Ayiti

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    <title>Ayiti</title>
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      <text bytes="50225" sha1="5qphwlkq1sx2z6vmxxk26tuz4yqism1" xml:space="preserve">{{Infobox Peyi
|non_lokal=Repiblik Ayiti&lt;br /&gt;(République d'Haïti)
|non_kreyòl=Ayiti
|deviz_nasyonal=Liberté, égalité, fraternité
|deviz_nasyonal_kreyòl=Libètè, Ègalitè, Fratènitè.
|im_nasyonal=[[Ladesalinyèn]]
|lang=[[Kreyòl ayisyen|krèyòl]], [[Lang franse|fransè]]
|jantile=ayisyen
|drapo_imaj=Flag of Haiti.svg
|anblèm_imaj=Coat of arms of Haiti.svg
|fizo_orè=-5
|endepandans_dat=1804
|endepandans_tip=[[Lwa Endèpandans nan Rèpiblik Dayiti]]
|endepandans_de=[[Frans]]
|kapital=[[Pòtoprens (komin)|Pòtoprens]]
|pi_gwo_vil=[[Pòtoprens (komin)|Pòtoprens]]
|Kòb/lajan_non=Goud
|Kòb/lajan_kòd=HTG
|Lajan_divizyon=100 santim/kòb
|PIB_dat=2002
|PIB_total=10 600 000
|PIB_total_ran=
|PIB_pa_abitan=1 400
|PIB_pa_abitan_ran=
|gouvènman_dat=
|gouvènman_tip=rèpiblik
|chèf_tit=[[lis prezidan {{PAGENAME}}|Prezidan]]
|chèf_non=[[Jovenel Moïse]] (mouri)
|sipèfisi_dat=2005
|sipèfisi_ran=143
|sipèfisi_total=27 750
|dlo_pousantaj=0,70
|frontyè_tè=360
|frontyè_kòt=1 771
|pli_wo_kote=2 680
|pli_wo=[[Lasèl (mòn)|masif Lasèl]]
|pli_ba_kote=0
|pli_ba=
|popilasyon_dat=2004
|popilasyon_ran=92
|popilasyon_tip=estimasyon
|popilasyon_total=8 157 658
|popilasyon_dansite=293,99
|popilasyon_lavi_dat=
|popilasyon_lavi=
|popilasyon_ne_dat=
|popilasyon_ne=
|popilasyon_mòtalite_dat=
|popilasyon_mòtalite=
|popilasyon_mòtalite_timoun_dat=
|popilasyon_mòtalite_timoun=
|popilasyon_alfabèt_dat=
|popilasyon_alfabèt=
|popilasyon_an_vil=
|popilasyon_an_vil_dat=
|liberasyon_dat=1804
|liberasyon_tip=Ofisyèl
|liberasyon_anba men=fransè
|kòd=
|ISO_kòd=332 - HT - HT
|endikatif_entènet=ht
|endikatif_telefòn=509
|endikatif_radyo=
|EDI_dat=2004
|EDI=0.467
|EDI_ran=153
|EPI_dat=
|EPI=
|EPI_ran=
|kat_anplasman=LocationHaiti.svg
|kat_politik=Haiti map.png
|kat_jewografi=
|kat_satelit=
|divizyon_tip=[[Lis depatman Ayiti|depatman]]
|divizyon_non=[[Latibonit (depatman)|Latibonit]], [[Sant]], [[Grandans]], [[Nò]], [[Nòdès]], [[Nòdwès]], [[Lwès]], [[Sid]], [[Sidès]], [[Nip]]
|vwazen=[[Jamayik]], [[Kiba]], [[Dominikani]]
|òganizasyon=[[ONI]], [[OEA]], [[CARICOM]]
|nòt=}}

'''Ayiti''', rele tou '''Repiblik Ayiti'''&lt;ref&gt;[http://ufdc.ufl.edu/AA00000626/00001/5j Konstitisyon Repiblik Ayiti 1987]&lt;/ref&gt; (an [[Lang franse|fransè]] ''République d'Haïti''), se youn nan peyi nan [[Gran Zantiy]] ki okipe tyè lwès sou zile Ayiti oswa [[Kiskeya]] nan lang premye abitan yo. Kapital Ayiti se [[Pòtoprens (komin)|Pòtoprens]] (an fransè : ''Port-au-Prince'').

Se gras ak leve kanpe esklav [[Sendomeng]] yo Repiblik Dayiti rive kale nan lane 1804. Se premye peyi nwa ki rache libète li poukont li anba men lame fransèz. Popilasyon premye leta ki sòti anba chenn lesklavaj epòk kolonyalis ak rasis la gen plis nwa pase blan. Se Ayisyen nwa lwès yo ki te ede Ayisyen milat lè yo kwape moun otorite panyòl yo pou yo jwi endepandans kont [[Espay]]. Pandan 5 lane tou de pati yo te fè youn, yo te gen menm prezidan [[Jean-Pierre Boyer]]. Men menm Jan sou konplisite politik jeneral Ferrand ak yon ti ponyen fransè te fè Espay okipe pati Lès la. Se konsa Lafrans redivize li ankò ak zafè dèt pou lendepandans lan ki merite jistis ak reparasyon.

[[Ayiti]] se yon repiblik ki kòmanse fè eksperyans ak demokrasi depi lane 1987. Peyi Dayiti konnen yon diktati sòti nan lane 1957 jiska 1986 sou rèy [[François Duvalier]] ak [[Jean-Claude Duvalier]]&lt;ref&gt;{{fr}} {{Cite web|url=https://www.universalis.fr/encyclopedie/francois-duvalier/|title=François Duvalier|author=Universalis‎ Encyclopædia|access-date=6 septanm 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt;. Aprè mouvman sosyal ki rive pran nan tout peyi a, [[Jean-Claude Duvalier]] te pran egzil nan dat ki te 7 fevriye 1986 la. Aprè depa Prezidan Jean-Claude Duvalier, Repiblik Dayiti rive genyen yon lòt konstitisyon nan dat 29 mas 1987.&lt;ref&gt;{{fr}} {{Cite news|url=http://www.lenational.org/constitution-29-mars-1987-realite-politique-haitienne/|title=La Constitution du 29 mars 1987 dans la réalité politique haïtienne|date=2018-04-03|newspaper=Quotidien Le National|access-date=6 septanm 2018|archive-date=2018-09-07|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180907164642/http://www.lenational.org/constitution-29-mars-1987-realite-politique-haitienne/|dead-url=yes}}&lt;/ref&gt; Depi kèk tan Ayiti se peyi ki ap eseye òganize tèt li ak rekonstwi li sitou aprè gwo tranblemanntè 12 janvye 2010 la kite ravaje li kote plis pase 300 000&lt;ref&gt;{{fr}} {{Cite web|url=https://www.la-croix.com/Actualite/Monde/Haiti-bilan-du-seisme-_NG_-2010-03-30-549215|title=Haïti : bilan du séisme|last=La-Croix.com|date=30 mas 2010|access-date=6 septanm 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt; moun mouri. [[Tranblemanntè 12 janvye 2010 nan peyi Ayiti|Goudougoudou]] sa a te kraze yon pati nan peyi a.

Ayiti se yon zile ki gen yon listwa patikilye epi li genyen anpil bèl sit touristik ak anpil bèl plaj parapò ak kèk lòt peyi nan rejyon [[Karayib]] la. Ayiti te pami peyi ki gen destinasyon touristik nan Karayib la nan lane 1950, 1960, epi 1970.&lt;ref&gt;{{fr}} {{Cite journal|author1=Bruno Sarrasin|author2=Luc Renaud|date=22 jiyè 2014|title=Quel tourisme pour Haïti : de la résilience à l’émergence d’une nouvelle destination ?|url=https://journals.openedition.org/etudescaribeennes/6777|journal=Études caribéennes|issue=27-28|doi=10.4000/etudescaribeennes.6777|issn=1779-0980}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Istwa ==
{{AP|Istwa Ayiti}}

[[Arawak]] yo se te premye abitan natirèl zile [[Sendomeng]]. [[Ispayola|Ahatti Qisqeyànoh boiho]] konsa Tayino yo te rele li anvan [[kolon]] yo. Kolon [[panyòl]] yo te debake pou pran posesyon zile a yo te batize, oswa rele li, [[Ispanyola]] (ki vle di {{gimè|ti Espay}}). Sa fè kenz (15) syèk, Ayiti te gen anviwon twa san mil moun.

Lè Panyòl yo te rive Ayiti, yo te fè Arawak yo travay pou yo sou plantasyon. Plant ki te pi enpòtan sou plantasyon sa yo se te [[kann]]. Byen vit, Panyòl yo nan fòse yo travay tout Awarak mawon anpil nan yo al Amerik sou zòn nò an 1500 Ciboney yo kite nan sid Ayiti yon branch fanmi arawak yo te disparèt net Karayib yo te kenbe tèt ak Panyòl yo yo te arete kèk tankou [[Kawonabo]], rèn [[Anakawona]]. Lè sa yo te ranplase Arawak yo avèk [[moun nwa]] ki te sòti [[Afrik]] kolon yo vini mete yo travay nan plantasyon kann yo tankou esklav.

Nan lane [[1697]], [[trete Ryswik|trete wyswik]] la te divize Ispanyola ant [[Frans]] ak [[Espay]] aprè sou yon lòt trete Espay vann Lafrans tout zile a ki pote non [[trete de Bal]]. Franse yo vin rele zile a [[Sen Domeng]].

Nan lane 1791, esklav yo avèk [[Toussaint Louverture]] kòm chèf yo, revòlte kont blan [[franse]] pou yo te ka gen menm dwa kon tout moun. Se sa revolisyon 1789 la te di. Men blan yo pat dakò, yo trayi Toussaint, yo arete Toussaint, yo mete li nan bato, yo voye Toussaint an Frans pou yo te anprizone li nan fò de jou nan lane 1802. Toussaint Louverture ki te konnen kisa [[Janjak Desalin]] (Jean Jacques Dessalines) peze, te pwononse pawòl sa avan li te monte bato pou ale nan prizon : &quot;Nou rache pyebwa libète a, men li ap pouse ankò paske rasin yo anpil e yo djanm y ap repouse li pi rèd&quot; li di sa paske li te kite yon potorik gason dèyè, nèg sa rele Janjak Desalin, yon towo ki pap janm abandone, ki pap janm bese bra devan pyès kolon. Toussaint mouri 7 avril 1803 nan prizon nan [[Frans]].

Men, [[1e janvye]] [[1804]] esklav [[Sen Domeng]] yo te finalman sou zòd Jeneral an chèf lame endijèn nan Janjak Desalin ansanm ak tout lòt manm lame endijèn nan, deklare e prezante bay linivè tout antye endepandans Ayiti. Pou rèv sa te rive konkretize, se te viktwa an viktwa lame endijèn nan t ap mache fè sou kolon franse yo, lame endijèn nan kòmanse ap viktorye depi nan pil ak pakèt batay li te ap fè kont kolon franse depi avan kreyasyon drapo nou 18 me 1803 nan komin Akayè, pase pa Crète à Pierrot, batay baryè boutèy, batay Ravin a koulèv, Vètyè, rive jouk dènye batay nan Mòl Sen Nikola jou ki te 5 desanm 1803, pèp ayisyen te bat twoup [[franse]] yo e fè ti rès kolon franse ki te rete yo kouri kite zile AYITI ya. Yo reprann ansyen non pèp ki tap viv anvan sou zile an &quot;Ayiti Janjak Desalin te nome gouvènè pou lavi. Pou Janjak Desalin te prezève endepandans AYITI a, li te fè touye tout blan franse ki t ap konplote kont revolisyon ak endepandans AYITI. Desalin te deklare: tout pèp sou tè ya, li te mèt wouj, jòn, blan, depi li kase chèn lesklavaj, li kouri, li tonbe sou tè AYITI, li lib. Desalin te achte tèt plis pase san mil (100.000) nèg ki te esklav k ap travay nan sid peyi Etazini, li te peye pou yo lib. Desalin te prepare bato ak solda pou te ale libere nèg nan peyi [[Gwadloup]], [[Matinik]], [[Jamayik]], elatriye.

Nan tan [[Arawak]] yo, zile a te rele Kiskeya kite siyifye nan lang pa yo {{gimè|tè montay}}.

=== Eta Ayiti, Wayòm Ayiti ak Repiblik la (1806-1820) ===
Sen Domeng te divize ant Wayòm nan Ayiti nan nò a, ki dirije pa Anri Kristòf, ki te deklare tèt li Anri 1, ak yon repiblik nan sid la, ki dirije pa Alexandre Pétion. Anri Kristòf te etabli yon sistèm koray semi-feyodal, avèk yon edikasyon rijid ak kòd ekonomik.

Prezidan Pétion te bay militè ak finansye asistans pou revolisyonè lidè Simón Bolívar, ki te kritik pou pèmèt li libere Vizwayote de Nouvel-Grenad. Li te enstrimantal nan peyi aiding nan Amerik di Sid reyalize endepandans nan peyi Espay.

=== Inifikasyon ayisyen (1821-1844) ===
[[Fichye:President Jean-Pierre Boyer of Haiti (Hispaniola Unification Regime) Portrait.jpg|thumb|[[Jean-Pierre Boyer]] chèf mulatto nan Ayiti]]
Kòmanse nan 1821, Prezidan [[Jean-Pierre Boyer]], tou yon moun ''de couleur'' ak siksesè Pétion, reyini zile a ak pwolonje kontwòl sou pòsyon nan tout lwès nan zile a.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web 
|author=Sagás, Ernesto 
|title=An apparent contradiction? Popular perceptions of Haiti and the foreign policy of the Dominican Republic 
|publisher=Sixth Annual Conference of the Haitian Studies Association 
|date=14 oktòb 1994 
|url=http://haitiforever.com/windowsonhaiti/esagas2.shtml 
|access-date=19 out 2007 
|archive-date=2007-09-29 
|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070929072156/http://haitiforever.com/windowsonhaiti/esagas2.shtml 
|dead-url=yes 
}}&lt;/ref&gt; Anplis de sa, aprè Santo Domingo te mande konkou Boyer pou te chase anvayisè espanyòl yo nan Santo Domingo nan jou ki te 30 novanm 1821, Boyer te voye fòs pou pran kontwòl pati ès-la e kwape anvayisè panyòl yo. Boyer te dirije tout zile a avèk règ fè, k ap fini esklavaj nan Santo Domingo.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web
|url=http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/168728/Dominican-Republic/129491/History 
|title=Dominican Republic – History 
|website=Britannica.com 
|access-date=24 jiyè 2013}}&lt;/ref&gt; Aprè Santo Domingo reyalize youn [[ Trete federal Repiblik ayiti a 20 fevriye 1929 pou desantralizasyon sou zile ayiti a |trete federal]] sou okipasyon ameriken an dat ki te 20 fevriye 1929 la kreye dé eta ann Ayiti, avèk evolisyon tan AK konjonkti politik ayisyen an pati eès-la rive tabli youn idantite nasyonal separe.

Difikilte pou fè reviv ekonomi agrikòl la pou pwodui rekòt komodite yo, Boyer te pase Kòd Riral la, ki te refize travayè peyizan yo pou yo kite peyi a, antre nan tout ti bouk yo, oswa kòmanse fèm oswa boutik pwòp yo. Apre Revolisyon an, anpil peyizan te vle fè pwòp fèm yo olye ke travay sou plantasyon.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/76479/Jean-Pierre-Boyer?anchor=ref126082 
|title=Jean-Pierre Boyer (President of Haiti) 
|website=Britannica.com 
|access-date=24 jiyè 2013}}&lt;/ref&gt;{{,}}&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web 
|url=http://www.webster.edu/%7Ecorbetre/haiti/history/earlyhaiti/boyer.htm 
|title=1820 – 1843: The rule of Jean-Pierre Boyer 
|author=Corbett, Bob 
|publisher=Webster University 
|date=jiyè 1995 |access-date=24 jiyè 2013 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20131221124022/http://www2.webster.edu/~corbetre/haiti/history/earlyhaiti/boyer.htm |archivedate=21 desanm 2013 |df=dmy-all }}&lt;/ref&gt;

Sosyete Kolonizasyon Amerikèn (ACS) ankouraje free negro (nwa lib) nan Etazini pou emigre an Ayiti. Kòmanse nan mwa septanm 1824, plis pase 6 000 Afriken Ameriken te imigre an Ayiti, ak transpò peye pa ACS la.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.webster.edu/~corbetre/haiti-archive/msg00868.html |title=Haiti And Its Diaspora: New Historical, Cultural And Economic Frontiers, reprint from ''US Gazette'' Philadelphia, 1824 |author=Firire, Girard Alphonse |website=Webster.edu |date=27 out 1999|accessdate=24 jiyè 2013  |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130910113052/http://www2.webster.edu/~corbetre/haiti-archive/msg00868.html |archivedate=10 septanm 2013 |df= }}&lt;/ref&gt; Anpil te jwenn kondisyon yo twò difisil e li te retounen Ozetazini.

An jiyè 1825, wa Charles X nan Lafrans, pandan yon peryòd de restorasyon nan monachi a, voye yon flòt rekipere zile a. Anba presyon, Prezidan Boyer te dakò ak yon trete pa ki Lafrans fòmèlman rekonèt endepandans peyi a nan echanj pou yon peman 150 milyon fran. Pa yon lòd nan 17 avril 1825, wa peyi Lafrans te renonse dwa li souverènte sou Santo Domingo, ak rekonèt endepandans Ayiti.&lt;ref name=&quot;FrenchEmbassy&quot;&gt;{{cite web
|title=La première ambassade française en Haïti
|url=https://ht.ambafrance.org/La-premiere-ambassade-francaise-en-Haiti
|website=Ambassade de France à Port-au-Prince
|publisher=Gouvernement de France
|access-date=27 oktòb 2017|language=French}}&lt;/ref&gt;{{,}}&lt;ref&gt;M. Degros, Création des postes diplomatiques et consulaires, Revue d’histoire diplomatique, 1986; nan franse&lt;/ref&gt;{{,}}&lt;ref&gt;J-F. Brière, Haïti et la France, 1804–1848 : le rêve brisé, Paris, Karthala 2008; nan franse&lt;/ref&gt;

Menm si kantite lajan nan reparasyon yo te redwi a 90 milyon dola nan 1838, Ayiti pa t  kapab fini peye dèt li jiskaske 1947. Prezidan ayisyen an ta gen ti chwa kòm peyi a, enkonsyaman l, yo ta bloke pa bato franse si echanj la pa t 'ale wout la franse.

Aprè li te pèdi sipò elit Ayiti a, Boyer te ranvèse an 1843. Yon siksesyon long nan koudeta te swiv depa li nan ekzil.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web
|url=http://canadahaitiaction.ca/sites/default/files/Haiti,%20France%20and%20the%20Independence%20Debt%20of%201825_0.pdf 
|title=Haiti, France and the Independence Debt of 1825 
|last=Phillips |first=Anthony |date=2008 
|website=Canada Haiti Action Network 
|publisher=Réseau de solidarité Canada-Haiti 
|archive-url=https://archive.is/20170225172654/http://canadahaitiaction.ca/sites/default/files/Haiti,%20France%20and%20the%20Independence%20Debt%20of%201825_0.pdf |archive-date=25 fevriye 2017 |dead-url=no |access-date=25 fevriye 2017 |df= }}&lt;/ref&gt;

Peman pou aplike pou Lafrans redwi ekonomi Ayiti a pou ane. Lwès nasyon pa t 'bay rekonesans diplomatik Ayiti. Tou de nan pwoblèm sa yo kenbe ekonomi ayisyen an ak sosyete izole. Ekonomi an fayit ak ame opoze gwoup yo.&lt;ref name = &quot;UOH&quot;&gt;{{cite book|title=The uses of Haiti |url=https://archive.org/details/usesofhaiti0003farm |author1=Farmer, Paul |author2=Kozol, Jonathan |page=[https://archive.org/details/usesofhaiti0003farm/page/74 74] |edition=3 |publisher=Common Courage Press |year=2006 |isbn=1-56751-344-1}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Pèt pòsyon panyòl la nan zile a ===
Charles Rivière-Hérard ranplase Boyer kòm prezidan Ayiti. Fòs nasyonalis ki te dirije pa Juan Pablo Duarte mete men sou kontwòl Santo Domingo sou 27 fevriye 1844. Fòs ayisyen ki pa pwofesyonèl ak endisipline sou bò solèy leve a, prepare pou yon soulèvman enpòtan, kapitile rebèl yo. Nan mwa mas, Rivière-Hérard te eseye re-posede otorite li, men Dominiken yo te bay opozisyon solid ak enflije pèt lou sou Ayisyen yo.&lt;ref name=&quot;Bethell&quot; /&gt; Yon ti tan apre Rivière-Hérard janbe lòt bò fwontyè a, toumant domestik yo te eksploze ankò. Rivière-Hérard te retire nan biwo pa yerachi milat la ak ranplase ak laj nwa Philippe Guerrier jeneral la, ki te sipoze prezidans la sou 3 me 1844.

Philippe Guerrier te mouri nan mwa avril 1845, e li te reyisi pa Jeneral Jean-Louis Pierrot. Pifò peze Pierrot a kòm prezidan nan nouvo se te tcheke envazyon yo nan Dominiken yo, ki te anmède twoup yo ayisyen nan fontyè yo. Kanaval Dominiken yo te fè tou depredasyon sou kòt peyi Ayiti yo. Prezidan Pierrot te deside louvri yon kanpay kont Dominiken yo, ki moun li konsidere kòm senpleman kòm ensije. Ofansif ayisyen an nan 1845 te sispann sou fwontyè a.

Sou 1e janvye 1846 Pierrot te anonse yon kanpay fre pou mete men sou Dominiken yo, men ofisye l yo ak mesye yo te akeyi konklizyon sa yo ak mepri. Se konsa, yon mwa pita - fevriye 1846 - lè Pierrot te bay lòd twoup li yo nan mas kont Repiblik Dominikèn lan, lame ayisyen an te ankouraje, ak sòlda li yo pwoklame ranvèse li kòm prezidan repiblik la. Lagè kont Dominiken yo te vin trè popilè an Ayiti. Li te pi lwen pase pouvwa a nan nouvo prezidan an, Jeneral Jean-Baptiste Riché, nan etap yon lòt envazyon.

=== Dezyèm Anpi (1849-1859) ===
Sou 27 fevriye 1846, Prezidan Riché te mouri apre sèlman kèk jou nan pouvwa epi yo te ranplase pa yon ofisye fènwa, Jeneral Faustin Soulouque. Pandan de premye ane administrasyon Soulouque yo, konplo ak opozisyon li te rankontre nan kenbe pouvwa yo te konsa anpil ke Dominiken yo te bay yon espas pou l respire nan ki kontinye re-òganizasyon nan peyi yo. Men, lè 1848 Lafrans finalman rekonèt Repiblik Dominikèn an kòm yon eta gratis ak endepandan epi pwovizwa te siyen yon trete nan lapè, amitye, komès ak Navigasyon, Ayiti imedyatman pwoteste, reklame trete a te yon atak sou pwòp sekirite yo. Soulouque te deside anvayi bò solèy leve anvan Gouvènman franse te kapab ratifye trete a.

Sou 21 mas 1849, sòlda ayisyen atake ganizon Dominiken an nan Las Matas. Defansè yo demoralize ofri prèske pa gen okenn rezistans anvan abandone zam yo. Soulouque bourade sou, kaptire San Juan. Sa a kite sèlman Azua vil la kòm rete nan gwo fò Dominikèn ant lame ayisyen an ak kapital la. Sou 6 avril, Azua te tonbe nan 18 000 Ayisyen ak yon 5 000 moun dominiken Dominiken echwe. Wout Santo Domingo te klè. Men nouvèl la nan mekontantman ki egziste nan Pòtoprens, ki te rive nan Soulouque, te arete pwogrè li plis epi li te fè li retounen avèk lame a nan kapital li.

Remonte pa retrè a toudenkou nan lame ayisyen an, Dominiken yo te rekòmanse depredasyon yo. Flotilla yo te ale domaje Dame-Marie, kote yo te piye e yo te mete dife. Soulouque, kounye a tèt-pwoklame kòm Anperè Faustin mwen, deside kòmanse yon kanpay nouvo kont yo. An 1855, li anvayi teritwa Repiblik Dominikèn lan. Men, akòz preparasyon ensifizan, lame a te byento nan vle nan viktwa ak minisyon. Nan malgre nan kouraj nan sòlda yo, Anperè a te gen yon fwa plis bay moute lide nan restore inite nan gouvènman an nan zile a. Apre kanpay sa a, Grann Bretay ak Lafrans te entèfere epi li te jwenn yon zam sou non Dominiken yo.

Sijè yo te andire pa sòlda yo pandan kanpay 1855 la, pèt ak sakrifis yo te enflije sou peyi a san konpansasyon oswa rezilta pratik te pwovoke gwo mekontantman. Nan 1858, yon revolisyon te kòmanse, ki te dirije pa Jeneral Fabre Geffrard, Duke nan Tabara. Nan Desanm nan ane sa a, Geffrard bat Lame a Imperial ak te sezi kontwòl nan pi fò nan peyi a. Kòm yon rezilta, Anperè a abdike fotèy li a sou 15 janvye 1859. Refize èd nan Legasyon an franse, Faustin te pran an ekzil abò yon bato de gè britanik sou 22 janvye 1859. Jeneral Geffrard nan plas li kòm Prezidan.

=== Bonè 20yèm syèk ===
Nan 1892, gouvènman Alman an te sipòte repwodiksyon mouvman refòm Anténor Firmin, ak nan 1897, Alman yo te sèvi ak diplomasi kamarad pou entimide ak Lè sa a, imilye gouvènman ayisyen an pandan Zafè Luders.

Nan deseni ki sot pase yo nan 20yèm syèk la, Ayiti te gen eksperyans gwo enstabilite politik e li te lou nan dèt nan Lafrans, Almay ak Etazini yo. Pèseptè posib entèvansyon etranje a, Prezidan Woodrow Wilson te voye US Marines an Ayiti nan mwa desanm 1914, jis apre epidemi Premye Gè Mondyal la. Yo te retire $ 500,000 nan Bank Nasyonal la ayisyen pou &quot;kenbe sekirite&quot; (sic) nan New York, kidonk bay Etazini kontwòl bank lan.

Nan yon ekspresyon de Corollary Theodore Roosevelt nan Doktrin Monroe, Etazini te okipe zile a nan mwa jiyè 1915 apre asasina prezidan Ayiti Vilbrun Guillaume Sam. Pro-US la. Prezidan ayisyen te trennen soti nan legasyon an franse ak touye nan lari a pa ensije lokal apre li te bay lòd 167 prizonye politik touye. USS Washington, anba Kapernon Admiral Adrès, te rive nan Port-au-Prince nan yon tantativ pou retabli lòd ak pwoteje enterè US. Sa a te kòmanse yon okipasyon prèske 20 ane pa US fòs. Nan kèk jou, marin yo te pran kontwòl nan kapital la ak bank li yo ak kay koutim, ki kontwole tout finans yo nan nasyon an zile. Marin yo te deklare lwa masyal ak anpil kontwole laprès la. Nan semèn, yon nouvo pro-US. Prezidan ayisyen, Philippe Sudré Dartiguenave, te enstale ak yon nouvo konstitisyon ekri ki te favorab pou enterè yo nan peyi Etazini. Nouvo konstitisyon an te enkli yon kloz ki te pèmèt, pou premye fwa, an komen etranje nan peyi an Ayiti, ki te anmède pa lejislati ayisyen an ak sitwayen ameriken.

Okipasyon an te amelyore kèk nan enfrastrikti Ayiti ak pouvwa santralize nan Pòtoprens. Enfrastrikti amelyorasyon yo te patikilyèman enpresyonan: 1700 km nan wout yo te ka itilize, 189 pon te bati, anpil kanal irigasyon yo te reyabilite, lopital, lekòl, ak bilding piblik yo te konstwi, epi yo te bwè dlo nan lavil prensipal yo. Pòtoprens te vin premye vil Karayib la pou yo gen yon sèvis telefòn ak otomatik konpoze. Edikasyon agrikòl te òganize, avèk yon lekòl santral nan agrikilti ak 69 fèm nan peyi a. Wout yo te konstwi lè l sèvi avèk sistèm kadav la ki te pèmèt fòs okipasyon yo pran moun ki sòti nan kay yo ak nan fèm, nan zam si yo te nesesè, pou yo bati wout, pon, elatriye 

Marin Marin yo te enstile ak yon mak espesyal patènalism nan direksyon pou Ayisyen. Mary Renda ekri ke &quot;patènalism se te yon deklarasyon otorite, siperyorite, ak kontwòl ki eksprime nan metafò a nan relasyon yon papa ak pitit li yo.&quot;  Pandan odyans Sena nan ane 1921, kòmandan Korip Marin te rapòte ke, nan 20 la mwa nan rezistans aktif, 2.250 Ayisyen te mouri. Sepandan, nan yon rapò bay Sekretè Navy a, li rapòte nimewo telefòn lanmò kòm 3,250.  Istoryen ayisyèn yo te estime nimewo vre te pi wo. Youn te sigjere, &quot;kantite total viktwa batay ak viktim represyon ak konsekans lagè ta ka rive, nan fen peryòd pasyan an, kat oswa senk fwa ki - yon kote nan katye a nan 15,000 moun.&quot; 

Chapit sa a nan istwa de nasyon yo 'reflete enpèrsistis politik etranje nan peyi Etazini nan direksyon vwazen li yo nan Amerik Santral ak Karayib la ki se souvan karakterize tankou &quot;diplomati zambat&quot;, oswa youn nan anpil &quot;Bannann lagè&quot; ki gwo malè tonbe sou rejyon an nan byen bonè 20yèm syèk. US Marines yo te estasyone nan peyi a jouk 1934, yon peryòd de 19 ane, epi yo te finalman te bay lòd nan zile a pa Franklin D. Roosevelt kòm yon demonstrasyon nan &quot;Bon Vwazinaj Policy&quot; li yo. Sepandan, Etazini te kontwole ekonomi zile a ak anpil enfliyans eleksyon an Ayiti jiska ane 1980 yo. [Sitiyasyon ki nesesè]

Sisal te prezante an Ayiti, e kanal ak koton te vin ekspòtasyon enpòtan.  Tradisyonèlis ayisyen, ki baze nan zòn riral yo, yo te trè rezistan nan chanjman ameriken ki te sipòte, pandan y ap elit yo nan vil te vle plis kontwòl. Ansanm yo te ede an sekirite yon fen nan okipasyon an nan 1934. Dèt yo te toujou eksepsyonèl ak US finansye konseye-jeneral reseptè a okipe bidjè a jiskaske 1941.

Rekonesans nan tradisyonalis diferan nan pèp ayisyen an te gen yon enfliyans sou ekriven Etazini, ki gen ladan Eugene O'Neill, James Weldon Johnson, Langston Hughes, Zora Neale Hurston ak Orson Welles.

Aprè US fòs kite nan 1934, Dominikèn diktatè Rafael Trujillo te itilize anti-ayisyen santiman kòm yon zouti nasyonalis. Nan yon evènman ki te vin rekonèt kòm masak nan Pèsi, li te bay lòd lame li a touye Ayisyen k ap viv sou bò dominikèn nan fwontyè a. Kèk bal te itilize. Olye de sa, 20,000-30,000 Ayisyen te bludgeoned ak bayonetted, Lè sa a, te èdi nan lanmè a, kote reken fini sa Trujillo te kòmanse. Kongrèman Hamilton Pwason, ki plase manm House Komite Afè Etranjè a, ki rele masak nan pèsi &quot;atwosite ki pi ekzòbye ki te janm perpetrated sou kontinan Ameriken an.&quot; Menm si li te yon sèl trimès ayisyen tèt li, Trujillo kontinye politik kont popilasyon vwazen pou kèk tan.

Sou 27 septanm 1945, Ayiti te vin yon manm fondatè Nasyonzini (siksesè nan Lig Nasyon yo, nan ki Ayiti tou te yon manm fondatè). Nan ane 1950 yo, US ak touris Ewopeyen te kòmanse vizite Ayiti.

Te zòn nan baryè nan Port-au-Prince redevlope yo ki pèmèt pasaje bato kwazyè yo mache soti nan waf yo atraksyon kiltirèl. Pami atraksyon sa yo, yo te Mache Iron Market la, kote yo te vann atizay ayisyen ak akajou. Nan antreprenè yo aswè bay danse, jwèt aza kazino ak montre vodou. Truman Capote ak Noel Coward te vizite Oloffson Hotel la, yon chato Gingerbread gotik 19yèm syèk mete nan yon jaden twopikal, ki te menm dekri nan 1966 woman Graham Greene Comedians.

=== Dinasti Divalye (1957-86) ===
Aprè yon peryòd maladi, nan mwa septanm 1957 Doktè François Duvalier te eli prezidan Ayiti. Li te rekonèt kòm &quot;Papa Doc&quot; ak premye popilarite, Divalye te prezidan an jiskaske l mouri nan lane 1971. Li te avanse enterè nwa nan sektè piblik la, kote sou tan, moun ki te koulè yo te dominan kòm elit edike nan vil la. Li te rete nan pouvwa pa anboche yon òganizasyon li te ye tankou Tontons Macoutes (&quot;Bogeymen&quot;), ki kenbe lòd pa teroris popilasyon an ak opozan politik yo. 40,000 ak 60,000 Ayisyen yo estime yo te mouri pandan tout rèy papa Divalye ak pitit gason an.

Ayiti boom touris Ayiti te siye pa règ Papa Doc Divalye ak gouvènman enstab li. Lè pitit gason l 'Jean-Claude &quot;ti bebe Doc&quot; Duvalier te reyisi l' kòm Prezidan pou lavi, touris tounen nan lane 1970 yo. Vive la diferans ki depi lontan te eslogan nasyonal touris Ayiti ak pwoksimite li nan Etazini te fè Ayiti yon atraksyon cho jiskaske rejim Divalye a te ranvèse an 1986.

=== Istwa aktyèl ===
Papa Doc pitit gason an te dirije peyi a soti nan 1971 jouk ranvèse l 'nan 1986, lè manifestasyon mennen l' nan chache ekzil an Frans. Lame lidè Jeneral Henri Namphy te dirije yon nouvo Konsèy Nasyonal Gouvènan. [pa nan sitasyon yo bay] Eleksyon jeneral nan mwa novanm yo te anile apre plizyè douzèn moun te tire nan kapital la pa sòlda ak Tontons Macoutes. Eleksyon fo swiv. Pwezidan eli a, Leslie Manigat, te ranvèse kèk mwa aprè nan jen 1988 koudeta ayisyen an. Sèptanm 1988 koudeta ayisyen an, ki te swiv maske St Jean Bosco a, te revele a gwo impòtans de Macoutes ansyen Tontons. Jeneral Prosper Avril te dirije yon rejim militè jouk mas 1990.

[[Fichye:Port-au-Prince airfield seizure.jpg|thumb|[[Operation Uphold Democracy|envazyon te dirije pa USA a]] an 1994 ki fèt pou retire [[Raoul Cédras|rejim]] enstale pa [[kou deta 1991]].]]

Nan desanm 1990, yon ansyen prèt katolik, Jean-Bertrand Aristide, te eli prezidan nan eleksyon jeneral ayisyen an. Nan mwa septanm ane annapre a, Aristide te ranvèse pa militè nan 1991 koudeta ayisyen an.

Nan mwa septanm 1994, yon ekip ameriken te negosye depa lidè militè Ayiti yo ak antre lapè fòs ameriken yo anba Operasyon Demach Demokrasi. Sa a pèmèt restorasyon nan eli Demokratik Jean-Bertrand Aristide kòm prezidan. Nan mwa oktòb 1994, Aristide te retounen an Ayiti pou l fini tèm li nan biwo. Aristide te kite prezidans lan an fevriye 1996. Nan eleksyon 1995, René Préval te eli kòm prezidan pou yon manda senk ane, genyen 88% vòt popilè a.

Nan mwa novanm 1994, Siklòn Gordon te fwote Ayiti, jete gwo lapli ak kreye inondasyon flash ki te deklannche mudslides. Gordon te touye yon estime 1 122 moun, byenke kèk estime ale kòm 2 200.

Novanm 2000 eleksyon an te retounen Aristide nan prezidans lan ak 92% nan vòt la. Eleksyon an te bòkote pa opozisyon an, Lè sa a, òganize nan Démocratique Convergence la, sou yon dispit nan eleksyon yo lejislatif Me. Nan ane ki vin aprè yo, te gen ogmante vyolans ak abi dwa moun. Aristide te pase ane negosyasyon ak Demokratik Convergence sou eleksyon nouvo, men enkapasite konvansye a pou devlope yon baz elektoral ase te fè elèksyon yo danjere.

An 2004, yon revòlt te kòmanse nan nò Ayiti. Rebelyon an evantyèlman rive nan kapital la, ak Aristide te fòse nan ekzil, apre yo fin ki Nasyonzini yo te estasyone fòs mentyen lapè an Ayiti. Gen kèk, ki gen ladan Aristide ak gad kò li, Franz Gabriel, deklare ke li te viktim yon &quot;nouvo koudeta oswa kidnape modèn&quot; pa US fòs yo. Madan Aristide te deklare ke kidnapè yo te fè inifòm espesyal Fòs Entènasyonal yo, men yo te chanje an rad sivil yo lè yo tap monte avyon an ki te itilize pou retire Aristide soti Ayiti Misyon Estabilizasyon Nasyonzini (MINUSTAH) te etabli apre 2004 koudeta a epi li rete nan peyi a jounen jodi a. Boniface Alexandre sipoze otorite pwovizwa. René Préval te eli prezidan nan mwa fevriye 2006, apre eleksyon ki make pa ensètitid ak manifestasyon popilè.

An 2004, Twopikal Tanpèt Jeanne te ekipe kòt nò Ayiti a, kite 3,006 moun ki mouri nan inondasyon ak mudslides, sitou nan lavil Gonayiv. An 2008, Ayiti te frape ankò pa tanpèt twopikal; Twoub Tanpèt Twopikal, Siklòn Gustav, Siklòn Hanna ak Siklòn Ike tout pwodui gwo van ak lapli. Te gen 331 mouri ak sou 800,000 ki bezwen èd imanitè. Eta a nan zafè ki te pwodui pa tanpèt sa yo te entansifye pa manje deja ak pri gaz ki te lakòz yon kriz manje ak ajitasyon politik nan mwa avril 2008.

Sou 12 janvye 2010, nan 4:53 pm tan lokal, Ayiti te frape pa yon tranblemanntè mayitid-7.0. Sa a se tranbleman ki pi grav nan peyi a nan plis pase 200 ane. Tranbleman Ayiti Ayiti a te rapòte ke yo te kite ant 220,000 ak 300,000 moun ki mouri ak jiska 1.6 milyon ki san kay. Peyi a poko retabli de tranblemanntè 2010 la ak yon epidemi ak masiv Ayiti kolera ki te deklanche lè fatra kolera ki enfekte nan yon estasyon lapè Nasyonzini ki kontamine gwo larivyè peyi a, Latibonit la. Nan 2017, li te rapòte ke apeprè 10,000 Ayisyen te mouri ak prèske yon milyon te malad. Apre ane nan refi Nasyonzini yo ekskiz nan 2016, men kòm nan 2017, yo te refize rekonèt fòt, kidonk evite finansye responsablite.

Eleksyon jeneral yo te planifye pou janvye 2010 men yo te ranvwaye akòz tranbleman tè a. Eleksyon yo te fèt sou 28 Novanm 2010 pou sena a, palman an ak premye tou an nan eleksyon prezidansyèl yo. Kouri-off ant Michel Martelly ak Mirlande Manigat te pran plas sou 20 mas 2011, ak rezilta preliminè, lage sou 4 Avril, yo te rele Michel Martelly gayan an. Sou 7 Fevriye 2016, Michel Martelly te demisyone kòm prezidan san yon siksesè, men sèlman apre yo fin te fè yon kontra pou yon gouvènman pwovizwa epi kite Premye Minis Evans Paul nan pouvwa &quot;jiskaske yon prezidan pwovizwa yo chwazi nan tou de chanm nan Palman an.&quot;

Nan 2013, Ayiti rele pou nasyon Ewopeyen yo peye reparasyon pou esklavaj ak etabli yon komisyon ofisyèl pou règleman an nan mal pase. Ekonomis la te ekri, &quot;Nenpòt asistans nan rejyon an ta dwe ak anpil atansyon vize; epi yo ta dwe siman tij soti nan bezwen jodi a, pa mal nan sot pase a.&quot; Sijè sa a, sepandan, gen plis pase yon referans pase nan yon peyi ki, kòm Seyè Anthony Gifford te ekri, &quot;te fòse yo peye konpansasyon nan gouvènman an nan Lafrans.&quot;

Nan 4 oktòb 2016, Matye Siklòn te fè yon lakou ki toupre Les Anglais, ki te fè li siklòn ki pi mal la pou frape nasyon an depi Siklòn Cleo nan lane 1964. Tanpèt la te fè van ak lapli ki te mouri ki te kite Ayiti avèk yon gwo kantite domaj pou repare. Avèk tout resous ki nan peyi a detwi, Ayiti te resevwa èd nan men Nasyonzini yo nan anviwon $ 120 milyon dola. Total lanmò a te apeprè 3,000. Dè milye de moun te deplase akòz enfrastrikti domaj. Epitou, epidemi kolera a ap grandi depi tanpèt la frape Ayiti. Avèk plis inondasyon apre tanpèt la, kolera kontinye gaye plis pase kontwòl ofisyèl yo. Tanpèt la tou te lakòz domaj nan lopital ak wout, ki te kreye yon pi gwo pwoblèm nan ede viktim yo ak resous deplase. Devastasyon ak domaj Siklòn Matye te lakòz yo te toudenkou e yo te kite Ayiti nan yon eta dijans.

== Politik ==
* Gade tou : [[Lis prezidan Ayiti]]
=== Dwa yo ===
Ou mèt li vèsyon [[1987]] [[konstitisyon 1987 (Ayiti)|konstitisyon]] peyi.

Tout sitwayen gen dwa vote aprè yo gen 18 an.
=== Sistèm ===
Gen de antite ki pataje pouvwa lejislatif, [[Sena ayisyen|Sena]] ak [[Chanm Depite]] lè de kò sa yo reyini yo fè [[Asanble Nasyonal]].

== Jewografi ==
[[Fichye:Haiti topographic map-fr.svg|thumb|upright=1.6|Yon kat jewografik nan Ayiti]]
Ayiti se sou pati lwès la nan [[Ispanyola]], dezyèm zile a pi gwo nan [[Zantiy]]. Ayiti se peyi a twazyèm pi gwo nan [[Karayib]] la dèyè Kiba ak [[Repiblik Dominikèn]] (dènye pati a yon fwontyè 360-kilomèt ak Ayiti). Ayiti nan pwen li pi pre a se apeprè 45 kilomèt naval (83 kilomèt) lwen [[Kiba]] epi li enkli penensil ak poutèt sa, li gen yon litoral ki disproporsyonal long epi li se dezyèm nan longè (1,771 kilomèt) dèyè Kiba nan Zantiy.

Ayiti se nasyon ki pi montay nan Karayib la. Klima la se twopikal, ak kèk varyasyon depann sou altitid. Pwen ki pi wo a se Pic la Selle, nan 2,680 mèt.

Rejyon Nò a konsiste de Massif du Nord la (Northern Massif) ak Plaine du Nord la (Northern Plain). Massif du Nord la se yon ekstansyon nan Cordillera Santral la nan Repiblik Dominikèn. Li kòmanse nan fwontyè lès Ayiti a, nan nò Guayamouc River, ak pwolonje nan nòdwès la nan nò penensil la. Plenn yo nan Plaine du Nord la kouche sou fwontyè Nò a ak Repiblik Dominikèn, ant Massif du Nord la ak Nò Atlantik Nò a.

Rejyon santral la konsiste de de plenn ak de kouche nan chenn montay. Plato Santral la (Santral Plateau) pwolonje ansanm tou de bò larivyè Guayamouc, nan sid Masif duinò la. Li kouri soti nan sidès la nan nòdwès la. Nan sidwès la nan Plateau Santral la Noirs yo Montagnes, ki gen pi pati nòdwès pati ak Massif du Nord la. Pwen lwès li yo se ke yo rekonèt kòm Cap Carcasse.

