Luís de Camões

Wikipedia hifwiki https://hif.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pahila_Panna MediaWiki 1.46.0-wmf.22 first-letter saadhan khaas baat sadasya sadasya ke baat Wikipedia Wikipedia baat file file ke baat MediaWiki MediaWiki ke baat Template Template ke baat madat madat ke baat vibhag voibhag ke baat TimedText TimedText talk Module Module talk Event Event talk Luís de Camões 0 4163 334032 333747 2026-04-08T10:57:20Z Sampaadak 1104 334032 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox Writer | name = Luís Vaz de Camões | image = Luís de Camões por François Gérard.jpg | caption = | birth_date = c.[[1524]] | birth_place = | death_date = 10 June 1580 | death_place = [[Lisbon]] | occupation = Writer | genre = Poetry | movement = | magnum_opus = ''Os Lusíadas'' | influences = | influenced = | footnotes = }} '''Luís Vaz de Camões'''<ref>pronounced luˈiʃ vaʃ dɨ kaˈmõĩʃ; kabhi kabhi [[English bhasa|English]] me purana [[Portuguese bhasa|Portuguese]] se '''Camoens''' bola jaawe hai</ref> (c. [[1524]] – [[10 June]] [[1580]]) [[Portugal]] ke sab se barra [[kavi]] rahaa.<ref name="WDL">{{cite web |url = http://www.wdl.org/en/item/11198/ |title = The Lusiads |website = [[World Digital Library]] |date = 1800-1882 |accessdate = 2013-09-01 |archive-date = 2017-10-14 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20171014103951/https://www.wdl.org/en/item/11198/ |url-status = dead }}</ref> Uske [[Homer]], [[Virgil]], aur [[Dante Alighieri|Dante]] se compare karaa gais hai. Uu lyrical poetry ke (Portuguese aur Spanish bhasa me) aur dramalikhis hai lekin uske ''Os Lusíadas'' khatir jaana jaawe hai. == Works == * ''Os Lusíadas''<ref name="WDL"/> * ''The Parnasum of Luís Vaz'' (lost) == Biography == The definitive biography is ''Life of Camões'', by [[John Adamson (antiquary)|John Adamson]], published by [[Longman]] in [[1820]]. == Bibliography == === English === * ''Luis de Camões: Epic and Lyric'', ed. [[Keith Bosley]] (1990) * ''Camoens: His Life and his Lusiads'', [[1881]] * The Place of Camoens in Literature / Nabuco, Joaquim., [[1908]] * Luis de Camões / Bell, Aubrey F. G., [[1923]] * Camoens, Central Figure of Portuguese Lit. / [[Isaac Goldberg|Goldberg, Isaac]]., [[1924]] * From Virgil to Milton / Bowra, C. M., [[1945]] * Camoens and the Epic of the Lusiads / Hart, Henry Hersch., [[1962]] * The Lusiads of Luiz de Camões / Bacon, Leonard., [[1966]] * The Presence of Camões / Monteiro, George., [[1996]] * The Lusiads / White, Landeg., [[2002]] == Notes == {{reflist}} == Other websites == {{commons}} * [http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/03218b.htm Luis Vaz de Camões] - Catholic Encyclopedia article {{BD|1520s|1580|Camoes, Luis}} [[Category:Portugal ke Kavi]] [[Category:C]] ew0w168ac94e199dz40904jna83os8u Formula 1 0 65280 334025 332202 2026-04-08T01:07:07Z CommonsDelinker 148 Replacing F1_(registered_trademark).svg with [[File:Formula_One_logo.svg]] (by [[:c:User:CommonsDelinker|CommonsDelinker]] because: [[:c:COM:FR|File renamed]]: [[:c:COM:FR#FR2|Criterion 2]] · To clarify its meaning.). 334025 wikitext text/x-wiki [[file:Formula One logo.svg|thumb|Formula 1 ke logo]] Formula 1 ek sporting franchise hai jo racing ke liye jane jate hai. Li tez karts chalate hai aur duniya bhar ke race tracks mein chalate hai. [[vibhag:F]] [[vibhag:Khel kuud]] gb8pbx7amfe5swvm7zcvpwwskj9168s Maurya Samrajya 0 66903 334019 330056 2026-04-07T17:02:59Z Shubhsamant09 34903 334019 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox country | conventional_long_name = Maurya Empire | common_name = Mauryan Empire | native_name = | era = [[Iron Age]] | government_type = [[Monarchy]] | event_start = [[Nanda-Mauryan War]] | event1 = [[Kalinga War]] | date_event1 = 261 BCE | year_start = ca. 320 BCE  | status = [[Empire]] | year_end =  185 BCE | event_end = Brihadratha ke hatya [[Pushyamitra Shunga]] se | p1 = Nanda Empire | p2 = Arachosia | p3 = Paropamisadae | p4 = Parada kingdom | p5 = Aparanta | p6 = Saurashtra (region) | p7 = Andhras | s1 = Shunga Empire | p14 = Kalinga (historical region) | flag_s1 = | s2 = Indo-Greek Kingdom | flag_s2 = | s3 = Mitra dynasty (Kosambi) | flag_s3 = | s4 = Yaudheyas | flag_s4 = | s5 = Samatata | flag_s5 = | s6 = Satavahana dynasty | s7 = Mahameghavahana dynasty | s10 = | flag_s6 = | today = [[South Asia]] | image_map = अशोक के समय मौर्य साम्राज्य.png | image_map_caption =Maurya Samrajya ke failaav 250 BCE ke time aur Chandragupta, Bindusara aur Ashoka ke yogdaan.<ref>{{cite web|title=A Timeline of South Asian History – Mauryan Empire (321–181 BCE), Plate III.B.4 |url=https://timelinesouthasianhistory.hsites.harvard.edu/mauryan-empire-321-%E2%80%93-181-bce|website=A Timeline of South Asian History|publisher=Harvard University|access-date=7 December 2025}}</ref> | capital = [[Pataliputra]] (abhi ke [[Patna]] ke lage) | common_languages = [[Sanskrit]] (parrhai/likhaai me), [[Magadhi Prakrit]] (maatr bhasa) | religion = {{plainlist| *[[Brahmanism]]{{sfn|Nath Sen|1999|p= 164, (215) 217}} *[[Jainism]]{{sfn|Smith|1981|p=99}}{{sfn|Dalrymple|2009}}{{sfn|Keay|1981|p=85-86}} *[[Buddhism]]{{sfn|Bronkhorst|2020|p=68}}{{sfn|Long|2020|p=255}} *[[Ājīvika|Ajivikism]]{{sfn|Bronkhorst|2020|p=68}}{{sfn|Long|2020|p=255}} *[[Greek polytheism]] [[Zoroastrianism]]{{sfn|Boyce|Grenet|1991|p=149}}}} | demonym = Indian | GDP_PPP = | currency = [[Karshapana]] | title_leader = [[List of Maurya Emperors|Emperor]] | leader1 = [[Chandragupta Maurya|Chandragupta]] {{small|(pahila)}} | year_leader1 = ca. 321–298 BCE | leader2 = [[Bindusara]] {{small|(duusra)}} | year_leader2 = 298–272 BCE | leader3 = [[Ashoka the Great|Ashoka]] {{small|(tiisra)}} | year_leader3 = 268–232 BCE | leader4 = [[Dasharatha Maurya|Dasharatha]] {{small|(chauthaa)}} | year_leader4 = 232–224 BCE | leader5 = [[Samprati]] {{small|()}}paanchwa | year_leader5 = 224–215 BCE | leader6 = [[Shalishuka]] {{small|(chhataa)}} | year_leader6 = 215–202 BCE | leader7 = [[Devavarman (Maurya)|Devavarman]] {{small|(saatwa)}} | year_leader7 = 202–195 BCE | leader8 = [[Shatadhanvan]] {{small|(aathwa)}} | year_leader8 = 195–187 BCE | leader9 = [[Brihadratha Maurya|Brihadratha]] {{small|(nauaa & aakhri)}} | year_leader9 = 187–185 BCE | stat_year1 = 261 BCE | stat_area1 = 3400000 | ref_area1 = {{sfn|Taagepera|1979|p=132}} | stat_year2 = 250 BCE | stat_area2 = 5000000 | ref_area2 = <ref name="Turchin223">{{cite journal|last2=Adams|first2=Jonathan M.