Wikipedia hifwiki https://hif.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pahila_Panna MediaWiki 1.47.0-wmf.7 first-letter saadhan khaas baat sadasya sadasya ke baat Wikipedia Wikipedia baat file file ke baat MediaWiki MediaWiki ke baat Template Template ke baat madat madat ke baat vibhag voibhag ke baat TimedText TimedText talk Module Module talk Event Event talk Spanish bhasa 0 2543 335909 334483 2026-06-17T20:56:18Z InternetArchiveBot 26740 Rescuing 3 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 335909 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox Language |name = Spanish, Castilian |nativename = {{lang|es|español}}, {{lang|es|castellano}} |pronunciation ={{IPA-es|espaˈɲol|}}, {{IPA-es|kasteˈʎano|}} |familycolor = Indo-European |script = [[w:Latin alphabet|Latin]] ([[Spanish alphabet|Spanish variant]]) |region = (see [[#Geographic distribution|below]]) |speakers = Pahila bhasa 329<ref name=Ethnologue1>[http://www.ethnologue.org/ethno_docs/distribution.asp?by=size Spanish language total]. Ethnologue. Retrieved 14 August 2009.</ref> million to 400<ref name=demogr/><ref name=congress/><ref name=elcastellano/> million.<br />500 million as first or second language.<ref name=Es2009 /> |fam2 = [[w:Italic languages|Italic]] |fam3 = [[w:Romance languages|Romance]] |fam4 = [[w:Italo-Western languages|Italo-Western]] |fam5 = [[w:Gallo-Iberian|Gallo-Iberian]] |fam6 = [[w:Iberian Romance languages|Ibero-Romance]] |fam7 = [[w:West Iberian languages|West Iberian]] |script = [[w:Latin alphabet|Latin]] ([[w:Spanish alphabet|Spanish variant]]) |script = [[w:Latin alphabet|Latin]] ([[w:Spanish alphabet|Spanish variant]]) |nation = [[w:List of countries where Spanish is an official language|21 countries]], [[United Nations]], [[European Union]], [[Organisation of American States]], [[Organization of Ibero-American States]], [[Union of South American Nations]], [[Central American Integration System]], [[African Union]], [[Caricom]], [[World Trade Organization]], [[North American Free Trade Agreement]], [[Andean Community of Nations]], [[Mercosur]], [[Inter-American Development Bank]], [[Latin Union]], [[Antarctic Treaty]]. |agency = [[Association of Spanish Language Academies]] ({{lang|es|[[Real Academia Española]]}} and 21 other national Spanish language academies) |iso1 = es |iso2 = spa |iso3 = spa |lingua = 51-AAA-b |map = Detailed SVG map of the Hispanophone world.svg }} '''Spanish language''', ek [[Romance bhasa]] hae, jon ki [[Latin]] se aais hae, me se sab se common bhasa hae. Spanish bhasa ke dunia ke dher des me bola jaae hae. Iske khaas kaaran hae ke Spanish log bahut pahile dher colony establsh karin rahha. Uu des jisme Spanish official language hae ke Hispanic country bola jaae hae Kuchh Hispanic des hae: [[North America]], [[Central America]], aur [[Caribbean Islands]]: [[Costa Rica]], [[Cuba]], The [[Dominican Republic]], [[Guatemala]], [[Honduras]], [[Mexico]], [[Nicaragua]], [[Panama]], [[Puerto Rico]], aur [[El Salvador]]. [[United States]] aur [[Belize]], me jaada log [[English bhasa]] me baat kare hae, lekin Spanish duusra bhasa hae. [[South America]]: [[Argentina]], [[Bolivia]], [[Chile]], [[Colombia]], [[Ecuador]], [[Guyana]], [[Paraguay]], [[Peru]], [[Uruguay]], [[Venezuela]]. Duniake aur jagha: [[Philippines]], aaur [[Equatorial Guinea]]. Spain me aur bhasa hae jon ki Spanish se closely related hae, jaise ki [[Catalan language|Catalan]] aur [[Galician language|Galician]]. Spanish bhasa ke kabhi kabhi '''Castilian''' bola jaae hae, [[Castile]] ke baad me, jon ki Spain ke ek region hae. Spanish me Spanish sabd hae "Español", aur Spanish sabd for Castilian hae "Castellano". == Spanish bhasa me ginti == {| border="1" ! Number Spanish me!!Number Fiji Hindi me |- | uno ||ek |- |dos||dui |- |tres||tiin |- |cuatro ||chaar |- |cinco ||paanch |- |seis||chhe |- |siete ||saat |- |ocho||aath |- |nueve ||nau |- |diez ||das |}<ref>[http://www.zompist.com/million.htm Numbers in Million-Speaker Languages]</ref> == Geographic distribution == Spanish is recognised as one of the official languages of the [[United Nations]], the [[European Union]], the [[Organization of American States]], the [[Organization of Ibero-American States]], the [[African Union]], the [[Union of South American Nations]], the [[Latin Union]], and the [[Caricom]] and has legal status in the [[North American Free Trade Agreement]]. {| class="wikitable sortable" style="font-size: 90%;" |- ! style="width:18%;"|Country ! style="width:12%;"|Population <ref name="UN 2009 estimate">{{cite web|url=http://www.un.org/esa/abaadi/publications/wpp2008/wpp2008_text_tables.pdf |title=UN 2009 estimate |format=PDF |date= |accessdate=2010-04-21}}</ref> ! style="width:16%;"|Spanish as a native language speakers<ref>Britannica Books of the years 2003 to 2009 [[:es:Anexo:Hablantes de español como lengua materna en el 2003 (según el Britannica Book)]]. Sources used by the Encyclopaedia Britannica (Ethnologue -14th edition, Joshua Project 2000 —People's List, U.S. Census Bureau.) {{Verify credibility|date=March 2010}}</ref> ! style="width:24%;"|Bilingual and as a second language speakers (in countries where Spanish is official)<ref name=Eurob2006>[http://ec.europa.eu/public_opinion/archives/ebs/ebs_243_en.pdf eurobarometer (2006)], [[:es:Anexo:Hablantes de español en la U.E. según el Eurobarómetro (2006)]] for Europe countries</ref> or as a foreign language (where it is not official)<ref name=SpanishStudents>Spanish students for countries out of Europe according to [http://cvc.cervantes.es/lengua/anuario/anuario_06-07/pdf/cifras.pdf Instituto Cervantes 06-07] (There aren't concrete sources about Spanish speakers as a second language except to Europe and Latin America countries).</ref> ! style="width:16%;"|Spanish speakers as percentage of abaadi<ref name="DemografíaLengEsp">[http://eprints.ucm.es/8936/1/DT03-06.pdf Demografía de la lengua española] (page 28) to countries with official spanish status.</ref> ! style="width:14%;"|Total number of Spanish speakers |- style="background:#efefef;" | {{flag|Mexico}} | 112,336,538 <ref>[http://www.conapo.gob.mx/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=36&Itemid=234 CONAPO] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110527065510/http://www.conapo.gob.mx/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=36&Itemid=234 |date=2011-05-27 }} (2010).</ref> | {{formatnum:{{#expr: 112336538 / 100 * 92.17 round 0}}}} <ref>[https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/mx.html cia.gov] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180129161335/https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/mx.html |date=2018-01-29 }}: Spanish only 92.7%</ref> | {{formatnum:{{#expr: 112336538 / 100 * 98.5 - 112336538 / 100 * 92.17 round 0}}}} | 98.5% <ref name="DemografíaLengEsp"/> | {{formatnum:{{#expr: 112336538 / 100 * 98.5 round 0}}}} |- style="background:#fff;" | {{flag|United States}} | 307,006,550 <ref name=USpopfinder>Population figure for 2009 from [http://factfinder.census.gov/servlet/SAFFPopulation U.S. Population in 1990, 2000, and 2009] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110624024924/http://factfinder.census.gov/servlet/SAFFPopulation |date=2011-06-24 }}, U.S. Census Bureau</ref> |35,468,501 <ref>Hispanics older than 5 years old ([http://factfinder.census.gov/servlet/STTable?_bm=y&-geo_id=01000US&-qr_name=ACS_2009_1YR_G00_S1601&-ds_name=ACS_2009_1YR_G00_&-_lang=en&-redoLog=false US Census Bureau 2009] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110606173334/http://factfinder.census.gov/servlet/STTable?_bm=y&-geo_id=01000US&-qr_name=ACS_2009_1YR_G00_S1601&-ds_name=ACS_2009_1YR_G00_&-_lang=en&-redoLog=false |date=2011-06-06 }})</ref> | 14,531,499 | {{#expr: 50000000 / 307006550 * 100 round 1}}% | 50,000,000<ref>[[Academia Norteamericana de la Lengua Española]]: [http://www.elcastellano.org/noticia.php?id=1113 elcastellano.org] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160224203228/http://www.elcastellano.org/noticia.php?id=1113 |date=2016-02-24 }}, José Ma. Ansón: [http://www.elcastellano.org/noticia.php?id=685 noticias elcastellano.org] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160224203229/http://www.elcastellano.org/noticia.php?id=685 |date=2016-02-24 }}, Jorge Ramos Avalos: [http://www.univision.com/content/content.jhtml?cid=1145765 univision.com], Elbio Rodríguez Barilari: [http://congresosdelalengua.es/valparaiso/ponencias/lengua_comunicacion/rodriguez_elbio.htm congresosdelalengua.es] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130715164424/http://congresosdelalengua.es/valparaiso/ponencias/lengua_comunicacion/rodriguez_elbio.htm |date=2013-07-15 }} , [http://www.abcdesevilla.es/hemeroteca/historico-29-03-2008/sevilla/Cultura/mas-de-70-expertos-participaran-en-la-iii-acta-internacional-de-la-lengua-espa%C3%B1ola-en-la-rabida_1641753752939.html III Acta Internacional de la Lengua Española], [http://www.nytimes.com/2011/03/13/arts/television/cnn-en-espanol-restructures-its-programming.html nytimes.com] (The United States is now the second-largest Spanish-speaking country in the world, with more Spanish speakers than Spain, and exceeded only by Mexico).</ref><ref>There are 50,477,594 Hispanic people from a total US abaadi of more than 308 million according to the [https://web.archive.org/web/20110102165602/http://www.census.gov/popest/states/asrh/tables/SC-EST2009-04.xls Census Bureau 2010]. 35,468,501 Hispanics older than 5 speak Spanish at home, so there are 15 million posible Spanish speakers as a second language with differents knowladges. In addition, there are 6 ([http://www.cervantes.es/docs/Enciclopedia_del_espa%C3%B1ol_en_el_mundo.pdf cervantes.es]) or 7.8 ([http://www.fundacionsiglo.com/espanol/cap1.pdf fundacionsiglo.com] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120527180733/http://www.fundacionsiglo.com/espanol/cap1.pdf |date=2012-05-27 }}) million Spanish students in USA, many of them are not Hispanics. Finally, there are 9 million illegal Hispanics in USA, some of them aren't in the census ([http://www.impre.com/laraza/opinion/editorial/2009/4/19/palidos-de-hambre-120230-1.html impre.com] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120111083239/http://www.impre.com/laraza/opinion/editorial/2009/4/19/palidos-de-hambre-120230-1.html |date=2012-01-11 }}).</ref> |- style="background:#efefef;" | {{flag|Spain}} | 47,150,819 <ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ine.es/ |title=INE Datos básicos ... acceso directo (1/1/2010) |publisher=Ine.es |date=2001-05-28 |accessdate=2011-02-05}}</ref> | {{formatnum:{{#expr: 47150819 / 100 * 89.0 round 0}}}} <ref>89.0% speak Spanish as a first language ([http://ec.europa.eu/public_opinion/archives/ebs/ebs_243_en.pdf eurobarometer (2006)])</ref> | {{formatnum:{{#expr: 47150819 / 100 * 98.8 - 47150819 / 100 * 89.0 round 0}}}} | 98.8% <ref name="DemografíaLengEsp"/> | {{formatnum:{{#expr: 47150819 / 100 * 98.8 round 0}}}} |- style="background:#efefef;" | {{flag|Colombia}} | 46,010,000 <ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.dane.gov.co/reloj/reloj_animado.php |title=DANE |publisher=DANE |date= |accessdate=2010-09-01 |archive-date=2012-01-14 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120114091321/http://www.dane.gov.co/reloj/reloj_animado.php |url-status=dead }}</ref> | {{formatnum:{{#expr: 46010000 / 100 * 99.03 round 0}}}} | {{formatnum:{{#expr: 46010000 / 100 * 99.2 - 46010000 / 100 * 99.03 round 0}}}} | 99.2% <ref name="DemografíaLengEsp"/> | {{formatnum:{{#expr: 46010000 / 100 * 99.2 round 0}}}} |- style="background:#efefef;" | {{flag|Argentina}} | 40,900,496 <ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.indec.mecon.ar/nuevaweb/cuadros/2/proyecyestimaciones_1950-2015.pdf |title=SINTITUL-7 |format=PDF |date= |accessdate=2011-02-05 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20051109220415/http://www.indec.mecon.ar/nuevaweb/cuadros/2/proyecyestimaciones_1950-2015.pdf |archivedate=2005-11-09 |url-status=live }}</ref> | {{formatnum:{{#expr: 40900496 / 100 * 96.84 round 0}}}} | {{formatnum:{{#expr: 40900496 / 100 * 99.4 - 40900496 / 100 * 96.84 round 0}}}} | 99.4% <ref name="DemografíaLengEsp"/> | {{formatnum:{{#expr: 40900496 / 100 * 99.4 round 0}}}} |- style="background:#efefef;" | {{flag|Venezuela}} | 29,243,000<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.ine.gov.ve/ |title=(30 Aug., 2010) |publisher=INE |date= |accessdate=2010-07-01 |archive-date=2019-09-12 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190912233212/http://www.ine.gov.ve/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> | {{formatnum:{{#expr: 29243000 / 100 * 96.48 round 0}}}} | {{formatnum:{{#expr: 29243000 / 100 * 98.8 - 29243000 / 100 * 96.48 round 0}}}} | 98.8% <ref name="DemografíaLengEsp"/> | {{formatnum:{{#expr: 29243000 / 100 * 98.8 round 0}}}} |- style="background:#efefef;" | {{flag|Peru}} | 29,797,694 <ref>{{cite web |author=Ezio Quispe Fernández |url=http://www.inei.gob.pe/ |title=(2011) |publisher=INEI |date= |accessdate=2010-04-21 |archive-date=1997-04-12 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/19970412040139/http://www.inei.gob.pe/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> | {{formatnum:{{#expr: 29797694 / 100 * 79.77 round 0}}}} | {{formatnum:{{#expr: 29797694 / 100 * 86.6 - 29797694 / 100 * 79.77 round 0}}}} | 86.6% <ref name="DemografíaLengEsp"/> | {{formatnum:{{#expr: 29797694 / 100 * 86.6 round 0}}}} |- style="background:#efefef;" | {{flag|Chile}} | 17,248,450 <ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ine.cl/canales/chile_estadistico/demografia_y_vitales/proyecciones/Informes/Microsoft%20Word%20-%20InforP_T.pdf |title=INE (Chile - 2011)|format=PDF |date= |accessdate=2010-04-21}}</ref> | {{formatnum:{{#expr: 17248450 / 100 * 89.94 round 0}}}} | {{formatnum:{{#expr: 17248450 / 100 * 99.3 - 17248450 / 100 * 89.94 round 0}}}} | 99.3% <ref name="DemografíaLengEsp"/> | {{formatnum:{{#expr: 17248450 / 100 * 99.3 round 0}}}} |- style="background:#efefef;" | {{flag|Ecuador}} | 14,306,000 <ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ecuadorencifras.com/cifras-inec/main.html |title=Ecuador en Cifras |publisher=INEC |date= |accessdate=2010-09-01}}</ref> | {{formatnum:{{#expr: 14306000 / 100 * 92.96 round 0}}}} | {{formatnum:{{#expr: 14306000 / 100 * 98.1 - 14306000 / 100 * 92.96 round 0}}}} | 98.1% <ref name="DemografíaLengEsp"/> | {{formatnum:{{#expr: 14306000 / 100 * 98.1 round 0}}}} |- style="background:#efefef;" | {{flag|Guatemala}} | 14,361,666 <ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ine.gob.gt/index.php/demografia-y-poblacion/42-demografiaypoblacion/207-infodemo2010 |title=Información Demógrafica 2010 |publisher=INE |date=2007-09-21 |accessdate=2011-02-05}}</ref> | {{formatnum:{{#expr: 14361666 / 100 * 64.7 round 0}}}} | {{formatnum:{{#expr: 14361666 / 100 * 86.4 - 14361666 / 100 * 64.7 round 0}}}} | 86.4% <ref name="DemografíaLengEsp"/> | {{formatnum:{{#expr: 14361666 / 100 * 86.4 round 0}}}} |- style="background:#efefef;" | {{flag|Cuba}} | 11,235,863 <ref name="autogenerated1">{{cite web|url=http://www.one.cu/aec2009/datos/3.1.xls|title=UN (2010)|date=|accessdate=2011-02-05|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20101221033803/http://www.one.cu/aec2009/datos/3.1.xls|archivedate=2010-12-21|url-status=live}}</ref> | 11,235,863 | | 99.4% <ref name="DemografíaLengEsp"/> | {{formatnum:{{#expr: 11235863 / 100 * 99.4 round 0}}}} |- style="background:#efefef;" | {{flag|Dominican Republic}} | 10,225,000 <ref name="autogenerated1"/> | {{formatnum:{{#expr: 10225000 / 100 * 98.98 round 0}}}} | {{formatnum:{{#expr: 10225000 / 100 * 99.6 - 10225000 / 100 * 98.98 round 0}}}} | 99.6% <ref name="DemografíaLengEsp"/> | {{formatnum:{{#expr: 10225000/ 100 * 99.6 round 0}}}} |- style="background:#efefef;" | {{flag|Bolivia}} | 10,426,154 <ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ine.gov.bo/indice/visualizador.aspx?ah=PC20410.HTM |title=(2010) |publisher=INE |date= |accessdate=2010-04-21}}</ref> | {{formatnum:{{#expr: 10426154 / 100 * 41.73 round 0}}}} | {{formatnum:{{#expr: 10426154 / 100 * 87.9 - 10426154 / 100 * 41.73 round 0}}}} | 87.9% <ref name="DemografíaLengEsp"/> | {{formatnum:{{#expr: 10426154 / 100 * 87.9 round 0}}}} |- style="background:#efefef;" | {{flag|Honduras}} | 8,215,313 <ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ine.gob.hn/drupal/sites/default/files/Resumen%20de%20la%20Proyeccion%20de%20Poblacion%20de%20Honduras%202001-2015_0.xls|title=INE (2011)|date=|accessdate=2011-02-05|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110519232641/http://www.ine.gob.hn/drupal/sites/default/files/Resumen%20de%20la%20Proyeccion%20de%20Poblacion%20de%20Honduras%202001-2015_0.xls|archivedate=2011-05-19|url-status=live}}</ref> | {{formatnum:{{#expr: 8215313 / 100 * 97.16 round 0}}}} | {{formatnum:{{#expr: 8215313 / 100 * 99.0 - 8215313 / 100 * 97.16 round 0}}}} | 99.0% <ref name="DemografíaLengEsp"/> | {{formatnum:{{#expr: 8215313 / 100 * 99.0 round 0}}}} |- style="background:#efefef;" | {{flag|El Salvador}} | 6,183,002 <ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20090919205554/http://www.digestyc.gob.sv/Portada/Presentacion%20Poblacion.pdf Census 2010 estimation] (page 32)</ref> | 6,183,002 | | 99.7% <ref name="DemografíaLengEsp"/> | {{formatnum:{{#expr: 6183002 / 100 * 99.7 round 0}}}} |- style="background:#fff;" | {{flag|France}} | 64,057,790 | 440,106 <ref>1% of 44,010,619 (abaadi of France older than 15 years in 2005). Source: Eurobarometer 2006. There are 179,678 immigrants from Spain according to INE (1/1/2009)</ref> | 5,721,380 | 9.6% | 6,161,486 <ref name=Eurob2006/> |- style="background:#efefef;" | {{flag|Nicaragua}} | 5,822,000 <ref name="autogenerated1"/> | {{formatnum:{{#expr: 5822000 / 100 * 87.4 round 0}}}} | {{formatnum:{{#expr: 5822000 / 100 * 97.0 - 5822000 / 100 * 87.4 round 0}}}} | 97.0% <ref name="DemografíaLengEsp"/> | {{formatnum:{{#expr: 5822000 / 100 * 97.0 round 0}}}} |- style="background:#fff;" | {{flag|Morocco}} | 31,759,997<ref>[http://www.hcp.ma/ Morocco census]</ref> | 20,000 <ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ethnologue.com/show_country.asp?name=MA |title=ethnologue.com |publisher=ethnologue.com |date= |accessdate=2010-04-21}}</ref> | 5,480,000 | 17.32% | 5,500,000<ref>there are between 4 and 7 million Spanish speakers in Morocco (Ammadi, 2002) [http://www.educacion.es/exterior/ma/es/File/MI%20ARTICULO%20PDF%20OK.pdf educacion.es]</ref><ref>According to a survey made in 2005 by CIDOB ([http://www.realinstitutoelcano.org/wps/portal/rielcano/contenido?WCM_GLOBAL_CONTEXT=/elcano/elcano_es/zonas_es/lengua+y+cultura/ari116-2008 realinstitutoelcano.org] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160718084050/http://www.realinstitutoelcano.org/wps/portal/rielcano/contenido?WCM_GLOBAL_CONTEXT=/elcano/elcano_es/zonas_es/lengua+y+cultura/ari116-2008 |date=2016-07-18 }}, [http://www.afapredesa.org/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=195&Itemid=2 afapredesa.org]). According to the Morocco Census of 2004, the Morocco abaadi is 29,680,069 ([http://www.hcp.ma/ hcp.ma]</ref> |- style="background:#fff;" | {{flag|Brazil}} | 190,732,694 <ref>[http://www.ibge.gov.br/home/presidencia/noticias/noticia_visualiza.php?id_noticia=1766&id_pagina=1 IBGE 2010]</ref> | 448,689 <ref>50% of 733,000 foreigners in Brazil are from [[Mercosur]] (Page 32 [http://eprints.ucm.es/8936/1/DT03-06.pdf] + 82,189 spanish immigrants ([http://www.ine.es/jaxi/tabla.do?path=/t20/p85001/a2010/l0/&file=01001.px&type=pcaxis&L=0 INE (1/1/2010)]).