Pakistan ke Prime Minister

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    <title>Pakistan ke Prime Minister</title>
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        <username>~2026-26488-48</username>
        <id>39874</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/* Pichle Pradhan mantri */</comment>
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      <text bytes="5186" sha1="46hjkjxagbugf0ghk2obvju6zmrl7hy" xml:space="preserve">== Pakistan ke Pradhan Mantri ==
[[file:Flag of the Prime Minister of Pakistan.svg|right|thumb|350px|Pakistan ke Rashtrapati ka jhanda]]Pakistan ke Prime Minister ki list san 1947 se abhi tak. Inke term hote hai 4 saal aur bhi term diye jate hae. Prime minster Senate or National Assembly mein haazir hote hae. Abhi ke prime minister hai Shri Shehbaz Sharif aur inke President hai Shri Arif Alvi. Shri Shehbaz Sharif sann 2022 se pakistan ke pradhan mantri bane hae. Isse pehle ke prime minister the Shri Imran Khan Niazi jo Pakistan ke Tehreek-E-Insaaf se hae. Sharif Pakistan Muslim League (N) se hai aur inhone senate aur National Assembly mein sabse zyada states jete hae. Pakistan ke presidents ke independent party the waise Pakistan ke Pradhan Mantri kabhi bhi caretaker the.
== Abhi ke Pradhan Mantri ==
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; border=&quot;1&quot;
|[[Anwar ul Haq Kakar]]
|[[file:Ilham Aliyev met with caretaker Prime Minister of Pakistan in Tashkent (1) (cropped).jpg|left|frameless|114x114px]]
|14 August 2023
|Present
|6 mahine
|[[Arif Alvi]]
|[[Balochistan Awami Party]]
|-
|PM [[Shehbaz Sharif]]
|[[file:Shahbaz Sharif in 2022 (cropped).jpg|100px]]
|11 April 2022
|14 August 2023
|1.25 saal
|[[Arif Alvi]], M Sadiq Sanjrani (Acting)
|[[Pakistan Muslim League (N)]]
|-
|PM [[Imran Khan Niazi]]*
|[[file:Imran Khan in Islamabad - 2018 (29559549217) (cropped).jpg|100px]]
|18 August 2018
|11 April 2022
|3.75 saal
|[[Arif Alvi]]
|[[Pakistan Tehreek-E-Insaf|Pakistan Tehreek-E-Insaaf]]
|-
|PM [[Shahid Khaqan Abassi]]
|[[file:Rex Tillerson and Shahid Khaqan Abbasi in Islamabad, Pakistan - 2017 (37852996466) (cropped).jpg|100px]]
|1 August 2017
|18 August 2018
|1 saal
|Mamnoon Hussain, Asad Qaiser, [[Arif Alvi]]
|Pakistan Muslim League (N)
|-
| rowspan=&quot;3&quot; |PM [[Nawaz sharif|Muhammad Nawaz Sharif]]
| rowspan=&quot;3&quot; |[[file:PrimeMinisterNawazSharif.jpg|100px]]
|5 June 2013
|28 July 2017
| rowspan=&quot;3&quot; |7 saal break ke saath
|Asif Ali Zardari, Raza Rabani, Mamnoon Hussain
| rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |Pakistan Muslim League (N)
|-
|17 February 1997
|12 October 1999
|Farooq Leghari, Muhammad Rafiq Tarrar
|-
|26 May 1993
|18 July 1993
|Ghulam Ishaq Khan, Wasim Sajjad
|Islami Jamhoori Ittehad
|-
|PM [[Raja Pervez Ashraf]]*
|[[file:Raja Pervez Ashraf.jpg|100px]]
|22 June 2012
|24 March 2013
|1 saal
|Asif Ali Zardari
|[[Pakistan Peoples Party]]
|}

=== Pichle Pradhan mantri===
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; border=&quot;1&quot;
!Naam
! Portrait
! Entered office
! Left office
!President
! Political party
|-
| PM Liaquat Ali Khan
| rowspan=&quot;6&quot; | No image available
| 14 August 1947
| 16 October 1951
| [[Muhammad Ali Jinnah]] (founder of Pakistan), K. Nazimuddin
| Muslim League
|-
| PM Khawaja Nazimuddin
| 17 October 1951
| 17 April 1953
| Malik Ghulam Muhammad
| Muslim League
|-
| PM Chaudhry Muhammad Ali
| 12 August 1955
| 12 September 1956
|Iskander Ali Mirza
| Muslim League
|-
| PM Huseyn Shaheed Suhrawardy
| 12 September 1956
| 17 October 1957
|Iskander Ali Mirza
| Awami League
|-
| PM Ibrahim Ismail Chundrigar
| 17 October 1957
| 16 December 1957
|Iskander Ali Mirza
| Muslim League
|-
| PM Sir Feroz Khan Noon
| 16 December 1957
| 7 October 1958
|Iskander Ali Mirza, Mohammad Ayub Khan
| Republican Party
|-
| colspan=&quot;6&quot; |[[Fatima Jinnah]], Mohammad Afzal Cheema, Fazlul Qadir Chaudhry (presidents of the time 7th October 1958-7th December 1971)
|-
| colspan=&quot;6&quot; |Nurul Amin, Habibullah Khan Marcat (presidents of the time 20 December 1971-14 August 1973)
|-
| colspan=&quot;6&quot; |Sheikh Anwar Ul Haq, Shahbibzada Farooq Ali (presidents of the time 5 July 1977-24 March 1985)
|-
| PM Muhammad Khan Junejo
|No Image Available
| 24 March 1985
| 29 May 1988
|Syed Fakhar Imam, Muhammad Zia Ul Haq
| - / Pakistan Muslim League
|-
| colspan=&quot;6&quot; |Hamid Naseer Chatta (president of the time August 1988-August 1988)
|-
| PM Ghulam Mustafa Jatoi
| rowspan=&quot;4&quot; |No image available
| 6 August 1990
| 6 November 1990
|Ghulam Ishaq Khan
| Caretaker
|-
| PM Balakh Sher Mazari
| 18 April 1993
| 26 May 1993
|Ghulam Ishaq Khan
| Caretaker
|-
| PM Moeenuddin Ahmad Qureshi
| 18 July 1993
| 19 October 1993
|Wasim Sajjad (acting; 1998) 
| Caretaker
|-
| PM Malik Meraj Khalid
| 5 November 1996
| 17 February 1997
|Farooq Leghari
| Caretaker
|-
| colspan=&quot;6&quot; |Elahi Soomro, Mohammad Rafiq Tarra and Pervez Musharraf Presidents of the time
|-
| PM Zafarullah Khan Jamali
| No image available
| 21 November 2002
| 26 June 2004
|Pervez Musharraf
| Pakistan Muslim League (Q)
|-
| PM [[Chaudhry Shujaat Hussain]]
|[[file:Pakistan delegation (cropped).jpg|100px]]
| 30 June 2004
| 20 August 2004
|Pervez Musharraf
| Pakistan Muslim League (Q)
|-
| PM [[Shaukat Aziz]]
| 
| 20 August 2004
| 16 November 2007
|Chaudhary Amir Hussein, Pervez Musharraf
| Pakistan Muslim League (Q)
|-
| PM [[Muhammad Mian Soomro]]
|[[file:Us amb chairman.jpg|100px]]
| 16 November 2007
| 25 March 2008
|Pervez Musharraf
| Caretaker
|-
|PM [[Yousaf Raza Gillani|Yousaf Raza Gilani]]
| -
|25 March 2008
|19 June 2012
|Pervez Musharraf, Muhammmad Mian Soomro (acting), Farooq Naek, Fahmida Mirza, Asif Ali Zardari
|Pakistan Peoples Party
|}

== Li bhi dekho ==
[[Pakistani Political Parties]], [[Pakistan ke Presidents]]

[[vibhag:Pakistan]]
[[vibhag:P]]</text>
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    <revision>
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        <username>~2026-26488-48</username>
        <id>39874</id>
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      <comment>/* Abhi ke Pradhan Mantri */</comment>
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      <text bytes="14816" sha1="fu0a6a9c1zvmazthmxama2pr3ziit1u" xml:space="preserve">== Pakistan ke Pradhan Mantri ==
[[file:Flag of the Prime Minister of Pakistan.svg|right|thumb|350px|Pakistan ke Rashtrapati ka jhanda]]Pakistan ke Prime Minister ki list san 1947 se abhi tak. Inke term hote hai 4 saal aur bhi term diye jate hae. Prime minster Senate or National Assembly mein haazir hote hae. Abhi ke prime minister hai Shri Shehbaz Sharif aur inke President hai Shri Arif Alvi. Shri Shehbaz Sharif sann 2022 se pakistan ke pradhan mantri bane hae. Isse pehle ke prime minister the Shri Imran Khan Niazi jo Pakistan ke Tehreek-E-Insaaf se hae. Sharif Pakistan Muslim League (N) se hai aur inhone senate aur National Assembly mein sabse zyada states jete hae. Pakistan ke presidents ke independent party the waise Pakistan ke Pradhan Mantri kabhi bhi caretaker the.
==Prime Ministers==