|last3=Hall|first3=Thomas D|date=December 2006|title=East-West Orientation of Historical Empires|url=http://jwsr.pitt.edu/ojs/index.php/jwsr/article/view/369/381|journal=Journal of World-Systems Research|volume=12|issue=2|page=223|issn=1076-156X|last1=Turchin|first1=Peter|access-date=16 September 2016|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190520161830/http://jwsr.pitt.edu/ojs/index.php/jwsr/article/view/369/381|archive-date=20 May 2019}}</ref> | stat_year3 = 3rd century BC | stat_pop3 = 15,000,000–30,000,000 }} '''Maurya Samrajya''', [[South Asia]] ke ek barraa empire rahaa, jiske rajdhani [[Magadha]] me rahaa. Iske [[Chandragupta Maurya]] lagbhag 320 BC me suruu karis rahaa aur ii 185 BC talak rahaa. Ii empire ke baare me jaankari [[Greece]] ke [[Megasthenes]] aur [[Ashoka ke Edicts]] se mila hae.<ref>{{Cite book|url=http://archive.org/details/timescompacthist0000unse_g4l2|page=28||title=The Times compact history of the world|date=2008|publisher=London : Times Books|others=Internet Archive|isbn=978-0-00-726731-6}}</ref> Yudh me vijay aur kuutnitik sandhi se, [[Chandragupta Maurya]], [[Nanda dynasty]] ke harae ke aapan adhikaar ke pachchhim me Afghanistan talak, [[Hindu Kush]] ke niche aur dakchhin me uttar [[Deccan]] talak failae diis rahaa; lekin, Magadha ilaaka se duur, uu jamaana ke technology aur infrastructure ke kaaran uske raaj samaj ke gahiraai me nai jaae sakaa rahaa. Chandragupta ke potaa, [[Ashoka the Great|Ashoka]] (ca. 268–232 BCE) ke raaj me, ii samrajya kuchh saal talak [[Indian Subcontinent|subcontinent]] ke sab rasta aur naddi ke control karat rahaa, ekdam south ke chhorr ke. Maurya ke raajdhaani (jon abhi ke [[Patna]] hae), Magadha me rahaa; aur khaas ilaaka rahaa [[Taxila]] northwest me; [[Ujjain]], [[Malwa Plateau]] me; [[Kalinga (region)|Kalinga]] [[Bay of Bengal]] ke coast me; aur sher kiimti dhaatu waala lower [[Deccan Plateau]]. Iske baahar, samrajya ke pakarr, senapati ke wafaadaari pe nibhar rahaa, jon uu sab city ke control karat rahin jon duur rahaa. Mauryan economy ke [[Buddhism]] aur [[Jainism]] ke barrhe se madat mila rahaa— ii dharam ahimsa ke promote kare hae, bina koi kaaran ke sacrifices aur rituals ke virod karat rahin, aur vaypaar kare ke kharchaa ke kamti kar de rahin sikka ke kaam me laae ke; aur likhaai se vyapaa aur barrha rahaa. Purab me Ganga ke plains me achchhaa aamdani waala kheto ke baawajuut, samundar aur naddi se trade ke aawakshataa rahaa jisse kuchh khaas chij jaise consumption goods aur bahmulya dhaatu ke paawa jaawe sake. Sardi ke mausam me trade ke barrhaawa de ke khaatir, Maurya raaj-kul rasta banaae rahin, jisme se khaas uu hae jon eastern Afghanistan ke capital [[Patliputra|Pataliputra]] se jorre hae, saal ke uu time me jab naddi me paani kamti rahe hae aur iske sahaj me paar karaa jaae sake hae. Duusra rasta Ganga ke basin ke west me Arabian Sea coast se jurre hae, aur [[precious metal]]-rich mines se dakchhin me.<ref name="Stein-Arnold-2013-lead-3">{{harvtxt|Stein|Arnold|2010|p=73}}: "Knitting these regions together were important trade routes. The northern road (uttarapatha) extended from Bengal to Taxila; another branched from the Ganges near the juncture with the Yamuna, joined the Narmada basin and continued to the Arabian seaport of Bharukaccha (Broach). Yet another branched southward (dakshinapatha) from Ujjain to the regional capital of Suvarnagiri, a centre for the production of gold and iron"</ref> ==Naam== [[Ashoka the Great|Ashoka]] ke raaj ke s 𑀚𑀁𑀩𑀼𑀤𑀻𑀧 ''Jaṃbudīpa'' naam lewa jaawe hae [[Edicts of Ashoka|his edicts]] me. Ii sabd ke naam "island/continent of [[Syzygium cumini|jambu]]" hae, jon puura [[Indian subcontinent]] ke naam puraana Indian sources me hae. Parrosi des ke log ii jagha ke dher upnaam se bolat rahin, jaise ke Greek {{Lang|grc|Ἰνδῐ́ᾱ}} ({{transliteration|grc|Indíā}}, jon [[Indus Naddi]] se aais hae), jisse dher [[Europe]]an [[bhasa]] me ii common naam subcontinent ke aais hae, jisme [[English language|English]] bhi hae. Ii duuno sabd, jaada kar ke geographical hae, political nai, aur saadhaaran bhasa me isme uu ilaaka bhi hoe sakat rahaa jon Maurya ke adikaar ke niche nai rahaa. "Maurya" naam ke Edicts of Ashoka me nai dekha jaawe hae, aur uu jamaana ke Greek accounts, jaise ki [[Megasthenes]]'s ''[[Indica (Megasthenes)|Indica]]'' me bhi nai, jiske ii sab source se saabut mile hae:{{sfn|Irfan Habib|Vivekanand Jha|2004|p=14}} *[[Junagadh rock inscription of Rudradaman]] (c. 150 CE) me "Maurya" naam ke Chandragupta aur Ashoka ke naam ke aage lagaawa gais hae.{{sfn|Irfan Habib|Vivekanand Jha|2004|p=14}} * [[Puranas]] (c. 4th century CE or earlier) Maurya ke ek dynastic appellation ke ruup me kaam me laawe hae.{{sfn|Irfan Habib|Vivekanand Jha|2004|p=14}} * Buddhist texts batawe hae ki Chandragupta "[[Moriya (tribe)|Moriya]]" gut, jon Shakyas rahin, ke rahaa, wahii gut jiske [[Gautama Buddha]] rahaa.{{sfn|Irfan Habib|Vivekanand Jha|2004|p=14}} * Jain texta bataawe hae ki Chandraguptaek imperial superintendent of peacocks (''mayura-poshaka'') ke larrka rahaa.{{sfn|Irfan Habib|Vivekanand Jha|2004|p=14}} *[[Sangam literature|Tamil Sangam literature]] iske '{{transliteration|ta|moriyar}}' kare hae aur [[Nanda Empire|Nandas]] ke naam ke baad me lagaawe hae<ref name="Singh 2008">{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Pq2iCwAAQBAJ&q=mokur+sangam+poem&pg=PA385|title=A History of Ancient and Early Medieval India: From the Stone Age to the 12th Century|last=Singh|first=Upinder|date=2008|publisher=Pearson Education India|isbn=9788131716779|language=en}}</ref> *[[Kuntala country|Kuntala]] inscription (from the town of Bandanikke, [[Mysore district|North Mysore]]) jon 12th century AD ke hae, ii batae hae ki Maurya ek gut rahaa jon ii ilaaka pe raaj karat rahaa.