</ref> | 5,000,000<ref>[http://www.cervantes.es/imagenes/File/prensa/anuario2009.pdf 2009 Annuary of the Instituto Cervantes]: More than 5 million students are learning Spanish. [http://www.elcastellano.org/noticia.php?id=775 elcastellano.org] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090615014710/http://www.elcastellano.org/noticia.php?id=775 |date=2009-06-15 }},[http://editor.elespectador.com/brasil/articulo43526-presidente-brasileno-espera-los-ninos-hablen-espanol elespectador.com] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140408173436/http://editor.elespectador.com/brasil/articulo43526-presidente-brasileno-espera-los-ninos-hablen-espanol |date=2014-04-08 }}, [http://www.oei.org.co/noticias/noticia12042007_1.htm oei.org.co]: Luiz Inácio Lula da Silva, president of Brazil: Near 9 million students are learning Spanish and the forecast is 12 million in 2010. [http://www.cervantes.es/docs/Espanol_en_Brasil.pdf Instituto Cervantes]: More than 1 million of spanish students in the private school and almost 11 million estimated for 2010 in the public school.</ref> | 2.86% | 5,448,689 |- style="background:#efefef;" | {{flag|Costa Rica}} | 4,615,646 <ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.inec.go.cr/Web/Home/GeneradorPagina.aspx |title=Primera variación del año registró un 0,68% |publisher=INEC |date= |accessdate=2011-02-05}}</ref> | {{formatnum:{{#expr: 4615646 / 100 * 97.25 round 0}}}} | {{formatnum:{{#expr: 4615646 / 100 * 99.2 - 4615646 / 100 * 97.25 round 0}}}} | 99.2% <ref name="DemografíaLengEsp"/> | {{formatnum:{{#expr: 4615646 / 100 * 99.2 round 0}}}} |- style="background:#efefef;" | {{flag|Paraguay}} | 6,460,000 | 369,000 | 4,043,555 | 69.5% <ref name="DemografíaLengEsp"/> | {{formatnum:{{#expr: 6460000 / 100 * 69.5 round 0}}}} |- style="background:#efefef;" | {{flag|Puerto Rico}} | 3,998,000 <ref name="autogenerated1"/> | {{formatnum:{{#expr: 3998000 / 100 * 95.10 round 0}}}} <ref>95.10% of the abaadi speaks Spanish ([http://factfinder.census.gov/servlet/GRTTable?_bm=y&-geo_id=01000US&-_box_head_nbr=R1602&-ds_name=ACS_2007_1YR_G00_&-_lang=en&-redoLog=true&-format=US-30&-mt_name=ACS_2005_EST_G00_R0504_US30&-CONTEXT=grt U.S. Census Bureau] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110606220348/http://factfinder.census.gov/servlet/GRTTable?_bm=y&-geo_id=01000US&-_box_head_nbr=R1602&-ds_name=ACS_2007_1YR_G00_&-_lang=en&-redoLog=true&-format=US-30&-mt_name=ACS_2005_EST_G00_R0504_US30&-CONTEXT=grt |date=2011-06-06 }})</ref> | {{formatnum:{{#expr: 3998000 / 100 * 98.8 - 3998000 / 100 * 95.10 round 0}}}} | 98.8% <ref name="DemografíaLengEsp"/> | {{formatnum:{{#expr: 3998000 / 100 * 98.8 round 0}}}} |- style="background:#fff;" | {{flag|United Kingdom}} | 60,943,912 | 107,654 <ref>59,017 immigrants from Spain (Spanish census 2001) + 48,637 immigrants from Colombia. [http://www.bolpress.com/art.php?Cod=2002068592 Open Channels and Colombian consul (1999)]</ref> | 3,814,846 | 6.4% | 3,922,500 <ref name=Eurob2006/> |- style="background:#efefef;" | {{flag|Uruguay}} | 3,372,000 <ref name="autogenerated1"/> | {{formatnum:{{#expr: 3372000 / 100 * 96.6 round 0}}}} | {{formatnum:{{#expr: 3372000 / 100 * 98.9 - 3372000 / 100 * 96.6 round 0}}}} | 98.9% <ref name="DemografíaLengEsp"/> | {{formatnum:{{#expr: 3372000 / 100 * 98.9 round 0}}}} |- style="background:#efefef;" | {{flag|Panama}} | 3,508,000 <ref name="autogenerated1"/> | {{formatnum:{{#expr: 3508000 / 100 * 76.8 round 0}}}} | {{formatnum:{{#expr: 3508000 / 100 * 93.1 - 3508000 / 100 * 76.8 round 0}}}} | 93.1% <ref name="DemografíaLengEsp"/> | {{formatnum:{{#expr: 3508000 / 100 * 93.1 round 0}}}} |- style="background:#fff;" | {{flag|Philippines}} | 96,061,683 | 2,660 <ref>[http://www.ethnologue.com/show_country.asp?name=PH Ethnologue]. There are 2,532 immigrants from Spain according to [http://www.ine.es/jaxi/menu.do?type=pcaxis&path=%2Ft20%2Fp85001&file=inebase&L= INE] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101207025255/http://www.ine.es/jaxi/menu.do?type=pcaxis&path=%2Ft20%2Fp85001&file=inebase&L= |date=2010-12-07 }} (1/1/2009)</ref> | 3,014,115 | 3.1% | 3,016,773 <ref>1,816,773 Spanish + 1,200,000 Spanish creole: Antonio Quilis "La lengua española en Filipinas", 1996 pag.234 [http://www.cervantesvirtual.com/servlet/SirveObras/01350553135573500088680/209438_0013.pdf cervantesvirtual.com], [http://www.mepsyd.es/exterior/au/es/File/Ten_Reasons_low-res(1).pdf mepsyd.es] (page 23), [http://www.mepsyd.es/redele/Biblioteca2006/DavidSanchez/Memoria.pdf mepsyd.es] (page 249), [http://spanish-differences.com/Spanish/Philippines-Spanish.php spanish-differences.com] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090817015943/http://spanish-differences.com/Spanish/Philippines-Spanish.php |date=2009-08-17 }}, [http://www.aresprensa.com/cms/cms/front_content.php?idart=208 aresprensa.com] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081223115032/http://www.aresprensa.com/cms/cms/front_content.php?idart=208 |date=2008-12-23 }}. The figure 2,900,000 Spanish speakers, we can find in [http://books.google.es/books?ei=vCXASpS0LqXkmwO0lZnlBg&ct=result&q=Pluricentric+languages%3A+differing+norms+in+different+nations+spanish+philippines+speakers&btnG=Buscar+libros "Pluricentric languages: differing norms in different nations"] (page 45 by R.W.Thompson), or in [http://www.sispain.org/spanish/language/worldwid.html sispain.org]./ More than 2 million Spanish speakers and around 3 million with Chavacano speakers according to "Instituto Cervantes de Manila" ([http://www.elcastellano.org/noticia.php?id=505 elcastellano.org] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100629084919/http://www.elcastellano.org/noticia.php?id=505 |date=2010-06-29 }})</ref> |- style="background:#fff;" | {{flag|Germany}} | 82,369,548 | 140,000 <ref>Britannica Book of the Year 1998 [http://cvc.cervantes.es/lengua/anuario/anuario_99/otero/p03.htm#7]. There are 103,063 immigrants from Spain according to INE (1/1/2009)</ref> | 2,566,972 | 3.2% | 2,706,972 <ref name=Eurob2006/> |- style="background:#fff;" | {{flag|Italy}} | 58,145,321 | 89,905 <ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.mmrree.gov.ec/mre/documentos/novedades/boletines/ano2003/julio/bol257.htm |title=14,905 Spanish (Census 2001) + 75,000 from Ecuador |publisher=Mmrree.gov.ec |date= |accessdate=2010-04-21 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20080611085532/http://www.mmrree.gov.ec/mre/documentos/novedades/boletines/ano2003/julio/bol257.htm |archivedate=2008-06-11 |url-status=live }}</ref> | 1,968,320 | 3.5% | 2,058,225 <ref name=Eurob2006/> |- style="background:#efefef;" | {{flag|Equatorial Guinea}} | 1,153,915 <ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.abaadi-statistics.com/wg.php?x=&men=gpro&lng=es&dat=32&srt=pnan&col=dq&geo=-91 |title=Equatorial Guinea census (2009) |publisher=Population-statistics.com |date= |accessdate=2010-04-21 }}{{Dead link|date=February 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> | n.a. | 1,044,293 | 90.5% <ref name="DemografíaLengEsp"/><ref>13,7% of the abaadi speaks Spanish with native knowladge and other 74% as a second language [http://cvc.cervantes.es/lengua/anuario/anuario_06-07/pdf/paises_08.pdf cvc.cervantes.es].</ref> | {{formatnum:{{#expr: 1153915 / 100 * 90.5 round 0}}}} |- style="background:#fff;" | {{flag|Canada}} | 33,212,696 | 909,000 <ref>PMB Statistics 2006 [http://www.mediaincanada.com/articles/mic/20061011/profile.html?page=2 mediaincanada.com] (Spanish-speaking people over the age of 12). Although Canada Census told about 345,345 people who speaks Spanish in 2006, Hispanic organizations claim about 520,260 Hispanics in 2001, and more than 700,000 in 2006 ([http://hispanosencanada.ca/portal/content/view/651/ hispanosencanada.ca]{{dead link|date=February 2011 }}, [http://dialogos.ca/revista/numero3/articulo2.htm dialogos.ca] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071113073613/http://dialogos.ca/revista/numero3/articulo2.htm |date=2007-11-13 }}), and currently there are near 1 million: ([https://web.archive.org/web/20071109125024/http://www.tlntv.com/pressReleases/2007/TLN%20EN%20ESPANOL%20is%20born.pdf tlntv.com].</ref> | 92,853 <ref name="SpanishStudents"/> | 3% | 1,001,853 |- style="background:#fff;" | {{flag|Portugal}} | 10,676,910 | 9,744 | 727,282 | 6.9% | 737,026 <ref name=Eurob2006/> |- style="background:#fff;" | {{flag|Netherlands}} | 16,645,313 | 19,978 <ref>Spanish (census 2001)</ref> | 662,116 | 4.1% | 682,094 <ref name=Eurob2006/> |- style="background:#fff;" | {{flag|Belgium}} | 10,403,951 | 85,990 <ref>1% of 8,598,982 (abaadi of Belgium older than 15 years in 2005). Source: Eurobarometer 2006</ref> | 515,939 | 5.8% | 601,929 <ref name=Eurob2006/> |- style="background:#fff;" | {{flag|Romania}} | 22,246,862 | | 544,531 | 2.4% | 544,531 <ref name=Eurob2006/> |- style="background:#fff;" | {{flag|Sweden}} | 9,045,389 | 101,472 <ref>Sweden Census SCB (2002)</ref> | 442,601 | 6% | 544,073 <ref name=Eurob2006/> |- style="background:#fff;" | {{flag|Australia}} | 21,007,310 | 106,517 <ref>Page 32 of the [http://www.ucm.es/info/icei/pdf/DT%2003-06.pdf "Demogeafía de la lengua española"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090612022111/http://www.ucm.es/info/icei/pdf/DT%2003-06.pdf |date=2009-06-12 }}. 104,000 according to Britannica Book of the Year 2003</ref> | 374,571 <ref>Page 32 of the [http://eprints.ucm.es/8936/1/DT03-06.pdf Demografía de la lengua española "Demografía de la lengua española"]</ref> | 2.3% | 481,088 <ref name="SpanishStudents"/> |- style="background:#fff;" | {{flag|Poland}} | 38,500,696 | | 316,104 | 0.8% | 316,104 <ref name=Eurob2006/> |- style="background:#fff;" | {{flag|Austria}} | 8,205,533 | | 267,177 | 3.3% | 267,177 <ref name=Eurob2006/> |- style="background:#fff;" | {{flag|Ivory Coast}} | 20,179,602 | | 235,806 <ref name="SpanishStudents"/> | 1.2% | 235,806 |- style="background:#fff;" | {{flag|Algeria}} | 33,769,669 | | 223,000 <ref>Between 150,000 and 200,000 in Tinduf ([http://www.aprendemas.com/Noticias/html/N1960_F17012007.HTML aprendemas.com]) + 48,000 in Wilaya of Oran (page 31 of [http://www.ucm.es/info/icei/pdf/DT%2003-06.pdf Demografía de la lengua española] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090612022111/http://www.ucm.es/info/icei/pdf/DT%2003-06.pdf |date=2009-06-12 }})</ref> | 0.7% | 223,379 |- style="background:#fff;" | {{flag|Denmark}} | 5,484,723 | | 219,003 | 4% | 219,003 <ref name=Eurob2006/> |- style="background:#fff;" | {{flag|Israel}} | 7,112,359 | 130,000 <ref>50,000 sefardíes (Britannica Book of the Year 1998)[http://cvc.cervantes.es/obref/anuario/anuario_99/otero/p03.htm] + 80,000 from Iberoamerica [http://cvc.cervantes.es/obref/congresos/sevilla/comunicacion/ponenc_shadas.htm]</ref> | 45,231 | 2.5% | 175,231 <ref>Pages 34, 35 of the [http://www.ucm.es/info/icei/pdf/DT%2003-06.pdf "Demografía de la lengua española"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090612022111/http://www.ucm.es/info/icei/pdf/DT%2003-06.pdf |date=2009-06-12 }}.</ref> |- style="background:#fff;" | {{flag|Switzerland}} | 7,581,520 | 123,000 <ref>{{cite web|author=Centro Virtual Cervantes |url=http://cvc.cervantes.es/lengua/anuario/anuario_99/otero/p03.htm#7 |title=Britannica Book of the Year 1998 |publisher=Cvc.cervantes.es |date= |accessdate=2010-04-21}}</ref> | 14,420 | 1.7% <ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.all-about-switzerland.info/swiss-abaadi-languages.html |title=all-about-switzerland.info |publisher=all-about-switzerland.info |date= |accessdate=2010-04-21}}{{dead link|date=February 2011}}</ref> | 137,420 |- style="background:#fff;" | {{flag|Japan}} | 127,288,419 | 76,565 <ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.publico.es/250381/los-japoneses-latinos-se-sienten-discriminados |title=70,000 from Peru |publisher=publico.es |date=2009-09-09 |accessdate=2011-02-05}}</ref> | 60,000 <ref name="SpanishStudents"/> | 0.1% | 136,565 |- style="background:#fff;" | {{flag|Bulgaria}} | 7,262,675 | | 133,910 | 1.8% | 133,910 <ref name=Eurob2006/> |- style="background:#fff;" | {{flag|Belize}} | 301,270 | 106,795 <ref name="Demografía de la lengua española">Page 32 of [http://www.ucm.es/info/icei/pdf/DT%2003-06.pdf Demografía de la lengua española] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090612022111/http://www.ucm.es/info/icei/pdf/DT%2003-06.pdf |date=2009-06-12 }}</ref> | 21,848 | 42.7% | 128,643 <ref name="Demografía de la lengua española"/> |- style="background:#fff;" | {{flag|Netherlands Antilles}} | 223,652 | 10,699 | 114,835 | 56.1% | 125,534 |- style="background:#fff;" | {{flag|Ireland}} | 4,156,119 | | 123,591 | 3% | 123,591 <ref name=Eurob2006/> |- style="background:#fff;" | {{flag|Senegal}} | 12,853,259 | | 101,455 <ref name="SpanishStudents"/> | 0.8% | 101,455 |- style="background:#fff;" | {{flag|Greece}} | 10,722,816 | | 86,742 | 0.8% | 86,742 <ref name=Eurob2006/> |- style="background:#fff;" | {{flag|Finland}} | 5,244,749 | | 85,586 | 1.6% | 85,586 <ref name=Eurob2006/> |- style="background:#fff;" | {{flag|Hungary}} | 9,930,915 | | 85,034 | 0.9% | 85,034 <ref name=Eurob2006/> |- style="background:#fff;" | {{flag|Aruba}} | 100,018 | 6,800 | 68,602 | 75.3% | 75,402 |- style="background:#fff;" | {{flag|Croatia}} | 4,491,543 | | 73,656 | 1.6% | 73,656 <ref name=Eurob2006/> |- style="background:#fff;" | {{flag|Andorra}} | 84,484 | 29,907 <ref>35.4% speak Spanish as a first language [http://www.iea.ad/cres/observatori/temes/llengua3trimestre2005.htm www.iea.ad] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100529044524/http://www.iea.ad/cres/observatori/temes/llengua3trimestre2005.htm |date=2010-05-29 }}</ref> | 25,356 | 68.7% <ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.iea.ad/cres/observatori/temes/llengua3trimestre2005.htm |title=www.iea.ad |publisher=www.iea.ad |date= |accessdate=2010-04-21 |archive-date=2010-05-29 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100529044524/http://www.iea.ad/cres/observatori/temes/llengua3trimestre2005.htm |url-status=dead }}</ref> | 58,040 |- style="background:#fff;" | {{flag|Slovakia}} | 5,455,407 | | 43,164 | 0.8% | 43,164 <ref name=Eurob2006/> |- style="background:#fff;" | {{flag|Norway}} | 4,644,457 | 12,573 | 23,677 | 0.8% | 36,250 <ref name=Eurob2006/> |- style="background:#fff;" | {{flag|Russia}} | 140,702,094 | 3,320 | 20,000 <ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.cervantes.es/imagenes/File/prensa/anuario2009.pdf |title=ANUARIO IC 2009 |format=PDF |date= |accessdate=2010-11-06}}</ref> | 0.01% | 23,320 |- style="background:#fff;" | {{flag|New Zealand}} | 4,173,460 | 21,645 <ref>New Zealand census (2006)</ref> | | 0.5% | 21,645 |- style="background:#fff;" | {{flag|Guam}} | 154,805 | | 19,092 | 12.3% | 19,092 <ref>Page 34 of the [http://eprints.ucm.es/8936/1/DT03-06.pdf Demografía de la Lengua Española]</ref> |- style="background:#fff;" | {{flagicon|United States Virgin Islands}} [[US Virgin Islands]] | 108,612 | 16,788 | | 15.5% | 16,788 |- style="background:#fff;" | {{flag|China}} | 1,345,751,000 | 2,292<ref>Spanish residents in China ([http://www.ine.es/jaxi/menu.do?type=pcaxis&path=%2Ft20%2Fp85001&file=inebase&L= INE, 2009] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101207025255/http://www.ine.es/jaxi/menu.do?type=pcaxis&path=%2Ft20%2Fp85001&file=inebase&L= |date=2010-12-07 }})</ref> | 12,835 <ref name="SpanishStudents"/> | 0.001124% | 15,127 |- style="background:#fff;" | {{flag|Lithuania}} | 3,565,205 | | 13,943 | 0.4% | 13,943 <ref name=Eurob2006/> |- style="background:#fff;" | {{flag|Gibraltar}} | 27,967 | 13,857 | | 49.5% | 13,857 |- style="background:#fff;" | {{flag|Cyprus}} | 792,604 | | | 1.4% | 11,044 <ref name=Eurob2006/> |- style="background:#fff;" | {{flag|Turkey}} | 71,892,807 | 380 | 8,000 <ref>Page 37 of the [http://www.ucm.es/info/icei/pdf/DT%2003-06.pdf Demografía de la lengua española] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090612022111/http://www.ucm.es/info/icei/pdf/DT%2003-06.pdf |date=2009-06-12 }}</ref> | 0.01% | 8,380 |- style="background:#fff;" | {{flag|Jamaica}} | 2,804,322 | 8,000 | | 0.3% | 8,000 |- style="background:#fff;" | {{flag|Luxembourg}} | 486,006 | 3,000 | 4,344 | 1.5% | 7,344 <ref name=Eurob2006/> |- style="background:#fff;" | {{flag|Malta}} | 403,532 | 6,458 | | 1.6% | 6,458 <ref name=Eurob2006/> |- style="background:#fff;" | {{flag|Trinidad and Tobago}} | 1,047,366 | 4,100 | | 0.4% | 4,100 |- style="background:#fff;" | {{flag|Western Sahara}} | 513,000 <ref name="UN 2009 estimate"/> | n.a.<ref>The Spanish 1970 census claims 16.648 Spanish speakers in Western Sahara ( [http://cvc.cervantes.es/lengua/anuario/anuario_99/otero/p03.htm#7]) but probably most of them were people born in Spain who left after the Moroccan annexation</ref> | n.a. | n.a. | n.a. |- style="background:#efefef;" | '''Total native speakers in the world + bilingual and as a second language where Spanish is official:''' | |rowspan=2| {{formatnum:{{#expr: 103540587 + 35468501 + 41964229 + 45563703 + 39608040 + 28213646 + 23769621 + 15513256 + 13298858 + 9291998 + 11235863 + 10120705 + 4350834 + 7981998 + 6183002 + 2397380 + 5088428 + 20000 + 448689 + 4488716 + 369000 + 3802098 + 3257352 + 2694144 + 2660 + 909000 + 106517 + 130000 + 123000 + 76565 + 106795 + 10699 + 6800 + 29907 + 12573 + 3320 + 21645 + 16788 + 2292 + 13857 + 8000 + 4100 round 0}}}} <ref name=demogr>[http://eprints.ucm.es/8936/1/DT03-06.pdf Demografía de la lengua española] (page 38). 359.5 million people where Spanish is official and 40.5 where it is not official with native knowladges of Spanish, and another 40 million with limited knowladges. The figures of the census used are from 2000 to 2005.</ref> | 32,440,098 | |''' {{formatnum:{{#expr: 110651490 + 35468501 + 46585009 + 45641920 + 40655093 + 28892084 + 25804803 + 17127711 + 14034186 + 12408479 + 11168448 + 10184100 + 9164589 + 8133160 + 6164453 + 2397380 + 5647340 + 20000 + 448689 + 4578721 + 4489700 + 3950024 + 3334908 + 3265948 + 2660 + 1044293 + 909000 + 106517 + 130000 + 123.000 + 76565 + 106795 + 10699 + 6.800 + 23618 + 21645 + 12573 + 3320 + 16788 + 2608 + 8000 + 4100 round 0}}}} ''' <ref>450 million Spanish speakers ([http://www.fundacionblu.org/actaslengua/acta_conclusiones_lengua_espanola.asp?id=1 I] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110129052910/http://www.fundacionblu.org/actaslengua/acta_conclusiones_lengua_espanola.asp?id=1 |date=2011-01-29 }} and [http://www.fundacionblu.org/actaslengua/acta_lengua_espanola.asp?id=7 IV] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101015030418/http://www.fundacionblu.org/actaslengua/acta_lengua_espanola.asp?id=7 |date=2010-10-15 }} International minutes of the Spanish language, and [http://www.cervantes.es/sobre_instituto_cervantes/prensa/2009/noticias/caffarel_casa_america.htm Instituto Cervantes]). 460 million Spanish speakers ([http://pdf.diariohoy.net/2007/03/25/pdf/10-c.pdf diariohoy.net], [http://www.lne.es/sociedad-cultura/1583/colombia-convierte-capital-lengua-espanola/503977.html lne.es])</ref> |- style="background:#fff;" | '''Total with Spanish speakers as a foreign language:''' | | 81,213,062 | | ''' {{formatnum:{{#expr: 452696047 + 14531499 + 18922281 - 2397380 + 8536126 + 5480000 + 3014115 + 374571 + 45231 + 21848 + 114835 + 68602 + 25356 + 19092 + 16788 round 0}}}} '''<ref name=Es2009 /><ref>In addition to 452,653,523 speakers with native knowledges, there are 14,531,499 speakers as a second language in USA. There are 18,922,281 speakers in the EU ([[:es:Anexo:Hablantes de español en la U.E. según el Eurobarómetro (2006)]]), but 2,397,380 as a first language ([http://eprints.ucm.es/8936/1/DT03-06.pdf page 37]) are counted. There are 5,480,000 and 3,014,115 speakers as a secondary language in Morocco and Philippines. There are 18,000,000 students according to the Instituto Cervantes ([[:es:Anexo:Estudiantes de español]]), but there are already counted 6,000,000 students from U.S. (cosidered into the 14,531,499 second language speakers), and already considered counted 3,385,000 students into the 18,922,281 speakers in the EU out of Spain , according to the Eurobarometer. Finally 58,382 and 20,492 students considered counted into the Morocco and Philippines speakers. There are a total of 8,536,126 students more to add, avoiding double accounting.