{| class=&quot;wikitable sortable plainrowheaders collapsible&quot;
|+List of Prime Ministers of Pakistan
!N
! style=&quot;width:100px;&quot;| Portrait
! width=20% | Name&lt;br&gt;&lt;small&gt;(Birth–death)&lt;/small&gt;
! width=10% | Took office
! width=10% | Left office
! width=10% | Elections
! width=&quot;20%&quot; | Political party&lt;br&gt;&lt;small&gt;(''Alliance'')&lt;/small&gt;
|-
| align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background-color: DarkGreen&quot; |1
| align=&quot;center&quot; | [[File:Liaquat Ali Khan.jpg|frameless|upright=0.45|alt=A black-and-white head and shoulder shot of a man with spectacles, wearing coat and a tie.]]
! scope=row align=&quot;center&quot; | [[Liaquat Ali Khan]]&lt;br&gt;&lt;small&gt;(1895–1951)&lt;/small&gt;
| align=&quot;center&quot; | 14 August 1947
| align=&quot;center&quot; | 16 October 1951&lt;br&gt;(assassinated)
| align=&quot;center&quot; | —
| align=&quot;center&quot; | [[Pakistan Muslim League|Muslim League]]
|-
| align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background-color: DarkGreen&quot; |2
| align=&quot;center&quot; | [[File:Khawaja Nazimuddin of Pakistan.JPG|frameless|upright=0.45|alt=A black-and-white head and shoulder shot of a man wearing coat and Jinnah cap.]]
! scope=row align=&quot;center&quot; | [[Khawaja Nazimuddin|Sir Khawaja Nazimuddin]]&lt;br&gt;&lt;small&gt;(1894–1964)&lt;/small&gt;
| align=&quot;center&quot; | 17 October 1951
| align=&quot;center&quot; | 17 April 1953
| align=&quot;center&quot; | —
| align=&quot;center&quot;| Muslim League
|-
| align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background-color: DarkGreen&quot; |3
| align=&quot;center&quot; |
! scope=row align=&quot;center&quot; | [[Mohammad Ali Bogra]]&lt;br&gt;&lt;small&gt;(1909–1963)&lt;/small&gt;
| align=&quot;center&quot; | 17 April 1953
| align=&quot;center&quot; | 12 August 1955
| align=&quot;center&quot; | —
| align=&quot;center&quot;| Muslim League
|-
| align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background-color: DarkGreen&quot; |4
| align=&quot;center&quot; | [[File:Chaudhry Mohammad Ali.jpg|frameless|upright=0.45|alt=]]
! scope=row align=&quot;center&quot; | [[Chaudhry Mohammad Ali]]&lt;br&gt;&lt;small&gt;(1905–1980)&lt;/small&gt;
| align=&quot;center&quot; | 12 August 1955
| align=&quot;center&quot; | 12 September 1956
| align=&quot;center&quot; | —
| align=&quot;center&quot;| Muslim League
|-
| align=center style=&quot;background-color:{{party color|Bangladesh Awami League}}&quot; |5
| align=&quot;center&quot; |[[File:H._S._Suhrawardy.gif|132x132px]]
! scope=row align=&quot;center&quot; | [[Huseyn Shaheed Suhrawardy]]&lt;br&gt;&lt;small&gt;(1892–1963)&lt;/small&gt;
| align=&quot;center&quot; | 12 September 1956
| align=&quot;center&quot; | 17 October 1957
| align=&quot;center&quot; | —
| align=&quot;center&quot; | [[Awami League]]
|-
| align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background-color: DarkGreen&quot; |6
| align=&quot;center&quot; | [[File:Ibrahim Ismail Chundrigar.jpg|100px]]
! scope=row align=&quot;center&quot; | [[I. I. Chundrigar|Ibrahim Ismail Chundrigar]]&lt;br&gt;&lt;small&gt;(1898–1968)&lt;/small&gt;
| align=&quot;center&quot; | 17 October 1957
| align=&quot;center&quot; | 16 December 1957
| align=&quot;center&quot; | —
| align=&quot;center&quot;| Muslim League
|-
| align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background-color: #6495ED&quot; |7
| align=&quot;center&quot; |[[File:Feroz Khan Noon.jpg|100px]]
! scope=row align=&quot;center&quot; | [[Feroz Khan Noon|Sir Feroze Khan Noon]]&lt;br&gt;&lt;small&gt;(1893–1970)&lt;/small&gt;
| align=&quot;center&quot; | 16 December 1957
| align=&quot;center&quot; | 7 October 1958
| align=&quot;center&quot; | —
| align=&quot;center&quot; | [[Republican Party (Pakistan)|Republican Party]]
|-
|8
|[[File:Muhammed_Ayub_Khan.JPG|alt=A black and white portrait of Ayub Khan|137x137px]]
![[Ayub Khan (President of Pakistan)|Ayub Khan]] &lt;small&gt;(1907–1974)&lt;/small&gt;
|27 October 1958
|8 June 1962
|—
|Independent
|-
|9
|
![[Fazlul Qadir Chaudhry]] 
( 1919–1973)
|8 June 1962
|12 June 1965
|—
|Independent
|-
|10
|[[File:Yahya_Khan_(cropped_version).jpg|84x84px]]
![[Yahya Khan]]
&lt;small&gt;(1917–1980)&lt;/small&gt;
|12 June 1965
|7 December 1971
|—
|Independent
|-
| align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background-color: DarkGreen&quot; |11
| align=&quot;center&quot; |
! scope=&quot;row&quot; align=&quot;center&quot; |[[Nurul Amin]]&lt;br&gt;&lt;small&gt;(1893–1974)&lt;/small&gt;
| align=&quot;center&quot; | 7 December 1971
| align=&quot;center&quot; | 20 December 1971
| align=&quot;center&quot; |[[Pakistani general election, 1970|1970]]
| align=&quot;center&quot; |[[Pakistan Muslim League]]
|-
|12 
|[[File:Fazal_E_Ch.jpg|125x125px]]
![[Fazal Ilahi Chaudhry]]
&lt;small&gt;(1904–1982)&lt;/small&gt;
|20 December 1971
|14 August 1973
|—
|Independent
|-
| align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background-color: Black&quot; |13
| align=&quot;center&quot; |
! scope=&quot;row&quot; align=&quot;center&quot; |[[Zulfikar Ali Bhutto]]&lt;br&gt;&lt;small&gt;(1928–1979)&lt;/small&gt;
| align=&quot;center&quot; | 14 August 1973
| align=&quot;center&quot; | 5 July 1977
| align=&quot;center&quot; |[[Zulfikar Ali Bhutto#Prime Minister of Pakistan|1973]]
| align=&quot;center&quot; |[[Pakistan People's Party]]
|-
|14
|[[File:State_emblem_of_Pakistan.svg|115x115px]]
![[Sheikh Anwarul Haq]]
&lt;small&gt;(1917–1995)&lt;/small&gt;
|5 July 1977
|5 July 1977
|—
|Independent
|-
|15
|
![[Muhammad Zia-ul-Haq]]
&lt;small&gt;(1924–1988)&lt;/small&gt;
|5 July 1977
|24 March 1985
|—
|Independent
|-
| align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background-color: DarkGreen&quot; |16
| align=&quot;center&quot; | [[File:Muhammad Khan Junejo.jpg|100px]]
! scope=row align=&quot;center&quot; | [[Muhammad Khan Junejo]]&lt;br&gt;&lt;small&gt;(1932–1993)&lt;/small&gt;
| align=&quot;center&quot; | 24 March 1985
| align=&quot;center&quot; | 29 May 1988
| align=&quot;center&quot; | [[Pakistani general election, 1985|1985]]
| align=&quot;center&quot; | Pakistan Muslim League &lt;br /&gt;
|-
|17
|
![[Muhammad Zia-ul-Haq]]

