Wikipedia hifwiki https://hif.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pahila_Panna MediaWiki 1.45.0-wmf.6 first-letter saadhan khaas baat sadasya sadasya ke baat Wikipedia Wikipedia baat file file ke baat MediaWiki MediaWiki ke baat Template Template ke baat madat madat ke baat vibhag voibhag ke baat TimedText TimedText talk Module Module talk 0 1117 323835 276582 2025-06-19T11:58:43Z Girmitya 41 /* Janam */ 323835 wikitext text/x-wiki {{JulyCalendar}} '''18 July''' saal ke 199th din (200th leap saal me) hae. Saal ke khalaas hoe me 166 din bachaa hae. == Ghatna == == Janam == [[File:Mangal_Pandey_1984_stamp_of_India.jpg|right|80px|thumb|Pandey]] * [[1827]] - '''[[Mangal Pandey]]''', ek [[India]]n sipaahi rahaa jon 1857 ke Indian Rebellion ke suruwaat me khaas haanth rahaa. * [[1918]] - '''[[Nelson Mandela]]''', [[South Africa]] ke pahila President rahaa jiske fully-represented democratic election me chuna gais rahaa, aur uu pahila black President bhi rahaa (maut: 5 December 2013). * [[1982]] - '''Priyanka Chopra''', [[Hindi]] film actress, ke janam, Jamshedpur, [[India]] me bhaes rahaa.<ref>[[w:Priyanka Chopra|Priyanka Chopra]]</ref> == Maut == * [[1993]] - Ghulam Ishaq Khan, 1988 se lae ke 1993 talak Pakistan ke President, ke maut Peshawar, Pakistan, me bhaes rahaa. (janam: [[20 January]] [[1915]])<ref>[[w:Ghulam Ishaq Khan|Ghulam Ishaq Khan]]</ref> [[file:Rajesh Khanna Profile.jpg|right|160px|thumb|Rajesh Khanna]] * [[2012]] - Hindi film actor, '''Rajesh Khanna''' ke maut [[Mumbai]], India me kidney ke bamaari ke kaaran se bhaes. (janam: [[29 December]] [[1942]]) == References == <references/> {{TAARIK}} [[vibhag:July|18 July]] qf7anf52ez4q0t7kbaqfuwybthxdyy4 0 3161 323799 309263 2025-06-18T12:21:30Z Girmitya 41 323799 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox City |official_name = District of Columbia |nickname = ''DC'', ''The District'' |motto = ''Justitia Omnibus'' (''Justice for All'') |image_skyline = WashMonument WhiteHouse.jpg |image_flag = Flag of Washington, D.C.svg |image_seal = Seal of the District of Columbia.svg |image_map = DC_locator_map_with_state_names_w_usmap.png |mapsize = 260px |map_caption = Location of Washington, D.C., in relation to the states Maryland and Virginia |subdivision_type = Country |subdivision_name = [[United States]] |subdivision_type1 = Federal District |subdivision_name1 = District of Columbia |leader_title = Mayor |leader_title1 = Council of the District of Columbia |leader_name = Adrian Fenty (Democratic Party (United States)) |leader_name1 = Chaerperson: Vincent C. Gray (D)<br /> |established = Founded |established_date = [[16 July]] [[1790]] |area_magnitude = 1 E8 |area_total = 177.0 |TotalArea_sq_mi = 68.3 |area_land = 159.0 |LandArea_sq_mi = 61.4 |area_water = 18.0 |WaterArea_sq_mi = 6.9 |abaadi_as_of = 2005 |abaadi_metro = 8,026,807 |abaadi_urban = 5.8 million |abaadi_total = 582,049<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2006/07/21/AR2006072101621.html |author=Washington Post |title=Population Revision 'Big Deal' For D.C. |accessdate=2006-07-26}}</ref> |abaadi_density = 3,481 |abaadi_density_mi2 = 9,015 |timezone = North American Eastern Time Zone |utc_offset = -5 |timezone_DST = Eastern Daylight Time |utc_offset_DST = -4 |latd=38|latm=53|lats=42.4|latNS=N |longd=77|longm=02|longs=12.0|longEW=W |elevation = 0-410&nbsp;ft&nbsp;&nbsp;/&nbsp;&nbsp;0-125 |website = http://www.dc.gov/ |footnotes = }} '''Washington, D.C.''', [[United States]] ke [[capital]] [[city]] hae. Washington ke nam United States ke pahila President, [[George Washington]] se aais hae. "D.C." ke matlab "District of Columbia" hae, kahe ki ii koi state me nai hae. == Chapa ke gallery == <div align="center"> <gallery> USCapitol1800.jpg|Washington, D.C., 1800 me Fords Theatre.jpg|19th century me Ford's Theatre March on Washington edit.jpg|1963 ke civil rights march C&O Canal - Georgetown.jpg|Chesapeake aur Ohio Canal WhiteHouseSouthFacade.JPG|White House Chinatown, DC gate.jpg|Chinatown GWU Professors Gate.jpg|George Washington University National Museum of the American Indian.JPG|National Museum of the American Indian Nga fg04.jpg|National Gallery of Art Kennedy Center at Sunset.jpg|John F. Kennedy Centre for the Performing Arts Reagan Terminal B-C.JPG|Reagon National Airport Howard University Founders Library.jpg|Howard University ke Founders Library </gallery> </div> == References == {{reflist}} [[Category:United States ke city]] [[Category:Capital cities]] mvgyny8pwc1392v025m79h6y7bjc1tk 0 3413 323808 322812 2025-06-18T12:33:12Z Girmitya 41 323808 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox body of water | name = Baikal Talaab | native_name = | pushpin_map = | image = Baikal.A2001296.0420.250m-NASA.jpg | caption = 2001 me Lake Baikal ke Satellite chhaapa | image_bathymetry = Karte baikal2.png | caption_bathymetry = | location = [[Siberia]], Russia | coords = {{Coord|53|30|N|108|0|E|region:RU-BU_type:waterbody_scale:5000000}} | lake_type = [[Ancient lake]], [[Rift lake|Continental rift lake]] | inflow = [[Selenga]], [[Barguzin (river)|Barguzin]], [[Upper Angara]] | outflow = [[Angara]] | catchment = {{convert|560000|km2|-3|abbr=on}} | basin_countries = [[Mongolia]] and [[Russia]] | length = {{convert|636|km|abbr=on}} | width = {{convert|79|km|abbr=on}} | area = {{convert|31722|km2|abbr=on}}<ref name="INTAS">{{cite web|url= http://users.ugent.be/~mdbatist/intas/morphometry.htm|title= A new bathymetric map of Lake Baikal. Morphometric Data. INTAS Project 99-1669. Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium; Consolidated Research Group on Marine Geosciences (CRG-MG), University of Barcelona, Spain; Limnological Institute of the Siberian Division of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Irkutsk, Russian Federation; State Science Research Navigation-Hydrographic Institute of the Ministry of Defense, St. Petersburg, Russian Federation|publisher= Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium|access-date= 9 July 2009|archive-date= 25 December 2018|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20181225085935/http://users.ugent.be/~mdbatist/intas/morphometry.htm}}</ref> | depth = {{convert|744.4|m|ft fathom|abbr= on}}<ref name="INTAS"/> | residence_time = 330 years<ref>{{cite web |author= M.A. Grachev |url= http://lin.irk.ru/grachev/eng/introduction.htm |title= On the present state of the ecological system of lake Baikal |publisher= Limnological Institute, Siberian Division of the Russian Academy of Sciences |access-date= 9 July 2009 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20110820023119/http://lin.irk.ru/grachev/eng/introduction.htm |archive-date= 20 August 2011}}</ref> | max-depth = {{convert|1642|m|ft fathom|abbr= on}}<ref name="INTAS"/> | volume = {{convert|23610|km3|cumi|-1|abbr= on}}<ref name="INTAS"/> | shore = {{convert|2100|km|-1|abbr= on}} | elevation = {{convert|455.5|m|0|abbr=on}} | islands = 27 ([[Olkhon Island]]) | cities = [[Severobaykalsk]], [[Slyudyanka]],<br/> [[Baykalsk]], [[Ust-Barguzin]] | frozen = January–May | reference = | extra = }} [[File:Lake Baikal, View from Sharazhalgai Cape, Siberia, Russia.jpg|thumb|300px|Lake Baikal]] '''Baikal Talaab''', [[Siberia]], [[Russia]] me ek barraa talaab hae. Lake Baikal, dunia ke sab se barraa [[fresh water]] reservoir hae. Ii lake [[Irkutsk]] ke nangich hae. Ii 636&nbsp;km lamba, 20&nbsp;km se 80&nbsp;km chaurraa, aur sab se gahuraa jagah 1.6&nbsp;km hae. == Wildlife == [[File:Omul Fish.jpg|thumb|300px|Omul Fish on Listyanka market]] Lake Baikal hosts 1085 species of plants and 1550 species and varieties of animals. Over 60% of animals are [[wikt:endemic|endemic]]; e.g., of 52 species of fish 27 are endemic. == Aur dekho == {{DEFAULTSORT:Baikal, Lake}} [[vibhag:B]] [[Category:Russia ke talaab]] [[vibhag:Asia ke talaab]] kir285hxy0pap3vozam1f9z5oasdnus 0 4319 323825 311085 2025-06-19T09:39:22Z Thakurji 37 323825 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox Country| fullcountryname= Republic of the Philippines<br /> Repúbliká ng̃ Pilipinas | image_flag= Flag of the Philippines.svg | image_coa= | image_location= LocationPhilippines.png | nationalmotto= Maka-Diyos, Makatao, Makakalikasan, at Makabansa (English: God, People, Nature, and Country) | nationalsong= "Lupang Hinirang" (Chosen Land) | nationalflower= n/a | nationalanimal= n/a | officiallanguages= Filipino (Tagalog), [[English bhasa|English]], [[Spanish bhasa|Spanish]] | populationtotal= 87,857,473 | populationrank= 12 | populationdensity= 276 | countrycapital= [[Manila]] | countrylargestcity= Quezon City | areatotal= 300,000 | arearank= 71 | areawater= n/a | areawaterpercent= 0.6 | establishedin= [[12 June]], [[1898]] | leadertitlename= President: Rodrigo Duterte<br />Vice President: Leni Robredo | currency= Philippine peso (piso) (PHP) | utcoffset= +8 | dialingcode= +63 | internettld= .ph }} Philippines ek 7,000 se jaada [[island]] waala [[des]] hae. Ii [[Pacific Ocean]] me [[Asia]] se 100 kilometers southeast me hae. [[Spain]] ([[1521]]-[[1898]]) aur [[United States]] ([[1898]]-[[1946]]), ii des pe raaj karin rahaa. Philippines, [[South Korea]], aur [[East Timor]], East Asia ke uu des hae jahan pe jaada log [[Isai dharam|Isai]] hae. Philippine Islands ke east me [[Pacific Ocean]], west me [[South China Sea]], aur south me [[Celebes Sea]] hae . == Naam == [[Spain]] ke explorer [[Ruy López de Villalobos]], aapan 1542 ke expedition me, [[Leyte]] aur [[Samar]] ke naam "{{lang|es|Felipinas}}" diis rahaa, [[Prince of Asturias]], baad me [[Philip&nbsp;II of Castile]] ke baad. Dhire-dhire "{{lang|es|Las Islas Filipinas}}" ke naam se ii archipelago ke Spanish possession ke bola jaae lagaa.<ref name="Scott-1994" /> Duusra naam, jaise "{{lang|es|Islas del Poniente}}" (Western Islands), "{{lang|pt|Islas del Oriente}}" (Eastern Islands), [[Ferdinand Magellan]] ke naam aur "{{lang|es|San Lázaro}}" (Islands of St. Lazarus), ke kaam me laae ke Spanish log ii islands ke refer karat rahin, jabtak ii ilaaka me Spanish raj established nai rahaa.<ref>{{cite book |last=Malcolm |first=George A. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=tpEz7_tzzJoC |title=The Government of the Philippine Islands: Its Development and Fundamentals |series=Philippine Law Collection |date=1916 |publisher=[[Lawyers Co-operative Publishing Company]] |isbn=<!-- ISBN unspecified --> |location=Rochester, N.Y. |page=[https://archive.org/details/cu31924051298937/page/2/mode/2up 3] |language=en |author-link=George A. Malcolm |oclc=578245510 |access-date=February 12, 2023 |archive-date=February 17, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230217144209/https://books.google.com/books?id=tpEz7_tzzJoC |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Spate |first=Oskar H.K. |title=The Spanish Lake |date=November 2004 |publisher=[[Taylor & Francis]] |isbn=978-0-7099-0049-8 |series=The Pacific since Magellan |volume=I |location=London, England |page=97 |chapter=Chapter 4. Magellan's Successors: Loaysa to Urdaneta. Two failures: Grijalva and Villalobos |doi=10.22459/SL.11.2004 |author-link=Oskar Spate |access-date=July 6, 2020 |orig-date=1979 |chapter-url=http://epress.anu.edu.au/spanish_lake/mobile_devices/ch04s05.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080805022835/http://epress.anu.edu.au/spanish_lake/mobile_devices/ch04s05.html |archive-date=August 5, 2008 |doi-access=free}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=GIz4CDTCOwcC |title=The Cambridge History of Southeast Asia |date=1999 |publisher=[[Cambridge University Press]] |isbn=978-0-521-66370-0 |editor-last=Tarling |editor-first=Nicholas |volume=2: From c. 1500 to c. 1800 |location=Cambridge, England |page=[https://books.google.com/books?id=GIz4CDTCOwcC&pg=PA12 12] |language=en |author-link=Nicholas Tarling |access-date=April 2, 2023 |archive-date=April 2, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230402114137/https://books.google.com/books?id=GIz4CDTCOwcC |url-status=live}}</ref> [[Philippine Revolution]] ke time, [[Malolos Congress]] {{lang|es|República Filipina}} (the [[First Philippine Republic|Philippine Republic]]) ke elaan karis.<ref>{{#invoke:cite|web|title=The 1899 Malolos Constitution |url=https://www.officialgazette.gov.ph/constitutions/the-1899-malolos-constitution/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170605215334/https://www.officialgazette.gov.ph/constitutions/the-1899-malolos-constitution/ |archive-date=June 5, 2017 |access-date=February 11, 2023 |website=[[Official Gazette of the Republic of the Philippines]] |at=Título I – De la República; Articulo 1 |language=es, en}}</ref> America ke colonial authorities ii des ke Philippine Islands (a translation of the Spanish name) bolat rahin.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Constantino |first=Renato |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Q1ZxAAAAMAAJ |title=The Philippines: A Past Revisited |date=1975 |publisher=Tala Pub. Services |isbn=978-971-8958-00-1 |location=Quezon City, Philippines |author-link=Renato Constantino |access-date=February 3, 2024 |archive-date=February 3, 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240203072918/https://books.google.com/books?id=Q1ZxAAAAMAAJ |url-status=live}}</ref> [[United States]], dhire-chire naam ke "the Philippine Islands" se badal ke "the Philippines" kar diin, Philippine Autonomy Act aur [[Jones Law (Philippines)|Jones Law]] se.<ref>{{#invoke:cite|web|date=August 29, 1916 |title=The Jones Law of 1916 |url=https://www.officialgazette.gov.ph/constitutions/the-jones-law-of-1916/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170808093938/https://www.officialgazette.gov.ph/constitutions/the-jones-law-of-1916/ |archive-date=August 8, 2017 |access-date=March 12, 2021 |website=[[Official Gazette of the Republic of the Philippines]] |at=Section 1.―The Philippines}}</ref> 1935 ke constitution me, sarkari naam "Republic of the Philippines" rakkhaa gais rahaa, jon aage ke ajaad des ke naam rahii,<ref>{{#invoke:cite|web|title=The 1935 Constitution |url=https://www.officialgazette.gov.ph/constitutions/the-1935-constitution/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170625234400/https://www.officialgazette.gov.ph/constitutions/the-1935-constitution/ |archive-date=June 25, 2017 |access-date=February 11, 2023 |website=[[Official Gazette of the Republic of the Philippines]] |at=Article XVII, Section 1}}</ref> aur baad ke sab constitutional ke badlao me ii naam rakkha gais hae.<ref>{{#invoke:cite|web|date=January 17, 1973 |title=1973 Constitution of the Republic of the Philippines |url=https://www.officialgazette.gov.ph/constitutions/1973-constitution-of-the-republic-of-the-philippines-2/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170625191553/https://www.officialgazette.gov.ph/constitutions/1973-constitution-of-the-republic-of-the-philippines-2/ |archive-date=June 25, 2017 |access-date=March 14, 2021 |website=[[Official Gazette of the Republic of the Philippines]]}}</ref><ref>{{#invoke:cite|web|date=February 11, 1987 |title=The Constitution of the Republic of the Philippines |url=https://www.officialgazette.gov.ph/constitutions/1987-constitution/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170607182503/https://www.officialgazette.gov.ph/constitutions/1987-constitution/ |archive-date=June 7, 2017 |access-date=March 14, 2021 |website=[[Official Gazette of the Republic of the Philippines]]}}</ref> == Duusra websites == === Official websites === * [http://www.gov.ph www.gov.ph] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120101105754/http://www.gov.ph/ |date=2012-01-01 }} - Government portal * [http://www.op.gov.ph www.op.gov.ph] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070609185330/http://www.op.gov.ph/ |date=2007-06-09 }} - Office of the President * [http://www.senate.gov.ph www.senate.gov.ph] - Senate * [http://www.congress.gov.ph www.congress.gov.ph] - House of Representatives * [http://www.supremecourt.gov.ph www.supremecourt.gov.ph] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080512084154/http://www.supremecourt.gov.ph/ |date=2008-05-12 }} - Supreme Court * [http://www.comelec.gov.ph www.comelec.gov.ph] - Commission on Elections === News websites === * [http://www.inq7.net Philippine Daily Inquirer and GMA News] * [http://www.abs-cbnnews.com ABS-CBN News] * [http://www.philstar.com Philippine Star] * [http://www.mb.com.ph The Manila Bulletin Online] * [http://www.manilatimes.net The Manila Times Online] * [http://www.sunstar.com.ph Sun Star Network Online] * [http://www.tribune.net.ph The Daily Tribune Online] * [http://www.malaya.com.ph Malaya Online] * [http://www.today.net.ph Today Online] * [http://www.kabayanonline.com Kabayan Online] === Aurr === * [http://www.dmoz.org/Regional/Asia/Philippines/ Open Directory Project] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20040819050600/http://dmoz.org/Regional/Asia/Philippines/ |date=2004-08-19 }} * [http://www.filipinotvchannel.com The Filipino Channel] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090712052253/http://www.filipinotvchannel.com/ |date=2009-07-12 }} - Satellite TV from the Philippines [[vibhag:Philippines| ]] [[vibhag:ASEAN ke member]] [[vibhag:English bhasa waala des]] qvgmplpfwh5a3guvl5axt7s4clb96n2 323826 323825 2025-06-19T10:00:03Z Thakurji 37 /* Naam */ 323826 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox Country| fullcountryname= Republic of the Philippines<br /> Repúbliká ng̃ Pilipinas | image_flag= Flag of the Philippines.svg | image_coa= | image_location= LocationPhilippines.png | nationalmotto= Maka-Diyos, Makatao, Makakalikasan, at Makabansa (English: God, People, Nature, and Country) | nationalsong= "Lupang Hinirang" (Chosen Land) | nationalflower= n/a | nationalanimal= n/a | officiallanguages= Filipino (Tagalog), [[English bhasa|English]], [[Spanish bhasa|Spanish]] | populationtotal= 87,857,473 | populationrank= 12 | populationdensity= 276 | countrycapital= [[Manila]] | countrylargestcity= Quezon City | areatotal= 300,000 | arearank= 71 | areawater= n/a | areawaterpercent= 0.6 | establishedin= [[12 June]], [[1898]] | leadertitlename= President: Rodrigo Duterte<br />Vice President: Leni Robredo | currency= Philippine peso (piso) (PHP) | utcoffset= +8 | dialingcode= +63 | internettld= .ph }} Philippines ek 7,000 se jaada [[island]] waala [[des]] hae. Ii [[Pacific Ocean]] me [[Asia]] se 100 kilometers southeast me hae. [[Spain]] ([[1521]]-[[1898]]) aur [[United States]] ([[1898]]-[[1946]]), ii des pe raaj karin rahaa. Philippines, [[South Korea]], aur [[East Timor]], East Asia ke uu des hae jahan pe jaada log [[Isai dharam|Isai]] hae. Philippine Islands ke east me [[Pacific Ocean]], west me [[South China Sea]], aur south me [[Celebes Sea]] hae . == Naam == [[Spain]] ke explorer [[Ruy López de Villalobos]], aapan 1542 ke expedition me, [[Leyte]] aur [[Samar]] ke naam "{{lang|es|Felipinas}}" diis rahaa, [[Prince of Asturias]], baad me [[Philip&nbsp;II of Castile]] ke baad. Dhire-dhire "{{lang|es|Las Islas Filipinas}}" ke naam se ii archipelago ke Spanish possession ke bola jaae lagaa.<ref name="Scott-1994" /> Duusra naam, jaise "{{lang|es|Islas del Poniente}}" (Western Islands), "{{lang|pt|Islas del Oriente}}" (Eastern Islands), [[Ferdinand Magellan]] ke naam aur "{{lang|es|San Lázaro}}" (Islands of St. Lazarus), ke kaam me laae ke Spanish log ii islands ke refer karat rahin, jabtak ii ilaaka me Spanish raj established nai rahaa.<ref>{{cite book |last=Malcolm |first=George A. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=tpEz7_tzzJoC |title=The Government of the Philippine Islands: Its Development and Fundamentals |series=Philippine Law Collection |date=1916 |publisher=[[Lawyers Co-operative Publishing Company]] |isbn=<!-- ISBN unspecified --> |location=Rochester, N.Y. |page=[https://archive.org/details/cu31924051298937/page/2/mode/2up 3] |language=en |author-link=George A. Malcolm |oclc=578245510 |access-date=February 12, 2023 |archive-date=February 17, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230217144209/https://books.google.com/books?id=tpEz7_tzzJoC |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Spate |first=Oskar H.K. |title=The Spanish Lake |date=November 2004 |publisher=[[Taylor & Francis]] |isbn=978-0-7099-0049-8 |series=The Pacific since Magellan |volume=I |location=London, England |page=97 |chapter=Chapter 4. Magellan's Successors: Loaysa to Urdaneta. Two failures: Grijalva and Villalobos |doi=10.22459/SL.11.2004 |author-link=Oskar Spate |access-date=July 6, 2020 |orig-date=1979 |chapter-url=http://epress.anu.edu.au/spanish_lake/mobile_devices/ch04s05.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080805022835/http://epress.anu.edu.au/spanish_lake/mobile_devices/ch04s05.html |archive-date=August 5, 2008 |doi-access=free}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=GIz4CDTCOwcC |title=The Cambridge History of Southeast Asia |date=1999 |publisher=[[Cambridge University Press]] |isbn=978-0-521-66370-0 |editor-last=Tarling |editor-first=Nicholas |volume=2: From c. 1500 to c. 1800 |location=Cambridge, England |page=[https://books.google.com/books?id=GIz4CDTCOwcC&pg=PA12 12] |language=en |author-link=Nicholas Tarling |access-date=April 2, 2023 |archive-date=April 2, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230402114137/https://books.google.com/books?id=GIz4CDTCOwcC |url-status=live}}</ref> [[Philippine Revolution]] ke time, [[Malolos Congress]] {{lang|es|República Filipina}} (the [[First Philippine Republic|Philippine Republic]]) ke elaan karis.<ref>{{#invoke:cite|web|title=The 1899 Malolos Constitution |url=https://www.officialgazette.gov.ph/constitutions/the-1899-malolos-constitution/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170605215334/https://www.officialgazette.gov.ph/constitutions/the-1899-malolos-constitution/ |archive-date=June 5, 2017 |access-date=February 11, 2023 |website=[[Official Gazette of the Republic of the Philippines]] |at=Título I – De la República; Articulo 1 |language=es, en}}</ref> America ke colonial authorities ii des ke Philippine Islands (a translation of the Spanish name) bolat rahin.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Constantino |first=Renato |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Q1ZxAAAAMAAJ |title=The Philippines: A Past Revisited |date=1975 |publisher=Tala Pub. Services |isbn=978-971-8958-00-1 |location=Quezon City, Philippines |author-link=Renato Constantino |access-date=February 3, 2024 |archive-date=February 3, 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240203072918/https://books.google.com/books?id=Q1ZxAAAAMAAJ |url-status=live}}</ref> [[United States]], dhire-chire naam ke "the Philippine Islands" se badal ke "the Philippines" kar diin, Philippine Autonomy Act aur [[Jones Law (Philippines)|Jones Law]] se.<ref>{{#invoke:cite|web|date=August 29, 1916 |title=The Jones Law of 1916 |url=https://www.officialgazette.gov.ph/constitutions/the-jones-law-of-1916/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170808093938/https://www.officialgazette.gov.ph/constitutions/the-jones-law-of-1916/ |archive-date=August 8, 2017 |access-date=March 12, 2021 |website=[[Official Gazette of the Republic of the Philippines]] |at=Section 1.―The Philippines}}</ref> 1935 ke constitution me, sarkari naam "Republic of the Philippines" rakkhaa gais rahaa, jon aage ke ajaad des ke naam rahii,<ref>{{#invoke:cite|web|title=The 1935 Constitution |url=https://www.officialgazette.gov.ph/constitutions/the-1935-constitution/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170625234400/https://www.officialgazette.gov.ph/constitutions/the-1935-constitution/ |archive-date=June 25, 2017 |access-date=February 11, 2023 |website=[[Official Gazette of the Republic of the Philippines]] |at=Article XVII, Section 1}}</ref> aur baad ke sab constitutional ke badlao me ii naam rakkha gais hae.<ref>{{#invoke:cite|web|date=January 17, 1973 |title=1973 Constitution of the Republic of the Philippines |url=https://www.officialgazette.gov.ph/constitutions/1973-constitution-of-the-republic-of-the-philippines-2/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170625191553/https://www.officialgazette.gov.ph/constitutions/1973-constitution-of-the-republic-of-the-philippines-2/ |archive-date=June 25, 2017 |access-date=March 14, 2021 |website=[[Official Gazette of the Republic of the Philippines]]}}</ref><ref>{{#invoke:cite|web|date=February 11, 1987 |title=The Constitution of the Republic of the Philippines |url=https://www.officialgazette.gov.ph/constitutions/1987-constitution/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170607182503/https://www.officialgazette.gov.ph/constitutions/1987-constitution/ |archive-date=June 7, 2017 |access-date=March 14, 2021 |website=[[Official Gazette of the Republic of the Philippines]]}}</ref> == Itihaas == === Puraana itihaas (900 se pahile) === {{Main|Prehistory of the Philippines}} [[File:Manunggul Jar.jpg|thumb|upright|The [[Manunggul Jar|Manunggul burial jar]], dher burial jar me se ek, jiske gifaa me paawa gais rahaa|alt=A burial jar with its lid decorated with two people on a boat|left]] Iske sabuut hae ki puraana jamaana ke [[hominins]], jon jagha abi Philippines hae, me 709,000 saal pahile rahat rahin.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Ingicco |first1=T. |last2=van den Bergh |first2=G. D. |last3=Jago-on |first3=C. |last4=Bahain |first4=J. |last5=Chacón |first5=M. G. |last6=Amano |first6=N. |last7=Forestier |first7=H. |last8=King |first8=C. |last9=Manalo |first9=K. |last10=Nomade |first10=S. |last11=Pereira |first11=A. |last12=Reyes |first12=M. C. |last13=Sémah |first13=A. |last14=Shao |first14=Q. |last15=Voinchet |first15=P. |date=May 1, 2018 |title=Earliest known hominin activity in the Philippines by 709&nbsp;thousand years ago |url=https://ro.uow.edu.au/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=6441&context=smhpapers |journal=Nature |publisher=[[University of Wollongong]] |volume=557 |issue=7704 |pages=233–237 |bibcode=2018Natur.557..233I |doi=10.1038/s41586-018-0072-8 |pmid=29720661 |s2cid=256771231 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190429133325/https://ro.uow.edu.au/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=6441&context=smhpapers |archive-date=April 29, 2019 |first16=C. |last16=Falguères |first17=P.C.H. |last17=Albers |first18=M. |last18=Lising |first19=G. |last19=Lyras |first20=D. |last20=Yurnaldi |first21=P. |last21=Rochette |first22=A. |last22=Bautista |first23=J. |last23=de Vos |issn=0028-0836}}</ref> [[Callao Cave]] me paawa gais haddi, saait ek nawaa species, ''[[Homo luzonensis]]'' ke hae, jon 50,000 se 67,000 saal pahile rahat rahin.