Wikipedia hifwiki https://hif.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pahila_Panna MediaWiki 1.46.0-wmf.22 first-letter saadhan khaas baat sadasya sadasya ke baat Wikipedia Wikipedia baat file file ke baat MediaWiki MediaWiki ke baat Template Template ke baat madat madat ke baat vibhag voibhag ke baat TimedText TimedText talk Module Module talk Event Event talk 0 3911 333980 333979 2026-04-05T12:27:32Z Snandan 529 333980 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox artist | honorific_prefix = [[Sir]] | name = Peter Paul Rubens | image = Peter Paul Rubens - Self-portrait - RH.S.180 - Rubenshuis (after restoration).jpg | caption = ''[[Self-Portrait (Rubens, Antwerp)|Self-Portrait]]'', {{circa|1623|1630}} | image size = | birth_date = 28 June 1577 | birth_place = [[Siegen]], [[County of Nassau|Nassau-Dillenburg]], [[Holy Roman Empire]] | death_date = {{death date and age|df=yes|1640|5|30|1577|6|28}} | death_place = [[Antwerp]], [[Spanish Netherlands]] | field = [[Painting]], [[drawing]], tapestry design, print design | training = [[Tobias Verhaecht]]<br />[[Adam van Noort]]<br />[[Otto van Veen]] | movement = [[Flemish Baroque painting|Flemish Baroque]] | works = | patrons = | spouse = {{plainlist| * {{Marriage|[[Isabella Brant]]|1609|1626|end=died}} * {{Marriage|[[Helena Fourment]]|1630<!--Don't add his death per template instructions-->}} }} | children = 8, including [[Nicolaas Rubens, Lord of Rameyen|Nikolaas]] and [[Albert Rubens|Albert]] | parents = {{plainlist| * [[Jan Rubens]] * [[Maria Pypelincks]] }} | module = {{Infobox person|child=yes | signature = Rubens autograph vector.svg}} }} [[File:Peter Paul Rubens - Rubens and Isabella Brant in the honeysuckle bower.jpg|thumb|200px|"Rubens and [[Isabella Brant]] in the Honeysuckle Bower" [[Alte Pinakothek]]]] '''Pieter Pauwel (Peter Paul) Rubens''' ([[28 June]] [[1577]] – [[30 May]] [[1640]]) ek [[Flemings|Flemish]] [[painter]] rahaa. Uu [[Baroque]] style me paint karat rahaa. Rubens ke uske [[Counter-Reformation]] [[altarpiece]]s, [[portrait]]s, [[Landscape painting|landscapes]], aur [[history painting]]s of mythological and allegorical subjects khatir jaana jaawe hae. Iske saathe uu [[Antwerp]] me ek barraa studio chlawat rahaa jon ki Europe bhar ke nobility aur art collectors me mashuur rahaa. Rubens ek classically-educated [[Renaissance humanism|humanist scholar]], art collector, aur diplomat rahaa jiske duuno [[Philip IV of Spain|Philip IV]], Spain ke raja aur [[Charles I of England|Charles I]], England ke raja knithood diis rahaa. === Early life === Rubens ke janam Siegen, Westphalia, Germany me bhais rahaa. Uske pitaji, Jan Rubens aur maiya Maria Pypelincks rahis. Jan Rubens ek Calvinist rahis, aur uu aapan aurat ke saathe hissa ke Antwerp se [[Cologne]] 1568 me gais, kaahe ki Netherlands me Spain ke raaj me [[Protestant]] log ke bahut satawa jaawat rahaa. Jan Rubens, 1570 me Siegen ke raja ke aurat ke leagal advisor ban gais aur wanhii pe rahe lagaa. Jan Rubens ke rani ke saathe affair kare ke khatir jahrl bhej aais rahaa aur yahii time 1577 me Peter Paul Rubens paida bhais rahaa. 1588 me puura palwaar Cologne chal diin, lekin dui saal baad, Rubens ke pitaji ke maut ke baad Rubens aapan maiya ke saathe Antwerp laut gais, jahaan pe uske [[Roman Catholic Church|Catholic]] ke upbringing mila. Dharam uske jiwan me khaas sthan rakhis rahaa aur uu baad me Catholic Counter-Reformation style of painting ke .<ref>Belkin (1998): 11–18.</ref> Antwerp me Rubens ke humanist sikchha milaa, jisme uu Latin aur classical literature parrhis. Chaudah saal ke umar me uu aapan artistic apprenticeship [[Tobias Verhaeght]] ke saathe suruu karis. Baad me uu city ke dui sab se achchhaa painter logan [[Adam van Noort]] aur [[Otto van Veen]] ke niche parhis.<ref>Held (1983): 14–35.</ref> Uske pahile ke training me jaada training me uu pahile ke artist ke kaam ke paint karat rahaa. Rubens aapan parrhai ke 1598 me khalaas karis, jab uu [[Guild of St. Luke]] me ek independent master ke ruup me join karis.<ref>Belkin (1998): 22–38.</ref> === Apprenticeship === Uske maut 1587 talak, Jan Rubens aapan larrka ke sikchhaa me gambhir se lagaa rahaa. Peter Paul aur uske barraa bhaiyaa, Philip rke [[Renaissance humanist|humanist]] sikchhaa in Cologne me milaa rahaa jon unke Antwerp jaawe ke baad talak chalte rahaa. Uu log Latin school of Rombout (Romuldus) Verdonck, Antwerp me bharti rahin, jahaan pe uulogan Latin aur classical literature parrhat rahin. Philip baad me ek jaana-maana [[antiquarian]], librarian aur [[philologist]] banaa rahaa lekin uske maut kam umar me hoe gais rahaa. Paul ke ek schoolmate[[Balthasar I Moretus|Balthasar Moretus]], [[Christophe Plantin]] ke potaa rahaa, jon ek [[Plantin Press|Plantin-Moretus publishing house]], Antwerp me, ke suruu kare waala rahaa. Balthasar uske jindagi bhar ke dost rahaa aur palwaar ke publishing house chalaawat rahaa.