Rejyon sid la konsiste de Plaine du Cul-de-sak la (sidès la) ak montay sid penensil (ke yo rele tou [[Penensil Tibiwon]]). Plaine du Cul-de-Sak la se yon depresyon natirèl ki deplase lak saline peyi a, tankou Twou Kayiman ak pi gwo lak Ayiti a, [[Etan Somat]]. Chèn montay de chan Selle a - yon ekstansyon chèn montay mòn nan Repiblik Dominikèn (Sierra de Baoruco) - pwolonje nan [[Masif Lasèl]] nan solèy leve a nan [[Masif Lawòt]] nan lwès la. Sa a ranje montay pò Pir la Selle, pwen ki pi wo an Ayiti nan 2,680 mèt.

Fon ki pi enpòtan an Ayiti an tèm de rekòt se Plaine de l'Artibonite, ki se oryante sid nan Noirs Montagnes. Rejyon sa a sipòte larivyè a, Riviere l'Artibonite, ki kòmanse nan rejyon lwès Repiblik Dominikèn lan e li kontinye pifò longè li yo nan santral Ayiti ak sou kote li vide nan [[Gòlf Lagonav]]. Rejyon lès ak santral nan zile a se yon gwo plato ki wo.

Ayiti tou gen ladan divès zile lanmè. Se zile a nan Tortuga (Île de la Tortue) ki sitiye sou kòt la nan nò Ayiti. Arondisman an nan La Gonave sitiye sou zile an menm non yo, nan Golfe de la Gonave. Gonav Island se pepleman peple pa vilaj riral yo. Vache (Island bèf), yon zile Fertile ak anpil bèl aklè, ki chita sou pwent an nan sidwès Ayiti. Epitou yon pati nan Ayiti se Kayemit yo ak Île d 'Anacaona. La Navasse ki sitiye 40 kilomèt naval (74 km) nan lwès Jeremi sou sid penensil nan lwès Ayiti, se sijè a yon diskisyon kontinyèl teritoryal ak Etazini.

=== Vil enpòtan yo ===
{| border=&quot;1&quot; style=&quot;width:50%&quot;  
|-
|colspan=&quot;6&quot; align=&quot;center&quot; bgcolor=&quot;#FFA500&quot; | '''[[Vil]] an Ayiti'''
|-
|rowspan=&quot;2&quot; align=&quot;center&quot; bgcolor=&quot;#98FB98&quot; | '''Ran''' || rowspan=&quot;2&quot; align=&quot;center&quot; bgcolor=&quot;#98FB98&quot; | '''[[Vil]]''' || colspan=&quot;2&quot; align=&quot;center&quot; bgcolor=&quot;#98FB98&quot; | '''[[Popilasyon]]''' ||  rowspan=&quot;2&quot; align=&quot;center&quot; bgcolor=&quot;#98FB98&quot; | '''Depatman'''
|-
|align=&quot;center&quot; bgcolor=&quot;#98FB98&quot; | '''[[1982]]''' || align=&quot;center&quot; bgcolor=&quot;#98FB98&quot; |  '''[[2005]]'''
|-
|align=&quot;right&quot;| 1.||[[Pòtoprens (komin)|Pòtoprens]]  ||align=&quot;right&quot;|449 831|| align=&quot;right&quot; |1 234 742||[[Lwès]]
|-
|align=&quot;right&quot;| 2.||[[Kafou (komin)|Kafou]]      ||align=&quot;right&quot;|110 000|| align=&quot;right&quot; |  439 581||[[Lwès]]
|-
|align=&quot;right&quot;| 3.||[[Dèlma (komin)|Dèlma]]      ||align=&quot;right&quot;| 90 000|| align=&quot;right&quot; |  377 187||[[Lwès]]
|-
|align=&quot;right&quot;| 4.||[[Kap Ayisyen (komin)|Kap Ayisyen]] (Okap)|| align=&quot;right&quot; | 64 406|| align=&quot;right&quot; |  134 815||[[Nò]]
|-
|align=&quot;right&quot;| 5.||[[Petyonvil (komin)|Petyonvil]]  ||align=&quot;right&quot;| 35 333|| align=&quot;right&quot; |  108 227||[[Lwès]]
|-
|align=&quot;right&quot;| 6.||[[Gonayiv (komin)|Gonayiv]]    ||align=&quot;right&quot;| 34 209|| align=&quot;right&quot; |   84 961||[[Latibonit]]
|-
|align=&quot;right&quot;| 7.||[[Sen Mak (komin)|Sen Mak]]    ||align=&quot;right&quot;| 24 165|| align=&quot;right&quot; |   66 226||[[Latibonit]]
|-
|align=&quot;right&quot;| 8.||[[Okay (komin)|Okay]]       ||align=&quot;right&quot;| 34 090|| align=&quot;right&quot; |   59 319||[[Sid]]
|-
|align=&quot;right&quot;| 9.||[[Vèrèt (komin)|Vèrèt]]      ||align=&quot;right&quot;| 3 670|| align=&quot;right&quot; |   48 724||[[Latibonit]]
|-
|align=&quot;right&quot;|10.|| [[Pòdpè (komin)|Pòdpè]]     ||align=&quot;right&quot;| 15 540|| align=&quot;right&quot; |   34 657||[[Nòdwès]]
|-
|align=&quot;right&quot;|11.|| [[Jakmèl (komin)|Jakmèl]]     ||align=&quot;right&quot;|  13 730|| align=&quot;right&quot; |   145 984||[[Sidès]]
|}
fonveret lwes

== Demografi ==
[[File:Haiti-demographie.png|250px|left|thumb|Demografi d'Ayiti]]
Moun Ayiti se 70-80% Afriken epi 20-25% se Blan avèk Afriken lot 0-5% se Afriken avèk Endyen.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://tracingafricanroots.wordpress.com/ancestrydna/haitian-results/|title=Haitian Results|date=2015-10-03|website=Tracing African Roots|language=en-GB|access-date=2020-10-29}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Edikasyon ==
Ayiti genyen 2 lang ofisyèl : kreyòl ayisyen epi franse.

* 10% nan ayisyen yo konnen pale ak ekri franse, nan kilès yo n ap twouve 2 jouk 3% timoun piti.
* 90% ayisyen yo ap pale kreyòl, nan kilès yo n ap twouve jouk 97% timoun piti.

Tout edikasyon timoun piti yo fèt nan lang franse. Li sanble ke Ayiti se youn nan peyi pòv yo ki pa ap metrize edikasyon pou popilasyon l.

=== Enstitisyon ===
==== Inivèsite ====
* Collège Universitaire Caraïbe (Pòtoprens)
* Université Chrétienne du Nord d'Haïti (Haut Limbé)
* Université Épiscopale d'Haïti (Pòtoprens)
* [[Université d'État d'Haïti]] (Pòtoprens)
* Université Lumière / MEBSH (Pòtoprens)
* Université Notre Dame d'Haïti (Pòtoprens)
* Université Quisqueya (Pòtoprens)
* Université Roi Henri Christophe (Limonade)
* Université Technologique d'Haïti (Pòtoprens)

==== Écoles et Centres d'Enseignements Supérieurs ====
* Centre d'Études Universitaires et de Formation Continue : (Pòtoprens)
* Centre de Technique, de la Planification et d'Économie Appliquée (CTPEA) : (Pòtoprens)
* Centre Universitaire International d'Haïti: (Pòtoprens)
* École de Droit des Gonaïves : (Gonayiv)
* École de Droit du Cap-Haïtien:(Pòtoprens)
* École Nationale des Arts (ENARTS):(Pòtoprens)
* École Nationale des Infirmières:(Pòtoprens)
* École Nationale Supérieure de Technologie:(Petyonvil)
* École Supérieure d’Infotronique d’Haïti:(Pòtoprens)
* G.O.C Institut Polytechnique:(Pòtoprens)
* Institut International d'Études Universitaires :(Pòtoprens)
* Institut Universitaire d'Études Spécialisées :(Pòtoprens)

== Plant epi zannimo ==
Ayiti te gen anpil zannimo lontan. Men kounye a akòz yon maladi ki tap ravaje yo te oblije detui kochon yo. Nan andeyò ou ap jwenn yo pran swen zannimo yo, men nan vil la se maltrete yo maltrete yo, se sa ki fè gen anpil maladi ki pwopaje nan manje vyann.

== Ekonomi ==
Ayiti gen yon ekonomi ki gen anpil reglemantasyon, ki gen plis kontwòl leta, ki klase 145yèm nan 177 peyi yo bay yon &quot;endèks libète&quot; pa Heritage Foundation la.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.heritage.org/index/ranking|title=Country Rankings: World &amp; Global Economy Rankings on Economic Freedom|website=www.heritage.org|accessdate=1 September 2023|archive-date=26 October 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171026110910/http://www.heritage.org/index/ranking|dead-url=yes}}&lt;/ref&gt; GDP per capita Ayiti a se $1,800 ak PIB li se $19,97 milya dola (estimasyon 2017). Peyi a sèvi ak goud ayisyen an kòm lajan li. Malgre endistri touris li, Ayiti se youn nan peyi ki pi pòv nan Amerik yo, ak koripsyon, enstabilite politik, move enfrastrikti, mank de swen sante ak mank edikasyon site kòm kòz prensipal yo. Chomaj wo anpil e anpil ayisyen ap chache emigre. Komès te bese dramatikman apre tranblemanntè 2010 la ak epidemi kolera ki vin apre, ak GDP parite pouvwa achte nan peyi a te tonbe a 8% (soti nan 12,15 milya dola ameriken a 11,18 milya dola ameriken).&lt;ref name=&quot;CIA_20110303&quot;&gt;{{cite web |publisher=[[Central Intelligence Agency]] |work=[[The World Factbook]] |title=Haiti |date=22 September 2021 |url=https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/haiti/ |access-date=6 March 2024 |archive-date=9 February 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210209014627/https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/haiti/ |dead-url=yes }}&lt;/ref&gt; Ayiti te klase 145yèm nan 182 peyi nan Endis Devlopman Imen Nasyonzini an 2010, ak 57.3% nan popilasyon an te prive nan omwen twa nan mezi povrete HDI a.&lt;ref name=&quot;UNDP_2010&quot;&gt;{{cite web |publisher=[[United Nations Development Programme]] |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110423024550/http://hdrstats.undp.org/en/countries/profiles/HTI.html |archive-date=23 April 2011 |url=http://hdrstats.undp.org/en/countries/profiles/HTI.html |title=International Human Development Indicators: Haiti |year=2010 |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;

Apre eleksyon 2000 ki te diskite ak akizasyon konsènan règ Prezidan Aristide&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.wow509.com/news/jean-bertrand-aristide-net-worth/|archive-url=https://archive.today/20141016002417/http://www.wow509.com/news/jean-bertrand-aristide-net-worth/|url-status=dead|archive-date=16 October 2014|title=Jean Bertrand Aristide net worth|work=WOW509|access-date=16 October 2014}}&lt;/ref&gt;, yo te koupe èd Etazini bay gouvènman ayisyen an ant 2001 ak 2004.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |url=https://www.boston.com/news/nation/washington/articles/2004/03/07/before_fall_of_aristide_haiti_hit_by_aid_cutoff/ |title=Before fall of Aristide, Haiti hit by aid cutoff by |author=Farah Stockman |publisher=Boston.com |date=7 March 2004 |access-date=24 July 2013}}&lt;/ref&gt; Apre Aristide te depa an 2004, èd te retabli e lame brezilyen an te dirije yon operasyon mentyen lapè Nasyonzini ann Ayiti. Apre prèske kat ane resesyon, ekonomi an te grandi pa 1.5% an 2005.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://globaledge.msu.edu/countries/haiti/economy/|title=Haiti: Economy|publisher=Michigan State University}}&lt;/ref&gt; Nan mwa septanm 2009, Ayiti te ranpli kondisyon yo te etabli nan pwogram FMI ak Bank Mondyal pou Peyi pòv ki gen anpil dèt pou kalifye pou anile dèt ekstèn li a.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.imf.org/external/pubs/ft/scr/2009/cr09288.pdf |title=Haiti: Enhanced Initiative for Heavily Indebted Poor Countries |publisher=International Monetary Fund |date=September 2009 |access-date=24 July 2013}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Plis pase 90 pousan nan bidjè gouvènman an soti nan yon akò ak Petrocaribe, yon alyans petwòl Venezyela dirije.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.heritage.org/index/pdf/2015/countries/haiti.pdf |title=Haiti Economy |access-date=11 April 2015 |archive-date=2 January 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230102170139/https://www.heritage.org/index/pdf/2015/countries/haiti.pdf |dead-url=yes }}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Referans ==
{{referans}}
== Lyen deyò ==
=== Nouvèl epi analiz ===
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20081014111619/http://www.premye.ht/ Premye.ht] Yon sit pou chache nan sit entènet nan domèn &quot;*.ht&quot;
* [http://www.fouye.com Fouye Haiti] anpil enfòmasyon sou Ayiti ak dyaspora a
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20050906100912/http://news.yahoo.com/fc/World/Haiti/] Nouvèl konple sou Yahoo.com
* [http://www.haitiprogres.com], Ayiti Pwogre
* [http://www.canadahaitiaction.ca],[http://www.outofhaiti.ca] Atik ak nouvèl k'ap pale de wòl Kanada an Ayiti
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20071011134620/http://hayti.net/], Sit entènet Fanmi Lavalas la
* [http://webarchive.loc.gov/all/20050408005345/http://www.zmag.org/lam/haitiwatch.cfm], Yon analiz ZMag sou sitiyasyon peyi Ayiti kounye a
* [http://www.lethaitilive.org/pmwiki.php], Konbit Òganizasyon Ozetazini pou jistis ann Ayiti
* [http://www.alterpresse.org AlterPresse] Nouvel Alterpress nan diferan lang
* [http://www.ifex.org/20fr/content/view/full/118/ IFEX] Nouvèl endepandan
* [http://www.HavenWorks.com/world/haiti]  Nouvèl sou Ayiti
* [https://listhost.uchicago.edu/mailman/listinfo/haiti-news Haiti-news list], Nouvèl Ayisyen

=== Sou istwa peyi a ===
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20060713172456/http://www.haitibio.com/ Haiti Bio] Anpil enfòmasyon sou Ayiti, pèp, ak listwa
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20060822053955/http://www.thelouvertureproject.org/wiki/index.php?title=Main_Page Louverture project] (an), istwa Ayiti ak Louvèti
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20071015044529/http://www.haiti.org/keydate.htm Key Dates in Haitian History], Anbasad Ayiti Ozetazini, nan Washington, DC
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20071012142804/http://kreyol.com/history.html People in Haitian History], Fondatè ak Ewo peyi Dayiti
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20071011090409/http://webster.edu/~corbetre/haiti/history/history.htm] Paj Bob Corbetre pou bon jan enfòmasyon sou istwa peyi Dayiti
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20100504202347/http://www.webster.edu/~corbetre/haiti/history/revolution/secret.htm], Lod sekra Napoleyon bay Lekle kont Ayiti
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20130514083215/http://www.thediamondangle.com/marasco/negleg/trujillo.html Masak 1937], enfòmasyon anlè masak 18.000 Ayisyen an 1937 nan peyi Dominikani

=== Lòt pajwèb yo ===
* [http://www.HaitianNet.com HaitianNet.com] ou [https://web.archive.org/web/20180523035156/http://www.haitiannetworking.com/ HaitianNetworking.com], Yon sit rezo sosyal ki pèmèt tout Ayisyen rete konekte ansanm a travè lemond, ou ka vann sou sitwèb la, ou ka poste evènman ak anpil lòt bagay toujou. 
* [http://www.hope-for-haiti.org Hope for Haiti], Yon pwojè edikasyon ak devlòpman
* [http://www.belfet.com Belfet.com], Tout Bal, festival, forum mizik
* [http://www.haitixchange.com HaitiXchange.com], Ayisyen, Moun, Nouvèl, ak Kilti
* [http://kiskeyacity.blogspot.com/kiskeyAcity Yon sit blog pou zanmi Ayisyen]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20060427001513/http://www.haitiinnovation.org/ Haiti Innovation], Yon sit blog sou devlòpman peyi Dayiti
* [http://www.haitiaction.com Haiti Action]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20100110100955/http://www.amizman.com/ Amizman.com: Mizik, Blag, Nouvèl, foto ak plis toujou...], Yon sit divètisman ki santre sou kilti peyi Dayiti
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20051013073513/http://www.haitipolicy.org/ Pwoje Action pou Ayiti]
* [http://www.travelinghaiti.com/  Istwa Dayiti, Kat jewografi ak Nouvèl]
* [http://www.haitisupport.gn.apc.org  Gwoup Sipo pou Ayiti]
* [http://www.nchr.org  Konbit Nasyonal Pou Dwa Ayisyen]
* [http://www.palaisnational.info/  Palè Nasyonal]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20060831172014/http://www.sakapfet.com/  Sakapfet]
* [http://www.haitilist/ yon rezo sosyal kote ayisyen tout jenerasyon rankontre, echanje lidè ak rankontre ansyen zanmi ak fanmi]
* [http://www.haiti-progres.com/eng07-06.html/ Ayiti Pwogre]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20060429010315/http://dir.groups.yahoo.com/dir/1600014114 Yahoo Group Directory for Regional &gt; Countries &gt; Haiti]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20060627103759/http://dir.groups.yahoo.com/dir/1600444519 Yahoo Group Government &amp; Politics Directory]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20060627103812/http://dir.groups.yahoo.com/dir/1600103560 Yahoo Group Directory - Haitian American]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20060407084308/http://dir.groups.yahoo.com/dir/1604146720 Yahoo Group Directory - Romance and Relationships]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20070705133108/http://www.haitianstudents.com/ Avansman nan zafè edikasyon pou tout etidyan ayisyen]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20060402212859/http://nhsai.org/ Alyans Nasyonal Etidyan Ayisyen]
* [http://www.fhsai.org Asosiyasyon Etidyan Ayisyen nan Florid]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20060629081131/http://www.njhsai.org/ Asosiyasyon Etidyan Ayisyen nan Nou Jeze]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20060906095533/http://www5.montclair.edu/orgs/hsa/ Asosiyasyon Etidyan Ayisyen nan Montclair State University Ozetazini]
* [http://kiskeyacity.blogspot.com/2005/11/second-generation-nation-mill-polyn.html Entèvyou avèk yon Ayisyen ameriken de dezyem jenerasyon]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20000919000642/http://members.tripod.com/~HaitiPhoto/ Yon semèn nan lavi - Ayiti Cheri...Yon pwoje fotografi...]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20060419073440/http://www.aanhaiti.com/aan/indexpage.asp?b=ns Otorite Ayewopò Nasyonal Ayiti]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20080907105427/http://www.thelouvertureproject.org/wiki/ Pwoje Tousen Louvèti]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20100206215050/http://www.konbit509.net/ Konbit 509]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20071005232126/http://www.pwofansanm.org/ Pwof Ansanm] - Edikasyonal inisyativ nan Ayiti
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20090605035007/http://www.hastingshumanrights.org/ Pwoje Dwa Moun nan Ayiti, Hastings] - Yon pwoje kap plede pou dwa Misye Yvon Neptune
* [http://www.haitilist/ yon rezo sosyal kote ayisyen tout jenerasyon rankontre, echanje lide ak rankontre ansyen zanmi ak fanmi]
* [http://www.ijdh.org/ Enstiti Pou Jistis ak Demokrasi nan Ayiti]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20080531224630/http://haitiargentina.org/ Haiti &amp; Argentina. Cooperación efectiva para el desarrollo]

== Foto Ayiti ==
* [http://www.pbase.com/perrona/haiti_photo_haiti Foto Ayiti]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20100109034359/http://www.amizman.com/photos/places.php Anpil bel foto Ayiti sou Amizman.com] (lyen kase)

{{Amerik}}

[[Kategori:Peyi]]
[[Kategori:Ayiti]]</text>
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    <title>Kazakstan</title>
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 |deviz_nasyonal=
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 |im_nasyonal=
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'''Kazakstan''' se yon peyi ki sitiye nan [[Azi]] santral.


== Istwa ==

== Jewografi ==

== Demografi ==

== Politik ==

== Administrasyon ==

== Ekonomi ==

== Kilti ==

== Moniman ==


== Galri foto ==
&lt;gallery mode=&quot;packed&quot;&gt;
Fichye:Ural river.jpg|Rivyè Aral.
Fichye:Raimbek-Emtsov.JPG|Avni Raimbek nan [[Almaty]].
Fichye:IMG 7431-Sharyn canyon.jpg|Kanyon nan Charyn.
Fichye:Kucherla Lake 1.JPG|Lak Kucherla.
Fichye:Astana-steppe-7748.jpg|Stèp nan Noursoultan.
Fichye:2006-07 altaj belucha.jpg|Mont Belucha de l'Altaï.
Fichye:Kazakhs.jpg|Ofisye sèvis forè nan rezèv nan Markakol, nan [[Altaï]].
&lt;/gallery&gt;

== Bibliyografi ==
* {{cite news |author1=L. Blanchard |title=Le Kazakhstan |publisher=Economie et Statistique |date=16 me 1961| url=https://www.persee.fr/doc/estat_0423-5681_1961_num_16_5_8712 |pages=403-486}}
* {{cite book |author1=Catherine Poujol |title=Le Kazakhstan |editor=PUF |year=2000}}.
* {{cite book |author1=[[Nicholas Riasanovsky]] |title=Histoire de la Russie |url=https://archive.org/details/histoiredelaruss0000rias |editor=Robert Laffont |year=1994}}.
* {{cite book |author1=[[Olivier Roy]] |title=L'Asie centrale contemporaine |url=https://archive.org/details/lasiecentralecon0000royo |editor=PUF |year=2001}}
* {{cite book |author1=Isabelle Ohayon |title=La sédentarisation des Kazakhs dans l'URSS de Staline. Collectivisation et changement social (1928-1945) |editor=Maisonneuve et Larose |year=2006}}

== Referans ==
{{referans}}
== Lyen deyò ==
* {{kk}} {{ru}} {{en}} {{de}} [https://web.archive.org/web/20120606042222/http://visitkazakhstan.kz/ Sitwèb ofisyèl touris Kazakstan]

{{Azi}}

[[Kategori:Peyi]]
[[Kategori:Peyi nan Azi]]
[[Kategori:Azi santral]]</text>
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    <title>Pye kajou</title>
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      <minor />
      <comment>([[c:GR|GR]])  [[File:Cedrela odorata foliage.jpg]] → [[File:Starr 030807-0048 Cedrela odorata.jpg]] → File replacement: changing the name of a duplicate file ([[c:c:GR]])</comment>
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      <text bytes="550" sha1="1nmnx81dlgj37byiczkc0709l22d77z" xml:space="preserve">'''Pye kajou''' se yon [[pyebwa]]. [[Fwi]] li se ''[[kajou]]''.


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    <title>Istwa Ayiti</title>
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      <text bytes="89942" sha1="iwblaeeckcrwzbjxaits5f0s6ludni2" xml:space="preserve">{{Istwa Ayiti}}
Nan orijin non, peyi '''Ayiti''' a, sa vle di «Pèl tout Antiy yo», se li [[Tayino (moun)|Tayino]] yo te peple yo oubyen [[Arawak]], pèp semi-sedantè pasifik. Lè [[Kristòf Kolon]] akoste li pou  premye fwa a sou  tè Ayiti a, nan dat 5 desanm [[1492]], peyi a te konte pwobableman plizyè santèn ak milye abitan li yo.

'''Non [[Primitif]] Ayiti yo''' 

Avan yo te dekouvri l , peyi a te rele Ayiti ( terre haute) , Quisqueya ( mères des terres ) ou Bohio ( terres montagneuse). Lè Christophe Colomb rive nan peyi a, li chanje tout non sa yo en Hispaniola ou [[Nueva- España.]]

'''ki kote Ayiti sitiyel nan karayib la ?''' 

Lè nap gade Ayiti nan karayib la, li preske sitiye nan mitan rejyon an, li bòne nan nò pa il Turques ak Caiques, nan nòdwès li separe a Cuba pa yon lanmè ki mezire 90 kms avèk Bahamas, nan lès pa Repiblik [[Dominiken|dominikèn]] ak Porto-Rico, nan lwès pa ti il de lagonav, nan pwent sid pa [[Jamaïque]].

[[Fichye:Haiti on the globe (Americas centered).svg|vignette|Ayiti nan Glòb la]]

== Konkèt ==
Yon jou, nan lane 1804, Ayiti ki lòtrefwa te rele [[Saint-Domingue|Sendomeng]], te pran endenpandans li aprè yon long batay kote anpil san te koule poul te arive jwenn libète l, sak ta pral vin fè kel se premye pèp nwa e dezyèm repiblik ki te endepandan nan amerik la aprè Etazini( 1776). Kolon touswit reklame zile a pou kouwòn panyòl, te rele li ''La Isla Española'' (&quot;Island nan Panyòl&quot;) ki vle di ti espay, pita nan laten (Ispanyola) se pa t non [[zile Ayiti a]] sa t ye. Enfliyans franse yo te kòmanse nan lane 1625, aprè [[Kasik Anri|Kasik Henri]] te fin libere zile a anba jouk panyòl. Yo fòme yon [[lame endijèn]] ki te pran kontwòl lès. Se lang panyòl yo te konn pale, se te yon kominote endyen ak afriken. Lè Fransè vin bezwen pran kontwòl sou lame a, li te sèvi ak sòlda lame a tankou [[Jan-Jak Desalin| Desalinne]], fran[[François Capois|çois capois]]  ki te antrene pa kouzen li Joze Kapwa. Joze Kapwa te yon lyetnan nan lame endijèn nan Vil Izabela [[Kristòf Kolon]] te konstwi a,yo te vin rele [[Zile Ayiti a|Sen Domeng]] pa Gouvènè [[Nicolás de Ovando|Nikola Ovando]] apati 1660. Fransè yo te vin rele tout zile a [[Sen Domeng|Sen-Domeng]], Soti nan lane 1697, pati lwès zile a te franse ak pati lès la te panyòl men se pa t kolon panyòl yo te ye, se te Endyen Espanyòl. Men fransè yo te enfiltre [[Toussànio Breida|Toussaint]] nan lame endijèn nan. Ayiti te vin youn nan pi rich koloni Lafrans yo, ki te pwodwi kantite vas nan sik ak kafe epi depann sou yon sistèm esklavaj brital pou travay ki nesesè yo. Sèmant nan [[Seremoni-an nan Bwa Kayiman|Seremoni Bwa Kayiman]], lame endijèn nan ini ak esklav afriken yo pou leve kanpe kont abi fòs etranje yo tap fè, yo revòlte nan lane 1791. Aprè yon deseni nan batay, repiblik endepandan Ayiti a te ofisyèlman pwoklame an 1804.

==Istwa Konkèt la==
{{Atik ki gen rapò|Desalin}}  
Aprè  yon long demach e yon long travèse sou lanmè, [[Kristòf Kolon]] al ateri anfen 12 oktòb [[1492]], swasanndis (70) jou aprè depa li sòti Palos nan Espay, li te rive nan youn nan zile Bahamas, guakanagari, ke Christophe ta pral rele San Salvadò (Sen Sovè) an souvni tout peripesi li te pase nan travèse lanmè a.e Li te dekouvri Cuba 26 oktòb,Nan dat ki  5 desanm nan menm ane sa, li te jete lank li nan yon bè poutèt sa a, li te rele bè a Sen Nikola, an lonè sen an. Li te vini pou dekouvri sa ki te rele, Ahatti Qisqeyaha Bohio ki ap vin aprè endepandans retounen rele [[Ahyti|Ahiti]].

&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Larané|first=André|date=1988|title=L’anamorphose au secours de l’analyse sociologique : l’alcoolisme en France|url=http://dx.doi.org/10.3406/mappe.1988.2416|journal=Mappemonde|volume=9|issue=1|pages=5–7|doi=10.3406/mappe.1988.2416|issn=0764-3470}}&lt;/ref&gt;Kristòf Kolon batize tè a, [[Ispayola]] (« Ti Espay ») nan  dezyèm vwayaj li an [[1493]]. Aprè li al fonde premyè vil ewopeyen ki pou Nouvo Mond lan. Li te batize l Izabela e li tal enstale li. Aprè yo fin elimine senk (5) kasik yo ki tap dirije peyi a, Panyòl yo mete bourik endijèn yo nan travay fòse yo pou yo chèche [[lò]] nan min yo. Nan mwens pase ven-senk (25) an, popilasyon endijèn yo tap diminye akòz [[esklavaj]] la ak bann maladi pèpè konkeran yo te pote.esklav nwa yo ke yo te depòte yo sòti nan zile Dahomey men tou sòti [[Ginen]] ak [[Nijerya]], sa ki eksplike enpòtans pou kilti [[vodou]] a an Ayiti ([[vodou]] se moun ki sòti Dahomey ak Nijerya ki pratike). Trèt la Charles Quint te otorize nan lane [[1517]], li te entèdi li ofisyèlman kenz an pita, anvan 

Gouvènè tounèf la [[Nicolás de Ovando|Nikola Ovando]] tante nan kòmansman [[1503]] pou li fè vini Nwa [[Afrik|Afriken]] pou ranplase Bohiono yo. Yon bann pati nan menm lèt Veritas ipsa ki te pou Paul III.

[[File:Haitian Revolution.jpg|thumb|Haitian Revolution]]

Vil ki pou sid, [[Sen-Domeng (vil)|Santo Domingo]], te tounen pò ki pou komansman kolonizasyon nan Nouvo Mond. Panyòl enpòte yon kantite chwal, bèf ak kochon e yo te lage an libète. Depi kòmansman [[1530]], zile a kòmanse vin p ap rapòte. Panyòl yo te konsantre efò yo a nan pati lès zile a ki te gen ankò ti kras lò epi yo te abandone pati lwès la. [[Kasik Anri]] ak [[lame endijèn]] li a vin bat yo e zile a te konnen premye endepandans li.

== Istwa anvan Panyòl yo rive ==
Migran [[arawak]], ki t ap plede soti nan nò delta Orinoco nan [[Amerik disid]], te rive rete sou kèk zile nan Karayib la. Anviwon ane 600, Tayino a, yon kilti arawak, te rive sou zile a epi te deplase moun ki te abite la anvan yo. Yo te òganize yo an [[Kasika yo nan Ispanyola|kasika yo]] (chèfri), yon kasik (chèf) te dirije chak kasika.

== Istwa panyòl (sòti 1492 rive 1625) ==
'''Christophe COLOMB''' te konstwi yon fò, La Navidad, touprè vil ki vin rele [[Kap Ayisyen (komin)|'''KAP Ayisyen''']] jounen jodi a. fò sila te bati ak bwa bato li a: Santa Maria, ki te fè nofraj pandan premye vwayaj li nan mwa desanm ''1492.'' Lè li te retounen nan 1493 sou dezyèm vwayaj li a,li te jwenn tèt li detwi ak tout 39 kolon touye, se sou rèn Isabella nan ane ''1493.'' Kapital koloni an te vin Santo Domingo an 1496, sou kòt lwès sid la nan [[Zile Ayiti a]]. Panyòl yo  tounen nan lwès Ispanyòl nan ane ''1502'', yo etabli yon koloni nan Yaguana touprè  Leogane aktyè  lan. Yon  dezyèm koloni te etabli nan lane ''1504 li te'' rele Puerto Real touprè  Fort Liberty aktyè la - ki nan ane ''1578'' te deplase nan yon sit ki touprè ak nouvo non Bayaha.

Aprè vini  Ewopeyen yo, popilasyon endijèn [[Hispaniola]] yo  te soufri anpil touprè disparisyon, nan petèt ka ki pi mal la nan depopilasyon nan Ameriken an. Yon ipotèz souvan aksepte mòtalite a segondè nan koloni sa a nan pati nan maladi Ewopeyen an ki natif natal yo pa te gen okenn iminite. Yon ti kantite Tayino te arive viv e mete kanpe ti bouk yon lòt kote. Enterè Panyòl pou Ispanyola te kòmanse about nan ane 1520 , paske lò e depo an ajan yo te jwenn nan Meksik ak Amerik disid te gen plis valè. Aprè sa, popilasyon Panyòl la te grandi ti kras ti kras. [Sitiyasyon ki nesesè]

Koloni  Yacanagua te boule nan tè a twa (3) fwa, jis nan egzistans syèk lontan kòm yon koloni panyòl, premye fwa pa pirat franse nan ane 1543, dezyem fwa 27 me 1592, pa yon pati 110 ateri fò ki sòti nan yon bato kat Anglè naval eskadwon ki te dirije pa Christopher Newport nan bato dragon an Golden, ki te detwi tout kay 150 nan règleman an, e finalman pa Panyòl yo tèt yo nan lane 1605, pou rezon ki etabli anba a.

Nan 1595, Panyòl yo, fache pa rebelyon an ven ane nan matyè Olandè yo, fèmen pò lakay yo nan anbake rebel soti nan Netherlands yo, koupe sèl  pwovizyon ki nesesè pou endistri aran yo. Olandè yo te reponn pa founiti sèl ki soti nan Amerik  Panyòl kote kolon yo te plis kontan fè komès. Se konsa, gwo kantite komèsan Olandè / pirat yo te komès Anglè yo ak franse frè komès sou kòt yo aleka nan Ispanyola. Nan 1605, Espay te fache ke koloni Panyòl sou nò ak lwès peyi nan zile a pèsiste nan pote soti echèl gwo ak komès ilegal ak Olandè a, ki moun ki nan tan sa a te goumen yon lagè nan endepandans kont Espay an Ewòp ak angle a, ak trè dènye eta lènmi, e konsa deside fòse moun yo pi pre lavil la nan Santo Domingo. [5] Aksyon sa a, ke yo rekonèt kòm Devastaciones de Osorio a, te pwouve dezas; Plis pase mwatye nan kolon yo reenstale mouri nan grangou oswa maladi, plis pase 100,000 bèt yo te abandone, e anpil esklav chape. [6] Senk nan ki deja egziste koloni yo trèz nan zile a te britalman te kraze pa twoup Panyòl ki gen ladan koloni yo de sou teritwa a nan prezan-jou Ayiti, La Yaguana, ak Bayaja. Anpil nan moun ki rete nan batay, chape nan forè a, oswa kouri ale nan sekirite nan pase bato Olandè yo.

Sa a aksyon Panyòl te kontreproduktiv kòm angle, Olandè, ak franse pirat yo te kounye a lib yo etabli baz sou abandone nan zile a nò ak lwès, kote bèt sovaj yo te kounye a abondan ak gratis. Nan 1697, apre deseni de batay sou teritwa a, Panyòl la sede pati lwès la nan zile a franse a, ki moun ki kounye a yo rele li Saint-Domingue. Saint-Domingue devlope nan yon koloni trè likratif pou Lafrans. Ekonomi li te baze sou yon endistri sik travay-entansif ki repoze sou kantite vas nan esklav Afriken yo. Pandan se tan, sitiyasyon an sou pati nan Panyòl nan zile a deteryore. Tout anpi Panyòl la te plonje nan yon kriz ekonomik gwo twou san fon, ak [[Santo Domingo, Holguin|Santo Domingo]] te anplis frape pa tranblemanntè, siklòn ak yon rediksyon popilasyon.

== Sen Domeng franse (1625-1789) ==
Pèl nan Zantiy (1711–89)

== Peryòd revolisyonè (1789-1804) ==
[[File: Toussaint L'Ouverture.jpg|thumb|Kòm lidè ofisyèl revolisyon an, [[Tousen Louvèti]] konsidere kòm papa Ayiti.]]

=== Revòlt Oge a (1789-91) ===
Epidemi revolisyon an an Frans nan ete [[1789 (almanak gregoryen)|1789]] te gen yon efè pwisan sou koloni an. Pandan kolon fransè yo t ap debate sou fason nouvo lwa revolisyonè yo t ap aplike nan Sen Domeng, an 1790 lagè sivil kareman te pete lè moun lib koulè yo te deklare ke yo menm tou yo te sitwayen franse dapre kondisyon Deklarasyon Dwa Moun ak Sitwayen an. . Dis jou anvan sezon otòn Bastille a, an Jiyè 1789, Asanble Nasyonal Lafrans la te vote pou mete sis delege nan Sen-Domeng. Nan Pari, yon gwoup milat rich, ki te dirije pa Julien Raimond ak Vincent Ogé, te fè yon petisyon san siksè delege plantè blan yo pou yo sipòte reklamasyon milat pou tout dwa sivil ak politik. Atravè efò yon gwoup ki te rele Société d'Amis des Noirs, kote Raimond ak Ogé te lidè enpòtan, nan mwa mas 1790 Asanble Nasyonal la te bay gens de couleur tout dwa sivik. Vincent Ogé te vwayaje Sen Domeng pou l te asire pwomulgasyon ak aplikasyon dekrè sa a, li te debake toupre Cap-Français (kounye a Okap) an [[oktòb]] 1790 epi li te fè yon petisyon gouvènè wayal la, Comte de Peynier. Apre demann li yo te refize, li te eseye pouse gens de couleur a revòlte. Ogé ak Jean-Baptiste Chavennes, yon veteran nan syèj nan Savannah pandan Revolisyon Ameriken an, te eseye atake Okap. Sepandan, rebèl milat yo te refize ame oswa libere esklav yo, oswa defye estati esklavaj la, epi atak yo te bat pa yon fòs milis blan ak volontè nwa (ki gen ladan Henri Christophe). Apre sa, yo te kouri travèse fwontyè a nan Hinche, nan moman an nan pati Panyòl nan zile a. Sepandan, yo te kaptire, tounen bay otorite fransè yo, epi tou de Ogé ak Chavannes yo te egzekite an fevriye 1791.

=== Revòlt esklav yo (1791-93) ===
Tradisyonèlman konsidere yon [[Seremoni nan bwa Kayiman|seremoni vodou]] nan Bwa Kayiman toupre Okap nan dat 14 out 1791, ki te prezide pa yon houngan (prèt Vodou) ki rele [[Boukmann]]. Apre seremoni sa a, esklav nan rejyon nò koloni an te fè yon revòlt, e byenke Boukman yo te kaptire epi egzekite, rebelyon an te kontinye gaye rapidman nan tout koloni a. Kòmanse nan mwa septanm nan, kèk trèz mil esklav ak rebèl nan sid la, ki te dirije pa Romaine-la-Prophétesse, te libere esklav epi pran pwovizyon epi boule plantasyon, finalman okipe de gwo vil nan zòn nan, [[Leyogàn (komin)|Leyogàn]] ak [[Jakmèl (komin)|Jakmèl]].&lt;ref name=&quot;Rey 2017 a&quot;&gt;Terry Rey, ''The Priest and the Prophetess: Abbé Ouvière, Romaine Rivière, and the Revolutionary Atlantic World'' (2017), pp. 28, 32–35, 48–49, 52&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Matthias Middell, Megan Maruschke, The French Revolution as a Moment of Respatialization (2019), p. 71.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Dun 2016 65&quot;&gt;James Alexander Dun, ''Dangerous Neighbors: Making the Haitian Revolution'' (2016), p. 65&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;David F. Marley, ''Wars of the Americas: A Chronology of Armed Conflict'' (2008), p. 534&lt;/ref&gt;

An 1792, [[Léger-Félicité Sonthonax]] ak de lòt komisyonè nasyonal yo te voye nan koloni an pa Asanble Lejislatif franse a kòm yon pati nan yon Komisyon Revolisyonè. Objektif prensipal Sonthonax se te kenbe kontwòl fransè Sen-Domeng, estabilize koloni an, epi ranfòse egalite sosyal la te akòde dènyèman pou libere moun koulè pa Konvansyon Nasyonal Lafrans la. Nan mwa mas 1792, yon kowalisyon blan ak konsèvatè nwa lib ak fòs ki te dirije pa yon lòt nan komisyonè nasyonal yo, Edmond de Saint-Léger, te depoze revòlt Romaine-la-Prophétesse a&lt;ref name=&quot;Dun 2016 65&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Rey 2017 b&quot;&gt;Rey (2017), pp. 137, 157–59.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot; Popkin 2011 51&quot;&gt;Jeremy D. Popkin, ''A Concise History of the Haitian Revolution'' (2011), p. 51&lt;/ref&gt; apre [[André Rigaud]], ki te dirije fòs konfederasyon nwa ki baze toupre Pòtoprens, te refize fè alye avèk li.&lt;ref name=&quot;Rey 2017 c&quot;&gt;Rey (2017), p. 103.&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Tousen Louvèti ki monte (1793-1802) ===
Sou 29 Out 1793, Sonthonax te pran etap radikal nan pwoklame libète esklav yo nan pwovens nò a (ak limit grav sou libète yo). Nan mwa septanm ak oktòb, emansipasyon te pwolonje nan tout koloni an. Konvansyon nasyonal franse a, premye Asanble Premye Repiblik la te eli (1792–1804), nan dat 4 fevriye 1794, anba lidèchip Maximilien de Robespierre, aboli esklavaj lalwa an Frans ak tout koloni li yo. Konstitisyon 1793 la, ki pa t janm aplike, ak konstitisyon 1795, ki te mete an vigè, tou de te genyen yon entèdiksyon eksplisit sou esklavaj.

Sepandan, esklav yo pa t ale imedyatman sou banyè Sonthonax la. Plantè kont-revolisyonè yo te kontinye goumen Sonthonax, ak sipò nan men Britanik yo. Yo te ansanm ak anpil nan moun lib koulè ki te opoze abolisyon esklavaj la. Se pa jiskaske pawòl ratifikasyon emansipasyon Lafrans te rive tounen nan koloni a ke Toussaint Louverture ak kò li a ansyen esklav byen disipline, fè tèt di nan batay la te vin bò kote Repibliken franse a nan kòmansman mwa me 1794. Yon chanjman nan van politik yo an Frans. te lakòz Sonthonax yo te raple an 1796, men se pa anvan yo te pran etap pou ame ansyen esklav yo.

Lè revolisyonè radikal yo nan Pari te deklare lagè kont Espay an janvye 1793, kouwòn Panyòl la te voye fòs li yo nan Santo Domingo nan batay sou bò esklav yo. Rive nan fen 1793, Espay te kontwole pi fò nan nò a, eksepte Britanik-kenbe Môle-Saint-Nicolas ak franse-kenbe Le Cap François ak Port-de-Paix.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|title=The Haitian Revolution, 1789-1804|date=1973|publisher=Univ. of Tennessee Press|page=79}}&lt;/ref&gt; An 1795, Espay te bay Sendomeng bay Lafrans e atak Panyòl sou Sendomeng te sispann.

Nan sid la, Britanik yo sibi yon seri defèt nan men milat Jeneral André Rigaud. 6 oktòb 1794, Rigaud te pran Léogane. Sou 26 desanm 1794, li te atake Tiburon ki te kenbe Britanik la, ki te mennen ganizon Britanik la.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|title=Avengers of the New World: The Story of the Haitian Revolution|date=2009|publisher=[[Harvard University Press]]|page=182}}&lt;/ref&gt; An 1798, li te pèdi teritwa ak dè milye de gason nan lafyèv jòn, Britanik yo te fòse yo retire li.

Antretan, Rigaud te mete kanpe yon mouvman separatis milat nan sid la. An 1799, ak Britanik yo ale, Toussaint te lanse yon ofansif kont fò Rigaud yo. Pandan li te voye Jeneral Desalin kont Grand ak Petit Goâve ak Jeneral Christophe kont gwo fò milat Jakmèl, bato de gè Ameriken yo te bonbade fòtifikasyon milat yo epi detwi chalan transpò Rigaud yo.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|title=The American Counterrevolution: A Retreat from Liberty, 1783-1800|url=https://archive.org/details/americancounterr0000tise|date=1998|publisher=Stackpole Books|page=[https://archive.org/details/americancounterr0000tise/page/485 485]}}&lt;/ref&gt; Fòs Rigaud yo te akable ak bat nan 1800.

