Wikipedia hifwiki https://hif.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pahila_Panna MediaWiki 1.46.0-wmf.21 first-letter saadhan khaas baat sadasya sadasya ke baat Wikipedia Wikipedia baat file file ke baat MediaWiki MediaWiki ke baat Template Template ke baat madat madat ke baat vibhag voibhag ke baat TimedText TimedText talk Module Module talk Event Event talk 0 6914 333779 333768 2026-03-30T09:08:16Z Bbhamji 1047 333779 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Rajniti''' uu chuj hai jisme log gut me hoe ke faisla kare hai. Social science ke uu branch jisme rajniti aur [[sarkar]] ke adhyan kara jaae hai, ke political science bola jaae hai. Rajniti kabhi-kabhi sidha matlab me bhi kaam me laawa jaae hai, jaise “political solution”, jiske matlab sanjhauta kar ke samadhan paana hai, ii fir easy rakam se “sarkar ke kalaa nai to vigyan” ke roop me samjha jaae hai. Lekin ii sabd ke kharaabe matlab bhi leke kaam me laawa jaawe hae. Ii bichaar ke alag-alag rakam se define karaa gais hai, aur alag approach ke log ke soch bhi alag hai ki iske bahut chaurraa tareeka se kaam me laae ke chaahi nai to thorraa limited tareeka se, practical (empirical) roop me ii niyam aur values (normative) ke roop me<ref>{{Cite web |title=Is there a difference beteeen political philosophy and political science? |url=https://bigthink.com/videos/is-there-a-difference-beteeen-political-philosophy-and-political-science/ |access-date=2026-03-16 |website=Big Think |language=en-US}}</ref>, aur ii baat pe bhi ki conflict jaaada important hai ya cooperation politics me zaada jaruri hai. == Definitions == * [[Harold Lasswell]]: "kiske konchi mile hae, kab aur kaise"<ref>{{harvnb|Lasswell|1963}}.</ref> * [[David Easton]]: "ek samaj ke values ke achchhaa se baatna"<ref name="Easton 1981">{{harvnb|Easton|1981}}.</ref> * [[Vladimir Lenin]]: "artsastr ke ek jagha se chalaana"<ref>{{harvnb|Lenin|1965}}.</ref> * [[Otto von Bismarck]]: "sab time, badalatee sthiti mei, sabase kamti nukasaan kare waala, sabase upayog chij ke ko chune ke kshamata"<ref>Reichstag speech by Bismarck, January 29, 1886, in: ''Bismarck, The Collected Works''. Friedrichsruher edition, vol. 13: Speeches. Edited by Wilhelm Schüßler, Berlin 1930, p. 177.</ref> * [[Bernard Crick]]: "sarkar ke chalae ke ek khaas tareeka jisme log matabhed ke sulajhaawe ke khaatir milake kaam kare hain"<ref>{{harvnb|Crick|1972}}.</ref> * [[Adrian Leftwich]]: "isame samaaj ke bhittar aur uske beech me sahayog, baatacheet aur sangharsh kee sab gatividhiyaan shaamil hain"<ref>{{harvnb|Leftwich|2004|p=103}}.</ref> ==Aur Dekho== * [[Rajnitik dal]] ==References== {{reflist}} [[Category:R]] [[Category:Rajniti| ]] 9rdtqkp3fjs4el1bv7s54wvvgxwv9td 333784 333779 2026-03-30T09:23:26Z Bbhamji 1047 333784 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Rajniti''' uu chuj hai jisme log gut me hoe ke faisla kare hai. Social science ke uu branch jisme rajniti aur [[sarkar]] ke adhyan kara jaae hai, ke political science bola jaae hai. Rajniti kabhi-kabhi sidha matlab me bhi kaam me laawa jaae hai, jaise “political solution”, jiske matlab sanjhauta kar ke samadhan paana hai, ii fir easy rakam se “sarkar ke kalaa nai to vigyan” ke roop me samjha jaae hai. Lekin ii sabd ke kharaabe matlab bhi leke kaam me laawa jaawe hae. Ii bichaar ke alag-alag rakam se define karaa gais hai, aur alag approach ke log ke soch bhi alag hai ki iske bahut chaurraa tareeka se kaam me laae ke chaahi nai to thorraa limited tareeka se, practical (empirical) roop me ii niyam aur values (normative) ke roop me<ref>{{Cite web |title=Is there a difference beteeen political philosophy and political science? |url=https://bigthink.com/videos/is-there-a-difference-beteeen-political-philosophy-and-political-science/ |access-date=2026-03-16 |website=Big Think |language=en-US}}</ref>, aur ii baat pe bhi ki conflict jaaada important hai ya cooperation politics me zaada jaruri hai. ==Naam== Rajniti sabd, dui sabd raaj aur niti se banaa hae. Raaj ke matlab saashan karnaa aur niti ke matlab right time aur jagha pe right kaam karnaa. Yaani ki niti se raaj karnaa. == Definitions == * [[Harold Lasswell]]: "kiske konchi mile hae, kab aur kaise"<ref>{{harvnb|Lasswell|1963}}.</ref> * [[David Easton]]: "ek samaj ke values ke achchhaa se baatna"<ref name="Easton 1981">{{harvnb|Easton|1981}}.</ref> * [[Vladimir Lenin]]: "artsastr ke ek jagha se chalaana"<ref>{{harvnb|Lenin|1965}}.</ref> * [[Otto von Bismarck]]: "sab time, badalatee sthiti mei, sabase kamti nukasaan kare waala, sabase upayog chij ke ko chune ke kshamata"<ref>Reichstag speech by Bismarck, January 29, 1886, in: ''Bismarck, The Collected Works''. Friedrichsruher edition, vol. 13: Speeches. Edited by Wilhelm Schüßler, Berlin 1930, p. 177.</ref> * [[Bernard Crick]]: "sarkar ke chalae ke ek khaas tareeka jisme log matabhed ke sulajhaawe ke khaatir milake kaam kare hain"<ref>{{harvnb|Crick|1972}}.</ref> * [[Adrian Leftwich]]: "isame samaaj ke bhittar aur uske beech me sahayog, baatacheet aur sangharsh kee sab gatividhiyaan shaamil hain"<ref>{{harvnb|Leftwich|2004|p=103}}.