<ref name=whi/> 1590 me, duuno bhaiyaa logan ke aapan parrhai ke rok ke kaam suruu kare ke parraa rahaa, jisse uulog aapan bahini, Blandina ke khaatir dahej batore sake. Jab bhaiyaa Philip aapans humanistic aur scholarly sikchhaa jaari rakkhis rahaa ek private teacher ke ruup me kaam kar ke , Peter Paul, Countess Marguerite de Ligne-Arenberg ke page banaa, jiske sasur Spanish Netherlands ke governor general rahaa. Countess, Count Philippe de Lalaing ke bidhwa rahii aur Oudenaarde me rahat rahii. Jab ki uu intellectually aur temperamentally ek courtier ke kaam ke khaatir thik rahaa, Rubens chhotaa se [[Hans Holbein the Younger]] aur [[Tobias Stimmer]] ke kaam se attracted rahaa, jiske uu achchhaa se copy karis rahaa, [[Marcantonio Raimondi]] ke [[engraving]]s , [[Raphael]] ke baad.<ref name=ox>Hans Devisscher. "Verhaecht, Tobias." Grove Art Online. Oxford Art Online. Oxford University Press. Web. 29 May 2024</ref> UU aapan ambition, ek chitrkaar bane ke khaatir landscape painter [[Tobias Verhaecht]] ke ssathe, 1592 me aapan apprentiship suruu karis rahaa.<ref name=lamster/> Verhaecht ke saadi Suzanna van Mockenborch se, jon Peter Paul Rubens's stepfather Jan de Landmetere ke poti rahis aur aapan maiyaa ke sousin rahii se bhais rahaa.<ref>Marie-Anne Lescourret, ''Rubens: A Portrait'', Ivan R. Dee, 21 May 2002</ref> Ii palwaar ke connection, Verhaecht ke aapan pahila first master ke chunnaa, ke samjhaawe hae. [[File:Peter Paul Rubens - Battle of the Amazons.jpg|thumb|left|''Battle of the Amazons'', 1598]] Rubens, Verhaecht ke workshop ek saal baad chhorr ke history painting me lag gais, landscape painting ke chhorr ke.<ref name=ox/> Iske baad uu uu aapan sikchhaa jaari rakkis rahaa city ke ek leading painters, artist [[Adam van Noort]]. Van Noort ek [[Romanism (painting)|Romanist]] rahaa, ek term jon uu chitrkaar khaatir kaam me laawa jaawat rahaa jon [[Low Countries]] ke rahin aur Rome aawe rahin Italian chitrkaar, jaise [[Michelangelo]], [[Leonardo da Vinci]], [[Raphael]] aur [[Titian]] se sikhe aur aapan ghare laut ke chitr banae rahin jon Italian innovations ke dekhaat rahin. Rubens ke apprenticeship van Noort ke saathe chaar saal talak rahaa jon time uu improved his handling of figures and faces.<ref name=oppen>Paul Oppenheimer, ''Rubens: a portrait ''. New York, 2002, pp. 121–123</ref> Uu baad me Romanist painter, [[Otto van Veen]] ke niche sikchhaa paais rahaa.<ref>Held (1983): 14–35.</ref> Van Veen, Rubens ke uu intellectual aur artistic stimulation diis jon uske temperament ke suit karat rahaa. Van Veen, paanch saal talak [[Italy]] me rahaa aur ek achchhaa portraitist rahaa aur uske churraa Humanist sikchhaa rahaa. Uu Spanish royalty ke jaanat rahaa aur uske ek court painter [[Albert VII, Archduke of Austria]] aur Infanta [[Isabella Clara Eugenia]] of Spain, the sovereigns of the [[Spanish Netherlands]], khaatir banaawa gais rahaa.<ref name=oppen/> Van Veen instill karis rahaa, Rubens me, 'pictor doctus' (learned painter) ke ideal, jon chitrkaari ke samjhe hae ke khaali practice ke jaruri hae, lekin knowledge of art theory, Classical art and literature, aur masters of the Italian Renaissance ke bhi jaruri hae. Uu Rubens ke 'code of conduct' se introduce karis rahaa, jiske court painters ke jaruri rahaa, jiske jaruri rahaa safaltaa haasil kare ke khaatir.<ref name=cod>[https://www.codart.nl/feature/curators-project/rubenss-flemish-heritage Paul Huvenne, ''Rubens's Flemish Heritage''] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240616113638/https://www.codart.nl/feature/curators-project/rubenss-flemish-heritage/ |date=16 June 2024 }}, October 2013, in CODART</ref> Rubens aapan apprenticeship van Veen ke saathe 1598 me khalaas karis rahaa, jon saal uu [[Guild of St. Luke]] ke join karis ek independent master ke ruup me. Independent master ban ke, uske commission le ke aur apprentices ke train ke ke ijaajat milaa. Uske pahila pupil [[Deodat del Monte]] rahaa jon baad me uske saathe Italy gais rahaa.<ref>Belkin (1998): 22–38.</ref> Uu van Veen ke studio me ek assistant rahaa, ek independent master bane se pahile. Ii time ke uske kaam, jaise [[:File:Rubens Painting Adam Eve.jpg|''Adam and Eve'']] ([[Rubenshuis]], Antwerp, c. 1599) aur ''Battle of the Amazons'' ([[Sanssouci Picture Gallery]], Potsdam) master van Veen ke influence dekhae hae.<ref name=ox/> Ii style me dher Italianate mannerism rahaa jon Antwerp workshop tradition and the Italian art theory of the Renaissance se constrained rahaa.