Wikipedia hifwiki https://hif.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pahila_Panna MediaWiki 1.46.0-wmf.24 first-letter saadhan khaas baat sadasya sadasya ke baat Wikipedia Wikipedia baat file file ke baat MediaWiki MediaWiki ke baat Template Template ke baat madat madat ke baat vibhag voibhag ke baat TimedText TimedText talk Module Module talk Event Event talk 0 4861 334658 312900 2026-04-28T11:17:42Z Snandan 529 334658 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox_Philosopher | region = Eastern Philosophy | era = | color = #B0C4DE | image_name = Chanakya_artistic_depiction.jpg| image_caption = Chanakya, Chandragupta Maurya ke court me | name = Chanakya| birth =340 BCE, Takshashila, India | death = 293 BCE, Palitaputra, Maurya EMpire | school_tradition = [[Economics]] | main_interests = | influences = | influenced = Chandragupta Maurya| notable_ideas = | }} '''Chanakya''' ([[Sanskrit]]: चाणक्य ''|Cāṇakya'') (c. [[350BC]]-[[283BC]]), jiske '''Kauyiya''' aur '''Visnugupta''' ke naam se bhi jaana jaae hae, [[Chandragupta Maurya]] ke salaahakaar (adviser) aur [[prime minister]] rahaa. Chanakya, [[Chandragupta]] ke [[Maurya Empire]] banae me madat karis rahaa. Chanakya ke [[economics]] ke ek aguwaa (pioneer) maana jaawe hae. Uu aapan bichaar ke [[Arthashastra]] me likhis hae.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=v3iDAAAAMAAJ|title=Kauṭilya and the Arthaśāstra: A Statistical Investigation of the Authorship and Evolution of the Text|last=Trautmann|first=Thomas R.|date=1971|publisher=Brill|language=en}}</ref> ==Chanakya-Chandragupta ''katha'' (legend)== [[File:Nanda Empire, c.325 BCE.png|thumb|right|Dhana Nanda's empire, {{circa|323 BCE}}]] Chanakya ke baare me koi likha gais jaankari nai hae. Uske baare me kahaani duusra barraa-barraa log ke itihaas se aawe hae. [[Thomas Trautmann]] Chanakya-Chandragupta ''katha'' (legend) ke baare me chaar jagha se jaankari ke baare me batais hae:<ref name="Namita2008">{{cite book |author=Namita Sanjay Sugandhi |title=Between the Patterns of History: Rethinking Mauryan Imperial Interaction in the Southern Deccan |url=https://www.academia.edu/1956032 |access-date=2024-12-09 |year=2008 |isbn=978-0-549-74441-2 |pages=88–89 }}</ref> * Buddhist version: ''[[Mahavamsa]]'' (5th-6th cent. CE) aur iske commentary ''Vamsatthappakasini'' (Pali bhasa me) * Jain version: ''[[Parishishtaparvan]]'' (12th cent. CE) by [[Hemachandra]], jon 1st-8th century sources pe based hae * Kashmiri version: ''[[Kathasaritsagara]]'' (11th cent. CE) by Somadeva, ''Brihat-Katha-Manjari'' Ksemendra se * [[Vishakhadatta]]'s version: ''[[Mudrarakshasa]]'' (4th-8th cent. CE) , ek Sanskrit play jiske Vishakhadatta likhis rahaa; ii jaada kar ke banaawat hae {{sfn|Trautmann|1971|p=43}} Ii chaaro version me, Chanakya ke Nanda king insult karis rahaa, aur uske barbaad kare ke kasam khaais rahaa. Uu Nanda ke hatae ke, uske jagha Chandragupta ke baithais rahaa. Chanakya ke updesh ke abhi bhi [[India]] aur [[Fiji]] me quote karaa jaae hae. Uske chhe khaas shlokas hae: # Aapan len-den me bahut imaandaar nai bano, jaise ki tum jangle me dekhega, siidha [[perr]] ke kaat dewaa jaae hae, jab ki tehrra perr kharraa rahe hae. # Iske baare me sab time socho: sahi [[samay]], sahi dost, sahi jagha, amdani ke sahi saadhan, kharchaa kare ke sahhi tariikaa, aur aap kisse aapan sakti letaa hae. # Jon koi kharaab nai hoe waala chij ke chhorr ke kharaab hoe waala chij rakkhae hae, uu chij kharaab nai hoe waala ke saathe kharaab hoe waala chij ke bhi haar jaae hae. # Mahaantaa, achchhaa gun se aae hae, acchhaa pad se nai. Khaali mahal ke chhat pe baithe se kaua (crow) garuda (mythical bird in Hindu and Buddhist culture) nai ban jaae hae. # Sita ke rakam koi aur sundar aur dayalu aurat nai hoe sake hae. Urvashi ke rakam koi sundar lekin ghamandi (proud) aurat nai hoe sake hae. Admi log me sabse uppar, Karna, ke rakam koi nai hoe sake hae. # Ii duniya me sab se taagatwar aujaar [[gyaan]] (knowledge) hae. Gyaani ke ii dunia me aadar karaa jaae hae. Aapan kul (clan) ke barbaad hoe pe bhi Bali, Krishna aur Ravan ke naam ii dunia me hae, uu log ke gyaan ke kaaran. ==References== <references/> {{BD|-0350BC|-0283BC|Chanakya}} [[Category:India ke philosopher]] [[Category:C]] 5mbiunx00735bkthla4b8bgmdo6296s 334660 334658 2026-04-28T11:32:04Z Snandan 529 334660 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox_Philosopher | region = Eastern Philosophy | era = | color = #B0C4DE | image_name = Chanakya_artistic_depiction.jpg| image_caption = Chanakya, Chandragupta Maurya ke court me | name = Chanakya| birth =340 BCE, Takshashila, India | death = 293 BCE, Palitaputra, Maurya EMpire | school_tradition = [[Economics]] | main_interests = | influences = | influenced = Chandragupta Maurya| notable_ideas = | }} '''Chanakya''' ([[Sanskrit]]: चाणक्य ''|Cāṇakya'') (c. [[350BC]]-[[283BC]]), jiske '''Kauyiya''' aur '''Visnugupta''' ke naam se bhi jaana jaae hae, [[Chandragupta Maurya]] ke salaahakaar (adviser) aur [[prime minister]] rahaa. Chanakya, [[Chandragupta]] ke [[Maurya Empire]] banae me madat karis rahaa. Chanakya ke [[economics]] ke ek aguwaa (pioneer) maana jaawe hae. Uu aapan bichaar ke [[Arthashastra]] me likhis hae.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=v3iDAAAAMAAJ|title=Kauṭilya and the Arthaśāstra: A Statistical Investigation of the Authorship and Evolution of the Text|last=Trautmann|first=Thomas R.|date=1971|publisher=Brill|language=en}}</ref> ==Chanakya-Chandragupta ''katha'' (legend)== [[File:Nanda Empire, c.325 BCE.png|thumb|right|Dhana Nanda's empire, {{circa|323 BCE}}]] Chanakya ke baare me koi likha gais jaankari nai hae. Uske baare me kahaani duusra barraa-barraa log ke itihaas se aawe hae. [[Thomas Trautmann]] Chanakya-Chandragupta ''katha'' (legend) ke baare me chaar jagha se jaankari ke baare me batais hae:<ref name="Namita2008">{{cite book |author=Namita Sanjay Sugandhi |title=Between the Patterns of History: Rethinking Mauryan Imperial Interaction in the Southern Deccan |url=https://www.academia.edu/1956032 |access-date=2024-12-09 |year=2008 |isbn=978-0-549-74441-2 |pages=88–89 }}</ref> * Buddhist version: ''[[Mahavamsa]]'' (5th-6th cent. CE) aur iske commentary ''Vamsatthappakasini'' (Pali bhasa me) * Jain version: ''[[Parishishtaparvan]]'' (12th cent. CE) by [[Hemachandra]], jon 1st-8th century sources pe based hae * Kashmiri version: ''[[Kathasaritsagara]]'' (11th cent. CE) by Somadeva, ''Brihat-Katha-Manjari'' Ksemendra se * [[Vishakhadatta]]'s version: ''[[Mudrarakshasa]]'' (4th-8th cent. CE) , ek Sanskrit play jiske Vishakhadatta likhis rahaa; ii jaada kar ke banaawat hae {{sfn|Trautmann|1971|p=43}} Ii chaaro version me, Chanakya ke Nanda king insult karis rahaa, aur uske barbaad kare ke kasam khaais rahaa. Uu Nanda ke hatae ke, uske jagha Chandragupta ke baithais rahaa. === Buddhist version (5th-6th cent. CE) === Chanakya aur [[Chandragupta]] ke legend ke [[Pali bhasa]] ke [[Sri Lanka]] ke [[Buddhist]] chronicles me likha gais hae . Iske baare me ''[[Dipavamsa]]'', sab se puraana chronicle, me nai likha gais hae.{{sfn|Trautmann|1971|p=11}} Sab se puraana Buddhist source jon ii legend ke baare me batae hae, ''[[Mahavamsa]]'' hae, jiske jaada kare ke [[5th century]] aur [[6th century]] ke biich me date karaa jaawe hae. ''Vamsatthappakasini'' (jiske ''Mahvamsa Tika'' ke naam se bhi jaana jaawe hae), jon ''Mahavamsa'' ke baare me hae, ii legend ke baare me kuchh jaankari de hae. Iske lekhak ke naam nai jaana jaawe hae, aur iske [[6th century]] aur [[13th century]] ke biich me daate karaa jaawe hae.{{sfn|Trautmann|1971|p=16}} Kuchh aur lekh ii legend ke aur jaankari de hae; jaise, ''[[Bodhi Vamsa|Maha-Bodhi-Vamsa]]'' aur ''[[Atthakatha]]'' me nau Nanda raja ke naam hae jon Chandragupta se pahile rahin.{{sfn|Trautmann|1971|p=11}}{{sfn|Trautmann|1971|pp=18}} Chanakya ke updesh ke abhi bhi [[India]] aur [[Fiji]] me quote karaa jaae hae. Uske chhe khaas shlokas hae: # Aapan len-den me bahut imaandaar nai bano, jaise ki tum jangle me dekhega, siidha [[perr]] ke kaat dewaa jaae hae, jab ki tehrra perr kharraa rahe hae. # Iske baare me sab time socho: sahi [[samay]], sahi dost, sahi jagha, amdani ke sahi saadhan, kharchaa kare ke sahhi tariikaa, aur aap kisse aapan sakti letaa hae. # Jon koi kharaab nai hoe waala chij ke chhorr ke kharaab hoe waala chij rakkhae hae, uu chij kharaab nai hoe waala ke saathe kharaab hoe waala chij ke bhi haar jaae hae. # Mahaantaa, achchhaa gun se aae hae, acchhaa pad se nai. Khaali mahal ke chhat pe baithe se kaua (crow) garuda (mythical bird in Hindu and Buddhist culture) nai ban jaae hae. # Sita ke rakam koi aur sundar aur dayalu aurat nai hoe sake hae. Urvashi ke rakam koi sundar lekin ghamandi (proud) aurat nai hoe sake hae. Admi log me sabse uppar, Karna, ke rakam koi nai hoe sake hae. # Ii duniya me sab se taagatwar aujaar [[gyaan]] (knowledge) hae. Gyaani ke ii dunia me aadar karaa jaae hae. Aapan kul (clan) ke barbaad hoe pe bhi Bali, Krishna aur Ravan ke naam ii dunia me hae, uu log ke gyaan ke kaaran. ==References== <references/> {{BD|-0350BC|-0283BC|Chanakya}} [[Category:India ke philosopher]] [[Category:C]] 3q3jb0j3o8ponrxzd229qz6kcnqzamw 0 4958 334651 334617 2026-04-28T02:33:19Z Snandan 529 334651 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox_Philosopher |region = Western Philosophy |era = 20th-century philosophy |color = #B0C4DE | <!-- Image and Caption --> image_name = Simone de Beauvoir.jpg |image_caption = de Beauvoir ke chapa 1968 me| <!