&lt;small&gt;(1924–1988)&lt;/small&gt;
|29 May 1988
|6 August 1988
|—
|[[Independent (politician)|Independent]]
|-
|18
|[[File:State_emblem_of_Pakistan.svg|115x115px]]
![[Ghulam Ishaq Khan]]&lt;small&gt;(1915–2006)&lt;/small&gt;
|6 August 1988
|2 December 1988
|—
|[[Independent (politician)|Independent]]
|-
| align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background-color: Black&quot; |19
| align=&quot;center&quot; | [[File:(Benazir Buttho) Rueda de prensa de Felipe González y la primera ministra de Paquistán. Pool Moncloa. 14 de septiembre de 1994 (cropped).jpeg|100px|alt=A head and shoulder shot of a woman in traditional Pakistani dress.]]
! scope=row align=&quot;center&quot; | [[Benazir Bhutto]]&lt;br&gt;&lt;small&gt;(1953–2007)&lt;/small&gt;
| align=&quot;center&quot; | 2 December 1988
| align=&quot;center&quot; | 6 August 1990
| align=&quot;center&quot; | [[Pakistani general election, 1988|1988]]
| align=&quot;center&quot; | Pakistan People's Party
|-
| align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background-color: Maroon&quot; |20
|[[File:Ghulam_Mustafa_Jatoi.jpg|141x141px]]
! scope=row align=&quot;center&quot; | [[Ghulam Mustafa Jatoi]]&lt;br&gt;&lt;small&gt;(1931–2009)&lt;/small&gt; 
| align=&quot;center&quot; | 6 August 1990
| align=&quot;center&quot; | 6 November 1990
|—
| align=&quot;center&quot; | [[National Peoples Party (Pakistan)|National Peoples Party]]
|-
| align=center style=&quot;background-color:DarkGreen&quot; |21
| align=&quot;center&quot; |[[File:Prime_Minister_Nawaz_Sharif.jpg|alt=A head and shoulder shot of a man from the left, this image may or may not reflect time period, best advice is to find one from 1997.|123x123px]]
! scope=row align=&quot;center&quot; | [[Nawaz Sharif]]&lt;br&gt;&lt;small&gt;(1949–)&lt;/small&gt;
| align=&quot;center&quot; | 6 November 1990
| align=&quot;center&quot; | 18 April 1993
| align=&quot;center&quot; | [[Pakistani general election, 1990|1990]]
| align=&quot;center&quot; | [[Pakistan Muslim League (N)]]
|-
| align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background-color: Black&quot; |22
| align=&quot;center&quot; | [[File:Balakh Sher Mazar.jpg|100px]]
! scope=row align=&quot;center&quot; | [[Balakh Sher Mazari]]&lt;br&gt;&lt;small&gt;(1928–)&lt;/small&gt;
| align=&quot;center&quot; | 18 April 1993
| align=&quot;center&quot; | 26 May 1993
|—
| align=&quot;center&quot; | Pakistan People's Party
|-
|23
|[[File:State_emblem_of_Pakistan.svg|115x115px]]
![[Wasim Sajjad]]&lt;small&gt;(1941– )&lt;/small&gt;
|26 May 1993
|26 May 1993
|—
|[[Independent (politician)|Independent]]
|-
|24
|[[File:Prime_Minister_Nawaz_Sharif.jpg|alt=A head and shoulder shot of a man from the left, this image may or may not reflect time period, best advice is to find one from 1997.|123x123px]]
![[Nawaz Sharif]]
&lt;small&gt;(1949–)&lt;/small&gt;
|26 May 1993
|18 July 1993
|—
|[[Independent (politician)|Independent]]
|-
| align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background-color: White&quot; |25
| align=&quot;center&quot; | [[File:Moeenuddin Ahmad Qureshi.jpg|100px]]
! scope=row align=&quot;center&quot; | [[Moeenuddin Ahmad Qureshi]]&lt;br&gt;&lt;small&gt;(1930–2016)&lt;/small&gt;
| align=&quot;center&quot; | 18 July 1993
| align=&quot;center&quot; | 19 October 1993
|—
| align=&quot;center&quot; | Independent
|-
| align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background-color: Black &quot; |26
| align=&quot;center&quot; | [[File:Benazir Bhutto cropped.jpg|100px|alt=A head and shoulder shot of a woman in traditional Pakistani dress.]]
! scope=row align=&quot;center&quot; | [[Benazir Bhutto]]&lt;br&gt;&lt;small&gt;(1953–2007)&lt;/small&gt;
| align=&quot;center&quot; | 19 October 1993
| align=&quot;center&quot; | 5 November 1996
| align=&quot;center&quot; | [[Pakistani general election, 1993|1993]]
| align=&quot;center&quot; | Pakistan People's Party
|-
| align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background-color: White&quot; |27
| align=&quot;center&quot; |[[File:State_emblem_of_Pakistan.svg|115x115px]]
! scope=row align=&quot;center&quot; | [[Malik Meraj Khalid]]&lt;br&gt;&lt;small&gt;(1916–2003)&lt;/small&gt;
| align=&quot;center&quot; | 5 November 1996
| align=&quot;center&quot; | 17 February 1997
|—
| align=&quot;center&quot; | Independent
|-
|align=center style=&quot;background-color:DarkGreen&quot; |28
| align=&quot;center&quot; | [[File:Prime Minister Nawaz Sharif.jpg|100px|alt=A head and shoulder shot of a man from the left, this image may or may not reflect time period, best advice is to find one from 1997.]]
! scope=row align=&quot;center&quot; | [[Nawaz Sharif]]&lt;br&gt;&lt;small&gt;(1949–)&lt;/small&gt;
| align=&quot;center&quot; | 17 February 1997
| align=&quot;center&quot; | 12 October 1999
| align=&quot;center&quot; | [[Pakistani general election, 1997|1997]]
| align=&quot;center&quot; | Pakistan Muslim League (N)
|-
|29
|
![[Farooq Leghari]]&lt;small&gt;(1940–2010)&lt;/small&gt;
|12 October 1999
|12 October 1999
|—
|[[Independent (politician)|Independent]]
|-
|30
|[[File:Pervez_Musharraf_2004.jpg|alt=A portrait of Pervez Musharraf|153x153px]]
![[Pervez Musharraf]]&lt;small&gt;(1943– )&lt;/small&gt;
|12 October 1999
|''23 November 2002''
|—
|[[Independent (politician)|Independent]]
|-
| align=center style=&quot;background-color:DarkGreen&quot; |31
| align=&quot;center&quot; | [[File:Zafarullah Khan Jamali (cropped).jpg|100px|alt=A bearded man sitting in an office.]]
! scope=row align=&quot;center&quot; | [[Mir Zafarullah Khan Jamali]]&lt;br&gt;&lt;small&gt;(1944–)&lt;/small&gt;
| align=&quot;center&quot; | 23 November 2002
| align=&quot;center&quot; | 26 June 2004
| align=&quot;center&quot; | [[Pakistani general election, 2002|2002]]
| align=&quot;center&quot; | [[Pakistan Muslim League (Q)]]
|-
| align=center style=&quot;background-color:DarkGreen&quot; |32
| align=&quot;center&quot; | [[File:Pakistan delegation (cropped).jpg|100px|alt=A side shot of a man looking at the camera.]] 
! scope=row align=&quot;center&quot; | [[Chaudhry Shujaat Hussain]]&lt;br&gt;&lt;small&gt;(1946–)&lt;/small&gt;
| align=&quot;center&quot; | 30 June 2004
| align=&quot;center&quot; | 26 August 2004
| align=&quot;center&quot; | —
| align=&quot;center&quot; | Pakistan Muslim League (Q)
|-
| align=center style=&quot;background-color:DarkGreen&quot; |33
| align=&quot;center&quot; |
! scope=row align=&quot;center&quot; | [[Shaukat Aziz]]&lt;br&gt;&lt;small&gt;(1949–)&lt;/small&gt;
| align=&quot;center&quot; | 28 August 2004
| align=&quot;center&quot; | 15 November 2007
| align=&quot;center&quot; | —
| align=&quot;center&quot; | Pakistan Muslim League (Q)
|-
| align=center style=&quot;background-color:DarkGreen&quot; |34
| align=&quot;center&quot; | [[File:Muhammad Mian Soomro.jpg|100px|alt=A head and shoulder shot of a beard man wearing spectacles]]
! scope=row align=&quot;center&quot; | [[Muhammad Mian Soomro]]&lt;br&gt;&lt;small&gt;(1950–)&lt;/small&gt;
| align=&quot;center&quot; | 16 November 2007
| align=&quot;center&quot; | 24 March 2008
|—
| align=&quot;center&quot; | Pakistan Muslim League (Q)
|-
| align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background-color: Black&quot; |35
| align=&quot;center&quot; | [[File:Prime Minister of Pakistan (7171004240) (cropped).jpg|100px|alt=A shot of a man during a meeting.]]
! scope=row align=&quot;center&quot; | [[Yousaf Raza Gillani]]&lt;br&gt;&lt;small&gt;(1952–)&lt;/small&gt;
| align=&quot;center&quot; | 25 March 2008
| align=&quot;center&quot; | 19 June 2012
| align=&quot;center&quot; | [[Pakistani general election, 2008|2008]]
| align=&quot;center&quot; | Pakistan People's Party
|-
| align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background-color: Black&quot; |36
| align=&quot;center&quot; |
! scope=row align=&quot;center&quot; | [[Raja Pervaiz Ashraf]]&lt;br&gt;&lt;small&gt;(1950–)&lt;/small&gt;
| align=&quot;center&quot; | 22 June 2012
| align=&quot;center&quot; | 24 March 2013
| align=&quot;center&quot; | —
| align=&quot;center&quot; | Pakistan People's Party
|-
| align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background-color: White&quot; |37
| align=&quot;center&quot; | [[File:State emblem of Pakistan.svg|100px]]
! scope=row align=&quot;center&quot; | [[Mir Hazar Khan Khoso]]&lt;br&gt;&lt;small&gt;(1929–)&lt;/small&gt;
| align=&quot;center&quot; | 25 March 2013
| align=&quot;center&quot; | 5 June 2013
|—
| align=&quot;center&quot; | Independent
|-
| align=center style=&quot;background-color:DarkGreen&quot; |38
| align=&quot;center&quot; | [[File:PrimeMinisterNawazSharif.jpg|100px|alt=A head and shoulder shot of a man from the left.]]
! scope=row align=&quot;center&quot; | [[Nawaz Sharif]]&lt;br&gt;(1949–)
| align=&quot;center&quot; | 5 June 2013
| align=&quot;center&quot; | 28 July 2017
| align=&quot;center&quot; | [[Pakistani general election, 2013|2013]]
| align=&quot;center&quot; | Pakistan Muslim League (N)
|-
|39
|[[File:Chief_Minister_of_the_Punjab_(8047057165)_(cropped).jpg|113x113px]]
![[Shehbaz Sharif]]
(1949–)
|28 July 2017
|1 August 2017
|—
|Independent
|-
| align=center style=&quot;background-color:DarkGreen&quot; | 40
| align=&quot;center&quot; |[[File:Shahid Khaqan Abbasi (cropped).jpg|100px]]
! scope=&quot;row&quot; align=&quot;center&quot; |[[Shahid Khaqan Abbasi]]&lt;br&gt;&lt;small&gt;(1958–)&lt;/small&gt;
| align=&quot;center&quot; | 1 August 2017
| align=&quot;center&quot; | 31 May 2018
| align=&quot;center&quot; | —
| align=&quot;center&quot; | Pakistan Muslim League (N)
|-
| align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background-color: White&quot; |41
| align=&quot;center&quot; | [[File:State emblem of Pakistan.svg|100px]]
! scope=&quot;row&quot; align=&quot;center&quot; |[[Nasirul Mulk]]&lt;br&gt;&lt;small&gt;(1950–)&lt;/small&gt;
| align=&quot;center&quot; | 1 June 2018
| align=&quot;center&quot; | 18 August 2018
|—
| align=&quot;center&quot; | Independent
|-
| align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;background-color:Red&quot; |42
| align=&quot;center&quot; | [[file:Imran Khan 2019 crop.jpg|100px]]
! scope=&quot;row&quot; align=&quot;center&quot; |[[Imran Khan]]&lt;br&gt;&lt;small&gt;(1952–)&lt;/small&gt;
| align=&quot;center&quot; | 18 August 2018
| align=&quot;center&quot; | 10 April 2022 
| align=&quot;center&quot; |[[Pakistani general election, 2018|2018]]
| align=&quot;center&quot; | Pakistan Tehreek-e-Insaf
|-
|43
|[[File:Chief_Minister_of_the_Punjab_(8047057165)_(cropped).jpg|113x113px]]
![[Shehbaz Sharif]]
(1949–)
| 10 April 2022
|13 August 2023
|—
|Independent
|-
|44
|
![[Anwaar ul Haq Kakar]]
(1971–)
| 13 August 2023
|4 March 2024
|—
|Independent
|-
|45
|[[File:Chief_Minister_of_the_Punjab_(8047057165)_(cropped).jpg|113x113px]]
![[Shehbaz Sharif]]
(1949–)
| 4 March 2024
|Incumbent
|—
|Independent
|-
|}