<ref>{{#invoke:cite|news|last1=Greshko |first1=Michael |last2=Wei-Haas |first2=Maya |date=April 10, 2019 |title=New species of ancient human discovered in the Philippines |work=[[National Geographic]] |url=https://www.nationalgeographic.com/science/2019/04/new-species-ancient-human-discovered-luzon-philippines-homo-luzonensis/ |access-date=October 24, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190410173110/https://www.nationalgeographic.com/science/2019/04/new-species-ancient-human-discovered-luzon-philippines-homo-luzonensis/ |archive-date=April 10, 2019}}</ref><ref>{{#invoke:cite|news|last1=Rincon |first1=Paul |date=April 10, 2019 |title=New human species found in Philippines |work=[[BBC News]] |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/science-environment-47873072 |access-date=October 24, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190410192730/https://www.bbc.com/news/science-environment-47873072 |archive-date=April 10, 2019 |author-link1=Paul Rincon}}</ref> Sab se puraana [[modern human]] ke remain ii islands ke [[Palawan]] ke [[Tabon Caves]] me paawa gais hae, jiske [[U/Th-dated]] hae 47,000 ± 11–10,000 saal pahile.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Détroit |first1=Florent |last2=Dizon |first2=Eusebio |last3=Falguères |first3=Christophe |last4=Hameau |first4=Sébastien |last5=Ronquillo |first5=Wilfredo |last6=Sémah |first6=François |date=2004 |title=Upper Pleistocene ''Homo sapiens'' from the Tabon cave (Palawan, The Philippines): description and dating of new discoveries |url=http://fdetroit.free.fr/IMG/pdf/Detroit_etal_04_Tabon2.pdf |journal=Human Palaeontology and Prehistory |publisher=[[Elsevier]] |volume=3 |issue=2004 |pages=705–712 |bibcode=2004CRPal...3..705D |doi=10.1016/j.crpv.2004.06.004 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150218164554/http://fdetroit.free.fr/IMG/pdf/Detroit_etal_04_Tabon2.pdf |archive-date=February 18, 2015 |doi-access=free}}</ref> [[Tabon Man]] ke [[Negrito]] maana jaae hae, jon ii islands me rahe waala pahila log rahin, Africa se coastal route lae ke, along [[South Asia|southern Asia]] se abhi duubaa waala [[Sundaland]] aur [[Sahul]] se ii islands me aae rahin.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Jett |first=Stephen C. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=EgOUDgAAQBAJ |title=Ancient Ocean Crossings: Reconsidering the Case for Contacts with the Pre-Columbian Americas |date=2017 |publisher=[[University of Alabama Press]] |isbn=978-0-8173-1939-7 |location=Tuscaloosa, Ala. |pages=[https://books.google.com/books?id=EgOUDgAAQBAJ&pg=168 168–171] |access-date=May 23, 2020 |archive-date=February 3, 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240203072920/https://books.google.com/books?id=EgOUDgAAQBAJ |url-status=live}}</ref> Philippines pahunche waala pahila Austronesians , Taiwan se, lagbhag 2200 BC me aae rahin, [[Batanes]] Islands (where they built stone fortresses known as ''[[ijang]]s'') me aae ke base rahin<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://portals.iucn.org/library/sites/library/files/documents/2005-006.pdf |title=The Protected Landscape Approach: Linking Nature, Culture and Community |date=2005 |publisher=[[International Union for Conservation of Nature|IUCN]] |isbn=978-2-8317-0797-6 |editor-last=Brown |editor-first=Jessica |location=Gland, Switzerland and Cambridge, England |pages=101–102 |language=en |access-date=March 19, 2023 |editor-last2=Mitchell |editor-first2=Nora J. |editor-last3=Beresford |editor-first3=Michael |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180408232535/https://portals.iucn.org/library/sites/library/files/documents/2005-006.pdf |archive-date=April 8, 2018}}</ref> aur northern [[Luzon]] me bhi. [[Philippine jade culture|Jade artifacts]] ke 2000 BC ke date karaa gais hae,<ref>{{Cite book |last=Scott |first=William Henry |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=FSlwAAAAMAAJ |title=Prehispanic Source Materials for the Study of Philippine History |publisher=New Day Publishers |year=1984 |isbn=978-971-10-0227-5 |location=Quezon City, Philippines |page=17 |author-link=William Henry Scott (historian) |access-date=April 20, 2023 |archive-date=February 3, 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240203072920/https://books.google.com/books?id=FSlwAAAAMAAJ |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Ness |first=Immanuel |editor-last1=Bellwood |editor-first1=Peter |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=2HMTBwAAQBAJ |title=The Global Prehistory of Human Migration |date=2014 |publisher=[[Wiley-Blackwell]] |isbn=978-1-118-97059-1 |location=Chichester, West Sussex, England |page=[https://books.google.com/books?id=2HMTBwAAQBAJ&pg=PA289 289] |author-link1=Immanuel Ness |editor-link1=Peter Bellwood |access-date=September 2, 2020 |archive-date=February 3, 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240203072922/https://books.google.com/books?id=2HMTBwAAQBAJ |url-status=live}}</ref> jisme [[lingling-o]] Luzon ke jade ke banaa chij ke Taiwan ke raw material se banaawa gais rahaa.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Hung |first1=Hsiao-Chun |last2=Iizuka |first2=Yoshiyuki |last3=Bellwood |first3=Peter |last4=Nguyen |first4=Kim Dung |last5=Bellina |first5=Bérénice |last6=Silapanth |first6=Praon |last7=Dizon |first7=Eusebio |last8=Santiago |first8=Rey |last9=Datan |first9=Ipoi |last10=Manton |first10=Jonathan H. |date=December 11, 2007 |title=Ancient jades map 3,000 years of prehistoric exchange in Southeast Asia |journal=[[Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America]] |publisher=[[National Academy of Sciences]] |volume=104 |issue=50 |pages=19745–19750 |doi=10.1073/pnas.0707304104 |pmc=2148369 |pmid=18048347 |doi-access=free}}</ref> 1000 BC talak, ii islands ke log chaar society me develop hoe gay rahin : [[hunter-gatherer]] tribes, warrior societies, highland [[plutocracies]], aur port principalities.<ref name="Legarda-2001">{{Cite journal |last=Legarda |first=Benito Jr. |author-link=Benito J. Legarda |year=2001 |title=Cultural Landmarks and their Interactions with Economic Factors in the Second Millennium in the Philippines |journal=Kinaadman (Wisdom): A Journal of the Southern Philippines |publisher=[[Xavier University – Ateneo de Cagayan]] |volume=23 |page=40}}</ref> == Duusra websites == === Official websites === * [http://www.gov.ph www.gov.ph] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120101105754/http://www.gov.ph/ |date=2012-01-01 }} - Government portal * [http://www.op.gov.ph www.op.gov.ph] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070609185330/http://www.op.gov.ph/ |date=2007-06-09 }} - Office of the President * [http://www.senate.gov.ph www.senate.gov.ph] - Senate * [http://www.congress.gov.ph www.congress.gov.ph] - House of Representatives * [http://www.supremecourt.gov.ph www.supremecourt.gov.ph] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080512084154/http://www.supremecourt.gov.ph/ |date=2008-05-12 }} - Supreme Court * [http://www.comelec.gov.ph www.comelec.gov.ph] - Commission on Elections === News websites === * [http://www.inq7.net Philippine Daily Inquirer and GMA News] * [http://www.abs-cbnnews.com ABS-CBN News] * [http://www.philstar.com Philippine Star] * [http://www.mb.com.ph The Manila Bulletin Online] * [http://www.manilatimes.net The Manila Times Online] * [http://www.sunstar.com.ph Sun Star Network Online] * [http://www.tribune.net.ph The Daily Tribune Online] * [http://www.malaya.com.ph Malaya Online] * [http://www.today.net.ph Today Online] * [http://www.kabayanonline.com Kabayan Online] === Aurr === * [http://www.dmoz.org/Regional/Asia/Philippines/ Open Directory Project] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20040819050600/http://dmoz.org/Regional/Asia/Philippines/ |date=2004-08-19 }} * [http://www.filipinotvchannel.com The Filipino Channel] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090712052253/http://www.filipinotvchannel.com/ |date=2009-07-12 }} - Satellite TV from the Philippines [[vibhag:Philippines| ]] [[vibhag:ASEAN ke member]] [[vibhag:English bhasa waala des]] 4d67jup0vfig03wex18rovcs8i948vo 323827 323826 2025-06-19T10:33:49Z Thakurji 37 /* Puraana itihaas (900 se pahile) */ 323827 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox Country| fullcountryname= Republic of the Philippines<br /> Repúbliká ng̃ Pilipinas | image_flag= Flag of the Philippines.svg | image_coa= | image_location= LocationPhilippines.png | nationalmotto= Maka-Diyos, Makatao, Makakalikasan, at Makabansa (English: God, People, Nature, and Country) | nationalsong= "Lupang Hinirang" (Chosen Land) | nationalflower= n/a | nationalanimal= n/a | officiallanguages= Filipino (Tagalog), [[English bhasa|English]], [[Spanish bhasa|Spanish]] | populationtotal= 87,857,473 | populationrank= 12 | populationdensity= 276 | countrycapital= [[Manila]] | countrylargestcity= Quezon City | areatotal= 300,000 | arearank= 71 | areawater= n/a | areawaterpercent= 0.6 | establishedin= [[12 June]], [[1898]] | leadertitlename= President: Rodrigo Duterte<br />Vice President: Leni Robredo | currency= Philippine peso (piso) (PHP) | utcoffset= +8 | dialingcode= +63 | internettld= .ph }} Philippines ek 7,000 se jaada [[island]] waala [[des]] hae. Ii [[Pacific Ocean]] me [[Asia]] se 100 kilometers southeast me hae. [[Spain]] ([[1521]]-[[1898]]) aur [[United States]] ([[1898]]-[[1946]]), ii des pe raaj karin rahaa. Philippines, [[South Korea]], aur [[East Timor]], East Asia ke uu des hae jahan pe jaada log [[Isai dharam|Isai]] hae. Philippine Islands ke east me [[Pacific Ocean]], west me [[South China Sea]], aur south me [[Celebes Sea]] hae . == Naam == [[Spain]] ke explorer [[Ruy López de Villalobos]], aapan 1542 ke expedition me, [[Leyte]] aur [[Samar]] ke naam "{{lang|es|Felipinas}}" diis rahaa, [[Prince of Asturias]], baad me [[Philip&nbsp;II of Castile]] ke baad. Dhire-dhire "{{lang|es|Las Islas Filipinas}}" ke naam se ii archipelago ke Spanish possession ke bola jaae lagaa.<ref name="Scott-1994" /> Duusra naam, jaise "{{lang|es|Islas del Poniente}}" (Western Islands), "{{lang|pt|Islas del Oriente}}" (Eastern Islands), [[Ferdinand Magellan]] ke naam aur "{{lang|es|San Lázaro}}" (Islands of St. Lazarus), ke kaam me laae ke Spanish log ii islands ke refer karat rahin, jabtak ii ilaaka me Spanish raj established nai rahaa.<ref>{{cite book |last=Malcolm |first=George A. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=tpEz7_tzzJoC |title=The Government of the Philippine Islands: Its Development and Fundamentals |series=Philippine Law Collection |date=1916 |publisher=[[Lawyers Co-operative Publishing Company]] |isbn=<!-- ISBN unspecified --> |location=Rochester, N.Y. |page=[https://archive.org/details/cu31924051298937/page/2/mode/2up 3] |language=en |author-link=George A. Malcolm |oclc=578245510 |access-date=February 12, 2023 |archive-date=February 17, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230217144209/https://books.google.com/books?id=tpEz7_tzzJoC |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Spate |first=Oskar H.K. |title=The Spanish Lake |date=November 2004 |publisher=[[Taylor & Francis]] |isbn=978-0-7099-0049-8 |series=The Pacific since Magellan |volume=I |location=London, England |page=97 |chapter=Chapter 4. Magellan's Successors: Loaysa to Urdaneta. Two failures: Grijalva and Villalobos |doi=10.22459/SL.11.2004 |author-link=Oskar Spate |access-date=July 6, 2020 |orig-date=1979 |chapter-url=http://epress.anu.edu.au/spanish_lake/mobile_devices/ch04s05.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080805022835/http://epress.anu.edu.au/spanish_lake/mobile_devices/ch04s05.html |archive-date=August 5, 2008 |doi-access=free}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=GIz4CDTCOwcC |title=The Cambridge History of Southeast Asia |date=1999 |publisher=[[Cambridge University Press]] |isbn=978-0-521-66370-0 |editor-last=Tarling |editor-first=Nicholas |volume=2: From c. 1500 to c. 1800 |location=Cambridge, England |page=[https://books.google.com/books?id=GIz4CDTCOwcC&pg=PA12 12] |language=en |author-link=Nicholas Tarling |access-date=April 2, 2023 |archive-date=April 2, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230402114137/https://books.google.com/books?id=GIz4CDTCOwcC |url-status=live}}</ref> [[Philippine Revolution]] ke time, [[Malolos Congress]] {{lang|es|República Filipina}} (the [[First Philippine Republic|Philippine Republic]]) ke elaan karis.<ref>{{#invoke:cite|web|title=The 1899 Malolos Constitution |url=https://www.officialgazette.gov.ph/constitutions/the-1899-malolos-constitution/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170605215334/https://www.officialgazette.gov.ph/constitutions/the-1899-malolos-constitution/ |archive-date=June 5, 2017 |access-date=February 11, 2023 |website=[[Official Gazette of the Republic of the Philippines]] |at=Título I – De la República; Articulo 1 |language=es, en}}</ref> America ke colonial authorities ii des ke Philippine Islands (a translation of the Spanish name) bolat rahin.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Constantino |first=Renato |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Q1ZxAAAAMAAJ |title=The Philippines: A Past Revisited |date=1975 |publisher=Tala Pub. Services |isbn=978-971-8958-00-1 |location=Quezon City, Philippines |author-link=Renato Constantino |access-date=February 3, 2024 |archive-date=February 3, 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240203072918/https://books.google.com/books?id=Q1ZxAAAAMAAJ |url-status=live}}</ref> [[United States]], dhire-chire naam ke "the Philippine Islands" se badal ke "the Philippines" kar diin, Philippine Autonomy Act aur [[Jones Law (Philippines)|Jones Law]] se.<ref>{{#invoke:cite|web|date=August 29, 1916 |title=The Jones Law of 1916 |url=https://www.officialgazette.gov.ph/constitutions/the-jones-law-of-1916/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170808093938/https://www.officialgazette.gov.ph/constitutions/the-jones-law-of-1916/ |archive-date=August 8, 2017 |access-date=March 12, 2021 |website=[[Official Gazette of the Republic of the Philippines]] |at=Section 1.―The Philippines}}</ref> 1935 ke constitution me, sarkari naam "Republic of the Philippines" rakkhaa gais rahaa, jon aage ke ajaad des ke naam rahii,<ref>{{#invoke:cite|web|title=The 1935 Constitution |url=https://www.officialgazette.gov.ph/constitutions/the-1935-constitution/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170625234400/https://www.officialgazette.gov.ph/constitutions/the-1935-constitution/ |archive-date=June 25, 2017 |access-date=February 11, 2023 |website=[[Official Gazette of the Republic of the Philippines]] |at=Article XVII, Section 1}}</ref> aur baad ke sab constitutional ke badlao me ii naam rakkha gais hae.<ref>{{#invoke:cite|web|date=January 17, 1973 |title=1973 Constitution of the Republic of the Philippines |url=https://www.officialgazette.gov.ph/constitutions/1973-constitution-of-the-republic-of-the-philippines-2/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170625191553/https://www.officialgazette.gov.ph/constitutions/1973-constitution-of-the-republic-of-the-philippines-2/ |archive-date=June 25, 2017 |access-date=March 14, 2021 |website=[[Official Gazette of the Republic of the Philippines]]}}</ref><ref>{{#invoke:cite|web|date=February 11, 1987 |title=The Constitution of the Republic of the Philippines |url=https://www.officialgazette.gov.ph/constitutions/1987-constitution/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170607182503/https://www.officialgazette.gov.ph/constitutions/1987-constitution/ |archive-date=June 7, 2017 |access-date=March 14, 2021 |website=[[Official Gazette of the Republic of the Philippines]]}}</ref> == Itihaas == === Puraana itihaas (900 se pahile) === [[File:Manunggul Jar.jpg|thumb|upright|The [[Manunggul Jar|Manunggul burial jar]], dher burial jar me se ek, jiske gifaa me paawa gais rahaa|alt=A burial jar with its lid decorated with two people on a boat|left]] Iske sabuut hae ki puraana jamaana ke [[hominins]], jon jagha abi Philippines hae, me 709,000 saal pahile rahat rahin.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Ingicco |first1=T. |last2=van den Bergh |first2=G. D. |last3=Jago-on |first3=C. |last4=Bahain |first4=J. |last5=Chacón |first5=M. G. |last6=Amano |first6=N. |last7=Forestier |first7=H. |last8=King |first8=C. |last9=Manalo |first9=K. |last10=Nomade |first10=S. |last11=Pereira |first11=A. |last12=Reyes |first12=M. C. |last13=Sémah |first13=A. |last14=Shao |first14=Q. |last15=Voinchet |first15=P. |date=May 1, 2018 |title=Earliest known hominin activity in the Philippines by 709&nbsp;thousand years ago |url=https://ro.uow.edu.au/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=6441&context=smhpapers |journal=Nature |publisher=[[University of Wollongong]] |volume=557 |issue=7704 |pages=233–237 |bibcode=2018Natur.557..233I |doi=10.1038/s41586-018-0072-8 |pmid=29720661 |s2cid=256771231 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190429133325/https://ro.uow.edu.au/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=6441&context=smhpapers |archive-date=April 29, 2019 |first16=C. |last16=Falguères |first17=P.C.H. |last17=Albers |first18=M. |last18=Lising |first19=G. |last19=Lyras |first20=D. |last20=Yurnaldi |first21=P. |last21=Rochette |first22=A. |last22=Bautista |first23=J. |last23=de Vos |issn=0028-0836}}</ref> [[Callao Cave]] me paawa gais haddi, saait ek nawaa species, ''[[Homo luzonensis]]'' ke hae, jon 50,000 se 67,000 saal pahile rahat rahin.<ref>{{#invoke:cite|news|last1=Greshko |first1=Michael |last2=Wei-Haas |first2=Maya |date=April 10, 2019 |title=New species of ancient human discovered in the Philippines |work=[[National Geographic]] |url=https://www.nationalgeographic.com/science/2019/04/new-species-ancient-human-discovered-luzon-philippines-homo-luzonensis/ |access-date=October 24, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190410173110/https://www.nationalgeographic.com/science/2019/04/new-species-ancient-human-discovered-luzon-philippines-homo-luzonensis/ |archive-date=April 10, 2019}}</ref><ref>{{#invoke:cite|news|last1=Rincon |first1=Paul |date=April 10, 2019 |title=New human species found in Philippines |work=[[BBC News]] |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/science-environment-47873072 |access-date=October 24, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190410192730/https://www.bbc.com/news/science-environment-47873072 |archive-date=April 10, 2019 |author-link1=Paul Rincon}}</ref> Sab se puraana [[modern human]] ke remain ii islands ke [[Palawan]] ke [[Tabon Caves]] me paawa gais hae, jiske [[U/Th-dated]] hae 47,000 ± 11–10,000 saal pahile.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Détroit |first1=Florent |last2=Dizon |first2=Eusebio |last3=Falguères |first3=Christophe |last4=Hameau |first4=Sébastien |last5=Ronquillo |first5=Wilfredo |last6=Sémah |first6=François |date=2004 |title=Upper Pleistocene ''Homo sapiens'' from the Tabon cave (Palawan, The Philippines): description and dating of new discoveries |url=http://fdetroit.free.fr/IMG/pdf/Detroit_etal_04_Tabon2.pdf |journal=Human Palaeontology and Prehistory |publisher=[[Elsevier]] |volume=3 |issue=2004 |pages=705–712 |bibcode=2004CRPal...3..705D |doi=10.1016/j.crpv.2004.06.004 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150218164554/http://fdetroit.free.fr/IMG/pdf/Detroit_etal_04_Tabon2.pdf |archive-date=February 18, 2015 |doi-access=free}}</ref> [[Tabon Man]] ke [[Negrito]] maana jaae hae, jon ii islands me rahe waala pahila log rahin, Africa se coastal route lae ke, along [[South Asia|southern Asia]] se abhi duubaa waala [[Sundaland]] aur [[Sahul]] se ii islands me aae rahin.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Jett |first=Stephen C. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=EgOUDgAAQBAJ |title=Ancient Ocean Crossings: Reconsidering the Case for Contacts with the Pre-Columbian Americas |date=2017 |publisher=[[University of Alabama Press]] |isbn=978-0-8173-1939-7 |location=Tuscaloosa, Ala. |pages=[https://books.google.com/books?id=EgOUDgAAQBAJ&pg=168 168–171] |access-date=May 23, 2020 |archive-date=February 3, 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240203072920/https://books.google.com/books?id=EgOUDgAAQBAJ |url-status=live}}</ref> Philippines pahunche waala pahila Austronesians , Taiwan se, lagbhag 2200 BC me aae rahin, [[Batanes]] Islands (where they built stone fortresses known as ''[[ijang]]s'') me aae ke base rahin<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://portals.iucn.org/library/sites/library/files/documents/2005-006.pdf |title=The Protected Landscape Approach: Linking Nature, Culture and Community |date=2005 |publisher=[[International Union for Conservation of Nature|IUCN]] |isbn=978-2-8317-0797-6 |editor-last=Brown |editor-first=Jessica |location=Gland, Switzerland and Cambridge, England |pages=101–102 |language=en |access-date=March 19, 2023 |editor-last2=Mitchell |editor-first2=Nora J. |editor-last3=Beresford |editor-first3=Michael |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180408232535/https://portals.iucn.org/library/sites/library/files/documents/2005-006.pdf |archive-date=April 8, 2018}}</ref> aur northern [[Luzon]] me bhi. [[Philippine jade culture|Jade artifacts]] ke 2000 BC ke date karaa gais hae,<ref>{{Cite book |last=Scott |first=William Henry |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=FSlwAAAAMAAJ |title=Prehispanic Source Materials for the Study of Philippine History |publisher=New Day Publishers |year=1984 |isbn=978-971-10-0227-5 |location=Quezon City, Philippines |page=17 |author-link=William Henry Scott (historian) |access-date=April 20, 2023 |archive-date=February 3, 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240203072920/https://books.google.com/books?id=FSlwAAAAMAAJ |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Ness |first=Immanuel |editor-last1=Bellwood |editor-first1=Peter |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=2HMTBwAAQBAJ |title=The Global Prehistory of Human Migration |date=2014 |publisher=[[Wiley-Blackwell]] |isbn=978-1-118-97059-1 |location=Chichester, West Sussex, England |page=[https://books.google.com/books?id=2HMTBwAAQBAJ&pg=PA289 289] |author-link1=Immanuel Ness |editor-link1=Peter Bellwood |access-date=September 2, 2020 |archive-date=February 3, 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240203072922/https://books.google.com/books?id=2HMTBwAAQBAJ |url-status=live}}</ref> jisme [[lingling-o]] Luzon ke jade ke banaa chij ke Taiwan ke raw material se banaawa gais rahaa.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Hung |first1=Hsiao-Chun |last2=Iizuka |first2=Yoshiyuki |last3=Bellwood |first3=Peter |last4=Nguyen |first4=Kim Dung |last5=Bellina |first5=Bérénice |last6=Silapanth |first6=Praon |last7=Dizon |first7=Eusebio |last8=Santiago |first8=Rey |last9=Datan |first9=Ipoi |last10=Manton |first10=Jonathan H. |date=December 11, 2007 |title=Ancient jades map 3,000 years of prehistoric exchange in Southeast Asia |journal=[[Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America]] |publisher=[[National Academy of Sciences]] |volume=104 |issue=50 |pages=19745–19750 |doi=10.1073/pnas.0707304104 |pmc=2148369 |pmid=18048347 |doi-access=free}}</ref> 1000 BC talak, ii islands ke log chaar society me develop hoe gay rahin : [[hunter-gatherer]] tribes, warrior societies, highland [[plutocracies]], aur port principalities.<ref name="Legarda-2001">{{Cite journal |last=Legarda |first=Benito Jr. |author-link=Benito J. Legarda |year=2001 |title=Cultural Landmarks and their Interactions with Economic Factors in the Second Millennium in the Philippines |journal=Kinaadman (Wisdom): A Journal of the Southern Philippines |publisher=[[Xavier University – Ateneo de Cagayan]] |volume=23 |page=40}}</ref> === Pahila states (900–1565) === [[File:Naturales 4.png|thumb| 1590's ke early Spanish colonial jamaana ke ek native praani jon sona pahinin hae.]] Philippines ke sab se pahila likha gias record, 900 AD ke [[Laguna Copperplate Inscription]] hae, jiske [[Old Malay]] bhasa me, [[Kawi alphabet|Kawi]] script me likha gais hae.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Postma |first=Antoon |author-link=Antoon Postma |date=1992 |title=The Laguna Copper-Plate Inscription: Text and Commentary |url=http://www.philippinestudies.net/ojs/index.php/ps/article/download/1033/1018 |journal=[[Philippine Studies (journal)|Philippine Studies]] |location=Quezon City, Philippines |publisher=[[Ateneo de Manila University]] |volume=40 |issue=2 |pages=182–203 |issn=0031-7837 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151208053836/http://www.philippinestudies.net/ojs/index.php/ps/article/download/1033/1018 |archive-date=December 8, 2015}}</ref> 14th century talak, dher barraa-barraa coastal settlements trading centers ban ke [[Cultural achievements of pre-colonial Philippines|societal changes]] ke kaaran ban gais.<ref name="deGraaf-1977">{{Cite book |last1=de Graaf |first1=Hermanus Johannes |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=RYQeAAAAIAAJ |title=Geschichte: Lieferung 2 |last2=Kennedy |first2=Joseph |last3=Scott |first3=William Henry |date=1977 |publisher=[[Brill Publishers|Brill]] |isbn=978-90-04-04859-1 |location=Leiden, Switzerland |page=[https://books.google.com/books?id=RYQeAAAAIAAJ&pg=PA198 198] |language=en |author-link3=William Henry Scott (historian) |access-date=February 18, 2023 |archive-date=March 6, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230306102637/https://books.google.com/books?id=RYQeAAAAIAAJ |url-status=live}}</ref> Kuchh basti ke log, Asia ke duusra state se chij ke trade karat rahin. <ref name="Junker-1999">{{Cite book |last=Junker |first=Laura Lee |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=yO2yG0nxTtsC |title=Raiding, Trading, and Feasting: The Political Economy of Philippine Chiefdoms |date=1999 |publisher=[[University of Hawaiʻi Press]] |isbn=978-0-8248-2035-0 |location=Honolulu, Hawaii |access-date=August 22, 2020 |archive-date=February 3, 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240203072919/https://books.google.com/books?id=yO2yG0nxTtsC |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Nadeau |first=Kathleen M. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=kAINJWo4IJ4C |title=Liberation Theology in the Philippines: Faith in a Revolution |date=2002 |publisher=[[Greenwood Publishing Group]] |isbn=978-0-275-97198-4 |location=Westport, Conn. |page=[https://books.google.com/books?id=kAINJWo4IJ4C&pg=PA8 8] |language=en |access-date=February 18, 2023 |archive-date=March 17, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230317084801/https://books.google.com/books?id=kAINJWo4IJ4C |url-status=live}}</ref> [[Tang dynasty]] ke time, China se trade suruu bhais,<ref>{{#invoke:cite|web|url=https://www.nationalmuseum.gov.ph/2022/09/20/the-9th-to-10th-century-archaeological-evidence-of-maritime-relations-between-the-philippines-and-the-islands-of-southeast-asia/|title=The 9th to 10th century archaeological evidence of maritime relations between the Philippines and the islands of Southeast Asia|publisher=[[National Museum of the Philippines]]|access-date=December 4, 2023|date=n.d.