<ref name=cod/> == References == <references/> {{BD|1577|1640|Rubens, Peter Paul}} [[vibhag:P]] [[vibhag:R]] [[vibhag:Chitrkaar]] [[vibhag:Belgium ke log]] 3jca9msohbpvc1t9efq0gmits8avds0 333981 333980 2026-04-05T12:41:42Z Snandan 529 333981 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox artist | honorific_prefix = [[Sir]] | name = Peter Paul Rubens | image = Peter Paul Rubens - Self-portrait - RH.S.180 - Rubenshuis (after restoration).jpg | caption = ''[[Self-Portrait (Rubens, Antwerp)|Self-Portrait]]'', {{circa|1623|1630}} | image size = | birth_date = 28 June 1577 | birth_place = [[Siegen]], [[County of Nassau|Nassau-Dillenburg]], [[Holy Roman Empire]] | death_date = {{death date and age|df=yes|1640|5|30|1577|6|28}} | death_place = [[Antwerp]], [[Spanish Netherlands]] | field = [[Painting]], [[drawing]], tapestry design, print design | training = [[Tobias Verhaecht]]<br />[[Adam van Noort]]<br />[[Otto van Veen]] | movement = [[Flemish Baroque painting|Flemish Baroque]] | works = | patrons = | spouse = {{plainlist| * {{Marriage|[[Isabella Brant]]|1609|1626|end=died}} * {{Marriage|[[Helena Fourment]]|1630<!--Don't add his death per template instructions-->}} }} | children = 8, including [[Nicolaas Rubens, Lord of Rameyen|Nikolaas]] and [[Albert Rubens|Albert]] | parents = {{plainlist| * [[Jan Rubens]] * [[Maria Pypelincks]] }} | module = {{Infobox person|child=yes | signature = Rubens autograph vector.svg}} }} [[File:Peter Paul Rubens - Rubens and Isabella Brant in the honeysuckle bower.jpg|thumb|200px|"Rubens and [[Isabella Brant]] in the Honeysuckle Bower" [[Alte Pinakothek]]]] '''Pieter Pauwel (Peter Paul) Rubens''' ([[28 June]] [[1577]] – [[30 May]] [[1640]]) ek [[Flemings|Flemish]] [[painter]] rahaa. Uu [[Baroque]] style me paint karat rahaa. Rubens ke uske [[Counter-Reformation]] [[altarpiece]]s, [[portrait]]s, [[Landscape painting|landscapes]], aur [[history painting]]s of mythological and allegorical subjects khatir jaana jaawe hae. Iske saathe uu [[Antwerp]] me ek barraa studio chlawat rahaa jon ki Europe bhar ke nobility aur art collectors me mashuur rahaa. Rubens ek classically-educated [[Renaissance humanism|humanist scholar]], art collector, aur diplomat rahaa jiske duuno [[Philip IV of Spain|Philip IV]], Spain ke raja aur [[Charles I of England|Charles I]], England ke raja knithood diis rahaa. === Early life === Rubens ke janam Siegen, Westphalia, Germany me bhais rahaa. Uske pitaji, Jan Rubens aur maiya Maria Pypelincks rahis. Jan Rubens ek Calvinist rahis, aur uu aapan aurat ke saathe hissa ke Antwerp se [[Cologne]] 1568 me gais, kaahe ki Netherlands me Spain ke raaj me [[Protestant]] log ke bahut satawa jaawat rahaa. Jan Rubens, 1570 me Siegen ke raja ke aurat ke leagal advisor ban gais aur wanhii pe rahe lagaa. Jan Rubens ke rani ke saathe affair kare ke khatir jahrl bhej aais rahaa aur yahii time 1577 me Peter Paul Rubens paida bhais rahaa. 1588 me puura palwaar Cologne chal diin, lekin dui saal baad, Rubens ke pitaji ke maut ke baad Rubens aapan maiya ke saathe Antwerp laut gais, jahaan pe uske [[Roman Catholic Church|Catholic]] ke upbringing mila. Dharam uske jiwan me khaas sthan rakhis rahaa aur uu baad me Catholic Counter-Reformation style of painting ke .<ref>Belkin (1998): 11–18.</ref> Antwerp me Rubens ke humanist sikchha milaa, jisme uu Latin aur classical literature parrhis. Chaudah saal ke umar me uu aapan artistic apprenticeship [[Tobias Verhaeght]] ke saathe suruu karis. Baad me uu city ke dui sab se achchhaa painter logan [[Adam van Noort]] aur [[Otto van Veen]] ke niche parhis.<ref>Held (1983): 14–35.</ref> Uske pahile ke training me jaada training me uu pahile ke artist ke kaam ke paint karat rahaa. Rubens aapan parrhai ke 1598 me khalaas karis, jab uu [[Guild of St. Luke]] me ek independent master ke ruup me join karis.<ref>Belkin (1998): 22–38.</ref> === Apprenticeship === Uske maut 1587 talak, Jan Rubens aapan larrka ke sikchhaa me gambhir se lagaa rahaa. Peter Paul aur uske barraa bhaiyaa, Philip rke [[Renaissance humanist|humanist]] sikchhaa in Cologne me milaa rahaa jon unke Antwerp jaawe ke baad talak chalte rahaa. Uu log Latin school of Rombout (Romuldus) Verdonck, Antwerp me bharti rahin, jahaan pe uulogan Latin aur classical literature parrhat rahin. Philip baad me ek jaana-maana [[antiquarian]], librarian aur [[philologist]] banaa rahaa lekin uske maut kam umar me hoe gais rahaa. Paul ke ek schoolmate[[Balthasar I Moretus|Balthasar Moretus]], [[Christophe Plantin]] ke potaa rahaa, jon ek [[Plantin Press|Plantin-Moretus publishing house]], Antwerp me, ke suruu kare waala rahaa. Balthasar uske jindagi bhar ke dost rahaa aur palwaar ke publishing house chalaawat rahaa.