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.107941|title=Annual Report Of Mysore 1886 To 1903|via=Internet Archive}}</ref> == Patan == Ashoka ke bād kamzor rājā log āe, aur samrajya dhīre-dhīre tukra-tukra hū gaye. Dasharatha aur Samprati jaise rājā log ilāka sambhāl na sake, aur kayi bhāg alag hote gai. Bāhar ke hamlā, bhaari prashāsan, aur kendriya shakti ke kamjor honā bhi patan ke kāran rahaa. Ant mẽ 180 BCE mẽ rājā Brihadratha ke uske senaapati Pushyamitra Shunga dwārā hathyā ke bād Maurya Samrajya samaapt hū gayā, aur Shunga Vansh uṭh ke āyā.<ref>{{cite book |url=https://www.oxfordscholarship.com/view/10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198077244.001.0001/acprof-9780198077244-chapter-7 |title=Aśoka and the Decline of the Mauryas |last=Thapar |first=Romila |date=2012 |publisher=Oxford Scholarship Online |isbn=9780198077244 |doi=10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198077244.003.0031}}</ref> ==References== <references/> [[vibhag:M]] [[vibhag:India ke itihaas]] [[vibhag:320 BC establishments]] [[vibhag:185 BC disestablishments]] 0u8zccfgs7pdj3mlikax39ui0jaiq31 334021 334019 2026-04-07T20:27:07Z ~2026-21675-85 39632 watermaked 334021 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox country | conventional_long_name = Maurya Empire | common_name = Mauryan Empire | native_name = | era = [[Iron Age]] | government_type = [[Monarchy]] | event_start = [[Nanda-Mauryan War]] | event1 = [[Kalinga War]] | date_event1 = 261 BCE | year_start = ca. 320 BCE  | status = [[Empire]] | year_end =  185 BCE | event_end = Brihadratha ke hatya [[Pushyamitra Shunga]] se | p1 = Nanda Empire | p2 = Arachosia | p3 = Paropamisadae | p4 = Parada kingdom | p5 = Aparanta | p6 = Saurashtra (region) | p7 = Andhras | s1 = Shunga Empire | p14 = Kalinga (historical region) | flag_s1 = | s2 = Indo-Greek Kingdom | flag_s2 = | s3 = Mitra dynasty (Kosambi) | flag_s3 = | s4 = Yaudheyas | flag_s4 = | s5 = Samatata | flag_s5 = | s6 = Satavahana dynasty | s7 = Mahameghavahana dynasty | s10 = | flag_s6 = | today = [[South Asia]] | image_map = File:Samrajya-maurya-fi.png | image_map_caption =Maurya Samrajya ke failaav 260 BCE ke time aur Chandragupta, Bindusara aur Ashoka ke yogdaan.<ref>{{cite web|title=A Timeline of South Asian History – Mauryan Empire (321–181 BCE), Plate III.B.4 |url=https://timelinesouthasianhistory.hsites.harvard.edu/mauryan-empire-321-%E2%80%93-181-bce|website=A Timeline of South Asian History|publisher=Harvard University|access-date=7 December 2025}}</ref> | capital = [[Pataliputra]] (abhi ke [[Patna]] ke lage) | common_languages = [[Sanskrit]] (parrhai/likhaai me), [[Magadhi Prakrit]] (maatr bhasa) | religion = {{plainlist| *[[Brahmanism]]{{sfn|Nath Sen|1999|p= 164, (215) 217}} *[[Jainism]]{{sfn|Smith|1981|p=99}}{{sfn|Dalrymple|2009}}{{sfn|Keay|1981|p=85-86}} *[[Buddhism]]{{sfn|Bronkhorst|2020|p=68}}{{sfn|Long|2020|p=255}} *[[Ājīvika|Ajivikism]]{{sfn|Bronkhorst|2020|p=68}}{{sfn|Long|2020|p=255}} *[[Greek polytheism]] [[Zoroastrianism]]{{sfn|Boyce|Grenet|1991|p=149}}}} | demonym = Indian | GDP_PPP = | currency = [[Karshapana]] | title_leader = [[List of Maurya Emperors|Emperor]] | leader1 = [[Chandragupta Maurya|Chandragupta]] {{small|(pahila)}} | year_leader1 = ca. 321–298 BCE | leader2 = [[Bindusara]] {{small|(duusra)}} | year_leader2 = 298–272 BCE | leader3 = [[Ashoka the Great|Ashoka]] {{small|(tiisra)}} | year_leader3 = 268–232 BCE | leader4 = [[Dasharatha Maurya|Dasharatha]] {{small|(chauthaa)}} | year_leader4 = 232–224 BCE | leader5 = [[Samprati]] {{small|()}}paanchwa | year_leader5 = 224–215 BCE | leader6 = [[Shalishuka]] {{small|(chhataa)}} | year_leader6 = 215–202 BCE | leader7 = [[Devavarman (Maurya)|Devavarman]] {{small|(saatwa)}} | year_leader7 = 202–195 BCE | leader8 = [[Shatadhanvan]] {{small|(aathwa)}} | year_leader8 = 195–187 BCE | leader9 = [[Brihadratha Maurya|Brihadratha]] {{small|(nauaa & aakhri)}} | year_leader9 = 187–185 BCE | stat_year1 = 261 BCE | stat_area1 = 3400000 | ref_area1 = {{sfn|Taagepera|1979|p=132}} | stat_year2 = 250 BCE | stat_area2 = 5000000 | ref_area2 = <ref name="Turchin223">{{cite journal|last2=Adams|first2=Jonathan M.|last3=Hall|first3=Thomas D|date=December 2006|title=East-West Orientation of Historical Empires|url=http://jwsr.pitt.edu/ojs/index.php/jwsr/article/view/369/381|journal=Journal of World-Systems Research|volume=12|issue=2|page=223|issn=1076-156X|last1=Turchin|first1=Peter|access-date=16 September 2016|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190520161830/http://jwsr.pitt.edu/ojs/index.php/jwsr/article/view/369/381|archive-date=20 May 2019}}</ref> | stat_year3 = 3rd century BC | stat_pop3 = 15,000,000–30,000,000 }} '''Maurya Samrajya''', [[South Asia]] ke ek barraa empire rahaa, jiske rajdhani [[Magadha]] me rahaa. Iske [[Chandragupta Maurya]] lagbhag 320 BC me suruu karis rahaa aur ii 185 BC talak rahaa. Ii empire ke baare me jaankari [[Greece]] ke [[Megasthenes]] aur [[Ashoka ke Edicts]] se mila hae.<ref>{{Cite book|url=http://archive.org/details/timescompacthist0000unse_g4l2|page=28||title=The Times compact history of the world|date=2008|publisher=London : Times Books|others=Internet Archive|isbn=978-0-00-726731-6}}</ref> Yudh me vijay aur kuutnitik sandhi se, [[Chandragupta Maurya]], [[Nanda dynasty]] ke harae ke aapan adhikaar ke pachchhim me Afghanistan talak, [[Hindu Kush]] ke niche aur dakchhin me uttar [[Deccan]] talak failae diis rahaa; lekin, Magadha ilaaka se duur, uu jamaana ke technology aur infrastructure ke kaaran uske raaj samaj ke gahiraai me nai jaae sakaa rahaa. Chandragupta ke potaa, [[Ashoka the Great|Ashoka]] (ca. 268–232 BCE) ke raaj me, ii samrajya kuchh saal talak [[Indian Subcontinent|subcontinent]] ke sab rasta aur naddi ke control karat rahaa, ekdam south ke chhorr ke. Maurya ke raajdhaani (jon abhi ke [[Patna]] hae), Magadha me rahaa; aur khaas ilaaka rahaa [[Taxila]] northwest me; [[Ujjain]], [[Malwa Plateau]] me; [[Kalinga (region)|Kalinga]] [[Bay of Bengal]] ke coast me; aur sher kiimti