da marmara daga Carrara, kamar yadda yake yi da yawancin masu gine-gine da masu gini tun zamanin Daular Romawa . Haka kuma wuraren hakar ma'adinai suna samar da kayan aikin gini na cocin. A cikin ayyukanta na farko, Wunderlich ta ɗauki hotunan majami'un kamar yadda aka gani daga gaba kuma da ƙarfin yankewa, ba tare da nuna cikakken ginin ba. Daga baya an karya wannan tsari na hukuma ta hanyar nuna gine-gine daban-daban da kuma hulɗarsu. Don ''taswirar'' jerin (1994-1998), Wunderlich ya ɗauki hotunan majami'u daban-daban da ke wanzuwa a Brooklyn, New York. Ta nuna yadda kabilu daban-daban da ke zaune a wurin ke rubuta addininsu da kyawunsu a cikin yanayin birni, ta hanyar tsara fuskokin da abubuwan da suka shafi addini. Wunderlich ta kuma ƙirƙiri jerin hotunan majami'u a New York, daga 1995 zuwa 2015, wanda aka fara nuna shi da taken ''Common Ground'' a Gidan Tarihi na Fasaha na Bernhard Knaus da ke [[Frankfurt]], a cikin 2013–2014. == Nunin nune-nune (zaɓi) == * Seven Stones, BERNHARD KNAUS FINE ART, Frankfurt, Jamus (solo), 2013 * Ƙasar No-Men - Matsayi 7 na Hotuna na zamani, Neuer Kunstverein Aschaffenburg eV, Aschaffenburg, Jamus, 2011-2012 * Die Erfindung der Wirklichkeit - Hoto an der Kunstakademie Düsseldorf von 1970 bis heute, Kunstakademie Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Jamus, 2010–2011 * Viaggio a Italiya, Palazzo Fabroni, Pistoia, Italiya, 2010-2011 == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1954]] brea1oxo55eqiutwe7jvcx0j5yqjq23 895064 895062 2026-08-11T16:40:13Z Nnamadee 31123 895064 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Petra Wunderlich''' (an haife ta a shekara ta 1954 a [[Gelsenkirchen]]) 'yar ƙasar Jamus ce mai daukar hoto. Tana da alaƙa da Makarantar Düsseldorf ta Düsseldorf. Wunderlich yana zaune kuma yana aiki a [[Düsseldorf]] da [[New York (birni)|New York]].<ref><nowiki>https://bernhardknaus.com/en/artist/petra-wunderlich~a499/biography</nowiki></ref><ref>Petra Wunderlich, Ocula</ref> == Nazari == Wunderlich ta yi karatu a zanen farko a École nationale supérieure des beaux-arts de Paris, daga 1975 zuwa 1985. Daga baya ta yanke shawarar yin karatun daukar hoto, kuma ta kasance a matsayin babban ɗalibi a ƙarƙashin Bernd Becher a Kunstakademie Düsseldorf, daga 1985 zuwa 1988. Wunderlich na ɗaya daga cikin ɗaliban farko na Makarantar Düsseldorf ta Düsseldorf. Ta sami tallafin karatu na aiki daga Gidauniyar Kunstfonds, a shekarar 1987, da kuma tallafin karatu na Karl Schmidt Rottluff, a shekarar 1988. == Aiki == Babban jigon ayyukan Wunderlich shine gine-ginen coci da wuraren hakar ma'adinai. Kullum tana ɗaukar hotuna da baƙi da fari. Ayyukanta koyaushe ba sa rasa mutane. Wani batu na aikinta shi ne wuraren hakar ma'adinai a Carrara, waɗanda take ɗaukar hoto tun daga shekarun 1980, da kuma daga Solnhofen, tun daga shekarun 1990. Waɗannan layukan duwatsu na haƙa dutse suna nuna tarihin fasaha da gine-gine, domin manyan mashahurai kamar [[Michelangelo]] sun yi aiki da marmara daga Carrara, kamar yadda yake yi da yawancin masu gine-gine da masu gini tun zamanin Daular Romawa . Haka kuma wuraren hakar ma'adinai suna samar da kayan aikin gini na cocin. A cikin ayyukanta na farko, Wunderlich ta ɗauki hotunan majami'un kamar yadda aka gani daga gaba kuma da ƙarfin yankewa, ba tare da nuna cikakken ginin ba. Daga baya an karya wannan tsari na hukuma ta hanyar nuna gine-gine daban-daban da kuma hulɗarsu. Don ''taswirar'' jerin (1994-1998), Wunderlich ya ɗauki hotunan majami'u daban-daban da ke wanzuwa a Brooklyn, New York. Ta nuna yadda kabilu daban-daban da ke zaune a wurin ke rubuta addininsu da kyawunsu a cikin yanayin birni, ta hanyar tsara fuskokin da abubuwan da suka shafi addini. Wunderlich ta kuma ƙirƙiri jerin hotunan majami'u a New York, daga 1995 zuwa 2015, wanda aka fara nuna shi da taken ''Common Ground'' a Gidan Tarihi na Fasaha na Bernhard Knaus da ke [[Frankfurt]], a cikin 2013–2014. == Nunin nune-nune (zaɓi) == * Seven Stones, BERNHARD KNAUS FINE ART, Frankfurt, Jamus (solo), 2013 * Ƙasar No-Men - Matsayi 7 na Hotuna na zamani, Neuer Kunstverein Aschaffenburg eV, Aschaffenburg, Jamus, 2011-2012 * Die Erfindung der Wirklichkeit - Hoto an der Kunstakademie Düsseldorf von 1970 bis heute, Kunstakademie Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Jamus, 2010–2011 * Viaggio a Italiya, Palazzo Fabroni, Pistoia, Italiya, 2010-2011 == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1954]] 2vj87we4tjkdp1nxodoqpqyxk7zkw8i 895066 895064 2026-08-11T16:40:38Z Nnamadee 31123 895066 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Petra Wunderlich''' (an haife ta a shekara ta 1954 a [[Gelsenkirchen]]) 'yar ƙasar Jamus ce mai daukar hoto. Tana da alaƙa da Makarantar Düsseldorf ta Düsseldorf. Wunderlich yana zaune kuma yana aiki a [[Düsseldorf]] da [[New York (birni)|New York]].<ref><nowiki>https://bernhardknaus.com/en/artist/petra-wunderlich~a499/biography</nowiki></ref><ref>Petra Wunderlich, Ocula</ref><ref>Petra Wunderlich, Galerie Tschudi</ref> == Nazari == Wunderlich ta yi karatu a zanen farko a École nationale supérieure des beaux-arts de Paris, daga 1975 zuwa 1985. Daga baya ta yanke shawarar yin karatun daukar hoto, kuma ta kasance a matsayin babban ɗalibi a ƙarƙashin Bernd Becher a Kunstakademie Düsseldorf, daga 1985 zuwa 1988. Wunderlich na ɗaya daga cikin ɗaliban farko na Makarantar Düsseldorf ta Düsseldorf. Ta sami tallafin karatu na aiki daga Gidauniyar Kunstfonds, a shekarar 1987, da kuma tallafin karatu na Karl Schmidt Rottluff, a shekarar 1988. == Aiki == Babban jigon ayyukan Wunderlich shine gine-ginen coci da wuraren hakar ma'adinai. Kullum tana ɗaukar hotuna da baƙi da fari. Ayyukanta koyaushe ba sa rasa mutane. Wani batu na aikinta shi ne wuraren hakar ma'adinai a Carrara, waɗanda take ɗaukar hoto tun daga shekarun 1980, da kuma daga Solnhofen, tun daga shekarun 1990. Waɗannan layukan duwatsu na haƙa dutse suna nuna tarihin fasaha da gine-gine, domin manyan mashahurai kamar [[Michelangelo]] sun yi aiki da marmara daga Carrara, kamar yadda yake yi da yawancin masu gine-gine da masu gini tun zamanin Daular Romawa . Haka kuma wuraren hakar ma'adinai suna samar da kayan aikin gini na cocin. A cikin ayyukanta na farko, Wunderlich ta ɗauki hotunan majami'un kamar yadda aka gani daga gaba kuma da ƙarfin yankewa, ba tare da nuna cikakken ginin ba. Daga baya an karya wannan tsari na hukuma ta hanyar nuna gine-gine daban-daban da kuma hulɗarsu. Don ''taswirar'' jerin (1994-1998), Wunderlich ya ɗauki hotunan majami'u daban-daban da ke wanzuwa a Brooklyn, New York. Ta nuna yadda kabilu daban-daban da ke zaune a wurin ke rubuta addininsu da kyawunsu a cikin yanayin birni, ta hanyar tsara fuskokin da abubuwan da suka shafi addini. Wunderlich ta kuma ƙirƙiri jerin hotunan majami'u a New York, daga 1995 zuwa 2015, wanda aka fara nuna shi da taken ''Common Ground'' a Gidan Tarihi na Fasaha na Bernhard Knaus da ke [[Frankfurt]], a cikin 2013–2014. == Nunin nune-nune (zaɓi) == * Seven Stones, BERNHARD KNAUS FINE ART, Frankfurt, Jamus (solo), 2013 * Ƙasar No-Men - Matsayi 7 na Hotuna na zamani, Neuer Kunstverein Aschaffenburg eV, Aschaffenburg, Jamus, 2011-2012 * Die Erfindung der Wirklichkeit - Hoto an der Kunstakademie Düsseldorf von 1970 bis heute, Kunstakademie Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Jamus, 2010–2011 * Viaggio a Italiya, Palazzo Fabroni, Pistoia, Italiya, 2010-2011 == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1954]] 6haot3ipbkh5akpamlum4krgr33v9fi 895068 895066 2026-08-11T16:41:28Z Ummun Sultan 23935 895068 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Petra Wunderlich''' (an haife ta a shekara ta 1954 a [[Gelsenkirchen]]) 'yar ƙasar Jamus ce mai daukar hoto. Tana da alaƙa da Makarantar Düsseldorf ta Düsseldorf. Wunderlich yana zaune kuma yana aiki a [[Düsseldorf]] da [[New York (birni)|New York]].<ref><nowiki>https://bernhardknaus.com/en/artist/petra-wunderlich~a499/biography</nowiki></ref><ref>Petra Wunderlich, Ocula</ref><ref>Petra Wunderlich, Galerie Tschudi</ref> == Nazari == Wunderlich ta kuma yi karatu a zanen farko a École nationale supérieure des beaux-arts de Paris, daga 1975 zuwa 1985. Daga baya ta yanke shawarar yin karatun daukar hoto, kuma ta kasance a matsayin babban ɗalibi a ƙarƙashin Bernd Becher a Kunstakademie Düsseldorf, daga 1985 zuwa 1988. Wunderlich na ɗaya daga cikin ɗaliban farko na Makarantar Düsseldorf ta Düsseldorf. Ta sami tallafin karatu na aiki daga Gidauniyar Kunstfonds, a shekarar 1987, da kuma tallafin karatu na Karl Schmidt Rottluff, a shekarar 1988. == Aiki == Babban jigon ayyukan Wunderlich shine gine-ginen coci da wuraren hakar ma'adinai. Kullum tana ɗaukar hotuna da baƙi da fari. Ayyukanta koyaushe ba sa rasa mutane. Wani batu na aikinta shi ne wuraren hakar ma'adinai a Carrara, waɗanda take ɗaukar hoto tun daga shekarun 1980, da kuma daga Solnhofen, tun daga shekarun 1990. Waɗannan layukan duwatsu na haƙa dutse suna nuna tarihin fasaha da gine-gine, domin manyan mashahurai kamar [[Michelangelo]] sun yi aiki da marmara daga Carrara, kamar yadda yake yi da yawancin masu gine-gine da masu gini tun zamanin Daular Romawa . Haka kuma wuraren hakar ma'adinai suna samar da kayan aikin gini na cocin. A cikin ayyukanta na farko, Wunderlich ta ɗauki hotunan majami'un kamar yadda aka gani daga gaba kuma da ƙarfin yankewa, ba tare da nuna cikakken ginin ba. Daga baya an karya wannan tsari na hukuma ta hanyar nuna gine-gine daban-daban da kuma hulɗarsu. Don ''taswirar'' jerin (1994-1998), Wunderlich ya ɗauki hotunan majami'u daban-daban da ke wanzuwa a Brooklyn, New York. Ta nuna yadda kabilu daban-daban da ke zaune a wurin ke rubuta addininsu da kyawunsu a cikin yanayin birni, ta hanyar tsara fuskokin da abubuwan da suka shafi addini. Wunderlich ta kuma ƙirƙiri jerin hotunan majami'u a New York, daga 1995 zuwa 2015, wanda aka fara nuna shi da taken ''Common Ground'' a Gidan Tarihi na Fasaha na Bernhard Knaus da ke [[Frankfurt]], a cikin 2013–2014. == Nunin nune-nune (zaɓi) == * Seven Stones, BERNHARD KNAUS FINE ART, Frankfurt, Jamus (solo), 2013 * Ƙasar No-Men - Matsayi 7 na Hotuna na zamani, Neuer Kunstverein Aschaffenburg eV, Aschaffenburg, Jamus, 2011-2012 * Die Erfindung der Wirklichkeit - Hoto an der Kunstakademie Düsseldorf von 1970 bis heute, Kunstakademie Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Jamus, 2010–2011 * Viaggio a Italiya, Palazzo Fabroni, Pistoia, Italiya, 2010-2011 == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1954]] tco5u12cws48v35raj1eq1g7ekuup1o 895069 895068 2026-08-11T16:41:36Z Ummun Sultan 23935 895069 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Petra Wunderlich''' (an haife ta a shekara ta 1954 a [[Gelsenkirchen]]) 'yar ƙasar Jamus ce mai daukar hoto. Tana da alaƙa da Makarantar Düsseldorf ta Düsseldorf. Wunderlich yana zaune kuma yana aiki a [[Düsseldorf]] da [[New York (birni)|New York]].<ref><nowiki>https://bernhardknaus.com/en/artist/petra-wunderlich~a499/biography</nowiki></ref><ref>Petra Wunderlich, Ocula</ref><ref>Petra Wunderlich, Galerie Tschudi</ref> == Nazari == Wunderlich ta kuma yi karatu a zanen farko a École nationale supérieure des beaux-arts de Paris, daga shekarar 1975 zuwa 1985. Daga baya ta yanke shawarar yin karatun daukar hoto, kuma ta kasance a matsayin babban ɗalibi a ƙarƙashin Bernd Becher a Kunstakademie Düsseldorf, daga 1985 zuwa 1988. Wunderlich na ɗaya daga cikin ɗaliban farko na Makarantar Düsseldorf ta Düsseldorf. Ta sami tallafin karatu na aiki daga Gidauniyar Kunstfonds, a shekarar 1987, da kuma tallafin karatu na Karl Schmidt Rottluff, a shekarar 1988. == Aiki == Babban jigon ayyukan Wunderlich shine gine-ginen coci da wuraren hakar ma'adinai. Kullum tana ɗaukar hotuna da baƙi da fari. Ayyukanta koyaushe ba sa rasa mutane. Wani batu na aikinta shi ne wuraren hakar ma'adinai a Carrara, waɗanda take ɗaukar hoto tun daga shekarun 1980, da kuma daga Solnhofen, tun daga shekarun 1990. Waɗannan layukan duwatsu na haƙa dutse suna nuna tarihin fasaha da gine-gine, domin manyan mashahurai kamar [[Michelangelo]] sun yi aiki da marmara daga Carrara, kamar yadda yake yi da yawancin masu gine-gine da masu gini tun zamanin Daular Romawa . Haka kuma wuraren hakar ma'adinai suna samar da kayan aikin gini na cocin. A cikin ayyukanta na farko, Wunderlich ta ɗauki hotunan majami'un kamar yadda aka gani daga gaba kuma da ƙarfin yankewa, ba tare da nuna cikakken ginin ba. Daga baya an karya wannan tsari na hukuma ta hanyar nuna gine-gine daban-daban da kuma hulɗarsu. Don ''taswirar'' jerin (1994-1998), Wunderlich ya ɗauki hotunan majami'u daban-daban da ke wanzuwa a Brooklyn, New York. Ta nuna yadda kabilu daban-daban da ke zaune a wurin ke rubuta addininsu da kyawunsu a cikin yanayin birni, ta hanyar tsara fuskokin da abubuwan da suka shafi addini. Wunderlich ta kuma ƙirƙiri jerin hotunan majami'u a New York, daga 1995 zuwa 2015, wanda aka fara nuna shi da taken ''Common Ground'' a Gidan Tarihi na Fasaha na Bernhard Knaus da ke [[Frankfurt]], a cikin 2013–2014. == Nunin nune-nune (zaɓi) == * Seven Stones, BERNHARD KNAUS FINE ART, Frankfurt, Jamus (solo), 2013 * Ƙasar No-Men - Matsayi 7 na Hotuna na zamani, Neuer Kunstverein Aschaffenburg eV, Aschaffenburg, Jamus, 2011-2012 * Die Erfindung der Wirklichkeit - Hoto an der Kunstakademie Düsseldorf von 1970 bis heute, Kunstakademie Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Jamus, 2010–2011 * Viaggio a Italiya, Palazzo Fabroni, Pistoia, Italiya, 2010-2011 == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1954]] q59wpcuvps2tnyrlje6iaib7w3e1jzi 895070 895069 2026-08-11T16:41:46Z Ummun Sultan 23935 895070 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Petra Wunderlich''' (an haife ta a shekara ta 1954 a [[Gelsenkirchen]]) 'yar ƙasar Jamus ce mai daukar hoto. Tana da alaƙa da Makarantar Düsseldorf ta Düsseldorf. Wunderlich yana zaune kuma yana aiki a [[Düsseldorf]] da [[New York (birni)|New York]].<ref><nowiki>https://bernhardknaus.com/en/artist/petra-wunderlich~a499/biography</nowiki></ref><ref>Petra Wunderlich, Ocula</ref><ref>Petra Wunderlich, Galerie Tschudi</ref> == Nazari == Wunderlich ta kuma yi karatu a zanen farko a École nationale supérieure des beaux-arts de Paris, daga shekarar 1975 zuwa 1985. Daga baya ta yanke shawarar yin karatun ɗaukar hoto, kuma ta kasance a matsayin babban ɗalibi a ƙarƙashin Bernd Becher a Kunstakademie Düsseldorf, daga 1985 zuwa 1988. Wunderlich na ɗaya daga cikin ɗaliban farko na Makarantar Düsseldorf ta Düsseldorf. Ta sami tallafin karatu na aiki daga Gidauniyar Kunstfonds, a shekarar 1987, da kuma tallafin karatu na Karl Schmidt Rottluff, a shekarar 1988. == Aiki == Babban jigon ayyukan Wunderlich shine gine-ginen coci da wuraren hakar ma'adinai. Kullum tana ɗaukar hotuna da baƙi da fari. Ayyukanta koyaushe ba sa rasa mutane. Wani batu na aikinta shi ne wuraren hakar ma'adinai a Carrara, waɗanda take ɗaukar hoto tun daga shekarun 1980, da kuma daga Solnhofen, tun daga shekarun 1990. Waɗannan layukan duwatsu na haƙa dutse suna nuna tarihin fasaha da gine-gine, domin manyan mashahurai kamar [[Michelangelo]] sun yi aiki da marmara daga Carrara, kamar yadda yake yi da yawancin masu gine-gine da masu gini tun zamanin Daular Romawa . Haka kuma wuraren hakar ma'adinai suna samar da kayan aikin gini na cocin. A cikin ayyukanta na farko, Wunderlich ta ɗauki hotunan majami'un kamar yadda aka gani daga gaba kuma da ƙarfin yankewa, ba tare da nuna cikakken ginin ba. Daga baya an karya wannan tsari na hukuma ta hanyar nuna gine-gine daban-daban da kuma hulɗarsu. Don ''taswirar'' jerin (1994-1998), Wunderlich ya ɗauki hotunan majami'u daban-daban da ke wanzuwa a Brooklyn, New York. Ta nuna yadda kabilu daban-daban da ke zaune a wurin ke rubuta addininsu da kyawunsu a cikin yanayin birni, ta hanyar tsara fuskokin da abubuwan da suka shafi addini. Wunderlich ta kuma ƙirƙiri jerin hotunan majami'u a New York, daga 1995 zuwa 2015, wanda aka fara nuna shi da taken ''Common Ground'' a Gidan Tarihi na Fasaha na Bernhard Knaus da ke [[Frankfurt]], a cikin 2013–2014. == Nunin nune-nune (zaɓi) == * Seven Stones, BERNHARD KNAUS FINE ART, Frankfurt, Jamus (solo), 2013 * Ƙasar No-Men - Matsayi 7 na Hotuna na zamani, Neuer Kunstverein Aschaffenburg eV, Aschaffenburg, Jamus, 2011-2012 * Die Erfindung der Wirklichkeit - Hoto an der Kunstakademie Düsseldorf von 1970 bis heute, Kunstakademie Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Jamus, 2010–2011 * Viaggio a Italiya, Palazzo Fabroni, Pistoia, Italiya, 2010-2011 == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1954]] 58dcai3xf2u5mfgsf0gq51qh3bmcxeo 895071 895070 2026-08-11T16:41:59Z Ummun Sultan 23935 895071 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Petra Wunderlich''' (an haife ta a shekara ta 1954 a [[Gelsenkirchen]]) 'yar ƙasar Jamus ce mai daukar hoto. Tana da alaƙa da Makarantar Düsseldorf ta Düsseldorf. Wunderlich yana zaune kuma yana aiki a [[Düsseldorf]] da [[New York (birni)|New York]].<ref><nowiki>https://bernhardknaus.com/en/artist/petra-wunderlich~a499/biography</nowiki></ref><ref>Petra Wunderlich, Ocula</ref><ref>Petra Wunderlich, Galerie Tschudi</ref> == Nazari == Wunderlich ta kuma yi karatu a zanen farko a École nationale supérieure des beaux-arts de Paris, daga shekarar 1975 zuwa 1985. Daga baya ta yanke shawarar yin karatun ɗaukar hoto, kuma ta kasance a matsayin babban ɗalibi a ƙarƙashin Bernd Becher a Kunstakademie Düsseldorf, daga shekarar 1985 zuwa 1988. Wunderlich na ɗaya daga cikin ɗaliban farko na Makarantar Düsseldorf ta Düsseldorf. Ta sami tallafin karatu na aiki daga Gidauniyar Kunstfonds, a shekarar 1987, da kuma tallafin karatu na Karl Schmidt Rottluff, a shekarar 1988. == Aiki == Babban jigon ayyukan Wunderlich shine gine-ginen coci da wuraren hakar ma'adinai. Kullum tana ɗaukar hotuna da baƙi da fari. Ayyukanta koyaushe ba sa rasa mutane. Wani batu na aikinta shi ne wuraren hakar ma'adinai a Carrara, waɗanda take ɗaukar hoto tun daga shekarun 1980, da kuma daga Solnhofen, tun daga shekarun 1990. Waɗannan layukan duwatsu na haƙa dutse suna nuna tarihin fasaha da gine-gine, domin manyan mashahurai kamar [[Michelangelo]] sun yi aiki da marmara daga Carrara, kamar yadda yake yi da yawancin masu gine-gine da masu gini tun zamanin Daular Romawa . Haka kuma wuraren hakar ma'adinai suna samar da kayan aikin gini na cocin. A cikin ayyukanta na farko, Wunderlich ta ɗauki hotunan majami'un kamar yadda aka gani daga gaba kuma da ƙarfin yankewa, ba tare da nuna cikakken ginin ba. Daga baya an karya wannan tsari na hukuma ta hanyar nuna gine-gine daban-daban da kuma hulɗarsu. Don ''taswirar'' jerin (1994-1998), Wunderlich ya ɗauki hotunan majami'u daban-daban da ke wanzuwa a Brooklyn, New York. Ta nuna yadda kabilu daban-daban da ke zaune a wurin ke rubuta addininsu da kyawunsu a cikin yanayin birni, ta hanyar tsara fuskokin da abubuwan da suka shafi addini. Wunderlich ta kuma ƙirƙiri jerin hotunan majami'u a New York, daga 1995 zuwa 2015, wanda aka fara nuna shi da taken ''Common Ground'' a Gidan Tarihi na Fasaha na Bernhard Knaus da ke [[Frankfurt]], a cikin 2013–2014. == Nunin nune-nune (zaɓi) == * Seven Stones, BERNHARD KNAUS FINE ART, Frankfurt, Jamus (solo), 2013 * Ƙasar No-Men - Matsayi 7 na Hotuna na zamani, Neuer Kunstverein Aschaffenburg eV, Aschaffenburg, Jamus, 2011-2012 * Die Erfindung der Wirklichkeit - Hoto an der Kunstakademie Düsseldorf von 1970 bis heute, Kunstakademie Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Jamus, 2010–2011 * Viaggio a Italiya, Palazzo Fabroni, Pistoia, Italiya, 2010-2011 == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1954]] 2k52u54nbuhhbqxjclhvqq07eaft5eg 895078 895071 2026-08-11T16:45:30Z Ummun Sultan 23935 895078 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Petra Wunderlich''' (an haife ta a shekara ta 1954 a [[Gelsenkirchen]]) 'yar ƙasar Jamus ce mai daukar hoto. Tana da alaƙa da Makarantar Düsseldorf ta Düsseldorf. Wunderlich yana zaune kuma yana aiki a [[Düsseldorf]] da [[New York (birni)|New York]].<ref><nowiki>https://bernhardknaus.com/en/artist/petra-wunderlich~a499/biography</nowiki></ref><ref>Petra Wunderlich, Ocula</ref><ref>Petra Wunderlich, Galerie Tschudi</ref> == Nazari == Wunderlich ta kuma yi karatu a zanen farko a École nationale supérieure des beaux-arts de Paris, daga shekarar 1975 zuwa 1985. Daga baya ta yanke shawarar yin karatun ɗaukar hoto, kuma ta kasance a matsayin babban ɗalibi a ƙarƙashin Bernd Becher a Kunstakademie Düsseldorf, daga shekarar 1985 zuwa 1988. Wunderlich na ɗaya daga cikin ɗaliban farko na Makarantar Düsseldorf ta Düsseldorf. Ta sami tallafin karatu na aiki daga Gidauniyar Kunstfonds, a shekarar 1987, da kuma tallafin karatu na Karl Schmidt Rottluff, a shekarar 1988. == Aiki == Babban jigon ayyukan Wunderlich shine gine-ginen coci da wuraren hakar ma'adinai. Kullum tana ɗaukar hotuna da baƙi da fari. Ayyukanta koyaushe ba sa rasa mutane. Wani batu na aikinta shi ne wuraren hakar ma'adinai a Carrara, waɗanda take ɗaukar hoto tun daga shekarun 1980, da kuma daga Solnhofen, tun daga shekarun 1990. Waɗannan layukan duwatsu na haƙa dutse suna nuna tarihin fasaha da gine-gine, domin manyan mashahurai kamar [[Michelangelo]] sun yi aiki da marmara daga Carrara, kamar yadda yake yi da yawancin masu gine-gine da masu gini tun zamanin Daular Romawa . Haka kuma wuraren hakar ma'adinai suna samar da kayan aikin gini na cocin. A cikin ayyukanta na farko, Wunderlich ta ɗauki hotunan majami'un kamar yadda aka gani daga gaba kuma da ƙarfin yankewa, ba tare da nuna cikakken ginin ba. Daga baya an karya wannan tsari na hukuma ta hanyar nuna gine-gine daban-daban da kuma hulɗarsu. Don ''taswirar'' jerin (1994-1998), Wunderlich ya ɗauki hotunan majami'u daban-daban da ke wanzuwa a Brooklyn, New York. Ta kuma nuna yadda kabilu daban-daban da ke zaune a wurin ke rubuta addininsu da kyawunsu a cikin yanayin birni, ta hanyar tsara fuskokin da abubuwan da suka shafi addini. Wunderlich ta kuma ƙirƙiri jerin hotunan majami'u a New York, daga 1995 zuwa 2015, wanda aka fara nuna shi da taken ''Common Ground'' a Gidan Tarihi na Fasaha na Bernhard Knaus da ke [[Frankfurt]], a cikin 2013–2014. == Nunin nune-nune (zaɓi) == * Seven Stones, BERNHARD KNAUS FINE ART, Frankfurt, Jamus (solo), 2013 * Ƙasar No-Men - Matsayi 7 na Hotuna na zamani, Neuer Kunstverein Aschaffenburg eV, Aschaffenburg, Jamus, 2011-2012 * Die Erfindung der Wirklichkeit - Hoto an der Kunstakademie Düsseldorf von 1970 bis heute, Kunstakademie Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Jamus, 2010–2011 * Viaggio a Italiya, Palazzo Fabroni, Pistoia, Italiya, 2010-2011 == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1954]] 0u7pwlqxq3ypoeiyqxkszcdvpa7gq6w 0 163202 895065 2026-08-11T16:40:29Z Arcdanumma047 38699 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1361258929|AP Physics 1]]" 895065 wikitext text/x-wiki   '''Ilimin Lissafi Mai Ci Gaba''' ( '''AP''' ) '''1: Tsarin Lissafi Mai Tushe''' <ref>{{Cite web |title=AP Physics 1: Algebra-Based Course – AP Central {{!}} College Board |url=https://apcentral.collegeboard.org/courses/ap-physics-1 |access-date=2024-09-04 |website=apcentral.collegeboard.org |language=en}}</ref> (wanda kuma aka sani da '''AP Physics 1''' ) darasi ne na gabatarwa na kimiyyar lissafi na shekara guda wanda Hukumar Kwaleji ke gudanarwa a matsayin wani ɓangare na shirinta na Ci Gaba . An yi niyya ne don wakiltar wani kwas na jami'a mai tushen algebra na zangon karatu ɗaya a fannin makanikai . Tare da AP Physics 2, an gudanar da jarrabawar AP Physics 1 ta farko a shekarar 2015. == Tarihi == Kwas ɗin AP Physics B mai yawan lissafi ya yi aiki a matsayin darasin da Hukumar Kwaleji ta tsara bisa ga algebra tsawon shekaru arba'in. A matsayin wani ɓangare na sake fasalin da Hukumar Kwaleji ta yi wa darussan kimiyya, an dakatar da AP Physics B; saboda haka, an ƙirƙiri AP Physics 1 da 2 tare da jagora daga Majalisar Bincike ta Ƙasa da Gidauniyar Kimiyya ta Ƙasa . <ref>{{Cite web |title=AP Physics 1 and AP Physics 2 {{!}} Advances in AP<!-- Bot generated title --> |url=http://advancesinap.collegeboard.org/math-and-science/physics |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141018200254/http://advancesinap.collegeboard.org/math-and-science/physics |archive-date=2014-10-18 |access-date=2013-12-15}}</ref> Wannan kwas ɗin ya ƙunshi kayan karatun digiri na farko na [[Jami'a|fannin]] kimiyyar lissafi da ake bayarwa a jami'o'in Amurka waɗanda ke amfani da mafi kyawun hanyoyin koyar da ilimin kimiyyar lissafi. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Jacobs |first=Greg |date=23 January 2016 |title=What does a 5 on the AP Physics 1 Exam mean? It still means an A, but read on... |url=https://jacobsphysics.blogspot.com/2016/01/what-does-5-on-ap-physics-1-exam-mean.html |access-date=14 June 2017 |website=Jacobs Physics |publisher=Greg Jacobs}}</ref> <sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B; ''[[wikipedia:Ingancin tushen bayani|<span title="The material near this tag may rely on a self-published source. (March 2025)">tushen da aka buga da kansa?</span>]]'' &#x5D;</sup> An fara azuzuwan farko na AP Physics 1 a shekarar makaranta ta 2014-2015, tare da jarrabawar AP ta farko a watan Mayu na 2015. A cikin shekaru biyar na farko, AP Physics 1 ta rufe ƙarfi da motsi, dokokin kiyayewa, raƙuman ruwa, da wutar lantarki. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Jacobs |first=Greg |date=25 July 2011 |title=Jacobs Physics: AP Physics 1 and 2 Redesign (as it stands now) and Honors Physics I |url=https://jacobsphysics.blogspot.com/2011/07/ap-physics-1-and-2-redesign-as-it.html |access-date=16 April 2023}}</ref> <sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B; ''[[wikipedia:Ingancin tushen bayani|<span title="The material near this tag may rely on a self-published source. (March 2025)">tushen da aka buga da kansa?</span>]]'' &#x5D;</sup> Tun daga shekarar 2021, AP Physics 1 ya ƙunshi batutuwa na makanikai kawai. <ref>{{Cite web |date=10 July 2006 |title=The Course |url=https://apcentral.collegeboard.org/courses/ap-physics-1/course?course=ap-physics-1-algebra-based |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201218175633/https://apcentral.collegeboard.org/courses/ap-physics-1/course?course=ap-physics-1-algebra-based |archive-date=2020-12-18 |access-date=25 December 2020 |website=AP Physics 1: The Course |publisher=The College Board}}</ref> A watan Fabrairun 2024, Hukumar Kwaleji ta sanar da cewa za a yi canje-canje a manhajar karatu don azuzuwan AP Physics na jarrabawar 2025. Ga AP Physics 1, wannan ya ƙara wasu abubuwa a cikin jerin batutuwan da aka tattauna a jarrabawar, yanzu shine sashe na ƙarshe na manhajar. A da, an yi magana a kan wannan batu a matsayin sashin farko na AP Physics 2 . A cikin manhajar da aka yi wa kwaskwarima, ruwaye sun rufe kashi 10-15% na jarrabawar AP Physics 1. Hukumar Kwaleji ta yi wasu ƙananan canje-canje ga manhajar karatu, kamar samar da daidaito don motsi mai sauƙi na jituwa, alaƙa tsakanin motsi na juyawa da na fassara, da manufofin koyo da suka shafi iko. <ref>{{Cite web |title=AP Physics Revisions for 2024-25 |url=https://apcentral.collegeboard.org/courses/ap-physics/revisions-2024-25 |access-date=2 May 2024}}</ref> == Manhaja ta Manhaja == AP Physics 1 kwas ne na farko na kimiyyar lissafi na matakin kwaleji wanda ya dogara da aljabra wanda ya haɗa da batutuwa na makanikai kamar motsi, ruwa, ƙarfi, motsi, kuzari, motsi mai jituwa, da juyawa. Hukumar Kwaleji ta buga wani tsarin manhaja wanda ya ƙunshi manyan ra'ayoyi guda takwas waɗanda aka gina AP Physics 1 a kansu. <ref>{{Cite web |date=Winter 2024 |title=AP Physics 1: Algebra-Based |url=https://apcentral.collegeboard.org/media/pdf/ap-physics-1-course-and-exam-description-effective-fall-2024.pdf |access-date=21 May 2024 |website=collegeboard.org}}</ref> An gina tambayoyin jarrabawa ne ta hanyar yin nuni kai tsaye ga abubuwan da ke cikin tsarin manhajar karatu. Ana gwada fahimtar ɗalibai game da kowane batu game da ƙwarewa da yawa - wato, tambayoyi suna buƙatar ɗalibai su yi amfani da dalilai na adadi, rabin adadi, inganci, da gwaji a kowane fanni na abun ciki. {| class="wikitable" ! align="center" |Raka'a ! Nauyin Jarrabawa |- align="center" | Kinematics | Kashi 10-15% |- align="center" | Ƙarfi da Tsarin Fassara | Kashi 18-23% |- align="center" | Aiki, [[Makamashi]] da Wutar Lantarki | Kashi 18-23% |- align="center" | Layin Momentum | Kashi 10-15% |- align="center" | Juyawa da Juyawa | Kashi 10-15% |- align="center" | Makamashi da Motsin Tsarin Juyawa | 5-8% |- align="center" | Sauye-sauye | 5-8% |- align="center" | Ruwa | Kashi 10-15% |} Abubuwan da ke cikin AP Physics 1 sun yi karo sosai da na AP Physics C: Mechanics . Duk da haka, AP Physics 1 ya dogara ne akan algebra kuma ba shi da ra'ayoyi masu tushen lissafi a cikin AP Physics C: Mechanics. Wani bambanci kuma shi ne cewa AP Physics C: Mechanics ba ya rufe ruwa, yayin da AP Physics 1 ke rufewa. == Jarrabawa == {| class="wikitable" |+ !Sashe ! Tambayoyi ! Lokaci ! Nauyin Jarrabawa |- | Sashe na I: Zaɓuka da Yawa | 40 MCQ | Awa 1 minti 20 | 50% |- | Sashe na II: Amsa Kyauta | 4 FRQ | Awa 1 minti 40 | 50% |} === An Yi Nazari Kan Ayyukan Kimiyya === Ana kuma tantance Sashen Zaɓuɓɓuka da Amsa Kyauta na Jarrabawar AP Physics 1 bisa ga ayyukan kimiyya. Ga tebura da ke wakiltar ayyukan da aka tantance da kuma nauyinsu ga ɓangarorin biyu na jarrabawar {| class="wikitable" |+Sashe na 1: Zaɓuka da Yawa ! Aikin Kimiyya ! Nauyin Jarrabawa |- | 2. Tsarin Lissafi | 55-75% |- | 3. Tsarin Gwaji da Bincike | 25-35% |} {| class="wikitable" |+Sashe na 2: Amsa Kyauta ! Aikin Kimiyya ! Nauyin Jarrabawa |- | 1. Fassara Tsakanin Wakilai | Kashi 20-35% |- | 2. Tsarin Lissafi | Kashi 30-40% |- | 3. Tsarin Gwaji da Bincike | Kashi 35-45% |} === Rarraba maki === Rarraba maki na jarrabawa tun daga shekarar 2015 kamar haka: {| class="wikitable" !Score !2015 !2016 !2017 !2018<ref>{{Cite web |title=STUDENT SCORE DISTRIBUTIONS |url=https://secure-media.collegeboard.org/digitalServices/pdf/research/2018/Student-Score-Distributions-2018.pdf |access-date=July 23, 2022}}</ref> !2019<ref>{{Cite web |title=STUDENT SCORE DISTRIBUTIONS |url=https://secure-media.collegeboard.org/digitalServices/pdf/research/2019/Student-Score-Distributions-2019.pdf |access-date=July 23, 2022}}</ref> !2020<ref>{{Cite web |title=STUDENT SCORE DISTRIBUTIONS |url=https://secure-media.collegeboard.org/digitalServices/pdf/research/2020/Student-Score-Distributions-2020.pdf |access-date=June 9, 2021}}</ref> !2021<ref>{{Cite web |title=STUDENT SCORE DISTRIBUTIONS |url=https://secure-media.collegeboard.org/digitalServices/pdf/research/2021/2021-ap-student-score-distributions.pdf |access-date=July 23, 2022}}</ref> !2022 !2023 !2024 !2025<ref>{{Cite web |title=Past AP Physics 1 Score Distributions |url=https://apstudents.collegeboard.org/about-ap-scores/score-distributions/ap-physics-1 |url-status=live |access-date=January 30, 2026 |website=apstudents.collegeboard.org}}</ref> |- !'''5''' |5.0% |4.6% |5.4% |5.2% |6.2% |8.8% |6.9% |7.9% |8.8% |10.2% |19.8% |- !'''4''' |13.6% |14.0% |16.2% |15% |17.8% |17.9% |16.3% |17.0% |18.3% |17.9% |24.7% |- !'''3''' |20.7% |21.2% |20.3% |19.5% |20.6% |24.8% |18.9% |18.3% |18.5% |19.2% |22.9% |- !'''2''' |29.8% |30.2% |29.1% |29.1% |29.3% |26.5% |26.4% |27.1% |28.0% |26.1% |13.4% |- !'''1''' |31.0% |30.0% |29.0% |31.2% |26.1% |21.9% |31.4% |29.6% |26.4% |26.6% |19.2% |- !'''% of Scores 3 or Higher''' |39.2% |39.8% |41.9% |39.7% |44.6% |51.6% |42.1% |43.3% |45.6% |47.3% |67.3% |- !'''Mean''' |2.32 |2.33 |2.40 |2.34 |2.49 |2.65 |2.41 |2.47 |2.55 |2.59 |3.12 |- !'''Standard Deviation''' |1.19 |1.17 |1.21 |1.21 |1.22 |1.25 |1.27 |1.29 |1.29 |1.32 |1.39 |- !'''Number of Students''' |171,074 |169,304 |170,447 |170,653 |161,071 |149,488 |136,238 |144,526 |159,582 |164,481 |174,401 |} == Duba kuma == * AP Physics == Manazarta == 4f9r9dneppz7lugeba44120bqz61an5 895067 895065 2026-08-11T16:41:11Z Arcdanumma047 38699 895067 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Ilimin Lissafi Mai Ci Gaba''' ( '''AP''' ) '''1: Tsarin Lissafi Mai Tushe''' <ref>{{Cite web |title=AP Physics 1: Algebra-Based Course – AP Central {{!}} College Board |url=https://apcentral.collegeboard.org/courses/ap-physics-1 |access-date=2024-09-04 |website=apcentral.collegeboard.org |language=en}}</ref> (wanda kuma aka sani da '''AP Physics 1''' ) darasi ne na gabatarwa na kimiyyar lissafi na shekara guda wanda Hukumar Kwaleji ke gudanarwa a matsayin wani ɓangare na shirinta na Ci Gaba . An yi niyya ne don wakiltar wani kwas na jami'a mai tushen algebra na zangon karatu ɗaya a fannin makanikai . Tare da AP Physics 2, an gudanar da jarrabawar AP Physics 1 ta farko a shekarar 2015. == Tarihi == Kwas ɗin AP Physics B mai yawan lissafi ya yi aiki a matsayin darasin da Hukumar Kwaleji ta tsara bisa ga algebra tsawon shekaru arba'in. A matsayin wani ɓangare na sake fasalin da Hukumar Kwaleji ta yi wa darussan kimiyya, an dakatar da AP Physics B; saboda haka, an ƙirƙiri AP Physics 1 da 2 tare da jagora daga Majalisar Bincike ta Ƙasa da Gidauniyar Kimiyya ta Ƙasa . <ref>{{Cite web |title=AP Physics 1 and AP Physics 2 {{!}} Advances in AP<!-- Bot generated title --> |url=http://advancesinap.collegeboard.org/math-and-science/physics |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141018200254/http://advancesinap.collegeboard.org/math-and-science/physics |archive-date=2014-10-18 |access-date=2013-12-15}}</ref> Wannan kwas ɗin ya ƙunshi kayan karatun digiri na farko na [[Jami'a|fannin]] kimiyyar lissafi da ake bayarwa a jami'o'in Amurka waɗanda ke amfani da mafi kyawun hanyoyin koyar da ilimin kimiyyar lissafi. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Jacobs |first=Greg |date=23 January 2016 |title=What does a 5 on the AP Physics 1 Exam mean? It still means an A, but read on... |url=https://jacobsphysics.blogspot.com/2016/01/what-does-5-on-ap-physics-1-exam-mean.html |access-date=14 June 2017 |website=Jacobs Physics |publisher=Greg Jacobs}}</ref> <sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B; ''[[wikipedia:Ingancin tushen bayani|<span title="The material near this tag may rely on a self-published source. (March 2025)">tushen da aka buga da kansa?</span>]]'' &#x5D;</sup> An fara azuzuwan farko na AP Physics 1 a shekarar makaranta ta 2014-2015, tare da jarrabawar AP ta farko a watan Mayu na 2015. A cikin shekaru biyar na farko, AP Physics 1 ta rufe ƙarfi da motsi, dokokin kiyayewa, raƙuman ruwa, da wutar lantarki. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Jacobs |first=Greg |date=25 July 2011 |title=Jacobs Physics: AP Physics 1 and 2 Redesign (as it stands now) and Honors Physics I |url=https://jacobsphysics.blogspot.com/2011/07/ap-physics-1-and-2-redesign-as-it.html |access-date=16 April 2023}}</ref> <sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B; ''[[wikipedia:Ingancin tushen bayani|<span title="The material near this tag may rely on a self-published source. (March 2025)">tushen da aka buga da kansa?</span>]]'' &#x5D;</sup> Tun daga shekarar 2021, AP Physics 1 ya ƙunshi batutuwa na makanikai kawai. <ref>{{Cite web |date=10 July 2006 |title=The Course |url=https://apcentral.collegeboard.org/courses/ap-physics-1/course?course=ap-physics-1-algebra-based |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201218175633/https://apcentral.collegeboard.org/courses/ap-physics-1/course?course=ap-physics-1-algebra-based |archive-date=2020-12-18 |access-date=25 December 2020 |website=AP Physics 1: The Course |publisher=The College Board}}</ref> A watan Fabrairun 2024, Hukumar Kwaleji ta sanar da cewa za a yi canje-canje a manhajar karatu don azuzuwan AP Physics na jarrabawar 2025. Ga AP Physics 1, wannan ya ƙara wasu abubuwa a cikin jerin batutuwan da aka tattauna a jarrabawar, yanzu shine sashe na ƙarshe na manhajar. A da, an yi magana a kan wannan batu a matsayin sashin farko na AP Physics 2 . A cikin manhajar da aka yi wa kwaskwarima, ruwaye sun rufe kashi 10-15% na jarrabawar AP Physics 1. Hukumar Kwaleji ta yi wasu ƙananan canje-canje ga manhajar karatu, kamar samar da daidaito don motsi mai sauƙi na jituwa, alaƙa tsakanin motsi na juyawa da na fassara, da manufofin koyo da suka shafi iko. <ref>{{Cite web |title=AP Physics Revisions for 2024-25 |url=https://apcentral.collegeboard.org/courses/ap-physics/revisions-2024-25 |access-date=2 May 2024}}</ref> == Manhaja ta Manhaja == AP Physics 1 kwas ne na farko na kimiyyar lissafi na matakin kwaleji wanda ya dogara da aljabra wanda ya haɗa da batutuwa na makanikai kamar motsi, ruwa, ƙarfi, motsi, kuzari, motsi mai jituwa, da juyawa. Hukumar Kwaleji ta buga wani tsarin manhaja wanda ya ƙunshi manyan ra'ayoyi guda takwas waɗanda aka gina AP Physics 1 a kansu. <ref>{{Cite web |date=Winter 2024 |title=AP Physics 1: Algebra-Based |url=https://apcentral.collegeboard.org/media/pdf/ap-physics-1-course-and-exam-description-effective-fall-2024.pdf |access-date=21 May 2024 |website=collegeboard.org}}</ref> An gina tambayoyin jarrabawa ne ta hanyar yin nuni kai tsaye ga abubuwan da ke cikin tsarin manhajar karatu. Ana gwada fahimtar ɗalibai game da kowane batu game da ƙwarewa da yawa - wato, tambayoyi suna buƙatar ɗalibai su yi amfani da dalilai na adadi, rabin adadi, inganci, da gwaji a kowane fanni na abun ciki. {| class="wikitable" ! align="center" |Raka'a ! Nauyin Jarrabawa |- align="center" | Kinematics | Kashi 10-15% |- align="center" | Ƙarfi da Tsarin Fassara | Kashi 18-23% |- align="center" | Aiki, [[Makamashi]] da Wutar Lantarki | Kashi 18-23% |- align="center" | Layin Momentum | Kashi 10-15% |- align="center" | Juyawa da Juyawa | Kashi 10-15% |- align="center" | Makamashi da Motsin Tsarin Juyawa | 5-8% |- align="center" | Sauye-sauye | 5-8% |- align="center" | Ruwa | Kashi 10-15% |} Abubuwan da ke cikin AP Physics 1 sun yi karo sosai da na AP Physics C: Mechanics . Duk da haka, AP Physics 1 ya dogara ne akan algebra kuma ba shi da ra'ayoyi masu tushen lissafi a cikin AP Physics C: Mechanics. Wani bambanci kuma shi ne cewa AP Physics C: Mechanics ba ya rufe ruwa, yayin da AP Physics 1 ke rufewa. == Jarrabawa == {| class="wikitable" |+ !Sashe ! Tambayoyi ! Lokaci ! Nauyin Jarrabawa |- | Sashe na I: Zaɓuka da Yawa | 40 MCQ | Awa 1 minti 20 | 50% |- | Sashe na II: Amsa Kyauta | 4 FRQ | Awa 1 minti 40 | 50% |} === An Yi Nazari Kan Ayyukan Kimiyya === Ana kuma tantance Sashen Zaɓuɓɓuka da Amsa Kyauta na Jarrabawar AP Physics 1 bisa ga ayyukan kimiyya. Ga tebura da ke wakiltar ayyukan da aka tantance da kuma nauyinsu ga ɓangarorin biyu na jarrabawar {| class="wikitable" |+Sashe na 1: Zaɓuka da Yawa ! Aikin Kimiyya ! Nauyin Jarrabawa |- | 2. Tsarin Lissafi | 55-75% |- | 3. Tsarin Gwaji da Bincike | 25-35% |} {| class="wikitable" |+Sashe na 2: Amsa Kyauta ! Aikin Kimiyya ! Nauyin Jarrabawa |- | 1. Fassara Tsakanin Wakilai | Kashi 20-35% |- | 2. Tsarin Lissafi | Kashi 30-40% |- | 3. Tsarin Gwaji da Bincike | Kashi 35-45% |} === Rarraba maki === Rarraba maki na jarrabawa tun daga shekarar 2015 kamar haka: {| class="wikitable" !Score !2015 !2016 !2017 !2018<ref>{{Cite web |title=STUDENT SCORE DISTRIBUTIONS |url=https://secure-media.collegeboard.org/digitalServices/pdf/research/2018/Student-Score-Distributions-2018.pdf |access-date=July 23, 2022}}</ref> !2019<ref>{{Cite web |title=STUDENT SCORE DISTRIBUTIONS |url=https://secure-media.collegeboard.org/digitalServices/pdf/research/2019/Student-Score-Distributions-2019.pdf |access-date=July 23, 2022}}</ref> !2020<ref>{{Cite web |title=STUDENT SCORE DISTRIBUTIONS |url=https://secure-media.collegeboard.org/digitalServices/pdf/research/2020/Student-Score-Distributions-2020.pdf |access-date=June 9, 2021}}</ref> !2021<ref>{{Cite web |title=STUDENT SCORE DISTRIBUTIONS |url=https://secure-media.collegeboard.org/digitalServices/pdf/research/2021/2021-ap-student-score-distributions.pdf |access-date=July 23, 2022}}</ref> !2022 !2023 !2024 !2025<ref>{{Cite web |title=Past AP Physics 1 Score Distributions |url=https://apstudents.collegeboard.org/about-ap-scores/score-distributions/ap-physics-1 |url-status=live |access-date=January 30, 2026 |website=apstudents.collegeboard.org}}</ref> |- !'''5''' |5.0% |4.6% |5.4% |5.2% |6.2% |8.8% |6.9% |7.9% |8.8% |10.2% |19.8% |- !'''4''' |13.6% |14.0% |16.2% |15% |17.8% |17.9% |16.3% |17.0% |18.3% |17.9% |24.7% |- !'''3''' |20.7% |21.2% |20.3% |19.5% |20.6% |24.8% |18.9% |18.3% |18.5% |19.2% |22.9% |- !'''2''' |29.8% |30.2% |29.1% |29.1% |29.3% |26.5% |26.4% |27.1% |28.0% |26.1% |13.4% |- !'''1''' |31.0% |30.0% |29.0% |31.2% |26.1% |21.9% |31.4% |29.6% |26.4% |26.6% |19.2% |- !'''% of Scores 3 or Higher''' |39.2% |39.8% |41.9% |39.7% |44.6% |51.6% |42.1% |43.3% |45.6% |47.3% |67.3% |- !'''Mean''' |2.32 |2.33 |2.40 |2.34 |2.49 |2.65 |2.41 |2.47 |2.55 |2.59 |3.12 |- !'''Standard Deviation''' |1.19 |1.17 |1.21 |1.21 |1.22 |1.25 |1.27 |1.29 |1.29 |1.32 |1.39 |- !'''Number of Students''' |171,074 |169,304 |170,447 |170,653 |161,071 |149,488 |136,238 |144,526 |159,582 |164,481 |174,401 |} == Duba kuma == * AP Physics == Manazarta == rkb04l4gjkm7bumng9n2a3kfk6y9zzn 0 163203 895072 2026-08-11T16:41:59Z Arcdanumma047 38699 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1261403786|International Preschool]]" 895072 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Makarantar renon yara ta duniya''' [[Makarantar sakandare|makaranta]] ce da ke haɓaka ƙa'idodin ƙasashen duniya kuma tana bin manhajar karatu wadda ba ta asalin ƙasar da take masaukin ba. Yawancin makarantun firamare na ƙasashen duniya suna kula da yara 'yan ƙasa waɗanda ba 'yan asalin ƙasar ba ne, kamar 'ya'yan jami'an diflomasiyya, ƙungiyoyin ƙasa da ƙasa da shirye-shiryen mishan. Makarantun firamare na ƙasashen duniya na iya zama na masu zaman kansu ko na jama'a . Ba a san adadin makarantun gaba da sakandare da aka rarraba a matsayin makarantun gaba da sakandare na duniya ba. == Kafa == An kafa makarantun firamare na farko na duniya a rabin ƙarshen ƙarni na 19 (1970) a ƙasashe kamar Amurka, Burtaniya, Rasha, Japan, Switzerland da Jamus. An kafa makarantun farko na ƙasashen duniya tare da taimakon ƙasashen da ke da manyan sha'awa a ƙasar da ke karɓar bakuncin. == Malaman Makaranta == Malaman koyarwa a makarantun gaba da firamare na duniya galibi suna fitowa ne daga ko kuma suna da takardar shaidar ƙa'idodin ƙasarsu ta asali kuma ana buƙatar su cika ƙa'idodin ƙasar da suke son koyarwa. Duk da cewa yawancin ƙasashe ba su da tsauraran matakan ba da takardar shaida ga malaman makarantun gaba da sakandare, bincike da shawarwari na baya-bayan nan da [[UNESCO]] ta yi ya haifar da ƙarin ƙa'idodi don bin ƙa'idodi a ƙasashe da yawa kamar Philippines da Singapore. <ref name="UNESCO">{{Cite web |date= |title=UNESCO: Preschool Curricula |url=http://unesdoc.unesco.org/images/0015/001593/159355e.pdf |access-date=2010-02-27 |publisher=UNESCO}}</ref> == Duba kuma == * [[Makarantar jariri|Kindergarten]] == Manazarta == b763suxl03kaf0j6eavp36ycivrbs0p 895073 895072 2026-08-11T16:42:29Z Arcdanumma047 38699 895073 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Makarantar renon yara ta duniya''' [[Makarantar sakandare|makaranta]] ce da ke haɓaka ƙa'idodin ƙasashen duniya kuma tana bin manhajar karatu wadda ba ta asalin ƙasar da take masaukin ba. Yawancin makarantun firamare na ƙasashen duniya suna kula da yara 'yan ƙasa waɗanda ba 'yan asalin ƙasar ba ne, kamar 'ya'yan jami'an diflomasiyya, ƙungiyoyin ƙasa da ƙasa da shirye-shiryen mishan. Makarantun firamare na ƙasashen duniya na iya zama na masu zaman kansu ko na jama'a . Ba a san adadin makarantun gaba da sakandare da aka rarraba a matsayin makarantun gaba da sakandare na duniya ba. == Kafa == An kafa makarantun firamare na farko na duniya a rabin ƙarshen ƙarni na 19 (1970) a ƙasashe kamar Amurka, Burtaniya, Rasha, Japan, Switzerland da Jamus. An kafa makarantun farko na ƙasashen duniya tare da taimakon ƙasashen da ke da manyan sha'awa a ƙasar da ke karɓar bakuncin. == Malaman Makaranta == Malaman koyarwa a makarantun gaba da firamare na duniya galibi suna fitowa ne daga ko kuma suna da takardar shaidar ƙa'idodin ƙasarsu ta asali kuma ana buƙatar su cika ƙa'idodin ƙasar da suke son koyarwa. Duk da cewa yawancin ƙasashe ba su da tsauraran matakan ba da takardar shaida ga malaman makarantun gaba da sakandare, bincike da shawarwari na baya-bayan nan da [[UNESCO]] ta yi ya haifar da ƙarin ƙa'idodi don bin ƙa'idodi a ƙasashe da yawa kamar Philippines da Singapore. <ref name="UNESCO">{{Cite web |date= |title=UNESCO: Preschool Curricula |url=http://unesdoc.unesco.org/images/0015/001593/159355e.pdf |access-date=2010-02-27 |publisher=UNESCO}}</ref> == Duba kuma == * [[Makarantar jariri|Kindergarten]] == Manazarta == f6xknr601jeol86wnjvlmwup28b2r1o 0 163204 895074 2026-08-11T16:43:57Z Arcdanumma047 38699 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1359461143|Lúcio Noeman]]" 895074 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Lúcio Noeman''' wani mai zane ne ɗan ƙasar Brazil wanda ya ƙware a fannin sassaka na yumbu. == Tarihin Rayuwa == An haifi Noeman a [[Rio de Janeiro|Rio de Janeiro, Brazil]], tsakanin 1913 da 1915. Bayan ya yi aiki a shagon kayan rubutu da kuma mai sayar da taye da turare a kan titi, ya halarci Sashen Kula da Lafiyar Ma'aikata a shekarar 1948, inda ya fara yin tallan kayan ado da yumbu. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Lúcio Noeman - Cinquentenário do Museu de Imagens do Inconsciente |url=http://www.ccms.saude.gov.br/cinquentenariodomuseu/lucio-noeman.php |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251018113805/http://www.ccms.saude.gov.br/cinquentenariodomuseu/lucio-noeman.php |archive-date=2025-10-18 |access-date=2025-12-20 |website=www.ccms.saude.gov.br |language=pt-br}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |title=Lucio Noeman |url=https://museuimagensdoinconsciente.org.br/en/lucio-noeman/ |access-date=2025-12-20 |website=Museu de Imagens do Inconsciente |language=en-US}}</ref> An nuna aikinsa a gidan kayan gargajiya na zamani na São Paulo a wani nuni mai taken {{Lang|pt-br|9 artistas de engenho de dentro}} a shekarar 1949. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Learning from Madness: Brazilian Modernism and Global Contemporary Art 9780226556314 |url=https://dokumen.pub/learning-from-madness-brazilian-modernism-and-global-contemporary-art-9780226556314.html |access-date=2025-12-20 |website=dokumen.pub |language=en}}</ref> Dangane da burin Noeman da likitansa Nise da Silveira, Noeman ya yi amfani da lobotomy wanda ya haifar da sauyi mai sauƙi a salon fasaharsa. An nuna shi a wani fim mai suna ''Nise: Zuciyar Hauka'' . <ref>{{Cite web |title=Gloria Pires in Nise – The heart of madness |url=https://strandreleasing.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/06/nise-production-notes.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211101234631/https://strandreleasing.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/06/nise-production-notes.pdf |archive-date=2021-11-01}}</ref> == Manazarta == fomlb8iwlrtspqpdcsockcbsp64xjum 895076 895074 2026-08-11T16:44:31Z Arcdanumma047 38699 895076 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Lúcio Noeman''' wani mai zane ne ɗan ƙasar Brazil wanda ya ƙware a fannin sassaka na yumbu. == Tarihin Rayuwa == An haifi Noeman a [[Rio de Janeiro|Rio de Janeiro, Brazil]], tsakanin 1913 da 1915. Bayan ya yi aiki a shagon kayan rubutu da kuma mai sayar da taye da turare a kan titi, ya halarci Sashen Kula da Lafiyar Ma'aikata a shekarar 1948, inda ya fara yin tallan kayan ado da yumbu. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Lúcio Noeman - Cinquentenário do Museu de Imagens do Inconsciente |url=http://www.ccms.saude.gov.br/cinquentenariodomuseu/lucio-noeman.php |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251018113805/http://www.ccms.saude.gov.br/cinquentenariodomuseu/lucio-noeman.php |archive-date=2025-10-18 |access-date=2025-12-20 |website=www.ccms.saude.gov.br |language=pt-br}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |title=Lucio Noeman |url=https://museuimagensdoinconsciente.org.br/en/lucio-noeman/ |access-date=2025-12-20 |website=Museu de Imagens do Inconsciente |language=en-US}}</ref> An nuna aikinsa a gidan kayan gargajiya na zamani na São Paulo a wani nuni mai taken {{Lang|pt-br|9 artistas de engenho de dentro}} a shekarar 1949. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Learning from Madness: Brazilian Modernism and Global Contemporary Art 9780226556314 |url=https://dokumen.pub/learning-from-madness-brazilian-modernism-and-global-contemporary-art-9780226556314.html |access-date=2025-12-20 |website=dokumen.pub |language=en}}</ref> Dangane da burin Noeman da likitansa Nise da Silveira, Noeman ya yi amfani da lobotomy wanda ya haifar da sauyi mai sauƙi a salon fasaharsa. An nuna shi a wani fim mai suna ''Nise: Zuciyar Hauka'' . <ref>{{Cite web |title=Gloria Pires in Nise – The heart of madness |url=https://strandreleasing.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/06/nise-production-notes.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211101234631/https://strandreleasing.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/06/nise-production-notes.pdf |archive-date=2021-11-01}}</ref> == Manazarta == fm7v7bmihhu2ae91vc20c7bnsb277qd 0 163205 895075 2026-08-11T16:44:11Z Nnamadee 31123 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1362658745|Susanne Kessler]]" 895075 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Susanne Kessler''' (1955 a cikin [[Wuppertal|littafinta na Wuppertal]] ) 'yar ƙasar Jamus ce - Italiya [[Painting|mai zane]], mai zane, kuma mai tsara kayan aiki. == Rayuwa == Daga 1975 zuwa 1982 Susanne Kessler ta yi karatun [[Painting|zane]] da zane a Jami'ar Fasaha ta Berlin da Kwalejin Fasaha ta Royal (RCA) da ke [[Landan]] . A shekarar 2022 aka ba ta [https://www.zeit.de/news/2022-06/10/von-der-heydt-kulturpreis-fuer-bildende-kuenstlerin kyautar al'adu ta Von der Heydt], kuma a shekarar 1992 ta lashe kyautar Paul Strecker ta birnin Mainz. Baya ga tallafin karatu da kuma wurin zama na masu fasaha, fiye da nunin faifai 50 na kaɗaici da kuma nunin rukuni da yawa sun kai ta a duk [[Turai|faɗin Turai]] da [[Indiya]], [[Pakistan]], [[Mali]] [[Itofiya|Habasha]], [[Guatemala (ƙasa)|Guatemala]], [[Iran]], [[Laitfiya|Latvia]] da Amurka (Turlock, CA, Washington, DC, New York, NY, Charlottesville, VA). A shekarar 2001/2002 ta yi aiki a matsayin farfesa a Jami'ar Jihar California - Stanislaus, Amurka, sannan ta bi sahun Kwalejin Fasaha ta Latvian da ke Riga, Latvia a shekarar 2010 da kuma Jami'ar City ta New York, NY, Amurka a shekarar 2011. Susanne Kessler tana zaune a Berlin/Jamus da Roma/Italiya. == Aiki == [[Fayil:Susanne_kessler,_the_universe_moves,india_1995.jpg|right|thumb|268x268px| Susanne Kessler, Duniyar Motsawa, Indiya 1995]] [[Fayil:Susanne_kessler,survival_kit,2005.jpg|right|thumb|260x260px| Susanne Kessler, Kit ɗin rayuwa, 2005]] Susanne Kessler ta ƙirƙiri manyan gine-gine masu kama da na halitta. Da farko dai ta dogara ne akan [[zane]], ta daɗe tana mai da hankali kan tsarin halitta, na rayuwa tsawon shekaru. Wasu daga cikin ayyukanta sun mayar da hankali ne kan hotunan gabobin ciki kamar kwakwalwar ɗan adam, tare da kamanninsa na gani da kuma tsarinsa mai rikitarwa a ciki. A cewar Kessler, kawai iyakancewar kwakwalwa, tare da tunani da hangen nesa na mutum ɗaya, yana haɓaka "gina girman kai ", wanda ke ƙaura daga kimiyya zuwa duniyar fasaha. Kessler yakan haɗa ɓangarorin tunani da tsarin tunani waɗanda ke hulɗa akai-akai da samfuran halittu, wanda hakan ke samar da tarin zane-zane masu rikitarwa da abubuwan da ke cikin waƙa. A tsakiyar aikinta , Wheel of Life, ƙa'idar rayuwa, an bayyana ta a matsayin kwararar kuzari mai mahimmanci, a matsayin tsari mai canzawa koyaushe yana nuna a lokaci guda tsarin aikin mai zane. Jerin zane-zane suna ci gaba da shiga cikin sabbin shigarwa domin sabuntawa daga ciki. Wannan sakamakon ya haɗa da sararin alamun zane da alamomi, waɗanda suka haɗa da wasu daga cikin [[Makamashi|kuzarin]] motsi na wurin. Waɗannan samfuran halittu sun bayyana kansu, misali, a cikin siffofin halitta da aka yanke daga takardar Tyvek . == Kyaututtuka da guraben karo ilimi == * 2022 Von der Heydt-Kulturpreis * 2020 Scholarship Europa na Majalisar Dattawan Berlin * 2016-2018 Mai zane a Gidan zama, Kunstmuseum der Westküste, MKdW, Alkersum/Föhr * 2014 Mai Zane a Gidan Zama, Ƙungiyar Ɗaliban Zane-zane ta Sparkill, NY/Amurka * 2014 Ruth Katzman Award, New York, NY/Amurka * 2011 Farfesa Mai Ziyara kuma Mai Zane a Gidan Zama, Jami'ar City ta New York/Amurka * Malami Baƙo kuma Mai Zane a 2010, Kwalejin Fasaha ta Riga/LT * Taro na Ƙasa da Ƙasa na 2008 "Tattaunawa", Kwalejin Fasaha, Riga/LT * Mai Zane a 2007 a Gidan Zama, Second Street Gallery, Charlottesville, VA/USA * 2005 Memba na "shirye-shiryen kallo, rajistar masu zane" da kuma gayyatar zuwa "Magana ga Masu Zane" zuwa "Cibiyar Zane ta New York, NYC/Amurka * Mai Zane a 2003 a Gidan Zama, Bikin Fajr, Tehran/IR * 2001–2002 Farfesa mai ziyara kuma mai zane a gidan zama, Jami'ar Jihar California, Stanislaus, CA/USA. * 1996 Max Mueller Bhavan, Hyderabad, Mumbai, Chennai/IND * 1996 Goethe-Institut Lahore/PK * 1995–1996 Mai Zane a Gidan Zama, Lalit Kala Academy, New Delhi/IND * 1995 Grant daga birnin Goslar Kaiser Ring/GER * 1992 Paul Strecker Award, Mainz/GER * Tallafin karatu na 1984 daga Ofishin Matasan Jamus da Faransa, Paris/F * 1982 DAAD Fellowship, Kwalejin Fasaha ta Royal, London/UK [[Fayil:Susanne_kessler,installazione_illuminata,_viterbo_2009.jpg|right|thumb|200x200px| Susanne Kessler, installazione illuminata, Viterbo 2009]] [[Fayil:Susanne_kessler,_disegno_spaziale,_dora_diamanti,_rome,2008.jpg|right|thumb|200x200px| Susanne Kessler, disegno spaziale, Galleria Dora Diamanti, Rome 2008]] == Nunin nune-nune (zaɓi) == * 2022: Ozean, Kunstverein Würzburg, Würzburg, DE * 2022: About Roots and Borders, Conseil de l’Europe, Strassburg, FR * 2021: Undated, Kunstverein Lippstadt, Lippstadt, DE * 2019: Kontinuum, (mit Guda Koster) Kunstforum der Sparkasse Wuppertal, DE * 2019: Wechselspiel, (mit Paolo Bielli), GAM, Galleria Arte Moderna, Rome, IT * 2019: Odissea, Gallery Neon, Geppert Academy of Art, Wroclaw, PL * 2018: Mappa Mundi, MACRO, Museo Arte Contemporaneo, Rome, IT * 2018: Odissea, MKdW, Kunstmuseum der Westküste, Alkersum/Föhr, DE * 2016: Scudi, Sala Santa Rita, Rome, IT * 2015 WHITECONCEPTS, Berlin, GER * 2015 American University Museum at the Katzen Arts Center, Washington / DC, USA (cat.) * 2015 CARLsGARTEN, Cologne, GER * 2015 Off Course / Gallery Antonio Nardone, Brussels, BE * 2015 Santa Lucia del Gonfalone, Rome, IT * 2015 Winterausstellung15, VBK- Verein Berliner Kuenstler, Berlin, GER * 2015 The Arlington Art Center, Arlington, VA, USA * 2015 Kunstverein Artlantis, Bad Homburg, GER * 2015 The Elisabteh Foundation for the Arts New York, NY, USA * 2015 XLVIII Premio Vasto, Scuderia di Palazzo Aragona, Vasto, IT (cat.) * 2015 Cittadellarte - Fondazione Pistoletto, Biella, IT * 2015 Gallery Monserrato Arte, Rome, IT (cat.) * 2014 Gallery Rotunda, Uniwersytetu Artystucznego / University of Art, (with Marek Jakuszewski), Poznan, PL * 2014 DominoArt 2014, Reutlingen, GER (cat.) * 2014 Art Museum Solingen, Solingen, GER * 2014 The League Residency at Vyt, Sparkill / NY, USA * 2014 Open Center, New York / NY, USA * 2014 Castello dell’Abate / Belvedere, Castellabate, IT (cat.) * 2014 Basilica di San Giovanni a Cimitile, Nola, IT * 2014 OSTRALE´014, Dresden, GER (cat.) * 2014 WHITECONCEPTS, Berlin, GER * 2014 European Parliament, Altiero Spinelli Building, Brussels, BE * 2013 MAAM (Museo dell'Altro e dell’Altrove di Metropoliz), Rome, IT (cat.) * 2013 Gallery Civica d’Arte Contemporanea, Casacalenda, IT (cat.) * 2013 Accademia di Romania, Rome, IT * 2013 ACA Galleries, New York, USA * 2013 Anya and Andrew Shiva Gallery, New York, USA * 2013 Il Frantoio, Capalbio, IT * 2013 project space of the German Artist League (Deutscher Künstlerbund), Berlin, GER * 2013 Bibliothé Gallery d’Arte Contemporanea, Rome, IT * 2013 Gallery Monserrato Arte, Rome, IT * 2012 Museo Aperto 2012, Casacalenda, IT * 2012 site specific exhibition in containers, Thun, CH (cat.) * 2011 Gallery M, Berlin, GER (cat.) * 2011 Monty & Company, Rome, IT * 2011 Gallery Palladino Company, Campobasso, IT (cat.) * 2011 Gallery Cortese e Lisante, Rome, IT * 2011 Gallery Civica d’Arte Contemporanea, Termoli, IT (cat.) * 2011 Gallery Dora Diamanti, Rome, IT * 2011 Washington Project for the Arts, Washington/USA * 2010 ex-GIL, Rome/IT * 2010 Museo Faina and Ex-convento di San Giovanni, Orvieto/IT (solo) * 2010 WHITECONCEPTS, Berlin/GER * 2009 Gallery Epikur, Wuppertal/GER (solo) * 2009 Gallery Inga Kondeyne, Berlin/GER * 2008 Galleria Dora Diamanti, Rome/IT (solo) * 2008 John Jay University Gallery, City University New York, NY/USA (solo) * 2007 Second Street Gallery, Charlottesville, VA/USA (solo, site-specific) * 2005 Nassauischer Kunstverein Wiesbaden/GER * 2005 American Association of the Advancement of Science, Washington DC (in cooperation with the Goethe Institut Washington/USA) (solo) * 2003 Fajr Festival, Taleghani Artist Forum, Tehran/IR (solo) * 2001 Gustav Lübke Museum Hamm/GER (solo) * 2000 Cantieri alla Zisa / Goethe Institut Palermo/IT (solo) * 1999 Beuys Archive-Museum Moyland Castle/GER (solo) * 1995 Mönchehaus Museum of Contemporary Art, Goslar/GER (solo) * 1995 Von der Heydt Museum, Wuppertal/GER (solo) * 1994 Municipal Gallery, Albstadt/GER (solo) * 1992 National Museum Mainz/GER (solo) == Adabi == * 1993 Bonito Oliva, Achille: Gran Delubro, L'Arte. Edizione Carte Segrete, Nunin Erice, La Salerniana, Ex Convento di San Carlo, Italiya * 1995 Becker, Wolfgang: Nauyin Bunker - canza layin tsaro. A cikin: Fredsskulptur 1995. Elle-Mie Ejdrup Hansen * 1996 Matusche, Petra: Kuzarin Ciki da Sararin Waje. A cikin: Susanne Kessler a Indiya da Pakistan 1995–1996. Nunin Max Mueller Bhavan, Hyderabad, Madras, Lait Kala Academymi, New Delhi, Indiya, Goethe Institut Lahore, Pakistan; Gidan Tarihi na Abtei Liesborn. [[ISBN (identifier)|ISBN]]&nbsp;[[Special:BookSources/81-900739-0-7|<bdi>81-900739-0-7</bdi>]] * 2003 Karshenas, Majid: Soyayya tana tayar da ɗan adam. A cikin: Susanne Kessler - Littafin Tarihin Farisa. Dandalin Masu Zane-zane na Nunin Taleghani, 2003 Tehran, Iran.{{ISBN|3-86611-024-3}}[[ISBN (identifier)|ISBN]]&nbsp;[[Special:BookSources/3-86611-024-3|<bdi>3-86611-024-3</bdi>]] * 2008 Farrington, Lisa: Fasaha ta Abubuwa Biyu. A cikin: Susanne Kessler, Zane Sararin Samaniya - Ɗakin New York. Jami'ar Birnin Nunin - John Jay Gallery, New York, NY, Amurka * 2010 Canova, Lorenzo: La rete segreta della cose. A cikin Ritmo e Linea. Nunin Ex- Convento di San Giovanni, Orvieto, Italiya * 2010 Canova, Lorenzo. Sbandati. Mostra Ex-GIL Roma, Italiya, Edizione riverberi sonori. * 2011 Karin Scheel: Susanne Kessler: Baustelle Zeichnung. Galerie M, Berlin Palladino Edita, <nowiki>ISBN 978-88-8460-206-0</nowiki> * 2014 Wolfgang Riehle, Raimund Stecker: Susanne Kessler: Mäander, DominoArt 2014 * 2015 Achille Bonito Oliva, Johannes Nathan, Vincenzo Mazarella: Susanne Kessler: Framing Space, Distanz Verlag Berlin, <nowiki>ISBN 978-3-95476-119-7</nowiki> * 2018 Beniamini Quintieri, Alberto Dambruoso: Susanne Kessler: Ulysses a Cosenza, Gangemi Editore Int. Roma, <nowiki>ISBN 978-88-492-3614-9</nowiki> * 2018 Edita. Boyens Verlag: Susanne Kessler: Kwanaki 99 a kusa da Cape Horn... , Gidan Tarihi na Fasaha ta Yammacin Tekun * 2018 lrike Wolff -Thomsen: Susanne Kessler: Odissea, Boyens Verlag, <nowiki>ISBN 978-3-8042-1499-6</nowiki> * 2020 Kathrin Merkle, Sabine Urban, Christoph Tannert: Susanne Kessler: game da tushen da iyakoki, Artinflow Verlag, Berlin, <nowiki>ISBN 978-3-938457-55-9</nowiki> == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1955]] 6iaa315iyy7za6rvrd35xo75jzn91qd 895077 895075 2026-08-11T16:44:52Z Nnamadee 31123 895077 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Susanne Kessler''' (1955 a cikin [[Wuppertal|littafinta na Wuppertal]] ) 'yar ƙasar Jamus ce - Italiya [[Painting|mai zane]], mai zane, kuma mai tsara kayan aiki. == Rayuwa == Daga 1975 zuwa 1982 Susanne Kessler ta yi karatun [[Painting|zane]] da zane a Jami'ar Fasaha ta Berlin da Kwalejin Fasaha ta Royal (RCA) da ke [[Landan]] . A shekarar 2022 aka ba ta [https://www.zeit.de/news/2022-06/10/von-der-heydt-kulturpreis-fuer-bildende-kuenstlerin kyautar al'adu ta Von der Heydt], kuma a shekarar 1992 ta lashe kyautar Paul Strecker ta birnin Mainz. Baya ga tallafin karatu da kuma wurin zama na masu fasaha, fiye da nunin faifai 50 na kaɗaici da kuma nunin rukuni da yawa sun kai ta a duk [[Turai|faɗin Turai]] da [[Indiya]], [[Pakistan]], [[Mali]] [[Itofiya|Habasha]], [[Guatemala (ƙasa)|Guatemala]], [[Iran]], [[Laitfiya|Latvia]] da Amurka (Turlock, CA, Washington, DC, New York, NY, Charlottesville, VA). A shekarar 2001/2002 ta yi aiki a matsayin farfesa a Jami'ar Jihar California - Stanislaus, Amurka, sannan ta bi sahun Kwalejin Fasaha ta Latvian da ke Riga, Latvia a shekarar 2010 da kuma Jami'ar City ta New York, NY, Amurka a shekarar 2011. Susanne Kessler tana zaune a Berlin/Jamus da Roma/Italiya. == Aiki == [[Fayil:Susanne_kessler,_the_universe_moves,india_1995.jpg|right|thumb|268x268px| Susanne Kessler, Duniyar Motsawa, Indiya 1995]] [[Fayil:Susanne_kessler,survival_kit,2005.jpg|right|thumb|260x260px| Susanne Kessler, Kit ɗin rayuwa, 2005]] Susanne Kessler ta ƙirƙiri manyan gine-gine masu kama da na halitta. Da farko dai ta dogara ne akan [[zane]], ta daɗe tana mai da hankali kan tsarin halitta, na rayuwa tsawon shekaru. Wasu daga cikin ayyukanta sun mayar da hankali ne kan hotunan gabobin ciki kamar kwakwalwar ɗan adam, tare da kamanninsa na gani da kuma tsarinsa mai rikitarwa a ciki. A cewar Kessler, kawai iyakancewar kwakwalwa, tare da tunani da hangen nesa na mutum ɗaya, yana haɓaka "gina girman kai ", wanda ke ƙaura daga kimiyya zuwa duniyar fasaha. Kessler yakan haɗa ɓangarorin tunani da tsarin tunani waɗanda ke hulɗa akai-akai da samfuran halittu, wanda hakan ke samar da tarin zane-zane masu rikitarwa da abubuwan da ke cikin waƙa. A tsakiyar aikinta , Wheel of Life, ƙa'idar rayuwa, an bayyana ta a matsayin kwararar kuzari mai mahimmanci, a matsayin tsari mai canzawa koyaushe yana nuna a lokaci guda tsarin aikin mai zane. Jerin zane-zane suna ci gaba da shiga cikin sabbin shigarwa domin sabuntawa daga ciki. Wannan sakamakon ya haɗa da sararin alamun zane da alamomi, waɗanda suka haɗa da wasu daga cikin [[Makamashi|kuzarin]] motsi na wurin. Waɗannan samfuran halittu sun bayyana kansu, misali, a cikin siffofin halitta da aka yanke daga takardar Tyvek . == Kyaututtuka da guraben karo ilimi == * 2022 Von der Heydt-Kulturpreis * 2020 Scholarship Europa na Majalisar Dattawan Berlin * 2016-2018 Mai zane a Gidan zama, Kunstmuseum der Westküste, MKdW, Alkersum/Föhr * 2014 Mai Zane a Gidan Zama, Ƙungiyar Ɗaliban Zane-zane ta Sparkill, NY/Amurka * 2014 Ruth Katzman Award, New York, NY/Amurka * 2011 Farfesa Mai Ziyara kuma Mai Zane a Gidan Zama, Jami'ar City ta New York/Amurka * Malami Baƙo kuma Mai Zane a 2010, Kwalejin Fasaha ta Riga/LT * Taro na Ƙasa da Ƙasa na 2008 "Tattaunawa", Kwalejin Fasaha, Riga/LT * Mai Zane a 2007 a Gidan Zama, Second Street Gallery, Charlottesville, VA/USA * 2005 Memba na "shirye-shiryen kallo, rajistar masu zane" da kuma gayyatar zuwa "Magana ga Masu Zane" zuwa "Cibiyar Zane ta New York, NYC/Amurka * Mai Zane a 2003 a Gidan Zama, Bikin Fajr, Tehran/IR * 2001–2002 Farfesa mai ziyara kuma mai zane a gidan zama, Jami'ar Jihar California, Stanislaus, CA/USA. * 1996 Max Mueller Bhavan, Hyderabad, Mumbai, Chennai/IND * 1996 Goethe-Institut Lahore/PK * 1995–1996 Mai Zane a Gidan Zama, Lalit Kala Academy, New Delhi/IND * 1995 Grant daga birnin Goslar Kaiser Ring/GER * 1992 Paul Strecker Award, Mainz/GER * Tallafin karatu na 1984 daga Ofishin Matasan Jamus da Faransa, Paris/F * 1982 DAAD Fellowship, Kwalejin Fasaha ta Royal, London/UK [[Fayil:Susanne_kessler,installazione_illuminata,_viterbo_2009.jpg|right|thumb|200x200px| Susanne Kessler, installazione illuminata, Viterbo 2009]] [[Fayil:Susanne_kessler,_disegno_spaziale,_dora_diamanti,_rome,2008.jpg|right|thumb|200x200px| Susanne Kessler, disegno spaziale, Galleria Dora Diamanti, Rome 2008]] == Nunin nune-nune (zaɓi) == * 2022: Ozean, Kunstverein Würzburg, Würzburg, DE * 2022: About Roots and Borders, Conseil de l’Europe, Strassburg, FR * 2021: Undated, Kunstverein Lippstadt, Lippstadt, DE * 2019: Kontinuum, (mit Guda Koster) Kunstforum der Sparkasse Wuppertal, DE * 2019: Wechselspiel, (mit Paolo Bielli), GAM, Galleria Arte Moderna, Rome, IT * 2019: Odissea, Gallery Neon, Geppert Academy of Art, Wroclaw, PL * 2018: Mappa Mundi, MACRO, Museo Arte Contemporaneo, Rome, IT * 2018: Odissea, MKdW, Kunstmuseum der Westküste, Alkersum/Föhr, DE * 2016: Scudi, Sala Santa Rita, Rome, IT * 2015 WHITECONCEPTS, Berlin, GER * 2015 American University Museum at the Katzen Arts Center, Washington / DC, USA (cat.) * 2015 CARLsGARTEN, Cologne, GER * 2015 Off Course / Gallery Antonio Nardone, Brussels, BE * 2015 Santa Lucia del Gonfalone, Rome, IT * 2015 Winterausstellung15, VBK- Verein Berliner Kuenstler, Berlin, GER * 2015 The Arlington Art Center, Arlington, VA, USA * 2015 Kunstverein Artlantis, Bad Homburg, GER * 2015 The Elisabteh Foundation for the Arts New York, NY, USA * 2015 XLVIII Premio Vasto, Scuderia di Palazzo Aragona, Vasto, IT (cat.) * 2015 Cittadellarte - Fondazione Pistoletto, Biella, IT * 2015 Gallery Monserrato Arte, Rome, IT (cat.) * 2014 Gallery Rotunda, Uniwersytetu Artystucznego / University of Art, (with Marek Jakuszewski), Poznan, PL * 2014 DominoArt 2014, Reutlingen, GER (cat.) * 2014 Art Museum Solingen, Solingen, GER * 2014 The League Residency at Vyt, Sparkill / NY, USA * 2014 Open Center, New York / NY, USA * 2014 Castello dell’Abate / Belvedere, Castellabate, IT (cat.) * 2014 Basilica di San Giovanni a Cimitile, Nola, IT * 2014 OSTRALE´014, Dresden, GER (cat.) * 2014 WHITECONCEPTS, Berlin, GER * 2014 European Parliament, Altiero Spinelli Building, Brussels, BE * 2013 MAAM (Museo dell'Altro e dell’Altrove di Metropoliz), Rome, IT (cat.) * 2013 Gallery Civica d’Arte Contemporanea, Casacalenda, IT (cat.) * 2013 Accademia di Romania, Rome, IT * 2013 ACA Galleries, New York, USA * 2013 Anya and Andrew Shiva Gallery, New York, USA * 2013 Il Frantoio, Capalbio, IT * 2013 project space of the German Artist League (Deutscher Künstlerbund), Berlin, GER * 2013 Bibliothé Gallery d’Arte Contemporanea, Rome, IT * 2013 Gallery Monserrato Arte, Rome, IT * 2012 Museo Aperto 2012, Casacalenda, IT * 2012 site specific exhibition in containers, Thun, CH (cat.) * 2011 Gallery M, Berlin, GER (cat.) * 2011 Monty & Company, Rome, IT * 2011 Gallery Palladino Company, Campobasso, IT (cat.) * 2011 Gallery Cortese e Lisante, Rome, IT * 2011 Gallery Civica d’Arte Contemporanea, Termoli, IT (cat.) * 2011 Gallery Dora Diamanti, Rome, IT * 2011 Washington Project for the Arts, Washington/USA * 2010 ex-GIL, Rome/IT * 2010 Museo Faina and Ex-convento di San Giovanni, Orvieto/IT (solo) * 2010 WHITECONCEPTS, Berlin/GER * 2009 Gallery Epikur, Wuppertal/GER (solo) * 2009 Gallery Inga Kondeyne, Berlin/GER * 2008 Galleria Dora Diamanti, Rome/IT (solo) * 2008 John Jay University Gallery, City University New York, NY/USA (solo) * 2007 Second Street Gallery, Charlottesville, VA/USA (solo, site-specific) * 2005 Nassauischer Kunstverein Wiesbaden/GER * 2005 American Association of the Advancement of Science, Washington DC (in cooperation with the Goethe Institut Washington/USA) (solo) * 2003 Fajr Festival, Taleghani Artist Forum, Tehran/IR (solo) * 2001 Gustav Lübke Museum Hamm/GER (solo) * 2000 Cantieri alla Zisa / Goethe Institut Palermo/IT (solo) * 1999 Beuys Archive-Museum Moyland Castle/GER (solo) * 1995 Mönchehaus Museum of Contemporary Art, Goslar/GER (solo) * 1995 Von der Heydt Museum, Wuppertal/GER (solo) * 1994 Municipal Gallery, Albstadt/GER (solo) * 1992 National Museum Mainz/GER (solo) == Adabi == * 1993 Bonito Oliva, Achille: Gran Delubro, L'Arte. Edizione Carte Segrete, Nunin Erice, La Salerniana, Ex Convento di San Carlo, Italiya * 1995 Becker, Wolfgang: Nauyin Bunker - canza layin tsaro. A cikin: Fredsskulptur 1995. Elle-Mie Ejdrup Hansen * 1996 Matusche, Petra: Kuzarin Ciki da Sararin Waje. A cikin: Susanne Kessler a Indiya da Pakistan 1995–1996. Nunin Max Mueller Bhavan, Hyderabad, Madras, Lait Kala Academymi, New Delhi, Indiya, Goethe Institut Lahore, Pakistan; Gidan Tarihi na Abtei Liesborn. [[ISBN (identifier)|ISBN]]&nbsp;[[Special:BookSources/81-900739-0-7|<bdi>81-900739-0-7</bdi>]] * 2003 Karshenas, Majid: Soyayya tana tayar da ɗan adam. A cikin: Susanne Kessler - Littafin Tarihin Farisa. Dandalin Masu Zane-zane na Nunin Taleghani, 2003 Tehran, Iran.{{ISBN|3-86611-024-3}}[[ISBN (identifier)|ISBN]]&nbsp;[[Special:BookSources/3-86611-024-3|<bdi>3-86611-024-3</bdi>]] * 2008 Farrington, Lisa: Fasaha ta Abubuwa Biyu. A cikin: Susanne Kessler, Zane Sararin Samaniya - Ɗakin New York. Jami'ar Birnin Nunin - John Jay Gallery, New York, NY, Amurka * 2010 Canova, Lorenzo: La rete segreta della cose. A cikin Ritmo e Linea. Nunin Ex- Convento di San Giovanni, Orvieto, Italiya * 2010 Canova, Lorenzo. Sbandati. Mostra Ex-GIL Roma, Italiya, Edizione riverberi sonori. * 2011 Karin Scheel: Susanne Kessler: Baustelle Zeichnung. Galerie M, Berlin Palladino Edita, <nowiki>ISBN 978-88-8460-206-0</nowiki> * 2014 Wolfgang Riehle, Raimund Stecker: Susanne Kessler: Mäander, DominoArt 2014 * 2015 Achille Bonito Oliva, Johannes Nathan, Vincenzo Mazarella: Susanne Kessler: Framing Space, Distanz Verlag Berlin, <nowiki>ISBN 978-3-95476-119-7</nowiki> * 2018 Beniamini Quintieri, Alberto Dambruoso: Susanne Kessler: Ulysses a Cosenza, Gangemi Editore Int. Roma, <nowiki>ISBN 978-88-492-3614-9</nowiki> * 2018 Edita. Boyens Verlag: Susanne Kessler: Kwanaki 99 a kusa da Cape Horn... , Gidan Tarihi na Fasaha ta Yammacin Tekun * 2018 lrike Wolff -Thomsen: Susanne Kessler: Odissea, Boyens Verlag, <nowiki>ISBN 978-3-8042-1499-6</nowiki> * 2020 Kathrin Merkle, Sabine Urban, Christoph Tannert: Susanne Kessler: game da tushen da iyakoki, Artinflow Verlag, Berlin, <nowiki>ISBN 978-3-938457-55-9</nowiki> == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1955]] hpsiuilr5b22ju6poc9mlijxzuh2nat 895079 895077 2026-08-11T16:46:03Z Nnamadee 31123 895079 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Susanne Kessler''' (1955 a cikin [[Wuppertal|littafinta na Wuppertal]] ) 'yar ƙasar Jamus ce - Italiya [[Painting|mai zane]], mai zane, kuma mai tsara kayan aiki. == Rayuwa == Daga 1975 zuwa 1982 Susanne Kessler ta yi karatun [[Painting|zane]] da zane a Jami'ar Fasaha ta Berlin da Kwalejin Fasaha ta Royal (RCA) da ke [[Landan]] . A shekarar 2022 aka ba ta [https://www.zeit.de/news/2022-06/10/von-der-heydt-kulturpreis-fuer-bildende-kuenstlerin kyautar al'adu ta Von der Heydt], kuma a shekarar 1992 ta lashe kyautar Paul Strecker ta birnin Mainz. Baya ga tallafin karatu da kuma wurin zama na masu fasaha, fiye da nunin faifai 50 na kaɗaici da kuma nunin rukuni da yawa sun kai ta a duk [[Turai|faɗin Turai]] da [[Indiya]], [[Pakistan]], [[Mali]] [[Itofiya|Habasha]], [[Guatemala (ƙasa)|Guatemala]], [[Iran]], [[Laitfiya|Latvia]] da Amurka (Turlock, CA, Washington, DC, New York, NY, Charlottesville, VA). A shekarar 2001/2002 ta yi aiki a matsayin farfesa a Jami'ar Jihar California - Stanislaus, Amurka, sannan ta bi sahun Kwalejin Fasaha ta Latvian da ke Riga, Latvia a shekarar 2010 da kuma Jami'ar City ta New York, NY, Amurka a shekarar 2011. Susanne Kessler tana zaune a Berlin/Jamus da Roma/Italiya.<ref>Washington Project for the Arts; see "resume"</ref> == Aiki == [[Fayil:Susanne_kessler,_the_universe_moves,india_1995.jpg|right|thumb|268x268px| Susanne Kessler, Duniyar Motsawa, Indiya 1995]] [[Fayil:Susanne_kessler,survival_kit,2005.jpg|right|thumb|260x260px| Susanne Kessler, Kit ɗin rayuwa, 2005]] Susanne Kessler ta ƙirƙiri manyan gine-gine masu kama da na halitta. Da farko dai ta dogara ne akan [[zane]], ta daɗe tana mai da hankali kan tsarin halitta, na rayuwa tsawon shekaru. Wasu daga cikin ayyukanta sun mayar da hankali ne kan hotunan gabobin ciki kamar kwakwalwar ɗan adam, tare da kamanninsa na gani da kuma tsarinsa mai rikitarwa a ciki. A cewar Kessler, kawai iyakancewar kwakwalwa, tare da tunani da hangen nesa na mutum ɗaya, yana haɓaka "gina girman kai ", wanda ke ƙaura daga kimiyya zuwa duniyar fasaha. Kessler yakan haɗa ɓangarorin tunani da tsarin tunani waɗanda ke hulɗa akai-akai da samfuran halittu, wanda hakan ke samar da tarin zane-zane masu rikitarwa da abubuwan da ke cikin waƙa. A tsakiyar aikinta , Wheel of Life, ƙa'idar rayuwa, an bayyana ta a matsayin kwararar kuzari mai mahimmanci, a matsayin tsari mai canzawa koyaushe yana nuna a lokaci guda tsarin aikin mai zane. Jerin zane-zane suna ci gaba da shiga cikin sabbin shigarwa domin sabuntawa daga ciki. Wannan sakamakon ya haɗa da sararin alamun zane da alamomi, waɗanda suka haɗa da wasu daga cikin [[Makamashi|kuzarin]] motsi na wurin. Waɗannan samfuran halittu sun bayyana kansu, misali, a cikin siffofin halitta da aka yanke daga takardar Tyvek . == Kyaututtuka da guraben karo ilimi == * 2022 Von der Heydt-Kulturpreis * 2020 Scholarship Europa na Majalisar Dattawan Berlin * 2016-2018 Mai zane a Gidan zama, Kunstmuseum der Westküste, MKdW, Alkersum/Föhr * 2014 Mai Zane a Gidan Zama, Ƙungiyar Ɗaliban Zane-zane ta Sparkill, NY/Amurka * 2014 Ruth Katzman Award, New York, NY/Amurka * 2011 Farfesa Mai Ziyara kuma Mai Zane a Gidan Zama, Jami'ar City ta New York/Amurka * Malami Baƙo kuma Mai Zane a 2010, Kwalejin Fasaha ta Riga/LT * Taro na Ƙasa da Ƙasa na 2008 "Tattaunawa", Kwalejin Fasaha, Riga/LT * Mai Zane a 2007 a Gidan Zama, Second Street Gallery, Charlottesville, VA/USA * 2005 Memba na "shirye-shiryen kallo, rajistar masu zane" da kuma gayyatar zuwa "Magana ga Masu Zane" zuwa "Cibiyar Zane ta New York, NYC/Amurka * Mai Zane a 2003 a Gidan Zama, Bikin Fajr, Tehran/IR * 2001–2002 Farfesa mai ziyara kuma mai zane a gidan zama, Jami'ar Jihar California, Stanislaus, CA/USA. * 1996 Max Mueller Bhavan, Hyderabad, Mumbai, Chennai/IND * 1996 Goethe-Institut Lahore/PK * 1995–1996 Mai Zane a Gidan Zama, Lalit Kala Academy, New Delhi/IND * 1995 Grant daga birnin Goslar Kaiser Ring/GER * 1992 Paul Strecker Award, Mainz/GER * Tallafin karatu na 1984 daga Ofishin Matasan Jamus da Faransa, Paris/F * 1982 DAAD Fellowship, Kwalejin Fasaha ta Royal, London/UK [[Fayil:Susanne_kessler,installazione_illuminata,_viterbo_2009.jpg|right|thumb|200x200px| Susanne Kessler, installazione illuminata, Viterbo 2009]] [[Fayil:Susanne_kessler,_disegno_spaziale,_dora_diamanti,_rome,2008.jpg|right|thumb|200x200px| Susanne Kessler, disegno spaziale, Galleria Dora Diamanti, Rome 2008]] == Nunin nune-nune (zaɓi) == * 2022: Ozean, Kunstverein Würzburg, Würzburg, DE * 2022: About Roots and Borders, Conseil de l’Europe, Strassburg, FR * 2021: Undated, Kunstverein Lippstadt, Lippstadt, DE * 2019: Kontinuum, (mit Guda Koster) Kunstforum der Sparkasse Wuppertal, DE * 2019: Wechselspiel, (mit Paolo Bielli), GAM, Galleria Arte Moderna, Rome, IT * 2019: Odissea, Gallery Neon, Geppert Academy of Art, Wroclaw, PL * 2018: Mappa Mundi, MACRO, Museo Arte Contemporaneo, Rome, IT * 2018: Odissea, MKdW, Kunstmuseum der Westküste, Alkersum/Föhr, DE * 2016: Scudi, Sala Santa Rita, Rome, IT * 2015 WHITECONCEPTS, Berlin, GER * 2015 American University Museum at the Katzen Arts Center, Washington / DC, USA (cat.) * 2015 CARLsGARTEN, Cologne, GER * 2015 Off Course / Gallery Antonio Nardone, Brussels, BE * 2015 Santa Lucia del Gonfalone, Rome, IT * 2015 Winterausstellung15, VBK- Verein Berliner Kuenstler, Berlin, GER * 2015 The Arlington Art Center, Arlington, VA, USA * 2015 Kunstverein Artlantis, Bad Homburg, GER * 2015 The Elisabteh Foundation for the Arts New York, NY, USA * 2015 XLVIII Premio Vasto, Scuderia di Palazzo Aragona, Vasto, IT (cat.) * 2015 Cittadellarte - Fondazione Pistoletto, Biella, IT * 2015 Gallery Monserrato Arte, Rome, IT (cat.) * 2014 Gallery Rotunda, Uniwersytetu Artystucznego / University of Art, (with Marek Jakuszewski), Poznan, PL * 2014 DominoArt 2014, Reutlingen, GER (cat.) * 2014 Art Museum Solingen, Solingen, GER * 2014 The League Residency at Vyt, Sparkill / NY, USA * 2014 Open Center, New York / NY, USA * 2014 Castello dell’Abate / Belvedere, Castellabate, IT (cat.) * 2014 Basilica di San Giovanni a Cimitile, Nola, IT * 2014 OSTRALE´014, Dresden, GER (cat.) * 2014 WHITECONCEPTS, Berlin, GER * 2014 European Parliament, Altiero Spinelli Building, Brussels, BE * 2013 MAAM (Museo dell'Altro e dell’Altrove di Metropoliz), Rome, IT (cat.) * 2013 Gallery Civica d’Arte Contemporanea, Casacalenda, IT (cat.) * 2013 Accademia di Romania, Rome, IT * 2013 ACA Galleries, New York, USA * 2013 Anya and Andrew Shiva Gallery, New York, USA * 2013 Il Frantoio, Capalbio, IT * 2013 project space of the German Artist League (Deutscher Künstlerbund), Berlin, GER * 2013 Bibliothé Gallery d’Arte Contemporanea, Rome, IT * 2013 Gallery Monserrato Arte, Rome, IT * 2012 Museo Aperto 2012, Casacalenda, IT * 2012 site specific exhibition in containers, Thun, CH (cat.) * 2011 Gallery M, Berlin, GER (cat.) * 2011 Monty & Company, Rome, IT * 2011 Gallery Palladino Company, Campobasso, IT (cat.) * 2011 Gallery Cortese e Lisante, Rome, IT * 2011 Gallery Civica d’Arte Contemporanea, Termoli, IT (cat.) * 2011 Gallery Dora Diamanti, Rome, IT * 2011 Washington Project for the Arts, Washington/USA * 2010 ex-GIL, Rome/IT * 2010 Museo Faina and Ex-convento di San Giovanni, Orvieto/IT (solo) * 2010 WHITECONCEPTS, Berlin/GER * 2009 Gallery Epikur, Wuppertal/GER (solo) * 2009 Gallery Inga Kondeyne, Berlin/GER * 2008 Galleria Dora Diamanti, Rome/IT (solo) * 2008 John Jay University Gallery, City University New York, NY/USA (solo) * 2007 Second Street Gallery, Charlottesville, VA/USA (solo, site-specific) * 2005 Nassauischer Kunstverein Wiesbaden/GER * 2005 American Association of the Advancement of Science, Washington DC (in cooperation with the Goethe Institut Washington/USA) (solo) * 2003 Fajr Festival, Taleghani Artist Forum, Tehran/IR (solo) * 2001 Gustav Lübke Museum Hamm/GER (solo) * 2000 Cantieri alla Zisa / Goethe Institut Palermo/IT (solo) * 1999 Beuys Archive-Museum Moyland Castle/GER (solo) * 1995 Mönchehaus Museum of Contemporary Art, Goslar/GER (solo) * 1995 Von der Heydt Museum, Wuppertal/GER (solo) * 1994 Municipal Gallery, Albstadt/GER (solo) * 1992 National Museum Mainz/GER (solo) == Adabi == * 1993 Bonito Oliva, Achille: Gran Delubro, L'Arte. Edizione Carte Segrete, Nunin Erice, La Salerniana, Ex Convento di San Carlo, Italiya * 1995 Becker, Wolfgang: Nauyin Bunker - canza layin tsaro. A cikin: Fredsskulptur 1995. Elle-Mie Ejdrup Hansen * 1996 Matusche, Petra: Kuzarin Ciki da Sararin Waje. A cikin: Susanne Kessler a Indiya da Pakistan 1995–1996. Nunin Max Mueller Bhavan, Hyderabad, Madras, Lait Kala Academymi, New Delhi, Indiya, Goethe Institut Lahore, Pakistan; Gidan Tarihi na Abtei Liesborn. [[ISBN (identifier)|ISBN]]&nbsp;[[Special:BookSources/81-900739-0-7|<bdi>81-900739-0-7</bdi>]] * 2003 Karshenas, Majid: Soyayya tana tayar da ɗan adam. A cikin: Susanne Kessler - Littafin Tarihin Farisa. Dandalin Masu Zane-zane na Nunin Taleghani, 2003 Tehran, Iran.{{ISBN|3-86611-024-3}}[[ISBN (identifier)|ISBN]]&nbsp;[[Special:BookSources/3-86611-024-3|<bdi>3-86611-024-3</bdi>]] * 2008 Farrington, Lisa: Fasaha ta Abubuwa Biyu. A cikin: Susanne Kessler, Zane Sararin Samaniya - Ɗakin New York. Jami'ar Birnin Nunin - John Jay Gallery, New York, NY, Amurka * 2010 Canova, Lorenzo: La rete segreta della cose. A cikin Ritmo e Linea. Nunin Ex- Convento di San Giovanni, Orvieto, Italiya * 2010 Canova, Lorenzo. Sbandati. Mostra Ex-GIL Roma, Italiya, Edizione riverberi sonori. * 2011 Karin Scheel: Susanne Kessler: Baustelle Zeichnung. Galerie M, Berlin Palladino Edita, <nowiki>ISBN 978-88-8460-206-0</nowiki> * 2014 Wolfgang Riehle, Raimund Stecker: Susanne Kessler: Mäander, DominoArt 2014 * 2015 Achille Bonito Oliva, Johannes Nathan, Vincenzo Mazarella: Susanne Kessler: Framing Space, Distanz Verlag Berlin, <nowiki>ISBN 978-3-95476-119-7</nowiki> * 2018 Beniamini Quintieri, Alberto Dambruoso: Susanne Kessler: Ulysses a Cosenza, Gangemi Editore Int. Roma, <nowiki>ISBN 978-88-492-3614-9</nowiki> * 2018 Edita. Boyens Verlag: Susanne Kessler: Kwanaki 99 a kusa da Cape Horn... , Gidan Tarihi na Fasaha ta Yammacin Tekun * 2018 lrike Wolff -Thomsen: Susanne Kessler: Odissea, Boyens Verlag, <nowiki>ISBN 978-3-8042-1499-6</nowiki> * 2020 Kathrin Merkle, Sabine Urban, Christoph Tannert: Susanne Kessler: game da tushen da iyakoki, Artinflow Verlag, Berlin, <nowiki>ISBN 978-3-938457-55-9</nowiki> == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1955]] 2aqu6wqoc9hbdc3x8lcyhf8ogm9m9yu 895080 895079 2026-08-11T16:46:38Z Nnamadee 31123 895080 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Susanne Kessler''' (1955 a cikin [[Wuppertal|littafinta na Wuppertal]] ) 'yar ƙasar Jamus ce - Italiya [[Painting|mai zane]], mai zane, kuma mai tsara kayan aiki. == Rayuwa == Daga 1975 zuwa 1982 Susanne Kessler ta yi karatun [[Painting|zane]] da zane a Jami'ar Fasaha ta Berlin da Kwalejin Fasaha ta Royal (RCA) da ke [[Landan]] . A shekarar 2022 aka ba ta [https://www.zeit.de/news/2022-06/10/von-der-heydt-kulturpreis-fuer-bildende-kuenstlerin kyautar al'adu ta Von der Heydt], kuma a shekarar 1992 ta lashe kyautar Paul Strecker ta birnin Mainz. Baya ga tallafin karatu da kuma wurin zama na masu fasaha, fiye da nunin faifai 50 na kaɗaici da kuma nunin rukuni da yawa sun kai ta a duk [[Turai|faɗin Turai]] da [[Indiya]], [[Pakistan]], [[Mali]] [[Itofiya|Habasha]], [[Guatemala (ƙasa)|Guatemala]], [[Iran]], [[Laitfiya|Latvia]] da Amurka (Turlock, CA, Washington, DC, New York, NY, Charlottesville, VA). A shekarar 2001/2002 ta yi aiki a matsayin farfesa a Jami'ar Jihar California - Stanislaus, Amurka, sannan ta bi sahun Kwalejin Fasaha ta Latvian da ke Riga, Latvia a shekarar 2010 da kuma Jami'ar City ta New York, NY, Amurka a shekarar 2011. Susanne Kessler tana zaune a Berlin/Jamus da Roma/Italiya.<ref>Washington Project for the Arts; see "resume"</ref> == Aiki == [[Fayil:Susanne_kessler,_the_universe_moves,india_1995.jpg|right|thumb|268x268px| Susanne Kessler, Duniyar Motsawa, Indiya 1995]] [[Fayil:Susanne_kessler,survival_kit,2005.jpg|right|thumb|260x260px| Susanne Kessler, Kit ɗin rayuwa, 2005]] Susanne Kessler ta ƙirƙiri manyan gine-gine masu kama da na halitta. Da farko dai ta dogara ne akan [[zane]], ta daɗe tana mai da hankali kan tsarin halitta, na rayuwa tsawon shekaru. Wasu daga cikin ayyukanta sun mayar da hankali ne kan hotunan gabobin ciki kamar kwakwalwar ɗan adam, tare da kamanninsa na gani da kuma tsarinsa mai rikitarwa a ciki. A cewar Kessler, kawai iyakancewar kwakwalwa, tare da tunani da hangen nesa na mutum ɗaya, yana haɓaka "gina girman kai ", wanda ke ƙaura daga kimiyya zuwa duniyar fasaha.<ref>Goethe-Institut, American Association for the Advancement of Science, 2004.</ref> Kessler yakan haɗa ɓangarorin tunani da tsarin tunani waɗanda ke hulɗa akai-akai da samfuran halittu, wanda hakan ke samar da tarin zane-zane masu rikitarwa da abubuwan da ke cikin waƙa. A tsakiyar aikinta , Wheel of Life, ƙa'idar rayuwa, an bayyana ta a matsayin kwararar kuzari mai mahimmanci, a matsayin tsari mai canzawa koyaushe yana nuna a lokaci guda tsarin aikin mai zane. Jerin zane-zane suna ci gaba da shiga cikin sabbin shigarwa domin sabuntawa daga ciki. Wannan sakamakon ya haɗa da sararin alamun zane da alamomi, waɗanda suka haɗa da wasu daga cikin [[Makamashi|kuzarin]] motsi na wurin. Waɗannan samfuran halittu sun bayyana kansu, misali, a cikin siffofin halitta da aka yanke daga takardar Tyvek . == Kyaututtuka da guraben karo ilimi == * 2022 Von der Heydt-Kulturpreis * 2020 Scholarship Europa na Majalisar Dattawan Berlin * 2016-2018 Mai zane a Gidan zama, Kunstmuseum der Westküste, MKdW, Alkersum/Föhr * 2014 Mai Zane a Gidan Zama, Ƙungiyar Ɗaliban Zane-zane ta Sparkill, NY/Amurka * 2014 Ruth Katzman Award, New York, NY/Amurka * 2011 Farfesa Mai Ziyara kuma Mai Zane a Gidan Zama, Jami'ar City ta New York/Amurka * Malami Baƙo kuma Mai Zane a 2010, Kwalejin Fasaha ta Riga/LT * Taro na Ƙasa da Ƙasa na 2008 "Tattaunawa", Kwalejin Fasaha, Riga/LT * Mai Zane a 2007 a Gidan Zama, Second Street Gallery, Charlottesville, VA/USA * 2005 Memba na "shirye-shiryen kallo, rajistar masu zane" da kuma gayyatar zuwa "Magana ga Masu Zane" zuwa "Cibiyar Zane ta New York, NYC/Amurka * Mai Zane a 2003 a Gidan Zama, Bikin Fajr, Tehran/IR * 2001–2002 Farfesa mai ziyara kuma mai zane a gidan zama, Jami'ar Jihar California, Stanislaus, CA/USA. * 1996 Max Mueller Bhavan, Hyderabad, Mumbai, Chennai/IND * 1996 Goethe-Institut Lahore/PK * 1995–1996 Mai Zane a Gidan Zama, Lalit Kala Academy, New Delhi/IND * 1995 Grant daga birnin Goslar Kaiser Ring/GER * 1992 Paul Strecker Award, Mainz/GER * Tallafin karatu na 1984 daga Ofishin Matasan Jamus da Faransa, Paris/F * 1982 DAAD Fellowship, Kwalejin Fasaha ta Royal, London/UK [[Fayil:Susanne_kessler,installazione_illuminata,_viterbo_2009.jpg|right|thumb|200x200px| Susanne Kessler, installazione illuminata, Viterbo 2009]] [[Fayil:Susanne_kessler,_disegno_spaziale,_dora_diamanti,_rome,2008.jpg|right|thumb|200x200px| Susanne Kessler, disegno spaziale, Galleria Dora Diamanti, Rome 2008]] == Nunin nune-nune (zaɓi) == * 2022: Ozean, Kunstverein Würzburg, Würzburg, DE * 2022: About Roots and Borders, Conseil de l’Europe, Strassburg, FR * 2021: Undated, Kunstverein Lippstadt, Lippstadt, DE * 2019: Kontinuum, (mit Guda Koster) Kunstforum der Sparkasse Wuppertal, DE * 2019: Wechselspiel, (mit Paolo Bielli), GAM, Galleria Arte Moderna, Rome, IT * 2019: Odissea, Gallery Neon, Geppert Academy of Art, Wroclaw, PL * 2018: Mappa Mundi, MACRO, Museo Arte Contemporaneo, Rome, IT * 2018: Odissea, MKdW, Kunstmuseum der Westküste, Alkersum/Föhr, DE * 2016: Scudi, Sala Santa Rita, Rome, IT * 2015 WHITECONCEPTS, Berlin, GER * 2015 American University Museum at the Katzen Arts Center, Washington / DC, USA (cat.) * 2015 CARLsGARTEN, Cologne, GER * 2015 Off Course / Gallery Antonio Nardone, Brussels, BE * 2015 Santa Lucia del Gonfalone, Rome, IT * 2015 Winterausstellung15, VBK- Verein Berliner Kuenstler, Berlin, GER * 2015 The Arlington Art Center, Arlington, VA, USA * 2015 Kunstverein Artlantis, Bad Homburg, GER * 2015 The Elisabteh Foundation for the Arts New York, NY, USA * 2015 XLVIII Premio Vasto, Scuderia di Palazzo Aragona, Vasto, IT (cat.) * 2015 Cittadellarte - Fondazione Pistoletto, Biella, IT * 2015 Gallery Monserrato Arte, Rome, IT (cat.) * 2014 Gallery Rotunda, Uniwersytetu Artystucznego / University of Art, (with Marek Jakuszewski), Poznan, PL * 2014 DominoArt 2014, Reutlingen, GER (cat.) * 2014 Art Museum Solingen, Solingen, GER * 2014 The League Residency at Vyt, Sparkill / NY, USA * 2014 Open Center, New York / NY, USA * 2014 Castello dell’Abate / Belvedere, Castellabate, IT (cat.) * 2014 Basilica di San Giovanni a Cimitile, Nola, IT * 2014 OSTRALE´014, Dresden, GER (cat.) * 2014 WHITECONCEPTS, Berlin, GER * 2014 European Parliament, Altiero Spinelli Building, Brussels, BE * 2013 MAAM (Museo dell'Altro e dell’Altrove di Metropoliz), Rome, IT (cat.) * 2013 Gallery Civica d’Arte Contemporanea, Casacalenda, IT (cat.) * 2013 Accademia di Romania, Rome, IT * 2013 ACA Galleries, New York, USA * 2013 Anya and Andrew Shiva Gallery, New York, USA * 2013 Il Frantoio, Capalbio, IT * 2013 project space of the German Artist League (Deutscher Künstlerbund), Berlin, GER * 2013 Bibliothé Gallery d’Arte Contemporanea, Rome, IT * 2013 Gallery Monserrato Arte, Rome, IT * 2012 Museo Aperto 2012, Casacalenda, IT * 2012 site specific exhibition in containers, Thun, CH (cat.) * 2011 Gallery M, Berlin, GER (cat.) * 2011 Monty & Company, Rome, IT * 2011 Gallery Palladino Company, Campobasso, IT (cat.) * 2011 Gallery Cortese e Lisante, Rome, IT * 2011 Gallery Civica d’Arte Contemporanea, Termoli, IT (cat.) * 2011 Gallery Dora Diamanti, Rome, IT * 2011 Washington Project for the Arts, Washington/USA * 2010 ex-GIL, Rome/IT * 2010 Museo Faina and Ex-convento di San Giovanni, Orvieto/IT (solo) * 2010 WHITECONCEPTS, Berlin/GER * 2009 Gallery Epikur, Wuppertal/GER (solo) * 2009 Gallery Inga Kondeyne, Berlin/GER * 2008 Galleria Dora Diamanti, Rome/IT (solo) * 2008 John Jay University Gallery, City University New York, NY/USA (solo) * 2007 Second Street Gallery, Charlottesville, VA/USA (solo, site-specific) * 2005 Nassauischer Kunstverein Wiesbaden/GER * 2005 American Association of the Advancement of Science, Washington DC (in cooperation with the Goethe Institut Washington/USA) (solo) * 2003 Fajr Festival, Taleghani Artist Forum, Tehran/IR (solo) * 2001 Gustav Lübke Museum Hamm/GER (solo) * 2000 Cantieri alla Zisa / Goethe Institut Palermo/IT (solo) * 1999 Beuys Archive-Museum Moyland Castle/GER (solo) * 1995 Mönchehaus Museum of Contemporary Art, Goslar/GER (solo) * 1995 Von der Heydt Museum, Wuppertal/GER (solo) * 1994 Municipal Gallery, Albstadt/GER (solo) * 1992 National Museum Mainz/GER (solo) == Adabi == * 1993 Bonito Oliva, Achille: Gran Delubro, L'Arte. Edizione Carte Segrete, Nunin Erice, La Salerniana, Ex Convento di San Carlo, Italiya * 1995 Becker, Wolfgang: Nauyin Bunker - canza layin tsaro. A cikin: Fredsskulptur 1995. Elle-Mie Ejdrup Hansen * 1996 Matusche, Petra: Kuzarin Ciki da Sararin Waje. A cikin: Susanne Kessler a Indiya da Pakistan 1995–1996. Nunin Max Mueller Bhavan, Hyderabad, Madras, Lait Kala Academymi, New Delhi, Indiya, Goethe Institut Lahore, Pakistan; Gidan Tarihi na Abtei Liesborn. [[ISBN (identifier)|ISBN]]&nbsp;[[Special:BookSources/81-900739-0-7|<bdi>81-900739-0-7</bdi>]] * 2003 Karshenas, Majid: Soyayya tana tayar da ɗan adam. A cikin: Susanne Kessler - Littafin Tarihin Farisa. Dandalin Masu Zane-zane na Nunin Taleghani, 2003 Tehran, Iran.{{ISBN|3-86611-024-3}}[[ISBN (identifier)|ISBN]]&nbsp;[[Special:BookSources/3-86611-024-3|<bdi>3-86611-024-3</bdi>]] * 2008 Farrington, Lisa: Fasaha ta Abubuwa Biyu. A cikin: Susanne Kessler, Zane Sararin Samaniya - Ɗakin New York. Jami'ar Birnin Nunin - John Jay Gallery, New York, NY, Amurka * 2010 Canova, Lorenzo: La rete segreta della cose. A cikin Ritmo e Linea. Nunin Ex- Convento di San Giovanni, Orvieto, Italiya * 2010 Canova, Lorenzo. Sbandati. Mostra Ex-GIL Roma, Italiya, Edizione riverberi sonori. * 2011 Karin Scheel: Susanne Kessler: Baustelle Zeichnung. Galerie M, Berlin Palladino Edita, <nowiki>ISBN 978-88-8460-206-0</nowiki> * 2014 Wolfgang Riehle, Raimund Stecker: Susanne Kessler: Mäander, DominoArt 2014 * 2015 Achille Bonito Oliva, Johannes Nathan, Vincenzo Mazarella: Susanne Kessler: Framing Space, Distanz Verlag Berlin, <nowiki>ISBN 978-3-95476-119-7</nowiki> * 2018 Beniamini Quintieri, Alberto Dambruoso: Susanne Kessler: Ulysses a Cosenza, Gangemi Editore Int. Roma, <nowiki>ISBN 978-88-492-3614-9</nowiki> * 2018 Edita. Boyens Verlag: Susanne Kessler: Kwanaki 99 a kusa da Cape Horn... , Gidan Tarihi na Fasaha ta Yammacin Tekun * 2018 lrike Wolff -Thomsen: Susanne Kessler: Odissea, Boyens Verlag, <nowiki>ISBN 978-3-8042-1499-6</nowiki> * 2020 Kathrin Merkle, Sabine Urban, Christoph Tannert: Susanne Kessler: game da tushen da iyakoki, Artinflow Verlag, Berlin, <nowiki>ISBN 978-3-938457-55-9</nowiki> == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1955]] 7tr01h14wcz5541rkjp674bs76gjyim 895081 895080 2026-08-11T16:47:17Z Nnamadee 31123 895081 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Susanne Kessler''' (1955 a cikin [[Wuppertal|littafinta na Wuppertal]] ) 'yar ƙasar Jamus ce - Italiya [[Painting|mai zane]], mai zane, kuma mai tsara kayan aiki. == Rayuwa == Daga 1975 zuwa 1982 Susanne Kessler ta yi karatun [[Painting|zane]] da zane a Jami'ar Fasaha ta Berlin da Kwalejin Fasaha ta Royal (RCA) da ke [[Landan]] . A shekarar 2022 aka ba ta [https://www.zeit.de/news/2022-06/10/von-der-heydt-kulturpreis-fuer-bildende-kuenstlerin kyautar al'adu ta Von der Heydt], kuma a shekarar 1992 ta lashe kyautar Paul Strecker ta birnin Mainz. Baya ga tallafin karatu da kuma wurin zama na masu fasaha, fiye da nunin faifai 50 na kaɗaici da kuma nunin rukuni da yawa sun kai ta a duk [[Turai|faɗin Turai]] da [[Indiya]], [[Pakistan]], [[Mali]] [[Itofiya|Habasha]], [[Guatemala (ƙasa)|Guatemala]], [[Iran]], [[Laitfiya|Latvia]] da Amurka (Turlock, CA, Washington, DC, New York, NY, Charlottesville, VA). A shekarar 2001/2002 ta yi aiki a matsayin farfesa a Jami'ar Jihar California - Stanislaus, Amurka, sannan ta bi sahun Kwalejin Fasaha ta Latvian da ke Riga, Latvia a shekarar 2010 da kuma Jami'ar City ta New York, NY, Amurka a shekarar 2011. Susanne Kessler tana zaune a Berlin/Jamus da Roma/Italiya.<ref>Washington Project for the Arts; see "resume"</ref> == Aiki == [[Fayil:Susanne_kessler,_the_universe_moves,india_1995.jpg|right|thumb|268x268px| Susanne Kessler, Duniyar Motsawa, Indiya 1995]] [[Fayil:Susanne_kessler,survival_kit,2005.jpg|right|thumb|260x260px| Susanne Kessler, Kit ɗin rayuwa, 2005]] Susanne Kessler ta ƙirƙiri manyan gine-gine masu kama da na halitta. Da farko dai ta dogara ne akan [[zane]], ta daɗe tana mai da hankali kan tsarin halitta, na rayuwa tsawon shekaru. Wasu daga cikin ayyukanta sun mayar da hankali ne kan hotunan gabobin ciki kamar kwakwalwar ɗan adam, tare da kamanninsa na gani da kuma tsarinsa mai rikitarwa a ciki. A cewar Kessler, kawai iyakancewar kwakwalwa, tare da tunani da hangen nesa na mutum ɗaya, yana haɓaka "gina girman kai ", wanda ke ƙaura daga kimiyya zuwa duniyar fasaha.<ref>Goethe-Institut, American Association for the Advancement of Science, 2004.</ref> Kessler yakan haɗa ɓangarorin tunani da tsarin tunani waɗanda ke hulɗa akai-akai da samfuran halittu, wanda hakan ke samar da tarin zane-zane masu rikitarwa da abubuwan da ke cikin waƙa. A tsakiyar aikinta , Wheel of Life, ƙa'idar rayuwa, an bayyana ta a matsayin kwararar kuzari mai mahimmanci, a matsayin tsari mai canzawa koyaushe yana nuna a lokaci guda tsarin aikin mai zane. Jerin zane-zane suna ci gaba da shiga cikin sabbin shigarwa domin sabuntawa daga ciki. Wannan sakamakon ya haɗa da sararin alamun zane da alamomi, waɗanda suka haɗa da wasu daga cikin [[Makamashi|kuzarin]] motsi na wurin. Waɗannan samfuran halittu sun bayyana kansu, misali, a cikin siffofin halitta da aka yanke daga takardar Tyvek.<ref>Bradford McKee, "Artists Challenge Their Audiences, Creating a Sense of Discomfort," The New York Times, April 13, 2006.</ref> == Kyaututtuka da guraben karo ilimi == * 2022 Von der Heydt-Kulturpreis * 2020 Scholarship Europa na Majalisar Dattawan Berlin * 2016-2018 Mai zane a Gidan zama, Kunstmuseum der Westküste, MKdW, Alkersum/Föhr * 2014 Mai Zane a Gidan Zama, Ƙungiyar Ɗaliban Zane-zane ta Sparkill, NY/Amurka * 2014 Ruth Katzman Award, New York, NY/Amurka * 2011 Farfesa Mai Ziyara kuma Mai Zane a Gidan Zama, Jami'ar City ta New York/Amurka * Malami Baƙo kuma Mai Zane a 2010, Kwalejin Fasaha ta Riga/LT * Taro na Ƙasa da Ƙasa na 2008 "Tattaunawa", Kwalejin Fasaha, Riga/LT * Mai Zane a 2007 a Gidan Zama, Second Street Gallery, Charlottesville, VA/USA * 2005 Memba na "shirye-shiryen kallo, rajistar masu zane" da kuma gayyatar zuwa "Magana ga Masu Zane" zuwa "Cibiyar Zane ta New York, NYC/Amurka * Mai Zane a 2003 a Gidan Zama, Bikin Fajr, Tehran/IR * 2001–2002 Farfesa mai ziyara kuma mai zane a gidan zama, Jami'ar Jihar California, Stanislaus, CA/USA. * 1996 Max Mueller Bhavan, Hyderabad, Mumbai, Chennai/IND * 1996 Goethe-Institut Lahore/PK * 1995–1996 Mai Zane a Gidan Zama, Lalit Kala Academy, New Delhi/IND * 1995 Grant daga birnin Goslar Kaiser Ring/GER * 1992 Paul Strecker Award, Mainz/GER * Tallafin karatu na 1984 daga Ofishin Matasan Jamus da Faransa, Paris/F * 1982 DAAD Fellowship, Kwalejin Fasaha ta Royal, London/UK [[Fayil:Susanne_kessler,installazione_illuminata,_viterbo_2009.jpg|right|thumb|200x200px| Susanne Kessler, installazione illuminata, Viterbo 2009]] [[Fayil:Susanne_kessler,_disegno_spaziale,_dora_diamanti,_rome,2008.jpg|right|thumb|200x200px| Susanne Kessler, disegno spaziale, Galleria Dora Diamanti, Rome 2008]] == Nunin nune-nune (zaɓi) == * 2022: Ozean, Kunstverein Würzburg, Würzburg, DE * 2022: About Roots and Borders, Conseil de l’Europe, Strassburg, FR * 2021: Undated, Kunstverein Lippstadt, Lippstadt, DE * 2019: Kontinuum, (mit Guda Koster) Kunstforum der Sparkasse Wuppertal, DE * 2019: Wechselspiel, (mit Paolo Bielli), GAM, Galleria Arte Moderna, Rome, IT * 2019: Odissea, Gallery Neon, Geppert Academy of Art, Wroclaw, PL * 2018: Mappa Mundi, MACRO, Museo Arte Contemporaneo, Rome, IT * 2018: Odissea, MKdW, Kunstmuseum der Westküste, Alkersum/Föhr, DE * 2016: Scudi, Sala Santa Rita, Rome, IT * 2015 WHITECONCEPTS, Berlin, GER * 2015 American University Museum at the Katzen Arts Center, Washington / DC, USA (cat.) * 2015 CARLsGARTEN, Cologne, GER * 2015 Off Course / Gallery Antonio Nardone, Brussels, BE * 2015 Santa Lucia del Gonfalone, Rome, IT * 2015 Winterausstellung15, VBK- Verein Berliner Kuenstler, Berlin, GER * 2015 The Arlington Art Center, Arlington, VA, USA * 2015 Kunstverein Artlantis, Bad Homburg, GER * 2015 The Elisabteh Foundation for the Arts New York, NY, USA * 2015 XLVIII Premio Vasto, Scuderia di Palazzo Aragona, Vasto, IT (cat.) * 2015 Cittadellarte - Fondazione Pistoletto, Biella, IT * 2015 Gallery Monserrato Arte, Rome, IT (cat.) * 2014 Gallery Rotunda, Uniwersytetu Artystucznego / University of Art, (with Marek Jakuszewski), Poznan, PL * 2014 DominoArt 2014, Reutlingen, GER (cat.) * 2014 Art Museum Solingen, Solingen, GER * 2014 The League Residency at Vyt, Sparkill / NY, USA * 2014 Open Center, New York / NY, USA * 2014 Castello dell’Abate / Belvedere, Castellabate, IT (cat.) * 2014 Basilica di San Giovanni a Cimitile, Nola, IT * 2014 OSTRALE´014, Dresden, GER (cat.) * 2014 WHITECONCEPTS, Berlin, GER * 2014 European Parliament, Altiero Spinelli Building, Brussels, BE * 2013 MAAM (Museo dell'Altro e dell’Altrove di Metropoliz), Rome, IT (cat.) * 2013 Gallery Civica d’Arte Contemporanea, Casacalenda, IT (cat.) * 2013 Accademia di Romania, Rome, IT * 2013 ACA Galleries, New York, USA * 2013 Anya and Andrew Shiva Gallery, New York, USA * 2013 Il Frantoio, Capalbio, IT * 2013 project space of the German Artist League (Deutscher Künstlerbund), Berlin, GER * 2013 Bibliothé Gallery d’Arte Contemporanea, Rome, IT * 2013 Gallery Monserrato Arte, Rome, IT * 2012 Museo Aperto 2012, Casacalenda, IT * 2012 site specific exhibition in containers, Thun, CH (cat.) * 2011 Gallery M, Berlin, GER (cat.) * 2011 Monty & Company, Rome, IT * 2011 Gallery Palladino Company, Campobasso, IT (cat.) * 2011 Gallery Cortese e Lisante, Rome, IT * 2011 Gallery Civica d’Arte Contemporanea, Termoli, IT (cat.) * 2011 Gallery Dora Diamanti, Rome, IT * 2011 Washington Project for the Arts, Washington/USA * 2010 ex-GIL, Rome/IT * 2010 Museo Faina and Ex-convento di San Giovanni, Orvieto/IT (solo) * 2010 WHITECONCEPTS, Berlin/GER * 2009 Gallery Epikur, Wuppertal/GER (solo) * 2009 Gallery Inga Kondeyne, Berlin/GER * 2008 Galleria Dora Diamanti, Rome/IT (solo) * 2008 John Jay University Gallery, City University New York, NY/USA (solo) * 2007 Second Street Gallery, Charlottesville, VA/USA (solo, site-specific) * 2005 Nassauischer Kunstverein Wiesbaden/GER * 2005 American Association of the Advancement of Science, Washington DC (in cooperation with the Goethe Institut Washington/USA) (solo) * 2003 Fajr Festival, Taleghani Artist Forum, Tehran/IR (solo) * 2001 Gustav Lübke Museum Hamm/GER (solo) * 2000 Cantieri alla Zisa / Goethe Institut Palermo/IT (solo) * 1999 Beuys Archive-Museum Moyland Castle/GER (solo) * 1995 Mönchehaus Museum of Contemporary Art, Goslar/GER (solo) * 1995 Von der Heydt Museum, Wuppertal/GER (solo) * 1994 Municipal Gallery, Albstadt/GER (solo) * 1992 National Museum Mainz/GER (solo) == Adabi == * 1993 Bonito Oliva, Achille: Gran Delubro, L'Arte. Edizione Carte Segrete, Nunin Erice, La Salerniana, Ex Convento di San Carlo, Italiya * 1995 Becker, Wolfgang: Nauyin Bunker - canza layin tsaro. A cikin: Fredsskulptur 1995. Elle-Mie Ejdrup Hansen * 1996 Matusche, Petra: Kuzarin Ciki da Sararin Waje. A cikin: Susanne Kessler a Indiya da Pakistan 1995–1996. Nunin Max Mueller Bhavan, Hyderabad, Madras, Lait Kala Academymi, New Delhi, Indiya, Goethe Institut Lahore, Pakistan; Gidan Tarihi na Abtei Liesborn. [[ISBN (identifier)|ISBN]]&nbsp;[[Special:BookSources/81-900739-0-7|<bdi>81-900739-0-7</bdi>]] * 2003 Karshenas, Majid: Soyayya tana tayar da ɗan adam. A cikin: Susanne Kessler - Littafin Tarihin Farisa. Dandalin Masu Zane-zane na Nunin Taleghani, 2003 Tehran, Iran.{{ISBN|3-86611-024-3}}[[ISBN (identifier)|ISBN]]&nbsp;[[Special:BookSources/3-86611-024-3|<bdi>3-86611-024-3</bdi>]] * 2008 Farrington, Lisa: Fasaha ta Abubuwa Biyu. A cikin: Susanne Kessler, Zane Sararin Samaniya - Ɗakin New York. Jami'ar Birnin Nunin - John Jay Gallery, New York, NY, Amurka * 2010 Canova, Lorenzo: La rete segreta della cose. A cikin Ritmo e Linea. Nunin Ex- Convento di San Giovanni, Orvieto, Italiya * 2010 Canova, Lorenzo. Sbandati. Mostra Ex-GIL Roma, Italiya, Edizione riverberi sonori. * 2011 Karin Scheel: Susanne Kessler: Baustelle Zeichnung. Galerie M, Berlin Palladino Edita, <nowiki>ISBN 978-88-8460-206-0</nowiki> * 2014 Wolfgang Riehle, Raimund Stecker: Susanne Kessler: Mäander, DominoArt 2014 * 2015 Achille Bonito Oliva, Johannes Nathan, Vincenzo Mazarella: Susanne Kessler: Framing Space, Distanz Verlag Berlin, <nowiki>ISBN 978-3-95476-119-7</nowiki> * 2018 Beniamini Quintieri, Alberto Dambruoso: Susanne Kessler: Ulysses a Cosenza, Gangemi Editore Int. Roma, <nowiki>ISBN 978-88-492-3614-9</nowiki> * 2018 Edita. Boyens Verlag: Susanne Kessler: Kwanaki 99 a kusa da Cape Horn... , Gidan Tarihi na Fasaha ta Yammacin Tekun * 2018 lrike Wolff -Thomsen: Susanne Kessler: Odissea, Boyens Verlag, <nowiki>ISBN 978-3-8042-1499-6</nowiki> * 2020 Kathrin Merkle, Sabine Urban, Christoph Tannert: Susanne Kessler: game da tushen da iyakoki, Artinflow Verlag, Berlin, <nowiki>ISBN 978-3-938457-55-9</nowiki> == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1955]] omnph1mauf0migj2galz17ddp9palpx 0 163206 895088 2026-08-11T16:49:55Z Nnamadee 31123 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1343419473|Ruth Wolf-Rehfeldt]]" 895088 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Ruth Wolf-Rehfeldt''' (8 ga Fabrairu 1932 - 26 ga Fabrairu 2024) mawakiyar Jamus ce da ke da alaƙa da waƙoƙin gani da zane-zanen wasiƙa . A shekarar 1955 ta auri abokin aikinta Robert Rehfeldt a Berlin. Tarin ayyukanta wani ɓangare ne na takardun tarihi na 2017 a baje kolin fasaha na 14. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Ruth Wolf-Rehfeldt |url=http://www.documenta14.de/en/artists/13569/ruth-wolf-rehfeldt |access-date=23 March 2019 |website=www.documenta14.de |language=en}}</ref> == Tarihin Rayuwa == Wolf-Rehfeldt ya yi aiki a matsayin manajan ofis, kuma yana aiki a matsayin mai fasaha da ya koyar da kansa a ƙarƙashin tsarin sa ido mai tsauri a tsohuwar Jamhuriyar Dimokuraɗiyyar Jamus . Ta mayar da kanta mai buga rubutu - aikin da mata ke yi na rashin tsari - don ba da damar sarrafa abubuwan da ke cikin shafukanta. Ta yi aikin ɓoye sirri: ta yi "hana" kuma ta cika da rashin sanin sunan makaniki, alamunta sun yi tsayayya da keɓewa don watsa saƙonnin kyauta da kuma sadarwa a fili. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Ruth Wolf-Rehfeldt |url=http://www.documenta14.de/en/artists/13569/ruth-wolf-rehfeldt |access-date=2 April 2021 |website=www.documenta14.de |language=en}}</ref> Wolf-Rehfeldt ya mutu a Berlin a ranar 26 ga Fabrairu, 2024, yana da shekaru 92. <ref>[https://www.nwzonline.de/kultur/konzeptkuenstlerin-ruth-wolf-rehfeldt-ist-92-jaehrig-gestorben_a_4,1,179065821.html# Sie erhob die Schreibmaschine zum Kulturmittel] {{In lang|de}}</ref> == Ayyuka == Wolf-Rehfeldt ta shahara musamman da wani lokaci na zane-zanen rubutu na geometric da poetic wanda ta kira "rubutun rubutu" da aka samar tsakanin shekarun 1970 zuwa 1990, galibi a matsayin wani ɓangare na haɗin gwiwar Mail Art . Aikinta yana da alaƙa da batutuwan muhalli da haƙƙin ɗan adam. Zane-zanen wasiku sun ba Wolf-Rehfeldt damar sadarwa da kuma samar da hanyoyin sadarwa tare da masu fasaha da ke rayuwa a ƙarƙashin mulkin kama-karya irin nata a lokacin da aka ware su daga ƙasashen duniya. Waɗannan ayyukan sun yaɗa a faɗin duniya, an aika su a matsayin katunan gaisuwa daga Ruth Wolf-Rehfeldt a babban birnin Berlin na GDR zuwa Yammacin Turai, Gabas ta Tsakiya, Arewacin Amurka, Latin Amurka, Asiya, da New Caledonia. Babu dokoki kuma babu ƙuntatawa, banda tsare-tsare da kuɗin aika saƙo don tabbatar da yaɗuwa: ta hanyar rarraba zane-zane kyauta ga al'ummar mahalarta a kan hanyoyin rhizomatic, zane-zanen wasiku sun guje wa ka'idojin takunkumi da kasuwa, duk da cewa sun yi aiki da sharuɗɗan sa ido na hukuma. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Williams-Wynn |first=Christopher |year=2023 |title=Material Ciphers: Ruth Wolf-Rehfeldt's Concrete Conceptualism and the Informational Imaginaries of the Cold War |journal=[[The Art Bulletin]] |volume=105 |issue=4 |pages=88–115 |doi=10.1080/00043079.2023.2215670}}</ref> Kunstpostbriefe (wasikun fasaha) suna aiki a matsayin wurare kyauta na baje kolin, musayar bayanai, da kuma wasiƙun sirri. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Ruth Wolf-Rehfeldt |url=http://www.documenta14.de/en/artists/13569/ruth-wolf-rehfeldt |access-date=2 April 2021 |website=www.documenta14.de |language=en}}</ref> == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Mutuwan 2024]] [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1932]] 40l223rvqy8a6lanfsfpa69jkrnnc7n 895090 895088 2026-08-11T16:50:25Z Nnamadee 31123 895090 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Ruth Wolf-Rehfeldt''' (8 ga Fabrairu 1932 - 26 ga Fabrairu 2024) mawakiyar Jamus ce da ke da alaƙa da waƙoƙin gani da zane-zanen wasiƙa. A shekarar 1955 ta auri abokin aikinta Robert Rehfeldt a Berlin. Tarin ayyukanta wani ɓangare ne na takardun tarihi na 2017 a baje kolin fasaha na 14.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Ruth Wolf-Rehfeldt |url=http://www.documenta14.de/en/artists/13569/ruth-wolf-rehfeldt |access-date=23 March 2019 |website=www.documenta14.de |language=en}}</ref> == Tarihin Rayuwa == Wolf-Rehfeldt ya yi aiki a matsayin manajan ofis, kuma yana aiki a matsayin mai fasaha da ya koyar da kansa a ƙarƙashin tsarin sa ido mai tsauri a tsohuwar Jamhuriyar Dimokuraɗiyyar Jamus . Ta mayar da kanta mai buga rubutu - aikin da mata ke yi na rashin tsari - don ba da damar sarrafa abubuwan da ke cikin shafukanta. Ta yi aikin ɓoye sirri: ta yi "hana" kuma ta cika da rashin sanin sunan makaniki, alamunta sun yi tsayayya da keɓewa don watsa saƙonnin kyauta da kuma sadarwa a fili. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Ruth Wolf-Rehfeldt |url=http://www.documenta14.de/en/artists/13569/ruth-wolf-rehfeldt |access-date=2 April 2021 |website=www.documenta14.de |language=en}}</ref> Wolf-Rehfeldt ya mutu a Berlin a ranar 26 ga Fabrairu, 2024, yana da shekaru 92. <ref>[https://www.nwzonline.de/kultur/konzeptkuenstlerin-ruth-wolf-rehfeldt-ist-92-jaehrig-gestorben_a_4,1,179065821.html# Sie erhob die Schreibmaschine zum Kulturmittel] {{In lang|de}}</ref> == Ayyuka == Wolf-Rehfeldt ta shahara musamman da wani lokaci na zane-zanen rubutu na geometric da poetic wanda ta kira "rubutun rubutu" da aka samar tsakanin shekarun 1970 zuwa 1990, galibi a matsayin wani ɓangare na haɗin gwiwar Mail Art . Aikinta yana da alaƙa da batutuwan muhalli da haƙƙin ɗan adam. Zane-zanen wasiku sun ba Wolf-Rehfeldt damar sadarwa da kuma samar da hanyoyin sadarwa tare da masu fasaha da ke rayuwa a ƙarƙashin mulkin kama-karya irin nata a lokacin da aka ware su daga ƙasashen duniya. Waɗannan ayyukan sun yaɗa a faɗin duniya, an aika su a matsayin katunan gaisuwa daga Ruth Wolf-Rehfeldt a babban birnin Berlin na GDR zuwa Yammacin Turai, Gabas ta Tsakiya, Arewacin Amurka, Latin Amurka, Asiya, da New Caledonia. Babu dokoki kuma babu ƙuntatawa, banda tsare-tsare da kuɗin aika saƙo don tabbatar da yaɗuwa: ta hanyar rarraba zane-zane kyauta ga al'ummar mahalarta a kan hanyoyin rhizomatic, zane-zanen wasiku sun guje wa ka'idojin takunkumi da kasuwa, duk da cewa sun yi aiki da sharuɗɗan sa ido na hukuma. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Williams-Wynn |first=Christopher |year=2023 |title=Material Ciphers: Ruth Wolf-Rehfeldt's Concrete Conceptualism and the Informational Imaginaries of the Cold War |journal=[[The Art Bulletin]] |volume=105 |issue=4 |pages=88–115 |doi=10.1080/00043079.2023.2215670}}</ref> Kunstpostbriefe (wasikun fasaha) suna aiki a matsayin wurare kyauta na baje kolin, musayar bayanai, da kuma wasiƙun sirri. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Ruth Wolf-Rehfeldt |url=http://www.documenta14.de/en/artists/13569/ruth-wolf-rehfeldt |access-date=2 April 2021 |website=www.documenta14.de |language=en}}</ref> == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Mutuwan 2024]] [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1932]] olpnb9vdtlx7f7tm60cjpbfu5b7nn2u 0 163207 895102 2026-08-11T16:52:39Z Nnamadee 31123 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1363475891|Eva Janina Wieczorek]]" 895102 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Eva Janina Wieczorek''' (an haifi 23 Mayu 1951) a Katowice a [[Poland]]. Ita [[Zane-zane na gani|mai zane ce ta gani]]. Ita mai zane ce daga ƙasar Poland zuwa Jamus, mai zane-zane kuma mai sassaka. Ita mai zane ce wadda aka nuna ayyukanta a farashi, wallafe-wallafe, tarin abubuwa da kuma nune-nunen a Jamus, Burtaniya, Croatia, Poland da Belgium. Aikinku yana da alaƙa da aiwatar da haske da inuwa mai ƙarfi da kuma magance batutuwan da ke faruwa a duniyarmu. Yawancin ayyukansu an danganta su da ainihin gaskiya da kuma surrealism. Tana zaune kuma tana aiki a Brühl, [[Jamus]]. == Tarihin Rayuwa == A ƙasar Poland ta kammala aikin koyon aiki a matsayin ma'aikacin fasaha. Lokacin da take ƙarama, tana sha'awar [[Painting|zane]], kuma kawunta, wanda mai zane ne, ya haɗa ta da zane-zane masu kyau. Mai zane ya yi karatun fasaha kyauta a fannin zane tare da Farfesa Roman Kalarus a Kwalejin Fasaha ta ASP da ke Katowice [[Poland]] . Tana fara amfani da fenti mai launin ruwa da fenti mai acrylic yanzu tana aiki da fenti mai a kan zane da zane-zanen dijital. == Zane-zanen dijital == Tun daga shekarar 2010, mawakin ya koma ga zane-zanen dijital, wanda aka yi wahayi zuwa gare shi daga ayyukan dijital na David Hockney. Ko da a baya, ta yi sha'awar yiwuwar ƙirƙirar hotuna ta amfani da manhajar zane-zane. Wannan littafin ya ba da haske na musamman game da iyawar Eva Janina Wieczorek a matsayin mai zane da zane a fannin fasahar zamani. Aikinta ya ƙunshi neman sabbin hanyoyin bayyana abubuwa akai-akai, da kuma gwaji kan yadda ake nuna mata da yara. Ana iya ganin irin sha'awar da take da ita game da alaƙar da ke tsakanin mutane da kuma sha'awar salon zamani a cikin hotuna da dama, ciki har da na shahararrun 'yan wasan kwaikwayo da mawaƙa kamar Michael Jackson, Marilyn Monroe, da Whitney Houston. Bugu da ƙari, ta ƙirƙiri shimfidar wurare da hotunan ƙarƙashin ruwa, gami da ayyukan da aka yi wa lakabi da "Abgetaucht 1 da 2", "Botschaft" da "Schwimmbad". Da farko, ta ƙirƙiri ayyukanta ne ta hanyar amfani da samfura ko zane-zane a kan allo. A zamanin yau, ayyukanta suna fitowa ne kawai daga hotunan tunani, waɗanda aka tsara su zuwa jerin jigogi masu launuka, wanda ya haifar da ayyuka sama da ɗari. == Nune - Nune == * 2005 Brühl [[Jamus]], "Wintertraum", Rathausgalerie, Nunin Single * 2007 Brühl Jamus, "Architektonische Aussichten", Orangerie Schloss Augustusburg, Nunin Single * 2008 Katowice Poland, "Woda, podróż i sen", Silesian Museum Katowice Poland, Single Nunin * 2009 Meisterschwanden [[Switzerland|Swiss]], Kunst Portal International * 2010 Brussels [[Beljik|Belgium]], Hotunan Zamani na Fasaha Croissant, Studio dvo * 2010 Punat [[Kroatiya|Croatia]], Gallery Tos, Nunin Guda ɗaya * 2011 [[Landan|London]], Burtaniya, Taron Fasaha na Parallax, La Galleria Pall Mall, Royal Opera Arcade, * 2011 Marl, [[Jamus]], Marler Kunststern 2011, * 2014 Marl, Jamus, Marler Kunststern 2014, * 2015 Brühl Jamus, "Schattenimpressionen", Rathausgalerie, Nunin Single * 2015 Brühl Jamus, "Saboda Ni yarinya ce", Rathausgalerie * 2016: Aikin fasaha na zamani, PAN Museum Niederrhein, Emmerich * 2017: Brühl Jamus, "Mafarki da Gaskiya", Rathausgalerie, Emmerich * 2017: Fitaccen Mawakin Shekara ta 2017, [https://www.airleben.de/de/galairie-2017.html Internetgalerie], Airleben.de * 2019: Buɗe ɗakin studio daga ranar Eva Janina Wieczorek a Brühl * 2021: Buɗe ɗakin studio daga ranar Eva Janina Wieczorek a Brühl * 2023: Buɗe Studio daga ranar Eva Janina Wieczorek a Brühl == Shahararrun Ayyuka == * Aleppo, 2016, acrylic a kan zane, 40x60 cm * Wurin Hutu, 2006, mai a kan zane, 50x60 cm, a cikin tarin Gidan Tarihi na Silesian da ke Katowice * Shiru, 2006, acrylic a kan zane, 100x80 cm, a cikin tarin Gidan Tarihi na Silesian da ke Katowice * Itacen Zaitun, 2009, mai a kan zane, 50x60 cm, a cikin Tarin Birnin Brühl == Zane-zane a hannun jama'a == * [http://www.scenografia-polska.pl/index.php?zbior=&autor=217&czy_3d=&w_zbiorze=&zbiory=1&zatwierdz=Szukaj Gidan Tarihi na Silesian, Katowice (Poland] ) * Brühl ( Rhineland ], Jamus == Adabi == * [http://kvk.ubka.uni-karlsruhe.de/hylib-bin/kvk/nph-kvk2.cgi?maske=kvk-last&lang=de&title=KIT-Bibliothek%3A+Karlsruher+Virtueller+Katalog+KVK+%3A+Ergebnisanzeige&head=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ubka.uni-karlsruhe.de%2Fkvk%2Fkvk%2Fkvk-kit-head-de-2010-11-08.html&header=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ubka.uni-karlsruhe.de%2Fkvk%2Fkvk%2Fkvk-kit-header-de-2010-11-08.html&spacer=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ubka.uni-karlsruhe.de%2Fkvk%2Fkvk%2Fkvk-kit-spacer-de-2010-11-08.html&footer=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ubka.uni-karlsruhe.de%2Fkvk%2Fkvk%2Fkvk-kit-footer-de-2010-11-08.html&css=none&input-charset=utf-8&kvk-session=8V3UT27M&ALL=&Timeout=120&TI=&PY=&AU=&SB=9788360353646&CI=&SS=&ST=&PU=&kataloge=NB_POLEN&kataloge=LOC_DIREKT Kasidar] baje kolin a [[Dakin Karatun Poland|Laburaren Ƙasa na Poland]]{{ISBN|978-83-60353-64-6}} (mai gogewa; Jamusanci) * * Maria Fiderkiewicz: Wasser, Reise und Traum. Malerei von Eva Wieczorek / Woda, podróż i sen - Malarswo Evy Wieczorek. Muzeum Slaskie, Katowice [[Poland]] 2008,{{ISBN|978-83-60353-64-6}} . * Łukasz Kałębasiak, Eva Wieczorek: Artystka z licencją na malowanie." Magazine: " Gazeta Wyborcza ", Katowice Poland, 7 Afrilu 2007 * Britta Havlicek, "Zwischen Mensch da Natur". Mujallar: "Kölner Stadt Anzeiger" "Rhein Erft", [[Köln|Cologne]] [[Jamus]] . Nr.38, 24 Afrilu 2007 * Harald Zeyen, "Bilder mit Realismus und Elementen des Surrealismus. Mujallar "Brühler Schlossbote", Brühl Jamus 25. Afrilu 2007 * Tobias Gonszerowski: Brühler Fragebogen... tare da Eva Wieczorek. Jarida: "Brühler Fragenbogen", Brühl Jamus Nr. Afrilu 250, 2008 * Harald Zeyen, "Lichtblicke in der Orangerie". Mujallar: "Brühler Schlossbote", Brühl Jamus 22. Afrilu 2009 * Claudia Grosse: Ein Spiel mit Licht da Schatten. Jarida: "Kölner Stadt Anzeiger" . Mulkin mallaka Jamus. Lamba ta 91, 20. Afrilu 2009 * Hanna Styrie: Das Spiel von Licht da Schatten. Jarida: Kölnische Rundschau, Colonia Jamus. Lamba ta 91, 20. Afrilu 2009 * Farfesa Jasna Rodin: Samostalna izložba Eve Wieczorek. Catalog daga Gallery Toš, Verlag: Corngraf doo Umag, Punat [[Kroatiya|Croatia]] . 18. Yuni 2010 * Harald Zeyen, "Spiel mit dem Schatten". Mujallar "Brühler Schlossbote". 17. Fabrairu 2015 * Gabi Ignor, "Eva Wieczorek Schattenimpressionen" Mujallar "InBrühl" Der Veranstaltungs- und Tourismus Kalender, Nr. 64 ga Janairu-Maris 2015 * Colleen Boyett, H. Micheal Tarver, Mildred Diane Gleason: „Rayuwar Mata ta Yau da Kullum“, Bloomsbury Publishing USA, <nowiki>ISBN 1440846936</nowiki>, <nowiki>ISBN 9781440846939</nowiki>, 7. Disamba 2020 == Tallafi == * 2008: Gidan kayan tarihi na Silesian, ( Nunin Solo: Woda, podróż i sen), Curator: Maria Fiderkiewicz * 2011: Kyautar Art Marler Kunststern 2011 * 2014: Kyautar Art Marler Kunststern 2014 * 2017: Fitaccen Mawakin Shekara ta 2017, wanda aka zaɓa, Internetgalerie, Airleben.de [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1951]] 1ly7334ksfe006fcpboci4vujo4fhxw 895103 895102 2026-08-11T16:53:10Z Nnamadee 31123 895103 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Eva Janina Wieczorek''' (an haifi 23 Mayu 1951) a Katowice a [[Poland]]. Ita [[Zane-zane na gani|mai zane ce ta gani]]. Ita mai zane ce daga ƙasar Poland zuwa Jamus, mai zane-zane kuma mai sassaka. Ita mai zane ce wadda aka nuna ayyukanta a farashi, wallafe-wallafe, tarin abubuwa da kuma nune-nunen a Jamus, Burtaniya, Croatia, Poland da Belgium. Aikinku yana da alaƙa da aiwatar da haske da inuwa mai ƙarfi da kuma magance batutuwan da ke faruwa a duniyarmu. Yawancin ayyukansu an danganta su da ainihin gaskiya da kuma surrealism. Tana zaune kuma tana aiki a Brühl, [[Jamus]]. == Tarihin Rayuwa == A ƙasar Poland ta kammala aikin koyon aiki a matsayin ma'aikacin fasaha. Lokacin da take ƙarama, tana sha'awar [[Painting|zane]], kuma kawunta, wanda mai zane ne, ya haɗa ta da zane-zane masu kyau. Mai zane ya yi karatun fasaha kyauta a fannin zane tare da Farfesa Roman Kalarus a Kwalejin Fasaha ta ASP da ke Katowice [[Poland]] . Tana fara amfani da fenti mai launin ruwa da fenti mai acrylic yanzu tana aiki da fenti mai a kan zane da zane-zanen dijital. == Zane-zanen dijital == Tun daga shekarar 2010, mawakin ya koma ga zane-zanen dijital, wanda aka yi wahayi zuwa gare shi daga ayyukan dijital na David Hockney. Ko da a baya, ta yi sha'awar yiwuwar ƙirƙirar hotuna ta amfani da manhajar zane-zane. Wannan littafin ya ba da haske na musamman game da iyawar Eva Janina Wieczorek a matsayin mai zane da zane a fannin fasahar zamani. Aikinta ya ƙunshi neman sabbin hanyoyin bayyana abubuwa akai-akai, da kuma gwaji kan yadda ake nuna mata da yara. Ana iya ganin irin sha'awar da take da ita game da alaƙar da ke tsakanin mutane da kuma sha'awar salon zamani a cikin hotuna da dama, ciki har da na shahararrun 'yan wasan kwaikwayo da mawaƙa kamar Michael Jackson, Marilyn Monroe, da Whitney Houston. Bugu da ƙari, ta ƙirƙiri shimfidar wurare da hotunan ƙarƙashin ruwa, gami da ayyukan da aka yi wa lakabi da "Abgetaucht 1 da 2", "Botschaft" da "Schwimmbad". Da farko, ta ƙirƙiri ayyukanta ne ta hanyar amfani da samfura ko zane-zane a kan allo. A zamanin yau, ayyukanta suna fitowa ne kawai daga hotunan tunani, waɗanda aka tsara su zuwa jerin jigogi masu launuka, wanda ya haifar da ayyuka sama da ɗari. == Nune - Nune == * 2005 Brühl [[Jamus]], "Wintertraum", Rathausgalerie, Nunin Single * 2007 Brühl Jamus, "Architektonische Aussichten", Orangerie Schloss Augustusburg, Nunin Single * 2008 Katowice Poland, "Woda, podróż i sen", Silesian Museum Katowice Poland, Single Nunin * 2009 Meisterschwanden [[Switzerland|Swiss]], Kunst Portal International * 2010 Brussels [[Beljik|Belgium]], Hotunan Zamani na Fasaha Croissant, Studio dvo * 2010 Punat [[Kroatiya|Croatia]], Gallery Tos, Nunin Guda ɗaya * 2011 [[Landan|London]], Burtaniya, Taron Fasaha na Parallax, La Galleria Pall Mall, Royal Opera Arcade, * 2011 Marl, [[Jamus]], Marler Kunststern 2011, * 2014 Marl, Jamus, Marler Kunststern 2014, * 2015 Brühl Jamus, "Schattenimpressionen", Rathausgalerie, Nunin Single * 2015 Brühl Jamus, "Saboda Ni yarinya ce", Rathausgalerie * 2016: Aikin fasaha na zamani, PAN Museum Niederrhein, Emmerich * 2017: Brühl Jamus, "Mafarki da Gaskiya", Rathausgalerie, Emmerich * 2017: Fitaccen Mawakin Shekara ta 2017, [https://www.airleben.de/de/galairie-2017.html Internetgalerie], Airleben.de * 2019: Buɗe ɗakin studio daga ranar Eva Janina Wieczorek a Brühl * 2021: Buɗe ɗakin studio daga ranar Eva Janina Wieczorek a Brühl * 2023: Buɗe Studio daga ranar Eva Janina Wieczorek a Brühl == Shahararrun Ayyuka == * Aleppo, 2016, acrylic a kan zane, 40x60 cm * Wurin Hutu, 2006, mai a kan zane, 50x60 cm, a cikin tarin Gidan Tarihi na Silesian da ke Katowice * Shiru, 2006, acrylic a kan zane, 100x80 cm, a cikin tarin Gidan Tarihi na Silesian da ke Katowice * Itacen Zaitun, 2009, mai a kan zane, 50x60 cm, a cikin Tarin Birnin Brühl == Zane-zane a hannun jama'a == * [http://www.scenografia-polska.pl/index.php?zbior=&autor=217&czy_3d=&w_zbiorze=&zbiory=1&zatwierdz=Szukaj Gidan Tarihi na Silesian, Katowice (Poland] ) * Brühl ( Rhineland ], Jamus == Adabi == * [http://kvk.ubka.uni-karlsruhe.de/hylib-bin/kvk/nph-kvk2.cgi?maske=kvk-last&lang=de&title=KIT-Bibliothek%3A+Karlsruher+Virtueller+Katalog+KVK+%3A+Ergebnisanzeige&head=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ubka.uni-karlsruhe.de%2Fkvk%2Fkvk%2Fkvk-kit-head-de-2010-11-08.html&header=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ubka.uni-karlsruhe.de%2Fkvk%2Fkvk%2Fkvk-kit-header-de-2010-11-08.html&spacer=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ubka.uni-karlsruhe.de%2Fkvk%2Fkvk%2Fkvk-kit-spacer-de-2010-11-08.html&footer=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ubka.uni-karlsruhe.de%2Fkvk%2Fkvk%2Fkvk-kit-footer-de-2010-11-08.html&css=none&input-charset=utf-8&kvk-session=8V3UT27M&ALL=&Timeout=120&TI=&PY=&AU=&SB=9788360353646&CI=&SS=&ST=&PU=&kataloge=NB_POLEN&kataloge=LOC_DIREKT Kasidar] baje kolin a [[Dakin Karatun Poland|Laburaren Ƙasa na Poland]]{{ISBN|978-83-60353-64-6}} (mai gogewa; Jamusanci) * * Maria Fiderkiewicz: Wasser, Reise und Traum. Malerei von Eva Wieczorek / Woda, podróż i sen - Malarswo Evy Wieczorek. Muzeum Slaskie, Katowice [[Poland]] 2008,{{ISBN|978-83-60353-64-6}} . * Łukasz Kałębasiak, Eva Wieczorek: Artystka z licencją na malowanie." Magazine: " Gazeta Wyborcza ", Katowice Poland, 7 Afrilu 2007 * Britta Havlicek, "Zwischen Mensch da Natur". Mujallar: "Kölner Stadt Anzeiger" "Rhein Erft", [[Köln|Cologne]] [[Jamus]] . Nr.38, 24 Afrilu 2007 * Harald Zeyen, "Bilder mit Realismus und Elementen des Surrealismus. Mujallar "Brühler Schlossbote", Brühl Jamus 25. Afrilu 2007 * Tobias Gonszerowski: Brühler Fragebogen... tare da Eva Wieczorek. Jarida: "Brühler Fragenbogen", Brühl Jamus Nr. Afrilu 250, 2008 * Harald Zeyen, "Lichtblicke in der Orangerie". Mujallar: "Brühler Schlossbote", Brühl Jamus 22. Afrilu 2009 * Claudia Grosse: Ein Spiel mit Licht da Schatten. Jarida: "Kölner Stadt Anzeiger" . Mulkin mallaka Jamus. Lamba ta 91, 20. Afrilu 2009 * Hanna Styrie: Das Spiel von Licht da Schatten. Jarida: Kölnische Rundschau, Colonia Jamus. Lamba ta 91, 20. Afrilu 2009 * Farfesa Jasna Rodin: Samostalna izložba Eve Wieczorek. Catalog daga Gallery Toš, Verlag: Corngraf doo Umag, Punat [[Kroatiya|Croatia]] . 18. Yuni 2010 * Harald Zeyen, "Spiel mit dem Schatten". Mujallar "Brühler Schlossbote". 17. Fabrairu 2015 * Gabi Ignor, "Eva Wieczorek Schattenimpressionen" Mujallar "InBrühl" Der Veranstaltungs- und Tourismus Kalender, Nr. 64 ga Janairu-Maris 2015 * Colleen Boyett, H. Micheal Tarver, Mildred Diane Gleason: „Rayuwar Mata ta Yau da Kullum“, Bloomsbury Publishing USA, <nowiki>ISBN 1440846936</nowiki>, <nowiki>ISBN 9781440846939</nowiki>, 7. Disamba 2020 == Tallafi == * 2008: Gidan kayan tarihi na Silesian, ( Nunin Solo: Woda, podróż i sen), Curator: Maria Fiderkiewicz * 2011: Kyautar Art Marler Kunststern 2011 * 2014: Kyautar Art Marler Kunststern 2014 * 2017: Fitaccen Mawakin Shekara ta 2017, wanda aka zaɓa, Internetgalerie, Airleben.de [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1951]] 9q8i1e3impr9yjc8xsyzzn5ts84debv 895452 895103 2026-08-12T08:51:48Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 895452 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Eva Janina Wieczorek''' (an haifi 23 Mayu 1951) a Katowice a [[Poland]]. Ita [[Zane-zane na gani|mai zane ce ta gani]]. Ita mai zane ce daga ƙasar Poland zuwa Jamus, mai zane-zane kuma mai sassaka. Ita mai zane ce wadda aka nuna ayyukanta a farashi, wallafe-wallafe, tarin abubuwa da kuma nune-nunen a Jamus, Burtaniya, Croatia, Poland da Belgium. Aikinku yana da alaƙa da aiwatar da haske da inuwa mai ƙarfi da kuma magance batutuwan da ke faruwa a duniyarmu. Yawancin ayyukansu an danganta su da ainihin gaskiya da kuma surrealism. Tana zaune kuma tana aiki a Brühl, [[Jamus]]. == Tarihin Rayuwa == A ƙasar Poland ta kammala aikin koyon aiki a matsayin ma'aikacin fasaha. Lokacin da take ƙarama, tana sha'awar [[Painting|zane]], kuma kawunta, wanda mai zane ne, ya haɗa ta da zane-zane masu kyau. Mai zane ya yi karatun fasaha kyauta a fannin zane tare da Farfesa Roman Kalarus a Kwalejin Fasaha ta ASP da ke Katowice [[Poland]] . Tana fara amfani da fenti mai launin ruwa da fenti mai acrylic yanzu tana aiki da fenti mai a kan zane da zane-zanen dijital. == Zane-zanen dijital == Tun daga shekarar 2010, mawakin ya koma ga zane-zanen dijital, wanda aka yi wahayi zuwa gare shi daga ayyukan dijital na David Hockney. Ko da a baya, ta yi sha'awar yiwuwar ƙirƙirar hotuna ta amfani da manhajar zane-zane. Wannan littafin ya ba da haske na musamman game da iyawar Eva Janina Wieczorek a matsayin mai zane da zane a fannin fasahar zamani. Aikinta ya ƙunshi neman sabbin hanyoyin bayyana abubuwa akai-akai, da kuma gwaji kan yadda ake nuna mata da yara. Ana iya ganin irin sha'awar da take da ita game da alaƙar da ke tsakanin mutane da kuma sha'awar salon zamani a cikin hotuna da dama, ciki har da na shahararrun 'yan wasan kwaikwayo da mawaƙa kamar Michael Jackson, Marilyn Monroe, da Whitney Houston. Bugu da ƙari, ta ƙirƙiri shimfidar wurare da hotunan ƙarƙashin ruwa, gami da ayyukan da aka yi wa lakabi da "Abgetaucht 1 da 2", "Botschaft" da "Schwimmbad". Da farko, ta ƙirƙiri ayyukanta ne ta hanyar amfani da samfura ko zane-zane a kan allo. A zamanin yau, ayyukanta suna fitowa ne kawai daga hotunan tunani, waɗanda aka tsara su zuwa jerin jigogi masu launuka, wanda ya haifar da ayyuka sama da ɗari. == Nune - Nune == * 2005 Brühl [[Jamus]], "Wintertraum", Rathausgalerie, Nunin Single * 2007 Brühl Jamus, "Architektonische Aussichten", Orangerie Schloss Augustusburg, Nunin Single * 2008 Katowice Poland, "Woda, podróż i sen", Silesian Museum Katowice Poland, Single Nunin * 2009 Meisterschwanden [[Switzerland|Swiss]], Kunst Portal International * 2010 Brussels [[Beljik|Belgium]], Hotunan Zamani na Fasaha Croissant, Studio dvo * 2010 Punat [[Kroatiya|Croatia]], Gallery Tos, Nunin Guda ɗaya * 2011 [[Landan|London]], Burtaniya, Taron Fasaha na Parallax, La Galleria Pall Mall, Royal Opera Arcade, * 2011 Marl, [[Jamus]], Marler Kunststern 2011, * 2014 Marl, Jamus, Marler Kunststern 2014, * 2015 Brühl Jamus, "Schattenimpressionen", Rathausgalerie, Nunin Single * 2015 Brühl Jamus, "Saboda Ni yarinya ce", Rathausgalerie * 2016: Aikin fasaha na zamani, PAN Museum Niederrhein, Emmerich * 2017: Brühl Jamus, "Mafarki da Gaskiya", Rathausgalerie, Emmerich * 2017: Fitaccen Mawakin Shekara ta 2017, [https://www.airleben.de/de/galairie-2017.html Internetgalerie], Airleben.de * 2019: Buɗe ɗakin studio daga ranar Eva Janina Wieczorek a Brühl * 2021: Buɗe ɗakin studio daga ranar Eva Janina Wieczorek a Brühl * 2023: Buɗe Studio daga ranar Eva Janina Wieczorek a Brühl == Shahararrun Ayyuka == * Aleppo, 2016, acrylic a kan zane, 40x60 cm * Wurin Hutu, 2006, mai a kan zane, 50x60 cm, a cikin tarin Gidan Tarihi na Silesian da ke Katowice * Shiru, 2006, acrylic a kan zane, 100x80 cm, a cikin tarin Gidan Tarihi na Silesian da ke Katowice * Itacen Zaitun, 2009, mai a kan zane, 50x60 cm, a cikin Tarin Birnin Brühl == Zane-zane a hannun jama'a == * [http://www.scenografia-polska.pl/index.php?zbior=&autor=217&czy_3d=&w_zbiorze=&zbiory=1&zatwierdz=Szukaj Gidan Tarihi na Silesian, Katowice (Poland] ) * Brühl ( Rhineland ], Jamus == Adabi == * [http://kvk.ubka.uni-karlsruhe.de/hylib-bin/kvk/nph-kvk2.cgi?maske=kvk-last&lang=de&title=KIT-Bibliothek%3A+Karlsruher+Virtueller+Katalog+KVK+%3A+Ergebnisanzeige&head=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ubka.uni-karlsruhe.de%2Fkvk%2Fkvk%2Fkvk-kit-head-de-2010-11-08.html&header=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ubka.uni-karlsruhe.de%2Fkvk%2Fkvk%2Fkvk-kit-header-de-2010-11-08.html&spacer=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ubka.uni-karlsruhe.de%2Fkvk%2Fkvk%2Fkvk-kit-spacer-de-2010-11-08.html&footer=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ubka.uni-karlsruhe.de%2Fkvk%2Fkvk%2Fkvk-kit-footer-de-2010-11-08.html&css=none&input-charset=utf-8&kvk-session=8V3UT27M&ALL=&Timeout=120&TI=&PY=&AU=&SB=9788360353646&CI=&SS=&ST=&PU=&kataloge=NB_POLEN&kataloge=LOC_DIREKT Kasidar] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200611080411/http://kvk.ubka.uni-karlsruhe.de/hylib-bin/kvk/nph-kvk2.cgi?maske=kvk-last&lang=de&title=KIT-Bibliothek%3A+Karlsruher+Virtueller+Katalog+KVK+%3A+Ergebnisanzeige&head=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ubka.uni-karlsruhe.de%2Fkvk%2Fkvk%2Fkvk-kit-head-de-2010-11-08.html&header=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ubka.uni-karlsruhe.de%2Fkvk%2Fkvk%2Fkvk-kit-header-de-2010-11-08.html&spacer=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ubka.uni-karlsruhe.de%2Fkvk%2Fkvk%2Fkvk-kit-spacer-de-2010-11-08.html&footer=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ubka.uni-karlsruhe.de%2Fkvk%2Fkvk%2Fkvk-kit-footer-de-2010-11-08.html&css=none&input-charset=utf-8&kvk-session=8V3UT27M&ALL=&Timeout=120&TI=&PY=&AU=&SB=9788360353646&CI=&SS=&ST=&PU=&kataloge=NB_POLEN&kataloge=LOC_DIREKT |date=2020-06-11 }} baje kolin a [[Dakin Karatun Poland|Laburaren Ƙasa na Poland]]{{ISBN|978-83-60353-64-6}} (mai gogewa; Jamusanci) * * Maria Fiderkiewicz: Wasser, Reise und Traum. Malerei von Eva Wieczorek / Woda, podróż i sen - Malarswo Evy Wieczorek. Muzeum Slaskie, Katowice [[Poland]] 2008,{{ISBN|978-83-60353-64-6}} . * Łukasz Kałębasiak, Eva Wieczorek: Artystka z licencją na malowanie." Magazine: " Gazeta Wyborcza ", Katowice Poland, 7 Afrilu 2007 * Britta Havlicek, "Zwischen Mensch da Natur". Mujallar: "Kölner Stadt Anzeiger" "Rhein Erft", [[Köln|Cologne]] [[Jamus]] . Nr.38, 24 Afrilu 2007 * Harald Zeyen, "Bilder mit Realismus und Elementen des Surrealismus. Mujallar "Brühler Schlossbote", Brühl Jamus 25. Afrilu 2007 * Tobias Gonszerowski: Brühler Fragebogen... tare da Eva Wieczorek. Jarida: "Brühler Fragenbogen", Brühl Jamus Nr. Afrilu 250, 2008 * Harald Zeyen, "Lichtblicke in der Orangerie". Mujallar: "Brühler Schlossbote", Brühl Jamus 22. Afrilu 2009 * Claudia Grosse: Ein Spiel mit Licht da Schatten. Jarida: "Kölner Stadt Anzeiger" . Mulkin mallaka Jamus. Lamba ta 91, 20. Afrilu 2009 * Hanna Styrie: Das Spiel von Licht da Schatten. Jarida: Kölnische Rundschau, Colonia Jamus. Lamba ta 91, 20. Afrilu 2009 * Farfesa Jasna Rodin: Samostalna izložba Eve Wieczorek. Catalog daga Gallery Toš, Verlag: Corngraf doo Umag, Punat [[Kroatiya|Croatia]] . 18. Yuni 2010 * Harald Zeyen, "Spiel mit dem Schatten". Mujallar "Brühler Schlossbote". 17. Fabrairu 2015 * Gabi Ignor, "Eva Wieczorek Schattenimpressionen" Mujallar "InBrühl" Der Veranstaltungs- und Tourismus Kalender, Nr. 64 ga Janairu-Maris 2015 * Colleen Boyett, H. Micheal Tarver, Mildred Diane Gleason: „Rayuwar Mata ta Yau da Kullum“, Bloomsbury Publishing USA, <nowiki>ISBN 1440846936</nowiki>, <nowiki>ISBN 9781440846939</nowiki>, 7. Disamba 2020 == Tallafi == * 2008: Gidan kayan tarihi na Silesian, ( Nunin Solo: Woda, podróż i sen), Curator: Maria Fiderkiewicz * 2011: Kyautar Art Marler Kunststern 2011 * 2014: Kyautar Art Marler Kunststern 2014 * 2017: Fitaccen Mawakin Shekara ta 2017, wanda aka zaɓa, Internetgalerie, Airleben.de [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1951]] 4suk7xwrir20t72i6gdfhgxhi9t9yri 0 163208 895104 2026-08-11T16:55:24Z Nnamadee 31123 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1350623131|Charline von Heyl]]" 895104 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Charline von Heyl''' (an haife ta a shekara ta 1960) ƙwararren mai zane ne ɗan ƙasar Jamus. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Charline von Heyl: CV |url=http://prod-images.exhibit-e.com/www_petzel_com/CvH_CV.pdf |access-date=2013-10-01 |publisher=Prod-images.exhibit-e.com}}</ref> Tana kuma aiki da zane, yin bugu, da kuma zane-zane. Ta ƙaura zuwa Amurka a shekarun 1990, kuma tana da ɗakunan studio a birnin New York da kuma Marfa, Texas . == Rayuwa == An haifi Von Heyl a [[Mainz]] kuma ta yi yarinta a Bonn . Mahaifinta lauya ne, mahaifiyarta kuma masanin ilimin halayyar ɗan adam. Ta yi karatun zane-zane a Hochschule für bildende Künste na [[Hamburg]] karkashin Jörg Immendorff, da kuma Kunstakademie Düsseldorf karkashin Fritz Schwegler . A tsakiyar shekarun 1990 ta koma birnin New York, inda take da ɗakin studio a Brooklyn Navy Yard . <ref name="wmagazine1" /> Tun daga shekarar 1997, Charline von Heyl ta auri abokin aikinta Christopher Wool. == Aiki == A shekarar 2005, an gudanar da baje kolin von Heyl ''mai taken Concentrations 48: Charline von Heyl'' <ref>{{Cite web |title=Dallas Museum of Art |url=http://dallasmuseumofart.org/PressRoom/dma_205744 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131004213113/http://dallasmuseumofart.org/PressRoom/dma_205744 |archive-date=2013-10-04 |access-date=2013-10-01 |publisher=Dallas Museum of Art}}</ref> a Gidan Tarihi na Fasaha na Dallas da ke [[Dallas|Dallas, Texas]], Amurka, kuma a shekarar 2009, an nuna ayyukanta a ''Le jour de boire est arrivé'' da aka gudanar a Le Consortium, cibiyar fasaha ta zamani a [[Dijon|Dijon, Faransa]] . A tsakanin 2011 zuwa 2012, von Heyl ya yi manyan canje-canje guda biyu a rayuwarsa. ''Charline von Heyl, Now or Else'' ta fara a Tate Liverpool da ke [[Liverpool|Liverpool, Ingila]] sannan daga baya ta yi tafiya zuwa Kunsthalle Nürnberg da ke [[Nuremberg|Nuremberg, Jamus]] <ref name="kantor" /> da kuma Bonner Kunstverein da ke Bonn, Jamus . An nuna wani wasan kwaikwayo na biyu, ''Charline von Heyl'', a cikin Amurka a Cibiyar Fasaha ta Zamani, Boston <ref name="kantor" /> da Cibiyar Fasaha ta Zamani, Philadelphia . <ref name="kantor" /> <ref name="marcus" /> A shekarar 2018, Gidan Tarihi da Lambun Zane na Hirshhorn ya nuna babban binciken gidan tarihi na Amurka game da ayyukan von Heyl. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Charline von Heyl: Snake Eyes |url=https://hirshhorn.si.edu/exhibitions/charline-von-heyl-snake-eyes/ |access-date=2019-10-23 |website=Hirshhorn Museum and Sculpture Garden {{!}} Smithsonian |language=en}}</ref> An faɗaɗa ''Charline von Heyl: Snake Eyes ɗin'' tare da zane-zane sama da talatin, saboda shahararsa a gidan tarihi. A shekarar 2024, von Heyl yana cikin masu fasaha 18 da Hukumar Tashar Jiragen Ruwa ta New York da New Jersey ta zaɓa don ƙirƙirar ginshiƙai don sabon Tashar Jiragen Sama ta 6 ta Filin Jirgin Sama na John F. Kennedy, wanda aka shirya buɗewa a shekarar 2026. An haɗa ayyukanta a cikin baje kolin 2024 mai taken Making Their Mark: Works daga Shah Garg Collection a Gidan Tarihi na Berkeley da Taskar Fina-finai ta Pacific (BAMPFA). <ref name="BAMPFA">{{Cite web |date=21 March 2024 |title=Making Their Mark: Works from the Shah Garg Collection |url=https://bampfa.org/making-their-mark |access-date=22 April 2026 |website=BAMPFA |language=en}}</ref> == Liyafar maraba == Von Heyl yana ɗaya daga cikin 'yan wasa shida da suka yi nasara a gasar Hugo Boss ta 2014. == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1960]] [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] bl1hoxib0aiwe3uvcbwwn7avt4c6hau 895105 895104 2026-08-11T16:56:05Z Nnamadee 31123 895105 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Charline von Heyl''' (an haife ta a shekara ta 1960) ƙwararren mai zane ne ɗan ƙasar Jamus. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Charline von Heyl: CV |url=http://prod-images.exhibit-e.com/www_petzel_com/CvH_CV.pdf |access-date=2013-10-01 |publisher=Prod-images.exhibit-e.com}}</ref> Tana kuma aiki da zane, yin bugu, da kuma zane-zane. Ta ƙaura zuwa Amurka a shekarun 1990, kuma tana da ɗakunan studio a birnin New York da kuma Marfa, Texas . == Rayuwa == An haifi Von Heyl a [[Mainz]] kuma ta yi yarinta a Bonn . Mahaifinta lauya ne, mahaifiyarta kuma masanin ilimin halayyar ɗan adam. Ta yi karatun zane-zane a Hochschule für bildende Künste na [[Hamburg]] karkashin Jörg Immendorff, da kuma Kunstakademie Düsseldorf karkashin Fritz Schwegler . A tsakiyar shekarun 1990 ta koma birnin New York, inda take da ɗakin studio a Brooklyn Navy Yard . <ref name="wmagazine1" /> Tun daga shekarar 1997, Charline von Heyl ta auri abokin aikinta Christopher Wool. == Aiki == A shekarar 2005, an gudanar da baje kolin von Heyl ''mai taken Concentrations 48: Charline von Heyl'' <ref>{{Cite web |title=Dallas Museum of Art |url=http://dallasmuseumofart.org/PressRoom/dma_205744 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131004213113/http://dallasmuseumofart.org/PressRoom/dma_205744 |archive-date=2013-10-04 |access-date=2013-10-01 |publisher=Dallas Museum of Art}}</ref> a Gidan Tarihi na Fasaha na Dallas da ke [[Dallas|Dallas, Texas]], Amurka, kuma a shekarar 2009, an nuna ayyukanta a ''Le jour de boire est arrivé'' da aka gudanar a Le Consortium, cibiyar fasaha ta zamani a [[Dijon|Dijon, Faransa]] . A tsakanin 2011 zuwa 2012, von Heyl ya yi manyan canje-canje guda biyu a rayuwarsa. ''Charline von Heyl, Now or Else'' ta fara a Tate Liverpool da ke [[Liverpool|Liverpool, Ingila]] sannan daga baya ta yi tafiya zuwa Kunsthalle Nürnberg da ke [[Nuremberg|Nuremberg, Jamus]] <ref name="kantor" /> da kuma Bonner Kunstverein da ke Bonn, Jamus . An nuna wani wasan kwaikwayo na biyu, ''Charline von Heyl'', a cikin Amurka a Cibiyar Fasaha ta Zamani, Boston <ref name="kantor" /> da Cibiyar Fasaha ta Zamani, Philadelphia . <ref name="kantor" /> <ref name="marcus" /> A shekarar 2018, Gidan Tarihi da Lambun Zane na Hirshhorn ya nuna babban binciken gidan tarihi na Amurka game da ayyukan von Heyl. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Charline von Heyl: Snake Eyes |url=https://hirshhorn.si.edu/exhibitions/charline-von-heyl-snake-eyes/ |access-date=2019-10-23 |website=Hirshhorn Museum and Sculpture Garden {{!}} Smithsonian |language=en}}</ref> An faɗaɗa ''Charline von Heyl: Snake Eyes ɗin'' tare da zane-zane sama da talatin, saboda shahararsa a gidan tarihi. A shekarar 2024, von Heyl yana cikin masu fasaha 18 da Hukumar Tashar Jiragen Ruwa ta New York da New Jersey ta zaɓa don ƙirƙirar ginshiƙai don sabon Tashar Jiragen Sama ta 6 ta Filin Jirgin Sama na John F. Kennedy, wanda aka shirya buɗewa a shekarar 2026. An haɗa ayyukanta a cikin baje kolin 2024 mai taken Making Their Mark: Works daga Shah Garg Collection a Gidan Tarihi na Berkeley da Taskar Fina-finai ta Pacific (BAMPFA). <ref name="BAMPFA">{{Cite web |date=21 March 2024 |title=Making Their Mark: Works from the Shah Garg Collection |url=https://bampfa.org/making-their-mark |access-date=22 April 2026 |website=BAMPFA |language=en}}</ref> == Liyafar maraba == Von Heyl yana ɗaya daga cikin 'yan wasa shida da suka yi nasara a gasar Hugo Boss ta 2014. == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1960]] [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] p05wy0fumepk4wt227ikevs7rh3152d 0 163209 895106 2026-08-11T16:56:10Z Arcdanumma047 38699 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1368003576|Alabama School of Mathematics and Science]]" 895106 wikitext text/x-wiki    '''Makarantar Lissafi da Kimiyya ta Alabama''' (ASMS) [[Makarantar allo|makarantar sakandare ce ta gwamnati]] da ke unguwar Midtown da ke Mobile, Alabama . ASMS memba ne na Ƙungiyar Makarantun Sakandare ta Ƙasa (NCSSS). <ref>{{Cite web |title=Accreditation |url=https://www.asms.net/about/accreditation |access-date=2024-10-12 |website=www.asms.net |language=en-US}}</ref> Ya kammala karatunsa na farko a shekarar 1993. An kafa makarantar a shekarar 1989 a matsayin haɗin gwiwa na musamman tsakanin gwamnati da masu zaman kansu . Makarantar Lissafi da Kimiyya ta Alabama wani ɓangare ne na gwamnatin jihar, yayin da Gidauniyar Makarantar Lissafi da Kimiyya ta Alabama ke tsara tallafi na masu zaman kansu. An yi amfani da shi ne a matsayin Makarantar Kimiyya da Lissafi ta North Carolina da Makarantar Lissafi, Kimiyya, da Fasaha ta Louisiana inda ɗalibai ke kammala shekaru biyu ko uku na ƙarshe na makarantar sakandare suna mai da hankali kan zurfafan bincike a fannin lissafi da kimiyya. Duk da cewa [[Makarantar allo|makarantar kwana ce]], ba ta karɓar kuɗin makaranta, littattafai, ɗaki, ko allo. Kudaden da aka biya sun haɗa da kuɗin ayyukan ɗalibai na shekara-shekara, wanda ya ƙunshi tafiye-tafiyen aji da sauran ayyukan yau da kullun, tare da kuɗin shiga (ga sabbin ɗalibai kawai), kuɗin PSAT, da kuɗin kammala karatun. Kudin ayyukan ɗalibai na shekara-shekara kusan $1,575 ne. <ref name="asms1">{{Cite web |title=FAQ's |url=https://www.asms.net/admissions/faqs#faq23 |access-date=2024-10-12 |website=www.asms.net |language=en-US}}</ref> Manufar ASMS ita ce shirya ɗalibanta don samun ilimi mai zurfi, kuma zama ɗan ƙasa abu ne da ake buƙata ga dukkan ɗalibai. <ref name="asms2">{{Cite web |title=Alabama School of Math and Science offers 'world-class education' |url=http://alabamanewscenter.com/2016/03/10/alabama-school-of-math-and-science-offers-world-class-education/ |access-date=April 4, 2017 |website=Alabama Newscenter |publisher=Southern Company}}</ref> Mascot ɗin ASMS [[Jegare|dodo]] ne mai launin kore. == Malamai == Ana koyar da dukkan darussa a matakin Advanced Placement ko Honours . ASMS tana ba da darussa na Ci gaba a fannin Ilimin Halittu, Sinadarai, Kimiyyar Kwamfuta A, Kimiyyar Muhalli, Ilimin Lissafi B, Ilimin Lissafi C, [[AP Art da Design|Fasahar Studio]], Adabin Turanci da [[AP Tarihin Amurka|Tarihin Amurka]] . Fiye da kashi 40% na malaman ASMS suna da digiri na ƙarshe, duk sun sami aƙalla digiri na biyu, kuma kusan kashi 100% sun koyar a matakin kwaleji. Shirin ilimi, wanda ya ƙunshi fannoni daban-daban na kimiyya da kuma ilimin ɗan adam, yana cike da darussan jami'a da na wasanni na cikin gida, ayyukan rayuwa a gidaje, da kuma ba da shawara ga jami'a. Ƙungiyar Kwalejoji da Makarantu ta Kudu ta amince da ASMS kuma memba ne na Ƙungiyar Makarantun STEM ta Ƙasa, ko NCSSS. Shiga a bude yake ga dukkan daliban makarantar sakandare ta Alabama ta hanyar tsari irin na shiga jami'a. Da farko, ɗalibai za su iya shiga makarantar sakandare ne kawai, amma tun daga watan Satumba na 1998, makarantar ta kuma ba wa ɗaliban makarantar sakandare damar yin rajista. An ɗauki ɗalibai a matsayin manyan ɗalibai a baya, amma wannan ba kasafai ake samunsa ba. Matsakaicin maki na ACT na aji na 2024 shine kashi 28.4% da 100% na waɗanda suka kammala karatun digiri a manyan makarantu == Shirin bazara == ASMS kuma tana ba da sansanin bazara na ilimi ga ɗaliban da suka shiga aji na 7 zuwa na 9. Shirin bazara na Kasada a Lissafi da Kimiyya (AIMS) yawanci ana gudanar da shi a watan Yuni kuma yana ɗaukar kimanin ɗalibai 1,000 a cikin makonni biyu. Dalibai daga ko'ina cikin Alabama za su iya yin rajista a cikin azuzuwan da malaman ASMS ke koyarwa. Sansanin yana bayar da shirin zama da kuma shirin makarantar kwana. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Summer Camps |url=https://www.asms.net/summer-camps |access-date=2024-10-12 |website=www.asms.net |language=en-US}}</ref> Kowane ɗalibi na AIMS yana ɗaukar darussa uku da ya zaɓa a kowane mako a kowace rana ta mako tare da lokacin wucin gadi na ƙarshen mako a wurin shakatawa na ruwa na gida ga ɗaliban da ke zama sama da mako ɗaya. Shiga AIMS yana da matuƙar gasa. Fiye da kashi 50 cikin 100 na ɗaliban da ke shigowa da kuma waɗanda ke cikakken lokaci sun halarci shirin bazara na AIMS. Ƙungiyar Ilimi ta ASMS (ASMSEA) ce ta samar da AIMS. Wannan ƙungiyar tana yanke shawara kan sansanonin da za ta ɗauki nauyinsu, farashin da za a kashe, da sauran bayanai da yawa. Tana da kimanin membobi 15 na kwamitin gudanarwa, amma kowa zai iya kaɗa ƙuri'a don sabon shiri. Darussan AIMS sun haɗa da: Bugawa da Zane na 3D; Shirye-shiryen ACT ; Duk Game da Dabbobi - Ciki da Waje; Manhajoji don Na'urori Masu Wayo; Tsarin Lissafi na Asali tare da Kwamfutoci; CSI: Nazarin Bincike Mai Nishaɗi; Gano Waje na Alabama; Jiragen Sama marasa matuƙa da motocin tsere; [[Kimiyyar muhalli|Kimiyyar Muhalli]] ; Estuaries: Inda Koguna Suka Haɗu da Teku; Binciken Sararin Cikin Gida; Tsarin Wasanni tare da Unity 3D; Geology na Minecraft; Ilimin Dabbobin Da Ba Su da Magani; Labs of Doom; Ƙasa, Teku, da Iska: Navigation na Asali, Bugawa, da Ƙarfin Motsa Jiki; Koyon Linux ta amfani da Raspberry Pi; Ilimin Halittu na Ruwa ; Yanayi ; Physics na Phun; Shirye-shiryen Python tare da Raspberry Pi; Robotics ; [[Rocket|Rocketry]] ; da Nazarin Ilimin Halittu na Yanayi-Field. == Kayan aiki == ASMS a da can wurin da ake kira Mobile Dauphin Way Baptist Church ne. Cocin ya fuskanci sauye-sauye masu yawa don ƙirƙirar azuzuwan karatu, dakunan gwaje-gwaje, da ɗakunan kwanan dalibai. <ref>{{Cite web |title=History |url=https://www.asms.net/about/history |access-date=2024-10-12 |website=www.asms.net |language=en-US}}</ref> A watan Mayun 2006, makarantar ta fara gina sabon gini na farko tun bayan gina ɗakin kwanan yaron. Wannan ginin ya rushe tsohuwar Cibiyar Ayyukan Dalibai (SAC), kuma an kammala shi kafin farkon shekarar karatu ta 2007/2008. An sanya wa sabon ginin suna Ann Smith Bedsole Building, sunan ɗaya daga cikin manyan waɗanda suka kafa makarantar, tsohuwar Sanata [[Ann Bedsole]] . Ginin Bedsole ya ƙunshi sabon ɗakin karatu, wurin karɓar baƙi, azuzuwa da ofisoshi da dama, ɗakin shayi, ɗakin talabijin/ɗakin shakatawa, da ɗakin wasanni. ASMS gida ce ga dakunan zama guda huɗu: Newton, Einstein, Da Vinci, da Curie. An sanya masa suna bayan [[Isaac Newton]], [[Albert Einstein]], [[Leonardo da Vinci]], da [[Marie Curie]] . Yara maza da mata suna raba daidai a tsakanin zauren. <ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Residence Halls |url=https://www.asms.net/student-life/residence-halls |access-date=2024-10-12 |website=www.asms.net |language=en-US}}</ref> A tsawon shekarar makaranta, waɗannan dakunan suna fafatawa da juna a gasa daban-daban don samun maki a zauren. A ƙarshen shekara, zauren da ya fi samun maki ana sanar da shi a matsayin zauren da ya yi nasara kuma ana ba shi haƙƙin yin alfahari har sai an naɗa zauren na gaba. <ref name=":1">{{Cite web |title=Traditions |url=https://www.asms.net/student-life/traditions |access-date=2024-10-12 |website=www.asms.net |language=en-US}}</ref> A shekarun baya, ɗakin kwanan 'yan matan ya bazu a kan gine-gine biyu. Zauren zama na ɗaya zuwa huɗu suna cikin ginin ɗakin kwanan 'yan mata, yayin da "zauren ilimi na biyar" yake a hawa na huɗu na cibiyar ɗalibai (a da can ginin ilimin ilimi na ɗan adam ne). Hulɗar ɗan adam zauren girmamawa ne na ASMS, wanda ke ɗaukar ɗaliban aji biyu ne kawai waɗanda dole ne su nemi zama a can. 'Yan mata a zauren nazarin ɗan adam suna shiga gasa tare da zauren da suka zaɓa, wanda a halin yanzu ake kira Curie. <ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Residence Halls |url=https://www.asms.net/student-life/residence-halls |access-date=2024-10-12 |website=www.asms.net |language=en-US}}</ref> Ɗakin kwanan yaran yana cikin wani gini daban mai hawa biyu, inda Einstein da Da Vinci ke raba bene na farko, yayin da Newton da Curie ke raba bene na biyu. A lokacin bazara na 2024, ASMS ta gina sabon gini gaba ɗaya, Cibiyar Binciken Kimiyya ta EO Wilson (WSRC). An tsara wannan cibiyar ne don tallafawa koyon STEM da kuma Shirin Ƙwararrun Masu Bincike na ASMS. An sanya wa ginin suna ne bayan Dr. Edward O. Wilson . <ref name=":2">{{Cite web |title=Research |url=https://www.asms.net/academics/research |access-date=2024-10-12 |website=www.asms.net |language=en-US}}</ref> Gina WSRC ya ba da damar gyara tsohon ginin ilimin ɗan adam, ginin Ben May, zuwa cibiyar ɗalibai, Cibiyar Ɗaliban Ben May, wacce aka sanya wa suna bayan Ben E. May . Bene na farko ya haɗa da kicin na ɗalibai, ɗakin sinima, ɗakin wasa, da kuma wurin shakatawa. Bene na biyu da na uku duka suna da ɗakunan karatu/taro da wuraren shakatawa daban-daban. == Abokan Bincike == Research Fellows shiri ne na ilimi mai inganci inda ake haɗa ɗaliban ASMS da mai ba da shawara kan malamai don yin aiki a kan aikin bincike na matakin kwaleji a duk tsawon shekarar makaranta. Mahalarta shirin suna gabatar da ayyukansu don gasa a bikin baje kolin kimiyya na yanki da na jiha, suna karɓar kyaututtuka masu yawa akai-akai. Duk mahalarta sun halarci taron nazarin bazara na makarantar, inda masu tantance tsofaffin ɗalibai ke ba da ra'ayoyi, wasu kuma suna ci gaba da gabatar da gabatarwa a tarurrukan ƙasa. <ref name=":2">{{Cite web |title=Research |url=https://www.asms.net/academics/research |access-date=2024-10-12 |website=www.asms.net |language=en-US}}</ref> == Al'adun makaranta == Ƙungiyar Haɗakar Dalibai ce ke gudanar da taruka don nishaɗi, wadatawa, da kuma gina ƙungiya ga ɗalibai. Duk al'adu suna da matuƙar so ga ɗalibai kuma sun kasance wani ɓangare na al'adar tsawon shekaru ko shekaru da dama. Ko da yake wasu al'adu suna zuwa suna tafiya, akwai al'adu da yawa da ke ratsa ɗaliban kuma suna cika harabar jami'ar da rayuwa. <ref name=":1">{{Cite web |title=Traditions |url=https://www.asms.net/student-life/traditions |access-date=2024-10-12 |website=www.asms.net |language=en-US}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://www.asms.net/student-life/traditions "Traditions"]. </cite></ref> === Gasar Olympics ta rashin hankali === Ana gudanar da gasar Olympics ta rashin hankali a lokacin kaka, lokacin da makarantar sakandare ta saba gudanar da wasan ƙwallon ƙafa na dawowa gida. A Ranar Ruhi, azuzuwan suna ƙarewa da wuri da rana. Ɗalibai suna yin ado da launukan zauren su kuma suna haɗuwa a Yammacin Harabar don shiga cikin jerin gasa tsakanin ɗakunan zama. Zaɓen gasa yana canzawa kowace shekara, amma koyaushe yana haɗa da tsere ta hanyar filin wasa mai cike da cikas. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Goofy Olympics |url=https://www.asms.net/student-life/goofy-olympics |access-date=2024-10-12 |website=www.asms.net |language=en-US}}</ref> === Geekfest === Wannan taron ya haɗa da ayyukan da galibi ke da alaƙa da al'adun "Geek", kamar wasan kwaikwayo na anime da/ko nunin fina-finai, bikin LAN don PCs, wasannin na'urori masu zaman kansu, wasannin allo, wasannin kati, DDR, Guitar Hero, da sauran abubuwan da suka faru. <ref name=":1">{{Cite web |title=Traditions |url=https://www.asms.net/student-life/traditions |access-date=2024-10-12 |website=www.asms.net |language=en-US}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://www.asms.net/student-life/traditions "Traditions"]. </cite></ref> === Kujerun Kiɗa Masu Kyau === Wannan taron (yawanci ana yin sa ne don tara kuɗi) kamar yadda sunan ya nuna; Babban wasa ne na kujerun kiɗa. Dalibai yawanci suna fafatawa don samun kyaututtuka kuma suna da malamai, ma'aikata, da ɗaliban sa kai (yawanci membobin SGA) waɗanda ke ɗauke musu hankali da bindigogin ruwa da balan-balan ruwa. Hukumar SGA tana aiki don samun tallafin kuɗi, kuma wanda ya yi nasara a wasan zai zaɓi ƙungiyar agaji inda za a bayar da kuɗin. A lokacin taron, malaman jami'a (kwanan nan, Derek Barry, farfesa a fannin tarihi) suna aiki a matsayin alkalan gasar. <ref name=":1">{{Cite web |title=Traditions |url=https://www.asms.net/student-life/traditions |access-date=2024-10-12 |website=www.asms.net |language=en-US}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://www.asms.net/student-life/traditions "Traditions"]. </cite></ref> == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] oa0lp7p7jqjnsbmq7q6352i8lbkq2ha 895107 895106 2026-08-11T16:57:03Z Arcdanumma047 38699 895107 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Makarantar Lissafi da Kimiyya ta Alabama''' (ASMS) [[Makarantar allo|makarantar sakandare ce ta gwamnati]] da ke unguwar Midtown da ke Mobile, Alabama . ASMS memba ne na Ƙungiyar Makarantun Sakandare ta Ƙasa (NCSSS). <ref>{{Cite web |title=Accreditation |url=https://www.asms.net/about/accreditation |access-date=2024-10-12 |website=www.asms.net |language=en-US}}</ref> Ya kammala karatunsa na farko a shekarar 1993. An kafa makarantar a shekarar 1989 a matsayin haɗin gwiwa na musamman tsakanin gwamnati da masu zaman kansu . Makarantar Lissafi da Kimiyya ta Alabama wani ɓangare ne na gwamnatin jihar, yayin da Gidauniyar Makarantar Lissafi da Kimiyya ta Alabama ke tsara tallafi na masu zaman kansu. An yi amfani da shi ne a matsayin Makarantar Kimiyya da Lissafi ta North Carolina da Makarantar Lissafi, Kimiyya, da Fasaha ta Louisiana inda ɗalibai ke kammala shekaru biyu ko uku na ƙarshe na makarantar sakandare suna mai da hankali kan zurfafan bincike a fannin lissafi da kimiyya. Duk da cewa [[Makarantar allo|makarantar kwana ce]], ba ta karɓar kuɗin makaranta, littattafai, ɗaki, ko allo. Kudaden da aka biya sun haɗa da kuɗin ayyukan ɗalibai na shekara-shekara, wanda ya ƙunshi tafiye-tafiyen aji da sauran ayyukan yau da kullun, tare da kuɗin shiga (ga sabbin ɗalibai kawai), kuɗin PSAT, da kuɗin kammala karatun. Kudin ayyukan ɗalibai na shekara-shekara kusan $1,575 ne. <ref name="asms1">{{Cite web |title=FAQ's |url=https://www.asms.net/admissions/faqs#faq23 |access-date=2024-10-12 |website=www.asms.net |language=en-US}}</ref> Manufar ASMS ita ce shirya ɗalibanta don samun ilimi mai zurfi, kuma zama ɗan ƙasa abu ne da ake buƙata ga dukkan ɗalibai. <ref name="asms2">{{Cite web |title=Alabama School of Math and Science offers 'world-class education' |url=http://alabamanewscenter.com/2016/03/10/alabama-school-of-math-and-science-offers-world-class-education/ |access-date=April 4, 2017 |website=Alabama Newscenter |publisher=Southern Company}}</ref> Mascot ɗin ASMS [[Jegare|dodo]] ne mai launin kore. == Malamai == Ana koyar da dukkan darussa a matakin Advanced Placement ko Honours . ASMS tana ba da darussa na Ci gaba a fannin Ilimin Halittu, Sinadarai, Kimiyyar Kwamfuta A, Kimiyyar Muhalli, Ilimin Lissafi B, Ilimin Lissafi C, [[AP Art da Design|Fasahar Studio]], Adabin Turanci da [[AP Tarihin Amurka|Tarihin Amurka]] . Fiye da kashi 40% na malaman ASMS suna da digiri na ƙarshe, duk sun sami aƙalla digiri na biyu, kuma kusan kashi 100% sun koyar a matakin kwaleji. Shirin ilimi, wanda ya ƙunshi fannoni daban-daban na kimiyya da kuma ilimin ɗan adam, yana cike da darussan jami'a da na wasanni na cikin gida, ayyukan rayuwa a gidaje, da kuma ba da shawara ga jami'a. Ƙungiyar Kwalejoji da Makarantu ta Kudu ta amince da ASMS kuma memba ne na Ƙungiyar Makarantun STEM ta Ƙasa, ko NCSSS. Shiga a bude yake ga dukkan daliban makarantar sakandare ta Alabama ta hanyar tsari irin na shiga jami'a. Da farko, ɗalibai za su iya shiga makarantar sakandare ne kawai, amma tun daga watan Satumba na 1998, makarantar ta kuma ba wa ɗaliban makarantar sakandare damar yin rajista. An ɗauki ɗalibai a matsayin manyan ɗalibai a baya, amma wannan ba kasafai ake samunsa ba. Matsakaicin maki na ACT na aji na 2024 shine kashi 28.4% da 100% na waɗanda suka kammala karatun digiri a manyan makarantu == Shirin bazara == ASMS kuma tana ba da sansanin bazara na ilimi ga ɗaliban da suka shiga aji na 7 zuwa na 9. Shirin bazara na Kasada a Lissafi da Kimiyya (AIMS) yawanci ana gudanar da shi a watan Yuni kuma yana ɗaukar kimanin ɗalibai 1,000 a cikin makonni biyu. Dalibai daga ko'ina cikin Alabama za su iya yin rajista a cikin azuzuwan da malaman ASMS ke koyarwa. Sansanin yana bayar da shirin zama da kuma shirin makarantar kwana. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Summer Camps |url=https://www.asms.net/summer-camps |access-date=2024-10-12 |website=www.asms.net |language=en-US}}</ref> Kowane ɗalibi na AIMS yana ɗaukar darussa uku da ya zaɓa a kowane mako a kowace rana ta mako tare da lokacin wucin gadi na ƙarshen mako a wurin shakatawa na ruwa na gida ga ɗaliban da ke zama sama da mako ɗaya. Shiga AIMS yana da matuƙar gasa. Fiye da kashi 50 cikin 100 na ɗaliban da ke shigowa da kuma waɗanda ke cikakken lokaci sun halarci shirin bazara na AIMS. Ƙungiyar Ilimi ta ASMS (ASMSEA) ce ta samar da AIMS. Wannan ƙungiyar tana yanke shawara kan sansanonin da za ta ɗauki nauyinsu, farashin da za a kashe, da sauran bayanai da yawa. Tana da kimanin membobi 15 na kwamitin gudanarwa, amma kowa zai iya kaɗa ƙuri'a don sabon shiri. Darussan AIMS sun haɗa da: Bugawa da Zane na 3D; Shirye-shiryen ACT ; Duk Game da Dabbobi - Ciki da Waje; Manhajoji don Na'urori Masu Wayo; Tsarin Lissafi na Asali tare da Kwamfutoci; CSI: Nazarin Bincike Mai Nishaɗi; Gano Waje na Alabama; Jiragen Sama marasa matuƙa da motocin tsere; [[Kimiyyar muhalli|Kimiyyar Muhalli]] ; Estuaries: Inda Koguna Suka Haɗu da Teku; Binciken Sararin Cikin Gida; Tsarin Wasanni tare da Unity 3D; Geology na Minecraft; Ilimin Dabbobin Da Ba Su da Magani; Labs of Doom; Ƙasa, Teku, da Iska: Navigation na Asali, Bugawa, da Ƙarfin Motsa Jiki; Koyon Linux ta amfani da Raspberry Pi; Ilimin Halittu na Ruwa ; Yanayi ; Physics na Phun; Shirye-shiryen Python tare da Raspberry Pi; Robotics ; [[Rocket|Rocketry]] ; da Nazarin Ilimin Halittu na Yanayi-Field. == Kayan aiki == ASMS a da can wurin da ake kira Mobile Dauphin Way Baptist Church ne. Cocin ya fuskanci sauye-sauye masu yawa don ƙirƙirar azuzuwan karatu, dakunan gwaje-gwaje, da ɗakunan kwanan dalibai. <ref>{{Cite web |title=History |url=https://www.asms.net/about/history |access-date=2024-10-12 |website=www.asms.net |language=en-US}}</ref> A watan Mayun 2006, makarantar ta fara gina sabon gini na farko tun bayan gina ɗakin kwanan yaron. Wannan ginin ya rushe tsohuwar Cibiyar Ayyukan Dalibai (SAC), kuma an kammala shi kafin farkon shekarar karatu ta 2007/2008. An sanya wa sabon ginin suna Ann Smith Bedsole Building, sunan ɗaya daga cikin manyan waɗanda suka kafa makarantar, tsohuwar Sanata [[Ann Bedsole]] . Ginin Bedsole ya ƙunshi sabon ɗakin karatu, wurin karɓar baƙi, azuzuwa da ofisoshi da dama, ɗakin shayi, ɗakin talabijin/ɗakin shakatawa, da ɗakin wasanni. ASMS gida ce ga dakunan zama guda huɗu: Newton, Einstein, Da Vinci, da Curie. An sanya masa suna bayan [[Isaac Newton]], [[Albert Einstein]], [[Leonardo da Vinci]], da [[Marie Curie]] . Yara maza da mata suna raba daidai a tsakanin zauren. <ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Residence Halls |url=https://www.asms.net/student-life/residence-halls |access-date=2024-10-12 |website=www.asms.net |language=en-US}}</ref> A tsawon shekarar makaranta, waɗannan dakunan suna fafatawa da juna a gasa daban-daban don samun maki a zauren. A ƙarshen shekara, zauren da ya fi samun maki ana sanar da shi a matsayin zauren da ya yi nasara kuma ana ba shi haƙƙin yin alfahari har sai an naɗa zauren na gaba. <ref name=":1">{{Cite web |title=Traditions |url=https://www.asms.net/student-life/traditions |access-date=2024-10-12 |website=www.asms.net |language=en-US}}</ref> A shekarun baya, ɗakin kwanan 'yan matan ya bazu a kan gine-gine biyu. Zauren zama na ɗaya zuwa huɗu suna cikin ginin ɗakin kwanan 'yan mata, yayin da "zauren ilimi na biyar" yake a hawa na huɗu na cibiyar ɗalibai (a da can ginin ilimin ilimi na ɗan adam ne). Hulɗar ɗan adam zauren girmamawa ne na ASMS, wanda ke ɗaukar ɗaliban aji biyu ne kawai waɗanda dole ne su nemi zama a can. 'Yan mata a zauren nazarin ɗan adam suna shiga gasa tare da zauren da suka zaɓa, wanda a halin yanzu ake kira Curie. <ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Residence Halls |url=https://www.asms.net/student-life/residence-halls |access-date=2024-10-12 |website=www.asms.net |language=en-US}}</ref> Ɗakin kwanan yaran yana cikin wani gini daban mai hawa biyu, inda Einstein da Da Vinci ke raba bene na farko, yayin da Newton da Curie ke raba bene na biyu. A lokacin bazara na 2024, ASMS ta gina sabon gini gaba ɗaya, Cibiyar Binciken Kimiyya ta EO Wilson (WSRC). An tsara wannan cibiyar ne don tallafawa koyon STEM da kuma Shirin Ƙwararrun Masu Bincike na ASMS. An sanya wa ginin suna ne bayan Dr. Edward O. Wilson . <ref name=":2">{{Cite web |title=Research |url=https://www.asms.net/academics/research |access-date=2024-10-12 |website=www.asms.net |language=en-US}}</ref> Gina WSRC ya ba da damar gyara tsohon ginin ilimin ɗan adam, ginin Ben May, zuwa cibiyar ɗalibai, Cibiyar Ɗaliban Ben May, wacce aka sanya wa suna bayan Ben E. May . Bene na farko ya haɗa da kicin na ɗalibai, ɗakin sinima, ɗakin wasa, da kuma wurin shakatawa. Bene na biyu da na uku duka suna da ɗakunan karatu/taro da wuraren shakatawa daban-daban. == Abokan Bincike == Research Fellows shiri ne na ilimi mai inganci inda ake haɗa ɗaliban ASMS da mai ba da shawara kan malamai don yin aiki a kan aikin bincike na matakin kwaleji a duk tsawon shekarar makaranta. Mahalarta shirin suna gabatar da ayyukansu don gasa a bikin baje kolin kimiyya na yanki da na jiha, suna karɓar kyaututtuka masu yawa akai-akai. Duk mahalarta sun halarci taron nazarin bazara na makarantar, inda masu tantance tsofaffin ɗalibai ke ba da ra'ayoyi, wasu kuma suna ci gaba da gabatar da gabatarwa a tarurrukan ƙasa. <ref name=":2">{{Cite web |title=Research |url=https://www.asms.net/academics/research |access-date=2024-10-12 |website=www.asms.net |language=en-US}}</ref> == Al'adun makaranta == Ƙungiyar Haɗakar Dalibai ce ke gudanar da taruka don nishaɗi, wadatawa, da kuma gina ƙungiya ga ɗalibai. Duk al'adu suna da matuƙar so ga ɗalibai kuma sun kasance wani ɓangare na al'adar tsawon shekaru ko shekaru da dama. Ko da yake wasu al'adu suna zuwa suna tafiya, akwai al'adu da yawa da ke ratsa ɗaliban kuma suna cika harabar jami'ar da rayuwa. <ref name=":1">{{Cite web |title=Traditions |url=https://www.asms.net/student-life/traditions |access-date=2024-10-12 |website=www.asms.net |language=en-US}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://www.asms.net/student-life/traditions "Traditions"]. </cite></ref> === Gasar Olympics ta rashin hankali === Ana gudanar da gasar Olympics ta rashin hankali a lokacin kaka, lokacin da makarantar sakandare ta saba gudanar da wasan ƙwallon ƙafa na dawowa gida. A Ranar Ruhi, azuzuwan suna ƙarewa da wuri da rana. Ɗalibai suna yin ado da launukan zauren su kuma suna haɗuwa a Yammacin Harabar don shiga cikin jerin gasa tsakanin ɗakunan zama. Zaɓen gasa yana canzawa kowace shekara, amma koyaushe yana haɗa da tsere ta hanyar filin wasa mai cike da cikas. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Goofy Olympics |url=https://www.asms.net/student-life/goofy-olympics |access-date=2024-10-12 |website=www.asms.net |language=en-US}}</ref> === Geekfest === Wannan taron ya haɗa da ayyukan da galibi ke da alaƙa da al'adun "Geek", kamar wasan kwaikwayo na anime da/ko nunin fina-finai, bikin LAN don PCs, wasannin na'urori masu zaman kansu, wasannin allo, wasannin kati, DDR, Guitar Hero, da sauran abubuwan da suka faru. <ref name=":1">{{Cite web |title=Traditions |url=https://www.asms.net/student-life/traditions |access-date=2024-10-12 |website=www.asms.net |language=en-US}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://www.asms.net/student-life/traditions "Traditions"]. </cite></ref> === Kujerun Kiɗa Masu Kyau === Wannan taron (yawanci ana yin sa ne don tara kuɗi) kamar yadda sunan ya nuna; Babban wasa ne na kujerun kiɗa. Dalibai yawanci suna fafatawa don samun kyaututtuka kuma suna da malamai, ma'aikata, da ɗaliban sa kai (yawanci membobin SGA) waɗanda ke ɗauke musu hankali da bindigogin ruwa da balan-balan ruwa. Hukumar SGA tana aiki don samun tallafin kuɗi, kuma wanda ya yi nasara a wasan zai zaɓi ƙungiyar agaji inda za a bayar da kuɗin. A lokacin taron, malaman jami'a (kwanan nan, Derek Barry, farfesa a fannin tarihi) suna aiki a matsayin alkalan gasar. <ref name=":1">{{Cite web |title=Traditions |url=https://www.asms.net/student-life/traditions |access-date=2024-10-12 |website=www.asms.net |language=en-US}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://www.asms.net/student-life/traditions "Traditions"]. </cite></ref> == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] cwzjlmupq04kznn7nc6g6pgpfn2t135 0 163210 895109 2026-08-11T17:00:29Z Umar A Muhammad 22698 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1331754525|Meenal Jain]]" 895109 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Meenal Jain''' (an haife ta a ranar 14 ga watan Yunin shekara ta 1985) mawaƙiya ce ta Indiya, wacce aka fi sani da mawaƙiya a fina-finai na Indiya. Ta kasance daga cikin manyan 'yan wasan karshe 6 a cikin wasan kwaikwayo na gaskiya na Indian Idol 2 a gidan Talabijin na Indiya a shekara ta 2006. == Rayuwa da aiki == Jain tana zaune a Mumbai tsawon shekaru 10 da suka gabata kuma ta kammala karatun digiri na biyu daga Kwalejin Mithibai da ke Mumbai. Kwanan nan, ta yi wasan kwaikwayo tare da mawaƙa Sonu Nigam, Abhijeet Sawant, Amit Sana, Rex D'Souza. A halin yanzu tana tare da shirya wani shiri mai suna "Kiɗa, Masti aur Dhoom"".<ref>{{Cite web |title=Meenal Jain {{!}} indiansingers.in |url=http://www.indiansingers.in/meenal-jain.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110411002401/http://www.indiansingers.in/meenal-jain.html |archive-date=11 April 2011}}</ref> Ta kuma ba da muryar waka ga Barbie a cikin Hindi da aka yi wa lakabi da fim din Barbie na 2007 a matsayin Island Princess . <ref>{{Cite web |title=Meenal Jain sings for Barbie |url=http://www.radioandmusic.com/content/editorial/news/meenal-jain-sings-barbie}}</ref> Ta kuma raira waƙar "Sakhi" a wasan kwaikwayon [[Amir Khan|Aamir Khan]] na ''Satyamev Jayate'' na bakwai wanda ya shafi tashin hankali na cikin gida.  {{Ana bukatan hujja|date=April 2020}}<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B;''<nowiki><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (April 2020)">citation needed</span></nowiki>''&#x5D;</sup> == Ayyukan Indian Idol 2 == # Aao Na # Ishq Samundar - ''Ƙasa 2 24/01/2006'' # Lambi Judaai - ''Ƙasa 3 31/01/2006'' # Nigahein Milane - ''Ƙasa 2 07/02/2006'' # Kuch Na Kaho # Mera Piya Ghar Aaya - Kasa 3 21/02/2006''Ƙasa 3 21/02/2006'' # Hum Dil De Chuke Sanam - An fitar da shi 28/02/2006''An kawar da shi 28/02/2006'' Grand Finale: "Woh Pehli Baar", "Hakace a nan nan nan nan" tare da N. C. Karunya da Antara Mitra, da Baras Ja E Badal. == Bayyanawa a Bollywood == * Palken Jhukao Na - Sehar (2005) tare da Swanand Kirkire da Music by Daniel B. George . * Dua - Babu Wanda ya kashe Jessica (2011) tare da Raman Mahadevan, Joi Barua, Amitabh Bhattacharya da kiɗa na Amit Trivedi * Banarasiya - Raanjhanaa (2013) Tare da Shreya Ghoshal, Anwesha Dutt Guptal * Cutie Pie - Ae Dil Hai Mushkil (2016) Tare da Pradeep Singh Sran, Nakash Aziz & Antara * Sakhi - ''Satyamev Jayate'' * Gaye Kaam Se - Laila Majnu (2018) Tare da Dev Negi, Amit Sharma * Kundali - Manmarziyaan (2018) tare da Meghna Mishra, Yashita Sharma * Dostigiri (2018) == Manazarta == <templatestyles src="Reflist/styles.css" />{{Reflist}} * [https://web.archive.org/web/20051124060831/http://www.indianidol.sifymax.in/] Shafin yanar gizon Indian Idol] [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1985]] lhqiigd7pbchgsj1vmzg19xi78z3h5u 0 163211 895110 2026-08-11T17:01:02Z Arcdanumma047 38699 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1335721068|Roald Amundsen (ship)]]" 895110 wikitext text/x-wiki '''''Roald Amundsen''''' (wanda galibi ake kira '''''Roald''''' ; an sanya masa suna don girmama mai binciken sararin samaniya na ƙasar Norway [[Roald Amundsen]] ), wanda aka fara kiransa '''''Vilm''''', jirgin ƙarfe ne na Jamus da aka gina a Kogin Elbe a shekarar 1952. Bayan ta yi aiki a wurare daban-daban, an sake mata kayan aiki a tsakanin 1992 zuwa 1993 a matsayin jirgin ruwa mai manyan masts biyu, kuma yanzu tana aiki a matsayin jirgin horar da jiragen ruwa . A lokacin bazara, yawanci tana aiki a [[Tekun Baltic]], kuma yawanci tana tafiya zuwa wurare masu nisa don hunturu, gami da wasu hanyoyin ketarewa ta tekun Atlantika. == Bayani == ''Roald Amundsen'' yana da tsawon da ya kai {{Convert|49.8|m|ft}}, tsawon jikin jirgin ruwa mai tsawon {{Convert|40.8|m|ft}} da tsawon layin ruwa na {{Convert|38.2|m|ft}} . Jirgin ruwan yana da kauri mai girman {{Convert|7.2|m|ft}} da matsakaicin daftarin {{Convert|4.2|m|ft}} . Tsawon masts {{'}} ''Roald'' ya kai {{Convert|34|m|ft}} kuma an yi musu ƙera jiragen ruwa guda 18 tare da jimillar faɗinsu ya kai {{Convert|850.0|m2}} . Jirgin ruwan yana da tan 480 kuma yana da tan 298 jimlar tan na rajista (GRT) . ''Roald Amundsen'' yana da injin dizal Buckau-Wolff mai silinda 8 wanda aka kiyasta yana da ƙarfin {{Convert|220|kW}} mai suna Emma. Jirgin ruwan yana da janareta guda biyu, daya daga cikin guda {{Convert|48|kW}}, ɗayan {{Convert|53|kW}} . Jirgin ruwan zai iya ɗaukar tan 180 na ballast. ''Roald Amundsen'' yana da ma'aikata 17 tare da masu horarwa har 31 da suka shiga jirgin. == Tarihin jirgin ruwa == An gina harsashin jirgin a wurin jigilar kaya na ''Roßlauer Werft'' a kan kogin Elbe da ke Roßlau, Jamhuriyar Dimokuradiyyar Jamus, a shekarar 1952. Da farko an yi niyya ne don kamun kifi a matsayin babban jirgin ruwa na kamun kifi a teku, an canza tsare-tsaren kafin a kammala aikin jirgin, sannan aka gina ta a matsayin nau'in jirgin ruwa . An kammala aikin jirgin ruwan a wurin jigilar kaya na ''Peene-Werft'' da ke Wolgast, Jamus, a Tekun Baltic. An sanya wa jirgin suna ''Vilm'', kuma an yi amfani da shi ne ga Rundunar Sojojin Ƙasa (NVA), da farko a matsayin jirgin ruwa mai ɗaukar kaya da kuma jigilar kayayyaki, wanda ke aiki daga Peenemünde kuma galibi ma'aikatan jirgin ruwa fararen hula ne ke jagoranta. An mayar da shi kamfanin jigilar ruwa na Bilge a shekarun 1970 a kan Peene-Werft, ''Vilm'' ya yi tafiye-tafiye akai-akai zuwa sansanonin Sojojin Jama'a na Ƙasa don ɗaukar ruwan Bilge na jiragen ruwa zuwa wani wurin kula da lafiya na tsakiya. An dakatar da wannan hidimar a ƙarshen shekarar 1988. Bayan ba a yi amfani da ''Vilm'' ba tsawon shekara guda, an ja shi zuwa Neustadt da ke Holstein sannan aka kai shi sansanin sojojin ruwa da ake amfani da shi a matsayin wurin zama . A farkon shekarar 1991, wani kamfani mai suna [[Vebeg GmbH]], ya sanya jirgin don sayarwa don sayar da kadarorin gwamnatin tarayya. Detlev Löll da Hanns Temme sun sayi jirgin ne a wani gwanjo, kuma tare da taimakon wasu tsoffin ma'aikatan jirgin, sun yi jigilar jirgin zuwa Wolgast a Mecklenburg-Vorpommern . A lokacin bazara na shekarar 1992, an fara cikakken gyaran jirgin, wanda a cikinsa jirgin ya sami sabon keel na waje kuma aka sake masa fasali a matsayin jirgin ruwa; na'urar ta haɗa da filafilai murabba'i biyar a kowane mast kuma ta haɗa da yadudduka masu ɗagawa don yadi uku na sama (babban mat, topgallant da royal) a kowane mast, wanda ke rage tsakiyar nauyi na jirgin lokacin da aka yi filafilai. An ba da tallafin gyaran ne daga jihar Mecklenburg-Vorpommern da kuma Bundesagentur für Arbeit kuma an kafa wani ɓangare na shirin samar da ayyukan yi "Fridtjof Nansen" (wanda mai shi ya jagoranta), wanda ya ƙunshi sake gyara wannan jirgin da kuma sauran jiragen ruwa masu tafiya da jirgin ruwa Fridtjof Nansen da Nobile . A shekarar 1993, an fara amfani da jirgin a matsayin sabon jirgin ruwa da sunan ''Roald Amundsen'' . Sabuwar ƙungiyar horar da jiragen ruwa da aka kafa ''LebenLernen auf Segelschiffen eV'' ce ta yi hayar ta (gajere: LLaS; Jamusanci: koyon rayuwa a kan jiragen ruwa). Bayan ɗan gajeren lokaci na yin atisaye da wani ƙungiyar horar da jiragen ruwa, ''Segelschiff Fritjof Nansen eV'', a shekarar 1993, tun daga lokacin aka yi hayar ''Roald Amundsen'' daga LLaS kuma ana amfani da shi don horar da jiragen ruwa. ''Roald Amundsen'' yanzu yana aiki duk shekara a matsayin jirgin ruwan horar da jiragen ruwa tare da tafiye-tafiye tsakanin makonni ɗaya zuwa uku. Tashar tashar ta gida Eckernförde, wani birni mai tashar jiragen ruwa a Schleswig-Holstein kusa da [[Kiel]] a arewacin Jamus. Ana yin watannin bazara tare da tafiye-tafiye a Tekun Baltic daga Denmark zuwa ƙasashen Baltic ko Tekun Arewa. Ana yin lokacin sanyi a yankuna masu zafi. ''Roald Amundsen'' ya sha ketare Tekun Atlantika akai-akai, yana kan hanyarsa ta zuwa tashoshin jiragen ruwa na Kudancin Amurka a [[Brazil]] da French Guiana (1998), don manyan jiragen ruwa a Arewacin Amurka (2000, 2010), da kuma zuwa [[Karibiyan|Caribbean]] (2001, 2011/12, 2012/13). Sauran wuraren da ake zuwa sun haɗa da [[Ayislan|Iceland]] (1995), Ingila da Ireland (2006), [[Bahar Rum]] (2006/07, 2007/08), [[Tsibirin Kanariyas|Tsibirin Canary]] (1995), da sauransu. A lokacin tafiyarta ta Arewacin Amurka a shekarar 2010, ''Roald Amundsen'' ta ziyarci Manyan Tafkuna kuma a can ta haɗu da rundunar sojojin ruwan Amurka Niagara ; jiragen ruwan biyu sun ƙulla abota ta musamman, kuma har zuwa shekarar 2013, ''Roald Amundsen'' har yanzu tana daga tutar ''Niagara'' a wasu lokutan kamar Tall Ship Parade a Kiel Week . An ƙulla wata abota, bisa ga ma'aikatan jirginsu da ke cikin jirgin Kiel Week, tare da jirgin ruwan Jamus mai suna ''[[Amphitrite (1887)|Amphitrite]]'' ; jiragen ruwa biyu sun kafa al'adar yin tafiya kusa da juna a lokacin taron. Jirgin ya shiga gasar tseren jiragen ruwa masu tsayi kuma Sail Training International ta ba shi lambar jirgin ruwa mai tsayi na Class A. == Manazarta == ocuh8ovwnxiql4ikawh9ia5pd2oquz5 895112 895110 2026-08-11T17:01:34Z Arcdanumma047 38699 895112 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''''Roald Amundsen''''' (wanda galibi ake kira '''''Roald''''' ; an sanya masa suna don girmama mai binciken sararin samaniya na ƙasar Norway [[Roald Amundsen]] ), wanda aka fara kiransa '''''Vilm''''', jirgin ƙarfe ne na Jamus da aka gina a Kogin Elbe a shekarar 1952. Bayan ta yi aiki a wurare daban-daban, an sake mata kayan aiki a tsakanin 1992 zuwa 1993 a matsayin jirgin ruwa mai manyan masts biyu, kuma yanzu tana aiki a matsayin jirgin horar da jiragen ruwa . A lokacin bazara, yawanci tana aiki a [[Tekun Baltic]], kuma yawanci tana tafiya zuwa wurare masu nisa don hunturu, gami da wasu hanyoyin ketarewa ta tekun Atlantika. == Bayani == ''Roald Amundsen'' yana da tsawon da ya kai {{Convert|49.8|m|ft}}, tsawon jikin jirgin ruwa mai tsawon {{Convert|40.8|m|ft}} da tsawon layin ruwa na {{Convert|38.2|m|ft}} . Jirgin ruwan yana da kauri mai girman {{Convert|7.2|m|ft}} da matsakaicin daftarin {{Convert|4.2|m|ft}} . Tsawon masts {{'}} ''Roald'' ya kai {{Convert|34|m|ft}} kuma an yi musu ƙera jiragen ruwa guda 18 tare da jimillar faɗinsu ya kai {{Convert|850.0|m2}} . Jirgin ruwan yana da tan 480 kuma yana da tan 298 jimlar tan na rajista (GRT) . ''Roald Amundsen'' yana da injin dizal Buckau-Wolff mai silinda 8 wanda aka kiyasta yana da ƙarfin {{Convert|220|kW}} mai suna Emma. Jirgin ruwan yana da janareta guda biyu, daya daga cikin guda {{Convert|48|kW}}, ɗayan {{Convert|53|kW}} . Jirgin ruwan zai iya ɗaukar tan 180 na ballast. ''Roald Amundsen'' yana da ma'aikata 17 tare da masu horarwa har 31 da suka shiga jirgin. == Tarihin jirgin ruwa == An gina harsashin jirgin a wurin jigilar kaya na ''Roßlauer Werft'' a kan kogin Elbe da ke Roßlau, Jamhuriyar Dimokuradiyyar Jamus, a shekarar 1952. Da farko an yi niyya ne don kamun kifi a matsayin babban jirgin ruwa na kamun kifi a teku, an canza tsare-tsaren kafin a kammala aikin jirgin, sannan aka gina ta a matsayin nau'in jirgin ruwa . An kammala aikin jirgin ruwan a wurin jigilar kaya na ''Peene-Werft'' da ke Wolgast, Jamus, a Tekun Baltic. An sanya wa jirgin suna ''Vilm'', kuma an yi amfani da shi ne ga Rundunar Sojojin Ƙasa (NVA), da farko a matsayin jirgin ruwa mai ɗaukar kaya da kuma jigilar kayayyaki, wanda ke aiki daga Peenemünde kuma galibi ma'aikatan jirgin ruwa fararen hula ne ke jagoranta. An mayar da shi kamfanin jigilar ruwa na Bilge a shekarun 1970 a kan Peene-Werft, ''Vilm'' ya yi tafiye-tafiye akai-akai zuwa sansanonin Sojojin Jama'a na Ƙasa don ɗaukar ruwan Bilge na jiragen ruwa zuwa wani wurin kula da lafiya na tsakiya. An dakatar da wannan hidimar a ƙarshen shekarar 1988. Bayan ba a yi amfani da ''Vilm'' ba tsawon shekara guda, an ja shi zuwa Neustadt da ke Holstein sannan aka kai shi sansanin sojojin ruwa da ake amfani da shi a matsayin wurin zama . A farkon shekarar 1991, wani kamfani mai suna [[Vebeg GmbH]], ya sanya jirgin don sayarwa don sayar da kadarorin gwamnatin tarayya. Detlev Löll da Hanns Temme sun sayi jirgin ne a wani gwanjo, kuma tare da taimakon wasu tsoffin ma'aikatan jirgin, sun yi jigilar jirgin zuwa Wolgast a Mecklenburg-Vorpommern . A lokacin bazara na shekarar 1992, an fara cikakken gyaran jirgin, wanda a cikinsa jirgin ya sami sabon keel na waje kuma aka sake masa fasali a matsayin jirgin ruwa; na'urar ta haɗa da filafilai murabba'i biyar a kowane mast kuma ta haɗa da yadudduka masu ɗagawa don yadi uku na sama (babban mat, topgallant da royal) a kowane mast, wanda ke rage tsakiyar nauyi na jirgin lokacin da aka yi filafilai. An ba da tallafin gyaran ne daga jihar Mecklenburg-Vorpommern da kuma Bundesagentur für Arbeit kuma an kafa wani ɓangare na shirin samar da ayyukan yi "Fridtjof Nansen" (wanda mai shi ya jagoranta), wanda ya ƙunshi sake gyara wannan jirgin da kuma sauran jiragen ruwa masu tafiya da jirgin ruwa Fridtjof Nansen da Nobile . A shekarar 1993, an fara amfani da jirgin a matsayin sabon jirgin ruwa da sunan ''Roald Amundsen'' . Sabuwar ƙungiyar horar da jiragen ruwa da aka kafa ''LebenLernen auf Segelschiffen eV'' ce ta yi hayar ta (gajere: LLaS; Jamusanci: koyon rayuwa a kan jiragen ruwa). Bayan ɗan gajeren lokaci na yin atisaye da wani ƙungiyar horar da jiragen ruwa, ''Segelschiff Fritjof Nansen eV'', a shekarar 1993, tun daga lokacin aka yi hayar ''Roald Amundsen'' daga LLaS kuma ana amfani da shi don horar da jiragen ruwa. ''Roald Amundsen'' yanzu yana aiki duk shekara a matsayin jirgin ruwan horar da jiragen ruwa tare da tafiye-tafiye tsakanin makonni ɗaya zuwa uku. Tashar tashar ta gida Eckernförde, wani birni mai tashar jiragen ruwa a Schleswig-Holstein kusa da [[Kiel]] a arewacin Jamus. Ana yin watannin bazara tare da tafiye-tafiye a Tekun Baltic daga Denmark zuwa ƙasashen Baltic ko Tekun Arewa. Ana yin lokacin sanyi a yankuna masu zafi. ''Roald Amundsen'' ya sha ketare Tekun Atlantika akai-akai, yana kan hanyarsa ta zuwa tashoshin jiragen ruwa na Kudancin Amurka a [[Brazil]] da French Guiana (1998), don manyan jiragen ruwa a Arewacin Amurka (2000, 2010), da kuma zuwa [[Karibiyan|Caribbean]] (2001, 2011/12, 2012/13). Sauran wuraren da ake zuwa sun haɗa da [[Ayislan|Iceland]] (1995), Ingila da Ireland (2006), [[Bahar Rum]] (2006/07, 2007/08), [[Tsibirin Kanariyas|Tsibirin Canary]] (1995), da sauransu. A lokacin tafiyarta ta Arewacin Amurka a shekarar 2010, ''Roald Amundsen'' ta ziyarci Manyan Tafkuna kuma a can ta haɗu da rundunar sojojin ruwan Amurka Niagara ; jiragen ruwan biyu sun ƙulla abota ta musamman, kuma har zuwa shekarar 2013, ''Roald Amundsen'' har yanzu tana daga tutar ''Niagara'' a wasu lokutan kamar Tall Ship Parade a Kiel Week . An ƙulla wata abota, bisa ga ma'aikatan jirginsu da ke cikin jirgin Kiel Week, tare da jirgin ruwan Jamus mai suna ''[[Amphitrite (1887)|Amphitrite]]'' ; jiragen ruwa biyu sun kafa al'adar yin tafiya kusa da juna a lokacin taron. Jirgin ya shiga gasar tseren jiragen ruwa masu tsayi kuma Sail Training International ta ba shi lambar jirgin ruwa mai tsayi na Class A. == Manazarta == pqjzn3ijznnw4jlru9a51a4gx80gjlj 0 163212 895118 2026-08-11T17:03:24Z Arcdanumma047 38699 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1330077258|Cantiere Internazionale d'Arte]]" 895118 wikitext text/x-wiki '''{{Lang|it|Cantiere Internazionale d'Arte}}''' (Bita na Fasaha na Duniya) biki ne na shekara-shekara na makarantar bazara ta duniya da kuma bikin kiɗa ga matasa mawaƙa, 'yan wasan kwaikwayo, mawaƙa, jagoran wasanni da mawaƙa. Hans Werner Henze ne ya kafa shi a Montepulciano, Italiya, a shekarar 1976. An gabatar da ayyuka da dama a bikin farko na duniya. == Tarihi == Hans Werner Henze ya kafa Cantiere Internazionale d'Arte a Montepulciano, Tuscany, a cikin 1976. Ana shirya shirye-shiryen kade-kade da wasan kwaikwayo a makarantar bazara sannan a yi wasa a bikin. Ba a biyan kuɗi ga mahalarta taron, sai dai abinci da masauki. <ref name="Preiner">{{Cite web |last=Preiner |first=Michaela |date=26 May 2010 |title=Roland Böer – Ein Dirigent zwischen Oper und Symphonie |url=https://www.european-cultural-news.com/roland-boer-ein-dirigent-zwischen-oper-und-symphonie/3221/ |access-date=20 November 2021 |website=european-cultural-news.com |language=de}}</ref> Daga cikin wuraren akwai gidan tarihi {{Interlanguage link|Teatro Poliziano|it}} . Tun daga watan Nuwamba na 2005, Fondazione Cantiere Internazionale d'Arte di Montepulciano ce ta shirya taron bita, wanda garin ke gudanarwa, da kuma Lardin Siena . Roland Böer ya zama daraktan kiɗa a shekarar 2009, kuma shi ne daraktan fasaha daga 2015 zuwa 2020. <ref name="Frankfurt">{{Cite web |date=2021 |title=Roland Böer / Dirigent |url=https://oper-frankfurt.de/de/ensemble-gaeste-teams/ensemble/?detail=488 |access-date=20 November 2021 |website=[[Oper Frankfurt]] |language=de}}</ref> <ref name="Preiner">{{Cite web |last=Preiner |first=Michaela |date=26 May 2010 |title=Roland Böer – Ein Dirigent zwischen Oper und Symphonie |url=https://www.european-cultural-news.com/roland-boer-ein-dirigent-zwischen-oper-und-symphonie/3221/ |access-date=20 November 2021 |website=european-cultural-news.com |language=de}}<cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFPreiner2010">Preiner, Michaela (26 May 2010). [https://www.european-cultural-news.com/roland-boer-ein-dirigent-zwischen-oper-und-symphonie/3221/ "Roland Böer – Ein Dirigent zwischen Oper und Symphonie"]. ''european-cultural-news.com'' (in German)<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">20 November</span> 2021</span>.</cite> [[Category:CS1 German-language sources (de)]]</ref> Vincent Monteil ya biyo baya a matsayin daraktan fasaha. == Manazarta == 8pbn8skv0ndt3bcsy26o0sluylb0t2c 895120 895118 2026-08-11T17:03:59Z Arcdanumma047 38699 895120 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''{{Lang|it|Cantiere Internazionale d'Arte}}''' (Bita na Fasaha na Duniya) biki ne na shekara-shekara na makarantar bazara ta duniya da kuma bikin kiɗa ga matasa mawaƙa, 'yan wasan kwaikwayo, mawaƙa, jagoran wasanni da mawaƙa. Hans Werner Henze ne ya kafa shi a Montepulciano, Italiya, a shekarar 1976. An gabatar da ayyuka da dama a bikin farko na duniya. == Tarihi == Hans Werner Henze ya kafa Cantiere Internazionale d'Arte a Montepulciano, Tuscany, a cikin 1976. Ana shirya shirye-shiryen kade-kade da wasan kwaikwayo a makarantar bazara sannan a yi wasa a bikin. Ba a biyan kuɗi ga mahalarta taron, sai dai abinci da masauki. <ref name="Preiner">{{Cite web |last=Preiner |first=Michaela |date=26 May 2010 |title=Roland Böer – Ein Dirigent zwischen Oper und Symphonie |url=https://www.european-cultural-news.com/roland-boer-ein-dirigent-zwischen-oper-und-symphonie/3221/ |access-date=20 November 2021 |website=european-cultural-news.com |language=de}}</ref> Daga cikin wuraren akwai gidan tarihi {{Interlanguage link|Teatro Poliziano|it}} . Tun daga watan Nuwamba na 2005, Fondazione Cantiere Internazionale d'Arte di Montepulciano ce ta shirya taron bita, wanda garin ke gudanarwa, da kuma Lardin Siena . Roland Böer ya zama daraktan kiɗa a shekarar 2009, kuma shi ne daraktan fasaha daga 2015 zuwa 2020. <ref name="Frankfurt">{{Cite web |date=2021 |title=Roland Böer / Dirigent |url=https://oper-frankfurt.de/de/ensemble-gaeste-teams/ensemble/?detail=488 |access-date=20 November 2021 |website=[[Oper Frankfurt]] |language=de}}</ref> <ref name="Preiner">{{Cite web |last=Preiner |first=Michaela |date=26 May 2010 |title=Roland Böer – Ein Dirigent zwischen Oper und Symphonie |url=https://www.european-cultural-news.com/roland-boer-ein-dirigent-zwischen-oper-und-symphonie/3221/ |access-date=20 November 2021 |website=european-cultural-news.com |language=de}}<cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFPreiner2010">Preiner, Michaela (26 May 2010). [https://www.european-cultural-news.com/roland-boer-ein-dirigent-zwischen-oper-und-symphonie/3221/ "Roland Böer – Ein Dirigent zwischen Oper und Symphonie"]. ''european-cultural-news.com'' (in German)<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">20 November</span> 2021</span>.</cite> [[Category:CS1 German-language sources (de)]]</ref> Vincent Monteil ya biyo baya a matsayin daraktan fasaha. == Manazarta == 0pzfm2szq2n9ezqeftw0v96xpodmwgy 0 163213 895144 2026-08-11T17:37:11Z Halima Waziri 29451 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1366662899|Zinoleesky]]" 895144 wikitext text/x-wiki <templatestyles src="Plainlist/styles.css"></templatestyles><templatestyles src="Module:Infobox/styles.css"></templatestyles>{{Infobox musical artist|Name=Zinoleesky|image=|Birth_name=Oniyide Adigun Azeez|Alias=Banku|birth_date={{Birth date and age|df=yes|2000|04|21}}|birth_place=[[Agege]], [[Lagos state]], Nigeria|Origin=Nigeria|Genre={{hlist|[[Gqom#Street pop|Street pop]]<ref>{{Cite web|last=Ezema |first=Patrick |year=2023|title=FOR ITS NEXT LAP, NIGERIA'S STREET POP IS PUSHING INTO EXPERIMENTAL FIELDS|url=https://thenativemag.com/street-pop-next-experimental/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230209215833/https://thenativemag.com/street-pop-next-experimental/|archive-date=9 February 2023 |access-date=29 June 2024 |website=The Native Mag}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=Williams |first=Kyann-Sian |year=2023|title=Zinoleesky: Nigerian street pop pioneer with a world domination plan|url=https://www.nme.com/features/music-interviews/zinoleesky-nigerian-street-pop-grit-lust-interview-radar-3396364|url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230216123008/https://www.nme.com/features/music-interviews/zinoleesky-nigerian-street-pop-grit-lust-interview-radar-3396364 |archive-date=16 February 2023 |access-date=17 May 2024 |website=NME}}</ref>|[[pop rap]]}}|Occupation={{hlist|Singer|rapper|songwriter}}|Label=Zinodict Music}}Oniyide Azeez (an haife shi a ranar 21 ga Afrilu 2000), [1] [2] wanda aka fi sani da Zinoleesky, mawaki ne na Najeriya, mawaƙi kuma mawakin rap. [3] [4] Ya fara shahara a shafukan sada zumunta da salon 'freestyles' da kuma wasan kwaikwayo tare da abokinsa na yarinta Lil Frosh. Ya shahara sosai bayan ƙaddamar da aikinsa na farko na Chrome Eccentric wanda ya ƙunshi waƙoƙin da suka shahara kamar "Ma Pariwo" da "Kilofeshe.". [5] [6] == Rayuwa ta farko == An haifi Zinoleesky a ranar 21 ga Afrilu, 2000, a [[Lagos (jiha)|Jihar Legas]] ga Mista da Misis Oniyide, asalinsa ya fito ne daga [[Jihar Ogun]], Najeriya. <ref>{{Cite web |date=17 December 2022 |title=Full Biography and Net Worth Of Zinoleesky - How Nigeria News |url=https://howng.com/full-biography-and-net-worth-of-zinoleesky/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230420152216/https://howng.com/full-biography-and-net-worth-of-zinoleesky/ |archive-date=2023-04-20 |access-date=2023-04-20 |website=How Nigeria News - Discover Nigerian Trends Online |language=en-US}}</ref> Azeez ya girma a Agege, Jihar Legas, kuma ya halarci Makarantar Nursery and Primary ta Lively Kiddies don karatunsa na firamare, sannan daga baya ya halarci Makarantar Sakandare ta Jihar Oyewole Agege, Jihar Legas, don karatunsa na sakandare. <ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-11-17 |title=Zinoleesky's biography: age, girlfriend, net worth, house, music |url=https://infoguidenigeria.com/zinoleeskys-biography/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230420145240/https://infoguidenigeria.com/zinoleeskys-biography/ |archive-date=2023-04-20 |access-date=2023-04-20 |website=InfoGuideNigeria.com |language=en-US}}</ref> == Sana'a == Zinoleesky ya sami ƙaunarsa ga kiɗa a lokacin ƙuruciyarsa, da farko ya fara shiga waƙar rap mai salon 'freestyle '. Duk da haka, nasararsa ta zo ne a shekarar 2017 lokacin da bidiyonsa suka shahara a yanar gizo, wanda hakan ya sa ya shahara. <ref>{{Cite web |last=HopperJ |date=2022-05-14 |title=NL LIST!! The Current Top 10 Street Artistes In Nigeria (No.7 Has Been A Joy To Listen To So Far This Year) |url=https://www.naijaloaded.com.ng/lists/nl-list-the-current-top-10-street-artistes-in-nigeria-no-7-has-been-a-joy-to-listen-to-so-far-this-year |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230420152223/https://www.naijaloaded.com.ng/lists/nl-list-the-current-top-10-street-artistes-in-nigeria-no-7-has-been-a-joy-to-listen-to-so-far-this-year |archive-date=2023-04-20 |access-date=2023-04-20 |website=Naijaloaded {{!}} Nigeria's Most Visited Music & Entertainment Website |language=en-US}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |last=Williams |first=Kyann-Sian |date=2023-02-15 |title=Zinoleesky: Nigerian street pop pioneer with a world domination plan |url=https://www.nme.com/features/music-interviews/zinoleesky-nigerian-street-pop-grit-lust-interview-radar-3396364 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230307164809/https://www.nme.com/features/music-interviews/zinoleesky-nigerian-street-pop-grit-lust-interview-radar-3396364 |archive-date=2023-03-07 |access-date=2023-04-20 |website=NME |language=en-GB}}</ref> Rahotanni da dama sun nuna cewa kamfanin [[Davido]] ya ba shi kwangilar rikodin fim ɗin DMW amma ya ƙi karɓar tayin kuma ya zaɓi yin aiki a matsayin mai fasaha mai zaman kansa. <ref>{{Cite web |date=2020-01-03 |title=Naira Marley beats Davido to sign Zinoleesky to Marlian Music |url=https://www.ghgossip.com/naira-marley-beats-davido-to-sign-zinoleesky-to-marlian-music/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220928101920/https://www.ghgossip.com/naira-marley-beats-davido-to-sign-zinoleesky-to-marlian-music/ |archive-date=2022-09-28 |access-date=2023-04-20 |website=www.ghgossip.com |language=en-AU}}</ref> A ranar 23 ga Disamba, 2019, aka sanya masa hannu a kamfanin wakokin "Marlian Records" wanda mawakin Najeriya, [[Naira Marley|Naira Marley,]] ke da iko da shi. Zinoleesky ya fitar da kundin wakokinsa na farko mai suna ''Chrome Eccentric'' a shekarar 2020, shekara guda bayan ya sanya hannu da Marlian Records. Kundin wakokin ya ƙunshi waƙoƙi shida, ciki har da waƙoƙin "Mapariwo" da "Kilofeshe". A watan Satumba na 2020, Ma Pariwo ta kasance lamba ta 14 a jadawalin Apple Music da kuma lamba ta 12 a jadawalin YouTube. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Ma Pariwo |url=https://www.top-charts.com/s/ma-pariwo-zinoleesky |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230420155744/https://www.top-charts.com/s/ma-pariwo-zinoleesky |archive-date=2023-04-20 |access-date=2023-04-20 |website=www.top-charts.com |language=en}}</ref> Shekara guda bayan fitowar kundin wakokinsa na farko, Zinoleesky ya ƙirƙiri wani remix ga waƙar da ta shahara "Kilofeshe" wacce ta ƙunshi [[Mayorkun|Maryorkun]] kuma mawaƙin Afirka ta Kudu, Busiswa . <ref>{{Cite web |date=2021-02-26 |title=MUSIC: Zinoleesky ft Mayorkun X Busiswa - Kilofeshe (Remix) |url=https://www.ghgossip.com/music-zinoleesky-ft-mayorkun-x-busiswa-kilofeshe-remix/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230420150152/https://www.ghgossip.com/music-zinoleesky-ft-mayorkun-x-busiswa-kilofeshe-remix/ |archive-date=2023-04-20 |access-date=2023-04-20 |website=www.ghgossip.com |language=en-AU}}</ref> A watan Disamba na 2022, ya fitar da wakokinsa na farko na EP ''Grit and Lust'', wadanda suka kunshi wakoki kamar "Call of Duty" da "YanYanYan". <ref>{{Cite web |last=Hussain |first=Shahzaib |date=2022-12-23 |title=Zinoleesky Drops 'Grit & Lust' EP {{!}} News |url=https://www.clashmusic.com/news/zinoleesky-drops-grit-lust-ep/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230212051756/https://www.clashmusic.com/news/zinoleesky-drops-grit-lust-ep/ |archive-date=2023-02-12 |access-date=2023-04-20 |website=Clash Magazine Music News, Reviews & Interviews}}</ref> == Rayuwa ta sirri == A watan Oktoban 2021, Zinoleesky da 'yar'uwar Naira Marley, Shubomi, sun yi ta yaɗa jita-jita da dama cewa suna soyayya. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Oladimeji |date=2021-10-14 |title=Zinoleesky Naira Marley's Sister, Shubomi stir dating rumor over video of them kissing (Watch) {{!}} 36NG |url=https://www.36ng.ng/2021/10/14/zinoleesky-naira-marleys-sister-shubomi-stir-dating-rumor-over-video-of-them-kissing-watch/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230420152215/https://www.36ng.ng/2021/10/14/zinoleesky-naira-marleys-sister-shubomi-stir-dating-rumor-over-video-of-them-kissing-watch/ |archive-date=2023-04-20 |access-date=2023-04-20 |language=en-US}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |last=Tosin |first=Alamu |date=2021-10-14 |title=Is Shubomi dating Zinoleesky? Reactions as Naira Marley's sister locks lips with Marlian singer |url=https://www.ngnews247.com/is-shubomi-dating-zinoleesky-reactions-as-naira-marleys-sister-locks-lips-with-marlian-singer-video/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230420152214/https://www.ngnews247.com/is-shubomi-dating-zinoleesky-reactions-as-naira-marleys-sister-locks-lips-with-marlian-singer-video/ |archive-date=2023-04-20 |access-date=2023-04-20 |website=Naija News 247 |language=en-US}}</ref> A watan Janairun 2023, ya sanar da cewa bai yi aure ba. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Online |first=The Eagle |date=2023-01-13 |title=Why I broke up with Naira Marley's sister — Zinoleesky + Video - |url=https://theeagleonline.com.ng/why-i-broke-up-with-naira-marleys-sister-zinoleesky/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230420152214/https://theeagleonline.com.ng/why-i-broke-up-with-naira-marleys-sister-zinoleesky/ |archive-date=2023-04-20 |access-date=2023-04-20 |website=The Eagle Online |language=en-US}}</ref> A watan Disamba na shekarar 2023, ya haifi ɗansa na fari, 'ya mace mai suna Zendaya. == Kundin Waƙoƙi == === Kundin waƙoƙi === {| class="wikitable plainrowheaders" style="text-align:center" |+ ! rowspan="2" scope="col" | Lakabi ! rowspan="2" scope="col" | Cikakkun bayanai game da kundin ! colspan="1" scope="col" | Matsayi na jadawali mafi tsayi |- ! scope="col" style="width:3em;font-size:90%" | Amurka<nowiki><br id="mwkA"></nowiki><nowiki><br></nowiki><nowiki><br></nowiki><nowiki><br></nowiki> Duniya<br /><br /><br /><br /> |- ! scope="row" | ''Ƙazanta da Sha'awa'' | * An Saki: 23 Disamba 2022 <ref>{{Cite web |last=Folami |first=Funke |date=2022-12-23 |title=Zinoleesky Releases New EP "Grit & Lust." |url=https://ibrandtv.com/zinoleesky-releases-new-ep-grit-lust/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230201093238/https://ibrandtv.com/zinoleesky-releases-new-ep-grit-lust/ |archive-date=2023-02-01 |access-date=2023-04-20 |website=iBrandTV |language=en-GB}}</ref> * Lakabi: Marlian * Tsarin: Saukewa ta dijital, yawo | — |- ! scope="row" | ''Nau'in Z'' | * An Saki: 25 Afrilu 2025 * Lakabi: Marlian * Tsarin: Saukewa ta dijital, yawo | 9 |} '''Wasannin da aka tsawaita (EPs)''' {| class="wikitable plainrowheaders" |+ !Lakabi ! Cikakkun bayanai game da EP |- ! scope="row" | ''Chrome Eccentric'' | * An Saki: 13 Disamba 2020 * Lakabi: Marlian Records * Tsarin: Saukewa ta dijital, yawo |} === Marasa aure === {| class="wikitable" |+As lead artist !Year !Title !Ref. |- | rowspan="5" |2019 |"Joromi" | |- |"Popo" |<ref>{{Cite web |last=Lala |first=Emmanuel |date=2019-09-10 |title=DOWNLOAD mp3: Zinoleesky – Popo {{!}} 36NG |url=https://www.36ng.ng/2019/09/10/zinoleesky-popo/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230420161709/https://www.36ng.ng/2019/09/10/zinoleesky-popo/ |archive-date=2023-04-20 |access-date=2023-04-20 |language=en-US}}</ref> |- |"Firi Yoyo" |<ref>{{Cite web |last=Azeez |first=Makinde |date=2019-07-14 |title=[Music] Zinoleesky x Ibradosky x Lil Frosh – Firi Yoyo |url=https://www.naijaloaded.com.ng/download-music/zinoleesky-x-ibradosky-x-lil-frosh-firi-yoyo |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230420155741/https://www.naijaloaded.com.ng/download-music/zinoleesky-x-ibradosky-x-lil-frosh-firi-yoyo |archive-date=2023-04-20 |access-date=2023-04-20 |website=Naijaloaded {{!}} Nigeria's Most Visited Music & Entertainment Website |language=en-US}}</ref> |- |"Money" (featuring [[Zlatan]]) | |- |"Who Knows" (featuring Lil Frosh) | |- | rowspan="2" |2020 |"Caro" |<ref>{{Cite web |title=Zinoleesky and Naira Marley Drop New Single 'Caro' and Accompanying Visuals - OkayAfrica |url=https://www.okayafrica.com/listen-to-naira-marley-zinoleesky-new-track-and-visuals-caro/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230420145234/https://www.okayafrica.com/listen-to-naira-marley-zinoleesky-new-track-and-visuals-caro/ |archive-date=2023-04-20 |access-date=2023-04-20 |website=www.okayafrica.com |language=en}}</ref> |- |"End Sars" |<ref>{{Cite web |date=2020-10-13 |title=Zinoleesky lends voice against police brutality in new single, 'End Sars' {{!}} LISTEN! |url=https://notjustok.com/mp3-songs/sarsmustgo-zinoleesky-lends-voice-against-police-brutality-in-new-single-end-sars/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230420145237/https://notjustok.com/mp3-songs/sarsmustgo-zinoleesky-lends-voice-against-police-brutality-in-new-single-end-sars/ |archive-date=2023-04-20 |access-date=2023-04-20 |website=NotjustOk |language=en-US}}</ref> |- | rowspan="5" |2021 |"Kilofeshe" (Remix) |<ref>{{Cite web |date=2021-11-03 |title=Why I Featured Mayorkun & Busiswa On Kilofeshe - Zinoleesky |url=https://notjustok.com/news/why-i-featured-mayorkun-busiswa-on-kilofeshe-zinoleesky/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230420145235/https://notjustok.com/news/why-i-featured-mayorkun-busiswa-on-kilofeshe-zinoleesky/ |archive-date=2023-04-20 |access-date=2023-04-20 |website=NotjustOk |language=en-US}}</ref> |- |"Naira Marley" | |- |"Gone Far" | |- |"Blessings" |<ref>{{Cite web |last=Safiano |title=Niphkeys - Blessings Ft. Zinoleesky (Prod. By Niphkeys) |url=https://www.crateshub.com/naija-music/niphkeys-blessings-ft-zinoleesky.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230420161710/https://www.crateshub.com/naija-music/niphkeys-blessings-ft-zinoleesky.html |archive-date=2023-04-20 |access-date=2023-04-20 |website=CratesHub.com |language=en-gb}}</ref> |- |"Loving You" |<ref>{{Cite web |last=Tv |first=Bn |date=2022-07-20 |title=New Video: Zinoleesky – Loving You |url=https://www.bellanaija.com/2022/07/zinoleesky-loving-you/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230420155742/https://www.bellanaija.com/2022/07/zinoleesky-loving-you/ |archive-date=2023-04-20 |access-date=2023-04-20 |website=BellaNaija |language=en-US}}</ref> |- |2022 |"Call of Duty" |<ref>{{Cite web |last=Ideozu |first=Thelma |date=2022-08-26 |title=Zinoleesky Returns With New Single Titled 'Call Of Duty' |url=https://culturecustodian.com/zinoleesky-returns-with-new-single-titled-call-of-duty/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230211194413/https://culturecustodian.com/zinoleesky-returns-with-new-single-titled-call-of-duty/ |archive-date=2023-02-11 |access-date=2023-04-20 |website=The Culture Custodian (Est. 2014.) |language=en-GB}}</ref> |- |2023 |"Sunny Ade" |<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-01-06 |title=Sunny Ade Lyrics by Zinoleesky |url=https://notjustok.com/lyrics/sunny-ade-lyrics-by-zinoleesky/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240614065015/https://notjustok.com/lyrics/sunny-ade-lyrics-by-zinoleesky/ |archive-date=2024-06-14 |access-date=2024-06-14 |website=NotjustOk |language=en-US}}</ref> |- |2024 |"Element" |<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-04-26 |title=Zinoleesky drops new single 'Element' |url=https://notjustok.com/songs/zinoleesky-element/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240614065015/https://notjustok.com/songs/zinoleesky-element/ |archive-date=2024-06-14 |access-date=2024-06-14 |website=NotjustOk |language=en-US}}</ref> |- |2024 |"Abanikanda" (featuring Naira Marley) |[https://notjustok.com/songs/zinoleesky-naira-marley-abanikanda/] |- | rowspan="2" |2025 |Lifestyle |<ref>{{Cite web |last=Elmalawx |date=2025-05-12 |title=Title: Zinoleesky – Lifestyle Mp3 Download (Audio) |url=https://ratedsongs.com/zinoleesky-lifestyle-mp3-download-audio/ |access-date=2025-05-12 |language=en-US}}</ref> |- |"Fuji Garbage" (featuring Chief Dr. Sikiru Ayinde Barrister (MFR)) |<ref>{{Cite web |last=Okhide |first=Peter |date=2024-12-06 |title=Zinoleesky wraps up the year with 'Fuji Garbage' |url=https://notjustok.com/uncategorized/zinoleesky-fuji-garbage/ |access-date=2025-02-17 |website=NotjustOk |language=en-US}}</ref> |} === Bidiyon hukuma === * "Caro" (2020) * "Kilofeshe" (2021) * "Naira Marley" (2022) * "An Yi Nisa" (2022) <ref>{{Cite web |last=Peter |first=Dennis Ade |date=2021-10-12 |title=Best New Music: Zinoleesky's "Gone Far" is a well-earned victory lap |url=https://thenativemag.com/best-new-music-zinoleesky-gone-far/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230327170002/http://thenativemag.com/best-new-music-zinoleesky-gone-far/ |archive-date=2023-03-27 |access-date=2023-04-20 |website=The NATIVE |language=en-US}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |title=Zinoleesky Releases 'Gone Far' Video |url=https://www.coolfm.ng/news/editorial/zinoleesky-releases-gone-far/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230420161712/https://www.coolfm.ng/news/editorial/zinoleesky-releases-gone-far/ |archive-date=2023-04-20 |access-date=2023-04-20 |website=Cool FM - Your Number One Hit Music Station ! |language=en}}</ref> * "Jirgi" (2022) * "Ina Son Ka" (2022) <ref>{{Cite web |last=Nwangwu |first=Adaora |date=2022-05-13 |title=Zinoleesky Proclaims His Intense Desires on 'Loving You' |url=https://culturecustodian.com/zinoleesky-proclaims-his-intense-desires-on-loving-you/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230212100857/https://culturecustodian.com/zinoleesky-proclaims-his-intense-desires-on-loving-you/ |archive-date=2023-02-12 |access-date=2023-04-20 |website=The Culture Custodian (Est. 2014.) |language=en-GB}}</ref> * "Kiran Aiki" (2022) <ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-08-26 |title=New Music Friday: Zinoleesky Drops Another Banger "Call Of Duty" |url=https://koko.ng/zinoleesky-drops-another-banger-call-of-duty/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230420163213/https://koko.ng/zinoleesky-drops-another-banger-call-of-duty/ |archive-date=2023-04-20 |access-date=2023-04-20 |website=koko.ng |language=en-GB}}</ref> * "Na Kai" (2023) * "YanYan" (2023) * "Lokacin Ƙarshe" (2023) <ref>{{Cite web |last=Igwe |first=Nwanneamaka |date=2023-01-17 |title=Best New Music: Zinoleesky Is Done With Love On "Last Time" |url=https://thenativemag.com/best-new-music-zinoleesky-last-time/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230420155742/https://thenativemag.com/best-new-music-zinoleesky-last-time/ |archive-date=2023-04-20 |access-date=2023-04-20 |website=The NATIVE |language=en-US}}</ref> == Yawon shakatawa == Yawon Bude Ido na Burtaniya <ref>{{Cite web |title=Zinoleesky Tours, Tickets and Dates |url=https://www.ents24.com/uk/tour-dates/zinoleesky |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230420161710/https://www.ents24.com/uk/tour-dates/zinoleesky |archive-date=2023-04-20 |access-date=2023-04-20 |website=Ents24 |language=en}}</ref> == Lambobin yabo da nadin mukamai == {| class="wikitable" |+ ! Shekara ! Kyauta ! Nau'i ! Wanda aka zaɓa/Aiki ! Sakamako ! Bayani |- | 2020 | Masu Takalma | Sabon ɗan wasa na Shekara | "Mafariwo"|{{Nom}} | <ref>{{Cite web |date=2020-12-07 |title=Headies 2020: All the nominees |url=https://www.musicinafrica.net/magazine/headies-2020-all-nominees |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230420143507/https://www.musicinafrica.net/magazine/headies-2020-all-nominees |archive-date=2023-04-20 |access-date=2023-04-20 |website=Music In Africa |language=en}}</ref> |- | 2020 | [[Kyautar fim ta Mutanen birni|Kyautar Kiɗan Jama'a ta Birni]] | Mawaki Mai Kyau Na Gaba (Nau'in Maza) | kansa|{{Nom}} | <ref>{{Cite web |last=Reporter |date=2020-11-30 |title=#CPMA2020: Citypeople releases nominations for 2020 Music Awards |url=https://www.citypeopleonline.com/cpma2020-citypeople-releases-nominations-for-2020-music-awards/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211023193217/http://www.citypeopleonline.com/cpma2020-citypeople-releases-nominations-for-2020-music-awards/ |archive-date=2021-10-23 |access-date=2023-04-20 |website=City People Magazine |language=en-US}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |last=Ago |first=Arinze |date=2017-08-07 |title=#CPMA2017: Full List Of Winners At the City People Music Awards |url=https://www.citypeopleonline.com/cpma2017-full-list-winners-city-people-music-awards/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230420161710/https://www.citypeopleonline.com/cpma2017-full-list-winners-city-people-music-awards/ |archive-date=2023-04-20 |access-date=2023-04-20 |website=City People Magazine |language=en-US}}</ref> |- | 2022 | Masu Takalma | An ƙima na gaba | kansa|{{Nom}} | <ref>{{Cite web |date=24 May 2022 |title=[15thHeadies] – Zinoleesky, Buju, Portable, Fave, Ayra star Nominated for 2022 Headies Award {{!}} See full list – Inside OAU Media |url=https://www.insideoau.com/2022/05/24/15thheadies-zinoleesky-buju-portable-fave-ayra-star-nominated-for-2022-headies-award-see-full-list/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230420145011/https://www.insideoau.com/2022/05/24/15thheadies-zinoleesky-buju-portable-fave-ayra-star-nominated-for-2022-headies-award-see-full-list/ |archive-date=2023-04-20 |access-date=2023-04-20 |language=en-US}}</ref> |} == Manazarta == <templatestyles src="Reflist/styles.css" />{{Reflist}} Hanyoyin haɗi na waje == * [https://www.legit.ng/entertainment/celebrities/1706932-zinoleeksy-officially-leaves-naira-marley-launches-record-label/ Zinoleesky ya bar Naira Marley a hukumance, ya ƙaddamar da kamfanin rikodin] – Legit.ng {{Authority control}} [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haihuwan 2000]] 5p5zu5y0vik8x6h8t5o8a9kyb4r9gvd 895146 895144 2026-08-11T17:40:32Z Halima Waziri 29451 Saka databox 895146 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} <templatestyles src="Plainlist/styles.css"></templatestyles><templatestyles src="Module:Infobox/styles.css"></templatestyles>{{Infobox musical artist|Name=Zinoleesky|image=|Birth_name=Oniyide Adigun Azeez|Alias=Banku|birth_date={{Birth date and age|df=yes|2000|04|21}}|birth_place=[[Agege]], [[Lagos state]], Nigeria|Origin=Nigeria|Genre={{hlist|[[Gqom#Street pop|Street pop]]<ref>{{Cite web|last=Ezema |first=Patrick |year=2023|title=FOR ITS NEXT LAP, NIGERIA'S STREET POP IS PUSHING INTO EXPERIMENTAL FIELDS|url=https://thenativemag.com/street-pop-next-experimental/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230209215833/https://thenativemag.com/street-pop-next-experimental/|archive-date=9 February 2023 |access-date=29 June 2024 |website=The Native Mag}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=Williams |first=Kyann-Sian |year=2023|title=Zinoleesky: Nigerian street pop pioneer with a world domination plan|url=https://www.nme.com/features/music-interviews/zinoleesky-nigerian-street-pop-grit-lust-interview-radar-3396364|url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230216123008/https://www.nme.com/features/music-interviews/zinoleesky-nigerian-street-pop-grit-lust-interview-radar-3396364 |archive-date=16 February 2023 |access-date=17 May 2024 |website=NME}}</ref>|[[pop rap]]}}|Occupation={{hlist|Singer|rapper|songwriter}}|Label=Zinodict Music}}Oniyide Azeez (an haife shi a ranar 21 ga Afrilu 2000), [1] [2] wanda aka fi sani da Zinoleesky, mawaki ne na Najeriya, mawaƙi kuma mawakin rap. [3] [4] Ya fara shahara a shafukan sada zumunta da salon 'freestyles' da kuma wasan kwaikwayo tare da abokinsa na yarinta Lil Frosh. Ya shahara sosai bayan ƙaddamar da aikinsa na farko na Chrome Eccentric wanda ya ƙunshi waƙoƙin da suka shahara kamar "Ma Pariwo" da "Kilofeshe.". [5] [6] == Rayuwa ta farko == An haifi Zinoleesky a ranar 21 ga Afrilu, 2000, a [[Lagos (jiha)|Jihar Legas]] ga Mista da Misis Oniyide, asalinsa ya fito ne daga [[Jihar Ogun]], Najeriya. <ref>{{Cite web |date=17 December 2022 |title=Full Biography and Net Worth Of Zinoleesky - How Nigeria News |url=https://howng.com/full-biography-and-net-worth-of-zinoleesky/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230420152216/https://howng.com/full-biography-and-net-worth-of-zinoleesky/ |archive-date=2023-04-20 |access-date=2023-04-20 |website=How Nigeria News - Discover Nigerian Trends Online |language=en-US}}</ref> Azeez ya girma a Agege, Jihar Legas, kuma ya halarci Makarantar Nursery and Primary ta Lively Kiddies don karatunsa na firamare, sannan daga baya ya halarci Makarantar Sakandare ta Jihar Oyewole Agege, Jihar Legas, don karatunsa na sakandare. <ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-11-17 |title=Zinoleesky's biography: age, girlfriend, net worth, house, music |url=https://infoguidenigeria.com/zinoleeskys-biography/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230420145240/https://infoguidenigeria.com/zinoleeskys-biography/ |archive-date=2023-04-20 |access-date=2023-04-20 |website=InfoGuideNigeria.com |language=en-US}}</ref> == Sana'a == Zinoleesky ya sami ƙaunarsa ga kiɗa a lokacin ƙuruciyarsa, da farko ya fara shiga waƙar rap mai salon 'freestyle '. Duk da haka, nasararsa ta zo ne a shekarar 2017 lokacin da bidiyonsa suka shahara a yanar gizo, wanda hakan ya sa ya shahara. <ref>{{Cite web |last=HopperJ |date=2022-05-14 |title=NL LIST!! The Current Top 10 Street Artistes In Nigeria (No.7 Has Been A Joy To Listen To So Far This Year) |url=https://www.naijaloaded.com.ng/lists/nl-list-the-current-top-10-street-artistes-in-nigeria-no-7-has-been-a-joy-to-listen-to-so-far-this-year |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230420152223/https://www.naijaloaded.com.ng/lists/nl-list-the-current-top-10-street-artistes-in-nigeria-no-7-has-been-a-joy-to-listen-to-so-far-this-year |archive-date=2023-04-20 |access-date=2023-04-20 |website=Naijaloaded {{!}} Nigeria's Most Visited Music & Entertainment Website |language=en-US}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |last=Williams |first=Kyann-Sian |date=2023-02-15 |title=Zinoleesky: Nigerian street pop pioneer with a world domination plan |url=https://www.nme.com/features/music-interviews/zinoleesky-nigerian-street-pop-grit-lust-interview-radar-3396364 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230307164809/https://www.nme.com/features/music-interviews/zinoleesky-nigerian-street-pop-grit-lust-interview-radar-3396364 |archive-date=2023-03-07 |access-date=2023-04-20 |website=NME |language=en-GB}}</ref> Rahotanni da dama sun nuna cewa kamfanin [[Davido]] ya ba shi kwangilar rikodin fim ɗin DMW amma ya ƙi karɓar tayin kuma ya zaɓi yin aiki a matsayin mai fasaha mai zaman kansa. <ref>{{Cite web |date=2020-01-03 |title=Naira Marley beats Davido to sign Zinoleesky to Marlian Music |url=https://www.ghgossip.com/naira-marley-beats-davido-to-sign-zinoleesky-to-marlian-music/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220928101920/https://www.ghgossip.com/naira-marley-beats-davido-to-sign-zinoleesky-to-marlian-music/ |archive-date=2022-09-28 |access-date=2023-04-20 |website=www.ghgossip.com |language=en-AU}}</ref> A ranar 23 ga Disamba, 2019, aka sanya masa hannu a kamfanin wakokin "Marlian Records" wanda mawakin Najeriya, [[Naira Marley|Naira Marley,]] ke da iko da shi. Zinoleesky ya fitar da kundin wakokinsa na farko mai suna ''Chrome Eccentric'' a shekarar 2020, shekara guda bayan ya sanya hannu da Marlian Records. Kundin wakokin ya ƙunshi waƙoƙi shida, ciki har da waƙoƙin "Mapariwo" da "Kilofeshe". A watan Satumba na 2020, Ma Pariwo ta kasance lamba ta 14 a jadawalin Apple Music da kuma lamba ta 12 a jadawalin YouTube. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Ma Pariwo |url=https://www.top-charts.com/s/ma-pariwo-zinoleesky |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230420155744/https://www.top-charts.com/s/ma-pariwo-zinoleesky |archive-date=2023-04-20 |access-date=2023-04-20 |website=www.top-charts.com |language=en}}</ref> Shekara guda bayan fitowar kundin wakokinsa na farko, Zinoleesky ya ƙirƙiri wani remix ga waƙar da ta shahara "Kilofeshe" wacce ta ƙunshi [[Mayorkun|Maryorkun]] kuma mawaƙin Afirka ta Kudu, Busiswa . <ref>{{Cite web |date=2021-02-26 |title=MUSIC: Zinoleesky ft Mayorkun X Busiswa - Kilofeshe (Remix) |url=https://www.ghgossip.com/music-zinoleesky-ft-mayorkun-x-busiswa-kilofeshe-remix/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230420150152/https://www.ghgossip.com/music-zinoleesky-ft-mayorkun-x-busiswa-kilofeshe-remix/ |archive-date=2023-04-20 |access-date=2023-04-20 |website=www.ghgossip.com |language=en-AU}}</ref> A watan Disamba na 2022, ya fitar da wakokinsa na farko na EP ''Grit and Lust'', wadanda suka kunshi wakoki kamar "Call of Duty" da "YanYanYan". <ref>{{Cite web |last=Hussain |first=Shahzaib |date=2022-12-23 |title=Zinoleesky Drops 'Grit & Lust' EP {{!}} News |url=https://www.clashmusic.com/news/zinoleesky-drops-grit-lust-ep/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230212051756/https://www.clashmusic.com/news/zinoleesky-drops-grit-lust-ep/ |archive-date=2023-02-12 |access-date=2023-04-20 |website=Clash Magazine Music News, Reviews & Interviews}}</ref> == Rayuwa ta sirri == A watan Oktoban 2021, Zinoleesky da 'yar'uwar Naira Marley, Shubomi, sun yi ta yaɗa jita-jita da dama cewa suna soyayya. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Oladimeji |date=2021-10-14 |title=Zinoleesky Naira Marley's Sister, Shubomi stir dating rumor over video of them kissing (Watch) {{!}} 36NG |url=https://www.36ng.ng/2021/10/14/zinoleesky-naira-marleys-sister-shubomi-stir-dating-rumor-over-video-of-them-kissing-watch/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230420152215/https://www.36ng.ng/2021/10/14/zinoleesky-naira-marleys-sister-shubomi-stir-dating-rumor-over-video-of-them-kissing-watch/ |archive-date=2023-04-20 |access-date=2023-04-20 |language=en-US}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |last=Tosin |first=Alamu |date=2021-10-14 |title=Is Shubomi dating Zinoleesky? Reactions as Naira Marley's sister locks lips with Marlian singer |url=https://www.ngnews247.com/is-shubomi-dating-zinoleesky-reactions-as-naira-marleys-sister-locks-lips-with-marlian-singer-video/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230420152214/https://www.ngnews247.com/is-shubomi-dating-zinoleesky-reactions-as-naira-marleys-sister-locks-lips-with-marlian-singer-video/ |archive-date=2023-04-20 |access-date=2023-04-20 |website=Naija News 247 |language=en-US}}</ref> A watan Janairun 2023, ya sanar da cewa bai yi aure ba. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Online |first=The Eagle |date=2023-01-13 |title=Why I broke up with Naira Marley's sister — Zinoleesky + Video - |url=https://theeagleonline.com.ng/why-i-broke-up-with-naira-marleys-sister-zinoleesky/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230420152214/https://theeagleonline.com.ng/why-i-broke-up-with-naira-marleys-sister-zinoleesky/ |archive-date=2023-04-20 |access-date=2023-04-20 |website=The Eagle Online |language=en-US}}</ref> A watan Disamba na shekarar 2023, ya haifi ɗansa na fari, 'ya mace mai suna Zendaya. == Kundin Waƙoƙi == === Kundin waƙoƙi === {| class="wikitable plainrowheaders" style="text-align:center" |+ ! rowspan="2" scope="col" | Lakabi ! rowspan="2" scope="col" | Cikakkun bayanai game da kundin ! colspan="1" scope="col" | Matsayi na jadawali mafi tsayi |- ! scope="col" style="width:3em;font-size:90%" | Amurka<nowiki><br id="mwkA"></nowiki><nowiki><br></nowiki><nowiki><br></nowiki><nowiki><br></nowiki> Duniya<br /><br /><br /><br /> |- ! scope="row" | ''Ƙazanta da Sha'awa'' | * An Saki: 23 Disamba 2022 <ref>{{Cite web |last=Folami |first=Funke |date=2022-12-23 |title=Zinoleesky Releases New EP "Grit & Lust." |url=https://ibrandtv.com/zinoleesky-releases-new-ep-grit-lust/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230201093238/https://ibrandtv.com/zinoleesky-releases-new-ep-grit-lust/ |archive-date=2023-02-01 |access-date=2023-04-20 |website=iBrandTV |language=en-GB}}</ref> * Lakabi: Marlian * Tsarin: Saukewa ta dijital, yawo | — |- ! scope="row" | ''Nau'in Z'' | * An Saki: 25 Afrilu 2025 * Lakabi: Marlian * Tsarin: Saukewa ta dijital, yawo | 9 |} '''Wasannin da aka tsawaita (EPs)''' {| class="wikitable plainrowheaders" |+ !Lakabi ! Cikakkun bayanai game da EP |- ! scope="row" | ''Chrome Eccentric'' | * An Saki: 13 Disamba 2020 * Lakabi: Marlian Records * Tsarin: Saukewa ta dijital, yawo |} === Marasa aure === {| class="wikitable" |+As lead artist !Year !Title !Ref. |- | rowspan="5" |2019 |"Joromi" | |- |"Popo" |<ref>{{Cite web |last=Lala |first=Emmanuel |date=2019-09-10 |title=DOWNLOAD mp3: Zinoleesky – Popo {{!}} 36NG |url=https://www.36ng.ng/2019/09/10/zinoleesky-popo/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230420161709/https://www.36ng.ng/2019/09/10/zinoleesky-popo/ |archive-date=2023-04-20 |access-date=2023-04-20 |language=en-US}}</ref> |- |"Firi Yoyo" |<ref>{{Cite web |last=Azeez |first=Makinde |date=2019-07-14 |title=[Music] Zinoleesky x Ibradosky x Lil Frosh – Firi Yoyo |url=https://www.naijaloaded.com.ng/download-music/zinoleesky-x-ibradosky-x-lil-frosh-firi-yoyo |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230420155741/https://www.naijaloaded.com.ng/download-music/zinoleesky-x-ibradosky-x-lil-frosh-firi-yoyo |archive-date=2023-04-20 |access-date=2023-04-20 |website=Naijaloaded {{!}} Nigeria's Most Visited Music & Entertainment Website |language=en-US}}</ref> |- |"Money" (featuring [[Zlatan]]) | |- |"Who Knows" (featuring Lil Frosh) | |- | rowspan="2" |2020 |"Caro" |<ref>{{Cite web |title=Zinoleesky and Naira Marley Drop New Single 'Caro' and Accompanying Visuals - OkayAfrica |url=https://www.okayafrica.com/listen-to-naira-marley-zinoleesky-new-track-and-visuals-caro/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230420145234/https://www.okayafrica.com/listen-to-naira-marley-zinoleesky-new-track-and-visuals-caro/ |archive-date=2023-04-20 |access-date=2023-04-20 |website=www.okayafrica.com |language=en}}</ref> |- |"End Sars" |<ref>{{Cite web |date=2020-10-13 |title=Zinoleesky lends voice against police brutality in new single, 'End Sars' {{!}} LISTEN! |url=https://notjustok.com/mp3-songs/sarsmustgo-zinoleesky-lends-voice-against-police-brutality-in-new-single-end-sars/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230420145237/https://notjustok.com/mp3-songs/sarsmustgo-zinoleesky-lends-voice-against-police-brutality-in-new-single-end-sars/ |archive-date=2023-04-20 |access-date=2023-04-20 |website=NotjustOk |language=en-US}}</ref> |- | rowspan="5" |2021 |"Kilofeshe" (Remix) |<ref>{{Cite web |date=2021-11-03 |title=Why I Featured Mayorkun & Busiswa On Kilofeshe - Zinoleesky |url=https://notjustok.com/news/why-i-featured-mayorkun-busiswa-on-kilofeshe-zinoleesky/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230420145235/https://notjustok.com/news/why-i-featured-mayorkun-busiswa-on-kilofeshe-zinoleesky/ |archive-date=2023-04-20 |access-date=2023-04-20 |website=NotjustOk |language=en-US}}</ref> |- |"Naira Marley" | |- |"Gone Far" | |- |"Blessings" |<ref>{{Cite web |last=Safiano |title=Niphkeys - Blessings Ft. Zinoleesky (Prod. By Niphkeys) |url=https://www.crateshub.com/naija-music/niphkeys-blessings-ft-zinoleesky.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230420161710/https://www.crateshub.com/naija-music/niphkeys-blessings-ft-zinoleesky.html |archive-date=2023-04-20 |access-date=2023-04-20 |website=CratesHub.com |language=en-gb}}</ref> |- |"Loving You" |<ref>{{Cite web |last=Tv |first=Bn |date=2022-07-20 |title=New Video: Zinoleesky – Loving You |url=https://www.bellanaija.com/2022/07/zinoleesky-loving-you/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230420155742/https://www.bellanaija.com/2022/07/zinoleesky-loving-you/ |archive-date=2023-04-20 |access-date=2023-04-20 |website=BellaNaija |language=en-US}}</ref> |- |2022 |"Call of Duty" |<ref>{{Cite web |last=Ideozu |first=Thelma |date=2022-08-26 |title=Zinoleesky Returns With New Single Titled 'Call Of Duty' |url=https://culturecustodian.com/zinoleesky-returns-with-new-single-titled-call-of-duty/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230211194413/https://culturecustodian.com/zinoleesky-returns-with-new-single-titled-call-of-duty/ |archive-date=2023-02-11 |access-date=2023-04-20 |website=The Culture Custodian (Est. 2014.) |language=en-GB}}</ref> |- |2023 |"Sunny Ade" |<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-01-06 |title=Sunny Ade Lyrics by Zinoleesky |url=https://notjustok.com/lyrics/sunny-ade-lyrics-by-zinoleesky/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240614065015/https://notjustok.com/lyrics/sunny-ade-lyrics-by-zinoleesky/ |archive-date=2024-06-14 |access-date=2024-06-14 |website=NotjustOk |language=en-US}}</ref> |- |2024 |"Element" |<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-04-26 |title=Zinoleesky drops new single 'Element' |url=https://notjustok.com/songs/zinoleesky-element/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240614065015/https://notjustok.com/songs/zinoleesky-element/ |archive-date=2024-06-14 |access-date=2024-06-14 |website=NotjustOk |language=en-US}}</ref> |- |2024 |"Abanikanda" (featuring Naira Marley) |[https://notjustok.com/songs/zinoleesky-naira-marley-abanikanda/] |- | rowspan="2" |2025 |Lifestyle |<ref>{{Cite web |last=Elmalawx |date=2025-05-12 |title=Title: Zinoleesky – Lifestyle Mp3 Download (Audio) |url=https://ratedsongs.com/zinoleesky-lifestyle-mp3-download-audio/ |access-date=2025-05-12 |language=en-US}}</ref> |- |"Fuji Garbage" (featuring Chief Dr. Sikiru Ayinde Barrister (MFR)) |<ref>{{Cite web |last=Okhide |first=Peter |date=2024-12-06 |title=Zinoleesky wraps up the year with 'Fuji Garbage' |url=https://notjustok.com/uncategorized/zinoleesky-fuji-garbage/ |access-date=2025-02-17 |website=NotjustOk |language=en-US}}</ref> |} === Bidiyon hukuma === * "Caro" (2020) * "Kilofeshe" (2021) * "Naira Marley" (2022) * "An Yi Nisa" (2022) <ref>{{Cite web |last=Peter |first=Dennis Ade |date=2021-10-12 |title=Best New Music: Zinoleesky's "Gone Far" is a well-earned victory lap |url=https://thenativemag.com/best-new-music-zinoleesky-gone-far/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230327170002/http://thenativemag.com/best-new-music-zinoleesky-gone-far/ |archive-date=2023-03-27 |access-date=2023-04-20 |website=The NATIVE |language=en-US}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |title=Zinoleesky Releases 'Gone Far' Video |url=https://www.coolfm.ng/news/editorial/zinoleesky-releases-gone-far/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230420161712/https://www.coolfm.ng/news/editorial/zinoleesky-releases-gone-far/ |archive-date=2023-04-20 |access-date=2023-04-20 |website=Cool FM - Your Number One Hit Music Station ! |language=en}}</ref> * "Jirgi" (2022) * "Ina Son Ka" (2022) <ref>{{Cite web |last=Nwangwu |first=Adaora |date=2022-05-13 |title=Zinoleesky Proclaims His Intense Desires on 'Loving You' |url=https://culturecustodian.com/zinoleesky-proclaims-his-intense-desires-on-loving-you/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230212100857/https://culturecustodian.com/zinoleesky-proclaims-his-intense-desires-on-loving-you/ |archive-date=2023-02-12 |access-date=2023-04-20 |website=The Culture Custodian (Est. 2014.) |language=en-GB}}</ref> * "Kiran Aiki" (2022) <ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-08-26 |title=New Music Friday: Zinoleesky Drops Another Banger "Call Of Duty" |url=https://koko.ng/zinoleesky-drops-another-banger-call-of-duty/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230420163213/https://koko.ng/zinoleesky-drops-another-banger-call-of-duty/ |archive-date=2023-04-20 |access-date=2023-04-20 |website=koko.ng |language=en-GB}}</ref> * "Na Kai" (2023) * "YanYan" (2023) * "Lokacin Ƙarshe" (2023) <ref>{{Cite web |last=Igwe |first=Nwanneamaka |date=2023-01-17 |title=Best New Music: Zinoleesky Is Done With Love On "Last Time" |url=https://thenativemag.com/best-new-music-zinoleesky-last-time/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230420155742/https://thenativemag.com/best-new-music-zinoleesky-last-time/ |archive-date=2023-04-20 |access-date=2023-04-20 |website=The NATIVE |language=en-US}}</ref> == Yawon shakatawa == Yawon Bude Ido na Burtaniya <ref>{{Cite web |title=Zinoleesky Tours, Tickets and Dates |url=https://www.ents24.com/uk/tour-dates/zinoleesky |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230420161710/https://www.ents24.com/uk/tour-dates/zinoleesky |archive-date=2023-04-20 |access-date=2023-04-20 |website=Ents24 |language=en}}</ref> == Lambobin yabo da nadin mukamai == {| class="wikitable" |+ ! Shekara ! Kyauta ! Nau'i ! Wanda aka zaɓa/Aiki ! Sakamako ! Bayani |- | 2020 | Masu Takalma | Sabon ɗan wasa na Shekara | "Mafariwo"|{{Nom}} | <ref>{{Cite web |date=2020-12-07 |title=Headies 2020: All the nominees |url=https://www.musicinafrica.net/magazine/headies-2020-all-nominees |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230420143507/https://www.musicinafrica.net/magazine/headies-2020-all-nominees |archive-date=2023-04-20 |access-date=2023-04-20 |website=Music In Africa |language=en}}</ref> |- | 2020 | [[Kyautar fim ta Mutanen birni|Kyautar Kiɗan Jama'a ta Birni]] | Mawaki Mai Kyau Na Gaba (Nau'in Maza) | kansa|{{Nom}} | <ref>{{Cite web |last=Reporter |date=2020-11-30 |title=#CPMA2020: Citypeople releases nominations for 2020 Music Awards |url=https://www.citypeopleonline.com/cpma2020-citypeople-releases-nominations-for-2020-music-awards/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211023193217/http://www.citypeopleonline.com/cpma2020-citypeople-releases-nominations-for-2020-music-awards/ |archive-date=2021-10-23 |access-date=2023-04-20 |website=City People Magazine |language=en-US}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |last=Ago |first=Arinze |date=2017-08-07 |title=#CPMA2017: Full List Of Winners At the City People Music Awards |url=https://www.citypeopleonline.com/cpma2017-full-list-winners-city-people-music-awards/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230420161710/https://www.citypeopleonline.com/cpma2017-full-list-winners-city-people-music-awards/ |archive-date=2023-04-20 |access-date=2023-04-20 |website=City People Magazine |language=en-US}}</ref> |- | 2022 | Masu Takalma | An ƙima na gaba | kansa|{{Nom}} | <ref>{{Cite web |date=24 May 2022 |title=[15thHeadies] – Zinoleesky, Buju, Portable, Fave, Ayra star Nominated for 2022 Headies Award {{!}} See full list – Inside OAU Media |url=https://www.insideoau.com/2022/05/24/15thheadies-zinoleesky-buju-portable-fave-ayra-star-nominated-for-2022-headies-award-see-full-list/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230420145011/https://www.insideoau.com/2022/05/24/15thheadies-zinoleesky-buju-portable-fave-ayra-star-nominated-for-2022-headies-award-see-full-list/ |archive-date=2023-04-20 |access-date=2023-04-20 |language=en-US}}</ref> |} == Manazarta == <templatestyles src="Reflist/styles.css" />{{Reflist}} Hanyoyin haɗi na waje == * [https://www.legit.ng/entertainment/celebrities/1706932-zinoleeksy-officially-leaves-naira-marley-launches-record-label/ Zinoleesky ya bar Naira Marley a hukumance, ya ƙaddamar da kamfanin rikodin] – Legit.ng {{Authority control}} [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haihuwan 2000]] 0dt6qw2gl5tuz9macd98ugdky63m4ow 0 163214 895145 2026-08-11T17:40:25Z Umar A Muhammad 22698 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1368708379|Meena (Malayalam actress)]]" 895145 wikitext text/x-wiki   Mary Joseph, wacce aka fi sani da '''Meena''' (22 Afrilu 1941 - 17 Satumba 1997), 'yar wasan kwaikwayo ce ta Indiya. Ta fara fitowa a fina-finai na Malayalam. Ta mutu a ranar 17 ga Satumba 1997 saboda ciwon zuciya. == Rayuwa ta farko == Meena (Mary Joseph) ita ce 'ya ta takwas a cikin dangin Kiristocin Siriya na Mar Thoma daga Kumarapuram-Haripad, a Alappuzha. An haife ta a ranar 22 ga Afrilu 1941 ga Koyikkaleth Itty Cheria Eapen da matarsa, Eleyamma Eapen, ta fara aikinta na farko a gidan wasan kwaikwayo a Kalanilayam da Geetha Arts Club. Kudumbini (1964) ita ce fim ɗinta na farko na Malayalam. == Rayuwar ta == Ta auri K.K. Joseph . Ta mutu a ranar 17 ga Satumba 1997 a kan saitin ''Anjara Kalyanam'' . == Fina-finai == === Shekaru na 1960 === {| class="wikitable sortable" !Shekara !Taken !Matsayi ! class="unsortable" |Bayani |- |1964 |''Kudumbini'' |Sundari Kaniyathi | |- | rowspan="4" |1965 |''Kathirunna Nikah'' |Mahaifiyar Laila | |- |''Kochumon'' |Maryamu | |- |''Porter Kunjali'' |Dan wasan Vanithasamajam | |- |''Ƙarƙashin ƙasa'' |Ayisha | |- | rowspan="7" |1966 |''Thankakudam'' |Matar Johny | |- |''Pinchuhridhayam'' |Subhadra Ammayi | |- |''Kanmanikal'' | | |- |''Poochakkanni'' | | |- |''Mai girma Nair'' |Lakshmi | |- |''Sthanarthi Saramma'' |Rosamma | |- |''Penmakkal'' |Kunjamma | |- | rowspan="10" |1967 |''Anweshichu Kandethiyilla'' |Annamma | |- |''Jeevikkan Anuvadikku'' | | |- |''Bhagyamudra'' | | |- |''Naadan Pennu'' |Saramma | |- |''Ollathu Mathi'' | | |- |''Ramanan'' |Madhavi Amma | |- |''Balyakalasakhi'' | | |- |''Agniputhri'' | | |- |''Chithramela'' | | |- |''Aval'' | | |- | rowspan="8" |1968 |''Karthika'' |Mahaifiyar Rajamma | |- |''Viruthan Shanku'' |Bhargavi | |- |''Kaliyalla Kalyanam'' | | |- |''Lakshaprabhu'' | | |- |''Velutha Kathreena'' |Maryamma | |- |''Manaswini'' |Jaanamma | |- |''Pengal'' |Saina | |- |''Adhyapika'' | | |- | rowspan="8" |1969 |''Rahasyam'' |Shyamala Thampi | |- |''Kattu Kurangu'' |Kamalam | |- |''Chattambi Kavala'' |Rosamma | |- |''Gidan hutawa'' |Farfesa Lakshmi | |- |''Velliyazhcha'' |Parvathiyamma | |- |''Ballatha Pahayan'' |Mymoon | |- |''Kallichellamma'' |Kalyani | |- |''Poojapushpam'' | | |- |} === Shekaru na 1970 === {| class="wikitable sortable" !Shekara !Taken !Matsayi ! class="unsortable" |Bayani |- | rowspan="13" |1970 |''Sabarimala Sree Dharmashastha'' | | |- |''Aranazhika Neram'' |Annamma | |- |''Saraswathi'' |Meenakshi | |- |''Anadha'' |Kamalam | |- |''Mai bincike 909 Keralathil'' | | |- |''Kalpana'' |Lakshmi | |- |''Ezhuthatha Kadha'' |Misis Nair | |- |''Tikitin Lottery'' |Mahaifiyar Rajamma | |- |''Rakthapushpam'' |Mankamma | |- |''Nilakkatha Chalanangal'' | | |- |''Kurukshethram'' | | |- |''Priya'' | | |- |''Ambalap ya ƙare'' |Rudrani | |- | rowspan="12" |1971 |''Vivahasammanam'' |Madhavi | |- |''Gangasangamam'' |Matar Michael | |- |''Aval Alpam Vaikippoyi'' | | |- |''Jirgin bas'' |Pankiyamma | |- |''Kalithozhi'' |Amritham | |- |''Jalakanyaka'' | | |- |''Achante Bharya'' |Mahaifiyar Karunakaran | |- |''Karakanakadal'' |Kunjeli | |- |''Muthassi'' |Meenakshikutty | |- |''Makane Ninakku Vendi'' |Marta | |- |''Yogamullaval'' | | |- |''Bobanum Moliyum'' |Saramma | |- | rowspan="7" |1972 |''Devi'' | | |- |''Oman'' | | |- |''Lakshyam'' |Mariya | |- |''Puthrakameshti'' | | |- |''Ananthasayanam'' | | |- |''Achanum Bappayum'' |Kunjupathumma | |- |''Abin mamaki Thirivu Sookshikkuka'' |Allu Mariya | |- | rowspan="13" |1973 |''Panchavadi'' |Vishalam | |- |''Padmavyooham'' |Anappara Kunjamma | |- |''Thiruvabharanam'' |Misis Gonsalves | |- |''Thekkan Kattu'' |Mahaifiyar Soshamma | |- |''Gidan Gida na Mata'' |Mai kula da gidan yarinya Malathi | |- |''Nakhangal'' |Annamma | |- |''Achani'' |Srimathi Raghavan | |- |''Thaniniram'' |Mace mai wauta | |- |''Pavangal Pennungal'' | | |- |''Kavitha'' | | |- |''Masappady Mathupillai'' |Naniyamma | |- |''Thottavadi'' |Subhashini | |- |''Urvashi Bharathi'' | | |- | rowspan="17" |1974 |''Angathattu'' | | |- |''Alakal'' | | |- |''Nadeenadanmare Avasyamundu'' | | |- |''Ayyukan dare'' |Kamalamma | |- |''Rajahamsam'' |Mahaifiyar Chandran | |- |''Thacholi Marumakan Chandu'' |Eppennu | |- |''Sethubandhanam'' |Parukutty | |- |''Vrindavanam'' | | |- |''Wata ta zaki'' | | |- |''Oru Ka yi Ka'ida Ari'' | | |- |''Poonthenaruvi'' |Saramma | |- |''Bhoomidevi Pushpiniyayi'' |Lady Doctor | |- |''Chattakari'' |Misis Warrier | |- |''Yarinyar Kwalejin'' |Meenakshi | |- |''Manyasree Viswamithran'' |Aluvalia | |- |''Ayalathe Sundari'' |Meenakshi | |- |''Pancha Thanthram'' |Kochang Faroka / Kochuparu | |- | rowspan="21" |1975 |''Dharmakshetre Kurukshetre'' | | |- |''Thaamarathoni'' | | |- |''Pulivaalu'' | | |- |''Manishada'' | | |- |''Madhurappathinezhu'' | | |- |''Pennpada'' |Meenakshi Chechi | |- |''Aure na soyayya'' |Mini/Meenakshiyamma | |- |''Kuttichaathan'' | | |- |''Alibabayum 41 Kallanmaarum'' |Hanyar da za a yi amfani da ita | |- |''Velicham Akale'' | | |- |''Paalazhi Madhanam'' | | |- |''Aaranyakaandam'' | | |- |''Priyamulla Sophia'' | | |- |''Manishada'' |Meenakshi | |- |''Ayodhya'' |Mahaifiyar Jayaraman | |- |''Gaisuwa Mai Ƙauna'' |Kochu Narayani |- |''Chuvanna Sandhyakal'' |Gowriyamma | |- |''Pravaham'' |Savithri | |- |''Picnic'' |Sarojiniyamma | |- |''Abhimaanam'' |Chandrika | |- |''Cheenavala'' |Paaru | |- | rowspan="20" |1976 |''Aalinganam'' |Sharadamma | |- |''Panchami'' |Periyakka | |- |''Chottanikkara Amma'' | | |- |''Abhinandanam'' |Saraswathi | |- |''Yudhabhoomi'' | | |- |''Ajayanum Vijayanum'' |Gomathi | |- |''Kamadhenu'' |Bhavani | |- |''Amrithavaahini'' |Dakshyani | |- |''Zaɓi Aljihu'' |Panchali | |- |''Paarijatham'' | | |- |''Kayan aiki na Kenalum'' | | |- |''Kanyaadaanam'' | | |- |''Gidan Haske'' |Meenakshi | |- |''Kaayamkulam Kochunniyude Makan'' | | |- |''Ayalkkaari'' |Fure | |- |''Rajayogam'' | | |- |''Aayiram Janmangal'' |Mahaifiyar Lakshmi | |- |''Anubhavam'' |Reetha | |- |''Surveykkallu'' | | |- |''Pushpasharam'' | | |- | rowspan="26" |1977 |''Ammini Amaniya'' |Meenakshi | |- |''Muttathe Mulla'' |Kalyani | |- |''Ammaayi Amma'' | | |- |''Karnaparvam'' | | |- |''Chathurvedam'' |Mahaifiyar Valsala | |- |''Sangamam'' | | |- |''Aadhya Paadam'' | | |- |''Mohavum Mukthiyum'' | | |- |''Randu Lokam'' | | |- |''Ninakku Njaanum Enikku Neeyum'' |Bhargavi | |- |''Ƙananan'' | | |- |''Innu'' | | |- |''Akale Aakaasham'' | | |- |''Rathimanmadhan'' | | |- |''Thaalappoli'' | | |- |''Lakshmi'' | | |- |''Aparaajitha'' | | |- |''Abhinivesham'' |Saraswathy | |- |''Itha Ivide Vare'' |Jaanuvamma | |- |''Achaaram Ammini Osharam Omana'' |Paruvamma | |- |''Yudhakaandam'' |Vilasini | |- |''Angeekaaram'' |Malamin Devaki | |- |''Vezhambal'' | | |- |''Anugraham'' |Gwaggowar Ravi | |- |''Varadakshina'' | | |- |''Panchamrutham'' |Mariamma | |- | rowspan="26" |1978 |''Avakaasham'' | | |- |''Puthariyankam'' | | |- |''Yagaswam'' |Ammalu | |- |''Binciken Ravukal'' |''Mariyaamma Chedathi'' | |- |''Thacholi Ambu'' |Mahaifiyar Thacholi Ambu | |- |''Ninakku Njaanum Enikku Neeyum'' |Bhargavi | |- |''Midukkipponnamma'' | | |- |''Anubhoothikalude Nimisham'' | | |- |''Kaithappoo'' | | |- |''Snehikkan Oru Pennu'' | | |- |''Madhurikkunna Raathri'' | | |- |''Premashilpi'' |Mahaifiyar Reetha | |- |''Kadathanaattu Maakkam'' |Bhayami | |- |''Snehikkan Samayamilla'' | | |- |''Rathinirvedam'' |Narayaniyamma | |- |''Ashtamudikkaayal'' | | |- |''Ee Ganam Marakkumo'' | | |- |''Padakuthira'' | | |- |''Sathrusamhaaram'' | | |- |''Madanolsavam'' |Mariyamma | |- |''Madaalasa'' |Kochamma | |- |''Thamburatti'' |Mahaifiyar Thampuratti | |- |''Abincin abinci'' | | |- |''Mudramothiram'' |Mahaifiyar Sudhakaran | |- |''Kudumbam Namukku Sreekovil'' | | |- |''Bhaaryayum Kaamukiyum'' | | |- | rowspan="22" |1979 |''Maanavadharmam'' | | |- |''Chuvanna Chirakukal'' | | |- |''Anubhavangale Nanni'' | | |- |''Nithyavasantham'' | | |- |''Mochanam'' | | |- |''Choola'' | | |- |''Iniyum Kaanaam'' |Janakiyamma | |- |''Neelakaasham'' |Devaki | |- |''Angakkuri'' |Amminiyamma | |- |''Ezhunirangal'' |Madhavi | |- |''Rakthamillatha Manushyan'' |Mahaifiyar Sumathi | |- |''Puthiya Velicham'' | | |- |''Allauddinum Albhutha Vilakkum'' |Fathima | |- |''Neeyo Njaano'' |Akkaal | |- |''Vellayani Paramu'' |Kalyaniyamma | |- |''Iniyethra Sandhyakal'' | | |- |''Aavesham'' | | |- |''Aarattu'' |Thresya | |- |''Vaaleduthaven Vaalaal'' | | |- |''Thuramukham'' |Pankajakshi | |- |''Enikku Njaan Swantham'' |Vasanthi | |- |''Kathirmandapam'' | | |- |} === Shekaru na 1980 === {| class="wikitable sortable" !Shekara !Taken !Matsayi ! class="unsortable" |Bayani |- | rowspan="17" |1980 |''Naayattu'' |Janaki | |- |''Puzha'' | | |- |''Oru Varsham Oru Maasam'' | | |- |''Raagam Thaanam Pallavi'' |Mahaifiyar Jayachandran | |- |''Lorry'' |Thankamma | |- |''Ivar'' |Mahaifiyar Savithri | |- |''Adhikaram'' |Lakshmi | |- |''Ethikkara Pakky'' |Hanyar da za a yi amfani da ita | |- |''Arangum Aniyarayum'' |Thankamani | |- |''Prakadanam'' |Mahaifiyar Gopalan | |- |''Mai karɓar Jirgin Sama'' |Mahaifiyar Rathi | |- |''Swandam Enna Padam'' |Santhamma | |- |''Ammayum Makalum'' |Lakshmi | |- |''Swarga Devatha'' | | |- |''Youvanam Daaham'' | | |- |''Kaantha Valayam'' |Margaret / Maggie | |- |''Meen'' |Maryamma | |- | rowspan="10" |1981 |''Dhruvasangamam'' |Dokta | |- |''Agni Yudham'' | | |- |''Arikkari Ammu'' | | |- |''Kilungaatha Changalakal'' | | |- |''Itha Oru Dhikkari'' | | |- |''Theekkali'' | | |- |''Asthamikkatha Pakalukal'' | | |- |''Karimpoocha'' |Annamma | |- |''Sambhavam'' | | |- |''Kolilakkam'' | | |- | rowspan="20" |1982 |''Bayan Mutuwa'' |Reethamma | |- |''Nagamadathu Thampuratti'' |Thamburatti | |- |''Mazha Nilaavu'' |Meenakshi | |- |''Sooryan'' |Lakshmi | |- |''Beedi Kunjamma'' |Paruvamma | |- |''Marmaram'' |Mahaifiyar Narayan Iyer | |- |''Kurkukun Thuranna'' |Kunjikutty | |- |''Kaaliya Mardhanam'' |Misis Menon | |- |''Ivan Oru Simham'' |Mahaifiyar Usha | |- |''Mukhangal'' |Rukmini | |- |''Madrasile Mon'' | | |- |''Odukkam Thudakkam'' | | |- |''Jambulingam'' | | |- |''Sree Ayyappanum Vavarum'' | | |- |''Chilanthivala'' |Maryamu | |- |''Ponmudy'' |Karthu | |- |''Kurukkante Kalyanam'' |Amina | |- |''Enikkum Oru Divasam'' |Hanyar da za a yi amfani da ita | |- |''Saravarsham'' |Mahaifiyar Savitha | |- |''Padayottam'' |Sarauniyar Kolathunadu | |- | rowspan="20" |1983 |''Deepaaradhana'' |Chinthamani Chellamma | |- |''Mahabali'' | | |- |''Kaikeyi'' | | |- |''Kaathirunna Naal'' | | |- |''Guru Dakshina'' |Matar Keshavan | |- |''Eenam'' | | |- |''Tsakanin Katha'' |Kunjulakshmi | |- |''Aaroodam'' |Devaki | |- |''Paalam'' |Mahaifiyar Venu | |- |''Thaavalam'' |Kamalakshi | |- |''Bandham'' |Maaluvamma | |- |''Lekhayude Maranam Oru Flashback'' |Mahaifiyar 'yar wasan kwaikwayo Jayamalathi | |- |''Ee Vazhi Mathram'' |Mahaifiyar Rajan | |- |''Mazhanilavu'' |Meenakshi | |- |''Ee Yugam'' |Lakshmi | |- |''Kaattaruvi'' |Achamma | |- |''Kinnaram'' |Misis Das | |- |''Fasfo'' |Mariyamma | |- |''Pourasham'' |Chellamma | |- |''Aattakalasam'' |Mahaifiyar Marykutty | |- | rowspan="20" |1984 |''Mangalam Nerunnu'' |Thresiamma | |- |''Kadamattathachan'' |Thresia | |- |''<nowiki/>'Yan sanda na Vanitha'' |Matar Chellappan Pilla | |- |''Oru Nimsham Tharoo'' |Mahaifiyar Madhu | |- |''Ethirppukal'' |Mahaifiyar Ravi | |- |''Sreekrishna Parunthu'' | | |- |''Amme Narayana'' | | |- |''Kooduthedunna Parava'' |Sarasamma | |- |''Anthichuvappu'' | | |- |''Akkacheyude Kunjuvava'' | | |- |''Krishna Guruvayoorappa'' |Parvathi | |- |''Ivide Thudangunnu'' |Saradha | |- |''Athirathram'' |Annamma | |- |''Kaliyil Alpam Karyam'' |Lakshmi | |- |''Ƙungiyar Upasana'' |Mahaifiyar Arjunan | |- |''Thirakkil Alppa Samayam'' |Bhanumathi | |- |''Makale Mappu Tharu'' |Lakshmi | |- |''Onnanu Nammal'' |Karthyayaniyamma | |- |''Appunni'' |Mahaifiyar Menon | |- |''Swanthamevide Bandhamevide'' |Bhageerathi | |- | rowspan="13" |1985 |''Madhuvidhu Theerum Mumbe'' |Shoshamma | |- |''Aram + Aram = Kinnaram'' | | |- |''Idanilangal'' |Kalikutttiyamma | |- |''Azhiyatha Bandhangal'' |Rajalakshmiyamma | |- |''Premalekhanam'' |Eliyamma | |- |''Mulamoottil Adima'' |Parvathyamma | |- |''Kaanakkuyil'' |Bharathi | |- |''Ee Lokam ya guje wa Kure Manushyar'' |Mahaifiyar Ummer | |- |''Thammil Thammil'' |Mahaifiyar Rajagopal a matsayin surukarta | |- |''Babban Zaitun'' | | |- |''Manicheppu Thurannappol'' | | |- |''Mounanombaram'' | | |- |''Karimpinpoovinakkare'' |Mahaifiyar Thampi | |- | rowspan="14" |1986 |''Gicciye na Jirgin ƙasa'' | | |- |''Bhagavan'' | | |- |''Chilambu'' |Matar Appu Nair ta biyu | |- |''Oppam Oppathinoppam'' | | |- |''Pappan Priyappetta Pappan'' |Ammini | |- |''Akalangalil'' |Madhavi | |- |''Ennennum Kannettante'' |Lakshmi | |- |''Onnu Randu Moonnu'' |Lakshmi | |- |''Manasiloru Manimuthu'' |Sukumari | |- |''Shyama'' |Mahaifiyar Chandran | |- |''Aalorungi Arangorungi'' |Padmavathi | |- |''Oru Katha Oru Nunakkatha'' |Sulochana Menon | |- |''Iniyum Kurukshetrum'' |Karthyayani | |- |''Kunjattakilikal'' |Bhageerathi | |- | rowspan="9" |1987 |''Rithubhedam'' |Lakshmikuttyamma | |- |''Itha Samayamayi'' |Mahaifiyar Sunny | |- |''Kaala Rathri'' | | |- |''Kaiyethum Doorathu'' | | |- |''Swargam'' |Soudaminiyamma | |- |''Achuvettante Veedu'' |Saradha | |- |''Vazhiyorakazchakal'' |Mahaifiyar Sridevi | |- |''Nadodikkattu'' |Mahaifiyar Radha | |- |''Aankiliyude Tharattu'' |Gomathi | |- | rowspan="2" |1988 |''Kandathum Kettathum'' |Misis Padmanabhan | |- |''Charavalayam'' | | |- | rowspan="11" |1989 |''Kodungalloor Bhagavathi'' | | |- |''Rathibhavam'' | | |- |''Aattinakkare'' | | |- |''Maharajavu'' | | |- |''Annakkuttee Kodambaakkam Villikkunnu'' |Chinnammu | |- |''Varnam'' |Matar Major | |- |''Mazhavilkavadi'' |Nangeli | |- |''Mazauna'' |Karthyayani | |- |''Adikkurippu'' |Mahaifiyar Bhaskara Pillai | |- |''Oru Sayahnathinte Swapnam'' | | |- |''Varavelpu'' |Rugmini | |- |} === Shekaru na 1990 === {| class="wikitable sortable" !Shekara !Fim din !Matsayi ! class="unsortable" |Bayani |- | rowspan="6" |1990 |''Anantha Vruthantham'' |Subbamma | |- |''Orukkam'' |Kamalamma | |- |''Indrajaalam'' |Mariyamma | |- |''Sasneham'' |Aliyamma | |- |''Dokta Pasupathy'' |Mahaifiyar Pappan | |- |''Thalayanamanthram'' |Gigi Daniel | |- | rowspan="6" |1991 |''Sultan Aakasha Kottayile'' |'Yar'uwar Pappy | |- |''Ulladakkam'' | | |- |''Kanalkkattu'' | | |- |''Thudar Katha'' |Mahaifiyar Vishnu | |- |''Ganamela'' |Karthyayani | |- |''Pookkalam Varavayi'' |'Yar'uwar Jayaraj | |- | rowspan="4" |1992 |''Priyapetta Kukku'' |Mahaifiyar Sandhya | |- |''Yodha'' |Vasumathi | |- |''Mahanagaram'' |Mai ba da shawara | |- |''Ayalathe Adheham'' |Mahaifiyar Premachandran | |- | rowspan="5" |1993 |''Thirasheelakku Pinnil (Nangachithrangalkkethire) '' | | |- |''Meleparambil Aanveedu'' |Bhanumathi | |- |''Sthreedhanam'' |Amma | |- |''Midhunam'' |Ma'aikaciyar gida | |- |''CID Unnikrishnan BA, BA'' | | |- | rowspan="6" |1994 |''Cheppadividya'' |Kalyani | |- |''Varaphalam'' |Mahaifiyar Geetha | |- |''Pingami'' |Misis Menon | |- |''Kudumba Vishesham'' |Kikkili Kochamma | |- |''Vishnu'' |Mahaifiyar Vishnu | |- |''Vardhakya Puranam'' |Susanna | |- | rowspan="5" |1995 |''Avittam Thirunaal Aarogya Sriman'' | | |- |''Sindoora Rekha'' |Mahaifiyar Balachandran | |- |''Aniyan Bava Chetan Bava'' |Matar Aniyan Bava | |- |''Mangalam Veettil Manaseswari Gupta'' |Nursar Annamma | |- |''Kakkakkum Poochakkum Kalyanam'' |Janakiyamma | |- | rowspan="3" |1996 |''Kanjirappilly Kariyachan'' |Thresia | |- |''Afrilu 19'' |Aunty Jayan | |- |''Hey Madam'' | | |- | rowspan="4" |1997 |''Kilikkurishiyil Kudumbamela'' |Pankajam | |- |''Kannur'' | | |- |''Shobhanam'' | | |- |''Motar'' |Janakiyamma | |- |1998 |''Thirakalkkappuram'' | | |- |} == Wasanni == * Nirdhoshi == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} * {{Cite web |title=A Complete Online Malayalam Cinema News Portal |url=http://cinidiary.com/peopleinfo.php?pigsection=Actor&picata=2&no_of_displayed_rows=3&no_of_rows_page=10&sletter=M |access-date=15 August 2015 |publisher=Cinidiary}} == Haɗin waje == * {{IMDb name|name=Meena}} * [http://en.msidb.org/displayProfile.php?category=actors&artist=Meena&limit=236 Meena a MSI] [[Rukuni:Mutuwan 1997]] [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1941]] edeo1bnwnp7rbh2eq3clo8u2e5pekf2 0 163215 895172 2026-08-11T18:36:04Z Umar A Muhammad 22698 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1334918307|Zakiya Randall]]" 895172 wikitext text/x-wiki   <references /> '''Zakiya Dara Randall''' ((/zəˈkiːjə/; an haife ta a ranar 12 ga Mayu, 1991) yar wasan golf ce ta Amurka, mai magana da yawun jama'a, mai tallata kaya kuma mai shirya kiɗa, wacce aka sani da 'Z'. An haife ta a Arlington, Virginia, ta girma tun tana ƙarama a yankin babban birnin Washington, D.C. daga baya kuma tun tana ƙarama ta ƙaura zuwa Atlanta, Georgia. == Rayuwa ta farko da ilimi == An haifi Randall a Arlington, Virginia, ɗa ɗaya tilo ga Donnie Randall, injiniya, da Tanya Randall mai ba da shawara kan fasahar sadarwa. Mahaifin Randall ɗan Afirka ne kuma mahaifiyarta 'yar Afirka ce, 'yar asalin Amurka da Irish. An koyar da ita a gida. Sha'awar Randall ga wasanni da kiɗa ta fara tun tana ƙarama. An horar da ita a fannin piano na gargajiya. Tun tana da shekaru 9, Randall ta lashe gasar zakarun Atlanta Lawn Tennis Association (ALTA). Randall memba ne na ƙungiyar 'yan kasuwa na yara.<ref>{{Cite web |date= |title=K.E.N.N.Y Kids Directory |url=http://www.kidentrepreneurs.org/kids.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080922180027/http://www.kidentrepreneurs.org/kids.html |archive-date=2008-09-22 |access-date=2023-04-22 |website=kidentrepreneurs.org}}</ref> Randall ta kammala makarantar sakandare a shekara ta 2009, kuma daga baya ta halarci Jami'ar Maryland, inda ta yi karatun kimiyyar kwamfuta.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |title=Zakiya Randall |url=https://www.golfchannel.com/about/bio/zakiya-randall |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230422183503/https://www.golfchannel.com/about/bio/zakiya-randall |archive-date=April 22, 2023 |access-date=2023-04-22 |website=Golf Channel |language=en}}</ref> == Ayyukan wasanni == Sha'awarta ga golf ta fara ba zato ba tsammani bayan ta shiga abokiyar iyali a filin golf.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Wilkins |first=Tierra R. |date=2017-06-23 |title=Golfer Zakiya Randall has been productive in her time away from the sport |url=https://andscape.com/features/cultureplay-golfer-zakiya-randall/ |access-date=2023-04-22 |website=Andscape |language=en-US}}</ref> Ta fara buga wasan golf a shekara ta 2001, tana da shekaru 10.<ref name=":2">{{Cite web |last=Shaw |first=Dorothy |date=10 April 2006 |title=14-Year-Old Female Golfer, Zakiya Randall, Wins 34 of 43 Tournaments |url=http://yubanet.com/artman/publish/article_34104.shtml |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303171015/http://yubanet.com/artman/publish/article_34104.shtml |archive-date=2016-03-03 |access-date=2023-04-22 |website=YubaNet.com}}</ref> A shekara ta 2002, shekara ta farko ta buga wasan golf, ta lashe kowane gasa da ta shiga kuma ta lashe gasar zakarun Atlanta Junior Golf Association (AJGA), ta ci gaba da karɓar "Mai kunnawa na Shekara" a cikin rukunin 'yan mata 12 da ƙasa.<ref>{{Cite web |date= |title=SPORTS: Golf Sensation Zakiya Randall |url=http://www.denverweeklynews.net/sports.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080929003415/http://www.denverweeklynews.net/sports.html |archive-date=2008-09-29 |access-date=2023-04-22 |website=Denver Weekly News}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date= |title=AJGA -Awards 2002 |url=http://www.atlantajuniorgolf.org/awards/aw2002.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080828021411/http://www.atlantajuniorgolf.org/awards/aw2002.htm |archive-date=2008-08-28 |access-date=2023-04-22 |website=Atlanta Junior Golf}}</ref> A shekara ta 14, Randall ya fara samun kulawa ta kasa da kasa don lashe 35 daga cikin 36 na kananan wasanni na golf. A shekara ta 2005 ta lashe lambar yabo ta gaba ɗaya da kuma kowane gasa da ta shiga cikin ƙungiyar ta a Georgia PGA Junior Tour . <ref name=":2">{{Cite web |last=Shaw |first=Dorothy |date=10 April 2006 |title=14-Year-Old Female Golfer, Zakiya Randall, Wins 34 of 43 Tournaments |url=http://yubanet.com/artman/publish/article_34104.shtml |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303171015/http://yubanet.com/artman/publish/article_34104.shtml |archive-date=2016-03-03 |access-date=2023-04-22 |website=YubaNet.com}}</ref> A shekara ta 2006, tana da shekaru 15, ta zama Atlantan kadai da ta lashe lambar yabo da matsayi na farko a gasar US Women's Open . <ref>{{Cite web |date=22 May 2006 |title=Randall, 15, qualifies for U.S. Women's Open sectional qualifier {{!}} World Golf News |url=http://www.worldgolf.com/newswire/browse/5881-Randall--15--qualifies-for-U-S--Women-s-Open-sectional-qualifier |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081201155907/http://www.worldgolf.com/newswire/browse/5881-Randall--15--qualifies-for-U-S--Women-s-Open-sectional-qualifier |archive-date=2008-12-01 |access-date=2023-04-22 |website=www.worldgolf.com}}</ref> Har ila yau, ita ce 'yar wasa mafi ƙanƙanta da aka zaba don Amateur Athlete of the Year a Atlanta Sports Awards a wannan shekarar.<ref>{{Cite web |date= |title=Zakiya Randall is the youngest nominee in Atlanta Sports Awards |url=http://www.philasun.com/ltd08b.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070430172333/http://www.philasun.com/ltd08b.html |archive-date=2007-04-30 |access-date=2023-04-22 |website=Philadelphia Sunday Sun}}</ref> Randall, tana da shekaru 17, ta zama 'yar wasan mata ta farko a Georgia da ta lashe gasar zakarun Turai a kan dukkan' yan wasan maza a kan Golf Channel Tour . <ref>{{Cite web |date=11 May 2009 |title=Zakiya Randall aspiring to become golf's next big LPGA star {{!}} World Golf News |url=http://www.worldgolf.com/newswire/browse/58576-Zakiya-Randall-aspiring-become-golfs-next-big-LPGA-star |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303230040/http://www.worldgolf.com/newswire/browse/58576-Zakiya-Randall-aspiring-become-golfs-next-big-LPGA-star |archive-date=2016-03-03 |access-date=2023-04-22 |website=World Golf News}}</ref> A cikin 2012, Randall ta kasance mai takara a kan Golf Channel's Big Break Atlantis . <ref name=":1">{{Cite web |title=Zakiya Randall |url=https://www.golfchannel.com/about/bio/zakiya-randall |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230422183503/https://www.golfchannel.com/about/bio/zakiya-randall |archive-date=April 22, 2023 |access-date=2023-04-22 |website=Golf Channel |language=en}}</ref> == Haɗin waje == * [https://zakiyarandall.com/home Shafin yanar gizon hukuma] * == Ƙarin karantarwa == * http://www.bellaonline.com/articles/art51176.asp * <nowiki>https://superior-sports.blogspot.com/2007/06/superior-esports-network-chooses-zakiya.html</nowiki> An adana shi a ranar 4 ga Maris, 2016, a * http://www.blacksportsthemagazine.com/Magazines/Feb09.pdf An adana shi a ranar 16 ga watan Agusta, 2010, a * https://web.archive.org/web/20081007040219/http://www.blacknews.com/pr/zakiya_randall_201.html == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1991]] jwb3phfsor8kh09fqm4lj1org2pq8y0 895173 895172 2026-08-11T18:36:39Z Umar A Muhammad 22698 895173 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}}   <references /> '''Zakiya Dara Randall''' ((/zəˈkiːjə/; an haife ta a ranar 12 ga Mayu, 1991) yar wasan golf ce ta Amurka, mai magana da yawun jama'a, mai tallata kaya kuma mai shirya kiɗa, wacce aka sani da 'Z'. An haife ta a Arlington, Virginia, ta girma tun tana ƙarama a yankin babban birnin Washington, D.C. daga baya kuma tun tana ƙarama ta ƙaura zuwa Atlanta, Georgia. == Rayuwa ta farko da ilimi == An haifi Randall a Arlington, Virginia, ɗa ɗaya tilo ga Donnie Randall, injiniya, da Tanya Randall mai ba da shawara kan fasahar sadarwa. Mahaifin Randall ɗan Afirka ne kuma mahaifiyarta 'yar Afirka ce, 'yar asalin Amurka da Irish. An koyar da ita a gida. Sha'awar Randall ga wasanni da kiɗa ta fara tun tana ƙarama. An horar da ita a fannin piano na gargajiya. Tun tana da shekaru 9, Randall ta lashe gasar zakarun Atlanta Lawn Tennis Association (ALTA). Randall memba ne na ƙungiyar 'yan kasuwa na yara.<ref>{{Cite web |date= |title=K.E.N.N.Y Kids Directory |url=http://www.kidentrepreneurs.org/kids.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080922180027/http://www.kidentrepreneurs.org/kids.html |archive-date=2008-09-22 |access-date=2023-04-22 |website=kidentrepreneurs.org}}</ref> Randall ta kammala makarantar sakandare a shekara ta 2009, kuma daga baya ta halarci Jami'ar Maryland, inda ta yi karatun kimiyyar kwamfuta.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |title=Zakiya Randall |url=https://www.golfchannel.com/about/bio/zakiya-randall |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230422183503/https://www.golfchannel.com/about/bio/zakiya-randall |archive-date=April 22, 2023 |access-date=2023-04-22 |website=Golf Channel |language=en}}</ref> == Ayyukan wasanni == Sha'awarta ga golf ta fara ba zato ba tsammani bayan ta shiga abokiyar iyali a filin golf.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Wilkins |first=Tierra R. |date=2017-06-23 |title=Golfer Zakiya Randall has been productive in her time away from the sport |url=https://andscape.com/features/cultureplay-golfer-zakiya-randall/ |access-date=2023-04-22 |website=Andscape |language=en-US}}</ref> Ta fara buga wasan golf a shekara ta 2001, tana da shekaru 10.<ref name=":2">{{Cite web |last=Shaw |first=Dorothy |date=10 April 2006 |title=14-Year-Old Female Golfer, Zakiya Randall, Wins 34 of 43 Tournaments |url=http://yubanet.com/artman/publish/article_34104.shtml |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303171015/http://yubanet.com/artman/publish/article_34104.shtml |archive-date=2016-03-03 |access-date=2023-04-22 |website=YubaNet.com}}</ref> A shekara ta 2002, shekara ta farko ta buga wasan golf, ta lashe kowane gasa da ta shiga kuma ta lashe gasar zakarun Atlanta Junior Golf Association (AJGA), ta ci gaba da karɓar "Mai kunnawa na Shekara" a cikin rukunin 'yan mata 12 da ƙasa.<ref>{{Cite web |date= |title=SPORTS: Golf Sensation Zakiya Randall |url=http://www.denverweeklynews.net/sports.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080929003415/http://www.denverweeklynews.net/sports.html |archive-date=2008-09-29 |access-date=2023-04-22 |website=Denver Weekly News}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date= |title=AJGA -Awards 2002 |url=http://www.atlantajuniorgolf.org/awards/aw2002.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080828021411/http://www.atlantajuniorgolf.org/awards/aw2002.htm |archive-date=2008-08-28 |access-date=2023-04-22 |website=Atlanta Junior Golf}}</ref> A shekara ta 14, Randall ya fara samun kulawa ta kasa da kasa don lashe 35 daga cikin 36 na kananan wasanni na golf. A shekara ta 2005 ta lashe lambar yabo ta gaba ɗaya da kuma kowane gasa da ta shiga cikin ƙungiyar ta a Georgia PGA Junior Tour . <ref name=":2">{{Cite web |last=Shaw |first=Dorothy |date=10 April 2006 |title=14-Year-Old Female Golfer, Zakiya Randall, Wins 34 of 43 Tournaments |url=http://yubanet.com/artman/publish/article_34104.shtml |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303171015/http://yubanet.com/artman/publish/article_34104.shtml |archive-date=2016-03-03 |access-date=2023-04-22 |website=YubaNet.com}}</ref> A shekara ta 2006, tana da shekaru 15, ta zama Atlantan kadai da ta lashe lambar yabo da matsayi na farko a gasar US Women's Open . <ref>{{Cite web |date=22 May 2006 |title=Randall, 15, qualifies for U.S. Women's Open sectional qualifier {{!}} World Golf News |url=http://www.worldgolf.com/newswire/browse/5881-Randall--15--qualifies-for-U-S--Women-s-Open-sectional-qualifier |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081201155907/http://www.worldgolf.com/newswire/browse/5881-Randall--15--qualifies-for-U-S--Women-s-Open-sectional-qualifier |archive-date=2008-12-01 |access-date=2023-04-22 |website=www.worldgolf.com}}</ref> Har ila yau, ita ce 'yar wasa mafi ƙanƙanta da aka zaba don Amateur Athlete of the Year a Atlanta Sports Awards a wannan shekarar.<ref>{{Cite web |date= |title=Zakiya Randall is the youngest nominee in Atlanta Sports Awards |url=http://www.philasun.com/ltd08b.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070430172333/http://www.philasun.com/ltd08b.html |archive-date=2007-04-30 |access-date=2023-04-22 |website=Philadelphia Sunday Sun}}</ref> Randall, tana da shekaru 17, ta zama 'yar wasan mata ta farko a Georgia da ta lashe gasar zakarun Turai a kan dukkan' yan wasan maza a kan Golf Channel Tour . <ref>{{Cite web |date=11 May 2009 |title=Zakiya Randall aspiring to become golf's next big LPGA star {{!}} World Golf News |url=http://www.worldgolf.com/newswire/browse/58576-Zakiya-Randall-aspiring-become-golfs-next-big-LPGA-star |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303230040/http://www.worldgolf.com/newswire/browse/58576-Zakiya-Randall-aspiring-become-golfs-next-big-LPGA-star |archive-date=2016-03-03 |access-date=2023-04-22 |website=World Golf News}}</ref> A cikin 2012, Randall ta kasance mai takara a kan Golf Channel's Big Break Atlantis . <ref name=":1">{{Cite web |title=Zakiya Randall |url=https://www.golfchannel.com/about/bio/zakiya-randall |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230422183503/https://www.golfchannel.com/about/bio/zakiya-randall |archive-date=April 22, 2023 |access-date=2023-04-22 |website=Golf Channel |language=en}}</ref> == Haɗin waje == * [https://zakiyarandall.com/home Shafin yanar gizon hukuma] * == Ƙarin karantarwa == * http://www.bellaonline.com/articles/art51176.asp * <nowiki>https://superior-sports.blogspot.com/2007/06/superior-esports-network-chooses-zakiya.html</nowiki> An adana shi a ranar 4 ga Maris, 2016, a * http://www.blacksportsthemagazine.com/Magazines/Feb09.pdf An adana shi a ranar 16 ga watan Agusta, 2010, a * https://web.archive.org/web/20081007040219/http://www.blacknews.com/pr/zakiya_randall_201.html == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1991]] 9cq6t5svxd73amrtdkpkjos6tv8biyf 0 163216 895174 2026-08-11T18:46:27Z Nnamadee 31123 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1357904292|Candida Höfer]]" 895174 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Candida Höfer''' (an haife ta a ranar 4 ga Fabrairu 1944) ƙwararriyar mai ɗaukar hoto ce 'yar ƙasar Jamus wadda aka san ta da binciken wuraren jama'a da gine-gine. A cikin aikinta ta sauya daga zane-zane zuwa mai da hankali kan wurare kamar dakunan karatu da gidajen tarihi. Tsohuwar daliba ce a makarantar Bernd da Hilla Becher . Aikin Höfer an san shi da kamala ta fasaha da kuma tsarin tunani mai zurfi. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Frieze Magazine, Issue 126, October 2009 |url=http://www.frieze.com/issue/review/candida_hoefer |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110221061203/http://www.frieze.com/issue/review/candida_hoefer/ |archive-date=21 February 2011 |access-date=30 May 2017}}</ref> Aikinta ya binciko hanyoyin da tsarin gine-gine na cibiyoyi ke tsarawa da kuma jagorantar gogewar ɗan adam. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Candida Höfer |url=https://www.guggenheim.org/artwork/artist/candida-hofer}}</ref> Daga shekarar 1997 zuwa 2000, ta koyar a matsayin farfesa a Jami'ar Fasaha da Zane ta Karlsruhe . Höfer shine wanda ya lashe kyautar Gudummawa Mai Kyau ga Daukar Hoto ta 2018, a matsayin wani ɓangare na Kyautar Daukar Hoto ta Duniya ta Sony.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Candida Höfer awarded 2018 Outstanding Contribution to Photography |url=https://www.worldphoto.org/blogs/08-03-18/candida-hofer-awarded-outstanding-contribution-photography |access-date=3 March 2018 |website=frieze.com |language=en}}</ref> Tana zaune a [[Köln|Cologne]]. == Rayuwar farko da ilimi == An haifi Candida Höfer a shekara ta 1944 a Eberswalde, lardin Brandenburg . <ref name="Guggenheim">{{Cite web |title=Collection Online, Candida Hofer |url=https://www.guggenheim.org/artwork/artist/candida-hofer |access-date=11 March 2018 |website=www.guggenheim.org |language=en-US}}</ref> Höfer 'yar jarida ce ta Jamus Werner Höfer . Daga 1964 zuwa 1968 Höfer yayi karatu a Kölner Werkschulen (Cologne Academy of Fine and Applied Arts). Bayan kammala karatunta, ta fara aiki a jaridu a matsayin mai ɗaukar hoto, tana shirya wani shiri kan mawakan Liverpool. <ref name="Guggenheim" /> Daga shekarar 1970 zuwa 1972, ta yi nazarin nau'ikan daguerreotypes yayin da take aiki a matsayin mataimakiyar Werner Bokelberg a Hamburg. <ref name="Guggenheim" /> Daga baya ta halarci Kunstakademie Düsseldorf daga 1973 zuwa 1982, inda ta yi karatun fina-finai a ƙarƙashin [[Ole John]], sannan daga 1976 ta yi karatun daukar hoto a ƙarƙashin Bernd Becher . Tare da Thomas Ruff, ta kasance ɗaya daga cikin ɗaliban Becher na farko da suka yi amfani da launi, suna nuna aikinta a matsayin zane mai zamewa. A lokacin da take makaranta, ta ɗauki hoton wani fim da ta ɗauka tare da Tony Morgan a ɗakin ice cream na Düsseldorf da Forno a shekarar 1975. == Aiki == Da farko Höfer ya yi aiki da ɗaukar hoto na baƙi da fari, kamar tare da ''Flipper'' (1973), babban hoton da ya ƙunshi kwafi na azurfa guda 47 na gelatin. Duk hotunan suna nuna injinan pinball a cikin gidajen wasan kwaikwayo da mashaya, wani lokacin ana ganin su tare da 'yan wasa wani lokacin kuma su kaɗai. Ba da daɗewa ba bayan haka, ta fara aiki a kan shirinta na 'Türken in Deutschland' (Turkish in Germany) (1973–1979), wanda ke bin diddigin iyalan 'yan ci-rani na Turkiyya a sabbin gidajensu na Jamus. A wannan lokacin ne Höfer ta fara sha'awar launi, domin ta ji ya fi dacewa da ita, kuma a cikin sararin samaniya da tasirinsu ga mutanen da ke zaune a cikinsu, haka nan kuma akasin haka. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Paik |first=Sherry |date=2 November 2021 |title=Candida Höfer |url=https://ocula.com/artists/candida-hofer/ |access-date=27 January 2022 |website=Ocula}}</ref> Höfer ya fara ɗaukar hotunan gine-ginen gwamnati masu launi, kamar ofisoshi, bankuna, da ɗakunan jira, a shekarar 1979. <ref name="Guggenheim">{{Cite web |title=Collection Online, Candida Hofer |url=https://www.guggenheim.org/artwork/artist/candida-hofer |access-date=11 March 2018 |website=www.guggenheim.org |language=en-US}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://www.guggenheim.org/artwork/artist/candida-hofer "Collection Online, Candida Hofer"]. ''www.guggenheim.org''<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 March</span> 2018</span>.</cite></ref> Nasarar da ta samu zuwa shahara ta zo ne da jerin hotuna da ke nuna ma'aikatan baƙi a Jamus, bayan haka ta mayar da hankali kan batutuwan ''Ciki'', ''Ɗakuna'' da ''Lambunan Dabbobi'' . Höfer ya ƙware a manyan hotuna na cikin gida marasa komai da kuma wuraren zamantakewa waɗanda ke ɗauke da "ilimin halayyar tsarin zamantakewa". An ɗauki hotunanta daga kusurwar gaba ta gargajiya mai madaidaiciya ko kuma ana neman diagonal a cikin rubutun. Tana yawan harbin kowanne ɗaki ba tare da wani aiki ba daga wani wuri mai tsayi kusa da bango ɗaya don haka bangon da ke nesa ya kasance a tsakiya a cikin hoton da aka nuna. Tun daga farkon ƙirƙirarta, tana da sha'awar wakiltar wurare na jama'a kamar gidajen tarihi, ɗakunan karatu, wuraren adana kayan tarihi na ƙasa ko gidajen wasan opera ba tare da kasancewar ɗan adam ba. Hoton Höfer ya ci gaba da mai da hankali kan waɗannan ɗakunan da ba su da yawan jama'a tun daga shekarun 1980. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Höfer |first=Candida |date=2013 |title=Architecture: A Personal Memory |journal=World Literature Today |volume=87 |issue=2 |pages=98–104 |doi=10.7588/worllitetoda.87.2.0098 |jstor=10.7588/worllitetoda.87.2.0098 |s2cid=163701643}}</ref> Höfer ta tsara hotunanta zuwa jerin da ke da jigogi na cibiyoyi da kuma na ƙasa, amma kamanceceniya tsakanin hotunanta ita ce ƙa'idar da ta fi rinjaye a tsarin. A cikin jerin ''Zoologische Gärten'' (1991), Höfer ta kawar da hankalinta daga cikin gida zuwa gidajen namun daji a Jamus, Spain, Ingila, Faransa da Netherlands. Ta hanyar aiwatar da salon bayaninta na yau da kullun, hotunan Höfer suna sake neman rage rawar da cibiyoyi ke takawa wajen bayyana kallon mai kallo ta hanyar yin rikodin dabbobi a cikin gidajensu da ke cikin keji. <ref name="Rena Bransten Gallery – San Francisco – Contemporary art gallery showing works by both established and emerging artists. 2022">{{Cite web |date=27 January 2022 |title=Candida Höfer: Zoologische Gärten – Rena Bransten Gallery – San Francisco |url=https://renabranstengallery.com/exhibitions/candida-hofer-zoologische-garten/ |access-date=27 January 2022 |website=Rena Bransten Gallery – San Francisco – Contemporary art gallery showing works by both established and emerging artists.}}</ref> A shekara ta 2001, ga ''Douze-Twelve'', wanda Musée des Beaux-Arts et de la Dentelle da ke Calais ya ba da umarni kuma daga baya aka nuna shi a Documenta 11, Höfer ya ɗauki hotunan dukkan 'yan wasan kwaikwayo 12 na Auguste Rodin 's ''The Burghers of Calais'' a cikin kayan aikinsu a gidajen tarihi da lambunan sassaka daban-daban. Daga shekarar 2004 zuwa 2007, ta yi yawo a duniya don ɗaukar hotunan mai zane mai suna On Kawara 's ''Date Paintings'' a gidajen masu tattara kaya masu zaman kansu. A shekara ta 2005, Höfer ya fara wani aiki a Gidan Tarihi na Louvre, inda ya tattara bayanai game da wurare daban-daban na tarihi, inda ya binciki ba kawai zane-zanen alfarma da suke nunawa ba, har ma da zane-zanensu na musamman, baka, tayal da kayan ado, inda masu kallo da masu yawon bude ido ba su nan.{{Ana bukatan hujja|date=May 2024}}<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B; ''<nowiki><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (May 2024)">ana buƙatar ambato</span></nowiki>'' &#x5D;</sup> == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1944]] j5ydde1y6p93ev7rltbcjm50ylv4xuh 895175 895174 2026-08-11T18:47:30Z Nnamadee 31123 895175 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Candida Höfer''' (an haife ta a ranar 4 ga Fabrairu 1944) ƙwararriyar mai ɗaukar hoto ce 'yar ƙasar Jamus wadda aka san ta da binciken wuraren jama'a da gine-gine. A cikin aikinta ta sauya daga zane-zane zuwa mai da hankali kan wurare kamar dakunan karatu da gidajen tarihi. Tsohuwar daliba ce a makarantar Bernd da Hilla Becher . Aikin Höfer an san shi da kamala ta fasaha da kuma tsarin tunani mai zurfi.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Frieze Magazine, Issue 126, October 2009 |url=http://www.frieze.com/issue/review/candida_hoefer |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110221061203/http://www.frieze.com/issue/review/candida_hoefer/ |archive-date=21 February 2011 |access-date=30 May 2017}}</ref> Aikinta ya binciko hanyoyin da tsarin gine-gine na cibiyoyi ke tsarawa da kuma jagorantar gogewar ɗan adam.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Candida Höfer |url=https://www.guggenheim.org/artwork/artist/candida-hofer}}</ref> Daga shekarar 1997 zuwa 2000, ta koyar a matsayin farfesa a Jami'ar Fasaha da Zane ta Karlsruhe . Höfer shine wanda ya lashe kyautar Gudummawa Mai Kyau ga Daukar Hoto ta 2018, a matsayin wani ɓangare na Kyautar Daukar Hoto ta Duniya ta Sony.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Candida Höfer awarded 2018 Outstanding Contribution to Photography |url=https://www.worldphoto.org/blogs/08-03-18/candida-hofer-awarded-outstanding-contribution-photography |access-date=3 March 2018 |website=frieze.com |language=en}}</ref> Tana zaune a [[Köln|Cologne]]. == Rayuwar farko da ilimi == An haifi Candida Höfer a shekara ta 1944 a Eberswalde, lardin Brandenburg . <ref name="Guggenheim">{{Cite web |title=Collection Online, Candida Hofer |url=https://www.guggenheim.org/artwork/artist/candida-hofer |access-date=11 March 2018 |website=www.guggenheim.org |language=en-US}}</ref> Höfer 'yar jarida ce ta Jamus Werner Höfer . Daga 1964 zuwa 1968 Höfer yayi karatu a Kölner Werkschulen (Cologne Academy of Fine and Applied Arts). Bayan kammala karatunta, ta fara aiki a jaridu a matsayin mai ɗaukar hoto, tana shirya wani shiri kan mawakan Liverpool. <ref name="Guggenheim" /> Daga shekarar 1970 zuwa 1972, ta yi nazarin nau'ikan daguerreotypes yayin da take aiki a matsayin mataimakiyar Werner Bokelberg a Hamburg. <ref name="Guggenheim" /> Daga baya ta halarci Kunstakademie Düsseldorf daga 1973 zuwa 1982, inda ta yi karatun fina-finai a ƙarƙashin [[Ole John]], sannan daga 1976 ta yi karatun daukar hoto a ƙarƙashin Bernd Becher . Tare da Thomas Ruff, ta kasance ɗaya daga cikin ɗaliban Becher na farko da suka yi amfani da launi, suna nuna aikinta a matsayin zane mai zamewa. A lokacin da take makaranta, ta ɗauki hoton wani fim da ta ɗauka tare da Tony Morgan a ɗakin ice cream na Düsseldorf da Forno a shekarar 1975. == Aiki == Da farko Höfer ya yi aiki da ɗaukar hoto na baƙi da fari, kamar tare da ''Flipper'' (1973), babban hoton da ya ƙunshi kwafi na azurfa guda 47 na gelatin. Duk hotunan suna nuna injinan pinball a cikin gidajen wasan kwaikwayo da mashaya, wani lokacin ana ganin su tare da 'yan wasa wani lokacin kuma su kaɗai. Ba da daɗewa ba bayan haka, ta fara aiki a kan shirinta na 'Türken in Deutschland' (Turkish in Germany) (1973–1979), wanda ke bin diddigin iyalan 'yan ci-rani na Turkiyya a sabbin gidajensu na Jamus. A wannan lokacin ne Höfer ta fara sha'awar launi, domin ta ji ya fi dacewa da ita, kuma a cikin sararin samaniya da tasirinsu ga mutanen da ke zaune a cikinsu, haka nan kuma akasin haka. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Paik |first=Sherry |date=2 November 2021 |title=Candida Höfer |url=https://ocula.com/artists/candida-hofer/ |access-date=27 January 2022 |website=Ocula}}</ref> Höfer ya fara ɗaukar hotunan gine-ginen gwamnati masu launi, kamar ofisoshi, bankuna, da ɗakunan jira, a shekarar 1979. <ref name="Guggenheim">{{Cite web |title=Collection Online, Candida Hofer |url=https://www.guggenheim.org/artwork/artist/candida-hofer |access-date=11 March 2018 |website=www.guggenheim.org |language=en-US}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://www.guggenheim.org/artwork/artist/candida-hofer "Collection Online, Candida Hofer"]. ''www.guggenheim.org''<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 March</span> 2018</span>.</cite></ref> Nasarar da ta samu zuwa shahara ta zo ne da jerin hotuna da ke nuna ma'aikatan baƙi a Jamus, bayan haka ta mayar da hankali kan batutuwan ''Ciki'', ''Ɗakuna'' da ''Lambunan Dabbobi'' . Höfer ya ƙware a manyan hotuna na cikin gida marasa komai da kuma wuraren zamantakewa waɗanda ke ɗauke da "ilimin halayyar tsarin zamantakewa". An ɗauki hotunanta daga kusurwar gaba ta gargajiya mai madaidaiciya ko kuma ana neman diagonal a cikin rubutun. Tana yawan harbin kowanne ɗaki ba tare da wani aiki ba daga wani wuri mai tsayi kusa da bango ɗaya don haka bangon da ke nesa ya kasance a tsakiya a cikin hoton da aka nuna. Tun daga farkon ƙirƙirarta, tana da sha'awar wakiltar wurare na jama'a kamar gidajen tarihi, ɗakunan karatu, wuraren adana kayan tarihi na ƙasa ko gidajen wasan opera ba tare da kasancewar ɗan adam ba. Hoton Höfer ya ci gaba da mai da hankali kan waɗannan ɗakunan da ba su da yawan jama'a tun daga shekarun 1980. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Höfer |first=Candida |date=2013 |title=Architecture: A Personal Memory |journal=World Literature Today |volume=87 |issue=2 |pages=98–104 |doi=10.7588/worllitetoda.87.2.0098 |jstor=10.7588/worllitetoda.87.2.0098 |s2cid=163701643}}</ref> Höfer ta tsara hotunanta zuwa jerin da ke da jigogi na cibiyoyi da kuma na ƙasa, amma kamanceceniya tsakanin hotunanta ita ce ƙa'idar da ta fi rinjaye a tsarin. A cikin jerin ''Zoologische Gärten'' (1991), Höfer ta kawar da hankalinta daga cikin gida zuwa gidajen namun daji a Jamus, Spain, Ingila, Faransa da Netherlands. Ta hanyar aiwatar da salon bayaninta na yau da kullun, hotunan Höfer suna sake neman rage rawar da cibiyoyi ke takawa wajen bayyana kallon mai kallo ta hanyar yin rikodin dabbobi a cikin gidajensu da ke cikin keji. <ref name="Rena Bransten Gallery – San Francisco – Contemporary art gallery showing works by both established and emerging artists. 2022">{{Cite web |date=27 January 2022 |title=Candida Höfer: Zoologische Gärten – Rena Bransten Gallery – San Francisco |url=https://renabranstengallery.com/exhibitions/candida-hofer-zoologische-garten/ |access-date=27 January 2022 |website=Rena Bransten Gallery – San Francisco – Contemporary art gallery showing works by both established and emerging artists.}}</ref> A shekara ta 2001, ga ''Douze-Twelve'', wanda Musée des Beaux-Arts et de la Dentelle da ke Calais ya ba da umarni kuma daga baya aka nuna shi a Documenta 11, Höfer ya ɗauki hotunan dukkan 'yan wasan kwaikwayo 12 na Auguste Rodin 's ''The Burghers of Calais'' a cikin kayan aikinsu a gidajen tarihi da lambunan sassaka daban-daban. Daga shekarar 2004 zuwa 2007, ta yi yawo a duniya don ɗaukar hotunan mai zane mai suna On Kawara 's ''Date Paintings'' a gidajen masu tattara kaya masu zaman kansu. A shekara ta 2005, Höfer ya fara wani aiki a Gidan Tarihi na Louvre, inda ya tattara bayanai game da wurare daban-daban na tarihi, inda ya binciki ba kawai zane-zanen alfarma da suke nunawa ba, har ma da zane-zanensu na musamman, baka, tayal da kayan ado, inda masu kallo da masu yawon bude ido ba su nan.{{Ana bukatan hujja|date=May 2024}}<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B; ''<nowiki><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (May 2024)">ana buƙatar ambato</span></nowiki>'' &#x5D;</sup> == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1944]] q94kdyocgbcnpbc0cpi18yibnq1mmfk 895176 895175 2026-08-11T18:48:50Z Nnamadee 31123 895176 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Candida Höfer''' (an haife ta a ranar 4 ga Fabrairu 1944) ƙwararriyar mai ɗaukar hoto ce 'yar ƙasar Jamus wadda aka san ta da binciken wuraren jama'a da gine-gine. A cikin aikinta ta sauya daga zane-zane zuwa mai da hankali kan wurare kamar dakunan karatu da gidajen tarihi. Tsohuwar daliba ce a makarantar Bernd da Hilla Becher . Aikin Höfer an san shi da kamala ta fasaha da kuma tsarin tunani mai zurfi.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Frieze Magazine, Issue 126, October 2009 |url=http://www.frieze.com/issue/review/candida_hoefer |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110221061203/http://www.frieze.com/issue/review/candida_hoefer/ |archive-date=21 February 2011 |access-date=30 May 2017}}</ref> Aikinta ya binciko hanyoyin da tsarin gine-gine na cibiyoyi ke tsarawa da kuma jagorantar gogewar ɗan adam.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Candida Höfer |url=https://www.guggenheim.org/artwork/artist/candida-hofer}}</ref> Daga shekarar 1997 zuwa 2000, ta koyar a matsayin farfesa a Jami'ar Fasaha da Zane ta Karlsruhe . Höfer shine wanda ya lashe kyautar Gudummawa Mai Kyau ga Daukar Hoto ta 2018, a matsayin wani ɓangare na Kyautar Daukar Hoto ta Duniya ta Sony.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Candida Höfer awarded 2018 Outstanding Contribution to Photography |url=https://www.worldphoto.org/blogs/08-03-18/candida-hofer-awarded-outstanding-contribution-photography |access-date=3 March 2018 |website=frieze.com |language=en}}</ref> Tana zaune a [[Köln|Cologne]]. == Rayuwar farko da ilimi == An haifi Candida Höfer a shekara ta 1944 a Eberswalde, lardin Brandenburg . <ref name="Guggenheim">{{Cite web |title=Collection Online, Candida Hofer |url=https://www.guggenheim.org/artwork/artist/candida-hofer |access-date=11 March 2018 |website=www.guggenheim.org |language=en-US}}</ref> Höfer 'yar jarida ce ta Jamus Werner Höfer . Daga 1964 zuwa 1968 Höfer yayi karatu a Kölner Werkschulen (Cologne Academy of Fine and Applied Arts). Bayan kammala karatunta, ta fara aiki a jaridu a matsayin mai ɗaukar hoto, tana shirya wani shiri kan mawakan Liverpool. <ref name="Guggenheim" /> Daga shekarar 1970 zuwa 1972, ta yi nazarin nau'ikan daguerreotypes yayin da take aiki a matsayin mataimakiyar Werner Bokelberg a Hamburg. <ref name="Guggenheim" /> Daga baya ta halarci Kunstakademie Düsseldorf daga 1973 zuwa 1982, inda ta yi karatun fina-finai a ƙarƙashin [[Ole John]], sannan daga 1976 ta yi karatun daukar hoto a ƙarƙashin Bernd Becher . Tare da Thomas Ruff, ta kasance ɗaya daga cikin ɗaliban Becher na farko da suka yi amfani da launi, suna nuna aikinta a matsayin zane mai zamewa. A lokacin da take makaranta, ta ɗauki hoton wani fim da ta ɗauka tare da Tony Morgan a ɗakin ice cream na Düsseldorf da Forno a shekarar 1975. == Aiki == Da farko Höfer ya yi aiki da ɗaukar hoto na baƙi da fari, kamar tare da ''Flipper'' (1973), babban hoton da ya ƙunshi kwafi na azurfa guda 47 na gelatin. Duk hotunan suna nuna injinan pinball a cikin gidajen wasan kwaikwayo da mashaya, wani lokacin ana ganin su tare da 'yan wasa wani lokacin kuma su kaɗai. Ba da daɗewa ba bayan haka, ta fara aiki a kan shirinta na 'Türken in Deutschland' (Turkish in Germany) (1973–1979), wanda ke bin diddigin iyalan 'yan ci-rani na Turkiyya a sabbin gidajensu na Jamus. A wannan lokacin ne Höfer ta fara sha'awar launi, domin ta ji ya fi dacewa da ita, kuma a cikin sararin samaniya da tasirinsu ga mutanen da ke zaune a cikinsu, haka nan kuma akasin haka. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Paik |first=Sherry |date=2 November 2021 |title=Candida Höfer |url=https://ocula.com/artists/candida-hofer/ |access-date=27 January 2022 |website=Ocula}}</ref> Höfer ya fara ɗaukar hotunan gine-ginen gwamnati masu launi, kamar ofisoshi, bankuna, da ɗakunan jira, a shekarar 1979. <ref name="Guggenheim">{{Cite web |title=Collection Online, Candida Hofer |url=https://www.guggenheim.org/artwork/artist/candida-hofer |access-date=11 March 2018 |website=www.guggenheim.org |language=en-US}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://www.guggenheim.org/artwork/artist/candida-hofer "Collection Online, Candida Hofer"]. ''www.guggenheim.org''<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 March</span> 2018</span>.</cite></ref> Nasarar da ta samu zuwa shahara ta zo ne da jerin hotuna da ke nuna ma'aikatan baƙi a Jamus, bayan haka ta mayar da hankali kan batutuwan ''Ciki'', ''Ɗakuna'' da ''Lambunan Dabbobi'' . Höfer ya ƙware a manyan hotuna na cikin gida marasa komai da kuma wuraren zamantakewa waɗanda ke ɗauke da "ilimin halayyar tsarin zamantakewa". An ɗauki hotunanta daga kusurwar gaba ta gargajiya mai madaidaiciya ko kuma ana neman diagonal a cikin rubutun. Tana yawan harbin kowanne ɗaki ba tare da wani aiki ba daga wani wuri mai tsayi kusa da bango ɗaya don haka bangon da ke nesa ya kasance a tsakiya a cikin hoton da aka nuna. Tun daga farkon ƙirƙirarta, tana da sha'awar wakiltar wurare na jama'a kamar gidajen tarihi, ɗakunan karatu, wuraren adana kayan tarihi na ƙasa ko gidajen wasan opera ba tare da kasancewar ɗan adam ba. Hoton Höfer ya ci gaba da mai da hankali kan waɗannan ɗakunan da ba su da yawan jama'a tun daga shekarun 1980. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Höfer |first=Candida |date=2013 |title=Architecture: A Personal Memory |journal=World Literature Today |volume=87 |issue=2 |pages=98–104 |doi=10.7588/worllitetoda.87.2.0098 |jstor=10.7588/worllitetoda.87.2.0098 |s2cid=163701643}}</ref> Höfer ta tsara hotunanta zuwa jerin da ke da jigogi na cibiyoyi da kuma na ƙasa, amma kamanceceniya tsakanin hotunanta ita ce ƙa'idar da ta fi rinjaye a tsarin. A cikin jerin ''Zoologische Gärten'' (1991), Höfer ta kawar da hankalinta daga cikin gida zuwa gidajen namun daji a Jamus, Spain, Ingila, Faransa da Netherlands. Ta hanyar aiwatar da salon bayaninta na yau da kullun, hotunan Höfer suna sake neman rage rawar da cibiyoyi ke takawa wajen bayyana kallon mai kallo ta hanyar yin rikodin dabbobi a cikin gidajensu da ke cikin keji. <ref name="Rena Bransten Gallery – San Francisco – Contemporary art gallery showing works by both established and emerging artists. 2022">{{Cite web |date=27 January 2022 |title=Candida Höfer: Zoologische Gärten – Rena Bransten Gallery – San Francisco |url=https://renabranstengallery.com/exhibitions/candida-hofer-zoologische-garten/ |access-date=27 January 2022 |website=Rena Bransten Gallery – San Francisco – Contemporary art gallery showing works by both established and emerging artists.}}</ref> A shekara ta 2001, ga ''Douze-Twelve'', wanda Musée des Beaux-Arts et de la Dentelle da ke Calais ya ba da umarni kuma daga baya aka nuna shi a Documenta 11, Höfer ya ɗauki hotunan dukkan 'yan wasan kwaikwayo 12 na Auguste Rodin 's ''The Burghers of Calais'' a cikin kayan aikinsu a gidajen tarihi da lambunan sassaka daban-daban. Daga shekarar 2004 zuwa 2007, ta yi yawo a duniya don ɗaukar hotunan mai zane mai suna On Kawara 's ''Date Paintings'' a gidajen masu tattara kaya masu zaman kansu. A shekara ta 2005, Höfer ya fara wani aiki a Gidan Tarihi na Louvre, inda ya tattara bayanai game da wurare daban-daban na tarihi, inda ya binciki ba kawai zane-zanen alfarma da suke nunawa ba, har ma da zane-zanensu na musamman, baka, tayal da kayan ado, inda masu kallo da masu yawon bude ido ba su nan. == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1944]] 82jvd9dm1f8jifqfrmndkuz6x423r3v 0 163217 895177 2026-08-11T18:55:03Z Nnamadee 31123 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1367430929|Hito Steyerl]]" 895177 wikitext text/x-wiki An haifi '''Hito Steyerl''' a ranar 1 ga Janairun 1966 a [[München|Munich]] . Su Bajamushe ne mai shirya fina-finai, mai zane [[Fim|-zane masu motsi]], marubuci, kuma mai ƙirƙira shirin gaskiya na muƙala. Manyan batutuwan da take sha'awa su ne kafofin watsa labarai, fasaha, da kuma yaɗuwar hotuna a duniya. Ta kasance farfesa a fannin Current Digital Media a Kwalejin Fasaha ta Fine Arts da ke [[München|Munich]] tun daga shekarar 2024. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Vogel |first=Evelyn |date=4 July 2024 |title=Neues Forschungszentrum für Technoästhetik an der Münchner Kunstakademie |url=https://www.sueddeutsche.de/muenchen/technoaesthetik-forschungszentrum-muenchner-kunstakademie-hito-steyerl-lux.BbbspNmBeMG9dyxjrjqJLo |access-date=20 July 2024 |website=Süddeutsche.de |language=de}}</ref> Har zuwa shekarar 2024, ta kasance farfesa a fannin Fasaha ta New Media a Jami'ar Fasaha ta Berlin, inda ta kafa Cibiyar Bincike don Siyasar Wakilai tare da Vera Tollmann da Boaz Levin . <ref>{{Cite web |title=Research Center for Proxy Politics |url=http://rcpp.lensbased.net/meta/ |access-date=29 December 2016 |website=rcpp.lensbased.net}}</ref> == Rayuwar farko da ilimi == Steyerl yana da digirin PhD a [[Falsafa|fannin Falsafa]] daga Kwalejin Fasaha ta Vienna . Daga baya ta halarci Cibiyar Nazarin Hoton Juyawa ta Japan . Daga baya ta yi karatu a Jami'ar Talabijin da Fim Munich . Steyerl ta sami tasiri sosai daga [[Harun Farocki]], <ref>{{Cite web |title=Beginnings – Journal #59 November 2014 – e-flux |url=https://www.e-flux.com/journal/59/61140/beginnings/ |access-date=22 July 2018 |website=e-flux.com |language=en}}</ref> duk da cewa ta ambaci tsohon farfesa, masanin tarihin fina-finai Helmut Färber, a matsayin wanda ke da tasiri kai tsaye a kan aikinta. <ref name="Life" /> == Aiki == A shekara ta 2004 Steyerl ta shiga cikin Manifesta 5, The European Biennial of Modern Art. Ta kuma shiga cikin Shanghai Biennials na 2008 da kuma bikin Gwangju da Taipei na 2010. A shekarar 2007, an nuna fim ɗinta mai suna ''Lovely Andrea'' <ref name="www.ubu.com">{{Cite web |title=U B U W E B – Film & Video: Hito Steyerl – Lovely Andrea (2007) |url=http://www.ubu.com/film/steyerl_andrea.html |access-date=29 March 2017 |website=www.ubu.com}}</ref> a matsayin wani ɓangare na shirin gaskiya na 12 a Kassel, Jamus. A shekarar 2013, an haɗa ayyukanta a cikin Venice Biennale da kuma Istanbul Biennial . <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Milliard |first=Coline |date=1 December 2013 |title=13th Istanbul Biennial |journal=Modern Painters}}</ref> A shekarar 2015, an haɗa ayyukanta a cikin rumfar Jamus a Venice Biennale. A shekarar 2019, an nuna shi a cikin Arsenale of the Venice Biennale. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Arsenale |first=Central Pavilion / |date=15 May 2019 |title=Biennale Arte 2019 {{!}} Hito Steyerl |url=https://www.labiennale.org/en/art/2019/partecipants/hito-steyerl |access-date=5 January 2020 |website=La Biennale di Venezia |language=en}}</ref> Aikin Steyerl ya tura iyakokin bidiyon gargajiya, sau da yawa yana ɓoye abin da yake gaskiya a ƙarƙashin launuka da yawa na misalai da barkwanci. Ta kira aikinta, ''Red Alert'', a matsayin "iyakar bidiyo ta waje". ''Red Alert'' ya ƙunshi na'urori guda uku da ke nuna bidiyon ja mai tsarki, kuma an ba shi izinin wakiltar fim ɗin Steyerl ''mai suna Lovely Andrea'' . An zaɓi launin ja ne saboda ma'anarsa ga faɗakarwar ta'addanci da gundumomin ja, yana nuni ga jigogin tashin hankalin soja da cin zarafin batsa da ke cikin ''Lovely Andrea.'' Aikinta ya shafi batutuwa kamar amfani da sojoji, ƙaura zuwa sa ido, rawar da [[Kafofin yada labarai|kafofin watsa labarai]] ke takawa a dunkulewar duniya, da kuma yaɗa hotuna da [[Al'ada|al'adun]] da ke kewaye da ita. Steyerl ta ƙarfafa matsayinta da kuma matsayinta na ƙwararren mai fasaha, wanda aka nuna ta hanyar sha'awarta wajen jan hankalin mahallin gabatarwar [[Art|fasaha]] . An haɓaka aikinta daga bincike, tambayoyi, da tarin hotunan da aka samo, wanda ya ƙare a cikin aikin da aka mayar da hankali kan koyarwa a fannin shirye-shiryen bincike na shari'a da kuma zane-zane masu kama da mafarki. A cikin 'yan shekarun nan, aikin Steyerl ya faɗaɗa don fuskantar matsayin hotuna a cikin duniyar dijital da ke ƙara zama ruwan dare, cibiyoyi (gami da gidajen tarihi), hanyoyin sadarwa, da ma'aikata. Aikinta ya mayar da hankali kan batun tallafawa kamfanoni ta hanyar hulɗa da cibiyoyi, ciki har da ''Drill'' a shekarar 2019 a Park Avenue Armory da ke New York, wanda Steyerl ya bayyana tarihin da ya haɗa ginin da ke ɗaukar nauyin baje kolin da kafa Ƙungiyar Rifle ta Ƙasa. Dangane da batun tallafin kuɗi na sirri, Steyerl ya bayyana cewa: 'A ƙarshe, zai zama da muhimmanci a wuce zanga-zangar da ake yi wa mutane a yi ƙoƙarin tsara matsalolin gabaɗaya dangane da sabon kundin tsarin mulki ga duniyar fasaha: tsarin ƙa'idodi waɗanda suka haɗa da fannoni daban-daban, kamar albashi, tallafi, shugabanci, ƙa'idodin bayyana gaskiya, wakilci, dorewa, da sauransu, kamar sabuwar yarjejeniya ga gidajen tarihi.' <ref>{{Cite web |last=Zefkili |first=Despina |date=18 October 2019 |title=Hito Steyerl: How To Build a Sustainable Art World |url=https://ocula.com/magazine/conversations/hito-steyerl/ |website=Ocula}}</ref> A watan Afrilun 2019, Hito Steyerl ta haɗa wani manhaja mai hulɗa a cikin baje kolin ta a Gidan Tarihi na Serpentine da ke Landan, mai taken 'Tushe-Tushe na Wutar Lantarki', wanda ya yi amfani da gaskiyar da aka ƙara don nuna bayanai masu iyo, rubutu, da zane-zane a kusa da sararin gidan tarihi. 'Tushe-Tushe na Wutar Lantarki' ya nuna rashin daidaito a Kudancin Kensington, London, da kuma goge sunan Sackler daga ƙofar Gidan Tarihi na Serpentine Sackler a matsayin sharhi kan tsarin wutar lantarki a fasahar zamani. <ref>{{Cite web |title=App art — a playground for new ideas |url=https://www.ft.com/content/6ea6eb56-7d4f-11e9-81d2-f785092ab560 |access-date=28 December 2023 |website=www.ft.com}}</ref> Steyerl yana amfani da hanyoyin da ke ƙara rikitarwa na fasahar pixelation a cikin fannin dijital, gyarawa, zane-zanen dijital, da tsarin shigar da bidiyo. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Liquidity Inc. {{!}} icaboston.org |url=https://www.icaboston.org/art/hito-steyerl/liquidity-inc |access-date=23 March 2019 |website=www.icaboston.org}}</ref> A shekarar 2025, Steyerl, tare da Nora O'Murchú, da Sam Lavigne sun yi aiki a matsayin alkalai don zaɓar ayyuka don [[Error 417 Expectation Failed|Kuskuren 417 Buɗewar]] kiran ayyukan da ke fuskantar mulkin kama-karya na fasaha, wanda ya ƙare a shirin kan layi ''mai taken maki 13 a kan mulkin kama-karya na fasaha'' . == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1966]] [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] 6hgew22394poqyzy2bus6la4kd12zne 895178 895177 2026-08-11T18:55:36Z Nnamadee 31123 895178 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} An haifi '''Hito Steyerl''' a ranar 1 ga Janairun 1966 a [[München|Munich]] . Su Bajamushe ne mai shirya fina-finai, mai zane [[Fim|-zane masu motsi]], marubuci, kuma mai ƙirƙira shirin gaskiya na muƙala. Manyan batutuwan da take sha'awa su ne kafofin watsa labarai, fasaha, da kuma yaɗuwar hotuna a duniya. Ta kasance farfesa a fannin Current Digital Media a Kwalejin Fasaha ta Fine Arts da ke [[München|Munich]] tun daga shekarar 2024. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Vogel |first=Evelyn |date=4 July 2024 |title=Neues Forschungszentrum für Technoästhetik an der Münchner Kunstakademie |url=https://www.sueddeutsche.de/muenchen/technoaesthetik-forschungszentrum-muenchner-kunstakademie-hito-steyerl-lux.BbbspNmBeMG9dyxjrjqJLo |access-date=20 July 2024 |website=Süddeutsche.de |language=de}}</ref> Har zuwa shekarar 2024, ta kasance farfesa a fannin Fasaha ta New Media a Jami'ar Fasaha ta Berlin, inda ta kafa Cibiyar Bincike don Siyasar Wakilai tare da Vera Tollmann da Boaz Levin . <ref>{{Cite web |title=Research Center for Proxy Politics |url=http://rcpp.lensbased.net/meta/ |access-date=29 December 2016 |website=rcpp.lensbased.net}}</ref> == Rayuwar farko da ilimi == Steyerl yana da digirin PhD a [[Falsafa|fannin Falsafa]] daga Kwalejin Fasaha ta Vienna . Daga baya ta halarci Cibiyar Nazarin Hoton Juyawa ta Japan . Daga baya ta yi karatu a Jami'ar Talabijin da Fim Munich . Steyerl ta sami tasiri sosai daga [[Harun Farocki]], <ref>{{Cite web |title=Beginnings – Journal #59 November 2014 – e-flux |url=https://www.e-flux.com/journal/59/61140/beginnings/ |access-date=22 July 2018 |website=e-flux.com |language=en}}</ref> duk da cewa ta ambaci tsohon farfesa, masanin tarihin fina-finai Helmut Färber, a matsayin wanda ke da tasiri kai tsaye a kan aikinta. <ref name="Life" /> == Aiki == A shekara ta 2004 Steyerl ta shiga cikin Manifesta 5, The European Biennial of Modern Art. Ta kuma shiga cikin Shanghai Biennials na 2008 da kuma bikin Gwangju da Taipei na 2010. A shekarar 2007, an nuna fim ɗinta mai suna ''Lovely Andrea'' <ref name="www.ubu.com">{{Cite web |title=U B U W E B – Film & Video: Hito Steyerl – Lovely Andrea (2007) |url=http://www.ubu.com/film/steyerl_andrea.html |access-date=29 March 2017 |website=www.ubu.com}}</ref> a matsayin wani ɓangare na shirin gaskiya na 12 a Kassel, Jamus. A shekarar 2013, an haɗa ayyukanta a cikin Venice Biennale da kuma Istanbul Biennial . <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Milliard |first=Coline |date=1 December 2013 |title=13th Istanbul Biennial |journal=Modern Painters}}</ref> A shekarar 2015, an haɗa ayyukanta a cikin rumfar Jamus a Venice Biennale. A shekarar 2019, an nuna shi a cikin Arsenale of the Venice Biennale. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Arsenale |first=Central Pavilion / |date=15 May 2019 |title=Biennale Arte 2019 {{!}} Hito Steyerl |url=https://www.labiennale.org/en/art/2019/partecipants/hito-steyerl |access-date=5 January 2020 |website=La Biennale di Venezia |language=en}}</ref> Aikin Steyerl ya tura iyakokin bidiyon gargajiya, sau da yawa yana ɓoye abin da yake gaskiya a ƙarƙashin launuka da yawa na misalai da barkwanci. Ta kira aikinta, ''Red Alert'', a matsayin "iyakar bidiyo ta waje". ''Red Alert'' ya ƙunshi na'urori guda uku da ke nuna bidiyon ja mai tsarki, kuma an ba shi izinin wakiltar fim ɗin Steyerl ''mai suna Lovely Andrea'' . An zaɓi launin ja ne saboda ma'anarsa ga faɗakarwar ta'addanci da gundumomin ja, yana nuni ga jigogin tashin hankalin soja da cin zarafin batsa da ke cikin ''Lovely Andrea.'' Aikinta ya shafi batutuwa kamar amfani da sojoji, ƙaura zuwa sa ido, rawar da [[Kafofin yada labarai|kafofin watsa labarai]] ke takawa a dunkulewar duniya, da kuma yaɗa hotuna da [[Al'ada|al'adun]] da ke kewaye da ita. Steyerl ta ƙarfafa matsayinta da kuma matsayinta na ƙwararren mai fasaha, wanda aka nuna ta hanyar sha'awarta wajen jan hankalin mahallin gabatarwar [[Art|fasaha]] . An haɓaka aikinta daga bincike, tambayoyi, da tarin hotunan da aka samo, wanda ya ƙare a cikin aikin da aka mayar da hankali kan koyarwa a fannin shirye-shiryen bincike na shari'a da kuma zane-zane masu kama da mafarki. A cikin 'yan shekarun nan, aikin Steyerl ya faɗaɗa don fuskantar matsayin hotuna a cikin duniyar dijital da ke ƙara zama ruwan dare, cibiyoyi (gami da gidajen tarihi), hanyoyin sadarwa, da ma'aikata. Aikinta ya mayar da hankali kan batun tallafawa kamfanoni ta hanyar hulɗa da cibiyoyi, ciki har da ''Drill'' a shekarar 2019 a Park Avenue Armory da ke New York, wanda Steyerl ya bayyana tarihin da ya haɗa ginin da ke ɗaukar nauyin baje kolin da kafa Ƙungiyar Rifle ta Ƙasa. Dangane da batun tallafin kuɗi na sirri, Steyerl ya bayyana cewa: 'A ƙarshe, zai zama da muhimmanci a wuce zanga-zangar da ake yi wa mutane a yi ƙoƙarin tsara matsalolin gabaɗaya dangane da sabon kundin tsarin mulki ga duniyar fasaha: tsarin ƙa'idodi waɗanda suka haɗa da fannoni daban-daban, kamar albashi, tallafi, shugabanci, ƙa'idodin bayyana gaskiya, wakilci, dorewa, da sauransu, kamar sabuwar yarjejeniya ga gidajen tarihi.' <ref>{{Cite web |last=Zefkili |first=Despina |date=18 October 2019 |title=Hito Steyerl: How To Build a Sustainable Art World |url=https://ocula.com/magazine/conversations/hito-steyerl/ |website=Ocula}}</ref> A watan Afrilun 2019, Hito Steyerl ta haɗa wani manhaja mai hulɗa a cikin baje kolin ta a Gidan Tarihi na Serpentine da ke Landan, mai taken 'Tushe-Tushe na Wutar Lantarki', wanda ya yi amfani da gaskiyar da aka ƙara don nuna bayanai masu iyo, rubutu, da zane-zane a kusa da sararin gidan tarihi. 'Tushe-Tushe na Wutar Lantarki' ya nuna rashin daidaito a Kudancin Kensington, London, da kuma goge sunan Sackler daga ƙofar Gidan Tarihi na Serpentine Sackler a matsayin sharhi kan tsarin wutar lantarki a fasahar zamani. <ref>{{Cite web |title=App art — a playground for new ideas |url=https://www.ft.com/content/6ea6eb56-7d4f-11e9-81d2-f785092ab560 |access-date=28 December 2023 |website=www.ft.com}}</ref> Steyerl yana amfani da hanyoyin da ke ƙara rikitarwa na fasahar pixelation a cikin fannin dijital, gyarawa, zane-zanen dijital, da tsarin shigar da bidiyo. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Liquidity Inc. {{!}} icaboston.org |url=https://www.icaboston.org/art/hito-steyerl/liquidity-inc |access-date=23 March 2019 |website=www.icaboston.org}}</ref> A shekarar 2025, Steyerl, tare da Nora O'Murchú, da Sam Lavigne sun yi aiki a matsayin alkalai don zaɓar ayyuka don [[Error 417 Expectation Failed|Kuskuren 417 Buɗewar]] kiran ayyukan da ke fuskantar mulkin kama-karya na fasaha, wanda ya ƙare a shirin kan layi ''mai taken maki 13 a kan mulkin kama-karya na fasaha'' . == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1966]] [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] qhi3mul3jlmtnx4i67dd6c1fjamw56u 0 163218 895180 2026-08-11T18:57:29Z Nnamadee 31123 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1282816011|NatHalie Braun Barends]]" 895180 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Nathalie Braun Barends''', wacce aka fi sani da Petsire, ƙwararriyar mai fasaha ce ta kafofin watsa labarai ta duniya wacce aikinta ya haɗa da zane-zane, ɗaukar hoto, bidiyo, shigarwar haske da abubuwan da suka faru. An nuna ayyukanta, kuma wani ɓangare na tarin littattafai, a gidajen tarihi da cibiyoyin al'adu na duniya. == Rayuwa da ayyuka == An haifi Nathalie Braun Barends a Jamus kuma ta girma galibi a Brazil da Chile. Daga shekarar 1987 zuwa 1991, ta halarci Jami'ar São Paulo da ke Paulista inda a shekarar 1994 ta sami digirin Lato Sensu a fannin Talla ta Duniya. A shekarar 1993 ta yi baje kolin kayan tarihi a Gidan Al'adun Japan, kuma a shekarar 1994 ta yi baje kolin kayan tarihi na farko a Cibiyar Goethe ta São Paulo. A shekarar 1994, an gayyace ta zuwa Kwalejin Fasaha ta Vienna, kuma a shekarar 1995 ta yi baje kolin kasa da kasa na farko da ta yi ita kaɗai a Cibiyar Al'adu ta Austria "Palais Pallfy" da ke Vienna; a shekarar 1997 ta kasance mai zane a gidanta a Cibiyar Fasaha ta Duniya ta Banff da ke Kanada. A shekarar 1998, Braun Barends ya kasance mai zane-zane a [[Kwalejin Fasaha, Berlin|Kwalejin Fasaha ta Berlin]] . Tsakanin 1996 da 2001, ta sami digirin digirgir na biyu na Stricto Sensu a fannin Sadarwa da Fasaha tare da Dr. Farfesa Manuel Moran a Jami'ar São Paulo, Brazil. A shekara ta 2001 ta kafa Halie Light International, Inc. kuma ta kasance shugabar ƙungiyar masu tsara zane da kuma mai ba da shawara ta L'Observatoire International, Inc. da ke birnin New York. A shekara ta 2003 ta sami lambar yabo daga Hukumar Fasaha ta NY saboda manufarta ta Haske a Gidan Tarihi na Zamani na PS 1 – (MoMA) da ke New York, saboda Halie Light & L'Observatoire International Project. A shekara ta 2004 ta kafa "H Life Foundation, Inc. for Art, Cultural Heritage and Nature" a birnin New York. <ref>{{Cite web |date=2009 |title=NatHalie Braun Barends – Light Art Life |url=https://www.yumpu.com/en/document/view/4496312/nathalie-braun-barends-at-al-h-apeiron-bhetzire-petsire-hn2bnet |access-date=29 September 2015 |website=yumpu.com |publisher=Art Space Publisher}}</ref> Ɗaya daga cikin abubuwan da ta fi mayar da hankali a kansu shi ne sauƙin fahimta da yawa daga cikin abubuwan da ke cikinta. Tana bincike da ƙirƙirar alamomi, tana aiki da launuka na halitta da na haske, sabbin hanyoyin sadarwa da kayayyaki ko ƙira. Daga cikin wasu abubuwa, tana wayar da kan jama'a game da batutuwan tsaro kuma sau da yawa tana amfani da barguna na wuta da barguna na sararin samaniya don ayyukanta na zane-zane. Tana shiga cikin ayyukan zamantakewa da yanayi kuma tana da sha'awar al'adun gida, al'adunsu da kuma tsarin ƙabila: Xavantes ko A'uwẽ Uptabi a Brazil, <ref>{{Cite web |date=17 October 2000 |title="Hillugrafien" in Brasiliens neuer Botschaft |url=http://www.hn2b.net/Press/Photos/BerlinerMorgenpost.pdf |access-date=28 September 2015 |website=HN2B |publisher=Berliner Morgenpost}}</ref> Hopi a Amurka, Mapuche a Cile, [['Yan asalin Australiya|'yan asalin ƙasar Ostiraliya]], [[Mutanen Bantu|Bantu]] a [[Gabon]]. Wasu misalan shigarwar multimedia na musamman a shafinta a Jamus sun haɗa da Pharadise da HHole na Mannheim. HHole wata hanya ce ta fasaha ta neman yankin gidan kayan tarihi da kuma "sake shiryar da hangen nesanmu daga ciki zuwa waje." <ref>{{Cite web |last=Fürstenow-Khositashvili |first=Lily |date=1 September 2014 |title=NatHalie Braun Barend's "HHole" (Holei Hole) at the Kunsthalle Mannheim |url=http://artisticresearchencounters.blogspot.com/2014/09/nathalie-braun-barends-hhole-holei-hole.html |access-date=18 August 2015 |website=Artistic Research Encounters}}</ref> A shekarar 2015, ta kai ƙara gidan tarihi inda aka gina HHole saboda gidan tarihi zai rufe ramukan da ta bayyana a matsayin fasaha. Kotun ta yanke hukuncin cewa ba za a iya ɗaukar rami a matsayin fasaha ba, duk da wasu abubuwan da suka faru a baya, kamar ramukan Gordon Matta-Clark da aka haƙa a gine-gine. <ref name=":0" /> An biya Braun Barends diyya saboda darajar kuɗin fasaharta. <ref name=":0" /> PHaradise wani wurin sanya fitilu ne a cikin rufin ginin Hermann Biling kuma da daddare hasken yana canzawa da motsawa ta hanyar da ke kama da numfashi. <ref>{{Cite web |title=PHaradise |url=http://www.hn2b.net/PHaradise.html |access-date=18 August 2015 |website=Pharadise}}</ref> Kotun Koli ta Jamus ta amince da shawarwarin kuma ta yanke hukunci cewa cire kayan aikin ba ya keta haƙƙin ɗabi'arta a matsayinta na mai zane ba. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Pressemitteilung Nr. 18/19 vom 21.2.2019 |url=http://juris.bundesgerichtshof.de/cgi-bin/rechtsprechung/document.py?Gericht=bgh&Art=pm&sid=252f59932d35af14968769d28ec56f53&nr=92672&pos=2&anz=3 |access-date=2019-05-21 |website=juris.bundesgerichtshof.de}}</ref> == Gine-gine == 1996–2001 – Tsarin gini, ƙira da kuma kula da wurin "Hali House de Cirambai" An yi tunanin zama ɗakin zane, wurin zama na zaɓi kuma tushen HLife Foundation, Ilhabela, (Kyakkyawan Tsibiri) Ponta das Canas, tsakanin São Paulo da Rio de Janeiro/Brazil. An amince da gidan a hukumance a matsayin aikin fasaha ta "Ministerio da Cultura" ta ƙasar Brazil. == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] 1hew00z37nsixrv1xjxqiw42eeh0y2j 895181 895180 2026-08-11T18:57:58Z Nnamadee 31123 895181 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Nathalie Braun Barends''', wacce aka fi sani da Petsire, ƙwararriyar mai fasaha ce ta kafofin watsa labarai ta duniya wacce aikinta ya haɗa da zane-zane, ɗaukar hoto, bidiyo, shigarwar haske da abubuwan da suka faru. An nuna ayyukanta, kuma wani ɓangare na tarin littattafai, a gidajen tarihi da cibiyoyin al'adu na duniya. == Rayuwa da ayyuka == An haifi Nathalie Braun Barends a Jamus kuma ta girma galibi a Brazil da Chile. Daga shekarar 1987 zuwa 1991, ta halarci Jami'ar São Paulo da ke Paulista inda a shekarar 1994 ta sami digirin Lato Sensu a fannin Talla ta Duniya. A shekarar 1993 ta yi baje kolin kayan tarihi a Gidan Al'adun Japan, kuma a shekarar 1994 ta yi baje kolin kayan tarihi na farko a Cibiyar Goethe ta São Paulo. A shekarar 1994, an gayyace ta zuwa Kwalejin Fasaha ta Vienna, kuma a shekarar 1995 ta yi baje kolin kasa da kasa na farko da ta yi ita kaɗai a Cibiyar Al'adu ta Austria "Palais Pallfy" da ke Vienna; a shekarar 1997 ta kasance mai zane a gidanta a Cibiyar Fasaha ta Duniya ta Banff da ke Kanada. A shekarar 1998, Braun Barends ya kasance mai zane-zane a [[Kwalejin Fasaha, Berlin|Kwalejin Fasaha ta Berlin]] . Tsakanin 1996 da 2001, ta sami digirin digirgir na biyu na Stricto Sensu a fannin Sadarwa da Fasaha tare da Dr. Farfesa Manuel Moran a Jami'ar São Paulo, Brazil. A shekara ta 2001 ta kafa Halie Light International, Inc. kuma ta kasance shugabar ƙungiyar masu tsara zane da kuma mai ba da shawara ta L'Observatoire International, Inc. da ke birnin New York. A shekara ta 2003 ta sami lambar yabo daga Hukumar Fasaha ta NY saboda manufarta ta Haske a Gidan Tarihi na Zamani na PS 1 – (MoMA) da ke New York, saboda Halie Light & L'Observatoire International Project. A shekara ta 2004 ta kafa "H Life Foundation, Inc. for Art, Cultural Heritage and Nature" a birnin New York. <ref>{{Cite web |date=2009 |title=NatHalie Braun Barends – Light Art Life |url=https://www.yumpu.com/en/document/view/4496312/nathalie-braun-barends-at-al-h-apeiron-bhetzire-petsire-hn2bnet |access-date=29 September 2015 |website=yumpu.com |publisher=Art Space Publisher}}</ref> Ɗaya daga cikin abubuwan da ta fi mayar da hankali a kansu shi ne sauƙin fahimta da yawa daga cikin abubuwan da ke cikinta. Tana bincike da ƙirƙirar alamomi, tana aiki da launuka na halitta da na haske, sabbin hanyoyin sadarwa da kayayyaki ko ƙira. Daga cikin wasu abubuwa, tana wayar da kan jama'a game da batutuwan tsaro kuma sau da yawa tana amfani da barguna na wuta da barguna na sararin samaniya don ayyukanta na zane-zane. Tana shiga cikin ayyukan zamantakewa da yanayi kuma tana da sha'awar al'adun gida, al'adunsu da kuma tsarin ƙabila: Xavantes ko A'uwẽ Uptabi a Brazil, <ref>{{Cite web |date=17 October 2000 |title="Hillugrafien" in Brasiliens neuer Botschaft |url=http://www.hn2b.net/Press/Photos/BerlinerMorgenpost.pdf |access-date=28 September 2015 |website=HN2B |publisher=Berliner Morgenpost}}</ref> Hopi a Amurka, Mapuche a Cile, [['Yan asalin Australiya|'yan asalin ƙasar Ostiraliya]], [[Mutanen Bantu|Bantu]] a [[Gabon]]. Wasu misalan shigarwar multimedia na musamman a shafinta a Jamus sun haɗa da Pharadise da HHole na Mannheim. HHole wata hanya ce ta fasaha ta neman yankin gidan kayan tarihi da kuma "sake shiryar da hangen nesanmu daga ciki zuwa waje." <ref>{{Cite web |last=Fürstenow-Khositashvili |first=Lily |date=1 September 2014 |title=NatHalie Braun Barend's "HHole" (Holei Hole) at the Kunsthalle Mannheim |url=http://artisticresearchencounters.blogspot.com/2014/09/nathalie-braun-barends-hhole-holei-hole.html |access-date=18 August 2015 |website=Artistic Research Encounters}}</ref> A shekarar 2015, ta kai ƙara gidan tarihi inda aka gina HHole saboda gidan tarihi zai rufe ramukan da ta bayyana a matsayin fasaha. Kotun ta yanke hukuncin cewa ba za a iya ɗaukar rami a matsayin fasaha ba, duk da wasu abubuwan da suka faru a baya, kamar ramukan Gordon Matta-Clark da aka haƙa a gine-gine. <ref name=":0" /> An biya Braun Barends diyya saboda darajar kuɗin fasaharta. <ref name=":0" /> PHaradise wani wurin sanya fitilu ne a cikin rufin ginin Hermann Biling kuma da daddare hasken yana canzawa da motsawa ta hanyar da ke kama da numfashi. <ref>{{Cite web |title=PHaradise |url=http://www.hn2b.net/PHaradise.html |access-date=18 August 2015 |website=Pharadise}}</ref> Kotun Koli ta Jamus ta amince da shawarwarin kuma ta yanke hukunci cewa cire kayan aikin ba ya keta haƙƙin ɗabi'arta a matsayinta na mai zane ba. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Pressemitteilung Nr. 18/19 vom 21.2.2019 |url=http://juris.bundesgerichtshof.de/cgi-bin/rechtsprechung/document.py?Gericht=bgh&Art=pm&sid=252f59932d35af14968769d28ec56f53&nr=92672&pos=2&anz=3 |access-date=2019-05-21 |website=juris.bundesgerichtshof.de}}</ref> == Gine-gine == 1996–2001 – Tsarin gini, ƙira da kuma kula da wurin "Hali House de Cirambai" An yi tunanin zama ɗakin zane, wurin zama na zaɓi kuma tushen HLife Foundation, Ilhabela, (Kyakkyawan Tsibiri) Ponta das Canas, tsakanin São Paulo da Rio de Janeiro/Brazil. An amince da gidan a hukumance a matsayin aikin fasaha ta "Ministerio da Cultura" ta ƙasar Brazil. == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] qwlhog3ds8z0no2jvg9111ynvv3g32y 0 163219 895183 2026-08-11T19:03:52Z Nnamadee 31123 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1357196824|Ulrike Theusner]]" 895183 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Ulrike Theusner''' (an haife ta a shekara ta 1982 a Frankfurt (Oder), [[Jamus]] ) ƙwararren mai fasaha ce 'yar ƙasar Jamus wadda ke aiki musamman a fannin zane da kuma buga littattafai . Ta yi karatu a École Nationale Supérieure d'Arts à la Villa Arson a Nice, Faransa kuma ta sauke karatu a 2008 a Jami'ar Bauhaus a Weimar, Jamus. Daga cikin sauran ayyukanta, an nuna ayyukanta a cikin shirye-shiryen rukuni a Kunsthalle Darmstadt, Gidan Tarihi na Beaux-Arts de Nice, Gidan Tarihi na Neues Weimar da kuma wasu shirye-shiryen kaɗaici da aka yi a New York, Berlin, Frankfurt, Toulouse, Paris da Shanghai. Tana zaune kuma tana aiki tsakanin Weimar da Berlin. == Nunin kai kaɗai == * 2018 ''Ulrike Theusner.'' ''zane da zane'', <ref>{{Cite web |date=19 January 2018 |title=Vorschau: Ausstellungsprogramm 2018 in Stadtmuseum und Kunsthalle |trans-title=Preview: Exhibition Program 2018 in the Stadtmuseum and Kunsthalle |url=https://stadt.weimar.de/aktuell/presse/mitteilung/vorschau-ausstellungsprogramm-2018-in-stadtmuseum-und-kunsthalle/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180124070913/https://stadt.weimar.de/aktuell/presse/mitteilung/vorschau-ausstellungsprogramm-2018-in-stadtmuseum-und-kunsthalle/ |archive-date=24 January 2018 |website=City of Weimar |language=de}}</ref> Kunsthalle Harry Graf Kessler, Weimar(D), za su ziyarci daga 29 ga Satumba zuwa 11 ga Nuwamba, 2018 * ''TSUNTSU MAI ZAKI NA MATASA NA'' 2018, Galerie Sabine Knust, Munich (D), 5 ga Yuli zuwa 8 ga Satumba, 2018 * 2017 ''ENDSPIEL'', <ref>[http://www.kn-online.de/Nachrichten/Kultur/Ulrike-Theusners-Ausstellung-Endspiel-im-Bunker-D-der-Fachhochschule-Kiel, Kieler Nachrichten, Web:]{{Dead link|date=July 2025}} Sabine Tholun - Nov. 16, 2017</ref> Galerie Bunker-D, a Kiel, Jamus * 2017 ''MAFI KYAU DAGA DUKKAN DUNIYA MAI YIWU'', ACC Weimar, Jamus The « Mafi kyawun dukkan duniyoyin da za a iya » – Tsarin Leibniz da aka buga a shekarar 1710 shine wurin da Ulrike Theusner ya fara tunani game da yanayin rayuwarmu da kuma rayuwarmu tare. Me muke rasa a cikin mafi kyawun duniyoyi? Za mu iya rayuwa ba tare da yanayin duniya ba - siyasa, zamantakewa, tattalin arziki ko muhalli? Yaya game da yadda muke kallon kanmu a cikin mafi kyawun duniyoyi? * 2016 ''Ƙungiyar Masu Gashin Jiki'', <ref>[http://www.erfurt.de/ef/de/erleben/veranstaltungen/ast/2016/125348.html, THE GASPING SOCIETY Web:]{{Dead link|date=February 2026}} ''THE GASPING SOCIETY'', Nov.10 - Jan.22, 2017 at the Anger Museum in Leipzig, Germany</ref> Gidan Tarihi na Anger, Leipzig, Jamus * 2016 ''Ulrike Theusner - Ci gaban Rake'', <ref>[http://www.galerie-richter.de/ulrike_theusner/ulrike_theusner.html, ''Ulrike Theusner - A Rake Progress Web:'']{{Dead link|date=February 2026}} ''Ulrike Theusner - A Rake Progress'', Oct.15 – Nov.19 2016 in Lütjenburg (Germany): Galerie Richter selected works out of three recent series: ''A Rake´s Progress'' inspired by William Hogarth's series of painting. ''Hey! The tragic life of desperate artbitches'' describes the difficulties of young artists running out in search of recognition. ''Gasping Society'' shows the contradictions of a society where everyone may lose his humanity.</ref> Galerie Richter, Lütjenburg * 2016 ''Land of Plenty'', Galerie Dukan Leipzig * 2016 ''Barka da zuwa Aljanna'', Galerie Rothamel, Frankfort/Main * 2014 ''A Rake's Progress'', Galerie Rothamel Erfurt * 2013 ''Jaridar New York'', Galerie Rothamel, Frankfort/Main * ''Ƙungiyar Sirri'' ta 2013, Chvalrous Cantaloup Commune, Shanghai * 2012 ''Limbo Express'', Y Gallery New York * 2012 ''Gravures'', Galerie Le Majorat Toulouse * 2011 ''Nitro Circus'', Galerie Pierrick Touchefeu, Seaux, Paris * 2011 ''Abubuwan Da Ba a Sani Ba'', Galerie Rothamel, Frankfurt * 2011 Galerie Majorat, Villeneuve-Toulouse * 2010 ''Goma na daraja'', Galerie Wagner und Partner, Berlin * 2010 ''Gabashin Eden'', Galerie Rothamel, Erfurt * 2009 ''Showroom'', Galerie Soardi, Nizza * 2008 ''The Waste Land'', Bauhaus Universität Weimar == Nunin rukuni == * 2020 ''babban nasara!'' ''30 Künstler*innen aus 30 Jahren Jenaer Kunstverein.'' ''Jubiläumsausstellung'' * 2019 ''Aggroschaft – Marc Jung & Gang'' : Ausstellung des Erfurter Künstlers [[Marc Jung]] mit Benedikt Braun, Till Lindemann, Moritz Schleime und Ulrike Theusner * 2019 ''ba duk abin da ke nufin wani abu ba ne, zuma - Galerie EIGEN + ART, Leipzig'' : Tina Bara / Alba D'Urbano, Anna Baranowski, Christiane Baumgartner, Maja Behrmann, Birgit Brenner, Stef Heidhues, Laurette Le Gall, Kristina Schuldt, Jana Sultiegeus, U. * 2018 ''Junge Kunst aus Thüringen - Mannheimer Kunstverein'' : Konstantin Bayer, Benedikt Braun, Enrico Freitag, Marc Jung, Nora Klein, Paul-Ruben Mundthal, Adam Noack, Stefan Schiek, Ulrike Theusner * 2018 ''off Vol.'' ''2 - Galerie EIGEN + ART Berlin'' : Ulrike Theusner tare da Yang-Tsung Fan, Marion Fink, Zora Janković, Raul Walch, Justin Mortimer, Andreas Mühe, Alexander Wolff . * 2018 ''gallery karshen mako-karshen Berlin'', Konstantin Bayer (shigarwa), Enrico Freitag (zane-zane, zane-zane), Nina Röder (hoton hoto) da Ulrike Theusner (buga, zane-zane), Eigenheim gallery, Linienstr. 130, Berlin, Jamus * 2018 ''FRAUEN KÖNNEN AUCH MALEN!'' ​[[Rosa Loy|​]]​ Sakoh, Brigitte Fugmann, Herta Günther, Christa Jura, [[Elvira Bach]], Miriam Lenk, Effi Mora - Galerie Holger John, Dresden, Jamus * 2017 ''Ruth Habermehl & Ulrike Theusner'', Ruth Habermehl (Kwalejoji) da Ulrike Theusner (Zane-zane, Zane-zane, Kwalejoji), Galerie ff15, Leipzig, Jamus * 2017 ''Roter Oktoba.'' ''Kommunismus als Fiktion und Befehl'', Neue Sächsische Galerie, Chemnitz, Allemagne == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1982]] mnxlns7k1efkclgz1t7hyvjrira0uas 895184 895183 2026-08-11T19:04:47Z Nnamadee 31123 895184 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Ulrike Theusner''' (an haife ta a shekara ta 1982 a Frankfurt (Oder), [[Jamus]] ) ƙwararren mai fasaha ce 'yar ƙasar Jamus wadda ke aiki musamman a fannin zane da kuma buga littattafai . Ta yi karatu a École Nationale Supérieure d'Arts à la Villa Arson a Nice, Faransa kuma ta sauke karatu a 2008 a Jami'ar Bauhaus a Weimar, Jamus. Daga cikin sauran ayyukanta, an nuna ayyukanta a cikin shirye-shiryen rukuni a Kunsthalle Darmstadt, Gidan Tarihi na Beaux-Arts de Nice, Gidan Tarihi na Neues Weimar da kuma wasu shirye-shiryen kaɗaici da aka yi a New York, Berlin, Frankfurt, Toulouse, Paris da Shanghai. Tana zaune kuma tana aiki tsakanin Weimar da Berlin. == Nunin kai kaɗai == * 2018 ''Ulrike Theusner.'' ''zane da zane'', <ref>{{Cite web |date=19 January 2018 |title=Vorschau: Ausstellungsprogramm 2018 in Stadtmuseum und Kunsthalle |trans-title=Preview: Exhibition Program 2018 in the Stadtmuseum and Kunsthalle |url=https://stadt.weimar.de/aktuell/presse/mitteilung/vorschau-ausstellungsprogramm-2018-in-stadtmuseum-und-kunsthalle/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180124070913/https://stadt.weimar.de/aktuell/presse/mitteilung/vorschau-ausstellungsprogramm-2018-in-stadtmuseum-und-kunsthalle/ |archive-date=24 January 2018 |website=City of Weimar |language=de}}</ref> Kunsthalle Harry Graf Kessler, Weimar(D), za su ziyarci daga 29 ga Satumba zuwa 11 ga Nuwamba, 2018 * ''TSUNTSU MAI ZAKI NA MATASA NA'' 2018, Galerie Sabine Knust, Munich (D), 5 ga Yuli zuwa 8 ga Satumba, 2018 * 2017 ''ENDSPIEL'', <ref>[http://www.kn-online.de/Nachrichten/Kultur/Ulrike-Theusners-Ausstellung-Endspiel-im-Bunker-D-der-Fachhochschule-Kiel, Kieler Nachrichten, Web:]{{Dead link|date=July 2025}} Sabine Tholun - Nov. 16, 2017</ref> Galerie Bunker-D, a Kiel, Jamus * 2017 ''MAFI KYAU DAGA DUKKAN DUNIYA MAI YIWU'', ACC Weimar, Jamus Mafi kyawun dukkan duniyoyin da za a iya – Tsarin Leibniz da aka buga a shekarar 1710 shine wurin da Ulrike Theusner ya fara tunani game da yanayin rayuwarmu da kuma rayuwarmu tare. Me muke rasa a cikin mafi kyawun duniyoyi? Za mu iya rayuwa ba tare da yanayin duniya ba - siyasa, zamantakewa, tattalin arziki ko muhalli? Yaya game da yadda muke kallon kanmu a cikin mafi kyawun duniyoyi? * 2016 ''Ƙungiyar Masu Gashin Jiki'', <ref>[http://www.erfurt.de/ef/de/erleben/veranstaltungen/ast/2016/125348.html, THE GASPING SOCIETY Web:]{{Dead link|date=February 2026}} ''THE GASPING SOCIETY'', Nov.10 - Jan.22, 2017 at the Anger Museum in Leipzig, Germany</ref> Gidan Tarihi na Anger, Leipzig, Jamus * 2016 ''Ulrike Theusner - Ci gaban Rake'', <ref>[http://www.galerie-richter.de/ulrike_theusner/ulrike_theusner.html, ''Ulrike Theusner - A Rake Progress Web:'']{{Dead link|date=February 2026}} ''Ulrike Theusner - A Rake Progress'', Oct.15 – Nov.19 2016 in Lütjenburg (Germany): Galerie Richter selected works out of three recent series: ''A Rake´s Progress'' inspired by William Hogarth's series of painting. ''Hey! The tragic life of desperate artbitches'' describes the difficulties of young artists running out in search of recognition. ''Gasping Society'' shows the contradictions of a society where everyone may lose his humanity.</ref> Galerie Richter, Lütjenburg * 2016 ''Land of Plenty'', Galerie Dukan Leipzig * 2016 ''Barka da zuwa Aljanna'', Galerie Rothamel, Frankfort/Main * 2014 ''A Rake's Progress'', Galerie Rothamel Erfurt * 2013 ''Jaridar New York'', Galerie Rothamel, Frankfort/Main * ''Ƙungiyar Sirri'' ta 2013, Chvalrous Cantaloup Commune, Shanghai * 2012 ''Limbo Express'', Y Gallery New York * 2012 ''Gravures'', Galerie Le Majorat Toulouse * 2011 ''Nitro Circus'', Galerie Pierrick Touchefeu, Seaux, Paris * 2011 ''Abubuwan Da Ba a Sani Ba'', Galerie Rothamel, Frankfurt * 2011 Galerie Majorat, Villeneuve-Toulouse * 2010 ''Goma na daraja'', Galerie Wagner und Partner, Berlin * 2010 ''Gabashin Eden'', Galerie Rothamel, Erfurt * 2009 ''Showroom'', Galerie Soardi, Nizza * 2008 ''The Waste Land'', Bauhaus Universität Weimar == Nunin rukuni == * 2020 ''babban nasara!'' ''30 Künstler*innen aus 30 Jahren Jenaer Kunstverein.'' ''Jubiläumsausstellung'' * 2019 ''Aggroschaft – Marc Jung & Gang'' : Ausstellung des Erfurter Künstlers [[Marc Jung]] mit Benedikt Braun, Till Lindemann, Moritz Schleime und Ulrike Theusner * 2019 ''ba duk abin da ke nufin wani abu ba ne, zuma - Galerie EIGEN + ART, Leipzig'' : Tina Bara / Alba D'Urbano, Anna Baranowski, Christiane Baumgartner, Maja Behrmann, Birgit Brenner, Stef Heidhues, Laurette Le Gall, Kristina Schuldt, Jana Sultiegeus, U. * 2018 ''Junge Kunst aus Thüringen - Mannheimer Kunstverein'' : Konstantin Bayer, Benedikt Braun, Enrico Freitag, Marc Jung, Nora Klein, Paul-Ruben Mundthal, Adam Noack, Stefan Schiek, Ulrike Theusner * 2018 ''off Vol.'' ''2 - Galerie EIGEN + ART Berlin'' : Ulrike Theusner tare da Yang-Tsung Fan, Marion Fink, Zora Janković, Raul Walch, Justin Mortimer, Andreas Mühe, Alexander Wolff . * 2018 ''gallery karshen mako-karshen Berlin'', Konstantin Bayer (shigarwa), Enrico Freitag (zane-zane, zane-zane), Nina Röder (hoton hoto) da Ulrike Theusner (buga, zane-zane), Eigenheim gallery, Linienstr. 130, Berlin, Jamus * 2018 ''FRAUEN KÖNNEN AUCH MALEN!'' ​[[Rosa Loy|​]]​ Sakoh, Brigitte Fugmann, Herta Günther, Christa Jura, [[Elvira Bach]], Miriam Lenk, Effi Mora - Galerie Holger John, Dresden, Jamus * 2017 ''Ruth Habermehl & Ulrike Theusner'', Ruth Habermehl (Kwalejoji) da Ulrike Theusner (Zane-zane, Zane-zane, Kwalejoji), Galerie ff15, Leipzig, Jamus * 2017 ''Roter Oktoba.'' ''Kommunismus als Fiktion und Befehl'', Neue Sächsische Galerie, Chemnitz, Allemagne == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1982]] e2hvut5tttup5m75v1c34dki4gn19gg 0 163220 895186 2026-08-11T19:07:33Z Nnamadee 31123 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1357590672|Rosemarie Trockel]]" 895186 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Rosemarie Trockel''' (an haife ta a ranar 13 ga Nuwamba 1952) 'yar ƙasar Jamus ce mai zane-zanen ra'ayi . {{R|grove}} Ta yi zane-zane, zane-zane, sassaka, bidiyo da kuma kayan aiki, kuma ta yi aiki a fannoni daban-daban . {{R|ben}} Daga shekarar 1985, ta yi hotuna ta amfani da injinan saka . {{R|grove}} Ita farfesa ce a Kunstakademie Düsseldorf, a [[Düsseldorf]] a Nordrhein-Westfalen . {{R|wolf}} == Rayuwar farko da ilimi == An haifi Trockel a ranar 13 ga Nuwamba 1952 a Schwerte, a Nordrhein-Westfalen a [[Yammacin Jamus|Jamus ta Yamma]] . Tsakanin 1974 da 1978, ta yi karatun ilmin ɗan adam, lissafi, ilimin zamantakewa da kuma tauhidi yayin da take karatu a [[Kunstgewerbeschule|Werkkunstschule]] na [[Köln|Cologne]], a lokacin da tasirin Joseph Beuys ya yi ƙarfi sosai a can. {{R|grove|ben}} A farkon shekarun 1980, Trockel ya haɗu da membobin ƙungiyar masu fasaha ta Mülheimer Freiheit waɗanda Jiří Georg Dokoupil da Walter Dahn suka kafa, kuma ya baje kolin a gidan adana kayan tarihi na Monika Sprüth da ke Cologne. {{R|grove|lynne}} == Aiki == [[Fayil:Frankfurter_Engel_1,_cropped.jpg|thumb|347x347px| An yi wasan ƙarfe na ''Frankfurter Engel'' a Klaus Mann Platz, [[Frankfurt|Frankfurt am Main]] ; ƙarfen siminti na 1994]] Ayyukan Trockel sau da yawa suna sukar ayyukan wasu masu fasaha, ko salon fasaha kamar ƙananan zane-zane . {{R|mirj}} <sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page: 252">&#x3A;&#x200A;252&#x200A;</span></sup>A shekarar 1985, ta fara yin manyan zane-zane da aka yi a kan injunan saka na masana'antu. Waɗannan suna nuna siffofi ko tambari na geometric akai-akai kamar Playboy Bunny ko guduma da sickle, da kuma alamar kasuwanci: ''An yi a Yammacin Jamus'' . {{R|lynne}} A shekarun 1980, ta kuma yi aiki a mujallar ''Eau de Cologne'', wadda ta mayar da hankali kan ayyukan mata masu fasaha. {{R|mirj}} A shekarar 1994, Trockel ya ƙirƙiri abin tunawa na ''Frankfurter Engel'' don birnin [[Frankfurt]] . {{R|kunst}} A cikin littafin Documenta a shekarar 1997, ita da Carsten Höller sun yi aiki tare kan wani shiri a ɗaya daga cikin gine-ginen baje kolin. Tun daga ƙarshen shekarun 1990, ta yi aiki sosai da yumbu kuma ta ci gaba da samar da "zane-zanen hannu da na'ura". An nuna wasu daga cikin waɗannan zane-zane a wani bincike ''da aka yi a baya'', wanda aka yi a gidan tarihi na Ludwig da ke Cologne a shekarar 2005. {{R|mirj}} <sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page: 252">&#x3A;&#x200A;252&#x200A;</span></sup> A tsakiyar [[Murar Mashaƙo 2019|annobar COVID-19]], Trockel ya yi aiki tare da mai tsara Bottega Veneta Daniel Lee kan kamfen ɗin tallan kamfanin na 2021 == Ganewa == * 2011 – Kyautar Wolf {{R|wolf}} * 2011 – Goslarer Kaiserring <ref name="a816">{{Cite web |title=Rosemarie Trockel |url=https://www.art-in.de/ausstellung.php?id=2438 |access-date=3 August 2025 |website=art-in.de |language=de}}</ref> * 2004 - Kyautar Wolfgang Hahn == Nune - Nune == An haɗa ayyukan Trockel a cikin Babban Tashar Italiya a 2013 kuma ta wakilci Jamus a Venice Biennale a 1999; ta shiga cikin Documenta a 1997 da 2012. Sauran nune-nunen sun haɗa da: * 2005: ''Bayan Haihuwa'', Gidan Tarihi na Ludwig, Cologne {{R|mirj|pm}} * 2009: ''Rebelle: Art & Feminism 1969-2009'', Museum voor Moderne Kunst Arnhem, Arnhem, Holland {{R|mirj}} * 2012–2013: ''Rosemarie Trockel: A Cosmos'' : Museo Nacional Centro de Arte Reina Sofia, [[Madrid]] ; New Museum, [[New York (birni)|New York]] ; Gidan Gallery na Serpentine, London; Kunst-und Ausstellungshalle der Bundesrepublik Deutschland, Bonn {{R|lynne}} * 2015: ''Märzôschnee ûnd Wiebôrweh sand am Môargô niana më'', Kunsthaus Bregenz, [[Bregenz]], Austria {{R|jorg|kub}} * 2018: ''Daban-daban iri ɗaya'', Moderna Museet, [[Malmö]], Sweden. {{R|matt|mm}} == Gado == Daliban Trockel a Kunstakademie Düsseldorf sun haɗa da Thea Djordjadze, Michail Pirgelis da [[Bettina Pousttchi]] . == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1952]] 6y2frt5ypvr2050abidcgi10vzhzy7o 895187 895186 2026-08-11T19:08:15Z Nnamadee 31123 895187 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Rosemarie Trockel''' (an haife ta a ranar 13 ga Nuwamba 1952) 'yar ƙasar Jamus ce mai zane-zanen ra'ayi . {{R|grove}} Ta yi zane-zane, zane-zane, sassaka, bidiyo da kuma kayan aiki, kuma ta yi aiki a fannoni daban-daban . {{R|ben}} Daga shekarar 1985, ta yi hotuna ta amfani da injinan saka.{{R|grove}} Ita farfesa ce a Kunstakademie Düsseldorf, a [[Düsseldorf]] a Nordrhein-Westfalen . {{R|wolf}} == Rayuwar farko da ilimi == An haifi Trockel a ranar 13 ga Nuwamba 1952 a Schwerte, a Nordrhein-Westfalen a [[Yammacin Jamus|Jamus ta Yamma]] . Tsakanin 1974 da 1978, ta yi karatun ilmin ɗan adam, lissafi, ilimin zamantakewa da kuma tauhidi yayin da take karatu a [[Kunstgewerbeschule|Werkkunstschule]] na [[Köln|Cologne]], a lokacin da tasirin Joseph Beuys ya yi ƙarfi sosai a can. {{R|grove|ben}} A farkon shekarun 1980, Trockel ya haɗu da membobin ƙungiyar masu fasaha ta Mülheimer Freiheit waɗanda Jiří Georg Dokoupil da Walter Dahn suka kafa, kuma ya baje kolin a gidan adana kayan tarihi na Monika Sprüth da ke Cologne. {{R|grove|lynne}} == Aiki == [[Fayil:Frankfurter_Engel_1,_cropped.jpg|thumb|347x347px| An yi wasan ƙarfe na ''Frankfurter Engel'' a Klaus Mann Platz, [[Frankfurt|Frankfurt am Main]] ; ƙarfen siminti na 1994]] Ayyukan Trockel sau da yawa suna sukar ayyukan wasu masu fasaha, ko salon fasaha kamar ƙananan zane-zane . {{R|mirj}} <sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page: 252">&#x3A;&#x200A;252&#x200A;</span></sup>A shekarar 1985, ta fara yin manyan zane-zane da aka yi a kan injunan saka na masana'antu. Waɗannan suna nuna siffofi ko tambari na geometric akai-akai kamar Playboy Bunny ko guduma da sickle, da kuma alamar kasuwanci: ''An yi a Yammacin Jamus'' . {{R|lynne}} A shekarun 1980, ta kuma yi aiki a mujallar ''Eau de Cologne'', wadda ta mayar da hankali kan ayyukan mata masu fasaha. {{R|mirj}} A shekarar 1994, Trockel ya ƙirƙiri abin tunawa na ''Frankfurter Engel'' don birnin [[Frankfurt]] . {{R|kunst}} A cikin littafin Documenta a shekarar 1997, ita da Carsten Höller sun yi aiki tare kan wani shiri a ɗaya daga cikin gine-ginen baje kolin. Tun daga ƙarshen shekarun 1990, ta yi aiki sosai da yumbu kuma ta ci gaba da samar da "zane-zanen hannu da na'ura". An nuna wasu daga cikin waɗannan zane-zane a wani bincike ''da aka yi a baya'', wanda aka yi a gidan tarihi na Ludwig da ke Cologne a shekarar 2005. {{R|mirj}} <sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page: 252">&#x3A;&#x200A;252&#x200A;</span></sup> A tsakiyar [[Murar Mashaƙo 2019|annobar COVID-19]], Trockel ya yi aiki tare da mai tsara Bottega Veneta Daniel Lee kan kamfen ɗin tallan kamfanin na 2021 == Ganewa == * 2011 – Kyautar Wolf {{R|wolf}} * 2011 – Goslarer Kaiserring <ref name="a816">{{Cite web |title=Rosemarie Trockel |url=https://www.art-in.de/ausstellung.php?id=2438 |access-date=3 August 2025 |website=art-in.de |language=de}}</ref> * 2004 - Kyautar Wolfgang Hahn == Nune - Nune == An haɗa ayyukan Trockel a cikin Babban Tashar Italiya a 2013 kuma ta wakilci Jamus a Venice Biennale a 1999; ta shiga cikin Documenta a 1997 da 2012. Sauran nune-nunen sun haɗa da: * 2005: ''Bayan Haihuwa'', Gidan Tarihi na Ludwig, Cologne {{R|mirj|pm}} * 2009: ''Rebelle: Art & Feminism 1969-2009'', Museum voor Moderne Kunst Arnhem, Arnhem, Holland {{R|mirj}} * 2012–2013: ''Rosemarie Trockel: A Cosmos'' : Museo Nacional Centro de Arte Reina Sofia, [[Madrid]] ; New Museum, [[New York (birni)|New York]] ; Gidan Gallery na Serpentine, London; Kunst-und Ausstellungshalle der Bundesrepublik Deutschland, Bonn {{R|lynne}} * 2015: ''Märzôschnee ûnd Wiebôrweh sand am Môargô niana më'', Kunsthaus Bregenz, [[Bregenz]], Austria {{R|jorg|kub}} * 2018: ''Daban-daban iri ɗaya'', Moderna Museet, [[Malmö]], Sweden. {{R|matt|mm}} == Gado == Daliban Trockel a Kunstakademie Düsseldorf sun haɗa da Thea Djordjadze, Michail Pirgelis da [[Bettina Pousttchi]] . == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1952]] 256jn1v88t71uod0wustoi18p6q461l 0 163221 895188 2026-08-11T19:10:53Z Nnamadee 31123 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1365008113|Ingrid Hornef]]" 895188 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Ingrid Hornef''' (an haife ta a ranar 12 ga Agusta, 1940) ƙwararren mai sassaka ne na Jamus, mai zane-zanen shigarwa, mai kula da kuma [[Painting|mai zane]] . Ita ce wakiliyar fasahar siminti kuma ta shahara da amfani da dais a matsayin mai samar da lambobi bazuwar a cikin jerin ayyukanta na ''Alea iacta est'' (Latin don die shine jefa ). == Rayuwa == Ingrid Hornef ta sami ƙwarewarta ta ƙwarewa a matsayin [[Koyar da kai|mai ɗaukar nauyin kanta]] kuma ta buɗe nata ɗakin studio a shekarar 1985. A farkon rayuwarta, ta fi damuwa da [[tukwane]] kuma ta halarci kwasa-kwasan tukwane a 1984 da 1985 tare da sanannen mai zane-zanen yumbu na Japan Takeshi Yasuda . A cikin 1992 ta shiga cikin bita na Mária Geszler Garzuly a Kecskemét, [[Hungariya|Hungary]] . Baya ga aikinta na mai zane, Hornef kuma tana aiki a matsayin mai kula da zane . A shekara ta 2002, ta fara aikin sassaka na wucin gadi ''Land schafft Kunst (Land Creates Art)'' a matsayin wani ɓangare na ''Rhine-Main Regional Park'' tsakanin Hochheim -Massenheim da [[Wiesbaden|Wiesbaden-Delkenheim]] . Yankin dai wani yanki ne na masana'antu wanda yake da yanayi mara kyau, amma a lokaci guda akwai gine-gine masu tsayi da layukan wutar lantarki masu ƙarfin lantarki waɗanda suka mamaye yanayin. Hornef ya gayyaci masu fasaha 21 don ƙirƙirar ayyukansu musamman don wannan wurin. A watan Yulin 2019, Hornef ta shirya wani aikin tunawa da zaman lafiya na Jamus-Giriki - [[Yaƙin Duniya na II|Yaƙin Duniya na Biyu]] - mai suna ''Building Bridges'', tare da kansilar birni Annette Courtis, wacce take da asalin Girka kuma kamar Hornef, tana zaune a Hofheim am Taunus . A wani ƙaramin ƙauye mai suna ''Chouni'' (gundumar Agrinio ), Girka, masu fasaha 16 na Jamus da Girka sun ƙirƙiri ayyukan fasaha daga dutse mai yashi a ƙarƙashin jagorancin Hornef, inda suka yi magana game da tarihin Chouni a lokacin Yaƙin Duniya na Biyu. Sojojin Jamus sun kusan ƙone ƙauyen gaba ɗaya a shekarar 1944. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Schmidt |first=Barbara |date=2021-07-22 |title=Hofheim: Steine behauen für den Frieden |trans-title=Hofheim: Carving stones for peace |url=https://www.fnp.de/lokales/main-taunus/hofheim-ort74520/hofheim-steine-behauen-fuer-den-frieden-90876755.html |access-date=2022-12-13 |website=[[Frankfurter Neue Presse]]}}</ref> A gefe guda kuma, an gudanar da laccoci kan tasirin Yaƙin Duniya na Biyu a Girka. An girka sassaken da aka samu har abada a dandalin ƙauyen da ke Chouni. A watan Yulin 2021, an gudanar da wani taron bita mai dacewa a Hofheim, wanda Hornef ya sake jagoranta. A nan ma, masu fasaha na Jamus da Girka da aka gayyata sun kafa ayyukan fasaha inda suka yi magana game da tarihin lokacin. Wani alkalai ya zaɓi sassaka guda goma waɗanda aka girka su har abada a matsayin ''hanyar zaman lafiya'' kusa da abin tunawa da sojojin da suka mutu a yaƙin duniya biyu. Magajin garin Hofheim, Christian Vogt, ya amince da jajircewar masu gabatar da wannan shiri guda biyu: "Hanyar zaman lafiya a wurin tunawa da wannan abin tunawa an yi ta ne don tunatar da mu kada mu manta da mummunan babi a tarihin Jamus, amma kuma an yi ta ne don nuna cewa za mu iya shawo kan rashin jituwar da ta taso tsakanin al'ummarmu a yau tare mu bude sabon babi tare." (A cikin Jamusanci: "Der Friedenspfad am Ehrenmal soll uns mahnen, das schreckliche Kapitel der deutschen Geschichte nicht zu vergessen, soll aber auch zeigen, dass wir entstandene Gräben zwischen unseren Völkern heute üeschot neufschen euberwin euberwin euberwin de üeschain euberwinden. konnen.") A shekarar 2022, Hornef ya shirya baje kolin ''Art Concret'' a Gidan Tarihi na Fasaha na Zamani da ke Hünfeld tare da Veronika Rodenberg. Masu fasaha 26 daga Faransa, dukkansu membobin ƙungiyar masu fasaha ta Salon des Réalités Nouvelles da ke [[Faris|Paris]], Faransa, sun gabatar da taƙaitaccen bayani game da yanayin da ake ciki a Fasahar Siminti. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Ausstellung art concret |trans-title=Exhibition art concret |url=https://www.museum-modern.art/de/ausstellungen/2022/art-concret |access-date=2026-05-17 |website=Museum Modern Art Hünfeld |language=de}}</ref> Ingrid Hornef tana zaune kuma tana aiki a Bages a kudancin Faransa da kuma a Hofheim. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Hofheim: Verzeichnis Künstler |url=https://www.hofheim.de/verzeichnis/kuenstler/Ingrid_Hornef.php |access-date=2023-03-15 |website=Stadt Hofheim}}</ref> Ita memba ce ta ƙungiyar masu fasahar Jamus "Gruppe Konkret" <ref>{{Cite web |title=Künstlerinnen und Künstler |url=https://gruppe-konkret.info/die-kunstlerinnen-und-kunstler |access-date=2023-03-15 |website=Gruppe Konkret}}</ref> da Salon des Réalités Nouvelles <ref>{{Cite web |title=Réalités Nouvelles: Artistes 2022 |url=http://www.realitesnouvelles.org/site_2020/artistes_2020.htm |access-date=2023-03-15 |website=Réalités Nouvelles}}</ref> a Paris. == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1940]] 08pfdhzhskif6envp37pln8u81545xf 895189 895188 2026-08-11T19:12:12Z Nnamadee 31123 895189 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Ingrid Hornef''' (an haife ta a ranar 12 ga Agusta, 1940) ƙwararren mai sassaka ne na Jamus, mai zane-zanen shigarwa, mai kula da kuma [[Painting|mai zane]]. Ita ce wakiliyar fasahar siminti kuma ta shahara da amfani da dais a matsayin mai samar da lambobi bazuwar a cikin jerin ayyukanta na ''Alea iacta est'' (Latin don die shine jefa ). == Rayuwa == Ingrid Hornef ta sami ƙwarewarta ta ƙwarewa a matsayin [[Koyar da kai|mai ɗaukar nauyin kanta]] kuma ta buɗe nata ɗakin studio a shekarar 1985. A farkon rayuwarta, ta fi damuwa da [[tukwane]] kuma ta halarci kwasa-kwasan tukwane a 1984 da 1985 tare da sanannen mai zane-zanen yumbu na Japan Takeshi Yasuda. A cikin 1992 ta shiga cikin bita na Mária Geszler Garzuly a Kecskemét, [[Hungariya|Hungary]] . Baya ga aikinta na mai zane, Hornef kuma tana aiki a matsayin mai kula da zane . A shekara ta 2002, ta fara aikin sassaka na wucin gadi ''Land schafft Kunst (Land Creates Art)'' a matsayin wani ɓangare na ''Rhine-Main Regional Park'' tsakanin Hochheim -Massenheim da [[Wiesbaden|Wiesbaden-Delkenheim]] . Yankin dai wani yanki ne na masana'antu wanda yake da yanayi mara kyau, amma a lokaci guda akwai gine-gine masu tsayi da layukan wutar lantarki masu ƙarfin lantarki waɗanda suka mamaye yanayin. Hornef ya gayyaci masu fasaha 21 don ƙirƙirar ayyukansu musamman don wannan wurin. A watan Yulin 2019, Hornef ta shirya wani aikin tunawa da zaman lafiya na Jamus-Giriki - [[Yaƙin Duniya na II|Yaƙin Duniya na Biyu]] - mai suna ''Building Bridges'', tare da kansilar birni Annette Courtis, wacce take da asalin Girka kuma kamar Hornef, tana zaune a Hofheim am Taunus . A wani ƙaramin ƙauye mai suna ''Chouni'' (gundumar Agrinio ), Girka, masu fasaha 16 na Jamus da Girka sun ƙirƙiri ayyukan fasaha daga dutse mai yashi a ƙarƙashin jagorancin Hornef, inda suka yi magana game da tarihin Chouni a lokacin Yaƙin Duniya na Biyu. Sojojin Jamus sun kusan ƙone ƙauyen gaba ɗaya a shekarar 1944. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Schmidt |first=Barbara |date=2021-07-22 |title=Hofheim: Steine behauen für den Frieden |trans-title=Hofheim: Carving stones for peace |url=https://www.fnp.de/lokales/main-taunus/hofheim-ort74520/hofheim-steine-behauen-fuer-den-frieden-90876755.html |access-date=2022-12-13 |website=[[Frankfurter Neue Presse]]}}</ref> A gefe guda kuma, an gudanar da laccoci kan tasirin Yaƙin Duniya na Biyu a Girka. An girka sassaken da aka samu har abada a dandalin ƙauyen da ke Chouni. A watan Yulin 2021, an gudanar da wani taron bita mai dacewa a Hofheim, wanda Hornef ya sake jagoranta. A nan ma, masu fasaha na Jamus da Girka da aka gayyata sun kafa ayyukan fasaha inda suka yi magana game da tarihin lokacin. Wani alkalai ya zaɓi sassaka guda goma waɗanda aka girka su har abada a matsayin ''hanyar zaman lafiya'' kusa da abin tunawa da sojojin da suka mutu a yaƙin duniya biyu. Magajin garin Hofheim, Christian Vogt, ya amince da jajircewar masu gabatar da wannan shiri guda biyu: "Hanyar zaman lafiya a wurin tunawa da wannan abin tunawa an yi ta ne don tunatar da mu kada mu manta da mummunan babi a tarihin Jamus, amma kuma an yi ta ne don nuna cewa za mu iya shawo kan rashin jituwar da ta taso tsakanin al'ummarmu a yau tare mu bude sabon babi tare." (A cikin Jamusanci: "Der Friedenspfad am Ehrenmal soll uns mahnen, das schreckliche Kapitel der deutschen Geschichte nicht zu vergessen, soll aber auch zeigen, dass wir entstandene Gräben zwischen unseren Völkern heute üeschot neufschen euberwin euberwin euberwin de üeschain euberwinden. konnen.") A shekarar 2022, Hornef ya shirya baje kolin ''Art Concret'' a Gidan Tarihi na Fasaha na Zamani da ke Hünfeld tare da Veronika Rodenberg. Masu fasaha 26 daga Faransa, dukkansu membobin ƙungiyar masu fasaha ta Salon des Réalités Nouvelles da ke [[Faris|Paris]], Faransa, sun gabatar da taƙaitaccen bayani game da yanayin da ake ciki a Fasahar Siminti. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Ausstellung art concret |trans-title=Exhibition art concret |url=https://www.museum-modern.art/de/ausstellungen/2022/art-concret |access-date=2026-05-17 |website=Museum Modern Art Hünfeld |language=de}}</ref> Ingrid Hornef tana zaune kuma tana aiki a Bages a kudancin Faransa da kuma a Hofheim. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Hofheim: Verzeichnis Künstler |url=https://www.hofheim.de/verzeichnis/kuenstler/Ingrid_Hornef.php |access-date=2023-03-15 |website=Stadt Hofheim}}</ref> Ita memba ce ta ƙungiyar masu fasahar Jamus "Gruppe Konkret" <ref>{{Cite web |title=Künstlerinnen und Künstler |url=https://gruppe-konkret.info/die-kunstlerinnen-und-kunstler |access-date=2023-03-15 |website=Gruppe Konkret}}</ref> da Salon des Réalités Nouvelles <ref>{{Cite web |title=Réalités Nouvelles: Artistes 2022 |url=http://www.realitesnouvelles.org/site_2020/artistes_2020.htm |access-date=2023-03-15 |website=Réalités Nouvelles}}</ref> a Paris. == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1940]] ptbzlen0kow147iofr155y087s7b76w 895249 895189 2026-08-11T21:40:01Z Baffa ali 47435 895249 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Ingrid Hornef''' (an haife ta a ranar 12 ga watan Agusta, shekara ta 1940) ƙwararren mai sassaka ne na Jamus, mai zane-zanen shigarwa, mai kula da kuma [[Painting|mai zane]]. Ita ce wakiliyar fasahar siminti kuma ta shahara da amfani da dais a matsayin mai samar da lambobi bazuwar a cikin jerin ayyukanta na ''Alea iacta est'' (Latin don die shine jefa ). == Rayuwa == Ingrid Hornef ta sami ƙwarewarta ta ƙwarewa a matsayin [[Koyar da kai|mai ɗaukar nauyin kanta]] kuma ta buɗe nata ɗakin studio a shekarar 1985. A farkon rayuwarta, ta fi damuwa da [[tukwane]] kuma ta halarci kwasa-kwasan tukwane a 1984 da 1985 tare da sanannen mai zane-zanen yumbu na Japan Takeshi Yasuda. A cikin 1992 ta shiga cikin bita na Mária Geszler Garzuly a Kecskemét, [[Hungariya|Hungary]] . Baya ga aikinta na mai zane, Hornef kuma tana aiki a matsayin mai kula da zane . A shekara ta 2002, ta fara aikin sassaka na wucin gadi ''Land schafft Kunst (Land Creates Art)'' a matsayin wani ɓangare na ''Rhine-Main Regional Park'' tsakanin Hochheim -Massenheim da [[Wiesbaden|Wiesbaden-Delkenheim]] . Yankin dai wani yanki ne na masana'antu wanda yake da yanayi mara kyau, amma a lokaci guda akwai gine-gine masu tsayi da layukan wutar lantarki masu ƙarfin lantarki waɗanda suka mamaye yanayin. Hornef ya gayyaci masu fasaha 21 don ƙirƙirar ayyukansu musamman don wannan wurin. A watan Yulin 2019, Hornef ta shirya wani aikin tunawa da zaman lafiya na Jamus-Giriki - [[Yaƙin Duniya na II|Yaƙin Duniya na Biyu]] - mai suna ''Building Bridges'', tare da kansilar birni Annette Courtis, wacce take da asalin Girka kuma kamar Hornef, tana zaune a Hofheim am Taunus . A wani ƙaramin ƙauye mai suna ''Chouni'' (gundumar Agrinio ), Girka, masu fasaha 16 na Jamus da Girka sun ƙirƙiri ayyukan fasaha daga dutse mai yashi a ƙarƙashin jagorancin Hornef, inda suka yi magana game da tarihin Chouni a lokacin Yaƙin Duniya na Biyu. Sojojin Jamus sun kusan ƙone ƙauyen gaba ɗaya a shekarar 1944. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Schmidt |first=Barbara |date=2021-07-22 |title=Hofheim: Steine behauen für den Frieden |trans-title=Hofheim: Carving stones for peace |url=https://www.fnp.de/lokales/main-taunus/hofheim-ort74520/hofheim-steine-behauen-fuer-den-frieden-90876755.html |access-date=2022-12-13 |website=[[Frankfurter Neue Presse]]}}</ref> A gefe guda kuma, an gudanar da laccoci kan tasirin Yaƙin Duniya na Biyu a Girka. An girka sassaken da aka samu har abada a dandalin ƙauyen da ke Chouni. A watan Yulin 2021, an gudanar da wani taron bita mai dacewa a Hofheim, wanda Hornef ya sake jagoranta. A nan ma, masu fasaha na Jamus da Girka da aka gayyata sun kafa ayyukan fasaha inda suka yi magana game da tarihin lokacin. Wani alkalai ya zaɓi sassaka guda goma waɗanda aka girka su har abada a matsayin ''hanyar zaman lafiya'' kusa da abin tunawa da sojojin da suka mutu a yaƙin duniya biyu. Magajin garin Hofheim, Christian Vogt, ya amince da jajircewar masu gabatar da wannan shiri guda biyu: "Hanyar zaman lafiya a wurin tunawa da wannan abin tunawa an yi ta ne don tunatar da mu kada mu manta da mummunan babi a tarihin Jamus, amma kuma an yi ta ne don nuna cewa za mu iya shawo kan rashin jituwar da ta taso tsakanin al'ummarmu a yau tare mu bude sabon babi tare." (A cikin Jamusanci: "Der Friedenspfad am Ehrenmal soll uns mahnen, das schreckliche Kapitel der deutschen Geschichte nicht zu vergessen, soll aber auch zeigen, dass wir entstandene Gräben zwischen unseren Völkern heute üeschot neufschen euberwin euberwin euberwin de üeschain euberwinden. konnen.") A shekarar 2022, Hornef ya shirya baje kolin ''Art Concret'' a Gidan Tarihi na Fasaha na Zamani da ke Hünfeld tare da Veronika Rodenberg. Masu fasaha 26 daga Faransa, dukkansu membobin ƙungiyar masu fasaha ta Salon des Réalités Nouvelles da ke [[Faris|Paris]], Faransa, sun gabatar da taƙaitaccen bayani game da yanayin da ake ciki a Fasahar Siminti. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Ausstellung art concret |trans-title=Exhibition art concret |url=https://www.museum-modern.art/de/ausstellungen/2022/art-concret |access-date=2026-05-17 |website=Museum Modern Art Hünfeld |language=de}}</ref> Ingrid Hornef tana zaune kuma tana aiki a Bages a kudancin Faransa da kuma a Hofheim. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Hofheim: Verzeichnis Künstler |url=https://www.hofheim.de/verzeichnis/kuenstler/Ingrid_Hornef.php |access-date=2023-03-15 |website=Stadt Hofheim}}</ref> Ita memba ce ta ƙungiyar masu fasahar Jamus "Gruppe Konkret" <ref>{{Cite web |title=Künstlerinnen und Künstler |url=https://gruppe-konkret.info/die-kunstlerinnen-und-kunstler |access-date=2023-03-15 |website=Gruppe Konkret}}</ref> da Salon des Réalités Nouvelles <ref>{{Cite web |title=Réalités Nouvelles: Artistes 2022 |url=http://www.realitesnouvelles.org/site_2020/artistes_2020.htm |access-date=2023-03-15 |website=Réalités Nouvelles}}</ref> a Paris. == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1940]] g7gvkutakfakqw5tmwl5xm3bl4bg9op 895250 895249 2026-08-11T21:47:56Z Baffa ali 47435 895250 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Ingrid Hornef''' (an haife ta a ranar 12 ga watan Agusta, shekara ta 1940) ƙwararren mai sassaka ne na Jamus, mai zane-zanen shigarwa, mai kula da kuma [[Painting|mai zane]]. Ita ce wakiliyar fasahar siminti kuma ta shahara da amfani da dais a matsayin mai samar da lambobi bazuwar a cikin jerin ayyukanta na ''Alea iacta est'' (Latin don die shine jefa ). == Rayuwa == Ingrid Hornef ta sami ƙwarewarta ta ƙwarewa a matsayin [[Koyar da kai|mai ɗaukar nauyin kanta]] kuma ta buɗe nata ɗakin studio a shekarar 1985. A farkon rayuwarta, ta fi damuwa da [[tukwane]] kuma ta halarci kwasa-kwasan tukwane a 1984 da 1985 tare da sanannen mai zane-zanen yumbu na Japan Takeshi Yasuda. A cikin 1992 ta shiga cikin bita na Mária Geszler Garzuly a Kecskemét, [[Hungariya|Hungary]] . Baya ga aikinta na mai zane, Hornef kuma tana aiki a matsayin mai kula da zane . A shekara ta 2002, ta fara aikin sassaka na wucin gadi ''Land schafft Kunst (Land Creates Art)'' a matsayin wani ɓangare na ''Rhine-Main Regional Park'' tsakanin Hochheim -Massenheim da [[Wiesbaden|Wiesbaden-Delkenheim]] . Yankin dai wani yanki ne na masana'antu wanda yake da yanayi mara kyau, amma a lokaci guda akwai gine-gine masu tsayi da layukan wutar lantarki masu ƙarfin lantarki waɗanda suka mamaye yanayin. Hornef ya gayyaci masu fasaha 21 don ƙirƙirar ayyukansu musamman don wannan wurin. A watan Yulin shekara ta 2019, Hornef ta shirya wani aikin tunawa da zaman lafiya na Jamus-Giriki - [[Yaƙin Duniya na II|Yaƙin Duniya na Biyu]] - mai suna ''Building Bridges'', tare da kansilar birni Annette Courtis, wacce take da asalin Girka kuma kamar Hornef, tana zaune a Hofheim am Taunus . A wani ƙaramin ƙauye mai suna ''Chouni'' (gundumar Agrinio ), Girka, masu fasaha 16 na Jamus da Girka sun ƙirƙiri ayyukan fasaha daga dutse mai yashi a ƙarƙashin jagorancin Hornef, inda suka yi magana game da tarihin Chouni a lokacin Yaƙin Duniya na Biyu. Sojojin Jamus sun kusan ƙone ƙauyen gaba ɗaya a shekarar ta 1944. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Schmidt |first=Barbara |date=2021-07-22 |title=Hofheim: Steine behauen für den Frieden |trans-title=Hofheim: Carving stones for peace |url=https://www.fnp.de/lokales/main-taunus/hofheim-ort74520/hofheim-steine-behauen-fuer-den-frieden-90876755.html |access-date=2022-12-13 |website=[[Frankfurter Neue Presse]]}}</ref> A gefe guda kuma, an gudanar da laccoci kan tasirin Yaƙin Duniya na Biyu a Girka. An girka sassaken da aka samu har abada a dandalin ƙauyen da ke Chouni. A watan Yulin a shekara ta 2021, an gudanar da wani taron bita mai dacewa a Hofheim, wanda Hornef ya sake jagoranta. A nan ma, masu fasaha na Jamus da Girka da aka gayyata sun kafa ayyukan fasaha inda suka yi magana game da tarihin lokacin. Wani alkalai ya zaɓi sassaka guda goma waɗanda aka girka su har abada a matsayin ''hanyar zaman lafiya'' kusa da abin tunawa da sojojin da suka mutu a yaƙin duniya biyu. Magajin garin Hofheim, Christian Vogt, ya amince da jajircewar masu gabatar da wannan shiri guda biyu: "Hanyar zaman lafiya a wurin tunawa da wannan abin tunawa an yi ta ne don tunatar da mu kada mu manta da mummunan babi a tarihin Jamus, amma kuma an yi ta ne don nuna cewa za mu iya shawo kan rashin jituwar da ta taso tsakanin al'ummarmu a yau tare mu bude sabon babi tare." (A cikin Jamusanci: "Der Friedenspfad am Ehrenmal soll uns mahnen, das schreckliche Kapitel der deutschen Geschichte nicht zu vergessen, soll aber auch zeigen, dass wir entstandene Gräben zwischen unseren Völkern heute üeschot neufschen euberwin euberwin euberwin de üeschain euberwinden. konnen.") A shekarar ta 2022, Hornef ya shirya baje kolin ''Art Concret'' a Gidan Tarihi na Fasaha na Zamani da ke Hünfeld tare da Veronika Rodenberg. Masu fasaha 26 daga Faransa, dukkansu membobin ƙungiyar masu fasaha ta Salon des Réalités Nouvelles da ke [[Faris|Paris]], Faransa, sun gabatar da taƙaitaccen bayani game da yanayin da ake ciki a Fasahar Siminti. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Ausstellung art concret |trans-title=Exhibition art concret |url=https://www.museum-modern.art/de/ausstellungen/2022/art-concret |access-date=2026-05-17 |website=Museum Modern Art Hünfeld |language=de}}</ref> Ingrid Hornef tana zaune kuma tana aiki a Bages a kudancin Faransa da kuma a Hofheim. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Hofheim: Verzeichnis Künstler |url=https://www.hofheim.de/verzeichnis/kuenstler/Ingrid_Hornef.php |access-date=2023-03-15 |website=Stadt Hofheim}}</ref> Ita memba ce ta ƙungiyar masu fasahar Jamus "Gruppe Konkret" <ref>{{Cite web |title=Künstlerinnen und Künstler |url=https://gruppe-konkret.info/die-kunstlerinnen-und-kunstler |access-date=2023-03-15 |website=Gruppe Konkret}}</ref> da Salon des Réalités Nouvelles <ref>{{Cite web |title=Réalités Nouvelles: Artistes 2022 |url=http://www.realitesnouvelles.org/site_2020/artistes_2020.htm |access-date=2023-03-15 |website=Réalités Nouvelles}}</ref> a Paris. == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1940]] dc757pha5dej9gst6y0tqv9epyc6cwc 0 163222 895190 2026-08-11T19:14:26Z Nnamadee 31123 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1342985153|Paloma Varga Weisz]]" 895190 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Paloma Varga Weisz''' (an haife ta a shekarar 1966) wata mai fasaha ce ta zamani da ke zaune a Jamus, wacce aka fi sani da sassaka da zane-zanenta. <ref name="NYT05">{{Cite web |title=New York Times, Sep. 23, 2005 - Art in Review; Paloma Varga Weisz, by Roberta Smith |url=https://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=9A06E3DF1430F930A1575AC0A9639C8B63}}</ref> A shekarar 2012, an samo zane-zane shida daga cikin nata ta hannun Gidan Tarihi na Fasaha na Zamani kuma an nuna su a Gidan Tarihi na Fasaha na Zamani . <ref name="NYT12">{{Cite web |title=New York Times, Mar. 30, 2012 - Morphing Figures, Mismatched and Distorted, by Karen Rosenberg |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2012/03/30/arts/design/exquisite-corpses-drawing-and-disfiguration-at-moma.html |website=[[The New York Times]]}}</ref> <ref name="MoMA">{{Cite web |title=MoMA Collection, Paloma Varga Weisz |url=http://www.moma.org/collection/artist.php?artist_id=28851}}</ref> Tana zaune kuma tana aiki a [[Düsseldorf]] . == Rayuwa == An horar da Paloma Varga Weisz a matsayin mai aikin katako daga 1987 &#x2013; 90 a Garmisch-Partenkirchen . Daga 1990 zuwa 1998 ta yi karatu a Staatliche Kunstakademie Düsseldorf karkashin Tony Cragg da Gerhard Merz. <ref name="artnews">{{Cite web |title=artnews.org Biography of Paloma Varga Weisz, by Barbara Gladstone |url=https://artnews.org/barbaragladstone/?g_ai=618}}</ref> Aikinta mai fannoni daban-daban ya haɗa da sassaka da kuma girka kayan gini galibi a cikin itace da yumbu, da kuma zane-zanen ruwa da zane-zane. <ref name="Frieze">{{Cite web |title=Frieze Magazine, Issue 147, May 2012, Paloma Varga Weisz, by Sadie Coles |url=http://www.frieze.com/issue/review/paloma-varga-weisz/}}</ref> Angela Stief, mai kula da Kunsthalle Wien, ta faɗi game da aikinta: "Aikin sassaka na Paloma Varga Weisz, wanda aka siffanta shi da nunin tarihi game da zane-zanen gargajiya da aikin hannu, ya haɗu da aikin fasaha na zamani wanda ba kasafai yake bayyana tushen asalinsa ba." == Kyaututtuka da guraben karo ilimi == * 2017: Holbach-Award, Stiftung zur Förderung der Kunst in der Pfalz * 2007: Marianne-Werefkin-Preis, Berlin * 2000/2001: Bremerhavenstipendium, Bremerhaven == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} [[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1966]] [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] acbegmk4vs5tpraxko0v21z6l8ylcxq 895191 895190 2026-08-11T19:15:02Z Nnamadee 31123 895191 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Paloma Varga Weisz''' (an haife ta a shekarar 1966) wata mai fasaha ce ta zamani da ke zaune a Jamus, wacce aka fi sani da sassaka da zane-zanenta.<ref name="NYT05">{{Cite web |title=New York Times, Sep. 23, 2005 - Art in Review; Paloma Varga Weisz, by Roberta Smith |url=https://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=9A06E3DF1430F930A1575AC0A9639C8B63}}</ref> A shekarar 2012, an samo zane-zane shida daga cikin nata ta hannun Gidan Tarihi na Fasaha na Zamani kuma an nuna su a Gidan Tarihi na Fasaha na Zamani . <ref name="NYT12">{{Cite web |title=New York Times, Mar. 30, 2012 - Morphing Figures, Mismatched and Distorted, by Karen Rosenberg |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2012/03/30/arts/design/exquisite-corpses-drawing-and-disfiguration-at-moma.html |website=[[The New York Times]]}}</ref> <ref name="MoMA">{{Cite web |title=MoMA Collection, Paloma Varga Weisz |url=http://www.moma.org/collection/artist.php?artist_id=28851}}</ref> Tana zaune kuma tana aiki a [[Düsseldorf]] . == Rayuwa == An horar da Paloma Varga Weisz a matsayin mai aikin katako daga 1987 &#x2013; 90 a Garmisch-Partenkirchen . Daga 1990 zuwa 1998 ta yi karatu a Staatliche Kunstakademie Düsseldorf karkashin Tony Cragg da Gerhard Merz. <ref name="artnews">{{Cite web |title=artnews.org Biography of Paloma Varga Weisz, by Barbara Gladstone |url=https://artnews.org/barbaragladstone/?g_ai=618}}</ref> Aikinta mai fannoni daban-daban ya haɗa da sassaka da kuma girka kayan gini galibi a cikin itace da yumbu, da kuma zane-zanen ruwa da zane-zane. <ref name="Frieze">{{Cite web |title=Frieze Magazine, Issue 147, May 2012, Paloma Varga Weisz, by Sadie Coles |url=http://www.frieze.com/issue/review/paloma-varga-weisz/}}</ref> Angela Stief, mai kula da Kunsthalle Wien, ta faɗi game da aikinta: "Aikin sassaka na Paloma Varga Weisz, wanda aka siffanta shi da nunin tarihi game da zane-zanen gargajiya da aikin hannu, ya haɗu da aikin fasaha na zamani wanda ba kasafai yake bayyana tushen asalinsa ba." == Kyaututtuka da guraben karo ilimi == * 2017: Holbach-Award, Stiftung zur Förderung der Kunst in der Pfalz * 2007: Marianne-Werefkin-Preis, Berlin * 2000/2001: Bremerhavenstipendium, Bremerhaven == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} [[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1966]] [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] o0cexfn2gfmwampi9u7d1ddcjjv344t 895192 895191 2026-08-11T19:15:20Z Nnamadee 31123 895192 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Paloma Varga Weisz''' (an haife ta a shekarar 1966) wata mai fasaha ce ta zamani da ke zaune a Jamus, wacce aka fi sani da sassaka da zane-zanenta.<ref name="NYT05">{{Cite web |title=New York Times, Sep. 23, 2005 - Art in Review; Paloma Varga Weisz, by Roberta Smith |url=https://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=9A06E3DF1430F930A1575AC0A9639C8B63}}</ref> A shekarar 2012, an samo zane-zane shida daga cikin nata ta hannun Gidan Tarihi na Fasaha na Zamani kuma an nuna su a Gidan Tarihi na Fasaha na Zamani.<ref name="NYT12">{{Cite web |title=New York Times, Mar. 30, 2012 - Morphing Figures, Mismatched and Distorted, by Karen Rosenberg |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2012/03/30/arts/design/exquisite-corpses-drawing-and-disfiguration-at-moma.html |website=[[The New York Times]]}}</ref><ref name="MoMA">{{Cite web |title=MoMA Collection, Paloma Varga Weisz |url=http://www.moma.org/collection/artist.php?artist_id=28851}}</ref> Tana zaune kuma tana aiki a [[Düsseldorf]]. == Rayuwa == An horar da Paloma Varga Weisz a matsayin mai aikin katako daga 1987 &#x2013; 90 a Garmisch-Partenkirchen . Daga 1990 zuwa 1998 ta yi karatu a Staatliche Kunstakademie Düsseldorf karkashin Tony Cragg da Gerhard Merz. <ref name="artnews">{{Cite web |title=artnews.org Biography of Paloma Varga Weisz, by Barbara Gladstone |url=https://artnews.org/barbaragladstone/?g_ai=618}}</ref> Aikinta mai fannoni daban-daban ya haɗa da sassaka da kuma girka kayan gini galibi a cikin itace da yumbu, da kuma zane-zanen ruwa da zane-zane. <ref name="Frieze">{{Cite web |title=Frieze Magazine, Issue 147, May 2012, Paloma Varga Weisz, by Sadie Coles |url=http://www.frieze.com/issue/review/paloma-varga-weisz/}}</ref> Angela Stief, mai kula da Kunsthalle Wien, ta faɗi game da aikinta: "Aikin sassaka na Paloma Varga Weisz, wanda aka siffanta shi da nunin tarihi game da zane-zanen gargajiya da aikin hannu, ya haɗu da aikin fasaha na zamani wanda ba kasafai yake bayyana tushen asalinsa ba." == Kyaututtuka da guraben karo ilimi == * 2017: Holbach-Award, Stiftung zur Förderung der Kunst in der Pfalz * 2007: Marianne-Werefkin-Preis, Berlin * 2000/2001: Bremerhavenstipendium, Bremerhaven == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} [[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1966]] [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] 23qkb2k35q79hbei2sthxwcz07ufufi 895206 895192 2026-08-11T20:28:12Z Baffa ali 47435 895206 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Paloma Varga Weisz''' (an haife ta a shekarar ta 1966) wata mai fasaha ce ta zamani da ke zaune a Jamus, wacce aka fi sani da sassaka da zane-zanenta.<ref name="NYT05">{{Cite web |title=New York Times, Sep. 23, 2005 - Art in Review; Paloma Varga Weisz, by Roberta Smith |url=https://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=9A06E3DF1430F930A1575AC0A9639C8B63}}</ref> A shekarar 2012, an samo zane-zane shida daga cikin nata ta hannun Gidan Tarihi na Fasaha na Zamani kuma an nuna su a Gidan Tarihi na Fasaha na Zamani.<ref name="NYT12">{{Cite web |title=New York Times, Mar. 30, 2012 - Morphing Figures, Mismatched and Distorted, by Karen Rosenberg |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2012/03/30/arts/design/exquisite-corpses-drawing-and-disfiguration-at-moma.html |website=[[The New York Times]]}}</ref><ref name="MoMA">{{Cite web |title=MoMA Collection, Paloma Varga Weisz |url=http://www.moma.org/collection/artist.php?artist_id=28851}}</ref> Tana zaune kuma tana aiki a [[Düsseldorf]]. == Rayuwa == An horar da Paloma Varga Weisz a matsayin mai aikin katako daga 1987 &#x2013; 90 a Garmisch-Partenkirchen . Daga shekara ta 1990 harzuwa shekara ta 1998 ta yi karatu a Staatliche Kunstakademie Düsseldorf karkashin Tony Cragg da Gerhard Merz. <ref name="artnews">{{Cite web |title=artnews.org Biography of Paloma Varga Weisz, by Barbara Gladstone |url=https://artnews.org/barbaragladstone/?g_ai=618}}</ref> Aikinta mai fannoni daban-daban ya haɗa da sassaka da kuma girka kayan gini galibi a cikin itace da yumbu, da kuma zane-zanen ruwa da zane-zane. <ref name="Frieze">{{Cite web |title=Frieze Magazine, Issue 147, May 2012, Paloma Varga Weisz, by Sadie Coles |url=http://www.frieze.com/issue/review/paloma-varga-weisz/}}</ref> Angela Stief, mai kula da Kunsthalle Wien, ta faɗi game da aikinta: "Aikin sassaka na Paloma Varga Weisz, wanda aka siffanta shi da nunin tarihi game da zane-zanen gargajiya da aikin hannu, ya haɗu da aikin fasaha na zamani wanda ba kasafai yake bayyana tushen asalinsa ba." == Kyaututtuka da guraben karo ilimi == * 2017: Holbach-Award, Stiftung zur Förderung der Kunst in der Pfalz * 2007: Marianne-Werefkin-Preis, Berlin * 2000/2001: Bremerhavenstipendium, Bremerhaven == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} [[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1966]] [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] m43lyoidcbiid9g3ginkp4012b5etsl 895207 895206 2026-08-11T20:29:44Z Baffa ali 47435 895207 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Paloma Varga Weisz''' (an haife ta a shekarar ta 1966) wata mai fasaha ce ta zamani da ke zaune a Jamus, wacce aka fi sani da sassaka da zane-zanenta.<ref name="NYT05">{{Cite web |title=New York Times, Sep. 23, 2005 - Art in Review; Paloma Varga Weisz, by Roberta Smith |url=https://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=9A06E3DF1430F930A1575AC0A9639C8B63}}</ref> A shekarar 2012, an samo zane-zane shida daga cikin nata ta hannun Gidan Tarihi na Fasaha na Zamani kuma an nuna su a Gidan Tarihi na Fasaha na Zamani.<ref name="NYT12">{{Cite web |title=New York Times, Mar. 30, 2012 - Morphing Figures, Mismatched and Distorted, by Karen Rosenberg |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2012/03/30/arts/design/exquisite-corpses-drawing-and-disfiguration-at-moma.html |website=[[The New York Times]]}}</ref><ref name="MoMA">{{Cite web |title=MoMA Collection, Paloma Varga Weisz |url=http://www.moma.org/collection/artist.php?artist_id=28851}}</ref> Tana zaune kuma tana aiki a [[Düsseldorf]]. == Rayuwa == An horar da Paloma Varga Weisz a matsayin mai aikin katako daga shekara ta 1987 harzuwa 1990 a Garmisch-Partenkirchen . Daga shekara ta 1990 harzuwa shekara ta 1998 ta yi karatu a Staatliche Kunstakademie Düsseldorf karkashin Tony Cragg da Gerhard Merz. <ref name="artnews">{{Cite web |title=artnews.org Biography of Paloma Varga Weisz, by Barbara Gladstone |url=https://artnews.org/barbaragladstone/?g_ai=618}}</ref> Aikinta mai fannoni daban-daban ya haɗa da sassaka da kuma girka kayan gini galibi a cikin itace da yumbu, da kuma zane-zanen ruwa da zane-zane. <ref name="Frieze">{{Cite web |title=Frieze Magazine, Issue 147, May 2012, Paloma Varga Weisz, by Sadie Coles |url=http://www.frieze.com/issue/review/paloma-varga-weisz/}}</ref> Angela Stief, mai kula da Kunsthalle Wien, ta faɗi game da aikinta: "Aikin sassaka na Paloma Varga Weisz, wanda aka siffanta shi da nunin tarihi game da zane-zanen gargajiya da aikin hannu, ya haɗu da aikin fasaha na zamani wanda ba kasafai yake bayyana tushen asalinsa ba." == Kyaututtuka da guraben karo ilimi == * 2017: Holbach-Award, Stiftung zur Förderung der Kunst in der Pfalz * 2007: Marianne-Werefkin-Preis, Berlin * 2000/2001: Bremerhavenstipendium, Bremerhaven == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} [[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1966]] [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] 9w5ahpjwdlij9b4hvdr0169awm5n8oq 0 163223 895196 2026-08-11T20:00:34Z Nnamadee 31123 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1176489013|Kathleen King von Alvensleben]]" 895196 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Kathleen King von Alvensleben''' ƙwararriyar mai gine-gine ce 'yar ƙasar Amurka-Jamus, mai tara kuɗi daga ayyukan agaji kuma memba a Majalisar Alvensleben, wadda ta aiwatar da manyan ayyukan gini da dama a Berlin, kuma ta kasance mai fafutukar neman kuɗi don sake gina Fadar Berlin . == Sana'a == Von Alvensleben ya yi karatu a Jami'ar Jihar Arizona da kuma Jami'ar Fasaha ta Munich . Ta fara aikinta a matsayin mai zane a Landan. Bayan sake haɗewar Jamus, von Alvensleben ya ƙaura zuwa Berlin saboda damar da aka samu na rugujewar katangar Berlin . Daga cikin manyan ayyukan da ta yi akwai sake fasalin [[International Trade Center (Berlin)|Cibiyar Ciniki ta Duniya]] ("Internationales Handelszentrum") da kuma [[Kosmos (Berlin)|Kosmos Movie Theater]] . A shekarar 1992, ta kafa ƙungiyar tallafawa fadar birnin Berlin ("Förderverein Berliner Schloss") kuma ta yi aiki a matsayin memba na kwamitin gudanarwa na tsawon shekaru da dama. Von Alvensleben ya taka rawa musamman wajen tara kuɗi daga masu ba da gudummawa na Amurka. A tsawon shekaru an shirya liyafar sadaka da dama musamman a birnin New York da sauran sassan Amurka. Ayyukanta sun sami goyon baya daga fitattun mutane da dama, ciki har da tsohon shugaban Amurka [[George W. Bush]], tsohon Sakataren Harkokin Waje [[Henry Kissinger]], wanda ya lashe kyautar Nobel Günter Blobel da kuma tsohon jakadan Amurka a Jamus John B. Emerson . == Rayuwa ta sirri == Kathleen von Alvensleben tana da 'ya'ya biyu. == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1969]] qaqn3b8or5xe9knz107rum402gkyd7v 895197 895196 2026-08-11T20:00:57Z Nnamadee 31123 895197 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Kathleen King von Alvensleben''' ƙwararriyar mai gine-gine ce 'yar ƙasar Amurka-Jamus, mai tara kuɗi daga ayyukan agaji kuma memba a Majalisar Alvensleben, wadda ta aiwatar da manyan ayyukan gini da dama a Berlin, kuma ta kasance mai fafutukar neman kuɗi don sake gina Fadar Berlin . == Sana'a == Von Alvensleben ya yi karatu a Jami'ar Jihar Arizona da kuma Jami'ar Fasaha ta Munich . Ta fara aikinta a matsayin mai zane a Landan. Bayan sake haɗewar Jamus, von Alvensleben ya ƙaura zuwa Berlin saboda damar da aka samu na rugujewar katangar Berlin . Daga cikin manyan ayyukan da ta yi akwai sake fasalin [[International Trade Center (Berlin)|Cibiyar Ciniki ta Duniya]] ("Internationales Handelszentrum") da kuma [[Kosmos (Berlin)|Kosmos Movie Theater]] . A shekarar 1992, ta kafa ƙungiyar tallafawa fadar birnin Berlin ("Förderverein Berliner Schloss") kuma ta yi aiki a matsayin memba na kwamitin gudanarwa na tsawon shekaru da dama. Von Alvensleben ya taka rawa musamman wajen tara kuɗi daga masu ba da gudummawa na Amurka. A tsawon shekaru an shirya liyafar sadaka da dama musamman a birnin New York da sauran sassan Amurka. Ayyukanta sun sami goyon baya daga fitattun mutane da dama, ciki har da tsohon shugaban Amurka [[George W. Bush]], tsohon Sakataren Harkokin Waje [[Henry Kissinger]], wanda ya lashe kyautar Nobel Günter Blobel da kuma tsohon jakadan Amurka a Jamus John B. Emerson . == Rayuwa ta sirri == Kathleen von Alvensleben tana da 'ya'ya biyu. == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1969]] 798vvxi0qwi77lzemet2ajpsb525ytm 895198 895197 2026-08-11T20:01:50Z Nnamadee 31123 895198 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Kathleen King von Alvensleben''' ƙwararriyar mai gine-gine ce 'yar ƙasar Amurka-Jamus, mai tara kuɗi daga ayyukan agaji kuma memba a Majalisar Alvensleben, wadda ta aiwatar da manyan ayyukan gini da dama a Berlin, kuma ta kasance mai fafutukar neman kuɗi don sake gina Fadar Berlin . == Sana'a == Von Alvensleben ya yi karatu a Jami'ar Jihar Arizona da kuma Jami'ar Fasaha ta Munich . Ta fara aikinta a matsayin mai zane a Landan. Bayan sake haɗewar Jamus, von Alvensleben ya ƙaura zuwa Berlin saboda damar da aka samu na rugujewar katangar Berlin . Daga cikin manyan ayyukan da ta yi akwai sake fasalin [[International Trade Center (Berlin)|Cibiyar Ciniki ta Duniya]] ("Internationales Handelszentrum") da kuma [[Kosmos (Berlin)|Kosmos Movie Theater]] . A shekarar 1992, ta kafa ƙungiyar tallafawa fadar birnin Berlin ("Förderverein Berliner Schloss") kuma ta yi aiki a matsayin memba na kwamitin gudanarwa na tsawon shekaru da dama. Von Alvensleben ya taka rawa musamman wajen tara kuɗi daga masu ba da gudummawa na Amurka. A tsawon shekaru an shirya liyafar sadaka da dama musamman a birnin New York da sauran sassan Amurka. Ayyukanta sun sami goyon baya daga fitattun mutane da dama, ciki har da tsohon shugaban Amurka [[George W. Bush]], tsohon Sakataren Harkokin Waje [[Henry Kissinger]], wanda ya lashe kyautar Nobel Günter Blobel da kuma tsohon jakadan Amurka a Jamus John B. Emerson . == Rayuwa ta sirri == Kathleen von Alvensleben tana da 'ya'ya biyu.<ref>"So feiert die Berliner Gesellschaft zu Weihnachten". Die Welt. 2007</ref> == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1969]] d0jb3h5mpxkqnjehfj20ofargpdj5gv 895199 895198 2026-08-11T20:02:22Z Nnamadee 31123 895199 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Kathleen King von Alvensleben''' ƙwararriyar mai gine-gine ce 'yar ƙasar Amurka-Jamus, mai tara kuɗi daga ayyukan agaji kuma memba a Majalisar Alvensleben, wadda ta aiwatar da manyan ayyukan gini da dama a Berlin, kuma ta kasance mai fafutukar neman kuɗi don sake gina Fadar Berlin.<ref>"Wir Amerikaner lieben das Schloß". Berliner Zeitung. 2006. Retrieved 29 April 2018</ref> == Sana'a == Von Alvensleben ya yi karatu a Jami'ar Jihar Arizona da kuma Jami'ar Fasaha ta Munich . Ta fara aikinta a matsayin mai zane a Landan. Bayan sake haɗewar Jamus, von Alvensleben ya ƙaura zuwa Berlin saboda damar da aka samu na rugujewar katangar Berlin . Daga cikin manyan ayyukan da ta yi akwai sake fasalin [[International Trade Center (Berlin)|Cibiyar Ciniki ta Duniya]] ("Internationales Handelszentrum") da kuma [[Kosmos (Berlin)|Kosmos Movie Theater]] . A shekarar 1992, ta kafa ƙungiyar tallafawa fadar birnin Berlin ("Förderverein Berliner Schloss") kuma ta yi aiki a matsayin memba na kwamitin gudanarwa na tsawon shekaru da dama. Von Alvensleben ya taka rawa musamman wajen tara kuɗi daga masu ba da gudummawa na Amurka. A tsawon shekaru an shirya liyafar sadaka da dama musamman a birnin New York da sauran sassan Amurka. Ayyukanta sun sami goyon baya daga fitattun mutane da dama, ciki har da tsohon shugaban Amurka [[George W. Bush]], tsohon Sakataren Harkokin Waje [[Henry Kissinger]], wanda ya lashe kyautar Nobel Günter Blobel da kuma tsohon jakadan Amurka a Jamus John B. Emerson . == Rayuwa ta sirri == Kathleen von Alvensleben tana da 'ya'ya biyu.<ref>"So feiert die Berliner Gesellschaft zu Weihnachten". Die Welt. 2007</ref> == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1969]] j3ut8aemyzt71zkl9of1jl79hbkhbpa 895201 895199 2026-08-11T20:03:04Z Nnamadee 31123 895201 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Kathleen King von Alvensleben''' ƙwararriyar mai gine-gine ce 'yar ƙasar Amurka-Jamus, mai tara kuɗi daga ayyukan agaji kuma memba a Majalisar Alvensleben, wadda ta aiwatar da manyan ayyukan gini da dama a Berlin, kuma ta kasance mai fafutukar neman kuɗi don sake gina Fadar Berlin.<ref>"Wir Amerikaner lieben das Schloß". Berliner Zeitung. 2006. Retrieved 29 April 2018</ref> == Sana'a == Von Alvensleben ya yi karatu a Jami'ar Jihar Arizona da kuma Jami'ar Fasaha ta Munich . Ta fara aikinta a matsayin mai zane a Landan. Bayan sake haɗewar Jamus, von Alvensleben ya ƙaura zuwa Berlin saboda damar da aka samu na rugujewar katangar Berlin . Daga cikin manyan ayyukan da ta yi akwai sake fasalin [[International Trade Center (Berlin)|Cibiyar Ciniki ta Duniya]] ("Internationales Handelszentrum") da kuma [[Kosmos (Berlin)|Kosmos Movie Theater]].<ref>"Just do it - das ist etwas Uramerikanisches". Die Welt. 1999. Retrieved 29 April 2018.</ref> A shekarar 1992, ta kafa ƙungiyar tallafawa fadar birnin Berlin ("Förderverein Berliner Schloss") kuma ta yi aiki a matsayin memba na kwamitin gudanarwa na tsawon shekaru da dama. Von Alvensleben ya taka rawa musamman wajen tara kuɗi daga masu ba da gudummawa na Amurka. A tsawon shekaru an shirya liyafar sadaka da dama musamman a birnin New York da sauran sassan Amurka. Ayyukanta sun sami goyon baya daga fitattun mutane da dama, ciki har da tsohon shugaban Amurka [[George W. Bush]], tsohon Sakataren Harkokin Waje [[Henry Kissinger]], wanda ya lashe kyautar Nobel Günter Blobel da kuma tsohon jakadan Amurka a Jamus John B. Emerson . == Rayuwa ta sirri == Kathleen von Alvensleben tana da 'ya'ya biyu.<ref>"So feiert die Berliner Gesellschaft zu Weihnachten". Die Welt. 2007</ref> == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1969]] f6lhyn4y9eacssk19hkyiabopgi3tb9 895204 895201 2026-08-11T20:25:18Z Baffa ali 47435 /* Sana'a */ 895204 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Kathleen King von Alvensleben''' ƙwararriyar mai gine-gine ce 'yar ƙasar Amurka-Jamus, mai tara kuɗi daga ayyukan agaji kuma memba a Majalisar Alvensleben, wadda ta aiwatar da manyan ayyukan gini da dama a Berlin, kuma ta kasance mai fafutukar neman kuɗi don sake gina Fadar Berlin.<ref>"Wir Amerikaner lieben das Schloß". Berliner Zeitung. 2006. Retrieved 29 April 2018</ref> == Sana'a == Von Alvensleben ya yi karatu a Jami'ar Jihar Arizona da kuma Jami'ar Fasaha ta Munich . Ta fara aikinta a matsayin mai zane a Landan. Bayan sake haɗewar Jamus, von Alvensleben ya ƙaura zuwa Berlin saboda damar da aka samu na rugujewar katangar Berlin . Daga cikin manyan ayyukan da ta yi akwai sake fasalin [[International Trade Center (Berlin)|Cibiyar Ciniki ta Duniya]] ("Internationales Handelszentrum") da kuma [[Kosmos (Berlin)|Kosmos Movie Theater]].<ref>"Just do it - das ist etwas Uramerikanisches". Die Welt. 1999. Retrieved 29 April 2018.</ref> A shekarar ta 1992, ta kafa ƙungiyar tallafawa fadar birnin Berlin ("Förderverein Berliner Schloss") kuma ta yi aiki a matsayin memba na kwamitin gudanarwa na tsawon shekaru da dama. Von Alvensleben ya taka rawa musamman wajen tara kuɗi daga masu ba da gudummawa na Amurka. A tsawon shekaru an shirya liyafar sadaka da dama musamman a birnin New York da sauran sassan Amurka. Ayyukanta sun sami goyon baya daga fitattun mutane da dama, ciki har da tsohon shugaban Amurka [[George W. Bush]], tsohon Sakataren Harkokin Waje [[Henry Kissinger]], wanda ya lashe kyautar Nobel Günter Blobel da kuma tsohon jakadan Amurka a Jamus John B. Emerson . == Rayuwa ta sirri == Kathleen von Alvensleben tana da 'ya'ya biyu.<ref>"So feiert die Berliner Gesellschaft zu Weihnachten". Die Welt. 2007</ref> == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1969]] 50vt8sr2m9ktthtpqn9p9t6acisnbs1 0 163224 895213 2026-08-11T21:14:37Z Uskeone 40867 Created 895213 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox biography | suna = Paul Pindar Izah | hoton_suna = | ranar_haihuwa = | wurin_haihuwa = | ƙasa = Najeriya | sana'a = Malamin jami'a, masanin kimiyyar siyasa | mukami = Farfesa | jami'a = [[Jami'ar Ahmadu Bello]] | fanni = Kimiyyar siyasa da hulɗar ƙasa da ƙasa }} '''Paul Pindar Izah''' farfesa ne ɗan Najeriya a fannin [[kimiyyar siyasa]] da hulɗar ƙasa da ƙasa. Ya kasance malami kuma mai bincike a [[Jami'ar Ahmadu Bello]] da ke Zariya, Najeriya. A cikin aikinsa na ilimi, ya yi aiki a [[Sashen Kimiyyar Siyasa da Nazarin Hulɗar Ƙasa da Ƙasa]] na jami'ar.<ref name="ABUstaff">{{cite web |title=Academic Staff |url=https://socialsciences.abu.edu.ng/departments/politicalscience-and-internationalstudies/academic-staff/ |publisher=Ahmadu Bello University |access-date=11 August 2026 }}</ref> == Aikin ilimi == Izah farfesa ne a Sashen Kimiyyar Siyasa da Nazarin Hulɗar Ƙasa da Ƙasa na Jami'ar Ahmadu Bello. Shafin jami'ar ya lissafa shi a matsayin ''Professor (Teaching & Research)''.<ref name="ABUstaff" /> Daga shekarar 1993 zuwa 1998, Izah ya kasance shugaban Sashen Kimiyyar Siyasa na Jami'ar Ahmadu Bello. Bayan wa'adinsa, Dr. Ohwona Andrew ya gaje shi a matsayin shugaban sashen daga 1998 zuwa 2000.<ref name="ABUHoD">{{cite web |title=Past Heads of the Department |url=https://socialsciences.abu.edu.ng/departments/politicalscience-and-internationalstudies/past-hods/ |publisher=Ahmadu Bello University |access-date=11 August 2026 }}</ref> Ya kuma yi aiki a matsayin shugaban Faculty of Social Sciences na Jami'ar Ahmadu Bello. A shekarar 2017, jaridun Najeriya sun ruwaito kalaman Izah kan muhimmancin bai wa mata damar yin aiki a fannoni kamar tsaro, shari'a da tabbatar da doka.<ref>{{cite news |title=University don calls for equal opportunities for women |url=https://guardian.ng/?p=361190 |work=The Guardian Nigeria |date=15 July 2017 |access-date=11 August 2026 }}</ref> == Bincike da wallafe-wallafe == Izah ya wallafa littafi mai suna ''Continuity and Change in Nigerian Foreign Policy'' a shekarar 1991. Littafin, wanda [[Ahmadu Bello University Press]] ta wallafa, yana magana ne kan manufofin harkokin wajen Najeriya. Littafin yana da shafuka 153 kuma ya ƙunshi bayanan tushen bincike.<ref name="WorldCat">{{cite web |title=Continuity and change in Nigerian foreign policy |url=https://search.worldcat.org/title/25656558 |publisher=WorldCat |access-date=11 August 2026 }}</ref> An kuma ambaci Izah a matsayin marubuci tare da Musa Ajiya a wani bincike kan haƙƙin ɗan Adam da buƙatar yin kwaskwarima ga Majalisar Tsaro ta Majalisar Ɗinkin Duniya.<ref>{{cite web |title=Human Rights Challenges and the Necessity for Democratization of the United Nations Security Council Organization |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/348543395_HUMAN_RIGHTS_CHALLENGES_AND_THE_NECESSITY_FOR_DEMOCRATIZATION_OF_THE_UNITED_NATIONS_SECURITY_COUNCIL_ORGANIZATION |publisher=ResearchGate |access-date=11 August 2026 }}</ref> == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} == Duba kuma == * [[Jami'ar Ahmadu Bello]] * [[Kimiyyar siyasa]] * [[Hulɗar ƙasa da ƙasa]] [[Rukuni:Malaman jami'a ’yan Najeriya]] [[Rukuni:Masana kimiyyar siyasa ’yan Najeriya]] [[Rukuni:Malaman Jami'ar Ahmadu Bello]] [[Rukuni:Jami'ar Ahmadu Bello]] [[Rukuni:Mutanen Zariya]] [[Rukuni:Masana hulɗar ƙasa da ƙasa]] 2g312ggma0hhl8ixvcsm27ug00zj7ll 895257 895213 2026-08-11T22:07:39Z Baffa ali 47435 895257 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox biography | suna = Paul Pindar Izah | hoton_suna = | ranar_haihuwa = | wurin_haihuwa = | ƙasa = Najeriya | sana'a = Malamin jami'a, masanin kimiyyar siyasa | mukami = Farfesa | jami'a = [[Jami'ar Ahmadu Bello]] | fanni = Kimiyyar siyasa da hulɗar ƙasa da ƙasa }} '''Paul Pindar Izah''' farfesa ne ɗan Najeriya a fannin [[kimiyyar siyasa]] da hulɗar ƙasa da ƙasa. Ya kasance malami kuma mai bincike a [[Jami'ar Ahmadu Bello]] da ke Zariya, Najeriya. A cikin aikinsa na ilimi, ya yi aiki a [[Sashen Kimiyyar Siyasa da Nazarin Hulɗar Ƙasa da Ƙasa]] na jami'ar.<ref name="ABUstaff">{{cite web |title=Academic Staff |url=https://socialsciences.abu.edu.ng/departments/politicalscience-and-internationalstudies/academic-staff/ |publisher=Ahmadu Bello University |access-date=11 August 2026 }}</ref> == Aikin ilimi == Izah farfesa ne a Sashen Kimiyyar Siyasa da Nazarin Hulɗar Ƙasa da Ƙasa na Jami'ar Ahmadu Bello. Shafin jami'ar ya lissafa shi a matsayin ''Professor (Teaching & Research)''.<ref name="ABUstaff" /> Daga shekarar ta 1993 zuwa shekara ta 1998, Izah ya kasance shugaban Sashen Kimiyyar Siyasa na Jami'ar Ahmadu Bello. Bayan wa'adinsa, Dr. Ohwona Andrew ya gaje shi a matsayin shugaban sashen daga shekara ta 1998 harzuwa shekara ta 2000.<ref name="ABUHoD">{{cite web |title=Past Heads of the Department |url=https://socialsciences.abu.edu.ng/departments/politicalscience-and-internationalstudies/past-hods/ |publisher=Ahmadu Bello University |access-date=11 August 2026 }}</ref> Ya kuma yi aiki a matsayin shugaban Faculty of Social Sciences na Jami'ar Ahmadu Bello. A shekarar 2017, jaridun Najeriya sun ruwaito kalaman Izah kan muhimmancin bai wa mata damar yin aiki a fannoni kamar tsaro, shari'a da tabbatar da doka.<ref>{{cite news |title=University don calls for equal opportunities for women |url=https://guardian.ng/?p=361190 |work=The Guardian Nigeria |date=15 July 2017 |access-date=11 August 2026 }}</ref> == Bincike da wallafe-wallafe == Izah ya wallafa littafi mai suna ''Continuity and Change in Nigerian Foreign Policy'' a shekarar 1991. Littafin, wanda [[Ahmadu Bello University Press]] ta wallafa, yana magana ne kan manufofin harkokin wajen Najeriya. Littafin yana da shafuka 153 kuma ya ƙunshi bayanan tushen bincike.<ref name="WorldCat">{{cite web |title=Continuity and change in Nigerian foreign policy |url=https://search.worldcat.org/title/25656558 |publisher=WorldCat |access-date=11 August 2026 }}</ref> An kuma ambaci Izah a matsayin marubuci tare da Musa Ajiya a wani bincike kan haƙƙin ɗan Adam da buƙatar yin kwaskwarima ga Majalisar Tsaro ta Majalisar Ɗinkin Duniya.<ref>{{cite web |title=Human Rights Challenges and the Necessity for Democratization of the United Nations Security Council Organization |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/348543395_HUMAN_RIGHTS_CHALLENGES_AND_THE_NECESSITY_FOR_DEMOCRATIZATION_OF_THE_UNITED_NATIONS_SECURITY_COUNCIL_ORGANIZATION |publisher=ResearchGate |access-date=11 August 2026 }}</ref> == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} == Duba kuma == * [[Jami'ar Ahmadu Bello]] * [[Kimiyyar siyasa]] * [[Hulɗar ƙasa da ƙasa]] [[Rukuni:Malaman jami'a ’yan Najeriya]] [[Rukuni:Masana kimiyyar siyasa ’yan Najeriya]] [[Rukuni:Malaman Jami'ar Ahmadu Bello]] [[Rukuni:Jami'ar Ahmadu Bello]] [[Rukuni:Mutanen Zariya]] [[Rukuni:Masana hulɗar ƙasa da ƙasa]] pi8n4rk6e2hvxr08ylznlac31qy28vs 0 163225 895215 2026-08-11T21:18:18Z Uskeone 40867 Created 895215 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox biography | suna = Rahamatu Lawal | hoton_suna = | ƙasa = Najeriya | sana'a = Farfesa, malamar jami'a, masaniyar kimiyyar siyasa | fanni = Kimiyyar siyasa | jami'a = [[Jami'ar Ahmadu Bello]] }} '''Rahamatu Lawal''' farfesa ce 'yar Najeriya kuma malamar jami'a a fannin [[kimiyyar siyasa]]. Tana koyarwa da gudanar da bincike a [[Jami'ar Ahmadu Bello]] da ke Zariya, Jihar Kaduna, Najeriya.<ref name="ABU profile">{{cite web |title=Rahamatu Lawal |url=https://profile.abu.edu.ng/staff-details/?token=P17302 |website=Ahmadu Bello University |access-date=11 August 2026 }}</ref> == Ilimi da aiki == Rahamatu Lawal malama ce a Sashen Kimiyyar Siyasa na Jami'ar Ahmadu Bello. Shafin jami'ar ya bayyana matsayinta a matsayin ''Professor (Teaching & Research)''.<ref name="ABU staff">{{cite web |title=Academic Staff |url=https://socialsciences.abu.edu.ng/departments/politicalscience-and-internationalstudies/academic-staff/ |website=Ahmadu Bello University |access-date=11 August 2026 }}</ref> Bayanan jami'ar sun nuna cewa ta yi karatun [[kimiyyar siyasa]] da [[nazarin ƙasa da ƙasa]] a Jami'ar Ahmadu Bello, Zariya.<ref name="ABU profile" /> == Bincike == Binciken Lawal ya shafi batutuwan da suka haɗa da [[talauci]], jinsi, wakilcin mata a siyasa, [[dimokuradiyya]], gudanar da mulki, haƙƙin mata, rikice-rikicen manoma da makiyaya, da manufofin tsaro a Afirka. Shafin jami'ar ya lissafa wallafe-wallafe 18 nata, ciki har da mujallu 15 da littattafai 3.<ref name="ABU profile" /> A cikin wallafe-wallafenta akwai bincike kan tasirin shirye-shiryen rage talauci ga mata a Najeriya, rashin daidaiton jinsi a manyan makarantun Najeriya, da kuma shigar mata cikin siyasar Najeriya tun bayan komawar mulkin farar hula a shekarar 1999.<ref name="ABU profile" /> Ta kuma yi bincike kan aiwatar da yarjejeniyar [[CEDAW]] da kare haƙƙin mata a Najeriya, da kuma dangantakar Tarayyar Turai da tsaro a yankin Sahel.<ref name="ABU profile" /> == Ƙungiyoyin ƙwararru == Bayanan Jami'ar Ahmadu Bello sun nuna cewa Lawal mamba ce ta [[Nigeria Political Science Association]] da Social Science Council of Nigeria. An kuma bayyana ta a matsayin fellow ko research fellow a wasu cibiyoyin bincike da ƙungiyoyin ilimi.