-- Information --> name = Simone-Lucie-Ernestine-Marie Bertrand de Beauvoir |birth = 9 January 1908<br />[[Paris]], [[France]] |death = 14 April 1986 <br />Paris, France |school_tradition = Existentialism<br />Feminism |main_interests = Politics, Feminism, Ethics |influences = [[René Descartes|Descartes]], Wollstonecraft, [[Immanuel Kant|Kant]], [[Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel|Hegel]], Husserl, [[Søren Kierkegaard|Kierkegaard]], Heidegger, [[Karl Marx|Marx]], [[Friedrich Nietzsche|Nietzsche]], [[Jean-Paul Sartre|Sartre]], Sade |influenced = Butler, Camus, [[Jean-Paul Sartre|Sartre]], Paglia, Friedan, Hoagland, Rich, Greer |notable_ideas = ethics of ambiguity, feminist ethics, existential feminism | }} '''Simone de Beauvoir''' ([[9 January]] [[1908]] – [[14 April]] [[1986]]) ek [[France|French]] [[author]] aur [[philosopher]] rahii. ==Jiiwan kahaani== === Bachpan ke din === Beauvoir ke janam 9 January 1908 me,<ref>{{cite news|url= https://www.upi.com/Top_News/2020/01/09/UPI-Almanac-for-Thursday-Jan-9-2020/6871578415895/|title= UPI Almanac for Thursday, Jan. 9, 2020|work= [[United Press International]] | date= 9 January 2020|access-date=16 January 2020 |archive-date= 15 January 2020|archive-url= https://archive.today/20200115192229/https://www.upi.com/Top_News/2020/01/09/UPI-Almanac-for-Thursday-Jan-9-2020/6871578415895/|url-status=live|quote=...French novelist Simone de Beauvoir in 1908}}</ref> [[Paris]] ke ek [[bourgeois]] palwaar me [[6th arrondissement of Paris|6th arrondissement]] me bhais rahaa.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/books/1999/jun/06/classics.simonedebeauvoir |title=Still the second sex|first=Maureen|last=Freely|author-link=Maureen Freely|date=6 June 1999|access-date=6 January 2019|work=[[The Guardian]]|location=UK|archive-date=13 April 2019|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20190413171557/https://www.theguardian.com/books/1999/jun/06/classics.simonedebeauvoir| url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/books/2008/jan/08/top10s.debeauvoir |title=Lisa Appignanesi's top 10 books by and about Simone de Beauvoir|work=The Guardian|location=UK|date=8 January 2008|access-date=6 January 2019|archive-date=13 April 2019|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20190413154026/https://www.theguardian.com/books/2008/jan/08/top10s.debeauvoir|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite magazine|url=https://newrepublic.com/article/118617/anne-hollander-reviews-simone-de-beauvoir-biography-deidre-bair |title=The Open Marriage of True Minds|first=Anne|last=Hollander|date=11 June 1990|magazine=[[The New Republic]]|access-date=6 January 2019|archive-date=12 September 2015 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20150912233548/https://newrepublic.com/article/118617/anne-hollander-reviews-simone-de-beauvoir-biography-deidre-bair|url-status=live}}</ref> Uske pitaji, Georges Bertrand de Beauvoir, ek wakiil rahaa jon ek actor bane maangat rahaaa,<ref name="IEP Biography">{{Cite web |last=Mussett |first=Shannon |title=Beauvoir, Simone de {{!}} Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy |url=https://iep.utm.edu/simone-de-beauvoir/ |access-date=11 April 2010 |language=en-US}}</ref> aur maiyaa Françoise Beauvoir (née Brasseur), ek djani banker ke larrki aur kattar [[Catholic]] rahii. Kaaheki uske maiyaa-bappa jaada time ghare nai rahat rahin, Simone ke khaas kar ke uske nanny Louise paale rahii.<ref name=":3" /> Louise ke relationship Françoise Beauvoir se achchhaaa ani rahaa. Simone ke ek bahini, [[Hélène de Beauvoir|Hélène]] rahii, jon 6 June 1910 ke paida bhae rahii. Beauvoir intellectually precocious rahii, aapan pitaji ke protsahan ke kaaran, aur uu ii boast karat rahaa ki: {{Blockquote|text=“Simone ke ek admii ke dimaag hae; uu ek admii ke rakam soche hae; uu ek admii hae.”<ref>{{Citation |title=A talk with Simone de Beauvoir |last=Moorehead |first=Caroline |date=1974-06-02 |pages=258 |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1974/06/02/archives/a-talk-with-simone-de-beauvoirr-marriage-is-an-alienating.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251003113522/https://www.nytimes.com/1974/06/02/archives/a-talk-with-simone-de-beauvoirr-marriage-is-an-alienating.html |archive-date=2025-10-03 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>Bair, p. 60</ref>|author=Caroline Moorehead|title=A talk with Simone de Beauvoir|source=[[The New York Times]]|character=Françoise Beauvoir (née Brasseur)}}Uske bachpan ke din ke baare me likhte ''Memoirs of a Dutiful Daughter me,'' uu bolis rahaa: {{Blockquote|text=...hamaar pitaji ke [[individualism]] aur nastik ethical standards hamaar maiyaa ke rigidly moral [[conventionalism]] sikchhaa ke virod rahaa. Ii disequilibrium, jisse hamaar jindagi endless disputation hoe gais, khaas kaaran rahaa ki ham ek [[intellectual]] ban gayaa hae.<ref>''Memoirs of a Dutiful Daughter'', Book One</ref>|author=Simone de Beauvoir|title=Memoirs of a Dutiful Daughter|source=Book One, pg. 41}} ==== Education ==== Beauvoir pursued post-secondary education after completing her high school years at {{Interlanguage link multi|Cours Desir|fr}}.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Paris: sur les traces de Simone de Beauvoir |trans-title=Paris: On the trail of Simone de Beauvoir |url= https://www.en-vols.com/inspirations/culture/paris-simone-de-beauvoir/ |website=en-vols.com |date=22 November 2022 |access-date=31 July 2023 |language=fr}}</ref> After passing baccalaureate exams in mathematics and philosophy at the age of seventeen in 1925, she studied mathematics at the [[Institut Catholique de Paris]] and literature/languages at the {{Interlanguage link multi|Institut Sainte-Marie|fr}}. [[File:EcoleNormaleDeParis - Jeanne Blancard-Colette Maze.tif|thumb|Class at the [[École Normale]] in Paris, 1930s.]] Jab ki uu sarkari taur pe bharti nai bhae rahii, Simone, [[École Normale Supérieure]] me class me baithis aapan ''[[agrégation]]'' in philosophy ke taiyaari ke khaatir, jon ek bahut competitive postgraduate examination rahaa jisse students ke nationally rank karaa jaawat rahaa. uu jab iske khaatir parrhat rahii tab uu École Normale ke students [[Jean-Paul Sartre]], [[Paul Nizan]], aur [[René Maheu]] (jon uske nickname "''Castor''", nai to "Beaver", diis rahaa) se mile rahii.<ref name="IEP Biography" />Uu [[University of Paris|Sorbonne]] me philosophy parrhe rahii, appan degree ke 1928 me khatam kare ke baad, uu likhe rahii ''[[Diplôme d'études supérieures spécialisées]]'' (jon [[Master of Arts|M.A.]] thesis ke rakam hae) [[Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz|Leibniz]] for [[Léon Brunschvicg]] 1929 me (uske topic rahaa "Le concept chez Leibniz" ["The Concept in Leibniz"]).<ref>Margaret A. Simons (ed.), ''Feminist Interpretations of Simone de Beauvoir'', Penn State Press, 1 November 2010, p. 3.</ref> 1929 me, the jury for the ''agrégation'' kuchh mark se Sartre ke first place aur Beauvoir ke second place diis rahaa. Uu 21 saal ke rahii, jiske matlab hae ki uu sab se chhotii jan rahii jon ii exam ke pass kare rahii.<ref>{{Cite magazine |last=Menand|first=Louis|date=19 September 2005|title=Stand by Your Man|url=https://www.newyorker.com/magazine/2005/09/26/stand-by-your-man|access-date=11 May 2010|magazine=The New Yorker|language=en-US|issn=0028-792X}}</ref> Iske alaawaa, Beauvoir ek exam certificate of "General Philosophy and Logic" khaatir karis jisme uu second rahii [[Simone Weil]] ke baad. Kaaheki uu 8th jan rahii jon ''agrégation'' ke pass kare rahii, uske achchhaa kaam mile lagaa aur uu ajaad hoe gais.<ref name=":0" /> {{BD|1908|1986|De Beauvoir, Simone}} [[vibhag:France ke philosophers]] [[vibhag:B] fu3gp4rox40hl2x89ofmgovu9ctjufx 334652 334651 2026-04-28T02:37:01Z Snandan 529 334652 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox_Philosopher |region = Western Philosophy |era = 20th-century philosophy |color = #B0C4DE | <!-- Image and Caption --> image_name = Simone de Beauvoir.jpg |image_caption = de Beauvoir ke chapa 1968 me| <!-- Information --> name = Simone-Lucie-Ernestine-Marie Bertrand de Beauvoir |birth = 9 January 1908<br />[[Paris]], [[France]] |death = 14 April 1986 <br />Paris, France |school_tradition = Existentialism<br />Feminism |main_interests = Politics, Feminism, Ethics |influences = [[René Descartes|Descartes]], Wollstonecraft, [[Immanuel Kant|Kant]], [[Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel|Hegel]], Husserl, [[Søren Kierkegaard|Kierkegaard]], Heidegger, [[Karl Marx|Marx]], [[Friedrich Nietzsche|Nietzsche]], [[Jean-Paul Sartre|Sartre]], Sade |influenced = Butler, Camus, [[Jean-Paul Sartre|Sartre]], Paglia, Friedan, Hoagland, Rich, Greer |notable_ideas = ethics of ambiguity, feminist ethics, existential feminism | }} '''Simone de Beauvoir''' ([[9 January]] [[1908]] – [[14 April]] [[1986]]) ek [[France|French]] [[author]] aur [[philosopher]] rahii. ==Jiiwan kahaani== === Bachpan ke din === Beauvoir ke janam 9 January 1908 me,<ref>{{cite news|url= https://www.upi.com/Top_News/2020/01/09/UPI-Almanac-for-Thursday-Jan-9-2020/6871578415895/|title= UPI Almanac for Thursday, Jan. 9, 2020|work= [[United Press International]] | date= 9 January 2020|access-date=16 January 2020 |archive-date= 15 January 2020|archive-url= https://archive.today/20200115192229/https://www.upi.com/Top_News/2020/01/09/UPI-Almanac-for-Thursday-Jan-9-2020/6871578415895/|url-status=live|quote=...French novelist Simone de Beauvoir in 1908}}</ref> [[Paris]] ke ek [[bourgeois]] palwaar me [[6th arrondissement of Paris|6th arrondissement]] me bhais rahaa.