</ref> |} === Hafta ke din === {| class="wikitable" |- ! Fiji Hindi || Spanish |- ||Sombaar||lunes |- ||Mangar||martes |- ||Budh||miércoles |- ||Bif||jueves |- ||Suk||viernes |- ||Sanichar||sábado |- ||Etwaar||domingo |} <ref>{{Cite web |url=http://ancienthistory.about.com/od/socialculture/a/120709dieshebdomadis.htm |title=Latin Days of the week |access-date=2011-10-27 |archive-date=2011-11-18 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111118085633/http://ancienthistory.about.com/od/socialculture/a/120709dieshebdomadis.htm |url-status=dead }}</ref> == References == <references/> == Duusra websites == * [http://www.ethnologue.com/show_language.asp?code=spa Ethnologue report for Spanish] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20091022151050/http://geocities.com/Athens/Aegean/2444/splatin.html Spanish evolution from Latin] * {{es icon}} [http://buscon.rae.es/diccionario/drae.htm Dictionary of the RAE] [[Real Academia Española]]'s official Spanish language dictionary * [[Wikivoyage:Spanish phrasebook|Spanish phrasebook]] on [[Wikivoyage]] * [https://www.kopekpansiyonu.org/ Köpek pansiyonu] Gutenberg EBook * [http://www.verbix.com/languages/spanish.shtml Spanish verb conjugations] * [http://www.onlinespanishhelp.com/viewSentence.php Random Spanish Audio Examples] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090201092946/http://www.onlinespanishhelp.com/viewSentence.php |date=2009-02-01 }} * [http://www.gutenberg.org/files/15353/15353-h/15353-h.htm#e1 The Project Gutenberg EBook of A First Spanish Reader] by [[Erwin W. Roessler]] and [[Alfred Remy]]. {{InterWiki|code=es}} <!-- interwiki --> [[vibhag:Spanish bhasa| ]] [[vibhag:Spain ke bhasa]] [[vibhag:Romance bhasa]] k2vi3c724rxbn5y7hp38p9vq1p7877l Poland 0 2708 335903 326166 2026-06-17T19:16:50Z InternetArchiveBot 26740 Rescuing 0 sources and tagging 1 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 335903 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox Country | fullcountryname = Republic of Poland <br /><small>Polish bhasa:Rzeczpospolita Polska | image_flag = Flag of Poland.svg | image_coa = Coat of arms of Poland-official.png | image_location = Europe location POL.png | nationalmotto = Bóg, Honor, Ojczyzna <br />("God, Honor, [[wikt:fatherland|Fatherland]]") | nationalsong = Mazurek Dąbrowskiego | officiallanguages = Polish bhasa | otherlanguages =Belarusian bhasa, Cassubian bhasa, [[German bhasa|German]], aur Ukrainian bhasa | populationtotal = 38,483,957<ref>Główny Urząd Statystyczny. Baza Demografia. Ludność Polski. Stan na 30.06.2014. [http://demografia.stat.gov.pl/bazademografia/Tables.aspx] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181226014634/http://demografia.stat.gov.pl/bazademografia/ErrorH.aspx?aspxerrorpath=%2Fbazademografia%2FTables.aspx |date=2018-12-26 }}.</ref> | abaadirank = 34nd | abaadidensity = 123 | countrycapital = [[Warsaw]] | countrylargestcity = Warsaw | areatotal = 312,696<ref>Główny Urząd Statystyczny, dane za rok 2018, stan na 01.01.2018. [https://stat.gov.pl/obszary-tematyczne/ludnosc/ludnosc/powierzchnia-i-ludnosc-w-przekroju-terytorialnym-w-2018-roku,7,15.html]</ref><ref>Bankier.pl, Powierzchnia Polski wzrosła o 1643 ha [https://m.bankier.pl/wiadomosc/Powierzchnia-Polski-wzrosla-o-1643-ha-7603883.html]</ref> | arearank = 70th | areawater = 8,220 | areawaterpercent = | establishedin = 966 | leadertitlename = President: [[Karol Nawrocki]]<br />Prime Minister: [[Donald Tusk]] | currency = złoty | utcoffset = UTC+1<br />UTC+2 (Summer) | dialingcode = 48 | internettld = .pl }} '''Poland''' (Polish bhasa: ''Polska'') ke official naam '''Republic of Poland''' (Polish bhasa: ''Rzeczpospolita Polska''<ref name="Polish constitution">[http://www.sejm.gov.pl/prawo/konst/polski/1.htm Article 1 of Polish constitution]</ref>) hae. Iske parrosi des west me [[Germany]], south me [[Czechia]] aur [[Slovakia]], east me [[Ukraine]] aur [[Belarus]], aur north me [[Baltic Sea]], [[Lithuania]], aur [[Russia]] (Kaliningrad exclave). Iske paani ke border [[Denmark]] aur [[Sweden]] se [[Baltic Sea]] me hae. Poland ke puura land area 312,679&nbsp;km<sup>2</sup> (120,728&nbsp;mi<sup>2</sup>) hae. Iske matlab hae ki Poland dunia ke 77th sab se barraa des hae 38.5 million ke abaadi se. TPoland ke log jaada kar ke kuch barraa city me rahe hae jaise ki capital, [[Warsaw]] (Polish bhasa: ''Warszawa''), Łódź, Kraków, Katowice, Gdańsk aur Poznań. Poland des ke naam pahila dafe 966 me sunaa gais rahaa. 1569 me, Poland, Lithuania ke saathe jorr ke Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth banaa. Ii Commonwealth 1795 me tuut gais aur iske baad 123 talak poalnd ke log ke koi des nai rahaa. [[World War I]] ke baad Poland fir se independent bhaes lekin 1939 me iske Germany ayr Russia ke biich me baat dewa gais rahaa. [[World War II]] ke baad me ii ek communist des hoi ke Russia ke influence ke niche aais. 1989 me Poland communism ke chhorr diis aur ek liberal democracy ban gais. 2004 me Poland, [[European Union]] ke member an gais. Poland [[NATO]], [[United Nations]], aur [[World Trade Organization]] ke member bhi hae. ==Itihaas== ===Puraana itihaas=== [[File:Biskupin brama od zewnatrz.jpg|thumb|right|200px|Ek 8th century BC settlement ke reconstruction]] Uu jagha jahaan pe abhi Poland hae, pahila insaan ke species, [[Homo erectus]], lagbhag 500,000 saal phile base rahin, lekin kharaab mausam ke kaaran huan pe pakka settlement nai bane paais.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Fabisiak |first=Wojciech |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=g_8jAQAAIAAJ&q=500%2520000%2520lat%2520temu%2520polska%2520homo%2520erectus |title=Dzieje powiatu wrocławskiego |date=2002 |publisher=Starostwo Powiatowe |isbn=978-83-913985-3-1 |location=Wrocław |page=9 |language=pl |access-date=24 July 2023 |archive-date=24 July 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230724235907/https://books.google.com/books?id=g_8jAQAAIAAJ&q=500%2520000%2520lat%2520temu%2520polska%2520homo%2520erectus |url-status=live }}</ref> Jab picchhlaa ice age, lagbhag 10,000 BC me khalaas bhais, tab [[Homo sapiens]] log huan pe aae ke rahe lagin.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Jurek |first=Krzysztof |title=Poznać przeszłość 1. Karty pracy ucznia. Poziom podstawowy |date=2019 |publisher=Nowa Era |isbn=978-83-267-3653-7 |location=Warszawa (Warsaw) |page=93 |language=pl}}</ref> Hian pe 5,500BC me cheese banae ke sabuut milaa hae<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Subbaraman |first=Nidhi |date=12 December 2012 |title=Art of cheese-making is 7,500 years old |url=http://www.nature.com/news/art-of-cheese-making-is-7-500-years-old-1.12020 |journal=Nature News |doi=10.1038/nature.2012.12020 |s2cid=180646880 |access-date=7 August 2021 |archive-date=8 May 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210508085311/https://www.nature.com/news/art-of-cheese-making-is-7-500-years-old-1.12020 |url-status=live | issn=0028-0836}}</ref> aur pahiyaa waala gaarri ke 3,400BC ke chaapa bhi milaa hae.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Attema |first1=P. A. J. |last2=Los-Weijns |first2=Ma |last3=Pers |first3=N. D. Maring-Van der |date=December 2006 |title=Bronocice, Flintbek, Uruk, Jebel Aruda and Arslantepe: The Earliest Evidence Of Wheeled Vehicles In Europe And The Near East |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=qqEqjtKJQ3YC&dq=%22Bronocice,+Flintbek,+Uruk,+Jebel+Aruda+and+Arslantepe:+The+Earliest+Evidence+Of+Wheeled+Vehicles+In+Europe+And+The+Near+East%22&pg=PA10 |journal=Palaeohistoria |publisher=[[University of Groningen]] |volume=47 |pages=10–28 (11) |isbn=9789077922187}}</ref> 1300BC se 500BC talak ii ilaaka ke abaadi barrhe lagaa, permanent settlement banaa aur ii jagha ke sanskriti barrha.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Harding |first=Anthony |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=XoxoAgAAQBAJ&dq=%22bronze%2Bage%2Bpoland%2Blusatian%22&pg=PA772 |title=The Oxford Handbook of the European Bronze Age |date=2020 |publisher=University Press |isbn=978-0-19-885507-1 |location=Oxford |pages=766–783 |access-date=24 July 2023 |archive-date=2 October 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231002180454/https://books.google.com/books?id=XoxoAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA772&dq=%22bronze+age+poland+lusatian%22 |url-status=live }}</ref> 400BC se 500AD talak abhi ke Poland ke jagha me dher jaati ke log rahae lagin rahaa, khaas kar ke [[Celts]], [[Scythia]]n, [[germanic]], Sarmatian, Baltic aur [[Slavic]] log.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Davies |first=Norman |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=mkcSDAAAQBAJ |title=Heart of Europe. The Past in Poland's Present |date=2001 |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0-19-280126-5 |location=Oxford |page=247 |language=en |author-link=Norman Davies |access-date=24 July 2023 |archive-date=18 May 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230518111254/https://books.google.com/books?id=mkcSDAAAQBAJ |url-status=live }}</ref> Iske bhi sabuut mila hae ki [[Roman]] log ii time aapan siphaahi ke ii ilaaka me "amber trade" ke bachae ke khaatir bhejaa gais rahaa.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Zdziebłowski |first=Szymon |date=9 May 2018 |title=Archaeologist: We have evidence of the presence of Roman legionaries in Poland |url=https://scienceinpoland.pap.pl/en/news/news%2C29414%2Carchaeologist-we-have-evidence-presence-roman-legionaries-poland.html |access-date=8 August 2021 |website=Science in Poland |publisher=Polish Ministry of Education and Science |archive-date=15 February 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220215225927/https://scienceinpoland.pap.pl/en/news/news,29414,archaeologist-we-have-evidence-presence-roman-legionaries-poland.html |url-status=live }}</ref> 6 th century me ek migration wave ke baad Slavic Polish tribes ke ii jgha pe rahe ke sabuut hae. Isme bahaar ke log aur puraana log ke biich ke "inter-mixing" bhi hae.<ref>{{Citation |last=Mielnik-Sikorska |first=Marta |title=The History of Slavs Inferred from Complete Mitochondrial Genome Sequences |journal=PLOS ONE |volume=8 |issue=1 |pages=e54360 |year=2013 |bibcode=2013PLoSO...854360M |doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0054360 |pmc=3544712 |pmid=23342138 |display-authors=etal |doi-access=free}}</ref> 10th century ke baa Polish log aur sab tribe ke dominate kare lagin. <ref>{{Cite book |last=McKenna |first=Amy |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Ef2cAAAAQBAJ&dq=%22polanie%2Btribal%2Bmonarchy%22&pg=PA132 |title=Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania, and Poland |date=2013 |publisher=Britannica Educational Publishing |isbn=978-1-61530-991-7 |page=132 |access-date=24 July 2023 |archive-date=2 October 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231002180456/https://books.google.com/books?id=Ef2cAAAAQBAJ&pg=PA132&dq=%22polanie+tribal+monarchy%22 |url-status=live }}</ref> ===Kingdom of Poland=== [[File:Poland960.png|thumb|right|200px|Poland [[Mieszko I]] ke niche]] Poland, Piast dynasty ke niche, 10th century me ek des ke rakam rahaa.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Dabrowski |first=Patrice |title=Poland: The First Thousand Years |date=2014 |publisher=Cornell University Press |isbn=978-1-5017-5740-2 |location=Ithaca |pages=21–22}}</ref> 966 me Poland ke raja Isaahi hoe gais.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Ramet |first=Sabrina |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=D2gpDwAAQBAJ |title=The Catholic Church in Polish History. From 966 to the Present |date=2017 |publisher=Palgrave Macmillan US |isbn=978-1-137-40281-3 |location=New York |page=15 |access-date=24 July 2023 |archive-date=14 April 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230414113421/https://books.google.com/books?id=D2gpDwAAQBAJ |url-status=live }}</ref> == References == {{reflist}} == Duusra websites == * [http://www.pot.gov.pl:80/potgov_front_page Tourist information portal]{{Dead link|date=June 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} * [http://www.poland.gov.pl/ Poland.gov.pl - Polish national portal] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081029120855/http://www.poland.gov.pl/ |date=2008-10-29 }} * [http://www.msz.gov.pl/ Ministry of Foreign Affairs] * [https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/pl.html Poland at the World Factbook] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190818041414/https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/pl.html |date=2019-08-18 }} * [http://www.state.gov/r/pa/ei/bgn/2875.htm Background Note: Poland] * [http://wiki.worldflicks.org/poland.html WorldFlicks in Poland: photos and interesting places on Google Maps] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080503024828/http://wiki.worldflicks.org/poland.html |date=2008-05-03 }} {{Commons|Polska|Poland}} [[Category:Poland| ]] [[Category:NATO ke member]] [[Category:European Union ke member]] [[Category:Polish bhasa waala des]] khdc2x9pq3a31hl51ymb0esg28qk4to Tehran 0 3117 335913 331996 2026-06-17T21:24:39Z InternetArchiveBot 26740 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 335913 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox City |official_name = تهران <br /> TEHran |nickname = The city of 72 nations. |motto = |image_skyline = Tehran skyline- Alborz Mountains on background-20150401.jpg |imagesize = 300px |image_caption = Jamaran se view |image_flag = |image_seal = |image_map = Tehran.png |mapsize = 190px |map_caption = |subdivision_type = |subdivision_name = |leader_title = Mayor |leader_name = Mohammad Bagher Ghalibaf |established_title = |established_date = 1979 |area_magnitude = |area_total = 1500 |TotalArea_sq_mi = 579 |area_land = |LandArea_sq_mi = |area_water = |WaterArea_sq_mi = |area_water_percent = |area_urban = 686 |UrbanArea_sq_mi = 265 |area_metro = 18,814 |MetroArea_sq_mi = 7,264 |abaadi_as_of = est. |abaadi_note = Data refers to Tehran Province |abaadi_total = 8,000,000 |abaadi_metro = 14,000,000 |abaadi_urban = |abaadi_density = 10000 |abaadi_density_mi2 = 25899 |timezone = Iran Standard Time |utc_offset = +3:30 |timezone_DST = ''not observed'' |utc_offset_DST = +3:30 |latd = 35 | latm = 41 | lats = 46.28 | latNS = N |longd = 51 | longm = 25 | longs = 22.66 | longEW = E |elevation = 1200 |elevation_ft = 3900 |website = http://www.tehran.ir |footnotes = }} '''Tehran''' (nai to '''Teheran''') (تهران [[Farsi bhasa|Farsii]]), [[Iran]] ke [[capital]] [[city]] hae. Ii Tehran Province ke bhi capital hae. Tehran, Tochal mountain range ke kinare hae aur hian pe dher highway hae jon ki [[Asia]] ke aur des se bahut achchhaa hae. Ii city The city, Alborz slopes pe resorts, barraa museums, art centers, aur palace complexes khatir jaana jaawe hae. Tehran, [[Middle East]] ke sab se barraa city hae aur dunia ke 16th sab se jaada abaadi waala city hae. Iske abaadi 8,429,807 hae. Tehran, Iran ke urban center me se sab se barraa hae.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.world-gazetteer.com/wg.php?x=1263101075&men=gcis&lng=en&des=gamelan&geo=-3&srt=pnan&col=abcdefghinoq&msz=1500&geo=-106 |title="Iran: largest cities and towns and statistics of their population" (in english) |access-date=2013-06-30 |archive-date=2013-05-25 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130525012423/http://www.world-gazetteer.com/wg.php?x=1263101075&men=gcis&lng=en&des=gamelan&geo=-3&srt=pnan&col=abcdefghinoq&msz=1500&geo=-106 |url-status=dead }}</ref> Iran ke jaada industry ke headquartes Tehran me hae, jisme manufacturing of automobiles, electrical equipment, military weaponry, textiles, sugar, cement, aur chemical products hae. Tehran ek khaas jagha hae jahan pe carpets aur furniture beja jaawe hae. City ke south me ek oil refinery bhi hae.<ref>[http://www.tehranrefinery.ir/eng/mainpage.html Tehran Oil Refining Company Official Website] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100716105010/http://www.tehranrefinery.ir/eng/mainpage.html |date=2010-07-16 }}. ''Tehran Oil Refining Company Official Website''</ref> 20th century, me Iran ke sab jagha se log aae ke Tehran me rahe lagin. Abi ii city me cher religious minorities hae, aur hian pe dher itihasik [[mosque]], [[Church (building)|churches]], [[synagogue]]s aur [[Zoroastrianism|Zoroastrian]] [[fire temple]]s dekha jaae sake hae. Abhi ke Tehran ek modern city hae jisme tall structures, jaise ki [[Azadi Tower]] aur [[Milad Tower]] Tehran ke ek chinh hae. Agar jo dunia bhar ke city ke ddelha jaae tab dunia ke sab se sasta capital city hae aur duursa sab se sata city ([[Karachi]] ke baad) hae.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Les Christie |title=World's most expensive cities |url=https://money.cnn.com/2007/03/05/real_estate/expensive_world_cities/index.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250228131001/https://money.cnn.com/2007/03/05/real_estate/expensive_world_cities/index.htm |archive-date=2025-02-28 |access-date=2026-02-07 |website=money.cnn.com |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.worldeconomies.co.uk/06032007-133.html |title=Archive copy |access-date=2010-03-30 |archive-date=2012-12-24 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20121224182559/http://www.worldeconomies.co.uk/06032007-133.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> Population se ii dunia ke 14th sab se barraa city hae,<ref>{{Cite web |title=Largest cities in the world and their mayors Cities 1 to 300 |url=http://www.citymayors.com/statistics/largest-cities-mayors-1.html |access-date=2026-02-07 |website=www.citymayors.com |language=en}}</ref> 56th agar jo [[GDP]] dekha jaae aur 29th agar jo [[metropolitan area]] ke abaadi dekha jaae tab.<ref>{{Cite web |title=The world's largest cities and urban areas in 2006 Urban areas ranked 1 to 100 |url=http://www.citymayors.com/statistics/urban_2006_1.html |access-date=2026-02-07 |website=www.citymayors.com |language=en}}</ref>. == Chapa ke gallery == <center> <gallery> Image:17371_216988286740_189445821740_3668745_855257_s.jpg| }}</gallery></center> == References == <references/> [[vibhag:Capital cities]] [[vibhag:Iran]] abrpg2i9zghrxp4zw1y4xl5f60tl5d3 Slovakia 0 3964 335908 279555 2026-06-17T20:44:17Z InternetArchiveBot 26740 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 335908 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox Country| fullcountryname=Slovak Republic | image_flag=Flag of Slovakia.svg | image_coa=Coat of Arms of Slovakia.svg | image_location=EU location SVK.png| nationalmotto=| nationalsong= "Nad Tatrou sa blýska"<br />("Lightning over the Tatras") | officiallanguages=Slovak | abaaditotal= 5,401,000 | abaadirank= 110th| abaadidensity= 287 per Square mile / 111 | countrycapital=[[Bratislava]] | countrylargestcity=Bratislava | areatotal= 18,933 mi² / 49,037 km² | arearank=130th | areawater= | areawaterpercent= negligible | establishedin= January 1, 1993| leadertitlename = President Zuzana Čaputová| currency = EURO (EUR) | utcoffset = UTC+1 (+2 Daylight Savings Time)| dialingcode= 421 | internettld=.sk }} '''Slovakia''' (Slovak: ''Slovensko'') ke official naam '''Slovak Republic''' (Slovak: ''Slovenská republika''), central [[Europe]] ke ek des hae. Iske border southwest me [[Austria]], south me [[Hungary]], east me [[Ukraine]], north me [[Poland]], aur norhwest me [[Czechia]] hae. Iske [[capital]] [[city]] [[Bratislava]] hae. Slovakia, 200 se [[European Union]] ke member hae<gallery> file:National Council of the Slovak Republic, view from Bratislava castle in Bratislava, Bratislava I District.jpg file:Estatua Hombre Trabajando, Bratislava, Eslovaquia, 2020-02-01, DD 45.jpg file:Grasalkovicov palac bratislava Slovakia.jpg file:National Council of the Slovak Republic, view from Nový most viewpoint in Bratislava, Bratislava I District.jpg </gallery> == Dusra websites == * [https://web.archive.org/web/20121231184202/http://www.government.gov.sk/10887/government-office-of-the-slovak-republic.php The Slovak Republic Government Office] {{commons|Slovakia}} [[vibhag:Slovakia| ]] [[vibhag:European Union ke member]] [[vibhag:NATO ke member]] [[vibhag:S]] dzih7wescucxrjymwhksawha4h87ur6 Sindhi bhasa 0 4552 335906 326266 2026-06-17T20:38:50Z InternetArchiveBot 26740 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 335906 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox language | name = Sindhi | nativename = {{flatlist| *{{transl|sd|Sindhī|i=no}} *{{lang|sd|{{Naskh|سِنڌِي}}}} *{{lang|sd-Deva|सिन्धी}}}} | pronunciation = {{IPA-sd|sɪndʱiː|IPA}} | states = {{unbulleted list| *[[Languages of Pakistan|Pakistan]] *[[Languages of India|India]]}} | region = [[Sindh]] and near the border in neighbouring regions such as [[Kutch]] and [[Balochistan, Pakistan|Balochistan]] | ethnicity = [[Sindhis]] | speakers = {{c.