Wikipedia hifwiki https://hif.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pahila_Panna MediaWiki 1.46.0-wmf.26 first-letter saadhan khaas baat sadasya sadasya ke baat Wikipedia Wikipedia baat file file ke baat MediaWiki MediaWiki ke baat Template Template ke baat madat madat ke baat vibhag voibhag ke baat TimedText TimedText talk Module Module talk Event Event talk 0 5018 334899 198369 2026-05-03T11:22:29Z Snandan 529 334899 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox scientist |box_width = 240px |name = Sigmund Freud |image = Sigmund Freud LIFE.jpg |image_size = 200px |alt = |caption = Sigmund Freud, by Max Halberstadt, 1914 |birth_name = Sigismund Schlomo Freud |birth_date = {{birth date|df=yes|1856|05|06}} |birth_place = Freiberg, Moravia, [[Czech Republic]] |death_date = {{death date and age|df=yes|1939|09|23|1856|05|06}} |death_place = [[London]], [[England]], [[United Kingdom|UK]] |residence = [[Austria]], [[United Kingdom|UK]] |citizenship = |nationality = [[Austria]]n |ethnicity = Ashkenazi Jew |fields = Neurology<br />Philosophy<br />Psychiatry<br />Psychology<br />Psychotherapy<br />Psychoanalysis<br />Literature |workplaces = University of Vienna |alma_mater = University of Vienna |doctoral_advisor = |academic_advisors = |doctoral_students = |notable_students = |known_for = Psychoanalysis |author_abbrev_bot = |author_abbrev_zoo = |influences = Arthur Schopenhauer<br />[[Friedrich Nietzsche]]<br />Jean-Martin Charcot<br />Josef Breuer |influenced = John Bowlby<br />Viktor Frankl<br />Anna Freud<br />Ernest Jones<br />Carl Jung<br />Melanie Klein<br />Jacques Lacan<br />Fritz Perls<br />Otto Rank<br />Wilhelm Reich |awards = Goethe Prize |religion = Atheist |signature = <!--(filename only)--> |signature_alt = |footnotes = }} '''Sigmund Freud''' ([[6 May]] [[1856]] – [[23 September]] [[1939]]) ek [[Austria]]n neurologist aur famous psychologist rahaa. Dher log uske "the father of psychoanalysis" bole hae. Uske janam ke naam '''Sigismund Schlomo Freud''' rahaa, lekin 1877 me jab uske umar 21 saal ke rahaa, uu aapan naam badal ke Sigmund Freud kar diis. Freud, psychology me important rahaa kahe ki uu pahila admii rahaa jon ki unconscious ke scientifically study karis rahaa. Aapan first book likhe ke baad, Freud, Martha Bernays se saadi karis jisse uske chhe larrkan bhaes aur usme se ek Anna Freud bhi ek famous psychologist banis. Uske janam purana Austro-Hugarian Empire me uu jagha pe jon ki abhi Czech Republic me hae, me bhaes rahaa. 1938 me uu, Jewish hoe ke kaaran, Hitler ke prosecution se bhaage ke khatir, England chal diis jahan pe uske maut 1939 me bhaes rahaa. ==Jiwan kahani== === Bachpan ke din aur Sikchhaa === [[File:Pribor - Birthplace of Sigmund Freud.jpg|left|thumb|alt=photograph|Freud ke janam waala jagha, ek bhaara pe lewa gais room ek locksmith ke ghar me, Freiberg, [[Austrian Empire]] ([[Příbor]], Czech Republic)]] Sigmund Freud ke janam [[Ashkenazi Jewish]] parents se [[Moravia]] ke town [[Freiberg]],<ref>{{Cite web |title=Digitized Birth Records of Freiberg (Zemský archiv v Opavě) |url=https://digi.archives.cz/da/permalink?xid=be85d01a-f13c-102f-8255-0050568c0263&scan=3196614d700349279f6de3a8330b224a |access-date=18 July 2021 |website=digi.archives.cz}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Sigmund Freud &#124; Biography, Theories, Works, & Facts |url=https://www.britannica.com/biography/Sigmund-Freud |website=Encyclopedia Britannica|date=2 May 2023 }}</ref> [[Austrian Empire]] (abhi ke Příbor, [[Czech Republic]]) me bhais rahaa aur uu aath larrkan me sab se barraa rahaa. <ref name="Gresser">Gresser 1994, p. 225.</ref> Uske maiyaa aur bappa [[Galicia (Eastern Europe)|Galicia]] ke rahin. Uske pitaji, [[Jakob Freud]], jon ek wool merchant rahaa, ke dui larrkaa, Emanuel aur Philipp, uske pahila saadi se rahaa. Jakob ke palwaar [[Hasidic Judaism|Hasidic Jews]] rahin aur, jab Jakob apne ii sankriti se duur hoe gais rahaa, uske [[Torah study]] ke khaatir jaana jaawat rahaa. Uu aur Freud ke maiyaa, [[Amalia Freud|Amalia Nathansohn]], jon usse 20 saal jawaan rahii aur tiisra aurat rahii, ke saadi Rabbi [[Isaac Noah Mannheimer]] 29 July 1855 me karis rahaa.<ref name="Emanuel">{{Cite book |last=Emanuel Rice |title=Freud and Moses: The Long Journey Home |publisher=SUNY Press |year=1990 |isbn=978-0-7914-0453-9 |page=55}}</ref> Uulog ke paisa ke kami rahaa aur ek room ke ek locksmith ke ghar me Schlossergasse 117 me rahat rahin jab Sigmund ke janam bhais rahaa.<ref>Gay 2006, pp. 4–8; Clark 1980, p. 4. * For Jakob's Torah study, see [https://books.google.com/books?id=Y2KGVuym5OUC&pg=PA233 Meissner 1993, p. 233]. * For the date of the marriage, see [https://books.google.com/books?id=JhbDnT74kWEC&pg=PA55 Rice 1990, p. 55].</ref> Uu ek [[caul]] ke saathe paida bhais rahaa, jiske uske maiyaa ek positive [[omen]] maanat rahii, lorrkaa ke future ke khaatir.<ref>{{Cite journal |author=<!-- field: -->Deborah P. Margolis, M.A.<!-- field: --> |url=http://www.pep-web.org/document.php?id=MPSA.014.0037A |title=Margolis 1989 |journal=Mod. Psychoanal |pages=37–56 |access-date=17 January 2014 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140223112728/http://www.pep-web.org/document.php?id=MPSA.014.0037A |archive-date=23 February 2014|year=1989}}</ref> [[File:AmaliaFreud.jpg|right|thumb|200px|Freud (16 saal ke umar me) aur uske maiyaa, [[Amalia Freud|Amalia]], 1872 me]] 1859 me, [[Freud palwaar]] Freiberg se chal diis. Freud ke half-brothers emigrated to [[Manchester]], England ,igate hoe gay rahin, jiske kaaran uske aapan bachpan ke dost, Emanuel ke larrkaa, John ke chhorre kae parraa.<ref>Jones, Ernest (1964) ''Sigmund Freud: Life and Work.'' Edited and abridged by Lionel Trilling and Stephen Marcus. Harmondsworth: Penguin Books p. 37.</ref> Jakob Freud aapan aurat aur dui larrkan (Freud's sister, Anna, was born in 1858; a brother, Julius, born in 1857, had died in infancy) ke pahile [[Leipzig]] aur baad me, 1860 me [[Vienna]] lae gais rahaa, jahaan pe chaar larrhi aur jahaan pe chaar bahini aur ek bahiyaa ke janam bhais rahaa: Rosa (b. 1860), Marie (b. 1861), Adolfine (b. 1862), Paula (b. 1864), Alexander (b. 1866). 1865 me, the nau saal ke Freud {{lang|de|Leopoldstädter Kommunal-Realgymnasium}} me bharti bhais rajaa, ek jaana-maana high school. Uu bahut achchhaa pupil aur [[Matura]] se graduate 1873 me honors ke saathe bhais rahaa. Uu literature ke pasand karat rahaa aur German, French, Italian, Spanish, English, [[Hebrew language|Hebrew]], [[Latin]] aur [[Greek language|Greek]] me achchhaa se baat karat rahaa.<ref>Hothersall 2004, p. 276.</ref> == Duusra websites == * [http://www.freud.org.uk/ Freud Museum] in [[London]] * [http://www.freudfile.org/ Freud's Life and Work] {{BD|1856|1939|Freud, Sigmund}} {{bio-stub}} <!