Wikipedia hifwiki https://hif.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pahila_Panna MediaWiki 1.46.0-wmf.24 first-letter saadhan khaas baat sadasya sadasya ke baat Wikipedia Wikipedia baat file file ke baat MediaWiki MediaWiki ke baat Template Template ke baat madat madat ke baat vibhag voibhag ke baat TimedText TimedText talk Module Module talk Event Event talk 2003 0 258 334487 325842 2026-04-22T01:56:31Z InternetArchiveBot 26740 Rescuing 0 sources and tagging 1 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 334487 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Year nav range|{{PAGENAME}}}} '''2003''' ke saal budh ke roj suruu bhais rahaa. == Ghatna == * [[Fiji]] me soccer ke '''[[National Football League (Fiji) 2003|27th National Football League]]''' ke [[Ba Football Association|Ba]], jiitis. * '''[[J. N. Jokhan Memorial Primary School]] ''' ke [[Fiji me Arya Samaj|Arya Samaj]], Calia, [[Navua]] me banais rahaa. * [[14 January]] - '''Cyclone Ami''', Fiji ke eastern vibhag me se pass bhais rahaa. <ref>[http://www.reliefweb.int/rw/RWB.NSF/db900SID/OCHA-64CPRG?OpenDocument Relief Web]{{Dead link|date=April 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> * [[2 June]] - [[Fiji]] me football (soccer) ke '''[[Fiji Football Association Cup Tournament 2003|13th Fiji Football Association Cup Tournament]]''' ke Nausori ke [[Ratu Cakobau Park]] me, 28 May se 2 June talak, khela gais rahaa jiske final me [[Navua Soccer Association|Navua]], [[Rewa Soccer Association|Rewa]] ke, extra time me, 1-0 se harais. * [[10 August]] - [[Fiji]] me football (soccer) ke '''[[Battle of the Giants (Fiji)|25th Battle of the Giants]]''' tournament Lautoka ke [[Churchill Park (Fiji)|Churchill Park]] me, 7 August se 10 August talak, khela gais rahaa jiske final me [[Rewa Soccer Association|Rewa]], [[Ba Football Association|Ba]] ke 1-0 se harais. * [[9 October]] - [[12 October]] - [[Fiji]] me soccer ke '''[[Inter-District Championship (Fiji) 2003|65th Inter-district Championship (IDC)]]''', [[Ba (town), Fiji|Ba]] me khela gais rahaa, jiske final me [[Ba Football Association|Ba]], [[Nadi Soccer Association|Nadi]] ke 1-0 se harais aur Premier Division me [[Rakiraki Football Association|Rakiraki]], [[Tailevu/Naitasiri Football Association|Tailevu/Naitasiri]] ke 2-1 se harais. == Janam == == Maut == [[file:Gregory_Peck_1948.jpg|left|80px|thumb|Peck]] * [[12 June]] - '''[[Gregory Peck]]''', [[America]]n actor ke maut [[Los Angeles]], [[California]] me bhais rahaa. [[file:Katharine_Hepburn_publicity_photograph.jpg|right|80px|thumb|Hepburn]] * [[29 June]] - '''[[Katharine Hepburn]]''', [[America]]n actress ke maut Old Saybrook, [[Connecticut]] me bhais rahaa. * [[29 July]] - '''Johnny Walker''', [[Hindi]] film actor, ke maut Mumbai, [[India]] me bhais rahaa. (janam:[[15 May]] [[1923]])<ref> [[w:Johnny Walker|Johnny Walker]] </ref> * [[9 August]] - '''[[Gregory Hines]]''', [[America]] ke nachaniyaa, actor, choreographer aur gaayak ke maut [[Los Angeles]] me bhais rahaa. == References == <references/> <br /> {{Template:YEARS}} [[Category:2003| ]] bx5khpk5ujlf4q2jv8mcbqej909hgpw 14 January 0 748 334486 328477 2026-04-22T01:47:57Z InternetArchiveBot 26740 Rescuing 0 sources and tagging 1 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 334486 wikitext text/x-wiki {{JanuaryCalendar}} '''14 January''' saal ke 14th din hae. Saal ke khalaas hoe me 351 (352 leap saal me) din bachaa hae. == Ghatna == * [[2003]] - '''Cyclone Ami''', Fiji ke eastern vibhag me se pass bhais rahaa.<ref>[http://www.reliefweb.int/rw/RWB.NSF/db900SID/OCHA-64CPRG?OpenDocument Relief Web]{{Dead link|date=April 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> == Janam == * [[1905]] - '''Durga Khote''', [[Hindi]] film actress, ke janam Mumbai, [[India]] me bhais raha. (maut:[[22 September]] [[1991]]) <ref>[[w:Durga Khote|Durga Khote]]</ref> == Maut == [[file:Portrait_de_Jean-Auguste-Dominique_Ingres_(1780-1867),_peintre._PH10351_(Cropped).jpg|left|80px|thumb|Ingres]] * [[1867]] - '''[[Jean Auguste Dominique Ingres]]''', [[France]] ke chitrkaar, ke maut [[Paris]] me bhais rahaa. [[file:Humphrey_Bogart_1940.jpg|right|80px|thumb|Bogart]] * [[1957]] - '''[[Humphrey Bogart]]''', [[America]]n actor ke maut Los Angeles, California me bhais rahaa. == Chhutti aur teohaar == == References == <references/> {{TAARIK}} [[vibhag:January|14 January]] 6o6q7lkcuytvofjr7o8waix26j5131t Spanish bhasa 0 2543 334483 332457 2026-04-21T23:57:03Z InternetArchiveBot 26740 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 334483 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox Language |name = Spanish, Castilian |nativename = {{lang|es|español}}, {{lang|es|castellano}} |pronunciation ={{IPA-es|espaˈɲol|}}, {{IPA-es|kasteˈʎano|}} |familycolor = Indo-European |script = [[w:Latin alphabet|Latin]] ([[Spanish alphabet|Spanish variant]]) |region = (see [[#Geographic distribution|below]]) |speakers = Pahila bhasa 329<ref name=Ethnologue1>[http://www.ethnologue.org/ethno_docs/distribution.asp?by=size Spanish language total]. Ethnologue. Retrieved 14 August 2009.</ref> million to 400<ref name=demogr/><ref name=congress/><ref name=elcastellano/> million.<br />500 million as first or second language.<ref name=Es2009 /> |fam2 = [[w:Italic languages|Italic]] |fam3 = [[w:Romance languages|Romance]] |fam4 = [[w:Italo-Western languages|Italo-Western]] |fam5 = [[w:Gallo-Iberian|Gallo-Iberian]] |fam6 = [[w:Iberian Romance languages|Ibero-Romance]] |fam7 = [[w:West Iberian languages|West Iberian]] |script = [[w:Latin alphabet|Latin]] ([[w:Spanish alphabet|Spanish variant]]) |script = [[w:Latin alphabet|Latin]] ([[w:Spanish alphabet|Spanish variant]]) |nation = [[w:List of countries where Spanish is an official language|21 countries]], [[United Nations]], [[European Union]], [[Organisation of American States]], [[Organization of Ibero-American States]], [[Union of South American Nations]], [[Central American Integration System]], [[African Union]], [[Caricom]], [[World Trade Organization]], [[North American Free Trade Agreement]], [[Andean Community of Nations]], [[Mercosur]], [[Inter-American Development Bank]], [[Latin Union]], [[Antarctic Treaty]]. |agency = [[Association of Spanish Language Academies]] ({{lang|es|[[Real Academia Española]]}} and 21 other national Spanish language academies) |iso1 = es |iso2 = spa |iso3 = spa |lingua = 51-AAA-b |map = Detailed SVG map of the Hispanophone world.svg }} '''Spanish language''', ek [[Romance bhasa]] hae, jon ki [[Latin]] se aais hae, me se sab se common bhasa hae. Spanish bhasa ke dunia ke dher des me bola jaae hae. Iske khaas kaaran hae ke Spanish log bahut pahile dher colony establsh karin rahha. Uu des jisme Spanish official language hae ke Hispanic country bola jaae hae Kuchh Hispanic des hae: [[North America]], [[Central America]], aur [[Caribbean Islands]]: [[Costa Rica]], [[Cuba]], The [[Dominican Republic]], [[Guatemala]], [[Honduras]], [[Mexico]], [[Nicaragua]], [[Panama]], [[Puerto Rico]], aur [[El Salvador]]. [[United States]] aur [[Belize]], me jaada log [[English bhasa]] me baat kare hae, lekin Spanish duusra bhasa hae. [[South America]]: [[Argentina]], [[Bolivia]], [[Chile]], [[Colombia]], [[Ecuador]], [[Guyana]], [[Paraguay]], [[Peru]], [[Uruguay]], [[Venezuela]]. Duniake aur jagha: [[Philippines]], aaur [[Equatorial Guinea]]. Spain me aur bhasa hae jon ki Spanish se closely related hae, jaise ki [[Catalan language|Catalan]] aur [[Galician language|Galician]]. Spanish bhasa ke kabhi kabhi '''Castilian''' bola jaae hae, [[Castile]] ke baad me, jon ki Spain ke ek region hae. Spanish me Spanish sabd hae "Español", aur Spanish sabd for Castilian hae "Castellano". == Spanish bhasa me ginti == {| border="1" ! Number Spanish me!!Number Fiji Hindi me |- | uno ||ek |- |dos||dui |- |tres||tiin |- |cuatro ||chaar |- |cinco ||paanch |- |seis||chhe |- |siete ||saat |- |ocho||aath |- |nueve ||nau |- |diez ||das |}<ref>[http://www.zompist.com/million.htm Numbers in Million-Speaker Languages]</ref> == Geographic distribution == Spanish is recognised as one of the official languages of the [[United Nations]], the [[European Union]], the [[Organization of American States]], the [[Organization of Ibero-American States]], the [[African Union]], the [[Union of South American Nations]], the [[Latin Union]], and the [[Caricom]] and has legal status in the [[North American Free Trade Agreement]]. {| class="wikitable sortable" style="font-size: 90%;" |- ! style="width:18%;"|Country ! style="width:12%;"|Population <ref name="UN 2009 estimate">{{cite web|url=http://www.un.org/esa/abaadi/publications/wpp2008/wpp2008_text_tables.pdf |title=UN 2009 estimate |format=PDF |date= |accessdate=2010-04-21}}</ref> ! style="width:16%;"|Spanish as a native language speakers<ref>Britannica Books of the years 2003 to 2009 [[:es:Anexo:Hablantes de español como lengua materna en el 2003 (según el Britannica Book)]]. Sources used by the Encyclopaedia Britannica (Ethnologue -14th edition, Joshua Project 2000 —People's List, U.S. Census Bureau.) {{Verify credibility|date=March 2010}}</ref> ! style="width:24%;"|Bilingual and as a second language speakers (in countries where Spanish is official)<ref name=Eurob2006>[http://ec.europa.eu/public_opinion/archives/ebs/ebs_243_en.pdf eurobarometer (2006)], [[:es:Anexo:Hablantes de español en la U.E. según el Eurobarómetro (2006)]] for Europe countries</ref> or as a foreign language (where it is not official)<ref name=SpanishStudents>Spanish students for countries out of Europe according to [http://cvc.cervantes.es/lengua/anuario/anuario_06-07/pdf/cifras.pdf Instituto Cervantes 06-07] (There aren't concrete sources about Spanish speakers as a second language except to Europe and Latin America countries).</ref> ! style="width:16%;"|Spanish speakers as percentage of abaadi<ref name="DemografíaLengEsp">[http://eprints.ucm.es/8936/1/DT03-06.pdf Demografía de la lengua española] (page 28) to countries with official spanish status.</ref> ! style="width:14%;"|Total number of Spanish speakers |- style="background:#efefef;" | {{flag|Mexico}} | 112,336,538 <ref>[http://www.conapo.gob.mx/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=36&Itemid=234 CONAPO] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110527065510/http://www.conapo.gob.mx/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=36&Itemid=234 |date=2011-05-27 }} (2010).</ref> | {{formatnum:{{#expr: 112336538 / 100 * 92.17 round 0}}}} <ref>[https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/mx.html cia.gov] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180129161335/https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/mx.html |date=2018-01-29 }}: Spanish only 92.7%</ref> | {{formatnum:{{#expr: 112336538 / 100 * 98.5 - 112336538 / 100 * 92.17 round 0}}}} | 98.5% <ref name="DemografíaLengEsp"/> | {{formatnum:{{#expr: 112336538 / 100 * 98.5 round 0}}}} |- style="background:#fff;" | {{flag|United States}} | 307,006,550 <ref name=USpopfinder>Population figure for 2009 from [http://factfinder.census.gov/servlet/SAFFPopulation U.S. Population in 1990, 2000, and 2009] {{Webarchive|url=https://archive.today/20200212053501/http://factfinder.census.gov/servlet/SAFFPopulation? |date=2020-02-12 }}, U.S. Census Bureau</ref> |35,468,501 <ref>Hispanics older than 5 years old ([http://factfinder.census.gov/servlet/STTable?_bm=y&-geo_id=01000US&-qr_name=ACS_2009_1YR_G00_S1601&-ds_name=ACS_2009_1YR_G00_&-_lang=en&-redoLog=false US Census Bureau 2009] {{Webarchive|url=https://archive.today/20200213091147/http://factfinder.census.gov/servlet/STTable?_bm=y&-geo_id=01000US&-qr_name=ACS_2009_1YR_G00_S1601&-ds_name=ACS_2009_1YR_G00_&-_lang=en&-redoLog=false |date=2020-02-13 }})</ref> | 14,531,499 | {{#expr: 50000000 / 307006550 * 100 round 1}}% | 50,000,000<ref>[[Academia Norteamericana de la Lengua Española]]: [http://www.elcastellano.org/noticia.php?id=1113 elcastellano.org] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160224203228/http://www.elcastellano.org/noticia.php?id=1113 |date=2016-02-24 }}, José Ma. Ansón: [http://www.elcastellano.org/noticia.php?id=685 noticias elcastellano.org] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160224203229/http://www.elcastellano.org/noticia.php?id=685 |date=2016-02-24 }}, Jorge Ramos Avalos: [http://www.univision.com/content/content.jhtml?cid=1145765 univision.com], Elbio Rodríguez Barilari: [http://congresosdelalengua.es/valparaiso/ponencias/lengua_comunicacion/rodriguez_elbio.htm congresosdelalengua.es] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130715164424/http://congresosdelalengua.es/valparaiso/ponencias/lengua_comunicacion/rodriguez_elbio.htm |date=2013-07-15 }} , [http://www.abcdesevilla.es/hemeroteca/historico-29-03-2008/sevilla/Cultura/mas-de-70-expertos-participaran-en-la-iii-acta-internacional-de-la-lengua-espa%C3%B1ola-en-la-rabida_1641753752939.html III Acta Internacional de la Lengua Española], [http://www.nytimes.com/2011/03/13/arts/television/cnn-en-espanol-restructures-its-programming.html nytimes.com] (The United States is now the second-largest Spanish-speaking country in the world, with more Spanish speakers than Spain, and exceeded only by Mexico).</ref><ref>There are 50,477,594 Hispanic people from a total US abaadi of more than 308 million according to the [https://web.archive.org/web/20110102165602/http://www.census.gov/popest/states/asrh/tables/SC-EST2009-04.xls Census Bureau 2010]. 35,468,501 Hispanics older than 5 speak Spanish at home, so there are 15 million posible Spanish speakers as a second language with differents knowladges. In addition, there are 6 ([http://www.cervantes.es/docs/Enciclopedia_del_espa%C3%B1ol_en_el_mundo.pdf cervantes.es]) or 7.8 ([http://www.fundacionsiglo.com/espanol/cap1.pdf fundacionsiglo.com] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120527180733/http://www.fundacionsiglo.com/espanol/cap1.pdf |date=2012-05-27 }}) million Spanish students in USA, many of them are not Hispanics. Finally, there are 9 million illegal Hispanics in USA, some of them aren't in the census ([http://www.impre.com/laraza/opinion/editorial/2009/4/19/palidos-de-hambre-120230-1.html impre.com] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120111083239/http://www.impre.com/laraza/opinion/editorial/2009/4/19/palidos-de-hambre-120230-1.html |date=2012-01-11 }}).</ref> |- style="background:#efefef;" | {{flag|Spain}} | 47,150,819 <ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ine.es/ |title=INE Datos básicos ... acceso directo (1/1/2010) |publisher=Ine.es |date=2001-05-28 |accessdate=2011-02-05}}</ref> | {{formatnum:{{#expr: 47150819 / 100 * 89.0 round 0}}}} <ref>89.0% speak Spanish as a first language ([http://ec.europa.eu/public_opinion/archives/ebs/ebs_243_en.pdf eurobarometer (2006)])</ref> | {{formatnum:{{#expr: 47150819 / 100 * 98.8 - 47150819 / 100 * 89.0 round 0}}}} | 98.8% <ref name="DemografíaLengEsp"/> | {{formatnum:{{#expr: 47150819 / 100 * 98.8 round 0}}}} |- style="background:#efefef;" | {{flag|Colombia}} | 46,010,000 <ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.dane.gov.co/reloj/reloj_animado.php |title=DANE |publisher=DANE |date= |accessdate=2010-09-01 |archive-date=2012-01-14 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120114091321/http://www.dane.gov.co/reloj/reloj_animado.php |url-status=dead }}</ref> | {{formatnum:{{#expr: 46010000 / 100 * 99.03 round 0}}}} | {{formatnum:{{#expr: 46010000 / 100 * 99.2 - 46010000 / 100 * 99.03 round 0}}}} | 99.2% <ref name="DemografíaLengEsp"/> | {{formatnum:{{#expr: 46010000 / 100 * 99.2 round 0}}}} |- style="background:#efefef;" | {{flag|Argentina}} | 40,900,496 <ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.indec.mecon.ar/nuevaweb/cuadros/2/proyecyestimaciones_1950-2015.pdf |title=SINTITUL-7 |format=PDF |date= |accessdate=2011-02-05 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20051109220415/http://www.indec.mecon.ar/nuevaweb/cuadros/2/proyecyestimaciones_1950-2015.pdf |archivedate=2005-11-09 |url-status=live }}</ref> | {{formatnum:{{#expr: 40900496 / 100 * 96.84 round 0}}}} | {{formatnum:{{#expr: 40900496 / 100 * 99.4 - 40900496 / 100 * 96.84 round 0}}}} | 99.4% <ref name="DemografíaLengEsp"/> | {{formatnum:{{#expr: 40900496 / 100 * 99.4 round 0}}}} |- style="background:#efefef;" | {{flag|Venezuela}} | 29,243,000<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.ine.gov.ve/ |title=(30 Aug., 2010) |publisher=INE |date= |accessdate=2010-07-01 |archive-date=2019-09-12 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190912233212/http://www.ine.gov.ve/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> | {{formatnum:{{#expr: 29243000 / 100 * 96.48 round 0}}}} | {{formatnum:{{#expr: 29243000 / 100 * 98.8 - 29243000 / 100 * 96.48 round 0}}}} | 98.8% <ref name="DemografíaLengEsp"/> | {{formatnum:{{#expr: 29243000 / 100 * 98.8 round 0}}}} |- style="background:#efefef;" | {{flag|Peru}} | 29,797,694 <ref>{{cite web |author=Ezio Quispe Fernández |url=http://www.inei.gob.pe/ |title=(2011) |publisher=INEI |date= |accessdate=2010-04-21 |archive-date=1997-04-12 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/19970412040139/http://www.inei.gob.pe/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> | {{formatnum:{{#expr: 29797694 / 100 * 79.77 round 0}}}} | {{formatnum:{{#expr: 29797694 / 100 * 86.6 - 29797694 / 100 * 79.77 round 0}}}} | 86.6% <ref name="DemografíaLengEsp"/> | {{formatnum:{{#expr: 29797694 / 100 * 86.6 round 0}}}} |- style="background:#efefef;" | {{flag|Chile}} | 17,248,450 <ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ine.cl/canales/chile_estadistico/demografia_y_vitales/proyecciones/Informes/Microsoft%20Word%20-%20InforP_T.pdf |title=INE (Chile - 2011)|format=PDF |date= |accessdate=2010-04-21}}</ref> | {{formatnum:{{#expr: 17248450 / 100 * 89.94 round 0}}}} | {{formatnum:{{#expr: 17248450 / 100 * 99.3 - 17248450 / 100 * 89.94 round 0}}}} | 99.3% <ref name="DemografíaLengEsp"/> | {{formatnum:{{#expr: 17248450 / 100 * 99.3 round 0}}}} |- style="background:#efefef;" | {{flag|Ecuador}} | 14,306,000 <ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ecuadorencifras.com/cifras-inec/main.html |title=Ecuador en Cifras |publisher=INEC |date= |accessdate=2010-09-01}}</ref> | {{formatnum:{{#expr: 14306000 / 100 * 92.96 round 0}}}} | {{formatnum:{{#expr: 14306000 / 100 * 98.1 - 14306000 / 100 * 92.96 round 0}}}} | 98.1% <ref name="DemografíaLengEsp"/> | {{formatnum:{{#expr: 14306000 / 100 * 98.1 round 0}}}} |- style="background:#efefef;" | {{flag|Guatemala}} | 14,361,666 <ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ine.gob.gt/index.php/demografia-y-poblacion/42-demografiaypoblacion/207-infodemo2010 |title=Información Demógrafica 2010 |publisher=INE |date=2007-09-21 |accessdate=2011-02-05}}</ref> | {{formatnum:{{#expr: 14361666 / 100 * 64.7 round 0}}}} | {{formatnum:{{#expr: 14361666 / 100 * 86.4 - 14361666 / 100 * 64.7 round 0}}}} | 86.4% <ref name="DemografíaLengEsp"/> | {{formatnum:{{#expr: 14361666 / 100 * 86.4 round 0}}}} |- style="background:#efefef;" | {{flag|Cuba}} | 11,235,863 <ref name="autogenerated1">{{cite web|url=http://www.one.cu/aec2009/datos/3.1.xls|title=UN (2010)|date=|accessdate=2011-02-05|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20101221033803/http://www.one.cu/aec2009/datos/3.1.xls|archivedate=2010-12-21|url-status=live}}</ref> | 