<ref name="ABU profile" /> == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} == Duba kuma == * [[Jami'ar Ahmadu Bello]] * [[Kimiyyar siyasa]] * [[Dimokuradiyya]] * [[Haƙƙin mata]] [[Rukuni:Malaman jami'a 'yan Najeriya]] [[Rukuni:Masana kimiyyar siyasa 'yan Najeriya]] [[Rukuni:Malaman Jami'ar Ahmadu Bello]] [[Rukuni:Mutanen Jihar Kaduna]] [[Rukuni:Masana kimiyyar siyasa]] 7pbzni6txx80jekjpn8gp5hikurdq6t 3 163226 895217 2026-08-11T21:23:19Z AmmarBot 13973 Barka da zuwa! 895217 wikitext text/x-wiki == Barka da zuwa! == Ni Robot ne ba mutum ba. [[File:Wikipedia_mini_globe_handheld.jpg|thumb|300px|Hausa Wikipedia na buƙatar gudummuwarku domin ta bunƙasa!]] Barka da zuwa Hausa Wikipedia, 26mahamaya! Mun ji daɗin [[Special:Contributions/26mahamaya|gudummuwarku]]. Kuma muna fatan zaku tsaya ku ci gaba da bada gudummuwa. Anan ƙasa ga wasu shafuka da zasu taimaka wajen fahimtar Hausa Wikipedia da yadda ake gyara ta: * [[Wikipedia:Gabatarwa|Gabatarwa]] * [[Wikipedia:Tutorial|Tutorial]] * [[Wikipedia:Cheatsheet|Cheatsheet]] * [[Wikipedia:Yadda_ake_rubuta_muƙala|Yadda ake rubuta muƙala]] * [[Wikipedia:Manufofi biyar|Manufofin Hausa Wikipedia]] * [[Wikipedia:Shawarwari_goma_akan_gyaran_Wikipedia|Shawarwari goma akan gyaran Wikipedia]] Zaku iya yin [[Wikipedia:Tutorial/Shafukan_tattaunawa#Shafin_tattaunawa_na_edita|sayinin rubutunku]] idan kuna akan [[Wikipedia:Shafin tattaunawa|shafukan tattaunawa]] ta hanyar alamar tilde guda huɗu, kamar haka (<nowiki>~~~~</nowiki>); yin hakan, zaisa sunanku da cikkaken kwanan wata. In kana buƙatar wani taimako, ku duba [[Wikipedia:Tutorial]]. Na gode. [[User:AmmarBot|AmmarBot]] ([[User talk:AmmarBot|talk]]) 21:23, 11 ga Augusta, 2026 (UTC) ocs7n7nqxagkhhlj2yro5gpl6p0qcqg 3 163227 895218 2026-08-11T21:23:29Z AmmarBot 13973 Barka da zuwa! 895218 wikitext text/x-wiki == Barka da zuwa! == Ni Robot ne ba mutum ba. [[File:Wikipedia_mini_globe_handheld.jpg|thumb|300px|Hausa Wikipedia na buƙatar gudummuwarku domin ta bunƙasa!]] Barka da zuwa Hausa Wikipedia, Ash.tahno! Mun ji daɗin [[Special:Contributions/Ash.tahno|gudummuwarku]]. Kuma muna fatan zaku tsaya ku ci gaba da bada gudummuwa. Anan ƙasa ga wasu shafuka da zasu taimaka wajen fahimtar Hausa Wikipedia da yadda ake gyara ta: * [[Wikipedia:Gabatarwa|Gabatarwa]] * [[Wikipedia:Tutorial|Tutorial]] * [[Wikipedia:Cheatsheet|Cheatsheet]] * [[Wikipedia:Yadda_ake_rubuta_muƙala|Yadda ake rubuta muƙala]] * [[Wikipedia:Manufofi biyar|Manufofin Hausa Wikipedia]] * [[Wikipedia:Shawarwari_goma_akan_gyaran_Wikipedia|Shawarwari goma akan gyaran Wikipedia]] Zaku iya yin [[Wikipedia:Tutorial/Shafukan_tattaunawa#Shafin_tattaunawa_na_edita|sayinin rubutunku]] idan kuna akan [[Wikipedia:Shafin tattaunawa|shafukan tattaunawa]] ta hanyar alamar tilde guda huɗu, kamar haka (<nowiki>~~~~</nowiki>); yin hakan, zaisa sunanku da cikkaken kwanan wata. In kana buƙatar wani taimako, ku duba [[Wikipedia:Tutorial]]. Na gode. [[User:AmmarBot|AmmarBot]] ([[User talk:AmmarBot|talk]]) 21:23, 11 ga Augusta, 2026 (UTC) 8mamlhi1bta9ogl0h6sljx71k2sllms 3 163228 895219 2026-08-11T21:23:39Z AmmarBot 13973 Barka da zuwa! 895219 wikitext text/x-wiki == Barka da zuwa! == Ni Robot ne ba mutum ba. [[File:Wikipedia_mini_globe_handheld.jpg|thumb|300px|Hausa Wikipedia na buƙatar gudummuwarku domin ta bunƙasa!]] Barka da zuwa Hausa Wikipedia, 22denny91! Mun ji daɗin [[Special:Contributions/22denny91|gudummuwarku]]. Kuma muna fatan zaku tsaya ku ci gaba da bada gudummuwa. Anan ƙasa ga wasu shafuka da zasu taimaka wajen fahimtar Hausa Wikipedia da yadda ake gyara ta: * [[Wikipedia:Gabatarwa|Gabatarwa]] * [[Wikipedia:Tutorial|Tutorial]] * [[Wikipedia:Cheatsheet|Cheatsheet]] * [[Wikipedia:Yadda_ake_rubuta_muƙala|Yadda ake rubuta muƙala]] * [[Wikipedia:Manufofi biyar|Manufofin Hausa Wikipedia]] * [[Wikipedia:Shawarwari_goma_akan_gyaran_Wikipedia|Shawarwari goma akan gyaran Wikipedia]] Zaku iya yin [[Wikipedia:Tutorial/Shafukan_tattaunawa#Shafin_tattaunawa_na_edita|sayinin rubutunku]] idan kuna akan [[Wikipedia:Shafin tattaunawa|shafukan tattaunawa]] ta hanyar alamar tilde guda huɗu, kamar haka (<nowiki>~~~~</nowiki>); yin hakan, zaisa sunanku da cikkaken kwanan wata. In kana buƙatar wani taimako, ku duba [[Wikipedia:Tutorial]]. Na gode. [[User:AmmarBot|AmmarBot]] ([[User talk:AmmarBot|talk]]) 21:23, 11 ga Augusta, 2026 (UTC) f4yufndgh8ni0qnapjz7eupv5gvp471 3 163229 895220 2026-08-11T21:23:49Z AmmarBot 13973 Barka da zuwa! 895220 wikitext text/x-wiki == Barka da zuwa! == Ni Robot ne ba mutum ba. [[File:Wikipedia_mini_globe_handheld.jpg|thumb|300px|Hausa Wikipedia na buƙatar gudummuwarku domin ta bunƙasa!]] Barka da zuwa Hausa Wikipedia, EcceHomo! Mun ji daɗin [[Special:Contributions/EcceHomo|gudummuwarku]]. Kuma muna fatan zaku tsaya ku ci gaba da bada gudummuwa. Anan ƙasa ga wasu shafuka da zasu taimaka wajen fahimtar Hausa Wikipedia da yadda ake gyara ta: * [[Wikipedia:Gabatarwa|Gabatarwa]] * [[Wikipedia:Tutorial|Tutorial]] * [[Wikipedia:Cheatsheet|Cheatsheet]] * [[Wikipedia:Yadda_ake_rubuta_muƙala|Yadda ake rubuta muƙala]] * [[Wikipedia:Manufofi biyar|Manufofin Hausa Wikipedia]] * [[Wikipedia:Shawarwari_goma_akan_gyaran_Wikipedia|Shawarwari goma akan gyaran Wikipedia]] Zaku iya yin [[Wikipedia:Tutorial/Shafukan_tattaunawa#Shafin_tattaunawa_na_edita|sayinin rubutunku]] idan kuna akan [[Wikipedia:Shafin tattaunawa|shafukan tattaunawa]] ta hanyar alamar tilde guda huɗu, kamar haka (<nowiki>~~~~</nowiki>); yin hakan, zaisa sunanku da cikkaken kwanan wata. In kana buƙatar wani taimako, ku duba [[Wikipedia:Tutorial]]. Na gode. [[User:AmmarBot|AmmarBot]] ([[User talk:AmmarBot|talk]]) 21:23, 11 ga Augusta, 2026 (UTC) na7z77eastuygmjz5vxxqssvu6gubul 3 163230 895221 2026-08-11T21:23:59Z AmmarBot 13973 Barka da zuwa! 895221 wikitext text/x-wiki == Barka da zuwa! == Ni Robot ne ba mutum ba. [[File:Wikipedia_mini_globe_handheld.jpg|thumb|300px|Hausa Wikipedia na buƙatar gudummuwarku domin ta bunƙasa!]] Barka da zuwa Hausa Wikipedia, Sani dalhatu! Mun ji daɗin [[Special:Contributions/Sani dalhatu|gudummuwarku]]. Kuma muna fatan zaku tsaya ku ci gaba da bada gudummuwa. Anan ƙasa ga wasu shafuka da zasu taimaka wajen fahimtar Hausa Wikipedia da yadda ake gyara ta: * [[Wikipedia:Gabatarwa|Gabatarwa]] * [[Wikipedia:Tutorial|Tutorial]] * [[Wikipedia:Cheatsheet|Cheatsheet]] * [[Wikipedia:Yadda_ake_rubuta_muƙala|Yadda ake rubuta muƙala]] * [[Wikipedia:Manufofi biyar|Manufofin Hausa Wikipedia]] * [[Wikipedia:Shawarwari_goma_akan_gyaran_Wikipedia|Shawarwari goma akan gyaran Wikipedia]] Zaku iya yin [[Wikipedia:Tutorial/Shafukan_tattaunawa#Shafin_tattaunawa_na_edita|sayinin rubutunku]] idan kuna akan [[Wikipedia:Shafin tattaunawa|shafukan tattaunawa]] ta hanyar alamar tilde guda huɗu, kamar haka (<nowiki>~~~~</nowiki>); yin hakan, zaisa sunanku da cikkaken kwanan wata. In kana buƙatar wani taimako, ku duba [[Wikipedia:Tutorial]]. Na gode. [[User:AmmarBot|AmmarBot]] ([[User talk:AmmarBot|talk]]) 21:23, 11 ga Augusta, 2026 (UTC) ml7k15e39mcwctwjxdyxhucn3mpfbf4 3 163231 895222 2026-08-11T21:24:09Z AmmarBot 13973 Barka da zuwa! 895222 wikitext text/x-wiki == Barka da zuwa! == Ni Robot ne ba mutum ba. [[File:Wikipedia_mini_globe_handheld.jpg|thumb|300px|Hausa Wikipedia na buƙatar gudummuwarku domin ta bunƙasa!]] Barka da zuwa Hausa Wikipedia, Աննա Թոփուզյան! Mun ji daɗin [[Special:Contributions/Աննա Թոփուզյան|gudummuwarku]]. Kuma muna fatan zaku tsaya ku ci gaba da bada gudummuwa. Anan ƙasa ga wasu shafuka da zasu taimaka wajen fahimtar Hausa Wikipedia da yadda ake gyara ta: * [[Wikipedia:Gabatarwa|Gabatarwa]] * [[Wikipedia:Tutorial|Tutorial]] * [[Wikipedia:Cheatsheet|Cheatsheet]] * [[Wikipedia:Yadda_ake_rubuta_muƙala|Yadda ake rubuta muƙala]] * [[Wikipedia:Manufofi biyar|Manufofin Hausa Wikipedia]] * [[Wikipedia:Shawarwari_goma_akan_gyaran_Wikipedia|Shawarwari goma akan gyaran Wikipedia]] Zaku iya yin [[Wikipedia:Tutorial/Shafukan_tattaunawa#Shafin_tattaunawa_na_edita|sayinin rubutunku]] idan kuna akan [[Wikipedia:Shafin tattaunawa|shafukan tattaunawa]] ta hanyar alamar tilde guda huɗu, kamar haka (<nowiki>~~~~</nowiki>); yin hakan, zaisa sunanku da cikkaken kwanan wata. In kana buƙatar wani taimako, ku duba [[Wikipedia:Tutorial]]. Na gode. [[User:AmmarBot|AmmarBot]] ([[User talk:AmmarBot|talk]]) 21:24, 11 ga Augusta, 2026 (UTC) astvkiu6k92yfz78vq0hodedx20nof5 3 163232 895223 2026-08-11T21:24:19Z AmmarBot 13973 Barka da zuwa! 895223 wikitext text/x-wiki == Barka da zuwa! == Ni Robot ne ba mutum ba. [[File:Wikipedia_mini_globe_handheld.jpg|thumb|300px|Hausa Wikipedia na buƙatar gudummuwarku domin ta bunƙasa!]] Barka da zuwa Hausa Wikipedia, RollerFanatic000! Mun ji daɗin [[Special:Contributions/RollerFanatic000|gudummuwarku]]. Kuma muna fatan zaku tsaya ku ci gaba da bada gudummuwa. Anan ƙasa ga wasu shafuka da zasu taimaka wajen fahimtar Hausa Wikipedia da yadda ake gyara ta: * [[Wikipedia:Gabatarwa|Gabatarwa]] * [[Wikipedia:Tutorial|Tutorial]] * [[Wikipedia:Cheatsheet|Cheatsheet]] * [[Wikipedia:Yadda_ake_rubuta_muƙala|Yadda ake rubuta muƙala]] * [[Wikipedia:Manufofi biyar|Manufofin Hausa Wikipedia]] * [[Wikipedia:Shawarwari_goma_akan_gyaran_Wikipedia|Shawarwari goma akan gyaran Wikipedia]] Zaku iya yin [[Wikipedia:Tutorial/Shafukan_tattaunawa#Shafin_tattaunawa_na_edita|sayinin rubutunku]] idan kuna akan [[Wikipedia:Shafin tattaunawa|shafukan tattaunawa]] ta hanyar alamar tilde guda huɗu, kamar haka (<nowiki>~~~~</nowiki>); yin hakan, zaisa sunanku da cikkaken kwanan wata. In kana buƙatar wani taimako, ku duba [[Wikipedia:Tutorial]]. Na gode. [[User:AmmarBot|AmmarBot]] ([[User talk:AmmarBot|talk]]) 21:24, 11 ga Augusta, 2026 (UTC) joefy1vswutpiq0lkoy3o2onc4byq26 3 163233 895224 2026-08-11T21:24:29Z AmmarBot 13973 Barka da zuwa! 895224 wikitext text/x-wiki == Barka da zuwa! == Ni Robot ne ba mutum ba. [[File:Wikipedia_mini_globe_handheld.jpg|thumb|300px|Hausa Wikipedia na buƙatar gudummuwarku domin ta bunƙasa!]] Barka da zuwa Hausa Wikipedia, Palonso14! Mun ji daɗin [[Special:Contributions/Palonso14|gudummuwarku]]. Kuma muna fatan zaku tsaya ku ci gaba da bada gudummuwa. Anan ƙasa ga wasu shafuka da zasu taimaka wajen fahimtar Hausa Wikipedia da yadda ake gyara ta: * [[Wikipedia:Gabatarwa|Gabatarwa]] * [[Wikipedia:Tutorial|Tutorial]] * [[Wikipedia:Cheatsheet|Cheatsheet]] * [[Wikipedia:Yadda_ake_rubuta_muƙala|Yadda ake rubuta muƙala]] * [[Wikipedia:Manufofi biyar|Manufofin Hausa Wikipedia]] * [[Wikipedia:Shawarwari_goma_akan_gyaran_Wikipedia|Shawarwari goma akan gyaran Wikipedia]] Zaku iya yin [[Wikipedia:Tutorial/Shafukan_tattaunawa#Shafin_tattaunawa_na_edita|sayinin rubutunku]] idan kuna akan [[Wikipedia:Shafin tattaunawa|shafukan tattaunawa]] ta hanyar alamar tilde guda huɗu, kamar haka (<nowiki>~~~~</nowiki>); yin hakan, zaisa sunanku da cikkaken kwanan wata. In kana buƙatar wani taimako, ku duba [[Wikipedia:Tutorial]]. Na gode. [[User:AmmarBot|AmmarBot]] ([[User talk:AmmarBot|talk]]) 21:24, 11 ga Augusta, 2026 (UTC) mvt1y2q1hrcoocqb0eg3t44znlrbbsc 3 163234 895225 2026-08-11T21:24:39Z AmmarBot 13973 Barka da zuwa! 895225 wikitext text/x-wiki == Barka da zuwa! == Ni Robot ne ba mutum ba. [[File:Wikipedia_mini_globe_handheld.jpg|thumb|300px|Hausa Wikipedia na buƙatar gudummuwarku domin ta bunƙasa!]] Barka da zuwa Hausa Wikipedia, Tatev2005! Mun ji daɗin [[Special:Contributions/Tatev2005|gudummuwarku]]. Kuma muna fatan zaku tsaya ku ci gaba da bada gudummuwa. Anan ƙasa ga wasu shafuka da zasu taimaka wajen fahimtar Hausa Wikipedia da yadda ake gyara ta: * [[Wikipedia:Gabatarwa|Gabatarwa]] * [[Wikipedia:Tutorial|Tutorial]] * [[Wikipedia:Cheatsheet|Cheatsheet]] * [[Wikipedia:Yadda_ake_rubuta_muƙala|Yadda ake rubuta muƙala]] * [[Wikipedia:Manufofi biyar|Manufofin Hausa Wikipedia]] * [[Wikipedia:Shawarwari_goma_akan_gyaran_Wikipedia|Shawarwari goma akan gyaran Wikipedia]] Zaku iya yin [[Wikipedia:Tutorial/Shafukan_tattaunawa#Shafin_tattaunawa_na_edita|sayinin rubutunku]] idan kuna akan [[Wikipedia:Shafin tattaunawa|shafukan tattaunawa]] ta hanyar alamar tilde guda huɗu, kamar haka (<nowiki>~~~~</nowiki>); yin hakan, zaisa sunanku da cikkaken kwanan wata. In kana buƙatar wani taimako, ku duba [[Wikipedia:Tutorial]]. Na gode. [[User:AmmarBot|AmmarBot]] ([[User talk:AmmarBot|talk]]) 21:24, 11 ga Augusta, 2026 (UTC) 0ipxgsel59u4vcu5zep09vme9xd0d2w 3 163235 895226 2026-08-11T21:24:49Z AmmarBot 13973 Barka da zuwa! 895226 wikitext text/x-wiki == Barka da zuwa! == Ni Robot ne ba mutum ba. [[File:Wikipedia_mini_globe_handheld.jpg|thumb|300px|Hausa Wikipedia na buƙatar gudummuwarku domin ta bunƙasa!]] Barka da zuwa Hausa Wikipedia, さえぼー! Mun ji daɗin [[Special:Contributions/さえぼー|gudummuwarku]]. Kuma muna fatan zaku tsaya ku ci gaba da bada gudummuwa. Anan ƙasa ga wasu shafuka da zasu taimaka wajen fahimtar Hausa Wikipedia da yadda ake gyara ta: * [[Wikipedia:Gabatarwa|Gabatarwa]] * [[Wikipedia:Tutorial|Tutorial]] * [[Wikipedia:Cheatsheet|Cheatsheet]] * [[Wikipedia:Yadda_ake_rubuta_muƙala|Yadda ake rubuta muƙala]] * [[Wikipedia:Manufofi biyar|Manufofin Hausa Wikipedia]] * [[Wikipedia:Shawarwari_goma_akan_gyaran_Wikipedia|Shawarwari goma akan gyaran Wikipedia]] Zaku iya yin [[Wikipedia:Tutorial/Shafukan_tattaunawa#Shafin_tattaunawa_na_edita|sayinin rubutunku]] idan kuna akan [[Wikipedia:Shafin tattaunawa|shafukan tattaunawa]] ta hanyar alamar tilde guda huɗu, kamar haka (<nowiki>~~~~</nowiki>); yin hakan, zaisa sunanku da cikkaken kwanan wata. In kana buƙatar wani taimako, ku duba [[Wikipedia:Tutorial]]. Na gode. [[User:AmmarBot|AmmarBot]] ([[User talk:AmmarBot|talk]]) 21:24, 11 ga Augusta, 2026 (UTC) kxb92vnjkx7pu1jgue7oq9eopf8c4ce 3 163236 895227 2026-08-11T21:24:59Z AmmarBot 13973 Barka da zuwa! 895227 wikitext text/x-wiki == Barka da zuwa! == Ni Robot ne ba mutum ba. [[File:Wikipedia_mini_globe_handheld.jpg|thumb|300px|Hausa Wikipedia na buƙatar gudummuwarku domin ta bunƙasa!]] Barka da zuwa Hausa Wikipedia, Houss 2020! Mun ji daɗin [[Special:Contributions/Houss 2020|gudummuwarku]]. Kuma muna fatan zaku tsaya ku ci gaba da bada gudummuwa. Anan ƙasa ga wasu shafuka da zasu taimaka wajen fahimtar Hausa Wikipedia da yadda ake gyara ta: * [[Wikipedia:Gabatarwa|Gabatarwa]] * [[Wikipedia:Tutorial|Tutorial]] * [[Wikipedia:Cheatsheet|Cheatsheet]] * [[Wikipedia:Yadda_ake_rubuta_muƙala|Yadda ake rubuta muƙala]] * [[Wikipedia:Manufofi biyar|Manufofin Hausa Wikipedia]] * [[Wikipedia:Shawarwari_goma_akan_gyaran_Wikipedia|Shawarwari goma akan gyaran Wikipedia]] Zaku iya yin [[Wikipedia:Tutorial/Shafukan_tattaunawa#Shafin_tattaunawa_na_edita|sayinin rubutunku]] idan kuna akan [[Wikipedia:Shafin tattaunawa|shafukan tattaunawa]] ta hanyar alamar tilde guda huɗu, kamar haka (<nowiki>~~~~</nowiki>); yin hakan, zaisa sunanku da cikkaken kwanan wata. In kana buƙatar wani taimako, ku duba [[Wikipedia:Tutorial]]. Na gode. [[User:AmmarBot|AmmarBot]] ([[User talk:AmmarBot|talk]]) 21:24, 11 ga Augusta, 2026 (UTC) ms0c21dnx7xlxtklrt9v0m6n7v9zf27 3 163237 895228 2026-08-11T21:25:09Z AmmarBot 13973 Barka da zuwa! 895228 wikitext text/x-wiki == Barka da zuwa! == Ni Robot ne ba mutum ba. [[File:Wikipedia_mini_globe_handheld.jpg|thumb|300px|Hausa Wikipedia na buƙatar gudummuwarku domin ta bunƙasa!]] Barka da zuwa Hausa Wikipedia, Itsfyh! Mun ji daɗin [[Special:Contributions/Itsfyh|gudummuwarku]]. Kuma muna fatan zaku tsaya ku ci gaba da bada gudummuwa. Anan ƙasa ga wasu shafuka da zasu taimaka wajen fahimtar Hausa Wikipedia da yadda ake gyara ta: * [[Wikipedia:Gabatarwa|Gabatarwa]] * [[Wikipedia:Tutorial|Tutorial]] * [[Wikipedia:Cheatsheet|Cheatsheet]] * [[Wikipedia:Yadda_ake_rubuta_muƙala|Yadda ake rubuta muƙala]] * [[Wikipedia:Manufofi biyar|Manufofin Hausa Wikipedia]] * [[Wikipedia:Shawarwari_goma_akan_gyaran_Wikipedia|Shawarwari goma akan gyaran Wikipedia]] Zaku iya yin [[Wikipedia:Tutorial/Shafukan_tattaunawa#Shafin_tattaunawa_na_edita|sayinin rubutunku]] idan kuna akan [[Wikipedia:Shafin tattaunawa|shafukan tattaunawa]] ta hanyar alamar tilde guda huɗu, kamar haka (<nowiki>~~~~</nowiki>); yin hakan, zaisa sunanku da cikkaken kwanan wata. In kana buƙatar wani taimako, ku duba [[Wikipedia:Tutorial]]. Na gode. [[User:AmmarBot|AmmarBot]] ([[User talk:AmmarBot|talk]]) 21:25, 11 ga Augusta, 2026 (UTC) 3nh56btazdh0u2ev2nlcy0bwm4n15dq 3 163238 895229 2026-08-11T21:25:19Z AmmarBot 13973 Barka da zuwa! 895229 wikitext text/x-wiki == Barka da zuwa! == Ni Robot ne ba mutum ba. [[File:Wikipedia_mini_globe_handheld.jpg|thumb|300px|Hausa Wikipedia na buƙatar gudummuwarku domin ta bunƙasa!]] Barka da zuwa Hausa Wikipedia, Ya235! Mun ji daɗin [[Special:Contributions/Ya235|gudummuwarku]]. Kuma muna fatan zaku tsaya ku ci gaba da bada gudummuwa. Anan ƙasa ga wasu shafuka da zasu taimaka wajen fahimtar Hausa Wikipedia da yadda ake gyara ta: * [[Wikipedia:Gabatarwa|Gabatarwa]] * [[Wikipedia:Tutorial|Tutorial]] * [[Wikipedia:Cheatsheet|Cheatsheet]] * [[Wikipedia:Yadda_ake_rubuta_muƙala|Yadda ake rubuta muƙala]] * [[Wikipedia:Manufofi biyar|Manufofin Hausa Wikipedia]] * [[Wikipedia:Shawarwari_goma_akan_gyaran_Wikipedia|Shawarwari goma akan gyaran Wikipedia]] Zaku iya yin [[Wikipedia:Tutorial/Shafukan_tattaunawa#Shafin_tattaunawa_na_edita|sayinin rubutunku]] idan kuna akan [[Wikipedia:Shafin tattaunawa|shafukan tattaunawa]] ta hanyar alamar tilde guda huɗu, kamar haka (<nowiki>~~~~</nowiki>); yin hakan, zaisa sunanku da cikkaken kwanan wata. In kana buƙatar wani taimako, ku duba [[Wikipedia:Tutorial]]. Na gode. [[User:AmmarBot|AmmarBot]] ([[User talk:AmmarBot|talk]]) 21:25, 11 ga Augusta, 2026 (UTC) i3hyuh1f5ucz3tcv4jw0sk33w3gfa92 3 163239 895230 2026-08-11T21:25:29Z AmmarBot 13973 Barka da zuwa! 895230 wikitext text/x-wiki == Barka da zuwa! == Ni Robot ne ba mutum ba. [[File:Wikipedia_mini_globe_handheld.jpg|thumb|300px|Hausa Wikipedia na buƙatar gudummuwarku domin ta bunƙasa!]] Barka da zuwa Hausa Wikipedia, Abubakar 900 1! Mun ji daɗin [[Special:Contributions/Abubakar 900 1|gudummuwarku]]. Kuma muna fatan zaku tsaya ku ci gaba da bada gudummuwa. Anan ƙasa ga wasu shafuka da zasu taimaka wajen fahimtar Hausa Wikipedia da yadda ake gyara ta: * [[Wikipedia:Gabatarwa|Gabatarwa]] * [[Wikipedia:Tutorial|Tutorial]] * [[Wikipedia:Cheatsheet|Cheatsheet]] * [[Wikipedia:Yadda_ake_rubuta_muƙala|Yadda ake rubuta muƙala]] * [[Wikipedia:Manufofi biyar|Manufofin Hausa Wikipedia]] * [[Wikipedia:Shawarwari_goma_akan_gyaran_Wikipedia|Shawarwari goma akan gyaran Wikipedia]] Zaku iya yin [[Wikipedia:Tutorial/Shafukan_tattaunawa#Shafin_tattaunawa_na_edita|sayinin rubutunku]] idan kuna akan [[Wikipedia:Shafin tattaunawa|shafukan tattaunawa]] ta hanyar alamar tilde guda huɗu, kamar haka (<nowiki>~~~~</nowiki>); yin hakan, zaisa sunanku da cikkaken kwanan wata. In kana buƙatar wani taimako, ku duba [[Wikipedia:Tutorial]]. Na gode. [[User:AmmarBot|AmmarBot]] ([[User talk:AmmarBot|talk]]) 21:25, 11 ga Augusta, 2026 (UTC) 2tksebb5ansikjmh81a0l0k5vklsztf 3 163240 895232 2026-08-11T21:25:39Z AmmarBot 13973 Barka da zuwa! 895232 wikitext text/x-wiki == Barka da zuwa! == Ni Robot ne ba mutum ba. [[File:Wikipedia_mini_globe_handheld.jpg|thumb|300px|Hausa Wikipedia na buƙatar gudummuwarku domin ta bunƙasa!]] Barka da zuwa Hausa Wikipedia, Nellighukasyan! Mun ji daɗin [[Special:Contributions/Nellighukasyan|gudummuwarku]]. Kuma muna fatan zaku tsaya ku ci gaba da bada gudummuwa. Anan ƙasa ga wasu shafuka da zasu taimaka wajen fahimtar Hausa Wikipedia da yadda ake gyara ta: * [[Wikipedia:Gabatarwa|Gabatarwa]] * [[Wikipedia:Tutorial|Tutorial]] * [[Wikipedia:Cheatsheet|Cheatsheet]] * [[Wikipedia:Yadda_ake_rubuta_muƙala|Yadda ake rubuta muƙala]] * [[Wikipedia:Manufofi biyar|Manufofin Hausa Wikipedia]] * [[Wikipedia:Shawarwari_goma_akan_gyaran_Wikipedia|Shawarwari goma akan gyaran Wikipedia]] Zaku iya yin [[Wikipedia:Tutorial/Shafukan_tattaunawa#Shafin_tattaunawa_na_edita|sayinin rubutunku]] idan kuna akan [[Wikipedia:Shafin tattaunawa|shafukan tattaunawa]] ta hanyar alamar tilde guda huɗu, kamar haka (<nowiki>~~~~</nowiki>); yin hakan, zaisa sunanku da cikkaken kwanan wata. In kana buƙatar wani taimako, ku duba [[Wikipedia:Tutorial]]. Na gode. [[User:AmmarBot|AmmarBot]] ([[User talk:AmmarBot|talk]]) 21:25, 11 ga Augusta, 2026 (UTC) 980clichcnlajqfe95xcz9x7jhv6gkm 3 163241 895233 2026-08-11T21:25:49Z AmmarBot 13973 Barka da zuwa! 895233 wikitext text/x-wiki == Barka da zuwa! == Ni Robot ne ba mutum ba. [[File:Wikipedia_mini_globe_handheld.jpg|thumb|300px|Hausa Wikipedia na buƙatar gudummuwarku domin ta bunƙasa!]] Barka da zuwa Hausa Wikipedia, Գոռ Մերի! Mun ji daɗin [[Special:Contributions/Գոռ Մերի|gudummuwarku]]. Kuma muna fatan zaku tsaya ku ci gaba da bada gudummuwa. Anan ƙasa ga wasu shafuka da zasu taimaka wajen fahimtar Hausa Wikipedia da yadda ake gyara ta: * [[Wikipedia:Gabatarwa|Gabatarwa]] * [[Wikipedia:Tutorial|Tutorial]] * [[Wikipedia:Cheatsheet|Cheatsheet]] * [[Wikipedia:Yadda_ake_rubuta_muƙala|Yadda ake rubuta muƙala]] * [[Wikipedia:Manufofi biyar|Manufofin Hausa Wikipedia]] * [[Wikipedia:Shawarwari_goma_akan_gyaran_Wikipedia|Shawarwari goma akan gyaran Wikipedia]] Zaku iya yin [[Wikipedia:Tutorial/Shafukan_tattaunawa#Shafin_tattaunawa_na_edita|sayinin rubutunku]] idan kuna akan [[Wikipedia:Shafin tattaunawa|shafukan tattaunawa]] ta hanyar alamar tilde guda huɗu, kamar haka (<nowiki>~~~~</nowiki>); yin hakan, zaisa sunanku da cikkaken kwanan wata. In kana buƙatar wani taimako, ku duba [[Wikipedia:Tutorial]]. Na gode. [[User:AmmarBot|AmmarBot]] ([[User talk:AmmarBot|talk]]) 21:25, 11 ga Augusta, 2026 (UTC) 8s4f6ehur07knsgd0sw0j8617sarq0i 3 163242 895234 2026-08-11T21:25:59Z AmmarBot 13973 Barka da zuwa! 895234 wikitext text/x-wiki == Barka da zuwa! == Ni Robot ne ba mutum ba. [[File:Wikipedia_mini_globe_handheld.jpg|thumb|300px|Hausa Wikipedia na buƙatar gudummuwarku domin ta bunƙasa!]] Barka da zuwa Hausa Wikipedia, Huhediblu! Mun ji daɗin [[Special:Contributions/Huhediblu|gudummuwarku]]. Kuma muna fatan zaku tsaya ku ci gaba da bada gudummuwa. Anan ƙasa ga wasu shafuka da zasu taimaka wajen fahimtar Hausa Wikipedia da yadda ake gyara ta: * [[Wikipedia:Gabatarwa|Gabatarwa]] * [[Wikipedia:Tutorial|Tutorial]] * [[Wikipedia:Cheatsheet|Cheatsheet]] * [[Wikipedia:Yadda_ake_rubuta_muƙala|Yadda ake rubuta muƙala]] * [[Wikipedia:Manufofi biyar|Manufofin Hausa Wikipedia]] * [[Wikipedia:Shawarwari_goma_akan_gyaran_Wikipedia|Shawarwari goma akan gyaran Wikipedia]] Zaku iya yin [[Wikipedia:Tutorial/Shafukan_tattaunawa#Shafin_tattaunawa_na_edita|sayinin rubutunku]] idan kuna akan [[Wikipedia:Shafin tattaunawa|shafukan tattaunawa]] ta hanyar alamar tilde guda huɗu, kamar haka (<nowiki>~~~~</nowiki>); yin hakan, zaisa sunanku da cikkaken kwanan wata. In kana buƙatar wani taimako, ku duba [[Wikipedia:Tutorial]]. Na gode. [[User:AmmarBot|AmmarBot]] ([[User talk:AmmarBot|talk]]) 21:25, 11 ga Augusta, 2026 (UTC) th5u7rxhyypp9p0wj8gfvqaiw46ipju 3 163243 895235 2026-08-11T21:26:09Z AmmarBot 13973 Barka da zuwa! 895235 wikitext text/x-wiki == Barka da zuwa! == Ni Robot ne ba mutum ba. [[File:Wikipedia_mini_globe_handheld.jpg|thumb|300px|Hausa Wikipedia na buƙatar gudummuwarku domin ta bunƙasa!]] Barka da zuwa Hausa Wikipedia, Tsanyawa photography! Mun ji daɗin [[Special:Contributions/Tsanyawa photography|gudummuwarku]]. Kuma muna fatan zaku tsaya ku ci gaba da bada gudummuwa. Anan ƙasa ga wasu shafuka da zasu taimaka wajen fahimtar Hausa Wikipedia da yadda ake gyara ta: * [[Wikipedia:Gabatarwa|Gabatarwa]] * [[Wikipedia:Tutorial|Tutorial]] * [[Wikipedia:Cheatsheet|Cheatsheet]] * [[Wikipedia:Yadda_ake_rubuta_muƙala|Yadda ake rubuta muƙala]] * [[Wikipedia:Manufofi biyar|Manufofin Hausa Wikipedia]] * [[Wikipedia:Shawarwari_goma_akan_gyaran_Wikipedia|Shawarwari goma akan gyaran Wikipedia]] Zaku iya yin [[Wikipedia:Tutorial/Shafukan_tattaunawa#Shafin_tattaunawa_na_edita|sayinin rubutunku]] idan kuna akan [[Wikipedia:Shafin tattaunawa|shafukan tattaunawa]] ta hanyar alamar tilde guda huɗu, kamar haka (<nowiki>~~~~</nowiki>); yin hakan, zaisa sunanku da cikkaken kwanan wata. In kana buƙatar wani taimako, ku duba [[Wikipedia:Tutorial]]. Na gode. [[User:AmmarBot|AmmarBot]] ([[User talk:AmmarBot|talk]]) 21:26, 11 ga Augusta, 2026 (UTC) jt80krzxqebyhh04m3mcotc1xzfdwen 3 163244 895236 2026-08-11T21:26:19Z AmmarBot 13973 Barka da zuwa! 895236 wikitext text/x-wiki == Barka da zuwa! == Ni Robot ne ba mutum ba. [[File:Wikipedia_mini_globe_handheld.jpg|thumb|300px|Hausa Wikipedia na buƙatar gudummuwarku domin ta bunƙasa!]] Barka da zuwa Hausa Wikipedia, MP Prabhanand! Mun ji daɗin [[Special:Contributions/MP Prabhanand|gudummuwarku]]. Kuma muna fatan zaku tsaya ku ci gaba da bada gudummuwa. Anan ƙasa ga wasu shafuka da zasu taimaka wajen fahimtar Hausa Wikipedia da yadda ake gyara ta: * [[Wikipedia:Gabatarwa|Gabatarwa]] * [[Wikipedia:Tutorial|Tutorial]] * [[Wikipedia:Cheatsheet|Cheatsheet]] * [[Wikipedia:Yadda_ake_rubuta_muƙala|Yadda ake rubuta muƙala]] * [[Wikipedia:Manufofi biyar|Manufofin Hausa Wikipedia]] * [[Wikipedia:Shawarwari_goma_akan_gyaran_Wikipedia|Shawarwari goma akan gyaran Wikipedia]] Zaku iya yin [[Wikipedia:Tutorial/Shafukan_tattaunawa#Shafin_tattaunawa_na_edita|sayinin rubutunku]] idan kuna akan [[Wikipedia:Shafin tattaunawa|shafukan tattaunawa]] ta hanyar alamar tilde guda huɗu, kamar haka (<nowiki>~~~~</nowiki>); yin hakan, zaisa sunanku da cikkaken kwanan wata. In kana buƙatar wani taimako, ku duba [[Wikipedia:Tutorial]]. Na gode. [[User:AmmarBot|AmmarBot]] ([[User talk:AmmarBot|talk]]) 21:26, 11 ga Augusta, 2026 (UTC) d6d4hvsvacmnuxflfumai4oxh1qlk4j 3 163245 895237 2026-08-11T21:26:29Z AmmarBot 13973 Barka da zuwa! 895237 wikitext text/x-wiki == Barka da zuwa! == Ni Robot ne ba mutum ba. [[File:Wikipedia_mini_globe_handheld.jpg|thumb|300px|Hausa Wikipedia na buƙatar gudummuwarku domin ta bunƙasa!]] Barka da zuwa Hausa Wikipedia, Mrdhcv! Mun ji daɗin [[Special:Contributions/Mrdhcv|gudummuwarku]]. Kuma muna fatan zaku tsaya ku ci gaba da bada gudummuwa. Anan ƙasa ga wasu shafuka da zasu taimaka wajen fahimtar Hausa Wikipedia da yadda ake gyara ta: * [[Wikipedia:Gabatarwa|Gabatarwa]] * [[Wikipedia:Tutorial|Tutorial]] * [[Wikipedia:Cheatsheet|Cheatsheet]] * [[Wikipedia:Yadda_ake_rubuta_muƙala|Yadda ake rubuta muƙala]] * [[Wikipedia:Manufofi biyar|Manufofin Hausa Wikipedia]] * [[Wikipedia:Shawarwari_goma_akan_gyaran_Wikipedia|Shawarwari goma akan gyaran Wikipedia]] Zaku iya yin [[Wikipedia:Tutorial/Shafukan_tattaunawa#Shafin_tattaunawa_na_edita|sayinin rubutunku]] idan kuna akan [[Wikipedia:Shafin tattaunawa|shafukan tattaunawa]] ta hanyar alamar tilde guda huɗu, kamar haka (<nowiki>~~~~</nowiki>); yin hakan, zaisa sunanku da cikkaken kwanan wata. In kana buƙatar wani taimako, ku duba [[Wikipedia:Tutorial]]. Na gode. [[User:AmmarBot|AmmarBot]] ([[User talk:AmmarBot|talk]]) 21:26, 11 ga Augusta, 2026 (UTC) bu8ixoz33wagyvle0l7s82p40qxj9dp 3 163246 895238 2026-08-11T21:26:39Z AmmarBot 13973 Barka da zuwa! 895238 wikitext text/x-wiki == Barka da zuwa! == Ni Robot ne ba mutum ba. [[File:Wikipedia_mini_globe_handheld.jpg|thumb|300px|Hausa Wikipedia na buƙatar gudummuwarku domin ta bunƙasa!]] Barka da zuwa Hausa Wikipedia, Gogerr! Mun ji daɗin [[Special:Contributions/Gogerr|gudummuwarku]]. Kuma muna fatan zaku tsaya ku ci gaba da bada gudummuwa. Anan ƙasa ga wasu shafuka da zasu taimaka wajen fahimtar Hausa Wikipedia da yadda ake gyara ta: * [[Wikipedia:Gabatarwa|Gabatarwa]] * [[Wikipedia:Tutorial|Tutorial]] * [[Wikipedia:Cheatsheet|Cheatsheet]] * [[Wikipedia:Yadda_ake_rubuta_muƙala|Yadda ake rubuta muƙala]] * [[Wikipedia:Manufofi biyar|Manufofin Hausa Wikipedia]] * [[Wikipedia:Shawarwari_goma_akan_gyaran_Wikipedia|Shawarwari goma akan gyaran Wikipedia]] Zaku iya yin [[Wikipedia:Tutorial/Shafukan_tattaunawa#Shafin_tattaunawa_na_edita|sayinin rubutunku]] idan kuna akan [[Wikipedia:Shafin tattaunawa|shafukan tattaunawa]] ta hanyar alamar tilde guda huɗu, kamar haka (<nowiki>~~~~</nowiki>); yin hakan, zaisa sunanku da cikkaken kwanan wata. In kana buƙatar wani taimako, ku duba [[Wikipedia:Tutorial]]. Na gode. [[User:AmmarBot|AmmarBot]] ([[User talk:AmmarBot|talk]]) 21:26, 11 ga Augusta, 2026 (UTC) c5exjiuqa1ev3vrndglplvvrpxlzi32 3 163247 895239 2026-08-11T21:26:49Z AmmarBot 13973 Barka da zuwa! 895239 wikitext text/x-wiki == Barka da zuwa! == Ni Robot ne ba mutum ba. [[File:Wikipedia_mini_globe_handheld.jpg|thumb|300px|Hausa Wikipedia na buƙatar gudummuwarku domin ta bunƙasa!]] Barka da zuwa Hausa Wikipedia, Blamed! Mun ji daɗin [[Special:Contributions/Blamed|gudummuwarku]]. Kuma muna fatan zaku tsaya ku ci gaba da bada gudummuwa. Anan ƙasa ga wasu shafuka da zasu taimaka wajen fahimtar Hausa Wikipedia da yadda ake gyara ta: * [[Wikipedia:Gabatarwa|Gabatarwa]] * [[Wikipedia:Tutorial|Tutorial]] * [[Wikipedia:Cheatsheet|Cheatsheet]] * [[Wikipedia:Yadda_ake_rubuta_muƙala|Yadda ake rubuta muƙala]] * [[Wikipedia:Manufofi biyar|Manufofin Hausa Wikipedia]] * [[Wikipedia:Shawarwari_goma_akan_gyaran_Wikipedia|Shawarwari goma akan gyaran Wikipedia]] Zaku iya yin [[Wikipedia:Tutorial/Shafukan_tattaunawa#Shafin_tattaunawa_na_edita|sayinin rubutunku]] idan kuna akan [[Wikipedia:Shafin tattaunawa|shafukan tattaunawa]] ta hanyar alamar tilde guda huɗu, kamar haka (<nowiki>~~~~</nowiki>); yin hakan, zaisa sunanku da cikkaken kwanan wata. In kana buƙatar wani taimako, ku duba [[Wikipedia:Tutorial]]. Na gode. [[User:AmmarBot|AmmarBot]] ([[User talk:AmmarBot|talk]]) 21:26, 11 ga Augusta, 2026 (UTC) bk17rqaqwapa6966sl0nheb85bitfou 3 163248 895240 2026-08-11T21:26:59Z AmmarBot 13973 Barka da zuwa! 895240 wikitext text/x-wiki == Barka da zuwa! == Ni Robot ne ba mutum ba. [[File:Wikipedia_mini_globe_handheld.jpg|thumb|300px|Hausa Wikipedia na buƙatar gudummuwarku domin ta bunƙasa!]] Barka da zuwa Hausa Wikipedia, FMPG15! Mun ji daɗin [[Special:Contributions/FMPG15|gudummuwarku]]. Kuma muna fatan zaku tsaya ku ci gaba da bada gudummuwa. Anan ƙasa ga wasu shafuka da zasu taimaka wajen fahimtar Hausa Wikipedia da yadda ake gyara ta: * [[Wikipedia:Gabatarwa|Gabatarwa]] * [[Wikipedia:Tutorial|Tutorial]] * [[Wikipedia:Cheatsheet|Cheatsheet]] * [[Wikipedia:Yadda_ake_rubuta_muƙala|Yadda ake rubuta muƙala]] * [[Wikipedia:Manufofi biyar|Manufofin Hausa Wikipedia]] * [[Wikipedia:Shawarwari_goma_akan_gyaran_Wikipedia|Shawarwari goma akan gyaran Wikipedia]] Zaku iya yin [[Wikipedia:Tutorial/Shafukan_tattaunawa#Shafin_tattaunawa_na_edita|sayinin rubutunku]] idan kuna akan [[Wikipedia:Shafin tattaunawa|shafukan tattaunawa]] ta hanyar alamar tilde guda huɗu, kamar haka (<nowiki>~~~~</nowiki>); yin hakan, zaisa sunanku da cikkaken kwanan wata. In kana buƙatar wani taimako, ku duba [[Wikipedia:Tutorial]]. Na gode. [[User:AmmarBot|AmmarBot]] ([[User talk:AmmarBot|talk]]) 21:26, 11 ga Augusta, 2026 (UTC) m3yi5blvcvn5tlxw9maoxa2uhtygv74 3 163249 895241 2026-08-11T21:27:09Z AmmarBot 13973 Barka da zuwa! 895241 wikitext text/x-wiki == Barka da zuwa! == Ni Robot ne ba mutum ba. [[File:Wikipedia_mini_globe_handheld.jpg|thumb|300px|Hausa Wikipedia na buƙatar gudummuwarku domin ta bunƙasa!]] Barka da zuwa Hausa Wikipedia, PhantomFunds! Mun ji daɗin [[Special:Contributions/PhantomFunds|gudummuwarku]]. Kuma muna fatan zaku tsaya ku ci gaba da bada gudummuwa. Anan ƙasa ga wasu shafuka da zasu taimaka wajen fahimtar Hausa Wikipedia da yadda ake gyara ta: * [[Wikipedia:Gabatarwa|Gabatarwa]] * [[Wikipedia:Tutorial|Tutorial]] * [[Wikipedia:Cheatsheet|Cheatsheet]] * [[Wikipedia:Yadda_ake_rubuta_muƙala|Yadda ake rubuta muƙala]] * [[Wikipedia:Manufofi biyar|Manufofin Hausa Wikipedia]] * [[Wikipedia:Shawarwari_goma_akan_gyaran_Wikipedia|Shawarwari goma akan gyaran Wikipedia]] Zaku iya yin [[Wikipedia:Tutorial/Shafukan_tattaunawa#Shafin_tattaunawa_na_edita|sayinin rubutunku]] idan kuna akan [[Wikipedia:Shafin tattaunawa|shafukan tattaunawa]] ta hanyar alamar tilde guda huɗu, kamar haka (<nowiki>~~~~</nowiki>); yin hakan, zaisa sunanku da cikkaken kwanan wata. In kana buƙatar wani taimako, ku duba [[Wikipedia:Tutorial]]. Na gode. [[User:AmmarBot|AmmarBot]] ([[User talk:AmmarBot|talk]]) 21:27, 11 ga Augusta, 2026 (UTC) k227ndfb5p6gkxjzqg6mvq8i4ypmh5h 3 163250 895242 2026-08-11T21:27:19Z AmmarBot 13973 Barka da zuwa! 895242 wikitext text/x-wiki == Barka da zuwa! == Ni Robot ne ba mutum ba. [[File:Wikipedia_mini_globe_handheld.jpg|thumb|300px|Hausa Wikipedia na buƙatar gudummuwarku domin ta bunƙasa!]] Barka da zuwa Hausa Wikipedia, Mbmuhammd! Mun ji daɗin [[Special:Contributions/Mbmuhammd|gudummuwarku]]. Kuma muna fatan zaku tsaya ku ci gaba da bada gudummuwa. Anan ƙasa ga wasu shafuka da zasu taimaka wajen fahimtar Hausa Wikipedia da yadda ake gyara ta: * [[Wikipedia:Gabatarwa|Gabatarwa]] * [[Wikipedia:Tutorial|Tutorial]] * [[Wikipedia:Cheatsheet|Cheatsheet]] * [[Wikipedia:Yadda_ake_rubuta_muƙala|Yadda ake rubuta muƙala]] * [[Wikipedia:Manufofi biyar|Manufofin Hausa Wikipedia]] * [[Wikipedia:Shawarwari_goma_akan_gyaran_Wikipedia|Shawarwari goma akan gyaran Wikipedia]] Zaku iya yin [[Wikipedia:Tutorial/Shafukan_tattaunawa#Shafin_tattaunawa_na_edita|sayinin rubutunku]] idan kuna akan [[Wikipedia:Shafin tattaunawa|shafukan tattaunawa]] ta hanyar alamar tilde guda huɗu, kamar haka (<nowiki>~~~~</nowiki>); yin hakan, zaisa sunanku da cikkaken kwanan wata. In kana buƙatar wani taimako, ku duba [[Wikipedia:Tutorial]]. Na gode. [[User:AmmarBot|AmmarBot]] ([[User talk:AmmarBot|talk]]) 21:27, 11 ga Augusta, 2026 (UTC) 6ox4gdua7g7a4mql68rj0g7e6ssrxoi 0 163251 895244 2026-08-11T21:28:03Z Uskeone 40867 Created 895244 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox biography | suna = Shehu Isma'ila | ƙasa = Najeriya | sana'a = Farfesa, malamin jami'a, masanin kimiyyar siyasa | aiki = Malami kuma mai bincike | jami'a = [[Jami'ar Ahmadu Bello]] | fanni = [[Kimiyyar siyasa]] }} '''Shehu Isma'ila''' farfesa ne ɗan Najeriya kuma malamin jami'a a fannin [[kimiyyar siyasa]]. Yana aiki a [[Jami'ar Ahmadu Bello]] da ke Zariya, Najeriya, inda yake cikin ma'aikatan Sashen Kimiyyar Siyasa da Nazarin Hulɗar Ƙasa da Ƙasa.<ref name="ABUprofile">{{cite web |title=SHEHU Isma'ila |url=https://profile.abu.edu.ng/staff-details/?token=P18914 |website=Ahmadu Bello University |access-date=11 August 2026 }}</ref> == Ilimi da aiki == Shafin Jami'ar Ahmadu Bello ya bayyana Shehu Isma'ila a matsayin ''Professor (Teaching & Research)'' a Sashen Kimiyyar Siyasa da Nazarin Hulɗar Ƙasa da Ƙasa.<ref name="ABUstaff">{{cite web |title=Academic Staff |url=https://socialsciences.abu.edu.ng/departments/politicalscience-and-internationalstudies/academic-staff/ |website=Ahmadu Bello University |access-date=11 August 2026 }}</ref> Ya yi karatun [[Kimiyyar siyasa]] a Jami'ar Ahmadu Bello, Zariya, sannan ya samu Professional Diploma in Education (PDE) daga Federal College of Education, Zaria.<ref name="ABUprofile"/> Bayan aikinsa na ilimi, ya kasance mamba a [[Nigeria Union of Journalists]] (NUJ). Ya kuma riƙe matsayin shugaban NUJ FRCN Kaduna Chapel daga 1998 zuwa 2000, sannan ya zama shugaban NUJ Kaduna State Council daga 2000 zuwa 2001.<ref name="ABUprofile"/> == Bincike da wallafe-wallafe == Shehu Isma'ila ya rubuta kuma ya ba da gudummawa ga wallafe-wallafen da suka shafi [[siyasa]], [[sadarwa]], [[kafofin watsa labarai]], harshe da siyasa, da kuma ci gaban dimokuraɗiyya a Najeriya. Shafin jami'ar ya lissafa wallafe-wallafe shida da aka wallafa a matsayin littattafai ko babi na littattafai.<ref name="ABUprofile"/> Daga cikin wallafe-wallafensa akwai ''Beyond Divinity and Fatalism in Minority Agitation for Political Ascendancy: Lessons from Yakowa's Gubernatorial Campaign in Kaduna State'', wanda aka wallafa a cikin wani littafi kan tarayya, siyasa da tsiraru a Najeriya.<ref name="ABUprofile"/> Ya kuma rubuta ''Siyasar Harshe da Harshen Siyasa a Nijeriya: Tsokaci Kan Hausa'', wanda ya yi magana kan dangantakar harshe da siyasa a Najeriya.<ref name="ABUprofile"/> A shekarar 2021, ya rubuta ''Where are the Professors? Phenomenological Reflections on the Intellectual Tradition of Professor Ra'ufu Ayo Dunmoye'', a cikin wani littafin girmamawa ga Farfesa Ra'ufu Ayo Dunmoye.<ref name="ABUprofile"/> == Taro da ayyukan ƙwararru == Bayanan Jami'ar Ahmadu Bello sun nuna cewa Shehu Isma'ila ya halarci tarukan ilimi na ƙasa da ƙasa da dama. Waɗannan sun haɗa da taruka kan dimokuraɗiyya, zaɓe, tsiraru, tarayya, sadarwa, mulki da ci gaba.<ref name="ABUprofile"/> == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} == Duba kuma == * [[Jami'ar Ahmadu Bello]] * [[Kimiyyar siyasa]] * [[Siyasar Najeriya]] * [[Kafofin watsa labarai]] [[Rukuni:Malaman jami'a 'yan Najeriya]] [[Rukuni:Masana kimiyyar siyasa 'yan Najeriya]] [[Rukuni:Malaman Jami'ar Ahmadu Bello]] [[Rukuni:Mutanen Najeriya]] [[Rukuni:Masu bincike 'yan Najeriya]] fg5nicx3bcxjb3acpnmnxznafof8ti2 895246 895244 2026-08-11T21:34:32Z Baffa ali 47435 895246 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox biography | suna = Shehu Isma'ila | ƙasa = Najeriya | sana'a = Farfesa, malamin jami'a, masanin kimiyyar siyasa | aiki = Malami kuma mai bincike | jami'a = [[Jami'ar Ahmadu Bello]] | fanni = [[Kimiyyar siyasa]] }} '''Shehu Isma'ila''' farfesa ne ɗan Najeriya kuma malamin jami'a a fannin [[kimiyyar siyasa]]. Yana aiki a [[Jami'ar Ahmadu Bello]] da ke Zariya, Najeriya, inda yake cikin ma'aikatan Sashen Kimiyyar Siyasa da Nazarin Hulɗar Ƙasa da Ƙasa.<ref name="ABUprofile">{{cite web |title=SHEHU Isma'ila |url=https://profile.abu.edu.ng/staff-details/?token=P18914 |website=Ahmadu Bello University |access-date=11 August 2026 }}</ref> == Ilimi da aiki == Shafin Jami'ar Ahmadu Bello ya bayyana Shehu Isma'ila a matsayin ''Professor (Teaching & Research)'' a Sashen Kimiyyar Siyasa da Nazarin Hulɗar Ƙasa da Ƙasa.<ref name="ABUstaff">{{cite web |title=Academic Staff |url=https://socialsciences.abu.edu.ng/departments/politicalscience-and-internationalstudies/academic-staff/ |website=Ahmadu Bello University |access-date=11 August 2026 }}</ref> Ya yi karatun [[Kimiyyar siyasa]] a Jami'ar Ahmadu Bello, Zariya, sannan ya samu Professional Diploma in Education (PDE) daga Federal College of Education, Zaria.<ref name="ABUprofile"/> Bayan aikinsa na ilimi, ya kasance mamba a [[Nigeria Union of Journalists]] (NUJ). Ya kuma riƙe matsayin shugaban NUJ FRCN Kaduna Chapel daga shekara ta 1998 harzuwa shekara ta 2000, sannan ya zama shugaban NUJ Kaduna State Council daga 2000 zuwa 2001.<ref name="ABUprofile"/> == Bincike da wallafe-wallafe == Shehu Isma'ila ya rubuta kuma ya ba da gudummawa ga wallafe-wallafen da suka shafi [[siyasa]], [[sadarwa]], [[kafofin watsa labarai]], harshe da siyasa, da kuma ci gaban dimokuraɗiyya a Najeriya. Shafin jami'ar ya lissafa wallafe-wallafe shida da aka wallafa a matsayin littattafai ko babi na littattafai.<ref name="ABUprofile"/> Daga cikin wallafe-wallafensa akwai ''Beyond Divinity and Fatalism in Minority Agitation for Political Ascendancy: Lessons from Yakowa's Gubernatorial Campaign in Kaduna State'', wanda aka wallafa a cikin wani littafi kan tarayya, siyasa da tsiraru a Najeriya.<ref name="ABUprofile"/> Ya kuma rubuta ''Siyasar Harshe da Harshen Siyasa a Nijeriya: Tsokaci Kan Hausa'', wanda ya yi magana kan dangantakar harshe da siyasa a Najeriya.<ref name="ABUprofile"/> A shekarar 2021, ya rubuta ''Where are the Professors? Phenomenological Reflections on the Intellectual Tradition of Professor Ra'ufu Ayo Dunmoye'', a cikin wani littafin girmamawa ga Farfesa Ra'ufu Ayo Dunmoye.<ref name="ABUprofile"/> == Taro da ayyukan ƙwararru == Bayanan Jami'ar Ahmadu Bello sun nuna cewa Shehu Isma'ila ya halarci tarukan ilimi na ƙasa da ƙasa da dama. Waɗannan sun haɗa da taruka kan dimokuraɗiyya, zaɓe, tsiraru, tarayya, sadarwa, mulki da ci gaba.<ref name="ABUprofile"/> == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} == Duba kuma == * [[Jami'ar Ahmadu Bello]] * [[Kimiyyar siyasa]] * [[Siyasar Najeriya]] * [[Kafofin watsa labarai]] [[Rukuni:Malaman jami'a 'yan Najeriya]] [[Rukuni:Masana kimiyyar siyasa 'yan Najeriya]] [[Rukuni:Malaman Jami'ar Ahmadu Bello]] [[Rukuni:Mutanen Najeriya]] [[Rukuni:Masu bincike 'yan Najeriya]] pt9q0hcwd8pk6xnsw951tst8t6facc5 895247 895246 2026-08-11T21:35:54Z Baffa ali 47435 895247 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox biography | suna = Shehu Isma'ila | ƙasa = Najeriya | sana'a = Farfesa, malamin jami'a, masanin kimiyyar siyasa | aiki = Malami kuma mai bincike | jami'a = [[Jami'ar Ahmadu Bello]] | fanni = [[Kimiyyar siyasa]] }} '''Shehu Isma'ila''' farfesa ne ɗan Najeriya kuma malamin jami'a a fannin [[kimiyyar siyasa]]. Yana aiki a [[Jami'ar Ahmadu Bello]] da ke Zariya, Najeriya, inda yake cikin ma'aikatan Sashen Kimiyyar Siyasa da Nazarin Hulɗar Ƙasa da Ƙasa.<ref name="ABUprofile">{{cite web |title=SHEHU Isma'ila |url=https://profile.abu.edu.ng/staff-details/?token=P18914 |website=Ahmadu Bello University |access-date=11 August 2026 }}</ref> == Ilimi da aiki == Shafin Jami'ar Ahmadu Bello ya bayyana Shehu Isma'ila a matsayin ''Professor (Teaching & Research)'' a Sashen Kimiyyar Siyasa da Nazarin Hulɗar Ƙasa da Ƙasa.<ref name="ABUstaff">{{cite web |title=Academic Staff |url=https://socialsciences.abu.edu.ng/departments/politicalscience-and-internationalstudies/academic-staff/ |website=Ahmadu Bello University |access-date=11 August 2026 }}</ref> Ya yi karatun [[Kimiyyar siyasa]] a Jami'ar Ahmadu Bello, Zariya, sannan ya samu Professional Diploma in Education (PDE) daga Federal College of Education, Zaria.<ref name="ABUprofile"/> Bayan aikinsa na ilimi, ya kasance mamba a [[Nigeria Union of Journalists]] (NUJ). Ya kuma riƙe matsayin shugaban NUJ FRCN Kaduna Chapel daga shekara ta 1998 harzuwa shekara ta 2000, sannan ya zama shugaban NUJ Kaduna State Council daga shekara ta 2000 harzuwa shekara ta 2001.<ref name="ABUprofile"/> == Bincike da wallafe-wallafe == Shehu Isma'ila ya rubuta kuma ya ba da gudummawa ga wallafe-wallafen da suka shafi [[siyasa]], [[sadarwa]], [[kafofin watsa labarai]], harshe da siyasa, da kuma ci gaban dimokuraɗiyya a Najeriya. Shafin jami'ar ya lissafa wallafe-wallafe shida da aka wallafa a matsayin littattafai ko babi na littattafai.<ref name="ABUprofile"/> Daga cikin wallafe-wallafensa akwai ''Beyond Divinity and Fatalism in Minority Agitation for Political Ascendancy: Lessons from Yakowa's Gubernatorial Campaign in Kaduna State'', wanda aka wallafa a cikin wani littafi kan tarayya, siyasa da tsiraru a Najeriya.<ref name="ABUprofile"/> Ya kuma rubuta ''Siyasar Harshe da Harshen Siyasa a Nijeriya: Tsokaci Kan Hausa'', wanda ya yi magana kan dangantakar harshe da siyasa a Najeriya.<ref name="ABUprofile"/> A shekarar 2021, ya rubuta ''Where are the Professors? Phenomenological Reflections on the Intellectual Tradition of Professor Ra'ufu Ayo Dunmoye'', a cikin wani littafin girmamawa ga Farfesa Ra'ufu Ayo Dunmoye.<ref name="ABUprofile"/> == Taro da ayyukan ƙwararru == Bayanan Jami'ar Ahmadu Bello sun nuna cewa Shehu Isma'ila ya halarci tarukan ilimi na ƙasa da ƙasa da dama. Waɗannan sun haɗa da taruka kan dimokuraɗiyya, zaɓe, tsiraru, tarayya, sadarwa, mulki da ci gaba.<ref name="ABUprofile"/> == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} == Duba kuma == * [[Jami'ar Ahmadu Bello]] * [[Kimiyyar siyasa]] * [[Siyasar Najeriya]] * [[Kafofin watsa labarai]] [[Rukuni:Malaman jami'a 'yan Najeriya]] [[Rukuni:Masana kimiyyar siyasa 'yan Najeriya]] [[Rukuni:Malaman Jami'ar Ahmadu Bello]] [[Rukuni:Mutanen Najeriya]] [[Rukuni:Masu bincike 'yan Najeriya]] mmlz9ey7f7dif8892w9rpcw2hsqig08 0 163252 895245 2026-08-11T21:32:44Z Uskeone 40867 Created 895245 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox biography | suna = Hassan Daiyabu Muhammad | ƙasa = Najeriya | sana'a = Farfesa, malamin jami'a, masanin kimiyyar siyasa | jami'a = [[Jami'ar Ahmadu Bello]] | fanni = [[Kimiyyar siyasa]] da hulɗar ƙasa da ƙasa }} '''Hassan Daiyabu Muhammad''' farfesa ne ɗan Najeriya kuma malamin jami'a a fannin [[kimiyyar siyasa]]. Yana aiki a [[Jami'ar Ahmadu Bello]] da ke Zariya, Jihar Kaduna, inda yake cikin Sashen Kimiyyar Siyasa.<ref name="ABUprofile">{{cite web |title=HASSAN Daiyabu Muhammad |url=https://profile.abu.edu.ng/staff-details/?token=P17412 |website=Ahmadu Bello University |access-date=11 August 2026 }}</ref> == Ilimi da aiki == Bayanan Jami'ar Ahmadu Bello sun nuna cewa Hassan Daiyabu Muhammad farfesa ne a Sashen Kimiyyar Siyasa da Nazarin Hulɗar Ƙasa da Ƙasa na jami'ar.<ref name="ABUstaff">{{cite web |title=Academic Staff |url=https://socialsciences.abu.edu.ng/departments/politicalscience-and-internationalstudies/academic-staff/ |website=Ahmadu Bello University |access-date=11 August 2026 }}</ref> Ya yi karatunsa a fannin [[kimiyyar siyasa]] a Jami'ar Ahmadu Bello da ke Zariya da Jami'ar Jos. Ya kuma samu Grade II Teacher Certificate daga Government Arabic Teachers' College, Gombe.<ref name="ABUprofile"/> == Bincike == Binciken Hassan ya fi karkata ga [[hulɗar ƙasa da ƙasa]], [[siyasar muhalli]], [[sauyin yanayi]], tsaron muhalli, rikice-rikicen albarkatun ruwa da siyasar Afirka.<ref name="ABUprofile"/> Shafin Jami'ar Ahmadu Bello ya lissafa wallafe-wallafe 27 na Hassan, waɗanda suka haɗa da kasidu 16 na mujallu, takardun taro 7 da littattafai 4.<ref name="ABUprofile"/> Daga cikin bincikensa akwai ''Sharing Water, Preventing Conflict: Hydro-Diplomacy and the Challenges of Climate Change Induced Inter-State Water Disputes in the Niger River Basin of West Africa'', wanda ya tattauna diflomasiyyar ruwa da rikice-rikicen ruwa tsakanin ƙasashe a yankin Kogin Neja.<ref name="ABUprofile"/> Ya kuma wallafa bincike kan barazanar tsaro da sauyin yanayi a Najeriya, yarjejeniyar sauyin yanayi ta Paris, da matsalolin tsaron ruwa a yankin [[tafkin Chadi]].<ref name="ABUprofile"/> A shekarar 2010, ya wallafa kasidar ''Islam, Globalization, and Freedom of Expression'' a mujallar ''Journal of Global Initiatives: Policy, Pedagogy, Perspective'' ta [[Kennesaw State University]].<ref name="JGI">{{cite web |title=Islam, Globalization, and Freedom of Expression |url=https://digitalcommons.kennesaw.edu/jgi/vol3/iss2/3/ |website=Kennesaw State University |date=June 2010 |access-date=11 August 2026 }}</ref> A shekarar 2023, ya wallafa ''Prospects and Challenges of Rescuing the Shrinking Lake Chad through the United Nations' Green Climate Fund'', wanda ya yi nazari kan ƙoƙarin ceto [[Tafkin Chadi]] daga ci gaba da raguwa.<ref name="LakeChad">{{cite web |title=Prospects and Challenges of Rescuing the Shrinking Lake Chad through the United Nations' Green Climate Fund |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/402840943_PROSPECTS_AND_CHALLENGES_OF_RESCUING_THE_SHRINKING_LAKE_CHAD_THROUGH_THE_UNITED_NATIONS%27_GREEN_CLIMATE_FUND |website=ResearchGate |access-date=11 August 2026 }}</ref> == Ƙungiyoyin ƙwararru == Hassan mamba ne na [[Nigeria Political Science Association]] da [[Nigerian Institute of International Affairs]].<ref name="ABUprofile"/> == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} == Duba kuma == * [[Jami'ar Ahmadu Bello]] * [[Kimiyyar siyasa]] * [[Hulɗar ƙasa da ƙasa]] * [[Sauyin yanayi]] * [[Tafkin Chadi]] [[Rukuni:Malaman jami'a 'yan Najeriya]] [[Rukuni:Masana kimiyyar siyasa 'yan Najeriya]] [[Rukuni:Malaman Jami'ar Ahmadu Bello]] [[Rukuni:Masana hulɗar ƙasa da ƙasa]] [[Rukuni:Masana sauyin yanayi]] [[Rukuni:Mutanen Najeriya]] kbhxlmwymj1ukdcgbmest05kt9kis3g 895251 895245 2026-08-11T21:50:22Z Baffa ali 47435 /* Bincike */ 895251 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox biography | suna = Hassan Daiyabu Muhammad | ƙasa = Najeriya | sana'a = Farfesa, malamin jami'a, masanin kimiyyar siyasa | jami'a = [[Jami'ar Ahmadu Bello]] | fanni = [[Kimiyyar siyasa]] da hulɗar ƙasa da ƙasa }} '''Hassan Daiyabu Muhammad''' farfesa ne ɗan Najeriya kuma malamin jami'a a fannin [[kimiyyar siyasa]]. Yana aiki a [[Jami'ar Ahmadu Bello]] da ke Zariya, Jihar Kaduna, inda yake cikin Sashen Kimiyyar Siyasa.<ref name="ABUprofile">{{cite web |title=HASSAN Daiyabu Muhammad |url=https://profile.abu.edu.ng/staff-details/?token=P17412 |website=Ahmadu Bello University |access-date=11 August 2026 }}</ref> == Ilimi da aiki == Bayanan Jami'ar Ahmadu Bello sun nuna cewa Hassan Daiyabu Muhammad farfesa ne a Sashen Kimiyyar Siyasa da Nazarin Hulɗar Ƙasa da Ƙasa na jami'ar.<ref name="ABUstaff">{{cite web |title=Academic Staff |url=https://socialsciences.abu.edu.ng/departments/politicalscience-and-internationalstudies/academic-staff/ |website=Ahmadu Bello University |access-date=11 August 2026 }}</ref> Ya yi karatunsa a fannin [[kimiyyar siyasa]] a Jami'ar Ahmadu Bello da ke Zariya da Jami'ar Jos. Ya kuma samu Grade II Teacher Certificate daga Government Arabic Teachers' College, Gombe.<ref name="ABUprofile"/> == Bincike == Binciken Hassan ya fi karkata ga [[hulɗar ƙasa da ƙasa]], [[siyasar muhalli]], [[sauyin yanayi]], tsaron muhalli, rikice-rikicen albarkatun ruwa da siyasar Afirka.<ref name="ABUprofile"/> Shafin Jami'ar Ahmadu Bello ya lissafa wallafe-wallafe 27 na Hassan, waɗanda suka haɗa da kasidu 16 na mujallu, takardun taro 7 da littattafai 4.<ref name="ABUprofile"/> Daga cikin bincikensa akwai ''Sharing Water, Preventing Conflict: Hydro-Diplomacy and the Challenges of Climate Change Induced Inter-State Water Disputes in the Niger River Basin of West Africa'', wanda ya tattauna diflomasiyyar ruwa da rikice-rikicen ruwa tsakanin ƙasashe a yankin Kogin Neja.<ref name="ABUprofile"/> Ya kuma wallafa bincike kan barazanar tsaro da sauyin yanayi a Najeriya, yarjejeniyar sauyin yanayi ta Paris, da matsalolin tsaron ruwa a yankin [[tafkin Chadi]].<ref name="ABUprofile"/> A shekarar ta 2010, ya wallafa kasidar ''Islam, Globalization, and Freedom of Expression'' a mujallar ''Journal of Global Initiatives: Policy, Pedagogy, Perspective'' ta [[Kennesaw State University]].<ref name="JGI">{{cite web |title=Islam, Globalization, and Freedom of Expression |url=https://digitalcommons.kennesaw.edu/jgi/vol3/iss2/3/ |website=Kennesaw State University |date=June 2010 |access-date=11 August 2026 }}</ref> A shekarar ta 2023, ya wallafa ''Prospects and Challenges of Rescuing the Shrinking Lake Chad through the United Nations' Green Climate Fund'', wanda ya yi nazari kan ƙoƙarin ceto [[Tafkin Chadi]] daga ci gaba da raguwa.<ref name="LakeChad">{{cite web |title=Prospects and Challenges of Rescuing the Shrinking Lake Chad through the United Nations' Green Climate Fund |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/402840943_PROSPECTS_AND_CHALLENGES_OF_RESCUING_THE_SHRINKING_LAKE_CHAD_THROUGH_THE_UNITED_NATIONS%27_GREEN_CLIMATE_FUND |website=ResearchGate |access-date=11 August 2026 }}</ref> == Ƙungiyoyin ƙwararru == Hassan mamba ne na [[Nigeria Political Science Association]] da [[Nigerian Institute of International Affairs]].<ref name="ABUprofile"/> == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} == Duba kuma == * [[Jami'ar Ahmadu Bello]] * [[Kimiyyar siyasa]] * [[Hulɗar ƙasa da ƙasa]] * [[Sauyin yanayi]] * [[Tafkin Chadi]] [[Rukuni:Malaman jami'a 'yan Najeriya]] [[Rukuni:Masana kimiyyar siyasa 'yan Najeriya]] [[Rukuni:Malaman Jami'ar Ahmadu Bello]] [[Rukuni:Masana hulɗar ƙasa da ƙasa]] [[Rukuni:Masana sauyin yanayi]] [[Rukuni:Mutanen Najeriya]] ofrmv35ezk4ae1llq9h4xpas0n9y31o 0 163253 895248 2026-08-11T21:36:06Z Uskeone 40867 Created 895248 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox biography | suna = Aliyu Yahaya | ƙasa = Najeriya | sana'a = Farfesa, malamin jami'a, masanin kimiyyar siyasa | jami'a = [[Jami'ar Ahmadu Bello]] | fanni = [[Kimiyyar siyasa]] | sananne saboda = Bincike kan siyasa, zaɓe, rikice-rikice da tsaro }} '''Aliyu Yahaya''' farfesa ne ɗan Najeriya kuma malamin jami'a a fannin [[kimiyyar siyasa]]. Yana aiki a [[Jami'ar Ahmadu Bello]] da ke Zariya, inda yake cikin Sashen Kimiyyar Siyasa da Nazarin Hulɗar Ƙasa da Ƙasa.<ref name="ABU">{{cite web |title=ALIYU Yahaya |url=https://profile.abu.edu.ng/staff-details/?token=P17078 |website=Ahmadu Bello University |access-date=11 August 2026 }}</ref> == Ilimi da aiki == Aliyu Yahaya ya kasance malami a Sashen Kimiyyar Siyasa da Nazarin Hulɗar Ƙasa da Ƙasa na Jami'ar Ahmadu Bello. An kuma bayyana shi a matsayin tsohon shugaban sashen.<ref name="Festschrift">{{cite web |title=Ideas and Perspectives of Professor Dunmoye on Political Economy, Democracy, Development, Ethnicity, Conflict and Nigeria in a Wider World |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/357186911_Ideas_and_Perspectives_of_Professor_Dunmoye_on_Political_Economy_Democracy_Development_Ethnicity_Conflict_and_Nigeria_in_a_Wider_World |website=ResearchGate |access-date=11 August 2026 }}</ref> A shekarar 2018, jaridar ''[[Punch (jarida)|Punch]]'' ta ambace shi a matsayin shugaban Sashen Kimiyyar Siyasa da Nazarin Hulɗar Ƙasa da Ƙasa na Jami'ar Ahmadu Bello.<ref name="Punch">{{cite news |title=Tribute to my Political Science lecturers at ABU |url=https://punchng.com/tribute-to-my-political-science-lecturers-at-abu/ |work=The Punch |date=9 March 2018 |access-date=11 August 2026 }}</ref> == Bincike == Binciken Aliyu Yahaya ya shafi fannoni da suka haɗa da [[siyasar kabila]], [[ƙungiyoyin zamantakewa]], [[zabe]], [[rikici]], [[tsaro]], zaman lafiya da sulhu bayan rikici.<ref name="RG">{{cite web |title=Aliyu YAHAYA – Academic Staff |url=https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Aliyu-Yahaya-4 |website=ResearchGate |access-date=11 August 2026 }}</ref> Ya wallafa bincike kan zaɓe da halayyar masu jefa ƙuri'a a Najeriya, tsarin jam'iyyu, dimokuraɗiyya, rikice-rikicen ƙabilanci da siyasar ƙananan hukumomi.<ref name="RG"/> Daga cikin wallafe-wallafensa akwai ''Ethnicity and Elections in Nigeria: A Critical Re-Evaluation of the 2003 Presidential Election'', wanda ya yi nazari kan tasirin ƙabilanci a zaɓen shugaban ƙasa na Najeriya na shekarar 2003.<ref name="RG"/> Ya kuma rubuta ''Multi-party Elections, Communal Solidarities and Voting Patterns from two Elections in Kauru Local Government Area, Kaduna State'', wanda ya yi nazari kan zaɓe da tsarin jefa ƙuri'a a [[Kauru]] ta Jihar Kaduna.<ref name="RG"/> A shekarar 2016, ya wallafa ''Colonialism in the Stateless Societies of Africa: A Historical Overview of Administrative Policies and Enduring Consequences in Southern Zaria Districts, Nigeria'', wanda ya tattauna tasirin mulkin mallaka a wasu al'ummomin Kudancin Zariya.<ref name="TSU">{{cite web |title=Colonialism in the Stateless Societies of Africa: A Historical Overview of Administrative Policies and Enduring Consequences in Southern Zaria Districts, Nigeria |url=https://digitalscholarship.tsu.edu/assr/vol8/iss1/3/ |website=African Social Science Review |date=2016 |access-date=11 August 2026 }}</ref> == Wallafe-wallafe == Aliyu Yahaya yana daga cikin marubutan littafin ''Abuja: The Making of A Capital City, 1976–2006'', wanda ya tattara bayanai kan samuwar da bunƙasar [[Abuja]] a matsayin babban birnin Najeriya.<ref name="AbujaBook">{{cite web |title=Abuja: The Making of A Capital City, 1976-2006 |url=https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Aliyu-Yahaya-4 |website=ResearchGate |access-date=11 August 2026 }}</ref> Ya kuma kasance cikin marubutan babin ''Ideas and Perspectives of Professor Dunmoye on Political Economy, Democracy, Development, Ethnicity, Conflict and Nigeria in a Wider World'', wanda aka wallafa a cikin littafin girmamawa ga Farfesa Raufu Ayoade Dunmoye.<ref name="Festschrift"/> == Duba kuma == * [[Jami'ar Ahmadu Bello]] * [[Kimiyyar siyasa]] * [[Siyasar Najeriya]] * [[Zaɓe a Najeriya]] * [[Dimokuraɗiyya]] == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} [[Rukuni:Malaman jami'a 'yan Najeriya]] [[Rukuni:Masana kimiyyar siyasa 'yan Najeriya]] [[Rukuni:Malaman Jami'ar Ahmadu Bello]] [[Rukuni:Masana siyasar Najeriya]] [[Rukuni:Masu bincike 'yan Najeriya]] 92oyjw1nl9e5rb29ka759hkthqxf2fv 895252 895248 2026-08-11T21:51:31Z Baffa ali 47435 /* Ilimi da aiki */ 895252 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox biography | suna = Aliyu Yahaya | ƙasa = Najeriya | sana'a = Farfesa, malamin jami'a, masanin kimiyyar siyasa | jami'a = [[Jami'ar Ahmadu Bello]] | fanni = [[Kimiyyar siyasa]] | sananne saboda = Bincike kan siyasa, zaɓe, rikice-rikice da tsaro }} '''Aliyu Yahaya''' farfesa ne ɗan Najeriya kuma malamin jami'a a fannin [[kimiyyar siyasa]]. Yana aiki a [[Jami'ar Ahmadu Bello]] da ke Zariya, inda yake cikin Sashen Kimiyyar Siyasa da Nazarin Hulɗar Ƙasa da Ƙasa.<ref name="ABU">{{cite web |title=ALIYU Yahaya |url=https://profile.abu.edu.ng/staff-details/?token=P17078 |website=Ahmadu Bello University |access-date=11 August 2026 }}</ref> == Ilimi da aiki == Aliyu Yahaya ya kasance malami a Sashen Kimiyyar Siyasa da Nazarin Hulɗar Ƙasa da Ƙasa na Jami'ar Ahmadu Bello. An kuma bayyana shi a matsayin tsohon shugaban sashen.<ref name="Festschrift">{{cite web |title=Ideas and Perspectives of Professor Dunmoye on Political Economy, Democracy, Development, Ethnicity, Conflict and Nigeria in a Wider World |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/357186911_Ideas_and_Perspectives_of_Professor_Dunmoye_on_Political_Economy_Democracy_Development_Ethnicity_Conflict_and_Nigeria_in_a_Wider_World |website=ResearchGate |access-date=11 August 2026 }}</ref> A shekarar ta 2018, jaridar ''[[Punch (jarida)|Punch]]'' ta ambace shi a matsayin shugaban Sashen Kimiyyar Siyasa da Nazarin Hulɗar Ƙasa da Ƙasa na Jami'ar Ahmadu Bello.<ref name="Punch">{{cite news |title=Tribute to my Political Science lecturers at ABU |url=https://punchng.com/tribute-to-my-political-science-lecturers-at-abu/ |work=The Punch |date=9 March 2018 |access-date=11 August 2026 }}</ref> == Bincike == Binciken Aliyu Yahaya ya shafi fannoni da suka haɗa da [[siyasar kabila]], [[ƙungiyoyin zamantakewa]], [[zabe]], [[rikici]], [[tsaro]], zaman lafiya da sulhu bayan rikici.<ref name="RG">{{cite web |title=Aliyu YAHAYA – Academic Staff |url=https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Aliyu-Yahaya-4 |website=ResearchGate |access-date=11 August 2026 }}</ref> Ya wallafa bincike kan zaɓe da halayyar masu jefa ƙuri'a a Najeriya, tsarin jam'iyyu, dimokuraɗiyya, rikice-rikicen ƙabilanci da siyasar ƙananan hukumomi.<ref name="RG"/> Daga cikin wallafe-wallafensa akwai ''Ethnicity and Elections in Nigeria: A Critical Re-Evaluation of the 2003 Presidential Election'', wanda ya yi nazari kan tasirin ƙabilanci a zaɓen shugaban ƙasa na Najeriya na shekarar 2003.<ref name="RG"/> Ya kuma rubuta ''Multi-party Elections, Communal Solidarities and Voting Patterns from two Elections in Kauru Local Government Area, Kaduna State'', wanda ya yi nazari kan zaɓe da tsarin jefa ƙuri'a a [[Kauru]] ta Jihar Kaduna.<ref name="RG"/> A shekarar 2016, ya wallafa ''Colonialism in the Stateless Societies of Africa: A Historical Overview of Administrative Policies and Enduring Consequences in Southern Zaria Districts, Nigeria'', wanda ya tattauna tasirin mulkin mallaka a wasu al'ummomin Kudancin Zariya.<ref name="TSU">{{cite web |title=Colonialism in the Stateless Societies of Africa: A Historical Overview of Administrative Policies and Enduring Consequences in Southern Zaria Districts, Nigeria |url=https://digitalscholarship.tsu.edu/assr/vol8/iss1/3/ |website=African Social Science Review |date=2016 |access-date=11 August 2026 }}</ref> == Wallafe-wallafe == Aliyu Yahaya yana daga cikin marubutan littafin ''Abuja: The Making of A Capital City, 1976–2006'', wanda ya tattara bayanai kan samuwar da bunƙasar [[Abuja]] a matsayin babban birnin Najeriya.<ref name="AbujaBook">{{cite web |title=Abuja: The Making of A Capital City, 1976-2006 |url=https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Aliyu-Yahaya-4 |website=ResearchGate |access-date=11 August 2026 }}</ref> Ya kuma kasance cikin marubutan babin ''Ideas and Perspectives of Professor Dunmoye on Political Economy, Democracy, Development, Ethnicity, Conflict and Nigeria in a Wider World'', wanda aka wallafa a cikin littafin girmamawa ga Farfesa Raufu Ayoade Dunmoye.<ref name="Festschrift"/> == Duba kuma == * [[Jami'ar Ahmadu Bello]] * [[Kimiyyar siyasa]] * [[Siyasar Najeriya]] * [[Zaɓe a Najeriya]] * [[Dimokuraɗiyya]] == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} [[Rukuni:Malaman jami'a 'yan Najeriya]] [[Rukuni:Masana kimiyyar siyasa 'yan Najeriya]] [[Rukuni:Malaman Jami'ar Ahmadu Bello]] [[Rukuni:Masana siyasar Najeriya]] [[Rukuni:Masu bincike 'yan Najeriya]] oiu9idq264os5u31iqc3u6fndx5j52t 0 163254 895258 2026-08-11T22:09:24Z Nnamadee 31123 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1341133226|Thea Altaras]]" 895258 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Altaras na Thea''' (1924){{Spaced en dash}}2004) ta kasance mai zane-zane 'yar [[Kroatiya|Croatian]] - [[Jamus]] wacce aka san ta da bincike da wallafe-wallafenta kan abubuwan tarihi na Yahudawa a Hesse, Jamus. == Rayuwa ta farko == An haifi Altaras a [[Zagreb]], Croatia a ranar 11 ga Maris 1924. An rene ta a cikin wani iyali mai arziki na Croatian-Yahudawa ; iyayenta sune Žiga da Alma Fuhrmann. <ref>{{Cite web |last=<!--Staff writer(s); no by-line.--> |title=Holocaust Survivors and Victims Database: Thea Altaras |url=https://collections.ushmm.org/search/catalog/vha11268 |access-date=11 June 2013 |publisher=[[United States Holocaust Memorial Museum]]}}</ref> A lokacin [[Yaƙin Duniya na II|Yaƙin Duniya na Biyu,]] an ɗaure Altaras tare da mahaifiyarta da 'yar'uwarta Jelka, a sansanin tsare mutane na Rab . Bayan mika wuya ga Italiya da kuma 'yantar da sansanin, Altaras ta haɗu da 'yan Partisan tare da mahaifiyarta da 'yar uwarta. <ref name="jj" /> == Ilimi == Bayan yaƙin, ta koma Zagreb ta zama memba na Jam'iyyar Kwaminis ta Croatia. Ta kammala makarantar sakandare sannan ta halarci Sashen Zagreb, inda ta kammala karatunta a shekarar 1953. Bayan haka, ta yi aiki a matsayin mai zane-zane a Zagreb sannan daga baya ta kammala karatunta na ilimi a [[Faris|birnin Paris]] na [[Faransa|ƙasar Faransa]] . Bayan ta koma Zagreb, ta auri Jakob Altaras . A shekarar 1960 aka haifi 'yarsu tilo Adriana . A shekarar 1964, an tilasta wa mijinta barin Zagreb zuwa Zurich, [[Switzerland]] a ƙarƙashin tsanantawar ƙungiyar kwaminisanci ta Croatia. == Zuwa Jamus == A shekarar 1964, Altaras ta tsere zuwa Italiya sakamakon surukinta wanda ya yi fasa-kwaurinta da 'yarta zuwa ƙasar. Daga Italiya ta koma Konstanz, Jamus inda ta yi aiki a sashen gine-gine na birnin Konstanz. Tsawon shekaru uku Altaras ta yi tafiya tsakanin Konstanz da Zurich, inda mijinta ke aiki. A shekarar 1968 ta sami takardar zama ɗan ƙasar Jamus. Ta taimaka wa mijinta wajen kafa al'ummar Yahudawa da aka farfaɗo da ita a Giessen a shekarar 1978. [[Fayil:Grab_Thea_Altaras.jpg|left|thumb|173x173px| Kabarin Thea Altaras a Giessen, Jamus.]] == Nasarorin da kyaututtuka == Altaras ya yi bincike kan gine-ginen tsoffin majami'u a Hesse. A shekarar 1989 ta sami digirin girmamawa a [[Jami'ar Giessen]] don girmamawa ga bincikenta kan addinin Yahudanci a Hesse. A shekarar 1995 an ba ta kyautar Hedwig-Burgheim-Medaille saboda gudummawar da ta bayar. An kuma ba Altaras kyautar girmamawa ta Jamhuriyar Tarayyar Jamus . Ta samu kulawa a duk duniya saboda bincikenta da wallafe-wallafenta game da makomar al'ummar Yahudawa da aka lalata a Hesse daga 1933 zuwa 1945. A lokacin aikinta ta wallafa littattafai da dama game da addinin Yahudanci. Ta mutu a Giessen a ranar 28 ga Satumba, 2004. == Ayyukan da aka buga == * ''Stätten der Juden in Gießen'', Königstein i. Ts , 1998,{{ISBN|3-7845-7793-8}} * ''Synagogen a Hessen - Shin an yi bikin 1945?'' , Königstein i. Ts. , 1988,{{ISBN|3-7845-7790-3}} * ''Synagogen und jüdische Rituelle Tauchbäder und: Synagogen in Hessen – Was geschah seit 1945?'' ''Teil II'' , Königstein i. Ts. , 1994,{{ISBN|3-7845-7792-X}} * ''Synagogen und jüdische rituelle Tauchbäder a cikin Hessen – Was geschah seit 1945?'' , Die Blauen Bücher, Königstein i. Ts , Verlag Langewische, 2007,{{ISBN|978-3-7845-7794-4}} == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1924]] 005lqo03ben6uck5c1bhpkx1nj49jll 895260 895258 2026-08-11T22:09:51Z Nnamadee 31123 895260 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Altaras na Thea''' (1924){{Spaced en dash}}2004) ta kasance mai zane-zane 'yar [[Kroatiya|Croatian]] - [[Jamus]] wacce aka san ta da bincike da wallafe-wallafenta kan abubuwan tarihi na Yahudawa a Hesse, Jamus. == Rayuwa ta farko == An haifi Altaras a [[Zagreb]], Croatia a ranar 11 ga Maris 1924. An rene ta a cikin wani iyali mai arziki na Croatian-Yahudawa ; iyayenta sune Žiga da Alma Fuhrmann. <ref>{{Cite web |last=<!--Staff writer(s); no by-line.--> |title=Holocaust Survivors and Victims Database: Thea Altaras |url=https://collections.ushmm.org/search/catalog/vha11268 |access-date=11 June 2013 |publisher=[[United States Holocaust Memorial Museum]]}}</ref> A lokacin [[Yaƙin Duniya na II|Yaƙin Duniya na Biyu,]] an ɗaure Altaras tare da mahaifiyarta da 'yar'uwarta Jelka, a sansanin tsare mutane na Rab . Bayan mika wuya ga Italiya da kuma 'yantar da sansanin, Altaras ta haɗu da 'yan Partisan tare da mahaifiyarta da 'yar uwarta. <ref name="jj" /> == Ilimi == Bayan yaƙin, ta koma Zagreb ta zama memba na Jam'iyyar Kwaminis ta Croatia. Ta kammala makarantar sakandare sannan ta halarci Sashen Zagreb, inda ta kammala karatunta a shekarar 1953. Bayan haka, ta yi aiki a matsayin mai zane-zane a Zagreb sannan daga baya ta kammala karatunta na ilimi a [[Faris|birnin Paris]] na [[Faransa|ƙasar Faransa]] . Bayan ta koma Zagreb, ta auri Jakob Altaras . A shekarar 1960 aka haifi 'yarsu tilo Adriana . A shekarar 1964, an tilasta wa mijinta barin Zagreb zuwa Zurich, [[Switzerland]] a ƙarƙashin tsanantawar ƙungiyar kwaminisanci ta Croatia. == Zuwa Jamus == A shekarar 1964, Altaras ta tsere zuwa Italiya sakamakon surukinta wanda ya yi fasa-kwaurinta da 'yarta zuwa ƙasar. Daga Italiya ta koma Konstanz, Jamus inda ta yi aiki a sashen gine-gine na birnin Konstanz. Tsawon shekaru uku Altaras ta yi tafiya tsakanin Konstanz da Zurich, inda mijinta ke aiki. A shekarar 1968 ta sami takardar zama ɗan ƙasar Jamus. Ta taimaka wa mijinta wajen kafa al'ummar Yahudawa da aka farfaɗo da ita a Giessen a shekarar 1978. [[Fayil:Grab_Thea_Altaras.jpg|left|thumb|173x173px| Kabarin Thea Altaras a Giessen, Jamus.]] == Nasarorin da kyaututtuka == Altaras ya yi bincike kan gine-ginen tsoffin majami'u a Hesse. A shekarar 1989 ta sami digirin girmamawa a [[Jami'ar Giessen]] don girmamawa ga bincikenta kan addinin Yahudanci a Hesse. A shekarar 1995 an ba ta kyautar Hedwig-Burgheim-Medaille saboda gudummawar da ta bayar. An kuma ba Altaras kyautar girmamawa ta Jamhuriyar Tarayyar Jamus . Ta samu kulawa a duk duniya saboda bincikenta da wallafe-wallafenta game da makomar al'ummar Yahudawa da aka lalata a Hesse daga 1933 zuwa 1945. A lokacin aikinta ta wallafa littattafai da dama game da addinin Yahudanci. Ta mutu a Giessen a ranar 28 ga Satumba, 2004. == Ayyukan da aka buga == * ''Stätten der Juden in Gießen'', Königstein i. Ts , 1998,{{ISBN|3-7845-7793-8}} * ''Synagogen a Hessen - Shin an yi bikin 1945?'' , Königstein i. Ts. , 1988,{{ISBN|3-7845-7790-3}} * ''Synagogen und jüdische Rituelle Tauchbäder und: Synagogen in Hessen – Was geschah seit 1945?'' ''Teil II'' , Königstein i. Ts. , 1994,{{ISBN|3-7845-7792-X}} * ''Synagogen und jüdische rituelle Tauchbäder a cikin Hessen – Was geschah seit 1945?'' , Die Blauen Bücher, Königstein i. Ts , Verlag Langewische, 2007,{{ISBN|978-3-7845-7794-4}} == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1924]] 0gwhtuwbru7w23826za7ispxiwubrqi 0 163255 895261 2026-08-11T22:11:45Z Nnamadee 31123 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1346594846|Sharon Kivland]]" 895261 wikitext text/x-wiki Dr. '''Sharon Kivland''' (an haife ta a shekarar 1955 a Jamus) mai zane ce kuma marubuciya da ke zaune a Brittany da London. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Sharon Kivland Resumé |url=http://www.sharonkivland.com/}}</ref> Ta kasance mai karatu a fannin Fasaha a Jami'ar Sheffield Hallam <ref>{{Cite web |title=Dr Sharon Kivland staff profile |url=http://www3.shu.ac.uk/c3ri/SinglePerson.cfm?Person_ID=52&ResCentre=ADRC}}</ref> da kuma Mataimakin Bincike a Cibiyar Nazarin Freudian da Bincike da ke Landan. <ref>{{Cite web |title=DOMO BAAL artist's biography |url=http://www.domobaal.com/artists/sharon-kivland-bio.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100914084534/http://www.domobaal.com/artists/sharon-kivland-bio.html |archive-date=2010-09-14}}</ref> Ta yi baje kolin kayanta a ƙasashen duniya tun daga shekarar 1979, kuma Galerie Bugdahn und Kaimer ce ta wakilci ayyukanta a Düsseldorf. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Galerie Bugdahn und Kaimer artist's biography |url=http://www.bugdahnundkaimer.com/Page/Kivland.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130516093930/http://bugdahnundkaimer.com/Page/Kivland.html |archive-date=2013-05-16 |access-date=2012-06-27}}</ref> tsawon shekaru da yawa har sai da aka rufe gidan kayan tarihin. Ta kasance editan aiki na mujallar EROS, kuma yanzu ita ce edita kuma mawallafin ƙaramin jaridarta MA BIBLIOTHÈQUE, wacce ke Landan. A shekarar 2023 ta zama Farfesa a fannin ziyara a Jami'ar Kingston da ke Landan. == Lambobin yabo da karramawa == Kivland ta sami kyaututtuka da tallafi da dama saboda aikinta, ciki har da kyautar Greater London Arts (1987 da 1991), kyautar baje kolin Henry Moore Foundation (1987), kyautar Tower Hamlets Artists (1987), kyautar wallafe-wallafen The Elephant Trust (1988), kyautar British School at Rome a Sculpture (1990), kyautar bincike ta Canadian Council (1991), Harmstone Bequest daga Sheffield City Council (1993), da sauransu. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Galerie Bugdahn und Kaimer artist's biography |url=http://www.bugdahnundkaimer.com/Page/Bio/KivlandBio.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130516090018/http://bugdahnundkaimer.com/Page/Bio/KivlandBio.html |archive-date=2013-05-16 |access-date=2012-06-28}}</ref> Ta kuma yi ayyukan gidaje masu daraja da yawa, ciki har da waɗanda ke Jami'ar Windsor, Ontario, Kanada (1989), Kwalejin Fasaha ta Ontario, Toronto, Kanada (1996), Cité des Arts Internationale, Paris (1997) da kuma Second International Artists Village, Sri Lanka (1998). == Aikin ilimi da bincike == === ''Watsawa'' === A matsayinta na Mai Karatu a Fasaha Mai Kyau kuma Babban Malami a Jami'ar Sheffield Hallam, Kivland ta ƙirƙiro jerin lakcoci da aikin bincike na dogon lokaci ''Transmission'', tare da abokan aikinta Lesley Sanderson (2001–2004) da Jaspar Joseph-Lester (2004 zuwa gaba). Shirin laccar haɗin gwiwa ne tsakanin Cibiyar Binciken Fasaha da Zane, Jami'ar Sheffield Hallam, da kuma Gidan Tarihi na Yanar Gizo, Sheffield. Aikin ya samar da laccoci sama da shekaru goma, tarurrukan tattaunawa, wallafe-wallafe masu alaƙa, jerin bugawa, da kuma jerin shirye-shiryen shekara-shekara, waɗanda suka fara a shekarar 2010 tare da ''Transmission Annual: HOSPITALITY'' kuma sun ci gaba da ''Transmission Annual: PROVOCATION'' na 2012. A shekarar 2010, an gudanar da taron ''Transmission: HOSPITALITY'' a Jami'ar Sheffield Hallam, inda manyan masu jawabi suka haɗa da [[Clegg and Guttmann|Clegg da Guttmann]] (Masu Zane, Jamus), [[Juliet Flower MacCannell]] (Farfesa Emerita na Adabin Kwatantawa da Turanci, UC Irvine) Ahuvia Kahane (Farfesa ta Girka, Royal Holloway, Jami'ar London ), Esther Leslie (Farfesa a fannin Siyasar Aesthetics, Birkbeck, Jami'ar London ) [[Dany Nobus]] (Farfesa, Makarantar Kimiyyar Zamantakewa, Brunel, Jami'ar Yammacin London), da [[Blake Stimson]] (Farfesa na Tarihin Fasaha, Jami'ar California). <ref>{{Cite web |title=Transmission lecture series website |url=http://www.transmission.uk.com/}}</ref> == Nune - Nune == Kivland ta yi fice a Turai da Arewacin Amurka. Nunin solo na baya-bayan nan sun haɗa da: Entreprise de séduction (Espace d'art contemporain HEC, Jouy-en-Josas, tare da musée de la toile de Jouy, 2018; Siffofin Halitta, Sashe na II (HGB, Leipzig, 2016); Siffofin Halitta, Sashe na II, Berlin-2018 Natürliche Formen - Von Frauen, Füchsen und Lesern (Dieselkraftwerkmuseum, Cottbus, 2015); ''Sharon Kivland.'' ''Mai son karatu da mai tattarawa'' , wanda Sotiris Kyriacou ya shirya a Ideas Store Whitechapel, London (2012), ''Na gaji da tunanina'', DomoBaal, London (2011), ''Mes plus belles'', Le Sphinx. Paris, (2010), ''Iskar Juyin Juya Hali Ta Busa, Guguwar Tana Kan Horizon'', Chelsea Space, London (2008), ''Litinin'', Sleeper, Edinburgh (2008), da ''Ilimin Halitta'', Bast'art, Bratislava (2008). <ref>{{Cite web |title=Artist's web page exhibitions listings |url=http://www.sharonkivland.com/}}</ref> == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1955]] r4gfw5algyvwxe07r828kt299ujmixy 895262 895261 2026-08-11T22:12:48Z Nnamadee 31123 895262 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} Dr. '''Sharon Kivland''' (an haife ta a shekarar 1955 a Jamus) mai zane ce kuma marubuciya da ke zaune a Brittany da London. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Sharon Kivland Resumé |url=http://www.sharonkivland.com/}}</ref> Ta kasance mai karatu a fannin Fasaha a Jami'ar Sheffield Hallam <ref>{{Cite web |title=Dr Sharon Kivland staff profile |url=http://www3.shu.ac.uk/c3ri/SinglePerson.cfm?Person_ID=52&ResCentre=ADRC}}</ref> da kuma Mataimakin Bincike a Cibiyar Nazarin Freudian da Bincike da ke Landan. <ref>{{Cite web |title=DOMO BAAL artist's biography |url=http://www.domobaal.com/artists/sharon-kivland-bio.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100914084534/http://www.domobaal.com/artists/sharon-kivland-bio.html |archive-date=2010-09-14}}</ref> Ta yi baje kolin kayanta a ƙasashen duniya tun daga shekarar 1979, kuma Galerie Bugdahn und Kaimer ce ta wakilci ayyukanta a Düsseldorf. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Galerie Bugdahn und Kaimer artist's biography |url=http://www.bugdahnundkaimer.com/Page/Kivland.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130516093930/http://bugdahnundkaimer.com/Page/Kivland.html |archive-date=2013-05-16 |access-date=2012-06-27}}</ref> tsawon shekaru da yawa har sai da aka rufe gidan kayan tarihin. Ta kasance editan aiki na mujallar EROS, kuma yanzu ita ce edita kuma mawallafin ƙaramin jaridarta MA BIBLIOTHÈQUE, wacce ke Landan. A shekarar 2023 ta zama Farfesa a fannin ziyara a Jami'ar Kingston da ke Landan. == Lambobin yabo da karramawa == Kivland ta sami kyaututtuka da tallafi da dama saboda aikinta, ciki har da kyautar Greater London Arts (1987 da 1991), kyautar baje kolin Henry Moore Foundation (1987), kyautar Tower Hamlets Artists (1987), kyautar wallafe-wallafen The Elephant Trust (1988), kyautar British School at Rome a Sculpture (1990), kyautar bincike ta Canadian Council (1991), Harmstone Bequest daga Sheffield City Council (1993), da sauransu. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Galerie Bugdahn und Kaimer artist's biography |url=http://www.bugdahnundkaimer.com/Page/Bio/KivlandBio.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130516090018/http://bugdahnundkaimer.com/Page/Bio/KivlandBio.html |archive-date=2013-05-16 |access-date=2012-06-28}}</ref> Ta kuma yi ayyukan gidaje masu daraja da yawa, ciki har da waɗanda ke Jami'ar Windsor, Ontario, Kanada (1989), Kwalejin Fasaha ta Ontario, Toronto, Kanada (1996), Cité des Arts Internationale, Paris (1997) da kuma Second International Artists Village, Sri Lanka (1998). == Aikin ilimi da bincike == === ''Watsawa'' === A matsayinta na Mai Karatu a Fasaha Mai Kyau kuma Babban Malami a Jami'ar Sheffield Hallam, Kivland ta ƙirƙiro jerin lakcoci da aikin bincike na dogon lokaci ''Transmission'', tare da abokan aikinta Lesley Sanderson (2001–2004) da Jaspar Joseph-Lester (2004 zuwa gaba). Shirin laccar haɗin gwiwa ne tsakanin Cibiyar Binciken Fasaha da Zane, Jami'ar Sheffield Hallam, da kuma Gidan Tarihi na Yanar Gizo, Sheffield. Aikin ya samar da laccoci sama da shekaru goma, tarurrukan tattaunawa, wallafe-wallafe masu alaƙa, jerin bugawa, da kuma jerin shirye-shiryen shekara-shekara, waɗanda suka fara a shekarar 2010 tare da ''Transmission Annual: HOSPITALITY'' kuma sun ci gaba da ''Transmission Annual: PROVOCATION'' na 2012. A shekarar 2010, an gudanar da taron ''Transmission: HOSPITALITY'' a Jami'ar Sheffield Hallam, inda manyan masu jawabi suka haɗa da [[Clegg and Guttmann|Clegg da Guttmann]] (Masu Zane, Jamus), [[Juliet Flower MacCannell]] (Farfesa Emerita na Adabin Kwatantawa da Turanci, UC Irvine) Ahuvia Kahane (Farfesa ta Girka, Royal Holloway, Jami'ar London ), Esther Leslie (Farfesa a fannin Siyasar Aesthetics, Birkbeck, Jami'ar London ) [[Dany Nobus]] (Farfesa, Makarantar Kimiyyar Zamantakewa, Brunel, Jami'ar Yammacin London), da [[Blake Stimson]] (Farfesa na Tarihin Fasaha, Jami'ar California). <ref>{{Cite web |title=Transmission lecture series website |url=http://www.transmission.uk.com/}}</ref> == Nune - Nune == Kivland ta yi fice a Turai da Arewacin Amurka. Nunin solo na baya-bayan nan sun haɗa da: Entreprise de séduction (Espace d'art contemporain HEC, Jouy-en-Josas, tare da musée de la toile de Jouy, 2018; Siffofin Halitta, Sashe na II (HGB, Leipzig, 2016); Siffofin Halitta, Sashe na II, Berlin-2018 Natürliche Formen - Von Frauen, Füchsen und Lesern (Dieselkraftwerkmuseum, Cottbus, 2015); ''Sharon Kivland.'' ''Mai son karatu da mai tattarawa'' , wanda Sotiris Kyriacou ya shirya a Ideas Store Whitechapel, London (2012), ''Na gaji da tunanina'', DomoBaal, London (2011), ''Mes plus belles'', Le Sphinx. Paris, (2010), ''Iskar Juyin Juya Hali Ta Busa, Guguwar Tana Kan Horizon'', Chelsea Space, London (2008), ''Litinin'', Sleeper, Edinburgh (2008), da ''Ilimin Halitta'', Bast'art, Bratislava (2008). <ref>{{Cite web |title=Artist's web page exhibitions listings |url=http://www.sharonkivland.com/}}</ref> == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1955]] ghi8es8j9bc8l5fcguss39tb75sj205 0 163256 895263 2026-08-11T22:17:09Z Nnamadee 31123 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1364430631|Brigitte D'Ortschy]]" 895263 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Brigitte D'Ortschy''' (31 ga Mayu 1921 - 9 ga Yuli 1990 ), ko kuma '''Koun-An Doru Chiko''', [[Masanin gine-gine da zane|ƙwararriyar mai zane ce]], [[Ɗan jarida|'yar jarida]], mai fassara, marubuciya, kuma ƙwararriyar masaniyar Zen na farko daga [[Jamus]] a makarantar Sanbo Kyodan ta [[Japan]] . == Tarihin Rayuwa == Brigitte D'Ortschy ta girma a Berlin. Tun tana ƙarama, ta fara sha'awar karatun Angelus Silesius, Meister Eckhart, Teresa na Avila da Chuang-tzu . Ta kammala karatunta ta hanyar karatun gine-gine da injiniyanci a Berlin da Graz. Bangarorin zamantakewa da na tunani na gine-gine suna ɗaya daga cikin manyan fannoni na karatunta. A shekarar 1945 ta sami takardar shaidar digirinta a fannin gine-gine. Daga shekarar 1947 zuwa 1950 Brigitte D'Ortschy ta yi aiki a matsayin mataimakiyar bincike a Jami'ar Fasaha ta Munich a fannin tarihin gine-gine da kuma ilmin kayan tarihi. A shekarar 1950 ta karɓi goron gayyata daga Ma'aikatar Harkokin Wajen Washington kuma ta je Amurka don samun ƙwarewa a shirye-shiryen birane da yankuna don sake gina Jamus bayan yaƙi. Ta kammala karatun digirinta na biyu a Jami'ar North Carolina kuma ta yi aiki a Hukumar Tsare-tsare ta Philadelphia. A wannan lokacin ta haɗu da Frank Lloyd Wright . A shekarar 1951, Brigitte D'Ortschy ta zama memba ta farko a Kwamitin Tsarin Birane da Yankuna na Bavaria. A shekarar 1952 ta ɗauki matakin kawo baje kolin "Shekaru 60 na Tsarin Gine-gine Mai Rai" kan ayyukan Frank Lloyd Wright zuwa Munich. A shekarar 1953, Frank Lloyd Wright ya gayyace ta ta yi masa aiki a gidan kayan aikinsa da ke Taliesin West (Arizona). Ra'ayin Frank Lloyd Wright na "gine-ginen halitta" ya yi daidai da Brigitte D'Ortschy. Hakan ya kuma ƙara mata fahimtar yanayin jiki a matsayin "harshen al'adu" kuma ya taimaka mata daga baya ta fahimci siffofin al'adun Japan. A shekarar 1954, bayan dawowarta Turai, ta zama mai kula da sashen Jamus na baje kolin "Triennale" na duniya a Milano. A cikin shekaru masu zuwa, ta shirya nune-nunen a Helsingborg (Sweden), Milano, Isra'ila, Berlin da Munich. Bugu da ƙari, ta yi aikin ƙira, ta ba da laccoci, kuma ta rubuta muƙaloli ga manema labarai na kasuwanci. A shekarar 1960 ta yi tafiya zuwa Isra'ila don shirya baje kolin farko game da Fasaha da Sana'o'in Isra'ila a Jamus bayan yaƙi, inda ta kafa shi a Munich da Berlin. Baya ga rayuwarta ta sana'a, ta shiga tattaunawa mai zurfi da musayar wasiku da manyan masu tunani na lokacinta kan fannoni daban-daban na kimiyya da falsafar addini. A cikin waɗannan shekarun ta karanta littafin ''Zen and the Art of Archery'' na Eugen Herrigel . "Wannan littafin game da Zen.... ya tashe ni jin cewa Japan tana riƙe da sth. mai matuƙar muhimmanci a gare ni" ta rubuta daga baya. Har zuwa shekarar 1963, ta yi aiki a matsayin mai zane mai zaman kansa da kuma kamfanin fina-finai na Bavaria yayin da take ci gaba da buga labarai da jerin littattafai game da zane-zanen gine-gine. A shekarar 1963 ta yanke shawarar ƙaura zuwa Japan. === Zen - horo da koyarwa === Ba da daɗewa ba bayan isowarta Japan Brigitte D'Ortschy ta haɗu da Zen-Master Ryoko Roshi (1885–1973) kuma a watan Afrilun 1964 ta fara horo mai zurfi na Zen a ƙarƙashinsa a Fukusho-ji a Tokyo da kuma Mokuso-in a Kamakura. Tana samun kuɗin rayuwa a matsayin malamar jami'a a jami'o'in Waseda, Yokohama da Tokyo, kuma kasancewarta marubuciya mai iya magana, ta rubuta labarai da yawa game da al'adun gargajiya na Japan da kuma makarantun fasaha na Zen. Brigitte D'Ortschy ta yi dukkan horon Koan wanda ta kammala a shekarar 1972 lokacin da ta sami Inka Shomei. Yasutani Haku'un Roshi ya ba ta sunan Dharma Doru Chiko Daishi kuma ta zama magajinsa. A shekarar 1973 Yamada Koun Ken Enko Zenshin Roshi (1907–1989) ya yi mata bikin Hasan-Sai kuma ta gaji Dharma ɗinsa ma. Yamada Koun ta ba ta suna Koun An Roshi. Daga nan ana kiran ta Koun An Doru Chiko Roshi (=Daishi). A shekarar 1983, Yamada Roshi ta tabbatar da ita a matsayin cikakkiyar Jagorar Zen a cikin ikonta (Shoshike) na zuriyar Sanbo Kyodan . Koun An Doru Chiko Roshi shine ƙarni na 85 bayan Shakyamuni Buddha da kuma ƙarni na 35 bayan Dogen Zenji. A cikin fim ɗin San'un zendo da ke Kamakura, ta yi abota da abokin wasanta na Zen Philip Kapleau wanda a lokacin yake rubuta littafinsa na Zen mai suna ''The Three Pillars of Zen'' . Ta tsara murfin wannan littafin ta kuma fassara shi zuwa Jamusanci. Waɗannan sassan littafin Phillip Kapleau waɗanda aka rubuta da farko da Kanbun ta fassara su zuwa Turanci don kiyaye fassarar Jamusancinta cikin aminci gwargwadon iko. An buga bugun Jamusanci ( ''Die Drei Pfeiler des Zen'' ) a ƙarshe a cikin 1969. A cikin waɗannan shekarun, Hugo Makibi Enomiya Lassalle SJ ta zama abokiyar Zen, da kuma Uba Thomas Hand na California, ɗaya daga cikin firistocin Katolika na farko a cikin San'un zendo kuma wanda ya fara tattaunawar Kirista/Buddha. An rubuta tarihin abotarta mai tsawo da Father Hand a cikin musayar wasiƙun da ta yi tsawon shekaru 20. Tun daga shekarar 1973, tare da Yamada Koun Roshi ta yi Sesshin na farko a Jamus. A shekarar 1975 ta kafa kamfanin Zendo nata a Munich. Wannan zendo ya girma ya zama al'umma ta almajiran zen daga ko'ina cikin duniya. Koun An ta ci gaba da koyarwa a lokacin horo mai tsanani a lokacin bazara. A lokacin hunturu ta ci gaba da horon Zen a Japan kuma ta ci gaba da aiki a kan fassararta da rubuce-rubucenta. Ta kare zendo na Munich da ɗalibanta daga haskaka jama'a domin tabbatar da ingantaccen horo na zen kuma ta yi hakan daidai da ra'ayinta na cewa "horon ruhaniya koyaushe kyauta ne". A ƙarƙashin sunan Michael Mueller, Brigitte D'Ortschy ta buga wata tattaunawa ta teisho (tattaunawar dharma) game da koan "MU". Da taken ''ZEN'' (hotuna daga Eberhard Grames) an buga shi a shekarar 1984 a karon farko. Har zuwa rasuwarta a shekarar 1990, ta shafe watannin hunturu a cikin bukkarta ta lambu (Jap. ''hanare'' ) a Kita-Kamakura, Yama-no-uchi, kuma ta ci gaba da horon Zen nata. Tare da goyon bayan Yamada Koun Roshi a cikin littafin San'un Zendo da ke Kamakura, ta fassara rubuce-rubucen gargajiya na Zen-Buddhism daga asalin Sinanci da Japan zuwa Turanci da/ko Jamusanci: "Hui-Neng" (Eno) (638-713) ''Taskar Dharma-Taskar Rostrum Sutra na Babban Jagora, Babban Basarake na Shida'', "Sosan no hanashi", da kuma cikakkun tarin koan na gargajiya, kamar ''Mumon Ekai: Mumon-kan'' (Ƙofar Gateless), ''Setcho/Engo: Hekigan Roku'' (The Blue Cliff Record), ''Keizan Jokin: Denko-Roku'' (Transmission of Light), ''Wanshi Shogaku: Shoyu Roku'' (The Book of Equanimity), da sauransu, sannan ta rubuta nata teisho (Dharma ta yi magana) game da duk koan ɗin da suka shafi. Gudunmawar da ta bayar a tattaunawar Kirista/Buddha an rubuta ta sosai a cikin musayar wasiƙunta sama da shekaru 15 da wani malamin addini na Carthusian wanda shi ne almajirinta. == Hotuna == <gallery> File:Koun_An_with_Yamada_Roshi,_San'un_zendo.JPG File:Koun_An_Roshi,_San'un_zendo_Kamakura.jpg File:Koun_An_with_Father_Thomas_Hand.JPG Fayil:Zendo_Munich.JPG Fayil:D'Orschy_und_Yasutani_Roshi.jpg </gallery> == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1921]] [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] 2isn2z3vl87shh7vwu2fahk6r9q3vt9 895264 895263 2026-08-11T22:18:21Z Nnamadee 31123 895264 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Brigitte D'Ortschy''' (31 ga Mayu 1921 - 9 ga Yuli 1990<ref>Krammer, Kurt; Rötting, Martin (2022). Buddhismus in Europa: Facetten zwischen Mode, Minderheit und Mindfulness in interreligiösen Bezügen (in German). LIT Verlag Münster. <nowiki>ISBN 978-3-643-51107-2</nowiki>.</ref>), ko kuma '''Koun-An Doru Chiko''', [[Masanin gine-gine da zane|ƙwararriyar mai zane ce]], [[Ɗan jarida|'yar jarida]], mai fassara, marubuciya, kuma ƙwararriyar masaniyar Zen na farko daga [[Jamus]] a makarantar Sanbo Kyodan ta [[Japan]] . == Tarihin Rayuwa == Brigitte D'Ortschy ta girma a Berlin. Tun tana ƙarama, ta fara sha'awar karatun Angelus Silesius, Meister Eckhart, Teresa na Avila da Chuang-tzu . Ta kammala karatunta ta hanyar karatun gine-gine da injiniyanci a Berlin da Graz. Bangarorin zamantakewa da na tunani na gine-gine suna ɗaya daga cikin manyan fannoni na karatunta. A shekarar 1945 ta sami takardar shaidar digirinta a fannin gine-gine. Daga shekarar 1947 zuwa 1950 Brigitte D'Ortschy ta yi aiki a matsayin mataimakiyar bincike a Jami'ar Fasaha ta Munich a fannin tarihin gine-gine da kuma ilmin kayan tarihi. A shekarar 1950 ta karɓi goron gayyata daga Ma'aikatar Harkokin Wajen Washington kuma ta je Amurka don samun ƙwarewa a shirye-shiryen birane da yankuna don sake gina Jamus bayan yaƙi. Ta kammala karatun digirinta na biyu a Jami'ar North Carolina kuma ta yi aiki a Hukumar Tsare-tsare ta Philadelphia. A wannan lokacin ta haɗu da Frank Lloyd Wright . A shekarar 1951, Brigitte D'Ortschy ta zama memba ta farko a Kwamitin Tsarin Birane da Yankuna na Bavaria. A shekarar 1952 ta ɗauki matakin kawo baje kolin "Shekaru 60 na Tsarin Gine-gine Mai Rai" kan ayyukan Frank Lloyd Wright zuwa Munich. A shekarar 1953, Frank Lloyd Wright ya gayyace ta ta yi masa aiki a gidan kayan aikinsa da ke Taliesin West (Arizona). Ra'ayin Frank Lloyd Wright na "gine-ginen halitta" ya yi daidai da Brigitte D'Ortschy. Hakan ya kuma ƙara mata fahimtar yanayin jiki a matsayin "harshen al'adu" kuma ya taimaka mata daga baya ta fahimci siffofin al'adun Japan. A shekarar 1954, bayan dawowarta Turai, ta zama mai kula da sashen Jamus na baje kolin "Triennale" na duniya a Milano. A cikin shekaru masu zuwa, ta shirya nune-nunen a Helsingborg (Sweden), Milano, Isra'ila, Berlin da Munich. Bugu da ƙari, ta yi aikin ƙira, ta ba da laccoci, kuma ta rubuta muƙaloli ga manema labarai na kasuwanci. A shekarar 1960 ta yi tafiya zuwa Isra'ila don shirya baje kolin farko game da Fasaha da Sana'o'in Isra'ila a Jamus bayan yaƙi, inda ta kafa shi a Munich da Berlin. Baya ga rayuwarta ta sana'a, ta shiga tattaunawa mai zurfi da musayar wasiku da manyan masu tunani na lokacinta kan fannoni daban-daban na kimiyya da falsafar addini. A cikin waɗannan shekarun ta karanta littafin ''Zen and the Art of Archery'' na Eugen Herrigel . "Wannan littafin game da Zen.... ya tashe ni jin cewa Japan tana riƙe da sth. mai matuƙar muhimmanci a gare ni" ta rubuta daga baya. Har zuwa shekarar 1963, ta yi aiki a matsayin mai zane mai zaman kansa da kuma kamfanin fina-finai na Bavaria yayin da take ci gaba da buga labarai da jerin littattafai game da zane-zanen gine-gine. A shekarar 1963 ta yanke shawarar ƙaura zuwa Japan. === Zen - horo da koyarwa === Ba da daɗewa ba bayan isowarta Japan Brigitte D'Ortschy ta haɗu da Zen-Master Ryoko Roshi (1885–1973) kuma a watan Afrilun 1964 ta fara horo mai zurfi na Zen a ƙarƙashinsa a Fukusho-ji a Tokyo da kuma Mokuso-in a Kamakura. Tana samun kuɗin rayuwa a matsayin malamar jami'a a jami'o'in Waseda, Yokohama da Tokyo, kuma kasancewarta marubuciya mai iya magana, ta rubuta labarai da yawa game da al'adun gargajiya na Japan da kuma makarantun fasaha na Zen. Brigitte D'Ortschy ta yi dukkan horon Koan wanda ta kammala a shekarar 1972 lokacin da ta sami Inka Shomei. Yasutani Haku'un Roshi ya ba ta sunan Dharma Doru Chiko Daishi kuma ta zama magajinsa. A shekarar 1973 Yamada Koun Ken Enko Zenshin Roshi (1907–1989) ya yi mata bikin Hasan-Sai kuma ta gaji Dharma ɗinsa ma. Yamada Koun ta ba ta suna Koun An Roshi. Daga nan ana kiran ta Koun An Doru Chiko Roshi (=Daishi). A shekarar 1983, Yamada Roshi ta tabbatar da ita a matsayin cikakkiyar Jagorar Zen a cikin ikonta (Shoshike) na zuriyar Sanbo Kyodan . Koun An Doru Chiko Roshi shine ƙarni na 85 bayan Shakyamuni Buddha da kuma ƙarni na 35 bayan Dogen Zenji. A cikin fim ɗin San'un zendo da ke Kamakura, ta yi abota da abokin wasanta na Zen Philip Kapleau wanda a lokacin yake rubuta littafinsa na Zen mai suna ''The Three Pillars of Zen'' . Ta tsara murfin wannan littafin ta kuma fassara shi zuwa Jamusanci. Waɗannan sassan littafin Phillip Kapleau waɗanda aka rubuta da farko da Kanbun ta fassara su zuwa Turanci don kiyaye fassarar Jamusancinta cikin aminci gwargwadon iko. An buga bugun Jamusanci ( ''Die Drei Pfeiler des Zen'' ) a ƙarshe a cikin 1969. A cikin waɗannan shekarun, Hugo Makibi Enomiya Lassalle SJ ta zama abokiyar Zen, da kuma Uba Thomas Hand na California, ɗaya daga cikin firistocin Katolika na farko a cikin San'un zendo kuma wanda ya fara tattaunawar Kirista/Buddha. An rubuta tarihin abotarta mai tsawo da Father Hand a cikin musayar wasiƙun da ta yi tsawon shekaru 20. Tun daga shekarar 1973, tare da Yamada Koun Roshi ta yi Sesshin na farko a Jamus. A shekarar 1975 ta kafa kamfanin Zendo nata a Munich. Wannan zendo ya girma ya zama al'umma ta almajiran zen daga ko'ina cikin duniya. Koun An ta ci gaba da koyarwa a lokacin horo mai tsanani a lokacin bazara. A lokacin hunturu ta ci gaba da horon Zen a Japan kuma ta ci gaba da aiki a kan fassararta da rubuce-rubucenta. Ta kare zendo na Munich da ɗalibanta daga haskaka jama'a domin tabbatar da ingantaccen horo na zen kuma ta yi hakan daidai da ra'ayinta na cewa "horon ruhaniya koyaushe kyauta ne". A ƙarƙashin sunan Michael Mueller, Brigitte D'Ortschy ta buga wata tattaunawa ta teisho (tattaunawar dharma) game da koan "MU". Da taken ''ZEN'' (hotuna daga Eberhard Grames) an buga shi a shekarar 1984 a karon farko. Har zuwa rasuwarta a shekarar 1990, ta shafe watannin hunturu a cikin bukkarta ta lambu (Jap. ''hanare'' ) a Kita-Kamakura, Yama-no-uchi, kuma ta ci gaba da horon Zen nata. Tare da goyon bayan Yamada Koun Roshi a cikin littafin San'un Zendo da ke Kamakura, ta fassara rubuce-rubucen gargajiya na Zen-Buddhism daga asalin Sinanci da Japan zuwa Turanci da/ko Jamusanci: "Hui-Neng" (Eno) (638-713) ''Taskar Dharma-Taskar Rostrum Sutra na Babban Jagora, Babban Basarake na Shida'', "Sosan no hanashi", da kuma cikakkun tarin koan na gargajiya, kamar ''Mumon Ekai: Mumon-kan'' (Ƙofar Gateless), ''Setcho/Engo: Hekigan Roku'' (The Blue Cliff Record), ''Keizan Jokin: Denko-Roku'' (Transmission of Light), ''Wanshi Shogaku: Shoyu Roku'' (The Book of Equanimity), da sauransu, sannan ta rubuta nata teisho (Dharma ta yi magana) game da duk koan ɗin da suka shafi. Gudunmawar da ta bayar a tattaunawar Kirista/Buddha an rubuta ta sosai a cikin musayar wasiƙunta sama da shekaru 15 da wani malamin addini na Carthusian wanda shi ne almajirinta. == Hotuna == <gallery> File:Koun_An_with_Yamada_Roshi,_San'un_zendo.JPG File:Koun_An_Roshi,_San'un_zendo_Kamakura.jpg File:Koun_An_with_Father_Thomas_Hand.JPG Fayil:Zendo_Munich.JPG Fayil:D'Orschy_und_Yasutani_Roshi.jpg </gallery> == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1921]] [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] 282z2l4d5aaohqn7vdgopqx0yoshhfz 0 163257 895265 2026-08-11T22:18:43Z Nnamadee 31123 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1311495988|Margrit Kennedy]]" 895265 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Margrit Kennedy''' (21 ga Nuwamba, 1939, [[Chemnitz]] – 28 ga Disamba, 2013, <ref>{{Cite web |title=Alternative Currency Pioneer Leaves Rich Legacy &#124; Scoop News |url=https://www.scoop.co.nz/stories/BU1401/S00104/alternative-currency-pioneer-leaves-rich-legacy.htm |access-date=27 February 2022 |website=www.scoop.co.nz}}</ref> Steyerberg) ƙwararren mai zane ne na Jamus, farfesa, mai nazarin muhalli, marubuci kuma mai fafutukar kare haƙƙin kuɗi da tattalin arziki mara riba da hauhawar farashi. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Doors8Delhi: Speakers |url=http://doors8delhi.doorsofperception.com/speakers.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170107064307/http://doors8delhi.doorsofperception.com/speakers.html |archive-date=2017-01-07 |access-date=2012-04-05}}</ref> A shekarar 2011, ta fara fafutukar Occupy Money. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Initiatoren |url=http://www.occupymoney.de/html/initiatoren.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120615231908/http://www.occupymoney.de/html/initiatoren.html |archive-date=2012-06-15 |access-date=2012-04-05}}</ref> == Sana'a == Kennedy kwararren mai zane ne mai digiri na biyu a fannin Tsarin Birane da Yankuna da kuma digirin digirgir a Harkokin Jama'a da na Ƙasashen Duniya daga Makarantar Digiri ta Jami'ar Pittsburgh ta Harkokin Jama'a da na Ƙasashen Duniya . Ta yi aiki a matsayin mai tsara birane a Jamus, Najeriya, Scotland da Amurka. A shekarar 1991, an naɗa ta Farfesa a fannin Fasahar Gine-gine na Muhalli a Sashen Gine-gine, Jami'ar Leibniz da ke Hannover . == Ka'ida == Margrit Kennedy ta shahara sosai saboda sukar da take yi wa tsarin kuɗi da kuma ribar da take samu, da kuma ra'ayoyinta kan kuɗaɗen cikin gida da na sauran kuɗaɗen waje. Ta bayyana cewa aikinta kan gine-ginen muhalli a shekarar 1982 ya kai ta ga gano cewa "ba zai yiwu a aiwatar da ingantattun ra'ayoyin muhalli a kan sikelin da ake buƙata a yau ba, ba tare da canza tsarin kuɗi na yanzu ko ƙirƙirar sabbin kuɗaɗen tallafi ba". <ref>{{Cite web |date=9 March 2020 |title=Prof. Dr. Margrit Kennedy |url=http://www.margritkennedy.de/index.php?modus=CUV&inc=CUV&lang=EN}}</ref> An yi wa littafinta mafi shahara— ''Kuɗin da Ba a Sha'awa da Kuɗin Farashi, Ƙirƙirar Matsakaici na Musanya wanda ke Aiki ga Kowa kuma Yana Kare Duniya'' (1987) kwaskwarima sau da yawa kuma an fassara shi zuwa harsuna 22. == Iyali == Margrit Kennedy ta mutu a shekarar 2013 kuma mijinta, mai ginin gine-gine na Ireland, Declan Kennedy, da 'ya mace ɗaya sun rasu. == Littattafan tarihi == * ''Birnin Cikin Gida (Littafin Shekarar Masu Gine-gine)'' 1974 * ''Gina Makarantun Al'umma: Nazarin Kwarewa (Jerin Gine-gine da Kayan Aiki na Ilimi, Juzu'i na 2)'' 1979 * ''Riba da Kuɗin da Ba a Taɓa Kuɗi Ba: Ƙirƙirar Matsakaici na Musanya Wanda Yake Aiki ga Kowa Kuma Yana Kare Duniya'', an fara bugawa a shekarar 1987 kuma an sabunta shi akai-akai bayan haka, a karo na ƙarshe a shekarar 2006 (a cikin Jamusanci ko ta yaya). Sigar Turanci ta 1995 tana [http://issuu.com/margritkennedy/docs/bue_eng_interest/2 samuwa akan layi An] Archived . * ''Tsarin Matsugunan Muhalli: Tsarin Muhalli da Gina Muhalli: Kwarewa a Sabbin Gidaje da Sabunta Gidajen da Ke Ciki a Yuro (Reflektierte Praxis)'' 1997 * ''Handbuch ökologischer Siedlungs(um) bau.'' ''Neubau- da Stadterneuerungsproj...'' ''a Turai'' 1998 * ''Yankin yankin.'' ''Neue Wege zu nachhaltigem Wohlstand'' (tare da Bernard A. Lietaer ), Riemann, München 2006,{{ISBN|978-3-570-50052-1}} * ''Kuɗin Mutane: Alƙawarin Kuɗin Yanki'' (tare da Bernard A. Lietaer da John Rogers) (Triarchy Press 2012) * ''Occupy Money'', J. Kamphausen, Bielefeld 2011,{{ISBN|978-3-89901-595-9}} [[Rukuni:Mutuwan 2013]] [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1939]] 98j3nqmytn50fz4m2w03baeoatm4hnd 895266 895265 2026-08-11T22:19:25Z Nnamadee 31123 895266 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Margrit Kennedy''' (21 ga Nuwamba, 1939, [[Chemnitz]] – 28 ga Disamba, 2013, <ref>{{Cite web |title=Alternative Currency Pioneer Leaves Rich Legacy &#124; Scoop News |url=https://www.scoop.co.nz/stories/BU1401/S00104/alternative-currency-pioneer-leaves-rich-legacy.htm |access-date=27 February 2022 |website=www.scoop.co.nz}}</ref> Steyerberg) ƙwararren mai zane ne na Jamus, farfesa, mai nazarin muhalli, marubuci kuma mai fafutukar kare haƙƙin kuɗi da tattalin arziki mara riba da hauhawar farashi. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Doors8Delhi: Speakers |url=http://doors8delhi.doorsofperception.com/speakers.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170107064307/http://doors8delhi.doorsofperception.com/speakers.html |archive-date=2017-01-07 |access-date=2012-04-05}}</ref> A shekarar 2011, ta fara fafutukar Occupy Money. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Initiatoren |url=http://www.occupymoney.de/html/initiatoren.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120615231908/http://www.occupymoney.de/html/initiatoren.html |archive-date=2012-06-15 |access-date=2012-04-05}}</ref> == Sana'a == Kennedy kwararren mai zane ne mai digiri na biyu a fannin Tsarin Birane da Yankuna da kuma digirin digirgir a Harkokin Jama'a da na Ƙasashen Duniya daga Makarantar Digiri ta Jami'ar Pittsburgh ta Harkokin Jama'a da na Ƙasashen Duniya . Ta yi aiki a matsayin mai tsara birane a Jamus, Najeriya, Scotland da Amurka. A shekarar 1991, an naɗa ta Farfesa a fannin Fasahar Gine-gine na Muhalli a Sashen Gine-gine, Jami'ar Leibniz da ke Hannover . == Ka'ida == Margrit Kennedy ta shahara sosai saboda sukar da take yi wa tsarin kuɗi da kuma ribar da take samu, da kuma ra'ayoyinta kan kuɗaɗen cikin gida da na sauran kuɗaɗen waje. Ta bayyana cewa aikinta kan gine-ginen muhalli a shekarar 1982 ya kai ta ga gano cewa "ba zai yiwu a aiwatar da ingantattun ra'ayoyin muhalli a kan sikelin da ake buƙata a yau ba, ba tare da canza tsarin kuɗi na yanzu ko ƙirƙirar sabbin kuɗaɗen tallafi ba". <ref>{{Cite web |date=9 March 2020 |title=Prof. Dr. Margrit Kennedy |url=http://www.margritkennedy.de/index.php?modus=CUV&inc=CUV&lang=EN}}</ref> An yi wa littafinta mafi shahara— ''Kuɗin da Ba a Sha'awa da Kuɗin Farashi, Ƙirƙirar Matsakaici na Musanya wanda ke Aiki ga Kowa kuma Yana Kare Duniya'' (1987) kwaskwarima sau da yawa kuma an fassara shi zuwa harsuna 22. == Iyali == Margrit Kennedy ta mutu a shekarar 2013 kuma mijinta, mai ginin gine-gine na Ireland, Declan Kennedy, da 'ya mace ɗaya sun rasu. == Littattafan tarihi == * ''Birnin Cikin Gida (Littafin Shekarar Masu Gine-gine)'' 1974 * ''Gina Makarantun Al'umma: Nazarin Kwarewa (Jerin Gine-gine da Kayan Aiki na Ilimi, Juzu'i na 2)'' 1979 * ''Riba da Kuɗin da Ba a Taɓa Kuɗi Ba: Ƙirƙirar Matsakaici na Musanya Wanda Yake Aiki ga Kowa Kuma Yana Kare Duniya'', an fara bugawa a shekarar 1987 kuma an sabunta shi akai-akai bayan haka, a karo na ƙarshe a shekarar 2006 (a cikin Jamusanci ko ta yaya). Sigar Turanci ta 1995 tana [http://issuu.com/margritkennedy/docs/bue_eng_interest/2 samuwa akan layi An] Archived . * ''Tsarin Matsugunan Muhalli: Tsarin Muhalli da Gina Muhalli: Kwarewa a Sabbin Gidaje da Sabunta Gidajen da Ke Ciki a Yuro (Reflektierte Praxis)'' 1997 * ''Handbuch ökologischer Siedlungs(um) bau.'' ''Neubau- da Stadterneuerungsproj...'' ''a Turai'' 1998 * ''Yankin yankin.'' ''Neue Wege zu nachhaltigem Wohlstand'' (tare da Bernard A. Lietaer ), Riemann, München 2006,{{ISBN|978-3-570-50052-1}} * ''Kuɗin Mutane: Alƙawarin Kuɗin Yanki'' (tare da Bernard A. Lietaer da John Rogers) (Triarchy Press 2012) * ''Occupy Money'', J. Kamphausen, Bielefeld 2011,{{ISBN|978-3-89901-595-9}} == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Mutuwan 2013]] [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1939]] 3dbgb1ialn0gdd20gh4jwcjd1jb73qt 0 163258 895267 2026-08-11T22:20:06Z Nnamadee 31123 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1368866457|Karola Bloch]]" 895267 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Karola Bloch''' (an haife shi '''Karola Piotrkowska''' ; 22 ga Janairu, 1905, Łódź - Yuli 31, 1994, Tübingen <ref>{{Cite web |last=Droste |first=Christiane |title=Women architects in West and East Berlin 1949-1969: reconstructing the difference: a contribution to Berlin building history and knowledge about women architects' conditions of professionalization |url=http://westminsterresearch.wmin.ac.uk/15620/1/Droste_Christiane_thesis.pdf |access-date=9 June 2017 |website=westminsterresearch.wmin.ac.uk |publisher=WestminsterResearch}}</ref> ) wani masanin gine-ginen Poland-Jamus, mai ra'ayin gurguzu, da mata. Ita ce matar ukku ga masanin falsafar Jamus Ernst Bloch . == Rayuwar farko da ilimi == An haifi Bloch a cikin dangin masana'antar yadi na Yahudawa da Poland waɗanda suka gudu zuwa Rasha a lokacin Yaƙin Duniya na Ɗaya. A Moscow ta kasance shaida ga juyin juya halin Oktoba, wata kwarewa da ta danganta da sadaukarwarta ga gurguzu a tsawon rayuwarta. A shekarar 1921, iyalin suka ƙaura zuwa Berlin, inda ta yi karatun fasaha tare da Ludwig Meidner, mai ra'ayin mazan jiya. Ta haɗu da mijinta na gaba, masanin falsafa Ernst Bloch, a shekarar 1926. Karola ta fara karatun gine-gine a Vienna sannan ta koma karatu a Technische Hochschule da ke Berlin a matsayin ɗaya daga cikin ƙananan ƙungiyoyin mata. Karola mai bin addinin Neues Bauen ce; dalibar Hans Poelzig da Bruno Taut ce, kuma ta hanyar abotarta da [[:de:Alexander Schawinsky|Xanti Schwinsky]] ta sami damar yin lokaci a [[Bauhaus]], kodayake ba a taɓa yin rajista a hukumance ba. A Berlin ta shiga ƙungiyar ɗaliban hagu kuma ta sadaukar da ƙarfinta wajen yaƙi da mulkin kama-karya, ta shiga Jam'iyyar Kwaminis ta Jamus <ref>{{Cite web |last=McKay |first=Jennifer |date=May 2017 |title=Purge or Purgatory: How the Flight of Three Veteran Communists Affected East German Politics during the Ulbricht |url=https://atrium.lib.uoguelph.ca/xmlui/bitstream/handle/10214/10455/Mckay_Jennifer_201705_Ma.pdf?sequence=1 |access-date=9 June 2017 |website=atrium.lib.uoguelph.ca |page=42}}</ref> a shekarar 1932. Ta kuma yi kwasa-kwasan karatu a Marxistische Arbeiterschule “Masch”, inda ta haɗu da mai zane Hannes Meyer da kuma mai suka György Lukács . Abokan Blochs a Berlin sun haɗa da Walter Benjamin da Siegfried Kracauer . Blochs sun rayu a cikin [[:de:Künstlerkolonie Berlin|Künstlerkolonie Berlin]] na hagu a Wilmersdorf . Lokacin da aka ƙone Reichstag a shekarar 1933, 'yan Nazi sun kewaye yankin; Karola ta sami damar ɓoye rubuce-rubucen Ernst Bloch kuma ta sa aka fitar da su cikin sirri. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Bush |first=Lawrence |date=30 July 2015 |title=JULY 31: KAROLA BLOCH AND THE INTERNATIONAL UNION OF WOMEN ARCHITECTS |url=http://jewishcurrents.org/july-31-karola-bloch-and-the-international-union-of-women-architects/ |access-date=8 June 2017 |website=Jewish Currents}}</ref> 'Yan Bloch sun gudu zuwa Switzerland inda Karola ta kammala karatunta a ETH Zurich . Saboda yadda yanayin kyamar Yahudawa ke ƙaruwa, sun ƙaura zuwa Vienna, inda suka yi aure a shekarar 1934. == Aiki da rayuwa a gudun hijira == A Vienna, Karola ta yi aiki ga mai zane [[:cs:Jacques Groag|Jacques Groag]], ɗalibi a ƙungiyar Adolf Loos, kuma ta yi abota da Elias Canetti da [[Alma Mahler]] . Duk da haɗarin da ke tattare da Yahudawa da Kwaminisanci, ta kuma yi aiki a matsayin mai ba da labari ga Tarayyar Soviet, tana yin tafiye-tafiye masu haɗari zuwa Poland. Mijinta Ernst Bloch ya taɓa cewa mata "Kina yin aiki da abin da na rubuta a falsafar da nake da ita." Bayan Anschluss, ma'auratan sun gudu zuwa Paris, inda Karola ke aiki a ɗakin studio na Auguste Perret . A shekarar 1936 ma'auratan sun ƙaura zuwa Prague, inda Karola ta yi aikin ƙira na sirri tare da mai tsara yadi na Bauhaus Friedl Dicker-Brandeis kuma shi ne mai tsara gidan iyali ɗaya a tsaunukan Tatra. An haifi ɗanta Jan-Robert <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Angel |first=Doris |last2=Livingston |first2=Harold |title=Recognition of a wrong done - a remarkable visit to Mässingen |url=http://www.ajr.org.uk/journalpdf/2009_November.pdf |url-status=dead |journal=AJR Journal |volume=9 |pages=11 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150905065931/http://www.ajr.org.uk/journalpdf/2009_November.pdf |archive-date=2015-09-05 |access-date=2017-06-09}}</ref> a shekarar 1937. Ma'auratan sun yi ƙaura zuwa New York a shekarar 1938. Saboda Ernst Bloch bai iya Turanci ba, Karola dole ta kula da iyalin ita kaɗai ta hanyar yin aiki a matsayin mai zane. Karola ta yi aiki a matsayin ɗaya daga cikin mata biyu kacal a ofishin Mayer & Whittlesey, inda ta yi aiki a manyan benaye kamar 240 Central Park South . A Amurka, ma'auratan sun sake haɗuwa da wasu baƙi kamar Theodor Adorno da Hermann Broch . Bayan ƙaura zuwa Cambridge, MA, an ba Karola aikin tsara gidan zamani ga Harry Slochower a Andover, NJ. <ref>{{Cite web |last= |first= |date= |title=The Papers of Harry Slochower |url=http://library.brooklyn.cuny.edu/pages/archives/findaid/slochower/bio.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150919140915/http://library.brooklyn.cuny.edu/pages/archives/findaid/slochower/bio.html |archive-date=2015-09-19 |access-date= |website=Brooklyn College Archives and Special Collections}}</ref> Ta kuma yi aiki a matsayin mai ɗaukar ma'aikata a Stone da Webster, ɗaya daga cikin manyan kamfanonin injiniya a Amurka, ba tare da sanin cewa suna aiki a kan kayan aikin Manhattan Project ba. Ta kuma yi aiki da [[Leland & Larsen]] a Boston, kuma ta kafa ƙungiya don taimakawa wajen tallafawa masu zane-zane na Poland bayan yaƙin. A shekarar 1943, an kashe iyayen Karola, ɗan'uwanta, da surukarta a Treblinka bayan an tilasta musu zama a Warsaw Ghetto . == Aiki da rayuwa a Jamus == A shekarar 1949 ma'auratan suka koma Gabashin Jamus, inda Ernst Bloch ya ɗauki matsayin koyarwa a Jami'ar Leipzig. Karola Bloch ta yi aiki wajen tsara tsare-tsare na yau da kullun ga makarantun yara da cibiyoyin kula da yara waɗanda [[:de:Bauakademie der DDR|Deutsche Bauakademie]] (Jamus Building Academy) ta ba da umarni. An gina cibiyoyin kula da yara 8,000 a cikin Jamhuriyar Demokradiyyar Kwango a wannan lokacin, da yawa daga cikinsu sun dogara ne akan shirye-shiryenta. Misali akwai wurare biyu da ta tsara kuma ta kula da su a Baumwollspinnerei da ke Leipzig a shekarar 1955, waɗanda yanzu haka ake kare su a ƙarƙashin dokokin kiyaye tarihi. Duk da haka, tsarin zamani na Karola ya kasance abin cece-kuce a lokacin da aka haɓaka gine-ginen Stalinist mafi kyau. Saboda wannan dalili ta roƙi ƙawarta Hannes Meyer da kada ta yi ƙaura zuwa Jamhuriyar Demokraɗiyya ta Tsakiya. A shekarar 1957, Karola, wacce ita ma ta yi adawa da Stalin a siyasance, an tilasta mata ficewa daga Jam'iyyar Hadin Kan Jama'a ta Jamus, wanda hakan ke nufin ba za ta iya sake yin aiki a matsayin mai zane ba. Tsawon shekaru da dama tana wallafa labarai ba tare da ɓoye ba da nufin mata, kan batutuwa kamar ƙirar kicin mafi inganci da kuma yadda ake karanta tsare-tsaren gini. Ta kuma zama memba a cikin waɗanda suka kafa [https://web.archive.org/web/20150223171441/http://uifa.fr/home.htm ƙungiyar mata masu zane-zane ta duniya] . Lokacin da aka gina katangar Berlin a ranar 31 ga Agusta, 1961, Blochs, a wata ziyarar lacca a Yammacin Jamus, ba su koma Leipzig ko GDR ba, suka bar duk kayansu a baya. Ma'auratan sun ƙaura zuwa Tübingen inda Ernst Bloch ya zama farfesa. Aurensu zai ɗauki jimillar shekaru 43, wanda ya ƙare ne kawai da mutuwar Ernst. Bayan shekaru 30 na yin aiki a matsayin mai zane Karola Bloch ta sadaukar da kanta gaba ɗaya ga siyasar fursunoni da mata da ake cin zarafi, tare da kafa ƙungiyar Hilfe zur Selbsthilfe (Taimako don Taimakon Kai). Ta kuma kasance mai himma a cikin ƙungiyar goyon bayan zaɓe wadda fitacciyar mai ra'ayin mazan jiya [[Alice Schwarzer]] ta shirya a farkon shekarun 1970. Lokacin da take da shekaru 76, ta yi tafiya zuwa Nicaragua don tallafawa 'yan Sandinista . == Ayyukan rubutu == * ''Aus meinem Leben (Daga Rayuwata)'', Pfulligen (Nekse), 1981. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Bloch |first=Ernst |title=The Principle of Hope |url=http://lchc.ucsd.edu/mca/Mail/xmcamail.2015-02.dir/pdfHywS4jWiLq.pdf |access-date=8 June 2017 |publisher=MIT Press}}</ref> * ''Die Sehnsucht des Menschen, ein wirklicher Mensch zu werden.'' ''Reden und Schriften aus ihrer Tübinger Zeit (Burin Dan Adam Ya Zama Mutum Na Gaskiya: Jawabai da Rubuce-rubuce daga Lokacinta a Tübingen)'' , Mössingen-Talheim (Talheim Verlag), 1989.{{ISBN|3-893-760-032}}[[ISBN (identifier)|ISBN]]&nbsp;[[Special:BookSources/3-893-760-032|<bdi>3-893-760-032</bdi>]] * "Don Girman Mace" (1981), a cikin ''Rubuce-rubucen Mata na Jamus'', New York (Ci gaba), 2002. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Staff View: German feminist writings / |url=https://library.villanova.edu/Find/Record/542487/Details |access-date=2017-06-08 |website=library.villanova.edu |language=en}}</ref> == An gyara kundin da aka gyara == * ''"Denken heißt Überschreiten": A cikin memoriam Ernst Bloch 1885-1977 ("Tunani yana nufin ƙetare": A cikin ƙwaƙwalwar Ernst Bloch 1885-1977)'', Eds. Karola Bloch da Adelbert Reif, Cologne/Frankfurt am Main (Europäische Verlagsanstalt), 1978.{{ISBN|3-548-351-522}}[[ISBN (identifier)|ISBN]]&nbsp;[[Special:BookSources/3-548-351-522|<bdi>3-548-351-522</bdi>]] * ''Lieber Genosse Bloch ...'' ''Briefe von Rudi Dutschke, Gretchen Dutschke-Klotz und Karola Bloch 1968-1979 (Dear Comrade Bloch...: Wasiku daga Rudi Dutschke, Gretchen Dutschke-Klotz, da Karola Bloch 1968-1979)'' . Editoci. Karola Bloch da Welf Schröter, Mössingen-Talheim (Talheimer Verlag), 1988.{{ISBN|3-893-760-016}}[[ISBN (identifier)|ISBN]]&nbsp;[[Special:BookSources/3-893-760-016|<bdi>3-893-760-016</bdi>]] * "Utopie da Hoffnung" Beiträge zur Aktualität Ernst Blochs (Utopia da Bege: Gudunmawa ga Dacewar Ernst Bloch)", Eds. Karola Bloch da Jürgen C Strohmaier, Mössingen-Talheim (Talheim Verlag), 1989. == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Mutuwan 1994]] [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1905]] 6mnexa3tbncew90qd9x8shlq3ayua0c 895268 895267 2026-08-11T22:21:12Z Nnamadee 31123 895268 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Karola Bloch''' (an haife ta '''Karola Piotrkowska'''; 22 ga Janairu, 1905, Łódź - Yuli 31, 1994, Tübingen <ref>{{Cite web |last=Droste |first=Christiane |title=Women architects in West and East Berlin 1949-1969: reconstructing the difference: a contribution to Berlin building history and knowledge about women architects' conditions of professionalization |url=http://westminsterresearch.wmin.ac.uk/15620/1/Droste_Christiane_thesis.pdf |access-date=9 June 2017 |website=westminsterresearch.wmin.ac.uk |publisher=WestminsterResearch}}</ref> ) wata masaniyar gine-ginen Poland-Jamus, mai ra'ayin gurguzu, da mata. Ita ce matar ukku ga masanin falsafar Jamus Ernst Bloch. == Rayuwar farko da ilimi == An haifi Bloch a cikin dangin masana'antar yadi na Yahudawa da Poland waɗanda suka gudu zuwa Rasha a lokacin Yaƙin Duniya na Ɗaya. A Moscow ta kasance shaida ga juyin juya halin Oktoba, wata kwarewa da ta danganta da sadaukarwarta ga gurguzu a tsawon rayuwarta. A shekarar 1921, iyalin suka ƙaura zuwa Berlin, inda ta yi karatun fasaha tare da Ludwig Meidner, mai ra'ayin mazan jiya. Ta haɗu da mijinta na gaba, masanin falsafa Ernst Bloch, a shekarar 1926. Karola ta fara karatun gine-gine a Vienna sannan ta koma karatu a Technische Hochschule da ke Berlin a matsayin ɗaya daga cikin ƙananan ƙungiyoyin mata. Karola mai bin addinin Neues Bauen ce; dalibar Hans Poelzig da Bruno Taut ce, kuma ta hanyar abotarta da [[:de:Alexander Schawinsky|Xanti Schwinsky]] ta sami damar yin lokaci a [[Bauhaus]], kodayake ba a taɓa yin rajista a hukumance ba. A Berlin ta shiga ƙungiyar ɗaliban hagu kuma ta sadaukar da ƙarfinta wajen yaƙi da mulkin kama-karya, ta shiga Jam'iyyar Kwaminis ta Jamus <ref>{{Cite web |last=McKay |first=Jennifer |date=May 2017 |title=Purge or Purgatory: How the Flight of Three Veteran Communists Affected East German Politics during the Ulbricht |url=https://atrium.lib.uoguelph.ca/xmlui/bitstream/handle/10214/10455/Mckay_Jennifer_201705_Ma.pdf?sequence=1 |access-date=9 June 2017 |website=atrium.lib.uoguelph.ca |page=42}}</ref> a shekarar 1932. Ta kuma yi kwasa-kwasan karatu a Marxistische Arbeiterschule “Masch”, inda ta haɗu da mai zane Hannes Meyer da kuma mai suka György Lukács . Abokan Blochs a Berlin sun haɗa da Walter Benjamin da Siegfried Kracauer . Blochs sun rayu a cikin [[:de:Künstlerkolonie Berlin|Künstlerkolonie Berlin]] na hagu a Wilmersdorf . Lokacin da aka ƙone Reichstag a shekarar 1933, 'yan Nazi sun kewaye yankin; Karola ta sami damar ɓoye rubuce-rubucen Ernst Bloch kuma ta sa aka fitar da su cikin sirri. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Bush |first=Lawrence |date=30 July 2015 |title=JULY 31: KAROLA BLOCH AND THE INTERNATIONAL UNION OF WOMEN ARCHITECTS |url=http://jewishcurrents.org/july-31-karola-bloch-and-the-international-union-of-women-architects/ |access-date=8 June 2017 |website=Jewish Currents}}</ref> 'Yan Bloch sun gudu zuwa Switzerland inda Karola ta kammala karatunta a ETH Zurich . Saboda yadda yanayin kyamar Yahudawa ke ƙaruwa, sun ƙaura zuwa Vienna, inda suka yi aure a shekarar 1934. == Aiki da rayuwa a gudun hijira == A Vienna, Karola ta yi aiki ga mai zane [[:cs:Jacques Groag|Jacques Groag]], ɗalibi a ƙungiyar Adolf Loos, kuma ta yi abota da Elias Canetti da [[Alma Mahler]] . Duk da haɗarin da ke tattare da Yahudawa da Kwaminisanci, ta kuma yi aiki a matsayin mai ba da labari ga Tarayyar Soviet, tana yin tafiye-tafiye masu haɗari zuwa Poland. Mijinta Ernst Bloch ya taɓa cewa mata "Kina yin aiki da abin da na rubuta a falsafar da nake da ita." Bayan Anschluss, ma'auratan sun gudu zuwa Paris, inda Karola ke aiki a ɗakin studio na Auguste Perret . A shekarar 1936 ma'auratan sun ƙaura zuwa Prague, inda Karola ta yi aikin ƙira na sirri tare da mai tsara yadi na Bauhaus Friedl Dicker-Brandeis kuma shi ne mai tsara gidan iyali ɗaya a tsaunukan Tatra. An haifi ɗanta Jan-Robert <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Angel |first=Doris |last2=Livingston |first2=Harold |title=Recognition of a wrong done - a remarkable visit to Mässingen |url=http://www.ajr.org.uk/journalpdf/2009_November.pdf |url-status=dead |journal=AJR Journal |volume=9 |pages=11 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150905065931/http://www.ajr.org.uk/journalpdf/2009_November.pdf |archive-date=2015-09-05 |access-date=2017-06-09}}</ref> a shekarar 1937. Ma'auratan sun yi ƙaura zuwa New York a shekarar 1938. Saboda Ernst Bloch bai iya Turanci ba, Karola dole ta kula da iyalin ita kaɗai ta hanyar yin aiki a matsayin mai zane. Karola ta yi aiki a matsayin ɗaya daga cikin mata biyu kacal a ofishin Mayer & Whittlesey, inda ta yi aiki a manyan benaye kamar 240 Central Park South . A Amurka, ma'auratan sun sake haɗuwa da wasu baƙi kamar Theodor Adorno da Hermann Broch . Bayan ƙaura zuwa Cambridge, MA, an ba Karola aikin tsara gidan zamani ga Harry Slochower a Andover, NJ. <ref>{{Cite web |last= |first= |date= |title=The Papers of Harry Slochower |url=http://library.brooklyn.cuny.edu/pages/archives/findaid/slochower/bio.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150919140915/http://library.brooklyn.cuny.edu/pages/archives/findaid/slochower/bio.html |archive-date=2015-09-19 |access-date= |website=Brooklyn College Archives and Special Collections}}</ref> Ta kuma yi aiki a matsayin mai ɗaukar ma'aikata a Stone da Webster, ɗaya daga cikin manyan kamfanonin injiniya a Amurka, ba tare da sanin cewa suna aiki a kan kayan aikin Manhattan Project ba. Ta kuma yi aiki da [[Leland & Larsen]] a Boston, kuma ta kafa ƙungiya don taimakawa wajen tallafawa masu zane-zane na Poland bayan yaƙin. A shekarar 1943, an kashe iyayen Karola, ɗan'uwanta, da surukarta a Treblinka bayan an tilasta musu zama a Warsaw Ghetto . == Aiki da rayuwa a Jamus == A shekarar 1949 ma'auratan suka koma Gabashin Jamus, inda Ernst Bloch ya ɗauki matsayin koyarwa a Jami'ar Leipzig. Karola Bloch ta yi aiki wajen tsara tsare-tsare na yau da kullun ga makarantun yara da cibiyoyin kula da yara waɗanda [[:de:Bauakademie der DDR|Deutsche Bauakademie]] (Jamus Building Academy) ta ba da umarni. An gina cibiyoyin kula da yara 8,000 a cikin Jamhuriyar Demokradiyyar Kwango a wannan lokacin, da yawa daga cikinsu sun dogara ne akan shirye-shiryenta. Misali akwai wurare biyu da ta tsara kuma ta kula da su a Baumwollspinnerei da ke Leipzig a shekarar 1955, waɗanda yanzu haka ake kare su a ƙarƙashin dokokin kiyaye tarihi. Duk da haka, tsarin zamani na Karola ya kasance abin cece-kuce a lokacin da aka haɓaka gine-ginen Stalinist mafi kyau. Saboda wannan dalili ta roƙi ƙawarta Hannes Meyer da kada ta yi ƙaura zuwa Jamhuriyar Demokraɗiyya ta Tsakiya. A shekarar 1957, Karola, wacce ita ma ta yi adawa da Stalin a siyasance, an tilasta mata ficewa daga Jam'iyyar Hadin Kan Jama'a ta Jamus, wanda hakan ke nufin ba za ta iya sake yin aiki a matsayin mai zane ba. Tsawon shekaru da dama tana wallafa labarai ba tare da ɓoye ba da nufin mata, kan batutuwa kamar ƙirar kicin mafi inganci da kuma yadda ake karanta tsare-tsaren gini. Ta kuma zama memba a cikin waɗanda suka kafa [https://web.archive.org/web/20150223171441/http://uifa.fr/home.htm ƙungiyar mata masu zane-zane ta duniya] . Lokacin da aka gina katangar Berlin a ranar 31 ga Agusta, 1961, Blochs, a wata ziyarar lacca a Yammacin Jamus, ba su koma Leipzig ko GDR ba, suka bar duk kayansu a baya. Ma'auratan sun ƙaura zuwa Tübingen inda Ernst Bloch ya zama farfesa. Aurensu zai ɗauki jimillar shekaru 43, wanda ya ƙare ne kawai da mutuwar Ernst. Bayan shekaru 30 na yin aiki a matsayin mai zane Karola Bloch ta sadaukar da kanta gaba ɗaya ga siyasar fursunoni da mata da ake cin zarafi, tare da kafa ƙungiyar Hilfe zur Selbsthilfe (Taimako don Taimakon Kai). Ta kuma kasance mai himma a cikin ƙungiyar goyon bayan zaɓe wadda fitacciyar mai ra'ayin mazan jiya [[Alice Schwarzer]] ta shirya a farkon shekarun 1970. Lokacin da take da shekaru 76, ta yi tafiya zuwa Nicaragua don tallafawa 'yan Sandinista . == Ayyukan rubutu == * ''Aus meinem Leben (Daga Rayuwata)'', Pfulligen (Nekse), 1981. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Bloch |first=Ernst |title=The Principle of Hope |url=http://lchc.ucsd.edu/mca/Mail/xmcamail.2015-02.dir/pdfHywS4jWiLq.pdf |access-date=8 June 2017 |publisher=MIT Press}}</ref> * ''Die Sehnsucht des Menschen, ein wirklicher Mensch zu werden.'' ''Reden und Schriften aus ihrer Tübinger Zeit (Burin Dan Adam Ya Zama Mutum Na Gaskiya: Jawabai da Rubuce-rubuce daga Lokacinta a Tübingen)'' , Mössingen-Talheim (Talheim Verlag), 1989.{{ISBN|3-893-760-032}}[[ISBN (identifier)|ISBN]]&nbsp;[[Special:BookSources/3-893-760-032|<bdi>3-893-760-032</bdi>]] * "Don Girman Mace" (1981), a cikin ''Rubuce-rubucen Mata na Jamus'', New York (Ci gaba), 2002. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Staff View: German feminist writings / |url=https://library.villanova.edu/Find/Record/542487/Details |access-date=2017-06-08 |website=library.villanova.edu |language=en}}</ref> == An gyara kundin da aka gyara == * ''"Denken heißt Überschreiten": A cikin memoriam Ernst Bloch 1885-1977 ("Tunani yana nufin ƙetare": A cikin ƙwaƙwalwar Ernst Bloch 1885-1977)'', Eds. Karola Bloch da Adelbert Reif, Cologne/Frankfurt am Main (Europäische Verlagsanstalt), 1978.{{ISBN|3-548-351-522}}[[ISBN (identifier)|ISBN]]&nbsp;[[Special:BookSources/3-548-351-522|<bdi>3-548-351-522</bdi>]] * ''Lieber Genosse Bloch ...'' ''Briefe von Rudi Dutschke, Gretchen Dutschke-Klotz und Karola Bloch 1968-1979 (Dear Comrade Bloch...: Wasiku daga Rudi Dutschke, Gretchen Dutschke-Klotz, da Karola Bloch 1968-1979)'' . Editoci. Karola Bloch da Welf Schröter, Mössingen-Talheim (Talheimer Verlag), 1988.{{ISBN|3-893-760-016}}[[ISBN (identifier)|ISBN]]&nbsp;[[Special:BookSources/3-893-760-016|<bdi>3-893-760-016</bdi>]] * "Utopie da Hoffnung" Beiträge zur Aktualität Ernst Blochs (Utopia da Bege: Gudunmawa ga Dacewar Ernst Bloch)", Eds. Karola Bloch da Jürgen C Strohmaier, Mössingen-Talheim (Talheim Verlag), 1989. == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Mutuwan 1994]] [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1905]] 7x62hbf31zewno52x5hj24vyumya73d 0 163259 895269 2026-08-11T22:21:46Z Nnamadee 31123 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1315298024|Elisabeth von Knobelsdorff]]" 895269 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Elisabeth von Knobelsdorff''' (17 ga Yuni 1877 - 20 ga Afrilu 1959) [[Injiniyoyi|injiniya ce]] kuma [[Masanin gine-gine da zane|mai zane-zanen]] Jamus. == Rayuwa ta farko == An haife ta a ranar 17 ga Yuni 1877 a [[Postdam|Potsdam]] . Iyayenta sune Manjo Janar [[Heinrich Wilhelm Kurt von Knobelsdorff]] (an haife shi 1850) da Marie Elizabeth Fancis Gertrud Dyhrenfurth (an haife shi 1856). == Ilimi == A shekarar 1906, Elisabeth von Knobelsdorff ta kammala karatunta daga [[Makarantar Gaskiya|makarantar firamare]] a [[München|Munich]] . A shekarar 1907, ta fara karatun gine-gine a Jami'ar TH Charlottenburg, da farko a matsayin ɗalibi mai masaukin baki, bayan shigar mata jami'o'i a Masarautar Prussia a shekarar 1909. Ta kammala karatunta a shekarar 1911, a matsayin mace ta farko da ta samu takardar shaidar digiri a fannin injiniya a Jamus. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Ingenieurkammer Niedersachsen – Studierende |url=http://www.ingenieurkammer.de/wb/pages/themen/nachwuchs/studierende.php |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171227061929/http://www.ingenieurkammer.de/wb/pages/themen/nachwuchs/studierende.php |archive-date=2017-12-27 |access-date=2017-12-26 |website=ingenieurkammer.de}}</ref> == Sana'a == A shekarar 1912, ta zama mace ta farko da ta zama memba a [[Architekten- und Ingenieur-Verein zu Berlin|Ƙungiyar Masu Zane-zane da Injiniyoyi]] a Berlin (AIV) kuma ta halarci baje kolin "Mace a Gida da Aiki", wani nunin motsi na mata . Masu shirya wannan baje kolin sun haɗa da goggon ta Gertrud Dyrenfurth (1862-1946), wacce ke zaune a gidan dangin kusa da Wrocław . A [[Yaƙin Duniya na I|Yaƙin Duniya na Ɗaya]], ta yi aiki a matsayin "mai zane a filin wasa a matsayin laftanar " a cikin hukumar ginin sojoji a Doberitz kusa da Potsdam, da kuma Babban Kwamandan Sojojin Jamus a Belgium da aka mamaye . Bayan Yaƙin Duniya na Ɗaya, ta yi aiki a matsayin mai zane a gwamnatin lardin da ke [[Postdam|Potsdam]] . A shekarar 1921, ta ci jarrabawar jiha ga hukumar gine-gine, kuma aka sake naɗa ta a matsayin mace ta farko a Jamus, wacce ta zama kwararriyar mai gini ga gwamnati. A shekarar 1922, ta auri Kurt Wilhelm Viktor von Tippelskirch, manajan Legation a Ofishin Harkokin Waje, sannan aka sake ta a shekarar 1923 (kamar yadda ta yi aure) daga aikin gwamnati. Daga nan ta yi aiki a matsayin mai zane mai zaman kansa a Berlin-Charlottenburg, har sai da ta raka mijinta zuwa Amurka a shekarar 1927. Bayan dawowarsu a shekarar 1938, ma'auratan sun zauna a Silesia, inda aka kore su a ƙarshen [[Yaƙin Duniya na II|Yaƙin Duniya na Biyu]] . Elisabeth von Knobelsdorff ta zauna a Bassum kusa da Bremen daga 1946 har zuwa rasuwarta a ranar 20 ga Afrilu 1959. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Die erste Studentin: Elisabeth von Knobelsdorff (1877–1959) |url=https://archiv.pressestelle.tu-berlin.de/doku/200jahre/ausstellung/treppenwest/nr.32/nr32.4a.htm |access-date=2017-12-26 |website=archiv.pressestelle.tu-berlin.de}}</ref> == Tunawa == Jami'ar Fasaha ta Hamburg (TUHH) ta sanya wa Elisabeth von Knobelsdorff ɗaki a shekarar 2022, tare da waɗanda suka yi wa Elsbeth Steinheil, mace ta farko da ta kammala karatun injiniyan injiniya a Jamus, da kuma [[Verena Wein-Wilke]], wacce ita ce mace ta farko da ta kammala karatun digiri a TUHH, a fannin gine-gine. <ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-06-10 |title=Namensgebung Lernräume in B |url=https://www.asta.tuhh.de/aktuelles/namensgebung-lernr%C3%A4ume-in-b/ |access-date=2024-09-16 |website=asta.tuhh.de |language=de}}</ref> == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Mutuwan 1959]] [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1877]] rrr5xqv13yniopo9im1pae7yoax8hme 895270 895269 2026-08-11T22:22:09Z Nnamadee 31123 895270 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Elisabeth von Knobelsdorff''' (17 ga Yuni 1877 - 20 ga Afrilu 1959) [[Injiniyoyi|injiniya ce]] kuma [[Masanin gine-gine da zane|mai zane-zanen]] Jamus. == Rayuwa ta farko == An haife ta a ranar 17 ga Yuni 1877 a [[Postdam|Potsdam]] . Iyayenta sune Manjo Janar [[Heinrich Wilhelm Kurt von Knobelsdorff]] (an haife shi 1850) da Marie Elizabeth Fancis Gertrud Dyhrenfurth (an haife shi 1856). == Ilimi == A shekarar 1906, Elisabeth von Knobelsdorff ta kammala karatunta daga [[Makarantar Gaskiya|makarantar firamare]] a [[München|Munich]] . A shekarar 1907, ta fara karatun gine-gine a Jami'ar TH Charlottenburg, da farko a matsayin ɗalibi mai masaukin baki, bayan shigar mata jami'o'i a Masarautar Prussia a shekarar 1909. Ta kammala karatunta a shekarar 1911, a matsayin mace ta farko da ta samu takardar shaidar digiri a fannin injiniya a Jamus. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Ingenieurkammer Niedersachsen – Studierende |url=http://www.ingenieurkammer.de/wb/pages/themen/nachwuchs/studierende.php |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171227061929/http://www.ingenieurkammer.de/wb/pages/themen/nachwuchs/studierende.php |archive-date=2017-12-27 |access-date=2017-12-26 |website=ingenieurkammer.de}}</ref> == Sana'a == A shekarar 1912, ta zama mace ta farko da ta zama memba a [[Architekten- und Ingenieur-Verein zu Berlin|Ƙungiyar Masu Zane-zane da Injiniyoyi]] a Berlin (AIV) kuma ta halarci baje kolin "Mace a Gida da Aiki", wani nunin motsi na mata . Masu shirya wannan baje kolin sun haɗa da goggon ta Gertrud Dyrenfurth (1862-1946), wacce ke zaune a gidan dangin kusa da Wrocław . A [[Yaƙin Duniya na I|Yaƙin Duniya na Ɗaya]], ta yi aiki a matsayin "mai zane a filin wasa a matsayin laftanar " a cikin hukumar ginin sojoji a Doberitz kusa da Potsdam, da kuma Babban Kwamandan Sojojin Jamus a Belgium da aka mamaye . Bayan Yaƙin Duniya na Ɗaya, ta yi aiki a matsayin mai zane a gwamnatin lardin da ke [[Postdam|Potsdam]] . A shekarar 1921, ta ci jarrabawar jiha ga hukumar gine-gine, kuma aka sake naɗa ta a matsayin mace ta farko a Jamus, wacce ta zama kwararriyar mai gini ga gwamnati. A shekarar 1922, ta auri Kurt Wilhelm Viktor von Tippelskirch, manajan Legation a Ofishin Harkokin Waje, sannan aka sake ta a shekarar 1923 (kamar yadda ta yi aure) daga aikin gwamnati. Daga nan ta yi aiki a matsayin mai zane mai zaman kansa a Berlin-Charlottenburg, har sai da ta raka mijinta zuwa Amurka a shekarar 1927. Bayan dawowarsu a shekarar 1938, ma'auratan sun zauna a Silesia, inda aka kore su a ƙarshen [[Yaƙin Duniya na II|Yaƙin Duniya na Biyu]] . Elisabeth von Knobelsdorff ta zauna a Bassum kusa da Bremen daga 1946 har zuwa rasuwarta a ranar 20 ga Afrilu 1959. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Die erste Studentin: Elisabeth von Knobelsdorff (1877–1959) |url=https://archiv.pressestelle.tu-berlin.de/doku/200jahre/ausstellung/treppenwest/nr.32/nr32.4a.htm |access-date=2017-12-26 |website=archiv.pressestelle.tu-berlin.de}}</ref> == Tunawa == Jami'ar Fasaha ta Hamburg (TUHH) ta sanya wa Elisabeth von Knobelsdorff ɗaki a shekarar 2022, tare da waɗanda suka yi wa Elsbeth Steinheil, mace ta farko da ta kammala karatun injiniyan injiniya a Jamus, da kuma [[Verena Wein-Wilke]], wacce ita ce mace ta farko da ta kammala karatun digiri a TUHH, a fannin gine-gine. <ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-06-10 |title=Namensgebung Lernräume in B |url=https://www.asta.tuhh.de/aktuelles/namensgebung-lernr%C3%A4ume-in-b/ |access-date=2024-09-16 |website=asta.tuhh.de |language=de}}</ref> == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Mutuwan 1959]] [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1877]] g2qxj05dc4nhhzk10pamr2anj8h9nrx 895371 895270 2026-08-12T06:32:51Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 895371 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Elisabeth von Knobelsdorff''' (17 ga Yuni 1877 - 20 ga Afrilu 1959) [[Injiniyoyi|injiniya ce]] kuma [[Masanin gine-gine da zane|mai zane-zanen]] Jamus. == Rayuwa ta farko == An haife ta a ranar 17 ga Yuni 1877 a [[Postdam|Potsdam]] . Iyayenta sune Manjo Janar [[Heinrich Wilhelm Kurt von Knobelsdorff]] (an haife shi 1850) da Marie Elizabeth Fancis Gertrud Dyhrenfurth (an haife shi 1856). == Ilimi == A shekarar 1906, Elisabeth von Knobelsdorff ta kammala karatunta daga [[Makarantar Gaskiya|makarantar firamare]] a [[München|Munich]] . A shekarar 1907, ta fara karatun gine-gine a Jami'ar TH Charlottenburg, da farko a matsayin ɗalibi mai masaukin baki, bayan shigar mata jami'o'i a Masarautar Prussia a shekarar 1909. Ta kammala karatunta a shekarar 1911, a matsayin mace ta farko da ta samu takardar shaidar digiri a fannin injiniya a Jamus. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Ingenieurkammer Niedersachsen – Studierende |url=http://www.ingenieurkammer.de/wb/pages/themen/nachwuchs/studierende.php |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171227061929/http://www.ingenieurkammer.de/wb/pages/themen/nachwuchs/studierende.php |archive-date=2017-12-27 |access-date=2017-12-26 |website=ingenieurkammer.de}}</ref> == Sana'a == A shekarar 1912, ta zama mace ta farko da ta zama memba a [[Architekten- und Ingenieur-Verein zu Berlin|Ƙungiyar Masu Zane-zane da Injiniyoyi]] a Berlin (AIV) kuma ta halarci baje kolin "Mace a Gida da Aiki", wani nunin motsi na mata . Masu shirya wannan baje kolin sun haɗa da goggon ta Gertrud Dyrenfurth (1862-1946), wacce ke zaune a gidan dangin kusa da Wrocław . A [[Yaƙin Duniya na I|Yaƙin Duniya na Ɗaya]], ta yi aiki a matsayin "mai zane a filin wasa a matsayin laftanar " a cikin hukumar ginin sojoji a Doberitz kusa da Potsdam, da kuma Babban Kwamandan Sojojin Jamus a Belgium da aka mamaye . Bayan Yaƙin Duniya na Ɗaya, ta yi aiki a matsayin mai zane a gwamnatin lardin da ke [[Postdam|Potsdam]] . A shekarar 1921, ta ci jarrabawar jiha ga hukumar gine-gine, kuma aka sake naɗa ta a matsayin mace ta farko a Jamus, wacce ta zama kwararriyar mai gini ga gwamnati. A shekarar 1922, ta auri Kurt Wilhelm Viktor von Tippelskirch, manajan Legation a Ofishin Harkokin Waje, sannan aka sake ta a shekarar 1923 (kamar yadda ta yi aure) daga aikin gwamnati. Daga nan ta yi aiki a matsayin mai zane mai zaman kansa a Berlin-Charlottenburg, har sai da ta raka mijinta zuwa Amurka a shekarar 1927. Bayan dawowarsu a shekarar 1938, ma'auratan sun zauna a Silesia, inda aka kore su a ƙarshen [[Yaƙin Duniya na II|Yaƙin Duniya na Biyu]] . Elisabeth von Knobelsdorff ta zauna a Bassum kusa da Bremen daga 1946 har zuwa rasuwarta a ranar 20 ga Afrilu 1959. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Die erste Studentin: Elisabeth von Knobelsdorff (1877–1959) |url=https://archiv.pressestelle.tu-berlin.de/doku/200jahre/ausstellung/treppenwest/nr.32/nr32.4a.htm |access-date=2017-12-26 |website=archiv.pressestelle.tu-berlin.de |archive-date=2017-12-27 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171227122239/https://archiv.pressestelle.tu-berlin.de/doku/200jahre/ausstellung/treppenwest/nr.32/nr32.4a.htm |url-status=dead }}</ref> == Tunawa == Jami'ar Fasaha ta Hamburg (TUHH) ta sanya wa Elisabeth von Knobelsdorff ɗaki a shekarar 2022, tare da waɗanda suka yi wa Elsbeth Steinheil, mace ta farko da ta kammala karatun injiniyan injiniya a Jamus, da kuma [[Verena Wein-Wilke]], wacce ita ce mace ta farko da ta kammala karatun digiri a TUHH, a fannin gine-gine. <ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-06-10 |title=Namensgebung Lernräume in B |url=https://www.asta.tuhh.de/aktuelles/namensgebung-lernr%C3%A4ume-in-b/ |access-date=2024-09-16 |website=asta.tuhh.de |language=de}}</ref> == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Mutuwan 1959]] [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1877]] qet7atbqujg37yxafs6bwoh5px4bjhc 0 163260 895271 2026-08-11T22:22:44Z Nnamadee 31123 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1238733400|Sigrid Kressmann-Zschach]]" 895271 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Sigrid Kressmann-Zschach''' (1929-1990) ƙwararren [[Masanin gine-gine da zane|mai zane ne]] na Jamus, 'yar kasuwa, kuma ɗan kasuwa. Ayyukanta da ta fi shahara su ne gine-ginen ''Ku'Damm Karrée'' da ''Steglitzer Kreisel'' da ke [[Berlin]] . == Tarihin Rayuwa == [[Fayil:B-Steglitz_Okt12_Kreisel.jpg|thumb|200x200px| ''Steglitzer Kreisel'', Berlin]] An haifi Sigrid Zschach a [[Leipzig]] a ranar 27 ga Yuli, 1929. Ta kammala karatun digiri a fannin gine-gine a Jami'ar Fasaha ta Dresden . A shekarun 1950 ta ƙaura zuwa Berlin. Kressmann-Zschach ya yi aure sau uku kuma an san yana da masoya da yawa. Ta shahara a matsayin mace mai hazaka da wadata, amma kuma saboda salonta, gashinta mai launin ruwan kasa da kuma kyawunta. Auren Kressmann-Zschach na biyu ya kasance da Willy Kressmann, magajin garin gundumar Berlin-Kreuzberg mai arziki. Hakan ya ba ta damar shiga 'ƙungiyar' ta Berlin kuma ta sami damar samun bayanai game da sabbin ayyukan gini. Kressmann-Zschach ya ji labarin shirin gina sabon tsarin jirgin ƙasa na Steglitz kuma ya samar da ƙira don ginin ofis mai hawa 30, tare da tashar jirgin ƙasa a cikin ginshiki da kuma babban shagon siyayya na farko a Jamus. Ta sami kwangilar DM miliyan 180 don wannan shirin, wanda aka fi sani da ''Steglitzer Kreisel'' . Aikin ya haifar da badakala akai-akai yayin da farashin ya yi tashin gwauron zabi, kuma daga karshe kamfanin raya kasa na Kressman-Zschach ya fatara. <ref name="Kreisel Skandal" /> A ƙarshe Kressmann-Zschach ya ɗauki ma'aikata sama da 300 aiki. A shekarar 1971, lokacin da ta ɗauki ma'aikata 200 aiki, an ruwaito cewa ta ƙi zaɓen majalisar ayyuka, tana korafin cewa ma'aikatanta suna ɓatar da kashi ɗaya bisa uku na lokacinsu a tattaunawa maimakon aiki. Ta kori shugabannin ƙungiyoyi uku sannan ta rage wa wani matsayi. Duk da haka, a cikin wannan shekarar Kressmann-Zschach ta kai ma'aikatanta tafiya zuwa New York ta hanyar biyan kuɗi, a madadin alƙawarin da suka yi na zama tare da kamfanin na wani lokaci. <ref name="Wie Soraya" /> Kressmann-Zschach ya mutu sakamakon cutar kansa yana da shekaru 61, a ranar 28 ga Oktoba 1990. Labarin mutuwarta ya yi mata lakabi da cewa ta ba wa Berlin wani yanki na ' [[Dallas]] ' ko ' [[Denver]] '. <ref name="Speigel Obit" /> [[Fayil:Jerusalemkirche_Berlin.jpg|thumb|200x200px| ''Jerusalemer Kirche'', Friedrichstadt]] == Ayyuka masu shahara == * Jerusalemer Kirche, Friedrichstadt, Berlin (1968) * Steglitzer Kreisel, Steglitz, Berlin (1968-1974) * Dandalin Kurfürstendamm, Berlin == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1929]] fijvkenihch1rk54it1t39in6zzfsk1 895272 895271 2026-08-11T22:23:07Z Nnamadee 31123 895272 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Sigrid Kressmann-Zschach''' (1929-1990) ƙwararren [[Masanin gine-gine da zane|mai zane ne]] na Jamus, 'yar kasuwa, kuma ɗan kasuwa. Ayyukanta da ta fi shahara su ne gine-ginen ''Ku'Damm Karrée'' da ''Steglitzer Kreisel'' da ke [[Berlin]] . == Tarihin Rayuwa == [[Fayil:B-Steglitz_Okt12_Kreisel.jpg|thumb|200x200px| ''Steglitzer Kreisel'', Berlin]] An haifi Sigrid Zschach a [[Leipzig]] a ranar 27 ga Yuli, 1929. Ta kammala karatun digiri a fannin gine-gine a Jami'ar Fasaha ta Dresden . A shekarun 1950 ta ƙaura zuwa Berlin. Kressmann-Zschach ya yi aure sau uku kuma an san yana da masoya da yawa. Ta shahara a matsayin mace mai hazaka da wadata, amma kuma saboda salonta, gashinta mai launin ruwan kasa da kuma kyawunta. Auren Kressmann-Zschach na biyu ya kasance da Willy Kressmann, magajin garin gundumar Berlin-Kreuzberg mai arziki. Hakan ya ba ta damar shiga 'ƙungiyar' ta Berlin kuma ta sami damar samun bayanai game da sabbin ayyukan gini. Kressmann-Zschach ya ji labarin shirin gina sabon tsarin jirgin ƙasa na Steglitz kuma ya samar da ƙira don ginin ofis mai hawa 30, tare da tashar jirgin ƙasa a cikin ginshiki da kuma babban shagon siyayya na farko a Jamus. Ta sami kwangilar DM miliyan 180 don wannan shirin, wanda aka fi sani da ''Steglitzer Kreisel'' . Aikin ya haifar da badakala akai-akai yayin da farashin ya yi tashin gwauron zabi, kuma daga karshe kamfanin raya kasa na Kressman-Zschach ya fatara. <ref name="Kreisel Skandal" /> A ƙarshe Kressmann-Zschach ya ɗauki ma'aikata sama da 300 aiki. A shekarar 1971, lokacin da ta ɗauki ma'aikata 200 aiki, an ruwaito cewa ta ƙi zaɓen majalisar ayyuka, tana korafin cewa ma'aikatanta suna ɓatar da kashi ɗaya bisa uku na lokacinsu a tattaunawa maimakon aiki. Ta kori shugabannin ƙungiyoyi uku sannan ta rage wa wani matsayi. Duk da haka, a cikin wannan shekarar Kressmann-Zschach ta kai ma'aikatanta tafiya zuwa New York ta hanyar biyan kuɗi, a madadin alƙawarin da suka yi na zama tare da kamfanin na wani lokaci. <ref name="Wie Soraya" /> Kressmann-Zschach ya mutu sakamakon cutar kansa yana da shekaru 61, a ranar 28 ga Oktoba 1990. Labarin mutuwarta ya yi mata lakabi da cewa ta ba wa Berlin wani yanki na ' [[Dallas]] ' ko ' [[Denver]] '. <ref name="Speigel Obit" /> [[Fayil:Jerusalemkirche_Berlin.jpg|thumb|200x200px| ''Jerusalemer Kirche'', Friedrichstadt]] == Ayyuka masu shahara == * Jerusalemer Kirche, Friedrichstadt, Berlin (1968) * Steglitzer Kreisel, Steglitz, Berlin (1968-1974) * Dandalin Kurfürstendamm, Berlin == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1929]] 2o3gkxs6jiztj7vqs52b1i9i6ia75wx 895273 895272 2026-08-11T22:23:57Z Nnamadee 31123 895273 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Sigrid Kressmann-Zschach''' (1929-1990) ƙwararren [[Masanin gine-gine da zane|mai zane ne]] na Jamus, 'yar kasuwa, kuma ɗan kasuwa. Ayyukanta da ta fi shahara su ne gine-ginen ''Ku'Damm Karrée'' da ''Steglitzer Kreisel'' da ke [[Berlin]] . == Tarihin Rayuwa == [[Fayil:B-Steglitz_Okt12_Kreisel.jpg|thumb|200x200px| ''Steglitzer Kreisel'', Berlin]] An haifi Sigrid Zschach a [[Leipzig]] a ranar 27 ga Yuli, 1929. Ta kammala karatun digiri a fannin gine-gine a Jami'ar Fasaha ta Dresden . A shekarun 1950 ta ƙaura zuwa Berlin. Kressmann-Zschach ya yi aure sau uku kuma an san yana da masoya da yawa. Ta shahara a matsayin mace mai hazaka da wadata, amma kuma saboda salonta, gashinta mai launin ruwan kasa da kuma kyawunta.<ref>Wie Soraya, Der Spiegel, 19 July 1971. Retrieved 2012-02-10.</ref> Auren Kressmann-Zschach na biyu ya kasance da Willy Kressmann, magajin garin gundumar Berlin-Kreuzberg mai arziki. Hakan ya ba ta damar shiga 'ƙungiyar' ta Berlin kuma ta sami damar samun bayanai game da sabbin ayyukan gini. Kressmann-Zschach ya ji labarin shirin gina sabon tsarin jirgin ƙasa na Steglitz kuma ya samar da ƙira don ginin ofis mai hawa 30, tare da tashar jirgin ƙasa a cikin ginshiki da kuma babban shagon siyayya na farko a Jamus. Ta sami kwangilar DM miliyan 180 don wannan shirin, wanda aka fi sani da ''Steglitzer Kreisel'' . Aikin ya haifar da badakala akai-akai yayin da farashin ya yi tashin gwauron zabi, kuma daga karshe kamfanin raya kasa na Kressman-Zschach ya fatara. <ref name="Kreisel Skandal" /> A ƙarshe Kressmann-Zschach ya ɗauki ma'aikata sama da 300 aiki. A shekarar 1971, lokacin da ta ɗauki ma'aikata 200 aiki, an ruwaito cewa ta ƙi zaɓen majalisar ayyuka, tana korafin cewa ma'aikatanta suna ɓatar da kashi ɗaya bisa uku na lokacinsu a tattaunawa maimakon aiki. Ta kori shugabannin ƙungiyoyi uku sannan ta rage wa wani matsayi. Duk da haka, a cikin wannan shekarar Kressmann-Zschach ta kai ma'aikatanta tafiya zuwa New York ta hanyar biyan kuɗi, a madadin alƙawarin da suka yi na zama tare da kamfanin na wani lokaci. <ref name="Wie Soraya" /> Kressmann-Zschach ya mutu sakamakon cutar kansa yana da shekaru 61, a ranar 28 ga Oktoba 1990. Labarin mutuwarta ya yi mata lakabi da cewa ta ba wa Berlin wani yanki na ' [[Dallas]] ' ko ' [[Denver]] '. <ref name="Speigel Obit" /> [[Fayil:Jerusalemkirche_Berlin.jpg|thumb|200x200px| ''Jerusalemer Kirche'', Friedrichstadt]] == Ayyuka masu shahara == * Jerusalemer Kirche, Friedrichstadt, Berlin (1968) * Steglitzer Kreisel, Steglitz, Berlin (1968-1974) * Dandalin Kurfürstendamm, Berlin == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1929]] p3kfh0gob7kmtftitiiokq6g8kjk8dw 0 163261 895275 2026-08-11T22:25:37Z Nnamadee 31123 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1365473488|Elisabeth Böhm]]" 895275 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Fayil:Böhm.jpg|thumb| Böhm tare da mijinta Gottfried a shekarar 2009]] '''Elisabeth Böhm''' née Haggenmüller (18 ga Yuni 1921 a Mindelheim – 6 ga Satumba 2012 a [[Köln|Cologne]] <ref>{{Cite web |date=18 June 1921 |title=WirTrauern – Gedenkseite von Elisabeth Böhm |url=http://www.wirtrauern.de/Traueranzeige/Elisabeth-Boehm# |access-date=12 September 2012 |publisher=Wirtrauern.de}}</ref> ) wata [[Masanin gine-gine da zane|mai zane ce ']] yar ƙasar Jamus wadda take aiki tare da mijinta, Gottfried Böhm . == Tarihin Rayuwa == Böhm ta yi karatun gine-gine a Jami'ar Fasaha ta Munich inda ta haɗu da Gottfried Böhm wanda ta aura a shekarar 1948. Mijinta ya karɓi aikin gine-ginen iyali a [[Köln|Cologne]] daga mahaifinsa Dominikus Böhm wanda ya mutu a shekarar 1955. Da farko, Böhm ta shafe mafi yawan lokacinta a gida tana renon 'ya'yansu huɗu, tana yin ɗan gajeren lokaci ne kawai a ofis. Daga baya ta koma aiki mai zurfi, tana tsara tsare-tsare don ayyukan gidaje da gidaje. <ref>[http://www.baunetz.de/meldungen/Meldungen_Verleihung_der_AIV-Ehrenplaketten_in_Koeln_8095.html "Die Frau an seiner Seite"], ''Baunetz'', 1 December 2000. {{In lang|de}} Retrieved 10 February 2012.</ref> Abin lura musamman shi ne ƙirar cikin gidanta na Godesburg, kusa da Bonn (1959), zauren garin Bensberg a Bergisch Gladbach (1969) da kuma ƙarin zamani zuwa Kauzenburg Castle kusa da Bad Kreuznach a farkon shekarun 1970. Tana kuma bayan ƙofar shiga mai zagaye wadda aka tsara dangane da faɗaɗa gidan wasan kwaikwayo na Stuttgart a shekarar 1984. <ref>Hiltrud Kier, ''Bauten und Projekte'' in: Kristin Feireiss (Hg.): ''Elisabeth Böhm: Stadtstrukturen und Bauten'', p. 64 {{In lang|de}}</ref> Böhm ta rayu kuma ta yi aiki a [[Köln|Cologne]] har zuwa mutuwarta. An bincika dangantakarta da mijinta da 'ya'yanta maza da kuma yadda suka mayar da martani ga mutuwarta a cikin wani shirin gaskiya na 2014 mai taken "Soyayyar Siminti — Iyalin Böhm." == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Matattun 2012]] [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1921]] s2jgrmya8h1bhcu48mnsonlagsq3zyx 895276 895275 2026-08-11T22:26:15Z Nnamadee 31123 895276 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}}[[Fayil:Böhm.jpg|thumb| Böhm tare da mijinta Gottfried a shekarar 2009]] '''Elisabeth Böhm''' née Haggenmüller (18 ga Yuni 1921 a Mindelheim – 6 ga Satumba 2012 a [[Köln|Cologne]] <ref>{{Cite web |date=18 June 1921 |title=WirTrauern – Gedenkseite von Elisabeth Böhm |url=http://www.wirtrauern.de/Traueranzeige/Elisabeth-Boehm# |access-date=12 September 2012 |publisher=Wirtrauern.de}}</ref> ) wata [[Masanin gine-gine da zane|mai zane ce ']] yar ƙasar Jamus wadda take aiki tare da mijinta, Gottfried Böhm . == Tarihin Rayuwa == Böhm ta yi karatun gine-gine a Jami'ar Fasaha ta Munich inda ta haɗu da Gottfried Böhm wanda ta aura a shekarar 1948. Mijinta ya karɓi aikin gine-ginen iyali a [[Köln|Cologne]] daga mahaifinsa Dominikus Böhm wanda ya mutu a shekarar 1955. Da farko, Böhm ta shafe mafi yawan lokacinta a gida tana renon 'ya'yansu huɗu, tana yin ɗan gajeren lokaci ne kawai a ofis. Daga baya ta koma aiki mai zurfi, tana tsara tsare-tsare don ayyukan gidaje da gidaje. <ref>[http://www.baunetz.de/meldungen/Meldungen_Verleihung_der_AIV-Ehrenplaketten_in_Koeln_8095.html "Die Frau an seiner Seite"], ''Baunetz'', 1 December 2000. {{In lang|de}} Retrieved 10 February 2012.</ref> Abin lura musamman shi ne ƙirar cikin gidanta na Godesburg, kusa da Bonn (1959), zauren garin Bensberg a Bergisch Gladbach (1969) da kuma ƙarin zamani zuwa Kauzenburg Castle kusa da Bad Kreuznach a farkon shekarun 1970. Tana kuma bayan ƙofar shiga mai zagaye wadda aka tsara dangane da faɗaɗa gidan wasan kwaikwayo na Stuttgart a shekarar 1984. <ref>Hiltrud Kier, ''Bauten und Projekte'' in: Kristin Feireiss (Hg.): ''Elisabeth Böhm: Stadtstrukturen und Bauten'', p. 64 {{In lang|de}}</ref> Böhm ta rayu kuma ta yi aiki a [[Köln|Cologne]] har zuwa mutuwarta. An bincika dangantakarta da mijinta da 'ya'yanta maza da kuma yadda suka mayar da martani ga mutuwarta a cikin wani shirin gaskiya na 2014 mai taken "Soyayyar Siminti — Iyalin Böhm." == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Matattun 2012]] [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1921]] eo3f06f01ismh7uwrk15unykjymavjj 0 163262 895277 2026-08-11T22:29:17Z Nnamadee 31123 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1358586711|Ursula Schulz-Dornburg]]" 895277 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Ursula Schulz-Dornburg''' (an haife ta a shekara ta 1938) 'yar ƙasar Jamus ce [[Photography|mai ɗaukar hoto]] kuma mai zane-zane wadda ke zaune kuma tana aiki a [[Düsseldorf]], Jamus. Hotunanta suna bin tsarin kwalliya mai sauƙi kuma sun haɗa da hanyoyin tarihi da na tunani. An fi saninta da hotunanta na tarihi a Turai, Caucasus, da Gabas ta Tsakiya. == Rayuwar farko da ilimi == An haifi Schulz-Dornburg a [[Berlin]] a shekara ta 1938. A shekarar 1958, ta koma [[München|Munich]] inda ta karanci ilimin zamantakewa a Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München . A shekarar 1959, ta koma karatun aikin jarida na daukar hoto a Cibiyar Nazarin Hotuna da ke Munich inda ta ci gaba da karatu har zuwa lokacin da aka rufe ta a shekarar 1960 saboda mutuwar wanda ya kafa ta Hans Schreiner. == Aiki == Schulz-Dornburg ta fara ɗaukar hoto tun tana ƙarama lokacin da ta gwada kyamarar gilashin kawunta mai girman gaske. <ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Ursula Schulz-Dornburg Donates Archive to the Getty Research Institute {{!}} Getty News |url=https://www.getty.edu/news/ursula-schulz-dornburg-donates-archive-to-the-getty-research-institute |access-date=2024-07-10 |website=www.getty.edu |language=en}}</ref> A shekarar 1967, ta zauna a [[New York (birni)|birnin New York]] inda ta saba da fasahar ƙasa da fasahar zane-zane, kuma ta ci gaba da bin waɗannan ayyukan fasaha bayan ta dawo Jamus. Haɗuwar farko da masu fasaha kamar Robert Frank, Ed Ruscha, Robert Smithson, Michael Heizer, Richard Long, da Walter De Maria <ref name=":1">{{Cite journal |last=Davis |first=Lorraine Anne |date=October 2019 |title=Ursula Schulz-Dornburg: Time and Time Again |journal=Black & White |issue=135 |page=88}}</ref> ta yi tasiri mai ɗorewa kan tsarin tunanin Schulz-Dornburg na daukar hoto a duk tsawon aikinta. Bayan dawowarsa Jamus, Schulz-Dornburg ya yi aikin zamantakewa musamman tare da masu shan miyagun ƙwayoyi, yana amfani da daukar hoto a matsayin wata hanyar warkarwa. <ref name=":1">{{Cite journal |last=Davis |first=Lorraine Anne |date=October 2019 |title=Ursula Schulz-Dornburg: Time and Time Again |journal=Black & White |issue=135 |page=88}}</ref> A cikin 1969, ta ɗauki hotunan filin wasan kasada a Amsterdam wanda ke jagorantar jerin hotuna na farko da aka buga a ''Abenteuerspielplätze: ein Plädoyer für wilde Spiele.'' Wannan littafin ya zama na farko daga cikin ayyukan littattafai da yawa da suka mayar da hankali kan ɗaukar hotunan Schulz-Dornburg. Aikin farko na Schulz-Dornburg ya samo asali ne daga tafiye-tafiye daban-daban na ƙasashen duniya zuwa yankunan da matafiya na ƙasashen waje ba sa samun sauƙin shiga, wanda hakan ya kafa tsarin aikinta na gaba. <ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Ursula Schulz-Dornburg Donates Archive to the Getty Research Institute {{!}} Getty News |url=https://www.getty.edu/news/ursula-schulz-dornburg-donates-archive-to-the-getty-research-institute |access-date=2024-07-10 |website=www.getty.edu |language=en}}</ref> Aikin littafinta na biyu na yin rikodin labule a Piazza San Marco da ke [[Venezia|Venice]], wanda aka kammala tare da haɗin gwiwar mai zane Katharina Sattler, ya bayyana tasirin littafin Ed Ruscha mai suna ''Every Building on Sunset Strip'' . Sauran shirye-shiryen da aka yi daga ayyukan Schulz-Dornburg na shekarun 1970 an dauki su ne a [[Myanmar|Burma]], [[Ingila]], [[Sin|China]], da [[Turkiyya]] . Tafiye-tafiyen Schulz-Dornburg na 1980 ta cikin [[Iraƙi|Iraki]], wanda ya haifar, a cikin wasu shirye-shiryen daukar hoto kan Larabawan Marsh, ya nuna muhimmin lokaci a cikin aikin Schulz-Dornburg. Hotunanta sun nuna yanayin da dausayin Mesopotamian da al'adun mazaunansu suka kasance jim kaɗan kafin a zubar da dausayin da [[Saddam Hussein]] ya umarta da kuma lalata wannan yanayin da kuma yanayin al'adu. Wannan sha'awar da ake da ita game da batutuwan muhalli ta ci gaba a wasu jerin littattafai kamar ''Ewiger Weizen'', wanda ke nuna bambancin halittu na nau'ikan alkama da raguwarsa sakamakon noman [[Noma iri Daya|al'adu]] ɗaya ta hanyar ɗaukar hotunan kunnuwa da iri na alkama sama da ɗari. Alamar aikinta mafi wanda ya fara a 1985 ''kuma'' ya ƙare a 1994 tare da izinin daukar hoto Cibiyar Vavilov a St. Ya sake samun karbuwa dangane da [[Mamayewar Rasha a Ukraine na 2022|mamayar da Rasha ta yi wa Ukraine]] . Schulz-Dornburg ta fara samun karramawa daga ƙasashen duniya ta hanyar shirin ''Sonnenstand'', wanda ke ɗauke da tarihin wuraren bauta a ɓangaren Sifaniya na hanyar Camino de Santiago . Ta yi matuƙar takaici da rugujewar da Yaƙin Tekun Faɗi na Farko ya haifar, ta nemi komawa ga lokaci da wuri na zaman lafiya da kuma wahayi daga al'adu daban-daban. Ga Schulz-Dornburg, gine-ginen Mozarabic na hermitages na ƙarni na 10 da 11 tare da Camino sun ƙunshi wannan hangen nesa na al'adu daban-daban. Mayar da hankali kan motsin haske da aka kama ta tagogi na ɗakin ibada ya fayyace salon ra'ayin Schulz-Dornburg da ƙirƙirar ma'anarta ta hanyar amfani da hulɗar haske da duhu. <ref name=":3">{{Cite journal |last=Bärmann |first=Matthias |title=As If Without Time: The Nuclear Twilight Zone |journal=Architectural Design |volume=93 |issue=4 |page=102 |doi=10.1002/ad.2959}}</ref> Duk da cewa mutane ba sa zuwa hotunan Schulz-Dornburg, aikinta yana yin tambayoyi game da tarihin ɗan adam, yanayin ɗan adam, da kuma tasirin ayyukan ɗan adam akan muhalli da yanayin al'adu. Galibi ana mayar da hankali ne kan muhallin da aka gina, wuraren kama shirye-shiryenta waɗanda ke nuna sauyi, suna cike da sauyi, ko kuma suna tsaye a matsayin ragowar wani abu da ya canza a baya. Da hotunanta tana da niyyar ɗaukar sauye-sauye a cikin ikon siyasa, tana tunani kan iyakoki da iyakoki yayin da suke fitowa da canzawa, tana barin kayan tarihi na gine-gine waɗanda yanayinsu na rashin tsari ke shaida abubuwan da suka gabata. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Baker |first=Simon |title=Ursula Schulz-Dornburg: Series and Transformations |url=https://www.schulz-dornburg.com/en/articles}}</ref> Schulz-Dornburg ya danganta waɗannan sauye-sauyen siyasa da na tarihi da tunani kan yanayin sararin samaniya game da matsayin ɗan adam a sararin samaniya. A ra'ayi da kuma a tsarin tsari, ga Schulz-Dornburg, yanayin sararin samaniya shine mafi mahimmancin haɗin kai wanda ke daidaita harbi kuma shi kansa wani yanki ne na canji. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Rynor |first=Becky |orig-date=09/07/2016 |title=An Interview with Ursula Schulz-Dornburg |url=https://www.gallery.ca/magazine/artists/an-interview-with-ursula-schulz-dornburg |journal=NGC Magazine}}</ref> Yawancin shirye-shiryen Schulz-Dornburg an ɗauki su ne da kyamarar Hasselblad, amma ga wasu shirye-shirye (musamman ''Kronstadt'' da ''Memoryscapes'' ) ta yi amfani da kyamarar Canon Ixus . Ana yin hotunan Schulz-Dornburg ne musamman a cikin baƙi da fari kuma galibi ana buga su da gelatin na azurfa, galibi ana siffanta su da salon "mai kyau" na deadpan. Wannan tsarin shirya fina-finai ya haifar da nau'ikan darussanta na yau da kullun, wanda ya sa aka haɗa ta da salon karatu tare da Makarantar Düsseldorf ta daukar hoto wadda Bernd da Hilla Becher suka wakilta. <ref name=":4">{{Cite web |last=Wilkinson |first=Tom |date=2016-10-04 |title=‘The craze for images of Communist architecture can be traced back to the work of one intrepid photographer' |url=https://www.architectural-review.com/archive/the-craze-for-images-of-communist-architecture-can-be-traced-back-to-the-work-of-one-intrepid-photographer |access-date=2024-07-10 |website=The Architectural Review |language=en}}</ref> Binciken da Schulz-Dornburg ta gudanar kan kowane fanni <ref name=":0" /> ya bai wa hotunanta niyya, kuma fahimtarsu ta ɗan lokaci ta ƙara wa matsayin da ake gani a zahiri ƙarin haske, wanda ke nuna yanayin siyasa na aikinta. <ref name=":4" /> A lokaci guda, maimaitawa daban-daban na wani tsari yana isar da takamaiman ma'anoni ta hanyar jerin su. Misali, motsin haske a ''Sonnenstand'' yana bin diddigin motsin lokaci kuma yana nuna ra'ayin dangantakar sararin samaniya tsakanin taurari, yanayi, da rayuwar ɗan adam. <ref name=":3" /> A cikin shirinta na ''Ewiger Weizen'', jerin abubuwa sun nuna bambancin kwayoyin halitta da kuma asarar da ke tattare da shi a cikin yanayin aikin gona na zamani, kuma a cikin shirinta ''na Archivo de Indias'' jerin abubuwa sun nuna burin dukkan tarihin mulkin mallaka a matakin hukuma. Yawancin jerin shirye-shiryen Schulz-Dornburg an buga su ne a cikin littattafan hotuna ko kundin bayanai na baje koli, waɗanda da yawa daga cikinsu Schulz-Dornburg da kanta ta tsara ko kuma tare da gudummawarta. Schulz-Dornburg ba ta neman sabbin ayyukan daukar hoto ba, amma ta ci gaba da nuna da kuma buga shirye-shirye daga tarihinta. A shekarar 2022, Schulz-Dornburg ta bayar da gudummawar kayan tarihinta ga Cibiyar Bincike ta Getty da ke Los Angeles inda za a tsara shi kuma a bai wa masu bincike masu ƙwarewa damar samun damarsa. <ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Ursula Schulz-Dornburg Donates Archive to the Getty Research Institute {{!}} Getty News |url=https://www.getty.edu/news/ursula-schulz-dornburg-donates-archive-to-the-getty-research-institute |access-date=2024-07-10 |website=www.getty.edu |language=en}}</ref> === Nune - Nune === Schulz-Dornburg ta yi nunin nuninta na farko a 1975 a Galerie Wittrock a Düsseldorf da kuma Galerie Heiner Friedrich a Munich wanda ke nuna jerin shirye-shiryenta ''na Vorhänge am Markusplatz'' . Ta nuna ayyukanta na farko a gidajen tarihi da gidajen tarihi daban-daban a faɗin Jamus da Austria kafin ta shiga fagen duniya tare da shirinta na ''Sonnenstand'', wanda Corcoran Gallery of Art ya saya kuma aka baje kolinsa a can da kuma a Cibiyar Fasaha ta Chicago a shekarar 1996. An gudanar da babban bincike na farko na aikin Schulz-Dornburg mai taken "Across the Territories" a Institut Valencià d'Art Modern (IVAM) a shekarar 2002, wanda ya nuna yawancin manyan shirye-shiryenta da aka ƙirƙira har zuwa wannan lokacin. Wani muhimmin nazari mai taken "The Land In-Between" an fara gudanar da shi ne a Gidan Tarihi na Städel da ke Frankfurt aM a shekarar 2018 <ref>{{Cite web |title=Ursula Schulz-Dornburg. The Land In-Between – Photographs from 1980 to 2012 {{!}} Städel Museum |url=https://newsroom.staedelmuseum.de/en/content/ursula-schulz-dornburg-land-between-photographs-1980-2012-0 |access-date=2024-07-10 |website=newsroom.staedelmuseum.de}}</ref> sannan aka daidaita shi don Maison européenne de la photographie (MEP) a shekarar 2019/2020 a ƙarƙashin taken "Zone Grise." <ref>{{Cite web |last=Subscribe |date=2019-12-04 |title=Ursula Schulz-Dornburg |url=https://www.mep-fr.org/en/event/ursula-schulz-dornburg-en/ |access-date=2024-07-10 |website=La MEP |language=en-US}}</ref> An nuna jerin shirye-shiryen Schulz-Dornburg a cikin gidajen tarihi da gidajen tarihi a faɗin duniya, kamar Bibliotheca Alexandrina, [[Gidan kayan tarihi na Biritaniya|Gidan Tarihi na Burtaniya]], Centro Fotográfico Manuel Álvares Bravo a Oaxaca, Mexico, Gidan Tarihi na Art Moderne de la Ville de Paris, Gidan Tarihi na [[Gidan kayan gargajiya na Pergamon|Pergamon]], <ref>{{Cite web |last=Berlin |first=Staatliche Museen zu |title=From Medina to the Jordanian Border |url=https://www.smb.museum/en/exhibitions/detail/from-medina-to-the-jordanian-border/ |access-date=2024-07-10 |website=www.smb.museum |language=en}}</ref> da Tate Modern . <ref>{{Cite web |last=Schulz-Dornburg |first=Ursula |title=Points of memory: Ursula Schulz-Dornburg – Tate Etc |url=https://www.tate.org.uk/tate-etc/issue-32-autumn-2014/points-memory-ursula-schulz-dornburg |access-date=2024-07-10 |website=Tate |language=en-GB}}</ref> Many of Schulz-Dornburg's exhibitions included works by Lawrence Weiner.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Ursula Schulz-Dornburg + Lawrence Weiner |url=https://www.newexhibitions.com/e/49706 |access-date=2024-07-10 |website=www.newexhibitions.com}}</ref> Duk da cewa Schulz-Dornburg ta yi ritaya daga ɗaukar hotunan sabbin ayyuka, ta ci gaba da sake duba tarihinta da kuma nuna ayyukanta a wurare daban-daban, ciki har da shirye-shirye da bugu da ba a san su ba tukuna. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Vanished Landscapes - Aedes Architecture Forum |url=https://cms.baunetz.de/cms/aedes/de/videodetail?id=20215216 |access-date=2024-07-10 |website=cms.baunetz.de}}</ref> <ref name=":5">{{Cite web |title=Kulturveranstaltungen des Instituto Cervantes |url=https://cultura.cervantes.es/munich/de/el-reparto-del-mundo/144671 |access-date=2024-07-10 |website=cultura.cervantes.es |language=de}}</ref> Yawanci tana taka rawa sosai wajen tsara baje kolin ta, tana shirya shirye-shiryenta a cikin rataye masu ma'ana da kuma haɗa abubuwa daban-daban na yau da kullun. == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1938]] [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] j58e4erm0sw92taj47gvvrhxyzg6kq7 895278 895277 2026-08-11T22:29:53Z Nnamadee 31123 895278 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Ursula Schulz-Dornburg''' (an haife ta a shekara ta 1938) 'yar ƙasar Jamus ce [[Photography|mai ɗaukar hoto]] kuma mai zane-zane wadda ke zaune kuma tana aiki a [[Düsseldorf]], Jamus. Hotunanta suna bin tsarin kwalliya mai sauƙi kuma sun haɗa da hanyoyin tarihi da na tunani. An fi saninta da hotunanta na tarihi a Turai, Caucasus, da Gabas ta Tsakiya. == Rayuwar farko da ilimi == An haifi Schulz-Dornburg a [[Berlin]] a shekara ta 1938. A shekarar 1958, ta koma [[München|Munich]] inda ta karanci ilimin zamantakewa a Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München . A shekarar 1959, ta koma karatun aikin jarida na daukar hoto a Cibiyar Nazarin Hotuna da ke Munich inda ta ci gaba da karatu har zuwa lokacin da aka rufe ta a shekarar 1960 saboda mutuwar wanda ya kafa ta Hans Schreiner. == Aiki == Schulz-Dornburg ta fara ɗaukar hoto tun tana ƙarama lokacin da ta gwada kyamarar gilashin kawunta mai girman gaske. <ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Ursula Schulz-Dornburg Donates Archive to the Getty Research Institute {{!}} Getty News |url=https://www.getty.edu/news/ursula-schulz-dornburg-donates-archive-to-the-getty-research-institute |access-date=2024-07-10 |website=www.getty.edu |language=en}}</ref> A shekarar 1967, ta zauna a [[New York (birni)|birnin New York]] inda ta saba da fasahar ƙasa da fasahar zane-zane, kuma ta ci gaba da bin waɗannan ayyukan fasaha bayan ta dawo Jamus. Haɗuwar farko da masu fasaha kamar Robert Frank, Ed Ruscha, Robert Smithson, Michael Heizer, Richard Long, da Walter De Maria <ref name=":1">{{Cite journal |last=Davis |first=Lorraine Anne |date=October 2019 |title=Ursula Schulz-Dornburg: Time and Time Again |journal=Black & White |issue=135 |page=88}}</ref> ta yi tasiri mai ɗorewa kan tsarin tunanin Schulz-Dornburg na daukar hoto a duk tsawon aikinta. Bayan dawowarsa Jamus, Schulz-Dornburg ya yi aikin zamantakewa musamman tare da masu shan miyagun ƙwayoyi, yana amfani da daukar hoto a matsayin wata hanyar warkarwa. <ref name=":1">{{Cite journal |last=Davis |first=Lorraine Anne |date=October 2019 |title=Ursula Schulz-Dornburg: Time and Time Again |journal=Black & White |issue=135 |page=88}}</ref> A cikin 1969, ta ɗauki hotunan filin wasan kasada a Amsterdam wanda ke jagorantar jerin hotuna na farko da aka buga a ''Abenteuerspielplätze: ein Plädoyer für wilde Spiele.'' Wannan littafin ya zama na farko daga cikin ayyukan littattafai da yawa da suka mayar da hankali kan ɗaukar hotunan Schulz-Dornburg. Aikin farko na Schulz-Dornburg ya samo asali ne daga tafiye-tafiye daban-daban na ƙasashen duniya zuwa yankunan da matafiya na ƙasashen waje ba sa samun sauƙin shiga, wanda hakan ya kafa tsarin aikinta na gaba. <ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Ursula Schulz-Dornburg Donates Archive to the Getty Research Institute {{!}} Getty News |url=https://www.getty.edu/news/ursula-schulz-dornburg-donates-archive-to-the-getty-research-institute |access-date=2024-07-10 |website=www.getty.edu |language=en}}</ref> Aikin littafinta na biyu na yin rikodin labule a Piazza San Marco da ke [[Venezia|Venice]], wanda aka kammala tare da haɗin gwiwar mai zane Katharina Sattler, ya bayyana tasirin littafin Ed Ruscha mai suna ''Every Building on Sunset Strip'' . Sauran shirye-shiryen da aka yi daga ayyukan Schulz-Dornburg na shekarun 1970 an dauki su ne a [[Myanmar|Burma]], [[Ingila]], [[Sin|China]], da [[Turkiyya]] . Tafiye-tafiyen Schulz-Dornburg na 1980 ta cikin [[Iraƙi|Iraki]], wanda ya haifar, a cikin wasu shirye-shiryen daukar hoto kan Larabawan Marsh, ya nuna muhimmin lokaci a cikin aikin Schulz-Dornburg. Hotunanta sun nuna yanayin da dausayin Mesopotamian da al'adun mazaunansu suka kasance jim kaɗan kafin a zubar da dausayin da [[Saddam Hussein]] ya umarta da kuma lalata wannan yanayin da kuma yanayin al'adu. Wannan sha'awar da ake da ita game da batutuwan muhalli ta ci gaba a wasu jerin littattafai kamar ''Ewiger Weizen'', wanda ke nuna bambancin halittu na nau'ikan alkama da raguwarsa sakamakon noman [[Noma iri Daya|al'adu]] ɗaya ta hanyar ɗaukar hotunan kunnuwa da iri na alkama sama da ɗari. Alamar aikinta mafi wanda ya fara a 1985 ''kuma'' ya ƙare a 1994 tare da izinin daukar hoto Cibiyar Vavilov a St. Ya sake samun karbuwa dangane da [[Mamayewar Rasha a Ukraine na 2022|mamayar da Rasha ta yi wa Ukraine]] . Schulz-Dornburg ta fara samun karramawa daga ƙasashen duniya ta hanyar shirin ''Sonnenstand'', wanda ke ɗauke da tarihin wuraren bauta a ɓangaren Sifaniya na hanyar Camino de Santiago . Ta yi matuƙar takaici da rugujewar da Yaƙin Tekun Faɗi na Farko ya haifar, ta nemi komawa ga lokaci da wuri na zaman lafiya da kuma wahayi daga al'adu daban-daban. Ga Schulz-Dornburg, gine-ginen Mozarabic na hermitages na ƙarni na 10 da 11 tare da Camino sun ƙunshi wannan hangen nesa na al'adu daban-daban. Mayar da hankali kan motsin haske da aka kama ta tagogi na ɗakin ibada ya fayyace salon ra'ayin Schulz-Dornburg da ƙirƙirar ma'anarta ta hanyar amfani da hulɗar haske da duhu. <ref name=":3">{{Cite journal |last=Bärmann |first=Matthias |title=As If Without Time: The Nuclear Twilight Zone |journal=Architectural Design |volume=93 |issue=4 |page=102 |doi=10.1002/ad.2959}}</ref> Duk da cewa mutane ba sa zuwa hotunan Schulz-Dornburg, aikinta yana yin tambayoyi game da tarihin ɗan adam, yanayin ɗan adam, da kuma tasirin ayyukan ɗan adam akan muhalli da yanayin al'adu. Galibi ana mayar da hankali ne kan muhallin da aka gina, wuraren kama shirye-shiryenta waɗanda ke nuna sauyi, suna cike da sauyi, ko kuma suna tsaye a matsayin ragowar wani abu da ya canza a baya. Da hotunanta tana da niyyar ɗaukar sauye-sauye a cikin ikon siyasa, tana tunani kan iyakoki da iyakoki yayin da suke fitowa da canzawa, tana barin kayan tarihi na gine-gine waɗanda yanayinsu na rashin tsari ke shaida abubuwan da suka gabata. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Baker |first=Simon |title=Ursula Schulz-Dornburg: Series and Transformations |url=https://www.schulz-dornburg.com/en/articles}}</ref> Schulz-Dornburg ya danganta waɗannan sauye-sauyen siyasa da na tarihi da tunani kan yanayin sararin samaniya game da matsayin ɗan adam a sararin samaniya. A ra'ayi da kuma a tsarin tsari, ga Schulz-Dornburg, yanayin sararin samaniya shine mafi mahimmancin haɗin kai wanda ke daidaita harbi kuma shi kansa wani yanki ne na canji. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Rynor |first=Becky |orig-date=09/07/2016 |title=An Interview with Ursula Schulz-Dornburg |url=https://www.gallery.ca/magazine/artists/an-interview-with-ursula-schulz-dornburg |journal=NGC Magazine}}</ref> Yawancin shirye-shiryen Schulz-Dornburg an ɗauki su ne da kyamarar Hasselblad, amma ga wasu shirye-shirye (musamman ''Kronstadt'' da ''Memoryscapes'' ) ta yi amfani da kyamarar Canon Ixus . Ana yin hotunan Schulz-Dornburg ne musamman a cikin baƙi da fari kuma galibi ana buga su da gelatin na azurfa, galibi ana siffanta su da salon "mai kyau" na deadpan. Wannan tsarin shirya fina-finai ya haifar da nau'ikan darussanta na yau da kullun, wanda ya sa aka haɗa ta da salon karatu tare da Makarantar Düsseldorf ta daukar hoto wadda Bernd da Hilla Becher suka wakilta. <ref name=":4">{{Cite web |last=Wilkinson |first=Tom |date=2016-10-04 |title=‘The craze for images of Communist architecture can be traced back to the work of one intrepid photographer' |url=https://www.architectural-review.com/archive/the-craze-for-images-of-communist-architecture-can-be-traced-back-to-the-work-of-one-intrepid-photographer |access-date=2024-07-10 |website=The Architectural Review |language=en}}</ref> Binciken da Schulz-Dornburg ta gudanar kan kowane fanni <ref name=":0" /> ya bai wa hotunanta niyya, kuma fahimtarsu ta ɗan lokaci ta ƙara wa matsayin da ake gani a zahiri ƙarin haske, wanda ke nuna yanayin siyasa na aikinta. <ref name=":4" /> A lokaci guda, maimaitawa daban-daban na wani tsari yana isar da takamaiman ma'anoni ta hanyar jerin su. Misali, motsin haske a ''Sonnenstand'' yana bin diddigin motsin lokaci kuma yana nuna ra'ayin dangantakar sararin samaniya tsakanin taurari, yanayi, da rayuwar ɗan adam. <ref name=":3" /> A cikin shirinta na ''Ewiger Weizen'', jerin abubuwa sun nuna bambancin kwayoyin halitta da kuma asarar da ke tattare da shi a cikin yanayin aikin gona na zamani, kuma a cikin shirinta ''na Archivo de Indias'' jerin abubuwa sun nuna burin dukkan tarihin mulkin mallaka a matakin hukuma. Yawancin jerin shirye-shiryen Schulz-Dornburg an buga su ne a cikin littattafan hotuna ko kundin bayanai na baje koli, waɗanda da yawa daga cikinsu Schulz-Dornburg da kanta ta tsara ko kuma tare da gudummawarta. Schulz-Dornburg ba ta neman sabbin ayyukan daukar hoto ba, amma ta ci gaba da nuna da kuma buga shirye-shirye daga tarihinta. A shekarar 2022, Schulz-Dornburg ta bayar da gudummawar kayan tarihinta ga Cibiyar Bincike ta Getty da ke Los Angeles inda za a tsara shi kuma a bai wa masu bincike masu ƙwarewa damar samun damarsa. <ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Ursula Schulz-Dornburg Donates Archive to the Getty Research Institute {{!}} Getty News |url=https://www.getty.edu/news/ursula-schulz-dornburg-donates-archive-to-the-getty-research-institute |access-date=2024-07-10 |website=www.getty.edu |language=en}}</ref> === Nune - Nune === Schulz-Dornburg ta yi nunin nuninta na farko a 1975 a Galerie Wittrock a Düsseldorf da kuma Galerie Heiner Friedrich a Munich wanda ke nuna jerin shirye-shiryenta ''na Vorhänge am Markusplatz'' . Ta nuna ayyukanta na farko a gidajen tarihi da gidajen tarihi daban-daban a faɗin Jamus da Austria kafin ta shiga fagen duniya tare da shirinta na ''Sonnenstand'', wanda Corcoran Gallery of Art ya saya kuma aka baje kolinsa a can da kuma a Cibiyar Fasaha ta Chicago a shekarar 1996. An gudanar da babban bincike na farko na aikin Schulz-Dornburg mai taken "Across the Territories" a Institut Valencià d'Art Modern (IVAM) a shekarar 2002, wanda ya nuna yawancin manyan shirye-shiryenta da aka ƙirƙira har zuwa wannan lokacin. Wani muhimmin nazari mai taken "The Land In-Between" an fara gudanar da shi ne a Gidan Tarihi na Städel da ke Frankfurt aM a shekarar 2018 <ref>{{Cite web |title=Ursula Schulz-Dornburg. The Land In-Between – Photographs from 1980 to 2012 {{!}} Städel Museum |url=https://newsroom.staedelmuseum.de/en/content/ursula-schulz-dornburg-land-between-photographs-1980-2012-0 |access-date=2024-07-10 |website=newsroom.staedelmuseum.de}}</ref> sannan aka daidaita shi don Maison européenne de la photographie (MEP) a shekarar 2019/2020 a ƙarƙashin taken "Zone Grise." <ref>{{Cite web |last=Subscribe |date=2019-12-04 |title=Ursula Schulz-Dornburg |url=https://www.mep-fr.org/en/event/ursula-schulz-dornburg-en/ |access-date=2024-07-10 |website=La MEP |language=en-US}}</ref> An nuna jerin shirye-shiryen Schulz-Dornburg a cikin gidajen tarihi da gidajen tarihi a faɗin duniya, kamar Bibliotheca Alexandrina, [[Gidan kayan tarihi na Biritaniya|Gidan Tarihi na Burtaniya]], Centro Fotográfico Manuel Álvares Bravo a Oaxaca, Mexico, Gidan Tarihi na Art Moderne de la Ville de Paris, Gidan Tarihi na [[Gidan kayan gargajiya na Pergamon|Pergamon]], <ref>{{Cite web |last=Berlin |first=Staatliche Museen zu |title=From Medina to the Jordanian Border |url=https://www.smb.museum/en/exhibitions/detail/from-medina-to-the-jordanian-border/ |access-date=2024-07-10 |website=www.smb.museum |language=en}}</ref> da Tate Modern . <ref>{{Cite web |last=Schulz-Dornburg |first=Ursula |title=Points of memory: Ursula Schulz-Dornburg – Tate Etc |url=https://www.tate.org.uk/tate-etc/issue-32-autumn-2014/points-memory-ursula-schulz-dornburg |access-date=2024-07-10 |website=Tate |language=en-GB}}</ref> Many of Schulz-Dornburg's exhibitions included works by Lawrence Weiner.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Ursula Schulz-Dornburg + Lawrence Weiner |url=https://www.newexhibitions.com/e/49706 |access-date=2024-07-10 |website=www.newexhibitions.com}}</ref> Duk da cewa Schulz-Dornburg ta yi ritaya daga ɗaukar hotunan sabbin ayyuka, ta ci gaba da sake duba tarihinta da kuma nuna ayyukanta a wurare daban-daban, ciki har da shirye-shirye da bugu da ba a san su ba tukuna. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Vanished Landscapes - Aedes Architecture Forum |url=https://cms.baunetz.de/cms/aedes/de/videodetail?id=20215216 |access-date=2024-07-10 |website=cms.baunetz.de}}</ref> <ref name=":5">{{Cite web |title=Kulturveranstaltungen des Instituto Cervantes |url=https://cultura.cervantes.es/munich/de/el-reparto-del-mundo/144671 |access-date=2024-07-10 |website=cultura.cervantes.es |language=de}}</ref> Yawanci tana taka rawa sosai wajen tsara baje kolin ta, tana shirya shirye-shiryenta a cikin rataye masu ma'ana da kuma haɗa abubuwa daban-daban na yau da kullun. == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1938]] [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] 2npnaole827dro1rz079cu8r9iitpb1 0 163263 895279 2026-08-11T22:32:15Z Nnamadee 31123 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1342389880|Silke Langenberg]]" 895279 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Silke Langenberg''' ƙwararriyar masaniyar tarihi ce kuma [[Masanin gine-gine da zane|mai zane-zane]] a [[Switzerland|ƙasar Switzerland]] . Ita [[Farfesa|cikakkiyar farfesa ce]] a fannin gine-gine da kiyayewa a sashen gine-gine a ETH Zurich. == Ilimi da aiki == Langenberg ta yi karatun gine-gine a Jami'ar Dortmund da kuma a IUAV . Ta yi aiki a matsayin mataimakiyar bincike a Shugaban Binciken Kare da Gine-gine na Jami'ar Dortmund, inda aka ba ta digirin digirgir tare da digirin digirgir a fannin kimiyyar injiniya. Daga 2006 zuwa 2014, ta kasance mai bincike a ETH Zurich. Tsakanin 2011 da 2013, ta ziyarci Cibiyar Singapore-ETH don Dorewar Muhalli ta Duniya sau da yawa a matsayin mai bincike a gida. A shekarar 2014, ta karɓi matsayin farfesa a fannin Building in Existing Contexts, Preservation and Building Research a Jami'ar Applied Sciences da ke [[München|Munich]] . A ranar 1 ga Agusta, 2020 ta koma ETH Zurich don ɗaukar cikakken matsayin farfesa na biyu a Cibiyar Kare da Tarihin Gine-gine da ke ETH Zurich. A cikin tattaunawar da aka yi kan amincewa da kuma kiyaye gine-ginen shekarun 1960 da 1970, Silke Langenberg ya jaddada tun da farko kan wajibcin la'akari da fannoni na injiniya. Dangane da bincikenta kan gine-ginen tsarin, ta yi magana musamman game da rikicin da ke tsakanin manufar gini da kuma adana kayan da ke cikinsa na asali. A kan wannan dalili, ta gabatar da manufar "ƙimar canji" a cikin muhawarar ka'idar gado a shekarar 2023. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Radulescu |first=Sorana |date=2023-11-07 |title=Die Zukunft der Denkmalpflege: Ein Gespräch mit Prof. Silke Langenberg |url=https://www.baunetz-campus.de/people/die-zukunft-der-denkmalpflege-ein-gespraech-mit-prof-silke-langenberg-8406913 |journal=BauNetz Campus}}</ref> Bincikenta ya haɗa da yunƙurin daidaita hanyoyin gini da kuma tambayoyi game da haɓakawa, gyara, gane da kuma kiyaye gine-ginen da aka ƙera ta hanyar jeri, masana'antu da kuma waɗanda aka ƙera ta hanyar dijital na dogon lokaci. A shekarar 2014, ta fara wani kwas kan gyara tare da ɗalibai a Jami'ar Kimiyyar Aiki ta Munich tare da haɗin gwiwar ''Fablab'' na gida <ref>{{Cite web |title=FabLab München e.V. |url=https://www.fablab-muenchen.de |access-date=2025-05-20 |website=www.fablab-muenchen.de |language=de}}</ref> da ''Haus der Eigenarbeit.'' <ref>{{Cite web |title=Haus der Eigenarbeit |url=https://www.hei-muenchen.de |access-date=2025-05-20 |website= |language=de}}</ref> An buga sakamakon wannan haɗin gwiwa sosai <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Langenberg |first=Silke |date=2020-08-01 |title=Reparaturkultur – Vom Wert der Dinge. |url=https://www.baumeister.de/reparaturkultur/ |journal=Baumeister |volume=Jg. 117 |pages=10-12}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |last=Biennale Svizzera del Territorio |first= |date=2024-09-16 |title=Back to the Future |url=https://www.langenberg.arch.ethz.ch/diskurs/back-to-the-future/ |access-date=2025-05-20 |website=Konstruktionserbe und Denkmalpflege}}</ref> kuma an nuna su, kuma cibiyoyin ilimi daban-daban a faɗin Jamus da Switzerland sun amince da su a jere. Ta kasance memba a kwamitin da aka kafa don kafa Shirin Bincike na Jamus "Gine-gine a matsayin Gado na Al'adu". A matsayin martani ga tambayoyin da aka tattauna a cikin wannan tsari, ta sanya wa matsayinta na farfesa suna "Gado da Kare Gine-gine" kuma ta kafa wani fanni na bincike da ra'ayi na musamman a ETH Zurich, wanda ke hulɗa da fahimtar da yaɗa sabbin abubuwa a cikin tsarin gini, hanyoyin gini da fasaha. Sakamakon haka, matsayinta na farfesa yana da alaƙa da Cibiyar Kare da Tarihin Gine-gine da kuma Cibiyar Fasaha a Gine-gine da ke ETH Zurich. Silke Langenberg memba ne na Ƙungiyar Injiniyoyi da Masu Zane-zane ta Switzerland (SIA Zurich Section), <ref>{{Cite web |title=Swiss Society of Engineers and Architects (SIA) |url=https://www.sia.ch/en/cms/organisation/about |access-date=2025-05-20 |website=www.sia.ch}}</ref> memba ne mai alaƙa da Ƙungiyar Masu Zane-zane ta Switzerland (BSA) <ref>{{Cite web |title=Federation of Swiss Architects |url=https://www.bsa-fas.ch/en/ |access-date=2025-05-20 |website=www.bsa-fas.ch}}</ref> da sauran ƙungiyoyin ƙwararru na kimiyya da yawa. == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1974]] ama7x71cdrb49uy2s8r6ag0967sfcxt 895280 895279 2026-08-11T22:32:40Z Nnamadee 31123 895280 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Silke Langenberg''' ƙwararriyar masaniyar tarihi ce kuma [[Masanin gine-gine da zane|mai zane-zane]] a [[Switzerland|ƙasar Switzerland]] . Ita [[Farfesa|cikakkiyar farfesa ce]] a fannin gine-gine da kiyayewa a sashen gine-gine a ETH Zurich. == Ilimi da aiki == Langenberg ta yi karatun gine-gine a Jami'ar Dortmund da kuma a IUAV . Ta yi aiki a matsayin mataimakiyar bincike a Shugaban Binciken Kare da Gine-gine na Jami'ar Dortmund, inda aka ba ta digirin digirgir tare da digirin digirgir a fannin kimiyyar injiniya. Daga 2006 zuwa 2014, ta kasance mai bincike a ETH Zurich. Tsakanin 2011 da 2013, ta ziyarci Cibiyar Singapore-ETH don Dorewar Muhalli ta Duniya sau da yawa a matsayin mai bincike a gida. A shekarar 2014, ta karɓi matsayin farfesa a fannin Building in Existing Contexts, Preservation and Building Research a Jami'ar Applied Sciences da ke [[München|Munich]] . A ranar 1 ga Agusta, 2020 ta koma ETH Zurich don ɗaukar cikakken matsayin farfesa na biyu a Cibiyar Kare da Tarihin Gine-gine da ke ETH Zurich. A cikin tattaunawar da aka yi kan amincewa da kuma kiyaye gine-ginen shekarun 1960 da 1970, Silke Langenberg ya jaddada tun da farko kan wajibcin la'akari da fannoni na injiniya. Dangane da bincikenta kan gine-ginen tsarin, ta yi magana musamman game da rikicin da ke tsakanin manufar gini da kuma adana kayan da ke cikinsa na asali. A kan wannan dalili, ta gabatar da manufar "ƙimar canji" a cikin muhawarar ka'idar gado a shekarar 2023. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Radulescu |first=Sorana |date=2023-11-07 |title=Die Zukunft der Denkmalpflege: Ein Gespräch mit Prof. Silke Langenberg |url=https://www.baunetz-campus.de/people/die-zukunft-der-denkmalpflege-ein-gespraech-mit-prof-silke-langenberg-8406913 |journal=BauNetz Campus}}</ref> Bincikenta ya haɗa da yunƙurin daidaita hanyoyin gini da kuma tambayoyi game da haɓakawa, gyara, gane da kuma kiyaye gine-ginen da aka ƙera ta hanyar jeri, masana'antu da kuma waɗanda aka ƙera ta hanyar dijital na dogon lokaci. A shekarar 2014, ta fara wani kwas kan gyara tare da ɗalibai a Jami'ar Kimiyyar Aiki ta Munich tare da haɗin gwiwar ''Fablab'' na gida <ref>{{Cite web |title=FabLab München e.V. |url=https://www.fablab-muenchen.de |access-date=2025-05-20 |website=www.fablab-muenchen.de |language=de}}</ref> da ''Haus der Eigenarbeit.'' <ref>{{Cite web |title=Haus der Eigenarbeit |url=https://www.hei-muenchen.de |access-date=2025-05-20 |website= |language=de}}</ref> An buga sakamakon wannan haɗin gwiwa sosai <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Langenberg |first=Silke |date=2020-08-01 |title=Reparaturkultur – Vom Wert der Dinge. |url=https://www.baumeister.de/reparaturkultur/ |journal=Baumeister |volume=Jg. 117 |pages=10-12}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |last=Biennale Svizzera del Territorio |first= |date=2024-09-16 |title=Back to the Future |url=https://www.langenberg.arch.ethz.ch/diskurs/back-to-the-future/ |access-date=2025-05-20 |website=Konstruktionserbe und Denkmalpflege}}</ref> kuma an nuna su, kuma cibiyoyin ilimi daban-daban a faɗin Jamus da Switzerland sun amince da su a jere. Ta kasance memba a kwamitin da aka kafa don kafa Shirin Bincike na Jamus "Gine-gine a matsayin Gado na Al'adu". A matsayin martani ga tambayoyin da aka tattauna a cikin wannan tsari, ta sanya wa matsayinta na farfesa suna "Gado da Kare Gine-gine" kuma ta kafa wani fanni na bincike da ra'ayi na musamman a ETH Zurich, wanda ke hulɗa da fahimtar da yaɗa sabbin abubuwa a cikin tsarin gini, hanyoyin gini da fasaha. Sakamakon haka, matsayinta na farfesa yana da alaƙa da Cibiyar Kare da Tarihin Gine-gine da kuma Cibiyar Fasaha a Gine-gine da ke ETH Zurich. Silke Langenberg memba ne na Ƙungiyar Injiniyoyi da Masu Zane-zane ta Switzerland (SIA Zurich Section), <ref>{{Cite web |title=Swiss Society of Engineers and Architects (SIA) |url=https://www.sia.ch/en/cms/organisation/about |access-date=2025-05-20 |website=www.sia.ch}}</ref> memba ne mai alaƙa da Ƙungiyar Masu Zane-zane ta Switzerland (BSA) <ref>{{Cite web |title=Federation of Swiss Architects |url=https://www.bsa-fas.ch/en/ |access-date=2025-05-20 |website=www.bsa-fas.ch}}</ref> da sauran ƙungiyoyin ƙwararru na kimiyya da yawa. == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1974]] 5q5ciee1cotxvr7u1fdztpu4uqacrvc 0 163264 895281 2026-08-11T22:33:48Z Nnamadee 31123 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1342465577|Eva Buhrich]]" 895281 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Eva Buhrich''' (1915–1976) wata mai zane ce kuma marubuciya 'yar ƙasar Jamus wadda ta tsere daga Jamus a zamanin Nazi a shekarun 1930, ta yi ƙaura zuwa Ostiraliya kuma ta zama fitacciyar mai sharhi kan gine-gine. == Tarihin Rayuwa == An haife ta a shekarar 1915 a [[Nuremberg]] ga iyayenta Yahudawa, Buhrich ta fara karatun gine-gine a shekarar 1933 a wata jami'a da ke [[München|Munich]]. Matsalolin da gwamnatin Nazi ta fuskanta sun tilasta mata ƙaura zuwa Berlin, inda ta ci gaba da karatu a ƙarƙashin mai zane Hans Poelzig, mai tsara zane na zamani, sannan ta koma Zurich, inda ta kammala karatunta na difloma a shekarar 1937 a jami'ar fasaha, ƙarƙashin Otto Salvisberg. Duk da cewa an ba ta tallafin karatu na digiri na biyu don gudanar da bincike a makarantu, barazanar da ke shirin kunno kai a yakin duniya na biyu ta sa Buhrich ta yi hijira zuwa Ostiraliya a shekarar 1939 tare da mijinta, Hugh Buhrich, wanda ta haɗu da shi a Munich yayin da suke ɗaliban gine-gine kuma suka yi aure a shekarar 1938. <ref name="Dictionary of Sydney Entry: Buhrich, Eva">{{Cite web |last=Hanna |first=Bronwyn |title=Dictionary of Sydney Entry: Buhrich, Eva |url=http://www.dictionaryofsydney.org/entry/buhrich_eva |access-date=7 March 2015 |website=dictionaryofsydney.org/entry/buhrich_eva}}</ref> Duk da cewa ya yi karatu a jami'o'in Turai masu daraja, ba a amince da cancantar Buhrich a Ostiraliya ba. Farfesa Alfred Hook na Jami'ar Sydney ya taimaka wa Buhrich da mijinta wajen samun aiki a wani aikin gine-gine da Heather Sutherland da Malcom Moir ke gudanarwa a [[Kanberra|Canberra]] . A shekarar 1940, ba da daɗewa ba kafin iyalin suka ƙaura zuwa [[Sydney]], Eva Buhrich ta haifi tagwaye Neil da Clive. <ref name="Dictionary of Sydney Entry: Buhrich, Eva">{{Cite web |last=Hanna |first=Bronwyn |title=Dictionary of Sydney Entry: Buhrich, Eva |url=http://www.dictionaryofsydney.org/entry/buhrich_eva |access-date=7 March 2015 |website=dictionaryofsydney.org/entry/buhrich_eva}}</ref> Wannan lokaci ne da mata da yawa suka fuskanci nau'ikan wariya ta sirri da ta kai tsaye a cikin ma'aikata, kamar ƙarancin albashi. Bayan ta yi aiki a matsayin mai zane a Tashar Gine-gine ta Commonwealth da kuma haɗin gwiwar mijinta, Eva Buhrich ta kafa kanta a matsayin marubuciya kuma edita a shekarun 1950. Tsakanin shekarun 1940 zuwa 1950, rubutunta ya bayyana a cikin ''[[Jaridar Mata ta Australia|littafin The Australian Women's Weekly]]'', ''Woman'', ''Walkabout'' da ''House and Garden'', da sauran littattafai, a wasu lokutan ana ɗaukar sunayen maza. Abin lura shi ne, Buhrich ya rubuta wani rubutu a cikin jaridar ''Sydney Morning Herald'' daga 1957 zuwa ƙarshen shekarun 1960 <ref>{{Cite web |last=Harding |first=Laura |date=30 April 2012 |title=Learning from Eva |url=https://archiparlour.org/learning-from-eva/ |archive-url= |archive-date= |access-date=9 March 2019 |website=Parlour}}</ref> kuma ya buga littafin ''Patios and Outdoor Living Areas'' a 1973. Tare da mijinta, Buhrich ta taka muhimmiyar rawa wajen fafutukar hana rushe ginin Walter Burley Griffin - wanda aka ƙera [[Walter Burley Griffin Incinerator, Willoughby|Willoughby Incinerator]] a shekarar 1975. An gudanar da tarurruka don kafa Walter Burley Griffin Trust (NSW) a gidansu. Buhrich shine fuskar kamfen ɗin, wanda ya yi nasarar tattara tallafi kuma daga ƙarshe ya ceci wurin ƙona wutar. <ref name="BUHRICH, Hugh (1911-2004) and Eva (1915-1976), Willoughby District Historical Society">{{Cite web |title=BUHRICH, Hugh (1911–2004) and Eva (1915–1976), Willoughby District Historical Society |url=http://willoughbydhs.org.au/ |access-date=7 March 2015 |website=willoughbydhs.org.au}}</ref> Eva Buhrich ta mutu a watan Maris na shekarar 1976 bayan ta kamu da cutar kansa. <ref name="http://www.dictionaryofsydney.org/entry/buhrich_eva">{{Cite web |last=Hanna |first=Bronwyn |title=Dictionary of Sydney Entry: Buhrich, Eva |url=http://www.dictionaryofsydney.org/entry/buhrich_eva |access-date=7 March 2015}}</ref> == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Mutuwan 1976]] [[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1915]] tlxcv8nuuvv6us26wi5jq0pzm0ap9gp 895282 895281 2026-08-11T22:34:18Z Nnamadee 31123 895282 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Eva Buhrich''' (1915–1976) wata mai zane ce kuma marubuciya 'yar ƙasar Jamus wadda ta tsere daga Jamus a zamanin Nazi a shekarun 1930, ta yi ƙaura zuwa Ostiraliya kuma ta zama fitacciyar mai sharhi kan gine-gine. == Tarihin Rayuwa == An haife ta a shekarar 1915 a [[Nuremberg]] ga iyayenta Yahudawa, Buhrich ta fara karatun gine-gine a shekarar 1933 a wata jami'a da ke [[München|Munich]]. Matsalolin da gwamnatin Nazi ta fuskanta sun tilasta mata ƙaura zuwa Berlin, inda ta ci gaba da karatu a ƙarƙashin mai zane Hans Poelzig, mai tsara zane na zamani, sannan ta koma Zurich, inda ta kammala karatunta na difloma a shekarar 1937 a jami'ar fasaha, ƙarƙashin Otto Salvisberg. Duk da cewa an ba ta tallafin karatu na digiri na biyu don gudanar da bincike a makarantu, barazanar da ke shirin kunno kai a yakin duniya na biyu ta sa Buhrich ta yi hijira zuwa Ostiraliya a shekarar 1939 tare da mijinta, Hugh Buhrich, wanda ta haɗu da shi a Munich yayin da suke ɗaliban gine-gine kuma suka yi aure a shekarar 1938. <ref name="Dictionary of Sydney Entry: Buhrich, Eva">{{Cite web |last=Hanna |first=Bronwyn |title=Dictionary of Sydney Entry: Buhrich, Eva |url=http://www.dictionaryofsydney.org/entry/buhrich_eva |access-date=7 March 2015 |website=dictionaryofsydney.org/entry/buhrich_eva}}</ref> Duk da cewa ya yi karatu a jami'o'in Turai masu daraja, ba a amince da cancantar Buhrich a Ostiraliya ba. Farfesa Alfred Hook na Jami'ar Sydney ya taimaka wa Buhrich da mijinta wajen samun aiki a wani aikin gine-gine da Heather Sutherland da Malcom Moir ke gudanarwa a [[Kanberra|Canberra]] . A shekarar 1940, ba da daɗewa ba kafin iyalin suka ƙaura zuwa [[Sydney]], Eva Buhrich ta haifi tagwaye Neil da Clive. <ref name="Dictionary of Sydney Entry: Buhrich, Eva">{{Cite web |last=Hanna |first=Bronwyn |title=Dictionary of Sydney Entry: Buhrich, Eva |url=http://www.dictionaryofsydney.org/entry/buhrich_eva |access-date=7 March 2015 |website=dictionaryofsydney.org/entry/buhrich_eva}}</ref> Wannan lokaci ne da mata da yawa suka fuskanci nau'ikan wariya ta sirri da ta kai tsaye a cikin ma'aikata, kamar ƙarancin albashi. Bayan ta yi aiki a matsayin mai zane a Tashar Gine-gine ta Commonwealth da kuma haɗin gwiwar mijinta, Eva Buhrich ta kafa kanta a matsayin marubuciya kuma edita a shekarun 1950. Tsakanin shekarun 1940 zuwa 1950, rubutunta ya bayyana a cikin ''[[Jaridar Mata ta Australia|littafin The Australian Women's Weekly]]'', ''Woman'', ''Walkabout'' da ''House and Garden'', da sauran littattafai, a wasu lokutan ana ɗaukar sunayen maza. Abin lura shi ne, Buhrich ya rubuta wani rubutu a cikin jaridar ''Sydney Morning Herald'' daga 1957 zuwa ƙarshen shekarun 1960 <ref>{{Cite web |last=Harding |first=Laura |date=30 April 2012 |title=Learning from Eva |url=https://archiparlour.org/learning-from-eva/ |archive-url= |archive-date= |access-date=9 March 2019 |website=Parlour}}</ref> kuma ya buga littafin ''Patios and Outdoor Living Areas'' a 1973. Tare da mijinta, Buhrich ta taka muhimmiyar rawa wajen fafutukar hana rushe ginin Walter Burley Griffin - wanda aka ƙera [[Walter Burley Griffin Incinerator, Willoughby|Willoughby Incinerator]] a shekarar 1975. An gudanar da tarurruka don kafa Walter Burley Griffin Trust (NSW) a gidansu. Buhrich shine fuskar kamfen ɗin, wanda ya yi nasarar tattara tallafi kuma daga ƙarshe ya ceci wurin ƙona wutar. <ref name="BUHRICH, Hugh (1911-2004) and Eva (1915-1976), Willoughby District Historical Society">{{Cite web |title=BUHRICH, Hugh (1911–2004) and Eva (1915–1976), Willoughby District Historical Society |url=http://willoughbydhs.org.au/ |access-date=7 March 2015 |website=willoughbydhs.org.au}}</ref> Eva Buhrich ta mutu a watan Maris na shekarar 1976 bayan ta kamu da cutar kansa. <ref name="http://www.dictionaryofsydney.org/entry/buhrich_eva">{{Cite web |last=Hanna |first=Bronwyn |title=Dictionary of Sydney Entry: Buhrich, Eva |url=http://www.dictionaryofsydney.org/entry/buhrich_eva |access-date=7 March 2015}}</ref> == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Mutuwan 1976]] [[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1915]] nnrmmrpywk2kv6xnbsybvncudec57ti 0 163265 895283 2026-08-11T22:35:23Z Nnamadee 31123 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1348076929|Käthe Menzel-Jordan]]" 895283 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Käthe Menzel-Jordan''' (ɗan '''Hertel''' ; 7 ga Satumba 1916 - 1 ga Maris 2026) ƙwararren mai zane ne kuma mai kiyayewa na Jamus. Ta yi aiki musamman a fannin gyara gine-ginen tarihi a Erfurt da kuma yankin bayan lalata Yaƙin Duniya na Biyu, ciki har da Gidan Goethe da ke Weimar, da kuma Augustinerkloster da Schloss Molsdorf da ke Erfurt. == Rayuwa da aiki == An haifi Käthe Hertel a [[Erfurt]] a ranar 7 ga Satumba 1916. <ref name="Kirchenkreis">{{Cite web |date=31 August 2016 |title=Käthe Menzel-Jordan wird 100 Jahre alt |url=https://www.kirchenkreis-erfurt.de/kontakt-und-service/aktuelles/kaethe-menzel-jordan-wird-100-jahre-alt.html |access-date=19 September 2016 |website=Kirchenkreis Erfurt |language=de}}</ref> <ref name="TA">{{Cite web |date=1 March 2026 |title=Älteste Erfurterin gestorben: Im Stadtbild finden sich ihre Spuren |url=https://www.thueringer-allgemeine.de/lokales/erfurt/article411349981/aelteste-erfurterin-gestorben-im-stadtbild-finden-sich-ihre-spuren.html |access-date=3 March 2026 |website=Thuringer Allgemeine |language=de}}</ref> Kakanta Reinhold Schreiber yana da kasuwancin gini a kan Michaelisstraße da ke Erfurt kuma ɗan kwangilar gini ne mai aiki tuƙuru a kwata na ƙarshe na ƙarni na 19. Saboda haka Menzel-Jordan ta yanke shawarar yin aiki a fannin gine-gine. A shekarun 1930, Menzel-Jordan ya yi karatun gine-gine da tarihin fasaha a Technische Hochschule Dresden . Barkewar [[Yaƙin Duniya na II|Yaƙin Duniya na Biyu]] ya ba ta mamaki a can; ta yanke shawarar amfani da wata dama ta horo kuma ta yi aiki da harkokin gudanar da kasuwanci da gudanarwar fasaha. Ta tsira daga hare-haren sama da aka kai wa Dresden bisa kuskure, domin tana hutun gida a lokacin. <ref name="TA">{{Cite web |date=1 March 2026 |title=Älteste Erfurterin gestorben: Im Stadtbild finden sich ihre Spuren |url=https://www.thueringer-allgemeine.de/lokales/erfurt/article411349981/aelteste-erfurterin-gestorben-im-stadtbild-finden-sich-ihre-spuren.html |access-date=3 March 2026 |website=Thuringer Allgemeine |language=de}}</ref> Da ta dawo, an lalata gidanta na Dresden tare da duk kayanta da kuma rubutun da ta riga ta fara. [[Fayil:Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-67222-0001,_Weimar,_Frauenplan,_Goethehaus.jpg|thumb| Gidan Goethe da aka gina a Weimar a shekarar 1959]] Bayan dawowarta, Menzel-Jordan ta ɗauki nauyin ayyukan tsaro na gaggawa da dama da gangan don rage ƙarancin gidaje a Weimar wanda hare-haren sama suka lalata shi ma. <ref name="Kirchenkreis">{{Cite web |date=31 August 2016 |title=Käthe Menzel-Jordan wird 100 Jahre alt |url=https://www.kirchenkreis-erfurt.de/kontakt-und-service/aktuelles/kaethe-menzel-jordan-wird-100-jahre-alt.html |access-date=19 September 2016 |website=Kirchenkreis Erfurt |language=de}}</ref> Ta sami damar kammala horonta tare da gwamnatin jihar Thuringian . Ta sami umarni daga hedikwatar Soviet da ke Weimar don tabbatar da tsaron Gidan Goethe da ya lalace da kuma gyara shi. An yi ayyuka iri ɗaya da yawa har zuwa lokacin da aka kafa Gabashin Jamus . Menzel-Jordan ta yanke shawarar faɗaɗa iliminta na sana'a ta hanyar ƙara karatu a Dresden. <ref name="TA">{{Cite web |date=1 March 2026 |title=Älteste Erfurterin gestorben: Im Stadtbild finden sich ihre Spuren |url=https://www.thueringer-allgemeine.de/lokales/erfurt/article411349981/aelteste-erfurterin-gestorben-im-stadtbild-finden-sich-ihre-spuren.html |access-date=3 March 2026 |website=Thuringer Allgemeine |language=de}}</ref> Takardar digirinta, wacce aka gabatar a shekarar 1955, ta yi magana game da kimanin injinan ruwa 50 da suka wanzu a Erfurt tun zamanin Tsakiyar Zamani. <ref name="d187">{{Cite web |title=Erfurt, eine Stadt der Wassermühlen : Unters. über d. Art u. Form d. mittelalterl. Mühlen in Erfurt sowie d. Bedinggn ihrer Existenz |url=https://www.deutsche-digitale-bibliothek.de/item/RYGEL5I2UM3DQFTXFSOX4Q3FXGJZFQI4 |access-date=7 March 2026 |website=Deutsche Digitale Bibliothek |language=de}}</ref> A matsayinta na mai gine-gine mai zaman kansa a zamanin Ulbricht, Menzel-Jordan da farko ta sami tayi ne kawai waɗanda ba su kawo mata ƙalubale ga ƙwarewarta ta ƙirƙira da iliminta ba, amma daga ƙarshe ta sami babban fanni na aiki tare da haɗin gwiwar hukumomin ginin coci a Erfurt da kuma daga baya sassan gine-gine na gwamnatin birni. Ita ce ta jagoranci aikin dawo da Augustinerkloster da Augustinerkirche, <ref name="AK">{{Cite web |title=Kirche und Kloster – Zeittafel |url=http://www.augustinerkloster.de/kirche-und-kloster/zeittafel.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121010184005/http://www.augustinerkloster.de/kirche-und-kloster/zeittafel.html |archive-date=10 October 2012 |website=Evangelisches Augustinerkloster zu Erfurt |language=de}}</ref> waɗanda bama-baman ma'adinai na Burtaniya suka lalata, da kuma mayar da shi wurin taro da tarurrukan coci. <ref name="AK" /> [[Fayil:Haus_zum_Leoparden_in_der_Michaelisstraße_-_panoramio_(cropped).jpg|left|thumb| Haus zum Leoparden, Erfurt]] Ita ce ta jagoranci gyaran farko na yawancin gidaje a kan Krämerbrücke na musamman a Erfurt; sauran ayyukan sun haɗa da gidan Zur Hohenlilie, Barfüßerkirche, Angermuseum, Predigerkirche <ref name="Schilling">{{Cite web |last=Schilling |first=Lutz |date=2016 |title=Hundert und kein bisschen leise. Der Personenfonds der Architektin Käthe Menzel-Jordan im Staatsarchiv Gotha |url=https://zs.thulb.uni-jena.de/servlets/MCRFileNodeServlet/jportal_derivate_00249542/2016-23.pdf |access-date=6 March 2026 |website=Archive in Thüringen. Mitteilungsblatt. |publisher={{ill|Staatsarchiv Gotha|de}} |pages=49–50 |language=de}}</ref> da Predigerkloster, <ref name="Erfurt">{{Cite web |date=1 March 2026 |title=Ehrung für ihr Lebenswerk: Dr.-Ing. Käthe Menzel-Jordan |url=https://www.erfurt.de/ef/de/erleben/entdecken/ehrenbuerger/151140.html#pk_campaign=Redirector-Webcode&pk_kwd=ef151140 |access-date=4 March 2026 |website=[[Erfurt]] |language=de}}</ref> Reglerkirche, tsohuwar jami'a, <ref name="Schilling" /> gidaje a cikin {{Interlanguage link|Michaelisstraße|de|Michaelisstraße (Erfurt)}} <ref name="Kirchenkreis">{{Cite web |date=31 August 2016 |title=Käthe Menzel-Jordan wird 100 Jahre alt |url=https://www.kirchenkreis-erfurt.de/kontakt-und-service/aktuelles/kaethe-menzel-jordan-wird-100-jahre-alt.html |access-date=19 September 2016 |website=Kirchenkreis Erfurt |language=de}}</ref> da kuma a Domplatz, da Krönbacken, <ref name="Erfurt" /> da Michaeliskirche, da Schloss Molsdorf . <ref name="TA">{{Cite web |date=1 March 2026 |title=Älteste Erfurterin gestorben: Im Stadtbild finden sich ihre Spuren |url=https://www.thueringer-allgemeine.de/lokales/erfurt/article411349981/aelteste-erfurterin-gestorben-im-stadtbild-finden-sich-ihre-spuren.html |access-date=3 March 2026 |website=Thuringer Allgemeine |language=de}}</ref> <ref name="Schilling" /> Ayyukanta sun haɗa da ƙarin coci-coci, gidaje da gidaje kusan 50 a faɗin Thuringia. <ref name="Schilling" /> == Hotunan Hotuna == <gallery mode="packed" heights="180px"> Fayil:Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-Z1205-001,_Erfurt,_Domplatz,_Haus_zur_hohen_Lilie.jpg| Haus zur hohen Lilie, Erfurt, in 1981 Fayil:19850704500MNR_Erfurt_Augustinerkloster.jpg|alt=Augustinerkloster, Erfurt, in 1985| Augustinerkloster, Erfurt, a shekarar 1985 Fayil:Molsdorf_schloss_castle.JPG| Schloss Molsdorf </gallery> == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Mutuwan 2026]] 8ox5ps99ybeutqp6vtef6wumbh1nshi 895284 895283 2026-08-11T22:35:50Z Nnamadee 31123 895284 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Käthe Menzel-Jordan''' (ɗan '''Hertel''' ; 7 ga Satumba 1916 - 1 ga Maris 2026) ƙwararren mai zane ne kuma mai kiyayewa na Jamus. Ta yi aiki musamman a fannin gyara gine-ginen tarihi a Erfurt da kuma yankin bayan lalata Yaƙin Duniya na Biyu, ciki har da Gidan Goethe da ke Weimar, da kuma Augustinerkloster da Schloss Molsdorf da ke Erfurt. == Rayuwa da aiki == An haifi Käthe Hertel a [[Erfurt]] a ranar 7 ga Satumba 1916. <ref name="Kirchenkreis">{{Cite web |date=31 August 2016 |title=Käthe Menzel-Jordan wird 100 Jahre alt |url=https://www.kirchenkreis-erfurt.de/kontakt-und-service/aktuelles/kaethe-menzel-jordan-wird-100-jahre-alt.html |access-date=19 September 2016 |website=Kirchenkreis Erfurt |language=de}}</ref> <ref name="TA">{{Cite web |date=1 March 2026 |title=Älteste Erfurterin gestorben: Im Stadtbild finden sich ihre Spuren |url=https://www.thueringer-allgemeine.de/lokales/erfurt/article411349981/aelteste-erfurterin-gestorben-im-stadtbild-finden-sich-ihre-spuren.html |access-date=3 March 2026 |website=Thuringer Allgemeine |language=de}}</ref> Kakanta Reinhold Schreiber yana da kasuwancin gini a kan Michaelisstraße da ke Erfurt kuma ɗan kwangilar gini ne mai aiki tuƙuru a kwata na ƙarshe na ƙarni na 19. Saboda haka Menzel-Jordan ta yanke shawarar yin aiki a fannin gine-gine. A shekarun 1930, Menzel-Jordan ya yi karatun gine-gine da tarihin fasaha a Technische Hochschule Dresden . Barkewar [[Yaƙin Duniya na II|Yaƙin Duniya na Biyu]] ya ba ta mamaki a can; ta yanke shawarar amfani da wata dama ta horo kuma ta yi aiki da harkokin gudanar da kasuwanci da gudanarwar fasaha. Ta tsira daga hare-haren sama da aka kai wa Dresden bisa kuskure, domin tana hutun gida a lokacin. <ref name="TA">{{Cite web |date=1 March 2026 |title=Älteste Erfurterin gestorben: Im Stadtbild finden sich ihre Spuren |url=https://www.thueringer-allgemeine.de/lokales/erfurt/article411349981/aelteste-erfurterin-gestorben-im-stadtbild-finden-sich-ihre-spuren.html |access-date=3 March 2026 |website=Thuringer Allgemeine |language=de}}</ref> Da ta dawo, an lalata gidanta na Dresden tare da duk kayanta da kuma rubutun da ta riga ta fara. [[Fayil:Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-67222-0001,_Weimar,_Frauenplan,_Goethehaus.jpg|thumb| Gidan Goethe da aka gina a Weimar a shekarar 1959]] Bayan dawowarta, Menzel-Jordan ta ɗauki nauyin ayyukan tsaro na gaggawa da dama da gangan don rage ƙarancin gidaje a Weimar wanda hare-haren sama suka lalata shi ma. <ref name="Kirchenkreis">{{Cite web |date=31 August 2016 |title=Käthe Menzel-Jordan wird 100 Jahre alt |url=https://www.kirchenkreis-erfurt.de/kontakt-und-service/aktuelles/kaethe-menzel-jordan-wird-100-jahre-alt.html |access-date=19 September 2016 |website=Kirchenkreis Erfurt |language=de}}</ref> Ta sami damar kammala horonta tare da gwamnatin jihar Thuringian . Ta sami umarni daga hedikwatar Soviet da ke Weimar don tabbatar da tsaron Gidan Goethe da ya lalace da kuma gyara shi. An yi ayyuka iri ɗaya da yawa har zuwa lokacin da aka kafa Gabashin Jamus . Menzel-Jordan ta yanke shawarar faɗaɗa iliminta na sana'a ta hanyar ƙara karatu a Dresden. <ref name="TA">{{Cite web |date=1 March 2026 |title=Älteste Erfurterin gestorben: Im Stadtbild finden sich ihre Spuren |url=https://www.thueringer-allgemeine.de/lokales/erfurt/article411349981/aelteste-erfurterin-gestorben-im-stadtbild-finden-sich-ihre-spuren.html |access-date=3 March 2026 |website=Thuringer Allgemeine |language=de}}</ref> Takardar digirinta, wacce aka gabatar a shekarar 1955, ta yi magana game da kimanin injinan ruwa 50 da suka wanzu a Erfurt tun zamanin Tsakiyar Zamani. <ref name="d187">{{Cite web |title=Erfurt, eine Stadt der Wassermühlen : Unters. über d. Art u. Form d. mittelalterl. Mühlen in Erfurt sowie d. Bedinggn ihrer Existenz |url=https://www.deutsche-digitale-bibliothek.de/item/RYGEL5I2UM3DQFTXFSOX4Q3FXGJZFQI4 |access-date=7 March 2026 |website=Deutsche Digitale Bibliothek |language=de}}</ref> A matsayinta na mai gine-gine mai zaman kansa a zamanin Ulbricht, Menzel-Jordan da farko ta sami tayi ne kawai waɗanda ba su kawo mata ƙalubale ga ƙwarewarta ta ƙirƙira da iliminta ba, amma daga ƙarshe ta sami babban fanni na aiki tare da haɗin gwiwar hukumomin ginin coci a Erfurt da kuma daga baya sassan gine-gine na gwamnatin birni. Ita ce ta jagoranci aikin dawo da Augustinerkloster da Augustinerkirche, <ref name="AK">{{Cite web |title=Kirche und Kloster – Zeittafel |url=http://www.augustinerkloster.de/kirche-und-kloster/zeittafel.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121010184005/http://www.augustinerkloster.de/kirche-und-kloster/zeittafel.html |archive-date=10 October 2012 |website=Evangelisches Augustinerkloster zu Erfurt |language=de}}</ref> waɗanda bama-baman ma'adinai na Burtaniya suka lalata, da kuma mayar da shi wurin taro da tarurrukan coci. <ref name="AK" /> [[Fayil:Haus_zum_Leoparden_in_der_Michaelisstraße_-_panoramio_(cropped).jpg|left|thumb| Haus zum Leoparden, Erfurt]] Ita ce ta jagoranci gyaran farko na yawancin gidaje a kan Krämerbrücke na musamman a Erfurt; sauran ayyukan sun haɗa da gidan Zur Hohenlilie, Barfüßerkirche, Angermuseum, Predigerkirche <ref name="Schilling">{{Cite web |last=Schilling |first=Lutz |date=2016 |title=Hundert und kein bisschen leise. Der Personenfonds der Architektin Käthe Menzel-Jordan im Staatsarchiv Gotha |url=https://zs.thulb.uni-jena.de/servlets/MCRFileNodeServlet/jportal_derivate_00249542/2016-23.pdf |access-date=6 March 2026 |website=Archive in Thüringen. Mitteilungsblatt. |publisher={{ill|Staatsarchiv Gotha|de}} |pages=49–50 |language=de}}</ref> da Predigerkloster, <ref name="Erfurt">{{Cite web |date=1 March 2026 |title=Ehrung für ihr Lebenswerk: Dr.