</ref> ==Aur Dekho== * [[Rajnitik dal]] ==References== {{reflist}} [[Category:R]] [[Category:Rajniti| ]] 2gviqn7vcqyy4p5oswsr0b5drggsbef 333785 333784 2026-03-30T09:41:38Z Bbhamji 1047 333785 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Rajniti''' uu chuj hai jisme log gut me hoe ke faisla kare hai. Social science ke uu branch jisme rajniti aur [[sarkar]] ke adhyan kara jaae hai, ke political science bola jaae hai. Rajniti kabhi-kabhi sidha matlab me bhi kaam me laawa jaae hai, jaise “political solution”, jiske matlab sanjhauta kar ke samadhan paana hai, ii fir easy rakam se “sarkar ke kalaa nai to vigyan” ke roop me samjha jaae hai. Lekin ii sabd ke kharaabe matlab bhi leke kaam me laawa jaawe hae. Ii bichaar ke alag-alag rakam se define karaa gais hai, aur alag approach ke log ke soch bhi alag hai ki iske bahut chaurraa tareeka se kaam me laae ke chaahi nai to thorraa limited tareeka se, practical (empirical) roop me ii niyam aur values (normative) ke roop me<ref>{{Cite web |title=Is there a difference beteeen political philosophy and political science? |url=https://bigthink.com/videos/is-there-a-difference-beteeen-political-philosophy-and-political-science/ |access-date=2026-03-16 |website=Big Think |language=en-US}}</ref>, aur ii baat pe bhi ki conflict jaaada important hai ya cooperation politics me zaada jaruri hai. ==Naam== Rajniti sabd, dui sabd raaj aur niti se banaa hae. Raaj ke matlab saashan karnaa aur niti ke matlab right time aur jagha pe right kaam karnaa. Yaani ki niti se raaj karnaa. == Definitions == * [[Harold Lasswell]]: "kiske konchi mile hae, kab aur kaise"<ref>{{harvnb|Lasswell|1963}}.</ref> * [[David Easton]]: "ek samaj ke values ke achchhaa se baatna"<ref name="Easton 1981">{{harvnb|Easton|1981}}.</ref> * [[Vladimir Lenin]]: "artsastr ke ek jagha se chalaana"<ref>{{harvnb|Lenin|1965}}.</ref> * [[Otto von Bismarck]]: "sab time, badalatee sthiti mei, sabase kamti nukasaan kare waala, sabase upayog chij ke ko chune ke kshamata"<ref>Reichstag speech by Bismarck, January 29, 1886, in: ''Bismarck, The Collected Works''. Friedrichsruher edition, vol. 13: Speeches. Edited by Wilhelm Schüßler, Berlin 1930, p. 177.</ref> * [[Bernard Crick]]: "sarkar ke chalae ke ek khaas tareeka jisme log matabhed ke sulajhaawe ke khaatir milake kaam kare hain"<ref>{{harvnb|Crick|1972}}.</ref> * [[Adrian Leftwich]]: "isame samaaj ke bhittar aur uske beech me sahayog, baatacheet aur sangharsh kee sab gatividhiyaan shaamil hain"<ref>{{harvnb|Leftwich|2004|p=103}}.</ref> ==Itihaas== ===Puraana itihaas=== Suruu ke insaan ke rahan-sahan me koi centralized political structure nai rahaa.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Fukuyama |first1=Francis |title=The origins of political order : from prehuman times to the French Revolution |date=2012 |publisher=Farrar, Straus and Giroux |isbn=978-0-374-53322-9 |page=56 |oclc=1082411117}}</ref> Iske kabhi-kabhi "bina des ke samaj" bola jaawe hae. === Puraana des === Puraana itihaas me, des ke koi siimaa nai rahaa. Puraana Sumer aur Egypt pahila civilization rahaa jon siimaa ke define karis rahaa. [[12th century]] talak, dher log bina des ke samaj me rahat rahin. Ii sab chhotaa-chhotaa gut se tribe aur chiefdom talak rahaa. ==Aur Dekho== * [[Rajnitik dal]] ==References== {{reflist}} [[Category:R]] [[Category:Rajniti| ]] i9jnuf9sl0hsrxjey9el1tjme821ybh 333787 333785 2026-03-30T10:06:59Z Bbhamji 1047 333787 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Rajniti''' uu chuj hai jisme log gut me hoe ke faisla kare hai. Social science ke uu branch jisme rajniti aur [[sarkar]] ke adhyan kara jaae hai, ke political science bola jaae hai. Rajniti kabhi-kabhi sidha matlab me bhi kaam me laawa jaae hai, jaise “political solution”, jiske matlab sanjhauta kar ke samadhan paana hai, ii fir easy rakam se “sarkar ke kalaa nai to vigyan” ke roop me samjha jaae hai. Lekin ii sabd ke kharaabe matlab bhi leke kaam me laawa jaawe hae. Ii bichaar ke alag-alag rakam se define karaa gais hai, aur alag approach ke log ke soch bhi alag hai ki iske bahut chaurraa tareeka se kaam me laae ke chaahi nai to thorraa limited tareeka se, practical (empirical) roop me ii niyam aur values (normative) ke roop me<ref>{{Cite web |title=Is there a difference beteeen political philosophy and political science? |url=https://bigthink.com/videos/is-there-a-difference-beteeen-political-philosophy-and-political-science/ |access-date=2026-03-16 |website=Big Think |language=en-US}}</ref>, aur ii baat pe bhi ki conflict jaaada important hai ya cooperation politics me zaada jaruri hai. ==Naam== Rajniti sabd, dui sabd raaj aur niti se banaa hae. Raaj ke matlab saashan karnaa aur niti ke matlab right time aur jagha pe right kaam karnaa. Yaani ki niti se raaj karnaa. == Definitions == * [[Harold Lasswell]]: "kiske konchi mile hae, kab aur kaise"<ref>{{harvnb|Lasswell|1963}}.</ref> * [[David Easton]]: "ek samaj ke values ke achchhaa se baatna"<ref name="Easton 1981">{{harvnb|Easton|1981}}.</ref> * [[Vladimir Lenin]]: "artsastr ke ek jagha se chalaana"<ref>{{harvnb|Lenin|1965}}.</ref> * [[Otto von Bismarck]]: "sab time, badalatee sthiti mei, sabase kamti nukasaan kare waala, sabase upayog chij ke ko chune ke kshamata"<ref>Reichstag speech by Bismarck, January 29, 1886, in: ''Bismarck, The Collected Works''. Friedrichsruher edition, vol. 13: Speeches. Edited by Wilhelm Schüßler, Berlin 1930, p. 177.</ref> * [[Bernard Crick]]: "sarkar ke chalae ke ek khaas tareeka jisme log matabhed ke sulajhaawe ke khaatir milake kaam kare hain"<ref>{{harvnb|Crick|1972}}.