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/books/1999/jun/06/classics.simonedebeauvoir |title=Still the second sex|first=Maureen|last=Freely|author-link=Maureen Freely|date=6 June 1999|access-date=6 January 2019|work=[[The Guardian]]|location=UK|archive-date=13 April 2019|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20190413171557/https://www.theguardian.com/books/1999/jun/06/classics.simonedebeauvoir| url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/books/2008/jan/08/top10s.debeauvoir |title=Lisa Appignanesi's top 10 books by and about Simone de Beauvoir|work=The Guardian|location=UK|date=8 January 2008|access-date=6 January 2019|archive-date=13 April 2019|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20190413154026/https://www.theguardian.com/books/2008/jan/08/top10s.debeauvoir|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite magazine|url=https://newrepublic.com/article/118617/anne-hollander-reviews-simone-de-beauvoir-biography-deidre-bair |title=The Open Marriage of True Minds|first=Anne|last=Hollander|date=11 June 1990|magazine=[[The New Republic]]|access-date=6 January 2019|archive-date=12 September 2015 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20150912233548/https://newrepublic.com/article/118617/anne-hollander-reviews-simone-de-beauvoir-biography-deidre-bair|url-status=live}}</ref> Uske pitaji, Georges Bertrand de Beauvoir, ek wakiil rahaa jon ek actor bane maangat rahaaa,<ref name="IEP Biography">{{Cite web |last=Mussett |first=Shannon |title=Beauvoir, Simone de {{!}} Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy |url=https://iep.utm.edu/simone-de-beauvoir/ |access-date=11 April 2010 |language=en-US}}</ref> aur maiyaa Françoise Beauvoir (née Brasseur), ek djani banker ke larrki aur kattar [[Catholic]] rahii. Kaaheki uske maiyaa-bappa jaada time ghare nai rahat rahin, Simone ke khaas kar ke uske nanny Louise paale rahii.<ref name=":3" /> Louise ke relationship Françoise Beauvoir se achchhaaa ani rahaa. Simone ke ek bahini, [[Hélène de Beauvoir|Hélène]] rahii, jon 6 June 1910 ke paida bhae rahii. Beauvoir intellectually precocious rahii, aapan pitaji ke protsahan ke kaaran, aur uu ii boast karat rahaa ki: {{Blockquote|text=“Simone ke ek admii ke dimaag hae; uu ek admii ke rakam soche hae; uu ek admii hae.”<ref>{{Citation |title=A talk with Simone de Beauvoir |last=Moorehead |first=Caroline |date=1974-06-02 |pages=258 |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1974/06/02/archives/a-talk-with-simone-de-beauvoirr-marriage-is-an-alienating.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251003113522/https://www.nytimes.com/1974/06/02/archives/a-talk-with-simone-de-beauvoirr-marriage-is-an-alienating.html |archive-date=2025-10-03 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>Bair, p. 60</ref>|author=Caroline Moorehead|title=A talk with Simone de Beauvoir|source=[[The New York Times]]|character=Françoise Beauvoir (née Brasseur)}}Uske bachpan ke din ke baare me likhte ''Memoirs of a Dutiful Daughter me,'' uu bolis rahaa: {{Blockquote|text=...hamaar pitaji ke [[individualism]] aur nastik ethical standards hamaar maiyaa ke rigidly moral [[conventionalism]] sikchhaa ke virod rahaa. Ii disequilibrium, jisse hamaar jindagi endless disputation hoe gais, khaas kaaran rahaa ki ham ek [[intellectual]] ban gayaa hae.<ref>''Memoirs of a Dutiful Daughter'', Book One</ref>|author=Simone de Beauvoir|title=Memoirs of a Dutiful Daughter|source=Book One, pg. 41}} ==== Education ==== Beauvoir, high school ke baad aapan post-secondary ke parrhai kare rahii {{Interlanguage link multi|Cours Desir|fr}} me.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Paris: sur les traces de Simone de Beauvoir |trans-title=Paris: On the trail of Simone de Beauvoir |url= https://www.en-vols.com/inspirations/culture/paris-simone-de-beauvoir/ |website=en-vols.com |date=22 November 2022 |access-date=31 July 2023 |language=fr}}</ref> Baccalaureate exams ke mathematics aur philosophy ke 1925 me 17 saal ke umar me, uu [[Institut Catholique de Paris]] me mathematics aur literature/languages at the {{Interlanguage link multi|Institut Sainte-Marie|fr}} me parrhe rahii. [[File:EcoleNormaleDeParis - Jeanne Blancard-Colette Maze.tif|thumb|Class [[École Normale]], Paris me, [[1930s]] me.]] Jab ki uu sarkari taur pe bharti nai bhae rahii, Simone, [[École Normale Supérieure]] me class me baithis aapan ''[[agrégation]]'' in philosophy ke taiyaari ke khaatir, jon ek bahut competitive postgraduate examination rahaa jisse students ke nationally rank karaa jaawat rahaa. uu jab iske khaatir parrhat rahii tab uu École Normale ke students [[Jean-Paul Sartre]], [[Paul Nizan]], aur [[René Maheu]] (jon uske nickname "''Castor''", nai to "Beaver", diis rahaa) se mile rahii.<ref name="IEP Biography" />Uu [[University of Paris|Sorbonne]] me philosophy parrhe rahii, appan degree ke 1928 me khatam kare ke baad, uu likhe rahii ''[[Diplôme d'études supérieures spécialisées]]'' (jon [[Master of Arts|M.A.]] thesis ke rakam hae) [[Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz|Leibniz]] for [[Léon Brunschvicg]] 1929 me (uske topic rahaa "Le concept chez Leibniz" ["The Concept in Leibniz"]).<ref>Margaret A. Simons (ed.), ''Feminist Interpretations of Simone de Beauvoir'', Penn State Press, 1 November 2010, p. 3.</ref> 1929 me, the jury for the ''agrégation'' kuchh mark se Sartre ke first place aur Beauvoir ke second place diis rahaa. Uu 21 saal ke rahii, jiske matlab hae ki uu sab se chhotii jan rahii jon ii exam ke pass kare rahii.<ref>{{Cite magazine |last=Menand|first=Louis|date=19 September 2005|title=Stand by Your Man|url=https://www.newyorker.com/magazine/2005/09/26/stand-by-your-man|access-date=11 May 2010|magazine=The New Yorker|language=en-US|issn=0028-792X}}</ref> Iske alaawaa, Beauvoir ek exam certificate of "General Philosophy and Logic" khaatir karis jisme uu second rahii [[Simone Weil]] ke baad. Kaaheki uu 8th jan rahii jon ''agrégation'' ke pass kare rahii, uske achchhaa kaam mile lagaa aur uu ajaad hoe gais.<ref name=":0" /> {{BD|1908|1986|De Beauvoir, Simone}} [[vibhag:France ke philosophers]] [[vibhag:B] rfj2u23k41frgui17v5bxkdjvmvytej 334655 334652 2026-04-28T03:01:40Z Snandan 529 334655 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox_Philosopher |region = Western Philosophy |era = 20th-century philosophy |color = #B0C4DE | <!-- Image and Caption --> image_name = Simone de Beauvoir.jpg |image_caption = de Beauvoir ke chapa 1968 me| <!-- Information --> name = Simone-Lucie-Ernestine-Marie Bertrand de Beauvoir |birth = 9 January 1908<br />[[Paris]], [[France]] |death = 14 April 1986 <br />Paris, France |school_tradition = Existentialism<br />Feminism |main_interests = Politics, Feminism, Ethics |influences = [[René Descartes|Descartes]], Wollstonecraft, [[Immanuel Kant|Kant]], [[Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel|Hegel]], Husserl, [[Søren Kierkegaard|Kierkegaard]], Heidegger, [[Karl Marx|Marx]], [[Friedrich Nietzsche|Nietzsche]], [[Jean-Paul Sartre|Sartre]], Sade |influenced = Butler, Camus, [[Jean-Paul Sartre|Sartre]], Paglia, Friedan, Hoagland, Rich, Greer |notable_ideas = ethics of ambiguity, feminist ethics, existential feminism | }} '''Simone de Beauvoir''' ([[9 January]] [[1908]] – [[14 April]] [[1986]]) ek [[France|French]] [[author]] aur [[philosopher]] rahii. ==Jiiwan kahaani== === Bachpan ke din === Beauvoir ke janam 9 January 1908 me,<ref>{{cite news|url= https://www.upi.com/Top_News/2020/01/09/UPI-Almanac-for-Thursday-Jan-9-2020/6871578415895/|title= UPI Almanac for Thursday, Jan. 9, 2020|work= [[United Press International]] | date= 9 January 2020|access-date=16 January 2020 |archive-date= 15 January 2020|archive-url= https://archive.today/20200115192229/https://www.upi.com/Top_News/2020/01/09/UPI-Almanac-for-Thursday-Jan-9-2020/6871578415895/|url-status=live|quote=...French novelist Simone de Beauvoir in 1908}}</ref> [[Paris]] ke ek [[bourgeois]] palwaar me [[6th arrondissement of Paris|6th arrondissement]] me bhais rahaa.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/books/1999/jun/06/classics.simonedebeauvoir |title=Still the second sex|first=Maureen|last=Freely|author-link=Maureen Freely|date=6 June 1999|access-date=6 January 2019|work=[[The Guardian]]|location=UK|archive-date=13 April 2019|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20190413171557/https://www.theguardian.com/books/1999/jun/06/classics.simonedebeauvoir| url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/books/2008/jan/08/top10s.debeauvoir |title=Lisa Appignanesi's top 10 books by and about Simone de Beauvoir|work=The Guardian|location=UK|date=8 January 2008|access-date=6 January 2019|archive-date=13 April 2019|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20190413154026/https://www.theguardian.com/books/2008/jan/08/top10s.debeauvoir|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite magazine|url=https://newrepublic.com/article/118617/anne-hollander-reviews-simone-de-beauvoir-biography-deidre-bair |title=The Open Marriage of True Minds|first=Anne|last=Hollander|date=11 June 1990|magazine=[[The New Republic]]|access-date=6 January 2019|archive-date=12 September 2015 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20150912233548/https://newrepublic.com/article/118617/anne-hollander-reviews-simone-de-beauvoir-biography-deidre-bair|url-status=live}}</ref> Uske pitaji, Georges Bertrand de Beauvoir, ek wakiil rahaa jon ek actor bane maangat rahaaa,<ref name="IEP Biography">{{Cite web |last=Mussett |first=Shannon |title=Beauvoir, Simone de {{!}} Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy |url=https://iep.utm.edu/simone-de-beauvoir/ |access-date=11 April 2010 |language=en-US}}</ref> aur maiyaa Françoise Beauvoir (née Brasseur), ek djani banker ke larrki aur kattar [[Catholic]] rahii. Kaaheki uske maiyaa-bappa jaada time ghare nai rahat rahin, Simone ke khaas kar ke uske nanny Louise paale rahii.<ref name=":3" /> Louise ke relationship Françoise Beauvoir se achchhaaa ani rahaa. Simone ke ek bahini, [[Hélène de Beauvoir|Hélène]] rahii, jon 6 June 1910 ke paida bhae rahii. Beauvoir intellectually precocious rahii, aapan pitaji ke protsahan ke kaaran, aur uu ii boast karat rahaa ki: {{Blockquote|text=“Simone ke ek admii ke dimaag hae; uu ek admii ke rakam soche hae; uu ek admii hae.”