-Ing. Käthe Menzel-Jordan |url=https://www.erfurt.de/ef/de/erleben/entdecken/ehrenbuerger/151140.html#pk_campaign=Redirector-Webcode&pk_kwd=ef151140 |access-date=4 March 2026 |website=[[Erfurt]] |language=de}}</ref> Reglerkirche, tsohuwar jami'a, <ref name="Schilling" /> gidaje a cikin {{Interlanguage link|Michaelisstraße|de|Michaelisstraße (Erfurt)}} <ref name="Kirchenkreis">{{Cite web |date=31 August 2016 |title=Käthe Menzel-Jordan wird 100 Jahre alt |url=https://www.kirchenkreis-erfurt.de/kontakt-und-service/aktuelles/kaethe-menzel-jordan-wird-100-jahre-alt.html |access-date=19 September 2016 |website=Kirchenkreis Erfurt |language=de}}</ref> da kuma a Domplatz, da Krönbacken, <ref name="Erfurt" /> da Michaeliskirche, da Schloss Molsdorf . <ref name="TA">{{Cite web |date=1 March 2026 |title=Älteste Erfurterin gestorben: Im Stadtbild finden sich ihre Spuren |url=https://www.thueringer-allgemeine.de/lokales/erfurt/article411349981/aelteste-erfurterin-gestorben-im-stadtbild-finden-sich-ihre-spuren.html |access-date=3 March 2026 |website=Thuringer Allgemeine |language=de}}</ref> <ref name="Schilling" /> Ayyukanta sun haɗa da ƙarin coci-coci, gidaje da gidaje kusan 50 a faɗin Thuringia. <ref name="Schilling" /> == Hotunan Hotuna == <gallery mode="packed" heights="180px"> Fayil:Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-Z1205-001,_Erfurt,_Domplatz,_Haus_zur_hohen_Lilie.jpg| Haus zur hohen Lilie, Erfurt, in 1981 Fayil:19850704500MNR_Erfurt_Augustinerkloster.jpg|alt=Augustinerkloster, Erfurt, in 1985| Augustinerkloster, Erfurt, a shekarar 1985 Fayil:Molsdorf_schloss_castle.JPG| Schloss Molsdorf </gallery> == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Mutuwan 2026]] qcs2gf3wxgotek9w3j94pu3ddgyrsze 0 163266 895285 2026-08-11T22:37:26Z Nnamadee 31123 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1368608384|Anne Imhof]]" 895285 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Anne Imhof''' (an haife ta a shekara ta 1978 a Giessen, Jamus) 'yar ƙasar Jamus ce mai zane-zane, mai tsara rawa, kuma mai wasan kwaikwayo wadda ke zaune da aiki tsakanin [[Frankfurt]], Paris da Los Angeles. <ref name="Baer-Bogenschütz-2019">{{Cite web |last=Baer-Bogenschütz |first=Dorothee |date=28 March 2019 |title=Angst vor der Unendlichkeit |url=https://www.giessener-allgemeine.de/giessen/angst-unendlichkeit-11952491.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260115052013/https://www.giessener-allgemeine.de/giessen/angst-unendlichkeit-11952491.html |archive-date=15 January 2026 |access-date=4 December 2025 |website=Giessener Allgemeine |language=de}}</ref> <ref name="Kunsthaus Bregenz">{{Cite web |last= |first= |title=Anne Imhof: Wish You Were Gay |url=https://www.kunsthaus-bregenz.at/ausstellungen/anne-imhof |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260114075929/https://www.kunsthaus-bregenz.at/ausstellungen/anne-imhof |archive-date=14 January 2026 |access-date=16 December 2025 |website=Kunsthaus Bregenz |language=de}}</ref> An fi saninta da fasahar jurewa (wanda kuma aka sani da wasan kwaikwayo na tsawon lokaci), kodayake ta ambaci zane da zane a matsayin muhimmin abu a cikin aikinta. <ref>{{Cite web |date=30 August 2021 |title=Anne Imhof {{!}} Making both moving and still pictures by pointing to the history of painting |url=https://sunpride.hk/anne-imhof-making-moving-still-pictures-pointing-history-painting/}}</ref> <ref name="Art Basel">{{Cite web |title=Anne Imhof: 'Art is only possible together' |url=https://www.artbasel.com/stories/meet-the-artists-anne-imhof |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241216012819/https://www.artbasel.com/stories/meet-the-artists-anne-imhof |archive-date=16 December 2024 |access-date=3 December 2025 |website=Art Basel |language=en}}</ref> <ref name="SUNPRIDE FOUNDATION | 驕陽基金會-2021">{{Cite web |date=30 August 2021 |title=Anne Imhof {{!}} Making both moving and still pictures by pointing to the history of painting |url=https://sunpride.hk/anne-imhof-making-moving-still-pictures-pointing-history-painting/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251219065559/https://sunpride.hk/anne-imhof-making-moving-still-pictures-pointing-history-painting/ |archive-date=19 December 2025 |access-date=17 December 2025 |website=SUNPRIDE FOUNDATION {{!}} 驕陽基金會 |language=en-US}}</ref> A cikin 2015, an ba ta kyautar Preis der Nationalgalerie. <ref name="Monopol Magazin-2015">{{Cite web |date=19 September 2015 |title=Anne Imhof gewinnt |url=https://www.monopol-magazin.de/anne-imhof-gewinnt |access-date=17 December 2025 |website=Monopol Magazin |language=de}}</ref> A shekarar 2017, ta sami lambar zinare ta Golden Lion saboda aikinta na ''Faust'' a German Pavilion a Venice Biennale kuma an sanya ta a matsayi na 1 a cikin jerin manyan 100 na Monopol. Ta kasance farfesa mai ziyara a Kwalejin Fasaha ta Munich a shekarar 2015. <ref name="Monopol Magazin-2016">{{Cite web |date=19 September 2016 |title=Anne Imhof bespielt Deutschen Pavillon |url=https://www.monopol-magazin.de/anne-imhof-bespielt-deutschen-pavillon |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251223004920/https://www.monopol-magazin.de/anne-imhof-bespielt-deutschen-pavillon |archive-date=23 December 2025 |access-date=17 December 2025 |website=Monopol Magazin |language=de}}</ref> == Rayuwar farko da ilimi == An haifi Imhof a Giessen kuma ya girma a Fulda.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Baer-Bogenschütz |first=Dorothee |date=6 January 2017 |title=Angst vor der Unendlichkeit |url=https://www.giessener-allgemeine.de/giessen/angst-unendlichkeit-11952491.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190707122003/https://www.giessener-allgemeine.de/giessen/angst-unendlichkeit-11952491.html |archive-date=7 July 2019 |access-date=7 July 2019 |website=giessener-allgemeine.de |language=de}}</ref> An haife ta ga mahaifin malamar makaranta, Michael Imhof (an haife ta a shekara ta 1947), da kuma mahaifiyar likitan hakori, Annette Imhof-Kramer. Ɗan uwanta shine mai buga littattafan fasaha Michael Imhof (an haife shi a shekara ta 1964). Imhof ta halarci makarantar [[Cocin katolika|Katolika]] Marienschule a Fulda da kuma Marianum a Fulda, wata makarantar sakandare mai zaman kanta ta Katolika a al'adar Marianism, inda ta kammala karatunta a shekarar 1997. Ta yi karatu shekara guda a ƙasar waje a Kwalejin Prior Park da ke Bath, Ingila. <ref name="Baer-Bogenschütz-2019">{{Cite web |last=Baer-Bogenschütz |first=Dorothee |date=28 March 2019 |title=Angst vor der Unendlichkeit |url=https://www.giessener-allgemeine.de/giessen/angst-unendlichkeit-11952491.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260115052013/https://www.giessener-allgemeine.de/giessen/angst-unendlichkeit-11952491.html |archive-date=15 January 2026 |access-date=4 December 2025 |website=Giessener Allgemeine |language=de}}</ref> A can, tana da shekaru 14, ta sami darussan zane na sirri daga wata malamar makaranta, <ref name="Interview Magazine-2019">{{Cite web |date=7 March 2019 |title=Anne Imhof is Creating Hard-Core Performance Art for a New Generation |url=https://www.interviewmagazine.com/art/anne-imhof-is-creating-hard-core-performance-pieces-that-speak-to-the-anxieties-of-a-new-generation |access-date=7 July 2019 |website=Interview Magazine |language=en-US}}</ref> <ref name="Baer-Bogenschütz-2019" /> <ref name="SUNPRIDE FOUNDATION | 驕陽基金會-2021">{{Cite web |date=30 August 2021 |title=Anne Imhof {{!}} Making both moving and still pictures by pointing to the history of painting |url=https://sunpride.hk/anne-imhof-making-moving-still-pictures-pointing-history-painting/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251219065559/https://sunpride.hk/anne-imhof-making-moving-still-pictures-pointing-history-painting/ |archive-date=19 December 2025 |access-date=17 December 2025 |website=SUNPRIDE FOUNDATION {{!}} 驕陽基金會 |language=en-US}}</ref> wacce ta gabatar da ita ga dabarun zane na Michelangelo. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Macias |first=Ernesto |date=7 March 2019 |title=Anne Imhof is Creating Hard-Core Performance Art for a New Generation |url=https://www.interviewmagazine.com/art/anne-imhof-is-creating-hard-core-performance-pieces-that-speak-to-the-anxieties-of-a-new-generation |access-date=17 December 2025 |website=Interview Magazine |language=en-US}}</ref> An dakatar da ita daga makarantar kuma aka mayar da ita gida Jamus. <ref name="Baer-Bogenschütz-2019" /> Ta bayyana muhalli a matsayin wanda ke nuna kyamar 'yan luwadi, tana mai cewa an zarge ta da "mugun ido" da kuma yin sihiri ga sauran 'yan mata. Imhof ya buga piano tun yana yaro, kuma daga baya ya buga a cikin ƙungiyoyi da dama. <ref name="Baer-Bogenschütz-2019">{{Cite web |last=Baer-Bogenschütz |first=Dorothee |date=28 March 2019 |title=Angst vor der Unendlichkeit |url=https://www.giessener-allgemeine.de/giessen/angst-unendlichkeit-11952491.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260115052013/https://www.giessener-allgemeine.de/giessen/angst-unendlichkeit-11952491.html |archive-date=15 January 2026 |access-date=4 December 2025 |website=Giessener Allgemeine |language=de}}</ref> Imhof ta bayyana aikinta na farko a matsayin wasan kwaikwayo da ta shirya kafin ta yi karatu (yana da shekaru kusan 20) wanda ya ƙunshi wasannin dambe da aka gudanar a wani wuri a cikin kulob wanda ya ɗauki tsawon lokacin da ƙungiyar mawakan punk ke bugawa. <ref name="Imhof-2016">{{Cite web |last=Imhof |first=Anne |last2=Ulrich Obrist |first2=Hans |date=1 July 2016 |title=Choreographed Layers: Anne Imhof |url=https://www.moussemagazine.it/magazine/anne-imhof-hans-ulrich-obrist-2016 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260116021947/https://www.moussemagazine.it/magazine/anne-imhof-hans-ulrich-obrist-2016/ |archive-date=16 January 2026 |access-date=16 December 2025 |website=Mousse Magazine |language=en-US}}</ref> <ref name="Interview Magazine-2019">{{Cite web |date=7 March 2019 |title=Anne Imhof is Creating Hard-Core Performance Art for a New Generation |url=https://www.interviewmagazine.com/art/anne-imhof-is-creating-hard-core-performance-pieces-that-speak-to-the-anxieties-of-a-new-generation |access-date=7 July 2019 |website=Interview Magazine |language=en-US}}</ref> Ta bayyana cewa Andy Warhol, Giotto da Caravaggio sun yi tasiri a lokacin. Duk da haka, ta ce ba ta tuna cewa wannan zane zane ne ba. <ref name=":0" /> Daga 2000 zuwa 2003, Imhof ya yi karatun Sadarwar Kayayyaki a Jami'ar Fasaha da Zane ta Offenbach (HfG), a ƙarƙashin Heiner Blum . <ref name="Baer-Bogenschütz-2019">{{Cite web |last=Baer-Bogenschütz |first=Dorothee |date=28 March 2019 |title=Angst vor der Unendlichkeit |url=https://www.giessener-allgemeine.de/giessen/angst-unendlichkeit-11952491.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260115052013/https://www.giessener-allgemeine.de/giessen/angst-unendlichkeit-11952491.html |archive-date=15 January 2026 |access-date=4 December 2025 |website=Giessener Allgemeine |language=de}}</ref> A can ta haɗu da Nadine Fraczkowski, wacce ita ma take cikin ƙungiyar mawakan 'Daughters from a Good Family', kuma tun daga lokacin ta yi aiki tare a matsayin [[Mai daukar hoto|mai ɗaukar hoto]] . A shekara ta 2003, Imhof ta gabatar da aikinta na farko na bidiyo, ''Private Butterflies'', wanda aka yi tare da haɗin gwiwar Fraczkowski, a ''bikin samar da matasa masu baiwa'' . <ref>{{Cite web |title=FESTIVAL JUNGER TALENTE 2003 * KOOPERATIONEN * MESSE OFFENBACH |url=https://festivaljungertalente.de/2003/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251219053837/https://festivaljungertalente.de/2003/ |archive-date=19 December 2025 |access-date=5 December 2025 |website=festivaljungertalente.de}}</ref> Imhof ta daina karatun zane-zane saboda "ba za ta iya magance tsarin ba". <ref name="Interview Magazine-2019">{{Cite web |date=7 March 2019 |title=Anne Imhof is Creating Hard-Core Performance Art for a New Generation |url=https://www.interviewmagazine.com/art/anne-imhof-is-creating-hard-core-performance-pieces-that-speak-to-the-anxieties-of-a-new-generation |access-date=7 July 2019 |website=Interview Magazine |language=en-US}}</ref> Tana da shekaru ashirin, ta ƙaura zuwa Frankfurt, inda ta zauna a wani gari kuma ta yi kiɗa. <ref name="Baer-Bogenschütz-2019">{{Cite web |last=Baer-Bogenschütz |first=Dorothee |date=28 March 2019 |title=Angst vor der Unendlichkeit |url=https://www.giessener-allgemeine.de/giessen/angst-unendlichkeit-11952491.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260115052013/https://www.giessener-allgemeine.de/giessen/angst-unendlichkeit-11952491.html |archive-date=15 January 2026 |access-date=4 December 2025 |website=Giessener Allgemeine |language=de}}</ref> <ref name="SUNPRIDE FOUNDATION | 驕陽基金會-2021">{{Cite web |date=30 August 2021 |title=Anne Imhof {{!}} Making both moving and still pictures by pointing to the history of painting |url=https://sunpride.hk/anne-imhof-making-moving-still-pictures-pointing-history-painting/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251219065559/https://sunpride.hk/anne-imhof-making-moving-still-pictures-pointing-history-painting/ |archive-date=19 December 2025 |access-date=17 December 2025 |website=SUNPRIDE FOUNDATION {{!}} 驕陽基金會 |language=en-US}}</ref> Ta yi aiki a matsayin mai tsaron gida a wani kulob mai suna Robert Johnson. <ref name="Interview Magazine-2019" /> <ref name="Imhof-2016">{{Cite web |last=Imhof |first=Anne |last2=Ulrich Obrist |first2=Hans |date=1 July 2016 |title=Choreographed Layers: Anne Imhof |url=https://www.moussemagazine.it/magazine/anne-imhof-hans-ulrich-obrist-2016 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260116021947/https://www.moussemagazine.it/magazine/anne-imhof-hans-ulrich-obrist-2016/ |archive-date=16 January 2026 |access-date=16 December 2025 |website=Mousse Magazine |language=en-US}}</ref> == Rayuwa ta sirri == Tana da shekaru 20, Imhof ta haifi 'ya mace. <ref name="Fateman-2025">{{Cite web |last=Fateman |first=Johanna |date=22 April 2025 |title=How Cult Artist Anne Imhof Developed the Most Divisive Performance of 2025 |url=https://www.culturedmag.com/article/2025/04/22/artist-anne-imhof-performance-doom/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251223015101/https://www.culturedmag.com/article/2025/04/22/artist-anne-imhof-performance-doom/ |archive-date=23 December 2025 |access-date=17 December 2025 |website=Cultured Mag |language=en-US}}</ref> A shekarar 2020, Imhof yana cikin waɗanda suka fara sanya hannu kan kamfen ɗin Zero Covid . <ref>{{Cite web |title=#ZeroCovid |url=https://zero-covid.org/language/en/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210127124400/https://zero-covid.org/language/en/ |archive-date=27 January 2021 |access-date=16 December 2025 |website=#ZeroCovid |language=en-GB}}</ref> A da Imhof yana cikin wata dangantaka kuma ya yi aure da mai zane da kuma abokin aiki Eliza Douglas, <ref name="Imhof-2016">{{Cite web |last=Imhof |first=Anne |last2=Ulrich Obrist |first2=Hans |date=1 July 2016 |title=Choreographed Layers: Anne Imhof |url=https://www.moussemagazine.it/magazine/anne-imhof-hans-ulrich-obrist-2016 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260116021947/https://www.moussemagazine.it/magazine/anne-imhof-hans-ulrich-obrist-2016/ |archive-date=16 January 2026 |access-date=16 December 2025 |website=Mousse Magazine |language=en-US}}</ref> wacce galibi ana ambatonta a matsayin abin tarihi na Imhof. <ref name="Banks-2023">{{Cite web |last=Banks |first=Grace |date=16 February 2023 |title=Anne Imhof's Subversion: From Her Breakout Show 'Sex' To A New Emo Mood |url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/gracebanks/2023/02/16/anne-imhofs-subversion-from-her-breakout-show-sex-to-a-new-emo-mood/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251217171213/https://www.forbes.com/sites/gracebanks/2023/02/16/anne-imhofs-subversion-from-her-breakout-show-sex-to-a-new-emo-mood/ |archive-date=17 December 2025 |access-date=17 December 2025 |website=Forbes}}</ref> <ref name="Monopol Magazin-2021">{{Cite web |date=23 May 2021 |title=Le Gesamtkunstwerk: Anne Imhof bespielt Pariser Palais de Tokyo |url=https://www.monopol-magazin.de/deutsche-kuenstlerin-anne-imhof-bespielt-palais-de-tokyo |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260218173118/https://www.monopol-magazin.de/deutsche-kuenstlerin-anne-imhof-bespielt-palais-de-tokyo |archive-date=18 February 2026 |access-date=17 December 2025 |website=Monopol Magazin |language=de}}</ref> Da take bayyana dangantakarsu, Imhof ta ce "Ba ta taɓa jin irin wannan wahayi yana kasancewa a musayar ra'ayi da kuma daidaitawa da wani mutum ba." <ref name="Imhof-2016" /> Imhof a halin yanzu tana cikin soyayya da Devon Teuscher, mai wasan barkwanci . == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1978]] [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] 5jw9jfmcx5rm9nhxn5zfe80amyp7kkz 895286 895285 2026-08-11T22:38:21Z Nnamadee 31123 895286 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Anne Imhof''' (an haife ta a shekara ta 1978 a Giessen, Jamus) 'yar ƙasar Jamus ce mai zane-zane, mai tsara rawa, kuma mai wasan kwaikwayo wadda ke zaune da aiki tsakanin [[Frankfurt]], Paris da Los Angeles. <ref name="Baer-Bogenschütz-2019">{{Cite web |last=Baer-Bogenschütz |first=Dorothee |date=28 March 2019 |title=Angst vor der Unendlichkeit |url=https://www.giessener-allgemeine.de/giessen/angst-unendlichkeit-11952491.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260115052013/https://www.giessener-allgemeine.de/giessen/angst-unendlichkeit-11952491.html |archive-date=15 January 2026 |access-date=4 December 2025 |website=Giessener Allgemeine |language=de}}</ref> <ref name="Kunsthaus Bregenz">{{Cite web |last= |first= |title=Anne Imhof: Wish You Were Gay |url=https://www.kunsthaus-bregenz.at/ausstellungen/anne-imhof |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260114075929/https://www.kunsthaus-bregenz.at/ausstellungen/anne-imhof |archive-date=14 January 2026 |access-date=16 December 2025 |website=Kunsthaus Bregenz |language=de}}</ref> An fi saninta da fasahar jurewa (wanda kuma aka sani da wasan kwaikwayo na tsawon lokaci), kodayake ta ambaci zane da zane a matsayin muhimmin abu a cikin aikinta. <ref>{{Cite web |date=30 August 2021 |title=Anne Imhof {{!}} Making both moving and still pictures by pointing to the history of painting |url=https://sunpride.hk/anne-imhof-making-moving-still-pictures-pointing-history-painting/}}</ref> <ref name="Art Basel">{{Cite web |title=Anne Imhof: 'Art is only possible together' |url=https://www.artbasel.com/stories/meet-the-artists-anne-imhof |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241216012819/https://www.artbasel.com/stories/meet-the-artists-anne-imhof |archive-date=16 December 2024 |access-date=3 December 2025 |website=Art Basel |language=en}}</ref> <ref name="SUNPRIDE FOUNDATION | 驕陽基金會-2021">{{Cite web |date=30 August 2021 |title=Anne Imhof {{!}} Making both moving and still pictures by pointing to the history of painting |url=https://sunpride.hk/anne-imhof-making-moving-still-pictures-pointing-history-painting/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251219065559/https://sunpride.hk/anne-imhof-making-moving-still-pictures-pointing-history-painting/ |archive-date=19 December 2025 |access-date=17 December 2025 |website=SUNPRIDE FOUNDATION {{!}} 驕陽基金會 |language=en-US}}</ref> A cikin 2015, an ba ta kyautar Preis der Nationalgalerie. <ref name="Monopol Magazin-2015">{{Cite web |date=19 September 2015 |title=Anne Imhof gewinnt |url=https://www.monopol-magazin.de/anne-imhof-gewinnt |access-date=17 December 2025 |website=Monopol Magazin |language=de}}</ref> A shekarar 2017, ta sami lambar zinare ta Golden Lion saboda aikinta na ''Faust'' a German Pavilion a Venice Biennale kuma an sanya ta a matsayi na 1 a cikin jerin manyan 100 na Monopol. Ta kasance farfesa mai ziyara a Kwalejin Fasaha ta Munich a shekarar 2015. <ref name="Monopol Magazin-2016">{{Cite web |date=19 September 2016 |title=Anne Imhof bespielt Deutschen Pavillon |url=https://www.monopol-magazin.de/anne-imhof-bespielt-deutschen-pavillon |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251223004920/https://www.monopol-magazin.de/anne-imhof-bespielt-deutschen-pavillon |archive-date=23 December 2025 |access-date=17 December 2025 |website=Monopol Magazin |language=de}}</ref> == Rayuwar farko da ilimi == An haifi Imhof a Giessen kuma ya girma a Fulda.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Baer-Bogenschütz |first=Dorothee |date=6 January 2017 |title=Angst vor der Unendlichkeit |url=https://www.giessener-allgemeine.de/giessen/angst-unendlichkeit-11952491.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190707122003/https://www.giessener-allgemeine.de/giessen/angst-unendlichkeit-11952491.html |archive-date=7 July 2019 |access-date=7 July 2019 |website=giessener-allgemeine.de |language=de}}</ref> An haife ta ga mahaifin malamar makaranta, Michael Imhof (an haife ta a shekara ta 1947), da kuma mahaifiyar likitan hakori, Annette Imhof-Kramer. Ɗan uwanta shine mai buga littattafan fasaha Michael Imhof (an haife shi a shekara ta 1964). Imhof ta halarci makarantar [[Cocin katolika|Katolika]] Marienschule a Fulda da kuma Marianum a Fulda, wata makarantar sakandare mai zaman kanta ta Katolika a al'adar Marianism, inda ta kammala karatunta a shekarar 1997. Ta yi karatu shekara guda a ƙasar waje a Kwalejin Prior Park da ke Bath, Ingila. <ref name="Baer-Bogenschütz-2019">{{Cite web |last=Baer-Bogenschütz |first=Dorothee |date=28 March 2019 |title=Angst vor der Unendlichkeit |url=https://www.giessener-allgemeine.de/giessen/angst-unendlichkeit-11952491.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260115052013/https://www.giessener-allgemeine.de/giessen/angst-unendlichkeit-11952491.html |archive-date=15 January 2026 |access-date=4 December 2025 |website=Giessener Allgemeine |language=de}}</ref> A can, tana da shekaru 14, ta sami darussan zane na sirri daga wata malamar makaranta, <ref name="Interview Magazine-2019">{{Cite web |date=7 March 2019 |title=Anne Imhof is Creating Hard-Core Performance Art for a New Generation |url=https://www.interviewmagazine.com/art/anne-imhof-is-creating-hard-core-performance-pieces-that-speak-to-the-anxieties-of-a-new-generation |access-date=7 July 2019 |website=Interview Magazine |language=en-US}}</ref> <ref name="Baer-Bogenschütz-2019" /> <ref name="SUNPRIDE FOUNDATION | 驕陽基金會-2021">{{Cite web |date=30 August 2021 |title=Anne Imhof {{!}} Making both moving and still pictures by pointing to the history of painting |url=https://sunpride.hk/anne-imhof-making-moving-still-pictures-pointing-history-painting/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251219065559/https://sunpride.hk/anne-imhof-making-moving-still-pictures-pointing-history-painting/ |archive-date=19 December 2025 |access-date=17 December 2025 |website=SUNPRIDE FOUNDATION {{!}} 驕陽基金會 |language=en-US}}</ref> wacce ta gabatar da ita ga dabarun zane na Michelangelo. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Macias |first=Ernesto |date=7 March 2019 |title=Anne Imhof is Creating Hard-Core Performance Art for a New Generation |url=https://www.interviewmagazine.com/art/anne-imhof-is-creating-hard-core-performance-pieces-that-speak-to-the-anxieties-of-a-new-generation |access-date=17 December 2025 |website=Interview Magazine |language=en-US}}</ref> An dakatar da ita daga makarantar kuma aka mayar da ita gida Jamus. <ref name="Baer-Bogenschütz-2019" /> Ta bayyana muhalli a matsayin wanda ke nuna kyamar 'yan luwadi, tana mai cewa an zarge ta da "mugun ido" da kuma yin sihiri ga sauran 'yan mata. Imhof ya buga piano tun yana yaro, kuma daga baya ya buga a cikin ƙungiyoyi da dama. <ref name="Baer-Bogenschütz-2019">{{Cite web |last=Baer-Bogenschütz |first=Dorothee |date=28 March 2019 |title=Angst vor der Unendlichkeit |url=https://www.giessener-allgemeine.de/giessen/angst-unendlichkeit-11952491.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260115052013/https://www.giessener-allgemeine.de/giessen/angst-unendlichkeit-11952491.html |archive-date=15 January 2026 |access-date=4 December 2025 |website=Giessener Allgemeine |language=de}}</ref> Imhof ta bayyana aikinta na farko a matsayin wasan kwaikwayo da ta shirya kafin ta yi karatu (yana da shekaru kusan 20) wanda ya ƙunshi wasannin dambe da aka gudanar a wani wuri a cikin kulob wanda ya ɗauki tsawon lokacin da ƙungiyar mawakan punk ke bugawa. <ref name="Imhof-2016">{{Cite web |last=Imhof |first=Anne |last2=Ulrich Obrist |first2=Hans |date=1 July 2016 |title=Choreographed Layers: Anne Imhof |url=https://www.moussemagazine.it/magazine/anne-imhof-hans-ulrich-obrist-2016 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260116021947/https://www.moussemagazine.it/magazine/anne-imhof-hans-ulrich-obrist-2016/ |archive-date=16 January 2026 |access-date=16 December 2025 |website=Mousse Magazine |language=en-US}}</ref> <ref name="Interview Magazine-2019">{{Cite web |date=7 March 2019 |title=Anne Imhof is Creating Hard-Core Performance Art for a New Generation |url=https://www.interviewmagazine.com/art/anne-imhof-is-creating-hard-core-performance-pieces-that-speak-to-the-anxieties-of-a-new-generation |access-date=7 July 2019 |website=Interview Magazine |language=en-US}}</ref> Ta bayyana cewa Andy Warhol, Giotto da Caravaggio sun yi tasiri a lokacin. Duk da haka, ta ce ba ta tuna cewa wannan zane zane ne ba. <ref name=":0" /> Daga 2000 zuwa 2003, Imhof ya yi karatun Sadarwar Kayayyaki a Jami'ar Fasaha da Zane ta Offenbach (HfG), a ƙarƙashin Heiner Blum . <ref name="Baer-Bogenschütz-2019">{{Cite web |last=Baer-Bogenschütz |first=Dorothee |date=28 March 2019 |title=Angst vor der Unendlichkeit |url=https://www.giessener-allgemeine.de/giessen/angst-unendlichkeit-11952491.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260115052013/https://www.giessener-allgemeine.de/giessen/angst-unendlichkeit-11952491.html |archive-date=15 January 2026 |access-date=4 December 2025 |website=Giessener Allgemeine |language=de}}</ref> A can ta haɗu da Nadine Fraczkowski, wacce ita ma take cikin ƙungiyar mawakan 'Daughters from a Good Family', kuma tun daga lokacin ta yi aiki tare a matsayin [[Mai daukar hoto|mai ɗaukar hoto]] . A shekara ta 2003, Imhof ta gabatar da aikinta na farko na bidiyo, ''Private Butterflies'', wanda aka yi tare da haɗin gwiwar Fraczkowski, a ''bikin samar da matasa masu baiwa'' . <ref>{{Cite web |title=FESTIVAL JUNGER TALENTE 2003 * KOOPERATIONEN * MESSE OFFENBACH |url=https://festivaljungertalente.de/2003/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251219053837/https://festivaljungertalente.de/2003/ |archive-date=19 December 2025 |access-date=5 December 2025 |website=festivaljungertalente.de}}</ref> Imhof ta daina karatun zane-zane saboda "ba za ta iya magance tsarin ba". <ref name="Interview Magazine-2019">{{Cite web |date=7 March 2019 |title=Anne Imhof is Creating Hard-Core Performance Art for a New Generation |url=https://www.interviewmagazine.com/art/anne-imhof-is-creating-hard-core-performance-pieces-that-speak-to-the-anxieties-of-a-new-generation |access-date=7 July 2019 |website=Interview Magazine |language=en-US}}</ref> Tana da shekaru ashirin, ta ƙaura zuwa Frankfurt, inda ta zauna a wani gari kuma ta yi kiɗa. <ref name="Baer-Bogenschütz-2019">{{Cite web |last=Baer-Bogenschütz |first=Dorothee |date=28 March 2019 |title=Angst vor der Unendlichkeit |url=https://www.giessener-allgemeine.de/giessen/angst-unendlichkeit-11952491.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260115052013/https://www.giessener-allgemeine.de/giessen/angst-unendlichkeit-11952491.html |archive-date=15 January 2026 |access-date=4 December 2025 |website=Giessener Allgemeine |language=de}}</ref> <ref name="SUNPRIDE FOUNDATION | 驕陽基金會-2021">{{Cite web |date=30 August 2021 |title=Anne Imhof {{!}} Making both moving and still pictures by pointing to the history of painting |url=https://sunpride.hk/anne-imhof-making-moving-still-pictures-pointing-history-painting/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251219065559/https://sunpride.hk/anne-imhof-making-moving-still-pictures-pointing-history-painting/ |archive-date=19 December 2025 |access-date=17 December 2025 |website=SUNPRIDE FOUNDATION {{!}} 驕陽基金會 |language=en-US}}</ref> Ta yi aiki a matsayin mai tsaron gida a wani kulob mai suna Robert Johnson. <ref name="Interview Magazine-2019" /> <ref name="Imhof-2016">{{Cite web |last=Imhof |first=Anne |last2=Ulrich Obrist |first2=Hans |date=1 July 2016 |title=Choreographed Layers: Anne Imhof |url=https://www.moussemagazine.it/magazine/anne-imhof-hans-ulrich-obrist-2016 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260116021947/https://www.moussemagazine.it/magazine/anne-imhof-hans-ulrich-obrist-2016/ |archive-date=16 January 2026 |access-date=16 December 2025 |website=Mousse Magazine |language=en-US}}</ref> == Rayuwa ta sirri == Tana da shekaru 20, Imhof ta haifi 'ya mace. <ref name="Fateman-2025">{{Cite web |last=Fateman |first=Johanna |date=22 April 2025 |title=How Cult Artist Anne Imhof Developed the Most Divisive Performance of 2025 |url=https://www.culturedmag.com/article/2025/04/22/artist-anne-imhof-performance-doom/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251223015101/https://www.culturedmag.com/article/2025/04/22/artist-anne-imhof-performance-doom/ |archive-date=23 December 2025 |access-date=17 December 2025 |website=Cultured Mag |language=en-US}}</ref> A shekarar 2020, Imhof yana cikin waɗanda suka fara sanya hannu kan kamfen ɗin Zero Covid . <ref>{{Cite web |title=#ZeroCovid |url=https://zero-covid.org/language/en/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210127124400/https://zero-covid.org/language/en/ |archive-date=27 January 2021 |access-date=16 December 2025 |website=#ZeroCovid |language=en-GB}}</ref> A da Imhof yana cikin wata dangantaka kuma ya yi aure da mai zane da kuma abokin aiki Eliza Douglas, <ref name="Imhof-2016">{{Cite web |last=Imhof |first=Anne |last2=Ulrich Obrist |first2=Hans |date=1 July 2016 |title=Choreographed Layers: Anne Imhof |url=https://www.moussemagazine.it/magazine/anne-imhof-hans-ulrich-obrist-2016 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260116021947/https://www.moussemagazine.it/magazine/anne-imhof-hans-ulrich-obrist-2016/ |archive-date=16 January 2026 |access-date=16 December 2025 |website=Mousse Magazine |language=en-US}}</ref> wacce galibi ana ambatonta a matsayin abin tarihi na Imhof. <ref name="Banks-2023">{{Cite web |last=Banks |first=Grace |date=16 February 2023 |title=Anne Imhof's Subversion: From Her Breakout Show 'Sex' To A New Emo Mood |url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/gracebanks/2023/02/16/anne-imhofs-subversion-from-her-breakout-show-sex-to-a-new-emo-mood/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251217171213/https://www.forbes.com/sites/gracebanks/2023/02/16/anne-imhofs-subversion-from-her-breakout-show-sex-to-a-new-emo-mood/ |archive-date=17 December 2025 |access-date=17 December 2025 |website=Forbes}}</ref> <ref name="Monopol Magazin-2021">{{Cite web |date=23 May 2021 |title=Le Gesamtkunstwerk: Anne Imhof bespielt Pariser Palais de Tokyo |url=https://www.monopol-magazin.de/deutsche-kuenstlerin-anne-imhof-bespielt-palais-de-tokyo |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260218173118/https://www.monopol-magazin.de/deutsche-kuenstlerin-anne-imhof-bespielt-palais-de-tokyo |archive-date=18 February 2026 |access-date=17 December 2025 |website=Monopol Magazin |language=de}}</ref> Da take bayyana dangantakarsu, Imhof ta ce "Ba ta taɓa jin irin wannan wahayi yana kasancewa a musayar ra'ayi da kuma daidaitawa da wani mutum ba." <ref name="Imhof-2016" /> Imhof a halin yanzu tana cikin soyayya da Devon Teuscher, mai wasan barkwanci . == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1978]] [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] kmju8jhqfdxzul9vvz4gkesiaiflnhd 0 163267 895287 2026-08-11T22:40:42Z Nnamadee 31123 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1347415039|Sabine Hornig]]" 895287 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Sabine Hornig''' (an haife ta a shekara ta 1964, Yammacin Jamus) ƙwararriyar mai zane ce kuma mai ɗaukar hoto 'yar Jamus wadda ke zaune kuma tana aiki a Berlin. Aikinta a fannin daukar hoto, sassaka, da kuma zane-zanen da aka tsara musamman a wurin an san su da fassarorinta na gine-ginen zamani da kuma rayuwar birane ta zamani. Ayyukanta sun bayyana a cikin nune-nunen da aka yi su kaɗai a duk faɗin duniya, ciki har da ''Double Transparency'' a Art Unlimited Basel a Switzerland (2014) da ''Projects 78'' a Gidan Tarihi na Fasaha na Zamani da ke New York (2003), da kuma a nune-nunen rukuni da yawa a cibiyoyi kamar Gidan Tarihi na J.Paul Getty da ke Los Angeles da ICA London . <ref>{{Cite web |title=Sabine Hornig - Guggenheim Museum. |url=https://www.guggenheim.org/artwork/artist/sabine-hornig}}</ref> Ayyukan Hornig suna cikin tarin Gidan Tarihi na Solomon R. Guggenheim da ke New York, Gidan Tarihi na Baltimore, Gidan Tarihi na Fasaha na Zamani (MoMA) da ke New York, Gidan Tarihi na Fasaha na Gundumar Los Angeles (LACMA), Asibitin Cleveland, Gidan Tarihi da Zane na Hirshorn da ke Washington, DC, Pinakothek der Moderne da ke Munich, da kuma Malmö Konstmuseet da ke Sweden. <ref>{{Cite web |last=exhibit-e.com |title=Sabine Hornig - Artists - Tanya Bonakdar Gallery |url=http://www.tanyabonakdargallery.com/artists/sabine-hornig/series |access-date=2016-08-09 |website=www.tanyabonakdargallery.com}}</ref> == Ilimi == Hornig yayi karatun sassaka da daukar hoto a Hochschule der Künste (tun daga 2001 Universität der Künste Berlin, UdK ( Jami'ar Berlin ta Arts )), a Berlin daga 1986 zuwa 1992 yana karɓar BFA da MFA. == Aiki == Aikin Hornig yana aiki tare da kuma ƙalubalantar yadda ɗan adam ke fahimtar duniyar da ke kewaye da su, yana ɓoye girma da hangen nesa. Yawancin ayyukanta sun haɗa hotuna da tsarin siffofi uku, sau da yawa suna haifar da tasirin ''tromp l'œil'' . Waɗannan suna shimfiɗa iyakokin abin da aka fi ɗauka a matsayin "ɗaukar hoto" ko "zanen sassaka" kuma ba sa shiga cikin kowace rarrabuwa ɗaya cikin sauƙi. Aikin Hornig galibi ana bayyana shi a matsayin wanda ya haɗa da falsafar Minimalism, wanda galibi ya haɗa da tagogi ko ƙofofi waɗanda ke shimfida yanayin birane marasa tsari da kuma hoton mai kallo da ke nuna saman abin. Duk da haka, mai zane ta bayyana cewa ba ta ga bayanin Minimalist daidai ko ya dace ba. <ref name=":0" /> Fasahar Hornig ta yi la'akari da yanayin da aka gina kuma ta haɗa da abubuwan gine-gine na yau da kullun kamar ƙofofi, bango, da tagogi, da kuma kayan masana'antu kamar siminti. Waɗannan suna bayyana a cikin sassaka da kuma wuraren da aka sanya su musamman. Wani aikin sassaka na shekara ta 2002, ''baranda'', ya sanya baranda mai cikakken stucco - tare da tawul ɗin busasshe - yana shawagi a saman bene a cikin wani gidan tarihi. A wani baje kolin Lisbon na 2005, Hornig ya ƙirƙiri bango "dutse" daga jarida da manne, yana miƙewa tare da haskakawa a cikin wani katafaren gilashin bango na bangon tagogi. Wani babban aiki na musamman a wurin shine ''Aikin Façade na Glass'', ko ''Das Glasfassaden-Projekt'', wanda a shekarar 2005 ya samar da babban shigarwa don ginin makarantar firamare a Pfeuferstraße 1, a gundumar Sendling ta Munich. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Villarreal |first=Ignacio |title=German artist Sabine Hornig's "Through the Window" at Pinakothek der Modern |url=http://artdaily.com/index.asp?int_sec=2&int_new=52004&b=museu#.V2GufhLlwfA |access-date=2016-08-09 |website=artdaily.com}}</ref> Aikin yana da allon siliki da aka buga tare da launuka masu haske a kan gilashin aminci. Balo-balo masu launuka masu haske, shiryayyun littattafai, da kuma fararen takardu masu sheƙi suna bayyana a fuskar makarantar birni. Ana iya ganin hotunan da aka yi wa siliki daga cikin gilashin da kuma wajensa. <ref name=":0" /> A wasu ayyukan da suka haɗa da abubuwan gine-gine, ta sauƙaƙa kuma ta bar bayanai kamar maƙallan ƙofa kuma ta daidaita sikelin abu don canza abin da aka iya ganewa zuwa sassaka. <ref name=":0" /> Tagogi wani abu ne da aka saba gani a fasahar Hornig, wanda ke bayyana a manyan gine-gine kamar aikinta na 2003 a MoMA Queens, ''Projects 78,'' tare da hotunan wuraren birane ko na waje da ke fitowa a cikin tagar ko firam ɗin ƙofa mai ƙarfi. <ref>{{Cite web |title=MoMA {{!}} Projects |url=https://www.moma.org/interactives/exhibitions/projects/sabine-hornig/ |access-date=2016-08-09 |website=www.moma.org}}</ref> Ta ƙirƙiri jerin ''Windows'' masu ci gaba tun daga shekarar 2001, tana amfani da hotunan da kuma hotunan tagogi. A wasu daga cikin waɗannan ayyukan tagogi marasa komai, da kuma shagunan da babu komai da aka gani ta firam ɗin taga, suna nuna yuwuwar canji kuma suna ba da dama don tunani. Idan aka yi la'akari da al'adar tarihin zane-zane, hotunanta galibi suna da bayanin ɗaki a cikin taken kamar yadda aka rubuta a cikin ''Der zerstörte Raum'' daga 2005, wanda ke nufin faifan Jeff Wall mai suna ''The Destroyed Room'' daga 1978. Nunin da ta yi a shekarar 2013 a gidan adana kayan tarihi na Tanya Bonakdar da ke New York, mai suna ''Transparent Things'', ya samo asali ne daga wani littafi na Vladimir Nabokov na shekarar 1972 kuma ya binciko jigogi na yanayi da kuma sararin birane. Baje kolin ya haɗa da sassaka, yana kwaikwayon kayayyakin birane na masana'antu kuma an yi su da kayan aiki kamar siminti, polyester, da aluminum, tare da hotunan da ke nuna wuraren da suka lalace a Berlin ta zamani. Tsarin da hotunan duka suna lalata fahimtar gani na masu kallo game da abubuwan da sararin samaniya. Kusan dukkan hotunan an ɗauke su ne ta tagogi, ta hanyar da ke matsewa da karkatar da fahimtar zurfin fahimta da fahimtar wuri, wanda hakan ke jefa masu kallo cikin rashin daidaito da kuma haifar da rudani a sarari wanda ke da alaƙa da aikin Hornig. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Sabine Hornig at Tanya Bonakdar Gallery, by Siona Wilson / Art Review |url=http://artreview.com/reviews/review_sabine_hornig/ |access-date=2016-08-09 |website=artreview.com}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |date=6 June 2013 |title=Sabine Hornig - Decoding Images - Art in America |url=http://www.artinamericamagazine.com/news-features/decoding-images/sabine-hornig/ |access-date=2016-08-09 |website=www.artinamericamagazine.com}}</ref> Mai zane da kanta ta ce tana isar da ra'ayin rashin fahimta, "rashin wurin zama," da kuma "rashin fahimta" a cikin aikinta, don ƙarfafa tunani mai zurfi a cikin masu kallonta. An ba Hornig aikin ne a filin jirgin saman LaGuardia, inda ta samu mafi girman aikin gine-gine har zuwa yanzu, wato ''La Guardia Vistas'' (2020), inda ta yi tsawon ƙafa 268 da tsayi ƙafa 42 a kan gilashin da ke kan hanyar Terminal B zuwa garejin ajiye motoci. Ta ɗauki hoton sararin samaniyar Manhattan daga filin jirgin sama a matsayin wurin tashi, ta ɗauki hotuna sama da 1,100 masu inganci na Manhattan daga saman rufin gidanta da kuma daga bakin teku a Queens. Ta haɗa hotunan zuwa wani tsari mai tarin bayanai wanda aka yi masa kalamai 20 daga Fiorello La Guardia . == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1964]] 97vi9cdc1gxgfyvslhnt7mcdsuaka78 895288 895287 2026-08-11T22:41:18Z Nnamadee 31123 895288 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Sabine Hornig''' (an haife ta a shekara ta 1964, Yammacin Jamus) ƙwararriyar mai zane ce kuma mai ɗaukar hoto 'yar Jamus wadda ke zaune kuma tana aiki a Berlin. Aikinta a fannin daukar hoto, sassaka, da kuma zane-zanen da aka tsara musamman a wurin an san su da fassarorinta na gine-ginen zamani da kuma rayuwar birane ta zamani. Ayyukanta sun bayyana a cikin nune-nunen da aka yi su kaɗai a duk faɗin duniya, ciki har da ''Double Transparency'' a Art Unlimited Basel a Switzerland (2014) da ''Projects 78'' a Gidan Tarihi na Fasaha na Zamani da ke New York (2003), da kuma a nune-nunen rukuni da yawa a cibiyoyi kamar Gidan Tarihi na J.Paul Getty da ke Los Angeles da ICA London.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Sabine Hornig - Guggenheim Museum. |url=https://www.guggenheim.org/artwork/artist/sabine-hornig}}</ref> Ayyukan Hornig suna cikin tarin Gidan Tarihi na Solomon R. Guggenheim da ke New York, Gidan Tarihi na Baltimore, Gidan Tarihi na Fasaha na Zamani (MoMA) da ke New York, Gidan Tarihi na Fasaha na Gundumar Los Angeles (LACMA), Asibitin Cleveland, Gidan Tarihi da Zane na Hirshorn da ke Washington, DC, Pinakothek der Moderne da ke Munich, da kuma Malmö Konstmuseet da ke Sweden. <ref>{{Cite web |last=exhibit-e.com |title=Sabine Hornig - Artists - Tanya Bonakdar Gallery |url=http://www.tanyabonakdargallery.com/artists/sabine-hornig/series |access-date=2016-08-09 |website=www.tanyabonakdargallery.com}}</ref> == Ilimi == Hornig yayi karatun sassaka da daukar hoto a Hochschule der Künste (tun daga 2001 Universität der Künste Berlin, UdK ( Jami'ar Berlin ta Arts )), a Berlin daga 1986 zuwa 1992 yana karɓar BFA da MFA. == Aiki == Aikin Hornig yana aiki tare da kuma ƙalubalantar yadda ɗan adam ke fahimtar duniyar da ke kewaye da su, yana ɓoye girma da hangen nesa. Yawancin ayyukanta sun haɗa hotuna da tsarin siffofi uku, sau da yawa suna haifar da tasirin ''tromp l'œil'' . Waɗannan suna shimfiɗa iyakokin abin da aka fi ɗauka a matsayin "ɗaukar hoto" ko "zanen sassaka" kuma ba sa shiga cikin kowace rarrabuwa ɗaya cikin sauƙi. Aikin Hornig galibi ana bayyana shi a matsayin wanda ya haɗa da falsafar Minimalism, wanda galibi ya haɗa da tagogi ko ƙofofi waɗanda ke shimfida yanayin birane marasa tsari da kuma hoton mai kallo da ke nuna saman abin. Duk da haka, mai zane ta bayyana cewa ba ta ga bayanin Minimalist daidai ko ya dace ba. <ref name=":0" /> Fasahar Hornig ta yi la'akari da yanayin da aka gina kuma ta haɗa da abubuwan gine-gine na yau da kullun kamar ƙofofi, bango, da tagogi, da kuma kayan masana'antu kamar siminti. Waɗannan suna bayyana a cikin sassaka da kuma wuraren da aka sanya su musamman. Wani aikin sassaka na shekara ta 2002, ''baranda'', ya sanya baranda mai cikakken stucco - tare da tawul ɗin busasshe - yana shawagi a saman bene a cikin wani gidan tarihi. A wani baje kolin Lisbon na 2005, Hornig ya ƙirƙiri bango "dutse" daga jarida da manne, yana miƙewa tare da haskakawa a cikin wani katafaren gilashin bango na bangon tagogi. Wani babban aiki na musamman a wurin shine ''Aikin Façade na Glass'', ko ''Das Glasfassaden-Projekt'', wanda a shekarar 2005 ya samar da babban shigarwa don ginin makarantar firamare a Pfeuferstraße 1, a gundumar Sendling ta Munich. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Villarreal |first=Ignacio |title=German artist Sabine Hornig's "Through the Window" at Pinakothek der Modern |url=http://artdaily.com/index.asp?int_sec=2&int_new=52004&b=museu#.V2GufhLlwfA |access-date=2016-08-09 |website=artdaily.com}}</ref> Aikin yana da allon siliki da aka buga tare da launuka masu haske a kan gilashin aminci. Balo-balo masu launuka masu haske, shiryayyun littattafai, da kuma fararen takardu masu sheƙi suna bayyana a fuskar makarantar birni. Ana iya ganin hotunan da aka yi wa siliki daga cikin gilashin da kuma wajensa. <ref name=":0" /> A wasu ayyukan da suka haɗa da abubuwan gine-gine, ta sauƙaƙa kuma ta bar bayanai kamar maƙallan ƙofa kuma ta daidaita sikelin abu don canza abin da aka iya ganewa zuwa sassaka. <ref name=":0" /> Tagogi wani abu ne da aka saba gani a fasahar Hornig, wanda ke bayyana a manyan gine-gine kamar aikinta na 2003 a MoMA Queens, ''Projects 78,'' tare da hotunan wuraren birane ko na waje da ke fitowa a cikin tagar ko firam ɗin ƙofa mai ƙarfi. <ref>{{Cite web |title=MoMA {{!}} Projects |url=https://www.moma.org/interactives/exhibitions/projects/sabine-hornig/ |access-date=2016-08-09 |website=www.moma.org}}</ref> Ta ƙirƙiri jerin ''Windows'' masu ci gaba tun daga shekarar 2001, tana amfani da hotunan da kuma hotunan tagogi. A wasu daga cikin waɗannan ayyukan tagogi marasa komai, da kuma shagunan da babu komai da aka gani ta firam ɗin taga, suna nuna yuwuwar canji kuma suna ba da dama don tunani. Idan aka yi la'akari da al'adar tarihin zane-zane, hotunanta galibi suna da bayanin ɗaki a cikin taken kamar yadda aka rubuta a cikin ''Der zerstörte Raum'' daga 2005, wanda ke nufin faifan Jeff Wall mai suna ''The Destroyed Room'' daga 1978. Nunin da ta yi a shekarar 2013 a gidan adana kayan tarihi na Tanya Bonakdar da ke New York, mai suna ''Transparent Things'', ya samo asali ne daga wani littafi na Vladimir Nabokov na shekarar 1972 kuma ya binciko jigogi na yanayi da kuma sararin birane. Baje kolin ya haɗa da sassaka, yana kwaikwayon kayayyakin birane na masana'antu kuma an yi su da kayan aiki kamar siminti, polyester, da aluminum, tare da hotunan da ke nuna wuraren da suka lalace a Berlin ta zamani. Tsarin da hotunan duka suna lalata fahimtar gani na masu kallo game da abubuwan da sararin samaniya. Kusan dukkan hotunan an ɗauke su ne ta tagogi, ta hanyar da ke matsewa da karkatar da fahimtar zurfin fahimta da fahimtar wuri, wanda hakan ke jefa masu kallo cikin rashin daidaito da kuma haifar da rudani a sarari wanda ke da alaƙa da aikin Hornig. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Sabine Hornig at Tanya Bonakdar Gallery, by Siona Wilson / Art Review |url=http://artreview.com/reviews/review_sabine_hornig/ |access-date=2016-08-09 |website=artreview.com}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |date=6 June 2013 |title=Sabine Hornig - Decoding Images - Art in America |url=http://www.artinamericamagazine.com/news-features/decoding-images/sabine-hornig/ |access-date=2016-08-09 |website=www.artinamericamagazine.com}}</ref> Mai zane da kanta ta ce tana isar da ra'ayin rashin fahimta, "rashin wurin zama," da kuma "rashin fahimta" a cikin aikinta, don ƙarfafa tunani mai zurfi a cikin masu kallonta. An ba Hornig aikin ne a filin jirgin saman LaGuardia, inda ta samu mafi girman aikin gine-gine har zuwa yanzu, wato ''La Guardia Vistas'' (2020), inda ta yi tsawon ƙafa 268 da tsayi ƙafa 42 a kan gilashin da ke kan hanyar Terminal B zuwa garejin ajiye motoci. Ta ɗauki hoton sararin samaniyar Manhattan daga filin jirgin sama a matsayin wurin tashi, ta ɗauki hotuna sama da 1,100 masu inganci na Manhattan daga saman rufin gidanta da kuma daga bakin teku a Queens. Ta haɗa hotunan zuwa wani tsari mai tarin bayanai wanda aka yi masa kalamai 20 daga Fiorello La Guardia . == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1964]] q4kiyuyzhvucrxxixijhf7w35dln79d 0 163268 895289 2026-08-11T22:42:36Z Nnamadee 31123 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1342985157|Christa Frieda Vogel]]" 895289 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Christa Frieda Vogel''' 'yar Jamus ce mai ɗaukar hoto wadda ke zaune kuma tana aiki a [[Berlin]], Jamus. Ta buga littattafan hotuna da dama kuma ta gabatar da ayyukanta a baje kolin kasa da kasa. == Tarihin Rayuwa == An haifi Christa Frieda Vogel a shekarar 1960 a Meppen, Emsland a [[Jamus]], kuma ta yi karatun zane-zane daga 1982 zuwa 1988 a jami'ar fasaha ta Berlin . A lokacin da take aiki a matsayin mai gyaran jiki, ta sami lasisin tuƙi na sirri (PPLA, CVFR, KFB). A shekara ta 2000 ta zama memba ta farko ta Fotoschule am Schiffbauerdamm kuma ta yi aiki a matsayin mai kula da kuma manajan baje kolin a Postfuhramt [[Berlin]] . Tafiye-tafiye sun kai ta [[Venezia|Venice]], [[Kroatiya|Croatia]] da [[Masadoiniya ta Arewa|Arewacin Macedonia]], da kuma [[Georgia]] da [[Turkiyya]] . A Turkiyya ta rayu kuma ta yi aiki a matsayin mai ɗaukar hoto da mai kula da harkokin kuɗi daga 2009 zuwa 2013. A shekarar 2013 ta koma [[Berlin]] . == Ayyuka == Ɗaukar hoton Vogel galibi abin tarihi ne : A cikin jerin (da littafi) ''Georgien'' ( [[Georgia]] ) ta ɗauki hotunan mutane kamar dai su ne abubuwan tarihi na kansu. Dabarun hotonta ya ta'allaka ne, a launuka da kuma hotuna baƙi da fari, a kan dogon hoton da kuma siffar tsakiya. A cikin baje kolin da ta yi da kuma aikinta na littattafai, ''Artisanbul'' Vogel ta zana hotunan ƙwararrun mawaka 34, maza da mata, na tsararraki uku a Istanbul kuma ta raka su zuwa wuraren da suka fi so. A cikin shekaru biyu na aikinta a kan wannan jerin shirye-shiryen, ta kafa aikin ''Galata House of Art'' a Beyoğlu wanda ke karɓar bakuncin masu fasaha daga Berlin da Istanbul. A nan ne Vogel ya gabatar da jerin shirye-shiryenta ''na Artistanbul'' a 2011 tare da ayyukan da aka zayyana, daga cikinsu Ara Güler, Burhan Doğançay, Mahmut Celayr, Erdoğan Zumrutoğlu da Hande Varsat. Waɗanda ke cikin ayyukan Vogel waɗanda ba su da rubuce-rubuce a rubuce, kamar polaroids na "Erotica", suna kusantar da batutuwa ta hanyar kusantar da hankali da kuma ɓoye abubuwa. Ana amfani da irin waɗannan dabarun a cikin jerin "Blaues Wunder" (Blue Miracle) a matsayin nazarin duniyar (ƙarƙashin-ruwa) gabaɗaya yayin da jerin b/w ''Jellyfish'' ya mayar da hankali musamman kan jikin halittu masu ban mamaki. == Littattafai == * ''Einblicke.'' B&S Siebenhaar Verlag, Berlin 2003,{{ISBN|3-936962-03-0}} * ''Georgian.'' ''Begegnung mit Ursprung und Zeit'' (bayanan gabatarwa daga Alexander Kartosia da Thomas Roth), Bugun Braus, Heidelberg 2008,{{ISBN|978-3-89904-305-1}} * ''Artisanbul: Masu Fasaha na Zamani Suna Gabatar da Wurare da Suka Fi So.'' Seltmann + Söhne, Lüdenscheid 2011 zuwa 2013,{{ISBN|978-3-934687-95-0}} (kuma kundin nunin tare da muƙalar Johannes Odenthal) == Nunin nune-nune (zaɓi) == * 2006 National Gallery Tbilisi, [[Georgia]] : zane-zane na kama-da-wane, aikin zane-zane na ƙasa * Gidan Tarihi na Caravansary na 2007 Tbilisi, [[Georgia]] : hotuna, nunin rukuni * 2007 Willy Brandt Haus, [[Berlin]] : ''Hotuna und Landschaften'' ( ''Hotuna da Filayen Kasa'' ), nunin rukuni * Bikin Nunin Zane na 2008 na Cologne : ''Georgienfotos'' ( ''Hotunan [[Georgia]]'' ) da gabatar da littafi * 2008 Foundation Sergej Mawritzki, [[Berlin]], littafin gabatarwa da nuni: ''Georgien,'' ''[[Georgia|Begegnung]] mit Ursprung und Zeit'' * 2009 Gallery Brockstedt, [[Berlin]] : ''Hoto a cikin der Landschaft'' ( ''Hoto a cikin Tsarin Kasa'' ), tare da Ernst Baumeister * Hotunan 2010 Tammen, [[Berlin]] : ''Nutsewa'', hotuna masu kama da polaroid, baje kolin rukuni * 2011 Gallery Arte, [[Istanbul]] : ''Ara Güler Hoton'', nunin rukuni * 2011 Galata House of Art a Beyoğlu, [[Istanbul]], ''Artistanbul'', gabatarwa da nunin littattafai * 2011 Galeriartist, Berlin: ''Artisanbul'', gabatar da littafi da baje kolinsa == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1960]] 0oum955vourssp97d9tge1zhyysqmm9 895290 895289 2026-08-11T22:43:35Z Nnamadee 31123 895290 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Christa Frieda Vogel''' 'yar Jamus ce mai ɗaukar hoto wadda ke zaune kuma tana aiki a [[Berlin]], Jamus. Ta buga littattafan hotuna da dama kuma ta gabatar da ayyukanta a baje kolin kasa da kasa. == Tarihin Rayuwa == An haifi Christa Frieda Vogel a shekarar 1960 a Meppen, Emsland a [[Jamus]], kuma ta yi karatun zane-zane daga 1982 zuwa 1988 a jami'ar fasaha ta Berlin . A lokacin da take aiki a matsayin mai gyaran jiki, ta sami lasisin tuƙi na sirri (PPLA, CVFR, KFB). A shekara ta 2000 ta zama memba ta farko ta Fotoschule am Schiffbauerdamm kuma ta yi aiki a matsayin mai kula da kuma manajan baje kolin a Postfuhramt [[Berlin]] . Tafiye-tafiye sun kai ta [[Venezia|Venice]], [[Kroatiya|Croatia]] da [[Masadoiniya ta Arewa|Arewacin Macedonia]], da kuma [[Georgia]] da [[Turkiyya]] . A Turkiyya ta rayu kuma ta yi aiki a matsayin mai ɗaukar hoto da mai kula da harkokin kuɗi daga 2009 zuwa 2013. A shekarar 2013 ta koma [[Berlin]].<ref>Cfr. Christa Frieda Vogel'den Bir Fotoğraf ve Sergi Projesi, in Haberler (Turkish Magazine), 7 September 2011.</ref> == Ayyuka == Ɗaukar hoton Vogel galibi abin tarihi ne : A cikin jerin (da littafi) ''Georgien'' ( [[Georgia]] ) ta ɗauki hotunan mutane kamar dai su ne abubuwan tarihi na kansu. Dabarun hotonta ya ta'allaka ne, a launuka da kuma hotuna baƙi da fari, a kan dogon hoton da kuma siffar tsakiya. A cikin baje kolin da ta yi da kuma aikinta na littattafai, ''Artisanbul'' Vogel ta zana hotunan ƙwararrun mawaka 34, maza da mata, na tsararraki uku a Istanbul kuma ta raka su zuwa wuraren da suka fi so. A cikin shekaru biyu na aikinta a kan wannan jerin shirye-shiryen, ta kafa aikin ''Galata House of Art'' a Beyoğlu wanda ke karɓar bakuncin masu fasaha daga Berlin da Istanbul. A nan ne Vogel ya gabatar da jerin shirye-shiryenta ''na Artistanbul'' a 2011 tare da ayyukan da aka zayyana, daga cikinsu Ara Güler, Burhan Doğançay, Mahmut Celayr, Erdoğan Zumrutoğlu da Hande Varsat. Waɗanda ke cikin ayyukan Vogel waɗanda ba su da rubuce-rubuce a rubuce, kamar polaroids na "Erotica", suna kusantar da batutuwa ta hanyar kusantar da hankali da kuma ɓoye abubuwa. Ana amfani da irin waɗannan dabarun a cikin jerin "Blaues Wunder" (Blue Miracle) a matsayin nazarin duniyar (ƙarƙashin-ruwa) gabaɗaya yayin da jerin b/w ''Jellyfish'' ya mayar da hankali musamman kan jikin halittu masu ban mamaki. == Littattafai == * ''Einblicke.'' B&S Siebenhaar Verlag, Berlin 2003,{{ISBN|3-936962-03-0}} * ''Georgian.'' ''Begegnung mit Ursprung und Zeit'' (bayanan gabatarwa daga Alexander Kartosia da Thomas Roth), Bugun Braus, Heidelberg 2008,{{ISBN|978-3-89904-305-1}} * ''Artisanbul: Masu Fasaha na Zamani Suna Gabatar da Wurare da Suka Fi So.'' Seltmann + Söhne, Lüdenscheid 2011 zuwa 2013,{{ISBN|978-3-934687-95-0}} (kuma kundin nunin tare da muƙalar Johannes Odenthal) == Nunin nune-nune (zaɓi) == * 2006 National Gallery Tbilisi, [[Georgia]] : zane-zane na kama-da-wane, aikin zane-zane na ƙasa * Gidan Tarihi na Caravansary na 2007 Tbilisi, [[Georgia]] : hotuna, nunin rukuni * 2007 Willy Brandt Haus, [[Berlin]] : ''Hotuna und Landschaften'' ( ''Hotuna da Filayen Kasa'' ), nunin rukuni * Bikin Nunin Zane na 2008 na Cologne : ''Georgienfotos'' ( ''Hotunan [[Georgia]]'' ) da gabatar da littafi * 2008 Foundation Sergej Mawritzki, [[Berlin]], littafin gabatarwa da nuni: ''Georgien,'' ''[[Georgia|Begegnung]] mit Ursprung und Zeit'' * 2009 Gallery Brockstedt, [[Berlin]] : ''Hoto a cikin der Landschaft'' ( ''Hoto a cikin Tsarin Kasa'' ), tare da Ernst Baumeister * Hotunan 2010 Tammen, [[Berlin]] : ''Nutsewa'', hotuna masu kama da polaroid, baje kolin rukuni * 2011 Gallery Arte, [[Istanbul]] : ''Ara Güler Hoton'', nunin rukuni * 2011 Galata House of Art a Beyoğlu, [[Istanbul]], ''Artistanbul'', gabatarwa da nunin littattafai * 2011 Galeriartist, Berlin: ''Artisanbul'', gabatar da littafi da baje kolinsa == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1960]] fo9w1o9ju6zlifflbzjlrzh3demuizk 895291 895290 2026-08-11T22:44:06Z Nnamadee 31123 895291 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Christa Frieda Vogel''' 'yar Jamus ce mai ɗaukar hoto wadda ke zaune kuma tana aiki a [[Berlin]], Jamus. Ta buga littattafan hotuna da dama kuma ta gabatar da ayyukanta a baje kolin kasa da kasa. == Tarihin Rayuwa == An haifi Christa Frieda Vogel a shekarar 1960 a Meppen, Emsland a [[Jamus]], kuma ta yi karatun zane-zane daga 1982 zuwa 1988 a jami'ar fasaha ta Berlin . A lokacin da take aiki a matsayin mai gyaran jiki, ta sami lasisin tuƙi na sirri (PPLA, CVFR, KFB). A shekara ta 2000 ta zama memba ta farko ta Fotoschule am Schiffbauerdamm kuma ta yi aiki a matsayin mai kula da kuma manajan baje kolin a Postfuhramt [[Berlin]] . Tafiye-tafiye sun kai ta [[Venezia|Venice]], [[Kroatiya|Croatia]] da [[Masadoiniya ta Arewa|Arewacin Macedonia]], da kuma [[Georgia]] da [[Turkiyya]] . A Turkiyya ta rayu kuma ta yi aiki a matsayin mai ɗaukar hoto da mai kula da harkokin kuɗi daga 2009 zuwa 2013. A shekarar 2013 ta koma [[Berlin]].<ref>Cfr. Christa Frieda Vogel'den Bir Fotoğraf ve Sergi Projesi, in Haberler (Turkish Magazine), 7 September 2011.</ref> == Ayyuka == Ɗaukar hoton Vogel galibi abin tarihi ne : A cikin jerin (da littafi) ''Georgien'' ( [[Georgia]] ) ta ɗauki hotunan mutane kamar dai su ne abubuwan tarihi na kansu. Dabarun hotonta ya ta'allaka ne, a launuka da kuma hotuna baƙi da fari, a kan dogon hoton da kuma siffar tsakiya. A cikin baje kolin da ta yi da kuma aikinta na littattafai, ''Artisanbul'' Vogel ta zana hotunan ƙwararrun mawaka 34, maza da mata, na tsararraki uku a Istanbul kuma ta raka su zuwa wuraren da suka fi so. A cikin shekaru biyu na aikinta a kan wannan jerin shirye-shiryen, ta kafa aikin ''Galata House of Art'' a Beyoğlu wanda ke karɓar bakuncin masu fasaha daga Berlin da Istanbul. A nan ne Vogel ya gabatar da jerin shirye-shiryenta ''na Artistanbul'' a 2011 tare da ayyukan da aka zayyana, daga cikinsu Ara Güler, Burhan Doğançay, Mahmut Celayr, Erdoğan Zumrutoğlu da Hande Varsat. Waɗanda ke cikin ayyukan Vogel waɗanda ba su da rubuce-rubuce a rubuce, kamar polaroids na "Erotica", suna kusantar da batutuwa ta hanyar kusantar da hankali da kuma ɓoye abubuwa. Ana amfani da irin waɗannan dabarun a cikin jerin "Blaues Wunder" (Blue Miracle) a matsayin nazarin duniyar (ƙarƙashin-ruwa) gabaɗaya yayin da jerin b/w ''Jellyfish'' ya mayar da hankali musamman kan jikin halittu masu ban mamaki.<ref>Cfr. Artist's portrait Archived September 8, 2012, at the Wayback Machine in Magazinsel (Turkish Newspaper), 29 August 2012.</ref> == Littattafai == * ''Einblicke.'' B&S Siebenhaar Verlag, Berlin 2003,{{ISBN|3-936962-03-0}} * ''Georgian.'' ''Begegnung mit Ursprung und Zeit'' (bayanan gabatarwa daga Alexander Kartosia da Thomas Roth), Bugun Braus, Heidelberg 2008,{{ISBN|978-3-89904-305-1}} * ''Artisanbul: Masu Fasaha na Zamani Suna Gabatar da Wurare da Suka Fi So.'' Seltmann + Söhne, Lüdenscheid 2011 zuwa 2013,{{ISBN|978-3-934687-95-0}} (kuma kundin nunin tare da muƙalar Johannes Odenthal) == Nunin nune-nune (zaɓi) == * 2006 National Gallery Tbilisi, [[Georgia]] : zane-zane na kama-da-wane, aikin zane-zane na ƙasa * Gidan Tarihi na Caravansary na 2007 Tbilisi, [[Georgia]] : hotuna, nunin rukuni * 2007 Willy Brandt Haus, [[Berlin]] : ''Hotuna und Landschaften'' ( ''Hotuna da Filayen Kasa'' ), nunin rukuni * Bikin Nunin Zane na 2008 na Cologne : ''Georgienfotos'' ( ''Hotunan [[Georgia]]'' ) da gabatar da littafi * 2008 Foundation Sergej Mawritzki, [[Berlin]], littafin gabatarwa da nuni: ''Georgien,'' ''[[Georgia|Begegnung]] mit Ursprung und Zeit'' * 2009 Gallery Brockstedt, [[Berlin]] : ''Hoto a cikin der Landschaft'' ( ''Hoto a cikin Tsarin Kasa'' ), tare da Ernst Baumeister * Hotunan 2010 Tammen, [[Berlin]] : ''Nutsewa'', hotuna masu kama da polaroid, baje kolin rukuni * 2011 Gallery Arte, [[Istanbul]] : ''Ara Güler Hoton'', nunin rukuni * 2011 Galata House of Art a Beyoğlu, [[Istanbul]], ''Artistanbul'', gabatarwa da nunin littattafai * 2011 Galeriartist, Berlin: ''Artisanbul'', gabatar da littafi da baje kolinsa == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1960]] q79b4kydv0oqob5bfqu3rbm04bmu0wn 895292 895291 2026-08-11T22:44:59Z Nnamadee 31123 895292 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Christa Frieda Vogel''' 'yar Jamus ce mai ɗaukar hoto wadda ke zaune kuma tana aiki a [[Berlin]], Jamus. Ta buga littattafan hotuna da dama kuma ta gabatar da ayyukanta a baje kolin kasa da kasa. == Tarihin Rayuwa == An haifi Christa Frieda Vogel a shekarar 1960 a Meppen, Emsland a [[Jamus]], kuma ta yi karatun zane-zane daga 1982 zuwa 1988 a jami'ar fasaha ta Berlin . A lokacin da take aiki a matsayin mai gyaran jiki, ta sami lasisin tuƙi na sirri (PPLA, CVFR, KFB). A shekara ta 2000 ta zama memba ta farko ta Fotoschule am Schiffbauerdamm kuma ta yi aiki a matsayin mai kula da kuma manajan baje kolin a Postfuhramt [[Berlin]] . Tafiye-tafiye sun kai ta [[Venezia|Venice]], [[Kroatiya|Croatia]] da [[Masadoiniya ta Arewa|Arewacin Macedonia]], da kuma [[Georgia]] da [[Turkiyya]] . A Turkiyya ta rayu kuma ta yi aiki a matsayin mai ɗaukar hoto da mai kula da harkokin kuɗi daga 2009 zuwa 2013. A shekarar 2013 ta koma [[Berlin]].<ref>Cfr. Christa Frieda Vogel'den Bir Fotoğraf ve Sergi Projesi, in Haberler (Turkish Magazine), 7 September 2011.</ref> == Ayyuka == Ɗaukar hoton Vogel galibi abin tarihi ne : A cikin jerin (da littafi) ''Georgien'' ( [[Georgia]] ) ta ɗauki hotunan mutane kamar dai su ne abubuwan tarihi na kansu. Dabarun hotonta ya ta'allaka ne, a launuka da kuma hotuna baƙi da fari, a kan dogon hoton da kuma siffar tsakiya. A cikin baje kolin da ta yi da kuma aikinta na littattafai, ''Artisanbul'' Vogel ta zana hotunan ƙwararrun mawaka 34, maza da mata, na tsararraki uku a Istanbul kuma ta raka su zuwa wuraren da suka fi so. A cikin shekaru biyu na aikinta a kan wannan jerin shirye-shiryen, ta kafa aikin ''Galata House of Art'' a Beyoğlu wanda ke karɓar bakuncin masu fasaha daga Berlin da Istanbul. A nan ne Vogel ya gabatar da jerin shirye-shiryenta ''na Artistanbul'' a 2011 tare da ayyukan da aka zayyana, daga cikinsu Ara Güler, Burhan Doğançay, Mahmut Celayr, Erdoğan Zumrutoğlu da Hande Varsat. Waɗanda ke cikin ayyukan Vogel waɗanda ba su da rubuce-rubuce a rubuce, kamar polaroids na "Erotica", suna kusantar da batutuwa ta hanyar kusantar da hankali da kuma ɓoye abubuwa. Ana amfani da irin waɗannan dabarun a cikin jerin "Blaues Wunder" (Blue Miracle) a matsayin nazarin duniyar (ƙarƙashin-ruwa) gabaɗaya yayin da jerin b/w ''Jellyfish'' ya mayar da hankali musamman kan jikin halittu masu ban mamaki.<ref>Cfr. Artist's portrait Archived September 8, 2012, at the Wayback Machine in Magazinsel (Turkish Newspaper), 29 August 2012.</ref> == Littattafai == * ''Einblicke.'' B&S Siebenhaar Verlag, Berlin 2003,{{ISBN|3-936962-03-0}} * ''Georgian.'' ''Begegnung mit Ursprung und Zeit'' (bayanan gabatarwa daga Alexander Kartosia da Thomas Roth), Bugun Braus, Heidelberg 2008,{{ISBN|978-3-89904-305-1}} * ''Artisanbul: Masu Fasaha na Zamani Suna Gabatar da Wurare da Suka Fi So.'' Seltmann + Söhne, Lüdenscheid 2011 zuwa 2013,{{ISBN|978-3-934687-95-0}} (kuma kundin nunin tare da muƙalar Johannes Odenthal) == Nunin nune-nune (zaɓi) == * 2006 National Gallery Tbilisi, [[Georgia]] : zane-zane na kama-da-wane, aikin zane-zane na ƙasa * Gidan Tarihi na Caravansary na 2007 Tbilisi, [[Georgia]] : hotuna, nunin rukuni * 2007 Willy Brandt Haus, [[Berlin]] : ''Hotuna und Landschaften'' ( ''Hotuna da Filayen Kasa'' ), nunin rukuni * Bikin Nunin Zane na 2008 na Cologne : ''Georgienfotos'' ( ''Hotunan [[Georgia]]'' ) da gabatar da littafi * 2008 Foundation Sergej Mawritzki, [[Berlin]], littafin gabatarwa da nuni: ''Georgien,'' ''[[Georgia|Begegnung]] mit Ursprung und Zeit'' * 2009 Gallery Brockstedt, [[Berlin]] : ''Hoto a cikin der Landschaft'' ( ''Hoto a cikin Tsarin Kasa'' ), tare da Ernst Baumeister * Hotunan 2010 Tammen, [[Berlin]] : ''Nutsewa'', hotuna masu kama da polaroid, baje kolin rukuni * 2011 Gallery Arte, [[Istanbul]] : ''Ara Güler Hoton'', nunin rukuni * 2011 Galata House of Art a Beyoğlu, [[Istanbul]], ''Artistanbul'', gabatarwa da nunin littattafai * 2011 Galeriartist, Berlin: ''Artisanbul'', gabatar da littafi da baje kolinsa == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1960]] k7dgmavyk61jnzgtwdk31kznu6bu811 0 163269 895293 2026-08-11T22:46:23Z Nnamadee 31123 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1367565257|Brigitte Jurack]]" 895293 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Brigitte Jurack''' (an haife ta [[Düsseldorf|a Düsseldorf]], 1962) ƙwararriyar mai fasaha ce ta zamani da ke zaune a [[Liverpool]], tana aiki galibi a fannin sassaka da zane-zane . <ref>{{Cite web |title=b.jurack@mmu.ac.uk |url=https://sculptors.org.uk/artists/brigitte-jurack |access-date=2021-04-10 |website=sculptors.org.uk |language=en}}</ref> [[Fayil:Sculpture_in_Central_Park,_Wallasey.jpg|thumb| Zane a Central Park, Wallasey]] == Rayuwa da aiki == [[Fayil:Sculpture_in_Central_Park,_Wallasey_(2).jpg|thumb| Zane a Central Park, Wallasey]] Brigitte Jurack ya yi karatun tauhidin Furotesta a Jami'o'in Göttingen, Münster da Bonn, da Fine Art a Kunstakademie Düsseldorf a Jamus. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Korean International Ceramic Biennale 2019 |url=http://2019.kicb.co.kr/artist/about?idx=3877 |access-date=2021-04-10 |website=2019.kicb.co.kr}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |date=August 2018 |title=Art in Liverpool Magazine, issue #6, August 2018 |url=https://issuu.com/artinliverpoolmagazine/docs/art_in_liverpool_august |access-date=2021-04-10 |website=Issuu |language=en}}</ref> Jurack ya kammala karatun digiri na biyu a fannin fasahar muhalli a Makarantar Fasaha ta Glasgow a shekarar 1990, wanda tallafin karatu daga Majalisar Burtaniya ya tallafa masa. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Story, Manchester Metropolitan University |url=https://www.mmu.ac.uk/artshumanities/news/story/?id=10227 |access-date=2021-04-06 |website=Manchester Metropolitan University |language=en}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |title=another vacant space.: a.v.s. projects Autogestión museumman Foundacio Joan Miro Barcelona |url=http://anothervacantspace.blogspot.com/2017/03/another-vacant-space-projects.html |access-date=2021-04-10 |website=another vacant space.}}</ref> Ta ci gaba da kammala karatun digiri na MA a Kwalejin Fasaha da Zane ta Chelsea, Landan a shekarar 1992. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Korean International Ceramic Biennale 2019 |url=http://2019.kicb.co.kr/artist/about?idx=3877 |access-date=2021-04-06 |website=2019.kicb.co.kr}}</ref> A shekarar 2018 ta kammala digirin digirgir na uku mai taken 'Me yasa ake damuwa? Rashin tabbas, rashin kunya da jarumtaka a cikin wakilcin sassaka na matasa', wanda aka yi a Makarantar Fasaha ta Manchester ( Jami'ar Metropolitan ta Manchester ). <ref>{{Cite web |date=2020-10-23 |title=Brigitte Jurack |url=https://diggingtogether.com/artists/brigitte-jurack/ |access-date=2021-04-10 |website=Digging Together |language=en-US}}</ref> A shekarar 1998, Jurack ya kafa ƙungiyar masu zane-zane ta Foreign Investment tare da mai zane Alma Tischlerwood. Ƙungiyar, waɗanda suka yi baje kolin a faɗin duniya, suna neman "ƙirƙirar yanayi inda masu fasaha, masu sauraro da al'ummomin mahalarta za su haɗu don yin tambaya game da ƙimar abubuwa ta hanyoyi marasa tsammani". <ref>{{Cite web |date=26 September 2019 |title=INTERRUPTIONS: Foreign Investment at The Holden Gallery |url=https://www.creativetourist.com/event/interruptions-foreign-investment/ |access-date=2021-04-06 |website=Creative Tourist |language=en-GB}}</ref> Ayyukan da masu zuba jari na ƙasashen waje suka yi sun haɗa da One Square Foot of Sky a Collector Club, Hong Kong (2014) <ref>{{Cite web |date=2014-01-18 |title=One square foot of Sky by foreign investment「一平方尺的天空」- foreign investment |url=http://www.collectorclub.org/ZH/2014/01/one-square-foot-of-sky/ |access-date=2021-04-06 |website=Collector Club |language=zh-HK}}</ref> da Everything Must Go a Chinese Arts Centre, Manchester (2011). <ref>{{Cite web |title=Everything Must Go |url=https://www.e-flux.com/announcements/35276/everything-must-go/ |access-date=2021-04-06 |website=www.e-flux.com |language=en}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |date=2021-04-10 |title=CFCCA Archive 'Everything Must Go' Art Sale – 16 September 2011 |url=https://archive.cfcca.org.uk/index.php/Detail/occurrences/454 |website=Centre for Chinese Contemporary Art}}</ref> Ayyukan baje kolin Jurack tare da Zuba Jari na Ƙasashen Waje sun haɗa da ayyuka da kuma sautuka da yawa. A shekarar 2012, Jurack ya yi wani sabon sassaka na jama'a, wanda majalisar Wirral ta ba da umarnin a yi, don Central Park da ke Wallasey . <ref>{{Cite web |title=Liverpool Art Prize: 2014 shortlist announced {{!}} Art News {{!}} The Skinny |url=https://www.theskinny.co.uk/art/news/liverpool-art-prize-2014-shortlist-announced |access-date=2021-04-06 |website=www.theskinny.co.uk |language=en}}</ref> An tsara sassaken da za a yi amfani da su don tunawa da tsohuwar Makarantar Fasaha ta Wallasey tare da haɗin gwiwar matasa daga makarantu na gida da ƙungiyoyin matasa da kuma tare da tallafi daga Majalisar Fasaha ta Ingila . <ref>{{Cite web |title=Sculpture aims to capture 'playful spirit' of former Wirral art college |url=https://www.wirralglobe.co.uk/news/10021726.sculpture-aims-to-capture-playful-spirit-of-former-wirral-art-college/ |access-date=2021-04-06 |website=Wirral Globe |language=en}}</ref> Jurack ya koyar da zane-zane a jami'o'i da dama a Burtaniya, yana rike da mukamai a matsayin babban malami a Jami'ar John Moores da ke Liverpool, Jami'ar Derby, Jami'ar Newcastle kuma a halin yanzu yana Makarantar Fasaha ta Manchester . <ref>{{Cite web |title=Practice-Based-Research |url=http://www.practice-based-research.com/de/ProgramWorkshops.php |access-date=2021-04-10 |website=www.practice-based-research.com}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |title=They Eat Culture // We help shape the growth of Lancashire through arts engagement. // Dialogue |url=http://theyeatculture.org/current/talks/ |access-date=2021-04-10 |language=en}}</ref> == Nunin da aka zaɓa == * ''Kasuwancin Birai'', FILET, London, 2018 <ref>{{Cite web |last=Zaffarano |first=Francesco |date=2018-10-18 |title=Brigitte Jurack's 'Monkey Business' exhibition opens at FILET |url=https://hackneypost.co.uk/brigitte-jurack-monkey-business-filet-london/ |access-date=2021-04-06 |website=Hackney Post |language=en-GB}}</ref> * ''Parachute mai ruwan hoda,'' Gidan Tarihi na Grundy, Blackpool, 2012 <ref>{{Cite web |title=Brigitte Jurack: Pink Parachute |url=https://www.thegrundy.org/whats-on/single/brigitte-jurack-pink-parachute/ |access-date=2021-04-06 |website=Grundy Art Gallery |language=en}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |date=2021-04-10 |title=Grundy Art Gallery Business Plan |url=https://democracy.blackpool.gov.uk/Data/Executive%20(I)/20130110/Minutes/$Appendix%20A-Grundy%20Art%20Gallery%20PH3%20Appendix%20A.doc.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210410114752/https://democracy.blackpool.gov.uk/Data/Executive%20(I)/20130110/Minutes/$Appendix%20A-Grundy%20Art%20Gallery%20PH3%20Appendix%20A.doc.pdf |archive-date=2021-04-10}}</ref> * ''Zane a bakin Teku'', Aarhus, Denmark, 2015 <ref>{{Cite web |date=2015-06-17 |title=Sculpture by the Sea Aarhus 2015 exhibits 57 works from artists/groups from 24 different countries. |url=https://www.biennialfoundation.org/2015/06/along-aarhus-scenic-coast-line-sculptures-are-presented-on-the-beach-the-waterfront-and-in-the-forest-the-exhibition-area-is-accessible-at-any-hour-and-free-to-the-public/ |access-date=2021-04-06 |website=Biennial Foundation |language=en-US}}</ref> * ''Kawai Jira Ni,'' Central Park, Wallasey, 2013 <ref>{{Cite web |title=Sculpture aims to capture 'playful spirit' of former Wirral art college |url=https://www.wirralglobe.co.uk/news/10021726.sculpture-aims-to-capture-playful-spirit-of-former-wirral-art-college/ |access-date=2021-04-06 |website=Wirral Globe |language=en}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |title=Just wait for me |url=http://www.bronzefoundry.co.uk/WORKSPAGES/JURACK/JustWaitForMe2.html |access-date=2021-04-06 |website=www.bronzefoundry.co.uk}}</ref> * ''Die Se (e) (h) kuh'', Kiosk 24, Jamus, 2011 <ref>{{Cite web |last=miracle |title=Die Se(e)(h)kuh |url=https://kiosk24.org/die-seehkuh/ |access-date=2021-04-06 |website=Kiosk24 |language=de-DE}}</ref> * ''Irfaran'', Gidan Tarihi na Duniya, Newcastle, 2008 <ref>{{Cite web |title=Irfaran |url=https://www.globegallery.org/irfaran |access-date=2021-04-06 |website=The Globe Gallery |language=en}}</ref> * ''Tafiya ta Moonshine'', Sutton Manor, 2008 <ref>{{Cite web |last=Jones |first=Catherine |date=2008-02-29 |title=Moonshine walk to mark colliery |url=http://www.liverpoolecho.co.uk/news/liverpool-news/moonshine-walk-to-mark-colliery-3493925 |access-date=2021-04-06 |website=Liverpool Echo |language=en}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |title=Moonshine Walk, as part of Foreign Investment (2008) – Brigitte Jurack – Manchester School of Art |url=https://www.art.mmu.ac.uk/profile/bjurack/projectdetails/618 |access-date=2021-04-06 |website=www.art.mmu.ac.uk}}</ref> == Kyaututtuka da wuraren zama == * Sanskriti Residency, SansKriti Foundation, Delhi, India, 2018 <ref>{{Cite web |title=International Residency - Past Residents |url=http://www.sanskritifoundation.org/previous-artists.htm |access-date=2021-04-06 |website=www.sanskritifoundation.org}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |title=Cheeseburn, Newcastle upon Tyne (2021) |url=http://www.findglocal.com/GB/Newcastle-upon-Tyne/871114152903286/Cheeseburn |access-date=2021-04-10 |website=www.findglocal.com}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |title=IB18: St John's Market: Brigitte Jurack: Scavengers |url=https://www.artinliverpool.com/events/ib18-st-johns-market-brigitte-jurack-scavengers/ |access-date=2021-04-10 |website=Art in Liverpool |language=en-US}}</ref> * An Yi Takarar Kujerar Fasaha ta Liverpool, 2014 <ref>{{Cite web |title=January 2014 – Liverpool Art Prize |url=http://liverpoolartprize.com/?m=201401 |access-date=2021-04-06 |language=en-GB}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |title=Liverpool Art Prize 2014 Opens at Metal on 9 May – Liverpool Art Prize |url=http://liverpoolartprize.com/?p=1429 |access-date=2021-04-06 |language=en-GB}}</ref> * Biyan Kuɗin Yarima na Wales, Makarantar Burtaniya a Athens 2010/2011 <ref>{{Cite web |title=Autogestió - another vacant space. |url=https://www.anothervacantspace.com/Autogestio |access-date=2021-04-10 |website=www.anothervacantspace.com |language=en}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |date=2014-02-26 |title=ART OPENING: FIGURING at Royal British Society of Sculptors Private view: 26th February 2014 |url=https://fadmagazine.com/2014/02/26/art-opening-figuring-at-royal-british-society-of-sculptors-private-view-26th-february-2014/ |access-date=2021-04-10 |website=FAD Magazine |language=en-GB}}</ref> * IMMA, Dublin – mai zane a gidan zama, 2010 <ref>{{Cite web |title=Brigitte Jurack |url=https://imma.ie/artists/brigitte-jurack/ |access-date=2021-04-06 |website=IMMA |language=en-IE}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |title=Korean International Ceramic Biennale 2019 |url=http://2019.kicb.co.kr/artist/about?idx=3877 |access-date=2021-04-10 |website=2019.kicb.co.kr}}</ref> == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1962]] iih6ltdb1x0821045wibc0879gsttlg 895294 895293 2026-08-11T22:47:14Z Nnamadee 31123 895294 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Brigitte Jurack''' (an haife ta [[Düsseldorf|a Düsseldorf]], 1962) ƙwararriyar mai fasaha ce ta zamani da ke zaune a [[Liverpool]], tana aiki galibi a fannin sassaka da zane-zane.<ref>{{Cite web |title=b.jurack@mmu.ac.uk |url=https://sculptors.org.uk/artists/brigitte-jurack |access-date=2021-04-10 |website=sculptors.org.uk |language=en}}</ref> [[Fayil:Sculpture_in_Central_Park,_Wallasey.jpg|thumb| Zane a Central Park, Wallasey]] == Rayuwa da aiki == [[Fayil:Sculpture_in_Central_Park,_Wallasey_(2).jpg|thumb| Zane a Central Park, Wallasey]] Brigitte Jurack ya yi karatun tauhidin Furotesta a Jami'o'in Göttingen, Münster da Bonn, da Fine Art a Kunstakademie Düsseldorf a Jamus. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Korean International Ceramic Biennale 2019 |url=http://2019.kicb.co.kr/artist/about?idx=3877 |access-date=2021-04-10 |website=2019.kicb.co.kr}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |date=August 2018 |title=Art in Liverpool Magazine, issue #6, August 2018 |url=https://issuu.com/artinliverpoolmagazine/docs/art_in_liverpool_august |access-date=2021-04-10 |website=Issuu |language=en}}</ref> Jurack ya kammala karatun digiri na biyu a fannin fasahar muhalli a Makarantar Fasaha ta Glasgow a shekarar 1990, wanda tallafin karatu daga Majalisar Burtaniya ya tallafa masa. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Story, Manchester Metropolitan University |url=https://www.mmu.ac.uk/artshumanities/news/story/?id=10227 |access-date=2021-04-06 |website=Manchester Metropolitan University |language=en}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |title=another vacant space.: a.v.s. projects Autogestión museumman Foundacio Joan Miro Barcelona |url=http://anothervacantspace.blogspot.com/2017/03/another-vacant-space-projects.html |access-date=2021-04-10 |website=another vacant space.}}</ref> Ta ci gaba da kammala karatun digiri na MA a Kwalejin Fasaha da Zane ta Chelsea, Landan a shekarar 1992. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Korean International Ceramic Biennale 2019 |url=http://2019.kicb.co.kr/artist/about?idx=3877 |access-date=2021-04-06 |website=2019.kicb.co.kr}}</ref> A shekarar 2018 ta kammala digirin digirgir na uku mai taken 'Me yasa ake damuwa? Rashin tabbas, rashin kunya da jarumtaka a cikin wakilcin sassaka na matasa', wanda aka yi a Makarantar Fasaha ta Manchester ( Jami'ar Metropolitan ta Manchester ). <ref>{{Cite web |date=2020-10-23 |title=Brigitte Jurack |url=https://diggingtogether.com/artists/brigitte-jurack/ |access-date=2021-04-10 |website=Digging Together |language=en-US}}</ref> A shekarar 1998, Jurack ya kafa ƙungiyar masu zane-zane ta Foreign Investment tare da mai zane Alma Tischlerwood. Ƙungiyar, waɗanda suka yi baje kolin a faɗin duniya, suna neman "ƙirƙirar yanayi inda masu fasaha, masu sauraro da al'ummomin mahalarta za su haɗu don yin tambaya game da ƙimar abubuwa ta hanyoyi marasa tsammani". <ref>{{Cite web |date=26 September 2019 |title=INTERRUPTIONS: Foreign Investment at The Holden Gallery |url=https://www.creativetourist.com/event/interruptions-foreign-investment/ |access-date=2021-04-06 |website=Creative Tourist |language=en-GB}}</ref> Ayyukan da masu zuba jari na ƙasashen waje suka yi sun haɗa da One Square Foot of Sky a Collector Club, Hong Kong (2014) <ref>{{Cite web |date=2014-01-18 |title=One square foot of Sky by foreign investment「一平方尺的天空」- foreign investment |url=http://www.collectorclub.org/ZH/2014/01/one-square-foot-of-sky/ |access-date=2021-04-06 |website=Collector Club |language=zh-HK}}</ref> da Everything Must Go a Chinese Arts Centre, Manchester (2011). <ref>{{Cite web |title=Everything Must Go |url=https://www.e-flux.com/announcements/35276/everything-must-go/ |access-date=2021-04-06 |website=www.e-flux.com |language=en}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |date=2021-04-10 |title=CFCCA Archive 'Everything Must Go' Art Sale – 16 September 2011 |url=https://archive.cfcca.org.uk/index.php/Detail/occurrences/454 |website=Centre for Chinese Contemporary Art}}</ref> Ayyukan baje kolin Jurack tare da Zuba Jari na Ƙasashen Waje sun haɗa da ayyuka da kuma sautuka da yawa. A shekarar 2012, Jurack ya yi wani sabon sassaka na jama'a, wanda majalisar Wirral ta ba da umarnin a yi, don Central Park da ke Wallasey . <ref>{{Cite web |title=Liverpool Art Prize: 2014 shortlist announced {{!}} Art News {{!}} The Skinny |url=https://www.theskinny.co.uk/art/news/liverpool-art-prize-2014-shortlist-announced |access-date=2021-04-06 |website=www.theskinny.co.uk |language=en}}</ref> An tsara sassaken da za a yi amfani da su don tunawa da tsohuwar Makarantar Fasaha ta Wallasey tare da haɗin gwiwar matasa daga makarantu na gida da ƙungiyoyin matasa da kuma tare da tallafi daga Majalisar Fasaha ta Ingila . <ref>{{Cite web |title=Sculpture aims to capture 'playful spirit' of former Wirral art college |url=https://www.wirralglobe.co.uk/news/10021726.sculpture-aims-to-capture-playful-spirit-of-former-wirral-art-college/ |access-date=2021-04-06 |website=Wirral Globe |language=en}}</ref> Jurack ya koyar da zane-zane a jami'o'i da dama a Burtaniya, yana rike da mukamai a matsayin babban malami a Jami'ar John Moores da ke Liverpool, Jami'ar Derby, Jami'ar Newcastle kuma a halin yanzu yana Makarantar Fasaha ta Manchester . <ref>{{Cite web |title=Practice-Based-Research |url=http://www.practice-based-research.com/de/ProgramWorkshops.php |access-date=2021-04-10 |website=www.practice-based-research.com}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |title=They Eat Culture // We help shape the growth of Lancashire through arts engagement. // Dialogue |url=http://theyeatculture.org/current/talks/ |access-date=2021-04-10 |language=en}}</ref> == Nunin da aka zaɓa == * ''Kasuwancin Birai'', FILET, London, 2018 <ref>{{Cite web |last=Zaffarano |first=Francesco |date=2018-10-18 |title=Brigitte Jurack's 'Monkey Business' exhibition opens at FILET |url=https://hackneypost.co.uk/brigitte-jurack-monkey-business-filet-london/ |access-date=2021-04-06 |website=Hackney Post |language=en-GB}}</ref> * ''Parachute mai ruwan hoda,'' Gidan Tarihi na Grundy, Blackpool, 2012 <ref>{{Cite web |title=Brigitte Jurack: Pink Parachute |url=https://www.thegrundy.org/whats-on/single/brigitte-jurack-pink-parachute/ |access-date=2021-04-06 |website=Grundy Art Gallery |language=en}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |date=2021-04-10 |title=Grundy Art Gallery Business Plan |url=https://democracy.blackpool.gov.uk/Data/Executive%20(I)/20130110/Minutes/$Appendix%20A-Grundy%20Art%20Gallery%20PH3%20Appendix%20A.doc.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210410114752/https://democracy.blackpool.gov.uk/Data/Executive%20(I)/20130110/Minutes/$Appendix%20A-Grundy%20Art%20Gallery%20PH3%20Appendix%20A.doc.pdf |archive-date=2021-04-10}}</ref> * ''Zane a bakin Teku'', Aarhus, Denmark, 2015 <ref>{{Cite web |date=2015-06-17 |title=Sculpture by the Sea Aarhus 2015 exhibits 57 works from artists/groups from 24 different countries. |url=https://www.biennialfoundation.org/2015/06/along-aarhus-scenic-coast-line-sculptures-are-presented-on-the-beach-the-waterfront-and-in-the-forest-the-exhibition-area-is-accessible-at-any-hour-and-free-to-the-public/ |access-date=2021-04-06 |website=Biennial Foundation |language=en-US}}</ref> * ''Kawai Jira Ni,'' Central Park, Wallasey, 2013 <ref>{{Cite web |title=Sculpture aims to capture 'playful spirit' of former Wirral art college |url=https://www.wirralglobe.co.uk/news/10021726.sculpture-aims-to-capture-playful-spirit-of-former-wirral-art-college/ |access-date=2021-04-06 |website=Wirral Globe |language=en}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |title=Just wait for me |url=http://www.bronzefoundry.co.uk/WORKSPAGES/JURACK/JustWaitForMe2.html |access-date=2021-04-06 |website=www.bronzefoundry.co.uk}}</ref> * ''Die Se (e) (h) kuh'', Kiosk 24, Jamus, 2011 <ref>{{Cite web |last=miracle |title=Die Se(e)(h)kuh |url=https://kiosk24.org/die-seehkuh/ |access-date=2021-04-06 |website=Kiosk24 |language=de-DE}}</ref> * ''Irfaran'', Gidan Tarihi na Duniya, Newcastle, 2008 <ref>{{Cite web |title=Irfaran |url=https://www.globegallery.org/irfaran |access-date=2021-04-06 |website=The Globe Gallery |language=en}}</ref> * ''Tafiya ta Moonshine'', Sutton Manor, 2008 <ref>{{Cite web |last=Jones |first=Catherine |date=2008-02-29 |title=Moonshine walk to mark colliery |url=http://www.liverpoolecho.co.uk/news/liverpool-news/moonshine-walk-to-mark-colliery-3493925 |access-date=2021-04-06 |website=Liverpool Echo |language=en}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |title=Moonshine Walk, as part of Foreign Investment (2008) – Brigitte Jurack – Manchester School of Art |url=https://www.art.mmu.ac.uk/profile/bjurack/projectdetails/618 |access-date=2021-04-06 |website=www.art.mmu.ac.uk}}</ref> == Kyaututtuka da wuraren zama == * Sanskriti Residency, SansKriti Foundation, Delhi, India, 2018 <ref>{{Cite web |title=International Residency - Past Residents |url=http://www.sanskritifoundation.org/previous-artists.htm |access-date=2021-04-06 |website=www.sanskritifoundation.org}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |title=Cheeseburn, Newcastle upon Tyne (2021) |url=http://www.findglocal.com/GB/Newcastle-upon-Tyne/871114152903286/Cheeseburn |access-date=2021-04-10 |website=www.findglocal.com}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |title=IB18: St John's Market: Brigitte Jurack: Scavengers |url=https://www.artinliverpool.com/events/ib18-st-johns-market-brigitte-jurack-scavengers/ |access-date=2021-04-10 |website=Art in Liverpool |language=en-US}}</ref> * An Yi Takarar Kujerar Fasaha ta Liverpool, 2014 <ref>{{Cite web |title=January 2014 – Liverpool Art Prize |url=http://liverpoolartprize.com/?m=201401 |access-date=2021-04-06 |language=en-GB}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |title=Liverpool Art Prize 2014 Opens at Metal on 9 May – Liverpool Art Prize |url=http://liverpoolartprize.com/?p=1429 |access-date=2021-04-06 |language=en-GB}}</ref> * Biyan Kuɗin Yarima na Wales, Makarantar Burtaniya a Athens 2010/2011 <ref>{{Cite web |title=Autogestió - another vacant space. |url=https://www.anothervacantspace.com/Autogestio |access-date=2021-04-10 |website=www.anothervacantspace.com |language=en}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |date=2014-02-26 |title=ART OPENING: FIGURING at Royal British Society of Sculptors Private view: 26th February 2014 |url=https://fadmagazine.com/2014/02/26/art-opening-figuring-at-royal-british-society-of-sculptors-private-view-26th-february-2014/ |access-date=2021-04-10 |website=FAD Magazine |language=en-GB}}</ref> * IMMA, Dublin – mai zane a gidan zama, 2010 <ref>{{Cite web |title=Brigitte Jurack |url=https://imma.ie/artists/brigitte-jurack/ |access-date=2021-04-06 |website=IMMA |language=en-IE}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |title=Korean International Ceramic Biennale 2019 |url=http://2019.kicb.co.kr/artist/about?idx=3877 |access-date=2021-04-10 |website=2019.kicb.co.kr}}</ref> == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1962]] pces061h3ox84ikqxlje6rp1g19xu5g 0 163270 895295 2026-08-11T22:50:20Z Nnamadee 31123 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1337076443|Anne Menke]]" 895295 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Anne Menke''' [[Mai daukar hoto|ƴar jarida]] ce 'yar asalin ƙasar Jamus wadda yanzu haka take zaune a [[New York (birni)|birnin New York]], wadda ta ƙware a fannin tallan edita, da kuma ɗaukar hotunan kwalliya. == Tarihin Rayuwa == An haifi Anne Menke a ranar 26 ga Maris, 1967, a Wittlich, [[Jamus]] . A shekarar 1987, ta kammala koyon aikin koyarwa a Jamus kuma ta yi aiki a matsayin mataimakiya a [[Düsseldorf]] na tsawon shekaru 2. Ta buɗe ɗakinta na kanta, sannan ta koma [[Faris|Paris]] a shekarar 1991 kuma ta yi aiki da kanta a fannin kayan kwalliya da talla a faɗin duniya. A shekarar 1995, ta koma [[New York (birni)|birnin New York]] kuma ta yi yawo a faɗin duniya don ɗaukar hotunanta. Ta kuma kafa makarantar Costa Verde International da ke Sayulita, Mexico . == Sana'a == Anne Menke ta yi fim a mujallar Swimsuit Suit of ''Sports Illustrated'' . An kuma buga hotunanta a cikin mujallar ''Self'', ''Travel + Leisure'', ''Cosmopolitan'' Germany, ''Elle'' France, ''Vogue'' Nippon, ''Vogue'' Russia, <ref>{{Cite web |title=The Fashion Spot |url=http://forums.thefashionspot.com/f71/anne-menke-photographer-71534.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111007235551/http://forums.thefashionspot.com/f71/anne-menke-photographer-71534.html |archive-date=2011-10-07 |access-date=2009-07-31}}</ref> da ''Seventeen'' . == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1967]] hclc9m46xf80865umj0pgtjs9uzl9xv 895296 895295 2026-08-11T22:50:42Z Nnamadee 31123 895296 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Anne Menke''' [[Mai daukar hoto|ƴar jarida]] ce 'yar asalin ƙasar Jamus wadda yanzu haka take zaune a [[New York (birni)|birnin New York]], wadda ta ƙware a fannin tallan edita, da kuma ɗaukar hotunan kwalliya. == Tarihin Rayuwa == An haifi Anne Menke a ranar 26 ga Maris, 1967, a Wittlich, [[Jamus]] . A shekarar 1987, ta kammala koyon aikin koyarwa a Jamus kuma ta yi aiki a matsayin mataimakiya a [[Düsseldorf]] na tsawon shekaru 2. Ta buɗe ɗakinta na kanta, sannan ta koma [[Faris|Paris]] a shekarar 1991 kuma ta yi aiki da kanta a fannin kayan kwalliya da talla a faɗin duniya. A shekarar 1995, ta koma [[New York (birni)|birnin New York]] kuma ta yi yawo a faɗin duniya don ɗaukar hotunanta. Ta kuma kafa makarantar Costa Verde International da ke Sayulita, Mexico . == Sana'a == Anne Menke ta yi fim a mujallar Swimsuit Suit of ''Sports Illustrated'' . An kuma buga hotunanta a cikin mujallar ''Self'', ''Travel + Leisure'', ''Cosmopolitan'' Germany, ''Elle'' France, ''Vogue'' Nippon, ''Vogue'' Russia, <ref>{{Cite web |title=The Fashion Spot |url=http://forums.thefashionspot.com/f71/anne-menke-photographer-71534.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111007235551/http://forums.thefashionspot.com/f71/anne-menke-photographer-71534.html |archive-date=2011-10-07 |access-date=2009-07-31}}</ref> da ''Seventeen'' . == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1967]] oj55l3tmdsv8zx988e88x8dzf1p7pdu 0 163271 895298 2026-08-11T22:51:37Z Nnamadee 31123 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1342984445|Kerstin Kartscher]]" 895298 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Kerstin Kartscher''' wata 'yar ƙasar Jamus ce mai zane-zane wadda ke zaune kuma tana aiki a Landan. Tsakiyar tsakiyarta tana zana. Sau da yawa ayyukanta suna tasowa ne daga haɗa zane-zane masu kyau da abubuwan da aka samo, ko kayan da aka yi da mutum, waɗanda za a iya haɗa su a cikin shigarwa. Kartscher yana ƙirƙirar zane-zane da girka duniyoyin tunani waɗanda jarumai marasa suna suka cika waɗanda ke murnar macencinsu, waɗanda aka 'yantar daga ƙa'idodin zamantakewa, motsin rai da tunani, a cikin kyawawan wurare masu ban mamaki, masu kyau da kuma manyan wurare. == Tarihin Rayuwa == Kerstin Kartscher ta yi karatun zane-zane a Kwalejin Fasaha ta Nuremberg daga 1987 zuwa 1987 da kuma Jami'ar Fasaha ta Hamburg daga 1989 zuwa 1994, inda ta sami digiri na biyu a fannin Fasaha ta Fine a 1996. Ita ce mawakiya ta uku da ta shiga cikin Shirin Tate St Ives Artist Residency Programme da ke Porthmeor Studios. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Tate |title=Kerstin Kartscher – Exhibition at Tate St Ives – Tate |url=http://www.tate.org.uk/whats-on/tate-st-ives/exhibition/kerstin-kartscher |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160713035112/http://www.tate.org.uk/whats-on/tate-st-ives/exhibition/kerstin-kartscher |archive-date=13 July 2016 |access-date=7 March 2018 |website=Tate}}</ref> A lokacin zaman, Kartscher ya ƙirƙiro wani sabon tsari na aiki, sannan ya ƙirƙiri wani babban tsari, ''Private War'', da sauran kyawawan wurare masu ban sha'awa da aka yi da tawada, alkalami mai alama, acrylic da collage wanda aka nuna a Tate St Ives a watan Oktoban 2005. Sauran wuraren zama sun haɗa da Bleckede Residency, Birnin Lueneburg a shekarar 2001 da kuma Residency, Birnin Vienna, 1999. Karin Guenther Gallery, Hamburg <ref>{{Cite web |title=Current – Galerie Karin Guenther |url=http://galerie-karin-guenther.de/start.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171014153742/http://galerie-karin-guenther.de/start.html |archive-date=14 October 2017 |access-date=7 March 2018 |website=galerie-karin-guenther.de}}</ref> da Studio Sales Gallery, Rome ne suka wakilci Kerstin Kartscher. <ref>{{Cite web |title=StudioSales |url=http://studiosales.it |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170912032531/http://studiosales.it/ |archive-date=12 September 2017 |access-date=7 March 2018 |website=studiosales.it}}</ref> == Nune - Nune == An nuna aikin Kerstin Kartscher a cikin solo da nunin rukuni ciki har da Migros Museum of Contemporary Art, Zurich; <ref>{{Cite web |title=Migros Museum für Gegenwartskunst–The Garden of Forking Paths – Ein Skulpturenprojekt auf dem Hof der Familie Blum in Samstagern ZH |url=http://www.migrosmuseum.ch/en/exhibitions/exhibition-details/?tx_museumplus%5Bexhib%5D=477 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180307131647/http://www.migrosmuseum.ch/en/exhibitions/exhibition-details/?tx_museumplus%5Bexhib%5D=477 |archive-date=7 March 2018 |access-date=7 March 2018 |website=www.migrosmuseum.ch}}</ref> Gidan kayan tarihi na Art Modern, New York; Art Sheffield 08; <ref>{{Cite web |title=Art Takes Over A City For Sheffield 08 – Yes, No, Other Options* – Culture24 |url=http://www.culture24.org.uk/art/art54567 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100420044813/http://www.culture24.org.uk/art/art54567 |archive-date=20 April 2010 |access-date=7 March 2018 |website=www.culture24.org.uk}}</ref> Kunstmuseum Liechtenstein, Vaduz; Nunin Fasaha na Burtaniya 6; Hayward Gallery, London; Espace Electra, Paris; Overbeck-Gesellschaft, Lübeck; Sprengel Museum, Hannover; Kunsthalle Nürnberg ; Kunsthalle Hamburg ; Deichtorhallen Hamburg; Gidan kayan tarihi na [[Gidan Lange da gidan Esters|Haus Lange da Haus Esters]], Krefeld; Kunstverein Hamburg (ƙungiyar fasaha a Hamburg); Karin Guenther Gallery, Hamburg; Studio Sales Gallery; Giti Nourbakhsch Gallery, Berlin; Tanya Bonakdar Gallery, New York. == Tarin abubuwa == Ayyukan Kerstin Kartscher wani ɓangare ne na tarin jama'a, ciki har da Gidan kayan gargajiya na Art Modern, New York; <ref>{{Cite web |title=Kerstin Kartscher – MoMA |url=https://www.moma.org/artists/28674 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161103094627/https://www.moma.org/artists/28674 |archive-date=3 November 2016 |access-date=7 March 2018 |website=The Museum of Modern Art}}</ref> Kunstmuseum Liechtenstein, Vaduz; Gidan kayan tarihi na Migros na fasahar zamani, Zurich; <ref>{{Cite web |title=Migros Museum für Gegenwartskunst–Works in Collection |url=http://www.migrosmuseum.ch/en/collection/works-in-collection/?no_cache=1&tx_museumplus%5Bartist%5D=5422 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101112001404/http://www.migrosmuseum.ch/en/collection/works-in-collection/?no_cache=1&tx_museumplus%5Bartist%5D=5422 |archive-date=12 November 2010 |access-date=7 March 2018 |website=www.migrosmuseum.ch}}</ref> Kunsthalle Hamburg . == Littattafan tarihi == Sharhin nunin da labarai game da ayyukan Kartscher sun haɗa da * ''Lambun hanyoyin yin fare'', Gidan Tarihi na Migros na Fasaha ta Zamani, Zurich, Kasidar Nunin, 2011, shafi na 39–40 (na Heike Munder) * ''Kerstin Kartscher'' ta William Corwin, mujallar frieze, Binciken Nunin, Nuwamba 2010 * ''Preklaere noblesse'' na Gunter Reski, Texte zur Kunst, Kofferleben, Daily, 643 Stunde, kan layi 10/2010 * ''Sauran Duniya'' ta Katharine Stout, mujallar Tate ETC, Fitowa ta 11, Kaka 2007, shafi na 77 <ref>{{Cite web |title=Other worlds – Tate |url=http://www.tate.org.uk/context-comment/articles/other-worlds |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170620101355/http://www.tate.org.uk/context-comment/articles/other-worlds |archive-date=20 June 2017 |access-date=7 March 2018 |website=www.tate.org.uk}}</ref> * ''Kerstin Kartscher'' na Jörn Ebner, mujallar frieze, Binciken Nuni, Fitowa ta 104, Jan – Feb 2007, shafi na 172 <ref>{{Cite web |title=Kerstin Kartscher |url=https://frieze.com/article/kerstin-kartscher |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180307131648/https://frieze.com/article/kerstin-kartscher |archive-date=7 March 2018 |access-date=7 March 2018 |website=frieze.com}}</ref> * ''hoton kai'', tema celeste, Fitowa ta 111, Satumba - Oktoba 2005 * ''Bitamin D'' ta Emma Dexter, Muƙala kan Kerstin Kartscher ta Dominic Eichler, Phaidon Press 2005, shafi na 158–159 * ''Kerstin Kartscher'', Tate St Ives Exhibition Catalogue, 2005, Rubutun Heike Munder da Jan Verwoert * ''Tafiya Mai Kyau'' ta Dominic Eichler, mujallar frieze, Fitowa ta 72, Janairu - Fabrairu 2003, shafi na 82–85 <ref>{{Cite web |title=Fantastic Voyage |url=https://frieze.com/article/fantastic-voyage |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180307131647/https://frieze.com/article/fantastic-voyage |archive-date=7 March 2018 |access-date=7 March 2018 |website=frieze.com}}</ref> * ''Kerstin Kartscher a Galerie Giti Nourbakhsch, Berlin'' ta Jennifer Allen, Artforum International, Binciken Nunin, Afrilu 2002 <ref>{{Cite web |title=Artforum.com |url=https://www.artforum.com/print/reviews/200204/london |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180307131648/https://www.artforum.com/print/reviews/200204/london |archive-date=7 March 2018 |access-date=7 March 2018 |website=www.artforum.com}}</ref> * ''Wani wuri a kan bakan gizo'' na Esther Buss, Rubutu zur Kunst, Fitowa ta 45, Maris 2002, shafi na 119–121 [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1966]] 1f4eaf1q4eqa2vgysz44xcck3g23rv9 895299 895298 2026-08-11T22:52:08Z Nnamadee 31123 895299 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Kerstin Kartscher''' wata 'yar ƙasar Jamus ce mai zane-zane wadda ke zaune kuma tana aiki a Landan. Tsakiyar tsakiyarta tana zana. Sau da yawa ayyukanta suna tasowa ne daga haɗa zane-zane masu kyau da abubuwan da aka samo, ko kayan da aka yi da mutum, waɗanda za a iya haɗa su a cikin shigarwa. Kartscher yana ƙirƙirar zane-zane da girka duniyoyin tunani waɗanda jarumai marasa suna suka cika waɗanda ke murnar macencinsu, waɗanda aka 'yantar daga ƙa'idodin zamantakewa, motsin rai da tunani, a cikin kyawawan wurare masu ban mamaki, masu kyau da kuma manyan wurare. == Tarihin Rayuwa == Kerstin Kartscher ta yi karatun zane-zane a Kwalejin Fasaha ta Nuremberg daga 1987 zuwa 1987 da kuma Jami'ar Fasaha ta Hamburg daga 1989 zuwa 1994, inda ta sami digiri na biyu a fannin Fasaha ta Fine a 1996. Ita ce mawakiya ta uku da ta shiga cikin Shirin Tate St Ives Artist Residency Programme da ke Porthmeor Studios. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Tate |title=Kerstin Kartscher – Exhibition at Tate St Ives – Tate |url=http://www.tate.org.uk/whats-on/tate-st-ives/exhibition/kerstin-kartscher |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160713035112/http://www.tate.org.uk/whats-on/tate-st-ives/exhibition/kerstin-kartscher |archive-date=13 July 2016 |access-date=7 March 2018 |website=Tate}}</ref> A lokacin zaman, Kartscher ya ƙirƙiro wani sabon tsari na aiki, sannan ya ƙirƙiri wani babban tsari, ''Private War'', da sauran kyawawan wurare masu ban sha'awa da aka yi da tawada, alkalami mai alama, acrylic da collage wanda aka nuna a Tate St Ives a watan Oktoban 2005. Sauran wuraren zama sun haɗa da Bleckede Residency, Birnin Lueneburg a shekarar 2001 da kuma Residency, Birnin Vienna, 1999. Karin Guenther Gallery, Hamburg <ref>{{Cite web |title=Current – Galerie Karin Guenther |url=http://galerie-karin-guenther.de/start.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171014153742/http://galerie-karin-guenther.de/start.html |archive-date=14 October 2017 |access-date=7 March 2018 |website=galerie-karin-guenther.de}}</ref> da Studio Sales Gallery, Rome ne suka wakilci Kerstin Kartscher. <ref>{{Cite web |title=StudioSales |url=http://studiosales.it |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170912032531/http://studiosales.it/ |archive-date=12 September 2017 |access-date=7 March 2018 |website=studiosales.it}}</ref> == Nune - Nune == An nuna aikin Kerstin Kartscher a cikin solo da nunin rukuni ciki har da Migros Museum of Contemporary Art, Zurich; <ref>{{Cite web |title=Migros Museum für Gegenwartskunst–The Garden of Forking Paths – Ein Skulpturenprojekt auf dem Hof der Familie Blum in Samstagern ZH |url=http://www.migrosmuseum.ch/en/exhibitions/exhibition-details/?tx_museumplus%5Bexhib%5D=477 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180307131647/http://www.migrosmuseum.ch/en/exhibitions/exhibition-details/?tx_museumplus%5Bexhib%5D=477 |archive-date=7 March 2018 |access-date=7 March 2018 |website=www.migrosmuseum.ch}}</ref> Gidan kayan tarihi na Art Modern, New York; Art Sheffield 08; <ref>{{Cite web |title=Art Takes Over A City For Sheffield 08 – Yes, No, Other Options* – Culture24 |url=http://www.culture24.org.uk/art/art54567 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100420044813/http://www.culture24.org.uk/art/art54567 |archive-date=20 April 2010 |access-date=7 March 2018 |website=www.culture24.org.uk}}</ref> Kunstmuseum Liechtenstein, Vaduz; Nunin Fasaha na Burtaniya 6; Hayward Gallery, London; Espace Electra, Paris; Overbeck-Gesellschaft, Lübeck; Sprengel Museum, Hannover; Kunsthalle Nürnberg ; Kunsthalle Hamburg ; Deichtorhallen Hamburg; Gidan kayan tarihi na [[Gidan Lange da gidan Esters|Haus Lange da Haus Esters]], Krefeld; Kunstverein Hamburg (ƙungiyar fasaha a Hamburg); Karin Guenther Gallery, Hamburg; Studio Sales Gallery; Giti Nourbakhsch Gallery, Berlin; Tanya Bonakdar Gallery, New York. == Tarin abubuwa == Ayyukan Kerstin Kartscher wani ɓangare ne na tarin jama'a, ciki har da Gidan kayan gargajiya na Art Modern, New York; <ref>{{Cite web |title=Kerstin Kartscher – MoMA |url=https://www.moma.org/artists/28674 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161103094627/https://www.moma.org/artists/28674 |archive-date=3 November 2016 |access-date=7 March 2018 |website=The Museum of Modern Art}}</ref> Kunstmuseum Liechtenstein, Vaduz; Gidan kayan tarihi na Migros na fasahar zamani, Zurich; <ref>{{Cite web |title=Migros Museum für Gegenwartskunst–Works in Collection |url=http://www.migrosmuseum.ch/en/collection/works-in-collection/?no_cache=1&tx_museumplus%5Bartist%5D=5422 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101112001404/http://www.migrosmuseum.ch/en/collection/works-in-collection/?no_cache=1&tx_museumplus%5Bartist%5D=5422 |archive-date=12 November 2010 |access-date=7 March 2018 |website=www.migrosmuseum.ch}}</ref> Kunsthalle Hamburg . == Littattafan tarihi == Sharhin nunin da labarai game da ayyukan Kartscher sun haɗa da * ''Lambun hanyoyin yin fare'', Gidan Tarihi na Migros na Fasaha ta Zamani, Zurich, Kasidar Nunin, 2011, shafi na 39–40 (na Heike Munder) * ''Kerstin Kartscher'' ta William Corwin, mujallar frieze, Binciken Nunin, Nuwamba 2010 * ''Preklaere noblesse'' na Gunter Reski, Texte zur Kunst, Kofferleben, Daily, 643 Stunde, kan layi 10/2010 * ''Sauran Duniya'' ta Katharine Stout, mujallar Tate ETC, Fitowa ta 11, Kaka 2007, shafi na 77 <ref>{{Cite web |title=Other worlds – Tate |url=http://www.tate.org.uk/context-comment/articles/other-worlds |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170620101355/http://www.tate.org.uk/context-comment/articles/other-worlds |archive-date=20 June 2017 |access-date=7 March 2018 |website=www.tate.org.uk}}</ref> * ''Kerstin Kartscher'' na Jörn Ebner, mujallar frieze, Binciken Nuni, Fitowa ta 104, Jan – Feb 2007, shafi na 172 <ref>{{Cite web |title=Kerstin Kartscher |url=https://frieze.com/article/kerstin-kartscher |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180307131648/https://frieze.com/article/kerstin-kartscher |archive-date=7 March 2018 |access-date=7 March 2018 |website=frieze.com}}</ref> * ''hoton kai'', tema celeste, Fitowa ta 111, Satumba - Oktoba 2005 * ''Bitamin D'' ta Emma Dexter, Muƙala kan Kerstin Kartscher ta Dominic Eichler, Phaidon Press 2005, shafi na 158–159 * ''Kerstin Kartscher'', Tate St Ives Exhibition Catalogue, 2005, Rubutun Heike Munder da Jan Verwoert * ''Tafiya Mai Kyau'' ta Dominic Eichler, mujallar frieze, Fitowa ta 72, Janairu - Fabrairu 2003, shafi na 82–85 <ref>{{Cite web |title=Fantastic Voyage |url=https://frieze.com/article/fantastic-voyage |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180307131647/https://frieze.com/article/fantastic-voyage |archive-date=7 March 2018 |access-date=7 March 2018 |website=frieze.com}}</ref> * ''Kerstin Kartscher a Galerie Giti Nourbakhsch, Berlin'' ta Jennifer Allen, Artforum International, Binciken Nunin, Afrilu 2002 <ref>{{Cite web |title=Artforum.com |url=https://www.artforum.com/print/reviews/200204/london |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180307131648/https://www.artforum.com/print/reviews/200204/london |archive-date=7 March 2018 |access-date=7 March 2018 |website=www.artforum.com}}</ref> * ''Wani wuri a kan bakan gizo'' na Esther Buss, Rubutu zur Kunst, Fitowa ta 45, Maris 2002, shafi na 119–121 == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1966]] k80pgl45idw883ob27jii44fr44wmyz 895301 895299 2026-08-11T22:52:30Z Nnamadee 31123 895301 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Kerstin Kartscher''' wata 'yar ƙasar Jamus ce mai zane-zane wadda ke zaune kuma tana aiki a Landan. Tsakiyar tsakiyarta tana zana. Sau da yawa ayyukanta suna tasowa ne daga haɗa zane-zane masu kyau da abubuwan da aka samo, ko kayan da aka yi da mutum, waɗanda za a iya haɗa su a cikin shigarwa. Kartscher yana ƙirƙirar zane-zane da girka duniyoyin tunani waɗanda jarumai marasa suna suka cika waɗanda ke murnar macencinsu, waɗanda aka 'yantar daga ƙa'idodin zamantakewa, motsin rai da tunani, a cikin kyawawan wurare masu ban mamaki, masu kyau da kuma manyan wurare. == Tarihin Rayuwa == Kerstin Kartscher ta yi karatun zane-zane a Kwalejin Fasaha ta Nuremberg daga 1987 zuwa 1987 da kuma Jami'ar Fasaha ta Hamburg daga 1989 zuwa 1994, inda ta sami digiri na biyu a fannin Fasaha ta Fine a 1996. Ita ce mawakiya ta uku da ta shiga cikin Shirin Tate St Ives Artist Residency Programme da ke Porthmeor Studios. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Tate |title=Kerstin Kartscher – Exhibition at Tate St Ives – Tate |url=http://www.tate.org.uk/whats-on/tate-st-ives/exhibition/kerstin-kartscher |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160713035112/http://www.tate.org.uk/whats-on/tate-st-ives/exhibition/kerstin-kartscher |archive-date=13 July 2016 |access-date=7 March 2018 |website=Tate}}</ref> A lokacin zaman, Kartscher ya ƙirƙiro wani sabon tsari na aiki, sannan ya ƙirƙiri wani babban tsari, ''Private War'', da sauran kyawawan wurare masu ban sha'awa da aka yi da tawada, alkalami mai alama, acrylic da collage wanda aka nuna a Tate St Ives a watan Oktoban 2005. Sauran wuraren zama sun haɗa da Bleckede Residency, Birnin Lueneburg a shekarar 2001 da kuma Residency, Birnin Vienna, 1999. Karin Guenther Gallery, Hamburg <ref>{{Cite web |title=Current – Galerie Karin Guenther |url=http://galerie-karin-guenther.de/start.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171014153742/http://galerie-karin-guenther.de/start.html |archive-date=14 October 2017 |access-date=7 March 2018 |website=galerie-karin-guenther.de}}</ref> da Studio Sales Gallery, Rome ne suka wakilci Kerstin Kartscher. <ref>{{Cite web |title=StudioSales |url=http://studiosales.it |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170912032531/http://studiosales.it/ |archive-date=12 September 2017 |access-date=7 March 2018 |website=studiosales.it}}</ref> == Nune - Nune == An nuna aikin Kerstin Kartscher a cikin solo da nunin rukuni ciki har da Migros Museum of Contemporary Art, Zurich; <ref>{{Cite web |title=Migros Museum für Gegenwartskunst–The Garden of Forking Paths – Ein Skulpturenprojekt auf dem Hof der Familie Blum in Samstagern ZH |url=http://www.migrosmuseum.ch/en/exhibitions/exhibition-details/?tx_museumplus%5Bexhib%5D=477 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180307131647/http://www.migrosmuseum.ch/en/exhibitions/exhibition-details/?tx_museumplus%5Bexhib%5D=477 |archive-date=7 March 2018 |access-date=7 March 2018 |website=www.migrosmuseum.ch}}</ref> Gidan kayan tarihi na Art Modern, New York; Art Sheffield 08; <ref>{{Cite web |title=Art Takes Over A City For Sheffield 08 – Yes, No, Other Options* – Culture24 |url=http://www.culture24.org.uk/art/art54567 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100420044813/http://www.culture24.org.uk/art/art54567 |archive-date=20 April 2010 |access-date=7 March 2018 |website=www.culture24.org.uk}}</ref> Kunstmuseum Liechtenstein, Vaduz; Nunin Fasaha na Burtaniya 6; Hayward Gallery, London; Espace Electra, Paris; Overbeck-Gesellschaft, Lübeck; Sprengel Museum, Hannover; Kunsthalle Nürnberg ; Kunsthalle Hamburg ; Deichtorhallen Hamburg; Gidan kayan tarihi na [[Gidan Lange da gidan Esters|Haus Lange da Haus Esters]], Krefeld; Kunstverein Hamburg (ƙungiyar fasaha a Hamburg); Karin Guenther Gallery, Hamburg; Studio Sales Gallery; Giti Nourbakhsch Gallery, Berlin; Tanya Bonakdar Gallery, New York. == Tarin abubuwa == Ayyukan Kerstin Kartscher wani ɓangare ne na tarin jama'a, ciki har da Gidan kayan gargajiya na Art Modern, New York; <ref>{{Cite web |title=Kerstin Kartscher – MoMA |url=https://www.moma.org/artists/28674 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161103094627/https://www.moma.org/artists/28674 |archive-date=3 November 2016 |access-date=7 March 2018 |website=The Museum of Modern Art}}</ref> Kunstmuseum Liechtenstein, Vaduz; Gidan kayan tarihi na Migros na fasahar zamani, Zurich; <ref>{{Cite web |title=Migros Museum für Gegenwartskunst–Works in Collection |url=http://www.migrosmuseum.ch/en/collection/works-in-collection/?no_cache=1&tx_museumplus%5Bartist%5D=5422 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101112001404/http://www.migrosmuseum.ch/en/collection/works-in-collection/?no_cache=1&tx_museumplus%5Bartist%5D=5422 |archive-date=12 November 2010 |access-date=7 March 2018 |website=www.migrosmuseum.ch}}</ref> Kunsthalle Hamburg . == Littattafan tarihi == Sharhin nunin da labarai game da ayyukan Kartscher sun haɗa da * ''Lambun hanyoyin yin fare'', Gidan Tarihi na Migros na Fasaha ta Zamani, Zurich, Kasidar Nunin, 2011, shafi na 39–40 (na Heike Munder) * ''Kerstin Kartscher'' ta William Corwin, mujallar frieze, Binciken Nunin, Nuwamba 2010 * ''Preklaere noblesse'' na Gunter Reski, Texte zur Kunst, Kofferleben, Daily, 643 Stunde, kan layi 10/2010 * ''Sauran Duniya'' ta Katharine Stout, mujallar Tate ETC, Fitowa ta 11, Kaka 2007, shafi na 77 <ref>{{Cite web |title=Other worlds – Tate |url=http://www.tate.org.uk/context-comment/articles/other-worlds |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170620101355/http://www.tate.org.uk/context-comment/articles/other-worlds |archive-date=20 June 2017 |access-date=7 March 2018 |website=www.tate.org.uk}}</ref> * ''Kerstin Kartscher'' na Jörn Ebner, mujallar frieze, Binciken Nuni, Fitowa ta 104, Jan – Feb 2007, shafi na 172 <ref>{{Cite web |title=Kerstin Kartscher |url=https://frieze.com/article/kerstin-kartscher |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180307131648/https://frieze.com/article/kerstin-kartscher |archive-date=7 March 2018 |access-date=7 March 2018 |website=frieze.com}}</ref> * ''hoton kai'', tema celeste, Fitowa ta 111, Satumba - Oktoba 2005 * ''Bitamin D'' ta Emma Dexter, Muƙala kan Kerstin Kartscher ta Dominic Eichler, Phaidon Press 2005, shafi na 158–159 * ''Kerstin Kartscher'', Tate St Ives Exhibition Catalogue, 2005, Rubutun Heike Munder da Jan Verwoert * ''Tafiya Mai Kyau'' ta Dominic Eichler, mujallar frieze, Fitowa ta 72, Janairu - Fabrairu 2003, shafi na 82–85 <ref>{{Cite web |title=Fantastic Voyage |url=https://frieze.com/article/fantastic-voyage |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180307131647/https://frieze.com/article/fantastic-voyage |archive-date=7 March 2018 |access-date=7 March 2018 |website=frieze.com}}</ref> * ''Kerstin Kartscher a Galerie Giti Nourbakhsch, Berlin'' ta Jennifer Allen, Artforum International, Binciken Nunin, Afrilu 2002 <ref>{{Cite web |title=Artforum.com |url=https://www.artforum.com/print/reviews/200204/london |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180307131648/https://www.artforum.com/print/reviews/200204/london |archive-date=7 March 2018 |access-date=7 March 2018 |website=www.artforum.com}}</ref> * ''Wani wuri a kan bakan gizo'' na Esther Buss, Rubutu zur Kunst, Fitowa ta 45, Maris 2002, shafi na 119–121 == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1966]] ezwhb59rm1dbzk009e9ihbi6z8lbpqs 0 163272 895302 2026-08-11T22:53:35Z Nnamadee 31123 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1366676960|Nicole Wermers]]" 895302 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Fayil:Portrait_Nicole_Wermers_Foto_Peter_Guenzel.jpg|alt=Nicole Wermers, wearing a baseball cap, with a serious expression|thumb| Nicole Wermers (2024)]] '''Nicole Wermers''' (an haife ta a shekara ta 1971) 'yar ƙasar Jamus ce mai zane, an haife ta a Emsdetten, kuma tana zaune a Landan. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Biography |url=http://nwermers.webs.com/biography.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150501035356/http://nwermers.webs.com/biography.htm |archive-date=1 May 2015 |access-date=5 May 2016 |website=nwermers.webs.com}}</ref> == Ilimi == Wermers ta yi karatu a Kwalejin Fasaha ta Hamburg (Hochschule für bildende Künste Hamburg) daga 1991 zuwa 1997 kuma ta sami digiri na MFA daga Kwalejin Fasaha da Zane ta Central Saint Martins, Jami'ar Fasaha ta London a 1999. Ta shiga cikin ayyukan zama a Delfina Studio Trust da ke Landan (2004) da Camden Arts Centre da ke Landan (2005), kuma kwanan nan ta sami tallafin karatu a Villa Massimo, Kwalejin Jamus da ke Rome (2012). <ref name="auto">{{Cite web |last=exhibit-e.com |title=Nicole Wermers - Artists - Tanya Bonakdar Gallery |url=http://www.tanyabonakdargallery.com/artists/nicole-wermers/series |access-date=5 May 2016 |website=www.tanyabonakdargallery.com}}</ref> == Sana'a == A shekarar 2013, Wermers ta tsara jerin cokali biyu masu kauri don sabon gidan shayin da aka gyara a Tate Britain . An ruwaito cewa masu cin abinci da baƙi sun sace da yawa. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Quah |first=Grace |date=29 November 2013 |title=Double-ended teaspoons by Nicole Wermers stolen from Tate Britain cafe |url=https://www.dezeen.com/2013/11/29/double-ended-teaspoons-nicole-wermers-stolen-tate-britain/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250418084707/https://www.dezeen.com/2013/11/29/double-ended-teaspoons-nicole-wermers-stolen-tate-britain/ |archive-date=18 April 2025 |access-date=4 May 2025 |website=[[Dezeen]]}}</ref> A shekarar 2015, an zaɓi Wermers don samun kyautar Turner Prize domin karrama baje kolin ta na ''Infrastruktur'', wanda aka fara nuna shi a Herald St, London. Shigarta ''Infrastruktur'' ta yi amfani da kyawawan kayan kwalliya da kayan ƙira na zamani da kuma salon zamani, wanda ke nuni da jigogi na salon rayuwa, aji, amfani da kuma iko. <ref name="auto1">{{Cite web |title=Turner Prize 2015 artists: Nicole Wermers, Tate |url=http://www.tate.org.uk/whats-on/tramway/exhibition/turner-prize-2015/turner-prize-2015-artists-nicole-wermers |access-date=5 May 2016 |website=www.tate.org.uk}}</ref> Ta zama farfesa a Kwalejin Fasaha ta Fine Arts, Munich a shekarar 2017. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Akademie der Bildenden Künste München - Prof. Nicole Wermers |url=https://www.adbk.de/en/akademie-en/academic-staff/professors/544-prof-nicole-wermers.html |website=www.adbk.de}}</ref> An gabatar da wani sabon shiri na Wermers, wanda ke nuna ma'aurata da ke rawa a marathon, a [[Waterford]], [[Ayilan (ƙasa)|Ireland]], a farkon 2025. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Blackhurst |first=Alice |date=1 April 2025 |title=Strictly come endurance dancing! Marathon hoofers bring back the age of week-long epics |url=https://www.theguardian.com/artanddesign/2025/apr/01/strictly-come-endurance-dancing-marathon-hoofers-nicole-wermers |access-date=4 May 2025 |website=[[The Guardian]]}}</ref> == Tarin abubuwa == Ana iya samun ayyukan mawaƙin a cikin tarin Tate na dindindin a London, Hamburger Kunsthalle a Hamburg, Gidan kayan tarihi für Moderne Kunst a Frankfurt, Gidan kayan tarihi na Karl-Ernst Osthaus a Hagen, da kuma wani ɓangare na Tarin Bankin DGZ a Düsseldorf, da sauransu. <ref name="auto">{{Cite web |last=exhibit-e.com |title=Nicole Wermers - Artists - Tanya Bonakdar Gallery |url=http://www.tanyabonakdargallery.com/artists/nicole-wermers/series |access-date=5 May 2016 |website=www.tanyabonakdargallery.com}}</ref> == Kyaututtuka == A cikin 1998-99 Wemers sun sami DAAD Jahresstipendium, London, lambar yabo ta 1997 na Dietze Foundation, Hamburg. A shekarar 2015, an zaɓi Wermers don kyautar Turner tare da Bonnie Camplin, Janice Kerbel, da Assemble . == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1971]] o0177alkblaewb3u4qodegcwmckoog4 895303 895302 2026-08-11T22:54:07Z Nnamadee 31123 895303 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}}[[Fayil:Portrait_Nicole_Wermers_Foto_Peter_Guenzel.jpg|alt=Nicole Wermers, wearing a baseball cap, with a serious expression|thumb| Nicole Wermers (2024)]] '''Nicole Wermers''' (an haife ta a shekara ta 1971) 'yar ƙasar Jamus ce mai zane, an haife ta a Emsdetten, kuma tana zaune a Landan. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Biography |url=http://nwermers.webs.com/biography.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150501035356/http://nwermers.webs.com/biography.htm |archive-date=1 May 2015 |access-date=5 May 2016 |website=nwermers.webs.com}}</ref> == Ilimi == Wermers ta yi karatu a Kwalejin Fasaha ta Hamburg (Hochschule für bildende Künste Hamburg) daga 1991 zuwa 1997 kuma ta sami digiri na MFA daga Kwalejin Fasaha da Zane ta Central Saint Martins, Jami'ar Fasaha ta London a 1999. Ta shiga cikin ayyukan zama a Delfina Studio Trust da ke Landan (2004) da Camden Arts Centre da ke Landan (2005), kuma kwanan nan ta sami tallafin karatu a Villa Massimo, Kwalejin Jamus da ke Rome (2012). <ref name="auto">{{Cite web |last=exhibit-e.com |title=Nicole Wermers - Artists - Tanya Bonakdar Gallery |url=http://www.tanyabonakdargallery.com/artists/nicole-wermers/series |access-date=5 May 2016 |website=www.tanyabonakdargallery.com}}</ref> == Sana'a == A shekarar 2013, Wermers ta tsara jerin cokali biyu masu kauri don sabon gidan shayin da aka gyara a Tate Britain . An ruwaito cewa masu cin abinci da baƙi sun sace da yawa. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Quah |first=Grace |date=29 November 2013 |title=Double-ended teaspoons by Nicole Wermers stolen from Tate Britain cafe |url=https://www.dezeen.com/2013/11/29/double-ended-teaspoons-nicole-wermers-stolen-tate-britain/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250418084707/https://www.dezeen.com/2013/11/29/double-ended-teaspoons-nicole-wermers-stolen-tate-britain/ |archive-date=18 April 2025 |access-date=4 May 2025 |website=[[Dezeen]]}}</ref> A shekarar 2015, an zaɓi Wermers don samun kyautar Turner Prize domin karrama baje kolin ta na ''Infrastruktur'', wanda aka fara nuna shi a Herald St, London. Shigarta ''Infrastruktur'' ta yi amfani da kyawawan kayan kwalliya da kayan ƙira na zamani da kuma salon zamani, wanda ke nuni da jigogi na salon rayuwa, aji, amfani da kuma iko. <ref name="auto1">{{Cite web |title=Turner Prize 2015 artists: Nicole Wermers, Tate |url=http://www.tate.org.uk/whats-on/tramway/exhibition/turner-prize-2015/turner-prize-2015-artists-nicole-wermers |access-date=5 May 2016 |website=www.tate.org.uk}}</ref> Ta zama farfesa a Kwalejin Fasaha ta Fine Arts, Munich a shekarar 2017. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Akademie der Bildenden Künste München - Prof. Nicole Wermers |url=https://www.adbk.de/en/akademie-en/academic-staff/professors/544-prof-nicole-wermers.html |website=www.adbk.de}}</ref> An gabatar da wani sabon shiri na Wermers, wanda ke nuna ma'aurata da ke rawa a marathon, a [[Waterford]], [[Ayilan (ƙasa)|Ireland]], a farkon 2025. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Blackhurst |first=Alice |date=1 April 2025 |title=Strictly come endurance dancing! Marathon hoofers bring back the age of week-long epics |url=https://www.theguardian.com/artanddesign/2025/apr/01/strictly-come-endurance-dancing-marathon-hoofers-nicole-wermers |access-date=4 May 2025 |website=[[The Guardian]]}}</ref> == Tarin abubuwa == Ana iya samun ayyukan mawaƙin a cikin tarin Tate na dindindin a London, Hamburger Kunsthalle a Hamburg, Gidan kayan tarihi für Moderne Kunst a Frankfurt, Gidan kayan tarihi na Karl-Ernst Osthaus a Hagen, da kuma wani ɓangare na Tarin Bankin DGZ a Düsseldorf, da sauransu. <ref name="auto">{{Cite web |last=exhibit-e.com |title=Nicole Wermers - Artists - Tanya Bonakdar Gallery |url=http://www.tanyabonakdargallery.com/artists/nicole-wermers/series |access-date=5 May 2016 |website=www.tanyabonakdargallery.com}}</ref> == Kyaututtuka == A cikin 1998-99 Wemers sun sami DAAD Jahresstipendium, London, lambar yabo ta 1997 na Dietze Foundation, Hamburg. A shekarar 2015, an zaɓi Wermers don kyautar Turner tare da Bonnie Camplin, Janice Kerbel, da Assemble . == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1971]] 40arnfamoucah1ux1d882vgshwcni3x 0 163273 895304 2026-08-11T22:55:08Z Nnamadee 31123 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1365008664|Jorinde Voigt]]" 895304 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Jorinde Voigt''' (an haife ta a shekara ta 1977) ƙwararriyar mai zane ce ta Jamus wanda ke zaune a [[Berlin]] wanda ke ƙirƙirar manyan zane-zanen tawada waɗanda aka yi wahayi zuwa gare su ta hanyar waƙoƙin kiɗa, ra'ayoyin falsafa, da hanyoyin al'adu . <ref>{{Cite web |title=LVH Art in Conversation with Cellist-turned-Artist Jorinde Voigt |url=https://www.lvhart.co/journal/lvh-art-in-conversation-with-cellist-turned-artist-jorinde-voigt |access-date=2023-05-19 |website=www.lvhart.co}}</ref> Farfesa ce a fannin zane-zane da zane-zane a Jami'ar Fasaha ta [[Hamburg]] . <ref>{{Cite web |title=Jorinde Voigt {{!}} HFBK Hamburg – University of Fine Arts |url=https://hfbk-hamburg.de/en/staff/jorinde-voigt |access-date=2026-03-30 |website=Jorinde Voigt {{!}} HFBK Hamburg – University of Fine Arts |language=en}}</ref> == Aiki == Masu suka sun kwatanta ayyukan Voigt da na masu fasaha masu ƙarancin fahimta da tunani, musamman maƙallan abubuwan da suka faru da zane-zane na gani na mawakan avant-garde na ƙarni na 20 John Cage da Iannis Xenakis, tsarin algorithmic na [[Hanne Darboven]], da kuma sigogin tsari na Sol LeWitt . <ref>{{Cite web |date=17 April 2014 |title=Jorinde Voigt, STAAT/RANDOM 1-11 |url=https://www.kunstmuseum.nl/en/exhibitions/jorinde-voigt |website=Kunstmuseum Den Haag}}</ref> A shekara ta 2002, Voigt ya fara yin zane-zanen da aka bayyana a matsayin saman hasashe, samfuran tunani da aka gani, ƙirar gwaji ta kimiyya, alamun rubutu, maki, da zane-zane . A shekarar 2003, ta ƙirƙiro wani tsari a cikin jerin shirye-shiryen ''Notations'', ''Florida,'' da ''Indonesia'' . Waɗannan zane-zanen suna rikodin ra'ayoyin mai zane yayin da yake tafiya daga Orlando zuwa [[Miami]] . An kafa ƙarin zagayowar aiki, waɗanda aka haɓaka daga nazarin fahimta, a cikin wannan jerin farko. === ''Ra'ayoyi kan Zane-zanen batsa na kasar Sin daga karni na 16 zuwa 20'' (2011–2012) === Jerin shirye-shiryen Voigt, ''Ra'ayoyi kan Zane-zanen batsa na kasar Sin daga karni na 16 zuwa 20,'' an yi wahayi zuwa gare su daga zane-zane da kwafi na tarihi na batsa na kasar Sin. Bayan nazarin waɗannan hotunan, Voigt ya ƙirƙiri jerin ayyukan haɗin gwiwa, wanda ya lalata batun a gani. <ref>{{Cite web |last=alan |date=2018-09-04 |title=Jorinde Voigt |url=https://www.klosterfeldeedition.de/en/jorinde-voigt/ |access-date=2026-02-18 |website=Klosterfelde Edition |language=en-GB}}</ref> Taswirorin suna kama da taswirar kimiyya, ko zane-zane. Mawaki kuma mai suka John Yau ya rubuta, "ta hanyar warware ra'ayoyin batsa zuwa sassan da suka haɗa su, mai zane yana cire kayan da ya haɗu, yana mai da shi tarin bayanai na gani da na rubutu." === ''Kashi don Kalmomi da Ra'ayoyi'' (2012) da ''Soyayya a Matsayin Sha'awa: Kan Tsarin Kusa da Juna'' (2013–2014) === A cikin tsarin aiki na ''Piece for Words and Views'', batun ya canza daga nazarin gani na abubuwa ko yanayi zuwa ƙoƙarin hango hanyoyin ciki, waɗanda ba a iya gani. Zagayen ya ƙunshi jerin zane-zanen da aka yi a kan vellum mai launi, kowannensu yana haɗa launi da siffa da wani takamaiman rubutu daga ''A Lover's Discourse'' na Roland Barthes . An haɗa waɗannan guntun don samar da zane na ƙarshe. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Alperin |first=Jess |title=Piece for Words and Views |url=http://www.thegundgallery.org/2016/01/jorinde-voigt-piece-for-words-and-views/ |website=Kenyon College: Gund Gallery}}</ref> A cikin jerin littattafai na Voigt mai sassa 48 ''mai suna Love as Passion: On the Codification of Intimacy'', an fassara wani sashi daga littafin Niklas Luhmann na 1982 mai suna iri ɗaya zuwa zane. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Voigt, Jorinde: Codification of Intimacy - Works on Niklas Luhmann, Liebe als Passion {{!}} Revolver Publishing |url=https://revolver-publishing.com/voigt-jorinde-codification-of-intimacy-works-on-niklas-luhmann-liebe-als-passion.html |access-date=2026-02-18 |website=revolver-publishing.com}}</ref> == Nunin da aka zaɓa == * 2025 Jorinde Voigt – Marc Selwyn Fine Arts, LA <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Fleming |first=Teresa |date=November 15, 2025 |title=Jorinde Voigt at Marc Selwyn Fine Arts |url=https://contemporaryartreview.la/print/issue-42/ |journal=Carla |publisher=Contemporary Art Review Los Angeles |issue=42 |pages=56–60 |access-date=February 23, 2026}}</ref> * Wahayi ga Waƙa ta 2025: Waƙoƙin Beethoven a Fasaha ta Zamani – David Nolan Gallery, New York <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Moore |first=Charles |date=May 2025 |title=Music Inspiration: Beethoven's Compositions in Modern Art |url=https://brooklynrail.org/2025/05/artseen/music-inspiration-beethoven-s-compositions-in-modern-art/ |journal=The Brooklyn Rail |access-date=February 23, 2026}}</ref> * 2023 Jorinde Voigt: Wasan – David Nolan Gallery, New York <ref>{{Cite journal |last=MacAdam |first=Barbara A. |date=March 2023 |title=Jorinde Voigt: The Match |url=https://brooklynrail.org/2023/03/artseen/Jorinde-Voigt-The-Match/ |journal=The Brooklyn Rail |access-date=February 23, 2026}}</ref> * 2021 Jorinde Voigt: Amincewa da Ruwan Sama – David Nolan Gallery, New York <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Goodman |first=Jonathan |date=September 2021 |title=Jorinde Voigt: Trust and Rain at David Nolan Gallery |url=https://whitehotmagazine.com/articles/rain-at-david-nolan-gallery/5131 |journal=Whitehot Magazine of Contemporary Art |access-date=Feb 23, 2026}}</ref> * 2020 Jorinde Voigt: Yanayin Wasan Kwaikwayo – David Nolan Gallery, New York <ref>{{Cite journal |last=MacAdam |first=Barbara A. |date=September 2020 |title=Jorinde Voigt |url=https://brooklynrail.org/2020/09/artseen/Jorinde-Voigt-The-State-of-Play/ |journal=The Brooklyn Rail |access-date=February 23, 2026}}</ref> * Jerin Zane-zanen Bango na 2019: Jorinde Voigt – Cibiyar Zane ta Menil, Houston <ref name="Exhibition">{{Cite web |date=12 August 2021 |title=Jorinde Voigt Exhibitions |url=https://jorindevoigt.com/exhibitions/ |access-date=2025-12-09 |website=Jorinde Voigt}}</ref> * 2019 Jorinde Voigt: Juya Duniya - Horst-Janssen-Museum, Oldenburg <ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Jorinde Voigt · Galerie Judin |url=https://www.galeriejudin.com/artist/jorinde-voigt/ |access-date=2025-12-20 |website=Galerie Judin |language=en-US}}</ref> * 2018 Jorinde Voigt: Integral – David Nolan Gallery, New York <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Holmes |first=Jessica |date=June 2018 |title=JORINDE VOIGT: Integral |url=https://brooklynrail.org/2018/06/artseen/JORINDE-VOIGT-Integral/ |journal=The Brooklyn Rail |access-date=23 February 2026}}</ref> * 2018 Jorinde Voigt: Divine Territory – St. Matthäus Church, Berlin <ref name=":0" /> * 2017 Jorinde Voigt: Wani Sabon Irin Farin Ciki – Kunsthalle Nürnberg <ref name="Exhibition" /> * 2016 Jorinde Voigt: Abubuwan da za a yi la'akari da su a yanzu - David Nolan Gallery, New York <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Dayal |first=Mira |date=June 6, 2016 |title=JORINDE VOIGT: CONSIDERATIONS IN THE NOW |url=https://www.sfaq.us/2016/06/jorinde-voigt-considerations-in-the-now/ |journal=NYAQ |access-date=23 February 2026}}</ref> * Jorinde Voigt na 2014: Tsarin Sadarwa. Ayyuka akan Niklas Luhmann – David Nolan Gallery, New York * 2014 Jorinde Voigt: Superpassion – MACRO, Gidan Tarihi na Fasaha na Zamani na Roma, Rome <ref name=":0" /> * Jorinde Voigt na 2013: Bayanan Tsare-tsare - Gidan Tarihi na Fasaha na Nevada NMA <ref name=":0" /> * 2011 Jorinde Voigt: Gidan kayan tarihi na Von der Heydt - Wuppertal <ref name="Exhibition" /> * 2010 Jorinde Voigt: STAAT / Random I-XI – Gemeentemuseum Den Haag <ref name=":0" /> * 2009 Jorinde Voigt: Yankin Symphonic - HDKV Heidelberger Kunstverein <ref name="Exhibition" /> * 2008 Jorinde Voigt: DUAL – NKV Nassauischer Kunstverein Wiesbaden <ref name=":0" /> [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1977]] [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] aaavoz91b54jzw3t5ssorqmgu4aq140 895305 895304 2026-08-11T22:55:45Z Nnamadee 31123 895305 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Jorinde Voigt''' (an haife ta a shekara ta 1977) ƙwararriyar mai zane ce ta Jamus wanda ke zaune a [[Berlin]] wanda ke ƙirƙirar manyan zane-zanen tawada waɗanda aka yi wahayi zuwa gare su ta hanyar waƙoƙin kiɗa, ra'ayoyin falsafa, da hanyoyin al'adu . <ref>{{Cite web |title=LVH Art in Conversation with Cellist-turned-Artist Jorinde Voigt |url=https://www.lvhart.co/journal/lvh-art-in-conversation-with-cellist-turned-artist-jorinde-voigt |access-date=2023-05-19 |website=www.lvhart.co}}</ref> Farfesa ce a fannin zane-zane da zane-zane a Jami'ar Fasaha ta [[Hamburg]] . <ref>{{Cite web |title=Jorinde Voigt {{!}} HFBK Hamburg – University of Fine Arts |url=https://hfbk-hamburg.de/en/staff/jorinde-voigt |access-date=2026-03-30 |website=Jorinde Voigt {{!}} HFBK Hamburg – University of Fine Arts |language=en}}</ref> == Aiki == Masu suka sun kwatanta ayyukan Voigt da na masu fasaha masu ƙarancin fahimta da tunani, musamman maƙallan abubuwan da suka faru da zane-zane na gani na mawakan avant-garde na ƙarni na 20 John Cage da Iannis Xenakis, tsarin algorithmic na [[Hanne Darboven]], da kuma sigogin tsari na Sol LeWitt . <ref>{{Cite web |date=17 April 2014 |title=Jorinde Voigt, STAAT/RANDOM 1-11 |url=https://www.kunstmuseum.nl/en/exhibitions/jorinde-voigt |website=Kunstmuseum Den Haag}}</ref> A shekara ta 2002, Voigt ya fara yin zane-zanen da aka bayyana a matsayin saman hasashe, samfuran tunani da aka gani, ƙirar gwaji ta kimiyya, alamun rubutu, maki, da zane-zane . A shekarar 2003, ta ƙirƙiro wani tsari a cikin jerin shirye-shiryen ''Notations'', ''Florida,'' da ''Indonesia'' . Waɗannan zane-zanen suna rikodin ra'ayoyin mai zane yayin da yake tafiya daga Orlando zuwa [[Miami]] . An kafa ƙarin zagayowar aiki, waɗanda aka haɓaka daga nazarin fahimta, a cikin wannan jerin farko. === ''Ra'ayoyi kan Zane-zanen batsa na kasar Sin daga karni na 16 zuwa 20'' (2011–2012) === Jerin shirye-shiryen Voigt, ''Ra'ayoyi kan Zane-zanen batsa na kasar Sin daga karni na 16 zuwa 20,'' an yi wahayi zuwa gare su daga zane-zane da kwafi na tarihi na batsa na kasar Sin. Bayan nazarin waɗannan hotunan, Voigt ya ƙirƙiri jerin ayyukan haɗin gwiwa, wanda ya lalata batun a gani. <ref>{{Cite web |last=alan |date=2018-09-04 |title=Jorinde Voigt |url=https://www.klosterfeldeedition.de/en/jorinde-voigt/ |access-date=2026-02-18 |website=Klosterfelde Edition |language=en-GB}}</ref> Taswirorin suna kama da taswirar kimiyya, ko zane-zane. Mawaki kuma mai suka John Yau ya rubuta, "ta hanyar warware ra'ayoyin batsa zuwa sassan da suka haɗa su, mai zane yana cire kayan da ya haɗu, yana mai da shi tarin bayanai na gani da na rubutu." === ''Kashi don Kalmomi da Ra'ayoyi'' (2012) da ''Soyayya a Matsayin Sha'awa: Kan Tsarin Kusa da Juna'' (2013–2014) === A cikin tsarin aiki na ''Piece for Words and Views'', batun ya canza daga nazarin gani na abubuwa ko yanayi zuwa ƙoƙarin hango hanyoyin ciki, waɗanda ba a iya gani. Zagayen ya ƙunshi jerin zane-zanen da aka yi a kan vellum mai launi, kowannensu yana haɗa launi da siffa da wani takamaiman rubutu daga ''A Lover's Discourse'' na Roland Barthes . An haɗa waɗannan guntun don samar da zane na ƙarshe. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Alperin |first=Jess |title=Piece for Words and Views |url=http://www.thegundgallery.org/2016/01/jorinde-voigt-piece-for-words-and-views/ |website=Kenyon College: Gund Gallery}}</ref> A cikin jerin littattafai na Voigt mai sassa 48 ''mai suna Love as Passion: On the Codification of Intimacy'', an fassara wani sashi daga littafin Niklas Luhmann na 1982 mai suna iri ɗaya zuwa zane. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Voigt, Jorinde: Codification of Intimacy - Works on Niklas Luhmann, Liebe als Passion {{!}} Revolver Publishing |url=https://revolver-publishing.com/voigt-jorinde-codification-of-intimacy-works-on-niklas-luhmann-liebe-als-passion.html |access-date=2026-02-18 |website=revolver-publishing.com}}</ref> == Nunin da aka zaɓa == * 2025 Jorinde Voigt – Marc Selwyn Fine Arts, LA <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Fleming |first=Teresa |date=November 15, 2025 |title=Jorinde Voigt at Marc Selwyn Fine Arts |url=https://contemporaryartreview.la/print/issue-42/ |journal=Carla |publisher=Contemporary Art Review Los Angeles |issue=42 |pages=56–60 |access-date=February 23, 2026}}</ref> * Wahayi ga Waƙa ta 2025: Waƙoƙin Beethoven a Fasaha ta Zamani – David Nolan Gallery, New York <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Moore |first=Charles |date=May 2025 |title=Music Inspiration: Beethoven's Compositions in Modern Art |url=https://brooklynrail.org/2025/05/artseen/music-inspiration-beethoven-s-compositions-in-modern-art/ |journal=The Brooklyn Rail |access-date=February 23, 2026}}</ref> * 2023 Jorinde Voigt: Wasan – David Nolan Gallery, New York <ref>{{Cite journal |last=MacAdam |first=Barbara A. |date=March 2023 |title=Jorinde Voigt: The Match |url=https://brooklynrail.org/2023/03/artseen/Jorinde-Voigt-The-Match/ |journal=The Brooklyn Rail |access-date=February 23, 2026}}</ref> * 2021 Jorinde Voigt: Amincewa da Ruwan Sama – David Nolan Gallery, New York <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Goodman |first=Jonathan |date=September 2021 |title=Jorinde Voigt: Trust and Rain at David Nolan Gallery |url=https://whitehotmagazine.com/articles/rain-at-david-nolan-gallery/5131 |journal=Whitehot Magazine of Contemporary Art |access-date=Feb 23, 2026}}</ref> * 2020 Jorinde Voigt: Yanayin Wasan Kwaikwayo – David Nolan Gallery, New York <ref>{{Cite journal |last=MacAdam |first=Barbara A. |date=September 2020 |title=Jorinde Voigt |url=https://brooklynrail.org/2020/09/artseen/Jorinde-Voigt-The-State-of-Play/ |journal=The Brooklyn Rail |access-date=February 23, 2026}}</ref> * Jerin Zane-zanen Bango na 2019: Jorinde Voigt – Cibiyar Zane ta Menil, Houston <ref name="Exhibition">{{Cite web |date=12 August 2021 |title=Jorinde Voigt Exhibitions |url=https://jorindevoigt.com/exhibitions/ |access-date=2025-12-09 |website=Jorinde Voigt}}</ref> * 2019 Jorinde Voigt: Juya Duniya - Horst-Janssen-Museum, Oldenburg <ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Jorinde Voigt · Galerie Judin |url=https://www.galeriejudin.com/artist/jorinde-voigt/ |access-date=2025-12-20 |website=Galerie Judin |language=en-US}}</ref> * 2018 Jorinde Voigt: Integral – David Nolan Gallery, New York <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Holmes |first=Jessica |date=June 2018 |title=JORINDE VOIGT: Integral |url=https://brooklynrail.org/2018/06/artseen/JORINDE-VOIGT-Integral/ |journal=The Brooklyn Rail |access-date=23 February 2026}}</ref> * 2018 Jorinde Voigt: Divine Territory – St. Matthäus Church, Berlin <ref name=":0" /> * 2017 Jorinde Voigt: Wani Sabon Irin Farin Ciki – Kunsthalle Nürnberg <ref name="Exhibition" /> * 2016 Jorinde Voigt: Abubuwan da za a yi la'akari da su a yanzu - David Nolan Gallery, New York <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Dayal |first=Mira |date=June 6, 2016 |title=JORINDE VOIGT: CONSIDERATIONS IN THE NOW |url=https://www.sfaq.us/2016/06/jorinde-voigt-considerations-in-the-now/ |journal=NYAQ |access-date=23 February 2026}}</ref> * Jorinde Voigt na 2014: Tsarin Sadarwa. Ayyuka akan Niklas Luhmann – David Nolan Gallery, New York * 2014 Jorinde Voigt: Superpassion – MACRO, Gidan Tarihi na Fasaha na Zamani na Roma, Rome <ref name=":0" /> * Jorinde Voigt na 2013: Bayanan Tsare-tsare - Gidan Tarihi na Fasaha na Nevada NMA <ref name=":0" /> * 2011 Jorinde Voigt: Gidan kayan tarihi na Von der Heydt - Wuppertal <ref name="Exhibition" /> * 2010 Jorinde Voigt: STAAT / Random I-XI – Gemeentemuseum Den Haag <ref name=":0" /> * 2009 Jorinde Voigt: Yankin Symphonic - HDKV Heidelberger Kunstverein <ref name="Exhibition" /> * 2008 Jorinde Voigt: DUAL – NKV Nassauischer Kunstverein Wiesbaden <ref name=":0" /> == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1977]] [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] qsiv6yd9qw65xpt4eu4zbzl1wrdp7lu 895306 895305 2026-08-11T22:56:19Z Nnamadee 31123 895306 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Jorinde Voigt''' (an haife ta a shekara ta 1977) ƙwararriyar mai zane ce ta Jamus wanda ke zaune a [[Berlin]] wanda ke ƙirƙirar manyan zane-zanen tawada waɗanda aka yi wahayi zuwa gare su ta hanyar waƙoƙin kiɗa, ra'ayoyin falsafa, da hanyoyin al'adu . <ref>{{Cite web |title=LVH Art in Conversation with Cellist-turned-Artist Jorinde Voigt |url=https://www.lvhart.co/journal/lvh-art-in-conversation-with-cellist-turned-artist-jorinde-voigt |access-date=2023-05-19 |website=www.lvhart.co}}</ref> Farfesa ce a fannin zane-zane da zane-zane a Jami'ar Fasaha ta [[Hamburg]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Jorinde Voigt {{!}} HFBK Hamburg – University of Fine Arts |url=https://hfbk-hamburg.de/en/staff/jorinde-voigt |access-date=2026-03-30 |website=Jorinde Voigt {{!}} HFBK Hamburg – University of Fine Arts |language=en}}</ref> == Aiki == Masu suka sun kwatanta ayyukan Voigt da na masu fasaha masu ƙarancin fahimta da tunani, musamman maƙallan abubuwan da suka faru da zane-zane na gani na mawakan avant-garde na ƙarni na 20 John Cage da Iannis Xenakis, tsarin algorithmic na [[Hanne Darboven]], da kuma sigogin tsari na Sol LeWitt . <ref>{{Cite web |date=17 April 2014 |title=Jorinde Voigt, STAAT/RANDOM 1-11 |url=https://www.kunstmuseum.nl/en/exhibitions/jorinde-voigt |website=Kunstmuseum Den Haag}}</ref> A shekara ta 2002, Voigt ya fara yin zane-zanen da aka bayyana a matsayin saman hasashe, samfuran tunani da aka gani, ƙirar gwaji ta kimiyya, alamun rubutu, maki, da zane-zane . A shekarar 2003, ta ƙirƙiro wani tsari a cikin jerin shirye-shiryen ''Notations'', ''Florida,'' da ''Indonesia'' . Waɗannan zane-zanen suna rikodin ra'ayoyin mai zane yayin da yake tafiya daga Orlando zuwa [[Miami]] . An kafa ƙarin zagayowar aiki, waɗanda aka haɓaka daga nazarin fahimta, a cikin wannan jerin farko. === ''Ra'ayoyi kan Zane-zanen batsa na kasar Sin daga karni na 16 zuwa 20'' (2011–2012) === Jerin shirye-shiryen Voigt, ''Ra'ayoyi kan Zane-zanen batsa na kasar Sin daga karni na 16 zuwa 20,'' an yi wahayi zuwa gare su daga zane-zane da kwafi na tarihi na batsa na kasar Sin. Bayan nazarin waɗannan hotunan, Voigt ya ƙirƙiri jerin ayyukan haɗin gwiwa, wanda ya lalata batun a gani. <ref>{{Cite web |last=alan |date=2018-09-04 |title=Jorinde Voigt |url=https://www.klosterfeldeedition.de/en/jorinde-voigt/ |access-date=2026-02-18 |website=Klosterfelde Edition |language=en-GB}}</ref> Taswirorin suna kama da taswirar kimiyya, ko zane-zane. Mawaki kuma mai suka John Yau ya rubuta, "ta hanyar warware ra'ayoyin batsa zuwa sassan da suka haɗa su, mai zane yana cire kayan da ya haɗu, yana mai da shi tarin bayanai na gani da na rubutu." === ''Kashi don Kalmomi da Ra'ayoyi'' (2012) da ''Soyayya a Matsayin Sha'awa: Kan Tsarin Kusa da Juna'' (2013–2014) === A cikin tsarin aiki na ''Piece for Words and Views'', batun ya canza daga nazarin gani na abubuwa ko yanayi zuwa ƙoƙarin hango hanyoyin ciki, waɗanda ba a iya gani. Zagayen ya ƙunshi jerin zane-zanen da aka yi a kan vellum mai launi, kowannensu yana haɗa launi da siffa da wani takamaiman rubutu daga ''A Lover's Discourse'' na Roland Barthes . An haɗa waɗannan guntun don samar da zane na ƙarshe. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Alperin |first=Jess |title=Piece for Words and Views |url=http://www.thegundgallery.org/2016/01/jorinde-voigt-piece-for-words-and-views/ |website=Kenyon College: Gund Gallery}}</ref> A cikin jerin littattafai na Voigt mai sassa 48 ''mai suna Love as Passion: On the Codification of Intimacy'', an fassara wani sashi daga littafin Niklas Luhmann na 1982 mai suna iri ɗaya zuwa zane. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Voigt, Jorinde: Codification of Intimacy - Works on Niklas Luhmann, Liebe als Passion {{!}} Revolver Publishing |url=https://revolver-publishing.com/voigt-jorinde-codification-of-intimacy-works-on-niklas-luhmann-liebe-als-passion.html |access-date=2026-02-18 |website=revolver-publishing.com}}</ref> == Nunin da aka zaɓa == * 2025 Jorinde Voigt – Marc Selwyn Fine Arts, LA <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Fleming |first=Teresa |date=November 15, 2025 |title=Jorinde Voigt at Marc Selwyn Fine Arts |url=https://contemporaryartreview.la/print/issue-42/ |journal=Carla |publisher=Contemporary Art Review Los Angeles |issue=42 |pages=56–60 |access-date=February 23, 2026}}</ref> * Wahayi ga Waƙa ta 2025: Waƙoƙin Beethoven a Fasaha ta Zamani – David Nolan Gallery, New York <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Moore |first=Charles |date=May 2025 |title=Music Inspiration: Beethoven's Compositions in Modern Art |url=https://brooklynrail.org/2025/05/artseen/music-inspiration-beethoven-s-compositions-in-modern-art/ |journal=The Brooklyn Rail |access-date=February 23, 2026}}</ref> * 2023 Jorinde Voigt: Wasan – David Nolan Gallery, New York <ref>{{Cite journal |last=MacAdam |first=Barbara A. |date=March 2023 |title=Jorinde Voigt: The Match |url=https://brooklynrail.org/2023/03/artseen/Jorinde-Voigt-The-Match/ |journal=The Brooklyn Rail |access-date=February 23, 2026}}</ref> * 2021 Jorinde Voigt: Amincewa da Ruwan Sama – David Nolan Gallery, New York <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Goodman |first=Jonathan |date=September 2021 |title=Jorinde Voigt: Trust and Rain at David Nolan Gallery |url=https://whitehotmagazine.com/articles/rain-at-david-nolan-gallery/5131 |journal=Whitehot Magazine of Contemporary Art |access-date=Feb 23, 2026}}</ref> * 2020 Jorinde Voigt: Yanayin Wasan Kwaikwayo – David Nolan Gallery, New York <ref>{{Cite journal |last=MacAdam |first=Barbara A. |date=September 2020 |title=Jorinde Voigt |url=https://brooklynrail.org/2020/09/artseen/Jorinde-Voigt-The-State-of-Play/ |journal=The Brooklyn Rail |access-date=February 23, 2026}}</ref> * Jerin Zane-zanen Bango na 2019: Jorinde Voigt – Cibiyar Zane ta Menil, Houston <ref name="Exhibition">{{Cite web |date=12 August 2021 |title=Jorinde Voigt Exhibitions |url=https://jorindevoigt.com/exhibitions/ |access-date=2025-12-09 |website=Jorinde Voigt}}</ref> * 2019 Jorinde Voigt: Juya Duniya - Horst-Janssen-Museum, Oldenburg <ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Jorinde Voigt · Galerie Judin |url=https://www.galeriejudin.com/artist/jorinde-voigt/ |access-date=2025-12-20 |website=Galerie Judin |language=en-US}}</ref> * 2018 Jorinde Voigt: Integral – David Nolan Gallery, New York <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Holmes |first=Jessica |date=June 2018 |title=JORINDE VOIGT: Integral |url=https://brooklynrail.org/2018/06/artseen/JORINDE-VOIGT-Integral/ |journal=The Brooklyn Rail |access-date=23 February 2026}}</ref> * 2018 Jorinde Voigt: Divine Territory – St. Matthäus Church, Berlin <ref name=":0" /> * 2017 Jorinde Voigt: Wani Sabon Irin Farin Ciki – Kunsthalle Nürnberg <ref name="Exhibition" /> * 2016 Jorinde Voigt: Abubuwan da za a yi la'akari da su a yanzu - David Nolan Gallery, New York <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Dayal |first=Mira |date=June 6, 2016 |title=JORINDE VOIGT: CONSIDERATIONS IN THE NOW |url=https://www.sfaq.us/2016/06/jorinde-voigt-considerations-in-the-now/ |journal=NYAQ |access-date=23 February 2026}}</ref> * Jorinde Voigt na 2014: Tsarin Sadarwa. Ayyuka akan Niklas Luhmann – David Nolan Gallery, New York * 2014 Jorinde Voigt: Superpassion – MACRO, Gidan Tarihi na Fasaha na Zamani na Roma, Rome <ref name=":0" /> * Jorinde Voigt na 2013: Bayanan Tsare-tsare - Gidan Tarihi na Fasaha na Nevada NMA <ref name=":0" /> * 2011 Jorinde Voigt: Gidan kayan tarihi na Von der Heydt - Wuppertal <ref name="Exhibition" /> * 2010 Jorinde Voigt: STAAT / Random I-XI – Gemeentemuseum Den Haag <ref name=":0" /> * 2009 Jorinde Voigt: Yankin Symphonic - HDKV Heidelberger Kunstverein <ref name="Exhibition" /> * 2008 Jorinde Voigt: DUAL – NKV Nassauischer Kunstverein Wiesbaden <ref name=":0" /> == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1977]] [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] ez2musvp1674hb579wfkflp78zf7mng 3 163274 895321 2026-08-12T00:58:52Z Superpes15 11792 Superpes15 moved page [[Tattaunawar user:EF5]] to [[Tattaunawar user:Eoline]]: Automatically moved page while renaming the user "[[Special:CentralAuth/EF5|EF5]]" to "[[Special:CentralAuth/Eoline|Eoline]]" 895321 wikitext text/x-wiki #REDIRECT [[Tattaunawar user:Eoline]] r4ogs5lc7abdxe2n6z3wx24un3oq1ig 0 163275 895369 2026-08-12T06:32:29Z Vinitborde 47729 Sabon shafi: Madhurendra Kumar 895369 wikitext text/x-wiki Madhurendra Kumar cgmy2sb6tocha130v3hccva6k1c95or 895372 895369 2026-08-12T06:39:15Z NDG 37615 Requesting deletion 895372 wikitext text/x-wiki {{delete|No useful content}}Madhurendra Kumar 6eb6v0lfrmdpl9ldpjsltx2qpuzhl52 0 163276 895377 2026-08-12T07:09:56Z Nnamadee 31123 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1353014511|Hilde Reiss]]" 895377 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Hilde Reiss''' (1909–2002) ƙwararriyar mai zane ce 'yar ƙasar Jamus kuma mai zane. Ita ce ta farko da ta kula da zane-zane a Cibiyar Fasaha ta Walker da ke Minneapolis, Minnesota. Ta kafa gidan adana kayan tarihi na yau da kullun a shekarar 1946. == Rayuwa da aiki == An haifi Reiss a Berlin a shekarar 1909, wanda ya yi karatunsa a Bauhaus (1930–32) mai zane, ya yi ƙaura zuwa Amurka a shekarar 1933 kuma ya sami aiki tare da masu zane-zane na masana'antu kamar Norman Bel Geddes da Gilbert Rohde . Ta koyar da zane tare da Rohde a dakin gwaje-gwaje na zane wanda WPA ke daukar nauyinsa, wata makarantar fasaha ta zamani wacce ke aiki daga 1935 zuwa 1939 a [[New York (birni)|birnin New York]] . Ta haɗu da mai zane William Friedman a dakin gwaje-gwaje kuma ta ƙaura tare da shi zuwa Cibiyar Fasaha ta Walker inda ya ɗauki matsayin Mataimakin Daraktan Nunin. <ref name="Sparke">{{Cite book|ref=et al}}</ref> A shekarar 1945, ta zama mai kula da zane na farko a Cibiyar Fasaha ta Walker kuma a shekarar 1947, ta zama mai kula da kayan tarihi na yau da kullun, wanda, a matsayin ci gaba da shirin MoMA's Good Design, ya tallata zane-zane na zamani da aka samar da yawa ga jama'a a cikin wani wuri mai hulɗa wanda ya ninka matsayin ɗakin kayan ilimi da ɗakin nunin kayan tarihi. <ref name="EAG">{{Cite web |title=Everyday Art Gallery, Walker Art Center |url=http://www.walkerart.org/minnesotabydesign/objects/everyday-art-gallery |access-date=15 October 2015}}</ref> Reiss ya bayyana manufar wannan gidan tarihi a matsayin taimakawa wajen "gina ingantaccen yanayi na yau da kullun don rayuwar zamani." Baya ga baje kolin, gidan kayan tarihin yana da nunin kyaututtuka na dillalai waɗanda suka nuna kayayyaki daga shaguna na gida da shagunan da Reiss ya zaɓa. Cibiyar Fasaha ta Walker ita ce gidan tarihi na farko a Amurka da ta keɓe sararin baje kolin gine-gine da ƙira na zamani na dindindin, kuma shirinta na Idea House, wanda Darakta Daniel S. Defenbacher ya fara a shekarar 1939, ya riga ya kasance kafin wasu shirye-shiryen ƙira kamar shirin Gidan Nazarin ''Shari'a na Fasaha da Gine-gine'' . Bayan isowar Friedman da Reiss, Walker ya gina "Gidan Tunani" na biyu. Friedman da Reiss sun tsara Idea House II tare da Malcolm E. Lein, ɗaya daga cikin masu tsara Idea House Idea House I. An yi shi ne don iyali huɗu, kuma ba a yi nufin House II ya zama samfurin ba, amma gidan ra'ayoyi ne da aka yi nufin magance ƙarancin gidaje a shekarun bayan yaƙi. An gina shi da kayan aiki masu rahusa kamar ƙarfe da katako, yana da wurare masu ƙirƙira waɗanda har yanzu suna ba wa kowane memba na iyali sirri. An kuma tsara wuraren da ke da sassauƙa don amfani da hasken rana don zafi da hasken halitta. Herman Miller da Knoll sun samar wa Idea House II zane-zane masu ci gaba kuma sun sami karbuwa a duk fadin kasar a cikin manyan mujallu da jaridu kamar ''The New York Times Magazine'' da ''McCall's'' . Sau da yawa ana amfani da Idea House II a cikin tallan tallan 'yan kasuwa don samfuran da aka nuna a cikin gidan. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Griffith Winton |first=Alexandra |date=2004 |title='A Man's House Is His Art': The Walker Art Center's "Idea House" Project and the Marketing of Domestic Design 1941-1947 |journal=Journal of Design History |volume=17 |issue=4 |pages=377–396 |doi=10.1093/jdh/17.4.377}}</ref> A lokacin da yake a Cibiyar Fasaha ta Walker, Reiss ya kuma yi aiki a matsayin edita na ''Everyday Art Quarterly: A Guide to Well Designed Products'' wanda aka buga tsakanin 1946 da 1953 kuma ya ƙunshi ɗaukar hoto na John Szarkowski . A cikin mujallar, Reiss ya haɗa sabbin abubuwan da suka shafi ƙira, labaran baje kolin kayayyaki, sake duba samfura, da kuma bin diddigin labaran manema labarai ga masu gine-gine na zamani, masu fasaha, da masu zane-zanen masana'antu. Ya ƙunshi ayyukan Charles da Ray Eames, Eero Saarinen, Harry Bertoia, Paul McCobb, Robin da Lucienne Day, da kuma [[Eva Zeisel]] . A shekarar 1954, ''Design Quarterly'' ta ci gaba da yin hakan, wanda ya daina alaƙa da Walker a shekarar 1993. Reiss ta ɗauki hutu a shekarar 1950 daga Cibiyar Fasaha ta Walker ta koma California, inda ta yi aiki tare da Hukumar Gidaje ta Vallejo kuma ta kafa tare da kafa wani babban shagon sayar da kayayyaki mai suna House of Today a Palo Alto a shekarar 1952. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Horton |first=Inge |title=Early Women Architects Daring to Design Modern |url=http://owa-usa.org/printarticle.php?v=426&e=985 |access-date=17 October 2015 |website=Organization of Women Architects and Design Professionals}}</ref> Ta mutu a Capitola, California, a shekara ta 2002. == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Mutuwan 2002]] [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1909]] 1o87pgcu7e12xy59eh4cx94p222us0r 895378 895377 2026-08-12T07:10:15Z Nnamadee 31123 895378 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Hilde Reiss''' (1909–2002) ƙwararriyar mai zane ce 'yar ƙasar Jamus kuma mai zane. Ita ce ta farko da ta kula da zane-zane a Cibiyar Fasaha ta Walker da ke Minneapolis, Minnesota. Ta kafa gidan adana kayan tarihi na yau da kullun a shekarar 1946. == Rayuwa da aiki == An haifi Reiss a Berlin a shekarar 1909, wanda ya yi karatunsa a Bauhaus (1930–32) mai zane, ya yi ƙaura zuwa Amurka a shekarar 1933 kuma ya sami aiki tare da masu zane-zane na masana'antu kamar Norman Bel Geddes da Gilbert Rohde . Ta koyar da zane tare da Rohde a dakin gwaje-gwaje na zane wanda WPA ke daukar nauyinsa, wata makarantar fasaha ta zamani wacce ke aiki daga 1935 zuwa 1939 a [[New York (birni)|birnin New York]] . Ta haɗu da mai zane William Friedman a dakin gwaje-gwaje kuma ta ƙaura tare da shi zuwa Cibiyar Fasaha ta Walker inda ya ɗauki matsayin Mataimakin Daraktan Nunin. <ref name="Sparke">{{Cite book|ref=et al}}</ref> A shekarar 1945, ta zama mai kula da zane na farko a Cibiyar Fasaha ta Walker kuma a shekarar 1947, ta zama mai kula da kayan tarihi na yau da kullun, wanda, a matsayin ci gaba da shirin MoMA's Good Design, ya tallata zane-zane na zamani da aka samar da yawa ga jama'a a cikin wani wuri mai hulɗa wanda ya ninka matsayin ɗakin kayan ilimi da ɗakin nunin kayan tarihi. <ref name="EAG">{{Cite web |title=Everyday Art Gallery, Walker Art Center |url=http://www.walkerart.org/minnesotabydesign/objects/everyday-art-gallery |access-date=15 October 2015}}</ref> Reiss ya bayyana manufar wannan gidan tarihi a matsayin taimakawa wajen "gina ingantaccen yanayi na yau da kullun don rayuwar zamani." Baya ga baje kolin, gidan kayan tarihin yana da nunin kyaututtuka na dillalai waɗanda suka nuna kayayyaki daga shaguna na gida da shagunan da Reiss ya zaɓa. Cibiyar Fasaha ta Walker ita ce gidan tarihi na farko a Amurka da ta keɓe sararin baje kolin gine-gine da ƙira na zamani na dindindin, kuma shirinta na Idea House, wanda Darakta Daniel S. Defenbacher ya fara a shekarar 1939, ya riga ya kasance kafin wasu shirye-shiryen ƙira kamar shirin Gidan Nazarin ''Shari'a na Fasaha da Gine-gine'' . Bayan isowar Friedman da Reiss, Walker ya gina "Gidan Tunani" na biyu. Friedman da Reiss sun tsara Idea House II tare da Malcolm E. Lein, ɗaya daga cikin masu tsara Idea House Idea House I. An yi shi ne don iyali huɗu, kuma ba a yi nufin House II ya zama samfurin ba, amma gidan ra'ayoyi ne da aka yi nufin magance ƙarancin gidaje a shekarun bayan yaƙi. An gina shi da kayan aiki masu rahusa kamar ƙarfe da katako, yana da wurare masu ƙirƙira waɗanda har yanzu suna ba wa kowane memba na iyali sirri. An kuma tsara wuraren da ke da sassauƙa don amfani da hasken rana don zafi da hasken halitta. Herman Miller da Knoll sun samar wa Idea House II zane-zane masu ci gaba kuma sun sami karbuwa a duk fadin kasar a cikin manyan mujallu da jaridu kamar ''The New York Times Magazine'' da ''McCall's'' . Sau da yawa ana amfani da Idea House II a cikin tallan tallan 'yan kasuwa don samfuran da aka nuna a cikin gidan. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Griffith Winton |first=Alexandra |date=2004 |title='A Man's House Is His Art': The Walker Art Center's "Idea House" Project and the Marketing of Domestic Design 1941-1947 |journal=Journal of Design History |volume=17 |issue=4 |pages=377–396 |doi=10.1093/jdh/17.4.377}}</ref> A lokacin da yake a Cibiyar Fasaha ta Walker, Reiss ya kuma yi aiki a matsayin edita na ''Everyday Art Quarterly: A Guide to Well Designed Products'' wanda aka buga tsakanin 1946 da 1953 kuma ya ƙunshi ɗaukar hoto na John Szarkowski . A cikin mujallar, Reiss ya haɗa sabbin abubuwan da suka shafi ƙira, labaran baje kolin kayayyaki, sake duba samfura, da kuma bin diddigin labaran manema labarai ga masu gine-gine na zamani, masu fasaha, da masu zane-zanen masana'antu. Ya ƙunshi ayyukan Charles da Ray Eames, Eero Saarinen, Harry Bertoia, Paul McCobb, Robin da Lucienne Day, da kuma [[Eva Zeisel]] . A shekarar 1954, ''Design Quarterly'' ta ci gaba da yin hakan, wanda ya daina alaƙa da Walker a shekarar 1993. Reiss ta ɗauki hutu a shekarar 1950 daga Cibiyar Fasaha ta Walker ta koma California, inda ta yi aiki tare da Hukumar Gidaje ta Vallejo kuma ta kafa tare da kafa wani babban shagon sayar da kayayyaki mai suna House of Today a Palo Alto a shekarar 1952. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Horton |first=Inge |title=Early Women Architects Daring to Design Modern |url=http://owa-usa.org/printarticle.php?v=426&e=985 |access-date=17 October 2015 |website=Organization of Women Architects and Design Professionals}}</ref> Ta mutu a Capitola, California, a shekara ta 2002. == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Mutuwan 2002]] [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1909]] hstmq5y81l6thrfxdj5pwukjw8qudg0 0 163277 895379 2026-08-12T07:11:38Z Nnamadee 31123 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1358275015|Pauline von Montgelas]]" 895379 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Countess Pauline Mathilde Sophie de Garnerin de la Thuile von Montgelas''' (née '''von Wimpffen''' ; 28 ga Fabrairu 1874 - 10 Mayu 1961) marubuciya ce, ɗan ƙasar Italiya, haifaffen Jamus, kuma ɗan gwagwarmayar Katolika. Ta kasance babbar jigo a ci gaban ƙungiyar mata Katolika ta Jamus kuma babbar mai adawa da Nazi a lokacin [[Yaƙin Duniya na II|Yaƙin Duniya na Biyu]] . Von Montgelas ta yi aiki sosai wajen fafutukar kare haƙƙin mata masu aikin hidima a cikin gida kuma ta rubuta muƙaloli game da alhakin zamantakewa ga ''Mace Kirista'' . == Tarihin Rayuwa == An haifi Von Montgelas Countess Pauline Mathilde Sophie von Wimpffen a ranar 28 ga Fabrairu 1874 a [[Rum|Rome]] zuwa Countess Margarethe von Lynar da [[:de:Felix von Wimpffen (Diplomat)|Count Felix von Wimpffen]] . <ref>{{Cite web |last=Biographie |first=Deutsche |title=Montgelas, Pauline Gräfin von - Deutsche Biographie |url=https://www.deutsche-biographie.de/sfz65220.html |website=www.deutsche-biographie.de}}</ref> Tunda mahaifinta jami'in diflomasiyya ne, wanda ya yi aiki a matsayin jakadan Austria-Hungary, ta shafe yawancin yarintarta a biranen Turai daban-daban, ciki har da Rome, [[Berlin]], da [[Faris|Paris]] . Lokacin da take da shekaru ashirin da uku, ta auri Count Maximilian von Montgelas . Daga shekarar 1900 zuwa 1903, ta zauna a [[Beijing]], inda mijinta ke aiki a matsayin jami'in soja. A lokacin da yake zaune a China, Von Montgelas ya yi tafiye-tafiye sosai a Kudancin Asiya . A shekarar 1906 ta buga wani littafi, gami da ayyukanta na daukar hoto, game da tafiye-tafiyenta mai taken ''Hotuna daga Kudancin Asiya'' . <ref name="auto">{{Cite web |title=Katalog der Deutschen Nationalbibliothek |url=https://portal.dnb.de/opac.htm?method=simpleSearch&query=11713404X |website=portal.dnb.de}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |title=Pauline vonMontgelas &#124; Art Auction Results |url=https://www.mutualart.com/Artist/Pauline-von-Montgelas/70C28758F3D7A883 |website=www.mutualart.com}}</ref> Bayan ta koma Jamus, ita da mijinta suka zauna a [[München|Munich]], inda ta shiga cikin ƙungiyar kare 'yan mata ta Marian, wata ƙungiyar Katolika ta addini . Ta wannan ƙungiya ta haɗu da Ellen Ammann, wacce ta taimaka wajen kafa reshen ƙungiyar mata ta Katolika ta Jamus da ke Munich. An zaɓi Von Montgelas a matsayin shugabar ƙungiyar ta biyu, inda ta karɓi ragamar gudanar da shirye-shiryen zamantakewa waɗanda suka haɗa da fafutukar da kuma kula da masu hidimar gida, masu aikin gida, da sauran ma'aikatan gida. Ta kuma kafa Ƙungiyar Ma'aikatan Gidaje a Jamus, Ƙungiyar Ma'aikatan Katolika, da Ƙungiyar Masana'antar Gidaje ta Bavarian. Aikinta na kafa kwasa-kwasan zamantakewa daga ƙarshe ya haifar da ci gaban [[:de:Katholische Stiftungshochschule München|Makarantar Mata ta Zamantakewa da Sadaka]] . A shekarar 1921 aka naɗa ta a matsayin shugabar hukumar kula da harkokin waje ta ƙungiyar mata ta Katolika ta Jamus, wadda ta taimaka wajen kafa ƙungiyoyin mata na Katolika a wasu ƙasashe. A shekarar 1906, an naɗa Von Montgelas a matsayin shugaban girmamawa na ƙungiyar Patronage for Young Catholic Workers a birnin [[Nuremberg]] . Von Montgelas, wadda da farko ta goyi bayan gurguzu ta ƙasa, ta kasance mai suka ga mulkin kama-karya na Nazi, musamman game da yadda suke mu'amala da mata. Ta fi shafarta musamman ganin korar kawarta Alice Salomon, wata [[Yahudawa|Bayahudiya]] da aka kora daga Jamus. Ta yi watsi da buƙatar gwamnati na shiga Jam'iyyar Nazi da kuma Ƙungiyar 'Yan Matan Jamus, wanda hakan ya sa aka yi mata barazana. An zarge ta da cewa ita Bayahudiya ce tun lokacin da kawunta na uba, Count Franz von Wimpffen, ya auri wata Bayahudiya da ta tuba zuwa Katolika, Baroness Maria Anna Cecilia Bernhardine von Eskeles. An binne Von Montgelas a cikin gidan dangin Montgelas a Egglkofen . == Littattafan tarihi == Wasu daga cikin rubuce-rubucen Von Montgelas sun haɗa da: <ref name="auto">{{Cite web |title=Katalog der Deutschen Nationalbibliothek |url=https://portal.dnb.de/opac.htm?method=simpleSearch&query=11713404X |website=portal.dnb.de}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://portal.dnb.de/opac.htm?method=simpleSearch&query=11713404X "Katalog der Deutschen Nationalbibliothek"]. ''portal.dnb.de''.</cite></ref> * ''Zane-zanen Gabashin Asiya'', Munich, Theodor Ackermann, 1905 * ''Hotuna daga Kudancin Asiya'', Munich 1906 * ''Nauyin Zamantakewa'', a cikin: ''Mace Kirista'', 1907/1908, shafi na 1.&nbsp;85–88 * ''Don Gyaran Sana'ar Mai Sayarwa'', a cikin: ''Mace Kirista'' 1909/1910, 354-357 * ''Daular'' a cikin: ''Mace Kirista'' 1933, shafi na 1.&nbsp;278–284 == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Matattun 1961]] ohefzgl0xkcc1ymoev6v09ukfap9p3q 895380 895379 2026-08-12T07:11:59Z Nnamadee 31123 895380 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Countess Pauline Mathilde Sophie de Garnerin de la Thuile von Montgelas''' (née '''von Wimpffen''' ; 28 ga Fabrairu 1874 - 10 Mayu 1961) marubuciya ce, ɗan ƙasar Italiya, haifaffen Jamus, kuma ɗan gwagwarmayar Katolika. Ta kasance babbar jigo a ci gaban ƙungiyar mata Katolika ta Jamus kuma babbar mai adawa da Nazi a lokacin [[Yaƙin Duniya na II|Yaƙin Duniya na Biyu]] . Von Montgelas ta yi aiki sosai wajen fafutukar kare haƙƙin mata masu aikin hidima a cikin gida kuma ta rubuta muƙaloli game da alhakin zamantakewa ga ''Mace Kirista'' . == Tarihin Rayuwa == An haifi Von Montgelas Countess Pauline Mathilde Sophie von Wimpffen a ranar 28 ga Fabrairu 1874 a [[Rum|Rome]] zuwa Countess Margarethe von Lynar da [[:de:Felix von Wimpffen (Diplomat)|Count Felix von Wimpffen]] . <ref>{{Cite web |last=Biographie |first=Deutsche |title=Montgelas, Pauline Gräfin von - Deutsche Biographie |url=https://www.deutsche-biographie.de/sfz65220.html |website=www.deutsche-biographie.de}}</ref> Tunda mahaifinta jami'in diflomasiyya ne, wanda ya yi aiki a matsayin jakadan Austria-Hungary, ta shafe yawancin yarintarta a biranen Turai daban-daban, ciki har da Rome, [[Berlin]], da [[Faris|Paris]] . Lokacin da take da shekaru ashirin da uku, ta auri Count Maximilian von Montgelas . Daga shekarar 1900 zuwa 1903, ta zauna a [[Beijing]], inda mijinta ke aiki a matsayin jami'in soja. A lokacin da yake zaune a China, Von Montgelas ya yi tafiye-tafiye sosai a Kudancin Asiya . A shekarar 1906 ta buga wani littafi, gami da ayyukanta na daukar hoto, game da tafiye-tafiyenta mai taken ''Hotuna daga Kudancin Asiya'' . <ref name="auto">{{Cite web |title=Katalog der Deutschen Nationalbibliothek |url=https://portal.dnb.de/opac.htm?method=simpleSearch&query=11713404X |website=portal.dnb.de}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |title=Pauline vonMontgelas &#124; Art Auction Results |url=https://www.mutualart.com/Artist/Pauline-von-Montgelas/70C28758F3D7A883 |website=www.mutualart.com}}</ref> Bayan ta koma Jamus, ita da mijinta suka zauna a [[München|Munich]], inda ta shiga cikin ƙungiyar kare 'yan mata ta Marian, wata ƙungiyar Katolika ta addini . Ta wannan ƙungiya ta haɗu da Ellen Ammann, wacce ta taimaka wajen kafa reshen ƙungiyar mata ta Katolika ta Jamus da ke Munich. An zaɓi Von Montgelas a matsayin shugabar ƙungiyar ta biyu, inda ta karɓi ragamar gudanar da shirye-shiryen zamantakewa waɗanda suka haɗa da fafutukar da kuma kula da masu hidimar gida, masu aikin gida, da sauran ma'aikatan gida. Ta kuma kafa Ƙungiyar Ma'aikatan Gidaje a Jamus, Ƙungiyar Ma'aikatan Katolika, da Ƙungiyar Masana'antar Gidaje ta Bavarian. Aikinta na kafa kwasa-kwasan zamantakewa daga ƙarshe ya haifar da ci gaban [[:de:Katholische Stiftungshochschule München|Makarantar Mata ta Zamantakewa da Sadaka]] . A shekarar 1921 aka naɗa ta a matsayin shugabar hukumar kula da harkokin waje ta ƙungiyar mata ta Katolika ta Jamus, wadda ta taimaka wajen kafa ƙungiyoyin mata na Katolika a wasu ƙasashe. A shekarar 1906, an naɗa Von Montgelas a matsayin shugaban girmamawa na ƙungiyar Patronage for Young Catholic Workers a birnin [[Nuremberg]] . Von Montgelas, wadda da farko ta goyi bayan gurguzu ta ƙasa, ta kasance mai suka ga mulkin kama-karya na Nazi, musamman game da yadda suke mu'amala da mata. Ta fi shafarta musamman ganin korar kawarta Alice Salomon, wata [[Yahudawa|Bayahudiya]] da aka kora daga Jamus. Ta yi watsi da buƙatar gwamnati na shiga Jam'iyyar Nazi da kuma Ƙungiyar 'Yan Matan Jamus, wanda hakan ya sa aka yi mata barazana. An zarge ta da cewa ita Bayahudiya ce tun lokacin da kawunta na uba, Count Franz von Wimpffen, ya auri wata Bayahudiya da ta tuba zuwa Katolika, Baroness Maria Anna Cecilia Bernhardine von Eskeles. An binne Von Montgelas a cikin gidan dangin Montgelas a Egglkofen . == Littattafan tarihi == Wasu daga cikin rubuce-rubucen Von Montgelas sun haɗa da: <ref name="auto">{{Cite web |title=Katalog der Deutschen Nationalbibliothek |url=https://portal.dnb.de/opac.htm?method=simpleSearch&query=11713404X |website=portal.dnb.de}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://portal.dnb.de/opac.htm?method=simpleSearch&query=11713404X "Katalog der Deutschen Nationalbibliothek"]. ''portal.dnb.de''.</cite></ref> * ''Zane-zanen Gabashin Asiya'', Munich, Theodor Ackermann, 1905 * ''Hotuna daga Kudancin Asiya'', Munich 1906 * ''Nauyin Zamantakewa'', a cikin: ''Mace Kirista'', 1907/1908, shafi na 1.&nbsp;85–88 * ''Don Gyaran Sana'ar Mai Sayarwa'', a cikin: ''Mace Kirista'' 1909/1910, 354-357 * ''Daular'' a cikin: ''Mace Kirista'' 1933, shafi na 1.&nbsp;278–284 == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Matattun 1961]] fbnqu80rs6p8w418z892kslszerayas 0 163278 895381 2026-08-12T07:13:08Z Nnamadee 31123 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1328387973|Sigrid Lorenzen Rupp]]" 895381 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Sigrid Lorenzen Rupp''' (1943 - 27 ga Mayu, 2004) wani [[Masanin gine-gine da zane|mai zane ne]] ɗan asalin Jamus da Amurka. Ta gudanar da wani kamfani mai zaman kansa, SLR Architects, a Palo Alto, California, daga 1976 zuwa 1998, kuma ta ƙware wajen tsara kayan aiki ga kamfanonin fasaha a [[Silicon Valley]] . == Rayuwar farko da ilimi == An haifi Rupp a [[Bremerhaven]], Jamus, a ranar 3 ga Janairu, 1943, kuma ta yi ƙaura zuwa Oakland, California, tare da iyalinta tana da shekaru 10. Ta fara sha'awar gine-gine tun tana ƙarama a lokacin da Jamus ta fara sake gina gine-gine bayan Yaƙin Duniya na Biyu, sannan ta ci gaba da karatun gine-gine a Jami'ar California, Berkeley, inda ta kammala karatunta a shekarar 1966; ta sami lasisin gine-ginen California a shekarar 1971. <ref name="sfgate">{{Cite web |last=Hendricks |first=Tyche |date=June 11, 2004 |title=Sigrid Lorenzen Rupp – Peninsula architect |url=http://www.sfgate.com/bayarea/article/Sigrid-Lorenzen-Rupp-Peninsula-architect-2750243.php |access-date=October 12, 2015 |website=[[San Francisco Chronicle]]}}</ref> Bayan kammala karatunsa, Rupp ya yi aiki a kamfanonin gine-gine da dama, ciki har da Van Bourg/Nakamura Associates na San Francisco, D'Amico Associates na Mill Valley, Hawley & Peterson na Mountain Valley da Spencer Associates na Palo Alto. <ref name="vatech">{{Cite web |title=Sigrid L. Rupp Architectural Collection, 1950–2004 |url=http://ead.lib.virginia.edu/vivaxtf/view?docId=vt/viblbv00785.xml |access-date=October 12, 2015 |website=Virginia Heritage |publisher=[[Virginia Tech]]}}</ref> == Sana'a == Rupp ta yi aiki a kamfanoni daban-daban a Yankin San Francisco Bay kafin ta kafa nata kamfanin, SLR Architects, a shekarar 1976. <ref name="owa">{{Cite web |date=July–August 2004 |title=In Memoriam – Sigrid Lorenzen Rupp, 1943–2004 |url=http://owa-usa.org/newsletter.php?v=324 |access-date=October 12, 2015 |publisher=Organization of Women Architects and Design Professionals}}</ref> Ta ƙware a fannin fasaha da masana'antu kuma ta samar da ƙira ga kamfanonin fasaha na farko da yawa a [[Silicon Valley]], ciki har da Amdahl Corporation, [[Apple|Apple Computer]], Claris, IBM, Raychem, Sun Microsystems da Tandem Computers . <ref name="vatech" /> Tsarin ginin gwaji da ta yi wa Apple ya lashe kyautar girmamawa ta Cibiyar Nazarin Zane-zane ta Amurka (AIA). <ref name="sfgate" /> Ta tsara ginin bene na bene da ginin manema labarai na [[Jami'ar Stanford]], sannan ta kammala ayyukan AT&amp;amp;T, Pac Bell, Pan Am, Jami'ar Jihar San Jose da [[United Airlines]] . <ref name="vatech" /> Kamfanin SLR Architects, wanda ke da hedikwata a Gabashin Palo Alto, California, ya rufe a shekarar 1998 lokacin da Rupp ya yi ritaya. <ref name="sfgate" /> Rupp ta kasance mai fafutukar kare haƙƙin mata kuma memba ce a Ƙungiyar Masu Gine-gine ta Mata (OWA), Ƙungiyar Masu Gine-gine ta Ƙasashen Duniya (UIFA), da kuma Cibiyar Masu Gine-gine ta Amurka (AIA). A shekarar 1998, an ƙara aikinta a cikin Taskar Labarai ta Duniya ta Mata a Gine-gine a Jami'ar Fasaha ta Virginia. Ta ce ta fara kamfen ɗin kare al'amuran mata "kawai saboda ban so a sami wata [matsalar mata] ba. Da alama lokacin bambancin jinsi ya kamata ya wuce." <ref name="sfgate">{{Cite web |last=Hendricks |first=Tyche |date=June 11, 2004 |title=Sigrid Lorenzen Rupp – Peninsula architect |url=http://www.sfgate.com/bayarea/article/Sigrid-Lorenzen-Rupp-Peninsula-architect-2750243.php |access-date=October 12, 2015 |website=[[San Francisco Chronicle]]}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFHendricks2004">Hendricks, Tyche (June 11, 2004). [http://www.sfgate.com/bayarea/article/Sigrid-Lorenzen-Rupp-Peninsula-architect-2750243.php "Sigrid Lorenzen Rupp – Peninsula architect"]. ''[[San Francisco Chronicle]]''<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">October 12,</span> 2015</span>.</cite></ref> Ita ce shugabar Hukumar Binciken Gine-gine ta Birnin Palo Alto, darekta a reshen AIA Santa Clara, da kuma darakta a California Women in Environmental Design. <ref name="vatech">{{Cite web |title=Sigrid L. Rupp Architectural Collection, 1950–2004 |url=http://ead.lib.virginia.edu/vivaxtf/view?docId=vt/viblbv00785.xml |access-date=October 12, 2015 |website=Virginia Heritage |publisher=[[Virginia Tech]]}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[http://ead.lib.virginia.edu/vivaxtf/view?docId=vt/viblbv00785.xml "Sigrid L. Rupp Architectural Collection, 1950–2004"]. ''Virginia Heritage''. [[Virginia Tech]]<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">October 12,</span> 2015</span>.</cite></ref> Jami'ar California-Berkeley, inda Rupp ya yi karatun gine-gine, tana ba da lambar yabo ta Farfesa da Kyauta ta Berkeley-Rupp a fannin gine-gine sau biyu a shekara ga wani mai aiki ko malami wanda ya ba da gudummawa wajen haɓaka ci gaban mata a fannin. <ref name="UC">{{Cite web |title=Berkeley-Rupp Architecture Professorship and Prize |url=https://rupp.ced.berkeley.edu |access-date=March 12, 2019 |publisher=University of California-Berkeley}}</ref> <ref name="OWANews">{{Cite web |title=Sustainability: Life and Career |url=http://owa-usa.org/newsletter.php?v=355 |access-date=March 12, 2019 |publisher=Organization of Women Architects and Design Professionals}}</ref> == Rayuwa ta sirri == Rupp ta yi tafiye-tafiye sosai a tsawon aikinta kuma a lokacin ritayarta ta mayar da hankali kan zana hotunan launuka masu launin ruwan kasa a yankin Bay Area na San Francisco. Ta ajiye mujallu da dama na tafiye-tafiye inda ta rubuta rubuce-rubucen lura, hotuna, zane-zane, da kuma zane-zanen ruwa. An haɗa zane-zanenta a cikin nune-nunen da aka shirya ta Pacific Art League of Palo Alto. Game da rayuwarta da aikinta, Rupp ta ce, "Ina so a tuna da ni saboda rashin amincewa lokacin da kowa ya ga ya fi sauƙi a yi amfani da hatsin ko da kuwa hatsin bai yi daidai ba. Ina so a tuna da ni a matsayin ƙwararren mai ginin gini wanda ya yi aiki mai kyau, ƙwararren mai zane wanda ya yi zane mai kyau da kuma wanda ya ba da labarai masu kyau. Na ji daɗin kusan duk abin da na yi, amma babu abin da ya isa kuma lokaci (rayuwa) ya yi gajere." <ref name="owa">{{Cite web |date=July–August 2004 |title=In Memoriam – Sigrid Lorenzen Rupp, 1943–2004 |url=http://owa-usa.org/newsletter.php?v=324 |access-date=October 12, 2015 |publisher=Organization of Women Architects and Design Professionals}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[http://owa-usa.org/newsletter.php?v=324 "In Memoriam – Sigrid Lorenzen Rupp, 1943–2004"]. Organization of Women Architects and Design Professionals. July–August 2004<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">October 12,</span> 2015</span>.</cite></ref> An gano cewa Rupp yana da cutar kansar ciki a watan Nuwamba na 2003 kuma ya mutu a ranar 27 ga Mayu, 2004. <ref name="owa">{{Cite web |date=July–August 2004 |title=In Memoriam – Sigrid Lorenzen Rupp, 1943–2004 |url=http://owa-usa.org/newsletter.php?v=324 |access-date=October 12, 2015 |publisher=Organization of Women Architects and Design Professionals}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[http://owa-usa.org/newsletter.php?v=324 "In Memoriam – Sigrid Lorenzen Rupp, 1943–2004"]. Organization of Women Architects and Design Professionals. July–August 2004<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">October 12,</span> 2015</span>.</cite></ref> Ta auri Steven Rupp. <ref name="sfgate">{{Cite web |last=Hendricks |first=Tyche |date=June 11, 2004 |title=Sigrid Lorenzen Rupp – Peninsula architect |url=http://www.sfgate.com/bayarea/article/Sigrid-Lorenzen-Rupp-Peninsula-architect-2750243.php |access-date=October 12, 2015 |website=[[San Francisco Chronicle]]}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFHendricks2004">Hendricks, Tyche (June 11, 2004). [http://www.sfgate.com/bayarea/article/Sigrid-Lorenzen-Rupp-Peninsula-architect-2750243.php "Sigrid Lorenzen Rupp – Peninsula architect"]. ''[[San Francisco Chronicle]]''<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">October 12,</span> 2015</span>.</cite></ref> == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1943]] 770kxrzdviwdjs2tk3mxoog14ply88g 895382 895381 2026-08-12T07:13:40Z Nnamadee 31123 895382 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Sigrid Lorenzen Rupp''' (1943 - 27 ga Mayu, 2004) wani [[Masanin gine-gine da zane|mai zane ne]] 'yar asalin Jamus da Amurka. Ta gudanar da wani kamfani mai zaman kansa, SLR Architects, a Palo Alto, California, daga 1976 zuwa 1998, kuma ta ƙware wajen tsara kayan aiki ga kamfanonin fasaha a [[Silicon Valley]] . == Rayuwar farko da ilimi == An haifi Rupp a [[Bremerhaven]], Jamus, a ranar 3 ga Janairu, 1943, kuma ta yi ƙaura zuwa Oakland, California, tare da iyalinta tana da shekaru 10. Ta fara sha'awar gine-gine tun tana ƙarama a lokacin da Jamus ta fara sake gina gine-gine bayan Yaƙin Duniya na Biyu, sannan ta ci gaba da karatun gine-gine a Jami'ar California, Berkeley, inda ta kammala karatunta a shekarar 1966; ta sami lasisin gine-ginen California a shekarar 1971. <ref name="sfgate">{{Cite web |last=Hendricks |first=Tyche |date=June 11, 2004 |title=Sigrid Lorenzen Rupp – Peninsula architect |url=http://www.sfgate.com/bayarea/article/Sigrid-Lorenzen-Rupp-Peninsula-architect-2750243.php |access-date=October 12, 2015 |website=[[San Francisco Chronicle]]}}</ref> Bayan kammala karatunsa, Rupp ya yi aiki a kamfanonin gine-gine da dama, ciki har da Van Bourg/Nakamura Associates na San Francisco, D'Amico Associates na Mill Valley, Hawley & Peterson na Mountain Valley da Spencer Associates na Palo Alto. <ref name="vatech">{{Cite web |title=Sigrid L. Rupp Architectural Collection, 1950–2004 |url=http://ead.lib.virginia.edu/vivaxtf/view?docId=vt/viblbv00785.xml |access-date=October 12, 2015 |website=Virginia Heritage |publisher=[[Virginia Tech]]}}</ref> == Sana'a == Rupp ta yi aiki a kamfanoni daban-daban a Yankin San Francisco Bay kafin ta kafa nata kamfanin, SLR Architects, a shekarar 1976. <ref name="owa">{{Cite web |date=July–August 2004 |title=In Memoriam – Sigrid Lorenzen Rupp, 1943–2004 |url=http://owa-usa.org/newsletter.php?v=324 |access-date=October 12, 2015 |publisher=Organization of Women Architects and Design Professionals}}</ref> Ta ƙware a fannin fasaha da masana'antu kuma ta samar da ƙira ga kamfanonin fasaha na farko da yawa a [[Silicon Valley]], ciki har da Amdahl Corporation, [[Apple|Apple Computer]], Claris, IBM, Raychem, Sun Microsystems da Tandem Computers . <ref name="vatech" /> Tsarin ginin gwaji da ta yi wa Apple ya lashe kyautar girmamawa ta Cibiyar Nazarin Zane-zane ta Amurka (AIA). <ref name="sfgate" /> Ta tsara ginin bene na bene da ginin manema labarai na [[Jami'ar Stanford]], sannan ta kammala ayyukan AT&amp;amp;T, Pac Bell, Pan Am, Jami'ar Jihar San Jose da [[United Airlines]] . <ref name="vatech" /> Kamfanin SLR Architects, wanda ke da hedikwata a Gabashin Palo Alto, California, ya rufe a shekarar 1998 lokacin da Rupp ya yi ritaya. <ref name="sfgate" /> Rupp ta kasance mai fafutukar kare haƙƙin mata kuma memba ce a Ƙungiyar Masu Gine-gine ta Mata (OWA), Ƙungiyar Masu Gine-gine ta Ƙasashen Duniya (UIFA), da kuma Cibiyar Masu Gine-gine ta Amurka (AIA). A shekarar 1998, an ƙara aikinta a cikin Taskar Labarai ta Duniya ta Mata a Gine-gine a Jami'ar Fasaha ta Virginia. Ta ce ta fara kamfen ɗin kare al'amuran mata "kawai saboda ban so a sami wata [matsalar mata] ba. Da alama lokacin bambancin jinsi ya kamata ya wuce." <ref name="sfgate">{{Cite web |last=Hendricks |first=Tyche |date=June 11, 2004 |title=Sigrid Lorenzen Rupp – Peninsula architect |url=http://www.sfgate.com/bayarea/article/Sigrid-Lorenzen-Rupp-Peninsula-architect-2750243.php |access-date=October 12, 2015 |website=[[San Francisco Chronicle]]}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFHendricks2004">Hendricks, Tyche (June 11, 2004). [http://www.sfgate.com/bayarea/article/Sigrid-Lorenzen-Rupp-Peninsula-architect-2750243.php "Sigrid Lorenzen Rupp – Peninsula architect"]. ''[[San Francisco Chronicle]]''<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">October 12,</span> 2015</span>.</cite></ref> Ita ce shugabar Hukumar Binciken Gine-gine ta Birnin Palo Alto, darekta a reshen AIA Santa Clara, da kuma darakta a California Women in Environmental Design. <ref name="vatech">{{Cite web |title=Sigrid L. Rupp Architectural Collection, 1950–2004 |url=http://ead.lib.virginia.edu/vivaxtf/view?docId=vt/viblbv00785.xml |access-date=October 12, 2015 |website=Virginia Heritage |publisher=[[Virginia Tech]]}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[http://ead.lib.virginia.edu/vivaxtf/view?docId=vt/viblbv00785.xml "Sigrid L. Rupp Architectural Collection, 1950–2004"]. ''Virginia Heritage''. [[Virginia Tech]]<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">October 12,</span> 2015</span>.</cite></ref> Jami'ar California-Berkeley, inda Rupp ya yi karatun gine-gine, tana ba da lambar yabo ta Farfesa da Kyauta ta Berkeley-Rupp a fannin gine-gine sau biyu a shekara ga wani mai aiki ko malami wanda ya ba da gudummawa wajen haɓaka ci gaban mata a fannin. <ref name="UC">{{Cite web |title=Berkeley-Rupp Architecture Professorship and Prize |url=https://rupp.ced.berkeley.edu |access-date=March 12, 2019 |publisher=University of California-Berkeley}}</ref> <ref name="OWANews">{{Cite web |title=Sustainability: Life and Career |url=http://owa-usa.org/newsletter.php?v=355 |access-date=March 12, 2019 |publisher=Organization of Women Architects and Design Professionals}}</ref> == Rayuwa ta sirri == Rupp ta yi tafiye-tafiye sosai a tsawon aikinta kuma a lokacin ritayarta ta mayar da hankali kan zana hotunan launuka masu launin ruwan kasa a yankin Bay Area na San Francisco. Ta ajiye mujallu da dama na tafiye-tafiye inda ta rubuta rubuce-rubucen lura, hotuna, zane-zane, da kuma zane-zanen ruwa. An haɗa zane-zanenta a cikin nune-nunen da aka shirya ta Pacific Art League of Palo Alto. Game da rayuwarta da aikinta, Rupp ta ce, "Ina so a tuna da ni saboda rashin amincewa lokacin da kowa ya ga ya fi sauƙi a yi amfani da hatsin ko da kuwa hatsin bai yi daidai ba. Ina so a tuna da ni a matsayin ƙwararren mai ginin gini wanda ya yi aiki mai kyau, ƙwararren mai zane wanda ya yi zane mai kyau da kuma wanda ya ba da labarai masu kyau. Na ji daɗin kusan duk abin da na yi, amma babu abin da ya isa kuma lokaci (rayuwa) ya yi gajere." <ref name="owa">{{Cite web |date=July–August 2004 |title=In Memoriam – Sigrid Lorenzen Rupp, 1943–2004 |url=http://owa-usa.org/newsletter.php?v=324 |access-date=October 12, 2015 |publisher=Organization of Women Architects and Design Professionals}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[http://owa-usa.org/newsletter.php?v=324 "In Memoriam – Sigrid Lorenzen Rupp, 1943–2004"]. Organization of Women Architects and Design Professionals. July–August 2004<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">October 12,</span> 2015</span>.</cite></ref> An gano cewa Rupp yana da cutar kansar ciki a watan Nuwamba na 2003 kuma ya mutu a ranar 27 ga Mayu, 2004. <ref name="owa">{{Cite web |date=July–August 2004 |title=In Memoriam – Sigrid Lorenzen Rupp, 1943–2004 |url=http://owa-usa.org/newsletter.php?v=324 |access-date=October 12, 2015 |publisher=Organization of Women Architects and Design Professionals}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[http://owa-usa.org/newsletter.php?v=324 "In Memoriam – Sigrid Lorenzen Rupp, 1943–2004"]. Organization of Women Architects and Design Professionals. July–August 2004<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">October 12,</span> 2015</span>.</cite></ref> Ta auri Steven Rupp. <ref name="sfgate">{{Cite web |last=Hendricks |first=Tyche |date=June 11, 2004 |title=Sigrid Lorenzen Rupp – Peninsula architect |url=http://www.sfgate.com/bayarea/article/Sigrid-Lorenzen-Rupp-Peninsula-architect-2750243.php |access-date=October 12, 2015 |website=[[San Francisco Chronicle]]}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFHendricks2004">Hendricks, Tyche (June 11, 2004). [http://www.sfgate.com/bayarea/article/Sigrid-Lorenzen-Rupp-Peninsula-architect-2750243.php "Sigrid Lorenzen Rupp – Peninsula architect"]. ''[[San Francisco Chronicle]]''<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">October 12,</span> 2015</span>.</cite></ref> == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1943]] pj0145k9b0sjons8gf3ntm8ct5wf417 0 163279 895383 2026-08-12T07:15:21Z Nnamadee 31123 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1361954289|Irene Ellenberger]]" 895383 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Irene Ellenberger''' (an haife ta a ranar 20 ga Afrilu 1946) wata mai zane ce 'yar ƙasar Jamus <ref name="IRElautMunz">{{Cite web |title=Irene Ellenberger deutsche Architektin und Politikerin (Thüringen); SPD |url=https://www.munzinger.de/search/portrait/Irene+Ellenberger/0/21291.html |access-date=28 April 2016 |publisher=Munzinger-Archiv GmbH, Ravensburg}}</ref> wadda ta girma a Gabashin Jamus kuma a shekarar 1990 ta zama 'yar siyasa ( SDP/SPD ). <ref name="IRElautwww">{{Cite web |last=[[Helmut Müller-Enbergs]] |title=Ellenberger, Irene Ruth * 20.4.1946 SPD-Politikerin, Sozialministerin des Freistaats Thüringen |url=https://www.bundesstiftung-aufarbeitung.de/wer-war-wer-in-der-ddr-%2363%3B-1424.html?ID=709 |access-date=28 April 2016 |website=Wer war wer in der DDR? |publisher=Ch. Links Verlag, Berlin & Bundesstiftung zur Aufarbeitung der SED-Diktatur, Berlin}}</ref> Tsakanin 1994 da 1999 ta yi aiki a matsayin [[:de:Thüringer Ministerium für Arbeit, Soziales, Gesundheit, Frauen und Familie|Ministar Lafiya da Harkokin Jama'a]] (kamar yadda aka tsara sashen ministoci a wancan lokacin) a Thuringia, bayan da aka maye gurbinsa da Christian Democrat, {{Interlanguage link|Frank-Michael Pietzsch|de}} . <ref name="FMPlautwww">{{Cite web |last=[[Helmut Müller-Enbergs]] |title=Pietzsch, Frank-Michael* 24.8.1942 Präsident des Thüringer Landtags |url=https://www.bundesstiftung-aufarbeitung.de/wer-war-wer-in-der-ddr-%2363%3B-1424.html?ID=2659 |access-date=28 April 2016 |website=Wer war wer in der DDR? |publisher=Ch. Links Verlag, Berlin & Bundesstiftung zur Aufarbeitung der SED-Diktatur, Berlin}}</ref> Daga baya, tsakanin 1999 da 2004, ta yi aiki a matsayin ɗaya daga cikin mataimakan shugabanni biyu na Thuringia Landtag (majalisar dokoki ta yanki) . <ref name="IRElautwww" /> == Rayuwa == === Shekarun farko === An haifi Ellenberger a Wernigerode bayan [[Yaƙin Duniya na II|Yaƙin Duniya na Biyu]], inda Wernigerode yake gefen yamma na yankin mamayar Soviet. Mahaifinta injiniyan gine-gine ne ta hanyar sana'a. Ta girma a ƙauyen Blankenberg da ke kusa. <ref name="IRElautNTI" /> Ta kammala jarrabawar kammala makarantarta cikin nasara a shekarar 1964. A wannan lokacin an sake ƙaddamar da yankin mamaye na Soviet, a hukumance a watan Oktoban 1949, a matsayin Jamhuriyar Dimokuraɗiyyar Jamus . Bayan ta bar makaranta ta fara koyon aikin gini. <ref name="IRElautwww">{{Cite web |last=[[Helmut Müller-Enbergs]] |title=Ellenberger, Irene Ruth * 20.4.1946 SPD-Politikerin, Sozialministerin des Freistaats Thüringen |url=https://www.bundesstiftung-aufarbeitung.de/wer-war-wer-in-der-ddr-%2363%3B-1424.html?ID=709 |access-date=28 April 2016 |website=Wer war wer in der DDR? |publisher=Ch. Links Verlag, Berlin & Bundesstiftung zur Aufarbeitung der SED-Diktatur, Berlin}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFHelmut_Müller-Enbergs">[[Helmut Müller-Enbergs]]. [https://www.bundesstiftung-aufarbeitung.de/wer-war-wer-in-der-ddr-%2363%3B-1424.html?ID=709 "Ellenberger, Irene Ruth * 20.4.1946 SPD-Politikerin, Sozialministerin des Freistaats Thüringen"]. ''Wer war wer in der DDR?''. Ch. Links Verlag, Berlin & Bundesstiftung zur Aufarbeitung der SED-Diktatur, Berlin<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">28 April</span> 2016</span>.</cite></ref> Wannan ba sabon abu ba ne a Gabashin Jamus kamar yadda yake a wasu sassan Turai, tun lokacin da aka kashe yaƙi a shekarun 1940 da kuma ƙaura mai yawa zuwa yamma a shekarun 1950 ya bar ƙasar cikin matsanancin ƙarancin ma'aikata a manyan fannoni da dama. Duk da haka, an tambaye ta game da hakan a wata hira da aka yi mata shekaru da yawa bayan haka, Ellenberger ta tabbatar da cewa mata a masana'antar gine-gine ana "cin mutuncinsu", amma bayan ta kammala karatunta tana da ƙaramar shekara 17, zaɓuɓɓukanta sun yi ƙanƙanta. Alaƙar mahaifinta a fannin gine-gine ta ba ta damar samun horo wanda ya ba ta damar yin shiri na aiki a aikace don aikinta na gaba. <ref name="IRElautNTI" /> Ta kuma tabbatar da cewa ta san, lokacin da take fara koyon aikin gini, cewa wannan ba lallai bane yana nufin za ta yi wannan aikin a duk tsawon aikinta ba. <ref name="IRElautNTI" /> A shekarar 1965 ta koma Kwalejin Fasaha ta Gine-gine da Gine-gine da ke Weimar, inda ta fito a shekarar 1971 da digirin injiniya ( ''Dipl.-Ing'' ) wanda ya zama tushen aikinta na gine-gine daga baya. <ref name="IRElautNTI" /> <ref name="IRElautMunz">{{Cite web |title=Irene Ellenberger deutsche Architektin und Politikerin (Thüringen); SPD |url=https://www.munzinger.de/search/portrait/Irene+Ellenberger/0/21291.html |access-date=28 April 2016 |publisher=Munzinger-Archiv GmbH, Ravensburg}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://www.munzinger.de/search/portrait/Irene+Ellenberger/0/21291.html "Irene Ellenberger deutsche Architektin und Politikerin (Thüringen); SPD"]. Munzinger-Archiv GmbH, Ravensburg<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">28 April</span> 2016</span>.</cite></ref> Tsakanin 1974 da 1990, Ellenberger ta ɗauki aikin injiniyan ayyuka. <ref name="IRElautwww" /> === Siyasa === Shekarar 1989 shekara ce da ta kasance mai cike da tashin hankali a siyasa da zamantakewa a Gabashin Jamus. Ellenberger ta shiga ƙungiyar New Forum a shekarar 1989, amma daga baya, kamar yadda ta tuna, babu abin da ya faru. A wannan lokacin tana ganin aikin gine-ginenta, wanda a ƙarƙashin tsarin Gabashin Jamus ta bayyana a matsayin wani tsari na masana'antu, mai rikitarwa. <ref name="IRElautNTI" /> A ƙarshen shekarar 1989, cikin shakka, ya koma ga siyasar jam'iyya, ya shiga reshen jam'iyyar Social Democrats na gida a Weimar. <ref name="IRElautwww">{{Cite web |last=[[Helmut Müller-Enbergs]] |title=Ellenberger, Irene Ruth * 20.4.1946 SPD-Politikerin, Sozialministerin des Freistaats Thüringen |url=https://www.bundesstiftung-aufarbeitung.de/wer-war-wer-in-der-ddr-%2363%3B-1424.html?ID=709 |access-date=28 April 2016 |website=Wer war wer in der DDR? |publisher=Ch. Links Verlag, Berlin & Bundesstiftung zur Aufarbeitung der SED-Diktatur, Berlin}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFHelmut_Müller-Enbergs">[[Helmut Müller-Enbergs]]. [https://www.bundesstiftung-aufarbeitung.de/wer-war-wer-in-der-ddr-%2363%3B-1424.html?ID=709 "Ellenberger, Irene Ruth * 20.4.1946 SPD-Politikerin, Sozialministerin des Freistaats Thüringen"]. ''Wer war wer in der DDR?''. Ch. Links Verlag, Berlin & Bundesstiftung zur Aufarbeitung der SED-Diktatur, Berlin<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">28 April</span> 2016</span>.</cite></ref> Zaɓin da ta yi na jam'iyyar SDP ya nuna tsohuwar al'adar siyasa ta iyalinta, tun daga shekarun da suka gabata kafin mulkin kama-karya, da kuma babban sha'awarta ga Willy Brandt . <ref name="IRElautNTI" /> Daga baya ta ce matakin da ta ɗauka na shiga siyasa ya nuna sha'awar kula da mutanen Weimar, garinsu na haihuwa. <ref name="IRElautNTI" /> === Zaɓen 'yan majalisar ƙasa === Bayan rugujewar katangar Berlin a watan Nuwamban 1989, babban zaɓen Jamus ta Gabas a watan Maris na 1990 ya bai wa masu jefa ƙuri'a jerin 'yan takara fiye da ɗaya. Jam'iyyar Social Democratic Party a jam'iyyar GDR, wadda ta sake wa kanta suna SPD a Thuringia, ta gayyaci Ellenberger da ta sanya sunanta a cikin jerin 'yan takarar jam'iyyar don zaɓen ƙasa domin taimakawa wajen tabbatar da cewa jam'iyyar ta cika ƙa'idar rabon 'yan takara mata da shugabannin jam'iyyar na ƙasa suka tsara ( ''"Vorstand"'' ). Da farko Ellenberger ta ƙi tsayawa takarar majalisar dokoki, 'yan uwa sun shawo kan Ellenberger ta bar sunanta ya bayyana a jerin 'yan takarar jam'iyyar riƙon ƙwarya a gundumar zaɓen Erfurt. <ref name="IRElautNTI" /> A farkon taron da aka kira don tattauna 'yan takarar gundumar don zaɓen ƙasa, an jera sunanta a matsayi na goma sha uku, amma kusan ƙarshen tattaunawar an kaɗa ƙuri'u, kuma Ellenberger ta ƙare a matsayi na biyu a jerin 'yan takarar SPD na gundumar Erfurt. <ref name="IRElautNTI" /> A ranar 18 ga Maris 1990 aka zaɓi Irene Ellenberger a matsayin memba a Majalisar Dokoki ta Ƙasa ta farko da aka zaɓa cikin 'yanci a Gabashin Jamus ( <nowiki><i id="mwhA">Volkskammer</i></nowiki> ) . <ref name="IRElautwww">{{Cite web |last=[[Helmut Müller-Enbergs]] |title=Ellenberger, Irene Ruth * 20.4.1946 SPD-Politikerin, Sozialministerin des Freistaats Thüringen |url=https://www.bundesstiftung-aufarbeitung.de/wer-war-wer-in-der-ddr-%2363%3B-1424.html?ID=709 |access-date=28 April 2016 |website=Wer war wer in der DDR? |publisher=Ch. Links Verlag, Berlin & Bundesstiftung zur Aufarbeitung der SED-Diktatur, Berlin}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFHelmut_Müller-Enbergs">[[Helmut Müller-Enbergs]]. [https://www.bundesstiftung-aufarbeitung.de/wer-war-wer-in-der-ddr-%2363%3B-1424.html?ID=709 "Ellenberger, Irene Ruth * 20.4.1946 SPD-Politikerin, Sozialministerin des Freistaats Thüringen"]. ''Wer war wer in der DDR?''. Ch. Links Verlag, Berlin & Bundesstiftung zur Aufarbeitung der SED-Diktatur, Berlin<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">28 April</span> 2016</span>.</cite></ref> == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1946]] g9r2aapntbappq6ht5k4b0sqvmlrjn3 895384 895383 2026-08-12T07:15:48Z Nnamadee 31123 895384 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Irene Ellenberger''' (an haife ta a ranar 20 ga Afrilu 1946) wata mai zane ce 'yar ƙasar Jamus <ref name="IRElautMunz">{{Cite web |title=Irene Ellenberger deutsche Architektin und Politikerin (Thüringen); SPD |url=https://www.munzinger.de/search/portrait/Irene+Ellenberger/0/21291.html |access-date=28 April 2016 |publisher=Munzinger-Archiv GmbH, Ravensburg}}</ref> wadda ta girma a Gabashin Jamus kuma a shekarar 1990 ta zama 'yar siyasa ( SDP/SPD ). <ref name="IRElautwww">{{Cite web |last=[[Helmut Müller-Enbergs]] |title=Ellenberger, Irene Ruth * 20.4.1946 SPD-Politikerin, Sozialministerin des Freistaats Thüringen |url=https://www.bundesstiftung-aufarbeitung.de/wer-war-wer-in-der-ddr-%2363%3B-1424.html?ID=709 |access-date=28 April 2016 |website=Wer war wer in der DDR? |publisher=Ch. Links Verlag, Berlin & Bundesstiftung zur Aufarbeitung der SED-Diktatur, Berlin}}</ref> Tsakanin 1994 da 1999 ta yi aiki a matsayin [[:de:Thüringer Ministerium für Arbeit, Soziales, Gesundheit, Frauen und Familie|Ministar Lafiya da Harkokin Jama'a]] (kamar yadda aka tsara sashen ministoci a wancan lokacin) a Thuringia, bayan da aka maye gurbinsa da Christian Democrat, {{Interlanguage link|Frank-Michael Pietzsch|de}} . <ref name="FMPlautwww">{{Cite web |last=[[Helmut Müller-Enbergs]] |title=Pietzsch, Frank-Michael* 24.8.1942 Präsident des Thüringer Landtags |url=https://www.bundesstiftung-aufarbeitung.de/wer-war-wer-in-der-ddr-%2363%3B-1424.html?ID=2659 |access-date=28 April 2016 |website=Wer war wer in der DDR? |publisher=Ch. Links Verlag, Berlin & Bundesstiftung zur Aufarbeitung der SED-Diktatur, Berlin}}</ref> Daga baya, tsakanin 1999 da 2004, ta yi aiki a matsayin ɗaya daga cikin mataimakan shugabanni biyu na Thuringia Landtag (majalisar dokoki ta yanki) . <ref name="IRElautwww" /> == Rayuwa == === Shekarun farko === An haifi Ellenberger a Wernigerode bayan [[Yaƙin Duniya na II|Yaƙin Duniya na Biyu]], inda Wernigerode yake gefen yamma na yankin mamayar Soviet. Mahaifinta injiniyan gine-gine ne ta hanyar sana'a. Ta girma a ƙauyen Blankenberg da ke kusa. <ref name="IRElautNTI" /> Ta kammala jarrabawar kammala makarantarta cikin nasara a shekarar 1964. A wannan lokacin an sake ƙaddamar da yankin mamaye na Soviet, a hukumance a watan Oktoban 1949, a matsayin Jamhuriyar Dimokuraɗiyyar Jamus . Bayan ta bar makaranta ta fara koyon aikin gini. <ref name="IRElautwww">{{Cite web |last=[[Helmut Müller-Enbergs]] |title=Ellenberger, Irene Ruth * 20.4.1946 SPD-Politikerin, Sozialministerin des Freistaats Thüringen |url=https://www.bundesstiftung-aufarbeitung.de/wer-war-wer-in-der-ddr-%2363%3B-1424.html?ID=709 |access-date=28 April 2016 |website=Wer war wer in der DDR? |publisher=Ch. Links Verlag, Berlin & Bundesstiftung zur Aufarbeitung der SED-Diktatur, Berlin}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFHelmut_Müller-Enbergs">[[Helmut Müller-Enbergs]]. [https://www.bundesstiftung-aufarbeitung.de/wer-war-wer-in-der-ddr-%2363%3B-1424.html?ID=709 "Ellenberger, Irene Ruth * 20.4.1946 SPD-Politikerin, Sozialministerin des Freistaats Thüringen"]. ''Wer war wer in der DDR?''