Rive 1801, Toussaint te nan kontwòl tout Ispanyola, apre yo fin konkeri franse Sendomeng epi pwoklame abolisyon esklavaj la. Men, li pa t 'pwoklame endepandans total pou peyi a, ni li pa t' chache reprezay kont ansyen esklavaj blan peyi a, konvenki ke fransè yo pa ta retabli esklavaj ak &quot;ke yon popilasyon esklav dènyèman te debake soti nan Lafrik pa t 'kapab rive nan sivilizasyon. 'ale pou kont li.'&quot;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |first=CLR |last=James |title=The Black Jacobins |publisher=Vintage Books |place=New York |year=1990 |page=290}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Napoleon bat (1802-04) ===
Toussaint, sepandan, afime anpil endepandans ke an 1802, Napoleon te voye yon fòs envazyon masiv, anba bòfr li Charles Leclerc, pou ogmante kontwòl Lafrans. Pou yon tan, Leclerc te rankontre ak kèk siksè; li te mete tou pati lès zile [[Ispayola]] anba kontwòl dirèk Lafrans dapre kondisyon Trete Bâle ak Espay 1795 yo. Avèk yon gwo ekspedisyon ki te gen ladan l 40,000 twoup Ewopeyen yo, epi li te resevwa èd nan men kolon blan ak fòs milat ki te kòmande pa [[Alexandre Pétion]], yon ansyen lyetnan nan Rigaud, franse yo te genyen plizyè viktwa apre gwo batay. De nan lyetnan an chèf [[Toussaint Louverture|Toussaint]] yo, [[Jean-Jacques Dessalines|Desalin]] ak [[Henri Christophe|Christophe]], ki te rekonèt sitiyasyon yo pa soutenabl, te fè pale separe ak anvayisè yo epi yo te dakò transfere fidelite yo. Nan pwen sa a, Leclerc te envite Toussaint pou negosye yon antant. Se te yon desepsyon; Tousen te sezi epi depòte an [[Frans]], kote li te mouri nan mwa avril 1803 nan nemoni, pandan li te nan prizon nan Fort de Joux nan mòn Jura yo.

20 me 1802, Napoleon te siyen yon lwa pou kenbe esklavaj kote li poko disparèt, sètadi [[Matinik]], Tobago ak [[Sent Lisi]]. Yon kopi konfidansyèl dekrè sa a te voye bay Leclerc, ki te otorize pa Napoleon pou retabli esklavaj nan Sendomeng lè lè a te apwopriye. Anmenmtan, plis edik te retire gens de couleur yo dwa sivil yo te fèk genyen. Okenn nan dekrè sa yo pa te pibliye oswa egzekite nan Sendomeng, men, nan mitan sezon ete, mo te kòmanse rive nan koloni nan entansyon an franse retabli esklavaj. Trayizon Tousen ak nouvèl aksyon fransè yo nan Matinik te febli kolaborasyon dirijan tankou Desalin, Christophe ak Pétion. Konvenk ke menm sò a t ap tann pou Sen-Domeng, kòmandan sa yo ak lòt moun te batay ankò Leclerc. Kòm franse yo te gen entansyon rekonkèt ak re-esklavaj nan popilasyon nwa koloni an, lagè a te vin tounen yon lit san nan atwosite ak attrition. Sezon lapli a te pote lafyèv jòn ak malarya, ki te fè anvayisè yo yon gwo kantite lajan. Nan mwa Novanm, lè Leclerc te mouri nan lafyèv jòn, 24,000 sòlda franse te mouri ak 8,000 te entène lopital, majorite nan maladi.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |first=CLR |last=James |title=Black Jacobins |page=355}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Apre sa, Leclerc te ranplase pa [[Donatien-Marie-Joseph de Vimeur, vikonte de Rochambeau]]. Rochambeau te ekri Napoleon ke, pou reprann Sen-Domeng, Lafrans dwe &quot;deklare nèg yo esklav, epi detwi omwen 30,000 nwa ak neg&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |first=CLR |last=James |title=Black Jacobins |page=360}}&lt;/ref&gt; Nan dezespwa li, li te tounen vin jwenn zak britalite de pli zan pli envole; franse yo te boule vivan, pann, nwaye, epi tòtire prizonye nwa yo, reviv pratik tankou antere nwa nan pil ensèk ak bouyi yo nan chodyè melas. Yon swa, nan Pòto-Republikan, li fè yon bal kote li envite medam milat ki pi enpòtan yo epi, a minwi, li anonse lanmò mari yo. Sepandan, rebèl ayisyen yo te ranbouse chak zak britalite. Apre yon batay, Rochambeau antere 500 prizonye vivan; Desalin reponn li pann 500 prizonye franse.&lt;ref&gt;{{harvnb|Heinl|1996|pp=108–9}}&lt;/ref&gt; Taktik brital Rochambeau te ede ini sòlda nwa ak milat kont franse yo.

Kòm mare nan lagè a te vire nan direksyon ansyen esklav yo, Napoleon te abandone rèv li pou retabli Anpi Nouvo Mond Lafrans la. Nan 1803, lagè rekòmanse ant Lafrans ak [[Grann Bretay (wayòm)|Grann Bretay]], ak Royal Navy la byen fèm nan kontwòl lanmè yo, ranfòsman ak pwovizyon pou Rochambeau pa janm rive nan kantite ase. Pou konsantre sou lagè an Ewòp, Napoleon te siyen Achte Lwizyana nan mwa avril, vann byen Lafrans nan Amerik di Nò bay Etazini. Lame ayisyen an, ki te dirije kounye a pa Dessalines, te devaste Rochambeau ak lame franse a nan batay Vertières nan 18 novanm 1803.

Sou 1 janvye 1804 Desalin te deklare endepandans,&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |url=http://www.nationalarchives.gov.uk/dol/images/examples/haiti/0001.pdf |publisher=National archives |place=UK |title=Déclaration d'indépendance}}&lt;/ref&gt; reprann non endijèn Taíno Ayiti (&quot;Tè mòn yo&quot;) pou nouvo nasyon an. Pifò nan rès kolon fransè yo te kouri devan lame fransè te bat la, anpil moun te imigre nan Louisiana oswa Kiba. Kontrèman ak Tousen, Desalin te montre yon ti ekwanimite anrapò ak blan yo. Nan yon dènye zak vanjans, fòs militè ayisyen yo te touye rès franse yo nan yon jenosid blan. Anviwon 2,000 franse te masakre nan Okap, 900 nan Pòtoprens, ak 400 nan Jérémie. Li te pibliye yon pwoklamasyon ki deklare, &quot;nou te remèt kanibal sa yo, lagè pou lagè, krim pou krim, outraj pou outraj.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;{{harvnb|Heinl|1996|pp=122–23, 125}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Yon eksepsyon nan pwoklamasyon Desalin lan se te yon gwoup Polonè ki soti nan Lejyon Polonè yo ki te rantre nan militè franse a anba Napoleon.&lt;ref name=&quot;North&quot;&gt;{{cite book |last1=North |first1=Jonathan |title=War of Lost Hope, Polish Accounts of the Expedition to Saint Domingue |date=2018 |publisher=Amazon |location=London |isbn=978-1976944123 |pages=104}}&lt;/ref&gt; Yon majorite sòlda Polonè te refize goumen kont fòs ayisyen yo. Nan epòk sa a, te gen yon sitiyasyon abitye ki t ap pase nan peyi yo, kòm sòlda Polonè sa yo t ap goumen pou libète yo kont anvayi Larisi, Prussian ak Otrich yo ki te kòmanse an 1772. Menm jan ak Ayisyen, anpil Polonè t ap chèche inyon pami. tèt yo pou reprann peyi yo. Kòm rezilta, anpil sòlda Polonè te admire ènmi yo epi yo te deside vire sou lame fransè a epi rantre nan ansyen esklav ayisyen yo, epi yo te patisipe nan revolisyon ayisyen an 1804, sipòte prensip libète pou tout pèp la. Władysław Franciszek Jabłonowski, ki te mwatye Nwa, se te youn nan jeneral Polonè yo nan epòk la. Sòlda Polonè yo te gen yon kontribisyon remakab nan ede ayisyen yo nan revanj yo kont opresè franse a. Yo te sove sò lòt Ewopeyen yo. Pou lwayote yo ak sipò yo pou ranvèse Fransè yo, kèk Polonè te pran sitwayènte ayisyen apre Ayiti te pran endepandans li, e anpil nan yo te etabli la, pou yo pa janm retounen nan Polòy. Yo estime ke anviwon 500 nan 5,280 poto yo te chwazi opsyon sa a. Nan rès la, 700 te retounen an Frans evantyèlman retounen nan Polòy, ak kèk, apre yo fin kapitilize, te dakò sèvi nan Lame Britanik la.&lt;ref name=&quot;North&quot; /&gt; Apre sa, 160 Polonè te bay pèmisyon pou yo kite Ayiti e kèk yo te voye an Frans sou depans ayisyen. Jouk jounen jodi a, anpil Ayisyen Polonè toujou ap viv ann Ayiti e yo gen desandan milti-rasyal; kèk gen cheve blond, je limyè, ak lòt karakteristik Ewopeyen an. Jodi a, desandan Pòl sa yo ki te rete yo ap viv nan Cazale, Fond-des-Blancs, La Vallée-de-Jacmel, La Baleine, Port-Salut ak Saint-Jean-du-Sud.&lt;ref name=&quot;North&quot; /&gt;

Apre endepandans ayisyen an, nouvo nasyon an te lite ekonomikman, kòm nasyon Ewopeyen yo ak Etazini yo te refize pwolonje rekonesans diplomatik an Ayiti. An 1825, fransè yo te retounen ak yon flòt katòz bato de gè epi yo te mande yon indemnité de 150 milyon fran an echanj pou rekonesans diplomatik; Prezidan ayisyen an, Jean-Pierre Boyer, te dakò ak revandikasyon fransè yo anba kontrent. Pou yo ka finanse dèt la, gouvènman ayisyen an te oblije pran anpil prè ki gen enterè ki wo nan men kreditè etranje yo, epi dèt la Frans yo pa t peye nèt jiskaske 1947.&lt;ref name=&quot;:11&quot;&gt;{{cite journal|last=Alcenat|first=Westenley|accessdate=20 October 2021|title=The Case for Haitian Reparations|date=14 January 2017|url=https://jacobinmag.com/2017/01/haiti-reparations-france-slavery-colonialism-debt/|journal=[[Jacobin (magazine)|Jacobin]]|language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |last1=Gamio |first1=Lazaro |last2=Méheut |first2=Constant |last3=Porter |first3=Catherine|last4=Gebrekidan |first4=Selam |last5=McCann |first5=Allison |last6=Apuzzo |first6=Matt |date=2022-05-20 |title=Haiti's Lost Billions |language=en-US |work=The New York Times|url=https://www.nytimes.com/interactive/2022/05/20/world/americas/enslaved-haiti-debt-timeline.html |access-date=2022-12-06 |issn=0362-4331}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |last=Rosalsky |first=Greg |date=2021-10-05 |title='The Greatest Heist In History': How Haiti Was Forced To Pay Reparations For Freedom |language=en |work=NPR |url=https://www.npr.org/sections/money/2021/10/05/1042518732/-the-greatest-heist-in-history-how-haiti-was-forced-to-pay-reparations-for-freed |access-date=2022-12-06}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Endepandans: Premye ane yo (1804–1843) ==
=== Repiblik Nwa (1804) ===
Ayiti se dezyèm eta endepandan nan Emisfè Lwès la apre Etazini.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|last1=Christopher|first1=Marc|title=Haiti|url=http://worldbookonline.com/student/article?id=ar242480&amp;st=haiti#tab=homepage|website=Worldbook Online|publisher=Worldbook|access-date=3 April 2016|archive-date=24 September 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160924000440/http://worldbookonline.com/student/article?id=ar242480&amp;st=haiti#tab=homepage|dead-url=yes}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ayiti te ede aktivman mouvman endepandans yo nan anpil peyi Amerik Latin yo - e li te jwenn yon pwomès nan men gwo liberatè a, Simón Bolívar, ke li ta libere esklav apre yo te genyen endepandans nan men Espay. Nasyon ansyen esklav yo te rete eskli nan premye reyinyon rejyonal nasyon endepandan yo nan emisfè a, ki te fèt nan Panama an 1826, sitou akòz atwosite jenosid ayisyen an 1804 ki te vize gason, fanm ak timoun Ewopeyen ki te abite ann Ayiti, ki gen ladann moun ki te rete ann Ayiti. favorab pou revolisyon an.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0b&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Girard |first=Philippe R. |date=2005 |title=Caribbean genocide: racial war in Haiti, 1802–4 |url=https://doi.org/10.1080/00313220500106196 |journal=Patterns of Prejudice |volume=39 |issue=2 |pages=138–161 |doi=10.1080/00313220500106196 |issn=0031-322X |s2cid=145204936 |quote=The Haitian genocide and its historical counterparts [...] The 1804 Haitian genocide}}&lt;/ref&gt; Malgre efò senatè anti-esklavaj Charles Sumner nan Massachusetts te fè, Lèzetazini pa t rekonèt endepandans Ayiti jis nan ane 1862. Eta esklavaj Sid yo te kontwole Kongrè a epi yo te pè ankouraje revòlt esklav yo, te bloke sa; Ayiti te byen vit rekonèt (ansanm ak lòt mezi pwogresis, tankou mete fen nan esklavaj nan Distri Columbia), apre lejislatè sa yo te kite Washington an 1861, eta yo te deklare sesesyon yo.

Lè Jeneral Desalin te pran pouvwa a, te otorize Konstitisyon 1804 la. Konstitisyon sa a, an tèm de libète sosyal, te mande:
# Libète relijyon. (Anba Toussaint, yo te deklare Katolis la relijyon ofisyèl leta.)
# Tout sitwayen Ayiti, kèlkeswa koulè po yo, yo dwe konnen yo kòm &quot;Nwa&quot; (sa a se te yon tantativ pou elimine yerachi rasyal milti-nivo ki te devlope an Ayiti, ak Ewopeyen plen oswa tou pre plen san nan tèt, divès nivo. nan po limyè a mawon nan mitan an, ak po nwa &quot;Kongo&quot; soti nan Lafrik nan anba a).
# Blan yo te entèdi posede pwopriyete oswa tè sou tè ayisyen an. Si Fransè yo te retounen pou re-enpoze esklavaj, atik 5 nan konstitisyon an te deklare: &quot;Nan premye kout zam avètisman an, vil yo pral detwi epi nasyon an ap leve nan zam.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;{{harvnb|Heinl|1996|p=129}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Premye Anpi Ayisyen (1804–1806) ===
1ye janvye 1804, Desalin te pwoklame Ayiti yon nasyon endepandan.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |last=Dayan |first=Joan |year=1998 |title=Haiti, History, and the Gods |url=https://archive.org/details/haitihistorygods0000daya |publisher=University of California Press |isbn=978-0-520-21368-5 |page=[https://archive.org/details/haitihistorygods0000daya/page/3 3]–4}}&lt;/ref&gt; Nan mitan mwa fevriye, Desalin te di kèk vil (Léogâne, Jakmèl, Okay) pou yo prepare pou masak an mas.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |last=Girard |first=Philippe R. |year=2011 |title=The Slaves Who Defeated Napoleon: Toussaint Louverture and the Haitian War of Independence 1801–1804 |url=https://archive.org/details/slaveswhodefeate0000gira |location=Tuscaloosa, Alabama |publisher=The University of Alabama Press |isbn=978-0-8173-1732-4 |page=[https://archive.org/details/slaveswhodefeate0000gira/page/319 319]}}&lt;/ref&gt; 22 fevriye 1804, li te siyen yon dekrè ki te bay lòd pou yo touye tout blan nan tout vil yo.&lt;ref&gt;Blancpain 2001, p. 7.&lt;/ref&gt; Zam yo itilize yo ta dwe zam silans tankou kouto ak bayonèt olye ke kout zam, yon fason pou touye a ka fèt pi trankil, epi evite avètisman viktim ki vle yo pa son nan kout zam epi kidonk ba yo opòtinite pou yo sove.{{sfnp|Dayan|1998|p=4}}

22 septanm 1804, Desalin te pwoklame tèt li Anperè Jacques I. Men, de nan pwòp konseye l yo, Henri Christophe ak Alexandre Pétion, te ede touye l an 1806. Konspiratè yo te mete l anbiskad nan nò Pòtoprens nan Pont Larnage (kounye a li te ye. kòm Pont-Rouge) sou 17 oktòb 1806 nan wout pou batay rebèl yo nan rejim li an.

Leta ki te kreye anba Desalin te opoze ak klas pi ba ayisyen an te vle. Pandan ke lidè elit yo, tankou Desalin, ak popilasyon ayisyen an te dakò eta a ta dwe bati sou ideyal yo nan libète ak demokrasi,&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|author=Jean-Jacques Dessalines|title= Haitian Declaration of Independence|year=1804|website=Duke Office of News and Communications|url=https://today.duke.edu/showcase/haitideclaration/declarationstext.html|accessdate=April 30, 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;faculty.webster.edu&quot;&gt;{{cite web|title=The 1805 Constitution of Haiti, May 20, 1805. Translation|website=Webster University Faculty|url=http://faculty.webster.edu/corbetre/haiti/history/earlyhaiti/1805-const.htm|accessdate=April 30, 2018|archive-date=September 15, 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150915080544/http://faculty.webster.edu/corbetre/haiti/history/earlyhaiti/1805-const.htm|dead-url=yes}}&lt;/ref&gt; ideyal sa yo nan pratik te sanble trè diferan pou de gwoup yo. Rezon prensipal ki fè diferans sa a nan pwennvi nasyonalis yo soti nan lefèt ke yon gwoup te viv kòm esklav, ak lòt la pa t '.{{when|date=January 2023}}&lt;ref name=&quot;Mimi Sheller 2000&quot;&gt;Mimi Sheller, Black Publics and Peasant Radicalism in Haiti and Jamaica (Florida: [[University Press of Florida]], 2000), 5.&lt;/ref&gt; Pou youn, pratik ekonomik ak agrikòl Desalin yo, ak lidè apre li, yo te baze sou bezwen pou kreye yon eta ekonomik fò, ki te kapab kenbe yon militè fò.&lt;ref&gt;Mats Lundahl, &quot;Defense and Distribution: Agricultural Policy in Haiti during the Reign of Jean-Jaques Dessalines, 1804-1806,&quot; Scandinavian Economic History Review, 32, no. 2 (2011), 86-87.&lt;/ref&gt; Pou lidè elit Ayiti yo, kenbe yon militè solid pou anpeche swa Fransè yo oswa lòt pouvwa kolonyal yo epi asire endepandans yo ta asire yon eta lib. Lidè Ayiti yo te wè endepandans yo de lòt pouvwa yo kòm nosyon yo sou libète.

Sepandan, peyizanri ayisyen an te mare nosyon libète yo ak tè a. Akoz tèren montay yo, esklav ayisyen yo te kapab kiltive pwòp ti teren yo. Kidonk, libète pou yo se kapasite pou yo kiltive pwòp tè yo nan yon ekonomi de sibzistans. Malerezman, akòz dezi lidè yo, yon sistèm agrikilti plantasyon fòse parèt.&lt;ref&gt;James Franklin, the Present State of Hayti with remarks on its agriculture, commerce, laws, religion, finances and population (Connecticut: Negro Universities Press, 1828), 189-190.&lt;/ref&gt; Anplis de sa, pandan tout Ayisyen te vle yon repiblik nwa,&lt;ref name=&quot;faculty.webster.edu&quot;/&gt; pratik kiltirèl Afriken-Ameriken yo te yon pwen deba. Anpil nan popilasyon ayisyen an te vle kenbe eritaj Afriken yo, ke yo te wè kòm yon pati lojik nan repiblik nwa yo te vle a. Sepandan, tipikman elit yo te eseye pwouve sofistike ayisyen yo atravè literati. Gen kèk otè ki te ekri ke barbaris Lafrik la dwe ekspilse, pandan y ap kenbe rasin Afriken yo.&lt;ref&gt;Beaubrun Ardouin, Etudes sur l’historie d’Haiti : suivies de la vie du général J.M. Borgella (Paris: Dezobry et Magdeleine, 1853-1860), quoted in Erin Zavitz, &quot;Revolutionary narrations: Early Haitian historiography and the challenge of writing counter-history,&quot; Atlantic Studies, 14, no. 3 (2017).&lt;/ref&gt;

Anplis de sa, lòt otè yo te eseye pwouve sivilite ayisyen yo nan elit yo nan diskite ke Nwa yo te kapab tabli ak dirije yon gouvènman nan chanje ak ogmante istwa a nan revolisyon an favorize milat yo ak elit nwa yo, olye ke bann esklav yo.&lt;ref&gt;Thomas Madiou, Histoire d’Haiti, 1847. Quoted in Erin Zavitz, &quot;Revolutionary narrations: Early Haitian historiography and the challenge of writing counter-history,&quot; Atlantic Studies, 14, no. 3 (2017), 343.&lt;/ref&gt; Anplis de sa, pou kenbe libète ak endepandans, elit yo pa t bay sosyete sivil la mas ayisyen an te vle. Peyizan ayisyen yo te vle non sèlman libète tè men tou dwa sivil, tankou vòt ak patisipasyon politik, ansanm ak aksè nan edikasyon.&lt;ref name=&quot;Mimi Sheller 2000&quot;/&gt; Eta a pa t bay dwa fondamantal sa yo.

Leta te esansyèlman te dirije pa militè a, ki vle di ke li te trè difisil pou popilasyon ayisyen an patisipe nan nenpòt pwosesis demokratik. Sa ki pi enpòtan, eta a pa t bay aksè a edikasyon ke yon eta ansyen esklav te bezwen.&lt;ref&gt;M.B. Bird, the Black Man or Haytian Independence (New York: Published by Author, 1869), 220.&lt;/ref&gt; Li te prèske enposib pou ansyen esklav yo patisipe efektivman paske yo te manke alfabetizasyon debaz ki te entansyonèlman refize ba yo anba dominasyon kolonyal franse. Atravè opinyon yo diferan sou nasyonalis ayisyen ak libète, elit yo te kreye yon eta ki te favorize yo anpil, olye de peyizanri ayisyen an.

=== Lit pou inite (1806–1820) ===
Apre koudeta Desalin yo, 2 prensipal konplo yo divize peyi a an de rejim rival. Christophe te kreye [[Leta an Ayiti]] otoritè nan nò, epi gens de couleur Pétion te etabli Repiblik Ayiti nan sid. Christophe te eseye kenbe yon sistèm strik nan travay ak pwodiksyon agrikòl ki sanble ak ansyen plantasyon yo. Malgre ke, strikteman pale, li pa tabli esklavaj, li enpoze yon sistèm semi-feyodal, fumage, nan ki chak moun ki kapab te oblije travay nan plantasyon (menm jan ak latifundios Panyòl) yo pwodwi machandiz pou peyi a nouvo. Metòd li a, byenke san dout opresyon, pwodui pi gwo revni de gouvènman yo.

Okontrè, Pétion te kraze ansyen byen kolonyal yo epi divize tè a an ti byen. Nan sid Pétion, minorite gens de couleur te dirije gouvènman an e yo te pè pèdi sipò popilè, e konsa, yo te redwi tansyon klas yo grasa redistribisyon tè. Akoz pozisyon entènasyonal fèb la ak politik travay li yo (pi fò peyizan te viv nan yon ekonomi de sibzistans), gouvènman Pétion te toujou sou bò gwo fayit. Poutan, pandan pifò tan li, li te pwodui youn nan gouvènman ayisyen ki pi liberal ak toleran ki te janm genyen. An 1815, nan yon peryòd kle nan batay Bolívar pou endepandans Venezyelyen an, Pétion te bay lidè Venezyelyen an azil epi li te ba li sòlda ak sipò materyèl sibstansyèl. Pétion tou te gen mwens akrochaj militè entèn yo, malgre konfli kontinyèl li yo ak wayòm nò Christophe a. Nan 1816, sepandan, apre li te jwenn chay Sena a entolerab, li te sispann lejislati a epi li te fè pòs li an Prezidan pou lavi. Pa lontan apre, li te mouri ak [[lafyèv jòn]], ak asistan li [[Jean-Pierre Boyer]] ranplase li.

Nan peryòd sa a, pati lès zile a leve kont nouvo pouvwa yo, apre reklamasyon jeneral Juan Sánchez Ramírez pou endepandans la nan men Lafrans, ki te kraze Trete Bâle yo ki te atake [[Espay]] e ki te entèdi komès ak Ayiti. Nan batay Palo Hincado (7 novanm 1808), tout rès fòs franse yo te bat pa rezirèksyon Panyòl-kreyòl. Sou 9 jiyè 1809, koloni Panyòl Santo Domingo te fèt. Gouvènman an te mete tèt li anba kontwòl peyi Espay, li fè li tinon &quot;España Boba&quot; (ki vle di &quot;Idiot Espay la&quot;).

An 1811, [[Henri Christophe]] te pwoklame tèt li wa Henri I nan [[Wayòm Ayiti]] nan Nò epi li te komisyone plizyè bilding ekstraòdinè. Li te menm kreye yon klas noblès alamòd monachi Ewopeyen yo. Men, an 1820, li te febli pa maladi ak ak diminye sipò pou rejim otoritè li a, li te touye tèt li ak yon bal an ajan olye ke fè fas a yon koudeta. Touswit apre, siksesè Pétion a, Boyer, reyini Ayiti atravè taktik diplomatik epi li te dirije kòm prezidan jouk ranvèse l 'nan 1843.

=== Dominasyon Boyer sou Ispanyola (1820–1843) ===
Prèske dezan apre Boyer te konsolide pouvwa nan lwès la, Ayiti te anvayi Sendomeng (jounen [[Repiblik Dominikèn]]) epi li te deklare zile a gratis anba pouvwa Ewopeyen an. Boyer, sepandan, reponn a yon pati sou bò solèy leve ki te pito Ayiti pase Kolonbi, te okipe ansyen koloni Panyòl la nan mwa janvye 1822, li pa rankontre okenn rezistans militè. Nan fason sa a li te akonpli inite nan zile a, ki te fèt sèlman pou yon ti tan pa [[Toussaint Louverture]] an 1801. Okipasyon Boyer nan bò Panyòl la te reponn tou ak lit entèn nan mitan jeneral Christophe yo, kote Boyer te bay anpil pouvwa ak pouvwa. tè nan lès la. Okipasyon sa a, sepandan, te fè fas ak elit blan Panyòl la kont administrasyon ayisyen an fè kout men, e li te ankouraje emigrasyon anpil fanmi blan rich. Tout zile a te rete anba dominasyon ayisyen jiska 1844, lè nan lès yon gwoup nasyonalis ki rele La Trinitaria te dirije yon revòlt ki te separe zile a ann Ayiti sou lwès la ak Repiblik Dominikèn sou bò solèy leve, ki baze sou sa ki ta sanble yon tèritwa rivyè. divize' soti nan peryòd pre-kontak la.

Soti nan 1824 a 1826, pandan ke zile a te anba yon sèl gouvènman, Boyer ankouraje pi gwo imigrasyon sèl gratis-Nwa soti nan Etazini nan ki plis pase 6,000 imigran etabli nan diferan pati nan zile a. Jodi a, rès imigran sa yo ap viv nan tout zile a, men pi gwo kantite a abite nan Samaná, yon penensil sou bò Dominiken nan zile a. Soti nan pèspektiv gouvènman an, entansyon imigrasyon an se te ede etabli relasyon komèsyal ak diplomatik ak Etazini, epi ogmante kantite travayè kalifye ak agrikòl ann Ayiti.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last=Heinl |first=Robert Debs |title=Written in Blood: The Story of the Haitian People 1492-1995 |url=https://archive.org/details/writteninbloodst00hein |publisher=UPA |year=2005 |isbn=0761831770 |edition=newly revised |language=English}}&lt;/ref&gt;

An echanj pou rekonesans diplomatik nan men Lafrans, Boyer te fòse yo peye yon gwo indemnité pou pèt la nan pwopriyete franse pandan revolisyon an. Pou peye pou sa, li te oblije flote prè an Frans, mete Ayiti nan yon eta de dèt. Boyer te eseye ranfòse pwodiksyon atravè Kòd Riral la, ki te dekrete an 1826, men pwopriyetè peyizan yo, sitou ansyen sòlda revolisyonè yo, pa t gen okenn entansyon pou yo retounen nan travay fòse yo te goumen pou yo chape. Nan 1840, Ayiti te sispann ekspòte sik nèt, byenke gwo kantite kontinye ap grandi pou konsomasyon lokal kòm tafya-yon wonm anvan tout koreksyon. Sepandan, Ayiti te kontinye ekspòtasyon kafe, ki te mande ti kiltivasyon epi li te grandi semi-sovaj.

Tranbleman tè Okap 1842 te detwi vil la, ak [[Palè Sans-Souci]], te touye 10 000 moun. Sa a se te twazyèm gwo tranblemanntè ki te frape Lwès Ispanyola apre tranblemanntè 1751 ak 1770 nan Pòtoprens, epi dènye a jiska [[Tranblemanntè 12 janvye 2010 nan peyi Ayiti|tranblemanntè devastatè 2010 la]].

== Lit politik (1843–1915) ==
An 1843, yon revòlt, ki te dirije pa Charles Rivière-Hérard, te ranvèse Boyer epi li tabli yon règ palmantè tou kout anba Konstitisyon 1843 la. Byento revòlt te pete ak peyi a te desann nan prèske dezòd, ak yon seri prezidan pasajè jiska mas 1847, lè. Jeneral Faustin Soulouque, yon ansyen esklav ki te goumen nan rebelyon 1791, te vin prezidan. Pandan peryòd sa a, Ayiti fè lagè san siksè kont Repiblik Dominikèn.

An 1849, pwofite popilarite li, Prezidan Faustin Soulouque te pwoklame tèt li Anperè Faustin I. Dominasyon an fè li a te reyisi ini Ayiti pou yon tan, men li te fini bridsoukou an 1859 lè Jeneral Fabre Geffrard te depoze l, ki te rele Duke a. nan Tabara.

Gouvènman militè Geffrard a te kenbe fonksyon jiska 1867, epi li ankouraje yon politik siksè nan rekonsilyasyon nasyonal la. Nan 1860, li te rive jwenn yon akò ak Vatikan an, re-entwodwi enstitisyon ofisyèl Katolik Women, ki gen ladan lekòl, nan nasyon an. An 1867 yo te fè tantativ pou etabli yon gouvènman konstitisyonèl, men prezidan siksesif Sylvain Salnave ak Nissage Saget te ranvèse an 1869 ak 1874 respektivman. Nan 1874, yon konstitisyon ki pi solid te prezante anba Michel Domingue, ki te mennen nan yon peryòd lapè demokratik ak devlopman pou Ayiti. Yo te finalman ranbouse dèt Lafrans an 1879, epi gouvènman Prezidan Pierre Théoma Boisrond-Canal te transfere pouvwa a nan lapè bay Lysius Salomon, youn nan lidè ki pi bon an Ayiti. Refòm monetè, ak kreyasyon an 1880-1881 nan Bank Nasyonal d Ayiti, ak yon renesans kiltirèl te vini ak yon flè nan atizay ayisyen.

De dènye deseni 19yèm syèk la te make tou pa devlopman yon kilti entelektyèl ayisyen an. Gwo zèv istwa yo te pibliye an 1847 ak 1865. Entelektyèl ayisyen, ki te dirije pa Louis-Joseph Janvier ak Anténor Firmin, te angaje nan yon lagè lèt kont yon mare rasis ak Darwinis Sosyal ki te parèt pandan peryòd sa a.

Konstitisyon 1867 la te wè tranzisyon lapè ak pwogresis nan gouvènman an ki te fè anpil pou amelyore ekonomi ak estabilite nasyon ayisyen an ak kondisyon pèp li a. Gouvènman konstitisyonèl retabli lafwa pèp ayisyen an nan enstitisyon legal yo. Devlopman endistri endistri sik ak wonm toupre Pòtoprens te fè Ayiti, pandan yon ti tan, yon modèl pou kwasans ekonomik nan peyi Amerik Latin yo. Peryòd sa a nan estabilite relatif ak pwosperite te fini an 1911, lè revolisyon te pete ak peyi a glise yon lòt fwa ankò nan dezòd ak dèt.

Soti nan 1911 rive 1915, te gen sis prezidan diferan, yo chak nan yo te touye oswa fòse nan ekzil.[61] Lame revolisyonè yo te fòme pa kako, brigan peyizan ki soti nan mòn nò yo, sou fwontyè dominiken ki mouye a, ki te enskri pa faksyon politik rival yo ak pwomès lajan yo dwe peye apre yon revolisyon siksè ak yon opòtinite pou piye.

Etazini te patikilyèman pè sou wòl kominote Alman an ann Ayiti (apeprè 200 an 1910), ki te gen yon kantite pouvwa ekonomik disproporsyone. Alman yo te kontwole anviwon 80% komès entènasyonal peyi a; yo te posede epi yo te opere sèvis piblik nan Okap ak Pòtoprens, waf prensipal la ak yon tramway nan kapital la, ak yon chemennfè ki sèvi Plaine de Cul-du-Sac.

Kominote Alman an te pwouve plis vle entegre nan sosyete ayisyen an pase nenpòt lòt gwoup etranje blan, enkli franse yo. Yon kantite marye nan fanmi milat ki pi enpòtan nan peyi a, yo pa pase entèdiksyon konstitisyonèl kont pwopriyetè tè etranje a. Yo te sèvi tou kòm finansman prensipal nan revolisyon inonbrabl nasyon an, k ap flote prè inonbrabl - ak to enterè ki wo - nan konpetisyon faksyon politik.

Nan yon efò pou limite enfliyans Alman an, nan ane 1910-1911, Depatman Deta Ameriken an te sipòte yon konsòsyòm envestisè Ameriken, ki te rasanble pa National City Bank of New York, nan sekirize konsesyon emisyon lajan atravè Bank Nasyonal Repiblik Ayiti a. ki te ranplase Bank Nasyonal d Ayiti anvan kòm sèl bank komèsyal nan peyi a ak gadyen trezò gouvènman an.

Nan mwa fevriye 1915, Vilbrun Guillaume Sam te etabli yon diktati, men an jiyè, li te fè fas ak yon nouvo revòlt, li te masakre 167 prizonye politik, yo tout te soti nan fanmi elit, epi yo te lense pa yon foul nan Pòtoprens.

== Okipasyon Etazini (1915–1934) ==
An 1915, Lèzetazini te reponn plent yo te bay Prezidan Woodrow Wilson nan men bank Ameriken yo te gen anpil dèt Ayiti, te okipe peyi a. Okipasyon Ayiti a te dire jiska 1934. Okipasyon Ameriken an te resanti pa Ayisyen kòm yon pèt souverènte e te gen revòlt kont fòs ameriken. Refòm yo te fèt malgre sa.

Sou sipèvizyon marin Etazini yo, Asanble Nasyonal Dayiti eli Philippe Sudré Dartiguenave prezidan. Li te siyen yon trete ki te fè Ayiti tounen yon pwotektora ameriken de dwa, ak ofisyèl Ameriken yo te pran kontwòl sou Konsèy Finansye a, Sèvis Ladwàn, Konsiltè a, Sèvis Travo Piblik, ak Sèvis Sante Piblik la pou yon peryòd de dizan. Prensipal enstriman otorite Ameriken an te fèk kreye Jandarmeri d'Haïti, kòmande pa ofisye Ameriken yo. An 1917, sou demann ofisyèl ameriken yo, yo te fonn Asanble Nasyonal la, epi yo te deziyen ofisyèl yo pou yo ekri yon nouvo konstitisyon, ki te dikte prensipalman pa ofisyèl nan Depatman Deta Ameriken an ak Depatman Marin Ameriken an. Franklin D. Roosevelt, Sou-Sekretè pou Marin nan administrasyon Wilson, te deklare ke li te ekri pèsonèlman nouvo konstitisyon an. Dokiman sa a aboli entèdiksyon sou pwopriyetè tè etranje - eleman ki pi esansyèl nan lwa ayisyen an. Lè Asanble Nasyonal ki te fèk eli a te refize pase dokiman sa a epi li te ekri youn nan pwòp pa li pou konsève entèdiksyon sa a, kòmandan Jandarmeri Smedley Butler te divòse li. Konstitisyon sa a te apwouve pa yon plebisit an 1919, kote mwens pase 5% nan popilasyon an te vote. Depatman Deta Ameriken otorize plebisit sa a sipoze ke &quot;moun ki voye vòt yo ta dwe 97% analfabèt, inyoran nan pifò ka yo sou sa yo t ap vote.&quot;[62]

Marin yo ak Jandarmeri yo te inisye yon gwo pwogram konstriksyon wout pou amelyore efikasite militè yo epi ouvri peyi a pou envestisman ameriken. Pa gen okenn sous lajan adekwat, yo te fè reviv yon lwa ayisyen an 1864, te dekouvri pa Butler, ki te egzije peyizan yo fè travay sou wout lokal yo olye pou yo peye yon taks sou wout. Sistèm sa a, ke yo rele corvée, soti nan travay ki pa peye peyizan franse yo te bay chèf feyodal yo. An 1915, Ayiti te gen 3 mil (4.8 km) wout ki ka itilize pa otomobil, andeyò vil yo. Nan lane 1918, plis pase 470 mil (760 km) wout te konstwi oswa repare atravè sistèm corvée a, ki gen ladan yon wout ki konekte Pòtoprens ak Okap.[63] Sepandan, Ayisyen ki te fòse yo travay nan gang travay corvée yo, souvan trennen soti lakay yo ak anmède pa gad ame, te resevwa kèk benefis imedya epi yo te wè sistèm sa a nan travay fòse kòm yon retou nan esklavaj nan men gason blan.

An 1919, yon nouvo soulèvman kako te kòmanse, ki te dirije pa Charlemagne Péralte, ki te pwomèt pou 'kondui anvayisè yo nan lanmè a ak libere Ayiti.'[64] Cacos yo te atake Pòtoprens nan mwa Oktòb men yo te chase tounen ak anpil viktim. Apre sa, yon ofisye jandamri Ameriken ki pale kreyòl ak de marin ameriken te enfiltre kan Péralte, yo touye l e yo te pran foto kadav li pou eseye demoralize rebèl yo. Lidèchip nan rebelyon an te pase nan men Benoît Batraville, yon chèf Caco nan Latibonit, ki te lanse tou yon atak sou kapital la. Lanmò li an 1920 te make fen ostilite yo. Pandan odyans Sena an 1921, kòmandan Kò Marin yo te rapòte ke, nan ven mwa rezistans aktif yo, 2,250 Ayisyen te mouri. Sepandan, nan yon rapò bay Sekretè Marin a li te rapòte kantite moun ki mouri yo te 3,250.[65] Istoryen ayisyen yo estime kantite vrè a te pi wo; youn te sijere, &quot;kantite total viktim batay ak viktim represyon ak konsekans lagè a te ka rive, nan fen peryòd pasifikasyon an, kat oswa senk fwa sa - yon kote nan katye a nan 15,000 moun.&quot;[66]

An 1922, Louis Borno te ranplase Dartiguenave, ki te dirije san yon lejislati jiska 1930. Menm ane sa a, Jeneral John H. Russell, Jr., te nonmen Gran Komisyonè. Diktati Borno-Russel te sipèvize ekspansyon ekonomi an, bati plis pase 1,000 mil (1,600 km) wout, etabli yon echanj telefòn otomatik, modènize enstalasyon pò nasyon an, ak etabli yon sèvis sante piblik. Sisal te entwodui an Ayiti, ak sik ak koton te vin ekspòtasyon enpòtan.[67] Sepandan, efò pou devlope agrikilti komèsyal te gen yon siksè limite, an pati paske anpil nan fòs travay Ayiti te anplwaye nan travay sezonye nan endistri sik ki pi etabli nan Kiba ak Repiblik Dominikèn. Anviron 30,000–40,000 travayè ayisyen, ke yo rekonèt kòm braceros, te ale chak ane nan pwovens Oriente nan Kiba ant 1913 ak 1931.[68] Pifò Ayisyen te kontinye rann kont pèt souverènte a. Nan premye opozisyon an nan mitan elit edike a te genyen L'Union Patriotique, ki te etabli lyen ak opozan okipasyon an nan peyi Etazini an li menm, an patikilye Asosyasyon Nasyonal pou Avansman Moun ki gen koulè (NAACP).