== Li bhi dekho ==
[[Pakistani Political Parties]], [[Pakistan ke Presidents]]

[[vibhag:Pakistan]]
[[vibhag:P]]</text>
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    <title>René Descartes</title>
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      <text bytes="7066" sha1="62drh5r33k4qvghbkm3wj82oxtl8d1e" xml:space="preserve">{{Infobox Philosopher
| region           = Western Philosophy                                                  
| era              = 17th-century philosophy
| color            = #B0C4DE
| image_name       = Frans Hals - Portret van René Descartes.jpg
| imahe_pAngalan   = Frans Hals - Portret van René Descartes.jpg
| image_caption    = René Descartes. Ii chapa ke Frans Halsutaris hae, 1648.
| name             = René Descartes
| birth            = 31 March 1596&lt;br /&gt;La Haye en Touraine, Indre-et-Loire, France
| death            = {{Death date and age|df=yes|1650|2|11|1596|3|31}}&lt;br /&gt;Stockholm, [[Sweden]]
| school_tradition = Cartesianism, Rationalism, Foundationalism
| main_interests   = Metaphysics, Epistemology, Science, Mathematics
| influences       = Plato, Aristotle, Ibn al-Haytham, Averroes, Avicenna, al-Ghazali, Anselm of Canterbury, St. Augustine, Thomas Aquinas, William of Ockham, Francisco Suárez, Marin Mersenne, Sextus Empiricus, Michel de Montaigne, Duns Scotus
| influenced       = Baruch Spinoza, Thomas Hobbes, Antoine Arnauld, Nicolas Malebranche, Pascal
| notable_ideas    = Cogito ergo sum, Methodic Doubt, Cartesian [[coordinate system]], Cartesian dualism
}}
'''René Descartes''' ([[31 March]] [[1596]] – [[11 February]] [[1650]]) ek mashuur [[France|French]] [[philosopher]] aur [[physicist]] rahaa. Uu dui khaas buk He [[physics]] aur [[philosophy]] ke uppar likhis rahaa.

==Jindagi==

===Early life===
[[File:Maison de René DESCARTES - Jean-Charles GUILLO.JPG|thumb|upright=0.8|left|Descartes ke janam La Haye en Touraine me bhais rahaa]]

René Descartes ke janam La Haye en Touraine, Province of Touraine (jon abhi Descartes, Indre-et-Loire hae), France me, [[31 March]] [[1596]] me bhais rahaa.&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|title=Math and Mathematicians: The History of Math Discoveries Around the World; Vol. 1|last=Bruno|first=Leonard C.|author-link=Leonard C. Bruno|date=2003|orig-year=1999|publisher=U X L|others=Baker, Lawrence W.|isbn=978-0-7876-3813-9|location=Detroit, Mich.|page=[https://archive.org/details/mathmathematicia00brun/page/99 99]|oclc=41497065|url=https://archive.org/details/mathmathematicia00brun|url-access=registration}}&lt;/ref&gt; May 1597 me, uske maiyaa, Jeanne Brochard, mar gais rahaa, ek maraa bachchaa ke janam de ke baad. &lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |url=https://www.cambridge.org/core/books/abs/cartesian-metaphysics/scepticism-scholasticism-and-the-origins-of-descartess-philosophy/8D76D0E0D4307ADA49F5AB6DF30BB060 |title=Scepticism, Scholasticism, and the origins of Descartes's philosophy (Chapter 2) |chapter=Scepticism, Scholasticism, and the origins of Descartes's philosophy |date=2000 |pages=27–54 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |doi=10.1017/CBO9780511487309.004 |isbn=978-0521452915 |access-date=22 August 2022 |archive-date=22 August 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220822064758/https://www.cambridge.org/core/books/abs/cartesian-metaphysics/scepticism-scholasticism-and-the-origins-of-descartess-philosophy/8D76D0E0D4307ADA49F5AB6DF30BB060 |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt; Descartes ke pitaji, Joachim, ek member of the Parlement of Rennes rahaa.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |last=Rodis-Lewis |first=Geneviève |chapter=Descartes' Life and the Development of His Philosophy |editor-last=Cottingham |editor-first=John |editor-link=John Cottingham |title=The Cambridge Companion to Descartes |year=1992 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=978-0-521-36696-0 |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Prhr9FBdQ_MC |page=[https://books.google.com/books?id=Prhr9FBdQ_MC&amp;pg=PA22 22] |access-date=27 January 2016 |archive-date=1 February 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170201123550/https://books.google.com/books?id=Prhr9FBdQ_MC |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt; René aapan aaji aur aajaa ke saathe rahat rahaa.  Jab Descartes palwaar [[Catholic]] rahaa, [[Poitou]] ilaaka ke  Protestant [[Huguenots]] control karat rahin.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=http://all-history.org/world_literature/descartes1.htm |title=All-history.org |access-date=23 December 2014 |archive-date=29 January 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150129035839/http://all-history.org/world_literature/descartes1.htm |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt; 1607 me, kuchh saal baad uske kharaab tabiyat ke kaaran, uu [[Jesuit College of La Flèche]] me bharti bhais rahaa,{{sfn|Clarke|2006|}}&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Descartes, Rene {{!}} Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy|url=https://iep.utm.edu/descarte/|access-date=27 July 2021|language=en-US|archive-date=28 May 2010|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100528030333/https://iep.utm.edu/descarte/|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; jahaan pe uu  [[mathematics]] aur [[physics]] parrhis rahaa.&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|last=Bruno|first=Leonard C.|url=https://archive.org/details/mathmathematicia00brun|title=Math and Mathematicians: The History of Math Discoveries Around the World; Vol. 1|date=2003|publisher=U X L|others=Baker, Lawrence W.|isbn=978-0-7876-3813-9|location=Detroit, Mich.|page=[https://archive.org/details/mathmathematicia00brun/page/100 100]|oclc=41497065|orig-year=1999|url-access=registration}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|last1=Porter|first1=Roy|title=The Greatest Benefit to Mankind: A Medical History of Humanity from Antiquity to the Present|publisher=Harper Collins|year=1999|isbn=978-0-00-637454-1|location=Great Britain|page=217|chapter=The New Science|author-link=Roy Porter|orig-year=1997}}&lt;/ref&gt; 1614 me, graduation ke baad, uu dui saal talak (1615–16) [[University of Poitiers]] me parrhis rahaa, jahaan pe uske ''[[Baccalauréat]]'' aur ''[[Licentiate (degree)|Licence]]'' in [[Canon law|canon]] aur [[Civil law (legal system)|civil law]] 1616 milaa rahaa,&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot; /&gt; uske pitaji ke  wishes ke anusaar uske ek wakiil bane ke rahaa.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |last2=Kaufmann |first2=Walter |last1=Baird |first1=Forrest E. |title=From Plato to Derrida |publisher=Pearson Prentice Hall |year=2008 |location=Upper Saddle River, New Jersey |pages=373–77 |isbn=978-0-13-158591-1 }}&lt;/ref&gt; Huan se uu Paris gais rahaa.