. Ch. Links Verlag, Berlin & Bundesstiftung zur Aufarbeitung der SED-Diktatur, Berlin<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">28 April</span> 2016</span>.</cite></ref> Wannan ba sabon abu ba ne a Gabashin Jamus kamar yadda yake a wasu sassan Turai, tun lokacin da aka kashe yaƙi a shekarun 1940 da kuma ƙaura mai yawa zuwa yamma a shekarun 1950 ya bar ƙasar cikin matsanancin ƙarancin ma'aikata a manyan fannoni da dama. Duk da haka, an tambaye ta game da hakan a wata hira da aka yi mata shekaru da yawa bayan haka, Ellenberger ta tabbatar da cewa mata a masana'antar gine-gine ana "cin mutuncinsu", amma bayan ta kammala karatunta tana da ƙaramar shekara 17, zaɓuɓɓukanta sun yi ƙanƙanta. Alaƙar mahaifinta a fannin gine-gine ta ba ta damar samun horo wanda ya ba ta damar yin shiri na aiki a aikace don aikinta na gaba. <ref name="IRElautNTI" /> Ta kuma tabbatar da cewa ta san, lokacin da take fara koyon aikin gini, cewa wannan ba lallai bane yana nufin za ta yi wannan aikin a duk tsawon aikinta ba. <ref name="IRElautNTI" /> A shekarar 1965 ta koma Kwalejin Fasaha ta Gine-gine da Gine-gine da ke Weimar, inda ta fito a shekarar 1971 da digirin injiniya ( ''Dipl.-Ing'' ) wanda ya zama tushen aikinta na gine-gine daga baya. <ref name="IRElautNTI" /> <ref name="IRElautMunz">{{Cite web |title=Irene Ellenberger deutsche Architektin und Politikerin (Thüringen); SPD |url=https://www.munzinger.de/search/portrait/Irene+Ellenberger/0/21291.html |access-date=28 April 2016 |publisher=Munzinger-Archiv GmbH, Ravensburg}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://www.munzinger.de/search/portrait/Irene+Ellenberger/0/21291.html "Irene Ellenberger deutsche Architektin und Politikerin (Thüringen); SPD"]. Munzinger-Archiv GmbH, Ravensburg<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">28 April</span> 2016</span>.</cite></ref> Tsakanin 1974 da 1990, Ellenberger ta ɗauki aikin injiniyan ayyuka. <ref name="IRElautwww" /> === Siyasa === Shekarar 1989 shekara ce da ta kasance mai cike da tashin hankali a siyasa da zamantakewa a Gabashin Jamus. Ellenberger ta shiga ƙungiyar New Forum a shekarar 1989, amma daga baya, kamar yadda ta tuna, babu abin da ya faru. A wannan lokacin tana ganin aikin gine-ginenta, wanda a ƙarƙashin tsarin Gabashin Jamus ta bayyana a matsayin wani tsari na masana'antu, mai rikitarwa. <ref name="IRElautNTI" /> A ƙarshen shekarar 1989, cikin shakka, ya koma ga siyasar jam'iyya, ya shiga reshen jam'iyyar Social Democrats na gida a Weimar. <ref name="IRElautwww">{{Cite web |last=[[Helmut Müller-Enbergs]] |title=Ellenberger, Irene Ruth * 20.4.1946 SPD-Politikerin, Sozialministerin des Freistaats Thüringen |url=https://www.bundesstiftung-aufarbeitung.de/wer-war-wer-in-der-ddr-%2363%3B-1424.html?ID=709 |access-date=28 April 2016 |website=Wer war wer in der DDR? |publisher=Ch. Links Verlag, Berlin & Bundesstiftung zur Aufarbeitung der SED-Diktatur, Berlin}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFHelmut_Müller-Enbergs">[[Helmut Müller-Enbergs]]. [https://www.bundesstiftung-aufarbeitung.de/wer-war-wer-in-der-ddr-%2363%3B-1424.html?ID=709 "Ellenberger, Irene Ruth * 20.4.1946 SPD-Politikerin, Sozialministerin des Freistaats Thüringen"]. ''Wer war wer in der DDR?''. Ch. Links Verlag, Berlin & Bundesstiftung zur Aufarbeitung der SED-Diktatur, Berlin<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">28 April</span> 2016</span>.</cite></ref> Zaɓin da ta yi na jam'iyyar SDP ya nuna tsohuwar al'adar siyasa ta iyalinta, tun daga shekarun da suka gabata kafin mulkin kama-karya, da kuma babban sha'awarta ga Willy Brandt . <ref name="IRElautNTI" /> Daga baya ta ce matakin da ta ɗauka na shiga siyasa ya nuna sha'awar kula da mutanen Weimar, garinsu na haihuwa. <ref name="IRElautNTI" /> === Zaɓen 'yan majalisar ƙasa === Bayan rugujewar katangar Berlin a watan Nuwamban 1989, babban zaɓen Jamus ta Gabas a watan Maris na 1990 ya bai wa masu jefa ƙuri'a jerin 'yan takara fiye da ɗaya. Jam'iyyar Social Democratic Party a jam'iyyar GDR, wadda ta sake wa kanta suna SPD a Thuringia, ta gayyaci Ellenberger da ta sanya sunanta a cikin jerin 'yan takarar jam'iyyar don zaɓen ƙasa domin taimakawa wajen tabbatar da cewa jam'iyyar ta cika ƙa'idar rabon 'yan takara mata da shugabannin jam'iyyar na ƙasa suka tsara ( ''"Vorstand"'' ). Da farko Ellenberger ta ƙi tsayawa takarar majalisar dokoki, 'yan uwa sun shawo kan Ellenberger ta bar sunanta ya bayyana a jerin 'yan takarar jam'iyyar riƙon ƙwarya a gundumar zaɓen Erfurt. <ref name="IRElautNTI" /> A farkon taron da aka kira don tattauna 'yan takarar gundumar don zaɓen ƙasa, an jera sunanta a matsayi na goma sha uku, amma kusan ƙarshen tattaunawar an kaɗa ƙuri'u, kuma Ellenberger ta ƙare a matsayi na biyu a jerin 'yan takarar SPD na gundumar Erfurt. <ref name="IRElautNTI" /> A ranar 18 ga Maris 1990 aka zaɓi Irene Ellenberger a matsayin memba a Majalisar Dokoki ta Ƙasa ta farko da aka zaɓa cikin 'yanci a Gabashin Jamus ( <nowiki><i id="mwhA">Volkskammer</i></nowiki> ) . <ref name="IRElautwww">{{Cite web |last=[[Helmut Müller-Enbergs]] |title=Ellenberger, Irene Ruth * 20.4.1946 SPD-Politikerin, Sozialministerin des Freistaats Thüringen |url=https://www.bundesstiftung-aufarbeitung.de/wer-war-wer-in-der-ddr-%2363%3B-1424.html?ID=709 |access-date=28 April 2016 |website=Wer war wer in der DDR? |publisher=Ch. Links Verlag, Berlin & Bundesstiftung zur Aufarbeitung der SED-Diktatur, Berlin}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFHelmut_Müller-Enbergs">[[Helmut Müller-Enbergs]]. [https://www.bundesstiftung-aufarbeitung.de/wer-war-wer-in-der-ddr-%2363%3B-1424.html?ID=709 "Ellenberger, Irene Ruth * 20.4.1946 SPD-Politikerin, Sozialministerin des Freistaats Thüringen"]. ''Wer war wer in der DDR?''. Ch. Links Verlag, Berlin & Bundesstiftung zur Aufarbeitung der SED-Diktatur, Berlin<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">28 April</span> 2016</span>.</cite></ref> == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1946]] im45o8cyoz1c7ip3zwjl7js2w8scagm 0 163280 895386 2026-08-12T07:17:12Z Nnamadee 31123 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1262513973|Thekla Schild]]" 895386 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Thekla Schild''' (1890–1991) wani mai zane ne ɗan ƙasar Jamus. A shekarar 1913 ta zama mace ta biyu a Jamus da ta sami digiri a fannin gine-gine. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Stratigakos |first=Despina |date=December 2007 |title='I Myself Want to Build': Women, Architectural Education and the Integration of Germany's Technical Colleges |journal=Paedagogica Historica |volume=43 |issue=6 |pages=727–756 |doi=10.1080/00309230701722655 |issn=0030-9230 |s2cid=144103469}}</ref> == Rayuwar farko da ilimi == An haifi Schild a Karlsruhe kuma ta shafe mafi yawan ƙuruciyarta a cikin Dajin Baƙi, inda mahaifinta ke aiki a matsayin mai binciken ƙasa. Tana da shekaru 12 ta zama ɗaliba a Makarantar Nahawu ta 'Yan Mata da ke Karlsruhe, wadda aka kafa a shekarar 1893 kuma tana ɗaya daga cikin cibiyoyin farko irinta a Jamus. Darussan da ta fi so su ne lissafi da Girkanci. Ta kuma ɗauki darussan kiɗa a wani gidan adana kayan tarihi. Iyayenta suna da ra'ayi mai kyau game da ilimin 'yan mata. Mahaifiyarta, wacce da kanta ta sami horo a matsayin malamar makaranta da mai zane, ta ƙarfafa sha'awar fasaha ta Thekla. Ta kammala karatunta na sakandare a bazara ta 1908. Banda ɗaya kawai, dukkan 'yan matan da ke shekarar ƙarshe ta Schild sun ci gaba da karatunsu na gaba da sakandare. Ba ta yanke shawara kan irin karatun da za ta yi ba, kuma tana karkata ga aikin likitanci. Ganin cewa an ɗauki sha'awarta ta fasaha da kuma kyawunta a matsayin abin da bai dace da horar da likitoci da ayyuka kamar rarraba gawawwaki ba, mahaifiyarta ta ba da shawarar ta yi nazarin gine-gine. Schild ya ga ra'ayin gine-gine yana da kyau sosai, amma yana da shakku game da ko za a ba wa mace digiri mai dacewa. Ta kuma sami ƙarfafa gwiwa daga Hermann Billing, farfesa a fannin gine-gine a Jami'ar Karlsruhe . Billing ya yi tsammanin ɗalibansa ba wai kawai su sami ƙwarewar fasaha ba, har ma su kasance masu ƙoshin lafiya, wani buƙatu da ɗalibai za su cika ta hanyar ayyukan motsa jiki. Da yake Billings ya ƙarfafa shi, Schild ya nemi shiga Jami'ar Karlsruhe kuma aka karɓe shi. Ita kaɗai ce mace a cikin shirin karatunta. Bayan wasu matsaloli na farko, ta sami karbuwa daga malamanta da sauran ɗalibanta. Schild ta sami abota da wasu ɗalibanta kuma ta shiga cikin ayyukan zamantakewa waɗanda wani lokacin ake ganin ba su dace da mata a cikin al'ummar lokacin ba. A wasu lokutan, matsayinta na mace ɗaya tilo a cikin muhallin da maza suka fi rinjaye yana haifar da matsaloli, kamar lokacin balaguron da aka yi a Switzerland, lokacin da ɗaya daga cikin farfesoshinta ta ɗauki wani dangi don haka ba Schild ce kaɗai mace da ta shiga ba. Bayan kammala karatun digiri na farko, Schild ta tafi tare da wasu abokan karatunta na tsawon shekara guda zuwa [[München|Munich]], inda ta samu sha'awar ɗaliban birane da kuma sha'awar zama 'yan ƙasa daga iyayensu. Wannan matakin da ba a saba gani ba a lokacin ga ɗalibi ya sami amincewar iyayenta da rashin son yin hakan. A birnin Bavaria, Schild ta nuna sha'awarta ga hayaniyar ɗalibai, amma a wasu lokutan tana fuskantar ƙalubalen da suka shafi mata, kamar lokacin da maƙwabta suka yi fushi idan ta karɓi baƙo namiji a ɗakinta. A lokacin hutunta, za ta yi tsalle a kan dusar ƙanƙara ko kuma ta hau tsaunukan [[Alps]] . Bayan ta koma Karlsruhe, Schild ta shirya tsaf don kammala karatunta. Ta kammala karatunta a watan Disamba na shekarar 1913 kuma tana ɗaya daga cikin waɗanda suka fi kowa a ajinsu. Ta zama mace ta farko a Grand Duchy na Baden kuma mace ta biyu a Jamus da aka ba ta izinin sanya takardar digiri na biyu. Schild ta rubuta abubuwan da ta fuskanta a matsayinta na ɗalibi a fannin gine-gine a cikin tarihin rayuwarta, waɗanda ba a buga su ba. == A cikin al'adun jama'a == A cikin wani kasidar da aka buga a shekarar 2016 mai taken "Unforget Women Architects: From the Pritzker to Wikipedia," masanin tarihin gine-gine Despina Stratigakos ya yi nazari kan cire mata masu zane-zane, ciki har da Schild, daga tunawa da jama'a. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Stratigakos |first=Despina |date=2016-04-12 |title=Unforgetting Women Architects: From the Pritzker to Wikipedia |url=https://placesjournal.org/article/unforgetting-women-architects-from-the-pritzker-to-wikipedia/ |journal=Places Journal |language=en-US |issue=2013 |doi=10.22269/130603 |doi-access=free}}</ref> == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Mutuwan 1991]] suwww10hhb791z5h8l9kk4h55e612zn 895387 895386 2026-08-12T07:17:42Z Nnamadee 31123 895387 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Thekla Schild''' (1890–1991) wani mai zane ne ɗan ƙasar Jamus. A shekarar 1913 ta zama mace ta biyu a Jamus da ta sami digiri a fannin gine-gine. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Stratigakos |first=Despina |date=December 2007 |title='I Myself Want to Build': Women, Architectural Education and the Integration of Germany's Technical Colleges |journal=Paedagogica Historica |volume=43 |issue=6 |pages=727–756 |doi=10.1080/00309230701722655 |issn=0030-9230 |s2cid=144103469}}</ref> == Rayuwar farko da ilimi == An haifi Schild a Karlsruhe kuma ta shafe mafi yawan ƙuruciyarta a cikin Dajin Baƙi, inda mahaifinta ke aiki a matsayin mai binciken ƙasa. Tana da shekaru 12 ta zama ɗaliba a Makarantar Nahawu ta 'Yan Mata da ke Karlsruhe, wadda aka kafa a shekarar 1893 kuma tana ɗaya daga cikin cibiyoyin farko irinta a Jamus. Darussan da ta fi so su ne lissafi da Girkanci. Ta kuma ɗauki darussan kiɗa a wani gidan adana kayan tarihi. Iyayenta suna da ra'ayi mai kyau game da ilimin 'yan mata. Mahaifiyarta, wacce da kanta ta sami horo a matsayin malamar makaranta da mai zane, ta ƙarfafa sha'awar fasaha ta Thekla. Ta kammala karatunta na sakandare a bazara ta 1908. Banda ɗaya kawai, dukkan 'yan matan da ke shekarar ƙarshe ta Schild sun ci gaba da karatunsu na gaba da sakandare. Ba ta yanke shawara kan irin karatun da za ta yi ba, kuma tana karkata ga aikin likitanci. Ganin cewa an ɗauki sha'awarta ta fasaha da kuma kyawunta a matsayin abin da bai dace da horar da likitoci da ayyuka kamar rarraba gawawwaki ba, mahaifiyarta ta ba da shawarar ta yi nazarin gine-gine. Schild ya ga ra'ayin gine-gine yana da kyau sosai, amma yana da shakku game da ko za a ba wa mace digiri mai dacewa. Ta kuma sami ƙarfafa gwiwa daga Hermann Billing, farfesa a fannin gine-gine a Jami'ar Karlsruhe . Billing ya yi tsammanin ɗalibansa ba wai kawai su sami ƙwarewar fasaha ba, har ma su kasance masu ƙoshin lafiya, wani buƙatu da ɗalibai za su cika ta hanyar ayyukan motsa jiki. Da yake Billings ya ƙarfafa shi, Schild ya nemi shiga Jami'ar Karlsruhe kuma aka karɓe shi. Ita kaɗai ce mace a cikin shirin karatunta. Bayan wasu matsaloli na farko, ta sami karbuwa daga malamanta da sauran ɗalibanta. Schild ta sami abota da wasu ɗalibanta kuma ta shiga cikin ayyukan zamantakewa waɗanda wani lokacin ake ganin ba su dace da mata a cikin al'ummar lokacin ba. A wasu lokutan, matsayinta na mace ɗaya tilo a cikin muhallin da maza suka fi rinjaye yana haifar da matsaloli, kamar lokacin balaguron da aka yi a Switzerland, lokacin da ɗaya daga cikin farfesoshinta ta ɗauki wani dangi don haka ba Schild ce kaɗai mace da ta shiga ba. Bayan kammala karatun digiri na farko, Schild ta tafi tare da wasu abokan karatunta na tsawon shekara guda zuwa [[München|Munich]], inda ta samu sha'awar ɗaliban birane da kuma sha'awar zama 'yan ƙasa daga iyayensu. Wannan matakin da ba a saba gani ba a lokacin ga ɗalibi ya sami amincewar iyayenta da rashin son yin hakan. A birnin Bavaria, Schild ta nuna sha'awarta ga hayaniyar ɗalibai, amma a wasu lokutan tana fuskantar ƙalubalen da suka shafi mata, kamar lokacin da maƙwabta suka yi fushi idan ta karɓi baƙo namiji a ɗakinta. A lokacin hutunta, za ta yi tsalle a kan dusar ƙanƙara ko kuma ta hau tsaunukan [[Alps]] . Bayan ta koma Karlsruhe, Schild ta shirya tsaf don kammala karatunta. Ta kammala karatunta a watan Disamba na shekarar 1913 kuma tana ɗaya daga cikin waɗanda suka fi kowa a ajinsu. Ta zama mace ta farko a Grand Duchy na Baden kuma mace ta biyu a Jamus da aka ba ta izinin sanya takardar digiri na biyu. Schild ta rubuta abubuwan da ta fuskanta a matsayinta na ɗalibi a fannin gine-gine a cikin tarihin rayuwarta, waɗanda ba a buga su ba. == A cikin al'adun jama'a == A cikin wani kasidar da aka buga a shekarar 2016 mai taken "Unforget Women Architects: From the Pritzker to Wikipedia," masanin tarihin gine-gine Despina Stratigakos ya yi nazari kan cire mata masu zane-zane, ciki har da Schild, daga tunawa da jama'a. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Stratigakos |first=Despina |date=2016-04-12 |title=Unforgetting Women Architects: From the Pritzker to Wikipedia |url=https://placesjournal.org/article/unforgetting-women-architects-from-the-pritzker-to-wikipedia/ |journal=Places Journal |language=en-US |issue=2013 |doi=10.22269/130603 |doi-access=free}}</ref> == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Mutuwan 1991]] sw3m0ono1n7g3l1xcc63xft8148zx05 0 163281 895388 2026-08-12T07:18:45Z Nnamadee 31123 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1341299222|Barbara Schock-Werner]]" 895388 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Barbara Schock-Werner''' (an haife ta a ranar 23 ga Yuli 1947, Ludwigsburg ) ƙwararren [[Masanin gine-gine da zane|mai zane ce 'yar]] ƙasar Jamus, kuma har zuwa lokacin da ta yi ritaya a ƙarshen watan Agusta 2012 ta kasance babbar mai gini a Cologne Cathedral tare da ɗaukar nauyin aikin kiyayewa da gyara. Da take da lakabin ''Dombaumeisterin'' (mai ginin cocin Katolika), ita ce mace ta farko kuma tilo da ta riƙe wannan muƙamin a tarihin cocin na tsawon shekaru 800. == Tarihin Rayuwa == Bayan koyon aikin zane-zane a Bad Cannstatt, Schock-Werner ya yi karatun gine-gine a Jami'ar Kimiyyar Aiwatarwa da ke Stuttgart, inda ya kammala karatunsa a shekarar 1971. A lokacin karatunta, ta shafe kusan shekara guda tana aiki tare da Frei Otto kan ƙirar rufin filin wasa na Olympics da ke Munich. Ta kammala karatunta a Jami'ar Bonn a shekarar 1975. A lokacin da take aiki a ofishin wani mai gine-gine a Stuttgart kan aikin kiyaye muhalli, ta fara nazarin tarihin fasaha a Jami'ar Kiel, inda ta kammala karatun digiri a kan Strasbourg Cathedral a ƙarni na 15. A shekarar 1982, ta fara karatunta, tana koyar da tarihin fasaha da gine-gine a Jami'ar Erlangen, daga baya ta zama farfesa. <ref>[https://www.daimler-benz-stiftung.de/cms/uploads/images/events/lecture/bbv27-schock-werner.pdf "Barbara Schock-Werner: Der Dom als Aufgabe – Erhaltung eines Welterbes"]{{Dead link|date=October 2016}}, ''Daimler und Benz Stiftung''. {{In lang|de}} Retrieved 11 February 2012.</ref> A watan Janairun 1999, Barbara Schock-Werner ta zama ƙwararren mai gini a Cologne Cathedral. Wani ɓangare na lokacinta ya kasance a cocin da kanta inda ta gudanar da bincike tare da koyar da masu zane, masu gyaran wutar lantarki, kafintoci da masu gyaran bulo. Kasafin kuɗinta na shekara-shekara ya kai sama da Yuro miliyan shida. Baya ga aikin kiyayewa da gyarawa na yau da kullun, ta gudanar da manyan ayyuka da dama, ciki har da baranda na ƙofofin yamma, sabuwar taga a fuskar kudu wadda Gerhard Richter ya tsara, da kuma kayan hasken ciki da kayan sauti. Wani muhimmin ƙari kuma shi ne ginin ƙofar shiga na matakan hasumiya da kuma yankin kayan tarihi. Ta yi ritaya a ƙarshen watan Agusta na 2012, tana da shekaru 65. Schock-Werner shi ma yana da wasu nauyi. Tana shugabantar Ƙungiyar Masu Gina Majami'ar Mulki ta Duniya da kuma Ƙungiyar Ƙwararrun Ma'aikata da Zane-zane ta Turai, kuma tana aiki a kwamitin gudanarwa na Ƙungiyar Gidajen Masarautun Jamus . Ta kuma ci gaba da yin lacca a Jami'ar Bonn inda take farfesa mai daraja. == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1947]] tcphclunkhn7irhp82tyti35r9o5p9y 895389 895388 2026-08-12T07:19:12Z Nnamadee 31123 895389 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Barbara Schock-Werner''' (an haife ta a ranar 23 ga Yuli 1947, Ludwigsburg ) ƙwararren [[Masanin gine-gine da zane|mai zane ce 'yar]] ƙasar Jamus, kuma har zuwa lokacin da ta yi ritaya a ƙarshen watan Agusta 2012 ta kasance babbar mai gini a Cologne Cathedral tare da ɗaukar nauyin aikin kiyayewa da gyara. Da take da lakabin ''Dombaumeisterin'' (mai ginin cocin Katolika), ita ce mace ta farko kuma tilo da ta riƙe wannan muƙamin a tarihin cocin na tsawon shekaru 800. == Tarihin Rayuwa == Bayan koyon aikin zane-zane a Bad Cannstatt, Schock-Werner ya yi karatun gine-gine a Jami'ar Kimiyyar Aiwatarwa da ke Stuttgart, inda ya kammala karatunsa a shekarar 1971. A lokacin karatunta, ta shafe kusan shekara guda tana aiki tare da Frei Otto kan ƙirar rufin filin wasa na Olympics da ke Munich. Ta kammala karatunta a Jami'ar Bonn a shekarar 1975. A lokacin da take aiki a ofishin wani mai gine-gine a Stuttgart kan aikin kiyaye muhalli, ta fara nazarin tarihin fasaha a Jami'ar Kiel, inda ta kammala karatun digiri a kan Strasbourg Cathedral a ƙarni na 15. A shekarar 1982, ta fara karatunta, tana koyar da tarihin fasaha da gine-gine a Jami'ar Erlangen, daga baya ta zama farfesa. <ref>[https://www.daimler-benz-stiftung.de/cms/uploads/images/events/lecture/bbv27-schock-werner.pdf "Barbara Schock-Werner: Der Dom als Aufgabe – Erhaltung eines Welterbes"]{{Dead link|date=October 2016}}, ''Daimler und Benz Stiftung''. {{In lang|de}} Retrieved 11 February 2012.</ref> A watan Janairun 1999, Barbara Schock-Werner ta zama ƙwararren mai gini a Cologne Cathedral. Wani ɓangare na lokacinta ya kasance a cocin da kanta inda ta gudanar da bincike tare da koyar da masu zane, masu gyaran wutar lantarki, kafintoci da masu gyaran bulo. Kasafin kuɗinta na shekara-shekara ya kai sama da Yuro miliyan shida. Baya ga aikin kiyayewa da gyarawa na yau da kullun, ta gudanar da manyan ayyuka da dama, ciki har da baranda na ƙofofin yamma, sabuwar taga a fuskar kudu wadda Gerhard Richter ya tsara, da kuma kayan hasken ciki da kayan sauti. Wani muhimmin ƙari kuma shi ne ginin ƙofar shiga na matakan hasumiya da kuma yankin kayan tarihi. Ta yi ritaya a ƙarshen watan Agusta na 2012, tana da shekaru 65. Schock-Werner shi ma yana da wasu nauyi. Tana shugabantar Ƙungiyar Masu Gina Majami'ar Mulki ta Duniya da kuma Ƙungiyar Ƙwararrun Ma'aikata da Zane-zane ta Turai, kuma tana aiki a kwamitin gudanarwa na Ƙungiyar Gidajen Masarautun Jamus . Ta kuma ci gaba da yin lacca a Jami'ar Bonn inda take farfesa mai daraja. == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1947]] ceiclyss0gnk9wo9u4hoomjm6tnzjyh 0 163282 895390 2026-08-12T07:20:47Z Nnamadee 31123 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1366860551|Annabelle Selldorf]]" 895390 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Annabelle Selldorf''' (an haife ta a ranar 5 ga Yuli, 1960) mai zane ce 'yar asalin ƙasar Jamus kuma shugabar kamfanin '''Selldorf Architects''', wani kamfanin gine-gine da ke birnin New York. Ita ma'aikaciya ce a Cibiyar Masu Zane-zane ta Amurka ( FAIA ), wacce ta lashe lambar yabo ta AIANY Medal of Honor ta 2016 <ref>{{Cite web |title=AIA New York Chapter : Press Releases |url=https://aiany.aiany.org/index.php?section=press-releases&prrid=330 |access-date=August 30, 2017 |website=aiany.aiany.org |language=en}}</ref> kuma a shekarar 2025 an nada ta a cikin mutane 100 mafi tasiri a TIME. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Annabelle Selldorf Is on the 2025 TIME100 List |url=https://time.com/collections/100-most-influential-people-2025/7273822/annabelle-selldorf/}}</ref> Ayyukanta sun haɗa da Cibiyar Gyaran Kayan Aiki ta Sunset Park, <ref>{{Cite web |title=Sunset Park Material Recovery Facility – Selldorf Architects – New York |url=http://www.selldorf.com/projects/sunset-park-material-recovery-facility |access-date=October 16, 2017 |website=Selldorf Architects – New York}}</ref> Neue Galerie New York, Gidan Tarihi na Rubell, <ref>{{Cite web |date=December 12, 2019 |title=The Annabelle Selldorf-designed Rubell Museum opens in emerging Miami art district |url=https://www.wallpaper.com/architecture/rubell-museum-selldorf-architects-miami}}</ref> gyaran Cibiyar Fasaha ta Sterling da Francine Clark, Gidan Tarihi na David Zwirner's 20th Street, <ref>{{Cite web |title=David Zwirner 20th Street – Selldorf Architects – New York |url=http://www.selldorf.com/projects/david-zwirner-20th-street |access-date=October 16, 2017 |website=Selldorf Architects – New York}}</ref> Makarantar Mwabwindo, <ref>{{Cite web |title=Mwabwindo School by Selldorf Architects |url=https://www.architecturalrecord.com/articles/14269-mwabwindo-school-by-selldorf-architects |access-date=February 27, 2022 |website=www.architecturalrecord.com}}</ref> 21 East 12th Street, <ref>{{Cite web |title=21 East 12th Street |url=https://www.selldorf.com/projects/21-east-12th-street}}</ref> 200 11th Avenue, <ref>{{Cite web |title=200 Eleventh Avenue – Selldorf Architects – New York |url=http://www.selldorf.com/projects/200-eleventh-avenue |access-date=October 16, 2017 |website=Selldorf Architects – New York}}</ref> 10 Bond Street, <ref>{{Cite web |title=10 Bond Street |url=https://www.selldorf.com/projects/10-bond-street |access-date=February 27, 2022 |website=Selldorf Architects – New York}}</ref> da gine-gine da dama na cibiyar fasaha ta zamani ta LUMA Foundation a Arles, Faransa. Sauran manyan ayyuka sun haɗa da faɗaɗa tarin Frick Collection, gyaran National Gallery a London, <ref name="auto2">{{Cite web |last=Roche |first=Daniel Jonas |date=May 6, 2025 |title=Selldorf Architects completes National Gallery renovation |url=https://www.archpaper.com/2025/05/national-gallery-renovation-selldorf-architects/}}</ref> Gidan Tarihi na Fasaha na Zamani San Diego, sabon gidan tarihi na Hauser & Wirth da ke kan titin 22 a Chelsea, <ref>{{Cite web |date=April 23, 2020 |title=West Side Story: Hauser & Wirth's new Chelsea outpost is big, clever and inclusive |url=https://www.wallpaper.com/art/hauser-wirth-gallery-new-york-selldorf-architects}}</ref> sabon gidan kore da gyaran gidan kore na tarihi a Dumbarton Oaks, <ref>{{Cite web |title=Selldorf Architects Selected to Design Greenhouse Project at Dumbarton Oaks |url=https://www.selldorf.com/sa-news/selldorf-architects-selected-as-lead-designer-for-greenhouse-project-at-dumbarton-oaks}}</ref> Babban shagon The Row na [[Landan|London]] da ke 15 Carlos Place, Mayfair House da kuma Cibiyar Fassara a Lambun Qianlong a cikin Birnin da aka Haramta a Beijing, China. <ref>{{Cite web |date=January 14, 2020 |title=The 11 Most Anticipated Buildings of 2020 |url=https://www.architecturaldigest.com/gallery/most-anticipated-buildings-2020}}</ref> An zaɓi Selldorf Architects kwanan nan a matsayin ɗaya daga cikin kamfanoni biyar da aka zaɓa don gasar gine-gine ta Louvre Nouvelle Renaissance. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Amselem |first=Ilana |date=October 14, 2025 |title=Five teams shortlisted for a renovation project at Paris’s Louvre |url=https://www.archpaper.com/2025/10/five-teams-shortlisted-for-a-renovation-project-at-paris-louvre/}}</ref> == Rayuwar farko da ilimi == An haifi Selldorf a ranar 5 ga Yuli, 1960, a [[Köln|Cologne]], Jamus. A lokacin da take girma, mahaifinta, {{Interlanguage link|Herbert Selldorf|d|Q140076620}} ya yi mata kwarin gwiwa sosai., da kuma tsarin gine-ginensa mai zurfi da kuma [[Gine-gine na zamani|al'adar zamani]] . A lokacin da take da shekaru 12, mahaifin Selldorf ya sayi gida a Cologne, Jamus, yana yin ƙananan gyare-gyare ga haske, kayan daki, da launin bango waɗanda suka zama ginshiƙin tsarin gine-ginenta. Selldorf ya kuma sami kwarin gwiwa daga zane-zanen [[Ludwig Mies van der Rohe|Ludwig Mies Van Der Rohe]], inda ya ambaci Gidansa na Tugendhat na 1930 da ke Brno, Jamhuriyar Czech a matsayin wanda ke nuna daidaiton rayuwa da ƙira ta yau da kullun. <ref name="Nobel2002">{{Cite journal |last=Nobel |first=Philip |date=Summer 2002 |title=Annabelle Selldorf-Her father's influence sparked a sensibility entrenched in Midcentury modernism |journal=Architectural Digest |volume=59 |issue=1 |pages=214–221}}</ref> Selldorf ya koma birnin New York a shekarar 1980. Ta sami digirinta na farko a fannin gine-gine daga Cibiyar Pratt da ke New York kuma ta yi aiki na ɗan lokaci ga mai zane Richard Gluckman, sannan ta sami digiri na biyu a fannin gine-gine daga Jami'ar Syracuse da ke Florence, Italiya. A shekarar 2025, Selldorf ya sami digirin girmamawa na digirin fasaha daga Jami'ar Pratt. == Sana'a == === Selldorf Masu Zane-zane === Selldorf ta bayyana a cikin wani kasida da ta wallafa a mujallar ''Architectural Digest'' cewa ba ta son zama mai zane-zane tun tana ƙarama. Mahaifinta mai zane ne, kuma daga ƙarshe ya ba ta shawarar ta yi aiki a matsayin ɗan kwangila. Wannan abin da ya faru ya motsa ta sha'awar neman sana'ar. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Hoffman |first=Nicholas von |date=December 2001 |title=Annabelle Selldorf Cultivating an Architectural Calling |journal=Architectural Digest |volume=58 |pages=102–103}}</ref> Yayin da ta koma wuraren aiki na gargajiya, yawancin ayyukanta sun haɗa da daidaita ƙirar ciki da ayyukan gine-gine ga abokan ciniki masu zaman kansu da na gidaje. <ref name="Nobel2002">{{Cite journal |last=Nobel |first=Philip |date=Summer 2002 |title=Annabelle Selldorf-Her father's influence sparked a sensibility entrenched in Midcentury modernism |journal=Architectural Digest |volume=59 |issue=1 |pages=214–221}}<cite class="citation journal cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFNobel2002">Nobel, Philip (Summer 2002). "Annabelle Selldorf-Her father's influence sparked a sensibility entrenched in Midcentury modernism". ''Architectural Digest''. '''59''' (1): <span class="nowrap">214–</span>221.</cite></ref> Selldorf ta kafa kamfaninta na farko mai zaman kansa a shekarar 1988, wanda a yau yake ɗaukar ma'aikata sama da 65. Kamfaninta yana nan a nahiyoyi huɗu. A shekara ta 2004, Selldorf ta kafa kamfanin Vica, don sayar da kayan daki nata; ta sanya masa suna bayan kamfanin ƙira da kakarta ta kafa a Cologne a shekarun 1930. Selldorf sanannen mai zane ne a duniyar fasaha, yana tsara wuraren adana kayan tarihi, gidajen tarihi, da gidaje ga masu fasaha da masu tattarawa. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Annabelle Selldorf |url=https://thegentlewoman.co.uk/library/annabelle-selldorf |access-date=May 5, 2021 |website=thegentlewoman.co.uk |language=en}}</ref> Ta tsara wuraren nunin hotuna da wuraren baje koli ga Hauser &amp;amp; Wirth, Whitney, Gladstone Gallery, Michael Werner, David Zwirner, Acquavella Galleries da Frieze Art Fair 's Frieze Art Masters. Kamfaninta yana yin aiki tare da Gagosian Gallery akai-akai kan zane-zanen baje kolin. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Kazanjian |first=Dodie |title=Francesco Vezzoli: Mother Love |url=https://www.vogue.com/magazine/article/francesco-vezzoli-mother-love |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101228035912/https://www.vogue.com/magazine/article/francesco-vezzoli-mother-love |archive-date=December 28, 2010 |access-date=October 15, 2017 |website=www.Vogue.com}}</ref> Abokan cinikinta kuma sun haɗa da Christophe Van de Weghe da Per Skarstedt . An bayyana tsarin Selldorf na ƙira a cikin ''Wall Street Journal'' a matsayin "... game da kyan gani da aka tsare. Daga sabbin gidajen tarihi na Beaux-Arts zuwa kyawawan hasumiyai na zama, sanarwar Selldorf ta saba wa ƙa'idar." Paul Goldberger, mai sukar gine-gine ga jaridar The New Yorker, ya yaba wa ayyukanta a matsayin "... wani nau'in zamani mai laushi wanda ya dace da kowa, tare da cikakken daidaito." A wani labarin da ''Architectural Digest'' ta wallafa, Selldorf ta bayyana tsarin zane-zanenta—kamar yadda aka nuna a cikin aikinta a wani gida na Fifth Avenue—a matsayin mai da hankali kan "jin daɗi mara sani" da "wuri mai tsabta da tsabta." <ref>{{Cite journal |date=May 1999 |title=1990s |journal=Architectural Digest |volume=56 |pages=449}}</ref> A cikin [https://www.nytimes.com/2025/03/15/arts/design/frick-collection-reopening.html Jaridar New York Times], mai sukar gine-gine Michael Kimmelman ya yaba da faɗaɗa Selldorf na Frick Collection, yana rubuta cewa "yana da matuƙar muhimmanci da kuma dabara kamar yadda mutum zai iya fata. A wasu lokutan, kamar a cikin sabon matattakalar marmara mai girma da kuma ɗakin taro mai iska, yana kwatanta waƙa." <ref name="auto1">{{Cite web |last=Kimmelman |first=Michael |last2=Barth |first2=Lila |date=March 15, 2025 |title=The Frick Glows With a Poetic, $220 Million Renovation |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2025/03/15/arts/design/frick-collection-reopening.html |via=NYTimes.com}}</ref> == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1960]] [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] 213v6tg5gsin3amd02imv96tsjssvej 895391 895390 2026-08-12T07:21:11Z Nnamadee 31123 895391 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Annabelle Selldorf''' (an haife ta a ranar 5 ga Yuli, 1960) mai zane ce 'yar asalin ƙasar Jamus kuma shugabar kamfanin '''Selldorf Architects''', wani kamfanin gine-gine da ke birnin New York. Ita ma'aikaciya ce a Cibiyar Masu Zane-zane ta Amurka ( FAIA ), wacce ta lashe lambar yabo ta AIANY Medal of Honor ta 2016 <ref>{{Cite web |title=AIA New York Chapter : Press Releases |url=https://aiany.aiany.org/index.php?section=press-releases&prrid=330 |access-date=August 30, 2017 |website=aiany.aiany.org |language=en}}</ref> kuma a shekarar 2025 an nada ta a cikin mutane 100 mafi tasiri a TIME. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Annabelle Selldorf Is on the 2025 TIME100 List |url=https://time.com/collections/100-most-influential-people-2025/7273822/annabelle-selldorf/}}</ref> Ayyukanta sun haɗa da Cibiyar Gyaran Kayan Aiki ta Sunset Park, <ref>{{Cite web |title=Sunset Park Material Recovery Facility – Selldorf Architects – New York |url=http://www.selldorf.com/projects/sunset-park-material-recovery-facility |access-date=October 16, 2017 |website=Selldorf Architects – New York}}</ref> Neue Galerie New York, Gidan Tarihi na Rubell, <ref>{{Cite web |date=December 12, 2019 |title=The Annabelle Selldorf-designed Rubell Museum opens in emerging Miami art district |url=https://www.wallpaper.com/architecture/rubell-museum-selldorf-architects-miami}}</ref> gyaran Cibiyar Fasaha ta Sterling da Francine Clark, Gidan Tarihi na David Zwirner's 20th Street, <ref>{{Cite web |title=David Zwirner 20th Street – Selldorf Architects – New York |url=http://www.selldorf.com/projects/david-zwirner-20th-street |access-date=October 16, 2017 |website=Selldorf Architects – New York}}</ref> Makarantar Mwabwindo, <ref>{{Cite web |title=Mwabwindo School by Selldorf Architects |url=https://www.architecturalrecord.com/articles/14269-mwabwindo-school-by-selldorf-architects |access-date=February 27, 2022 |website=www.architecturalrecord.com}}</ref> 21 East 12th Street, <ref>{{Cite web |title=21 East 12th Street |url=https://www.selldorf.com/projects/21-east-12th-street}}</ref> 200 11th Avenue, <ref>{{Cite web |title=200 Eleventh Avenue – Selldorf Architects – New York |url=http://www.selldorf.com/projects/200-eleventh-avenue |access-date=October 16, 2017 |website=Selldorf Architects – New York}}</ref> 10 Bond Street, <ref>{{Cite web |title=10 Bond Street |url=https://www.selldorf.com/projects/10-bond-street |access-date=February 27, 2022 |website=Selldorf Architects – New York}}</ref> da gine-gine da dama na cibiyar fasaha ta zamani ta LUMA Foundation a Arles, Faransa. Sauran manyan ayyuka sun haɗa da faɗaɗa tarin Frick Collection, gyaran National Gallery a London, <ref name="auto2">{{Cite web |last=Roche |first=Daniel Jonas |date=May 6, 2025 |title=Selldorf Architects completes National Gallery renovation |url=https://www.archpaper.com/2025/05/national-gallery-renovation-selldorf-architects/}}</ref> Gidan Tarihi na Fasaha na Zamani San Diego, sabon gidan tarihi na Hauser & Wirth da ke kan titin 22 a Chelsea, <ref>{{Cite web |date=April 23, 2020 |title=West Side Story: Hauser & Wirth's new Chelsea outpost is big, clever and inclusive |url=https://www.wallpaper.com/art/hauser-wirth-gallery-new-york-selldorf-architects}}</ref> sabon gidan kore da gyaran gidan kore na tarihi a Dumbarton Oaks, <ref>{{Cite web |title=Selldorf Architects Selected to Design Greenhouse Project at Dumbarton Oaks |url=https://www.selldorf.com/sa-news/selldorf-architects-selected-as-lead-designer-for-greenhouse-project-at-dumbarton-oaks}}</ref> Babban shagon The Row na [[Landan|London]] da ke 15 Carlos Place, Mayfair House da kuma Cibiyar Fassara a Lambun Qianlong a cikin Birnin da aka Haramta a Beijing, China. <ref>{{Cite web |date=January 14, 2020 |title=The 11 Most Anticipated Buildings of 2020 |url=https://www.architecturaldigest.com/gallery/most-anticipated-buildings-2020}}</ref> An zaɓi Selldorf Architects kwanan nan a matsayin ɗaya daga cikin kamfanoni biyar da aka zaɓa don gasar gine-gine ta Louvre Nouvelle Renaissance. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Amselem |first=Ilana |date=October 14, 2025 |title=Five teams shortlisted for a renovation project at Paris’s Louvre |url=https://www.archpaper.com/2025/10/five-teams-shortlisted-for-a-renovation-project-at-paris-louvre/}}</ref> == Rayuwar farko da ilimi == An haifi Selldorf a ranar 5 ga Yuli, 1960, a [[Köln|Cologne]], Jamus. A lokacin da take girma, mahaifinta, {{Interlanguage link|Herbert Selldorf|d|Q140076620}} ya yi mata kwarin gwiwa sosai., da kuma tsarin gine-ginensa mai zurfi da kuma [[Gine-gine na zamani|al'adar zamani]] . A lokacin da take da shekaru 12, mahaifin Selldorf ya sayi gida a Cologne, Jamus, yana yin ƙananan gyare-gyare ga haske, kayan daki, da launin bango waɗanda suka zama ginshiƙin tsarin gine-ginenta. Selldorf ya kuma sami kwarin gwiwa daga zane-zanen [[Ludwig Mies van der Rohe|Ludwig Mies Van Der Rohe]], inda ya ambaci Gidansa na Tugendhat na 1930 da ke Brno, Jamhuriyar Czech a matsayin wanda ke nuna daidaiton rayuwa da ƙira ta yau da kullun. <ref name="Nobel2002">{{Cite journal |last=Nobel |first=Philip |date=Summer 2002 |title=Annabelle Selldorf-Her father's influence sparked a sensibility entrenched in Midcentury modernism |journal=Architectural Digest |volume=59 |issue=1 |pages=214–221}}</ref> Selldorf ya koma birnin New York a shekarar 1980. Ta sami digirinta na farko a fannin gine-gine daga Cibiyar Pratt da ke New York kuma ta yi aiki na ɗan lokaci ga mai zane Richard Gluckman, sannan ta sami digiri na biyu a fannin gine-gine daga Jami'ar Syracuse da ke Florence, Italiya. A shekarar 2025, Selldorf ya sami digirin girmamawa na digirin fasaha daga Jami'ar Pratt. == Sana'a == === Selldorf Masu Zane-zane === Selldorf ta bayyana a cikin wani kasida da ta wallafa a mujallar ''Architectural Digest'' cewa ba ta son zama mai zane-zane tun tana ƙarama. Mahaifinta mai zane ne, kuma daga ƙarshe ya ba ta shawarar ta yi aiki a matsayin ɗan kwangila. Wannan abin da ya faru ya motsa ta sha'awar neman sana'ar. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Hoffman |first=Nicholas von |date=December 2001 |title=Annabelle Selldorf Cultivating an Architectural Calling |journal=Architectural Digest |volume=58 |pages=102–103}}</ref> Yayin da ta koma wuraren aiki na gargajiya, yawancin ayyukanta sun haɗa da daidaita ƙirar ciki da ayyukan gine-gine ga abokan ciniki masu zaman kansu da na gidaje. <ref name="Nobel2002">{{Cite journal |last=Nobel |first=Philip |date=Summer 2002 |title=Annabelle Selldorf-Her father's influence sparked a sensibility entrenched in Midcentury modernism |journal=Architectural Digest |volume=59 |issue=1 |pages=214–221}}<cite class="citation journal cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFNobel2002">Nobel, Philip (Summer 2002). "Annabelle Selldorf-Her father's influence sparked a sensibility entrenched in Midcentury modernism". ''Architectural Digest''. '''59''' (1): <span class="nowrap">214–</span>221.</cite></ref> Selldorf ta kafa kamfaninta na farko mai zaman kansa a shekarar 1988, wanda a yau yake ɗaukar ma'aikata sama da 65. Kamfaninta yana nan a nahiyoyi huɗu. A shekara ta 2004, Selldorf ta kafa kamfanin Vica, don sayar da kayan daki nata; ta sanya masa suna bayan kamfanin ƙira da kakarta ta kafa a Cologne a shekarun 1930. Selldorf sanannen mai zane ne a duniyar fasaha, yana tsara wuraren adana kayan tarihi, gidajen tarihi, da gidaje ga masu fasaha da masu tattarawa. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Annabelle Selldorf |url=https://thegentlewoman.co.uk/library/annabelle-selldorf |access-date=May 5, 2021 |website=thegentlewoman.co.uk |language=en}}</ref> Ta tsara wuraren nunin hotuna da wuraren baje koli ga Hauser &amp;amp; Wirth, Whitney, Gladstone Gallery, Michael Werner, David Zwirner, Acquavella Galleries da Frieze Art Fair 's Frieze Art Masters. Kamfaninta yana yin aiki tare da Gagosian Gallery akai-akai kan zane-zanen baje kolin. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Kazanjian |first=Dodie |title=Francesco Vezzoli: Mother Love |url=https://www.vogue.com/magazine/article/francesco-vezzoli-mother-love |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101228035912/https://www.vogue.com/magazine/article/francesco-vezzoli-mother-love |archive-date=December 28, 2010 |access-date=October 15, 2017 |website=www.Vogue.com}}</ref> Abokan cinikinta kuma sun haɗa da Christophe Van de Weghe da Per Skarstedt . An bayyana tsarin Selldorf na ƙira a cikin ''Wall Street Journal'' a matsayin "... game da kyan gani da aka tsare. Daga sabbin gidajen tarihi na Beaux-Arts zuwa kyawawan hasumiyai na zama, sanarwar Selldorf ta saba wa ƙa'idar." Paul Goldberger, mai sukar gine-gine ga jaridar The New Yorker, ya yaba wa ayyukanta a matsayin "... wani nau'in zamani mai laushi wanda ya dace da kowa, tare da cikakken daidaito." A wani labarin da ''Architectural Digest'' ta wallafa, Selldorf ta bayyana tsarin zane-zanenta—kamar yadda aka nuna a cikin aikinta a wani gida na Fifth Avenue—a matsayin mai da hankali kan "jin daɗi mara sani" da "wuri mai tsabta da tsabta." <ref>{{Cite journal |date=May 1999 |title=1990s |journal=Architectural Digest |volume=56 |pages=449}}</ref> A cikin [https://www.nytimes.com/2025/03/15/arts/design/frick-collection-reopening.html Jaridar New York Times], mai sukar gine-gine Michael Kimmelman ya yaba da faɗaɗa Selldorf na Frick Collection, yana rubuta cewa "yana da matuƙar muhimmanci da kuma dabara kamar yadda mutum zai iya fata. A wasu lokutan, kamar a cikin sabon matattakalar marmara mai girma da kuma ɗakin taro mai iska, yana kwatanta waƙa." <ref name="auto1">{{Cite web |last=Kimmelman |first=Michael |last2=Barth |first2=Lila |date=March 15, 2025 |title=The Frick Glows With a Poetic, $220 Million Renovation |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2025/03/15/arts/design/frick-collection-reopening.html |via=NYTimes.com}}</ref> == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1960]] [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] ilnd81urnz1j6qmser7450nwydj99bh 895392 895391 2026-08-12T07:21:34Z Nnamadee 31123 895392 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Annabelle Selldorf''' (an haife ta a ranar 5 ga Yuli, 1960) mai zane ce 'yar asalin ƙasar Jamus kuma shugabar kamfanin '''Selldorf Architects''', wani kamfanin gine-gine da ke birnin New York. Ita ma'aikaciya ce a Cibiyar Masu Zane-zane ta Amurka ( FAIA ), wacce ta lashe lambar yabo ta AIANY Medal of Honor ta 2016 <ref>{{Cite web |title=AIA New York Chapter : Press Releases |url=https://aiany.aiany.org/index.php?section=press-releases&prrid=330 |access-date=August 30, 2017 |website=aiany.aiany.org |language=en}}</ref> kuma a shekarar 2025 an nada ta a cikin mutane 100 mafi tasiri a TIME. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Annabelle Selldorf Is on the 2025 TIME100 List |url=https://time.com/collections/100-most-influential-people-2025/7273822/annabelle-selldorf/}}</ref> Ayyukanta sun haɗa da Cibiyar Gyaran Kayan Aiki ta Sunset Park, <ref>{{Cite web |title=Sunset Park Material Recovery Facility – Selldorf Architects – New York |url=http://www.selldorf.com/projects/sunset-park-material-recovery-facility |access-date=October 16, 2017 |website=Selldorf Architects – New York}}</ref> Neue Galerie New York, Gidan Tarihi na Rubell, <ref>{{Cite web |date=December 12, 2019 |title=The Annabelle Selldorf-designed Rubell Museum opens in emerging Miami art district |url=https://www.wallpaper.com/architecture/rubell-museum-selldorf-architects-miami}}</ref> gyaran Cibiyar Fasaha ta Sterling da Francine Clark, Gidan Tarihi na David Zwirner's 20th Street, <ref>{{Cite web |title=David Zwirner 20th Street – Selldorf Architects – New York |url=http://www.selldorf.com/projects/david-zwirner-20th-street |access-date=October 16, 2017 |website=Selldorf Architects – New York}}</ref> Makarantar Mwabwindo, <ref>{{Cite web |title=Mwabwindo School by Selldorf Architects |url=https://www.architecturalrecord.com/articles/14269-mwabwindo-school-by-selldorf-architects |access-date=February 27, 2022 |website=www.architecturalrecord.com}}</ref> 21 East 12th Street, <ref>{{Cite web |title=21 East 12th Street |url=https://www.selldorf.com/projects/21-east-12th-street}}</ref> 200 11th Avenue, <ref>{{Cite web |title=200 Eleventh Avenue – Selldorf Architects – New York |url=http://www.selldorf.com/projects/200-eleventh-avenue |access-date=October 16, 2017 |website=Selldorf Architects – New York}}</ref> 10 Bond Street, <ref>{{Cite web |title=10 Bond Street |url=https://www.selldorf.com/projects/10-bond-street |access-date=February 27, 2022 |website=Selldorf Architects – New York}}</ref> da gine-gine da dama na cibiyar fasaha ta zamani ta LUMA Foundation a Arles, Faransa. Sauran manyan ayyuka sun haɗa da faɗaɗa tarin Frick Collection, gyaran National Gallery a London, <ref name="auto2">{{Cite web |last=Roche |first=Daniel Jonas |date=May 6, 2025 |title=Selldorf Architects completes National Gallery renovation |url=https://www.archpaper.com/2025/05/national-gallery-renovation-selldorf-architects/}}</ref> Gidan Tarihi na Fasaha na Zamani San Diego, sabon gidan tarihi na Hauser & Wirth da ke kan titin 22 a Chelsea, <ref>{{Cite web |date=April 23, 2020 |title=West Side Story: Hauser & Wirth's new Chelsea outpost is big, clever and inclusive |url=https://www.wallpaper.com/art/hauser-wirth-gallery-new-york-selldorf-architects}}</ref> sabon gidan kore da gyaran gidan kore na tarihi a Dumbarton Oaks, <ref>{{Cite web |title=Selldorf Architects Selected to Design Greenhouse Project at Dumbarton Oaks |url=https://www.selldorf.com/sa-news/selldorf-architects-selected-as-lead-designer-for-greenhouse-project-at-dumbarton-oaks}}</ref> Babban shagon The Row na [[Landan|London]] da ke 15 Carlos Place, Mayfair House da kuma Cibiyar Fassara a Lambun Qianlong a cikin Birnin da aka Haramta a Beijing, China. <ref>{{Cite web |date=January 14, 2020 |title=The 11 Most Anticipated Buildings of 2020 |url=https://www.architecturaldigest.com/gallery/most-anticipated-buildings-2020}}</ref> An zaɓi Selldorf Architects kwanan nan a matsayin ɗaya daga cikin kamfanoni biyar da aka zaɓa don gasar gine-gine ta Louvre Nouvelle Renaissance. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Amselem |first=Ilana |date=October 14, 2025 |title=Five teams shortlisted for a renovation project at Paris’s Louvre |url=https://www.archpaper.com/2025/10/five-teams-shortlisted-for-a-renovation-project-at-paris-louvre/}}</ref> == Rayuwar farko da ilimi == An haifi Selldorf a ranar 5 ga Yuli, 1960, a [[Köln|Cologne]], Jamus. A lokacin da take girma, mahaifinta, {{Interlanguage link|Herbert Selldorf|d|Q140076620}} ya yi mata kwarin gwiwa sosai., da kuma tsarin gine-ginensa mai zurfi da kuma [[Gine-gine na zamani|al'adar zamani]] . A lokacin da take da shekaru 12, mahaifin Selldorf ya sayi gida a Cologne, Jamus, yana yin ƙananan gyare-gyare ga haske, kayan daki, da launin bango waɗanda suka zama ginshiƙin tsarin gine-ginenta. Selldorf ya kuma sami kwarin gwiwa daga zane-zanen [[Ludwig Mies van der Rohe|Ludwig Mies Van Der Rohe]], inda ya ambaci Gidansa na Tugendhat na 1930 da ke Brno, Jamhuriyar Czech a matsayin wanda ke nuna daidaiton rayuwa da ƙira ta yau da kullun. <ref name="Nobel2002">{{Cite journal |last=Nobel |first=Philip |date=Summer 2002 |title=Annabelle Selldorf-Her father's influence sparked a sensibility entrenched in Midcentury modernism |journal=Architectural Digest |volume=59 |issue=1 |pages=214–221}}</ref> Selldorf ta koma birnin New York a shekarar 1980. Ta sami digirinta na farko a fannin gine-gine daga Cibiyar Pratt da ke New York kuma ta yi aiki na ɗan lokaci ga mai zane Richard Gluckman, sannan ta sami digiri na biyu a fannin gine-gine daga Jami'ar Syracuse da ke Florence, Italiya. A shekarar 2025, Selldorf ya sami digirin girmamawa na digirin fasaha daga Jami'ar Pratt. == Sana'a == === Selldorf Masu Zane-zane === Selldorf ta bayyana a cikin wani kasida da ta wallafa a mujallar ''Architectural Digest'' cewa ba ta son zama mai zane-zane tun tana ƙarama. Mahaifinta mai zane ne, kuma daga ƙarshe ya ba ta shawarar ta yi aiki a matsayin ɗan kwangila. Wannan abin da ya faru ya motsa ta sha'awar neman sana'ar. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Hoffman |first=Nicholas von |date=December 2001 |title=Annabelle Selldorf Cultivating an Architectural Calling |journal=Architectural Digest |volume=58 |pages=102–103}}</ref> Yayin da ta koma wuraren aiki na gargajiya, yawancin ayyukanta sun haɗa da daidaita ƙirar ciki da ayyukan gine-gine ga abokan ciniki masu zaman kansu da na gidaje. <ref name="Nobel2002">{{Cite journal |last=Nobel |first=Philip |date=Summer 2002 |title=Annabelle Selldorf-Her father's influence sparked a sensibility entrenched in Midcentury modernism |journal=Architectural Digest |volume=59 |issue=1 |pages=214–221}}<cite class="citation journal cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFNobel2002">Nobel, Philip (Summer 2002). "Annabelle Selldorf-Her father's influence sparked a sensibility entrenched in Midcentury modernism". ''Architectural Digest''. '''59''' (1): <span class="nowrap">214–</span>221.</cite></ref> Selldorf ta kafa kamfaninta na farko mai zaman kansa a shekarar 1988, wanda a yau yake ɗaukar ma'aikata sama da 65. Kamfaninta yana nan a nahiyoyi huɗu. A shekara ta 2004, Selldorf ta kafa kamfanin Vica, don sayar da kayan daki nata; ta sanya masa suna bayan kamfanin ƙira da kakarta ta kafa a Cologne a shekarun 1930. Selldorf sanannen mai zane ne a duniyar fasaha, yana tsara wuraren adana kayan tarihi, gidajen tarihi, da gidaje ga masu fasaha da masu tattarawa. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Annabelle Selldorf |url=https://thegentlewoman.co.uk/library/annabelle-selldorf |access-date=May 5, 2021 |website=thegentlewoman.co.uk |language=en}}</ref> Ta tsara wuraren nunin hotuna da wuraren baje koli ga Hauser &amp;amp; Wirth, Whitney, Gladstone Gallery, Michael Werner, David Zwirner, Acquavella Galleries da Frieze Art Fair 's Frieze Art Masters. Kamfaninta yana yin aiki tare da Gagosian Gallery akai-akai kan zane-zanen baje kolin. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Kazanjian |first=Dodie |title=Francesco Vezzoli: Mother Love |url=https://www.vogue.com/magazine/article/francesco-vezzoli-mother-love |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101228035912/https://www.vogue.com/magazine/article/francesco-vezzoli-mother-love |archive-date=December 28, 2010 |access-date=October 15, 2017 |website=www.Vogue.com}}</ref> Abokan cinikinta kuma sun haɗa da Christophe Van de Weghe da Per Skarstedt . An bayyana tsarin Selldorf na ƙira a cikin ''Wall Street Journal'' a matsayin "... game da kyan gani da aka tsare. Daga sabbin gidajen tarihi na Beaux-Arts zuwa kyawawan hasumiyai na zama, sanarwar Selldorf ta saba wa ƙa'idar." Paul Goldberger, mai sukar gine-gine ga jaridar The New Yorker, ya yaba wa ayyukanta a matsayin "... wani nau'in zamani mai laushi wanda ya dace da kowa, tare da cikakken daidaito." A wani labarin da ''Architectural Digest'' ta wallafa, Selldorf ta bayyana tsarin zane-zanenta—kamar yadda aka nuna a cikin aikinta a wani gida na Fifth Avenue—a matsayin mai da hankali kan "jin daɗi mara sani" da "wuri mai tsabta da tsabta." <ref>{{Cite journal |date=May 1999 |title=1990s |journal=Architectural Digest |volume=56 |pages=449}}</ref> A cikin [https://www.nytimes.com/2025/03/15/arts/design/frick-collection-reopening.html Jaridar New York Times], mai sukar gine-gine Michael Kimmelman ya yaba da faɗaɗa Selldorf na Frick Collection, yana rubuta cewa "yana da matuƙar muhimmanci da kuma dabara kamar yadda mutum zai iya fata. A wasu lokutan, kamar a cikin sabon matattakalar marmara mai girma da kuma ɗakin taro mai iska, yana kwatanta waƙa." <ref name="auto1">{{Cite web |last=Kimmelman |first=Michael |last2=Barth |first2=Lila |date=March 15, 2025 |title=The Frick Glows With a Poetic, $220 Million Renovation |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2025/03/15/arts/design/frick-collection-reopening.html |via=NYTimes.com}}</ref> == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1960]] [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] 1xx2ddsmkfs98tm0ltdxjvq1a5hbzxb 0 163283 895393 2026-08-12T07:23:06Z Nnamadee 31123 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1133118769|Maria Schwarz]]" 895393 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Maria Schwarz''' (1921–2018) wata mai zane ce 'yar ƙasar Jamus kuma farfesa ce da aka fi sani da gine-ginen cocinta. An haifi Maria Lang a ranar 3 ga Oktoba, 1921 a Aachen, Jamus.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Nachrichten |first=Aachener |title=Aachen: Kirche St. Bonifatius: Ein Lichtberg im Schattendasein |url=https://www.aachener-nachrichten.de/lokales/aachen/kirche-st-bonifatius-ein-lichtberg-im-schattendasein_aid-30952089 |access-date=2019-04-06 |website=Aachener Nachrichten |language=de}}</ref> Mahaifinta, wanda ɗan kwangila ne, ya jawo sha'awarta ga gine-gine tun tana ƙarama. <ref name=":0">{{Cite web |last=GmbH |first=BauNetz Media |date=2018-02-16 |title=Unsere Bauten waren unsere Kinder – Zum Tod von Maria Schwarz (1921–2018) |url=https://www.baunetz.de/meldungen/Meldungen-Zum_Tod_von_Maria_Schwarz_1921-2018__5329159.html |access-date=2019-04-06 |website=BauNetz |language=de}}</ref> A shekarar 1941, Lang ta shiga Jami'ar RWTH Aachen, inda ta zama mace ta farko da ta karanci fannin gine-gine a makarantar. Ta kammala karatunta a jami'a da digiri na biyu a shekarar 1946. <ref name=":0" /> <ref>{{Cite web |title=Fakultät für Architektur: Zum Tod von Maria Schwarz |url=https://www.ar.tum.de/aktuell/news-singleview/article/zum-tod-von-maria-schwarz/ |access-date=2019-04-06 |website=www.ar.tum.de}}</ref> A shekarar 1949, Lang ya koma [[Köln|Cologne]] don taimakawa wajen sake gina birnin bayan Yaƙin Duniya na Biyu. A Cologne, Lang ta yi aiki tare da abokin aikinta Rudolf Schwarz, wanda ta aura a shekarar 1952. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Kirchen-Architektin Maria Schwarz mit 96 Jahren gestorben {{!}} DOMRADIO.DE |url=https://www.domradio.de/themen/erzbistum-koeln/2018-02-19/kirchen-architektin-maria-schwarz-mit-96-jahren-gestorben |access-date=2019-04-06 |website=www.domradio.de |language=de}}</ref> Bayan aurensu, Maria Schwartz ta zama abokiyar aiki a ofishin mijinta, inda ma'auratan suka yi aiki tare a kan ayyuka da dama har zuwa mutuwar Rudolf a shekarar 1961. <ref name=":1">{{Cite web |title=Professorenprofile: Schwarz_Maria |url=https://www.professoren.tum.de/en/honorary-professors/s/schwarz-maria/ |access-date=2019-04-06 |website=www.professoren.tum.de}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://www.professoren.tum.de/en/honorary-professors/s/schwarz-maria/ "Professorenprofile: Schwarz_Maria"]. ''www.professoren.tum.de''<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2019-04-06</span></span>.</cite></ref> <ref>{{Cite web |date=2016-04-13 |title=Unsere Bauten waren unsere Kinder |url=https://www.koelnarchitektur.de/pages/de/news-archive/14207.htm |access-date=2019-04-06 |website=koelnarchitektur.de |language=de-DE}}</ref> A shekarar 1998, Schwartz ya shiga jami'ar fasaha ta Munich . <ref name=":1">{{Cite web |title=Professorenprofile: Schwarz_Maria |url=https://www.professoren.tum.de/en/honorary-professors/s/schwarz-maria/ |access-date=2019-04-06 |website=www.professoren.tum.de}}</ref> Maria Schwarz ta mutu a ranar 15 ga Fabrairu, 2018. <ref name=":0">{{Cite web |last=GmbH |first=BauNetz Media |date=2018-02-16 |title=Unsere Bauten waren unsere Kinder – Zum Tod von Maria Schwarz (1921–2018) |url=https://www.baunetz.de/meldungen/Meldungen-Zum_Tod_von_Maria_Schwarz_1921-2018__5329159.html |access-date=2019-04-06 |website=BauNetz |language=de}}<cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFGmbH2018">GmbH, BauNetz Media (2018-02-16). [https://www.baunetz.de/meldungen/Meldungen-Zum_Tod_von_Maria_Schwarz_1921-2018__5329159.html "Unsere Bauten waren unsere Kinder – Zum Tod von Maria Schwarz (1921–2018)"]. ''BauNetz'' (in German)<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2019-04-06</span></span>.</cite> [[Category:CS1 German-language sources (de)]]</ref> == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Mutuwan 2018]] [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1921]] is1wqn59w1uf0wog5q17333sw0skl01 895394 895393 2026-08-12T07:23:28Z Nnamadee 31123 895394 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Maria Schwarz''' (1921–2018) wata mai zane ce 'yar ƙasar Jamus kuma farfesa ce da aka fi sani da gine-ginen cocinta. An haifi Maria Lang a ranar 3 ga Oktoba, 1921 a Aachen, Jamus.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Nachrichten |first=Aachener |title=Aachen: Kirche St. Bonifatius: Ein Lichtberg im Schattendasein |url=https://www.aachener-nachrichten.de/lokales/aachen/kirche-st-bonifatius-ein-lichtberg-im-schattendasein_aid-30952089 |access-date=2019-04-06 |website=Aachener Nachrichten |language=de}}</ref> Mahaifinta, wanda ɗan kwangila ne, ya jawo sha'awarta ga gine-gine tun tana ƙarama. <ref name=":0">{{Cite web |last=GmbH |first=BauNetz Media |date=2018-02-16 |title=Unsere Bauten waren unsere Kinder – Zum Tod von Maria Schwarz (1921–2018) |url=https://www.baunetz.de/meldungen/Meldungen-Zum_Tod_von_Maria_Schwarz_1921-2018__5329159.html |access-date=2019-04-06 |website=BauNetz |language=de}}</ref> A shekarar 1941, Lang ta shiga Jami'ar RWTH Aachen, inda ta zama mace ta farko da ta karanci fannin gine-gine a makarantar. Ta kammala karatunta a jami'a da digiri na biyu a shekarar 1946. <ref name=":0" /> <ref>{{Cite web |title=Fakultät für Architektur: Zum Tod von Maria Schwarz |url=https://www.ar.tum.de/aktuell/news-singleview/article/zum-tod-von-maria-schwarz/ |access-date=2019-04-06 |website=www.ar.tum.de}}</ref> A shekarar 1949, Lang ya koma [[Köln|Cologne]] don taimakawa wajen sake gina birnin bayan Yaƙin Duniya na Biyu. A Cologne, Lang ta yi aiki tare da abokin aikinta Rudolf Schwarz, wanda ta aura a shekarar 1952. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Kirchen-Architektin Maria Schwarz mit 96 Jahren gestorben {{!}} DOMRADIO.DE |url=https://www.domradio.de/themen/erzbistum-koeln/2018-02-19/kirchen-architektin-maria-schwarz-mit-96-jahren-gestorben |access-date=2019-04-06 |website=www.domradio.de |language=de}}</ref> Bayan aurensu, Maria Schwartz ta zama abokiyar aiki a ofishin mijinta, inda ma'auratan suka yi aiki tare a kan ayyuka da dama har zuwa mutuwar Rudolf a shekarar 1961. <ref name=":1">{{Cite web |title=Professorenprofile: Schwarz_Maria |url=https://www.professoren.tum.de/en/honorary-professors/s/schwarz-maria/ |access-date=2019-04-06 |website=www.professoren.tum.de}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://www.professoren.tum.de/en/honorary-professors/s/schwarz-maria/ "Professorenprofile: Schwarz_Maria"]. ''www.professoren.tum.de''<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2019-04-06</span></span>.</cite></ref> <ref>{{Cite web |date=2016-04-13 |title=Unsere Bauten waren unsere Kinder |url=https://www.koelnarchitektur.de/pages/de/news-archive/14207.htm |access-date=2019-04-06 |website=koelnarchitektur.de |language=de-DE}}</ref> A shekarar 1998, Schwartz ya shiga jami'ar fasaha ta Munich . <ref name=":1">{{Cite web |title=Professorenprofile: Schwarz_Maria |url=https://www.professoren.tum.de/en/honorary-professors/s/schwarz-maria/ |access-date=2019-04-06 |website=www.professoren.tum.de}}</ref> Maria Schwarz ta mutu a ranar 15 ga Fabrairu, 2018. <ref name=":0">{{Cite web |last=GmbH |first=BauNetz Media |date=2018-02-16 |title=Unsere Bauten waren unsere Kinder – Zum Tod von Maria Schwarz (1921–2018) |url=https://www.baunetz.de/meldungen/Meldungen-Zum_Tod_von_Maria_Schwarz_1921-2018__5329159.html |access-date=2019-04-06 |website=BauNetz |language=de}}<cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFGmbH2018">GmbH, BauNetz Media (2018-02-16). [https://www.baunetz.de/meldungen/Meldungen-Zum_Tod_von_Maria_Schwarz_1921-2018__5329159.html "Unsere Bauten waren unsere Kinder – Zum Tod von Maria Schwarz (1921–2018)"]. ''BauNetz'' (in German)<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2019-04-06</span></span>.</cite> [[Category:CS1 German-language sources (de)]]</ref> == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Mutuwan 2018]] [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1921]] p4g5pyypfimjxdhfub74apbqa21brki 0 163284 895395 2026-08-12T07:25:03Z Nnamadee 31123 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1300992881|Simone Nieweg]]" 895395 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Simone Nieweg''' (an haife ta a shekara ta 1962) mai ɗaukar hoto ce 'yar ƙasar Jamus. Tana ɗaukar hotunan yanayin noma a yankunan karkara na Jamus. Tana zaune kuma tana aiki a Düsseldorf. <ref name="kb">{{Cite web |title=Simone Nieweg Gärten/Felder 08 02 1229 04 12 |url=https://www.kunsthalle-bielefeld.de/index.php/ausstellungen/ruckblick/simone-nieweggartenfelder08-02-29-04-2012/ |access-date=2020-12-29 |website=Kunsthalle Bielefeld}}</ref> <ref name="theguardian-mcintosh">{{Cite web |last=McIntosh |first=Jacqui |date=25 September 2003 |title=Simone Nieweg, Goethe-Institut, London |url=http://www.theguardian.com/artanddesign/2003/sep/25/art |access-date=2020-12-29 |website=The Guardian}}</ref> <ref name="scienceandmediamuseum">{{Cite web |title=Simone Nieweg: Landscapes and Gardens |url=https://www.scienceandmediamuseum.org.uk/what-was-on/simone-nieweg-landscapes-and-gardens |access-date=2020-12-29 |website=National Science and Media Museum}}</ref> Ta yi nunin kayan tarihi kai kaɗai a Gidan Tarihi na Daukar Hoto, Fina-finai da Talabijin na Ƙasa da ke Bradford, Birtaniya <ref name="scienceandmediamuseum" /> da kuma a Kunsthalle Bielefeld, Jamus. <ref name="kb" /> Ana gudanar da ayyukan Nieweg a cikin tarin jama'a da dama, ciki har da Gidan Tarihi na Fasaha na Zamani na St. Louis, <ref name="camstl">{{Cite web |title=Contemporary Masterworks: St. Louis Collects |url=https://camstl.org/exhibitions/contemporary-masterworks-st-louis-collects/ |access-date=2020-12-29 |website=Contemporary Art Museum St. Louis}}</ref> Huis Marseille, Gidan Tarihi na Daukar Hoto, <ref name="huismarseille">{{Cite web |title=Simone Nieweg |url=https://huismarseille.nl/en/photographers/simone-nieweg/ |access-date=2020-12-29 |website=Huis Marseille}}</ref> Gidan Tarihi na Fasaha na Zamani a New York, <ref name="moma">{{Cite web |title=Simone Nieweg |url=https://www.moma.org/artists/26446 |access-date=2020-12-29 |website=The Museum of Modern Art}}</ref> Gidan Tarihi na Fasaha na Saint Louis, <ref name="slam">{{Cite web |title=Cabbage Field |url=https://www.slam.org/collection/objects/43035/ |access-date=2020-12-29 |website=Saint Louis Art Museum}}</ref> Gidan Tarihi na Fasaha na Zamani na San Francisco <ref name="sfmoma">{{Cite web |title=Nieweg, Simone |url=https://www.sfmoma.org/artist/simone_nieweg/ |access-date=2020-12-29 |website=SFMOMA}}</ref> da Gidan Tarihi na Victoria da Albert . <ref name="va">{{Cite web |title=Search the Collections |url=http://collections.vam.ac.uk/name/nieweg-simone/A13334/ |access-date=2020-12-29 |website=Victoria and Albert Museum}}</ref> == Rayuwa da aiki == An haifi Nieweg a [[Bielefeld]], Ostwestfalen-Lippe, North Rhine-Westphalia, Jamus. <ref name="kb">{{Cite web |title=Simone Nieweg Gärten/Felder 08 02 1229 04 12 |url=https://www.kunsthalle-bielefeld.de/index.php/ausstellungen/ruckblick/simone-nieweggartenfelder08-02-29-04-2012/ |access-date=2020-12-29 |website=Kunsthalle Bielefeld}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://www.kunsthalle-bielefeld.de/index.php/ausstellungen/ruckblick/simone-nieweggartenfelder08-02-29-04-2012/ "Simone Nieweg Gärten/Felder 08 02 1229 04 12"]. ''Kunsthalle Bielefeld''<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2020-12-29</span></span>.</cite></ref> Ta halarci Kunstakademie Düsseldorf tsakanin 1984 da 1990, inda ta yi karatu a ƙarƙashin Bernd Becher . Ta kammala karatunta a matsayin babban ɗalibinsa. <ref name="theguardian-mcintosh">{{Cite web |last=McIntosh |first=Jacqui |date=25 September 2003 |title=Simone Nieweg, Goethe-Institut, London |url=http://www.theguardian.com/artanddesign/2003/sep/25/art |access-date=2020-12-29 |website=The Guardian}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFMcIntosh2003">McIntosh, Jacqui (25 September 2003). [https://www.theguardian.com/artanddesign/2003/sep/25/art "Simone Nieweg, Goethe-Institut, London"]. ''The Guardian''<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2020-12-29</span></span>.</cite></ref> <ref>{{Cite web |date=11 May 2014 |title=Simone Nieweg |url=https://galleryluisotti.com/artists/simone-nieweg/ |access-date=2020-12-29 |website=galleryluisotti.com}}</ref> Tana amfani da babbar kyamarar tsari . <ref name="kb">{{Cite web |title=Simone Nieweg Gärten/Felder 08 02 1229 04 12 |url=https://www.kunsthalle-bielefeld.de/index.php/ausstellungen/ruckblick/simone-nieweggartenfelder08-02-29-04-2012/ |access-date=2020-12-29 |website=Kunsthalle Bielefeld}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://www.kunsthalle-bielefeld.de/index.php/ausstellungen/ruckblick/simone-nieweggartenfelder08-02-29-04-2012/ "Simone Nieweg Gärten/Felder 08 02 1229 04 12"]. ''Kunsthalle Bielefeld''<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2020-12-29</span></span>.</cite></ref> Tana cikin ɗaliban Becher na ƙarni na biyu. Daga 2005 zuwa 2006, Nieweg ya kasance mai zane a zaune a Cité internationale des arts, a [[Faris|Paris]] . Daukar hoto na Nieweg ya dogara ne akan yanayi. Mutane ba sa cikin hotunanta. Mutanenta suna kama da masu natsuwa da ƙauye: gonaki ne, filayen kiwo, gonaki, filayen hatsi, facin kayan lambu; akwai kuma kabewa, kabeji mai ɗanɗano da turnips, tare da shingen lambu da rumfunan lambu. Tsakanin 1986 da 2012, Nieweg ya binciko "al'adar Jamusawa ta "Grabeland," wani tsarin lambu na musamman na al'umma da ake yi a gefen biranen." <ref name="slam">{{Cite web |title=Cabbage Field |url=https://www.slam.org/collection/objects/43035/ |access-date=2020-12-29 |website=Saint Louis Art Museum}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://www.slam.org/collection/objects/43035/ "Cabbage Field"]. ''Saint Louis Art Museum''<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2020-12-29</span></span>.</cite></ref> Ta "ɗauki hoton yanayin noma da aka samu a gefen garuruwa da yankunan masana'antu a Rühr da Lower Rhine. Filayen da ba a yi amfani da su ba, waɗanda aka yi hayar su na tsawon shekara ɗaya, ana mayar da su wuraren da aka shuka su da yawa, bayan haka ana noma su kuma a bar su ba tare da an yi musu iri ba." <ref name="theguardian-mcintosh">{{Cite web |last=McIntosh |first=Jacqui |date=25 September 2003 |title=Simone Nieweg, Goethe-Institut, London |url=http://www.theguardian.com/artanddesign/2003/sep/25/art |access-date=2020-12-29 |website=The Guardian}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFMcIntosh2003">McIntosh, Jacqui (25 September 2003). [https://www.theguardian.com/artanddesign/2003/sep/25/art "Simone Nieweg, Goethe-Institut, London"]. ''The Guardian''<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2020-12-29</span></span>.</cite></ref> Saboda yanayin haya na ɗan lokaci, masu haya ba sa gina bukkoki na dindindin da rumfunan ajiya masu ƙarfi, kamar yadda aka saba a lambunan raba gidaje, amma suna amfani da ƙananan hanyoyi don haɗa ƙananan rumfunan ajiya masu girgiza don kayan aiki. <ref name="kb">{{Cite web |title=Simone Nieweg Gärten/Felder 08 02 1229 04 12 |url=https://www.kunsthalle-bielefeld.de/index.php/ausstellungen/ruckblick/simone-nieweggartenfelder08-02-29-04-2012/ |access-date=2020-12-29 |website=Kunsthalle Bielefeld}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://www.kunsthalle-bielefeld.de/index.php/ausstellungen/ruckblick/simone-nieweggartenfelder08-02-29-04-2012/ "Simone Nieweg Gärten/Felder 08 02 1229 04 12"]. ''Kunsthalle Bielefeld''<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2020-12-29</span></span>.</cite></ref> "Nieweg tana ɗaukar hotunan batutuwa kamar ƙofofi, filaye da wuraren zama. Duk suna nuna keɓancewar mutum, suna nuna halayen masu su: rumfunan da aka riƙe tare da waya da ƙarfe mai laushi waɗanda aka haɗa su ba zato ba tsammani a kan firam ɗin katako; gine-gine masu lalacewa, waɗanda, duk da rashin dawwama, an gina su da kyau." <ref name="theguardian-mcintosh" /> An buga wannan aikin a cikin littattafan ''Felder und Gärten'' (1996), ''Grabeland'' (2001), ''Landschaften und Gartenstücke'' (2002) da ''Nature Man-Made'' (2012). == Littattafai == === Littattafan aiki na Nieweg === * ''Felder da Gärten.'' {{Interlanguage link|Westfälischer Kunstverein|de}}, Münster, 1996,{{ISBN|3-925047-37-9}} . Tare da rubutu daga Volker Kahmen. * ''Grabeland.'' Bonn: Rheinisches Landesmuseum Bonn, 2001. Tare da rubutu daga Christoph Schaden. * ''Landschaften da Gartenstücke.'' . Munich: Schirmer/Mosel, 2002.{{ISBN|978-3-8296-0040-8}}[[ISBN (identifier)|ISBN]]&nbsp;[[Special:BookSources/978-3-8296-0040-8|<bdi>978-3-8296-0040-8</bdi>]] . Tare da rubuce-rubuce daga Els Barents, Saskia Asser da Andrea Domelse. * ''Halittar Maza'' . Munich: Schirmer/Mosel, 2012. Tare da rubutu daga Heinz Liesbrock. <ref name="zeit">{{Cite web |title=Lesen Sie zeit.de mit Werbung oder im PUR-Abo. Sie haben die Wahl. |url=https://www.zeit.de/zustimmung?url=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.zeit.de%2Flebensart%2F2012-03%2Ffs-simone-nieweg-natur-menschen |access-date=2020-12-29 |website=Die Zeit}}</ref> ** ''Halittar da aka yi da ɗan adam'' . Munich: Schirmer/Mosel, 2012.{{ISBN|978-3-8296-0583-0}}[[ISBN (identifier)|ISBN]]&nbsp;[[Special:BookSources/978-3-8296-0583-0|<bdi>978-3-8296-0583-0</bdi>]] . * ''Der Wald, Die Bäume, Das Licht: Photographien'' . Munich: Schirmer/Mosel, 2016.{{ISBN|978-3-8296-0750-6}}[[ISBN (identifier)|ISBN]]&nbsp;[[Special:BookSources/978-3-8296-0750-6|<bdi>978-3-8296-0750-6</bdi>]] . == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1962]] [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] ld7exi974j1f2wree6ap8p1f3ukbamf 895396 895395 2026-08-12T07:25:47Z Nnamadee 31123 895396 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Simone Nieweg''' (an haife ta a shekara ta 1962) mai ɗaukar hoto ce 'yar ƙasar Jamus. Tana ɗaukar hotunan yanayin noma a yankunan karkara na Jamus. Tana zaune kuma tana aiki a Düsseldorf. <ref name="kb">{{Cite web |title=Simone Nieweg Gärten/Felder 08 02 1229 04 12 |url=https://www.kunsthalle-bielefeld.de/index.php/ausstellungen/ruckblick/simone-nieweggartenfelder08-02-29-04-2012/ |access-date=2020-12-29 |website=Kunsthalle Bielefeld}}</ref> <ref name="theguardian-mcintosh">{{Cite web |last=McIntosh |first=Jacqui |date=25 September 2003 |title=Simone Nieweg, Goethe-Institut, London |url=http://www.theguardian.com/artanddesign/2003/sep/25/art |access-date=2020-12-29 |website=The Guardian}}</ref> <ref name="scienceandmediamuseum">{{Cite web |title=Simone Nieweg: Landscapes and Gardens |url=https://www.scienceandmediamuseum.org.uk/what-was-on/simone-nieweg-landscapes-and-gardens |access-date=2020-12-29 |website=National Science and Media Museum}}</ref> Ta yi nunin kayan tarihi kai kaɗai a Gidan Tarihi na Daukar Hoto, Fina-finai da Talabijin na Ƙasa da ke Bradford, Birtaniya <ref name="scienceandmediamuseum" /> da kuma a Kunsthalle Bielefeld, Jamus. <ref name="kb" /> Ana gudanar da ayyukan Nieweg a cikin tarin jama'a da dama, ciki har da Gidan Tarihi na Fasaha na Zamani na St. Louis, <ref name="camstl">{{Cite web |title=Contemporary Masterworks: St. Louis Collects |url=https://camstl.org/exhibitions/contemporary-masterworks-st-louis-collects/ |access-date=2020-12-29 |website=Contemporary Art Museum St. Louis}}</ref> Huis Marseille, Gidan Tarihi na Daukar Hoto, <ref name="huismarseille">{{Cite web |title=Simone Nieweg |url=https://huismarseille.nl/en/photographers/simone-nieweg/ |access-date=2020-12-29 |website=Huis Marseille}}</ref> Gidan Tarihi na Fasaha na Zamani a New York, <ref name="moma">{{Cite web |title=Simone Nieweg |url=https://www.moma.org/artists/26446 |access-date=2020-12-29 |website=The Museum of Modern Art}}</ref> Gidan Tarihi na Fasaha na Saint Louis, <ref name="slam">{{Cite web |title=Cabbage Field |url=https://www.slam.org/collection/objects/43035/ |access-date=2020-12-29 |website=Saint Louis Art Museum}}</ref> Gidan Tarihi na Fasaha na Zamani na San Francisco <ref name="sfmoma">{{Cite web |title=Nieweg, Simone |url=https://www.sfmoma.org/artist/simone_nieweg/ |access-date=2020-12-29 |website=SFMOMA}}</ref> da Gidan Tarihi na Victoria da Albert . <ref name="va">{{Cite web |title=Search the Collections |url=http://collections.vam.ac.uk/name/nieweg-simone/A13334/ |access-date=2020-12-29 |website=Victoria and Albert Museum}}</ref> == Rayuwa da aiki == An haifi Nieweg a [[Bielefeld]], Ostwestfalen-Lippe, North Rhine-Westphalia, Jamus. <ref name="kb">{{Cite web |title=Simone Nieweg Gärten/Felder 08 02 1229 04 12 |url=https://www.kunsthalle-bielefeld.de/index.php/ausstellungen/ruckblick/simone-nieweggartenfelder08-02-29-04-2012/ |access-date=2020-12-29 |website=Kunsthalle Bielefeld}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://www.kunsthalle-bielefeld.de/index.php/ausstellungen/ruckblick/simone-nieweggartenfelder08-02-29-04-2012/ "Simone Nieweg Gärten/Felder 08 02 1229 04 12"]. ''Kunsthalle Bielefeld''<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2020-12-29</span></span>.</cite></ref> Ta halarci Kunstakademie Düsseldorf tsakanin 1984 da 1990, inda ta yi karatu a ƙarƙashin Bernd Becher . Ta kammala karatunta a matsayin babban ɗalibinsa. <ref name="theguardian-mcintosh">{{Cite web |last=McIntosh |first=Jacqui |date=25 September 2003 |title=Simone Nieweg, Goethe-Institut, London |url=http://www.theguardian.com/artanddesign/2003/sep/25/art |access-date=2020-12-29 |website=The Guardian}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFMcIntosh2003">McIntosh, Jacqui (25 September 2003). [https://www.theguardian.com/artanddesign/2003/sep/25/art "Simone Nieweg, Goethe-Institut, London"]. ''The Guardian''<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2020-12-29</span></span>.</cite></ref> <ref>{{Cite web |date=11 May 2014 |title=Simone Nieweg |url=https://galleryluisotti.com/artists/simone-nieweg/ |access-date=2020-12-29 |website=galleryluisotti.com}}</ref> Tana amfani da babbar kyamarar tsari . <ref name="kb">{{Cite web |title=Simone Nieweg Gärten/Felder 08 02 1229 04 12 |url=https://www.kunsthalle-bielefeld.de/index.php/ausstellungen/ruckblick/simone-nieweggartenfelder08-02-29-04-2012/ |access-date=2020-12-29 |website=Kunsthalle Bielefeld}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://www.kunsthalle-bielefeld.de/index.php/ausstellungen/ruckblick/simone-nieweggartenfelder08-02-29-04-2012/ "Simone Nieweg Gärten/Felder 08 02 1229 04 12"]. ''Kunsthalle Bielefeld''<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2020-12-29</span></span>.</cite></ref> Tana cikin ɗaliban Becher na ƙarni na biyu. Daga 2005 zuwa 2006, Nieweg ya kasance mai zane a zaune a Cité internationale des arts, a [[Faris|Paris]] . Daukar hoto na Nieweg ya dogara ne akan yanayi. Mutane ba sa cikin hotunanta. Mutanenta suna kama da masu natsuwa da ƙauye: gonaki ne, filayen kiwo, gonaki, filayen hatsi, facin kayan lambu; akwai kuma kabewa, kabeji mai ɗanɗano da turnips, tare da shingen lambu da rumfunan lambu. Tsakanin 1986 da 2012, Nieweg ya binciko "al'adar Jamusawa ta "Grabeland," wani tsarin lambu na musamman na al'umma da ake yi a gefen biranen." <ref name="slam">{{Cite web |title=Cabbage Field |url=https://www.slam.org/collection/objects/43035/ |access-date=2020-12-29 |website=Saint Louis Art Museum}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://www.slam.org/collection/objects/43035/ "Cabbage Field"]. ''Saint Louis Art Museum''<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2020-12-29</span></span>.</cite></ref> Ta "ɗauki hoton yanayin noma da aka samu a gefen garuruwa da yankunan masana'antu a Rühr da Lower Rhine. Filayen da ba a yi amfani da su ba, waɗanda aka yi hayar su na tsawon shekara ɗaya, ana mayar da su wuraren da aka shuka su da yawa, bayan haka ana noma su kuma a bar su ba tare da an yi musu iri ba." <ref name="theguardian-mcintosh">{{Cite web |last=McIntosh |first=Jacqui |date=25 September 2003 |title=Simone Nieweg, Goethe-Institut, London |url=http://www.theguardian.com/artanddesign/2003/sep/25/art |access-date=2020-12-29 |website=The Guardian}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFMcIntosh2003">McIntosh, Jacqui (25 September 2003). [https://www.theguardian.com/artanddesign/2003/sep/25/art "Simone Nieweg, Goethe-Institut, London"]. ''The Guardian''<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2020-12-29</span></span>.</cite></ref> Saboda yanayin haya na ɗan lokaci, masu haya ba sa gina bukkoki na dindindin da rumfunan ajiya masu ƙarfi, kamar yadda aka saba a lambunan raba gidaje, amma suna amfani da ƙananan hanyoyi don haɗa ƙananan rumfunan ajiya masu girgiza don kayan aiki. <ref name="kb">{{Cite web |title=Simone Nieweg Gärten/Felder 08 02 1229 04 12 |url=https://www.kunsthalle-bielefeld.de/index.php/ausstellungen/ruckblick/simone-nieweggartenfelder08-02-29-04-2012/ |access-date=2020-12-29 |website=Kunsthalle Bielefeld}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://www.kunsthalle-bielefeld.de/index.php/ausstellungen/ruckblick/simone-nieweggartenfelder08-02-29-04-2012/ "Simone Nieweg Gärten/Felder 08 02 1229 04 12"]. ''Kunsthalle Bielefeld''<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2020-12-29</span></span>.</cite></ref> "Nieweg tana ɗaukar hotunan batutuwa kamar ƙofofi, filaye da wuraren zama. Duk suna nuna keɓancewar mutum, suna nuna halayen masu su: rumfunan da aka riƙe tare da waya da ƙarfe mai laushi waɗanda aka haɗa su ba zato ba tsammani a kan firam ɗin katako; gine-gine masu lalacewa, waɗanda, duk da rashin dawwama, an gina su da kyau." <ref name="theguardian-mcintosh" /> An buga wannan aikin a cikin littattafan ''Felder und Gärten'' (1996), ''Grabeland'' (2001), ''Landschaften und Gartenstücke'' (2002) da ''Nature Man-Made'' (2012). == Littattafai == === Littattafan aiki na Nieweg === * ''Felder da Gärten.'' {{Interlanguage link|Westfälischer Kunstverein|de}}, Münster, 1996,{{ISBN|3-925047-37-9}} . Tare da rubutu daga Volker Kahmen. * ''Grabeland.'' Bonn: Rheinisches Landesmuseum Bonn, 2001. Tare da rubutu daga Christoph Schaden. * ''Landschaften da Gartenstücke.'' . Munich: Schirmer/Mosel, 2002.{{ISBN|978-3-8296-0040-8}}[[ISBN (identifier)|ISBN]]&nbsp;[[Special:BookSources/978-3-8296-0040-8|<bdi>978-3-8296-0040-8</bdi>]] . Tare da rubuce-rubuce daga Els Barents, Saskia Asser da Andrea Domelse. * ''Halittar Maza'' . Munich: Schirmer/Mosel, 2012. Tare da rubutu daga Heinz Liesbrock. <ref name="zeit">{{Cite web |title=Lesen Sie zeit.de mit Werbung oder im PUR-Abo. Sie haben die Wahl. |url=https://www.zeit.de/zustimmung?url=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.zeit.de%2Flebensart%2F2012-03%2Ffs-simone-nieweg-natur-menschen |access-date=2020-12-29 |website=Die Zeit}}</ref> ** ''Halittar da aka yi da ɗan adam'' . Munich: Schirmer/Mosel, 2012.{{ISBN|978-3-8296-0583-0}}[[ISBN (identifier)|ISBN]]&nbsp;[[Special:BookSources/978-3-8296-0583-0|<bdi>978-3-8296-0583-0</bdi>]] . * ''Der Wald, Die Bäume, Das Licht: Photographien'' . Munich: Schirmer/Mosel, 2016.{{ISBN|978-3-8296-0750-6}}[[ISBN (identifier)|ISBN]]&nbsp;[[Special:BookSources/978-3-8296-0750-6|<bdi>978-3-8296-0750-6</bdi>]] . == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1962]] [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] h1l4ijbufzovh1ne7nyts4cd6j37aku 0 163285 895397 2026-08-12T07:27:01Z Nnamadee 31123 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1225724103|Dörte Gatermann]]" 895397 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Fayil:Koeln_triangle.png|thumb| Hasumiyar Cologne Triangle wadda Dörte Gatermann ya tsara]] '''Dörte Gatermann''' (an haife shi a shekara ta 1956, [[Hamburg]] ) wani [[Masanin gine-gine da zane|mai zane ne]] na ƙasar Jamus wanda aka fi sani da tsara Hasumiyar Triangle a [[Köln|Cologne]] . == Rayuwar farko == An haifi Dörte Gatermann a shekara ta 1956 a [[Hamburg]], [[Jamus]] . Mahaifiyar Gatermann ta rasu tun tana ƙarama, kuma mahaifinta mai zane ne ya rene ta. <ref name="Gatermann" /> Ta ci gaba da karatu a Jami'ar Fasaha ta Braunschweig da kuma a RWTH Aachen inda ta yi karatu a ƙarƙashin mai zane mai suna Gottfried Böhm wanda ya lashe kyautar Pritzker. <ref name="Gatermann" /> Bayan ta yi aiki cikin nasara a matsayin shugabar aikin Böhm's Züblin House a [[Stuttgart]] yayin da take ɗaliba, ta shafe shekaru biyar masu zuwa tana yi masa aiki a matsayin shugabar ayyuka bayan kammala karatunta. <ref name="Baeck">[http://koeln-bonn.business-on.de/professor-doerte-gatermann-interview-powerfrau-triangle-turm-_id17412.html Karin Bäck, "Interview mit Professor Dörte Gatermann: Architektin ohne Höhenangst"], ''koeln-bonn.business-on.de''. {{In lang|de}} Retrieved 7 February 2012.</ref> == Sana'a == A shekarar 1984, tare da abokin aikinta [[Elmar Schossig]], wanda daga baya ta auri, Gatermann ta buɗe kamfanin gine-gine nata a Cologne, ''Gatermann + Schossig'' . Bayan wasu ƙananan ayyuka, manyan kwamitoci sun bayyana wanda ya sanya kamfanin ya zama ɗaya daga cikin kamfanonin gine-gine mafi kirkire-kirkire da nasara a Jamus. Zuwa shekarar 2009, lokacin da Schossig ya mutu, sun aiwatar da ayyuka kusan 50. A shekara ta 2002, bayan an ba ta matsayi daban-daban na farfesa, Gatermann ta hau kujera a Technische Universität Darmstadt inda ta koyar har zuwa 2007, daga ƙarshe ta yanke shawarar mai da hankali kan harkokin kasuwancinta a Cologne. Ɗaya daga cikin nasarorin da ta samu mafi ban mamaki a Darmstadt shine shirya gidan tarihi na mata da ake kira "Hall of Fame", gami da baje kolin tafiye-tafiye da ta tsara wa mai ɗaukar hoto [[Bettina Flitner]] . <ref name="Baeck">[http://koeln-bonn.business-on.de/professor-doerte-gatermann-interview-powerfrau-triangle-turm-_id17412.html Karin Bäck, "Interview mit Professor Dörte Gatermann: Architektin ohne Höhenangst"], ''koeln-bonn.business-on.de''. {{In lang|de}} Retrieved 7 February 2012.</ref> Babban aikin Gatermann shine Hasumiyar Triangle, mai tsayin kusan mita 103. An ba ta wannan kwamiti ne lokacin da take da shekaru 47 kacal, yanzu ta bayyana da farin cikinta: "Na nuna cewa ba wai maza kaɗai za su iya gina manyan gine-gine ba, har ma ni ma zan iya." A shekara ta 2006, an ba kamfanin gine-gine na Gatermann + Schossig kyautar kamfanin gilashin Pilkington "Synthesis - Architect and Industry" saboda kirkire-kirkire a fannin gine-gine sakamakon amfani da gilashi mai kyau a ginin Triangle. <ref name="Koeln" /> Sauran ayyukan da Gatermann ta yi sun haɗa da Bayenturm, wani hasumiya mai tarihi a ƙarni na 13 a tsakiyar Cologne wadda ta gyara, ta gyara kuma ta faɗaɗa a shekarun 1990, gidanta da ta kammala a shekara ta 2000 (ɗaya daga cikin gine-gine kaɗan da ta yi aiki tare da mijinta) da kuma wurin baje kolin da ta tsara kwanan nan don Gidan Tarihi na Romawa a Wurin Tarihi na Tarihi da ke Xanten . <ref name="emma">[http://www.emma.de/hefte/emma-ausgaben-2004/januarfebruar-2004/doerte-gatermann Alice Schwarzer, "Dörte Gatermann: Start gen Himmel"], ''EMMA'', Januar/Februar 2004. {{In lang|de}} Retrieved 7 February 2012.</ref> == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1956]] 7p2qo14ncovu395pli2s4pjnmh1rnur 895398 895397 2026-08-12T07:27:25Z Nnamadee 31123 895398 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} [[Fayil:Koeln_triangle.png|thumb| Hasumiyar Cologne Triangle wadda Dörte Gatermann ya tsara]] '''Dörte Gatermann''' (an haife shi a shekara ta 1956, [[Hamburg]] ) wani [[Masanin gine-gine da zane|mai zane ne]] na ƙasar Jamus wanda aka fi sani da tsara Hasumiyar Triangle a [[Köln|Cologne]] . == Rayuwar farko == An haifi Dörte Gatermann a shekara ta 1956 a [[Hamburg]], [[Jamus]] . Mahaifiyar Gatermann ta rasu tun tana ƙarama, kuma mahaifinta mai zane ne ya rene ta. <ref name="Gatermann" /> Ta ci gaba da karatu a Jami'ar Fasaha ta Braunschweig da kuma a RWTH Aachen inda ta yi karatu a ƙarƙashin mai zane mai suna Gottfried Böhm wanda ya lashe kyautar Pritzker. <ref name="Gatermann" /> Bayan ta yi aiki cikin nasara a matsayin shugabar aikin Böhm's Züblin House a [[Stuttgart]] yayin da take ɗaliba, ta shafe shekaru biyar masu zuwa tana yi masa aiki a matsayin shugabar ayyuka bayan kammala karatunta. <ref name="Baeck">[http://koeln-bonn.business-on.de/professor-doerte-gatermann-interview-powerfrau-triangle-turm-_id17412.html Karin Bäck, "Interview mit Professor Dörte Gatermann: Architektin ohne Höhenangst"], ''koeln-bonn.business-on.de''. {{In lang|de}} Retrieved 7 February 2012.</ref> == Sana'a == A shekarar 1984, tare da abokin aikinta [[Elmar Schossig]], wanda daga baya ta auri, Gatermann ta buɗe kamfanin gine-gine nata a Cologne, ''Gatermann + Schossig'' . Bayan wasu ƙananan ayyuka, manyan kwamitoci sun bayyana wanda ya sanya kamfanin ya zama ɗaya daga cikin kamfanonin gine-gine mafi kirkire-kirkire da nasara a Jamus. Zuwa shekarar 2009, lokacin da Schossig ya mutu, sun aiwatar da ayyuka kusan 50. A shekara ta 2002, bayan an ba ta matsayi daban-daban na farfesa, Gatermann ta hau kujera a Technische Universität Darmstadt inda ta koyar har zuwa 2007, daga ƙarshe ta yanke shawarar mai da hankali kan harkokin kasuwancinta a Cologne. Ɗaya daga cikin nasarorin da ta samu mafi ban mamaki a Darmstadt shine shirya gidan tarihi na mata da ake kira "Hall of Fame", gami da baje kolin tafiye-tafiye da ta tsara wa mai ɗaukar hoto [[Bettina Flitner]] . <ref name="Baeck">[http://koeln-bonn.business-on.de/professor-doerte-gatermann-interview-powerfrau-triangle-turm-_id17412.html Karin Bäck, "Interview mit Professor Dörte Gatermann: Architektin ohne Höhenangst"], ''koeln-bonn.business-on.de''. {{In lang|de}} Retrieved 7 February 2012.</ref> Babban aikin Gatermann shine Hasumiyar Triangle, mai tsayin kusan mita 103. An ba ta wannan kwamiti ne lokacin da take da shekaru 47 kacal, yanzu ta bayyana da farin cikinta: "Na nuna cewa ba wai maza kaɗai za su iya gina manyan gine-gine ba, har ma ni ma zan iya." A shekara ta 2006, an ba kamfanin gine-gine na Gatermann + Schossig kyautar kamfanin gilashin Pilkington "Synthesis - Architect and Industry" saboda kirkire-kirkire a fannin gine-gine sakamakon amfani da gilashi mai kyau a ginin Triangle. <ref name="Koeln" /> Sauran ayyukan da Gatermann ta yi sun haɗa da Bayenturm, wani hasumiya mai tarihi a ƙarni na 13 a tsakiyar Cologne wadda ta gyara, ta gyara kuma ta faɗaɗa a shekarun 1990, gidanta da ta kammala a shekara ta 2000 (ɗaya daga cikin gine-gine kaɗan da ta yi aiki tare da mijinta) da kuma wurin baje kolin da ta tsara kwanan nan don Gidan Tarihi na Romawa a Wurin Tarihi na Tarihi da ke Xanten . <ref name="emma">[http://www.emma.de/hefte/emma-ausgaben-2004/januarfebruar-2004/doerte-gatermann Alice Schwarzer, "Dörte Gatermann: Start gen Himmel"], ''EMMA'', Januar/Februar 2004. {{In lang|de}} Retrieved 7 February 2012.</ref> == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1956]] 8c4jex0d4fl66enpugq81mff2ppvzw7 0 163286 895399 2026-08-12T07:29:40Z Nnamadee 31123 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1342481518|Lotte Stam-Beese]]" 895399 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Charlotte Ida Anna "Lotte" Stam-Beese''' (28 Janairu 1903 - 18 Nuwamba 1988) ƙwararren mai zane ne [[Jamus|na Jamus-Holand]], mai ɗaukar hoto kuma mai tsara birane wanda ya taimaka wajen sake gina [[Rotterdam]] bayan [[Yaƙin Duniya na II|Yaƙin Duniya na Biyu]]. == Tarihin Rayuwa == An haifi Beese a Reisicht, Silesia, Jamus (yanzu Rokitki, [[Poland]] ). <ref name="bauhaus">{{Cite web |title=Lotte Beese (-Stam) |url=http://bauhaus-online.de/en/atlas/personen/lotte-beese-stam |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150705021811/http://bauhaus-online.de/en/atlas/personen/lotte-beese-stam |archive-date=5 July 2015 |access-date=31 May 2015 |website=Bauhaus Online}}</ref> Tun tana ƙarama ta fara samun aiki a matsayin [[Saƙa|mai saƙa]] a [[Dresden]].<ref name="bauhaus" /> <ref name=":0">{{Cite journal |last=Bosma |first=John |year=2014 |title=Beese, Charlotte Ida Anna |url=http://resources.huygens.knaw.nl/vrouwenlexicon/lemmata/data/Beese |journal=Digitaal Vrouwenlexicon van Nederland}}</ref> Kafin ta fara aikinta a matsayin mai zane-zane, Beese ta kasance mai daukar hoto mai nasara. Duk da cewa ta yi aiki da kamfanin ne kawai na ɗan gajeren lokaci daga 1926 zuwa 1930, aikinta yana da tasiri mai yawa kuma yanzu ana adana shi a cikin tarin Gidan Tarihi na Fasaha na Zamani da ke New York, <ref name="moma">{{Cite web |last=Sands |first=Audrey |title=Lotte (Charlotte) Beese |url=http://www.moma.org/interactives/objectphoto/artists/24396.html |website=Moma.org}}</ref> Gidan Tarihi na Arthur M. Sackler ,{{Ana bukatan hujja|date=June 2015}} Gidan Tarihi na J. Paul Getty <ref>{{Cite web |title=Lotte Beese (German, 1903 – 1988) (Getty Museum) |url=http://www.getty.edu/art/collection/artists/1367/lotte-beese-german-1903-1988/}}</ref> Gidan Tarihi na Fasaha na Houston, <ref name="MFAH">{{Cite web |title=Lotte Stam-Beese: Otti Berger and Atelierhaus |url=https://emuseum.mfah.org/objects/73781/otti-berger-and-atelierhaus |website=mfah.org}}</ref> da Gidan Tarihi na Fasaha na Gundumar Los Angeles . <ref>{{Cite web |title=Katt Both {{!}} LACMA Collections |url=https://collections.lacma.org/node/196598 |access-date=2022-05-29 |website=collections.lacma.org}}</ref> Daga shekarar 1926 zuwa 1928 ta halarci makarantar [[Bauhaus]] da ke Dessau. A cikin shekaru masu zuwa na lokacin yaƙin basasar, ta yi aiki a ofis a Berlin, Moscow, Ukraine, Brno, da Amsterdam. Daga 1946 zuwa 1968, Beese ya yi aiki a matsayin mai tsara birane, daga baya kuma ya zama babban mai tsara gine-gine, na Hukumar Raya Birane da Sake Gina Rotterdam, wadda aka yi mata ruwan bama-bamai sosai a shekarar 1940 a lokacin Yaƙin Duniya na Biyu. <ref name=":1">{{Cite journal |last=Oosterhof |first=J. |year=2017 |title=Lotte Stam-Beese (1903–1988) : from 'Entwurfsarchitektin' to urban-planning architect. |url=https://pure.tue.nl/ws/portalfiles/portal/71366190/A_U_1_2_2017_Oosterhof.pdf |journal=Architektúra & Urbanizmus |volume=51 |issue=1–2 |pages=94–105}}</ref> == Aiki == === Makarantar Bauhaus === [[Fayil:Hannes_Meyer_1928.png|thumb| Hannes Meyer a shekarar 1928.]] Tun daga shekarar 1926, ta halarci makarantar [[Bauhaus]], inda ta yi karatu tare da Josef Albers, Wassily Kandinsky, Joost Schmidt, da [[Gunta Stölzl]] . Ta yi rajista don yin karatun fannin sakar mata, amma daga baya, an karɓe Beese a cikin kwas ɗin gine-gine daga Hannes Meyer a matsayin mace ta farko da ta yi karatu a sashen gine-gine na [[Bauhaus Dessau]] . Idan aka kwatanta da wanda ya gabace shi, Meyer bai nuna wariya ba game da ra'ayin mata na nazarin darussan da maza suka mamaye kuma a da aka keɓe su ga maza. <ref name=":1">{{Cite journal |last=Oosterhof |first=J. |year=2017 |title=Lotte Stam-Beese (1903–1988) : from 'Entwurfsarchitektin' to urban-planning architect. |url=https://pure.tue.nl/ws/portalfiles/portal/71366190/A_U_1_2_2017_Oosterhof.pdf |journal=Architektúra & Urbanizmus |volume=51 |issue=1–2 |pages=94–105}}<cite class="citation journal cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFOosterhof2017">Oosterhof, J. (2017). [https://pure.tue.nl/ws/portalfiles/portal/71366190/A_U_1_2_2017_Oosterhof.pdf "Lotte Stam-Beese (1903–1988) : from 'Entwurfsarchitektin' to urban-planning architect"] <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. ''Architektúra & Urbanizmus''. '''51''' (<span class="nowrap">1–</span>2): <span class="nowrap">94–</span>105.</cite></ref> Beese ɗaliba ce mai kyau amma Meyer ba ta gamsu da makomar Beese ba, sai dai idan ta auri mai zane-zane namiji ta yi aiki a kamfaninsa. Meyer, daraktan Bauhaus kuma wani mutum mai aure da 'ya'ya biyu, kuma Beese ya fara soyayya. <ref name=":0">{{Cite journal |last=Bosma |first=John |year=2014 |title=Beese, Charlotte Ida Anna |url=http://resources.huygens.knaw.nl/vrouwenlexicon/lemmata/data/Beese |journal=Digitaal Vrouwenlexicon van Nederland}}<cite class="citation journal cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFBosma2014">Bosma, John (2014). [http://resources.huygens.knaw.nl/vrouwenlexicon/lemmata/data/Beese "Beese, Charlotte Ida Anna"]. ''Digitaal Vrouwenlexicon van Nederland''.</cite></ref> Duk da yanayin makarantar mai sassaucin ra'ayi, ba a amince da wannan lamari ba, kuma a watan Disamba na 1928, Meyer ta ba Beese shawarar ta bar Bauhaus, wanda ta yi. <ref name=":0" /> <ref>{{Cite web |last=RKD – Nederland Instituut voor Kunstgeschiedenis |date=11 October 1996 |title=Lotte Stam-Beese |url=https://rkd.nl/nl/explore/artists/109446 |access-date=16 November 2018 |website=RKD}}</ref> == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Mutuwan 1988]] [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1903]] p4th1avwyc6s39axcq9md7x7sfdp43m 895400 895399 2026-08-12T07:30:13Z Nnamadee 31123 895400 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Charlotte Ida Anna "Lotte" Stam-Beese''' (28 Janairu 1903 - 18 Nuwamba 1988) ƙwararren mai zane ne [[Jamus|na Jamus-Holand]], mai ɗaukar hoto kuma mai tsara birane wanda ya taimaka wajen sake gina [[Rotterdam]] bayan [[Yaƙin Duniya na II|Yaƙin Duniya na Biyu]]. == Tarihin Rayuwa == An haifi Beese a Reisicht, Silesia, Jamus (yanzu Rokitki, [[Poland]] ). <ref name="bauhaus">{{Cite web |title=Lotte Beese (-Stam) |url=http://bauhaus-online.de/en/atlas/personen/lotte-beese-stam |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150705021811/http://bauhaus-online.de/en/atlas/personen/lotte-beese-stam |archive-date=5 July 2015 |access-date=31 May 2015 |website=Bauhaus Online}}</ref> Tun tana ƙarama ta fara samun aiki a matsayin [[Saƙa|mai saƙa]] a [[Dresden]].<ref name="bauhaus" /> <ref name=":0">{{Cite journal |last=Bosma |first=John |year=2014 |title=Beese, Charlotte Ida Anna |url=http://resources.huygens.knaw.nl/vrouwenlexicon/lemmata/data/Beese |journal=Digitaal Vrouwenlexicon van Nederland}}</ref> Kafin ta fara aikinta a matsayin mai zane-zane, Beese ta kasance mai daukar hoto mai nasara. Duk da cewa ta yi aiki da kamfanin ne kawai na ɗan gajeren lokaci daga 1926 zuwa 1930, aikinta yana da tasiri mai yawa kuma yanzu ana adana shi a cikin tarin Gidan Tarihi na Fasaha na Zamani da ke New York, <ref name="moma">{{Cite web |last=Sands |first=Audrey |title=Lotte (Charlotte) Beese |url=http://www.moma.org/interactives/objectphoto/artists/24396.html |website=Moma.org}}</ref> Gidan Tarihi na Arthur M. Sackler ,{{Ana bukatan hujja|date=June 2015}} Gidan Tarihi na J. Paul Getty <ref>{{Cite web |title=Lotte Beese (German, 1903 – 1988) (Getty Museum) |url=http://www.getty.edu/art/collection/artists/1367/lotte-beese-german-1903-1988/}}</ref> Gidan Tarihi na Fasaha na Houston, <ref name="MFAH">{{Cite web |title=Lotte Stam-Beese: Otti Berger and Atelierhaus |url=https://emuseum.mfah.org/objects/73781/otti-berger-and-atelierhaus |website=mfah.org}}</ref> da Gidan Tarihi na Fasaha na Gundumar Los Angeles . <ref>{{Cite web |title=Katt Both {{!}} LACMA Collections |url=https://collections.lacma.org/node/196598 |access-date=2022-05-29 |website=collections.lacma.org}}</ref> Daga shekarar 1926 zuwa 1928 ta halarci makarantar [[Bauhaus]] da ke Dessau. A cikin shekaru masu zuwa na lokacin yaƙin basasar, ta yi aiki a ofis a Berlin, Moscow, Ukraine, Brno, da Amsterdam. Daga 1946 zuwa 1968, Beese ya yi aiki a matsayin mai tsara birane, daga baya kuma ya zama babban mai tsara gine-gine, na Hukumar Raya Birane da Sake Gina Rotterdam, wadda aka yi mata ruwan bama-bamai sosai a shekarar 1940 a lokacin Yaƙin Duniya na Biyu. <ref name=":1">{{Cite journal |last=Oosterhof |first=J. |year=2017 |title=Lotte Stam-Beese (1903–1988) : from 'Entwurfsarchitektin' to urban-planning architect. |url=https://pure.tue.nl/ws/portalfiles/portal/71366190/A_U_1_2_2017_Oosterhof.pdf |journal=Architektúra & Urbanizmus |volume=51 |issue=1–2 |pages=94–105}}</ref> == Aiki == === Makarantar Bauhaus === [[Fayil:Hannes_Meyer_1928.png|thumb| Hannes Meyer a shekarar 1928.]] Tun daga shekarar 1926, ta halarci makarantar [[Bauhaus]], inda ta yi karatu tare da Josef Albers, Wassily Kandinsky, Joost Schmidt, da [[Gunta Stölzl]] . Ta yi rajista don yin karatun fannin sakar mata, amma daga baya, an karɓe Beese a cikin kwas ɗin gine-gine daga Hannes Meyer a matsayin mace ta farko da ta yi karatu a sashen gine-gine na [[Bauhaus Dessau]] . Idan aka kwatanta da wanda ya gabace shi, Meyer bai nuna wariya ba game da ra'ayin mata na nazarin darussan da maza suka mamaye kuma a da aka keɓe su ga maza. <ref name=":1">{{Cite journal |last=Oosterhof |first=J. |year=2017 |title=Lotte Stam-Beese (1903–1988) : from 'Entwurfsarchitektin' to urban-planning architect. |url=https://pure.tue.nl/ws/portalfiles/portal/71366190/A_U_1_2_2017_Oosterhof.pdf |journal=Architektúra & Urbanizmus |volume=51 |issue=1–2 |pages=94–105}}<cite class="citation journal cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFOosterhof2017">Oosterhof, J. (2017). [https://pure.tue.nl/ws/portalfiles/portal/71366190/A_U_1_2_2017_Oosterhof.pdf "Lotte Stam-Beese (1903–1988) : from 'Entwurfsarchitektin' to urban-planning architect"] <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. ''Architektúra & Urbanizmus''. '''51''' (<span class="nowrap">1–</span>2): <span class="nowrap">94–</span>105.</cite></ref> Beese ɗaliba ce mai kyau amma Meyer ba ta gamsu da makomar Beese ba, sai dai idan ta auri mai zane-zane namiji ta yi aiki a kamfaninsa. Meyer, daraktan Bauhaus kuma wani mutum mai aure da 'ya'ya biyu, kuma Beese ya fara soyayya. <ref name=":0">{{Cite journal |last=Bosma |first=John |year=2014 |title=Beese, Charlotte Ida Anna |url=http://resources.huygens.knaw.nl/vrouwenlexicon/lemmata/data/Beese |journal=Digitaal Vrouwenlexicon van Nederland}}<cite class="citation journal cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFBosma2014">Bosma, John (2014). [http://resources.huygens.knaw.nl/vrouwenlexicon/lemmata/data/Beese "Beese, Charlotte Ida Anna"]. ''Digitaal Vrouwenlexicon van Nederland''.</cite></ref> Duk da yanayin makarantar mai sassaucin ra'ayi, ba a amince da wannan lamari ba, kuma a watan Disamba na 1928, Meyer ta ba Beese shawarar ta bar Bauhaus, wanda ta yi. <ref name=":0" /> <ref>{{Cite web |last=RKD – Nederland Instituut voor Kunstgeschiedenis |date=11 October 1996 |title=Lotte Stam-Beese |url=https://rkd.nl/nl/explore/artists/109446 |access-date=16 November 2018 |website=RKD}}</ref> == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Mutuwan 1988]] [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1903]] qvomxgru5f08ddkclevbknmo499a97i 0 163287 895401 2026-08-12T07:31:32Z Nnamadee 31123 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1357210546|Neba Sere]]" 895401 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Neba Sere''' (an haife ta a watan Nuwamba 1990) 'yar ƙasar Jamus ce <ref>{{Cite web |title=BLACK FEMALES IN ARCHITECTURE LTD people - Find and update company information - GOV.UK |url=https://find-and-update.company-information.service.gov.uk/company/11893567/officers |access-date=2025-09-21 |website=find-and-update.company-information.service.gov.uk |language=en}}</ref> mai bincike a fannin sararin samaniya, mai fafutukar kare muhalli, mai ilimi, kuma mai fafutukar kare muhalli, wadda aka santa da aikinta na tsarkake muhallin da aka gina, ilimin gine-gine, da kuma haɓaka bambancin gine-gine. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Neba Sere {{!}} BEYOND THE BUILT ENVIRONMENT |url=https://www.beyondthebuilt.com/neba-sere |access-date=2025-09-21 |website=BeyondtheBuilt.com |language=en}}</ref> <ref name=":0" /> <ref>{{Cite web |date=2020-08-03 |title=What's Vital Now? What if…we felt we belonged? with Umi Lovecraft BP & Neba Sere |url=https://theglasshouse.org.uk/blog-series/whats-vital-now-what-ifwe-felt-we-belonged-with-umi-lovecraft-bp-neba-sere/ |access-date=2025-09-21 |website=The Glass-House |language=en}}</ref> Ita ce Darakta ta Biyu a fannin Gine-gine na Bakar fata Mata a fannin Gine-gine (BFA), <ref>{{Cite web |title=The BFA Exec Team |url=https://www.blackfemarc.com/bfa-co-directors |access-date=2025-09-21 |website=Black Females in Architecture |language=en-US}}</ref> mataimakiyar farfesa, <ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Discovery |url=https://profiles.ucl.ac.uk/78580-neba-sere |access-date=2025-09-21 |website=profiles.ucl.ac.uk}}</ref> kuma Darakta ta farko a fannin Gyaran Kayan Gida da Rage Karbon a Makarantar Gine-gine ta Bartlett, UCL. Ita ce kuma amintaccen Gidauniyar Build Up. <ref name=":0" /> A shekarar 2024–25 an naɗa ta Mai Binciken Zane a Gidan Zane a ''Future Observatory'' na Gidan Tarihi na Zane, <ref>{{Cite web |title=Neba Sere |url=https://futureobservatory.org/research/network/neba-sere |access-date=2025-09-21 |website=Future Observatory |language=en}}</ref> mai da hankali kan cire mulkin mallaka, gina harsunan gargajiya da kuma ilimin muhalli. Ayyukanta sun haɗa da yin aiki a matsayin jagorar hulɗa a ''Waterden Green Space for Teenage Girls'' <ref>{{Cite web |last=admin |date=2024-10-18 |title=Bartlett Associate Professors Lead Project to Create Space for Young Women at Olympic Park {{!}} Bartlett Faculty of the Built Environment |url=https://www.ucl.ac.uk/bartlett/news/2024/oct/bartlett-associate-professors-lead-project-create-space-young-women-olympic-park |access-date=2025-09-21 |website=www.ucl.ac.uk |language=en}}</ref> a Queen Elizabeth Olympic Park, da kuma bayar da gudummawa ga baje kolin abubuwa kamar ''Duniya, Tunawa da Sararin da Muke Zama'' a NOW Gallery na London. <ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-07-02 |title=Earth, Memory, and the Spaces We Inhabit |url=https://www.marmaladecollective.com/earth-memory-and-the-spaces-we-inhabit/ |access-date=2025-09-21 |website=Marmalade Collective |language=en}}</ref> == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1990]] aw9ioillgj4iu2gjpjhh942qtwb4rbu 895402 895401 2026-08-12T07:31:59Z Nnamadee 31123 895402 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Neba Sere''' (an haife ta a watan Nuwamba 1990) 'yar ƙasar Jamus ce <ref>{{Cite web |title=BLACK FEMALES IN ARCHITECTURE LTD people - Find and update company information - GOV.UK |url=https://find-and-update.company-information.service.gov.uk/company/11893567/officers |access-date=2025-09-21 |website=find-and-update.company-information.service.gov.uk |language=en}}</ref> mai bincike a fannin sararin samaniya, mai fafutukar kare muhalli, mai ilimi, kuma mai fafutukar kare muhalli, wadda aka santa da aikinta na tsarkake muhallin da aka gina, ilimin gine-gine, da kuma haɓaka bambancin gine-gine. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Neba Sere {{!}} BEYOND THE BUILT ENVIRONMENT |url=https://www.beyondthebuilt.com/neba-sere |access-date=2025-09-21 |website=BeyondtheBuilt.com |language=en}}</ref> <ref name=":0" /> <ref>{{Cite web |date=2020-08-03 |title=What's Vital Now? What if…we felt we belonged? with Umi Lovecraft BP & Neba Sere |url=https://theglasshouse.org.uk/blog-series/whats-vital-now-what-ifwe-felt-we-belonged-with-umi-lovecraft-bp-neba-sere/ |access-date=2025-09-21 |website=The Glass-House |language=en}}</ref> Ita ce Darakta ta Biyu a fannin Gine-gine na Bakar fata Mata a fannin Gine-gine (BFA), <ref>{{Cite web |title=The BFA Exec Team |url=https://www.blackfemarc.com/bfa-co-directors |access-date=2025-09-21 |website=Black Females in Architecture |language=en-US}}</ref> mataimakiyar farfesa, <ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Discovery |url=https://profiles.ucl.ac.uk/78580-neba-sere |access-date=2025-09-21 |website=profiles.ucl.ac.uk}}</ref> kuma Darakta ta farko a fannin Gyaran Kayan Gida da Rage Karbon a Makarantar Gine-gine ta Bartlett, UCL. Ita ce kuma amintaccen Gidauniyar Build Up. <ref name=":0" /> A shekarar 2024–25 an naɗa ta Mai Binciken Zane a Gidan Zane a ''Future Observatory'' na Gidan Tarihi na Zane, <ref>{{Cite web |title=Neba Sere |url=https://futureobservatory.org/research/network/neba-sere |access-date=2025-09-21 |website=Future Observatory |language=en}}</ref> mai da hankali kan cire mulkin mallaka, gina harsunan gargajiya da kuma ilimin muhalli. Ayyukanta sun haɗa da yin aiki a matsayin jagorar hulɗa a ''Waterden Green Space for Teenage Girls'' <ref>{{Cite web |last=admin |date=2024-10-18 |title=Bartlett Associate Professors Lead Project to Create Space for Young Women at Olympic Park {{!}} Bartlett Faculty of the Built Environment |url=https://www.ucl.ac.uk/bartlett/news/2024/oct/bartlett-associate-professors-lead-project-create-space-young-women-olympic-park |access-date=2025-09-21 |website=www.ucl.ac.uk |language=en}}</ref> a Queen Elizabeth Olympic Park, da kuma bayar da gudummawa ga baje kolin abubuwa kamar ''Duniya, Tunawa da Sararin da Muke Zama'' a NOW Gallery na London. <ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-07-02 |title=Earth, Memory, and the Spaces We Inhabit |url=https://www.marmaladecollective.com/earth-memory-and-the-spaces-we-inhabit/ |access-date=2025-09-21 |website=Marmalade Collective |language=en}}</ref> == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1990]] imq0uxvnhkf2s42dvb7ik6cuugj6na5 0 163288 895404 2026-08-12T07:40:29Z Nnamadee 31123 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1342464720|Else Oppler-Legband]]" 895404 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Else Oppler-Legband''' (21 ga Fabrairu 1875 a [[Nuremberg]] - 7 ga Disamba 1965 a Überlingen ) ƙwararren mai zane ne na Jamus kuma mai tsara cikin gida, mai tsara kayan sawa da kuma mai gyaran gashi. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Schicksalsjahre |url=https://claus-pese.de/else-oppler/ |access-date=2023-10-01 |website=Else Oppler {{!}} ein Vortrag von Claus Pese |language=de-DE}}</ref> Tana ɗaya daga cikin wakilan gyaran tufafin Victorian wanda ke da nufin 'yantar da mata daga ƙa'idodin ibada ta hanyar gyara salon suturar mata a shekarun 1910 da 1920. Ta kuma yi aiki a sinima a farkon shekarun 1920 a matsayin mai tsara kayan sawa da kuma mai tsara saitin fina-finai. == Shekarun farko == Else Oppler-Legband tana ɗaya daga cikin wakilan abin da ake kira Lebensreform na Fashion a shekarun 1910 da 1920, wanda aka kafa a Berlin. A cikin da'irori masu ƙirƙira na ƙira da [[Karatun zanen gine-gine|gine-gine]], sha'awar ado a cikin siffofi marasa tsiraici, ba tare da kayan ado ba, ya bazu daga salon zamani zuwa [[ka'idar gine-gine]] . == Bikin Aure == A shekara ta 1904, Oppler ta auri daraktan fasaha, darakta kuma mai tsara dandamali Paul Legband (1876–1942). A kusan shekarar 1913, ita da mijinta suna aiki a Freiburg im Breisgau . Daga shekarar 1913, an rubuta ta a matsayin memba na Deutscher Werkbund (DWB) . == Mai tsara kayan sawa da kuma mai tsara saitin silima == * 1919: ''Konig Nicolo'' * 1920: ''Der Schwarm der höheren Töchter'' * 1920: ''Schwarzwaldmädel'' * 1920: ''Die Kronjuwelen des Herzogs von Rochester'' * 1922: ''Marie Antoinette, das Leben einer Königin'' == Shekarun da suka gabata == Bayan kwace mulki daga hannun Nazi a watan Maris na 1933, an tilasta wa Bayahuden Oppler-Legband ya gudu. Da farko ta je [[Holand|Netherlands]], sannan ta je Kudancin Tyrol a Italiya mai mulkin kama karya sannan daga ƙarshe ta je [[Sweden]] . Bayan ƙarshen [[Yaƙin Duniya na II|Yaƙin Duniya na Biyu]], ta dawo Jamus a shekarar 1952 ta kuma zauna a Überlingen a kan Tafkin Constance har zuwa rasuwarta a ranar 7 ga Disamba, 1965. == Adabi == * Else Oppler-Legband: Die Höhere Schule na Dekorationskunst. A cikin: Durchgeistigung der deutschen Arbeit. Jahrbuch des Deutschen Werkbundes 1912, Jena 1912, S. 105–110. * Gaby Franger: Else Oppler – Eine außergewöhnliche Künstlerin, 1875–1965. Nürnberg 2023, <nowiki>ISBN 978-3-935225-16-8</nowiki> == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Mutuwan 1965]] k5yswgudgn2eiswf222e9zlbu5cutpt 895405 895404 2026-08-12T07:41:32Z Nnamadee 31123 895405 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Else Oppler-Legband''' (21 ga Fabrairu 1875 a [[Nuremberg]] - 7 ga Disamba 1965 a Überlingen ) ƙwararren mai zane ne na Jamus kuma mai tsara cikin gida, mai tsara kayan sawa da kuma mai gyaran gashi. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Schicksalsjahre |url=https://claus-pese.de/else-oppler/ |access-date=2023-10-01 |website=Else Oppler {{!}} ein Vortrag von Claus Pese |language=de-DE}}</ref> Tana ɗaya daga cikin wakilan gyaran tufafin Victorian wanda ke da nufin 'yantar da mata daga ƙa'idodin ibada ta hanyar gyara salon suturar mata a shekarun 1910 da 1920. Ta kuma yi aiki a sinima a farkon shekarun 1920 a matsayin mai tsara kayan sawa da kuma mai tsara saitin fina-finai. == Shekarun farko == Else Oppler-Legband tana ɗaya daga cikin wakilan abin da ake kira Lebensreform na Fashion a shekarun 1910 da 1920, wanda aka kafa a Berlin. A cikin da'irori masu ƙirƙira na ƙira da [[Karatun zanen gine-gine|gine-gine]], sha'awar ado a cikin siffofi marasa tsiraici, ba tare da kayan ado ba, ya bazu daga salon zamani zuwa [[ka'idar gine-gine]] . == Bikin Aure == A shekara ta 1904, Oppler ta auri daraktan fasaha, darakta kuma mai tsara dandamali Paul Legband (1876–1942). A kusan shekarar 1913, ita da mijinta suna aiki a Freiburg im Breisgau . Daga shekarar 1913, an rubuta ta a matsayin memba na Deutscher Werkbund (DWB) . == Mai tsara kayan sawa da kuma mai tsara saitin silima == * 1919: ''Konig Nicolo'' * 1920: ''Der Schwarm der höheren Töchter'' * 1920: ''Schwarzwaldmädel'' * 1920: ''Die Kronjuwelen des Herzogs von Rochester'' * 1922: ''Marie Antoinette, das Leben einer Königin'' == Shekarun da suka gabata == Bayan kwace mulki daga hannun Nazi a watan Maris na 1933, an tilasta wa Bayahuden Oppler-Legband ya gudu. Da farko ta je [[Holand|Netherlands]], sannan ta je Kudancin Tyrol a Italiya mai mulkin kama karya sannan daga ƙarshe ta je [[Sweden]] . Bayan ƙarshen [[Yaƙin Duniya na II|Yaƙin Duniya na Biyu]], ta dawo Jamus a shekarar 1952 ta kuma zauna a Überlingen a kan Tafkin Constance har zuwa rasuwarta a ranar 7 ga Disamba, 1965. == Adabi == * Else Oppler-Legband: Die Höhere Schule na Dekorationskunst. A cikin: Durchgeistigung der deutschen Arbeit. Jahrbuch des Deutschen Werkbundes 1912, Jena 1912, S. 105–110. * Gaby Franger: Else Oppler – Eine außergewöhnliche Künstlerin, 1875–1965. Nürnberg 2023, <nowiki>ISBN 978-3-935225-16-8</nowiki> == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Mutuwan 1965]] huxa9jg99hvlob8aadiuvenczrgpzoo 895406 895405 2026-08-12T07:42:28Z Nnamadee 31123 Nnamadee moved page [[Wani bangare na Oppler]] to [[Else Oppler-Legband]] 895405 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Else Oppler-Legband''' (21 ga Fabrairu 1875 a [[Nuremberg]] - 7 ga Disamba 1965 a Überlingen ) ƙwararren mai zane ne na Jamus kuma mai tsara cikin gida, mai tsara kayan sawa da kuma mai gyaran gashi. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Schicksalsjahre |url=https://claus-pese.de/else-oppler/ |access-date=2023-10-01 |website=Else Oppler {{!}} ein Vortrag von Claus Pese |language=de-DE}}</ref> Tana ɗaya daga cikin wakilan gyaran tufafin Victorian wanda ke da nufin 'yantar da mata daga ƙa'idodin ibada ta hanyar gyara salon suturar mata a shekarun 1910 da 1920. Ta kuma yi aiki a sinima a farkon shekarun 1920 a matsayin mai tsara kayan sawa da kuma mai tsara saitin fina-finai. == Shekarun farko == Else Oppler-Legband tana ɗaya daga cikin wakilan abin da ake kira Lebensreform na Fashion a shekarun 1910 da 1920, wanda aka kafa a Berlin. A cikin da'irori masu ƙirƙira na ƙira da [[Karatun zanen gine-gine|gine-gine]], sha'awar ado a cikin siffofi marasa tsiraici, ba tare da kayan ado ba, ya bazu daga salon zamani zuwa [[ka'idar gine-gine]] . == Bikin Aure == A shekara ta 1904, Oppler ta auri daraktan fasaha, darakta kuma mai tsara dandamali Paul Legband (1876–1942). A kusan shekarar 1913, ita da mijinta suna aiki a Freiburg im Breisgau . Daga shekarar 1913, an rubuta ta a matsayin memba na Deutscher Werkbund (DWB) . == Mai tsara kayan sawa da kuma mai tsara saitin silima == * 1919: ''Konig Nicolo'' * 1920: ''Der Schwarm der höheren Töchter'' * 1920: ''Schwarzwaldmädel'' * 1920: ''Die Kronjuwelen des Herzogs von Rochester'' * 1922: ''Marie Antoinette, das Leben einer Königin'' == Shekarun da suka gabata == Bayan kwace mulki daga hannun Nazi a watan Maris na 1933, an tilasta wa Bayahuden Oppler-Legband ya gudu. Da farko ta je [[Holand|Netherlands]], sannan ta je Kudancin Tyrol a Italiya mai mulkin kama karya sannan daga ƙarshe ta je [[Sweden]] . Bayan ƙarshen [[Yaƙin Duniya na II|Yaƙin Duniya na Biyu]], ta dawo Jamus a shekarar 1952 ta kuma zauna a Überlingen a kan Tafkin Constance har zuwa rasuwarta a ranar 7 ga Disamba, 1965. == Adabi == * Else Oppler-Legband: Die Höhere Schule na Dekorationskunst. A cikin: Durchgeistigung der deutschen Arbeit. Jahrbuch des Deutschen Werkbundes 1912, Jena 1912, S. 105–110. * Gaby Franger: Else Oppler – Eine außergewöhnliche Künstlerin, 1875–1965. Nürnberg 2023, <nowiki>ISBN 978-3-935225-16-8</nowiki> == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Mutuwan 1965]] huxa9jg99hvlob8aadiuvenczrgpzoo 0 163289 895407 2026-08-12T07:42:28Z Nnamadee 31123 Nnamadee moved page [[Wani bangare na Oppler]] to [[Else Oppler-Legband]] 895407 wikitext text/x-wiki #REDIRECT [[Else Oppler-Legband]] 0dtwr81x0d2gj0wdq3p08nowjeaxa3w 0 163290 895408 2026-08-12T07:44:29Z Nnamadee 31123 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1360554406|Lotte Cohn]]" 895408 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Lotte Cohn''' ( Hebrew ; 1893-1983) wani mai ginin gine-gine ne na ƙasar Jamus kuma wanda ya fara haɓaka gine-ginen Isra'ila . <ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Vor 125 Jahren geboren - Lotte Cohn, berühmte Architektin im jungen Israel |url=https://www.deutschlandfunk.de/vor-125-jahren-geboren-lotte-cohn-beruehmte-architektin-im.871.de.html?dram:article_id=425882 |access-date=2019-05-04 |website=Deutschlandfunk |language=de-DE}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |last= |first= |date= |title=BAUNETZWOCHE #150 |url=http://media.baunetz.de/dl/685757/baunetzwoche_150_2009.pdf |archive-url= |archive-date= |access-date=2020-09-25 |website=Baunetz}}</ref> Ta taka muhimmiyar rawa wajen yaɗa ra'ayoyin [[Gine-gine na zamani|zamani]] na farko a Isra'ila kuma ta kasance majagaba a fannin gine-ginen Turawa . == Rayuwa ta sirri == An haifi Recha Charlotte Cohn a ranar 20 ga Agusta, 1893, a Charlottenburg, Berlin ga Bernhard Cohn, likitan likitanci Bayahude, da Cäcilie Cohn. <ref name=":1">{{Cite web |title=Lotte Cohn. Eine schreibende Architektin in Israel. Bd. 1: Ausgewählte Schriften (1934–1982) und Bd. 2: Ausgewählte Briefe (1921–1982). Herausgegeben von Dr. Ines Sonder - Aviva - Berlin Online Magazin und Informationsportal für Frauen aviva-berlin.de |url=https://www.aviva-berlin.de/aviva/content_Literatur_Juedisches%20Leben.php?id=1419917 |access-date=2019-05-04 |website=www.aviva-berlin.de}}</ref> Ita ce ƙarama a cikin 'ya'ya bakwai. Ɗan'uwanta, Emil Cohn, sanannen marubuci ne kuma marubucin wasan kwaikwayo, wanda ya buga a ƙarƙashin sunan da aka yi wa lakabi da Emil Bernhard. Babbar 'yar uwarta, Helene Cohn, ta kafa ƙungiyar mata ta Yahudawa don motsa jiki da wasanni a shekarar 1910, kuma ta yi wasannin motsa jiki a taron 'yan Zionist na sha ɗaya da aka yi a Vienna, Austria, a shekarar 1913. A shekarar 1912 Cohn ta yi karatun digiri a Technische Hochschule da ke Berlin (wanda a yanzu ake kira Technische Universität Berlin ); ta kammala karatunta daga sashen gine-gine na jami'ar a shekarar 1916, a matsayin daya daga cikin mata na farko da suka yi hakan. <ref name=":1">{{Cite web |title=Lotte Cohn. Eine schreibende Architektin in Israel. Bd. 1: Ausgewählte Schriften (1934–1982) und Bd. 2: Ausgewählte Briefe (1921–1982). Herausgegeben von Dr. Ines Sonder - Aviva - Berlin Online Magazin und Informationsportal für Frauen aviva-berlin.de |url=https://www.aviva-berlin.de/aviva/content_Literatur_Juedisches%20Leben.php?id=1419917 |access-date=2019-05-04 |website=www.aviva-berlin.de}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://www.aviva-berlin.de/aviva/content_Literatur_Juedisches%20Leben.php?id=1419917 "Lotte Cohn. Eine schreibende Architektin in Israel. Bd. 1: Ausgewählte Schriften (1934–1982) und Bd. 2: Ausgewählte Briefe (1921–1982). Herausgegeben von Dr. Ines Sonder - Aviva - Berlin Online Magazin und Informationsportal für Frauen aviva-berlin.de"]. ''www.aviva-berlin.de''<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2019-05-04</span></span>.</cite></ref> <ref>{{Cite web |title=Lotte Cohn (1893–1983) - Moses Mendelssohn Zentrum - Potsdam |url=https://www.mmz-potsdam.de/lotte-cohn-18931983.html |access-date=2019-05-04 |website=www.mmz-potsdam.de}}</ref> Tsakanin Maris 1917 da Afrilu 1919, Lotte ya yi aiki a ofisoshin sake ginawa na Pilkallen, Tilsit da Gumbinnen a Gabashin Prussia. Bayan ta koma Berlin, an ɗauke ta aiki a matsayin mataimakiya a ofishin mai zane na Zionist, Richard Michel. Bayan ta karɓi aikin mataimakin farko ga mai zane da mai tsara birane, Richard Kauffmann a shekarar 1921, Cohn ta ƙaura zuwa [[Jerusalem|Kudus]], Falasɗinu mai Dole, tare da 'yan uwanta mata, Helene da Rosa. Ɗan'uwanta, Max, ya biyo bayan shekaru biyu tare da iyalansa, kuma mahaifiyarta ta yi ƙaura zuwa Falasɗinawa ta Dole a shekarar 1932. Lotte Cohn ta mutu a [[Tel Abib|Tel Aviv]] a ranar 7 ga Afrilu, 1983. == Sana'a == Bayan kammala karatunsa a shekarar 1916, Cohn ya yi aiki a ofisoshin sake gina Pilkallen, Tilsit da Gumbinnen a Gabashin Prussia daga Maris 1917 har zuwa Afrilu 1919. Bayan ta koma Berlin, an ɗauke ta aiki a matsayin mataimakiya a ofishin mai zane na Zionist, Richard Michel. A Urushalima, ta yi aiki a ofishin mai zane Richard Kauffmann . <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Stone |first=Lilo |date=1997 |title=German Zionists in Palestine before 1933 |journal=Journal of Contemporary History |volume=32 |issue=2 |pages=171–186 |doi=10.1177/002200949703200203 |issn=0022-0094 |jstor=261239 |s2cid=153127583}}</ref> Yawancin ayyukan Cohn a wannan lokacin sun mayar da hankali kan haɓaka wani salon gine-gine na Isra'ila. <ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Vor 125 Jahren geboren - Lotte Cohn, berühmte Architektin im jungen Israel |url=https://www.deutschlandfunk.de/vor-125-jahren-geboren-lotte-cohn-beruehmte-architektin-im.871.de.html?dram:article_id=425882 |access-date=2019-05-04 |website=Deutschlandfunk |language=de-DE}}<cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source" data-ve-ignore="">[https://www.deutschlandfunk.de/vor-125-jahren-geboren-lotte-cohn-beruehmte-architektin-im.871.de.html?dram:article_id=425882 "Vor 125 Jahren geboren - Lotte Cohn, berühmte Architektin im jungen Israel"]. ''Deutschlandfunk'' (in German)<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2019-05-04</span></span>.</cite> [[Category:CS1 German-language sources (de)]]</ref> A lokacin da take ofishin Kaufmann, ta yi aiki tare da shi kan shirin ci gaban yankunan lambun Urushalima da kuma ci gaban wasu kibbutzim da moshavim a Dutsen Carmel da ke Haifa da kuma shawarar gina birnin lambun masana'antu kusa da Afula. Ayyukanta na musamman sun haɗa da ƙirar likitan Bayahude, Theodor Zlocisti's, asibitin gida da na sirri a Tel Aviv, makarantar 'yan mata ta noma a Moshav Nahalal da kuma gidan yara na farko a Isra'ila a Kibbutz Heftziba. A shekarar 1923, Cohn yana ɗaya daga cikin waɗanda suka kafa Ƙungiyar Masu Zane-zane a Falasɗinu, wadda daga baya ta zama Ƙungiyar Injiniyoyi da Masu Zane-zane a Isra'ila. A shekarar 1934, ta kasance ɗaya daga cikin waɗanda suka kafa da'irar Mai Zane, wadda aka yi niyya don ci gaba da aikin da'irar Mai Zane-zane da ke Berlin wadda aka rushe a shekarar 1933 kuma ta ƙirga Walter Gropius, 'Yan'uwan Taut, Erich Mendelsohn da Mies van der Rohe a matsayin membobi. A shekarar 1927, saboda tabarbarewar tattalin arziki a Falasdinu da ta zama dole, an rufe ofishin raya birane na birnin kuma Cohn ya sami mukami a Babban Mai Zane na Sashen Ayyukan Jama'a na Falasdinu, Austen St. Barbe Harrison. Daga 1929-1930, ta koma Jamus ta yi aiki ga sanannen mai ginin gine-gine na Berlin, Arthur Korn, wanda ke aiki a cikin motsi na gine-ginen zamani a Berlin kuma yana da alaƙa da masu gine-ginen Bauhaus, kamar Walter Gropius da Ernst May. Bayan dawowarta Falasdinu a ƙarshen shekarar 1930, Cohn ta buɗe ofishinta na gine-gine a Tel Aviv. Aikinta na farko shi ne na ƙawarta, Käte Dan, wadda ta tsara otal a lamba 97 HaYarkon Street, wanda zai zama cibiyar baƙi masu jin Jamusanci zuwa Falasɗinu kuma ya ba ƙawarta suna a matsayin wanda ya kafa ɓangaren otal a Isra'ila. Bayan haka, ta gina wa Gershom Scholem da Hugo Bergmann gida a lamba 51 Ramban Street, da kuma gida a lamba 28 Abarbanel Street, inda Scholem da matarsa, Fania, suka zauna har zuwa mutuwarsa. Saboda kwararar 'yan gudun hijirar Yahudawa daga Turai, yawancin tsare-tsarenta na gidaje ne. Ta gabatar da ra'ayoyin zamani ga Isra'ila, inda ta daidaita su da yanayin gida, inda salon ya shahara musamman a birnin White City na Tel Aviv . Yawancin zane-zanenta sun haɗa da fasaloli (misali tagogi masu rufin da kuma faifan da ke nuna) waɗanda daga baya za a gane su a matsayin 'Yan Ta'adda . A shekarar 1929, Cohn ta bar ofishin Kauffmann, inda ta kafa kamfaninta, inda ta ci gaba da zama har zuwa lokacin da ta yi ritaya a shekarar 1968. <ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Vor 125 Jahren geboren - Lotte Cohn, berühmte Architektin im jungen Israel |url=https://www.deutschlandfunk.de/vor-125-jahren-geboren-lotte-cohn-beruehmte-architektin-im.871.de.html?dram:article_id=425882 |access-date=2019-05-04 |website=Deutschlandfunk |language=de-DE}}<cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source" data-ve-ignore="">[https://www.deutschlandfunk.de/vor-125-jahren-geboren-lotte-cohn-beruehmte-architektin-im.871.de.html?dram:article_id=425882 "Vor 125 Jahren geboren - Lotte Cohn, berühmte Architektin im jungen Israel"]. ''Deutschlandfunk'' (in German)<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2019-05-04</span></span>.</cite> [[Category:CS1 German-language sources (de)]]</ref> == Nasarorin da ayyuka == <gallery> Fayil:Kaete_Dan_hotel_in_Tel_Aviv_1933.jpg|alt=The Kaete Dan Hotel (1932) in Tel Aviv was Cohn's first major project| Otal ɗin Kaete Dan (1932) da ke Tel Aviv shi ne babban aikin Cohn na farko Fayil:Shpinoza_St_20_Tel_Aviv.png|alt=Residential building in Tel Aviv (1936)| Ginin zama a Tel Aviv (1936) </gallery> == Ƙarin karatu == * Dauda, Sigal. [https://link.springer.com/book/10.1007/978-3-031-96668-2 Tsarin Gine-gine na Zamani da Jinsi a Isra'ila Kafin Jiha], Palgrave-Macmillan, 2025. == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Mutuwan 1983]] [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1898]] [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] jybgqgn48fqq2a4rti8ghbbs1tmcfhi 895410 895408 2026-08-12T07:44:54Z Nnamadee 31123 895410 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Lotte Cohn''' ( Hebrew ; 1893-1983) wani mai ginin gine-gine ne na ƙasar Jamus kuma wanda ya fara haɓaka gine-ginen Isra'ila . <ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Vor 125 Jahren geboren - Lotte Cohn, berühmte Architektin im jungen Israel |url=https://www.deutschlandfunk.de/vor-125-jahren-geboren-lotte-cohn-beruehmte-architektin-im.871.de.html?dram:article_id=425882 |access-date=2019-05-04 |website=Deutschlandfunk |language=de-DE}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |last= |first= |date= |title=BAUNETZWOCHE #150 |url=http://media.baunetz.de/dl/685757/baunetzwoche_150_2009.pdf |archive-url= |archive-date= |access-date=2020-09-25 |website=Baunetz}}</ref> Ta taka muhimmiyar rawa wajen yaɗa ra'ayoyin [[Gine-gine na zamani|zamani]] na farko a Isra'ila kuma ta kasance majagaba a fannin gine-ginen Turawa . == Rayuwa ta sirri == An haifi Recha Charlotte Cohn a ranar 20 ga Agusta, 1893, a Charlottenburg, Berlin ga Bernhard Cohn, likitan likitanci Bayahude, da Cäcilie Cohn. <ref name=":1">{{Cite web |title=Lotte Cohn. Eine schreibende Architektin in Israel. Bd. 1: Ausgewählte Schriften (1934–1982) und Bd. 2: Ausgewählte Briefe (1921–1982). Herausgegeben von Dr. Ines Sonder - Aviva - Berlin Online Magazin und Informationsportal für Frauen aviva-berlin.de |url=https://www.aviva-berlin.de/aviva/content_Literatur_Juedisches%20Leben.php?id=1419917 |access-date=2019-05-04 |website=www.aviva-berlin.de}}</ref> Ita ce ƙarama a cikin 'ya'ya bakwai. Ɗan'uwanta, Emil Cohn, sanannen marubuci ne kuma marubucin wasan kwaikwayo, wanda ya buga a ƙarƙashin sunan da aka yi wa lakabi da Emil Bernhard. Babbar 'yar uwarta, Helene Cohn, ta kafa ƙungiyar mata ta Yahudawa don motsa jiki da wasanni a shekarar 1910, kuma ta yi wasannin motsa jiki a taron 'yan Zionist na sha ɗaya da aka yi a Vienna, Austria, a shekarar 1913. A shekarar 1912 Cohn ta yi karatun digiri a Technische Hochschule da ke Berlin (wanda a yanzu ake kira Technische Universität Berlin ); ta kammala karatunta daga sashen gine-gine na jami'ar a shekarar 1916, a matsayin daya daga cikin mata na farko da suka yi hakan. <ref name=":1">{{Cite web |title=Lotte Cohn. Eine schreibende Architektin in Israel. Bd. 1: Ausgewählte Schriften (1934–1982) und Bd. 2: Ausgewählte Briefe (1921–1982). Herausgegeben von Dr. Ines Sonder - Aviva - Berlin Online Magazin und Informationsportal für Frauen aviva-berlin.de |url=https://www.aviva-berlin.de/aviva/content_Literatur_Juedisches%20Leben.php?id=1419917 |access-date=2019-05-04 |website=www.aviva-berlin.de}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://www.aviva-berlin.de/aviva/content_Literatur_Juedisches%20Leben.php?id=1419917 "Lotte Cohn. Eine schreibende Architektin in Israel. Bd. 1: Ausgewählte Schriften (1934–1982) und Bd. 2: Ausgewählte Briefe (1921–1982). Herausgegeben von Dr. Ines Sonder - Aviva - Berlin Online Magazin und Informationsportal für Frauen aviva-berlin.de"]. ''www.aviva-berlin.de''<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2019-05-04</span></span>.</cite></ref> <ref>{{Cite web |title=Lotte Cohn (1893–1983) - Moses Mendelssohn Zentrum - Potsdam |url=https://www.mmz-potsdam.de/lotte-cohn-18931983.html |access-date=2019-05-04 |website=www.mmz-potsdam.de}}</ref> Tsakanin Maris 1917 da Afrilu 1919, Lotte ya yi aiki a ofisoshin sake ginawa na Pilkallen, Tilsit da Gumbinnen a Gabashin Prussia. Bayan ta koma Berlin, an ɗauke ta aiki a matsayin mataimakiya a ofishin mai zane na Zionist, Richard Michel. Bayan ta karɓi aikin mataimakin farko ga mai zane da mai tsara birane, Richard Kauffmann a shekarar 1921, Cohn ta ƙaura zuwa [[Jerusalem|Kudus]], Falasɗinu mai Dole, tare da 'yan uwanta mata, Helene da Rosa. Ɗan'uwanta, Max, ya biyo bayan shekaru biyu tare da iyalansa, kuma mahaifiyarta ta yi ƙaura zuwa Falasɗinawa ta Dole a shekarar 1932. Lotte Cohn ta mutu a [[Tel Abib|Tel Aviv]] a ranar 7 ga Afrilu, 1983. == Sana'a == Bayan kammala karatunsa a shekarar 1916, Cohn ya yi aiki a ofisoshin sake gina Pilkallen, Tilsit da Gumbinnen a Gabashin Prussia daga Maris 1917 har zuwa Afrilu 1919. Bayan ta koma Berlin, an ɗauke ta aiki a matsayin mataimakiya a ofishin mai zane na Zionist, Richard Michel. A Urushalima, ta yi aiki a ofishin mai zane Richard Kauffmann . <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Stone |first=Lilo |date=1997 |title=German Zionists in Palestine before 1933 |journal=Journal of Contemporary History |volume=32 |issue=2 |pages=171–186 |doi=10.1177/002200949703200203 |issn=0022-0094 |jstor=261239 |s2cid=153127583}}</ref> Yawancin ayyukan Cohn a wannan lokacin sun mayar da hankali kan haɓaka wani salon gine-gine na Isra'ila. <ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Vor 125 Jahren geboren - Lotte Cohn, berühmte Architektin im jungen Israel |url=https://www.deutschlandfunk.de/vor-125-jahren-geboren-lotte-cohn-beruehmte-architektin-im.871.de.html?dram:article_id=425882 |access-date=2019-05-04 |website=Deutschlandfunk |language=de-DE}}<cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source" data-ve-ignore="">[https://www.deutschlandfunk.de/vor-125-jahren-geboren-lotte-cohn-beruehmte-architektin-im.871.de.html?dram:article_id=425882 "Vor 125 Jahren geboren - Lotte Cohn, berühmte Architektin im jungen Israel"]. ''Deutschlandfunk'' (in German)<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2019-05-04</span></span>.</cite> [[Category:CS1 German-language sources (de)]]</ref> A lokacin da take ofishin Kaufmann, ta yi aiki tare da shi kan shirin ci gaban yankunan lambun Urushalima da kuma ci gaban wasu kibbutzim da moshavim a Dutsen Carmel da ke Haifa da kuma shawarar gina birnin lambun masana'antu kusa da Afula. Ayyukanta na musamman sun haɗa da ƙirar likitan Bayahude, Theodor Zlocisti's, asibitin gida da na sirri a Tel Aviv, makarantar 'yan mata ta noma a Moshav Nahalal da kuma gidan yara na farko a Isra'ila a Kibbutz Heftziba. A shekarar 1923, Cohn yana ɗaya daga cikin waɗanda suka kafa Ƙungiyar Masu Zane-zane a Falasɗinu, wadda daga baya ta zama Ƙungiyar Injiniyoyi da Masu Zane-zane a Isra'ila. A shekarar 1934, ta kasance ɗaya daga cikin waɗanda suka kafa da'irar Mai Zane, wadda aka yi niyya don ci gaba da aikin da'irar Mai Zane-zane da ke Berlin wadda aka rushe a shekarar 1933 kuma ta ƙirga Walter Gropius, 'Yan'uwan Taut, Erich Mendelsohn da Mies van der Rohe a matsayin membobi. A shekarar 1927, saboda tabarbarewar tattalin arziki a Falasdinu da ta zama dole, an rufe ofishin raya birane na birnin kuma Cohn ya sami mukami a Babban Mai Zane na Sashen Ayyukan Jama'a na Falasdinu, Austen St. Barbe Harrison. Daga 1929-1930, ta koma Jamus ta yi aiki ga sanannen mai ginin gine-gine na Berlin, Arthur Korn, wanda ke aiki a cikin motsi na gine-ginen zamani a Berlin kuma yana da alaƙa da masu gine-ginen Bauhaus, kamar Walter Gropius da Ernst May. Bayan dawowarta Falasdinu a ƙarshen shekarar 1930, Cohn ta buɗe ofishinta na gine-gine a Tel Aviv. Aikinta na farko shi ne na ƙawarta, Käte Dan, wadda ta tsara otal a lamba 97 HaYarkon Street, wanda zai zama cibiyar baƙi masu jin Jamusanci zuwa Falasɗinu kuma ya ba ƙawarta suna a matsayin wanda ya kafa ɓangaren otal a Isra'ila. Bayan haka, ta gina wa Gershom Scholem da Hugo Bergmann gida a lamba 51 Ramban Street, da kuma gida a lamba 28 Abarbanel Street, inda Scholem da matarsa, Fania, suka zauna har zuwa mutuwarsa. Saboda kwararar 'yan gudun hijirar Yahudawa daga Turai, yawancin tsare-tsarenta na gidaje ne. Ta gabatar da ra'ayoyin zamani ga Isra'ila, inda ta daidaita su da yanayin gida, inda salon ya shahara musamman a birnin White City na Tel Aviv . Yawancin zane-zanenta sun haɗa da fasaloli (misali tagogi masu rufin da kuma faifan da ke nuna) waɗanda daga baya za a gane su a matsayin 'Yan Ta'adda . A shekarar 1929, Cohn ta bar ofishin Kauffmann, inda ta kafa kamfaninta, inda ta ci gaba da zama har zuwa lokacin da ta yi ritaya a shekarar 1968. <ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Vor 125 Jahren geboren - Lotte Cohn, berühmte Architektin im jungen Israel |url=https://www.deutschlandfunk.de/vor-125-jahren-geboren-lotte-cohn-beruehmte-architektin-im.871.de.html?dram:article_id=425882 |access-date=2019-05-04 |website=Deutschlandfunk |language=de-DE}}<cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source" data-ve-ignore="">[https://www.deutschlandfunk.de/vor-125-jahren-geboren-lotte-cohn-beruehmte-architektin-im.871.de.html?dram:article_id=425882 "Vor 125 Jahren geboren - Lotte Cohn, berühmte Architektin im jungen Israel"]. ''Deutschlandfunk'' (in German)<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2019-05-04</span></span>.</cite> [[Category:CS1 German-language sources (de)]]</ref> == Nasarorin da ayyuka == <gallery> Fayil:Kaete_Dan_hotel_in_Tel_Aviv_1933.jpg|alt=The Kaete Dan Hotel (1932) in Tel Aviv was Cohn's first major project| Otal ɗin Kaete Dan (1932) da ke Tel Aviv shi ne babban aikin Cohn na farko Fayil:Shpinoza_St_20_Tel_Aviv.png|alt=Residential building in Tel Aviv (1936)| Ginin zama a Tel Aviv (1936) </gallery> == Ƙarin karatu == * Dauda, Sigal. [https://link.springer.com/book/10.1007/978-3-031-96668-2 Tsarin Gine-gine na Zamani da Jinsi a Isra'ila Kafin Jiha], Palgrave-Macmillan, 2025. == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Mutuwan 1983]] [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1898]] [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] 2fnw28xrumsw8u1hvelkk38ngghbqb1 0 163291 895412 2026-08-12T07:48:21Z Nnamadee 31123 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1356253680|Lilly Reich]]" 895412 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Lilly Reich''' (16 ga Yuni 1885 - 14 ga Disamba 1947) ƙwararren mai ƙira ce ta Jamus wacce ta ƙware a fannin yadi, kayan daki, kayan ciki, da wuraren baje kolin kayayyaki. Ta kasance mai haɗin gwiwa da [[Ludwig Mies van der Rohe]] na tsawon shekaru sama da goma a lokacin mulkin Weimar daga 1925 har zuwa lokacin da ya yi ƙaura zuwa Amurka a 1938. Reich mutum ne mai muhimmanci a farkon [[Zamanance|Zamanin Movement]] a fannin gine-gine da ƙira . Shahararta ta kasance bayan mutuwarta, domin muhimmancin gudummawarta ga aikin Mies van der Rohe da sauran waɗanda ta yi aiki tare da su ya bayyana ne kawai ta hanyar binciken masana tarihi na wannan fanni daga baya. == Rayuwar farko da ilimi == [[Fayil:Weißenhof-Stuhl_mit_Geflecht_von_Lilly_Reich.jpg|thumb| MR 10 Weissenhof kujera, wanda Reich da Mies van der Rohe suka tsara (1927) <ref>{{Cite web |title=MR20 armchair |url=http://www.cmoa.org/CollectionDetail.aspx?item=1022315 |publisher=Carnegie Museum of Art}}</ref>]] [[Fayil:MR_10_and_B_10.jpg|thumb| kujera MR 10 da tebur B 10, Kunstmuseen Krefeld]] [[Fayil:Barcelona_Chair_Barcelona_Pavilion.jpg|thumb| Kujerar Barcelona (1929) an ɗauki hotonta a wurin da aka sake ginawa a babban gidan Barcelona]] An haifi Reich a [[Berlin]] a ranar 16 ga Yuni, 1885. A shekarar 1908, tana da shekaru 23, ta yi amfani da horon dinkinta lokacin da ta je [[Vienna]] don yin aiki a Wiener Werkstätte (Vienna Workshop) na Josef Hoffmann, wani kamfanin samar da fasahar gani na masu zane-zane, masu fasaha, da masu gine-gine. Hoffmann fitaccen mai zane ne na zamani, wanda ke da alhakin ƙira kamar kujera ta Kubus (1918), majalisar ministoci ( {{Circa|1915}} ), Koller (1911), da kuma shugabannin Broncia (1912). Reich ya yi aiki tare da Hoffmann kan ƙirar kujera da sofa ta Kubus. == Sana'a == Reich ya koma Berlin a shekarar 1911. A can ta fara tsara kayan daki, yadi da tufafin mata. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Schuldenfrei |first=Robin |last2=Fisher |first2=Annika |date=2014 |title=Lilly Reich: Questions of Fashion |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/10.1086/677870 |journal=West 86th: A Journal of Decorative Arts, Design History, and Material Culture |volume=21 |issue=1 |pages=102–120 |doi=10.1086/677870 |issn=2153-5531 |jstor=10.1086/677870 |s2cid=191078785 |url-access=subscription}}</ref> Wannan gogewar ta kasance mai kyau a gare ta, tana ba ta sha'awa ta musamman wajen bambance zane da kayan aiki, da kuma ƙwarewa ta musamman dangane da amfani da yadi a cikin kayan daki. Ta kuma yi aiki a matsayin mai gyaran tagogi a shago a wannan lokacin. A shekara ta 1911, bayan ya yi aiki a shagunan sayar da kayayyaki mafi tsada a Berlin, Reich ya tsara tagogi da kayan sakawa na shaguna ga Shagon Sashen Wertheim na Berlin. A shekarar 1912, muhimman abubuwa guda biyu sun taimaka wajen tabbatar da sunanta a matsayin mai zane mai tasiri da kuma mai shirya baje kolin kayayyaki. Da farko, ta tsara kayan cikin gida masu kyau don gidan ma'aikaci da kuma shaguna biyu don baje kolin Lyzeum-Klub ''Die Frau a Haus und Beruf'' (Mace a Gida da Aiki). {{Sfn|McQuaid|1996}} A wannan shekarar, an zaɓe ta ta zama memba a ƙungiyar German Werkbund, ko kuma ƙungiyar German Work Federation, wata ƙungiya da aka kafa a shekarar 1907 wadda ke da nufin haɗa fasaha da masana'antu a matsayin hanyar inganta kayayyaki da ƙira da Jamusawa suka yi, {{Sfn|McQuaid|1996}} ƙungiya mai kama da Vienna Workshop wadda manufarta ita ce taimakawa wajen inganta gasa tsakanin kamfanonin Jamus a kasuwar duniya. Kungiyar Werkbund ta dauki nauyin laccoci ga masu shaguna da masu sayayya, tare da neman taimakon gidajen tarihi don nuna sha'awar jama'a ta hanyar baje kolin kayayyaki. A shekarar 1912 ta tsara wani gida na ma'aikata a Berlin Gewerkschaftshaus, ko kuma Trade Union House. Ya sami yabo sosai saboda tsabta da kuma amfani da kayan daki. Littafin shekara na Werkbund na 1913 ya ƙunshi jerin hotuna waɗanda suka haɗa da ɗaya daga Reich: Elephant Pharmacy, Berlin 1913. <ref name="Meyer-1999">{{Cite journal |last=da Costa Meyer |first=Esther |date=Winter 1999 |title=Cruel Metonymies: Lilly Reich's Designs for the 1937 World's Fair |journal=New German Critique |publisher=Duke University Press |issue=76 |pages=161–189 |doi=10.2307/488661 |jstor=488661}}</ref> A shekara ta 1914, Reich ta mayar da ɗakinta zuwa shagon gyaran tufafi kuma ta kula da shi har tsawon lokacin Yaƙin Duniya na Ɗaya. {{Sfn|McQuaid|1996}} Ta ba da gudummawa ga bikin baje kolin Werkbund na shekarar 1914 a Cologne. A ranar 25 ga Oktoba 1920, takwarorinta suka amince da Reich a hukumance lokacin da aka naɗa ta cikin Hukumar Daraktocin Deutsche Werkbund. Ita ce mace ta farko da aka naɗa a kwamitin gudanarwa na Werkbund. {{Sfn|McQuaid|1996}} Nauyinta ne ta tsara da kuma tsara nunin zane da Werkbund ta shirya kuma an yi niyya ne don tallata masu zane-zane na Jamus a Jamus da kuma ƙasashen waje. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Lilly Reich Biography |url=http://www.lilly-reich.com/ |access-date=2022-09-19 |website=www.lilly-reich.com}}</ref> Daga 1921 zuwa 1922, Reich ya shirya kuma ya shirya manyan baje kolin biyu don nunawa a Gidan Tarihi na Newark da ke Newark, New Jersey . {{Sfn|McQuaid|1996}} Nunin farko, mai taken "Fasahohin da Aka Yi Amfani da Su," ya ƙunshi kayan ado na mata da kayan haɗi, wanda ke neman haɓaka farfaɗo da salon Jamus da kuma ƙara haɗin gwiwa tsakanin masu fasaha da masana'antun. Nunin na biyu babban aiki ne da aka yi, inda aka nuna abubuwa sama da 1,600, waɗanda Reich ya zaɓa da yawa, don nuna inganci da faɗin ƙirar masana'antar Jamus. {{Sfn|McQuaid|1996}} Mutane sama da 4,000 ne suka ziyarci baje kolin tsakanin 18 ga Afrilu da 31 ga Mayu 1922, kuma Gidan Tarihi na Newark ya sayi sama da abubuwa sittin da biyar daga baje kolin, ciki har da ƙirar tufafin yara ta Reich. {{Sfn|McQuaid|1996}} Ba a yi wasan kwaikwayo a Amurka kamar yadda aka yi tsammani ba, ganin yadda aka nuna adawa da Jamusawa bayan Yaƙin Duniya na Ɗaya. Duk da haka, shirin ya yi tasiri sosai ga ƙirar Amurka kuma ana iya ganin tasirinsa a cikin ayyukan masu zane-zane na Amurka bayan wannan ranar. Daga 1924 zuwa 1926, ta yi aiki a [[Messeamt|ofishin Messeamt]], ko kuma Ofishin Baje Kolin Kasuwanci, da ke Frankfurt am Main. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Ketterer Kunst, Art auctions, Book auctions Munich, Hamburg & Berlin |url=http://www.kettererkunst.com/bio/lilly-reich-1885.php |access-date=30 March 2017 |website=www.kettererkunst.com}}</ref> A can, ita ce ke kula da shirya da tsara bukukuwan kasuwanci. <ref name="Kettererkunst">{{Cite web |title=Biographies: Lilly Reich |url=http://www.kettererkunst.com/bio/lilly-reich-1885.php |access-date=7 March 2016 |website=www.kettererkunst.com}}</ref> A can ne ta haɗu da [[Ludwig Mies van der Rohe]], mataimakin shugaban ƙungiyar Deutscher Werkbund. <ref name="Kettererkunst" /> Wannan ya haifar da lokacin shigar da kayan daki na van der Rohe yayin da su biyun suka yi aiki tare kan ayyuka da yawa. A shekarar 1927, su biyun sun yi aiki a kan "Die Wohnung" a Stuttgart don Werkbund. Ta tsara zane-zanen cikin gida da dama don wannan baje kolin, ciki har da "Wohnraum in Spiegelglas" ("wurin zama a gilashin madubi"). A shekarar 1929 ta zama daraktan fasaha na gudummawar Jamus ga Barcelona World Exposition, inda van der Rohe ya tsara babban rumfar sa mai suna a duniya. Nan ne shahararren kujera a Barcelona ya fara bayyana. An ɗauki wannan rumfar a matsayin mafi muhimmanci a cikin ƙoƙarinsu na ƙira. == Manazarta == kbmkar4syelg16iink334j8ndusne02 895413 895412 2026-08-12T07:48:55Z Nnamadee 31123 895413 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Lilly Reich''' (16 ga Yuni 1885 - 14 ga Disamba 1947) ƙwararren mai ƙira ce ta Jamus wacce ta ƙware a fannin yadi, kayan daki, kayan ciki, da wuraren baje kolin kayayyaki. Ta kasance mai haɗin gwiwa da [[Ludwig Mies van der Rohe]] na tsawon shekaru sama da goma a lokacin mulkin Weimar daga 1925 har zuwa lokacin da ya yi ƙaura zuwa Amurka a 1938. Reich mutum ne mai muhimmanci a farkon [[Zamanance|Zamanin Movement]] a fannin gine-gine da ƙira . Shahararta ta kasance bayan mutuwarta, domin muhimmancin gudummawarta ga aikin Mies van der Rohe da sauran waɗanda ta yi aiki tare da su ya bayyana ne kawai ta hanyar binciken masana tarihi na wannan fanni daga baya. == Rayuwar farko da ilimi == [[Fayil:Weißenhof-Stuhl_mit_Geflecht_von_Lilly_Reich.jpg|thumb| MR 10 Weissenhof kujera, wanda Reich da Mies van der Rohe suka tsara (1927) <ref>{{Cite web |title=MR20 armchair |url=http://www.cmoa.org/CollectionDetail.aspx?item=1022315 |publisher=Carnegie Museum of Art}}</ref>]] [[Fayil:MR_10_and_B_10.jpg|thumb| kujera MR 10 da tebur B 10, Kunstmuseen Krefeld]] [[Fayil:Barcelona_Chair_Barcelona_Pavilion.jpg|thumb| Kujerar Barcelona (1929) an ɗauki hotonta a wurin da aka sake ginawa a babban gidan Barcelona]] An haifi Reich a [[Berlin]] a ranar 16 ga Yuni, 1885. A shekarar 1908, tana da shekaru 23, ta yi amfani da horon dinkinta lokacin da ta je [[Vienna]] don yin aiki a Wiener Werkstätte (Vienna Workshop) na Josef Hoffmann, wani kamfanin samar da fasahar gani na masu zane-zane, masu fasaha, da masu gine-gine. Hoffmann fitaccen mai zane ne na zamani, wanda ke da alhakin ƙira kamar kujera ta Kubus (1918), majalisar ministoci ( {{Circa|1915}} ), Koller (1911), da kuma shugabannin Broncia (1912). Reich ya yi aiki tare da Hoffmann kan ƙirar kujera da sofa ta Kubus. == Sana'a == Reich ya koma Berlin a shekarar 1911. A can ta fara tsara kayan daki, yadi da tufafin mata. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Schuldenfrei |first=Robin |last2=Fisher |first2=Annika |date=2014 |title=Lilly Reich: Questions of Fashion |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/10.1086/677870 |journal=West 86th: A Journal of Decorative Arts, Design History, and Material Culture |volume=21 |issue=1 |pages=102–120 |doi=10.1086/677870 |issn=2153-5531 |jstor=10.1086/677870 |s2cid=191078785 |url-access=subscription}}</ref> Wannan gogewar ta kasance mai kyau a gare ta, tana ba ta sha'awa ta musamman wajen bambance zane da kayan aiki, da kuma ƙwarewa ta musamman dangane da amfani da yadi a cikin kayan daki. Ta kuma yi aiki a matsayin mai gyaran tagogi a shago a wannan lokacin. A shekara ta 1911, bayan ya yi aiki a shagunan sayar da kayayyaki mafi tsada a Berlin, Reich ya tsara tagogi da kayan sakawa na shaguna ga Shagon Sashen Wertheim na Berlin. A shekarar 1912, muhimman abubuwa guda biyu sun taimaka wajen tabbatar da sunanta a matsayin mai zane mai tasiri da kuma mai shirya baje kolin kayayyaki. Da farko, ta tsara kayan cikin gida masu kyau don gidan ma'aikaci da kuma shaguna biyu don baje kolin Lyzeum-Klub ''Die Frau a Haus und Beruf'' (Mace a Gida da Aiki). {{Sfn|McQuaid|1996}} A wannan shekarar, an zaɓe ta ta zama memba a ƙungiyar German Werkbund, ko kuma ƙungiyar German Work Federation, wata ƙungiya da aka kafa a shekarar 1907 wadda ke da nufin haɗa fasaha da masana'antu a matsayin hanyar inganta kayayyaki da ƙira da Jamusawa suka yi, {{Sfn|McQuaid|1996}} ƙungiya mai kama da Vienna Workshop wadda manufarta ita ce taimakawa wajen inganta gasa tsakanin kamfanonin Jamus a kasuwar duniya. Kungiyar Werkbund ta dauki nauyin laccoci ga masu shaguna da masu sayayya, tare da neman taimakon gidajen tarihi don nuna sha'awar jama'a ta hanyar baje kolin kayayyaki. A shekarar 1912 ta tsara wani gida na ma'aikata a Berlin Gewerkschaftshaus, ko kuma Trade Union House. Ya sami yabo sosai saboda tsabta da kuma amfani da kayan daki. Littafin shekara na Werkbund na 1913 ya ƙunshi jerin hotuna waɗanda suka haɗa da ɗaya daga Reich: Elephant Pharmacy, Berlin 1913. <ref name="Meyer-1999">{{Cite journal |last=da Costa Meyer |first=Esther |date=Winter 1999 |title=Cruel Metonymies: Lilly Reich's Designs for the 1937 World's Fair |journal=New German Critique |publisher=Duke University Press |issue=76 |pages=161–189 |doi=10.2307/488661 |jstor=488661}}</ref> A shekara ta 1914, Reich ta mayar da ɗakinta zuwa shagon gyaran tufafi kuma ta kula da shi har tsawon lokacin Yaƙin Duniya na Ɗaya. {{Sfn|McQuaid|1996}} Ta ba da gudummawa ga bikin baje kolin Werkbund na shekarar 1914 a Cologne. A ranar 25 ga Oktoba 1920, takwarorinta suka amince da Reich a hukumance lokacin da aka naɗa ta cikin Hukumar Daraktocin Deutsche Werkbund. Ita ce mace ta farko da aka naɗa a kwamitin gudanarwa na Werkbund. {{Sfn|McQuaid|1996}} Nauyinta ne ta tsara da kuma tsara nunin zane da Werkbund ta shirya kuma an yi niyya ne don tallata masu zane-zane na Jamus a Jamus da kuma ƙasashen waje. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Lilly Reich Biography |url=http://www.lilly-reich.com/ |access-date=2022-09-19 |website=www.lilly-reich.com}}</ref> Daga 1921 zuwa 1922, Reich ya shirya kuma ya shirya manyan baje kolin biyu don nunawa a Gidan Tarihi na Newark da ke Newark, New Jersey . {{Sfn|McQuaid|1996}} Nunin farko, mai taken "Fasahohin da Aka Yi Amfani da Su," ya ƙunshi kayan ado na mata da kayan haɗi, wanda ke neman haɓaka farfaɗo da salon Jamus da kuma ƙara haɗin gwiwa tsakanin masu fasaha da masana'antun. Nunin na biyu babban aiki ne da aka yi, inda aka nuna abubuwa sama da 1,600, waɗanda Reich ya zaɓa da yawa, don nuna inganci da faɗin ƙirar masana'antar Jamus. {{Sfn|McQuaid|1996}} Mutane sama da 4,000 ne suka ziyarci baje kolin tsakanin 18 ga Afrilu da 31 ga Mayu 1922, kuma Gidan Tarihi na Newark ya sayi sama da abubuwa sittin da biyar daga baje kolin, ciki har da ƙirar tufafin yara ta Reich. {{Sfn|McQuaid|1996}} Ba a yi wasan kwaikwayo a Amurka kamar yadda aka yi tsammani ba, ganin yadda aka nuna adawa da Jamusawa bayan Yaƙin Duniya na Ɗaya. Duk da haka, shirin ya yi tasiri sosai ga ƙirar Amurka kuma ana iya ganin tasirinsa a cikin ayyukan masu zane-zane na Amurka bayan wannan ranar. Daga 1924 zuwa 1926, ta yi aiki a [[Messeamt|ofishin Messeamt]], ko kuma Ofishin Baje Kolin Kasuwanci, da ke Frankfurt am Main. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Ketterer Kunst, Art auctions, Book auctions Munich, Hamburg & Berlin |url=http://www.kettererkunst.com/bio/lilly-reich-1885.php |access-date=30 March 2017 |website=www.kettererkunst.com}}</ref> A can, ita ce ke kula da shirya da tsara bukukuwan kasuwanci. <ref name="Kettererkunst">{{Cite web |title=Biographies: Lilly Reich |url=http://www.kettererkunst.com/bio/lilly-reich-1885.php |access-date=7 March 2016 |website=www.kettererkunst.com}}</ref> A can ne ta haɗu da [[Ludwig Mies van der Rohe]], mataimakin shugaban ƙungiyar Deutscher Werkbund. <ref name="Kettererkunst" /> Wannan ya haifar da lokacin shigar da kayan daki na van der Rohe yayin da su biyun suka yi aiki tare kan ayyuka da yawa. A shekarar 1927, su biyun sun yi aiki a kan "Die Wohnung" a Stuttgart don Werkbund. Ta tsara zane-zanen cikin gida da dama don wannan baje kolin, ciki har da "Wohnraum in Spiegelglas" ("wurin zama a gilashin madubi"). A shekarar 1929 ta zama daraktan fasaha na gudummawar Jamus ga Barcelona World Exposition, inda van der Rohe ya tsara babban rumfar sa mai suna a duniya. Nan ne shahararren kujera a Barcelona ya fara bayyana. An ɗauki wannan rumfar a matsayin mafi muhimmanci a cikin ƙoƙarinsu na ƙira. == Manazarta == ez2zdy5wdvnlh8rr8y5nwxv4ggq2r8f 0 163292 895414 2026-08-12T07:51:09Z Nnamadee 31123 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1342987504|Jonny Star]]" 895414 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Jonny Star''' (an haife shi a ranar 26 ga Disamba, 1964, a [[Düsseldorf]], Jamus) mawaki ne ɗan ƙasar Jamus. Har zuwa shekarar 2011 ta yi aiki a matsayin mai zane a ƙarƙashin sunanta Gabriele-Maria Scheda. Tana zaune kuma tana aiki a [[Berlin]] da kuma birnin New York, Amurka == Rayuwa ta sirri == Jonny Star ta shafe shekaru goma na farko a Düsseldorf da kewaye kafin ta koma yankin Hochsauerland (North Rhine-Westphalia) tare da iyayenta da 'yan'uwanta mata biyu. A can ne iyayenta suka buɗe wani otal daban wanda ya zama wurin hutu na Düsseldorf a fannin fasaha da wasan kwaikwayo a shekarun 1970. Mahaifiyar Jonny Star ta kasance cikin mahalarta taron a matsayin wani ɓangare na da'irar daraktan wasan kwaikwayo na Amurka kuma manajan wasan kwaikwayo Ernest Martin tun daga ƙarshen shekarun 1960 zuwa gaba. A shekarar 1982, Jonny Star ta bar gidanta ta zama wani ɓangare na al'adun Yammacin Berlin . A shekarar 1990 ta sami digirin A-level a aji na mata na gaba da na gaba a Makarantar Ilimi ta Manya (Schule für Erwachsenenbildung) da ke Berlin sannan ta yi karatun [[Ilimin halin dan Adam|Psychology]] a TU Berlin daga 1991 zuwa 1996. Daga shekarar 1985 zuwa 1992, Jonny Star ta yi aiki tare da shahararren mashayar Café Anfall da ke Berlin-Kreuzberg kuma ta shafe tsawon lokaci tana zama a ƙasashen waje a Faransa, Spain, [[Portugal]], Amurka, [[Mexico (ƙasa)|Mexico]], [[Guatemala (ƙasa)|Guatemala]], [[Honduras]], [[Nicaragua]], [[Costa Rica]], [[Moroko|Morocco]], [[Aljeriya|Algeria]], [[Mali]], [[Burkina Faso]] da [[Nijar (ƙasa)|Nijar]] kafin ta fara aiki a matsayin mai zane a shekarar 1996. Daga 1997 zuwa 1999, ta koyi yin Mold da kuma tsarin yin tagulla a cikin wani kamfanin kera kayan fasaha mai suna Bildgießerei Hermann Noack da ke Berlin. Daga shekarar 1999 zuwa 2005, an yi ta fama da rashin lafiya a Portugal. Baya ga ayyukanta na fasaha, ta fara kuma ta tsara nune-nunen duniya da ayyukan fasaha kamar Showroom Berlin (1996–1998), JONNY'S (2007–2009), SWEET HOME (2011–2012) da SUPERUSCHI (tun daga 2013). Tun daga shekarar 1996 Jonny Star ya nuna bajinta a duniya. == Aikin fasaha == A cikin ayyukanta na fasaha, Jonny Star tana amfani da kayayyaki da kayan aiki daban-daban waɗanda galibi take haɗa su, kamar su tagulla, ɗaukar hoto, yadi da abubuwan shigarwa. Star yawanci yana ƙirƙirar jerin ayyuka waɗanda ke tasowa tsawon shekaru da yawa a layi ɗaya. A cikin sassaka na farko na tagulla kamar jerin ''Dear Germaine'' (1998) ko ''kuma ba zato ba tsammani'' (1998–99) ta ƙirƙiri halittu masu kama da na ɗan adam waɗanda ke magance matsalolin nauyi da sauƙi, motsi da tsayawa da kuma jigogi kamar ɗaurin kurkuku, fallasa ko wahala. A cikin bronzes na jerin ''alle zusammen'' (2001), ''suchen eine reise'' (2003), da ''wachen sein tot'' (2009-10) mai zane ya kuma yi amfani da abubuwan da aka samo daga yanayi. A wasu jerin ayyukan, kamar ''JETZT KOMM ICH'' (2007) ko kuma a cikin abubuwa masu laushi, kamar matashin kai don bango kamar ''My Flowerself'' (2010), ''Jonny is Back'' (2011) ko ''komm ruh' dich aus'' (2012), Jonny Star ta yi magana game da tarihin rayuwarta da aka saka a cikin wani salon yau da kullun na sirri. Da aka sauya sunanta daga Gabriele-Maria Scheda zuwa Jonny Star a shekarar 2011, batutuwa kamar [[Jima'i na ɗan adam|jima'i]], [[Physicality|yanayin jiki]], asali, rawar da mata ke takawa da kuma yadda suke karɓar baƙi a cikin al'umma sun fi yawa. A cikin ''Sells Sells'' (2013), ''Toy Girls'' (2014), ''Toy Boys'' (2014) ko ''Free Your Soul'' (2015) Tauraro yana samun damar kallon batsa ta intanet tsakanin maza da mata. Tana aika hotunan bidiyo da take ɗauka daga allon ko hotuna daga mujallun batsa a kan yadi sannan ta haɗa su a kan doilies, ko kuma a kan kayan yadi da aka yi da kanta don bayyana wariya ga jinsi ko haramcin jima'i da ke akwai a cikin al'ummarmu. Yawancin ayyukanta na fasaha suna sukar tsarin kasuwar fasaha ta duniya da ya kamata ta kasance === Superuschi (tun daga 2013) === Jerin baje kolin Superuschi <ref>{{Cite web |title=Website of Superuschi |url=http://superuschi.org/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160121184200/http://www.superuschi.org/ |archive-date=January 21, 2016 |access-date=January 25, 2016}}</ref> (tun daga Maris 2013) ya fito daga ayyukan Star na Sweet Home (2011–2013) da Jonny's (2007–2009). Masu fasahar gani ko wasan kwaikwayo na ƙasashen duniya suna shiga tare da yin tunani tare da Jonny Star a wani jigo na musamman. Sakamakon haka, wani baje koli ne da ke sauƙaƙa hulɗa tsakanin sararin samaniya, abubuwa, masu fasaha da baƙi, dangane da sassaka na zamantakewa . Masu fasaha suna da damar yin mu'amala da juna kuma baƙi suna samun ƙarin shiga kai tsaye a cikin zane-zane da wasan kwaikwayo. Sashen Al'adu na Majalisar Dattawan Berlin ya tallafa wa bikin baje kolin ''kayan girki'' na Superuschi da aka yi a Rush Arts Gallery a birnin New York a shekarar 2015. == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1964]] [[Rukuni:Webarchive template wayback links]] 6w1slal68dkrlgoc60pwx68yc1v3hjm 895415 895414 2026-08-12T07:51:33Z Nnamadee 31123 895415 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Jonny Star''' (an haife shi a ranar 26 ga Disamba, 1964, a [[Düsseldorf]], Jamus) mawaki ne ɗan ƙasar Jamus. Har zuwa shekarar 2011 ta yi aiki a matsayin mai zane a ƙarƙashin sunanta Gabriele-Maria Scheda. Tana zaune kuma tana aiki a [[Berlin]] da kuma birnin New York, Amurka == Rayuwa ta sirri == Jonny Star ta shafe shekaru goma na farko a Düsseldorf da kewaye kafin ta koma yankin Hochsauerland (North Rhine-Westphalia) tare da iyayenta da 'yan'uwanta mata biyu. A can ne iyayenta suka buɗe wani otal daban wanda ya zama wurin hutu na Düsseldorf a fannin fasaha da wasan kwaikwayo a shekarun 1970. Mahaifiyar Jonny Star ta kasance cikin mahalarta taron a matsayin wani ɓangare na da'irar daraktan wasan kwaikwayo na Amurka kuma manajan wasan kwaikwayo Ernest Martin tun daga ƙarshen shekarun 1960 zuwa gaba. A shekarar 1982, Jonny Star ta bar gidanta ta zama wani ɓangare na al'adun Yammacin Berlin . A shekarar 1990 ta sami digirin A-level a aji na mata na gaba da na gaba a Makarantar Ilimi ta Manya (Schule für Erwachsenenbildung) da ke Berlin sannan ta yi karatun [[Ilimin halin dan Adam|Psychology]] a TU Berlin daga 1991 zuwa 1996. Daga shekarar 1985 zuwa 1992, Jonny Star ta yi aiki tare da shahararren mashayar Café Anfall da ke Berlin-Kreuzberg kuma ta shafe tsawon lokaci tana zama a ƙasashen waje a Faransa, Spain, [[Portugal]], Amurka, [[Mexico (ƙasa)|Mexico]], [[Guatemala (ƙasa)|Guatemala]], [[Honduras]], [[Nicaragua]], [[Costa Rica]], [[Moroko|Morocco]], [[Aljeriya|Algeria]], [[Mali]], [[Burkina Faso]] da [[Nijar (ƙasa)|Nijar]] kafin ta fara aiki a matsayin mai zane a shekarar 1996. Daga 1997 zuwa 1999, ta koyi yin Mold da kuma tsarin yin tagulla a cikin wani kamfanin kera kayan fasaha mai suna Bildgießerei Hermann Noack da ke Berlin. Daga shekarar 1999 zuwa 2005, an yi ta fama da rashin lafiya a Portugal. Baya ga ayyukanta na fasaha, ta fara kuma ta tsara nune-nunen duniya da ayyukan fasaha kamar Showroom Berlin (1996–1998), JONNY'S (2007–2009), SWEET HOME (2011–2012) da SUPERUSCHI (tun daga 2013). Tun daga shekarar 1996 Jonny Star ya nuna bajinta a duniya. == Aikin fasaha == A cikin ayyukanta na fasaha, Jonny Star tana amfani da kayayyaki da kayan aiki daban-daban waɗanda galibi take haɗa su, kamar su tagulla, ɗaukar hoto, yadi da abubuwan shigarwa. Star yawanci yana ƙirƙirar jerin ayyuka waɗanda ke tasowa tsawon shekaru da yawa a layi ɗaya. A cikin sassaka na farko na tagulla kamar jerin ''Dear Germaine'' (1998) ko ''kuma ba zato ba tsammani'' (1998–99) ta ƙirƙiri halittu masu kama da na ɗan adam waɗanda ke magance matsalolin nauyi da sauƙi, motsi da tsayawa da kuma jigogi kamar ɗaurin kurkuku, fallasa ko wahala. A cikin bronzes na jerin ''alle zusammen'' (2001), ''suchen eine reise'' (2003), da ''wachen sein tot'' (2009-10) mai zane ya kuma yi amfani da abubuwan da aka samo daga yanayi. A wasu jerin ayyukan, kamar ''JETZT KOMM ICH'' (2007) ko kuma a cikin abubuwa masu laushi, kamar matashin kai don bango kamar ''My Flowerself'' (2010), ''Jonny is Back'' (2011) ko ''komm ruh' dich aus'' (2012), Jonny Star ta yi magana game da tarihin rayuwarta da aka saka a cikin wani salon yau da kullun na sirri. Da aka sauya sunanta daga Gabriele-Maria Scheda zuwa Jonny Star a shekarar 2011, batutuwa kamar [[Jima'i na ɗan adam|jima'i]], [[Physicality|yanayin jiki]], asali, rawar da mata ke takawa da kuma yadda suke karɓar baƙi a cikin al'umma sun fi yawa. A cikin ''Sells Sells'' (2013), ''Toy Girls'' (2014), ''Toy Boys'' (2014) ko ''Free Your Soul'' (2015) Tauraro yana samun damar kallon batsa ta intanet tsakanin maza da mata. Tana aika hotunan bidiyo da take ɗauka daga allon ko hotuna daga mujallun batsa a kan yadi sannan ta haɗa su a kan doilies, ko kuma a kan kayan yadi da aka yi da kanta don bayyana wariya ga jinsi ko haramcin jima'i da ke akwai a cikin al'ummarmu. Yawancin ayyukanta na fasaha suna sukar tsarin kasuwar fasaha ta duniya da ya kamata ta kasance === Superuschi (tun daga 2013) === Jerin baje kolin Superuschi <ref>{{Cite web |title=Website of Superuschi |url=http://superuschi.org/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160121184200/http://www.superuschi.org/ |archive-date=January 21, 2016 |access-date=January 25, 2016}}</ref> (tun daga Maris 2013) ya fito daga ayyukan Star na Sweet Home (2011–2013) da Jonny's (2007–2009). Masu fasahar gani ko wasan kwaikwayo na ƙasashen duniya suna shiga tare da yin tunani tare da Jonny Star a wani jigo na musamman. Sakamakon haka, wani baje koli ne da ke sauƙaƙa hulɗa tsakanin sararin samaniya, abubuwa, masu fasaha da baƙi, dangane da sassaka na zamantakewa . Masu fasaha suna da damar yin mu'amala da juna kuma baƙi suna samun ƙarin shiga kai tsaye a cikin zane-zane da wasan kwaikwayo. Sashen Al'adu na Majalisar Dattawan Berlin ya tallafa wa bikin baje kolin ''kayan girki'' na Superuschi da aka yi a Rush Arts Gallery a birnin New York a shekarar 2015. == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1964]] [[Rukuni:Webarchive template wayback links]] 4h97uzm3hp7guonqh5p11u2w6rkif5f 0 163293 895416 2026-08-12T07:53:48Z Nnamadee 31123 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1294755742|Susanne Amatosero]]" 895416 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Susanne Amatosero''' (an haife ta Susanne Klippel, 29 ga Yuli 1952) 'Yar wasan kwaikwayo ce 'yar [[Jamus|ƙasar Jamus]] da ke zaune a [[Hamburg]] kuma marubuciya/ darakta a wasan kwaikwayo na dandamali da rediyo . <ref name="SAlautCK">{{Cite web |last=Cordula Kropke |date=March 2014 |title=Regie: Susanne Amatosero |url=http://hoerspiele.dra.de/vollinfo.php?tipp=1&dukey=4206165 |access-date=21 November 2018 |website=Susanne Amatosero, ABCDE und ich |publisher=Stiftung Deutsches Rundfunkarchiv, Frankfurt am Main |language=de}}</ref> == Tarihin Rayuwa == An haifi Susanne Kippel a Wittlich, wani ƙaramin gari tsakanin [[Trier]] da [[Koblenz]] . <ref name="SAlautNDR">{{Cite web |date=October 2012 |title=Ein umtriebiger Gott .... Die Autorin |url=http://www.ndr.de/kultur/hoerspiel/mercury101.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121028002322/http://www.ndr.de/kultur/hoerspiel/mercury101.html |archive-date=2012-10-28 |access-date=21 November 2018 |publisher=Norddeutscher Rundfunk, [[Hamburg]]}}</ref> Daga baya ta koma arewa, tana karatun zane a Jami'ar Fasaha ta Hamburg, daga nan ta yi aiki a matsayin mai ɗaukar hoto mai zaman kansa, tana ba da gudummawa ga wallafe-wallafen ƙasa kamar Zeit da Stern . <ref name="SAlautCK" /> Tun daga shekarar 1983 ta fara ziyara mai tsawo a [[Karibiyan|yankin Caribbean]] - musamman [[Saint Lucia|St. Lucia]], [[Grenada]] da [[Jamaika|Jamaica]] - domin gudanar da nazarin kwatanta al'adu da kuma nazarin al'adu . Wannan ya haifar da fim ɗinta na farko mai suna "Die Reise der Pilgrim Number One" ( ''"Journey of the Number One Pilgrim"'' ), <ref name="Pn1">{{Cite web |date=1987 |title=Die Reise der Pilgrim Number One |url=http://www.film-documentaire.fr/4DACTION/w_fiche_film/45045_1 |access-date=21 November 2018 |website=Un film de Susanne Klippel-Amatosero |publisher=Association film-documentaire, Lussas |language=fr}}</ref> wanda ya lashe kyauta ta musamman a bikin fina-finai na Paris na 1988. Tun daga shekarar 1989, abin da ta fi mayar da hankali a kai shi ne wasannin kwaikwayo na rediyo, waɗanda galibi take ɗaukar nauyinsu. "Sauti da sautuka" da aka haɗa a cikin waɗannan wani fasali ne na musamman. Fim ɗin Bayerischer Rundfunk ( ''"Bavarian Broadcasting"'' ) na 1996 na "Funky Yard" ya lashe lambar zinare a bikin "International Radio Festival of New York" na 1997. == Na Kai == Kanin Susanne Amatosero shine marubuciya {{Interlanguage link|Christian Klippel|de}} . == Ayyuka (zaɓi) == === Littattafai === * ''Emilie Meier: lieber sich gesund schimpfen als krank heulen'' - bande dessinée (kamar Susanne Klippel), Munich 1977, Frauenbuchverlag (yanzu {{Interlanguage link|Verlag Antje Kunstmann|de}} ) * ''Schwarz war ihr Haar, die Augen wie zwei Sterne so klar: Frauen in St. Pauli'' (as Susanne Klippel), Munich 1979, Frauenbuchverlag * ''Mit Schwund muaßt rechnen!'' ''- Geschichten vom Münchner Müllberg'' (kamar Susanne Klippel), Munich 1980, Blatt GmbH * ''StraßenRandBilder'' (kamar Susanne Klippel), München 1981, Frauenbuchverlag === Fina-finai === * ''Die Reise der Pilgrim Number One'', 1987 fim ɗin gaskiya * ''Starkstrom'', Fim ɗin Talabijin, 1992 (kamar Susanne Klippel) (watsawa ta farko: 15 Satumba 1992, ZDF ) === Wasannin rediyo === {{Columns-list|* ''Die Buchstabenhütte'', 1989 (as Susanne Klippel) [[Norddeutscher Rundfunk|NDR]] * ''Ein ziemlich milder Winter'', 1990 (as Susanne Klippel) NDR/[[Bayerischer Rundfunk|BR]] * ''38,0 Grad'', 1991 (as Susanne Klippel) NDR * ''Misses Patience geht aus dem Haus'', 1993 (as Susanne Klippel) NDR * ''Apollo Hotel'', 1994 (as Susanne Klippel) NDR<ref>[http://www.hördat.de/index.php?col1=ti&a=Apollo+Hotel&bool1=and&col2=au.an&b=Klippel&bool2=and&col3=au.av&c=Susanne&bool8=and&sp=&bool4=and&ga=&bool5=and&gb=&bool7=and&aw=&so=autor&soo=asc&dat= ''HörDat'', die Hörspieldatenbank - Susanne Klippel]</ref> * ''Delta'', 1995 NDR/[[Saarländischer Rundfunk|SR]] (awarded {{lang|de|Hörspiel des Monats}} (radio play of the month) of the [[Deutsche Akademie der Darstellenden Künste]] in March 1996<ref>{{cite web |title=Hörspiel des Monats/Jahres 1996 |url=https://www.darstellendekuenste.de/id-1996.html |publisher=Deutsche Akademie der Darstellenden Künste |access-date=26 January 2021 |language=de}}</ref>) * ''funky yard'', 1996 [[Deutschlandradio|DLR]]/BR * ''Flieg, Gedanke auf goldenen Schwingen'', 1966 (Regie; Author: Armando Llamass, translation: {{ill|Hans Thill|bg|Ханс Тилde|de}}) SR * ''Phönixhouse'', 1997 NDR/BR * ''Der Mond hält Hof oder Die Struktur des wilden Schnittlauchs in der Nacht'', 1997 (Regie; Autorin: Marietta Schröder) SR * ''Licht'', 1998 BR/NDR * ''Asylanten'', 1999 DLR/SR/NDR * ''5 Gesänge'', 2000 DLR * ''Art aud'', 2002 NDR * ''The Girl from Ipanema in Dub'', 2003 DLR/NDR * ''Fool's Büttel'', 2004 NDR/DLR * ''Fremde Männer rocken das Haus'', 2004 DLR/[[Hessischer Rundfunk|HR]] * ''Flamme und Phon'', 2005 NDR * ''Klagenfurt'', 2007 DLR/NDR/[[Südwestrundfunk|SWR]] * ''Von Menschen, die sich fressen oder All You Can Eat'', 2008 (Regie; Author: {{ill|Paula Köhlmeier|de}}) WDR/[[Österreichischer Rundfunk|ORF]]/DLR * ''Die Palette'', 2010 (Regie; Author: [[Hubert Fichte]]) NDR * ''Global Player'', 2008 DLR * ''Voodoo Child und die Musik als fünftes Element'', 2011 DLR * ''Mercury'', 2012 NDR/DLR * ''Sparky'', 2013 DLR<ref>[http://www.deutschlandradiokultur.de/sparky.964.de.html?dram:article_id=304493 „Sparky“ by Susanne Amatosero]</ref> * ''ABCDE und ich'', 2014 NDR * ''Portrait of the Artist as a young Bitch'', 2016 NDR}} == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1952]] thojyq918n1qm8yfyt969qmfsgws1uk 895417 895416 2026-08-12T07:54:14Z Nnamadee 31123 895417 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Susanne Amatosero''' (an haife ta Susanne Klippel, 29 ga Yuli 1952) 'Yar wasan kwaikwayo ce 'yar [[Jamus|ƙasar Jamus]] da ke zaune a [[Hamburg]] kuma marubuciya/ darakta a wasan kwaikwayo na dandamali da rediyo . <ref name="SAlautCK">{{Cite web |last=Cordula Kropke |date=March 2014 |title=Regie: Susanne Amatosero |url=http://hoerspiele.dra.de/vollinfo.php?tipp=1&dukey=4206165 |access-date=21 November 2018 |website=Susanne Amatosero, ABCDE und ich |publisher=Stiftung Deutsches Rundfunkarchiv, Frankfurt am Main |language=de}}</ref> == Tarihin Rayuwa == An haifi Susanne Kippel a Wittlich, wani ƙaramin gari tsakanin [[Trier]] da [[Koblenz]] . <ref name="SAlautNDR">{{Cite web |date=October 2012 |title=Ein umtriebiger Gott .... Die Autorin |url=http://www.ndr.de/kultur/hoerspiel/mercury101.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121028002322/http://www.ndr.de/kultur/hoerspiel/mercury101.html |archive-date=2012-10-28 |access-date=21 November 2018 |publisher=Norddeutscher Rundfunk, [[Hamburg]]}}</ref> Daga baya ta koma arewa, tana karatun zane a Jami'ar Fasaha ta Hamburg, daga nan ta yi aiki a matsayin mai ɗaukar hoto mai zaman kansa, tana ba da gudummawa ga wallafe-wallafen ƙasa kamar Zeit da Stern . <ref name="SAlautCK" /> Tun daga shekarar 1983 ta fara ziyara mai tsawo a [[Karibiyan|yankin Caribbean]] - musamman [[Saint Lucia|St. Lucia]], [[Grenada]] da [[Jamaika|Jamaica]] - domin gudanar da nazarin kwatanta al'adu da kuma nazarin al'adu . Wannan ya haifar da fim ɗinta na farko mai suna "Die Reise der Pilgrim Number One" ( ''"Journey of the Number One Pilgrim"'' ), <ref name="Pn1">{{Cite web |date=1987 |title=Die Reise der Pilgrim Number One |url=http://www.film-documentaire.fr/4DACTION/w_fiche_film/45045_1 |access-date=21 November 2018 |website=Un film de Susanne Klippel-Amatosero |publisher=Association film-documentaire, Lussas |language=fr}}</ref> wanda ya lashe kyauta ta musamman a bikin fina-finai na Paris na 1988. Tun daga shekarar 1989, abin da ta fi mayar da hankali a kai shi ne wasannin kwaikwayo na rediyo, waɗanda galibi take ɗaukar nauyinsu. "Sauti da sautuka" da aka haɗa a cikin waɗannan wani fasali ne na musamman. Fim ɗin Bayerischer Rundfunk ( ''"Bavarian Broadcasting"'' ) na 1996 na "Funky Yard" ya lashe lambar zinare a bikin "International Radio Festival of New York" na 1997. == Na Kai == Kanin Susanne Amatosero shine marubuciya {{Interlanguage link|Christian Klippel|de}} . == Ayyuka (zaɓi) == === Littattafai === * ''Emilie Meier: lieber sich gesund schimpfen als krank heulen'' - bande dessinée (kamar Susanne Klippel), Munich 1977, Frauenbuchverlag (yanzu {{Interlanguage link|Verlag Antje Kunstmann|de}} ) * ''Schwarz war ihr Haar, die Augen wie zwei Sterne so klar: Frauen in St. Pauli'' (as Susanne Klippel), Munich 1979, Frauenbuchverlag * ''Mit Schwund muaßt rechnen!'' ''- Geschichten vom Münchner Müllberg'' (kamar Susanne Klippel), Munich 1980, Blatt GmbH * ''StraßenRandBilder'' (kamar Susanne Klippel), München 1981, Frauenbuchverlag === Fina-finai === * ''Die Reise der Pilgrim Number One'', 1987 fim ɗin gaskiya * ''Starkstrom'', Fim ɗin Talabijin, 1992 (kamar Susanne Klippel) (watsawa ta farko: 15 Satumba 1992, ZDF ) === Wasannin rediyo === {{Columns-list|* ''Die Buchstabenhütte'', 1989 (as Susanne Klippel) [[Norddeutscher Rundfunk|NDR]] * ''Ein ziemlich milder Winter'', 1990 (as Susanne Klippel) NDR/[[Bayerischer Rundfunk|BR]] * ''38,0 Grad'', 1991 (as Susanne Klippel) NDR * ''Misses Patience geht aus dem Haus'', 1993 (as Susanne Klippel) NDR * ''Apollo Hotel'', 1994 (as Susanne Klippel) NDR<ref>[http://www.hördat.de/index.php?col1=ti&a=Apollo+Hotel&bool1=and&col2=au.an&b=Klippel&bool2=and&col3=au.av&c=Susanne&bool8=and&sp=&bool4=and&ga=&bool5=and&gb=&bool7=and&aw=&so=autor&soo=asc&dat= ''HörDat'', die Hörspieldatenbank - Susanne Klippel]</ref> * ''Delta'', 1995 NDR/[[Saarländischer Rundfunk|SR]] (awarded {{lang|de|Hörspiel des Monats}} (radio play of the month) of the [[Deutsche Akademie der Darstellenden Künste]] in March 1996<ref>{{cite web |title=Hörspiel des Monats/Jahres 1996 |url=https://www.darstellendekuenste.de/id-1996.html |publisher=Deutsche Akademie der Darstellenden Künste |access-date=26 January 2021 |language=de}}</ref>) * ''funky yard'', 1996 [[Deutschlandradio|DLR]]/BR * ''Flieg, Gedanke auf goldenen Schwingen'', 1966 (Regie; Author: Armando Llamass, translation: {{ill|Hans Thill|bg|Ханс Тилde|de}}) SR * ''Phönixhouse'', 1997 NDR/BR * ''Der Mond hält Hof oder Die Struktur des wilden Schnittlauchs in der Nacht'', 1997 (Regie; Autorin: Marietta Schröder) SR * ''Licht'', 1998 BR/NDR * ''Asylanten'', 1999 DLR/SR/NDR * ''5 Gesänge'', 2000 DLR * ''Art aud'', 2002 NDR * ''The Girl from Ipanema in Dub'', 2003 DLR/NDR * ''Fool's Büttel'', 2004 NDR/DLR * ''Fremde Männer rocken das Haus'', 2004 DLR/[[Hessischer Rundfunk|HR]] * ''Flamme und Phon'', 2005 NDR * ''Klagenfurt'', 2007 DLR/NDR/[[Südwestrundfunk|SWR]] * ''Von Menschen, die sich fressen oder All You Can Eat'', 2008 (Regie; Author: {{ill|Paula Köhlmeier|de}}) WDR/[[Österreichischer Rundfunk|ORF]]/DLR * ''Die Palette'', 2010 (Regie; Author: [[Hubert Fichte]]) NDR * ''Global Player'', 2008 DLR * ''Voodoo Child und die Musik als fünftes Element'', 2011 DLR * ''Mercury'', 2012 NDR/DLR * ''Sparky'', 2013 DLR<ref>[http://www.deutschlandradiokultur.de/sparky.964.de.html?dram:article_id=304493 „Sparky“ by Susanne Amatosero]</ref> * ''ABCDE und ich'', 2014 NDR * ''Portrait of the Artist as a young Bitch'', 2016 NDR}} == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1952]] lltufu6uecqj8ugq70k45wizopktuws 0 163294 895418 2026-08-12T07:56:25Z Nnamadee 31123 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1308692260|Louise Abel (photographer)]]" 895418 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Fayil:Thora_Hansson_fotografert_av_Louise_Abel_-_Byhistorisk_samling,_Oslo_Museum_-_OB.F03448A.jpg|thumb| Hoton Thora Hansson wanda Louise Abel ta ɗauka kusan shekarar 1890.]] '''Louise Doris Sophie Pauline Abel''' (née '''Kleffel''', 1841–1907) mai ɗaukar hoto ce 'yar ƙasar Norway da aka haifa a Jamus, wadda daga shekarar 1864, tare da mijinta Hans Abel, ke gudanar da wani kamfanin ɗaukar hoto da kayan ɗaukar hoto a [[Oslo|Christiania]], Oslo ta yau. <ref name="pm">{{Cite web |title=Louise Abel |url=http://www.nb.no/nmff/fotograf.php?fotograf_id=14 |access-date=19 May 2016 |publisher=Preus Museum |language=Norwegian}}</ref> <ref name="ha">{{Cite web |title=Hans Abel |url=https://nbl.snl.no/Hans_Abel |access-date=19 May 2016 |publisher=Norsk Biografisk Leksikon |language=Norwegian}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |title=Abel, Louise (1841 - 1907) [no] |url=http://kulturnav.org/6dbdda91-b21d-4180-a6dd-263cf05db207 |access-date=19 May 2016 |publisher=KulturNav |language=Norwegian}}</ref> == Tarihin Rayuwa == An haife shi a Goldberg, a Grand Duchy na Mecklenburg-Schwerin a ranar 5 ga Nuwamba, 1841, Abel 'yar mai ɗaukar hoto ce Ludwig Gustav Kleffel (1807–1885) da Emilie Fredenhagen (1816–1895). <ref name="pm" /> A shekarar 1863, wani masanin magunguna na ƙasar Norway Hans Abel ya tafi Goldberg don a horar da shi a matsayin mai ɗaukar hoto daga Kleffel. A can ya haɗu da Louise, wacce ita ma ƙwararriyar mai ɗaukar hoto ce, kuma ya aure ta a shekara mai zuwa. Daga baya a shekarar 1864, ma'auratan sun koma Norway suka buɗe wani ɗakin daukar hoto da kasuwancin kayayyaki a tsakiyar Christiania. Louise Abel ce ke kula da sitidiyon yayin da mijinta ke kula da tallace-tallacen sinadarai da kayan aiki na daukar hoto. <ref name="ha" /> Ta kuma samar da katunan Kirsimeti don yin gogayya da bugu marasa inganci daga ƙasashen waje. An san shi da L. Abel & Co., kuma Abels ne ke kula da sitidiyon har zuwa 1890 lokacin da aka sayar da shi ga Sine Kraft wanda ke aiki a can tun 1882. <ref name="pm" /> Abel yana ɗaya daga cikin mata da dama da suka kafa ɗakunan daukar hoto na farko a ƙasar Norway. Sauran sun hada da Marie Høeg a Horten, Augusta Charlotte Solberg a Lillehammer, Louise Wold a Holmestrand, da Hulda Marie Bentzen a [[Bergen]] . == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1841]] 9crmeicx1bcleua739azyt31wd6y41e 895419 895418 2026-08-12T07:56:47Z Nnamadee 31123 895419 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} [[Fayil:Thora_Hansson_fotografert_av_Louise_Abel_-_Byhistorisk_samling,_Oslo_Museum_-_OB.F03448A.jpg|thumb| Hoton Thora Hansson wanda Louise Abel ta ɗauka kusan shekarar 1890.]] '''Louise Doris Sophie Pauline Abel''' (née '''Kleffel''', 1841–1907) mai ɗaukar hoto ce 'yar ƙasar Norway da aka haifa a Jamus, wadda daga shekarar 1864, tare da mijinta Hans Abel, ke gudanar da wani kamfanin ɗaukar hoto da kayan ɗaukar hoto a [[Oslo|Christiania]], Oslo ta yau. <ref name="pm">{{Cite web |title=Louise Abel |url=http://www.nb.no/nmff/fotograf.php?fotograf_id=14 |access-date=19 May 2016 |publisher=Preus Museum |language=Norwegian}}</ref> <ref name="ha">{{Cite web |title=Hans Abel |url=https://nbl.snl.no/Hans_Abel |access-date=19 May 2016 |publisher=Norsk Biografisk Leksikon |language=Norwegian}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |title=Abel, Louise (1841 - 1907) [no] |url=http://kulturnav.org/6dbdda91-b21d-4180-a6dd-263cf05db207 |access-date=19 May 2016 |publisher=KulturNav |language=Norwegian}}</ref> == Tarihin Rayuwa == An haife shi a Goldberg, a Grand Duchy na Mecklenburg-Schwerin a ranar 5 ga Nuwamba, 1841, Abel 'yar mai ɗaukar hoto ce Ludwig Gustav Kleffel (1807–1885) da Emilie Fredenhagen (1816–1895). <ref name="pm" /> A shekarar 1863, wani masanin magunguna na ƙasar Norway Hans Abel ya tafi Goldberg don a horar da shi a matsayin mai ɗaukar hoto daga Kleffel. A can ya haɗu da Louise, wacce ita ma ƙwararriyar mai ɗaukar hoto ce, kuma ya aure ta a shekara mai zuwa. Daga baya a shekarar 1864, ma'auratan sun koma Norway suka buɗe wani ɗakin daukar hoto da kasuwancin kayayyaki a tsakiyar Christiania. Louise Abel ce ke kula da sitidiyon yayin da mijinta ke kula da tallace-tallacen sinadarai da kayan aiki na daukar hoto. <ref name="ha" /> Ta kuma samar da katunan Kirsimeti don yin gogayya da bugu marasa inganci daga ƙasashen waje. An san shi da L. Abel & Co., kuma Abels ne ke kula da sitidiyon har zuwa 1890 lokacin da aka sayar da shi ga Sine Kraft wanda ke aiki a can tun 1882. <ref name="pm" /> Abel yana ɗaya daga cikin mata da dama da suka kafa ɗakunan daukar hoto na farko a ƙasar Norway. Sauran sun hada da Marie Høeg a Horten, Augusta Charlotte Solberg a Lillehammer, Louise Wold a Holmestrand, da Hulda Marie Bentzen a [[Bergen]] . == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1841]] ikl6tdymg0jac4zvblhpue4pm2jtq6z 0 163295 895420 2026-08-12T07:58:55Z Nnamadee 31123 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1353229995|Aylin Langreuter]]" 895420 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Aylin Langreuter''' ƙwararriyar mai fasaha ce ta zamani da kuma mai tsara manufofi, kuma farfesa ce a jami'a daga [[München|Munich]], [[Jamus]]. == Rayuwa da aiki == An haifi Aylin Langreuter a shekarar 1976 a [[München|Munich]], [[Jamus]] . <ref name="Mutual Art">{{Cite web |title=Aylin Langreuter |url=https://www.mutualart.com/Artist/Aylin-Langreuter/BCC4FD5C0A28CD69 |access-date=24 October 2021 |website=Mutual Art |language=en}}</ref> <ref name="Galerie Wittenbrink">{{Cite web |title=Aylin Langreuter |url=https://www.galeriewittenbrink.de/langreuter-aylin.html |access-date=3 March 2024 |website=Galerie Wittenbrink |language=de}}</ref> Ta yi karatu a Academy of Fine Arts Munich, ajin [[:de:Gerd Winner|Gerd Winner]], ta kammala karatunta a shekarar 2001, lokacin da ita ma ta kafa Wahnsinn und Methode GmbH tare. <ref name="ABK Stuttgart">{{Cite web |title=Biography of professor Aylin Charlott Langreuter |url=https://www.abk-stuttgart.de/personen/aylin-charlott-langreuter.html |access-date=3 March 2024 |website=ABK Stuttgart |language=de}}</ref> Tare da tallafin tallafin karatu na gwamnati "Stiftung Kulturfonds" ta buga kasida ta farko, "Erster Teil" (Eng. Part One) a 2005. <ref>Aylin Langreuter (2004) ''Erster Teil'', Blumenbar Verlag, Munich {{ISBN|9783936738063}} </ref> A wannan shekarar ta yi amfani da nazarin falsafa, wanda daga baya zai yi tasiri ga fasaharta a cikin shekaru masu zuwa. <ref name="Marie Claire">{{Cite web |date=19 June 2017 |title=La coppia del marchio DANTE-Goods And Bads 2017 |url=https://www.marieclaire.it/casa/incontri/g19491610/dante-goods-and-bads/ |access-date=3 March 2024 |website=Marie Claire Italia |language=it}}</ref> Ayyukanta sun bayyana galibi, amma ba wai kawai a cikin nunin kaɗa kai a Galerie Wittenbrink, [[München|Munich ba]] . <ref name="Galerie Wittenbrink" /> Ta kafa kamfanin ''Dante – Goods and Bads'' tare a shekarar 2012 tare da abokin aikinta, mai tsara masana'antu, Christophe de la Fontaine . <ref name="Modern fairytale">{{Cite web |last=Chiara dal Canto |date=November 2014 |title=Modern fairytale |url=https://www.livinginside.it/index.php?pagina=features&categoria=1lingua=en&galleria=3647 |access-date=5 March 2024 |website=Living Inside |language=en}}</ref> <ref name="Avantgarde auf dem Lande">{{Cite web |last=Claudia Durian |date=October 2014 |title=Avantgarde auf dem Lande |url=https://www.durian-communication.de/wp-content/uploads/durian-communication-fotoproduktionen-publikationen-architektur-wohnen-okt-14-dante.pdf |access-date=5 March 2024 |website=Architektur + Wohnen |language=de}}</ref> <ref name="Im Schloss zuhause">{{Cite web |last=Mareike Nieberding |date=October 2019 |title=Im Schloss zuhause |url=https://sz-magazin.sueddeutsche.de/wohnen-und-design/design-wohnen-87817 |access-date=5 March 2024 |website=Süddeutsche Zeitung Magazin |language=de}}</ref> A shekarar 2018, an naɗa Aylin Langreuter da Christophe de la Fontaine a matsayin farfesoshi na Zane-zanen Masana'antu a Kwalejin Fasaha ta Jiha ta Stuttgart . <ref> {{Cite web |title=Aylin Langreuter und Christophe de la Fontaine übernehmen Professur im Studiengang Industrial Design |url=https://www.abk-stuttgart.de/aktuell/neuigkeiten/news-single-view/aktuell/show/News/aylin-langreuter-und-christophe-de-la-fontaine-uebernehmen-professur-im-studiengang-industrial-design.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241210174743/https://www.abk-stuttgart.de/aktuell/neuigkeiten/news-single-view/aktuell/show/News/aylin-langreuter-und-christophe-de-la-fontaine-uebernehmen-professur-im-studiengang-industrial-design.html |archive-date=2024-12-10 |access-date=2025-08-10 |website=www.abk-stuttgart.de |language=de-DE}}</ref> == Salo da falsafa == A cikin ayyukanta, Aylin Langreuter tana da tsarin falsafa da na ado, tana wasa da canje-canjen ma'ana tsakanin tsari da abun ciki. Ba ta kula da abubuwanta ta hanyar da aka saba yi da kanta, mai tsauri, kuma mara daɗi ba - tana da alaƙa da mafi kyawun kulawa wanda ke bayyana yanayin farko, yana buɗe hanyar sadarwa ta ma'anoni masu yuwuwa. <ref> {{Cite web |title=Aylin Langreuter |url=https://www.jovis.de/en/book/9783868591866 |access-date=2025-08-10 |website=www.jovis.de}}</ref> Aikinta ya binciki jigogi da suka shafi zane-zane masu amfani da kuma na zamani, ƙirar abubuwa, da kuma zayyana abubuwa. Ta yi gwaji da tsari, aiki, da kuma alaƙar sarari ta hanyar ƙaramin gyare-gyare ga abubuwan yau da kullun. Kalubalen mai lura zai kasance fassarar: ta yi la'akari da cewa mahallin Fasaha ne kawai, sararin da ba shi da buƙata, kuma ba shi da wahala na wani baje koli, yana sauƙaƙa damar canza ra'ayi, inda a cikin yanayin da ba shi da aiki, kallon ya haɗu da abu ta hanyar da zai ba shi wani rai - ko ma: rai. <ref>Andreas Neumeister, Function Follows Fairytale, Blumenbar Verlag, Munich, 2010, {{ISBN|978-3936738735}}</ref> Kowacce gabatarwar abubuwanta muhimmin bangare ne na aikin da kanta. Domin cimma wannan, wani lokacin tana "aro" daga wasu. Wani lokaci tana amfani da ambato, guntun rubutu, hotuna, da kuma abubuwan da suka shafi wani wuri, haske, da kuma zane-zane. Wani lokaci wannan hulɗar tsakanin fannoni daban-daban ce ke haifar da mahallin da ke sa aikin ya yi aiki. ''A cikin duniyar da ba ka fahimtar yarenka, dole ne ka yi amfani da duk abin da kake da shi don fahimtar kanka.'' <ref>{{Cite web |title=Belgrade Design Week {{!}} Dante Goods & Bads {{!}} The Belgrade Design Week Web Portal |url=http://www.belgradedesignweek.com/bdw-lectures/bdw-superstars-private/dante/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150629225535/http://www.belgradedesignweek.com/bdw-lectures/bdw-superstars-private/dante/ |archive-date=2015-06-29 |access-date=2025-08-10 |website=www.belgradedesignweek.com |language=en-US}}</ref> == Littattafai == * ''damit bin ich gemeint'' (2002), Wahnsinn und Methode GmbH, Munich * ''Erster Teil'' (2004). Blumenbar Verlag, Munich{{ISBN|9783936738063}} <ref>Aylin Langreuter (2004) ''Catalogue Erster Teil'', Blumenbar Verlag, Munich {{ISBN|9783936738063}} </ref> * ''Aikin yana bin Tatsuniyar Almara'' (2010). tare da rubutu daga Andreas Neumeister, Blumenbar Verlag, Munich, 2010{{ISBN|978-3936738735}} <ref> Aylin Langreuter, with text from Andreas Neumeister (2010). ''Function Follows Fairytale'', Blumenbar Verlag, Munich {{ISBN|978-3936738735}} </ref> * ''1861 / 2011 / 2081'' (2011). Jovis Verlag, Berlin,{{ISBN|9783868591866}} <ref> Aylin Langreuter, with contributions of Christopher Roth and Georg Diez (2011). ''1861 / 2011 / 2081'', Jovis Verlag, Berlin, {{ISBN|9783868591866}}</ref> * ''Almarar Almara'' (2018). Harpune Verlag, Vienna{{ISBN|978-3-902835-54-3}} <ref> Aylin Langreuter (2018). ''Folklore Aktuell'', Harpune Verlag, {{ISBN|978-3-86859-186-6}} </ref> == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1976]] 8asy6bh6p8inh062uqyzmogpoha9tm8 895421 895420 2026-08-12T08:00:49Z Nnamadee 31123 895421 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Aylin Langreuter''' ƙwararriyar mai fasaha ce ta zamani da kuma mai tsara manufofi, kuma farfesa ce a jami'a daga [[München|Munich]], [[Jamus]]. == Rayuwa da aiki == An haifi Aylin Langreuter a shekarar 1976 a [[München|Munich]], [[Jamus]] . <ref name="Mutual Art">{{Cite web |title=Aylin Langreuter |url=https://www.mutualart.com/Artist/Aylin-Langreuter/BCC4FD5C0A28CD69 |access-date=24 October 2021 |website=Mutual Art |language=en}}</ref> <ref name="Galerie Wittenbrink">{{Cite web |title=Aylin Langreuter |url=https://www.galeriewittenbrink.de/langreuter-aylin.html |access-date=3 March 2024 |website=Galerie Wittenbrink |language=de}}</ref> Ta yi karatu a Academy of Fine Arts Munich, ajin [[:de:Gerd Winner|Gerd Winner]], ta kammala karatunta a shekarar 2001, lokacin da ita ma ta kafa Wahnsinn und Methode GmbH tare. <ref name="ABK Stuttgart">{{Cite web |title=Biography of professor Aylin Charlott Langreuter |url=https://www.abk-stuttgart.de/personen/aylin-charlott-langreuter.html |access-date=3 March 2024 |website=ABK Stuttgart |language=de}}</ref> Tare da tallafin tallafin karatu na gwamnati "Stiftung Kulturfonds" ta buga kasida ta farko, "Erster Teil" (Eng. Part One) a 2005. <ref>Aylin Langreuter (2004) ''Erster Teil'', Blumenbar Verlag, Munich {{ISBN|9783936738063}} </ref> A wannan shekarar ta yi amfani da nazarin falsafa, wanda daga baya zai yi tasiri ga fasaharta a cikin shekaru masu zuwa. <ref name="Marie Claire">{{Cite web |date=19 June 2017 |title=La coppia del marchio DANTE-Goods And Bads 2017 |url=https://www.marieclaire.it/casa/incontri/g19491610/dante-goods-and-bads/ |access-date=3 March 2024 |website=Marie Claire Italia |language=it}}</ref> Ayyukanta sun bayyana galibi, amma ba wai kawai a cikin nunin kaɗa kai a Galerie Wittenbrink, [[München|Munich ba]] . <ref name="Galerie Wittenbrink" /> Ta kafa kamfanin ''Dante – Goods and Bads'' tare a shekarar 2012 tare da abokin aikinta, mai tsara masana'antu, Christophe de la Fontaine . <ref name="Modern fairytale">{{Cite web |last=Chiara dal Canto |date=November 2014 |title=Modern fairytale |url=https://www.livinginside.it/index.php?pagina=features&categoria=1lingua=en&galleria=3647 |access-date=5 March 2024 |website=Living Inside |language=en}}</ref> <ref name="Avantgarde auf dem Lande">{{Cite web |last=Claudia Durian |date=October 2014 |title=Avantgarde auf dem Lande |url=https://www.durian-communication.de/wp-content/uploads/durian-communication-fotoproduktionen-publikationen-architektur-wohnen-okt-14-dante.pdf |access-date=5 March 2024 |website=Architektur + Wohnen |language=de}}</ref> <ref name="Im Schloss zuhause">{{Cite web |last=Mareike Nieberding |date=October 2019 |title=Im Schloss zuhause |url=https://sz-magazin.sueddeutsche.de/wohnen-und-design/design-wohnen-87817 |access-date=5 March 2024 |website=Süddeutsche Zeitung Magazin |language=de}}</ref> A shekarar 2018, an naɗa Aylin Langreuter da Christophe de la Fontaine a matsayin farfesoshi na Zane-zanen Masana'antu a Kwalejin Fasaha ta Jiha ta Stuttgart . <ref> {{Cite web |title=Aylin Langreuter und Christophe de la Fontaine übernehmen Professur im Studiengang Industrial Design |url=https://www.abk-stuttgart.de/aktuell/neuigkeiten/news-single-view/aktuell/show/News/aylin-langreuter-und-christophe-de-la-fontaine-uebernehmen-professur-im-studiengang-industrial-design.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241210174743/https://www.abk-stuttgart.de/aktuell/neuigkeiten/news-single-view/aktuell/show/News/aylin-langreuter-und-christophe-de-la-fontaine-uebernehmen-professur-im-studiengang-industrial-design.html |archive-date=2024-12-10 |access-date=2025-08-10 |website=www.abk-stuttgart.de |language=de-DE}}</ref> == Salo da falsafa == A cikin ayyukanta, Aylin Langreuter tana da tsarin falsafa da na ado, tana wasa da canje-canjen ma'ana tsakanin tsari da abun ciki. Ba ta kula da abubuwanta ta hanyar da aka saba yi da kanta, mai tsauri, kuma mara daɗi ba - tana da alaƙa da mafi kyawun kulawa wanda ke bayyana yanayin farko, yana buɗe hanyar sadarwa ta ma'anoni masu yuwuwa. <ref> {{Cite web |title=Aylin Langreuter |url=https://www.jovis.de/en/book/9783868591866 |access-date=2025-08-10 |website=www.jovis.de}}</ref> Aikinta ya binciki jigogi da suka shafi zane-zane masu amfani da kuma na zamani, ƙirar abubuwa, da kuma zayyana abubuwa. Ta yi gwaji da tsari, aiki, da kuma alaƙar sarari ta hanyar ƙaramin gyare-gyare ga abubuwan yau da kullun. Kalubalen mai lura zai kasance fassarar: ta yi la'akari da cewa mahallin Fasaha ne kawai, sararin da ba shi da buƙata, kuma ba shi da wahala na wani baje koli, yana sauƙaƙa damar canza ra'ayi, inda a cikin yanayin da ba shi da aiki, kallon ya haɗu da abu ta hanyar da zai ba shi wani rai - ko ma: rai. <ref>Andreas Neumeister, Function Follows Fairytale, Blumenbar Verlag, Munich, 2010, {{ISBN|978-3936738735}}</ref> Kowacce gabatarwar abubuwanta muhimmin bangare ne na aikin da kanta. Domin cimma wannan, wani lokacin tana "aro" daga wasu. Wani lokaci tana amfani da ambato, guntun rubutu, hotuna, da kuma abubuwan da suka shafi wani wuri, haske, da kuma zane-zane. Wani lokaci wannan hulɗar tsakanin fannoni daban-daban ce ke haifar da mahallin da ke sa aikin ya yi aiki. ''A cikin duniyar da ba ka fahimtar yarenka, dole ne ka yi amfani da duk abin da kake da shi don fahimtar kanka.'' <ref>{{Cite web |title=Belgrade Design Week {{!}} Dante Goods & Bads {{!}} The Belgrade Design Week Web Portal |url=http://www.belgradedesignweek.com/bdw-lectures/bdw-superstars-private/dante/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150629225535/http://www.belgradedesignweek.com/bdw-lectures/bdw-superstars-private/dante/ |archive-date=2015-06-29 |access-date=2025-08-10 |website=www.belgradedesignweek.com |language=en-US}}</ref> == Littattafai == * ''damit bin ich gemeint'' (2002), Wahnsinn und Methode GmbH, Munich * ''Erster Teil'' (2004). Blumenbar Verlag, Munich{{ISBN|9783936738063}} <ref>Aylin Langreuter (2004) ''Catalogue Erster Teil'', Blumenbar Verlag, Munich {{ISBN|9783936738063}} </ref> * ''Aikin yana bin Tatsuniyar Almara'' (2010). tare da rubutu daga Andreas Neumeister, Blumenbar Verlag, Munich, 2010{{ISBN|978-3936738735}} <ref> Aylin Langreuter, with text from Andreas Neumeister (2010). ''Function Follows Fairytale'', Blumenbar Verlag, Munich {{ISBN|978-3936738735}} </ref> * ''1861 / 2011 / 2081'' (2011). Jovis Verlag, Berlin,{{ISBN|9783868591866}} <ref> Aylin Langreuter, with contributions of Christopher Roth and Georg Diez (2011). ''1861 / 2011 / 2081'', Jovis Verlag, Berlin, {{ISBN|9783868591866}}</ref> * ''Almarar Almara'' (2018). Harpune Verlag, Vienna{{ISBN|978-3-902835-54-3}} <ref> Aylin Langreuter (2018). ''Folklore Aktuell'', Harpune Verlag, {{ISBN|978-3-86859-186-6}} </ref> == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1976]] 0hq8q5bx5q7p9ym5qkbqaasjc5wvha6 0 163296 895422 2026-08-12T08:02:47Z Nnamadee 31123 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1356907735|Carla Bartheel]]" 895422 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Carla Bartheel''' (an haife ta '''Charlotte Franziska Johanna Barthel''' ; 5 ga Yuli 1902 - 28 ga Disamba 1983) 'yar [[Ɗan wasa|wasan fina-finai ce]] kuma mai ɗaukar hoto ta Jamus. == Tarihin Rayuwa == An haifi Carla Bartheel a ranar 5 ga Yuli, 1902. Ta ɗauki darussan wasan kwaikwayo da waƙa kuma ta yi shirin yin atisaye a matsayin mai rawa, amma wata matsala ta zuciya ta hana hakan, kuma ta sa ta fara wasan kwaikwayo. Ta fara fitowa a fim a ''Addo giovinezza!'' (1927), tare da Walter Slezak, Elena Sangro, da Carmen Boni . Ba da daɗewa ba wasu fina-finai da dama da ba a ji duriyarsu suka biyo baya. A wannan shekarar, ta taka rawar gani a fim ɗin ''A Girl of the People'', fim ɗin yaƙi da zubar da ciki ''na Children's Souls Accuse You'', da kuma ''Herkules Maier'' . Wataƙila an fi saninta da ayyukanta a cikin ''Todessturz im Zirkus Cesarelli'' (1927), ''Die weiße Sonate'' (1928), da ''The Hound of the Baskervilles'' (1929). Fim ɗinta na ƙarshe ya fito ne a cikin fim ɗin farfagandar Nazi ''Hans Westmar'' (1933). Bayan Bartheel ta yi ritaya daga wasan kwaikwayo, ta yi tafiye-tafiye a duk faɗin Turai a matsayin mai ɗaukar hoto. Ta buga littattafai guda biyu masu ɗauke da hotunanta, ''Abenteuer an der Eismeerstraße'' (1939) da ''Unter Sinai-Beduinen und Mönchen.'' ''Eine Reise'' (1943). Bartheel ya mutu a ranar 28 ga Disamba 1983 a Yammacin Berlin. == Fim ɗin da aka zaɓa == * ''Rayukan Yara Suna Zargi Da Kai'' (1927) * ''Barka da zuwa Matasa'' (1927) * ''La'anar Vererbung'' (1927) * ''Yarinya ta Mutane'' (1927) * ''Der Ladenprinz'' (1928) * ''A ƙarƙashin Fitilar'' (1928) * ''Herkules Maier'' (1928) * ''Makaminsa Mafi Ƙarfi'' (1928) * ''Yana Tafiya Dama, Tana Tafiya Hagu!'' (1928) * ''Farin Sonata'' (1928) * ''Scampolo'' (1928) * ''Labarai daga Dazuzzukan Vienna'' (1928) * ''Labarin Ƙaramin Bafaranshe'' (1928) * ''Matasan'' (1929) * ''Der Hund von Baskerville'' (1929) * ''Ƙasa Ba Tare da Mata ba'' (1929) * ''Mummunan Halin Matasa'' (1929) * ''Lux, Sarkin Masu Laifi'' (1929) * ''Katharina Knie'' (1929) * ''Mutumin da Ba Shi da Soyayya'' (1929) * ''Rawar Ta Ci Gaba'' (1930) * ''Ruwan Mask'' (1931) * ''Hans Westmar'' (1933) * ''Birni Mai Juye-juye'' (1933) == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Mutuwan 1983]] [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1902]] 2x7y83eirwvndf7jiihgi3g6yo9x0um 895423 895422 2026-08-12T08:04:24Z Nnamadee 31123 895423 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Carla Bartheel''' (an haife ta '''Charlotte Franziska Johanna Barthel''' ; 5 ga Yuli 1902 - 28 ga Disamba 1983) 'yar [[Ɗan wasa|wasan fina-finai ce]] kuma mai ɗaukar hoto ta Jamus.<ref>Giesen p.200</ref> == Tarihin Rayuwa == An haifi Carla Bartheel a ranar 5 ga Yuli, 1902. Ta ɗauki darussan wasan kwaikwayo da waƙa kuma ta yi shirin yin atisaye a matsayin mai rawa, amma wata matsala ta zuciya ta hana hakan, kuma ta sa ta fara wasan kwaikwayo. Ta fara fitowa a fim a ''Addo giovinezza!'' (1927), tare da Walter Slezak, Elena Sangro, da Carmen Boni . Ba da daɗewa ba wasu fina-finai da dama da ba a ji duriyarsu suka biyo baya. A wannan shekarar, ta taka rawar gani a fim ɗin ''A Girl of the People'', fim ɗin yaƙi da zubar da ciki ''na Children's Souls Accuse You'', da kuma ''Herkules Maier'' . Wataƙila an fi saninta da ayyukanta a cikin ''Todessturz im Zirkus Cesarelli'' (1927), ''Die weiße Sonate'' (1928), da ''The Hound of the Baskervilles'' (1929). Fim ɗinta na ƙarshe ya fito ne a cikin fim ɗin farfagandar Nazi ''Hans Westmar'' (1933). Bayan Bartheel ta yi ritaya daga wasan kwaikwayo, ta yi tafiye-tafiye a duk faɗin Turai a matsayin mai ɗaukar hoto. Ta buga littattafai guda biyu masu ɗauke da hotunanta, ''Abenteuer an der Eismeerstraße'' (1939) da ''Unter Sinai-Beduinen und Mönchen.'' ''Eine Reise'' (1943). Bartheel ya mutu a ranar 28 ga Disamba 1983 a Yammacin Berlin. == Fim ɗin da aka zaɓa == * ''Rayukan Yara Suna Zargi Da Kai'' (1927) * ''Barka da zuwa Matasa'' (1927) * ''La'anar Vererbung'' (1927) * ''Yarinya ta Mutane'' (1927) * ''Der Ladenprinz'' (1928) * ''A ƙarƙashin Fitilar'' (1928) * ''Herkules Maier'' (1928) * ''Makaminsa Mafi Ƙarfi'' (1928) * ''Yana Tafiya Dama, Tana Tafiya Hagu!'' (1928) * ''Farin Sonata'' (1928) * ''Scampolo'' (1928) * ''Labarai daga Dazuzzukan Vienna'' (1928) * ''Labarin Ƙaramin Bafaranshe'' (1928) * ''Matasan'' (1929) * ''Der Hund von Baskerville'' (1929) * ''Ƙasa Ba Tare da Mata ba'' (1929) * ''Mummunan Halin Matasa'' (1929) * ''Lux, Sarkin Masu Laifi'' (1929) * ''Katharina Knie'' (1929) * ''Mutumin da Ba Shi da Soyayya'' (1929) * ''Rawar Ta Ci Gaba'' (1930) * ''Ruwan Mask'' (1931) * ''Hans Westmar'' (1933) * ''Birni Mai Juye-juye'' (1933) == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Mutuwan 1983]] [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1902]] tal7it00ca0lowj23uafejsa1ef83ys 895424 895423 2026-08-12T08:05:02Z Nnamadee 31123 895424 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Carla Bartheel''' (an haife ta '''Charlotte Franziska Johanna Barthel''' ; 5 ga Yuli 1902 - 28 ga Disamba 1983) 'yar [[Ɗan wasa|wasan fina-finai ce]] kuma mai ɗaukar hoto ta Jamus.