-- interwiki --> [[vibhag:Austria ke log|Freud, Sigmund]] [[vibhag:Psychologists|Freud, Sigmund]] jnwlh2y4kxlknnp5tt8pg06z7kd8pqg 334900 334899 2026-05-03T11:37:42Z Snandan 529 334900 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox scientist |box_width = 240px |name = Sigmund Freud |image = Sigmund Freud LIFE.jpg |image_size = 200px |alt = |caption = Sigmund Freud, by Max Halberstadt, 1914 |birth_name = Sigismund Schlomo Freud |birth_date = {{birth date|df=yes|1856|05|06}} |birth_place = Freiberg, Moravia, [[Czech Republic]] |death_date = {{death date and age|df=yes|1939|09|23|1856|05|06}} |death_place = [[London]], [[England]], [[United Kingdom|UK]] |residence = [[Austria]], [[United Kingdom|UK]] |citizenship = |nationality = [[Austria]]n |ethnicity = Ashkenazi Jew |fields = Neurology<br />Philosophy<br />Psychiatry<br />Psychology<br />Psychotherapy<br />Psychoanalysis<br />Literature |workplaces = University of Vienna |alma_mater = University of Vienna |doctoral_advisor = |academic_advisors = |doctoral_students = |notable_students = |known_for = Psychoanalysis |author_abbrev_bot = |author_abbrev_zoo = |influences = Arthur Schopenhauer<br />[[Friedrich Nietzsche]]<br />Jean-Martin Charcot<br />Josef Breuer |influenced = John Bowlby<br />Viktor Frankl<br />Anna Freud<br />Ernest Jones<br />Carl Jung<br />Melanie Klein<br />Jacques Lacan<br />Fritz Perls<br />Otto Rank<br />Wilhelm Reich |awards = Goethe Prize |religion = Atheist |signature = <!--(filename only)--> |signature_alt = |footnotes = }} '''Sigmund Freud''' ([[6 May]] [[1856]] – [[23 September]] [[1939]]) ek [[Austria]]n neurologist aur famous psychologist rahaa. Dher log uske "the father of psychoanalysis" bole hae. Uske janam ke naam '''Sigismund Schlomo Freud''' rahaa, lekin 1877 me jab uske umar 21 saal ke rahaa, uu aapan naam badal ke Sigmund Freud kar diis. Freud, psychology me important rahaa kahe ki uu pahila admii rahaa jon ki unconscious ke scientifically study karis rahaa. Aapan first book likhe ke baad, Freud, Martha Bernays se saadi karis jisse uske chhe larrkan bhaes aur usme se ek Anna Freud bhi ek famous psychologist banis. Uske janam purana Austro-Hugarian Empire me uu jagha pe jon ki abhi Czech Republic me hae, me bhaes rahaa. 1938 me uu, Jewish hoe ke kaaran, Hitler ke prosecution se bhaage ke khatir, England chal diis jahan pe uske maut 1939 me bhaes rahaa. ==Jiwan kahani== === Bachpan ke din aur Sikchhaa === [[File:Pribor - Birthplace of Sigmund Freud.jpg|left|thumb|alt=photograph|Freud ke janam waala jagha, ek bhaara pe lewa gais room ek locksmith ke ghar me, Freiberg, [[Austrian Empire]] ([[Příbor]], Czech Republic)]] Sigmund Freud ke janam [[Ashkenazi Jewish]] parents se [[Moravia]] ke town [[Freiberg]],<ref>{{Cite web |title=Digitized Birth Records of Freiberg (Zemský archiv v Opavě) |url=https://digi.archives.cz/da/permalink?xid=be85d01a-f13c-102f-8255-0050568c0263&scan=3196614d700349279f6de3a8330b224a |access-date=18 July 2021 |website=digi.archives.cz}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Sigmund Freud &#124; Biography, Theories, Works, & Facts |url=https://www.britannica.com/biography/Sigmund-Freud |website=Encyclopedia Britannica|date=2 May 2023 }}</ref> [[Austrian Empire]] (abhi ke Příbor, [[Czech Republic]]) me bhais rahaa aur uu aath larrkan me sab se barraa rahaa. <ref name="Gresser">Gresser 1994, p. 225.</ref> Uske maiyaa aur bappa [[Galicia (Eastern Europe)|Galicia]] ke rahin. Uske pitaji, [[Jakob Freud]], jon ek wool merchant rahaa, ke dui larrkaa, Emanuel aur Philipp, uske pahila saadi se rahaa. Jakob ke palwaar [[Hasidic Judaism|Hasidic Jews]] rahin aur, jab Jakob apne ii sankriti se duur hoe gais rahaa, uske [[Torah study]] ke khaatir jaana jaawat rahaa. Uu aur Freud ke maiyaa, [[Amalia Freud|Amalia Nathansohn]], jon usse 20 saal jawaan rahii aur tiisra aurat rahii, ke saadi Rabbi [[Isaac Noah Mannheimer]] 29 July 1855 me karis rahaa.<ref name="Emanuel">{{Cite book |last=Emanuel Rice |title=Freud and Moses: The Long Journey Home |publisher=SUNY Press |year=1990 |isbn=978-0-7914-0453-9 |page=55}}</ref> Uulog ke paisa ke kami rahaa aur ek room ke ek locksmith ke ghar me Schlossergasse 117 me rahat rahin jab Sigmund ke janam bhais rahaa.<ref>Gay 2006, pp. 4–8; Clark 1980, p. 4. * For Jakob's Torah study, see [https://books.google.com/books?id=Y2KGVuym5OUC&pg=PA233 Meissner 1993, p. 233]. * For the date of the marriage, see [https://books.google.com/books?id=JhbDnT74kWEC&pg=PA55 Rice 1990, p. 55].</ref> Uu ek [[caul]] ke saathe paida bhais rahaa, jiske uske maiyaa ek positive [[omen]] maanat rahii, lorrkaa ke future ke khaatir.<ref>{{Cite journal |author=<!-- field: -->Deborah P. Margolis, M.A.<!-- field: --> |url=http://www.pep-web.org/document.php?id=MPSA.014.0037A |title=Margolis 1989 |journal=Mod. Psychoanal |pages=37–56 |access-date=17 January 2014 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140223112728/http://www.pep-web.org/document.php?id=MPSA.014.0037A |archive-date=23 February 2014|year=1989}}</ref> [[File:AmaliaFreud.jpg|right|thumb|200px|Freud (16 saal ke umar me) aur uske maiyaa, [[Amalia Freud|Amalia]], 1872 me]] 1859 me, [[Freud palwaar]] Freiberg se chal diis. Freud ke half-brothers emigrated to [[Manchester]], England ,igate hoe gay rahin, jiske kaaran uske aapan bachpan ke dost, Emanuel ke larrkaa, John ke chhorre kae parraa.<ref>Jones, Ernest (1964) ''Sigmund Freud: Life and Work.'' Edited and abridged by Lionel Trilling and Stephen Marcus. Harmondsworth: Penguin Books p. 37.</ref> Jakob Freud aapan aurat aur dui larrkan (Freud's sister, Anna, was born in 1858; a brother, Julius, born in 1857, had died in infancy) ke pahile [[Leipzig]] aur baad me, 1860 me [[Vienna]] lae gais rahaa, jahaan pe chaar larrhi aur jahaan pe chaar bahini aur ek bahiyaa ke janam bhais rahaa: Rosa (b. 1860), Marie (b. 1861), Adolfine (b. 1862), Paula (b. 1864), Alexander (b. 1866). 1865 me, the nau saal ke Freud {{lang|de|Leopoldstädter Kommunal-Realgymnasium}} me bharti bhais rajaa, ek jaana-maana high school. Uu bahut achchhaa pupil aur [[Matura]] se graduate 1873 me honors ke saathe bhais rahaa. Uu literature ke pasand karat rahaa aur German, French, Italian, Spanish, English, [[Hebrew language|Hebrew]], [[Latin]] aur [[Greek language|Greek]] me achchhaa se baat karat rahaa.<ref>Hothersall 2004, p. 276.</ref> Freud University of Vienna me 17 saal ke umar me bharti bhais rahaa. Uu maangat rahaa wakiili parrhe lekin university me medical faculty me bharti bhais rahaaa, jahaan pe uske parrhai me philosoph [[Franz Brentano]] ke niche rahaa, physiology [[Ernst Wilhelm von Brücke|Ernst Brücke]] ke niche, aur zoology [[Darwinist]] professor [[Carl Friedrich Wilhelm Claus|Carl Claus]] ke niche.<ref>Hothersall 1995<!--page number?--></ref> 1876 me, Freud chaar haptaa talak Claus ke zoological research station [[Trieste]] me rahaa, jahaan pe uu kuchh sau sapaiyaa (eels) ke disect karis rahaa, uulog ke male reproductive organs ke khij me.<ref>See "[[Eel life history#Past studies of eels|past studies of eels]]" and references therein.</ref> 1877 me, Freud Ernst Brücke ke physiology laboratory gais, jahan pe uu chhe saal talak [[insaan]] ke dimaag, duusra vertebrates jaise frogs, [[lampreys]], aur invertebrates, jaise, [[crayfish]] se compare karat rahaa. Uske research kaam biology of nervous tissue ke kaaran [[neuron]] ke [[1890s]] me paawa gais rahaa.