<ref>{{Citation |title=A talk with Simone de Beauvoir |last=Moorehead |first=Caroline |date=1974-06-02 |pages=258 |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1974/06/02/archives/a-talk-with-simone-de-beauvoirr-marriage-is-an-alienating.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251003113522/https://www.nytimes.com/1974/06/02/archives/a-talk-with-simone-de-beauvoirr-marriage-is-an-alienating.html |archive-date=2025-10-03 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>Bair, p. 60</ref>|author=Caroline Moorehead|title=A talk with Simone de Beauvoir|source=[[The New York Times]]|character=Françoise Beauvoir (née Brasseur)}}Uske bachpan ke din ke baare me likhte ''Memoirs of a Dutiful Daughter me,'' uu bolis rahaa: {{Blockquote|text=...hamaar pitaji ke [[individualism]] aur nastik ethical standards hamaar maiyaa ke rigidly moral [[conventionalism]] sikchhaa ke virod rahaa. Ii disequilibrium, jisse hamaar jindagi endless disputation hoe gais, khaas kaaran rahaa ki ham ek [[intellectual]] ban gayaa hae.<ref>''Memoirs of a Dutiful Daughter'', Book One</ref>|author=Simone de Beauvoir|title=Memoirs of a Dutiful Daughter|source=Book One, pg. 41}} ==== Education ==== Beauvoir, high school ke baad aapan post-secondary ke parrhai kare rahii {{Interlanguage link multi|Cours Desir|fr}} me.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Paris: sur les traces de Simone de Beauvoir |trans-title=Paris: On the trail of Simone de Beauvoir |url= https://www.en-vols.com/inspirations/culture/paris-simone-de-beauvoir/ |website=en-vols.com |date=22 November 2022 |access-date=31 July 2023 |language=fr}}</ref> Baccalaureate exams ke mathematics aur philosophy ke 1925 me 17 saal ke umar me, uu [[Institut Catholique de Paris]] me mathematics aur literature/languages at the {{Interlanguage link multi|Institut Sainte-Marie|fr}} me parrhe rahii. [[File:EcoleNormaleDeParis - Jeanne Blancard-Colette Maze.tif|thumb|Class [[École Normale]], Paris me, [[1930s]] me.]] Jab ki uu sarkari taur pe bharti nai bhae rahii, Simone, [[École Normale Supérieure]] me class me baithis aapan ''[[agrégation]]'' in philosophy ke taiyaari ke khaatir, jon ek bahut competitive postgraduate examination rahaa jisse students ke nationally rank karaa jaawat rahaa. uu jab iske khaatir parrhat rahii tab uu École Normale ke students [[Jean-Paul Sartre]], [[Paul Nizan]], aur [[René Maheu]] (jon uske nickname "''Castor''", nai to "Beaver", diis rahaa) se mile rahii.<ref name="IEP Biography" />Uu [[University of Paris|Sorbonne]] me philosophy parrhe rahii, appan degree ke 1928 me khatam kare ke baad, uu likhe rahii ''[[Diplôme d'études supérieures spécialisées]]'' (jon [[Master of Arts|M.A.]] thesis ke rakam hae) [[Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz|Leibniz]] for [[Léon Brunschvicg]] 1929 me (uske topic rahaa "Le concept chez Leibniz" ["The Concept in Leibniz"]).<ref>Margaret A. Simons (ed.), ''Feminist Interpretations of Simone de Beauvoir'', Penn State Press, 1 November 2010, p. 3.</ref> 1929 me, the jury for the ''agrégation'' kuchh mark se Sartre ke first place aur Beauvoir ke second place diis rahaa. Uu 21 saal ke rahii, jiske matlab hae ki uu sab se chhotii jan rahii jon ii exam ke pass kare rahii.<ref>{{Cite magazine |last=Menand|first=Louis|date=19 September 2005|title=Stand by Your Man|url=https://www.newyorker.com/magazine/2005/09/26/stand-by-your-man|access-date=11 May 2010|magazine=The New Yorker|language=en-US|issn=0028-792X}}</ref> Iske alaawaa, Beauvoir ek exam certificate of "General Philosophy and Logic" khaatir karis jisme uu second rahii [[Simone Weil]] ke baad. Kaaheki uu 8th jan rahii jon ''agrégation'' ke pass kare rahii, uske achchhaa kaam mile lagaa aur uu ajaad hoe gais.<ref name=":0" /> ==== Dharmik paalan posan ==== Beauvoir ek [[Catholic]] aur uske parrhai convent schools me bhais rahaa. Uu ekdam dharmik rahii aur ek nun bane maangat rahii. 14 saal ke umar me, Beauvoir aapan dharam ke sawaal kare lagis aur aapan teens me dharam ke chorr diiye rahaa. uu aapan baaki jindagi bhar ek [[atheism|atheist]] rahii.<ref name="auto">{{Cite web|title=Simone de Beauvoir|url=https://www.biography.com/scholar/simone-de-beauvoir|access-date=2021-03-04|website=Biography|date=9 July 2020 |language=en-us}}</ref><ref name="Thurman">{{Cite news |last=Thurman |first=Judith |date=28 May 2010 |title=Introduction to Simone de Beauvoir's 'The Second Sex' |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2010/05/30/books/excerpt-introduction-second-sex.html |access-date=11 April 2010 |work=The New York Times |language=en}}</ref> Iske samjhaae ke khaatir, Beauvoir bole rahii, {{Blockquote|text="Dharam ke kaaran log uu kathnai se duur bhaage hae jon asliyat me hae. Aur isse jaada, biswas kare waala log apne ke barraa samjhe hae ii cowardice act se."<ref>{{Cite book|last=Bertrand de Beauvoir|first=Simone|title=All Said and Done|publisher=G. P. Putnam's & Sons|year=1974|isbn=9780399112515|location=New York|pages=478|translator-last=O'Brian|translator-first=Patrick}}</ref>|author=Simone Bertrand de Beauvoir|title=All Said and Done}} {{BD|1908|1986|De Beauvoir, Simone}} [[vibhag:France ke philosophers]] [[vibhag:B]] lg8ubxbr4rr2y7sjg96h3dwirqbqv82 334656 334655 2026-04-28T03:13:35Z Snandan 529 334656 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox_Philosopher |region = Western Philosophy |era = 20th-century philosophy |color = #B0C4DE | <!-- Image and Caption --> image_name = Simone de Beauvoir.jpg |image_caption = de Beauvoir ke chapa 1968 me| <!-- Information --> name = Simone-Lucie-Ernestine-Marie Bertrand de Beauvoir |birth = 9 January 1908<br />[[Paris]], [[France]] |death = 14 April 1986 <br />Paris, France |school_tradition = Existentialism<br />Feminism |main_interests = Politics, Feminism, Ethics |influences = [[René Descartes|Descartes]], Wollstonecraft, [[Immanuel Kant|Kant]], [[Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel|Hegel]], Husserl, [[Søren Kierkegaard|Kierkegaard]], Heidegger, [[Karl Marx|Marx]], [[Friedrich Nietzsche|Nietzsche]], [[Jean-Paul Sartre|Sartre]], Sade |influenced = Butler, Camus, [[Jean-Paul Sartre|Sartre]], Paglia, Friedan, Hoagland, Rich, Greer |notable_ideas = ethics of ambiguity, feminist ethics, existential feminism | }} '''Simone de Beauvoir''' ([[9 January]] [[1908]] – [[14 April]] [[1986]]) ek [[France|French]] [[author]] aur [[philosopher]] rahii. ==Jiiwan kahaani== === Bachpan ke din === Beauvoir ke janam 9 January 1908 me,<ref>{{cite news|url= https://www.upi.com/Top_News/2020/01/09/UPI-Almanac-for-Thursday-Jan-9-2020/6871578415895/|title= UPI Almanac for Thursday, Jan. 9, 2020|work= [[United Press International]] | date= 9 January 2020|access-date=16 January 2020 |archive-date= 15 January 2020|archive-url= https://archive.today/20200115192229/https://www.upi.com/Top_News/2020/01/09/UPI-Almanac-for-Thursday-Jan-9-2020/6871578415895/|url-status=live|quote=...French novelist Simone de Beauvoir in 1908}}</ref> [[Paris]] ke ek [[bourgeois]] palwaar me [[6th arrondissement of Paris|6th arrondissement]] me bhais rahaa.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/books/1999/jun/06/classics.simonedebeauvoir |title=Still the second sex|first=Maureen|last=Freely|author-link=Maureen Freely|date=6 June 1999|access-date=6 January 2019|work=[[The Guardian]]|location=UK|archive-date=13 April 2019|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20190413171557/https://www.theguardian.com/books/1999/jun/06/classics.simonedebeauvoir| url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/books/2008/jan/08/top10s.debeauvoir |title=Lisa Appignanesi's top 10 books by and about Simone de Beauvoir|work=The Guardian|location=UK|date=8 January 2008|access-date=6 January 2019|archive-date=13 April 2019|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20190413154026/https://www.theguardian.com/books/2008/jan/08/top10s.debeauvoir|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite magazine|url=https://newrepublic.com/article/118617/anne-hollander-reviews-simone-de-beauvoir-biography-deidre-bair |title=The Open Marriage of True Minds|first=Anne|last=Hollander|date=11 June 1990|magazine=[[The New Republic]]|access-date=6 January 2019|archive-date=12 September 2015 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20150912233548/https://newrepublic.com/article/118617/anne-hollander-reviews-simone-de-beauvoir-biography-deidre-bair|url-status=live}}</ref> Uske pitaji, Georges Bertrand de Beauvoir, ek wakiil rahaa jon ek actor bane maangat rahaaa,<ref name="IEP Biography">{{Cite web |last=Mussett |first=Shannon |title=Beauvoir, Simone de {{!}} Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy |url=https://iep.utm.edu/simone-de-beauvoir/ |access-date=11 April 2010 |language=en-US}}</ref> aur maiyaa Françoise Beauvoir (née Brasseur), ek djani banker ke larrki aur kattar [[Catholic]] rahii. Kaaheki uske maiyaa-bappa jaada time ghare nai rahat rahin, Simone ke khaas kar ke uske nanny Louise paale rahii.<ref name=":3" /> Louise ke relationship Françoise Beauvoir se achchhaaa ani rahaa. Simone ke ek bahini, [[Hélène de Beauvoir|Hélène]] rahii, jon 6 June 1910 ke paida bhae rahii. Beauvoir intellectually precocious rahii, aapan pitaji ke protsahan ke kaaran, aur uu ii boast karat rahaa ki: {{Blockquote|text=“Simone ke ek admii ke dimaag hae; uu ek admii ke rakam soche hae; uu ek admii hae.”<ref>{{Citation |title=A talk with Simone de Beauvoir |last=Moorehead |first=Caroline |date=1974-06-02 |pages=258 |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1974/06/02/archives/a-talk-with-simone-de-beauvoirr-marriage-is-an-alienating.