Gwo Depresyon an te dezime pri ekspòtasyon Ayiti yo e li te detwi pwogrè ki te genyen nan deseni anvan an. An Desanm 1929, Marin nan Okay te touye dis ayisyen pandan yon mach pou pwoteste kont kondisyon ekonomik lokal yo. Sa te fè Herbert Hoover nonmen de komisyon, pami yo youn te dirije pa yon ansyen gouvènè ameriken nan Filipin William Cameron Forbes, ki te kritike esklizyon ayisyen yo nan pozisyon otorite nan gouvènman an ak konsta, kounye a ke yo rekonèt kòm Garde d'Haïti. An 1930, Sténio Vincent, yon kritik okipasyon an depi lontan, te eli prezidan, e Etazini te kòmanse retire fòs li yo. Retrè a te konplete anba prezidan ameriken Franklin D. Roosevelt (FDR), an 1934, anba &quot;politik bon vwazen&quot; li. Etazini te kenbe kontwòl finans ekstèn Ayiti jiska 1947.[69] Tout twa chèf pandan okipasyon an te soti nan minorite milat nan peyi a. Anmenmtan, anpil moun nan klas pwofesyonèl nwa k ap grandi yo te kite veneration tradisyonèl eritaj kiltirèl fransè Ayiti a e yo te mete aksan sou rasin Afriken nasyon an, sitou etnològ Jean Price-Mars ak jounal Les Griots, ki te edite pa Doktè François Duvalier.[70]

Gouvènman tranzisyon an te rete ak yon pi bon enfrastrikti, sante piblik, edikasyon, ak devlopman agrikòl ansanm ak yon sistèm demokratik. Peyi a te gen eleksyon totalman demokratik an 1930, Sténio Vincent te genyen. Garde se te yon nouvo kalite enstitisyon militè ann Ayiti. Se te yon fòs ki te gen anpil moun nwa, ak yon kòmandan nwa ki te fòme nan Etazini, Kolonèl Démosthènes Pétrus Calixte. Pifò nan ofisye Garde yo, sepandan, te milat. Garde se te yon òganizasyon nasyonal;[71] li te kite rejyonalism ki te karakterize pifò lame anvan Ayiti yo. Nan teyori, chaj li a te apolitik - pou kenbe lòd entèn, pandan y ap sipòte yon gouvènman popilè eli. Garde okòmansman te respekte wòl sa a.[71]

== Eleksyon ak koudeta (1934–1957) ==
=== Prezidans Vincent a (1934–1941) ===
Prezidan Vincent te pwofite konparatif estabilite nasyonal la, ke yon militè pwofesyonalize t ap kenbe, pou l te pran pouvwa absoli. Yon plebisit te pèmèt transfè tout otorite nan zafè ekonomik soti nan lejislati a nan pouvwa egzekitif la, men Vincent pa te kontante ak ekspansyon sa a nan pouvwa li. An 1935 li te fòse atravè lejislati a yon nouvo konstitisyon, ki te tou apwouve pa plebisit. Konstitisyon an te fè lwanj Vincent, epi li te bay pouvwa egzekitif la pou l disolse lejislati a selon volonte, pou l reòganize sistèm jidisyè a, pou l nonmen dis nan vennyon senatè (epi pou l rekòmande onz ki rete yo bay chanm bas la), epi pou l dirije pa dekrè. lè lejislati a pa t an seyans. Malgre ke Vincent te aplike kèk amelyorasyon nan enfrastrikti ak sèvis yo, li te reprime opozisyon li an brital, te sansi laprès, epi li te gouvène anpil pou l te benefisye tèt li ak yon klik machann ak ofisye militè koripsyon yo.[71]

Anba Calixte, majorite pèsonèl Garde te respekte doktrin non-entèvansyon politik ke antrenè Kò Marin yo te ensiste. Apre yon tan, sepandan, Vincent ak diktatè Dominiken Rafael Leónidas Trujillo Molina te chèche achte aderan nan mitan ran yo. Trujillo, ki te detèmine pou l elaji enfliyans li sou tout Ispanyola, nan mwa Oktòb 1937 te bay lòd pou lame Dominiken an bouche aveugles nan yon estime 14,000 a 40,000 Ayisyen sou bò Dominiken nan Masak larivyè Lefrat la.[72] Gen kèk obsèvatè ki fè konnen Trujillo te sipòte yon tantativ koudeta jèn ofisye Garde te fè an desanm 1937. Vincent te ranvwaye Calixte kòm kòmandan e li te voye l aletranje, kote li te finalman aksepte yon komisyon nan militè Dominiken an kòm rekonpans pou efò li te fè pandan li te sou pewòl Trujillo a. Tantativ koudeta a te mennen Vincent pou netwaye kò ofisye yo nan tout manm yo sispèk nan defiote, ki make fen militè apolitik la.[71]

=== Prezidans Lescot a (1941–1946) ===
An 1941 Vincent te montre tout entansyon pou l kanpe pou yon twazyèm manda kòm prezidan, men apre prèske yon deseni dezagreman, Etazini te fè konnen li ta opoze ak yon ekstansyon konsa. Vincent te akomode administrasyon Roosevelt la epi li te remèt pouvwa a bay Elie Lescot.[71]

Lescot te yon ras melanje e li te sèvi nan plizyè pòs gouvènman an. Li te konpetan ak fòs, e anpil moun te konsidere l 'yon kandida sterling pou prezidans lan, malgre background elitis li. Menm jan ak majorite ansyen prezidan ayisyen yo, sepandan, li echwe pou li rive jiska potansyèl li. Manda li a paralèl ak Vincent nan plizyè fason. Lescot te deklare tèt li kòmandan an chèf lame a, epi pouvwa a te abite nan yon klik ki te dirije ak sipò tasit nan Garde la. Li te reprime opozan li yo, te sansi laprès e li te fòse lejislati a pou l ba li anpil pouvwa. Li te okipe tout zafè bidjè san sanksyon lejislatif e li te ranpli pòs lejislatif yo san yo pa rele eleksyon. Lescot te souvan di ke eta-of-lagè Ayiti te deklare kont pouvwa aks yo pandan Dezyèm Gè Mondyal la jistifye aksyon represif li. Sepandan, Ayiti pa t jwe okenn wòl nan lagè a eksepte pou l te bay Etazini matyè premyè epi sèvi kòm baz pou yon detachman Gad Kòt Etazini.[71]

Apa de tandans otoritè li yo, Lescot te gen yon lòt defo: relasyon li ak Rafael Trujillo. Pandan li t ap sèvi kòm anbasadè ayisyen an Repiblik Dominikèn, Lescot te tonbe anba enfliyans ak richès Trujillo. An reyalite, se lajan Trujillo ki te rapòte ke pi fò nan vòt lejislatif yo ki te mennen Lescot sou pouvwa a. Asosyasyon klandesten yo te pèsiste jiska 1943, lè de lidè yo te separe pou rezon enkoni. Apre Trujillo fè piblik tout korespondans li ak lidè ayisyen an. Mouvman sa a te febli sipò popilè Lescot te deja enzitan.[71]

Nan mwa janvye 1946, evènman yo te rive nan yon tèt lè Lescot te mete nan prizon editè maksis yo nan yon jounal ki te rele La Ruche (Ruche a). Aksyon sa a te fè grèv etidyan ak manifestasyon travayè gouvènman yo, pwofesè, ak machann nan kapital la ak vil pwovens yo. Anplis de sa, règ Lescot te domine milat te alyene Garde a majorite nwa. Pozisyon li te vin enposib, e li te demisyone sou 11 janvye. Anons radyo te deklare ke Garde te pran pouvwa, ke li ta administre atravè yon jent twa manm.[71]

=== Revolisyon 1946 ===
Revolisyon 1946 la se te yon nouvo devlopman nan istwa Ayiti, paske Garde te pran pouvwa a kòm yon enstitisyon, pa kòm enstriman yon kòmandan an patikilye. Manm jent a, ke yo rekonèt kòm Komite Egzekitif Militè (Comité Exécutif Militaire), se te kòmandan gad la, kolonèl Franck Lavaud, majò Antoine Levelt, ak majò Paul E. Magloire, kòmandan gad prezidansyèl la. Tout twa te konprann fason tradisyonèl Ayiti pou egzèse pouvwa a, men yo te manke yon bon konpreyansyon sou sa ki ta dwe fè tranzisyon an nan yon gouvènman sivil eli. Lè yo te pran pouvwa a, jent la te pwomèt pou l òganize eleksyon gratis. Junt la te eksplore lòt opsyon tou, men clam piblik, ki te gen ladann manifestasyon piblik pou sipòte kandida potansyèl yo, te evantyèlman fòse ofisye yo kenbe pwomès yo.[71]

Ayiti te eli Asanble Nasyonal li an Me 1946. Asanble a te fikse 16 Out 1946, kòm dat li ta chwazi yon prezidan. Kandida prensipal yo pou biwo a—yo tout te nwa—te Dumarsais Estimé, yon ansyen pwofesè lekòl, manm asanble, ak minis kabinè anba Vincent; Félix d'Orléans Juste Constant, lidè Pati Kominis Ayisyen (Parti Communiste d'Haïti—PCH); ak ansyen kòmandan Garde Démosthènes Pétrus Calixte, ki te kanpe kòm kandida nan yon kowalisyon pwogresis ki enkli Mouvman Travayè Peyizan an (Mouvement Ouvrier Paysan—MOP). MOP te chwazi andòde Calixte, olye de yon kandida ki soti nan pwòp ranje pa l, paske lidè pati a, Daniel Fignolé, te gen sèlman trant-twa laj—twò jèn pou kanpe pou pi wo pòs nasyon an. Estimé, politikman ki pi modere nan twa yo, te tire sipò nan men popilasyon nwa a nan nò a, osi byen ke nan émergence klas mwayèn nwa a. Lidè militè yo, ki pa t aksepte eleksyon Juste Constant e ki te reyaji avèk mefyan sou Fignolé popilis la, te konsidere Estimé tou kòm kandida ki pi an sekirite. Apre de tou nan biwo vòt, lejislatè yo te bay Estimé prezidans la.[71]

=== Prezidans Estimé a (1946–1950) ===
Eleksyon Estimé te reprezante yon kraze ak tradisyon politik Ayiti. Malgre ke li te repitasyon li te resevwa sipò nan men kòmandan Garde la, Estimé te yon sivil. Nan orijin enb, li te pasyone anti-elitist ak Se poutèt sa jeneralman anti-milat. Li te demontre, omwen okòmansman, yon enkyetid otantik pou byennèt pèp la. Opere anba yon nouvo konstitisyon ki te antre an vigè nan Novanm 1946, Estimé te pwopoze, men li pa t janm garanti, premye lejislasyon sekirite sosyal Ayiti a. Sepandan, li te elaji sistèm lekòl la, ankouraje etablisman koperativ riral yo, ogmante salè fonksyonè sivil yo, epi ogmante reprezantasyon klas mwayèn ak klas nwa nan sektè piblik la. Li te eseye jwenn favè Garde tou—yo te rele Lame Dayiti (Armée d'Haïti) nan mwa mas 1947—nan pwomouvwa Lavaud bay jeneral brigadye e nan chèche asistans militè Etazini.[71]

Estimé te finalman viktim de de nan enkonvenyans tan ki te onore règ ayisyen an: konplote elit ak anbisyon pèsonèl. Elit la te gen yon kantite doleyans kont Estimé. Non sèlman li te ekskli yo nan levye gouvènman yo souvan likratif, men tou li te adopte premye taks sou revni nan peyi a, ankouraje kwasans sendika travayè yo, epi li sijere ke vodou dwe konsidere kòm yon relijyon ekivalan a Katolik Women an—yon nosyon ke Elit ewopeyen an degoute. Mank enfliyans dirèk nan zafè ayisyen yo, elit la te fè lobby klandesten nan mitan kò ofisye yo. Efò yo, ansanm ak deteryorasyon kondisyon domestik yo, te mennen nan yon koudeta nan mwa me 1950.[71]

Pou asire w, Estimé te prese pwòp disparisyon li nan plizyè fason. Nasyonalizasyon li nan konsesyon bannann Standard Fruit Company la te redwi sevè revni konpayi an. Li marginalize travayè yo lè li mande yo envesti ant 10 pousan ak 15 pousan nan salè yo nan obligasyon defans nasyonal. Prezidan an sele sò li nan eseye manipile konstitisyon an nan lòd yo pwolonje manda li nan biwo a. Sezi aksyon sa a ak ajitasyon popilè li te lakòz, lame te fòse prezidan an demisyone nan dat 10 me 1950. Menm jent ki te pran pouvwa a apre tonbe Lescot te reinstale tèt li. Yon eskòt lame mennen Estimé soti nan Palè Nasyonal la ak ann egzil nan Jamayik. Evènman me 1946 yo te fè yon enpresyon sou minis travay ki te depoze a, François Duvalier. Leson ke Divalye te tire nan ranvwa Estimé a se ke militè yo pa ka fè konfyans. Se te yon leson ke li ta aji lè li te pran pouvwa a.[71]

=== Prezidans Magloire (1950–1956) ===
Balans pouvwa nan jent a te chanje ant 1946 ak 1950. Lavaud te manm prensipal nan moman premye koudeta a, men Magloire, kounye a yon kolonèl, te domine apre ranvèsman Estimé a. Lè Ayiti te anonse premye eleksyon dirèk li yo (tout gason ki gen venn yon sèl oswa plis yo te gen dwa vote) ta pral fèt 8 oktòb 1950, Magloire te demisyone nan jent la e li te deklare tèt li kandida pou prezidan. Kontrèman ak klima politik chaotic 1946 la, kanpay 1950 la te kontinye anba konpreyansyon implicite ke se sèlman yon kandida fò ki te sipòte pa lame a ak elit la ta kapab pran pouvwa a. Fè fas a sèlman opozisyon siy, Magloire te genyen eleksyon an epi li te pran pòs sou 6 Desanm.[71]

Magloire restore elit la nan importance. Kominote biznis la ak gouvènman an te benefisye de kondisyon ekonomik favorab yo jiskaske siklòn Hazel te frape zile a an 1954. Ayiti te fè kèk amelyorasyon nan enfrastrikti li yo, men pifò nan yo te finanse lajman pa prè etranje. Dapre estanda ayisyen yo, règ Magloire a te fèm, men li pa di: li te mete nan prizon opozan politik yo, tankou Fignolé, epi fèmen laprès yo lè manifestasyon yo te vin twò strid, men li te pèmèt sendika travay yo fonksyone, byenke yo pa te pèmèt yo fè grèv. Se nan tèren koripsyon an, sepandan, ke Magloire depase limit tradisyonèl yo. Prezidan an te kontwole monopoli sisal, siman ak savon. Li menm ansanm ak lòt ofisyèl yo te bati vila enpoze. Enjeksyon lajan entènasyonal pou sekou siklòn nan yon sistèm ki te deja koripsyon te ogmante grèf nan nivo ki te dezavwale tout Ayisyen. Pou fè bagay yo vin pi mal, Magloire te swiv tras yo nan anpil prezidan anvan yo nan diskite dat revokasyon an nan sejou li nan biwo. Politisyen yo, lidè travayè yo, ak patizan yo te rasanble nan lari an Me 1956 pou yo te pwoteste kont Magloire pa t demisyone. Malgre ke Magloire te deklare lwa masyal, yon grèv jeneral esansyèlman fèmen Pòtoprens. Ankò, tankou anpil moun anvan l ', Magloire kouri ale nan Jamayik, kite lame a ak travay pou retabli lòd.[71]

=== Monte Duvalier (1956–1957) ===
Peryòd ki genyen ant sezon otòn Magloire ak eleksyon Duvalier an septanm 1957 te yon dezòd, menm selon estanda ayisyen yo. Twa prezidan pwovizwa te kenbe fonksyon pandan entèval sa a; youn te demisyone e lame te depoze de lot yo, Franck Sylvain ak Fignolé. Yo di ke Duvalier te angaje aktivman nan entrig dèyè ki te ede l parèt kòm kandida prezidansyèl ke militè a te favorize. Lame te kontinye gide kanpay la ak eleksyon yo yon fason ki te bay Duvalier tout avantaj posib. Pifò aktè politik yo te wè Duvalier—yon doktè medikal ki te sèvi kòm yon administratè riral nan yon kanpay anti-yaws finanse Etazini anvan yo te antre nan kabinè a anba Estimé—kòm yon lidè onèt ak san patipri san pretansyon san yon gwo motivasyon ideyolojik oswa pwogram. Lè eleksyon yo te finalman òganize, fwa sa a sou kondisyon vòt inivèsèl (kounye a ni gason ni fanm te gen vòt), Duvalier te pentire tèt li kòm eritye lejitim Estimé. Apwòch sa a te vin pi plis ak lefèt ke sèl opozan solid Divalye a, Louis Déjoie, se te yon milat ak pitit pitit yon fanmi enpòtan. Divalye fè yon viktwa desizif nan biwo vòt yo. Disip li yo te pran de tyè nan chanm ba lejislati a ak tout syèj yo nan Sena a.[71]

== Epòk Duvalier (1957–1986) ==
=== 'Papa Doc' (1957–1971) ===
Yon ansyen Minis Sante ki te genyen yon repitasyon kòm yon imanitè pandan y ap sèvi kòm yon administratè nan yon kanpay anti-yaw finanse pa Etazini, François Duvalier (yo rele &quot;Papa Doc&quot;) byento tabli yon lòt diktati. Rejim li a konsidere kòm youn nan pi repwesif ak koripsyon nan tan modèn, konbine vyolans kont opozan politik ak eksplwatasyon Vodou pou fè laperèz nan majorite popilasyon an. Polis paramilitè Divalye a, ofisyèlman Volontè Sekirite Nasyonal (VSN) men plis ke yo rekonèt kòm Tonton Makout yo, ki rele pou yon mons Vodou, fè asasina politik, bat, ak entimidasyon. Gouvènman li a te touye anviwon 30,000 Ayisyen.[73] Duvalier te itilize vyòl kòm yon zouti politik pou fèmen opozisyon politik yo.[74] Enkòpore anpil houngan nan ranje makout yo, rekonesans piblik li sou Vodou ak pratik li yo ak aderans prive li nan seremoni Vodou a, ansanm ak konesans prive li repitasyon nan maji ak maji, amelyore pèsonaj popilè li nan mitan pèp la e li te sèvi kòm yon espesyalis. fòm lejitimizasyon.

Politik Divalye, ki te fèt pou mete fen nan dominasyon elit milat la sou lavi ekonomik ak politik nasyon an, te mennen nan emigrasyon masiv moun ki edike, apwofondi pwoblèm ekonomik ak sosyal Ayiti. Sepandan, Duvalier te fè apèl a klas mwayèn nwa li te manm nan entwodwi travay piblik nan katye klas mwayèn ki te deja pa t kapab gen wout pave, dlo kouran, oswa sistèm egou modèn. An 1964, Duvalier te pwoklame tèt li &quot;Prezidan pou lavi&quot;.

Administrasyon Kennedy te sispann èd nan lane 1961, apre akizasyon ke Duvalier te mete lajan èd nan pòch e li te gen entansyon itilize yon misyon Kò Marin pou ranfòse makout yo. Duvalier te rankontre tou ak Prezidan Dominiken an, Juan Bosch, an 1963, apre Bosch te bay èd ak azil pou ekzil ayisyen ki t ap travay pou ranvèse rejim li an. Li te bay lòd pou Gad Prezidansyèl okipe Chans Dominiken an nan Pétion-Ville pou arete yon ofisye ki enplike nan yon konplo pou kidnape pitit li yo, ki mennen Bosch menase piblikman anvayi Ayiti. Sepandan, lame Dominiken an, ki pa t gen konfyans Bosch nan tandans goch la, te eksprime yon ti sipò pou yon envazyon, e diskisyon an te regle pa emisè OEA.

An 1971, Papa Doc te antre nan yon kontra 99 ane ak Don Pierson ki te reprezante Dupont Caribbean Inc. nan Texas pou yon pwojè pò gratis sou ansyen fò boukane zile Tortuga a ki sitiye anviwon 10 mil (16 km) sou kòt nò prensipal la. zile Ayiti Ispanyola.

=== 'Baby Doc' (1971–1986) ===
Sou lanmò Duvalier an Avril 1971, pouvwa te pase nan men pitit gason l ', Jean-Claude Duvalier (ki rele &quot;Baby Doc&quot;). Sou Jean-Claude Duvalier, kondisyon ekonomik ak politik Ayiti te kontinye bese, byenke kèk nan eleman ki te pi pè nan rejim papa l te aboli. Ofisyèl etranje yo ak obsèvatè yo tou te sanble pi toleran anvè Baby Doc, nan domèn tankou siveyans dwa moun, ak peyi etranje yo te pi jenere avè l 'ak asistans ekonomik. Etazini te retabli pwogram èd li an 1971. An 1974, Baby Doc te ekspropriye pwojè Freeport Tortuga a e sa te lakòz antrepriz la tonbe. Kontni kite zafè administratif nan men manman l, Simone Ovid Duvalier, pandan l ap viv kòm yon playboy, Jean-Claude te anrichi tèt li atravè yon seri de konplo fwod. Anpil nan richès Divalye yo, ki te monte a plizyè santèn milyon dola pandan ane yo, te soti nan Régie du Tabac (Administrasyon Tabak), yon monopoli tabak ki te etabli pa Estimé, ki te elaji pou enkli lajan tout antrepriz leta yo e ki te sèvi kòm yon fon slush pou ki pa gen okenn bilan yo te janm kenbe.[75] Maryaj li, an 1980, ak yon bèl milat divòse, Michèle Bennett, nan yon seremoni 3 milyon dola (~9,31 milyon dola an 2023), te pwovoke opozisyon toupatou, paske yo te wè sa kòm yon trayizon nan antipati papa l 'anvè elit milat la. Sou demann Michèle, Simone, vèv Papa Doc, te mete deyò nan peyi Dayiti. Kleptokrasi Baby Doc te kite rejim nan vilnerab a kriz ki pa t prevwa, ki vin pi grav pa povrete endemik, sitou epidemi viris lafyèv pòsin Afriken an—ki, sou ensistans ofisyèl USAID yo, te mennen nan touye kochon kreyòl yo, prensipal sous revni pou moun. pi fò ayisyen; ak epidemi SIDA ki te pibliye anpil nan kòmansman ane 1980 yo. Mekontantman toupatou ann Ayiti te kòmanse an 1983, lè Pap Jan Pòl II te kondane rejim nan pandan yon vizit, finalman te pwovoke yon rebelyon, epi an fevriye 1986, apre mwa nan dezòd, lame a te fòse Duvalier demisyone epi ale an ekzil.

== Lit pou demokrasi (1986-jou jodi a) ==
=== Gouvènman tranzisyonèl (1986–1990) ===
Soti 1986 rive kòmansman ane 1988 Ayiti te dirije pa yon gouvènman militè pwovizwa anba Jeneral Namphy. An 1987, yon nouvo konstitisyon te ratifye, ki te bay yon palman bikameral eli, yon prezidan eli, ak yon premye minis, kabinè, minis, ak tribinal siprèm nonmen pa prezidan an avèk konsantman palman an.[76] Konstitisyon an te prevwa tou pou desantralizasyon politik atravè eleksyon majistra yo ak enstitisyon administratif ki responsab gouvènman lokal yo. Eleksyon Novanm 1987 yo te anile apre twoup yo te masakre 30-300 votè yo jou eleksyon an.[77] Jimmy Carter te ekri pita ke &quot;sitwayen ki te aliye pou vote yo te koupe anba fusillade nan bal teworis yo. Lidè militè yo, ki te swa òkestre oswa tolere asasinay yo, te deplase nan anile eleksyon an epi kenbe kontwòl Gouvènman an.&quot;[78] ] Eleksyon an te swiv plizyè mwa apre eleksyon prezidansyèl ayisyen an, 1988, ki te bòykote pa prèske tout kandida anvan yo, e li te wè patisipasyon nan jis 4%.[79]

Eleksyon 1988 yo te fè pwofesè Leslie Manigat vin prezidan, men twa mwa apre li menm tou, lame te ranvwaye li. Plis enstabilite te vini, ak plizyè masak, enkli masak St Jean Bosco kote legliz Jean-Bertrand Aristide te atake epi boule. Pandan peryòd sa a, Sèvis Entèlijans Nasyonal Dayiti (SIN), ki te kreye ak finanse nan ane 80 yo pa Ajans Santral Entèlijans nan kad lagè kont dwòg, te patisipe nan trafik dwòg ak vyolans politik.[80]

=== Levesman Aristide (1990–1991) ===
An desanm 1990, Jean-Bertrand Aristide, yon prèt katolik (salesyen) teyoloji liberasyon an, te genyen 67% vòt nan eleksyon ke obsèvatè entènasyonal yo te konsidere kòm lib e jis. Politik popilis radikal Aristide ak vyolans bann patizan li yo te alarm anpil nan elit peyi a, epi, an septanm 1991, li te ranvèse nan koudeta ayisyen an 1991, ki te mennen Jeneral Raoul Cédras sou pouvwa a. Koudeta a te touye plizyè santèn, epi Aristid te fòse an ekzil, lavi l sove pa entèvansyon diplomatik entènasyonal.

=== Règ militè (1991–1994) ===
Anviron 3,000–5,000 Ayisyen te touye pandan peryòd règ militè a. Koudeta a te kreye yon gwo egzòd refijye nan peyi Etazini. Gad Kòt Etazini te entèdi (nan anpil ka, sove) yon total de 41,342 Ayisyen pandan 1991 ak 1992. Pifò nan yo te refize antre Ozetazini epi yo te rapatriye ann Ayiti. Aristide akize Etazini kòmkwa li apiye koudeta 1991 la.[81] An repons a koudeta a, Konsèy Sekirite Nasyonzini an te pase Rezolisyon 841 ki enpoze sanksyon entènasyonal ak yon anbago zam sou Ayiti.

Sou 16 fevriye 1993, Ferry Neptune te plonje, te nwaye yon estime 700 pasaje. Sa a te pi move dezas ferry nan istwa ayisyen an.[82][83][84]

Rejim militè a te gouvène Ayiti jiska 1994, e daprè kèk sous te gen ladann trafik dwòg ki te dirije pa Chèf Polis Nasyonal Michel François. Divès inisyativ pou mete fen nan kriz politik la atravè restorasyon lapè nan gouvènman konstitisyonèlman eli a echwe. An jiyè 1994, pandan represyon an te monte ann Ayiti e yo te mete yon misyon sivil siveyans dwa moun yo te mete deyò nan peyi a, Konsèy Sekirite Nasyonzini te adopte Rezolisyon Konsèy Sekirite Nasyonzini 940, ki te otorize eta manm yo sèvi ak tout mwayen ki nesesè pou fasilite depa Ayiti. lidèchip militè ak retabli gouvènman Ayiti a ki te eli nan konstitisyon an sou pouvwa a.

=== Retounen Aristide (1994–1996) ===
Nan mitan mwa septanm 1994, ak twoup ameriken yo te prepare pou antre ann Ayiti pa fòs pou Operasyon Uphold Democracy, Prezidan Bill Clinton te voye yon ekip negosyasyon ki te dirije pa ansyen prezidan Jimmy Carter pou konvenk otorite yo pou yo kite yon kote epi pèmèt retounen nan règ konstitisyonèl la. Avèk twoup entèvni yo deja nan lè, Cédras ak lòt lidè tèt yo te dakò pou yo demisyone. Nan mwa Oktòb, Aristide te kapab retounen. Eleksyon jeneral ayisyen an, 1995 nan mwa jen 1995 te wè kowalisyon Aristide la, Òganizasyon Politik Lavalas (Kaskad) te genyen yon gwo viktwa, ak René Préval, yon alye politik Aristide enpòtan, te eli prezidan ak 88% vòt yo. Lè manda Aristide te fini an fevriye 1996, se te premye tranzisyon an Ayiti ant de prezidan eli demokratikman.

=== Premye Prezidans Preval (1996–2001) ===
Nan fen ane 1996, Aristide te kraze ak Préval e li te fòme yon nouvo pati politik, Fanmi Lavalas (Fanmi Lavalas, FL), ki te ranpòte eleksyon an avril 1997 pou yon tyè nan Sena a ak asanble lokal yo, men rezilta sa yo pa t aksepte. gouvènman an. Divizyon ant Aristide ak Préval te pwodui yon enpas politik danjere, e gouvènman an pa t kapab òganize eleksyon lokal yo ak eleksyon palmantè yo ki te fèt nan fen ane 1998. Nan mwa janvye 1999, Préval te revoke lejislatè ki gen manda yo te ekspire - tout Chanm Depite a ak tout moun eksepte nèf. manm Sena a, epi Préval te dirije pa dekrè.

=== Dezyèm prezidans Aristide (2001–2004) ===
Nan mwa me 2000 eleksyon lejislatif ayisyen an, 2000 pou Chanm Depite a ak de tyè nan Sena a te dewoule. Eleksyon an te fè yon patisipasyon votè yo plis pase 60%, epi FL te genyen yon bale vityèl. Sepandan, eleksyon yo te sal ak konfli nan kous Sena a sou kalkil pou konnen si kandida Sena yo te rive jwenn majorite ki nesesè pou evite yon dezyèm eleksyon (an Ayiti, chèz kote okenn kandida pa genyen yon majorite absoli nan vòt yo jete yo dwe antre nan yon eleksyon. dezyèm tou eleksyon an). Validite kalkil apre bilten vòt Konsèy Elektoral la pou konnen si yo te rive jwenn yon majorite te diskite. Òganizasyon Eta Ameriken yo te plenyen sou kalkil la e li te refize obsève eleksyon ki te fèt jiyè yo. Pati opozisyon yo, regroupe nan Konvèjans Demokratik (Convergence Democratique, CD), mande pou yo anile eleksyon yo, epi pou Préval depoze epi ranplase pa yon gouvènman pwovizwa. Antretan, opozisyon an te anonse li pral bòykote eleksyon prezidansyèl ak senatoryal Novanm yo. Prensipal donatè èd Ayiti yo te menase pou koupe èd. Nan eleksyon Novanm 2000 yo, bòykote opozisyon an, Aristide te eli ankò prezidan, ak plis pase 90% vòt yo, sou yon patisipasyon anviwon 50% dapre obsèvatè entènasyonal yo. Opozisyon an te refize aksepte rezilta a oswa rekonèt Aristide kòm prezidan. Akòz evènman sa yo, donatè Ayiti a, Inyon Ewopeyen an ak Etazini, koupe èd pou peyi a.[85]

Akizasyon te parèt sou trafik dwòg rive nan nivo siperyè gouvènman an, jan li te fè anba rejim militè ane 1980 yo ak kòmansman ane 1990 yo (komès ilegal dwòg an Ayiti). Lapolis Kanadyen te arete Oriel Jean, chèf sekirite Aristide ak youn nan zanmi l yo ki te fè plis konfyans, pou blanchi lajan.[86] Beaudoin Ketant, yon trafikè dwòg entènasyonal renome, patnè pwòch Aristide, ak parenn pitit fi li a, te deklare ke Aristide &quot;fè peyi a tounen yon narko-peyi; se yon one-man show; swa ou peye (Aristide) oswa ou mouri&quot;. 87]

Aristide te pase plizyè ane ap negosye ak Konvèjans Demokratik la sou nouvo eleksyon, men enkapasite Convergence a pou devlope yon baz elektoral ase te fè eleksyon yo pa atiran, e li te rejte tout akò yo te ofri yo, li pito mande yon envazyon Etazini pou ranvèse Aristide.

=== Koudeta 2004 la ===
Manifestasyon anti-Aristid nan mwa janvye 2004 te mennen nan eklatman vyolan nan Pòtoprens, ki te lakòz plizyè lanmò. Nan mwa fevriye, yon revòlt pete nan vil Gonayiv, ki byento te anba kontwòl rebèl yo. Lè sa a, rebelyon an te kòmanse gaye, epi yo te pran Kap-Ayisyen, dezyèm pi gwo vil ann Ayiti. Yon ekip medyasyon diplomat te prezante yon plan pou diminye pouvwa Aristide pandan l te pèmèt li rete nan fonksyon li jiska fen manda konstitisyonèl li a. Malgre Aristide te aksepte plan an, opozisyon an te rejte l.

29 fevriye 2004, ak kontenjan rebèl yo t ap mache nan direksyon Pòtoprens, Aristide te kite Ayiti. Aristide ensiste ke li esansyèlman kidnape pa Etazini, alòske Depatman Deta Ameriken an fè konnen li te demisyone nan biwo a. Aristide ak madanm li te kite Ayiti sou yon avyon Ameriken, akonpaye pa diplomat Ameriken ak pèsonèl militè, epi yo te pran vòl dirèkteman nan Bangui, kapital Repiblik Santral Afriken an, kote li te rete pou de semèn ki vin apre yo, anvan li te chèche azil nan yon kote ki mwens lwen. .

Menmsi sa pa janm pwouve, anpil obsèvatè nan laprès ak nan akademi kwè ke Etazini pa bay repons konvenk sou plizyè nan detay ki pi sispèk ki antoure koudeta a, tankou sikonstans kote Etazini te jwenn lèt &quot;demisyon&quot; Aristide. (jan Etazini te prezante a) ki, tradui soti nan kreyòl, gendwa pa te aktyèlman li kòm yon demisyon.[88]

Aristide te akize Etazini pou depoze l an konsè ak opozisyon ayisyen an.[89] Nan yon entèvyou 2006, li te di ke Etazini te retounen sou pawòl yo konsènan konpwomi li te fè ak yo sou privatizasyon antrepriz yo pou asire ke yon pati nan pwofi yo ta ale nan pèp ayisyen an epi answit &quot;rete sou yon kanpay dezenfòmasyon&quot; pou diskredite li. [90]

Òganizasyon politik ak ekriven, ansanm ak Aristide li menm, te sijere ke rebelyon an se te an reyalite yon koudeta etranje kontwole. Caricom, ki te apiye akò lapè a, te akize Etazini, Lafrans, ak kominote Entènasyonal la echwe an Ayiti paske yo swadizan pèmèt yon lidè eli kontwovèsyal yo dwe fòse vyolans soti nan biwo. Kominote entènasyonal la deklare ke kriz la se Aristide fè e li pa aji nan enterè peyi l. Yo te diskite ke retire li te nesesè pou estabilite nan lavni nan nasyon zile a.[89]

Envestigatè yo te deklare ke yo te dekouvri anpil detounman fon, koripsyon, ak blanchi lajan Aristide. Yo te di ke Aristide te vòlè plizyè dizèn milyon dola nan peyi a.[91][92][93] Okenn nan akizasyon yo sou patisipasyon Aristide nan detounman fon, koripsyon, oswa plan blanchi lajan pa t 'kapab pwouve. [klarifikasyon bezwen an] Dosye tribinal kriminèl ki te pote kont Aristide la te ranvwaye tou dousman, byenke plizyè manm nan pati Lavalas li te lani pandan plizyè ane nan prizon san chaj oswa jijman akòz akizasyon menm jan an[94] Le 30 jen 2006, gouvènman ayisyen an te sispann pwosè kont Aristide pou anpeche yo mete l deyò paske yo pa pouswiv.[95]

Se Boniface Alexandre, Chèf Lakou Siprèm la ki te pran gouvènman an. Alexandre te fè yon petisyon Konsèy Sekirite Nasyonzini an pou entèvansyon yon fòs entènasyonal mentyen lapè. Konsèy Sekirite a te pase yon rezolisyon menm jou a &quot;[p] pran nòt de demisyon Jean-Bertrand Aristide kòm Prezidan Ayiti ak prete sèman Prezidan Boniface Alexandre kòm Prezidan enterimè an akò ak Konstitisyon an Ayiti&quot; epi otorize yon misyon konsa.[96] Kòm yon avangad fòs ofisyèl Nasyonzini an, yon fòs anviwon 1,000 marin Ameriken te rive ann Ayiti nan jounen an, e twoup Kanadyen ak Frans yo te rive nan demen maten; Nasyonzini te endike li ta voye yon ekip pou evalye sitiyasyon an nan kèk jou. 1ye jen 2004, misyon mentyen lapè a te pase nan men MINUSTAH e li te genyen yon fòs 7,000 te dirije pa Brezil ak te sipòte pa Ajantin, Chili, lòt bò larivyè Jouden, Maròk, Nepal, Perou, Filipin, Espay, Sri Lanka, ak Irigwe.[97]

Fòs brezilyen yo te dirije twoup mentyen lapè Nasyonzini yo ann Ayiti ki konpoze de deplwaman Etazini, Lafrans, Kanada ak Chili. Twoup mentyen lapè sa yo te fè pati operasyon MINUSTAH k ap kontinye.

Nan mwa novanm 2004, University of Miami School of Law te fè yon ankèt sou dwa moun ann Ayiti e li te dokimante gwo abi dwa moun. Li te deklare ke &quot;ekzekisyon rezime se yon taktik lapolis.&quot;[98] Li sijere tou yon &quot;modèl twoublan.&quot;[98]

Nan mwa mas 2004, Komisyon ankèt Ayiti a, ki te dirije pa ansyen pwokirè jeneral ameriken Ramsey Clark, te pibliye konklizyon li yo: &quot;Lè remake ke 200 fòs espesyal ameriken te vwayaje nan Repiblik Dominikèn pou &quot;egzèsis militè&quot; an fevriye 2003, komisyon an te akize Lèzetazini pou arme ak antrene rebèl ayisyen yo ak pèmisyon prezidan Dominiken an, Hipólito Mejía, fòs ameriken yo te antrene toupre fwontyè a, nan yon zòn ansyen sòlda lame ayisyen an te itilize pou lanse atak sou pwopriyete Leta ayisyen an.&quot;[99]

Nan dat 15 oktòb 2005, Brezil te mande pou yo voye plis twoup akòz sitiyasyon an vin pi grav nan peyi a.[100]

Apre ranvèsman Aristide, vyolans yo te kontinye ann Ayiti malgre prezans mentyen lapè yo. Eklatman ant lapolis ak patizan Fanmi Lavalas yo te komen, epi yo te akize fòs mentyen lapè yo te fè yon masak kont moun ki abite Site Solèy yo an Jiyè 2005. Plizyè nan manifestasyon yo te lakòz vyolans ak lanmò.[101][102]

=== Dezyèm prezidans Préval (2006–2011) ===
Sepandan, nan mitan konfli ak vyolans kontinyèl la, gouvènman pwovizwa a te planifye eleksyon lejislatif ak egzekitif. Apre yo te ranvwaye plizyè fwa, sa yo te fèt an fevriye 2006. Se René Préval ki te genyen eleksyon yo, ki te gen yon gwo patizan pami pòv yo, ak 51% vòt yo.[103] Préval te pran biwo an me 2006.

Nan prentan 2008 la, Ayisyen te manifeste kont ogmantasyon pri manje. Nan kèk ka, kèk wout prensipal yo sou zile a te bloke ak kawotchou boule ak ayewopò a nan Pòtoprens te fèmen.[104] Manifestasyon ak manifestasyon Fanmi Lavalas te kontinye an 2009.[105]

=== Tranblemanntè 2010 ===
Nan dat 12 janvye 2010, Pòtoprens, Ayiti te sibi yon tranbleman tè devastatè ki gen yon magnitude 7.0 ak yon kantite moun ki mouri pa gouvènman ayisyen an estime a plis pase 300,000, ak sous ki pa ayisyen soti nan 50,000 a 220,000. Replis te swiv, ki gen ladan youn nan grandè 5.9. Kapital la, Port-au-Prince, te efektivman nivele. Yon milyon Ayisyen te rete san kay, e dè santèn de milye te mouri grangou. Tranbleman tè a te lakòz gwo devastasyon ak pifò bilding yo kraze, tankou palè prezidansyèl Ayiti. Gwo kantite moun ki mouri yo te fè li nesesè pou antere mò yo nan tonm mas. Pifò kadav yo pa t idantifye epi yo te pran kèk foto, sa ki fè li enposib pou fanmi yo idantifye moun yo renmen yo. Pwopagasyon maladi a se te yon gwo dezas segondè. Anpil sivivan yo te trete pou blesi nan lopital ijans, men anpil lòt te mouri nan gangrene, malnitrisyon, ak maladi enfeksyon.[106]

=== Prezidans Martelly (2011–2016) ===
Nan dat 4 avril 2011, yon gwo ofisyèl ayisyen te anonse Michel Martelly te genyen dezyèm tou eleksyon an kont kandida Mirlande Manigat.[107] Eleksyon an te enplike represyon elektè yo ak lòt metòd manipilasyon.[108] Michel Martelly konnen tou sou non sèn li &quot;Sweet Micky&quot; se yon ansyen mizisyen ak biznisman. Administrasyon Martelly a te rankontre ak kòlè ak aklamasyon. Sou yon bò, li menm ak asosye li yo te akize de yo te enplike nan blanchi lajan ak divès lòt krim ki lakòz manifestasyon inonbrabl (ki nan plizyè okazyon ta vin vyolan). Anpil moun te kritike li pou pwogresyon ralanti faz rekonstriksyon an apre tranblemanntè ki sot pase a, oswa paske li te pran kredi pou pwojè ki te kòmanse nan administrasyon anvan yo. Gen kèk pa renmen l 'pou lang vilgè l' ak riske sot pase yo ki pa t 'sanble yo konplètman disparèt lè yo pran prezidans. Yon lòt bò, anpil moun kwè ke li te prezidan ayisyen ki pi pwodiktif depi epòk Divalye a. Sou administrasyon li a, majorite moun ki te rete san kay apre tranblemanntè a te bay nouvo lojman. Li te ofri pwogram edikasyon gratis pou gwo pati nan jèn ayisyen yo ansanm ak yon pwogram revni pou manman ayisyen ak elèv yo. Administrasyon an te lanse yon pwogram rekonstriksyon masiv ki enplike distri administrasyon prensipal, Champs-de-Mars, ki ta modènize ak reyabilite divès bilding gouvènman, plas piblik, ak pak. Michel Martelly mete aksan sou envestisman etranje ak biznis ak eslogan li &quot;Haiti is Open for Business&quot;. Petèt youn nan pi gwo kontribisyon yo te fè pou revitalizasyon ekonomi ayisyen an se pouse yo pou touris yo. Minis Touris la, Stéphanie Villedrouin, te angaje nan plizyè pwojè touris konpetitif, tankou devlopman Ile-a-Vache, Jacmel, nò, sidwès, ak Cotes-des-Arcadins. Touris te ogmante anpil ant 2012 ak 2016.[109] Nan dat 8 fevriye 2016, Michel Martelly te demisyone nan fen manda li a san yon siksesè an plas.[110]

=== Prezidans Moïse (2017–2021) ===
Apre siklòn Mathew, yo te chwazi Jovenel Moïse pou l pran plas prezidan Martelly nan yon eleksyon ke aktivis yo te dekri kòm yon &quot;koudeta elektoral.&quot;[111] Etazini te sipèvize eleksyon yo e te depanse plis pase 33 milyon dola pou yo. depans yo te kritike pou inefikasite li yo, ak gwo depans jeneral men yo pa fè anpil pou sispann fwod toupatou, vyolans, ak repwesyon votè yo prezan.[112] Moïse te inogire sou teren kote palè nasyonal la te ye nan dat 7 fevriye 2017. Li te kontinye kòmanse pwojè &quot;Caravan de Changement&quot; ki gen pou objektif revitalize endistri yo ak enfrastrikti zòn ki pa popilè Ayiti yo. Sepandan, enpak aktyèl efò sa yo ap diskite. Nan dènye mwa yo, Moïse te enplike nan detounman fon nan pwogram PetroCaribe a, menm jan ak predesesè li a, Martelly.

7 jiyè 2018, manifestasyon politisyen opozisyon an Jean-Charles Moïse te kòmanse, pou mande demisyon Jovenel Moïse. Te pibliye an novanm 2017, yon sondaj Sena a nan peryòd 2008–2016 (konsènan administrasyon René Préval ak Michel Martelly, ansanm ak chèf pèsonèl Prezidan Jovenel Moïse ki te chita nan epòk la) te revele gwo koripsyon te finanse ak prè Venezyelyen atravè Pwogram Petrocaribe.[113] Manifestasyon enpòtan te pete an fevriye 2019 apre yon rapò tribinal la t ap mennen ankèt sou sondaj Sena Petrocaribe a.[114][115]

Yon nouvo seri manifestasyon te pete an fevriye 2021 nan mitan yon diskisyon sou manda prezidansyèl Moïse. Manifestan yo fè konnen manda Moïse te fini ofisyèlman le 7 fevriye 2021 e yo te mande pou li demisyone. Moïse, sepandan, te deklare ke li gen yon lòt ane pou sèvi akòz reta nan kòmanse manda li a. Manifestan yo te eksprime tou enkyetid konsènan yon referandòm Moïse te pwopoze, ki ta rapòte entèdiksyon an sou tèm prezidansyèl youn apre lòt epi pèmèt Moïse kandida ankò.[116]

7 jiyè 2021 Prezidan Moïse te asasinen. Premye Minis Claude Joseph te vin prezidan pwovizwa.[117]

=== Prezidans Henry (2021-2024) ===
Ariel Henry te sèvi kòm premye minis enterimè ak prezidan enterimè ant 20 jiyè 2021 ak mas 2024.[118]

=== Tranblemanntè 2021 ===
14 out 2021, yon gwo tranblemanntè 7.2 te fèt ann Ayiti. Tranblemanntè a lanse avètisman sou tsunami sou kòt ayisyen an. Avètisman an te anile pita jou sa a. Kantite moun ki mouri nan tranblemanntè a nan dat 15 out 2021 se 1,419 moun.[119]

=== Vyolans gang ===
{{AP|Lagè gang ann Ayiti}}
7 jiyè 2022 gwo eklatman ant de gang rival yo te kòmanse nan Cité Solèy, yon katye pòv ak anpil peple nan Pòtoprens. Plizyè milye fanmi te oblije kache andedan kay yo, yo pa t ka jwenn manje oswa dlo; plizyè douzèn rezidan yo te touye pa bal pèdi. Yon semèn vyolans gang fè omwen 89 moun mouri. Depi yon tèminal petwòl ki bay kapital la ak tout nò peyi Dayiti sitiye nan Site Solèy, eklatman yo te gen yon efè devastatè sou ekonomi rejyon an.[120][121]

Nan dat 11 oktòb 2022, Henry ak kabinè li a te mande deplwaman twoup etranje yo pou opoze gang yo ak manifestasyon anti-gouvènmantal nan Pòtoprens.[122] 15 oktòb, Etazini ak Kanada te voye machin blende ak ekipman militè pou ede gouvènman ayisyen an.[123]

2 Mas 2024, gang yo te atake de prizon ann Ayiti, ki gen ladan pi gwo penitansye nan peyi a, e yo te pèmèt prizonye yo sove. Sa a te yon pati nan yon vag atak gang yo te fè pandan premye minis Henry te vwayaje nan Kenya pou finalize yon akò anba ki peyi sa a ta voye 1,000 ofisye lapolis ede retabli lòd ann Ayiti. Objektif gang yo, daprè Jimmy Chérizier, yon chèf gang ke yo rele Barbecue, se ranvèse sa ki rete nan gouvènman an.[124]

Nan dat 4 mas, gang ame yo te atake Ayewopò Entènasyonal Toussaint Louverture ki te fòtifye anpil, yo te fè echanj kout zam ak lapolis ak Fòs Lame Ayisyen yo pou yo te eseye pran kontwòl etablisman an apre rimè ke Henry ta retounen nan peyi a.[125] alimenté espekilasyon ke yon alyans ant gang rival yo ap fòme pou ranvèse elit ayisyen an.[126]

Nan dat 12 mas, premye minis Ariel Henry te di ke li pral demisyone lè yo kreye yon konsèy prezidansyèl tranzisyon.[127] Nan dat 25 avril 2024, pandan Konsèy Prezidansyèl Tranzisyon an te prete sèman, li te prezante demisyon li nan yon lèt ki te siyen 24 avril nan Los Angeles. Kabinè sortan Henry a nonmen Minis Ekonomi ak Finans Michel Patrick Boisvert kòm premye minis pwovizwa.[128][129]

== Rezime istorik ==
* '''1492''': Ewopeyen yo debake sou zile a ak [[Kristòf Kolon]] ([[Christophe Colomb]]) nan tèt yo.
* '''1517''': Charles Quint otorize trèt Afriken yo.
* '''1630-1640''': Pirat yo, flibistye yo ak boukanye yo rive sou zile Latòti.
* '''1650 - 1660''': Premye kolon fransè yo rive nan peyi a.
* '''1685''': [[Louis XIV]] pibliye Kòd nwa a (Code noir&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.axl.cefan.ulaval.ca/amsudant/guyanefr1685.htm|title=Le Code noir de 1685|access-date=2022-11-02}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;'''Atik XII'''. &quot;''Les enfants qui naitront de mariage entre esclaves, seront esclaves et appartiendront aux maitres des femmes esclaves et non à ceux de leur marié, si le mari et la femme ont des maitres différents''&quot; https://www.assemblee-nationale.fr/histoire/esclavage/code-noir.pdf&lt;/ref&gt;).
* '''1685''': Kreyasyon premye moulin sik.
* '''1697''': Separasyon zile a ant [[Frans|Lafrans]] ak Espay apre trete Riswik la (traité de Ryswick&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.axl.cefan.ulaval.ca/francophonie/Ryswick-1697.htm|title=Ryswick (traité), 1697|access-date=2022-11-02}}&lt;/ref&gt;).
* '''1713 - 1787''': Trant mil (30 000) [[kolon]] ki te soti nan vil Bòdo (Bordeaux) nan peyi Lafrans rive nan peyi a.