}}</ref><ref name=":0">{{Cite book |last=Fox |first=Robert B. |author-link=Robert Bradford Fox |title=More Tsinoy Than We Admit: Chinese-Filipino Interactions Over the Centuries |publisher=Vibal Foundation, Inc. |year=2015 |isbn=9789719706823 |editor-last=Chu |editor-first=Richard T. |location=Quezon City |pages=10–13 |chapter=The Archaeological Record of Chinese Influences in the Philippines}}</ref> aur [[Song dynasty]] ke time aur barrha.<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=6kDm5d3cMIYC |title=Southeast Asia: From Prehistory to History |date=2004 |publisher=[[RoutledgeCurzon]] |isbn=978-0-415-29777-6 |editor-last=Glover |editor-first=Ian |location=London, England |page=[https://books.google.com/books?id=6kDm5d3cMIYC&pg=PA267 267] |author-link2=Peter Bellwood |editor-last2=Bellwood |editor-first2=Peter}}</ref><ref>{{#invoke:cite|web|title=Pre-colonial Manila|url=http://malacanang.gov.ph/75832-pre-colonial-manila/|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150724010336/http://malacanang.gov.ph/75832-pre-colonial-manila/|archive-date=July 24, 2015|access-date=December 26, 2020|website=Malacañan Palace: Presidential Museum And Library}}</ref><ref name=":0" /> Second millennium AD bhar, kuch basti [[China]] ke niche rahin.<ref name="Scott-1994">{{Cite book |last=Scott |first=William Henry |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=15KZU-yMuisC |title=Barangay: Sixteenth-century Philippine Culture and Society |publisher=[[Ateneo de Manila University Press]] |year=1994 |isbn=978-971-550-135-4 |location=Quezon City, Philippines |author-link=William Henry Scott (historian) |access-date=October 18, 2015 |archive-date=February 3, 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240203072920/https://books.google.com/books?id=15KZU-yMuisC |url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="Junker-1999" /> Jaada trade aur diplomacy ke kaaran, [[Northern and southern China|Southern]] [[Han Chinese|Chinese]] merchants aur migrants [[Southern Fujian]] se,<ref>{{Cite book |last=San Buena Ventura |first=Fr. Pedro de |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=A8QxAQAAMAAJ |title=Vocabulario de lengua tagala: El romance castellano puesto primero |publisher=La Noble Villa de Pila |year=1613 |editor-last=de Silva |editor-first=Juan (Don.) |page=545 |language=[[Tagalog language|Tagalog]] & [[Early Modern Spanish]] |quote=Sangley) Langlang (pc) anſi llamauan los viejos deſtos [a los] ſangleyes cuando venian [a tratar] con ellos |trans-quote=Sangley) Langlang (pc) this is what the elderlies called [the] Sangleyes when they came [to deal] with them}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=San Buena Ventura |first=Fr. Pedro de |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=A8QxAQAAMAAJ |title=Vocabulario de lengua tagala: El romance castellano puesto primero |publisher=La Noble Villa de Pila |year=1613 |editor-last=de Silva |editor-first=Juan (Don.) |page=170 |language=[[Tagalog language|Tagalog]] & [[Early Modern Spanish]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |url=https://webapp1.dlib.indiana.edu/metsnav/common/navigate.do?pn=1&size=large&oid=VAB8326 |title=Boxer Codex (Manila Manuscript) |others=[[Boxer Codex]], once kept by Sir [[C. R. Boxer]] |year=1590s |location=Manila |pages=415 [PDF] / 204 [As Written] |language=[[Early Modern Spanish]] & [[Philippine Hokkien|Early Manila Hokkien]] |via=[[Indiana University]] Digital Library, as digitized from the [[Lilly Library]] |access-date=March 24, 2024 |archive-date=March 24, 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240324113344/https://webapp1.dlib.indiana.edu/metsnav/common/navigate.do?pn=1&size=large&oid=VAB8326 |url-status=live}}</ref> aae ke ii islands me rahe lagin, aur ii log natives log ke saathe mix hoe lagin.. Indian ke sankriti, jaise ki bhasa aur dharam ke influence Philippines me 14th century me faela, Indianized Hindu [[Majapahit|Majapahit Empire]] se.<ref>{{Cite encyclopedia |title=Philippines |encyclopedia=Concise Encyclopedia of World History |publisher=[[Atlantic Books|Atlantic Publishers & Distributors]] |location=New Delhi, India |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=gGKsS-9h4BYC |last=Ramirez-Faria |first=Carlos |date=2007 |page=[https://books.google.com/books?id=gGKsS-9h4BYC&pg=PA560 560] |isbn=978-81-269-0775-5 |access-date=February 18, 2023 |archive-date=January 17, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230117131629/https://books.google.com/books?id=gGKsS-9h4BYC |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Evangelista |first=Alfredo E. |date=1965 |title=Identifying Some Intrusive Archaeological Materials Found in Philippine Proto-historic Sites |url=https://asj.upd.edu.ph/mediabox/archive/ASJ-03-01-1965/Evangelista.pdf |journal=Asian Studies: Journal of Critical Perspectives on Asia |publisher=[[University of the Philippines Asian Center|Asian Center]], [[University of the Philippines]] |volume=3 |issue=1 |pages=87–88 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230429072742/https://asj.upd.edu.ph/mediabox/archive/ASJ-03-01-1965/Evangelista.pdf |archive-date=April 29, 2023 |access-date=April 29, 2023}}</ref> 15th century talak Islam [[Sulu Archipelago]] me aapan adda jamae ke huan se aur bagal faela.<ref name="deGraaf-1977" /> == Duusra websites == === Official websites === * [http://www.gov.ph www.gov.ph] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120101105754/http://www.gov.ph/ |date=2012-01-01 }} - Government portal * [http://www.op.gov.ph www.op.gov.ph] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070609185330/http://www.op.gov.ph/ |date=2007-06-09 }} - Office of the President * [http://www.senate.gov.ph www.senate.gov.ph] - Senate * [http://www.congress.gov.ph www.congress.gov.ph] - House of Representatives * [http://www.supremecourt.gov.ph www.supremecourt.gov.ph] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080512084154/http://www.supremecourt.gov.ph/ |date=2008-05-12 }} - Supreme Court * [http://www.comelec.gov.ph www.comelec.gov.ph] - Commission on Elections === News websites === * [http://www.inq7.net Philippine Daily Inquirer and GMA News] * [http://www.abs-cbnnews.com ABS-CBN News] * [http://www.philstar.com Philippine Star] * [http://www.mb.com.ph The Manila Bulletin Online] * [http://www.manilatimes.net The Manila Times Online] * [http://www.sunstar.com.ph Sun Star Network Online] * [http://www.tribune.net.ph The Daily Tribune Online] * [http://www.malaya.com.ph Malaya Online] * [http://www.today.net.ph Today Online] * [http://www.kabayanonline.com Kabayan Online] === Aurr === * [http://www.dmoz.org/Regional/Asia/Philippines/ Open Directory Project] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20040819050600/http://dmoz.org/Regional/Asia/Philippines/ |date=2004-08-19 }} * [http://www.filipinotvchannel.com The Filipino Channel] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090712052253/http://www.filipinotvchannel.com/ |date=2009-07-12 }} - Satellite TV from the Philippines [[vibhag:Philippines| ]] [[vibhag:ASEAN ke member]] [[vibhag:English bhasa waala des]] is3bjng63b6bc01qmgzuwugzomlyi0h 323828 323827 2025-06-19T10:50:20Z Thakurji 37 /* Pahila states (900–1565) */ 323828 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox Country| fullcountryname= Republic of the Philippines<br /> Repúbliká ng̃ Pilipinas | image_flag= Flag of the Philippines.svg | image_coa= | image_location= LocationPhilippines.png | nationalmotto= Maka-Diyos, Makatao, Makakalikasan, at Makabansa (English: God, People, Nature, and Country) | nationalsong= "Lupang Hinirang" (Chosen Land) | nationalflower= n/a | nationalanimal= n/a | officiallanguages= Filipino (Tagalog), [[English bhasa|English]], [[Spanish bhasa|Spanish]] | populationtotal= 87,857,473 | populationrank= 12 | populationdensity= 276 | countrycapital= [[Manila]] | countrylargestcity= Quezon City | areatotal= 300,000 | arearank= 71 | areawater= n/a | areawaterpercent= 0.6 | establishedin= [[12 June]], [[1898]] | leadertitlename= President: Rodrigo Duterte<br />Vice President: Leni Robredo | currency= Philippine peso (piso) (PHP) | utcoffset= +8 | dialingcode= +63 | internettld= .ph }} Philippines ek 7,000 se jaada [[island]] waala [[des]] hae. Ii [[Pacific Ocean]] me [[Asia]] se 100 kilometers southeast me hae. [[Spain]] ([[1521]]-[[1898]]) aur [[United States]] ([[1898]]-[[1946]]), ii des pe raaj karin rahaa. Philippines, [[South Korea]], aur [[East Timor]], East Asia ke uu des hae jahan pe jaada log [[Isai dharam|Isai]] hae. Philippine Islands ke east me [[Pacific Ocean]], west me [[South China Sea]], aur south me [[Celebes Sea]] hae . == Naam == [[Spain]] ke explorer [[Ruy López de Villalobos]], aapan 1542 ke expedition me, [[Leyte]] aur [[Samar]] ke naam "{{lang|es|Felipinas}}" diis rahaa, [[Prince of Asturias]], baad me [[Philip&nbsp;II of Castile]] ke baad. Dhire-dhire "{{lang|es|Las Islas Filipinas}}" ke naam se ii archipelago ke Spanish possession ke bola jaae lagaa.<ref name="Scott-1994" /> Duusra naam, jaise "{{lang|es|Islas del Poniente}}" (Western Islands), "{{lang|pt|Islas del Oriente}}" (Eastern Islands), [[Ferdinand Magellan]] ke naam aur "{{lang|es|San Lázaro}}" (Islands of St. Lazarus), ke kaam me laae ke Spanish log ii islands ke refer karat rahin, jabtak ii ilaaka me Spanish raj established nai rahaa.<ref>{{cite book |last=Malcolm |first=George A. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=tpEz7_tzzJoC |title=The Government of the Philippine Islands: Its Development and Fundamentals |series=Philippine Law Collection |date=1916 |publisher=[[Lawyers Co-operative Publishing Company]] |isbn=<!-- ISBN unspecified --> |location=Rochester, N.Y. |page=[https://archive.org/details/cu31924051298937/page/2/mode/2up 3] |language=en |author-link=George A. Malcolm |oclc=578245510 |access-date=February 12, 2023 |archive-date=February 17, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230217144209/https://books.google.com/books?id=tpEz7_tzzJoC |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Spate |first=Oskar H.K. |title=The Spanish Lake |date=November 2004 |publisher=[[Taylor & Francis]] |isbn=978-0-7099-0049-8 |series=The Pacific since Magellan |volume=I |location=London, England |page=97 |chapter=Chapter 4. Magellan's Successors: Loaysa to Urdaneta. Two failures: Grijalva and Villalobos |doi=10.22459/SL.11.2004 |author-link=Oskar Spate |access-date=July 6, 2020 |orig-date=1979 |chapter-url=http://epress.anu.edu.au/spanish_lake/mobile_devices/ch04s05.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080805022835/http://epress.anu.edu.au/spanish_lake/mobile_devices/ch04s05.html |archive-date=August 5, 2008 |doi-access=free}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=GIz4CDTCOwcC |title=The Cambridge History of Southeast Asia |date=1999 |publisher=[[Cambridge University Press]] |isbn=978-0-521-66370-0 |editor-last=Tarling |editor-first=Nicholas |volume=2: From c. 1500 to c. 1800 |location=Cambridge, England |page=[https://books.google.com/books?id=GIz4CDTCOwcC&pg=PA12 12] |language=en |author-link=Nicholas Tarling |access-date=April 2, 2023 |archive-date=April 2, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230402114137/https://books.google.com/books?id=GIz4CDTCOwcC |url-status=live}}</ref> [[Philippine Revolution]] ke time, [[Malolos Congress]] {{lang|es|República Filipina}} (the [[First Philippine Republic|Philippine Republic]]) ke elaan karis.<ref>{{#invoke:cite|web|title=The 1899 Malolos Constitution |url=https://www.officialgazette.gov.ph/constitutions/the-1899-malolos-constitution/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170605215334/https://www.officialgazette.gov.ph/constitutions/the-1899-malolos-constitution/ |archive-date=June 5, 2017 |access-date=February 11, 2023 |website=[[Official Gazette of the Republic of the Philippines]] |at=Título I – De la República; Articulo 1 |language=es, en}}</ref> America ke colonial authorities ii des ke Philippine Islands (a translation of the Spanish name) bolat rahin.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Constantino |first=Renato |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Q1ZxAAAAMAAJ |title=The Philippines: A Past Revisited |date=1975 |publisher=Tala Pub. Services |isbn=978-971-8958-00-1 |location=Quezon City, Philippines |author-link=Renato Constantino |access-date=February 3, 2024 |archive-date=February 3, 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240203072918/https://books.google.com/books?id=Q1ZxAAAAMAAJ |url-status=live}}</ref> [[United States]], dhire-chire naam ke "the Philippine Islands" se badal ke "the Philippines" kar diin, Philippine Autonomy Act aur [[Jones Law (Philippines)|Jones Law]] se.<ref>{{#invoke:cite|web|date=August 29, 1916 |title=The Jones Law of 1916 |url=https://www.officialgazette.gov.ph/constitutions/the-jones-law-of-1916/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170808093938/https://www.officialgazette.gov.ph/constitutions/the-jones-law-of-1916/ |archive-date=August 8, 2017 |access-date=March 12, 2021 |website=[[Official Gazette of the Republic of the Philippines]] |at=Section 1.―The Philippines}}</ref> 1935 ke constitution me, sarkari naam "Republic of the Philippines" rakkhaa gais rahaa, jon aage ke ajaad des ke naam rahii,<ref>{{#invoke:cite|web|title=The 1935 Constitution |url=https://www.officialgazette.gov.ph/constitutions/the-1935-constitution/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170625234400/https://www.officialgazette.gov.ph/constitutions/the-1935-constitution/ |archive-date=June 25, 2017 |access-date=February 11, 2023 |website=[[Official Gazette of the Republic of the Philippines]] |at=Article XVII, Section 1}}</ref> aur baad ke sab constitutional ke badlao me ii naam rakkha gais hae.<ref>{{#invoke:cite|web|date=January 17, 1973 |title=1973 Constitution of the Republic of the Philippines |url=https://www.officialgazette.gov.ph/constitutions/1973-constitution-of-the-republic-of-the-philippines-2/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170625191553/https://www.officialgazette.gov.ph/constitutions/1973-constitution-of-the-republic-of-the-philippines-2/ |archive-date=June 25, 2017 |access-date=March 14, 2021 |website=[[Official Gazette of the Republic of the Philippines]]}}</ref><ref>{{#invoke:cite|web|date=February 11, 1987 |title=The Constitution of the Republic of the Philippines |url=https://www.officialgazette.gov.ph/constitutions/1987-constitution/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170607182503/https://www.officialgazette.gov.ph/constitutions/1987-constitution/ |archive-date=June 7, 2017 |access-date=March 14, 2021 |website=[[Official Gazette of the Republic of the Philippines]]}}</ref> == Itihaas == === Puraana itihaas (900 se pahile) === [[File:Manunggul Jar.jpg|thumb|upright|The [[Manunggul Jar|Manunggul burial jar]], dher burial jar me se ek, jiske gifaa me paawa gais rahaa|alt=A burial jar with its lid decorated with two people on a boat|left]] Iske sabuut hae ki puraana jamaana ke [[hominins]], jon jagha abi Philippines hae, me 709,000 saal pahile rahat rahin.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Ingicco |first1=T. |last2=van den Bergh |first2=G. D. |last3=Jago-on |first3=C. |last4=Bahain |first4=J. |last5=Chacón |first5=M. G. |last6=Amano |first6=N. |last7=Forestier |first7=H. |last8=King |first8=C. |last9=Manalo |first9=K. |last10=Nomade |first10=S. |last11=Pereira |first11=A. |last12=Reyes |first12=M. C. |last13=Sémah |first13=A. |last14=Shao |first14=Q. |last15=Voinchet |first15=P. |date=May 1, 2018 |title=Earliest known hominin activity in the Philippines by 709&nbsp;thousand years ago |url=https://ro.uow.edu.au/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=6441&context=smhpapers |journal=Nature |publisher=[[University of Wollongong]] |volume=557 |issue=7704 |pages=233–237 |bibcode=2018Natur.557..233I |doi=10.1038/s41586-018-0072-8 |pmid=29720661 |s2cid=256771231 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190429133325/https://ro.uow.edu.au/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=6441&context=smhpapers |archive-date=April 29, 2019 |first16=C. |last16=Falguères |first17=P.C.H. |last17=Albers |first18=M. |last18=Lising |first19=G. |last19=Lyras |first20=D. |last20=Yurnaldi |first21=P. |last21=Rochette |first22=A. |last22=Bautista |first23=J. |last23=de Vos |issn=0028-0836}}</ref> [[Callao Cave]] me paawa gais haddi, saait ek nawaa species, ''[[Homo luzonensis]]'' ke hae, jon 50,000 se 67,000 saal pahile rahat rahin.<ref>{{#invoke:cite|news|last1=Greshko |first1=Michael |last2=Wei-Haas |first2=Maya |date=April 10, 2019 |title=New species of ancient human discovered in the Philippines |work=[[National Geographic]] |url=https://www.nationalgeographic.com/science/2019/04/new-species-ancient-human-discovered-luzon-philippines-homo-luzonensis/ |access-date=October 24, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190410173110/https://www.nationalgeographic.com/science/2019/04/new-species-ancient-human-discovered-luzon-philippines-homo-luzonensis/ |archive-date=April 10, 2019}}</ref><ref>{{#invoke:cite|news|last1=Rincon |first1=Paul |date=April 10, 2019 |title=New human species found in Philippines |work=[[BBC News]] |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/science-environment-47873072 |access-date=October 24, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190410192730/https://www.bbc.com/news/science-environment-47873072 |archive-date=April 10, 2019 |author-link1=Paul Rincon}}</ref> Sab se puraana [[modern human]] ke remain ii islands ke [[Palawan]] ke [[Tabon Caves]] me paawa gais hae, jiske [[U/Th-dated]] hae 47,000 ± 11–10,000 saal pahile.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Détroit |first1=Florent |last2=Dizon |first2=Eusebio |last3=Falguères |first3=Christophe |last4=Hameau |first4=Sébastien |last5=Ronquillo |first5=Wilfredo |last6=Sémah |first6=François |date=2004 |title=Upper Pleistocene ''Homo sapiens'' from the Tabon cave (Palawan, The Philippines): description and dating of new discoveries |url=http://fdetroit.free.fr/IMG/pdf/Detroit_etal_04_Tabon2.pdf |journal=Human Palaeontology and Prehistory |publisher=[[Elsevier]] |volume=3 |issue=2004 |pages=705–712 |bibcode=2004CRPal...3..705D |doi=10.1016/j.crpv.2004.06.004 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150218164554/http://fdetroit.free.fr/IMG/pdf/Detroit_etal_04_Tabon2.pdf |archive-date=February 18, 2015 |doi-access=free}}</ref> [[Tabon Man]] ke [[Negrito]] maana jaae hae, jon ii islands me rahe waala pahila log rahin, Africa se coastal route lae ke, along [[South Asia|southern Asia]] se abhi duubaa waala [[Sundaland]] aur [[Sahul]] se ii islands me aae rahin.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Jett |first=Stephen C. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=EgOUDgAAQBAJ |title=Ancient Ocean Crossings: Reconsidering the Case for Contacts with the Pre-Columbian Americas |date=2017 |publisher=[[University of Alabama Press]] |isbn=978-0-8173-1939-7 |location=Tuscaloosa, Ala. |pages=[https://books.google.com/books?id=EgOUDgAAQBAJ&pg=168 168–171] |access-date=May 23, 2020 |archive-date=February 3, 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240203072920/https://books.google.com/books?id=EgOUDgAAQBAJ |url-status=live}}</ref> Philippines pahunche waala pahila Austronesians , Taiwan se, lagbhag 2200 BC me aae rahin, [[Batanes]] Islands (where they built stone fortresses known as ''[[ijang]]s'') me aae ke base rahin<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://portals.iucn.org/library/sites/library/files/documents/2005-006.pdf |title=The Protected Landscape Approach: Linking Nature, Culture and Community |date=2005 |publisher=[[International Union for Conservation of Nature|IUCN]] |isbn=978-2-8317-0797-6 |editor-last=Brown |editor-first=Jessica |location=Gland, Switzerland and Cambridge, England |pages=101–102 |language=en |access-date=March 19, 2023 |editor-last2=Mitchell |editor-first2=Nora J. |editor-last3=Beresford |editor-first3=Michael |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180408232535/https://portals.iucn.org/library/sites/library/files/documents/2005-006.pdf |archive-date=April 8, 2018}}</ref> aur northern [[Luzon]] me bhi. [[Philippine jade culture|Jade artifacts]] ke 2000 BC ke date karaa gais hae,<ref>{{Cite book |last=Scott |first=William Henry |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=FSlwAAAAMAAJ |title=Prehispanic Source Materials for the Study of Philippine History |publisher=New Day Publishers |year=1984 |isbn=978-971-10-0227-5 |location=Quezon City, Philippines |page=17 |author-link=William Henry Scott (historian) |access-date=April 20, 2023 |archive-date=February 3, 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240203072920/https://books.google.com/books?id=FSlwAAAAMAAJ |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Ness |first=Immanuel |editor-last1=Bellwood |editor-first1=Peter |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=2HMTBwAAQBAJ |title=The Global Prehistory of Human Migration |date=2014 |publisher=[[Wiley-Blackwell]] |isbn=978-1-118-97059-1 |location=Chichester, West Sussex, England |page=[https://books.google.com/books?id=2HMTBwAAQBAJ&pg=PA289 289] |author-link1=Immanuel Ness |editor-link1=Peter Bellwood |access-date=September 2, 2020 |archive-date=February 3, 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240203072922/https://books.google.com/books?id=2HMTBwAAQBAJ |url-status=live}}</ref> jisme [[lingling-o]] Luzon ke jade ke banaa chij ke Taiwan ke raw material se banaawa gais rahaa.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Hung |first1=Hsiao-Chun |last2=Iizuka |first2=Yoshiyuki |last3=Bellwood |first3=Peter |last4=Nguyen |first4=Kim Dung |last5=Bellina |first5=Bérénice |last6=Silapanth |first6=Praon |last7=Dizon |first7=Eusebio |last8=Santiago |first8=Rey |last9=Datan |first9=Ipoi |last10=Manton |first10=Jonathan H. |date=December 11, 2007 |title=Ancient jades map 3,000 years of prehistoric exchange in Southeast Asia |journal=[[Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America]] |publisher=[[National Academy of Sciences]] |volume=104 |issue=50 |pages=19745–19750 |doi=10.1073/pnas.0707304104 |pmc=2148369 |pmid=18048347 |doi-access=free}}</ref> 1000 BC talak, ii islands ke log chaar society me develop hoe gay rahin : [[hunter-gatherer]] tribes, warrior societies, highland [[plutocracies]], aur port principalities.<ref name="Legarda-2001">{{Cite journal |last=Legarda |first=Benito Jr. |author-link=Benito J. Legarda |year=2001 |title=Cultural Landmarks and their Interactions with Economic Factors in the Second Millennium in the Philippines |journal=Kinaadman (Wisdom): A Journal of the Southern Philippines |publisher=[[Xavier University – Ateneo de Cagayan]] |volume=23 |page=40}}</ref> === Pahila states (900–1565) === [[File:Naturales 4.png|thumb| 1590's ke early Spanish colonial jamaana ke ek native praani jon sona pahinin hae.]] Philippines ke sab se pahila likha gias record, 900 AD ke [[Laguna Copperplate Inscription]] hae, jiske [[Old Malay]] bhasa me, [[Kawi alphabet|Kawi]] script me likha gais hae.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Postma |first=Antoon |author-link=Antoon Postma |date=1992 |title=The Laguna Copper-Plate Inscription: Text and Commentary |url=http://www.philippinestudies.net/ojs/index.php/ps/article/download/1033/1018 |journal=[[Philippine Studies (journal)|Philippine Studies]] |location=Quezon City, Philippines |publisher=[[Ateneo de Manila University]] |volume=40 |issue=2 |pages=182–203 |issn=0031-7837 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151208053836/http://www.philippinestudies.net/ojs/index.php/ps/article/download/1033/1018 |archive-date=December 8, 2015}}</ref> 14th century talak, dher barraa-barraa coastal settlements trading centers ban ke [[Cultural achievements of pre-colonial Philippines|societal changes]] ke kaaran ban gais.<ref name="deGraaf-1977">{{Cite book |last1=de Graaf |first1=Hermanus Johannes |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=RYQeAAAAIAAJ |title=Geschichte: Lieferung 2 |last2=Kennedy |first2=Joseph |last3=Scott |first3=William Henry |date=1977 |publisher=[[Brill Publishers|Brill]] |isbn=978-90-04-04859-1 |location=Leiden, Switzerland |page=[https://books.google.com/books?id=RYQeAAAAIAAJ&pg=PA198 198] |language=en |author-link3=William Henry Scott (historian) |access-date=February 18, 2023 |archive-date=March 6, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230306102637/https://books.google.com/books?id=RYQeAAAAIAAJ |url-status=live}}</ref> Kuchh basti ke log, Asia ke duusra state se chij ke trade karat rahin. <ref name="Junker-1999">{{Cite book |last=Junker |first=Laura Lee |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=yO2yG0nxTtsC |title=Raiding, Trading, and Feasting: The Political Economy of Philippine Chiefdoms |date=1999 |publisher=[[University of Hawaiʻi Press]] |isbn=978-0-8248-2035-0 |location=Honolulu, Hawaii |access-date=August 22, 2020 |archive-date=February 3, 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240203072919/https://books.google.com/books?id=yO2yG0nxTtsC |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Nadeau |first=Kathleen M. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=kAINJWo4IJ4C |title=Liberation Theology in the Philippines: Faith in a Revolution |date=2002 |publisher=[[Greenwood Publishing Group]] |isbn=978-0-275-97198-4 |location=Westport, Conn. |page=[https://books.google.com/books?id=kAINJWo4IJ4C&pg=PA8 8] |language=en |access-date=February 18, 2023 |archive-date=March 17, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230317084801/https://books.google.com/books?id=kAINJWo4IJ4C |url-status=live}}</ref> [[Tang dynasty]] ke time, China se trade suruu bhais,<ref>{{#invoke:cite|web|url=https://www.nationalmuseum.gov.ph/2022/09/20/the-9th-to-10th-century-archaeological-evidence-of-maritime-relations-between-the-philippines-and-the-islands-of-southeast-asia/|title=The 9th to 10th century archaeological evidence of maritime relations between the Philippines and the islands of Southeast Asia|publisher=[[National Museum of the Philippines]]|access-date=December 4, 2023|date=n.d.