|32 million}} | ref = | familycolor = Indo-European | fam2 = [[Indo-Iranian languages|Indo-Iranian]] | fam3 = [[Indo-Aryan languages|Indo-Aryan]] | fam4 = [[Northwestern Indo-Aryan languages|Northwestern]] | fam5 = [[Sindhi languages|Sindhic]] | script = [[Naskh script]], [[Devanagari]] and others<ref name="in">{{cite journal|url =https://brill.com/view/journals/joss/1/1/article-p1_3.xml?language=en |title =Like Community, Like Language: Seventy-Five Years of Sindhi in Post-Partition India |year = 2021|journal =Journal of Sindhi Studies |doi =10.1163/26670925-bja10002 |access-date = 12 November 2021 |last1 =Iyengar |first1 =Arvind |last2 =Parchani |first2 =Sundri |volume =1 |pages =1–32 |s2cid =246551773 |doi-access =free | issn=2667-0925 }}</ref> | nation = *[[Languages of Pakistan|Pakistan]] **[[Sindh]] (provincial official)<ref name="auto2">{{cite encyclopedia|url=http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/545670/Sindhi-language |title=Encyclopædia Britannica |encyclopedia= Sindhi Language |access-date=December 29, 2013}}</ref> *[[Official languages of India|India]] (scheduled language)<ref name="in"/> | agency = {{plainlist| *[[Sindhi Language Authority]] (Pakistan) *National Council for Promotion of Sindhi Language (India)}} | iso1 = sd | iso2 = snd | iso3 = snd | lingua = 59-AAF-f | image = {{Photomontage|position=center | photo1b = Sindhi language.svg | photo1a = Sindhi.svg | spacing = 15 | color = | border = 0 | foot_montage = }} | imagecaption = Sindhi written in Perso-Arabic script and Devanagari | notice = IPA | glotto = sind1272 | glottoname = Sindhi | map = [[File:Sindhi-speakers by Pakistani District - 2017 Census.svg]] | mapcaption = The proportion of people with Sindhi as their [[mother tongue]] in each Pakistani [[Districts of Pakistan|District]] as of the [[2017 Pakistan Census]] | map2 = [[File:Lang Status 99-NE.svg]] | mapcaption2 = {{center|{{small|Sindhi is not endangered according to the classification system of the [[UNESCO]] [[Atlas of the World's Languages in Danger]]}}}} }} '''Sindhi''' ek [[Indo-European bhasa]] hae jiske [[Pakistan]] ke Sindh Province sindh me bola jaawe hae, aur ii bhasa Sindh ke official bhasa hae. Duniaa mein Sindhi bhasa bole wala log ke se zeyada hae, jin mein 41 million sindh mein hae. sindhi basha [[India]] mein bhe boli jate hae. india mein is ky bolni walon kee tadad 12 million sy zeyada hae. Urdu ky bade Pakistan ky wasy sahetya rakeny wale boli hae. == References == {{reflist}} == Bahaari jorr == * [http://www.larkano.com/abro//index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=31&Itemid=50 Sindhi Tutorial] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070927020504/http://www.larkano.com/abro//index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=31&Itemid=50 |date=2007-09-27 }} * [http://www.sindhilanguage.com SindhiLanguage.com] * [http://www.omniglot.com/writing/sindhi.htm Sindhi Script History and Script] * [http://www.sindhhyd.com Daily Sindh Hyderabad A Newspaper in sindhi Language]{{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081210204936/http://www.sindhhyd.com/ |date=2008-12-10 }} * [http://www.sindhila.org Sindhi Language Authority, Hyderabad] [[vibhag:S]] [[vibhag:Indo-European bhasa]] [[vibhag:Sindhi bhasa| ]] [[vibhag:India ke bhasa]] [[vibhag:Pakistan ke bhasa]] 07gamb6x1posyar1sr0lwfn2g2errbj Ibn Khaldun 0 5040 335897 235313 2026-06-17T12:11:31Z Smcnarayan 362 335897 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox_Philosopher <!-- Scroll down to edit this page --> <!-- Philosopher Category --> | region = Muslim scholar | era = Medieval era | color = #B0C4DE <!-- Image and Caption --> | image_name = Ibn_Khaldoun-Kassus.jpg | image_caption = Ibn Khaldun ke murti [[Tunis]] me <!-- Information --> | name = '''Ibn Khaldun''' | | birth = 27 May, 1332 AD / 732 AH | death = 19 March 1406 AD / 808 AH | school_tradition = Maliki madhab, <br /> Islamic economic jurisprudence | main_interests = Social&nbsp;Sciences, Sociology, History, Historiography, Cultural&nbsp;History, Philosophy&nbsp;of&nbsp;History, Demography, Diplomacy, Economics, Islamic Studies, Military Theory, Philosophy, Politics, Statecraft, Theology | influences = <small>[[Aristotle]], [[Muhammad]], [[Malik ibn Anas]], [[Muhammad ibn Zakarīya Rāzi]], [[Farabi]], [[Avicenna]], [[al-Ghazali]], [[Averroes]], [[Nasir al-Din al-Tusi]], [[Islamic economics in the world|Muslim economists]]<br /></small> | influenced = <small>[[Al-Maqrizi]], [[Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel]], [[Robert Flint (theologian)|Robert Flint]], [[Taha Hussein]], [[Arnold J. Toynbee]], [[Ernest Gellner]], [[Franz Rosenthal]], [[Franz Oppenheimer]], [[Arthur Laffer]], [[Fernand Braudel]], [[Social sciences|social scientists]] <br /></small> | notable_ideas = Forerunner of [[demography]], [[historiography]], [[cultural history]], [[philosophy of history]], [[sociology]], [[social sciences]], and modern [[economics]]. Developed theories of [[Asabiyyah]] and the rise and fall of [[civilization]]s. }} '''Abdul Rahman Ibn Khaldun''', 14th century ke North [[Africa]] ke ek thinker rahaa. Uske janam 1332 me [[Tunis]] me bhaes rahaa. Khaldun sarkar me bahut rakam se kaam karis rahaa. Uu kuchh din talak [[Marrakesh]], [[Morocco]] me rahaa. Uske baad uu [[Cairo]] chal diis jahan pe uske maut 1406 me bhaes jab uu ek judge ke kaam karat rahaa. Khaldun dui book likis rahaa jon ki Muqaddimah (Proglemena) aurAutobiography rahaa. Khaldun [[sociology]] ke suruu karis rahaa aur [[Middle Ages]] me [[Islam]] ke baare me sab se barraa writer rahaa. == Bachpan ke din aur palwaar == [[File:TCCKhaldun.jpg|thumb|200px|Ibn Khaldun ke life-size piital ke bust sculpture jon Arab American National Museum (Catalog Number 2010.02) me hae. Iske Tunisian Community Center commission karis rahaa aur Patrick Morelli of Albany, New York me, 2009 me banais rahaa. Iske inspire kare waala statue of Ibn Khaldun, jon Avenue Habib Bourguiba in [[Tunis]] me hae, rahaa.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Arab American National Museum : Online Collections |url=http://arabamerican.pastperfect-online.com/33769cgi/mweb.exe?request=record;id=A9A7FFF1-3E51-46CC-8C72-966442091673;type=101 |access-date=25 February 2017}}</ref>]] Ibn Khaldun ke jiwan kahaani, uu timme ke aur log ke mukaable me, achchhaa se documented hae, kaaheki uu ek [[autobiography]] publish karis rahaa({{lang|ar|التعريف بابن خلدون ورحلته غربا وشرقا}}, ''{{transliteration|ar|at-Taʻrīf bi-ibn Khaldūn wa-Riḥlatih Gharban wa-Sharqan}}'';<ref>Published by Muḥammad ibn Tāwīt aṭ-Ṭanjī, Cairo 1951</ref> ''Presenting Ibn Khaldun and his Journey West and East'') jisme dher documentuske jindagi ke baare me, ke word-for-word quote karaa gais hae. Abū Zayd 'Abdu r-Rahman bin Muhammad bin Khaldūn Al-Hadrami, jiske jaada kar ke "Ibn Khaldūn" ke naam se jaana jaawe hae, jon ek duur ke ancestor rahaa, ke janam [[Tunis]] me AD&nbsp;1332 (732 [[Anno hegirae|AH]]) ek upper-class [[Al-Andalus|Andalusian]] palwaar jon Arab descent ke rahaa, me bhais rahaa.<ref name=Barakat1993>{{cite book|page=48|title=The Arab World: Society, Culture, and State|first=Halim|last=Barakat|publisher=University of California Press|year=1993|isbn=9780520914421|quote=The renowned Arab sociologist-historian Ibn Khaldun first interpreted Arab history in terms of badu versus hadar conflicts and struggles for power.}}</ref> TDV İslâm Ansiklopedisi ii note kare hae ki uske dher nisbahs se describe karaa gais hae , jisme hae al-Ḥaḍramī (reflecting claimed origins in Ḥaḍramawt), zur al-Tūnisī aur al-Maghribī bhi, kaaheki uu North Africa me paida bhais rahaa .<ref name=":2">{{Cite web |title=İBN HALDÛN |url=https://islamansiklopedisi.org.tr/ibn-haldun |access-date=2026-02-22 |website=TDV İslâm Ansiklopedisi |language=tr}}</ref> Ii aur note kare hae ki 749/1348 ke plaque uske youth ke khaas saal rahaa, jon time uu aa aapn dher nagiich ke palwaar aur teacher log ke khoe diis rahaa .<ref name=":2" /> Uske palwaar ke ancestor ek [[Hadhrami people|Hadhrami]] jon [[Wa'il ibn Hujr]] ke palwaar rahaa, se related rahaa ,jon [[Prophets and messengers in Islam|Islamic prophet]] [[Muhammad]] ke saathi rahaa. Uske palwaar, jon dher high offices me hold kare rahin [[al-Andalus]], [[Tunisia]] se [[Siege of Seville|fall of Seville]] ke rahin . Jab ki uske kuchh palwaar ke log Tunisian [[Hafsid dynasty]] me political position pe rahin, uske pitaji aur aaja political life se nikal ke [[Tariqa|mystical order]] ke join kar le rahin. Uske bhaiyaa, [[Yahya ibn Khaldun]], bhi ek [[historian]] rahaa, jon ek book [[Abdalwadid]] dynasty pe likhis rahaa aur uske ek virodhi maar diis rahaa kaaheki uu court ke official [[historiographer]] rahaa.<ref>{{Cite journal |year= 1841 |title=Lettre à Monsieur Garcin de Tassy |url= https://books.google.com/books?id=blQpAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA484 |journal= [[Journal Asiatique]] |language=fr |location=Paris |publisher= [[Société asiatique]] |volume=3 |page=491 |number=12}}</ref> Ibn Khaldun aapan maiyaa, bappa aur kuchh teacher log ke plague of 749, or 1348 me khoe diis rahaa. Iske baad, Sultan Abū al-Ḥasan Fez laut ke aae gais, aapan scholars ke saathe jiske uu Tunis laais. Ibn Khaldun pahike maangat rahaa Fez jaawe, aapan teachers ke saathe, aaur aapan sikchhaa ke jaari rakkis rahaa , lekin uske barraa bhaiyaa Muḥammad uske ulta advice diis.<ref>{{cite web |last1=ULUDAĞ |first1=SÜLEYMAN |title=İBN HALDÛN |url=https://islamansiklopedisi.org.tr/ibn-haldun#1 |website=Islam Ansiklopedisi |publisher=TDV}}</ref> Aapan jiwan kahaani me, Khaldun aapan purwaj ke Prophet Muhammad talak trace kare hae, ek Arab tribe se jon [[Arabian Peninsula]] ke rahin, khaas kar ke the [[Hadhramaut]], jon [[Iberian Peninsula]] 8th century me aae rahin, Islamic conquest ke suruu me: "Aue hamlog ke purway hae Hadhramaut se, Arabs , Arabian Peninsula se, Wa'il ibn Hujr ke rasta se, jiske [[Hujr ibn 'Adi]] bhi bola jaawe hae, Arabs ke sab se achchhaa jan se, jaana-maana aur aadar ke kaabil." (p.&nbsp;2429, Al-Waraq's edition). Ibn Khaldunaapan Arab ancestry ke insist karat rahaa, uu time jab Berber dynasties dominate karat rahaa, aur ii kaaran se uske daawa ke biswas karaa jaae sake hae.<ref name="Hozien">{{cite web | last=Hozien | first=Muhammad | title=Notes on Ibn Khaludn's Life | website= Muslim philosophy | url= http://www.muslimphilosophy.com/ik/knts.htm#n1}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Enan|first=Mohammad Abdullah|url= https://books.google.com/books?id=OQTNO3CWmpAC&pg=PA7 |title=Ibn Khaldūn: His Life and Works|date=2007|publisher=The Other Press|isbn= 978-983-9541-53-3}}</ref> ==References== {{reflist}} {{BD|1332|1406|Khaldun}} [[Vibhag:K]] [[Vibhag:Tunisia ke historian]] [[Vibhag:Tunisia ke sociologist]] dzs9uvkeo9hffxxw7meluaw3qbf8bnn 335898 335897 2026-06-17T12:30:17Z Smcnarayan 362 335898 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox_Philosopher <!-- Scroll down to edit this page --> <!-- Philosopher Category --> | region = Muslim scholar | era = Medieval era | color = #B0C4DE <!-- Image and Caption --> | image_name = Ibn_Khaldoun-Kassus.jpg | image_caption = Ibn Khaldun ke murti [[Tunis]] me <!-- Information --> | name = '''Ibn Khaldun''' | | birth = 27 May, 1332 AD / 732 AH | death = 19 March 1406 AD / 808 AH | school_tradition = Maliki madhab, <br /> Islamic economic jurisprudence | main_interests = Social&nbsp;Sciences, Sociology, History, Historiography, Cultural&nbsp;History, Philosophy&nbsp;of&nbsp;History, Demography, Diplomacy, Economics, Islamic Studies, Military Theory, Philosophy, Politics, Statecraft, Theology | influences = <small>[[Aristotle]], [[Muhammad]], [[Malik ibn Anas]], [[Muhammad ibn Zakarīya Rāzi]], [[Farabi]], [[Avicenna]], [[al-Ghazali]], [[Averroes]], [[Nasir al-Din al-Tusi]], [[Islamic economics in the world|Muslim economists]]<br /></small> | influenced = <small>[[Al-Maqrizi]], [[Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel]], [[Robert Flint (theologian)|Robert Flint]], [[Taha Hussein]], [[Arnold J. Toynbee]], [[Ernest Gellner]], [[Franz Rosenthal]], [[Franz Oppenheimer]], [[Arthur Laffer]], [[Fernand Braudel]], [[Social sciences|social scientists]] <br /></small> | notable_ideas = Forerunner of [[demography]], [[historiography]], [[cultural history]], [[philosophy of history]], [[sociology]], [[social sciences]], and modern [[economics]]. Developed theories of [[Asabiyyah]] and the rise and fall of [[civilization]]s. }} '''Abdul Rahman Ibn Khaldun''', 14th century ke North [[Africa]] ke ek thinker rahaa. Uske janam 1332 me [[Tunis]] me bhaes rahaa. Khaldun sarkar me bahut rakam se kaam karis rahaa. Uu kuchh din talak [[Marrakesh]], [[Morocco]] me rahaa. Uske baad uu [[Cairo]] chal diis jahan pe uske maut 1406 me bhaes jab uu ek judge ke kaam karat rahaa. Khaldun dui book likis rahaa jon ki Muqaddimah (Proglemena) aurAutobiography rahaa. Khaldun [[sociology]] ke suruu karis rahaa aur [[Middle Ages]] me [[Islam]] ke baare me sab se barraa writer rahaa. == Bachpan ke din aur palwaar == [[File:TCCKhaldun.jpg|thumb|200px|Ibn Khaldun ke life-size piital ke bust sculpture jon Arab American National Museum (Catalog Number 2010.02) me hae. Iske Tunisian Community Center commission karis rahaa aur Patrick Morelli of Albany, New York me, 2009 me banais rahaa. Iske inspire kare waala statue of Ibn Khaldun, jon Avenue Habib Bourguiba in [[Tunis]] me hae, rahaa.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Arab American National Museum : Online Collections |url=http://arabamerican.pastperfect-online.com/33769cgi/mweb.exe?request=record;id=A9A7FFF1-3E51-46CC-8C72-966442091673;type=101 |access-date=25 February 2017}}</ref>]] Ibn Khaldun ke jiwan kahaani, uu timme ke aur log ke mukaable me, achchhaa se documented hae, kaaheki uu ek [[autobiography]] publish karis rahaa({{lang|ar|التعريف بابن خلدون ورحلته غربا وشرقا}}, ''{{transliteration|ar|at-Taʻrīf bi-ibn Khaldūn wa-Riḥlatih Gharban wa-Sharqan}}'';<ref>Published by Muḥammad ibn Tāwīt aṭ-Ṭanjī, Cairo 1951</ref> ''Presenting Ibn Khaldun and his Journey West and East'') jisme dher documentuske jindagi ke baare me, ke word-for-word quote karaa gais hae. Abū Zayd 'Abdu r-Rahman bin Muhammad bin Khaldūn Al-Hadrami, jiske jaada kar ke "Ibn Khaldūn" ke naam se jaana jaawe hae, jon ek duur ke ancestor rahaa, ke janam [[Tunis]] me AD&nbsp;1332 (732 [[Anno hegirae|AH]]) ek upper-class [[Al-Andalus|Andalusian]] palwaar jon Arab descent ke rahaa, me bhais rahaa.<ref name=Barakat1993>{{cite book|page=48|title=The Arab World: Society, Culture, and State|first=Halim|last=Barakat|publisher=University of California Press|year=1993|isbn=9780520914421|quote=The renowned Arab sociologist-historian Ibn Khaldun first interpreted Arab history in terms of badu versus hadar conflicts and struggles for power.}}</ref> TDV İslâm Ansiklopedisi ii note kare hae ki uske dher nisbahs se describe karaa gais hae , jisme hae al-Ḥaḍramī (reflecting claimed origins in Ḥaḍramawt), zur al-Tūnisī aur al-Maghribī bhi, kaaheki uu North Africa me paida bhais rahaa .<ref name=":2">{{Cite web |title=İBN HALDÛN |url=https://islamansiklopedisi.org.tr/ibn-haldun |access-date=2026-02-22 |website=TDV İslâm Ansiklopedisi |language=tr}}</ref> Ii aur note kare hae ki 749/1348 ke plaque uske youth ke khaas saal rahaa, jon time uu aa aapn dher nagiich ke palwaar aur teacher log ke khoe diis rahaa .<ref name=":2" /> Uske palwaar ke ancestor ek [[Hadhrami people|Hadhrami]] jon [[Wa'il ibn Hujr]] ke palwaar rahaa, se related rahaa ,jon [[Prophets and messengers in Islam|Islamic prophet]] [[Muhammad]] ke saathi rahaa. Uske palwaar, jon dher high offices me hold kare rahin [[al-Andalus]], [[Tunisia]] se [[Siege of Seville|fall of Seville]] ke rahin . Jab ki uske kuchh palwaar ke log Tunisian [[Hafsid dynasty]] me political position pe rahin, uske pitaji aur aaja political life se nikal ke [[Tariqa|mystical order]] ke join kar le rahin. Uske bhaiyaa, [[Yahya ibn Khaldun]], bhi ek [[historian]] rahaa, jon ek book [[Abdalwadid]] dynasty pe likhis rahaa aur uske ek virodhi maar diis rahaa kaaheki uu court ke official [[historiographer]] rahaa.<ref>{{Cite journal |year= 1841 |title=Lettre à Monsieur Garcin de Tassy |url= https://books.google.com/books?id=blQpAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA484 |journal= [[Journal Asiatique]] |language=fr |location=Paris |publisher= [[Société asiatique]] |volume=3 |page=491 |number=12}}</ref> Ibn Khaldun aapan maiyaa, bappa aur kuchh teacher log ke plague of 749, or 1348 me khoe diis rahaa. Iske baad, Sultan Abū al-Ḥasan Fez laut ke aae gais, aapan scholars ke saathe jiske uu Tunis laais. Ibn Khaldun pahike maangat rahaa Fez jaawe, aapan teachers ke saathe, aaur aapan sikchhaa ke jaari rakkis rahaa , lekin uske barraa bhaiyaa Muḥammad uske ulta advice diis.<ref>{{cite web |last1=ULUDAĞ |first1=SÜLEYMAN |title=İBN HALDÛN |url=https://islamansiklopedisi.org.tr/ibn-haldun#1 |website=Islam Ansiklopedisi |publisher=TDV}}</ref> Aapan jiwan kahaani me, Khaldun aapan purwaj ke Prophet Muhammad talak trace kare hae, ek Arab tribe se jon [[Arabian Peninsula]] ke rahin, khaas kar ke the [[Hadhramaut]], jon [[Iberian Peninsula]] 8th century me aae rahin, Islamic conquest ke suruu me: "Aue hamlog ke purway hae Hadhramaut se, Arabs , Arabian Peninsula se, Wa'il ibn Hujr ke rasta se, jiske [[Hujr ibn 'Adi]] bhi bola jaawe hae, Arabs ke sab se achchhaa jan se, jaana-maana aur aadar ke kaabil." (p.&nbsp;2429, Al-Waraq's edition). Ibn Khaldunaapan Arab ancestry ke insist karat rahaa, uu time jab Berber dynasties dominate karat rahaa, aur ii kaaran se uske daawa ke biswas karaa jaae sake hae.<ref name="Hozien">{{cite web | last=Hozien | first=Muhammad | title=Notes on Ibn Khaludn's Life | website= Muslim philosophy | url= http://www.muslimphilosophy.com/ik/knts.htm#n1}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Enan|first=Mohammad Abdullah|url= https://books.google.com/books?id=OQTNO3CWmpAC&pg=PA7 |title=Ibn Khaldūn: His Life and Works|date=2007|publisher=The Other Press|isbn= 978-983-9541-53-3}}</ref> === Sikchhaa === Uske palwaar ke high rank ke kaaran Ibn Khaldun [[Maghreb]] ke sab se achchhaa teaher ke niche parrhis rahaa. He received a Uske ek classical [[Madrasah|Islamic education]] mila rahaa, jisme uu [[Quran]] ke parrhis rahaa, aur iske [[Hafiz (Quran)|by heart]] jaanat rahaa, [[Arabic language|Arabic linguistics]] sikhis rahaa; jisse uu Qur'an, [[hadith]], [[sharia]] (law) aur [[fiqh]] (jurisprudence) ke samjhe sakat rahaa. Uske certification ([[ijazah]]) ii sab subject me milaa rahaa.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Muhammad Hozien |title=Ibn Khaldun: His Life and Work |url=http://www.muslimphilosophy.com/ik/klf.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130913010235/http://www.muslimphilosophy.com/ik/klf.htm |archive-date=13 September 2013 |access-date=19 September 2008 |publisher=Islamic Philosophy Online}}</ref> Uu Quran ke ʿAbd Allāh ibn Saʿd ibn Nazzāl ke khaatir recite karis rahaa, aur iske uu akele aur duusra jan ke saathe bhi karis rahaa. Uu aapan abba se Arbii sikhis rahaa , jiske naam Abū ʿAbd Allāh al-Sāʾirī rahaa, aur duusra teacher se bhi . <ref>{{cite book |last1=al‑Ḥanbalī |first1=Ibn al‑ʿImād |title=Shadharāt al-dhahab fī akhbār man dhahab |date=1931–1932 |publisher=Maktabat al-Qudsī |location=Cairo |pages=71-72 |url=https://hdl.handle.net/2333.1/fn2z38zr}}</ref> Mathematician aur philosopher [[Al-Abili]] of [[Tlemcen]] uske [[Islamic mathematics|mathematics]], [[Logic in Islamic philosophy|logic]], aur [[Islamic philosophy|philosophy]] parrhais rahaa. Uu [[Averroes]], [[Avicenna]], [[Fakhr al-Din al-Razi|Razi]] aur [[Sharaf al-Din al-Tusi|Tusi]] ke kaam ke parrhis rahaa. 