dhaatu waala lower [[Deccan Plateau]]. Iske baahar, samrajya ke pakarr, senapati ke wafaadaari pe nibhar rahaa, jon uu sab city ke control karat rahin jon duur rahaa. Mauryan economy ke [[Buddhism]] aur [[Jainism]] ke barrhe se madat mila rahaa— ii dharam ahimsa ke promote kare hae, bina koi kaaran ke sacrifices aur rituals ke virod karat rahin, aur vaypaar kare ke kharchaa ke kamti kar de rahin sikka ke kaam me laae ke; aur likhaai se vyapaa aur barrha rahaa. Purab me Ganga ke plains me achchhaa aamdani waala kheto ke baawajuut, samundar aur naddi se trade ke aawakshataa rahaa jisse kuchh khaas chij jaise consumption goods aur bahmulya dhaatu ke paawa jaawe sake. Sardi ke mausam me trade ke barrhaawa de ke khaatir, Maurya raaj-kul rasta banaae rahin, jisme se khaas uu hae jon eastern Afghanistan ke capital [[Patliputra|Pataliputra]] se jorre hae, saal ke uu time me jab naddi me paani kamti rahe hae aur iske sahaj me paar karaa jaae sake hae. Duusra rasta Ganga ke basin ke west me Arabian Sea coast se jurre hae, aur [[precious metal]]-rich mines se dakchhin me.<ref name="Stein-Arnold-2013-lead-3">{{harvtxt|Stein|Arnold|2010|p=73}}: "Knitting these regions together were important trade routes. The northern road (uttarapatha) extended from Bengal to Taxila; another branched from the Ganges near the juncture with the Yamuna, joined the Narmada basin and continued to the Arabian seaport of Bharukaccha (Broach). Yet another branched southward (dakshinapatha) from Ujjain to the regional capital of Suvarnagiri, a centre for the production of gold and iron"</ref> ==Naam== [[Ashoka the Great|Ashoka]] ke raaj ke s 𑀚𑀁𑀩𑀼𑀤𑀻𑀧 ''Jaṃbudīpa'' naam lewa jaawe hae [[Edicts of Ashoka|his edicts]] me. Ii sabd ke naam "island/continent of [[Syzygium cumini|jambu]]" hae, jon puura [[Indian subcontinent]] ke naam puraana Indian sources me hae. Parrosi des ke log ii jagha ke dher upnaam se bolat rahin, jaise ke Greek {{Lang|grc|Ἰνδῐ́ᾱ}} ({{transliteration|grc|Indíā}}, jon [[Indus Naddi]] se aais hae), jisse dher [[Europe]]an [[bhasa]] me ii common naam subcontinent ke aais hae, jisme [[English language|English]] bhi hae. Ii duuno sabd, jaada kar ke geographical hae, political nai, aur saadhaaran bhasa me isme uu ilaaka bhi hoe sakat rahaa jon Maurya ke adikaar ke niche nai rahaa. "Maurya" naam ke Edicts of Ashoka me nai dekha jaawe hae, aur uu jamaana ke Greek accounts, jaise ki [[Megasthenes]]'s ''[[Indica (Megasthenes)|Indica]]'' me bhi nai, jiske ii sab source se saabut mile hae:{{sfn|Irfan Habib|Vivekanand Jha|2004|p=14}} *[[Junagadh rock inscription of Rudradaman]] (c. 150 CE) me "Maurya" naam ke Chandragupta aur Ashoka ke naam ke aage lagaawa gais hae.{{sfn|Irfan Habib|Vivekanand Jha|2004|p=14}} * [[Puranas]] (c. 4th century CE or earlier) Maurya ke ek dynastic appellation ke ruup me kaam me laawe hae.{{sfn|Irfan Habib|Vivekanand Jha|2004|p=14}} * Buddhist texts batawe hae ki Chandragupta "[[Moriya (tribe)|Moriya]]" gut, jon Shakyas rahin, ke rahaa, wahii gut jiske [[Gautama Buddha]] rahaa.{{sfn|Irfan Habib|Vivekanand Jha|2004|p=14}} * Jain texta bataawe hae ki Chandraguptaek imperial superintendent of peacocks (''mayura-poshaka'') ke larrka rahaa.{{sfn|Irfan Habib|Vivekanand Jha|2004|p=14}} *[[Sangam literature|Tamil Sangam literature]] iske '{{transliteration|ta|moriyar}}' kare hae aur [[Nanda Empire|Nandas]] ke naam ke baad me lagaawe hae<ref name="Singh 2008">{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Pq2iCwAAQBAJ&q=mokur+sangam+poem&pg=PA385|title=A History of Ancient and Early Medieval India: From the Stone Age to the 12th Century|last=Singh|first=Upinder|date=2008|publisher=Pearson Education India|isbn=9788131716779|language=en}}</ref> *[[Kuntala country|Kuntala]] inscription (from the town of Bandanikke, [[Mysore district|North Mysore]]) jon 12th century AD ke hae, ii batae hae ki Maurya ek gut rahaa jon ii ilaaka pe raaj karat rahaa.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.107941|title=Annual Report Of Mysore 1886 To 1903|via=Internet Archive}}</ref> == Patan == Ashoka ke bād kamzor rājā log āe, aur samrajya dhīre-dhīre tukra-tukra hū gaye. Dasharatha aur Samprati jaise rājā log ilāka sambhāl na sake, aur kayi bhāg alag hote gai. Bāhar ke hamlā, bhaari prashāsan, aur kendriya shakti ke kamjor honā bhi patan ke kāran rahaa. Ant mẽ 180 BCE mẽ rājā Brihadratha ke uske senaapati Pushyamitra Shunga dwārā hathyā ke bād Maurya Samrajya samaapt hū gayā, aur Shunga Vansh uṭh ke āyā.<ref>{{cite book |url=https://www.oxfordscholarship.com/view/10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198077244.001.0001/acprof-9780198077244-chapter-7 |title=Aśoka and the Decline of the Mauryas |last=Thapar |first=Romila |date=2012 |publisher=Oxford Scholarship Online |isbn=9780198077244 |doi=10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198077244.003.0031}}</ref> ==References== <references/> [[vibhag:M]] [[vibhag:India ke itihaas]] [[vibhag:320 BC establishments]] [[vibhag:185 BC disestablishments]] ctt35648mz83i27i4wphnajm3hjbs4w 2025-2026 Iranian protests 0 67836 334016 333683 2026-04-07T15:50:27Z ~2026-19770-47 39550 334016 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:2025–2026_Iranian_protests_map_v2.svg|right|200px|thumb|Iran ke uu ilaaka jisme protest bhais rahaa, 25 January 2026 talak]] 2026 meein shuru ki.gais protrst iran ke sarkar ke virod me. Ii 1979 ke baad Iran me sab se barraa virodh hae. == Ii bhi dekho == Sab war ke anth Closed [[vibhag:I]] [[vibhag:Iran]] 87fi4d0zk2svoq67s7k5wk7hlimf128 334017 334016 2026-04-07T15:50:42Z ~2026-19770-47 39550 334017 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:2025–2026_Iranian_protests_map_v2.svg|right|200px|thumb|Iran ke uu ilaaka jisme protest bhais rahaa, 25 January 2026 talak]] 2026 meein shuru ki.gais protrst iran ke sarkar ke virod me. Ii 1979 ke baad Iran me sab se barraa virodh hae. == Ii bhi dekho == Sab war ke anth Closed see also Iran Massacres closed [[vibhag:I]] [[vibhag:Iran]] tcqudepqjapuifdf1tiz7f4o94chdsy 334018 334017 2026-04-07T15:50:51Z WikiBayer 20940 [[Special:Contributions/~2026-19770-47|~2026-19770-47]] ([[User talk:~2026-19770-47|Talk]]) ke badlao ke [[User:A09|A09]] ke aakhri badlao ke jaise kar dewa gais hai. 333683 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:2025–2026_Iranian_protests_map_v2.svg|right|200px|thumb|Iran ke uu ilaaka jisme protest bhais rahaa, 25 January 2026 talak]] 2026 meein shuru ki.gais protrst iran ke sarkar ke virod me. Ii 1979 ke baad Iran me sab se barraa virodh hae. == Ii bhi dekho == Sab war ke anth [[vibhag:I]] [[vibhag:Iran]] fk1wyvogvi4mek5ygkyylqi9ge346bq Madagascar ke itihaas 0 68594 334015 2026-04-07T12:13:33Z Freemaan1920 35798 Panna jisme "[[File:COLLECTIE TROPENMUSEUM Dajak mannen hakken een boom om Borneo. TMnr 60045266.jpg|thumb|''Vaγimba''- "Those of the forest" Proto–Southeast Barito me, Southeast [[Barito bhasa]] ke ancestor hae, jisme bhasa jaise jisme [[Dayak people|Dayak]] log [[Barito River]] [[Borneo]] (''pictured'') me, baat kare hae. ]] '''Madagascar ke itihaas''' puraana [[supercontinent]], [[Pangaea]] se suruu hoe hae, jisme [[Africa|African continent]] aur Indi..." hae ke banae dewa gais hae. 334015 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:COLLECTIE TROPENMUSEUM Dajak mannen hakken een boom om Borneo. TMnr 60045266.jpg|thumb|''Vaγimba''- "Those of the forest" Proto–Southeast Barito me, Southeast [[Barito bhasa]] ke ancestor hae, jisme bhasa jaise jisme [[Dayak people|Dayak]] log [[Barito River]] [[Borneo]] (''pictured'') me, baat kare hae. ]] '''Madagascar ke itihaas''' puraana [[supercontinent]], [[Pangaea]] se suruu hoe hae, jisme [[Africa|African continent]] aur [[Indian subcontinent]], aur island ke late colonization insaan [[South Kalimantan|South Borneo]], [[Indonesia]] aur East Africa se.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Heiske|first1=Margit|last2=Alva|first2=Omar|last3=Pereda-Loth|first3=Veronica|last4=Van Schalkwyk|first4=Matthew|last5=Radimilahy|first5=Chantal|last6=Letellier|first6=Thierry|last7=Rakotarisoa|first7=Jean-Aimé|last8=Pierron|first8=Denis|title=Genetic evidence and historical theories of the Asian and African origins of the present Malagasy population|journal=Human Molecular Genetics|year=2021|volume=30|issue=R1|pages=R72–R78|language=en|doi=10.1093/hmg/ddab018|pmid=33481023|doi-access=free}}</ref><ref>{{Citation |title=6. Dominion over Palm and Pine |date=2012-12-31 |work=Anthony Reid and the Study of the Southeast Asian Past |pages=101–122 |url=https://doi.org/10.1355/9789814311977-008 |access-date=2025-10-14 |publisher=ISEAS Publishing |doi=10.1355/9789814311977-008 |isbn=978-981-4311-97-7 |url-access=subscription }}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Cox |first1=Murray P. |last2=Nelson |first2=Michael G. |last3=Tumonggor |first3=Meryanne K. |last4=Ricaut |first4=François-X. |last5=Sudoyo |first5=Herawati |date=2012-07-22 |title=A small cohort of Island Southeast Asian women founded Madagascar |journal=Proceedings. Biological Sciences |volume=279 |issue=1739 |pages=2761–2768 |doi=10.1098/rspb.2012.0012 |issn=1471-2954 |pmc=3367776 |pmid=22438500}}</ref>Ii dui chij ke kaaran hajaaro [[Fauna of Madagascar|endemic plant and animal species]] evolve bhais rahaa, jisme se kuchh extinct hoe gais hae, nai to extinct hoe waala hae. Indian Ocean me trade, Madagascar ke pahila colonisation ke timeke Indonesian jahaaj dominate karis rahaa, saait [[Borobudur ship]] aur [[K'un-lun po]] types.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Beale |first1=Philip |date=2006 |title=From Indonesia to Africa: Borobudur Ship Expedition |url= |journal=ZIFF Journal |volume=3 |pages=17–24}}</ref><ref name=":6">{{Cite journal |last=Manguin |first=Pierre-Yves |date=September 1980 |title=The Southeast Asian Ship: An Historical Approach |journal=Journal of Southeast Asian Studies |volume=11 |issue=2 |pages=266–276 |doi=10.1017/S002246340000446X |jstor=20070359|s2cid=162220129 }}</ref> ==References== {{reflist}} {{stub}} [[Vibhag:M]] [[Vibhag:Madagascar]] [[Vibhag:Itihaas]] aqhanx6lbfuq2wmumwp0pze5l9mtsue sadasya ke baat:ABANOMANBD 3 68595 334020 2026-04-07T17:30:52Z New user message 12502 Adding [[Template:Welcome|welcome message]] to new user's talk page 334020 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Template:Welcome|realName=|name=ABANOMANBD}} -- [[sadasya:New user message|New user message]] ([[sadasya ke baat:New user message|talk]]) 17:30, 7 Aprel 2026 (UTC) 5hg1q9296ykjzkl7fnlfy10k945xdj7 sadasya ke baat:Mdemango 3 68596 334022 2026-04-07T22:34:33Z New user message 12502 Adding [[Template:Welcome|welcome message]] to new user's talk page 334022 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Template:Welcome|realName=|name=Mdemango}} -- [[sadasya:New user message|New user message]] ([[sadasya ke baat:New user message|talk]]) 22:34, 7 Aprel 2026 (UTC) bmzw5zgqy81g20poi4aj4a6v8vxbmqx sadasya ke baat:Becauseimnot 3 68597 334023 2026-04-07T23:13:32Z New user message 12502 Adding [[Template:Welcome|welcome message]] to new user's talk page 334023 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Template:Welcome|realName=|name=Becauseimnot}} -- [[sadasya:New user message|New user message]] ([[sadasya ke baat:New user message|talk]]) 23:13, 7 Aprel 2026 (UTC) 0at96hp1k3y3iytv0nv8jp3bmekzcnd sadasya ke baat:Gremon1 3 68598 334024 2026-04-08T00:05:52Z New user message 12502 Adding [[Template:Welcome|welcome message]] to new user's talk page 334024 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Template:Welcome|realName=|name=Gremon1}} -- [[sadasya:New user message|New user message]] ([[sadasya ke baat:New user message|talk]]) 00:05, 8 Aprel 2026 (UTC) fyk413t3kxooc3viixjclolbrae4asb Fuzûlî 0 68599 334026 2026-04-08T10:28:24Z Sampaadak 1104 Panna jisme "{{Infobox writer | name = Fuzuli | image = Fuzûlî.jpg | imagesize = | caption = Miniature depiction of Fuzuli in 16th-century work {{transliteration|ota|ALA-LC|Meşâ'ir al-Şu'arâ}} by [[Aşık Çelebi]] | alt = A painting of Fuzuli with a white beard, wearing a red coat with fur trim, holding a book | birth_name = Muhammad bin Suleyman | birth_date = 1483 | birth_place = | death_date = {{death yea..." hae ke banae dewa gais hae. 334026 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox writer | name = Fuzuli | image = Fuzûlî.jpg | imagesize = | caption = Miniature depiction of Fuzuli in 16th-century work {{transliteration|ota|ALA-LC|Meşâ'ir al-Şu'arâ}} by [[Aşık Çelebi]] | alt = A painting of Fuzuli with a white beard, wearing a red coat with fur trim, holding a book | birth_name = Muhammad bin Suleyman | birth_date = 1483 | birth_place = | death_date = {{death year and age|1556|1483}} | death_place = | resting_place = [[Karbala]] | occupation = Kavi | language = {{cslist|[[Azerbaijani language|Azerbaijani]]|[[Persian language|Persian]]|[[Arabic]]}} | notableworks = {{transliteration|az|ALA-LC|[[Leyli and Majnun (Fuzuli)|Leylī va Macnūn]]}} | children = [[Fazli (poet)|Fazli]] }} '''Muhammad bin Suleyman''' ([[1483]]–[[1556]]), jiske jaada kar ke uske [[pen name]] '''Fuzuli''' ({{lang|az|Füzuli}}, {{lang|az-Arab|فضولی}}) se jaana jaawat rahaa, ek 16th-century kavi rahaa, jon aapan native [[Azerbaijani language|Azerbaijani]] me kavita likhat rahaa, aur iske saathe [[Persian language|Persian]] aur [[Arbii bhasa]] me bhi. Uske [[Turkic languages|Turkic]] literature ke sanb se barraa kavi maana jaawe hae aur ek khaas jan duuno [[Azerbaijani literature|Azerbaijani]] aur [[Ottoman literature]] me. Fuzuli ke kaam ke jaana jaawat rahaa aur prasansaa karaa jaawat rahaa Turkic cultural landscape me 16th se 19th centuries talak, aur uu [[Central Asia]] aur [[Indian subcontinent|India]]. {{stub}} [[Vibhag:F]] [[Vibhag:Azerbaijan ke kavi]] 660jga7kbyc5t68q4rbcakedpup4goq vibhag:Azerbaijan ke kavi 14 68600 334027 2026-04-08T10:29:21Z Sampaadak 1104 Panna jisme "[[Vibhag:Azerbaijan ke log]] [[Vibhag:Kavi]]" hae ke banae dewa gais hae. 334027 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Vibhag:Azerbaijan ke log]] [[Vibhag:Kavi]] qdcu9jn0x72e11rylmdouu84v8cdlmf vibhag:Azerbaijan ke log 14 68601 334028 2026-04-08T10:30:20Z Sampaadak 1104 Panna jisme "[[Vibhag:Azerbaijan]]" hae ke banae dewa gais hae. 334028 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Vibhag:Azerbaijan]] m4994201oyymjo7ymztsj3i1reygex4 Pedro Calderón de la Barca 0 68602 334029 2026-04-08T10:54:13Z Sampaadak 1104 Panna jisme "{{Infobox writer  | name = Pedro Calderón de la Barca | honorific_prefix = Don | image = Pedro Calderón de la Barca 01.jpg | birth_name = Pedro Calderón de la Barca y Barreda González de Henao Ruiz de Blasco y Riaño | birth_date = {{birth date|df=y|1600|1|17}} | birth_place = [[Madrid]], Spain | death_date = {{death date and age|df=y|..." hae ke banae dewa gais hae. 334029 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox writer  | name = Pedro Calderón de la Barca | honorific_prefix = Don | image = Pedro Calderón de la Barca 01.jpg | birth_name = Pedro Calderón de la Barca y Barreda González de Henao Ruiz de Blasco y Riaño | birth_date = {{birth date|df=y|1600|1|17}} | birth_place = [[Madrid]], Spain | death_date = {{death date and age|df=y|1681|5|25|1600|1|17}} | death_place = Madrid, Spain | resting_place =  | occupation = Playwright, poet, writer | language =  | alma_mater = {{plainlist| * [[Colegio Imperial de Madrid]] * [[University of Salamanca]] }} | children = Pedro José | relatives = Diego Calderón (father) Ana María de Henao (mother) | movement = [[Spanish Golden Age]] }}  '''Pedro Calderón de la Barca y Barreda González de Henao Ruiz de Blasco y Riaño''' ([[17 January]] [[1600]]{{spaced ndash}}[[25 May]] [[1681]]; {{IPAc-en|UK|ˌ|k|æ|l|d|ə|ˈ|r|ɒ|n|_|ˌ|d|eɪ|_|l|æ|_|ˈ|b|ɑːr|k|ə}}, {{IPAc-en|US|ˌ|k|ɑː|l|d|ə|ˈ|r|oʊ|n|_|ˌ|d|eɪ|_|l|ə|_|-|,_|-|_|ˌ|d|ɛ|_|l|ə|_|-}}; {{IPA|es|ˈpeðɾo kaldeˈɾon de la ˈβaɾka|lang}}) ek [[Soain|Spanish]] dramatist, kavi, aur lekhak rahaa. Uske the most distinguished [[Spanish Baroque literature|poets and writers]] of the [[Spanish Golden Age]] maana jaawe hae, khaas kar ke uu dher [[verse drama]]s jon uu theatre ke khaatir likhis rahaa. Calderón ke "the Spanish [[Shakespeare]]" bola gais hae,<ref> [https://www.newadvent.org/cathen/09484c.htm Denis Florence MacCarthy], 1911 [[Catholic Encyclopedia]].</ref> [[Spain]] ke [[national poet]] aur history of [[world literature]] ke sab se barraa kavi. ==References== {{reflist}} [[Vibhag:B]] [[Vibhag:Spain ke kavi]] [[Vibhag:Spain ke lekhak]] bcemglmb7i7k08efiirmlsrm99pozds vibhag:Spain ke kavi 14 68603 334030 2026-04-08T10:54:57Z Sampaadak 1104 Panna jisme "[[Vibhag:Spain ke log]] [[Vibhag:Kavi]]" hae ke banae dewa gais hae. 334030 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Vibhag:Spain ke log]] [[Vibhag:Kavi]] 6vd7fo2q8ft1p22u8w4ektz55vyftei vibhag:Spain ke lekhak 14 68604 334031 2026-04-08T10:55:44Z Sampaadak 1104 Panna jisme "[[Vibhag:Spain ke log]] [[Vibhag:Lekhak]]" hae ke banae dewa gais hae. 334031 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Vibhag:Spain ke log]] [[Vibhag:Lekhak]] avcmz6te8j67ogf86qzca1rklajw2vc vibhag:Portugal ke Kavi 14 68605 334033 2026-04-08T10:58:05Z Sampaadak 1104 Panna jisme "[[Vibhag:Portugal ke log]] [[Vibhag:Kavi]]" hae ke banae dewa gais hae. 334033 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Vibhag:Portugal ke log]] [[Vibhag:Kavi]] d00vwjvw5fy8z58dvrz43n4marr5wye Pierre Corneille 0 68606 334034 2026-04-08T11:08:52Z Sampaadak 1104 Panna jisme "{{Infobox writer | name = Pierre Corneille | image = Pierre Corneille 2.jpg | alt = | caption = Detail from a portrait by [[Charles Le Brun]] | pseudonym = | birth_name = | birth_date = {{birth date|df=y|1606|06|06}} | birth_place = [[Rouen]], Kingdom of France | death_date = {{death date and age|df=y|1684|10|01|1606|06|06}} | death_place = [[Paris]], Kingdom of France | resting_place = Saint-Roch, Pari..." hae ke banae dewa gais hae. 334034 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox writer | name = Pierre Corneille | image = Pierre Corneille 2.jpg | alt = | caption = Detail from a portrait by [[Charles Le Brun]] | pseudonym = | birth_name = | birth_date = {{birth date|df=y|1606|06|06}} | birth_place = [[Rouen]], Kingdom of France | death_date = {{death date and age|df=y|1684|10|01|1606|06|06}} | death_place = [[Paris]], Kingdom of France | resting_place = [[Saint-Roch, Paris|Saint-Roch]], Paris | occupation = [[Playwright]] | nationality = French | ethnicity = | citizenship = | education = | alma_mater = | period = | genre = {{hlist|[[Tragedy]]|[[comedy]]}} | subject = | movement = [[Classicism]] | notableworks = ''[[Le Cid]]'' | spouse = {{marriage|Marie de Lampérière|1641}} | children = 7 | relatives = [[Thomas Corneille]] }} '''Pierre Corneille''' ({{IPAc-en|k|ɔr|ˈ|n|eɪ}} {{respell|kor|NAY}},<ref>{{Cite Dictionary.com|Corneille}}</ref> {{IPA|fr|pjɛʁ kɔʁnɛj|lang}}; [[6 June]] [[1606]] – [[1 October]] [[1684]]) ek [[France|French]] [[Tragedy|tragedian]] rahaa.Uske tiin barraa 17th-century French [[dramatist]]s me se ek maana jaawe hae, [[Molière]] [[Jean Racine|Racine]] ke saathe. [[Vibhag:C]] [[Vibhag:France ke lekhak]] kptab33hxftivdxx7vngmc84hle38kx 334035 334034 2026-04-08T11:09:26Z Sampaadak 1104 334035 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox writer | name = Pierre Corneille | image = Pierre Corneille 2.jpg | alt = | caption = Detail from a portrait by [[Charles Le Brun]] | pseudonym = | birth_name = | birth_date = {{birth date|df=y|1606|06|06}} | birth_place = [[Rouen]], Kingdom of France | death_date = {{death date and age|df=y|1684|10|01|1606|06|06}} | death_place = [[Paris]], Kingdom of France | resting_place = [[Saint-Roch, Paris|Saint-Roch]], Paris | occupation = [[Playwright]] | nationality = French | ethnicity = | citizenship = | education = | alma_mater = | period = | genre = {{hlist|[[Tragedy]]|[[comedy]]}} | subject = | movement = [[Classicism]] | notableworks = ''[[Le Cid]]'' | spouse = {{marriage|Marie de Lampérière|1641}} | children = 7 | relatives = [[Thomas Corneille]] }} '''Pierre Corneille''' ({{IPAc-en|k|ɔr|ˈ|n|eɪ}} {{respell|kor|NAY}}, {{IPA|fr|pjɛʁ kɔʁnɛj|lang}}; [[6 June]] [[1606]] – [[1 October]] [[1684]]) ek [[France|French]] [[Tragedy|tragedian]] rahaa.Uske tiin barraa 17th-century French [[dramatist]]s me se ek maana jaawe hae, [[Molière]] [[Jean Racine|Racine]] ke saathe. [[Vibhag:C]] [[Vibhag:France ke lekhak]] fhfjrrqft674hjxik2ee765o4g8i7pa Daniel Defoe 0 68607 334036 2026-04-08T11:17:04Z Sampaadak 1104 Panna jisme "{{Infobox writer | name = Daniel Defoe | image = Daniel Defoe Kneller Style.jpg | caption = Portrait of Defoe in the style of [[Sir Godfrey Kneller]] | birth_name = Daniel Foe | birth_date = {{circa|1660}} | birth_place = [[Fore Street, London]] | death_date = {{Death date and age|1731|4|24|1660|df=y}} | death_place = London, England | resting_place = [[Bunhill Fields]] | occupation..." hae ke banae dewa gais hae. 334036 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox writer | name = Daniel Defoe | image = Daniel Defoe Kneller Style.jpg | caption = Portrait of Defoe in the style of [[Sir Godfrey Kneller]] | birth_name = Daniel Foe | birth_date = {{circa|1660}} | birth_place = [[Fore Street, London]] | death_date = {{Death date and age|1731|4|24|1660|df=y}} | death_place = London, England | resting_place = [[Bunhill Fields]] | occupation = Writer, merchant, spy | genre = [[Adventure fiction|Adventure]] | spouse = {{marriage|Mary Tuffley|1684}} | children = 8 }} '''Daniel Defoe''' ({{IPAc-en|d|ᵻ|ˈ|f|əʊ}} {{circa|[[1660]]}} – [[24 April]] [[1731]])<ref>{{cite journal |last=Duguid |first=Paul |title=Limits of self-organization: Peer production and "laws of quality" |journal=[[First Monday (journal)|First Monday]] |date=2 October 2006 |volume=11 |issue=10 |doi=10.5210/fm.v11i10.1405 |language=en |issn=1396-0466 |quote=Most reliable sources hold that the date of Defoe's birth was uncertain and may have fallen in 1659 or 1661. The day of his death is also uncertain. |doi-access= free}}</ref> ek English writer, journalist,<ref name="Britannica">{{cite web|url=https://www.britannica.com/biography/Daniel-Defoe|title=Daniel Defoe|publisher=Britannica.com|date=5 August 2017 |accessdate=2016-05-07}}</ref> merchant aur spy rahaa. Uu mashuur bhais rahaa aapan novels ''[[Robinson Crusoe]]'' (1719), ''[[Moll Flanders]]'' (1722) aur ''[[Roxana: The Fortunate Mistress]]'' (1724) ke khaatir.<ref name=":0">{{Cite ODNB |url=http://www.oxforddnb.com/view/article/7421 |title=Daniel Defoe (1660?–1731) |last=Backscheider |first=Paula R. |date=January 2008 |edition=online |orig-year=2004 |doi=10.1093/ref:odnb/7421}}</ref> Uu pahila jan me se ek rahaa jon [[English novel]] ke proponent rahaa, aur madat karis iske Britain me promote kare ke, aur duusra jan ke saathe, jaise [[Aphra Behn]] aur [[Samuel Richardson]].<ref>"Defoe", ''The Oxford Companion to English Literature'', ed. Margaret Drabble. (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1996), p. 265.</ref> [[Vibhag:D]] [[Vibhag:Great Britain ke lekhak]] p46v7bvum28hl6ozzkdwgh0xuudhttj Gavrila Derzhavin 0 68608 334037 2026-04-08T11:26:31Z Sampaadak 1104 Panna jisme "{{Infobox writer | name = Gavrila Romanovich Derzhavin | image = Vladimir_Borovikovsky_001_(portrait_of_Gavrila_Derzhavin).jpg | caption = Portrait by [[Vladimir Borovikovsky]], 1811 | birth_date = {{birth date|1743|7|14|df=y}} | birth_place = [[Laishevsky Uyezd]], [[Kazan Governorate]], [[Russian Empire]] | death_date = {{death date and age|1816|7|20|1743|7|14|df=y}} | death_place = Zvanka manor..." hae ke banae dewa gais hae. 334037 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox writer | name = Gavrila Romanovich Derzhavin | image = Vladimir_Borovikovsky_001_(portrait_of_Gavrila_Derzhavin).jpg | caption = Portrait by [[Vladimir Borovikovsky]], 1811 | birth_date = {{birth date|1743|7|14|df=y}} | birth_place = [[Laishevsky Uyezd]], [[Kazan Governorate]], [[Russian Empire]] | death_date = {{death date and age|1816|7|20|1743|7|14|df=y}} | death_place = Zvanka manor, [[Novgorod Governorate]], Russian Empire | occupation = Poet, statesman | period = [[Neoclassicism]] | signature = Derschawin-Unterschrift.svg }} '''Gavriil (Gavrila) Romanovich Derzhavin''' ( {{IPA|ru|ɡɐˈvrilə rɐˈmanəvʲɪtɕ dʲɪrˈʐavʲɪn|ipa|Gavrila Romanovich Dyerzhavin.ru.vorb.oga}}; [[14 