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251003113522/https://www.nytimes.com/1974/06/02/archives/a-talk-with-simone-de-beauvoirr-marriage-is-an-alienating.html |archive-date=2025-10-03 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>Bair, p. 60</ref>|author=Caroline Moorehead|title=A talk with Simone de Beauvoir|source=[[The New York Times]]|character=Françoise Beauvoir (née Brasseur)}}Uske bachpan ke din ke baare me likhte ''Memoirs of a Dutiful Daughter me,'' uu bolis rahaa: {{Blockquote|text=...hamaar pitaji ke [[individualism]] aur nastik ethical standards hamaar maiyaa ke rigidly moral [[conventionalism]] sikchhaa ke virod rahaa. Ii disequilibrium, jisse hamaar jindagi endless disputation hoe gais, khaas kaaran rahaa ki ham ek [[intellectual]] ban gayaa hae.<ref>''Memoirs of a Dutiful Daughter'', Book One</ref>|author=Simone de Beauvoir|title=Memoirs of a Dutiful Daughter|source=Book One, pg. 41}} ==== Education ==== Beauvoir, high school ke baad aapan post-secondary ke parrhai kare rahii {{Interlanguage link multi|Cours Desir|fr}} me.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Paris: sur les traces de Simone de Beauvoir |trans-title=Paris: On the trail of Simone de Beauvoir |url= https://www.en-vols.com/inspirations/culture/paris-simone-de-beauvoir/ |website=en-vols.com |date=22 November 2022 |access-date=31 July 2023 |language=fr}}</ref> Baccalaureate exams ke mathematics aur philosophy ke 1925 me 17 saal ke umar me, uu [[Institut Catholique de Paris]] me mathematics aur literature/languages at the {{Interlanguage link multi|Institut Sainte-Marie|fr}} me parrhe rahii. [[File:EcoleNormaleDeParis - Jeanne Blancard-Colette Maze.tif|thumb|Class [[École Normale]], Paris me, [[1930s]] me.]] Jab ki uu sarkari taur pe bharti nai bhae rahii, Simone, [[École Normale Supérieure]] me class me baithis aapan ''[[agrégation]]'' in philosophy ke taiyaari ke khaatir, jon ek bahut competitive postgraduate examination rahaa jisse students ke nationally rank karaa jaawat rahaa. uu jab iske khaatir parrhat rahii tab uu École Normale ke students [[Jean-Paul Sartre]], [[Paul Nizan]], aur [[René Maheu]] (jon uske nickname "''Castor''", nai to "Beaver", diis rahaa) se mile rahii.<ref name="IEP Biography" />Uu [[University of Paris|Sorbonne]] me philosophy parrhe rahii, appan degree ke 1928 me khatam kare ke baad, uu likhe rahii ''[[Diplôme d'études supérieures spécialisées]]'' (jon [[Master of Arts|M.A.]] thesis ke rakam hae) [[Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz|Leibniz]] for [[Léon Brunschvicg]] 1929 me (uske topic rahaa "Le concept chez Leibniz" ["The Concept in Leibniz"]).<ref>Margaret A. Simons (ed.), ''Feminist Interpretations of Simone de Beauvoir'', Penn State Press, 1 November 2010, p. 3.</ref> 1929 me, the jury for the ''agrégation'' kuchh mark se Sartre ke first place aur Beauvoir ke second place diis rahaa. Uu 21 saal ke rahii, jiske matlab hae ki uu sab se chhotii jan rahii jon ii exam ke pass kare rahii.<ref>{{Cite magazine |last=Menand|first=Louis|date=19 September 2005|title=Stand by Your Man|url=https://www.newyorker.com/magazine/2005/09/26/stand-by-your-man|access-date=11 May 2010|magazine=The New Yorker|language=en-US|issn=0028-792X}}</ref> Iske alaawaa, Beauvoir ek exam certificate of "General Philosophy and Logic" khaatir karis jisme uu second rahii [[Simone Weil]] ke baad. Kaaheki uu 8th jan rahii jon ''agrégation'' ke pass kare rahii, uske achchhaa kaam mile lagaa aur uu ajaad hoe gais.<ref name=":0" /> ==== Dharmik paalan posan ==== Beauvoir ek [[Catholic]] aur uske parrhai convent schools me bhais rahaa. Uu ekdam dharmik rahii aur ek nun bane maangat rahii. 14 saal ke umar me, Beauvoir aapan dharam ke sawaal kare lagis aur aapan teens me dharam ke chorr diiye rahaa. uu aapan baaki jindagi bhar ek [[atheism|atheist]] rahii.<ref name="auto">{{Cite web|title=Simone de Beauvoir|url=https://www.biography.com/scholar/simone-de-beauvoir|access-date=2021-03-04|website=Biography|date=9 July 2020 |language=en-us}}</ref><ref name="Thurman">{{Cite news |last=Thurman |first=Judith |date=28 May 2010 |title=Introduction to Simone de Beauvoir's 'The Second Sex' |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2010/05/30/books/excerpt-introduction-second-sex.html |access-date=11 April 2010 |work=The New York Times |language=en}}</ref> Iske samjhaae ke khaatir, Beauvoir bole rahii, {{Blockquote|text="Dharam ke kaaran log uu kathnai se duur bhaage hae jon asliyat me hae. Aur isse jaada, biswas kare waala log apne ke barraa samjhe hae ii cowardice act se."<ref>{{Cite book|last=Bertrand de Beauvoir|first=Simone|title=All Said and Done|publisher=G. P. Putnam's & Sons|year=1974|isbn=9780399112515|location=New York|pages=478|translator-last=O'Brian|translator-first=Patrick}}</ref>|author=Simone Bertrand de Beauvoir|title=All Said and Done}} === Biich waala saal === [[File:Sartre and de Beauvoir at Balzac Memorial.jpg|thumb|upright|Jean-Paul Sartre aur Simone de Beauvoir, Balzac Memorial me]] Uske palwaar bourgeois rahe ke khaatir struggle karat rahaa kaaheki uulog aapan daulat ke [[World War I]] ke baad lutae de rahin aur and Françoise ke insistence ke uske larrki loagan ek prestigious convent school jaawe.<ref>{{Cite web |date=14 July 2016|title=Simone de Beauvoir: Equality in Unity|url=https://the8percent.com/simone-de-beauvoir-equality-in-unity/|access-date=30 October 2025|website=The 8 Percent|language=en-US}}</ref> Palwaar me paisa ke kami ke kaaran, uu aapan [[dahej]] pe nai nirbhar rahe sakat rahii. Iske kaaran uske saadi hoe ke chance kamti hoe gais. Iske kaaran uu apne se kamai kare lagii.<ref name="oxfordreference.com">{{Cite book|url=http://www.oxfordreference.com/view/10.1093/acref/9780195148909.001.0001/acref-9780195148909-e-90|isbn=978-0-19-514890-9|title=The Oxford Encyclopedia Women in World History|chapter=Beauvoir, Simone de|date=January 2008|publisher=Oxford University Press|doi=10.1093/acref/9780195148909.001.0001}}</ref> Uu [[Maurice Merleau-Ponty]] aur [[Claude Lévi-Strauss]] ke saathe kaam karis, jab uu tiinao aapan practice teaching requirements ke ekke secondary school me kare rahin. 1929 se 1943 talak, Beauvoir [[lycée]] level ke parrhais, jabtak uu aapan likhai ke amdani pe nisrbahar rahe sakat rahii. Uu {{Interlanguage link multi|Lycée Montgrand|fr}} ([[Marseille]]), {{Interlanguage link multi|Lycée Jeanne-d'Arc (Rouen)|fr}}, aur [[Lycée Molière (Paris)]] (1936–39) me parrhae rahii.<ref>Kelly Oliver (ed.), ''French Feminism Reader'', Rowman & Littlefield Publishers, 2000, p. 1; ''Bulletin 2006 de l'Association amicale des anciens et anciennes élèves du lycée Molière'', 2006, p. 22.</ref> 1945 me [[Robert Brasillach]] ke trial ke time, Beauvoirek chhotaa group of prominent intellectuals me se ek rahii jon jon uske maut ke maang kare rahii, uske 'intellectual crimes' of supporting [[Fascism]] aur genocide of Jewish log ke khaatir. Uu ii decision ke aapan 1946 ke essay "An Eye for an Eye" me defend kare rahii.<ref>David Newcastle, [https://tikhanovlibrary.com/the-rise-and-fall-of-pierre-drieu-la-rochelle/ ''The Rise and Fall of Pierre Drieu la Rochlle''], Gilles, Tikhanov Library, 2024, preface</ref><ref>[https://academic.oup.com/book/11006/chapter-abstract/159332034?redirectedFrom=fulltext “An Eye for an Eye”: The Question of Revenge] Sonia Kirks</ref> {{BD|1908|1986|De Beauvoir, Simone}} [[vibhag:France ke philosophers]] [[vibhag:B]] at6ter9qp6msb3kdjytll96pdaml1m4 0 5347 334650 332667 2026-04-27T19:46:43Z ~2026-25731-83 39838 334650 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox officeholder |name = Vladimir Ilyich Lenin <br />Владимир Ильич Ленин |image = Vladimir Ilyich Lenin.jpg |nationality = [[Russians|Russian]] |religion = None ([[Atheist]]<ref>Chivers, C.J. [http://web.archive.org/web/20060520124118/http://www.genocidewatch.org/RussiaWeighsWhattoDoWithLeninsBodyOct05.htm "Russia Weighs What to Do With Lenin's Body"] ''[[New York Times]]'' (October 5, 2005)</ref>) |order = [[List of leaders of the Soviet Union|Chairman of the Council of People's Commissars]] |term_start = 8 November 1917 |term_end = 21 January 1924 |predecessor = [[Alexander Kerensky]] <br /><small>(as [[Russian Provisional Government|President of the Provisional Government]])</small> |successor = [[Alexei Rykov]]<br /><small>([[Joseph Stalin]] as the [[General Secretary of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union|party leader]])</small> |order2 = [[Bolsheviks|Leader of the Bolshevik Party]] |term_start2 = 17 November 1903 |term_end2 = 21 January 1924 |predecessor2= None |successor2 = [[Joseph Stalin]]<br /><small>(as [[General Secretary of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union|General Secretary]])</small> |birth_date = {{birth date|df=yes|1870|4|22|df=y}} |birth_place = [[Simbirsk]], [[Russian Empire]] |death_date = {{death date and age|1924|1|21|1870|4|22|df=y}} |death_place = [[Gorki Leninskiye|Gorki]], [[Russian SFSR]], [[Soviet Union]] |profession = [[Politician]], [[Revolutionary]], [[Lawyer]] |spouse = [[Nadezhda Krupskaya]] |party = [[Communist Party of the Soviet Union|Bolshevik Party]] |a.k.a. = Nikolai Lenin, N. Lenin, V. I. Lenin |signature = Unterschrift_Lenins.svg }} [[File:Lenin and stalin.jpg|thumb|Vladimir Lenin (left) with [[Josif Stalin]]]] '''Vladimir Ilyich Ulyanov''' ([[Russian bhasae|Russian]]: Влади́мир Ильи́ч Улья́нов, IPA: vla'dʲimʲr ilj'itɕ ul'janʌf), better known as '''Lenin''' (Ленин)) ([[22 April]] [[1870]] - [[21 January]] [[1924]]) ek [[Russia]]n [[revolutionary]] aur [[Bolshevik]] party ke leader rahaa. Uu [[Soviet Union]] ke pahil aleader rahaa. [[Soviet Union]], Union of the Soviet Socialist Republics ([[USSR]]) ke dusra naam hae. Lenin ke [[Leninism]] suruu kare khatir bhi jaana