17 saal ke umar me, Ibn Khaldūn ke maiyaa aur bappa [[Black Death]], ek intercontinental [[epidemic]] of the [[bubonic plague|plague]] jon Tunis ke 1348–1349 me hit karis rahaa, me mar gay rahin.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Saudi Aramco World: Ibn Khaldun and the Rise and Fall of Empires |url=http://archive.aramcoworld.com/issue/200605/ibn.khaldun.and.the.rise.and.fall.of.empires.htm |access-date=6 December 2017 |website=archive.aramcoworld.com}}</ref> Al-Sakhāwī batae hae ki uu Qur’an ke by heart jaanat rahaa aur qirāʾāt (including the seven readings) parrhis rahaa, Arabic aur Mālikī jurisprudence ke saathe, Tunis me, uske baad ke travels aur state service se pahile.(entry no. 387)shif Palwaar ke tradition ke follow kar ke, uu political career liis rahaa. North Africa ke kharaam political situation ke kaaran, iske khaatir uske high degree of skill rahe ke rahaa aur uu nawaa alliance banaawat rhaa aur puraana ke chhorrat rahaa uu time ke short-lived regimes ke kaaran.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Ibn Khaldun – His Life and Work |url=http://www.muslimphilosophy.com/ik/klf.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130913010235/http://www.muslimphilosophy.com/ik/klf.htm |archive-date=13 September 2013 |access-date=6 December 2017 |website=www.muslimphilosophy.com}}</ref> Ibn Khaldūn ke autobiography ek adventure ke khissa hae, jisme uu jahel me rahaa, sab se uppar ke position me rahaa aur exile me bhi rahaa. ==References== {{reflist}} {{BD|1332|1406|Khaldun}} [[Vibhag:K]] [[Vibhag:Tunisia ke historian]] [[Vibhag:Tunisia ke sociologist]] 1lnecqj53g578jhlvkz2q9yq5soqeb2 Udit Narayan 0 9136 335914 309642 2026-06-17T21:48:22Z InternetArchiveBot 26740 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 335914 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox Person |name = Udit Narayan |image = |image_size = 160px |alt = Udit Narayan |caption = Udit Narayan |birth_name = |birth_date = 1960 |birth_place = |death_date = |death_place = |body_discovered = |death_cause = |resting_place = |resting_place_coordinates = <!-- {{coord|LAT|LONG|display=inline,title}} --> |residence = |nationality = Fiji Citizen |ethnicity = Hindustani |citizenship = Fiji Citizen |other_names = |known_for = Fiji ke House of Representatives ke member: 2001 - 2006<br/> Lautoka City Councillor<br /> NFU Lautoka Branch |education = |alma_mater = |employer = |occupation =Kisan, Mill worker |years_active = |home_town = Lautoka |salary = |networth = |height = |weight = |title = |term = |predecessor = |successor = |party = |opponents = |boards = |religion =Hindu |spouse = |partner = |children = |parents = |relations = |callsign = |awards = |signature = |website = |footnotes = |box_width = 225px }} '''Udit Narayan''' (janam: 1960), [[Fiji]] ke ek Hindustani politician hae, jon ki [[Fiji Labour Party]] ke supporter hae. [[2001 ke election (Fiji)|2001 ke election]] me uu [[Lautoka Rural Indian Communal Constituency (Fiji) 1999 - 2006|Lautoka Rural Indian Communal Constituency]] se 71% vote le ke, [[Fiji ke House of Representatives]]. 2003 me Narayan ke, 13 aur FLP politician ke saathe, Laisenia Qarase cabinet position offer karis lekin FLP ii offer ke nai liis.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.fiji.gov.fj/cgi-bin/cms/exec/view.cgi/8/1196/printer |title=PM announces 14 FLP Ministers |access-date=2011-01-30 |archive-date=2007-09-27 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070927231649/http://www.fiji.gov.fj/cgi-bin/cms/exec/view.cgi/8/1196/printer |url-status=dead }}</ref> [[2006 ke election (Fiji)|2006 ke election]] me uu wahii seat ke 77 percent vote se jiitis rahaa. Following this victory, he was appointed [[Minister for Primary and Preventive Health Services (Fiji)|Minister for Primary and Preventive Health Services]], one of nine FLP Ministers in the multi-party [[Cabinet (Fiji)|Cabinet]] that was formed. Narayan, together with three other FLP cabinet members, voted against the 2007 budget and was asked to resign by the then Prime Minister, Laisenia Qarase.<ref>{{ cite news|title =FIJI PRIME MINISTER SETS DEADLINE FOR CABINET RESIGNATIONS |url = http://pidp.eastwestcenter.org/pireport/2006/November/11-24-03.htm}}</ref> Narayan is a former Fiji Sugar Corporation traffic supervisor.<ref>{{cite news |title =FLP names first lot of candidates |url =http://www.flp.org.fj/n060328.htm }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121019000557/http://www.flp.org.fj/n060328.htm |date=2012-10-19 }}</ref> Narayan ek Kisan, Trade Unionist aur community worker hae. Uu Lautoka City ke Councillor rahaa aur National Farmers Union ke Lautoka branch ke Secretary hae. [[2014 ke election (Fiji)|2014 ke election]] me uu FLP ke ek candidate hae. <br/><br/> {{Fiji-politician-stub}} == References == <references/> {{FIJIKEHINDUSTANIPOLITICIAN99-06}} {{BD|1960||Narayan, Udit}} [[Category:Lautoka ke log]] [[Category:Fiji Labour Party ke member]] [[Category:Fiji ke House of Representatives ke member]] [[Category:Fiji ke trade unionists]] fha53x4rofsfnz2rrydoqluo56nvtpw Sanjeet Chand Maharaj 0 9879 335904 317061 2026-06-17T20:18:10Z InternetArchiveBot 26740 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 335904 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox Person |name = Sanjeet Chand Maharaj |image = SanjeetMaharaj.jpg |image_size = 160px |alt = Sanjeet Chand Maharaj |caption = Sanjeet Chand Maharaj |birth_name = |birth_date = 1954 |birth_place = |death_date = 29 August 2012 |death_place = Ellington, Ra |body_discovered = |death_cause = |resting_place = |resting_place_coordinates = <!-- {{coord|LAT|LONG|display=inline,title}} --> |residence = Rakiraki |nationality = Fiji Citizen |ethnicity = Hindustani |citizenship = Fiji Citizen |other_names = |known_for = Fiji ke House of Representatives ke member: 2001 - 2006, Unionist |education = |alma_mater = |employer = |occupation = Farmer |years_active = 1999 - |home_town = Rakiraki |salary = |networth = |height = |weight = |title = |term = |predecessor = |successor = |party = Fiji Labour Party |opponents = |boards = |religion =Hindu |spouse = |partner = |children = |parents = |relations = |callsign = |awards = |signature = |website = |footnotes = |box_width = 225px }} '''Sanjeet Chand Maharaj''', [[Fiji]] ke ek Hindustani politician hae. [[Fiji ke House of Representatives]] me uu [[Viti Levu East Maritime Indian Communal Constituency (Fiji) 1999 - 2006|Viti Levu East Maritime Indian Communanal Constituency]], jon ki uu 19 cinstituency me se ek hae jiske Hindusani logan ke khati reserve kaa gais hae, ke represent kare hae. [[2001 ke election (Fiji)|2001 ke election]] me uu [[Fiji Labour Party]] (FLP) ke bagal se ii seat ke 66 percent se jaada bahumati se jiitis rahaa aur [[2006 ke election (Fiji)|2006 ke election]] me 78 se jaada vote se.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.elections.gov.fj/results2006/constituencies/27.html |title=ELECTION RESULTS BY THE COUNT |access-date=2011-05-14 |archive-date=2007-09-27 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070927153651/http://www.elections.gov.fj/results2006/constituencies/27.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> Isse pahile [[1999 ke election (Fiji)|1999 ke election]], Maharaj Parliament me [[Ra Open Constituency (Fiji) 1999 - 2006|Ra Open Constituency ]] se kharraa bhais rahaa lekin uu indepedent candidate, [[George Shiu Raj]] se haar gais rahaa.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.elections.gov.fj/results1999/constituencies/57.html |title=Elections 1999 Results By The Count |access-date=2011-05-14 |archive-date=2007-09-27 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070927153721/http://www.elections.gov.fj/results1999/constituencies/57.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> 199 ke election ke baad, Maharaj ke, Prime Minister [[Mahendra Chaudhry]] [[Fiji ke Senate]] me nominate karis rahaa.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.fijihosting.com/pcgov/hot_press/no971.htm |title=Labour line-up for August election |access-date=2011-05-14 |archive-date=2011-06-13 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110613151256/http://www.fijihosting.com/pcgov/hot_press/no971.htm |url-status=dead }}</ref> Maharaj ek kisan aur social worker hae.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.flp.org.fj/n060328.htm |title=FLP names first lot of candidates |access-date=2012-12-09 |archive-date=2012-10-19 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121019000557/http://www.flp.org.fj/n060328.htm |url-status=dead }}</ref> [[October]] [[2010]] me Maharaj ke, FLP ke leader, Mahendra Chaudhry aur chaar aur logan ke saathe, ek illegal meeting kare ke aarop me arest karaa gais rahaa. <ref> http://www.nriinternet.com/NRIpoliticians/ASIA/Fiji/C/Mahendra_Chaudhry/index.htm NRI Internet.com </ref> Maharaj, Fiji ke [[National Farmers Union]] ke executive e bhi rahaa. Uske maut 29 August 2012 me Ellington, Ra me bhais. <ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.flp.org.fj/so-long-sanjeet/ |title=So long Sanjeet… |access-date=2014-08-31 |archive-date=2014-09-12 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140912023608/http://www.flp.org.fj/so-long-sanjeet/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> <br/><br/> {{Fiji-politician-stub}} == References == <references/> {{FIJIKEHINDUSTANIPOLITICIAN99-06}} {{BD|1954|2012|Maharaj, Sanjeet Chand}} [[Category:Rakiraki ke log]] [[Category:Fiji Labour Party ke member]] [[Category:Fiji ke House of Representatives ke member]] [[Category:Fiji ke Senate ke member]] hofhmsp9zri04zot1z2wjg3zlubih4v Sinhalese bhasa 0 10104 335907 333914 2026-06-17T20:42:03Z InternetArchiveBot 26740 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 335907 wikitext text/x-wiki == References == <references /> == External links == {{InterWiki|code=si}} {{Wiktionarylang|code=si}} * [http://www.sinhalapage.com/ Guide to Sinhala language & Culture] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190708080521/http://www.sinhalapage.com/ |date=2019-07-08 }} * [http://www.sinhalasoftware.com/ Sinhala Language tools download center] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120302160206/http://www.sinhalasoftware.com/ |date=2012-03-02 }} * [http://softdevex.com/products/desktop/IntellifontIME/index.html Sinhala Input Method Editor] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090901191721/http://softdevex.com/products/desktop/IntellifontIME/index.html |date=2009-09-01 }} * [http://www.lanka.info/dictionary/EnglishToSinhala.jsp Kapruka Sinhala dictionary] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140318102613/http://www.lanka.info/dictionary/EnglishToSinhala.jsp |date=2014-03-18 }} * [http://www.maduraonline.com/ Madura English-Sinhala Dictionary] * [http://sinhala-online.com/ Sinhala dictionary (Beta)] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191202002719/http://sinhala-online.com/ |date=2019-12-02 }} * [http://www.sinhaladictionary.org/ Sinhala dictionary resources online] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201012190522/http://www.sinhaladictionary.org/ |date=2020-10-12 }} * [http://lankahands.com/ Sinhala books/novels] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150622034205/http://lankahands.com/ |date=2015-06-22 }} * [http://www.fsi-language-courses.org/Content.php?page=Sinhala USA Foreign Service Institute (FSI) Sinhala basic course] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120320133547/http://www.fsi-language-courses.org/Content.php?page=Sinhala |date=2012-03-20 }} {{DEFAULTSORT:Sinhala bhasa}} [[vibhag:Bhasa]] [[vibhag:Sri Lanka ke bhasa]] t6lzx61pr9dtdr4zecjwxighx6caekr Santali bhasa 0 10138 335905 335210 2026-06-17T20:19:43Z InternetArchiveBot 26740 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 335905 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox Language |name=Santhali |states=[[India]], [[Bangladesh]], [[Nepal]], [[Bhutan]] |speakers=6,050,000 |ethnicity=[[Santals]] |image = Santali written in Ol Chiki script.svg |imagesize = 200px |imagecaption = The word "Santali" in [[Ol Chiki script]] |familycolor=Austro-Asiatic |fam2=[[Munda languages|Munda]] |fam3=[[North Munda languages|North Munda]] |fam4=[[Kherwari languages|Kherwari]] |script= '''[[Ol Chiki]]''', [[Latin alphabet|Roman]] |iso2=sat|iso3=sat}} '''Santali bhasa''', [[India|bharat]] des mae boli jane wali ek [[Austroasiatic bhasa]] hae. Ii kaa Ol Chiki (ᱚᱞ ᱪᱤᱠᱤ) script mae likhte hae. == External links == *[http://www.ethnologue.com/show_language.asp?code=sat Ethnologue report on Santhali] *[http://wesanthals.tripod.com/index.html "We Santhals" web site] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160322101025/http://wesanthals.tripod.com/index.html |date=2016-03-22 }} *[http://wesanthals.tripod.com/id54.html English-Santhali/Santhali-English dictionaries] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304194833/http://wesanthals.tripod.com/id54.html |date=2016-03-04 }} *[http://www.ntm.org.in/languages/santhali/default_santhali.asp National Translation Mission's(NTM) Santhali Pages]{{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110721181129/http://www.ntm.org.in/languages/santhali/default_santhali.asp |date=2011-07-21 }} {{DEFAULTSORT:Santali Language}} [[vibhag:S]] [[vibhag:Bangladesh ke bhasa]] [[vibhag:India ke bhasa]] [[vibhag:Austroasiatic bhasa]] 2b4snonivquwrw5q6mcjw17319z3i3q Rajbangsi language 0 19017 335916 141800 2026-06-18T08:02:52Z EmausBot 2348 Fixing double redirect from [[Rajbangsi bhasa]] to [[Kamtapuri bhasa]] 335916 wikitext text/x-wiki #REDIRECT [[Kamtapuri bhasa]] haumu57gfcxyptcmx0mvr07z9tijs8y Stamford Bridge (stadium) 0 24309 335911 317222 2026-06-17T20:59:06Z InternetArchiveBot 26740 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 335911 wikitext text/x-wiki {{stub}} {{Infobox stadium | stadium_name = Stamford Bridge | nickname = The Bridge | image = [[File:Stamford Bridge Clear Skies.JPG|300px]] | caption = | fullname = Stamford Bridge | location = [[London]]<br />[[England]] | coordinates = {{Coord|51|28|54|N|0|11|28|W|type:landmark_region:GB_scale:2000|display=it}} | built = 1876 | opened = 28 April 1877<ref>[http://www.chelseafc.com/page/StadiumHistory/0,,10268,00.html Stadium History] chelseafc.com</ref> | renovated = 1904–1905, 1990s | closed = | demolished = | owner = [[Chelsea Football Club]] | operator = [[Chelsea Football Club]] | surface = Ghas | construction_cost = | architect = [[Archibald Leitch]] (1887) | former_names = | tenants = [[Chelsea Football Club]] | seating_capacity = 41,798<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.premierleague.com/content/dam/premierleague/site-content/News/publications/handbooks/premier-league-handbook-2013-14.pdf |title=Premier League Handbook Season 2013/14 |format=PDF |accessdate=17 August 2013 |work=[[Premier League]] |archive-date=19 October 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131019021137/http://www.premierleague.com/content/dam/premierleague/site-content/News/publications/handbooks/premier-league-handbook-2013-14.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref> | suites = 51 | dimensions = 103 x 67 metres<br /> (112.6 x 73.2 yards)<ref name="chelseafc.com">[http://www.chelseafc.com/page/ClubInfo/0,,10268,00.html CLUB INFORMATION] chelseafc.com</ref> |}} '''Stamford Bridge''', ii [[England]] kay [[London]] shehr, mae sthit ek football stadium hae. Ii [[Chelsea Football Club]] ka home ground hae,<ref>http://int.soccerway.com/teams/england/chelsea-football-club/661/</ref> ii ma 41,798 logo ke baithe ke jagah hae.<ref name="premierleague.com"<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.premierleague.com/content/dam/premierleague/site-content/News/publications/handbooks/premier-league-handbook-2013-14.pdf |title=Premier League Handbook Season 2013/14 |format=PDF |accessdate=17 August 2013 |work=[[Premier League]] |archive-date=19 October 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131019021137/http://www.premierleague.com/content/dam/premierleague/site-content/News/publications/handbooks/premier-league-handbook-2013-14.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref> {{-}} == References == <references /> ==Bahaari jorr== {{Commonscat|Stamford Bridge}} * [http://www.chelseafc.com Chelsea Football Club ka official website] * [http://www.chelseafcforums.com Chelsea Football Club forum] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190622164009/http://www.chelseafcforums.com/ |date=2019-06-22 }} * [http://www.camvista.com/sports/football/chelsea01.php3 Stamford Bridge webcam par] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140702050643/http://www.camvista.com/sports/football/chelsea01.php3 |date=2014-07-02 }} * [http://www.footballstadiumtours.co.uk/football-stadium-tours/chelsea Stamford Bridge tour] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100413114407/http://www.footballstadiumtours.co.uk/football-stadium-tours/chelsea |date=2010-04-13 }} * [http://www.chelseastadiumtoursguide.com/ Chelsea Football Club stadium tour]{{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190719223902/https://www.chelseastadiumtoursguide.com/ |date=2019-07-19 }} * [http://www.stadiumguide.com/stamfordbridge.htm stadium guide] * [http://www.football-match.de/london-chelsea/ Stamford Bridge] * [http://www.samsungfootball.co.uk Stamford Bridge samsung par] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100306015131/http://www.samsungfootball.co.uk/ |date=2010-03-06 }} * [http://sketchup.google.com/3dwarehouse/details?mid=aea1c7369a0dede9d74baae849fa7ef2 Stamford Bridge 3D] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130527011756/http://sketchup.google.com/3dwarehouse/details?mid=aea1c7369a0dede9d74baae849fa7ef2 |date=2013-05-27 }} [[vibhag:England ke Football Stadium]] 0n4jd9n4yn534dp4lau94g3txq0os88 St James' Park 0 24330 335910 302126 2026-06-17T20:58:21Z InternetArchiveBot 26740 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 335910 wikitext text/x-wiki {{stub}} {{infobox stadium | name = St James' Park | image = [[File:St James Park.jpg|300px]] | fullname = St James' Park | location = [[Newcastle upon Tyne]] <br>[[England]] | coordinates = {{Coord|54|58|32|N|1|37|18|W|type:landmark_region:GB_scale:2000|display=it}} | opened = 1892<ref name=officialsitestadiumpage>[http://www.nufc.premiumtv.co.uk/page/Stadium/0,,10278,00.html Newcastle United official site] Stadium Information page</ref> | expanded = 1998–2000 | owner = [[Newcastle United Football Club|Newcastle United]] | surface = Ghas | architect = TTH Architects, Gateshead UK | tenants = [[Newcastle United Football Club|Newcastle United]] | seating_capacity = 52,405<ref name="Premier League">{{cite web |url=http://www.premierleague.com/content/dam/premierleague/site-content/News/publications/handbooks/premier-league-handbook-2013-14.pdf |title=Premier League Handbook Season 2013/14 |format=PDF |accessdate=17 August 2013 |work=[[Premier League]] |archive-date=19 October 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131019021137/http://www.premierleague.com/content/dam/premierleague/site-content/News/publications/handbooks/premier-league-handbook-2013-14.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref> | dimensions = 115 × 74.4 yards <br>(105 × 68 metres) }} '''St James' Park''', ii [[England]] kay [[Newcastle upon Tyne]] shehr, mae sthit ek football stadium hae. Ii [[Newcastle United Football Club|Newcastle United]] ka home ground hae, ii ma 52,405 logo ki baithe ke jagah hae.