<ref>{{cite news |last=Costandi |first=Mo |title=Freud was a pioneering neuroscientist |url=https://www.theguardian.com/science/neurophilosophy/2014/mar/10/neuroscience-history-science |work=[[The Guardian]] |date=10 March 2014 |access-date=16 May 2018}}<br>In this period he published three papers: * {{cite book |last=Freud |first=Sigmund |title=Über den Ursprung der hinteren Nervenwurzeln im Rückenmark von Ammocoetes (Petromyzon Planeri) |publisher=na |trans-title=On the Origin of the Posterior Nerve Roots in the Spinal Cord of [[Ammocoetes]] ([[Petromyzon planeri|Petromyzon Planeri]]) |url=https://archive.org/details/b3047467x |year=1877|language=de}} * {{cite book |last=Freud |first=Sigmund |title=Über Spinalganglien und Rückenmark des Petromyzon |trans-title=On the Spinal Ganglia and Spinal Cord of [[Petromyzon]] |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=c9I7mgEACAAJ |year=1878|language=de}} * {{cite journal |last=Freud |first=Sigmund |title=A New Histological Method for the Study of Nerve-Tracts in the Brain and Spinal Cord |journal=[[Brain (journal)|Brain]] |date=April 1884 |volume=7 |issue=1 |pages=86–88 |doi=10.1093/brain/7.1.86|url=https://zenodo.org/record/1935710 }} For a more in-depth analysis: {{cite book |last1=Gamwell |first1=Lynn|author1-link= Lynn Gamwell |last2=Solms |first2=Mark |author-link2=Mark Solms |title=From Neurology to Psychoanalysis |url=https://www.curezone.org/upload/PDF/From_NEUROLOGY_to_PSYCHOANALYSIS_by_Sigmund_Freud.pdf |year=2006 |publisher=[[Binghamton University Art Museum]] |location=[[State University of New York]] |pages=29–33, 37–39|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170830064321/https://www.curezone.org/upload/PDF/From_NEUROLOGY_to_PSYCHOANALYSIS_by_Sigmund_Freud.pdf |archive-date=30 August 2017}}</ref> Freud ke research waala kaam 1879 me ruk gais rahaa kaaheki uske ek saal ke compulsory military service kare ke rahaa. Jaada time mile ke kaaran uu chaar essay ke [[John Stuart Mill]] ke collected works me se translate karis rahaa.<ref>Gay 2006 p. 36.</ref> Uu graduate bhais rahaa with [[Doctor of medicine|MD]] March 1881 me.<ref>[[Frank Sulloway|Sulloway]] 1992 [1979], p. [https://books.google.com/books?id=B7XcblnI620C&pg=PA22 22].</ref> == Duusra websites == * [http://www.freud.org.uk/ Freud Museum] in [[London]] * [http://www.freudfile.org/ Freud's Life and Work] {{BD|1856|1939|Freud, Sigmund}} {{bio-stub}} <!-- interwiki --> [[vibhag:Austria ke log|Freud, Sigmund]] [[vibhag:Psychologists|Freud, Sigmund]] m3dvii8x6mxfkkaa4zs8rr58jtg9its 334901 334900 2026-05-03T11:49:27Z Snandan 529 334901 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox scientist |box_width = 240px |name = Sigmund Freud |image = Sigmund Freud LIFE.jpg |image_size = 200px |alt = |caption = Sigmund Freud, by Max Halberstadt, 1914 |birth_name = Sigismund Schlomo Freud |birth_date = {{birth date|df=yes|1856|05|06}} |birth_place = Freiberg, Moravia, [[Czech Republic]] |death_date = {{death date and age|df=yes|1939|09|23|1856|05|06}} |death_place = [[London]], [[England]], [[United Kingdom|UK]] |residence = [[Austria]], [[United Kingdom|UK]] |citizenship = |nationality = [[Austria]]n |ethnicity = Ashkenazi Jew |fields = Neurology<br />Philosophy<br />Psychiatry<br />Psychology<br />Psychotherapy<br />Psychoanalysis<br />Literature |workplaces = University of Vienna |alma_mater = University of Vienna |doctoral_advisor = |academic_advisors = |doctoral_students = |notable_students = |known_for = Psychoanalysis |author_abbrev_bot = |author_abbrev_zoo = |influences = Arthur Schopenhauer<br />[[Friedrich Nietzsche]]<br />Jean-Martin Charcot<br />Josef Breuer |influenced = John Bowlby<br />Viktor Frankl<br />Anna Freud<br />Ernest Jones<br />Carl Jung<br />Melanie Klein<br />Jacques Lacan<br />Fritz Perls<br />Otto Rank<br />Wilhelm Reich |awards = Goethe Prize |religion = Atheist |signature = <!--(filename only)--> |signature_alt = |footnotes = }} '''Sigmund Freud''' ([[6 May]] [[1856]] – [[23 September]] [[1939]]) ek [[Austria]]n neurologist aur famous psychologist rahaa. Dher log uske "the father of psychoanalysis" bole hae. Uske janam ke naam '''Sigismund Schlomo Freud''' rahaa, lekin 1877 me jab uske umar 21 saal ke rahaa, uu aapan naam badal ke Sigmund Freud kar diis. Freud, psychology me important rahaa kahe ki uu pahila admii rahaa jon ki unconscious ke scientifically study karis rahaa. Aapan first book likhe ke baad, Freud, Martha Bernays se saadi karis jisse uske chhe larrkan bhaes aur usme se ek Anna Freud bhi ek famous psychologist banis. Uske janam purana Austro-Hugarian Empire me uu jagha pe jon ki abhi Czech Republic me hae, me bhaes rahaa. 1938 me uu, Jewish hoe ke kaaran, Hitler ke prosecution se bhaage ke khatir, England chal diis jahan pe uske maut 1939 me bhaes rahaa. ==Jiwan kahani== === Bachpan ke din aur Sikchhaa === [[File:Pribor - Birthplace of Sigmund Freud.jpg|left|thumb|alt=photograph|Freud ke janam waala jagha, ek bhaara pe lewa gais room ek locksmith ke ghar me, Freiberg, [[Austrian Empire]] ([[Příbor]], Czech Republic)]] Sigmund Freud ke janam [[Ashkenazi Jewish]] parents se [[Moravia]] ke town [[Freiberg]],<ref>{{Cite web |title=Digitized Birth Records of Freiberg (Zemský archiv v Opavě) |url=https://digi.archives.cz/da/permalink?xid=be85d01a-f13c-102f-8255-0050568c0263&scan=3196614d700349279f6de3a8330b224a |access-date=18 July 2021 |website=digi.archives.cz}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Sigmund Freud &#124; Biography, Theories, Works, & Facts |url=https://www.britannica.com/biography/Sigmund-Freud |website=Encyclopedia Britannica|date=2 May 2023 }}</ref> [[Austrian Empire]] (abhi ke Příbor, [[Czech Republic]]) me bhais rahaa aur uu aath larrkan me sab se barraa rahaa. <ref name="Gresser">Gresser 1994, p. 225.</ref> Uske maiyaa aur bappa [[Galicia (Eastern Europe)|Galicia]] ke rahin. Uske pitaji, [[Jakob Freud]], jon ek wool merchant rahaa, ke dui larrkaa, Emanuel aur Philipp, uske pahila saadi se rahaa. Jakob ke palwaar [[Hasidic Judaism|Hasidic Jews]] rahin aur, jab Jakob apne ii sankriti se duur hoe gais rahaa, uske [[Torah study]] ke khaatir jaana jaawat rahaa. Uu aur Freud ke maiyaa, [[Amalia Freud|Amalia Nathansohn]], jon usse 20 saal jawaan rahii aur tiisra aurat rahii, ke saadi Rabbi [[Isaac Noah Mannheimer]] 29 July 1855 me karis rahaa.<ref name="Emanuel">{{Cite book |last=Emanuel Rice |title=Freud and Moses: The Long Journey Home |publisher=SUNY Press |year=1990 |isbn=978-0-7914-0453-9 |page=55}}</ref> Uulog ke paisa ke kami rahaa aur ek room ke ek locksmith ke ghar me Schlossergasse 117 me rahat rahin jab Sigmund ke janam bhais rahaa.<ref>Gay 2006, pp. 4–8; Clark 1980, p. 4. * For Jakob's Torah study, see [https://books.google.com/books?id=Y2KGVuym5OUC&pg=PA233 Meissner 1993, p. 233]. * For the date of the marriage, see [https://books.google.com/books?id=JhbDnT74kWEC&pg=PA55 Rice 1990, p. 55].</ref> Uu ek [[caul]] ke saathe paida bhais rahaa, jiske uske maiyaa ek positive [[omen]] maanat rahii, lorrkaa ke future ke khaatir.