11,235,863 | | 99.4% <ref name="DemografíaLengEsp"/> | {{formatnum:{{#expr: 11235863 / 100 * 99.4 round 0}}}} |- style="background:#efefef;" | {{flag|Dominican Republic}} | 10,225,000 <ref name="autogenerated1"/> | {{formatnum:{{#expr: 10225000 / 100 * 98.98 round 0}}}} | {{formatnum:{{#expr: 10225000 / 100 * 99.6 - 10225000 / 100 * 98.98 round 0}}}} | 99.6% <ref name="DemografíaLengEsp"/> | {{formatnum:{{#expr: 10225000/ 100 * 99.6 round 0}}}} |- style="background:#efefef;" | {{flag|Bolivia}} | 10,426,154 <ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ine.gov.bo/indice/visualizador.aspx?ah=PC20410.HTM |title=(2010) |publisher=INE |date= |accessdate=2010-04-21}}</ref> | {{formatnum:{{#expr: 10426154 / 100 * 41.73 round 0}}}} | {{formatnum:{{#expr: 10426154 / 100 * 87.9 - 10426154 / 100 * 41.73 round 0}}}} | 87.9% <ref name="DemografíaLengEsp"/> | {{formatnum:{{#expr: 10426154 / 100 * 87.9 round 0}}}} |- style="background:#efefef;" | {{flag|Honduras}} | 8,215,313 <ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ine.gob.hn/drupal/sites/default/files/Resumen%20de%20la%20Proyeccion%20de%20Poblacion%20de%20Honduras%202001-2015_0.xls|title=INE (2011)|date=|accessdate=2011-02-05|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110519232641/http://www.ine.gob.hn/drupal/sites/default/files/Resumen%20de%20la%20Proyeccion%20de%20Poblacion%20de%20Honduras%202001-2015_0.xls|archivedate=2011-05-19|url-status=live}}</ref> | {{formatnum:{{#expr: 8215313 / 100 * 97.16 round 0}}}} | {{formatnum:{{#expr: 8215313 / 100 * 99.0 - 8215313 / 100 * 97.16 round 0}}}} | 99.0% <ref name="DemografíaLengEsp"/> | {{formatnum:{{#expr: 8215313 / 100 * 99.0 round 0}}}} |- style="background:#efefef;" | {{flag|El Salvador}} | 6,183,002 <ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20090919205554/http://www.digestyc.gob.sv/Portada/Presentacion%20Poblacion.pdf Census 2010 estimation] (page 32)</ref> | 6,183,002 | | 99.7% <ref name="DemografíaLengEsp"/> | {{formatnum:{{#expr: 6183002 / 100 * 99.7 round 0}}}} |- style="background:#fff;" | {{flag|France}} | 64,057,790 | 440,106 <ref>1% of 44,010,619 (abaadi of France older than 15 years in 2005). Source: Eurobarometer 2006. There are 179,678 immigrants from Spain according to INE (1/1/2009)</ref> | 5,721,380 | 9.6% | 6,161,486 <ref name=Eurob2006/> |- style="background:#efefef;" | {{flag|Nicaragua}} | 5,822,000 <ref name="autogenerated1"/> | {{formatnum:{{#expr: 5822000 / 100 * 87.4 round 0}}}} | {{formatnum:{{#expr: 5822000 / 100 * 97.0 - 5822000 / 100 * 87.4 round 0}}}} | 97.0% <ref name="DemografíaLengEsp"/> | {{formatnum:{{#expr: 5822000 / 100 * 97.0 round 0}}}} |- style="background:#fff;" | {{flag|Morocco}} | 31,759,997<ref>[http://www.hcp.ma/ Morocco census]</ref> | 20,000 <ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ethnologue.com/show_country.asp?name=MA |title=ethnologue.com |publisher=ethnologue.com |date= |accessdate=2010-04-21}}</ref> | 5,480,000 | 17.32% | 5,500,000<ref>there are between 4 and 7 million Spanish speakers in Morocco (Ammadi, 2002) [http://www.educacion.es/exterior/ma/es/File/MI%20ARTICULO%20PDF%20OK.pdf educacion.es]</ref><ref>According to a survey made in 2005 by CIDOB ([http://www.realinstitutoelcano.org/wps/portal/rielcano/contenido?WCM_GLOBAL_CONTEXT=/elcano/elcano_es/zonas_es/lengua+y+cultura/ari116-2008 realinstitutoelcano.org] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160718084050/http://www.realinstitutoelcano.org/wps/portal/rielcano/contenido?WCM_GLOBAL_CONTEXT=/elcano/elcano_es/zonas_es/lengua+y+cultura/ari116-2008 |date=2016-07-18 }}, [http://www.afapredesa.org/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=195&Itemid=2 afapredesa.org]). According to the Morocco Census of 2004, the Morocco abaadi is 29,680,069 ([http://www.hcp.ma/ hcp.ma]</ref> |- style="background:#fff;" | {{flag|Brazil}} | 190,732,694 <ref>[http://www.ibge.gov.br/home/presidencia/noticias/noticia_visualiza.php?id_noticia=1766&id_pagina=1 IBGE 2010]</ref> | 448,689 <ref>50% of 733,000 foreigners in Brazil are from [[Mercosur]] (Page 32 [http://eprints.ucm.es/8936/1/DT03-06.pdf] + 82,189 spanish immigrants ([http://www.ine.es/jaxi/tabla.do?path=/t20/p85001/a2010/l0/&file=01001.px&type=pcaxis&L=0 INE (1/1/2010)]).</ref> | 5,000,000<ref>[http://www.cervantes.es/imagenes/File/prensa/anuario2009.pdf 2009 Annuary of the Instituto Cervantes]: More than 5 million students are learning Spanish. [http://www.elcastellano.org/noticia.php?id=775 elcastellano.org] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090615014710/http://www.elcastellano.org/noticia.php?id=775 |date=2009-06-15 }},[http://editor.elespectador.com/brasil/articulo43526-presidente-brasileno-espera-los-ninos-hablen-espanol elespectador.com] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140408173436/http://editor.elespectador.com/brasil/articulo43526-presidente-brasileno-espera-los-ninos-hablen-espanol |date=2014-04-08 }}, [http://www.oei.org.co/noticias/noticia12042007_1.htm oei.org.co]: Luiz Inácio Lula da Silva, president of Brazil: Near 9 million students are learning Spanish and the forecast is 12 million in 2010. [http://www.cervantes.es/docs/Espanol_en_Brasil.pdf Instituto Cervantes]: More than 1 million of spanish students in the private school and almost 11 million estimated for 2010 in the public school.</ref> | 2.86% | 5,448,689 |- style="background:#efefef;" | {{flag|Costa Rica}} | 4,615,646 <ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.inec.go.cr/Web/Home/GeneradorPagina.aspx |title=Primera variación del año registró un 0,68% |publisher=INEC |date= |accessdate=2011-02-05}}</ref> | {{formatnum:{{#expr: 4615646 / 100 * 97.25 round 0}}}} | {{formatnum:{{#expr: 4615646 / 100 * 99.2 - 4615646 / 100 * 97.25 round 0}}}} | 99.2% <ref name="DemografíaLengEsp"/> | {{formatnum:{{#expr: 4615646 / 100 * 99.2 round 0}}}} |- style="background:#efefef;" | {{flag|Paraguay}} | 6,460,000 | 369,000 | 4,043,555 | 69.5% <ref name="DemografíaLengEsp"/> | {{formatnum:{{#expr: 6460000 / 100 * 69.5 round 0}}}} |- style="background:#efefef;" | {{flag|Puerto Rico}} | 3,998,000 <ref name="autogenerated1"/> | {{formatnum:{{#expr: 3998000 / 100 * 95.10 round 0}}}} <ref>95.10% of the abaadi speaks Spanish ([http://factfinder.census.gov/servlet/GRTTable?_bm=y&-geo_id=01000US&-_box_head_nbr=R1602&-ds_name=ACS_2007_1YR_G00_&-_lang=en&-redoLog=true&-format=US-30&-mt_name=ACS_2005_EST_G00_R0504_US30&-CONTEXT=grt U.S. Census Bureau] {{Webarchive|url=https://archive.today/20200212035004/http://factfinder.census.gov/servlet/GRTTable?_bm=y&-geo_id=01000US&-_box_head_nbr=R1602&-ds_name=ACS_2007_1YR_G00_&-_lang=en&-redoLog=true&-format=US-30&-mt_name=ACS_2005_EST_G00_R0504_US30&-CONTEXT=grt |date=2020-02-12 }})</ref> | {{formatnum:{{#expr: 3998000 / 100 * 98.8 - 3998000 / 100 * 95.10 round 0}}}} | 98.8% <ref name="DemografíaLengEsp"/> | {{formatnum:{{#expr: 3998000 / 100 * 98.8 round 0}}}} |- style="background:#fff;" | {{flag|United Kingdom}} | 60,943,912 | 107,654 <ref>59,017 immigrants from Spain (Spanish census 2001) + 48,637 immigrants from Colombia. [http://www.bolpress.com/art.php?Cod=2002068592 Open Channels and Colombian consul (1999)]</ref> | 3,814,846 | 6.4% | 3,922,500 <ref name=Eurob2006/> |- style="background:#efefef;" | {{flag|Uruguay}} | 3,372,000 <ref name="autogenerated1"/> | {{formatnum:{{#expr: 3372000 / 100 * 96.6 round 0}}}} | {{formatnum:{{#expr: 3372000 / 100 * 98.9 - 3372000 / 100 * 96.6 round 0}}}} | 98.9% <ref name="DemografíaLengEsp"/> | {{formatnum:{{#expr: 3372000 / 100 * 98.9 round 0}}}} |- style="background:#efefef;" | {{flag|Panama}} | 3,508,000 <ref name="autogenerated1"/> | {{formatnum:{{#expr: 3508000 / 100 * 76.8 round 0}}}} | {{formatnum:{{#expr: 3508000 / 100 * 93.1 - 3508000 / 100 * 76.8 round 0}}}} | 93.1% <ref name="DemografíaLengEsp"/> | {{formatnum:{{#expr: 3508000 / 100 * 93.1 round 0}}}} |- style="background:#fff;" | {{flag|Philippines}} | 96,061,683 | 2,660 <ref>[http://www.ethnologue.com/show_country.asp?name=PH Ethnologue]. There are 2,532 immigrants from Spain according to [http://www.ine.es/jaxi/menu.do?type=pcaxis&path=%2Ft20%2Fp85001&file=inebase&L= INE] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101207025255/http://www.ine.es/jaxi/menu.do?type=pcaxis&path=%2Ft20%2Fp85001&file=inebase&L= |date=2010-12-07 }} (1/1/2009)</ref> | 3,014,115 | 3.1% | 3,016,773 <ref>1,816,773 Spanish + 1,200,000 Spanish creole: Antonio Quilis "La lengua española en Filipinas", 1996 pag.234 [http://www.cervantesvirtual.com/servlet/SirveObras/01350553135573500088680/209438_0013.pdf cervantesvirtual.com], [http://www.mepsyd.es/exterior/au/es/File/Ten_Reasons_low-res(1).pdf mepsyd.es] (page 23), [http://www.mepsyd.es/redele/Biblioteca2006/DavidSanchez/Memoria.pdf mepsyd.es] (page 249), [http://spanish-differences.com/Spanish/Philippines-Spanish.php spanish-differences.com] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090817015943/http://spanish-differences.com/Spanish/Philippines-Spanish.php |date=2009-08-17 }}, [http://www.aresprensa.com/cms/cms/front_content.php?idart=208 aresprensa.com] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081223115032/http://www.aresprensa.com/cms/cms/front_content.php?idart=208 |date=2008-12-23 }}. The figure 2,900,000 Spanish speakers, we can find in [http://books.google.es/books?ei=vCXASpS0LqXkmwO0lZnlBg&ct=result&q=Pluricentric+languages%3A+differing+norms+in+different+nations+spanish+philippines+speakers&btnG=Buscar+libros "Pluricentric languages: differing norms in different nations"] (page 45 by R.W.Thompson), or in [http://www.sispain.org/spanish/language/worldwid.html sispain.org]./ More than 2 million Spanish speakers and around 3 million with Chavacano speakers according to "Instituto Cervantes de Manila" ([http://www.elcastellano.org/noticia.php?id=505 elcastellano.org] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100629084919/http://www.elcastellano.org/noticia.php?id=505 |date=2010-06-29 }})</ref> |- style="background:#fff;" | {{flag|Germany}} | 82,369,548 | 140,000 <ref>Britannica Book of the Year 1998 [http://cvc.cervantes.es/lengua/anuario/anuario_99/otero/p03.htm#7]. There are 103,063 immigrants from Spain according to INE (1/1/2009)</ref> | 2,566,972 | 3.2% | 2,706,972 <ref name=Eurob2006/> |- style="background:#fff;" | {{flag|Italy}} | 58,145,321 | 89,905 <ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.mmrree.gov.ec/mre/documentos/novedades/boletines/ano2003/julio/bol257.htm |title=14,905 Spanish (Census 2001) + 75,000 from Ecuador |publisher=Mmrree.gov.ec |date= |accessdate=2010-04-21 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20080611085532/http://www.mmrree.gov.ec/mre/documentos/novedades/boletines/ano2003/julio/bol257.htm |archivedate=2008-06-11 |url-status=live }}</ref> | 1,968,320 | 3.5% | 2,058,225 <ref name=Eurob2006/> |- style="background:#efefef;" | {{flag|Equatorial Guinea}} | 1,153,915 <ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.abaadi-statistics.com/wg.php?x=&men=gpro&lng=es&dat=32&srt=pnan&col=dq&geo=-91 |title=Equatorial Guinea census (2009) |publisher=Population-statistics.com |date= |accessdate=2010-04-21 }}{{Dead link|date=February 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> | n.a. | 1,044,293 | 90.5% <ref name="DemografíaLengEsp"/><ref>13,7% of the abaadi speaks Spanish with native knowladge and other 74% as a second language [http://cvc.cervantes.es/lengua/anuario/anuario_06-07/pdf/paises_08.pdf cvc.cervantes.es].</ref> | {{formatnum:{{#expr: 1153915 / 100 * 90.5 round 0}}}} |- style="background:#fff;" | {{flag|Canada}} | 33,212,696 | 909,000 <ref>PMB Statistics 2006 [http://www.mediaincanada.com/articles/mic/20061011/profile.html?page=2 mediaincanada.com] (Spanish-speaking people over the age of 12). Although Canada Census told about 345,345 people who speaks Spanish in 2006, Hispanic organizations claim about 520,260 Hispanics in 2001, and more than 700,000 in 2006 ([http://hispanosencanada.ca/portal/content/view/651/ hispanosencanada.ca]{{dead link|date=February 2011 }}, [http://dialogos.ca/revista/numero3/articulo2.htm dialogos.ca] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071113073613/http://dialogos.ca/revista/numero3/articulo2.htm |date=2007-11-13 }}), and currently there are near 1 million: ([https://web.archive.org/web/20071109125024/http://www.tlntv.com/pressReleases/2007/TLN%20EN%20ESPANOL%20is%20born.pdf tlntv.com].</ref> | 92,853 <ref name="SpanishStudents"/> | 3% | 1,001,853 |- style="background:#fff;" | {{flag|Portugal}} | 10,676,910 | 9,744 | 727,282 | 6.9% | 737,026 <ref name=Eurob2006/> |- style="background:#fff;" | {{flag|Netherlands}} | 16,645,313 | 19,978 <ref>Spanish (census 2001)</ref> | 662,116 | 4.1% | 682,094 <ref name=Eurob2006/> |- style="background:#fff;" | {{flag|Belgium}} | 10,403,951 | 85,990 <ref>1% of 8,598,982 (abaadi of Belgium older than 15 years in 2005). Source: Eurobarometer 2006</ref> | 515,939 | 5.8% | 601,929 <ref name=Eurob2006/> |- style="background:#fff;" | {{flag|Romania}} | 22,246,862 | | 544,531 | 2.4% | 544,531 <ref name=Eurob2006/> |- style="background:#fff;" | {{flag|Sweden}} | 9,045,389 | 101,472 <ref>Sweden Census SCB (2002)</ref> | 442,601 | 6% | 544,073 <ref name=Eurob2006/> |- style="background:#fff;" | {{flag|Australia}} | 21,007,310 | 106,517 <ref>Page 32 of the [http://www.ucm.es/info/icei/pdf/DT%2003-06.pdf "Demogeafía de la lengua española"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090612022111/http://www.ucm.es/info/icei/pdf/DT%2003-06.pdf |date=2009-06-12 }}. 104,000 according to Britannica Book of the Year 2003</ref> | 374,571 <ref>Page 32 of the [http://eprints.ucm.es/8936/1/DT03-06.pdf Demografía de la lengua española "Demografía de la lengua española"]</ref> | 2.3% | 481,088 <ref name="SpanishStudents"/> |- style="background:#fff;" | {{flag|Poland}} | 38,500,696 | | 316,104 | 0.8% | 316,104 <ref name=Eurob2006/> |- style="background:#fff;" | {{flag|Austria}} | 8,205,533 | | 267,177 | 3.3% | 267,177 <ref name=Eurob2006/> |- style="background:#fff;" | {{flag|Ivory Coast}} | 20,179,602 | | 235,806 <ref name="SpanishStudents"/> | 1.2% | 235,806 |- style="background:#fff;" | {{flag|Algeria}} | 33,769,669 | | 223,000 <ref>Between 150,000 and 200,000 in Tinduf ([http://www.aprendemas.com/Noticias/html/N1960_F17012007.HTML aprendemas.com]) + 48,000 in Wilaya of Oran (page 31 of [http://www.ucm.es/info/icei/pdf/DT%2003-06.pdf Demografía de la lengua española] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090612022111/http://www.ucm.es/info/icei/pdf/DT%2003-06.pdf |date=2009-06-12 }})</ref> | 0.7% | 223,379 |- style="background:#fff;" | {{flag|Denmark}} | 5,484,723 | | 219,003 | 4% | 219,003 <ref name=Eurob2006/> |- style="background:#fff;" | {{flag|Israel}} | 7,112,359 | 130,000 <ref>50,000 sefardíes (Britannica Book of the Year 1998)[http://cvc.cervantes.es/obref/anuario/anuario_99/otero/p03.htm] + 80,000 from Iberoamerica [http://cvc.cervantes.es/obref/congresos/sevilla/comunicacion/ponenc_shadas.htm]</ref> | 45,231 | 2.5% | 175,231 <ref>Pages 34, 35 of the [http://www.ucm.es/info/icei/pdf/DT%2003-06.pdf "Demografía de la lengua española"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090612022111/http://www.ucm.es/info/icei/pdf/DT%2003-06.pdf |date=2009-06-12 }}.</ref> |- style="background:#fff;" | {{flag|Switzerland}} | 7,581,520 | 123,000 <ref>{{cite web|author=Centro Virtual Cervantes |url=http://cvc.cervantes.es/lengua/anuario/anuario_99/otero/p03.htm#7 |title=Britannica Book of the Year 1998 |publisher=Cvc.cervantes.es |date= |accessdate=2010-04-21}}</ref> | 14,420 | 1.7% <ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.all-about-switzerland.info/swiss-abaadi-languages.html |title=all-about-switzerland.info |publisher=all-about-switzerland.info |date= |accessdate=2010-04-21}}{{dead link|date=February 2011}}</ref> | 137,420 |- style="background:#fff;" | {{flag|Japan}} | 127,288,419 | 76,565 <ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.publico.es/250381/los-japoneses-latinos-se-sienten-discriminados |title=70,000 from Peru |publisher=publico.es |date=2009-09-09 |accessdate=2011-02-05}}</ref> | 60,000 <ref name="SpanishStudents"/> | 0.1% | 136,565 |- style="background:#fff;" | {{flag|Bulgaria}} | 7,262,675 | | 133,910 | 1.8% | 133,910 <ref name=Eurob2006/> |- style="background:#fff;" | {{flag|Belize}} | 301,270 | 106,795 <ref name="Demografía de la lengua española">Page 32 of [http://www.ucm.es/info/icei/pdf/DT%2003-06.pdf Demografía de la lengua española] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090612022111/http://www.ucm.es/info/icei/pdf/DT%2003-06.pdf |date=2009-06-12 }}</ref> | 21,848 | 42.7% | 128,643 <ref name="Demografía de la lengua española"/> |- style="background:#fff;" | {{flag|Netherlands Antilles}} | 223,652 | 10,699 | 114,835 | 56.1% | 125,534 |- style="background:#fff;" | {{flag|Ireland}} | 4,156,119 | | 123,591 | 3% | 123,591 <ref name=Eurob2006/> |- style="background:#fff;" | {{flag|Senegal}} | 12,853,259 | | 101,455 <ref name="SpanishStudents"/> | 0.8% | 101,455 |- style="background:#fff;" | {{flag|Greece}} | 10,722,816 | | 86,742 | 0.8% | 86,742 <ref name=Eurob2006/> |- style="background:#fff;" | {{flag|Finland}} | 5,244,749 | | 85,586 | 1.6% | 85,586 <ref name=Eurob2006/> |- style="background:#fff;" | {{flag|Hungary}} | 9,930,915 | | 85,034 | 0.9% | 85,034 <ref name=Eurob2006/> |- style="background:#fff;" | {{flag|Aruba}} | 100,018 | 6,800 | 68,602 | 75.3% | 75,402 |- style="background:#fff;" | {{flag|Croatia}} | 4,491,543 | | 73,656 | 1.6% | 73,656 <ref name=Eurob2006/> |- style="background:#fff;" | {{flag|Andorra}} | 84,484 | 29,907 <ref>35.4% speak Spanish as a first language [http://www.iea.ad/cres/observatori/temes/llengua3trimestre2005.htm www.iea.ad] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100529044524/http://www.iea.ad/cres/observatori/temes/llengua3trimestre2005.htm |date=2010-05-29 }}</ref> | 25,356 | 68.7% <ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.iea.ad/cres/observatori/temes/llengua3trimestre2005.htm |title=www.iea.ad |publisher=www.iea.ad |date= |accessdate=2010-04-21 |archive-date=2010-05-29 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100529044524/http://www.iea.ad/cres/observatori/temes/llengua3trimestre2005.htm |url-status=dead }}</ref> | 58,040 |- style="background:#fff;" | {{flag|Slovakia}} | 5,455,407 | | 43,164 | 0.8% | 43,164 <ref name=Eurob2006/> |- style="background:#fff;" | {{flag|Norway}} | 4,644,457 | 12,573 | 23,677 | 0.8% | 36,250 <ref name=Eurob2006/> |- style="background:#fff;" | {{flag|Russia}} | 140,702,094 | 3,320 | 20,000 <ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.cervantes.es/imagenes/File/prensa/anuario2009.pdf |title=ANUARIO IC 2009 |format=PDF |date= |accessdate=2010-11-06}}</ref> | 0.01% | 23,320 |- style="background:#fff;" | {{flag|New Zealand}} | 4,173,460 | 21,645 <ref>New Zealand census (2006)</ref> | | 0.5% | 21,645 |- style="background:#fff;" | {{flag|Guam}} | 154,805 | | 19,092 | 12.3% | 19,092 <ref>Page 34 of the [http://eprints.ucm.es/8936/1/DT03-06.pdf Demografía de la Lengua Española]</ref> |- style="background:#fff;" | {{flagicon|United States Virgin Islands}} [[US Virgin Islands]] | 108,612 | 16,788 | | 15.5% | 16,788 |- style="background:#fff;" | {{flag|China}} | 1,345,751,000 | 2,292<ref>Spanish residents in China ([http://www.ine.es/jaxi/menu.do?type=pcaxis&path=%2Ft20%2Fp85001&file=inebase&L= INE, 2009] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101207025255/http://www.ine.es/jaxi/menu.do?type=pcaxis&path=%2Ft20%2Fp85001&file=inebase&L= |date=2010-12-07 }})</ref> | 12,835 <ref name="SpanishStudents"/> | 0.001124% | 15,127 |- style="background:#fff;" | {{flag|Lithuania}} | 3,565,205 | | 13,943 | 0.4% | 13,943 <ref name=Eurob2006/> |- style="background:#fff;" | {{flag|Gibraltar}} | 27,967 | 13,857 | | 49.5% | 13,857 |- style="background:#fff;" | {{flag|Cyprus}} | 792,604 | | | 1.4% | 11,044 <ref name=Eurob2006/> |- style="background:#fff;" | {{flag|Turkey}} | 71,892,807 | 380 | 8,000 <ref>Page 37 of the [http://www.ucm.es/info/icei/pdf/DT%2003-06.pdf Demografía de la lengua española] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090612022111/http://www.ucm.es/info/icei/pdf/DT%2003-06.pdf |date=2009-06-12 }}</ref> | 0.01% | 8,380 |- style="background:#fff;" | {{flag|Jamaica}} | 2,804,322 | 8,000 | | 0.3% | 8,000 |- style="background:#fff;" | {{flag|Luxembourg}} | 486,006 | 3,000 | 4,344 | 1.5% | 7,344 <ref name=Eurob2006/> |- style="background:#fff;" | {{flag|Malta}} | 403,532 | 6,458 | | 1.6% | 6,458 <ref name=Eurob2006/> |- style="background:#fff;" | {{flag|Trinidad and Tobago}} | 1,047,366 | 4,100 | | 0.4% | 4,100 |- style="background:#fff;" | {{flag|Western Sahara}} | 513,000 <ref name="UN 2009 estimate"/> | n.a.