<ref name=whi/> 1590 me, duuno bhaiyaa logan ke aapan parrhai ke rok ke kaam suruu kare ke parraa rahaa, jisse uulog aapan bahini, Blandina ke khaatir dahej batore sake. Jab bhaiyaa Philip aapans humanistic aur scholarly sikchhaa jaari rakkhis rahaa ek private teacher ke ruup me kaam kar ke , Peter Paul, Countess Marguerite de Ligne-Arenberg ke page banaa, jiske sasur Spanish Netherlands ke governor general rahaa. Countess, Count Philippe de Lalaing ke bidhwa rahii aur Oudenaarde me rahat rahii. Jab ki uu intellectually aur temperamentally ek courtier ke kaam ke khaatir thik rahaa, Rubens chhotaa se [[Hans Holbein the Younger]] aur [[Tobias Stimmer]] ke kaam se attracted rahaa, jiske uu achchhaa se copy karis rahaa, [[Marcantonio Raimondi]] ke [[engraving]]s , [[Raphael]] ke baad.<ref name=ox>Hans Devisscher. "Verhaecht, Tobias." Grove Art Online. Oxford Art Online. Oxford University Press. Web. 29 May 2024</ref> UU aapan ambition, ek chitrkaar bane ke khaatir landscape painter [[Tobias Verhaecht]] ke ssathe, 1592 me aapan apprentiship suruu karis rahaa.<ref name=lamster/> Verhaecht ke saadi Suzanna van Mockenborch se, jon Peter Paul Rubens's stepfather Jan de Landmetere ke poti rahis aur aapan maiyaa ke sousin rahii se bhais rahaa.<ref>Marie-Anne Lescourret, ''Rubens: A Portrait'', Ivan R. Dee, 21 May 2002</ref> Ii palwaar ke connection, Verhaecht ke aapan pahila first master ke chunnaa, ke samjhaawe hae. [[File:Peter Paul Rubens - Battle of the Amazons.jpg|thumb|left|''Battle of the Amazons'', 1598]] Rubens, Verhaecht ke workshop ek saal baad chhorr ke history painting me lag gais, landscape painting ke chhorr ke.<ref name=ox/> Iske baad uu uu aapan sikchhaa jaari rakkis rahaa city ke ek leading painters, artist [[Adam van Noort]]. Van Noort ek [[Romanism (painting)|Romanist]] rahaa, ek term jon uu chitrkaar khaatir kaam me laawa jaawat rahaa jon [[Low Countries]] ke rahin aur Rome aawe rahin Italian chitrkaar, jaise [[Michelangelo]], [[Leonardo da Vinci]], [[Raphael]] aur [[Titian]] se sikhe aur aapan ghare laut ke chitr banae rahin jon Italian innovations ke dekhaat rahin. Rubens ke apprenticeship van Noort ke saathe chaar saal talak rahaa jon time uu improved his handling of figures and faces.<ref name=oppen>Paul Oppenheimer, ''Rubens: a portrait ''. New York, 2002, pp. 121–123</ref> Uu baad me Romanist painter, [[Otto van Veen]] ke niche sikchhaa paais rahaa.<ref>Held (1983): 14–35.</ref> Van Veen, Rubens ke uu intellectual aur artistic stimulation diis jon uske temperament ke suit karat rahaa. Van Veen, paanch saal talak [[Italy]] me rahaa aur ek achchhaa portraitist rahaa aur uske churraa Humanist sikchhaa rahaa. Uu Spanish royalty ke jaanat rahaa aur uske ek court painter [[Albert VII, Archduke of Austria]] aur Infanta [[Isabella Clara Eugenia]] of Spain, the sovereigns of the [[Spanish Netherlands]], khaatir banaawa gais rahaa.<ref name=oppen/> Van Veen instill karis rahaa, Rubens me, 'pictor doctus' (learned painter) ke ideal, jon chitrkaari ke samjhe hae ke khaali practice ke jaruri hae, lekin knowledge of art theory, Classical art and literature, aur masters of the Italian Renaissance ke bhi jaruri hae. Uu Rubens ke 'code of conduct' se introduce karis rahaa, jiske court painters ke jaruri rahaa, jiske jaruri rahaa safaltaa haasil kare ke khaatir.<ref name=cod>[https://www.codart.nl/feature/curators-project/rubenss-flemish-heritage Paul Huvenne, ''Rubens's Flemish Heritage''] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240616113638/https://www.codart.nl/feature/curators-project/rubenss-flemish-heritage/ |date=16 June 2024 }}, October 2013, in CODART</ref> Rubens aapan apprenticeship van Veen ke saathe 1598 me khalaas karis rahaa, jon saal uu [[Guild of St. Luke]] ke join karis ek independent master ke ruup me. Independent master ban ke, uske commission le ke aur apprentices ke train ke ke ijaajat milaa. Uske pahila pupil [[Deodat del Monte]] rahaa jon baad me uske saathe Italy gais rahaa.<ref>Belkin (1998): 22–38.</ref> Uu van Veen ke studio me ek assistant rahaa, ek independent master bane se pahile. Ii time ke uske kaam, jaise [[:File:Rubens Painting Adam Eve.jpg|''Adam and Eve'']] ([[Rubenshuis]], Antwerp, c. 1599) aur ''Battle of the Amazons'' ([[Sanssouci Picture Gallery]], Potsdam) master van Veen ke influence dekhae hae.<ref name=ox/> Ii style me dher Italianate mannerism rahaa jon Antwerp workshop tradition and the Italian art theory of the Renaissance se constrained rahaa.<ref name=cod/> === Italy (1600–1608) === [[File:Peter Paul Rubens - Self-Portrait in a Circle of Friends at Mantua.jpg|thumb|''[[Self-Portrait in a Circle of Friends from Mantua]]'', 1602–06]] 1600 me Rubens Italy gais aapan pahila pupil Deodat del Monte ke saathe. Uulog pahile [[Venice]] me rukin,<ref>{{cite book |last1=Noyes |first1=Ruth S. |title=Peter Paul Rubens and the Counter-Reformation Crisis of the Beati moderni |date=2017 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-1351613200 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=kC82DwAAQBAJ&q=rubens+1600+arrival+venice&pg=PT271}}</ref> jahaan pe uu [[Titian]], [[Paolo Veronese|Veronese]], aur [[Tintoretto]] ke chitrkaari ke dekhis rahaa. Veronese aur Tintoretto ke colouring aur compositions ke Rubens ke chitrkaari pe instant impact rahaa, aur baad me uske, mature style per Titian ke asar rahaa.