<ref>{{Cite journal |author=<!-- field: -->Deborah P. Margolis, M.A.<!-- field: --> |url=http://www.pep-web.org/document.php?id=MPSA.014.0037A |title=Margolis 1989 |journal=Mod. Psychoanal |pages=37–56 |access-date=17 January 2014 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140223112728/http://www.pep-web.org/document.php?id=MPSA.014.0037A |archive-date=23 February 2014|year=1989}}</ref> [[File:AmaliaFreud.jpg|right|thumb|200px|Freud (16 saal ke umar me) aur uske maiyaa, [[Amalia Freud|Amalia]], 1872 me]] 1859 me, [[Freud palwaar]] Freiberg se chal diis. Freud ke half-brothers emigrated to [[Manchester]], England ,igate hoe gay rahin, jiske kaaran uske aapan bachpan ke dost, Emanuel ke larrkaa, John ke chhorre kae parraa.<ref>Jones, Ernest (1964) ''Sigmund Freud: Life and Work.'' Edited and abridged by Lionel Trilling and Stephen Marcus. Harmondsworth: Penguin Books p. 37.</ref> Jakob Freud aapan aurat aur dui larrkan (Freud's sister, Anna, was born in 1858; a brother, Julius, born in 1857, had died in infancy) ke pahile [[Leipzig]] aur baad me, 1860 me [[Vienna]] lae gais rahaa, jahaan pe chaar larrhi aur jahaan pe chaar bahini aur ek bahiyaa ke janam bhais rahaa: Rosa (b. 1860), Marie (b. 1861), Adolfine (b. 1862), Paula (b. 1864), Alexander (b. 1866). 1865 me, the nau saal ke Freud {{lang|de|Leopoldstädter Kommunal-Realgymnasium}} me bharti bhais rajaa, ek jaana-maana high school. Uu bahut achchhaa pupil aur [[Matura]] se graduate 1873 me honors ke saathe bhais rahaa. Uu literature ke pasand karat rahaa aur German, French, Italian, Spanish, English, [[Hebrew language|Hebrew]], [[Latin]] aur [[Greek language|Greek]] me achchhaa se baat karat rahaa.<ref>Hothersall 2004, p. 276.</ref> Freud University of Vienna me 17 saal ke umar me bharti bhais rahaa. Uu maangat rahaa wakiili parrhe lekin university me medical faculty me bharti bhais rahaaa, jahaan pe uske parrhai me philosoph [[Franz Brentano]] ke niche rahaa, physiology [[Ernst Wilhelm von Brücke|Ernst Brücke]] ke niche, aur zoology [[Darwinist]] professor [[Carl Friedrich Wilhelm Claus|Carl Claus]] ke niche.<ref>Hothersall 1995<!--page number?--></ref> 1876 me, Freud chaar haptaa talak Claus ke zoological research station [[Trieste]] me rahaa, jahaan pe uu kuchh sau sapaiyaa (eels) ke disect karis rahaa, uulog ke male reproductive organs ke khij me.<ref>See "[[Eel life history#Past studies of eels|past studies of eels]]" and references therein.</ref> 1877 me, Freud Ernst Brücke ke physiology laboratory gais, jahan pe uu chhe saal talak [[insaan]] ke dimaag, duusra vertebrates jaise frogs, [[lampreys]], aur invertebrates, jaise, [[crayfish]] se compare karat rahaa. Uske research kaam biology of nervous tissue ke kaaran [[neuron]] ke [[1890s]] me paawa gais rahaa.<ref>{{cite news |last=Costandi |first=Mo |title=Freud was a pioneering neuroscientist |url=https://www.theguardian.com/science/neurophilosophy/2014/mar/10/neuroscience-history-science |work=[[The Guardian]] |date=10 March 2014 |access-date=16 May 2018}}<br>In this period he published three papers: * {{cite book |last=Freud |first=Sigmund |title=Über den Ursprung der hinteren Nervenwurzeln im Rückenmark von Ammocoetes (Petromyzon Planeri) |publisher=na |trans-title=On the Origin of the Posterior Nerve Roots in the Spinal Cord of [[Ammocoetes]] ([[Petromyzon planeri|Petromyzon Planeri]]) |url=https://archive.org/details/b3047467x |year=1877|language=de}} * {{cite book |last=Freud |first=Sigmund |title=Über Spinalganglien und Rückenmark des Petromyzon |trans-title=On the Spinal Ganglia and Spinal Cord of [[Petromyzon]] |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=c9I7mgEACAAJ |year=1878|language=de}} * {{cite journal |last=Freud |first=Sigmund |title=A New Histological Method for the Study of Nerve-Tracts in the Brain and Spinal Cord |journal=[[Brain (journal)|Brain]] |date=April 1884 |volume=7 |issue=1 |pages=86–88 |doi=10.1093/brain/7.1.86|url=https://zenodo.org/record/1935710 }} For a more in-depth analysis: {{cite book |last1=Gamwell |first1=Lynn|author1-link= Lynn Gamwell |last2=Solms |first2=Mark |author-link2=Mark Solms |title=From Neurology to Psychoanalysis |url=https://www.curezone.org/upload/PDF/From_NEUROLOGY_to_PSYCHOANALYSIS_by_Sigmund_Freud.pdf |year=2006 |publisher=[[Binghamton University Art Museum]] |location=[[State University of New York]] |pages=29–33, 37–39|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170830064321/https://www.curezone.org/upload/PDF/From_NEUROLOGY_to_PSYCHOANALYSIS_by_Sigmund_Freud.pdf |archive-date=30 August 2017}}</ref> Freud ke research waala kaam 1879 me ruk gais rahaa kaaheki uske ek saal ke compulsory military service kare ke rahaa. Jaada time mile ke kaaran uu chaar essay ke [[John Stuart Mill]] ke collected works me se translate karis rahaa.<ref>Gay 2006 p. 36.</ref> Uu graduate bhais rahaa with [[Doctor of medicine|MD]] March 1881 me.<ref>[[Frank Sulloway|Sulloway]] 1992 [1979], p. [https://books.google.com/books?id=B7XcblnI620C&pg=PA22 22].</ref> ===Suruu ke kaam aur saadi=== 1882 me, Freud aapan medical kaam ke [[Vienna General Hospital]] me suruu karis rahaa. Uske research ke kaam cerebral anatomy me, ke kaaran 1884 me ekn influential paper on the palliative effects of cocaine publish karaa gais rahaa, aur uske kaam [[aphasia]] me uske pahila book, ''On Aphasia: A Critical Study'' ke basis rahaa, jiske 1891 me publish karaa gais rahaa.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Wallesch |first=Claus |year=2004 |title=History of Aphasia Freud as an aphasiologist |journal=Aphasiology |volume=18 |issue=April |pages=389–399 |doi=10.1080/02687030344000599 |s2cid=144976195}}</ref> Aur tiin saal talak, Freud aspatal ke dher department me kaam karis rahaa. Uske time [[Theodor Meynert]]'s [[Psychiatry|psychiatric]] clinic me aur ek [[locum]] ke ruup me ek local asylum me, ke kaaran clinical kaam me interest aur barrhaa rahaa. Uske dher published research ke kaaran uske ek university lecturer nai to [[docent]] in [[neuropathology]] 1885 me banaawa gais rahaa, jisme uske koi talab nai milat rahaa lekin uu University of Vienna me lecture de sakat rahaa.<ref>Gay 2006, pp. 42–47.</ref> == Duusra websites == * [http://www.freud.org.uk/ Freud Museum] in [[London]] * [http://www.freudfile.org/ Freud's Life and Work] {{BD|1856|1939|Freud, Sigmund}} {{bio-stub}} <!