<ref>The Spanish 1970 census claims 16.648 Spanish speakers in Western Sahara ( [http://cvc.cervantes.es/lengua/anuario/anuario_99/otero/p03.htm#7]) but probably most of them were people born in Spain who left after the Moroccan annexation</ref> | n.a. | n.a. | n.a. |- style="background:#efefef;" | '''Total native speakers in the world + bilingual and as a second language where Spanish is official:''' | |rowspan=2| {{formatnum:{{#expr: 103540587 + 35468501 + 41964229 + 45563703 + 39608040 + 28213646 + 23769621 + 15513256 + 13298858 + 9291998 + 11235863 + 10120705 + 4350834 + 7981998 + 6183002 + 2397380 + 5088428 + 20000 + 448689 + 4488716 + 369000 + 3802098 + 3257352 + 2694144 + 2660 + 909000 + 106517 + 130000 + 123000 + 76565 + 106795 + 10699 + 6800 + 29907 + 12573 + 3320 + 21645 + 16788 + 2292 + 13857 + 8000 + 4100 round 0}}}} <ref name=demogr>[http://eprints.ucm.es/8936/1/DT03-06.pdf Demografía de la lengua española] (page 38). 359.5 million people where Spanish is official and 40.5 where it is not official with native knowladges of Spanish, and another 40 million with limited knowladges. The figures of the census used are from 2000 to 2005.</ref> | 32,440,098 | |''' {{formatnum:{{#expr: 110651490 + 35468501 + 46585009 + 45641920 + 40655093 + 28892084 + 25804803 + 17127711 + 14034186 + 12408479 + 11168448 + 10184100 + 9164589 + 8133160 + 6164453 + 2397380 + 5647340 + 20000 + 448689 + 4578721 + 4489700 + 3950024 + 3334908 + 3265948 + 2660 + 1044293 + 909000 + 106517 + 130000 + 123.000 + 76565 + 106795 + 10699 + 6.800 + 23618 + 21645 + 12573 + 3320 + 16788 + 2608 + 8000 + 4100 round 0}}}} ''' <ref>450 million Spanish speakers ([http://www.fundacionblu.org/actaslengua/acta_conclusiones_lengua_espanola.asp?id=1 I] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110129052910/http://www.fundacionblu.org/actaslengua/acta_conclusiones_lengua_espanola.asp?id=1 |date=2011-01-29 }} and [http://www.fundacionblu.org/actaslengua/acta_lengua_espanola.asp?id=7 IV] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101015030418/http://www.fundacionblu.org/actaslengua/acta_lengua_espanola.asp?id=7 |date=2010-10-15 }} International minutes of the Spanish language, and [http://www.cervantes.es/sobre_instituto_cervantes/prensa/2009/noticias/caffarel_casa_america.htm Instituto Cervantes]). 460 million Spanish speakers ([http://pdf.diariohoy.net/2007/03/25/pdf/10-c.pdf diariohoy.net], [http://www.lne.es/sociedad-cultura/1583/colombia-convierte-capital-lengua-espanola/503977.html lne.es])</ref> |- style="background:#fff;" | '''Total with Spanish speakers as a foreign language:''' | | 81,213,062 | | ''' {{formatnum:{{#expr: 452696047 + 14531499 + 18922281 - 2397380 + 8536126 + 5480000 + 3014115 + 374571 + 45231 + 21848 + 114835 + 68602 + 25356 + 19092 + 16788 round 0}}}} '''<ref name=Es2009 /><ref>In addition to 452,653,523 speakers with native knowledges, there are 14,531,499 speakers as a second language in USA. There are 18,922,281 speakers in the EU ([[:es:Anexo:Hablantes de español en la U.E. según el Eurobarómetro (2006)]]), but 2,397,380 as a first language ([http://eprints.ucm.es/8936/1/DT03-06.pdf page 37]) are counted. There are 5,480,000 and 3,014,115 speakers as a secondary language in Morocco and Philippines. There are 18,000,000 students according to the Instituto Cervantes ([[:es:Anexo:Estudiantes de español]]), but there are already counted 6,000,000 students from U.S. (cosidered into the 14,531,499 second language speakers), and already considered counted 3,385,000 students into the 18,922,281 speakers in the EU out of Spain , according to the Eurobarometer. Finally 58,382 and 20,492 students considered counted into the Morocco and Philippines speakers. There are a total of 8,536,126 students more to add, avoiding double accounting.</ref> |} === Hafta ke din === {| class="wikitable" |- ! Fiji Hindi || Spanish |- ||Sombaar||lunes |- ||Mangar||martes |- ||Budh||miércoles |- ||Bif||jueves |- ||Suk||viernes |- ||Sanichar||sábado |- ||Etwaar||domingo |} <ref>{{Cite web |url=http://ancienthistory.about.com/od/socialculture/a/120709dieshebdomadis.htm |title=Latin Days of the week |access-date=2011-10-27 |archive-date=2011-11-18 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111118085633/http://ancienthistory.about.com/od/socialculture/a/120709dieshebdomadis.htm |url-status=dead }}</ref> == References == <references/> == Duusra websites == * [http://www.ethnologue.com/show_language.asp?code=spa Ethnologue report for Spanish] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20091022151050/http://geocities.com/Athens/Aegean/2444/splatin.html Spanish evolution from Latin] * {{es icon}} [http://buscon.rae.es/diccionario/drae.htm Dictionary of the RAE] [[Real Academia Española]]'s official Spanish language dictionary * [[Wikivoyage:Spanish phrasebook|Spanish phrasebook]] on [[Wikivoyage]] * [https://www.kopekpansiyonu.org/ Köpek pansiyonu] Gutenberg EBook * [http://www.verbix.com/languages/spanish.shtml Spanish verb conjugations] * [http://www.onlinespanishhelp.com/viewSentence.php Random Spanish Audio Examples] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090201092946/http://www.onlinespanishhelp.com/viewSentence.php |date=2009-02-01 }} * [http://www.gutenberg.org/files/15353/15353-h/15353-h.htm#e1 The Project Gutenberg EBook of A First Spanish Reader] by [[Erwin W. Roessler]] and [[Alfred Remy]]. {{InterWiki|code=es}} <!-- interwiki --> [[vibhag:Spanish bhasa| ]] [[vibhag:Spain ke bhasa]] [[vibhag:Romance bhasa]] cbstk6uomwrbp3488de37kin7bd3m98 Jorge Luis Borges 0 4128 334469 334468 2026-04-21T11:59:36Z Tarchu 2586 334469 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox Writer <!-- for more information see [[:Template:Infobox Writer/doc]] --> | name = Jorge Luis Borges | image = Jorge Luis Borges Hotel.jpg | language = Spanish | birthname = Jorge Francisco Isidoro Luis Borges Acevedo | birthdate = {{birth date|df=yes|1899|8|24}} | birthplace = [[Buenos Aires]], [[Argentina]] | deathdate = {{death date and age|df=yes|1986|6|14|1899|8|24}} | deathplace = [[Geneva]], [[Switzerland]] | occupation = writer, poet, critic, librarian }} {{wikiquote-en}} '''Jorge Luis Borges''' <small>([[File:Speaker Icon.svg|13px|]] [[:Media:Jorge Luis Borges.ogg|audio]])</small> ([[24 August]] [[1899]] – [[14 June]] [[1986]]) ek [[Argentina|Argentine]] writer rahaa. Uske English bhasa waala des me jaada kar ke uske chhota kahani aur fictive essays khatir jaana jaawe hae. Borges ek kavi, critic, translator aur man of wisdom bhi rahaa. ==Jindagi aur kaam== ===Bachpan ke din aur parrhai=== Jorge Francisco Isidoro Luis Borges ke janam ek parrha-likha middle-class palwaar me, [[24 August]] [[1899]] me bhais rahaa.<ref>{{Cite book|title=Borges and His Fiction|last=Bell-Villada|first=Gene|publisher=University of Texas Press|year=1999|isbn=0-292-70877-7|location=United States of America|pages=[https://archive.org/details/borgeshisfiction00bell/page/14 14]|url=https://archive.org/details/borgeshisfiction00bell/page/14}}</ref> Uu log [[Palermo, Buenos Aires|Palermo]], uu time ke [[Buenos Aires]] ke ek garib ilaaka me rahat rahin. Borges ke maiyaa, [[Leonor Acevedo Suárez]], ek anuwaadak ke kaam karat rahii aur ek [[Criollo people|criollo]] (Spanish) origin palwaar se aawe rahii. Uske palwaar He[[South America]] ke European settling aur [[Argentine War of Independence]] me rahhaa, aur uu ii heroic actions ke baare me baat karat rahii.<ref Name="LRB"/> Uske 1929 ke book ''Cuaderno San Martín'' me kavita "Isidoro Acevedo" hae, jon uske aaja, Isidoro de Acevedo Laprida ke commemorate kare hae, Buenos Aires Army ke ek sipaahi. Uu Argentine lawyer aur politician [[Francisco Narciso de Laprida]] ke descendent rahaa, Acevedo Laprida battles of [[Battle of Cepeda (1859)|Cepeda]] 1859 me, [[Battle of Pavón|Pavón]] 1861 me, aur [[Battle of Los Corrales|Los Corrales]] 1880 me larris rahaa. Acevedo Laprida pulmonary congestion se maris rahaa uu ghar me jahaan pe uske potaa Jorge Luis Borges ke janam bhais rahaa. Antonio Andrade ke adhyan ke anusaar, Jorge Luis Borges ke [[Portugal|Portuguese]] ancestry rahaa: Borges ke pas aajaa, Francisco, ke paidais [[Portugal]] me 1770 me bhais rahaa, aur uu [[Torre de Moncorvo]] me rahis rahaa, jon des ke north me hae, Argentina hoe se pahile, jahaan pe uu Carmen Lafinur se saadi karis rahaa. Borges ke pitaji, [[Jorge Guillermo Borges|Jorge Guillermo Borges Haslam]], ek wakiil rahaa jon novel ''El caudillo'' ke 1921 me likhis rahaa. Borges Haslam ke janam [[Entre Ríos Province|Entre Ríos]] me Spanish, Portuguese, aur English descent ke, Francisco Borges Lafinur, ek colonel, aur Frances Ann Haslam, ek Englishwoman ke larrka. Borges Haslam barraa bhais rahaa [[English bhasa]] me gar me baat karat rahaa. Ii palwaar dher dafe [[Europe]]] ghume gais rahaa. Borges Haslam [[Leonor Acevedo Suárez]] se saadi 1898 me karis rahaa aur uu log ke larrkan me rahin chitrkaar [[Norah Borges]], Jorge Luis Borges ke bahini.<ref Name="LRB"/> == Duusra websites == * [http://www.uiowa.edu/borges/ Borges Center, University of Iowa]: important internet resources including bibliographies, chronologies, full text articles and books, and information on the journal Variaciones Borges * [https://web.archive.org/web/20070304063645/http://www.bbc.co.uk/radio4/history/inourtime/inourtime_20070104.shtml BBC Radio 4: ''In Our Time''] Archive page for edition about Borges in a series on the 'History of Ideas'. Includes link to streaming audio. * [http://www.TheModernWord.com/borges The Modern Word: The Garden of Forking Paths] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140226150428/http://www.themodernword.com/borges/ |date=2014-02-26 }}. A comprehensive Web site dedicated to exploring Borges and his work, including pages that discuss writers that Borges influenced. * [http://www.internetaleph.com Internetaleph]. Fully bilingual (English/Spanish) portal dedicated to Jorge Luis Borges. Links, recent news, reading suggestions and an introduction for beginners. * [http://www.borgesian.com The Borgesian Cyclopaedia] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070111130504/http://www.borgesian.com/ |date=2007-01-11 }}. "Being a Virtual Reference to the World of Jorge Luis Borges". * [http://www.susanamedina.net/modules/articles/article.php?id=28 Hallucinating Spaces, or the Aleph] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060714233658/http://www.susanamedina.net/modules/articles/article.php?id=28 |date=2006-07-14 }} An essay from ''Borgesland'' by Susana Medina * [http://amigos-de-borges.net/site/english/main/ The Friends of Jorge Luis Borges Worldwide Society & Associates] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060214061811/http://amigos-de-borges.net/site/english/main/ |date=2006-02-14 }} A non-Governmental and not for profit organization with four distinctive entities that aim to promote artistic and intellectual talents along with civic virtues in new generations of mankind. Borges' works ("a writer of writers" for his extensive and insightful readings) are celebrated as a thread of Ariadne to walk the labyrinths of Philosophy and Literature and all fields of knowledge in quest of wisdom. * [http://www.fst.com.ar Fundación San Telmo's Jorge Luis Borges Collection] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070819063113/http://www.fst.com.ar/ |date=2007-08-19 }} * [http://www.hup.harvard.edu/features/bortcd/ The Norton Lectures, delivered at Harvard University in the fall of 1967, by Jorge Luis Borges] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090505182556/http://www.hup.harvard.edu/features/bortcd/ |date=2009-05-05 }} * [http://www.slate.com/id/2159221/ Borges' Bad Politics] Slate.com presents an essay by Clive James arguing that Borges could have done more to engage with Argentina's political situation * [http://www.ilnarratore.com/show.php?type=author&language=en&aid=136&tpl=/eng/autore.tpl.html ''"El Tango"''] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100324125250/http://www.ilnarratore.com/show.php?type=author&language=en&aid=136&tpl=%2Feng%2Fautore.tpl.html |date=2010-03-24 }} on audio MP3 (in Spanish) * [http://www.centerforbookculture.org/review/93_2.html Rend(er)ing L.C.: Susan Daitch Meets Borges & Borges, Delacroix, Marx, Derrida, Daumier, and Other Textualized Bodies] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070402214841/http://www.centerforbookculture.org/review/93_2.html |date=2007-04-02 }} William A. Nericcio ([[1993]]); [http://literature.sdsu.edu/textmex/nericcioLCdaitchBORGES.pdf pdf full-text] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090910223913/http://literature.sdsu.edu/textmex/nericcioLCdaitchBORGES.pdf |date=2009-09-10 }} * [http://www.erasmuspc.com/index.php?id=18278&type=article Poem of Jorge Luis Borges in Buenos Aires, Argentina, 'Fundación mítica de Buenos Aires'] {{BD|1899|1986|Borges, Jorge Luis}} [[Category:B]] [[Category:J]] [[Category:Writers]] [[Category:Argentina ke log]] cqqvp2nrpvsdh6u83b11gdzzg4qv8px 334470 334469 2026-04-21T12:21:56Z Tarchu 2586 334470 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox Writer <!-- for more information see [[:Template:Infobox Writer/doc]] --> | name = Jorge Luis Borges | image = Jorge Luis Borges Hotel.jpg | language = Spanish | birthname = Jorge Francisco Isidoro Luis Borges Acevedo | birthdate = {{birth date|df=yes|1899|8|24}} | birthplace = [[Buenos Aires]], [[Argentina]] | deathdate = {{death date and age|df=yes|1986|6|14|1899|8|24}} | deathplace = [[Geneva]], [[Switzerland]] | occupation = writer, poet, critic, librarian }} {{wikiquote-en}} '''Jorge Luis Borges''' <small>([[File:Speaker Icon.svg|13px|]] [[:Media:Jorge Luis Borges.ogg|audio]])</small> ([[24 August]] [[1899]] – [[14 June]] [[1986]]) ek [[Argentina|Argentine]] writer rahaa. Uske English bhasa waala des me jaada kar ke uske chhota kahani aur fictive essays khatir jaana jaawe hae. Borges ek kavi, critic, translator aur man of wisdom bhi rahaa. ==Jindagi aur kaam== ===Bachpan ke din aur parrhai=== Jorge Francisco Isidoro Luis Borges ke janam ek parrha-likha middle-class palwaar me, [[24 August]] [[1899]] me bhais rahaa.<ref>{{Cite book|title=Borges and His Fiction|last=Bell-Villada|first=Gene|publisher=University of Texas Press|year=1999|isbn=0-292-70877-7|location=United States of America|pages=[https://archive.org/details/borgeshisfiction00bell/page/14 14]|url=https://archive.org/details/borgeshisfiction00bell/page/14}}</ref> Uu log [[Palermo, Buenos Aires|Palermo]], uu time ke [[Buenos Aires]] ke ek garib ilaaka me rahat rahin. Borges ke maiyaa, [[Leonor Acevedo Suárez]], ek anuwaadak ke kaam karat rahii aur ek [[Criollo people|criollo]] (Spanish) origin palwaar se aawe rahii. Uske palwaar He[[South America]] ke European settling aur [[Argentine War of Independence]] me rahhaa, aur uu ii heroic actions ke baare me baat karat rahii.<ref Name="LRB"/> Uske 1929 ke book ''Cuaderno San Martín'' me kavita "Isidoro Acevedo" hae, jon uske aaja, Isidoro de Acevedo Laprida ke commemorate kare hae, Buenos Aires Army ke ek sipaahi. Uu Argentine lawyer aur politician [[Francisco Narciso de Laprida]] ke descendent rahaa, Acevedo Laprida battles of [[Battle of Cepeda (1859)|Cepeda]] 1859 me, [[Battle of Pavón|Pavón]] 1861 me, aur [[Battle of Los Corrales|Los Corrales]] 1880 me larris rahaa. Acevedo Laprida pulmonary congestion se maris rahaa uu ghar me jahaan pe uske potaa Jorge Luis Borges ke janam bhais rahaa. Antonio Andrade ke adhyan ke anusaar, Jorge Luis Borges ke [[Portugal|Portuguese]] ancestry rahaa: Borges ke pas aajaa, Francisco, ke paidais [[Portugal]] me 1770 me bhais rahaa, aur uu [[Torre de Moncorvo]] me rahis rahaa, jon des ke north me hae, Argentina hoe se pahile, jahaan pe uu Carmen Lafinur se saadi karis rahaa. Borges ke pitaji, [[Jorge Guillermo Borges|Jorge Guillermo Borges Haslam]], ek wakiil rahaa jon novel ''El caudillo'' ke 1921 me likhis rahaa. Borges Haslam ke janam [[Entre Ríos Province|Entre Ríos]] me Spanish, Portuguese, aur English descent ke, Francisco Borges Lafinur, ek colonel, aur Frances Ann Haslam, ek Englishwoman ke larrka. Borges Haslam barraa bhais rahaa [[English bhasa]] me gar me baat karat rahaa. Ii palwaar dher dafe [[Europe]]] ghume gais rahaa. Borges Haslam [[Leonor Acevedo Suárez]] se saadi 1898 me karis rahaa aur uu log ke larrkan me rahin chitrkaar [[Norah Borges]], Jorge Luis Borges ke bahini.<ref Name="LRB"/> Das saal ke umar me, Jorge Luis Borge [[Oscar Wilde]] ke ''[[The Happy Prince (story)|The Happy Prince]]'' ke [[Spanish bhasa]] me translate karis rahaa. Iske ek local journal me chhaapa gais rahaa, lekin Borges ke dost ii sochat rahin ki likhe waala aslii me uske pitaji rahaa.<ref name="Bloom">[[Harold Bloom]] (2004) ''Jorge Luis Borges'', Infobase Publishing. {{ISBN|978-950-07-1121-0}}</ref> Borges Haslam ek wakiil aur psychology teacher rahaa jon el lekhak bane maangat rahaa. Borges bolis ki uske pitaji "lekhak bane ke kosis karis rahaa lekin asafal rahaa", 1921 opus ''El caudillo'' ke baawajuut. Jorge Luis Borges likhis rahaa, "Kaaheki jaada log pahile sipahi rahin aur ham jantaa rahaa ki ham nai bane paawegaa, ham ke saram lagat rahaa suruu me, ki haam book waala jan rahaa aur man of action nai."<ref Name="LRB"/> Jorge Luis Borges ke ghare parrhaawa gais rahaa, 11 saal ke umar talak aur uu duuno Spanish aur English bhasa me baat karat rahaa, aur [[Shakespeare]] ke English me parrhis rahaa jab uu 12 saal ke rahaa.<ref Name="LRB"/> Uske palwaar ek barraa ghar me rahat rahaa jisme ek hajaae book ke ek English library rahaa; Borges baad me bolis rahaa "agar koi puchhe ki hamaar jindagi me khaas event kon chij rahaa, tab ham bolegaa ki hamaar pitaji ke library."<ref>Borges, Jorge Luis, "Autobiographical Notes", ''The New Yorker'', 19 September 1970.