jaawe hae, jiske baad me [[Josif Stalin]] [[Marxism-Leninism]] naam diis rahaa. [[School]] me , Lenin [[Latin language|Latin]] aur [[Greek bhasa|Greek]] bhasa me achchhaa parrhat rahaa. [[1887]] me uske [[Kazan State University]] se nikal dewa gais rahaa kahe ki uu bahut radical rahaa aur Tsar ke virod me protest karis rahaa. Wahii saal me Lenin ke bhaiya, Alexander Ulyanov, ke [[Alexander III of Russia|Alexander III]] kr hatya kare ke kosis me faansi pe charrhawa gais rahaa. Lenin apne se parrte rahaa aur [[1891]] me uske [[law]]yer ke licence mila. [[File:Mug shot of Lenin 1895 crop.jpg|left|thumb|150px|Picture taken when Lenin was arrested]] [[St. Petersburg]] me jab, Lenin wakiili ke parrhai karat rahaa tab uu [[Karl Marx]] aur [[Friedrich Engels]] ke bichar ke baare me jaanis. Kaahe ki [[Marxism]] ke Russia me allowed nai rahaa, Lenin ke arrest kar ke jahel me kar dewa gais rahaa aur iske baad Siberia bhej dewa gais rahaa. [[July]] [[1898]] me, jab uu Siberia me rahaa, tav uu ek [[socialism|socialist]] aurat, [[Nadezhda Krupskaya]] se saadi karis. [[1899]] me uu el book likhis, ''[[The Developm me rahaaent of Capitalism in Russia]]''. [[1900]], Lenin ke Siberia se chhorr dewa gais rahaa. Iske baad Lenin [[Europe]] bhar me ghumis aur ek Marxist [[newspaper]], ''[[Iskra]]'' ke chapis, [[Russian bhasa|Russian]] sabd jiske matlab English me "[[spark]]" hae. Uu [[Russian Social Democratic Labour Party]] (RSDLP) ke ek leader ban gais. [[1903]] me, Lenin aur RSDLP ke duusra leader, [[Julius Martov]] ke biich me matbhed hoe gais, ii khatir ki Party ke kon rakam se organise karaa jaawe. Ii matbhed ke kaaran Party, dui gut (faction) me bat gais. Lenin maangat rahaa ek strict, centralised, aur disciplined model. Martov maangat rahaa ek kamtii strict, aur kamti centralised model. Martov ke gut waale ke [[Menshevik]] bola jaawat rahaa (jiske matlab hae "uu jon ki kamti hae"). Lenin ke gut waala logan ke [[Bolshevik]] bola jaawat rahaa ( jiske matlab hae "uu jon ki jaada maange hae"). Lenin, [[1907]] me [[Finland]] gais kaahe ki Marxists log khatir Finland, Russia se jaada surakchhit rahaa. Uu Europae bhar me ghumis aur dher socialist meeting aur ghatna me hissa liis rahaa. Ii time me uu London, Paris me dher jagha me rahaa, aur [[World War I]] ke time Geneva me. Larrai ke suruu ke time [[Second International]] ke ek barraa meeting, jisme Bolsheviks bhi rahin, broke down, kahe ki dher member Parties aapan des ke larrai me madat kare maangat rahin, aur ii idea Marxist idea of internationalism ke nai rahaa. Lenin aur Bolsheviks (jiske communists ke naamse bhi jaana jaawat rahaa) me se khaali kuchh log larrai ke virod karin Marxist kaaran se. == 1917 == Jab [[February Revolution]] ke baad me [[Nicholas II of Russia|Nicholas II]] [[Tsar]] nai rahaa, tab Lenin, Russia laut gais. Uu ek khaas Bolshevik leader banaa, aur public me ''[[April Theses]]'' ke announce karis jisme uu Kerensky ke sarkar ke nawaa middle class ke mistake khatir accuse karis aur majuur logan se sarkar ke palte ke khatir Workers' Revolution kare ke batais. Lenin uu mistake ke baare me bhi baat karis jiske Bolshevik Central Committee ke log kare rahin (jisme Zinoviev, Kamenev aur Stalin bhi rahaa) aur jon sarkar ke madat kare rahin [[Germany]] ke virod me larrai karte rahe ke, jon Leninists ke wishes ke virod me rahaa. July 1917 me, jab log bolat rahin ki Lenin ke Germany ke lage se paisa mila rahaa ; iske kaaran uu dar gais rahaa aur Finland bhaag gais rahaa. October 1917 me, Bolsheviks,Lenin aur [[Trotsky]] ke niche [[St. Petersburg|Petrograd]] [[Soviet]] aur duusra Soviets Russia bhar me chalaawat rahin, Kerensky's sarkar se taagat le ke baad, jiske [[October Revolution]] bola jaawat rahaa, ke baad [[dunia]] ke pahila [[Marxist]] [[Communist]] des, itihaas me banaa rahaa. [[8 November]], [[1917]] me, Lenin ke Russian Soviet [[Congress]] [[Premier of the Soviet Union|Chairman of the Council of People's Commissars]] chunis rahaa. Iske matlab hae ki uu ab Russia ke neta ban gais rahaa. Kaaheki uu [[Germany|German]] invasion se shoked rahaa, uu [[Treaty of Brest-Litovsk]] ke sign karis rahaa. Russia isse dher jamiin ke lose karis rahaa, lekin Germany invasion ke rok diis rahaa, kaaheki uu western front me larrai haare lagaa rahaa. [[Russian Civil War]] ke time, Lenin [[war communism]] ke suruu karis rahaa. Lekin larrai ke baad, Lenin [[New Economic Policy]] ke laais rahaa. Kuchh [[private enterprise]] ke allowed rahaa, lekin bahut nai. Businessmen, jiske [[nepmen]] bola jaawat rahaa ke allowed rahaa, jisme khaali light industry rahaa, heavy industry nai. Fanny Kaplan (opposition party august 30 1918) ke Lenin ke daage ke baad, uske [[Stroke (medicine)|strokes]] aawe lagaa jisse uu kabhi nai recover karis rahaa. [[May]] [[1922]] talak, uu kharaab se [[paralysis|paralysed]] hoe gais rahaa. [[March]] [[1923]] me ek stroke ke baad, baat aur uthe-baithe nai paawat rahaa. Lenin ke chauthaa stroke uske [[January]] [[1924]] me maar diis rahaa. Stroke se ekdam pahile uu Stalin ke hataawe maangat rahaa, kaaeki uu Stalin ke soviet republic ke khaatir dangerous maanat rahaa. [[St. Petersburg]] city ke Tsar 1914 me [[Petrograd]] ke naam diis rahaa, lekin 1924 e iske naam badal ke , Lenin ke honour me, [[Leningrad]] kar dewa gais rahaa. Lekin soviet socialism ke khalaa hoe ke baa, [[1991]], iske naam badal ke St. Petersburg fir se kar dewa gais rahaa. Mare se pahile, Lenin maangat rahaa ki uske aapan miyaa ke bagal me matti dewa jaae. Jab uu maraa, communists jiske dictator Stalin lead karat rahaa, Russia ke log ke uske body ke dekhe ke diis rahaa. Kaaheki log uske dekhe ke khaatir aate rahan , sarkar uske matti nai de ke decide karis rahaa. [[Red Square]], [[Moscow]] me, Lenin ke body ke uppar ek imaarat banaawa gais rahaa, jisse ki log uske dekte rahe sake. Lenin ke mummify karaa gais rahaa. Ii jagha ke Lenin mausoleum bol ajaawe hae. (ek mausoleum uu imaaarat hae jisme maraa jan ke body ke rakkhaa jaawe hae)). Ii Moscow, Russia me hae, abhi talak hian pe jae ke uske dekhe hae. Bdekhe me achchhaa lage hae lekin ii kuchh kharaab hoe gais hae, dher saal ke preservation ke baad dher tissue wear bhais hae. Russian orthodox church maange hae ki Lenin ke uske palwaar ke ssathe matti de de ke chaahi lekin sarkar iske baare me kuchh nai karis hae aur isse Russia ke sarkar ke dher aamdani hoe hae. ==Bachpan ke din== [[File:Vladimir Lenin 3 years old (cropped).jpg|thumb|left|upright=0.8|Lenin (''left me'') tiin saal ke umar me aapan bahini Olga ke saathe]] Lenin ke janam ke naam Vladimir Ilyich Ulyanov rahaa aur uu Streletskaya Ulitsa, Simbirsk, abhi ke [[Ulyanovsk]] me, 22 April 1870 me paida bhais rahaa, aur [[Infant baptism|baptised]] chhe din ke baad;{{sfn|Sebestyen|2017|p=33}} Bachpan me uske ''Volodya'' bola jaawat rahaa, jon Vladimir ke ek common nuckname hae. Uu aath larrkan me se tiisra rahaa, jiske matlab hae ki uske dui aur barraa baiyaa. bahini rhaa. Uske sab se barra bahini [[Anna Ulyanova|Anna]] (janam 1864) aur bhaiyaa [[Aleksandr Ulyanov|Alexander]] (janam 1866) rahaa. Iske baad tiin aur larrkan, [[Olga Ilyinichna Ulyanova|Olga]] (janam 1871), [[Dmitri Ilyich Ulyanov|Dmitry]] (janam 1874), aur [[Maria Ilyinichna Ulyanova|Maria]] (janam 1878) rahin. Dui aur larrkan paida hote mat gay rahin. Uske pitaji, [[Ilya Nikolayevich Ulyanov]], [[Russian Orthodox Church]] ke ek kattar sadasya rahaa aur aapan larrkan ke ii church me baptise karis rahaa, jabki uske maiyaa , [[Maria Alexandrovna Ulyanova]] (née Blank), ek [[Lutheran]] rahii aur [[Christianity]] ke bahut follw nai karat rahii, jiske asar uske larrkan pe rahaa. Ilya Ulyanov ke palwaar pahile [[Serfdom in Russia|serfs]] rahin; Ilya ke pitaji ke jaati ke baare me bahut nai jaana jaawe hae lekin ii socha jaawe hae ki uu [[Russians|Russian]], [[Chuvash people|Chuvash]], [[Mordvin]], or [[Kalmyks|Kalmyk]] ancestry ke rahaa. {{start box}} {{succession box | before = [[Aleksandr Kerensky]]|title=Prime Minister of Russia and the [[Soviet Union]] | years = 1917–1924 | after = [[Alexey Rykov]]}} {{end box}} == Duusra panna == {{commons|Vladimir Lenin}} * [[Communism]] == References == {{reflist}} {{BD|1870|1924|Lenin, Vladimir}} [[Category:Russia ke log]] [[Category:Socialists]] [[Category:Marxism]] 35hidbpysokv9kfnt17j7bo2udrue7m 0 62528 334659 334639 2026-04-28T11:19:44Z ~2026-25352-06 39821 334659 wikitext text/x-wiki {| class="wikitable" |+ !Centibillionaire !USD Billions |- |Larry Page |293B |- |Jensen Huang |188B |- |Steve Ballmer |188B |- |Bernard Arnault and family |244B |- |Michael Dell |180B |- |Francoise Bettencourt Meyers and family |100B |- |Carlos Slim Helu and Family |132B |- |Amancio Ortega |148B |- |Bill Gates |179B |- |Sergey Brin |273B |- |Warren Buffet |169B |- |Alice Walton |155B |- |Larry Ellison |395B |- |Gautam Adani |150B |- |S. Robson Walton and family |158B |- |Jeffery Bezos |274B |- |Mark Zuckerberg |277B |- |Mukesh Ambani |123B |- |Elon Musk |857B |- |Changpeng Zhao |113B |- |Michael Bloomberg |110B |- |} == Notes == Forbes aur Bloomberg ke real time aur billionaires index par kai log ka dhan upar dikhaya jata hai. Alfa Group ke 90 nil INR ke jude dhan. Kai centibillionaires pe case dharj hue hai magar hare nahi hai. Li Scandals, case aur possible kale dhan ke order se jude hai. == INR Denominations == Hazar Lakh Crore Arab Kharab Nil Padm Shankh Mahashankh Vrind == Editors Related == Statue of Liberty Eiffel Tower Savitri Jindal Uday Kotak [[Chetan Fakirchand Karani|Chetan Karani]] [[Rohit Sharma]] [[Virat Kohli]] [[vibhag:C]] [[vibhag:H]] kv46ul5jb7wub2dgvvh7iiwksphr33x 0 66185 334649 333617 2026-04-27T18:05:03Z ~2026-25761-12 39837 /* Academic Papers */ Added new paper 334649 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Vinayak Singh''' (''né'' '''Oberoi''') ek Bhartiya