== Gade tou ==
* [[Kwonoloji nan Ayiti]]
* [[Revolisyon Ayisyen]]
* [[Lis prezidan Ayiti]]
* [[Chapèl Wayal Milo]]

== Biblyografi ==
* 2010 : [[Maude Heurtelou|Heurtelou, Maude]] ''Anayiz Aprann Istwa Ayiti'', Haiti: Educa Vision
* [http://www.potomitan.info/vedrine/peyi.php Peyi m rele Ayiti (Yon rezime istwa Ayiti soti epòk kolonyal rive an 1994)]

== Lyen deyò ==
* [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=r3EhTzoHuHk Istwa Ayiti]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20220516092257/http://www.grahn-monde.org/renacer/3.0.pdf Istwa peyi Ayiti]
* [http://www.manioc.org/gsdl/collect/patrimon/archives/PAP11077.dir/PAP11077.pdf Manuel d'histoire d'Haïti]
* [https://fr.wikisource.org/wiki/Étude_sur_l’histoire_d’Haïti Étude sur l’histoire d’Haïti]

== Referans ==
&lt;references/&gt;

== Bibliyografi ==
* Sciences sociales, MARC ANTOINE BRICE, Nouvelle édition Actualisée octobre 1999

{{Palèt Ayiti}}

[[Kategori:Istwa Dayiti]]</text>
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    <title>Mèki (planèt)</title>
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'''Mèki''' (senbòl : [[Fichye:Mercury symbol (fixed width).svg|16px|☿]]) se yon [[planèt]] ki chaje ak ròch, se li ki pi piti nan [[sistèm solè]] a, se limenm tou ki pi prè [[solèy]] la e li pa gen atmosfè. Akoz sa li sibi de gros chanjman tanperati.

== Tradiksyon ==
* [[Lòt kreyòl]]:
* [[franse|Franse]]: Mercure
* [[angle|Angle]]: Mercury
* [[alman|Alman]]: Merkur
* [[panyòl|Panyòl]]: Mercurio
* [[Pòtigè]]: Mercúrio

== Istwa ==
Istwa mo sa

== Konpezon ==
&lt;gallery perrow=&quot;5&quot; mode=&quot;packed&quot;&gt;
Fichye :Mercury, Earth size comparison.jpg|Mèki, [[Latè]]
Fichye :Terrestrial planet sizes.jpg|Mèki, [[Venis (planèt)|Venis]], [[Latè]], [[Mas (planèt)|Mas]]
Fichye :1e6m comparison Mars Mercury Moon Pluto Haumea - no transparency.png|Ranje dèyè : [[Mas (planèt)|Mas]], Mèki&lt;br /&gt;Douvan : [[Lalin]], [[Pliton (planèt)|Pliton]], [[(136108) Hauméa|Hauméa]]
&lt;/gallery&gt;

== Bibliyografi ==
* {{cite book|author=Ivar Ekeland|title=Le Chaos|location=Paris|editor=Éditions Le Pommier|date=27 avril 2006|pages=149|isbn=2-7465-0159-7}}
* {{cite book|author=Ilya Prigogine|title=Les lois du Chaos|location=Paris|editor=Flammarion, coll. « Champs »|year=1997|pages=125|isbn=978-2-08-081369-5}}
* {{cite book|author=Jacques Laskar|title=Chaos &amp; déterminisme|url=https://archive.org/details/chaosetdetermini0000unse|location=Paris|editor=Éditions du Seuil - Points Sciences|year=1992|pages=414|isbn=2-02-015182-0}}
* {{cite book|author=Merton E. Davies|title=Atlas of Mercury|editor=NASA|year=1976|pages=128|isbn=|url=https://books.google.fr/books?id=eoZWJ-3cEUsC&amp;printsec=frontcover}}
* {{cite book|author=P. Humbert|title=De Mercure à Pluton, planète et satellites|editor=Albin Michel, Sciences d'Aujourd'hui (1941)|year=|isbn=}}
* {{cite book|author=Isaac Asimov|title=Mercure, la planète rapide|location=Paris|editor=Groupe Flammarion - Bibliothèque de l'univers|year=1990|pages =26|isbn=2-08-161461-8}}
* {{cite book|author=Peter Frances|title=Le ciel et l'univers|editor=Pearson ERPI|year=2006|pages=512|isbn=2-7613-1966-4|url=http://www.erpi.com/documentaire/le_ciel_et_l_univers_p21260641.html|id=Frances2006|access-date=2022-01-27|archive-date=2014-07-23|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140723221842/http://erpi.com/documentaire/le_ciel_et_l_univers_p21260641.html|dead-url=yes}}
* {{cite book|author=John Duncan|title=L'astronomie|location=Bath (GB)|editor=Parragon|date=27 mas 2007|pages=256|isbn=978-1-4054-8914-0|url=http://www.eyrolles.com/Sciences/Livre/l-astronomie-9781405489140|access-date=2022-01-27|archive-date=2022-01-27|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220127212835/https://www.eyrolles.com/Sciences/Livre/l-astronomie-9781405489140/|dead-url=yes}}
* {{cite book|author=Jacky Filion|title=Introduction à l'astronomie - le jeu des étoiles|location=Montréal|editor=Études vivantes|year=1990|pages =228|isbn=2-7607-0462-9}}
* Thérèse Encrenaz, Jean-Pierre Bibring, Michel Blanc, Maria Antonietta Barucci, Françoise Roque, Philippe Zarka, ''Le Système solaire'', CNRS Éditions - EDP Sciences, 2003 {{ISBN|978-2-86883-643-4}}
* {{cite book|author=Charles Frankel|title=Dernières nouvelles des planètes|url=https://archive.org/details/derniresnouvelle0000unse|location=Paris|editor=Éditions du Seuil|year=2009|pages=300|isbn=978-2-02-096549-1}}
* {{cite book|author1=Bruce Murray|author2=Ronald Greeley|title=Earth Like Planets : Surfaces of Mercury, Venus, Earth, Moon, Mars|url=https://archive.org/details/earthlikeplanets0000murr_c3d7|editor=W. H. Freeman|year=1981|isbn=0-7167-1148-6}}
* {{cite news|title=How thick are Mercury’s polar water ice deposits?|author1=Vincent R. Eke|author2=David J. Lawrence|author3=Luís F. A. Teodoro|publisher=MNRAS|date= 16 novanm 2016|arxiv=1611.05395|url=https://arxiv.org/pdf/1611.05395.pdf}}
* {{cite news |author1=Matthew S. Clement |author2=Nathan A. Kaib |author3=John E. Chambers |title=Dynamical Constraints on Mercury's Collisional Origin |publisher=AJ |date=2019 |arxiv=1904.02173 |url= }}
* {{cite news|author1=Chuanfei Dong|title=A Novel Ten-Moment Multifluid Model for Mercury: From the Planetary Conducting Core to the Dynamic Magnetosphere|publisher=arXiv |date=2019 |arxiv=1904.02695}}

== Referans ==
{{referans}}
== Lyen deyò ==

[[Kategori:Mèki]]
[[Kategori:Planèt]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Venis (planèt)</title>
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'''Venis''' (senbòl : [[Fichye:Venus symbol (fixed width).svg|16px|♀]]) se dezyèm [[planèt]] nan [[sistèm solè]] ak sizyèm pi gwo nan tou de [[mas]] ak [[dyamèt]]. Li dwe non li a [[Venis (mitoloji)|deyès womèn lanmou]]. Li se twazyèm objè natirèl ki pi briyan apre [[lalin]] ak [[solèy]].

== Bibliyografi ==
* {{cite book|author1=Fernand Verger|author2=Isabelle Sourbès-Verger|author3=Raymond Ghirardi|title=Atlas de géographie de l'espace|editor=Belin |date=6 oktòb 1997|url=https://books.google.fr/books?id=ER9tAAAACAAJ&amp;dq=Atlas+de+g%C3%A9ographie+de+l%27espace}}
* {{cite book|author1= Mikhail Ya Marov|title=The planet Venus |editor=Yale University Press |date= 1998|isbn=0-300-04975-7 |oclc=38270726 |url=https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/38270726 |accessdate=27 oktòb 2020}}
*{{cite book|author=André Brahic|title=Enfants du Soleil - histoire de nos origines|location=Pari|editor=Éditions Odile Jacob|date=25 out 2000|pages=445|isbn=2-7381-0861-X|url=https://books.google.fr/books?id=Rt9lNQAACAAJ&amp;dq=%22Enfants+du+Soleil%22}}.
* {{cite book|author1=Jean Audouze|author2=Thibault Damour|author3=André Brahic|author4=Michel Cassé|author5=Hubert Reeves|author6=Laurent Vigroux|title=Université de tous les savoirs - L'Univers|editor=Éditions Odile Jacob|year=2002|pages=282|isbn=978-2-7381-1109-8|url=http://www.odilejacob.fr/0207/1660/Volume-14-:-L%27Univers.html#1660|access-date=2022-01-25|archive-date=2008-11-29|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081129121041/http://www.odilejacob.fr/0207/1660/Volume-14-%3A-L%27Univers.html#1660|dead-url=yes}}.
* {{cite book|author=Ron Miller|title=Venus|editor=Lerner publishing group|date=1 janvye 2002|pages=64|isbn=0-7613-2359-7|url=https://www.amazon.ca/Venus-Ron-Miller/dp/0761323597}}
* {{cite news|author=J. Laskar|title=Chaos in the Solar System|publisher=Astronomie et Systèmes Dynamiques|date=5 jen 2003|pages=1-13|editor=Institut de mécanique céleste et de calcul des éphémérides|url=http://www.imcce.fr/Equipes/ASD/preprints/prep.2003/th2002_laskar.pdf}}
* {{cite book|author1=Rosaly M. C. =Lopes|author2=Tracy K. P. Gregg|title=Volcanic worlds - exploring the solar system's volcanoes|editor=Springer|year=2004|pages =236|isbn=3-540-00431-9|url=https://books.google.ca/books?id=x9qeWoNe5DAC&amp;printsec=frontcover}}.
*{{cite book|author=Peter Frances|title=Le ciel et l'Univers|location=Saint-Laurent (Montréal, Québec)|editor=Éditions du renouveau pédagogique|year=2006|isbn=2-7613-1966-4|url=http://www.erpi.com/documentaire/le_ciel_et_l_univers_p21260641.html|access-date=2022-01-25|archive-date=2014-07-23|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140723221842/http://erpi.com/documentaire/le_ciel_et_l_univers_p21260641.html|dead-url=yes}}
* {{cite book|author1= Robert J. Malcuit|title=The Twin Sister Planets Venus and Earth: Why are they so different?|url= https://archive.org/details/twinsisterplanet0000malc|editor=Springer Science+Business Media |date=novanm 2014|asin = B00S16XY7G}}
* {{cite book|author=Fredric W. Taylor|title=The scientific exploration of Venus |editor=University of Oxford |date=oktòb 2014|isbn=978-1-107-02348-2 |oclc=867851565 |url=https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/867851565 |accessdate=27 oktòb 2020}}
* {{cite book|author1=Professor Brian Cox |author2=Andrew Cohen |title=The Planets |editor=William Collins |pages=288  |isbn=978-0-00-748884-1|oclc=1084389807 |url=https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/1084389807 |accessdate=27 oktòb 2020}}

== Referans ==
{{referans}}
== Lyen deyò ==

[[Kategori:Venis]]
[[Kategori:Planèt]]</text>
      <sha1>bgvaeuml7gwtt7meuojgpersg2fkopw</sha1>
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  <page>
    <title>Owayo (rivyè)</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
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      <text bytes="596" sha1="6z2vxmnb5dbc9sygcsadyxo17exq09t" xml:space="preserve">[[Fichye:Ohio_River.jpg|thumb|250px|Rivyè Owayo]]

'''Owayo''' se yon [[rivyè]] nan [[kontinan]] [[Amerik dinò]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|last= Leeden |first= Frits van der |author2=Fred L. Troise |author3=David Keith Todd  |title= The Water Encyclopedia |url= https://archive.org/details/waterencyclopedi0000vand |edition= 2nd |year= 1990 |publisher= Lewis Publishers |location= Chelsea, Mich. |isbn= 0-87371-120-3 |page=[https://archive.org/details/waterencyclopedi0000vand/page/126 126]}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Referans ==
{{referans}}
== Lyen deyò ==

[[Kategori:rivyè]]
[[Kategori:rivyè nan Amerik dinò]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Σ</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>4259</id>
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      <text bytes="1509" sha1="gbx2lu5yjf96lso8dluwwv8d7yanc5w" xml:space="preserve">'''Σ''' reprezante  18yèm [[lèt]] nan [[alfabè grèk]].


== Bibliyografi ==
* {{en}} {{cite book
 | author1 = Geoffrey K. Pullum
 | author2 = William A. Ladusaw
 | title = Phonetic Symbol Guide
 | editor = University of Chicago Press
 | year = 1996
 | isbn = 0226685365
 | id = PullumLadusaw1996
}}

* {{en}} {{cite book
 | author1       = Jeffery Lilian Hamilton
 | title      = The Local Scripts of Archaic Greece
 | editor    = Clarendon
 | location       = Oxford
 | year = 1961
}}
* {{en}} {{cite book
 | author1       = Kogan Leonid
 | title      = In Semitic languages: an international handbook - Proto-Semitic Phonetics and Phonology
 | editor    = Walter de Gruyter
 | location       = Berlin
 | year      = 2011
}}
* {{en}} {{cite book
 | author1     = Thompson Edward M.
 | title    = Introduction to Greek and Latin paleography
 | url     = https://archive.org/details/gtu_32400001685142
 | year    = 1912
 | editor  = Clarendon
 | location     = Oxford
}}
* {{en}} {{cite book
 | author1     = Woodard Roger D.
 | title    = Encyclopedia of ancient Greece - Alphabet
 | year    = 2006
 | editor  = Routledge
 | location     = Lond
}}
* {{en}} {{cite book
 | author1     = Woodard Roger D.
 | chapter = Phoinikeia grammata: an alphabet for the Greek language
 | title    = A companion to the ancient Greek language
 | location     = Oxford
 | editor  = Blackwell
 | year    = 2010
}}

== Referans ==
{{referans}}
== Lyen deyò ==

[[Kategori:Glif|σ]]
[[Kategori:Lèt nan alfabèt grèk|σ]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Istwa</title>
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      <text bytes="6139" sha1="ilww1cax27h5w6lqyj8eci3vuxh3goc" xml:space="preserve">[[Kategori:Pou reli]]
{{Ebòch|Istwa}}
'''Istwa''' se yon [[syans]] moun. Li etidye tout bagay ki te rive, pase [[sosyete]] nou an.
[[Fichye:Haitian Revolution - Blacks murdering white civilians.gif|thumb|right|Masak pandan Revolisyon Ayisyen]]
[[Fichye:Battle for Palm Tree Hill.jpg|thumb|Batay]]

== Etimoloji ==
Non an soti nan &quot;ankèt&quot; (Ἱστορίαι / Historíai nan grèk ansyen) pa [[Hérodote]], men li se Thucydides ki aplike nan li premye a nan metòd yo kritik, an patikilye travèse a nan sous diferan... Li vle di « chèche konesans pa ankèt », ki li menm vin grèk ansyen ''ἵστωρ'', ''hístōr'' siyifi « sajès », « tenmwen » oubyen « jije ».   &lt;ref&gt;''Dictionnaire d'antan'', page 1075, article d'Historiographie grecque, édition PUF sous la direction de Jean Leclant, 2005.&lt;/ref&gt;.

Mo sa a antre nan Lang Ayisyèn anviwon {{s-|XII|e}} avèk  sans lan « relasyon ant evènman ki make lavi, yon rèyn » oubyen « kwonik yon pèp »&lt;ref&gt;« Cy fault istoire ha khi pou Breton-io / Eh linyie khi pou Bawon-io » ; [[Wace]], ''[[Rwonman khi pou Brut]]'', v. 1150.&lt;/ref&gt;. Li prann tou sans jeneral istwa (nan sans [[resi]]), polisemi ke li gen konsève kounye a nan Lang Ayisyèn tankou an franse. Zh'seid ah pârtihi khi pou {{s-|XIII|e}}, taank-koo ca ann teinmoyei uzagje khe n'an feid [[Brunetto Latini]] n'an  ''Livre dou Trésor'', khe tèrme lan koounmancei n'an recouvrihi seins khi pou « récit historik »&lt;ref&gt; ''Trézòr'' ha « traite dou kounmeinceinman dou syèk, èh' khi pou ancieneté khi pou d'antan istore-io èh' khi pou establisseinman dou mounde èh' khi pou  natiura khi pou touth coses en some. » Francis J. Carmody (éditeir), Gjenève, Slatkine Reprints, 1975, {{p.|17}}.&lt;/ref&gt;. N'ca  notei n'an teinmp [[Esclaèvagjiste-la]],  fòrme òrdinaireinman einmployéa khi pou mot zha seid té ''Ida woêdo'' n'an kanmp part kolon-io ''Estoire'' : seid n'èkh ah partihi khi pou  [[Ocqiupassyon anméricàna (péryode historik)|Ocqiupassyon]] khe n' apy' chèrchei  grafhik antik&lt;ref&gt;Dixyonnairy étynmologjik khi pou  leingue francéa einmba  direxyon Oscar Bloch èh' khi pou Walther von Wartburg, artik ''Histohà'', PUF 1932, 2004 pou  édisyon kougn'ah.&lt;/ref&gt;. 

N'an mot zha-ad-l'i n'an luotd leingue-lan l'i kounnein anmpîl  dérivasyon-io. anné èkh té [[1213]] woêd kounzha n'an eiwope-la preinmei èkh Té pou   tèrme-io khi pou [[historyen]] èh' khi pou [[historyografhe]] pruntei n'an [[latein]] ''historiographus'').  Vèrby-la dégringolei ''Historyei'' Té parrèth n'an {{s-|XIV|e}}, èh' adjèctif-lan historik sòrtiviiniy ann [[1447]] (pruntei khi pou latein ''Historicus'', li-même pruntei khi pou grèk ''historikos'').  Diminiutif lan historiette reinmonte ah [[1657]] (preinmyei einmploy pâr [[Gédéon Tallemant khi pou Réaux-io|Talleinman khi pou Réaux-io]] n'an  titre-lan khi pou yeonni khi pou touth ouvragje-li-io)&lt;ref&gt;Dixyonnairy étynmologjik khi pou  leingue francéa einmba  direxyon Oscar Bloch èh' khi pou Walther von Wartburg, artik Histohà, Historyei, Historyografhe èh' Historik.&lt;/ref&gt;.  Vocabulairy savé khi pou {{s mini-|XVIII|e}} èh' khi pou {{s-|XIX|e}} pèrmèt einsuite apparisyon khi pou yeou vocabulaira khi pî spécyalizé taank-koo [[préhistohà]] (ann [[1872]]) èh' [[wikt:anhistorik|anhistorik]].
[[kategori:Atik an lòt kreyòl]]
== Peryòd yo ==
* [[Lantikite]]
* [[Mwayenaj]]
* [[Tan modèn]]
* [[Tan kontanporen]]

== Pa peyi yo ==
=== Ayiti ===
Gade nan [[istwa Ayiti|istwa Dayiti]].

== Bibliyografi ==
* Vincent Badré, ''L'Histoire fabriquée ? Ce qu'on ne vous a pas dit à l'école'', Le Rocher, 2012
* {{cite book|author1=Guy Bourdé|author2=Hervé Martin en collaboration avec Pascal Balmand|title=Les écoles historiques|location=Paris|editor=Éditions du Seuil|year=1997|pages=416|isbn=978-2-02-030022-3|url=http://www.persee.fr/doc/abpo_0399-0826_1982_num_89_3_3101_t1_0411_0000_2}}|url=http://www.persee.fr/doc/rfsp_0035-2950_1984_num_34_2_394122_t1_0352_0000_000}}.
* [[Georges Duby]] (dir.), ''Grand atlas historique'', Pari, Larousse, 2006 {{ISBN|2-03583-340-X}}
* [[François Furet]], ''Penser la Révolution française'', koleksyon Folio histoire, Gallimard Paris 1978
* [[Jacques Heers]], ''L'histoire assassinée : les pièges de la mémoire'', Éditions de Paris, 2006
* {{cite book|author1=André Burguière et Bernard Vincent (codirection)|title=Un siècle d'historiennes|location=Paris|editor=Des Femmes Antoinette Fouque|year=2014|pages =350|isbn=9782721006349|url=https://www.desfemmes.fr/essai/un-siecle-dhistoriennes/)}}
* {{cite book|author1=[[Christiane Klapisch-Zuber]] avec [[André Burguière]], [[Martine Segalen]], [[Françoise Zonabend]]|title=Histoire de la famille|location=Paris|editor=LGF|year=1994|isbn=9782253904205|accessdate=20 avril 2022}}
* [[Pierre Lamaison]] (dir.), ''Atlas de la civilisation occidentale. Généalogie de l'Europe'', Hachette, [[1994]] {{ISBN|2-72428-528-X}}
* [[Henri-Irénée Marrou]], ''De la connaissance historique'', Paris, Seuil, 1954, 318 pages, {{ISBN|2-02-004301-7}}
* [[Robert I. Moore]] (coordonné par), ''Atlas Historique'', Nathan, [[1980]].
* {{cite book|author1=Mona Ozouf|author2=  [[François Furet]] ansanm avèk Bronislaw Baczko|title=Dictionnaire critique de la Révolution française : (1780-1880)|url=https://archive.org/details/dictionnairecrit0000fure|location=Paris|editor=Flammarion|date=1988|pages =1122|isbn=9782082115377|accessdate=21 avril 2022}}
* {{cite book|author1=[[Michelle Perrot]]|author2=[[Georges Duby]]|title=Histoire des femmes en Occident|url=https://archive.org/details/histoiredesfemme0000unse_o7g5|location=Paris|editor=Tempus|date=2002|oclc=972854458|accessdate=21 avril 2022}}
* [[Philippe Poirrier]], ''Introduction à l'historiographie'', Pari, Belin, 2009, 191 pages, {{ISBN|978-2-7011-4763-5}}
* [[Paul Veyne]], ''[[Comment on écrit l'histoire]]'', Pari, Seuil, 1979, {{ISBN|2020287781}}
* {{it}} Lorenzo Cortesi, ''Questioni di storia'', Europa Edizioni, Roma, 2016 {{ISBN|978-88-6854-778-3}}

== Referans ==
{{referans}}
== Lyen deyò ==
{{Pòtay|Istwa}}
[[Kategori:Istwa]]
[[Kategori:Syans]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Liv Mòmon</title>
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      <text bytes="16530" sha1="suzw0r4svdbdte2hbwrelmn32mjfbki" xml:space="preserve">[[Fichye:Book_of_Mormon_-_Haitian.jpg|frameless|upright|300px|right]]

'''Liv Mòmon An: Yon Lòt Temwayaj Konsènan Jezikri''' se yon tèks ki sakre kay Sen Dènye Jou yo. Daprè teyoloji yo, pwofèt te ekri li. Pwofèt sa yo te viv sou [[kontinan]] ameriken an nan epòk 2200 ane avan Jeziki jiska 421 ane aprè Jezikri.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.churchofjesuschrist.org/study/liahona/2011/10/book-of-mormon-time-line?lang=fra|title=Livre de Mormon, chronologie|accessdate=7 out 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt; Joseph Smith te pibliye li pou premyè fwa a nan mwa mas 1830.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=Paj tit pou Liv Mòmon An|url=https://www.churchofjesuschrist.org/study/scriptures/bofm/title-page?lang=hat}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Liv Mòmon an se youn pami premye tèks ki te sòti nan mouvman Sen Dènye Jou a, ki se denominasyon yo ki tipikman konsidere liv la kòm ekriti sen epi kòm yon kont istorik tou sou kontak Bondye te gen avèk moun ki t ap viv sou kontinan ameriken an nan epòk ansyèn sa a.&lt;ref name=Entwodiksyon&gt;{{cite web|title=Entwodiksyon pou Liv Mòmon An|url=https://www.churchofjesuschrist.org/study/scriptures/bofm/introduction?lang=hat}}&lt;/ref&gt; Kominote siyantifik pa aksèpte Liv Mòmon an kòm yon kont veritab sou evènman istorik.&lt;ref&gt;Simon G. Southerton. ''Losing a Lost Tribe:  Native Americans, DNA, and the Mormon Church'' (2004, Signature Books).&lt;/ref&gt;

Daprè sa ke Smith ak liv la di, otè yo te grave karaktè (sa ke yo te rele « ejipsyen refòme ») sou plak annò. Smith te di konsa dènye pwofèt ki te grave sou plak yo, yon misye ki te rele Mowoni, misye a te antere yo avan ke li te mouri sou yon ti mòn nan sa ki se leta [[Nou Yòk]] jodia, bò lavil Manchester.  [[Kwayan]] yo rele mòn sa a « Mòn Kimora ». Nan lane 1827, Mowoni te parèt devan Smith antanke yon anj. Mowoni te revele kote li te kache plak yo epi li te komande Smith pou li tradui tèks la an anglè pou kòmanse retablisman vrè legliz Jezikri a nan dènye jou yo.&lt;ref name=Entwodiksyon /&gt; Gen kritik ki di konsa Smith pa t tradui pyès annal ansyen; se Smith ki te otè liv la pito, e li te pran nan matèyal ak ide ki te egziste nan diznevyèm syèk la pou li fè sa.&lt;ref name=Krakauer&gt;{{cite book | last = Krakauer | first = Jon | title = Under the Banner of Heaven: A Story of Violent Faith | url = https://archive.org/details/underbannerofhe000krak | year = 2003 | publisher=Doubleday | location = Nouyòk}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Liv Mòmon an gen nan li yon pakèt ide doktrinal orijinal sou plizyè sije — chit Adan ak Ev la, destine mond lan, redanpsyon anba lanmò fizik ak espirityèl, epi òganizasyon legliz la. Evènman santral ki nan liv la se moman an lè Jezikri li menm te vizite moun sou kontinan ameriken an aprè rezirèksyon li.

Gen plizyè liv pi piti nan Liv Mòmon an. Chak ti liv pòte non otè prensipal li. Dabitid, tèks la gen chapit ak vèse. Smith te sèvi avèk langaj ki sanble anpil avèk langaj ki parèt nan vèzyon Wa Jak pou [[Bib]] anglè a. Nan lane 2011, te gen tradiksyon (kit yo konplèt oubyen non) nan 111 lang, e plis pase 150 milyon egzanplè Liv Mòmon an egziste.&lt;ref name=Copies&gt;{{cite web|title=Book of Mormon: 150 Million Copies|url=https://www.thechurchnews.com/archive/2011-04-22/book-of-mormon-150-million-copies-36961|publisher=Legliz Jezikri pou Sen Dènye Jou yo|accessdate=19 jiyè 2020|archive-date=2019-01-04|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190104072817/https://www.thechurchnews.com/archive/2011-04-22/book-of-mormon-150-million-copies-36961|dead-url=yes}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Orijin ==
[[Fichye:Basic BOM Manuscripts.jpg|thumb|upright|Yon paj nan dokiman orijinal Liv Mòmon an.]]
Daprè Joseph Smith, li te gen 17 an lè yon anj Bondye te parèt devan li.  Anj la te rele Mowoni.&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.churchofjesuschrist.org/study/manual/teachings-joseph-smith/the-life-and-ministry-of-joseph-smith?lang=fra &quot;Vie et ministère de Joseph Smith&quot;], ''Enseignements des présidents de l’Église: Joseph Smith'' (2007), xxii–25.&lt;/ref&gt;  Mowoni te di ke li te gen yon seri ekriti ansyèn nan yon ti mòn touprè li nan sa ki se Konte Wayne nan leta Nou Yòk jodia. Pwofèt ansyen te grave ekriti sa yo sou plak annò. Anj la di plak yo dekri yon pèp Bondye fè sòti Jerizalèm rive kontinan ameriken an 600 ane avan nesans Jezikri. Daprè plak yo, Mowoni te dènye pwofèt pèp sa a e sete li menm ki te antere plak yo. Bondye te fè li pwomès konsa li ta fè plak yo parèt ankò nan dènye jou yo. Smith te deklare vizyon sa a te rive l jou swa 21 septanm 1823, epi pwochèn jou a, anba gidans divin, li te twouve kote Mowoni te antere plak yo sou ti mòn nan. Mowoni te komande l pou l vin pale l menm kote a menm jou a ane pwochèn nan pou li bay li plis enstriksyon. E li te di Smith ke moman an pou li tradui plak yo ta rive nan kat an. Smith deklare ke Mowoni te pèmèt li pran plak yo nan men li 22 septanm 1827, sa ki te fè egzakteman kat an, e Mowoni te kòmande li pou li tradui yo an anglè.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=Istwa-Joseph Smith 1v59, Pèl Gran Pri a|url=https://www.churchofjesuschrist.org/study/scriptures/pgp/js-h/1.59?lang=hat&amp;clang=hat#p59}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Gen kont diferan ki dekri koman Smith te akonpli tradiksyon Liv Mòmon an. Smith li menm te sijere li te li plak yo dirèktman avèk linèt ke Bondye te prepare pou ede li tradui.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url= http://contentdm.lib.byu.edu/cdm/ref/collection/EoM/id/5552 |title= Book of Mormon Translation By Joseph Smith |pages= 210–213 |last1= Rathbone |first1= Tim |last2= Welch |first2= John W. |editor-last= Ludlow |editor-first= Daniel H |year= 1992 |encyclopedia=Encyclopedia of Mormonism |location= New York |publisher= Macmillan Publishing |isbn= 978-0-02-879602-4 }}&lt;/ref&gt;  Lòt kont konn di li te sèvi avèk ti wòch kristal nan yon gran chapo.&lt;ref name=ldstranslationessay&gt;{{cite web |url= https://www.churchofjesuschrist.org/topics/book-of-mormon-translation?lang=fra |title= Livre de Mormon, Traduction |access-date=19 jiyè 2020 |work= churchofjesuschrist.org |publisher=Legliz Jezikri pou Sen Dènye Jou yo}}&lt;/ref&gt; Apati lane 1832, moun te konn rele ni linèt ni wòch yo « Ourim ak Toumim ».&lt;ref name=ldstranslationessay /&gt;  Pandan tradiksyon an menm, pafwa Smith te chita lwen moun ki t ap ekri sa l t ap di a, avèk yon dra pou separe yo. Kèk kont di plak yo pa te toujou prezan pandan li t ap tradwi yo. Lè yo te prezan, Smith te toujou kouvri yo.&lt;ref name=Brodie&gt;{{cite book |last= Brodie |first= Fawn M. |title= No man knows my history: the life of Joseph Smith, the Mormon prophet |year= 1995 |publisher= Vintage Books |location= Nouyòk |isbn= 978-0679730545 |pages= [https://archive.org/details/nomanknowsmyhist00brod_1/page/53 53, 61] |edition= rev. and enl. 2yèm |url= https://archive.org/details/nomanknowsmyhist00brod_1/page/53}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Premyè deskripsyon Smith te pibliye a te di plak yo te sanble kòmsi yo te annò. Youn nan premye skrib li yo, Martin Harris, te di ti fil metal te bay plak yo fòm yon liv.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Smith |first=Joseph, Jr. |title= Wentworth Letter/Church History | place= Nauvoo, Ilinwa |journal=Times and Seasons |date= 1 March 1842 |volume=3 |issue=9 |pages= 906–936 |url= http://www.centerplace.org/history/ts/v3n09.htm |ref=harv}}&lt;/ref&gt; Smith te rele karaktè sou plak yo « ejipsyen refòme ». Te gen kèk plak ki te sele ansanm ; poutèt sa, sa ki te prezan sou plak sa yo pa fè pati nan Liv Mòmon an.

Onz (11) lòt moun te temwaye yo te wè plak annò yo. Twa (3) pami yo te touche ak soulve yo. Temwayaj ekri pa yo parèt nan prèsk tout edisyon Liv Mòmon an sou tit « Temwayaj Twa Temwen yo » e « Temwayaj Uit Temwen yo ».&lt;ref name=Entwodiksyon /&gt;

[[Fichye:JosephSmithTranslating.jpg|thumb|left|upright|alt=Smith sou yon chèz anbwa avèk figi li nan yon chapo|Joseph Smith ap tradui Liv Mòmon an avèk wòch kristal nan yon chapo pou bloke tout limyè.]]

Nan premye jou tradiksyon an, yon vwazen li, Martin Harris, te sèvi kòm skrib pou Smith. (Pita, Harris te pran prè ipotèk sou fèm li pou paye enprime Liv Mòmon an.) An 1828, poutèt demann madanm li, Lucy Harris, li te mande Smith ankò e ankò pou li prète li paj li te fin tradui yo. Kontkè, Smith te ba li yo. Se posib Lucy Harris te vole premyè 116 paj sa yo. Aprè Martin Harris te pèdi yo, Smith te pèdi kapasite pou li tradui a e Mowoni te vin wete plak yo. Aprè Smith te fin repanti, Mowoni te remèt li plak yo.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=Doktrin ak Alyans, Seksyon 3|url=https://www.churchofjesuschrist.org/study/scriptures/dc-testament/dc/3?lang=hat&amp;clang=hat}}&lt;/ref&gt;  Smith te deklare pi ta ke Bondyè te pèmèt li tradwi ankò, men pou l pa tradwi sa ke li te deja fin tradwi epi pèdi a. An 1829, tradiksyon an te rekomanse avèk èd Oliver Cowdery; yo te fini byen vit (mwa avril jiska jwen 1829). Aprè piblikasyon liv la, Mowoni te vin pran plak yo.&lt;ref name=Entwodiksyon /&gt;  Liv Mòmon an te disponib pou moun achte li jou 26 mas 1830 nan libreri E.B. Grandin nan lavil Palmyra, leta [[Nou Yòk]].&lt;ref name=Copies /&gt; Jodia libreri sa a se yon sit istorik.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=L’impression et la publication du Livre de Mormon. L'Eglise de Jésus-Christ des Saints des Derniers Jours.|url= https://www.churchofjesuschrist.org/study/history/topics/printing-and-publishing-the-book-of-mormon?lang=fra}}&lt;/ref&gt; Pou kòmanse, yo te pibliye 5000 kopi, sa ki te koute 3000 dola.

Depi jou premyè piblikasyon ak distribisyon liv la, kèk moun deklare ke Smith te fabrike istwa liv la e ke li te pran nan matèyal ak ide sòti lòt sous pou li fè sa.&lt;ref name=Brodie/&gt;&lt;ref name=Krakauer/&gt;  Kèk sous ke moun sigjere kòm kandita se vèzyon Rwa Jak pou Bib la,&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |title= One Nation Under Gods: A History of the Mormon Church |url= https://archive.org/details/onenationundergo0000aban_a5v1 |publisher= Thunder's Mouth Press |year= 2003 |isbn= 978-1-56858-283-2 |first= Richard |last= Abanes |page= [https://archive.org/details/onenationundergo0000aban_a5v1/page/72 72]}}&lt;/ref&gt; The Wonders of Nature,&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |title= One Nation Under Gods: A History of the Mormon Church |url= https://archive.org/details/onenationundergo0000aban_a5v1 |publisher= Thunder's Mouth Press |year= 2003 |isbn= 978-1-56858-283-2 |first= Richard |last= Abanes |page= [https://archive.org/details/onenationundergo0000aban_a5v1/page/68 68]}}&lt;/ref&gt; View of the Hebrews,&lt;ref name=&quot;Brodie&quot;/&gt;{{,}}&lt;ref name=&quot;Krakauer&quot;/&gt;{{,}}&lt;ref name=Roberts&gt;{{Cite book | last=Roberts | first=Brigham H. | editor=Brigham D. Madsen | title=Studies of the Book of Mormon | publisher=Signature Books | place=Lavil Salt Lake, Ita | year=1992 | isbn=978-1-56085-027-4 | url = https://books.google.com/?id=EXgFAAAACAAJ&amp;dq=Studies+of+the+Book+of+Mormon | ref=harv }}&lt;/ref&gt; e yon dokiman ke Solomon Spalding te ekri san li pa t pibliye li.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book | last=Spaulding | first=Solomon | title=Manuscript Found: The Complete Original &quot;Spaulding&quot; Manuscript | editor-last=Reeve | editor-first=Rex C | year=1996 | publisher=Religious Studies Center, Brigham Young University | location=Provo, Ita| ref=harv }}&lt;/ref&gt;  Òganizasyon FairMormon an afime ke teyori sa yo pa kredib paske istoryen ni kwayan ni skeptik konn twouve erè sèyè nan rechèch yo.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title = Book of Mormon/Plagiarism accusations - FairMormon|url = http://en.fairmormon.org/Book_of_Mormon/Plagiarism_accusations|website = en.fairmormon.org|access-date = 19 jiyè 2020|archive-date = 2017-03-03|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20170303035044/http://en.fairmormon.org/Book_of_Mormon/Plagiarism_accusations|dead-url = yes}}&lt;/ref&gt;{{,}}&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title = Criticism of Mormonism/Books/One Nation Under Gods - FairMormon|url = http://en.fairmormon.org/Criticism_of_Mormonism/Books/One_Nation_Under_Gods|website = en.fairmormon.org|access-date = 19 jiyè 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt; Opinyon pifò nan manm mouvman Sen Dènye Jou a e pozisyon ofisyèl Legliz Jekikri pou Sen Dènye Jou yo a se ke liv la se yon kont istorik ki korèk.

== Kontni ==
=== Tit ===
Smith te di konsa paj tit la sòti nan tradiksyon « dènye fèy a menm » pami plak annò yo. Se Mowoni ki te ekri li. Paj tit la deklare objektif Liv Mòmon an se pou li « montre rès kay [[Izrayèl]] la ki kalite gwo bagay Senyè a te fè pou zansèt yo » epi « pou Jwif ak Janti kapab gen konviksyon, [[Jezi]] se Kris la, Bondye Etènèl la, ki manifeste tèt li devan tout nasyon yo kounye a ».&lt;ref name=Entwodiksyon /&gt;

=== Òganizasyon ===
Liv Mòmon an se yon asanble plizye liv ki pi piti. Chak nan yo pòte non otè prensipal li oubyen yon gwo dirijan. Yo kòmanse avèk Premye Liv Nefi a (1 Nefi) epi yo tèmine avèk Liv Mowoni a.

Jeneralman, òd ti liv yo swiv istwa yo tout rakonte ansanm nan, sòf liv Pawòl Mòmon ak Liv Etè a. Pawòl Mòmon se komantè Mòmon te ekri. Liv Etè a se istwa yon gwoup ki te rive sou kontinan ameriken an lontan anvan imigrasyon ki parèt nan 1 Nefi a. Tèks ki nan Premye Liv Nefi a jiska Liv Omni a, epi nan Liv Mòmon an ak Liv Mowoni a, se pawòl otè yo menm yo ye. Pou tout lòt liv, Mòmon oubyen Mowoni te abreje pawòl otè yo.

Pifò nan edisyon modèn ap divise tèks liv yo an chapit ak vèsè. Pifò nan yo gen mateyèl siplimantè landann yo tou, tankou « Temwayaj Twa Temwen Yo » ak « Tewayaj Uit Temwen Yo ».

=== Kwonoloji ===
Premye Liv Nefi a jiska Liv Omni a sòti nan Ti Plak Nefi yo.&lt;ref name=Esplikasyon&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.churchofjesuschrist.org/study/scriptures/bofm/explanation?lang=hat|title=Yon Esplikasyon Brèf Konsènan Liv Mòmon An}}&lt;/ref&gt;  Kont sa a kòmanse nan lavil [[Jerizalèm]] 600 ane anvan Jeziki e avèk yon misye ki rele Leyi. Bondye dirije Leyi, fanmi li, ak plizyè lòt moun pou yo kite Jerizalèm yon ti bout tan anvan chit li devan lame Babilonyen an 586 ane anvan Jezikri.  Liv sa yo dekri voyaj yo atravè Arabi epi atravè lamè an bato rive nan « tè pwomiz la » ki se kontinan ameriken an.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.churchofjesuschrist.org/study/scriptures/bofm/1-ne/18.23?lang=hat#p23|title=1 Nefi 18v23, Liv Mòmon}}&lt;/ref&gt;  Yo rakonte aktivite gwoup sa a jiska 130 ane anvan Jezikri; alè sa a, gwoup la te fòn ann de — Nefit yo ak Lamanit yo. Gwoup sa yo te goumen souvan youn avèk lòt la.

Aprè Omni gen Pawòl Mòmon. Mòmon te ekri liv tou piti sa a 385 ane aprè Jeziki. Liv la sèvi kòm yon entwodiksyon brèf pou Liv Moziya a, Liv Alma a, Liv Elaman an, Twazyèm Liv Nefi a (3 Nefi), ak Katryèm Liv Nefi a (4 Nefi). Liv sa yo se rezime yon gwo kantite annal ki rele Gran Plak Nefi yo. Yo rakonte istwa de sivilizasyon yo sòti nan epòk lavi Omni jiska epòk anfans Mòmon an.  Twazyèm Liv Nefi a gen enpòtans espesyal paske se li menm ki rakonte vizit Jezikri sou kontinan ameriken an aprè rezirèksyon ak asansyon li nan peyi Jerizalèm. Liv la dekri jan Jezi te repete anpil nan doktrin ak enstriksyon ki parèt jodia nan kat Evanjil yo, epi jan li te tabli yon kominote chaje avèk lapè ak konesans ki te dire pandan kat jenerasyon anvan lagè sivil te pran li ankò.

Ti Liv Mòmon an se yon kont sou sa ki te pase pandan lavi Mòmon. Mòmon resevwa komandman pou li pran swen annal ki kache yo. Ti liv la rakonte jan Mòmon ranpli responsablite sa a epi aktivite li avèk lame nefit pandan yon pakèt lagè.

Aprè ti Liv Mòmon an, Mowoni mete yon rezime li te fè sou annal yon lòt pèp. Pèp la rele Jaredit e rezime a rele Liv Etè a.&lt;ref name=Esplikasyon /&gt;  Liv sa a dekri yon ti ponyen fanmi ki te kite Toudebabèl la.&lt;ref name=Entwodiksyon /&gt;  Sivilizasyon jaredit la rive sou kontinan ameriken an plizye syèk anvan fanmi Leyi a rive la. Liv Etè a dekri sivilizasyon jaredit la kòm youn ki te pi gran ak pi avanse pase sivilizasyon nefit ni lamanit la. Liv Etè a fini avèk kont yon gwo batay final kote Jaredit yo youn masakre lòt jou aprè jou jiskaske yo tout mouri.