</ref> == Duusra websites == * [http://www.uiowa.edu/borges/ Borges Center, University of Iowa]: important internet resources including bibliographies, chronologies, full text articles and books, and information on the journal Variaciones Borges * [https://web.archive.org/web/20070304063645/http://www.bbc.co.uk/radio4/history/inourtime/inourtime_20070104.shtml BBC Radio 4: ''In Our Time''] Archive page for edition about Borges in a series on the 'History of Ideas'. Includes link to streaming audio. * [http://www.TheModernWord.com/borges The Modern Word: The Garden of Forking Paths] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140226150428/http://www.themodernword.com/borges/ |date=2014-02-26 }}. A comprehensive Web site dedicated to exploring Borges and his work, including pages that discuss writers that Borges influenced. * [http://www.internetaleph.com Internetaleph]. Fully bilingual (English/Spanish) portal dedicated to Jorge Luis Borges. Links, recent news, reading suggestions and an introduction for beginners. * [http://www.borgesian.com The Borgesian Cyclopaedia] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070111130504/http://www.borgesian.com/ |date=2007-01-11 }}. "Being a Virtual Reference to the World of Jorge Luis Borges". * [http://www.susanamedina.net/modules/articles/article.php?id=28 Hallucinating Spaces, or the Aleph] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060714233658/http://www.susanamedina.net/modules/articles/article.php?id=28 |date=2006-07-14 }} An essay from ''Borgesland'' by Susana Medina * [http://amigos-de-borges.net/site/english/main/ The Friends of Jorge Luis Borges Worldwide Society & Associates] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060214061811/http://amigos-de-borges.net/site/english/main/ |date=2006-02-14 }} A non-Governmental and not for profit organization with four distinctive entities that aim to promote artistic and intellectual talents along with civic virtues in new generations of mankind. Borges' works ("a writer of writers" for his extensive and insightful readings) are celebrated as a thread of Ariadne to walk the labyrinths of Philosophy and Literature and all fields of knowledge in quest of wisdom. * [http://www.fst.com.ar Fundación San Telmo's Jorge Luis Borges Collection] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070819063113/http://www.fst.com.ar/ |date=2007-08-19 }} * [http://www.hup.harvard.edu/features/bortcd/ The Norton Lectures, delivered at Harvard University in the fall of 1967, by Jorge Luis Borges] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090505182556/http://www.hup.harvard.edu/features/bortcd/ |date=2009-05-05 }} * [http://www.slate.com/id/2159221/ Borges' Bad Politics] Slate.com presents an essay by Clive James arguing that Borges could have done more to engage with Argentina's political situation * [http://www.ilnarratore.com/show.php?type=author&language=en&aid=136&tpl=/eng/autore.tpl.html ''"El Tango"''] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100324125250/http://www.ilnarratore.com/show.php?type=author&language=en&aid=136&tpl=%2Feng%2Fautore.tpl.html |date=2010-03-24 }} on audio MP3 (in Spanish) * [http://www.centerforbookculture.org/review/93_2.html Rend(er)ing L.C.: Susan Daitch Meets Borges & Borges, Delacroix, Marx, Derrida, Daumier, and Other Textualized Bodies] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070402214841/http://www.centerforbookculture.org/review/93_2.html |date=2007-04-02 }} William A. Nericcio ([[1993]]); [http://literature.sdsu.edu/textmex/nericcioLCdaitchBORGES.pdf pdf full-text] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090910223913/http://literature.sdsu.edu/textmex/nericcioLCdaitchBORGES.pdf |date=2009-09-10 }} * [http://www.erasmuspc.com/index.php?id=18278&type=article Poem of Jorge Luis Borges in Buenos Aires, Argentina, 'Fundación mítica de Buenos Aires'] {{BD|1899|1986|Borges, Jorge Luis}} [[Category:B]] [[Category:J]] [[Category:Writers]] [[Category:Argentina ke log]] dn0t6972luk8wdkyr5slnzyyh3anmcu 334472 334470 2026-04-21T12:41:21Z Tarchu 2586 334472 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox Writer <!-- for more information see [[:Template:Infobox Writer/doc]] --> | name = Jorge Luis Borges | image = Jorge Luis Borges Hotel.jpg | language = Spanish | birthname = Jorge Francisco Isidoro Luis Borges Acevedo | birthdate = {{birth date|df=yes|1899|8|24}} | birthplace = [[Buenos Aires]], [[Argentina]] | deathdate = {{death date and age|df=yes|1986|6|14|1899|8|24}} | deathplace = [[Geneva]], [[Switzerland]] | occupation = writer, poet, critic, librarian }} {{wikiquote-en}} '''Jorge Luis Borges''' <small>([[File:Speaker Icon.svg|13px|]] [[:Media:Jorge Luis Borges.ogg|audio]])</small> ([[24 August]] [[1899]] – [[14 June]] [[1986]]) ek [[Argentina|Argentine]] writer rahaa. Uske English bhasa waala des me jaada kar ke uske chhota kahani aur fictive essays khatir jaana jaawe hae. Borges ek kavi, critic, translator aur man of wisdom bhi rahaa. ==Jindagi aur kaam== ===Bachpan ke din aur parrhai=== Jorge Francisco Isidoro Luis Borges ke janam ek parrha-likha middle-class palwaar me, [[24 August]] [[1899]] me bhais rahaa.<ref>{{Cite book|title=Borges and His Fiction|last=Bell-Villada|first=Gene|publisher=University of Texas Press|year=1999|isbn=0-292-70877-7|location=United States of America|pages=[https://archive.org/details/borgeshisfiction00bell/page/14 14]|url=https://archive.org/details/borgeshisfiction00bell/page/14}}</ref> Uu log [[Palermo, Buenos Aires|Palermo]], uu time ke [[Buenos Aires]] ke ek garib ilaaka me rahat rahin. Borges ke maiyaa, [[Leonor Acevedo Suárez]], ek anuwaadak ke kaam karat rahii aur ek [[Criollo people|criollo]] (Spanish) origin palwaar se aawe rahii. Uske palwaar He[[South America]] ke European settling aur [[Argentine War of Independence]] me rahhaa, aur uu ii heroic actions ke baare me baat karat rahii.<ref Name="LRB"/> Uske 1929 ke book ''Cuaderno San Martín'' me kavita "Isidoro Acevedo" hae, jon uske aaja, Isidoro de Acevedo Laprida ke commemorate kare hae, Buenos Aires Army ke ek sipaahi. Uu Argentine lawyer aur politician [[Francisco Narciso de Laprida]] ke descendent rahaa, Acevedo Laprida battles of [[Battle of Cepeda (1859)|Cepeda]] 1859 me, [[Battle of Pavón|Pavón]] 1861 me, aur [[Battle of Los Corrales|Los Corrales]] 1880 me larris rahaa. Acevedo Laprida pulmonary congestion se maris rahaa uu ghar me jahaan pe uske potaa Jorge Luis Borges ke janam bhais rahaa. Antonio Andrade ke adhyan ke anusaar, Jorge Luis Borges ke [[Portugal|Portuguese]] ancestry rahaa: Borges ke pas aajaa, Francisco, ke paidais [[Portugal]] me 1770 me bhais rahaa, aur uu [[Torre de Moncorvo]] me rahis rahaa, jon des ke north me hae, Argentina hoe se pahile, jahaan pe uu Carmen Lafinur se saadi karis rahaa. Borges ke pitaji, [[Jorge Guillermo Borges|Jorge Guillermo Borges Haslam]], ek wakiil rahaa jon novel ''El caudillo'' ke 1921 me likhis rahaa. Borges Haslam ke janam [[Entre Ríos Province|Entre Ríos]] me Spanish, Portuguese, aur English descent ke, Francisco Borges Lafinur, ek colonel, aur Frances Ann Haslam, ek Englishwoman ke larrka. Borges Haslam barraa bhais rahaa [[English bhasa]] me gar me baat karat rahaa. Ii palwaar dher dafe [[Europe]]] ghume gais rahaa. Borges Haslam [[Leonor Acevedo Suárez]] se saadi 1898 me karis rahaa aur uu log ke larrkan me rahin chitrkaar [[Norah Borges]], Jorge Luis Borges ke bahini.<ref Name="LRB"/> Das saal ke umar me, Jorge Luis Borge [[Oscar Wilde]] ke ''[[The Happy Prince (story)|The Happy Prince]]'' ke [[Spanish bhasa]] me translate karis rahaa. Iske ek local journal me chhaapa gais rahaa, lekin Borges ke dost ii sochat rahin ki likhe waala aslii me uske pitaji rahaa.<ref name="Bloom">[[Harold Bloom]] (2004) ''Jorge Luis Borges'', Infobase Publishing. {{ISBN|978-950-07-1121-0}}</ref> Borges Haslam ek wakiil aur psychology teacher rahaa jon el lekhak bane maangat rahaa. Borges bolis ki uske pitaji "lekhak bane ke kosis karis rahaa lekin asafal rahaa", 1921 opus ''El caudillo'' ke baawajuut. Jorge Luis Borges likhis rahaa, "Kaaheki jaada log pahile sipahi rahin aur ham jantaa rahaa ki ham nai bane paawegaa, ham ke saram lagat rahaa suruu me, ki haam book waala jan rahaa aur man of action nai."<ref Name="LRB"/> Jorge Luis Borges ke ghare parrhaawa gais rahaa, 11 saal ke umar talak aur uu duuno Spanish aur English bhasa me baat karat rahaa, aur [[Shakespeare]] ke English me parrhis rahaa jab uu 12 saal ke rahaa.<ref Name="LRB"/> Uske palwaar ek barraa ghar me rahat rahaa jisme ek hajaae book ke ek English library rahaa; Borges baad me bolis rahaa "agar koi puchhe ki hamaar jindagi me khaas event kon chij rahaa, tab ham bolegaa ki hamaar pitaji ke library."<ref>Borges, Jorge Luis, "Autobiographical Notes", ''The New Yorker'', 19 September 1970.</ref> Uske pitaji aankhi kharaab hoe ke kaaran wakiili ke chhorr diis rahaa. ii bemaari se uske larrka bhi affected rahaa. 1914 me, uske palwaar [[Geneva]], [[Switzerland]] me jaae ke rahe lagin, aur aglaa dassak ke [[Europe]] me bitais rahaa.<ref Name="LRB"/> Geneva me, Borges Haslam ke ek eye specialist ilaaj karis rahaa, jab uske larrka aur larrki school parrhat rahin. Jorge Luis [[French bhasa]] sikhis, [[Thomas Carlyle]] ke English bhasa me parrhis, aur philosophy ke [[German bhasa]] me parrhe ke suruu karis rahaa. 1917 me, jab uu 18 saal ke rahaa, uu lekhak Maurice Abramowicz ke milis aur ek literary dosti suruu bhais jon uske jindagi bhar chalaa rahaa .<ref Name="LRB"/> Uske [[baccalauréat]] [[Collège de Genève]] se 1918 me mila rahaa.<ref>Gene H. Bell-Villada,[https://archive.org/details/borgeshisfiction00bell/page/16 <!-- quote=borges Collège de Genève baccalauréat. --> ''Borges and His Fiction: A Guide to His Mind and Art''], University of Texas Press (1999), p. 16; {{ISBN|978-0-292-70878-5}}</ref><ref group='Note' name='f'>Edwin Williamson suggests in ''Borges'' (Viking, 2004) that Borges did not finish his ''baccalauréat'' (pp.&nbsp;79–80): "he cannot have been too bothered about his ''baccalauréat'', not least because he loathed and feared examination. (He was never to finish his high school education, in fact)."</ref> Borges palwaar nirnay karis, political unrest Argentina me ke kaaran, uulog Switzerland me larrai bhar rahin. [[World War I]] ke baad, palwaar tiin saal talak dher cities me rahaa : [[Lugano]], Barcelona, [[Mallorca]], Seville, aur Madrid.<ref Name="LRB"/> Uu log Europe me 1921 talak rahin. == Duusra websites == * [http://www.uiowa.edu/borges/ Borges Center, University of Iowa]: important internet resources including bibliographies, chronologies, full text articles and books, and information on the journal Variaciones Borges * [https://web.archive.org/web/20070304063645/http://www.bbc.co.uk/radio4/history/inourtime/inourtime_20070104.shtml BBC Radio 4: ''In Our Time''] Archive page for edition about Borges in a series on the 'History of Ideas'. Includes link to streaming audio. * [http://www.TheModernWord.com/borges The Modern Word: The Garden of Forking Paths] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140226150428/http://www.themodernword.com/borges/ |date=2014-02-26 }}. A comprehensive Web site dedicated to exploring Borges and his work, including pages that discuss writers that Borges influenced. * [http://www.internetaleph.com Internetaleph]. Fully bilingual (English/Spanish) portal dedicated to Jorge Luis Borges. Links, recent news, reading suggestions and an introduction for beginners. * [http://www.borgesian.com The Borgesian Cyclopaedia] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070111130504/http://www.borgesian.com/ |date=2007-01-11 }}. "Being a Virtual Reference to the World of Jorge Luis Borges". * [http://www.susanamedina.net/modules/articles/article.php?id=28 Hallucinating Spaces, or the Aleph] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060714233658/http://www.susanamedina.net/modules/articles/article.php?id=28 |date=2006-07-14 }} An essay from ''Borgesland'' by Susana Medina * [http://amigos-de-borges.net/site/english/main/ The Friends of Jorge Luis Borges Worldwide Society & Associates] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060214061811/http://amigos-de-borges.net/site/english/main/ |date=2006-02-14 }} A non-Governmental and not for profit organization with four distinctive entities that aim to promote artistic and intellectual talents along with civic virtues in new generations of mankind. Borges' works ("a writer of writers" for his extensive and insightful readings) are celebrated as a thread of Ariadne to walk the labyrinths of Philosophy and Literature and all fields of knowledge in quest of wisdom. * [http://www.fst.com.ar Fundación San Telmo's Jorge Luis Borges Collection] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070819063113/http://www.fst.com.ar/ |date=2007-08-19 }} * [http://www.hup.harvard.edu/features/bortcd/ The Norton Lectures, delivered at Harvard University in the fall of 1967, by Jorge Luis Borges] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090505182556/http://www.hup.harvard.edu/features/bortcd/ |date=2009-05-05 }} * [http://www.slate.com/id/2159221/ Borges' Bad Politics] Slate.com presents an essay by Clive James arguing that Borges could have done more to engage with Argentina's political situation * [http://www.ilnarratore.com/show.php?type=author&language=en&aid=136&tpl=/eng/autore.tpl.html ''"El Tango"''] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100324125250/http://www.ilnarratore.com/show.php?type=author&language=en&aid=136&tpl=%2Feng%2Fautore.tpl.html |date=2010-03-24 }} on audio MP3 (in Spanish) * [http://www.centerforbookculture.org/review/93_2.html Rend(er)ing L.C.: Susan Daitch Meets Borges & Borges, Delacroix, Marx, Derrida, Daumier, and Other Textualized Bodies] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070402214841/http://www.centerforbookculture.org/review/93_2.html |date=2007-04-02 }} William A. Nericcio ([[1993]]); [http://literature.sdsu.edu/textmex/nericcioLCdaitchBORGES.pdf pdf full-text] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090910223913/http://literature.sdsu.edu/textmex/nericcioLCdaitchBORGES.pdf |date=2009-09-10 }} * [http://www.erasmuspc.com/index.php?id=18278&type=article Poem of Jorge Luis Borges in Buenos Aires, Argentina, 'Fundación mítica de Buenos Aires'] {{BD|1899|1986|Borges, Jorge Luis}} [[Category:B]] [[Category:J]] [[Category:Writers]] [[Category:Argentina ke log]] pdmuphumkuf8qzin8e4c5up0t78z3hd Leo Tolstoy 0 4191 334498 328664 2026-04-22T11:02:05Z Freemaan1920 35798 334498 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox Writer <!-- for more information see [[:Template:Infobox Writer/doc]] --> | name = Leo Tolstoy | image = L.N.Tolstoy Prokudin-Gorsky.jpg | caption = Ii uske khaali ekke chapa hae, jiske uske Yasnaya Polyana estate me 1908 me Sergei Mikhailovich Prokudin-Gorski liis rahaa | birthdate = {{birth date|1828|9|9|mf=y}} | birthplace = Yasnaya Polyana, [[Russia]] | deathdate = {{death date and age|1910|11|20|1828|8|28|mf=y}} | deathplace = Astapovo, Russia | occupation = Novelist | genre = Realist | political movement = Christian anarchist<br />Pacifism | notableworks =''War and Peace''<br />''Anna Karenina'' | signature = Signature_of_Leo_Tolstoy.jpg }} Count '''Lev Nikolayevich Tolstoy''' ([[1828]]-[[1910]]) ek [[Russia]]n [[novelist]] rahaa, jon ki aapan book ''[[War and Peace]]'' aur ''[[Anna Karenina]]'' ke khatir famous bhais . Tolstoy ke janam Yasnaya Polyana [[Tula]], [[Russia]] me bhais rahaa aur uske saadi Sofia Andreevna Bers se bhais rahaa. Uu ek [[Christian]] rahaa aur [[non-violence]] me biswas karat rahaa. Uske book ''The Kingdom of God is Within You'' [[Mahatma Gandhi]] aur [[Martin Luther King]] se influence bhais rahaa. == Palwaar ke origin == Tolstoy palwaar, ek jaana-maana palwaar rahaa, puraana Russian nobility ke, jon aapan ancestry ke ek mythical<ref name="Barlett 2011 14">{{cite book |last=Bartlett |first=Rosamund |year=2011 |title=[[Tolstoy: A Russian Life]] |publisher=Houghton Mifflin Harcourt |page=14 |isbn=978-0547545875}}</ref> nobleman jiske naam Indris rahaa, jiske Pyotr Tolstoy describe karis hae ki "from Nemec, from the lands of Caesar" se [[Chernigov]] me 1353 me aawe rahin, uske dui larrkas Litvinos (or Litvonis) aur Zimonten (or Zigmont) ke saathe aur 3000 log ke saathe, talak pahile trace kare rahin.<ref name='rummel'>''Vitold Rummel, Vladimir Golubtsov (1886)''. [http://www.runivers.ru/lib/book3148/10056/ Genealogical Collection of Russian Noble Families in 2 Volumes. Volume 2] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171212084437/http://www.runivers.ru/lib/book3148/10056/ |date=12 December 2017 }} – The Tolstoys, Counts and Noblemen. Saint Petersburg: A.S. Suvorin Publishing House, p. 487</ref><ref name='bunin'>[[Ivan Bunin]], ''The Liberation of Tolstoy: A Tale of Two Writers'', p. 100</ref> Indriske [[Eastern Orthodox Church|Eastern Orthodoxy]] me convert karaa gais rahaa, aur uske naam Leonty dewa gais rahaa, aur uske larrkam ke naam Konstantin aur Feodor dewa gais rahaa. Konstantin ke potaa Andrei Kharitonovich ke nicknamed Tolstiy (translated as ''fat'') rahaa jab uu Chernigov se Moscow gais rahaa.<ref name='rummel' /><ref name='bunin' /> Ii pagan naam ke kaara, aur kaaheki Chernigov pe uu time [[Demetrius I Starshy]] raaj karat rahaa, kuchh researchers ii conclud kare hae ki uu log [[Lithuania|Lithuanians]] rahin jon [[Grand Duchy of Lithuania]] se aae rahin.<ref name='rummel' /><ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=7kDJ3s1mcZcC&q=tolstoy+lithuanian&pg=PA8|title=Tolstoy|isbn=978-0-8021-3768-5|last1=Troyat|first1=Henri|year=2001|publisher=Grove Press|access-date=23 October 2020|archive-date=22 March 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240322204938/https://books.google.com/books?id=7kDJ3s1mcZcC&q=tolstoy+lithuanian&pg=PA8#v=snippet&q=tolstoy%20lithuanian&f=false|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1983/11/06/books/six-centuries-of-tolstoys.html|title=Six Centuries of Tolstoys|date=6 November 1983|newspaper=The New York Times|last1=Robinson|first1=Harlow|access-date=10 February 2017|archive-date=21 April 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170421203216/http://www.nytimes.com/1983/11/06/books/six-centuries-of-tolstoys.html|url-status=live}}</ref> Indris naam ke koi jan ke naam ke 14th-to-16th-century documents me nai paawa gais rahaa, jab [[Old Russian Chronicles|Chernigov Chronicles]] jiske Pyotr Tolstoy reference ke ruup me kaam me laais hae, abhi herae gais hae.<ref name='rummel' /> Tostoy ke palwaar ke log [[17th century]] me rahat rahin, jiske kaaran Pyotr Tolstoy ke founder of the noble house maana jaawe hae, aur uske title of [[count]], [[Peter the Great]] dwaara dewa gais rahaa.<ref>[https://gerbovnik.ru/arms/162.html Tolstoy coat of arms] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171212193058/https://gerbovnik.ru/arms/162.html |date=12 December 2017 }} by All-Russian Armorials of Noble Houses of the Russian Empire. Part 2, 30 June 1798 (in Russian)</ref><ref>[https://ru.wikisource.org/wiki/ЭСБЕ/Толстые The Tolstoys] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170106175830/https://ru.wikisource.org/wiki/%D0%AD%D0%A1%D0%91%D0%95/%D0%A2%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%81%D1%82%D1%8B%D0%B5 |date=6 January 2017 }} article from [[Brockhaus and Efron Encyclopedic Dictionary]], 1890–1907 (in Russian)</ref> == Chapa ke gallery == <gallery> File:1856._Л.