July]] [[1743]] – [[20 July]] [[1816]]) jab se jaada esteem waala [[Russia]]n kavi rahaa [[Alexander Pushkin]] se pahile, aur ek statesman bhi. Jab ki uske kaam ke literary [[classicism]] maana jaawe hae, uske sab se achchhaat verse me dher antitheses aur conflicting sounds hae [[John Donne]] aur duusra [[metaphysical poets]] ke rakam. {{stub}} [[Vibhag:D]] [[Vibhag:Russia ke kavi]] ik44bad3j68u1sgql3uyd5xwax3spfi John Dryden 0 68609 334038 2026-04-08T11:34:42Z Sampaadak 1104 Panna jisme "{{Infobox officeholder | name = John Dryden | image = John Dryden portrait painting.jpg | caption = Portrait {{circa|1693}} | office = [[Poet Laureate of the United Kingdom|Poet Laureate of England]] | monarch = [[Charles II of England|Charles II]] (until 1685) [[James II of England|James II]] | term_start = 13 April 1668 | term_end = 1688 | predecessor = ''Position establ..." hae ke banae dewa gais hae. 334038 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox officeholder | name = John Dryden | image = John Dryden portrait painting.jpg | caption = Portrait {{circa|1693}} | office = [[Poet Laureate of the United Kingdom|Poet Laureate of England]] | monarch = [[Charles II of England|Charles II]] (until 1685) [[James II of England|James II]] | term_start = 13 April 1668 | term_end = 1688 | predecessor = ''Position established'' | successor = [[Thomas Shadwell]] | birth_date = {{birth date|df=y|1631|8|19}} | birth_place = [[Aldwincle]], Northamptonshire, England | death_date = {{death date and age|df=y|1700|5|12|1631|8|9}} | death_place = London, England | occupation = {{flatlist| * Poet * literary critic * playwright * librettist }} | alma_mater = [[Trinity College, Cambridge]] | spouse = {{marriage|Lady Elizabeth Howard|1 January 1663}} | children = [[Charles Dryden (1666–1704)|Charles]], [[John Dryden (1668–1701)|John]], and [[Sir Erasmus Henry Dryden, 5th Baronet|Erasmus Henry]] | module = {{Infobox writer|embed=yes | pseudonym = | language = English |genre = {{hlist|[[Satire]]|[[playwright]]|[[fable]]|[[poetry]]|[[essay]]|[[libretto]]|translation}} | notableworks = | period = 1659–1700 | movement = [[Classicism]] | awards = | signature = Signatur John Dryden.PNG }} }} '''John Dryden''' ({{IPAc-en|ˈ|d|r|aɪ|d|ən}}; ([[19 August]][[1631]] – [[12 May]] [[1700]]) ek [[Great Britain|English]] kavi, [[literary critic]], translator, aur playwright rahaa jon 1668 me England ke pahila [[Poet Laureate of the United Kingdom|Poet Laureate]] banaa rahaa.<ref>William Minto and Margaret Bryant (1911). "[[wikisource:1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Dryden, John|Dryden, John]]". In Chisholm, Hugh (ed.). ''Encyclopædia Britannica''. '''8.''' (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. pp. 609-613.</ref><ref>{{cite encyclopedia|url=https://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/172371/John-Dryden |title=John Dryden (British author) |encyclopedia=Encyclopædia Britannica |access-date=13 May 2014}}</ref> ==References== {{reflist}} [[Vibhag:D]] [[Vibhag:Great Britain ke kavi]] [[Vibhag:Great Britain ke lekhak]] hddx648rm7y4scdmy5agcacl4no1xoy Samuel Johnson 0 68610 334039 2026-04-08T11:51:32Z Sampaadak 1104 Panna jisme "{{Infobox person | name = Samuel Johnson | image = Samuel Johnson by Joshua Reynolds.jpg | alt = Portrait of Samuel Johnson in 1772 painted by Sir Joshua Reynolds | caption = Portrait by [[Joshua Reynolds|Sir Joshua Reynolds]] {{circa}} 1772 | birth_date = {{birth date |df=yes|1709|09|18}} ([[Old Style and New Style dates|O.S.]] 7 September) | birth_place = [[Lichfield]], Engla..." hae ke banae dewa gais hae. 334039 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox person | name = Samuel Johnson | image = Samuel Johnson by Joshua Reynolds.jpg | alt = Portrait of Samuel Johnson in 1772 painted by Sir Joshua Reynolds | caption = Portrait by [[Joshua Reynolds|Sir Joshua Reynolds]] {{circa}} 1772 | birth_date = {{birth date |df=yes|1709|09|18}} ([[Old Style and New Style dates|O.S.]] 7 September) | birth_place = [[Lichfield]], England | death_date = {{Death date and age|df=yes|1784|12|13|1709|09|18}} | death_place = London, England | resting_place = [[Westminster Abbey]] | education = [[Pembroke College, Oxford]] | party = [[Tories (British political faction)|Tory]] | spouse = {{marriage|[[Elizabeth Johnson (1689–1752)|Elizabeth Porter]] (''née'' Jervis)|1735|1752|end=d.}} | signature = Samuel Johnson signature.svg | module = {{Infobox writer | embed = yes | language = English, Latin | pseudonym = Dr Johnson | notableworks = {{plainlist}} * ''[[A Dictionary of the English Language]]'' (1755) * ''[[A Journey to the Western Isles of Scotland]]'' (1775) {{endplainlist}} }} }} '''Samuel Johnson''' ([[18 September]] [[1709]] – [[13 December]] [[1784]]), jiske jaada kar ke '''Dr Johnson''' ke naam se jaana jaawe hae, ek [[Engloand|English]] lekhak rahaa jon aapan yogdaan ek kavi, playwright, essayist, moralist, [[literary criticism|literary critic]], sermonist, biographer, editor, aur [[lexicographer]] (creator of dictionaries) rahaa. Jon kaam khaatir uu mashuur bahis rahaa, uske 42,733-entry ''Dictionary of the English Language'' (1755) rahaa. Iske aur uske duusra yogdaan English bhasa ke khaatir, ''[[Oxford Dictionary of National Biography]]'' uske "arguably the most distinguished [[man of letters]] in English history" bolis hae.<ref>{{Cite ODNB |last=Rogers |first=Pat |contribution=Johnson, Samuel (1709–1784) |title=Oxford Dictionary of National Biography |year=2006 |edition=online |doi=10.1093/ref:odnb/14918 |mode=cs2}}</ref> [[Vibhag:J]] [[Great Britain ke kavi]] [[Great Britain ke lekhak]] 4vjid68hfnoib048rbn1z3j95h6pzrq sadasya ke baat:פרוגנתודון 3 68611 334040 2026-04-08T11:58:39Z New user message 12502 Adding [[Template:Welcome|welcome message]] to new user's talk page 334040 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Template:Welcome|realName=|name=פרוגנתודון}} -- [[sadasya:New user message|New user message]] ([[sadasya ke baat:New user message|talk]]) 11:58, 8 Aprel 2026 (UTC) 8wthve2eehy8e8vxencobpk1tniww1d