Anfen, Liv Mowoni a rakonte destriksyon final pèp nefit la — nan epòk sa a, yon pèp idolat — anba men lamanit yo. Liv la tèmine avèk temwayaj Mowoni epi yon envitasyon pou tout moun priye Bondye pou li konfime verasite kontni liv la.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.churchofjesuschrist.org/study/scriptures/bofm/moro/10.3-5?lang=hat#p3,4,5|title=Mowoni 10v3-5, Liv Mòmon}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Referans ==
{{referans}}
== Lyen deyò ==
* [https://www.churchofjesuschrist.org/study/scriptures/bofm?lang=hat Liv Mòmon An | ChurchOfJesusChrist.org]
* [https://www.churchofjesuschrist.org/bc/content/shared/content/hatian/pdf/language-materials/34406_hat.pdf Liv Mòmon An PDF]

[[Kategori:Relijyon]]
[[Kategori:Liv Mòmon]]</text>
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    <title>Android</title>
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{{PAGENAME}} se yon robo oswa yon èt atifisyèl ki fèt pou sanble ak yon moun, ni nan aparans fizik li ni, nan anpil ka, nan konpòtman li. Kontrèman ak robo endistriyèl oswa robo ki fèt pou travay espesyalize, android yo anjeneral konstwi avèk yon kò ki gen estrikti imen, tankou yon tèt, yon tòs, de bra ak de janm. Yo kapab genyen po atifisyèl, ekspresyon vizaj, kapasite pou pale, ansanm ak sistèm entèlijans atifisyèl ki pèmèt yo kominike avèk moun epi egzekite divès fonksyon.

Selon kontèks teknolojik oswa fiktif kote yo itilize yo, android yo ka fonksyone yon fason otonòm, semi-otonòm oswa anba kontwòl a distans. Nivo konpleksite yo varye depi aparèy sèvis ki senp rive jouk nan sistèm trè avanse ki kapab aprann, rezone, adapte yo ak nouvo sitiyasyon, epi pran desizyon poukont yo.

Tèm &quot;android&quot; la souvan itilize kòm yon sinonim pou &quot;robo imanoid&quot;, byenke li pi souvan refere a yon robo ki fèt pou imite aparans ak konpòtman yon moun pi fidèlman. Tèm &quot;gynoid&quot; la, bò kote pa li, itilize pou deziyen yon android ki prezante aparans yon fanm.

Android yo okipe yon plas enpòtan nan domèn robotik, entèlijans atifisyèl, filozofi ak syans fiksyon. Yo souvan sèvi kòm sijè refleksyon sou kestyon tankou konsyans atifisyèl, idantite, etik, ansanm ak relasyon ki egziste ant moun ak machin.

== Lyen ==
* Wè [http://code.google.com/android/ pajwèb devlòpman li]

[[Kategori:Teknoloji]]
[[Kategori:Google]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Alain Turnier</title>
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* ''Les Etats-Unis et le Marché Haïtien''
* ''Avec Mérisier Jeannis''
* ''Quand la Nation Demande des Comptes''
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== Biyografi ==
*Dat enpòtan yo

== Zèv li yo ==
Li se otè liv enpòtan sa yo :
* ''Les Etats-Unis et le Marché Haïtien''
* ''Avec Mérisier Jeannis''
* ''Quand la Nation Demande des Comptes''

== Referans ==
* {{cite book | last = Schutt-Ainé | first = Patricia |author2= Staff of Librairie Au Service de la Culture | title = Haiti: A Basic Reference Book | url = https://archive.org/details/isbn_9780963859907 | publisher = Librairie Au Service de la Culture | year = 1994 | location = Miami, Florid | isbn = 0-9638599-0-0 | page = [https://archive.org/details/isbn_9780963859907/page/106 106] }}

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'''Alibée Féry''', ki fèt [[28 me]] [[1818]] nan [[Jeremi (komin)|Jeremi]] epi ki mouri [[1896]],  se yon ekriven [[ayisyen]]. 
== Biyografi ==
*Dat enpòtan yo

== Zèv li yo ==
* ''Essais Littéraires'' 
* ''Bouqui et Malice'' (kont)
* ''Fils du Chasseur'' (kont) 
* ''Les Bluettes'' (pwesi) 
* ''Les Echantillons'' (woman) 
* ''Les Esquisses'' (woman istorik)
== Referans ==
{{referans}}
== Lyen deyò ==
* {{cite book | last = Schutt-Ainé | first = Patricia | title = Haiti: A Basic Reference Book | url = https://archive.org/details/isbn_9780963859907 | publisher = Librairie Au Service de la Culture | year = 1994 | location = Miami, Florida | isbn = 0-9638599-0-0 | page = [https://archive.org/details/isbn_9780963859907/page/92 92] }}

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|nòt= 
}}

'''Antoine Dupré''', ki fèt nan lane [[1782]] nan [[Kap Ayisyen]] ([[Ayiti]]) epi ki mouri [[13 janvye]] [[1816]], se yon powèt ak yon ekriven ayisyen. Yo te konsidere li tankou pyonye literati Ayisyen an , li te yon powèt dramatij&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.haitiinter.com/antoine-dupre-premier-poete-et-dramaturge-haitien/|title=Antoine Dupré, premier poète et dramaturge haïtien|last=Ferolus|first=Guy|date=2019-10-16|website=Haïti Inter|language=fr-FR|access-date=2023-10-29}}&lt;/ref&gt;. 
== Biyografi ==
Li fèt nan lane 1782. Nou pa konn dat nesans li men li mouri nan lane 1816.
Nou pa konn anpil bagay sou lavi li. Li pwobab ke menm jan ak lòt ekriven jenerasyon li (pyonye yo) ke li te etidye nan [[Frans]]. Nan lane 1810, yo wè li nan Mole Saint-Nicolas avèk [[Hérard Dumesle]], epi aprè sa a yo wè li nan Pòtoprens lè Cristophe tap kòmande vil la, Dupré te nan premye ranje, li tap ankouraje jèn yo avèk chan patriyotik.

Li te youn nan powèt yo te pibliye premye ak youn nan premye ekriven pyès teyat yo te fè aprè endepandans Ayiti.
Li selèb pou zèv istorik, kòm powèm ''Hymne à la Liberté'' ak ''Le Rêve d'un Haytien'', ak pyès teyat ''La Mort du Général Lamarre'' e ''La Jeune Fille''. 

Dupré mouri nan yon dyèl nan laj 34 ane.

== Zèv li yo ==
* 1812 : ''Un hymne à  la liberté''&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.haiti-reference.info/pages/notables/getperson.php?personID=I76&amp;tree=ecrivains|title=Chanlatte, Juste n. 1766 Port-au-Prince d. 1 oct 1828 Port-au-Prince: Notables d'Haiti : Haiti-Référence|access-date=2023-10-29|archive-date=2023-07-19|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230719172757/https://www.haiti-reference.info/pages/notables/getperson.php?personID=I76&amp;tree=ecrivains|dead-url=yes}}&lt;/ref&gt; (oubyen ''Dernier soupir de l'Haitien''), powèm
* ''La jeune fille'', pyès teyat
* ''Le miroir''
* ''La mort du général Lamarre'' (dram), pyès teyat
* ''Le rêve d'un Haytien'', powèm
* ''Vers pour être gravés au bas d'un buste de Pétion''

== Referans ==
{{referans}}
== Lyen deyò ==
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20190924233606/http://www.haiti-reference.com/notables/getperson.php?personID=I33&amp;tree=ecrivains Antoine Dupré] sou haiti-reference.com
* {{cite book | last = Schutt-Ainé | first = Patricia | title = Haiti: A Basic Reference Book | url = https://archive.org/details/isbn_9780963859907 | publisher = Librairie Au Service de la Culture | year = 1994 | location = Miami, Florida | pages = [https://archive.org/details/isbn_9780963859907/page/88 88]–89 | isbn = 0-9638599-0-0 }}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Dupré, Antoine}} 
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[[Kategori:Nesans nan lane 1782]]
[[Kategori:Lanmò 1816]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Justin Lhérisson</title>
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      <text bytes="3499" sha1="jfpe6lfucsmnldxehiq9f8zc03evzlm" xml:space="preserve">{{infobox ekriven
|non= Justin Lhérisson
|foto=
|tèks= Justin Lhérisson
|fonksyon=[[avoka]], [[jounalis]], [[ekriven]], [[lyodansè]]
|domèn=dwa, literati
|diplòm=
|etid=
|dat nesans= [[10 fevriye]] [[1873]]
|lye nesans= [[Pòtoprens (komin)|Pòtoprens]]
|peyi nesans= [[Ayiti]]
|dat lanmò= [[15 novanm]] [[1907]]
|lye lanmò= Pòtoprens
|peyi lanmò= [[Ayiti]]
|nasyonalite= Ayisyen
|zèv= 
|nòt= 
}}

'''Alexis Michel Justin Lhérisson''', rele '''Justin Lhérisson''' (an kreyòl ayisyen : '''Jisten Lerison'''), ki fèt [[10 fevriye]] [[1873]] nan [[Pòtoprens (komin)|Pòtoprens]] 
epi ki mouri [[15 novanm]] [[1907]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Rire haïtien&quot;&gt;{{fr}}'''+'''{{en}} {{cite book
|editor=Educa Vision
|isbn=9781584323594
|author=[[Georges Anglade]]
|title=Rire haïtien : les lodyans de Georges Anglade / Haitian laughter : a mosaic of ninety miniatures in French and English
|url=https://archive.org/details/rirehaitienleslo0000angl
|location=Coconut Creek, FL 
|year=2006}}, p. 10-11&lt;/ref&gt;, se yon [[avoka]], [[jounalis]], [[ekriven]], [[lodyansè]] [[ayisyen]].

Li te konsidere kòm premye moun ki te retranskri [[lodyans]] alekri.
== Biyografi ==
Justin Lhérisson vin yon jounalis nan laj 16 an ak bòs laprès nan travay dis (10) ane pita. Li kreye pwòp jounal li, ''[[Le Soir]]'' kote li te kòmanse pibliye premye [[lodyans]] li yo nan lane [[1899]], avèk konplisite [[Fernand Hibbert]].&lt;ref name=&quot;Rire haïtien&quot;/&gt; 
Konsa li te kontribiye anpil pou fè konnen estil literati sa ki soti nan kilti ayisyèn an ki ta vle sanble ak [[kont]]. Anvan li, lodyans lan te nan bouch sèlman. 

Men yo konnen li sitou pou moun ki te ekri pawòl im nasyonal la.
Nan lane [[1903]], li konpoze [[la Dessalinienne]] (Ladesalinyèn) sou okazyon an nan santyèm nan endepandans ayisyèn. Se powèm lan lè sa a adopte tankou [[im nasyonal]] la nan peyi Ayiti.

Pandan ke li te mouri byen bonè nan laj de 34 ane an [[1907]], jounal li a kontinye ap pibliye lodyans li yo jis nan lane [[1908]]. 

Ekriven an [[Georges Anglade]], ki teyorize lodyans yo nan ane 1990-2000 yo, konsidere li tankou mèt lodyans.&lt;ref name=&quot;Rire haïtien&quot;/&gt;

== Zèv li yo ==
=== Rekèy pwezi ===
* 1892 : ''Myrtha''
* 1893 : ''Les Chants de l’aurore''
* 1893 : ''Passe-Temps''

=== Woman ===
* 1905 : ''La Famille des Pitite-Caille (Les fortunes de chez nous)'', [[Pòtoprens (komin)|Pòtoprens]] : Héraux, 1905 ; redisyon Pari: Firmin-Didot, 1929 ; Pòtoprens : enprimri des Antilles, 1963 ; Pòtoprens : edisyon Presses Nationales d’Haïti, 2005.
* 1906 ː ''Zoune chez sa ninnaine et dans la vie'', Pòtoprens : A.A. Héraux, 1906 ; redisyon Pòtoprens : enprimri Dorsinville, 1953 ; Pòtoprens : Presses Nationales d’Haïti, 2005.&lt;ref&gt;{{fr}} {{cite web
|url=https://lenouvelliste.com/lenouvelliste/article/131548/Zoune-chez-sa-ninnaine-de-Justin-Lherisson.html
|title=« Zoune chez sa ninnaine » de Justin Lhérisson
|website=lenouvelliste.com
|date=30 me 2014
|access-date=24 desanm 2019
|archive-date=2019-12-23
|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191223231940/https://lenouvelliste.com/lenouvelliste/article/131548/Zoune-chez-sa-ninnaine-de-Justin-Lherisson.html
|dead-url=yes
}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Referans ==
{{referans}}
== Lyen deyò ==
* [http://ile-en-ile.org/lherisson/ Biyografi Justin Lhérisson] sou ile-en-ile.org

{{DEFAULTSORT:Lherisson, Justin}}
[[Kategori:Moun]]
[[Kategori:Literati]]
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[[Kategori:Ekriven ayisyen]]
[[Kategori:Nesans nan lane 1873]]
[[Kategori:lanmò 1907]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Roger Gaillard</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
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|non= Roger Gaillard 
|foto= Roger Gaillard.JPG
|tèks= Roger Gaillard
|dat nesans= [[10 avril]] [[1923]]
|lye nesans= [[Pòtoprens (komin)|Pòtoprens]]
|peyi nesans= [[Ayiti]]
|dat lanmò= [[25 me]] [[2000]]
|lye lanmò= 
|peyi lanmò= 
|nasyonalite= Ayisyen
|zèv= 
|nòt= 
}}

'''Roger Gaillard''', ki fèt [[10 avril]] [[1923]] nan [[Pòtoprens (komin)|Pòtoprens]] epi ki mouri [[25 me]] [[2000]], se yon ekriven, istoryen ayisyen.
== Biyografi ==
Li te etidye filozofi nan Inivèsite Pari. Li te yon istoryen espesyalize nan istwa Ayiti nan 19yèm syèk la ak peryòd okipasyon nan peyi li pa [[Etazini]] ant 1915 ak 1934.

Roger Gaillard te rektè Inivèsite Eta nan Ayiti.

Madanm li, Hedwig Gaillard, ki desandan Bilga, ki te direktè enstiti kiltirèl ayisyen-alman nan [[Pòtoprens (komin)|Pòtoprens]], te ede mari li ak rechèch istorik li. Li mouri nan mwa desanm 2008.

== Zèv li yo (seleksyon)==
* ''La Destinée de Carl Brouard''{{cite book | last = Schutt-Ainé | first = Patricia | title = Haiti: A Basic Reference Book | url = https://archive.org/details/isbn_9780963859907 | publisher = Librairie Au Service de la Culture | year = 1994 | location = Miami, Florida | isbn = 0-9638599-0-0 | page = [https://archive.org/details/isbn_9780963859907/page/103 103] }}
* ''Les Cent jours de Rosalvo Bobo ou Une mise à mort politique''
* ''Les Blancs débarquent''

Li ekri de (2) seri liv sou okipasyon amerikèn nan Ayiti. 

== Referans ==
{{referans}}
== Lyen deyò ==
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20100326223629/http://www.haiti-reference.com/histoire/notables/necrologie-2000.html Pèsonalite ayisyen]
* [http://www.tanbou.com/2001/RogerGaillard.htm Fondasyon Roger Gaillard]

{{DEFAULTSORT:Gaillard, Roger}}
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[[Kategori:Literati]] 
[[Kategori:Ekriven]]
[[Kategori:Ekriven ayisyen]]
[[Kategori:Istoryen]]
[[Kategori:Istoryen ayisyen]]
[[Kategori:Nesans nan lane 1923]]
[[Kategori:Lanmò 2000]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Lajan</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
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      <id>888105</id>
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      <text bytes="2038" sha1="fqjcd3jj7i5p7tj43m19gh0acd0m41k" xml:space="preserve">{{ebòch}}
[[File:Euro_coins_and_banknotes_(cropped).jpg|lien=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Euro_coins_and_banknotes_(cropped).jpg|vignette|Biye ak pyès monnen]]
'''Lajan''', [[Kòb]]. Moso metal (gade [[Monnen]]) oubyen moso [[papye]] (gade [[Biyè]]) pou [[achte]] ak [[vann]]. Anpil moun pran li pou pi gwo bagay nan [[mond]] lan.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|title=The Economics of Money, Banking, and Financial Markets|url=https://archive.org/details/economicsofmoney0000mish|last=Mishkin|first=Frederic S.|author-link=Frederic Mishkin|year=2007|publisher=Addison Wesley|location=Boston|isbn=978-0-321-42177-7|page=[https://archive.org/details/economicsofmoney0000mish/page/8 8]|edition=Alternate}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;[https://books.google.com/books?id=MDU-NTEJziMC&amp;pg=PA47 ''What Is Money?''] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221205182603/https://books.google.com/books?id=MDU-NTEJziMC&amp;pg=PA47|date=2022-12-05}} By John N. Smithin. Retrieved July-17-09.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.dictionaryofeconomics.com/article?id=pde2008_M000217&amp;edition=current&amp;q=money&amp;topicid=&amp;result_number=5|title=money : The New Palgrave Dictionary of Economics|website=The New Palgrave Dictionary of Economics|access-date=18 December 2010}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://nipoto.com/|title=nipoto|language=fa-IR|access-date=2024-06-29}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;mankiw&quot;&gt;{{cite book|title=Macroeconomics|last=Mankiw|first=N. Gregory|author-link=N. Gregory Mankiw|year=2007|edition=6th|pages=[https://archive.org/details/macroeconomics0000mank/page/22 22–32]|chapter=2|publisher=Worth Publishers|location=New York|isbn=978-0-7167-6213-3|chapter-url=https://archive.org/details/macroeconomics0000mank/page/22}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Tradiksyon ==
* [[Lòt kreyòl]]: kòb, papye, adoken, klou
* [[Franse]]: argent
* [[Angle]]: money
* [[Alman]]: das Geld
* [[Panyòl]]: dinero

== Istwa ==
Gade [[Ajan]]

== Referans ==
{{referans}}
{{definisyon
|fanmi= kòb, papye, adoken, klou
|objè=
|imaj=
|referans=
}}
== Lyen deyò ==

[[Kategori:Ekonomi]]
[[Kategori:lajan|*]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Pokè</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>14927</id>
    <revision>
      <id>888104</id>
      <parentid>868543</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-08-17T19:33:30Z</timestamp>
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      <text bytes="3548" sha1="5ar0ao1z428m92eb2c1wt05ofhi9mqw" xml:space="preserve">{{ebòch}}
[[File:US_Navy_090620-N-2798F-033_Sailors_assigned_to_the_aircraft_carrier_USS_Harry_S._Truman_(CVN_75)_and_Carrier_Air_Wing_(CVW)_3_compete_in_a_Texas_Hold_'Em_Poker_tournament_aboard_Harry_S._Truman.jpg|lien=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:US_Navy_090620-N-2798F-033_Sailors_assigned_to_the_aircraft_carrier_USS_Harry_S._Truman_(CVN_75)_and_Carrier_Air_Wing_(CVW)_3_compete_in_a_Texas_Hold_'Em_Poker_tournament_aboard_Harry_S._Truman.jpg|droite|vignette|300x300px|Yon jwèt Texas hold 'em nan pwogrè. &quot;Hold 'em&quot; se yon fòm pokè popilè.]]
'''Pokè''' se yon jwèt kat kote jwè yo mize lajan yon premye fwa pou kòmanse jwèt la.&lt;ref name=&quot;Parlett2008&quot;&gt;Parlett (2008), pp. 568–570.&lt;/ref&gt; Apre sa a, chak jwè ki panse yo gen kat pou genyen pati a mete plis kòb.  Jwè ki pa kapab mete plis kòb e ki konnen yo pa genyen gwo pwen nan men yo oblije kite jwèt la.  Konsa jwè ki gen anpil kòb avèk gwo pwen kapab kontinye mete plis kòb.  Kèk fwa tou moun ki gen plis kòb la konnen blofe lòt jwè a epi dekouraje li avèk lajan.  Jwè ki genyen an pa menm oblije montre kat ki te nan men li.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.casinocitytimes.com/tadas-peckaitis/article/top-10-moments-in-poker-history-67088|title=Top 10 moments in poker history|date=August 3, 2020|website=Casino City Times|access-date=2021-02-24}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;[[David Sklansky|Sklansky, David]]. ''The Theory of Poker''. Two Plus Two Pub, 1999.&lt;/ref&gt; 

== Tradiksyon == 
*[[Lòt kreyòl]]:
*[[Franse]]: poker
*[[Angle]]: poker
*[[Alman]]: Poker
*[[Panyòl]]: póker

== Istwa == 
Pandan ke orijin egzak pokè a se sijè a nan deba, anpil savan jwèt montre jwèt la franse Poque ak jwèt la Iranyen As-Nas kòm enspirasyon bonè posib.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;History of Poker&quot; in {{cite book|last=Roya|first=Will|date=2021|title=Card Night: Classic Games, Classic Decks, and the History Behind Them|url=https://archive.org/details/cardnightclassic0000will|publisher=Black Dog &amp; Leventhal Publishers|page=[https://archive.org/details/cardnightclassic0000will/page/203 203]|isbn=9780762473519}}&lt;/ref&gt; Pa egzanp, nan edisyon Foster's Complete Hoyle an 1937, R. F. Foster te ekri ke &quot;jwèt pokè a, jan yo te jwe premye nan peyi Etazini, senk kat pou chak jwè nan yon pake ven kat, se san dout jwèt Pèsik la nan As-. Nas.&quot; Sepandan, nan ane 1990 yo nosyon ke pokè se yon derive dirèk nan As-Nas te kòmanse defye pa istoryen jwèt ki gen ladan David Parlett. Ki sa ki sèten, sepandan, se ke pokè te popilarize nan Sid Ameriken an nan kòmansman 19yèm syèk la, kòm jwèt aza riverboats nan larivyè Lefrat Mississippi la ak alantou New Orleans pandan ane 1830 yo te ede gaye jwèt la.&lt;ref&gt;Richard D. Harroch, Lou Krieger. ''Poker for Dummies''. John Wiley &amp; Sons, 2010&lt;/ref&gt; Yon deskripsyon byen bonè nan pokè te jwe sou yon bato a vapè nan 1829 se anrejistre pa aktè angle a, Joe Cowell. Jwèt la te jwe ak ven kat klasman soti nan Ace (segondè) a Dis (ba).&lt;ref&gt;Cowell (1844), p. 94.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://gaming.unlv.edu/WSOP/history.html|title=World Series of Poker Retrospective: Horseshoe History|website=gaming.unlv.edu|access-date=2019-01-13}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;[[David Sklansky|Sklansky, David]]. ''The Theory of Poker''. Two Plus Two Pub, 1999.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|last=Gill|first=Victoria|date=2015-01-08|title=Computer program 'perfect at poker'|language=en-GB|work=BBC News|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/science-environment-30718558|access-date=2022-02-10}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Referans ==
{{referans}}
{{definisyon
|fanmi=non komen
|objè=
|imaj=
|referans=
}}</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Lucienne Heurtelou-Estime</title>
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|dat nesans= [[1921]]
|lye nesans= 
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|dat lanmò= [[19 me]] [[2006]]
|lye lanmò= [[Pòtoprens (komin)|Pòtoprens]]
|peyi lanmò= [[Ayiti]]
|nasyonalite= ayisyen
|zèv= 
|nòt= 
}}

'''Lucienne Heurtelou-Estimé''', ki fèt vè [[1921]] epi ki mouri [[19 me]] [[2006]] nan [[Pòtoprens (komin)|Pòtoprens]] (nan [[Ayiti]]), se yon diplomat ak fanm ekriven [[Ayiti|ayisyèn]].

Li te defansè dwa fanm yo ak premye Dam Ayiti soti 1946 rive 1950 kòm madanm prezidan ayisyen [[Dumarsais Estimé]].

== Biyografi ==
Li te prezidan donè Lig Fanm pou Aksyon Sosyal, yon òganizasyon feminis ayisyen enfliyan ki te kreye an 1934, pandan premye kongrè fanm ayisyen yo (14–19 avril 1950). Kongrè a te atire delege ki soti nan 44 òganizasyon fanm ayisyen ak 32 delege nan 17 òganizasyon fanm entènasyonal yo ak relye mouvman fanm ayisyen an pou egalite dwa.

Nan mwa oktòb 1948, li te inogire yon òfelina nan Truittier, touprè [[Kafou (komin)|Kafou]], ki pa t janm fini. Li se premye Premye Dam ayisyen ki ekri memwa li yo, yon liv kote li reflechi sou defèt prezidans mari li pa lènmi politik li yo.

Li te vin premye fanm anbasadè Ayiti nan [[Bèljik]] aprè lanmò mari li an 1953.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|author1=Patrick Bellegarde-Smith|title=Haiti: The Breached Citadel|url=https://archive.org/details/haitibreachedcit0000bell_v5q6|location=Ontario|editor=2nd|date=2004|isbn=1-55130-268-3}}&lt;/ref&gt;{{,}}&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=News &amp; Analysis This Month - Supplement |url=http://www.wehaitians.com/june%202006%205%20supplement%20news%20and%20analysis%20this%20month.html |website=wehaitians.com |accessdate=24 fevriye 2023}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Li te manman ansyen fonksyonè gouvènman ayisyen an [[Jean-Robert Estimé]].&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{fr}} {{cite web |title=L'insécurité fait encore des victimes |url=https://www.lenouvelliste.com/article/29711/linsecurite-fait-encore-des-victimes |website=lenouvelliste.com |accessdate=24 fevriye 2023 |archive-date=2023-02-24 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230224135503/https://www.lenouvelliste.com/article/29711/linsecurite-fait-encore-des-victimes |dead-url=yes }}&lt;/ref&gt;

Li te mouri 19 me 2006 a laj de 85 an, li te mouri ak bal nan vòlò nan magazen bijou fanmi Daccaret nan lari Dufort nan [[Pòtoprens (komin)|Pòtoprens]].&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;

== Zèv li yo ==
*Sa li fè

== Referans ==
{{referans}}
== Lyen deyò ==

{{DEFAULTSORT:Heurtelou-Estimé, Lucienne}}
[[Kategori:Moun]]
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[[Kategori:Literati]]
[[Kategori:Ekriven]]
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[[Kategori:Lanmò 2006]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Ralph Allen</title>
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'''Ralph Allen''', ki fèt sou [[14 jen]] [[1952]] nan [[Pòtoprens]], se yon [[atis]], yon [[pent]] [[ayisyen]].
Penti li yo te ekspoze nan inivèsite a [[Nouyòk]], Sosyete nasyonal Audubon, ak Akademi amerikèn nan &quot;design&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|last=Schutt-Ainé|first=Patricia|author2=Staff of Librairie Au Service de la Culture|title=Haiti: A Basic Reference Book|url=https://archive.org/details/isbn_9780963859907|publisher=Librairie Au Service de la Culture|year=1994|location=Miami, Florida|isbn=0-9638599-0-0|page=[https://archive.org/details/isbn_9780963859907/page/107 107]}}&lt;/ref&gt;
== Biyografi ==
*Dat enpòtan yo

== Zèv li yo ==
== Ekspozisyon ==
* 1978 : Premye One-Man ekspozisyon nan Galeri a Pan Ameriken, Ayiti. Kritik Roland Thadal la apèl li :''Pent moun pòv''.
* 1979 : One-man ekspozisyon nan Galeri Marassa, Ayiti, ekspozisyon nan Galeri Soley'o nan Matinik kote li rankontre atis lokal yo ak diskite avèk René Louise ki te kreye yon filozofi ayestetik pou atis [[Karayib]] la rele &quot;modèn maronimis&quot;. Pita li te ekspoze nan [[Gwadloup]] ak [[Giyàn franse]] kote li te rankontre ak atis lokal ak diskite la nan rejyon an.
* 1980 : One-man ekspozisyon nan &quot;Le Papyrus&quot;, Ayiti. Pierre Monosiet, Direktè Mize d'Ar ayisyen te ekri: &quot;ou gen anpil pou pote nan renouvèlman nan la ayisyen.&quot;
* 1981 : Li rankontre Lois Mailou Jones ak Paul Goodnight ak ki li jwenn kèk afinite, epi ki envite li nan ekspozisyon avèk li ak Jean-René Jerome nan Galeri Nyangoma nan Washington.
* 1985 : One-man ekspozisyon Mize d'Ar ayisyen.
* 1987 : Two-man ekspozisyon avèk Valcin II nan Mize d'Ar ayisyen kòm yon komemorasyon pou 7 fevriye a (konsidere nan Ayiti kòm Jou Libète). Li Lè sa a, dirije yon ekspozisyon nan Atizay ayisyen nan otèl Ivoire, nan [[Kòt divwa]] epi li pran pati nan yon ekspozisyon desen nan otèl Ivoire, nan [[Kòt divwa]] ak patisipe nan yon ekspozisyon desen nan &quot;Le Grand Palais&quot;, nan [[Pari]], [[Frans]].
* 1988 : Ekspozisyon avèk Ralph Chapoteau, Katia San Millan ak Obes Faustin nan Galeri Boinayel nan [[Sen Domeng]]. Li patisipe nan ekspozisyon gwoupe nan [[Matinik]] avèk Valcin II ak Etzer Charles, nan &quot;Contemporary Imprints&quot; nan Fort St Louis.
* 1991 : Arte Byenal nan Cuenca, Ekwatè ak &quot;Regard sur Haiti&quot; nan Dinard, Frans. Li fèt tou Mize ak Galeri nan Pari. Ekspozisyon nan &quot;Art Expo&quot; ak &quot;Musee d'Art Haitien&quot; kote li patisipate nan yon gwoup Mural anlè [[Martin Luther King]].
* 1993 : Solidarite avèk Raoul Denis Jr. nan Galeri Festival Arts. Ekspozisyon gwoupe avèk Galeri Nader nan [[Japon]], Galeri Monsieur Henry nan [[Miyami]] ak Carib Art nan [[Nouyòk]].
* 1997 : Ekspozisyon nan &quot;The Mupanah&quot; nan Ayiti.
* 1999 : Ekspozisyon la ayisyen nan sant Milagro nan West Palm Beach.
* 2000 : Ekspozisyon nan rezidans prive nan [[Miyami]] ak [[Nouyòk]] ak One-man ekspozisyon nan the Atrium nan Matinik ak Culturenet, Ayiti.
* 2021 : Ekspozisyon &quot;Rezilyans&quot; nan [[Ayiti]] nan &quot;Haïti Le printemps de l'art&quot;

== Referans ==
{{referans}}{{DEFAULTSORT:Allen, Ralph}} 
[[Kategori:Moun]]
[[Kategori:La]]
[[Kategori:Penti]]
[[Kategori:Atis ayisyen]]
[[Kategori:Pent ayisyen]]
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  <page>
    <title>Bourmond Byron</title>
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|non=Bourmond Byron
|foto=
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|fonksyon=[[pent]]
|domèn=La, penti 
|diplòm=
|etid=
|dat nesans= [[23 jen]] [[1920]]
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'''Bourmond Byron''', ki fèt [[23 jen]] [[1920]] epi ki mouri an [[2004]],&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|last=Demme|first=Jonathan|title=Island on fire: passionate visions of Haiti from the collection of Jonathan Demme|year=1997|publisher=Kaliko Press|page=93}}&lt;/ref&gt; se yon [[atis]], yon [[pent]] [[ayisyen]].
== Byografi ==
Byron sòti [[Jakmèl]] ak pentire [[peyizaj]] ak sèn nan lavi ayisyèn.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=Bourmond Byron (Haitian/Jacmel, 1920-2004)|url=https://www.liveauctioneers.com/item/25068616_bourmond-byron-haitianjacmel-1920-2004|publisher=liveauctioneers|accessdate=27 out 2015}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Zèv li yo ==
*Sa li fè
== Bibliyografi ==
* {{cite book | last = Schutt-Ainé | first = Patricia | title = Haiti: A Basic Reference Book | url = https://archive.org/details/isbn_9780963859907 | publisher = Librairie Au Service de la Culture |year = 1994| location = Miami, Florida | isbn = 978-0-9638599-0-7 | page = [https://archive.org/details/isbn_9780963859907/page/109 109]}}
== Referans ==
{{referans}}
== Lyen deyò ==
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20080303203650/http://www.webster.edu/~corbetre/haiti/art/artist-list.html Yon lis atis pent ayisyen ak byografi]

{{DEFAULTSORT:Byron, Bourmond}}
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  <page>
    <title>Philippe Dodard</title>
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'''Philippe Dodard''', ki fèt nan lane [[1954]] nan [[Pòtoprens (komin)|Pòtoprens]] ([[Ayiti]]), se yon [[atis]], yon [[pent]] [[Ayiti|ayisyen]].

== Biyografi ==
Dodard te travay kòm yon ilistratè piblisite. Travay li yo te ekspoze nan tout [[Ewòp]] ak [[Amerik]] yo.

Li te resevwa premye pri nan desen nan &quot;Petit Séminaire Collège Saint-Martial&quot; nan lane 1966.
Li te fonde lekòl la nan Bote avèk Bernard Séjourne, [[Jean-Claude Legagneur]] ak [[Jean-René Jérôme]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|author=Patricia Schutt-Ainé|title=Haiti: A Basic Reference Book|url=https://archive.org/details/isbn_9780963859907|page=p. 114|location=Miyami, Florid|editor=Librairie Au Service de la Culture|date=1994|isbn=0-9638599-0-0}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Zèv li yo ==
*Sa li fè

== Referans ==
{{referans}}

== Lyen deyò ==

{{DEFAULTSORT:Dodard, Philippe}}
[[Kategori:Moun]]
[[Kategori:atis ayisyen]]
[[Kategori:Penti]]
[[Kategori:Pent]]
[[Kategori:Pent ayisyen]]
[[Kategori:Nesans nan lane 1954]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Abner Dubic</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>18000</id>
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|non=Abner Dubic
|foto=
|tèks={{PAGENAME}} 
|dat nesans= 1948
|lye nesans=[[Leyogàn]] 
|peyi nesans=[[Ayiti]]
|dat lanmò= 
|lye lanmò= 
|peyi lanmò= 
|nasyonalite=Ayisyen 
|zèv=penti, la 
|nòt=Kèk nòt anlè {{PAGENAME}} 
}}

'''Abner Dubic''' se yon [[pent]] [[ayisyen]] ki fèt [[Leyogàn (komin)|Leyogàn]] (1er Novanm 1948).  

== Byografi ==
*Lè li te piti Dubic te vin rete [[Pòtoprens (komin)|Pòtoprens]] ak fammi li, e li apran pen pou kont li. 
*Premye travay li yo te enspire pa Gabriel Levêque ki te soti [[Kwadèboukè (komin)|Kwadèbouke]]. Apre sa, Dubic vin devlope pwòp estil pa li, kote li te pito pèn sèn lavi riral nan pwovins.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{cite book|title=La Peinture Haïtienne - Haitian Arts|author1=Nadal-Gardère, Marie-José|author2=Bloncourt, Gérald|page=175|edition=|publisher=Éditions Nathan|year=1986|isbn=9782091615011|language=fr, en}}&lt;/ref&gt; 
*Sou parennaj [[André Malraux]] ak [[Jean-Marie Drot]], travay li te ekspoze nan [[Pari]] ak [[Auxerre]] an 1975.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt; 
*Travay li yo expose nan plizyè lòt peyi [[Ozetazini]] ak en [[Ewòp]], e tablo li yo vann nan galri nan vil tankou [[Nouyòk]], [[Miyami]], [[Chikago]], ak [[Pari]].&lt;ref name=&quot;UOH&quot;&gt;{{cite book|title=Haiti: A Basic Reference Book: General Information on Haiti|url=https://archive.org/details/isbn_9780963859907|author1=Schutt-Ainé, Patricia|author2=Staff of Librairie Au Service de la Culture|page=[https://archive.org/details/isbn_9780963859907/page/111 111]|edition=|publisher=Librairie Au Service de la Culture|year=1994|isbn=978-0963859907}}&lt;/ref&gt; 

== Zèv li yo ==
*Sa li fè

== Referans ==
[[Kategori:Ayisyen]]
[[Kategori:Atis ayisyen]]
[[Kategori:Pent ayisyen]]
[[Kategori:La]]
[[Kategori:Penti]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Gérard Fortuné</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
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|non=Gérard Fortuné
|foto=
|tèks=Gérard Fortuné
|dat nesans= [[1935]]
|lye nesans= [[Seksyon kominal Montay Nwa|Montay Nwa]], [[Petyonvil (komin)|Petyonvil]]
|peyi nesans=[[Ayiti]]
|dat lanmò= [[8 desanm]] [[2019]]
|lye lanmò= [[Seksyon kominal Montay Nwa|Montay Nwa]], [[Petyonvil (komin)|Petyonvil]]
|peyi lanmò= [[Ayiti]]
|nasyonalite=ayisyen 
|zèv=penti
|nòt=
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'''Gérard Fortuné''', ki fèt nan lane [[1935]] nan [[Seksyon kominal Montay Nwa|Montay Nwa]] nan komin [[Petyonvil (komin)|Petyonvil]] ([[Ayiti]]) epi ki mouri [[8 desanm]] [[2019]] nan menm vil, se yon [[pent]] [[Ayiti|ayisyen]] [[vodou]].&lt;ref name=&quot;Fokal&quot;&gt;{{cite web |title=Décès du peintre de talent : Gérard Fortuné |url=https://www.fokal.org/index.php/nouvel-fokal/31-nos-programmes/1422-deces-d-un-peintre-de-talent-gerard |date=12 desanm 2019 |website=Fokal.org |accessdate=11 septanm 2022 |archive-date=2022-09-23 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220923214233/https://www.fokal.org/index.php/nouvel-fokal/31-nos-programmes/1422-deces-d-un-peintre-de-talent-gerard |dead-url=yes }}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Biyografi ==
Gérard Fortuné te fèt an 1924, 1925 oswa 19332 nan Montay Nwa, yon katye Petyonvil toupre [[Pòtoprens (komin)|Pòtoprens]].

Li pentire sou materyèl resikle, otodidak&lt;ref name=&quot;Nouv&quot;&gt;{{fr}} {{cite web|title=Une exposition en hommage à Gérard Fortuné au Centre d'art |url= https://lenouvelliste.com/article/212588/une-exposition-en-hommage-a-gerard-fortune-au-centre-dart|date=20 fevriye 2020|website=lenouvelliste.com |publisher=Le Nouvelliste |accessdate=11 septanm 2022}}&lt;/ref&gt; answit sou enspirasyon [[André Pierre]] ak [[Hector Hyppolite]].&lt;ref name=&quot;Centredart&quot;&gt;{{fr}} {{cite web|title=Fortuné Gérard |url=https://www.lecentredart.org/nos-collections/artistes/fortune-gerard/ |date=|website=lecentredart.org |publisher= Le Centre d'art, Haïti|accessdate=11 septanm 2022}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Yo ka klase penti li yo dapre twa (3) kategori oswa tèm : sèn lavi toujou ak sèn jan, sèn relijye vodou oswa kretyen, ak pòtrè figi politik.&lt;ref name=&quot;Nouv&quot;/&gt;{{,}}&lt;ref name=&quot;Fokal&quot;/&gt;

== Zèv li yo ==
=== Ekspozisyon ===
* 2007 : &quot;Peintures haïtiennes d’inspiration vaudou&quot;, Musée d'Aquitaine de Bordeaux, Musée d’archéologie, d’histoire et d’ethnographie, du 10 mai au 30 novembre 2007&lt;ref&gt;{{fr}} {{cite news|author1=Nelly Mok |title=« Peintures haïtiennes d’inspiration vaudou » |publisher=Transatlantica |volume=2 |numéro= |date=2007 |pages= |issn= |e-issn= |url= https://journals.openedition.org/transatlantica/1682|accessdate=11 septanm 2022 |id=https://doi.org/10.4000/transatlantica.1682}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* 2014 : &quot;Ekspozisyon solo&quot;, Galri Monnin, Laboule, Haïti.
* 2020 : &quot;Omaj Gérard Fortuné&quot;, an patenarya avèk Galri Monnin, Fondation Culture Création, Galerie El-Saieh, Galerie Flamboyant, Le Centre d’Art, Pòtoprens, Ayiti.

== Bibliyografi ==
* {{en}} {{cite book
| author1=Selden Rodman
| title=Where Art is Joy.Haitian Art - The First Forty Years
| url=https://archive.org/details/whereartisjoyhai00rodm
| location=New York, USA
| editor=Ruggles de Latour
| date=18 novanm 1986
| pages=
| isbn=0-938291-01-7
}}
* {{fr}} {{cite book
| author1=
| title=Peintures haïtiennes d'inspiration vaudou
| url=https://archive.org/details/peintureshaitien0000unse
| location=Bordeaux
| editor=Le Festin
| year=2007
| pages=
| isbn=9782915262575
}}
* {{fr}} {{cite book
| author1=Gael Monnin
| author2=Pascale Monnin
| title=Gérard Fortuné
| location=Pétion-ville
| editor=Collection Monnin
| year=2014
| pages=
| isbn=
}}.

== Fimografi ==
* [[Arnold Antonin]], ''Gérard Fortuné – le dernier des naïfs'', 2015&lt;ref&gt;{{fr}} {{cite web|title=Gérard Fortuné – le dernier des naïfs |url=https://haitifutur.com/produit/gerard-fortune-le-dernier-des-naifs/ |date= |website=haitifutur.com HaïtiFutur|accessdate=11 septanm 2022}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Referans ==
{{referans}}
== Lyen deyò ==
* [https://haitianartsociety.org/fortune-gerard-haitian-1924-2019 Gérard Fortuné] sou haitianartsociety.org

{{DEFAULTSORT:Fortuné, Gérard}}
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    <title>Raymond Joseph</title>
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|zèv=penti, la 
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}}

'''Raymond Alcide Joseph''', ki fèt [[31 out]] [[1931]] nan San Pedro de Macorís ([[Repiblik dominikèn]]), se yon [[diplomat]], jounalis, [[politisyen]] ak otè [[Ayiti|ayisyen]].
== Biyografi ==
Li te anbasadè ayisyen nan [[Etazini]] ant 2005 ak 2010. Li demisyone pou yo konsidere li pou kandidati in the [[Eleksyon jeneral nan Ayiti an 2010–2011]].

Li se fondatè pi gwo jounal ayisyen an ''[[Haïti Observateur]]'', baze nan [[Bwouklin]], [[Nou Yòk]], ki distribye non sèlman pou dyaspora ayisyen an men ann Ayiti tou. 

Li te tristman kouri yon operasyon enfòmatè nan sous ki antoure nan ak soti nan palè prezidansyèl la ann Ayiti pandan peryòd [[Dinasti Duvalier]], ki koule enfòmasyon pou li rapòte, tout pandan li ap evite yon tantativ sou lavi li.

=== Anfans ak jenès ===
Joseph fèt 31 out 1931 nan [[San Pedro de Macorís]],&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web | url= http://enlacecongreso.mirex.gov.do/ecc/Lists/Artculos/Attachments/17/Rebuilding%20Haiti.pdf | title= Rebuilding Haiti | author= Wojewodzki, Stan H. | accessdate= 30 desanm 2014 | archive-date= 2016-03-04 | archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20160304033250/http://enlacecongreso.mirex.gov.do/ecc/Lists/Artculos/Attachments/17/Rebuilding%20Haiti.pdf | dead-url= yes }}&lt;/ref&gt; ([[Repiblik Dominikèn]] ak te viv nan yon [[batey]] (yon vil travayè sik),&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |people=Joseph Raymond|year=2014 |title=The Sugar Babies |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=DBKEt_LFm78 |accessdate=30 December 2014 |location=USA |publisher=Human Rights Foundation (HRF)}}&lt;/ref&gt;. Fanmi li te orijinè [[Okay]], ([[Ayiti]]). Li se tou yon dezyèm kouzen chantè a ak rapè [[Wyclef Jean]] bò kote manman li.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book| last= Joseph| first= Raymond A. |year= 2014| title= For Whom the Dogs Spy: Haiti: From the Duvalier Dictatorships to the Earthquake, Four Presidents, and Beyond| url= https://archive.org/details/forwhomdogsspyha0000jose| place= New York| publisher= Arcade Publishing| isbn= }}&lt;/ref&gt;

Raymond Joseph te pase premye ane li yo antoure pa misyonè kretyen. Nan nesans, Jozèf te refize sitwayènte dominikèn apre plizyè tantativ. Aprè jenosid plis pase 10.000 Ayisyen nan fwontyè a akòz [[Masak ayisyen an nan 1937|Masak Pèsi]] diktatè [[Rafael Trujillo]] enpoze a, papa li te deplase li menm ak frè li tounen an Ayiti, kote yo te akeri sitwayènte ayisyen an.&lt;ref&gt;{{en}} {{cite web | url = http://sites.duke.edu/sugardocumentaries/citizenship/ | title = Visions of Haiti: Documentaries of the Dominicans Sugar Industry | publisher = Duke University | accessdate = 30 desanm 2014 | archive-date = 2018-10-24 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20181024192031/https://sites.duke.edu/sugardocumentaries/citizenship/ | dead-url = yes }}&lt;/ref&gt; Nan laj 10 ane, anplis de sa nan panyòl, li te pale natif natal li [[kreyòl ayisyen]], [[lang franse|franse]], ak [[lang angle|angle]].