}}</ref><ref name=":0">{{Cite book |last=Fox |first=Robert B. |author-link=Robert Bradford Fox |title=More Tsinoy Than We Admit: Chinese-Filipino Interactions Over the Centuries |publisher=Vibal Foundation, Inc. |year=2015 |isbn=9789719706823 |editor-last=Chu |editor-first=Richard T. |location=Quezon City |pages=10–13 |chapter=The Archaeological Record of Chinese Influences in the Philippines}}</ref> aur [[Song dynasty]] ke time aur barrha.<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=6kDm5d3cMIYC |title=Southeast Asia: From Prehistory to History |date=2004 |publisher=[[RoutledgeCurzon]] |isbn=978-0-415-29777-6 |editor-last=Glover |editor-first=Ian |location=London, England |page=[https://books.google.com/books?id=6kDm5d3cMIYC&pg=PA267 267] |author-link2=Peter Bellwood |editor-last2=Bellwood |editor-first2=Peter}}</ref><ref>{{#invoke:cite|web|title=Pre-colonial Manila|url=http://malacanang.gov.ph/75832-pre-colonial-manila/|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150724010336/http://malacanang.gov.ph/75832-pre-colonial-manila/|archive-date=July 24, 2015|access-date=December 26, 2020|website=Malacañan Palace: Presidential Museum And Library}}</ref><ref name=":0" /> Second millennium AD bhar, kuch basti [[China]] ke niche rahin.<ref name="Scott-1994">{{Cite book |last=Scott |first=William Henry |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=15KZU-yMuisC |title=Barangay: Sixteenth-century Philippine Culture and Society |publisher=[[Ateneo de Manila University Press]] |year=1994 |isbn=978-971-550-135-4 |location=Quezon City, Philippines |author-link=William Henry Scott (historian) |access-date=October 18, 2015 |archive-date=February 3, 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240203072920/https://books.google.com/books?id=15KZU-yMuisC |url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="Junker-1999" /> Jaada trade aur diplomacy ke kaaran, [[Northern and southern China|Southern]] [[Han Chinese|Chinese]] merchants aur migrants [[Southern Fujian]] se,<ref>{{Cite book |last=San Buena Ventura |first=Fr. Pedro de |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=A8QxAQAAMAAJ |title=Vocabulario de lengua tagala: El romance castellano puesto primero |publisher=La Noble Villa de Pila |year=1613 |editor-last=de Silva |editor-first=Juan (Don.) |page=545 |language=[[Tagalog language|Tagalog]] & [[Early Modern Spanish]] |quote=Sangley) Langlang (pc) anſi llamauan los viejos deſtos [a los] ſangleyes cuando venian [a tratar] con ellos |trans-quote=Sangley) Langlang (pc) this is what the elderlies called [the] Sangleyes when they came [to deal] with them}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=San Buena Ventura |first=Fr. Pedro de |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=A8QxAQAAMAAJ |title=Vocabulario de lengua tagala: El romance castellano puesto primero |publisher=La Noble Villa de Pila |year=1613 |editor-last=de Silva |editor-first=Juan (Don.) |page=170 |language=[[Tagalog language|Tagalog]] & [[Early Modern Spanish]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |url=https://webapp1.dlib.indiana.edu/metsnav/common/navigate.do?pn=1&size=large&oid=VAB8326 |title=Boxer Codex (Manila Manuscript) |others=[[Boxer Codex]], once kept by Sir [[C. R. Boxer]] |year=1590s |location=Manila |pages=415 [PDF] / 204 [As Written] |language=[[Early Modern Spanish]] & [[Philippine Hokkien|Early Manila Hokkien]] |via=[[Indiana University]] Digital Library, as digitized from the [[Lilly Library]] |access-date=March 24, 2024 |archive-date=March 24, 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240324113344/https://webapp1.dlib.indiana.edu/metsnav/common/navigate.do?pn=1&size=large&oid=VAB8326 |url-status=live}}</ref> aae ke ii islands me rahe lagin, aur ii log natives log ke saathe mix hoe lagin.. Indian ke sankriti, jaise ki bhasa aur dharam ke influence Philippines me 14th century me faela, Indianized Hindu [[Majapahit|Majapahit Empire]] se.<ref>{{Cite encyclopedia |title=Philippines |encyclopedia=Concise Encyclopedia of World History |publisher=[[Atlantic Books|Atlantic Publishers & Distributors]] |location=New Delhi, India |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=gGKsS-9h4BYC |last=Ramirez-Faria |first=Carlos |date=2007 |page=[https://books.google.com/books?id=gGKsS-9h4BYC&pg=PA560 560] |isbn=978-81-269-0775-5 |access-date=February 18, 2023 |archive-date=January 17, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230117131629/https://books.google.com/books?id=gGKsS-9h4BYC |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Evangelista |first=Alfredo E. |date=1965 |title=Identifying Some Intrusive Archaeological Materials Found in Philippine Proto-historic Sites |url=https://asj.upd.edu.ph/mediabox/archive/ASJ-03-01-1965/Evangelista.pdf |journal=Asian Studies: Journal of Critical Perspectives on Asia |publisher=[[University of the Philippines Asian Center|Asian Center]], [[University of the Philippines]] |volume=3 |issue=1 |pages=87–88 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230429072742/https://asj.upd.edu.ph/mediabox/archive/ASJ-03-01-1965/Evangelista.pdf |archive-date=April 29, 2023 |access-date=April 29, 2023}}</ref> 15th century talak Islam [[Sulu Archipelago]] me aapan adda jamae ke huan se aur bagal faela.<ref name="deGraaf-1977" /> 10th aur 16th centuries ke biich me bane waala basti me [[Maynila (historical polity)|Maynila]],<ref name="Ring-1996">{{Cite book |last1=Ring |first1=Trudy |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=vWLRxJEU49EC |title=International Dictionary of Historic Places: Asia and Oceania |last2=Salkin |first2=Robert M. |last3=La Boda |first3=Sharon |publisher=[[Taylor & Francis]] |year=1996 |isbn=978-1-884964-04-6 |location=Chicago, Ill. |pages=565–569 |name-list-style=amp |access-date=August 22, 2020 |archive-date=February 3, 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240203072922/https://books.google.com/books?id=vWLRxJEU49EC |url-status=live}}</ref> [[Tondo (historical polity)|Tondo]], [[Namayan]], [[Pangasinan (historical polity)|Pangasinan]], [[Caboloan]], [[Cebu (historical state)|Cebu]], [[Butuan (historical polity)|Butuan]], [[Sultanate of Maguindanao|Maguindanao]], [[Confederate States of Lanao|Lanao]], [[Sultanate of Sulu|Sulu]], aur [[Ma-i]] rahaa.<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://archive.org/details/historical-atlas-of-the-republic/page/n65/mode/2up |title=Historical Atlas of the Republic |date=2016 |publisher=[[Presidential Communications Group|Presidential Communications Development and Strategic Planning Office]] |isbn=978-971-95551-6-2 |editor-last=Quezon |editor-first=Manuel L. III |editor-link=Manolo Quezon |location=Manila, Philippines |page=64 |editor-last2=Goitia |editor-first2=Pocholo}}</ref> Suruu ke basti me tiin -tier ke social structure rahaa: nobility, freemen, aur dependent debtor-bondsmen.<ref name="Junker-1999" /><ref name="Wernstedt-1967">{{cite book |last1=Wernstedt |first1=Frederick L. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=6Pn0Pfh1Cl0C |title=The Philippine Island World: A Physical, Cultural, and Regional Geography |last2=Spencer |first2=Joseph Earle |date=January 1967 |publisher=[[University of California Press]] |location=Berkeley, Calif. |isbn=978-0-520-03513-3 |access-date=August 22, 2020 |archive-date=February 3, 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240203072939/https://books.google.com/books?id=6Pn0Pfh1Cl0C |url-status=live}}</ref> Raj kare waala log me neta rahin jaise [[datu]]s, jon groups ([[Barangay state|barangays]] or dulohan) pe raj karat rahin.<ref>{{cite book |last=Arcilla |first=José S. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=uxEYobbU-D8C |title=An Introduction to Philippine History |date=1998 |edition=Fourth enlarged |publisher=[[Ateneo de Manila University Press]] |location=Quezon City, Philippines |isbn=978-971-550-261-0 |page=[https://books.google.com/books?id=uxEYobbU-D8C&pg=PA15 15]}}</ref> Jab barangays saathe hoe ke barraa basti banaawat rahin ,<ref name="Junker-1999" /><ref>{{cite book |last=Decasa |first=George C. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=hYNqz-1ayssC |title=The Qur'anic Concept of Umma and Its Function in Philippine Muslim Society |series=Interreligious and Intercultural Investigations |volume=1 |date=1999 |publisher=[[Pontificia Università Gregoriana]] |location=Rome, Italy |isbn=978-88-7652-812-5 |page=[https://books.google.com/books?id=hYNqz-1ayssC&pg=PA328 328] |language=en |access-date=February 18, 2023 |archive-date=February 3, 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240203074637/https://books.google.com/books?id=hYNqz-1ayssC |url-status=live}}</ref> tab uske neta ke "[[Paramount rulers in early Philippine history|paramount datu]]" maana jaawat rahaa,<ref name="Newson">{{cite book |last=Newson |first=Linda A. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=A40BEAAAQBAJ |title=Conquest and Pestilence in the Early Spanish Philippines |date=April 16, 2009 |publisher=[[University of Hawaiʻi Press]] |location=Honolulu, Hawaii |isbn=978-0-8248-6197-1 |access-date=February 5, 2021 |archive-date=March 8, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230308195926/https://books.google.com/books?id=A40BEAAAQBAJ |url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="Legarda-2001" /> [[rajah]] or [[sultan]],<ref>{{cite book |editor-last1=Carley |editor-first1=Michael |editor-last2=Jenkins |editor-first2=Paul |editor-last3=Smith |editor-first3=Harry |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ycT9AQAAQBAJ |title=Urban Development and Civil Society: The Role of Communities in Sustainable Cities |year=2013 |publisher=[[Routledge]] |location=Sterling, Va. |isbn=978-1-134-20050-4 |page=[https://books.google.com/books?id=ycT9AQAAQBAJ&pg=PA108 108] |chapter=Chapter 7 |orig-date=2001 |access-date=September 28, 2020 |archive-date=March 17, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230317140423/https://books.google.com/books?id=ycT9AQAAQBAJ |url-status=live}}</ref> aur janata pe raj karat rahaa .<ref>{{cite book |last=Tan |first=Samuel K. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=pw5FWmdNmj8C |title=A History of the Philippines |date=2008 |publisher=[[University of the Philippines Press]] |location=Quezon City, Philippines |isbn=978-971-542-568-1 |page=[https://books.google.com/books?id=pw5FWmdNmj8C&pg=PA37 37] |author-link1=Samuel K. Tan}}</ref> 15th aur 16th century ii islands ke population density bahut kamti rahaa<ref name="Newson" /> jiske kaaran rahaa [[Typhoon#Frequency|frequency of typhoons]] aur Philippines ke location, Pacific [[Ring of Fire]] me.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Bankoff |first1=Greg |editor-last1=Boomgaard |editor-first1=Peter |title=A World of Water: Rain, Rivers and Seas in Southeast Asian Histories |series=Verhandelingen van het Koninklijk Instituut voor Taal-, Land- en Volkenkunde |volume=240 |publisher=[[KITLV Press]] |location=Leiden, Netherlands |isbn=978-90-04-25401-5 |date=January 1, 2007 |pages=153–184 |chapter=Storms of history: Water, hazard and society in the Philippines: 1565-1930 |jstor=10.1163/j.ctt1w76vd0.9 |jstor-access=free}}</ref> Portuguese explorer [[Ferdinand Magellan]] 1521 me aais aur ii islands ke Spain ke khaatir claim karis, lekin uske [[Lapulapu]]'s log [[Battle of Mactan]] me maar de rahin.<ref name="Woods-2006">{{cite book |last=Woods |first=Damon L. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=2Z-n_kDTxf0C |title=The Philippines: A Global Studies Handbook |date=2006 |publisher=[[ABC-CLIO]] |location=Santa Barbara, Calif. |isbn=978-1-85109-675-6 |language=en |author-link1=Damon Woods |access-date=December 6, 2020 |archive-date=February 3, 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240203073501/https://books.google.com/books?id=2Z-n_kDTxf0C |url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="Guillermo-2012">{{Cite encyclopedia |last=Guillermo |first=Artemio R. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=wmgX9M_yETIC |title=Historical Dictionary of the Philippines |edition=Third |series=Historical Dictionaries of Asia, Oceania, and the Middle East |date=2012 |publisher=[[The Scarecrow Press]] |location=Lanham, Md. |isbn=978-0-8108-7246-2 |access-date=September 28, 2020 |archive-date=February 3, 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240203073356/https://books.google.com/books?id=wmgX9M_yETIC |url-status=live}} == Duusra websites == === Official websites === * [http://www.gov.ph www.gov.ph] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120101105754/http://www.gov.ph/ |date=2012-01-01 }} - Government portal * [http://www.op.gov.ph www.op.gov.ph] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070609185330/http://www.op.gov.ph/ |date=2007-06-09 }} - Office of the President * [http://www.senate.gov.ph www.senate.gov.ph] - Senate * [http://www.congress.gov.ph www.congress.gov.ph] - House of Representatives * [http://www.supremecourt.gov.ph www.supremecourt.gov.ph] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080512084154/http://www.supremecourt.gov.ph/ |date=2008-05-12 }} - Supreme Court * [http://www.comelec.gov.ph www.comelec.gov.ph] - Commission on Elections === News websites === * [http://www.inq7.net Philippine Daily Inquirer and GMA News] * [http://www.abs-cbnnews.com ABS-CBN News] * [http://www.philstar.com Philippine Star] * [http://www.mb.com.ph The Manila Bulletin Online] * [http://www.manilatimes.net The Manila Times Online] * [http://www.sunstar.com.ph Sun Star Network Online] * [http://www.tribune.net.ph The Daily Tribune Online] * [http://www.malaya.com.ph Malaya Online] * [http://www.today.net.ph Today Online] * [http://www.kabayanonline.com Kabayan Online] === Aurr === * [http://www.dmoz.org/Regional/Asia/Philippines/ Open Directory Project] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20040819050600/http://dmoz.org/Regional/Asia/Philippines/ |date=2004-08-19 }} * [http://www.filipinotvchannel.com The Filipino Channel] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090712052253/http://www.filipinotvchannel.com/ |date=2009-07-12 }} - Satellite TV from the Philippines [[vibhag:Philippines| ]] [[vibhag:ASEAN ke member]] [[vibhag:English bhasa waala des]] 1fy0yut4j26fyca1spd1gu2br23fq45 323829 323828 2025-06-19T11:18:31Z Thakurji 37 /* Pahila states (900–1565) */ 323829 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox Country| fullcountryname= Republic of the Philippines<br /> Repúbliká ng̃ Pilipinas | image_flag= Flag of the Philippines.svg | image_coa= | image_location= LocationPhilippines.png | nationalmotto= Maka-Diyos, Makatao, Makakalikasan, at Makabansa (English: God, People, Nature, and Country) | nationalsong= "Lupang Hinirang" (Chosen Land) | nationalflower= n/a | nationalanimal= n/a | officiallanguages= Filipino (Tagalog), [[English bhasa|English]], [[Spanish bhasa|Spanish]] | populationtotal= 87,857,473 | populationrank= 12 | populationdensity= 276 | countrycapital= [[Manila]] | countrylargestcity= Quezon City | areatotal= 300,000 | arearank= 71 | areawater= n/a | areawaterpercent= 0.6 | establishedin= [[12 June]], [[1898]] | leadertitlename= President: Rodrigo Duterte<br />Vice President: Leni Robredo | currency= Philippine peso (piso) (PHP) | utcoffset= +8 | dialingcode= +63 | internettld= .ph }} Philippines ek 7,000 se jaada [[island]] waala [[des]] hae. Ii [[Pacific Ocean]] me [[Asia]] se 100 kilometers southeast me hae. [[Spain]] ([[1521]]-[[1898]]) aur [[United States]] ([[1898]]-[[1946]]), ii des pe raaj karin rahaa. Philippines, [[South Korea]], aur [[East Timor]], East Asia ke uu des hae jahan pe jaada log [[Isai dharam|Isai]] hae. Philippine Islands ke east me [[Pacific Ocean]], west me [[South China Sea]], aur south me [[Celebes Sea]] hae . == Naam == [[Spain]] ke explorer [[Ruy López de Villalobos]], aapan 1542 ke expedition me, [[Leyte]] aur [[Samar]] ke naam "{{lang|es|Felipinas}}" diis rahaa, [[Prince of Asturias]], baad me [[Philip&nbsp;II of Castile]] ke baad. Dhire-dhire "{{lang|es|Las Islas Filipinas}}" ke naam se ii archipelago ke Spanish possession ke bola jaae lagaa.<ref name="Scott-1994" /> Duusra naam, jaise "{{lang|es|Islas del Poniente}}" (Western Islands), "{{lang|pt|Islas del Oriente}}" (Eastern Islands), [[Ferdinand Magellan]] ke naam aur "{{lang|es|San Lázaro}}" (Islands of St. Lazarus), ke kaam me laae ke Spanish log ii islands ke refer karat rahin, jabtak ii ilaaka me Spanish raj established nai rahaa.<ref>{{cite book |last=Malcolm |first=George A. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=tpEz7_tzzJoC |title=The Government of the Philippine Islands: Its Development and Fundamentals |series=Philippine Law Collection |date=1916 |publisher=[[Lawyers Co-operative Publishing Company]] |isbn=<!-- ISBN unspecified --> |location=Rochester, N.Y. |page=[https://archive.org/details/cu31924051298937/page/2/mode/2up 3] |language=en |author-link=George A. Malcolm |oclc=578245510 |access-date=February 12, 2023 |archive-date=February 17, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230217144209/https://books.google.com/books?id=tpEz7_tzzJoC |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Spate |first=Oskar H.K. |title=The Spanish Lake |date=November 2004 |publisher=[[Taylor & Francis]] |isbn=978-0-7099-0049-8 |series=The Pacific since Magellan |volume=I |location=London, England |page=97 |chapter=Chapter 4. Magellan's Successors: Loaysa to Urdaneta. Two failures: Grijalva and Villalobos |doi=10.22459/SL.11.2004 |author-link=Oskar Spate |access-date=July 6, 2020 |orig-date=1979 |chapter-url=http://epress.anu.edu.au/spanish_lake/mobile_devices/ch04s05.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080805022835/http://epress.anu.edu.au/spanish_lake/mobile_devices/ch04s05.html |archive-date=August 5, 2008 |doi-access=free}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=GIz4CDTCOwcC |title=The Cambridge History of Southeast Asia |date=1999 |publisher=[[Cambridge University Press]] |isbn=978-0-521-66370-0 |editor-last=Tarling |editor-first=Nicholas |volume=2: From c. 1500 to c. 1800 |location=Cambridge, England |page=[https://books.google.com/books?id=GIz4CDTCOwcC&pg=PA12 12] |language=en |author-link=Nicholas Tarling |access-date=April 2, 2023 |archive-date=April 2, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230402114137/https://books.google.com/books?id=GIz4CDTCOwcC |url-status=live}}</ref> [[Philippine Revolution]] ke time, [[Malolos Congress]] {{lang|es|República Filipina}} (the [[First Philippine Republic|Philippine Republic]]) ke elaan karis.<ref>{{#invoke:cite|web|title=The 1899 Malolos Constitution |url=https://www.officialgazette.gov.ph/constitutions/the-1899-malolos-constitution/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170605215334/https://www.officialgazette.gov.ph/constitutions/the-1899-malolos-constitution/ |archive-date=June 5, 2017 |access-date=February 11, 2023 |website=[[Official Gazette of the Republic of the Philippines]] |at=Título I – De la República; Articulo 1 |language=es, en}}</ref> America ke colonial authorities ii des ke Philippine Islands (a translation of the Spanish name) bolat rahin.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Constantino |first=Renato |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Q1ZxAAAAMAAJ |title=The Philippines: A Past Revisited |date=1975 |publisher=Tala Pub. Services |isbn=978-971-8958-00-1 |location=Quezon City, Philippines |author-link=Renato Constantino |access-date=February 3, 2024 |archive-date=February 3, 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240203072918/https://books.google.com/books?id=Q1ZxAAAAMAAJ |url-status=live}}</ref> [[United States]], dhire-chire naam ke "the Philippine Islands" se badal ke "the Philippines" kar diin, Philippine Autonomy Act aur [[Jones Law (Philippines)|Jones Law]] se.<ref>{{#invoke:cite|web|date=August 29, 1916 |title=The Jones Law of 1916 |url=https://www.officialgazette.gov.ph/constitutions/the-jones-law-of-1916/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170808093938/https://www.officialgazette.gov.ph/constitutions/the-jones-law-of-1916/ |archive-date=August 8, 2017 |access-date=March 12, 2021 |website=[[Official Gazette of the Republic of the Philippines]] |at=Section 1.―The Philippines}}</ref> 1935 ke constitution me, sarkari naam "Republic of the Philippines" rakkhaa gais rahaa, jon aage ke ajaad des ke naam rahii,<ref>{{#invoke:cite|web|title=The 1935 Constitution |url=https://www.officialgazette.gov.ph/constitutions/the-1935-constitution/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170625234400/https://www.officialgazette.gov.ph/constitutions/the-1935-constitution/ |archive-date=June 25, 2017 |access-date=February 11, 2023 |website=[[Official Gazette of the Republic of the Philippines]] |at=Article XVII, Section 1}}</ref> aur baad ke sab constitutional ke badlao me ii naam rakkha gais hae.<ref>{{#invoke:cite|web|date=January 17, 1973 |title=1973 Constitution of the Republic of the Philippines |url=https://www.officialgazette.gov.ph/constitutions/1973-constitution-of-the-republic-of-the-philippines-2/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170625191553/https://www.officialgazette.gov.ph/constitutions/1973-constitution-of-the-republic-of-the-philippines-2/ |archive-date=June 25, 2017 |access-date=March 14, 2021 |website=[[Official Gazette of the Republic of the Philippines]]}}</ref><ref>{{#invoke:cite|web|date=February 11, 1987 |title=The Constitution of the Republic of the Philippines |url=https://www.officialgazette.gov.ph/constitutions/1987-constitution/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170607182503/https://www.officialgazette.gov.ph/constitutions/1987-constitution/ |archive-date=June 7, 2017 |access-date=March 14, 2021 |website=[[Official Gazette of the Republic of the Philippines]]}}</ref> == Itihaas == === Puraana itihaas (900 se pahile) === [[File:Manunggul Jar.jpg|thumb|upright|The [[Manunggul Jar|Manunggul burial jar]], dher burial jar me se ek, jiske gifaa me paawa gais rahaa|alt=A burial jar with its lid decorated with two people on a boat|left]] Iske sabuut hae ki puraana jamaana ke [[hominins]], jon jagha abi Philippines hae, me 709,000 saal pahile rahat rahin.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Ingicco |first1=T. |last2=van den Bergh |first2=G. D. |last3=Jago-on |first3=C. |last4=Bahain |first4=J. |last5=Chacón |first5=M. G. |last6=Amano |first6=N. |last7=Forestier |first7=H. |last8=King |first8=C. |last9=Manalo |first9=K. |last10=Nomade |first10=S. |last11=Pereira |first11=A. |last12=Reyes |first12=M. C. |last13=Sémah |first13=A. |last14=Shao |first14=Q. |last15=Voinchet |first15=P. |date=May 1, 2018 |title=Earliest known hominin activity in the Philippines by 709&nbsp;thousand years ago |url=https://ro.uow.edu.au/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=6441&context=smhpapers |journal=Nature |publisher=[[University of Wollongong]] |volume=557 |issue=7704 |pages=233–237 |bibcode=2018Natur.557..233I |doi=10.1038/s41586-018-0072-8 |pmid=29720661 |s2cid=256771231 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190429133325/https://ro.uow.edu.au/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=6441&context=smhpapers |archive-date=April 29, 2019 |first16=C. |last16=Falguères |first17=P.C.H. |last17=Albers |first18=M. |last18=Lising |first19=G. |last19=Lyras |first20=D. |last20=Yurnaldi |first21=P. |last21=Rochette |first22=A. |last22=Bautista |first23=J. |last23=de Vos |issn=0028-0836}}</ref> [[Callao Cave]] me paawa gais haddi, saait ek nawaa species, ''[[Homo luzonensis]]'' ke hae, jon 50,000 se 67,000 saal pahile rahat rahin.<ref>{{#invoke:cite|news|last1=Greshko |first1=Michael |last2=Wei-Haas |first2=Maya |date=April 10, 2019 |title=New species of ancient human discovered in the Philippines |work=[[National Geographic]] |url=https://www.nationalgeographic.com/science/2019/04/new-species-ancient-human-discovered-luzon-philippines-homo-luzonensis/ |access-date=October 24, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190410173110/https://www.nationalgeographic.com/science/2019/04/new-species-ancient-human-discovered-luzon-philippines-homo-luzonensis/ |archive-date=April 10, 2019}}</ref><ref>{{#invoke:cite|news|last1=Rincon |first1=Paul |date=April 10, 2019 |title=New human species found in Philippines |work=[[BBC News]] |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/science-environment-47873072 |access-date=October 24, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190410192730/https://www.bbc.com/news/science-environment-47873072 |archive-date=April 10, 2019 |author-link1=Paul Rincon}}</ref> Sab se puraana [[modern human]] ke remain ii islands ke [[Palawan]] ke [[Tabon Caves]] me paawa gais hae, jiske [[U/Th-dated]] hae 47,000 ± 11–10,000 saal pahile.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Détroit |first1=Florent |last2=Dizon |first2=Eusebio |last3=Falguères |first3=Christophe |last4=Hameau |first4=Sébastien |last5=Ronquillo |first5=Wilfredo |last6=Sémah |first6=François |date=2004 |title=Upper Pleistocene ''Homo sapiens'' from the Tabon cave (Palawan, The Philippines): description and dating of new discoveries |url=http://fdetroit.free.fr/IMG/pdf/Detroit_etal_04_Tabon2.pdf |journal=Human Palaeontology and Prehistory |publisher=[[Elsevier]] |volume=3 |issue=2004 |pages=705–712 |bibcode=2004CRPal...3..705D |doi=10.1016/j.crpv.2004.06.004 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150218164554/http://fdetroit.free.fr/IMG/pdf/Detroit_etal_04_Tabon2.pdf |archive-date=February 18, 2015 |doi-access=free}}</ref> [[Tabon Man]] ke [[Negrito]] maana jaae hae, jon ii islands me rahe waala pahila log rahin, Africa se coastal route lae ke, along [[South Asia|southern Asia]] se abhi duubaa waala [[Sundaland]] aur [[Sahul]] se ii islands me aae rahin.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Jett |first=Stephen C. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=EgOUDgAAQBAJ |title=Ancient Ocean Crossings: Reconsidering the Case for Contacts with the Pre-Columbian Americas |date=2017 |publisher=[[University of Alabama Press]] |isbn=978-0-8173-1939-7 |location=Tuscaloosa, Ala. |pages=[https://books.google.com/books?id=EgOUDgAAQBAJ&pg=168 168–171] |access-date=May 23, 2020 |archive-date=February 3, 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240203072920/https://books.google.com/books?id=EgOUDgAAQBAJ |url-status=live}}</ref> Philippines pahunche waala pahila Austronesians , Taiwan se, lagbhag 2200 BC me aae rahin, [[Batanes]] Islands (where they built stone fortresses known as ''[[ijang]]s'') me aae ke base rahin<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://portals.iucn.org/library/sites/library/files/documents/2005-006.pdf |title=The Protected Landscape Approach: Linking Nature, Culture and Community |date=2005 |publisher=[[International Union for Conservation of Nature|IUCN]] |isbn=978-2-8317-0797-6 |editor-last=Brown |editor-first=Jessica |location=Gland, Switzerland and Cambridge, England |pages=101–102 |language=en |access-date=March 19, 2023 |editor-last2=Mitchell |editor-first2=Nora J. |editor-last3=Beresford |editor-first3=Michael |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180408232535/https://portals.iucn.org/library/sites/library/files/documents/2005-006.pdf |archive-date=April 8, 2018}}</ref> aur northern [[Luzon]] me bhi. [[Philippine jade culture|Jade artifacts]] ke 2000 BC ke date karaa gais hae,<ref>{{Cite book |last=Scott |first=William Henry |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=FSlwAAAAMAAJ |title=Prehispanic Source Materials for the Study of Philippine History |publisher=New Day Publishers |year=1984 |isbn=978-971-10-0227-5 |location=Quezon City, Philippines |page=17 |author-link=William Henry Scott (historian) |access-date=April 20, 2023 |archive-date=February 3, 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240203072920/https://books.google.com/books?id=FSlwAAAAMAAJ |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Ness |first=Immanuel |editor-last1=Bellwood |editor-first1=Peter |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=2HMTBwAAQBAJ |title=The Global Prehistory of Human Migration |date=2014 |publisher=[[Wiley-Blackwell]] |isbn=978-1-118-97059-1 |location=Chichester, West Sussex, England |page=[https://books.google.com/books?id=2HMTBwAAQBAJ&pg=PA289 289] |author-link1=Immanuel Ness |editor-link1=Peter Bellwood |access-date=September 2, 2020 |archive-date=February 3, 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240203072922/https://books.google.com/books?id=2HMTBwAAQBAJ |url-status=live}}</ref> jisme [[lingling-o]] Luzon ke jade ke banaa chij ke Taiwan ke raw material se banaawa gais rahaa.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Hung |first1=Hsiao-Chun |last2=Iizuka |first2=Yoshiyuki |last3=Bellwood |first3=Peter |last4=Nguyen |first4=Kim Dung |last5=Bellina |first5=Bérénice |last6=Silapanth |first6=Praon |last7=Dizon |first7=Eusebio |last8=Santiago |first8=Rey |last9=Datan |first9=Ipoi |last10=Manton |first10=Jonathan H. |date=December 11, 2007 |title=Ancient jades map 3,000 years of prehistoric exchange in Southeast Asia |journal=[[Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America]] |publisher=[[National Academy of Sciences]] |volume=104 |issue=50 |pages=19745–19750 |doi=10.1073/pnas.0707304104 |pmc=2148369 |pmid=18048347 |doi-access=free}}</ref> 1000 BC talak, ii islands ke log chaar society me develop hoe gay rahin : [[hunter-gatherer]] tribes, warrior societies, highland [[plutocracies]], aur port principalities.<ref name="Legarda-2001">{{Cite journal |last=Legarda |first=Benito Jr. |author-link=Benito J. Legarda |year=2001 |title=Cultural Landmarks and their Interactions with Economic Factors in the Second Millennium in the Philippines |journal=Kinaadman (Wisdom): A Journal of the Southern Philippines |publisher=[[Xavier University – Ateneo de Cagayan]] |volume=23 |page=40}}</ref> === Pahila states (900–1565) === [[File:Naturales 4.png|thumb| 1590's ke early Spanish colonial jamaana ke ek native praani jon sona pahinin hae.]] Philippines ke sab se pahila likha gias record, 900 AD ke [[Laguna Copperplate Inscription]] hae, jiske [[Old Malay]] bhasa me, [[Kawi alphabet|Kawi]] script me likha gais hae.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Postma |first=Antoon |author-link=Antoon Postma |date=1992 |title=The Laguna Copper-Plate Inscription: Text and Commentary |url=http://www.philippinestudies.net/ojs/index.php/ps/article/download/1033/1018 |journal=[[Philippine Studies (journal)|Philippine Studies]] |location=Quezon City, Philippines |publisher=[[Ateneo de Manila University]] |volume=40 |issue=2 |pages=182–203 |issn=0031-7837 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151208053836/http://www.philippinestudies.net/ojs/index.php/ps/article/download/1033/1018 |archive-date=December 8, 2015}}</ref> 14th century talak, dher barraa-barraa coastal settlements trading centers ban ke [[Cultural achievements of pre-colonial Philippines|societal changes]] ke kaaran ban gais.<ref name="deGraaf-1977">{{Cite book |last1=de Graaf |first1=Hermanus Johannes |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=RYQeAAAAIAAJ |title=Geschichte: Lieferung 2 |last2=Kennedy |first2=Joseph |last3=Scott |first3=William Henry |date=1977 |publisher=[[Brill Publishers|Brill]] |isbn=978-90-04-04859-1 |location=Leiden, Switzerland |page=[https://books.google.com/books?id=RYQeAAAAIAAJ&pg=PA198 198] |language=en |author-link3=William Henry Scott (historian) |access-date=February 18, 2023 |archive-date=March 6, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230306102637/https://books.google.com/books?id=RYQeAAAAIAAJ |url-status=live}}</ref> Kuchh basti ke log, Asia ke duusra state se chij ke trade karat rahin. <ref name="Junker-1999">{{Cite book |last=Junker |first=Laura Lee |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=yO2yG0nxTtsC |title=Raiding, Trading, and Feasting: The Political Economy of Philippine Chiefdoms |date=1999 |publisher=[[University of Hawaiʻi Press]] |isbn=978-0-8248-2035-0 |location=Honolulu, Hawaii |access-date=August 22, 2020 |archive-date=February 3, 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240203072919/https://books.google.com/books?id=yO2yG0nxTtsC |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Nadeau |first=Kathleen M. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=kAINJWo4IJ4C |title=Liberation Theology in the Philippines: Faith in a Revolution |date=2002 |publisher=[[Greenwood Publishing Group]] |isbn=978-0-275-97198-4 |location=Westport, Conn. |page=[https://books.google.com/books?id=kAINJWo4IJ4C&pg=PA8 8] |language=en |access-date=February 18, 2023 |archive-date=March 17, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230317084801/https://books.google.com/books?id=kAINJWo4IJ4C |url-status=live}}</ref> [[Tang dynasty]] ke time, China se trade suruu bhais,<ref>{{#invoke:cite|web|url=https://www.nationalmuseum.gov.ph/2022/09/20/the-9th-to-10th-century-archaeological-evidence-of-maritime-relations-between-the-philippines-and-the-islands-of-southeast-asia/|title=The 9th to 10th century archaeological evidence of maritime relations between the Philippines and the islands of Southeast Asia|publisher=[[National Museum of the Philippines]]|access-date=December 4, 2023|date=n.d.}}</ref><ref name=":0">{{Cite book |last=Fox |first=Robert B. |author-link=Robert Bradford Fox |title=More Tsinoy Than We Admit: Chinese-Filipino Interactions Over the Centuries |publisher=Vibal Foundation, Inc. |year=2015 |isbn=9789719706823 |editor-last=Chu |editor-first=Richard T. |location=Quezon City |pages=10–13 |chapter=The Archaeological Record of Chinese Influences in the Philippines}}</ref> aur [[Song dynasty]] ke time aur barrha.<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=6kDm5d3cMIYC |title=Southeast Asia: From Prehistory to History |date=2004 |publisher=[[RoutledgeCurzon]] |isbn=978-0-415-29777-6 |editor-last=Glover |editor-first=Ian |location=London, England |page=[https://books.google.com/books?id=6kDm5d3cMIYC&pg=PA267 267] |author-link2=Peter Bellwood |editor-last2=Bellwood |editor-first2=Peter}}</ref><ref>{{#invoke:cite|web|title=Pre-colonial Manila|url=http://malacanang.gov.ph/75832-pre-colonial-manila/|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150724010336/http://malacanang.gov.ph/75832-pre-colonial-manila/|archive-date=July 24, 2015|access-date=December 26, 2020|website=Malacañan Palace: Presidential Museum And Library}}</ref><ref name=":0" /> Second millennium AD bhar, kuch basti [[China]] ke niche rahin.<ref name="Scott-1994">{{Cite book |last=Scott |first=William Henry |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=15KZU-yMuisC |title=Barangay: Sixteenth-century Philippine Culture and Society |publisher=[[Ateneo de Manila University Press]] |year=1994 |isbn=978-971-550-135-4 |location=Quezon City, Philippines |author-link=William Henry Scott (historian) |access-date=October 18, 2015 |archive-date=February 3, 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240203072920/https://books.google.com/books?id=15KZU-yMuisC |url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="Junker-1999" /> Jaada trade aur diplomacy ke kaaran, [[Northern and southern China|Southern]] [[Han Chinese|Chinese]] merchants aur migrants [[Southern Fujian]] se,<ref>{{Cite book |last=San Buena Ventura |first=Fr. Pedro de |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=A8QxAQAAMAAJ |title=Vocabulario de lengua tagala: El romance castellano puesto primero |publisher=La Noble Villa de Pila |year=1613 |editor-last=de Silva |editor-first=Juan (Don.) |page=545 |language=[[Tagalog language|Tagalog]] & [[Early Modern Spanish]] |quote=Sangley) Langlang (pc) anſi llamauan los viejos deſtos [a los] ſangleyes cuando venian [a tratar] con ellos |trans-quote=Sangley) Langlang (pc) this is what the elderlies called [the] Sangleyes when they came [to deal] with them}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=San Buena Ventura |first=Fr. Pedro de |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=A8QxAQAAMAAJ |title=Vocabulario de lengua tagala: El romance castellano puesto primero |publisher=La Noble Villa de Pila |year=1613 |editor-last=de Silva |editor-first=Juan (Don.) |page=170 |language=[[Tagalog language|Tagalog]] & [[Early Modern Spanish]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |url=https://webapp1.dlib.indiana.edu/metsnav/common/navigate.do?pn=1&size=large&oid=VAB8326 |title=Boxer Codex (Manila Manuscript) |others=[[Boxer Codex]], once kept by Sir [[C. R. Boxer]] |year=1590s |location=Manila |pages=415 [PDF] / 204 [As Written] |language=[[Early Modern Spanish]] & [[Philippine Hokkien|Early Manila Hokkien]] |via=[[Indiana University]] Digital Library, as digitized from the [[Lilly Library]] |access-date=March 24, 2024 |archive-date=March 24, 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240324113344/https://webapp1.dlib.indiana.edu/metsnav/common/navigate.do?pn=1&size=large&oid=VAB8326 |url-status=live}}</ref> aae ke ii islands me rahe lagin, aur ii log natives log ke saathe mix hoe lagin.. Indian ke sankriti, jaise ki bhasa aur dharam ke influence Philippines me 14th century me faela, Indianized Hindu [[Majapahit|Majapahit Empire]] se.<ref>{{Cite encyclopedia |title=Philippines |encyclopedia=Concise Encyclopedia of World History |publisher=[[Atlantic Books|Atlantic Publishers & Distributors]] |location=New Delhi, India |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=gGKsS-9h4BYC |last=Ramirez-Faria |first=Carlos |date=2007 |page=[https://books.google.com/books?id=gGKsS-9h4BYC&pg=PA560 560] |isbn=978-81-269-0775-5 |access-date=February 18, 2023 |archive-date=January 17, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230117131629/https://books.google.com/books?id=gGKsS-9h4BYC |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Evangelista |first=Alfredo E. |date=1965 |title=Identifying Some Intrusive Archaeological Materials Found in Philippine Proto-historic Sites |url=https://asj.upd.edu.ph/mediabox/archive/ASJ-03-01-1965/Evangelista.pdf |journal=Asian Studies: Journal of Critical Perspectives on Asia |publisher=[[University of the Philippines Asian Center|Asian Center]], [[University of the Philippines]] |volume=3 |issue=1 |pages=87–88 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230429072742/https://asj.upd.edu.ph/mediabox/archive/ASJ-03-01-1965/Evangelista.pdf |archive-date=April 29, 2023 |access-date=April 29, 2023}}</ref> 15th century talak Islam [[Sulu Archipelago]] me aapan adda jamae ke huan se aur bagal faela.<ref name="deGraaf-1977" /> 10th aur 16th centuries ke biich me bane waala basti me [[Maynila (historical polity)|Maynila]],<ref name="Ring-1996">{{Cite book |last1=Ring |first1=Trudy |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=vWLRxJEU49EC |title=International Dictionary of Historic Places: Asia and Oceania |last2=Salkin |first2=Robert M. |last3=La Boda |first3=Sharon |publisher=[[Taylor & Francis]] |year=1996 |isbn=978-1-884964-04-6 |location=Chicago, Ill. |pages=565–569 |name-list-style=amp |access-date=August 22, 2020 |archive-date=February 3, 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240203072922/https://books.google.com/books?id=vWLRxJEU49EC |url-status=live}}</ref> [[Tondo (historical polity)|Tondo]], [[Namayan]], [[Pangasinan (historical polity)|Pangasinan]], [[Caboloan]], [[Cebu (historical state)|Cebu]], [[Butuan (historical polity)|Butuan]], [[Sultanate of Maguindanao|Maguindanao]], [[Confederate States of Lanao|Lanao]], [[Sultanate of Sulu|Sulu]], aur [[Ma-i]] rahaa.<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://archive.org/details/historical-atlas-of-the-republic/page/n65/mode/2up |title=Historical Atlas of the Republic |date=2016 |publisher=[[Presidential Communications Group|Presidential Communications Development and Strategic Planning Office]] |isbn=978-971-95551-6-2 |editor-last=Quezon |editor-first=Manuel L. III |editor-link=Manolo Quezon |location=Manila, Philippines |page=64 |editor-last2=Goitia |editor-first2=Pocholo}}</ref> Suruu ke basti me tiin -tier ke social structure rahaa: nobility, freemen, aur dependent debtor-bondsmen.<ref name="Junker-1999" /><ref name="Wernstedt-1967">{{cite book |last1=Wernstedt |first1=Frederick L. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=6Pn0Pfh1Cl0C |title=The Philippine Island World: A Physical, Cultural, and Regional Geography |last2=Spencer |first2=Joseph Earle |date=January 1967 |publisher=[[University of California Press]] |location=Berkeley, Calif. |isbn=978-0-520-03513-3 |access-date=August 22, 2020 |archive-date=February 3, 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240203072939/https://books.google.com/books?id=6Pn0Pfh1Cl0C |url-status=live}}</ref> Raj kare waala log me neta rahin jaise [[datu]]s, jon groups ([[Barangay state|barangays]] or dulohan) pe raj karat rahin.<ref>{{cite book |last=Arcilla |first=José S. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=uxEYobbU-D8C |title=An Introduction to Philippine History |date=1998 |edition=Fourth enlarged |publisher=[[Ateneo de Manila University Press]] |location=Quezon City, Philippines |isbn=978-971-550-261-0 |page=[https://books.google.com/books?id=uxEYobbU-D8C&pg=PA15 15]}}</ref> Jab barangays saathe hoe ke barraa basti banaawat rahin ,<ref name="Junker-1999" /><ref>{{cite book |last=Decasa |first=George C. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=hYNqz-1ayssC |title=The Qur'anic Concept of Umma and Its Function in Philippine Muslim Society |series=Interreligious and Intercultural Investigations |volume=1 |date=1999 |publisher=[[Pontificia Università Gregoriana]] |location=Rome, Italy |isbn=978-88-7652-812-5 |page=[https://books.google.com/books?id=hYNqz-1ayssC&pg=PA328 328] |language=en |access-date=February 18, 2023 |archive-date=February 3, 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240203074637/https://books.google.com/books?id=hYNqz-1ayssC |url-status=live}}</ref> tab uske neta ke "[[Paramount rulers in early Philippine history|paramount datu]]" maana jaawat rahaa,<ref name="Newson">{{cite book |last=Newson |first=Linda A. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=A40BEAAAQBAJ |title=Conquest and Pestilence in the Early Spanish Philippines |date=April 16, 2009 |publisher=[[University of Hawaiʻi Press]] |location=Honolulu, Hawaii |isbn=978-0-8248-6197-1 |access-date=February 5, 2021 |archive-date=March 8, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230308195926/https://books.google.com/books?id=A40BEAAAQBAJ |url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="Legarda-2001" /> [[rajah]] or [[sultan]],<ref>{{cite book |editor-last1=Carley |editor-first1=Michael |editor-last2=Jenkins |editor-first2=Paul |editor-last3=Smith |editor-first3=Harry |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ycT9AQAAQBAJ |title=Urban Development and Civil Society: The Role of Communities in Sustainable Cities |year=2013 |publisher=[[Routledge]] |location=Sterling, Va. |isbn=978-1-134-20050-4 |page=[https://books.google.com/books?id=ycT9AQAAQBAJ&pg=PA108 108] |chapter=Chapter 7 |orig-date=2001 |access-date=September 28, 2020 |archive-date=March 17, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230317140423/https://books.google.com/books?id=ycT9AQAAQBAJ |url-status=live}}</ref> aur janata pe raj karat rahaa .<ref>{{cite book |last=Tan |first=Samuel K. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=pw5FWmdNmj8C |title=A History of the Philippines |date=2008 |publisher=[[University of the Philippines Press]] |location=Quezon City, Philippines |isbn=978-971-542-568-1 |page=[https://books.google.com/books?id=pw5FWmdNmj8C&pg=PA37 37] |author-link1=Samuel K. Tan}}</ref> 15th aur 16th century ii islands ke population density bahut kamti rahaa<ref name="Newson" /> jiske kaaran rahaa [[Typhoon#Frequency|frequency of typhoons]] aur Philippines ke location, Pacific [[Ring of Fire]] me.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Bankoff |first1=Greg |editor-last1=Boomgaard |editor-first1=Peter |title=A World of Water: Rain, Rivers and Seas in Southeast Asian Histories |series=Verhandelingen van het Koninklijk Instituut voor Taal-, Land- en Volkenkunde |volume=240 |publisher=[[KITLV Press]] |location=Leiden, Netherlands |isbn=978-90-04-25401-5 |date=January 1, 2007 |pages=153–184 |chapter=Storms of history: Water, hazard and society in the Philippines: 1565-1930 |jstor=10.1163/j.ctt1w76vd0.9 |jstor-access=free}}</ref> Portuguese explorer [[Ferdinand Magellan]] 1521 me aais aur ii islands ke Spain ke khaatir claim karis, lekin uske [[Lapulapu]]'s log [[Battle of Mactan]] me maar de rahin.<ref name="Woods-2006">{{cite book |last=Woods |first=Damon L. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=2Z-n_kDTxf0C |title=The Philippines: A Global Studies Handbook |date=2006 |publisher=[[ABC-CLIO]] |location=Santa Barbara, Calif. |isbn=978-1-85109-675-6 |language=en |author-link1=Damon Woods |access-date=December 6, 2020 |archive-date=February 3, 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240203073501/https://books.google.com/books?id=2Z-n_kDTxf0C |url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="Guillermo-2012">{{Cite encyclopedia |last=Guillermo |first=Artemio R. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=wmgX9M_yETIC |title=Historical Dictionary of the Philippines |edition=Third |series=Historical Dictionaries of Asia, Oceania, and the Middle East |date=2012 |publisher=[[The Scarecrow Press]] |location=Lanham, Md. |isbn=978-0-8108-7246-2 |access-date=September 28, 2020 |archive-date=February 3, 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240203073356/https://books.google.com/books?id=wmgX9M_yETIC |url-status=live}}</ref> === Spain aur America ke colonial raj (1565–1934) === [[File:Vista del Puente de Manila (1847).png|alt=See caption|thumb|[[Manila]], 1847]] Philippines ke unification aur colonization uu time suruu bhais jab Spanish explorer [[Miguel López de Legazpi]], [[New Spain]] se 1565 me aais.<ref>{{cite book |last=Wing |first=J.T. |title=Roots of Empire: Forests and State Power in Early Modern Spain, c.1500–1750 |publisher=Brill |series=Brill's Series in the History of the Environment |year=2015 |isbn=978-90-04-26137-2 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=7dQuBgAAQBAJ |page=[https://books.google.com/books?id=7dQuBgAAQBAJ&pg=PA109 109] |quote=At the time of Miguel López de Legazpi's voyage in 1564-5, the Philippines were not a unified polity or nation. |access-date=February 3, 2024 |archive-date=January 28, 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240128213911/https://books.google.com/books?id=7dQuBgAAQBAJ |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Carson |first1=Arthur L. |title=Higher Education in the Philippines |series=Bulletin |date=1961 |issue=29 |url=http://files.eric.ed.gov/fulltext/ED544128.pdf |publisher=[[Office of Education]], [[United States Department of Health, Education, and Welfare]] |location=Washington, D.C. |isbn=<!-- ISBN unspecified --> |oclc=755650 |page=7 |access-date=April 2, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150413085104/http://files.eric.ed.gov/fulltext/ED544128.pdf |archive-date=April 13, 2015}}</ref><ref name="deBorja-2005">{{cite book |last=de Borja |first=Marciano R. |url=https://b-ok.cc/book/2577458/ffb6ff |title=Basques In The Philippines |series=The Basque Series |date=2005 |publisher=[[University of Nevada Press]] |location=Reno, Nev. |isbn=978-0-87417-590-5 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220326224340/https://b-ok.cc/book/2577458/ffb6ff |archive-date=March 26, 2022 |access-date=April 25, 2023}}</ref> Dher [[Filipinos]] ke New Spain me force kar ke boat me kaam kar ke laawa gais rahaa,<ref>{{cite book |last=Seijas |first=Tatiana |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=YCWjAwAAQBAJ |title=Asian Slaves in Colonial Mexico: From Chinos to Indians |series=Cambridge Latin American Studies |publisher=[[Cambridge University Press]] |year=2014 |location=New York, N.Y. |isbn=978-1-107-06312-9 |page=[https://books.google.com/books?id=YCWjAwAAQBAJ&pg=PA36 36] |chapter=The Diversity and Reach of the Manila Slave Market |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=YCWjAwAAQBAJ&pg=PA32 |access-date=March 19, 2023 |archive-date=February 13, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230213113750/https://books.google.com/books?id=YCWjAwAAQBAJ |url-status=live}}</ref> jab dher [[Latin American Asian|Latin Americans]] ke Philippines sipahi aur colonists ke ruup me laawa gais rahaa.<ref>[https://pares.mcu.es/ParesBusquedas20/catalogo/description/431623 "Orden de enviar hombres a Filipinas desde México" (Consejo de Indias España)](English Translation from Spanish original: "Royal Decree to the Count of Coruña, Viceroy of New Spain, informing him that, according to information from Captain Gabriel de Rivera who came from the Philippines, on a journey made by Governor Gonzalo Ronquillo to the Cagayan River some Spaniards were lost, and that to make up for this lack and populate these islands it was necessary to take up to two hundred men to them. The viceroy is ordered to attend to this request and send them from New Spain, in addition to another two hundred that were entrusted to him from Lisbon."</ref> Philippines, Latin American ke asia me khaali ek district rahaa.<ref>{{Cite web |title=West Coast of the Island Of Luzon {{pipe}} Tourist Attractions |url=http://www.livinginthephilippines.com/travel-guides/getting-to-philippines/979-tourist-attraction-city-of-manila |url-status=usurped |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161206200644/http://www.livinginthephilippines.com/travel-guides/getting-to-philippines/979-tourist-attraction-city-of-manila |archive-date=December 6, 2016 |access-date=December 6, 2016}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|title=Colonial Latin Asia? The case for incorporating the Philippines and the Spanish Pacific into colonial Latin American studies|first=Kristie|last=Patricia Flannery|date=April 3, 2023|journal=Colonial Latin American Review|volume=32|issue=2|pages=235–242|doi=10.1080/10609164.2023.2205233|doi-access=free}}</ref> [[Intramuros|Spanish Manila]], [[Captaincy General of the Philippines]] aur [[Spanish East Indies]] ke capital 1571 me banaa,<ref>{{cite book |editor-last1=Beaule |editor-first1=Christine |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=1cfcDwAAQBAJ |title=The Global Spanish Empire: Five Hundred Years of Place Making and Pluralism |editor-last2=Douglass |editor-first2=John G. |date=April 21, 2020 |publisher=[[University of Arizona Press]] |location=Tucson, Ariz. |isbn=978-0-8165-4084-6 |page=[https://books.google.com/books?id=1cfcDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA204 204] |language=en |access-date=March 21, 2023 |archive-date=March 21, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230321081230/https://books.google.com/books?id=1cfcDwAAQBAJ |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last=Santiago |first=Fernando A. Jr. |year=2006 |title=Isang Maikling Kasaysayan ng Pandacan, Maynila 1589–1898 |trans-title=A Short History of Pandacan, Manila 1589–1898 |url=https://ejournals.ph/article.php?id=7887 |url-status=live |journal=Malay |language=fil |publisher=[[De La Salle University]] |volume=19 |issue=2 |pages=70–87 |issn=2243-7851 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200821002744/https://ejournals.ph/article.php?id=7887 |archive-date=August 21, 2020 |access-date=July 18, 2008 |via=Philippine E-Journals}}</ref> <ref>{{cite book |last=Andrade |first=Tonio |url=http://www.gutenberg-e.org/andrade/ |title=How Taiwan Became Chinese: Dutch, Spanish and Han colonialization in the Seventeenth Century |publisher=[[Columbia University Press]] |location=New York |isbn=978-0-231-12855-1 |year=2005 |chapter=Chapter 4: La Isla Hermosa: The Rise of the Spanish Colony in Northern Taiwan |author-link=Tonio Andrade |chapter-url=http://www.gutenberg-e.org/andrade/andrade04.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071121160327/http://www.gutenberg-e.org/andrade/andrade04.html |archive-date=November 21, 2007 |via=Gutenberg-e}}</ref> Spanish log local states ke [[divide and rule|divide and conquer]] principle kae kaam me laae ke, invade kare rahin ,<ref name="Guillermo-2012" /> aur ii rakam se , jon abhi ke Philippines hae ke ek unified administration ke niche kar liin.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Giráldez |first1=Arturo |title=The Age of Trade: The Manila Galleons and the Dawn of the Global Economy |date=March 19, 2015 |publisher=[[Rowman & Littlefield]] |location=Lanham, Md. |isbn=978-1-4422-4352-1 |page=[https://books.google.com/books?id=6mCGBwAAQBAJ&pg=PA2 2] |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=6mCGBwAAQBAJ |language=en |access-date=April 2, 2023 |archive-date=April 2, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230402112011/https://books.google.com/books?id=6mCGBwAAQBAJ |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last=Acabado |first=Stephen |date=March 1, 2017 |title=The Archaeology of Pericolonialism: Responses of the "Unconquered" to Spanish Conquest and Colonialism in Ifugao, Philippines |url=https://escholarship.org/content/qt3tp1p8m3/qt3tp1p8m3.pdf?t=qa7wdn |journal=[[International Journal of Historical Archaeology]] |publisher=[[Springer New York]] |volume=21 |issue=1 |pages=1–26 |doi=10.1007/s10761-016-0342-9 |s2cid=254541436 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201106150313/https://escholarship.org/content/qt3tp1p8m3/qt3tp1p8m3.pdf?t=qa7wdn |archive-date=November 6, 2020 |via=Springer Link}}</ref> Alag-alag barangay ke jaan ke ek town me karaa gais rahaa , jahaan pe Catholic missionaries sahaj me log ke [[Isai dharam]] me convert kare sake,<ref name="Abinales-2005">{{cite book |last1=Abinales |first1=Patricio N. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=xiOQdEzgP9kC |title=State and Society in the Philippines |last2=Amoroso |first2=Donna J. |publisher=[[Rowman & Littlefield]] |location=Lanham, Md. |year=2005 |isbn=978-0-7425-1024-1 |access-date=September 28, 2020 |archive-date=February 3, 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240203073346/https://books.google.com/books?id=xiOQdEzgP9kC |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Constantino |first1=Renato |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=kdhWCgAAQBAJ |title=A History of the Philippines: From the Spanish Colonization to the Second World War |last2=Constantino |first2=Letizia R. |publisher=[[Monthly Review Press]] |location=New York, N.Y. |year=1975 |isbn=978-0-85345-394-9 |pages=[https://books.google.com/books?id=kdhWCgAAQBAJ&pg=PA58 58–59] |author-link1=Renato Constantino |access-date=January 19, 2021 |archive-date=February 3, 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240203073504/https://books.google.com/books?id=kdhWCgAAQBAJ |url-status=live}}</ref> <ref>{{cite journal |last1=Schumacher |first1=John N. |title=Syncretism in Philippine Catholicism: Its Historical Causes |journal=[[Philippine Studies (journal)|Philippine Studies]] |volume=32 |issue=3 |publisher=[[Ateneo de Manila University Press]] |location=Quezon City, Philippines |date=1984 |page=254 |url=http://philippinestudies.net/ojs/index.php/ps/article/view/3833/4054 |issn=2244-1093 |oclc=6015358201 |jstor=42632710 |author-link1=John N. Schumacher |access-date=October 5, 2023 |archive-date=October 6, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231006144446/http://philippinestudies.net/ojs/index.php/ps/article/view/3833/4054 |url-status=live}}</ref> [[Christianization]], Spanish friars se, jaada kar ke basaa gais lowlands me bhais. 1565 se 1821 talak, Philippines ke [[Mexico City]] ke ek territory ke ruup me govern karaa jaawat rahaa- jon New Spain ke vice royality rahaa; lekin [[Mexican War of Independence]] ke baad iske directly [[Madrid]] se administer karaa gais rahaa .<ref name="Halili-2004">{{cite book |last=Halili |first=Maria Christine N. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=gUt5v8ET4QYC |title=Philippine History |publisher=[[REX Book Store, Inc.]] |location=Manila, Philippines |year=2004 |edition=First |isbn=978-971-23-3934-9 |access-date=May 23, 2020 |archive-date=December 30, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231230123021/https://books.google.com/books?id=gUt5v8ET4QYC |url-status=live}}</ref>Manila [[Spanish treasure fleet|trans-Pacific trade]] ke western hub ban gais rahaa<ref>{{cite book |last=Kane |first=Herb Kawainui |title=Hawaiʻ Chronicles: Island History from the Pages of Honolulu Magazine |publisher=[[University of Hawaiʻi Press]] |location=Honolulu, Hawaii |year=1996 |isbn=978-0-8248-1829-6 |editor-last=Bob Dye |volume=I |pages=25–32 |chapter=The Manila Galleons |author-link=Herb Kawainui Kane}}</ref> <ref>{{cite report |type=Conference proceeding |last=Bolunia |first=Mary Jane Louise A. |chapter=Astilleros: the Spanish shipyards of Sorsogon |chapter-url=http://www.themua.org/collections/files/original/34a74c76efdb951655b9bde1213812dc.pdf |title=Proceedings of the 2014 Asia-Pacific Regional Conference on Underwater Cultural Heritage Conference; Session 5: Early Modern Colonialism in the Asia-Pacific Region |url=http://www.themua.org/collections/collections/show/13 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150413233643/http://www.themua.org/collections/files/original/34a74c76efdb951655b9bde1213812dc.pdf |archive-date=April 13, 2015 |access-date=October 26, 2015 |publisher=Asia-Pacific Regional Conference on Underwater Cultural Heritage Planning Committee |page=1 |location=Honolulu, Hawaii |oclc=892536655 |via=The Museum of Underwater Archaeology}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last=McCarthy |first=William J. |date=December 1, 1995 |title=The Yards at Cavite: Shipbuilding in the Early Colonial Philippines |journal=[[International Journal of Maritime History]] |publisher=[[SAGE Publications]] |volume=7 |issue=2 |pages=149–162 |doi=10.1177/084387149500700208 |s2cid=163709949}}</ref> == Duusra websites == === Official websites === * [http://www.gov.ph www.gov.ph] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120101105754/http://www.gov.ph/ |date=2012-01-01 }} - Government portal * [http://www.op.gov.ph www.op.gov.ph] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070609185330/http://www.op.gov.ph/ |date=2007-06-09 }} - Office of the President * [http://www.senate.gov.ph www.senate.gov.ph] - Senate * [http://www.congress.gov.ph www.congress.gov.ph] - House of Representatives * [http://www.supremecourt.gov.ph www.supremecourt.gov.ph] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080512084154/http://www.supremecourt.gov.ph/ |date=2008-05-12 }} - Supreme Court * [http://www.comelec.gov.ph www.comelec.gov.ph] - Commission on Elections === News websites === * [http://www.inq7.net Philippine Daily Inquirer and GMA News] * [http://www.abs-cbnnews.com ABS-CBN News] * [http://www.philstar.com Philippine Star] * [http://www.mb.com.ph The Manila Bulletin Online] * [http://www.manilatimes.net The Manila Times Online] * [http://www.sunstar.com.ph Sun Star Network Online] * [http://www.tribune.net.ph The Daily Tribune Online] * [http://www.malaya.com.ph Malaya Online] * [http://www.today.net.ph Today Online] * [http://www.kabayanonline.com Kabayan Online] === Aurr === * [http://www.dmoz.org/Regional/Asia/Philippines/ Open Directory Project] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20040819050600/http://dmoz.org/Regional/Asia/Philippines/ |date=2004-08-19 }} * [http://www.filipinotvchannel.com The Filipino Channel] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090712052253/http://www.filipinotvchannel.com/ |date=2009-07-12 }} - Satellite TV from the Philippines [[vibhag:Philippines| ]] [[vibhag:ASEAN ke member]] [[vibhag:English bhasa waala des]] mxly0v331jgs04e1jm6asaivcseg66z 323830 323829 2025-06-19T11:29:03Z Thakurji 37 323830 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox Country| fullcountryname= Republic of the Philippines<br /> Repúbliká ng̃ Pilipinas | image_flag= Flag of the Philippines.svg | image_coa= | image_location= LocationPhilippines.png | nationalmotto= Maka-Diyos, Makatao, Makakalikasan, at Makabansa (English: God, People, Nature, and Country) | nationalsong= "Lupang Hinirang" (Chosen Land) | nationalflower= n/a | nationalanimal= n/a | officiallanguages= Filipino (Tagalog), [[English bhasa|English]], [[Spanish bhasa|Spanish]] | populationtotal= 87,857,473 | populationrank= 12 | populationdensity= 276 | countrycapital= [[Manila]] | countrylargestcity= Quezon City | areatotal= 300,000 | arearank= 71 | areawater= n/a | areawaterpercent= 0.6 | establishedin= [[12 June]], [[1898]] | leadertitlename= President: Rodrigo Duterte<br />Vice President: Leni Robredo | currency= Philippine peso (piso) (PHP) | utcoffset= +8 | dialingcode= +63 | internettld= .ph }} Philippines ek 7,000 se jaada [[island]] waala [[des]] hae. Ii [[Pacific Ocean]] me [[Asia]] se 100 kilometers southeast me hae. [[Spain]] ([[1521]]-[[1898]]) aur [[United States]] ([[1898]]-[[1946]]), ii des pe raaj karin rahaa. Philippines, [[South Korea]], aur [[East Timor]], East Asia ke uu des hae jahan pe jaada log [[Isai dharam|Isai]] hae. Philippine Islands ke east me [[Pacific Ocean]], west me [[South China Sea]], aur south me [[Celebes Sea]] hae . == Naam == [[Spain]] ke explorer [[Ruy López de Villalobos]], aapan 1542 ke expedition me, [[Leyte]] aur [[Samar]] ke naam "{{lang|es|Felipinas}}" diis rahaa, [[Prince of Asturias]], baad me [[Philip&nbsp;II of Castile]] ke baad. Dhire-dhire "{{lang|es|Las Islas Filipinas}}" ke naam se ii archipelago ke Spanish possession ke bola jaae lagaa.<ref name="Scott-1994" /> Duusra naam, jaise "{{lang|es|Islas del Poniente}}" (Western Islands), "{{lang|pt|Islas del Oriente}}" (Eastern Islands), [[Ferdinand Magellan]] ke naam aur "{{lang|es|San Lázaro}}" (Islands of St. Lazarus), ke kaam me laae ke Spanish log ii islands ke refer karat rahin, jabtak ii ilaaka me Spanish raj established nai rahaa.<ref>{{cite book |last=Malcolm |first=George A. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=tpEz7_tzzJoC |title=The Government of the Philippine Islands: Its Development and Fundamentals |series=Philippine Law Collection |date=1916 |publisher=[[Lawyers Co-operative Publishing Company]] |isbn=<!-- ISBN unspecified --> |location=Rochester, N.Y. |page=[https://archive.org/details/cu31924051298937/page/2/mode/2up 3] |language=en |author-link=George A. Malcolm |oclc=578245510 |access-date=February 12, 2023 |archive-date=February 17, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230217144209/https://books.google.com/books?id=tpEz7_tzzJoC |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Spate |first=Oskar H.K. |title=The Spanish Lake |date=November 2004 |publisher=[[Taylor & Francis]] |isbn=978-0-7099-0049-8 |series=The Pacific since Magellan |volume=I |location=London, England |page=97 |chapter=Chapter 4. Magellan's Successors: Loaysa to Urdaneta. Two failures: Grijalva and Villalobos |doi=10.22459/SL.11.2004 |author-link=Oskar Spate |access-date=July 6, 2020 |orig-date=1979 |chapter-url=http://epress.anu.edu.au/spanish_lake/mobile_devices/ch04s05.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080805022835/http://epress.anu.edu.au/spanish_lake/mobile_devices/ch04s05.html |archive-date=August 5, 2008 |doi-access=free}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=GIz4CDTCOwcC |title=The Cambridge History of Southeast Asia |date=1999 |publisher=[[Cambridge University Press]] |isbn=978-0-521-66370-0 |editor-last=Tarling |editor-first=Nicholas |volume=2: From c. 1500 to c. 1800 |location=Cambridge, England |page=[https://books.google.com/books?id=GIz4CDTCOwcC&pg=PA12 12] |language=en |author-link=Nicholas Tarling |access-date=April 2, 2023 |archive-date=April 2, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230402114137/https://books.google.com/books?id=GIz4CDTCOwcC |url-status=live}}</ref> [[Philippine Revolution]] ke time, [[Malolos Congress]] {{lang|es|República Filipina}} (the [[First Philippine Republic|Philippine Republic]]) ke elaan karis.<ref>{{cite web|title=The 1899 Malolos Constitution |url=https://www.officialgazette.gov.ph/constitutions/the-1899-malolos-constitution/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170605215334/https://www.officialgazette.gov.ph/constitutions/the-1899-malolos-constitution/ |archive-date=June 5, 2017 |access-date=February 11, 2023 |website=[[Official Gazette of the Republic of the Philippines]] |at=Título I – De la República; Articulo 1 |language=es, en}}</ref> America ke colonial authorities ii des ke Philippine Islands (a translation of the Spanish name) bolat rahin.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Constantino |first=Renato |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Q1ZxAAAAMAAJ |title=The Philippines: A Past Revisited |date=1975 |publisher=Tala Pub. Services |isbn=978-971-8958-00-1 |location=Quezon City, Philippines |author-link=Renato Constantino |access-date=February 3, 2024 |archive-date=February 3, 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240203072918/https://books.google.com/books?id=Q1ZxAAAAMAAJ |url-status=live}}</ref> [[United States]], dhire-chire naam ke "the Philippine Islands" se badal ke "the Philippines" kar diin, Philippine Autonomy Act aur [[Jones Law (Philippines)|Jones Law]] se.<ref>{{cite web|date=August 29, 1916 |title=The Jones Law of 1916 |url=https://www.officialgazette.gov.ph/constitutions/the-jones-law-of-1916/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170808093938/https://www.officialgazette.gov.ph/constitutions/the-jones-law-of-1916/ |archive-date=August 8, 2017 |access-date=March 12, 2021 |website=[[Official Gazette of the Republic of the Philippines]] |at=Section 1.―The Philippines}}</ref> 1935 ke constitution me, sarkari naam "Republic of the Philippines" rakkhaa gais rahaa, jon aage ke ajaad des ke naam rahii,<ref>{{cite web|title=The 1935 Constitution |url=https://www.officialgazette.gov.ph/constitutions/the-1935-constitution/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170625234400/https://www.officialgazette.gov.ph/constitutions/the-1935-constitution/ |archive-date=June 25, 2017 |access-date=February 11, 2023 |website=[[Official Gazette of the Republic of the Philippines]] |at=Article XVII, Section 1}}</ref> aur baad ke sab constitutional ke badlao me ii naam rakkha gais hae.<ref>{{cite web|date=January 17, 1973 |title=1973 Constitution of the Republic of the Philippines |url=https://www.officialgazette.gov.ph/constitutions/1973-constitution-of-the-republic-of-the-philippines-2/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170625191553/https://www.officialgazette.gov.ph/constitutions/1973-constitution-of-the-republic-of-the-philippines-2/ |archive-date=June 25, 2017 |access-date=March 14, 2021 |website=[[Official Gazette of the Republic of the Philippines]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|date=February 11, 1987 |title=The Constitution of the Republic of the Philippines |url=https://www.officialgazette.gov.ph/constitutions/1987-constitution/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170607182503/https://www.officialgazette.gov.ph/constitutions/1987-constitution/ |archive-date=June 7, 2017 |access-date=March 14, 2021 |website=[[Official Gazette of the Republic of the Philippines]]}}</ref> == Itihaas == === Puraana itihaas (900 se pahile) === [[File:Manunggul Jar.jpg|thumb|upright|The [[Manunggul Jar|Manunggul burial jar]], dher burial jar me se ek, jiske gifaa me paawa gais rahaa|alt=A burial jar with its lid decorated with two people on a boat|left]] Iske sabuut hae ki puraana jamaana ke [[hominins]], jon jagha abi Philippines hae, me 709,000 saal pahile rahat rahin.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Ingicco |first1=T. |last2=van den Bergh |first2=G. D. |last3=Jago-on |first3=C. |last4=Bahain |first4=J. |last5=Chacón |first5=M. G. |last6=Amano |first6=N. |last7=Forestier |first7=H. |last8=King |first8=C. |last9=Manalo |first9=K. |last10=Nomade |first10=S. |last11=Pereira |first11=A. |last12=Reyes |first12=M. C. |last13=Sémah |first13=A. |last14=Shao |first14=Q. |last15=Voinchet |first15=P. |date=May 1, 2018 |title=Earliest known hominin activity in the Philippines by 709&nbsp;thousand years ago |url=https://ro.uow.edu.au/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=6441&context=smhpapers |journal=Nature |publisher=[[University of Wollongong]] |volume=557 |issue=7704 |pages=233–237 |bibcode=2018Natur.557..233I |doi=10.1038/s41586-018-0072-8 |pmid=29720661 |s2cid=256771231 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190429133325/https://ro.uow.edu.au/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=6441&context=smhpapers |archive-date=April 29, 2019 |first16=C. |last16=Falguères |first17=P.C.H. |last17=Albers |first18=M. |last18=Lising |first19=G. |last19=Lyras |first20=D. |last20=Yurnaldi |first21=P. |last21=Rochette |first22=A. |last22=Bautista |first23=J. |last23=de Vos |issn=0028-0836}}</ref> [[Callao Cave]] me paawa gais haddi, saait ek nawaa species, ''[[Homo luzonensis]]'' ke hae, jon 50,000 se 67,000 saal pahile rahat rahin.<ref>{{cite news|last1=Greshko |first1=Michael |last2=Wei-Haas |first2=Maya |date=April 10, 2019 |title=New species of ancient human discovered in the Philippines |work=[[National Geographic]] |url=https://www.nationalgeographic.com/science/2019/04/new-species-ancient-human-discovered-luzon-philippines-homo-luzonensis/ |access-date=October 24, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190410173110/https://www.nationalgeographic.com/science/2019/04/new-species-ancient-human-discovered-luzon-philippines-homo-luzonensis/ |archive-date=April 10, 2019}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|last1=Rincon |first1=Paul |date=April 10, 2019 |title=New human species found in Philippines |work=[[BBC News]] |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/science-environment-47873072 |access-date=October 24, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190410192730/https://www.bbc.com/news/science-environment-47873072 |archive-date=April 10, 2019 |author-link1=Paul Rincon}}</ref> Sab se puraana [[modern human]] ke remain ii islands ke [[Palawan]] ke [[Tabon Caves]] me paawa gais hae, jiske [[U/Th-dated]] hae 47,000 ± 11–10,000 saal pahile.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Détroit |first1=Florent |last2=Dizon |first2=Eusebio |last3=Falguères |first3=Christophe |last4=Hameau |first4=Sébastien |last5=Ronquillo |first5=Wilfredo |last6=Sémah |first6=François |date=2004 |title=Upper Pleistocene ''Homo sapiens'' from the Tabon cave (Palawan, The Philippines): description and dating of new discoveries |url=http://fdetroit.free.fr/IMG/pdf/Detroit_etal_04_Tabon2.pdf |journal=Human Palaeontology and Prehistory |publisher=[[Elsevier]] |volume=3 |issue=2004 |pages=705–712 |bibcode=2004CRPal...3..705D |doi=10.1016/j.crpv.2004.06.004 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150218164554/http://fdetroit.free.fr/IMG/pdf/Detroit_etal_04_Tabon2.pdf |archive-date=February 18, 2015 |doi-access=free}}</ref> [[Tabon Man]] ke [[Negrito]] maana jaae hae, jon ii islands me rahe waala pahila log rahin, Africa se coastal route lae ke, along [[South Asia|southern Asia]] se abhi duubaa waala [[Sundaland]] aur [[Sahul]] se ii islands me aae rahin.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Jett |first=Stephen C. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=EgOUDgAAQBAJ |title=Ancient Ocean Crossings: Reconsidering the Case for Contacts with the Pre-Columbian Americas |date=2017 |publisher=[[University of Alabama Press]] |isbn=978-0-8173-1939-7 |location=Tuscaloosa, Ala. |pages=[https://books.google.com/books?id=EgOUDgAAQBAJ&pg=168 168–171] |access-date=May 23, 2020 |archive-date=February 3, 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240203072920/https://books.google.com/books?id=EgOUDgAAQBAJ |url-status=live}}</ref> Philippines pahunche waala pahila Austronesians , Taiwan se, lagbhag 2200 BC me aae rahin, [[Batanes]] Islands (where they built stone fortresses known as ''[[ijang]]s'') me aae ke base rahin<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://portals.iucn.org/library/sites/library/files/documents/2005-006.pdf |title=The Protected Landscape Approach: Linking Nature, Culture and Community |date=2005 |publisher=[[International Union for Conservation of Nature|IUCN]] |isbn=978-2-8317-0797-6 |editor-last=Brown |editor-first=Jessica |location=Gland, Switzerland and Cambridge, England |pages=101–102 |language=en |access-date=March 19, 2023 |editor-last2=Mitchell |editor-first2=Nora J. |editor-last3=Beresford |editor-first3=Michael |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180408232535/https://portals.iucn.org/library/sites/library/files/documents/2005-006.pdf |archive-date=April 8, 2018}}</ref> aur northern [[Luzon]] me bhi. [[Philippine jade culture|Jade artifacts]] ke 2000 BC ke date karaa gais hae,<ref>{{Cite book |last=Scott |first=William Henry |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=FSlwAAAAMAAJ |title=Prehispanic Source Materials for the Study of Philippine History |publisher=New Day Publishers |year=1984 |isbn=978-971-10-0227-5 |location=Quezon City, Philippines |page=17 |author-link=William Henry Scott (historian) |access-date=April 20, 2023 |archive-date=February 3, 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240203072920/https://books.google.com/books?id=FSlwAAAAMAAJ |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Ness |first=Immanuel |editor-last1=Bellwood |editor-first1=Peter |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=2HMTBwAAQBAJ |title=The Global Prehistory of Human Migration |date=2014 |publisher=[[Wiley-Blackwell]] |isbn=978-1-118-97059-1 |location=Chichester, West Sussex, England |page=[https://books.google.com/books?id=2HMTBwAAQBAJ&pg=PA289 289] |author-link1=Immanuel Ness |editor-link1=Peter Bellwood |access-date=September 2, 2020 |archive-date=February 3, 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240203072922/https://books.google.com/books?id=2HMTBwAAQBAJ |url-status=live}}</ref> jisme [[lingling-o]] Luzon ke jade ke banaa chij ke Taiwan ke raw material se banaawa gais rahaa.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Hung |first1=Hsiao-Chun |last2=Iizuka |first2=Yoshiyuki |last3=Bellwood |first3=Peter |last4=Nguyen |first4=Kim Dung |last5=Bellina |first5=Bérénice |last6=Silapanth |first6=Praon |last7=Dizon |first7=Eusebio |last8=Santiago |first8=Rey |last9=Datan |first9=Ipoi |last10=Manton |first10=Jonathan H. |date=December 11, 2007 |title=Ancient jades map 3,000 years of prehistoric exchange in Southeast Asia |journal=[[Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America]] |publisher=[[National Academy of Sciences]] |volume=104 |issue=50 |pages=19745–19750 |doi=10.1073/pnas.0707304104 |pmc=2148369 |pmid=18048347 |doi-access=free}}</ref> 1000 BC talak, ii islands ke log chaar society me develop hoe gay rahin : [[hunter-gatherer]] tribes, warrior societies, highland [[plutocracies]], aur port principalities.<ref name="Legarda-2001">{{Cite journal |last=Legarda |first=Benito Jr. |author-link=Benito J. Legarda |year=2001 |title=Cultural Landmarks and their Interactions with Economic Factors in the Second Millennium in the Philippines |journal=Kinaadman (Wisdom): A Journal of the Southern Philippines |publisher=[[Xavier University – Ateneo de Cagayan]] |volume=23 |page=40}}</ref> === Pahila states (900–1565) === [[File:Naturales 4.png|thumb| 1590's ke early Spanish colonial jamaana ke ek native praani jon sona pahinin hae.]] Philippines ke sab se pahila likha gias record, 900 AD ke [[Laguna Copperplate Inscription]] hae, jiske [[Old Malay]] bhasa me, [[Kawi alphabet|Kawi]] script me likha gais hae.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Postma |first=Antoon |author-link=Antoon Postma |date=1992 |title=The Laguna Copper-Plate Inscription: Text and Commentary |url=http://www.philippinestudies.net/ojs/index.php/ps/article/download/1033/1018 |journal=[[Philippine Studies (journal)|Philippine Studies]] |location=Quezon City, Philippines |publisher=[[Ateneo de Manila University]] |volume=40 |issue=2 |pages=182–203 |issn=0031-7837 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151208053836/http://www.philippinestudies.net/ojs/index.php/ps/article/download/1033/1018 |archive-date=December 8, 2015}}</ref> 14th century talak, dher barraa-barraa coastal settlements trading centers ban ke [[Cultural achievements of pre-colonial Philippines|societal changes]] ke kaaran ban gais.<ref name="deGraaf-1977">{{Cite book |last1=de Graaf |first1=Hermanus Johannes |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=RYQeAAAAIAAJ |title=Geschichte: Lieferung 2 |last2=Kennedy |first2=Joseph |last3=Scott |first3=William Henry |date=1977 |publisher=[[Brill Publishers|Brill]] |isbn=978-90-04-04859-1 |location=Leiden, Switzerland |page=[https://books.google.com/books?id=RYQeAAAAIAAJ&pg=PA198 198] |language=en |author-link3=William Henry Scott (historian) |access-date=February 18, 2023 |archive-date=March 6, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230306102637/https://books.google.com/books?id=RYQeAAAAIAAJ |url-status=live}}</ref> Kuchh basti ke log, Asia ke duusra state se chij ke trade karat rahin. <ref name="Junker-1999">{{Cite book |last=Junker |first=Laura Lee |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=yO2yG0nxTtsC |title=Raiding, Trading, and Feasting: The Political Economy of Philippine Chiefdoms |date=1999 |publisher=[[University of Hawaiʻi Press]] |isbn=978-0-8248-2035-0 |location=Honolulu, Hawaii |access-date=August 22, 2020 |archive-date=February 3, 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240203072919/https://books.google.com/books?id=yO2yG0nxTtsC |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Nadeau |first=Kathleen M. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=kAINJWo4IJ4C |title=Liberation Theology in the Philippines: Faith in a Revolution |date=2002 |publisher=[[Greenwood Publishing Group]] |isbn=978-0-275-97198-4 |location=Westport, Conn. |page=[https://books.google.com/books?id=kAINJWo4IJ4C&pg=PA8 8] |language=en |access-date=February 18, 2023 |archive-date=March 17, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230317084801/https://books.google.com/books?id=kAINJWo4IJ4C |url-status=live}}</ref> [[Tang dynasty]] ke time, China se trade suruu bhais,<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.nationalmuseum.gov.ph/2022/09/20/the-9th-to-10th-century-archaeological-evidence-of-maritime-relations-between-the-philippines-and-the-islands-of-southeast-asia/|title=The 9th to 10th century archaeological evidence of maritime relations between the Philippines and the islands of Southeast Asia|publisher=[[National Museum of the Philippines]]|access-date=December 4, 2023|date=n.d.}}</ref><ref name=":0">{{Cite book |last=Fox |first=Robert B. |author-link=Robert Bradford Fox |title=More Tsinoy Than We Admit: Chinese-Filipino Interactions Over the Centuries |publisher=Vibal Foundation, Inc. |year=2015 |isbn=9789719706823 |editor-last=Chu |editor-first=Richard T. |location=Quezon City |pages=10–13 |chapter=The Archaeological Record of Chinese Influences in the Philippines}}</ref> aur [[Song dynasty]] ke time aur barrha.<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=6kDm5d3cMIYC |title=Southeast Asia: From Prehistory to History |date=2004 |publisher=[[RoutledgeCurzon]] |isbn=978-0-415-29777-6 |editor-last=Glover |editor-first=Ian |location=London, England |page=[https://books.google.com/books?id=6kDm5d3cMIYC&pg=PA267 267] |author-link2=Peter Bellwood |editor-last2=Bellwood |editor-first2=Peter}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Pre-colonial Manila|url=http://malacanang.gov.ph/75832-pre-colonial-manila/|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150724010336/http://malacanang.gov.ph/75832-pre-colonial-manila/|archive-date=July 24, 2015|access-date=December 26, 2020|website=Malacañan Palace: Presidential Museum And Library}}</ref><ref name=":0" /> Second millennium AD bhar, kuch basti [[China]] ke niche rahin.