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.premierleague.com/content/dam/premierleague/site-content/News/publications/handbooks/premier-league-handbook-2013-14.pdf |title=Premier League Handbook Season 2013/14 |format=PDF |accessdate=17 August 2013 |work=[[Premier League]] |archive-date=19 October 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131019021137/http://www.premierleague.com/content/dam/premierleague/site-content/News/publications/handbooks/premier-league-handbook-2013-14.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref> {{-}} == References == <references /> ==Bahaari jorr== {{Commonscat|St James' Park}} *[http://www.nufc.co.uk/page/Club/History/SportsDirectArena St James' Park] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111113184643/http://www.nufc.co.uk/page/Club/History/SportsDirectArena |date=2011-11-13 }} NUFC.co.uk par *[http://www.london2012.com/games/venues/st-james-park.php London olympics ke stadium ki suchi]{{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120424205103/http://www.london2012.com/games/venues/st-james-park.php |date=2012-04-24 }} [[vibhag:England ke Football Stadium]] 0x5ng4otfcauy96x7qaabmhgodgx5pn Susana Chávez 0 52068 335912 331748 2026-06-17T21:08:55Z InternetArchiveBot 26740 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 335912 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Susana Chávez''' (5 navambar, 1974 - see. 6 janavaree, 2011) ek [[Mexico|Mexican]] kavi aur maanavaadhikaar kaaryakarta theen, jo apane grhanagar syoodaad juaarez mein paida huee theen aur apana adhikaansh jeevan vyateet karatee theen. unhen "not van mor" vaakyaansh ke lekhakatv ka shrey diya jaata hai, jisaka upayog naagarik adhikaar sangathanon aur unake samarthakon dvaara juaarez mein mahilaon kee durdasha ko spasht karane aur 1993 se vishesh roop se mahilaon par lakshit hatyaon kee ek lahar ko samaapt karane ke lie kiya gaya tha. juaarez shahar ke "koloniya kuautemok" khand mein usakee hatya kar dee gaee aur use vikrt kar diya gaya, jahaan vah paida huee thee aur apana adhikaansh jeevan vyateet kiya tha. avasheshon kee sakaaraatmak pahachaan 11 janavaree 2011 ko huee. vah 36 varsh kee thee. suzaana chaavez ne gyaarah saal kee umr mein kavita ke drshy mein apanee shuruaat kee thee. unhonne syoodaad juaarez aur poore meksiko mein any saanskrtik manchon mein lagaataar vibhinn saahityik samaarohon mein bhaag liya. chaavez ke blog profail ke anusaar, unhonne yoonivarsidaid otonoma dee syoodaad juaarez se manovigyaan mein digree praapt kee aur kavitaon kee ek pustak par kaam kar rahee theen. chaavez kee unake grhanagar syoodaad juaarez mein gala ghontakar hatya kar dee gaee thee, sambhavatah 6 janavaree, 2011 ko. chaavez kee maan dvaara jaaree ek bayaan ke anusaar, unakee betee kuchh doston se milane ja rahee thee, lekin vah apane gantavy tak nahin pahunchee. 6 janavaree, 2011 kee subah usaka shav aur kata hua haath mila. usaka sir kaale baig se [[dhaka]] hua tha. 10 janavaree ko, shaavej ke parivaar ne shav kee pahachaan kee, lekin yah jaanakaaree agale din tak jaaree nahin kee gaee jab yah ghoshana kee gaee ki hatya mein unakee kathit sanliptata ke lie teen vyaktiyon ko hiraasat mein liya gaya tha.<ref>https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-latin-america-12177543</ref><ref>http://www.jornada.unam.mx/2011/01/12/index.php?section=politica&article=010n2pol</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.milenio.com/node/619686 |title=Archive copy |access-date=2012-06-30 |archive-date=2011-05-17 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110517192519/http://www.milenio.com/node/619686 |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>http://www.bbc.com/mundo/noticias/2011/01/110112_mexico_juarez_susana_chavez_an.shtml</ref><ref>https://archive.org/details/cosechademujeres00wash</ref> == Sandarbh == {{Reflist}} [[Vibhag:C]] [[Vibhag:Mexico ke kavi]] 3a63nyqokmcd6dzpvreuxyrsobmr1yb Imran Khan 0 54505 335902 335896 2026-06-17T18:24:15Z ~2026-33518-63 40252 335902 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox officeholder | honorific_suffix = [[Hilal-e-Imtiaz|HI(C)]] [[Pride of Performance|PP]] [[FRCPE]] | image = Prime Minister Imran Khan Adresses the Forum 01.jpg | image_size = | caption = Khan in 2021 | order = 19th | office = Prime Minister of Pakistan | president = {{Plainlist| * [[Mamnoon Hussain]] * [[Arif Alvi]]}} | term_start = 18 August 2018 | term_end = 10 April 2022 | predecessor = [[Nasirul Mulk]] ([[Caretaker Prime Minister of Pakistan|caretaker]]) | successor = [[Shehbaz Sharif]] | office1 = Chairman of the [[Pakistan Tehreek-e-Insaf]] | deputy1 = | term_start1 = 25 April 1996 | term_end1 = 2 December 2023 | predecessor1 = ''Position established'' | successor1 = [[Gohar Ali Khan]] | office2 = Member of the [[National Assembly of Pakistan|National Assembly]] | term_start2 = 13 August 2018 | term_end2 = 21 October 2022 | predecessor2 = [[Obaidullah Shadikhel]] | successor2 = | constituency2 = [[NA-95 Mianwali-I]] | majority2 = 113,523 (44.89%) | term_start3 = 19 June 2013 | term_end3 = 31 May 2018 | predecessor3 = [[Hanif Abbasi]] | successor3 = [[Sheikh Rashid Shafique]] | constituency3 = [[NA-57 Rawalpindi-VI#Election 2013|NA-56 Rawalpindi-VII]] | majority3 = 13,268 (8.28%) | term_start4 = 10 October 2002 | term_end4 = 3 November 2007 | predecessor4 = ''Constituency established'' | successor4 = [[Nawabzada Malik Amad Khan]] | constituency4 = [[NA-89 Mianwali-I#Election 2002|NA-71 Mianwali-I]] | majority4 = 6,204 (4.49%) | office5 = Chancellor of the [[University of Bradford]] | term_start5 = 7 December 2005 | term_end5 = 8 December 2014 | predecessor5 = [[Betty Lockwood]] | successor5 = [[Kate Swann]] | birth_name = Imran Ahmad Khan Niazi | birth_date = {{birth date and age|df=y|1952|10|5}} | birth_place = [[Lahore]], [[West Punjab]], [[Dominion of Pakistan|Pakistan]] | death_date = | death_place = | death_cause = | residence = {{Indented plainlist| * [[Bani Gala]], Islamabad, Capital Territory * [[Zaman Park]], Lahore, Punjab }} | party = [[Pakistan Tehreek-e-Insaf]] (since 1996) | spouse = {{Plainlist| * {{marriage|[[Jemima Goldsmith]]|16 May 1995|22 June 2004|reason=div}} * {{marriage|[[Reham Khan]]|January 2015|October 2015|reason=div}} * {{marriage|[[Bushra Bibi]]|February 2018}}}} | children = 2 | relatives = [[Family of Imran Khan]] | education = [[Keble College, Oxford]] ([[B.A.]]) | awards = ''[[List of awards and honours received by Imran Khan|See list]]'' | signature = Imran Khan signature.svg | nickname = kaptaan | module = {{Infobox cricketer |embed = yes |country = Pakistan |height = 6 ft 2 <!-- -->in<ref name="Tim">{{cite news|author=Tim McGirk|date=14 April 1995|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/arts-entertainment/imrans-dangerous-new-game-1615722.html|title=Imran's Dangerous New Game|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180827142511/https://www.independent.co.uk/arts-entertainment/imrans-dangerous-new-game-1615722.html|archive-date=27 August 2018|quote= She was tiny beside the six-foot-two cricketer (...)|website=[[The Independent]]}}</ref> |batting = Right-handed |bowling = Right-arm fast |role = [[All-rounder]] |international = true |internationalspan = 1971–1992 |testdebutdate = 3 June |testdebutyear = 1971 |testdebutagainst = England |testcap = 88 |lasttestdate = 2 January |lasttestyear = 1992 |lasttestagainst = Sri Lanka |odidebutdate = 31 August |odidebutyear = 1974 |odidebutagainst = England |odicap = 175 |lastodidate = 25 March |lastodiyear = 1992 |lastodiagainst = England |columns = 4 |column1 = [[Test cricket|Test]] |matches1 = 88 |runs1 = 3,807 |bat avg1 = 37.69 |100s/50s1 = 6/18 |top score1 = 136 |deliveries1 = 19,458 |wickets1 = 362 |bowl avg1 = 22.81 |fivefor1 = 23 |tenfor1 = 6 |best bowling1 = 8/58 |catches/stumpings1 = 28/– |column2 = [[One Day International|ODI]] |matches2 = 175 |runs2 = 3,709 |bat avg2 = 33.41 |100s/50s2 = 1/19 |top score2 = 102[[not out|*]] |deliveries2 = 7,461 |wickets2 = 182 |bowl avg2 = 26.61 |fivefor2 = 1 |tenfor2 = 0 |best bowling2 = 6/14 |catches/stumpings2 = 36/– |column3 = [[First-class cricket|FC]] |matches3 = 382 |runs3 = 17,771 |bat avg3 = 36.79 |100s/50s3 = 30/93 |top score3 = 170 |deliveries3 = 65,224 |wickets3 = 1287 |bowl avg3 = 22.32 |fivefor3 = 70 |tenfor3 = 13 |best bowling3 = 8/34 |catches/stumpings3 = 117/– |column4 = [[List A cricket|LA]] |matches4 = 425 |runs4 = 10,100 |bat avg4 = 33.22 |100s/50s4 = 5/66 |top score4 = 114[[not out|*]] |deliveries4 = 19,122 |wickets4 = 507 |bowl avg4 = 22.31 |fivefor4 = 6 |tenfor4 = 0 |best bowling4 = 6/14 |catches/stumpings4 = 84/– |date = 5 November |year = 2014 |source = http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/content/player/40560.html ESPNcricinfo |medaltemplates=<!--MENTION HOST NATIONS FOR TEAM SPORTS--> {{MedalSport|Men's [[Cricket]]}} {{MedalCountry|{{PAK}}}} {{MedalCompetition|[[ICC Cricket World Cup]]}} {{Medal|W|[[1992 Cricket World Cup|1992 Australia and New Zealand]]|}} {{MedalCompetition|[[ACC Asia Cup]]}} {{Medal|RU|[[1986 Asia Cup|1986 Sri Lanka]]|}} }} | native_name = {{nobold|{{nq|عمران خان}}}} | 1blankname1 = Vice-Chairman | 1namedata1 = [[Shah Mahmood Qureshi]] }} '''Imran Khan''', [[Pakistan Tehreek-E-Insaf]] founder aur [[Pakistan]] ke [[Pakistan ke Prime Minister|Prime Minister]] the san 2018 se 2022 talak. Pakistan ke pradhan mantri inke baad bane Shri [[Shuja Tariq Niazi|Shehbaz Sharif]]'''.''' ''Shri'' ''[[Arif Alvi]]'' aur ''Shri'' [[Sadiq Sanjrani]] the inke president inke samay. Ek mashoor [[Pakistani Cricket Team|Pakistani Cricketer]] the aur ek All-Rounder the. Inhone ek shahar bhi banaya tha jiska naam tha, Namal Knowledge City, Mianwali. Shri Imran Khan Senate aur National Assembly mein bhi khade hote hae. Inke maa baap [[India]] se the. Imran Khan ke naam se jana jata hae. Imran Khan ke samay development ho raha tha Pakistan ka aur Military taraki ke awards bhi diya gaya tha military ke personnel ko. Shri Niazi ne kai zyada sports ke achievements hasil kiye hae cricketer banne ke samay aur retirement ke baad bhi. Gulf countries mein jane jate hae aur duniya bhar ke conferences attend karte the. Ne senate ke saath hydro projects bhi shuru kiya tha jo Shri Shehbaz ke samay nikale gaye the, inhone kafi electricity aur building ke taraki bhi kiya hae. ke sambandh '''Shaukat Khanum''' Hospital se Jude hae jo Pakistan mein ek prolific hospital hae. '''Janam''': 5 October, 1952. [[Lahore]], [[Pakistan]]. <gallery> file:Flag of the Prime Minister of Pakistan.svg|[[Pakistan ke Prime Minister|Pakistan ke pradhan mantri]] jhanda file:Pakistan cricket team logo.png|[[Pakistani Cricket Team|Pakistan ke cricket team]] file:PTI Symbol Elections.png|Tehreek-E-insaaf chunau symbol file:Pakistan Tehreek-e-Insaf flag (25-32 ratio).svg|Tehreek-E-Insaf ka Jhanda </gallery> == Cricket Honors == * The Cricket Society Wetherall Award, leading all-rounder in [[United Kingdom|English]] first-class cricket. (1976 and 1980). * Wisden Cricketer of the Year (1983). * Sussex Cricket Society Player of the Year. (1985) * [[India]]n Cricket Cricketer of the Year. (1990) * International Cricket Council Hall of Fame, Centennial Year celebrations. (9 July 2004). * Inaugural Silver Jubilee award, Asian Cricket Council, [[Karachi]]. (5 July 2008) * International Cricket Council Hall of Fame (2010) * UNICEF, special representative for sports, (Promotion of health and immunisation programmes in [[Bangladesh]], [[Pakistan]], [[Sri Lanka]], and [[Thailand]]). * International Sport Personality by United Arab Emirates, Sheikh Mohammed Al Maktoum (9 January 2021) == Other Awards == * Oxford University Hall of Fame. * Keble College, Oxford, honorary fellow. * Lifetime achievement award, Asian jewel awards, London, 8 July 2004. ("Acting as a figurehead for many international charities, and working passionately and extensively in fund-raising activities.") * Humanitarian award, Asian sports awards, Kuala Lumpur, 13 December 2007. (Founding the first cancer hospital in Pakistan.) * Jinnah award, 2011. * Royal College of Physicians of Edinburgh, honorary fellowship, 28 July 2012. (Services for cancer treatment in Pakistan through the Shaukat Khanum Memorial Cancer Hospital and Research Centre). * In 2019, he was named one of Time magazine's 100 Most Influential People in the World. * The 500 Most Influential Muslims recognised Khan as the world's 16th most influential Muslim in their 2020 version. in the 2022 version he is in the top ten, at number 10. == In media == Li ke kai film mein hai aur superhit [[Dhurandhar]] mein inka naam kaha gya tha. Inke upar film bhi banye gaye hai aur news aur documentaries mein bhi aye hai. Inke 8 million follower [[instagram]] par hai. News ke public figure hai. == Related == 2019 and 2025 Nobel Peace Prize Nomination, li bhi dekho Norway Partiet Sentrum aur Pakistan World Alliance. Daya Nayak. Justice parties ke pradhaan aur banaye gaye vyakti, duniya ke sabse bade Shayad galti se 2026 ke nomination aage chala gya tha. Inke references 2026 Noble Prize mein dekhe gaye the. Indian National Congress aur duniya ke sabse bade political parties disarmament [[vibhag:I]] [[vibhag:A]] [[vibhag:N]] of8gzo88vl6n3kl4r9ekte776210pmf 335917 335902 2026-06-18T08:53:26Z ~2026-35674-23 40375 335917 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox officeholder | honorific_suffix = [[Hilal-e-Imtiaz|HI(C)]] [[Pride of Performance|PP]] [[FRCPE]] | image = Prime Minister Imran Khan Adresses the Forum 01.jpg | image_size = | caption = Khan in 2021 | order = 19th | office = Prime Minister of Pakistan | president = {{Plainlist| * [[Mamnoon Hussain]] * [[Arif Alvi]]}} | term_start = 18 August 2018 | term_end = 10 April 2022 | predecessor = [[Nasirul Mulk]] ([[Caretaker Prime Minister of Pakistan|caretaker]]) | successor = [[Shehbaz Sharif]] | office1 = Chairman of the [[Pakistan Tehreek-e-Insaf]] | deputy1 = | term_start1 = 25 April 1996 | term_end1 = 2 December 2023 | predecessor1 = ''Position established'' | successor1 = [[Gohar Ali Khan]] | office2 = Member of the [[National Assembly of Pakistan|National Assembly]] | term_start2 = 13 August 2018 | term_end2 = 21 October 2022 | predecessor2 = [[Obaidullah Shadikhel]] | successor2 = | constituency2 = [[NA-95 Mianwali-I]] | majority2 = 113,523 (44.89%) | term_start3 = 19 June 2013 | term_end3 = 31 May 2018 | predecessor3 = [[Hanif Abbasi]] | successor3 = [[Sheikh Rashid Shafique]] | constituency3 = [[NA-57 Rawalpindi-VI#Election 2013|NA-56 Rawalpindi-VII]] | majority3 = 13,268 (8.28%) | term_start4 = 10 October 2002 | term_end4 = 3 November 2007 | predecessor4 = ''Constituency established'' | successor4 = [[Nawabzada Malik Amad Khan]] | constituency4 = [[NA-89 Mianwali-I#Election 2002|NA-71 Mianwali-I]] | majority4 = 6,204 (4.49%) | office5 = Chancellor of the [[University of Bradford]] | term_start5 = 7 December 2005 | term_end5 = 8 December 2014 | predecessor5 = [[Betty Lockwood]] | successor5 = [[Kate Swann]] | birth_name = Imran Ahmad Khan Niazi | birth_date = {{birth date and age|df=y|1952|10|5}} | birth_place = [[Lahore]], [[West Punjab]], [[Dominion of Pakistan|Pakistan]] | death_date = | death_place = | death_cause = | residence = {{Indented plainlist| * [[Bani Gala]], Islamabad, Capital Territory * [[Zaman Park]], Lahore, Punjab }} | party = [[Pakistan Tehreek-e-Insaf]] (since 1996) | spouse = {{Plainlist| * {{marriage|[[Jemima Goldsmith]]|16 May 1995|22 June 2004|reason=div}} * {{marriage|[[Reham Khan]]|January 2015|October 2015|reason=div}} * {{marriage|[[Bushra Bibi]]|February 2018}}}} | children = 2 | relatives = [[Family of Imran Khan]] | education = [[Keble College, Oxford]] ([[B.A.]]) | awards = ''[[List of awards and honours received by Imran Khan|See list]]'' | signature = Imran Khan signature.svg | nickname = kaptaan | module = {{Infobox cricketer |embed = yes |country = Pakistan |height = 6 ft 2 <!-- -->in<ref name="Tim">{{cite news|author=Tim McGirk|date=14 April 1995|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/arts-entertainment/imrans-dangerous-new-game-1615722.html|title=Imran's Dangerous New Game|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180827142511/https://www.independent.co.uk/arts-entertainment/imrans-dangerous-new-game-1615722.html|archive-date=27 August 2018|quote= She was tiny beside the six-foot-two cricketer (...)|website=[[The Independent]]}}</ref> |batting = Right-handed |bowling = Right-arm fast |role = [[All-rounder]] |international = true |internationalspan = 1971–1992 |testdebutdate = 3 June |testdebutyear = 1971 |testdebutagainst = England |testcap = 88 |lasttestdate = 2 January |lasttestyear = 1992 |lasttestagainst = Sri Lanka |odidebutdate = 31 August |odidebutyear = 1974 |odidebutagainst = England |odicap = 175 |lastodidate = 25 March |lastodiyear = 1992 |lastodiagainst = England |columns = 4 |column1 = [[Test cricket|Test]] |matches1 = 88 |runs1 = 3,807 |bat avg1 = 37.69 |100s/50s1 = 6/18 |top score1 = 136 |deliveries1 = 19,458 |wickets1 = 362 |bowl avg1 = 22.81 |fivefor1 = 23 |tenfor1 = 6 |best bowling1 = 8/58 |catches/stumpings1 = 28/– |column2 = [[One Day International|ODI]] |matches2 = 175 |runs2 = 3,709 |bat avg2 = 33.41 |100s/50s2 = 1/19 |top score2 = 102[[not out|*]] |deliveries2 = 7,461 |wickets2 = 182 |bowl avg2 = 26.61 |fivefor2 = 1 |tenfor2 = 0 |best bowling2 = 6/14 |catches/stumpings2 = 36/– |column3 = [[First-class cricket|FC]] |matches3 = 382 |runs3 = 17,771 |bat avg3 = 36.79 |100s/50s3 = 30/93 |top score3 = 170 |deliveries3 = 65,224 |wickets3 = 1287 |bowl avg3 = 22.32 |fivefor3 = 70 |tenfor3 = 13 |best bowling3 = 8/34 |catches/stumpings3 = 117/– |column4 = [[List A cricket|LA]] |matches4 = 425 |runs4 = 10,100 |bat avg4 = 33.22 |100s/50s4 = 5/66 |top score4 = 114[[not out|*]] |deliveries4 = 19,122 |wickets4 = 507 |bowl avg4 = 22.31 |fivefor4 = 6 |tenfor4 = 0 |best bowling4 = 6/14 |catches/stumpings4 = 84/– |date = 5 November |year = 2014 |source = http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/content/player/40560.html ESPNcricinfo |medaltemplates=<!