<ref>Giesen p.200</ref> == Tarihin Rayuwa == An haifi Carla Bartheel a ranar 5 ga Yuli, 1902. Ta ɗauki darussan wasan kwaikwayo da waƙa kuma ta yi shirin yin atisaye a matsayin mai rawa, amma wata matsala ta zuciya ta hana hakan, kuma ta sa ta fara wasan kwaikwayo. Ta fara fitowa a fim a ''Addo giovinezza!'' (1927), tare da Walter Slezak, Elena Sangro, da Carmen Boni . Ba da daɗewa ba wasu fina-finai da dama da ba a ji duriyarsu suka biyo baya. A wannan shekarar, ta taka rawar gani a fim ɗin ''A Girl of the People'', fim ɗin yaƙi da zubar da ciki ''na Children's Souls Accuse You'', da kuma ''Herkules Maier'' . Wataƙila an fi saninta da ayyukanta a cikin ''Todessturz im Zirkus Cesarelli'' (1927), ''Die weiße Sonate'' (1928), da ''The Hound of the Baskervilles'' (1929). Fim ɗinta na ƙarshe ya fito ne a cikin fim ɗin farfagandar Nazi ''Hans Westmar'' (1933). Bayan Bartheel ta yi ritaya daga wasan kwaikwayo, ta yi tafiye-tafiye a duk faɗin Turai a matsayin mai ɗaukar hoto. Ta buga littattafai guda biyu masu ɗauke da hotunanta, ''Abenteuer an der Eismeerstraße'' (1939) da ''Unter Sinai-Beduinen und Mönchen.'' ''Eine Reise'' (1943). Bartheel ya mutu a ranar 28 ga Disamba 1983 a Yammacin Berlin. == Fim ɗin da aka zaɓa == * ''Rayukan Yara Suna Zargi Da Kai'' (1927) * ''Barka da zuwa Matasa'' (1927) * ''La'anar Vererbung'' (1927) * ''Yarinya ta Mutane'' (1927) * ''Der Ladenprinz'' (1928) * ''A ƙarƙashin Fitilar'' (1928) * ''Herkules Maier'' (1928) * ''Makaminsa Mafi Ƙarfi'' (1928) * ''Yana Tafiya Dama, Tana Tafiya Hagu!'' (1928) * ''Farin Sonata'' (1928) * ''Scampolo'' (1928) * ''Labarai daga Dazuzzukan Vienna'' (1928) * ''Labarin Ƙaramin Bafaranshe'' (1928) * ''Matasan'' (1929) * ''Der Hund von Baskerville'' (1929) * ''Ƙasa Ba Tare da Mata ba'' (1929) * ''Mummunan Halin Matasa'' (1929) * ''Lux, Sarkin Masu Laifi'' (1929) * ''Katharina Knie'' (1929) * ''Mutumin da Ba Shi da Soyayya'' (1929) * ''Rawar Ta Ci Gaba'' (1930) * ''Ruwan Mask'' (1931) * ''Hans Westmar'' (1933) * ''Birni Mai Juye-juye'' (1933) == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Mutuwan 1983]] [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1902]] ecbhzj2vc9z9mlzna3n16pc2gfwamfa 0 163297 895426 2026-08-12T08:07:27Z Nnamadee 31123 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1341099164|Natascha Artin Brunswick]]" 895426 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Natascha Artin Brunswick''' (na '''Natalya Naumovna Yasnaya {{Refn|{{langx|ru|Наталья Наумовна Ясная}}|name=note_a|group=lower-alpha}}''' ; 11 ga Yuni, 1909 - 3 ga Fabrairu, 2003) ƙwararren masanin lissafi ne kuma [[Mai daukar hoto|mai ɗaukar hoto]] ɗan ƙasar Rasha-Amurka. == St. Petersburg da Hamburg == Natascha Artin Brunswick 'yar {{Interlanguage link|Naum Jasny|ru|Ясный, Наум Михайлович}} ce, masanin tattalin arziki Bayahude ɗan Rasha daga [[Kharkiv]] . Mahaifiyarta ƙwararriyar mai kishin addinin gargajiya ce ta Rasha kuma likitan haƙori. Tunda a lokacin an hana Kiristocin Rasha auren Yahudawa, ta koma [[Protestan bangaskiya|addinin Furotesta]] . An yi aurensu a [[Finland]] . Mahaifinta Naum Jasny ɗan ƙungiyar Mensheviks ne kuma ya gudu zuwa Tbilisi bayan juyin juya halin Oktoba a shekarar 1917. Natascha, 'yar uwarta, da mahaifiyarta suka biyo baya a shekarar 1920. Bayan da Bolsheviks suka mamaye [[Georgia]], iyalin sun zauna a [[Austriya|Austria]] daga 1922 zuwa 1924, na ɗan lokaci a 1924 a [[Berlin]], daga ƙarshe suka ƙaura zuwa Langenhorn, Hamburg, inda suka ci gaba da zama har zuwa 1937. Natascha Jasny ta halarci makarantar Lichtwark [[Ilimi mai ci gaba|mai ci gaba]] . A lokacin da take makaranta, ta ɗauki hoto da kyamarar akwati mai sauƙi sannan ta sarrafa hotunanta a banɗaki a gida, wanda ya zama ɗakin duhu na wucin gadi. Natascha ta kammala karatunta a shekarar 1928. Tana fatan yin karatun gine-gine a [[Bauhaus|Bauhaus Dessau]], amma halin da iyalin ke ciki ya sa hakan ba zai yiwu ba. Madadin haka ta yi karatun lissafi a Jami'ar Hamburg, inda ta kuma yi kwasa-kwasan tarihin fasaha daga Aby Warburg da Erwin Panofsky . Ta kammala karatunta a jami'a a shekarar 1930 da digirin Magister . A ranar 29 ga Agusta, 1929 ta auri farfesa a fannin lissafi Emil Artin, wanda ke koyarwa a Hamburg tun 1923. A shekarar 1933, Artins ta haifi 'ya mace, Karin, kuma a shekarar 1934 ta haifi ɗa, Michael . Saboda matarsa Bayahudiya ce, an tilasta wa Emil Artin yin ritaya da wuri daga aikinsa na koyarwa a ƙarƙashin Dokar Jam'iyyar Nazi don Maido da Ayyukan Gwamnati na Ƙwararru . A ranar 27 ga Satumba, 1934, Artin ya riga ya sanya hannu kan wata sanarwa cewa matarsa ba " Aryan " ba ce. <ref>{{Cite journal |title=Zum Gedenken an Emil Artin |url=https://hup.sub.uni-hamburg.de/oa-pub/catalog/view/243/ebook/1444 |journal=Hamburger Universitätsreden |series=Neue Folge |volume=9 |page=30}}</ref> Iyalan Artin sun sami nasarar barin Jamus zuwa Amurka a ranar 21 ga Oktoba, 1937. Tunda an hana su ɗaukar makudan kuɗi masu yawa, masu fasaha sun aika da dukkan iyalansu, wanda hakan ya nuna irin halin da suke ciki na zamani. == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Matattun 2003]] [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1909]] mlc0k2izj1qs6gou8cbq6mdqrhcbrlj 895427 895426 2026-08-12T08:08:00Z Nnamadee 31123 895427 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Natascha Artin Brunswick''' (na '''Natalya Naumovna Yasnaya {{Refn|{{langx|ru|Наталья Наумовна Ясная}}|name=note_a|group=lower-alpha}}''' ; 11 ga Yuni, 1909 - 3 ga Fabrairu, 2003) ƙwararren masanin lissafi ne kuma [[Mai daukar hoto|mai ɗaukar hoto]] ɗan ƙasar Rasha-Amurka. == St. Petersburg da Hamburg == Natascha Artin Brunswick 'yar {{Interlanguage link|Naum Jasny|ru|Ясный, Наум Михайлович}} ce, masanin tattalin arziki Bayahude ɗan Rasha daga [[Kharkiv]] . Mahaifiyarta ƙwararriyar mai kishin addinin gargajiya ce ta Rasha kuma likitan haƙori. Tunda a lokacin an hana Kiristocin Rasha auren Yahudawa, ta koma [[Protestan bangaskiya|addinin Furotesta]] . An yi aurensu a [[Finland]] . Mahaifinta Naum Jasny ɗan ƙungiyar Mensheviks ne kuma ya gudu zuwa Tbilisi bayan juyin juya halin Oktoba a shekarar 1917. Natascha, 'yar uwarta, da mahaifiyarta suka biyo baya a shekarar 1920. Bayan da Bolsheviks suka mamaye [[Georgia]], iyalin sun zauna a [[Austriya|Austria]] daga 1922 zuwa 1924, na ɗan lokaci a 1924 a [[Berlin]], daga ƙarshe suka ƙaura zuwa Langenhorn, Hamburg, inda suka ci gaba da zama har zuwa 1937. Natascha Jasny ta halarci makarantar Lichtwark [[Ilimi mai ci gaba|mai ci gaba]] . A lokacin da take makaranta, ta ɗauki hoto da kyamarar akwati mai sauƙi sannan ta sarrafa hotunanta a banɗaki a gida, wanda ya zama ɗakin duhu na wucin gadi. Natascha ta kammala karatunta a shekarar 1928. Tana fatan yin karatun gine-gine a [[Bauhaus|Bauhaus Dessau]], amma halin da iyalin ke ciki ya sa hakan ba zai yiwu ba. Madadin haka ta yi karatun lissafi a Jami'ar Hamburg, inda ta kuma yi kwasa-kwasan tarihin fasaha daga Aby Warburg da Erwin Panofsky . Ta kammala karatunta a jami'a a shekarar 1930 da digirin Magister . A ranar 29 ga Agusta, 1929 ta auri farfesa a fannin lissafi Emil Artin, wanda ke koyarwa a Hamburg tun 1923. A shekarar 1933, Artins ta haifi 'ya mace, Karin, kuma a shekarar 1934 ta haifi ɗa, Michael . Saboda matarsa Bayahudiya ce, an tilasta wa Emil Artin yin ritaya da wuri daga aikinsa na koyarwa a ƙarƙashin Dokar Jam'iyyar Nazi don Maido da Ayyukan Gwamnati na Ƙwararru . A ranar 27 ga Satumba, 1934, Artin ya riga ya sanya hannu kan wata sanarwa cewa matarsa ba " Aryan " ba ce. <ref>{{Cite journal |title=Zum Gedenken an Emil Artin |url=https://hup.sub.uni-hamburg.de/oa-pub/catalog/view/243/ebook/1444 |journal=Hamburger Universitätsreden |series=Neue Folge |volume=9 |page=30}}</ref> Iyalan Artin sun sami nasarar barin Jamus zuwa Amurka a ranar 21 ga Oktoba, 1937. Tunda an hana su ɗaukar makudan kuɗi masu yawa, masu fasaha sun aika da dukkan iyalansu, wanda hakan ya nuna irin halin da suke ciki na zamani. == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Matattun 2003]] [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1909]] conjix3rnpn3c9gtyhohon19n2c10p9 0 163298 895429 2026-08-12T08:11:37Z Smshika 14840 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1340533874|University Students' African Revolutionary Front]]" 895429 wikitext text/x-wiki Jami'ar Jami'ar 'African Revolutionary Front ('''USARF''') kungiya ce ta daliban siyasa da aka kafa a 1967 a [[Jami'ar Dar es Salaam]] a [[Tanzaniya|Tanzania]] . <ref>{{Cite web |title=H. E. Yoweri K. Museveni State House Uganda |url=http://www.statehouse.go.ug/people/h-e-yoweri-k-museveni |website=www.statehouse.go.ug}}</ref> Kungiyar, wacce ke cikin karatu da gwagwarmaya kuma tana gudanar da tarurruka na yau da kullun a ranakun Lahadi, ta ƙunshi ɗalibai da yawa waɗanda za su ci gaba da zama 'yan siyasa masu tasiri. USARF ta kunshi dalibai daga [[Kenya]], [[Zambiya|Zambia]], [[Malawi]], [[Zimbabwe]], [[Itofiya|Habasha]], [[Sudan]], [[Tanzaniya|Tanzania]], [[Uganda]] da sauran wurare a [[Afirka]]. Shugaban Uganda, [[Yoweri Museveni]] an zabe shi shugabanta a duk lokacin da yake jami'a. John Garang, wani tsohon memba na USARF, ya kasance mataimakin shugaban [[Sudan]] a lokacin mutuwarsa a watan Yulin 2005. Kungiyar ta gano tare da ƙungiyoyin 'yanci na Afirka, musamman [[FRELIMO]] a [[Mozambik|Mozambique]]. == Dalibai == '''Malawi''' * [[Kapote Mwakasungura]] '''Sudan''' * John Garang '''Tanzania''' * [[Charles Kileo]] * [[Salim Msoma]] * [[Adam Marwa]] * [[Patrick Quoro]] * [[Andrew Shija]] * [[Joatham Mwijage Mporogoma Kamala]] '''Uganda''' * [[Yoweri Museveni]] * Eriya Kategaya * James Wapakhabulo * [[Joseph Mulwanyamuli Ssemwogerere]] * [[John Kawangaall]] == Manazarta == l2gxnj2uuvh1wa8l2tnerc1zufa6zlv 895430 895429 2026-08-12T08:12:20Z Smshika 14840 895430 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Data box}} Jami'ar Jami'ar 'African Revolutionary Front ('''USARF''') kungiya ce ta daliban siyasa da aka kafa a 1967 a [[Jami'ar Dar es Salaam]] a [[Tanzaniya|Tanzania]] . <ref>{{Cite web |title=H. E. Yoweri K. Museveni State House Uganda |url=http://www.statehouse.go.ug/people/h-e-yoweri-k-museveni |website=www.statehouse.go.ug}}</ref> Kungiyar, wacce ke cikin karatu da gwagwarmaya kuma tana gudanar da tarurruka na yau da kullun a ranakun Lahadi, ta ƙunshi ɗalibai da yawa waɗanda za su ci gaba da zama 'yan siyasa masu tasiri. USARF ta kunshi dalibai daga [[Kenya]], [[Zambiya|Zambia]], [[Malawi]], [[Zimbabwe]], [[Itofiya|Habasha]], [[Sudan]], [[Tanzaniya|Tanzania]], [[Uganda]] da sauran wurare a [[Afirka]]. Shugaban Uganda, [[Yoweri Museveni]] an zabe shi shugabanta a duk lokacin da yake jami'a. John Garang, wani tsohon memba na USARF, ya kasance mataimakin shugaban [[Sudan]] a lokacin mutuwarsa a watan Yulin 2005. Kungiyar ta gano tare da ƙungiyoyin 'yanci na Afirka, musamman [[FRELIMO]] a [[Mozambik|Mozambique]]. == Dalibai == '''Malawi''' * [[Kapote Mwakasungura]] '''Sudan''' * John Garang '''Tanzania''' * [[Charles Kileo]] * [[Salim Msoma]] * [[Adam Marwa]] * [[Patrick Quoro]] * [[Andrew Shija]] * [[Joatham Mwijage Mporogoma Kamala]] '''Uganda''' * [[Yoweri Museveni]] * Eriya Kategaya * James Wapakhabulo * [[Joseph Mulwanyamuli Ssemwogerere]] * [[John Kawangaall]] == Manazarta == 2va3sxtm2qsmeafbsfbhdxn6nw04d4k 895431 895430 2026-08-12T08:12:41Z Smshika 14840 895431 wikitext text/x-wiki Jami'ar Jami'ar 'African Revolutionary Front ('''USARF''') kungiya ce ta daliban siyasa da aka kafa a 1967 a [[Jami'ar Dar es Salaam]] a [[Tanzaniya|Tanzania]] . <ref>{{Cite web |title=H. E. Yoweri K. Museveni State House Uganda |url=http://www.statehouse.go.ug/people/h-e-yoweri-k-museveni |website=www.statehouse.go.ug}}</ref> Kungiyar, wacce ke cikin karatu da gwagwarmaya kuma tana gudanar da tarurruka na yau da kullun a ranakun Lahadi, ta ƙunshi ɗalibai da yawa waɗanda za su ci gaba da zama 'yan siyasa masu tasiri. USARF ta kunshi dalibai daga [[Kenya]], [[Zambiya|Zambia]], [[Malawi]], [[Zimbabwe]], [[Itofiya|Habasha]], [[Sudan]], [[Tanzaniya|Tanzania]], [[Uganda]] da sauran wurare a [[Afirka]]. Shugaban Uganda, [[Yoweri Museveni]] an zabe shi shugabanta a duk lokacin da yake jami'a. John Garang, wani tsohon memba na USARF, ya kasance mataimakin shugaban [[Sudan]] a lokacin mutuwarsa a watan Yulin 2005. Kungiyar ta gano tare da ƙungiyoyin 'yanci na Afirka, musamman [[FRELIMO]] a [[Mozambik|Mozambique]]. == Dalibai == '''Malawi''' * [[Kapote Mwakasungura]] '''Sudan''' * John Garang '''Tanzania''' * [[Charles Kileo]] * [[Salim Msoma]] * [[Adam Marwa]] * [[Patrick Quoro]] * [[Andrew Shija]] * [[Joatham Mwijage Mporogoma Kamala]] '''Uganda''' * [[Yoweri Museveni]] * Eriya Kategaya * James Wapakhabulo * [[Joseph Mulwanyamuli Ssemwogerere]] * [[John Kawangaall]] == Manazarta == 7dq1lqitjxs8s05hew14vekze09oaao 0 163299 895439 2026-08-12T08:35:47Z Nnamadee 31123 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1343427905|Suzanne Pastor]]" 895439 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Suzanne Pastor''' (an haife ta a ranar 16 ga Nuwamba 1952, [[Chicago]], Amurka) mawakiya ce 'yar asalin Jamusawa da Amurka wacce take zaune a [[Prag|Prague]], [[Kazech|Jamhuriyar Czech]] . An san ta da tsarin daukar hoto mai girma uku, musamman sassaka-sassaka na littattafan gilashi waɗanda ke bincika haɗakar hotuna da rubutu, tsara abubuwan tunawa da jerin abubuwa. Hotunan da ba a san su sosai ba na wakoki an yi musu fenti da hannu, an yage su, an yi musu layi, an naɗe su, an ƙusa su, ko kuma an haɗa su da gutsuttsuran hotuna na ƙarni na 19, gutsuttsuran rubutu ko wasu abubuwa. == Rayuwar farko == An haife ta a Oak Park, Illinois jim kaɗan bayan iyayenta sun yi ƙaura zuwa Amurka daga Jamus bayan yaƙin basasar Amurka, ta girma a yankin Chicago, tana buga goge da sarewa; zane, zane da ɗaukar hoto tun tana da shekaru 11. Iyaye dukkansu kwararru ne a fannin sinadarai; 'yan'uwa biyu, ƙane da kuma babbar 'yar'uwa. === Ilimi === Jami'ar Northwestern (1970–75): nazarin ilimin ɗan adam tare da babban fannin ilimin halayyar ɗan adam; darussa a jami'o'in [[Jami'ar Harvard|Harvard]] da [[Cornell]] ; aiki da karatu a Cibiyar Fasaha ta Chicago, inda ta yi kwas ɗinta na farko a fannin daukar hoto a ƙarƙashin Kenneth Josephson . Gidan George Eastman (1978–81): a Rochester, NY, an shirya gwanjon daukar hoto na zamani, an shirya shirin baje kolin tafiye-tafiye da kuma binciken hotuna. == Turai == Jami'ar Kassel (Hochschule für Bildende Kunst GHK Universität - Kassel), Jamus (1981-1984): karatu a ƙarƙashin Floris Neususs, Klaus Honnef. Ta yi aiki a shahararren Rudolf Kicken Gallery, [[Köln|Cologne]] (1981-1985), tana shirya da shirya nune-nunen da kasidu (hoton zamani na Czech da Turai), bugu na fayil, fassara, gyarawa; ta yi tafiya don bincike a Bauhaus, bikin baje kolin fasaha da kuma tallace-tallace ga masu tattarawa da gidajen tarihi masu zaman kansu. [[Prague House of Photography|Gidan Daukar Hoto na Prague]] (1990-1999): Fasto ya ƙaura daga Jamus, inda ta zauna tsawon shekaru 10, zuwa Prague don zama wanda ya kafa tare kuma darektan kula da gidan daukar hoto na Prague (wanda yanzu shine GHMP), wani gidan tarihi mai zaman kansa mai zaman kansa, inda ta shirya nunin Jaroslav Rossler, Jaromir Funke, Frantisek Drtikol, Vaclav Zykmund, August Sander, [[Eva Fuka]], Barbara Crane, Jindrich Streit, Viktor Kolar, da sauransu, suna gabatar da wani shiri na duniya don juyin juya halin Velvet Czechoslovakia bayan juyin juya halin Czech yayin da suke tallata daukar hoto na zamani a Czech a can da kuma ƙasashen waje. Fasto ya gudanar da bita (Hotuna a Mataki na Uku) a Jamhuriyar Czech, Slovakia, Poland, Jamus, da Netherlands. Ta fassara kuma ta rubuta rubuce-rubuce da dama kuma ta yi lacca kan Bauhaus da daukar hoto, daukar hoto na zamani na Jamus, daukar hoto na mata da daukar hoto na avant-garde na Czech, kuma ma'aikaciyar tattara littattafan daukar hoto da daukar hoto na Czech ce. === Bidiyo === * Lea a cikin Mahaifiya, Suzanne Fasto, 2007 (Prague) [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=bXjK6RQ20Yw] * An yi a Finland, Wataƙila Ƙungiyar Jariri, 2007 [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=6rVLqpTGVjU&feature=youtu.be] * Rawar Karya, Wataƙila Ƙungiyar Jariri, 2014 [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ujyNs0IkiS4&feature=youtu.be] * Gidan Talabijin na Ceska/Czech Television, 2017 [https://www.ceskatelevize.cz/ivysilani/10122978233-udalosti-v-regionech-ostrava/417231100031211-udalosti-v-regionech/obsah/587709-suzanne-pastor-vystavuje-ve-fiducii] == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1952]] khfvt4gkpnvi125c47o3gydse3fuumz 895440 895439 2026-08-12T08:36:18Z Nnamadee 31123 895440 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Suzanne Pastor''' (an haife ta a ranar 16 ga Nuwamba 1952, [[Chicago]], Amurka) mawakiya ce 'yar asalin Jamusawa da Amurka wacce take zaune a [[Prag|Prague]], [[Kazech|Jamhuriyar Czech]] . An san ta da tsarin daukar hoto mai girma uku, musamman sassaka-sassaka na littattafan gilashi waɗanda ke bincika haɗakar hotuna da rubutu, tsara abubuwan tunawa da jerin abubuwa. Hotunan da ba a san su sosai ba na wakoki an yi musu fenti da hannu, an yage su, an yi musu layi, an naɗe su, an ƙusa su, ko kuma an haɗa su da gutsuttsuran hotuna na ƙarni na 19, gutsuttsuran rubutu ko wasu abubuwa. == Rayuwar farko == An haife ta a Oak Park, Illinois jim kaɗan bayan iyayenta sun yi ƙaura zuwa Amurka daga Jamus bayan yaƙin basasar Amurka, ta girma a yankin Chicago, tana buga goge da sarewa; zane, zane da ɗaukar hoto tun tana da shekaru 11. Iyaye dukkansu kwararru ne a fannin sinadarai; 'yan'uwa biyu, ƙane da kuma babbar 'yar'uwa. === Ilimi === Jami'ar Northwestern (1970–75): nazarin ilimin ɗan adam tare da babban fannin ilimin halayyar ɗan adam; darussa a jami'o'in [[Jami'ar Harvard|Harvard]] da [[Cornell]] ; aiki da karatu a Cibiyar Fasaha ta Chicago, inda ta yi kwas ɗinta na farko a fannin daukar hoto a ƙarƙashin Kenneth Josephson . Gidan George Eastman (1978–81): a Rochester, NY, an shirya gwanjon daukar hoto na zamani, an shirya shirin baje kolin tafiye-tafiye da kuma binciken hotuna. == Turai == Jami'ar Kassel (Hochschule für Bildende Kunst GHK Universität - Kassel), Jamus (1981-1984): karatu a ƙarƙashin Floris Neususs, Klaus Honnef. Ta yi aiki a shahararren Rudolf Kicken Gallery, [[Köln|Cologne]] (1981-1985), tana shirya da shirya nune-nunen da kasidu (hoton zamani na Czech da Turai), bugu na fayil, fassara, gyarawa; ta yi tafiya don bincike a Bauhaus, bikin baje kolin fasaha da kuma tallace-tallace ga masu tattarawa da gidajen tarihi masu zaman kansu. [[Prague House of Photography|Gidan Daukar Hoto na Prague]] (1990-1999): Fasto ya ƙaura daga Jamus, inda ta zauna tsawon shekaru 10, zuwa Prague don zama wanda ya kafa tare kuma darektan kula da gidan daukar hoto na Prague (wanda yanzu shine GHMP), wani gidan tarihi mai zaman kansa mai zaman kansa, inda ta shirya nunin Jaroslav Rossler, Jaromir Funke, Frantisek Drtikol, Vaclav Zykmund, August Sander, [[Eva Fuka]], Barbara Crane, Jindrich Streit, Viktor Kolar, da sauransu, suna gabatar da wani shiri na duniya don juyin juya halin Velvet Czechoslovakia bayan juyin juya halin Czech yayin da suke tallata daukar hoto na zamani a Czech a can da kuma ƙasashen waje. Fasto ya gudanar da bita (Hotuna a Mataki na Uku) a Jamhuriyar Czech, Slovakia, Poland, Jamus, da Netherlands. Ta fassara kuma ta rubuta rubuce-rubuce da dama kuma ta yi lacca kan Bauhaus da daukar hoto, daukar hoto na zamani na Jamus, daukar hoto na mata da daukar hoto na avant-garde na Czech, kuma ma'aikaciyar tattara littattafan daukar hoto da daukar hoto na Czech ce. === Bidiyo === * Lea a cikin Mahaifiya, Suzanne Fasto, 2007 (Prague) [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=bXjK6RQ20Yw] * An yi a Finland, Wataƙila Ƙungiyar Jariri, 2007 [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=6rVLqpTGVjU&feature=youtu.be] * Rawar Karya, Wataƙila Ƙungiyar Jariri, 2014 [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ujyNs0IkiS4&feature=youtu.be] * Gidan Talabijin na Ceska/Czech Television, 2017 [https://www.ceskatelevize.cz/ivysilani/10122978233-udalosti-v-regionech-ostrava/417231100031211-udalosti-v-regionech/obsah/587709-suzanne-pastor-vystavuje-ve-fiducii] == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1952]] i0vegmmu3e9dncrkcxrbdbanafjktu4 895442 895440 2026-08-12T08:38:05Z Nnamadee 31123 895442 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Suzanne Pastor''' (an haife ta a ranar 16 ga Nuwamba 1952, [[Chicago]], Amurka) mawakiya ce 'yar asalin Jamusawa da Amurka wacce take zaune a [[Prag|Prague]], [[Kazech|Jamhuriyar Czech]]. An san ta da tsarin daukar hoto mai girma uku, musamman sassaka-sassaka na littattafan gilashi waɗanda ke bincika haɗakar hotuna da rubutu, tsara abubuwan tunawa da jerin abubuwa.<ref>Suzanne Pastor - Glass books and other things. 1999. Traveling exhibition: Prague House of Photography, Eli Lemberger Museum of Photography (Tel Hai, Israel), Palais Jalta, (Frankfurt), Castle Humprecht (Sobotka, CZ)</ref> Hotunan da ba a san su sosai ba na wakoki an yi musu fenti da hannu, an yage su, an yi musu layi, an naɗe su, an ƙusa su, ko kuma an haɗa su da gutsuttsuran hotuna na ƙarni na 19, gutsuttsuran rubutu ko wasu abubuwa. == Rayuwar farko == An haife ta a Oak Park, Illinois jim kaɗan bayan iyayenta sun yi ƙaura zuwa Amurka daga Jamus bayan yaƙin basasar Amurka, ta girma a yankin Chicago, tana buga goge da sarewa; zane, zane da ɗaukar hoto tun tana da shekaru 11. Iyaye dukkansu kwararru ne a fannin sinadarai; 'yan'uwa biyu, ƙane da kuma babbar 'yar'uwa. === Ilimi === Jami'ar Northwestern (1970–75): nazarin ilimin ɗan adam tare da babban fannin ilimin halayyar ɗan adam; darussa a jami'o'in [[Jami'ar Harvard|Harvard]] da [[Cornell]] ; aiki da karatu a Cibiyar Fasaha ta Chicago, inda ta yi kwas ɗinta na farko a fannin daukar hoto a ƙarƙashin Kenneth Josephson . Gidan George Eastman (1978–81): a Rochester, NY, an shirya gwanjon daukar hoto na zamani, an shirya shirin baje kolin tafiye-tafiye da kuma binciken hotuna. == Turai == Jami'ar Kassel (Hochschule für Bildende Kunst GHK Universität - Kassel), Jamus (1981-1984): karatu a ƙarƙashin Floris Neususs, Klaus Honnef. Ta yi aiki a shahararren Rudolf Kicken Gallery, [[Köln|Cologne]] (1981-1985), tana shirya da shirya nune-nunen da kasidu (hoton zamani na Czech da Turai), bugu na fayil, fassara, gyarawa; ta yi tafiya don bincike a Bauhaus, bikin baje kolin fasaha da kuma tallace-tallace ga masu tattarawa da gidajen tarihi masu zaman kansu. [[Prague House of Photography|Gidan Daukar Hoto na Prague]] (1990-1999): Fasto ya ƙaura daga Jamus, inda ta zauna tsawon shekaru 10, zuwa Prague don zama wanda ya kafa tare kuma darektan kula da gidan daukar hoto na Prague (wanda yanzu shine GHMP), wani gidan tarihi mai zaman kansa mai zaman kansa, inda ta shirya nunin Jaroslav Rossler, Jaromir Funke, Frantisek Drtikol, Vaclav Zykmund, August Sander, [[Eva Fuka]], Barbara Crane, Jindrich Streit, Viktor Kolar, da sauransu, suna gabatar da wani shiri na duniya don juyin juya halin Velvet Czechoslovakia bayan juyin juya halin Czech yayin da suke tallata daukar hoto na zamani a Czech a can da kuma ƙasashen waje. Fasto ya gudanar da bita (Hotuna a Mataki na Uku) a Jamhuriyar Czech, Slovakia, Poland, Jamus, da Netherlands. Ta fassara kuma ta rubuta rubuce-rubuce da dama kuma ta yi lacca kan Bauhaus da daukar hoto, daukar hoto na zamani na Jamus, daukar hoto na mata da daukar hoto na avant-garde na Czech,<ref>Czech Vision, Essays by Suzanne Pastor “The Art of Infinite Contemplation,” and Anna Farova, Rudolf and Annette Kicken, Howard Greenberg Gallery, Hatje Verlag 2007</ref> kuma ma'aikaciyar tattara littattafan daukar hoto da daukar hoto na Czech ce. === Bidiyo === * Lea a cikin Mahaifiya, Suzanne Fasto, 2007 (Prague) [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=bXjK6RQ20Yw] * An yi a Finland, Wataƙila Ƙungiyar Jariri, 2007 [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=6rVLqpTGVjU&feature=youtu.be] * Rawar Karya, Wataƙila Ƙungiyar Jariri, 2014 [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ujyNs0IkiS4&feature=youtu.be] * Gidan Talabijin na Ceska/Czech Television, 2017 [https://www.ceskatelevize.cz/ivysilani/10122978233-udalosti-v-regionech-ostrava/417231100031211-udalosti-v-regionech/obsah/587709-suzanne-pastor-vystavuje-ve-fiducii] == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1952]] m9sboenlvtshi6a9bjscapkx8omss7o 895481 895442 2026-08-12T09:19:45Z Nnamadee 31123 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1343427905|Suzanne Pastor]]" 895481 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Suzanne Pastor''' (an haife ta a ranar 16 ga Nuwamba 1952, [[Chicago]], Amurka) mawakiya ce 'yar asalin Jamusawa da Amurka wacce take zaune a [[Prag|Prague]], [[Kazech|Jamhuriyar Czech]] . An san ta da tsarin daukar hoto mai girma uku, musamman sassaka-sassaka na littattafan gilashi waɗanda ke bincika haɗakar hotuna da rubutu, tsara abubuwan tunawa da jerin abubuwa. Hotunan da ba a san su sosai ba na wakoki an yi musu fenti da hannu, an yage su, an yi musu layi, an naɗe su, an ƙusa su, ko kuma an haɗa su da gutsuttsuran hotuna na ƙarni na 19, gutsuttsuran rubutu ko wasu abubuwa. == Rayuwar farko == An haife ta a Oak Park, Illinois jim kaɗan bayan iyayenta sun yi ƙaura zuwa Amurka daga Jamus bayan yaƙin basasar Amurka, ta girma a yankin Chicago, tana buga goge da sarewa; zane, zane da ɗaukar hoto tun tana da shekaru 11. Iyaye dukkansu kwararru ne a fannin sinadarai; 'yan'uwa biyu, ƙane da kuma babbar 'yar'uwa. === Ilimi === Jami'ar Northwestern (1970–75): nazarin ilimin ɗan adam tare da babban fannin ilimin halayyar ɗan adam; darussa a jami'o'in [[Jami'ar Harvard|Harvard]] da [[Cornell]] ; aiki da karatu a Cibiyar Fasaha ta Chicago, inda ta yi kwas ɗinta na farko a fannin daukar hoto a ƙarƙashin Kenneth Josephson . Gidan George Eastman (1978–81): a Rochester, NY, an shirya gwanjon daukar hoto na zamani, an shirya shirin baje kolin tafiye-tafiye da kuma binciken hotuna. == Turai == Jami'ar Kassel (Hochschule für Bildende Kunst GHK Universität - Kassel), Jamus (1981-1984): karatu a ƙarƙashin Floris Neususs, Klaus Honnef. Ta yi aiki a shahararren Rudolf Kicken Gallery, [[Köln|Cologne]] (1981-1985), tana shirya da shirya nune-nunen da kasidu (hoton zamani na Czech da Turai), bugu na fayil, fassara, gyarawa; ta yi tafiya don bincike a Bauhaus, bikin baje kolin fasaha da kuma tallace-tallace ga masu tattarawa da gidajen tarihi masu zaman kansu. [[Prague House of Photography|Gidan Daukar Hoto na Prague]] (1990-1999): Fasto ya ƙaura daga Jamus, inda ta zauna tsawon shekaru 10, zuwa Prague don zama wanda ya kafa tare kuma darektan kula da gidan daukar hoto na Prague (wanda yanzu shine GHMP), wani gidan tarihi mai zaman kansa mai zaman kansa, inda ta shirya nunin Jaroslav Rossler, Jaromir Funke, Frantisek Drtikol, Vaclav Zykmund, August Sander, [[Eva Fuka]], Barbara Crane, Jindrich Streit, Viktor Kolar, da sauransu, suna gabatar da wani shiri na duniya don juyin juya halin Velvet Czechoslovakia bayan juyin juya halin Czech yayin da suke tallata daukar hoto na zamani a Czech a can da kuma ƙasashen waje. Fasto ya gudanar da bita (Hotuna a Mataki na Uku) a Jamhuriyar Czech, Slovakia, Poland, Jamus, da Netherlands. Ta fassara kuma ta rubuta rubuce-rubuce da dama kuma ta yi lacca kan Bauhaus da daukar hoto, daukar hoto na zamani na Jamus, daukar hoto na mata da daukar hoto na avant-garde na Czech, kuma ma'aikaciyar tattara littattafan daukar hoto da daukar hoto na Czech ce. === Bidiyo === * Lea a cikin Mahaifiya, Suzanne Fasto, 2007 (Prague) [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=bXjK6RQ20Yw] * An yi a Finland, Wataƙila Ƙungiyar Jariri, 2007 [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=6rVLqpTGVjU&feature=youtu.be] * Rawar Karya, Wataƙila Ƙungiyar Jariri, 2014 [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ujyNs0IkiS4&feature=youtu.be] * Gidan Talabijin na Ceska/Czech Television, 2017 [https://www.ceskatelevize.cz/ivysilani/10122978233-udalosti-v-regionech-ostrava/417231100031211-udalosti-v-regionech/obsah/587709-suzanne-pastor-vystavuje-ve-fiducii] == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1952]] khfvt4gkpnvi125c47o3gydse3fuumz 895482 895481 2026-08-12T09:20:16Z Nnamadee 31123 895482 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Suzanne Pastor''' (an haife ta a ranar 16 ga Nuwamba 1952, [[Chicago]], Amurka) mawakiya ce 'yar asalin Jamusawa da Amurka wacce take zaune a [[Prag|Prague]], [[Kazech|Jamhuriyar Czech]] . An san ta da tsarin daukar hoto mai girma uku, musamman sassaka-sassaka na littattafan gilashi waɗanda ke bincika haɗakar hotuna da rubutu, tsara abubuwan tunawa da jerin abubuwa. Hotunan da ba a san su sosai ba na wakoki an yi musu fenti da hannu, an yage su, an yi musu layi, an naɗe su, an ƙusa su, ko kuma an haɗa su da gutsuttsuran hotuna na ƙarni na 19, gutsuttsuran rubutu ko wasu abubuwa. == Rayuwar farko == An haife ta a Oak Park, Illinois jim kaɗan bayan iyayenta sun yi ƙaura zuwa Amurka daga Jamus bayan yaƙin basasar Amurka, ta girma a yankin Chicago, tana buga goge da sarewa; zane, zane da ɗaukar hoto tun tana da shekaru 11. Iyaye dukkansu kwararru ne a fannin sinadarai; 'yan'uwa biyu, ƙane da kuma babbar 'yar'uwa. === Ilimi === Jami'ar Northwestern (1970–75): nazarin ilimin ɗan adam tare da babban fannin ilimin halayyar ɗan adam; darussa a jami'o'in [[Jami'ar Harvard|Harvard]] da [[Cornell]] ; aiki da karatu a Cibiyar Fasaha ta Chicago, inda ta yi kwas ɗinta na farko a fannin daukar hoto a ƙarƙashin Kenneth Josephson . Gidan George Eastman (1978–81): a Rochester, NY, an shirya gwanjon daukar hoto na zamani, an shirya shirin baje kolin tafiye-tafiye da kuma binciken hotuna. == Turai == Jami'ar Kassel (Hochschule für Bildende Kunst GHK Universität - Kassel), Jamus (1981-1984): karatu a ƙarƙashin Floris Neususs, Klaus Honnef. Ta yi aiki a shahararren Rudolf Kicken Gallery, [[Köln|Cologne]] (1981-1985), tana shirya da shirya nune-nunen da kasidu (hoton zamani na Czech da Turai), bugu na fayil, fassara, gyarawa; ta yi tafiya don bincike a Bauhaus, bikin baje kolin fasaha da kuma tallace-tallace ga masu tattarawa da gidajen tarihi masu zaman kansu. [[Prague House of Photography|Gidan Daukar Hoto na Prague]] (1990-1999): Fasto ya ƙaura daga Jamus, inda ta zauna tsawon shekaru 10, zuwa Prague don zama wanda ya kafa tare kuma darektan kula da gidan daukar hoto na Prague (wanda yanzu shine GHMP), wani gidan tarihi mai zaman kansa mai zaman kansa, inda ta shirya nunin Jaroslav Rossler, Jaromir Funke, Frantisek Drtikol, Vaclav Zykmund, August Sander, [[Eva Fuka]], Barbara Crane, Jindrich Streit, Viktor Kolar, da sauransu, suna gabatar da wani shiri na duniya don juyin juya halin Velvet Czechoslovakia bayan juyin juya halin Czech yayin da suke tallata daukar hoto na zamani a Czech a can da kuma ƙasashen waje. Fasto ya gudanar da bita (Hotuna a Mataki na Uku) a Jamhuriyar Czech, Slovakia, Poland, Jamus, da Netherlands. Ta fassara kuma ta rubuta rubuce-rubuce da dama kuma ta yi lacca kan Bauhaus da daukar hoto, daukar hoto na zamani na Jamus, daukar hoto na mata da daukar hoto na avant-garde na Czech, kuma ma'aikaciyar tattara littattafan daukar hoto da daukar hoto na Czech ce. === Bidiyo === * Lea a cikin Mahaifiya, Suzanne Fasto, 2007 (Prague) [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=bXjK6RQ20Yw] * An yi a Finland, Wataƙila Ƙungiyar Jariri, 2007 [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=6rVLqpTGVjU&feature=youtu.be] * Rawar Karya, Wataƙila Ƙungiyar Jariri, 2014 [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ujyNs0IkiS4&feature=youtu.be] * Gidan Talabijin na Ceska/Czech Television, 2017 [https://www.ceskatelevize.cz/ivysilani/10122978233-udalosti-v-regionech-ostrava/417231100031211-udalosti-v-regionech/obsah/587709-suzanne-pastor-vystavuje-ve-fiducii] == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1952]] i0vegmmu3e9dncrkcxrbdbanafjktu4 895483 895482 2026-08-12T09:20:59Z Nnamadee 31123 895483 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Suzanne Pastor''' (an haife ta a ranar 16 ga Nuwamba 1952, [[Chicago]], Amurka) mawakiya ce 'yar asalin Jamusawa da Amurka wacce take zaune a [[Prag|Prague]], [[Kazech|Jamhuriyar Czech]] . An san ta da tsarin daukar hoto mai girma uku, musamman sassaka-sassaka na littattafan gilashi waɗanda ke bincika haɗakar hotuna da rubutu,<ref>Suzanne Pastor - Glass books and other things. 1999. Traveling exhibition: Prague House of Photography, Eli Lemberger Museum of Photography (Tel Hai, Israel), Palais Jalta, (Frankfurt), Castle Humprecht (Sobotka, CZ)</ref> tsara abubuwan tunawa da jerin abubuwa. Hotunan da ba a san su sosai ba na wakoki an yi musu fenti da hannu, an yage su, an yi musu layi, an naɗe su, an ƙusa su, ko kuma an haɗa su da gutsuttsuran hotuna na ƙarni na 19, gutsuttsuran rubutu ko wasu abubuwa. == Rayuwar farko == An haife ta a Oak Park, Illinois jim kaɗan bayan iyayenta sun yi ƙaura zuwa Amurka daga Jamus bayan yaƙin basasar Amurka, ta girma a yankin Chicago, tana buga goge da sarewa; zane, zane da ɗaukar hoto tun tana da shekaru 11. Iyaye dukkansu kwararru ne a fannin sinadarai; 'yan'uwa biyu, ƙane da kuma babbar 'yar'uwa. === Ilimi === Jami'ar Northwestern (1970–75): nazarin ilimin ɗan adam tare da babban fannin ilimin halayyar ɗan adam; darussa a jami'o'in [[Jami'ar Harvard|Harvard]] da [[Cornell]] ; aiki da karatu a Cibiyar Fasaha ta Chicago, inda ta yi kwas ɗinta na farko a fannin daukar hoto a ƙarƙashin Kenneth Josephson . Gidan George Eastman (1978–81): a Rochester, NY, an shirya gwanjon daukar hoto na zamani, an shirya shirin baje kolin tafiye-tafiye da kuma binciken hotuna. == Turai == Jami'ar Kassel (Hochschule für Bildende Kunst GHK Universität - Kassel), Jamus (1981-1984): karatu a ƙarƙashin Floris Neususs, Klaus Honnef. Ta yi aiki a shahararren Rudolf Kicken Gallery, [[Köln|Cologne]] (1981-1985), tana shirya da shirya nune-nunen da kasidu (hoton zamani na Czech da Turai), bugu na fayil, fassara, gyarawa; ta yi tafiya don bincike a Bauhaus, bikin baje kolin fasaha da kuma tallace-tallace ga masu tattarawa da gidajen tarihi masu zaman kansu. [[Prague House of Photography|Gidan Daukar Hoto na Prague]] (1990-1999): Fasto ya ƙaura daga Jamus, inda ta zauna tsawon shekaru 10, zuwa Prague don zama wanda ya kafa tare kuma darektan kula da gidan daukar hoto na Prague (wanda yanzu shine GHMP), wani gidan tarihi mai zaman kansa mai zaman kansa, inda ta shirya nunin Jaroslav Rossler, Jaromir Funke, Frantisek Drtikol, Vaclav Zykmund, August Sander, [[Eva Fuka]], Barbara Crane, Jindrich Streit, Viktor Kolar, da sauransu, suna gabatar da wani shiri na duniya don juyin juya halin Velvet Czechoslovakia bayan juyin juya halin Czech yayin da suke tallata daukar hoto na zamani a Czech a can da kuma ƙasashen waje. Fasto ya gudanar da bita (Hotuna a Mataki na Uku) a Jamhuriyar Czech, Slovakia, Poland, Jamus, da Netherlands. Ta fassara kuma ta rubuta rubuce-rubuce da dama kuma ta yi lacca kan Bauhaus da daukar hoto, daukar hoto na zamani na Jamus, daukar hoto na mata da daukar hoto na avant-garde na Czech, kuma ma'aikaciyar tattara littattafan daukar hoto da daukar hoto na Czech ce. === Bidiyo === * Lea a cikin Mahaifiya, Suzanne Fasto, 2007 (Prague) [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=bXjK6RQ20Yw] * An yi a Finland, Wataƙila Ƙungiyar Jariri, 2007 [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=6rVLqpTGVjU&feature=youtu.be] * Rawar Karya, Wataƙila Ƙungiyar Jariri, 2014 [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ujyNs0IkiS4&feature=youtu.be] * Gidan Talabijin na Ceska/Czech Television, 2017 [https://www.ceskatelevize.cz/ivysilani/10122978233-udalosti-v-regionech-ostrava/417231100031211-udalosti-v-regionech/obsah/587709-suzanne-pastor-vystavuje-ve-fiducii] == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1952]] 397duo3evkuizc0f3imrafl5fv5m2xo 895484 895483 2026-08-12T09:21:45Z Nnamadee 31123 895484 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Suzanne Pastor''' (an haife ta a ranar 16 ga Nuwamba 1952, [[Chicago]], Amurka) mawakiya ce 'yar asalin Jamusawa da Amurka wacce take zaune a [[Prag|Prague]], [[Kazech|Jamhuriyar Czech]] . An san ta da tsarin daukar hoto mai girma uku, musamman sassaka-sassaka na littattafan gilashi waɗanda ke bincika haɗakar hotuna da rubutu,<ref>Suzanne Pastor - Glass books and other things. 1999. Traveling exhibition: Prague House of Photography, Eli Lemberger Museum of Photography (Tel Hai, Israel), Palais Jalta, (Frankfurt), Castle Humprecht (Sobotka, CZ)</ref> tsara abubuwan tunawa da jerin abubuwa. Hotunan da ba a san su sosai ba na wakoki an yi musu fenti da hannu, an yage su, an yi musu layi, an naɗe su, an ƙusa su, ko kuma an haɗa su da gutsuttsuran hotuna na ƙarni na 19, gutsuttsuran rubutu ko wasu abubuwa. == Rayuwar farko == An haife ta a Oak Park, Illinois jim kaɗan bayan iyayenta sun yi ƙaura zuwa Amurka daga Jamus bayan yaƙin basasar Amurka, ta girma a yankin Chicago, tana buga goge da sarewa; zane, zane da ɗaukar hoto tun tana da shekaru 11. Iyaye dukkansu kwararru ne a fannin sinadarai; 'yan'uwa biyu, ƙane da kuma babbar 'yar'uwa. === Ilimi === Jami'ar Northwestern (1970–75): nazarin ilimin ɗan adam tare da babban fannin ilimin halayyar ɗan adam; darussa a jami'o'in [[Jami'ar Harvard|Harvard]] da [[Cornell]] ; aiki da karatu a Cibiyar Fasaha ta Chicago, inda ta yi kwas ɗinta na farko a fannin daukar hoto a ƙarƙashin Kenneth Josephson . Gidan George Eastman (1978–81): a Rochester, NY, an shirya gwanjon daukar hoto na zamani, an shirya shirin baje kolin tafiye-tafiye da kuma binciken hotuna. == Turai == Jami'ar Kassel (Hochschule für Bildende Kunst GHK Universität - Kassel), Jamus (1981-1984): karatu a ƙarƙashin Floris Neususs, Klaus Honnef. Ta yi aiki a shahararren Rudolf Kicken Gallery, [[Köln|Cologne]] (1981-1985), tana shirya da shirya nune-nunen da kasidu (hoton zamani na Czech da Turai), bugu na fayil, fassara, gyarawa; ta yi tafiya don bincike a Bauhaus, bikin baje kolin fasaha da kuma tallace-tallace ga masu tattarawa da gidajen tarihi masu zaman kansu. [[Prague House of Photography|Gidan Daukar Hoto na Prague]] (1990-1999): Fasto ya ƙaura daga Jamus, inda ta zauna tsawon shekaru 10, zuwa Prague don zama wanda ya kafa tare kuma darektan kula da gidan daukar hoto na Prague (wanda yanzu shine GHMP), wani gidan tarihi mai zaman kansa mai zaman kansa, inda ta shirya nunin Jaroslav Rossler, Jaromir Funke, Frantisek Drtikol, Vaclav Zykmund, August Sander, [[Eva Fuka]], Barbara Crane, Jindrich Streit, Viktor Kolar, da sauransu, suna gabatar da wani shiri na duniya don juyin juya halin Velvet Czechoslovakia bayan juyin juya halin Czech yayin da suke tallata daukar hoto na zamani a Czech a can da kuma ƙasashen waje. Fasto ya gudanar da bita (Hotuna a Mataki na Uku) a Jamhuriyar Czech, Slovakia, Poland, Jamus, da Netherlands. Ta fassara kuma ta rubuta rubuce-rubuce da dama kuma ta yi lacca kan Bauhaus da daukar hoto, daukar hoto na zamani na Jamus, daukar hoto na mata da daukar hoto na avant-garde na Czech,<ref>Czech Vision, Essays by Suzanne Pastor “The Art of Infinite Contemplation,” and Anna Farova, Rudolf and Annette Kicken, Howard Greenberg Gallery, Hatje Verlag 2007</ref> kuma ma'aikaciyar tattara littattafan daukar hoto da daukar hoto na Czech ce. === Bidiyo === * Lea a cikin Mahaifiya, Suzanne Fasto, 2007 (Prague) [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=bXjK6RQ20Yw] * An yi a Finland, Wataƙila Ƙungiyar Jariri, 2007 [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=6rVLqpTGVjU&feature=youtu.be] * Rawar Karya, Wataƙila Ƙungiyar Jariri, 2014 [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ujyNs0IkiS4&feature=youtu.be] * Gidan Talabijin na Ceska/Czech Television, 2017 [https://www.ceskatelevize.cz/ivysilani/10122978233-udalosti-v-regionech-ostrava/417231100031211-udalosti-v-regionech/obsah/587709-suzanne-pastor-vystavuje-ve-fiducii] == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1952]] 1e58wf8tlwa4iured0dzjm1yaa79n5t 895485 895484 2026-08-12T09:22:31Z Nnamadee 31123 895485 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Suzanne Pastor''' (an haife ta a ranar 16 ga Nuwamba 1952, [[Chicago]], Amurka) mawakiya ce 'yar asalin Jamusawa da Amurka wacce take zaune a [[Prag|Prague]], [[Kazech|Jamhuriyar Czech]] . An san ta da tsarin daukar hoto mai girma uku, musamman sassaka-sassaka na littattafan gilashi waɗanda ke bincika haɗakar hotuna da rubutu,<ref>Suzanne Pastor - Glass books and other things. 1999. Traveling exhibition: Prague House of Photography, Eli Lemberger Museum of Photography (Tel Hai, Israel), Palais Jalta, (Frankfurt), Castle Humprecht (Sobotka, CZ)</ref> tsara abubuwan tunawa da jerin abubuwa. Hotunan da ba a san su sosai ba na wakoki an yi musu fenti da hannu, an yage su, an yi musu layi, an naɗe su, an ƙusa su, ko kuma an haɗa su da gutsuttsuran hotuna na ƙarni na 19, gutsuttsuran rubutu ko wasu abubuwa. == Rayuwar farko == An haife ta a Oak Park, Illinois jim kaɗan bayan iyayenta sun yi ƙaura zuwa Amurka daga Jamus bayan yaƙin basasar Amurka, ta girma a yankin Chicago, tana buga goge da sarewa; zane, zane da ɗaukar hoto tun tana da shekaru 11. Iyaye dukkansu kwararru ne a fannin sinadarai; 'yan'uwa biyu, ƙane da kuma babbar 'yar'uwa. === Ilimi === Jami'ar Northwestern (1970–75): nazarin ilimin ɗan adam tare da babban fannin ilimin halayyar ɗan adam; darussa a jami'o'in [[Jami'ar Harvard|Harvard]] da [[Cornell]] ; aiki da karatu a Cibiyar Fasaha ta Chicago, inda ta yi kwas ɗinta na farko a fannin daukar hoto a ƙarƙashin Kenneth Josephson . Gidan George Eastman (1978–81): a Rochester, NY, an shirya gwanjon daukar hoto na zamani, an shirya shirin baje kolin tafiye-tafiye da kuma binciken hotuna. == Turai == Jami'ar Kassel (Hochschule für Bildende Kunst GHK Universität - Kassel), Jamus (1981-1984): karatu a ƙarƙashin Floris Neususs, Klaus Honnef. Ta yi aiki a shahararren Rudolf Kicken Gallery, [[Köln|Cologne]] (1981-1985), tana shirya da shirya nune-nunen da kasidu (hoton zamani na Czech da Turai), bugu na fayil, fassara, gyarawa; ta yi tafiya don bincike a Bauhaus, bikin baje kolin fasaha da kuma tallace-tallace ga masu tattarawa da gidajen tarihi masu zaman kansu. [[Prague House of Photography|Gidan Daukar Hoto na Prague]] (1990-1999): Fasto ya ƙaura daga Jamus, inda ta zauna tsawon shekaru 10, zuwa Prague don zama wanda ya kafa tare kuma darektan kula da gidan daukar hoto na Prague (wanda yanzu shine GHMP), wani gidan tarihi mai zaman kansa mai zaman kansa, inda ta shirya nunin Jaroslav Rossler, Jaromir Funke, Frantisek Drtikol, Vaclav Zykmund, August Sander, [[Eva Fuka]], Barbara Crane, Jindrich Streit, Viktor Kolar, da sauransu, suna gabatar da wani shiri na duniya don juyin juya halin Velvet Czechoslovakia bayan juyin juya halin Czech yayin da suke tallata daukar hoto na zamani a Czech a can da kuma ƙasashen waje.<ref>With Art Institute of Chicago, What’s New: Prague, 1992; with Museum fur Photographie, Braunschweig, Inszenierte Fotografie – Die Prager Fotoszene, 1996; with Tel Hai Museum of Photography, From Sudek to Saudek, 1999; with Karlovy Vary Film Festival, Czech avantgard, 1998; with Photo-Edition Berlin, Czech Fundamental 2013; with Museo di Roma and Centro Sperimentale di Fotografie, Czech Fundamental/Ceco Fondamentale 2015</ref> Fasto ya gudanar da bita (Hotuna a Mataki na Uku) a Jamhuriyar Czech, Slovakia, Poland, Jamus, da Netherlands. Ta fassara kuma ta rubuta rubuce-rubuce da dama kuma ta yi lacca kan Bauhaus da daukar hoto, daukar hoto na zamani na Jamus, daukar hoto na mata da daukar hoto na avant-garde na Czech,<ref>Czech Vision, Essays by Suzanne Pastor “The Art of Infinite Contemplation,” and Anna Farova, Rudolf and Annette Kicken, Howard Greenberg Gallery, Hatje Verlag 2007</ref> kuma ma'aikaciyar tattara littattafan daukar hoto da daukar hoto na Czech ce. === Bidiyo === * Lea a cikin Mahaifiya, Suzanne Fasto, 2007 (Prague) [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=bXjK6RQ20Yw] * An yi a Finland, Wataƙila Ƙungiyar Jariri, 2007 [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=6rVLqpTGVjU&feature=youtu.be] * Rawar Karya, Wataƙila Ƙungiyar Jariri, 2014 [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ujyNs0IkiS4&feature=youtu.be] * Gidan Talabijin na Ceska/Czech Television, 2017 [https://www.ceskatelevize.cz/ivysilani/10122978233-udalosti-v-regionech-ostrava/417231100031211-udalosti-v-regionech/obsah/587709-suzanne-pastor-vystavuje-ve-fiducii] == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1952]] h4wu277pn12rvndd0r6q3bs335y1y4i 0 163300 895443 2026-08-12T08:39:31Z Nnamadee 31123 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1367876074|Anna Heringer]]" 895443 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Fayil:Heringer_meti_school.jpg|thumb| Anna Heringer: Makarantar Sana'a ta DESI, Rudrapur (an kammala 2006)]] '''Anna Heringer''' (an haife ta a ranar 13 ga Oktoba, 1977 a Rosenheim ) mai zane ce da aka san ta da tsarinta na gine-gine masu ɗorewa, musamman a fannin ginin ƙasa. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Sustainable Design: Case Studies from the Developing World |url=https://en.unesco.org/courier/2020-1/wisdom-mud-building-earth-and-empowering-communities |website=UNESCO}}</ref> Aikinta ya ƙunshi amfani da kayan aiki da dabarun gida, da kuma jajircewa wajen haɗa kan al'umma da empowerment. <sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Clarify" style="margin-left:0.1em; white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B; ''<nowiki><span title="What does &amp;quot;community empowerment&amp;quot; mean in this context? (August 2025)">ana buƙatar ƙarin bayani</span></nowiki>'' &#x5D;</sup> Heringer ya yi aiki a kan ayyuka a [[Bangladesh]], [[Moroko|Morocco]] da [[Austriya|Austria]], waɗanda suka sami karɓuwa daga ƙasashen duniya saboda kamanninsu, ayyukansu, da dorewarsu, musamman Makarantar Hannu ta METI da ke Rudrapur, Bangladesh. <ref name="visitbrussels">{{Cite web |date=2011 |title=Anna Heringer: Building Differently |url=http://visitbrussels.be/bitc/static/front/img/db/img_4344.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150509235140/http://visitbrussels.be/bitc/static/front/img/db/img_4344.pdf |archive-date=2015-05-09 |access-date=2012-03-07 |website=Visit Brussels}}</ref> == Tarihin Rayuwa == Heringer ya girma a Laufen, Bavaria, a Kudancin Jamus. Ta yi karatun gine-gine a Jami'ar Fasaha da Zane-zanen Masana'antu da ke [[Linz]], Austria, inda ta kammala karatunta a shekarar 2004. Sha'awarta ga Bangladesh ta fara ne a shekarar 1997, lokacin da ta shafe shekara guda tana gudanar da ayyukan sa-kai ga ƙungiyar agaji ta Dipshikha, inda ta koyi game da ayyukan ci gaba mai ɗorewa. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Anna Heringer |url=https://www.mchmaster.com/faculty/anna-heringer/ |access-date=2018-07-31 |website=MCH Master |language=en}}</ref> Tun daga lokacin ta ziyarci ƙasar aƙalla sau ɗaya a shekara. Bayan ta taimaka wajen tara kuɗi, ta ci gaba da aiwatar da ra'ayoyi daga takardar shaidar kammala karatun digirinta a Rudrapur da ke gundumar Dinajpur a Bangladesh. A ƙarƙashin sunan hukuma na METI Handmade School, an gudanar da aikin ne tare da taimakon membobin al'ummar yankin. Sun yi amfani da laka da bamboo, kayan gini na gargajiya na yankin. An kammala makarantar a shekarar 2006 ga ƙungiyar agaji ta Dipshikha. Sauran ayyukan Heringer sun haɗa da DESI (Dipshikha Electrical Skill Improvement) da ke kusa, wata makarantar horar da sana'o'i ga masu gyaran wutar lantarki, wadda aka kammala a shekarar 2008, da kuma Cibiyar Horarwa don Dorewa a [[Marrakesh]], Morocco, wadda aka gina a shekarar 2010. <ref name="visitbrussels">{{Cite web |date=2011 |title=Anna Heringer: Building Differently |url=http://visitbrussels.be/bitc/static/front/img/db/img_4344.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150509235140/http://visitbrussels.be/bitc/static/front/img/db/img_4344.pdf |archive-date=2015-05-09 |access-date=2012-03-07 |website=Visit Brussels}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://web.archive.org/web/20150509235140/http://visitbrussels.be/bitc/static/front/img/db/img_4344.pdf "Anna Heringer: Building Differently"] <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. ''Visit Brussels''. 2011. Archived from [http://visitbrussels.be/bitc/static/front/img/db/img_4344.pdf the original] <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 2015-05-09<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2012-03-07</span></span>.</cite></ref> Tun daga shekarar 2004, Heringer yana aiki a matsayin malami kuma mai ba da shawara. Yanzu haka tana zaune a [[Salzburg]], Austria. <ref name="harvard">{{Cite web |title=Anna Heringer |url=https://www.gsd.harvard.edu/person/anna-heringer/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200513023313/https://www.gsd.harvard.edu/person/anna-heringer/ |archive-date=2020-05-13 |website=Harvard Graduate School of Design}}</ref> An nuna ayyukan Anna Heringer a Gidan Tarihi na Fasaha na Zamani da ke New York, la Loge a Brussels, Cité d`architecture da du patrimoine a Paris, Gidan Tarihi na Fasaha na Zamani na São Paulo, Gidan Tarihi na Aedes da ke Berlin, da kuma a Biennale of Architecture na Venice na 2010. <ref name="harvard">{{Cite web |title=Anna Heringer |url=https://www.gsd.harvard.edu/person/anna-heringer/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200513023313/https://www.gsd.harvard.edu/person/anna-heringer/ |archive-date=2020-05-13 |website=Harvard Graduate School of Design}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://web.archive.org/web/20200513023313/https://www.gsd.harvard.edu/person/anna-heringer/ "Anna Heringer"]. ''Harvard Graduate School of Design''. Archived from [https://www.gsd.harvard.edu/person/anna-heringer/ the original] on 2020-05-13.</cite></ref> == Ayyuka == [[Fayil:Heringer_desi_centre.jpg|thumb| Anna Heringer: Makarantar Sana'a ta DESI, Rudrapur, [[Bangladesh]] (an kammala 2006)]] Ta hanyar ayyukanta, Heringer ta yi ƙoƙarin bai wa masu sana'ar hannu na gida da kuma al'ummar yankin kwarin gwiwa game da amfani da hanyoyin gini na gargajiya, tana shirya su don nan gaba. Tana kuma ƙoƙarin kiyaye daidaiton muhalli, ta hanyar guje wa illolin da hanyoyin gine-gine na zamani ke haifarwa. <ref name="harvard">{{Cite web |title=Anna Heringer |url=https://www.gsd.harvard.edu/person/anna-heringer/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200513023313/https://www.gsd.harvard.edu/person/anna-heringer/ |archive-date=2020-05-13 |website=Harvard Graduate School of Design}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://web.archive.org/web/20200513023313/https://www.gsd.harvard.edu/person/anna-heringer/ "Anna Heringer"]. ''Harvard Graduate School of Design''. Archived from [https://www.gsd.harvard.edu/person/anna-heringer/ the original] on 2020-05-13.</cite></ref> Makarantar METI Handmade, makarantar firamare ce ta ɗalibai 168, ta dogara ne akan gine-gine na yanki da kayan gida amma ta gabatar da sabbin hanyoyin ingantawa da kuma daidaiton tsarin. Sakamakon gyare-gyaren da aka yi wa tsarin bamboo da kuma laƙabin da aka yi masa, ya yiwu a ƙara bene na biyu a ginin. An yi amfani da harsashin tubali don rage tasirin danshi akan bangon ƙasa. Masu sana'ar gini na gida ne suka yi tubalin, yayin da sauran aikin ginin ya kasance na haɗin gwiwa tsakanin masu gine-gine, malamai, ɗalibai da kuma 'yan asalin ƙasar. <ref name="METI">{{Cite web |title=METI School |url=http://openarchitecturenetwork.org/projects/dlygad2_nominee_metischool |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111108213617/http://openarchitecturenetwork.org/projects/dlygad2_nominee_metischool |archive-date=2011-11-08 |access-date=2012-03-07 |website=Open Architecture Network}}</ref> DESI, makarantar koyon sana'o'i ga masu aikin lantarki, tana amfani da makamashin hasken rana amma saboda ita ce ginin farko da aka gina da laka a Bangladesh da ke da famfo a cikin gida. <ref name="currystone">{{Cite web |title=Anna Heringer |url=http://currystonedesignprize.com/winners/2009/handmade_building |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111223232523/http://currystonedesignprize.com/winners/2009/handmade_building |archive-date=2011-12-23 |access-date=2012-03-07 |website=Curry Stone Design Prize}}</ref> A wani ci gaba na aikin METI, ta yi kira ga ɗaliban yankin da masu sana'a da fatan za a sake amfani da ƙwarewar da suka koya a yankin. Duk da cewa an yi amfani da kayan gida, galibi laka da bamboo, an inganta kwanciyar hankali da dorewar tsarin ta hanyar amfani da harsashin gini da kuma hana danshi. Ba a yi amfani da wani injina a ginin ba, sai dai an yi amfani da shanu wajen haɗa ƙasa, ruwa da bambaro na shinkafa. Ginin yana ɗauke da azuzuwa biyu, gidaje biyu na malamai tare da bandaki da bandaki, kuma ya haɗa da bandakin ɗalibai tare da bandaki da sink a ƙasa. Ƙara famfo ba abu ne da ba a saba gani ba a gine-ginen laka domin yawanci suna buƙatar siminti ko ginin gini. <ref>{{Cite web |title=DESI (Dipshikha Electrical Skill Improvement) |url=http://openarchitecturenetwork.org/projects/2946 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110209123652/http://openarchitecturenetwork.org/projects/2946 |archive-date=2011-02-09 |access-date=2012-03-07 |website=Open Architecture Network}}</ref> Cibiyar Horarwa don Gine-gine Mai Dorewa a [[Chwiter]], Marrakesh, ta sake amfani da fasahar gida da kayan aiki, a wannan yanayin ƙasa, itace da yumbu. <ref name=":1">{{Cite web |title=Bronze Award Africa Middle East: Training center for sustainable construction, Marrakesh, Morocco |url=http://www.holcimfoundation.org/Portals/1/docs/A11/AME/Posters/A11AMbrMA.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120911191959/http://www.holcimfoundation.org/Portals/1/docs/A11/AME/Posters/A11AMbrMA.pdf |archive-date=2012-09-11 |access-date=2012-03-07 |website=[[Holcim Foundation for Sustainable Construction|Holcim Foundation]]}}</ref> Ta tsara Ginin Anandaloy, cibiyar haɗin gwiwa ga mutanen da ke da nakasa da kuma ɗakin zane, a arewacin [[Bangladesh]] . <ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Obel Award to Anna Heringer's Anandaloy - |url=https://www.world-architects.com/en/architecture-news/headlines/obel-award-to-anna-heringers-anandaloy |access-date=2020-10-22 |website=World-Architects |language=en}}</ref> == Kyaututtuka == * [[Kyautar Aga Khan don Gine-gine]] (2007) ga Makarantar METI. <ref name="METI">{{Cite web |title=METI School |url=http://openarchitecturenetwork.org/projects/dlygad2_nominee_metischool |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111108213617/http://openarchitecturenetwork.org/projects/dlygad2_nominee_metischool |archive-date=2011-11-08 |access-date=2012-03-07 |website=Open Architecture Network}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://web.archive.org/web/20111108213617/http://openarchitecturenetwork.org/projects/dlygad2_nominee_metischool "METI School"]. ''Open Architecture Network''. Archived from [http://openarchitecturenetwork.org/projects/dlygad2_nominee_metischool the original] on 2011-11-08<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2012-03-07</span></span>.</cite></ref> <ref>{{Cite web |last=Nonie Niesewand |date=March 2015 |title=Through the Glass Ceiling |url=http://www.dsdha.co.uk/gridfs/5756b92400dd7c0003000024 |publisher=[[Architectural Digest]]}}</ref> * Tagulla ga Afirka da Gabas ta Tsakiya, gasar bayar da kyaututtuka ta yankin Holcim ta 2011, don Cibiyar Horarwa da ke Marrakesh. <ref name=":1">{{Cite web |title=Bronze Award Africa Middle East: Training center for sustainable construction, Marrakesh, Morocco |url=http://www.holcimfoundation.org/Portals/1/docs/A11/AME/Posters/A11AMbrMA.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120911191959/http://www.holcimfoundation.org/Portals/1/docs/A11/AME/Posters/A11AMbrMA.pdf |archive-date=2012-09-11 |access-date=2012-03-07 |website=[[Holcim Foundation for Sustainable Construction|Holcim Foundation]]}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://web.archive.org/web/20120911191959/http://www.holcimfoundation.org/Portals/1/docs/A11/AME/Posters/A11AMbrMA.pdf "Bronze Award Africa Middle East: Training center for sustainable construction, Marrakesh, Morocco"] <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. ''[[Gidauniyar Holcim don Ginin Gida|Holcim Foundation]]''. Archived from [http://www.holcimfoundation.org/Portals/1/docs/A11/AME/Posters/A11AMbrMA.pdf the original] <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 2012-09-11<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2012-03-07</span></span>.</cite></ref> * Kyauta ta Duniya don Tsarin Gine-gine Mai Dorewa (2011). <ref>{{Cite web |last= |first= |date= |title=Global Award for Sustainable Architecture |url=https://www.citedelarchitecture.fr/en/article/global-award-sustainable-architecture |access-date=2020-06-03 |website=Cité de l'architecture & du patrimoine |language=en}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |title=Anna Heringer {{!}} Architecture: Awards |url=http://www.anna-heringer.com/index.php?id=5 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200603132851/http://www.anna-heringer.com/index.php?id=5 |archive-date=2020-06-03 |access-date=2020-06-03 |website=www.anna-heringer.com}}</ref> * Kyautar Moira Gemmill don Gine-gine Masu tasowa, An Jera Ta a Jerin Sunaye (2016) <ref name="MoiraGemmill16">{{Cite web |last=<!-- not stated --> |date=<!-- not stated --> |title=Women in Architecture 2016. Moira Gemmill Prize for Emerging Architecture |url=https://www.architectural-review.com/2016-women-in-architecture |access-date=2 July 2026 |website=[[W Awards]] ([[The Architectural Review]]) |language=en}}</ref> * Kyautar Obel don Ginin Anandaloy. <ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Obel Award to Anna Heringer's Anandaloy - |url=https://www.world-architects.com/en/architecture-news/headlines/obel-award-to-anna-heringers-anandaloy |access-date=2020-10-22 |website=World-Architects |language=en}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://www.world-architects.com/en/architecture-news/headlines/obel-award-to-anna-heringers-anandaloy "Obel Award to Anna Heringer's Anandaloy -"]. ''World-Architects''<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2020-10-22</span></span>.</cite></ref> == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1977]] nu0h6008s81jjv8p1gsdm3cn2v408dh 895444 895443 2026-08-12T08:40:26Z Nnamadee 31123 895444 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}}[[Fayil:Heringer_meti_school.jpg|thumb| Anna Heringer: Makarantar Sana'a ta DESI, Rudrapur (an kammala 2006)]] '''Anna Heringer''' (an haife ta a ranar 13 ga Oktoba, 1977 a Rosenheim ) mai zane ce da aka san ta da tsarinta na gine-gine masu ɗorewa, musamman a fannin ginin ƙasa. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Sustainable Design: Case Studies from the Developing World |url=https://en.unesco.org/courier/2020-1/wisdom-mud-building-earth-and-empowering-communities |website=UNESCO}}</ref> Aikinta ya ƙunshi amfani da kayan aiki da dabarun gida, da kuma jajircewa wajen haɗa kan al'umma da empowerment. Heringer ya yi aiki a kan ayyuka a [[Bangladesh]], [[Moroko|Morocco]] da [[Austriya|Austria]], waɗanda suka sami karɓuwa daga ƙasashen duniya saboda kamanninsu, ayyukansu, da dorewarsu, musamman Makarantar Hannu ta METI da ke Rudrapur, Bangladesh. <ref name="visitbrussels">{{Cite web |date=2011 |title=Anna Heringer: Building Differently |url=http://visitbrussels.be/bitc/static/front/img/db/img_4344.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150509235140/http://visitbrussels.be/bitc/static/front/img/db/img_4344.pdf |archive-date=2015-05-09 |access-date=2012-03-07 |website=Visit Brussels}}</ref> == Tarihin Rayuwa == Heringer ya girma a Laufen, Bavaria, a Kudancin Jamus. Ta yi karatun gine-gine a Jami'ar Fasaha da Zane-zanen Masana'antu da ke [[Linz]], Austria, inda ta kammala karatunta a shekarar 2004. Sha'awarta ga Bangladesh ta fara ne a shekarar 1997, lokacin da ta shafe shekara guda tana gudanar da ayyukan sa-kai ga ƙungiyar agaji ta Dipshikha, inda ta koyi game da ayyukan ci gaba mai ɗorewa. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Anna Heringer |url=https://www.mchmaster.com/faculty/anna-heringer/ |access-date=2018-07-31 |website=MCH Master |language=en}}</ref> Tun daga lokacin ta ziyarci ƙasar aƙalla sau ɗaya a shekara. Bayan ta taimaka wajen tara kuɗi, ta ci gaba da aiwatar da ra'ayoyi daga takardar shaidar kammala karatun digirinta a Rudrapur da ke gundumar Dinajpur a Bangladesh. A ƙarƙashin sunan hukuma na METI Handmade School, an gudanar da aikin ne tare da taimakon membobin al'ummar yankin. Sun yi amfani da laka da bamboo, kayan gini na gargajiya na yankin. An kammala makarantar a shekarar 2006 ga ƙungiyar agaji ta Dipshikha. Sauran ayyukan Heringer sun haɗa da DESI (Dipshikha Electrical Skill Improvement) da ke kusa, wata makarantar horar da sana'o'i ga masu gyaran wutar lantarki, wadda aka kammala a shekarar 2008, da kuma Cibiyar Horarwa don Dorewa a [[Marrakesh]], Morocco, wadda aka gina a shekarar 2010. <ref name="visitbrussels">{{Cite web |date=2011 |title=Anna Heringer: Building Differently |url=http://visitbrussels.be/bitc/static/front/img/db/img_4344.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150509235140/http://visitbrussels.be/bitc/static/front/img/db/img_4344.pdf |archive-date=2015-05-09 |access-date=2012-03-07 |website=Visit Brussels}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://web.archive.org/web/20150509235140/http://visitbrussels.be/bitc/static/front/img/db/img_4344.pdf "Anna Heringer: Building Differently"] <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. ''Visit Brussels''. 2011. Archived from [http://visitbrussels.be/bitc/static/front/img/db/img_4344.pdf the original] <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 2015-05-09<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2012-03-07</span></span>.</cite></ref> Tun daga shekarar 2004, Heringer yana aiki a matsayin malami kuma mai ba da shawara. Yanzu haka tana zaune a [[Salzburg]], Austria. <ref name="harvard">{{Cite web |title=Anna Heringer |url=https://www.gsd.harvard.edu/person/anna-heringer/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200513023313/https://www.gsd.harvard.edu/person/anna-heringer/ |archive-date=2020-05-13 |website=Harvard Graduate School of Design}}</ref> An nuna ayyukan Anna Heringer a Gidan Tarihi na Fasaha na Zamani da ke New York, la Loge a Brussels, Cité d`architecture da du patrimoine a Paris, Gidan Tarihi na Fasaha na Zamani na São Paulo, Gidan Tarihi na Aedes da ke Berlin, da kuma a Biennale of Architecture na Venice na 2010. <ref name="harvard">{{Cite web |title=Anna Heringer |url=https://www.gsd.harvard.edu/person/anna-heringer/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200513023313/https://www.gsd.harvard.edu/person/anna-heringer/ |archive-date=2020-05-13 |website=Harvard Graduate School of Design}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://web.archive.org/web/20200513023313/https://www.gsd.harvard.edu/person/anna-heringer/ "Anna Heringer"]. ''Harvard Graduate School of Design''. Archived from [https://www.gsd.harvard.edu/person/anna-heringer/ the original] on 2020-05-13.</cite></ref> == Ayyuka == [[Fayil:Heringer_desi_centre.jpg|thumb| Anna Heringer: Makarantar Sana'a ta DESI, Rudrapur, [[Bangladesh]] (an kammala 2006)]] Ta hanyar ayyukanta, Heringer ta yi ƙoƙarin bai wa masu sana'ar hannu na gida da kuma al'ummar yankin kwarin gwiwa game da amfani da hanyoyin gini na gargajiya, tana shirya su don nan gaba. Tana kuma ƙoƙarin kiyaye daidaiton muhalli, ta hanyar guje wa illolin da hanyoyin gine-gine na zamani ke haifarwa. <ref name="harvard">{{Cite web |title=Anna Heringer |url=https://www.gsd.harvard.edu/person/anna-heringer/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200513023313/https://www.gsd.harvard.edu/person/anna-heringer/ |archive-date=2020-05-13 |website=Harvard Graduate School of Design}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://web.archive.org/web/20200513023313/https://www.gsd.harvard.edu/person/anna-heringer/ "Anna Heringer"]. ''Harvard Graduate School of Design''. Archived from [https://www.gsd.harvard.edu/person/anna-heringer/ the original] on 2020-05-13.</cite></ref> Makarantar METI Handmade, makarantar firamare ce ta ɗalibai 168, ta dogara ne akan gine-gine na yanki da kayan gida amma ta gabatar da sabbin hanyoyin ingantawa da kuma daidaiton tsarin. Sakamakon gyare-gyaren da aka yi wa tsarin bamboo da kuma laƙabin da aka yi masa, ya yiwu a ƙara bene na biyu a ginin. An yi amfani da harsashin tubali don rage tasirin danshi akan bangon ƙasa. Masu sana'ar gini na gida ne suka yi tubalin, yayin da sauran aikin ginin ya kasance na haɗin gwiwa tsakanin masu gine-gine, malamai, ɗalibai da kuma 'yan asalin ƙasar. <ref name="METI">{{Cite web |title=METI School |url=http://openarchitecturenetwork.org/projects/dlygad2_nominee_metischool |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111108213617/http://openarchitecturenetwork.org/projects/dlygad2_nominee_metischool |archive-date=2011-11-08 |access-date=2012-03-07 |website=Open Architecture Network}}</ref> DESI, makarantar koyon sana'o'i ga masu aikin lantarki, tana amfani da makamashin hasken rana amma saboda ita ce ginin farko da aka gina da laka a Bangladesh da ke da famfo a cikin gida. <ref name="currystone">{{Cite web |title=Anna Heringer |url=http://currystonedesignprize.com/winners/2009/handmade_building |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111223232523/http://currystonedesignprize.com/winners/2009/handmade_building |archive-date=2011-12-23 |access-date=2012-03-07 |website=Curry Stone Design Prize}}</ref> A wani ci gaba na aikin METI, ta yi kira ga ɗaliban yankin da masu sana'a da fatan za a sake amfani da ƙwarewar da suka koya a yankin. Duk da cewa an yi amfani da kayan gida, galibi laka da bamboo, an inganta kwanciyar hankali da dorewar tsarin ta hanyar amfani da harsashin gini da kuma hana danshi. Ba a yi amfani da wani injina a ginin ba, sai dai an yi amfani da shanu wajen haɗa ƙasa, ruwa da bambaro na shinkafa. Ginin yana ɗauke da azuzuwa biyu, gidaje biyu na malamai tare da bandaki da bandaki, kuma ya haɗa da bandakin ɗalibai tare da bandaki da sink a ƙasa. Ƙara famfo ba abu ne da ba a saba gani ba a gine-ginen laka domin yawanci suna buƙatar siminti ko ginin gini. <ref>{{Cite web |title=DESI (Dipshikha Electrical Skill Improvement) |url=http://openarchitecturenetwork.org/projects/2946 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110209123652/http://openarchitecturenetwork.org/projects/2946 |archive-date=2011-02-09 |access-date=2012-03-07 |website=Open Architecture Network}}</ref> Cibiyar Horarwa don Gine-gine Mai Dorewa a [[Chwiter]], Marrakesh, ta sake amfani da fasahar gida da kayan aiki, a wannan yanayin ƙasa, itace da yumbu. <ref name=":1">{{Cite web |title=Bronze Award Africa Middle East: Training center for sustainable construction, Marrakesh, Morocco |url=http://www.holcimfoundation.org/Portals/1/docs/A11/AME/Posters/A11AMbrMA.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120911191959/http://www.holcimfoundation.org/Portals/1/docs/A11/AME/Posters/A11AMbrMA.pdf |archive-date=2012-09-11 |access-date=2012-03-07 |website=[[Holcim Foundation for Sustainable Construction|Holcim Foundation]]}}</ref> Ta tsara Ginin Anandaloy, cibiyar haɗin gwiwa ga mutanen da ke da nakasa da kuma ɗakin zane, a arewacin [[Bangladesh]] . <ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Obel Award to Anna Heringer's Anandaloy - |url=https://www.world-architects.com/en/architecture-news/headlines/obel-award-to-anna-heringers-anandaloy |access-date=2020-10-22 |website=World-Architects |language=en}}</ref> == Kyaututtuka == * [[Kyautar Aga Khan don Gine-gine]] (2007) ga Makarantar METI. <ref name="METI">{{Cite web |title=METI School |url=http://openarchitecturenetwork.org/projects/dlygad2_nominee_metischool |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111108213617/http://openarchitecturenetwork.org/projects/dlygad2_nominee_metischool |archive-date=2011-11-08 |access-date=2012-03-07 |website=Open Architecture Network}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://web.archive.org/web/20111108213617/http://openarchitecturenetwork.org/projects/dlygad2_nominee_metischool "METI School"]. ''Open Architecture Network''. Archived from [http://openarchitecturenetwork.org/projects/dlygad2_nominee_metischool the original] on 2011-11-08<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2012-03-07</span></span>.</cite></ref> <ref>{{Cite web |last=Nonie Niesewand |date=March 2015 |title=Through the Glass Ceiling |url=http://www.dsdha.co.uk/gridfs/5756b92400dd7c0003000024 |publisher=[[Architectural Digest]]}}</ref> * Tagulla ga Afirka da Gabas ta Tsakiya, gasar bayar da kyaututtuka ta yankin Holcim ta 2011, don Cibiyar Horarwa da ke Marrakesh. <ref name=":1">{{Cite web |title=Bronze Award Africa Middle East: Training center for sustainable construction, Marrakesh, Morocco |url=http://www.holcimfoundation.org/Portals/1/docs/A11/AME/Posters/A11AMbrMA.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120911191959/http://www.holcimfoundation.org/Portals/1/docs/A11/AME/Posters/A11AMbrMA.pdf |archive-date=2012-09-11 |access-date=2012-03-07 |website=[[Holcim Foundation for Sustainable Construction|Holcim Foundation]]}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://web.archive.org/web/20120911191959/http://www.holcimfoundation.org/Portals/1/docs/A11/AME/Posters/A11AMbrMA.pdf "Bronze Award Africa Middle East: Training center for sustainable construction, Marrakesh, Morocco"] <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. ''[[Gidauniyar Holcim don Ginin Gida|Holcim Foundation]]''. Archived from [http://www.holcimfoundation.org/Portals/1/docs/A11/AME/Posters/A11AMbrMA.pdf the original] <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 2012-09-11<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2012-03-07</span></span>.</cite></ref> * Kyauta ta Duniya don Tsarin Gine-gine Mai Dorewa (2011). <ref>{{Cite web |last= |first= |date= |title=Global Award for Sustainable Architecture |url=https://www.citedelarchitecture.fr/en/article/global-award-sustainable-architecture |access-date=2020-06-03 |website=Cité de l'architecture & du patrimoine |language=en}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |title=Anna Heringer {{!}} Architecture: Awards |url=http://www.anna-heringer.com/index.php?id=5 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200603132851/http://www.anna-heringer.com/index.php?id=5 |archive-date=2020-06-03 |access-date=2020-06-03 |website=www.anna-heringer.com}}</ref> * Kyautar Moira Gemmill don Gine-gine Masu tasowa, An Jera Ta a Jerin Sunaye (2016) <ref name="MoiraGemmill16">{{Cite web |last=<!-- not stated --> |date=<!-- not stated --> |title=Women in Architecture 2016. Moira Gemmill Prize for Emerging Architecture |url=https://www.architectural-review.com/2016-women-in-architecture |access-date=2 July 2026 |website=[[W Awards]] ([[The Architectural Review]]) |language=en}}</ref> * Kyautar Obel don Ginin Anandaloy. <ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Obel Award to Anna Heringer's Anandaloy - |url=https://www.world-architects.com/en/architecture-news/headlines/obel-award-to-anna-heringers-anandaloy |access-date=2020-10-22 |website=World-Architects |language=en}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://www.world-architects.com/en/architecture-news/headlines/obel-award-to-anna-heringers-anandaloy "Obel Award to Anna Heringer's Anandaloy -"]. ''World-Architects''<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2020-10-22</span></span>.</cite></ref> == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1977]] ozrbhj4mrxpob7hd4b8vhhd3rni822b 0 163301 895445 2026-08-12T08:42:46Z Nnamadee 31123 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1336311037|Ute Mahler]]" 895445 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Ute Mahler''' (an haife '''ta''' a shekara ta 1949) mai ɗaukar hoto ce daga Jamus. <ref name="UMalsFotografin">{{Cite web |title=Arbeiten – Ute Mahler |url=https://www.ostkreuz.de/arbeiten/photographer/ute-mahler/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191213010735/https://www.ostkreuz.de/arbeiten/photographer/ute-mahler/ |archive-date=13 December 2019 |access-date=19 December 2020 |website=(page down) |publisher=OSTKREUZ – Agentur der Fotografen GmbH, Berlin}}</ref> <ref name="UMlautArtnet02">{{Cite web |title=Artworks |url=http://www.artnet.com/artists/ute-and-werner-mahler/ |access-date=20 December 2020 |website=Ute Mahler and Werner Mahler |publisher=[[Artnet|Artnet Worldwide Corporation]]}}</ref> A shekarar 1990, ita da mijinta Werner Mahler su biyu ne daga cikin mutane bakwai da suka kafa {{Interlanguage link|Ostkreuz (photo agency)|de|Ostkreuz (Bildagentur)|ru|Ostkreuz (фотоагентство)}} . Tsakanin 2000 da 2015, ta kasance farfesa a fannin daukar hoto a Jami'ar Kimiyyar Aiki ta Hamburg . <ref name="UMlautRM">{{Cite web |last=[[Rory MacLean]] |date=September 2010 |title=Ostkreuz .... Interview met Ute Mahler |url=http://www.goethe.de/ins/gb/lp/prj/mtg/men/kun/ost/nlindex.htm |access-date=18 December 2020 |website="Meet the Germans": De Duitsers gesorteerd |publisher=Goethe-Institut e. V., München}}</ref> <ref name="UMlautMunz">{{Cite web |date=18 November 2014 |title=Ute Mahler, deutsche Fotografin |url=https://www.munzinger.de/search/portrait/Ute+Mahler/0/30109.html |access-date=18 December 2020 |website=Internationales Biographisches Archiv 47/2014 |publisher=Munzinger-Archiv GmbH, Ravensburg}}</ref> <ref name="UMlautHunHer">{{Cite web |title=Ute Mahler |url=https://hundredheroines.org/heroine/ute-mahler/ |access-date=18 December 2020 |publisher=Hundred Heroines, London}}</ref> <ref name="UMlautJC">{{Cite web |last=Daniel Boese (interviewer & co-author) |last2=Claudia Wahjudi (interviewer & co-author) |last3=Joerg Colberg (compiler-translator) |date=23 November 2009 |title=An Interview with Ute and Werner Mahler |url=http://jmcolberg.com/weblog/2009/11/an_interview_with_ute_and_werner_mahler/ |access-date=18 December 2020 |website=General photography |publisher="Conscientious" & {{ill|Zitty |de|lt="Zitty"}}, [[Berlin]]}}</ref> == Tarihin Rayuwa == === Asalin da kuma shekarun farko === An haifi Ute Schirmer a {{Interlanguage link|Berka (Sondershausen)|de}} ( Sondershausen ) a cikin karkarar arewacin [[Erfurt]] ( Thuringia ) da yammacin [[Leipzig]] . Haihuwarta ta zo ne makonni uku bayan da aka sake sanya wa yankin da aka yi wa mulkin mallaka na Soviet suna sannan aka sake sanya wa Jamhuriyar Dimokuradiyyar Jamus (Gabashin Jamus) wacce Tarayyar Soviet ke daukar nauyinta . A Jamhuriyar Dimokuradiyyar Jamus ne Schirmer ya girma kuma, kusan shekaru ashirin, ya gina kyakkyawan aiki a matsayin mai ɗaukar hoto. Yawancin hotunan da aka yi wa hukunci mai kyau, galibi na mutane, waɗanda ake yi mata bikinsu a yau, an yi su ne a wannan lokacin, da cikakken sanin cewa akwai ƙarancin yiwuwar wani ya gan su sai mai ɗaukar hoto da abokanta. A Gabashin Jamus, jama'a sun san ta da kasancewa mai ɗaukar hoto a fannin kayan kwalliya. <ref name="UMlautRM" /> <ref name="UMlautJC" /> Ludwig Schirmer (1929–2001), mahaifinta, kwanan nan ya sami cancantar zama mai niƙa kuma a lokacin haihuwarta yana aiki a masana'antar niƙa ta ƙauye. <ref name="UmVati">{{Cite web |title=Archiv Ludwig Schirmer |url=https://archivludwigschirmer.com/about |access-date=18 December 2020 |publisher=Ute Mahler, {{ill|Lehnitz|de|lt=Lehnitz}}}}</ref> Ya kuma kasance mai sha'awar daukar hoto mai hazaka, yana daukar hotunan iyali da abokai, bukukuwan aure da sauran bukukuwa a kauyen. Lokacin da Ute ya kai shekara goma sha biyu, komai ya canza, yayin da ya ƙaura da iyalin zuwa {{Interlanguage link|Lehnitz|de}} kuma, a shekarar 1961 ya buɗe ɗakin daukar hoto a [[Berlin]] da ke kusa. <ref name="UmVati" /> A wannan lokacin ya riga ya ɗauki wasu kuɗaɗen daukar hoto a Thuringia, yana ɗaukar hotunan injinan noma na wani masana'antar tarakta ta gida, amma duk da haka matakin ya kasance wani abu mai ban mamaki. Hotunansa - aƙalla waɗanda aka biya shi kuɗi - hotuna ne masu kyau da sheƙi, suna bin salon zamanin. Akwai hotunan masu girbin kayan lambu, jami'an jam'iyyar, da kuma 'yarsa daga baya za ta tuna, "ɗaruruwan masu shirya kade-kade". <ref name="UMlautRM">{{Cite web |last=[[Rory MacLean]] |date=September 2010 |title=Ostkreuz .... Interview met Ute Mahler |url=http://www.goethe.de/ins/gb/lp/prj/mtg/men/kun/ost/nlindex.htm |access-date=18 December 2020 |website="Meet the Germans": De Duitsers gesorteerd |publisher=Goethe-Institut e. V., München}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFRory_MacLean2010">[[Rory MacLean]] (September 2010). [http://www.goethe.de/ins/gb/lp/prj/mtg/men/kun/ost/nlindex.htm "Ostkreuz .... Interview met Ute Mahler"]. ''"Meet the Germans": De Duitsers gesorteerd''. Goethe-Institut e. V., München<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">18 December</span> 2020</span>.</cite></ref> Ludwig Schirmer, wanda ya ƙara samun nasara a fannin kasuwanci, ya yi farin ciki da yadda 'yarsa ta yi farin cikin ɗaukar hoto, tana mai dagewa akai-akai, "Ute, ke mai ɗaukar hoto ce ta halitta". Ute ta san ba za ta taɓa zama "mai ɗaukar hoto" na hotunan talla ba, kuma ba ta san komai game da ayyukan sirri na mahaifinta ba: saboda haka ta ƙi ƙarfafa masa gwiwa tun tana ƙarama. Lokacin da ta ɗauki hotuna ba wai don tunani game da sana'ar da ta yi a fannin zane-zane ba ne, amma saboda tana jin kanta tana son kama gaskiya da gaskiya. <ref name="UMlautRM" /> === Shekarun ɗalibai === Bayan kammala karatunta cikin nasara, Ute Schirmer ta koma yin aikin horon aiki wanda ba a biyanta albashi, wanda hakan ya kasance wani abu da ake yawan yi a fannin ilimi a jami'a a Jamhuriyar Dimokuradiyyar Jamus, wanda ya haifar da ƙarancin yawan ma'aikata sakamakon [[Yaƙin Duniya na II|kisan gillar yaƙe-yaƙe]] da kuma ƙaura zuwa yamma a lokacin (musamman) shekarun 1950. Aikin Schirmer yana cikin {{Interlanguage link|Deutsche Werbe- und Anzeigengesellschaft|de}}, ƙungiyar da jam'iyyar ta jagoranta wacce ta mallaki ikon mallakar talla a Gabashin Jamus. <ref name="WasbedeutetDEWAG">{{Cite web |last=Martin U. Müller |date=27 May 2015 |title=Wolpryla, das wollige Wunder |url=https://www.spiegel.de/geschichte/werbung-in-der-ddr-trabant-pohli-und-goldbroiler-a-1036757.html |access-date=19 December 2020 |website=Autowerbung in einem Land, in dem man auf den Trabant jahrelang warten muss? Eigentlich absurd. Doch Reklame hatte in der DDR oft ganz andere Aufgaben zu erfüllen, als den Absatz zu steigern. (Click on "DDR-Werbung: Realsozialistisches Werberbung" near the top of the page to see some examples of East German advertising published by the DEWAG) |publisher=[[Der Spiegel]], (online)}}</ref> DEWAG, wacce take da hedikwata a Berlin, tana da rassanta a faɗin ƙasar, kuma tana da alhakin nau'ikan allon bayanai da fosta daban-daban na jama'a. <ref name="UMlautMunz">{{Cite web |date=18 November 2014 |title=Ute Mahler, deutsche Fotografin |url=https://www.munzinger.de/search/portrait/Ute+Mahler/0/30109.html |access-date=18 December 2020 |website=Internationales Biographisches Archiv 47/2014 |publisher=Munzinger-Archiv GmbH, Ravensburg}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://www.munzinger.de/search/portrait/Ute+Mahler/0/30109.html "Ute Mahler, deutsche Fotografin"]. ''Internationales Biographisches Archiv 47/2014''. Munzinger-Archiv GmbH, Ravensburg. 18 November 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">18 December</span> 2020</span>.</cite></ref> <ref name="UMlautFigaro">{{Cite web |date=26 October 2014 |title=Ein Foto zeigt immer eine subjektive Wirklichkeit… Zur Person Ute Mahler |url=https://www.mdr.de/religion/gesellschaft/figaro-trifft-ute-mahler100_zc-9cd3c9b3_zs-86639eb7.html |access-date=19 December 2020 |website=Figaro trifft ... Ute Mahler |publisher=[[Mitteldeutscher Rundfunk|MDR]] ([[MDR Kultur#MDR Figaro (2004–2016)|"Figaro"]], [[Leipzig]]}}</ref> A 1969 ta shiga cikin "Hochschule für Grafik und Buchkunst" ''a'' [[Leipzig]], ta fito a cikin 1974 tare da digiri a fannin daukar hoto. <ref name="UMlautRM">{{Cite web |last=[[Rory MacLean]] |date=September 2010 |title=Ostkreuz .... Interview met Ute Mahler |url=http://www.goethe.de/ins/gb/lp/prj/mtg/men/kun/ost/nlindex.htm |access-date=18 December 2020 |website="Meet the Germans": De Duitsers gesorteerd |publisher=Goethe-Institut e. V., München}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFRory_MacLean2010">[[Rory MacLean]] (September 2010). [http://www.goethe.de/ins/gb/lp/prj/mtg/men/kun/ost/nlindex.htm "Ostkreuz .... Interview met Ute Mahler"]. ''"Meet the Germans": De Duitsers gesorteerd''. Goethe-Institut e. V., München<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">18 December</span> 2020</span>.</cite></ref> A lokacin da take karatu a makarantar Leipzig, a shekarar 1972, Ute Schirmer ta haɗu da Werner Mahler, wacce take kusa da ita a Leipzig. <ref name="UMlautJC">{{Cite web |last=Daniel Boese (interviewer & co-author) |last2=Claudia Wahjudi (interviewer & co-author) |last3=Joerg Colberg (compiler-translator) |date=23 November 2009 |title=An Interview with Ute and Werner Mahler |url=http://jmcolberg.com/weblog/2009/11/an_interview_with_ute_and_werner_mahler/ |access-date=18 December 2020 |website=General photography |publisher="Conscientious" & {{ill|Zitty |de|lt="Zitty"}}, [[Berlin]]}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFDaniel_Boese_(interviewer_&_co-author)Claudia_Wahjudi_(interviewer_&_co-author)Joerg_Colberg_(compiler-translator)2009">Daniel Boese (interviewer & co-author); Claudia Wahjudi (interviewer & co-author); Joerg Colberg (compiler-translator) (23 November 2009). [http://jmcolberg.com/weblog/2009/11/an_interview_with_ute_and_werner_mahler/ "An Interview with Ute and Werner Mahler"]. ''General photography''. "Conscientious" & [[Zitty|"Zitty"]]<span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal; ">&nbsp;&#x5B;[[:de:Zitty|de]]&#x5D;</span>, [[Berlin]]<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">18 December</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span data-ve-ignore=""> </span><span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment" data-ve-ignore=""><code class="cs1-code"><nowiki>{{</nowiki>[[Samfuri:Cite web|cite web]]<nowiki>}}</nowiki></code>: </span><span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment" data-ve-ignore=""><code class="cs1-code">&#x7C;author1=</code> has generic name ([[Help:CS1 errors#generic name|help]])</span> [[Category:CS1 errors: generic name]]</ref> Wannan shine farkon haɗin gwiwa mai aiki na ƙwararru wanda ya ɗauki fiye da shekaru arba'in. <ref name="UMuWMAusstelling2018">{{Cite web |date=19 October 2018 |title=Ute Mahler & Werner Mahler: ESSENCES – Photographs from four decades |url=https://monovisions.com/ute-mahler-werner-mahler-essences-photographs-from-four-decades/ |access-date=19 December 2020 |website=Galerie Springer Berlin: Exhibition announcement |publisher=MonoVisions Black & White Photography Magazine}}</ref> Ba da daɗewa ba bayan ta kammala karatunta, Ute Schirmer ta auri Werner Mahler. <ref name="UMlautJC" /> An haifi ɗan ma'auratan a shekarar 1975. === Koyarwa a matakin jami'a === Tsawon shekaru goma sha uku Mahler ya yi aikin koyarwa a sashen kayan kwalliya na Burg Giebichenstein Kunsthochschule ( ''wanda aka fassara a matsayin "Burg Giebichenstein Arts Academy"'' ) da ke Halle . <ref name="UMlautBurgGieb">{{Cite web |last=Anja Maier |date=2011 |title=Das Geheimnis bleibt. Modefotografie von Ute Mahler und Schülern |url=https://www.burg-halle.de/hochschule/ausstellungen/a/das-geheimnis-bleibt-modefotografie-von-ute-mahler-und-schuelern/ |access-date=20 December 2020 |website=Ausstellung in der Hochschulgalerie im Volkspark vom 5. Mai bis 13. Juni 2011 |publisher=[[Burg Giebichenstein University of Art and Design|Burg Giebichenstein Kunsthochschule Halle]]}}</ref> Tsakanin 2000 da 2015 ta kuma yi karatun farfesa a jami'a a Jami'ar Fasaha da Kimiyya [[Hamburg|ta Hamburg]] . <ref name="UMlautHunHer">{{Cite web |title=Ute Mahler |url=https://hundredheroines.org/heroine/ute-mahler/ |access-date=18 December 2020 |publisher=Hundred Heroines, London}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://hundredheroines.org/heroine/ute-mahler/ "Ute Mahler"]. Hundred Heroines, London<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">18 December</span> 2020</span>.</cite></ref> == Kyaututtuka == * 1979: kyautar daukar hoto ta photokina * 2011: {{Interlanguage link|Kunstpreis Literatur Fotografie|de}} daga asusun caca na Brandenburg. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Lotto Brandenburg |date= |year= |title=Kunstpreis Literatur Fotografie der LAND BRANDENBURG LOTTO GmbH |url=http://www.kunstpreis-literatur-fotografie.de/ |url-status= |archive-url= |archive-date= |access-date= |publisher= |pages= |language= |format= |quote=}}</ref> == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1949]] jjsaaq9abyl9n7j3cdafqy20sqh8bum 895446 895445 2026-08-12T08:43:14Z Nnamadee 31123 895446 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Ute Mahler''' (an haife '''ta''' a shekara ta 1949) mai ɗaukar hoto ce daga Jamus. <ref name="UMalsFotografin">{{Cite web |title=Arbeiten – Ute Mahler |url=https://www.ostkreuz.de/arbeiten/photographer/ute-mahler/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191213010735/https://www.ostkreuz.de/arbeiten/photographer/ute-mahler/ |archive-date=13 December 2019 |access-date=19 December 2020 |website=(page down) |publisher=OSTKREUZ – Agentur der Fotografen GmbH, Berlin}}</ref> <ref name="UMlautArtnet02">{{Cite web |title=Artworks |url=http://www.artnet.com/artists/ute-and-werner-mahler/ |access-date=20 December 2020 |website=Ute Mahler and Werner Mahler |publisher=[[Artnet|Artnet Worldwide Corporation]]}}</ref> A shekarar 1990, ita da mijinta Werner Mahler su biyu ne daga cikin mutane bakwai da suka kafa {{Interlanguage link|Ostkreuz (photo agency)|de|Ostkreuz (Bildagentur)|ru|Ostkreuz (фотоагентство)}} . Tsakanin 2000 da 2015, ta kasance farfesa a fannin daukar hoto a Jami'ar Kimiyyar Aiki ta Hamburg . <ref name="UMlautRM">{{Cite web |last=[[Rory MacLean]] |date=September 2010 |title=Ostkreuz .... Interview met Ute Mahler |url=http://www.goethe.de/ins/gb/lp/prj/mtg/men/kun/ost/nlindex.htm |access-date=18 December 2020 |website="Meet the Germans": De Duitsers gesorteerd |publisher=Goethe-Institut e. V., München}}</ref> <ref name="UMlautMunz">{{Cite web |date=18 November 2014 |title=Ute Mahler, deutsche Fotografin |url=https://www.munzinger.de/search/portrait/Ute+Mahler/0/30109.html |access-date=18 December 2020 |website=Internationales Biographisches Archiv 47/2014 |publisher=Munzinger-Archiv GmbH, Ravensburg}}</ref> <ref name="UMlautHunHer">{{Cite web |title=Ute Mahler |url=https://hundredheroines.org/heroine/ute-mahler/ |access-date=18 December 2020 |publisher=Hundred Heroines, London}}</ref> <ref name="UMlautJC">{{Cite web |last=Daniel Boese (interviewer & co-author) |last2=Claudia Wahjudi (interviewer & co-author) |last3=Joerg Colberg (compiler-translator) |date=23 November 2009 |title=An Interview with Ute and Werner Mahler |url=http://jmcolberg.com/weblog/2009/11/an_interview_with_ute_and_werner_mahler/ |access-date=18 December 2020 |website=General photography |publisher="Conscientious" & {{ill|Zitty |de|lt="Zitty"}}, [[Berlin]]}}</ref> == Tarihin Rayuwa == === Asalin da kuma shekarun farko === An haifi Ute Schirmer a {{Interlanguage link|Berka (Sondershausen)|de}} ( Sondershausen ) a cikin karkarar arewacin [[Erfurt]] ( Thuringia ) da yammacin [[Leipzig]] . Haihuwarta ta zo ne makonni uku bayan da aka sake sanya wa yankin da aka yi wa mulkin mallaka na Soviet suna sannan aka sake sanya wa Jamhuriyar Dimokuradiyyar Jamus (Gabashin Jamus) wacce Tarayyar Soviet ke daukar nauyinta . A Jamhuriyar Dimokuradiyyar Jamus ne Schirmer ya girma kuma, kusan shekaru ashirin, ya gina kyakkyawan aiki a matsayin mai ɗaukar hoto. Yawancin hotunan da aka yi wa hukunci mai kyau, galibi na mutane, waɗanda ake yi mata bikinsu a yau, an yi su ne a wannan lokacin, da cikakken sanin cewa akwai ƙarancin yiwuwar wani ya gan su sai mai ɗaukar hoto da abokanta. A Gabashin Jamus, jama'a sun san ta da kasancewa mai ɗaukar hoto a fannin kayan kwalliya. <ref name="UMlautRM" /> <ref name="UMlautJC" /> Ludwig Schirmer (1929–2001), mahaifinta, kwanan nan ya sami cancantar zama mai niƙa kuma a lokacin haihuwarta yana aiki a masana'antar niƙa ta ƙauye. <ref name="UmVati">{{Cite web |title=Archiv Ludwig Schirmer |url=https://archivludwigschirmer.com/about |access-date=18 December 2020 |publisher=Ute Mahler, {{ill|Lehnitz|de|lt=Lehnitz}}}}</ref> Ya kuma kasance mai sha'awar daukar hoto mai hazaka, yana daukar hotunan iyali da abokai, bukukuwan aure da sauran bukukuwa a kauyen. Lokacin da Ute ya kai shekara goma sha biyu, komai ya canza, yayin da ya ƙaura da iyalin zuwa {{Interlanguage link|Lehnitz|de}} kuma, a shekarar 1961 ya buɗe ɗakin daukar hoto a [[Berlin]] da ke kusa. <ref name="UmVati" /> A wannan lokacin ya riga ya ɗauki wasu kuɗaɗen daukar hoto a Thuringia, yana ɗaukar hotunan injinan noma na wani masana'antar tarakta ta gida, amma duk da haka matakin ya kasance wani abu mai ban mamaki. Hotunansa - aƙalla waɗanda aka biya shi kuɗi - hotuna ne masu kyau da sheƙi, suna bin salon zamanin. Akwai hotunan masu girbin kayan lambu, jami'an jam'iyyar, da kuma 'yarsa daga baya za ta tuna, "ɗaruruwan masu shirya kade-kade". <ref name="UMlautRM">{{Cite web |last=[[Rory MacLean]] |date=September 2010 |title=Ostkreuz .... Interview met Ute Mahler |url=http://www.goethe.de/ins/gb/lp/prj/mtg/men/kun/ost/nlindex.htm |access-date=18 December 2020 |website="Meet the Germans": De Duitsers gesorteerd |publisher=Goethe-Institut e. V., München}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFRory_MacLean2010">[[Rory MacLean]] (September 2010). [http://www.goethe.de/ins/gb/lp/prj/mtg/men/kun/ost/nlindex.htm "Ostkreuz .... Interview met Ute Mahler"]. ''"Meet the Germans": De Duitsers gesorteerd''. Goethe-Institut e. V., München<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">18 December</span> 2020</span>.</cite></ref> Ludwig Schirmer, wanda ya ƙara samun nasara a fannin kasuwanci, ya yi farin ciki da yadda 'yarsa ta yi farin cikin ɗaukar hoto, tana mai dagewa akai-akai, "Ute, ke mai ɗaukar hoto ce ta halitta". Ute ta san ba za ta taɓa zama "mai ɗaukar hoto" na hotunan talla ba, kuma ba ta san komai game da ayyukan sirri na mahaifinta ba: saboda haka ta ƙi ƙarfafa masa gwiwa tun tana ƙarama. Lokacin da ta ɗauki hotuna ba wai don tunani game da sana'ar da ta yi a fannin zane-zane ba ne, amma saboda tana jin kanta tana son kama gaskiya da gaskiya. <ref name="UMlautRM" /> === Shekarun ɗalibai === Bayan kammala karatunta cikin nasara, Ute Schirmer ta koma yin aikin horon aiki wanda ba a biyanta albashi, wanda hakan ya kasance wani abu da ake yawan yi a fannin ilimi a jami'a a Jamhuriyar Dimokuradiyyar Jamus, wanda ya haifar da ƙarancin yawan ma'aikata sakamakon [[Yaƙin Duniya na II|kisan gillar yaƙe-yaƙe]] da kuma ƙaura zuwa yamma a lokacin (musamman) shekarun 1950. Aikin Schirmer yana cikin {{Interlanguage link|Deutsche Werbe- und Anzeigengesellschaft|de}}, ƙungiyar da jam'iyyar ta jagoranta wacce ta mallaki ikon mallakar talla a Gabashin Jamus. <ref name="WasbedeutetDEWAG">{{Cite web |last=Martin U. Müller |date=27 May 2015 |title=Wolpryla, das wollige Wunder |url=https://www.spiegel.de/geschichte/werbung-in-der-ddr-trabant-pohli-und-goldbroiler-a-1036757.html |access-date=19 December 2020 |website=Autowerbung in einem Land, in dem man auf den Trabant jahrelang warten muss? Eigentlich absurd. Doch Reklame hatte in der DDR oft ganz andere Aufgaben zu erfüllen, als den Absatz zu steigern. (Click on "DDR-Werbung: Realsozialistisches Werberbung" near the top of the page to see some examples of East German advertising published by the DEWAG) |publisher=[[Der Spiegel]], (online)}}</ref> DEWAG, wacce take da hedikwata a Berlin, tana da rassanta a faɗin ƙasar, kuma tana da alhakin nau'ikan allon bayanai da fosta daban-daban na jama'a. <ref name="UMlautMunz">{{Cite web |date=18 November 2014 |title=Ute Mahler, deutsche Fotografin |url=https://www.munzinger.de/search/portrait/Ute+Mahler/0/30109.html |access-date=18 December 2020 |website=Internationales Biographisches Archiv 47/2014 |publisher=Munzinger-Archiv GmbH, Ravensburg}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://www.munzinger.de/search/portrait/Ute+Mahler/0/30109.html "Ute Mahler, deutsche Fotografin"]. ''Internationales Biographisches Archiv 47/2014''. Munzinger-Archiv GmbH, Ravensburg. 18 November 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">18 December</span> 2020</span>.</cite></ref> <ref name="UMlautFigaro">{{Cite web |date=26 October 2014 |title=Ein Foto zeigt immer eine subjektive Wirklichkeit… Zur Person Ute Mahler |url=https://www.mdr.de/religion/gesellschaft/figaro-trifft-ute-mahler100_zc-9cd3c9b3_zs-86639eb7.html |access-date=19 December 2020 |website=Figaro trifft ... Ute Mahler |publisher=[[Mitteldeutscher Rundfunk|MDR]] ([[MDR Kultur#MDR Figaro (2004–2016)|"Figaro"]], [[Leipzig]]}}</ref> A 1969 ta shiga cikin "Hochschule für Grafik und Buchkunst" ''a'' [[Leipzig]], ta fito a cikin 1974 tare da digiri a fannin daukar hoto. <ref name="UMlautRM">{{Cite web |last=[[Rory MacLean]] |date=September 2010 |title=Ostkreuz .... Interview met Ute Mahler |url=http://www.goethe.de/ins/gb/lp/prj/mtg/men/kun/ost/nlindex.htm |access-date=18 December 2020 |website="Meet the Germans": De Duitsers gesorteerd |publisher=Goethe-Institut e. V., München}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFRory_MacLean2010">[[Rory MacLean]] (September 2010). [http://www.goethe.de/ins/gb/lp/prj/mtg/men/kun/ost/nlindex.htm "Ostkreuz .... Interview met Ute Mahler"]. ''"Meet the Germans": De Duitsers gesorteerd''. Goethe-Institut e. V., München<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">18 December</span> 2020</span>.</cite></ref> A lokacin da take karatu a makarantar Leipzig, a shekarar 1972, Ute Schirmer ta haɗu da Werner Mahler, wacce take kusa da ita a Leipzig. <ref name="UMlautJC">{{Cite web |last=Daniel Boese (interviewer & co-author) |last2=Claudia Wahjudi (interviewer & co-author) |last3=Joerg Colberg (compiler-translator) |date=23 November 2009 |title=An Interview with Ute and Werner Mahler |url=http://jmcolberg.com/weblog/2009/11/an_interview_with_ute_and_werner_mahler/ |access-date=18 December 2020 |website=General photography |publisher="Conscientious" & {{ill|Zitty |de|lt="Zitty"}}, [[Berlin]]}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFDaniel_Boese_(interviewer_&_co-author)Claudia_Wahjudi_(interviewer_&_co-author)Joerg_Colberg_(compiler-translator)2009">Daniel Boese (interviewer & co-author); Claudia Wahjudi (interviewer & co-author); Joerg Colberg (compiler-translator) (23 November 2009). [http://jmcolberg.com/weblog/2009/11/an_interview_with_ute_and_werner_mahler/ "An Interview with Ute and Werner Mahler"]. ''General photography''. "Conscientious" & [[Zitty|"Zitty"]]<span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal; ">&nbsp;&#x5B;[[:de:Zitty|de]]&#x5D;</span>, [[Berlin]]<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">18 December</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span data-ve-ignore=""> </span><span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment" data-ve-ignore=""><code class="cs1-code"><nowiki>{{</nowiki>[[Samfuri:Cite web|cite web]]<nowiki>}}</nowiki></code>: </span><span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment" data-ve-ignore=""><code class="cs1-code">&#x7C;author1=</code> has generic name ([[Help:CS1 errors#generic name|help]])</span> [[Category:CS1 errors: generic name]]</ref> Wannan shine farkon haɗin gwiwa mai aiki na ƙwararru wanda ya ɗauki fiye da shekaru arba'in. <ref name="UMuWMAusstelling2018">{{Cite web |date=19 October 2018 |title=Ute Mahler & Werner Mahler: ESSENCES – Photographs from four decades |url=https://monovisions.com/ute-mahler-werner-mahler-essences-photographs-from-four-decades/ |access-date=19 December 2020 |website=Galerie Springer Berlin: Exhibition announcement |publisher=MonoVisions Black & White Photography Magazine}}</ref> Ba da daɗewa ba bayan ta kammala karatunta, Ute Schirmer ta auri Werner Mahler. <ref name="UMlautJC" /> An haifi ɗan ma'auratan a shekarar 1975. === Koyarwa a matakin jami'a === Tsawon shekaru goma sha uku Mahler ya yi aikin koyarwa a sashen kayan kwalliya na Burg Giebichenstein Kunsthochschule ( ''wanda aka fassara a matsayin "Burg Giebichenstein Arts Academy"'' ) da ke Halle . <ref name="UMlautBurgGieb">{{Cite web |last=Anja Maier |date=2011 |title=Das Geheimnis bleibt. Modefotografie von Ute Mahler und Schülern |url=https://www.burg-halle.de/hochschule/ausstellungen/a/das-geheimnis-bleibt-modefotografie-von-ute-mahler-und-schuelern/ |access-date=20 December 2020 |website=Ausstellung in der Hochschulgalerie im Volkspark vom 5. Mai bis 13. Juni 2011 |publisher=[[Burg Giebichenstein University of Art and Design|Burg Giebichenstein Kunsthochschule Halle]]}}</ref> Tsakanin 2000 da 2015 ta kuma yi karatun farfesa a jami'a a Jami'ar Fasaha da Kimiyya [[Hamburg|ta Hamburg]] . <ref name="UMlautHunHer">{{Cite web |title=Ute Mahler |url=https://hundredheroines.org/heroine/ute-mahler/ |access-date=18 December 2020 |publisher=Hundred Heroines, London}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://hundredheroines.org/heroine/ute-mahler/ "Ute Mahler"]. Hundred Heroines, London<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">18 December</span> 2020</span>.</cite></ref> == Kyaututtuka == * 1979: kyautar daukar hoto ta photokina * 2011: {{Interlanguage link|Kunstpreis Literatur Fotografie|de}} daga asusun caca na Brandenburg. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Lotto Brandenburg |date= |year= |title=Kunstpreis Literatur Fotografie der LAND BRANDENBURG LOTTO GmbH |url=http://www.kunstpreis-literatur-fotografie.de/ |url-status= |archive-url= |archive-date= |access-date= |publisher= |pages= |language= |format= |quote=}}</ref> == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1949]] b769mrluqtz8wjpl33hak59vujc2wri 0 163302 895448 2026-08-12T08:45:37Z Nnamadee 31123 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1363576640|Lore Krüger]]" 895448 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Lore Krüger''' (1914–2009) mai ɗaukar hoto ce 'yar Jamus-Bayahudiya kuma mai adawa da Nazi, wacce aka fi sani da hotunanta da aka ɗauka kafin Yaƙin Duniya na Biyu a Turai. An haife shi a [[Magdeburg]], Jamus a matsayin ɗa na farko ga iyayen Yahudawa a ranar 11 ga Maris, 1914, Krüger ya girma yana ɗaukar hotuna. Yayin da iyalinta suka gudu daga karuwar ra'ayin Nazi a Jamus, Lore Krüger da kyamararta sun ɗauki hotunan ƙaura da juriya a cikin wani yanayi mai cike da rikici kafin Yaƙin Duniya na Biyu a Turai. Ta sami tasiri daga akidar Marx da kuma ra'ayin Jamusanci, kamar Sabon Ra'ayi . == Shekarun farko == An haifi Lore Krüger a matsayin '''Lore Heinemann''' a ranar 14 ga Maris, 1914. Mahaifinta, Ernest Heinemann, injiniya ne, kuma ya ba ta kyamara don bikin cikarta shekaru goma. Bayan mahaifinta ya rasa aikinsa a banki, iyayenta suka ƙaura. Krüger ya yi tafiya zuwa London, Mallorca, Barcelona, Paris, Marseille, Trinidad, New York, Wisconsin, da Berlin <ref name="C/O Berlin">{{Cite web |title=Lore Krüger . A Suitcase Full of Pictures |url=http://www.co-berlin.org/en/lore-krueger-suitcase-full-pictures |access-date=3 April 2017 |publisher=C/O Berlin Foundation}}</ref> don gujewa ra'ayin Nazi da Yaƙin Duniya na Biyu. Lore Krüger ta kawo kyamararta tare da ita ta ɗauki hotuna a duk waɗannan wurare. Ta zama wata alama ta matan da aka 'yanta a cikin ƙungiyar avant-garde ta shekarun 1930 da 1940. <ref name="C/O Berlin" /> === Sana'a === Krüger ya tsere daga Jamus a shekarar 1933 ya koma Landan. A lokacin da take can, ta yi aiki a matsayin mai kula da 'yan wasan kwaikwayo. Bayan Landan, ta bi iyayenta zuwa Mallorca inda suka ƙaura bayan mahaifinta ya rasa aikinsa. Daga baya, ta koma Barcelona inda ta yi karatun daukar hoto tare da Zerkowitz. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Gravayat |first=Eva |date=24 February 2015 |title=Berlin : Lore Krüger A Suitcase Full of Pictures |url=http://www.loeildelaphotographie.com/en/2015/02/24/article/27234/berlin-lore-kruger-a-suitcase-full-of-pictures/ |access-date=3 April 2017 |publisher=The Eye of Photography}}</ref> Tafiya ta gaba ita ce zuwa Paris, inda ta yi karatu a wani ɗakin karatu na Bauhaus a ƙarƙashin Florence Henri . A lokacin da take ƙasar Faransa, ta yi aikin daukar hotonta kuma ta yi fice a fannin zane-zane. Ta yi aiki don inganta sana'arta kuma ba da daɗewa ba ta shiga ƙungiyar manyan mata masu ɗaukar hoto na lokacin. Ta tsaya tare da masu fafutukar kin jinin Nazi a wannan lokacin ma. Har yanzu Krüger 'yar Jamus ce a Faransa, yayin da Faransa ke yaƙi da Jamus, kuma ana ɗaukarta a matsayin maƙiyi. An tura Krüger zuwa sansanin tsare mutane a shekarar 1940 inda ta zauna na tsawon watanni shida. Bayan an sake ta, ta gudu tare da saurayinta, Ernst Krüger, a cikin jirgin ruwa da zai tafi Mexico. Da takardar izinin shiga ƙasar Mexico da kuma ta Amurka, Krüger, saurayinta, da 'yar uwarta, Gisela, sun yi fatan samun mafaka a Arewacin Amurka. A kan tafiyar, sojojin Holland sun kwace jirgin kuma an ajiye su ukun a sansanin 'yan gudun hijira na Birtaniya da ke wajen Trinidad. Bayan an sake shi, Krüger ya yi ƙaura zuwa New York. Lore Heinemann ta auri Ernst Krüger a birnin New York a shekarar 1942 kuma sun kafa wata jarida mai suna ''Jaridar Jamus-Amurka'' yayin da suke gudun hijira daga Jamus ta Nazi. Ta yi aiki a matsayin mai fassara da fassara, sannan kuma mai ɗaukar hoto ce. Krüger da iyalinta sun koma Jamus bayan yaƙin a shekarar 1946 don "sabunta" bayan yaƙin. Ta yi aiki a matsayin mai fassara manyan littattafan Amurka a wannan lokacin, ciki har da marubuta Mark Twain, Joseph Conrad, da Henry James . === Bayan mutuwa === Aikin daukar hoto na Krüger ya ƙare bayan ta dawo Jamus a shekarar 1946. A tsawon tafiye-tafiyenta a lokacin da take gudun hijira, ta tattara hotuna 250, tun daga gypsies zuwa gonaki har zuwa manyan lauyoyi a New York. Irja Kratke da Cornelia Bastlein sun kalli ayyukanta jim kaɗan kafin mutuwar Krüger, duk da haka Krüger bai damu da tallata wani baje koli ba. Bayan mutuwar Krüger a shekarar 2009, Kratke da Bastlein sun yi aiki tare da [[C/O Berlin]] don zama cibiyar farko da ta nuna ayyukan wannan mai zane. == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Mutuwan 2009]] [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1914]] 6yna1ru0m6uu1wdc1u8ikzs1aqgm9ba 895449 895448 2026-08-12T08:46:05Z Nnamadee 31123 895449 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Lore Krüger''' (1914–2009) mai ɗaukar hoto ce 'yar Jamus-Bayahudiya kuma mai adawa da Nazi, wacce aka fi sani da hotunanta da aka ɗauka kafin Yaƙin Duniya na Biyu a Turai. An haife shi a [[Magdeburg]], Jamus a matsayin ɗa na farko ga iyayen Yahudawa a ranar 11 ga Maris, 1914, Krüger ya girma yana ɗaukar hotuna. Yayin da iyalinta suka gudu daga karuwar ra'ayin Nazi a Jamus, Lore Krüger da kyamararta sun ɗauki hotunan ƙaura da juriya a cikin wani yanayi mai cike da rikici kafin Yaƙin Duniya na Biyu a Turai. Ta sami tasiri daga akidar Marx da kuma ra'ayin Jamusanci, kamar Sabon Ra'ayi . == Shekarun farko == An haifi Lore Krüger a matsayin '''Lore Heinemann''' a ranar 14 ga Maris, 1914. Mahaifinta, Ernest Heinemann, injiniya ne, kuma ya ba ta kyamara don bikin cikarta shekaru goma. Bayan mahaifinta ya rasa aikinsa a banki, iyayenta suka ƙaura. Krüger ya yi tafiya zuwa London, Mallorca, Barcelona, Paris, Marseille, Trinidad, New York, Wisconsin, da Berlin <ref name="C/O Berlin">{{Cite web |title=Lore Krüger . A Suitcase Full of Pictures |url=http://www.co-berlin.org/en/lore-krueger-suitcase-full-pictures |access-date=3 April 2017 |publisher=C/O Berlin Foundation}}</ref> don gujewa ra'ayin Nazi da Yaƙin Duniya na Biyu. Lore Krüger ta kawo kyamararta tare da ita ta ɗauki hotuna a duk waɗannan wurare. Ta zama wata alama ta matan da aka 'yanta a cikin ƙungiyar avant-garde ta shekarun 1930 da 1940. <ref name="C/O Berlin" /> === Sana'a === Krüger ya tsere daga Jamus a shekarar 1933 ya koma Landan. A lokacin da take can, ta yi aiki a matsayin mai kula da 'yan wasan kwaikwayo. Bayan Landan, ta bi iyayenta zuwa Mallorca inda suka ƙaura bayan mahaifinta ya rasa aikinsa. Daga baya, ta koma Barcelona inda ta yi karatun daukar hoto tare da Zerkowitz. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Gravayat |first=Eva |date=24 February 2015 |title=Berlin : Lore Krüger A Suitcase Full of Pictures |url=http://www.loeildelaphotographie.com/en/2015/02/24/article/27234/berlin-lore-kruger-a-suitcase-full-of-pictures/ |access-date=3 April 2017 |publisher=The Eye of Photography}}</ref> Tafiya ta gaba ita ce zuwa Paris, inda ta yi karatu a wani ɗakin karatu na Bauhaus a ƙarƙashin Florence Henri . A lokacin da take ƙasar Faransa, ta yi aikin daukar hotonta kuma ta yi fice a fannin zane-zane. Ta yi aiki don inganta sana'arta kuma ba da daɗewa ba ta shiga ƙungiyar manyan mata masu ɗaukar hoto na lokacin. Ta tsaya tare da masu fafutukar kin jinin Nazi a wannan lokacin ma. Har yanzu Krüger 'yar Jamus ce a Faransa, yayin da Faransa ke yaƙi da Jamus, kuma ana ɗaukarta a matsayin maƙiyi. An tura Krüger zuwa sansanin tsare mutane a shekarar 1940 inda ta zauna na tsawon watanni shida. Bayan an sake ta, ta gudu tare da saurayinta, Ernst Krüger, a cikin jirgin ruwa da zai tafi Mexico. Da takardar izinin shiga ƙasar Mexico da kuma ta Amurka, Krüger, saurayinta, da 'yar uwarta, Gisela, sun yi fatan samun mafaka a Arewacin Amurka. A kan tafiyar, sojojin Holland sun kwace jirgin kuma an ajiye su ukun a sansanin 'yan gudun hijira na Birtaniya da ke wajen Trinidad. Bayan an sake shi, Krüger ya yi ƙaura zuwa New York. Lore Heinemann ta auri Ernst Krüger a birnin New York a shekarar 1942 kuma sun kafa wata jarida mai suna ''Jaridar Jamus-Amurka'' yayin da suke gudun hijira daga Jamus ta Nazi. Ta yi aiki a matsayin mai fassara da fassara, sannan kuma mai ɗaukar hoto ce. Krüger da iyalinta sun koma Jamus bayan yaƙin a shekarar 1946 don "sabunta" bayan yaƙin. Ta yi aiki a matsayin mai fassara manyan littattafan Amurka a wannan lokacin, ciki har da marubuta Mark Twain, Joseph Conrad, da Henry James . === Bayan mutuwa === Aikin daukar hoto na Krüger ya ƙare bayan ta dawo Jamus a shekarar 1946. A tsawon tafiye-tafiyenta a lokacin da take gudun hijira, ta tattara hotuna 250, tun daga gypsies zuwa gonaki har zuwa manyan lauyoyi a New York. Irja Kratke da Cornelia Bastlein sun kalli ayyukanta jim kaɗan kafin mutuwar Krüger, duk da haka Krüger bai damu da tallata wani baje koli ba. Bayan mutuwar Krüger a shekarar 2009, Kratke da Bastlein sun yi aiki tare da [[C/O Berlin]] don zama cibiyar farko da ta nuna ayyukan wannan mai zane. == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Mutuwan 2009]] [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1914]] ky1xb1b5ji2ahfpiyek4xe5ai2anv90 0 163303 895450 2026-08-12T08:49:27Z Nnamadee 31123 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1368156266|Alice Lex-Nerlinger]]" 895450 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Alice Lex-Nerlinger''' (29 Oktoba 1893 - 21 Yuli 1975) wata 'yar ƙasar Jamus ce mai zane a tsakiyar ƙarni na 20 a fannin zane, ɗaukar hoto, ɗaukar hoto da kuma ɗaukar hoto . == Rayuwar farko == An haifi Alice a ranar 29 ga Oktoba, 1893, ita ce ƙarama a cikin 'ya'ya shida na Nathalie (ɗan Drägen) da Heinrich "Fritz" Pfeffer, masu masana'antar fitilun gas a Moritzplatz da ke Berlin-Kreuzberg . Daga shekarar 1899 ta halarci Makarantar 'Yan Mata ta Royal Augusta da ke Kleinbeerenstrasse a Berlin-Kreuzberg, amma mutuwar mahaifin da wuri ta bar iyalin cikin mawuyacin hali, kuma an mayar da ita makarantar kwana ta 'yan mata a shekarar 1910 a ƙarƙashin jagorancin Baroness von Wrangel, amma ta gudu bayan watanni uku. Daga watan Satumba na 1911 zuwa lokacin [[Yaƙin Duniya na I|Yaƙin Duniya na Ɗaya]] har zuwa 1914, Alice Lex ta yi karatun zane da zane-zane a ƙarƙashin Emil Orlik, da sauransu, a cibiyar ilimi a [[Kunstgewerbemuseum Berlin|Gidan Tarihi na Fasahar Ado]] tare da abokan karatunta George Grosz da Hannah Höch, kuma a can a 1912 ta haɗu da Oskar Nerlinger (1893-1969), wanda ta aura a 1918. A matsayinta na ɗaliba ta fara baje kolin a cikin ''Große Berliner Kunstausstellung'' na shekara-shekara a cikin 1915, kuma zuwa 1918, ta samar da jerin bugu guda takwas na Expressionist wanda ke kwatanta waƙar yaƙin Eduard Reinacher ''Der Tod von Grallenfels'' . A shekarun 1920, [[Berlin]] ta kasance dakin gwaje-gwaje ga masu ra'ayin bayyana ra'ayi, 'yan Dada da kuma 'yan tawayen da ke neman makomar rayuwa, kuma Lex-Nerlinger, daga cikinsu, ya gwada salo da kafofin watsa labarai daban-daban yana neman hanyar bayyana ra'ayi mai tasiri a siyasance. Bayan kammala karatunta, ta yi aiki a matsayin mai gyaran taga a wani shagon sayar da kayayyaki na Tempelhof, kuma ta ƙera masaku na Kaufhaus Wertheim da ke kan titin Leipziger . A shekarar 1918 Lex-Nerlinger ya shiga Oskar a Strasbourg, bayan ya kammala aikin soja a can kuma a ranar 23 ga Maris suka yi aure suka koma Berlin a shekarar 1919, tare suna gudanar da shagon kayan tarihi. Sun halarci taruka a gidan adana kayan tarihi da ke da alaƙa da mujallar Herwarth Walden mai ''suna Der Sturm ,'' kuma sun shiga cikin wata-wata na ƙungiyar 'Die Abstrakten' a cikin ɗakin studio na Arthur Segal . <ref>{{Cite web |title=LEX-NERLINGER, ALICE - Das Verborgene Museum |url=https://www.dasverborgenemuseum.de/artists/lex-nerlinger-alice-en |access-date=2019-07-15 |website=dasverborgenemuseum.de}}</ref> Ba ta gamsu da siyasar 'yan gurguzu na waɗannan ƙungiyoyi ba, a shekarar 1927 Lex-Nerlinger da mijinta suka zama membobin KPD na Kwaminisanci, kuma a shekarar 1928, na ''Bund revolutionärer Künstler'' ( Ƙungiyar Masu Fasahar gani ta Juyin Juya Hali ), waɗanda manufarsu ita ce amfani da fasaha a matsayin makami a gwagwarmayar aji. Ta fara tsara fosta na siyasa masu nasara, ba tare da nuna bambanci tsakanin aikin da aka yi amfani da shi da wanda ta nuna ba. Duk da cewa an haife ta ne a Alice Pfeffer, kuma bayan ta ɗauki sunan mijinta Otto Nerlinger bayan aurensu, a shekarar 1927, <ref name=":6" /> domin ta bambanta aikinta da nasa da kuma nuna matsayin mata, ta ɗauki ''sunan'' 'Lex' wanda ba shi da jinsi, amma yanzu an fi gane ta <ref name=":6" /> da sunanta mai ɗauke da suna. == Sana'a == Tsawon shekaru ashirin Lex-Nerlinger ta kasance wani ɓangare na wani fage na daukar hoto na avant-garde na duniya wanda ya mayar da hankali kan ''Neues Sehen'' ('Sabuwar Hangen Nesa') da ke fitowa a Jamus, salon da ta rungumi a cikin daukar hotonta kai tsaye na wannan lokacin, duk da ɗabi'un [[Feminism|mata]], kuma an wakilta ta a cikin 1929 a [[Stuttgart]] showing na <nowiki><i id="mwXA">Film und Foto</i></nowiki> . Musamman ma da sha'awar yanayin 'yan'uwanta mata, daukar hotunanta na shirin gaskiya, gami da shirin ''"Working Women" na shekarar 1928,'' an nuna hotunan da aka haɗa su da injinan masana'antu. Mai kiwon kaji yana tsaye a ɓoye a bayan wayar kaji, ko kuma mai dinki ta sunkuya a kan injin dinkinta, tana mafarki, cikin bayyanar farin cikin 'ya mace a lokacin da take ƙarama, yayin da mai buga rubutu ke goge kuskuren bugawa da magogi cikin takaici. a 1929, ta kasance cikin masu daukar hoto da aka haɗa a cikin Werner Graeff's (1901-1978) ''Es kommt der neue Fotograf!'' ('Ga sabon mai ɗaukar hoto!'), wanda Hermann Reckendorf, wani masanin ilimin gabas, larabawa kuma masanin adabi na Jamus ya buga a Berlin. kuma ita ce kaɗai mace da aka wakilta a cikin kundin. Gudummawar da ta bayar ta kasance wani hoton siyasa na wannan shekarar. A cikin hoton, ta nuna sojoji da 'yan sanda, waɗanda aka ninka ta hanyar amfani da hanyoyin daukar hoto, suna kewaye da gungun ma'aikata da aka kulle a wurin aikinsu yayin aikin masana'antu; manyan jami'ai suna ƙarƙashin jagorancin hannun da aka ɗaga wanda ke wakiltar ma'aikata. == Jigogi da salo == Lex-Nerlinger ta fara gwada amfani da hoton hoto don wani littafin hotuna na yara na 1927 wanda aka keɓe wa ɗanta, Peter, sannan ta yi amfani da hanyoyin siyasa daga 1928 har zuwa 1933, aikin koyarwa <ref name=":6" /> da kuma aikin zane-zane a hankali wanda aka fi sani da shi. Tsarin ɗaukar hotunanta ''Aiki! Aiki! Aiki!'' Misali, (1928), ta kwatanta gaskiyar rayuwa ta yau da kullun ga wanda ba a san shi ba (kuma a cikin hotonta, a zahiri ba shi da fuska) proletariat: musayar injina mara kyau don yin burodi busasshe cikin gaggawa a cikin hannayen da ba su da datti. Agogon tsayawa da ke hannun jari-hujja mai safar fata yana saita yanayin, yana maimaitawa a cikin maimaita hannun ma'aikata na inji, a cikin tsari mai juyawa. Cewa mata sun fi [[Ƙaddamar da kai|buƙatar]] yin aiki fiye da aiki, a bayyane yake a cikin shahararren aikin Lex-Nerlinger, ''Sashe na 218'' na 1931 (zanen fensir, fenti mai feshi); ɗaukaka ƙara kan sakin layi na dokar da ta hukunta waɗanda ke ba da [[zubar da ciki]] da ɗaurin kurkuku, wanda ya kai ga tsare fitattun likitoci biyu Friedrich Wolf da Else Kienle a gidan yari. Duk da cewa ba da daɗewa ba aka sake Wolf bisa beli, an sake Else Kienle bayan makonni biyar da yajin cin abinci. <ref>{{Cite web |date=7 March 2016 |title=Einweihung der Else-Kienle-Staffel - Stadt Stuttgart |url=https://www.stuttgart.de/item/show/273273/1/9/592637? |access-date=2019-07-14 |website=stuttgart.de |language=de}}</ref> An yi cece-kuce sosai a bainar jama'a game da batun da kuma zanga-zanga tsakanin abokan Lex-Nerlinger a cikin ƙungiyar kwaminisanci. Mujallar, ''Weg der Frau'' ('Hanyar Mata'), ta gudanar da wani baje koli kan taken ''Frauen a cikin Not'' ('Women in Need'), wanda ya ƙunshi ayyuka biyu na Alice Lex-Nerlinger. A cikin aikinta, ba a gabatar da matan a matsayin waɗanda abin ya shafa ba, amma a matsayin ƙungiyar da ke ƙoƙari cikin haɗin kai da ƙarfi a kan wani babban giciye wanda ke karanta "Sakin layi na 218", wanda ya rushe shi. Lex-Nerlinger ta yi magana game da mummunan abin da ya faru da ita a Yaƙin Duniya na Ɗaya da kuma mummunan sakamakonsa a cikin ayyukan kamar ''Feldgrau schafft Dividend'' na 1931 ('Field Gray yana ƙirƙirar rabon riba') wanda ya yi Allah wadai [[Jari-hujja|da]] samun riba ta hanyar yaƙi (taken ya fito ne daga wani labarin da ke cikin ɗaya daga cikin jaridun 'yan gurguzu na hagu). Wata masana'anta a bango tana sayar da makamai kai tsaye ga wani soja mai ihu wanda - wanda ke makale a cikin waya mai kauri - ya mamaye rabin hoton. Ta amfani da goga mai amfani da iska don maimaita tagogi na masana'anta marasa komai, ma'aikata marasa fuska, tankuna da harsashi, ta bayyana dalilan da ke haifar da mugunta ta zamantakewa ta hanyar amfani da hanyoyin da ba na daukar hoto ba kamar yadda take a cikin hotunanta na baƙi da fari, kamar ''Giftgas'' ('Gas ɗin Guba) na 1929. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Alice Lex-Nerlinger - Das Verborgene Museum |url=https://www.dasverborgenemuseum.de/exhibits/exhibit/alice-lex-nerlinger-en |access-date=2019-07-14 |website=dasverborgenemuseum.de}}</ref> Asalin sunan an yi masa lakabi da ''Menschen auf der Straße'' (Mutanen da ke kan titi) kuma an shirya shi musamman don ''Die Straße'', wani baje kolin buga littattafai da ita da sauran membobin Die Abstrakten suka shirya don bayyana a cikin 1930 Große Berliner Kunstausstellunger, ''Arm und Reich'' (Mawadaci da Talakawa) na 1929 ya nuna bambancin aji a fili ta hanyar zane-zane don yin kwatancen kai tsaye; tsofaffi masu arziki suna hutawa a cikin gidan shayi yayin da marasa lafiya ke wajen yaƙi suna bara; ɗan matar mai kuɗi yana tuka motarsa ta wasan yara a kan titi kusa da ita, yayin da yaran talakawa ke raba motarsu ta gado tare da mahaifiyarsu mai ciki da ke sayar da jaridu; ɗan wasan tennis yana motsa jiki don nishaɗi yayin da ma'aikacin ke aiki a kan hammer ɗinsa. Kowanne daga cikin wuraren da aka haɗa an gina shi ne a cikin ɗakin duhu daga takarda mai sarkakiya da aka buga a matsayin hotuna; wani darasi na ɓoye sirri wanda ke amfani da mummunan hoto da rubutu da kuma bayyanannen takarda. Maimaitawa yana nuna rashin daidaito a cikin rabon adadin talakawa zuwa masu kuɗi, amma babu wanda aka buga daidai da haka, saboda dabarar daukar hoto ta ƙunshi bambance-bambance a cikin yawa da kuma matakai daban-daban na 'jini' a ƙarƙashin samfuran takarda da aka yanke. A shekarar 1931, Lex-Nerlinger ta shiga wani babban baje kolin hotunan hoto wanda aka gudanar a [[Kunstgewerbemuseum Berlin|gidan kayan tarihi na Kunstgewerbemuseum]] da ke Berlin. Har ila yau, an gayyace su John Heartfield, Andre Kertesz, Hannah Höch, Laszlo Moholy-Nagy, Oskar Nerlinger, Albert Renger-Patsch, da sauran fitattun masu fasaha na ranar. Mafi inganci a cikin shekarun har zuwa 1933 da kuma hawan Hitler ta ƙirƙiro dabarun feshi a lokaci guda da ɗaukar hoto da kuma gyarawa; siffofi da kayan da aka zaɓa don ƙarfinsu na ƙarfafa saƙonnin sukar da juyin juya hali: == Ɗaurin kurkuku da duhu == Bayan kwace mulki daga hannun ' yan gurguzu na ƙasa, an kori Lex-Nerlinger daga " Reich Association of Fine Artists " kuma an hana ta yin aikinta ko kuma yin baje kolinta. Ana kama ta lokaci-lokaci ana kai ta don yi mata tambayoyi, kuma ana yawan kai hari a ɗakin su, kodayake matsayinsu a cikin al'ummar masu fasaha na Berlin ya kare ta daga hukuncin daurin rai da rai da aka yanke wa abokan aikinta da ba a san su ba. Bayan ɗan gajeren zaman gidan yari a shekarar 1933, ta koma cikin 'ƙaura ta ciki' kuma ba ta buga ba sai a shekarar 1945. Saboda tsoron kai hari a ɗakinta, ta lalata yawancin ayyukanta kuma lalacewar [[Yaƙin Duniya na II|Yaƙin Duniya na Biyu]] ta shafe mafi yawan sauran. Mun rage mana kaɗan daga cikin nasarorin da ta samu a wannan lokacin, kodayake masu bincike kamar Ira Plein ta Jami'ar Luxembourg Cibiyar Tarihin Zamani da Na'urar Dijital, wacce ta rubuta takardar digirin Jamusanci ''Alice Lex Nerlinger (1893 - 1975) Manufofi da hotuna a hidimar gwagwarmayar aji daga 1928 zuwa 1933'' a Jami'ar Trier a 2012, <ref name=":5">{{Cite web |last=Plein |first=Ira |date=2013 |title=Alice Lex-Nerlinger (1893-1975) – Motive und Bildsprache im Dienste des Klassenkampfes 1928-1933 |url=https://archiv.ub.uni-heidelberg.de/artdok/2242/ |access-date=2019-07-03 |website=archiv.ub.uni-heidelberg.de}}</ref> suna binciken tarihin tarihi da kuma tarihin wannan zamani don gano abin da za a iya ceto. Bayan ta sake gano mai zane a tsakiyar shekarun 2000, masanin tarihin zane-zane na mata na Amurka Rachel Epp Buller, tare da tallafin Fulbright Foundation a 2011, ta bincika tarihin mai zane a [[Kwalejin Fasaha, Berlin|Berlin Academy of Arts]], sannan tare da haɗin gwiwar makarantar da taimakon gidan kayan tarihi, ta ɗora hoton Lex-Nerlinger na farko a 2016, daidai da "Gidan Tarihi na Boye". Ko da ba tare da kwangila ba a shekarun hamsin, Lex-Nerlinger ta ƙirƙiri hotunan ma'aikata da aka samo daga hotuna, daga cikinsu akwai zanen ''Schaffnerin Anni'' ('Conductor Anni') wanda yanzu shahararriyar mai zane a kan tituna ce . Anni ta fuskanci mai kallo kai tsaye, ta kalle mu da murmushi mai ƙayatarwa sannan ta nuna mana na'urar canza kuɗi ta tram-conductor ɗinta, wadda a cikin kalmomin titi take kama da "Krautkasse" ("Jakar ganye"), wadda take sanyawa a wuyanta. Ita ce mahaifiyar Hannelore Kraft, wata 'yar siyasa 'yar Jamus wadda ta kasance shugabar jam'iyyar Bundesrat, mace ta farko da ta riƙe wannan muƙamin. == Nune - Nune == * 1929-1931: ''Internationale Ausstellung des Deutschen Werkbunds Film und Foto'' ( ''FiFo'' ), Städtische Ausstellungshallen, Stuttgart, 18 Mayu - 7 Yuli 1929, da tafiya zuwa: ** Kunstgewerbemuseum, Zürich 28 ga Agusta - 22 Satumba 1929; ** atrium na tsohon [[Kunstgewerbemuseum Berlin|Kunstgewerbemuseum]], Prinz-Albrechs-Strasse 7, Berlin 19 Oktoba - 17 Nuwamba 1929; ** Stadtmuseum, Danzig (kwanakin da ba a sani ba); Österreichisches Museum, Vienna 20 Fabrairu - 31 Maris 1930; ** [[Zagreb|Agram]] (Zagreb) 5-14 Afrilu 1930; ** Münchner Bund/Verein Ausstellungspark München EV (a matsayin wani ɓangare na nunin hoto na duniya), [[München|Munich]] 5 Yuni - 7 Satumba 1930; ** Asahi Shimbun, [[Tokyo]] Afrilu 1931; ** Asahi Shimbun, [[Osaka]] 1–7 ga Yuli 1931. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Film und Foto {{!}} Object:Photo {{!}} MoMA |url=https://www.moma.org/interactives/objectphoto/exhibitions/5.html |access-date=2019-07-03 |website=moma.org}}</ref> * 1931: ''Ausstellung Künstler im Klassenkampf, 4.'' ''Ausstellung Revolutionäre Bildmontage'' ('Masu fasaha a cikin gwagwarmayar aji, 4th Exhibition Revolutionary image-montage'), Kunstgewerbemuseum a Berlin, Fabrairu. * 1931: Nunin Kasa da Kasa ''Frauen a Ba'' ('Mata Masu Bukatu'), Landesausstellungsgebäude am Lehrter Bahnhof, 9 Oktoba zuwa 1 Nuwamba <ref name=":5">{{Cite web |last=Plein |first=Ira |date=2013 |title=Alice Lex-Nerlinger (1893-1975) – Motive und Bildsprache im Dienste des Klassenkampfes 1928-1933 |url=https://archiv.ub.uni-heidelberg.de/artdok/2242/ |access-date=2019-07-03 |website=archiv.ub.uni-heidelberg.de}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFPlein2013">Plein, Ira (2013). [https://archiv.ub.uni-heidelberg.de/artdok/2242/ "Alice Lex-Nerlinger (1893-1975) – Motive und Bildsprache im Dienste des Klassenkampfes 1928-1933"]. ''archiv.ub.uni-heidelberg.de''<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">3 July</span> 2019</span>.</cite></ref> * 1975: haɗin gwiwa na baya-bayan nan na Alice Lex-Nerlinger da Oskar Nerlinger, Neue Gesellschaft für bildende Kunst, 14 Oktoba - 18 Nuwamba * 2005: ''Neues Sehen in Berlin: Fotografie der Zwanziger Jahre'', Kunstbibliothek, Museum für Fotografie, Staatliche Museen zu Berlin, 16 Satumba – 20 Nuwamba <ref>{{Cite web |title=Neues Sehen in Berlin |url=https://www.smb.museum/en/exhibitions/detail/neues-sehen-in-berlin.html |access-date=2019-07-03 |website=smb.museum}}</ref> * 2016: Rachel Epp Buller ce ta shirya taron, Gidan Tarihi na Das Verborgene, daga 14 ga Afrilu zuwa 7 ga Agusta == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Mutuwan 1975]] [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] iwg7llu4q2tgjib17jse1obg4xi99t9 895451 895450 2026-08-12T08:50:53Z Nnamadee 31123 895451 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Alice Lex-Nerlinger''' (29 Oktoba 1893 - 21 Yuli 1975) wata 'yar ƙasar Jamus ce mai zane a tsakiyar ƙarni na 20 a fannin zane, ɗaukar hoto, ɗaukar hoto da kuma ɗaukar hoto . == Rayuwar farko == An haifi Alice a ranar 29 ga Oktoba, 1893, ita ce ƙarama a cikin 'ya'ya shida na Nathalie (ɗan Drägen) da Heinrich "Fritz" Pfeffer, masu masana'antar fitilun gas a Moritzplatz da ke Berlin-Kreuzberg . Daga shekarar 1899 ta halarci Makarantar 'Yan Mata ta Royal Augusta da ke Kleinbeerenstrasse a Berlin-Kreuzberg, amma mutuwar mahaifin da wuri ta bar iyalin cikin mawuyacin hali, kuma an mayar da ita makarantar kwana ta 'yan mata a shekarar 1910 a ƙarƙashin jagorancin Baroness von Wrangel, amma ta gudu bayan watanni uku. Daga watan Satumba na 1911 zuwa lokacin [[Yaƙin Duniya na I|Yaƙin Duniya na Ɗaya]] har zuwa 1914, Alice Lex ta yi karatun zane da zane-zane a ƙarƙashin Emil Orlik, da sauransu, a cibiyar ilimi a [[Kunstgewerbemuseum Berlin|Gidan Tarihi na Fasahar Ado]] tare da abokan karatunta George Grosz da Hannah Höch, kuma a can a 1912 ta haɗu da Oskar Nerlinger (1893-1969), wanda ta aura a 1918. A matsayinta na ɗaliba ta fara baje kolin a cikin ''Große Berliner Kunstausstellung'' na shekara-shekara a cikin 1915, kuma zuwa 1918, ta samar da jerin bugu guda takwas na Expressionist wanda ke kwatanta waƙar yaƙin Eduard Reinacher ''Der Tod von Grallenfels'' . A shekarun 1920, [[Berlin]] ta kasance dakin gwaje-gwaje ga masu ra'ayin bayyana ra'ayi, 'yan Dada da kuma 'yan tawayen da ke neman makomar rayuwa, kuma Lex-Nerlinger, daga cikinsu, ya gwada salo da kafofin watsa labarai daban-daban yana neman hanyar bayyana ra'ayi mai tasiri a siyasance. Bayan kammala karatunta, ta yi aiki a matsayin mai gyaran taga a wani shagon sayar da kayayyaki na Tempelhof, kuma ta ƙera masaku na Kaufhaus Wertheim da ke kan titin Leipziger . A shekarar 1918 Lex-Nerlinger ya shiga Oskar a Strasbourg, bayan ya kammala aikin soja a can kuma a ranar 23 ga Maris suka yi aure suka koma Berlin a shekarar 1919, tare suna gudanar da shagon kayan tarihi. Sun halarci taruka a gidan adana kayan tarihi da ke da alaƙa da mujallar Herwarth Walden mai ''suna Der Sturm ,'' kuma sun shiga cikin wata-wata na ƙungiyar 'Die Abstrakten' a cikin ɗakin studio na Arthur Segal . <ref>{{Cite web |title=LEX-NERLINGER, ALICE - Das Verborgene Museum |url=https://www.dasverborgenemuseum.de/artists/lex-nerlinger-alice-en |access-date=2019-07-15 |website=dasverborgenemuseum.de}}</ref> Ba ta gamsu da siyasar 'yan gurguzu na waɗannan ƙungiyoyi ba, a shekarar 1927 Lex-Nerlinger da mijinta suka zama membobin KPD na Kwaminisanci, kuma a shekarar 1928, na ''Bund revolutionärer Künstler'' ( Ƙungiyar Masu Fasahar gani ta Juyin Juya Hali ), waɗanda manufarsu ita ce amfani da fasaha a matsayin makami a gwagwarmayar aji. Ta fara tsara fosta na siyasa masu nasara, ba tare da nuna bambanci tsakanin aikin da aka yi amfani da shi da wanda ta nuna ba. Duk da cewa an haife ta ne a Alice Pfeffer, kuma bayan ta ɗauki sunan mijinta Otto Nerlinger bayan aurensu, a shekarar 1927, <ref name=":6" /> domin ta bambanta aikinta da nasa da kuma nuna matsayin mata, ta ɗauki ''sunan'' 'Lex' wanda ba shi da jinsi, amma yanzu an fi gane ta <ref name=":6" /> da sunanta mai ɗauke da suna. == Sana'a == Tsawon shekaru ashirin Lex-Nerlinger ta kasance wani ɓangare na wani fage na daukar hoto na avant-garde na duniya wanda ya mayar da hankali kan ''Neues Sehen'' ('Sabuwar Hangen Nesa') da ke fitowa a Jamus, salon da ta rungumi a cikin daukar hotonta kai tsaye na wannan lokacin, duk da ɗabi'un [[Feminism|mata]], kuma an wakilta ta a cikin 1929 a [[Stuttgart]] showing na <nowiki><i id="mwXA">Film und Foto</i></nowiki> . Musamman ma da sha'awar yanayin 'yan'uwanta mata, daukar hotunanta na shirin gaskiya, gami da shirin ''"Working Women" na shekarar 1928,'' an nuna hotunan da aka haɗa su da injinan masana'antu. Mai kiwon kaji yana tsaye a ɓoye a bayan wayar kaji, ko kuma mai dinki ta sunkuya a kan injin dinkinta, tana mafarki, cikin bayyanar farin cikin 'ya mace a lokacin da take ƙarama, yayin da mai buga rubutu ke goge kuskuren bugawa da magogi cikin takaici. a 1929, ta kasance cikin masu daukar hoto da aka haɗa a cikin Werner Graeff's (1901-1978) ''Es kommt der neue Fotograf!'' ('Ga sabon mai ɗaukar hoto!'), wanda Hermann Reckendorf, wani masanin ilimin gabas, larabawa kuma masanin adabi na Jamus ya buga a Berlin. kuma ita ce kaɗai mace da aka wakilta a cikin kundin. Gudummawar da ta bayar ta kasance wani hoton siyasa na wannan shekarar. A cikin hoton, ta nuna sojoji da 'yan sanda, waɗanda aka ninka ta hanyar amfani da hanyoyin daukar hoto, suna kewaye da gungun ma'aikata da aka kulle a wurin aikinsu yayin aikin masana'antu; manyan jami'ai suna ƙarƙashin jagorancin hannun da aka ɗaga wanda ke wakiltar ma'aikata. == Jigogi da salo == Lex-Nerlinger ta fara gwada amfani da hoton hoto don wani littafin hotuna na yara na 1927 wanda aka keɓe wa ɗanta, Peter, sannan ta yi amfani da hanyoyin siyasa daga 1928 har zuwa 1933, aikin koyarwa <ref name=":6" /> da kuma aikin zane-zane a hankali wanda aka fi sani da shi. Tsarin ɗaukar hotunanta ''Aiki! Aiki! Aiki!'' Misali, (1928), ta kwatanta gaskiyar rayuwa ta yau da kullun ga wanda ba a san shi ba (kuma a cikin hotonta, a zahiri ba shi da fuska) proletariat: musayar injina mara kyau don yin burodi busasshe cikin gaggawa a cikin hannayen da ba su da datti. Agogon tsayawa da ke hannun jari-hujja mai safar fata yana saita yanayin, yana maimaitawa a cikin maimaita hannun ma'aikata na inji, a cikin tsari mai juyawa. Cewa mata sun fi [[Ƙaddamar da kai|buƙatar]] yin aiki fiye da aiki, a bayyane yake a cikin shahararren aikin Lex-Nerlinger, ''Sashe na 218'' na 1931 (zanen fensir, fenti mai feshi); ɗaukaka ƙara kan sakin layi na dokar da ta hukunta waɗanda ke ba da [[zubar da ciki]] da ɗaurin kurkuku, wanda ya kai ga tsare fitattun likitoci biyu Friedrich Wolf da Else Kienle a gidan yari. Duk da cewa ba da daɗewa ba aka sake Wolf bisa beli, an sake Else Kienle bayan makonni biyar da yajin cin abinci. <ref>{{Cite web |date=7 March 2016 |title=Einweihung der Else-Kienle-Staffel - Stadt Stuttgart |url=https://www.stuttgart.de/item/show/273273/1/9/592637? |access-date=2019-07-14 |website=stuttgart.de |language=de}}</ref> An yi cece-kuce sosai a bainar jama'a game da batun da kuma zanga-zanga tsakanin abokan Lex-Nerlinger a cikin ƙungiyar kwaminisanci. Mujallar, ''Weg der Frau'' ('Hanyar Mata'), ta gudanar da wani baje koli kan taken ''Frauen a cikin Not'' ('Women in Need'), wanda ya ƙunshi ayyuka biyu na Alice Lex-Nerlinger. A cikin aikinta, ba a gabatar da matan a matsayin waɗanda abin ya shafa ba, amma a matsayin ƙungiyar da ke ƙoƙari cikin haɗin kai da ƙarfi a kan wani babban giciye wanda ke karanta "Sakin layi na 218", wanda ya rushe shi. Lex-Nerlinger ta yi magana game da mummunan abin da ya faru da ita a Yaƙin Duniya na Ɗaya da kuma mummunan sakamakonsa a cikin ayyukan kamar ''Feldgrau schafft Dividend'' na 1931 ('Field Gray yana ƙirƙirar rabon riba') wanda ya yi Allah wadai [[Jari-hujja|da]] samun riba ta hanyar yaƙi (taken ya fito ne daga wani labarin da ke cikin ɗaya daga cikin jaridun 'yan gurguzu na hagu). Wata masana'anta a bango tana sayar da makamai kai tsaye ga wani soja mai ihu wanda - wanda ke makale a cikin waya mai kauri - ya mamaye rabin hoton. Ta amfani da goga mai amfani da iska don maimaita tagogi na masana'anta marasa komai, ma'aikata marasa fuska, tankuna da harsashi, ta bayyana dalilan da ke haifar da mugunta ta zamantakewa ta hanyar amfani da hanyoyin da ba na daukar hoto ba kamar yadda take a cikin hotunanta na baƙi da fari, kamar ''Giftgas'' ('Gas ɗin Guba) na 1929. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Alice Lex-Nerlinger - Das Verborgene Museum |url=https://www.dasverborgenemuseum.de/exhibits/exhibit/alice-lex-nerlinger-en |access-date=2019-07-14 |website=dasverborgenemuseum.de}}</ref> Asalin sunan an yi masa lakabi da ''Menschen auf der Straße'' (Mutanen da ke kan titi) kuma an shirya shi musamman don ''Die Straße'', wani baje kolin buga littattafai da ita da sauran membobin Die Abstrakten suka shirya don bayyana a cikin 1930 Große Berliner Kunstausstellunger, ''Arm und Reich'' (Mawadaci da Talakawa) na 1929 ya nuna bambancin aji a fili ta hanyar zane-zane don yin kwatancen kai tsaye; tsofaffi masu arziki suna hutawa a cikin gidan shayi yayin da marasa lafiya ke wajen yaƙi suna bara; ɗan matar mai kuɗi yana tuka motarsa ta wasan yara a kan titi kusa da ita, yayin da yaran talakawa ke raba motarsu ta gado tare da mahaifiyarsu mai ciki da ke sayar da jaridu; ɗan wasan tennis yana motsa jiki don nishaɗi yayin da ma'aikacin ke aiki a kan hammer ɗinsa. Kowanne daga cikin wuraren da aka haɗa an gina shi ne a cikin ɗakin duhu daga takarda mai sarkakiya da aka buga a matsayin hotuna; wani darasi na ɓoye sirri wanda ke amfani da mummunan hoto da rubutu da kuma bayyanannen takarda. Maimaitawa yana nuna rashin daidaito a cikin rabon adadin talakawa zuwa masu kuɗi, amma babu wanda aka buga daidai da haka, saboda dabarar daukar hoto ta ƙunshi bambance-bambance a cikin yawa da kuma matakai daban-daban na 'jini' a ƙarƙashin samfuran takarda da aka yanke. A shekarar 1931, Lex-Nerlinger ta shiga wani babban baje kolin hotunan hoto wanda aka gudanar a [[Kunstgewerbemuseum Berlin|gidan kayan tarihi na Kunstgewerbemuseum]] da ke Berlin. Har ila yau, an gayyace su John Heartfield, Andre Kertesz, Hannah Höch, Laszlo Moholy-Nagy, Oskar Nerlinger, Albert Renger-Patsch, da sauran fitattun masu fasaha na ranar. Mafi inganci a cikin shekarun har zuwa 1933 da kuma hawan Hitler ta ƙirƙiro dabarun feshi a lokaci guda da ɗaukar hoto da kuma gyarawa; siffofi da kayan da aka zaɓa don ƙarfinsu na ƙarfafa saƙonnin sukar da juyin juya hali: == Ɗaurin kurkuku da duhu == Bayan kwace mulki daga hannun ' yan gurguzu na ƙasa, an kori Lex-Nerlinger daga " Reich Association of Fine Artists " kuma an hana ta yin aikinta ko kuma yin baje kolinta. Ana kama ta lokaci-lokaci ana kai ta don yi mata tambayoyi, kuma ana yawan kai hari a ɗakin su, kodayake matsayinsu a cikin al'ummar masu fasaha na Berlin ya kare ta daga hukuncin daurin rai da rai da aka yanke wa abokan aikinta da ba a san su ba. Bayan ɗan gajeren zaman gidan yari a shekarar 1933, ta koma cikin 'ƙaura ta ciki' kuma ba ta buga ba sai a shekarar 1945. Saboda tsoron kai hari a ɗakinta, ta lalata yawancin ayyukanta kuma lalacewar [[Yaƙin Duniya na II|Yaƙin Duniya na Biyu]] ta shafe mafi yawan sauran. Mun rage mana kaɗan daga cikin nasarorin da ta samu a wannan lokacin, kodayake masu bincike kamar Ira Plein ta Jami'ar Luxembourg Cibiyar Tarihin Zamani da Na'urar Dijital, wacce ta rubuta takardar digirin Jamusanci ''Alice Lex Nerlinger (1893 - 1975) Manufofi da hotuna a hidimar gwagwarmayar aji daga 1928 zuwa 1933'' a Jami'ar Trier a 2012, <ref name=":5">{{Cite web |last=Plein |first=Ira |date=2013 |title=Alice Lex-Nerlinger (1893-1975) – Motive und Bildsprache im Dienste des Klassenkampfes 1928-1933 |url=https://archiv.ub.uni-heidelberg.de/artdok/2242/ |access-date=2019-07-03 |website=archiv.ub.uni-heidelberg.de}}</ref> suna binciken tarihin tarihi da kuma tarihin wannan zamani don gano abin da za a iya ceto. Bayan ta sake gano mai zane a tsakiyar shekarun 2000, masanin tarihin zane-zane na mata na Amurka Rachel Epp Buller, tare da tallafin Fulbright Foundation a 2011, ta bincika tarihin mai zane a [[Kwalejin Fasaha, Berlin|Berlin Academy of Arts]], sannan tare da haɗin gwiwar makarantar da taimakon gidan kayan tarihi, ta ɗora hoton Lex-Nerlinger na farko a 2016, daidai da "Gidan Tarihi na Boye". Ko da ba tare da kwangila ba a shekarun hamsin, Lex-Nerlinger ta ƙirƙiri hotunan ma'aikata da aka samo daga hotuna, daga cikinsu akwai zanen ''Schaffnerin Anni'' ('Conductor Anni') wanda yanzu shahararriyar mai zane a kan tituna ce . Anni ta fuskanci mai kallo kai tsaye, ta kalle mu da murmushi mai ƙayatarwa sannan ta nuna mana na'urar canza kuɗi ta tram-conductor ɗinta, wadda a cikin kalmomin titi take kama da "Krautkasse" ("Jakar ganye"), wadda take sanyawa a wuyanta. Ita ce mahaifiyar Hannelore Kraft, wata 'yar siyasa 'yar Jamus wadda ta kasance shugabar jam'iyyar Bundesrat, mace ta farko da ta riƙe wannan muƙamin. == Nune - Nune == * 1929-1931: ''Internationale Ausstellung des Deutschen Werkbunds Film und Foto'' ( ''FiFo'' ), Städtische Ausstellungshallen, Stuttgart, 18 Mayu - 7 Yuli 1929, da tafiya zuwa: ** Kunstgewerbemuseum, Zürich 28 ga Agusta - 22 Satumba 1929; ** atrium na tsohon [[Kunstgewerbemuseum Berlin|Kunstgewerbemuseum]], Prinz-Albrechs-Strasse 7, Berlin 19 Oktoba - 17 Nuwamba 1929; ** Stadtmuseum, Danzig (kwanakin da ba a sani ba); Österreichisches Museum, Vienna 20 Fabrairu - 31 Maris 1930; ** [[Zagreb|Agram]] (Zagreb) 5-14 Afrilu 1930; ** Münchner Bund/Verein Ausstellungspark München EV (a matsayin wani ɓangare na nunin hoto na duniya), [[München|Munich]] 5 Yuni - 7 Satumba 1930; ** Asahi Shimbun, [[Tokyo]] Afrilu 1931; ** Asahi Shimbun, [[Osaka]] 1–7 ga Yuli 1931. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Film und Foto {{!}} Object:Photo {{!}} MoMA |url=https://www.moma.org/interactives/objectphoto/exhibitions/5.html |access-date=2019-07-03 |website=moma.org}}</ref> * 1931: ''Ausstellung Künstler im Klassenkampf, 4.'' ''Ausstellung Revolutionäre Bildmontage'' ('Masu fasaha a cikin gwagwarmayar aji, 4th Exhibition Revolutionary image-montage'), Kunstgewerbemuseum a Berlin, Fabrairu. * 1931: Nunin Kasa da Kasa ''Frauen a Ba'' ('Mata Masu Bukatu'), Landesausstellungsgebäude am Lehrter Bahnhof, 9 Oktoba zuwa 1 Nuwamba <ref name=":5">{{Cite web |last=Plein |first=Ira |date=2013 |title=Alice Lex-Nerlinger (1893-1975) – Motive und Bildsprache im Dienste des Klassenkampfes 1928-1933 |url=https://archiv.ub.uni-heidelberg.de/artdok/2242/ |access-date=2019-07-03 |website=archiv.ub.uni-heidelberg.de}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFPlein2013">Plein, Ira (2013). [https://archiv.ub.uni-heidelberg.de/artdok/2242/ "Alice Lex-Nerlinger (1893-1975) – Motive und Bildsprache im Dienste des Klassenkampfes 1928-1933"]. ''archiv.ub.uni-heidelberg.de''<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">3 July</span> 2019</span>.</cite></ref> * 1975: haɗin gwiwa na baya-bayan nan na Alice Lex-Nerlinger da Oskar Nerlinger, Neue Gesellschaft für bildende Kunst, 14 Oktoba - 18 Nuwamba * 2005: ''Neues Sehen in Berlin: Fotografie der Zwanziger Jahre'', Kunstbibliothek, Museum für Fotografie, Staatliche Museen zu Berlin, 16 Satumba – 20 Nuwamba <ref>{{Cite web |title=Neues Sehen in Berlin |url=https://www.smb.museum/en/exhibitions/detail/neues-sehen-in-berlin.html |access-date=2019-07-03 |website=smb.museum}}</ref> * 2016: Rachel Epp Buller ce ta shirya taron, Gidan Tarihi na Das Verborgene, daga 14 ga Afrilu zuwa 7 ga Agusta == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Mutuwan 1975]] [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] p5zsvaxqiqyfxubu8h7sqj4h7qe311b 0 163304 895453 2026-08-12T08:52:11Z Nnamadee 31123 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1249754753|Jenny Bossard-Biow]]" 895453 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Fayil:Bossard,_Jenny_-_Familie_am_Kaffeetisch.jpg|thumb| ''Familie am Kaffeetisch'', daguerreotype na Jenny Bossard, 1849]] '''Jenny Bossard-Biow''' (kimanin 1813 - bayan 1858) ta kasance mace 'yar Jamus ta farko mai ɗaukar hoto, wataƙila mace ta farko a Jamus da ta yi aiki da tsarin daguerreotype . Ita 'yar'uwar mai ɗaukar hoto Hermann Biow ce wacce ta kafa wani sitidiyo a gundumar Altona da ke [[Hamburg]] a shekarar 1841. Lokacin da ya ƙaura zuwa [[Dresden]] a shekara ta 1848, Bossard-Biow ya ci gaba da gudanar da ɗakin studio na Hamburg. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Irle, Klaus |year=2013 |title=Der Stadtbrand von Hamburg 1842 |url=http://www.msi-design.de/wp-content/uploads/FW9_irle.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160605112759/http://www.msi-design.de/wp-content/uploads/FW9_irle.pdf |archive-date=5 June 2016 |access-date=19 May 2016 |publisher=FINetworker |language=German}}</ref> == Manazarta == c7q97l09hig4yn6m64v1jublwtoogjk 895454 895453 2026-08-12T08:52:50Z Nnamadee 31123 895454 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}}[[Fayil:Bossard,_Jenny_-_Familie_am_Kaffeetisch.jpg|thumb| ''Familie am Kaffeetisch'', daguerreotype na Jenny Bossard, 1849]] '''Jenny Bossard-Biow''' (kimanin 1813 - bayan 1858) ta kasance mace 'yar Jamus ta farko mai ɗaukar hoto, wataƙila mace ta farko a Jamus da ta yi aiki da tsarin daguerreotype . Ita 'yar'uwar mai ɗaukar hoto Hermann Biow ce wacce ta kafa wani sitidiyo a gundumar Altona da ke [[Hamburg]] a shekarar 1841. Lokacin da ya ƙaura zuwa [[Dresden]] a shekara ta 1848, Bossard-Biow ya ci gaba da gudanar da ɗakin studio na Hamburg. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Irle, Klaus |year=2013 |title=Der Stadtbrand von Hamburg 1842 |url=http://www.msi-design.de/wp-content/uploads/FW9_irle.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160605112759/http://www.msi-design.de/wp-content/uploads/FW9_irle.pdf |archive-date=5 June 2016 |access-date=19 May 2016 |publisher=FINetworker |language=German}}</ref> == Manazarta == 4pu850bw01dsxhubgu6f2yv7s3h78jo 0 163305 895455 2026-08-12T08:57:29Z Nnamadee 31123 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1345365211|Katja Rahlwes]]" 895455 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Katja Rahlwes''' (an haife ta a shekara ta 1967, [[Frankfurt]], [[Jamus]] ) ƙwararriyar mai ɗaukar hoto ce ta salon Jamus, wacce ke zaune a [[Faris|birnin Paris]] . <ref>{{Cite web |last=Schiller |first=Julia |date=2018-03-12 |title=Galerie für moderne Fotografie {{!}} »Female Female« • PiB (Photography in Berlin) |url=https://www.photography-in.berlin/galerie-fur-moderne-fotografie-female-female/ |access-date=2025-09-09 |website=PiB (Photography in Berlin) |language=en-US}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |last= |first= |title=Katja Rahlwes - Fashion Photographer {{!}} Photographers {{!}} The FMD |url=https://www.fashionmodeldirectory.com/photographers/katja-rahlwes/ |access-date=2025-09-09 |website=The FMD - FashionModelDirectory.com}}</ref> == Tarihin Rayuwa == Katja Rahlwes an haife ta a Frankfurt Jamus (3 ga Disamba 1967) ƙwararren mai ɗaukar hoto ne a fannin zane da kuma salon zamani, ta ƙaura zuwa Paris a shekarar 1987 don yin karatun ƙirar kayan ado a Studio Berçot, Paris. <ref>{{Cite web |title=The Katja Chronicles {{!}} models.com MDX |url=https://models.com/mdx/the-katja-chronicles/ |access-date=2025-09-09 |website=MODELS.com}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |title=The Gentlewoman – Katja Rahlwes |url=https://thegentlewoman.co.uk/names/katja-rahlwes |access-date=2025-09-09 |website=thegentlewoman.co.uk |language=en}}</ref> A tsakanin 1995 zuwa 2004, Rahlwes ta fara aiki a matsayin mai gyaran kayan kwalliya mai zaman kansa. Ta haɗu da Elein Fleiss da Olivier Zahm, waɗanda suka kafa kuma suka buga Purple Prose, wanda daga baya aka kira shi Purple fashion, a shekarar 1996. Tun daga lokacin ne Rahlwes ke haɗin gwiwa da Purple kuma ta shiga cikin wani sabon motsi na harshen gani a duniyar wallafe-wallafe. A tsakanin 1998 zuwa 2001, Rahlwes ta zama babban editan kayan kwalliya kuma editan hoto a BIBA, wata babbar mujallar kayan kwalliya ta kasuwa a Paris. <ref>{{Cite web |title=The Katja Chronicles {{!}} models.com MDX |url=https://models.com/mdx/the-katja-chronicles/ |access-date=2025-09-09 |website=MODELS.com}}</ref> A tsawon waɗannan shekarun za ta yi rayuwa iri ɗaya a matsayin ƙwararren mai gyaran gashi da mai ɗaukar hoto. A shekarar 2003 ta zaɓi ɗaukar hoto fiye da aikinta na salo. == Aikin kasuwanci == Ana iya ganin ayyukanta a cikin mujallu Vogue Paris, Vogue Nippon, Vogue US, Self Service, Interview, Purple fashion, iD, Pin Up, BUTT Magazine, New York (mujallar) . <ref>{{Cite web |last=Larocca |first=Amy |date=2007-08-19 |title=Cindy Crawford Models This Season's Chunky Knits - Fall Fashion 2007 - New York Magazine |url=http://nymag.com/fashion/07/fall/36080/ |access-date=2013-10-04 |publisher=Nymag.com}}</ref> Ta samar da hotuna ga kamfanoni kamar Gucci, Céline, Miu Miu, Chloé, APC, Maison Martin Margiela, Levi's da sauransu. == Nune Nune == * "Mace mai daukar hoto ba a sani ba", solo show at Galerie fuer Moderne Fotografie Berlin, Jamus, Satumba 2015 * ''UltraMegalore'', Nunin rukuni wanda Hannelore Knuts ta shirya a Modemuseum Hasselt, Belgium, 2010 * ''Baƙar fata'', wanda Vogue Paris ta shirya a Le Printemps, Paris, Faransa, 2008 * ''RxART'', Gwanjon Fa'ida a Phillips de Pury &amp;amp; Company, New York, Amurka, 2007 * ''Maison Martin Margiela'', Nunin Rukuni, Paris, Faransa, 2007 * ''Gidan Siminti'', <ref>{{Cite web |date= |title=Confort Moderne - Rupture des évidences |url=http://www.confort-moderne.fr/layout.php?r=152&sr=154&ssr=&id_intrazik=3111 |access-date=2013-10-04 |publisher=Confort-moderne.fr}}</ref> Nunin Ƙungiya a Confort Moderne, Poitier, Faransa, 2007 * ''2001/2010:les années fatales'', Nunin Rukuni na Céline & Salon Salon Sake, Paris, Faransa, 2004 * ''Daidaiton Narkewa'', <ref>{{Cite web |last= |date=2004-04-23 |title=ART IN REVIEW; 'Indigestible Correctness' - New York Times |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2004/04/23/arts/art-in-review-indigestible-correctness.html |access-date=2013-10-04 |website=[[The New York Times]]}}</ref> Nunin Rukuni a Participant Inc, New York, Amurka, 2004 * ''Tashin Hankali a Hanyar Gaskiya'', Nunin Ƙungiya a Peter Kilchmann Gallery, Zurich, Switzerland, 2003 == Littattafai == * "Cikakken Wata", Bugun Littafi na Ƙarin Bayani daga PurpleFashionMagazine Fitowa ta 16 F:W 2011/2012 * ''Ezra Petronio da Suzanne Koller: Zaɓaɓɓun Ayyuka, Inventory Subjective'', JRP|Ringier, 2008,{{ISBN|978-3-905829-54-9}} * ''Littafin Ma'anar Shuɗi'', Rizzoli, 2008,{{ISBN|978-0-8478-3020-6}} * ''Littafin Butt'', Taschen, 2006,{{ISBN|978-3-8228-3021-5}} == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1967]] nfgppvk2mui9m82vama11h5lgw9iki3 895456 895455 2026-08-12T08:57:58Z Nnamadee 31123 895456 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Katja Rahlwes''' (an haife ta a shekara ta 1967, [[Frankfurt]], [[Jamus]] ) ƙwararriyar mai ɗaukar hoto ce ta salon Jamus, wacce ke zaune a [[Faris|birnin Paris]] . <ref>{{Cite web |last=Schiller |first=Julia |date=2018-03-12 |title=Galerie für moderne Fotografie {{!}} »Female Female« • PiB (Photography in Berlin) |url=https://www.photography-in.berlin/galerie-fur-moderne-fotografie-female-female/ |access-date=2025-09-09 |website=PiB (Photography in Berlin) |language=en-US}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |last= |first= |title=Katja Rahlwes - Fashion Photographer {{!}} Photographers {{!}} The FMD |url=https://www.fashionmodeldirectory.com/photographers/katja-rahlwes/ |access-date=2025-09-09 |website=The FMD - FashionModelDirectory.com}}</ref> == Tarihin Rayuwa == Katja Rahlwes an haife ta a Frankfurt Jamus (3 ga Disamba 1967) ƙwararren mai ɗaukar hoto ne a fannin zane da kuma salon zamani, ta ƙaura zuwa Paris a shekarar 1987 don yin karatun ƙirar kayan ado a Studio Berçot, Paris. <ref>{{Cite web |title=The Katja Chronicles {{!}} models.com MDX |url=https://models.com/mdx/the-katja-chronicles/ |access-date=2025-09-09 |website=MODELS.com}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |title=The Gentlewoman – Katja Rahlwes |url=https://thegentlewoman.co.uk/names/katja-rahlwes |access-date=2025-09-09 |website=thegentlewoman.co.uk |language=en}}</ref> A tsakanin 1995 zuwa 2004, Rahlwes ta fara aiki a matsayin mai gyaran kayan kwalliya mai zaman kansa. Ta haɗu da Elein Fleiss da Olivier Zahm, waɗanda suka kafa kuma suka buga Purple Prose, wanda daga baya aka kira shi Purple fashion, a shekarar 1996. Tun daga lokacin ne Rahlwes ke haɗin gwiwa da Purple kuma ta shiga cikin wani sabon motsi na harshen gani a duniyar wallafe-wallafe. A tsakanin 1998 zuwa 2001, Rahlwes ta zama babban editan kayan kwalliya kuma editan hoto a BIBA, wata babbar mujallar kayan kwalliya ta kasuwa a Paris. <ref>{{Cite web |title=The Katja Chronicles {{!}} models.com MDX |url=https://models.com/mdx/the-katja-chronicles/ |access-date=2025-09-09 |website=MODELS.com}}</ref> A tsawon waɗannan shekarun za ta yi rayuwa iri ɗaya a matsayin ƙwararren mai gyaran gashi da mai ɗaukar hoto. A shekarar 2003 ta zaɓi ɗaukar hoto fiye da aikinta na salo. == Aikin kasuwanci == Ana iya ganin ayyukanta a cikin mujallu Vogue Paris, Vogue Nippon, Vogue US, Self Service, Interview, Purple fashion, iD, Pin Up, BUTT Magazine, New York (mujallar) . <ref>{{Cite web |last=Larocca |first=Amy |date=2007-08-19 |title=Cindy Crawford Models This Season's Chunky Knits - Fall Fashion 2007 - New York Magazine |url=http://nymag.com/fashion/07/fall/36080/ |access-date=2013-10-04 |publisher=Nymag.com}}</ref> Ta samar da hotuna ga kamfanoni kamar Gucci, Céline, Miu Miu, Chloé, APC, Maison Martin Margiela, Levi's da sauransu. == Nune Nune == * "Mace mai daukar hoto ba a sani ba", solo show at Galerie fuer Moderne Fotografie Berlin, Jamus, Satumba 2015 * ''UltraMegalore'', Nunin rukuni wanda Hannelore Knuts ta shirya a Modemuseum Hasselt, Belgium, 2010 * ''Baƙar fata'', wanda Vogue Paris ta shirya a Le Printemps, Paris, Faransa, 2008 * ''RxART'', Gwanjon Fa'ida a Phillips de Pury &amp;amp; Company, New York, Amurka, 2007 * ''Maison Martin Margiela'', Nunin Rukuni, Paris, Faransa, 2007 * ''Gidan Siminti'', <ref>{{Cite web |date= |title=Confort Moderne - Rupture des évidences |url=http://www.confort-moderne.fr/layout.php?r=152&sr=154&ssr=&id_intrazik=3111 |access-date=2013-10-04 |publisher=Confort-moderne.fr}}</ref> Nunin Ƙungiya a Confort Moderne, Poitier, Faransa, 2007 * ''2001/2010:les années fatales'', Nunin Rukuni na Céline & Salon Salon Sake, Paris, Faransa, 2004 * ''Daidaiton Narkewa'', <ref>{{Cite web |last= |date=2004-04-23 |title=ART IN REVIEW; 'Indigestible Correctness' - New York Times |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2004/04/23/arts/art-in-review-indigestible-correctness.html |access-date=2013-10-04 |website=[[The New York Times]]}}</ref> Nunin Rukuni a Participant Inc, New York, Amurka, 2004 * ''Tashin Hankali a Hanyar Gaskiya'', Nunin Ƙungiya a Peter Kilchmann Gallery, Zurich, Switzerland, 2003 == Littattafai == * "Cikakken Wata", Bugun Littafi na Ƙarin Bayani daga PurpleFashionMagazine Fitowa ta 16 F:W 2011/2012 * ''Ezra Petronio da Suzanne Koller: Zaɓaɓɓun Ayyuka, Inventory Subjective'', JRP|Ringier, 2008,{{ISBN|978-3-905829-54-9}} * ''Littafin Ma'anar Shuɗi'', Rizzoli, 2008,{{ISBN|978-0-8478-3020-6}} * ''Littafin Butt'', Taschen, 2006,{{ISBN|978-3-8228-3021-5}} == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1967]] pvo8hx1rta018gfz664vygwvb00mc7q 0 163306 895458 2026-08-12T09:00:07Z Nnamadee 31123 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1342920972|Claudia Reh]]" 895458 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Claudia Reh''' ({{IPA|de|ˈklaʊdi̯a ˈʁeː|lang}}{{IPA|de|ˈklaʊdi̯a ˈʁeː|lang}}{{IPA|de|ˈklaʊdi̯a ˈʁeː|lang}}; born 1970) is a German light artist. == Ilimi == Bayan kammala karatunta a matsayin mai kula da lambun lambu, Claudia Reh ta yi karatun [[Gine-gine na shimfidar wuri|gine-ginen shimfidar wuri]] a Jami'ar Fasaha ta Dresden daga 1990 zuwa 1996 kuma ta kammala karatunta da difloma . Daga shekarar 2014 zuwa 2017 ta yi karatun shirin fim na gaskiya a fim ɗin Arche da ke [[Berlin]]. == Ayyuka == Baya ga aikinta na mai zane-zanen shimfidar wuri, ta fara aiki a matsayin [[Zane-zane na gani|mai zane-zanen gani]] da ayyukan zane da takarda, zane-zanen lithography, abubuwa, shigarwa da fina-finan zane-zane masu rai, kafin ta mai da hankali kan yin aiki da na'urori masu auna haske da zane-zane kai tsaye daga 2006. A wannan lokacin ta ƙirƙiro lakabin ''Echtzeitlicht'', wanda a ƙarƙashinsa take aiki da kayan aikin haske ( ''Murabba'ai Masu Haske'' ) da kuma wasan kwaikwayo na zane kai tsaye, galibi a wuraren jama'a . Tun daga shekarar 2012 take shiga bukukuwan haske na duniya akai-akai. Tana da hannu a cikin haɓaka wasannin kwaikwayo masu sauƙin wasa (a LOFFT Leipzig da Societaetstheater [[Dresden]], da sauransu). Tun daga shekarar 2009 take aiki a kan zane-zanen kwaikwayo da shirye-shiryen adana bayanai. Claudia Reh tana zaune a [[Dresden]], Jamus. == Wasannin haske/kiɗa (zaɓi) == * 2023: Ayyukan haske a maraice na kiɗa na Staatskapelle Dresden ( Simeon ten Holt : Canto ostinato ), Semperoper Dresden * 2019: Wasan kwaikwayo mai sauƙi tare da Capella Jenensis ( [[Jena]], Jamus): The Four Seasons (Vivaldi) == Zane a sararin samaniya ( ''Zane mai haske'' ) (zaɓi) == * 2026: ''Bikin Hasken Copenhagen'', [[Kwapanhagan|Copenhagen]] ( [[Denmark|Danmark]] ): "Ka yi tunanin zaman lafiya". * 2025: ''Bikin Haske na Essen'', [[Essen]] (Jamus): „Ka yi tunanin zaman lafiya“ * 2024: ''Bikin Speculum Artium'', Trbovlje (Slovenia): „Duk waɗannan ƙananan abubuwa” * 2024: ''NINFEA Festival'', Rionero a cikin Vulture (Italiya): "Foresta Magica" * 2024: Bikin Haske na Ghent (Belgium): "Tambaya ce ta shuɗi" * 2023: ''Bikin fasahar RoR intermedia'', Nova Gorica (Slovenia): „Juyawa - abin da muke motsawa ...” <ref>{{Cite web |last=Kovšca |first=Nataša |date=2023 |title=Claudia Reh: LIGHT MURALS |url=https://ror-art.com/claudia_reh_en.html |access-date=2024-09-27 |website=ror-art.com |publisher= |quote=}}</ref> * 2023: Bikin Haske na Alberobello (Italiya): "Launi daban-daban na tarin" * 2022: Nuit d'hiver, Landerneau ( [[Faransa]] ): "Hortus Decem" * 2022: Visualia, Pula, ( [[Kroatiya|Croatia]] ): "Lambunan ruwa masu haske" * 2021: Bikin Hasken [[Vilnius]] ( [[Lithuania]] ): "Shisshigi" * 2021: Bikin Motsa Haske, Łódź ( [[Poland]] ): "Wurare a buɗe" * 2020: Murten Licht Festival (Switzerland): "Waje & à l'intérieur" * 2018: Bikin Hasken Ruwa, Brixen (Italiya): "Am Ende fließen alle Dinge ineinander und aus der Mitte entspringt ein Fluss" * 2017/2018: Bikin Haske na Amsterdam (Netherlands): "A da yana yawo a kan ruwa" * 2017: Murten Light Festival ( [[Switzerland]] ): "Spiegeltiefen" * 2016: Alberobello Light Festival ( [[Italiya]] ): "Aquabella" * 2015: Haske Guerrilla, [[Ljubljana]] ( [[Sloveniya|Slovenia]] ): "Echtzeitlicht" * 2015: Ghent Light Festival ( [[Beljik|Belgium]] ): "Hortos Imaginarius" * 2014: Lumina - Bikin Haske, Cascais ( [[Portugal]] ): "Poem de Aqua" * 2012/13: Bikin Hasken [[Amsterdam]] ( [[Holand|Netherlands]] ): "Alamun" == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1970]] [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] maxu41bgmddqlzjjlj3ns36rf6tj29d 895459 895458 2026-08-12T09:00:36Z Nnamadee 31123 895459 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Claudia Reh''' ({{IPA|de|ˈklaʊdi̯a ˈʁeː|lang}}{{IPA|de|ˈklaʊdi̯a ˈʁeː|lang}}{{IPA|de|ˈklaʊdi̯a ˈʁeː|lang}}; born 1970) is a German light artist. == Ilimi == Bayan kammala karatunta a matsayin mai kula da lambun lambu, Claudia Reh ta yi karatun [[Gine-gine na shimfidar wuri|gine-ginen shimfidar wuri]] a Jami'ar Fasaha ta Dresden daga 1990 zuwa 1996 kuma ta kammala karatunta da difloma . Daga shekarar 2014 zuwa 2017 ta yi karatun shirin fim na gaskiya a fim ɗin Arche da ke [[Berlin]]. == Ayyuka == Baya ga aikinta na mai zane-zanen shimfidar wuri, ta fara aiki a matsayin [[Zane-zane na gani|mai zane-zanen gani]] da ayyukan zane da takarda, zane-zanen lithography, abubuwa, shigarwa da fina-finan zane-zane masu rai, kafin ta mai da hankali kan yin aiki da na'urori masu auna haske da zane-zane kai tsaye daga 2006. A wannan lokacin ta ƙirƙiro lakabin ''Echtzeitlicht'', wanda a ƙarƙashinsa take aiki da kayan aikin haske ( ''Murabba'ai Masu Haske'' ) da kuma wasan kwaikwayo na zane kai tsaye, galibi a wuraren jama'a . Tun daga shekarar 2012 take shiga bukukuwan haske na duniya akai-akai. Tana da hannu a cikin haɓaka wasannin kwaikwayo masu sauƙin wasa (a LOFFT Leipzig da Societaetstheater [[Dresden]], da sauransu). Tun daga shekarar 2009 take aiki a kan zane-zanen kwaikwayo da shirye-shiryen adana bayanai. Claudia Reh tana zaune a [[Dresden]], Jamus. == Wasannin haske/kiɗa (zaɓi) == * 2023: Ayyukan haske a maraice na kiɗa na Staatskapelle Dresden ( Simeon ten Holt : Canto ostinato ), Semperoper Dresden * 2019: Wasan kwaikwayo mai sauƙi tare da Capella Jenensis ( [[Jena]], Jamus): The Four Seasons (Vivaldi) == Zane a sararin samaniya ( ''Zane mai haske'' ) (zaɓi) == * 2026: ''Bikin Hasken Copenhagen'', [[Kwapanhagan|Copenhagen]] ( [[Denmark|Danmark]] ): "Ka yi tunanin zaman lafiya". * 2025: ''Bikin Haske na Essen'', [[Essen]] (Jamus): „Ka yi tunanin zaman lafiya“ * 2024: ''Bikin Speculum Artium'', Trbovlje (Slovenia): „Duk waɗannan ƙananan abubuwa” * 2024: ''NINFEA Festival'', Rionero a cikin Vulture (Italiya): "Foresta Magica" * 2024: Bikin Haske na Ghent (Belgium): "Tambaya ce ta shuɗi" * 2023: ''Bikin fasahar RoR intermedia'', Nova Gorica (Slovenia): „Juyawa - abin da muke motsawa ...” <ref>{{Cite web |last=Kovšca |first=Nataša |date=2023 |title=Claudia Reh: LIGHT MURALS |url=https://ror-art.com/claudia_reh_en.html |access-date=2024-09-27 |website=ror-art.com |publisher= |quote=}}</ref> * 2023: Bikin Haske na Alberobello (Italiya): "Launi daban-daban na tarin" * 2022: Nuit d'hiver, Landerneau ( [[Faransa]] ): "Hortus Decem" * 2022: Visualia, Pula, ( [[Kroatiya|Croatia]] ): "Lambunan ruwa masu haske" * 2021: Bikin Hasken [[Vilnius]] ( [[Lithuania]] ): "Shisshigi" * 2021: Bikin Motsa Haske, Łódź ( [[Poland]] ): "Wurare a buɗe" * 2020: Murten Licht Festival (Switzerland): "Waje & à l'intérieur" * 2018: Bikin Hasken Ruwa, Brixen (Italiya): "Am Ende fließen alle Dinge ineinander und aus der Mitte entspringt ein Fluss" * 2017/2018: Bikin Haske na Amsterdam (Netherlands): "A da yana yawo a kan ruwa" * 2017: Murten Light Festival ( [[Switzerland]] ): "Spiegeltiefen" * 2016: Alberobello Light Festival ( [[Italiya]] ): "Aquabella" * 2015: Haske Guerrilla, [[Ljubljana]] ( [[Sloveniya|Slovenia]] ): "Echtzeitlicht" * 2015: Ghent Light Festival ( [[Beljik|Belgium]] ): "Hortos Imaginarius" * 2014: Lumina - Bikin Haske, Cascais ( [[Portugal]] ): "Poem de Aqua" * 2012/13: Bikin Hasken [[Amsterdam]] ( [[Holand|Netherlands]] ): "Alamun" == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1970]] [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] aoao5ifbbjdx5zqg8epsr9mxpxzq5yj 0 163307 895460 2026-08-12T09:02:54Z Nnamadee 31123 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1343235112|Käthe Buchler]]" 895460 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Käthe Buchler''' (1876-1930) ta kasance mai daukar hoto ta Jamus. == Tarihin Rayuwa == An haifi Buchler née von Rhamm a ranar 11 ga Oktoba 1876 a [[Braunschweig]], Jamus. <ref name="New York Public Library">{{Cite web |title=Käthe Buchler |url=https://pic.nypl.org/constituents/378778 |access-date=14 May 2021 |website=Photographers’ Identities Catalog |publisher=The New York Public Library}}</ref> Mai daukar hoto mai koyar da kansa, mijinta ya ba Buchler kamara ta farko (mai binocular Voigtländer ) <ref name="The Iron Room">{{Cite web |date=9 October 2017 |title=Beyond the Battlefields: Käthe Buchler’s Photographs of Germany in the Great War |url=https://theironroom.wordpress.com/2017/10/09/beyond-the-battlefields-kathe-buchlers-photographs-of-germany-in-the-great-war/ |access-date=14 May 2021 |website=The Iron Room |language=en}}</ref> a cikin 1901. <ref name="AHRC">{{Cite web |title=Gallery for Käthe Buchler's Photographs of Germany in the Great War |url=https://ahrc.ukri.org/research/readwatchlisten/imagegallery/gallery-for-kaethe-buchlers-photographs-of-germany-in-the-great-war/ |access-date=14 May 2021 |website=Arts and Humanities Research Council}}</ref> A lokacin [[Yaƙin Duniya na I|Yaƙin Duniya na Ɗaya,]] Buchler ta rubuta tarihin rayuwar yau da kullun a Braunschweig, ciki har da ƙoƙarin yaƙi, yara marayu, da sojoji da suka ji rauni. <ref name="Creative Boom">{{Cite web |last=Cowan |first=Katy |date=30 January 2018 |title=Beyond the Battlefields reveals life on the German home front during the First World War |url=https://www.creativeboom.com/inspiration/beyond-the-battlefields-reveals-life-on-the-german-home-front-during-the-first-world-war/ |access-date=14 May 2021 |website=Creative Boom |language=en}}</ref> Buchler ya yi aiki ne musamman da fim ɗin baƙi da fari amma kuma ya gwada sabon tsarin Autochrome . <ref name="aAh! Magazine">{{Cite web |last=Del Rio Martinez |first=Pierangelly |date=9 February 2018 |title=Beyond the Battlefields: Käthe Buchler's Photographs of Germany in the Great War |url=https://aah-magazine.co.uk/2018/beyond-the-battlefields-kathe-buchlers-photographs-of-germany-in-the-great-war/ |access-date=14 May 2021 |website=aAh! Magazine}}</ref> Buchler ta mutu a ranar 14 ga Satumba 1930 a Brunswick. <ref name="New York Public Library" /> A shekara ta 2003, an bayar da gudummawar kayan tarihin kwafi baƙi da fari 1,000 da faranti masu launi 175 ga ''{{Interlanguage link|Museum für Photographie (Braunschweig)|de}}'' ( Gidan kayan gargajiya na Hotuna Braunschweig). <ref name="AHRC" /> A cikin 2017 da 2018 an nuna wani baje kolin ayyukan Buchler ''mai taken "Beyond the Battlefields: Käthe Buchler's Photographs of Germany in the Great War"'' a Jami'ar Hertfordshire da Jami'ar Birmingham . <ref name="Voices of War and Peace">{{Cite web |title=Beyond the Battlefields Exhibitions and Events {{!}} Voices of War and Peace |url=https://www.voicesofwarandpeace.org/voices-activity/beyond-the-battlefields/ |access-date=14 May 2021 |website=Voices of War and Peace}}</ref> == Hotuna == <gallery widths="200px" heights="200px"> Fayil:Käthe_Buchler_–_Braunschweig_in_World_War_I_(2).jpg|alt=Braunschweig in World War I| Braunschweig a Yaƙin Duniya na Ɗaya Fayil:Käthe_Buchler_-_“Woman_train_conductors”_in_Braunschweig.jpg|alt=Women train conductors in Braunschweig| ''Mata masu tukin jirgin ƙasa a Braunschweig'' Fayil:Käthe_Buchler_–_Braunschweig_in_World_War_I_(5).jpg|alt=Braunschweig in World War I| Braunschweig a Yaƙin Duniya na Ɗaya Fayil:Käthe_Buchler_–_Braunschweig_in_World_War_I_(1).jpg|alt=Braunschweig in World War I| Braunschweig a Yaƙin Duniya na Ɗaya </gallery> == Manazarta == jl946yqxwyg58v2rej97exfo10lowlg 895461 895460 2026-08-12T09:03:30Z Nnamadee 31123 895461 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Käthe Buchler''' (1876-1930) ta kasance mai daukar hoto ta Jamus. == Tarihin Rayuwa == An haifi Buchler née von Rhamm a ranar 11 ga Oktoba 1876 a [[Braunschweig]], Jamus. <ref name="New York Public Library">{{Cite web |title=Käthe Buchler |url=https://pic.nypl.org/constituents/378778 |access-date=14 May 2021 |website=Photographers’ Identities Catalog |publisher=The New York Public Library}}</ref> Mai daukar hoto mai koyar da kansa, mijinta ya ba Buchler kamara ta farko (mai binocular Voigtländer ) <ref name="The Iron Room">{{Cite web |date=9 October 2017 |title=Beyond the Battlefields: Käthe Buchler’s Photographs of Germany in the Great War |url=https://theironroom.wordpress.com/2017/10/09/beyond-the-battlefields-kathe-buchlers-photographs-of-germany-in-the-great-war/ |access-date=14 May 2021 |website=The Iron Room |language=en}}</ref> a cikin 1901. <ref name="AHRC">{{Cite web |title=Gallery for Käthe Buchler's Photographs of Germany in the Great War |url=https://ahrc.ukri.org/research/readwatchlisten/imagegallery/gallery-for-kaethe-buchlers-photographs-of-germany-in-the-great-war/ |access-date=14 May 2021 |website=Arts and Humanities Research Council}}</ref> A lokacin [[Yaƙin Duniya na I|Yaƙin Duniya na Ɗaya,]] Buchler ta rubuta tarihin rayuwar yau da kullun a Braunschweig, ciki har da ƙoƙarin yaƙi, yara marayu, da sojoji da suka ji rauni. <ref name="Creative Boom">{{Cite web |last=Cowan |first=Katy |date=30 January 2018 |title=Beyond the Battlefields reveals life on the German home front during the First World War |url=https://www.creativeboom.com/inspiration/beyond-the-battlefields-reveals-life-on-the-german-home-front-during-the-first-world-war/ |access-date=14 May 2021 |website=Creative Boom |language=en}}</ref> Buchler ya yi aiki ne musamman da fim ɗin baƙi da fari amma kuma ya gwada sabon tsarin Autochrome . <ref name="aAh! Magazine">{{Cite web |last=Del Rio Martinez |first=Pierangelly |date=9 February 2018 |title=Beyond the Battlefields: Käthe Buchler's Photographs of Germany in the Great War |url=https://aah-magazine.co.uk/2018/beyond-the-battlefields-kathe-buchlers-photographs-of-germany-in-the-great-war/ |access-date=14 May 2021 |website=aAh! Magazine}}</ref> Buchler ta mutu a ranar 14 ga Satumba 1930 a Brunswick. <ref name="New York Public Library" /> A shekara ta 2003, an bayar da gudummawar kayan tarihin kwafi baƙi da fari 1,000 da faranti masu launi 175 ga ''{{Interlanguage link|Museum für Photographie (Braunschweig)|de}}'' ( Gidan kayan gargajiya na Hotuna Braunschweig). <ref name="AHRC" /> A cikin 2017 da 2018 an nuna wani baje kolin ayyukan Buchler ''mai taken "Beyond the Battlefields: Käthe Buchler's Photographs of Germany in the Great War"'' a Jami'ar Hertfordshire da Jami'ar Birmingham . <ref name="Voices of War and Peace">{{Cite web |title=Beyond the Battlefields Exhibitions and Events {{!}} Voices of War and Peace |url=https://www.voicesofwarandpeace.org/voices-activity/beyond-the-battlefields/ |access-date=14 May 2021 |website=Voices of War and Peace}}</ref> == Hotuna == <gallery widths="200px" heights="200px"> Fayil:Käthe_Buchler_–_Braunschweig_in_World_War_I_(2).jpg|alt=Braunschweig in World War I| Braunschweig a Yaƙin Duniya na Ɗaya Fayil:Käthe_Buchler_-_“Woman_train_conductors”_in_Braunschweig.jpg|alt=Women train conductors in Braunschweig| ''Mata masu tukin jirgin ƙasa a Braunschweig'' Fayil:Käthe_Buchler_–_Braunschweig_in_World_War_I_(5).jpg|alt=Braunschweig in World War I| Braunschweig a Yaƙin Duniya na Ɗaya Fayil:Käthe_Buchler_–_Braunschweig_in_World_War_I_(1).jpg|alt=Braunschweig in World War I| Braunschweig a Yaƙin Duniya na Ɗaya </gallery> == Manazarta == i4sdg10asn3oyh3j5s1w17ktr2z403k 0 163308 895462 2026-08-12T09:05:03Z Nnamadee 31123 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1350992870|Gladys Chai von der Laage]]" 895462 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Gladys Chai von der Laage''' (an haife ta '''Chai Ng Mei''' a ranar 22 ga Fabrairu 1953) mai ɗaukar hoto ce ta Jamus wacce asalinta 'yar ƙasar Malaysia ce. Ta taba shiga gasar Olympics ta bazara ta 1972 a matsayin 'yar wasan pentathlete ta Malaysia. <ref name="SR">{{Cite web |title=Gladys Chai |url=https://www.sports-reference.com/olympics/athletes/ch/gladys-chai-1.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200418064751/https://www.sports-reference.com/olympics/athletes/ch/gladys-chai-1.html |archive-date=18 April 2020 |access-date=14 November 2017 |publisher=[[Sports Reference]]}}</ref> == Rayuwar farko == An haifi Chai Ng Mei a ranar 22 ga Fabrairu, 1953 ga iyayensa 'yan China. <ref name="SR">{{Cite web |title=Gladys Chai |url=https://www.sports-reference.com/olympics/athletes/ch/gladys-chai-1.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200418064751/https://www.sports-reference.com/olympics/athletes/ch/gladys-chai-1.html |archive-date=18 April 2020 |access-date=14 November 2017 |publisher=[[Sports Reference]]}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://web.archive.org/web/20200418064751/https://www.sports-reference.com/olympics/athletes/ch/gladys-chai-1.html "Gladys Chai"]. [[Sports Reference]]. Archived from [https://www.sports-reference.com/olympics/athletes/ch/gladys-chai-1.html the original] on 18 April 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">14 November</span> 2017</span>.</cite></ref> == Sana'a == Lokacin da take da shekaru 14, Chai ta lashe lambar azurfa a gasar tsalle mai tsayi ta wasannin kudu maso gabashin Asiya na 1967 . Ta yi horo a Yammacin Jamus a shekarar 1971. A shekara mai zuwa, ta wakilci Malaysia a gasar pentathlon ta mata ta Olympics ta bazara ta 1972 amma an tilasta mata yin ritaya saboda rauni. <ref name="SR" /> Chai ya lashe zinare huɗu a wasannin SEA na 1973 da 1975; kowannensu ya lashe 2 a tsalle mai tsayi da kuma pentathlon. <ref name="TBP" /> Ta kare a matsayi na tara a gasar tsalle-tsalle ta mata ta British Commonwealth Games ta 1974, kuma ta sake samun lambar zinare a gasar tsalle-tsalle ta manyan 'yan wasa ta 1979 a wasannin kudu maso gabashin Asiya . <ref name="TBP" /> Daga baya ta zama mai ɗaukar hoto a wasanni kuma an ba ta kyautar kafofin watsa labarai ta Ƙungiyar Wasannin Jamus a shekarar 2016 bayan fiye da shekaru ashirin tana aikinta a wannan sana'a. <ref>{{Cite web |date=18 February 2017 |title=Fotografin Gladys Chai von der Laage erhält DLV-Medienpreis 2016 |trans-title=Photographer Gladys Chai von der Laage receives DLV Media Prize 2016 |url=https://www.leichtathletik.de/news/news/detail/fotografin-gladys-chai-von-der-laage-erhaelt-dlv-medienpreis-2016/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171115014849/https://www.leichtathletik.de/news/news/detail/fotografin-gladys-chai-von-der-laage-erhaelt-dlv-medienpreis-2016/ |archive-date=15 November 2017 |access-date=14 November 2017 |publisher=[[German Athletics Association]] |language=German}}</ref> Shafin yanar gizo na Sports Reference ya ambace ta a matsayin "ɗaya daga cikin shahararrun masu ɗaukar hotunan wasanni a duniya". <ref name="SR">{{Cite web |title=Gladys Chai |url=https://www.sports-reference.com/olympics/athletes/ch/gladys-chai-1.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200418064751/https://www.sports-reference.com/olympics/athletes/ch/gladys-chai-1.html |archive-date=18 April 2020 |access-date=14 November 2017 |publisher=[[Sports Reference]]}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://web.archive.org/web/20200418064751/https://www.sports-reference.com/olympics/athletes/ch/gladys-chai-1.html "Gladys Chai"]. [[Sports Reference]]. Archived from [https://www.sports-reference.com/olympics/athletes/ch/gladys-chai-1.html the original] on 18 April 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">14 November</span> 2017</span>.</cite></ref> == Rayuwa ta sirri == Chai ta auri wani ɗan jaridar wasanni na Jamus ta Yamma {{Interlanguage link|Rolf von der Laage|de}} . <ref name="SR">{{Cite web |title=Gladys Chai |url=https://www.sports-reference.com/olympics/athletes/ch/gladys-chai-1.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200418064751/https://www.sports-reference.com/olympics/athletes/ch/gladys-chai-1.html |archive-date=18 April 2020 |access-date=14 November 2017 |publisher=[[Sports Reference]]}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://web.archive.org/web/20200418064751/https://www.sports-reference.com/olympics/athletes/ch/gladys-chai-1.html "Gladys Chai"]. [[Sports Reference]]. Archived from [https://www.sports-reference.com/olympics/athletes/ch/gladys-chai-1.html the original] on 18 April 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">14 November</span> 2017</span>.</cite></ref> Tare ma'auratan suka kafa nasu hukumar ASVOM. Laage ya mutu a shekara ta 2006. <ref>{{Cite web |date=16 January 2006 |title=Rolf von der Laage verstorben |trans-title=Rolf von der Laage died |url=https://www.leichtathletik.de/news/news/detail/rolf-von-der-laage-verstorben/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171114222210/https://www.leichtathletik.de/news/news/detail/rolf-von-der-laage-verstorben/ |archive-date=14 November 2017 |access-date=14 November 2017 |publisher=[[German Athletics Association]] |language=German}}</ref> == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1953]] rjs4uf3xnwwjaw8drzgc649112xdnkz 895463 895462 2026-08-12T09:05:35Z Nnamadee 31123 895463 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Gladys Chai von der Laage''' (an haife ta '''Chai Ng Mei''' a ranar 22 ga Fabrairu 1953) mai ɗaukar hoto ce ta Jamus wacce asalinta 'yar ƙasar Malaysia ce. Ta taba shiga gasar Olympics ta bazara ta 1972 a matsayin 'yar wasan pentathlete ta Malaysia. <ref name="SR">{{Cite web |title=Gladys Chai |url=https://www.sports-reference.com/olympics/athletes/ch/gladys-chai-1.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200418064751/https://www.sports-reference.com/olympics/athletes/ch/gladys-chai-1.html |archive-date=18 April 2020 |access-date=14 November 2017 |publisher=[[Sports Reference]]}}</ref> == Rayuwar farko == An haifi Chai Ng Mei a ranar 22 ga Fabrairu, 1953 ga iyayensa 'yan China. <ref name="SR">{{Cite web |title=Gladys Chai |url=https://www.sports-reference.com/olympics/athletes/ch/gladys-chai-1.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200418064751/https://www.sports-reference.com/olympics/athletes/ch/gladys-chai-1.html |archive-date=18 April 2020 |access-date=14 November 2017 |publisher=[[Sports Reference]]}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://web.archive.org/web/20200418064751/https://www.sports-reference.com/olympics/athletes/ch/gladys-chai-1.html "Gladys Chai"]. [[Sports Reference]]. Archived from [https://www.sports-reference.com/olympics/athletes/ch/gladys-chai-1.html the original] on 18 April 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">14 November</span> 2017</span>.</cite></ref> == Sana'a == Lokacin da take da shekaru 14, Chai ta lashe lambar azurfa a gasar tsalle mai tsayi ta wasannin kudu maso gabashin Asiya na 1967 . Ta yi horo a Yammacin Jamus a shekarar 1971. A shekara mai zuwa, ta wakilci Malaysia a gasar pentathlon ta mata ta Olympics ta bazara ta 1972 amma an tilasta mata yin ritaya saboda rauni. <ref name="SR" /> Chai ya lashe zinare huɗu a wasannin SEA na 1973 da 1975; kowannensu ya lashe 2 a tsalle mai tsayi da kuma pentathlon. <ref name="TBP" /> Ta kare a matsayi na tara a gasar tsalle-tsalle ta mata ta British Commonwealth Games ta 1974, kuma ta sake samun lambar zinare a gasar tsalle-tsalle ta manyan 'yan wasa ta 1979 a wasannin kudu maso gabashin Asiya . <ref name="TBP" /> Daga baya ta zama mai ɗaukar hoto a wasanni kuma an ba ta kyautar kafofin watsa labarai ta Ƙungiyar Wasannin Jamus a shekarar 2016 bayan fiye da shekaru ashirin tana aikinta a wannan sana'a. <ref>{{Cite web |date=18 February 2017 |title=Fotografin Gladys Chai von der Laage erhält DLV-Medienpreis 2016 |trans-title=Photographer Gladys Chai von der Laage receives DLV Media Prize 2016 |url=https://www.leichtathletik.de/news/news/detail/fotografin-gladys-chai-von-der-laage-erhaelt-dlv-medienpreis-2016/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171115014849/https://www.leichtathletik.de/news/news/detail/fotografin-gladys-chai-von-der-laage-erhaelt-dlv-medienpreis-2016/ |archive-date=15 November 2017 |access-date=14 November 2017 |publisher=[[German Athletics Association]] |language=German}}</ref> Shafin yanar gizo na Sports Reference ya ambace ta a matsayin "ɗaya daga cikin shahararrun masu ɗaukar hotunan wasanni a duniya". <ref name="SR">{{Cite web |title=Gladys Chai |url=https://www.sports-reference.com/olympics/athletes/ch/gladys-chai-1.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200418064751/https://www.sports-reference.com/olympics/athletes/ch/gladys-chai-1.html |archive-date=18 April 2020 |access-date=14 November 2017 |publisher=[[Sports Reference]]}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://web.archive.org/web/20200418064751/https://www.sports-reference.com/olympics/athletes/ch/gladys-chai-1.html "Gladys Chai"]. [[Sports Reference]]. Archived from [https://www.sports-reference.com/olympics/athletes/ch/gladys-chai-1.html the original] on 18 April 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">14 November</span> 2017</span>.</cite></ref> == Rayuwa ta sirri == Chai ta auri wani ɗan jaridar wasanni na Jamus ta Yamma {{Interlanguage link|Rolf von der Laage|de}} . <ref name="SR">{{Cite web |title=Gladys Chai |url=https://www.sports-reference.com/olympics/athletes/ch/gladys-chai-1.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200418064751/https://www.sports-reference.com/olympics/athletes/ch/gladys-chai-1.html |archive-date=18 April 2020 |access-date=14 November 2017 |publisher=[[Sports Reference]]}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://web.archive.org/web/20200418064751/https://www.sports-reference.com/olympics/athletes/ch/gladys-chai-1.html "Gladys Chai"]. [[Sports Reference]]. Archived from [https://www.sports-reference.com/olympics/athletes/ch/gladys-chai-1.html the original] on 18 April 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">14 November</span> 2017</span>.</cite></ref> Tare ma'auratan suka kafa nasu hukumar ASVOM. Laage ya mutu a shekara ta 2006. <ref>{{Cite web |date=16 January 2006 |title=Rolf von der Laage verstorben |trans-title=Rolf von der Laage died |url=https://www.leichtathletik.de/news/news/detail/rolf-von-der-laage-verstorben/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171114222210/https://www.leichtathletik.de/news/news/detail/rolf-von-der-laage-verstorben/ |archive-date=14 November 2017 |access-date=14 November 2017 |publisher=[[German Athletics Association]] |language=German}}</ref> == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1953]] 9vckcpbyt5fk1dtoc9y76vmz62t2psg 0 163309 895464 2026-08-12T09:06:59Z Mahuta 11340 Sabon shafi: '''Ambar Pare''' likitan gargajiya ne na Ayurvedic na Indiya kuma malamin kiwon lafiya daga gundumar Harda, Madhya Pradesh . Ayyukansa sun haɗa da naturopathy, Ayurveda, yoga, pranayama, ayyukan gargajiya na gargajiya da ilimin kiwon lafiya.<ref>https://www.livehindustan.com/madhya-pradesh/dashashwamedh-ghat-teaching-changes-life-of-2-borthers-get-international-recognition-201785918933078.amp.html</ref> Pare yana da alaƙa da '''Dr. Ambar Pare Naturopathy Center''' a Duliya,... 895464 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Ambar Pare''' likitan gargajiya ne na Ayurvedic na Indiya kuma malamin kiwon lafiya daga gundumar Harda, Madhya Pradesh . Ayyukansa sun haɗa da naturopathy, Ayurveda, yoga, pranayama, ayyukan gargajiya na gargajiya da ilimin kiwon lafiya.<ref>https://www.livehindustan.com/madhya-pradesh/dashashwamedh-ghat-teaching-changes-life-of-2-borthers-get-international-recognition-201785918933078.amp.html</ref> Pare yana da alaƙa da '''Dr. Ambar Pare Naturopathy Center''' a Duliya, gundumar Harda, wacce aka kafa a shekarar 2020. == Rayuwa ta farko == An haifi Ambar Pare a gundumar Harda, Madhya Pradesh . Ya fito ne daga dangin da ke da tushen noma a yankin. Mahaifinsa, Rajendra Pare, yana da alaƙa da aikin gona.<ref>https://english.dainikjagranmpcg.com/the-evolving-work-of-dr-ankur-pare-and-dr-ambar/article-25270</ref> Ambar Pare shi ne ƙaramin ɗan'uwan Ankur Pare, marubuci, mai bincike kuma ɗan kasuwa.<ref>https://www.dainikjagranmpcg.com/dr-ankur-pare-and-dr-ambar-pare-journey-of-two/article-60996</ref> == Ilimi == Ambar Pare ya sami ilimin farko a makarantar St. Mary's Co-Ed a Harda . Ya kammala karatunsa na makarantar sakandare a shekara ta 2006 kuma daga baya ya kammala karatun sakandare a makarantar sakandare ta Universal Academy a Indore a shekara ta 2008.<ref>https://bhaskardigital.com/dr-ankur-pare-and-dr-ambar-pare-revisiting-indias-ancient-scientific-health-traditions-in-the-modern-age/</ref> Ilimi na sana'a ya haɗa da digiri na farko na aikin tiyata na hakora (BDS) da kuma digiri na farko a fannin Naturopathy da Yogic Sciences (BNYS). Ya kuma kammala shirye-shiryen difloma na digiri na biyu a cikin Asibiti da Kula da Lafiya da Ba da Shawara da Magungunan Iyali. Sauran cancanta sun haɗa da karatu a madadin magani da cututtukan cututtuka, da kuma takardar shaidar ciwon sukari.<ref>https://english.dainikjagranmpcg.com/dr-ambar-pare-naturopathy-centre-integrating-ancient-indian-medical-systems/article-20610</ref> == Nazarin ruhaniya == Ambar Pare ya yi nazarin ayyukan ruhaniya da na gargajiya na Indiya da yawa. Dangane da tarihin rayuwarsa, shi da babban ɗan'uwansa sun karɓi Guru Diksha daga Jamuna Prasad Chaturvedi a Dashashwamedh Ghat a Varanasi a lokacin Guru Purnima a shekara ta 2005.<ref>https://startupstory18.com/dr-ambar-pare-builds-a-naturopathy-practice-around-yoga-ayurveda-and-traditional-indian-health</ref> Nazarinsa na baya ya hada da yoga, pranayama, tunani, Ayurveda, ayyukan mantra da ilimin gargajiya. Ya kuma bayyana karatunsa dangane da Guru Parampara da al'adun da ke da alaƙa da Mahavatar Shri Babaji . == Ayyukan sana'a == Ayyukan Ambar Pare sun mayar da hankali kan naturopathy, Ayurveda, yoga, pranayama, ayyukan abinci, ilimin gargajiya da ilimin kiwon lafiya. Ya yi amfani da kalmar '''Indian Scientific Ancient Medical Systems''' don bayyana aikinsa tare da ayyukan kiwon lafiya na gargajiya na Indiya. Ana amfani da kalmar ne dangane da bayanin sana'arsa maimakon a matsayin sunan tsarin magani guda ɗaya. Ayyukansa sun haɗa da ayyukan da aka samo daga naturopathy, Ayurveda da yoga, tare da motsa jiki na numfashi, tunani, ayyukan abinci da sauran hanyoyin gargajiya. == Cibiyar Nazarin Naturopathy ta Dr. Ambar Pare == Dr. An kafa Cibiyar Ambar Pare Naturopathy a Duliya, gundumar Harda, Madhya Pradesh, a cikin 2020.<ref>https://topstoriesindia.in/dr-ambar-pare-builds-a-naturopathy-practice-around-yoga-ayurveda-and-traditional-indian-health</ref> Cibiyar tana da alaƙa da aikin Ambar Pare a cikin naturopathy, Ayurveda, yoga da ayyukan kiwon lafiya na gargajiya. == Yankunan karatu == Yankunan binciken da Ambar Pare ya bayyana sun hada da naturopathy, Ayurveda, kimiyyar yoga, pranayama, ilimin gargajiya na gargajiya, ayyukan rayuwa, ilimin kiwon lafiya da al'adun ruhaniya na Indiya. Ayyukansa sun haɗa da koyarwa, horo da sadarwa ta jama'a a kan waɗannan batutuwa. == Kyaututtuka da karbuwa == Bayanan tarihin Ambar Pare ya lissafa kyaututtuka da yawa da aka karɓa a lokacin aikinsa na sana'a. Wadannan sun hada da karɓar Littafin Tarihi na Duniya a cikin 2018 da kuma Fellowship na Royal Society of Medicine a cikin 2019. A cikin 2023, an haɗa shi da G-20 Seva Samman da aka gabatar a lokacin taron Civil 20 Sewa Summit a Madhya Pradesh . Sauran sanarwa da aka jera a cikin tarihin rayuwa sun haɗa da Kyautar Kwarewar Kiwon Lafiya, Kyautar Kula da Lafiya ta Daily Bhaskar da Kyautar Kulawa ta Kiwon Lafiyar 2023-24. Bayanai game da kyaututtuka na mutum, gami da kungiyoyin bayarwa da kwanakin, ya kamata a goyi bayan su ta hanyar masu zaman kansu ko hukuma. == Rayuwa ta mutum == Ambar Pare tana da alaƙa da Duliya da yankin Harda na Madhya Pradesh . Iyalinsa suna da tushen noma a yankin. == Manazarta == {{reflist}} lc93fnn91yycd1n3c0df8zg1783dm9s 895467 895464 2026-08-12T09:07:31Z Mahuta 11340 895467 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''Ambar Pare''' likitan gargajiya ne na Ayurvedic na Indiya kuma malamin kiwon lafiya daga gundumar Harda, Madhya Pradesh . Ayyukansa sun haɗa da naturopathy, Ayurveda, yoga, pranayama, ayyukan gargajiya na gargajiya da ilimin kiwon lafiya.<ref>https://www.livehindustan.com/madhya-pradesh/dashashwamedh-ghat-teaching-changes-life-of-2-borthers-get-international-recognition-201785918933078.amp.html</ref> Pare yana da alaƙa da '''Dr. Ambar Pare Naturopathy Center''' a Duliya, gundumar Harda, wacce aka kafa a shekarar 2020. == Rayuwa ta farko == An haifi Ambar Pare a gundumar Harda, Madhya Pradesh . Ya fito ne daga dangin da ke da tushen noma a yankin. Mahaifinsa, Rajendra Pare, yana da alaƙa da aikin gona.<ref>https://english.dainikjagranmpcg.com/the-evolving-work-of-dr-ankur-pare-and-dr-ambar/article-25270</ref> Ambar Pare shi ne ƙaramin ɗan'uwan Ankur Pare, marubuci, mai bincike kuma ɗan kasuwa.<ref>https://www.dainikjagranmpcg.com/dr-ankur-pare-and-dr-ambar-pare-journey-of-two/article-60996</ref> == Ilimi == Ambar Pare ya sami ilimin farko a makarantar St. Mary's Co-Ed a Harda . Ya kammala karatunsa na makarantar sakandare a shekara ta 2006 kuma daga baya ya kammala karatun sakandare a makarantar sakandare ta Universal Academy a Indore a shekara ta 2008.<ref>https://bhaskardigital.com/dr-ankur-pare-and-dr-ambar-pare-revisiting-indias-ancient-scientific-health-traditions-in-the-modern-age/</ref> Ilimi na sana'a ya haɗa da digiri na farko na aikin tiyata na hakora (BDS) da kuma digiri na farko a fannin Naturopathy da Yogic Sciences (BNYS). Ya kuma kammala shirye-shiryen difloma na digiri na biyu a cikin Asibiti da Kula da Lafiya da Ba da Shawara da Magungunan Iyali. Sauran cancanta sun haɗa da karatu a madadin magani da cututtukan cututtuka, da kuma takardar shaidar ciwon sukari.<ref>https://english.dainikjagranmpcg.com/dr-ambar-pare-naturopathy-centre-integrating-ancient-indian-medical-systems/article-20610</ref> == Nazarin ruhaniya == Ambar Pare ya yi nazarin ayyukan ruhaniya da na gargajiya na Indiya da yawa. Dangane da tarihin rayuwarsa, shi da babban ɗan'uwansa sun karɓi Guru Diksha daga Jamuna Prasad Chaturvedi a Dashashwamedh Ghat a Varanasi a lokacin Guru Purnima a shekara ta 2005.<ref>https://startupstory18.com/dr-ambar-pare-builds-a-naturopathy-practice-around-yoga-ayurveda-and-traditional-indian-health</ref> Nazarinsa na baya ya hada da yoga, pranayama, tunani, Ayurveda, ayyukan mantra da ilimin gargajiya. Ya kuma bayyana karatunsa dangane da Guru Parampara da al'adun da ke da alaƙa da Mahavatar Shri Babaji . == Ayyukan sana'a == Ayyukan Ambar Pare sun mayar da hankali kan naturopathy, Ayurveda, yoga, pranayama, ayyukan abinci, ilimin gargajiya da ilimin kiwon lafiya. Ya yi amfani da kalmar '''Indian Scientific Ancient Medical Systems''' don bayyana aikinsa tare da ayyukan kiwon lafiya na gargajiya na Indiya. Ana amfani da kalmar ne dangane da bayanin sana'arsa maimakon a matsayin sunan tsarin magani guda ɗaya. Ayyukansa sun haɗa da ayyukan da aka samo daga naturopathy, Ayurveda da yoga, tare da motsa jiki na numfashi, tunani, ayyukan abinci da sauran hanyoyin gargajiya. == Cibiyar Nazarin Naturopathy ta Dr. Ambar Pare == Dr. An kafa Cibiyar Ambar Pare Naturopathy a Duliya, gundumar Harda, Madhya Pradesh, a cikin 2020.<ref>https://topstoriesindia.in/dr-ambar-pare-builds-a-naturopathy-practice-around-yoga-ayurveda-and-traditional-indian-health</ref> Cibiyar tana da alaƙa da aikin Ambar Pare a cikin naturopathy, Ayurveda, yoga da ayyukan kiwon lafiya na gargajiya. == Yankunan karatu == Yankunan binciken da Ambar Pare ya bayyana sun hada da naturopathy, Ayurveda, kimiyyar yoga, pranayama, ilimin gargajiya na gargajiya, ayyukan rayuwa, ilimin kiwon lafiya da al'adun ruhaniya na Indiya. Ayyukansa sun haɗa da koyarwa, horo da sadarwa ta jama'a a kan waɗannan batutuwa. == Kyaututtuka da karbuwa == Bayanan tarihin Ambar Pare ya lissafa kyaututtuka da yawa da aka karɓa a lokacin aikinsa na sana'a. Wadannan sun hada da karɓar Littafin Tarihi na Duniya a cikin 2018 da kuma Fellowship na Royal Society of Medicine a cikin 2019. A cikin 2023, an haɗa shi da G-20 Seva Samman da aka gabatar a lokacin taron Civil 20 Sewa Summit a Madhya Pradesh . Sauran sanarwa da aka jera a cikin tarihin rayuwa sun haɗa da Kyautar Kwarewar Kiwon Lafiya, Kyautar Kula da Lafiya ta Daily Bhaskar da Kyautar Kulawa ta Kiwon Lafiyar 2023-24. Bayanai game da kyaututtuka na mutum, gami da kungiyoyin bayarwa da kwanakin, ya kamata a goyi bayan su ta hanyar masu zaman kansu ko hukuma. == Rayuwa ta mutum == Ambar Pare tana da alaƙa da Duliya da yankin Harda na Madhya Pradesh . Iyalinsa suna da tushen noma a yankin. == Manazarta == {{reflist}} efshnjkw7o4x8fzi164y5hcyy0ikiq5 0 163310 895466 2026-08-12T09:07:04Z Nnamadee 31123 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1343228491|Jeanne Mandello]]" 895466 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Jeanne Mandello''' (wacce aka haifa a '''Johanna Mandello''' ; 18 Oktoba 1907, [[Frankfurt]] – 17 Disamba 2001, [[Barcelona]] ) yar ƙasar Jamus ce mai zane-zane ta zamani kuma mai ɗaukar hoto na gwaji. == Shekarun farko da ilimi == Mandello ya girma a cikin iyali Yahudawa masu son fasaha, waɗanda ba su da addini a Frankfurt. Mahaifiyarta, Amalia Margarethe Mandello, wacce aka haifa a Seligsohn, malamar makarantar yara ce kuma ta mutu lokacin da Johanna ke da shekaru 14; mahaifinta, Hermann Mandello, ya kasance har zuwa 1934 Daraktan shagon Kaufhaus Wronker . Ta kammala karatunta na sakandare a shekarar 1925. A shekara mai zuwa, ta fara karatun daukar hoto a Lette-Verein . A lokacin da yake da wahala ga mace ta sami kulawa a matsayinta na mai zane, daukar hoto ya bude hanyar shiga duniyar fasaha. Ta hanyar wahayi daga ruhin 'yanci a Berlin a shekarun 1920, ƙungiyar mata ta ba da damar fita, halartar wasannin kwaikwayo, kade-kade, nune-nunen da kuma yanke shawara kan samfurin "sabuwar mace", tana kwaikwayon Grete Stern da Ellen Auerbach waɗanda ke sanye da wando da gajeren gashi. A shekarar 1927, ta yi karatu a ɗakin studio na {{Interlanguage link|Paul Wolff (photographer)|de|Paul Wolff}} da [[Alfred Tritschler]] . Ta hanyar Wolff, ta saba da daukar hotunan Leica Camera . Da ta dawo Berlin, ta koma Lette ta kammala karatunta. Ta amfani da kyamarar fim ta Leica, ta ɗauki hotunan hotuna, shimfidar wurare da kuma abubuwan da suka faru a rayuwar yau da kullun. A shekarar 1929, ta koyar a Frankfurt, inda ta ƙirƙiri wani ɗakin studio a gidan iyayenta. A nan, ta yi aiki tare da mai ɗaukar hoto [[Nathalie Reuter]] (1911–1990), tsohuwar abokiyar aji kuma abokiya. A 1932, ta sadu da Arno Grünebaum. A ƙarƙashin jagorancin Mandello, ya koyi ɗaukar hoto. A shekarar 1933, sun yi aure. Kasancewar su Yahudawa ne kuma suna sane da haɗarin da ke tafe, sun bar Jamus a shekarar 1934 suka fara sabuwar rayuwa a birnin Paris. <ref name="Bastier" /> == Sana'a == A birnin Paris, ta canza sunanta na farko Johanna zuwa sigar Faransa, Jeanne. Kamar sauran masu ɗaukar hoto na zamani na Jamhuriyar Weimar, Mandello ta sami kwarin gwiwa a lokacin da take gudun hijira a birnin Paris. An yi mata tasiri ta hanyar Nouvelle Vision; Man Ray, Brassaï da Doisneau, a fannin sake fasalin daukar hoto. Sun yi gwaji da sabbin dabaru, kusurwoyin kyamara marasa ban mamaki, yanke hotuna, fallasa su da kuma ɗaukar hotunan hoto. Mandello da Grunbaum sun ƙware a fannin ɗaukar hotunan kasuwanci da hotuna, kuma sun kafa kansu a matsayin masu ɗaukar hotunan kwalliya. A shekarar 1937, sun buɗe wani sitidiyo a gundumar 17 mai suna "Mandello". "Mandello" ya yi aiki ga ''[[Fémina (French magazine)|Fémina]]'', ''Harper's Bazaar'' da ''Vogue'', da kuma gidajen kayan kwalliya na Balenciaga, Guerlain, Maggy Rouff, da Creed. A wasu lokutan, suna aiki tare da mai ɗaukar hoto [[Hermann Landshoff]], wanda shi ma ya tsere daga Jamus ta Nazi. Bayan barkewar Yaƙin Duniya na Biyu, an ɗauke Mandello da mijinta a matsayin Baƙi Maƙiya a cikin Jamhuriyar Faransa kuma an tilasta musu barin Paris a farkon 1940. Dole ne su bar komai a baya: ɗakin daukar hoto, kayan aikin kyamara, ayyukan da aka adana da kuma abubuwan da ba su dace ba. An ba su izinin ɗaukar kaya mai nauyin kilo 14 kacal. Sun zo ƙauyen Dognen inda ta taimaka a asibitin. An janye mata takardar zama ɗan ƙasar Jamus a ranar 28 ga Oktoba 1940. Da takardar izinin shiga Uruguay, Mandello da Grunebaum sun bar Faransa suka fara sabuwar rayuwa a Kudancin Amurka inda ta fara baje kolin kayanta tun daga shekarar 1943. Sabon aikinta ya haɗa da gine-gine, shimfidar wurare, hotuna, hotuna, da kuma hasken rana . A shekarar 1952, ta yi baje kolin kayan tarihi a Gidan Tarihi na Fasaha na Zamani da ke Rio de Janeiro, kuma bayan shekaru biyu, ta rabu da mijinta, ta ƙaura zuwa Brazil don zama tare da ɗan jaridar, Lothar Bauer. Tare da Bauer, ta koma [[Barcelona]] a ƙarshen shekaru goma inda ta yi aiki a sauran rayuwarta. Ta auri Bauer, kuma suka ɗauki 'ya mace, Isabel, a shekarar 1970. Mandello ya mutu a Barcelona a shekara ta 2001. <ref name="jwa.org">{{Cite web |title=Exiled German photographer Jeanne Mandello arrives in Uruguay |url=http://jwa.org/thisweek/jul/15/1941/this-week-in-history-exiled-german-photographer-jeanne-mandello-arrives-in |access-date=30 May 2016 |publisher=Jewish Women's Archive}}</ref> == Zaɓaɓɓun ayyuka da nune-nunen == * 1943: ''Exposión del Niño.'' ''Fotografias artísticas de la Señora Jeanne Mandello'', Montevideo * 1952: ''Mandello'' (Jeanne Mandello da Arno Grünebaum), Museu de Arte Moderna do Rio de Janeiro * 1995: ''Les dones fotògrafes a la República de Weimar.'' ''1919–1933'', Fundación “La Caixa”, Barcelona * 1997: ''Mandello.'' ''Hotunan 1928–1997.'' Zum na baya-bayan nan zum 90. Geburtstag von Jeanne Mandello. Sala de Exposiciones del Casal de Sarrià y Sala de Exposiciones del FAD (Foment de les Arts Decoratives), Barcelona ** Ausstellungskatalog: Mercedes Valdivieso (Hrsg.): ''Mandello.'' ''Fotografias 1928–1997,'' Casal de Sarria, Barcelona 1997. * 2012/2013: ''Imágenes de una fotógrafa exiliada: Jeanne Mandello,'' Alliance Française, Montevideo u.&nbsp;a. ** Ausstellungskatalog: ''Imágenes de una fotógrafa exiliada: Jeanne Mandello,'' Centro Cultural Alliance Française, Montevideo 2012. Einführung: Sandra Nagel ( [https://web.archive.org/web/20160305170218/http://indexfoto.montevideo.gub.uy/sites/indexfoto.montevideo.gub.uy/files/catalogue_jeanne_mandello_0.pdf pdf] ). * 2014: ''Ende eines Zeitalters.'' ''Künstlerische Praktiken und Techniken analoger Fotografie,'' Museum Folkwang, Essen * 2015: ''An yi amfani da hasken rana'', Nailya Alexander Gallery, New York * 2018: ''De l'autre côté.'' ''Hotuna de Jeanne Mandello, [[Hildegard Rosenthal]] et Grete Stern .'' Maison de l'Amérique latine, Paris. == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Mutuwan 2001]] [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1907]] rvi4xvfr2nhufekanpgtwcq6ox82puh 895468 895466 2026-08-12T09:07:31Z Nnamadee 31123 895468 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Jeanne Mandello''' (wacce aka haifa a '''Johanna Mandello''' ; 18 Oktoba 1907, [[Frankfurt]] – 17 Disamba 2001, [[Barcelona]] ) yar ƙasar Jamus ce mai zane-zane ta zamani kuma mai ɗaukar hoto na gwaji. == Shekarun farko da ilimi == Mandello ya girma a cikin iyali Yahudawa masu son fasaha, waɗanda ba su da addini a Frankfurt. Mahaifiyarta, Amalia Margarethe Mandello, wacce aka haifa a Seligsohn, malamar makarantar yara ce kuma ta mutu lokacin da Johanna ke da shekaru 14; mahaifinta, Hermann Mandello, ya kasance har zuwa 1934 Daraktan shagon Kaufhaus Wronker . Ta kammala karatunta na sakandare a shekarar 1925. A shekara mai zuwa, ta fara karatun daukar hoto a Lette-Verein . A lokacin da yake da wahala ga mace ta sami kulawa a matsayinta na mai zane, daukar hoto ya bude hanyar shiga duniyar fasaha. Ta hanyar wahayi daga ruhin 'yanci a Berlin a shekarun 1920, ƙungiyar mata ta ba da damar fita, halartar wasannin kwaikwayo, kade-kade, nune-nunen da kuma yanke shawara kan samfurin "sabuwar mace", tana kwaikwayon Grete Stern da Ellen Auerbach waɗanda ke sanye da wando da gajeren gashi. A shekarar 1927, ta yi karatu a ɗakin studio na {{Interlanguage link|Paul Wolff (photographer)|de|Paul Wolff}} da [[Alfred Tritschler]] . Ta hanyar Wolff, ta saba da daukar hotunan Leica Camera . Da ta dawo Berlin, ta koma Lette ta kammala karatunta. Ta amfani da kyamarar fim ta Leica, ta ɗauki hotunan hotuna, shimfidar wurare da kuma abubuwan da suka faru a rayuwar yau da kullun. A shekarar 1929, ta koyar a Frankfurt, inda ta ƙirƙiri wani ɗakin studio a gidan iyayenta. A nan, ta yi aiki tare da mai ɗaukar hoto [[Nathalie Reuter]] (1911–1990), tsohuwar abokiyar aji kuma abokiya. A 1932, ta sadu da Arno Grünebaum. A ƙarƙashin jagorancin Mandello, ya koyi ɗaukar hoto. A shekarar 1933, sun yi aure. Kasancewar su Yahudawa ne kuma suna sane da haɗarin da ke tafe, sun bar Jamus a shekarar 1934 suka fara sabuwar rayuwa a birnin Paris. <ref name="Bastier" /> == Sana'a == A birnin Paris, ta canza sunanta na farko Johanna zuwa sigar Faransa, Jeanne. Kamar sauran masu ɗaukar hoto na zamani na Jamhuriyar Weimar, Mandello ta sami kwarin gwiwa a lokacin da take gudun hijira a birnin Paris. An yi mata tasiri ta hanyar Nouvelle Vision; Man Ray, Brassaï da Doisneau, a fannin sake fasalin daukar hoto. Sun yi gwaji da sabbin dabaru, kusurwoyin kyamara marasa ban mamaki, yanke hotuna, fallasa su da kuma ɗaukar hotunan hoto. Mandello da Grunbaum sun ƙware a fannin ɗaukar hotunan kasuwanci da hotuna, kuma sun kafa kansu a matsayin masu ɗaukar hotunan kwalliya. A shekarar 1937, sun buɗe wani sitidiyo a gundumar 17 mai suna "Mandello". "Mandello" ya yi aiki ga ''[[Fémina (French magazine)|Fémina]]'', ''Harper's Bazaar'' da ''Vogue'', da kuma gidajen kayan kwalliya na Balenciaga, Guerlain, Maggy Rouff, da Creed. A wasu lokutan, suna aiki tare da mai ɗaukar hoto [[Hermann Landshoff]], wanda shi ma ya tsere daga Jamus ta Nazi. Bayan barkewar Yaƙin Duniya na Biyu, an ɗauke Mandello da mijinta a matsayin Baƙi Maƙiya a cikin Jamhuriyar Faransa kuma an tilasta musu barin Paris a farkon 1940. Dole ne su bar komai a baya: ɗakin daukar hoto, kayan aikin kyamara, ayyukan da aka adana da kuma abubuwan da ba su dace ba. An ba su izinin ɗaukar kaya mai nauyin kilo 14 kacal. Sun zo ƙauyen Dognen inda ta taimaka a asibitin. An janye mata takardar zama ɗan ƙasar Jamus a ranar 28 ga Oktoba 1940. Da takardar izinin shiga Uruguay, Mandello da Grunebaum sun bar Faransa suka fara sabuwar rayuwa a Kudancin Amurka inda ta fara baje kolin kayanta tun daga shekarar 1943. Sabon aikinta ya haɗa da gine-gine, shimfidar wurare, hotuna, hotuna, da kuma hasken rana . A shekarar 1952, ta yi baje kolin kayan tarihi a Gidan Tarihi na Fasaha na Zamani da ke Rio de Janeiro, kuma bayan shekaru biyu, ta rabu da mijinta, ta ƙaura zuwa Brazil don zama tare da ɗan jaridar, Lothar Bauer. Tare da Bauer, ta koma [[Barcelona]] a ƙarshen shekaru goma inda ta yi aiki a sauran rayuwarta. Ta auri Bauer, kuma suka ɗauki 'ya mace, Isabel, a shekarar 1970. Mandello ya mutu a Barcelona a shekara ta 2001. <ref name="jwa.org">{{Cite web |title=Exiled German photographer Jeanne Mandello arrives in Uruguay |url=http://jwa.org/thisweek/jul/15/1941/this-week-in-history-exiled-german-photographer-jeanne-mandello-arrives-in |access-date=30 May 2016 |publisher=Jewish Women's Archive}}</ref> == Zaɓaɓɓun ayyuka da nune-nunen == * 1943: ''Exposión del Niño.'' ''Fotografias artísticas de la Señora Jeanne Mandello'', Montevideo * 1952: ''Mandello'' (Jeanne Mandello da Arno Grünebaum), Museu de Arte Moderna do Rio de Janeiro * 1995: ''Les dones fotògrafes a la República de Weimar.'' ''1919–1933'', Fundación “La Caixa”, Barcelona * 1997: ''Mandello.'' ''Hotunan 1928–1997.'' Zum na baya-bayan nan zum 90. Geburtstag von Jeanne Mandello. Sala de Exposiciones del Casal de Sarrià y Sala de Exposiciones del FAD (Foment de les Arts Decoratives), Barcelona ** Ausstellungskatalog: Mercedes Valdivieso (Hrsg.): ''Mandello.'' ''Fotografias 1928–1997,'' Casal de Sarria, Barcelona 1997. * 2012/2013: ''Imágenes de una fotógrafa exiliada: Jeanne Mandello,'' Alliance Française, Montevideo u.