-- interwiki --> [[vibhag:Austria Psychologist|Freud, Sigmund]] [[vibhag:F|Freud, Sigmund]] nf2a0hkg30sahrnx7kdfw0xw3p7a3dy 334902 334901 2026-05-03T11:50:18Z Snandan 529 334902 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox scientist |box_width = 240px |name = Sigmund Freud |image = Sigmund Freud LIFE.jpg |image_size = 200px |alt = |caption = Sigmund Freud, by Max Halberstadt, 1914 |birth_name = Sigismund Schlomo Freud |birth_date = {{birth date|df=yes|1856|05|06}} |birth_place = Freiberg, Moravia, [[Czech Republic]] |death_date = {{death date and age|df=yes|1939|09|23|1856|05|06}} |death_place = [[London]], [[England]], [[United Kingdom|UK]] |residence = [[Austria]], [[United Kingdom|UK]] |citizenship = |nationality = [[Austria]]n |ethnicity = Ashkenazi Jew |fields = Neurology<br />Philosophy<br />Psychiatry<br />Psychology<br />Psychotherapy<br />Psychoanalysis<br />Literature |workplaces = University of Vienna |alma_mater = University of Vienna |doctoral_advisor = |academic_advisors = |doctoral_students = |notable_students = |known_for = Psychoanalysis |author_abbrev_bot = |author_abbrev_zoo = |influences = Arthur Schopenhauer<br />[[Friedrich Nietzsche]]<br />Jean-Martin Charcot<br />Josef Breuer |influenced = John Bowlby<br />Viktor Frankl<br />Anna Freud<br />Ernest Jones<br />Carl Jung<br />Melanie Klein<br />Jacques Lacan<br />Fritz Perls<br />Otto Rank<br />Wilhelm Reich |awards = Goethe Prize |religion = Atheist |signature = <!--(filename only)--> |signature_alt = |footnotes = }} '''Sigmund Freud''' ([[6 May]] [[1856]] – [[23 September]] [[1939]]) ek [[Austria]]n neurologist aur famous psychologist rahaa. Dher log uske "the father of psychoanalysis" bole hae. Uske janam ke naam '''Sigismund Schlomo Freud''' rahaa, lekin 1877 me jab uske umar 21 saal ke rahaa, uu aapan naam badal ke Sigmund Freud kar diis. Freud, psychology me important rahaa kahe ki uu pahila admii rahaa jon ki unconscious ke scientifically study karis rahaa. Aapan first book likhe ke baad, Freud, Martha Bernays se saadi karis jisse uske chhe larrkan bhaes aur usme se ek Anna Freud bhi ek famous psychologist banis. Uske janam purana Austro-Hugarian Empire me uu jagha pe jon ki abhi Czech Republic me hae, me bhaes rahaa. 1938 me uu, Jewish hoe ke kaaran, Hitler ke prosecution se bhaage ke khatir, England chal diis jahan pe uske maut 1939 me bhaes rahaa. ==Jiwan kahani== === Bachpan ke din aur Sikchhaa === [[File:Pribor - Birthplace of Sigmund Freud.jpg|left|thumb|alt=photograph|Freud ke janam waala jagha, ek bhaara pe lewa gais room ek locksmith ke ghar me, Freiberg, [[Austrian Empire]] ([[Příbor]], Czech Republic)]] Sigmund Freud ke janam [[Ashkenazi Jewish]] parents se [[Moravia]] ke town [[Freiberg]],<ref>{{Cite web |title=Digitized Birth Records of Freiberg (Zemský archiv v Opavě) |url=https://digi.archives.cz/da/permalink?xid=be85d01a-f13c-102f-8255-0050568c0263&scan=3196614d700349279f6de3a8330b224a |access-date=18 July 2021 |website=digi.archives.cz}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Sigmund Freud &#124; Biography, Theories, Works, & Facts |url=https://www.britannica.com/biography/Sigmund-Freud |website=Encyclopedia Britannica|date=2 May 2023 }}</ref> [[Austrian Empire]] (abhi ke Příbor, [[Czech Republic]]) me bhais rahaa aur uu aath larrkan me sab se barraa rahaa. <ref name="Gresser">Gresser 1994, p. 225.</ref> Uske maiyaa aur bappa [[Galicia (Eastern Europe)|Galicia]] ke rahin. Uske pitaji, [[Jakob Freud]], jon ek wool merchant rahaa, ke dui larrkaa, Emanuel aur Philipp, uske pahila saadi se rahaa. Jakob ke palwaar [[Hasidic Judaism|Hasidic Jews]] rahin aur, jab Jakob apne ii sankriti se duur hoe gais rahaa, uske [[Torah study]] ke khaatir jaana jaawat rahaa. Uu aur Freud ke maiyaa, [[Amalia Freud|Amalia Nathansohn]], jon usse 20 saal jawaan rahii aur tiisra aurat rahii, ke saadi Rabbi [[Isaac Noah Mannheimer]] 29 July 1855 me karis rahaa.<ref name="Emanuel">{{Cite book |last=Emanuel Rice |title=Freud and Moses: The Long Journey Home |publisher=SUNY Press |year=1990 |isbn=978-0-7914-0453-9 |page=55}}</ref> Uulog ke paisa ke kami rahaa aur ek room ke ek locksmith ke ghar me Schlossergasse 117 me rahat rahin jab Sigmund ke janam bhais rahaa.<ref>Gay 2006, pp. 4–8; Clark 1980, p. 4. * For Jakob's Torah study, see [https://books.google.com/books?id=Y2KGVuym5OUC&pg=PA233 Meissner 1993, p. 233]. * For the date of the marriage, see [https://books.google.com/books?id=JhbDnT74kWEC&pg=PA55 Rice 1990, p. 55].</ref> Uu ek [[caul]] ke saathe paida bhais rahaa, jiske uske maiyaa ek positive [[omen]] maanat rahii, lorrkaa ke future ke khaatir.<ref>{{Cite journal |author=<!-- field: -->Deborah P. Margolis, M.A.<!-- field: --> |url=http://www.pep-web.org/document.php?id=MPSA.014.0037A |title=Margolis 1989 |journal=Mod. Psychoanal |pages=37–56 |access-date=17 January 2014 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140223112728/http://www.pep-web.org/document.php?id=MPSA.014.0037A |archive-date=23 February 2014|year=1989}}</ref> [[File:AmaliaFreud.jpg|right|thumb|200px|Freud (16 saal ke umar me) aur uske maiyaa, [[Amalia Freud|Amalia]], 1872 me]] 1859 me, [[Freud palwaar]] Freiberg se chal diis. Freud ke half-brothers emigrated to [[Manchester]], England ,igate hoe gay rahin, jiske kaaran uske aapan bachpan ke dost, Emanuel ke larrkaa, John ke chhorre kae parraa.<ref>Jones, Ernest (1964) ''Sigmund Freud: Life and Work.'' Edited and abridged by Lionel Trilling and Stephen Marcus. Harmondsworth: Penguin Books p. 37.</ref> Jakob Freud aapan aurat aur dui larrkan (Freud's sister, Anna, was born in 1858; a brother, Julius, born in 1857, had died in infancy) ke pahile [[Leipzig]] aur baad me, 1860 me [[Vienna]] lae gais rahaa, jahaan pe chaar larrhi aur jahaan pe chaar bahini aur ek bahiyaa ke janam bhais rahaa: Rosa (b. 1860), Marie (b. 1861), Adolfine (b. 1862), Paula (b. 1864), Alexander (b. 1866). 1865 me, the nau saal ke Freud {{lang|de|Leopoldstädter Kommunal-Realgymnasium}} me bharti bhais rajaa, ek jaana-maana high school. Uu bahut achchhaa pupil aur [[Matura]] se graduate 1873 me honors ke saathe bhais rahaa. Uu literature ke pasand karat rahaa aur German, French, Italian, Spanish, English, [[Hebrew language|Hebrew]], [[Latin]] aur [[Greek language|Greek]] me achchhaa se baat karat rahaa.<ref>Hothersall 2004, p. 276.</ref> Freud University of Vienna me 17 saal ke umar me bharti bhais rahaa. Uu maangat rahaa wakiili parrhe lekin university me medical faculty me bharti bhais rahaaa, jahaan pe uske parrhai me philosoph [[Franz Brentano]] ke niche rahaa, physiology [[Ernst Wilhelm von Brücke|Ernst Brücke]] ke niche, aur zoology [[Darwinist]] professor [[Carl Friedrich Wilhelm Claus|Carl Claus]] ke niche.<ref>Hothersall 1995<!--page number?--></ref> 1876 me, Freud chaar haptaa talak Claus ke zoological research station [[Trieste]] me rahaa, jahaan pe uu kuchh sau sapaiyaa (eels) ke disect karis rahaa, uulog ke male reproductive organs ke khij me.<ref>See "[[Eel life history#Past studies of eels|past studies of eels]]" and references therein.</ref> 1877 me, Freud Ernst Brücke ke physiology laboratory gais, jahan pe uu chhe saal talak [[insaan]] ke dimaag, duusra vertebrates jaise frogs, [[lampreys]], aur invertebrates, jaise, [[crayfish]] se compare karat rahaa. Uske research kaam biology of nervous tissue ke kaaran [[neuron]] ke [[1890s]] me paawa gais rahaa.