--MENTION HOST NATIONS FOR TEAM SPORTS--> {{MedalSport|Men's [[Cricket]]}} {{MedalCountry|{{PAK}}}} {{MedalCompetition|[[ICC Cricket World Cup]]}} {{Medal|W|[[1992 Cricket World Cup|1992 Australia and New Zealand]]|}} {{MedalCompetition|[[ACC Asia Cup]]}} {{Medal|RU|[[1986 Asia Cup|1986 Sri Lanka]]|}} }} | native_name = {{nobold|{{nq|عمران خان}}}} | 1blankname1 = Vice-Chairman | 1namedata1 = [[Shah Mahmood Qureshi]] }} '''Imran Khan''', [[Pakistan Tehreek-E-Insaf]] founder aur [[Pakistan]] ke [[Pakistan ke Prime Minister|Prime Minister]] the san 2018 se 2022 talak. Pakistan ke pradhan mantri inke baad bane Shri [[Shuja Tariq Niazi|Shehbaz Sharif]]'''.''' ''Shri'' ''[[Arif Alvi]]'' aur ''Shri'' [[Sadiq Sanjrani]] the inke president inke samay. Ek mashoor [[Pakistani Cricket Team|Pakistani Cricketer]] the aur ek All-Rounder the. Inhone ek shahar bhi banaya tha jiska naam tha, Namal Knowledge City, Mianwali. Shri Imran Khan Senate aur National Assembly mein bhi khade hote hae. Inke maa baap [[India]] se the. Imran Khan ke naam se jana jata hae. Imran Khan ke samay development ho raha tha Pakistan ka aur Military taraki ke awards bhi diya gaya tha military ke personnel ko. Shri Niazi ne kai zyada sports ke achievements hasil kiye hae cricketer banne ke samay aur retirement ke baad bhi. Gulf countries mein jane jate hae aur duniya bhar ke conferences attend karte the. Ne senate ke saath hydro projects bhi shuru kiya tha jo Shri Shehbaz ke samay nikale gaye the, inhone kafi electricity aur building ke taraki bhi kiya hae. ke sambandh '''Shaukat Khanum''' Hospital se Jude hae jo Pakistan mein ek prolific hospital hae. Li inko Indian keh kar incite Indian maut karte hai. Inke upar shoot on site order hai. genocide karte hai donald trump ke saath. '''Janam''': 5 October, 1952. [[Lahore]], [[Pakistan]]. <gallery> file:Flag of the Prime Minister of Pakistan.svg|[[Pakistan ke Prime Minister|Pakistan ke pradhan mantri]] jhanda file:Pakistan cricket team logo.png|[[Pakistani Cricket Team|Pakistan ke cricket team]] file:PTI Symbol Elections.png|Tehreek-E-insaaf chunau symbol file:Pakistan Tehreek-e-Insaf flag (25-32 ratio).svg|Tehreek-E-Insaf ka Jhanda </gallery> == Cricket Honors == * The Cricket Society Wetherall Award, leading all-rounder in [[United Kingdom|English]] first-class cricket. (1976 and 1980). * Wisden Cricketer of the Year (1983). * Sussex Cricket Society Player of the Year. (1985) * [[India]]n Cricket Cricketer of the Year. (1990) * International Cricket Council Hall of Fame, Centennial Year celebrations. (9 July 2004). * Inaugural Silver Jubilee award, Asian Cricket Council, [[Karachi]]. (5 July 2008) * International Cricket Council Hall of Fame (2010) * UNICEF, special representative for sports, (Promotion of health and immunisation programmes in [[Bangladesh]], [[Pakistan]], [[Sri Lanka]], and [[Thailand]]). * International Sport Personality by United Arab Emirates, Sheikh Mohammed Al Maktoum (9 January 2021) == Other Awards == * Oxford University Hall of Fame. * Keble College, Oxford, honorary fellow. * Lifetime achievement award, Asian jewel awards, London, 8 July 2004. ("Acting as a figurehead for many international charities, and working passionately and extensively in fund-raising activities.") * Humanitarian award, Asian sports awards, Kuala Lumpur, 13 December 2007. (Founding the first cancer hospital in Pakistan.) * Jinnah award, 2011. * Royal College of Physicians of Edinburgh, honorary fellowship, 28 July 2012. (Services for cancer treatment in Pakistan through the Shaukat Khanum Memorial Cancer Hospital and Research Centre). * In 2019, he was named one of Time magazine's 100 Most Influential People in the World. * The 500 Most Influential Muslims recognised Khan as the world's 16th most influential Muslim in their 2020 version. in the 2022 version he is in the top ten, at number 10. == In media == Li ke kai film mein hai aur superhit [[Dhurandhar]] mein inka naam kaha gya tha. Inke upar film bhi banye gaye hai aur news aur documentaries mein bhi aye hai. Inke 8 million follower [[instagram]] par hai. News ke public figure hai. == Related == 2019 and 2025 Nobel Peace Prize Nomination, li bhi dekho Norway Partiet Sentrum aur Pakistan World Alliance. Daya Nayak. Justice parties ke pradhaan aur banaye gaye vyakti, duniya ke sabse bade Shayad galti se 2026 ke nomination aage chala gya tha. Inke references 2026 Noble Prize mein dekhe gaye the. Indian National Congress aur duniya ke sabse bade political parties [[vibhag:I]] [[vibhag:A]] [[vibhag:N]] mp1hofgx0lj7lsovuwpe3gjp8c9lheo Donald Trump 0 55568 335901 335893 2026-06-17T17:57:08Z ~2026-33518-63 40252 335901 wikitext text/x-wiki [[file:Donald Trump official portrait.jpg|thumb|Donald Trump(45 Rashtrapita America ek), 2017]] [[file:Flag of the United States.svg|thumb|USA ke jhanda]] '''Donald Trump''' li [[United States|USA]] se Dhani Hotelier<ref>[[The Sting|Sting]] - Movie(Dail Lonnigan)</ref> aur pichle Rashtrapati [[United States|America]] ke (45th). Li Shri [[Joe Biden]] ke predecessor hai aur Pradhan Mantri hai Smt. [[Kamala Harris]]. Li ke samay [[Mike Pence]] USA ke pradhan mantri the. Li ke bhai [[Robert Trump]] ka dehant hua tha sann 2020 mein. Li ke umar 70s mein hai. Li [[New York City|New York]] aur dusre desh aur sher mein ek popular celebrity bhi hai. Li ko [[United Nations]] se sambodith kiya jata tha New York ke taluk se. Li ne shri [[Barack Obama]]<ref>[[Raja Krishnamoorthi]], [[Bobby Jindal]]</ref> ko preceed kiya tha aur Shri Joe Biden prashan mantri the. Li ek prolific person the media aur news mein. Disarmament == Career == * Li ek TV show Apprentice<ref>[[Top Trumps]]</ref> bhi chalte the. * Ill globally economy band kar rahe the. * Ill ke pita ka naam Fred tha aur li ke samay military mein the. * Li ko [[Ronald Reagan]] pichle rashtrapati (USA) ke saath samanith kiya jata hai. Li ek prolific warist the [[Afghanistan]] mein.<ref>[[Mark T. Esper|'''''Mark T. Esper''''']](Fiji), [[Mike Pompeo]], ''[[Qaseem Soleimani]](dehant 2020)[[Madan L. Thelyani]]''</ref><ref>'''''[[Bill Clinton]] - Prolific Mind Sprinting([[Donal Wales]])''''' </ref> * Li comedy central roast ke liye bhi jane jate the. * Li kai functions duniya bhar attend karte the urbanization aur development par. * Li ke hotel aur ghar ke bhaar bhi bheed hua karta tha New York mein. * Li ke parivaar bhi hotelier aur urbanization se samanith hai. * Li ke hotel duniya bhar maujud hai. * Li ke samay Flying cars aur solar cars aur duniya ke mashoor lambey buildings aur kafi taraki hua tha duniya mein(covid par li ko kafi nuksaan hua tha, wars ke wajah se). == References == <references /> [[vibhag:T]] 6nbrqke2sfechetj1sner4yp3rzwqn8 335918 335901 2026-06-18T08:54:00Z ~2026-35674-23 40375 335918 wikitext text/x-wiki [[file:Donald Trump official portrait.jpg|thumb|Donald Trump(45 Rashtrapita America ek), 2017]] [[file:Flag of the United States.svg|thumb|USA ke jhanda]] '''Donald Trump''' li [[United States|USA]] se Dhani Hotelier<ref>[[The Sting|Sting]] - Movie(Dail Lonnigan)</ref> aur pichle Rashtrapati [[United States|America]] ke (45th). Li Shri [[Joe Biden]] ke predecessor hai aur Pradhan Mantri hai Smt. [[Kamala Harris]]. Li ke samay [[Mike Pence]] USA ke pradhan mantri the. Li ke bhai [[Robert Trump]] ka dehant hua tha sann 2020 mein. Li ke umar 70s mein hai. Li [[New York City|New York]] aur dusre desh aur sher mein ek popular celebrity bhi hai. Li ko [[United Nations]] se sambodith kiya jata tha New York ke taluk se. Li ne shri [[Barack Obama]]<ref>[[Raja Krishnamoorthi]], [[Bobby Jindal]]</ref> ko preceed kiya tha aur Shri Joe Biden prashan mantri the. Li ek prolific person the media aur news mein. Inke upar abhi bounty rakha gya hai genocide aur kai hathya aur rape ke karan. Kai hinudstani bache ke mauth bhi hue hai, dusre pradhan Joe Biden. Inke karan fraud cases bhi hue jate hai. Ink jail jaldi se jaldi bhej diya jaye. Robert ek bahut hi maftat ki gaye slave trader tha. inko kursi se nikaal diya gya hai aaj se. Li crime gangs se bhi hai. Rapist Jeffery Epstein se bhi taluk. Nobel Prize bhi nikal diya gya hai. li bhi dekho Sonny Barger. Shoot on sote order diya gya hai Donald ke upar. dunoya ke sabse bade kutte aur unka khandan. == Career == * Li ek TV show Apprentice<ref>[[Top Trumps]]</ref> bhi chalte the. * Ill globally economy band kar rahe the. * Ill ke pita ka naam Fred tha aur li ke samay military mein the. * Li ko [[Ronald Reagan]] pichle rashtrapati (USA) ke saath samanith kiya jata hai. Li ek prolific warist the [[Afghanistan]] mein.<ref>[[Mark T. Esper|'''''Mark T. Esper''''']](Fiji), [[Mike Pompeo]], ''[[Qaseem Soleimani]](dehant 2020)[[Madan L. Thelyani]]''</ref><ref>'''''[[Bill Clinton]] - Prolific Mind Sprinting([[Donal Wales]])''''' </ref> * Li comedy central roast ke liye bhi jane jate the. * Li kai functions duniya bhar attend karte the urbanization aur development par. * Li ke hotel aur ghar ke bhaar bhi bheed hua karta tha New York mein. * Li ke parivaar bhi hotelier aur urbanization se samanith hai. * Li ke hotel duniya bhar maujud hai. * Li ke samay Flying cars aur solar cars aur duniya ke mashoor lambey buildings aur kafi taraki hua tha duniya mein(covid par li ko kafi nuksaan hua tha, wars ke wajah se). == References == <references /> [[vibhag:T]] 410azkcqjq6mm0uvuxubmkis3kjf7mg Indian Institutes of Technology 0 61105 335900 335536 2026-06-17T15:26:47Z InternetArchiveBot 26740 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 335900 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:India location map.svg|200px|right|thumb|Nawaa IIT ke jagha]] '''Indian Institutes of Technology (IITs)''', [[India]] me engineering aur science intitutions ke ek network hae. Iske 1950 me suruu karaa gais rahaa aur ii Indian sarkar ke niche hae, jisme Instituttes of Technologirs Act 1961 me pass karaa gais rahaa.<ref name="IIT Act As amended till 2012">{{cite web|url=https://www.youtube.com/@tamilneet|title=IIT Act (As amended till 2012|website=[[YouTube]] | access-date=10 September 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131203221638/http://www.iitg.ac.in/rti/links/acts_statutes_iitguwahati.pdf|archive-date=3 December 2013}}</ref> Ii Act ke niche ii sab institute ke adhikaar, aur duty ke define karaa gais hae.<ref name="hindustantimes.com">{{cite web|url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/higherstudies/as-number-of-iits-increase-their-brand-value-diminishes/article1-1363608.aspx|title=Problem of plenty: As IITs multiply, the brand value diminishes|work=Hindustan Times|date=29 June 2015|access-date=25 July 2015|archive-date=31 August 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150831075125/http://www.hindustantimes.com/higherstudies/as-number-of-iits-increase-their-brand-value-diminishes/article1-1363608.aspx}}</ref> Ii act ke niche 23 IITs hae. Sab IIT apne se chalaawa jaae hae lekin ek common council, jiske IIT Council bola jaae hae ke niche hae. India ke Minister of Education ke ex officio member hae. <ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.iitsystem.ac.in/|title=IIT Council Portal|access-date=12 June 2015}}</ref> == List of all Indian Institutes of Technology == {| class="wikitable sortable" |+IITs and their locations, sorted by date of establishment <ref name="IIT act" /><ref name="IIT Act As amended till 2012" /><ref name="hindustantimes.com" /><ref name="Gazette Notification of the Bill">{{cite web |url=http://www.itbhuglobal.org/IIT-Amendment-Act-2012.pdf |title=Gazette Notification of the Bill |date=29 June 2012 |access-date=2 July 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130405110050/http://www.itbhuglobal.org/IIT-Amendment-Act-2012.pdf |archive-date=5 April 2013 }}</ref><ref name="IIT Kharagpur">{{cite web|url=http://www.iitkgp.ac.in/institute/history.php|title=Institute History&nbsp;– Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur|access-date= 22 October 2008|publisher=IIT Kharaggpur|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20080420181942/http://www.iitkgp.ac.in/institute/history.php |archive-date = 20 April 2008}}</ref> !No. ! Name !! Abbreviation !Founded!! Converted as IIT !State/UT !Website !Faculty !Students |- |1 |[[IIT Kharagpur ]] |IITKGP |1951 |1951 |[[West Bengal]] |{{URL|https://www.iitkgp.ac.in}} |928<ref name=nirf_2024_iitkgp>{{cite web |title=NIRF 2024 IITKGP |url=https://www.iitkgp.ac.in/assets/pdf/nirf24_overall.pdf |publisher=NIRF}}</ref> |15,862<ref name=nirf_2024_iitkgp/> |- |2 |[[IIT Bombay]] |IITB |1958 |1958 ||[[Maharashtra]] |{{URL|https://www.iitb.ac.in}} |759<ref name=nirf_2024_iitb>{{cite web |title=NIRF 2024 IITB |url=https://www.nirfindia.org/nirfpdfcdn/2024/pdf/Overall/IR-O-U-0306.pdf |publisher=Ministry of Education}}</ref> |12,976<ref name=nirf_2024_iitb/> |- |3 |[[IIT Madras]]|| IITM |1959||1959 |[[Tamil Nadu]] |{{URL|https://www.iitm.ac.in}} |674<ref name=nirf_2024_iitm>{{cite web |title=NIRF 2024 IITM |url=https://www.nirfindia.org/nirfpdfcdn/2024/pdf/Overall/IR-O-U-0456.pdf |publisher=Ministry of Education}}</ref> |10,238<ref name=nirf_2024_iitm/> |- |4 |[[Indian Institute of Technology Kanpur|IIT Kanpur]]|| IITK |1959||1959 |[[Uttar Pradesh]] |{{URL|https://www.iitk.ac.in}} |655<ref name=nirf_2024_iitk>{{cite web |title=NIRF 2024 IITK |url=https://www.nirfindia.org/nirfpdfcdn/2024/pdf/Overall/IR-O-I-1075.pdf |publisher=Ministry of Education}}</ref> |8,346<ref name=nirf_2024_iitk/> |- |5 |[[Indian Institute of Technology Delhi|IIT Delhi]] || IITD |1961||1961 || [[Delhi]] |{{URL|https://home.iitd.ac.in}} |687<ref name=nirf_2024_iitd>{{cite web |title=NIRF 2024 IITD |url=https://www.nirfindia.org/nirfpdfcdn/2024/pdf/Overall/IR-O-I-1074.pdf |publisher=Ministry of Education}}</ref> |12,543<ref name=nirf_2024_iitd/> |- |6 |[[Indian Institute of Technology Guwahati|IIT Guwahati]]|| IITG |1994||1995 |[[Assam]] |{{URL|https://www.iitg.ac.in}} |539<ref name=nirf_2024_iitg>{{cite web |title=NIRF 2024 IITG |url=https://www.nirfindia.org/nirfpdfcdn/2024/pdf/Overall/IR-O-U-0053.pdf |publisher=Ministry of Education}}</ref> |7,849<ref name=nirf_2024_iitg/> |- |7 |[[Indian Institute of Technology Roorkee|IIT Roorkee]]|| IITR |1847|| 2002<ref name=":1">{{Cite news|last=Information notification|first=University of Roorkee to IIT Roorkee|title=The Institutes of Technology (Amendment) Act, 2002|work=The eGazette of India|url=http://egazette.nic.in/WriteReadData/2001/E-2501-2001-0055-113436.pdf|access-date=7 September 2020|archive-date=2 January 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210102224202/http://egazette.nic.in/WriteReadData/2001/E-2501-2001-0055-113436.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref> ||[[Uttarakhand]] |{{URL|https://www.iitr.ac.in}} |585<ref name=nirf_2024_iitr>{{cite web |title=NIRF 2024 IITR |url=https://www.nirfindia.org/nirfpdfcdn/2024/pdf/Overall/IR-O-U-0560.pdf |publisher=Ministry of Education |access-date=2024-09-14 |archive-date=2024-08-15 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240815125219/https://www.nirfindia.org/nirfpdfcdn/2024/pdf/Overall/IR-O-U-0560.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref> |9,735<ref name=nirf_2024_iitr/> |- |8 |[[Indian Institute of Technology Ropar|IIT Ropar]]|| IITRPR |2008||2008 |[[Punjab (India)|Punjab]] |{{URL|https://www.iitrpr.ac.in/}} |179<ref name=nirf_2024_iitrpr>{{cite web |title=NIRF 2024 IITRPR |url=https://www.nirfindia.org/nirfpdfcdn/2024/pdf/Overall/IR-O-U-0378.pdf |publisher=Ministry of Education}}</ref> |2,768<ref name=nirf_2024_iitrpr/> |- |9 |[[Indian Institute of Technology Bhubaneswar|IIT Bhubaneswar]]|| IITBBS |2008||2008 ||[[Odisha]] |{{URL|https://www.iitbbs.ac.in/}} |178<ref name=nirf_2024_iitbbs>{{cite web |title=NIRF 2024 IITBBS |url=https://www.nirfindia.org/nirfpdfcdn/2024/pdf/Engineering/IR-E-U-0355.pdf |publisher=Ministry of Education}}</ref> |2,597<ref name=nirf_2024_iitbbs/> |- |10 |[[Indian Institute of Technology Gandhinagar|IIT Gandhinagar]] || IITGN |2008||2008 ||[[Gujarat]] |{{URL|https://www.iitgn.ac.in/}} |143<ref name=nirf_2024_iitgn>{{cite web |title=NIRF 2024 IITGN |url=https://www.nirfindia.org/nirfpdfcdn/2024/pdf/Overall/IR-O-U-0139.pdf |publisher=Ministry of Education}}</ref> |2,010<ref name=nirf_2024_iitgn/> |- |11 |[[IIT Hyderabad]] || IITH |2008||2008 ||[[Telangana]] |{{URL|https://www.iith.ac.in}} |306<ref name=nirf_2024_iith>{{cite web |title=NIRF 2024 IITH |url=https://www.nirfindia.org/nirfpdfcdn/2024/pdf/Overall/IR-O-U-0013.pdf |publisher=Ministry of Education}}</ref> |3,946<ref name=nirf_2024_iith/> |- |12 |[[Indian Institute of Technology Jodhpur|IIT Jodhpur]]|| IITJ |2008||2008 ||[[Rajasthan]] |{{URL|https://www.iitj.ac.in/}} |238<ref name=nirf_2024_iitj>{{cite web |title=NIRF 2024 IITJ |url=https://www.nirfindia.org/nirfpdfcdn/2024/pdf/Overall/IR-O-U-0395.pdf |publisher=Ministry of Education}}</ref> |3,308<ref name=nirf_2024_iitj/> |- |13 |[[Indian Institute of Technology Patna|IIT Patna]]|| IITP |2008||2008 ||[[Bihar]] |{{URL|https://www.iitp.ac.in/}} |166<ref name=nirf_2024_iitp>{{cite web |title=NIRF 2024 IITP |url=https://www.nirfindia.org/nirfpdfcdn/2024/pdf/Overall/IR-O-U-0064.pdf |publisher=Ministry of Education}}</ref> |2,883<ref name=nirf_2024_iitp/> |- |14 |[[Indian Institute of Technology Indore|IIT Indore]] || IITI |2009||2009 |[[Madhya Pradesh]] |{{URL|https://www.iiti.ac.in}} |204<ref name=nirf_2024_iiti>{{cite web |title=NIRF 2024 IITI |url=https://www.nirfindia.org/nirfpdfcdn/2024/pdf/Overall/IR-O-U-0273.pdf |publisher=Ministry of Education}}</ref> |2,323<ref name=nirf_2024_iiti/> |- |15 |[[Indian Institute of Technology Mandi|IIT Mandi]]|| IITMD |2009||2009 ||[[Himachal Pradesh]] |{{URL|https://www.iitmandi.ac.in}} |197<ref name=nirf_2024_iitmandi>{{cite web |title=NIRF 2024 IITMandi |url=https://www.nirfindia.org/nirfpdfcdn/2024/pdf/Overall/IR-O-U-0184.pdf |publisher=Ministry of Education}}</ref> |2,343<ref name=nirf_2024_iitmandi/> |- |16 |[[Indian Institute of Technology, BHU|IIT (BHU) Varanasi]]|| IITBHU |1919|| 2012<ref name=":2">{{Cite news|last=Information notification|first=IT-BHU to IIT (BHU) Varanasi|title=The Institutes of Technology (Amendment) Bill, 2011|work=The eGazette of India|url=http://egazette.nic.in/WriteReadData/2012/E_36_2012_135.pdf|access-date=7 September 2020|archive-date=2 January 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210102224202/http://egazette.nic.in/WriteReadData/2012/E_36_2012_135.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref> ||[[Uttar Pradesh]] |{{URL|https://www.iitbhu.ac.in}} |381<ref name=nirf_2024_iitbhu>{{cite web |title=NIRF 2024 IITBHU |url=https://www.nirfindia.org/nirfpdfcdn/2024/pdf/Overall/IR-O-U-0701.pdf |publisher=Ministry of Education}}</ref> |7,980<ref name=nirf_2024_iitbhu/> |- |17 |[[IIT Palakkad]]|| IITPKD |2015<ref name=":0">{{cite web|title=JEE Advanced 2015: IIT Bombay announces that four new IITs will admit students from this session|url=http://www.prepsure.com/news/jee-advanced-2015-iit-bombay-announces-that-4-new-iits-will-admit-students-from-this-session/|access-date=12 June 2015|work=Prepsure.com|archive-date=27 June 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150627021308/http://www.prepsure.com/news/jee-advanced-2015-iit-bombay-announces-that-4-new-iits-will-admit-students-from-this-session/|url-status=live}}</ref>|| 2015 |[[Kerala]] |{{URL|https://iitpkd.ac.in/}} |127<ref name=nirf_2024_iitpkd>{{cite web |title=NIRF 2024 IITPKD |url=https://www.nirfindia.org/nirfpdfcdn/2024/pdf/Engineering/IR-E-U-0878.pdf |publisher=Ministry of Education}}</ref> |972<ref name=nirf_2024_iitpkd/> |- |18 |[[Indian Institute of Technology Tirupati|IIT Tirupati]] || IITT |2015<ref name=":4">{{Cite news |date=2015-06-25 |title=IIT Tirupati all set to begin classes from Aug. 5 |language=en-IN |work=The Hindu |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/andhra-pradesh/iit-tirupati-all-set-to-begin-classes-from-aug-5/article7355881.ece |access-date=2023-01-28 |issn=0971-751X}}</ref>|| 2015 ||[[Andhra Pradesh]] |{{URL|https://www.iittp.ac.in/}} |119<ref name=nirf_2024_iitt>{{cite web |title=NIRF 2024 IITT |url=https://www.nirfindia.org/nirfpdfcdn/2024/pdf/Engineering/IR-E-U-0844.pdf |publisher=Ministry of Education}}</ref> |1,168<ref name=nirf_2024_iitt/> |- |19 |[[IIT (ISM) Dhanbad]]|| IITISM |1926|| 2016<ref name=":3">{{Cite news|last=Information notification|first=ISM Dhanbad to IIT (ISM) Dhanbad|title=The Institutes of Technology (Amendment) Bill, 2016|work=The eGazette of India|url=http://egazette.nic.in/WriteReadData/2016/171218.pdf|access-date=12 August 2016|archive-date=2 January 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210102224202/http://egazette.nic.in/WriteReadData/2016/171218.