</ref> * [[Adrian Leftwich]]: "isame samaaj ke bhittar aur uske beech me sahayog, baatacheet aur sangharsh kee sab gatividhiyaan shaamil hain"<ref>{{harvnb|Leftwich|2004|p=103}}.</ref> ==Itihaas== ===Puraana itihaas=== Suruu ke insaan ke rahan-sahan me koi centralized political structure nai rahaa.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Fukuyama |first1=Francis |title=The origins of political order : from prehuman times to the French Revolution |date=2012 |publisher=Farrar, Straus and Giroux |isbn=978-0-374-53322-9 |page=56 |oclc=1082411117}}</ref> Iske kabhi-kabhi "bina des ke samaj" bola jaawe hae. === Puraana des === Puraana itihaas me, des ke koi siimaa nai rahaa. Puraana Sumer aur Egypt pahila civilization rahaa jon siimaa ke define karis rahaa. [[12th century]] talak, dher log bina des ke samaj me rahat rahin. Ii sab chhotaa-chhotaa gut se tribe aur chiefdom talak rahaa. ==== Des ke bananaa ==== Puraana des kaise banaa rahaa ke baare me dher theory aur hypothesis hae aur gyaani log ii sanjhaae ke kosis kare hae ki kaahe kuchh samaj me des banaa aur duusra me nai. Duusra gyaani log ii bole hae ki generalizations helpful nai hae aur har ek case ke alag-alag se dekhe ke chaahi.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Spencer |first1=Charles S. |last2=Redmond |first2=Elsa M. |date=15 September 2004 |title=Primary State Formation in Mesoamerica |journal=Annual Review of Anthropology |volume=33 |issue=1 |pages=173–199 |doi=10.1146/annurev.anthro.33.070203.143823 |issn=0084-6570}}</ref> '''Voluntary theories''' ii batae hae ki dher gut ke log saathe hoe ke ek des ke bana e hae kaaheki ek koi chij hae jon uu sab log maange hae.<ref name="Carneiro 733–738">{{harvnb|Carneiro|1970|pp=733–738}}.</ref> Ii sab theory jaada kar ke kheti, aur abaadi aur organizational pressure jon aae hae ek des ke bane ke baad. Ek khaas theory jon pahila state ke bane ke baare me hae ''hydraulic hypothesis'' hae, jon ii bole hae ki des banaa hae kaaheki baraa-barraa irrigation project ke jaruri rahaa.<ref>{{cite book |url=https://archive.org/details/originsofstatean0000unse |title=Origins of the state : the anthropology of political evolution |date=1978 |publisher=Philadelphia : Institute for the Study of Human Issues |via=Internet Archive |page=30}}</ref> Des ke bane ke '''[[Conflict theories]]''' aur ek samaj ke duusra samaj pe raaj kare ke baare me hae.<ref name="Carneiro 733–738" /> Voluntary theories se alag, ii sab arguments me ii biswas karaa jaawe hae ki log jaan ke des nai banae hae , lekin des bane hae jab ek group ke log suure ke dabae ke uske uppar raaj kare hae. Koi-koi theory ii bahas kare hae ki des ke bane me larrai ke jaruri rahaa. <ref name="Carneiro 733–738" /> ==Aur Dekho== * [[Rajnitik dal]] ==References== {{reflist}} [[Category:R]] [[Category:Rajniti| ]] 2t0x5n1xset5x6wpauv7748n4iai883 333788 333787 2026-03-30T10:24:04Z Bbhamji 1047 333788 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Rajniti''' uu chuj hai jisme log gut me hoe ke faisla kare hai. Social science ke uu branch jisme rajniti aur [[sarkar]] ke adhyan kara jaae hai, ke political science bola jaae hai. Rajniti kabhi-kabhi sidha matlab me bhi kaam me laawa jaae hai, jaise “political solution”, jiske matlab sanjhauta kar ke samadhan paana hai, ii fir easy rakam se “sarkar ke kalaa nai to vigyan” ke roop me samjha jaae hai. Lekin ii sabd ke kharaabe matlab bhi leke kaam me laawa jaawe hae. Ii bichaar ke alag-alag rakam se define karaa gais hai, aur alag approach ke log ke soch bhi alag hai ki iske bahut chaurraa tareeka se kaam me laae ke chaahi nai to thorraa limited tareeka se, practical (empirical) roop me ii niyam aur values (normative) ke roop me<ref>{{Cite web |title=Is there a difference beteeen political philosophy and political science? |url=https://bigthink.com/videos/is-there-a-difference-beteeen-political-philosophy-and-political-science/ |access-date=2026-03-16 |website=Big Think |language=en-US}}</ref>, aur ii baat pe bhi ki conflict jaaada important hai ya cooperation politics me zaada jaruri hai. ==Naam== Rajniti sabd, dui sabd raaj aur niti se banaa hae. Raaj ke matlab saashan karnaa aur niti ke matlab right time aur jagha pe right kaam karnaa. Yaani ki niti se raaj karnaa. == Definitions == * [[Harold Lasswell]]: "kiske konchi mile hae, kab aur kaise"<ref>{{harvnb|Lasswell|1963}}.</ref> * [[David Easton]]: "ek samaj ke values ke achchhaa se baatna"<ref name="Easton 1981">{{harvnb|Easton|1981}}.</ref> * [[Vladimir Lenin]]: "artsastr ke ek jagha se chalaana"<ref>{{harvnb|Lenin|1965}}.</ref> * [[Otto von Bismarck]]: "sab time, badalatee sthiti mei, sabase kamti nukasaan kare waala, sabase upayog chij ke ko chune ke kshamata"<ref>Reichstag speech by Bismarck, January 29, 1886, in: ''Bismarck, The Collected Works''. Friedrichsruher edition, vol. 13: Speeches. Edited by Wilhelm Schüßler, Berlin 1930, p. 177.</ref> * [[Bernard Crick]]: "sarkar ke chalae ke ek khaas tareeka jisme log matabhed ke sulajhaawe ke khaatir milake kaam kare hain"<ref>{{harvnb|Crick|1972}}.</ref> * [[Adrian Leftwich]]: "isame samaaj ke bhittar aur uske beech me sahayog, baatacheet aur sangharsh kee sab gatividhiyaan shaamil hain"<ref>{{harvnb|Leftwich|2004|p=103}}.