Н.Толстой.jpg|1856 me military uniform me File:Tolstoy family.jpg|Uske aurat aur larrki File:Ilya Efimovich Repin (1844-1930) - Portrait of Leo Tolstoy (1887).jpg|Tolstoy ke chapa jiske 1887 me [[Ilya Repin]] banais rahaa File:Count Tolstoy, with hat.jpg|Bina tarik ke chapa </gallery> {{BD|1828|1910|Tolstoy, Leo}} [[vibhag:Russia ke log]] [[vibhag:Writers]] 3bak6yvajz89h0nmca2vcchcph3rbc9 334500 334498 2026-04-22T11:35:00Z Freemaan1920 35798 334500 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox Writer <!-- for more information see [[:Template:Infobox Writer/doc]] --> | name = Leo Tolstoy | image = L.N.Tolstoy Prokudin-Gorsky.jpg | caption = Ii uske khaali ekke chapa hae, jiske uske Yasnaya Polyana estate me 1908 me Sergei Mikhailovich Prokudin-Gorski liis rahaa | birthdate = {{birth date|1828|9|9|mf=y}} | birthplace = Yasnaya Polyana, [[Russia]] | deathdate = {{death date and age|1910|11|20|1828|8|28|mf=y}} | deathplace = Astapovo, Russia | occupation = Novelist | genre = Realist | political movement = Christian anarchist<br />Pacifism | notableworks =''War and Peace''<br />''Anna Karenina'' | signature = Signature_of_Leo_Tolstoy.jpg }} Count '''Lev Nikolayevich Tolstoy''' ([[1828]]-[[1910]]) ek [[Russia]]n [[novelist]] rahaa, jon ki aapan book ''[[War and Peace]]'' aur ''[[Anna Karenina]]'' ke khatir famous bhais . Tolstoy ke janam Yasnaya Polyana [[Tula]], [[Russia]] me bhais rahaa aur uske saadi Sofia Andreevna Bers se bhais rahaa. Uu ek [[Christian]] rahaa aur [[non-violence]] me biswas karat rahaa. Uske book ''The Kingdom of God is Within You'' [[Mahatma Gandhi]] aur [[Martin Luther King]] se influence bhais rahaa. == Palwaar ke origin == Tolstoy palwaar, ek jaana-maana palwaar rahaa, puraana Russian nobility ke, jon aapan ancestry ke ek mythical<ref name="Barlett 2011 14">{{cite book |last=Bartlett |first=Rosamund |year=2011 |title=[[Tolstoy: A Russian Life]] |publisher=Houghton Mifflin Harcourt |page=14 |isbn=978-0547545875}}</ref> nobleman jiske naam Indris rahaa, jiske Pyotr Tolstoy describe karis hae ki "from Nemec, from the lands of Caesar" se [[Chernigov]] me 1353 me aawe rahin, uske dui larrkas Litvinos (or Litvonis) aur Zimonten (or Zigmont) ke saathe aur 3000 log ke saathe, talak pahile trace kare rahin.<ref name='rummel'>''Vitold Rummel, Vladimir Golubtsov (1886)''. [http://www.runivers.ru/lib/book3148/10056/ Genealogical Collection of Russian Noble Families in 2 Volumes. Volume 2] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171212084437/http://www.runivers.ru/lib/book3148/10056/ |date=12 December 2017 }} – The Tolstoys, Counts and Noblemen. Saint Petersburg: A.S. Suvorin Publishing House, p. 487</ref><ref name='bunin'>[[Ivan Bunin]], ''The Liberation of Tolstoy: A Tale of Two Writers'', p. 100</ref> Indriske [[Eastern Orthodox Church|Eastern Orthodoxy]] me convert karaa gais rahaa, aur uske naam Leonty dewa gais rahaa, aur uske larrkam ke naam Konstantin aur Feodor dewa gais rahaa. Konstantin ke potaa Andrei Kharitonovich ke nicknamed Tolstiy (translated as ''fat'') rahaa jab uu Chernigov se Moscow gais rahaa.<ref name='rummel' /><ref name='bunin' /> Ii pagan naam ke kaara, aur kaaheki Chernigov pe uu time [[Demetrius I Starshy]] raaj karat rahaa, kuchh researchers ii conclud kare hae ki uu log [[Lithuania|Lithuanians]] rahin jon [[Grand Duchy of Lithuania]] se aae rahin.<ref name='rummel' /><ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=7kDJ3s1mcZcC&q=tolstoy+lithuanian&pg=PA8|title=Tolstoy|isbn=978-0-8021-3768-5|last1=Troyat|first1=Henri|year=2001|publisher=Grove Press|access-date=23 October 2020|archive-date=22 March 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240322204938/https://books.google.com/books?id=7kDJ3s1mcZcC&q=tolstoy+lithuanian&pg=PA8#v=snippet&q=tolstoy%20lithuanian&f=false|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1983/11/06/books/six-centuries-of-tolstoys.html|title=Six Centuries of Tolstoys|date=6 November 1983|newspaper=The New York Times|last1=Robinson|first1=Harlow|access-date=10 February 2017|archive-date=21 April 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170421203216/http://www.nytimes.com/1983/11/06/books/six-centuries-of-tolstoys.html|url-status=live}}</ref> Indris naam ke koi jan ke naam ke 14th-to-16th-century documents me nai paawa gais rahaa, jab [[Old Russian Chronicles|Chernigov Chronicles]] jiske Pyotr Tolstoy reference ke ruup me kaam me laais hae, abhi herae gais hae.<ref name='rummel' /> Tostoy ke palwaar ke log [[17th century]] me rahat rahin, jiske kaaran Pyotr Tolstoy ke founder of the noble house maana jaawe hae, aur uske title of [[count]], [[Peter the Great]] dwaara dewa gais rahaa.<ref>[https://gerbovnik.ru/arms/162.html Tolstoy coat of arms] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171212193058/https://gerbovnik.ru/arms/162.html |date=12 December 2017 }} by All-Russian Armorials of Noble Houses of the Russian Empire. Part 2, 30 June 1798 (in Russian)</ref><ref>[https://ru.wikisource.org/wiki/ЭСБЕ/Толстые The Tolstoys] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170106175830/https://ru.wikisource.org/wiki/%D0%AD%D0%A1%D0%91%D0%95/%D0%A2%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%81%D1%82%D1%8B%D0%B5 |date=6 January 2017 }} article from [[Brockhaus and Efron Encyclopedic Dictionary]], 1890–1907 (in Russian)</ref> == Jindagi aur kaam == [[File:Leo Nikolaevich Tolstoy poses for a portrait at the age of 20 (4x5 cropped).jpg|left|upright=0.8|thumb|Tolstoy at age 20, {{circa|1848}}]] Tolstoy ke janam [[Yasnaya Polyana]] me, palwaar ke ek estate {{convert|12|km|mi}} [[Tula, Russia|Tula]] ke southwest, aur {{convert|200|km|mi}} Moscow ke south me. Uu [[Count]] Nikolai Ilyich Tolstoy (1794–1837) ke paanch larrkan me se chuthaa rahaa, [[French invasion of Russia|Patriotic War of 1812]] ke veteran rahaa, aur Princess Mariya Tolstaya (née [[Volkonsky|Volkonskaya]]; 1790–1830). Uske maiyaa mar gais rahaa jab uu dui saal ke rahaa aur uske pitaji maris rahaa jab uu nau saal ke rahaa.<ref name="AuthorDataSheet" /> Tolstoy aur uske bhaiyaa- bahini log ke uske palwaar paale rahin.<ref name="Britannica" /> 1844 me, uu wakiili aur oriental bhasa ke [[Kazan University]] me parrhe lagaa, jahaan pe uske teacher logan "both unable and unwilling to learn" describe kare rahin.<ref name="AuthorDataSheet">{{cite web |url=http://www.macmillanreaders.com/wp-content/uploads/2010/08/ads.leotolstoy.pdf |title=Author Data Sheet, Macmillan Readers |publisher=Macmillan Publishers Limited |access-date=22 October 2010 |archive-date=7 August 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210807174656/http://www.macmillanreaders.com/wp-content/uploads/2010/08/ads.leotolstoy.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref> Tolstoy university ke aapan parrjai ke biich me chhorr diis rahaa,<ref name="AuthorDataSheet" /> Yasnaya Polyana laut gais rahaa aur iske baad dher time Moscow , Tula aur Saint Petersburg me bitais rahaa, jiske kaaran uske aur leisurely lifestyle rahaa.<ref name="Britannica" /> Ii time uu likhe ke suruu kar diis rahaa ,<ref name="AuthorDataSheet" /> jisme uske pahila novel ''[[Childhood (Tolstoy novel)|Childhood]]'' rahaa, uske jawaani ke ek fictitious account, jiske 1852 me publish karaa gais rahaa.<ref name="Britannica" /> 1851 me, jab uske juuaa ke debt jaada hoe gais rahaa , uu aapan bhaiyaa ke saathe [[Caucasus (geographic region)|Caucasus]] gais aur and [[Imperial Russian Army|army]] ke join karis rahaa. Tolstoyek artillery officer ke ruup me [[Crimean War]] me larris rahaa aur uu Sevastopol me rahaa 11-month-long [[Siege of Sevastopol (1854–55)|siege of Sevastopol]] ke time 1854–55 me,<ref name="BBCTen" /> jisme [[Battle of the Chernaya]] bhi hae. War ke time uske courage ke recognise karaa gais rahaa aur uske lieutenant promote karaa gais rahaa.<ref name="BBCTen">"[https://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/articles/3GL3DPct7D5GPQzB7GlrrBW/ten-things-you-didnt-know-about-tolstoy Ten Things You Didn't Know About Tolstoy] ". BBC.</ref> Uu ii larrai me dher maut se chintit rahaa,<ref name="AuthorDataSheet" /> aur Crimean War ke baad army ke chhorr diis rahaa.<ref name="Britannica" /> == Chapa ke gallery == <gallery> File:1856._Л.Н.Толстой.jpg|1856 me military uniform me File:Tolstoy family.jpg|Uske aurat aur larrki File:Ilya Efimovich Repin (1844-1930) - Portrait of Leo Tolstoy (1887).jpg|Tolstoy ke chapa jiske 1887 me [[Ilya Repin]] banais rahaa File:Count Tolstoy, with hat.jpg|Bina tarik ke chapa </gallery> {{BD|1828|1910|Tolstoy, Leo}} [[vibhag:Russia ke log]] [[vibhag:Writers]] c6286jsf7zhf4ohdf9f6g3bf1fgjday 334501 334500 2026-04-22T11:48:40Z Freemaan1920 35798 334501 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox Writer <!-- for more information see [[:Template:Infobox Writer/doc]] --> | name = Leo Tolstoy | image = L.N.Tolstoy Prokudin-Gorsky.jpg | caption = Ii uske khaali ekke chapa hae, jiske uske Yasnaya Polyana estate me 1908 me Sergei Mikhailovich Prokudin-Gorski liis rahaa | birthdate = {{birth date|1828|9|9|mf=y}} | birthplace = Yasnaya Polyana, [[Russia]] | deathdate = {{death date and age|1910|11|20|1828|8|28|mf=y}} | deathplace = Astapovo, Russia | occupation = Novelist | genre = Realist | political movement = Christian anarchist<br />Pacifism | notableworks =''War and Peace''<br />''Anna Karenina'' | signature = Signature_of_Leo_Tolstoy.jpg }} Count '''Lev Nikolayevich Tolstoy''' ([[1828]]-[[1910]]) ek [[Russia]]n [[novelist]] rahaa, jon ki aapan book ''[[War and Peace]]'' aur ''[[Anna Karenina]]'' ke khatir famous bhais . Tolstoy ke janam Yasnaya Polyana [[Tula]], [[Russia]] me bhais rahaa aur uske saadi Sofia Andreevna Bers se bhais rahaa. Uu ek [[Christian]] rahaa aur [[non-violence]] me biswas karat rahaa. Uske book ''The Kingdom of God is Within You'' [[Mahatma Gandhi]] aur [[Martin Luther King]] se influence bhais rahaa. == Palwaar ke origin == Tolstoy palwaar, ek jaana-maana palwaar rahaa, puraana Russian nobility ke, jon aapan ancestry ke ek mythical<ref name="Barlett 2011 14">{{cite book |last=Bartlett |first=Rosamund |year=2011 |title=[[Tolstoy: A Russian Life]] |publisher=Houghton Mifflin Harcourt |page=14 |isbn=978-0547545875}}</ref> nobleman jiske naam Indris rahaa, jiske Pyotr Tolstoy describe karis hae ki "from Nemec, from the lands of Caesar" se [[Chernigov]] me 1353 me aawe rahin, uske dui larrkas Litvinos (or Litvonis) aur Zimonten (or Zigmont) ke saathe aur 3000 log ke saathe, talak pahile trace kare rahin.<ref name='rummel'>''Vitold Rummel, Vladimir Golubtsov (1886)''. [http://www.runivers.ru/lib/book3148/10056/ Genealogical Collection of Russian Noble Families in 2 Volumes. Volume 2] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171212084437/http://www.runivers.ru/lib/book3148/10056/ |date=12 December 2017 }} – The Tolstoys, Counts and Noblemen. Saint Petersburg: A.S. Suvorin Publishing House, p. 487</ref><ref name='bunin'>[[Ivan Bunin]], ''The Liberation of Tolstoy: A Tale of Two Writers'', p. 100</ref> Indriske [[Eastern Orthodox Church|Eastern Orthodoxy]] me convert karaa gais rahaa, aur uske naam Leonty dewa gais rahaa, aur uske larrkam ke naam Konstantin aur Feodor dewa gais rahaa. Konstantin ke potaa Andrei Kharitonovich ke nicknamed Tolstiy (translated as ''fat'') rahaa jab uu Chernigov se Moscow gais rahaa.<ref name='rummel' /><ref name='bunin' /> Ii pagan naam ke kaara, aur kaaheki Chernigov pe uu time [[Demetrius I Starshy]] raaj karat rahaa, kuchh researchers ii conclud kare hae ki uu log [[Lithuania|Lithuanians]] rahin jon [[Grand Duchy of Lithuania]] se aae rahin.<ref name='rummel' /><ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=7kDJ3s1mcZcC&q=tolstoy+lithuanian&pg=PA8|title=Tolstoy|isbn=978-0-8021-3768-5|last1=Troyat|first1=Henri|year=2001|publisher=Grove Press|access-date=23 October 2020|archive-date=22 March 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240322204938/https://books.google.com/books?id=7kDJ3s1mcZcC&q=tolstoy+lithuanian&pg=PA8#v=snippet&q=tolstoy%20lithuanian&f=false|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1983/11/06/books/six-centuries-of-tolstoys.html|title=Six Centuries of Tolstoys|date=6 November 1983|newspaper=The New York Times|last1=Robinson|first1=Harlow|access-date=10 February 2017|archive-date=21 April 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170421203216/http://www.nytimes.com/1983/11/06/books/six-centuries-of-tolstoys.html|url-status=live}}</ref> Indris naam ke koi jan ke naam ke 14th-to-16th-century documents me nai paawa gais rahaa, jab [[Old Russian Chronicles|Chernigov Chronicles]] jiske Pyotr Tolstoy reference ke ruup me kaam me laais hae, abhi herae gais hae.<ref name='rummel' /> Tostoy ke palwaar ke log [[17th century]] me rahat rahin, jiske kaaran Pyotr Tolstoy ke founder of the noble house maana jaawe hae, aur uske title of [[count]], [[Peter the Great]] dwaara dewa gais rahaa.<ref>[https://gerbovnik.ru/arms/162.html Tolstoy coat of arms] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171212193058/https://gerbovnik.ru/arms/162.html |date=12 December 2017 }} by All-Russian Armorials of Noble Houses of the Russian Empire. Part 2, 30 June 1798 (in Russian)</ref><ref>[https://ru.wikisource.org/wiki/ЭСБЕ/Толстые The Tolstoys] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170106175830/https://ru.wikisource.org/wiki/%D0%AD%D0%A1%D0%91%D0%95/%D0%A2%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%81%D1%82%D1%8B%D0%B5 |date=6 January 2017 }} article from [[Brockhaus and Efron Encyclopedic Dictionary]], 1890–1907 (in Russian)</ref> == Jindagi aur kaam == [[File:Leo Nikolaevich Tolstoy poses for a portrait at the age of 20 (4x5 cropped).jpg|left|upright=0.8|thumb|Tolstoy at age 20, {{circa|1848}}]] Tolstoy ke janam [[Yasnaya Polyana]] me, palwaar ke ek estate {{convert|12|km|mi}} [[Tula, Russia|Tula]] ke southwest, aur {{convert|200|km|mi}} Moscow ke south me. Uu [[Count]] Nikolai Ilyich Tolstoy (1794–1837) ke paanch larrkan me se chuthaa rahaa, [[French invasion of Russia|Patriotic War of 1812]] ke veteran rahaa, aur Princess Mariya Tolstaya (née [[Volkonsky|Volkonskaya]]; 1790–1830). Uske maiyaa mar gais rahaa jab uu dui saal ke rahaa aur uske pitaji maris rahaa jab uu nau saal ke rahaa.<ref name="AuthorDataSheet" /> Tolstoy aur uske bhaiyaa- bahini log ke uske palwaar paale rahin.<ref name="Britannica" /> 1844 me, uu wakiili aur oriental bhasa ke [[Kazan University]] me parrhe lagaa, jahaan pe uske teacher logan "both unable and unwilling to learn" describe kare rahin.<ref name="AuthorDataSheet">{{cite web |url=http://www.macmillanreaders.com/wp-content/uploads/2010/08/ads.leotolstoy.pdf |title=Author Data Sheet, Macmillan Readers |publisher=Macmillan Publishers Limited |access-date=22 October 2010 |archive-date=7 August 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210807174656/http://www.macmillanreaders.com/wp-content/uploads/2010/08/ads.leotolstoy.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref> Tolstoy university ke aapan parrjai ke biich me chhorr diis rahaa,<ref name="AuthorDataSheet" /> Yasnaya Polyana laut gais rahaa aur iske baad dher time Moscow , Tula aur Saint Petersburg me bitais rahaa, jiske kaaran uske aur leisurely lifestyle rahaa.<ref name="Britannica" /> Ii time uu likhe ke suruu kar diis rahaa ,<ref name="AuthorDataSheet" /> jisme uske pahila novel ''[[Childhood (Tolstoy novel)|Childhood]]'' rahaa, uske jawaani ke ek fictitious account, jiske 1852 me publish karaa gais rahaa.<ref name="Britannica" /> 1851 me, jab uske juuaa ke debt jaada hoe gais rahaa , uu aapan bhaiyaa ke saathe [[Caucasus (geographic region)|Caucasus]] gais aur and [[Imperial Russian Army|army]] ke join karis rahaa. Tolstoyek artillery officer ke ruup me [[Crimean War]] me larris rahaa aur uu Sevastopol me rahaa 11-month-long [[Siege of Sevastopol (1854–55)|siege of Sevastopol]] ke time 1854–55 me,<ref name="BBCTen" /> jisme [[Battle of the Chernaya]] bhi hae. War ke time uske courage ke recognise karaa gais rahaa aur uske lieutenant promote karaa gais rahaa.<ref name="BBCTen">"[https://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/articles/3GL3DPct7D5GPQzB7GlrrBW/ten-things-you-didnt-know-about-tolstoy Ten Things You Didn't Know About Tolstoy] ". BBC.</ref> Uu ii larrai me dher maut se chintit rahaa,<ref name="AuthorDataSheet" /> aur Crimean War ke baad army ke chhorr diis rahaa.<ref name="Britannica" /> Uske army ke experience aur Europe ke dui trip 1857 aur 1860–61 me, Tolstoy ke ek dissolute aur privileged society lekhak se ek non-violent aur spiritual [[Anarchism|anarchist]] me badal diis rahaa. Duusra jan jon yahi marg pakrre rahin hae, [[Alexander Herzen]], [[Mikhail Bakunin]] aur [[Peter Kropotkin]]. Aapan 1857 ke visit me, Tolstoy Paris me public execution ke dekhis rahaa , jon uske khaatir ek traumatic experience rahaa jon uske baad ke jindagi ke mark karis rahaa. Ek chitthi jon uu aapan dost [[Vasily Botkin]] ke lage bhejis rahaa, me Tolstoy likis rahaa: "The truth is that the State is a conspiracy designed not only to exploit, but above all to corrupt its citizens ... Henceforth, I shall never serve any government anywhere."<ref>A.N. Wilson, ''Tolstoy'' (1988), p. 146</ref> Tolstoy ke concept of [[non-violence]] nai to [[ahimsa]] ke aur proytsaan milaa jab uu [[Tirukkural translations into German|German version]] of the [[Tirukkural]] ke parrhis rahaa.<ref name="PearlsOfInsp_Rajaram">{{cite book| last = Rajaram| first = M.| title = Thirukkural: Pearls of Inspiration| publisher = Rupa Publications| date = 2009| location = New Delhi | isbn = 978-81-291-1467-9| pages = xviii–xxi}}</ref><ref name="Walsh2018">{{cite book| last = Walsh| first = William| title = Secular Virtue: for surviving, thriving, and fulfillment | publisher = Will Walsh| date = 2018| location = | isbn = 978-06-920-5418-5| pages = }}</ref> Uu baad me isse [[Mahatma Gandhi]] pe asar karis through his "''[[A Letter to a Hindu]]''" jab jawan Gandhi usse chtthi badlis use rae le ke khaatir .<ref name="Walsh2018"/><ref>{{cite web| url = http://www.online-literature.com/tolstoy/2733/| title = A Letter to A Hindu: The Subjection of India-Its Cause and Cure| last = Tolstoy| first = Leo| date = 14 December 1908| publisher = The Literature Network| access-date = 12 February 2012| quote = The Hindu Kural| archive-date = 10 November 2006| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20061110204732/http://www.online-literature.com/tolstoy/2733/| url-status = live}}</ref><ref name=gandhi>{{Citation| last = Parel| first = Anthony J.| author-link = Anthony Parel| contribution = Gandhi and Tolstoy|editor=M.P. Mathai |editor2=M.S. John |editor3=Siby K. Joseph| title = Meditations on Gandhi: a Ravindra Varma festschrift| pages = 96–112| publisher = Concept| place = New Delhi | year = 2002| contribution-url = https://books.google.com/books?id=kcpDOVk5Gp8C&pg=PA96 |access-date=8 September 2012}}</ref> == Chapa ke gallery == <gallery> File:1856._Л.Н.