<ref>{{cite news |last=Costandi |first=Mo |title=Freud was a pioneering neuroscientist |url=https://www.theguardian.com/science/neurophilosophy/2014/mar/10/neuroscience-history-science |work=[[The Guardian]] |date=10 March 2014 |access-date=16 May 2018}}<br>In this period he published three papers: * {{cite book |last=Freud |first=Sigmund |title=Über den Ursprung der hinteren Nervenwurzeln im Rückenmark von Ammocoetes (Petromyzon Planeri) |publisher=na |trans-title=On the Origin of the Posterior Nerve Roots in the Spinal Cord of [[Ammocoetes]] ([[Petromyzon planeri|Petromyzon Planeri]]) |url=https://archive.org/details/b3047467x |year=1877|language=de}} * {{cite book |last=Freud |first=Sigmund |title=Über Spinalganglien und Rückenmark des Petromyzon |trans-title=On the Spinal Ganglia and Spinal Cord of [[Petromyzon]] |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=c9I7mgEACAAJ |year=1878|language=de}} * {{cite journal |last=Freud |first=Sigmund |title=A New Histological Method for the Study of Nerve-Tracts in the Brain and Spinal Cord |journal=[[Brain (journal)|Brain]] |date=April 1884 |volume=7 |issue=1 |pages=86–88 |doi=10.1093/brain/7.1.86|url=https://zenodo.org/record/1935710 }} For a more in-depth analysis: {{cite book |last1=Gamwell |first1=Lynn|author1-link= Lynn Gamwell |last2=Solms |first2=Mark |author-link2=Mark Solms |title=From Neurology to Psychoanalysis |url=https://www.curezone.org/upload/PDF/From_NEUROLOGY_to_PSYCHOANALYSIS_by_Sigmund_Freud.pdf |year=2006 |publisher=[[Binghamton University Art Museum]] |location=[[State University of New York]] |pages=29–33, 37–39|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170830064321/https://www.curezone.org/upload/PDF/From_NEUROLOGY_to_PSYCHOANALYSIS_by_Sigmund_Freud.pdf |archive-date=30 August 2017}}</ref> Freud ke research waala kaam 1879 me ruk gais rahaa kaaheki uske ek saal ke compulsory military service kare ke rahaa. Jaada time mile ke kaaran uu chaar essay ke [[John Stuart Mill]] ke collected works me se translate karis rahaa.<ref>Gay 2006 p. 36.</ref> Uu graduate bhais rahaa with [[Doctor of medicine|MD]] March 1881 me.<ref>[[Frank Sulloway|Sulloway]] 1992 [1979], p. [https://books.google.com/books?id=B7XcblnI620C&pg=PA22 22].</ref> ===Suruu ke kaam aur saadi=== 1882 me, Freud aapan medical kaam ke [[Vienna General Hospital]] me suruu karis rahaa. Uske research ke kaam cerebral anatomy me, ke kaaran 1884 me ekn influential paper on the palliative effects of cocaine publish karaa gais rahaa, aur uske kaam [[aphasia]] me uske pahila book, ''On Aphasia: A Critical Study'' ke basis rahaa, jiske 1891 me publish karaa gais rahaa.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Wallesch |first=Claus |year=2004 |title=History of Aphasia Freud as an aphasiologist |journal=Aphasiology |volume=18 |issue=April |pages=389–399 |doi=10.1080/02687030344000599 |s2cid=144976195}}</ref> Aur tiin saal talak, Freud aspatal ke dher department me kaam karis rahaa. Uske time [[Theodor Meynert]]'s [[Psychiatry|psychiatric]] clinic me aur ek [[locum]] ke ruup me ek local asylum me, ke kaaran clinical kaam me interest aur barrhaa rahaa. Uske dher published research ke kaaran uske ek university lecturer nai to [[docent]] in [[neuropathology]] 1885 me banaawa gais rahaa, jisme uske koi talab nai milat rahaa lekin uu University of Vienna me lecture de sakat rahaa.<ref>Gay 2006, pp. 42–47.</ref> == Duusra websites == * [http://www.freud.org.uk/ Freud Museum] in [[London]] * [http://www.freudfile.org/ Freud's Life and Work] {{BD|1856|1939|Freud, Sigmund}} {{bio-stub}} <!-- interwiki --> [[vibhag:Austria ke Psychologist|Freud, Sigmund]] [[vibhag:F|Freud, Sigmund]] 2fjdqdq94s32d5enck5xw4xd7ef4ljv 0 5454 334896 328980 2026-05-03T01:37:54Z CommonsDelinker 148 Removing [[:c:File:Joseph_Stalin_in_1932_(4)_(cropped)(2).jpg|Joseph_Stalin_in_1932_(4)_(cropped)(2).jpg]], it has been deleted from Commons by [[:c:User:Abzeronow|Abzeronow]] because: per [[:c:Commons:Deletion requests/Files in Category:Portrait photogra 334896 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox officeholder | honorific_prefix = <!--Do not put Generalissimo here, it is not an honorific but a rank--> | name = Joseph Stalin | native_name = {{Plainlist| * {{langn|ru|Иосиф Сталин}} * {{langn|ka|იოსებ სტალინი}} }} | image =<!--Do not change without discussion on talk--> | caption = Stalin, 1932 me | office = [[General Secretary of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union]] | term_start = 3 April 1922 | term_end = 16 October 1952 | predecessor = [[Vyacheslav Molotov]] | successor = [[Nikita Khrushchev]] | order2 = 4th | office2 = Premier of the Soviet Union | 1blankname2 = [[First Deputy Premier of the Soviet Union|First Deputies]] | 1namedata2 = {{ubl|[[Nikolai Voznesensky]]|Vyacheslav Molotov|[[Nikolai Bulganin]]}} | term_start2 = 6 May 1941 | term_end2 = 5 March 1953 | predecessor2 = Vyacheslav Molotov | successor2 = [[Georgy Malenkov]] | office3 = [[Minister of Defence (Soviet Union)|Minister of the Armed Forces of the Soviet Union]] | premier3 = ''Himself'' | term_start3 = 19 July 1941 | term_end3 = 3 March 1947 | predecessor3 = [[Semyon Timoshenko]] | successor3 = Nikolai Bulganin | office4 = [[People's Commissariat for Nationalities|People's Commissar for Nationalities of the Russian&nbsp;SFSR]] | 1blankname4 = Premier | 1namedata4 = [[Vladimir Lenin]] | term_start4 = 8 November 1917 | term_end4 = 7 July 1923 | predecessor4 = ''Office established'' | successor4 = ''Office abolished'' | birth_name = Ioseb Besarionis dze Jughashvili | birth_date = {{birth date|1878|12|18|df=y}} | birth_place = [[Gori, Georgia|Gori]], Russian Empire | death_date = {{Death date and age|1953|3|5|1878|12|18|df=y}} | death_place = Moscow, Soviet Union | resting_place = {{Plainlist| * [[Lenin's Mausoleum]] (1953–1961) * [[Kremlin Wall Necropolis]] (since 1961) }} | party = {{Plainlist| [[Communist Party of the Soviet Union|CPSU]] (from 1912) }} | spouse = {{Plainlist| * {{Marriage|[[Kato Svanidze|Ekaterine Svanidze]]|1906|1907|end=died}} * {{Marriage|[[Nadezhda Alliluyeva]]|1919|1932|end=died}} }} | children = {{Plainlist| * [[Yakov Dzhugashvili]] * [[Vasily Stalin]] * [[Artyom Sergeyev]] (adopted) * [[Svetlana Alliluyeva]] }} | parents = {{Plainlist| * [[Besarion Jughashvili]] * [[Keke Geladze|Ekaterine Geladze]] }} | cabinet = [[Stalin's first government|Stalin I]]–[[Stalin's second government|II]]–[[Stalin's third government|III]] | awards = [[List of awards and honours bestowed upon Joseph Stalin|Full list]] | signature = Stalin Signature.svg | nickname = Koba | allegiance = {{Plainlist| * [[Russian SFSR]] * Soviet Union }} | branch_label = Branch | branch = [[Red Army]] | serviceyears = 1918–1920 | rank = [[Generalissimo of the Soviet Union|Generalissimo]] (from 1945) | commands = [[Soviet Armed Forces]] (from 1941) | battles = {{Plainlist| * [[Russian Civil War]] * [[Polish–Soviet War]] * [[Soviet Union in World War II|World War II]]}} | module2 = {{Collapsible list | title = Central institution membership | titlestyle = background: lavender | bullets = on | 1917–1953: Full member, [[Inner-composition of the 6th Congress of the Russian Social Democratic Labour Party (Bolsheviks)|6th]]–[[Politburo of the 18th Congress of the All-Union Communist Party (Bolsheviks)|18th]] Politburo and [[19th Presidium of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union|19th]] Presidium of CPSU | 1922–1953: Full