== Descartes aur physics ==
Aapan buk ''Discourse on Method'' ([[1637]]) me Descartes [[scientific method]] ke baare me likhis jiske uu apne se banais rahaa. Uu shapes ([[Geometry]]), light ([[Dioptrics]]), aur weather ([[Meteorology]]) ke baare me bhi likhis hae. Uske baad uu ek rakam se shapes ke [[coordinates]] se describe kare ke suruu karis aur ek aur theory banais jiske  [[rainbow]] ke naam se jaana jaawe hae. Descartes ke physics ke baad me Sir [[Isaac Newton]] bhi kaam me laais jon ki uske aur [[James Hook]] ke baare me likis hae ki: &quot;Agar jo ham duur talak dekhe sakaa hae tab ham giant ke kandhaa pe kharraa rahaa!&quot;

== Descartes aur philosophy ==
Aapan buk ''Meditations on First Philosophy'' ([[1641]]) me Descartes aapan scientific method ke kaam me laae ke philosophical sawaal ke dekhis hae. Uu [[skepticism]] ke virod me bahas karis hae. 

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{BD|1596|1650|Descartes, Rene}}

[[Vibhag:D]]

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      <text bytes="11673" sha1="02f8223mf1dr5f0q6a5d8lby5c7feeo" xml:space="preserve">{{Infobox Philosopher
| region           = Western Philosophy                                                  
| era              = 17th-century philosophy
| color            = #B0C4DE
| image_name       = Frans Hals - Portret van René Descartes.jpg
| imahe_pAngalan   = Frans Hals - Portret van René Descartes.jpg
| image_caption    = René Descartes. Ii chapa ke Frans Halsutaris hae, 1648.
| name             = René Descartes
| birth            = 31 March 1596&lt;br /&gt;La Haye en Touraine, Indre-et-Loire, France
| death            = {{Death date and age|df=yes|1650|2|11|1596|3|31}}&lt;br /&gt;Stockholm, [[Sweden]]
| school_tradition = Cartesianism, Rationalism, Foundationalism
| main_interests   = Metaphysics, Epistemology, Science, Mathematics
| influences       = Plato, Aristotle, Ibn al-Haytham, Averroes, Avicenna, al-Ghazali, Anselm of Canterbury, St. Augustine, Thomas Aquinas, William of Ockham, Francisco Suárez, Marin Mersenne, Sextus Empiricus, Michel de Montaigne, Duns Scotus
| influenced       = Baruch Spinoza, Thomas Hobbes, Antoine Arnauld, Nicolas Malebranche, Pascal
| notable_ideas    = Cogito ergo sum, Methodic Doubt, Cartesian [[coordinate system]], Cartesian dualism
}}
'''René Descartes''' ([[31 March]] [[1596]] – [[11 February]] [[1650]]) ek mashuur [[France|French]] [[philosopher]] aur [[physicist]] rahaa. Uu dui khaas buk He [[physics]] aur [[philosophy]] ke uppar likhis rahaa.

==Jindagi==

===Early life===
[[File:Maison de René DESCARTES - Jean-Charles GUILLO.JPG|thumb|upright=0.8|left|Descartes ke janam La Haye en Touraine me bhais rahaa]]

René Descartes ke janam La Haye en Touraine, Province of Touraine (jon abhi Descartes, Indre-et-Loire hae), France me, [[31 March]] [[1596]] me bhais rahaa.&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|title=Math and Mathematicians: The History of Math Discoveries Around the World; Vol. 1|last=Bruno|first=Leonard C.|author-link=Leonard C. Bruno|date=2003|orig-year=1999|publisher=U X L|others=Baker, Lawrence W.|isbn=978-0-7876-3813-9|location=Detroit, Mich.|page=[https://archive.org/details/mathmathematicia00brun/page/99 99]|oclc=41497065|url=https://archive.org/details/mathmathematicia00brun|url-access=registration}}&lt;/ref&gt; May 1597 me, uske maiyaa, Jeanne Brochard, mar gais rahaa, ek maraa bachchaa ke janam de ke baad. &lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |url=https://www.cambridge.org/core/books/abs/cartesian-metaphysics/scepticism-scholasticism-and-the-origins-of-descartess-philosophy/8D76D0E0D4307ADA49F5AB6DF30BB060 |title=Scepticism, Scholasticism, and the origins of Descartes's philosophy (Chapter 2) |chapter=Scepticism, Scholasticism, and the origins of Descartes's philosophy |date=2000 |pages=27–54 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |doi=10.1017/CBO9780511487309.004 |isbn=978-0521452915 |access-date=22 August 2022 |archive-date=22 August 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220822064758/https://www.cambridge.org/core/books/abs/cartesian-metaphysics/scepticism-scholasticism-and-the-origins-of-descartess-philosophy/8D76D0E0D4307ADA49F5AB6DF30BB060 |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt; Descartes ke pitaji, Joachim, ek member of the Parlement of Rennes rahaa.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |last=Rodis-Lewis |first=Geneviève |chapter=Descartes' Life and the Development of His Philosophy |editor-last=Cottingham |editor-first=John |editor-link=John Cottingham |title=The Cambridge Companion to Descartes |year=1992 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=978-0-521-36696-0 |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Prhr9FBdQ_MC |page=[https://books.google.com/books?id=Prhr9FBdQ_MC&amp;pg=PA22 22] |access-date=27 January 2016 |archive-date=1 February 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170201123550/https://books.google.com/books?id=Prhr9FBdQ_MC |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt; René aapan aaji aur aajaa ke saathe rahat rahaa.  Jab Descartes palwaar [[Catholic]] rahaa, [[Poitou]] ilaaka ke  Protestant [[Huguenots]] control karat rahin.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=http://all-history.org/world_literature/descartes1.htm |title=All-history.org |access-date=23 December 2014 |archive-date=29 January 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150129035839/http://all-history.org/world_literature/descartes1.htm |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt; 1607 me, kuchh saal baad uske kharaab tabiyat ke kaaran, uu [[Jesuit College of La Flèche]] me bharti bhais rahaa,{{sfn|Clarke|2006|}}&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Descartes, Rene {{!}} Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy|url=https://iep.utm.edu/descarte/|access-date=27 July 2021|language=en-US|archive-date=28 May 2010|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100528030333/https://iep.utm.edu/descarte/|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; jahaan pe uu  [[mathematics]] aur [[physics]] parrhis rahaa.&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|last=Bruno|first=Leonard C.|url=https://archive.org/details/mathmathematicia00brun|title=Math and Mathematicians: The History of Math Discoveries Around the World; Vol. 1|date=2003|publisher=U X L|others=Baker, Lawrence W.|isbn=978-0-7876-3813-9|location=Detroit, Mich.|page=[https://archive.org/details/mathmathematicia00brun/page/100 100]|oclc=41497065|orig-year=1999|url-access=registration}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|last1=Porter|first1=Roy|title=The Greatest Benefit to Mankind: A Medical History of Humanity from Antiquity to the Present|publisher=Harper Collins|year=1999|isbn=978-0-00-637454-1|location=Great Britain|page=217|chapter=The New Science|author-link=Roy Porter|orig-year=1997}}&lt;/ref&gt; 1614 me, graduation ke baad, uu dui saal talak (1615–16) [[University of Poitiers]] me parrhis rahaa, jahaan pe uske ''[[Baccalauréat]]'' aur ''[[Licentiate (degree)|Licence]]'' in [[Canon law|canon]] aur [[Civil law (legal system)|civil law]] 1616 milaa rahaa,&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot; /&gt; uske pitaji ke  wishes ke anusaar uske ek wakiil bane ke rahaa.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |last2=Kaufmann |first2=Walter |last1=Baird |first1=Forrest E. |title=From Plato to Derrida |publisher=Pearson Prentice Hall |year=2008 |location=Upper Saddle River, New Jersey |pages=373–77 |isbn=978-0-13-158591-1 }}&lt;/ref&gt; Huan se uu Paris gais rahaa.