<ref>Belkin (1998): 42, 57.</ref> Jab uuu Venice gais rahaa tab Duke [[Vincenzo I Gonzaga]] of [[Duchy of Mantua|Mantua]] bhi huan rahaa. Ii hoe sake hae ki Duke uske ii time hire karis rahaa nai to Otto van Veen, jon Archdukes Albert aur Isabella ke court painter rahaa, joint governors of the Spanish Netherlands, Rubens ke Duke se introduce karis rahaa jab uu Brussels court gais rahaa. Chhotaa Duchy of Mantua jaana-maana rahaa ek art centre ke ruup me aur Duke ek avid art collector [[List of artworks in the Gonzaga collection|rich collection]] of Italian masters rahaa. Rubens jaada kar ke portraits Duke ke palwaar ke paint karis rahaa aur famous Renaissance paintings in the Duke's collection ke bhi copy karis rahaa.<ref name=ox/> Duke ke financial support se, Rubens [[Rome]] gais, [[Florence]] hote hue, 1601 me. Huan pe uu classical Greek aur Roman art parrhis rahaa aur Italian masters ke kaam ke copy karis rahaa. [[Hellenistic]] sculpture ''[[Laocoön and His Sons]]'' khaas kar ke uske khaatir influential rahaa, aur iske saathe Michelangelo, Raphael aur Leonardo ke art bhi.<ref>Belkin (1998): 52–57</ref> [[File:Peter Paul Rubens - The Fall of Phaeton (National Gallery of Art).jpg|thumb|left|upright=1.25|''[[The Fall of Phaeton (Rubens)|The Fall of Phaeton]]'', c. 1604/1605, probably reworked c. 1606/1608, [[National Gallery of Art]], Washington, D.C.]] == References == <references/> {{BD|1577|1640|Rubens, Peter Paul}} [[vibhag:P]] [[vibhag:R]] [[vibhag:Chitrkaar]] [[vibhag:Belgium ke log]] 208x08eym4rtupfonypnho8ehdmidpi 0 8941 333990 304561 2026-04-05T20:33:31Z InternetArchiveBot 26740 Rescuing 0 sources and tagging 1 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 333990 wikitext text/x-wiki '''''Sida cordifolia''''' ('''bala''', '''country mallow''', '''heart-leaf sida''' nai to '''flannel weed''') ek, dher saal talak jinda rahe waala, perr hae jon ki [[India]] se aais hae. Iske dunia bhar me pawa jaawe hae aur [[Africa]], [[Australia]], southern [[United States]], [[Hawaii]]an Islands, [[New Guinea]], aur [[French Polynesia]] me weed maana jaawe hae.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://plants.usda.gov/java/introduced?startChar=S|title=Invasive and Noxious Weeds|publisher=United States Department of Agriculture|accessdate=18 July 2010}}{{Dead link|date=April 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref><ref name="ParsonsCuthbertson2001">{{cite book|author1=William Thomas Parsons|author2=Eric George Cuthbertson|title=Noxious weeds of Australia|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=sRCrNAQQrpwC&pg=PA511|accessdate=18 July 2010|date=March 2001|publisher=Csiro Publishing|isbn=9780643065147|pages=511–}}</ref><ref name="AgyakwaAkobundu1998">{{cite book|author1=C. W. Agyakwa|author2=I. O. Akobundu|title=A handbook of West African weeds|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=GSqs_1JEO7oC&pg=PA563|accessdate=18 July 2010|year=1998|publisher=IITA|isbn=9789781311291|pages=563–}}</ref> The specific name, ''cordifolia'', refers to the heart-shaped leaf.<ref name="ParsonsCuthbertson2001" /><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.hear.org/pier/species/sida_cordifolia.htm|title=Sida cordifolia|date=10-25-2006|publisher=Pacific Island Ecosystems at Risk (PIER)|accessdate=18 July 2010|archive-date=29 July 2010|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100729130128/http://www.hear.org/pier/species/sida_cordifolia.htm|url-status=dead}}</ref> == References == <references /> [[Category:Fiji ke perr]] == Bahaari jorr == * [http://www.sankalp-ayurveda.com/ancient_herbs.pdf Ancient herbs]{{Dead link|date=October 2023 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} * [http://www.dmapr.org.in:8080/nwhgi/nwhgi/showSpecies.action?spcode=603 Herbal GArdens in India]{{Dead link|date=October 2023 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} bdl1unv4ng4lfmzeypkxcgqy7hc69d2 0 10127 333991 314758 2026-04-05T21:08:30Z InternetArchiveBot 26740 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 333991 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Distinguish|Bulgar language}} {{Infobox language |name = Bulgarian |nativename = български език<br>''bălgarski ezik'' |familycolor = Indo-European |states = [[Bulgaria]], [[Turkey]], [[Serbia]], [[Greece]], [[Ukraine]], [[Moldova]], [[Romania]], [[Albania]], [[Kosovo]], [[Republic of Macedonia]] and among emigrant communities worldwide |region = [[The Balkans]] |speakers = 12 million name="Bulgarian for beginners"/> |fam2 = [[Balto-Slavic languages|Balto-Slavic]] |fam3 = [[Slavic languages|Slavic]] |fam4 = [[South Slavic languages|South Slavic]] |fam5 = Eastern South Slavic |script = [[Cyrillic]] |nation = {{BGR}}<br>{{EU}}<br>[[Image:Flag of the Greek Orthodox Church.svg|border|20px|Mount Athos]] [[Mount Athos]] |minority={{SRB}}<br>{{ROM}} ([[Banat Bulgarian dialect|Banatian]] variant)<br>{{UKR}}{{citation needed|date=January 2011}} |agency = [http://www.ibl.bas.bg Institute for the Bulgarian language] at the Bulgarian Academy of Sciences (Институт за български език към Българската академия на науките (БАН)) |iso1 = bg|iso2=bul|iso3=bul |lingua=53-AAA-hb < [[South Slavic languages|53-AAA-h]] |notice=IPA }} '''Bulgarian language''' ek [[Slavic bhasa]] hae. == Transliteration == {| align=center cellpadding=6 cellspacing=0 style="text-align:center;" |- |'''А а'''<br />/a/||'''Б б'''<br />/b/||'''В в'''<br />/v/||'''Г г'''<br />/g/||'''Д д'''<br />/d/||'''Е е'''<br />/ɛ/||'''Ж ж'''<br />/ʒ/||'''З з'''<br />/z/||'''И и'''<br />/i/||'''Й й'''<br />/j/ |- |'''К к'''<br />/k/||'''Л л'''<br />/l/||'''М м'''<br />/m/||'''Н н'''<br />/n/||'''О о'''<br />/ɔ/||'''П п'''<br />/p/||'''Р р'''<br />/r/||'''С с'''<br />/s/||'''Т т'''<br />/t/||'''У у'''<br />/u/ |- |'''Ф ф'''<br />/f/||'''Х х'''<br />/x/||'''Ц ц'''<br />/ʦ/||'''Ч ч'''<br />/tʃ/||'''Ш ш'''<br />/ʃ/||'''Щ щ'''<br />/ʃt/||'''Ъ ъ'''<br />/ɤ/, /ə/||'''Ь ь'''<br />/ʲ/||'''Ю ю'''<br />/ju/||'''Я я'''<br />/ja/ |} <center><small>(съкратен вариант по отношение на произношението, вижте ''[[Български_език#.D0.A4.D0.BE.D0.BD.D0.BE.D0.BB.D0.BE.D0.B3.D0.B8.D1.8F|Фонология]]'' за по-пълен обзор на звуците)</small></center> ==Notes== {{Reflist|group=note| colwidth=30em}} ==References== {{Reflist|colwidth=30em}} ==Bibliography== *Comrie, Bernard and Corbett, Greville G. (1993) ''The Slavonic Languages'', London and New York: Routledge ISBN 0-415-04755-2 *{{citation |last=Ternes |first=Elmer |last2=Vladimirova-Buhtz |first2=Tatjana |year=1999 |chapter=Bulgarian |pages=55–57 |title=Handbook of the International Phonetic Association |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=0-521-63751-1 }} *Бояджиев и др. (1998) ''Граматика на съвременния български книжовен език. Том 1. Фонетика'' *Жобов, Владимир (2004) ''Звуковете в българския език'' *Кръстев, Боримир (1992) ''Граматика за всички'' *Пашов, Петър (1999) ''Българска граматика'' ==External links== {{InterWiki|code=bg}} {{Wikibooks|Bulgarian}} {{Commons category}} '''Linguistic reports''' *[http://www.ethnologue.com/show_language.asp?code=bul Ethnologue report for Bulgarian] *[http://www.omniglot.com/writing/bulgarian.htm Bulgarian at Omniglot] * [http://en.wikivoyage.org/wiki/Bulgarian_phrasebook Bulgarian phrasebook at Wikivoyage] *[http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Appendix:Bulgarian_Swadesh_list Bulgarian Swadesh list of basic vocabulary words] (from Wiktionary's [http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Appendix:Swadesh_lists Swadesh list appendix]) *[http://bulgarianlanguage.org The Bulgarian Language – Website with material to learn Bulgarian] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110622181915/http://bulgarianlanguage.org/ |date=2011-06-22 }} '''Dictionaries''' *[http://sa.dir.bg/ Bulgarian–English–Bulgarian Online dictionary] from [http://sa.dir.bg/sa.htm SA Dictionary] *[http://1nk.us/dict/index.html?word=dictionary Online Dual English–Bulgarian dictionary] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081229230949/http://1nk.us/dict/index.html?word=dictionary |date=2008-12-29 }} *[http://webtrance.skycode.com/online.asp Online automatic translation between Bulgarian, English, French, German, Italian, and Spanish] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130523015249/http://webtrance.skycode.com/online.asp |date=2013-05-23 }} *[http://www.websters-online-dictionary.org/definition/Bulgarian-english/ Bulgarian Dictionary] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20040404093945/http://www.websters-online-dictionary.org/definition/Bulgarian-english/ |date=2004-04-04 }}: from [http://www.websters-online-dictionary.org Webster’s Dictionary] *[http://www.dicts.info/dictlist1.php?l=Bulgarian Bulgarian bilingual dictionaries] *[http://www.learn-bulgarian.net/english-bulgarian-dictionary/ Englisch-Bulgarian (Cyrillic) Dictionary] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130428233935/http://www.learn-bulgarian.net/english-bulgarian-dictionary/ |date=2013-04-28 }} '''Courses''' * [http://www.fsi-language-courses.org/Content.php?page=Bulgarian USA Foreign Service Institute Bulgarian basic course] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130824210925/http://www.fsi-language-courses.org/Content.php?page=Bulgarian |date=2013-08-24 }} {{Bulgarian dialects}} {{Slavic languages}} {{Official EU languages}} {{Bulgaria topics}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Bulgarian Language}} [[vibhag:B]] [[vibhag:Slavic bhasa]] [[vibhag:Bulgaria ke bhasa]] [[vibhag:Greece ke bhasa]] [[vibhag:Romania ke bhasa]] [[vibhag:Serbia ke bhasa]] [[vibhag:Republic of Macedonia ke bhasa]] [[vibhag:Turkey ke bhasa]] 2sj0urp6438g6lkiv7c081oig9oncmw 0 45420 333989 325064 2026-04-05T18:55:38Z InternetArchiveBot 26740 Rescuing 0 sources and tagging 1 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 333989 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Year nav range|{{PAGENAME}}}} '''2020''' (MMXX) ek leap saal rahaa, jon ki budh ke din suruu bhais rahaa. Ii [[3rd millennium]] aur [[21st century]] 20th saal rahaa, aur [[2020s]] dassak ke 1st saal rahaa. Ii saal Vikram Samvat (Hindu) ke 2076-2077, Shaka Samvat (Hindu) ke 1941-1942, Kali Yuga ke 5120-5121, Buddhist calendar ke 2564, Islamic calendar ke 1441-1442, aur Nanakshashi calendar ke 552 saal rahaa. == Ghatna == * 14 May - Hindustani log ke Fiji aae ke 141 st anniverasry pe, Fiji ke Prime Minister, Frank Bainimarama batais ki "Girmitya logan Fiji ke banain hae jaise ki Fiji abhi hae" == Janam == == Maut == * [[25 February]] - Satya Nand Nandan,jon ki Fiji ke United Nations me pahila ambassador aur baad me Seabed Authority ke Secretary General rahaa. [[file:Sean_Connery_as_James_Bond_at_Switzerland_1964_(two_thirds_crop).jpg|left|80px|thumb|Connery]] * [[31 October]] - '''[[Sean Connery]]''', [[Great Britain]] ke actor ke maut Lyford Cay, The Bahamas me bhais rahaa. [[file:Armen_Dzigarkhanyan_(cropped).jpg|left|80px|thumb|Dzhigarkhanyan]] * [[14 November]] - '''[[Armen Dzhigarkhanyan]]''', [[Armenia]]n actor rahaa jiske maut [[Moscow]] me bhais rahaa. == Chhutti aur teohaar == * [[1 January]] - Fiji me '''Nawaa Saal''' ke chhutti rahaa<ref name="holidays">[https://www.officeholidays.com/countries/fiji/2020]</ref> * [[10 April]] - Fiji me '''Good Friday''' ke chhutti rahaa <ref name="holidays"/> * [[11 April]] - Fiji me '''Easter Saturday''' ke chhutti rahaa <ref name="holidays"/> * [13 April]] - Fiji me '''Easter Monday''' ke chhutti rahaa <ref name="holidays"/> * [[7 September]] - Fiji me '''Constitution Day''' ke chhutti rahaa <ref name="holidays"/> * [[10 October]] - Fiji me '''Fiji Day''' ke chhutti rahaa.<ref name="holidays"/> * [2 November]] - Fiji me '''Prophet Mohammed ke birthday''' khatir chhutti rahaa.<ref name="holidays"/> * [[16 November]] - Fiji me '''Diwali''' ke chhutti rahaa.<ref name="holidays"/> * [[25 December]] - Fiji me '''Barraa Din''' ke chhutti rahaa.<ref name="holidays"/> * [[28 December]] - Fiji me '''Boxing Day''' ke chhutti rahaa.<ref name="holidays"/> * [[20 April]] - [[1 May]] - First term ke chhutti suruu bhaes <ref name="holidays2">[https://www.fiji.gov.fj/About-Fiji/School-Terms-2020]{{Dead link|date=April 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> * [[10 August]] - [[21 August]] - Second term ke chhutti suruu bhaes<ref name="holidays2"/> * [[23 November]] - [[8 January]] [[2021]] - Third term ke chhutti suruu bhaes<ref name="holidays2"/> == References == <references/> <br /> {{Template:YEARS}} [[Category:2020| ]] njnzt79iy14864o99osbx43mns5iqwq 0 55551 333987 333942 2026-04-05T17:06:08Z A09 27024 Reverted 1 edit by [[Special:Contributions/~2026-19873-81|~2026-19873-81]] ([[User talk:~2026-19873-81|talk]]) to last revision by ~2026-20363-85 (TwinkleGlobal) 333987 wikitext text/x-wiki Sann AD mein banaya gya aur sann 2023 tak chalayagya gya khatarnak gas phalate hai. Ill kai salo se band kiya gya tha. Sambandh: [[Covid]], [[Japanese Nuclear Gasleak|Japanese Nuclear Leak]], [[Aids]], Plague, [[India]] terrorism, new strains, [[Syria (des)|Syrian]] war, [[Israel Palestine Conflict ke Timeline ke suchi]], [[ODMP]], gun violence archive (close), mega wars. == Related == Close [[vibhag:G]] 6rvncep06pp5sbvtks66mqo3pshfezb 0 62528 333992 333929 2026-04-05T22:28:08Z ~2026-19770-47 39550 333992 wikitext text/x-wiki Centibillionaire hote hai jinke dhan 100B se upar hua hai. (Speculated dhan) {| class="wikitable" |+ !Rank !Bio !Company !Dhan !Abhi ke dhan !Notes !Rank !Dusra Rank !Sector |- !1 ![[Elon Musk]] !Tesla !857B !825B - 652B !Duniya ke sabse dhani. Dusre dhani rahe hai. !1 !1 !Automotive |- |2 |[[Larry Ellison]] |Oracle |395B |193B - 196B |Duniya ke dusre dhani. |6 |5 |Technology |- |3 |[[Larry Page]] |Alphabet |293B |240B - 250B |Duniya ke dusre dhani. |2 |2 |Technology |- |4 |[[Mark Zuckerberg]] |Meta |277B |204B - 210B |Duniya ke dusre dhani. |5 |4 |Social Media |- |5 |[[Sergey Brin]] |Alphabet |273B |222B - 232B |Tesre dhani |3 |3 |Technology |- |6 |[[Jeff Bezos]] |Amazon |260B |222B - 231B |Duniya ke desre centibillionaire, duniya ke dhani aur dusre dhani. |4 |3 |Online Shopping |- |7 |[[Bernard Arnault]] |LVMH |241B |145B - 153B |Duniya ke sabse dhani. |7 |6 |Luxury Goods |- |8 |[[Steve Ballmer]] |Microsoft |188B |122B - 133B | |14 |10 |Technology |- |9 |[[Jensen Huang]] |Nvidia |185B |152B - 145B | |8 |6 |Technology |- |10 |[[Bill Gates]] |Microsoft |179B |103B - 101B |Pehle centibillionaire. |18 |14 |Technology |- |11 |[[Warren Buffett]] |Berkshire Hathaway |169B |142B - 143B |Duniya ke tesre dhani. |11 |7 |Investments |- |12 |[[Michael Dell]] |Dell |167B |149B | |9 |6 |Technology |- |13 |[[Rob Walton]] |Walmart |158B |141B - 142B | |12 |8 |Hypermarkets |- |14 |[[Jim Walton]] |Walmart |155B |138B - 145B | |10 |8 |Hypermarkets |- |15 |[[Alice Walton]] |Walmart |155B |129B - 145B |Duniya ke dusre mahila aur sabse dhani. |13 |9 |Hypermarkets |- |16 |[[Gautam Adani]] |Adani |150B |59B - 72B | |22 |18 |Industries |- |17 |[[Amancio Ortega]] |Inditex |148B |132B - 120B | |15 |11 |Apparel |- |18 |[[Carlos Helu]] |America Movil |131B |118B - 123B | |16 |12 |Telecom |- |19 |[[Mukesh Ambani]] |Reliance |124B |98B - 92B | |20 |15 |Industries |- |20 |[[Changpeng Zhao]] |Binance |113B |112B - 40B | |17 |17 |Trading |- |21 |[[Michael Bloomberg]] |Bloomberg |110B |110B | |18 |13 |News |- |22 |[[Francoise Meyeres]] |L'Oreal |101B |88B - 87B |Duniya ke pehli dhani mahila. |21 |16 |Cosmetics |} [[vibhag:C]] [[vibhag:H]] l2igrzt6na54vlr30a2ke5tqwa2et01 0 68538 333988 333941 2026-04-05T17:06:14Z A09 27024 [[Special:Contributions/~2026-19873-81|~2026-19873-81]] ([[User talk:~2026-19873-81|Talk]]) ke badlao ke [[User:~2026-20363-85|~2026-20363-85]] ke aakhri badlao ke jaise kar dewa gais hai. 333866 wikitext text/x-wiki Police brutality kai desho mein hota hai. Close == Li bhi dekho == [[Gas Chamber]] [[Bharatiya Janata Party]], [[Central Bureau of Investigation|Central Buearu of Investigation]] List of police organisations and worlds largest political parties irr1hszd5mrij4xpol5wx0cty1iivsm 3 68573 333982 2026-04-05T13:09:24Z New user message 12502 Adding [[Template:Welcome|welcome message]] to new user's talk page 333982 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Template:Welcome|realName=|name=Veekthedragon}} -- [[sadasya:New user message|New user message]] ([[sadasya ke baat:New user message|talk]]) 13:09, 5 Aprel 2026 (UTC) j87hpnbg76g301kbmus1h0ehhbxdu4h 3 68574 333983 2026-04-05T15:10:06Z New user message 12502 Adding [[Template:Welcome|welcome message]] to new user's talk page 333983 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Template:Welcome|realName=|name=Dvorakuser1}} -- [[sadasya:New user message|New user message]] ([[sadasya ke baat:New user message|talk]]) 15:10, 5 Aprel 2026 (UTC) acyrao3q2rp3hw7lykyigt3epyo19zi 3 68575 333984 2026-04-05T15:17:59Z New user message 12502 Adding [[Template:Welcome|welcome message]] to new user's talk page 333984 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Template:Welcome|realName=|name=VortexPhantom}} -- [[sadasya:New user message|New user message]] ([[sadasya ke baat:New user message|talk]]) 15:17, 5 Aprel 2026 (UTC) mdi21gmjtmsed90tltatodmtj5yxgye 3 68576 333985 2026-04-05T15:57:43Z New user message 12502 Adding [[Template:Welcome|welcome message]] to new user's talk page 333985 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Template:Welcome|realName=|name=Ultralegend5385}} -- [[sadasya:New user message|New user message]] ([[sadasya ke baat:New user message|talk]]) 15:57, 5 Aprel 2026 (UTC) fllib9aj2p7zjsfl4o7uqgr75efiaa5 3 68577 333986 2026-04-05T16:23:24Z New user message 12502 Adding [[Template:Welcome|welcome message]] to new user's talk page 333986 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Template:Welcome|realName=|name=Ali Umut Akkaya07}} -- [[sadasya:New user message|New user message]] ([[sadasya ke baat:New user message|talk]]) 16:23, 5 Aprel 2026 (UTC) ipagxgly1m7awozojqq2kpecj7qvdb9 3 68578 333993 2026-04-05T23:35:29Z New user message 12502 Adding [[Template:Welcome|welcome message]] to new user's talk page 333993 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Template:Welcome|realName=|name=InfernoHues}} -- [[sadasya:New user message|New user message]] ([[sadasya ke baat:New user message|talk]]) 23:35, 5 Aprel 2026 (UTC) 5wk76yzg4jm6edyln0etlp8fp6pf55p 3 68579 333994 2026-04-06T04:53:52Z New user message 12502 Adding [[Template:Welcome|welcome message]] to new user's talk page 333994 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Template:Welcome|realName=|name=Alliephenix99}} -- [[sadasya:New user message|New user message]] ([[sadasya ke baat:New user message|talk]]) 04:53, 6 Aprel 2026 (UTC) crlv7gagyv13zy3l03wc8eatl4vzh4f