</ref> ==Itihaas== ===Puraana itihaas=== Suruu ke insaan ke rahan-sahan me koi centralized political structure nai rahaa.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Fukuyama |first1=Francis |title=The origins of political order : from prehuman times to the French Revolution |date=2012 |publisher=Farrar, Straus and Giroux |isbn=978-0-374-53322-9 |page=56 |oclc=1082411117}}</ref> Iske kabhi-kabhi "bina des ke samaj" bola jaawe hae. === Puraana des === Puraana itihaas me, des ke koi siimaa nai rahaa. Puraana Sumer aur Egypt pahila civilization rahaa jon siimaa ke define karis rahaa. [[12th century]] talak, dher log bina des ke samaj me rahat rahin. Ii sab chhotaa-chhotaa gut se tribe aur chiefdom talak rahaa. ==== Des ke bananaa ==== Puraana des kaise banaa rahaa ke baare me dher theory aur hypothesis hae aur gyaani log ii sanjhaae ke kosis kare hae ki kaahe kuchh samaj me des banaa aur duusra me nai. Duusra gyaani log ii bole hae ki generalizations helpful nai hae aur har ek case ke alag-alag se dekhe ke chaahi.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Spencer |first1=Charles S. |last2=Redmond |first2=Elsa M. |date=15 September 2004 |title=Primary State Formation in Mesoamerica |journal=Annual Review of Anthropology |volume=33 |issue=1 |pages=173–199 |doi=10.1146/annurev.anthro.33.070203.143823 |issn=0084-6570}}</ref> '''Voluntary theories''' ii batae hae ki dher gut ke log saathe hoe ke ek des ke bana e hae kaaheki ek koi chij hae jon uu sab log maange hae.<ref name="Carneiro 733–738">{{harvnb|Carneiro|1970|pp=733–738}}.</ref> Ii sab theory jaada kar ke kheti, aur abaadi aur organizational pressure jon aae hae ek des ke bane ke baad. Ek khaas theory jon pahila state ke bane ke baare me hae ''hydraulic hypothesis'' hae, jon ii bole hae ki des banaa hae kaaheki baraa-barraa irrigation project ke jaruri rahaa.<ref>{{cite book |url=https://archive.org/details/originsofstatean0000unse |title=Origins of the state : the anthropology of political evolution |date=1978 |publisher=Philadelphia : Institute for the Study of Human Issues |via=Internet Archive |page=30}}</ref> Des ke bane ke '''[[Conflict theories]]''' aur ek samaj ke duusra samaj pe raaj kare ke baare me hae.<ref name="Carneiro 733–738" /> Voluntary theories se alag, ii sab arguments me ii biswas karaa jaawe hae ki log jaan ke des nai banae hae , lekin des bane hae jab ek group ke log suure ke dabae ke uske uppar raaj kare hae. Koi-koi theory ii bahas kare hae ki des ke bane me larrai ke jaruri rahaa. <ref name="Carneiro 733–738" /> ==== Puraana itihaas ==== Pahila des puraana Sumer aur Agypt ke rahin, jon lagbhag 3000 BC me suruu bhais rahaa.<ref name="ancientlocations">{{harvnb|Daniel|2003|p=xiii}}.</ref> Pahila dynastic [[Nile Naddi]] ke lage based rahaa north-east [[Africa]] me, jon kingdom ke siimaa Nile ke kinaare rahaa aur duusra jagha jahaan pe oasis rahaa.<ref>{{harvnb|Daniel|2003|pp=9–11}}.</ref> Early dynastic [[Sumer]] was located in southern [[Mesopotamia]], with its borders extending from the [[Persian Gulf]] to parts of the [[Euphrates River|Euphrates]] and [[Tigris River|Tigris]] rivers.<ref name="ancientlocations" /> [[Egypt]]ians, [[Roman]]s, aur [[Greece|Greeks]] pahila log rahin jon des ke philosophy ke baare me soche rahin. Isse pahile des, dharam pe based rahaa.<ref>{{harvnb|Nelson|Nelson|2006|p=17}}.</ref> Des ke aur achchhaa karaa gais rahaa puraana Greece aur Rome me. Greece ke city-states, 4th century se pahile citizenship free log ke dewat rahin.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Kumar |first=Sanjay |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=iGc9EAAAQBAJ&dq=The+Greek+city-states+before+the+4th+century+granted+citizenship+rights+to+their+free+population%3B+in+Athens+these+rights+were+combined+with+a+directly+democratic+form+of+government+that+was+to+have+a+long+afterlife+in+political+thought+and+history.&pg=PA53 |title=A Handbook of Political Geography |date=2021 |publisher=K.K. Publications |language=en |access-date=22 February 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230324145301/https://books.google.com/books?id=iGc9EAAAQBAJ&dq=The+Greek+city-states+before+the+4th+century+granted+citizenship+rights+to+their+free+population%3B+in+Athens+these+rights+were+combined+with+a+directly+democratic+form+of+government+that+was+to+have+a+long+afterlife+in+political+thought+and+history.&pg=PA53 |archive-date=24 March 2023 |url-status=live}}</ref> ==Aur Dekho== * [[Rajnitik dal]] ==References== {{reflist}} [[Category:R]] [[Category:Rajniti| ]] o4bmkq07qc69hk4hihdfyne4zqu5ucl 333789 333788 2026-03-30T10:30:18Z Bbhamji 1047 333789 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:24.09.2024 - Abertura do Debate Geral da 79ª Sessão da Assembleia Geral das Nações Unidas (54018866744).jpg|upright=1.1|thumb|Seventy-ninth session of the United Nations General Assembly ke opening]] '''Rajniti''' uu chuj hai jisme log gut me hoe ke faisla kare hai. Social science ke uu branch jisme rajniti aur [[sarkar]] ke adhyan kara jaae hai, ke political science bola jaae hai. Rajniti kabhi-kabhi sidha matlab me bhi kaam me laawa jaae hai, jaise “political solution”, jiske matlab sanjhauta kar ke samadhan paana hai, ii fir easy rakam se “sarkar ke kalaa nai to vigyan” ke roop me samjha jaae hai. Lekin ii sabd ke