<ref name="Scott-1994">{{Cite book |last=Scott |first=William Henry |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=15KZU-yMuisC |title=Barangay: Sixteenth-century Philippine Culture and Society |publisher=[[Ateneo de Manila University Press]] |year=1994 |isbn=978-971-550-135-4 |location=Quezon City, Philippines |author-link=William Henry Scott (historian) |access-date=October 18, 2015 |archive-date=February 3, 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240203072920/https://books.google.com/books?id=15KZU-yMuisC |url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="Junker-1999" /> Jaada trade aur diplomacy ke kaaran, [[Northern and southern China|Southern]] [[Han Chinese|Chinese]] merchants aur migrants [[Southern Fujian]] se,<ref>{{Cite book |last=San Buena Ventura |first=Fr. Pedro de |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=A8QxAQAAMAAJ |title=Vocabulario de lengua tagala: El romance castellano puesto primero |publisher=La Noble Villa de Pila |year=1613 |editor-last=de Silva |editor-first=Juan (Don.) |page=545 |language=[[Tagalog language|Tagalog]] & [[Early Modern Spanish]] |quote=Sangley) Langlang (pc) anſi llamauan los viejos deſtos [a los] ſangleyes cuando venian [a tratar] con ellos |trans-quote=Sangley) Langlang (pc) this is what the elderlies called [the] Sangleyes when they came [to deal] with them}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=San Buena Ventura |first=Fr. Pedro de |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=A8QxAQAAMAAJ |title=Vocabulario de lengua tagala: El romance castellano puesto primero |publisher=La Noble Villa de Pila |year=1613 |editor-last=de Silva |editor-first=Juan (Don.) |page=170 |language=[[Tagalog language|Tagalog]] & [[Early Modern Spanish]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |url=https://webapp1.dlib.indiana.edu/metsnav/common/navigate.do?pn=1&size=large&oid=VAB8326 |title=Boxer Codex (Manila Manuscript) |others=[[Boxer Codex]], once kept by Sir [[C. R. Boxer]] |year=1590s |location=Manila |pages=415 [PDF] / 204 [As Written] |language=[[Early Modern Spanish]] & [[Philippine Hokkien|Early Manila Hokkien]] |via=[[Indiana University]] Digital Library, as digitized from the [[Lilly Library]] |access-date=March 24, 2024 |archive-date=March 24, 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240324113344/https://webapp1.dlib.indiana.edu/metsnav/common/navigate.do?pn=1&size=large&oid=VAB8326 |url-status=live}}</ref> aae ke ii islands me rahe lagin, aur ii log natives log ke saathe mix hoe lagin.. Indian ke sankriti, jaise ki bhasa aur dharam ke influence Philippines me 14th century me faela, Indianized Hindu [[Majapahit|Majapahit Empire]] se.<ref>{{Cite encyclopedia |title=Philippines |encyclopedia=Concise Encyclopedia of World History |publisher=[[Atlantic Books|Atlantic Publishers & Distributors]] |location=New Delhi, India |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=gGKsS-9h4BYC |last=Ramirez-Faria |first=Carlos |date=2007 |page=[https://books.google.com/books?id=gGKsS-9h4BYC&pg=PA560 560] |isbn=978-81-269-0775-5 |access-date=February 18, 2023 |archive-date=January 17, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230117131629/https://books.google.com/books?id=gGKsS-9h4BYC |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Evangelista |first=Alfredo E. |date=1965 |title=Identifying Some Intrusive Archaeological Materials Found in Philippine Proto-historic Sites |url=https://asj.upd.edu.ph/mediabox/archive/ASJ-03-01-1965/Evangelista.pdf |journal=Asian Studies: Journal of Critical Perspectives on Asia |publisher=[[University of the Philippines Asian Center|Asian Center]], [[University of the Philippines]] |volume=3 |issue=1 |pages=87–88 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230429072742/https://asj.upd.edu.ph/mediabox/archive/ASJ-03-01-1965/Evangelista.pdf |archive-date=April 29, 2023 |access-date=April 29, 2023}}</ref> 15th century talak Islam [[Sulu Archipelago]] me aapan adda jamae ke huan se aur bagal faela.<ref name="deGraaf-1977" /> 10th aur 16th centuries ke biich me bane waala basti me [[Maynila (historical polity)|Maynila]],<ref name="Ring-1996">{{Cite book |last1=Ring |first1=Trudy |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=vWLRxJEU49EC |title=International Dictionary of Historic Places: Asia and Oceania |last2=Salkin |first2=Robert M. |last3=La Boda |first3=Sharon |publisher=[[Taylor & Francis]] |year=1996 |isbn=978-1-884964-04-6 |location=Chicago, Ill. |pages=565–569 |name-list-style=amp |access-date=August 22, 2020 |archive-date=February 3, 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240203072922/https://books.google.com/books?id=vWLRxJEU49EC |url-status=live}}</ref> [[Tondo (historical polity)|Tondo]], [[Namayan]], [[Pangasinan (historical polity)|Pangasinan]], [[Caboloan]], [[Cebu (historical state)|Cebu]], [[Butuan (historical polity)|Butuan]], [[Sultanate of Maguindanao|Maguindanao]], [[Confederate States of Lanao|Lanao]], [[Sultanate of Sulu|Sulu]], aur [[Ma-i]] rahaa.<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://archive.org/details/historical-atlas-of-the-republic/page/n65/mode/2up |title=Historical Atlas of the Republic |date=2016 |publisher=[[Presidential Communications Group|Presidential Communications Development and Strategic Planning Office]] |isbn=978-971-95551-6-2 |editor-last=Quezon |editor-first=Manuel L. III |editor-link=Manolo Quezon |location=Manila, Philippines |page=64 |editor-last2=Goitia |editor-first2=Pocholo}}</ref> Suruu ke basti me tiin -tier ke social structure rahaa: nobility, freemen, aur dependent debtor-bondsmen.<ref name="Junker-1999" /><ref name="Wernstedt-1967">{{cite book |last1=Wernstedt |first1=Frederick L. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=6Pn0Pfh1Cl0C |title=The Philippine Island World: A Physical, Cultural, and Regional Geography |last2=Spencer |first2=Joseph Earle |date=January 1967 |publisher=[[University of California Press]] |location=Berkeley, Calif. |isbn=978-0-520-03513-3 |access-date=August 22, 2020 |archive-date=February 3, 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240203072939/https://books.google.com/books?id=6Pn0Pfh1Cl0C |url-status=live}}</ref> Raj kare waala log me neta rahin jaise [[datu]]s, jon groups ([[Barangay state|barangays]] or dulohan) pe raj karat rahin.<ref>{{cite book |last=Arcilla |first=José S. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=uxEYobbU-D8C |title=An Introduction to Philippine History |date=1998 |edition=Fourth enlarged |publisher=[[Ateneo de Manila University Press]] |location=Quezon City, Philippines |isbn=978-971-550-261-0 |page=[https://books.google.com/books?id=uxEYobbU-D8C&pg=PA15 15]}}</ref> Jab barangays saathe hoe ke barraa basti banaawat rahin ,<ref name="Junker-1999" /><ref>{{cite book |last=Decasa |first=George C. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=hYNqz-1ayssC |title=The Qur'anic Concept of Umma and Its Function in Philippine Muslim Society |series=Interreligious and Intercultural Investigations |volume=1 |date=1999 |publisher=[[Pontificia Università Gregoriana]] |location=Rome, Italy |isbn=978-88-7652-812-5 |page=[https://books.google.com/books?id=hYNqz-1ayssC&pg=PA328 328] |language=en |access-date=February 18, 2023 |archive-date=February 3, 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240203074637/https://books.google.com/books?id=hYNqz-1ayssC |url-status=live}}</ref> tab uske neta ke "[[Paramount rulers in early Philippine history|paramount datu]]" maana jaawat rahaa,<ref name="Newson">{{cite book |last=Newson |first=Linda A. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=A40BEAAAQBAJ |title=Conquest and Pestilence in the Early Spanish Philippines |date=April 16, 2009 |publisher=[[University of Hawaiʻi Press]] |location=Honolulu, Hawaii |isbn=978-0-8248-6197-1 |access-date=February 5, 2021 |archive-date=March 8, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230308195926/https://books.google.com/books?id=A40BEAAAQBAJ |url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="Legarda-2001" /> [[rajah]] or [[sultan]],<ref>{{cite book |editor-last1=Carley |editor-first1=Michael |editor-last2=Jenkins |editor-first2=Paul |editor-last3=Smith |editor-first3=Harry |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ycT9AQAAQBAJ |title=Urban Development and Civil Society: The Role of Communities in Sustainable Cities |year=2013 |publisher=[[Routledge]] |location=Sterling, Va. |isbn=978-1-134-20050-4 |page=[https://books.google.com/books?id=ycT9AQAAQBAJ&pg=PA108 108] |chapter=Chapter 7 |orig-date=2001 |access-date=September 28, 2020 |archive-date=March 17, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230317140423/https://books.google.com/books?id=ycT9AQAAQBAJ |url-status=live}}</ref> aur janata pe raj karat rahaa .<ref>{{cite book |last=Tan |first=Samuel K. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=pw5FWmdNmj8C |title=A History of the Philippines |date=2008 |publisher=[[University of the Philippines Press]] |location=Quezon City, Philippines |isbn=978-971-542-568-1 |page=[https://books.google.com/books?id=pw5FWmdNmj8C&pg=PA37 37] |author-link1=Samuel K. Tan}}</ref> 15th aur 16th century ii islands ke population density bahut kamti rahaa<ref name="Newson" /> jiske kaaran rahaa [[Typhoon#Frequency|frequency of typhoons]] aur Philippines ke location, Pacific [[Ring of Fire]] me.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Bankoff |first1=Greg |editor-last1=Boomgaard |editor-first1=Peter |title=A World of Water: Rain, Rivers and Seas in Southeast Asian Histories |series=Verhandelingen van het Koninklijk Instituut voor Taal-, Land- en Volkenkunde |volume=240 |publisher=[[KITLV Press]] |location=Leiden, Netherlands |isbn=978-90-04-25401-5 |date=January 1, 2007 |pages=153–184 |chapter=Storms of history: Water, hazard and society in the Philippines: 1565-1930 |jstor=10.1163/j.ctt1w76vd0.9 |jstor-access=free}}</ref> Portuguese explorer [[Ferdinand Magellan]] 1521 me aais aur ii islands ke Spain ke khaatir claim karis, lekin uske [[Lapulapu]]'s log [[Battle of Mactan]] me maar de rahin.<ref name="Woods-2006">{{cite book |last=Woods |first=Damon L. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=2Z-n_kDTxf0C |title=The Philippines: A Global Studies Handbook |date=2006 |publisher=[[ABC-CLIO]] |location=Santa Barbara, Calif. |isbn=978-1-85109-675-6 |language=en |author-link1=Damon Woods |access-date=December 6, 2020 |archive-date=February 3, 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240203073501/https://books.google.com/books?id=2Z-n_kDTxf0C |url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="Guillermo-2012">{{Cite encyclopedia |last=Guillermo |first=Artemio R. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=wmgX9M_yETIC |title=Historical Dictionary of the Philippines |edition=Third |series=Historical Dictionaries of Asia, Oceania, and the Middle East |date=2012 |publisher=[[The Scarecrow Press]] |location=Lanham, Md. |isbn=978-0-8108-7246-2 |access-date=September 28, 2020 |archive-date=February 3, 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240203073356/https://books.google.com/books?id=wmgX9M_yETIC |url-status=live}}</ref> === Spain aur America ke colonial raj (1565–1934) === [[File:Vista del Puente de Manila (1847).png|alt=See caption|thumb|[[Manila]], 1847]] Philippines ke unification aur colonization uu time suruu bhais jab Spanish explorer [[Miguel López de Legazpi]], [[New Spain]] se 1565 me aais.<ref>{{cite book |last=Wing |first=J.T. |title=Roots of Empire: Forests and State Power in Early Modern Spain, c.1500–1750 |publisher=Brill |series=Brill's Series in the History of the Environment |year=2015 |isbn=978-90-04-26137-2 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=7dQuBgAAQBAJ |page=[https://books.google.com/books?id=7dQuBgAAQBAJ&pg=PA109 109] |quote=At the time of Miguel López de Legazpi's voyage in 1564-5, the Philippines were not a unified polity or nation. |access-date=February 3, 2024 |archive-date=January 28, 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240128213911/https://books.google.com/books?id=7dQuBgAAQBAJ |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Carson |first1=Arthur L. |title=Higher Education in the Philippines |series=Bulletin |date=1961 |issue=29 |url=http://files.eric.ed.gov/fulltext/ED544128.pdf |publisher=[[Office of Education]], [[United States Department of Health, Education, and Welfare]] |location=Washington, D.C. |isbn=<!-- ISBN unspecified --> |oclc=755650 |page=7 |access-date=April 2, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150413085104/http://files.eric.ed.gov/fulltext/ED544128.pdf |archive-date=April 13, 2015}}</ref><ref name="deBorja-2005">{{cite book |last=de Borja |first=Marciano R. |url=https://b-ok.cc/book/2577458/ffb6ff |title=Basques In The Philippines |series=The Basque Series |date=2005 |publisher=[[University of Nevada Press]] |location=Reno, Nev. |isbn=978-0-87417-590-5 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220326224340/https://b-ok.cc/book/2577458/ffb6ff |archive-date=March 26, 2022 |access-date=April 25, 2023}}</ref> Dher [[Filipinos]] ke New Spain me force kar ke boat me kaam kar ke laawa gais rahaa,<ref>{{cite book |last=Seijas |first=Tatiana |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=YCWjAwAAQBAJ |title=Asian Slaves in Colonial Mexico: From Chinos to Indians |series=Cambridge Latin American Studies |publisher=[[Cambridge University Press]] |year=2014 |location=New York, N.Y. |isbn=978-1-107-06312-9 |page=[https://books.google.com/books?id=YCWjAwAAQBAJ&pg=PA36 36] |chapter=The Diversity and Reach of the Manila Slave Market |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=YCWjAwAAQBAJ&pg=PA32 |access-date=March 19, 2023 |archive-date=February 13, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230213113750/https://books.google.com/books?id=YCWjAwAAQBAJ |url-status=live}}</ref> jab dher [[Latin American Asian|Latin Americans]] ke Philippines sipahi aur colonists ke ruup me laawa gais rahaa.<ref>[https://pares.mcu.es/ParesBusquedas20/catalogo/description/431623 "Orden de enviar hombres a Filipinas desde México" (Consejo de Indias España)](English Translation from Spanish original: "Royal Decree to the Count of Coruña, Viceroy of New Spain, informing him that, according to information from Captain Gabriel de Rivera who came from the Philippines, on a journey made by Governor Gonzalo Ronquillo to the Cagayan River some Spaniards were lost, and that to make up for this lack and populate these islands it was necessary to take up to two hundred men to them. The viceroy is ordered to attend to this request and send them from New Spain, in addition to another two hundred that were entrusted to him from Lisbon."</ref> Philippines, Latin American ke asia me khaali ek district rahaa.<ref>{{Cite web |title=West Coast of the Island Of Luzon {{pipe}} Tourist Attractions |url=http://www.livinginthephilippines.com/travel-guides/getting-to-philippines/979-tourist-attraction-city-of-manila |url-status=usurped |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161206200644/http://www.livinginthephilippines.com/travel-guides/getting-to-philippines/979-tourist-attraction-city-of-manila |archive-date=December 6, 2016 |access-date=December 6, 2016}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|title=Colonial Latin Asia? The case for incorporating the Philippines and the Spanish Pacific into colonial Latin American studies|first=Kristie|last=Patricia Flannery|date=April 3, 2023|journal=Colonial Latin American Review|volume=32|issue=2|pages=235–242|doi=10.1080/10609164.2023.2205233|doi-access=free}}</ref> [[Intramuros|Spanish Manila]], [[Captaincy General of the Philippines]] aur [[Spanish East Indies]] ke capital 1571 me banaa,<ref>{{cite book |editor-last1=Beaule |editor-first1=Christine |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=1cfcDwAAQBAJ |title=The Global Spanish Empire: Five Hundred Years of Place Making and Pluralism |editor-last2=Douglass |editor-first2=John G. |date=April 21, 2020 |publisher=[[University of Arizona Press]] |location=Tucson, Ariz. |isbn=978-0-8165-4084-6 |page=[https://books.google.com/books?id=1cfcDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA204 204] |language=en |access-date=March 21, 2023 |archive-date=March 21, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230321081230/https://books.google.com/books?id=1cfcDwAAQBAJ |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last=Santiago |first=Fernando A. Jr. |year=2006 |title=Isang Maikling Kasaysayan ng Pandacan, Maynila 1589–1898 |trans-title=A Short History of Pandacan, Manila 1589–1898 |url=https://ejournals.ph/article.php?id=7887 |url-status=live |journal=Malay |language=fil |publisher=[[De La Salle University]] |volume=19 |issue=2 |pages=70–87 |issn=2243-7851 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200821002744/https://ejournals.ph/article.php?id=7887 |archive-date=August 21, 2020 |access-date=July 18, 2008 |via=Philippine E-Journals}}</ref> <ref>{{cite book |last=Andrade |first=Tonio |url=http://www.gutenberg-e.org/andrade/ |title=How Taiwan Became Chinese: Dutch, Spanish and Han colonialization in the Seventeenth Century |publisher=[[Columbia University Press]] |location=New York |isbn=978-0-231-12855-1 |year=2005 |chapter=Chapter 4: La Isla Hermosa: The Rise of the Spanish Colony in Northern Taiwan |author-link=Tonio Andrade |chapter-url=http://www.gutenberg-e.org/andrade/andrade04.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071121160327/http://www.gutenberg-e.org/andrade/andrade04.html |archive-date=November 21, 2007 |via=Gutenberg-e}}</ref> Spanish log local states ke [[divide and rule|divide and conquer]] principle kae kaam me laae ke, invade kare rahin ,<ref name="Guillermo-2012" /> aur ii rakam se , jon abhi ke Philippines hae ke ek unified administration ke niche kar liin.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Giráldez |first1=Arturo |title=The Age of Trade: The Manila Galleons and the Dawn of the Global Economy |date=March 19, 2015 |publisher=[[Rowman & Littlefield]] |location=Lanham, Md. |isbn=978-1-4422-4352-1 |page=[https://books.google.com/books?id=6mCGBwAAQBAJ&pg=PA2 2] |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=6mCGBwAAQBAJ |language=en |access-date=April 2, 2023 |archive-date=April 2, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230402112011/https://books.google.com/books?id=6mCGBwAAQBAJ |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last=Acabado |first=Stephen |date=March 1, 2017 |title=The Archaeology of Pericolonialism: Responses of the "Unconquered" to Spanish Conquest and Colonialism in Ifugao, Philippines |url=https://escholarship.org/content/qt3tp1p8m3/qt3tp1p8m3.pdf?t=qa7wdn |journal=[[International Journal of Historical Archaeology]] |publisher=[[Springer New York]] |volume=21 |issue=1 |pages=1–26 |doi=10.1007/s10761-016-0342-9 |s2cid=254541436 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201106150313/https://escholarship.org/content/qt3tp1p8m3/qt3tp1p8m3.pdf?t=qa7wdn |archive-date=November 6, 2020 |via=Springer Link}}</ref> Alag-alag barangay ke jaan ke ek town me karaa gais rahaa , jahaan pe Catholic missionaries sahaj me log ke [[Isai dharam]] me convert kare sake,<ref name="Abinales-2005">{{cite book |last1=Abinales |first1=Patricio N. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=xiOQdEzgP9kC |title=State and Society in the Philippines |last2=Amoroso |first2=Donna J. |publisher=[[Rowman & Littlefield]] |location=Lanham, Md. |year=2005 |isbn=978-0-7425-1024-1 |access-date=September 28, 2020 |archive-date=February 3, 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240203073346/https://books.google.com/books?id=xiOQdEzgP9kC |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Constantino |first1=Renato |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=kdhWCgAAQBAJ |title=A History of the Philippines: From the Spanish Colonization to the Second World War |last2=Constantino |first2=Letizia R. |publisher=[[Monthly Review Press]] |location=New York, N.Y. |year=1975 |isbn=978-0-85345-394-9 |pages=[https://books.google.com/books?id=kdhWCgAAQBAJ&pg=PA58 58–59] |author-link1=Renato Constantino |access-date=January 19, 2021 |archive-date=February 3, 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240203073504/https://books.google.com/books?id=kdhWCgAAQBAJ |url-status=live}}</ref> <ref>{{cite journal |last1=Schumacher |first1=John N. |title=Syncretism in Philippine Catholicism: Its Historical Causes |journal=[[Philippine Studies (journal)|Philippine Studies]] |volume=32 |issue=3 |publisher=[[Ateneo de Manila University Press]] |location=Quezon City, Philippines |date=1984 |page=254 |url=http://philippinestudies.net/ojs/index.php/ps/article/view/3833/4054 |issn=2244-1093 |oclc=6015358201 |jstor=42632710 |author-link1=John N. Schumacher |access-date=October 5, 2023 |archive-date=October 6, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231006144446/http://philippinestudies.net/ojs/index.php/ps/article/view/3833/4054 |url-status=live}}</ref> [[Christianization]], Spanish friars se, jaada kar ke basaa gais lowlands me bhais. 1565 se 1821 talak, Philippines ke [[Mexico City]] ke ek territory ke ruup me govern karaa jaawat rahaa- jon New Spain ke vice royality rahaa; lekin [[Mexican War of Independence]] ke baad iske directly [[Madrid]] se administer karaa gais rahaa .<ref name="Halili-2004">{{cite book |last=Halili |first=Maria Christine N. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=gUt5v8ET4QYC |title=Philippine History |publisher=[[REX Book Store, Inc.]] |location=Manila, Philippines |year=2004 |edition=First |isbn=978-971-23-3934-9 |access-date=May 23, 2020 |archive-date=December 30, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231230123021/https://books.google.com/books?id=gUt5v8ET4QYC |url-status=live}}</ref>Manila [[Spanish treasure fleet|trans-Pacific trade]] ke western hub ban gais rahaa<ref>{{cite book |last=Kane |first=Herb Kawainui |title=Hawaiʻ Chronicles: Island History from the Pages of Honolulu Magazine |publisher=[[University of Hawaiʻi Press]] |location=Honolulu, Hawaii |year=1996 |isbn=978-0-8248-1829-6 |editor-last=Bob Dye |volume=I |pages=25–32 |chapter=The Manila Galleons |author-link=Herb Kawainui Kane}}</ref> <ref>{{cite report |type=Conference proceeding |last=Bolunia |first=Mary Jane Louise A. |chapter=Astilleros: the Spanish shipyards of Sorsogon |chapter-url=http://www.themua.org/collections/files/original/34a74c76efdb951655b9bde1213812dc.pdf |title=Proceedings of the 2014 Asia-Pacific Regional Conference on Underwater Cultural Heritage Conference; Session 5: Early Modern Colonialism in the Asia-Pacific Region |url=http://www.themua.org/collections/collections/show/13 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150413233643/http://www.themua.org/collections/files/original/34a74c76efdb951655b9bde1213812dc.pdf |archive-date=April 13, 2015 |access-date=October 26, 2015 |publisher=Asia-Pacific Regional Conference on Underwater Cultural Heritage Planning Committee |page=1 |location=Honolulu, Hawaii |oclc=892536655 |via=The Museum of Underwater Archaeology}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last=McCarthy |first=William J. |date=December 1, 1995 |title=The Yards at Cavite: Shipbuilding in the Early Colonial Philippines |journal=[[International Journal of Maritime History]] |publisher=[[SAGE Publications]] |volume=7 |issue=2 |pages=149–162 |doi=10.1177/084387149500700208 |s2cid=163709949}}</ref> == Duusra websites == === Official websites === * [http://www.gov.ph www.gov.ph] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120101105754/http://www.gov.ph/ |date=2012-01-01 }} - Government portal * [http://www.op.gov.ph www.op.gov.ph] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070609185330/http://www.op.gov.ph/ |date=2007-06-09 }} - Office of the President * [http://www.senate.gov.ph www.senate.gov.ph] - Senate * [http://www.congress.gov.ph www.congress.gov.ph] - House of Representatives * [http://www.supremecourt.gov.ph www.supremecourt.gov.ph] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080512084154/http://www.supremecourt.gov.ph/ |date=2008-05-12 }} - Supreme Court * [http://www.comelec.gov.ph www.comelec.gov.ph] - Commission on Elections === News websites === * [http://www.inq7.net Philippine Daily Inquirer and GMA News] * [http://www.abs-cbnnews.com ABS-CBN News] * [http://www.philstar.com Philippine Star] * [http://www.mb.com.ph The Manila Bulletin Online] * [http://www.manilatimes.net The Manila Times Online] * [http://www.sunstar.com.ph Sun Star Network Online] * [http://www.tribune.net.ph The Daily Tribune Online] * [http://www.malaya.com.ph Malaya Online] * [http://www.today.net.ph Today Online] * [http://www.kabayanonline.com Kabayan Online] === Aurr === * [http://www.dmoz.org/Regional/Asia/Philippines/ Open Directory Project] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20040819050600/http://dmoz.org/Regional/Asia/Philippines/ |date=2004-08-19 }} * [http://www.filipinotvchannel.com The Filipino Channel] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090712052253/http://www.filipinotvchannel.com/ |date=2009-07-12 }} - Satellite TV from the Philippines [[vibhag:Philippines| ]] [[vibhag:ASEAN ke member]] [[vibhag:English bhasa waala des]] jhz4dwf0k4n2t3myfp2xlpiti51ldq1 0 6324 323804 310229 2025-06-18T12:25:09Z Girmitya 41 323804 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:Thure de Thulstrup - Battle of Antietam.jpg|thumb|right|300px|American Civil War ke time [[Battle of Antietam]]]] '''American Civil War''' [[United States]] me 1861 se 1865 talak larraa gais rahaa . Gyrah southern gulaam ke rakkhe waala states ek hoe ke, jiske [[Confederate States of America]] (CSA) bola jaawat rahaa, ajaadi ke khatir United States ke sarkar ke larris rahaa. Uu logan "the Union" se larrin rahaa, jon ki U.S. federal government rahaa jiske aur sab state support karat rahaa. Union States (jiske kabhi kabhi "the North" bola jaawat rahaa) uu sab state rahaa jahan pe slavery legal nai rahaa. == Duusra websites == * [http://www.civil-war.net The Civil War Home Page] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080102180529/http://www.civil-war.net/ |date=2008-01-02 }} * [http://www.civilwar.com/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210505134058/http://www.civilwar.com/ |date=2021-05-05 }} [[Category:A]] [[Category:United States ke itihaas]] 73hvk4fsd8sw8mfz5cn2lclejpfekbl 0 6328 323806 198451 