Толстой.jpg|1856 me military uniform me File:Tolstoy family.jpg|Uske aurat aur larrki File:Ilya Efimovich Repin (1844-1930) - Portrait of Leo Tolstoy (1887).jpg|Tolstoy ke chapa jiske 1887 me [[Ilya Repin]] banais rahaa File:Count Tolstoy, with hat.jpg|Bina tarik ke chapa </gallery> {{BD|1828|1910|Tolstoy, Leo}} [[vibhag:Russia ke log]] [[vibhag:Writers]] ab31cahud2k2lw35fhnjbusyonowdhh Johannes Kepler 0 4840 334495 332653 2026-04-22T07:47:57Z InternetArchiveBot 26740 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 334495 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox_Person |name=Johannes Kepler |image=Portrait Confused With Johannes Kepler 1610.jpg|300px |image_width = 300px |caption=A 1610 portait of Kepler by an unknown artist |dead=dead |birth_date=[[27 December]] [[1571]] |birth_place=Weil der Stad, Stuttgart, [[Germany]] |death_date=[[15 November]] [[1630]] |death_place=Regensburg, Bavaria, [[Germany]] }} [[File:Brahe kepler.jpg|thumb|220px|Monument of Tycho Brahe and Johannes Kepler in [[Prague]]]] '''Johannes Kepler''' ([[27 December]] [[1571]] – [[15 November]] [[1630]]) ek [[Germany|German]] [[astronomy|astronomer]] rahaa. == Duusra websites == {{Commons|Johannes Kepler}} * [http://posner.library.cmu.edu/Posner/books/annotation.cgi?call=520_K38PN Annotation: Posner Family Collection in Electronic Format] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090131055714/http://posner.library.cmu.edu/Posner/books/annotation.cgi?call=520_K38PN |date=2009-01-31 }} ''Harmonices mundi'' ("The Harmony of the Worlds") in fulltext facsimile; in [[Latin]] * {{Gutenberg|no=12406|name=Kepler|author=Walter W. Bryant}} * [http://www.univie.ac.at/hwastro/ Electronic facsimile-editions of the rare book collection at the Vienna Institute of Astronomy] * [http://www.skyscript.co.uk/kepler.html Kepler and the "Music of the Spheres"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120512064724/http://www.skyscript.co.uk/kepler.html |date=2012-05-12 }} * [http://www.depauw.edu/sfs/backissues/8/christianson8art.htm Gale E. Christianson- Kepler's Somnium: Science Fiction and the Renaissance Scientist] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091208070701/http://www.depauw.edu/sfs/backissues/8/christianson8art.htm |date=2009-12-08 }} * [https://www.skyscript.co.uk/kepler2.html Kepler's Belief in Astrology] by Nick Kollerstrom * [http://www-history.mcs.st-andrews.ac.uk/References/Kepler.html References for Johannes Kepler] {{BD|1571|1630|Kepler, Johannes}} [[Category:Astronomers]] [[Category:Germany ke log]] ttwaesg17d8twm02d2alwvld2eot9e3 vibhag:Y 14 6313 334471 334467 2026-04-21T12:40:00Z MathXplore 30828 [[Special:Contributions/Abhinaya hindi|Abhinaya hindi]] ([[User talk:Abhinaya hindi|Talk]]) ke badlao ke [[User:SM7|SM7]] ke aakhri badlao ke jaise kar dewa gais hai. 299981 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Vibhag Index}} [[Category:Index]] sy2t7jpboso42szaq56xmyti76pf82y Panama City 0 6652 334482 323945 2026-04-21T21:47:23Z InternetArchiveBot 26740 Rescuing 0 sources and tagging 1 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 334482 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox settlement |official_name = Panama |native_name = Panamá |image_skyline = |imagesize = 250px |image_caption = From top to bottom: The recently built ''Cinta Costera'', St. Francis Church in the old quarter, a ship crossing the [[Panama Canal]], the iconic monument to [[Vasco Núñez de Balboa]], the [[Bridge of the Americas]], and flag atop the [[Ancon Hill]]. |image_flag = |image_flag = Bandera de Ciudad de Panamá.svg |image_shield = Escudo de Ciudad de Panamá.svg |pushpin_map=Panama |subdivision_type = Country |subdivision_name = {{flag|Panama}} |subdivision_type1 = Province |subdivision_name1 = [[Panama Province|Panama]] |subdivision_type2 = District |subdivision_name2 = Distrito Central |image_seal = |area_total_km2 = |area_total_sq_mi = |area_land-km2 = |area_land_sq_mi = |area_water_km2 = |area_water_sq_mi = |area_water_percent = |area_urban_km2 = |area_metro_km2 |area_metro_sq_mi = |leader_title= [[Mayor]] |leader_name = Bosco Vallarino |population_as_of = 2000 |population_note = |population_total = 813,097 |population_density_km2 = 2750 |population_density_sq_mi = 7656 |population_metro = 1206792 |population_density_metro_km2 = |population_density_metro_sq_mi = |population_urban = |GDP_per_capita = $ 38,900 USD |timezone = |utc_offset = |timezone_DST = |utc_offset_DST = |latd=8 |latm=59 |lats= |latNS=N |longd=79 |longm=31 |longs= |longEW=W |elevation_m = |elevation_ft = |postal_code_type = <!-- enter ZIP code, Postcode, Post code, Postal code... --> |postal_code = |website = http://www.municipio.gob.pa/ |footnotes ='''[[Human Development Index|HDI]]''' (2007) 0.937 – <span style="color:#090">high</span>}} '''Panama City''' ([[Spanish bhasa]]:Panamá), [[Panama|Republic of Panama]] ke sab se barraa aur [[capital]] [[city]] hae. Iske population 813,097 hae, aur puura metropolitan area ke population 1,206,792 hae. == Bahaari jorr == {{portal|Panama}} * [http://www.municipio.gob.pa/ Official website for Panama City] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110225083801/http://www.municipio.gob.pa/ |date=2011-02-25 }} * [http://www.visitpanama.com/?id=&lang=en Official Panama's Tourism Bureau page] * [http://www.cascoviejo.com/ Panama hotels and restaurants] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200214165523/http://cascoviejo.com/ |date=2020-02-14 }} in Casco Viejo * [http://www.loscuatrotulipanes.com Apartment rentals and information site] for Casco Viejo * [http://blogs.law.harvard.edu/panama/history/casco-viejo-casco-antiguo/ Casco Viejo] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091224175826/http://blogs.law.harvard.edu/panama/history/casco-viejo-casco-antiguo/ |date=2009-12-24 }} at ''Harvard University'' * [http://www.cascoviejo.org/ Official Website of Casco Viejo & Casco Antiguo, Panama]{{Dead link|date=April 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} [[Category:P]] [[Category:Panama ke city]] [[Category:Capital cities]] adxvs99wxtxaojjxvbw3a3n9tadzb5l Tara 0 7584 334484 328939 2026-04-22T00:18:22Z InternetArchiveBot 26740 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 334484 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Multiple image|perrow = 1|total_width = 240 | direction = vertical <!--image 1--> | image1 = The Sun in white light.jpg | alt1 = | caption1 = [[Suraj]], ek G-type main-sequence taara, jon [[Dunia]] ke sab se nagiich ke taara hae. <!--image 2--> | image2 = Starsinthesky.jpg | alt2 = | caption2 = Large Magellanic Cloud me ek star-forming region. }} Ek '''tara''', outer space me ek barraa waala gas ke ball hae. Ii jaada kar ke [[Hydrogen]], thorraa [[Helium]] aur kuch aur element se banaa hae. Iske biich me gravity ke taagat etna jaada hae ki iske garmi se Hydrogen atoms duusra Hydrogen atom se mil ke Helium banae de hae. Iske [[nuclear fusion]] bolaa jaawe hae. Isme se jon energy nikle hae, uu dhire dhire nikal ke hajaro saal ke baad ghaam ke rup me dharti pe aae ke pahuche hae. ==Taara ke dekhe waala itihaas== [[File:Dibuix de Leo.png|thumb|Ek 1690 depiction jon constellation Leo (Sher) ke dekhae hae.<ref>{{cite book | first=Johannis | last=Hevelius | date=1690 | title=Firmamentum Sobiescianum, sive Uranographia | location=Gdansk}}</ref>]] Itihaas me , taara [[dunia]] bhar ke log ke khaatir bahmulya hae. Taara, dharmik, [[divination]] rituals, [[myth]]ology ke khaatir kaam me laawa gais hae. Taara ke kaam me laae ke navigate karaa jaae sake hae. Tarra se mausam mark karaa jaawe hae aur isse calendar bhi bane hae. Puraana astronomers "fixed taara", jiske position [[celestial sphere]] me badle nai hae, aur "wandering taara" ([[grah]]), jon fixed taara ke relative aapan position ke badle hae din, nai to hafta me, ke biich me antar jaanat rahin. <ref>{{cite web |date=n.d. |title=Ancient Greek Astronomy and Cosmology |url=https://www.loc.gov/collections/finding-our-place-in-the-cosmos-with-carl-sagan/articles-and-essays/modeling-the-cosmos/ancient-greek-astronomy-and-cosmology |access-date=28 February 2022 |website=Digital Collections |publisher=The [[Library of Congress]]}}</ref> Dher puraama astronomers biswas karat rahin ke taara heavemly sphere me fixed rahe hae believed that the stars were permanently affixed to a [[heavenly sphere]] aur ii hate nai hae. Astronomer log ii taara ke asterisms aur [[constellation]] me group kare rahin aur iske kaam me laae ke grah aur Syraj ke position ke track karat rahin. <ref name="forbes">{{cite book | last1=Forbes | first1=George | title=History of Astronomy | publisher=Watts & Co. | location=London | date=1909 | url=http://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/8172 | isbn=((978-1-153-62774-0))}}</ref> Suraj ke movement background stars (and the horizon) ke aage ke kaam me laae ke calendars banaawa jaawat rahaa, jiske kaam me laae ke kheti karaa jaae hae.<ref>{{cite web |last=Tøndering |first=Claus |date=2008 |title=Other Ancient Calendars |url=http://webexhibits.org/calendars/calendar-ancient.html |access-date=28 February 2022 |website=Calendars Through The Ages |publisher=Webexhibits}}</ref> [[Gregorian calendar]], jiske abhi [[dunia]] bhar me kaam me laawa jaawe hae, ek solar calendar hae, jon dunia ke rotational axis relative to its local taara, Suraj ke kaam me laawe hae. Sab se puraana [[taara ke chart]] jon kaafi accurate rahaa, puraana [[Egyptian astronomy]] ke nayija rahaa, 1534&nbsp;BC me.<ref>{{cite journal | last=von Spaeth | first=Ove | title=Dating the Oldest Egyptian Star Map | journal=[[Centaurus (journal)|Centaurus]] | date=2000 | volume=42 | issue=3 | pages=159–179 | url=http://www.moses-egypt.net/star-map/senmut1-mapdate_en.asp | access-date=2007-10-21 | doi=10.1034/j.1600-0498.2000.420301.x | bibcode=2000Cent...42..159V | archivedate=2019-01-26 | archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20190126001022/http://www.moses-egypt.net/star-map/senmut1-mapdate_en.asp }}</ref> Sab se puraana taara ke catalogue ke [[Mesopotamia]] ke Babylonian astronomers late 2nd millennium BC, Kassite Period ({{Circa|1531 BC|1155 BC}}) me banae rahin.<ref name="north 1995 30 31">{{cite book | last=North | first=John | date=1995 | title=The Norton History of Astronomy and Cosmology | url=https://archive.org/details/nortonhistoryofa0000nort | url-access=registration | location=New York and London | pages=[https://archive.org/details/nortonhistoryofa0000nort/page/30 30–31] | publisher=W.W. Norton & Company | isbn=978-0-393-03656-5}}</ref> [[File:Свет от деревни - panoramio.jpg|alt=Alternative text|thumb|Stars in the night sky]] Greek astronomy ke pahila taara catalogue ke [[Aristillus]] lagbhag 300&nbsp;BC, me [[Timocharis]] ke madat se banais rahaa.<ref>{{cite book | last=Murdin | first=P. |date=2000 | chapter=Aristillus (c. 200 BC) | doi=10.1888/0333750888/3440 | title=Encyclopedia of Astronomy and Astrophysics | bibcode=2000eaa..bookE3440. | isbn=978-0-333-75088-9}}</ref> [[Hipparchus]] (2nd century BC) ke taara me 1,020 taara rahaa, aur iske kaam me laae ke [[Ptolemy]] ke taara catalogue banaawa gais rahaa.<ref>{{cite book | first=Gerd | last=Grasshoff | date=1990 | title=The history of Ptolemy's star catalogue | publisher=Springer | pages=1–5 | isbn=978-0-387-97181-0}}</ref> Hipparchus ke sab se pahila "nawaa taara" ke paawe ke khatir credit karaa jaawe hae.<ref>{{cite web |last=Pinotsis |first=Antonios D. |date=2008 |title=Astronomy in Ancient Rhodes |url=http://conferences.phys.uoa.gr/jets2008/historical.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210907070144/http://conferences.phys.uoa.gr/jets2008/historical.html |archive-date=September 7, 2021 |access-date=February 28, 2022 |website=Protostellar Jets In Context |publisher=[[University of Athens]], Greece}}</ref> Dher constellation aur taara ke naam Greek astronomy se aais hae. ==References== {{reflist}} [[Category:Tara| ]] [[Category:Taara vigyan]] 4gyqmzsjfw3lgbij2uhdj53zgrjq65d Ghoraiya 0 8345 334494 333704 2026-04-22T06:18:17Z InternetArchiveBot 26740 Rescuing 0 sources and tagging 1 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 334494 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:Eleusine indica, closeup.jpg|160px|rifht]] '''[[Ghoraiya]]''' (Scientific naam: ''Eleusine indica '', English: ''Indian goosegrass, Wiregrass, Crowfootgrass'', Kaiviti: ''kavoronaisivi, vorovoroisivi'') ek rakam ke giras hai jiske weed maana jaae hae. Ii garam des me hoe hae. ==Bahaari jorr==<!-- Micronesica40:169. --> * [http://ucjeps.berkeley.edu/cgi-bin/get_JM_treatment.pl?8738,8961,8962 Jepson Manual Treatment] * [http://plants.usda.gov/java/profile?symbol=ELIN3 USDA Plants Profile: ''Eleusine indica''] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130430064741/http://plants.usda.gov/java/profile?symbol=ELIN3 |date=2013-04-30 }} * [http://herbarium.usu.edu/webmanual/info2.asp?name=Eleusine_indica&type=treatment Grass Manual Treatment] * [http://calphotos.berkeley.edu/cgi/img_query?query_src=photos_index&where-taxon=Eleusine+indica Photo gallery] * [http://weedipedia.net/wiki/index.php5?title=Eleusine_indica]{{Dead link|date=April 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} [[Category:Invasive Grass]] 2q16d4z3t9c742lym167wzxlhjeig2v Wolof bhasa 0 10171 334485 322674 2026-04-22T01:18:32Z InternetArchiveBot 26740 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 334485 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Wolof bhasa''' ek bhasa hae. {{Infobox language |name=Wolof |nativename=<!--Wölöf-- they didn't say anything abt "ö"?!--> |states={{flagcountry|Senegal}} {{flagcountry|Gambia}}<br /> {{flagcountry|Mauritania}} |region=[[West Africa]] |speakers=4.2 million |speakers2=[[Second language|L2]] speakers: ? |ethnicity=[[Wolof people|Wolof]], [[Lebou people|Lebou]] |familycolor=Niger-Congo |fam2=[[Atlantic–Congo languages|Atlantic–Congo]] |fam3=[[Senegambian languages|Senegambian]] |fam4=Wolof–Nyun |agency=CLAD ([[Centre de linguistique appliquée de Dakar]]) |iso1=wo|iso2=wol |lc1=wol|ld1=Wolof|ll1=none |lc2=wof|ld2=Gambian Wolof|ll2=none}} '''Wolof''' ek bhasa hae jisme [[Senegal]], [[The Gambia]], aur [[Mauritania]] ke [[Wolof]] log baat kare hae. ==Bahari jorr== {{InterWiki|code=wo}} *[http://www.abibitumikasa.com/forums/wolof-language-resources/ Wolof Language Resources] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080602222359/http://www.abibitumikasa.com/forums/wolof-language-resources/ |date=2008-06-02 }} *[http://www.ethnologue.com/show_language.asp?code=wol Ethnologue Site on the Wolof Language] *[http://www.wolofresources.org/language/wolof_language_guide.htm An Annotated Guide to Learning the Wolof Language] *[http://groups.yahoo.com/group/wolof/ Yahoo group about Wolof (in English and German)] *[http://www.wolofonline.com/ Wolof Online] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120417170610/http://www.wolofonline.com/ |date=2012-04-17 }} *[http://www.websters-online-dictionary.org/definition/Wolof-english/ Wolof English Dictionary] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20040413040841/http://www.websters-online-dictionary.org/definition/Wolof-english/ |date=2004-04-13 }} (this dictionary mixes Senagalese and Gambian variants without notice, and does not use a standard orthography) *[http://books.google.es/books?id=GeDqX9GrUwMC&printsec=frontcover&dq=dictionnaire+wolof A French-Wolof-French dictionary] partially available at Google Books. *[http://www.firicat.com Firicat.com] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060502043425/http://www.firicat.com/ |date=2006-05-02 }} (an online Wolof to English translator; you can add your own words to this dictionary; refers almost exclusively to the Gambian variants and does not use a standard orthography) *[http://www.panafril10n.org/wikidoc/pmwiki.php/PanAfrLoc/Wolof PanAfrican L10n page on Wolof] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071024132835/http://www.panafril10n.org/wikidoc/pmwiki.php/PanAfrLoc/Wolof |date=2007-10-24 }} *[http://www.osad-sn.com/ OSAD spécialisée dans l’éducation non formelle et l’édition des ouvrages en langues nationales] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080513111252/http://www.osad-sn.com/ |date=2008-05-13 }} *[http://jangawolof.wordpress.com JangaWolof.wordpress.com] (A blog about the Wolof language and culture) *[http://wolof.xLingua.net/en/index.aspx xLingua - Online-Dictionary German-Wolof/Wolof-German, 2009]{{Dead link|date=October 2023 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} {{DEFAULTSORT:Wolof bhasa}} [[vibhag:Bhasa]] [[vibhag:Gambia ke bhasa]] [[vibhag:Senegal ke bhasa]] [[vibhag:Mauritania ke bhasa]] kq8g7lxp71wd5wy7ztkfmcqsvgux2wo Chilhania 0 10816 334490 331612 2026-04-22T04:15:22Z ~2026-21939-61 39772 334490 wikitext text/x-wiki [[file:BiharDistricts.svg|thumb|200px|right|[[Bihar]] ke districts]] '''Chilhania''' [[India]] ke state [[Bihar]] state ke [[Purnia]] division ke [[Araria]] district ka ek gaon hae. Asif ekhlaque yahan ke mukhiya hai He is the prominent leader of jokihat He took his higher education from amu and persued mba [[vibhag:Gaon]] [[vibhag:India ke Gaon]] [[vibhag:Bihar ke Gaon]] [[vibhag:Araria ke Gaon]] ks2cbdf4gsvpzeb7y2cw65fdof18wwb Bhookhi Peedhi ( Hungryalism ) 0 13510 334489 268313 2026-04-22T03:46:10Z InternetArchiveBot 26740 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 334489 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Bhookhi Peedhi''' ( Hungryalism ) ek Bengali ( [[India]] ) literary movement rahaa. !961 me usko start kihis rahaa [[Malay Roychoudhury]]. Usme join karis rahaa aur 30 poet. Duniya me Bhookhi Peedhi ka khabar charo taraf spread karis raha. Uu logan poetry, novel, story, drama likhis rahaa. == Baki Bhookhi Peedhi logan == *[[Malay Roychoudhury]] * Shakti Chattopadhyay * Samir Roychoudhury * Debi Ray * Tridib Mitra * Subimal Basak * Sandipan Chattopadhyay * Binay Majumdar * Falguni Ray * Subo Acharya * Utpalkumar Basu * Anil Karanjai * Basudeb Dasgupta * Rabindra Guha * Pradip Choudhuri == References == * Dr. Uttam Das likhis rahaa '''Hungry Shruti & Shastravirodhi Andolan''' ( Calcutta University, [[Kolkata]],[[India]] ) 1986 * Dr. Swati Banerjee likhis raha '''Hungryalist Poetry''' ( Rabindra Bharati University, [[Kolkata]], [[India]]) 2007 * Dr. Bishnu Chandra Dey likhis rahaa '''Hungryalism & Malay Roy Choudhury''' ( Assam University, Silchar, [[India]] ) 2007 * Ebadul Haque edit karis rahaa '''Bhookhi Peedhi Manifestoes''' ( Murshidabad, West Bengal, [[India]] ) 2007 == External Links == * [https://archive.today/20090517073159/http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,830799,00.html TIME magazine ka khabar] * [http://www.kaurab.com/english/bengali_poetry/Hungry-Generation Bhookhi Peedhi Writer logan ka chhapa] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110727021816/http://www.kaurab.com/english/bengali_poetry/Hungry-Generation/ |date=2011-07-27 }} * [http://www.outsiderwriters.org/archives/5344 Malay Roy Choudhury ka Interview] [[Category:India ke log]] [[Category:Poets]] 024ja6e9kh8fq10adcvsahpb83j25dg List of Centibillionaires 0 62528 334474 334426 2026-04-21T18:17:29Z ~2026-19770-47 39550 334474 wikitext text/x-wiki Centibillionaire hote hai jinke dhan 100B se upar hua hai. (Speculated dhan). Kai log is list mein duniya ke sabse dhani rahe hai. {| class="wikitable" |+ !Rank !Bio !Company !Dhan !Abhi ke dhan !Notes !Rank !Sector |- !1 (2020) ![[Elon Musk]] !Tesla !857B !795B - 665B !Duniya ke sabse dhani. Dusre dhani rahe hai. !1 !Automotive |- |2 (2021) |[[Larry