=== Army service ===

Kaaheki uu ek professional military officer bane maangat rahaa, 1618 me, Descartes ek [[mercenary]] ke ruup me,  [[Protestant]] [[Dutch States Army]] [[Breda]] me, ke join karis, jon  [[Maurice of Nassau]] ke command ke niche rahaa,&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot; /&gt; aur formal study of [[military engineering]] karis rahaa, jiske [[Simon Stevin]] establish karis rahaa.{{sfn|Gaukroger|1995|page=66}} Descartes, ke Breda me bahut protsaan milaa ki uu aapan mathematics ke jaankari ke aur barrhaawe. Ii rakam se uu  [[Isaac Beeckman]] ke saath de lagaa,&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot; /&gt; jon [[Dordrecht]] school ke principal rahaa, jiske khaatir uu ''Compendium of Music'' (1618 me likha gais, 1650 me publish karaa gais) likis rahaa.&lt;ref&gt;McQuillan, J. C. 2016. ''Early Modern Aesthetics''. Lanham, MD: [[Rowman &amp; Littlefield]]. [https://books.google.com/books?id=NObaDwAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PA45 p. 45] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200801014714/https://books.google.com/books?id=NObaDwAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PA45 |date=1 August 2020 }}.&lt;/ref&gt;

Jab uu [[Catholic]] Duke [[Maximilian I, Elector of Bavaria|Maximilian of Bavaria]] ke service me, 1619 se rahaa,&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=René Descartes – Biography|url=https://mathshistory.st-andrews.ac.uk/Biographies/Descartes/|access-date=27 September 2020|website=Maths History|language=en|archive-date=19 July 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170719105154/http://www-history.mcs.st-andrews.ac.uk/Biographies/Descartes.html|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; tab Descartes  [[Battle of the White Mountain]] , [[Prague]] ke lage, November 1620 me rah.&lt;ref&gt;Parker, N. Geoffrey. 2007. &quot;[http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/642395/Battle-of-White-Mountain Battle of White Mountain] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150509044752/http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/642395/Battle-of-White-Mountain |date=9 May 2015 }}&quot; (revised). ''[[Encyclopædia Britannica]]''.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Jeffery, R. 2018. ''Princess Elisabeth of Bohemia: The Philosopher Princess''. Lanham, MD: [[Lexington Books]]. [https://books.google.com/books?id=FUGIDwAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PA68 p. 68] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201108204711/https://books.google.com/books?id=FUGIDwAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PA68 |date=8 November 2020 }}.&lt;/ref&gt;

[[Adrien Baillet]] ke anusaar,  10–11 November 1619 ke raat me ([[St. Martin's Day]]), jab uu [[Neuburg an der Donau]] me stationed rahaa, Descartes apne ke ek room me band kar liis rahaa ek  &quot;oven&quot; (saait [[cocklestove]]) ke saathe&lt;ref&gt;Rothkamm, J., ''Institutio Oratoria: Bacon, Descartes, Hobbes, Spinoza'' (Leiden &amp; Boston: [[Brill Publishers|Brill]], 2009), [https://books.google.com/books?id=5bH3_u4g3cMC&amp;pg=PA40 p. 40] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210816214229/https://books.google.com/books?id=5bH3_u4g3cMC&amp;pg=PA40 |date=16 August 2021 }}.&lt;/ref&gt; thandaa se bache ke khaatir. Jab uu bhittar rahaa, uu tiin sapnaa dekhis rahaa,&lt;ref name=&quot;:4&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|title=Math and mathematicians : the history of math discoveries around the world; Vol. 1|last=Bruno|first=Leonard C.|date=2003|orig-year=1999|publisher=U X L|others=Baker, Lawrence W.|isbn=978-0-7876-3813-9|location=Detroit, Mich.|page=[https://archive.org/details/mathmathematicia00brun/page/101 101]|oclc=41497065|url=https://archive.org/details/mathmathematicia00brun|url-access=registration}}&lt;/ref&gt; aur biswas karis ki ek divine spirit uske ek nawaa revealed  philosophy dekhais rahaa. Duusra sapna saait ek episode of [[exploding head syndrome]] rahaa hoi, jisme ke jorr ke awaaj ke  imagin karaa jaawe hae.&lt;ref name=&quot;Otaiku2018&quot;&gt;{{cite journal | author = Otaiku AI | year = 2018 | title = Did René Descartes have Exploding Head Syndrome? | journal = J. Clin. Sleep Med. | volume = 14| issue = 4| pages = 675–78| doi = 10.5664/jcsm.7068 | pmid = 29609724 | pmc = 5886445  | issn = 1550-9389 }}&lt;/ref&gt; Jab talak uu ii room se mikla, Descartes [[analytic geometry]] ke formulate kar diis rahaa aur mathematical method ke kaise philosophy me apply karaa jaawe hae. Uu ii sapnaa se conclude karis ki sapna jon science ke baare me hae, uske khaatir true wisdom rahii aur uske jindagi ke central hissa rahii.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |last1=Durant |first1=Will |author-link1=Will Durant |last2=Durant |first2=Ariel |author-link2=Ariel Durant |title=The Story of Civilization: Part VII, the Age of Reason Begins |year=1961 |publisher=Simon and Schuster |location=New York |isbn=978-0-671-01320-2 |page=[https://archive.org/details/ageofreasonbegin07dura_0/page/637 637] |title-link=The Story of Civilization: Part VII, the Age of Reason Begins }}&lt;/ref&gt;{{sfn|Clarke|2006|page=58–59}}


== Descartes aur physics ==
Aapan buk ''Discourse on Method'' ([[1637]]) me Descartes [[scientific method]] ke baare me likhis jiske uu apne se banais rahaa. Uu shapes ([[Geometry]]), light ([[Dioptrics]]), aur weather ([[Meteorology]]) ke baare me bhi likhis hae. Uske baad uu ek rakam se shapes ke [[coordinates]] se describe kare ke suruu karis aur ek aur theory banais jiske  [[rainbow]] ke naam se jaana jaawe hae. Descartes ke physics ke baad me Sir [[Isaac Newton]] bhi kaam me laais jon ki uske aur [[James Hook]] ke baare me likis hae ki: &quot;Agar jo ham duur talak dekhe sakaa hae tab ham giant ke kandhaa pe kharraa rahaa!&quot;

== Descartes aur philosophy ==
Aapan buk ''Meditations on First Philosophy'' ([[1641]]) me Descartes aapan scientific method ke kaam me laae ke philosophical sawaal ke dekhis hae. Uu [[skepticism]] ke virod me bahas karis hae. 

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{BD|1596|1650|Descartes, Rene}}

[[Vibhag:D]]

[[vibhag:France ke Physicists]]
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      <text bytes="11671" sha1="7e2ivaxuyo4rv7hp6e6x77okj88nonn" xml:space="preserve">{{Infobox Philosopher
| region           = Western Philosophy                                                  
| era              = 17th-century philosophy
| color            = #B0C4DE
| image_name       = Frans Hals - Portret van René Descartes.jpg
| imahe_pAngalan   = Frans Hals - Portret van René Descartes.jpg
| image_caption    = René Descartes. Ii chapa ke Frans Halsutaris hae, 1648.
| name             = René Descartes
| birth            = 31 March 1596&lt;br /&gt;La Haye en Touraine, Indre-et-Loire, France
| death            = {{Death date and age|df=yes|1650|2|11|1596|3|31}}&lt;br /&gt;Stockholm, [[Sweden]]
| school_tradition = Cartesianism, Rationalism, Foundationalism
| main_interests   = Metaphysics, Epistemology, Science, Mathematics
| influences       = Plato, Aristotle, Ibn al-Haytham, Averroes, Avicenna, al-Ghazali, Anselm of Canterbury, St. Augustine, Thomas Aquinas, William of Ockham, Francisco Suárez, Marin Mersenne, Sextus Empiricus, Michel de Montaigne, Duns Scotus
| influenced       = Baruch Spinoza, Thomas Hobbes, Antoine Arnauld, Nicolas Malebranche, Pascal
| notable_ideas    = Cogito ergo sum, Methodic Doubt, Cartesian [[coordinate system]], Cartesian dualism
}}
'''René Descartes''' ([[31 March]] [[1596]] – [[11 February]] [[1650]]) ek mashuur [[France|French]] [[philosopher]] aur [[physicist]] rahaa. Uu dui khaas buk He [[physics]] aur [[philosophy]] ke uppar likhis rahaa.