kharaabe matlab bhi leke kaam me laawa jaawe hae. Ii bichaar ke alag-alag rakam se define karaa gais hai, aur alag approach ke log ke soch bhi alag hai ki iske bahut chaurraa tareeka se kaam me laae ke chaahi nai to thorraa limited tareeka se, practical (empirical) roop me ii niyam aur values (normative) ke roop me<ref>{{Cite web |title=Is there a difference beteeen political philosophy and political science? |url=https://bigthink.com/videos/is-there-a-difference-beteeen-political-philosophy-and-political-science/ |access-date=2026-03-16 |website=Big Think |language=en-US}}</ref>, aur ii baat pe bhi ki conflict jaaada important hai ya cooperation politics me zaada jaruri hai. ==Naam== Rajniti sabd, dui sabd raaj aur niti se banaa hae. Raaj ke matlab saashan karnaa aur niti ke matlab right time aur jagha pe right kaam karnaa. Yaani ki niti se raaj karnaa. == Definitions == * [[Harold Lasswell]]: "kiske konchi mile hae, kab aur kaise"<ref>{{harvnb|Lasswell|1963}}.</ref> * [[David Easton]]: "ek samaj ke values ke achchhaa se baatna"<ref name="Easton 1981">{{harvnb|Easton|1981}}.</ref> * [[Vladimir Lenin]]: "artsastr ke ek jagha se chalaana"<ref>{{harvnb|Lenin|1965}}.</ref> * [[Otto von Bismarck]]: "sab time, badalatee sthiti mei, sabase kamti nukasaan kare waala, sabase upayog chij ke ko chune ke kshamata"<ref>Reichstag speech by Bismarck, January 29, 1886, in: ''Bismarck, The Collected Works''. Friedrichsruher edition, vol. 13: Speeches. Edited by Wilhelm Schüßler, Berlin 1930, p. 177.</ref> * [[Bernard Crick]]: "sarkar ke chalae ke ek khaas tareeka jisme log matabhed ke sulajhaawe ke khaatir milake kaam kare hain"<ref>{{harvnb|Crick|1972}}.</ref> * [[Adrian Leftwich]]: "isame samaaj ke bhittar aur uske beech me sahayog, baatacheet aur sangharsh kee sab gatividhiyaan shaamil hain"<ref>{{harvnb|Leftwich|2004|p=103}}.</ref> ==Itihaas== ===Puraana itihaas=== Suruu ke insaan ke rahan-sahan me koi centralized political structure nai rahaa.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Fukuyama |first1=Francis |title=The origins of political order : from prehuman times to the French Revolution |date=2012 |publisher=Farrar, Straus and Giroux |isbn=978-0-374-53322-9 |page=56 |oclc=1082411117}}</ref> Iske kabhi-kabhi "bina des ke samaj" bola jaawe hae. === Puraana des === Puraana itihaas me, des ke koi siimaa nai rahaa. Puraana Sumer aur Egypt pahila civilization rahaa jon siimaa ke define karis rahaa. [[12th century]] talak, dher log bina des ke samaj me rahat rahin. Ii sab chhotaa-chhotaa gut se tribe aur chiefdom talak rahaa. ==== Des ke bananaa ==== Puraana des kaise banaa rahaa ke baare me dher theory aur hypothesis hae aur gyaani log ii sanjhaae ke kosis kare hae ki kaahe kuchh samaj me des banaa aur duusra me nai. Duusra gyaani log ii bole hae ki generalizations helpful nai hae aur har ek case ke alag-alag se dekhe ke chaahi.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Spencer |first1=Charles S. |last2=Redmond |first2=Elsa M. |date=15 September 2004 |title=Primary State Formation in Mesoamerica |journal=Annual Review of Anthropology |volume=33 |issue=1 |pages=173–199 |doi=10.1146/annurev.anthro.33.070203.143823 |issn=0084-6570}}</ref> '''Voluntary theories''' ii batae hae ki dher gut ke log saathe hoe ke ek des ke bana e hae kaaheki ek koi chij hae jon uu sab log maange hae.<ref name="Carneiro 733–738">{{harvnb|Carneiro|1970|pp=733–738}}.</ref> Ii sab theory jaada kar ke kheti, aur abaadi aur organizational pressure jon aae hae ek des ke bane ke baad. Ek khaas theory jon pahila state ke bane ke baare me hae ''hydraulic hypothesis'' hae, jon ii bole hae ki des banaa hae kaaheki baraa-barraa irrigation project ke jaruri rahaa.<ref>{{cite book |url=https://archive.org/details/originsofstatean0000unse |title=Origins of the state : the anthropology of political evolution |date=1978 |publisher=Philadelphia : Institute for the Study of Human Issues |via=Internet Archive |page=30}}</ref> Des ke bane ke '''[[Conflict theories]]''' aur ek samaj ke duusra samaj pe raaj kare ke baare me hae.<ref name="Carneiro 733–738" /> Voluntary theories se alag, ii sab arguments me ii biswas karaa jaawe hae ki log jaan ke des nai banae hae , lekin des bane hae jab ek group ke log suure ke dabae ke uske uppar raaj kare hae. Koi-koi theory ii bahas kare hae ki des ke bane me larrai ke jaruri rahaa. <ref name="Carneiro 733–738" /> ==== Puraana itihaas ==== Pahila des puraana Sumer aur Agypt ke rahin, jon lagbhag 3000 BC me suruu bhais rahaa.<ref name="ancientlocations">{{harvnb|Daniel|2003|p=xiii}}.</ref> Pahila dynastic [[Nile Naddi]] ke lage based rahaa north-east [[Africa]] me, jon kingdom ke siimaa Nile ke kinaare rahaa aur duusra jagha jahaan pe oasis rahaa.<ref>{{harvnb|Daniel|2003|pp=9–11}}.</ref> Early dynastic [[Sumer]] was located in southern [[Mesopotamia]], with its borders extending from the [[Persian Gulf]] to parts of the [[Euphrates River|Euphrates]] and [[Tigris River|Tigris]] rivers.<ref name="ancientlocations" /> [[Egypt]]ians, [[Roman]]s, aur [[Greece|Greeks]] pahila log rahin jon des ke philosophy ke baare me soche rahin. Isse pahile des, dharam pe based rahaa.<ref>{{harvnb|Nelson|Nelson|2006|p=17}}.</ref> Des ke aur achchhaa karaa gais rahaa puraana Greece aur Rome me. Greece ke city-states, 4th century se pahile citizenship free log ke dewat rahin.