lekhak, philanthropist, aur ''National Institute of Medical Sciences, [[Jaipur]]'' mein Cardiac Surgery aur Perfusion Technology ke student hai, jin ke research ka kendrit vishay ''Pediatric cardiac surgery and perfusion-bypass''<ref>[https://figshare.com/authors/Vinayak_Singh_Oberoi/22742810 Singh Oberoi, Vinayak] (2025-11-28). "''Understanding Amniocentesis: A Review of Method and Medical Importance''". [https://figshare.com/articles/journal_contribution/Understanding_Amniocentesis_A_Review_of_Method_and_Medical_Importance_p_p_/30740012?file=59954045 doi:10.6084/m9.figshare.30740012.v1.] </ref> {{Infobox person | name = Vinayak Singh | image =File:Vinayak Singh Oberoi- Dept. Of Cardiology NIMS Hospital (A Unit of NIMS University).png | caption = | birth_name = Vinayak Singh | birth_date = 7 May, 2006 | birth_place = [[Kolkata]] | nationality = Indian | occupation = Author<br>Philanthropist | alma_mater = [[Army Public School, Ballygunge]](2013-2024)<br>Jaipur National University (2025-2025)<br>National Institute of Medical Sciences, Jaipur(2025-present) | known_for = Books, philanthropy, occult writings | parents = [[Uma Dhar]], Rajiv Singh |family=[[Hatkhola royal family]]<br> [[Dar Raj|House of Dhar]]|known for=|relations=Abhishek Singh (brother)<br> Zoya Singh (sister, 2003-2003)<ref>https://www.google.co.in/books/edition/Eighteen_An_Autobiography_Original_Versi/4GsDEQAAQBAJ?hl=en</ref>|image caption=}} ==Biography== Vinayak Singh 7 May 2006 ko janme Dr. [[Uma Dhar]] aur Rajiv Singh ke ghar me, [[House of Dar|Dar]], [[Hatkhola royal family|Hatkhola]] aur Manikganj ke raja ke parivar me. Uska janam naam Singh lekin ab wo Singh kabhi kabhi Oberoi ka upyog karte hai. Singh Cardiac Perfusion Technology padh rahe hai National Institute of Medical Sciences, Jaipur me.<ref>https://sciprofiles.com/profile/4693156 SciProfile, ''Mr. Vinayak Singh (né Oberoi)''</ref> Wo pehle Jaipur National University mein Cardiovascular Technology ke student rahaa. Singh, [[Peary Charan Sarkar]] aur [[Mohini Mohan Dhar]] family ke descendant rahaa. [[File:Mr. Vinayak Singh Oberoi 2025 Jaipur.jpg|thumb|Mr. Vinayak Singh Oberoi student of Cardiac Surgery and Perfusion Technology at National Institute of Medical Sciences, [[Jaipur]] in 2025]] ==Family== Vinayak is the great-great-grandson of Dewan of Mayurbhanj- Hon'ble [[Mohini Mohan Dhar]] Esq. M.A., B.L, State-Judge, District Magistrate, Superintendent of Education, Head of Revenue, Zamindari, Agriculture and Registration Departments and chief advisor to Maharaja Sriram Chandra Bhanj Deo, Mayurbhanj. Vinayak is the great-grand son of Hon'ble [[Dhirendra Mohan Dhar]] Esq. LL.B., B.P.T.C. barrister-at-law- Barrister, Gray's Inn; High Court of Calcutta Cambridge University, great-grand nephew of Hon'ble Satyendra Mohan Dhar- C.I.E., I.C.S. Secretary to the Government of Bihar and 42nd and 44rth Commissioner of Tirhut Division and his wife [[Ava Dhar]] MBE OBE. Singh is the grandson of Hon'ble Prince [[Chittajit Mohan Dhar]], Ph.D. former M.P. member of Lok Sabha, Delhi, Indian National Congress; Chemical Industrialist-Scientist and pioneer of production of Benzyl Benzoate and Dimethyl Phthalate in India. Singh is the great great grand nephew of Indian ayurvedic practitioner and martyred intellectual, Dr. [[Jogesh Chandra Ghosh]] brother of [[Mohini Mohan Dhar|Mohini Mohan Dhar's]] wife, Saudamini. Vinayak is also the great-great-great grandson of educationist [[Peary Charan Sarkar]] and his wife, Princess Royal Kailashkamini, who was from the royal family of [[Hatkhola royal family|Hatkhola]] and the Royal-Zamindar family of Manikganj, hence, he is also related, by blood, to the second-cousin of Netaji Subhas Chandra Bose, Advocate General of Bengal- Knight Prince Junior I Sir [[Nripendra Nath Sircar]] K.C.S.I (First cousin, twice removed of Vinayak and the cousin of Vinayak's great grandmother, Amiyabala) and his son, Padma Bhushan awardee Prince Noble II [[Birendranath Sircar]] (First cousin once removed of Vinayak). Vinayak is also the, first cousin, once removed- of the Director of Central Drug Research Institute, Dr. [[Manojit Mohan Dhar]]- son of Hon'ble Satyendra Mohan Dhar C.I.E., I.C.S. Vinayak is also related by blood to [[Brajendranath De]] I.C.S. (First to study at the Oxford University) district magistrate, collector of Bankura, Burdwan and Faridpore, Khulna and chairman of the Hooghly Municipal Corporation; his daughter, [[Saroj Nalini Dutt]] M.B.E., wife of Gurusaday Dutt, I.C.S. Vinayak, hence is a descendant of [[Saroj Nalini Dutt]] by blood and [[Gurusaday Dutt]] by marriage. Vinayak is the great-great grandson, by marriage, of Sir. [[Krishna Govinda Gupta]] K.C.S.I., I.C.S., the grandfather of Vinayak' great grandaunt. Singh is the great-grand nephew of Sir. [[Albion Rajkumar Banerjee]], C.S.I., C.I.E., Former Prime Minister of Kashmir. Singh was born to Dr. [[Uma Dhar]] and Rajiv Singh on May 7 2006 in Kolkata. Vinayak has an elder half-brother Abhishek Singh, born on August 27, 1988 to Rajiv Singh and Preeti Singh.<ref>https://books.google.co.in/books/about/Eighteen_An_Autobiography_Original_Versi.html?id=4GsDEQAAQBAJ&source=kp_book_description&redir_esc=y</ref> === Gallery === [[File:Pearycharan Sarkar.jpg|thumb|[[Peary Charan Sarkar]], great-great-great grandfather]] [[File:Mohini Mohan Dhar.png|thumb|[[Mohini Mohan Dhar]], great-great grandfather ]] [[File:Babu_Sailendra_Nath_Sircar.jpg|thumb|[[Sailendra Sircar]], great-great grandfather]][[File:Mrs._Ava_Dhar.png|[[Ava Dhar]], great-grandaunt|thumb]] [[File:Dhirendra Mohan Dhar LLB BPTC.jpg|thumb|[[Dhirendra Mohan Dhar]], great-grandfather.]] [[File:A. Sircar.png|thumb|Amiyabala, great-grandmother]] [[File:Chittajit Mohan Dhar, PhD.jpg|thumb|[[Chittajit Mohan Dhar]], grandfather ]] [[File:Leena_Dhar_(1970).jpg|thumb|[[Leena Dhar]], grandmother]] [[File:Uma Dhar and Rajiv Singh.jpg|thumb|[[Uma Dhar]], mother and Rajiv Singh, father]] ==Philanthropy== Vinayak 2024 me "Young Philanthropist Award" jeete Universal Charity and Leadership Society, Gujarat se.<ref>https://www.themoviedb.org/person/5371367-vinayak-singh-oberoi The Movie Database</ref> Wo local community me samajik karya aur yuva netritva ke initiative me bhag lete hai.<ref>https://www.peliplat.com/en/article/10016432/vinayak-singh-oberoi-philanthropy TheNewsIndia, Peliplat</ref> ==Introduction to Occult== Vinayak ke parivar me okultism aur rahasyamay ghatnayein purani hai. Uska dada, [[Chittajit Mohan Dhar|C. M. Dhar]], cardiac arrest se mar gaye; kuch parivar ke log kehte hai ki ye tantric ke dwara jaadu ka kaam tha.<ref>https://www.cultura.com/p-eighteen-an-autobiography-friends-and-family-version-eighteen-an-autobiography-2-11701760.html</ref> Bachpan me Vinayak apni maa ke sath Jheel Road, Kolkata ke ghar me rahe, jahan kai ajeebo-gareeb cheezein hui jaise haddiyan aur khoon ka milna; gaon ke log is ghar ko "haunted" kehte the.<ref>Eighteen- An Autobiography (Friends and Family Version) - Eighteen- An Autobiography, ISBN 9798230433408</ref> [[File:Interpretation of Baphomet by Vinayak Singh Oberoi.jpg|thumb|Interpretation of Baphomet by Oberoi]] 12 saal ke umar me, Vinayak ke ghar me aur ajeebo-gareeb ghatnayein hui: cheezen girna, baalon ke guchhe dikhna; isne usko Witchcraft aur Left-Hand Occult seekhne ke liye prerit kiya. Usne khud se occultism, Voodoo aur anya esoteric practices sikhna shuru kiya.<ref>https://www.barnesandnoble.com/w/eighteen-an-autobiography-vinayak-singh-oberoi/1144871317 Eighteen-An Autobiography </ref> == Books == ===Novels and Storybooks=== {| class="wikitable" !S.No. !Book Name !Author !Year Published !ISBN |- |1 |Into the Depths of Darkness |Vinayak Singh Oberoi |2020 |B08PPQK7FH (ASIN)<ref>https://www.amazon.in/Into-Depth-Darkness-Vinayak-Singh-ebook/dp/B08PPQK7FH</ref> |- |2 |An Encounter with Diex |Vinayak Singh Oberoi |2023 |9798224323258 |- |3 |Cursed Silence: The Haunting of Kuldhara |Vinayak Singh Oberoi |2023 | |- |4 |Being Happy: Embrace the Joy Within |Vinayak Singh Oberoi |2023 |9798224554027 |- |5 |Christmas Tales |Vinayak Singh Oberoi |2023 |9798224805976 |- |6 |Chromatic (With Yash Siddhart Goenka and Vineet Verma Upadhyay) |Vinayak Singh Oberoi |2023 | |- |7 |101 Everyday Life Physics Questions |Vinayak Singh Oberoi |2023 | |- |8 |101 Everyday Life Chemistry Questions |Vinayak Singh Oberoi |2023 | |- |9 |101 Everyday Life Biology Questions |Vinayak Singh Oberoi |2023 | |- |10 |Crunching Calculus |Vinayak Singh Oberoi |2023 |9798224802920 |- |11 |Secret of Occult Skulls |Vinayak Singh Oberoi |2023 | |- |12 |A Career Compass for Science Stream |Vinayak Singh Oberoi |2023 | |- |13 |Paracletes and Phantoms |Vinayak Singh Oberoi |2023 |9798224859788 |- |14 |Sérénade- Melancholia (8 book series) |Vinayak Singh Oberoi |2024 | |- |15 |I Remember- The Vanishing Footprints (Sérénade- Melancholia Book 1) |Vinayak Singh Oberoi |2024 | |- |16 |Ink Stains and Love Notes (Sérénade- Melancholia Book 2) |Vinayak Singh Oberoi |2024 | |- |17 |Shadows of Silent Despair (Sérénade- Melancholia Book 3) |Vinayak Singh Oberoi |2024 | |- |18 |Chronicles of Midnight: The Sad May Version (Sérénade- Melancholia Book 4) |Vinayak Singh Oberoi |2024 | |- |19 |Fading Petals of May (Sérénade- Melancholia Book 5) |Vinayak Singh Oberoi |2024 | |- |20 |September’s Echo (Sérénade- Melancholia Book 6) |Vinayak Singh Oberoi |2024 | |- |21 |Whispers In The Enchanted Glen (Sérénade- Melancholia Book 7) |Vinayak Singh Oberoi |2024 | |- |22 |Lonely Thread (Sérénade- Melancholia Book 8) |Vinayak Singh Oberoi |2024 | |- |23 |Eighteen- An Autobiography (Upcoming May 7th 2024) |Vinayak Singh Oberoi |2024 | |- |24 |Eighteen- An Autobiography (Unreleased May 7th 2024) - The Extended Version |Vinayak Singh Oberoi |2024 | |- |25 |Eighteen- An