member, [[Secretariat of the 11th Congress of the Russian Communist Party (Bolsheviks)|11th]]–[[Secretariat of the 19th Congress of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union|19th]] Secretariat of CPSU | 1920–1952: Full member, [[Politburo, Secretariat and Orgburo of the 9th Congress of the Russian Communist Party (Bolsheviks)|9th]]–[[Orgburo of the 18th Congress of the All-Union Communist Party (Bolsheviks)|18th]] Orgburo of CPSU | 1912–1953: Full member, [[Central Committee of the 5th Congress of the Russian Social Democratic Labour Party|5th]]–[[Central Committee of the 19th Congress of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union|19th]] Central Committee of CPSU | 1918–1919: Full member, 2nd Central Committee of [[CP(b)U]] }} ---- {{Collapsible list | title = Other offices held | titlestyle = background: lavender | bullets = on | 1941–1945: Chairman, [[State Defence Committee]] of the Soviet&nbsp;Union | 1920–1922: [[Rabkrin|People's Commissar for Workers' and Peasants' Inspection]] of the Russian&nbsp;SFSR | 1919–1920: People's Commissar for State Control of the Russian&nbsp;SFSR | 1917–1918: Member of the [[Russian Constituent Assembly]] for [[Petrograd Metropolis electoral district (Russian Constituent Assembly election, 1917)|Petrograd Metropolis]] }} | module3 = '''[[Leader of the Soviet Union]]''' {{Flatlist| * {{Big|←}} [[Lenin]] * [[Malenkov]] }} | occupation = <!-- Politician --> | module4 = {{Listen voice |filename=Stalin announcing German surrender.ogg |name=Stalin |description=Stalin addresses the [[German Instrument of Surrender]].|recorded=9 May 1945}} }} '''Joseph Stalin''' ([[18 December]] [[1879]] – [[5 March]] [[1953]]), [[Communist]] [[dictator]], Iosev Jugashvili ke adopted naam rahaa. Uu [[Soviet Union]] ke, [[Vladimir Lenin]] ke baad, duusra [[political]] [[leader]] rahaa. Uu ek dictator rahaa jon ki taagat ke choti pe, aapan saamne aae waala log ke hatae ke pahuncha rahaa. Uske raj ke niche Soviet Union ek tagatwar des ban gais rahaa. Uske rakam ke [[communism]] ke [[Stalinism]] bola jaawat rahaa == Jawani ke din == Iosif Vissarionovich Dzhugashvili ke janam Gori, [[Georgia (country)]] me bhais rahaa. Uske pitaji juta banawat aur repai karat rahaa. {{bio-stub}} {{BD|1879|1953|Stalin, Joseph}} [[Category:Russia ke log]] [[Category:Georgia ke log]] ksco85vhcg5cmeak36315qi777j348q 0 6117 334895 330011 2026-05-02T22:53:36Z InternetArchiveBot 26740 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 334895 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox language | name = Hindustani | nativename = {{hlist|हिन्दुस्तानी|{{nq|ہندوستانی}}}} | altname = Hindi–Urdu | image = Hindustani.svg | imagescale = 0.7 | imagecaption = The word ''Hindustani'' in the [[Devanagari]] and [[Perso-Arabic script]]s | states = [[Languages of India|India]] and [[Languages of Pakistan|Pakistan]] | region = [[Western Uttar Pradesh]]/[[Delhi]] ([[Hindi Belt|Hindustani Belt]]),<br>[[Deccan]] ([[South India]]),<br>[[Pakistan]]<ref>{{cite journal |editor1=Robina Kausar |editor2=Muhammad Sarwar |editor3=Muhammad Shabbir |title=The History of the Urdu Language Together with Its Origin and Geographic Distribution |journal=International Journal of Innovation and Research in Educational Sciences |volume=2 |issue=1 |url=https://www.ijires.org/administrator/components/com_jresearch/files/publications/IJIRES-154_final.pdf}}</ref> | speakers = [[L1 speakers]]: {{circa|250}} million | ref = <ref name=ethnologue>"Hindi" L1: 322 million (2011 Indian census), including perhaps 150 million speakers of other languages that reported their language as "Hindi" on the census. L2: 274 million (2016, source unknown). Urdu L1: 67 million (2011 & 2017 censuses), L2: 102 million (1999 Pakistan, source unknown, and 2001 Indian census): ''Ethnologue'' 21. {{e21|hin|Hindi}}. {{e21|ur|Urdu}}.</ref> | speakers2 = [[L2 speakers]]: ~500 million (1999–2016)<!--includes the 140M subtracted from the L1 census total of 390M estimated to speak something other than Hindustani. Not all of these will be able to speak Hindustani even as an L2, another reason the numbers can be only very approximate--><ref name=ethnologue /> | familycolor = Indo-European | fam2 = [[Indo-Iranian languages|Indo-Iranian]] | fam3 = [[Indo-Aryan languages|Indo-Aryan]] | fam4 = [[Hindi languages|Central Zone]] | fam5 = [[Western Hindi]] | ancestor = [[Shauraseni Prakrit]] | ancestor2 = [[Apabhraṃśa]] | ancestor3 = [[Old Hindi]] | stand1 = [[Hindi]] | stand2 = [[Urdu]] | dia1 = [[Deccani language|Deccani]] | dia2 = [[Hyderabadi Urdu|Hyderabadi]] | dia3 = [[Dhakaiya Urdu|Dhakaiya]] | dia4 = [[Rekhta]] | dia5 = [[Kauravi]] | dia6 = [[Bombay Hindi|Bambaiya]] | dia7 = [[Bihari Hindi]]{{efn|Not to be confused with the [[Bihari languages]], a group of [[Eastern Indo-Aryan languages]].}} | dia8 = [[Andaman Creole Hindi|Andaman]] | dia9 = [[Haflong Hindi|Haflong]] | dia10 = [[Judeo-Urdu]] | script = {{Unbulleted list |[[Devanagari]] (Hindi) |[[Perso-Arabic script|Perso-Arabic]] [[Nastaliq]] ([[Urdu alphabet]]) (Urdu)<ref name="Grierson"/><ref name="Ray2011"/> |[[Bengali–Assamese script]] (for [[Urdu]] in [[Bangladesh]].) |[[Latin script|Latin]] ([[Hinglish]]-[[Urdish]] or Informal Text) |[[Kaithi]] (historical) |[[Hebrew script|Hebrew]] ([[Judeo-Urdu]]) |[[Laṇḍā scripts|Laṇḍā]] (historical)<ref>{{Cite book|last=Gangopadhyay|first=Avik|title=Glimpses of Indian Languages|publisher=Evincepub publishing|year=2020|isbn=9789390197828|pages=43}}</ref> |[[Mahajani]] (historical, mainly [[Hindi]]) |[[Hindi Braille]] |[[Urdu Braille]]}} | sign = [[Indian Signing System]] (ISS)<ref>[http://share.pdfonline.com/51071726f49f47ea858865837b25f8f9/dedse_dhh09.htm Norms & Guidelines] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140113022437/http://share.pdfonline.com/51071726f49f47ea858865837b25f8f9/dedse_dhh09.htm |date=13 January 2014 }}, 2009. D.Ed. Special Education (Deaf & Hard of Hearing), [www.rehabcouncil.nic.in Rehabilitation Council of India]</ref> | nation = {{plainlist| *{{flag|Fiji}} <br/>(as [[Hindi]]) *{{flag|India}} <br/>(as [[Hindi]] and [[Urdu]]) *{{flag|Pakistan}} <br/> (as [[Urdu]]) }} | minority = | agency = {{plainlist| *[[Central Hindi Directorate]] (Hindi, India)<ref>The Central Hindi Directorate regulates the use of [[Devanagari]] and Hindi spelling in [[India]]. Source: [http://hindinideshalaya.nic.in/hindi/introduction.html Central Hindi Directorate: Introduction] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100415010138/http://hindinideshalaya.nic.in/hindi/introduction.html |date=15 April 2010 }}</ref> *[[National Council for Promotion of Urdu Language]] (Urdu, India)<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.urducouncil.nic.in/|title=National Council for Promotion of Urdu Language|website=www.urducouncil.nic.in}}</ref> *[[National Language Promotion Department]] (Urdu, Pakistan)<ref>Zia, K. (1999). ''[http://users.skynet.be/hugocoolens/urdu-code/standardcodetableurdu.htm Standard Code Table for Urdu] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190408004715/http://users.skynet.be/hugocoolens/urdu-code/standardcodetableurdu.htm |date=8 April 2019 }}''. 