&nbsp;a. ** Ausstellungskatalog: ''Imágenes de una fotógrafa exiliada: Jeanne Mandello,'' Centro Cultural Alliance Française, Montevideo 2012. Einführung: Sandra Nagel ( [https://web.archive.org/web/20160305170218/http://indexfoto.montevideo.gub.uy/sites/indexfoto.montevideo.gub.uy/files/catalogue_jeanne_mandello_0.pdf pdf] ). * 2014: ''Ende eines Zeitalters.'' ''Künstlerische Praktiken und Techniken analoger Fotografie,'' Museum Folkwang, Essen * 2015: ''An yi amfani da hasken rana'', Nailya Alexander Gallery, New York * 2018: ''De l'autre côté.'' ''Hotuna de Jeanne Mandello, [[Hildegard Rosenthal]] et Grete Stern .'' Maison de l'Amérique latine, Paris. == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Mutuwan 2001]] [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1907]] n76df2qidsofobdw5ifmsmtyp18ytb1 0 163311 895469 2026-08-12T09:09:00Z Nnamadee 31123 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1358594898|Marianne, Princess zu Sayn-Wittgenstein-Sayn]]" 895469 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Marianne, Gimbiya Sayn-Wittgenstein-Sayn''', (an haife ta a matsayin '''Baroness Maria Anna Mayr von Melnhof''' ; 9 ga Disamba 1919 - 4 ga Mayu 2025) mace ce mai daraja 'yar Jamus, mai sha'awar zamantakewa, mai ɗaukar hoto ƙwararriya, memba a Majalisar Sayn-Wittgenstein-Sayn kuma mahaifiyar Alexander, Yarima na 7 zu Sayn-Wittgenstein-Sayn (an haife ta a 1943). <ref name="ghda">Genealogisches Handbuch des Adels, Fürstliche Häuser XIX. "Sayn-Wittgenstein". C.A. Starke Verlag, 2011, pp. 331-334. (German). {{ISBN|978-3-7980-0849-6}}.</ref> == Rayuwar farko da zuri'a == [[Fayil:Schloss_Glanegg_02.jpg|thumb|262x262px| Gidan Glanegg, kusa da [[Salzburg]], inda Marianne ta yi yarinta, mallakar mahaifinta Friedrich Adalbert Baron Mayr von Melnhof (1892-1956) ne.]] An haifi Maria Anna, wacce aka fi sani da ''Marianne'' ko kuma kawai ''Manni'', a ranar 9 ga Disamba, 1919 a [[Salzburg]], babbar 'ya'ya tara ga Baron Friedrich Adalbert Mayr von Melnhof (1892–1956), mai gidan Glanegg Castle kusa da [[Salzburg]], da matarsa, Countess Maria-Anna ta Meran (1897–1983), jikanyar Franz, Count of Meran, shugaban reshen gidan sarauta na Habsburg-Lorraine . Ta wurin mahaifiyarta Marianne ta fito ne kai tsaye daga zuriyar Francis I, Sarkin Roma Mai Tsarki da matarsa, Empress Maria Theresa . Iyalan Mayr von Melnhof ' yan Katolika ne tun ƙarni na 15, kuma bayan sun zama masana'antu, an ba su laƙabi da Edler von Melnhof a shekarar 1859. A shekara ta 1872, Franz Joseph na ɗaya daga cikin mutanen Austria ya ba su sarautar Baron a ƙasar Austria . [ <ref name="enache">Enache, Nicolas. ''La Descendance de Marie-Therese de Habsburg''. ICC, Paris, 1996. pp. 292, 300-301. (French). {{ISBN|2-908003-04-X}}</ref> Baya ga Schloss Glanegg, iyalan Mayr von Melnhof sun mallaki gidajen sarauta a [[Graz]] da [[Vienna]], da kuma wasu gidajen sarauta da dama a faɗin Austria, kamar Kogl, Neu-Pfannberg, Jagdschloss Hochalm, waɗanda suka yi aiki a matsayin gidajen zama a ƙasarsu. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Schloss Kogl - Familie Mayr-Melnhof |url=https://www.schlosskogl.at/ |website=Schloss Kogl}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |title=Schloss Neu-Pfannberg |url=https://www.alleburgen.de/bd.php?id=23797 |website=www.alleburgen.de}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |title=Jagdschloss Hochalm - Schloss |url=https://www.routeyou.com/de-at/location/view/50687913 |website=RouteYou}}</ref> == Sana'a == Ta fara aiki a matsayin ƙwararriyar mai ɗaukar hoto kuma ta adana kusan hotunanta 300,000 har zuwa cikarta shekaru 100 a watan Disamba na 2019. Ta ɗauki hotunan shahararrun mutane daga [[Maria Callas]] zuwa Gianni Agnelli zuwa Luciano Pavarotti kuma ta buga rahotannin tafiye-tafiye. An ba ta sunan "Mamarazza" bisa ga kalmar "paparazzo" a matsayin laƙabi daga Gimbiya Caroline ta Hanover, ''wacce aka fi sani da'' Gimbiya ta [[Monaco]], wacce ta taɓa ce mata: "Manni, ke Mamarazza ce ta gaske." Sabanin paparazzi, ba ta taɓa ɗaukar hotuna marasa kyau ko marasa daɗi ba: "Kullum ina ɗaukar hotunan abokaina a matsayin abokai." <ref>{{Cite web |title=Princess Marianne Sayn-Wittgenstein-Sayn: Photographs from the Sayn-Wittgenstein Collection &#124; 26 Oct - 18 Nov 2006 |url=https://westwoodgallery.com/exhibitions/102-princess-marianne-sayn-wittgenstein-sayn-photographs-from-the-the-sayn-wittgenstein/ |website=Westwood Gallery NYC}}</ref> == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Mutuwan 2025]] [[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1919]] tl971ubcklwp2gtkzxw6lx1l79a60df 895470 895469 2026-08-12T09:09:26Z Nnamadee 31123 895470 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Marianne, Gimbiya Sayn-Wittgenstein-Sayn''', (an haife ta a matsayin '''Baroness Maria Anna Mayr von Melnhof''' ; 9 ga Disamba 1919 - 4 ga Mayu 2025) mace ce mai daraja 'yar Jamus, mai sha'awar zamantakewa, mai ɗaukar hoto ƙwararriya, memba a Majalisar Sayn-Wittgenstein-Sayn kuma mahaifiyar Alexander, Yarima na 7 zu Sayn-Wittgenstein-Sayn (an haife ta a 1943). <ref name="ghda">Genealogisches Handbuch des Adels, Fürstliche Häuser XIX. "Sayn-Wittgenstein". C.A. Starke Verlag, 2011, pp. 331-334. (German). {{ISBN|978-3-7980-0849-6}}.</ref> == Rayuwar farko da zuri'a == [[Fayil:Schloss_Glanegg_02.jpg|thumb|262x262px| Gidan Glanegg, kusa da [[Salzburg]], inda Marianne ta yi yarinta, mallakar mahaifinta Friedrich Adalbert Baron Mayr von Melnhof (1892-1956) ne.]] An haifi Maria Anna, wacce aka fi sani da ''Marianne'' ko kuma kawai ''Manni'', a ranar 9 ga Disamba, 1919 a [[Salzburg]], babbar 'ya'ya tara ga Baron Friedrich Adalbert Mayr von Melnhof (1892–1956), mai gidan Glanegg Castle kusa da [[Salzburg]], da matarsa, Countess Maria-Anna ta Meran (1897–1983), jikanyar Franz, Count of Meran, shugaban reshen gidan sarauta na Habsburg-Lorraine . Ta wurin mahaifiyarta Marianne ta fito ne kai tsaye daga zuriyar Francis I, Sarkin Roma Mai Tsarki da matarsa, Empress Maria Theresa . Iyalan Mayr von Melnhof ' yan Katolika ne tun ƙarni na 15, kuma bayan sun zama masana'antu, an ba su laƙabi da Edler von Melnhof a shekarar 1859. A shekara ta 1872, Franz Joseph na ɗaya daga cikin mutanen Austria ya ba su sarautar Baron a ƙasar Austria . [ <ref name="enache">Enache, Nicolas. ''La Descendance de Marie-Therese de Habsburg''. ICC, Paris, 1996. pp. 292, 300-301. (French). {{ISBN|2-908003-04-X}}</ref> Baya ga Schloss Glanegg, iyalan Mayr von Melnhof sun mallaki gidajen sarauta a [[Graz]] da [[Vienna]], da kuma wasu gidajen sarauta da dama a faɗin Austria, kamar Kogl, Neu-Pfannberg, Jagdschloss Hochalm, waɗanda suka yi aiki a matsayin gidajen zama a ƙasarsu. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Schloss Kogl - Familie Mayr-Melnhof |url=https://www.schlosskogl.at/ |website=Schloss Kogl}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |title=Schloss Neu-Pfannberg |url=https://www.alleburgen.de/bd.php?id=23797 |website=www.alleburgen.de}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |title=Jagdschloss Hochalm - Schloss |url=https://www.routeyou.com/de-at/location/view/50687913 |website=RouteYou}}</ref> == Sana'a == Ta fara aiki a matsayin ƙwararriyar mai ɗaukar hoto kuma ta adana kusan hotunanta 300,000 har zuwa cikarta shekaru 100 a watan Disamba na 2019. Ta ɗauki hotunan shahararrun mutane daga [[Maria Callas]] zuwa Gianni Agnelli zuwa Luciano Pavarotti kuma ta buga rahotannin tafiye-tafiye. An ba ta sunan "Mamarazza" bisa ga kalmar "paparazzo" a matsayin laƙabi daga Gimbiya Caroline ta Hanover, ''wacce aka fi sani da'' Gimbiya ta [[Monaco]], wacce ta taɓa ce mata: "Manni, ke Mamarazza ce ta gaske." Sabanin paparazzi, ba ta taɓa ɗaukar hotuna marasa kyau ko marasa daɗi ba: "Kullum ina ɗaukar hotunan abokaina a matsayin abokai." <ref>{{Cite web |title=Princess Marianne Sayn-Wittgenstein-Sayn: Photographs from the Sayn-Wittgenstein Collection &#124; 26 Oct - 18 Nov 2006 |url=https://westwoodgallery.com/exhibitions/102-princess-marianne-sayn-wittgenstein-sayn-photographs-from-the-the-sayn-wittgenstein/ |website=Westwood Gallery NYC}}</ref> == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Mutuwan 2025]] [[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1919]] lc37edqiugestjf3wh77c37zy1wwor2 0 163312 895471 2026-08-12T09:10:30Z Nnamadee 31123 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1327319853|Katharina Behrend]]" 895471 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Katharina Eleonore Behrend''' (22 ga Yuli, 1888 - 15 ga Nuwamba, 1973) ƴar daukar hoto ce 'yar asalin Jamusanci kuma 'yar ƙasar Holland wadda ake tunawa da ita saboda ayyukanta a nau'ikan hotunan hoto iri-iri, ciki har da hoton kanta tsirara. == Tarihin Rayuwa == An haife ta a [[Leipzig]], ta girma a cikin iyali mai wadata a matsayin 'yar Robert Behrend, farfesa a fannin sinadarai, wanda daga baya ya koma [[Hanover]] . Ta yi rikodin hotunan da ta ɗauka daga 1904 da hoton mahaifinta mai lamba 9 × 12 a hankali&nbsp;kyamarar cm, tana lura da saurin rufewa, buɗewa, wurin da aka ɗauka da sunayen mutanen da aka ɗauka hoto. Ana ajiye aikin Behrend a Nederlands Fotomuseum a [[Rotterdam]] . Hotunan daga 1904 zuwa 1913 sun nuna lokacin da iyalin suka zauna a Hanover yayin da waɗanda suka kasance daga 1913 zuwa 1929 suka nuna rayuwarta a Netherlands bayan ta auri Arie Haentjens, darektan masana'antar injin tururi a Leiden . A shekarar 1930, lokacin da ta fara amfani da Zeiss Ikon Ikonta, ta daina ajiye bayanai dalla-dalla. <ref name="fotonl">[http://www.fotografen.nl/nl/component/nfm_fotografen/fotograaf/id/5990 "Behrend, Katharina"], Nederlands Fotomuseum. {{In lang|nl}} Retrieved 20 March 2013.</ref> An ajiye wasu hotuna 900 na Behrend a gidan tarihi. Baya ga hotunan iyali da abokai, akwai hotunan [[Aljeriya]] (1905–06), gami da buraguzan haikalin da ke [[Timgad]], da kuma masana'antar mijinta (1913–1915). Akwai kuma hotunan tsirara na kanta da abokanta (1910–11) a lokacin da ta goyi bayan ƙungiyar Freikörperkultur ta Jamus. <ref name="fotonl" /> == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Mutuwan 1973]] fht570oduuvzcxygeuh0j17xca72kzu 895472 895471 2026-08-12T09:10:56Z Nnamadee 31123 895472 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Katharina Eleonore Behrend''' (22 ga Yuli, 1888 - 15 ga Nuwamba, 1973) ƴar daukar hoto ce 'yar asalin Jamusanci kuma 'yar ƙasar Holland wadda ake tunawa da ita saboda ayyukanta a nau'ikan hotunan hoto iri-iri, ciki har da hoton kanta tsirara. == Tarihin Rayuwa == An haife ta a [[Leipzig]], ta girma a cikin iyali mai wadata a matsayin 'yar Robert Behrend, farfesa a fannin sinadarai, wanda daga baya ya koma [[Hanover]] . Ta yi rikodin hotunan da ta ɗauka daga 1904 da hoton mahaifinta mai lamba 9 × 12 a hankali&nbsp;kyamarar cm, tana lura da saurin rufewa, buɗewa, wurin da aka ɗauka da sunayen mutanen da aka ɗauka hoto. Ana ajiye aikin Behrend a Nederlands Fotomuseum a [[Rotterdam]] . Hotunan daga 1904 zuwa 1913 sun nuna lokacin da iyalin suka zauna a Hanover yayin da waɗanda suka kasance daga 1913 zuwa 1929 suka nuna rayuwarta a Netherlands bayan ta auri Arie Haentjens, darektan masana'antar injin tururi a Leiden . A shekarar 1930, lokacin da ta fara amfani da Zeiss Ikon Ikonta, ta daina ajiye bayanai dalla-dalla. <ref name="fotonl">[http://www.fotografen.nl/nl/component/nfm_fotografen/fotograaf/id/5990 "Behrend, Katharina"], Nederlands Fotomuseum. {{In lang|nl}} Retrieved 20 March 2013.</ref> An ajiye wasu hotuna 900 na Behrend a gidan tarihi. Baya ga hotunan iyali da abokai, akwai hotunan [[Aljeriya]] (1905–06), gami da buraguzan haikalin da ke [[Timgad]], da kuma masana'antar mijinta (1913–1915). Akwai kuma hotunan tsirara na kanta da abokanta (1910–11) a lokacin da ta goyi bayan ƙungiyar Freikörperkultur ta Jamus. <ref name="fotonl" /> == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Mutuwan 1973]] 3834gey7f7z1ue27uctdk672w0lek7b 0 163313 895473 2026-08-12T09:12:15Z Nnamadee 31123 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1301294795|Margret Nissen]]" 895473 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Margret Nissen''' (an haife ta '''Margarete Speer''' ; 19 ga Yuni 1938) mai ɗaukar hoto ce 'yar ƙasar Jamus. Ita 'yar wani mai zane ne na Jamus kuma babban jami'in jam'iyyar Nazi Albert Speer (1905–1981). An sanya wa Margret suna ne bayan mahaifiyarta. Ta zauna a Obersalzberg har zuwa ƙarshen yaƙin. Bayan an daure mahaifinta a gidan yari, iyalin sun ƙaura zuwa Heidelberg . Ta yi karatun ilmin kayan tarihi a Jami'ar Ruprecht Karl ta Heidelberg . A ranar 14 ga Afrilu, 1962, ta auri Hans Nissen, masanin kayan tarihi, kuma ta ɗauki sunan iyalinsa. Tare, sun zauna a [[Bagdaza|Baghdad]] a Jamhuriyar Iraki ta Farko daga 1965 zuwa 1967, daga baya kuma suka zauna a Chicago da Berlin. Nissen ta fara ɗaukar hoto kuma galibi an koya mata da kanta. Tun daga shekarar 1980, ayyukanta galibi ana nuna su ne a baje kolin da aka yi a [[Berlin]] . A matsayinta na mai ɗaukar hoto a [[Karatun zanen gine-gine|fannin gine-gine]], ta yi aiki a baje kolin Berlin mai ''suna Topographie des Terrors'' . Ta buga littafi game da mahaifinta, ''Sind Sie die Tochter Speer?'' , a shekarar 2004. == Adabi == * Margret Speer: ''Sind Sie mutu Tochter Speer?'' Deutsche Verlags-Anstalt, München 2004. == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1938]] 76cfsg0s4ux2zt9w3u8o586w1fbxc6u 895474 895473 2026-08-12T09:12:54Z Nnamadee 31123 895474 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Margret Nissen''' (an haife ta '''Margarete Speer''' ; 19 ga Yuni 1938) mai ɗaukar hoto ce 'yar ƙasar Jamus. Ita 'yar wani mai zane ne na Jamus kuma babban jami'in jam'iyyar Nazi Albert Speer (1905–1981). An sanya wa Margret suna ne bayan mahaifiyarta. Ta zauna a Obersalzberg har zuwa ƙarshen yaƙin. Bayan an daure mahaifinta a gidan yari, iyalin sun ƙaura zuwa Heidelberg . Ta yi karatun ilmin kayan tarihi a Jami'ar Ruprecht Karl ta Heidelberg . A ranar 14 ga Afrilu, 1962, ta auri Hans Nissen, masanin kayan tarihi, kuma ta ɗauki sunan iyalinsa. Tare, sun zauna a [[Bagdaza|Baghdad]] a Jamhuriyar Iraki ta Farko daga 1965 zuwa 1967, daga baya kuma suka zauna a Chicago da Berlin. Nissen ta fara ɗaukar hoto kuma galibi an koya mata da kanta. Tun daga shekarar 1980, ayyukanta galibi ana nuna su ne a baje kolin da aka yi a [[Berlin]] . A matsayinta na mai ɗaukar hoto a [[Karatun zanen gine-gine|fannin gine-gine]], ta yi aiki a baje kolin Berlin mai ''suna Topographie des Terrors'' . Ta buga littafi game da mahaifinta, ''Sind Sie die Tochter Speer?'' , a shekarar 2004. == Adabi == * Margret Speer: ''Sind Sie mutu Tochter Speer?'' Deutsche Verlags-Anstalt, München 2004. == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1938]] f21f8e1jiemhc3um6xonh056qeme23l 895475 895474 2026-08-12T09:13:44Z Nnamadee 31123 895475 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Margret Nissen''' (an haife ta '''Margarete Speer''' ; 19 ga Yuni 1938) mai ɗaukar hoto ce 'yar ƙasar Jamus. Ita 'yar wani mai zane ne na Jamus kuma babban jami'in jam'iyyar Nazi Albert Speer (1905–1981).<ref>Speer, Margret (2004). Sind Sie Die Tochter Speer. München: Deutsche Verlags-Anstalt. <nowiki>ISBN 3-421-05844-X</nowiki>.</ref> An sanya wa Margret suna ne bayan mahaifiyarta. Ta zauna a Obersalzberg har zuwa ƙarshen yaƙin. Bayan an daure mahaifinta a gidan yari, iyalin sun ƙaura zuwa Heidelberg . Ta yi karatun ilmin kayan tarihi a Jami'ar Ruprecht Karl ta Heidelberg . A ranar 14 ga Afrilu, 1962, ta auri Hans Nissen, masanin kayan tarihi, kuma ta ɗauki sunan iyalinsa. Tare, sun zauna a [[Bagdaza|Baghdad]] a Jamhuriyar Iraki ta Farko daga 1965 zuwa 1967, daga baya kuma suka zauna a Chicago da Berlin. Nissen ta fara ɗaukar hoto kuma galibi an koya mata da kanta. Tun daga shekarar 1980, ayyukanta galibi ana nuna su ne a baje kolin da aka yi a [[Berlin]] . A matsayinta na mai ɗaukar hoto a [[Karatun zanen gine-gine|fannin gine-gine]], ta yi aiki a baje kolin Berlin mai ''suna Topographie des Terrors'' . Ta buga littafi game da mahaifinta, ''Sind Sie die Tochter Speer?'' , a shekarar 2004. == Adabi == * Margret Speer: ''Sind Sie mutu Tochter Speer?'' Deutsche Verlags-Anstalt, München 2004. == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1938]] ba645rgjkoe5guha21wll7apzg34spw 895476 895475 2026-08-12T09:14:23Z Nnamadee 31123 895476 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Margret Nissen''' (an haife ta '''Margarete Speer''' ; 19 ga Yuni 1938) mai ɗaukar hoto ce 'yar ƙasar Jamus. Ita 'yar wani mai zane ne na Jamus kuma babban jami'in jam'iyyar Nazi Albert Speer (1905–1981).<ref>Speer, Margret (2004). Sind Sie Die Tochter Speer. München: Deutsche Verlags-Anstalt. <nowiki>ISBN 3-421-05844-X</nowiki>.</ref> An sanya wa Margret suna ne bayan mahaifiyarta. Ta zauna a Obersalzberg har zuwa ƙarshen yaƙin. Bayan an daure mahaifinta a gidan yari, iyalin sun ƙaura zuwa Heidelberg . Ta yi karatun ilmin kayan tarihi a Jami'ar Ruprecht Karl ta Heidelberg . A ranar 14 ga Afrilu, 1962, ta auri Hans Nissen, masanin kayan tarihi, kuma ta ɗauki sunan iyalinsa. Tare, sun zauna a [[Bagdaza|Baghdad]] a Jamhuriyar Iraki ta Farko daga 1965 zuwa 1967, daga baya kuma suka zauna a Chicago da Berlin. Nissen ta fara ɗaukar hoto kuma galibi an koya mata da kanta. Tun daga shekarar 1980, ayyukanta galibi ana nuna su ne a baje kolin da aka yi a [[Berlin]] . A matsayinta na mai ɗaukar hoto a [[Karatun zanen gine-gine|fannin gine-gine]], ta yi aiki a baje kolin Berlin mai ''suna Topographie des Terrors'' . Ta buga littafi game da mahaifinta, ''Sind Sie die Tochter Speer?'' , a shekarar 2004.<ref>Nissen, Margret; Knapp, Margit; Seifert, Sabine (2005). Sind Sie die Tochter Speer? (in German). München: Deutsche Verlags-Anstalt. <nowiki>ISBN 978-3-421-05844-7</nowiki>. OCLC 58749621.</ref> == Adabi == * Margret Speer: ''Sind Sie mutu Tochter Speer?'' Deutsche Verlags-Anstalt, München 2004. == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1938]] a1a1xl8vpg89yna8i6fwipxudi6075g 0 163314 895477 2026-08-12T09:16:06Z Nnamadee 31123 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1321523052|Li Osborne]]" 895477 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Li Osborne''' ('yar shekara '''Luisa Friedericke Susanna Wolf''' ; 4 Janairu 1883 - 19 Agusta 1968), wacce aka fi sani da '''Louise Hutchinson''', ƙwararriyar mai ɗaukar hoto ce kuma mai sassaka tagulla da terracotta, an haife ta a Jamus, daga baya ta zama 'yar Birtaniya. == Tarihin Rayuwa == An haifi Osborne a [[Mainz|Mayence]], daga baya [[Mainz]], kuma ya yi karatu a Freiburg, Geneva da London. Mahaifiyarta Bavaria ce kuma mahaifinta ɗan ƙasar Birtaniya ne. <ref name="AWindsor" /> A shekarar 1920, Osborne ta yi baje kolin hotunanta na farko a Copenhagen. Tsakanin 1922 da 1924 ta gudanar da wani ɗakin daukar hoto a Baden-Baden, kuma a 1925 ta kafa ɗakin daukar hoto a Giselastraße 1, a [[München|Munich]] . A wannan lokacin ta kuma yi daukar hoto a gidan wasan kwaikwayo. A cikin 1925 Osborne ya zama memba na ''Gesellschaft Deutscher Lichtbildner'', Society of German Photographers. Hotunan da ta dauka sun haɗa da Jean Arp, Albert Schweitzer da kuma fim ɗin King Lear a cikin salon da aka yi wa ado da salon bayyana ra'ayi. A shekarar 1934, Osborne ta sayar da ɗakinta ta yi ƙaura zuwa Switzerland. A lokacin Yaƙin Duniya na Biyu, a Zurich, ta fara koyar da kanta sassaka. Duk da cewa galibi an koyar da ita a matsayin mai sassaka, ta sami shawarwari daga masu fasaha da yawa da aka san su a duniya, yayin da take zaune a Switzerland. <ref name="AWindsor" /> A shekarar 1945, Osborne ta ƙaura zuwa Gabashin Bergholt a Ingila kuma ta sadaukar da lokacinta ga sassaka. An gina sassakanta bisa ga zane-zane da kuma bayyana ra'ayi, kuma sau da yawa tana barin alamun aikinta na kayan a cikin kayan da aka gama, sabanin aikin da aka yi da sassauƙa na wasu. A shekarun 1953 da 1956 an nuna ayyukanta a Beaux-Arts Gallery, London. <ref name="Spalding" /> A shekarar 1953, ta kasance ɗaya daga cikin mawakan Birtaniya goma sha biyu da aka haɗa a gasar ƙasa da ƙasa don tunawa da Gasar Fursunoni ta Siyasa da Ba a San Ko Wanene ba. <ref name="Spalding" /> <ref name="AFoster" /> Zane-zanenta sun haɗa da Sandor Vegh, Herbert Read, Helen Lessore da masu fasaha [[Bernard Leach]], Patrick Heron da Mary Fedden . <ref name="BuckmanVol1" /> <ref name="AFoster" /> Sassakanta mai siffar ''Three-fold Head'' yana cikin tarin Tate . <ref name="AFoster" /> A matsayinta na Louise Frederike Susanna Hutchinson-Wolf, ita da mijinta William Doge (Bill) Hutchinson (1883–1966) sun sanya hannu kan rajistar taron Eranos a shekarun 1935, 1945, 1946, 1949, 1952 da 1953. == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Mutuwan 1968]] [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1883]] 3diltyxcm79uodi9onk61krmeojfkfm 895478 895477 2026-08-12T09:16:31Z Nnamadee 31123 895478 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Li Osborne''' ('yar shekara '''Luisa Friedericke Susanna Wolf''' ; 4 Janairu 1883 - 19 Agusta 1968), wacce aka fi sani da '''Louise Hutchinson''', ƙwararriyar mai ɗaukar hoto ce kuma mai sassaka tagulla da terracotta, an haife ta a Jamus, daga baya ta zama 'yar Birtaniya. == Tarihin Rayuwa == An haifi Osborne a [[Mainz|Mayence]], daga baya [[Mainz]], kuma ya yi karatu a Freiburg, Geneva da London. Mahaifiyarta Bavaria ce kuma mahaifinta ɗan ƙasar Birtaniya ne. <ref name="AWindsor" /> A shekarar 1920, Osborne ta yi baje kolin hotunanta na farko a Copenhagen. Tsakanin 1922 da 1924 ta gudanar da wani ɗakin daukar hoto a Baden-Baden, kuma a 1925 ta kafa ɗakin daukar hoto a Giselastraße 1, a [[München|Munich]] . A wannan lokacin ta kuma yi daukar hoto a gidan wasan kwaikwayo. A cikin 1925 Osborne ya zama memba na ''Gesellschaft Deutscher Lichtbildner'', Society of German Photographers. Hotunan da ta dauka sun haɗa da Jean Arp, Albert Schweitzer da kuma fim ɗin King Lear a cikin salon da aka yi wa ado da salon bayyana ra'ayi. A shekarar 1934, Osborne ta sayar da ɗakinta ta yi ƙaura zuwa Switzerland. A lokacin Yaƙin Duniya na Biyu, a Zurich, ta fara koyar da kanta sassaka. Duk da cewa galibi an koyar da ita a matsayin mai sassaka, ta sami shawarwari daga masu fasaha da yawa da aka san su a duniya, yayin da take zaune a Switzerland. <ref name="AWindsor" /> A shekarar 1945, Osborne ta ƙaura zuwa Gabashin Bergholt a Ingila kuma ta sadaukar da lokacinta ga sassaka. An gina sassakanta bisa ga zane-zane da kuma bayyana ra'ayi, kuma sau da yawa tana barin alamun aikinta na kayan a cikin kayan da aka gama, sabanin aikin da aka yi da sassauƙa na wasu. A shekarun 1953 da 1956 an nuna ayyukanta a Beaux-Arts Gallery, London. <ref name="Spalding" /> A shekarar 1953, ta kasance ɗaya daga cikin mawakan Birtaniya goma sha biyu da aka haɗa a gasar ƙasa da ƙasa don tunawa da Gasar Fursunoni ta Siyasa da Ba a San Ko Wanene ba. <ref name="Spalding" /> <ref name="AFoster" /> Zane-zanenta sun haɗa da Sandor Vegh, Herbert Read, Helen Lessore da masu fasaha [[Bernard Leach]], Patrick Heron da Mary Fedden . <ref name="BuckmanVol1" /> <ref name="AFoster" /> Sassakanta mai siffar ''Three-fold Head'' yana cikin tarin Tate . <ref name="AFoster" /> A matsayinta na Louise Frederike Susanna Hutchinson-Wolf, ita da mijinta William Doge (Bill) Hutchinson (1883–1966) sun sanya hannu kan rajistar taron Eranos a shekarun 1935, 1945, 1946, 1949, 1952 da 1953. == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Mutuwan 1968]] [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1883]] igfigei0igap41ohc9uqdztoo8n24lj 895479 895478 2026-08-12T09:17:30Z Nnamadee 31123 895479 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Li Osborne''' ('yar shekara '''Luisa Friedericke Susanna Wolf''' ; 4 Janairu 1883 - 19 Agusta 1968), wacce aka fi sani da '''Louise Hutchinson''', ƙwararriyar mai ɗaukar hoto ce kuma mai sassaka tagulla da terracotta, an haife ta a Jamus, daga baya ta zama 'yar Birtaniya.<ref>Alan Windsor (2003). ''British Sculptors of the Twentieth Century''. Ashgate. ISBN&#x20;<bdi>1-85928-4566</bdi>.</ref> == Tarihin Rayuwa == An haifi Osborne a [[Mainz|Mayence]], daga baya [[Mainz]], kuma ya yi karatu a Freiburg, Geneva da London. Mahaifiyarta Bavaria ce kuma mahaifinta ɗan ƙasar Birtaniya ne. <ref name="AWindsor" /> A shekarar 1920, Osborne ta yi baje kolin hotunanta na farko a Copenhagen. Tsakanin 1922 da 1924 ta gudanar da wani ɗakin daukar hoto a Baden-Baden, kuma a 1925 ta kafa ɗakin daukar hoto a Giselastraße 1, a [[München|Munich]] . A wannan lokacin ta kuma yi daukar hoto a gidan wasan kwaikwayo. A cikin 1925 Osborne ya zama memba na ''Gesellschaft Deutscher Lichtbildner'', Society of German Photographers. Hotunan da ta dauka sun haɗa da Jean Arp, Albert Schweitzer da kuma fim ɗin King Lear a cikin salon da aka yi wa ado da salon bayyana ra'ayi. A shekarar 1934, Osborne ta sayar da ɗakinta ta yi ƙaura zuwa Switzerland. A lokacin Yaƙin Duniya na Biyu, a Zurich, ta fara koyar da kanta sassaka. Duk da cewa galibi an koyar da ita a matsayin mai sassaka, ta sami shawarwari daga masu fasaha da yawa da aka san su a duniya, yayin da take zaune a Switzerland. <ref name="AWindsor" /><ref>Alan Windsor (2003). British Sculptors of the Twentieth Century. Ashgate. <nowiki>ISBN 1-85928-4566</nowiki>.</ref> A shekarar 1945, Osborne ta ƙaura zuwa Gabashin Bergholt a Ingila kuma ta sadaukar da lokacinta ga sassaka. An gina sassakanta bisa ga zane-zane da kuma bayyana ra'ayi, kuma sau da yawa tana barin alamun aikinta na kayan a cikin kayan da aka gama, sabanin aikin da aka yi da sassauƙa na wasu. A shekarun 1953 da 1956 an nuna ayyukanta a Beaux-Arts Gallery, London. <ref name="Spalding" /> A shekarar 1953, ta kasance ɗaya daga cikin mawakan Birtaniya goma sha biyu da aka haɗa a gasar ƙasa da ƙasa don tunawa da Gasar Fursunoni ta Siyasa da Ba a San Ko Wanene ba. <ref name="Spalding" /> <ref name="AFoster" /> Zane-zanenta sun haɗa da Sandor Vegh, Herbert Read, Helen Lessore da masu fasaha [[Bernard Leach]], Patrick Heron da Mary Fedden . <ref name="BuckmanVol1" /> <ref name="AFoster" /> Sassakanta mai siffar ''Three-fold Head'' yana cikin tarin Tate . <ref name="AFoster" /> A matsayinta na Louise Frederike Susanna Hutchinson-Wolf, ita da mijinta William Doge (Bill) Hutchinson (1883–1966) sun sanya hannu kan rajistar taron Eranos a shekarun 1935, 1945, 1946, 1949, 1952 da 1953. == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Mutuwan 1968]] [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1883]] ixu8r662yeaoxdbvcsdea7r9eazx3zh 895480 895479 2026-08-12T09:18:11Z Nnamadee 31123 895480 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Li Osborne''' ('yar shekara '''Luisa Friedericke Susanna Wolf''' ; 4 Janairu 1883 - 19 Agusta 1968), wacce aka fi sani da '''Louise Hutchinson''', ƙwararriyar mai ɗaukar hoto ce kuma mai sassaka tagulla da terracotta, an haife ta a Jamus, daga baya ta zama 'yar Birtaniya.<ref>Alan Windsor (2003). ''British Sculptors of the Twentieth Century''. Ashgate. ISBN&#x20;<bdi>1-85928-4566</bdi>.</ref> == Tarihin Rayuwa == An haifi Osborne a [[Mainz|Mayence]], daga baya [[Mainz]], kuma ya yi karatu a Freiburg, Geneva da London. Mahaifiyarta Bavaria ce kuma mahaifinta ɗan ƙasar Birtaniya ne. <ref name="AWindsor" /> A shekarar 1920, Osborne ta yi baje kolin hotunanta na farko a Copenhagen. Tsakanin 1922 da 1924 ta gudanar da wani ɗakin daukar hoto a Baden-Baden, kuma a 1925 ta kafa ɗakin daukar hoto a Giselastraße 1, a [[München|Munich]] . A wannan lokacin ta kuma yi daukar hoto a gidan wasan kwaikwayo. A cikin 1925 Osborne ya zama memba na ''Gesellschaft Deutscher Lichtbildner'', Society of German Photographers. Hotunan da ta dauka sun haɗa da Jean Arp, Albert Schweitzer da kuma fim ɗin King Lear a cikin salon da aka yi wa ado da salon bayyana ra'ayi. A shekarar 1934, Osborne ta sayar da ɗakinta ta yi ƙaura zuwa Switzerland. A lokacin Yaƙin Duniya na Biyu, a Zurich, ta fara koyar da kanta sassaka. Duk da cewa galibi an koyar da ita a matsayin mai sassaka, ta sami shawarwari daga masu fasaha da yawa da aka san su a duniya, yayin da take zaune a Switzerland. <ref name="AWindsor" /><ref>Alan Windsor (2003). British Sculptors of the Twentieth Century. Ashgate. <nowiki>ISBN 1-85928-4566</nowiki>.</ref> A shekarar 1945, Osborne ta ƙaura zuwa Gabashin Bergholt a Ingila kuma ta sadaukar da lokacinta ga sassaka. An gina sassakanta bisa ga zane-zane da kuma bayyana ra'ayi, kuma sau da yawa tana barin alamun aikinta na kayan a cikin kayan da aka gama, sabanin aikin da aka yi da sassauƙa na wasu. A shekarun 1953 da 1956 an nuna ayyukanta a Beaux-Arts Gallery, London. <ref name="Spalding" /> A shekarar 1953, ta kasance ɗaya daga cikin mawakan Birtaniya goma sha biyu da aka haɗa a gasar ƙasa da ƙasa don tunawa da Gasar Fursunoni ta Siyasa da Ba a San Ko Wanene ba. <ref name="Spalding" /> <ref name="AFoster" /> Zane-zanenta sun haɗa da Sandor Vegh, Herbert Read, Helen Lessore da masu fasaha [[Bernard Leach]], Patrick Heron da Mary Fedden . <ref name="BuckmanVol1" /> <ref name="AFoster" /> Sassakanta mai siffar ''Three-fold Head'' yana cikin tarin Tate . <ref name="AFoster" /> A matsayinta na Louise Frederike Susanna Hutchinson-Wolf, ita da mijinta William Doge (Bill) Hutchinson (1883–1966) sun sanya hannu kan rajistar taron Eranos a shekarun 1935, 1945, 1946, 1949, 1952 da 1953.<ref>Riccardo Bernardini, Jung a Eranos. Il progetto della psicologia complessa: Il progetto della,</ref> == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Mutuwan 1968]] [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1883]] eo8fshp5li8mxlhvqitjddb25tpo0ln 0 163315 895486 2026-08-12T09:23:28Z Nnamadee 31123 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1354655003|Emilie Bieber]]" 895486 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Fayil:Email_Emilie_Bieber_Repro_K-1._Niermann_SA_IMG_1386.png|thumb|207x207px| Emilie Bieber]] '''Emilie Bieber''' (1810–1884) wata mai ɗaukar hoto ce 'yar ƙasar Jamus wadda ta buɗe wani sitidiyo a [[Hamburg]] tun daga shekarar 1852. <ref name="Bake">[http://www.hamburg.de/clp/frauenbiografien-namensregister/clp1/hamburgde/onepage.php?BIOID=3209&qR=E&PR=1 Rita Bake, "Emilie Bieber"], Hamburg.de. {{In lang|de}} Retrieved 8 March 2013.</ref> == Tarihin Rayuwa == A ranar 16 ga Satumba 1852, Bieber ya buɗe ɗakin studio na daguerreotype a 26, Großen Bäckerstraße a Hamburg a lokacin da maza ke yin daukar hoto kusan kawai. Sakamakon haka, ta kasance ɗaya daga cikin mata na farko da suka zama ƙwararren mai ɗaukar hoto a Jamus. Da farko kasuwancinta bai yi kyau ba. A daidai lokacin da take shirin sayar da shi, ta sami ƙarfafa gwiwa daga wani boka wanda ya ga "kaya da yawa suna jira a wajen ɗakin studio ɗinta." <ref>[http://www.dietermartin.de/tbieber/index.htm Dieter Martin, "Spaziergang durch die Geschichte der Fotografie, page 38"]. {{In lang|de}} Retrieved 8 March 2013.</ref> Godiya ga irin wannan ƙarfafa gwiwa, ta ci gaba da zama mai ɗaukar hoto mai nasara, ƙwararriya a fannin hotunan da aka yi wa fenti da hannu. A shekarar 1872, Yarima Friedrich Karl na Prussia ya naɗa mata mai ɗaukar hoto a kotun. Bayan ta mayar da ɗakin studio ɗinta zuwa 20, Neuer Jungfernstieg, ta mayar da kasuwancinta ga ɗan uwanta Leonard Bieber (1841–1931) wanda ya yi nasarar gudanar da kasuwancin daga 1885, inda ya buɗe reshe a Berlin a 1892. <ref name="Bake" /> == Hotunan Hotuna == <gallery class="center" widths="130px" heights="260px" mode="packed"> Fayil:Franz_von_Suppé_by_E._Bieber.jpg| Franz von Suppé Fayil:Hegyesi.jpg|alt=Austrian cellist Louis Hegyesi| Louis Hegyesi dan kasar Austria Fayil:Quatuor-florentin.jpg| Quatuor Florentin </gallery> == Manazarta == dnlz56e2he8au45m1tlloj8asd7tny9 895487 895486 2026-08-12T09:23:55Z Nnamadee 31123 895487 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} [[Fayil:Email_Emilie_Bieber_Repro_K-1._Niermann_SA_IMG_1386.png|thumb|207x207px| Emilie Bieber]] '''Emilie Bieber''' (1810–1884) wata mai ɗaukar hoto ce 'yar ƙasar Jamus wadda ta buɗe wani sitidiyo a [[Hamburg]] tun daga shekarar 1852. <ref name="Bake">[http://www.hamburg.de/clp/frauenbiografien-namensregister/clp1/hamburgde/onepage.php?BIOID=3209&qR=E&PR=1 Rita Bake, "Emilie Bieber"], Hamburg.de. {{In lang|de}} Retrieved 8 March 2013.</ref> == Tarihin Rayuwa == A ranar 16 ga Satumba 1852, Bieber ya buɗe ɗakin studio na daguerreotype a 26, Großen Bäckerstraße a Hamburg a lokacin da maza ke yin daukar hoto kusan kawai. Sakamakon haka, ta kasance ɗaya daga cikin mata na farko da suka zama ƙwararren mai ɗaukar hoto a Jamus. Da farko kasuwancinta bai yi kyau ba. A daidai lokacin da take shirin sayar da shi, ta sami ƙarfafa gwiwa daga wani boka wanda ya ga "kaya da yawa suna jira a wajen ɗakin studio ɗinta." <ref>[http://www.dietermartin.de/tbieber/index.htm Dieter Martin, "Spaziergang durch die Geschichte der Fotografie, page 38"]. {{In lang|de}} Retrieved 8 March 2013.</ref> Godiya ga irin wannan ƙarfafa gwiwa, ta ci gaba da zama mai ɗaukar hoto mai nasara, ƙwararriya a fannin hotunan da aka yi wa fenti da hannu. A shekarar 1872, Yarima Friedrich Karl na Prussia ya naɗa mata mai ɗaukar hoto a kotun. Bayan ta mayar da ɗakin studio ɗinta zuwa 20, Neuer Jungfernstieg, ta mayar da kasuwancinta ga ɗan uwanta Leonard Bieber (1841–1931) wanda ya yi nasarar gudanar da kasuwancin daga 1885, inda ya buɗe reshe a Berlin a 1892. <ref name="Bake" /> == Hotunan Hotuna == <gallery class="center" widths="130px" heights="260px" mode="packed"> Fayil:Franz_von_Suppé_by_E._Bieber.jpg| Franz von Suppé Fayil:Hegyesi.jpg|alt=Austrian cellist Louis Hegyesi| Louis Hegyesi dan kasar Austria Fayil:Quatuor-florentin.jpg| Quatuor Florentin </gallery> == Manazarta == g3xtdbyx673m79ls4oea6tfpy0e71u9 0 163316 895488 2026-08-12T09:25:51Z Nnamadee 31123 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1354146422|Angelika Platen]]" 895488 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Angelika Platen''' (an haife ta a ranar 19 ga Fabrairu, 1942 a Heidelberg ) wata mai ɗaukar hoto ce 'yar ƙasar Jamus wadda aka sani a duniya saboda hotunanta na masu fasaha . <ref name="Spiegel Online">{{Cite web |last=Keller |first=Maren |title=Porträtfotos von Angelika Platen: Abtauchen, Auftauchen, Klick |url=http://www.spiegel.de/kultur/gesellschaft/portraetfotos-von-angelika-platen-abtauchen-auftauchen-klick-a-717239.html |access-date=27 December 2016 |website=Spiegel Online}}</ref> == Rayuwa da aiki == Angelika Platen ta yi karatun tarihin fasaha, nazarin soyayya da kuma nazarin Gabas a Jami'ar Free University of Berlin . <ref name="Der Tagesspiegel">{{Cite web |last=Meixner |first=Christiane |title=Besuch mich doch mal im Studio |url=http://www.tagesspiegel.de/kultur/fotografie-besuch-mich-doch-mal-im-studio/3014128.html |access-date=27 December 2016 |website=Der Tagesspiegel}}</ref> sai kuma daukar hoto a Jami'ar Fasaha ta Hamburg . [[Fayil:Zwei_im_Spiegel,_Sigmar_Polke_und_Angelika_Platen,_fotografiert_von_Angelika_Platen,_Willich_1972.jpg|thumb| © Angelika Platen, Sigmar Polke da Angelika Platen, Zwei im Spiegel, Willich 1972]] A shekarar 1968 ta fara aiki a matsayin [[Mai daukar hoto|mai ɗaukar hoto]] da kuma mai ɗaukar hoto . A cikin 1969 ta baje kolin hotunanta a karon farko a gidan wasan kwaikwayo Die Insel karkashin taken Künstler sind auch nur Menschen. Daga shekarar 1970 zuwa 1972 ta yi aiki a matsayin 'yar jarida a sashen kasuwanci na "Kunst als Ware" na jaridar Die Zeit ta mako-mako. Aurenta na farko ya kasance da Karl Günter Simon, marubuci kuma marubuci, wanda ta haifi 'ya'ya mata biyu tare. Daga shekarar 1972 zuwa 1975 ta gudanar da gidan adana kayan tarihi [[Gunter Sachs|na Gunter Sachs]] da ke Milchstrasse a [[Hamburg]] . A wannan lokacin ta samar da ɗaruruwan hotunan matasa masu fasaha a farkon aikinsu, waɗanda wasu daga cikinsu yanzu sun shahara a duniya. Waƙoƙinta sun nuna masu zane-zane, masu sassaka, masu zane-zanen ra'ayi da kuma masu zane-zane a cikin mahallin fasaha nasu: tana ɗaukar hotunansu duka a cikin yanayinsu na musamman da kuma a cikin yanayi na musamman. A ƙarshen shekarun 1970, mai ɗaukar hoton ya koma [[Faris|Paris]], inda ta yi aiki a matsayin shugabar sashen hulɗa da jama'a a wani kamfanin fasahar sadarwa. Ta sake yin aure kuma ta haifi 'ya ta uku. A shekarar 1997, ta ci gaba da karatunta na daukar hoto, inda Mataki na II na ayyukan daukar hoto suka fara ba tare da wani cikas ba. Abokiyar zamanta na shekaru da yawa, 'yar jaridar al'adu kuma mai tallata labarai Günter Engelhard, editan littattafanta kuma marubucin rubuce-rubuce da yawa game da ita, ta ƙirƙiri taken hotuna na waƙoƙi don hotunanta. Angelika Platen ya dauki hoto mai yawa na masu fasaha na zamani, ciki har da a cikin Phase I, Georg Baselitz, Joseph Beuys, Christo, [[Hanne Darboven]], Walter de Maria, Dan Graham, Blinky Palermo, Sigmar Polke, Gerhard Richter, James Rosenquist, Günther Uecker . A Mataki na Biyu, ta dauki hotunan Marina Abramović, John Armleder, Christian Boltanski, Jeff Koons, Neo Rauch, Julian Rosefeldt da Thomas Struth, da sauransu. Daga baya ta sake ɗaukar hotunan wasu daga cikin sabbin waɗanda ta fara ɗauka a shekarun 1960 da 1970. Waɗannan hotunan sun sake duba wasu fitattun mawakan da suka tsufa. A lokacin bikin baje kolin 1998 na Angelika Platen - Photo Works, Gidan Tarihi na Moderne Kunst da ke Frankfurt am Main ya sami tarin hotunan da aka ɗauka tsakanin 1968 da 1974. Za a ci gaba da baje kolin a wasu shahararrun cibiyoyi, ciki har da [[Martin-Gropius-Bau]], Haus am Lützowplatz, Willy-Brand-Haus da kuma Institut-Francais da ke Berlin. An nuna hotunan Platen a Goethe Institutes da ke [[Washington, D.C.|Washington]] da [[Faris|Paris]] . A [https://www.delmenhorst.de/aktuelles/presse2015/150408-galerie-ausstellung-platen-spurenlese.php Städtische Galerie Delmenhorst], an sanya hotunanta a cikin tattaunawa tare da takaddun ta mai karɓar Egidio Marzona . An nuna hotunan ra'ayoyi na shekarun 1960 da 1970 a cikin baje kolin kayan tarihi na mai tara kaya Axel Haubrok. [[Fayil:Verblühende_Zeit,_Hanne_Darboven_fotografiert_von_Angelika_Platen,_Hamburg_2002.jpg|thumb| © Angelika Platen, [[Hanne Darboven]], Lokacin furanni, Hamburg 2002]] Baya ga aikinta na mai ɗaukar hoto, Platen tana tattara hotunan masu fasaha daga wasu masu ɗaukar hoto. Tarin hotunanta ya fara ne "a ƙarshen karni na 20" da hotunan Berenice Abbot (Eugène Atget), Man Ray ( [[Pablo Picasso]] )[1] har zuwa hotunan Robert Mapplethorpe da Duane Michal na Andy Warhol . A shekarar 2018, ta gabatar da hotuna 180 daga tarin hotunan masu zane sama da 700, ciki har da Robert Capa, Henri Cartier-Bresson, [[Robert Doisneau]] da Germaine Krull, ga jama'a a karon farko a baje kolin Künstler Komplex (Masana'antar Zane) a Gidan Tarihi na Für Fotografie (Berlin) . Angelika Platen "ƙwararriyar mai zane ce mai zane", in ji Andreas Kilb a cikin shirin FAZ a shekarar 2018: Hoton [[Hanne Darboven]] na shekarar 2002 "ɗaya ne daga cikin manyan ayyukan da aka yi a wannan fanni domin yana mayar da shahararren mutum zuwa ra'ayin ɗan adam". Hoton, mai taken Verblühende Zeit, ya nuna mai zane mai shekaru sittin yana shan taba kusa da furannin orchids . "Wannan hoton yana da muhimmanci domin yana ci gaba da wata al'ada a tarihin zane-zane na Yamma wadda ta fara a lokacin Renaissance, kuma a lokaci guda tana canza shi." Ludger Derenthal da Joachim Brand sun rubuta game da Platen: "A matsayinta na mai zane-zane, ta tsara yadda jama'a ke kallon masu zane tsawon shekaru da yawa, kuma tarin hotunanta ana iya ganin su a matsayin tabbacin kanta ga tushen aikinta." [[Fayil:©_Angelika_Platen,_Miriam_Vlaming,_Beflügelte_Malerin,_Berlin_2017.tif|thumb| © Angelika Platen, [https://miriamvlaming.de/ Miriam Vlaming], Mai zanen Winged, Berlin 2017]] An rubuta ayyukan Platen sosai a cikin littattafai daban-daban masu zane-zane kuma an nuna su a baje kolin kayayyaki da yawa. == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1942]] [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] 91life24rs7mc5ccgslw95muz6nenot 895489 895488 2026-08-12T09:26:22Z Nnamadee 31123 895489 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Angelika Platen''' (an haife ta a ranar 19 ga Fabrairu, 1942 a Heidelberg ) wata mai ɗaukar hoto ce 'yar ƙasar Jamus wadda aka sani a duniya saboda hotunanta na masu fasaha . <ref name="Spiegel Online">{{Cite web |last=Keller |first=Maren |title=Porträtfotos von Angelika Platen: Abtauchen, Auftauchen, Klick |url=http://www.spiegel.de/kultur/gesellschaft/portraetfotos-von-angelika-platen-abtauchen-auftauchen-klick-a-717239.html |access-date=27 December 2016 |website=Spiegel Online}}</ref> == Rayuwa da aiki == Angelika Platen ta yi karatun tarihin fasaha, nazarin soyayya da kuma nazarin Gabas a Jami'ar Free University of Berlin . <ref name="Der Tagesspiegel">{{Cite web |last=Meixner |first=Christiane |title=Besuch mich doch mal im Studio |url=http://www.tagesspiegel.de/kultur/fotografie-besuch-mich-doch-mal-im-studio/3014128.html |access-date=27 December 2016 |website=Der Tagesspiegel}}</ref> sai kuma daukar hoto a Jami'ar Fasaha ta Hamburg . [[Fayil:Zwei_im_Spiegel,_Sigmar_Polke_und_Angelika_Platen,_fotografiert_von_Angelika_Platen,_Willich_1972.jpg|thumb| © Angelika Platen, Sigmar Polke da Angelika Platen, Zwei im Spiegel, Willich 1972]] A shekarar 1968 ta fara aiki a matsayin [[Mai daukar hoto|mai ɗaukar hoto]] da kuma mai ɗaukar hoto . A cikin 1969 ta baje kolin hotunanta a karon farko a gidan wasan kwaikwayo Die Insel karkashin taken Künstler sind auch nur Menschen. Daga shekarar 1970 zuwa 1972 ta yi aiki a matsayin 'yar jarida a sashen kasuwanci na "Kunst als Ware" na jaridar Die Zeit ta mako-mako. Aurenta na farko ya kasance da Karl Günter Simon, marubuci kuma marubuci, wanda ta haifi 'ya'ya mata biyu tare. Daga shekarar 1972 zuwa 1975 ta gudanar da gidan adana kayan tarihi [[Gunter Sachs|na Gunter Sachs]] da ke Milchstrasse a [[Hamburg]] . A wannan lokacin ta samar da ɗaruruwan hotunan matasa masu fasaha a farkon aikinsu, waɗanda wasu daga cikinsu yanzu sun shahara a duniya. Waƙoƙinta sun nuna masu zane-zane, masu sassaka, masu zane-zanen ra'ayi da kuma masu zane-zane a cikin mahallin fasaha nasu: tana ɗaukar hotunansu duka a cikin yanayinsu na musamman da kuma a cikin yanayi na musamman. A ƙarshen shekarun 1970, mai ɗaukar hoton ya koma [[Faris|Paris]], inda ta yi aiki a matsayin shugabar sashen hulɗa da jama'a a wani kamfanin fasahar sadarwa. Ta sake yin aure kuma ta haifi 'ya ta uku. A shekarar 1997, ta ci gaba da karatunta na daukar hoto, inda Mataki na II na ayyukan daukar hoto suka fara ba tare da wani cikas ba. Abokiyar zamanta na shekaru da yawa, 'yar jaridar al'adu kuma mai tallata labarai Günter Engelhard, editan littattafanta kuma marubucin rubuce-rubuce da yawa game da ita, ta ƙirƙiri taken hotuna na waƙoƙi don hotunanta. Angelika Platen ya dauki hoto mai yawa na masu fasaha na zamani, ciki har da a cikin Phase I, Georg Baselitz, Joseph Beuys, Christo, [[Hanne Darboven]], Walter de Maria, Dan Graham, Blinky Palermo, Sigmar Polke, Gerhard Richter, James Rosenquist, Günther Uecker . A Mataki na Biyu, ta dauki hotunan Marina Abramović, John Armleder, Christian Boltanski, Jeff Koons, Neo Rauch, Julian Rosefeldt da Thomas Struth, da sauransu. Daga baya ta sake ɗaukar hotunan wasu daga cikin sabbin waɗanda ta fara ɗauka a shekarun 1960 da 1970. Waɗannan hotunan sun sake duba wasu fitattun mawakan da suka tsufa. A lokacin bikin baje kolin 1998 na Angelika Platen - Photo Works, Gidan Tarihi na Moderne Kunst da ke Frankfurt am Main ya sami tarin hotunan da aka ɗauka tsakanin 1968 da 1974. Za a ci gaba da baje kolin a wasu shahararrun cibiyoyi, ciki har da [[Martin-Gropius-Bau]], Haus am Lützowplatz, Willy-Brand-Haus da kuma Institut-Francais da ke Berlin. An nuna hotunan Platen a Goethe Institutes da ke [[Washington, D.C.|Washington]] da [[Faris|Paris]] . A [https://www.delmenhorst.de/aktuelles/presse2015/150408-galerie-ausstellung-platen-spurenlese.php Städtische Galerie Delmenhorst], an sanya hotunanta a cikin tattaunawa tare da takaddun ta mai karɓar Egidio Marzona . An nuna hotunan ra'ayoyi na shekarun 1960 da 1970 a cikin baje kolin kayan tarihi na mai tara kaya Axel Haubrok. [[Fayil:Verblühende_Zeit,_Hanne_Darboven_fotografiert_von_Angelika_Platen,_Hamburg_2002.jpg|thumb| © Angelika Platen, [[Hanne Darboven]], Lokacin furanni, Hamburg 2002]] Baya ga aikinta na mai ɗaukar hoto, Platen tana tattara hotunan masu fasaha daga wasu masu ɗaukar hoto. Tarin hotunanta ya fara ne "a ƙarshen karni na 20" da hotunan Berenice Abbot (Eugène Atget), Man Ray ( [[Pablo Picasso]] )[1] har zuwa hotunan Robert Mapplethorpe da Duane Michal na Andy Warhol . A shekarar 2018, ta gabatar da hotuna 180 daga tarin hotunan masu zane sama da 700, ciki har da Robert Capa, Henri Cartier-Bresson, [[Robert Doisneau]] da Germaine Krull, ga jama'a a karon farko a baje kolin Künstler Komplex (Masana'antar Zane) a Gidan Tarihi na Für Fotografie (Berlin) . Angelika Platen "ƙwararriyar mai zane ce mai zane", in ji Andreas Kilb a cikin shirin FAZ a shekarar 2018: Hoton [[Hanne Darboven]] na shekarar 2002 "ɗaya ne daga cikin manyan ayyukan da aka yi a wannan fanni domin yana mayar da shahararren mutum zuwa ra'ayin ɗan adam". Hoton, mai taken Verblühende Zeit, ya nuna mai zane mai shekaru sittin yana shan taba kusa da furannin orchids . "Wannan hoton yana da muhimmanci domin yana ci gaba da wata al'ada a tarihin zane-zane na Yamma wadda ta fara a lokacin Renaissance, kuma a lokaci guda tana canza shi." Ludger Derenthal da Joachim Brand sun rubuta game da Platen: "A matsayinta na mai zane-zane, ta tsara yadda jama'a ke kallon masu zane tsawon shekaru da yawa, kuma tarin hotunanta ana iya ganin su a matsayin tabbacin kanta ga tushen aikinta." [[Fayil:©_Angelika_Platen,_Miriam_Vlaming,_Beflügelte_Malerin,_Berlin_2017.tif|thumb| © Angelika Platen, [https://miriamvlaming.de/ Miriam Vlaming], Mai zanen Winged, Berlin 2017]] An rubuta ayyukan Platen sosai a cikin littattafai daban-daban masu zane-zane kuma an nuna su a baje kolin kayayyaki da yawa. == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1942]] [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] t34wtomv7ywe5q74fgzmcbhwjaze6dh 0 163317 895492 2026-08-12T09:44:16Z Jidda3711 14843 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1329753263|Al-Nuayman ibn Amr]]" 895492 wikitext text/x-wiki <templatestyles src="Module:Infobox/styles.css"></templatestyles>  '''Al-Nuayman ibn Amr al- Najjari''' ( Arabic ); kuma '''Abdullah''' ; [[Sahabban Annabi|sahabin]] [[Annabi|annabin Musulunci ne]] [[Muhammad|Muhammadu]]. <ref>{{Cite web |date=2010-07-01 |title=Prophet Muhammad — 31: Enjoying a funny gesture |url=https://www.arabnews.com/node/349174 |website=www.arabnews.com}}</ref> Ya auri 'yar'uwar [[Abd al-Rahman ɗan Awf|Abd al-Rahman ibn Awf]], ba a san ranar haihuwarsa ba. Ya rasu a shekara ta 652 bayan haihuwar Annabi Isa. == Tarihi == Al-Nuayman, shi ne ɗan Amr bin Rifa'ah bin Al-Harith bin Sawad da Fatima bint Amr bin Attiya Al-Najjariya. Yaransa sun haɗa da Muhammad, Aamir, Sabrah, Lubabah, Kabshah, Maryam, Ummi Habeeb, Amatullah, da Hakimah. Ya halarci muhimman tarurruka kamar [[Bay'ah|Bai'at]] ta biyu a Aqabah tare da Ansar 70 kuma ya yi yaƙi tare da Muhammad a yaƙe-yaƙe kamar [[Yaƙin Badar|Badr]], [[Yaƙin Uhudu|Uhud]], da [[Yaƙin gwalalo|Khandaq]] . Muhammad ya yabi Nuayman, yana mai jaddada soyayyarsa ga Allah da Muhammadu. Nuayman ya rasu a zamanin mulkin Mu'awiyyah a shekara ta 60 bayan hijira. Nuayman an san shi da wasan kwaikwayo kuma ya taɓa yin gwagwarmaya da maye, duk da sanin matsayin maye a musulunci. An yi masa horo saboda shan giya, har ma an masa duka a wasu lokuta sau 2 da sanda. A wani lokacin da abu ya faru, [[Umar Ibn Al-Khattab|Umar ibn Al-Khattab]] ya nuna rashin amincewa, amma Muhammadu ya shiga tsakani, yana jaddada ƙaunar Nuayman ga Allah da Manzonsa kuma yana jaddada cewa manyan zunubai ba lallai ba ne su cire mutum daga jinƙan Allah da al'ummar masu bi. == Lamarin Raƙumin da Aka Yanka == Rabi'ah bin Uthman ya ba da labarin wani lamari da ya shafi Muhammad da wani baƙo Baƙauye. Wata rana, wani Baƙauye ya isa masallaci sai ya bar raƙuminsa a tsakar waje. Wasu sahabbai suka ba Nuayman shawara cewa su yanka rakumin don ya zama nama, suna tabbatar masa da cewa Muhammadu zai biya Baƙauyen daga baya. Sai ya amince da ra'ayinsu, Nuayman ya yanka rakumin. Da Baƙauyen ya dawo ya gano raƙuminsa da aka yanka, sai ya bayyana damuwarsa ga Muhammadu, wanda bayan ya ji labarin lamarin, ya nemi Nuayman, wanda ya nemi mafaka a gidan Zuba'ah bint Zubair bin Abd-il-Muttalib. Nuayman ya bayyana cewa ya yi hakan ne da tunanin cewa Muhammad zai biya Baƙauyen da asarar sa. Jin haka, Muhammad ya yi murmushi ya biya Baƙauyen da darajar raƙuminsa. == Duba kuma == * [[Jerin Sahabbai]] == Manazarta == opf7wp2vnqslyvg3q621kjms2z7a0ve 895494 895492 2026-08-12T09:49:36Z Jidda3711 14843 Saka databox 895494 wikitext text/x-wiki <templatestyles src="Module:Infobox/styles.css"></templatestyles>  {{databox}} '''Al-Nuayman ibn Amr al- Najjari''' ( Arabic النُعيمان بن عمرو النجّاري); kuma '''Abdullah''' ; [[Sahabban Annabi|sahabin]] [[Annabi|annabin Musulunci ne]] [[Muhammad|Muhammadu]]. <ref>{{Cite web |date=2010-07-01 |title=Prophet Muhammad — 31: Enjoying a funny gesture |url=https://www.arabnews.com/node/349174 |website=www.arabnews.com}}</ref> Ya auri 'yar'uwar [[Abd al-Rahman ɗan Awf|Abd al-Rahman ibn Awf]], ba a san ranar haihuwarsa ba. Ya rasu a shekara ta 652 bayan haihuwar Annabi Isa. == Tarihi == Al-Nuayman, shi ne ɗan Amr bin Rifa'ah bin Al-Harith bin Sawad da Fatima bint Amr bin Attiya Al-Najjariya. Yaransa sun haɗa da Muhammad, Aamir, Sabrah, Lubabah, Kabshah, Maryam, Ummi Habeeb, Amatullah, da Hakimah. Ya halarci muhimman tarurruka kamar [[Bay'ah|Bai'at]] ta biyu a Aqabah tare da Ansar 70 kuma ya yi yaƙi tare da Muhammad a yaƙe-yaƙe kamar [[Yaƙin Badar|Badr]], [[Yaƙin Uhudu|Uhud]], da [[Yaƙin gwalalo|Khandaq]] . Muhammad ya yabi Nuayman, yana mai jaddada soyayyarsa ga Allah da Muhammadu. Nuayman ya rasu a zamanin mulkin Mu'awiyyah a shekara ta 60 bayan hijira. Nuayman an san shi da wasan kwaikwayo kuma ya taɓa yin gwagwarmaya da maye, duk da sanin matsayin maye a musulunci. An yi masa horo saboda shan giya, har ma an masa duka a wasu lokuta sau 2 da sanda. A wani lokacin da abu ya faru, [[Umar Ibn Al-Khattab|Umar ibn Al-Khattab]] ya nuna rashin amincewa, amma Muhammadu ya shiga tsakani, yana jaddada ƙaunar Nuayman ga Allah da Manzonsa kuma yana jaddada cewa manyan zunubai ba lallai ba ne su cire mutum daga jinƙan Allah da al'ummar masu bi. == Lamarin Raƙumin da Aka Yanka == Rabi'ah bin Uthman ya ba da labarin wani lamari da ya shafi Muhammad da wani baƙo Baƙauye. Wata rana, wani Baƙauye ya isa masallaci sai ya bar raƙuminsa a tsakar waje. Wasu sahabbai suka ba Nuayman shawara cewa su yanka rakumin don ya zama nama, suna tabbatar masa da cewa Muhammadu zai biya Baƙauyen daga baya. Sai ya amince da ra'ayinsu, Nuayman ya yanka rakumin. Da Baƙauyen ya dawo ya gano raƙuminsa da aka yanka, sai ya bayyana damuwarsa ga Muhammadu, wanda bayan ya ji labarin lamarin, ya nemi Nuayman, wanda ya nemi mafaka a gidan Zuba'ah bint Zubair bin Abd-il-Muttalib. Nuayman ya bayyana cewa ya yi hakan ne da tunanin cewa Muhammad zai biya Baƙauyen da asarar sa. Jin haka, Muhammad ya yi murmushi ya biya Baƙauyen da darajar raƙuminsa. == Duba kuma == * [[Jerin Sahabbai]] == Manazarta == ed3g9ohlbl1y0ue7mpe0g5d3hhzlx58 895498 895494 2026-08-12T09:52:43Z Jidda3711 14843 Karamin gyara 895498 wikitext text/x-wiki <templatestyles src="Module:Infobox/styles.css"></templatestyles>  {{databox}} '''Al-Nuayman ibn Amr al- Najjari''' (Arabic النُعيمان بن عمرو النجّاري); kuma '''Abdullah''' ; [[Sahabban Annabi|Sahabin]] [[Annabi|Annabin Musulunci ne]] [[Muhammad|Muhammadu]]. <ref>{{Cite web |date=2010-07-01 |title=Prophet Muhammad — 31: Enjoying a funny gesture |url=https://www.arabnews.com/node/349174 |website=www.arabnews.com}}</ref> Ya auri 'yar'uwar [[Abd al-Rahman ɗan Awf|Abd al-Rahman ibn Awf]], ba a san ranar haihuwarsa ba. Ya rasu a shekara ta 652 bayan haihuwar Annabi Isa. == Tarihi == Al-Nuayman, shi ne ɗan Amr bin Rifa'ah bin Al-Harith bin Sawad da Fatima bint Amr bin Attiya Al-Najjariya. Yaransa sun haɗa da Muhammad, Aamir, Sabrah, Lubabah, Kabshah, Maryam, Ummi Habeeb, Amatullah, da Hakimah. Ya halarci muhimman tarurruka kamar [[Bay'ah|Bai'at]] ta biyu a Aqabah tare da Ansar 70 kuma ya yi yaƙi tare da Muhammad a yaƙe-yaƙe kamar [[Yaƙin Badar|Badr]], [[Yaƙin Uhudu|Uhud]], da [[Yaƙin gwalalo|Khandaq]]. Muhammad ya yabi Nuayman, yana mai jaddada soyayyarsa ga Allah da Muhammadu. Nuayman ya rasu a zamanin mulkin Mu'awiyyah a shekara ta 60 bayan hijira. Nuayman an san shi da wasan kwaikwayo kuma ya taɓa yin gwagwarmaya da maye, duk da sanin matsayin maye a musulunci. An yi masa horo saboda shan giya, har ma an masa duka a wasu lokuta sau 2 da sanda. A wani lokacin da abu ya faru, [[Umar Ibn Al-Khattab|Umar ibn Al-Khattab]] ya nuna rashin amincewa, amma Muhammadu ya shiga tsakani, yana jaddada ƙaunar Nuayman ga Allah da Manzonsa kuma yana jaddada cewa manyan zunubai ba lallai ba ne su cire mutum daga jinƙan Allah da al'ummar masu bi. == Lamarin Raƙumin da Aka Yanka == Rabi'ah bin Uthman ya ba da labarin wani lamari da ya shafi Muhammad da wani baƙo Baƙauye. Wata rana, wani Baƙauye ya isa masallaci sai ya bar raƙuminsa a tsakar waje. Wasu sahabbai suka ba Nuayman shawara cewa su yanka rakumin don ya zama nama, suna tabbatar masa da cewa Muhammadu zai biya Baƙauyen daga baya. Sai ya amince da ra'ayinsu, Nuayman ya yanka rakumin. Da Baƙauyen ya dawo ya gano raƙuminsa da aka yanka, sai ya bayyana damuwarsa ga Muhammadu, wanda bayan ya ji labarin lamarin, ya nemi Nuayman, wanda ya nemi mafaka a gidan Zuba'ah bint Zubair bin Abd-il-Muttalib. Nuayman ya bayyana cewa ya yi hakan ne da tunanin cewa Muhammad zai biya Baƙauyen da asarar sa. Jin haka, Muhammad ya yi murmushi ya biya Baƙauyen da darajar raƙuminsa. == Duba kuma == * [[Jerin Sahabbai]] == Manazarta == 0zp3i21ygln4cyu44hvds5ozbn9xu9q 0 163318 895500 2026-08-12T10:02:49Z Umar A Muhammad 22698 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1312993038|Jane Osborn Hannah]]" 895500 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Jane Osborn Hannah''' (8 ga Yuli, 1873 - 13 ga Agusta, 1943) ta kasance mawaƙan wasan kwaikwayo na Amurka. Bayan ta yi ritaya, ta kasance mai aiki a cikin ƙungiyar mata. An haifi Hannah a ranar 8 ga Yuli, 1873 a Wilmington, Ohio, ga Parker Barnard da Rebecca Ann Randolph Osborn. Ta kasance mai waƙar waƙa, malamanta sun haɗa da Vittorio Carpi, Johanna Hess-Burr, Mathilde Marchesi, da Rosa Sucher. Ta fara fitowa a Leipzig a shekarar 1904 a matsayin Elisabeth a cikin Tannhäuser. Ta fito a matsayin Eva a cikin Die Meistersinger von Nürnberg a Covent Garden a shekarar 1908. A shekarar 1910 ta fara fitowa a Metropolitan Opera a matsayin Elizabeth a cikin Tannhäuser da Chicago Opera Company a matsayin Nedda a cikin Pagliacci. Sauran manyan rawar da suka taka sun haɗa da Elsa a cikin Lohengrin, Sieglinde a cikin Die Walküre, Gutrune a cikin Götterdämmerung, Desdemona, halin taken a cikin Madama Butterfly, da Barbara a cikin Natoma na Victor Herbert.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |last=Aronowitz |first=Sarah |title=Biographical Sketch of Jane Osborn Hannah |url=https://documents.alexanderstreet.com/d/1009755063 |access-date=2022-10-16 |website=Online Biographical Dictionary of Women's Suffrage}}</ref> Hannah ta yi ritaya daga kiɗa a shekara ta 1914. A lokacin da ta yi ritaya, ta yi aiki a taron mataimakan mataimakin mataimakin da sauran abubuwan da suka faru. A cikin 1919, ta shiga zanga-zangar sufragist a gaban [[White House|Fadar White House]] da kuma wani a Metropolitan Opera . <ref name=":0">{{Cite web |last=Aronowitz |first=Sarah |title=Biographical Sketch of Jane Osborn Hannah |url=https://documents.alexanderstreet.com/d/1009755063 |access-date=2022-10-16 |website=Online Biographical Dictionary of Women's Suffrage}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFAronowitz">Aronowitz, Sarah. [https://documents.alexanderstreet.com/d/1009755063 "Biographical Sketch of Jane Osborn Hannah"]. ''Online Biographical Dictionary of Women's Suffrage''<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">October 16,</span> 2022</span>.</cite></ref> Hannah ta mutu a ranar 13 ga watan Agusta, 1943, a Birnin New York.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |last=Aronowitz |first=Sarah |title=Biographical Sketch of Jane Osborn Hannah |url=https://documents.alexanderstreet.com/d/1009755063 |access-date=2022-10-16 |website=Online Biographical Dictionary of Women's Suffrage}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFAronowitz">Aronowitz, Sarah. [https://documents.alexanderstreet.com/d/1009755063 "Biographical Sketch of Jane Osborn Hannah"]. ''Online Biographical Dictionary of Women's Suffrage''<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">October 16,</span> 2022</span>.</cite></ref> == Rayuwa ta == A ranar 25 ga Nuwamba, 1907, ta auri Frank S. Hannah . Ya mutu a watan Maris na shekara ta 1934.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |last=Aronowitz |first=Sarah |title=Biographical Sketch of Jane Osborn Hannah |url=https://documents.alexanderstreet.com/d/1009755063 |access-date=2022-10-16 |website=Online Biographical Dictionary of Women's Suffrage}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFAronowitz">Aronowitz, Sarah. [https://documents.alexanderstreet.com/d/1009755063 "Biographical Sketch of Jane Osborn Hannah"]. ''Online Biographical Dictionary of Women's Suffrage''<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">October 16,</span> 2022</span>.</cite></ref> == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} [[Rukuni:Matattun 1943]] 95sqkdt6d6lef9pvao161ywi5k55t9z 895502 895500 2026-08-12T10:03:37Z Umar A Muhammad 22698 895502 wikitext text/x-wiki {{,Databox}} '''Jane Osborn Hannah''' (8 ga Yuli, 1873 - 13 ga Agusta, 1943) ta kasance mawaƙan wasan kwaikwayo na Amurka. Bayan ta yi ritaya, ta kasance mai aiki a cikin ƙungiyar mata. An haifi Hannah a ranar 8 ga Yuli, 1873 a Wilmington, Ohio, ga Parker Barnard da Rebecca Ann Randolph Osborn. Ta kasance mai waƙar waƙa, malamanta sun haɗa da Vittorio Carpi, Johanna Hess-Burr, Mathilde Marchesi, da Rosa Sucher. Ta fara fitowa a Leipzig a shekarar 1904 a matsayin Elisabeth a cikin Tannhäuser. Ta fito a matsayin Eva a cikin Die Meistersinger von Nürnberg a Covent Garden a shekarar 1908. A shekarar 1910 ta fara fitowa a Metropolitan Opera a matsayin Elizabeth a cikin Tannhäuser da Chicago Opera Company a matsayin Nedda a cikin Pagliacci. Sauran manyan rawar da suka taka sun haɗa da Elsa a cikin Lohengrin, Sieglinde a cikin Die Walküre, Gutrune a cikin Götterdämmerung, Desdemona, halin taken a cikin Madama Butterfly, da Barbara a cikin Natoma na Victor Herbert.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |last=Aronowitz |first=Sarah |title=Biographical Sketch of Jane Osborn Hannah |url=https://documents.alexanderstreet.com/d/1009755063 |access-date=2022-10-16 |website=Online Biographical Dictionary of Women's Suffrage}}</ref> Hannah ta yi ritaya daga kiɗa a shekara ta 1914. A lokacin da ta yi ritaya, ta yi aiki a taron mataimakan mataimakin mataimakin da sauran abubuwan da suka faru. A cikin 1919, ta shiga zanga-zangar sufragist a gaban [[White House|Fadar White House]] da kuma wani a Metropolitan Opera . <ref name=":0">{{Cite web |last=Aronowitz |first=Sarah |title=Biographical Sketch of Jane Osborn Hannah |url=https://documents.alexanderstreet.com/d/1009755063 |access-date=2022-10-16 |website=Online Biographical Dictionary of Women's Suffrage}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFAronowitz">Aronowitz, Sarah. [https://documents.alexanderstreet.com/d/1009755063 "Biographical Sketch of Jane Osborn Hannah"]. ''Online Biographical Dictionary of Women's Suffrage''<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">October 16,</span> 2022</span>.</cite></ref> Hannah ta mutu a ranar 13 ga watan Agusta, 1943, a Birnin New York.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |last=Aronowitz |first=Sarah |title=Biographical Sketch of Jane Osborn Hannah |url=https://documents.alexanderstreet.com/d/1009755063 |access-date=2022-10-16 |website=Online Biographical Dictionary of Women's Suffrage}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFAronowitz">Aronowitz, Sarah. [https://documents.alexanderstreet.com/d/1009755063 "Biographical Sketch of Jane Osborn Hannah"]. ''Online Biographical Dictionary of Women's Suffrage''<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">October 16,</span> 2022</span>.</cite></ref> == Rayuwa ta == A ranar 25 ga Nuwamba, 1907, ta auri Frank S. Hannah . Ya mutu a watan Maris na shekara ta 1934.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |last=Aronowitz |first=Sarah |title=Biographical Sketch of Jane Osborn Hannah |url=https://documents.alexanderstreet.com/d/1009755063 |access-date=2022-10-16 |website=Online Biographical Dictionary of Women's Suffrage}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFAronowitz">Aronowitz, Sarah. [https://documents.alexanderstreet.com/d/1009755063 "Biographical Sketch of Jane Osborn Hannah"]. ''Online Biographical Dictionary of Women's Suffrage''<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">October 16,</span> 2022</span>.</cite></ref> == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} [[Rukuni:Matattun 1943]] ju2lvg1xldz0jp57k8w8tswkeq08tme 895503 895502 2026-08-12T10:03:55Z Umar A Muhammad 22698 895503 wikitext text/x-wiki ⁶{{Databox}} '''Jane Osborn Hannah''' (8 ga Yuli, 1873 - 13 ga Agusta, 1943) ta kasance mawaƙan wasan kwaikwayo na Amurka. Bayan ta yi ritaya, ta kasance mai aiki a cikin ƙungiyar mata. An haifi Hannah a ranar 8 ga Yuli, 1873 a Wilmington, Ohio, ga Parker Barnard da Rebecca Ann Randolph Osborn. Ta kasance mai waƙar waƙa, malamanta sun haɗa da Vittorio Carpi, Johanna Hess-Burr, Mathilde Marchesi, da Rosa Sucher. Ta fara fitowa a Leipzig a shekarar 1904 a matsayin Elisabeth a cikin Tannhäuser. Ta fito a matsayin Eva a cikin Die Meistersinger von Nürnberg a Covent Garden a shekarar 1908. A shekarar 1910 ta fara fitowa a Metropolitan Opera a matsayin Elizabeth a cikin Tannhäuser da Chicago Opera Company a matsayin Nedda a cikin Pagliacci. Sauran manyan rawar da suka taka sun haɗa da Elsa a cikin Lohengrin, Sieglinde a cikin Die Walküre, Gutrune a cikin Götterdämmerung, Desdemona, halin taken a cikin Madama Butterfly, da Barbara a cikin Natoma na Victor Herbert.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |last=Aronowitz |first=Sarah |title=Biographical Sketch of Jane Osborn Hannah |url=https://documents.alexanderstreet.com/d/1009755063 |access-date=2022-10-16 |website=Online Biographical Dictionary of Women's Suffrage}}</ref> Hannah ta yi ritaya daga kiɗa a shekara ta 1914. A lokacin da ta yi ritaya, ta yi aiki a taron mataimakan mataimakin mataimakin da sauran abubuwan da suka faru. A cikin 1919, ta shiga zanga-zangar sufragist a gaban [[White House|Fadar White House]] da kuma wani a Metropolitan Opera . <ref name=":0">{{Cite web |last=Aronowitz |first=Sarah |title=Biographical Sketch of Jane Osborn Hannah |url=https://documents.alexanderstreet.com/d/1009755063 |access-date=2022-10-16 |website=Online Biographical Dictionary of Women's Suffrage}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFAronowitz">Aronowitz, Sarah. [https://documents.alexanderstreet.com/d/1009755063 "Biographical Sketch of Jane Osborn Hannah"]. ''Online Biographical Dictionary of Women's Suffrage''<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">October 16,</span> 2022</span>.</cite></ref> Hannah ta mutu a ranar 13 ga watan Agusta, 1943, a Birnin New York.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |last=Aronowitz |first=Sarah |title=Biographical Sketch of Jane Osborn Hannah |url=https://documents.alexanderstreet.com/d/1009755063 |access-date=2022-10-16 |website=Online Biographical Dictionary of Women's Suffrage}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFAronowitz">Aronowitz, Sarah. [https://documents.alexanderstreet.com/d/1009755063 "Biographical Sketch of Jane Osborn Hannah"]. ''Online Biographical Dictionary of Women's Suffrage''<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">October 16,</span> 2022</span>.</cite></ref> == Rayuwa ta == A ranar 25 ga Nuwamba, 1907, ta auri Frank S. Hannah . Ya mutu a watan Maris na shekara ta 1934.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |last=Aronowitz |first=Sarah |title=Biographical Sketch of Jane Osborn Hannah |url=https://documents.alexanderstreet.com/d/1009755063 |access-date=2022-10-16 |website=Online Biographical Dictionary of Women's Suffrage}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFAronowitz">Aronowitz, Sarah. [https://documents.alexanderstreet.com/d/1009755063 "Biographical Sketch of Jane Osborn Hannah"]. ''Online Biographical Dictionary of Women's Suffrage''<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">October 16,</span> 2022</span>.</cite></ref> == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} [[Rukuni:Matattun 1943]] n4cius3fk3d4vjccymuwc4frmr47u9o 0 163319 895641 2026-08-12T11:01:45Z Mustysummy 21281 sabuwar fassara 895641 wikitext text/x-wiki A cikin aikin noma, amfanin gona shine ma'auni na adadin amfanin gona da aka shuka, ko samfurin kamar ulu, nama ko madara da aka samar, a kowane yanki na ƙasa. Rarraba iri wata hanya ce ta lissafin amfanin gona. Sabuntawa, kamar amfani da taki, ƙirƙirar kayan aikin noma mafi kyau, da sabbin hanyoyin noma da ingantaccen nau'ikan amfanin gona sun inganta amfanin gona. Mafi girman amfanin gona da kuma amfani mai zurfi na gonar, mafi girman yawan amfanin gona; wannan yana kara jin daɗin iyalai masu noma. Za'a iya sayar da amfanin gona da ya wuce bukatun aikin gona da ba na rayuwa ba ko musayar su. Ƙarin hatsi ko abinci da manomi zai iya samarwa, ana iya tallafawa da kuma amfani da dabbobi da yawa kamar dawakai da shanu don aiki da samar da turare. Ƙarin amfanin gona yana nufin ƙananan hannaye ana buƙata a gona, yana 'yantar da su don masana'antu da Kasuwanci. Wannan, bi da bi, ya haifar da kafawa da haɓaka birane, wanda ya fassara zuwa karuwar buƙatun abinci ko sauran kayan aikin gona. A cikin 2025, kusan mutane biliyan 1.7 suna zaune a yankunan da ke fuskantar asarar amfanin gona da ya haifar da lalacewa. Kasashen da ke da matsakaicin kudin shiga sune suka fi shafa, kusan kusan mutane biliyan 1, yayin da a cikin ƙasashe masu samun kudin shiga, amfani da shigarwa mai zurfi yana ci gaba da amfanin gona amma abin rufe fuska ya lalace kuma ya kara cutar muhalli.[1] Canjin yanayi yana kara kara kara tsananta waɗannan matsin lamba: rahoton hadin gwiwa na 2026 na FAO da World Meteorological Organization (WMO) ya kiyasta cewa yanayin zafi da ya wuce 25 ° C yana haifar da asarar amfanin gona mai yawa, tare da tasirin tasirin amfanin gona da farashin abinci wanda zai iya ci gaba har zuwa shekara guda.[2]  rpovp3430r804tvphd7qz3hl43rk8q6 895642 895641 2026-08-12T11:03:29Z Mustysummy 21281 saka manzarta 895642 wikitext text/x-wiki A cikin aikin noma, amfanin gona shine ma'auni na adadin amfanin gona da aka shuka, ko samfurin kamar ulu, nama ko madara da aka samar, a kowane yanki na ƙasa. Rarraba iri wata hanya ce ta lissafin amfanin gona. Sabuntawa, kamar amfani da taki, ƙirƙirar kayan aikin noma mafi kyau, da sabbin hanyoyin noma da ingantaccen nau'ikan amfanin gona sun inganta amfanin gona. Mafi girman amfanin gona da kuma amfani mai zurfi na gonar, mafi girman yawan amfanin gona; wannan yana kara jin daɗin iyalai masu noma. Za'a iya sayar da amfanin gona da ya wuce bukatun aikin gona da ba na rayuwa ba ko musayar su. Ƙarin hatsi ko abinci da manomi zai iya samarwa, ana iya tallafawa da kuma amfani da dabbobi da yawa kamar dawakai da shanu don aiki da samar da turare. Ƙarin amfanin gona yana nufin ƙananan hannaye ana buƙata a gona, yana 'yantar da su don masana'antu da Kasuwanci. Wannan, bi da bi, ya haifar da kafawa da haɓaka birane, wanda ya fassara zuwa karuwar buƙatun abinci ko sauran kayan aikin gona. A cikin 2025, kusan mutane biliyan 1.7 suna zaune a yankunan da ke fuskantar asarar amfanin gona da ya haifar da lalacewa. Kasashen da ke da matsakaicin kudin shiga sune suka fi shafa, kusan kusan mutane biliyan 1, yayin da a cikin ƙasashe masu samun kudin shiga, amfani da shigarwa mai zurfi yana ci gaba da amfanin gona amma abin rufe fuska ya lalace kuma ya kara cutar muhalli.<ref>https://openknowledge.fao.org/handle/20.500.14283/cd7067en</ref> Canjin yanayi yana kara kara kara tsananta waɗannan matsin lamba: rahoton hadin gwiwa na 2026 na FAO da World Meteorological Organization (WMO) ya kiyasta cewa yanayin zafi da ya wuce 25 ° C yana haifar da asarar amfanin gona mai yawa, tare da tasirin tasirin amfanin gona da farashin abinci wanda zai iya ci gaba har zuwa shekara guda.<ref>https://fieldadvisor.org/agronomics-100-bags-hectare-learning-brazilian-soybean-growers/</ref>  ==Manazarta== 1pqm0xprvdikb4hbh6m8g9su76ps9zr 895643 895642 2026-08-12T11:04:48Z Mustysummy 21281 saka databox 895643 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}}A cikin aikin noma, amfanin gona shine ma'auni na adadin amfanin gona da aka shuka, ko samfurin kamar ulu, nama ko madara da aka samar, a kowane yanki na ƙasa. Rarraba iri wata hanya ce ta lissafin amfanin gona. Sabuntawa, kamar amfani da taki, ƙirƙirar kayan aikin noma mafi kyau, da sabbin hanyoyin noma da ingantaccen nau'ikan amfanin gona sun inganta amfanin gona. Mafi girman amfanin gona da kuma amfani mai zurfi na gonar, mafi girman yawan amfanin gona; wannan yana kara jin daɗin iyalai masu noma. Za'a iya sayar da amfanin gona da ya wuce bukatun aikin gona da ba na rayuwa ba ko musayar su. Ƙarin hatsi ko abinci da manomi zai iya samarwa, ana iya tallafawa da kuma amfani da dabbobi da yawa kamar dawakai da shanu don aiki da samar da turare. Ƙarin amfanin gona yana nufin ƙananan hannaye ana buƙata a gona, yana 'yantar da su don masana'antu da Kasuwanci. Wannan, bi da bi, ya haifar da kafawa da haɓaka birane, wanda ya fassara zuwa karuwar buƙatun abinci ko sauran kayan aikin gona. A cikin 2025, kusan mutane biliyan 1.7 suna zaune a yankunan da ke fuskantar asarar amfanin gona da ya haifar da lalacewa. Kasashen da ke da matsakaicin kudin shiga sune suka fi shafa, kusan kusan mutane biliyan 1, yayin da a cikin ƙasashe masu samun kudin shiga, amfani da shigarwa mai zurfi yana ci gaba da amfanin gona amma abin rufe fuska ya lalace kuma ya kara cutar muhalli.<ref>https://openknowledge.fao.org/handle/20.500.14283/cd7067en</ref> Canjin yanayi yana kara kara kara tsananta waɗannan matsin lamba: rahoton hadin gwiwa na 2026 na FAO da World Meteorological Organization (WMO) ya kiyasta cewa yanayin zafi da ya wuce 25 ° C yana haifar da asarar amfanin gona mai yawa, tare da tasirin tasirin amfanin gona da farashin abinci wanda zai iya ci gaba har zuwa shekara guda.<ref>https://fieldadvisor.org/agronomics-100-bags-hectare-learning-brazilian-soybean-growers/</ref>  ==Manazarta== dlwfwxr66dd3t9m7mgpqgv53sjspfl1 0 163320 895645 2026-08-12T11:12:08Z Nnamadee 31123 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1301305520|Sibylle Bergemann]]" 895645 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Sibylle Bergemann''' (29 Agusta 1941 - 1 Nuwamba 2010) ɗan Jamus mai daukar hoto ne. A shekarar 1990, ta kafa kamfanin daukar hoto na Ostkreuz tare. Ana tuna ta da rubuta abubuwan da suka faru a Gabashin Berlin a lokacin mulkin Kwaminisanci da kuma ayyukanta na ƙasashen waje a ''Stern'' sannan daga baya a ''Geo .'' == Rayuwar farko == Bergemann ya kammala karatun malaman addini a Gabashin Berlin tsakanin 1958 da 1960. Ta fara sha'awar daukar hoto yayin da take aiki a ma'aikatan edita na jaridar nishaɗi ta Gabashin Jamus mai suna ''Das Magazine'' . <ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Kicken Berlin {{!}} Sibylle Bergemann |url=http://www.kicken-gallery.com/artists/sibylle-bergemann |access-date=11 June 2020 |website=www.kicken-gallery.com}}</ref> A shekarar 1966 ta fara karatun daukar hoto a ƙarƙashin mai ɗaukar hoto kuma malamin jami'a Arno Fischer, wanda ya zama abokin aikinta na tsawon rai. <ref name=":0" /> == Aiki a matsayin mai ɗaukar hoto == Bayan ta fara bayar da gudummawa ga manyan mujallu na Jamus ta Gabas a lokacin, ''Das Magazine'' da ''Sonntag'', a farkon shekarun 1970, hotunanta sun fara bayyana a mujallar kayan kwalliya ta mata ''Sibylle'' inda ta ƙirƙiro salonta ba da daɗewa ba. Hotunanta ba na nazari ba ne, amma suna bayyana abubuwa, suna nuna mutane kamar yadda suke a rayuwa ta ainihi. Ta ci gaba da ɗaukar hotunan ƙasarta, Gabashin Jamus, daga baya kuma ta ɗauki hotunan sauran sassan duniya. A shekarar 1990, tare da [[Ute Mahler]] da Harald Hauswald, ta kafa hukumar Ostkreuz, wacce yanzu take wakiltar masu daukar hoto da dama. Wataƙila mafi mahimmancin gadon Bergemann shine jerin hotunan baƙi da fari da ta ɗauka na rayuwar yau da kullun a Gabashin Jamus yayin da take ci gaba a tsawon shekaru. Daga baya, ta tattara rahotannin hotuna game da birnin New York, Tokyo, Paris da [[São Paulo]] ; kuma kwanan nan, ta juya daga baƙi da fari zuwa launi, ta yi tafiya ta Afirka da Asiya a kan ayyukan ''Geo'' . <ref>[http://www.abc.es/agencias/noticia.asp?noticia=576223 "Muere la fotógrafa alemana Sibylle Bergemann que documentó la vida en la RDA"], ''ABC.es'', {{In lang|es}} 3 November 2010. Retrieved 8 November 2010.</ref> == Ganewa == A shekarar 1994, an gane baiwar Bergemann lokacin da ta zama memba na [[Kwalejin Fasaha, Berlin|Kwalejin Fasaha ta Berlin]] . A cikin 2007, ta gudanar da nunin aikinta a gidan kayan tarihi für Photographie a [[Braunschweig]] . Gidan Tarihi na Fasaha na Zamani da ke birnin New York yana ɗauke da kwafi goma sha biyu na Bergemann. == Littattafai == === Bugawa daga Bergemann === * ''Polaroids.'' Berlin: Hatje Cantz, 2011. . Tare da rubutun Jutta Voigt, Bernd Heise, Frieda von Wild, da Arno Fischer. A cikin Jamusanci da Ingilishi. === Littattafai tare da gudummawa daga Bergemann === Wannan jerin bai cika ba. * ''Stadt Die.'' ''Vom Werden und Vergehen / Birnin.'' ''Zama da Rushewa.'' Ostfildern: Hatje Cantz, 2010.{{ISBN|978-3-7757-2659-7}}[[ISBN (identifier)|ISBN]]&nbsp;[[Special:BookSources/978-3-7757-2659-7|<bdi>978-3-7757-2659-7</bdi>]] . A cikin Jamusanci da Ingilishi. * ''Ostzeit.'' ''Geschichten aus einem vergangenen Land / Labarun Daga Ƙasar Bace.'' Ostfildern: Hatje Cantz, 2010.{{ISBN|978-3-7757-2486-9}}[[ISBN (identifier)|ISBN]]&nbsp;[[Special:BookSources/978-3-7757-2486-9|<bdi>978-3-7757-2486-9</bdi>]] . A cikin Jamusanci da Ingilishi. == Nune - Nune == * Tawayen Zamani na 2019–20: Mata Masu Zane-zane Masu Tsattsauran Ra'ayi a Bayan Labulen Karfe <ref>{{Cite web |title=The Medea Insurrection: Radical Women Artists Behind the Iron Curtain {{!}} Wende Museum |url=http://www.wendemuseum.org/programs/medea-insurrection-radical-women-artists-behind-iron-curtain |access-date=1 March 2020 |website=www.wendemuseum.org}}</ref> == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Mutuwan 2010]] [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1941]] pyuidu3x7i8913o2w4fzvdcgsii6ik3 895646 895645 2026-08-12T11:12:35Z Nnamadee 31123 895646 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Sibylle Bergemann''' (29 Agusta 1941 - 1 Nuwamba 2010) ɗan Jamus mai daukar hoto ne. A shekarar 1990, ta kafa kamfanin daukar hoto na Ostkreuz tare. Ana tuna ta da rubuta abubuwan da suka faru a Gabashin Berlin a lokacin mulkin Kwaminisanci da kuma ayyukanta na ƙasashen waje a ''Stern'' sannan daga baya a ''Geo .'' == Rayuwar farko == Bergemann ya kammala karatun malaman addini a Gabashin Berlin tsakanin 1958 da 1960. Ta fara sha'awar daukar hoto yayin da take aiki a ma'aikatan edita na jaridar nishaɗi ta Gabashin Jamus mai suna ''Das Magazine'' . <ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Kicken Berlin {{!}} Sibylle Bergemann |url=http://www.kicken-gallery.com/artists/sibylle-bergemann |access-date=11 June 2020 |website=www.kicken-gallery.com}}</ref> A shekarar 1966 ta fara karatun daukar hoto a ƙarƙashin mai ɗaukar hoto kuma malamin jami'a Arno Fischer, wanda ya zama abokin aikinta na tsawon rai. <ref name=":0" /> == Aiki a matsayin mai ɗaukar hoto == Bayan ta fara bayar da gudummawa ga manyan mujallu na Jamus ta Gabas a lokacin, ''Das Magazine'' da ''Sonntag'', a farkon shekarun 1970, hotunanta sun fara bayyana a mujallar kayan kwalliya ta mata ''Sibylle'' inda ta ƙirƙiro salonta ba da daɗewa ba. Hotunanta ba na nazari ba ne, amma suna bayyana abubuwa, suna nuna mutane kamar yadda suke a rayuwa ta ainihi. Ta ci gaba da ɗaukar hotunan ƙasarta, Gabashin Jamus, daga baya kuma ta ɗauki hotunan sauran sassan duniya. A shekarar 1990, tare da [[Ute Mahler]] da Harald Hauswald, ta kafa hukumar Ostkreuz, wacce yanzu take wakiltar masu daukar hoto da dama. Wataƙila mafi mahimmancin gadon Bergemann shine jerin hotunan baƙi da fari da ta ɗauka na rayuwar yau da kullun a Gabashin Jamus yayin da take ci gaba a tsawon shekaru. Daga baya, ta tattara rahotannin hotuna game da birnin New York, Tokyo, Paris da [[São Paulo]] ; kuma kwanan nan, ta juya daga baƙi da fari zuwa launi, ta yi tafiya ta Afirka da Asiya a kan ayyukan ''Geo'' . <ref>[http://www.abc.es/agencias/noticia.asp?noticia=576223 "Muere la fotógrafa alemana Sibylle Bergemann que documentó la vida en la RDA"], ''ABC.es'', {{In lang|es}} 3 November 2010. Retrieved 8 November 2010.</ref> == Ganewa == A shekarar 1994, an gane baiwar Bergemann lokacin da ta zama memba na [[Kwalejin Fasaha, Berlin|Kwalejin Fasaha ta Berlin]] . A cikin 2007, ta gudanar da nunin aikinta a gidan kayan tarihi für Photographie a [[Braunschweig]] . Gidan Tarihi na Fasaha na Zamani da ke birnin New York yana ɗauke da kwafi goma sha biyu na Bergemann. == Littattafai == === Bugawa daga Bergemann === * ''Polaroids.'' Berlin: Hatje Cantz, 2011. . Tare da rubutun Jutta Voigt, Bernd Heise, Frieda von Wild, da Arno Fischer. A cikin Jamusanci da Ingilishi. === Littattafai tare da gudummawa daga Bergemann === Wannan jerin bai cika ba. * ''Stadt Die.'' ''Vom Werden und Vergehen / Birnin.'' ''Zama da Rushewa.'' Ostfildern: Hatje Cantz, 2010.{{ISBN|978-3-7757-2659-7}}[[ISBN (identifier)|ISBN]]&nbsp;[[Special:BookSources/978-3-7757-2659-7|<bdi>978-3-7757-2659-7</bdi>]] . A cikin Jamusanci da Ingilishi. * ''Ostzeit.'' ''Geschichten aus einem vergangenen Land / Labarun Daga Ƙasar Bace.'' Ostfildern: Hatje Cantz, 2010.{{ISBN|978-3-7757-2486-9}}[[ISBN (identifier)|ISBN]]&nbsp;[[Special:BookSources/978-3-7757-2486-9|<bdi>978-3-7757-2486-9</bdi>]] . A cikin Jamusanci da Ingilishi. == Nune - Nune == * Tawayen Zamani na 2019–20: Mata Masu Zane-zane Masu Tsattsauran Ra'ayi a Bayan Labulen Karfe <ref>{{Cite web |title=The Medea Insurrection: Radical Women Artists Behind the Iron Curtain {{!}} Wende Museum |url=http://www.wendemuseum.org/programs/medea-insurrection-radical-women-artists-behind-iron-curtain |access-date=1 March 2020 |website=www.wendemuseum.org}}</ref> == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Mutuwan 2010]] [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1941]] iu287unt48doh1aztxchhaeso71yfwc 0 163321 895648 2026-08-12T11:13:40Z Nnamadee 31123 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1328464916|Lisa Larsen]]" 895648 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Lisa Larsen''' (1922–1959) mace 'yar Amurka ce mai fafutukar ɗaukar hoto. == Tarihin Rayuwa == An haifi Lisa Rothschild a Pforzheim a Jamus, kuma ta yi tafiya a ranar 28 ga Oktoba, 1939 a cikin jirgin ruwan SS Veendam daga [[Birnin Antwerp|Antwerp]] zuwa Amurka tun tana ƙarama, inda ta kammala karatunta tun tana da shekaru 17 kacal. == Farkon aikina == Tana aiki a kamfanin daukar hoto na Black Star, a matsayin ma'aikaciyar ofis, kuma ''Vogue'' ta horar da ita, sannan ta yi aiki na tsawon shekaru da dama ta hannun hukumar Graphics House. Ayyukanta sun fito ne daga ''Mujallar New York Times, Parade, Glamour, Vogue, Charity'' and ''Holiday .'' == Mujallar Rayuwa == Bayan 1948, mafi yawan aikin jarida na Larsen shine aikin kwangila na ''LIFE'' wanda ta yi aiki a matsayin ma'aikata daga 1949 zuwa 1959. Da farko an ba ta aikin nishaɗi, shahararru da labaran salon zamani, waɗanda suka haɗa da Vanderbilts, Kennedys, Bing Crosby, da Duke of Windsor . <ref name=":0">{{Cite web |date=2016-03-02 |title=Lisa Larsen (1925 - 1959), German, Biography |url=https://www.icp.org/browse/archive/constituents/lisa-larsen?all/all/all/all/0 |access-date=2025-01-25 |website=[[International Center of Photography]]}}</ref> Duk da haka ta ɗauki labaran siyasa; binciken 'yan sanda na Brooklyn, hoton da aka ɗauka bayan zaɓe na Uwargidan Shugaban Ƙasa Bess Truman da 'yarta Margaret; yakin neman zaɓen shugaban ƙasa na Dwight D. Eisenhower a 1950; auren [[John F. Kennedy]] da [[Jacqueline Kennedy Onassis|Jacqueline Bouvier]] a 1953; yaƙin neman zaɓen Mataimakin Shugaban Ƙasa Alben Barkley (wanda ya kira Larsen "Mona Lisa,"); da kuma gangamin McCarthy na ranar 29 ga Nuwamba, 1954, a Madison Square Garden, inda jama'a suka yi ihu da ambaton jaridar ''[[New York Times|The New York Times]]'', kuma lokacin da Larsen ya shiga, wanda a lokacin sananne ne, sai aka fara rikici, yayin da 'yan sanda suka raka ta daga zauren, wata murya ta yi ihu 'Rataye ƙawar 'yan gurguzu!' == Wakilin ƙasa da ƙasa == Larsen, wacce ta iya magana da Faransanci, Turanci, Jamusanci, kuma tana magana da wasu harsunan Danish da Rashanci, an ba ta damar yin labarai na ƙasashen duniya tun farkon shekarun 1950; Firayim Ministan [[Iran]] [[Mohammad Mosaddegh|Mohammed Mossadegh]] daga gadon asibiti da yake a New York, inda ta ɗauki hotonsa a lokacin rikicin mai na Iran da Birtaniya a shekarar 1951, ya gayyace ta zuwa Iran na tsawon makonni biyu a shekarar 1952 don ɗaukar hoto a [[Isfahan]], [[Qom]], Persepolis, da [[Shiraz]] ; ta ɗauki hoton [[Vijaya Lakshmi Pandit]], mace ta farko da ta zama shugabar [[Babban Taron Majalisar Ɗinkin Duniya|Majalisar Dinkin Duniya]] (1953); ziyarar sarauta ta farko [[Elizabeth II|ta Sarauniya Elizabeth II]] ; da Cibiyar Abinci ta Tsakiyar Amurka da Panama a shekarar 1954, inda ta yi magana da likitoci, ta duba dakunan gwaje-gwaje, sannan ta shiga fagen don ɗaukar nauyin aikin. <ref name=":0">{{Cite web |date=2016-03-02 |title=Lisa Larsen (1925 - 1959), German, Biography |url=https://www.icp.org/browse/archive/constituents/lisa-larsen?all/all/all/all/0 |access-date=2025-01-25 |website=[[International Center of Photography]]}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://www.icp.org/browse/archive/constituents/lisa-larsen?all/all/all/all/0 "Lisa Larsen (1925 - 1959), German, Biography"]. ''[[International Center of Photography]]''. 2016-03-02<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2025-01-25</span></span>.</cite></ref> Edward Steichen ne ya zaɓi hoton da aka ɗauka daga aikin na ƙarshe don baje kolin Gidan Tarihi na Fasaha na Zamani na 1955 ''mai suna The Family of Man'' wanda baƙi miliyan 9 suka kalli. Ya nuna wata uwa 'yar [[Guatemala (ƙasa)|ƙasar Guatemala]] mai murmushi da jariri a bayanta a cikin wani mayafi, inda ƙananan 'yan mata biyu ke leƙen asiri cikin farin ciki. Yanayin wurare masu zafi yana bayyana daga rassan dabino a bango kuma hoton yana cike da ɗumin ɗan adam. <ref name=":4">{{Cite web |title=Lisa Larsen |url=https://www.moma.org/artists/3392 |access-date=2025-01-25 |website=[[The Museum of Modern Art]]}}</ref> A taron Bandung na 1955 da aka [[Asiya|yi]] [[Indonesiya|a Indonesia]] [[Afirka|wanda]] Larson ya yi magana da Howard Sochurek, ta yi amfani da ƙaramin na'urar rikodin bidiyo mai ɗaukuwa da kyamarori biyu na Leica, kuma an sha ambatonta a cikin jaridun cikin gida a matsayin abin da jama'a ke yabawa. Daga nan ta yi tafiya ta [[Hong Kong]], [[Japan]], [[Vietnam]], Cambodia, [[Laos]], da [[Sin|China]], inda ta shafe watanni huɗu a [[Moscow]] a shekarar 1956, inda ta jawo hankalin Nikita Khrushchev . == Hotuna == Editocin mujallar Life sun yi wa Larsen laƙabi da iyawarta ta samun amincewar masu zane-zane. An buga hoton Truman Capote na farko da aka rarraba a ƙasa baki ɗaya a cikin ''LIFE Visits Yaddo'', wani rubutu na hoto na Larsen a fitowar 15 ga Yuli, 1946 wanda ya haɗa da hoton Capote biyu zaune a ƙafafun Marguerite Young . Larson shi ne kawai wakilin daukar hoto da aka ba shi izinin ɗaukar hoton shugaban Yugoslavia Marshall Josip Tito a wurin shakatawa [[Black Sea|na Baƙar fata]] na Sochi, Rasha a lokacin ziyararsa zuwa [[Tarayyar Sobiyet|Tarayyar Soviet]], kuma mai ɗaukar hoto na farko ɗan Amurka ya ba da izinin ziyartar Outer Mongolia cikin sama da shekaru goma a lokacin bazara na 1956, ta hanyar gayyatar jakadan Mongolia wanda ta haɗu da shi a Moscow. ''LIFE'', 22 ga Yuli, 1957, 56–65, ta buga hotunanta da yawa da Lisa Larsen ta ɗauka a Mongolia, waɗanda suka raka Jack Raymond na ''Jaridar New York Times'' . A shekarar 1957 ta bayar da rahoto game da abubuwan da suka faru a juyin juya halin Poland da kuma tasirinsa a siyasa, masana'antu, al'adu, da addini, da kuma kan 'yan gudun hijirar [[Hungariya|Hungary]] da aka kora daga gidajensu a sansanonin Yugoslavia, [[Jamus]], [[Switzerland]], da [[Austriya|Austria]] . Babban editan hoto, Władysław Sławny na jaridar Poland mai zane mai suna ''Świat'' ('Duniya', 1951–1969), ta ƙuduri aniyar ci gaba da tafiya tare da takwarorinta na Yamma ''Life, Paris Match'' da ''Picture Post'' a lokacin [[Cold War|Yaƙin Cacar Baki]], don haka hotunan Larsen, masu ɗaukar hoto na Magnum da sauran abokan aikinta na Yamma suka buga. Bayan sake yin sharhi kan Khrushchev a shekarar 1958, a ranar tunawa da "'Yantar da Sojojin Ja" ta shekarar 1945, Ƙungiyar Masu Daukar Hotunan 'Yan Jarida ta Ƙasa ta Amurka ta ba ta kyautar 'Mai Daukar Hotunan Mujallar Shekara' a shekarar 1958, wadda ita ce mace ta farko da ta karɓi hoton, <ref name=":2" /> kuma ta ƙarshe ta sake ɗaukar hoton na tsawon shekaru arba'in. An gabatar da ayyukanta daga Poland da Mongolia a wannan shekarar a wani baje kolin kade-kade a Overseas Press Club da ke New York. == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Mutuwan 1959]] [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1925]] l5qzueib700we631mrjkwsqtjpnsvpn 895649 895648 2026-08-12T11:13:59Z Nnamadee 31123 895649 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Lisa Larsen''' (1922–1959) mace 'yar Amurka ce mai fafutukar ɗaukar hoto. == Tarihin Rayuwa == An haifi Lisa Rothschild a Pforzheim a Jamus, kuma ta yi tafiya a ranar 28 ga Oktoba, 1939 a cikin jirgin ruwan SS Veendam daga [[Birnin Antwerp|Antwerp]] zuwa Amurka tun tana ƙarama, inda ta kammala karatunta tun tana da shekaru 17 kacal. == Farkon aikina == Tana aiki a kamfanin daukar hoto na Black Star, a matsayin ma'aikaciyar ofis, kuma ''Vogue'' ta horar da ita, sannan ta yi aiki na tsawon shekaru da dama ta hannun hukumar Graphics House. Ayyukanta sun fito ne daga ''Mujallar New York Times, Parade, Glamour, Vogue, Charity'' and ''Holiday .'' == Mujallar Rayuwa == Bayan 1948, mafi yawan aikin jarida na Larsen shine aikin kwangila na ''LIFE'' wanda ta yi aiki a matsayin ma'aikata daga 1949 zuwa 1959. Da farko an ba ta aikin nishaɗi, shahararru da labaran salon zamani, waɗanda suka haɗa da Vanderbilts, Kennedys, Bing Crosby, da Duke of Windsor . <ref name=":0">{{Cite web |date=2016-03-02 |title=Lisa Larsen (1925 - 1959), German, Biography |url=https://www.icp.org/browse/archive/constituents/lisa-larsen?all/all/all/all/0 |access-date=2025-01-25 |website=[[International Center of Photography]]}}</ref> Duk da haka ta ɗauki labaran siyasa; binciken 'yan sanda na Brooklyn, hoton da aka ɗauka bayan zaɓe na Uwargidan Shugaban Ƙasa Bess Truman da 'yarta Margaret; yakin neman zaɓen shugaban ƙasa na Dwight D. Eisenhower a 1950; auren [[John F. Kennedy]] da [[Jacqueline Kennedy Onassis|Jacqueline Bouvier]] a 1953; yaƙin neman zaɓen Mataimakin Shugaban Ƙasa Alben Barkley (wanda ya kira Larsen "Mona Lisa,"); da kuma gangamin McCarthy na ranar 29 ga Nuwamba, 1954, a Madison Square Garden, inda jama'a suka yi ihu da ambaton jaridar ''[[New York Times|The New York Times]]'', kuma lokacin da Larsen ya shiga, wanda a lokacin sananne ne, sai aka fara rikici, yayin da 'yan sanda suka raka ta daga zauren, wata murya ta yi ihu 'Rataye ƙawar 'yan gurguzu!' == Wakilin ƙasa da ƙasa == Larsen, wacce ta iya magana da Faransanci, Turanci, Jamusanci, kuma tana magana da wasu harsunan Danish da Rashanci, an ba ta damar yin labarai na ƙasashen duniya tun farkon shekarun 1950; Firayim Ministan [[Iran]] [[Mohammad Mosaddegh|Mohammed Mossadegh]] daga gadon asibiti da yake a New York, inda ta ɗauki hotonsa a lokacin rikicin mai na Iran da Birtaniya a shekarar 1951, ya gayyace ta zuwa Iran na tsawon makonni biyu a shekarar 1952 don ɗaukar hoto a [[Isfahan]], [[Qom]], Persepolis, da [[Shiraz]] ; ta ɗauki hoton [[Vijaya Lakshmi Pandit]], mace ta farko da ta zama shugabar [[Babban Taron Majalisar Ɗinkin Duniya|Majalisar Dinkin Duniya]] (1953); ziyarar sarauta ta farko [[Elizabeth II|ta Sarauniya Elizabeth II]] ; da Cibiyar Abinci ta Tsakiyar Amurka da Panama a shekarar 1954, inda ta yi magana da likitoci, ta duba dakunan gwaje-gwaje, sannan ta shiga fagen don ɗaukar nauyin aikin. <ref name=":0">{{Cite web |date=2016-03-02 |title=Lisa Larsen (1925 - 1959), German, Biography |url=https://www.icp.org/browse/archive/constituents/lisa-larsen?all/all/all/all/0 |access-date=2025-01-25 |website=[[International Center of Photography]]}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://www.icp.org/browse/archive/constituents/lisa-larsen?all/all/all/all/0 "Lisa Larsen (1925 - 1959), German, Biography"]. ''[[International Center of Photography]]''. 2016-03-02<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2025-01-25</span></span>.</cite></ref> Edward Steichen ne ya zaɓi hoton da aka ɗauka daga aikin na ƙarshe don baje kolin Gidan Tarihi na Fasaha na Zamani na 1955 ''mai suna The Family of Man'' wanda baƙi miliyan 9 suka kalli. Ya nuna wata uwa 'yar [[Guatemala (ƙasa)|ƙasar Guatemala]] mai murmushi da jariri a bayanta a cikin wani mayafi, inda ƙananan 'yan mata biyu ke leƙen asiri cikin farin ciki. Yanayin wurare masu zafi yana bayyana daga rassan dabino a bango kuma hoton yana cike da ɗumin ɗan adam. <ref name=":4">{{Cite web |title=Lisa Larsen |url=https://www.moma.org/artists/3392 |access-date=2025-01-25 |website=[[The Museum of Modern Art]]}}</ref> A taron Bandung na 1955 da aka [[Asiya|yi]] [[Indonesiya|a Indonesia]] [[Afirka|wanda]] Larson ya yi magana da Howard Sochurek, ta yi amfani da ƙaramin na'urar rikodin bidiyo mai ɗaukuwa da kyamarori biyu na Leica, kuma an sha ambatonta a cikin jaridun cikin gida a matsayin abin da jama'a ke yabawa. Daga nan ta yi tafiya ta [[Hong Kong]], [[Japan]], [[Vietnam]], Cambodia, [[Laos]], da [[Sin|China]], inda ta shafe watanni huɗu a [[Moscow]] a shekarar 1956, inda ta jawo hankalin Nikita Khrushchev . == Hotuna == Editocin mujallar Life sun yi wa Larsen laƙabi da iyawarta ta samun amincewar masu zane-zane. An buga hoton Truman Capote na farko da aka rarraba a ƙasa baki ɗaya a cikin ''LIFE Visits Yaddo'', wani rubutu na hoto na Larsen a fitowar 15 ga Yuli, 1946 wanda ya haɗa da hoton Capote biyu zaune a ƙafafun Marguerite Young . Larson shi ne kawai wakilin daukar hoto da aka ba shi izinin ɗaukar hoton shugaban Yugoslavia Marshall Josip Tito a wurin shakatawa [[Black Sea|na Baƙar fata]] na Sochi, Rasha a lokacin ziyararsa zuwa [[Tarayyar Sobiyet|Tarayyar Soviet]], kuma mai ɗaukar hoto na farko ɗan Amurka ya ba da izinin ziyartar Outer Mongolia cikin sama da shekaru goma a lokacin bazara na 1956, ta hanyar gayyatar jakadan Mongolia wanda ta haɗu da shi a Moscow. ''LIFE'', 22 ga Yuli, 1957, 56–65, ta buga hotunanta da yawa da Lisa Larsen ta ɗauka a Mongolia, waɗanda suka raka Jack Raymond na ''Jaridar New York Times'' . A shekarar 1957 ta bayar da rahoto game da abubuwan da suka faru a juyin juya halin Poland da kuma tasirinsa a siyasa, masana'antu, al'adu, da addini, da kuma kan 'yan gudun hijirar [[Hungariya|Hungary]] da aka kora daga gidajensu a sansanonin Yugoslavia, [[Jamus]], [[Switzerland]], da [[Austriya|Austria]] . Babban editan hoto, Władysław Sławny na jaridar Poland mai zane mai suna ''Świat'' ('Duniya', 1951–1969), ta ƙuduri aniyar ci gaba da tafiya tare da takwarorinta na Yamma ''Life, Paris Match'' da ''Picture Post'' a lokacin [[Cold War|Yaƙin Cacar Baki]], don haka hotunan Larsen, masu ɗaukar hoto na Magnum da sauran abokan aikinta na Yamma suka buga. Bayan sake yin sharhi kan Khrushchev a shekarar 1958, a ranar tunawa da "'Yantar da Sojojin Ja" ta shekarar 1945, Ƙungiyar Masu Daukar Hotunan 'Yan Jarida ta Ƙasa ta Amurka ta ba ta kyautar 'Mai Daukar Hotunan Mujallar Shekara' a shekarar 1958, wadda ita ce mace ta farko da ta karɓi hoton, <ref name=":2" /> kuma ta ƙarshe ta sake ɗaukar hoton na tsawon shekaru arba'in. An gabatar da ayyukanta daga Poland da Mongolia a wannan shekarar a wani baje kolin kade-kade a Overseas Press Club da ke New York. == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Mutuwan 1959]] [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1925]] 4a353hq5fsoe3t2kl6km6hwua01o20r 0 163322 895650 2026-08-12T11:14:47Z Nnamadee 31123 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1209768728|Margarete Gütschow]]" 895650 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Margarete Gütschow''' (1871–1951) ƙwararriyar masaniyar kayan tarihi ce ta ƙasar Jamus. Tana ɗaya daga cikin mata na farko da suka fara aiki a matsayin mai zane-zane, suna aiki tare da Cibiyar Nazarin Kayan Tarihi ta Jamus da ke [[Rum|Rome]] tun daga shekarar 1910. A shekarar 1928, ta fara karatun gine-gine na gargajiya a Jami'ar Berlin amma ba ta kammala karatun digirin digirgir ba. Madadin haka, a shekarar 1925 ta koma Roma, tana taimaka wa [[Gerhart Rodenwaldt]] (1886–1945) wajen binciken sassaka na jana'iza, wani batu da ya zama babban abin da aikinta na gaba ya mayar da hankali a kai. <ref>{{Cite web |date=10 April 2017 |title=Margarete Gütschow |url=https://trowelblazers.com/margarete-gutschow/ |access-date=7 April 2018 |publisher=Trowelblazers}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Bucolo, Raffaella |year=2017 |title=Biographical Notes on Margarete Gütschow (1871–1951) and the Role of Early Twentieth-Century Women Archaeologists |journal=Bulletin of the History of Archaeology |volume=27 |doi=10.5334/bha-589 |doi-access=free}}</ref> == Litattafai == * ''Ein Kindersarkophag mit Darstellung aus der Argonautensage'', 1928 * ''Sarkophag-Studien, I.'', 1931 * ''Das Prätextatmuseum in Rom und seine Bedeutung für die Kunst der Spätantike'', 1937 * ''Das Museum der Prätextat-Katakombe'', 1938 == Manazarta == jybbut7pwq27az21fxd0ywxiukrbaf1 895651 895650 2026-08-12T11:15:05Z Nnamadee 31123 895651 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Margarete Gütschow''' (1871–1951) ƙwararriyar masaniyar kayan tarihi ce ta ƙasar Jamus. Tana ɗaya daga cikin mata na farko da suka fara aiki a matsayin mai zane-zane, suna aiki tare da Cibiyar Nazarin Kayan Tarihi ta Jamus da ke [[Rum|Rome]] tun daga shekarar 1910. A shekarar 1928, ta fara karatun gine-gine na gargajiya a Jami'ar Berlin amma ba ta kammala karatun digirin digirgir ba. Madadin haka, a shekarar 1925 ta koma Roma, tana taimaka wa [[Gerhart Rodenwaldt]] (1886–1945) wajen binciken sassaka na jana'iza, wani batu da ya zama babban abin da aikinta na gaba ya mayar da hankali a kai. <ref>{{Cite web |date=10 April 2017 |title=Margarete Gütschow |url=https://trowelblazers.com/margarete-gutschow/ |access-date=7 April 2018 |publisher=Trowelblazers}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Bucolo, Raffaella |year=2017 |title=Biographical Notes on Margarete Gütschow (1871–1951) and the Role of Early Twentieth-Century Women Archaeologists |journal=Bulletin of the History of Archaeology |volume=27 |doi=10.5334/bha-589 |doi-access=free}}</ref> == Litattafai == * ''Ein Kindersarkophag mit Darstellung aus der Argonautensage'', 1928 * ''Sarkophag-Studien, I.'', 1931 * ''Das Prätextatmuseum in Rom und seine Bedeutung für die Kunst der Spätantike'', 1937 * ''Das Museum der Prätextat-Katakombe'', 1938 == Manazarta == 727zcu7mm8icu4cy08t7mqye3p45pl7 0 163323 895652 2026-08-12T11:15:49Z Nnamadee 31123 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1360558518|Elsa Gidoni]]" 895652 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Reflist}}'''Elsa Mandelstamm Gidoni''' (March 12, 1901 – April 19, 1978) was a German-American [[Masanin gine-gine da zane|architect]] and interior designer. == Rayuwar farko == An haifi Gidoni Elsa Mandelstamm a [[Riga]], [[Laitfiya|Latvia]], cikin dangin Lithuania-Yahudawa. Mahaifinta Fayvush (Pavel) Mandelstamm likita ne. Ta yi karatu a Imperial Academy of Arts a St. Petersburg daga 1916 zuwa 1917 da Technische Hochschule a Berlin-Charlottenburg (yanzu Technische Universität Berlin ) a tsakiyar 1920s. Daga nan ta mallaki kamfanin zane-zanen cikin gida nata daga 1929 zuwa 1933. == Tel Aviv == A shekarar 1933, da zarar [[Adolf Hitler]] ya zama Kansila, an zartar da wata doka mai tsauri da ke adawa da Yahudawa, wanda hakan ya sa Yahudawa ba su iya yin aikinsu a Jamus ba. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Gropius |first=Walter |last2=Wachsman |first2=Konrad |date=22 April 2021 |title=Into Exile: With Gropius and Wachsmann to the New World |url=https://mitp-arch.mitpress.mit.edu/pub/g0j4p40r#n2y6ir4t4zz |journal=MIT Press Open Architecture and Urban Studies |publisher=MIT Press |access-date=28 February 2024 |quote=Prominent among both groups of exiles—Jewish and non-Jewish—were the architects, and especially those architects who had constituted the vanguard of the Modern Movement.}}</ref> Gidoni ta bar Berlin ta zauna a [[Tel Abib|Tel Aviv]] inda ta yi aiki a matsayin mai zane-zane har zuwa shekarar 1938. A can, ta tsara makarantar tattalin arziki kuma ta yi aiki a kan ayyuka daban-daban kamar tsara gidan Sweden Pavilion a Levant-Fair da kuma Café Galina. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Architects in Palestine: 1920-1948 {{!}} Jewish Women's Archive |url=https://jwa.org/encyclopedia/article/architects-in-palestine-1920-1948 |access-date=2018-11-13 |website=jwa.org |language=en}}</ref> Yawancin ayyukan Gidoni sun kasance na Tsarin Ƙasashen Duniya, <ref>{{Cite web |date=4 April 2014 |title=Building on the Past |url=https://www.womenshistory.org/articles/building-past |access-date=2018-11-13 |website=National Women's History Museum |language=en}}</ref> salon gine-gine wanda ya shahara bayan Yaƙin Duniya na Ɗaya kuma an san shi da amfani da kayan masana'antu, rashin launi, da saman da aka yi da lebur. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Art & Architecture Thesaurus Full Record Display (Getty Research) |url=http://www.getty.edu/vow/AATFullDisplay?find=international+style&logic=AND&note=&page=1&subjectid=300021472 |access-date=2018-11-13 |website=www.getty.edu}}</ref> == New York == A shekarar 1938, ta bar Tel-Aviv saboda karuwar rikice-rikice a cikin yanayin siyasa, <ref>{{Cite web |last=Stratigakos, Despina |title=Gidoni [née Mandelstamm], Elsa {{!}} Grove Art |url=http://www.oxfordartonline.com/view/10.1093/gao/9781884446054.001.0001/oao-9781884446054-e-7002271571 |access-date=2018-11-13 |language=en |doi=10.1093/gao/9781884446054.article.T2271571 |isbn=978-1-884446-05-4}}</ref> ta koma New York inda ta yi aiki a matsayin mai tsara cikin gida ga Fellheimer & Wagner kafin daga baya ta sami aiki a matsayin mai tsara ayyuka a kamfanin gine-gine na Kahn & Jacobs. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Stratigakos |first=Despina |title=Building on the Past: A History of Women in Architecture |url=http://www.bwaf.org/building-on-the-past-a-history-of-women-in-architecture/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150907175318/http://bwaf.org/building-on-the-past-a-history-of-women-in-architecture/ |archive-date=7 September 2015 |access-date=15 October 2015 |website=Beverly Willis Architecture Foundation}}</ref> Tare da Kahn & Jacobs, ita ce jagorar masu zane a manyan ayyuka da dama, ciki har da ginin Universal Pictures Building da ke 445 Park Avenue a Manhattan, wanda aka kammala a shekarar 1947. Da yake yaba wa amfani da haske da sauran fasalulluka na gine-gine, masanin tarihi kuma mai sukar gine-gine, Lewis Mumford, ya kira ginin ofishin 445 Park Avenue "ci gaba na fasaha." Littafin Britannica Book of the Year na shekarar 1947 ya haɗa da ginin a cikin manyan nasarorin gine-gine guda biyar na shekarar. Sauran gine-gine huɗu masu ban sha'awa da aka ambata an tsara su, bi da bi, ta hannun Oscar Niemeyer, Alvar Aalto, Buckminster Fuller, da [[Le Corbusier]] . Ta zama memba a Cibiyar Zane-zane ta Amurka (AIA) a shekarar 1943. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Elsa Gidoni (1901-1978) |url=http://public.aia.org/sites/hdoaa/wiki/Wiki%20Pages/ahd1015844.aspx |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304030448/http://public.aia.org/sites/hdoaa/wiki/Wiki%20Pages/ahd1015844.aspx |archive-date=4 March 2016 |access-date=15 October 2015 |website=The AIA Historical Directory of American Architects Wiki Pages: ahd1015844}}</ref> A shekarar 1960, tana ɗaya daga cikin mata 260 a fannin AIA kuma ɗaya ce kawai daga cikin mata 12 da ke aiki a New York. Babbar 'yar uwarta ita ce Margarita Mandelstamm Selinsky, mai goge goge. Mijinta na farko shi ne mai sukar fasaha kuma marubuci [[:ru:Гидони, Александр Иосифович|Alexander Gidoni]] . Daga baya ta auri Alexis L. Gluckmann, injiniya. A watan Afrilun 1978, ta rasu tana da shekaru 77 a gidanta da ke Washington, DC [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1901]] 6wtg7q7mk01zvm29mbu8r5j0woc4wc0 895653 895652 2026-08-12T11:16:09Z Nnamadee 31123 895653 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} {{Reflist}}'''Elsa Mandelstamm Gidoni''' (March 12, 1901 – April 19, 1978) was a German-American [[Masanin gine-gine da zane|architect]] and interior designer. == Rayuwar farko == An haifi Gidoni Elsa Mandelstamm a [[Riga]], [[Laitfiya|Latvia]], cikin dangin Lithuania-Yahudawa. Mahaifinta Fayvush (Pavel) Mandelstamm likita ne. Ta yi karatu a Imperial Academy of Arts a St. Petersburg daga 1916 zuwa 1917 da Technische Hochschule a Berlin-Charlottenburg (yanzu Technische Universität Berlin ) a tsakiyar 1920s. Daga nan ta mallaki kamfanin zane-zanen cikin gida nata daga 1929 zuwa 1933. == Tel Aviv == A shekarar 1933, da zarar [[Adolf Hitler]] ya zama Kansila, an zartar da wata doka mai tsauri da ke adawa da Yahudawa, wanda hakan ya sa Yahudawa ba su iya yin aikinsu a Jamus ba. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Gropius |first=Walter |last2=Wachsman |first2=Konrad |date=22 April 2021 |title=Into Exile: With Gropius and Wachsmann to the New World |url=https://mitp-arch.mitpress.mit.edu/pub/g0j4p40r#n2y6ir4t4zz |journal=MIT Press Open Architecture and Urban Studies |publisher=MIT Press |access-date=28 February 2024 |quote=Prominent among both groups of exiles—Jewish and non-Jewish—were the architects, and especially those architects who had constituted the vanguard of the Modern Movement.}}</ref> Gidoni ta bar Berlin ta zauna a [[Tel Abib|Tel Aviv]] inda ta yi aiki a matsayin mai zane-zane har zuwa shekarar 1938. A can, ta tsara makarantar tattalin arziki kuma ta yi aiki a kan ayyuka daban-daban kamar tsara gidan Sweden Pavilion a Levant-Fair da kuma Café Galina. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Architects in Palestine: 1920-1948 {{!}} Jewish Women's Archive |url=https://jwa.org/encyclopedia/article/architects-in-palestine-1920-1948 |access-date=2018-11-13 |website=jwa.org |language=en}}</ref> Yawancin ayyukan Gidoni sun kasance na Tsarin Ƙasashen Duniya, <ref>{{Cite web |date=4 April 2014 |title=Building on the Past |url=https://www.womenshistory.org/articles/building-past |access-date=2018-11-13 |website=National Women's History Museum |language=en}}</ref> salon gine-gine wanda ya shahara bayan Yaƙin Duniya na Ɗaya kuma an san shi da amfani da kayan masana'antu, rashin launi, da saman da aka yi da lebur. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Art & Architecture Thesaurus Full Record Display (Getty Research) |url=http://www.getty.edu/vow/AATFullDisplay?find=international+style&logic=AND&note=&page=1&subjectid=300021472 |access-date=2018-11-13 |website=www.getty.edu}}</ref> == New York == A shekarar 1938, ta bar Tel-Aviv saboda karuwar rikice-rikice a cikin yanayin siyasa, <ref>{{Cite web |last=Stratigakos, Despina |title=Gidoni [née Mandelstamm], Elsa {{!}} Grove Art |url=http://www.oxfordartonline.com/view/10.1093/gao/9781884446054.001.0001/oao-9781884446054-e-7002271571 |access-date=2018-11-13 |language=en |doi=10.1093/gao/9781884446054.article.T2271571 |isbn=978-1-884446-05-4}}</ref> ta koma New York inda ta yi aiki a matsayin mai tsara cikin gida ga Fellheimer & Wagner kafin daga baya ta sami aiki a matsayin mai tsara ayyuka a kamfanin gine-gine na Kahn & Jacobs. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Stratigakos |first=Despina |title=Building on the Past: A History of Women in Architecture |url=http://www.bwaf.org/building-on-the-past-a-history-of-women-in-architecture/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150907175318/http://bwaf.org/building-on-the-past-a-history-of-women-in-architecture/ |archive-date=7 September 2015 |access-date=15 October 2015 |website=Beverly Willis Architecture Foundation}}</ref> Tare da Kahn & Jacobs, ita ce jagorar masu zane a manyan ayyuka da dama, ciki har da ginin Universal Pictures Building da ke 445 Park Avenue a Manhattan, wanda aka kammala a shekarar 1947. Da yake yaba wa amfani da haske da sauran fasalulluka na gine-gine, masanin tarihi kuma mai sukar gine-gine, Lewis Mumford, ya kira ginin ofishin 445 Park Avenue "ci gaba na fasaha." Littafin Britannica Book of the Year na shekarar 1947 ya haɗa da ginin a cikin manyan nasarorin gine-gine guda biyar na shekarar. Sauran gine-gine huɗu masu ban sha'awa da aka ambata an tsara su, bi da bi, ta hannun Oscar Niemeyer, Alvar Aalto, Buckminster Fuller, da [[Le Corbusier]] . Ta zama memba a Cibiyar Zane-zane ta Amurka (AIA) a shekarar 1943. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Elsa Gidoni (1901-1978) |url=http://public.aia.org/sites/hdoaa/wiki/Wiki%20Pages/ahd1015844.aspx |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304030448/http://public.aia.org/sites/hdoaa/wiki/Wiki%20Pages/ahd1015844.aspx |archive-date=4 March 2016 |access-date=15 October 2015 |website=The AIA Historical Directory of American Architects Wiki Pages: ahd1015844}}</ref> A shekarar 1960, tana ɗaya daga cikin mata 260 a fannin AIA kuma ɗaya ce kawai daga cikin mata 12 da ke aiki a New York. Babbar 'yar uwarta ita ce Margarita Mandelstamm Selinsky, mai goge goge. Mijinta na farko shi ne mai sukar fasaha kuma marubuci [[:ru:Гидони, Александр Иосифович|Alexander Gidoni]] . Daga baya ta auri Alexis L. Gluckmann, injiniya. A watan Afrilun 1978, ta rasu tana da shekaru 77 a gidanta da ke Washington, DC [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1901]] k77xzaz80scl67t5uziicrmwgavdqyw 0 163324 895654 2026-08-12T11:16:56Z Nnamadee 31123 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1346724293|Katharina Thiersch]]" 895654 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Katharina Thiersch''' (an haife ta a ranar 7 ga Oktoba 1938 - 10 ga Oktoba 2021) ma'aikaciyar kiyaye kayan tarihi ce ta Jamus. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Traueranzeigen von Katharina Thiersch {{!}} Trauer.HNA.de |url=https://trauer.hna.de/traueranzeige/katharina-thiersch |access-date=27 October 2021 |language=de-DE}}</ref> == Ilimi == An haifi Thiersch a Marburg, 'yar mai kula da birnin [[Wiesbaden]] . Da farko ta kammala aikin horo a wani wurin aikin kafinta, sannan ta karanci gine-gine a RWTH Aachen daga shekarar 1959, wanda ta kammala da takardar shaidar injiniya a shekarar 1967. Daga nan ta yi karatun digiri na tsawon shekaru biyu a Bibliotheca Hertziana da ke Rome. == Sana'a == Daga nan ta yi aiki a Cibiyar Tarihin Gine-gine da Rikodin Gine-gine a Jami'ar Stuttgart kuma daga 1973 a matsayin mai kula da kiyaye muhalli a [[Hesse State Office for the Preservation of Monuments|Ofishin Jihar Hesse don Kare Monuments]] da ofishin reshensa da ke Marburg, inda ta ci gaba da zama har zuwa lokacin da ta yi ritaya a 2003. Kwanan nan, ta yi aiki a matsayin babbar mai kula da kayan kida. Thiersch ya himmatu wajen [[Monument conservation|kiyaye abubuwan tarihi]] a arewacin Hesse. Manyan ayyukan da ta kula da su sun haɗa da [[Haydau Monastery]] da ke Morschen, [[Church of the Dead (Treysa)|Cocin Matattu]] da ke Schwalmstadt-Treeysa ko kuma Cathedral na St Peter da ke Fritzlar . Ya kafa sabbin ƙa'idoji wajen kiyaye abubuwan tarihi, a cikin binciken farko, aiwatarwa da kuma tattara bayanai. 2] Tsare-tsare na birni Ta raka sake fasalin tsarin birane a Fritzlar, Melsungen, Spangenberg da Schwalmstadt . Bugu da ƙari, Katharina Thiersch tana ɗaya daga cikin waɗanda suka jagoranci kafa "Cibiyar Sana'o'i ta Jamus da Kare Monuments - Propstei Johannesberg" (a yau: [[Propstei Johannesberg gGmbH]] ) a [[Propstei Johannesberg]] da ke Fulda a matsayin cibiyar horarwa don koyar da dabarun fasaha na tarihi, amfani da kayan aiki na yanki da fasahar gini. Ta kuma yi aiki a can a matsayin lakcara. Ta kuma shiga cikin ''Kwalejin Bincike da Tsare-tsare ta Hessian a yankunan karkara'' . Ta riƙe muƙaman koyarwa a jami'o'in [[Jami'ar Giessen|Gießen]] da Kassel . Da jajircewarta, har ma ta shiga cikin faretin bikin karramawa. Lokacin da ta yi ritaya, an ba ta ''lambar girmamawa ta birnin Fritzlar'' saboda ayyukanta na gyaran tsohon garin. Saboda nasarorin da ta samu na musamman, shugaban tarayya [[Horst Köhler]] ya karrama ta a shekarar 2004, inda ya ba ta lambar yabo ta Federal Cross of Merit First Class . A lokacin da ta yi ritaya, Katharina Thiersch ta kasance mai himma a matakin ƙungiya har zuwa jim kaɗan kafin mutuwarta kuma ta kasance mai baƙon malami kuma mai jawabi. == Adabi == === A Katharina Thiersch === * [[Gerd Weiß]] : ''Denkmalpflege yaki "ihre Sache" - Zum Tod von Katharina Thiersch'' . A cikin: Denkmal Hessen 2021/2, p. 70f . === Littattafai (zaɓi) === * Rainer Humbach: ''Der Fritzlarer Dom'' . Tare da ƙarin bayani daga Burghard Preusler, Katharina Thiersch da Ulrich Knapp. M. Imhoff, Petersberg 2005, <nowiki>ISBN 3-932526-53-8</nowiki> * tare da Reinhard Gross (ed.): ''Kloster, Schloss und Domäne Heydau: Baugeschichte - Sanierungskonzept - Wiederherstellung'' = Arbeitshefte des Landesamtes für Denkmalpflege Hessen 1. Theiss Verlag, Stuttgart, 2002. <nowiki>ISBN 3-8062-1629-0</nowiki> * tare da Karin Kraus: ''Modellhafte Untersuchung zur Auswirkung von Schadstoffen auf Mörtel sowie beispielhafter Einsatz von Hinterspritz- und Putzergänzungsmörteln am Kloster Heydau'' . Cibiyar Kare Dutse, Mainz, 2001. * Franz Graf Wolff Metternich: ''Die Erbauung der Peterskirche zu Rom im 16.'' ''Jahrhundert'' . Tare da haɗin gwiwar Hildegard Giess, Hanna Homa da Katharina Thiersch. Schroll, Munich da Vienna 1972. <nowiki>ISBN 3-7031-0296-9</nowiki> == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Matattun 2021]] [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1938]] i38z1frvrng2nh5f6h3k9nln102s919 895655 895654 2026-08-12T11:17:16Z Nnamadee 31123 895655 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Katharina Thiersch''' (an haife ta a ranar 7 ga Oktoba 1938 - 10 ga Oktoba 2021) ma'aikaciyar kiyaye kayan tarihi ce ta Jamus. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Traueranzeigen von Katharina Thiersch {{!}} Trauer.HNA.de |url=https://trauer.hna.de/traueranzeige/katharina-thiersch |access-date=27 October 2021 |language=de-DE}}</ref> == Ilimi == An haifi Thiersch a Marburg, 'yar mai kula da birnin [[Wiesbaden]] . Da farko ta kammala aikin horo a wani wurin aikin kafinta, sannan ta karanci gine-gine a RWTH Aachen daga shekarar 1959, wanda ta kammala da takardar shaidar injiniya a shekarar 1967. Daga nan ta yi karatun digiri na tsawon shekaru biyu a Bibliotheca Hertziana da ke Rome. == Sana'a == Daga nan ta yi aiki a Cibiyar Tarihin Gine-gine da Rikodin Gine-gine a Jami'ar Stuttgart kuma daga 1973 a matsayin mai kula da kiyaye muhalli a [[Hesse State Office for the Preservation of Monuments|Ofishin Jihar Hesse don Kare Monuments]] da ofishin reshensa da ke Marburg, inda ta ci gaba da zama har zuwa lokacin da ta yi ritaya a 2003. Kwanan nan, ta yi aiki a matsayin babbar mai kula da kayan kida. Thiersch ya himmatu wajen [[Monument conservation|kiyaye abubuwan tarihi]] a arewacin Hesse. Manyan ayyukan da ta kula da su sun haɗa da [[Haydau Monastery]] da ke Morschen, [[Church of the Dead (Treysa)|Cocin Matattu]] da ke Schwalmstadt-Treeysa ko kuma Cathedral na St Peter da ke Fritzlar . Ya kafa sabbin ƙa'idoji wajen kiyaye abubuwan tarihi, a cikin binciken farko, aiwatarwa da kuma tattara bayanai. 2] Tsare-tsare na birni Ta raka sake fasalin tsarin birane a Fritzlar, Melsungen, Spangenberg da Schwalmstadt . Bugu da ƙari, Katharina Thiersch tana ɗaya daga cikin waɗanda suka jagoranci kafa "Cibiyar Sana'o'i ta Jamus da Kare Monuments - Propstei Johannesberg" (a yau: [[Propstei Johannesberg gGmbH]] ) a [[Propstei Johannesberg]] da ke Fulda a matsayin cibiyar horarwa don koyar da dabarun fasaha na tarihi, amfani da kayan aiki na yanki da fasahar gini. Ta kuma yi aiki a can a matsayin lakcara. Ta kuma shiga cikin ''Kwalejin Bincike da Tsare-tsare ta Hessian a yankunan karkara'' . Ta riƙe muƙaman koyarwa a jami'o'in [[Jami'ar Giessen|Gießen]] da Kassel . Da jajircewarta, har ma ta shiga cikin faretin bikin karramawa. Lokacin da ta yi ritaya, an ba ta ''lambar girmamawa ta birnin Fritzlar'' saboda ayyukanta na gyaran tsohon garin. Saboda nasarorin da ta samu na musamman, shugaban tarayya [[Horst Köhler]] ya karrama ta a shekarar 2004, inda ya ba ta lambar yabo ta Federal Cross of Merit First Class . A lokacin da ta yi ritaya, Katharina Thiersch ta kasance mai himma a matakin ƙungiya har zuwa jim kaɗan kafin mutuwarta kuma ta kasance mai baƙon malami kuma mai jawabi. == Adabi == === A Katharina Thiersch === * [[Gerd Weiß]] : ''Denkmalpflege yaki "ihre Sache" - Zum Tod von Katharina Thiersch'' . A cikin: Denkmal Hessen 2021/2, p. 70f . === Littattafai (zaɓi) === * Rainer Humbach: ''Der Fritzlarer Dom'' . Tare da ƙarin bayani daga Burghard Preusler, Katharina Thiersch da Ulrich Knapp. M. Imhoff, Petersberg 2005, <nowiki>ISBN 3-932526-53-8</nowiki> * tare da Reinhard Gross (ed.): ''Kloster, Schloss und Domäne Heydau: Baugeschichte - Sanierungskonzept - Wiederherstellung'' = Arbeitshefte des Landesamtes für Denkmalpflege Hessen 1. Theiss Verlag, Stuttgart, 2002. <nowiki>ISBN 3-8062-1629-0</nowiki> * tare da Karin Kraus: ''Modellhafte Untersuchung zur Auswirkung von Schadstoffen auf Mörtel sowie beispielhafter Einsatz von Hinterspritz- und Putzergänzungsmörteln am Kloster Heydau'' . Cibiyar Kare Dutse, Mainz, 2001. * Franz Graf Wolff Metternich: ''Die Erbauung der Peterskirche zu Rom im 16.'' ''Jahrhundert'' . Tare da haɗin gwiwar Hildegard Giess, Hanna Homa da Katharina Thiersch. Schroll, Munich da Vienna 1972. <nowiki>ISBN 3-7031-0296-9</nowiki> == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Matattun 2021]] [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1938]] bdgtn87tyztyjpplh40n0v7u9cjajvk 0 163325 895656 2026-08-12T11:18:04Z Nnamadee 31123 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1348699489|Herta Hammerbacher]]" 895656 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Herta Hammersbacher''' (2 Disamba 1900 a [[Nuremberg]] – 25 Mayu 1985 a Niederpöcking kusa da Starnberg ) wani mai zane-zanen shimfidar wuri ne na Jamus wanda ya koyar na tsawon shekaru sama da 20 a TU Berlin. == Rayuwa == Hammersbacher 'yar injiniya ce kuma masanin tattalin arziki John Hammersbacher da matarsa Luise Feilitzsch. Da farko ta girma a Nuremberg. A shekarar 1910, iyalin suka ƙaura zuwa Berlin, inda Hammersbacher ta halarci makarantar 'yan mata ta Cecilie Lyceum da ke Berlin-Wilmersdorf. A shekarar 1917 ta fara koyon aikin lambu a Burtenbach wanda ya haifar da Castle Gardens of Potsdam-Sassouci a tsakanin 1918 zuwa 1919. A wannan lokacin ta haɗu da mai lambu Karl Foerster, wanda ra'ayoyin ƙirar lambunsa suka yi tasiri a kanta. A shekarun 1920 da 1930, Hammersbacher ya kasance cikin abin da daga baya ya zama "Bornimer da'irar" tare da Karl Foerster da matarsa Eva, mai tsara shimfidar wuri Hermann Mattern da mai tsara shimfidar wuri Walter Funcke, Hermann Goritz, Karl-Heinz Hanisch, {{Interlanguage link|Richard Hansen (gardener)|de|Richard Hansen (Gärtner)}}, Gottfried Kühn, Alfred Reich da Berthold Körting. Daga 1919 zuwa 1920, ta yi aiki a gidan yara na Hellwig da ke Gartz (Oder) kuma ta haɗu da Wolfgang Schadewaldt wanda ya gabatar da ita ga fahimtar ɗan adam ta Girka. Daga nan ta ƙaura zuwa yankin da ke kewaye da Tafkin Constance, inda, daga 1920 zuwa 1924 ta yi aiki a wurare daban-daban, ta rubuta gajerun labarai kuma ta fara buga goge da goge ga ƙungiyar makaɗa ta Lindauer "Symposia". A shekarar 1924, ta yi karatu a Cibiyar Koyarwa da Bincike ta Noma da ke Berlin-Dahlem . A shekarar 1926, ta ci jarrabawarta a matsayin ƙwararren ma'aikacin fasahar noma. Daga 1926 zuwa 1928, ta yi aiki a Ma'aikatar shimfidar wuri Späth'schen gandun daji a Baumschulenweg a matsayin mai fasahar noma. A shekarar 1928 ta ƙulla haɗin gwiwa tare da Ulrich Wolf, Kurt Lorenzen da Hermann Mattern, wanda ya ci gaba har tsawon shekaru 20. Hakanan a cikin 1928 ta auri Hermann Mattern. 'Yarsu Merete Mattern (1930–2007) daga baya ta yi aiki a matsayin mai zane-zane, sannan kuma - wani ɓangare tare da mahaifiyarta - kan matsalolin muhalli. Bayan shekaru bakwai aka raba auren. Hammersbacher ya yi aiki a matsayin mai tsara shimfidar wuri tare da wasu fitattun masu gine-gine, ciki har da Otto von Estorff da Gerhard Winkler, waɗanda suka tsara ɗakin da aka yi da salon ƙasa a Potsdam a shekarun 1930, da kuma Hans Scharoun. A Löbau Hammersbacher ya tsara lambun a [[Schminke House|Gidan Schminke]] . Bisa shawarar Scharoun, an naɗa ta, a shekarar 1946, malamar koyar da zane-zanen ƙasa da lambu a TU Berlin da aka sake buɗewa. Tun daga shekarar 1950, har zuwa lokacin da ta yi ritaya a shekarar 1969, ta kasance farfesa a can. Da lambunan da ta tsara, ta tsara salon zane-zanen ƙasa a Yammacin Jamus a shekarun 1950 da 1960. Ta ƙirƙiro ayyuka kimanin 3,500 na masu zaman kansu da na gwamnati ita kaɗai ko tare a Berlin. Ta ƙirƙiri lambuna a Waldfriedhof Zehlendorf da kuma a yankin arewacin TU Berlin da kuma lambun bazara a hasumiyar rediyo. Goma daga cikin lambunan da ta tsara kayan tarihi ne na ƙasa, ciki har da kayan aikin waje na ginin gine-gine na TU Berlin. A shekarar 1985, an ba Hammersbacher lambar yabo ta Friedrich-Ludwig-of-Sckell Zoben Girmamawa na Kwalejin Fasaha ta Bavarian. == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Mutuwan 1985]] [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1900]] kywmwl5pp5ne2ketxxbklej20lg5tfq 895657 895656 2026-08-12T11:18:26Z Nnamadee 31123 895657 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Herta Hammersbacher''' (2 Disamba 1900 a [[Nuremberg]] – 25 Mayu 1985 a Niederpöcking kusa da Starnberg ) wani mai zane-zanen shimfidar wuri ne na Jamus wanda ya koyar na tsawon shekaru sama da 20 a TU Berlin. == Rayuwa == Hammersbacher 'yar injiniya ce kuma masanin tattalin arziki John Hammersbacher da matarsa Luise Feilitzsch. Da farko ta girma a Nuremberg. A shekarar 1910, iyalin suka ƙaura zuwa Berlin, inda Hammersbacher ta halarci makarantar 'yan mata ta Cecilie Lyceum da ke Berlin-Wilmersdorf. A shekarar 1917 ta fara koyon aikin lambu a Burtenbach wanda ya haifar da Castle Gardens of Potsdam-Sassouci a tsakanin 1918 zuwa 1919. A wannan lokacin ta haɗu da mai lambu Karl Foerster, wanda ra'ayoyin ƙirar lambunsa suka yi tasiri a kanta. A shekarun 1920 da 1930, Hammersbacher ya kasance cikin abin da daga baya ya zama "Bornimer da'irar" tare da Karl Foerster da matarsa Eva, mai tsara shimfidar wuri Hermann Mattern da mai tsara shimfidar wuri Walter Funcke, Hermann Goritz, Karl-Heinz Hanisch, {{Interlanguage link|Richard Hansen (gardener)|de|Richard Hansen (Gärtner)}}, Gottfried Kühn, Alfred Reich da Berthold Körting. Daga 1919 zuwa 1920, ta yi aiki a gidan yara na Hellwig da ke Gartz (Oder) kuma ta haɗu da Wolfgang Schadewaldt wanda ya gabatar da ita ga fahimtar ɗan adam ta Girka. Daga nan ta ƙaura zuwa yankin da ke kewaye da Tafkin Constance, inda, daga 1920 zuwa 1924 ta yi aiki a wurare daban-daban, ta rubuta gajerun labarai kuma ta fara buga goge da goge ga ƙungiyar makaɗa ta Lindauer "Symposia". A shekarar 1924, ta yi karatu a Cibiyar Koyarwa da Bincike ta Noma da ke Berlin-Dahlem . A shekarar 1926, ta ci jarrabawarta a matsayin ƙwararren ma'aikacin fasahar noma. Daga 1926 zuwa 1928, ta yi aiki a Ma'aikatar shimfidar wuri Späth'schen gandun daji a Baumschulenweg a matsayin mai fasahar noma. A shekarar 1928 ta ƙulla haɗin gwiwa tare da Ulrich Wolf, Kurt Lorenzen da Hermann Mattern, wanda ya ci gaba har tsawon shekaru 20. Hakanan a cikin 1928 ta auri Hermann Mattern. 'Yarsu Merete Mattern (1930–2007) daga baya ta yi aiki a matsayin mai zane-zane, sannan kuma - wani ɓangare tare da mahaifiyarta - kan matsalolin muhalli. Bayan shekaru bakwai aka raba auren. Hammersbacher ya yi aiki a matsayin mai tsara shimfidar wuri tare da wasu fitattun masu gine-gine, ciki har da Otto von Estorff da Gerhard Winkler, waɗanda suka tsara ɗakin da aka yi da salon ƙasa a Potsdam a shekarun 1930, da kuma Hans Scharoun. A Löbau Hammersbacher ya tsara lambun a [[Schminke House|Gidan Schminke]] . Bisa shawarar Scharoun, an naɗa ta, a shekarar 1946, malamar koyar da zane-zanen ƙasa da lambu a TU Berlin da aka sake buɗewa. Tun daga shekarar 1950, har zuwa lokacin da ta yi ritaya a shekarar 1969, ta kasance farfesa a can. Da lambunan da ta tsara, ta tsara salon zane-zanen ƙasa a Yammacin Jamus a shekarun 1950 da 1960. Ta ƙirƙiro ayyuka kimanin 3,500 na masu zaman kansu da na gwamnati ita kaɗai ko tare a Berlin. Ta ƙirƙiri lambuna a Waldfriedhof Zehlendorf da kuma a yankin arewacin TU Berlin da kuma lambun bazara a hasumiyar rediyo. Goma daga cikin lambunan da ta tsara kayan tarihi ne na ƙasa, ciki har da kayan aikin waje na ginin gine-gine na TU Berlin. A shekarar 1985, an ba Hammersbacher lambar yabo ta Friedrich-Ludwig-of-Sckell Zoben Girmamawa na Kwalejin Fasaha ta Bavarian. == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Mutuwan 1985]] [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1900]] 95r3vna7tevejp6iys1orlwg2yrdx4k 895658 895657 2026-08-12T11:19:09Z Nnamadee 31123 895658 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Herta Hammersbacher''' (2 Disamba 1900 a [[Nuremberg]] – 25 Mayu 1985 a Niederpöcking kusa da Starnberg ) wani mai zane-zanen shimfidar wuri ne na Jamus wanda ya koyar na tsawon shekaru sama da 20 a TU Berlin. == Rayuwa == Hammersbacher 'yar injiniya ce kuma masanin tattalin arziki John Hammersbacher da matarsa Luise Feilitzsch. Da farko ta girma a Nuremberg. A shekarar 1910, iyalin suka ƙaura zuwa Berlin, inda Hammersbacher ta halarci makarantar 'yan mata ta Cecilie Lyceum da ke Berlin-Wilmersdorf. A shekarar 1917 ta fara koyon aikin lambu a Burtenbach wanda ya haifar da Castle Gardens of Potsdam-Sassouci a tsakanin 1918 zuwa 1919. A wannan lokacin ta haɗu da mai lambu Karl Foerster, wanda ra'ayoyin ƙirar lambunsa suka yi tasiri a kanta. A shekarun 1920 da 1930, Hammersbacher ya kasance cikin abin da daga baya ya zama "Bornimer da'irar" tare da Karl Foerster da matarsa Eva, mai tsara shimfidar wuri Hermann Mattern da mai tsara shimfidar wuri Walter Funcke, Hermann Goritz, Karl-Heinz Hanisch, {{Interlanguage link|Richard Hansen (gardener)|de|Richard Hansen (Gärtner)}}, Gottfried Kühn, Alfred Reich da Berthold Körting.<ref>Der Bornimer Kreis auf der Website der Karl-Förster-Stiftung für angewandte Vegetationskunde</ref> Daga 1919 zuwa 1920, ta yi aiki a gidan yara na Hellwig da ke Gartz (Oder) kuma ta haɗu da Wolfgang Schadewaldt wanda ya gabatar da ita ga fahimtar ɗan adam ta Girka. Daga nan ta ƙaura zuwa yankin da ke kewaye da Tafkin Constance, inda, daga 1920 zuwa 1924 ta yi aiki a wurare daban-daban, ta rubuta gajerun labarai kuma ta fara buga goge da goge ga ƙungiyar makaɗa ta Lindauer "Symposia". A shekarar 1924, ta yi karatu a Cibiyar Koyarwa da Bincike ta Noma da ke Berlin-Dahlem . A shekarar 1926, ta ci jarrabawarta a matsayin ƙwararren ma'aikacin fasahar noma. Daga 1926 zuwa 1928, ta yi aiki a Ma'aikatar shimfidar wuri Späth'schen gandun daji a Baumschulenweg a matsayin mai fasahar noma. A shekarar 1928 ta ƙulla haɗin gwiwa tare da Ulrich Wolf, Kurt Lorenzen da Hermann Mattern, wanda ya ci gaba har tsawon shekaru 20. Hakanan a cikin 1928 ta auri Hermann Mattern. 'Yarsu Merete Mattern (1930–2007) daga baya ta yi aiki a matsayin mai zane-zane, sannan kuma - wani ɓangare tare da mahaifiyarta - kan matsalolin muhalli. Bayan shekaru bakwai aka raba auren. Hammersbacher ya yi aiki a matsayin mai tsara shimfidar wuri tare da wasu fitattun masu gine-gine, ciki har da Otto von Estorff da Gerhard Winkler, waɗanda suka tsara ɗakin da aka yi da salon ƙasa a Potsdam a shekarun 1930, da kuma Hans Scharoun. A Löbau Hammersbacher ya tsara lambun a [[Schminke House|Gidan Schminke]] . Bisa shawarar Scharoun, an naɗa ta, a shekarar 1946, malamar koyar da zane-zanen ƙasa da lambu a TU Berlin da aka sake buɗewa. Tun daga shekarar 1950, har zuwa lokacin da ta yi ritaya a shekarar 1969, ta kasance farfesa a can. Da lambunan da ta tsara, ta tsara salon zane-zanen ƙasa a Yammacin Jamus a shekarun 1950 da 1960. Ta ƙirƙiro ayyuka kimanin 3,500 na masu zaman kansu da na gwamnati ita kaɗai ko tare a Berlin. Ta ƙirƙiri lambuna a Waldfriedhof Zehlendorf da kuma a yankin arewacin TU Berlin da kuma lambun bazara a hasumiyar rediyo. Goma daga cikin lambunan da ta tsara kayan tarihi ne na ƙasa, ciki har da kayan aikin waje na ginin gine-gine na TU Berlin. A shekarar 1985, an ba Hammersbacher lambar yabo ta Friedrich-Ludwig-of-Sckell Zoben Girmamawa na Kwalejin Fasaha ta Bavarian. == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Mutuwan 1985]] [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1900]] 465old715avrf2mm4wphfn1yyhhd1b4 895660 895658 2026-08-12T11:19:42Z Nnamadee 31123 895660 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Herta Hammersbacher''' (2 Disamba 1900 a [[Nuremberg]] – 25 Mayu 1985 a Niederpöcking kusa da Starnberg ) wani mai zane-zanen shimfidar wuri ne na Jamus wanda ya koyar na tsawon shekaru sama da 20 a TU Berlin. == Rayuwa == Hammersbacher 'yar injiniya ce kuma masanin tattalin arziki John Hammersbacher da matarsa Luise Feilitzsch. Da farko ta girma a Nuremberg. A shekarar 1910, iyalin suka ƙaura zuwa Berlin, inda Hammersbacher ta halarci makarantar 'yan mata ta Cecilie Lyceum da ke Berlin-Wilmersdorf. A shekarar 1917 ta fara koyon aikin lambu a Burtenbach wanda ya haifar da Castle Gardens of Potsdam-Sassouci a tsakanin 1918 zuwa 1919. A wannan lokacin ta haɗu da mai lambu Karl Foerster, wanda ra'ayoyin ƙirar lambunsa suka yi tasiri a kanta. A shekarun 1920 da 1930, Hammersbacher ya kasance cikin abin da daga baya ya zama "Bornimer da'irar" tare da Karl Foerster da matarsa Eva, mai tsara shimfidar wuri Hermann Mattern da mai tsara shimfidar wuri Walter Funcke, Hermann Goritz, Karl-Heinz Hanisch, {{Interlanguage link|Richard Hansen (gardener)|de|Richard Hansen (Gärtner)}}, Gottfried Kühn, Alfred Reich da Berthold Körting.<ref>Der Bornimer Kreis auf der Website der Karl-Förster-Stiftung für angewandte Vegetationskunde</ref> Daga 1919 zuwa 1920, ta yi aiki a gidan yara na Hellwig da ke Gartz (Oder) kuma ta haɗu da Wolfgang Schadewaldt wanda ya gabatar da ita ga fahimtar ɗan adam ta Girka. Daga nan ta ƙaura zuwa yankin da ke kewaye da Tafkin Constance, inda, daga 1920 zuwa 1924 ta yi aiki a wurare daban-daban, ta rubuta gajerun labarai kuma ta fara buga goge da goge ga ƙungiyar makaɗa ta Lindauer "Symposia". A shekarar 1924, ta yi karatu a Cibiyar Koyarwa da Bincike ta Noma da ke Berlin-Dahlem . A shekarar 1926, ta ci jarrabawarta a matsayin ƙwararren ma'aikacin fasahar noma. Daga 1926 zuwa 1928, ta yi aiki a Ma'aikatar shimfidar wuri Späth'schen gandun daji a Baumschulenweg a matsayin mai fasahar noma.<ref>Herta Hammerbacher auf der Website der Karl-Förster-Stiftung für angewandte Vegetationskunde</ref> A shekarar 1928 ta ƙulla haɗin gwiwa tare da Ulrich Wolf, Kurt Lorenzen da Hermann Mattern, wanda ya ci gaba har tsawon shekaru 20. Hakanan a cikin 1928 ta auri Hermann Mattern. 'Yarsu Merete Mattern (1930–2007) daga baya ta yi aiki a matsayin mai zane-zane, sannan kuma - wani ɓangare tare da mahaifiyarta - kan matsalolin muhalli. Bayan shekaru bakwai aka raba auren. Hammersbacher ya yi aiki a matsayin mai tsara shimfidar wuri tare da wasu fitattun masu gine-gine, ciki har da Otto von Estorff da Gerhard Winkler, waɗanda suka tsara ɗakin da aka yi da salon ƙasa a Potsdam a shekarun 1930, da kuma Hans Scharoun. A Löbau Hammersbacher ya tsara lambun a [[Schminke House|Gidan Schminke]] . Bisa shawarar Scharoun, an naɗa ta, a shekarar 1946, malamar koyar da zane-zanen ƙasa da lambu a TU Berlin da aka sake buɗewa. Tun daga shekarar 1950, har zuwa lokacin da ta yi ritaya a shekarar 1969, ta kasance farfesa a can. Da lambunan da ta tsara, ta tsara salon zane-zanen ƙasa a Yammacin Jamus a shekarun 1950 da 1960. Ta ƙirƙiro ayyuka kimanin 3,500 na masu zaman kansu da na gwamnati ita kaɗai ko tare a Berlin. Ta ƙirƙiri lambuna a Waldfriedhof Zehlendorf da kuma a yankin arewacin TU Berlin da kuma lambun bazara a hasumiyar rediyo. Goma daga cikin lambunan da ta tsara kayan tarihi ne na ƙasa, ciki har da kayan aikin waje na ginin gine-gine na TU Berlin. A shekarar 1985, an ba Hammersbacher lambar yabo ta Friedrich-Ludwig-of-Sckell Zoben Girmamawa na Kwalejin Fasaha ta Bavarian. == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Mutuwan 1985]] [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1900]] frzglu3351b943bvm12js7tys9y1nu5 0 163326 895661 2026-08-12T11:19:44Z Mustysummy 21281 sabuwar mukala 895661 wikitext text/x-wiki Canjin nomawa shine tsarin noma wanda ake noma filayen ƙasa na ɗan lokaci, sannan a watsar da shi yayin da aka ba da izinin tsire-tsire masu tsire-shire su girma kyauta yayin da manomi ke motsawa zuwa wani mãkirci. Lokacin noma yawanci ana dakatar da shi lokacin da ƙasa ke nuna alamun gajiya ko, mafi yawanci, lokacin da ciyawa ta mamaye filin. Lokacin da ake noma filin yawanci ya fi guntu fiye da lokacin da aka ba da izinin ƙasar ta sake farfadowa ta hanyar kwance. Ana amfani da wannan dabarar sau da yawa a Kasashe masu tasowa. A wasu yankuna, manoma suna amfani da aikin slash-and-burn a matsayin wani bangare na aikin gona. Sauran suna amfani da share ƙasa ba tare da ƙonewa ba, kuma wasu manoma suna ƙaura ne kawai kuma ba sa amfani da wata hanyar sake zagayowar a kan wani mãkirci. Wani lokaci ba a buƙatar yanka ko kaɗan inda sake girma kawai na ciyawa ne, sakamakon da ba sabon abu ba ne lokacin da ƙasa ke kusa da gajiya kuma yana buƙatar kwance. A cikin sauya aikin gona, bayan shekaru biyu ko uku na samar da kayan lambu da hatsi a kan ƙasar da aka share, baƙi sun bar shi don wani makirci. Sau da yawa ana share ƙasa ta hanyar hanyoyin slash-da-ƙone - ana share bishiyoyi, bishiyoyi da gandun daji ta hanyar slashing, kuma ana ƙone sauran ciyayi. Yankin yana ƙara potash a cikin ƙasa. Sa'an nan kuma ana shuka tsaba bayan ruwan sama. ==Canjin Noma== Canjin noma wani nau'i ne na noma ko tsarin noma wanda, a kowane lokaci, 'yan tsiraru na' yan gona suna cikin noma kuma mafi rinjaye suna cikin matakai daban-daban na sake girma. A tsawon lokaci, ana noma filayen na ɗan gajeren lokaci, kuma ana ba da izinin murmurewa, ko kuma an yi amfani da su, na ɗan lokaci mai tsawo. A ƙarshe za a share filin da aka noma a baya daga tsire-tsire na halitta kuma a sake dasa shi a cikin amfanin gona. Ana noma filayen da ke cikin tsarin noma mai ɗorewa da ɗorewa kuma ana lalata su ta hanyar sake zagayowar. Wannan nau'in noma ana kiransa jhumming a Indiya.<ref>http://sa.indiaenvironmentportal.org.in/files/Jhumming.pdf</ref> c0rkpdwut4sa6ck6bnfi7rl747sof1j 895664 895661 2026-08-12T11:21:23Z Mustysummy 21281 saka databox 895664 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}}Canjin nomawa shine tsarin noma wanda ake noma filayen ƙasa na ɗan lokaci, sannan a watsar da shi yayin da aka ba da izinin tsire-tsire masu tsire-shire su girma kyauta yayin da manomi ke motsawa zuwa wani mãkirci. Lokacin noma yawanci ana dakatar da shi lokacin da ƙasa ke nuna alamun gajiya ko, mafi yawanci, lokacin da ciyawa ta mamaye filin. Lokacin da ake noma filin yawanci ya fi guntu fiye da lokacin da aka ba da izinin ƙasar ta sake farfadowa ta hanyar kwance. Ana amfani da wannan dabarar sau da yawa a Kasashe masu tasowa. A wasu yankuna, manoma suna amfani da aikin slash-and-burn a matsayin wani bangare na aikin gona. Sauran suna amfani da share ƙasa ba tare da ƙonewa ba, kuma wasu manoma suna ƙaura ne kawai kuma ba sa amfani da wata hanyar sake zagayowar a kan wani mãkirci. Wani lokaci ba a buƙatar yanka ko kaɗan inda sake girma kawai na ciyawa ne, sakamakon da ba sabon abu ba ne lokacin da ƙasa ke kusa da gajiya kuma yana buƙatar kwance. A cikin sauya aikin gona, bayan shekaru biyu ko uku na samar da kayan lambu da hatsi a kan ƙasar da aka share, baƙi sun bar shi don wani makirci. Sau da yawa ana share ƙasa ta hanyar hanyoyin slash-da-ƙone - ana share bishiyoyi, bishiyoyi da gandun daji ta hanyar slashing, kuma ana ƙone sauran ciyayi. Yankin yana ƙara potash a cikin ƙasa. Sa'an nan kuma ana shuka tsaba bayan ruwan sama. ==Canjin Noma== Canjin noma wani nau'i ne na noma ko tsarin noma wanda, a kowane lokaci, 'yan tsiraru na' yan gona suna cikin noma kuma mafi rinjaye suna cikin matakai daban-daban na sake girma. A tsawon lokaci, ana noma filayen na ɗan gajeren lokaci, kuma ana ba da izinin murmurewa, ko kuma an yi amfani da su, na ɗan lokaci mai tsawo. A ƙarshe za a share filin da aka noma a baya daga tsire-tsire na halitta kuma a sake dasa shi a cikin amfanin gona. Ana noma filayen da ke cikin tsarin noma mai ɗorewa da ɗorewa kuma ana lalata su ta hanyar sake zagayowar. Wannan nau'in noma ana kiransa jhumming a Indiya.<ref>http://sa.indiaenvironmentportal.org.in/files/Jhumming.pdf</ref> npuoz4ecbi03jnvcl3ovez1n9ir9w0g 0 163327 895662 2026-08-12T11:20:34Z Nnamadee 31123 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1330264005|Gerdy Troost]]" 895662 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Fayil:Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-1992-0410-546,_München,_Besichtigung_Haus_der_Deutschen_Kunst.jpg|thumb| [[Adolf Hitler]], Gerdy Troost, Adolf Ziegler, da Joseph Goebbels a kan yawon shakatawa na Haus der Deutschen Kunst, 5 ga Mayu 1937]] '''Gerhardine "Gerdy" Troost''' (an haife ta '''Andresen''' ; 3 Maris 1904 &#x2013; 30 Janairu 2003), [[Masanin gine-gine da zane|ƙwararren mai zane ne]] na Jamus, mai tsara cikin gida, mai ado a cikin gida, kuma matar Paul Troost . <ref>Hermann Weiß (Ed.): ''Biographisches Lexikon zum „Dritten Reich“''. Fischer-Taschenbuch-Verlag, Frankfurt am Main 2002, {{ISBN|3-596-13086-7}} (''Fischer'' 13086 ''Die Zeit des Nationalsozialismus'').</ref> == Rayuwa da aiki == An haifi Troost a [[Stuttgart]], 'yar mai zane Johannes Andresen. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Nüßlein |first=Timo |title=Gerdy Troost |url=http://www.rheinische-geschichte.lvr.de/Persoenlichkeiten/gerdy-troost/DE-2086/lido/5b3b3f2b0772c5.88610785}}</ref> Bayan kammala karatunta, ta yi aiki a fannin kasuwancin mahaifinta, inda ta haɗu da Paul Ludwig Troost a shekarar 1923. A shekarar 1924, ma'auratan suka ƙaura zuwa [[München|Munich]] kuma suka yi aure a can a shekarar 1925. Ta hanyar mijinta, ta saba da [[Adolf Hitler]] a shekarar 1930 kuma ta zama memba na Jam'iyyar Nazi a shekarar 1932. Bayan mutuwar mijinta a shekarar 1934, Troost ya gudanar da harkokinsa na gine-gine da zane tare da tsohon abokin aikinsa, Leonhard Gall . Ta kula da ginin Haus der Kunst, gyaran Königsplatz, da kuma gina Ehrentempels . Troost ne ke da alhakin gyaran cikin gida na gidajen gwamnati da na masu zaman kansu na Hitler a lokacin mulkin mallaka na uku, ciki har da Tsohon Chancellery da ke Berlin, Berghof da ke kan Obersalzberg, {{Rp|195}}da gidansa na Munich . A shekarar 1937 ta kasance cikin alkalan da suka halarci bikin baje kolin fasaha na farko na Jamus . Lokacin da Hitler ta ƙi zaɓenta, sai ta yi murabus daga alkalan. An maye gurbinta da Heinrich Hoffmann, wanda ya yi zaɓe fiye da yadda Hitler ya so. {{Rp|172}} Ta ci gaba da zama mai ba da shawara kan gine-gine da zane ga da'irar Hitler har zuwa ƙarshen yaƙin. A shekarar 1943, ta sami kyautar Reichsmarks 100,000 daga Hitler. Troost yana ɗaya daga cikin mutane kaɗan da suka ƙi amincewa da Hitler ba tare da tsoron korarsa ko kama shi ba. Hitler ya saurari Troost game da fasaha da gine-gine. A shekarar 1946, an saka Troost a cikin Jerin Sunayen Tutar Ja na Sashen Binciken Satar Fasaha da ke da alaƙa da hanyoyin satar fasaha na Nazi . <ref>{{Cite web |title=Art Looting Intelligence Unit (ALIU) Reports 1945-1946 and ALIU Red Flag Names List and Index |url=https://www.lootedart.com/MVI3RM469661 |access-date=2023-11-04 |website=www.lootedart.com}}</ref> A lokacin da aka hana ta shiga soja, Hauptspruchkammer ta sanya ta a cikin "marasa alhaki" ( ''Minderbelastete'' ) kuma ta yanke mata hukuncin tara ta DM 500 da kuma Berufsverbot na shekaru 10. A ƙarshen lokacin, Troost ya ci gaba da aiki ya kuma zauna a Schützing, wani gari a kan Chiemsee a Upper Bavaria . Gerdy Troost ya ci gaba da zama aboki kuma amintaccen Winifred Wagner bayan 1945. Ta rasu a Bad Reichenhall tana da shekaru 98 a ranar 30 ga Janairun 2003. == A cikin kafofin watsa labarai == Littattafan Despina Stratigakos game da Jamus ta Nazi sun bayyana tarihin da ba a san su ba a baya, gami da rawar da Troost ya taka a fagen. <ref>{{Cite web |date=10 August 2018 |title=Sites Unseen |url=https://www.thesitemagazine.com/read/sites-unseen |access-date=2020-08-24 |website=THE SITE MAGAZINE |language=en-US}}</ref> An nuna Troost a cikin fim ɗin ''Prussian Blue'' na Philip Kerr (2017) a matsayin amintaccen abokin Hitler da kuma ɗan sanda na Berlin Bernie Gunther yayin da yake ƙoƙarin gano wanda ya rubuta wasu kisan gilla a yankin Berghof . == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Matattun 2003]] [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1904]] [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] njpct5fx20kp698z3ntz8olz8pjvdqm 895663 895662 2026-08-12T11:20:54Z Nnamadee 31123 895663 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} [[Fayil:Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-1992-0410-546,_München,_Besichtigung_Haus_der_Deutschen_Kunst.jpg|thumb| [[Adolf Hitler]], Gerdy Troost, Adolf Ziegler, da Joseph Goebbels a kan yawon shakatawa na Haus der Deutschen Kunst, 5 ga Mayu 1937]] '''Gerhardine "Gerdy" Troost''' (an haife ta '''Andresen''' ; 3 Maris 1904 &#x2013; 30 Janairu 2003), [[Masanin gine-gine da zane|ƙwararren mai zane ne]] na Jamus, mai tsara cikin gida, mai ado a cikin gida, kuma matar Paul Troost . <ref>Hermann Weiß (Ed.): ''Biographisches Lexikon zum „Dritten Reich“''. Fischer-Taschenbuch-Verlag, Frankfurt am Main 2002, {{ISBN|3-596-13086-7}} (''Fischer'' 13086 ''Die Zeit des Nationalsozialismus'').</ref> == Rayuwa da aiki == An haifi Troost a [[Stuttgart]], 'yar mai zane Johannes Andresen. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Nüßlein |first=Timo |title=Gerdy Troost |url=http://www.rheinische-geschichte.lvr.de/Persoenlichkeiten/gerdy-troost/DE-2086/lido/5b3b3f2b0772c5.88610785}}</ref> Bayan kammala karatunta, ta yi aiki a fannin kasuwancin mahaifinta, inda ta haɗu da Paul Ludwig Troost a shekarar 1923. A shekarar 1924, ma'auratan suka ƙaura zuwa [[München|Munich]] kuma suka yi aure a can a shekarar 1925. Ta hanyar mijinta, ta saba da [[Adolf Hitler]] a shekarar 1930 kuma ta zama memba na Jam'iyyar Nazi a shekarar 1932. Bayan mutuwar mijinta a shekarar 1934, Troost ya gudanar da harkokinsa na gine-gine da zane tare da tsohon abokin aikinsa, Leonhard Gall . Ta kula da ginin Haus der Kunst, gyaran Königsplatz, da kuma gina Ehrentempels . Troost ne ke da alhakin gyaran cikin gida na gidajen gwamnati da na masu zaman kansu na Hitler a lokacin mulkin mallaka na uku, ciki har da Tsohon Chancellery da ke Berlin, Berghof da ke kan Obersalzberg, {{Rp|195}}da gidansa na Munich . A shekarar 1937 ta kasance cikin alkalan da suka halarci bikin baje kolin fasaha na farko na Jamus . Lokacin da Hitler ta ƙi zaɓenta, sai ta yi murabus daga alkalan. An maye gurbinta da Heinrich Hoffmann, wanda ya yi zaɓe fiye da yadda Hitler ya so. {{Rp|172}} Ta ci gaba da zama mai ba da shawara kan gine-gine da zane ga da'irar Hitler har zuwa ƙarshen yaƙin. A shekarar 1943, ta sami kyautar Reichsmarks 100,000 daga Hitler. Troost yana ɗaya daga cikin mutane kaɗan da suka ƙi amincewa da Hitler ba tare da tsoron korarsa ko kama shi ba. Hitler ya saurari Troost game da fasaha da gine-gine. A shekarar 1946, an saka Troost a cikin Jerin Sunayen Tutar Ja na Sashen Binciken Satar Fasaha da ke da alaƙa da hanyoyin satar fasaha na Nazi . <ref>{{Cite web |title=Art Looting Intelligence Unit (ALIU) Reports 1945-1946 and ALIU Red Flag Names List and Index |url=https://www.lootedart.com/MVI3RM469661 |access-date=2023-11-04 |website=www.lootedart.com}}</ref> A lokacin da aka hana ta shiga soja, Hauptspruchkammer ta sanya ta a cikin "marasa alhaki" ( ''Minderbelastete'' ) kuma ta yanke mata hukuncin tara ta DM 500 da kuma Berufsverbot na shekaru 10. A ƙarshen lokacin, Troost ya ci gaba da aiki ya kuma zauna a Schützing, wani gari a kan Chiemsee a Upper Bavaria . Gerdy Troost ya ci gaba da zama aboki kuma amintaccen Winifred Wagner bayan 1945. Ta rasu a Bad Reichenhall tana da shekaru 98 a ranar 30 ga Janairun 2003. == A cikin kafofin watsa labarai == Littattafan Despina Stratigakos game da Jamus ta Nazi sun bayyana tarihin da ba a san su ba a baya, gami da rawar da Troost ya taka a fagen. <ref>{{Cite web |date=10 August 2018 |title=Sites Unseen |url=https://www.thesitemagazine.com/read/sites-unseen |access-date=2020-08-24 |website=THE SITE MAGAZINE |language=en-US}}</ref> An nuna Troost a cikin fim ɗin ''Prussian Blue'' na Philip Kerr (2017) a matsayin amintaccen abokin Hitler da kuma ɗan sanda na Berlin Bernie Gunther yayin da yake ƙoƙarin gano wanda ya rubuta wasu kisan gilla a yankin Berghof . == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Matattun 2003]] [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1904]] [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] puxztxl7gp5o6vcqq9mal41nbuvxe8v 0 163328 895665 2026-08-12T11:22:06Z Nnamadee 31123 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1342481712|Ursula Arnold]]" 895665 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Ursula Arnold''' (an haife ta '''Ursula Musche''' : 10 Maris 1929 - 24 Mayu 2012) mai ɗaukar hoto ce 'yar ƙasar Jamus. <ref name="UAlautIR">{{Cite web |last=Ingeborg Ruthe |date=1 June 2012 |title=Zum Tod von Fotografin Ursula Arnold Der Ost-Berliner Bürgersteig |url=https://www.berliner-zeitung.de/berlin/zum-tod-von-fotografin-ursula-arnold-der-ost-berliner-buergersteig-10703100 |access-date=1 February 2019 |website=[[Berliner Zeitung]]}}</ref> <ref name="UAlautBerlin">{{Cite web |date=29 October 2002 |title=HANNAH-HÖCH-PREIS AN URSULA ARNOLD |url=https://www.berlin.de/rbmskzl/aktuelles/pressemitteilungen/2002/pressemitteilung.46438.php |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190423074440/https://www.berlin.de/rbmskzl/aktuelles/pressemitteilungen/2002/pressemitteilung.46438.php |archive-date=23 April 2019 |access-date=1 February 2019 |publisher=Senatskanzlei Berlin}}</ref> Yawancin ayyukanta da aka fi sani sun haɗa da wuraren da aka nuna a tituna a [[Berlin]] da [[Leipzig]] waɗanda aka shirya a lokacin Jamhuriyar Demokraɗiyyar Jamus . Tana zaune a ƙarƙashin gwamnatin jam'iyya ɗaya wadda ta ɗauki fasahar gani a matsayin wata hanya ta tasiri da iko a kan mutane, an bayyana ta a matsayin "ɗaya daga cikin waɗannan masu fasaha waɗanda ba za a iya haɗa su cikin sauƙi ba". <ref name="UAlautPoll">{{Cite web |date=18 April 2009 |title=zum 80. Geburtstag [Ursula Arnold] |url=https://poll-berlin.de/Stiftung/ursula-arnold/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190423034947/https://poll-berlin.de/Stiftung/ursula-arnold/ |archive-date=23 April 2019 |access-date=1 February 2012 |publisher=Gemeinnützige Gesellschaft mbH (Kunststiftung Poll)}}</ref> Ta ce ( a shekarar 1990 ): "Idan na tambayi kaina ko akwai wata gaskiya daban a gare ni [a matsayina na mace maimakon namiji], to amsar ita ce [tambaya ɗaya ga wata tambaya daban]: kada in zama na masu mulki. Tausayina ya ta'allaka ne ga waɗanda ba sa cikin tsarin mulki". {{Efn|''"Wenn ich mich frage, ob es für mich eine andere Wirklichkeit als für Männer gibt, heißt die Antwort: nicht zu den Herrschenden zu gehören. Meine Sympathie gehört denen, die nicht zu den Herrschenden gehören."''}} == Tarihin Rayuwa == An haifi Ursula Musche a Gera, watanni kaɗan kafin hatsarin Wall Street wanda ya haifar da rikicin tattalin arziki da siyasa na shekaru ashirin ga (Jamus), a lokacin da ta girma. Mahaifinta, Walter Musche (1898–1983), ya yi aiki a matsayin mai ɗaukar hoto mai zaman kansa. <ref name="AndreasalsElkelWM">{{Cite web |last=Christine Schimmel |date=19 February 2016 |title=Walter Musches Gera-Universum |url=https://m.thueringer-allgemeine.de/web/mobil/weimar/detail/-/specific/Walter-Musches-Gera-Universum-1420985695 |access-date=1 February 2019 |website=Bilder, die sich nicht aufdrängen, aber hängen bleiben, machte der Geraer Fotograf Walter Musche zuhauf. Dank Stadtarchiv und Stadtmuseum sind sie jetzt in einer Ausstellung zu bestaunen. |publisher=Mediengruppe Thüringen Verlag GmbH (Thüringer Allgemeine)}}</ref> <ref name="UAlautVM">{{Cite web |title=Arnold, Ursula 1929 2012 Biography |url=https://www.dasverborgenemuseum.de/arold-ursula |access-date=1 February 2019 |website=Das Verborgene Museum |publisher=Dokumentation der Kunst von Frauen e.V., Berlin}}</ref> <ref name="UAlautK&F">{{Cite web |title=Ursula Arnold 1929 Gera – 2012 Berlin |url=https://www.karlundfaber.de/en/product-category/artist/ursula-arnold-en/ |access-date=1 February 2019 |publisher=Karl&Faber Kunstauktionen GmbH, München}}</ref> A shekarar 1948 ta ci jarrabawar ƙarshe ta makarantarta (Abitur), yanzu ta ƙuduri aniyar bin sawun mahaifinta ta hanyar zama ƙwararren mai ɗaukar hoto. <ref name="UAlautVM" /> Ta ƙaura zuwa Weimar da ke kusa inda ta koyi sana'arta a ɗakin bita na Harry Evers, wanda ya yi karatu tare da [[:de:Walter Hege|Walter Hege]] . <ref name="UAlautVM" /> Daga nan Arnold yayi karatun daukar hoto a Fine Arts Academy ( <nowiki><i id="mwPw">"Hochschule für Grafik und Buchkunst"</i></nowiki> / HGB) a Leipzig <ref name="UAlautIR">{{Cite web |last=Ingeborg Ruthe |date=1 June 2012 |title=Zum Tod von Fotografin Ursula Arnold Der Ost-Berliner Bürgersteig |url=https://www.berliner-zeitung.de/berlin/zum-tod-von-fotografin-ursula-arnold-der-ost-berliner-buergersteig-10703100 |access-date=1 February 2019 |website=[[Berliner Zeitung]]}}</ref> tsakanin 1950 zuwa 1955, <ref name="UAlautBerlin">{{Cite web |date=29 October 2002 |title=HANNAH-HÖCH-PREIS AN URSULA ARNOLD |url=https://www.berlin.de/rbmskzl/aktuelles/pressemitteilungen/2002/pressemitteilung.46438.php |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190423074440/https://www.berlin.de/rbmskzl/aktuelles/pressemitteilungen/2002/pressemitteilung.46438.php |archive-date=23 April 2019 |access-date=1 February 2019 |publisher=Senatskanzlei Berlin}}</ref> kuma ya fito da digiri. Duk da haka ta ji takaicin lokacin da ta yi a HGB. <ref name="UAlautVM">{{Cite web |title=Arnold, Ursula 1929 2012 Biography |url=https://www.dasverborgenemuseum.de/arold-ursula |access-date=1 February 2019 |website=Das Verborgene Museum |publisher=Dokumentation der Kunst von Frauen e.V., Berlin}}</ref> Bayan yaƙin, kashi ɗaya bisa uku na tsakiyar Jamus (ciki har da Gera, Leipzig da rabin gabashin Berlin ) sun sami kansu a matsayin yankin mamaye Soviet . An sake ƙaddamar da yankin a watan Oktoban 1949 yayin da Tarayyar Soviet ta ɗauki nauyin Jamhuriyar Dimokuraɗiyyar Jamus (Gabashin Jamus). A makarantar kimiyya da ke Leipzig, farawar [[:de:Formalismusstreit|"muhawarar tsari"]] a farkon shekarun 1950 ta takaita 'yancin malamai na tattaunawa ko ficewa daga manhajar karatu wadda ta dogara ba tare da wani sassauci ba bisa ga tsauraran matakan gwamnati da kuma imani na hukuma game da "hoton gurguzu". <ref name="UAlautVM" /> Gwaje-gwajen ba su da wani tasiri a kan ajanda, kuma wataƙila sun haifar da mummunan sakamako ga aiki. <ref name="UAlautVM" /> Waɗannan batutuwa sun nuna yanayin da ƙasar ke ciki inda a shekarar 1955, Ursula Arnold ta yi ƙoƙarin fara aikin ɗaukar hoto mai zaman kansa. <ref name="UAlautPoll">{{Cite web |date=18 April 2009 |title=zum 80. Geburtstag [Ursula Arnold] |url=https://poll-berlin.de/Stiftung/ursula-arnold/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190423034947/https://poll-berlin.de/Stiftung/ursula-arnold/ |archive-date=23 April 2019 |access-date=1 February 2012 |publisher=Gemeinnützige Gesellschaft mbH (Kunststiftung Poll)}}</ref> Wata sabuwar ɗaliba, Evelyn Richter, ta yi rajista a HGB a shekarar 1953. Ita da Arnold sun ƙulla kyakkyawar alaƙar aiki, kuma yayin da suke musayar fahimta kan daukar hoto, abota ta sirri ta kuma ƙaru a tsakaninsu. Ba waɗannan biyun ne kaɗai ɗaliban daukar hoto da suka ji kamar an shaƙe su da fasaha saboda cin cokali da rashin haƙuri na siyasa ba. Tare da wasu kuma suka kafa ƙungiyar tallafawa juna ta ɗalibai wadda suka kira "action photografie". A cikin ƙasar da ta shahara da fasahar zane-zane, da yawa daga cikin waɗanda ke da hannu a cikin "hoton daukar hoto" za su zama ɗaya daga cikin fitattun masu ɗaukar hoto a Gabashin Jamus. Tare da Ursula Arnold da Evelyn Richter, mahalarta taron sun haɗa da [[:de:Renate Rössing|Renate Rössing]], [[:de:Roger Rössing|Roger Rössing]], Günter Rössler, Friedrich Bernstein da Barbara Haller. Baje kolin hotuna na farko da aka gabatar ta hanyar "action photographie" ya bayyana kusa da matattakalar shiga gidan sinima na Capitol da ke Leipzig da kuma a zauren shiga da ke kusa da shahararren Cibiyar Baje kolin Kasuwanci ta birnin. <ref name="UAlautVM">{{Cite web |title=Arnold, Ursula 1929 2012 Biography |url=https://www.dasverborgenemuseum.de/arold-ursula |access-date=1 February 2019 |website=Das Verborgene Museum |publisher=Dokumentation der Kunst von Frauen e.V., Berlin}}</ref> An haifi Andreas Arnold, ɗan Ursula, a shekarar 1953. <ref name="AndreasalsElkelWM">{{Cite web |last=Christine Schimmel |date=19 February 2016 |title=Walter Musches Gera-Universum |url=https://m.thueringer-allgemeine.de/web/mobil/weimar/detail/-/specific/Walter-Musches-Gera-Universum-1420985695 |access-date=1 February 2019 |website=Bilder, die sich nicht aufdrängen, aber hängen bleiben, machte der Geraer Fotograf Walter Musche zuhauf. Dank Stadtarchiv und Stadtmuseum sind sie jetzt in einer Ausstellung zu bestaunen. |publisher=Mediengruppe Thüringen Verlag GmbH (Thüringer Allgemeine)}}</ref> <ref name="UAlautVM">{{Cite web |title=Arnold, Ursula 1929 2012 Biography |url=https://www.dasverborgenemuseum.de/arold-ursula |access-date=1 February 2019 |website=Das Verborgene Museum |publisher=Dokumentation der Kunst von Frauen e.V., Berlin}}</ref> Burin da ta ɗauka na tallafa wa kanta da ɗanta ta hanyar yin aiki a matsayin mai ɗaukar hoto mai zaman kansa a Leipzig ya gaza, kuma a shekarar 1956 ko 1957 Ursula Arnold ta ƙaura zuwa Gabashin Berlin . <ref name="UAlautPoll">{{Cite web |date=18 April 2009 |title=zum 80. Geburtstag [Ursula Arnold] |url=https://poll-berlin.de/Stiftung/ursula-arnold/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190423034947/https://poll-berlin.de/Stiftung/ursula-arnold/ |archive-date=23 April 2019 |access-date=1 February 2012 |publisher=Gemeinnützige Gesellschaft mbH (Kunststiftung Poll)}}</ref> A shekarar 1957 ta sami aiki a matsayin mai sarrafa kyamara a sashen fasaha na gidan talabijin na ƙasa . A shekarar 1968 ta kai matsayin "erste Camerafrau" ( ''a zahiri, "first camera lady"'' ). <ref name="UAlautVM" /> Aikin wannan rana ya bar mata lokaci don ci gaba da ɗaukar hotunanta na 'yan sanda, suna ɗaukar "mutane a cikin birane [da] baƙin cikin rayuwar yau da kullun". <ref name="UAlautVM" /> A wasu lokutan ta sami damar yin tafiya zuwa ƙasashen waje: akwai tafiye-tafiyen ɗaukar hoto zuwa [[Wosaa|Warsaw]] a shekarar 1959 da kuma wani zuwa Moscow a shekarar 1969. A shekarar 1985, aikinta na mai ɗaukar kyamara a gidan talabijin na gwamnati ya ƙare kuma ta sami damar komawa ga ɗaukar hotunan shimfidar wuri. Manyan tarin kayan tarihi da ta samar sun haɗa da ɗaya daga cikin dajin Leuenberger da kuma wani [[:de:Märkische Schweiz|wurin shakatawa na Märkische Schweiz]] . <ref name="UAlautVM" /> == Kimantawa == Masu sharhi na ci gaba da kallon Ursula Arnold, Evelyn Richter da Arno Fischer a matsayin manyan masu ɗaukar hoto guda uku na Jamus ta Gabas a zamaninsu. Daukar hoton Ursula Arnold ya samu tasiri sosai daga nazarinta na gaskiya game da Jamhuriyar Dimokuradiyyar Jamus, inda ake amfani da daukar hoto a matsayin hanyar ilmantar da siyasa. An yi watsi da ra'ayoyin adawa da suka bayar da madadin hoton da hukumomi suka bayar. Ursula Arnold mai fasaha ce wadda ba za a iya haɗa ta cikin irin wannan tsarin cikin sauƙi ba. Mai sharhi Franziska Schmidt ta rubuta gabatarwa don wani baje kolin da aka keɓe wa Ursula Arnold a [[Gidan baje kolin Berlin|Berlinische Galerie]] cewa hotunan Arnold "suna nuna ɓangarorin rayuwa masu natsuwa da ɓoye, inda mutum yake damuwa da kansa/ita da damuwar yau da kullun. Hotunanta suna nuna rashin jituwa tsakanin gabatar da farfagandar akida ta mutum mai kyakkyawan fata a matsayin gwarzon yaƙi na gurguzu da yanayin rayuwa na gaske". <ref name="UAlautPoll">{{Cite web |date=18 April 2009 |title=zum 80. Geburtstag [Ursula Arnold] |url=https://poll-berlin.de/Stiftung/ursula-arnold/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190423034947/https://poll-berlin.de/Stiftung/ursula-arnold/ |archive-date=23 April 2019 |access-date=1 February 2012 |publisher=Gemeinnützige Gesellschaft mbH (Kunststiftung Poll)}}</ref> A cikin kalmominta, tana neman "abin da ke da muhimmanci da kuma abin da ke da sauƙi a rayuwar yau da kullum, don tattara wasu abubuwa da ke bayyana rayuwa - don taɓa alaƙar da ba a san ta ba". {{Efn|''"Ich möchte im Alltäglichen das Besondere und das Einfache suchen, Nuancen sammeln, die Leben ausdrücken … in der Anonymität das Verwandte treffen."''<ref name="Bührer2009">{{cite book|author=Dietmar Bührer|title=Ursula Arnold |work=brennpunkt Magazin| url=https://books.google.com/books?id=1Wp4PNxH55MC&pg=PA97|year=2009|publisher=epubli|isbn=978-3-86931-066-4|page=97}}</ref>}} Wani batu da ya sake faruwa a mafi yawan lokutan aikinta shi ne hotunan rayuwar birni na gaske a Leipzig da Berlin. An ɗauki wasu daga cikin muhimman hotunanta a shekarun 1980 a gundumar Prenzlauer Berg da ke Berlin. Sai bayan shekaru da dama bayan sake hadewa, Arnold ya dauki hotunan shimfidar wurare ne kawai a yankunan karkara da ke kewaye da babban birnin Jamus. == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Matattun 2012]] [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1929]] t5nf749hpo9nhdd9ix1c98frg7i8anc 895666 895665 2026-08-12T11:23:07Z Nnamadee 31123 895666 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Ursula Arnold''' (an haife ta '''Ursula Musche''' : 10 Maris 1929 - 24 Mayu 2012) mai ɗaukar hoto ce 'yar ƙasar Jamus. <ref name="UAlautIR">{{Cite web |last=Ingeborg Ruthe |date=1 June 2012 |title=Zum Tod von Fotografin Ursula Arnold Der Ost-Berliner Bürgersteig |url=https://www.berliner-zeitung.de/berlin/zum-tod-von-fotografin-ursula-arnold-der-ost-berliner-buergersteig-10703100 |access-date=1 February 2019 |website=[[Berliner Zeitung]]}}</ref> <ref name="UAlautBerlin">{{Cite web |date=29 October 2002 |title=HANNAH-HÖCH-PREIS AN URSULA ARNOLD |url=https://www.berlin.de/rbmskzl/aktuelles/pressemitteilungen/2002/pressemitteilung.46438.php |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190423074440/https://www.berlin.de/rbmskzl/aktuelles/pressemitteilungen/2002/pressemitteilung.46438.php |archive-date=23 April 2019 |access-date=1 February 2019 |publisher=Senatskanzlei Berlin}}</ref> Yawancin ayyukanta da aka fi sani sun haɗa da wuraren da aka nuna a tituna a [[Berlin]] da [[Leipzig]] waɗanda aka shirya a lokacin Jamhuriyar Demokraɗiyyar Jamus . Tana zaune a ƙarƙashin gwamnatin jam'iyya ɗaya wadda ta ɗauki fasahar gani a matsayin wata hanya ta tasiri da iko a kan mutane, an bayyana ta a matsayin "ɗaya daga cikin waɗannan masu fasaha waɗanda ba za a iya haɗa su cikin sauƙi ba". <ref name="UAlautPoll">{{Cite web |date=18 April 2009 |title=zum 80. Geburtstag [Ursula Arnold] |url=https://poll-berlin.de/Stiftung/ursula-arnold/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190423034947/https://poll-berlin.de/Stiftung/ursula-arnold/ |archive-date=23 April 2019 |access-date=1 February 2012 |publisher=Gemeinnützige Gesellschaft mbH (Kunststiftung Poll)}}</ref> Ta ce ( a shekarar 1990 ): "Idan na tambayi kaina ko akwai wata gaskiya daban a gare ni [a matsayina na mace maimakon namiji], to amsar ita ce [tambaya ɗaya ga wata tambaya daban]: kada in zama na masu mulki. Tausayina ya ta'allaka ne ga waɗanda ba sa cikin tsarin mulki". {{Efn|''"Wenn ich mich frage, ob es für mich eine andere Wirklichkeit als für Männer gibt, heißt die Antwort: nicht zu den Herrschenden zu gehören. Meine Sympathie gehört denen, die nicht zu den Herrschenden gehören."''}} == Tarihin Rayuwa == An haifi Ursula Musche a Gera, watanni kaɗan kafin hatsarin Wall Street wanda ya haifar da rikicin tattalin arziki da siyasa na shekaru ashirin ga (Jamus), a lokacin da ta girma. Mahaifinta, Walter Musche (1898–1983), ya yi aiki a matsayin mai ɗaukar hoto mai zaman kansa. <ref name="AndreasalsElkelWM">{{Cite web |last=Christine Schimmel |date=19 February 2016 |title=Walter Musches Gera-Universum |url=https://m.thueringer-allgemeine.de/web/mobil/weimar/detail/-/specific/Walter-Musches-Gera-Universum-1420985695 |access-date=1 February 2019 |website=Bilder, die sich nicht aufdrängen, aber hängen bleiben, machte der Geraer Fotograf Walter Musche zuhauf. Dank Stadtarchiv und Stadtmuseum sind sie jetzt in einer Ausstellung zu bestaunen. |publisher=Mediengruppe Thüringen Verlag GmbH (Thüringer Allgemeine)}}</ref> <ref name="UAlautVM">{{Cite web |title=Arnold, Ursula 1929 2012 Biography |url=https://www.dasverborgenemuseum.de/arold-ursula |access-date=1 February 2019 |website=Das Verborgene Museum |publisher=Dokumentation der Kunst von Frauen e.V., Berlin}}</ref> <ref name="UAlautK&F">{{Cite web |title=Ursula Arnold 1929 Gera – 2012 Berlin |url=https://www.karlundfaber.de/en/product-category/artist/ursula-arnold-en/ |access-date=1 February 2019 |publisher=Karl&Faber Kunstauktionen GmbH, München}}</ref> A shekarar 1948 ta ci jarrabawar ƙarshe ta makarantarta (Abitur), yanzu ta ƙuduri aniyar bin sawun mahaifinta ta hanyar zama ƙwararren mai ɗaukar hoto. <ref name="UAlautVM" /> Ta ƙaura zuwa Weimar da ke kusa inda ta koyi sana'arta a ɗakin bita na Harry Evers, wanda ya yi karatu tare da [[:de:Walter Hege|Walter Hege]] . <ref name="UAlautVM" /> Daga nan Arnold yayi karatun daukar hoto a Fine Arts Academy ( <nowiki><i id="mwPw">"Hochschule für Grafik und Buchkunst"</i></nowiki> / HGB) a Leipzig <ref name="UAlautIR">{{Cite web |last=Ingeborg Ruthe |date=1 June 2012 |title=Zum Tod von Fotografin Ursula Arnold Der Ost-Berliner Bürgersteig |url=https://www.berliner-zeitung.de/berlin/zum-tod-von-fotografin-ursula-arnold-der-ost-berliner-buergersteig-10703100 |access-date=1 February 2019 |website=[[Berliner Zeitung]]}}</ref> tsakanin 1950 zuwa 1955, <ref name="UAlautBerlin">{{Cite web |date=29 October 2002 |title=HANNAH-HÖCH-PREIS AN URSULA ARNOLD |url=https://www.berlin.de/rbmskzl/aktuelles/pressemitteilungen/2002/pressemitteilung.46438.php |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190423074440/https://www.berlin.de/rbmskzl/aktuelles/pressemitteilungen/2002/pressemitteilung.46438.php |archive-date=23 April 2019 |access-date=1 February 2019 |publisher=Senatskanzlei Berlin}}</ref> kuma ya fito da digiri. Duk da haka ta ji takaicin lokacin da ta yi a HGB. <ref name="UAlautVM">{{Cite web |title=Arnold, Ursula 1929 2012 Biography |url=https://www.dasverborgenemuseum.de/arold-ursula |access-date=1 February 2019 |website=Das Verborgene Museum |publisher=Dokumentation der Kunst von Frauen e.V., Berlin}}</ref> Bayan yaƙin, kashi ɗaya bisa uku na tsakiyar Jamus (ciki har da Gera, Leipzig da rabin gabashin Berlin ) sun sami kansu a matsayin yankin mamaye Soviet . An sake ƙaddamar da yankin a watan Oktoban 1949 yayin da Tarayyar Soviet ta ɗauki nauyin Jamhuriyar Dimokuraɗiyyar Jamus (Gabashin Jamus). A makarantar kimiyya da ke Leipzig, farawar [[:de:Formalismusstreit|"muhawarar tsari"]] a farkon shekarun 1950 ta takaita 'yancin malamai na tattaunawa ko ficewa daga manhajar karatu wadda ta dogara ba tare da wani sassauci ba bisa ga tsauraran matakan gwamnati da kuma imani na hukuma game da "hoton gurguzu". <ref name="UAlautVM" /> Gwaje-gwajen ba su da wani tasiri a kan ajanda, kuma wataƙila sun haifar da mummunan sakamako ga aiki. <ref name="UAlautVM" /> Waɗannan batutuwa sun nuna yanayin da ƙasar ke ciki inda a shekarar 1955, Ursula Arnold ta yi ƙoƙarin fara aikin ɗaukar hoto mai zaman kansa. <ref name="UAlautPoll">{{Cite web |date=18 April 2009 |title=zum 80. Geburtstag [Ursula Arnold] |url=https://poll-berlin.de/Stiftung/ursula-arnold/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190423034947/https://poll-berlin.de/Stiftung/ursula-arnold/ |archive-date=23 April 2019 |access-date=1 February 2012 |publisher=Gemeinnützige Gesellschaft mbH (Kunststiftung Poll)}}</ref> Wata sabuwar ɗaliba, Evelyn Richter, ta yi rajista a HGB a shekarar 1953. Ita da Arnold sun ƙulla kyakkyawar alaƙar aiki, kuma yayin da suke musayar fahimta kan daukar hoto, abota ta sirri ta kuma ƙaru a tsakaninsu. Ba waɗannan biyun ne kaɗai ɗaliban daukar hoto da suka ji kamar an shaƙe su da fasaha saboda cin cokali da rashin haƙuri na siyasa ba. Tare da wasu kuma suka kafa ƙungiyar tallafawa juna ta ɗalibai wadda suka kira "action photografie". A cikin ƙasar da ta shahara da fasahar zane-zane, da yawa daga cikin waɗanda ke da hannu a cikin "hoton daukar hoto" za su zama ɗaya daga cikin fitattun masu ɗaukar hoto a Gabashin Jamus. Tare da Ursula Arnold da Evelyn Richter, mahalarta taron sun haɗa da [[:de:Renate Rössing|Renate Rössing]], [[:de:Roger Rössing|Roger Rössing]], Günter Rössler, Friedrich Bernstein da Barbara Haller. Baje kolin hotuna na farko da aka gabatar ta hanyar "action photographie" ya bayyana kusa da matattakalar shiga gidan sinima na Capitol da ke Leipzig da kuma a zauren shiga da ke kusa da shahararren Cibiyar Baje kolin Kasuwanci ta birnin. <ref name="UAlautVM">{{Cite web |title=Arnold, Ursula 1929 2012 Biography |url=https://www.dasverborgenemuseum.de/arold-ursula |access-date=1 February 2019 |website=Das Verborgene Museum |publisher=Dokumentation der Kunst von Frauen e.V., Berlin}}</ref> An haifi Andreas Arnold, ɗan Ursula, a shekarar 1953. <ref name="AndreasalsElkelWM">{{Cite web |last=Christine Schimmel |date=19 February 2016 |title=Walter Musches Gera-Universum |url=https://m.thueringer-allgemeine.de/web/mobil/weimar/detail/-/specific/Walter-Musches-Gera-Universum-1420985695 |access-date=1 February 2019 |website=Bilder, die sich nicht aufdrängen, aber hängen bleiben, machte der Geraer Fotograf Walter Musche zuhauf. Dank Stadtarchiv und Stadtmuseum sind sie jetzt in einer Ausstellung zu bestaunen. |publisher=Mediengruppe Thüringen Verlag GmbH (Thüringer Allgemeine)}}</ref> <ref name="UAlautVM">{{Cite web |title=Arnold, Ursula 1929 2012 Biography |url=https://www.dasverborgenemuseum.de/arold-ursula |access-date=1 February 2019 |website=Das Verborgene Museum |publisher=Dokumentation der Kunst von Frauen e.V., Berlin}}</ref> Burin da ta ɗauka na tallafa wa kanta da ɗanta ta hanyar yin aiki a matsayin mai ɗaukar hoto mai zaman kansa a Leipzig ya gaza, kuma a shekarar 1956 ko 1957 Ursula Arnold ta ƙaura zuwa Gabashin Berlin . <ref name="UAlautPoll">{{Cite web |date=18 April 2009 |title=zum 80. Geburtstag [Ursula Arnold] |url=https://poll-berlin.de/Stiftung/ursula-arnold/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190423034947/https://poll-berlin.de/Stiftung/ursula-arnold/ |archive-date=23 April 2019 |access-date=1 February 2012 |publisher=Gemeinnützige Gesellschaft mbH (Kunststiftung Poll)}}</ref> A shekarar 1957 ta sami aiki a matsayin mai sarrafa kyamara a sashen fasaha na gidan talabijin na ƙasa . A shekarar 1968 ta kai matsayin "erste Camerafrau" ( ''a zahiri, "first camera lady"'' ). <ref name="UAlautVM" /> Aikin wannan rana ya bar mata lokaci don ci gaba da ɗaukar hotunanta na 'yan sanda, suna ɗaukar "mutane a cikin birane [da] baƙin cikin rayuwar yau da kullun". <ref name="UAlautVM" /> A wasu lokutan ta sami damar yin tafiya zuwa ƙasashen waje: akwai tafiye-tafiyen ɗaukar hoto zuwa [[Wosaa|Warsaw]] a shekarar 1959 da kuma wani zuwa Moscow a shekarar 1969. A shekarar 1985, aikinta na mai ɗaukar kyamara a gidan talabijin na gwamnati ya ƙare kuma ta sami damar komawa ga ɗaukar hotunan shimfidar wuri. Manyan tarin kayan tarihi da ta samar sun haɗa da ɗaya daga cikin dajin Leuenberger da kuma wani [[:de:Märkische Schweiz|wurin shakatawa na Märkische Schweiz]] . <ref name="UAlautVM" /> == Kimantawa == Masu sharhi na ci gaba da kallon Ursula Arnold, Evelyn Richter da Arno Fischer a matsayin manyan masu ɗaukar hoto guda uku na Jamus ta Gabas a zamaninsu. Daukar hoton Ursula Arnold ya samu tasiri sosai daga nazarinta na gaskiya game da Jamhuriyar Dimokuradiyyar Jamus, inda ake amfani da daukar hoto a matsayin hanyar ilmantar da siyasa. An yi watsi da ra'ayoyin adawa da suka bayar da madadin hoton da hukumomi suka bayar. Ursula Arnold mai fasaha ce wadda ba za a iya haɗa ta cikin irin wannan tsarin cikin sauƙi ba. Mai sharhi Franziska Schmidt ta rubuta gabatarwa don wani baje kolin da aka keɓe wa Ursula Arnold a [[Gidan baje kolin Berlin|Berlinische Galerie]] cewa hotunan Arnold "suna nuna ɓangarorin rayuwa masu natsuwa da ɓoye, inda mutum yake damuwa da kansa/ita da damuwar yau da kullun. Hotunanta suna nuna rashin jituwa tsakanin gabatar da farfagandar akida ta mutum mai kyakkyawan fata a matsayin gwarzon yaƙi na gurguzu da yanayin rayuwa na gaske". <ref name="UAlautPoll">{{Cite web |date=18 April 2009 |title=zum 80. Geburtstag [Ursula Arnold] |url=https://poll-berlin.de/Stiftung/ursula-arnold/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190423034947/https://poll-berlin.de/Stiftung/ursula-arnold/ |archive-date=23 April 2019 |access-date=1 February 2012 |publisher=Gemeinnützige Gesellschaft mbH (Kunststiftung Poll)}}</ref> A cikin kalmominta, tana neman "abin da ke da muhimmanci da kuma abin da ke da sauƙi a rayuwar yau da kullum, don tattara wasu abubuwa da ke bayyana rayuwa - don taɓa alaƙar da ba a san ta ba". {{Efn|''"Ich möchte im Alltäglichen das Besondere und das Einfache suchen, Nuancen sammeln, die Leben ausdrücken … in der Anonymität das Verwandte treffen."''<ref name="Bührer2009">{{cite book|author=Dietmar Bührer|title=Ursula Arnold |work=brennpunkt Magazin| url=https://books.google.com/books?id=1Wp4PNxH55MC&pg=PA97|year=2009|publisher=epubli|isbn=978-3-86931-066-4|page=97}}</ref>}} Wani batu da ya sake faruwa a mafi yawan lokutan aikinta shi ne hotunan rayuwar birni na gaske a Leipzig da Berlin. An ɗauki wasu daga cikin muhimman hotunanta a shekarun 1980 a gundumar Prenzlauer Berg da ke Berlin. Sai bayan shekaru da dama bayan sake hadewa, Arnold ya dauki hotunan shimfidar wurare ne kawai a yankunan karkara da ke kewaye da babban birnin Jamus. == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Matattun 2012]] [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1929]] mtnftay0haca1918w01n17chqfz3xwc 0 163329 895667 2026-08-12T11:24:55Z Nnamadee 31123 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1342481725|Luzia Hartsuyker-Curjel]]" 895667 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Luzia Hartsuyker-Curjel''' (15 Fabrairu 1926 - 17 Afrilu 2011) yar asalin ƙasar Jamus ce. Ana tuna ta da sabbin zane-zanenta da kuma haɗin gwiwarta da mai zane na ƙasar Holland [[Enrico Hartsuyker]] wanda aka haifa a Italiya. An mai da hankali sosai kan aikin Biopolis ɗinsu, wani birni mai tauraron ɗan adam da aka tsara don [[Hague|The Hague]] amma ba a taɓa yin hakan ba. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Enrico en Luzia Hartsuyker |url=http://schatkamer.nai.nl/en/designers/enrico-en-luzia-hartsuyker |access-date=24 October 2015 |publisher=NAi |language=}}</ref> <ref name="archweb">{{Cite web |date=19 April 2011 |title=Luzia Hartsuyker-Curjel overleden |url=http://www.architectenweb.nl/aweb/redactie/redactie_detail.asp?iNID=25930 |access-date=24 October 2015 |publisher=Architectenweb |language=Dutch}}</ref> == Rayuwar farko da ilimi == [[Fayil:Rotterdam_zonnetrap.jpg|thumb| Cibiyar Zonetrap, Rotterdam (1980)]] An haifi Hartsuyker-Curjel a shekara ta 1926 a Karlsruhe, Jamus. Mahaifinta, Hans Curjel, ɗan mai zane Robert Curjel, masanin tarihi ne kuma mai buga piano. Mahaifiyarta, Gabriella Fahrner, ta karanci kiɗa kuma ta buga cello. <ref>{{Cite web |title=ir. Hartsuyker-Curjel, Luzia |url=http://zoeken.nai.nl/CIS/persoon/4430 |access-date=25 October 2015 |publisher=NAi |language=Dutch}}</ref> Ganin cewa iyayenta Yahudawa ne, iyalin sun ƙaura zuwa Switzerland lokacin da take da shekaru shida. Ta yi karatun gine-gine a ETH Zurich inda ta haɗu da ɗalibin gine-gine na ƙasar Holland kuma mijinta Enrico Hartsuyker. Siegfried Giedion, ƙawar mahaifinta ta kud da kud, Hans Curjel, ta ƙarfafa su a karatunsu. <ref name="archweb">{{Cite web |date=19 April 2011 |title=Luzia Hartsuyker-Curjel overleden |url=http://www.architectenweb.nl/aweb/redactie/redactie_detail.asp?iNID=25930 |access-date=24 October 2015 |publisher=Architectenweb |language=Dutch}}</ref> == Sana'a == A shekarar 1953, ma'auratan sun zauna a ƙasar Netherlands. Tun daga shekarun 1960, sun sami manyan kwamitoci don aikin sake ginawa a [[Amsterdam]] da Arnhem . Gina gidajen da suka gina a cikin atrium a Amsterdam-Buitenveldert (1965) sun taimaka wajen samun suna mai tasowa. Tsarin gidajensu na zamantakewa sun haɗa da wasu tsare-tsare tare da sabbin zaɓuɓɓukan sarari, sau da yawa tare da baranda ta tsakiya da ƙananan bambance-bambance a matakan ɗakuna. Dakunan girki da bandakuna galibi suna tsakiyar gari. <ref name="archweb">{{Cite web |date=19 April 2011 |title=Luzia Hartsuyker-Curjel overleden |url=http://www.architectenweb.nl/aweb/redactie/redactie_detail.asp?iNID=25930 |access-date=24 October 2015 |publisher=Architectenweb |language=Dutch}}</ref> Tsarin tsare-tsaren birane nasu, Biopolis da Hydropolis, sun jawo hankali sosai yayin da aka yi nufin haɗa ayyuka daban-daban a cikin ginin gini. Duk da cewa ba a cimma waɗannan ayyuka biyu ba, ana iya ganin hanyar da suka bi a cibiyar tsofaffi ta Zonnetrap da ke [[Rotterdam]] (1980) wadda ban da masaukin zama da aka tanadar wa shaguna, ƙananan kasuwanci da bita, wanda hakan ya jawo hankalin mutane iri-iri zuwa unguwa, ba kawai tsofaffi ba. Ana ci gaba da fahimtar wannan ra'ayi a yau. <ref name="archweb">{{Cite web |date=19 April 2011 |title=Luzia Hartsuyker-Curjel overleden |url=http://www.architectenweb.nl/aweb/redactie/redactie_detail.asp?iNID=25930 |access-date=24 October 2015 |publisher=Architectenweb |language=Dutch}}</ref> A shekarun 1980, Luzia Hartsuyker ta shahara da gidajenta masu "sauƙin mata", inda ta shawo kan ƙirar da aka saba da ita ta hanyar ɗakunan da suka fi girma. Ana iya ganin misalai a Amsterdam, Apeldoorn da IJsselstein . <ref>{{Cite web |title=Enrico Hartsuyker (*1925) en Luzia Hartsuyker-Curjel (*1926). Modellen voor nieuwe woonvormen |url=http://www.bonas.nl/index.php?go=home.showBook&id=19&pagenr=3 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304091213/http://www.bonas.nl/index.php?go=home.showBook&id=19&pagenr=3 |archive-date=4 March 2016 |access-date=25 October 2015 |publisher=Stichting Bonas |language=Dutch}}</ref> Luzia Hartsuyker-Curjel ta mutu a ranar 17 ga Afrilu 2011 a Laren . <ref>{{Cite web |title=Woonhuis Laren (ontwerp Hartsuykers) |url=http://zoeken.nai.nl/CIS/project/11592 |access-date=25 October 2015 |publisher=NAi |language=Dutch}}</ref> == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Mutuwan 2011]] [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1926]] tfamygpmo9clk9x0eu6h51em186mz16 895668 895667 2026-08-12T11:25:16Z Nnamadee 31123 895668 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Luzia Hartsuyker-Curjel''' (15 Fabrairu 1926 - 17 Afrilu 2011) yar asalin ƙasar Jamus ce. Ana tuna ta da sabbin zane-zanenta da kuma haɗin gwiwarta da mai zane na ƙasar Holland [[Enrico Hartsuyker]] wanda aka haifa a Italiya. An mai da hankali sosai kan aikin Biopolis ɗinsu, wani birni mai tauraron ɗan adam da aka tsara don [[Hague|The Hague]] amma ba a taɓa yin hakan ba. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Enrico en Luzia Hartsuyker |url=http://schatkamer.nai.nl/en/designers/enrico-en-luzia-hartsuyker |access-date=24 October 2015 |publisher=NAi |language=}}</ref> <ref name="archweb">{{Cite web |date=19 April 2011 |title=Luzia Hartsuyker-Curjel overleden |url=http://www.architectenweb.nl/aweb/redactie/redactie_detail.asp?iNID=25930 |access-date=24 October 2015 |publisher=Architectenweb |language=Dutch}}</ref> == Rayuwar farko da ilimi == [[Fayil:Rotterdam_zonnetrap.jpg|thumb| Cibiyar Zonetrap, Rotterdam (1980)]] An haifi Hartsuyker-Curjel a shekara ta 1926 a Karlsruhe, Jamus. Mahaifinta, Hans Curjel, ɗan mai zane Robert Curjel, masanin tarihi ne kuma mai buga piano. Mahaifiyarta, Gabriella Fahrner, ta karanci kiɗa kuma ta buga cello. <ref>{{Cite web |title=ir. Hartsuyker-Curjel, Luzia |url=http://zoeken.nai.nl/CIS/persoon/4430 |access-date=25 October 2015 |publisher=NAi |language=Dutch}}</ref> Ganin cewa iyayenta Yahudawa ne, iyalin sun ƙaura zuwa Switzerland lokacin da take da shekaru shida. Ta yi karatun gine-gine a ETH Zurich inda ta haɗu da ɗalibin gine-gine na ƙasar Holland kuma mijinta Enrico Hartsuyker. Siegfried Giedion, ƙawar mahaifinta ta kud da kud, Hans Curjel, ta ƙarfafa su a karatunsu. <ref name="archweb">{{Cite web |date=19 April 2011 |title=Luzia Hartsuyker-Curjel overleden |url=http://www.architectenweb.nl/aweb/redactie/redactie_detail.asp?iNID=25930 |access-date=24 October 2015 |publisher=Architectenweb |language=Dutch}}</ref> == Sana'a == A shekarar 1953, ma'auratan sun zauna a ƙasar Netherlands. Tun daga shekarun 1960, sun sami manyan kwamitoci don aikin sake ginawa a [[Amsterdam]] da Arnhem . Gina gidajen da suka gina a cikin atrium a Amsterdam-Buitenveldert (1965) sun taimaka wajen samun suna mai tasowa. Tsarin gidajensu na zamantakewa sun haɗa da wasu tsare-tsare tare da sabbin zaɓuɓɓukan sarari, sau da yawa tare da baranda ta tsakiya da ƙananan bambance-bambance a matakan ɗakuna. Dakunan girki da bandakuna galibi suna tsakiyar gari. <ref name="archweb">{{Cite web |date=19 April 2011 |title=Luzia Hartsuyker-Curjel overleden |url=http://www.architectenweb.nl/aweb/redactie/redactie_detail.asp?iNID=25930 |access-date=24 October 2015 |publisher=Architectenweb |language=Dutch}}</ref> Tsarin tsare-tsaren birane nasu, Biopolis da Hydropolis, sun jawo hankali sosai yayin da aka yi nufin haɗa ayyuka daban-daban a cikin ginin gini. Duk da cewa ba a cimma waɗannan ayyuka biyu ba, ana iya ganin hanyar da suka bi a cibiyar tsofaffi ta Zonnetrap da ke [[Rotterdam]] (1980) wadda ban da masaukin zama da aka tanadar wa shaguna, ƙananan kasuwanci da bita, wanda hakan ya jawo hankalin mutane iri-iri zuwa unguwa, ba kawai tsofaffi ba. Ana ci gaba da fahimtar wannan ra'ayi a yau. <ref name="archweb">{{Cite web |date=19 April 2011 |title=Luzia Hartsuyker-Curjel overleden |url=http://www.architectenweb.nl/aweb/redactie/redactie_detail.asp?iNID=25930 |access-date=24 October 2015 |publisher=Architectenweb |language=Dutch}}</ref> A shekarun 1980, Luzia Hartsuyker ta shahara da gidajenta masu "sauƙin mata", inda ta shawo kan ƙirar da aka saba da ita ta hanyar ɗakunan da suka fi girma. Ana iya ganin misalai a Amsterdam, Apeldoorn da IJsselstein . <ref>{{Cite web |title=Enrico Hartsuyker (*1925) en Luzia Hartsuyker-Curjel (*1926). Modellen voor nieuwe woonvormen |url=http://www.bonas.nl/index.php?go=home.showBook&id=19&pagenr=3 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304091213/http://www.bonas.nl/index.php?go=home.showBook&id=19&pagenr=3 |archive-date=4 March 2016 |access-date=25 October 2015 |publisher=Stichting Bonas |language=Dutch}}</ref> Luzia Hartsuyker-Curjel ta mutu a ranar 17 ga Afrilu 2011 a Laren . <ref>{{Cite web |title=Woonhuis Laren (ontwerp Hartsuykers) |url=http://zoeken.nai.nl/CIS/project/11592 |access-date=25 October 2015 |publisher=NAi |language=Dutch}}</ref> == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Mutuwan 2011]] [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1926]] np3hfzzon3pbhzkyq19ulqg4qk3jyyj 0 163330 895669 2026-08-12T11:26:00Z Nnamadee 31123 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1367237699|Ilse Bing]]" 895669 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Ilse Bing''' (23 Maris 1899 - 10 Maris 1998) ƙwararriyar mai ɗaukar hoto ce ta Jamus kuma [[Mai daukar hoto|mai ɗaukar hoto]] ta kasuwanci wadda ta samar da hotuna masu launuka iri- iri a lokacin yaƙin basasa. == Tarihin Rayuwa == === Bayani da farkon rayuwa === An haifi Ilse Bing a cikin wani iyali mai arziki na 'yan kasuwa Yahudawa a [[Frankfurt]] am Main, Jamus, a ranar 23 ga Maris, 1899. Louis Bing da Johanna Elli Bing (wadda aka haifa a Katz) su ne iyayenta. Bing ya girma a cikin iyali mai himma wajen al'adu kuma ya fuskanci fasaha tun yana ƙarami. An yi nuni ga aikinta na ɗaukar hoto a ƙarshe lokacin da ta ɗauki hotonta na farko da kyamarar akwatin Kodak, wanda ta samu tun tana ɗan shekara goma sha huɗu. <ref name=":1">{{Cite web |last=Victoria and Albert Museum, Online Museum, Web Team |title=Ilse Bing Biography |url=http://www.vam.ac.uk/content/articles/i/ilse-bing-biography/ |access-date=2018-03-09 |website=www.vam.ac.uk |language=en}}</ref> A shekarar 1920, Bing ya yi rajista a Jami'ar Frankfurt, inda ya fara karatun lissafi da kimiyyar lissafi. Duk da haka, sha'awarta ta ilimi ba da daɗewa ba ta koma ga tarihin fasaha da tarihin gine-gine . A lokacin zangon hunturu na 1923–1924, ta ci gaba da karatunta a Kunsthistorisches Institut da ke Vienna, inda ta zurfafa iliminta game da fasaha da gine-gine na Turai. <ref name=":7">{{Cite web |date=11 December 2019 |title=The Cleveland Museum of Art |url=https://www.clevelandart.org/exhibitions/ilse-bing-queen-leica}}</ref> A shekarar 1924, ta fara aiki a kan wani rubutu game da mai ginin Neo-Classical na Jamus Friedrich Gilly (1772–1800), kuma don rubuta abubuwan da suka shafi gine-gine don bincikenta, Bing ta sayi Voigtländer 9×12 don rubuta abubuwan da suka shafi gine-gine.&nbsp;Kyamarar cm. Wannan amfani da daukar hoto a aikace ya haifar da sha'awar fasaha a hankali, kuma ta fara ƙirƙirar ayyukan daukar hoto a matsayin wani ɓangare na tsarin karatunta, inda ta rikide zuwa sha'awar daukar hoto a tsawon rayuwarta. Lokacin da ta kammala karatunta a lokacin bazara na shekarar 1929 kuma ta daina karatun digirinta na farko, ta koma ga daukar hoto gaba ɗaya, ta sayi sabuwar kyamarar Leica (35mm) kuma ta fara aiki a fannin daukar hoto. Tsawon shekaru ashirin masu zuwa, Leica za ta ci gaba da zama tushen ayyukan fasaha na Bing. === Paris === A ƙarshen shekarar 1930 Ilse Bing ta ƙaura zuwa Paris ta ci gaba da aikin ɗaukar hoto a can. Ta sami ayyukan bayar da rahoto ta hanyar shiga tsakani na ɗan jaridar Hungary Heinrich Guttmann. Domin ƙirƙirar hotunanta, Guttmann ta ba ta gareji wanda Bing ta yi amfani da shi a matsayin ɗakin duhu. Saukarta daga [[Frankfurt]] zuwa wani sabon yanayi na avant-garde da surrealism a [[Faris|birnin Paris]] ya nuna farkon lokacin da ta fi shahara a cikin aikinta. Ta shirya hotuna a fannoni kamar aikin jarida na daukar hoto, daukar hoto na gine-gine, talla da kuma salon zamani, kuma an buga ayyukanta a mujallu kamar ''Le Monde Illustre'', ''Harper's Bazaar'', da ''Vogue'' . <ref name=":1">{{Cite web |last=Victoria and Albert Museum, Online Museum, Web Team |title=Ilse Bing Biography |url=http://www.vam.ac.uk/content/articles/i/ilse-bing-biography/ |access-date=2018-03-09 |website=www.vam.ac.uk |language=en}}</ref> Bayan da ta fara zama a Otal ɗin Londres da ke kan Rue Bonaparte, ta koma Avenue de Maine, mai shekaru 146 a shekarar 1931. A wannan shekarar, an nuna ayyukan Bing a Faransa da Jamus. Nasarar da ta samu cikin sauri a matsayin mai ɗaukar hoto da kuma matsayinta na ƙwararriya ɗaya tilo a birnin Paris da ta yi amfani da kyamarar Leica mai ci gaba ta sa ta sami lakabin "Sarauniyar Leica" daga mai suka kuma mai ɗaukar hoto Emmanuel Sougez, wanda ta haɗu da shi a shekarar 1931. A shekarar 1933, Bing ya bar Avenue de Maine ya koma Rue de Varenne, Lamba ta 8. Tare da mai buga piano kuma malamin kiɗa Konrad Wolff, wanda ke zaune a gida ɗaya, da farko an san ta ne kawai ta hanyar buga piano, wanda ake jin sa ta cikin farfajiyar gidan. Bayan ɗan lokaci kaɗan za su san junansu da kansu kuma su zama ma'aurata. Lokacin da Bing ta ziyarci New York a shekarar 1936, ta sami tayin yin aiki a matsayin mai ɗaukar hoto na mujallar Life, wanda ta ƙi amincewa da shi domin kada a raba ta da Wolff, wacce ke zaune a Paris. A wannan shekarar, an haɗa aikinta a cikin baje kolin daukar hoto na zamani na farko da aka gudanar a Louvre, kuma a shekarar 1937 ta yi tafiya zuwa [[New York (birni)|birnin New York]] inda aka haɗa hotunanta a cikin baje kolin tarihi mai suna "Photography 1839–1937" a Gidan Tarihi na Fasaha na Zamani . Bing da Wolff sun yi aure a watan Nuwamba na wannan shekarar kuma suka ƙaura zuwa Boulevard Jourdan tare a shekarar 1938. Bing ta ci gaba da zama a birnin Paris tsawon shekaru goma, amma a shekarar 1940, lokacin da Jamusawa suka mamaye birnin Paris a lokacin [[Yaƙin Duniya na II|Yaƙin Duniya na Biyu]], an kore ta da mijinta waɗanda dukkansu Yahudawa ne, aka kuma tsare su a sansanonin daban-daban a Kudancin Faransa. Bing ta yi makonni shida a wani sansani a Gurs, a Pyrenees, inda ta haɗu da [[Hannah Arendt]] . == Shirin gaskiya == Bing na ɗaya daga cikin masu daukar hoto mata uku da aka zayyana a ''Drei Fotografinnen: Ilse Bing, Grete Stern, Ellen Auerbach'', wani shiri na 1993 na mai shirya fina-finai na Berlin Antonia Lerch. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Film {{!}} Drei Fotografinnen: Ilse Bing, Grete Stern, Ellen Auerbach {{!}} absolut MEDIEN |url=https://absolutmedien.de/film/845/Drei+Fotografinnen:+Ilse+Bing,+Grete+Stern,+Ellen+Auerbach |access-date=2018-03-04 |website=absolutmedien.de |language=de}}</ref> == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Mutuwan 1998]] qxzn92t5wc011hud5li217uyqha7ws2 895670 895669 2026-08-12T11:26:32Z Nnamadee 31123 895670 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Ilse Bing''' (23 Maris 1899 - 10 Maris 1998) ƙwararriyar mai ɗaukar hoto ce ta Jamus kuma [[Mai daukar hoto|mai ɗaukar hoto]] ta kasuwanci wadda ta samar da hotuna masu launuka iri- iri a lokacin yaƙin basasa. == Tarihin Rayuwa == === Bayani da farkon rayuwa === An haifi Ilse Bing a cikin wani iyali mai arziki na 'yan kasuwa Yahudawa a [[Frankfurt]] am Main, Jamus, a ranar 23 ga Maris, 1899. Louis Bing da Johanna Elli Bing (wadda aka haifa a Katz) su ne iyayenta. Bing ya girma a cikin iyali mai himma wajen al'adu kuma ya fuskanci fasaha tun yana ƙarami. An yi nuni ga aikinta na ɗaukar hoto a ƙarshe lokacin da ta ɗauki hotonta na farko da kyamarar akwatin Kodak, wanda ta samu tun tana ɗan shekara goma sha huɗu. <ref name=":1">{{Cite web |last=Victoria and Albert Museum, Online Museum, Web Team |title=Ilse Bing Biography |url=http://www.vam.ac.uk/content/articles/i/ilse-bing-biography/ |access-date=2018-03-09 |website=www.vam.ac.uk |language=en}}</ref> A shekarar 1920, Bing ya yi rajista a Jami'ar Frankfurt, inda ya fara karatun lissafi da kimiyyar lissafi. Duk da haka, sha'awarta ta ilimi ba da daɗewa ba ta koma ga tarihin fasaha da tarihin gine-gine . A lokacin zangon hunturu na 1923–1924, ta ci gaba da karatunta a Kunsthistorisches Institut da ke Vienna, inda ta zurfafa iliminta game da fasaha da gine-gine na Turai. <ref name=":7">{{Cite web |date=11 December 2019 |title=The Cleveland Museum of Art |url=https://www.clevelandart.org/exhibitions/ilse-bing-queen-leica}}</ref> A shekarar 1924, ta fara aiki a kan wani rubutu game da mai ginin Neo-Classical na Jamus Friedrich Gilly (1772–1800), kuma don rubuta abubuwan da suka shafi gine-gine don bincikenta, Bing ta sayi Voigtländer 9×12 don rubuta abubuwan da suka shafi gine-gine.&nbsp;Kyamarar cm. Wannan amfani da daukar hoto a aikace ya haifar da sha'awar fasaha a hankali, kuma ta fara ƙirƙirar ayyukan daukar hoto a matsayin wani ɓangare na tsarin karatunta, inda ta rikide zuwa sha'awar daukar hoto a tsawon rayuwarta. Lokacin da ta kammala karatunta a lokacin bazara na shekarar 1929 kuma ta daina karatun digirinta na farko, ta koma ga daukar hoto gaba ɗaya, ta sayi sabuwar kyamarar Leica (35mm) kuma ta fara aiki a fannin daukar hoto. Tsawon shekaru ashirin masu zuwa, Leica za ta ci gaba da zama tushen ayyukan fasaha na Bing. === Paris === A ƙarshen shekarar 1930 Ilse Bing ta ƙaura zuwa Paris ta ci gaba da aikin ɗaukar hoto a can. Ta sami ayyukan bayar da rahoto ta hanyar shiga tsakani na ɗan jaridar Hungary Heinrich Guttmann. Domin ƙirƙirar hotunanta, Guttmann ta ba ta gareji wanda Bing ta yi amfani da shi a matsayin ɗakin duhu. Saukarta daga [[Frankfurt]] zuwa wani sabon yanayi na avant-garde da surrealism a [[Faris|birnin Paris]] ya nuna farkon lokacin da ta fi shahara a cikin aikinta. Ta shirya hotuna a fannoni kamar aikin jarida na daukar hoto, daukar hoto na gine-gine, talla da kuma salon zamani, kuma an buga ayyukanta a mujallu kamar ''Le Monde Illustre'', ''Harper's Bazaar'', da ''Vogue'' . <ref name=":1">{{Cite web |last=Victoria and Albert Museum, Online Museum, Web Team |title=Ilse Bing Biography |url=http://www.vam.ac.uk/content/articles/i/ilse-bing-biography/ |access-date=2018-03-09 |website=www.vam.ac.uk |language=en}}</ref> Bayan da ta fara zama a Otal ɗin Londres da ke kan Rue Bonaparte, ta koma Avenue de Maine, mai shekaru 146 a shekarar 1931. A wannan shekarar, an nuna ayyukan Bing a Faransa da Jamus. Nasarar da ta samu cikin sauri a matsayin mai ɗaukar hoto da kuma matsayinta na ƙwararriya ɗaya tilo a birnin Paris da ta yi amfani da kyamarar Leica mai ci gaba ta sa ta sami lakabin "Sarauniyar Leica" daga mai suka kuma mai ɗaukar hoto Emmanuel Sougez, wanda ta haɗu da shi a shekarar 1931. A shekarar 1933, Bing ya bar Avenue de Maine ya koma Rue de Varenne, Lamba ta 8. Tare da mai buga piano kuma malamin kiɗa Konrad Wolff, wanda ke zaune a gida ɗaya, da farko an san ta ne kawai ta hanyar buga piano, wanda ake jin sa ta cikin farfajiyar gidan. Bayan ɗan lokaci kaɗan za su san junansu da kansu kuma su zama ma'aurata. Lokacin da Bing ta ziyarci New York a shekarar 1936, ta sami tayin yin aiki a matsayin mai ɗaukar hoto na mujallar Life, wanda ta ƙi amincewa da shi domin kada a raba ta da Wolff, wacce ke zaune a Paris. A wannan shekarar, an haɗa aikinta a cikin baje kolin daukar hoto na zamani na farko da aka gudanar a Louvre, kuma a shekarar 1937 ta yi tafiya zuwa [[New York (birni)|birnin New York]] inda aka haɗa hotunanta a cikin baje kolin tarihi mai suna "Photography 1839–1937" a Gidan Tarihi na Fasaha na Zamani . Bing da Wolff sun yi aure a watan Nuwamba na wannan shekarar kuma suka ƙaura zuwa Boulevard Jourdan tare a shekarar 1938. Bing ta ci gaba da zama a birnin Paris tsawon shekaru goma, amma a shekarar 1940, lokacin da Jamusawa suka mamaye birnin Paris a lokacin [[Yaƙin Duniya na II|Yaƙin Duniya na Biyu]], an kore ta da mijinta waɗanda dukkansu Yahudawa ne, aka kuma tsare su a sansanonin daban-daban a Kudancin Faransa. Bing ta yi makonni shida a wani sansani a Gurs, a Pyrenees, inda ta haɗu da [[Hannah Arendt]] . == Shirin gaskiya == Bing na ɗaya daga cikin masu daukar hoto mata uku da aka zayyana a ''Drei Fotografinnen: Ilse Bing, Grete Stern, Ellen Auerbach'', wani shiri na 1993 na mai shirya fina-finai na Berlin Antonia Lerch. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Film {{!}} Drei Fotografinnen: Ilse Bing, Grete Stern, Ellen Auerbach {{!}} absolut MEDIEN |url=https://absolutmedien.de/film/845/Drei+Fotografinnen:+Ilse+Bing,+Grete+Stern,+Ellen+Auerbach |access-date=2018-03-04 |website=absolutmedien.de |language=de}}</ref> == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Mutuwan 1998]] 91tufb6lz4mkagp48qjka99lg658pbq 0 163331 895671 2026-08-12T11:27:25Z Nnamadee 31123 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1363665434|Lucie von Hardenberg]]" 895671 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Lucia Anna Wilhelmine Christina, Countess von Hardenberg-Reventlow''' (9 ga Afrilu 1776 a [[Hanover]] - 8 ga Mayu 1854 a Fadar Branitz ) ƙwararren mai zane ne na ƙasar Jamus. Ita 'yar shugaban gwamnatin jihar Prussian ce kuma Yarima Karl August von Hardenberg . Aurenta na farko shine {{Interlanguage link|Karl Theodor von Pappenheim|de}} da ta biyu ga Hermann von Pückler-Muskau . Ta sadaukar da shekaru da yawa na rayuwarta ga ƙirƙirar Prince Pückler Park a Muskau da kuma {{Interlanguage link|Branitzer Park|de}}.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Die Gärten des Fürst Pückler – DW – 22.05.2016 |url=https://www.dw.com/de/die-wundersamen-g%C3%A4rten-des-f%C3%BCrst-p%C3%BCckler/a-19273553 |access-date=2025-04-25 |website=dw.com |language=de}}</ref> == Lucie von Hardenberg-Reventlow == An haifi Lucia Anna Wilhelmine Christina Countess von Hardenberg-Reventlow, wacce ake kira ''Lucie'', a ranar 9 ga Afrilu, 1776 a [[Hanover]] . Ita ce 'ya ta biyu ga Karl August von Hardenberg, wanda daga baya ya zama Chancellor na Jihar Prussian, da matarsa, Countess Christiane Friederike Juliane von Reventlow (1759–1793). An haifi ɗan'uwanta, Christian Heinrich August von Hardenberg- Reventlow a shekara ta 1775. Iyayenta sun sake ta a shekarar 1788. Da farko, Lucie ta zauna tare da ɗaya daga cikin goggonta, amma a shekara ta 1790 ta ƙaura tare da mahaifinta, wanda ya kasance limamin coci a Ansbach da Bayreuth . == Lucie von Pappenheim == A ranar 26 ga Yuni 1796, Lucie von Hardenberg-Reventlow ya auri Imperial Count {{Interlanguage link|Karl Theodor von Pappenheim|de}}, shekaru biyar da ta girme ta. Biyu daga cikin 'ya'yansu uku sun mutu tun suna ƙanana. 