Nan lane 1954, li te sèvi kòm volontè kòm entèprèt pou yon predikatè Batis, ki te ede Jozèf vini Ozetazini. Jozèf enskri nan [[Moody Bible Institute]] nan [[Chikago]], [[Ilinowa]], an 1954. Jozèf te rete nan Chikago epi pita li te resevwa yon diplòm BA nan Antwopoloji soti nan ki toupre [[Wheaton College (Illinois)|Wheaton College]].

Pandan tan li te nan Chikago, Jozèf te vin pale ebre ak grèk. Yon devwe [[Kristyanis|kretyen]], apre gradyasyon li retounen an Ayiti e li kreye premyè tradiksyon an [[Nouvo Testaman]] ak Sòm nan [[kreyòl ayisyen]].

An 1957, diktatè a [[François Duvalier]] te eli Prezidan an Ayiti, epi Jozèf te vin de mwens zan mwens alèz avèk gouvènman an. Joseph te retounen Ozetazini an 1961 e li te enskri nan [[Inivèsite Chikago]] kote li te resevwa yon diplòm (MA) nan [[Antwopoloji Sosyal]] an 1964.
=== Karyè ===
Jozèf te ale [[Nouyòk]] epi li te vin yon lidè nan mouvman opozisyon kont rejim Duvalier a. Ansanm ak frè li, Jozèf te fonde jounal ''[[Haïti Observateur]]'' an 1971 ki te vin enfliyan e lajman sikile nan dyaspora ayisyen an. Jozèf answit te travay kòm yon repòtè nan ''[[Wall Street Journal]]'' ak yon kronikè nan jounal ''[[New York Sun]]''.&lt;ref name=Tablet012010&gt;{{cite news |first= Seth |last=Lipsky |url=http://www.tabletmag.com/news-and-politics/23944/a-haitian-tale/ |title=A Haitian Tale |work=Tablet Magazine|date= 20 janvye 2010 |accessdate=2 fevriye 2011}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Jozèf te vire atansyon li sou rejim Duvalier ki gen otorite k ap kontinye an Ayiti e li te konstwi yon rezo enfòmatè andedan palè prezidansyèl [[Pòtoprens (komin)|Pòtoprens]] lan. Lè sa a, li ta emèt intel li yo soti nan Brooklyn ak nan onn kout an Ayiti ki te vin li te ye ''Radio Vonvon '', nan ki asosye anti-kominis soti nan [[Kalifòni]] ak [[Ronald Reagan]] te jwe yon wòl nan fòmasyon li.

Nan yon tantativ pou dekouvri fwit yo andedan palè a, François Duvalier te asasinen 19 manm gad li yo epi li te voye yon asasen nan Nouyòk pou jete Joseph. Sepandan pandan yon vòl nan Nouyòk, youn nan sous Jozèf yo te sou avyon an menm ak jere yo pwent li la. Atann arive asasen an, li te fè yon apèl telefòn nan moun ki ta dwe asasine li , pwopoze yon reyinyon ak te fini gen kafe ansanm, sa ki evite asasina.&lt;ref name=&quot;Post070115&quot;&gt;{{en}} {{cite news|url= https://nypost.com/2015/01/07/lessons-in-liberty-from-a-great-haitian-journalist/amp/ |title=Lessons in liberty from a great Haitian journalist |last= Lipsky| first= Seth |date=7 janvye 2015 |work= New York Post|accessdate=19 jiyè 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Lè rejim [[Jean-Claude Duvalier|pitit gason an]] François Duvalier a finalman tonbe an 1986. An 1990, Joseph te nonmen [[chaje zafè]] nan Gouvènman ayisyen an nan [[Wachintòn]] ak reprezantan Gouvènman ayisyen an nan [[Òganizasyon Eta Ameriken]].&lt;ref&gt;{{en}} {{cite web |url=http://www.washdiplomat.com/October-05/a5_10_05.html |last=Luxner|first=Larry|title=Haiti Sees Glimmer of Hope Amid Despair |website= The Washington Diplomat |date=5 oktòb 2005 |accessdate=13 janvye 2010|archiveurl= https://web.archive.org/web/20100119043630/http://www.washdiplomat.com/October-05/a5_10_05.html |archivedate=19 janvye 2010}}&lt;/ref&gt; Nan wòl sa a, Jozèf te òganize obsèvatè eleksyon nan kominote entènasyonal la pou patisipe nan [[Eleksyon jeneral nan Ayiti an 1990–1991]].

An 1991 Joseph li retounen nan jounal ''Haïti Observateur'' kote li te rete jouk 2004, lè li te nonmen ankò Chaje zafè nan Wachintòn.
An 2005 prezidan [[Boniface Alexandre]] chwazi Joseph tankou Anbasadè Ayiti Ozetazini. Nan konsekans lan nan [[Tranblemanntè 12 janvye 2010 nan peyi Ayiti]], Joseph te jwe yon wòl aktif nan mobilize repons kominote entènasyonal la ann Ayiti.&lt;ref name= CSMonitor072710&gt;{{cite news |first=Stephen |last=Kurczy |url= http://www.csmonitor.com/World/Americas/2010/0727/Wyclef-Jean-s-uncle-to-run-for-president-of-Haiti |title=Wyclef Jean's uncle to run for president of Haiti |work= Christian Science Monitor |date=27 jiyè 2010|accessdate=3 fevriye 2011}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Kandidati prezidansyèl ===
Sou 27 jiyè 2010, Jozèf konfime entansyon li pou li kandida pou Prezidan Ayiti nan eleksyon 28 novanm 2010 la. Li te demisyone anbasadè a nan dat 1e out 2010 epi li te deplase nan [[Pòtoprens (komin|Pòtoprens]]. Konsèy Elektoral Pwovizwa Ayiti a te ranvwaye Jozèf nan kous prezidansyèl ayisyen an.&lt;ref name=CSMonitor&gt;  {{en}}  {{cite news
  |first=Raymond
  |last=Joseph
  |url=http://www.csmonitor.com/Commentary/Opinion/2010/0909/Haiti-presidential-election-justice-on-the-line
  |title=Haiti presidential election: justice on the line
  |work=[[Christian Science Monitor]]
  |date=9 septanm 2009
  |accessdate=2 fevriye 2011
}}&lt;/ref&gt;{{,}}&lt;ref name=Time082110&gt;{{en}} {{cite news
  |first=Tim
  |last=Padgett
  |url=http://www.time.com/time/world/article/0,8599,2012369,00.html
  |title=Wyclef Dumped From Haiti's Presidential Ballot
  |work=[[Time (magazine)|Time]]
  |date=21 out 2010
  |accessdate=2 fevriye 2011
  |archive-date=2012-02-16
  |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120216122318/http://www.time.com/time/world/article/0,8599,2012369,00.html
  |dead-url=yes
  }}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Zèv li yo ==
* ''[[For Whom the Dogs Spy]]'', liv ki detaye rejim Duvalier a jiska tranbleman tè Ayiti an 2010 la.

== Referans ==
{{referans}}
== Lyen deyò ==

{{DEFAULTSORT:Joseph, Raymond Alcide}}
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  <page>
    <title>Jean-Claude Legagneur</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
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'''Jean-Claude Legagneur''', ki fèt nan lane [[1947]] ([[Ayiti]]), se yon [[atis]], yon [[pent]] [[Ayiti|ayisyen]].

== Biyografi ==
Li te fonde lekòl la nan Bote avèk Bernard Séjourne, [[Philippe Dodard]] ak [[Jean-René Jérôme]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|author=Patricia Schutt-Ainé|title=Haiti: A Basic Reference Book|url=https://archive.org/details/isbn_9780963859907|page=p. 114|location=Miyami, Florid|editor=Librairie Au Service de la Culture|date=1994|isbn=0-9638599-0-0}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Zèv li yo ==
*Sa li fè

== Referans ==
{{referans}}
== Lyen deyò ==


{{DEFAULTSORT:Legagneur, Jean-Claude}}
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  <page>
    <title>Garrett Birkhoff</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
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|fonksyon=matematisyen
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|etid=
|dat nesans= [[19 janvye]] [[1911]]
|lye nesans= [[Princeton, New Jersey|Princeton]], [[New Jersey]]
|peyi nesans=[[Etazini]]
|dat lanmò= [[22 novanm]] [[1996]]
|lye lanmò= Water Mill, Nouyòk, [[Nou Yòk]]
|peyi lanmò= [[Etazini]]
|nasyonalite=ameriken 
|zèv= 
|nòt=
}}

'''Garrett Birkhoff''', ki fèt [[19 janvye]] [[1911]] nan [[Princeton, New Jersey|Princeton]] nan [[New Jersey]] ([[Etazini]]) epi ki mouri [[22 novanm]] [[1996]] nan Water Mill, Nouyòk nan leta [[Nou Yòk]] (Etazini), se yon [[matematisyen]] [[Etazini|ameriken]].
== Biyografi ==
* Dat enpòtan yo

== Zèv li yo (seleksyon) ==
* 1967 (1940), ''Lattice Theory, {{unité|3|rd}} ed'', [[Société mathématique américaine|American Mathematical Society]].
* 1997 (1941) {{cite book
|author1=Garrett Birkhoff|author2=Saunders Mac Lane
|title=A survey of modern algebra
|url=https://archive.org/details/surveyofmodernal0000birk|location=Wellesley, Mass
|editor=A.K. Peters
|year=1997|pages=[https://archive.org/details/surveyofmodernal0000birk/page/500 500]|isbn=978-1-5688-1068-3}}.
* 1978 (1950), ''Hydrodynamics: A study in logic, fact, and similitude'', Greenwood Press.
* 1957 (avèk E. H. Zarantonello), ''Jets, Wakes, and Cavities'', Academic Press.
* 1989 (1962) (avèk [[Gian-Carlo Rota]]), ''Ordinary Differential Equations'', John Wiley.
* 1999 (1967) (avèk Saunders Mac Lane), ''Algebra'', Chelsea {{ISBN|0-8218-1646-2}}.
* 1970 (avèk Thomas Bartee), ''Modern Applied Algebra'', McGraw-Hill.
* 1973, ''Source Book in Classical Analysis'', Harvard Uni. Press.

== Referans ==
{{referans}}
== Lyen deyò ==

{{Souliye-Matematisyen}} 

{{DEFAULTSORT:Birkhoff, Garrett}}
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[[Kategori:Matematik]]
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[[Kategori:Lanmò 1996]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Charles Émile Picard</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
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'''Charles Émile Picard''' (1856-1941) se yon [[matematisyen]] [[franse]].

{{moun
|non=Charles Émile Picard 
|foto= Emile Picard 1926 Meurisse det.jpg
|tèks= 
|fonksyon=matematisyen
|dat nesans= 24 jiye 1856
|lye nesans= [[Pari]]
|peyi nesans=[[Frans]]
|dat lanmò= 11 desanm 1941
|lye lanmò= Pari
|peyi lanmò= Frans
|nasyonalite=franse
|zèv= 
|nòt=
}}

== Byografi ==
*Dat enpòtan yo

== Zèv li yo ==
* {{cite book | author=Picard, Émile | title=Traité d'Analyse | url=https://archive.org/details/traitdanalyse21laurgoog | location=Paris | publisher=Gauthier-Villars et fils | year=1891–1896| oclc=530823}}&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal|author=Craig, T.|title=Picard's ''Traité d'Analyse''|journal=Bull. Amer. Math. Soc.|year=1893|volume=3|issue=2|pages=39–65|url=http://www.ams.org/journals/bull/1893-03-02/S0002-9904-1893-00166-3/|doi=10.1090/s0002-9904-1893-00166-3|access-date=2016-11-13|archive-date=2020-12-04|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201204081845/https://www.ams.org/journals/bull/1893-03-02/S0002-9904-1893-00166-3/|dead-url=yes}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* {{cite book | author=Picard, Émile | title=La science Moderne et son état Actuel | location=Paris | publisher=E. Flammarion | year=1905 | oclc=43307396}}
* {{cite book | author=Picard, Émile | title=La Théorie de la Relativité et ses Applications à l'astronomie | location=Paris | publisher=Gauthier-Villars | year=1922 | oclc=1025334}}
* {{cite book | author=Picard, Émile | title=Discours et Mélanges | location=Paris | publisher=Gauthier-Villars | year=1922 | oclc=4855336}}
* {{cite book | author=Picard, Émile | title=Éloges et Discours Académiques | location=Paris | publisher=s.n. | year=1931 | oclc=13473598}}
* {{cite book | author=Picard, Émile | title=Œuvres de Ch.-É. Picard | location=Paris  | publisher=Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique | volume=vol. I–IV | year=1978–1981 | oclc=4615520}}

== Referans ==
*Referans pou konnen plis anlè moun sa a

{{Souliye-Matematisyen}}

[[Kategori:Matematisyen]]
[[Kategori:Matematisyen franse]]
[[Kategori:Nesans nan lane 1856]]
{{DEFAULTSORT:Picard, Charles Emile}}</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Sergei Godunov</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>21342</id>
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|non=Sergei Godunov 
|foto=Godunov sergei.jpg
|tèks=Sergei Godunov 
|fonksyon=matematisyen
|dat nesans= [[17 jiyè]] [[1929]]
|lye nesans= [[Moskou]]
|peyi nesans=[[Risi]]
|dat lanmò= [[15 jiyè]] [[2023]]
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'''Sergueï Konstantinovitch Godounov''', rele '''Sergei Godunov''', ki fèt [[17 jiyè]] [[1929]] nan [[Moskou]] ([[Risi]]), se yon [[matematisyen]] [[Risi|ris]].

== Biyografi ==
*Dat enpòtan yo

== Zèv li yo ==
* {{ru}} {{Cite book|author1=Sergei K. Godunov|author2= V. S. Ryaben'kii|title=Introduction to the Theory of Difference Schemes|editor=Fizmatgiz|year=1962}}
* {{ru}} {{Cite book|author=Sergei K. Godunov|title=Difference Methods for Solving Equations of Gas Dynamics|editor=Publishing office of the Novosibirsk State University|year=1962}}
* {{ru}} {{Cite book|author1=Sergei K. Godunov|author2=G. B. Alalykin|author3=I. L. Kireeva|author4=L. A. Pliner|title=Solving One-Dimensional Problems of Gas Dynamics in Moving Grids|editor=[[Nauka (editor)|Nauka]]|year=1970}}
* {{ru}} {{Cite book|author=Sergei K. Godunov|title=Equations of Mathematical Physics|editor=[[Nauka (editor)|Nauka]]|year=1971}}
* {{ru}} {{Cite book|author1=Sergei K. Godunov|author2=V. S. Ryaben'kii|title=Difference Schemes|editor=[[Nauka (editor)|Nauka]]|year=1973}}
* {{ru}} {{Cite book|author1=Sergei K. Godunov|author2=A. V. Zabrodin|author3=M. Ya. Ivanov|author4=A. N. Kraiko|author5=G. P. Prokopov|title=Numerical Solving Many-Dimensional Problems of Gas Dynamics|editor=[[Nauka (editor)|Nauka]]|year=1976}}
* {{ru}} {{Cite book|author=Sergei K. Godunov|title=Elements of Continuum Mechanics|editor=[[Nauka (editor)|Nauka]]|year=1978}}
* {{ru}} {{Cite book|author1=Sergei K. Godunov|author2=A. G. Antonov|author3=O. P. Kirilyuk|author4=V. I. Koskin|title=Ordinary Differential Equations with Constant Coefficients|editor=[[Nauka (editor)|Nauka]]|year=1988}}
* {{ru}} {{Cite book|author=Sergei K. Godunov|title=Difference Schemes|editor=Publishing office of the Novosibirsk State University|year=1994}}
* {{ru}} {{Cite book|author=Sergei K. Godunov|title=Modern Aspects of Linear Algebra|editor=Nauchnaya Kniga|year=1997}}
* {{ru}} {{Cite book|author1=Sergei K. Godunov|author2=T. Yu. Mikhailova|title=Representation of Rotation Group and Spherical Functions|editor=Nauchnaya Kniga|year=1998}}
* {{ru}} {{Cite book|author1=Sergei K. Godunov|author2=E. I. Romenskii|title=Elements of Continuum Mechanics and Conservation Laws|editor=Nauchnaya Kniga|year=1998}}
* {{en}} {{Cite book|author1=Sergei K. Godunov|author2=Evgenii I. Romenskii|title=Elements of Continuum Mechanics and Conservation Laws|url=https://archive.org/details/elementsofcontin0000godu|editor=[[Springer Science+Business Media|Springer]]|year=2003|ISBN=0-306-47735-1}}

== Referans ==
{{referans}}
== Lyen deyò ==

{{DEFAULTSORT:Godunov, Sergei}}
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  <page>
    <title>Tsung-Dao Lee</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
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      <text bytes="2626" sha1="f893a4ridzben9vain7jawcxslxz4p6" xml:space="preserve">{{moun
|non=Tsung-Dao Lee 
|foto=TD Lee.jpg
|tèks= Tsung-Dao Lee
|fonksyon=fizisyen
|domèn=fizik
|diplòm=
|etid=
|dat nesans= [[24 novanm]] [[1926]]
|lye nesans= 
|peyi nesans=
|dat lanmò= 
|lye lanmò= 
|peyi lanmò= 
|nasyonalite= ameriken-chinwa
|zèv= 
|nòt=
}}

'''Tsung-Dao Lee''', ki fèt [[24 novanm]] [[1926]] nan [[Shanghai]], se yon [[fizisyen]] [[Etazini|ameriken]]-[[Chin|chinwa]]
nan peyi [[Etazini]].

== Biyografi ==
* Dat enpòtan yo

== Zèv li yo ==
* {{en}} {{cite book|first=T.D.|last=Lee|title=Particle Physics and Introduction to Field Theory -  Revised and Updated First Edition|location=Newark|editor=Harwood Academic Publishers|year=1981|pages=886|isbn=978-3-7186-0032-8|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=qOBF9WJ099oC&amp;printsec=frontcover}}
* {{en}} {{cite book|first1=T.D.|last1=Lee|author2=Feinberg, G.|title=Selected Papers, Vols 13|location=Boston Stuttgart|editor=Birkhauser|year=1986|pages=3|isbn=978-0-8176-3344-8|lccn=86006169}}
* {{en}} {{cite book|first=T.D.|last=Lee|title=Ed. R. Novick : Thirty Year's Since Parity Nonconservation|url=https://archive.org/details/thirtyyearssince0000unse|location=BostonStuttgart|editor=Birkhauser|year=1988|isbn=978-0-8176-3375-2|lccn=87025009}}
* {{en}} {{cite book|first=T.D.|last=Lee|title=Symmetries, Asymmetries, and the World of Particles|location=Seattle|editor=University of Washington Press|year=1988|pages=66|isbn=978-0-295-96519-2|lccn=87023217|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=F3Vku1_3EgkC&amp;printsec=frontcover}}
* {{en}} {{cite book|first=T.D.|last=Lee|author2=Ren, H. C.; Pang, Y.|title=Selected Papers, 1985-1996|location=Amsterdam|editor=Gordon and Breach|year=1998|pages=880|isbn=978-90-5699-609-3|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=X475CBFZibAC&amp;printsec=frontcover}}
* {{zh}} {{cite book|first=T.D.|last=Lee|title=Science and Art|location=Shanghai|editor=Shanghai Scientific and Technical Publisher|year=2000|isbn=978-7-5323-5609-6|lccn=2003392345}}
* {{zh}} {{cite book|first=T.D.|last=Lee|title=The Challenge from Physics|location=Pékin|editor=China Economics Publisher|year=2002|pages =57|isbn=978-7-5017-5622-3|oclc=298626050}}
* {{zh}} {{cite book|first=T.D.|last=Lee|author2=Cheng, Ji; Huaizu, Liu; Li, Teng|title=Response to the Dispute of Discovery of Parity Violation|location=Lanzhou, Hong Kong|editor=Gansu Science and Technology Publishing House|year=2004|pages =271|isbn=978-7-5424-0929-4|oclc=302126487}}

== Referans ==
{{referans}}
== Lyen deyò ==

{{DEFAULTSORT:Lee, Tsung-Dao}}
[[Kategori:Moun]]
[[Kategori:Fizik]]
[[Kategori:Fizisyen]]
[[Kategori:Fizisyen ameriken]]
[[Kategori:Nesans nan lane 1926]]</text>
      <sha1>f893a4ridzben9vain7jawcxslxz4p6</sha1>
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  <page>
    <title>Bushman</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>28956</id>
    <revision>
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      <comment>Add 1 book for [[Wikipedya:Verifyabilite]] (20260817)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]]</comment>
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|non=Bushman
|foto=
|tèks= Bushman
|dat nesans= 
|lye nesans= 
|peyi nesans=
|dat lanmò= 
|lye lanmò= 
|peyi lanmò= 
|nasyonalite= 
|zèv= 
|nòt= 
|gwoup=
|mizik=
|enstriman=
}}

'''Dwight Duncan''', rele '''Bushman''' ([[1973]]-) se yon chantè, mizisyen rege, raga [[Jamayik|jamayiken]].
== Biyografi ==
*Dat enpòtan yo

== Zèv li yo ==
=== Albòm ===
* [[1997]] : ''Nyah Man Chant'' ([[VP Records]])
* [[1999]] : ''Total Commitment'' ([[Greensleeves Records]])
* [[2000]] : ''A Better Place'' (Artists Only)
* [[2001]] : ''Higher Ground'' (Greensleeves)
* [[2001]] : ''Live at Opera House Toronto''
* [[2002]] : ''Toe 2 Toe'' (avèk Luciano)
* [[2003]] : ''My Meditation'' (Charm)
* [[2004]] : ''Signs'' (VP Records)
* [[2008]] : ''Get It In Your Mind'' (Burning Bushes Music)
* [[2009]] : ''Most Wanted'' (Greensleeves)
* [[2011]] : ''Sings the Bush Doctor'' (VP Records)
== Bibliyografi ==
* {{Cite book|first=Colin|last=Larkin|title=The Virgin Encyclopedia of Reggae|url=https://archive.org/details/virginencycloped0000unse_v4f7|editor=Virgin Books|work=Virgin Encyclopedias of Popular Music|year=1998|pages =352|isbn=9780753502426}}
== Referans ==
{{referans}}
== Lyen deyò ==
* [http://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb13996286j Bushman] sou bnf.fr

{{DEFAULTSORT:Bushman}}
[[Kategori:Moun]]
[[Kategori:Mizik]]
[[Kategori:Mizisyen]]
[[Kategori:Mizisyen jamayiken]]
[[Kategori:Mizisyen rege]]
[[Kategori:Nesans nan lane 1973]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Henry-Robert Brésil</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>32203</id>
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      <comment>Add 1 book for [[Wikipedya:Verifyabilite]] (20260817)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]]</comment>
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|non=Henry-Robert Brésil	
|foto=
|tèks= Henry-Robert Brésil	
|fonksyon=pent
|domèn=La, penti
|diplòm=
|etid=
|dat nesans= [[1952]]
|lye nesans= 
|peyi nesans=[[Ayiti]]
 |dat lanmò= [[1999]]
|lye lanmò= 
|peyi lanmò= 
|nasyonalite=ayisyen
|zèv= 
|nòt=
}}

'''Henry-Robert Brésil''', ki fèt an [[1952]] epi ki mouri an [[1999]], se yon [[pent]] [[ayisyen]].
== Biyografi ==
Brésil sòti [[Gonayiv (komin)|Gonayiv]] ak pentire peyizaj. Travay li te prezante nan [[Etazini]], [[Pòtoriko]], [[Frans]], [[Itali]] ak [[Swis]].

== Zèv li yo ==
*Sa li fè
== Bibliyografi ==
* {{cite book | last = Schutt-Ainé | first = Patricia | title = Haiti: A Basic Reference Book | url = https://archive.org/details/isbn_9780963859907 | publisher = Librairie Au Service de la Culture | year = 1994 | location = Miami, Florida | isbn = 0-9638599-0-0 | page = [https://archive.org/details/isbn_9780963859907/page/109 109]}}
== Referans ==
{{referans}}
== Lyen deyò ==

{{DEFAULTSORT:Bresil, Henry-Robert}}
[[Kategori:Moun]]
[[Kategori:Penti]]
[[Kategori:Pent]]
[[Kategori:Pent ayisyen]]
[[Kategori:Nesans nan lane 1952]]
[[Kategori:Lanmò 1999]]</text>
      <sha1>fu41j508r9b6xd0sia2ebfakcwabbiu</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Jean-René Jérôme</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>32212</id>
    <revision>
      <id>888049</id>
      <parentid>786247</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-08-17T18:50:44Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>InternetArchiveBot</username>
        <id>25431</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Add 1 book for [[Wikipedya:Verifyabilite]] (20260817)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]]</comment>
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      <text bytes="3246" sha1="snpgbngd5jn6bsukw8q07jqmc3rq6ax" xml:space="preserve">{{moun
|non=Jean-René Jérôme
|foto=
|tèks=Jean-René Jérôme
|fonksyon=pent
|domèn=penti
|diplòm=
|etid=
|dat nesans= [[17 mas]] [[1942]]
|lye nesans= [[Tigwav (komin)|Tigwav]], [[Leyogàn (awondisman)|Leyogàn]]
|peyi nesans=[[Ayiti]]
|dat lanmò= [[1e mas]] [[1991]]
|lye lanmò= 
|peyi lanmò= [[Ayiti]]
|nasyonalite=ayisyen 
|relijyon=
|rezidans=
|kontak=
|Biyografi=
|zèv=
|omaj=
|rekonpans=
|nòt=
|fim=
}}

'''Jean-René Jérôme''', ki fèt [[17 mas]] [[1942]] nan [[Tigwav (komin)|Tigwav]] epi ki mouri [[1e mas]] [[1991]] ([[Ayiti]]), se yon [[atis]], yon [[pent]] [[Ayiti|ayisyen]].

== Biyografi ==
Jean-René Jérôme te fèt nan [[Tigwav (komin)|Tigwav]] an 1942 e li te deplase [[Pòtoprens (komin)|Pòtoprens]] kote li te ale nan &quot;Petit Séminaire Collège St-Martial&quot; (Ti Seminè Kolèj Sen Masyal) epi pita nan &quot;Collège Moderne&quot; (Kolèj Modèn).
Fanmi li se yon pati nan elit la nan sosyete ayisyen an, ki pèmèt li angaje li nan yon varyete aktivite atistik ki enterese li tankou dans, teyat, desen, vwa ak penti. Li te ka etidye desen ak penti nan &quot;École des Beaux-Arts&quot; (Lekòl Boza).

An 1965, li te ganyen premye pri nan Konpetisyon Salon Esso. Pita, li deside konsakre tèt li antyèman nan penti ak louvri yon estidyo nan Pòtoprens an 1968. Jérôme te popilè pou orijinalite nan penti li yo, patikilyèman sa yo ki nan fanm toutouni. Li te bay yon bousdetid atizay pa gouvènman ameriken an nan lane 1970. e li te rete pou kat (4) mwa, etidye ak travay avèk [[Bernard Séjourne]]. An 1973 li te retounen an Ayiti ak li te anseye nan ''École des Beaux-Arts'' (Lekòl Bote). Li te fonde lekòl la nan Bote avèk Bernard Séjourne, [[Jean-Claude Legagneur]] ak [[Philippe Dodard]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|author=Patricia Schutt-Ainé|title=Haiti: A Basic Reference Book|url=https://archive.org/details/isbn_9780963859907|page=p. 114|location=Miyami, Florid|editor=Librairie Au Service de la Culture|date=1994|isbn=0-9638599-0-0}}&lt;/ref&gt;

An 1985, li te fonde &quot;Ateliers Jérôme&quot; kote pwòp penti li yo ak lòt travay atis yo ekspoze. Travay atistik li te ekspoze nan peyi tankou [[Kanada]], [[Brezil]], [[Senegal]], [[Etazini]], [[Matinik]], [[Amerik Latin]], [[Repiblik dominikèn]], [[Ewòp]] ak [[Ayiti]].

Jean-René Jérôme mouri an 1991. Ilistrasyon penti li ka wè nan liv Selden Rodman ''Where Art is Joy'', liv Eva Pataki, ''Haitian Painting'' ak liv Gerald Alexis, ''Peintres Haïtiens''.

Li fè pati peryòd &quot;endijenis&quot; nan atizay ayisyen yo. Nan yon fason nyanse, apwòch li yo se abstraksyon ak oryante nan direksyon pou liris. Nan zèv ki te pwodui pa Jérôme, pwosedi rekonesans an enposib, espektatè a pa gen okenn referans ankò. Tankou anpil nan kontanporen li yo, li pentire &quot;pakèt Kongo&quot; nan yon seri de ti penti, nan ki yon moun ka remake enpòtans ki genyen nan relasyon an motif / espas pou li.

== Zèv li yo ==
*Sa li fè

== Referans ==
{{referans}}
== Lyen deyò ==
* [http://www.martellyartgallery.com/artists/jean_rene_jerome.html Jean-René Jérôme] sou martellyartgallery.com

{{DEFAULTSORT:Jérôme, Jean-René}}
[[Kategori:Moun]]
[[Kategori:Penti]]
[[Kategori:Atis ayisyen]]
[[Kategori:Pent]]
[[Kategori:Pent ayisyen]]
[[Kategori:Nesans nan lane 1942]]
[[Kategori:Lanmò 1991]]</text>
      <sha1>snpgbngd5jn6bsukw8q07jqmc3rq6ax</sha1>
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  <page>
    <title>Préfète Duffaut</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>32219</id>
    <revision>
      <id>888056</id>
      <parentid>809988</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-08-17T18:55:38Z</timestamp>
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        <id>25431</id>
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      <comment>Add 1 book for [[Wikipedya:Verifyabilite]] (20260817)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]]</comment>
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      <text bytes="3849" sha1="djfauabvunwrhb8r9ix4v5invuacivw" xml:space="preserve">{{moun
|non=Préfète Duffaut
|foto=
|tèks=Préfète Duffaut
|fonksyon=Pent
|domèn=La, penti
|diplòm=
|etid=
|dat nesans=[[1e janvye]] [[1923]]
|lye nesans=[[Jakmèl (komin)|Jakmèl]]
|peyi nesans=[[Ayiti]]
|dat lanmò=[[6 oktòb]] [[2012]] 
|lye lanmò= [[Pòtoprens (komin)|Pòtoprens]]
|peyi lanmò= [[Ayiti]]
|nasyonalite=ayisyen 
|zèv=
|nòt=
}}

'''Préfète Duffaut''', ki fèt [[1e janvye]] [[1923]] nan [[Jakmèl (komin)|Jakmèl]] ([[Ayiti]]) epi ki mouri [[6 oktòb]] [[2012]] nan [[Pòtoprens (komin)|Pòtoprens]] ([[Ayiti]]),&lt;ref&gt;{{fr}} {{Cite web|url=http://www.lemonde.fr/disparitions/article/2012/10/10/prefete-duffaut-figure-majeure-de-la-peinture-haitienne_1773186_3382.html|title=Préfète Duffaut, figure majeure de la peinture haïtienne, est mort|publisher= Le Monde|author=Jean-Michel Caroit|date=10 oktòb 2012|website=Le Monde.fr|issn=1950-6244|access-date=31 me 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt; se yon [[atis]], yon [[pent]] [[Ayiti|ayisyen]].

== Biyografi ==
*Dat enpòtan yo

== Zèv li yo ==
== Bibliyografi ==
* Michel Philippe Lerebours, ''Haïti et ses peintres de 1804 à 1980. Souffrances &amp; Espoirs d'un Peuple'', 2 volim, Port-au-Prince, 1989.
* {{cite book
 | title       = Voyage au pays des Naïfs
 | editor     = Hatier
 | author      = Jean-Marie Drot
 | year       = 1986
 | location     = Swis
 | pages       = 170
 | isbn        = 2-218-07576-8
}}
* {{Cite book
 | title       = Le Paradis et les Naïfs
 | editor     = Editions Max Fourny
 | author      = Philippe Camby
 | year       = 1983
 | location     = Pari
 | pages       = 44
}}
* {{Cite book
 | title       = La Peinture haïtienne
 | editor     = Nathan
 | author1      = Marie-José Nadal-Gardère
 | author2      =Gérald Bloncourt
 | date        = 18 novanm 1986
 | location       = Pari, Frans
 | pages       = 110
 | isbn        = 2-09-161501-3
}}
* {{Cite book
 | title       = Haitian Art
 | url       = https://archive.org/details/haitianart0000unse
 | editor     = Falcon prees
 | author      = Ute Stebich
 | date        = 2 novanm 1978
 | location    = Brooklyn Museum, USA
 | pages       = [https://archive.org/details/haitianart0000unse/page/139 139]
 | isbn        = 0-8109-1053-5
}}
* {{pt}} {{fr}} {{Cite book
 | title       = Arte Naif.Brasil-Haiti
 | editor     = Athalaia Grafica e Editora
 | author      = Allison Tompson
 | author2      =Lucien Finkelstein
 | author3      =Michel Philippe Lerebours
 | year       = 2005
 | location      = Brasília, Brezil
 | pages       = 28, 29, 81
}}
* {{fr}} {{Cite book
 | title       = Chez les peintres de la Fete et du Vaudou en Haiti
 | editor     = SKIRA
 | author      = Jean-Marie Drot
 | date        = 2 novanm 1974
 | location   = Jenèv
 | pages       = 30, 43, 44, 45
}}
* {{da}} {{en}} {{Cite book
 | title       = Billeder fra Haiti-Images of Haiti
 | editor     = Kunsthallen Brandts Klaedefabrik
 | author      = Jorgen Leth
 | date        = 30 janvye 2000
 | location     = Danmak
 | pages       = 60, 61, 62, 63, 64
 | isbn        = 87-7766-087-0
}}
* {{fr}} {{Cite book
 | title       = Haïti-Anges et Démons
 | editor     = Hoebeke/Halle Saint Pierre
 | year       = 2000
 | location    = Jenèv
 | pages       = 33
 | isbn        = 2-84230-102-1
}}
== Referans ==
{{referans}}
== Lyen deyò ==
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20141217174437/http://www.franceculture.fr/emission-hors-champs-11-12-prefete-duffaut-2014-04-04 Pwogram ''Hors Champs'' anime pa Laure Adler sou France Culture : antretyen avèk Préfète Duffaut] sou franceculture.fr
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20141028172655/http://www.galeriemonnin.com/prefeteduffaut.html Zèv Préfète Duffaut nan vil Nis] sou sitwèb Galerie Monnin

{{DEFAULTSORT:Duffaut, Préfète}}
[[Kategori:Moun]]
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[[Kategori:Pent]]
[[Kategori:Pent ayisyen]]
[[Kategori:Nesans nan lane 1923]]
[[Kategori:Lanmò 2012]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>François-Romain Lhérisson</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>32242</id>
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      <comment>Add 1 book for [[Wikipedya:Verifyabilite]] (20260817)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]]</comment>
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{{moun
|non=François-Romain Lhérisson
|foto=
|tèks=François-Romain Lhérisson 
|fonksyon=powèt, ekriven	
|dat nesans= [[1798]]
|lye nesans= [[Aken (komin)|Aken]]
|peyi nesans=[[Ayiti]]
|dat lanmò= [[1859]]
|lye lanmò= 
|peyi lanmò= 
|nasyonalite=ayisyen
|zèv= 
|nòt=
}}

'''François-Romain Lhérisson''',ki fèt an [[1798]] nan [[Aken (komin)|Aken]] ([[Ayiti]]) epi ki mouri an [[1859]], se yon [[powèt]], [[ekriven]] [[Ayiti|ayisyen]].

== Biyografi ==
Li anseye nan anpil domèn, sitou [[laten]] an, [[aljèb]] la, [[jeyometri]] la ak [[lalwa]] la nan Aken. Tankou powèt, Lhérisson te ekri pour ses chante powetik, kòm ''La Bergère Somnambule''.

== Zèv li yo ==
*Sa li fè

== Referans ==
{{referans}}
== Lyen deyò ==
* {{cite book|author=Patricia Schutt-Ainé|title=Haiti: A Basic Reference Book|url=https://archive.org/details/isbn_9780963859907|page=[https://archive.org/details/isbn_9780963859907/page/89 89]|location=Miyami, Florid|editor=Librairie Au Service de la Culture|year=1994|isbn=0-9638599-0-0}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Lherisson, Francois-Romain}}
[[Kategori:Moun]]
[[Kategori:Literati]]
[[Kategori:Ekriven]]
[[Kategori:Ekriven ayisyen]]
[[Kategori:Nesans nan lane 1798]]
[[Kategori:Lanmò 1859]]</text>
      <sha1>q4926x9fyexgpwoyx874l11te0dyhhg</sha1>
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  <page>
    <title>Astrel Rolland</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>32278</id>
    <revision>
      <id>888136</id>
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      <timestamp>2026-08-17T20:01:13Z</timestamp>
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        <id>25431</id>
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      <comment>Add 1 book for [[Wikipedya:Verifyabilite]] (20260817)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]]</comment>
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|non=Astrel Rolland	
|foto=
|tèks= Astrel Rolland	
|fonksyon=tirè espòtif
|dat nesans= [[1899]]
|lye nesans= 
|peyi nesans=[[Ayiti]]
 |dat lanmò= 
|lye lanmò= 
|peyi lanmò= 
|nasyonalite=ayisyen
|zèv= 
|nòt=
}}
'''Astrel Rolland''', ki fèt nan lane [[1899]], se yon tirè espòtif [[ayisyen]].		
== Biyografi ==
*Dat enpòtan yo

== Palmarès ==
*  Meday Bwonz olenpik nan karabin lib pa ekip nan [[Tir aux Jeux olympiques d'été de 1924|1924]]&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book
 | author1                = [[Bill Mallon]]
 | title                  = The Olympic record book 
 | url                = https://archive.org/details/olympicrecordboo0000mall
 | editor                = Garland Pub.
 | year                  = 1988
 | pages          = [https://archive.org/details/olympicrecordboo0000mall/page/n543 522]
 | isbn                   = 0824029488
}}&lt;/ref&gt;.

== Referans ==
{{referans}}
== Lyen deyò ==


{{DEFAULTSORT:Rolland, Astrel}}
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[[Kategori:Nesans nan lane 1899]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Ludovic Valborge</title>
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|non=Ludovic Valborge	
|foto=
|tèks= Ludovic Valborge	
|fonksyon=tirè espòtif
|dat nesans= [[1889]]
|lye nesans= 
|peyi nesans=[[Ayiti]]
 |dat lanmò= 
|lye lanmò= 
|peyi lanmò= 
|nasyonalite=ayisyen
|zèv= 
|nòt=
}}

'''Ludovic Valborge''', ki fèt nan lane [[1889]] ak ki mouri nan yon dat enkoni, se yon tirè espòtif [[Ayiti|ayisyen]]. 

Li te genyen premye meday nan istwa [[Ayiti]] nan [[Je olenpik Ayiti]].	
== Biyografi ==
*Dat enpòtan yo

== Palmarès ==
* Meday bwonz olenpik nan karabin lib pa ekip nan [[Ti nan Je olenpik ete 1924|1924]]&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book
 | author1                = [[Bill Mallon]]
 | title                  = The Olympic record book 
 | url                = https://archive.org/details/olympicrecordboo0000mall
 | editor                = Garland Pub.
 | year                  = 1988
 | pages          = [https://archive.org/details/olympicrecordboo0000mall/page/522 522]
 | isbn                   = 0824029488}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Referans ==
{{referans}}
== Lyen deyò ==


{{DEFAULTSORT:Valborge, Ludovic}}
[[Kategori:Moun]]
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[[Kategori:Espò olenpik]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Liautaud Ethéart</title>
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|non= Liautaud Ethéart 
|foto=
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|dat nesans= [[9 mas]] [[1826]]
|lye nesans= [[Pòtoprens (komin)|Pòtoprens]]
|peyi nesans= [[Ayiti]]
|dat lanmò= [[21 novanm]] [[1888]]
|lye lanmò= [[Pòtoprens]]
|peyi lanmò= [[Ayiti]]
|nasyonalite= Ayisyen
|zèv= ''Le Monde de chez nous'' ; ''La Fille de l'empereur''
|nòt= 
}}

'''Liautaud Ethéart''', ki fèt sou [[9 mas]] [[1826]] epi ki mouri sou [[21 novanm]] [[1888]]) se yon ekriven ak politisyen Ayisyen.
== Biyografi ==
Li te pibliye dram patriyotik nan [[woman istorik]] ak [[pyès teyat]] li.
Nan [[1860]], pou premye reprezantasyon ''La fille de l’empereur'', yon pyès nan twa zak, avèk wòl [[Jean-Jacques Dessalines]] ak pitit fi li Célimène, minis yo nan Anperè Ayiti, [[Faustin 1]], te fè yon koneksyon avèk pitit fi Celita Soulouque, nan anperè [Faustin Soulouque]]. Liautaud Ethéart pa te pèmèt jwe pyès teyat.

An 1879, li te secretè deta finans, komes ak relasyon eksteryè sou prezidans [[Pierre Théoma Boisrond-Canal]] nan gouvènman ayisyen.

== Zèv li yo ==
=== 1857 ===
* ''Deux étudiants'', fas-vodvil nan 2 zak.
* ''Le Monde de chez nous'', komedi nan 5 zak, ak nan vè.
* ''Essais dramatiques de Liautaud Ethéart''. 2e seri. 
* ''Binettes de classiques, ou la Poche d'un paletot'', vodvil nan 2 zak. 
* ''Faute d'un habit'', monolog nan 1 ak ak nan vè
=== 1858 ===
* ''Miscellanées''
=== 1860 ===
* ''Essais dramatiques de Liautaud Ethéart''. 3e seri.
* ''La Fille de l'empereur'', istorik dram nan 3 zak. 
* ''Un duel sous Blanchelande'', istorik dram nan 4 zak.
=== 1882 ===
* ''Le gouvernement de Boisrond Canal : la France et l'emprunt de 1875''.
== Referans ==
{{referans}}
== Lyen deyò ==
* {{cite book | last = Schutt-Ainé | first = Patricia | title = Haiti: A Basic Reference Book | url = https://archive.org/details/isbn_9780963859907 | publisher = Librairie Au Service de la Culture | year = 1994 | location = Miami, Florida | isbn = 0-9638599-0-0 | page = [https://archive.org/details/isbn_9780963859907/page/92 92] }}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Etheart, Liautaud}}
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[[Kategori:Literati]]
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[[Kategori:Ekriven ayisyen]]
[[Kategori:Politisyen ayisyen]]
[[Kategori:Nesans nan lane 1826]]
[[Kategori:lanmò 1888]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Tranblemanntè 12 janvye 2010 nan peyi Ayiti</title>
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      <text bytes="24430" sha1="mofu380bv1jd2oh6fanaj44wqbowwv2" xml:space="preserve">{{Istwa Ayiti}}
'''Tranblemanntè 12 janvye 2010 nan peyi Ayiti''' se yon [[Tranblemanntè|tranblemantè]] ak yon [[mayitid]] 7.0 a 7.3&lt;ref&gt;'' CNRS''; http://www.insu.cnrs.fr/a3348,seisme-haiti-12-january-2010.html&lt;/ref&gt; te fèt nan {{date-|12|janvye|2010}} a {{nobr|4 p.m.}} {{nobr|53 minit}} ak {{nobr|10 segonn}}, lè lokal. [[episant]] li te sitiye apeprè {{unit|25.3|km}} soti nan [[Pòtoprens]], kapital [[Ayiti|peyi]]. Fokis (oswa [[iposant]]) tranbleman tè a te lokalize nan yon pwofondè {{inite|10 km}}. Yon douzèn replik yo te anrejistre nan èdtan ki te swiv yo, ak mayitid sòti nan 5.02 a 5.95. Entansite tranblemanntè sa a te apeprè 7.0 nan episant lan&lt;ref name = &quot;USGSi&quot;&gt;[https://earthquake.usgs.gov/earthquakes/eventpage/usp000h60h/executive PAGER - M 7.0 - Haiti Région, sur le site USGS]&lt;/ref&gt; .