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Kumar |first=Sanjay |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=iGc9EAAAQBAJ&dq=The+Greek+city-states+before+the+4th+century+granted+citizenship+rights+to+their+free+population%3B+in+Athens+these+rights+were+combined+with+a+directly+democratic+form+of+government+that+was+to+have+a+long+afterlife+in+political+thought+and+history.&pg=PA53 |title=A Handbook of Political Geography |date=2021 |publisher=K.K. Publications |language=en |access-date=22 February 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230324145301/https://books.google.com/books?id=iGc9EAAAQBAJ&dq=The+Greek+city-states+before+the+4th+century+granted+citizenship+rights+to+their+free+population%3B+in+Athens+these+rights+were+combined+with+a+directly+democratic+form+of+government+that+was+to+have+a+long+afterlife+in+political+thought+and+history.&pg=PA53 |archive-date=24 March 2023 |url-status=live}}</ref> ==Aur Dekho== * [[Rajnitik dal]] ==References== {{reflist}} [[Category:R]] [[Category:Rajniti| ]] h2v67zhhaypcbava9vmz1q637l0yzze 0 7699 333780 325419 2026-03-30T09:09:11Z Bbhamji 1047 Bbhamji moved panna [[Rajnetic dal]] se [[Rajnitic dal]] 325419 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:People_approving_for_change_at_Parivartan_Yatra,_Beohari_in_April_2013.jpg|right|200px|thumb|India ke Congress Party ke members]] Ek '''Rajnetic dal (political party)''' ek organized group of voters hae. Ii logan election me aapam bagal se log ke kharraa kare hae. Rajnetic dal ke member log ke jaada kar ke ek rakam ke bichaar rahe hae. Lagbhag sab des me raaj kare waala log koi rajnetic dal ke member rahe hae. Jab ki kuchh des me rajnetic dal nai rahae hae, ii bahut kamtii hae. Jaada des me dher rajnetic dal rahe hae aur kuchh des me khaali ek rajnetic dal rahe hae. Rajnetic dal duuno [[tanasahi]] (autocracies) aur [[udaarwaad]] (democracies) me rahe hae, lekin udaarwaad me tanasahi se dher rajnetic dal rahe hae. Tanasahi sarkar me jaada kar ke ek rajnetic dal rahe hae jon des pe raj kare hae, lekin rajnetic vigyanil log ii biswas kare hae ki udaarwaad ke khaatir dher rajnetic dal ke rahna jaruri hae. Rajnetic dal, samaj me rahe waala vibhajan se bane sake hae, jaise dhani log ke dal aur garib log ke dal, nai to majuur ke dal aur business ke dal. Rajnetic dal me ek neta rahe hae, jiske dal ke kaam ke khaas jimedaari rahe hae, dal ke executives jon dal ke chalae aur organise kare ke neta ke madat kare hae aur kabhi-kabhi neta ke chube hae, aur members jon bina talab ke dal ke madat kare hae, dal ke paisa daan kare hae, nai to chanda (donation) batore me madat kare hae, aur chunao me dal ke member ke vote kare hae. Dher rajnetic dal vichaardhaara (ideology) se prerit (motivated) hae. Dher democratic des me chunao ke time, liberal, conservative aur socialist dal rahe hae. Aur khaas vichaardhaara hae, [[communism]], populism, nationalism air Islamism. Alag-alag des ke rajnetic dal ekke rakam ke rang aur chinh ke kaam e laae hae, jaise communist party le laal rang. ==Itihaas== Rajnetic dal ke bichaar puraana jamaana se hae. [[Plato]], puraana [[Athens]] ke rajnetic gut (factions) ke baare me likhis hae<ref>{{cite book | last=Plato |page=462 | title = The Republic | publisher = Macmillan and Co, Ltd. | year = 1935 }}</ref> aur [[Aristotle]] ii bahas karis hae ki rajniti me alag-alag rakam ke sarkar me alag-alag rakam ke gut rahe hae.<ref>{{cite book | last=Aristotle | title = The Politics | publisher = The University of Chicago Press | year = 1984 | page = 135 }}</ref> Kuchh puraana vivaad gut ke uppar aadhaarit rahaa, jaise [[Constatinople]] me ek riot dui chiot racing gut ke biich me. Kuch likha gais dal jon itihaas me rahaa me hae; "Populare" aur "Optimates", [[Roman]] republic me, O|"Orangists" aur "Stattsgezinde", Holland me. Abhi ke jamaa ke rajnetik dal ke suruwaat [[United Kingdom]] ke [[Conservative Party (UK)|Conservative Party]] aur [[America]] ke [[Democratic Party]] se suruu bhais rahaa. <ref name = "Metcalf97">{{cite journal | last = Metcalf | first = Michael F. | title = The first "modern" party system? Political parties, Sweden's Age of liberty and the historians | journal = Scandinavian Journal of History | volume = 2 | issue = 1–4 | pages = 265–287 | year = 1977| doi = 10.1080/03468757708578923 }}</ref><ref name = "Chhibber04">{{cite book | last1=Chhibber | first1=Pradeep K. | last2 = Kollman | first2 = Ken | title = The formation of national party systems: Federalism and party competition in Canada, Great Britain, India, and the United States | publisher = Princeton University Press | year = 2004 }}</ref><ref>{{cite news | last = Dirr | first = Alison | date = 24 October 2016 | title = Is the Democratic Party the oldest continuous political party in the world? | url = https://www.politifact.com/wisconsin/statements/2016/oct/24/tim-kaine/democratic-party-oldest-continuous-political-party/ | work = Politifact Wisconsin | access-date = 30 September 2019 | archive-date = 30 September 2019 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20190930213349/https://www.politifact.com/wisconsin/statements/2016/oct/24/tim-kaine/democratic-party-oldest-continuous-political-party/ | url-status = live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|last=Stanek|first=Wojciech|title=Konfederacje a ewolucja mechanizmów walki politycznej w Rzeczypospolitej XVIII wieku|publisher=Interpress|year=1996|location=Olsztyn|pages=135–136}}</ref> Barraa-barra rajnetic dal ke bane se pahile , elections me kamti competition rahaa aur iske jaada kar ke pahile se rahe waala clique aur network dominate karat rahis. <ref name=boix09>{{cite book |editor1=Carles Boix |editor2=Susan C. Stokes |author=Carles Boix |date= 2009 |title=The Oxford Handbook of Comparative Politics |chapter=The Emergence of Parties and Party Systems |pages=499–521 |publisher=Oxford University Press |doi=10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199566020.003.0021 |isbn=978-0199566020}}</ref>{{rp|510}} ===18th century=== [[File:A-Block-for-the-Wigs-Gillray.jpeg|thumb|upright=1.2|In ''A Block for the Wigs'' (1783), [[James Gillray]] caricatured Fox's return to power in a coalition with North. George III is the blockhead in the centre.]] [[Category:Political parties| ]] [[Category:Politics]] [[Category:Rajniti]] 89iu6o29066mhyk3tttpb70sjkw1bat 333782 333780 2026-03-30T09:10:26Z Bbhamji 1047 Bbhamji moved panna [[Rajnitic dal]] se [[Rajnitik dal]] 325419 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:People_approving_for_change_at_Parivartan_Yatra,_Beohari_in_April_2013.jpg|right|200px|thumb|India ke Congress Party ke members]] Ek '''Rajnetic dal (political party)''' ek organized group of voters hae. Ii logan election me aapam bagal se log ke kharraa kare hae. Rajnetic dal ke member log ke jaada kar ke ek rakam ke bichaar rahe hae. Lagbhag sab des me raaj kare waala log koi rajnetic dal ke member rahe hae. Jab ki kuchh des me rajnetic dal nai rahae hae, ii bahut kamtii hae. Jaada des me dher rajnetic dal rahe hae aur kuchh des me khaali ek rajnetic dal rahe hae. Rajnetic dal duuno [[tanasahi]] (autocracies) aur [[udaarwaad]] (democracies) me rahe hae, lekin udaarwaad me tanasahi se dher rajnetic dal rahe hae. Tanasahi sarkar me jaada kar ke ek rajnetic dal rahe hae jon des pe raj kare hae, lekin rajnetic vigyanil log ii biswas kare hae ki udaarwaad ke khaatir dher rajnetic dal ke rahna jaruri hae. Rajnetic dal, samaj me rahe waala vibhajan se bane sake hae, jaise dhani log ke dal aur garib log ke dal, nai to majuur ke dal aur business ke dal. Rajnetic dal me ek neta rahe hae, jiske dal ke kaam ke khaas jimedaari rahe hae, dal ke executives jon dal ke chalae aur organise kare ke neta ke madat kare hae aur kabhi-kabhi neta ke chube hae, aur members jon bina talab ke dal ke madat kare hae, dal ke paisa daan kare hae, nai to chanda (donation) batore me madat kare hae, aur chunao me dal ke member ke vote kare hae. Dher rajnetic dal vichaardhaara (ideology) se prerit (motivated) hae. Dher democratic des me chunao ke time, liberal, conservative aur socialist dal rahe hae. Aur khaas vichaardhaara hae, [[communism]], populism, nationalism air Islamism. Alag-alag des ke rajnetic dal ekke rakam ke rang aur chinh ke kaam e laae hae, jaise communist party le laal rang. ==Itihaas== Rajnetic dal ke bichaar puraana jamaana se hae. [[Plato]], puraana [[Athens]] ke rajnetic gut (factions) ke baare me likhis hae<ref>{{cite book | last=Plato |page=462 | title = The Republic | publisher = Macmillan and Co, Ltd. | year = 1935 }}</ref> aur [[Aristotle]] ii bahas karis hae ki rajniti me alag-alag rakam ke sarkar me alag-alag rakam ke gut rahe hae.<ref>{{cite book | last=Aristotle | title = The Politics | publisher = The University of Chicago Press | year = 1984 | page = 135 }}</ref> Kuchh puraana vivaad gut ke uppar aadhaarit rahaa, jaise [[Constatinople]] me ek riot dui chiot racing gut ke biich me. Kuch likha gais dal jon itihaas me rahaa me hae; "Populare" aur "Optimates", [[Roman]] republic me, O|"Orangists" aur "Stattsgezinde", Holland me. Abhi ke jamaa ke rajnetik dal ke suruwaat [[United Kingdom]] ke [[Conservative Party (UK)|Conservative Party]] aur [[America]] ke [[Democratic Party]] se suruu bhais rahaa. <ref name = "Metcalf97">{{cite journal | last = Metcalf | first = Michael F. | title = The first "modern" party system? Political parties, Sweden's Age of liberty and the historians | journal = Scandinavian Journal of History | volume = 2 | issue = 1–4 | pages = 265–287 | year = 1977| doi = 10.1080/03468757708578923 }}</ref><ref name = "Chhibber04">{{cite book | last1=Chhibber | first1=Pradeep K. | last2 = Kollman | first2 = Ken | title = The formation of national party systems: Federalism and party competition in Canada, Great Britain, India, and the United States | publisher = Princeton University Press | year = 2004 }}</ref><ref>{{cite news | last = Dirr | first = Alison | date = 24 October 2016 | title = Is the Democratic Party the oldest continuous political party in the world? | url = https://www.politifact.com/wisconsin/statements/2016/oct/24/tim-kaine/democratic-party-oldest-continuous-political-party/ | work = Politifact Wisconsin | access-date = 30 September 2019 | archive-date = 30 September 2019 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20190930213349/https://www.politifact.com/wisconsin/statements/2016/oct/24/tim-kaine/democratic-party-oldest-continuous-political-party/ | url-status = live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|last=Stanek|first=Wojciech|title=Konfederacje