'Yarsu {{Interlanguage link|Adelheid von Carolath-Beuthen|de}} ce ta bar su a raye (3 Maris 1797 - 29 Afrilu 1849). An kammala gina gidan ne ta hannun 'yar riƙon su Helmine, wacce ba a san asalinta ba. Lucie von Pappenheim ta rabu da mijinta a 1802. Ta karɓi {{Interlanguage link|Dennenlohe Castle|de|Schloss Dennenlohe}} kusa da Ansbach, inda ta zauna tare da 'ya'yanta mata Adelheid da Helmine har zuwa 1817. Lucie von Pappenheim ya ci gaba da abokantaka a Hamburg, Altona, da Berlin. A lokacin da take zaune a Berlin, ta kasance mai yawan zuwa gidan adabi da kiɗa na Elisabeth von Staegemann . A wannan birni ne Lucie ta fara haɗuwa da Hermann von Pückler-Muskau (30 Oktoba 1785 - 4 Fabrairu 1871), wanda ke da shekaru tara a ƙarƙashinta. Wannan ya fara dangantaka wadda za ta ɗauki shekaru 37, har zuwa mutuwar Lucie. A shekara ta 1817, Lucie von Pappenheim ta sake aure don ta iya auren Pückler. == Lucie von Pückler-Muskau == [[Fayil:Daffinger,_Moritz_-_Hermann_Pückler-Muskau.jpg|thumb| Hermann von Pückler-Muskau (1840), zanen fensir mai launi na Moritz Daffiner]] An yi alkawari na Lucie von Pappenheim da Hermann von Pückler-Muskau a ranar 16 ga Nuwamba, 1816, kuma an yi bikin aurensu a ranar 9 ga Oktoba, 1817. Su biyun suna da tunani mai kyau, barkwanci, da kuma abubuwan da suka fi so. Haɗin gwiwar ya kasance mai amfani ga abokan hulɗar biyu: Pückler ya sami damar cimma burinsa na mayar da filayensa da ke kewaye da garin Muskau zuwa lambun shimfidar wuri tare da taimakon sadakin Lucie mai yawa. Aure da mai ɗaya daga cikin manyan gidaje a Upper Lusatia ya mayar da Lucie da aka saki zuwa matsayi daidai da asalinta. An ɗaga Hermann von Pückler da Lucie zuwa matsayin yarima a shekarar 1822. Tun lokacin da suka fara haɗuwa, ma'auratan sun ci gaba da yin wasiƙu masu daɗi. Yawancin [[Wasika|wasiƙun]] Hermann von Pückler sun tsira, amma na Lucie ba su tsira ba. Ko ita ko Pückler sun yi fatan a lalata wasiƙunta da ta aika masa, har ma da kwafin da ke tare da su, ba za a iya tantance su ba idan aka yi la'akari da su tun daga baya. Sau da yawa, daga amsoshin Pückler ga Lucie ne kawai za mu iya fahimtar abin da take gaya masa a cikin wasiƙunta. Tun daga shekarar 1820, Pückler ya yi tunanin sayar da {{Interlanguage link|Muskau estate|de|Standesherrschaft Muskau}}, kamar yadda dukiyar da Lucie ta kawo ta ƙare. Lucie von Pückler ta ba mijinta shawarar da ba a saba gani ba cewa su raba auren domin ya sake neman matar da ta fi wadata. A watan Fabrairun 1826, aka raba auren. Dalilin da aka bayar a hukumance shine rashin haihuwa da ma'auratan suka yi. Ba da daɗewa ba kafin haka, a watan Janairun 1826, Pückler ya mayar da kadarorin Pückler-Muskau ga matarsa domin kare kadarorinsa daga yiwuwar kwacewa. <ref>Roscher, Astrid: ''Lucie von Pückler-Muskau. Heimliche Hauptakteurin im Schatten des grünen Fürsten?'' In: ''Die Gartenkunst''. Worms: Werner. Bd. 21, 2009 {{ISSN|0935-0519}}, Heft 2, S.&nbsp;187–197</ref> A watan Satumba na shekarar 1826, Pückler ya tafi Ingila don neman amarya. Tunda labarin niyyarsa ya bazu cikin sauri, binciken bai yi nasara ba kuma har ma an yi masa ba'a a jaridun Ingila. Duk da haka yariman ya zauna a [[Hadaddiyar Masarautar Burtaniya Mai Girma da Ireland|Ingila]] na tsawon shekaru biyu. A wannan lokacin, ya sami sabon kwarin gwiwa a wurin shakatawarsa kuma ya rubuta wasiƙu masu ban dariya game da al'ummar Ingila ga tsohuwar matarsa. Lucie ta ajiye dukkan wasiƙun kuma ta shirya su don bugawa. Bayan dawowar Pückler, wasiƙun sun bayyana a cikin kundin littattafai biyu. A lokacin da Yarima Pückler ya shafe shekaru da dama yana tafiya zuwa Gabas, an yanke wa Heinrich Laube hukuncin ɗaurin shekaru bakwai a wani sansanin soja. Bayan neman afuwa, an rage wannan hukuncin zuwa shekara ɗaya da rabi. Ta hanyar hulɗar mahaifinta, Lucie von Pückler ta sami damar shirya Laube ya yi zaman wa'adinsa a Muskau. A can, yana zaune a Tsohon Fadar kuma har ma ya sami damar shiga cikin tafiye-tafiyen farauta; daga cikin wasu abubuwa, ya ambaci {{Interlanguage link|Mühlrose Hunting Lodge|de|Jagdschloss Mühlrose}} Tiergarten a cikin Muskau Heath a cikin rubuce-rubucensa. Bayan ɗaurin kurkuku, ya sadaukar da wani littafi ga Gimbiya. == Mai tsara lambun == === Pückler-Muskau === [[Fayil:Muskau-Sammlung_Duncker_(5367146).jpg|thumb|264x264px| Gidan Muskau a lokacin Pückler]] Tun daga tafiyarsa ta farko zuwa Ingila (1814–1815), Hermann von Pückler ya zo da sha'awar lambunan shimfidar wuri irin na Ingila. Nan da nan bayan dawowarsa, ya fara sake fasalin Muskau, gadon mahaifiyarsa. Ko a lokacin da aka yi musu aure, Lucie ta kamu da sha'awarsa kuma ta shirya bayar da babban kaso na dukiyarta ga ƙirar wurin shakatawar. Yayin da Pückler ke tafiya mai yawa, Lucie ta zauna a wurin kuma ta kula da ƙirar wurin shakatawar. Ko bayan rabuwar, Lucie ta ci gaba da rayuwa da aikinta a Muskau. Bisa buƙatar Pückler, an sanya wa wasu sassan wurin shakatawa suna bayanta, misali ''Tafkin Lucie'' da ''Schnuckental'' (bayan laƙabinta ''Schnucke'' ). Lucie von Hardenberg ya sami taimakon [[Wada|ɗan gajeren lokaci]] {{Interlanguage link|Wilhelm Heinrich Masser|de}} . A shekarar 1822, Lucie von Pückler ta gina wurin shakatawa a filin shakatawa, wanda aka ƙaddamar a shekarar 1823. Kudaden da ake fatan samu, wadanda ake bukata cikin gaggawa don samar da kudin shiga ga wurin shakatawa, ba su samu karbuwa ba duk da tallan da ake yi wa wurin wanka na ma'adinai . Duk da cewa wasiƙun Pückler sun nuna cewa shi da matarsa sun ƙirƙiri Muskau Park a kan daidaito, ba a ambaci wannan a cikin littafinsa na ''"Tips on Landscape Gardening"'' da aka buga a shekarar 1834 ba. Za a iya kimanta irin gudunmawar da ta bayar wajen ƙirƙirar wurin shakatawa cikin sauƙi, tunda ta ci gaba da aikin ko da a lokacin tafiye-tafiyen Pückler na shekaru da yawa. A shekarar 1834, Hermann von Pückler ya fara tafiyarsa mafi tsawo, wadda ta kai shi [[Misra|Masar]] da [[Girka (ƙasa)|Girka]], da sauran wurare. Bai dawo ba sai a shekara ta 1840. Bayan 'yan shekaru, sayar da kadarorin Muskau, gami da fada da wurin shakatawa, ya zama abin da ba makawa saboda tsananin matsalolin kuɗi. Ya sami sabon mai shi a shekarar 1845. [[Fayil:Branitzer_Park_01.jpg|thumb| Fadar Branitz (a shekara ta 2008)]] Kujerar dangin mahaifin Hermann von Pückler yana {{Interlanguage link|Branitz (Cottbus)|de|Branitz (Cottbus)}} . Bayan sun sayar da kadarorin, Lucie da Hermann von Pückler sun mayar da Branitz Castle sabon gidansu. Da farko Lucie ta kula da gina katangar kuma ta fara tsara wurin shakatawa na Branitz, amma da ƙaruwar shekaru, sai ta fara zama mai ja da baya. == Shekarun ƙarshe na rayuwa == [[Fayil:Dresden,_Bürgerwiese_17_Ecke_Lüttichaustraße.jpg|thumb|369x369px| Palais {{Interlanguage link|Mietshaus Bürgerwiese 17|de|Mietshaus Bürgerwiese 17}}]] [[Fayil:Cottbus_Branitzer_Park_02.jpg|thumb| Wurin binnewa a Branitz Park]] Lucie von Pückler ta shafe shekaru na ƙarshe na rayuwarta a [[Dresden]] (a cikin wani gida mai kusurwa a kan Bürgerwiese) da kuma Branitz. Ta mutu a Branitz a ranar 8 ga Mayu 1854, tana da shekaru 78. An fara binne Lucie von Pückler a makabartar Vorpark. Shekaru kaɗan bayan mutuwar Hermann von Pückler, an sake binne ta kusa da shi a Branitz Park. == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] 0335zxtegbcsvq7qdlqgnl2accqykyu 895672 895671 2026-08-12T11:27:53Z Nnamadee 31123 895672 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Lucia Anna Wilhelmine Christina, Countess von Hardenberg-Reventlow''' (9 ga Afrilu 1776 a [[Hanover]] - 8 ga Mayu 1854 a Fadar Branitz ) ƙwararren mai zane ne na ƙasar Jamus. Ita 'yar shugaban gwamnatin jihar Prussian ce kuma Yarima Karl August von Hardenberg . Aurenta na farko shine {{Interlanguage link|Karl Theodor von Pappenheim|de}} da ta biyu ga Hermann von Pückler-Muskau . Ta sadaukar da shekaru da yawa na rayuwarta ga ƙirƙirar Prince Pückler Park a Muskau da kuma {{Interlanguage link|Branitzer Park|de}}.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Die Gärten des Fürst Pückler – DW – 22.05.2016 |url=https://www.dw.com/de/die-wundersamen-g%C3%A4rten-des-f%C3%BCrst-p%C3%BCckler/a-19273553 |access-date=2025-04-25 |website=dw.com |language=de}}</ref> == Lucie von Hardenberg-Reventlow == An haifi Lucia Anna Wilhelmine Christina Countess von Hardenberg-Reventlow, wacce ake kira ''Lucie'', a ranar 9 ga Afrilu, 1776 a [[Hanover]] . Ita ce 'ya ta biyu ga Karl August von Hardenberg, wanda daga baya ya zama Chancellor na Jihar Prussian, da matarsa, Countess Christiane Friederike Juliane von Reventlow (1759–1793). An haifi ɗan'uwanta, Christian Heinrich August von Hardenberg- Reventlow a shekara ta 1775. Iyayenta sun sake ta a shekarar 1788. Da farko, Lucie ta zauna tare da ɗaya daga cikin goggonta, amma a shekara ta 1790 ta ƙaura tare da mahaifinta, wanda ya kasance limamin coci a Ansbach da Bayreuth . == Lucie von Pappenheim == A ranar 26 ga Yuni 1796, Lucie von Hardenberg-Reventlow ya auri Imperial Count {{Interlanguage link|Karl Theodor von Pappenheim|de}}, shekaru biyar da ta girme ta. Biyu daga cikin 'ya'yansu uku sun mutu tun suna ƙanana. 'Yarsu {{Interlanguage link|Adelheid von Carolath-Beuthen|de}} ce ta bar su a raye (3 Maris 1797 - 29 Afrilu 1849). An kammala gina gidan ne ta hannun 'yar riƙon su Helmine, wacce ba a san asalinta ba. Lucie von Pappenheim ta rabu da mijinta a 1802. Ta karɓi {{Interlanguage link|Dennenlohe Castle|de|Schloss Dennenlohe}} kusa da Ansbach, inda ta zauna tare da 'ya'yanta mata Adelheid da Helmine har zuwa 1817. Lucie von Pappenheim ya ci gaba da abokantaka a Hamburg, Altona, da Berlin. A lokacin da take zaune a Berlin, ta kasance mai yawan zuwa gidan adabi da kiɗa na Elisabeth von Staegemann . A wannan birni ne Lucie ta fara haɗuwa da Hermann von Pückler-Muskau (30 Oktoba 1785 - 4 Fabrairu 1871), wanda ke da shekaru tara a ƙarƙashinta. Wannan ya fara dangantaka wadda za ta ɗauki shekaru 37, har zuwa mutuwar Lucie. A shekara ta 1817, Lucie von Pappenheim ta sake aure don ta iya auren Pückler. == Lucie von Pückler-Muskau == [[Fayil:Daffinger,_Moritz_-_Hermann_Pückler-Muskau.jpg|thumb| Hermann von Pückler-Muskau (1840), zanen fensir mai launi na Moritz Daffiner]] An yi alkawari na Lucie von Pappenheim da Hermann von Pückler-Muskau a ranar 16 ga Nuwamba, 1816, kuma an yi bikin aurensu a ranar 9 ga Oktoba, 1817. Su biyun suna da tunani mai kyau, barkwanci, da kuma abubuwan da suka fi so. Haɗin gwiwar ya kasance mai amfani ga abokan hulɗar biyu: Pückler ya sami damar cimma burinsa na mayar da filayensa da ke kewaye da garin Muskau zuwa lambun shimfidar wuri tare da taimakon sadakin Lucie mai yawa. Aure da mai ɗaya daga cikin manyan gidaje a Upper Lusatia ya mayar da Lucie da aka saki zuwa matsayi daidai da asalinta. An ɗaga Hermann von Pückler da Lucie zuwa matsayin yarima a shekarar 1822. Tun lokacin da suka fara haɗuwa, ma'auratan sun ci gaba da yin wasiƙu masu daɗi. Yawancin [[Wasika|wasiƙun]] Hermann von Pückler sun tsira, amma na Lucie ba su tsira ba. Ko ita ko Pückler sun yi fatan a lalata wasiƙunta da ta aika masa, har ma da kwafin da ke tare da su, ba za a iya tantance su ba idan aka yi la'akari da su tun daga baya. Sau da yawa, daga amsoshin Pückler ga Lucie ne kawai za mu iya fahimtar abin da take gaya masa a cikin wasiƙunta. Tun daga shekarar 1820, Pückler ya yi tunanin sayar da {{Interlanguage link|Muskau estate|de|Standesherrschaft Muskau}}, kamar yadda dukiyar da Lucie ta kawo ta ƙare. Lucie von Pückler ta ba mijinta shawarar da ba a saba gani ba cewa su raba auren domin ya sake neman matar da ta fi wadata. A watan Fabrairun 1826, aka raba auren. Dalilin da aka bayar a hukumance shine rashin haihuwa da ma'auratan suka yi. Ba da daɗewa ba kafin haka, a watan Janairun 1826, Pückler ya mayar da kadarorin Pückler-Muskau ga matarsa domin kare kadarorinsa daga yiwuwar kwacewa. <ref>Roscher, Astrid: ''Lucie von Pückler-Muskau. Heimliche Hauptakteurin im Schatten des grünen Fürsten?'' In: ''Die Gartenkunst''. Worms: Werner. Bd. 21, 2009 {{ISSN|0935-0519}}, Heft 2, S.&nbsp;187–197</ref> A watan Satumba na shekarar 1826, Pückler ya tafi Ingila don neman amarya. Tunda labarin niyyarsa ya bazu cikin sauri, binciken bai yi nasara ba kuma har ma an yi masa ba'a a jaridun Ingila. Duk da haka yariman ya zauna a [[Hadaddiyar Masarautar Burtaniya Mai Girma da Ireland|Ingila]] na tsawon shekaru biyu. A wannan lokacin, ya sami sabon kwarin gwiwa a wurin shakatawarsa kuma ya rubuta wasiƙu masu ban dariya game da al'ummar Ingila ga tsohuwar matarsa. Lucie ta ajiye dukkan wasiƙun kuma ta shirya su don bugawa. Bayan dawowar Pückler, wasiƙun sun bayyana a cikin kundin littattafai biyu. A lokacin da Yarima Pückler ya shafe shekaru da dama yana tafiya zuwa Gabas, an yanke wa Heinrich Laube hukuncin ɗaurin shekaru bakwai a wani sansanin soja. Bayan neman afuwa, an rage wannan hukuncin zuwa shekara ɗaya da rabi. Ta hanyar hulɗar mahaifinta, Lucie von Pückler ta sami damar shirya Laube ya yi zaman wa'adinsa a Muskau. A can, yana zaune a Tsohon Fadar kuma har ma ya sami damar shiga cikin tafiye-tafiyen farauta; daga cikin wasu abubuwa, ya ambaci {{Interlanguage link|Mühlrose Hunting Lodge|de|Jagdschloss Mühlrose}} Tiergarten a cikin Muskau Heath a cikin rubuce-rubucensa. Bayan ɗaurin kurkuku, ya sadaukar da wani littafi ga Gimbiya. == Mai tsara lambun == === Pückler-Muskau === [[Fayil:Muskau-Sammlung_Duncker_(5367146).jpg|thumb|264x264px| Gidan Muskau a lokacin Pückler]] Tun daga tafiyarsa ta farko zuwa Ingila (1814–1815), Hermann von Pückler ya zo da sha'awar lambunan shimfidar wuri irin na Ingila. Nan da nan bayan dawowarsa, ya fara sake fasalin Muskau, gadon mahaifiyarsa. Ko a lokacin da aka yi musu aure, Lucie ta kamu da sha'awarsa kuma ta shirya bayar da babban kaso na dukiyarta ga ƙirar wurin shakatawar. Yayin da Pückler ke tafiya mai yawa, Lucie ta zauna a wurin kuma ta kula da ƙirar wurin shakatawar. Ko bayan rabuwar, Lucie ta ci gaba da rayuwa da aikinta a Muskau. Bisa buƙatar Pückler, an sanya wa wasu sassan wurin shakatawa suna bayanta, misali ''Tafkin Lucie'' da ''Schnuckental'' (bayan laƙabinta ''Schnucke'' ). Lucie von Hardenberg ya sami taimakon [[Wada|ɗan gajeren lokaci]] {{Interlanguage link|Wilhelm Heinrich Masser|de}} . A shekarar 1822, Lucie von Pückler ta gina wurin shakatawa a filin shakatawa, wanda aka ƙaddamar a shekarar 1823. Kudaden da ake fatan samu, wadanda ake bukata cikin gaggawa don samar da kudin shiga ga wurin shakatawa, ba su samu karbuwa ba duk da tallan da ake yi wa wurin wanka na ma'adinai . Duk da cewa wasiƙun Pückler sun nuna cewa shi da matarsa sun ƙirƙiri Muskau Park a kan daidaito, ba a ambaci wannan a cikin littafinsa na ''"Tips on Landscape Gardening"'' da aka buga a shekarar 1834 ba. Za a iya kimanta irin gudunmawar da ta bayar wajen ƙirƙirar wurin shakatawa cikin sauƙi, tunda ta ci gaba da aikin ko da a lokacin tafiye-tafiyen Pückler na shekaru da yawa. A shekarar 1834, Hermann von Pückler ya fara tafiyarsa mafi tsawo, wadda ta kai shi [[Misra|Masar]] da [[Girka (ƙasa)|Girka]], da sauran wurare. Bai dawo ba sai a shekara ta 1840. Bayan 'yan shekaru, sayar da kadarorin Muskau, gami da fada da wurin shakatawa, ya zama abin da ba makawa saboda tsananin matsalolin kuɗi. Ya sami sabon mai shi a shekarar 1845. [[Fayil:Branitzer_Park_01.jpg|thumb| Fadar Branitz (a shekara ta 2008)]] Kujerar dangin mahaifin Hermann von Pückler yana {{Interlanguage link|Branitz (Cottbus)|de|Branitz (Cottbus)}} . Bayan sun sayar da kadarorin, Lucie da Hermann von Pückler sun mayar da Branitz Castle sabon gidansu. Da farko Lucie ta kula da gina katangar kuma ta fara tsara wurin shakatawa na Branitz, amma da ƙaruwar shekaru, sai ta fara zama mai ja da baya. == Shekarun ƙarshe na rayuwa == [[Fayil:Dresden,_Bürgerwiese_17_Ecke_Lüttichaustraße.jpg|thumb|369x369px| Palais {{Interlanguage link|Mietshaus Bürgerwiese 17|de|Mietshaus Bürgerwiese 17}}]] [[Fayil:Cottbus_Branitzer_Park_02.jpg|thumb| Wurin binnewa a Branitz Park]] Lucie von Pückler ta shafe shekaru na ƙarshe na rayuwarta a [[Dresden]] (a cikin wani gida mai kusurwa a kan Bürgerwiese) da kuma Branitz. Ta mutu a Branitz a ranar 8 ga Mayu 1854, tana da shekaru 78. An fara binne Lucie von Pückler a makabartar Vorpark. Shekaru kaɗan bayan mutuwar Hermann von Pückler, an sake binne ta kusa da shi a Branitz Park. == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] hazahtr2912g348cr6vu2e2e9xrfgri 0 163332 895673 2026-08-12T11:28:23Z Nnamadee 31123 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1290745906|Monika Baumgartl]]" 895673 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Monika Baumgartl''' (an haife ta a shekara ta 1942) mai ɗaukar hoto ce 'yar ƙasar Jamus, mai zane-zane kuma wakiliyar {{Interlanguage link|Konkrete Fotografie|de}} . == Rayuwa da aiki == An haife shi a Prague, Kare Bohemia da Moravia ) Baumgartl ya yi horo a matsayin mai ɗaukar hoto a Hofheim am Taunus daga 1966 zuwa 1968. Daga nan ta koma Düsseldorf, ta yi aiki a matsayin 'yar wasan kwaikwayo (daga cikinsu akwai memba na {{Interlanguage link|Die Bühne (1964)|de}} ) kuma ya kasance mataimaki ga mai shirya fina-finai na Jamus kuma mai tallata bidiyo Gerry Schum . Tun daga shekarar 1970, tana aiki a matsayin mai zane-zanen hoto. Daga 1970 zuwa 1976, ta shirya wasanni da kuma nune-nunen haɗin gwiwa tare da Klaus Rinke . Baumgartl ta yi baje kolinta na farko a shekarar 1974. Hotunanta kusan hotunan dare ne kawai. Ta shiga cikin Documenta 5 a Kassel a shekarar 1972 a cikin sashen ''{{Interlanguage link|Individuelle Mythologie|de}} n: Wakiltar Kai - Wasanni - Ayyuka - Canje-canje'' kuma an wakilta shi a matsayin mai fasaha a Documenta 6 a 1977. Tun daga shekarun 1980, ta yi aiki a matsayin mai horar da 'yan wasan tapdance da taiko . == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1942]] j2mpzsvw3yb46mwjxtxx0o4r00bi34t 895674 895673 2026-08-12T11:29:06Z Nnamadee 31123 895674 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Monika Baumgartl''' (an haife ta a shekara ta 1942) mai ɗaukar hoto ce 'yar ƙasar Jamus, mai zane-zane kuma wakiliyar {{Interlanguage link|Konkrete Fotografie|de}} . == Rayuwa da aiki == An haife shi a Prague, Kare Bohemia da Moravia ) Baumgartl ya yi horo a matsayin mai ɗaukar hoto a Hofheim am Taunus daga 1966 zuwa 1968.<ref>Monika Baumgartl on Centrepompidou.fr/</ref> Daga nan ta koma Düsseldorf, ta yi aiki a matsayin 'yar wasan kwaikwayo (daga cikinsu akwai memba na {{Interlanguage link|Die Bühne (1964)|de}} ) kuma ya kasance mataimaki ga mai shirya fina-finai na Jamus kuma mai tallata bidiyo Gerry Schum . Tun daga shekarar 1970, tana aiki a matsayin mai zane-zanen hoto. Daga 1970 zuwa 1976, ta shirya wasanni da kuma nune-nunen haɗin gwiwa tare da Klaus Rinke . Baumgartl ta yi baje kolinta na farko a shekarar 1974. Hotunanta kusan hotunan dare ne kawai. Ta shiga cikin Documenta 5 a Kassel a shekarar 1972 a cikin sashen ''{{Interlanguage link|Individuelle Mythologie|de}} n: Wakiltar Kai - Wasanni - Ayyuka - Canje-canje'' kuma an wakilta shi a matsayin mai fasaha a Documenta 6 a 1977. Tun daga shekarun 1980, ta yi aiki a matsayin mai horar da 'yan wasan tapdance da taiko . == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1942]] 55b8tgf0ij3oao8bfae0jlfzxsc2d2e 895675 895674 2026-08-12T11:29:26Z Nnamadee 31123 895675 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Monika Baumgartl''' (an haife ta a shekara ta 1942) mai ɗaukar hoto ce 'yar ƙasar Jamus, mai zane-zane kuma wakiliyar {{Interlanguage link|Konkrete Fotografie|de}} . == Rayuwa da aiki == An haife shi a Prague, Kare Bohemia da Moravia ) Baumgartl ya yi horo a matsayin mai ɗaukar hoto a Hofheim am Taunus daga 1966 zuwa 1968.<ref>Monika Baumgartl on Centrepompidou.fr/</ref> Daga nan ta koma Düsseldorf, ta yi aiki a matsayin 'yar wasan kwaikwayo (daga cikinsu akwai memba na {{Interlanguage link|Die Bühne (1964)|de}} ) kuma ya kasance mataimaki ga mai shirya fina-finai na Jamus kuma mai tallata bidiyo Gerry Schum . Tun daga shekarar 1970, tana aiki a matsayin mai zane-zanen hoto. Daga 1970 zuwa 1976, ta shirya wasanni da kuma nune-nunen haɗin gwiwa tare da Klaus Rinke . Baumgartl ta yi baje kolinta na farko a shekarar 1974. Hotunanta kusan hotunan dare ne kawai. Ta shiga cikin Documenta 5 a Kassel a shekarar 1972 a cikin sashen ''{{Interlanguage link|Individuelle Mythologie|de}} n: Wakiltar Kai - Wasanni - Ayyuka - Canje-canje'' kuma an wakilta shi a matsayin mai fasaha a Documenta 6 a 1977. Tun daga shekarun 1980, ta yi aiki a matsayin mai horar da 'yan wasan tapdance da taiko . == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1942]] 5bcek9vej193hw17se7i3pwcad9rxcg 895676 895675 2026-08-12T11:29:57Z Nnamadee 31123 895676 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Monika Baumgartl''' (an haife ta a shekara ta 1942) mai ɗaukar hoto ce 'yar ƙasar Jamus, mai zane-zane kuma wakiliyar {{Interlanguage link|Konkrete Fotografie|de}} . == Rayuwa da aiki == An haife shi a Prague, Kare Bohemia da Moravia ) Baumgartl ya yi horo a matsayin mai ɗaukar hoto a Hofheim am Taunus daga 1966 zuwa 1968.<ref>Monika Baumgartl on Centrepompidou.fr/</ref> Daga nan ta koma Düsseldorf, ta yi aiki a matsayin 'yar wasan kwaikwayo (daga cikinsu akwai memba na {{Interlanguage link|Die Bühne (1964)|de}} ) kuma ya kasance mataimaki ga mai shirya fina-finai na Jamus kuma mai tallata bidiyo Gerry Schum . Tun daga shekarar 1970, tana aiki a matsayin mai zane-zanen hoto. Daga 1970 zuwa 1976, ta shirya wasanni da kuma nune-nunen haɗin gwiwa tare da Klaus Rinke .<ref>Vier Viertelstunden in zwei Stunden, Mond mit Jupiter, 1976 on staatsgalerie.de</ref> Baumgartl ta yi baje kolinta na farko a shekarar 1974. Hotunanta kusan hotunan dare ne kawai. Ta shiga cikin Documenta 5 a Kassel a shekarar 1972 a cikin sashen ''{{Interlanguage link|Individuelle Mythologie|de}} n: Wakiltar Kai - Wasanni - Ayyuka - Canje-canje'' kuma an wakilta shi a matsayin mai fasaha a Documenta 6 a 1977. Tun daga shekarun 1980, ta yi aiki a matsayin mai horar da 'yan wasan tapdance da taiko . == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1942]] f125c6yj7y2go9n07nff77pd24sulqv 895677 895676 2026-08-12T11:30:32Z Nnamadee 31123 895677 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Monika Baumgartl''' (an haife ta a shekara ta 1942) mai ɗaukar hoto ce 'yar ƙasar Jamus, mai zane-zane kuma wakiliyar {{Interlanguage link|Konkrete Fotografie|de}} . == Rayuwa da aiki == An haife shi a Prague, Kare Bohemia da Moravia ) Baumgartl ya yi horo a matsayin mai ɗaukar hoto a Hofheim am Taunus daga 1966 zuwa 1968.<ref>Monika Baumgartl on Centrepompidou.fr/</ref> Daga nan ta koma Düsseldorf, ta yi aiki a matsayin 'yar wasan kwaikwayo (daga cikinsu akwai memba na {{Interlanguage link|Die Bühne (1964)|de}} ) kuma ya kasance mataimaki ga mai shirya fina-finai na Jamus kuma mai tallata bidiyo Gerry Schum . Tun daga shekarar 1970, tana aiki a matsayin mai zane-zanen hoto. Daga 1970 zuwa 1976, ta shirya wasanni da kuma nune-nunen haɗin gwiwa tare da Klaus Rinke .<ref>Vier Viertelstunden in zwei Stunden, Mond mit Jupiter, 1976 on staatsgalerie.de</ref><ref>Monika Baumgartl on British Museum</ref> Baumgartl ta yi baje kolinta na farko a shekarar 1974. Hotunanta kusan hotunan dare ne kawai. Ta shiga cikin Documenta 5 a Kassel a shekarar 1972 a cikin sashen ''{{Interlanguage link|Individuelle Mythologie|de}} n: Wakiltar Kai - Wasanni - Ayyuka - Canje-canje'' kuma an wakilta shi a matsayin mai fasaha a Documenta 6 a 1977. Tun daga shekarun 1980, ta yi aiki a matsayin mai horar da 'yan wasan tapdance da taiko . == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1942]] r30ywkqhx0gio6ng3xbte6vp1xaw3r2 0 163333 895678 2026-08-12T11:30:46Z Nnamadee 31123 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1368671202|Gertrud Arndt]]" 895678 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Gertrud Arndt''' ( ''wanda aka haifa'' a Hantschk; 20 ga Satumba 1903 - 10 ga Yuli 2000) ɗan ƙasar Jamus ne mai ɗaukar hoto kuma mai ƙira wanda ke da alaƙa da ƙungiyar [[Bauhaus]] . Ana tuna ta da jerin hotunanta na farko tun daga shekarar 1930. == Tarihin Rayuwa == An haifi Gertrud Hantschk a Ratibor (sannan Upper Silesia ) a watan Satumba na 1903, Arndt ta fara karatun zane-zane a matsayin dalibi a [[Kunstgewerbeschule]] a [[Erfurt]] . Sha'awarta ga daukar hoto ta karu ne a lokacin da take aiki a wani ofishin gine-gine da ke Erfurt, inda ta koyi dabarun ɗakin duhu kuma ta fara ɗaukar hotunan gine-ginen yankin. Babu ɗaya daga cikin waɗannan hotunan farko da ke akwai. Godiya ga tallafin karatu, ta kasance ɗaliba a [[Bauhaus]] daga 1923 zuwa 1927, inda ta yi karatu a ƙarƙashin László Moholy-Nagy, Wassily Kandinsky, da Paul Klee . Da farko Arndt ta yi fatan yin nazarin gine-gine, duk da haka, ta ji kamar ta ɓace a matsayin mace tilo a fannin gine-gine. Madadin haka ta shiga aikin saƙa, inda ta yi karatu a ƙarƙashin kulawar Georg Muche da [[Gunta Stölzl|Günta Stölzl]] . Ta yi imanin cewa karatun sakar ne kawai hanyar da za ta iya ci gaba da karatunta a Bauhaus a matsayinta na mace. <ref name=":2" /> Shahararren kafet ɗinta - wanda bai tsira ba - yana ofishin Walter Gropius tun daga 1924 zuwa gaba. <ref name="germany.info2">[http://www.germany.info/Vertretung/usa/en/__pr/P__Wash/2013/02/01-Arndt.html Bauhaus Archive in Berlin Exhibits Works by Gertrud Arndt]{{Dead link|date=December 2019}}, germany.info, 1 February 2013. Accessed 13 February 2013.</ref> Ta cancanci zama mai tafiya a ƙungiyar masu saƙa a Glauchau, Saxony a shekarar 1927. <ref name=":1" /> Daga baya a wannan shekarar, ta auri abokin karatunta, kuma mai zane-zane, Alfred Arndt, wanda aka naɗa shi cikakken shugaban sashen gine-gine na Bauhaus a Dessau a shekarar 1929. Duk da cewa ba ɗalibi ba ne, Arndt ya ci gaba da himma a cikin tarurrukan Bauhaus kuma ya yi rajista a cikin sabon kwas ɗin daukar hoto na Walter Peterhan . Ba tare da yin aiki na cikakken lokaci ba, Arndt ta rungumi daukar hoto a matsayin hanyar da za ta hana ta jin gajiya. A cikin shekaru biyar masu zuwa, ta samar da jerin hotuna 43 na kanta da kuma hotunan kawarta Otti Berger . A shekarar 1932, ma'auratan sun ƙaura zuwa Probstzella da ke Thuringia, inda Alfred ya yi aiki a matsayin mai zane mai zaman kansa. <ref name=":2" /> A shekarar 1948 sun zauna a Darmstadt da Soviet ta mamaye, kuma zuwa shekarar 1950 sun sake yin hulɗa da sauran tsoffin membobin Bauhaus. <ref name=":2" /> A waɗannan shekarun bayan yaƙi, sha'awar Bauhaus ta sake ƙaruwa cikin sauri. A shekarar 1979 Arndt ta sami yabo daga ƙasashen duniya lokacin da aka nuna hotunanta a Gidan Tarihi na Folkwang . Ta koma Dessau a shekarar 1994, kamfanin Vorwerk ya gayyace ta don tattauna sabbin layukan kafet bisa ga zane-zanen da mata suka yi. <ref name=":2" /> Gertud Arndt ya mutu a watan Yulin 2000 yana da shekaru casa'in da shida. <ref name="press2" /> Tun tana wasa, ta ba da shawarar cewa abokanta da danginta su "yi bikin murnar bikin Bauhaus" bayan mutuwarta. <ref name=":2" /> == Daukar hoto == An kwatanta ɗaukar hoton Arndt, wanda aka manta da shi har zuwa shekarun 1980, da na mutanen zamaninta Marta Astfalck-Vietz da Claude Cahun . A cikin shekaru biyar da ta ɗauki sha'awar daukar hoto, ta ɗauki kanta da abokanta a cikin salo, kaya da wurare daban-daban a cikin shirin da aka sani da ''Maskenportäts'' (Masked Portraits). Duk da cewa a lokacin Arndt ta ƙi danganta hotunanta da wani muhimmin ma'anar fasaha, hotunan sun kasance masu ban mamaki da kuma tayar da hankali. Ta hanyar kayan kwalliyarta, Arndt ta ƙirƙiri fassarar wasan kwaikwayo ta mata kamar bazawara, mai son jama'a, da ƙaramar yarinya. A lokacin da take rubutu a Berlin Art Link, Angela Connor ta bayyana hotunan a matsayin "daga tsanani zuwa abin ban mamaki zuwa wasan kwaikwayo." Salon daukar hoto na Arndt shi ma ya kasance na musamman, kuma ya saba wa al'amuran daukar hoto na zamani, wanda galibi ya haɗa da kusurwoyi masu tsauri, madubin gini, ko sauƙaƙewa ta hanyar siffofi na geometric. Madadin haka, mai kallo ya fuskanci Arndt kai tsaye, ba tare da ya yi watsi da yanayin fuskarta da kayan haɗin da suka tsara shi ba. A wata hira da aka yi da shi a matsayin wanda ba ya cika shekaru ba, Arndt ya shaida wa Sabina Leßmann, "Ina sha'awar fuska kawai, me mutum ke yi daga fuska? A nan kawai kana buƙatar buɗe idanunka sosai kuma ka riga ka zama wani. Shin hakan ba gaskiya ba ne?" <ref name=":2" /> A yau ana ɗaukar Arndt a matsayin wadda ta fara ɗaukar hotunan mata, aikinta yana kama da na Cindy Sherman da Sophie Calle . <ref>[http://www.tagesspiegel.de/kultur/bauhaus-kuenstlerin-gertrud-arndt-gattin-beim-rollenspiel/7726008.html Nicola Kuhn, "Gattin beim Rollenspiel"], ''Der Tagesspiegel'', 3 February 2013. {{In lang|de}} Retrieved 15 March 2013.</ref> == Nunin Baje Kolin == A cikin Janairu 2013, [[Tarihin Bauhaus|Bauhaus-Archiv / Museum für Gestaltung]] a Tiergarten (Berlin) ya gabatar da baje kolin kayan zane da hotuna na Gertrud Arndt. An haɗa ayyukan Arndt a cikin baje kolin 2021 mai ''taken "Women in Abstraction"'' a Cibiyar Pompidou . == Zaɓaɓɓun ayyuka == * ''Hoton Kai da Gilashin Rana, Dessau,'' 1928, Gidan Tarihi na Ƙasa, Washington DC <ref>{{Cite web |title=Self-Portrait with Sunglasses, Dessau |url=https://www.nga.gov/collection/art-object-page.115532.html#inscription |website=National Gallery of Art.}}</ref> == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Mutuwan 2000]] [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1903]] kjqonvs62lr8qbtfibp2yqdqtt0wrsb 895679 895678 2026-08-12T11:31:56Z Nnamadee 31123 895679 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Gertrud Arndt''' ( ''wacce aka haifa'' a Hantschk; 20 ga Satumba 1903 - 10 ga Yuli 2000) 'yar ƙasar Jamus ce mai ɗaukar hoto kuma mai ƙira wacce ke da alaƙa da ƙungiyar [[Bauhaus]]. Ana tuna ta da jerin hotunanta na farko tun daga shekarar 1930. == Tarihin Rayuwa == An haifi Gertrud Hantschk a Ratibor (sannan Upper Silesia ) a watan Satumba na 1903, Arndt ta fara karatun zane-zane a matsayin dalibi a [[Kunstgewerbeschule]] a [[Erfurt]] . Sha'awarta ga daukar hoto ta karu ne a lokacin da take aiki a wani ofishin gine-gine da ke Erfurt, inda ta koyi dabarun ɗakin duhu kuma ta fara ɗaukar hotunan gine-ginen yankin. Babu ɗaya daga cikin waɗannan hotunan farko da ke akwai. Godiya ga tallafin karatu, ta kasance ɗaliba a [[Bauhaus]] daga 1923 zuwa 1927, inda ta yi karatu a ƙarƙashin László Moholy-Nagy, Wassily Kandinsky, da Paul Klee . Da farko Arndt ta yi fatan yin nazarin gine-gine, duk da haka, ta ji kamar ta ɓace a matsayin mace tilo a fannin gine-gine. Madadin haka ta shiga aikin saƙa, inda ta yi karatu a ƙarƙashin kulawar Georg Muche da [[Gunta Stölzl|Günta Stölzl]] . Ta yi imanin cewa karatun sakar ne kawai hanyar da za ta iya ci gaba da karatunta a Bauhaus a matsayinta na mace. <ref name=":2" /> Shahararren kafet ɗinta - wanda bai tsira ba - yana ofishin Walter Gropius tun daga 1924 zuwa gaba. <ref name="germany.info2">[http://www.germany.info/Vertretung/usa/en/__pr/P__Wash/2013/02/01-Arndt.html Bauhaus Archive in Berlin Exhibits Works by Gertrud Arndt]{{Dead link|date=December 2019}}, germany.info, 1 February 2013. Accessed 13 February 2013.</ref> Ta cancanci zama mai tafiya a ƙungiyar masu saƙa a Glauchau, Saxony a shekarar 1927. <ref name=":1" /> Daga baya a wannan shekarar, ta auri abokin karatunta, kuma mai zane-zane, Alfred Arndt, wanda aka naɗa shi cikakken shugaban sashen gine-gine na Bauhaus a Dessau a shekarar 1929. Duk da cewa ba ɗalibi ba ne, Arndt ya ci gaba da himma a cikin tarurrukan Bauhaus kuma ya yi rajista a cikin sabon kwas ɗin daukar hoto na Walter Peterhan . Ba tare da yin aiki na cikakken lokaci ba, Arndt ta rungumi daukar hoto a matsayin hanyar da za ta hana ta jin gajiya. A cikin shekaru biyar masu zuwa, ta samar da jerin hotuna 43 na kanta da kuma hotunan kawarta Otti Berger . A shekarar 1932, ma'auratan sun ƙaura zuwa Probstzella da ke Thuringia, inda Alfred ya yi aiki a matsayin mai zane mai zaman kansa. <ref name=":2" /> A shekarar 1948 sun zauna a Darmstadt da Soviet ta mamaye, kuma zuwa shekarar 1950 sun sake yin hulɗa da sauran tsoffin membobin Bauhaus. <ref name=":2" /> A waɗannan shekarun bayan yaƙi, sha'awar Bauhaus ta sake ƙaruwa cikin sauri. A shekarar 1979 Arndt ta sami yabo daga ƙasashen duniya lokacin da aka nuna hotunanta a Gidan Tarihi na Folkwang . Ta koma Dessau a shekarar 1994, kamfanin Vorwerk ya gayyace ta don tattauna sabbin layukan kafet bisa ga zane-zanen da mata suka yi. <ref name=":2" /> Gertud Arndt ya mutu a watan Yulin 2000 yana da shekaru casa'in da shida. <ref name="press2" /> Tun tana wasa, ta ba da shawarar cewa abokanta da danginta su "yi bikin murnar bikin Bauhaus" bayan mutuwarta. <ref name=":2" /> == Daukar hoto == An kwatanta ɗaukar hoton Arndt, wanda aka manta da shi har zuwa shekarun 1980, da na mutanen zamaninta Marta Astfalck-Vietz da Claude Cahun . A cikin shekaru biyar da ta ɗauki sha'awar daukar hoto, ta ɗauki kanta da abokanta a cikin salo, kaya da wurare daban-daban a cikin shirin da aka sani da ''Maskenportäts'' (Masked Portraits). Duk da cewa a lokacin Arndt ta ƙi danganta hotunanta da wani muhimmin ma'anar fasaha, hotunan sun kasance masu ban mamaki da kuma tayar da hankali. Ta hanyar kayan kwalliyarta, Arndt ta ƙirƙiri fassarar wasan kwaikwayo ta mata kamar bazawara, mai son jama'a, da ƙaramar yarinya. A lokacin da take rubutu a Berlin Art Link, Angela Connor ta bayyana hotunan a matsayin "daga tsanani zuwa abin ban mamaki zuwa wasan kwaikwayo." Salon daukar hoto na Arndt shi ma ya kasance na musamman, kuma ya saba wa al'amuran daukar hoto na zamani, wanda galibi ya haɗa da kusurwoyi masu tsauri, madubin gini, ko sauƙaƙewa ta hanyar siffofi na geometric. Madadin haka, mai kallo ya fuskanci Arndt kai tsaye, ba tare da ya yi watsi da yanayin fuskarta da kayan haɗin da suka tsara shi ba. A wata hira da aka yi da shi a matsayin wanda ba ya cika shekaru ba, Arndt ya shaida wa Sabina Leßmann, "Ina sha'awar fuska kawai, me mutum ke yi daga fuska? A nan kawai kana buƙatar buɗe idanunka sosai kuma ka riga ka zama wani. Shin hakan ba gaskiya ba ne?" <ref name=":2" /> A yau ana ɗaukar Arndt a matsayin wadda ta fara ɗaukar hotunan mata, aikinta yana kama da na Cindy Sherman da Sophie Calle . <ref>[http://www.tagesspiegel.de/kultur/bauhaus-kuenstlerin-gertrud-arndt-gattin-beim-rollenspiel/7726008.html Nicola Kuhn, "Gattin beim Rollenspiel"], ''Der Tagesspiegel'', 3 February 2013. {{In lang|de}} Retrieved 15 March 2013.</ref> == Nunin Baje Kolin == A cikin Janairu 2013, [[Tarihin Bauhaus|Bauhaus-Archiv / Museum für Gestaltung]] a Tiergarten (Berlin) ya gabatar da baje kolin kayan zane da hotuna na Gertrud Arndt. An haɗa ayyukan Arndt a cikin baje kolin 2021 mai ''taken "Women in Abstraction"'' a Cibiyar Pompidou . == Zaɓaɓɓun ayyuka == * ''Hoton Kai da Gilashin Rana, Dessau,'' 1928, Gidan Tarihi na Ƙasa, Washington DC <ref>{{Cite web |title=Self-Portrait with Sunglasses, Dessau |url=https://www.nga.gov/collection/art-object-page.115532.html#inscription |website=National Gallery of Art.}}</ref> == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Mutuwan 2000]] [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1903]] qt35pxirve0xbsg7hbh80shtpv62nh2 0 163334 895680 2026-08-12T11:32:31Z Nnamadee 31123 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1324856286|Poldi Hirsch]]" 895680 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Poldi Hirsch''' ( née Rothenberg ; Maris 24, 1926 - Yuli 22, 1987) wani mai zane ne ɗan asalin Jamus wanda ya yi amfani da ƙa'idodin [[Gine-gine na zamani|zamani]] a gidaje da gine-gine na birni a Havre de Grace, Maryland . == Rayuwar farko da ilimi == An haifi Poldi Rothenberg a ranar 24 ga Maris, 1926, a Remscheid, Jamus, 'yar Isak Rottenberg da Malka Rottenberg. A shekarar 1939, ita da iyalinta suka gudu daga Jamus ta Nazi zuwa Falasdinu mai dole . Ta kammala karatunta daga makarantar Herzliya Hebrew Gymnasium da ke [[Tel Abib|Tel Aviv]] a shekarar 1946, kuma mahaifinta ya ƙarfafa ta ta ci gaba da nazarin gine-gine, ta yi karatunta na tsawon shekaru biyu a [[Hebrew Technical College|Kwalejin Fasaha ta Hebrew]], Haifa . <ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Poldi Hirsch |url=http://www.aiawam.com/poldi-hirsch.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220523145404/https://www.aiawam.com/poldi-hirsch.html |archive-date=2022-05-23 |access-date=May 17, 2021 |website=Early Women of Architecture in Maryland}}</ref> Ta haɗu da Günther Hirsch tana buga wasan [[tennis]] a Tel Aviv a shekarar 1943. A shekarar 1948, ta bar jami'a don ta haɗu da shi a [[Geneva]], Switzerland, inda yake karatun likitanci, kuma suka yi aure. A ƙasar Switzerland, ta kammala karatunta na gine-gine: ta halarci École d'Architecture da ke Geneva da kuma Jami'ar Univers-École Polytechnique da ke Lausanne, inda ta sami ''digirin difloma'' kuma ta sami lasisin yin aikin gine-gine a ƙasar Switzerland. A shekarar 1953, Hirschs ta ƙaura zuwa Sewickley, Pennsylvania a Amurka, inda Hirsch ta yi aiki a matsayin mai ƙera samfura ga H. Bradley-Patterson & Burgner Architects kuma mijinta mazaunin likita ne kuma ya sami digiri na biyu a fannin [[lafiyar jama'a]] . <ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Poldi Hirsch |url=http://www.aiawam.com/poldi-hirsch.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220523145404/https://www.aiawam.com/poldi-hirsch.html |archive-date=2022-05-23 |access-date=May 17, 2021 |website=Early Women of Architecture in Maryland}}</ref> == Havre de Grace == A shekarar 1955, Hirschs sun zauna a Havre de Grace har abada kuma suka fara aiki a fannoni daban-daban na sana'arsu. <ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Poldi Hirsch |url=http://www.aiawam.com/poldi-hirsch.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220523145404/https://www.aiawam.com/poldi-hirsch.html |archive-date=2022-05-23 |access-date=May 17, 2021 |website=Early Women of Architecture in Maryland}}</ref> Aikin Hirsch ya kasance bisa ga al'adar [[Le Corbusier]], tare da tsari mai kama da na zamani, mai sauƙin fahimta, kuma na zamani, ba mai kallon baya ba. <ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Poldi Hirsch |url=http://www.aiawam.com/poldi-hirsch.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220523145404/https://www.aiawam.com/poldi-hirsch.html |archive-date=2022-05-23 |access-date=May 17, 2021 |website=Early Women of Architecture in Maryland}}</ref> Ta ce "Zamani ba shine rabuwar gidaje ba; mulkin mallaka ya kasance na zamani a zamaninsa" Ta tsara wasu ƙananan gidaje, gidaje masu hawa biyu, da gine-ginen gidaje da aka yi wahayi zuwa gare su ta hanyar ƙa'idar ''Unité d'habitation'' ta Le Courbusier, tare da haɗa ƙirar zamani da araha. A cewar Selena Bagnara Milan, a shekarun 1970, ayyukan Hirsch sun nuna tasirin Frank Lloyd Wright da Alvar Aalto . "...[S]ya rungumi abin da ake kira 'salon gargajiya,' yana haɗa yanayin ƙasa da launuka masu ƙarfi da abubuwan halitta. Ta haɗa fasaha da al'ada da sana'a, tana kawo wa ƙirar cikin gidanta ɗanɗano na yanki, tana amfani da wurin, hasken halitta, da kuma iska." Wannan aikin ya kai ga gidan Hirsch na kansa, wanda:<blockquote>ya nuna ra'ayin Poldi game da kyau, wanda aka siffanta shi da aiki mai kyau wanda aka haɗa shi da tsari, haske, da launi don ƙirƙirar ƙwarewa mai mahimmanci da ƙarfi. Gidan, wanda aka tsara shi da kyakkyawan alaƙa da waje, yana ba da lokutan hutawa da sirri ta amfani da kayan gine-gine na gargajiya ta wata hanya, amma kuma yana da ofishin likita ga Dr Hirsch, kuma ya zama wurin kafa aikinta na ƙwararru - Poldi Hirsch AIA & Associates - wanda zai kasance, don ambaton wani littafi na gargajiya a cikin adabin mata, ' ɗaki nata '. </blockquote>Hirsch da mijinta suna da 'ya'ya mata uku. Ta mutu a ranar 22 ga Yuli, 1987, a Havre de Grace. An binne ta a makabartar abokantaka ta Ibrananci a Baltimore. <ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Poldi Hirsch |url=http://www.aiawam.com/poldi-hirsch.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220523145404/https://www.aiawam.com/poldi-hirsch.html |archive-date=2022-05-23 |access-date=May 17, 2021 |website=Early Women of Architecture in Maryland}}</ref> Bayan mutuwar matarsa, Günther Hirsch ya yi wa'adi biyu na magajin garin Havre de Grace kuma ya rubuta littattafai biyu, ''From Exile to Life'' and ''Sick!'' ''Marasa lafiya na farko'' . <ref>{{Cite web |last=Kelly |first=Jacques |date=June 16, 2015 |title=Dr. Gunther Hirsch |url=https://www.baltimoresun.com/obituaries/bs-md-ob-gunther-hirsch-20150616-story.html |access-date=May 18, 2021 |website=The Baltimore Sun}}</ref> == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Mutuwan 1987]] [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1926]] 7mbcqpxiuxpwdizoer05ldge57zdl2y 895681 895680 2026-08-12T11:32:55Z Nnamadee 31123 895681 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Poldi Hirsch''' ( née Rothenberg ; Maris 24, 1926 - Yuli 22, 1987) wani mai zane ne ɗan asalin Jamus wanda ya yi amfani da ƙa'idodin [[Gine-gine na zamani|zamani]] a gidaje da gine-gine na birni a Havre de Grace, Maryland . == Rayuwar farko da ilimi == An haifi Poldi Rothenberg a ranar 24 ga Maris, 1926, a Remscheid, Jamus, 'yar Isak Rottenberg da Malka Rottenberg. A shekarar 1939, ita da iyalinta suka gudu daga Jamus ta Nazi zuwa Falasdinu mai dole . Ta kammala karatunta daga makarantar Herzliya Hebrew Gymnasium da ke [[Tel Abib|Tel Aviv]] a shekarar 1946, kuma mahaifinta ya ƙarfafa ta ta ci gaba da nazarin gine-gine, ta yi karatunta na tsawon shekaru biyu a [[Hebrew Technical College|Kwalejin Fasaha ta Hebrew]], Haifa . <ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Poldi Hirsch |url=http://www.aiawam.com/poldi-hirsch.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220523145404/https://www.aiawam.com/poldi-hirsch.html |archive-date=2022-05-23 |access-date=May 17, 2021 |website=Early Women of Architecture in Maryland}}</ref> Ta haɗu da Günther Hirsch tana buga wasan [[tennis]] a Tel Aviv a shekarar 1943. A shekarar 1948, ta bar jami'a don ta haɗu da shi a [[Geneva]], Switzerland, inda yake karatun likitanci, kuma suka yi aure. A ƙasar Switzerland, ta kammala karatunta na gine-gine: ta halarci École d'Architecture da ke Geneva da kuma Jami'ar Univers-École Polytechnique da ke Lausanne, inda ta sami ''digirin difloma'' kuma ta sami lasisin yin aikin gine-gine a ƙasar Switzerland. A shekarar 1953, Hirschs ta ƙaura zuwa Sewickley, Pennsylvania a Amurka, inda Hirsch ta yi aiki a matsayin mai ƙera samfura ga H. Bradley-Patterson & Burgner Architects kuma mijinta mazaunin likita ne kuma ya sami digiri na biyu a fannin [[lafiyar jama'a]] . <ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Poldi Hirsch |url=http://www.aiawam.com/poldi-hirsch.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220523145404/https://www.aiawam.com/poldi-hirsch.html |archive-date=2022-05-23 |access-date=May 17, 2021 |website=Early Women of Architecture in Maryland}}</ref> == Havre de Grace == A shekarar 1955, Hirschs sun zauna a Havre de Grace har abada kuma suka fara aiki a fannoni daban-daban na sana'arsu. <ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Poldi Hirsch |url=http://www.aiawam.com/poldi-hirsch.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220523145404/https://www.aiawam.com/poldi-hirsch.html |archive-date=2022-05-23 |access-date=May 17, 2021 |website=Early Women of Architecture in Maryland}}</ref> Aikin Hirsch ya kasance bisa ga al'adar [[Le Corbusier]], tare da tsari mai kama da na zamani, mai sauƙin fahimta, kuma na zamani, ba mai kallon baya ba. <ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Poldi Hirsch |url=http://www.aiawam.com/poldi-hirsch.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220523145404/https://www.aiawam.com/poldi-hirsch.html |archive-date=2022-05-23 |access-date=May 17, 2021 |website=Early Women of Architecture in Maryland}}</ref> Ta ce "Zamani ba shine rabuwar gidaje ba; mulkin mallaka ya kasance na zamani a zamaninsa" Ta tsara wasu ƙananan gidaje, gidaje masu hawa biyu, da gine-ginen gidaje da aka yi wahayi zuwa gare su ta hanyar ƙa'idar ''Unité d'habitation'' ta Le Courbusier, tare da haɗa ƙirar zamani da araha. A cewar Selena Bagnara Milan, a shekarun 1970, ayyukan Hirsch sun nuna tasirin Frank Lloyd Wright da Alvar Aalto . "...[S]ya rungumi abin da ake kira 'salon gargajiya,' yana haɗa yanayin ƙasa da launuka masu ƙarfi da abubuwan halitta. Ta haɗa fasaha da al'ada da sana'a, tana kawo wa ƙirar cikin gidanta ɗanɗano na yanki, tana amfani da wurin, hasken halitta, da kuma iska." Wannan aikin ya kai ga gidan Hirsch na kansa, wanda:<blockquote>ya nuna ra'ayin Poldi game da kyau, wanda aka siffanta shi da aiki mai kyau wanda aka haɗa shi da tsari, haske, da launi don ƙirƙirar ƙwarewa mai mahimmanci da ƙarfi. Gidan, wanda aka tsara shi da kyakkyawan alaƙa da waje, yana ba da lokutan hutawa da sirri ta amfani da kayan gine-gine na gargajiya ta wata hanya, amma kuma yana da ofishin likita ga Dr Hirsch, kuma ya zama wurin kafa aikinta na ƙwararru - Poldi Hirsch AIA & Associates - wanda zai kasance, don ambaton wani littafi na gargajiya a cikin adabin mata, ' ɗaki nata '. </blockquote>Hirsch da mijinta suna da 'ya'ya mata uku. Ta mutu a ranar 22 ga Yuli, 1987, a Havre de Grace. An binne ta a makabartar abokantaka ta Ibrananci a Baltimore. <ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Poldi Hirsch |url=http://www.aiawam.com/poldi-hirsch.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220523145404/https://www.aiawam.com/poldi-hirsch.html |archive-date=2022-05-23 |access-date=May 17, 2021 |website=Early Women of Architecture in Maryland}}</ref> Bayan mutuwar matarsa, Günther Hirsch ya yi wa'adi biyu na magajin garin Havre de Grace kuma ya rubuta littattafai biyu, ''From Exile to Life'' and ''Sick!'' ''Marasa lafiya na farko'' . <ref>{{Cite web |last=Kelly |first=Jacques |date=June 16, 2015 |title=Dr. Gunther Hirsch |url=https://www.baltimoresun.com/obituaries/bs-md-ob-gunther-hirsch-20150616-story.html |access-date=May 18, 2021 |website=The Baltimore Sun}}</ref> == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Mutuwan 1987]] [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1926]] 9tm8kqvjzd1c3pb8gog5pnys4ai88wf 0 163335 895682 2026-08-12T11:34:42Z Nnamadee 31123 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1363576232|Marta Astfalck-Vietz]]" 895682 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Marta Astfalck-Vietz''' ( ''née'' Vietz; 21 ga Yuli 1901 &#x2013; 14 ga Fabrairu 1994) ta kasance mai ɗaukar hoto 'yar Jamus, ma'aikaciyar zamantakewa kuma mai zane da ke da alaƙa da ƙungiyar [[Bauhaus]] . Ana tuna ta da jerin hotunanta na farko tun daga shekarar 1930. Baya ga [[Ilse Bing]], Lotte Jacobi, Marianne Breslauer, Germaine Krull, da Lucia Moholy, ta samar da hotuna da hotunan zamani a fannoni daban-daban na avant-garde da kuma harkar kasuwanci, aikin jarida na daukar hoto, da kuma salon zamani. An sake gano ayyukanta a shekarar 1991. == Tarihin Rayuwa == An haifi Marta Vietz a Neudamm (Neumark), Jamus (yanzu: Dębno, Poland), 'yar wani firinta kuma shugabar gidan buga littattafai ''Klassische Kunst'' . Iyalin sun yi ta yawo akai-akai a lokacin da take makaranta kafin su zauna a [[Berlin]] a shekarar 1912, inda mahaifinta ya kafa wani situdiyo don kwaikwayon zane-zane. A shekarar 1929 ta auri mai ginin Hellmuth Astfalck, kuma ta ci gaba da samar da hotuna don bugawa a cikin mujallu masu zane. == Daukar hoto == An haifi Vietz a watan Yulin 1901, ta fara karatunta na fasaha a matsayin ɗaliba a [[Kunstgewerbeschule]] da ke Berlin. Vietz ta yi horo tare da ƙwararren mai ɗaukar hoto Lutz Kloss tsakanin 1925 da 1926 kuma ta fara aiki a matsayin mai ɗaukar hoto mai zaman kansa, mai tsara zane, da talla kafin ta kafa nata studio a 1927. An kwatanta ayyukan Vietz, waɗanda aka manta da su har zuwa shekarun 1980, da na abokan zamanta [[Gertrud Arndt]] da Claude Cahun . An lalata adadi mai yawa na kayan tarihinta a shekarar 1943 a lokacin harin bam na Berlin a [[Yaƙin Duniya na II|yakin duniya na biyu]] . Hotunan da suka rage, yawancinsu sun lalace, ana gudanar da su a cikin tarin [[Gidan baje kolin Berlin|Berlinische Galerie]] - Landesmuseum für Moderne Kunst. <ref name="GSA">{{Cite web |title=Surreal, Sexy, Sinister: the photographs of Marta Astfalck-Vietz |url=https://www.gsa.ac.uk/life/gsa-events/events/a/astfalck-vietz-photography-exhibition/?source=archive |access-date=10 July 2023 |website=Glasgow School of Art}}</ref> A shekarar 1991, Janos Frecot, darektan tarin hotunan a Berlinische Galerie, ya shirya wani kasidar nuni da nunin ayyukan Astfalck-Vietz. An nuna ayyukanta a Gidan Tarihi na Harn, <ref name="Harn">{{Cite web |title=Surreal, Sexy, Sinister: The Photographs of Marta Astfalck-Vietz- |url=https://harn.ufl.edu/wp-content/uploads/2023/03/publication-annualreport1213.pdf |access-date=10 July 2023 |website=Harn Museum of Art}}</ref> Gidan Tarihi na Ludwig, Cologne, Gidan Tarihi na Albertina, [[Vienna]], Pinakothek der Moderne, Munich, da sauran wurare. <ref name="MA">{{Cite web |title=Marta Astfalck-Vietz |url=https://www.mutualart.com/Artist/Marta-Astfalck-Vietz/AB473BE3C2DAC309/Biography |access-date=10 July 2023 |website=Mutual Art}}</ref> A shekarar 1982, an ba ta lambar yabo ta <nowiki><i id="mwTg">Bundesverdienstkreuz am Bande</i></nowiki> (Cross of Merit a kan ribbon). == Tarin abubuwa == An ajiye hotunanta da dama a cikin tarin Berlinische Galerie na dindindin. <ref name="BG">{{Cite web |title=Marta Astfalck-Vietz (1901 - 1994) |url=https://sammlung-online.berlinischegalerie.de/eMP/eMuseumPlus?service=ExternalInterface&module=artist&objectId=9332&viewType=detailView |access-date=10 July 2023 |website=Berlinische Gallerie Museum fur Moderne Kunst}}</ref> == Littattafan tarihi == * Marta Astfalck-Vietz: ''Mai daukar hoto 1922–1935.'' Kundin bayanai na baje kolin a cikin ''Gidan Tarihi na Berlinische'' daga 18 ga Mayu - 28 ga Yuli 1991, Berlin 1991 * Marta Astfalck-Vietz da Rolf Italiaander: ''Marta Astfalck-Vietz.'' ''1936–1986: 50 Jahre Pflanzenporträts.'' Celle 1986 * Günther Dankmeyer da Volker Probst: ''Marta Astfalck-Vietz.'' ''Itacen Orchid ne.'' ''Pflanzenaquarelle aus fünf Jahrzehnten.'' Fröhlich, Celle 1992 * Frank-Manuel Peter : ''"Mitgift war mir ja wurscht."'' ''Hotunan Marta Astfalck-Vietz (1901–1994).'' A cikin: ''Tanzdrama.'' lamba 26, 1994, shafi na 1.&nbsp;8–10 * Frauke Runge da Brigitte Schwettmann: ''Marta Astfalck-Vietz – Kunstmalerin, Kunsterziehung und Fotografin'', in: ''Frauen aus dem Celler Land.'' ''Ein Streifzug durch mutu Jahrhunderte'' . Publ. na LEB Bildungswerk im Landkreis Celle eV, vertreten durch Ingrid Lehmann, Ströher Druckerei & Verlag, Celle 2004, p.&nbsp;83–86,{{ISBN|3-921744-37-7}} * Marsha Meskimmon da Shearer West (masu gyara), ''Wahayi na "Neue Frau": Mata da Fasahar Kayayyaki a Weimar Jamus'', Scolar, Aldershot 1995, shafi.&nbsp;76 == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Mutuwan 1994]] [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1901]] 1123w7zl6gladi4boo55s495bla0lye 895683 895682 2026-08-12T11:35:10Z Nnamadee 31123 895683 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Marta Astfalck-Vietz''' ( ''née'' Vietz; 21 ga Yuli 1901 &#x2013; 14 ga Fabrairu 1994) ta kasance mai ɗaukar hoto 'yar Jamus, ma'aikaciyar zamantakewa kuma mai zane da ke da alaƙa da ƙungiyar [[Bauhaus]] . Ana tuna ta da jerin hotunanta na farko tun daga shekarar 1930. Baya ga [[Ilse Bing]], Lotte Jacobi, Marianne Breslauer, Germaine Krull, da Lucia Moholy, ta samar da hotuna da hotunan zamani a fannoni daban-daban na avant-garde da kuma harkar kasuwanci, aikin jarida na daukar hoto, da kuma salon zamani. An sake gano ayyukanta a shekarar 1991. == Tarihin Rayuwa == An haifi Marta Vietz a Neudamm (Neumark), Jamus (yanzu: Dębno, Poland), 'yar wani firinta kuma shugabar gidan buga littattafai ''Klassische Kunst'' . Iyalin sun yi ta yawo akai-akai a lokacin da take makaranta kafin su zauna a [[Berlin]] a shekarar 1912, inda mahaifinta ya kafa wani situdiyo don kwaikwayon zane-zane. A shekarar 1929 ta auri mai ginin Hellmuth Astfalck, kuma ta ci gaba da samar da hotuna don bugawa a cikin mujallu masu zane. == Daukar hoto == An haifi Vietz a watan Yulin 1901, ta fara karatunta na fasaha a matsayin ɗaliba a [[Kunstgewerbeschule]] da ke Berlin. Vietz ta yi horo tare da ƙwararren mai ɗaukar hoto Lutz Kloss tsakanin 1925 da 1926 kuma ta fara aiki a matsayin mai ɗaukar hoto mai zaman kansa, mai tsara zane, da talla kafin ta kafa nata studio a 1927. An kwatanta ayyukan Vietz, waɗanda aka manta da su har zuwa shekarun 1980, da na abokan zamanta [[Gertrud Arndt]] da Claude Cahun . An lalata adadi mai yawa na kayan tarihinta a shekarar 1943 a lokacin harin bam na Berlin a [[Yaƙin Duniya na II|yakin duniya na biyu]] . Hotunan da suka rage, yawancinsu sun lalace, ana gudanar da su a cikin tarin [[Gidan baje kolin Berlin|Berlinische Galerie]] - Landesmuseum für Moderne Kunst. <ref name="GSA">{{Cite web |title=Surreal, Sexy, Sinister: the photographs of Marta Astfalck-Vietz |url=https://www.gsa.ac.uk/life/gsa-events/events/a/astfalck-vietz-photography-exhibition/?source=archive |access-date=10 July 2023 |website=Glasgow School of Art}}</ref> A shekarar 1991, Janos Frecot, darektan tarin hotunan a Berlinische Galerie, ya shirya wani kasidar nuni da nunin ayyukan Astfalck-Vietz. An nuna ayyukanta a Gidan Tarihi na Harn, <ref name="Harn">{{Cite web |title=Surreal, Sexy, Sinister: The Photographs of Marta Astfalck-Vietz- |url=https://harn.ufl.edu/wp-content/uploads/2023/03/publication-annualreport1213.pdf |access-date=10 July 2023 |website=Harn Museum of Art}}</ref> Gidan Tarihi na Ludwig, Cologne, Gidan Tarihi na Albertina, [[Vienna]], Pinakothek der Moderne, Munich, da sauran wurare. <ref name="MA">{{Cite web |title=Marta Astfalck-Vietz |url=https://www.mutualart.com/Artist/Marta-Astfalck-Vietz/AB473BE3C2DAC309/Biography |access-date=10 July 2023 |website=Mutual Art}}</ref> A shekarar 1982, an ba ta lambar yabo ta <nowiki><i id="mwTg">Bundesverdienstkreuz am Bande</i></nowiki> (Cross of Merit a kan ribbon). == Tarin abubuwa == An ajiye hotunanta da dama a cikin tarin Berlinische Galerie na dindindin. <ref name="BG">{{Cite web |title=Marta Astfalck-Vietz (1901 - 1994) |url=https://sammlung-online.berlinischegalerie.de/eMP/eMuseumPlus?service=ExternalInterface&module=artist&objectId=9332&viewType=detailView |access-date=10 July 2023 |website=Berlinische Gallerie Museum fur Moderne Kunst}}</ref> == Littattafan tarihi == * Marta Astfalck-Vietz: ''Mai daukar hoto 1922–1935.'' Kundin bayanai na baje kolin a cikin ''Gidan Tarihi na Berlinische'' daga 18 ga Mayu - 28 ga Yuli 1991, Berlin 1991 * Marta Astfalck-Vietz da Rolf Italiaander: ''Marta Astfalck-Vietz.'' ''1936–1986: 50 Jahre Pflanzenporträts.'' Celle 1986 * Günther Dankmeyer da Volker Probst: ''Marta Astfalck-Vietz.'' ''Itacen Orchid ne.'' ''Pflanzenaquarelle aus fünf Jahrzehnten.'' Fröhlich, Celle 1992 * Frank-Manuel Peter : ''"Mitgift war mir ja wurscht."'' ''Hotunan Marta Astfalck-Vietz (1901–1994).'' A cikin: ''Tanzdrama.'' lamba 26, 1994, shafi na 1.&nbsp;8–10 * Frauke Runge da Brigitte Schwettmann: ''Marta Astfalck-Vietz – Kunstmalerin, Kunsterziehung und Fotografin'', in: ''Frauen aus dem Celler Land.'' ''Ein Streifzug durch mutu Jahrhunderte'' . Publ. na LEB Bildungswerk im Landkreis Celle eV, vertreten durch Ingrid Lehmann, Ströher Druckerei & Verlag, Celle 2004, p.&nbsp;83–86,{{ISBN|3-921744-37-7}} * Marsha Meskimmon da Shearer West (masu gyara), ''Wahayi na "Neue Frau": Mata da Fasahar Kayayyaki a Weimar Jamus'', Scolar, Aldershot 1995, shafi.&nbsp;76 == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Mutuwan 1994]] [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1901]] kjvr5xlqkm7q5n77tzz7lf8pcbjhg1c 0 163336 895685 2026-08-12T11:37:08Z Nnamadee 31123 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1253909752|Rosemarie Clausen]]" 895685 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Rosemarie Clausen''' (née '''Rose Marie Margarethe Elisabeth Kögel''' ); (5 Maris 1907 - 9 Janairu 1990) ɗan Jamus ne mai daukar hoto. Ta yi aiki a matsayin mai ɗaukar hoto a gidan wasan kwaikwayo da kuma hotuna kuma ta sami kyaututtuka da dama saboda aikinta. == Rayuwa == An haife shi a {{Interlanguage link|Großziethen|de}} kusa da Berlin, Clausen jikanyar Oberhof ne da Domprediger {{Interlanguage link|Rudolf Kögel|de}} da 'yar fasto kuma ɗan majalisar makaranta Rudolf Kögel da matarsa Sabine, née Gehring. A shekarar 1934, ta auri 'yar jarida kuma mai shirya fina-finai Jürgen Clausen (1905–1944), wanda aka kashe a matsayin matukin jirgin yaƙin dare a lokacin " Babban Mako ". Clausen, wanda da farko yana son zama mai zane-zanen hoto, ya kammala [[Photography|koyon aikin daukar hoto]] tare da Marie Böhm, shugabar sanannen ɗakin studio Becker & Maass, kuma bayan shekaru uku ya ci jarrabawar mataimaki tare da girmamawa a Lette-Verein da ke Berlin. Bayan haka, ta yi aiki daga 1929 har zuwa kaka 1933 a matsayin mataimakiyar mai ɗaukar hoto na gidan wasan kwaikwayo Elli Marcus da kuma bayan ƙaura da ɗakin studio ɗinta a Berlin-Schmargendorf, a gidajen wasan kwaikwayo da yawa na Berlin, da sauransu Preußisches Staatstheater Berlin a ƙarƙashin Gustaf Gründgens, har zuwa lokacin da aka rufe shi gaba ɗaya saboda yaƙin. An ɗauki hotunan hotuna da dama, da sauransu na Kurt Hirschfeld. A cewar masanin tarihin fasaha Gabriele Lohmann, Clausen tana ɗaya daga cikin waɗannan masu ɗaukar hoto a zamanin gurguzu na ƙasa waɗanda ba su da abin tsoro daga zalunci, domin ta cika buƙatun Reichsministerium für Volksaufklärung und Propaganda kuma Reichskulturkammer kuma ayyukanta "sun dace da farfaganda". Da aikinsu, waɗannan masu ɗaukar hoto sun ba da gudummawa wajen tsara yanayin da ake ciki na Volksgemeinschaft na gurguzu da kuma musamman Mata a Jamus ta Nazi . A ƙarshen shekarun 1930, Clausen ya ɗauki hotuna da yawa na sirri don iyalin Hermann Göring, waɗanda aka rarraba su azaman katunan gaisuwa na hoto. Ta kuma yi zane-zane kan rahotannin farfagandar 'yan jarida, misali {{Interlanguage link|Homestory|de}} akan Göring a cikin 1941 kuma a cikin 1936 an ba da rahoto game da gina autobahn a ƙarƙashin taken ''Die Straßen des Führers'' . A cikin 1941, hotunanta - ban da na {{Interlanguage link|Liselotte Orgel-Köhne|de}} da [[Erna Lendvai-Dircksen]] – an nuna su a wani baje kolin da Reichsfrauenführung ya tattara a ƙarƙashin taken ''Frauenschaffen a ƙasar Deutschland'' a ƙasar Netherlands da Jamus ta mamaye, a karon farko daga Oktoba 1941 a Rijksmuseum Amsterdam, tare da ƙarin tashoshi a Utrecht, Maastricht da Arnhem. A wannan shekarar, ta buga hotunan abin rufe fuska na "manyan Jamusawa" (ciki har da 'yan Austria kamar Adalbert Stifter ) a ƙarƙashin taken ''Die Vollendeten'' . "A cikin hotuna masu motsi", matattu - a cewar ra'ayin masanin tarihin fasaha Isabel Richter 2010 - "sun raina masu kallo cikin yanayi mai girma, ɗaukaka da jarumtaka". Abin da ya haɗa su, Clausen ya faɗa a cikin gabatarwar littafin, shi ne cewa dukkansu sun haɗu a wuri ɗaya, "a cikin kalma ɗaya - Jamusanci" (hervorh. i. Orig.) An saka wasu daga cikin hotunan jirgin ƙasanta a cikin bugu na 1930 na mujallar ''Deutsches Reichsbahnkalender.'' Daga shekarar 1945, Clausen ta yi aiki a Hamburg, inda ta gudu da 'ya'yanta uku bayan mutuwar mijinta, a Hamburger Kammerspiele, Deutsches Schauspielhaus, Thalia Theater da Ernst Deutsch Theater da sauran wurare, kuma ta haɗa da wasan kwaikwayo ( Marcel Marceau ). Ta kuma kasance mai muhimmanci a matsayin mai ɗaukar hoto ( KRH Sonderborg, Jean-Louis Barrault, Samuel Beckett da sauransu). Da Wolfgang Borchert ta yi abota ta kud da kud a lokacin bayan yaƙi. Ta yi hotuna da dama na marubucin da har yanzu ba a san shi ba a lokacin. Hotunanta sun ci gaba da kasancewa kamar na Borchert bayan mutuwarsa. <ref>Gordon Burgess: ''Wolfgang Borchert. I believe in my luck''. Aufbau, Berlin 2007, {{ISBN|978-3-7466-2385-6}}, {{{p.|1}}}.</ref> Tambarin Wolfgang Borchert na Deutsche Bundespost yana nuna maƙasudin Clausen. [[Fayil:Grab_Rosemarie_Clausen_Friedhof_Ohlsdorf_(2).jpg|thumb|{{Center|''Rosemarie'' and ''Jürgen Clausen'', Friedhof Ohlsdorf}}]] Ta buga a mujallu da jaridu, da kuma littattafai masu zane-zane, da kuma, daga 1962 zuwa 1972, kalanda na wasan kwaikwayo. Shekaru da yawa, Clausen ya yi zane-zanen kalandar shekara-shekara ta mujallar ''Theater heute'' . Ta kasance memba na "Gesellschaft deutscher Lichtbildner" (GdL), Jamusanci Society for Photography (DGPh), da Freie Akademie der Künste Hamburg da Ehrenmitglied na {{Interlanguage link|BFF Berufsverband Freie Fotografen und Filmgestalter|de}} . Fritz Peyer da [[Ute Karen Seggelke]] suna cikin ɗalibanta Ɗanta shi ne masanin zamantakewa Lars Clausen, surukinta ɗan wasan kwaikwayo Claus Clausen, da kuma kakarta 'yar wasan kwaikwayo Andrea Clausen . Clausen ya mutu a Hamburg yana da shekaru 82. Kabarinta mai lamba O8, 236 yana nan a Makabartar Ohlsdorf . [[Bettina Clausen]] ce ke kula da kadarorinta na fasaha. <ref>{{Cite web |title=rosemarie-clausen-fotorechte |url=https://rosemarieclausenfotorechte.wordpress.com/ |access-date=24 November 2021 |website=rosemarie-clausen-fotorechte}}</ref> == Kyaututtuka == * 1955: Großer Preis der Internationalen Ausstellung für Bühnen Photography Salzburg * 1976: Ƙungiyar Ɗaukar Hoto ta Jamusanci - tare da Regina Relang da Liselotte Strelow * 1982: Biermann-Ratjen-Medaille na Birnin 'Yanci da Hanseatic na Hamburg. == Gado == An rasa tarihin Clausen a shekarar 1945 a Berlin a lokacin wani hari ta sama . Koyaya, tarin abubuwan nunin nata yana hannun gidan kayan tarihi na Hamburg für Kunst und Gewerbe . Taskar tarihi mara kyau, wadda aka ƙirƙira bayan ƙarshen Yaƙin Duniya na Biyu, tana cikin ''Zentrum für Theaterforschung – Hamburger Theaterssammlung'' na Jami'ar Hamburg da kuma taskar tarihi mai kyau a cikin Theatremuseum München da ''Rosemarie Clausen – Künstlerischer Nachlass'' GbR a Potsdam, wanda babban darektanta Dr. Peer-Robin Paulus ya wakilta. == Aiki == * ''Mensch ohne Maske'', Stuttgart: Tazzelwurm 1938 * ''Die Vollendeten'', Stuttgart: Tazzelwurm 1941 ( maskran mutuwa ) * ''Ewigkeit schwingt über ihnen Kreise'', Pforzheim: Imago o.-J. [1952] * ''Schrift und Maske'', Hamburg: {{Interlanguage link|Christian Wegner|de}} 1958 ( bugu da yawa) * ''Gidan wasan kwaikwayo.'' ''Gustaf Gründgens inszeniert'' , Hamburg: Christian Wegner 1960 * ''Gründgens'', Velber: Friedrich 1963 * ''Faust in Bildern'', Braunschweig: Westermann, [1960] 1964, bugu na 7. * ''Schauspieler'' (rubutu: {{Interlanguage link|Siegfried Melchinger|de}} ), Frankfurt: Büchergilde Gutenberg 1966 * ''Barlach'', Hamburg: Christian Wegner ²1966 * ''Begegnungen'', Cologne: DuMont Schauberg 1967 * ''Schauspiegel'', Velber: Friedrich [1963] ²1968 * ''Samuel Beckett inszeniert'', Frankfurt: Suhrkamp 1969 (bugu da yawa) * ''Hamburger Thalia-Theatre – Boy Gobert'', Hamburg: Kristall-Verlag 1980 * ''Gründgens Faust'' . Berlin: Suhrkamp [1982] ²1983 * ''Rosemarie Clausen, {{Interlanguage link|Ingeborg Sello|de}}'', Museum für Kunst und Gewerbe Hamburg 1988 (kasidar nunin) == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1907]] [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] 66vmcpifln7bkjrrhph876j69pleuy6 895686 895685 2026-08-12T11:37:38Z Nnamadee 31123 895686 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Rosemarie Clausen''' (née '''Rose Marie Margarethe Elisabeth Kögel''' ); (5 Maris 1907 - 9 Janairu 1990) ɗan Jamus ne mai daukar hoto. Ta yi aiki a matsayin mai ɗaukar hoto a gidan wasan kwaikwayo da kuma hotuna kuma ta sami kyaututtuka da dama saboda aikinta. == Rayuwa == An haife shi a {{Interlanguage link|Großziethen|de}} kusa da Berlin, Clausen jikanyar Oberhof ne da Domprediger {{Interlanguage link|Rudolf Kögel|de}} da 'yar fasto kuma ɗan majalisar makaranta Rudolf Kögel da matarsa Sabine, née Gehring. A shekarar 1934, ta auri 'yar jarida kuma mai shirya fina-finai Jürgen Clausen (1905–1944), wanda aka kashe a matsayin matukin jirgin yaƙin dare a lokacin " Babban Mako ". Clausen, wanda da farko yana son zama mai zane-zanen hoto, ya kammala [[Photography|koyon aikin daukar hoto]] tare da Marie Böhm, shugabar sanannen ɗakin studio Becker & Maass, kuma bayan shekaru uku ya ci jarrabawar mataimaki tare da girmamawa a Lette-Verein da ke Berlin. Bayan haka, ta yi aiki daga 1929 har zuwa kaka 1933 a matsayin mataimakiyar mai ɗaukar hoto na gidan wasan kwaikwayo Elli Marcus da kuma bayan ƙaura da ɗakin studio ɗinta a Berlin-Schmargendorf, a gidajen wasan kwaikwayo da yawa na Berlin, da sauransu Preußisches Staatstheater Berlin a ƙarƙashin Gustaf Gründgens, har zuwa lokacin da aka rufe shi gaba ɗaya saboda yaƙin. An ɗauki hotunan hotuna da dama, da sauransu na Kurt Hirschfeld. A cewar masanin tarihin fasaha Gabriele Lohmann, Clausen tana ɗaya daga cikin waɗannan masu ɗaukar hoto a zamanin gurguzu na ƙasa waɗanda ba su da abin tsoro daga zalunci, domin ta cika buƙatun Reichsministerium für Volksaufklärung und Propaganda kuma Reichskulturkammer kuma ayyukanta "sun dace da farfaganda". Da aikinsu, waɗannan masu ɗaukar hoto sun ba da gudummawa wajen tsara yanayin da ake ciki na Volksgemeinschaft na gurguzu da kuma musamman Mata a Jamus ta Nazi . A ƙarshen shekarun 1930, Clausen ya ɗauki hotuna da yawa na sirri don iyalin Hermann Göring, waɗanda aka rarraba su azaman katunan gaisuwa na hoto. Ta kuma yi zane-zane kan rahotannin farfagandar 'yan jarida, misali {{Interlanguage link|Homestory|de}} akan Göring a cikin 1941 kuma a cikin 1936 an ba da rahoto game da gina autobahn a ƙarƙashin taken ''Die Straßen des Führers'' . A cikin 1941, hotunanta - ban da na {{Interlanguage link|Liselotte Orgel-Köhne|de}} da [[Erna Lendvai-Dircksen]] – an nuna su a wani baje kolin da Reichsfrauenführung ya tattara a ƙarƙashin taken ''Frauenschaffen a ƙasar Deutschland'' a ƙasar Netherlands da Jamus ta mamaye, a karon farko daga Oktoba 1941 a Rijksmuseum Amsterdam, tare da ƙarin tashoshi a Utrecht, Maastricht da Arnhem. A wannan shekarar, ta buga hotunan abin rufe fuska na "manyan Jamusawa" (ciki har da 'yan Austria kamar Adalbert Stifter ) a ƙarƙashin taken ''Die Vollendeten'' . "A cikin hotuna masu motsi", matattu - a cewar ra'ayin masanin tarihin fasaha Isabel Richter 2010 - "sun raina masu kallo cikin yanayi mai girma, ɗaukaka da jarumtaka". Abin da ya haɗa su, Clausen ya faɗa a cikin gabatarwar littafin, shi ne cewa dukkansu sun haɗu a wuri ɗaya, "a cikin kalma ɗaya - Jamusanci" (hervorh. i. Orig.) An saka wasu daga cikin hotunan jirgin ƙasanta a cikin bugu na 1930 na mujallar ''Deutsches Reichsbahnkalender.'' Daga shekarar 1945, Clausen ta yi aiki a Hamburg, inda ta gudu da 'ya'yanta uku bayan mutuwar mijinta, a Hamburger Kammerspiele, Deutsches Schauspielhaus, Thalia Theater da Ernst Deutsch Theater da sauran wurare, kuma ta haɗa da wasan kwaikwayo ( Marcel Marceau ). Ta kuma kasance mai muhimmanci a matsayin mai ɗaukar hoto ( KRH Sonderborg, Jean-Louis Barrault, Samuel Beckett da sauransu). Da Wolfgang Borchert ta yi abota ta kud da kud a lokacin bayan yaƙi. Ta yi hotuna da dama na marubucin da har yanzu ba a san shi ba a lokacin. Hotunanta sun ci gaba da kasancewa kamar na Borchert bayan mutuwarsa. <ref>Gordon Burgess: ''Wolfgang Borchert. I believe in my luck''. Aufbau, Berlin 2007, {{ISBN|978-3-7466-2385-6}}, {{{p.|1}}}.</ref> Tambarin Wolfgang Borchert na Deutsche Bundespost yana nuna maƙasudin Clausen. [[Fayil:Grab_Rosemarie_Clausen_Friedhof_Ohlsdorf_(2).jpg|thumb|{{Center|''Rosemarie'' and ''Jürgen Clausen'', Friedhof Ohlsdorf}}]] Ta buga a mujallu da jaridu, da kuma littattafai masu zane-zane, da kuma, daga 1962 zuwa 1972, kalanda na wasan kwaikwayo. Shekaru da yawa, Clausen ya yi zane-zanen kalandar shekara-shekara ta mujallar ''Theater heute'' . Ta kasance memba na "Gesellschaft deutscher Lichtbildner" (GdL), Jamusanci Society for Photography (DGPh), da Freie Akademie der Künste Hamburg da Ehrenmitglied na {{Interlanguage link|BFF Berufsverband Freie Fotografen und Filmgestalter|de}} . Fritz Peyer da [[Ute Karen Seggelke]] suna cikin ɗalibanta Ɗanta shi ne masanin zamantakewa Lars Clausen, surukinta ɗan wasan kwaikwayo Claus Clausen, da kuma kakarta 'yar wasan kwaikwayo Andrea Clausen . Clausen ya mutu a Hamburg yana da shekaru 82. Kabarinta mai lamba O8, 236 yana nan a Makabartar Ohlsdorf . [[Bettina Clausen]] ce ke kula da kadarorinta na fasaha. <ref>{{Cite web |title=rosemarie-clausen-fotorechte |url=https://rosemarieclausenfotorechte.wordpress.com/ |access-date=24 November 2021 |website=rosemarie-clausen-fotorechte}}</ref> == Kyaututtuka == * 1955: Großer Preis der Internationalen Ausstellung für Bühnen Photography Salzburg * 1976: Ƙungiyar Ɗaukar Hoto ta Jamusanci - tare da Regina Relang da Liselotte Strelow * 1982: Biermann-Ratjen-Medaille na Birnin 'Yanci da Hanseatic na Hamburg. == Gado == An rasa tarihin Clausen a shekarar 1945 a Berlin a lokacin wani hari ta sama . Koyaya, tarin abubuwan nunin nata yana hannun gidan kayan tarihi na Hamburg für Kunst und Gewerbe . Taskar tarihi mara kyau, wadda aka ƙirƙira bayan ƙarshen Yaƙin Duniya na Biyu, tana cikin ''Zentrum für Theaterforschung – Hamburger Theaterssammlung'' na Jami'ar Hamburg da kuma taskar tarihi mai kyau a cikin Theatremuseum München da ''Rosemarie Clausen – Künstlerischer Nachlass'' GbR a Potsdam, wanda babban darektanta Dr. Peer-Robin Paulus ya wakilta. == Aiki == * ''Mensch ohne Maske'', Stuttgart: Tazzelwurm 1938 * ''Die Vollendeten'', Stuttgart: Tazzelwurm 1941 ( maskran mutuwa ) * ''Ewigkeit schwingt über ihnen Kreise'', Pforzheim: Imago o.-J. [1952] * ''Schrift und Maske'', Hamburg: {{Interlanguage link|Christian Wegner|de}} 1958 ( bugu da yawa) * ''Gidan wasan kwaikwayo.'' ''Gustaf Gründgens inszeniert'' , Hamburg: Christian Wegner 1960 * ''Gründgens'', Velber: Friedrich 1963 * ''Faust in Bildern'', Braunschweig: Westermann, [1960] 1964, bugu na 7. * ''Schauspieler'' (rubutu: {{Interlanguage link|Siegfried Melchinger|de}} ), Frankfurt: Büchergilde Gutenberg 1966 * ''Barlach'', Hamburg: Christian Wegner ²1966 * ''Begegnungen'', Cologne: DuMont Schauberg 1967 * ''Schauspiegel'', Velber: Friedrich [1963] ²1968 * ''Samuel Beckett inszeniert'', Frankfurt: Suhrkamp 1969 (bugu da yawa) * ''Hamburger Thalia-Theatre – Boy Gobert'', Hamburg: Kristall-Verlag 1980 * ''Gründgens Faust'' . Berlin: Suhrkamp [1982] ²1983 * ''Rosemarie Clausen, {{Interlanguage link|Ingeborg Sello|de}}'', Museum für Kunst und Gewerbe Hamburg 1988 (kasidar nunin) == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1907]] [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] 6yp4tnnhcdzcftqwhfdgq44bdgjry9m 0 163337 895687 2026-08-12T11:39:26Z Nnamadee 31123 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1336848038|Frieda Gertrud Riess]]" 895687 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Frieda Gertrud Riess''' (1890 – kimanin 1955) 'yar ƙasar Jamus ce mai ɗaukar hoto a shekarun 1920 tare da wani sitidiyo a tsakiyar [[Berlin]] . <ref name="kunstmarkt">[http://www.kunstmarkt.com/pagesmag/kunst/_id160318-/ausstellungen_berichtdetail.html?_q=%20 "Berlinische Galerie widmet sich der einst hochgeschätzten und heute vergessenen Berliner Fotografin Frieda Riess: Bildniskunst zwischen Tradition und Moderne"], Kunstmarkt.com. {{In lang|de}} Retrieved 7 March 2013.</ref> == Rayuwar farko == An haifi Riess a Czarnikau a lardin Prussian na Posen inda iyayenta Yahudawa Emil Reiss da Selma (née Schreyer) masu shaguna ne. A ƙarshen shekarun 1890, mahaifiyarta da mijinta ya mutu ta ƙaura da iyalin zuwa Berlin inda Frieda ta fara nazarin sassaka a ƙarƙashin Hugo Lederer (kimanin 1907) kuma daga baya (1913) ta ɗauki hoto a Berlin "Photographischen Lehranstalt" na Lette-Verein, inda ta sami takardar shaidarta a lokacin bazara na 1915. <ref name="kunstmarkt" /> == Sana'a == A shekarar 1918, ta buɗe wani kasuwanci a kan Kurfürstendamm da ke Berlin; ya zama ɗaya daga cikin shahararrun ɗakunan studio a birnin. Sakamakon aurenta da ɗan jarida Rudolf Leonhard a farkon shekarun 1920, ta faɗaɗa abokan hulɗarta ga shahararrun mutane kamar marubucin wasan kwaikwayo Walter Hasenclever, marubuci Gerhart Hauptmann da kuma 'yan wasan kwaikwayo da 'yan wasan kwaikwayo, ciki har da Tilla Durieux, Asta Nielsen da Emil Jannings . Wannan rukunin ya faɗaɗa zuwa ga masu rawa, taurarin zauren kiɗa da kuma ƙwararrun mawaka: Anna Pavlova, Mistinguett, Lil Dagover, Renée Sintenis, Max Liebermann da Xenia Boguslawskaja . Sauran abokan cinikin sun haɗa da wakilan tsoffin masu sarauta, jami'an diflomasiyya, 'yan siyasa da ma'aikatan banki. Masu dambe (da kuma tsirara) ƙungiya ce mai suna wadda ta ƙware a ciki, ciki har da Erich Brandl, Hermann Herse, Max Schmeling, Ensor Fiermonte. <ref name="nero">{{Cite journal |last=Nero |first=Julie |date=Spring–Summer 2014 |title=ENGAGING MASCULINITY WEIMAR WOMEN ARTISTS AND THE BOXER |journal=Woman's Art Journal}}</ref> Shahararta ta kasance har ta zama sananne a matsayin ''Die Reiss'' . A lokacin da take tafiya zuwa Italiya a shekarar 1929, an gayyace ta ta ɗauki hoton Benito Mussolini . Bugu da ƙari, ta ba da gudummawa ga mujallu da mujallu na rana ciki har da ''Die Dame'', ''Berliner Illustrierte Zeitung'', ''Der Weltspiegel'', ''Querschnit'' da ''Koralle'' . <ref name="photoscala">[http://www.photoscala.de/Artikel/Wiederentdeckt-Die-Fotografin-Frieda-Riess Marc Peschke, "Wiederentdeckt: Die Fotografin Frieda Riess"], Photoscala. {{In lang|de}} Retrieved 7 March 2013.</ref> == Matsar zuwa Paris == A shekarar 1932, bayan ta kamu da soyayya da [[:fr:Pierre de Margerie|Pierre de Margerie]], jakadan Faransa a Berlin (1922–31) ta ƙaura zuwa Paris tare da shi, kuma ya rasu a shekarar 1942. Ta ɓace daga idanun jama'a a lokacin aikin. Ko da ranar mutuwarta ba za a iya tabbatar da ita a fili ba kuma ba a san inda aka binne ta ba. == Nune - Nune == * A shekarar 2008, an yi wani bincike kan ayyukanta a [[Gidan baje kolin Berlin|Berlinische Galerie]] . <ref>[http://www.tagesspiegel.de/zeitung/berlinische-galeriedie-vergessene-fotografin-frieda-riess-zum-tee-ins-atelier/1247968.html Nicola Kuhn, "Zum Tee ins Atelier"], ''Der Tagesspiegel'', 5 June 2008. {{In lang|de}} Retrieved 7 March 2013.</ref> Ta nuna a muhimmin nunin faifai na hoto na Fotografie der Gegenwart a 1929. An yi wani baje kolin hotuna 177 shi kaɗai a cikin gidan adana kayan tarihi na Alfred Flechtheim da ke Berlin a shekarar 1925. == Manazarta == j6du4sgjjkevitnhrz63l0t5txpp0p5 895688 895687 2026-08-12T11:39:53Z Nnamadee 31123 895688 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Frieda Gertrud Riess''' (1890 – kimanin 1955) 'yar ƙasar Jamus ce mai ɗaukar hoto a shekarun 1920 tare da wani sitidiyo a tsakiyar [[Berlin]] . <ref name="kunstmarkt">[http://www.kunstmarkt.com/pagesmag/kunst/_id160318-/ausstellungen_berichtdetail.html?_q=%20 "Berlinische Galerie widmet sich der einst hochgeschätzten und heute vergessenen Berliner Fotografin Frieda Riess: Bildniskunst zwischen Tradition und Moderne"], Kunstmarkt.com. {{In lang|de}} Retrieved 7 March 2013.</ref> == Rayuwar farko == An haifi Riess a Czarnikau a lardin Prussian na Posen inda iyayenta Yahudawa Emil Reiss da Selma (née Schreyer) masu shaguna ne. A ƙarshen shekarun 1890, mahaifiyarta da mijinta ya mutu ta ƙaura da iyalin zuwa Berlin inda Frieda ta fara nazarin sassaka a ƙarƙashin Hugo Lederer (kimanin 1907) kuma daga baya (1913) ta ɗauki hoto a Berlin "Photographischen Lehranstalt" na Lette-Verein, inda ta sami takardar shaidarta a lokacin bazara na 1915. <ref name="kunstmarkt" /> == Sana'a == A shekarar 1918, ta buɗe wani kasuwanci a kan Kurfürstendamm da ke Berlin; ya zama ɗaya daga cikin shahararrun ɗakunan studio a birnin. Sakamakon aurenta da ɗan jarida Rudolf Leonhard a farkon shekarun 1920, ta faɗaɗa abokan hulɗarta ga shahararrun mutane kamar marubucin wasan kwaikwayo Walter Hasenclever, marubuci Gerhart Hauptmann da kuma 'yan wasan kwaikwayo da 'yan wasan kwaikwayo, ciki har da Tilla Durieux, Asta Nielsen da Emil Jannings . Wannan rukunin ya faɗaɗa zuwa ga masu rawa, taurarin zauren kiɗa da kuma ƙwararrun mawaka: Anna Pavlova, Mistinguett, Lil Dagover, Renée Sintenis, Max Liebermann da Xenia Boguslawskaja . Sauran abokan cinikin sun haɗa da wakilan tsoffin masu sarauta, jami'an diflomasiyya, 'yan siyasa da ma'aikatan banki. Masu dambe (da kuma tsirara) ƙungiya ce mai suna wadda ta ƙware a ciki, ciki har da Erich Brandl, Hermann Herse, Max Schmeling, Ensor Fiermonte. <ref name="nero">{{Cite journal |last=Nero |first=Julie |date=Spring–Summer 2014 |title=ENGAGING MASCULINITY WEIMAR WOMEN ARTISTS AND THE BOXER |journal=Woman's Art Journal}}</ref> Shahararta ta kasance har ta zama sananne a matsayin ''Die Reiss'' . A lokacin da take tafiya zuwa Italiya a shekarar 1929, an gayyace ta ta ɗauki hoton Benito Mussolini . Bugu da ƙari, ta ba da gudummawa ga mujallu da mujallu na rana ciki har da ''Die Dame'', ''Berliner Illustrierte Zeitung'', ''Der Weltspiegel'', ''Querschnit'' da ''Koralle'' . <ref name="photoscala">[http://www.photoscala.de/Artikel/Wiederentdeckt-Die-Fotografin-Frieda-Riess Marc Peschke, "Wiederentdeckt: Die Fotografin Frieda Riess"], Photoscala. {{In lang|de}} Retrieved 7 March 2013.</ref> == Matsar zuwa Paris == A shekarar 1932, bayan ta kamu da soyayya da [[:fr:Pierre de Margerie|Pierre de Margerie]], jakadan Faransa a Berlin (1922–31) ta ƙaura zuwa Paris tare da shi, kuma ya rasu a shekarar 1942. Ta ɓace daga idanun jama'a a lokacin aikin. Ko da ranar mutuwarta ba za a iya tabbatar da ita a fili ba kuma ba a san inda aka binne ta ba. == Nune - Nune == * A shekarar 2008, an yi wani bincike kan ayyukanta a [[Gidan baje kolin Berlin|Berlinische Galerie]] . <ref>[http://www.tagesspiegel.de/zeitung/berlinische-galeriedie-vergessene-fotografin-frieda-riess-zum-tee-ins-atelier/1247968.html Nicola Kuhn, "Zum Tee ins Atelier"], ''Der Tagesspiegel'', 5 June 2008. {{In lang|de}} Retrieved 7 March 2013.</ref> Ta nuna a muhimmin nunin faifai na hoto na Fotografie der Gegenwart a 1929. An yi wani baje kolin hotuna 177 shi kaɗai a cikin gidan adana kayan tarihi na Alfred Flechtheim da ke Berlin a shekarar 1925. == Manazarta == q3rzo565lctohyasu3cxm0gxjmwq767 0 163338 895689 2026-08-12T11:41:18Z Nnamadee 31123 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1352414286|Wanda von Debschitz-Kunowski]]" 895689 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Wanda von Debschitz-Kunowski''' (née '''Wanda von Kunowski''' ; 8 Janairu 1870 &#x2013; 23 Afrilu 1935) ɗan Jamus ne mai ɗaukar hoto da ke zaune a [[München|Munich]] . {{Sfn|Toepfer|1997}} == Rayuwa == [[Fayil:Trudi_Schoop,_001.jpg|thumb| Debschitz-Kunowski ne ya dauki hoton Trudi Schoop]] An haifi Kunowski a Hammer, Kreis Czarnikau, lardin Posen, kuma 'yar August von Kunowski da Helene von Bethe ce. Ita ce matar farko na Wilhelm von Debschitz ; akwai 'ya'ya uku da aka haifa daga wannan auren, ciki har da 'yar Wanda Ziegert von Debschitz da Irene von Debschitz wanda zai auri Bauhausler Xanti Schawinsky . Daga shekarar 1902 zuwa 1914, ta yi aiki a Makarantar Debschitz, da farko a fannin gyaran ƙarfe (1902-1905) sannan daga baya ta koyar da daukar hoto (1905-1914). A shekarar 1921, ta buɗe ɗakin ɗaukar hoto nata a [[Berlin]] . <ref name="gnm.de">{{Cite web |title=Debschitz-Kunowski, Wanda von |url=https://gesichter-des-dka.gnm.de/content/mdc_person9535 |access-date=29 May 2016 |publisher=Germanisches National Museum |language=German}}</ref> Aikinta ya haɗa da tsirara, {{Sfn|Bertolotti|2007}} da masu rawa. {{Sfn|Toepfer|1997}} An san cewa hangen nesa na Debschitz-Kunowski ya bambanta da na mai ɗaukar hoto Cami Stone, matar Sasha Stone, a wasu daga cikin haɗin gwiwarsu. {{Sfn|Baudin|2005}} Debschitz-Kunowski ya mutu a Berlin a shekarar 1935. <ref name="gnm.de">{{Cite web |title=Debschitz-Kunowski, Wanda von |url=https://gesichter-des-dka.gnm.de/content/mdc_person9535 |access-date=29 May 2016 |publisher=Germanisches National Museum |language=German}}<cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source" data-ve-ignore="">[https://gesichter-des-dka.gnm.de/content/mdc_person9535 "Debschitz-Kunowski, Wanda von"] (in German). Germanisches National Museum<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">29 May</span> 2016</span>.</cite> [[Category:CS1 German-language sources (de)]]</ref> == Manazarta == 21ecbbnmku8mbcab2of5dflzzwkrrfv 895690 895689 2026-08-12T11:41:43Z Nnamadee 31123 895690 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Wanda von Debschitz-Kunowski''' (née '''Wanda von Kunowski''' ; 8 Janairu 1870 &#x2013; 23 Afrilu 1935) ɗan Jamus ne mai ɗaukar hoto da ke zaune a [[München|Munich]] . {{Sfn|Toepfer|1997}} == Rayuwa == [[Fayil:Trudi_Schoop,_001.jpg|thumb| Debschitz-Kunowski ne ya dauki hoton Trudi Schoop]] An haifi Kunowski a Hammer, Kreis Czarnikau, lardin Posen, kuma 'yar August von Kunowski da Helene von Bethe ce. Ita ce matar farko na Wilhelm von Debschitz ; akwai 'ya'ya uku da aka haifa daga wannan auren, ciki har da 'yar Wanda Ziegert von Debschitz da Irene von Debschitz wanda zai auri Bauhausler Xanti Schawinsky . Daga shekarar 1902 zuwa 1914, ta yi aiki a Makarantar Debschitz, da farko a fannin gyaran ƙarfe (1902-1905) sannan daga baya ta koyar da daukar hoto (1905-1914). A shekarar 1921, ta buɗe ɗakin ɗaukar hoto nata a [[Berlin]] . <ref name="gnm.de">{{Cite web |title=Debschitz-Kunowski, Wanda von |url=https://gesichter-des-dka.gnm.de/content/mdc_person9535 |access-date=29 May 2016 |publisher=Germanisches National Museum |language=German}}</ref> Aikinta ya haɗa da tsirara, {{Sfn|Bertolotti|2007}} da masu rawa. {{Sfn|Toepfer|1997}} An san cewa hangen nesa na Debschitz-Kunowski ya bambanta da na mai ɗaukar hoto Cami Stone, matar Sasha Stone, a wasu daga cikin haɗin gwiwarsu. {{Sfn|Baudin|2005}} Debschitz-Kunowski ya mutu a Berlin a shekarar 1935. <ref name="gnm.de">{{Cite web |title=Debschitz-Kunowski, Wanda von |url=https://gesichter-des-dka.gnm.de/content/mdc_person9535 |access-date=29 May 2016 |publisher=Germanisches National Museum |language=German}}<cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source" data-ve-ignore="">[https://gesichter-des-dka.gnm.de/content/mdc_person9535 "Debschitz-Kunowski, Wanda von"] (in German). Germanisches National Museum<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">29 May</span> 2016</span>.</cite> [[Category:CS1 German-language sources (de)]]</ref> == Manazarta == 1ckovwhuzt650y3jfd2zxeoxho706za 895693 895690 2026-08-12T11:42:44Z Nnamadee 31123 895693 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Wanda von Debschitz-Kunowski''' (née '''Wanda von Kunowski''' ; 8 Janairu 1870 &#x2013; 23 Afrilu 1935) 'yar Jamus ce mai ɗaukar hoto da ke zaune a [[München|Munich]]. {{Sfn|Toepfer|1997}} == Rayuwa == [[Fayil:Trudi_Schoop,_001.jpg|thumb| Debschitz-Kunowski ne ya dauki hoton Trudi Schoop]] An haifi Kunowski a Hammer, Kreis Czarnikau, lardin Posen, kuma 'yar August von Kunowski da Helene von Bethe ce. Ita ce matar farko na Wilhelm von Debschitz ; akwai 'ya'ya uku da aka haifa daga wannan auren, ciki har da 'yar Wanda Ziegert von Debschitz da Irene von Debschitz wanda zai auri Bauhausler Xanti Schawinsky . Daga shekarar 1902 zuwa 1914, ta yi aiki a Makarantar Debschitz, da farko a fannin gyaran ƙarfe (1902-1905) sannan daga baya ta koyar da daukar hoto (1905-1914). A shekarar 1921, ta buɗe ɗakin ɗaukar hoto nata a [[Berlin]] . <ref name="gnm.de">{{Cite web |title=Debschitz-Kunowski, Wanda von |url=https://gesichter-des-dka.gnm.de/content/mdc_person9535 |access-date=29 May 2016 |publisher=Germanisches National Museum |language=German}}</ref> Aikinta ya haɗa da tsirara, {{Sfn|Bertolotti|2007}} da masu rawa. {{Sfn|Toepfer|1997}} An san cewa hangen nesa na Debschitz-Kunowski ya bambanta da na mai ɗaukar hoto Cami Stone, matar Sasha Stone, a wasu daga cikin haɗin gwiwarsu. {{Sfn|Baudin|2005}} Debschitz-Kunowski ya mutu a Berlin a shekarar 1935. <ref name="gnm.de">{{Cite web |title=Debschitz-Kunowski, Wanda von |url=https://gesichter-des-dka.gnm.de/content/mdc_person9535 |access-date=29 May 2016 |publisher=Germanisches National Museum |language=German}}<cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source" data-ve-ignore="">[https://gesichter-des-dka.gnm.de/content/mdc_person9535 "Debschitz-Kunowski, Wanda von"] (in German). Germanisches National Museum<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">29 May</span> 2016</span>.</cite> [[Category:CS1 German-language sources (de)]]</ref> == Manazarta == m4ecjbe2abif99lfg6hq2s0vztcmxud 0 163339 895694 2026-08-12T11:44:15Z Nnamadee 31123 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1360709713|Minya Diez-Dührkoop]]" 895694 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Minya Diez-Dührkoop''' ko '''Dièz-Dührkoop''' (21 ga Yuni 1873 - 17 Nuwamba 1929) mai ɗaukar hoto ne ɗan ƙasar Jamus. == Tarihin Rayuwa == An haifi Diez-Dührkoop a [[Hamburg]] a shekarar 1873. Mahaifiyarta ita ce Maria Louise Caroline, wacce aka haifa a watan Mayu, kuma mahaifinta Rudolf Dührkoop ne, wanda daga baya ya zama fitaccen mai ɗaukar hoto. Ya fara kasuwancin zane-zanensa a shekarar 1883 kuma 'yarsa mai shekaru goma sha huɗu ta zama mataimakiyarsa a shekarar 1887. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Sobieszek |first=Robert A. |last2=Appel |first2=Odette M. |date=1980 |title=The Daguerreotypes of Southworth & Hawes |url=http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/1594244 |journal=American Art Journal |volume=12 |issue=3 |pages=83 |doi=10.2307/1594244 |issn=0002-7359 |jstor=1594244 |url-access=subscription}}</ref> Ta yi aiki tare da samun 'yancin kai mai girma kuma ta yi aure a shekarar 1894, ga wani mai ɗaukar hoto; Luis Diéz Vazquez, daga [[Malaga|Málaga]] . A shekarar 1900, ita da mahaifinta suna gudanar da sassa daban-daban na kasuwancinsu na Berlin. A shekara mai zuwa ta saki mijinta amma ta ajiye sunansa Diez a cikin sunanta. Sun yi kasuwanci mai nasara, kuma sun ɗauki hotunan mutane da yawa masu daraja. Sun haɗu a cikin da'irori masu fasaha, kuma sun mallaki zanen zamani na Alma del Banco . Sauran wadanda suka yi mu'amala da su sun hada da Lavinia Schulz da mijinta. Diez-Dührkoop ne ya ɗauki hotunan kayan Schulz. Schulz ya mutu a [[Hamburg]] a shekarar 1924. Ta harbi abokin aikinta sannan ta harbi kanta. An adana kayan ado talatin da hotunan aikinta na Diez-Dührkoop a wani gidan tarihi na Hamburg. == Manazarta == l0d14jhzzaj1mqdm6xrhga4q3azmpx6 895695 895694 2026-08-12T11:45:15Z Nnamadee 31123 895695 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Minya Diez-Dührkoop''' ko '''Dièz-Dührkoop''' (21 ga Yuni 1873 - 17 Nuwamba 1929) mai ɗaukar hoto ne ɗan ƙasar Jamus. == Tarihin Rayuwa == An haifi Diez-Dührkoop a [[Hamburg]] a shekarar 1873. Mahaifiyarta ita ce Maria Louise Caroline, wacce aka haifa a watan Mayu, kuma mahaifinta Rudolf Dührkoop ne, wanda daga baya ya zama fitaccen mai ɗaukar hoto. Ya fara kasuwancin zane-zanensa a shekarar 1883 kuma 'yarsa mai shekaru goma sha huɗu ta zama mataimakiyarsa a shekarar 1887. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Sobieszek |first=Robert A. |last2=Appel |first2=Odette M. |date=1980 |title=The Daguerreotypes of Southworth & Hawes |url=http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/1594244 |journal=American Art Journal |volume=12 |issue=3 |pages=83 |doi=10.2307/1594244 |issn=0002-7359 |jstor=1594244 |url-access=subscription}}</ref> Ta yi aiki tare da samun 'yancin kai mai girma kuma ta yi aure a shekarar 1894, ga wani mai ɗaukar hoto; Luis Diéz Vazquez, daga [[Malaga|Málaga]] . A shekarar 1900, ita da mahaifinta suna gudanar da sassa daban-daban na kasuwancinsu na Berlin. A shekara mai zuwa ta saki mijinta amma ta ajiye sunansa Diez a cikin sunanta. Sun yi kasuwanci mai nasara, kuma sun ɗauki hotunan mutane da yawa masu daraja. Sun haɗu a cikin da'irori masu fasaha, kuma sun mallaki zanen zamani na Alma del Banco . Sauran wadanda suka yi mu'amala da su sun hada da Lavinia Schulz da mijinta. Diez-Dührkoop ne ya ɗauki hotunan kayan Schulz. Schulz ya mutu a [[Hamburg]] a shekarar 1924. Ta harbi abokin aikinta sannan ta harbi kanta. An adana kayan ado talatin da hotunan aikinta na Diez-Dührkoop a wani gidan tarihi na Hamburg. == Manazarta == 45zn7x9dm73hysps4akq4gvu6iah72v 0 163340 895696 2026-08-12T11:46:59Z Nnamadee 31123 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1350398362|Tata Ronkholz]]" 895696 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Tata Ronkholz''' (1940–1997) ƙwararriyar mai ɗaukar hoto ce kuma mai zane a Jamus. Ta kasance memba na Makarantar Düsseldorf ta Düsseldorf . == Tarihin Rayuwa == An haifi Ronkholz a Krefeld a ƙarƙashin sunan budurwa Roswitha Tölle. Daga shekarar 1961 zuwa 1965 ta yi karatun gine-gine da zane-zanen ciki a Werkkunstschule Krefeld. Bayan ta yi aiki a shagon kayan daki na Schroer da ke Krefeld daga 1965 zuwa 1966, ta yi aiki a matsayin mai tsara kayayyaki mai zaman kansa har zuwa 1977. Ta haɗu da daukar hoto ta hanyar mijinta Coco Ronkholz, wanda ke da alhakin samar da kundin bayanai ga Bernd Becher . A cikin 1977, Ronkholz ya fara karatu a Kunstakademie Düsseldorf . Ta yi karatu a hannun Bernd Becher, daga 1978 zuwa 1985, wanda hakan ya sanya ta zama ɗaya daga cikin ɗaliban farko na Becher a Kwalejin Düsseldorf, tare da Andreas Gursky, [[Candida Höfer]], Axel Hütte, Thomas Ruff da Thomas Struth, wanda daga baya aka san shi da Makarantar Becher ko Makarantar Düsseldorf ta Düsseldorf . Bayan kammala karatunta, ta daina ɗaukar hotuna saboda dalilai na tattalin arziki kuma ta yi aiki a kamfanin ɗaukar hotuna na Cologne daga 1985 zuwa 1995 don rayuwa. A shekarar 1997, Tata Ronkholz ta mutu a Kendenich Castle kusa da [[Köln|Cologne]] . <ref name="Metropolitan Museum of Art">{{Cite web |title=Untitled (Rhine Port No. i 6.15) |url=https://www.metmuseum.org/art/collection/search/771465 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211024020718/https://www.metmuseum.org/art/collection/search/771465 |archive-date=24 October 2021 |access-date=24 October 2021 |website=[[Metropolitan Museum of Art]]}}</ref> <ref name="Van Ham Kunstauktionen">{{Cite web |title=Tata Ronkholz |url=https://www.art-estate.org/en/kuenstler/aktuelle-kuenstler/tata-ronkholz.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211024015657/https://www.art-estate.org/en/kuenstler/aktuelle-kuenstler/tata-ronkholz.html |archive-date=24 October 2021 |access-date=24 October 2021 |website=Van Ham Kunstauktionen}}</ref> A Düsseldorf, Bernd Becher ne ya koyar da ita. <ref name="Metropolitan Museum of Art" /> == Aiki == Aikin farko na Ronkholz ya kasance mai tsari mai tsauri da kuma tsari mai ginawa. Tun kafin ta fara karatu da Bernd da Hilla Becher a shekarar 1978, ta ɗauki hotunanta na farko masu baƙi da fari na ƙofofin masana'antu, tare da kyamarar faranti, kuma a lokacin hunturu ne kawai don kada ciyayi su ɓoye tsarin ƙofofin. Baya ga wannan salon, ta kuma mayar da hankali kan wuraren shan giya, tagogi na shaguna da kuma Rheinauhafen na Düsseldorf. Ta ɗauki hotuna da yawa a cikin littattafan tarihinta da aka kiyaye da kyau. Ta fara rubuta littafin Rheinauhafen na Düsseldorf a shekarar 1978, wanda Thomas Struth ya ba da umarni tare da haɗin gwiwarsa da kuma wanda daga cikin tarinsa {{Interlanguage link|Stadtmuseum Düsseldorf|de}} ya shirya. ya sayi ayyuka 82 a shekarar 1981. Lokacin da Struth ta katse aikin daukar hotunanta a shekarar 1980, Ronkholz ta sadaukar da kanta kawai ga cikin tashar jiragen ruwa. Kamar yadda aka gina ɗakunan shan giya daga baya, ta ƙirƙiri wani rumbun adana hotuna na gine-ginen masana'antu. Jinkirin kalmomin yana da mahimmanci a gare ta, kamar yadda ta ce: "Wannan duniyar mai ban mamaki ba ta nan. Ina so in kama ta kafin komai ya lalace." Rukunin ayyukanta mafi girma shine na ɗakunan shan giya. Ronkholz ta sami zane-zanenta a [[Düsseldorf]], Bochum da [[Köln|Cologne]], da kuma wasu wurare na yankin Ruhr . Ta jaddada cewa: "Ba ni da sha'awar wani fanni na zamantakewa ko kuma a cikin zane, amma ina jin sha'awar rayuwar yau da kullun." Ina so in nuna kiosk ɗin da ke kusurwar da dukkan kyawunsa. "Wannan buƙatarta wataƙila ita ce ta samo asali daga tarin hotunanta na "tagogi na shaguna", waɗanda ta ɗauki hoto kafin ta daina ɗaukar hotunanta na kanta a shekarar 1985. <ref name="Van Ham Kunstauktionen" /> A Düsseldorf, Bernd Becher ne ya koyar da ita. <ref name="Metropolitan Museum of Art" /> == Gidaje == Kamfanin VAN HAM Art Estate ne ke kula da kadarorin masu daukar hoton tun daga shekarar 2011. Wannan ya haɗa da zane-zanenta, lambobin wayarta da kuma abubuwan da ba su dace ba, da kuma wasu sassan wasiƙunta da zane-zanenta daga aikinta na baya a matsayin mai zanen gida. Gidan da aka rubuta shi ma yana nan a wuri ɗaya tun daga shekarar 2011. A shekarar 2018, VAN HAM Art Estate ta kafa kwamitin kwararru don kula da kadarorinta a kimiyyance. == Tarin jama'a == Aikinta yana cikin tarin tarin kayan tarihi na Metropolitan Museum of Art, <ref name="Metropolitan Museum of Art">{{Cite web |title=Untitled (Rhine Port No. i 6.15) |url=https://www.metmuseum.org/art/collection/search/771465 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211024020718/https://www.metmuseum.org/art/collection/search/771465 |archive-date=24 October 2021 |access-date=24 October 2021 |website=[[Metropolitan Museum of Art]]}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://www.metmuseum.org/art/collection/search/771465 "Untitled (Rhine Port No. i 6.15)"]. ''[[Metropolitan Museum of Art]]''. [https://web.archive.org/web/20211024020718/https://www.metmuseum.org/art/collection/search/771465 Archived] from the original on 24 October 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">24 October</span> 2021</span>.</cite></ref> Museum of Fine Arts Houston, <ref name="MFAH">{{Cite web |title=Tata Ronkholz: Nr. 123 |url=https://emuseum.mfah.org/objects/70328/nr-123?ctx=dc4df708d60b93db3b10b44bc2f66e1b28a6360f&idx=40531 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211008145402/https://emuseum.mfah.org/objects/70328/nr-123?ctx=dc4df708d60b93db3b10b44bc2f66e1b28a6360f&idx=40531 |archive-date=8 October 2021 |access-date=31 January 2024 |website=[[Museum of Fine Arts, Houston]]}}</ref> Die Photographische Sammlung/SK Stiftung Kultur <ref name="DPS">{{Cite web |title=Collection A–Z |url=https://www.photographie-sk-kultur.de/en/sammlung-a-z/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211008145402/https://www.photographie-sk-kultur.de/en/sammlung-a-z/ |archive-date=8 October 2021 |website=[[Die Photographische Sammlung/SK Stiftung Kultur]]}}</ref> Gidan Tarihi na San Francisco na Art Modern, <ref name="SFMOMA">{{Cite web |title=Tata Ronkholz |url=https://www.sfmoma.org/artist/Tata_Ronkholz/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211024020717/https://www.sfmoma.org/artist/Tata_Ronkholz/ |archive-date=24 October 2021 |access-date=24 October 2021 |website=[[San Francisco Museum of Modern Art]]}}</ref> da Städel Museum, Frankfurt. <ref name="STADELMUSEUM">{{Cite web |title=Tata Ronkholz |url=https://sammlung.staedelmuseum.de/en/person/ronkholz-tata |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230929202316/https://sammlung.staedelmuseum.de/en/person/ronkholz-tata |archive-date=29 September 2023 |access-date=31 January 2024 |website=[[Städel]] |language=en}}</ref> == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Mutuwan 1997]] [[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1940]] 4j3syeqguc49zu19ys9em7fnt9piye9 895697 895696 2026-08-12T11:47:18Z Nnamadee 31123 895697 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Tata Ronkholz''' (1940–1997) ƙwararriyar mai ɗaukar hoto ce kuma mai zane a Jamus. Ta kasance memba na Makarantar Düsseldorf ta Düsseldorf . == Tarihin Rayuwa == An haifi Ronkholz a Krefeld a ƙarƙashin sunan budurwa Roswitha Tölle. Daga shekarar 1961 zuwa 1965 ta yi karatun gine-gine da zane-zanen ciki a Werkkunstschule Krefeld. Bayan ta yi aiki a shagon kayan daki na Schroer da ke Krefeld daga 1965 zuwa 1966, ta yi aiki a matsayin mai tsara kayayyaki mai zaman kansa har zuwa 1977. Ta haɗu da daukar hoto ta hanyar mijinta Coco Ronkholz, wanda ke da alhakin samar da kundin bayanai ga Bernd Becher . A cikin 1977, Ronkholz ya fara karatu a Kunstakademie Düsseldorf . Ta yi karatu a hannun Bernd Becher, daga 1978 zuwa 1985, wanda hakan ya sanya ta zama ɗaya daga cikin ɗaliban farko na Becher a Kwalejin Düsseldorf, tare da Andreas Gursky, [[Candida Höfer]], Axel Hütte, Thomas Ruff da Thomas Struth, wanda daga baya aka san shi da Makarantar Becher ko Makarantar Düsseldorf ta Düsseldorf . Bayan kammala karatunta, ta daina ɗaukar hotuna saboda dalilai na tattalin arziki kuma ta yi aiki a kamfanin ɗaukar hotuna na Cologne daga 1985 zuwa 1995 don rayuwa. A shekarar 1997, Tata Ronkholz ta mutu a Kendenich Castle kusa da [[Köln|Cologne]] . <ref name="Metropolitan Museum of Art">{{Cite web |title=Untitled (Rhine Port No. i 6.15) |url=https://www.metmuseum.org/art/collection/search/771465 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211024020718/https://www.metmuseum.org/art/collection/search/771465 |archive-date=24 October 2021 |access-date=24 October 2021 |website=[[Metropolitan Museum of Art]]}}</ref> <ref name="Van Ham Kunstauktionen">{{Cite web |title=Tata Ronkholz |url=https://www.art-estate.org/en/kuenstler/aktuelle-kuenstler/tata-ronkholz.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211024015657/https://www.art-estate.org/en/kuenstler/aktuelle-kuenstler/tata-ronkholz.html |archive-date=24 October 2021 |access-date=24 October 2021 |website=Van Ham Kunstauktionen}}</ref> A Düsseldorf, Bernd Becher ne ya koyar da ita. <ref name="Metropolitan Museum of Art" /> == Aiki == Aikin farko na Ronkholz ya kasance mai tsari mai tsauri da kuma tsari mai ginawa. Tun kafin ta fara karatu da Bernd da Hilla Becher a shekarar 1978, ta ɗauki hotunanta na farko masu baƙi da fari na ƙofofin masana'antu, tare da kyamarar faranti, kuma a lokacin hunturu ne kawai don kada ciyayi su ɓoye tsarin ƙofofin. Baya ga wannan salon, ta kuma mayar da hankali kan wuraren shan giya, tagogi na shaguna da kuma Rheinauhafen na Düsseldorf. Ta ɗauki hotuna da yawa a cikin littattafan tarihinta da aka kiyaye da kyau. Ta fara rubuta littafin Rheinauhafen na Düsseldorf a shekarar 1978, wanda Thomas Struth ya ba da umarni tare da haɗin gwiwarsa da kuma wanda daga cikin tarinsa {{Interlanguage link|Stadtmuseum Düsseldorf|de}} ya shirya. ya sayi ayyuka 82 a shekarar 1981. Lokacin da Struth ta katse aikin daukar hotunanta a shekarar 1980, Ronkholz ta sadaukar da kanta kawai ga cikin tashar jiragen ruwa. Kamar yadda aka gina ɗakunan shan giya daga baya, ta ƙirƙiri wani rumbun adana hotuna na gine-ginen masana'antu. Jinkirin kalmomin yana da mahimmanci a gare ta, kamar yadda ta ce: "Wannan duniyar mai ban mamaki ba ta nan. Ina so in kama ta kafin komai ya lalace." Rukunin ayyukanta mafi girma shine na ɗakunan shan giya. Ronkholz ta sami zane-zanenta a [[Düsseldorf]], Bochum da [[Köln|Cologne]], da kuma wasu wurare na yankin Ruhr . Ta jaddada cewa: "Ba ni da sha'awar wani fanni na zamantakewa ko kuma a cikin zane, amma ina jin sha'awar rayuwar yau da kullun." Ina so in nuna kiosk ɗin da ke kusurwar da dukkan kyawunsa. "Wannan buƙatarta wataƙila ita ce ta samo asali daga tarin hotunanta na "tagogi na shaguna", waɗanda ta ɗauki hoto kafin ta daina ɗaukar hotunanta na kanta a shekarar 1985. <ref name="Van Ham Kunstauktionen" /> A Düsseldorf, Bernd Becher ne ya koyar da ita. <ref name="Metropolitan Museum of Art" /> == Gidaje == Kamfanin VAN HAM Art Estate ne ke kula da kadarorin masu daukar hoton tun daga shekarar 2011. Wannan ya haɗa da zane-zanenta, lambobin wayarta da kuma abubuwan da ba su dace ba, da kuma wasu sassan wasiƙunta da zane-zanenta daga aikinta na baya a matsayin mai zanen gida. Gidan da aka rubuta shi ma yana nan a wuri ɗaya tun daga shekarar 2011. A shekarar 2018, VAN HAM Art Estate ta kafa kwamitin kwararru don kula da kadarorinta a kimiyyance. == Tarin jama'a == Aikinta yana cikin tarin tarin kayan tarihi na Metropolitan Museum of Art, <ref name="Metropolitan Museum of Art">{{Cite web |title=Untitled (Rhine Port No. i 6.15) |url=https://www.metmuseum.org/art/collection/search/771465 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211024020718/https://www.metmuseum.org/art/collection/search/771465 |archive-date=24 October 2021 |access-date=24 October 2021 |website=[[Metropolitan Museum of Art]]}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://www.metmuseum.org/art/collection/search/771465 "Untitled (Rhine Port No. i 6.15)"]. ''[[Metropolitan Museum of Art]]''. [https://web.archive.org/web/20211024020718/https://www.metmuseum.org/art/collection/search/771465 Archived] from the original on 24 October 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">24 October</span> 2021</span>.</cite></ref> Museum of Fine Arts Houston, <ref name="MFAH">{{Cite web |title=Tata Ronkholz: Nr. 123 |url=https://emuseum.mfah.org/objects/70328/nr-123?ctx=dc4df708d60b93db3b10b44bc2f66e1b28a6360f&idx=40531 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211008145402/https://emuseum.mfah.org/objects/70328/nr-123?ctx=dc4df708d60b93db3b10b44bc2f66e1b28a6360f&idx=40531 |archive-date=8 October 2021 |access-date=31 January 2024 |website=[[Museum of Fine Arts, Houston]]}}</ref> Die Photographische Sammlung/SK Stiftung Kultur <ref name="DPS">{{Cite web |title=Collection A–Z |url=https://www.photographie-sk-kultur.de/en/sammlung-a-z/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211008145402/https://www.photographie-sk-kultur.de/en/sammlung-a-z/ |archive-date=8 October 2021 |website=[[Die Photographische Sammlung/SK Stiftung Kultur]]}}</ref> Gidan Tarihi na San Francisco na Art Modern, <ref name="SFMOMA">{{Cite web |title=Tata Ronkholz |url=https://www.sfmoma.org/artist/Tata_Ronkholz/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211024020717/https://www.sfmoma.org/artist/Tata_Ronkholz/ |archive-date=24 October 2021 |access-date=24 October 2021 |website=[[San Francisco Museum of Modern Art]]}}</ref> da Städel Museum, Frankfurt. <ref name="STADELMUSEUM">{{Cite web |title=Tata Ronkholz |url=https://sammlung.staedelmuseum.de/en/person/ronkholz-tata |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230929202316/https://sammlung.staedelmuseum.de/en/person/ronkholz-tata |archive-date=29 September 2023 |access-date=31 January 2024 |website=[[Städel]] |language=en}}</ref> == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Mutuwan 1997]] [[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1940]] b0u7e9ws7ty6hm7d234vccua15hcpzy 0 163341 895698 2026-08-12T11:48:41Z Nnamadee 31123 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1366671964|Caroline Julie Anselme von Rothschild]]" 895698 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Fayil:Julie_von_Rothschild.jpg|thumb| Julie von Rothschild]] Freifrau '''Caroline Julie Anselme von Rothschild''' (an haife ta 2 Satumba 1830 a [[Frankfurt|Frankfurt am Main]] ; ta mutu 18 ga Nuwamba 1907 a cikin Pregny ) memba ce ta [[Rothschild (iyali)|dangin Rothschild]] . Ta kasance daga reshen gidan Austria . == Rayuwa == An haifi Julie von Rothschild a Frankfurt am Main a ranar 2 ga Satumba, 1830. <ref name="RA">{{Cite web |title=Caroline Julie Anselme (Julie) von Rothschild (1830–1907) – Rothschild Family |url=https://family.rothschildarchive.org/people/52-caroline-julie-anselme-julie-von-rothschild-1830-1907 |access-date=25 May 2026 |website=rothschildarchive.org |publisher=family.rothschildarchive.org |language=en}}</ref> Ita 'yar Charlotte Nathan Rothschild ce da Anselm Salomon von Rothschild, waɗanda suka karɓi ragamar kula da gidan banki na iyalin Viennese. A ranar 16 ga Oktoba, 1850, Julie von Rothschild ta auri ɗan uwanta Adolph Carl von Rothschild, wanda iyalin suka ba shi aikin kula da gidan banki na Neapolitan. Julie von Rothschild tana da sha'awar fasaha sosai, musamman kayan fasahar Faransa na ƙarni na 18; mijinta yana da irin wannan sha'awar kuma muhimmin mai tattara kayan fasaha ne. <ref name="RA">{{Cite web |title=Caroline Julie Anselme (Julie) von Rothschild (1830–1907) – Rothschild Family |url=https://family.rothschildarchive.org/people/52-caroline-julie-anselme-julie-von-rothschild-1830-1907 |access-date=25 May 2026 |website=rothschildarchive.org |publisher=family.rothschildarchive.org |language=en}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://family.rothschildarchive.org/people/52-caroline-julie-anselme-julie-von-rothschild-1830-1907 "Caroline Julie Anselme (Julie) von Rothschild (1830–1907) – Rothschild Family"]. ''rothschildarchive.org''. family.rothschildarchive.org<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">25 May</span> 2026</span>.</cite></ref> Ma'auratan sun mallaki wani gida a birnin Paris kuma sun gina wani gidan sarauta a Pregny a tafkin Geneva, wanda suka ƙaura a shekarar 1858. An rufe gidan banki na Rothschild da ke Naples a shekarar 1863 bayan da yanayin siyasa a Italiya ya canza. A shekarar 1860, Giuseppe Garibaldi ya kama Naples, kuma 'yan Rothschilds suka koma Gaeta . A shekarar 1865, Adolph Carl von Rothschild ya zama ɗan Rothschild na farko da aka biya daga haɗin gwiwar iyali. <ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Adolphe Carl von Rothschild (1823–1900) – Rothschild Family |url=https://family.rothschildarchive.org/people/43-adolphe-carl-von-rothschild-1823-1900 |access-date=25 May 2026 |website=rothschildarchive.org |publisher=family.rothschildarchive.org |language=en}}</ref> === Daukar hoto da rayuwar zamantakewa === Julie von Rothschild tana da sha'awar fasaha sosai, musamman kayan fasahar Faransa na ƙarni na 18; mijinta yana da irin wannan sha'awar kuma muhimmin mai tattara kayan fasaha ne. <ref name="RA" /> Ma'auratan sun mallaki wani gida a birnin Paris kuma sun gina wani gidan sarauta a Pregny a tafkin Geneva, wanda suka ƙaura a shekarar 1858. An rufe gidan banki na Rothschild da ke Naples a shekarar 1863 bayan da yanayin siyasa a Italiya ya canza. A shekarar 1860, Giuseppe Garibaldi ya kama Naples, kuma 'yan Rothschilds suka koma Gaeta . A shekarar 1865, Adolph Carl von Rothschild ya zama ɗan Rothschild na farko da aka biya daga haɗin gwiwar iyali. <ref name=":0" /> Adolph Carl von Rothschild ya mutu a shekarar 1900, bayan haka Julie von Rothschild ta koma Pregny. Duk da haka ta ci gaba da tallafawa asibitocin ido da Adolph Carl von Rothschild ya kafa kuma ya ba da kuɗi a Geneva da Paris bayan shi da kansa ya yi tiyatar ido bayan hatsarin jirgin ƙasa. An kafa gidauniyar kula da ido ga asibitoci; Julie von Rothschild ta ba ta jari kuma ta ci gaba da kula da ita. Lokacin da Julie von Rothschild ta mutu a Pregny a ranar 18 ga Nuwamba, 1907, ta bar dukiyarta ga Maurice de Rothschild . <ref name="RA">{{Cite web |title=Caroline Julie Anselme (Julie) von Rothschild (1830–1907) – Rothschild Family |url=https://family.rothschildarchive.org/people/52-caroline-julie-anselme-julie-von-rothschild-1830-1907 |access-date=25 May 2026 |website=rothschildarchive.org |publisher=family.rothschildarchive.org |language=en}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://family.rothschildarchive.org/people/52-caroline-julie-anselme-julie-von-rothschild-1830-1907 "Caroline Julie Anselme (Julie) von Rothschild (1830–1907) – Rothschild Family"]. ''rothschildarchive.org''. family.rothschildarchive.org<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">25 May</span> 2026</span>.</cite></ref> === La Gitana === [[Fayil:Getana_(1877),_steam_yacht_of_Julie_de_Rothschild_(cropped).jpg|thumb| ''La Gitana'', 1877]] A shekarar 1875, Julie von Rothschild ta ba da izinin jirgin ruwa mai suna ''La Gitana'', wanda aka harba a Tafkin Geneva a ranar 21 ga Satumba, 1876. Kamfanin jiragen ruwa na Ingila mai suna Thornycroft ne ya gina ''Gitana'' kuma tsawonsa ya kai mita 24.45. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Gitana: écurie de course au large fondée par le Baron Benjamin de Rothschild |url=http://www.gitana-team.com/en/saga_legendaryboats.aspx |access-date=1 June 2026 |website=gitana-team.com |publisher=www.gitana-team.com |language=en}}</ref> Asalin sunan ba shi da tabbas. A cewar wani hasashe, an san Julie von Rothschild a cikin iyalin a matsayin "La Gitane" ("matar Gypsy") kuma ta sanya mata sunan jirgin ruwanta mai tururi bayan wannan laƙabin; a cewar wani sigar, ƙaunar da take yi wa kiɗa ta zaburar da ita. An ce ta ji daɗin rawar da Gypsy Azucena ta taka a cikin fim ɗin Verdi 's ''Il trovatore'' . ''La Gitana'' wani harba ne mai tururi mai harsashin ƙarfe. A tafkin Geneva, ''La Gitana'' ta kai gudun ƙwallo 20.5. Wannan tarihi ne na duniya kuma ya sa Julie von Rothschild ta yi wa lakabi da "mace mafi sauri a cikin jirgin ruwa a duniya". <ref name="SKip">{{Cite web |last=Quentin Mayerat |date=2017 |title=Familiensaga: 140 Jahre Gitana |url=https://skippers.ch/de/aktuell/segeln-ozean/familiensaga-140-jahre-gitana-83198/ |access-date=1 June 2026 |website=skippers.ch |language=de-DE}}</ref> Tana da wani jirgin ruwa na biyu da Augustin Normand, wani kamfanin jiragen ruwa na Faransa ya gina a [[Le Havre]], wanda ya shahara saboda jiragen ruwansa masu sauri. Wannan jirgin ruwan ya kai tsawon mita 37. A shekarar 1898, ''Gitana II'' ta rufe hanyar daga Coppet zuwa Saint-Prex a tafkin Geneva a matsakaicin gudun knots 26.34 a cikin mintuna 34 da dakika 12, wanda hakan ya sanya sabon lokaci na tarihi. ''Gitana II'' tana da wurin shakatawa na bene, wurin zama na mata kawai, bandakuna biyu, kicin da ofis. Ta waɗannan jiragen ruwa, Rothschild ta kafa harsashin sha'awar iyalinta ga yin jirgin ruwa. <ref name="SKip" /> == Manazarta == fd3ds46ao6vd1ekgx72qstvzo1c2lrz 895699 895698 2026-08-12T11:49:07Z Nnamadee 31123 895699 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} [[Fayil:Julie_von_Rothschild.jpg|thumb| Julie von Rothschild]] Freifrau '''Caroline Julie Anselme von Rothschild''' (an haife ta 2 Satumba 1830 a [[Frankfurt|Frankfurt am Main]] ; ta mutu 18 ga Nuwamba 1907 a cikin Pregny ) memba ce ta [[Rothschild (iyali)|dangin Rothschild]] . Ta kasance daga reshen gidan Austria . == Rayuwa == An haifi Julie von Rothschild a Frankfurt am Main a ranar 2 ga Satumba, 1830. <ref name="RA">{{Cite web |title=Caroline Julie Anselme (Julie) von Rothschild (1830–1907) – Rothschild Family |url=https://family.rothschildarchive.org/people/52-caroline-julie-anselme-julie-von-rothschild-1830-1907 |access-date=25 May 2026 |website=rothschildarchive.org |publisher=family.rothschildarchive.org |language=en}}</ref> Ita 'yar Charlotte Nathan Rothschild ce da Anselm Salomon von Rothschild, waɗanda suka karɓi ragamar kula da gidan banki na iyalin Viennese. A ranar 16 ga Oktoba, 1850, Julie von Rothschild ta auri ɗan uwanta Adolph Carl von Rothschild, wanda iyalin suka ba shi aikin kula da gidan banki na Neapolitan. Julie von Rothschild tana da sha'awar fasaha sosai, musamman kayan fasahar Faransa na ƙarni na 18; mijinta yana da irin wannan sha'awar kuma muhimmin mai tattara kayan fasaha ne. <ref name="RA">{{Cite web |title=Caroline Julie Anselme (Julie) von Rothschild (1830–1907) – Rothschild Family |url=https://family.rothschildarchive.org/people/52-caroline-julie-anselme-julie-von-rothschild-1830-1907 |access-date=25 May 2026 |website=rothschildarchive.org |publisher=family.rothschildarchive.org |language=en}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://family.rothschildarchive.org/people/52-caroline-julie-anselme-julie-von-rothschild-1830-1907 "Caroline Julie Anselme (Julie) von Rothschild (1830–1907) – Rothschild Family"]. ''rothschildarchive.org''. family.rothschildarchive.org<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">25 May</span> 2026</span>.</cite></ref> Ma'auratan sun mallaki wani gida a birnin Paris kuma sun gina wani gidan sarauta a Pregny a tafkin Geneva, wanda suka ƙaura a shekarar 1858. An rufe gidan banki na Rothschild da ke Naples a shekarar 1863 bayan da yanayin siyasa a Italiya ya canza. A shekarar 1860, Giuseppe Garibaldi ya kama Naples, kuma 'yan Rothschilds suka koma Gaeta . A shekarar 1865, Adolph Carl von Rothschild ya zama ɗan Rothschild na farko da aka biya daga haɗin gwiwar iyali. <ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Adolphe Carl von Rothschild (1823–1900) – Rothschild Family |url=https://family.rothschildarchive.org/people/43-adolphe-carl-von-rothschild-1823-1900 |access-date=25 May 2026 |website=rothschildarchive.org |publisher=family.rothschildarchive.org |language=en}}</ref> === Daukar hoto da rayuwar zamantakewa === Julie von Rothschild tana da sha'awar fasaha sosai, musamman kayan fasahar Faransa na ƙarni na 18; mijinta yana da irin wannan sha'awar kuma muhimmin mai tattara kayan fasaha ne. <ref name="RA" /> Ma'auratan sun mallaki wani gida a birnin Paris kuma sun gina wani gidan sarauta a Pregny a tafkin Geneva, wanda suka ƙaura a shekarar 1858. An rufe gidan banki na Rothschild da ke Naples a shekarar 1863 bayan da yanayin siyasa a Italiya ya canza. A shekarar 1860, Giuseppe Garibaldi ya kama Naples, kuma 'yan Rothschilds suka koma Gaeta . A shekarar 1865, Adolph Carl von Rothschild ya zama ɗan Rothschild na farko da aka biya daga haɗin gwiwar iyali. <ref name=":0" /> Adolph Carl von Rothschild ya mutu a shekarar 1900, bayan haka Julie von Rothschild ta koma Pregny. Duk da haka ta ci gaba da tallafawa asibitocin ido da Adolph Carl von Rothschild ya kafa kuma ya ba da kuɗi a Geneva da Paris bayan shi da kansa ya yi tiyatar ido bayan hatsarin jirgin ƙasa. An kafa gidauniyar kula da ido ga asibitoci; Julie von Rothschild ta ba ta jari kuma ta ci gaba da kula da ita. Lokacin da Julie von Rothschild ta mutu a Pregny a ranar 18 ga Nuwamba, 1907, ta bar dukiyarta ga Maurice de Rothschild . <ref name="RA">{{Cite web |title=Caroline Julie Anselme (Julie) von Rothschild (1830–1907) – Rothschild Family |url=https://family.rothschildarchive.org/people/52-caroline-julie-anselme-julie-von-rothschild-1830-1907 |access-date=25 May 2026 |website=rothschildarchive.org |publisher=family.rothschildarchive.org |language=en}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://family.rothschildarchive.org/people/52-caroline-julie-anselme-julie-von-rothschild-1830-1907 "Caroline Julie Anselme (Julie) von Rothschild (1830–1907) – Rothschild Family"]. ''rothschildarchive.org''. family.rothschildarchive.org<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">25 May</span> 2026</span>.</cite></ref> === La Gitana === [[Fayil:Getana_(1877),_steam_yacht_of_Julie_de_Rothschild_(cropped).jpg|thumb| ''La Gitana'', 1877]] A shekarar 1875, Julie von Rothschild ta ba da izinin jirgin ruwa mai suna ''La Gitana'', wanda aka harba a Tafkin Geneva a ranar 21 ga Satumba, 1876. Kamfanin jiragen ruwa na Ingila mai suna Thornycroft ne ya gina ''Gitana'' kuma tsawonsa ya kai mita 24.45. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Gitana: écurie de course au large fondée par le Baron Benjamin de Rothschild |url=http://www.gitana-team.com/en/saga_legendaryboats.aspx |access-date=1 June 2026 |website=gitana-team.com |publisher=www.gitana-team.com |language=en}}</ref> Asalin sunan ba shi da tabbas. A cewar wani hasashe, an san Julie von Rothschild a cikin iyalin a matsayin "La Gitane" ("matar Gypsy") kuma ta sanya mata sunan jirgin ruwanta mai tururi bayan wannan laƙabin; a cewar wani sigar, ƙaunar da take yi wa kiɗa ta zaburar da ita. An ce ta ji daɗin rawar da Gypsy Azucena ta taka a cikin fim ɗin Verdi 's ''Il trovatore'' . ''La Gitana'' wani harba ne mai tururi mai harsashin ƙarfe. A tafkin Geneva, ''La Gitana'' ta kai gudun ƙwallo 20.5. Wannan tarihi ne na duniya kuma ya sa Julie von Rothschild ta yi wa lakabi da "mace mafi sauri a cikin jirgin ruwa a duniya". <ref name="SKip">{{Cite web |last=Quentin Mayerat |date=2017 |title=Familiensaga: 140 Jahre Gitana |url=https://skippers.ch/de/aktuell/segeln-ozean/familiensaga-140-jahre-gitana-83198/ |access-date=1 June 2026 |website=skippers.ch |language=de-DE}}</ref> Tana da wani jirgin ruwa na biyu da Augustin Normand, wani kamfanin jiragen ruwa na Faransa ya gina a [[Le Havre]], wanda ya shahara saboda jiragen ruwansa masu sauri. Wannan jirgin ruwan ya kai tsawon mita 37. A shekarar 1898, ''Gitana II'' ta rufe hanyar daga Coppet zuwa Saint-Prex a tafkin Geneva a matsakaicin gudun knots 26.34 a cikin mintuna 34 da dakika 12, wanda hakan ya sanya sabon lokaci na tarihi. ''Gitana II'' tana da wurin shakatawa na bene, wurin zama na mata kawai, bandakuna biyu, kicin da ofis. Ta waɗannan jiragen ruwa, Rothschild ta kafa harsashin sha'awar iyalinta ga yin jirgin ruwa. <ref name="SKip" /> == Manazarta == 52mbrz00phf13ql4m21z48yry0t6x8e 0 163342 895700 2026-08-12T11:50:31Z Umar A Muhammad 22698 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1332271013|Gulfisha Fatima]]" 895700 wikitext text/x-wiki  {{Reflist}}'''Gulfisha Fatima''' (an haife ta a shekara ta 1993) ɗaliba 'yar ƙasar Indiya ce mai fafutuka daga Delhi, wacce aka san ta da hannu a zanga-zangar adawa da Dokar 'Yan ƙasa (Gyara) ta 2019 (CAA) da kuma fafutukarta ta neman 'yancin addini da kuma rashin bin ƙa'ida. Ta sami kulawa sosai saboda rawar da ta taka a zanga-zangar lumana a Selampur, Delhi, waɗanda suka kasance wani ɓangare na babban zanga-zangar CAA a duk faɗin ƙasar, dokar da aka soki da zargin nuna wariya ga mata. [[Musulunci a Indiya|Musulmai a Indiya]]. == Rayuwa ta farko da ilimi == An haifi Gulfisha Fatima a cikin iyalin musulmi a Delhi . Ta tafi neman Urdu Honours daga Kwalejin Kirori Mal, Jami'ar Delhi, sannan ta kammala MBA daga Cibiyar Ilimi ta Gudanarwa a [[Ghaziabad]] . Tana aiki a matsayin mai kula da rediyo kafin a kama ta a shekarar 2020.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-01-08 |title=Mere presence at meeting not crime, Gulfisha Fatima to HC in Delhi pogrom UAPA case |url=https://maktoobmedia.com/india/mere-presence-at-meeting-not-crime-gulfisha-fatima-to-hc-in-delhi-pogrom-uapa-case/ |access-date=2025-01-02 |website=Maktoob media |language=en-US}}</ref><ref name=":0">{{Cite web |last=Noor |first=Aliza |date=2024-08-09 |title=A Family's Endless Wait For Their Gul — The Gulfisha Fatima Story |url=https://www.thequint.com/news/politics/a-familys-endless-wait-for-their-gul-the-gulfisha-fatima-story |access-date=2025-01-01 |website=TheQuint |language=en}}</ref> == Kamawa == An kama Fatima a ranar 9 ga Afrilu 2020, a lokacin zanga-zangar da ta shafi Rikicin Delhi na 2020, kuma tun daga lokacin an tuhume shi da manyan laifuka da yawa, gami da tashin hankali, makirci, da keta dokar haramtacciyar ayyukan (Kariya) (UAPA).<ref>{{Cite web |last= |date=2024-11-30 |title=Gulfisha, Khalid seeks bail on grounds of parity |url=https://sundayguardianlive.com/legally-speaking/gulfisha-khalid-seeks-bail-on-grounds-of-parity |access-date=2025-01-01 |website=The Sunday Guardian Live |language=en-US}}</ref> Mutane da yawa sun yi ta bayyana kama ta a matsayin abin da ya shafi siyasa, da nufin danne adawa da gwamnatin da jam'iyyar Bharatiya Janata Party (BJP) ke jagoranta. Duk da cewa an ba ta beli a wasu lokuta, har yanzu tana tsare saboda tuhume-tuhumen da ake yi mata a karkashin hukumar UAPA, wacce ta jawo hankalin duniya kuma ta yi kira da a sake ta daga kungiyoyin kare hakkin dan adam - Hukumar Amurka kan 'Yancin Addini ta Duniya<ref>{{Cite web |date=2020-08-18 |title=Delhi Riots: Gulfisha Fatima, Booked For Terrorism, Is Quiet, Studious And Has A Strong Sense Of Justice, Says Family |url=https://www.huffpost.com/archive/in/entry/delhi-riots-gulfisha-fatima-anti-caa-protests_in_5f3ac140c5b670ab17ae5a91 |access-date=2025-01-01 |website=[[HuffPost]] |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Delhi Riots: New Charges, Multiple Bail Rejections Keep Gulfisha Fatima Lodged in Jail for 3 Years |url=https://thewire.in/law/delhi-riots-new-charges-multiple-bail-rejections-keep-gulfisha-fatima-lodged-in-jail-for-3-years |access-date=2025-01-01 |website=The Wire |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2020-07-02 |title=Gulfisha Fatima |url=https://www.frontlinedefenders.org/en/profile/gulfisha-fatima |access-date=2025-01-01 |website=Front Line Defenders |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-12-30 |title=Gulfisha Fatima {{!}} USCIRF |url=https://www.uscirf.gov/religious-prisoners-conscience/forb-victims-database/gulfisha-fatima |access-date=2025-01-01 |website=[[United States Commission on International Religious Freedom]] |language=en}}</ref> == Kurkuku ba tare da shari'a ba == Fatima ta yi kusan shekaru biyar a tsare ba tare da wata shari'a ba a cikin wata shari'ar makirci mai rikitarwa, duk da zargi da aka yi wa kungiyoyin kare hakkin dan adam.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |last=Noor |first=Aliza |date=2024-08-09 |title=A Family's Endless Wait For Their Gul — The Gulfisha Fatima Story |url=https://www.thequint.com/news/politics/a-familys-endless-wait-for-their-gul-the-gulfisha-fatima-story |access-date=2025-01-01 |website=TheQuint |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Scroll Staff |date=2021-06-18 |title=Delhi violence: HC adjourns activist Gulfisha Fatima's plea for release, cites large number of cases |url=https://scroll.in/latest/997889/delhi-violence-hc-adjourns-activist-gulfisha-fatimas-plea-for-release-cites-large-number-of-cases |access-date=2025-01-01 |website=Scroll.in |language=en}}</ref> Shari'arta alama ce ta damuwa game da yadda ake bi da masu fafutuka da 'Yan tsiraru na addini a Indiya, musamman a cikin mahallin zanga-zangar CAA da tashin hankali da suka biyo baya a Delhi.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-11-11 |title=Northeast Delhi riots: SC declines to entertain bail plea of Gulfisha Fatima, directs high court to hear matter |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/delhi/northeast-delhi-riots-sc-gulfisha-fatima-bail-plea-9664403/ |access-date=2025-01-01 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Waiting for Gul: The Story of Gulfisha Fatima |url=https://thewire.in/rights/waiting-for-gul-the-story-of-gulfisha-fatima |access-date=2025-01-01 |website=The Wire |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Fatima |first=Heena |date=2024-09-19 |title=Families of Umar Khalid, Gulfisha Fatima call out VIP culture in bail. Want police reform |url=https://theprint.in/feature/around-town/families-of-umar-khalid-gulfisha-fatima-call-out-vip-culture-in-bail-want-police-reform/2274852/ |access-date=2025-01-01 |website=ThePrint |language=en-US}}</ref> == Ba'a == [[Kotun koli na Indiya|Kotun Koli ta Indiya]] ta ba da belin ga Fatima tare da Meeran Haider, Shifa ur Rehman, Mohammad Saleem Khan & Shadab Ahmed a ranar 3 ga Janairun 2026. Kotun ta lura cewa ɗaurin kurkuku na dogon lokaci ba tare da fara shari'a ba ya ba da belin. Bayan bin umarnin, an saki Fatima a ranar 7 ga Janairun 2026, bayan ya kwashe shekaru da yawa a tsare. == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1993]] fv63n6dtof1dk05bdmfrz3gz2pswpbw 895701 895700 2026-08-12T11:51:25Z Umar A Muhammad 22698 895701 wikitext text/x-wiki }{Databox}}  {{Reflist}}'''Gulfisha Fatima''' (an haife ta a shekara ta 1993) ɗaliba 'yar ƙasar Indiya ce mai fafutuka daga Delhi, wacce aka san ta da hannu a zanga-zangar adawa da Dokar 'Yan ƙasa (Gyara) ta 2019 (CAA) da kuma fafutukarta ta neman 'yancin addini da kuma rashin bin ƙa'ida. Ta sami kulawa sosai saboda rawar da ta taka a zanga-zangar lumana a Selampur, Delhi, waɗanda suka kasance wani ɓangare na babban zanga-zangar CAA a duk faɗin ƙasar, dokar da aka soki da zargin nuna wariya ga mata. [[Musulunci a Indiya|Musulmai a Indiya]]. == Rayuwa ta farko da ilimi == An haifi Gulfisha Fatima a cikin iyalin musulmi a Delhi . Ta tafi neman Urdu Honours daga Kwalejin Kirori Mal, Jami'ar Delhi, sannan ta kammala MBA daga Cibiyar Ilimi ta Gudanarwa a [[Ghaziabad]] . Tana aiki a matsayin mai kula da rediyo kafin a kama ta a shekarar 2020.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-01-08 |title=Mere presence at meeting not crime, Gulfisha Fatima to HC in Delhi pogrom UAPA case |url=https://maktoobmedia.com/india/mere-presence-at-meeting-not-crime-gulfisha-fatima-to-hc-in-delhi-pogrom-uapa-case/ |access-date=2025-01-02 |website=Maktoob media |language=en-US}}</ref><ref name=":0">{{Cite web |last=Noor |first=Aliza |date=2024-08-09 |title=A Family's Endless Wait For Their Gul — The Gulfisha Fatima Story |url=https://www.thequint.com/news/politics/a-familys-endless-wait-for-their-gul-the-gulfisha-fatima-story |access-date=2025-01-01 |website=TheQuint |language=en}}</ref> == Kamawa == An kama Fatima a ranar 9 ga Afrilu 2020, a lokacin zanga-zangar da ta shafi Rikicin Delhi na 2020, kuma tun daga lokacin an tuhume shi da manyan laifuka da yawa, gami da tashin hankali, makirci, da keta dokar haramtacciyar ayyukan (Kariya) (UAPA).<ref>{{Cite web |last= |date=2024-11-30 |title=Gulfisha, Khalid seeks bail on grounds of parity |url=https://sundayguardianlive.com/legally-speaking/gulfisha-khalid-seeks-bail-on-grounds-of-parity |access-date=2025-01-01 |website=The Sunday Guardian Live |language=en-US}}</ref> Mutane da yawa sun yi ta bayyana kama ta a matsayin abin da ya shafi siyasa, da nufin danne adawa da gwamnatin da jam'iyyar Bharatiya Janata Party (BJP) ke jagoranta. Duk da cewa an ba ta beli a wasu lokuta, har yanzu tana tsare saboda tuhume-tuhumen da ake yi mata a karkashin hukumar UAPA, wacce ta jawo hankalin duniya kuma ta yi kira da a sake ta daga kungiyoyin kare hakkin dan adam - Hukumar Amurka kan 'Yancin Addini ta Duniya<ref>{{Cite web |date=2020-08-18 |title=Delhi Riots: Gulfisha Fatima, Booked For Terrorism, Is Quiet, Studious And Has A Strong Sense Of Justice, Says Family |url=https://www.huffpost.com/archive/in/entry/delhi-riots-gulfisha-fatima-anti-caa-protests_in_5f3ac140c5b670ab17ae5a91 |access-date=2025-01-01 |website=[[HuffPost]] |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Delhi Riots: New Charges, Multiple Bail Rejections Keep Gulfisha Fatima Lodged in Jail for 3 Years |url=https://thewire.in/law/delhi-riots-new-charges-multiple-bail-rejections-keep-gulfisha-fatima-lodged-in-jail-for-3-years |access-date=2025-01-01 |website=The Wire |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2020-07-02 |title=Gulfisha Fatima |url=https://www.frontlinedefenders.org/en/profile/gulfisha-fatima |access-date=2025-01-01 |website=Front Line Defenders |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-12-30 |title=Gulfisha Fatima {{!}} USCIRF |url=https://www.uscirf.gov/religious-prisoners-conscience/forb-victims-database/gulfisha-fatima |access-date=2025-01-01 |website=[[United States Commission on International Religious Freedom]] |language=en}}</ref> == Kurkuku ba tare da shari'a ba == Fatima ta yi kusan shekaru biyar a tsare ba tare da wata shari'a ba a cikin wata shari'ar makirci mai rikitarwa, duk da zargi da aka yi wa kungiyoyin kare hakkin dan adam.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |last=Noor |first=Aliza |date=2024-08-09 |title=A Family's Endless Wait For Their Gul — The Gulfisha Fatima Story |url=https://www.thequint.com/news/politics/a-familys-endless-wait-for-their-gul-the-gulfisha-fatima-story |access-date=2025-01-01 |website=TheQuint |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Scroll Staff |date=2021-06-18 |title=Delhi violence: HC adjourns activist Gulfisha Fatima's plea for release, cites large number of cases |url=https://scroll.in/latest/997889/delhi-violence-hc-adjourns-activist-gulfisha-fatimas-plea-for-release-cites-large-number-of-cases |access-date=2025-01-01 |website=Scroll.in |language=en}}</ref> Shari'arta alama ce ta damuwa game da yadda ake bi da masu fafutuka da 'Yan tsiraru na addini a Indiya, musamman a cikin mahallin zanga-zangar CAA da tashin hankali da suka biyo baya a Delhi.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-11-11 |title=Northeast Delhi riots: SC declines to entertain bail plea of Gulfisha Fatima, directs high court to hear matter |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/delhi/northeast-delhi-riots-sc-gulfisha-fatima-bail-plea-9664403/ |access-date=2025-01-01 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Waiting for Gul: The Story of Gulfisha Fatima |url=https://thewire.in/rights/waiting-for-gul-the-story-of-gulfisha-fatima |access-date=2025-01-01 |website=The Wire |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Fatima |first=Heena |date=2024-09-19 |title=Families of Umar Khalid, Gulfisha Fatima call out VIP culture in bail. Want police reform |url=https://theprint.in/feature/around-town/families-of-umar-khalid-gulfisha-fatima-call-out-vip-culture-in-bail-want-police-reform/2274852/ |access-date=2025-01-01 |website=ThePrint |language=en-US}}</ref> == Ba'a == [[Kotun koli na Indiya|Kotun Koli ta Indiya]] ta ba da belin ga Fatima tare da Meeran Haider, Shifa ur Rehman, Mohammad Saleem Khan & Shadab Ahmed a ranar 3 ga Janairun 2026. Kotun ta lura cewa ɗaurin kurkuku na dogon lokaci ba tare da fara shari'a ba ya ba da belin. Bayan bin umarnin, an saki Fatima a ranar 7 ga Janairun 2026, bayan ya kwashe shekaru da yawa a tsare. == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1993]] ngyenomv5dxbd8cjwvr3c8ymfdd9a1k 895703 895701 2026-08-12T11:51:57Z Umar A Muhammad 22698 895703 wikitext text/x-wiki {{{Databox}}  {{Reflist}}'''Gulfisha Fatima''' (an haife ta a shekara ta 1993) ɗaliba 'yar ƙasar Indiya ce mai fafutuka daga Delhi, wacce aka san ta da hannu a zanga-zangar adawa da Dokar 'Yan ƙasa (Gyara) ta 2019 (CAA) da kuma fafutukarta ta neman 'yancin addini da kuma rashin bin ƙa'ida. Ta sami kulawa sosai saboda rawar da ta taka a zanga-zangar lumana a Selampur, Delhi, waɗanda suka kasance wani ɓangare na babban zanga-zangar CAA a duk faɗin ƙasar, dokar da aka soki da zargin nuna wariya ga mata. [[Musulunci a Indiya|Musulmai a Indiya]]. == Rayuwa ta farko da ilimi == An haifi Gulfisha Fatima a cikin iyalin musulmi a Delhi . Ta tafi neman Urdu Honours daga Kwalejin Kirori Mal, Jami'ar Delhi, sannan ta kammala MBA daga Cibiyar Ilimi ta Gudanarwa a [[Ghaziabad]] . Tana aiki a matsayin mai kula da rediyo kafin a kama ta a shekarar 2020.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-01-08 |title=Mere presence at meeting not crime, Gulfisha Fatima to HC in Delhi pogrom UAPA case |url=https://maktoobmedia.com/india/mere-presence-at-meeting-not-crime-gulfisha-fatima-to-hc-in-delhi-pogrom-uapa-case/ |access-date=2025-01-02 |website=Maktoob media |language=en-US}}</ref><ref name=":0">{{Cite web |last=Noor |first=Aliza |date=2024-08-09 |title=A Family's Endless Wait For Their Gul — The Gulfisha Fatima Story |url=https://www.thequint.com/news/politics/a-familys-endless-wait-for-their-gul-the-gulfisha-fatima-story |access-date=2025-01-01 |website=TheQuint |language=en}}</ref> == Kamawa == An kama Fatima a ranar 9 ga Afrilu 2020, a lokacin zanga-zangar da ta shafi Rikicin Delhi na 2020, kuma tun daga lokacin an tuhume shi da manyan laifuka da yawa, gami da tashin hankali, makirci, da keta dokar haramtacciyar ayyukan (Kariya) (UAPA).<ref>{{Cite web |last= |date=2024-11-30 |title=Gulfisha, Khalid seeks bail on grounds of parity |url=https://sundayguardianlive.com/legally-speaking/gulfisha-khalid-seeks-bail-on-grounds-of-parity |access-date=2025-01-01 |website=The Sunday Guardian Live |language=en-US}}</ref> Mutane da yawa sun yi ta bayyana kama ta a matsayin abin da ya shafi siyasa, da nufin danne adawa da gwamnatin da jam'iyyar Bharatiya Janata Party (BJP) ke jagoranta. Duk da cewa an ba ta beli a wasu lokuta, har yanzu tana tsare saboda tuhume-tuhumen da ake yi mata a karkashin hukumar UAPA, wacce ta jawo hankalin duniya kuma ta yi kira da a sake ta daga kungiyoyin kare hakkin dan adam - Hukumar Amurka kan 'Yancin Addini ta Duniya<ref>{{Cite web |date=2020-08-18 |title=Delhi Riots: Gulfisha Fatima, Booked For Terrorism, Is Quiet, Studious And Has A Strong Sense Of Justice, Says Family |url=https://www.huffpost.com/archive/in/entry/delhi-riots-gulfisha-fatima-anti-caa-protests_in_5f3ac140c5b670ab17ae5a91 |access-date=2025-01-01 |website=[[HuffPost]] |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Delhi Riots: New Charges, Multiple Bail Rejections Keep Gulfisha Fatima Lodged in Jail for 3 Years |url=https://thewire.in/law/delhi-riots-new-charges-multiple-bail-rejections-keep-gulfisha-fatima-lodged-in-jail-for-3-years |access-date=2025-01-01 |website=The Wire |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2020-07-02 |title=Gulfisha Fatima |url=https://www.frontlinedefenders.org/en/profile/gulfisha-fatima |access-date=2025-01-01 |website=Front Line Defenders |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-12-30 |title=Gulfisha Fatima {{!}} USCIRF |url=https://www.uscirf.gov/religious-prisoners-conscience/forb-victims-database/gulfisha-fatima |access-date=2025-01-01 |website=[[United States Commission on International Religious Freedom]] |language=en}}</ref> == Kurkuku ba tare da shari'a ba == Fatima ta yi kusan shekaru biyar a tsare ba tare da wata shari'a ba a cikin wata shari'ar makirci mai rikitarwa, duk da zargi da aka yi wa kungiyoyin kare hakkin dan adam.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |last=Noor |first=Aliza |date=2024-08-09 |title=A Family's Endless Wait For Their Gul — The Gulfisha Fatima Story |url=https://www.thequint.com/news/politics/a-familys-endless-wait-for-their-gul-the-gulfisha-fatima-story |access-date=2025-01-01 |website=TheQuint |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Scroll Staff |date=2021-06-18 |title=Delhi violence: HC adjourns activist Gulfisha Fatima's plea for release, cites large number of cases |url=https://scroll.in/latest/997889/delhi-violence-hc-adjourns-activist-gulfisha-fatimas-plea-for-release-cites-large-number-of-cases |access-date=2025-01-01 |website=Scroll.in |language=en}}</ref> Shari'arta alama ce ta damuwa game da yadda ake bi da masu fafutuka da 'Yan tsiraru na addini a Indiya, musamman a cikin mahallin zanga-zangar CAA da tashin hankali da suka biyo baya a Delhi.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-11-11 |title=Northeast Delhi riots: SC declines to entertain bail plea of Gulfisha Fatima, directs high court to hear matter |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/delhi/northeast-delhi-riots-sc-gulfisha-fatima-bail-plea-9664403/ |access-date=2025-01-01 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Waiting for Gul: The Story of Gulfisha Fatima |url=https://thewire.in/rights/waiting-for-gul-the-story-of-gulfisha-fatima |access-date=2025-01-01 |website=The Wire |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Fatima |first=Heena |date=2024-09-19 |title=Families of Umar Khalid, Gulfisha Fatima call out VIP culture in bail. Want police reform |url=https://theprint.in/feature/around-town/families-of-umar-khalid-gulfisha-fatima-call-out-vip-culture-in-bail-want-police-reform/2274852/ |access-date=2025-01-01 |website=ThePrint |language=en-US}}</ref> == Ba'a == [[Kotun koli na Indiya|Kotun Koli ta Indiya]] ta ba da belin ga Fatima tare da Meeran Haider, Shifa ur Rehman, Mohammad Saleem Khan & Shadab Ahmed a ranar 3 ga Janairun 2026. Kotun ta lura cewa ɗaurin kurkuku na dogon lokaci ba tare da fara shari'a ba ya ba da belin. Bayan bin umarnin, an saki Fatima a ranar 7 ga Janairun 2026, bayan ya kwashe shekaru da yawa a tsare. == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1993]] 0vn8vr3llv3fdzrewuks7fsrhnpkq73 0 163343 895702 2026-08-12T11:51:55Z Abdurra'uf 23412 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1319067063|Gregor Robertson (footballer)]]" 895702 wikitext text/x-wiki   '''Gregor Aedan Robertson''' (an haife shi a ranar 19 ga Janairu 1984) ɗan jaridar wasanni ne ɗan ƙasar Scotland kuma tsohon ƙwararren [[Kungiyar Kwallon Kafa|ɗan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa]] wanda ya buga wasa a matsayin [[Mai buga baya|ɗan baya na hagu]] daga 2002 zuwa 2016. A lokacin aikinsa, Robertson ya buga wa [[Nottingham Forest FC|Nottingham Forest]], Rotherham United, Chesterfield, [[Crewe Alexandra FC|Crewe Alexandra]] da Northampton Town da kuma Grimsby Town wasa. Ya kuma wakilci Scotland a matakin 'yan ƙasa da shekara 21. == Aikin kulob == === Nottingham Forest === An haife shi a [[Edinburgh]], Robertson ya fara aikinsa a matsayin ƙarami a tsarin matasa na Heart of Midlothian amma ya koma kudu da iyaka don shiga [[Nottingham Forest FC|Nottingham Forest]] lokacin da yake da shekaru 17 a watan Fabrairun 2001. Bayan ya ci gaba a makarantar horar da 'yan wasan Reds, Robertson ya fara buga wasa a watan Satumba na 2003 a wasan da suka yi da Tranmere Rovers a gasar League Cup, wanda Forest ta lashe a bugun fenariti bayan an tashi babu ci. Ya fara buga gasar Championship a wasan da suka yi da Derby County kwanaki hudu bayan haka a matsayin wanda ya maye gurbinsa a wasan da suka tashi kunnen doki 1-1 a filin wasa na City Ground . Cikakken wasansa na farko a gasar ya faru ne a mako mai zuwa a wasan da suka yi da Preston North End a wasan da suka sha kashi a gida da ci 1-0. A ranar 28 ga Mayu 2004, shugaba Joe Kinnear ya yi wa Robertson tayin sabuwar kwangila ta shekara ɗaya. A ranar 10 ga Mayu 2005, manaja Gary Megson ya sake shi. [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1984]] mwqlvelh2ob5sp36n614l0g2dezx6ge 895704 895702 2026-08-12T11:52:09Z Abdurra'uf 23412 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1319067063|Gregor Robertson (footballer)]]" 895704 wikitext text/x-wiki   '''Gregor Aedan Robertson''' (an haife shi a ranar 19 ga Janairu 1984) ɗan jaridar wasanni ne ɗan ƙasar Scotland kuma tsohon ƙwararren [[Kungiyar Kwallon Kafa|ɗan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa]] wanda ya buga wasa a matsayin [[Mai buga baya|ɗan baya na hagu]] daga 2002 zuwa 2016. A lokacin aikinsa, Robertson ya buga wa [[Nottingham Forest FC|Nottingham Forest]], Rotherham United, Chesterfield, [[Crewe Alexandra FC|Crewe Alexandra]] da Northampton Town da kuma Grimsby Town wasa. Ya kuma wakilci Scotland a matakin 'yan ƙasa da shekara 21. == Aikin kulob == === Nottingham Forest === An haife shi a [[Edinburgh]], Robertson ya fara aikinsa a matsayin ƙarami a tsarin matasa na Heart of Midlothian amma ya koma kudu da iyaka don shiga [[Nottingham Forest FC|Nottingham Forest]] lokacin da yake da shekaru 17 a watan Fabrairun 2001. Bayan ya ci gaba a makarantar horar da 'yan wasan Reds, Robertson ya fara buga wasa a watan Satumba na 2003 a wasan da suka yi da Tranmere Rovers a gasar League Cup, wanda Forest ta lashe a bugun fenariti bayan an tashi babu ci. Ya fara buga gasar Championship a wasan da suka yi da Derby County kwanaki hudu bayan haka a matsayin wanda ya maye gurbinsa a wasan da suka tashi kunnen doki 1-1 a filin wasa na City Ground . Cikakken wasansa na farko a gasar ya faru ne a mako mai zuwa a wasan da suka yi da Preston North End a wasan da suka sha kashi a gida da ci 1-0. A ranar 28 ga Mayu 2004, shugaba Joe Kinnear ya yi wa Robertson tayin sabuwar kwangila ta shekara ɗaya. A ranar 10 ga Mayu 2005, manaja Gary Megson ya sake shi. Robertson ya buga wasanni 44 a ƙungiyar Nottingham Forest. === Rotherham United === A watan Yunin 2005, Robertson ya sanya hannu kan yarjejeniyar zuwa League One Rotherham United a kan yarjejeniyar canja wuri kyauta. Ya fara buga wasa a karon farko a wasan da Walsall ta sha kashi da ci 2-1 a gida a wasan farko na kakar wasa ta bana. [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1984]] k647uixtxlzorrsexy19we4g15y051q 895706 895704 2026-08-12T11:52:40Z Abdurra'uf 23412 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1319067063|Gregor Robertson (footballer)]]" 895706 wikitext text/x-wiki   '''Gregor Aedan Robertson''' (an haife shi a ranar 19 ga Janairu 1984) ɗan jaridar wasanni ne ɗan ƙasar Scotland kuma tsohon ƙwararren [[Kungiyar Kwallon Kafa|ɗan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa]] wanda ya buga wasa a matsayin [[Mai buga baya|ɗan baya na hagu]] daga 2002 zuwa 2016. A lokacin aikinsa, Robertson ya buga wa [[Nottingham Forest FC|Nottingham Forest]], Rotherham United, Chesterfield, [[Crewe Alexandra FC|Crewe Alexandra]] da Northampton Town da kuma Grimsby Town wasa. Ya kuma wakilci Scotland a matakin 'yan ƙasa da shekara 21. == Aikin kulob == === Nottingham Forest === An haife shi a [[Edinburgh]], Robertson ya fara aikinsa a matsayin ƙarami a tsarin matasa na Heart of Midlothian amma ya koma kudu da iyaka don shiga [[Nottingham Forest FC|Nottingham Forest]] lokacin da yake da shekaru 17 a watan Fabrairun 2001. Bayan ya ci gaba a makarantar horar da 'yan wasan Reds, Robertson ya fara buga wasa a watan Satumba na 2003 a wasan da suka yi da Tranmere Rovers a gasar League Cup, wanda Forest ta lashe a bugun fenariti bayan an tashi babu ci. Ya fara buga gasar Championship a wasan da suka yi da Derby County kwanaki hudu bayan haka a matsayin wanda ya maye gurbinsa a wasan da suka tashi kunnen doki 1-1 a filin wasa na City Ground . Cikakken wasansa na farko a gasar ya faru ne a mako mai zuwa a wasan da suka yi da Preston North End a wasan da suka sha kashi a gida da ci 1-0. A ranar 28 ga Mayu 2004, shugaba Joe Kinnear ya yi wa Robertson tayin sabuwar kwangila ta shekara ɗaya. A ranar 10 ga Mayu 2005, manaja Gary Megson ya sake shi. Robertson ya buga wasanni 44 a ƙungiyar Nottingham Forest. === Rotherham United === A watan Yunin 2005, Robertson ya sanya hannu kan yarjejeniyar zuwa League One Rotherham United a kan yarjejeniyar canja wuri kyauta. Ya fara buga wasa a karon farko a wasan da Walsall ta sha kashi da ci 2-1 a gida a wasan farko na kakar wasa ta bana. Robertson ya shafe shekaru biyu a kulob din yana buga wasanni 56 kuma ya zura kwallo daya a wasan da [[Swansea City A.F.C.|Swansea City]] ta doke su da ci 2-0 a filin wasa na Liberty . {{Blockquote|"Gregor can operate at left-back or on the left of midfield and will add much-needed steel to the Millers squad, he is strong, athletic and is the kind of young, mobile player I am looking for."|His former boss at Rotherham, [[Mick Harford]], speaking in May 2005.<ref name="Millers make move for Robertson"/>}} === Chesterfield === Robertson ya koma ƙungiyar League Two ta Chesterfield a kan kwantiragin shekaru biyu a watan Yunin 2007. Ya fara buga wasa a gasar Spireites ta farko a kakar wasa ta bana, inda aka tashi kunnen doki 0-0 da Chester City . Ya zura kwallonsa ta farko a kungiyar a wasan da suka doke Mansfield Town da ci 3-1 a wannan kakar, inda ya zura kwallo kai tsaye daga bugun kusurwa. A ranar 2 ga Yuli 2009, ya sanya hannu kan sabuwar yarjejeniya ta shekara ɗaya, wadda ta ci gaba da kasancewa a kulob din har zuwa Yuli 2011. A ranar 4 ga Oktoba 2009 ya zura kwallon da ta daidaita a minti na 15 a wasan da aka tashi 2-2 da Morecambe, inda ya manne da ƙwallon da Darren Currie ya buga sannan ya zura kwallo a raga daga nesa. A watan Nuwamba na 2009, Robertson ya samu karyewar ƙafa biyu a wani bugun da ba shi da lahani a wasan da suka buga da Carlisle a gasar cin kofin ƙwallon ƙafa ta gida. Bayan shekara guda yana jinya, ya koma buga wasa a watan Nuwamba na 2010 a wasan da suka yi da Harrow a zagaye na farko na gasar cin kofin FA . A ranar 8 ga Yuni 2010, ya sanya hannu kan sabuwar yarjejeniya ta shekara ɗaya. Robertson ya buga wasanni 23 a wannan kakar a kakar wasa ta 2010/11 a gasar League Two ta Chesterfield, inda ya yi nasara a tsakiyar fili a mafi yawan wasannin. Duk da haka, ya ji rauni a jijiyar Achilles da Hereford United a watan Afrilu, wanda hakan ya hana shi buga wasanni na ƙarshe na kakar wasa da kuma na gaba. [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1984]] qri1zny3hiqb034ovoa9ou45nuu0958 895709 895706 2026-08-12T11:53:45Z Abdurra'uf 23412 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1319067063|Gregor Robertson (footballer)]]" 895709 wikitext text/x-wiki   '''Gregor Aedan Robertson''' (an haife shi a ranar 19 ga Janairu 1984) ɗan jaridar wasanni ne ɗan ƙasar Scotland kuma tsohon ƙwararren [[Kungiyar Kwallon Kafa|ɗan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa]] wanda ya buga wasa a matsayin [[Mai buga baya|ɗan baya na hagu]] daga 2002 zuwa 2016. A lokacin aikinsa, Robertson ya buga wa [[Nottingham Forest FC|Nottingham Forest]], Rotherham United, Chesterfield, [[Crewe Alexandra FC|Crewe Alexandra]] da Northampton Town da kuma Grimsby Town wasa. Ya kuma wakilci Scotland a matakin 'yan ƙasa da shekara 21. == Aikin kulob == === Nottingham Forest === An haife shi a [[Edinburgh]], Robertson ya fara aikinsa a matsayin ƙarami a tsarin matasa na Heart of Midlothian amma ya koma kudu da iyaka don shiga [[Nottingham Forest FC|Nottingham Forest]] lokacin da yake da shekaru 17 a watan Fabrairun 2001. Bayan ya ci gaba a makarantar horar da 'yan wasan Reds, Robertson ya fara buga wasa a watan Satumba na 2003 a wasan da suka yi da Tranmere Rovers a gasar League Cup, wanda Forest ta lashe a bugun fenariti bayan an tashi babu ci. Ya fara buga gasar Championship a wasan da suka yi da Derby County kwanaki hudu bayan haka a matsayin wanda ya maye gurbinsa a wasan da suka tashi kunnen doki 1-1 a filin wasa na City Ground . Cikakken wasansa na farko a gasar ya faru ne a mako mai zuwa a wasan da suka yi da Preston North End a wasan da suka sha kashi a gida da ci 1-0. A ranar 28 ga Mayu 2004, shugaba Joe Kinnear ya yi wa Robertson tayin sabuwar kwangila ta shekara ɗaya. A ranar 10 ga Mayu 2005, manaja Gary Megson ya sake shi. Robertson ya buga wasanni 44 a ƙungiyar Nottingham Forest. === Rotherham United === A watan Yunin 2005, Robertson ya sanya hannu kan yarjejeniyar zuwa League One Rotherham United a kan yarjejeniyar canja wuri kyauta. Ya fara buga wasa a karon farko a wasan da Walsall ta sha kashi da ci 2-1 a gida a wasan farko na kakar wasa ta bana. Robertson ya shafe shekaru biyu a kulob din yana buga wasanni 56 kuma ya zura kwallo daya a wasan da [[Swansea City A.F.C.|Swansea City]] ta doke su da ci 2-0 a filin wasa na Liberty . {{Blockquote|"Gregor can operate at left-back or on the left of midfield and will add much-needed steel to the Millers squad, he is strong, athletic and is the kind of young, mobile player I am looking for."|His former boss at Rotherham, [[Mick Harford]], speaking in May 2005.<ref name="Millers make move for Robertson"/>}} === Chesterfield === Robertson ya koma ƙungiyar League Two ta Chesterfield a kan kwantiragin shekaru biyu a watan Yunin 2007. Ya fara buga wasa a gasar Spireites ta farko a kakar wasa ta bana, inda aka tashi kunnen doki 0-0 da Chester City . Ya zura kwallonsa ta farko a kungiyar a wasan da suka doke Mansfield Town da ci 3-1 a wannan kakar, inda ya zura kwallo kai tsaye daga bugun kusurwa. A ranar 2 ga Yuli 2009, ya sanya hannu kan sabuwar yarjejeniya ta shekara ɗaya, wadda ta ci gaba da kasancewa a kulob din har zuwa Yuli 2011. A ranar 4 ga Oktoba 2009 ya zura kwallon da ta daidaita a minti na 15 a wasan da aka tashi 2-2 da Morecambe, inda ya manne da ƙwallon da Darren Currie ya buga sannan ya zura kwallo a raga daga nesa. A watan Nuwamba na 2009, Robertson ya samu karyewar ƙafa biyu a wani bugun da ba shi da lahani a wasan da suka buga da Carlisle a gasar cin kofin ƙwallon ƙafa ta gida. Bayan shekara guda yana jinya, ya koma buga wasa a watan Nuwamba na 2010 a wasan da suka yi da Harrow a zagaye na farko na gasar cin kofin FA . A ranar 8 ga Yuni 2010, ya sanya hannu kan sabuwar yarjejeniya ta shekara ɗaya. Robertson ya buga wasanni 23 a wannan kakar a kakar wasa ta 2010/11 a gasar League Two ta Chesterfield, inda ya yi nasara a tsakiyar fili a mafi yawan wasannin. Duk da haka, ya ji rauni a jijiyar Achilles da Hereford United a watan Afrilu, wanda hakan ya hana shi buga wasanni na ƙarshe na kakar wasa da kuma na gaba. Robertson ya koma buga wasa a gasar League One a kakar wasa ta gaba a wasan da suka sha kashi a hannun Huddersfield Town da ci 1-0 a ranar Boxing Day kuma yana cikin tawagar da ta lashe Kofin Kwallon Kafa a wannan kakar. Robertson ya buga wasanni 133 a Chesterfield, inda ya zura kwallaye uku. === Crewe Alexandra === A watan Yulin 2012, Robertson ya koma ƙungiyar League One [[Crewe Alexandra FC|Crewe Alexandra]], inda ya sanya hannu kan yarjejeniyar shekaru biyu. <ref>{{Cite web |date=3 July 2013 |title=Crewe snap up ex-Chesterfield defender Gregor Robertson |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/football/18694556 |website=BBC Sport}}</ref> A ranar 16 ga Janairun 2014, kulob din ya dakatar da kwangilarsa da Gregor bayan ya buga wasanni 40 a dukkan gasannin da ya buga wa The Alex. <ref>{{Cite web |date=16 January 2014 |title=Robertson Leaves Club |url=http://www.crewealex.net/news/article/robertson-leaves-club-1298542.aspx |website=Crewe Alexandra FC}}</ref> === Garin Northampton === A ranar 4 ga Fabrairu 2014, Robertson ya amince ya koma ƙungiyar League Two ta Northampton Town kan yarjejeniyar har zuwa ƙarshen kakar wasa. <ref>{{Cite web |date=4 February 2014 |title=Gregor Robertson joins Northampton Town |url=http://www.ntfc.co.uk/news/article/gregor-robertson-joins-1339893.aspx |website=Northampton Town F.C.}}</ref> Ya buga wasanni 15 na gasar League a nasarar da kungiyar ta samu a kan faduwa daga gasar, inda Cobblers ta tabbatar da matsayinta na League Two da nasara 3-1 a kan [[Oxford United FC|Oxford United]] a ranar karshe ta kakar wasa. Robertson ya sanya hannu kan sabuwar kwangilar shekara ɗaya a ranar 23 ga Mayu 2014. <ref>{{Cite web |date=23 May 2014 |title=Gregor Robertson extends contract |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/football/27539521 |website=BBC Sport}}</ref> Northampton Town ta saki Gregor a ranar 20 ga Janairu, 2015. === Garin Grimsby === A ranar 26 ga Janairun 2015, Robertson ya sanya hannu a ƙungiyar Grimsby ta Conference Premier har zuwa ƙarshen kakar wasa. A ranar 11 ga Afrilun 2015, ya ji rauni a rabin farko na wasan kuma dole ne a sauya shi a lokacin hutun rabin lokaci, a wasan da suka sha kashi 1-0 a hannun Wrexham . An nuna cewa ya samu rauni a tsakiyar jijiyarsa, wanda hakan ke nufin cewa yakin neman zabensa zai ƙare. Abin mamaki, ya dawo cikin jerin 'yan wasan farko, saboda raunin da Josh Gowling ya samu a cinyarsa, Toto Nsiala ya koma matsayinsa na tsakiya da ya fi so bayan ya taba buga wasa a gefen dama yayin da Robertson ya ji rauni, amma a wasan karshe na gasar cin kofin Premier ta 2015 da Bristol Rovers a Wembley a ranar 17 ga Mayu 2015, sai da aka sauya shi a minti na 72, inda Daniel Parslow ya maye gurbinsa; bayan kunnen doki 1-1 bayan karin lokaci, Grimsby ya sha kashi 5-3 a bugun fenariti. A ranar 29 ga Mayu 2015, Robertson ya amince da sabuwar yarjejeniya ta shekara ɗaya da ƙungiyar. Ya buga wasan da Grimsby ta doke [[Forest Green Rovers FC|Forest Green Rovers]] da ci 3-1 a wasan karshe na gasar National League ta 2016 a Wembley, inda Grimsby ya samu ci gaba zuwa League Two bayan ya shafe shekaru shida ba ya bugawa kungiyar kwallon kafa ta Football League . An saki Robertson lokacin da kwangilarsa ta kare a ƙarshen kakar wasa. [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1984]] [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] 7zy48q8u25wqrgrysieb07sxktnqq4a 0 163344 895705 2026-08-12T11:52:27Z Nnamadee 31123 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1366750451|Doris Schoettler-Boll]]" 895705 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Doris Schöttler-Boll''' (an haife ta a ranar 3 ga Janairu 1945 a Noerdlingen ; ta mutu a ranar 29 ga Janairu 2015 a Essen) mawakiyar Jamus ce. An san ta da ayyukanta na de-constructive waɗanda ta bayyana da farko a matsayin sakamakon Photomontage da Collage . == Rayuwa da aiki == === Ina karatun fasaha a Essen da Düsseldorf (tare da Josef Beuys) === A shekarun 1960, Doris Schöttler-Boll ta zauna a Bochum inda mijinta Peter Schöttler ya shiga sashen tarihi na Jami'ar Ruhr Bochum . Ta yi karatun fasaha a Jami'ar Fasaha ta Folkwang, wata makarantar fasaha da ke [[Essen]] . A lokaci guda tana halartar laccoci a Bochum kuma ta kasance mai sha'awar fina- ''finan zane-zane'' wadda ta shafe lokaci mai tsawo tana kallon fina-finan fasaha a ƙungiyar fina-finan jami'ar Bochum. Bayan kammala karatunta a makarantar Folkwang, ta ci gaba da karatunta na ƙwararru a Kunstakademie Düsseldorf (Düsseldorf art academy) a matsayin ɗalibi ga Joseph Beuys daga 1970 zuwa 1974. A lokaci guda kuma, ta kasance babbar mai fafutukar yajin aikin haya a Bochum, kuma ta yi aiki a matsayin mai fasaha tare da yaran mutanen babban gidan haya na 'Girondelle' waɗanda ke ci gaba da yajin aikin haya. Tana kawo takarda da fenti ko launukan ruwa kuma tana ƙarfafa yaran su bayyana burinsu da sha'awarsu a bayyane. === Shekarun da suka gabata a birnin Paris === Lokacin da ta kammala karatunta a makarantar fasaha ta Düsseldorf, Doris Schöttler-Boll ta tafi [[Faris|Paris]] tare da mijinta wanda ɗalibi ne kuma mai fassara Louis Althusser . Tun daga tsakiyar shekarun 1970, ta haɗu da Jacques Derrida, Pierre Macherey, Étienne Balibar da Louis Althusser, waɗanda ake gayyatarsu zuwa gidajensu lokaci-lokaci tare da Peter Schöttler. Kafin ta tafi Paris, ta rubuta wa Derrida cewa dole ta 'saci' ra'ayinsa na rushe ginin domin hakan ya zama raguwa idan ta bayyana hanyar da take aiki a matsayin collage/montage kawai. A lokacin ne, a tsakiyar shekarun 1970, ta fara aiki a matsayin ƙwararren mai fasaha ('yanci' da 'yanci'; wani abu da take ci gaba da yi. === Kwararren mai zane, mai kula da harkokin mata, kuma malamar zane-zane ta mata a Bremen === A shekarar 1979, Doris Schöttler-Boll ta je [[Bremen]], tana aiki a matsayin mai zane amma kuma tana koyar da fannoni na fasaha da fasaha a Jami'ar Bremen daga 1979 zuwa 1986. Darussanta da nune-nunen da ta gudanar sun fi mayar da hankali kan batutuwan mata da kare hakkin jama'a. An kammala wani aikin fasaha da kuma kwas mai kama da juna wanda ya mayar da hankali kan jinsi a wani baje koli mai taken ''Gashi - Ko Neman Alamun Mata'' ''(Haare, ko Spurensuche des Weiblichen)'' . Wani aikin da ke nuna asalin mutum ya kai ga baje kolin ''Kundin Hotuna, Hotuna, Hotunan Kofin Mota'' ''(Hotunan Album, Porträtphotographie, Polizeiphotographie; 1980)'' . An riga an gabatar da wani baje kolin makamancin haka a Cibiyar Fasaha da Watsa Labarai Karlsruhe (ZKM Zentrum für Kunst und Medientechnologie a Karlsruhe, Jamus) da kusan shekaru ashirin. Darussan kan ''Mata da Fasaha'' (Frauen und Kunst) sun haifar da wani baje kolin da aka yi masa lakabi iri ɗaya (Frauen und Kunst, 1982) a Weserburg, da kuma ƙaramin kundin bayanai. Tun daga wannan lokacin, Doris Schöttler-Boll, wacce ta yi aiki tare da fitattun masu fasaha, ta yi aiki tare da yara, matan gida, ɗalibai da kuma masu fasaha masu tasowa. === Kuma, Essen === A shekarar 1985, an gayyaci Doris Schöttler-Boll ta zauna a [[Essen]] a matsayin mai zane-zane a wurin . A nan, ta zauna kuma ta yi aiki a ''gidan sarautar Borbeck'' ( [[Schloss Borbeck]] ). A lokacin da take Borbeck, ta shirya baje kolin "Unter einem Himmel (Beneath one and the same sky, 1988)," wanda ya jawo hankalin kafofin watsa labarai sosai. Baje kolin ya ƙunshi masu fasaha biyu a lokaci guda, namiji da mace masu sha'awar kwalliya. Ana sa ran haɗakar maza da mata zai bai wa jama'a damar gano halaye na musamman ga jinsi a cikin aikinsu. Nan Hoover (1931-2008) an nuna tare da Harald Falkenhagen, Doris Schöttler-Boll tare da [[Timm Ulrichs]] . Sauran mahalarta taron sun haɗa da Tony Morgan, Eu Nim Ro, Norbert Schwontkowski, Toto Frima, da sauransu. A lokacin bazara na shekarar 1988, alkalan kotun (Atelier-Vergabegremium) na Gidan Tarihi na Folkwang na birnin Essen sun yanke shawarar bai wa Doris Schöttler-Boll wani takamaiman nau'in tallafi wanda aka riga aka bai wa HA Schult da [[Herbert Lungwitz]] : zaman gida mara haya, ba tare da iyaka ba a cikin 'gidan fasaha' na birni (Atelierhaus). An bai wa Schult wuri a tsohuwar Makarantar Kaiser Otto. An bai wa Schöttler-Boll guraben karatu a tsohuwar Makarantar Pestalozzi. Wannan gidan 'Atelier' ya kasance gidan mai sassaka Lungwitz "tun (farkon) shekarun 1980." Ta gyara ɗakin studio, da kuma wurin da take zama, da kuɗinta kuma tana biyan kuɗin dumama da ruwa kawai. Amma saboda fa'idar kasancewa mai karɓar irin wannan tallafi ga masu fasaha (Kuenstlerfoerderung), tana da himma sosai wajen tsara da kuma shirya ayyukan da aka buɗe wa jama'a, musamman jerin gabatarwa masu taken "Mutane-Ayyuka-Hasashensu" (tun 9/9/1999). Tun 1996 Doris Schöttler-Boll ya kasance memba na Westdeutsche Künstlerbund, Ƙungiyar Ƙwararrun Ƙwararrun Jamus ta Yamma. Baya ga ayyukanta na ƙirƙira, Doris Schöttler-Boll ta kasance tana ɗaukar ciki, shiryawa da kuma tsara ayyukan da suka shafi fasaha a ''Atelierhaus für Kunst, Medien und Kommunication'' (Gidan fasaha don fasahar gani, kafofin watsa labarai da sadarwa) da ke [[Essen]] -Steele. Ta fara kuma ta tsara bayanai kan matasa da ba matasa ba, kuma ita ce babbar mai gabatar da ayyukan fasaha da suka shafi yara da matasa kuma ta gayyaci fitattun masu fasaha kamar [[Harun Farocki]], Urs Jaeggi, [[D. E. Sattler|DE Sattler]] da sauransu don gabatar da ra'ayoyinsu, su yi magana game da ayyukansu, da kuma yin muhawara da jama'a. Waɗannan gabatarwa (a ƙarƙashin taken '''"Mutane, Ayyuka, Ra'ayoyi"''' ) sun mayar da hankali kan zane, fim, adabi, ka'idar fasaha da aiki, yuwuwar "shiga tsakani" a cikin al'umma, yanayin zamantakewa na masu fasaha da kuma yanayin da ke ƙara yin tasiri ko mummunan tasiri ga ƙirƙirar fasaha. == Nunin baje koli guda ɗaya (zaɓi) == A watan Agusta da Satumba, 1987, Doris Schöttler-Boll ta yi wani baje kolin kayan tarihi na musamman a '''Landesmuseum Bonn''' (babban gidan tarihi na fasahar zamani a Bonn, babban birnin Yammacin [[Jamus]] a lokacin). Baje kolin, mai suna '''Dekonstruktionen oder vom Widersprechen in Bildern''' (Dekonstructions or Contradicting by way of images), Farfesa [[Klaus Honnef]] ne ya shirya shi, masanin tarihi na fasaha wanda ya mayar da hankali kan fasahar hoto / daukar hoto. Daga baya, ta kuma yi nunin kayan tarihi kai tsaye a ''Gidan Tarihi na Clemens-Sels'' da ke Neuss (birnin [[Düsseldorf]] na biyu, a gefen hagu na Rhine ) da kuma a ''Gidan Tarihi na Bochum'' da ke Bochum, Jamus. == Nunin rukuni (zaɓi) == * '''Unter einem Himmel''' (tare da Harald Falkenhagen, Nan Hoover, Tony Morgan, Eu-Nim Roh, Norbert Schwontkowski, Doris Schöttler-Boll, Timm Ulrichs, et al.), Gallery na Schloss Borbeck, [[Essen]] (1985) * '''Schattengrenze''' (tare da Rose Finn-Kelcey, Alison Knowles, Pat Olesko, Ulrike Rosenbach, Doris Schöttler-Boll da sauransu) a Weserburg a [[Bremen]] (1985) * '''Benutzen Fotos''' (tare da Harald Falkenhagen, Norbert Schwontkowski, Doris Schöttler-Boll...) a Forum Boettcherstrasse, [[Bremen]] (1986) * '''L'Art Allemand aujourd'hui''' a Gallery of the European Council, EU-Building, Brussels (1988) * '''Der Raum''' (tare da Jürgen Albrecht, Susanne Bollenhagen, U. Dürrenfeld, Harald Frackmann, Joachim Fliegner, Werner Fröning, Markus Felthaus, Barbara Hamann, Marikke Heinz-Hoek, Ute Ihlenfeldt, Gabriele Konsor, Thomas Kaufhold, Harald Frackmann, Harald Frackmann, Michael Lang Lang. Doris Schöttler-Boll, Wolfgang Spengler, Norbert Schwontkowski, Otto Völker, Wolfgang Wagner-Kutschker), Gesellschaft für aktuelle Kunst (GAK), Bremen, Satumba-Oktoba 1987. * '''Kai, juyin juya hali?''' (tare da Eduardo Arroyo, Jochen Gerz, Jiří Hilmar, Urs Jaeggi, Tadeusz Kantor, Jiří Kolář, Doris Schöttler-Boll, Klaus Staeck, et al.), Museum Bochum, Bochum (1989) Sauran nune-nunen (solo ko nunin rukuni) sun faru a Kunstamt Neukoelln ( [[Berlin]] ), da Fotoforum Bremen ( [[Bremen]] ), da Steintorgalerie ( [[Bremen]] ), gidan kayan gargajiya na Weserburg ( [[Bremen]] ), Museum Ehrenhof ( [[Düsseldorf]] ), Gidan kayan gargajiya Gelsenkirchen ( [[Gelsenkirchen|Gelsenkirns]] ), O Studiouse, da Schberha Studiouse . Stollwerkfabrik ( [[Köln|Cologne]] ), da sauransu. Dukansu mujallar fasaha ''ta Weltkunst'' (Global Art) da mujallar mata, EMMA (mujallar) (edited by [[Alice Schwarzer]] ) sun lura da nunin ta a Neuss . Nunin '''Toto Frima (Amsterdam) und Doris Schöttler-Boll (Bremen)''' wanda ya gudana a cikin "Fotoforum," gidan kayan gargajiya a [[Bremen]], ''Fotomagazin'' (Jg. 1984) ya ambata da kuma a cikin ''Bremische Chronik'' . A [[Essen]], fitaccen mai zane Werner Ruhnau wanda ya riga ya yi aiki tare da Yves Klein lokacin da ya yi sabon gidan wasan kwaikwayo na Musiktheater im Revier (wanda ke a filin Kennedy da ke [[Gelsenkirchen]] ) ya zaɓi Doris Schöttler-Boll da Monika Guenther a matsayin masu fasaha masu haɗin gwiwa lokacin da ya sake fasalin [[Grillo Theater|gidan wasan kwaikwayo na Grillo]] . <ref>See: Helga Mohaupt, Werner Ruhnau, Das Grillo-Theater: Geschichte eines Essener Theaterbaus 1892–1990. Bonn (Bouvier) 1990, p.65. See also {{Cite web |title=Kunstwerden - Baukunst |url=http://www.kunstwerden.de/ausstellungen/Baukunst/baukunst.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140202101529/http://www.kunstwerden.de/ausstellungen/Baukunst/baukunst.html |archive-date=2014-02-02 |access-date=2012-08-27}} and {{Cite web |title=Archived copy |url=http://www.ruhnau.info/VITA/vita.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100106075422/http://www.ruhnau.info/VITA/vita.html |archive-date=2010-01-06 |access-date=2012-08-27}}</ref> A lokacin rani na 2012, an nuna hotuna / montages na Doris Schöttler-Boll a ''Staedtische Galerie Bremen'' (Bremen gundumomi gallery) a cikin wani nuni mai suna '''''Tiefenschaerfe''''' wanda ya hada da ayyukan Kirista Boltanski, Remigiusz Borda, Pierre Boucher, Ger Dekkers, Harald Hekker Falken Claudia Medeiros Cardoso, Sigmar Polke, Norbert Schwontkowski, da Wols, da sauransu. Shahararren masanin tarihin fasaha Klaus Honnef ne ya gabatar da jawabin bude taron. == Sharhi == Farfesa Klaus Honnef, ƙwararriya a fannin daukar hoto a matsayin fasaha, ta gabatar da wani babban baje kolin ayyukanta a Bonn, Yammacin Jamus. Josef Beuys ta rubuta game da tsarin fasaharta cewa yana guje wa tsauraran ra'ayoyi na ado da kuma ra'ayin siyasa na gefe ɗaya. A ra'ayinsa, amfanin irin wannan hanyar ya yi yawa. Da take tsokaci kan ayyukanta da aka nuna a shekarar 1987 a gidan adana kayan tarihi na Bonn Landesmuseum, Farfesa Klaus Honnef ta bayyana cewa Schöttler-Boll “ta san sirrin ikon jan hankali na daukar hoto, wanda ‘muke sanya imani a kai,’ kamar yadda André Bazin ya rubuta. Ta san game da wannan sha'awa amma duk da haka, ba ta yarda da hakan ba. Amma ba ta ɗauka da girman kai cewa tana da wannan ka'idar ko matsayin Archimedean wanda zai ba ta damar fallasa ingancin duniyar daukar hoto na hotuna. Ta san, bayan haka, cewa waɗannan duniyoyin suna nuna wanzuwar zamantakewa da sanin ya kamata.” Honnef ta lura cewa mai zane ta yi amfani da "gudaje na hotunan kasuwanci" (Versatzstücke kommerzieller Bilderwelten) lokacin da ta ƙirƙiri ayyukan da aka zaɓa don baje kolin. "Tana dogara ne akan collage da montage kuma tana ɗaukar hoton sakamakon don rufe gibin da ke saman. Duk da cewa ta yi amfani da almakashi don lalata ainihin kayan, ba ta taɓa yin amfani da ƙarfi ba." Farfesa Marianne Schuller ta tattauna game da haɗakar da Schöttler-Boll ya kammala don Gidan Wasan Kwaikwayo na Grillo (wanda mai ginin [[Werner Ruhnau]] ya sake ginawa kuma ya sabunta shi). An sadaukar da ayyukan Schöttler-Boll ga mawakan Jamus guda biyu masu ban tausayi, Heinrich von Kleist (1777–1811), wani ɗan ƙasar Prussia da aka tilasta wa kashe kansa sakamakon wata mummunar fahimtar al'adu da zamantakewa, da kuma Georg Büchner (1813–1837), marubucin Woyzeck (wasan kwaikwayo na kusan ba zato ba tsammani game da wani ma'aikaci da manyan sojoji suka tilasta wa kashe matashiyar da yake ƙauna) - amma kuma marubucin 'Hessische Landbote ( The Hessian Courier ),' wani ƙaramin littafi mai juyin juya hali da aka yi wa talakawan karkara wanda aka yaɗa ba tare da an ambaci sunansa ba a yankin Hessian. Aikinta ya ƙunshi hotunan da aka yi da kuma wasu kayan tarihi da aka sanya a saman ƙofar hagu ta ɗakin taro. Farfesa Schuller ya rubuta cewa hotunan da suka ƙunshi wannan aikin (aikin sassa daban-daban amma masu alaƙa!) "ba sa tunanin abin da ba a iya gani; ba sa maye gurbin wani abu da ya ɓace a cikin rubuce-rubucen / rubutun" na marubutan wasan kwaikwayo. "Ina ganin a cikin waɗannan ayyukan a matsayin wani abu da ba a iya gani. Yana bayyana a matsayin wani nau'in baƙin ciki, wanda waɗannan hotunan ke wakilta, kuma wanda ke zama mai tsanani yayin da muke kallon su." Dietrich E. Sattler, mawaƙiya, mai suka kuma editan 'historisch-kritische Hoelderlin-Ausgabe,' wani sabon bugu mai cike da cikakken bayani na ayyukan Friedrich Hölderlin (1770–1843), ta rubuta game da ɗaya daga cikin ayyukanta, "Lokacin da aka wakilta" a cikin aikin "bai taɓa kasancewa ba kuma ba zai taɓa kasancewa ba. Haka yake ga sararin (wanda aka wakilta); yana wanzuwa kuma baya wanzuwa. ... Wannan shine kyamarar da mafarkin ke zaune a cikin rana. Wurin da ba a saba gani ba inda wannan ya faru shine interstice (Zwischenraum). Lokacin da wannan ya faru shine 'lokacin da ke tsakanin' (Zwischenzeit). A wannan yanayin, kyamarar da ba ta dace ba ba komai bane illa kayan aikin fasaha da ake buƙata don kwaikwayon mafarkin. Ita ce hanyar wucin gadi ta dare cikin rana... Muna yaba wa basirar mai zane wanda ya yi watsi da yuwuwar biyan buƙatunmu da maye gurbin haske na gaske kuma wanda ya gabatar mana da yanayin da ke cikin akwatin peepshow, kamar za ta iya lalata mafarkin ta kuma wargaza shi. sihirin siffar da ke wakiltarmu wanda ke nisantar da mu daga hotuna masu rai...” == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Matattun 2015]] [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1945]] [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] br1n8o0a83s5r3r3ex31r50cnhuwc1n 895707 895705 2026-08-12T11:52:55Z Nnamadee 31123 895707 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Doris Schöttler-Boll''' (an haife ta a ranar 3 ga Janairu 1945 a Noerdlingen ; ta mutu a ranar 29 ga Janairu 2015 a Essen) mawakiyar Jamus ce. An san ta da ayyukanta na de-constructive waɗanda ta bayyana da farko a matsayin sakamakon Photomontage da Collage . == Rayuwa da aiki == === Ina karatun fasaha a Essen da Düsseldorf (tare da Josef Beuys) === A shekarun 1960, Doris Schöttler-Boll ta zauna a Bochum inda mijinta Peter Schöttler ya shiga sashen tarihi na Jami'ar Ruhr Bochum . Ta yi karatun fasaha a Jami'ar Fasaha ta Folkwang, wata makarantar fasaha da ke [[Essen]] . A lokaci guda tana halartar laccoci a Bochum kuma ta kasance mai sha'awar fina- ''finan zane-zane'' wadda ta shafe lokaci mai tsawo tana kallon fina-finan fasaha a ƙungiyar fina-finan jami'ar Bochum. Bayan kammala karatunta a makarantar Folkwang, ta ci gaba da karatunta na ƙwararru a Kunstakademie Düsseldorf (Düsseldorf art academy) a matsayin ɗalibi ga Joseph Beuys daga 1970 zuwa 1974. A lokaci guda kuma, ta kasance babbar mai fafutukar yajin aikin haya a Bochum, kuma ta yi aiki a matsayin mai fasaha tare da yaran mutanen babban gidan haya na 'Girondelle' waɗanda ke ci gaba da yajin aikin haya. Tana kawo takarda da fenti ko launukan ruwa kuma tana ƙarfafa yaran su bayyana burinsu da sha'awarsu a bayyane. === Shekarun da suka gabata a birnin Paris === Lokacin da ta kammala karatunta a makarantar fasaha ta Düsseldorf, Doris Schöttler-Boll ta tafi [[Faris|Paris]] tare da mijinta wanda ɗalibi ne kuma mai fassara Louis Althusser . Tun daga tsakiyar shekarun 1970, ta haɗu da Jacques Derrida, Pierre Macherey, Étienne Balibar da Louis Althusser, waɗanda ake gayyatarsu zuwa gidajensu lokaci-lokaci tare da Peter Schöttler. Kafin ta tafi Paris, ta rubuta wa Derrida cewa dole ta 'saci' ra'ayinsa na rushe ginin domin hakan ya zama raguwa idan ta bayyana hanyar da take aiki a matsayin collage/montage kawai. A lokacin ne, a tsakiyar shekarun 1970, ta fara aiki a matsayin ƙwararren mai fasaha ('yanci' da 'yanci'; wani abu da take ci gaba da yi. === Kwararren mai zane, mai kula da harkokin mata, kuma malamar zane-zane ta mata a Bremen === A shekarar 1979, Doris Schöttler-Boll ta je [[Bremen]], tana aiki a matsayin mai zane amma kuma tana koyar da fannoni na fasaha da fasaha a Jami'ar Bremen daga 1979 zuwa 1986. Darussanta da nune-nunen da ta gudanar sun fi mayar da hankali kan batutuwan mata da kare hakkin jama'a. An kammala wani aikin fasaha da kuma kwas mai kama da juna wanda ya mayar da hankali kan jinsi a wani baje koli mai taken ''Gashi - Ko Neman Alamun Mata'' ''(Haare, ko Spurensuche des Weiblichen)'' . Wani aikin da ke nuna asalin mutum ya kai ga baje kolin ''Kundin Hotuna, Hotuna, Hotunan Kofin Mota'' ''(Hotunan Album, Porträtphotographie, Polizeiphotographie; 1980)'' . An riga an gabatar da wani baje kolin makamancin haka a Cibiyar Fasaha da Watsa Labarai Karlsruhe (ZKM Zentrum für Kunst und Medientechnologie a Karlsruhe, Jamus) da kusan shekaru ashirin. Darussan kan ''Mata da Fasaha'' (Frauen und Kunst) sun haifar da wani baje kolin da aka yi masa lakabi iri ɗaya (Frauen und Kunst, 1982) a Weserburg, da kuma ƙaramin kundin bayanai. Tun daga wannan lokacin, Doris Schöttler-Boll, wacce ta yi aiki tare da fitattun masu fasaha, ta yi aiki tare da yara, matan gida, ɗalibai da kuma masu fasaha masu tasowa. === Kuma, Essen === A shekarar 1985, an gayyaci Doris Schöttler-Boll ta zauna a [[Essen]] a matsayin mai zane-zane a wurin . A nan, ta zauna kuma ta yi aiki a ''gidan sarautar Borbeck'' ( [[Schloss Borbeck]] ). A lokacin da take Borbeck, ta shirya baje kolin "Unter einem Himmel (Beneath one and the same sky, 1988)," wanda ya jawo hankalin kafofin watsa labarai sosai. Baje kolin ya ƙunshi masu fasaha biyu a lokaci guda, namiji da mace masu sha'awar kwalliya. Ana sa ran haɗakar maza da mata zai bai wa jama'a damar gano halaye na musamman ga jinsi a cikin aikinsu. Nan Hoover (1931-2008) an nuna tare da Harald Falkenhagen, Doris Schöttler-Boll tare da [[Timm Ulrichs]] . Sauran mahalarta taron sun haɗa da Tony Morgan, Eu Nim Ro, Norbert Schwontkowski, Toto Frima, da sauransu. A lokacin bazara na shekarar 1988, alkalan kotun (Atelier-Vergabegremium) na Gidan Tarihi na Folkwang na birnin Essen sun yanke shawarar bai wa Doris Schöttler-Boll wani takamaiman nau'in tallafi wanda aka riga aka bai wa HA Schult da [[Herbert Lungwitz]] : zaman gida mara haya, ba tare da iyaka ba a cikin 'gidan fasaha' na birni (Atelierhaus). An bai wa Schult wuri a tsohuwar Makarantar Kaiser Otto. An bai wa Schöttler-Boll guraben karatu a tsohuwar Makarantar Pestalozzi. Wannan gidan 'Atelier' ya kasance gidan mai sassaka Lungwitz "tun (farkon) shekarun 1980." Ta gyara ɗakin studio, da kuma wurin da take zama, da kuɗinta kuma tana biyan kuɗin dumama da ruwa kawai. Amma saboda fa'idar kasancewa mai karɓar irin wannan tallafi ga masu fasaha (Kuenstlerfoerderung), tana da himma sosai wajen tsara da kuma shirya ayyukan da aka buɗe wa jama'a, musamman jerin gabatarwa masu taken "Mutane-Ayyuka-Hasashensu" (tun 9/9/1999). Tun 1996 Doris Schöttler-Boll ya kasance memba na Westdeutsche Künstlerbund, Ƙungiyar Ƙwararrun Ƙwararrun Jamus ta Yamma. Baya ga ayyukanta na ƙirƙira, Doris Schöttler-Boll ta kasance tana ɗaukar ciki, shiryawa da kuma tsara ayyukan da suka shafi fasaha a ''Atelierhaus für Kunst, Medien und Kommunication'' (Gidan fasaha don fasahar gani, kafofin watsa labarai da sadarwa) da ke [[Essen]] -Steele. Ta fara kuma ta tsara bayanai kan matasa da ba matasa ba, kuma ita ce babbar mai gabatar da ayyukan fasaha da suka shafi yara da matasa kuma ta gayyaci fitattun masu fasaha kamar [[Harun Farocki]], Urs Jaeggi, [[D. E. Sattler|DE Sattler]] da sauransu don gabatar da ra'ayoyinsu, su yi magana game da ayyukansu, da kuma yin muhawara da jama'a. Waɗannan gabatarwa (a ƙarƙashin taken '''"Mutane, Ayyuka, Ra'ayoyi"''' ) sun mayar da hankali kan zane, fim, adabi, ka'idar fasaha da aiki, yuwuwar "shiga tsakani" a cikin al'umma, yanayin zamantakewa na masu fasaha da kuma yanayin da ke ƙara yin tasiri ko mummunan tasiri ga ƙirƙirar fasaha. == Nunin baje koli guda ɗaya (zaɓi) == A watan Agusta da Satumba, 1987, Doris Schöttler-Boll ta yi wani baje kolin kayan tarihi na musamman a '''Landesmuseum Bonn''' (babban gidan tarihi na fasahar zamani a Bonn, babban birnin Yammacin [[Jamus]] a lokacin). Baje kolin, mai suna '''Dekonstruktionen oder vom Widersprechen in Bildern''' (Dekonstructions or Contradicting by way of images), Farfesa [[Klaus Honnef]] ne ya shirya shi, masanin tarihi na fasaha wanda ya mayar da hankali kan fasahar hoto / daukar hoto. Daga baya, ta kuma yi nunin kayan tarihi kai tsaye a ''Gidan Tarihi na Clemens-Sels'' da ke Neuss (birnin [[Düsseldorf]] na biyu, a gefen hagu na Rhine ) da kuma a ''Gidan Tarihi na Bochum'' da ke Bochum, Jamus. == Nunin rukuni (zaɓi) == * '''Unter einem Himmel''' (tare da Harald Falkenhagen, Nan Hoover, Tony Morgan, Eu-Nim Roh, Norbert Schwontkowski, Doris Schöttler-Boll, Timm Ulrichs, et al.), Gallery na Schloss Borbeck, [[Essen]] (1985) * '''Schattengrenze''' (tare da Rose Finn-Kelcey, Alison Knowles, Pat Olesko, Ulrike Rosenbach, Doris Schöttler-Boll da sauransu) a Weserburg a [[Bremen]] (1985) * '''Benutzen Fotos''' (tare da Harald Falkenhagen, Norbert Schwontkowski, Doris Schöttler-Boll...) a Forum Boettcherstrasse, [[Bremen]] (1986) * '''L'Art Allemand aujourd'hui''' a Gallery of the European Council, EU-Building, Brussels (1988) * '''Der Raum''' (tare da Jürgen Albrecht, Susanne Bollenhagen, U. Dürrenfeld, Harald Frackmann, Joachim Fliegner, Werner Fröning, Markus Felthaus, Barbara Hamann, Marikke Heinz-Hoek, Ute Ihlenfeldt, Gabriele Konsor, Thomas Kaufhold, Harald Frackmann, Harald Frackmann, Michael Lang Lang. Doris Schöttler-Boll, Wolfgang Spengler, Norbert Schwontkowski, Otto Völker, Wolfgang Wagner-Kutschker), Gesellschaft für aktuelle Kunst (GAK), Bremen, Satumba-Oktoba 1987. * '''Kai, juyin juya hali?''' (tare da Eduardo Arroyo, Jochen Gerz, Jiří Hilmar, Urs Jaeggi, Tadeusz Kantor, Jiří Kolář, Doris Schöttler-Boll, Klaus Staeck, et al.), Museum Bochum, Bochum (1989) Sauran nune-nunen (solo ko nunin rukuni) sun faru a Kunstamt Neukoelln ( [[Berlin]] ), da Fotoforum Bremen ( [[Bremen]] ), da Steintorgalerie ( [[Bremen]] ), gidan kayan gargajiya na Weserburg ( [[Bremen]] ), Museum Ehrenhof ( [[Düsseldorf]] ), Gidan kayan gargajiya Gelsenkirchen ( [[Gelsenkirchen|Gelsenkirns]] ), O Studiouse, da Schberha Studiouse . Stollwerkfabrik ( [[Köln|Cologne]] ), da sauransu. Dukansu mujallar fasaha ''ta Weltkunst'' (Global Art) da mujallar mata, EMMA (mujallar) (edited by [[Alice Schwarzer]] ) sun lura da nunin ta a Neuss . Nunin '''Toto Frima (Amsterdam) und Doris Schöttler-Boll (Bremen)''' wanda ya gudana a cikin "Fotoforum," gidan kayan gargajiya a [[Bremen]], ''Fotomagazin'' (Jg. 1984) ya ambata da kuma a cikin ''Bremische Chronik'' . A [[Essen]], fitaccen mai zane Werner Ruhnau wanda ya riga ya yi aiki tare da Yves Klein lokacin da ya yi sabon gidan wasan kwaikwayo na Musiktheater im Revier (wanda ke a filin Kennedy da ke [[Gelsenkirchen]] ) ya zaɓi Doris Schöttler-Boll da Monika Guenther a matsayin masu fasaha masu haɗin gwiwa lokacin da ya sake fasalin [[Grillo Theater|gidan wasan kwaikwayo na Grillo]] . <ref>See: Helga Mohaupt, Werner Ruhnau, Das Grillo-Theater: Geschichte eines Essener Theaterbaus 1892–1990. Bonn (Bouvier) 1990, p.65. See also {{Cite web |title=Kunstwerden - Baukunst |url=http://www.kunstwerden.de/ausstellungen/Baukunst/baukunst.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140202101529/http://www.kunstwerden.de/ausstellungen/Baukunst/baukunst.html |archive-date=2014-02-02 |access-date=2012-08-27}} and {{Cite web |title=Archived copy |url=http://www.ruhnau.info/VITA/vita.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100106075422/http://www.ruhnau.info/VITA/vita.html |archive-date=2010-01-06 |access-date=2012-08-27}}</ref> A lokacin rani na 2012, an nuna hotuna / montages na Doris Schöttler-Boll a ''Staedtische Galerie Bremen'' (Bremen gundumomi gallery) a cikin wani nuni mai suna '''''Tiefenschaerfe''''' wanda ya hada da ayyukan Kirista Boltanski, Remigiusz Borda, Pierre Boucher, Ger Dekkers, Harald Hekker Falken Claudia Medeiros Cardoso, Sigmar Polke, Norbert Schwontkowski, da Wols, da sauransu. Shahararren masanin tarihin fasaha Klaus Honnef ne ya gabatar da jawabin bude taron. == Sharhi == Farfesa Klaus Honnef, ƙwararriya a fannin daukar hoto a matsayin fasaha, ta gabatar da wani babban baje kolin ayyukanta a Bonn, Yammacin Jamus. Josef Beuys ta rubuta game da tsarin fasaharta cewa yana guje wa tsauraran ra'ayoyi na ado da kuma ra'ayin siyasa na gefe ɗaya. A ra'ayinsa, amfanin irin wannan hanyar ya yi yawa. Da take tsokaci kan ayyukanta da aka nuna a shekarar 1987 a gidan adana kayan tarihi na Bonn Landesmuseum, Farfesa Klaus Honnef ta bayyana cewa Schöttler-Boll “ta san sirrin ikon jan hankali na daukar hoto, wanda ‘muke sanya imani a kai,’ kamar yadda André Bazin ya rubuta. Ta san game da wannan sha'awa amma duk da haka, ba ta yarda da hakan ba. Amma ba ta ɗauka da girman kai cewa tana da wannan ka'idar ko matsayin Archimedean wanda zai ba ta damar fallasa ingancin duniyar daukar hoto na hotuna. Ta san, bayan haka, cewa waɗannan duniyoyin suna nuna wanzuwar zamantakewa da sanin ya kamata.” Honnef ta lura cewa mai zane ta yi amfani da "gudaje na hotunan kasuwanci" (Versatzstücke kommerzieller Bilderwelten) lokacin da ta ƙirƙiri ayyukan da aka zaɓa don baje kolin. "Tana dogara ne akan collage da montage kuma tana ɗaukar hoton sakamakon don rufe gibin da ke saman. Duk da cewa ta yi amfani da almakashi don lalata ainihin kayan, ba ta taɓa yin amfani da ƙarfi ba." Farfesa Marianne Schuller ta tattauna game da haɗakar da Schöttler-Boll ya kammala don Gidan Wasan Kwaikwayo na Grillo (wanda mai ginin [[Werner Ruhnau]] ya sake ginawa kuma ya sabunta shi). An sadaukar da ayyukan Schöttler-Boll ga mawakan Jamus guda biyu masu ban tausayi, Heinrich von Kleist (1777–1811), wani ɗan ƙasar Prussia da aka tilasta wa kashe kansa sakamakon wata mummunar fahimtar al'adu da zamantakewa, da kuma Georg Büchner (1813–1837), marubucin Woyzeck (wasan kwaikwayo na kusan ba zato ba tsammani game da wani ma'aikaci da manyan sojoji suka tilasta wa kashe matashiyar da yake ƙauna) - amma kuma marubucin 'Hessische Landbote ( The Hessian Courier ),' wani ƙaramin littafi mai juyin juya hali da aka yi wa talakawan karkara wanda aka yaɗa ba tare da an ambaci sunansa ba a yankin Hessian. Aikinta ya ƙunshi hotunan da aka yi da kuma wasu kayan tarihi da aka sanya a saman ƙofar hagu ta ɗakin taro. Farfesa Schuller ya rubuta cewa hotunan da suka ƙunshi wannan aikin (aikin sassa daban-daban amma masu alaƙa!) "ba sa tunanin abin da ba a iya gani; ba sa maye gurbin wani abu da ya ɓace a cikin rubuce-rubucen / rubutun" na marubutan wasan kwaikwayo. "Ina ganin a cikin waɗannan ayyukan a matsayin wani abu da ba a iya gani. Yana bayyana a matsayin wani nau'in baƙin ciki, wanda waɗannan hotunan ke wakilta, kuma wanda ke zama mai tsanani yayin da muke kallon su." Dietrich E. Sattler, mawaƙiya, mai suka kuma editan 'historisch-kritische Hoelderlin-Ausgabe,' wani sabon bugu mai cike da cikakken bayani na ayyukan Friedrich Hölderlin (1770–1843), ta rubuta game da ɗaya daga cikin ayyukanta, "Lokacin da aka wakilta" a cikin aikin "bai taɓa kasancewa ba kuma ba zai taɓa kasancewa ba. Haka yake ga sararin (wanda aka wakilta); yana wanzuwa kuma baya wanzuwa. ... Wannan shine kyamarar da mafarkin ke zaune a cikin rana. Wurin da ba a saba gani ba inda wannan ya faru shine interstice (Zwischenraum). Lokacin da wannan ya faru shine 'lokacin da ke tsakanin' (Zwischenzeit). A wannan yanayin, kyamarar da ba ta dace ba ba komai bane illa kayan aikin fasaha da ake buƙata don kwaikwayon mafarkin. Ita ce hanyar wucin gadi ta dare cikin rana... Muna yaba wa basirar mai zane wanda ya yi watsi da yuwuwar biyan buƙatunmu da maye gurbin haske na gaske kuma wanda ya gabatar mana da yanayin da ke cikin akwatin peepshow, kamar za ta iya lalata mafarkin ta kuma wargaza shi. sihirin siffar da ke wakiltarmu wanda ke nisantar da mu daga hotuna masu rai...” == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Matattun 2015]] [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1945]] [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] 77zeyxhsip6pas2ih9ioi1xwhrilay2 0 163345 895708 2026-08-12T11:53:14Z Abdurra'uf 23412 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1278097451|Rafael Tavares (footballer, born 2000)]]" 895708 wikitext text/x-wiki   '''Rafael Tavares dos Santos''' (an haife shi 26 ga Yuni 2000) [[Kungiyar Kwallon Kafa|ɗan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa ne]] ɗan ƙasar Brazil wanda ke taka leda a matsayin ɗan wasan gaba ko [[Mai buga tsakiya|winger]] don Hercílio Luz . == Aikin kulob == === Spartak Trnava === Tavares ya koma Spartak Trnava a matsayin aro a watan Agusta na 2018, wanda da farko ya fara aiki a ƙungiyar matasa ta 'yan ƙasa da shekara 19. Daga baya, ya koma ƙungiyar farko kuma ya fara buga wasa a Fortuna Liga a ranar 23 ga Fabrairu, 2019, inda ya maye gurbin tsohon ɗan wasan Slovakia, David Depetris . == Daraja == '''Spartak Trnava''' * Kofin Slovnaft : 2018–19 == Nassoshi == {{Reflist}} * [https://www.spartak.sk/hrac.asp?id=Rafael-Tavares-703&sezona=2019&kategorie=MUZ Bayanin kulob na FC Spartak Trnava] {{In lang|sk}} * Rafael Tavares a * {{Soccerway|rafael-tavares-dos-santos/597058}} * {{Soccerway|rafael-tavares-dos-santos/946710}} * [https://futbalnet.sk/member/1408511/#player Bayanin Futbalnet] {{In lang|sk}} [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haihuwan 2000]] jcso0cz59qr64sndyjvxgka140sxcg7 0 163346 895710 2026-08-12T11:58:35Z Nnamadee 31123 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1355697151|Bertha Beckmann]]" 895710 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Fayil:Bertha_Wehnert-Beckmann_Selbstportrait.jpg|thumb| Bertha Beckmann, hoton kanta a shekara ta 1850]] '''Bertha Wehnert-Beckmann''' (25 Janairu 1815 - 6 Disamba 1901) ɗan Jamus mai daukar hoto ne. Da alama ita ce mace ta farko da ta fara ɗaukar hoto a Jamus, kuma wataƙila ita ce mace ta farko da ta fara ɗaukar hoto a duniya, tana aiki shekaru kaɗan kafin Brita Sofia Hesselius da Geneviève Élisabeth Disdéri . Tare da mijinta, ta buɗe wani situdiyo a [[Leipzig]] a shekarar 1843 kuma ta gudanar da kasuwancin da kanta tun bayan rasuwarsa a shekarar 1847. <ref name="nicole">[http://www.dresden.de/media/pdf/gleichstellung/Strassennamen1.pdf Nicole Schönherr, ''Straßennamen in Dresden – Reine Männersache?''] Landeshauptstadt Dresden. Der Oberbürgermeister, Gleichstellungsbeauftragte für Frau und Mann, Dresden 2005, page 32. {{In lang|de}} Retrieved 8 March 2013.</ref> == Tarihin Rayuwa == An haifi Wehrnert-Beckmann a Cottbus, a lardin Brandenburg na Masarautar Prussia, ya fara aiki a matsayin mai gyaran gashi a [[Dresden]] a shekarar 1839. A can, a shekarar 1840, ta haɗu da mijinta na gaba, Eduard Wehnert (1811–1847) mai ɗaukar hoto, <ref name="DHM">[http://www.dhm.de/ausstellungen/gruenderzeit/biografien/wehnert_beckmann_bertha.html "Bertha Wehnert-Beckmann (1815 –1901)"], Deutsches Historisches Museum. {{In lang|da}} Retrieved 8 March 2013.</ref> wanda ya gabatar da ita ga tsarin daguerreotype da kuma tsarin canza launin da aka gabatar kwanan nan bisa ga alamun gilashin da ba su da kyau wanda ya ba da damar samun adadi mara iyaka na bugawa. A shekarar 1843, tare da mijinta, ta buɗe wani sitidiyo a [[Leipzig]], inda ta zama mace ta farko da ta fara ɗaukar hoto a Jamus. Bayan mutuwar mijinta a shekarar 1847, ta ci gaba da gudanar da kasuwancin da kanta. A shekarar 1849, ta je Amurka inda ta bude situdiyo a New York, da farko a 62 White Street sannan daga baya a 385 Broadway. A lokacin da take Amurka, ta sami takardar shaidar kammala karatun digiri na musamman kan ayyukan daukar hoto. Ta koma Leipzig a shekarar 1851 bayan ta mayar da kasuwancinta na New York ga ɗan'uwanta. A shekarar 1866, ta mayar da wurin kasuwancinta zuwa Elsterstraße na Leipzig inda take da ma'aikata da dama. Ɗakin aikinta ya zama ɗaya daga cikin manyan adiresoshi a birnin. Ta yi ritaya a shekarar 1883 tana da shekaru 68. <ref name="nicole" /> Beckmann ya yi aiki a fannin daukar hoto na daguerreotype. Nunin da ke wakiltar ayyukanta, wanda ke zaune a [http://thisisleipzig.com/leipzig%20museum%20of%20city%20history.html Gidan Tarihi na Tarihin Birni na Leipzig], na iya zama ɗaya daga cikin mafi mahimmancin gudummawa ga tarihin farko na daukar hoto. Ta ci gaba da bin salon fasaharta na zamani, gami da koyon ɗaukar hoto ta hanyar stereo da kyau, bayan ƙirƙirar ta. <ref name="stadtgeschichtliches-museum-leipzig.de">{{Cite web |title=The Female Photographer - Stadtgeschichtliches Museum Leipzig |url=http://www.stadtgeschichtliches-museum-leipzig.de/en/exhibitions/past-exhibitions/past-exhibitions-2016-2015/the-female-photographer/ |access-date=2018-03-29 |website=www.stadtgeschichtliches-museum-leipzig.de}}</ref> == Nunin Nunin == Wehnert-Beckmann tana ɗaya daga cikin masu ɗaukar hoto biyu daga Saxony da suka baje kolin a bikin Erste Allgemeine Deutsche Industrieaussstellung na shekarar 1854 a [[München|Munich]] inda ta nuna kwafi na takardu ban da na daguerreotypes. <ref name="DHM">[http://www.dhm.de/ausstellungen/gruenderzeit/biografien/wehnert_beckmann_bertha.html "Bertha Wehnert-Beckmann (1815 –1901)"], Deutsches Historisches Museum. {{In lang|da}} Retrieved 8 March 2013.</ref> A yau ana iya ganin aikinta a gidan kayan tarihi na Stadtgeschichtliches na Leipzig (City Museum). <ref name="nicole">[http://www.dresden.de/media/pdf/gleichstellung/Strassennamen1.pdf Nicole Schönherr, ''Straßennamen in Dresden – Reine Männersache?''] Landeshauptstadt Dresden. Der Oberbürgermeister, Gleichstellungsbeauftragte für Frau und Mann, Dresden 2005, page 32. {{In lang|de}} Retrieved 8 March 2013.</ref> == Kimantawa == [[Fayil:Atelier_Wehnert-Beckmann.jpg|thumb| Hoton Wehnert-Beckmann na ɗakinta a kusan shekara ta 1850]] Aikinta ya haɗu da tsarin ɗan adam tare da manyan matakan fasaha da fasaha. Ta ƙware a fannin ɗaukar hotunan hoto, musamman hotunan yara. Sha'awarta ga sabbin abubuwa na fasaha, amfani da hanyoyin talla na zamani, da kuma ƙwarewar kasuwanci sun taimaka wajen samun nasarar kasuwanci a matsayinta na mai ɗaukar hoto. <ref name="nicole">[http://www.dresden.de/media/pdf/gleichstellung/Strassennamen1.pdf Nicole Schönherr, ''Straßennamen in Dresden – Reine Männersache?''] Landeshauptstadt Dresden. Der Oberbürgermeister, Gleichstellungsbeauftragte für Frau und Mann, Dresden 2005, page 32. {{In lang|de}} Retrieved 8 March 2013.</ref> == Ayyuka == A lokacin da take zaune a New York, fitattun mutane kamar Shugaba Millard Fillmore, jakadu, da sauran 'yan siyasa sun zo wurinta don a ɗauki hotonta. Bayan ta koma karatunta na Leipzig, ta zama ta farko a birninta da ta fara aiki da daukar hoto tsirara. Ta kuma ƙara jerin sunayen shahararrun mutane a cikin fayil ɗin daukar hotunanta bayan ta koma garinta. Waɗannan mutane sun haɗa da Clara Schumann, Johannes Brahms, Franz Dominic Grassi, Karl Heine da sauransu da yawa. Bugu da ƙari, an yaba wa Beckmann da wasu daga cikin hotunan gine-gine na farko na Leipzig (1855–1860), waɗanda suka rubuta birnin da fasalinsa kafin a lalata wasu, kamar Peter's Gate (1860). <ref name="stadtgeschichtliches-museum-leipzig.de">{{Cite web |title=The Female Photographer - Stadtgeschichtliches Museum Leipzig |url=http://www.stadtgeschichtliches-museum-leipzig.de/en/exhibitions/past-exhibitions/past-exhibitions-2016-2015/the-female-photographer/ |access-date=2018-03-29 |website=www.stadtgeschichtliches-museum-leipzig.de}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[http://www.stadtgeschichtliches-museum-leipzig.de/en/exhibitions/past-exhibitions/past-exhibitions-2016-2015/the-female-photographer/ "The Female Photographer - Stadtgeschichtliches Museum Leipzig"]. ''www.stadtgeschichtliches-museum-leipzig.de''<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2018-03-29</span></span>.</cite></ref> == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Mutuwan 1901]] a4dc92z8pfq28sgl0iphrw2bzs4vrwd 895711 895710 2026-08-12T11:58:58Z Nnamadee 31123 895711 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} [[Fayil:Bertha_Wehnert-Beckmann_Selbstportrait.jpg|thumb| Bertha Beckmann, hoton kanta a shekara ta 1850]] '''Bertha Wehnert-Beckmann''' (25 Janairu 1815 - 6 Disamba 1901) ɗan Jamus mai daukar hoto ne. Da alama ita ce mace ta farko da ta fara ɗaukar hoto a Jamus, kuma wataƙila ita ce mace ta farko da ta fara ɗaukar hoto a duniya, tana aiki shekaru kaɗan kafin Brita Sofia Hesselius da Geneviève Élisabeth Disdéri . Tare da mijinta, ta buɗe wani situdiyo a [[Leipzig]] a shekarar 1843 kuma ta gudanar da kasuwancin da kanta tun bayan rasuwarsa a shekarar 1847. <ref name="nicole">[http://www.dresden.de/media/pdf/gleichstellung/Strassennamen1.pdf Nicole Schönherr, ''Straßennamen in Dresden – Reine Männersache?''] Landeshauptstadt Dresden. Der Oberbürgermeister, Gleichstellungsbeauftragte für Frau und Mann, Dresden 2005, page 32. {{In lang|de}} Retrieved 8 March 2013.</ref> == Tarihin Rayuwa == An haifi Wehrnert-Beckmann a Cottbus, a lardin Brandenburg na Masarautar Prussia, ya fara aiki a matsayin mai gyaran gashi a [[Dresden]] a shekarar 1839. A can, a shekarar 1840, ta haɗu da mijinta na gaba, Eduard Wehnert (1811–1847) mai ɗaukar hoto, <ref name="DHM">[http://www.dhm.de/ausstellungen/gruenderzeit/biografien/wehnert_beckmann_bertha.html "Bertha Wehnert-Beckmann (1815 –1901)"], Deutsches Historisches Museum. {{In lang|da}} Retrieved 8 March 2013.</ref> wanda ya gabatar da ita ga tsarin daguerreotype da kuma tsarin canza launin da aka gabatar kwanan nan bisa ga alamun gilashin da ba su da kyau wanda ya ba da damar samun adadi mara iyaka na bugawa. A shekarar 1843, tare da mijinta, ta buɗe wani sitidiyo a [[Leipzig]], inda ta zama mace ta farko da ta fara ɗaukar hoto a Jamus. Bayan mutuwar mijinta a shekarar 1847, ta ci gaba da gudanar da kasuwancin da kanta. A shekarar 1849, ta je Amurka inda ta bude situdiyo a New York, da farko a 62 White Street sannan daga baya a 385 Broadway. A lokacin da take Amurka, ta sami takardar shaidar kammala karatun digiri na musamman kan ayyukan daukar hoto. Ta koma Leipzig a shekarar 1851 bayan ta mayar da kasuwancinta na New York ga ɗan'uwanta. A shekarar 1866, ta mayar da wurin kasuwancinta zuwa Elsterstraße na Leipzig inda take da ma'aikata da dama. Ɗakin aikinta ya zama ɗaya daga cikin manyan adiresoshi a birnin. Ta yi ritaya a shekarar 1883 tana da shekaru 68. <ref name="nicole" /> Beckmann ya yi aiki a fannin daukar hoto na daguerreotype. Nunin da ke wakiltar ayyukanta, wanda ke zaune a [http://thisisleipzig.com/leipzig%20museum%20of%20city%20history.html Gidan Tarihi na Tarihin Birni na Leipzig], na iya zama ɗaya daga cikin mafi mahimmancin gudummawa ga tarihin farko na daukar hoto. Ta ci gaba da bin salon fasaharta na zamani, gami da koyon ɗaukar hoto ta hanyar stereo da kyau, bayan ƙirƙirar ta. <ref name="stadtgeschichtliches-museum-leipzig.de">{{Cite web |title=The Female Photographer - Stadtgeschichtliches Museum Leipzig |url=http://www.stadtgeschichtliches-museum-leipzig.de/en/exhibitions/past-exhibitions/past-exhibitions-2016-2015/the-female-photographer/ |access-date=2018-03-29 |website=www.stadtgeschichtliches-museum-leipzig.de}}</ref> == Nunin Nunin == Wehnert-Beckmann tana ɗaya daga cikin masu ɗaukar hoto biyu daga Saxony da suka baje kolin a bikin Erste Allgemeine Deutsche Industrieaussstellung na shekarar 1854 a [[München|Munich]] inda ta nuna kwafi na takardu ban da na daguerreotypes. <ref name="DHM">[http://www.dhm.de/ausstellungen/gruenderzeit/biografien/wehnert_beckmann_bertha.html "Bertha Wehnert-Beckmann (1815 –1901)"], Deutsches Historisches Museum. {{In lang|da}} Retrieved 8 March 2013.</ref> A yau ana iya ganin aikinta a gidan kayan tarihi na Stadtgeschichtliches na Leipzig (City Museum). <ref name="nicole">[http://www.dresden.de/media/pdf/gleichstellung/Strassennamen1.pdf Nicole Schönherr, ''Straßennamen in Dresden – Reine Männersache?''] Landeshauptstadt Dresden. Der Oberbürgermeister, Gleichstellungsbeauftragte für Frau und Mann, Dresden 2005, page 32. {{In lang|de}} Retrieved 8 March 2013.</ref> == Kimantawa == [[Fayil:Atelier_Wehnert-Beckmann.jpg|thumb| Hoton Wehnert-Beckmann na ɗakinta a kusan shekara ta 1850]] Aikinta ya haɗu da tsarin ɗan adam tare da manyan matakan fasaha da fasaha. Ta ƙware a fannin ɗaukar hotunan hoto, musamman hotunan yara. Sha'awarta ga sabbin abubuwa na fasaha, amfani da hanyoyin talla na zamani, da kuma ƙwarewar kasuwanci sun taimaka wajen samun nasarar kasuwanci a matsayinta na mai ɗaukar hoto. <ref name="nicole">[http://www.dresden.de/media/pdf/gleichstellung/Strassennamen1.pdf Nicole Schönherr, ''Straßennamen in Dresden – Reine Männersache?''] Landeshauptstadt Dresden. Der Oberbürgermeister, Gleichstellungsbeauftragte für Frau und Mann, Dresden 2005, page 32. {{In lang|de}} Retrieved 8 March 2013.</ref> == Ayyuka == A lokacin da take zaune a New York, fitattun mutane kamar Shugaba Millard Fillmore, jakadu, da sauran 'yan siyasa sun zo wurinta don a ɗauki hotonta. Bayan ta koma karatunta na Leipzig, ta zama ta farko a birninta da ta fara aiki da daukar hoto tsirara. Ta kuma ƙara jerin sunayen shahararrun mutane a cikin fayil ɗin daukar hotunanta bayan ta koma garinta. Waɗannan mutane sun haɗa da Clara Schumann, Johannes Brahms, Franz Dominic Grassi, Karl Heine da sauransu da yawa. Bugu da ƙari, an yaba wa Beckmann da wasu daga cikin hotunan gine-gine na farko na Leipzig (1855–1860), waɗanda suka rubuta birnin da fasalinsa kafin a lalata wasu, kamar Peter's Gate (1860). <ref name="stadtgeschichtliches-museum-leipzig.de">{{Cite web |title=The Female Photographer - Stadtgeschichtliches Museum Leipzig |url=http://www.stadtgeschichtliches-museum-leipzig.de/en/exhibitions/past-exhibitions/past-exhibitions-2016-2015/the-female-photographer/ |access-date=2018-03-29 |website=www.stadtgeschichtliches-museum-leipzig.de}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[http://www.stadtgeschichtliches-museum-leipzig.de/en/exhibitions/past-exhibitions/past-exhibitions-2016-2015/the-female-photographer/ "The Female Photographer - Stadtgeschichtliches Museum Leipzig"]. ''www.stadtgeschichtliches-museum-leipzig.de''<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2018-03-29</span></span>.</cite></ref> == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Mutuwan 1901]] bjjsox0foy9lwm44a6xfbrb8jtsqyc2