Autobiography (Unreleased May 7th 2024) - The Older Version |Vinayak Singh Oberoi |2024 | |- |26 |Eighteen- An Autobiography (Unreleased May 7th 2024) - The 25 Friends Version |Vinayak Singh Oberoi |2024 | |- |27 |Eighteen- An Autobiography (Unreleased May 7th 2024) - Growing Up version |Vinayak Singh Oberoi |2024 | |- |28 |Eighteen- An Autobiography (Unreleased May 7th 2024) - The Secret Version |Vinayak Singh Oberoi |2024 | |- |29 |Willow- Serenity Brews |Vinayak Singh Oberoi |2024 |9798224722808 |- |30 |Sobs in Silence: A Collection of Tear-Stained Verses |Vinayak Singh Oberoi et al. |2024 |9798224806546 |- |31 |Kali Stavanamalika: Garland of Praise to Kali |Vinayak Singh Oberoi |2024 |9798227945983 |- |32 |Eighteen- An Autobiography (Friends and Family Version), later renamed as 8teen Plus: Insights from my Inner Circle |Vinayak Singh Oberoi, Abhishek Singh, Adarshjit Roy, et al. |2025 |9798230433408 |- |33 |From Continuity Equation to Navier–Stokes: A Mathematical Description of Cardiovascular and Cardiopulmonary Bypass Blood Flow |Vinayak Singh Oberoi |2025 | |- |34 |C.A.B.G Surgery: Fundamentals of Perfusion and Bypass |Vinayak Singh Oberoi |2025 |9798233272226 |- |35 |Fundamentals of Pharmacology: 800 High-Yield MCQs for B.Sc. Cardiac Surgery and Perfusion Majors |Vinayak Singh Oberoi |2025 | |- |36 |The Devil I Have Seen |Vinayak Singh Oberoi |2026 | |} ===Academic Papers=== {| class="wikitable" !S.No. ! Paper Title !Author !Year Published !Subject !ISBN |- |1 |Understanding Amniocentesis: A Review of Method and Medical Importance<ref>Oberoi, Vinayak Singh. [https://www.academia.edu/144430440/Understanding_Amniocentesis_A_Review_of_Method_and_Medical_Importance Understanding Amniocentesis: A Review of Method and Medical Importance]. 2025.</ref><ref>Vinayak Singh Oberoi. (2025). Understanding Amniocentesis: A Review of Method and Medical Importance. Zenodo. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.17505405</ref><ref>OpenAire- openaire.eu- https://explore.openaire.eu/search/result?pid=10.5281%2Fzenodo.17505405</ref> |Vinayak Singh (''né'' Oberoi) |2025 |Obstetrics |2940182622585 |- |2 |Micronutrient Dynamics and Oxidative Homeostasis in Cardiovascular Function<ref>Oberoi, Vinayak Singh. [https://www.academia.edu/144487163/Micronutrient_Dynamics_and_Oxidative_Homeostasis_in_Cardiovascular_Function Micronutrient Dynamics and Oxidative Homeostasis in Cardiovascular Function]. 2025.</ref><ref>Vinayak Singh Oberoi. (2025). Micronutrient Dynamics and Oxidative Homeostasis in Cardiovascular Function. Vinayak Singh Oberoi. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.17506050</ref><ref>OpenAIRE- https://explore.openaire.eu/search/result?pid=10.5281%2Fzenodo.17506050</ref> |Vinayak Singh (''né'' Oberoi) |2025 |[[Biochemistry]] |2940182846257 |- |3 |Energetics and Enzymology of Glycolysis: A Metabolic Overview<ref>Oberoi, Vinayak Singh. [https://www.academia.edu/144521021/Energetics_and_Enzymology_of_Glycolysis_A_Metabolic_Overview Energetics and Enzymology of Glycolysis: A Metabolic Overview.] 2025.</ref> |Vinayak Singh (''né'' Oberoi) |2025 |[[Biochemistry]] | - |- |4 |Primary Cardiac Angiosarcoma: Pathophysiology, Diagnosis, and the Role of Cardiac Perfusion in Surgical Management<ref>Vinayak Singh Oberoi. (2025). Primary Cardiac Angiosarcoma: Pathophysiology, Diagnosis, and the Role of Cardiac Perfusion in Surgical Management. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.17756962</ref><ref>https://explore.openaire.eu/search/result?pid=10.5281%2Fzenodo.17756962 OpenAire</ref><ref>Singh Oberoi, Vinayak (2025). Primary Cardiac ''Angiosarcoma: Pathophysiology, Diagnosis, and the Role of Cardiac Perfusion in Surgical Management''. figshare. Journal contribution. https://doi.org/10.6084/m9.figshare.30740834.v1</ref> |Vinayak Singh (''né'' Oberoi) |2025 |Cardiology |9798232907402 |- |5 |Perioperative Biochemical Perturbations Associated with Cardiopulmonary Bypass: Mechanisms, Dynamics, and Clinical Implications<ref>Singh Oberoi, Vinayak (2025). ''Perioperative Biochemical Perturbations Associated with Cardiopulmonary Bypass: Mechanisms, Dynamics, and Clinical Implications''. figshare. Journal contribution. https://doi.org/10.6084/m9.figshare.30759119.v1</ref><ref>Vinayak Singh Oberoi. ''Perioperative Biochemical Perturbations Associated with Cardiopulmonary Bypass: Mechanisms, Dynamics, and Clinical Implications''. Vinayak Singh Oberoi, Dec. 2025, [https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.17784682. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.17784682.]</ref><ref>[https://www.academia.edu/145248041/Perioperative_Biochemical_Perturbations_Associated_with_Cardiopulmonary_Bypass_Mechanisms_Dynamics_and_Clinical_Implications ''Oberoi, Vinayak Singh. Perioperative Biochemical Perturbations Associated with Cardiopulmonary Bypass: Mechanisms, Dynamics, and Clinical Implications. 2025.''] ''Mr. Vinayak S. Oberoi''</ref> |Vinayak Singh (''né'' Oberoi) |2025 |Cardiology | |- |6 |Topographical and Histoanatomical Architecture of the Human Liver<ref>Singh Oberoi, Vinayak (2025). Topographical and Histoanatomical Architecture of the Human Liver. figshare. Journal contribution. https://doi.org/10.6084/m9.figshare.30801581.v1</ref><ref>Vinayak Singh Oberoi. (2025). Topographical and Histoanatomical Architecture of the Human Liver. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.17831435</ref> |Vinayak Singh (''né'' Oberoi) |2025 |Hepatology | - |- |7 |From Continuity Equation to Navier–Stokes: A Mathematical Description of Cardiovascular and Cardiopulmonary Bypass Blood Flow.<ref>[1]Vinayak Singh Oberoi, ‘From Continuity Equation to Navier–Stokes: A Mathematical Description of Cardiovascular and Cardiopulmonary Bypass Blood Flow’, Dec. 2025, doi: [[doi:10.5281/zenodo.17967686.|10.5281/zenodo.17967686.]]</ref><ref>Singh Oberoi, Vinayak (2025). From Continuity Equation to Navier–Stokes: A Mathematical Description  of Cardiovascular and Cardiopulmonary Bypass Blood Flow. figshare. Journal contribution. https://doi.org/10.6084/m9.figshare.30904388.v2</ref> |Vinayak Singh (''né'' Oberoi) |2025 |Cardiology | |- |8 |Cardioplegia in Cardiac Surgery and Cardiopulmonary Bypass<ref>Vinayak SINGH, V. S. O. (2026). Cardioplegia in Cardiac Surgery and Cardiopulmonary Bypass. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.19827415</ref><ref>''Cardioplegia in cardiopulmonary bypass and cardiac surgery''. (2026, April 27). Issuu. https://issuu.com/vinayaksinghoberoi/docs/cardioplegia_in_cardiopulmonary_bypass_and_cardiac</ref> |Vinayak Singh (''né'' Oberoi) |2026 |CTVS | |} ==References== {{reflist}} ==External Links== *[https://scholar.google.com/citations?hl=en&user=ks9WiRIAAAAJ&view_op=list_works&gmla=AKzYXQ3SfHmg5bRoO7bbGO9-vqW43fg77LOtIs0Tdzih0BNFjps91g_HneJLo_zB1_qixF-htUocbCEbDI5XNrGb&gmla=AKzYXQ36JDnpvPCPGUtoT-YyvPFjzYXpGqs6wKfjOVgy08hArOZqxoTnLo4QLkwdXJR9TTp2wy1a7bjQDPHQofx1GMsZb9NsExP0Y52J0OM&sciund=7453038832201530658 Google Scholar] [[Category:Living people]] [[Category:Indian writers]] [[Category:Indian philanthropists]] [[Category:Occultists]] [[Category:People from Kolkata]] cevgipjnz01q3d93bl9j50kqoqkeox9 3 68874 334645 2026-04-27T12:20:40Z New user message 12502 Adding [[Template:Welcome|welcome message]] to new user's talk page 334645 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Template:Welcome|realName=|name=Babithajustinu}} -- [[sadasya:New user message|New user message]] ([[sadasya ke baat:New user message|talk]]) 12:20, 27 Aprel 2026 (UTC) fivsecv73xbnopxjr2te9gjgxvq0xq3 3 68875 334646 2026-04-27T14:37:04Z New user message 12502 Adding [[Template:Welcome|welcome message]] to new user's talk page 334646 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Template:Welcome|realName=|name=Free Sadman}} -- [[sadasya:New user message|New user message]] ([[sadasya ke baat:New user message|talk]]) 14:37, 27 Aprel 2026 (UTC) pzdp9lclj6xf67oa5v4dev6a9tjp8ew 3 68876 334647 2026-04-27T16:49:35Z New user message 12502 Adding [[Template:Welcome|welcome message]] to new user's talk page 334647 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Template:Welcome|realName=|name=Thecardiacperfusionist}} -- [[sadasya:New user message|New user message]] ([[sadasya ke baat:New user message|talk]]) 16:49, 27 Aprel 2026 (UTC) i5n3cktgd77qmbv6mab7hf1phh1skwi 3 68877 334648 2026-04-27T17:07:28Z New user message 12502 Adding [[Template:Welcome|welcome message]] to new user's talk page 334648 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Template:Welcome|realName=|name=Mpns}} -- [[sadasya:New user message|New user message]] ([[sadasya ke baat:New user message|talk]]) 17:07, 27 Aprel 2026 (UTC) ghakbq0xxf5se2nl0im2q5jy3ov41eo 14 68878 334653 2026-04-28T02:37:41Z Snandan 529 Panna jisme "[[Vibhag:France ke log]] [[Vibhag:Philosophers]]" hae ke banae dewa gais hae. 334653 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Vibhag:France ke log]] [[Vibhag:Philosophers]] 0kux79i66umutkde4wbosemj4bqurp7 3 68879 334654 2026-04-28T02:48:36Z New user message 12502 Adding [[Template:Welcome|welcome message]] to new user's talk page 334654 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Template:Welcome|realName=|name=IslanderHistoryEditor}} -- [[sadasya:New user message|New user message]] ([[sadasya ke baat:New user message|talk]]) 02:48, 28 Aprel 2026 (UTC) q32dzrzj139hnykytbleaaz7f2jflh0 3 68880 334657 2026-04-28T05:13:55Z New user message 12502 Adding [[Template:Welcome|welcome message]] to new user's talk page 334657 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Template:Welcome|realName=|name=Itshankwill}} -- [[sadasya:New user message|New user message]] ([[sadasya ke baat:New user message|talk]]) 05:13, 28 Aprel 2026 (UTC) ikprf05zvi6zt80znz1tq0ek9j335l0