2025-06-18T12:30:31Z Girmitya 41 323806 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Cold War''' uu term hae jiske [[United States]] aur [[Soviet Union]] ke biich me ke 45-saal ke period jon ki [[World War II]] ke ant se suruu bhais rahaa. Ii 1945 se 1989 ke time hae. '''Cold War''' duusra larrai ke rakam nai rahaa kahe ki duuno des ke army logan ek dusre se nai larre rahin , lekin ii time ii duuni des ke khatir aur des larrai karat rahin. == References == {{reflist}} [[Category:C]] [[Category:Soviet Union ke itihaas]] [[Category:United States ke itihaas]] csx0jp0836q4xcn9ubmyjd33q8wzftm 0 7450 323833 314777 2025-06-19T11:34:42Z Thakurji 37 323833 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Year nav range|{{PAGENAME}}}} '''1519''' ek sadharan saal rahaa jon ki sanichar ke roj suruu bhais rahaa. == Ghatna == == Janam == == Maut == [[File:Leonardo_self.jpg|right|160px|thumb|Leornado da Vinci ke apne banawa gais chapa]] * [[2 May]] - '''[[Leonardo da Vinci]]''', ek Italian [[chitrkaar]], sculptor, builder, inventor aur engineer rahaa, jiske maut [[Touraine]], [[France]] me bhais rahaa. (janam: [[15 April]], [[1452]]) == References == <references/> <br /> {{Template:SAAL}} [[Category:1519| ]] 6v9mby5d0ggcya9vjv5k7r2od2eldml 0 7495 323832 179364 2025-06-19T11:34:11Z Thakurji 37 323832 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Year nav range|{{PAGENAME}}}} '''1520''' ek leap saal rahaa, jon ki etwaar ke din suruu bhais rahaa. == Ghatna == == Janam == == Maut == [[File:Sanzio 00.jpg|right|160px|thumb|Raphael]] * [[6 April]] - '''[[Raphael]]''', jon ki [[Italy]] ke ek Renaissance painter aur architect rahaa, ke janam Rome, Italy me bhais rahaa. (janam: [[6 April]] [[1483]]) == References == <references/> <br/> {{Template:YEARS}} [[Category:1520| ]] iofpko5htvl7d08e7kw059wjufqd8fx 0 10236 323814 306319 2025-06-18T12:53:33Z Girmitya 41 323814 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox language | name = Bashkir | nativename = {{lang|ba-cyrl|башҡорт теле (башҡортса)}}<br />{{lang|ba-latn|başqort tele (başqortsa)}}<br />{{lang|ba-arab|باشقۇرت تىُلىُ (باشقۇرتسا)}}<br />{{lang|ba-arab|باشقرد تلی (باشقردسا)}} | image = Bashkir in Cyrillic, Latin, and Arabic scripts.png | imagecaption = Bashkir in Cyrillic, Latin, and Perso-Arabic scripts | pronunciation = {{IPA|ba|bɑʂˈqʊ̞rt tɪ̞ˈlɪ̞||Ba-башҡорт теле.oga}} | states = [[Bashkortostan]], Russia | region = [[Volga region|Volga]], [[Ural (region)|Ural]] | ethnicity = 1.57 million [[Bashkirs]]<ref>https://rosstat.gov.ru/storage/mediabank/Tom5_tab1_VPN-2020.xlsx {{Bare URL spreadsheet|date=June 2025}}</ref> ([[2021 Russian census]]) | speakers = {{sigfig|750,000|2}}<ref>https://celt.indiana.edu/portal/Bashkir/index.html#:~:text=Bashkir%20is%20a%20Turkic%20language,has%20approximately%20750%2C000%20native%20speakers. {{Bare URL inline|date=June 2025}}</ref> | date = | familycolor = Altaic | fam1 = [[Turkic languages|Turkic]] | fam2 = [[Common Turkic languages|Common Turkic]] | fam3 = [[Kipchak languages|Kipchak]] | fam4 = Kipchak–[[Bulgar language|Bulgar]] | ancestor = [[Volga Turki]] | nation = {{flag|Bashkortostan}} (Russia) | script = [[Cyrillic script|Cyrillic]], [[Latin alphabet|Latin]], [[Arabic alphabet|Arabic]] ([[Bashkir alphabet]]) | agency = [http://rihll.com/en/ Institute of history, language and literature of the Ufa Federal research center the RAS] | iso1 = ba | iso2 = bak | iso3 = bak | glotto = bash1264 | glottorefname = Bashkir | lingua = 44-AAB-bg | notice = IPA | map = Dialects of the Bashkir language.jpg | mapcaption = | map2 = Lang Status 80-VU.svg | mapcaption2 = {{center|{{small|Bashkir is classified as Vulnerable by the [[UNESCO]] ''[[Atlas of the World's Languages in Danger]]''}}}} | dia1 = Southern | dia2 = Eastern }} '''Bashkir bhasa''' ek [[Turkic bhasa]] hae jisme [[Russia]] ke Ural ilaaka ke 1.2 million log baat kare hae. Ii bhasa ke [[Cyrillic script]] me likha jaawe hae. [[vibhag:B]] [[vibhag:Russia ke bhasa]] [[vibhag:Turkic bhasa]] [[vibhag:Cyrillic script]] {{Bhasa-stub}} o4nu7vxkqguzw7r3jmz0uql7x781ffv 0 10444 323793 306947 2025-06-18T12:09:46Z Girmitya 41 323793 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox language | name = Cherokee | altname = Southern Iroquoian | image = Cherokee sample.svg | imagecaption = {{lang|chr-Latn|Tsa-la-gi}} written in the [[Cherokee syllabary]] | nativename = {{lang|chr|ᏣᎳᎩ ᎦᏬᏂᎯᏍᏗ|italic=no}} <br/>{{lang|chr-Latn|Tsalagi Gawonihisdi}} | pronunciation = {{IPA|chr|dʒɑlɑɡĩ ɡɑwòːni̋ːhisdĩ|Oklahoma dialect}} | states = North America | region = [[Eastern Oklahoma]]; [[Great Smoky Mountains]]<ref name="Snowbird">{{cite book |last=Neely |first=Sharlotte |author-link=Sharlotte Neely|date=March 15, 2011 |title=Snowbird Cherokees: People of Persistence |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=rpbSb5Psi_sC&q=cherokee+language+speakers |publisher=University of Georgia Press |pages=147–148 |access-date=May 22, 2014 |isbn=978-0-8203-4074-6 }}</ref> and [[Qualla Boundary]] in North Carolina.<ref name="Museum">{{cite web |first=Ben |last=Frey |title=A Look at the Cherokee Language |work=Tar Heel Junior Historian |publisher=North Carolina Museum of History |date=2005 |access-date=May 22, 2014 |url=http://www.ncdcr.gov/Portals/7/Collateral/Database/F05.Cherokee.language.pdf |archive-url=https://wayback.archive-it.org/all/20130607161025/http://www.ncdcr.gov/Portals/7/Collateral/Database/F05.Cherokee.language.pdf |archive-date=2013-06-07 }}</ref> Also in [[Arkansas]],<ref name="endangered">{{cite web |title=Cherokee |work=Endangered Languages Project |access-date=April 9, 2014 |url=http://www.endangeredlanguages.com/lang/chr |archive-date=October 3, 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191003000557/http://www.endangeredlanguages.com/lang/chr |url-status=live }}</ref> and Cherokee community in California. | ethnicity = [[Cherokee]] | speakers = 1,520 to ~2,100 | date = | ref = <ref name="Ethnologue18" /><ref name="emergency" /> | familycolor = American | fam1 = [[Iroquoian languages|Iroquoian]] | script = [[Cherokee syllabary]], [[Latin script]] | nation = [[Eastern Band of Cherokee Indians]] in North Carolina,<br/>[[Cherokee Nation]]<ref name="CARLA" /><ref name="official" /><ref name="Keetoowah" /><ref name="constitution">{{cite web |url=http://www.keetoowahcherokee.org/documents/dikahnawadvsdi_ditsaleg.pdf |title=UKB Constitution and By-Laws in the Keetoowah Cherokee Language |publisher=United Keetoowah Band of Cherokee Indians |access-date=June 2, 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160201132858/http://www.keetoowahcherokee.org/documents/dikahnawadvsdi_ditsaleg.pdf |archive-date=February 1, 2016 }}</ref> of Oklahoma | agency = [http://www.keetoowahcherokee.org/about-ukb/languagel United Keetoowah Band Department of Language, History, & Culture]<ref name="official" /><ref name="Keetoowah" /> <br/>[https://cherokee.legistar.com/LegislationDetail.aspx?ID=266941&GUID=C8EC5F0A-E523-49A0-92BD-42041FCE32EAl Council of the Cherokee Nation] | map = Cherokee lang.png | mapcaption = Pre-contact distribution of the Cherokee language | map2 = Cherokee Speaking Areas Within The USA.png | mapcaption2 = Current geographic distribution of the Cherokee language | iso2 = chr | iso3 = chr | glotto = cher1273 | glottorefname = Cherokee | lingua = 63-AB | notice = IPA }} '''Cherokee bhasa''', jiske '''Tsalagi''' ke naamse bhijaana jaae hae, ek Iroquoian [[Iroquoian bhasa]] hae jisme [[United States]] ke 2,000 Cherokee log baat kare hae. ==Bibliography== *{{cite book|last1=Montgomery-Anderson|first1=Brad |title=Cherokee Reference Gramma r|date=May 2015|publisher=[[University of Oklahoma Press]]|place=Norman |isbn=978-0-8061-4342-2|oclc=880689691|url=https://www.oupress.com/books/14202890/cherokee-reference-grammar}} [[vibhag:C]] [[vibhag:United States ke bhasa]] [[vibhag:Iroquoian bhasa]] {{Bhasa-stub}} 6gnrmkr0ely1ydfsvj4dwfnbafo3jyf 323794 323793 2025-06-18T12:11:17Z Girmitya 41 323794 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox language | name = Cherokee | altname = Southern Iroquoian | image = Cherokee sample.svg | imagecaption = {{lang|chr-Latn|Tsa-la-gi}} written in the [[Cherokee syllabary]] | nativename = {{lang|chr|ᏣᎳᎩ ᎦᏬᏂᎯᏍᏗ|italic=no}} <br/>{{lang|chr-Latn|Tsalagi Gawonihisdi}} | pronunciation = {{IPA|chr|dʒɑlɑɡĩ ɡɑwòːni̋ːhisdĩ|Oklahoma dialect}} | states = North America | region = [[Eastern Oklahoma]]; [[Great Smoky Mountains]]<ref name="Snowbird">{{cite book |last=Neely |first=Sharlotte |author-link=Sharlotte Neely|date=March 15, 2011 |title=Snowbird Cherokees: People of Persistence |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=rpbSb5Psi_sC&q=cherokee+language+speakers |publisher=University of Georgia Press |pages=147–148 |access-date=May 22, 2014 |isbn=978-0-8203-4074-6 }}</ref> and [[Qualla Boundary]] in North Carolina.<ref name="Museum">{{cite web |first=Ben |last=Frey |title=A Look at the Cherokee Language |work=Tar Heel Junior Historian |publisher=North Carolina Museum of History |date=2005 |access-date=May 22, 2014 |url=http://www.ncdcr.gov/Portals/7/Collateral/Database/F05.Cherokee.language.pdf |archive-url=https://wayback.archive-it.org/all/20130607161025/http://www.ncdcr.gov/Portals/7/Collateral/Database/F05.Cherokee.language.pdf |archive-date=2013-06-07 }}</ref> Also in [[Arkansas]],<ref name="endangered">{{cite web |title=Cherokee |work=Endangered Languages Project |access-date=April 9, 2014 |url=http://www.endangeredlanguages.com/lang/chr |archive-date=October 3, 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191003000557/http://www.endangeredlanguages.com/lang/chr |url-status=live }}</ref> and Cherokee community in California. | ethnicity = [[Cherokee]] | speakers = 1,520 to ~2,100 | date = | ref = <ref name="Ethnologue18" /><ref name="emergency" /> | familycolor = American | fam1 = [[Iroquoian languages|Iroquoian]] | script = [[Cherokee syllabary]], [[Latin script]] | nation = [[Eastern Band of Cherokee Indians]] in North Carolina,<br/>[[Cherokee Nation]]<ref name="constitution">{{cite web |url=http://www.keetoowahcherokee.org/documents/dikahnawadvsdi_ditsaleg.pdf |title=UKB Constitution and By-Laws in the Keetoowah Cherokee Language |publisher=United Keetoowah Band of Cherokee Indians |access-date=June 2, 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160201132858/http://www.keetoowahcherokee.org/documents/dikahnawadvsdi_ditsaleg.pdf |archive-date=February 1, 2016 }}</ref> of Oklahoma | agency = [http://www.keetoowahcherokee.org/about-ukb/languagel United Keetoowah Band Department of Language, History, & Culture] <br/>[https://cherokee.legistar.com/LegislationDetail.aspx?ID=266941&GUID=C8EC5F0A-E523-49A0-92BD-42041FCE32EAl Council of the Cherokee Nation] | map = Cherokee lang.png | mapcaption = Pre-contact distribution of the Cherokee language | map2 = Cherokee Speaking Areas Within The USA.png | mapcaption2 = Current geographic distribution of the Cherokee language | iso2 = chr | iso3 = chr | glotto = cher1273 | glottorefname = Cherokee | lingua = 63-AB | notice = IPA }} '''Cherokee bhasa''', jiske '''Tsalagi''' ke naamse bhijaana jaae hae, ek Iroquoian [[Iroquoian bhasa]] hae jisme [[United States]] ke 2,000 Cherokee log baat kare hae. ==Bibliography== *{{cite book|last1=Montgomery-Anderson|first1=Brad |title=Cherokee Reference Gramma r|date=May 2015|publisher=[[University of Oklahoma Press]]|place=Norman |isbn=978-0-8061-4342-2|oclc=880689691|url=https://www.oupress.com/books/14202890/cherokee-reference-grammar}} [[vibhag:C]] [[vibhag:United States ke bhasa]] [[vibhag:Iroquoian bhasa]] {{Bhasa-stub}} t9hqt8bn6dcaitd2yfe5enav5gzs5j7 0 10515 323796 315464 2025-06-18T12:16:39Z Girmitya 41 323796 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox language |name=Chickasaw |nativename={{lang|cic|Chikashshanompaꞌ}} |states=[[United States]] |region=South central [[Oklahoma]], from Byng or Happyland (near Ada) north, and from Davis or Ardmore west to Fillmore and Wapanucka in east. |ethnicity=35,000 (1999)<ref name=e21/> |speakers=75 |ref=e21 |familycolor=American |fam1=[[Muskogean languages|Muskogean]] |fam2=Western Muskogean |iso3=cic |glotto=chic1270 |glottorefname=Chickasaw |map=Chickasaw.svg |mapcaption=Historical (blue) Chickasaw territory and current (teal) Chickasaw territory (Chickasaw Nation), where the language was and is currently spoken | map2=Oklahoma Indian Languages.png |mapcaption2=Distribution of [[Indigenous languages of the Americas|Native American languages]] in [[Oklahoma]] |notice=IPA }} '''Chickasaw bhasa''' ek Muskogean [[Muskogeon bhasa]] hae jisme [[United States]] ke [[Oklahoma]] state ke 35,000 log baat kare hae. [[vibhag:C]] [[vibhag:United States ke bhasa]] [[vibhag:Muskogeon bhasa]] {{Bhasa-stub}} 785oqk1ql45nkzh9ek16djzhedjpont 0 10525 323798 314826 2025-06-18T12:19:50Z Girmitya 41 323798 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox language |name=Comanche |nativename={{lang|com-Latn|Nʉmʉ Tekwapʉ̲}} |pronunciation={{IPA|[ˈnɨmɨ ˈtekʷapɨ̥]}} |states=[[United States]] |region=[[Oklahoma]] (formerly, [[Texas]], [[New Mexico]], [[Kansas]], [[Colorado]], [[Oklahoma]]) |ethnicity=[[Comanche]] |speakers=<9 |speakers2= |ref=<ref name=Duncan /> |familycolor=Uto-Aztecan |fam1=[[Uto-Aztecan languages|Uto-Aztecan]] |fam2=[[Numic languages|Numic]] |fam3=Central Numic |iso3=com |glotto=coma1245 |lingua=65-AAB-bh |glottorefname=Comanche |map=Comanche lang.png |mapcaption=Former distribution of the Comanche language. |notice=IPA |map2=Lang Status 40-SE.svg |mapcaption2={{center|{{small|Comanche is classified as Severely Endangered by the [[UNESCO]] [[Atlas of the World's Languages in Danger]]}}}} }} '''Comanche bhasa''' ek [[Uto-Aztecan bhasa]] hae jisme [[United States]] ke khaali kuchh Comanche log baat kare hae. [[vibhag:C]] [[vibhag:United States ke bhasa]] [[vibhag:Uto-Aztecan bhasa]] {{Bhasa-stub}} kuh0grzjfakcyeve8qw3cl9tiudzyua 0 21800 323831 184328 2025-06-19T11:33:43Z Thakurji 37 323831 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Year nav range|{{PAGENAME}}}} '''1521''' ek sadharan saal rahaa jon ki mangar ke roj suruu bhais rahaa. == Ghatna == == Janam == == Maut == [[File:Ferdinand Magellan.jpg|right|160px|thumb|Ferdinand Magellan]] [[27 April]] – [[Ferdinand Magellan]] ke maut [[Philippines]], ke Battle of Mactanme bhais rahaa == References == <references/> <br /> {{Template:SAAL}} [[Category:1521| ]] ptl7vaexsz2jynmkvgms1dltur7scs4 3 26633 323800 223231 2025-06-18T12:21:53Z Cabayi 11673 Cabayi moved panna [[sadasya ke baat:6ii9]] se [[sadasya ke baat:Danny 1994]]: Automatically moved page while renaming the user "[[Special:CentralAuth/6ii9|6ii9]]" to "[[Special:CentralAuth/Danny 1994|Danny 1994]]" 223231 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Template:Welcome|realName=|name=6ii9}} -- [[sadasya:New user message|New user message]] ([[sadasya ke baat:New user message|talk]]) 01:16, 17 December 2015 (UTC) ixczeph67vl0htheta0scm28mmqycwm 3 52162 323821 271570 2025-06-18T22:01:09Z Nihonjoe 382 Nihonjoe moved panna [[sadasya ke baat:Divyanshindia1407]] se [[sadasya ke baat:0Lightning]]: Automatically moved page while renaming the user "[[Special:CentralAuth/Divyanshindia1407|Divyanshindia1407]]" to "[[Special:CentralAuth/0Lightning|0Lightning]]" 271570 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Template:Welcome|realName=|name=Divyanshindia1407}} -- [[sadasya:New user message|New user message]] ([[sadasya ke baat:New user message|talk]]) 04:49, 14 Mai 2022 (UTC) 85wbglzqofcpryw75dvp9op1aa58jwn 0 58638 323802 320543 2025-06-18T12:22:21Z Girmitya 41 323802 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Wright Brothers''', '''Orville Wright''' aur '''Wilbur Wright''', [[America]] ke dui bhaiya logan rahin jon ki pahila dafe ek aeroplane ke urraae rahin. Ii [[17 December]] [[1903]] me [[North Carolina]] me karaa gais rahaa. == References == [[vibhag:W]] [[vibhag:B]] [[vibhag:United States ke log]] 3hjk3zxfin0cglmqohjnx6dhjfbgrqq 0 63455 323810 323473 2025-06-18T12:36:32Z Girmitya 41 323810 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox body of water |name = Ladoga Talaab |image = Sortavalan saaristoa.jpg |caption = |image_bathymetry = La2-demis-ladoga.png |pushpin_map = European Russia |pushpin_label_position = none |pushpin_map_caption = Location in Russia |caption_bathymetry = Barraa map |location = Northwestern Russia (Leningrad <br/>Oblast aur Republic of Karelia) |coords = {{coord|61|00|N|31|30|E|type:waterbody_region:RU_scale:2500000}} |type = |inflow = [[Svir River|Svir]], [[Volkhov River|Volkhov]], [[Vuoksi River|Vuoksi]] |outflow = [[Neva River|Neva]] |catchment = {{convert|276000|km2|sqmi|abbr=on}} |basin_countries = Russia<br>Finland (minor) |length = {{convert|219|km|mi|abbr=on}} |width = {{convert|138|km|mi|abbr=on}} |area = {{convert|17891|km2|sqmi|abbr=on}} |depth = {{convert|47.3|m|ft|abbr=on}} |max-depth = {{convert|230-260|m|ft|abbr=on}} |volume = {{convert|837|km3|cumi|abbr=on}} |residence_time = |shore = |elevation = {{convert|5|m|ft|abbr=on}} |islands = about 660 (including [[Valaam]]) |cities = ''see [[#Towns upon the Ladoga|list]]'' |extra = {{Infobox mapframe |wikidata=yes |zoom=6 |height=250 | stroke-width=1.5 |coord {{WikidataCoord|display=i}}}} }} '''Ladoga Talaab''', ek mitthaa paani waala talaab hae jon [[Saint Petersburg]] ke nagiich, northwestern Russia me Republic of Karelia aur Leningrad Oblast me hae. Ii sab se barraa talaab hae jon puura Europe me hae, Russia ke duusra sab se barraa talaab hae ([[Lake Baikal]] ke baad, aur dunia ke 14th sab se barraa mitthaa paani waala talaab hae. Iske size [[Lake Ontario]] ke baraabar hae. ''Ladoga Lacus'', jon [[Sanigrah ke chaand]], [[Titan]] ke ek [[methane]] talaab hae, ke iske naam dewa gais hae. ==Naam== 12 century ke ek chrinicle ne anusaar ek talaab, jiske naam "the Great Nevo" ke baare me likha gais hae aur ii [[Neva Naddi]] se clearly linked hae aur [[Finnish bhasa|Finnish]] ke ''nevo'' 'sea', nai to ''neva'' 'bog, quagmire' se aais hae.<ref name="Geographical names of the world">[[:ru:Поспелов, Евгений Михайлович|Evgeny Pospelov]]: ''Geographical names of the world. Toponymic dictionary.'' Second edition. Astrel, Moscow 2001, pp. 106f.</ref> ==Upnaddi== * Svir Naddi, [[Lake Onega]] se (south-east, discharge: 790 m³/s); * Volkhov Naddi, Lake Ilmen se (south, discharge: 580 m³/s); * Vuoksi River Naddi (aur Burnaya Naddi) [[Lake Saimaa]] se, Finland me hae (west, discharge: 540 m³/s). * Syas Naddi (south, discharge: 53 m³/s). * Olonka Naddi, Lake Utozero se ==Talaab pe town== * Shlisselburg (at {{coord|59|56|N|31|02|E|name=Shlisselburg}}) * Novaya Ladoga (at {{coord|60|06|N|32|18|E|name=Novaya Ladoga}}) * Syasstroy (at {{coord|60|08|N|32|34|E|name=Syasstroy}}) * Pitkyaranta (at {{coord|61|34|N|31|28|E|name=Pitkyaranta}}) * Sortavala (at {{coord|61|42|N|30|41|E|name=Sortavala}}) * Lakhdenpokhya (at {{coord|61|31|N|30|12|E|name=Lakhdenpokhya}}) * Priozersk (at {{coord|61|02|N|30|08|E|name=Priozersk}}) ==Image gallery== <gallery widths="200" heights="160"> File:Ладожское озеро. Мыс Рихиниеми.jpg|Patthar waala shore File:The archipelago in Ladoga Lake with the Monastery of the Transfiguration of the Saviour..jpg|Ladoga Lake me ke ek archipelago, Monastery of the Transfiguration of the Saviour hae File:Gorskii 04417u.jpg|Peter the Great Canal, City of Shlisselburg me rafts File:Konevets Sand beach.JPG|[[Konevets Island]] File:Sortavala harbour.jpg|Sortavala harbour, Karelia File:St. Nicholas Skete on island Valaam on Ladoga lake and little ship..jpg|Saint Nicholas Skete on island Valaam on Ladoga lake and little ship File:Priroda Valaamskogo arhipelaga.jpg|[[Valaam]] File:Валун у Видлицы.jpg|Boulder on Vidlitsa, west shore File:030525-2-LadogaLake-IMG 0002-2.jpg|Lake Ladoga, [[Russia]] File:030525-1-LadogaLake-IMG 9988-2.jpg|Lake Ladoga, [[Russia]] File:030525-1-LadogaLake-IMG 9953-2.jpg|Lake Ladoga, [[Russia]] File:030525-1-LadogaLake-IMG 9948-2.jpg|Lake Ladoga, [[Russia]] File:030525-1-LadogaLake-IMG 9940-2.jpg|Lake Ladoga, [[Russia]] File:030525-1-LadogaLake-IMG 9935-2.jpg|Lake Ladoga, Commuter Train, [[Russia]] File:030525-1-LadogaLake-IMG 9942-2.jpg|Lake Ladoga, [[Russia]] File:Lake Ladoga - 35169055514.jpg|Lake Ladoga, [[Russia]] </gallery> <gallery widths="450" heights="170"> Image:JbLLjT4260k.jpg|Iron whale on Lake Ladoga </gallery> <gallery widths="450" heights="170"> Image:Lake Ladoga - superior mirage 2.jpg|[[Superior mirage]] on Lake Ladoga Image:Shlisselburg.jpg|Oreshek Fortress on Ladoga shore in Shlisselburg </gallery> <gallery widths="900" heights="180"> File:Sortavalan saaristoa-2.jpg|View </gallery> [[vibhag:L]] [[vibhag:Russia ke talaab]] [[vibhag:Europe ke talaab]] 2abj7hftb1dpip96pzbmd6si15fr6fl 0 63458 323811 321721 2025-06-18T12:38:36Z Girmitya 41 323811 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox body of water |name = Onega Talaab |image = <!--Lake Onega - On the beach (1287591392).jpg --> |caption = |image_bathymetry = White Sea Canal map.png |caption_bathymetry = |place = |pushpin_map=Russia Karelia |coords = {{coord|61|41|26|N|35|39|20|E|region:RU_type:waterbody_scale:2500000}} |lake_type = |inflow = 58 rivers ([[Shuya (Karelia)|Shuya]], [[Suna (river)|Suna]],<br/> [[Vodla]], [[Vytegra (river)|Vytegra]], [[Andoma]]) |outflow = [[Svir]] |catchment = |basin_countries = Russia |length = {{convert|245|km|abbr=on}} |width = {{convert|91.6|km|abbr=on}} |area = {{convert|9891|km2|sqmi|abbr=on}} |depth = {{convert|30|m|ft|abbr=on}} |max-depth = {{convert|127|m|ft|abbr=on}} |volume = {{convert|291|km3|cumi|abbr=on}} |residence_time = |shore = |elevation = {{convert|33|m|ft|abbr=on}} |islands = 1,369 ([[Kizhi]] Island) |cities = [[Kondopoga]], [[Medvezhyegorsk]], [[Petrozavodsk]],<br/> [[Pindushi]], [[Povenets]] | extra = {{Infobox mapframe |wikidata=yes |zoom=6 |height=250 | stroke-width=1.5 |coord {{WikidataCoord|display=i}}}} }} '''Onega Talaab''' ({{IPAc-en|ou|'|n|E|g|@}}; jiske '''Onego''' ke naam se bhi jaana jaae hae; {{IPA|ru|ɐˈnʲɛʂskəɪ ˈozʲɪrə|IPA}}; [[Livvi-Karelian language|Livvi]]: ''<span lang="olo" dir="ltr">Oniegujärvi</span>''; ) northwestern Russia ke Republic of Karelia], Leningrad Oblast aur Vologda Oblast me ek talaab hae. Ii [[Baltic Sea]] ke basin ke hissa hae, aur ii Europe ke duusra sab se barraa talaab hae, [[Lake Ladoga]] ke baad, aur ii slightly [[Lebanon]] se khaali thhorraa chhotaa hae. Ii talaab me paani, lagbhag 50 naddi se aae hae aur iske Svir drain kare hae. Ii talaab me lagbhag 1,650 islands hae. Isme [[Kizhi]] bhi hae, jisme ek historical complex of 89 Orthodox churches aur duusra 15th–20th centuries ke lakrri waala structures hae. Ii complex me [[UNESCO]] [[World Heritage Site]], [[Kizhi Pogost]] bhi hae. Talaab ke eastern hissa me lagbhag 1,200 rock engravings hae jiske 4th–2nd millennia BC talak date karaa gais hae, jisme [[Petroglyphs of Lake Onega and the White Sea|also been inscribed as a UNESCO World Heritage Site]]. Ii talaab ke khaas cities hae: [[Petrozavodsk]], [[Kondopoga]] aur [[Medvezhyegorsk]]. [[vibhag:O]] [[vibhag:Russia ke talaab]] [[vibhag:Europe ke talaab]] ha9b3l7n9ik9mx44qkfuefasbpepoaz 0 63466 323812 321840 2025-06-18T12:39:44Z Girmitya 41 323812 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox lake |name = Lake Peipus | native_name = {{native name list |tag1=et|name1=Peipsi-Pihkva järv |tag2=ru|name2=Чудско-Псковское озеро}} |image = Lake Peipus, LandSat-8, 2016-10-20.jpg |caption = Landsat satellite photo |location = [[Estonia]], [[Russia]] |coords = {{Coord|58|41|N|27|29|E|type:waterbody_scale:2000000}} |type = |inflow = [[Velikaya]], [[Emajõgi]], [[Avijõgi]] |outflow = [[Narva (river)|Narva]] |catchment = {{convert|47800|km2|sqmi|abbr=on}} |basin_countries = [[Estonia]], [[Latvia]], and [[Russia]] |length = |pushpin_map_caption = Location within Europe##Location within [[Baltic Sea]] region##Location within European Russia |pushpin_map = Europe#Baltic Sea#European Russia |width = |area = {{convert|3555|km2|sqmi|abbr=on}} |depth = {{convert|7.1|m|ft|abbr=on}} |max-depth = {{convert|15.3|m|ft|abbr=on}} |volume = {{convert|25|km3|cumi|abbr=on}} |shore = {{convert|520|km|mi|abbr=on}} |elevation = {{convert|30|m|ft|abbr=on}} |islands = [[Kamenka (island)|Kamenka]], [[Kolpina Island|Kolpina]], [[Piirissaar]] |cities = [[Gdov]], [[Mustvee]], [[Kallaste]] }} [[File:Narva basin map.svg|thumb|240px|Map of pools of Narva and Lake Peipus]] '''Peipus Talaab'''<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.collinsdictionary.com/amp/english/vanern|title=Peipus|work=[[Collins English Dictionary]]|publisher=[[HarperCollins]]|access-date=April 4, 2025}}</ref><ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20190414111707/https://en.oxforddictionaries.com/definition/us/Peipus "Peipus"] (US) and {{Cite dictionary |url=http://www.lexico.com/definition/V%C3%A4nern |title=Peipus |dictionary=[[Lexico|Oxford Dictionaries]] UK English Dictionary |publisher=[[Oxford University Press]] }}{{Dead link|date=April 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref>{{IPAc-en|ˈ|p|eɪ|p|ʊ|s}}, {{IPA|et|ˈpei̯psʲi ˈpʲihkʋɑ ˈjærʋ|IPA}} or {{lang|ru|Псковско-Чудское озеро}} is the largest [[International waters|trans-boundary]] [[Europe]] ke ek talaab hae jon [[Estonia]] aur [[Russia]] ke biich me hae.<ref>[http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/448876/Lake-Peipus Lake Peipus]. Encyclopædia Britannica online</ref> [[vibhag:P]] [[vibhag:Estonia ke talaab]] [[vibhag:Russia ke talaab]] [[vibhag:Europe ke talaab]] gykmaozf7dq92j78zi72eq6nyj4f5kc 3 63932 323817 322677 2025-06-18T16:18:32Z FlightTime 32223 FlightTime moved panna [[sadasya ke baat:MordukhovichAleakin]] se [[sadasya ke baat:Aleain]]: Automatically moved page while renaming the user "[[Special:CentralAuth/MordukhovichAleakin|MordukhovichAleakin]]" to "[[Special:CentralAuth/Aleain|Aleain]]" 322677 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Template:Welcome|realName=|name=MordukhovichAleakin}} -- [[sadasya:New user message|New user message]] ([[sadasya ke baat:New user message|talk]]) 08:33, 20 Mai 2025 (UTC) ng2nw46yjvelxtq14t3o8od099psjqh 14 63975 323803 322805 2025-06-18T12:23:22Z Girmitya 41 323803 wikitext text/x-wiki [[vibhag:United States ke log]] [[vibhag:Actors]] fcffi8dcvry9c9aig98k80032iwbpvm 14 64399 323795 2025-06-18T12:11:52Z Girmitya 41 Panna jisme "[[vibhag:Bhasa]]" hae ke banae dewa gais hae. 323795 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== Ghatna == == Janam == [[File:Mangal_Pandey_1984_stamp_of_India.jpg|right|80px|thumb|Pandey]] * [[18 July]] - '''[[Mangal Pandey]]''', ek [[India]]n sipaahi rahaa jon 1857 ke Indian Rebellion ke suruwaat me khaas haanth rahaa. == Maut == == References == <references/> <br/> {{Template:YEARS}} [[Category:Chronology|1827| ]] c0186oim6mzijmpnrtavz1p8ewppgg9