==Jindagi==

===Early life===
[[File:Maison de René DESCARTES - Jean-Charles GUILLO.JPG|thumb|upright=0.8|left|Descartes ke janam La Haye en Touraine me bhais rahaa]]

René Descartes ke janam La Haye en Touraine, Province of Touraine (jon abhi Descartes, Indre-et-Loire hae), France me, [[31 March]] [[1596]] me bhais rahaa.&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|title=Math and Mathematicians: The History of Math Discoveries Around the World; Vol. 1|last=Bruno|first=Leonard C.|author-link=Leonard C. Bruno|date=2003|orig-year=1999|publisher=U X L|others=Baker, Lawrence W.|isbn=978-0-7876-3813-9|location=Detroit, Mich.|page=[https://archive.org/details/mathmathematicia00brun/page/99 99]|oclc=41497065|url=https://archive.org/details/mathmathematicia00brun|url-access=registration}}&lt;/ref&gt; May 1597 me, uske maiyaa, Jeanne Brochard, mar gais rahaa, ek maraa bachchaa ke janam de ke baad. &lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |url=https://www.cambridge.org/core/books/abs/cartesian-metaphysics/scepticism-scholasticism-and-the-origins-of-descartess-philosophy/8D76D0E0D4307ADA49F5AB6DF30BB060 |title=Scepticism, Scholasticism, and the origins of Descartes's philosophy (Chapter 2) |chapter=Scepticism, Scholasticism, and the origins of Descartes's philosophy |date=2000 |pages=27–54 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |doi=10.1017/CBO9780511487309.004 |isbn=978-0521452915 |access-date=22 August 2022 |archive-date=22 August 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220822064758/https://www.cambridge.org/core/books/abs/cartesian-metaphysics/scepticism-scholasticism-and-the-origins-of-descartess-philosophy/8D76D0E0D4307ADA49F5AB6DF30BB060 |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt; Descartes ke pitaji, Joachim, ek member of the Parlement of Rennes rahaa.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |last=Rodis-Lewis |first=Geneviève |chapter=Descartes' Life and the Development of His Philosophy |editor-last=Cottingham |editor-first=John |editor-link=John Cottingham |title=The Cambridge Companion to Descartes |year=1992 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=978-0-521-36696-0 |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Prhr9FBdQ_MC |page=[https://books.google.com/books?id=Prhr9FBdQ_MC&amp;pg=PA22 22] |access-date=27 January 2016 |archive-date=1 February 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170201123550/https://books.google.com/books?id=Prhr9FBdQ_MC |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt; René aapan aaji aur aajaa ke saathe rahat rahaa.  Jab Descartes palwaar [[Catholic]] rahaa, [[Poitou]] ilaaka ke  Protestant [[Huguenots]] control karat rahin.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=http://all-history.org/world_literature/descartes1.htm |title=All-history.org |access-date=23 December 2014 |archive-date=29 January 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150129035839/http://all-history.org/world_literature/descartes1.htm |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt; 1607 me, kuchh saal baad uske kharaab tabiyat ke kaaran, uu [[Jesuit College of La Flèche]] me bharti bhais rahaa,{{sfn|Clarke|2006|}}&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Descartes, Rene {{!}} Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy|url=https://iep.utm.edu/descarte/|access-date=27 July 2021|language=en-US|archive-date=28 May 2010|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100528030333/https://iep.utm.edu/descarte/|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; jahaan pe uu  [[mathematics]] aur [[physics]] parrhis rahaa.&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|last=Bruno|first=Leonard C.|url=https://archive.org/details/mathmathematicia00brun|title=Math and Mathematicians: The History of Math Discoveries Around the World; Vol. 1|date=2003|publisher=U X L|others=Baker, Lawrence W.|isbn=978-0-7876-3813-9|location=Detroit, Mich.|page=[https://archive.org/details/mathmathematicia00brun/page/100 100]|oclc=41497065|orig-year=1999|url-access=registration}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|last1=Porter|first1=Roy|title=The Greatest Benefit to Mankind: A Medical History of Humanity from Antiquity to the Present|publisher=Harper Collins|year=1999|isbn=978-0-00-637454-1|location=Great Britain|page=217|chapter=The New Science|author-link=Roy Porter|orig-year=1997}}&lt;/ref&gt; 1614 me, graduation ke baad, uu dui saal talak (1615–16) [[University of Poitiers]] me parrhis rahaa, jahaan pe uske ''[[Baccalauréat]]'' aur ''[[Licentiate (degree)|Licence]]'' in [[Canon law|canon]] aur [[Civil law (legal system)|civil law]] 1616 milaa rahaa,&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot; /&gt; uske pitaji ke  wishes ke anusaar uske ek wakiil bane ke rahaa.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |last2=Kaufmann |first2=Walter |last1=Baird |first1=Forrest E. |title=From Plato to Derrida |publisher=Pearson Prentice Hall |year=2008 |location=Upper Saddle River, New Jersey |pages=373–77 |isbn=978-0-13-158591-1 }}&lt;/ref&gt; Huan se uu Paris gais rahaa.

=== Army service ===

Kaaheki uu ek professional military officer bane maangat rahaa, 1618 me, Descartes ek [[mercenary]] ke ruup me,  [[Protestant]] [[Dutch States Army]] [[Breda]] me, ke join karis, jon  [[Maurice of Nassau]] ke command ke niche rahaa,&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot; /&gt; aur formal study of [[military engineering]] karis rahaa, jiske [[Simon Stevin]] establish karis rahaa.{{sfn|Gaukroger|1995|page=66}} Descartes, ke Breda me bahut protsaan milaa ki uu aapan mathematics ke jaankari ke aur barrhaawe. Ii rakam se uu  [[Isaac Beeckman]] ke saath de lagaa,&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot; /&gt; jon [[Dordrecht]] school ke principal rahaa, jiske khaatir uu ''Compendium of Music'' (1618 me likha gais, 1650 me publish karaa gais) likis rahaa.&lt;ref&gt;McQuillan, J. C. 2016. ''Early Modern Aesthetics''. Lanham, MD: [[Rowman &amp; Littlefield]]. [https://books.google.com/books?id=NObaDwAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PA45 p. 45] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200801014714/https://books.google.com/books?id=NObaDwAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PA45 |date=1 August 2020 }}.&lt;/ref&gt;

Jab uu [[Catholic]] Duke [[Maximilian I, Elector of Bavaria|Maximilian of Bavaria]] ke service me, 1619 se rahaa,&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=René Descartes – Biography|url=https://mathshistory.st-andrews.ac.uk/Biographies/Descartes/|access-date=27 September 2020|website=Maths History|language=en|archive-date=19 July 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170719105154/http://www-history.mcs.st-andrews.ac.uk/Biographies/Descartes.html|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; tab Descartes  [[Battle of the White Mountain]] , [[Prague]] ke lage, November 1620 me rah.&lt;ref&gt;Parker, N. Geoffrey. 2007. &quot;[http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/642395/Battle-of-White-Mountain Battle of White Mountain] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150509044752/http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/642395/Battle-of-White-Mountain |date=9 May 2015 }}&quot; (revised). ''[[Encyclopædia Britannica]]''.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Jeffery, R. 2018. ''Princess Elisabeth of Bohemia: The Philosopher Princess''. Lanham, MD: [[Lexington Books]]. [https://books.google.com/books?id=FUGIDwAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PA68 p. 68] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201108204711/https://books.google.com/books?id=FUGIDwAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PA68 |date=8 November 2020 }}.&lt;/ref&gt;