Ellison]] |Oracle |395B |222B - 227B |Duniya ke dusre dhani. |6 |Technology |- |3 (2021) |[[Larry Page]] |Alphabet |293B |280B - 291B |Duniya ke dusre dhani. |2 |Technology |- |4 (2020) |[[Mark Zuckerberg]] |Meta |277B |243B - 210B |Duniya ke dusre dhani. |5 |Social Media |- |5 (2021) |[[Sergey Brin]] |Alphabet |273B |258B - 270B |Tesre dhani |4 |Technology |- |6 (2017) |[[Jeff Bezos]] |Amazon |270B |260B - 270B |Duniya ke desre centibillionaire, duniya ke dhani aur dusre dhani. |3 |Online Shopping |- |7 (2019) |[[Bernard Arnault]] |LVMH |241B |152B - 168B |Duniya ke sabse dhani. |9 |Luxury Goods |- |8 (2021) |[[Steve Ballmer]] |Microsoft |188B |134B - 137B | |14 |Technology |- |9 (2024) |[[Jensen Huang]] |Nvidia |185B |175B - 167B | |7 |Technology |- |10 (1999) |[[Bill Gates]] |Microsoft |179B |105B |Pehle centibillionaire. |18 |Technology |- |11 (2024) |[[Michael Dell]] |Dell |172B |171B - 172B | |8 |Technology |- |12 (2021) |[[Warren Buffett]] |Berkshire Hathaway |169B |141B - 142B |Duniya ke tesre dhani. |13 |Investments |- |13 (2024) |[[Rob Walton]] |Walmart |158B |146B - 149B | |10 |Hypermarkets |- |14 (2024) |[[Jim Walton]] |Walmart |155B |143B - 149B | |12 |Hypermarkets |- |14 (2025) |[[Alice Walton]] |Walmart |155B |134B - 149B |Duniya ke dusre mahila aur sabse dhani. |14 |Hypermarkets |- |15 (2022) |[[Gautam Adani]] |Adani |150B |73B - 95B | |21 |Industries |- |16 (2024) |[[Amancio Ortega]] |Inditex |148B |145B - 135B | |11 |Apparel |- |17 (2024) |[[Carlos Helu]] |America Movil |132B |126B - 131B | |15 |Telecom |- |18 (2021) |[[Mukesh Ambani]] |Reliance |124B |96B - 93B | |19 |Industries |- |19 (2026) |[[Changpeng Zhao]] |Binance |113B |112B - 36B | |16 |Trading |- |20 (2024) |[[Michael Bloomberg]] |Bloomberg |110B |110B | |17 |News |- |21 (2023) |[[Francoise Meyeres]] |L'Oreal |101B |92B |Duniya ke pehli dhani mahila. |20 |Cosmetics |} == Abhi Ke == 23, Thomas Petterffy 97B - 95B 2026, Investments (Interactive brokers group) == Further Reading == David Thomson ek Canadian Baron aur Media Figure aur Alfa Group ek Russian Ukrainian Jewish related Bank group jinke pradhan Mikhail Fridman, German Khan, Alexei Kuzmichev aur Petr Aven 950 Billion USD 2024, 2025 INR humanitarian correlation [[Europe ke sabse dhani]] == References == Forbes aur Bloomberg Billionaires (sourced Dushyant Karani, Dubai ke India se) == Related == [[Mohandas Karamchand Gandhi]] [[Bharatiya Janata Party]] Delphine Arnault (nee Neil) Kusum Pancholia Ashok Raipancholia Hussain Sanjwani Abdullah Al Ghurair House of Nahyan and Rulers of UAE Vietnamese Dong [[vibhag:C]] [[vibhag:H]] 277s6xqu80b5sol788g4bid7ivuxarq 334476 334474 2026-04-21T19:46:35Z ~2026-19770-47 39550 334476 wikitext text/x-wiki Centibillionaire hote hai jinke dhan 100B se upar hua hai. (Speculated dhan). Kai log is list mein duniya ke sabse dhani rahe hai. {| class="wikitable" |+ !Rank !Bio !Company !Dhan !Abhi ke dhan !Notes !Rank !Sector |- !1 (2020) ![[Elon Musk]] !Tesla !857B !795B - 665B !Duniya ke sabse dhani. Dusre dhani rahe hai. !1 !Automotive |- |2 (2021) |[[Larry Ellison]] |Oracle |395B |222B - 227B |Duniya ke dusre dhani. |6 |Technology |- |3 (2021) |[[Larry Page]] |Alphabet |293B |280B - 291B |Duniya ke dusre dhani. |2 |Technology |- |4 (2020) |[[Mark Zuckerberg]] |Meta |277B |243B - 210B |Duniya ke dusre dhani. |5 |Social Media |- |5 (2021) |[[Sergey Brin]] |Alphabet |273B |258B - 270B |Tesre dhani |4 |Technology |- |6 (2017) |[[Jeff Bezos]] |Amazon |270B |260B - 270B |Duniya ke desre centibillionaire, duniya ke dhani aur dusre dhani. |3 |Online Shopping |- |7 (2019) |[[Bernard Arnault]] |LVMH |241B |152B - 168B |Duniya ke sabse dhani. |9 |Luxury Goods |- |8 (2021) |[[Steve Ballmer]] |Microsoft |188B |134B - 137B | |14 |Technology |- |9 (2024) |[[Jensen Huang]] |Nvidia |185B |175B - 167B | |7 |Technology |- |10 (1999) |[[Bill Gates]] |Microsoft |179B |105B |Pehle centibillionaire. |18 |Technology |- |11 (2024) |[[Michael Dell]] |Dell |172B |171B - 172B | |8 |Technology |- |12 (2021) |[[Warren Buffett]] |Berkshire Hathaway |169B |141B - 142B |Duniya ke tesre dhani. |13 |Investments |- |13 (2024) |[[Rob Walton]] |Walmart |158B |146B - 149B | |10 |Hypermarkets |- |14 (2024) |[[Jim Walton]] |Walmart |155B |143B - 149B | |12 |Hypermarkets |- |14 (2025) |[[Alice Walton]] |Walmart |155B |134B - 149B |Duniya ke dusre mahila aur sabse dhani. |14 |Hypermarkets |- |15 (2022) |[[Gautam Adani]] |Adani |150B |73B - 95B | |21 |Industries |- |16 (2024) |[[Amancio Ortega]] |Inditex |148B |145B - 135B | |11 |Apparel |- |17 (2024) |[[Carlos Helu]] |America Movil |132B |126B - 131B | |15 |Telecom |- |18 (2021) |[[Mukesh Ambani]] |Reliance |124B |96B - 93B | |19 |Industries |- |19 (2026) |[[Changpeng Zhao]] |Binance |113B |112B - 36B | |16 |Trading |- |20 (2024) |[[Michael Bloomberg]] |Bloomberg |110B |110B | |17 |News |- |21 (2023) |[[Francoise Meyeres]] |L'Oreal |101B |92B |Duniya ke pehli dhani mahila. |20 |Cosmetics |} == Abhi Ke == 23, Thomas Petterffy 97B - 95B 2026, Investments (Interactive brokers group) == Further Reading == David Thomson ek Canadian Baron aur Media Figure aur Alfa Group ek Russian Ukrainian Jewish related Bank group jinke pradhan Mikhail Fridman, German Khan, Alexei Kuzmichev aur Petr Aven 950 Billion USD 2024, 2025 INR humanitarian correlation [[Europe ke sabse dhani]] == References == Forbes aur Bloomberg Billionaires (sourced Dushyant Karani, Dubai ke India se) == Related == [[Mohandas Karamchand Gandhi]] [[Bharatiya Janata Party]] Delphine Arnault (nee Neil) Kusum Pancholia Ashok Raipancholia Hussain Sanjwani Abdullah Al Ghurair House of Nahyan and Rulers of UAE Brunei Dollar [[vibhag:C]] [[vibhag:H]] 6k5a5bw1r1ms0w9a4tysxtivy3vxdfy 334477 334476 2026-04-21T19:47:37Z ~2026-19770-47 39550 /* Abhi Ke */ 334477 wikitext text/x-wiki Centibillionaire hote hai jinke dhan 100B se upar hua hai. (Speculated dhan). Kai log is list mein duniya ke sabse dhani rahe hai. {| class="wikitable" |+ !Rank !Bio !Company !Dhan !Abhi ke dhan !Notes !Rank !Sector |- !1 (2020) ![[Elon Musk]] !Tesla !857B !795B - 665B !Duniya ke sabse dhani. Dusre dhani rahe hai. !1 !Automotive |- |2 (2021) |[[Larry Ellison]] |Oracle |395B |222B - 227B |Duniya ke dusre dhani. |6 |Technology |- |3 (2021) |[[Larry Page]] |Alphabet |293B |280B - 291B |Duniya ke dusre dhani. |2 |Technology |- |4 (2020) |[[Mark Zuckerberg]] |Meta |277B |243B - 210B |Duniya ke dusre dhani. |5 |Social Media |- |5 (2021) |[[Sergey Brin]] |Alphabet |273B |258B - 270B |Tesre dhani |4 |Technology |- |6 (2017) |[[Jeff Bezos]] |Amazon |270B |260B - 270B |Duniya ke desre centibillionaire, duniya ke dhani aur dusre dhani. |3 |Online Shopping |- |7 (2019) |[[Bernard Arnault]] |LVMH |241B |152B - 168B |Duniya ke sabse dhani. |9 |Luxury Goods |- |8 (2021) |[[Steve Ballmer]] |Microsoft |188B |134B - 137B | |14 |Technology |- |9 (2024) |[[Jensen Huang]] |Nvidia |185B |175B - 167B | |7 |Technology |- |10 (1999) |[[Bill Gates]] |Microsoft |179B |105B |Pehle centibillionaire. |18 |Technology |- |11 (2024) |[[Michael Dell]] |Dell |172B |171B - 172B | |8 |Technology |- |12 (2021) |[[Warren Buffett]] |Berkshire Hathaway |169B |141B - 142B |Duniya ke tesre dhani. |13 |Investments |- |13 (2024) |[[Rob Walton]] |Walmart |158B |146B - 149B | |10 |Hypermarkets |- |14 (2024) |[[Jim Walton]] |Walmart |155B |143B - 149B | |12 |Hypermarkets |- |14 (2025) |[[Alice Walton]] |Walmart |155B |134B - 149B |Duniya ke dusre mahila aur sabse dhani. |14 |Hypermarkets |- |15 (2022) |[[Gautam Adani]] |Adani |150B |73B - 95B | |21 |Industries |- |16 (2024) |[[Amancio Ortega]] |Inditex |148B |145B - 135B | |11 |Apparel |- |17 (2024) |[[Carlos Helu]] |America Movil |132B |126B - 131B | |15 |Telecom |- |18 (2021) |[[Mukesh Ambani]] |Reliance |124B |96B - 93B | |19 |Industries |- |19 (2026) |[[Changpeng Zhao]] |Binance |113B |112B - 36B | |16 |Trading |- |20 (2024) |[[Michael Bloomberg]] |Bloomberg |110B |110B | |17 |News |- |21 (2023) |[[Francoise Meyeres]] |L'Oreal |101B |92B |Duniya ke pehli dhani mahila. |20 |Cosmetics |} == Further Reading == David Thomson ek Canadian Baron aur Media Figure aur Alfa Group ek Russian Ukrainian Jewish related Bank group jinke pradhan Mikhail Fridman, German Khan, Alexei Kuzmichev aur Petr Aven 950 Billion USD 2024, 2025 INR humanitarian correlation [[Europe ke sabse dhani]] == References == Forbes aur Bloomberg Billionaires (sourced Dushyant Karani, Dubai ke India se) == Related == [[Mohandas Karamchand Gandhi]] [[Bharatiya Janata Party]] Delphine Arnault (nee Neil) Kusum Pancholia Ashok Raipancholia Hussain Sanjwani Abdullah Al Ghurair House of Nahyan and Rulers of UAE Brunei Dollar [[vibhag:C]] [[vibhag:H]] ldsla059pujixkx6yuokv2wsk1dfcpm 334478 334477 2026-04-21T19:49:11Z ~2026-19873-81 39554 /* Related */ 334478 wikitext text/x-wiki Centibillionaire hote hai jinke dhan 100B se upar hua hai. (Speculated dhan). Kai log is list mein duniya ke sabse dhani rahe hai. {| class="wikitable" |+ !Rank !Bio !Company !Dhan !Abhi ke dhan !Notes !Rank !Sector |- !1 (2020) ![[Elon Musk]] !Tesla !857B !795B - 665B !Duniya ke sabse dhani. Dusre dhani rahe hai. !1 !Automotive |- |2 (2021) |[[Larry Ellison]] |Oracle |395B |222B - 227B |Duniya ke dusre dhani. |6 |Technology |- |3 (2021) |[[Larry Page]] |Alphabet |293B |280B - 291B |Duniya ke dusre dhani. |2 |Technology |- |4 (2020) |[[Mark Zuckerberg]] |Meta |277B |243B - 210B |Duniya ke dusre dhani. |5 |Social Media |- |5 (2021) |[[Sergey Brin]] |Alphabet |273B |258B - 270B |Tesre dhani |4 |Technology |- |6 (2017) |[[Jeff Bezos]] |Amazon |270B |260B - 270B |Duniya ke desre centibillionaire, duniya ke dhani aur dusre dhani. |3 |Online Shopping |- |7 (2019) |[[Bernard Arnault]] |LVMH |241B |152B - 168B |Duniya ke sabse dhani. |9 |Luxury Goods |- |8 (2021) |[[Steve Ballmer]] |Microsoft |188B |134B - 137B | |14 |Technology |- |9 (2024) |[[Jensen Huang]] |Nvidia |185B |175B - 167B | |7 |Technology |- |10 (1999) |[[Bill Gates]] |Microsoft |179B |105B |Pehle centibillionaire. |18 |Technology |- |11 (2024) |[[Michael Dell]] |Dell |172B |171B - 172B | |8 |Technology |- |12 (2021) |[[Warren Buffett]] |Berkshire Hathaway |169B |141B - 142B |Duniya ke tesre dhani. |13 |Investments |- |13 (2024) |[[Rob Walton]] |Walmart |158B |146B - 149B | |10 |Hypermarkets |- |14 (2024) |[[Jim Walton]] |Walmart |155B |143B - 149B | |12 |Hypermarkets |- |14 (2025) |[[Alice Walton]] |Walmart |155B |134B - 149B |Duniya ke dusre mahila aur sabse dhani. |14 |Hypermarkets |- |15 (2022) |[[Gautam Adani]] |Adani |150B |73B - 95B | |21 |Industries |- |16 (2024) |[[Amancio Ortega]] |Inditex |148B |145B - 135B | |11 |Apparel |- |17 (2024) |[[Carlos Helu]] |America Movil |132B |126B - 131B | |15 |Telecom |- |18 (2021) |[[Mukesh Ambani]] |Reliance |124B |96B - 93B | |19 |Industries |- |19 (2026) |[[Changpeng Zhao]] |Binance |113B |112B - 36B | |16 |Trading |- |20 (2024) |[[Michael Bloomberg]] |Bloomberg |110B |110B | |17 |News |- |21 (2023) |[[Francoise Meyeres]] |L'Oreal |101B |92B |Duniya ke pehli dhani mahila. |20 |Cosmetics |} == Further Reading == David Thomson ek Canadian Baron aur Media Figure aur Alfa Group ek Russian Ukrainian Jewish related Bank group jinke pradhan Mikhail Fridman, German Khan, Alexei Kuzmichev aur Petr Aven 950 Billion USD 2024, 2025 INR humanitarian correlation [[Europe ke sabse dhani]] == References == Forbes aur Bloomberg Billionaires (sourced Dushyant Karani, Dubai ke India se) == Related == [[Mohandas Karamchand Gandhi]] [[Bharatiya Janata Party]] Delphine Arnault (nee Neil) Kusum Pancholia Ashok Raipancholia Hussain Sanjwani Abdullah Al Ghurair House of Nahyan and Rulers of UAE Bharatiya Janata Party Silvio Berlusconi Brunei Dollar [[vibhag:C]] [[vibhag:H]] lrj2j60f21or1btvmzpospry9d8t707 Raghuvinder Kataria 0 67825 334479 333429 2026-04-21T20:48:53Z ~2026-19770-47 39550 334479 wikitext text/x-wiki Raghuvinder Kataria ek UK aur [[Dubai]] based billionaires rahe hai. Inke networth $1.3 Billion USD hai. Li [[Forbes]] aur dusre platform par top 1000 billionires rahe hai. Li [[Africa]] aur [[Punjab (India)|Punjab]] ke sambandh hai. Aur inke 2 bache hai. Li ek investor aur philanthropist hai. [[vibhag:R]] [[vibhag:K]] 01rraau7kry26dcoc3jg48qdzsz6tp8 Feryal Clark 0 68414 334492 333621 2026-04-22T05:29:41Z InternetArchiveBot 26740 Rescuing 3 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 334492 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox officeholder | name = Feryal Clark | native_name = Feryal Clark | native_name_lang = en | image = Official portrait of Feryal Clark MP crop 2.jpg | caption = Feryal Clark | office = [[Member of Parliament]] (United Kingdom) | constituency = [[Enfield North]] | term_start = 12 December 2019 | term_end = | predecessor = Joan Ryan | successor = | party = [[Labour Party (UK)|Labour Party]] | nationality = British | occupation = [[Politician]] }} '''Feryal Clark''' (janam ke naam: Feryal Demirci) ek British [[politician]] hai, jon [[United Kingdom]] ke [[Labour Party (UK)|Labour Party]] ke member hai. Uu 2019 ke United Kingdom general election ke baad se '[[Enfield North]]' constituency se [[Member of Parliament]] (MP) hai. National politics me aae se pahile, uu local government me bhi kaam karis rahaa.<ref>{{cite book |last=Brunskill |first=Ian |date=19 March 2020 |title=The Times guide to the House of Commons 2019: the definitive record of Britain's historic 2019 General Election |publisher=HarperCollins Publishers Limited |page=193 |isbn=978-0-00-839258-1}}</ref> == Shuruaati political career == Feryal Clark aapan political career [[London]] ke local elections se suruu karis rahaa. Uu Hackney Borough Council me 'Hoxton East and Shoreditch' ward ke represent karis. 2010 aur 2014 ke local elections me uske councillor chuna gais rahaa. Ii time me uu health aur social care ke portfolio bhi sambhaalis.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.hackneygazette.co.uk/news/22944723.local-elections-hoxton-east-shoreditch-ward-result/ |title=Local elections: Hoxton East and Shoreditch ward result |date=2014-05-23 |website=Hackney Gazette |language=en |access-date=8 March 2026}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.andrewteale.me.uk/leap/results/2010/7/#ward122 |title=Local Elections Archive Project - 2010 - Hackney |website=www.andrewteale.me.uk |access-date=8 March 2026 |archive-date=22 February 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250222163826/https://www.andrewteale.me.uk/leap/results/2010/7/#ward122 |url-status=dead }}</ref> 2016 me, Clark (uu time Demirci) ke [[London Assembly]] election khatir Labour Party ke list me rakha gais rahaa, lekin uu nai chuna gais.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.londonelects.org.uk/im-voter/who-vote/london-wide-assembly-member-candidates |title=London-wide Assembly Member candidates 2016 {{!}} London Elects |website=www.londonelects.org.uk |language=en |access-date=8 March 2026}}</ref> == Parliamentary career == November 2019 me, Clark ke 'Enfield North' constituency se Labour Party ke candidate chuna gais.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://hackneypost.co.uk/feryal-clark-enfield-north/ |title=Feryal Clark selected as Labour Candidate for Enfield North |last=Grossman |first=Sam |date=2019-11-07 |website=Hackney Post |language=en-GB |access-date=8 March 2026 |archive-date=2024-11-26 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241126184703/http://hackneypost.co.uk/feryal-clark-enfield-north/ |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.t-vine.com/hackney-councillor-feryal-demirci-is-labours-parliamentary-candidate-for-enfield-north/ |title=Hackney councillor Feryal Demirci is Labour’s Parliamentary candidate for Enfield North |website=www.t-vine.com |language=en-GB |access-date=8 March 2026 |archive-date=24 July 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240724084905/https://www.t-vine.com/hackney-councillor-feryal-demirci-is-labours-parliamentary-candidate-for-enfield-north/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> December 2019 ke [[United Kingdom general election, 2019|general election]] me uu jitis aur pahila dafe British parliament ke Member of Parliament banis.<ref>{{cite news |title=Enfield North parliamentary constituency – Election 2019 |work=BBC News}}</ref> === Labour Party leadership aur Shadow Cabinet === 2020 ke Labour Party leadership election me, Clark Lisa Nandy ke support karis rahaa.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.wigantoday.net/news/politics/here-are-the-23-mps-backing-wigans-lisa-nandy-in-the-labour-party-leadership-contest-2499554 |title=Here are the 23 MPs backing Wigan's Lisa Nandy in the Labour Party leadership contest |date=2020-01-10 |website=Wigan Today |language=en |access-date=8 March 2026}}</ref> December 2021 me, jab party leader Keir Starmer aapan team me badlao karis, tab Clark ke 'Shadow Minister for Primary Care and Patient Safety' banawa gais.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://labourlist.org/2021/12/keir-starmer-unveils-new-frontbench-team-after-wider-reshuffle/ |title=Keir Starmer unveils new frontbench team after wider reshuffle |last=Rodgers |first=Sienna |date=2021-12-04 |website=LabourList |language=en-GB |access-date=8 March 2026}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last=Clark |first=Feryal |date=4 December 2021 |title=Delighted to have been asked to join @wesstreeting's team as Shadow Minister for Primary Care and Patient Safety |website=Twitter |url=https://x.com/i/status/1467167943414976522}}</ref> September 2023 me ek aur badlao me, uske Labour frontbench par 'Shadow Minister of State' ke rup me promote karaa gais.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://labourlist.org/2023/09/labour-reshuffle-starmer-unveils-five-new-shadow-ministers/ |title=Labour reshuffle: Starmer unveils 12 more junior shadow ministers |last=Jones |first=Tom Belger, Morgan |date=2023-09-05 |website=LabourList |language=en-GB |access-date=8 March 2026}}</ref> === 2024 election aur abhi ke position === 4 July 2024 ke general election me Clark ke Enfield North se fir se chuna gais.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://electionresults.parliament.uk/ |title=UK Parliament election results: General election for the constituency of Enfield North on 4 July 2024 |website=UK Parliament election results |language=en-GB |access-date=8 March 2026}}</ref> Election ke baad jab Labour Party sarkaar me aais, tab uske Department for Science, Innovation and Technology (DSIT) me Parliamentary Under-Secretary of State appoint karaa gais.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.gov.uk/government/people/feryal-clark |title=Feryal Clark MP |website=GOV.UK |language=en |access-date=8 March 2026}}</ref> == Political views == Parliament me Clark health aur social care ke mudda pe aapan awaaz uthaais hai. January 2022 me, uu United Kingdom ke sarkaar se 1915 ke [[Armenian Genocide]] ke official recognition dewe ke maang karis rahaa.