4th Symposium on Multilingual Information Processing, (MLIT-4), [[Yangon]], [[Myanmar]]. CICC, [[Japan]]. Retrieved on 28 May 2008.</ref>}} | iso1 = hi | iso1comment = – Hindi<br/><code>{{ISO639-1|ur}}</code> – Urdu | iso2 = hin | iso2comment = – Hindi<br/><code>{{ISO639-2|urd}}</code> – Urdu | lc1 = hin | ld1 = Hindi<!--name as per ISO 639-3/RA, already wiki-linked in stand1 parameter--> | lc2 = urd | ld2 = Urdu <!--name as per ISO 639-3/RA, already wiki-linked in stand2 parameter--> | lingua = 59-AAF-qa to -qf | glotto = hind1270 | glottorefname = Hindustani | map = Hindustani map.png | mapcaption = Areas (red) where Hindustani (Delhlavi or [[Kauravi]]) is the native language | map2 = | mapcaption2 = {{legend|#FF7F36|Provincial or state level}} {{legend|#FFCC2E|Secondary provincial or state language}} {{legend|#FDF72F|National level}} | notice = IPA {{InterWiki|code=hi}} {{InterWiki|code=ur}} }} {{Contains special characters | special = uncommon [[Unicode]] characters | fix = Help:Multilingual support#Kaithi | image = Replacement character.svg | link = Specials (Unicode block)#Replacement character | alt = <?> | compact = yes }} [[file:Hindustani-speaking world nations.png|thumb|Spread of Hindustani across the world{{legenda|#084081|Majority/Official}}{{legenda|#0868ac|Significant Minority/Recognized}}{{legenda|#74a9cf|Minority}}<nowiki>]]</nowiki>]] '''Hindustani bhasa''' ek [[Indo-European bhasa]] hae jisme north [[India]] aur [[Pakistan]] me bola jaae hae aur uu ii jagha ke "Lingua franca" hae. Iske [[Deccan]] me bhi bola jaae hae. Iske dui rakam se likha jaae hae. Ek hae [[Hindi]], jiske [[Devanagri]] me likha jaae aur isme [[Sanskrit]] ke jaada asar har, aur [[Urdu]] jiske [[Perso-Arabic script]] me likha jaae hae aur isme [[Arbii bhasa]] aur [[Farsii]] ke jaada asar hae. Jab Hindi India ke sarkari bhasa hae, tab Urdu Pakistan ke sarkari bhasa hae. Iske '''Hindi-Urdu''' bhi bola jaae hae. == Bahaari jorr == *Shakespear, John. [http://dsal.uchicago.edu/dictionaries/shakespear/ A Dictionary, Hindustani and English.] 3rd ed., much enl. London: Printed for the author by J.L. Cox and Son: Sold by Parbury, Allen, & Co., 1834. * [http://Forum.janmaanas.com Janmaanas Ek Hindi Manch(Hindi Language Forum)] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160503161229/http://forum.janmaanas.com/ |date=2016-05-03 }} *[http://encyclopedia.jrank.org/HIG_HOR/HINDOSTANI_properly_Hindustani_.html Encyclopedia Britannica, 11th Edition: Hindostani] *[https://web.archive.org/web/20030217173457/http://members.aol.com/yahyam/hindustani.html Hindi, Urdu, Hindustani, ''khaRî bolî''] *[https://web.archive.org/web/20020415084142/http://www.geocities.com/sikmirza/arabic/hindustani.html Hindi-Urdu FAQ] *[http://www.languageinindia.com/march2003/hindustani.html Hindustani as an anxiety between Hindi-Urdu Commitment] *[http://www.uiowa.edu/~incinema/Hindinote.html Hindi? Urdu? Hindustani? Hindi-Urdu?] *[http://adaniel.tripod.com/hindustani.htm History of Hindustani] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110719045055/http://adaniel.tripod.com/hindustani.htm |date=2011-07-19 }} *[http://www.lexicool.com/dlink.asp?ID=0FW3HU5663&L1=34&L2=44 Hindi/Urdu-English-Kalasha-Khowar-Nuristani-Pashtu Comparative Word List] *[http://www.ethnologue.com/show_family.asp?subid=90987 Ethnologue Report for Hindustani] *[http://globalrecordings.net/language/747 GRN Report for Hindustani] *[http://www.indolink.com/Poetry/ Hindustani Poetry] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060615203847/http://indolink.com/Poetry/ |date=2006-06-15 }} *[http://polyglot.lss.wisc.edu/lss/staff/erica/CALL/hindi.html Hindi-Urdu online resources] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060827233430/http://polyglot.lss.wisc.edu/lss/staff/erica/CALL/hindi.html |date=2006-08-27 }} *[http://www.yoindia.com/shayariadab/ Biggest Hindustani-Indian poetry forum] * [http://en.wikivoyage.org/wiki/Hindi-Urdu_phrasebook Wikivoyage - Hindi-Urdu Phrasebook] *[http://www.nla.gov.pk/ National Language Authority (Urdu), Pakistan (muqtadera qaumi zaban)] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070804053902/http://www.nla.gov.pk/ |date=2007-08-04 }} [[vibhag:H]] [[vibhag:India ke bhasa]] [[vibhag:Pakistan ke bhasa]] [[vibhag:Indo-European bhasa]] [[vibhag:Urdu kee Boliyaan]] <!-- interwiki --> <references /> 028gnei8kahw569n5dilekr2fnojn4v 3 68923 334891 2026-05-02T12:36:41Z New user message 12502 Adding [[Template:Welcome|welcome message]] to new user's talk page 334891 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Template:Welcome|realName=|name=Mohammed Ahmed 123}} -- [[sadasya:New user message|New user message]] ([[sadasya ke baat:New user message|talk]]) 12:36, 2 Mai 2026 (UTC) gw6unozvb7g3ks2kxoicaqryil58dmg 3 68924 334892 2026-05-02T13:12:35Z New user message 12502 Adding [[Template:Welcome|welcome message]] to new user's talk page 334892 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Template:Welcome|realName=|name=Silent Archivist}} -- [[sadasya:New user message|New user message]] ([[sadasya ke baat:New user message|talk]]) 13:12, 2 Mai 2026 (UTC) 18lv998dahafctmrbcujqset7l0u5ac 3 68925 334893 2026-05-02T13:13:42Z New user message 12502 Adding [[Template:Welcome|welcome message]] to new user's talk page 334893 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Template:Welcome|realName=|name=K.F.}} -- [[sadasya:New user message|New user message]] ([[sadasya ke baat:New user message|talk]]) 13:13, 2 Mai 2026 (UTC) 3ldw2f115fsfk6gjy437n3qcu4shgh5 3 68926 334894 2026-05-02T19:08:14Z New user message 12502 Adding [[Template:Welcome|welcome message]] to new user's talk page 334894 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Template:Welcome|realName=|name=Xmenabohrtdeseaborn}} -- [[sadasya:New user message|New user message]] ([[sadasya ke baat:New user message|talk]]) 19:08, 2 Mai 2026 (UTC) 0zklwuyy6pe2zhsl5wpaxoz6wvz9tvf 3 68927 334897 2026-05-03T06:56:09Z New user message 12502 Adding [[Template:Welcome|welcome message]] to new user's talk page 334897 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Template:Welcome|realName=|name=Ngvnsup}} -- [[sadasya:New user message|New user message]] ([[sadasya ke baat:New user message|talk]]) 06:56, 3 Mai 2026 (UTC) 8zqegtlsikz6t12z1y2ehvvl4i04455 3 68928 334898 2026-05-03T08:58:29Z New user message 12502 Adding [[Template:Welcome|welcome message]] to new user's talk page 334898 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Template:Welcome|realName=|name=Kiranveer Chahal}} -- [[sadasya:New user message|New user message]] ([[sadasya ke baat:New user message|talk]]) 08:58, 3 Mai 2026 (UTC) 6hyfvexwvjqitc45ur0lf6rgbivej84 14 68929 334903 2026-05-03T11:51:07Z Snandan 529 Panna jisme "[[Vibhag:Austria ke log]] [[Vibhag:Psychologists]]" hae ke banae dewa gais hae. 334903 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Vibhag:Austria ke log]] [[Vibhag:Psychologists]] dnvggkisxy961e2h1holhb6o3kowkep