a ewolucja mechanizmów walki politycznej w Rzeczypospolitej XVIII wieku|publisher=Interpress|year=1996|location=Olsztyn|pages=135–136}}</ref> Barraa-barra rajnetic dal ke bane se pahile , elections me kamti competition rahaa aur iske jaada kar ke pahile se rahe waala clique aur network dominate karat rahis. <ref name=boix09>{{cite book |editor1=Carles Boix |editor2=Susan C. Stokes |author=Carles Boix |date= 2009 |title=The Oxford Handbook of Comparative Politics |chapter=The Emergence of Parties and Party Systems |pages=499–521 |publisher=Oxford University Press |doi=10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199566020.003.0021 |isbn=978-0199566020}}</ref>{{rp|510}} ===18th century=== [[File:A-Block-for-the-Wigs-Gillray.jpeg|thumb|upright=1.2|In ''A Block for the Wigs'' (1783), [[James Gillray]] caricatured Fox's return to power in a coalition with North. George III is the blockhead in the centre.]] [[Category:Political parties| ]] [[Category:Politics]] [[Category:Rajniti]] 89iu6o29066mhyk3tttpb70sjkw1bat 3 68501 333771 2026-03-29T23:12:32Z New user message 12502 Adding [[Template:Welcome|welcome message]] to new user's talk page 333771 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Template:Welcome|realName=|name=XXm0b4iXX}} -- [[sadasya:New user message|New user message]] ([[sadasya ke baat:New user message|talk]]) 23:12, 29 Maach 2026 (UTC) m7w6ydo3qhcdns3hrr4ye5k2u2hzop9 3 68502 333772 2026-03-29T23:15:33Z New user message 12502 Adding [[Template:Welcome|welcome message]] to new user's talk page 333772 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Template:Welcome|realName=|name=Nonztp}} -- [[sadasya:New user message|New user message]] ([[sadasya ke baat:New user message|talk]]) 23:15, 29 Maach 2026 (UTC) nvib0omxm7n6l6zcb0ijyce7eir7ecg 3 68503 333773 2026-03-30T00:54:14Z New user message 12502 Adding [[Template:Welcome|welcome message]] to new user's talk page 333773 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Template:Welcome|realName=|name=TariffedSparrow}} -- [[sadasya:New user message|New user message]] ([[sadasya ke baat:New user message|talk]]) 00:54, 30 Maach 2026 (UTC) 0xdb46dmsapipxh81jokeukgomk0307 3 68504 333774 2026-03-30T02:14:29Z New user message 12502 Adding [[Template:Welcome|welcome message]] to new user's talk page 333774 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Template:Welcome|realName=|name=Haraldo6596}} -- [[sadasya:New user message|New user message]] ([[sadasya ke baat:New user message|talk]]) 02:14, 30 Maach 2026 (UTC) nz53955uuls6tlah8cg75vkwa3ah0rv 3 68505 333775 2026-03-30T04:25:35Z New user message 12502 Adding [[Template:Welcome|welcome message]] to new user's talk page 333775 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Template:Welcome|realName=|name=Saruul 04}} -- [[sadasya:New user message|New user message]] ([[sadasya ke baat:New user message|talk]]) 04:25, 30 Maach 2026 (UTC) 7v4ityn35mqr6i6mmi6w0ebsduhm0z3 3 68506 333776 2026-03-30T06:13:02Z New user message 12502 Adding [[Template:Welcome|welcome message]] to new user's talk page 333776 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Template:Welcome|realName=|name=JgbJgbjgb}} -- [[sadasya:New user message|New user message]] ([[sadasya ke baat:New user message|talk]]) 06:13, 30 Maach 2026 (UTC) d4euonu9kewm8z7fcgpakn8e7ih3m0i 3 68507 333777 2026-03-30T08:42:38Z New user message 12502 Adding [[Template:Welcome|welcome message]] to new user's talk page 333777 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Template:Welcome|realName=|name=BFPlayer 0}} -- [[sadasya:New user message|New user message]] ([[sadasya ke baat:New user message|talk]]) 08:42, 30 Maach 2026 (UTC) f6uk4xzh48eti9920r1bifuuj8e590v 3 68508 333778 2026-03-30T08:51:17Z New user message 12502 Adding [[Template:Welcome|welcome message]] to new user's talk page 333778 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Template:Welcome|realName=|name=Aayush Ram}} -- [[sadasya:New user message|New user message]] ([[sadasya ke baat:New user message|talk]]) 08:51, 30 Maach 2026 (UTC) nj6namtrddp83mg43gg1och1jxajb9v 0 68509 333781 2026-03-30T09:09:11Z Bbhamji 1047 Bbhamji moved panna [[Rajnetic dal]] se [[Rajnitic dal]] 333781 wikitext text/x-wiki #REDIRECT [[Rajnitic dal]] lqwpltyekgde4zratrz460o94ztexm4 0 68510 333783 2026-03-30T09:10:26Z Bbhamji 1047 Bbhamji moved panna [[Rajnitic dal]] se [[Rajnitik dal]] 333783 wikitext text/x-wiki #REDIRECT [[Rajnitik dal]] svik3oyx3uzwkxv8fgkj7tlyvhmync7 3 68511 333786 2026-03-30T09:55:22Z New user message 12502 Adding [[Template:Welcome|welcome message]] to new user's talk page 333786 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Template:Welcome|realName=|name=Yogiraj 96}} -- [[sadasya:New user message|New user message]] ([[sadasya ke baat:New user message|talk]]) 09:55, 30 Maach 2026 (UTC) tga0hu3j9ix79b1dw1003glrde0t1ef 3 68512 333790 2026-03-30T11:55:33Z New user message 12502 Adding [[Template:Welcome|welcome message]] to new user's talk page 333790 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Template:Welcome|realName=|name=Sri wahyun8}} -- [[sadasya:New user message|New user message]] ([[sadasya ke baat:New user message|talk]]) 11:55, 30 Maach 2026 (UTC) 60qqehm8pu3nsrbj7rgj51zc2ipwcg2