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://en.armradio.am/2022/01/27/feryal-clark-mp-calls-on-uk-government-to-recognize-the-armenian-genocide/ |title=Feryal Clark MP calls on UK Government to recognize the Armenian Genocide |website=Public Radio of Armenia |language=en-US |access-date=8 March 2026}}</ref> == References == {{reflist}} == Bahaari jorr == * [https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q75621766 Wikidata pe Feryal Clark (Q75621766)] * [https://members.parliament.uk/member/4785/profile UK Parliament website pe profile] [[Category:United Kingdom ke politician]] [[Category:Labour Party (UK) ke politician]] [[Category:Jinda log]] p7ojbaokvqqjpzs8yhwv2l0cxry4923 Derya Karadaş 0 68416 334491 333624 2026-04-22T04:48:44Z InternetArchiveBot 26740 Rescuing 2 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 334491 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox person | name = Derya Karadaş | native_name = Derya Karadaş | native_name_lang = tr | image = Derya Karadaş.jpg | caption = Derya Karadaş | birth_date = {{Birth date and age|1981|05|04}} | birth_place = [[Istanbul]], [[Turkey]] | nationality = Turkish | occupation = Actress, acting instructor | years_active = 2007–aaj tak | spouse = Haki Biçici (m. 2016) }} '''Derya Karadaş''' ({{lang-tr|Derya Karadaş}}; janam: 4 May 1981) ek Turkish actress aur acting instructor hai. Uu television, cinema aur theatre me kaam karis hai. Uske khaas kar ke Turkish comedy show ''Yalan Dünya'' me 'Zerrin' ke role kare khatir jaana jaawe hai. Derya Karadaş aapan career me comedy aur drama dono rakam ke role karis hai. == Janam aur parrhai == Derya Karadaş ke janam 4 May 1981 ke Turkey ke Istanbul shahar me bhais rahaa. Uske palwaar asal me Bingöl province ke rahe waala hai aur uu Kurdish (Kurd) mul ke hai. 1980s ke shuruaati time me, uske palwaar Istanbul aae gais rahaa. Uu tiin bahin me sab se chhot hai. Uu public interview me aapan Kurdish root ke confirm karis hai.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.medyafaresi.com/haber/derya-karadasin-isyani-evet-kurtum/154250|title=Derya Karadaş'ın isyanı! Evet Kürt'üm..|last=Medyafaresi|date=2013-12-29|website=medyafaresi.com|language=tr-TR|access-date=2026-03-10}}</ref> Acting ke field me jaae khatir uu Müjdat Gezen Art Center ke Conservatory me admission liis. Huaan se uu acting ke parrhai karis. Aapan parrhai puura kare ke baad, uu wahi sanstha me ek acting instructor ke rup me parrrhawe ke kaam bhi karis.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://kocaeligundem.com/haber/19141801/derya-karadasin-hayati-ve-filmleri-yandaki-odanin-yildizi-hakkinda-her-sey|title="Derya Karadaş'ın Hayatı ve filmleri: "Yandaki Oda"nın Yıldızı Hakkında Her Şey"|last=Ajansı|first=İhlas Haber|date=2024-02-08|website=Kocaeli Gündem|language=tr|access-date=2026-03-10}}</ref> == Television aur acting career == [[File:Derya Karadaş 2017.jpg|thumb|right|250px|Derya Karadaş (2017)]] Derya Karadaş aapan television career ke shuruaat 2007 me ''Gemilerde Talim Var'' naam ke show se karis rahaa. 2012 me, uske Kanal D ke sitcom ''Yalan Dünya'' me act kare ke mauka milaa. Ii show me uske 'Zerrin' ke character dekhe waala log ke biich me bahut popular bhais. Ii role ke kaaran uske bahut recognition milaa.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://sametozcelik.com/2012/06/10/derya-karadas-ben-konsomatris-degilim/|title=Derya Karadaş: “Ben konsomatris değilim”|date=2012-06-10|work=Samet Özçelik|access-date=2026-03-10|language=tr-TR}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150220175432/http://sametozcelik.com/2012/06/10/derya-karadas-ben-konsomatris-degilim/ |date=2015-02-20 }}</ref> 2024 me, uu ''Yandaki Oda'' (The Next Room) naam ke ek nawaa project me dekhaai diis. == Theatre ke safar == Television ke alawa, Derya Karadaş theatre me bhi active rahis hai. Uu "Dur Bi Dakka!" aur "Stage Beauty" jaise naatak (play) me acting karis hai. Haali me, uu Turkish director Emin Alper ke pahila theatre play "Öteki" me role karis.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://tiyatrodergisi.com.tr/emin-alperin-ilk-tiyatro-oyunu-oteki-seyirciyle-bulusmak-icin-gun-sayiyor/|title=Emin Alper'in İlk Tiyatro Oyunu "Öteki", Seyirciyle Buluşmak İçin Gün Sayıyor {{!}} Tiyatro Dergisi|date=2023-12-26|language=tr|access-date=2026-03-10|archive-date=2023-12-29|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231229095453/https://tiyatrodergisi.com.tr/emin-alperin-ilk-tiyatro-oyunu-oteki-seyirciyle-bulusmak-icin-gun-sayiyor/|url-status=dead}}</ref> Theatre aur artistic freedom ke baare me bhi uu aapan vichaar batais hai, jisme uu Turkish state theatre ke structure aur sarkaari paisa ke use ke baare me aalochna (criticism) waala baat bolis rahaa.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.radikal.com.tr/Radikal.aspx?aType=RadikalDetayV3&ArticleID=1081298&CategoryID=82|title=Devletten para alıp, devleti eleştirme durumu olmuyor / Hayat / Radikal İnternet|work=Radikal|access-date=2026-03-10}}</ref> == Cinema aur sammaan == Cinema ke field me Derya 2015 ke comedy movie ''Geniş Aile: Yapıştır'' se shuruaat karis. Iske baad uu ''Aile Arasında'' naam ke comedy movie aur historical drama movie ''Ayla'' me bhi dekhaai diis.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.milliyet.com.tr/gundem/derya-karadas-kimdir-2564898|title=Derya Karadaş kimdir?|date=2017-12-01|website=Milliyet|language=tr|access-date=2026-03-10}}</ref> Aapan acting ke khatir uske 'Antalya Television Awards' aur 'Sadri Alışık Theatre and Cinema Awards' me best actress ke award se sammaanit karaa gais hai. == Personal life == 2016 me, Derya Karadaş Turkish actor Haki Biçici ke saathe shaadi karis.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.sozcu.com.tr/canonicalUrl|title=Derya Karadaş ve Haki Biçici evlendi|last=DERYAHAN|first=Mustafa|date=2016-02-06|website=www.sozcu.com.tr|language=tr|access-date=2026-03-10}}</ref> == References == {{reflist|30em}} == Bahaari jorr == * [https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6088783 Wikidata pe Derya Karadaş (Q6088783)] {{Authority control}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Karadaş, Derya}} [[Category:1981 me janam lene waale]] [[Category:Jinda log]] [[Category:Turkey ke actress]] [[Category:Turkey ke television actress]] [[Category:Turkey ke movie actress]] [[Category:Istanbul ke log]] [[Category:2026 Wiki Loves Ramadan muqabla ke lekh]] drl5o8j3li1tjac9zodzqhfqxo4jxv1 Anna Chromy 0 68422 334488 334116 2026-04-22T02:44:48Z InternetArchiveBot 26740 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 1 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 334488 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox person | name = Anna Chromy | native_name = Anna Chromy | image = Praha anna chromy il commendatore.JPG | caption = [[Prague]] me Anna Chromy ke banaawa gais 'Il Commendatore' | birth_date = 18 July 1940 | birth_place = Český Krumlov, [[Bohemia]] (abhi ke [[Czech Republic]]) | death_date = 18 September 2021 | death_place = [[Monaco]] | nationality = Czech | occupation = Sculptor (Murti banae waali), Painter | education = École des Beaux-Arts, [[Paris]] | movement = [[Surrealism]], Fantastic Realism | known_for = 'The Cloak of Conscience', 'Olympic Spirit', 'Europe' | influenced_by = [[Salvador Dalí]], [[J. M. W. Turner]] | awards = Premio Michelangelo }} '''Anna Chromy''' (18 July 1940 – 18 September 2021) ek Czech painter aur sculptor rahii. Uske janam [[Bohemia]] (abhi ke [[Czech Republic]]) me bhais rahaa. Uske paalan-posan [[Austria]] me bhais, jiske baad uu [[Paris]] me rahii aur khaas kar ke [[Italy]] me kaam karis. Uske banaawa gais kala (artworks) [[Europe]] aur [[Asia]] ke dher museums aur public jagha pe dekhaawa jaawe hai.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.idnes.cz/kultura/vytvarne-umeni/socharka-anna-chromy-smrt-monako-socha-stavovske-divadlo.A210919_153809_vytvarne-umeni_klf|title=Zemřela česká sochařka Anna Chromy. Její díla zdobí Prahu, učila se u Dalího|date=2021-09-19|website=iDNES.cz|access-date=2026-03-20}}</ref> == Shuruwaati jivan aur parrhai == {{Multiple image | align = right | direction = vertical | width = 160 | image1 = Anna Chromy To Be Or Not To Be.jpg | caption1 = 'To be or not to be', 1982 | image2 = Anna Chromy Eternal Love.jpg | caption2 = 'Eternal Love', 1979 | image3 = Anna Chromy Clown.jpg | caption3 = 'Clown', 1979 }} [[World War II|Duusra Vishwa Yudh]] ke ant me, uske palwaar Bohemia se Vienna (Austria) aae gais. Paris jaae ke baad, uu 'École des Beaux-Arts' me admission liis, jahaan uu aapan art ke parrhai puura karis.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.terminartors.com/artistprofile/Chromy_Anna|title=Chromy, Anna - Czech artist - TerminArtors|last=www.w3lab.hu|website=www.terminartors.com|access-date=2026-03-20}}</ref> 1992 me ek durghatna (accident) ke kaaran uu aath saal talak painting kare ke laayak nai rahii. Iske baad uu bronze aur marble ke use karte hue aapan dhyaan sculpture ke taraf karis aur khaas kar ke ek sculptor ke rup me kaam kare ke suruu karis.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Anna Chromy Biography & Works |url=https://www.artsper.com/us/contemporary-artists/monaco/4607/chromy-anna |publisher=Artsper |access-date=2026-03-20}}</ref> == Kaam kare ke tarika aur studio == Anna Chromy ke main studio Italy ke Pietrasanta ([[Tuscany]]) me rahaa. Uu bronze casting khatir 'Fonderia Artistica Mariani' aur 'Massimo Del Chiaro' jaise foundries ke saathe kaam karis. Marble ke sculptures khatir uu Pietrasanta me Massimo Galleni ke studio aur [[Carrara]] me Franco Barattini ke Michelangelo Studio ke use karis. == The Cloak of Conscience == {{Multiple image | align = left | direction = vertical | width = 160 | image2 = Petersfriedhof Salzburg - Anna Chromy IMG 20250722 135136.jpg | caption2 = [[Salzburg]] ke Petersfriedhof me rakkha gais 'cloak' }} Anna Chromy ke ek bahut jaana-maana kaam ek khaali labaada (cloak) hai, jiske '''"The Cloak of Conscience"''' naam dewa gais hai. Iske 'Pieta' ya 'Commendatore' bhi bola jaawe hai. Ii sculpture Austria ke Salzburg Cathedral, Prague ke Estates Theatre aur [[Athens]] ke National Archaeological Museum jaise jagha pe rakkha hai.<ref>{{Cite web |title=What is hidden beneath the cloak? |url=https://taadfoundation.com/savas-kambarys-en-us/ka-dengia-apsiaustas-en-us/ |publisher=Taad Foundation |access-date=2026-03-20}}</ref> Uu Carrara ke khadaan (quarries) se nikaala gais 250 ton ke safed marble ke block se lagbhag 5 metre uncha ii cloak banais. Iske andar se khokhla kar ke ek chhota prarthna kaksh (chapel) ke rup dewa gais hai. Ii sculpture khatir uske 'Premio Michelangelo' award milis; ii award paae waali uu pahili aurat rahii.<ref>{{Cite web |title=The Cloak of Conscience: Anna Chromy and Mozart |url=https://lucy-oreilly.squarespace.com/s/Ana-Chromy-MOSTLY_MOZART.pdf |format=PDF |access-date=2026-03-20}}</ref> == Style aur prabhaav == {{Multiple image | align = left | direction = vertical | width = 160 | image1 = Anna Chromy Ball In Venice.jpg | caption1 = 'Ball in Venice', 1979 }} Anna Chromy ke art ke main subjects music (khaas kar ke [[Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart|Mozart]] ke opera [[Don Giovanni]]), classical dance aur purana kissa-kahani (myths) rahaa. Uske painting me [[Salvador Dalí]] aur dusra surrealist artists ke style ke asar dekha jaae sake hai. Uske kaam me Central Europe aur 'Vienna School of Fantastic Realism' ke prabhaav bhi hai. Rango (colors) ke use me uske style British painter [[J. M. W. Turner]] se milta-julta hai. == Asia ke deshon me exhibitions aur sammaan == Chromy ke kaam ke China me bhi dekhaawa gais. Uu [[Beijing]] ke Tiananmen Square pe rakkha 'National Museum of China' me akele exhibition kare waali pahili western artist rahii. Beijing, Guangzhou aur Foshan me uske sculptures aur paintings ke exhibitions bhais. 2012 me, uske China ke 'National Sculpture Association' ke honorary fellow banaawa gais rahaa.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://annachromy.com/news/anna-chromy-in-china/|title=Anna Chromy in China|work=Anna Chromy|access-date=2026-03-20|language=en-US}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130120232851/http://annachromy.com/news/anna-chromy-in-china/ |date=2013-01-20 }}</ref> == Main exhibitions == * ''Don Giovanni and the Sound of Bronze'' (2000) - Prague * ''Il Canto di Orfeo'' (2004) - Pietrasanta, Italy * ''Europe'' (2005) - Place Vendôme, Paris * ''Guangzhou Art Fair'' (2005) - Guangzhou, China * ''Mythos Revisited'' (2007) - National Archaeological Museum, Athens * ''Anna Chromy Exhibition'' (2012) - Foshan Art Museum, China * ''National Museum Exhibition'' (2015) - Beijing, China<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.essence-magazine.co.uk/blog/files/http:/www.essence-magazine.co.uk/blog/files/Anna_Chromy_China.html|title=Anna Chromy - Chinese Taste Maker {{!}} essence - Blog|website=essence|language=en|access-date=2026-03-20}}{{Dead link|date=April 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> == References == {{reflist}} == Bahaari jorr == * [https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q256755 Wikidata pe Anna Chromy] [[Category:1940 ke janam]] [[Category:2021 me maut]] [[Category:Czech painters]] [[Category:Czech sculptors]] [[Category:Surrealist artists]] [[Category:Aurat artist log]] fhh74iyx9u5bt2yd8n7ddhvq01rxf0z Subhash Kapoor (criminal) 0 68539 334480 334410 2026-04-21T21:41:17Z ~2026-19873-81 39554 /* Related */ 334480 wikitext text/x-wiki li ek art thief rahe hai aur kai salo se burglary maujud hai. == Related == S. Koli P. Kalani Shukla (contract killer) Kumar Kinahan Kelsey Knight S. Kaskar (list of cannibal incidents) I Samarai Q Soleimani D Sharma S Barger Smith Lakhvi (LET) List of Poisonings, Roger Kibbe (List of serial killers), Z Jaffer related cases [[vibhag:S]] [[vibhag:K]] ffhrggvz4xakl9028zsn2bb871uactm 334481 334480 2026-04-21T21:41:44Z Quinlan83 26871 [[Special:Contributions/~2026-19873-81|~2026-19873-81]] ([[User talk:~2026-19873-81|Talk]]) ke badlao ke [[User:~2026-19770-47|~2026-19770-47]] ke aakhri badlao ke jaise kar dewa gais hai. 334410 wikitext text/x-wiki li ek art thief rahe hai aur kai salo se burglary maujud hai. == Related == S. Koli P. Kalani Shukla (contract killer) Kumar Kinahan Kelsey Knight S. Kaskar (list of cannibal incidents) I Samarai Q Soleimani D Sharma S Barger Smith Lakhvi (LET) List of Poisonings, Roger Kibbe (List of serial killers), Z Jaffer [[vibhag:S]] [[vibhag:K]] eg8mav1igom9viv8fgia8dw4fdpegmb Ngũgĩ wa Thiong'o 0 68722 334496 334214 2026-04-22T10:00:06Z InternetArchiveBot 26740 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 334496 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox writer | name = Ngũgĩ wa Thiong'o | image = Ngugi wa Thiong'o - Festivaletteratura 2012.JPG | alt = Headshot of Ngũgĩ wa Thiong'o speaking at a literature conference. He, then, was an elderly black man with dark, curly hair and a stubby goatee, wearing a light yellow shirt. | caption = Ngũgĩ in 2012 | birth_name = James Ngugi | birth_date = {{birth date|df=y|1938|1|5}} | birth_place = [[Kamiriithu]], [[Kenya Colony]] | death_date = {{death date and age|df=y|2025|5|28|1938|1|5}} | death_place = [[Buford, Georgia]], U.S. | occupation = {{hlist|Writer|academic}} | language = {{hlist | English | [[Kikuyu language|Gikuyu]] }} | education = {{ubl | [[Makerere University]] ([[Bachelor of Arts|BA]]) | [[University of Leeds]] }} | spouse = Njeeri | children = 9, including [[Mũkoma wa Ngũgĩ|Mũkoma]] and [[Wanjikũ wa Ngũgĩ|Wanjikũ]] | notable_works = {{ubil | ''[[Weep Not, Child]]'' (1964) | ''[[The River Between]]'' (1965) | ''[[A Grain of Wheat]]'' (1967) | ''[[Petals of Blood]]'' (1977) | ''[[Matigari ma Njiruungi]]'' (1986) | ''Mũrogi wa Kagogo'' (''[[Wizard of the Crow]]'', 2006) }} }} '''Ngũgĩ wa Thiong'o''' ({{IPA|ki|ᵑɡoɣe wá ðiɔŋɔ|lang}};<ref>Archived at [https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211211/FOXqc-8zCPE Ghostarchive] and the {{cite web|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=FOXqc-8zCPE&gl=US&hl=en|title=Ngũgĩ wa Thiong'o: 'Europe and the West must also be decolonised'|website=YouTube|date=10 September 2019|access-date=14 April 2026|archive-date=26 November 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191126112819/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=FOXqc-8zCPE&gl=US&hl=en|url-status=bot: unknown}}: {{cite web|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=FOXqc-8zCPE|title=Ngũgĩ wa Thiong'o: 'Europe and the West must also be decolonised'|website=YouTube|date=10 September 2019}}</ref> janam '''James Ngugi'''; [[5 January]] [[1938]] – [[28 May]] [[2025]]), [[Kenya]] ke lekhak aur academic rahaa, jiske [[East Africa]]'s leading novelist aur ek khaas jan modern African literature me, jaana jaawe hae.<ref name="Britannica.com">{{Cite encyclopedia |title=Ngugi wa Thiong'o |encyclopedia=Encyclopaedia Britannica |url=https://www.britannica.com/biography/Ngugi-wa-Thiongo|date=29 May 2025 |access-date=31 May 2025}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Cowell |first=Alan |date=2025-05-29 |title=Ngugi wa Thiong'o, Writer Who Condemned Colonists and Elites, Dies at 87 |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2025/05/28/books/ngugi-wa-thiongo-dead.html |access-date=2025-05-30 |work=The New York Times |language=en-US |issn=0362-4331}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-05-28 |title=Ngũgĩ wa Thiong'o - a giant of African literature - dies aged 87 |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/articles/ce999kwxn1ro |access-date=2025-05-30 |website=www.bbc.com |language=en-GB}}</ref> ==References== {{reflist}} {{stub}} {{BD|1938|2025|Thiongo, Ngugi}} [[Vibhag:T]] [[Vibhag:Kenya ke lekhak]] [[Vibhag:Kenya ke academic]] 2vufc638tc90l9zijocdboggerczl9n sadasya ke baat:Swiss Army Waffles 3 68815 334473 2026-04-21T14:30:13Z New user message 12502 Adding [[Template:Welcome|welcome message]] to new user's talk page 334473 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Template:Welcome|realName=|name=Swiss Army Waffles}} -- [[sadasya:New user message|New user message]] ([[sadasya ke baat:New user message|talk]]) 14:30, 21 Aprel 2026 (UTC) 99xkuus94hwtrzc399iiqaiwhcmn4s5 sadasya ke baat:MaxMoon1 3 68816 334475 2026-04-21T18:30:29Z New user message 12502 Adding [[Template:Welcome|welcome message]] to new user's talk page 334475 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Template:Welcome|realName=|name=MaxMoon1}} -- [[sadasya:New user message|New user message]] ([[sadasya ke baat:New user message|talk]]) 18:30, 21 Aprel 2026 (UTC) pvqy19iv9rjl5y9tlklptyvl1fgl2c7 sadasya ke baat:Abdiel López Villa 3 68817 334493 2026-04-22T05:55:04Z New user message 12502 Adding [[Template:Welcome|welcome message]] to new user's talk page 334493 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Template:Welcome|realName=|name=Abdiel López Villa}} -- [[sadasya:New user message|New user message]] ([[sadasya ke baat:New user message|talk]]) 05:55, 22 Aprel 2026 (UTC) cni4i0dg1j43qerakdeq3kl1ek83l2p sadasya ke baat:Lucivarius 3 68818 334497 2026-04-22T10:03:13Z New user message 12502 Adding [[Template:Welcome|welcome message]] to new user's talk page 334497 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Template:Welcome|realName=|name=Lucivarius}} -- [[sadasya:New user message|New user message]] ([[sadasya ke baat:New user message|talk]]) 10:03, 22 Aprel 2026 (UTC) o7mt7w5271vwl4jqrvgz7nm0tzepa1i sadasya:Freemaan1920 2 68819 334499 2026-04-22T11:02:45Z Freemaan1920 35798 Panna jisme "Test" hae ke banae dewa gais hae. 334499 wikitext text/x-wiki Test bop1vj5i98maix36pjrpgep1w6hnxfe