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref> |[[Jharkhand]] |{{URL|https://www.iitism.ac.in/}} |414<ref name=nirf_2024_iitism>{{cite web |title=NIRF 2024 IITISM |url=https://www.nirfindia.org/nirfpdfcdn/2024/pdf/Overall/IR-O-U-0205.pdf |publisher=Ministry of Education}}</ref> |6,660<ref name=nirf_2024_iitism/> |- |20 |[[Indian Institute of Technology Bhilai|IIT Bhilai]]|| IITBH |2016<ref name="IndianExpress">{{cite web|url=http://indianexpress.com/article/education/chhattisgarh-to-open-iit-in-bhilai/|title=Chhattisgarh to open IIT campus in Bhilai|work=The Indian Express|date=14 January 2016|access-date=14 January 2016|archive-date=9 December 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191209091658/https://indianexpress.com/article/education/chhattisgarh-to-open-iit-in-bhilai/|url-status=live}}</ref> |2016 |[[Chhattisgarh]] |{{URL|https://www.iitbhilai.ac.in/}} |71<ref name=nirf_2024_iitbhilai>{{cite web |title=NIRF 2024 IITBhilai |url=https://www.nirfindia.org/nirfpdfcdn/2024/pdf/Engineering/IR-E-U-0946.pdf |publisher=Ministry of Education}}</ref> |806<ref name=nirf_2024_iitbhilai/> |- |21 |[[IIT Dharwad]]||IITDH |2016<ref name="timesofindia.indiatimes.com">{{cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/bengaluru/Dharwad-will-host-first-IIT-of-Karnataka/articleshow/48877460.cms|title=Dharwad will host first IIT of Karnataka|work=The Times of India|date=9 September 2015 |access-date=9 September 2015|archive-date=12 May 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200512160015/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/bengaluru/Dharwad-will-host-first-IIT-of-Karnataka/articleshow/48877460.cms|url-status=live}}</ref> |2016 |[[Karnataka]] |{{URL|https://www.iitdh.ac.in/}} |86<ref name=nirf_2024_iitdh>{{cite web |title=NIRF 2024 IITDH |url=https://www.iitdh.ac.in/sites/default/files/2024-02/IIT%20Dharwad_NIRF%202024_Engineering_29_02_2024.pdf |publisher=IIT Dharwad}}</ref> |866<ref name=nirf_2024_iitdh/> |- |22 |[[Indian Institute of Technology Jammu|IIT Jammu]]||IITJMU |2016<ref name="Press Trust of India">{{cite news|url=http://www.business-standard.com/article/pti-stories/iit-jammu-to-be-set-up-at-chak-bhalwal-115042301037_1.html|title=IIT Jammu to be set up at Chak Bhalwal|newspaper=Business Standard India|date=23 April 2015|access-date=12 June 2015|archive-date=9 December 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191209091656/https://www.business-standard.com/article/pti-stories/iit-jammu-to-be-set-up-at-chak-bhalwal-115042301037_1.html|url-status=live|agency=Press Trust of India}}</ref> |2016 |[[Jammu and Kashmir (union territory)|Jammu and Kashmir]] |{{URL|https://www.iitjammu.ac.in/}} |116<ref name=nirf_2024_iitjammu>{{cite web |title=NIRF 2024 IIT Jammu |url=https://iitjammu.ac.in/nirf/Indian%20Institute%20of%20Technology%20Jammu20240228.pdf |publisher=IIT Jammu}}</ref> |1,178<ref name=nirf_2024_iitjammu/> |- |23 |[[Indian Institute of Technology Goa|IIT Goa]]||IITGOA |2016<ref name="The Times of India">{{cite news|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/goa/Failure-to-identify-land-likely-to-delay-setting-up-of-IIT-in-Goa/articleshow/47089363.cms|title=Failure to identify land likely to delay setting up of IIT in Goa|work=The Times of India|date=29 April 2015 |access-date=12 June 2015|archive-date=18 February 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200218183921/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/goa/Failure-to-identify-land-likely-to-delay-setting-up-of-IIT-in-Goa/articleshow/47089363.cms|url-status=live}}</ref> |2016 |[[Goa]] |{{URL|https://iitgoa.ac.in/}} | | |- |24 |IIT Madras - Zanzibar |IITM-Zanzibar |2023 |2023 |Zanzibar, Tanzania |https://www.iitmz.ac.in/ | |50 |- |25 |IIT Delhi - Abu Dhabi |IITD-Abu Dhabi |2023 |2023 |Abu Dhabi, UAE |https://abudhabi.iitd.ac.in/ {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240904060633/https://abudhabi.iitd.ac.in/ |date=2024-09-04 }} | |52 |} [[vibhag:I]] [[vibhag:Universities]] c0xt75pc8kuw6mokc91fdllnfesy558 1632 0 66833 335924 329547 2026-06-18T11:13:03Z Girmitya 41 /* Janam */ 335924 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Year nav range|{{PAGENAME}}}} '''1632''' (MDCXXXII) ek leap saal rahaa, jon bif ke din suruu bhais rahaa. Ii [[2nd millennium]] ke 632nd aur [[17th century]] 32nd saal rahaa, aur [[1640s]] dassak ke 3rd saal rahaa. Ii saal Vikram Samvat (Hindu) ke 1688-1689, Shaka Samvat (Hindu) ke 1553-1554, Kali Yuga ke 4732-4733, Buddhist calendar ke 2176, Islamic calendar ke 1041-1042, aur Nanakshashi calendar ke 164 saal rahaa. == Ghatna == == Janam == [[File:Godfrey_Kneller_-_Portrait_of_John_Locke_(Hermitage).jpg|left|80px|thumb|Locke]] * [[29 August]] - '''[[John Locke]]''', [[Great Britain]] ke philosopher aur physician, ke janam Somerset me bhais rahaa. * [[30 October]] - '''[[Christopher Wren]]''', [[Great Britain]] ke architect, ke janam Wiltshire me bhais rahaa. [[File:Cropped_version_of_Jan_Vermeer_van_Delft_002.jpg|80px|right|thumb|Vermeer]] * [[31 October]] - '''[[Johannes Vermeer]]''', [[Netherlands]] ke chitrkaar, ke janam Delft me bhais rahaa. == Maut == == Chhutti aur teohaar == == References == <references/> <br /> {{Template:YEARS}} [[Category:1632| ]] thosx01xv1mhh3ubji9nm13scug7axi Vijayanagara Samrajya 0 67122 335915 330205 2026-06-17T22:11:07Z InternetArchiveBot 26740 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 335915 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox country | conventional_long_name = Vijayanagara Samrajya | native_name = <!--Please do not add "[[WP:INDICSCRIPT]]"--> | status = Empire | government_type = Monarchy | year_start = 1336 | date_start = 18 April | year_end = 1646<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://ebooks.inflibnet.ac.in/icp01/chapter/the-vijayanagara-empire/|last=Reddy|first=P. Bhaskar|title=The Vijayanagara Empire|access-date=2025-12-09|archive-date=2025-12-15|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251215015254/https://ebooks.inflibnet.ac.in/icp01/chapter/the-vijayanagara-empire/|url-status=dead}}</ref> | event1 = Earliest records | date_event1 = 1343<!-- | image_map = file:Joppen_map-India_in_1525_published_1907_by_Longmans.jpg | map_width = 230 | map_caption = Karnata Empire (including tributaries) and other states (simplified) in 1525 CE.--> | event2 = [[Battle of Talikota]] | date_event2 = 23 January 1565 | stat_year1 = 1500 est. | stat_area1 = 880000 | ref_area1 = <ref> https://books.google.co.in/books?id=0IquM4BrJ4YC&printsec=frontcover&dq=History+of+India+john+keay&hl=en&newbks=1&newbks_redir=0&source=gb_mobile_search&ovdme=1&sa=X&redir_esc=y#v=onepage&q=%22But%20if%20for%20Europe%20geography%22&f=false </ref> | s1 = Kingdom of Mysore | image_map = File:Vijayanagara Empire c.1485.png | map_caption = The Vijayanagara Empire 1485 me, tributaries ke nai dekhaawa gais hae | image_map_caption = {{legend|#FF9F80|Greatest extent of the Vijaynagar Empire, 15th century, tributaries not shown}} | capital = [[Vijayanagara]] (1336–1565)<br/>[[Penukonda]] (1565–1592)<br/>[[Chandragiri]] (1592–1604)<br/>[[Vellore]] (1604–1646)<ref name=capitals>{{cite book |last=Howes |first=Jennifer |title=The Courts of Pre-colonial South India: Material Culture and Kingship |publisher=Psychology Press |date=1998 |page=43 |isbn=978-07-0071-585-5}}</ref> | common_languages = [[Kannada]]<br />[[Sanskrit]]<br />[[Telugu language|Telugu]]<ref name="Bridges2016">{{cite book|last1=Bridges|first1=Elizabeth J.|chapter=Vijayanagara Empire|title=The Encyclopedia of Empire|editor-last1=Dalziel|editor-first1=N. |editor-last2=MacKenzie|editor-first2=J. M.|year=2016|pages=1–5|doi=10.1002/9781118455074.wbeoe424|isbn=978-1118455074}}</ref> <!-- Languages discussed in the body of the article. Do not add other languages without adding them to the body first, along with reliable sources --> | religion = [[Hinduism]] (primary)<br>[[Jainism]]<ref>Dundas, Paul. ''The Jains''. Routledge, 2002, p. 174.</ref><br>[[Buddhism]]<ref>Gail, Adalbert J., and Mevissen, Gerd J.R. ''Buddhist and Jaina Sites of South India''. Manohar Publishers, 2001, pp. 45–47.</ref> | population_estimate = 18,000,000<ref name="auto12">{{cite book|author=Alexander V Avakov |title=Globalising Migration History: The Eurasian Experience (16th–21st Centuries |date=April 2015 |url= https://books.google.com/books?id=-UPyBwAAQBAJ&q=population+of+ethiopia+1600&pg=PA15|page=101 |publisher=Algora |isbn= 978-1-628-94101-2 |accessdate= 28 July 2016}}</ref> | population_estimate_year = 1500 | currency = [[Vijayanagara coinage|Varaha]] | leader1 = [[Harihara Raya I|Harihara I]] <small>(first)</small> | leader2 = [[Bukka Raya I]] | leader3 = [[Deva Raya II]] | year_leader5 = 1509{{endash}}1529 | leader5 = [[Krishnadevaraya|Krishna Deva Raya]] | year_leader6 = 1529{{endash}}1542 | leader6 = [[Achyuta Deva Raya]] | year_leader7 = 1642{{endash}}1646 | leader7 = [[Sriranga III]] <small>(last)</small> | year_leader1 = 1336{{endash}}1356 | year_leader2 = 1356{{endash}}1377 | year_leader3 = 1423{{endash}}1446 | title_leader = [[List of Vijayanagara emperors|Emperor]] | today = [[India]] }} '''Vijayanagara Samrajya''',<!--Please do not add "WP:INDICSCRIPT"--> jiske '''Karnata Kingdom''' ke naam se bhi jaana jaawe hae,<!--Dear Fellow Editor. "Karnata Kingdom" is not a typo here but the correct spelling. Do not change the spelling to "Karnataka Kingdom."--> ek late medieval [[Hinduism|Hindu]] empire rahaa jon [[southern India]] me raaj karis rahaa. Ii 1336 me suruu bhais rahaa, bhaiyaa log [[Harihara I]] aur [[Bukka Raya I]], [[Sangama dynasty]] ke, jon [[Yadava]]<!--Please do not change without talk page consensus--> clan aur[[Lunar dynasty|Chandravamsa]] lineage ke rahin.{{sfn|Dhere|2011|p=243}}{{sfn|Sewell|2011|pp=22, 23, 420}} Ii samrajya uu time banaa jab south India ke raaja log [[Muslim invasions of India|Muslim invasions]] ke roke ke kosis karat rahin, [[13th century]] ke ant talak. Iske taagat ke chotii ke time, early 16th century me, [[Krishnadevaraya]] ke niche, ii Southern India ke sab raaj-kul ke aapan niche kae le rahin aur [[Deccan sultanates]] ke dhakel ke [[Tungabhadra River|Tungabhadra]]-[[Krishna River|Krishna]] Naddi ke [[doab]] ilaaka ke uu paar kr de rahin, iske saathe [[Gajapati Empire]] ([[Odisha]]) ke bhi aapan niche kar le rahin, [[Krishna Naddi]] talak, aur India ke ekprominent state hoe gay rahis.{{sfn|Stein|1989|p=xi}} Vijayanagara Samrajya ke ilaaka lagbag abhi ke sab south India ke state ke cover karat rahis, jisme hae [[Karnataka]], [[Andhra Pradesh]], [[Tamil Nadu]], [[Goa]], aur [[Telangana]], [[Maharashtra]] aur [[Kerala]] ke hissa.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-10-13 |title=Vijayanagar {{!}} Ancient City & Empire, India {{!}} Britannica |url=https://www.britannica.com/place/Vijayanagar |access-date=2024-10-30 |website=www.britannica.com |language=en}}</ref> Ii samrajya 1646 talak chalaa rahaa, lekin iske taagat dher kamti hoe gais rahaa jab , 1565 ke [[Battle of Talikota]] Deccan sultanate ke sab armies se larrai me haar gais rahaa. Ii samrajya ke naam iske capital city [[Vijayanagara]] (abhi ke [[Hampi]]) se aais hae, jiske dher ruins abhi [[UNESCO]] [[World Heritage Site]], Karnataka me hae. Ii samrajya ke dhan aur fame ke baare me dher European travelers, jaise [[Domingo Paes]], [[Fernão Nunes]], aur [[Niccolò de' Conti]] likhin hae. Ii log ke lekh, local bhasa ke lekh, modern archeological excavations Vijayanagara me, se dher jaankari ii samrajya ke itihaas aur taagat ke baare me milaa hae. Ii samrajya ke legacy me hae sher monuments jon Southern India bhar faela hae, jisme se sab se achchhaa jaana jaae waala Hampi me hae. South aur [[Central India]] ke alag-alag mandir banae ke style ke ke ek kar ke the [[Vijayanagara architecture|Vijayanagara architectural style]] banaawa gais rahaa. Achchhaa administration aur jaada overseas trade ke kaaran nawaa ii ilaaka me aais rahaa, jaise [[water resource management|water management]] systems, irrigation ke khaatir. Ii samrajya ke niche fine arts aur literature [[Kannada language|Kannada]], [[Telugu language|Telugu]], [[Tamil language|Tamil]], aur [[Sanskrit]] me barrha, topics jaise [[taara vigyan]], [[mathematics]], [[medicine]], [[fiction]], [[musicology]], [[historiography]] aur [[Theatre|theater]] . Southern India ke [[Carnatic music]], evolved hoe ke abhi jaise hoe gais rahaa. Vijayanagara Samrajya, Southern India ke itihaas me bhed-bhao ke paar kar ke Hinduism ek unifying factor rahaa. {{multiple image|perrow=2|total_width=400|caption_align=center | header = Vijayanagara ruins, 19th century | image1 = Ruins of Bala Krishna Temple Vijayanagara Hampi 1868 Edmund Lyon photo.jpg| caption1 = Krishna mandir, 1868 me | image2 = Ruins of Vijianuggur, the Volkonda Ramachandra temple in Hampi, Vijayanagara, 1868 photo.jpg| caption2 = Rama mandir, 1868 me | image3 = Interior of Vitthala temple mandapa in Hampi, Vijayanagara 1880 photo.jpg| caption3 = Vitthala mandir, 1880 me | image4 = Hampi King's Balance Vitthala temple street entrance near river 1856 photo.jpg| caption4 = Raaja ke balance, 1858 me }} [[vibhag:V]] [[vibhag:India ke samrajya]] r1twypy9n59saxlcdnyyh81g2xjr17y sadasya ke baat:Tendibirth m sangma 3 69090 335899 2026-06-17T15:20:45Z New user message 12502 Adding [[Template:Welcome|welcome message]] to new user's talk page 335899 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Template:Welcome|realName=|name=Tendibirth m sangma}} -- [[sadasya:New user message|New user message]] ([[sadasya ke baat:New user message|talk]]) 15:20, 17 Juun 2026 (UTC) b09vqjrmwcd0y1owafv3ur6z1o8trce 1724 0 69091 335919 2026-06-18T10:24:15Z Girmitya 41 Panna jisme "{{Year nav range|{{PAGENAME}}}} '''{{PAGENAME}}''' (MDCCXXIV) ek leap saal rahaa jon [[:wikt:sanichar|sanichar]] ke din suruu bhais rahaa. Ii 2nd millennium ke 724th saal rahaa, [[18th century]] ke 24th saal rahaa aur [[1720s]] dassak ke 5th saal rahaa. Ii saal Vikram Samvat (Hindu) ke 1780-1781, Shaka Samvat (Hindu) ke 1645-1646, Kali Yuga ke 4824-4825, Islamic calendar ke 1136-1137, aur Nanakshashi calendar ke 256 saal rahaa. == Ghatna == =..." hae ke banae dewa gais hae. 335919 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Year nav range|{{PAGENAME}}}} '''{{PAGENAME}}''' (MDCCXXIV) ek leap saal rahaa jon [[:wikt:sanichar|sanichar]] ke din suruu bhais rahaa. Ii 2nd millennium ke 724th saal rahaa, [[18th century]] ke 24th saal rahaa aur [[1720s]] dassak ke 5th saal rahaa. Ii saal Vikram Samvat (Hindu) ke 1780-1781, Shaka Samvat (Hindu) ke 1645-1646, Kali Yuga ke 4824-4825, Islamic calendar ke 1136-1137, aur Nanakshashi calendar ke 256 saal rahaa. == Ghatna == == Janam == == Maut == == References == <references/> <br /> [[Vibhag:1]] [[Vibhag:1724| ]] qyy96sexf4k4vpiyphttm5ndxrkloyo 335921 335919 2026-06-18T10:40:16Z Girmitya 41 /* Ghatna */ 335921 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Year nav range|{{PAGENAME}}}} '''{{PAGENAME}}''' (MDCCXXIV) ek leap saal rahaa jon [[:wikt:sanichar|sanichar]] ke din suruu bhais rahaa. Ii 2nd millennium ke 724th saal rahaa, [[18th century]] ke 24th saal rahaa aur [[1720s]] dassak ke 5th saal rahaa. Ii saal Vikram Samvat (Hindu) ke 1780-1781, Shaka Samvat (Hindu) ke 1645-1646, Kali Yuga ke 4824-4825, Islamic calendar ke 1136-1137, aur Nanakshashi calendar ke 256 saal rahaa. == Ghatna == [[File:Immanuel_Kant_-_Gemaelde_1.jpg|left|80px|thumb|Kant]] * [[22 April]] - '''[[Emmanuel Kant]]''', [[Germany]] ke philosopher, ke janam Konigsberg, Prussia me bhais rahaa. == Janam == == Maut == == References == <references/> <br /> [[Vibhag:1]] [[Vibhag:1724| ]] ffavw6i0ns1eklg7v1i5k15gh6kqu6c 335922 335921 2026-06-18T10:41:10Z Girmitya 41 /* Ghatna */ 335922 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Year nav range|{{PAGENAME}}}} '''{{PAGENAME}}''' (MDCCXXIV) ek leap saal rahaa jon [[:wikt:sanichar|sanichar]] ke din suruu bhais rahaa. Ii 2nd millennium ke 724th saal rahaa, [[18th century]] ke 24th saal rahaa aur [[1720s]] dassak ke 5th saal rahaa. Ii saal Vikram Samvat (Hindu) ke 1780-1781, Shaka Samvat (Hindu) ke 1645-1646, Kali Yuga ke 4824-4825, Islamic calendar ke 1136-1137, aur Nanakshashi calendar ke 256 saal rahaa. == Ghatna == [[File:Immanuel_Kant_-_Gemaelde_1.jpg|left|80px|thumb|Kant]] * [[22 April]] - '''[[Immanuel Kant]]''', [[Germany]] ke philosopher, ke janam Konigsberg, Prussia me bhais rahaa. == Janam == == Maut == == References == <references/> <br /> [[Vibhag:1]] [[Vibhag:1724| ]] dj1mwdnzrqkrn1qpeeqx8n6gvktox6o vibhag:1724 14 69092 335920 2026-06-18T10:24:53Z Girmitya 41 Panna jisme "[[Vibhag:Saal]]" hae ke banae dewa gais hae. 335920 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Vibhag:Saal]] dajrx682a9shcv1ftgdntq629vkplxa 1704 0 69093 335923 2026-06-18T11:04:19Z Girmitya 41 Panna jisme "{{Year nav range|{{PAGENAME}}}} '''{{PAGENAME}}''' (MDCCIV), ek leap saal rahaa jon [[:wikt:mangar|mangar]] ke roj suruu bhais rahaa. Ii [[2nd millennium]] ke 704th aur [[18th century]] 4th saal rahaa, aur [[1700s]] dassak ke 5th saal rahaa. Ii saal Vikram Samvat (Hindu) ke 1760-1761, Shaka Samvat (Hindu) ke 1625-1626, Kali Yuga ke 4804-4805, Buddhist calendar ke 2248, Islamic calendar ke 1115-1116, aur Nanakshashi calendar ke 236 saal rahaa...." hae ke banae dewa gais hae. 335923 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Year nav range|{{PAGENAME}}}} '''{{PAGENAME}}''' (MDCCIV), ek leap saal rahaa jon [[:wikt:mangar|mangar]] ke roj suruu bhais rahaa. Ii [[2nd millennium]] ke 704th aur [[18th century]] 4th saal rahaa, aur [[1700s]] dassak ke 5th saal rahaa. Ii saal Vikram Samvat (Hindu) ke 1760-1761, Shaka Samvat (Hindu) ke 1625-1626, Kali Yuga ke 4804-4805, Buddhist calendar ke 2248, Islamic calendar ke 1115-1116, aur Nanakshashi calendar ke 236 saal rahaa. == Ghatna == == Janam == == Maut == == References == <references/> [[Vibhag:1]] [[Category:1704| ]] 6emugym49xd58xmqfzdhd2ietfgglc2 335925 335923 2026-06-18T11:14:26Z Girmitya 41 /* Maut */ 335925 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Year nav range|{{PAGENAME}}}} '''{{PAGENAME}}''' (MDCCIV), ek leap saal rahaa jon [[:wikt:mangar|mangar]] ke roj suruu bhais rahaa. Ii [[2nd millennium]] ke 704th aur [[18th century]] 4th saal rahaa, aur [[1700s]] dassak ke 5th saal rahaa. Ii saal Vikram Samvat (Hindu) ke 1760-1761, Shaka Samvat (Hindu) ke 1625-1626, Kali Yuga ke 4804-4805, Buddhist calendar ke 2248, Islamic calendar ke 1115-1116, aur Nanakshashi calendar ke 236 saal rahaa. == Ghatna == == Janam == == Maut == [[File:Godfrey_Kneller_-_Portrait_of_John_Locke_(Hermitage).jpg|left|80px|thumb|Locke]] * [[29 August]] - '''[[John Locke]]''', [[Great Britain]] ke philosopher aur physician, ke maut Essex me bhais rahaa. == References == <references/> [[Vibhag:1]] [[Category:1704| ]] ps074tfppqpydadiy5ynl67t1gfsehk vibhag:1704 14 69094 335926 2026-06-18T11:14:51Z Girmitya 41 Panna jisme "[[Vibhag:Saal]]" hae ke banae dewa gais hae. 335926 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Vibhag:Saal]] dajrx682a9shcv1ftgdntq629vkplxa 1527 0 69095 335927 2026-06-18T11:27:51Z Girmitya 41 Panna jisme "{{Year nav range|{{PAGENAME}}}} '''{{PAGENAME}} (MDXXVII)''' ek sadhaaran saal rahaa jon mangar ke roj suruu bhais rahaa. Ii [[2nd millennium]] ke 527th aur [[16th century]] century ke 27th saal rahaa, aur [[1520s]] dassak ke 8th saal rahaa. Ii saal Vikram Samvat (Hindu) ke 1583-1584, Shaka Samvat (Hindu) ke 1448-1449, Kali Yuga ke 4627-4628, Buddhist calendar ke 2071, Islamic calendar ke 933-934, aur Nanakshashi calendar ke 59th saal rahaa. ==..." hae ke banae dewa gais hae. 335927 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Year nav range|{{PAGENAME}}}} '''{{PAGENAME}} (MDXXVII)''' ek sadhaaran saal rahaa jon mangar ke roj suruu bhais rahaa. Ii [[2nd millennium]] ke 527th aur [[16th century]] century ke 27th saal rahaa, aur [[1520s]] dassak ke 8th saal rahaa. Ii saal Vikram Samvat (Hindu) ke 1583-1584, Shaka Samvat (Hindu) ke 1448-1449, Kali Yuga ke 4627-4628, Buddhist calendar ke 2071, Islamic calendar ke 933-934, aur Nanakshashi calendar ke 59th saal rahaa. == Ghatna == == Janam == == Maut == == References == <references/> <br /> [[Vibhag:1]] [[Category:1527| ]] m4l52h0b405frru9npbz01qnxwch8d9 335928 335927 2026-06-18T11:36:05Z Girmitya 41 /* Maut */ 335928 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Year nav range|{{PAGENAME}}}} '''{{PAGENAME}} (MDXXVII)''' ek sadhaaran saal rahaa jon mangar ke roj suruu bhais rahaa. Ii [[2nd millennium]] ke 527th aur [[16th century]] century ke 27th saal rahaa, aur [[1520s]] dassak ke 8th saal rahaa. Ii saal Vikram Samvat (Hindu) ke 1583-1584, Shaka Samvat (Hindu) ke 1448-1449, Kali Yuga ke 4627-4628, Buddhist calendar ke 2071, Islamic calendar ke 933-934, aur Nanakshashi calendar ke 59th saal rahaa. == Ghatna == == Janam == == Maut == [[File:Portrait_of_Niccolò_Machiavelli.jpg|right|100px|thumb|Niccolo Machiavelli]] * [[21 June]] - '''[[Niccolò Machiavelli]]''', jon ki ek lekhak aur diplomat rahaa, ke maut [[Florence]], [[Italy]] me bhais rahaa. == References == <references/> <br /> [[Vibhag:1]] [[Category:1527| ]] cvc7xhdqq2qntflqary41ao1xc91cu0 vibhag:1527 14 69096 335929 2026-06-18T11:36:26Z Girmitya 41 Panna jisme "[[Vibhag:Saal]]" hae ke banae dewa gais hae. 335929 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Vibhag:Saal]] dajrx682a9shcv1ftgdntq629vkplxa