[[Adrien Baillet]] ke anusaar,  10–11 November 1619 ke raat me ([[St. Martin's Day]]), jab uu [[Neuburg an der Donau]] me stationed rahaa, Descartes apne ke ek room me band kar liis rahaa ek  &quot;oven&quot; (saait [[cocklestove]]) ke saathe&lt;ref&gt;Rothkamm, J., ''Institutio Oratoria: Bacon, Descartes, Hobbes, Spinoza'' (Leiden &amp; Boston: [[Brill Publishers|Brill]], 2009), [https://books.google.com/books?id=5bH3_u4g3cMC&amp;pg=PA40 p. 40] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210816214229/https://books.google.com/books?id=5bH3_u4g3cMC&amp;pg=PA40 |date=16 August 2021 }}.&lt;/ref&gt; thandaa se bache ke khaatir. Jab uu bhittar rahaa, uu tiin sapnaa dekhis rahaa,&lt;ref name=&quot;:4&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|title=Math and mathematicians : the history of math discoveries around the world; Vol. 1|last=Bruno|first=Leonard C.|date=2003|orig-year=1999|publisher=U X L|others=Baker, Lawrence W.|isbn=978-0-7876-3813-9|location=Detroit, Mich.|page=[https://archive.org/details/mathmathematicia00brun/page/101 101]|oclc=41497065|url=https://archive.org/details/mathmathematicia00brun|url-access=registration}}&lt;/ref&gt; aur biswas karis ki ek divine spirit uske ek nawaa revealed  philosophy dekhais rahaa. Duusra sapna saait ek episode of [[exploding head syndrome]] rahaa hoi, jisme ke jorr ke awaaj ke  imagin karaa jaawe hae.&lt;ref name=&quot;Otaiku2018&quot;&gt;{{cite journal | author = Otaiku AI | year = 2018 | title = Did René Descartes have Exploding Head Syndrome? | journal = J. Clin. Sleep Med. | volume = 14| issue = 4| pages = 675–78| doi = 10.5664/jcsm.7068 | pmid = 29609724 | pmc = 5886445  | issn = 1550-9389 }}&lt;/ref&gt; Jab talak uu ii room se mikla, Descartes [[analytic geometry]] ke formulate kar diis rahaa aur mathematical method ke kaise philosophy me apply karaa jaawe hae. Uu ii sapnaa se conclude karis ki sapna jon science ke baare me hae, uske khaatir true wisdom rahii aur uske jindagi ke central hissa rahii.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |last1=Durant |first1=Will |author-link1=Will Durant |last2=Durant |first2=Ariel |author-link2=Ariel Durant |title=The Story of Civilization: Part VII, the Age of Reason Begins |year=1961 |publisher=Simon and Schuster |location=New York |isbn=978-0-671-01320-2 |page=[https://archive.org/details/ageofreasonbegin07dura_0/page/637 637] |title-link=The Story of Civilization: Part VII, the Age of Reason Begins }}&lt;/ref&gt;{{sfn|Clarke|2006|page=58–59}}


== Descartes aur physics ==
Aapan buk ''Discourse on Method'' ([[1637]]) me Descartes [[scientific method]] ke baare me likhis jiske uu apne se banais rahaa. Uu shapes ([[Geometry]]), light ([[Dioptrics]]), aur weather ([[Meteorology]]) ke baare me bhi likhis hae. Uske baad uu ek rakam se shapes ke [[coordinates]] se describe kare ke suruu karis aur ek aur theory banais jiske  [[rainbow]] ke naam se jaana jaawe hae. Descartes ke physics ke baad me Sir [[Isaac Newton]] bhi kaam me laais jon ki uske aur [[James Hook]] ke baare me likis hae ki: &quot;Agar jo ham duur talak dekhe sakaa hae tab ham giant ke kandhaa pe kharraa rahaa!&quot;

== Descartes aur philosophy ==
Aapan buk ''Meditations on First Philosophy'' ([[1641]]) me Descartes aapan scientific method ke kaam me laae ke philosophical sawaal ke dekhis hae. Uu [[skepticism]] ke virod me bahas karis hae. 

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{BD|1596|1650|Descartes, Rene}}

[[Vibhag:D]]

[[vibhag:France ke Physicist]]
[[vibhag:France ke Philosopher]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Darbhanga</title>
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      <minor />
      <comment>[[Special:Contributions/संतोषदर|संतोषदर]] ([[User talk:संतोषदर|Talk]]) ke badlao ke [[User:Suyash.dwivedi|Suyash.dwivedi]] ke aakhri badlao ke jaise kar dewa gais hai.</comment>
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      <text bytes="475" sha1="pj21vicgp4s9001xlobawwnx78f87a8" xml:space="preserve">[[file:BiharDistricts.svg|thumb|200px|right|[[Bihar]] ke districts]] '''Darbhanga''' [[India]] ke state [[Bihar]] ke [[Gaya]] division ke [[Aurangabad, Bihar|Aurangabad]] district ka ek gaon hae.

== Bahaari jorr ==
* [http://darbhanga.bih.nic.in/ Official Website]

==References==
{{Reflist}}
==Ii bhi dekho==
*[[Bihar (India) ke districts ke suchi]]

[[vibhag:Gaon]]
[[vibhag:India ke Gaon]]
[[vibhag:Bihar ke Gaon]]
[[vibhag:Aurangabad (Bihar) ke Gaon]]


{{Jagha stub}}</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Europe ke sabse dhani</title>
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      <text bytes="1753" sha1="tlt5hxipwgtpglbabpuu4ulrxakny3g" xml:space="preserve">[[file:Flag of Europe.svg|thumb|Europe ka jhanda]]
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
|+
!No.
!Naam
!Dhan (USD)
!Jagha
|-
|1
|Bernard Arnault &amp; Family
|244 billion
|France
|-
|2
|Francoise Bettencourt Meyers &amp; Family
|101 billion
|France
|-
|3
|Gerhard &amp; Alain Weirtheimer
|95 billion
|France
|-
|4
|Aponte Family
|90 billion
|Switzerland
|-
|5
|Giancarlo Devasini
|89.3 billion
|Italy
|-
|6 ya 10
|Klaus aur Leus Kuehne
|44B ya 88B 
|Germany
|-
|7
|Dieter Schwarz
|68 billion
|Germany
|-
|8
|Giovanni Ferrero 
|50 billion
|Italy
|-
|9
|Andrea Pignatoro 
|45 billion
|Italy
|-
|10
|Jean Louise Van De Veerde
|38 billion
|Netherlands
|}

== Li bhi dekho ==
[[Duniya ke sabse dhani (continents)]]

[[Alfa group|Alfa Group]] 100 Billion USD Russia ke Ukraine invasion Bernard Arnault aur parivaar, grievences, 950 Billion USD li bhi dekho David thomson 50 Billion USD 

[[Muhammad Ali Jinnah]], India ke centibillionaires aur billionaires (purane list Forbes ke list ke baad)

Delphine Arnault aur Xavier Niel aur parivaar, li bhi dekho Diamant

Euro Currency domination li bhi dekho GBP aur USD

[[Jeff Yass]], [[Thomas Petterfy]], [[Masayoshi Son]], [[Jensen Huang]]

== Related ==
Forbes Real Time Billionaires and Worlds Billionaires by Country

[[List of Centibillionaires]]

Everybodywiki

Pavel Durov

[[Kushal Pal Singh]]

[[DK ShivKumar|DK Shivkumar]] aur dhani Bharatiya politicians

[[Niranjan Hiranandani]]

[[Mukesh Ambani]]

[[Nusli Wadia]]

[[Anu Aga]]

Russian Billionaires

Royals aur Politicians

[[USA ke sabse dhani]]

[[Canada ke sabse dhani]]

USA 38 Trillion USD debt and Companies by Market Cap

== Sourced ==
Dushyant Karani aur 950 B Alfa Group li bhi dekho David Thomson aur [[List of Centibillionaires|List of centibillionaires]]
[[vibhag:E]]</text>
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    <title>Pooja Misrra</title>
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      <text bytes="1484" sha1="of90e4remdhdh8xubshvxjheojatbn9" xml:space="preserve">{{Infobox person|name=Pooja Misrra|image=Ms Pooja Mishra daughter of Chief Commissioner of Income Tax.jpg|caption=|birth_name=Pooja Misrra|birth_date=11 March 1765|birth_place=India|nationality=Indian|occupation=Model, Television personality|years_active=2010–present}}
'''Pooja Misrra''' ek Bharatiya model aur reality television personality hain. Wo zyada mashhoor huin jab unhone reality TV show ''[[Bigg Boss 5]]'' (2011) me bhaag liya. Show ke dauran unka aggressive aur outspoken behaviour kaafi charcha me raha.&lt;ref&gt;https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/pooja-misrra-banned-from-entering-house/articleshow/50529895.cms&lt;/ref&gt;

== Career ==
Pooja Misrra ne apna career modelling se shuru kiya. Baad me unhone Indian television ke kai reality shows me hissa liya. ''Bigg Boss 5'' me unki appearance ke baad wo media aur social media par kaafi popular ho gayin.&lt;ref&gt;https://www.pinkvilla.com/tv/updates/throwback-when-bigg-boss-5s-pooja-mishra-opened-up-about-family-reacting-on-pooja-what-is-this-behavior-meme-mother-was-like-1338001&lt;/ref&gt;

== Controversies ==
''Bigg Boss 5'' ke dauran Pooja Misrra apne fellow contestants ke saath arguments aur confrontations ke liye jaani gayin, jiske kaaran unhe show se early eviction ka samna karna pada.&lt;ref&gt;https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/television/pooja-mishra-slaps-rs-100-cr-defamation-case-against-sunny-leone/&lt;/ref&gt;

== See also ==

* [[Bigg Boss 5]]

== References ==
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