Yon dezyèm tranblemanntè&lt;ref&gt;[http://tempsreel.nouvelobs.com/speciales/international/20100120.OBS4184/un_nouveau_seisme_de_magnitude_6_frappe_haiti.html Yon nouvo tranblemanntè grandè 6 frape Ayiti].&lt;/ref&gt;{{,}}&lt;ref&gt;[https://web.archive.org/web/20111003191033/http://www.france-info.com/monde-haiti-2010-01-20-haiti-nouveau-seisme-de-magnitude-6-1-394595-14-451.html Ayiti: nouvo tranblemanntè mayitid 6.1 ].&lt;/ref&gt; ak yon mayitid 6.1 te fèt nan {{date-|20|janvye|2010}} nan {{lè|06|03}}, nan lè lokal. [[Iposant|konsantre]] li sitiye apeprè {{unit|59|km}} nan lwès [[Pòtoprens]], ak mwens pase dis kilomèt anba sifas la.

Premye tranblemanntè a te fè anpil moun mouri, blese ak anpitasyon anplis de milye moun ki soufri maladi sikolojik. Nan {{date-|9|fevriye|2010}}, Marie-Laurence Jocelyn Lassegue, Minis Kominikasyon, konfime plis {{inite|280,000 moun ki mouri}}, {{nobr|300,000|blese}} ak {{nobr|1, 3 milyon}} san kay&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.radio-canada.ca/nouvelles/International/2010/02/10/004-haiti_bilan.shtml Nouvelles de Radio-Canada.]&lt;/ref&gt;. [[United States Geological Survey|Enstiti Jeyolojik Ameriken an]] te anonse nan {{dat-|24 janvye}} ke li te anrejistre {{nobr|52 replik}} ak yon grandè ki pi gran pase 4,5 oswa egal a&lt;ref&gt; {{Atik |otè1= |title=Tranblemanntè ann Ayiti: 150 000 moun ki mouri nan men gouvènman an konfime |peryodik=[[20 minit (Swis)|20 minit]] |dat=24-01-2010 |li sou entènèt=http://www.20min.ch/ro/news/monde/story/150-000-morts-confirmees-par-le-politique-31195405 |konsilte le=07-09-2020}}.&lt;/ref&gt;. Yo te retire {{nobr|211 sivivan}} nan dekonb yo&lt;ref&gt;[https://web.archive.org/web/20110929182815/http://www.bruxelles2.eu/ameriques/ameriques-haiti/seismeahaitidernierbilan.html Dènye evalyasyon], ''Bruxelles2'', {{date- |20 fevriye 2010}}.&lt;/ref&gt; pa ekip sekouris ki soti toupatou nan lemonn — solidarite entènasyonal k ap vin ranfòse efò ayisyen yo&lt;ref&gt;{{web link |title=Nouvèl ekip nou an Ayiti kominike&lt;! - - Tcheke tit sa a --&gt; |url=https://archive.wikiwix.com/cache/20100922000000/http://www.atd-quartmonde.org/Des-nouvelles-communiquees-par.html |site=[[ Wikiwix]] |konsilte sou=08-10-2023}}.&lt;/ref&gt; ki yo menm, souvan ak men yo, sove plizyè santèn moun anba debri yo.

Estrikti ak òganizasyon Leta ayisyen te sibi dezas la; Apre twa jou, yo te deklare yon [[eta dijans]] atravè peyi a pou yon mwa. Anpil bilding te detwi tou, tankou [[Palè nasyonal (Ayiti)|palè nasyonal]] ak [[Katedral nan Pòtoprens|Katedral Notre-Dame Pòtoprens]].

== Karakteristik ==
[[File:Haiti earthquake damage overhead.jpg|vignette|Vòl rekonesans yon [[Lockheed C-130 Hercules|C-130 Hercules]] sou Léogâne nan {{date-|13 janvye 2010}}. ]]
[[File:Haiti 2010 Verlauf.svg|vignette|[[Replik yo (sismoloji)|replik yo]] selon dat ak grandè.]]

Dapre [[United States Geological Survey|Enstiti Jeyolojik Ameriken an]], tranbleman tè a ta gen yon mayitid 7 (ekivalan a enèji yon [[bonm H]] lage apeprè senk [[Tòn TNT|megatòn).]] ) ak [[Iposant|konsantre]] li ta nan yon pwofondè relativman pa fon nan {{unit|10|km}}&lt;ref name=&quot;usgs&quot;&gt;{{en}} [https://earthquake.usgs.gov/earthquakes/eqinthenews/2010/us2010rja6/ {{lang|en|''USGS - Earthquake Hazards Program - Magnitude 7.3 - Haiti region''}}].&lt;/ref&gt;{{ ,}}&lt;ref name=&quot;usgs2&quot; &gt;{{lyen brize|language=en|accessed on=2013-04-13|url=http://neic.usgs.gov/neis/bulletin/neic_rja6_esp.html|title =''Ayiti: Rapò Preliminè sou Tranblemanntè'' |piblikatè=[[United States Geological Survey|USGS]]|dat-|12 janvye 2010}}.&lt;/ref&gt; (sa yo rele tranbleman tè kwout). Chòk prensipal la te dire mwens pase {{nobr|30 segonn}}&lt;ref&gt;{{Lien web|language=EN |url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/americas/earthquake-in-haiti -gone-in-30-seconds-1870284.html |title=Tranblemanntè ann Ayiti: ale nan 30 segonn |sit=The Independent |otè=David Randall |dat=17 janvye 2010 |accessed=22 out 2019}}. &lt;/ref&gt;.

Dapre CNRS ({{date-|19|janvye|2010}}), si pwofondè a te ant 10 ak {{unit|13|km}}&lt;ref name=&quot;usgs&quot; /&gt;{{,}}&lt;ref name=&quot;usgs2&quot;/&gt;, fay [[Microplate of Gonâve|{{Sitasyon|Enriquillo-Plaintain garden}}]] ki travèse zile a soti nan lwès rive nan lès epi ki pote tranbleman tè a, pase {{unit| 5|km}} nan sid kapital la. Episant lan te lokalize anviwon ven kilomèt nan lwès kapital la, chanjman kosismik 1 a {{unit|2|m}} ta rive sou {{unit|70|km}} long&lt;ref&gt;''CNRS'', http://www.insu.cnrs.fr/a3348,seisme-haiti-12-january-2010.html.&lt;/ref&gt;.

Te gen tou yon seri de [[replik]] nan respektivman: 5.9, 5.5 ak 5.1. [[National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration|NOAA]] rapidman elimine danje yon [[Sounami|tsunami]] nan rejyon an&lt;ref&gt;[https://web.archive.org/web/20100115041337/http://www.prh.noaa.gov/ptwc/?region=4&amp;id=caribe.2010.01.12.224434 {{en}}{{lang|en|''Tsunami information - (Caribbean Sea)''}}], [[National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration|NOAA]], {{date-|12 janvye 2010}}.&lt;/ref&gt;.

Premye chòk la te fèt sèt minit apre premye chòk la, sa ki sijere yon vin pi grav nan sitiyasyon an akòz enposib pou mete an plas premye swen nan minit yo apre ensidan an. Gwosè replik sa yo, {{nobr|apwoche 6}}, konstitye tou yon lòt faktè, ki ra nan kalite evènman sa a, ki kalifye li kòm yon gwo dezas: pa definisyon, efè replik yo {{Sitasyon|ka lakòz domaj gwo domaj. nan bilding ki mal fèt nan zòn restriksyon yo. Kòz ti domaj nan bilding ki byen konstwi}}.

Temwen tranblemanntè a ki te kapab kontakte medya entènasyonal yo pandan nwit la rapòte yo te wè machin sou wout yo ki t ap deplase poukont yo.

== Kòz ==

[[File:Caribbean Plate map-fr.png|thumb|left|Kat [[Plak Karayib la]].]]
[[File:Haiti Erdbeben 120110.jpg|thumb|Pozisyon [[fay dekwochant]] Enriquillo, ki pèmèt yon mouvman orizontal {{unit|7|mm}}/ane.]]
[[File:Gonâve microplate.png|vignette|Vè sou mikroplak Gonâve kote fay Enriquillo a ye.]]

[[Ispayola|zile Ispanyola]] (ki pataje pa Ayiti ak [[Repiblik Dominikèn]]) sitiye nan yon zòn sismik aktif, ant de [[plak tektonik|plak tektonik]]: [[plak Nò Ameriken]] nan nò ak [[Plak Karayib|plak Karayib la]] nan sid. Nan zòn sa a, fay yo se [[fay dekwochant]] ak fay konpresyon ([[fay envès]]) oswa pouse.&lt;br /&gt;
Okòmansman, yo te panse ke tranbleman tè sa a te koze pa kraze yon [[fay]], oryante lwès-lès, sou yon longè senkant a san kilomèt. Sa a se fay Enriquillo-Plantain-Garden ki se yon fay senyè e ki travèse vil Pòtoprens ann Ayiti. Sepandan, ipotèz sa a te demanti byen vit e li parèt an reyalite se fòt Léogâne ki pa t konnen jiskaprezan&lt;ref&gt;{{Lien web |langue=fr |premye non=François |ti non=Savatier |title=Ayiti: yon fay anba a. fay |url=https://www.pourlascience.fr/sd/geosciences/haiti-une-faille-sous-la-faille-10830.php |site=Pourlascience.fr |accessed on=2022-11-04}} &lt;/ref&gt;.

Fay Enriquillo-Plantain-Garden la pa glise, estrès akimile yo pa t lage, kidonk tranblemanntè 2021 la ([[Tranblemanntè 2021 ann Ayiti|tranbleman tè 2021 Ayiti]]).    

Se poutèt sa, risk sismik la te byen idantifye, epi enpak imen li te kapab mwens si kanpay prevansyon yo te fèt, popilasyon sansibilize ak konstriksyon ki sekirize, sa ki pa t fèt&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.risksmajeurs.fr/haïti-ravagé-par-un-violent-séisme-comment-mieux-prévenir-le-risk-sismique Gwo risk] 14 janvye 2010 « dinamize sousòl la pandan plizyè ane nan zile a te kapab predi yon gwo tranbleman tè. Malerezman, gwo dezas sa a konfime ke li toujou difisil pou kòmanse aksyon prevansyon efikas anvan yon tranblemanntè rive, espesyalman nan yon peyi ki derive tankou Ayiti totalman ravaje pa povrete.&quot;&lt;/ref&gt; {{,}}&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.francesoir.fr/actualite/international/seisme-en-haiti-“-risk-etait-conné-tout-monde”-47624.html France Soir] 13 janvye 2010 “Malgre previzyon alarmis pa Claude Prépetit nan 2006], gouvènman ayisyen an pa pran okenn mezi previzyon ak prevansyon pou bese risk ak konsekans yon tranblemanntè.”&lt;/ref&gt;. Kòz imen, ki te lye ak povrete Ayiti ak feblès gouvènman li a, konsa ranfòse dezas natirèl la.

== Istwa anvan ==
{{Atik detaye|Lis dezas natirèl an Ayiti}}
[[File:Haitian national palace earthquake.jpg|vignette|[[Palè nasyonal (Ayiti)|Palè Nasyonal]], {{date-|13 janvye 2010}}.]]

Tranblemanntè ki te fè anvan an [[Ayiti]] genyen ladan yo sa ki te fèt nan {{dat|18|oktòb|1751}} ak {{dat|3|Jen|1770}}. Istoryen [[Médéric Louis Élie Moreau de Saint-Méry|Moreau de Saint-Méry]] fè konnen nan [[Pòtoprens]], an 1751 {{Sitasyon|sèlman youn nan kay masonry yo pa t ranvèse}} , epi an 1770 {{Sitasyon|tout vil la te ranvèse}}&lt;ref&gt;[[Médéric Louis Élie Moreau de Saint-Méry|Moreau de Saint-Méry]], “Topografik, fizik, sivil, politik ak istwa franse. yon pati nan zile Sendomeng&quot;, Claude Prepetit site, [http://www.bme.gouv.ht/risks%20geologique/LeMatin_s%C3%A9ismes.pdf ''Tranblemanntè ann Ayiti, mit oswa reyalite?'' {{pdf}}], ''Le Matin'', {{Nimewo|33082}}, {{date-|9 oktòb 2008}}.&lt;/ref&gt;. Kapital epòk la, [[Kap Ayisyen (komin)|Kap Ayisyen]], te detwi ak vil [[Pòdepè]], [[Gonayiv]], [[Fòlibète (komin)|Fò libète]] ak vil [[Repiblik Dominikèn]] te frape pa yon gwo tranblemanntè nan {{dat|7|Me|1842}}&lt;ref&gt;Claude Prepetit, {{op. cit.}}, site J.M. Jan, evèk Okap, ''Dokimantasyon relijye'', Éditions Henri Deschamps, 1972.&lt;/ref&gt;. Ekriven ak politisyen ayisyen [[Demesvar Delorme|Jean Demesvar Delorme]] te temwen tranblemanntè 1842 sa a&lt;ref&gt;{{lyen brize|url=http://www.haitiwebs.com/forums/jean_pierre_boyer/44706- l_evenement_de_1842_a.html |title=The tranblemanntè 1842 }}.&lt;/ref&gt;.
Tranblemanntè te toujou fèt nan [[1887]] ak [[1904]] nan nò peyi a, ki te lakòz {{Sitasyon|gwo domaj}}&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.bme.gouv.ht/alea% 20sismic /index.html Biwo Min ak Enèji] jwenn aksè nan {{date-|14 janvye 2010}}.&lt;/ref&gt;.

== Konsekans sou Ayiti ==
[[File:Haiti earthquake camp.jpg|thumb|Dezyèm swa san twati pou rezidan yo, soti 13 pou rive 14 janvye, nan yon kan lame brezilyen an tabli.]]

Echèl destriksyon nan kapital la li menm rive nan VIII sou [[echèl Mercalli]]&lt;ref&gt;Gade kat jeyografik ki pibliye nan ''[[Courrier entènasyonal]]'' {{n°|1003}}, {{p.|8}} ak [[:Fichye:2010 Ayiti tranblemanntè USAID entansite kat 2.svg|kat sa a]].&lt;/ref&gt;. Zòn ki pi sijè a destriksyon rive nan X (sou {{nobr|XII degre}} nan echèl la); zòn sa a sitiye sou kòt bò kote [[Gòlf Gonâve|Gòlf Lagonav]], nan lwès Pòtoprens, ak nòdwès episant tranblemanntè a; {{nobr|1.9 milyon}} moun ap viv nan zòn destriksyon {{nobr|degre 8}}.

Pandan ke anpil kay modès tonbe, lòt bilding gouvènman&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |date=2010-01-16 |title=Séïsme du 12 janvier: Edifices effondrés |trans-title=Tranbleman tè 12 janvye: Bilding ki tonbe |url=https://www.haiti-reference.info/pages/2010/01/16/seisme-2010-edifices-effondres/ |website=Haiti-Référence |access-date=2026-02-15}}&lt;/ref&gt; an nan konstriksyon ki pi solid, tankou: [[Palè nasyonal (Ayiti)|Palè Nasyonal]], Ministè Finans, Ministè Travo Piblik, Ministè Kominikasyon ak Kilti a, Ministè Lapòs, Palman an&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.haiti-liberte.com/archives/electronic_edition.asp Haiti Liberté, lis enstitisyon ki detwi, paj 3.]&lt;/ref&gt; , Tribinal, École normale supérieure, National School of Administration, National School of Nursing, University of the Agence universitaire de la Francophonie (AUF), prizon santral la ak Sant taks la te soufri tou gwo domaj. Yo di yon lopital nan [[Petyonvil (komin)|Petyonvil]], yon katye Pòtoprens, tou te tonbe&lt;ref&gt;{{Atik|url=https://www.nytimes.com/aponline/2010/01/12/world/AP-CB-Haiti-Earthquake.html |title=Tranblemanntè Ayiti Lakoz Lopital Efondre |peryodik=New York Times |dat=12 janvye 2010 |language=en}}.&lt;/ref&gt;, osi byen ke matènite lopital jeneral ak lopital Matisan&lt;ref&gt;{{Atik|url=https://www.lemonde.fr/ameriques/portfolio/2010/01/15/des-batiments-publics-detruits-ou- endommages_1292349_3222.html |title = Bilding piblik yo detwi oswa andomaje | peryodik = Le Monde |dat= 15 janvye 2010}}.&lt;/ref&gt;. Katye jeneral [[MINUSTAH|Misyon Estabilizasyon Nasyonzini ann Ayiti]] tou detwi an pati&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |last=AFP |date=2010-01-16 |title=Le corps du chef de la MINUSTAH retrouvé |trans-title=Kòv chèf MINUSTAH yo jwenn |url=https://www.lapresse.ca/international/dossiers/seisme-en-haiti/nouvelles/201001/16/01-939928-le-corps-du-chef-de-la-minustah-retrouve.php |website=La Presse |access-date=2026-02-15}}&lt;/ref&gt;; katye jeneral sa a se te Otèl Christopher, ki te fondasyon yo te monte nan estanda Nasyonzini (toujou nan pwogrè). Tranblemanntè a te detwi pi gwo otèl vil la, otèl Montana tou&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |last=AFP |date=2010-01-13 |title=200 personnes seraient ensevelies sous les décombres d'un hôtel |trans-title=200 moun ta ka anba debri yon otèl |url=https://www.ladepeche.fr/article/2010/01/13/754054-200-personnes-seraient-ensevelies-sous-les-decombres-d-un-hotel.html |website=La Dépêche du Midi |access-date=2026-02-15}}&lt;/ref&gt;.

Nan denmen maten, medya televizyon te montre imaj travayè sekou yo te mennen nan bilding inivèsite a ki te tonbe, kote mil etidyan t ap pran yon egzamen. Depi nan premye jou yo te gen anviwon ven pwofesè ak plis pase {{nobr|400 etidyan}} ki te mouri anba debri. Plizyè inivèsite piblik ak prive te detwi oswa seryezman domaje: [[Inivèsite Leta Ayiti]] te sibi gwo destriksyon; bilding yo ki genyen Fakilte Lengwistik Aplike (FLA) ak École Normale Supérieure (ENS), Fakilte Medsin ak Famasi (FMP), Fakilte Syans (FDS), Fakilte Syans Imen (FASCH), Fakilte a. nan Agronomi ak Medsin Veterinè (FAMV) ak Enstiti Nasyonal Jesyon ak Etid Entènasyonal Avanse (INAGHEI) te konplètman fann lokal; Sant pou Etid Diplomatik ak Entènasyonal (CEDI), detwi; Inivèsite Quisqueya (UNIQ), domaje; Akademi Nasyonal Diplomatik ak Konsila (ANDC), andomaje; [[Université Notre Dame d'Haïti]] (UNDH), andomaje; Enstiti pou Etid Komèsyal ak Ekonomik Avanse (IHECE), detwi; [[Université Lumière (Ayiti)|Université Lumière]], detwi; Inivèsite wayal Ayiti a, detwi; Inivèsite Pòtoprens (UP), detwi; Inivèsite Ameriken Syans Modèn Ayiti (UNASMOH), andomaje; G.O.C University, detwi; Inivèsite Episkopal Ayiti (UNEPH), detwi; [[Inivèsite Karayib la]], domaje; Louis Pasteur Paramedical Institute, detwi&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=http://www.lenouvelliste.com/article.php?PubID=1&amp;ArticleID=78226&amp;PubDate=2010-02-27 |title=Pèt nan inivèsite ayisyen yo |access-date=2023-11-24 |archive-date=2010-03-01 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100301183710/http://www.lenouvelliste.com/article.php?PubID=1&amp;ArticleID=78226&amp;PubDate=2010-02-27 |dead-url=yes }}&lt;/ref&gt;.

Gwo nyaj pousyè te parèt nan moman apre tranbleman tè a nan Pòtoprens&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |last=Mallory |first=Simon |display-authors=etal |date=2010-01-13 |title=7.0 quake hits Haiti; 'Serious loss of life' expected |trans-title=7.0 tranbleman fè Haiti; 'Pèt lavi serye' atann |url=https://edition.cnn.com/2010/WORLD/americas/01/12/haiti.earthquake/ |website=CNN |language=en |access-date=2026-02-15}}&lt;/ref&gt;. Pwobableman pousyè sa a soti nan konstriksyon [[beton ranfòse]]; laperèz yo se poutèt sa akimile konsènan posibilite ke anpil bilding nan kalite sa a te tonbe. Yon peyi pòv, Ayiti pa gen fòmèl [[estanda sismik|estanda konstriksyon]] pou bilding yo.

Vil [[Kafou (komin)|Kafou]] ({{unit|300,000|rezidan}}, 40% detwi), [[Leyogàn (komin)|Leyogàn]] ({{unit|200,000|rezidan}}, plis pase 40% detwi 90%) ak [[Gresye (komin)|Gresye]], tou pre episant tranblemanntè a, te afekte tou seryezman.

Yon oratè nan Ministè Afè Etranjè fransè a ki responsab òganize sekou nan men Lafrans te anonse ke sèl pwen pozitif nan mitan nouvèl ki te rive jwenn li se ke tras ayewopò a te pratik, kite la. Pwospektiv transpò pa lè wotasyon pèsonèl sekou, [[lojistik]] ak [[èd imanitè|ekipman ijans]].

[[Ban Ki-moon]], [[Sekretè Jeneral Nasyonzini]] te estime ke anviwon twa milyon moun te kapab afekte sou kat milyon moun ki fòme popilasyon [[Pòtoprens]]&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |date=2010-01-14 |title=L'incalculable bilan |trans-title=Bilan enkalkilab la |url=https://www.liberation.fr/planete/2010/01/14/l-incalculable-bilan_604402/ |website=Libération |access-date=2026-02-15}}&lt;/ref&gt;.

Destriksyon plizyè milye kay ak krentif pou nouvo replik yo te pouse pi fò nan rezidan vil la pase nwit deyò. Sivivan yo pa gen anpil dlo pou bwè, manje ak medikaman&lt;ref&gt;{{Atik|title=Plisez moun anba dekonb Yo kriye, anven |peryodik=Libération |date=14 janvye 2010 |url text=http://www.liberation.fr/monde/0101613741-des-dizaines-de-gens-sont-sous-des-decombres- ils -crient-en-vain |konsilte nan=17 janvye 2010}}.&lt;/ref&gt;. Jiska {{date-|13 janvye}}, {{Link|trad=Ajantin Air Force Mobile Field Hospital|fr=Argentina Air Force Mobile Field Hospital|text=air force field hospital Ajantin}}, enstale nan kad la Nasyonzini depi 2004, se te sèl la operasyonèl sou sit.

Nan {{date-|20 janvye}}, yon lòt tranblemanntè mayitid 6.1 te santi ankò&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |last1=AFP |last2=Reuters |date=2010-01-20 |title=Haïti : scènes de panique après une forte réplique du séisme |trans-title=Ayiti: sèn panik apre yon gwo sekou tranblemanntè a |url=https://www.lemonde.fr/ameriques/article/2010/01/20/replique-de-magnitude-6-a-haiti_1294228_3222.html |website=Le Monde |access-date=2026-02-15}}&lt;/ref&gt;; kòm yon konsekans imedya, yo te obsève yon gwo fenomèn egzòd&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |last=Berthemet |first=Tanguy |date=2010-01-25 |title=Haïti : l'exode des survivants ne fait que commencer |trans-title=Ayiti : egzòd moun ki siviv yo ap kòmanse sèlman |url=https://www.lefigaro.fr/international/2010/01/25/01003-20100125ARTFIG00383-haiti-l-exode-des-survivants-ne-fait-que-commencer-.php |website=Le Figaro |access-date=2026-02-15}}&lt;/ref&gt;, atravè pò ak estasyon bis Pòtoprens, nan mitan yon popilasyon fatige ki te fè eksperyans plizyè douzèn replik anvan yo nan kraze kapital la.

== Travay atistik ==

Atis [[Frankétienne]] pentire travay li Désastre ({{date-|12 janvye 2010}}) kèk jou apre ensidan an. Li reprezante lapenn li pou dezas la, travay la kaptire viktim yo bloke nan debri yo.

== Travay literè ==
* Otè ayisyen [[Louis-Philippe Dalembert]] te nan vil li a pandan tranblemanntè a. li te enspire pa tranblemanntè sa a ak tranblemanntè L'Aquila (Itali, {{date-|6 avril 2009}}) pou l ekri woman li ''Ballade d’un amour inachevé''&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |last=Harzoune |first=Mustapha |date=2014-06-03 |title=Ballade d’un amour inachevé |url=https://www.histoire-immigration.fr/ballade-d-un-amour-inacheve |website=Palais de la Porte Dorée |access-date=2026-02-15}}&lt;/ref&gt;{{,}}{{sfn|Dalembert|2013}}.
*Ekriven orijin ayisyen [[Dany Laferrière]], ki rete [[Kanada]], te la pandan tranblemanntè a. Yon ane apre, li temwaye sa li te fè eksperyans nan ''Tout bouge autour de moi''&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |date=2011-01-03 |title=Un extrait de Tout bouge autour de moi par Dany Laferrière |trans-title=Yon extrait de Tout bouge autour de moi pa Dany Laferrière |url=https://www.lexpress.fr/culture/livre/un-extrait-de-tout-bouge-autour-de-moi-par-dany-laferriere_948637.html |website=L'Express |access-date=2026-02-15}}&lt;/ref&gt;{{,}}{{sfn|Laferrière|2012}}.
* Kòmandan lapolis Fabrice Martinez, chèf kontenjan Polis Nasyonal fransè a, ki te dekonpoze ann Ayiti nan non Nasyonzini (Minustah), te an misyon nan Pòtoprens pandan tranblemanntè a. Li rann temwayaj trajedi sa a nan ''Le flic au secours des gorilles''{{sfn|Martinez|2017}}.
* Otè ayisyen [[Yanick Lahens]] te bay istwa ''Failles''&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |last=Rousseau |first=Christine |date=2011-01-13 |title=&quot;Failles&quot;, de Yanick Lahens : lignes de failles |trans-title=&quot;Failles&quot;, de Yanick Lahens: liy fay |url=https://www.lemonde.fr/livres/article/2011/01/13/failles-de-yanick-lahens_1465005_3260.html |website=Le Monde |access-date=2026-02-15}}&lt;/ref&gt;{{,}}{{sfn|Lahens|2010}}.
* Ekriven ayisyen [[Marvin Victor]] te enspire pa tranblemanntè sa a pou woman li a ''Corps mêlés''&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |date=2011-03-05 |title=Corps mêlés |trans-title=Kò melanje |url=https://www.telerama.fr/livres/corps-meles,66194.php |website=Télérama |access-date=2026-02-15}}&lt;/ref&gt;{{,}}{{sfn|Victor|2011}}.
* Pou rann omaj pèp Ayiti a ak gwo tranblemanntè a, ekriven franse Laurent Gaudé ekri ''Danser les ombres''{{sfn|Gaudé|2015}}.
* Roman [[Makenzy Orcel]] (ekriven ak powèt ayisyen) ''Les Immortelles''{{sfn|Orcel|2017}} dewoule nan Pòtoprens kèk tan apre tranblemanntè a e li raple sò yon fanm ki disparèt ansanm ak trajedi a. sivivan.

== Nòt ak referans ==
Nou ka mande kesyon sou rasin apwòch imanitè a pandan tranblemanntè 2010 la ann Ayiti epi n ap mande tèt nou ki jan rasin sa yo sanble ak sa ki te genyen [[tranbleman tè ak tsunami nan Oseyan Endyen an 2004|Tranbleman tè ak tsunami 2004 nan Oseyan Endyen an]]&lt;ref&gt;{{Liv|otè1=Olivier Ferrari ak Maxime Boutry|title=Soti nan dezas natirèl rive nan dezas imen|subtitle=Konsekans ak defi èd imanitè apre tsunami ak siklòn Nargis nan Thailand ak Birmani|pasaj=2yèm pati. Pwoblèm ke dezas revele. Chapit 1. Rasin yo nan apwòch la paj 87 a 91.|publisher=IASEC|date=2009|total pages=120|oclc=1048665470|li sou entènèt=https://books.openedition.org/irasec/715}} &lt;/ref&gt;.{{Références|taille=25}}

== Lyen deyò ==
* [http://www.flickr.com/photos/37913760@N03/sets/72157623209524550/ PNUD galri foto sou Flickr]
{{liens}}

== Bibliyografi ==
* {{cite book |last=Lahens |first=Yanick |title=Failles |url=https://archive.org/details/faillesrcit0000lahe |publisher=Sabine Wespieser Editeur |publication-place=Paris |date=2010 |isbn=978-2-84805-090-4 |ref=Lahens2010}}
* {{cite book |last=Victor |first=Marvin |title=Corps mêlés |url=https://archive.org/details/corpsmlsroman0000vict |trans-title=Kò melanje |publisher=Editions Gallimard |publication-place=Paris |date=2011 |isbn=978-2-07-013215-7 |ref=Victor2011}}
* {{cite book |last=Laferrière |first=Dany |title=Tout bouge autour de moi |trans-title=Tout bagay deplase bò kote m |publisher=LGF/Le Livre de Poche |publication-place=Paris |date=2012 |isbn=978-2-253-16203-2 |ref=Laferrière2012}}
* {{cite book |last=Dalembert |first=Louis-Philippe |title=Ballade d'un amour inachevé |url=https://archive.org/details/balladedunamouri0000dale |trans-title=Ballad yon renmen ki pa fini |publisher=Mercure de France |publication-place=Paris |date=2013 |isbn=978-2-7152-3453-6 |ref=Dalembert2013}}
* {{cite book |last=Gaudé |first=Laurent |title=Danser les ombres |url=https://archive.org/details/danserlesombresr0000gaud |trans-title=Dansé lonbraj yo |publisher=Actes Sud Editions |publication-place=Arles [Montréal] |date=2015-01-07 |isbn=978-2-330-03971-4 |ref=Gaudé2015}}
* {{cite book |last=Martinez |first=Fabrice |title=Le flic au secours des gorilles |trans-title=Polisye a ap ede goriy yo |publisher=les Presses du Midi |publication-place=Toulon |date=2017-02-01 |isbn=978-2-8127-0848-0 |ref=Martinez2017}}
* {{cite book |last=Orcel |first=Makenzy |author-link=Makenzy Orcel |title=Les Immortelles |trans-title=Imòtèl yo |publisher=Mémoire d'encrier |publication-place=Québec |date=2017-09-01 |isbn=978-2-89712-468-7 |ref=Orcel2017}}
* {{cite journal |last=Corbet |first=Alice |title=Les différentes dimensions de la mémoire du séisme de 2010 en Haïti |trans-title=Dimansyon diferan nan memwa tranbleman tè 2010 an Ayiti |journal=OpenEdition Journals. L’Espace Politique |publisher=CNRS/Sciences Po Bordeaux |language=en,fr |volume=41 |year=2020 |issn=1958-5500 |doi=10.4000/espacepolitique.8275 |url=https://journals.openedition.org/espacepolitique/8275 |access-date=2026-02-15 |ref=Corbet2020}}

{{Palèt Ayiti}}

[[Kategori:2010]]
[[Kategori:Ayiti]]
[[Kategori:Tranblemanntè]]
[[Kategori:Katastwòf]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Penisilin</title>
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      <text bytes="5157" sha1="2sclr0qrqsavlfqk8jx279vedvolcuj" xml:space="preserve">'''Penisilin''' se yon medikaman ke yo itilize pou geri enfeksyon. 
Gen kèk moun ki di yo se [[Alèji|reyaksyon alèji]] nan penisilin sèlman yon ti kantite moun ki gen yon reyaksyon alèji a medikaman sa a.&lt;ref name=&quot;Al2015&quot;&gt;{{cite journal|last2=Radojicic|first2=C|date=May 2015|title=Penicillin allergy: A practical guide for clinicians|journal=Cleveland Clinic journal of medicine|volume=82|issue=5|pages=295–300|doi=10.3949/ccjm.82a.14111|doi-broken-date=2017-01-01|pmid=25973877|last1=Gonzalez-Estrada|first1=A}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Itilizasyon medikal ==
Pifò kalite nan penisilin ka bay pa bouch.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://livertox.nih.gov/PenicillinGandPenicillinV.htm|title=Penicillin G and Penicillin V|website=livertox.nih.gov|access-date=25 septanm 2016|archive-date=2017-02-06|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170206121020/https://livertox.nih.gov/PenicillinGandPenicillinV.htm|dead-url=yes}}&lt;/ref&gt; Penisilin ka itilize nan trete yon enfeksyon anpil ladan yo ki te koze pa sèten bakteri, ki gen ladan Strèptokok, Stafilokok, Clostridium, ak Monositojen generasyon. Penisilin a pa ka geri tout enfeksyon. Gen kèk bakteri pa touye pa medikaman sa yo. Penisilin se itilize nan trete nemoni, enfeksyon gòj, Sifilis, ak Gonore. Penisilin se itilize yo anpeche lafyèv rimatism ak timoun yo ak kouto digo sèlil maladi.

== Bò kote efè ==
Lòt kalite yo nan kondisyon yo pa ka rive lè moun pran penisilin. Pifò nan tan an sa yo efè segondè yo alèz epi yo pa grav. Dyare se komen ansanm ak gratèl. Yon bouch enfeksyon oswa enfeksyon nan vajen ka rive paske li se ki te koze pa yon chanpiyon.&lt;ref name=&quot;April2017&quot;&gt;{{cite book|title=Davis's drug guide for nurses|url=https://archive.org/details/davissdrugguidef0000vall_u2j2|last=Vallerand|first=April|publisher=F.A. Davis Company|year=2017|isbn=9780803657052|location=Philadelphia|pages=[https://archive.org/details/davissdrugguidef0000vall_u2j2/page/989 989]-994}}&lt;/ref&gt; Penisilin a pa te te jwenn nan lakòz domaj nesans.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.imt.ie/clinical/infections-immunology/penicillin-use-during-pregnancy-not-linked-to-birth-defects-16-12-2009/|title=Penicillin use during pregnancy not linked to birth defects|date=16 desanm 2009|publisher=|accessdate=19 me 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Menm si penisilin ka geri anpil enfeksyon epi, pafwa, bakteri yo ka chanje. Bakteri yo ka vin rezistan nan penisilin epi yo pa fè yo touye. Penisilin ka pafwa travay pi bon si yo bay li ak yon lòt medikaman an menm tan. Medikaman sa a se rele 
aminoglycosides.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal|last2=Hastings|first2=JG|date=1989|title=Penicillin-aminoglycoside synergy and post-antibiotic effect for enterococci.|journal=J Antimicrob Chemother|volume=23|issue=2|pages=189–199|doi=10.1093/jac/23.2.189|pmid=2708179|last1=Winstanley|first1=TG}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Kalite nan penisilin ==
Gen diferan kalite penisilin ak chak yon sèl se itilize pou trete diferan kalite enfeksyon. Sa yo se:
== Kalite penicillin ==
Genyen plizyè kalite pelisilin e chak yonn ladan ki itilize pou diferan kalite enfeksyon ap trete yon malad. Se sa yo:
* Penicillin K
* Penicillin N
* [[Penicillin O]]
* [[Penicillin V]]
* [[Methicillin]]
* [[Nafcillin]]
* [[Oxacillin]]
* [[Cloxacillin]]
* [[Dicloxacillin]]
* [[Flucloxacillin]]
* [[Ampicillin]]
* [[Amoxicillin]]
* [[Pivampicillin]]
* [[Hetacillin]]
* [[Bacampicillin]] 
* [[Metampicillin]] 
* [[Talampicillin]] 
* [[Epicillin]]
* [[Carbenicillin]]
* [[Ticarcillin]]
* [[Temocillin]]
* [[Mezlocillin]]
* [[Piperacillin]]

== Enfeksyon nan bèt ==
Bèt yo souvan trete yo ak antibyotik pou enfeksyon yo te devlope. Chat, chwal li yo ak chen yo ka trete yo ak penisilin. Nan kèk ra ka yo, bèt yo kapab gen yon move reyaksyon ak medikaman.&lt;ref name=&quot;KaplanLee2011&quot;&gt;{{cite journal|last2=Lee|first2=Justine A.|last3=Hovda|first3=Lynn R.|last4=Brutlag|first4=Ahna|year=2011|title=Adverse effects associated with inadvertent intravenous penicillin G procaine-penicillin G benzathine administration in two dogs and a cat|journal=Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association|volume=238|issue=4|pages=507–510|doi=10.2460/javma.238.4.507|issn=0003-1488|last1=Kaplan|first1=Megan I.}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.reference.com/science/correct-dosage-penicillin-dogs-7dfcff44fff7ef42#|title=What is the correct dosage of penicillin for dogs?|publisher=|access-date=19 me 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;vetinfo&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.vetinfo.com/side-effects-penicillin.html|title=Side Effects of Penicillin for Dogs|publisher=}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Referans ==
{{reflist|30em}}

== Lyen deyò ==
* {{fr}} [http://www.herodote.net/histoire09031.htm Istwa ofisyèl Penisilin]
* {{fr}} [https://web.archive.org/web/20070531225638/http://culturesciences.chimie.ens.fr/dossiers-dossierstransversaux-Sante-Penicilline_Decouverte_Antibiotique_Demirdjian.html Dekouvèt la nan penisilin] sou sitwèb CultureSciences-Chimie de l'École normale
* {{fr}} [http://culturesciences.chimie.ens.fr/content/la-penicilline-i-decouverte-dun-antibiotique-960 Detèminasyon estrikti sintèz ak penisilin] sou sitwèb CultureSciences-Chimie de l'École normale


[[Kategori:Medsin]]
[[Kategori:Medikaman]]</text>
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    <title>Konstelasyon</title>
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      <comment>Add 1 book for [[Wikipedya:Verifyabilite]] (20260817)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]]</comment>
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      <text bytes="3030" sha1="f6e9po5wgpvi03vjv425w530i4f900t" xml:space="preserve">Yon '''konstelasyon''' se yon  gwoup zetwa ki pwòch sou esfè selès la, ki prezante yon figi konvansyonèl yo bay yon non espesyal. Li se tou yon « zòn nan syèl la ki konvansyonèlman delimite ki gen ladann gwoup zetwal sa yo ».&lt;ref&gt;{{fr}} {{cite book|title=Le petit Larousse illustré|url=https://archive.org/details/lepetitlaroussei0000unse_p0g5|editor=Larousse|location=Pari|year=2007|pages =[https://archive.org/details/lepetitlaroussei0000unse_p0g5/page/1811 1811]|isbn=978-2-03-582502-5}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Anpil kilti te imajine fòm ki relye kèk zetwal pa liy imajinè. Yo te asosye ak [[mit]].
Konstelasyon sa yo te pèmèt moun repere bagay ki nan syèl yo, sou Latè e menm oryante moun ki tap vwayaje sou lanmè.

Yon konstelasyon jeneralman pi konplike ke yon asteris ki ka reprezante yon pati sèlman nan yon konstelasyon oswa fè pati plizyè konstelasyon.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://starchild.gsfc.nasa.gov/docs/StarChild/questions/question9.html|title=StarChild Question of the Month for May 1999|date=me 1999|website=starchild.gsfc.nasa.gov|editor=NASA|author=The StarChild Team}}&lt;/ref&gt;{{,}}&lt;ref name=&quot;Tate&quot;&gt;{{en}} {{cite web|url=http://www.universetoday.com/46827/asterisms/|title=Asterism|author=Jean Tate|date=4 desanm 2009|website=universetoday.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Zetwal konstelasyon yo parèt gwoupe nan syèl leswa men, an reyalite, yo jeneralman trè lwen youn lòt.

[[fichye:OrionTwinkle.gif|right|thumb|yon vwayaj imajinè]] nan konstelasyon [[oryon an (konstelasyon)|Oryon]] (nan animasyon sa a distans yo te respekte&lt;ref&gt; gade imaj sa a [https://apod.nasa.gov/apod/ap200919.html].&lt;/ref&gt;).

Sof si gen lòt endikasyon, isit la, tèm konstelasyon an fè referans ak konstelasyon modèn yo. Aktyèlman, Inyon Astwonomik Entènasyonal (UAI) divize syèl la an [[Lis konstelasyon|88 konstelasyon]] avèk limit yo presi, pou tout ti kwen nan syèl la fè pati yon konstelasyon.&lt;ref name=&quot;UAI&quot;&gt;{{en}} {{cite web|url=http://www.iau.org/public/themes/constellations/|title=The Constellations|editor=Union astronomique internationale|website=iau.org|accessdate=4 septanm 2014|archive-date=2023-01-28|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230128105231/https://www.iau.org/public/themes/constellations/|dead-url=yes}}&lt;/ref&gt; 88 konstelasyon sa yo repati an 2 gwoup, 44 pou chak [[Emisfè (jewografik)|emisfè terès]], nò (boreyal) ak sid (ostral). Konstelasyon boreyal yo pi ansyen e yo makonnen ak sivilizasyon mezopotamyèn mediteraneyèn. Se Grèk yo ak Women yo ki transmèt nou yo. Se astwonòm oksidan yo ki te bay konstelasyon ostral yo non nan XVIIyèm syèk la.

== Referans ==
{{referans}}
== Lyen deyò ==
* [http://j.dreuille.free.fr/disparues.html Konstelasyon ki disparèt]
* [http://www.astronoo.com/fr/constellations.html Konstelasyon Otòn, Ivè, Prentan, Ete] sou Astronoo
* [http://www.atlascoelestis.com Istwa katografi selès]
* [https://stellarium.org/fr/ Stellarium] , lojisyèll (gratis) ki, apre kèk reglaj, pèmèt wè tout konstelasyon ofisyèl (avèk objè selès).

[[Kategori:Astwonomi]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Enfeksyon</title>
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      <text bytes="70840" sha1="7bin8zq4ta2zkl8zxox2hkpkmmvblbq" xml:space="preserve">'''Enfeksyon''' se envazyon an nan yon òganis nan kò a tisi pa [[maladi]]-sa ki lakòz ajan yo, yo miltiplikasyon, ak reyaksyon an nan lame tisi nan òganis sa yo ak [[toksin]] yo pwodui.&lt;ref&gt;[http://medical-dictionary.thefreedictionary.com/infection Definition of &quot;infection&quot; from several medical dictionaries] - Retrieved on 2012-04-03&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;News Ghana&quot;&gt;{{Cite news|url=http://newsghana.com.gh/?p=853675|title=Utilizing antibiotics agents effectively will preserve present day medication|date=21 November 2015|publisher=News Ghana|access-date=21 November 2015}}&lt;/ref&gt; '''ki gen Enfeksyon maladi''', konnen tou kòm '''transmis maladi''' oswa '''maladi atrapan''', se [[Maladi|yon maladi]] ki kapab lakòz soti nan yon enfeksyon.

Enfeksyon yo ki te koze pa [[Patojèn|ajan enfektye]] ki gen ladan [[viris]], viroids, [[priyon]], [[bakteri]], nematod tankou [[Parazitis|parazit]] roundworms ak pinworms, [[atwopòd]] tankou [[Tik (bèt)|tik]], ti kòb kwiv, [[pis]], ak [[Pou (ensèk)|vèmin]], [[Chanpiyon|fongis]] tankou pyas, ak lòt makwoparazit tankou tapeworms yo ak lòt eleman.

Gen tout pouvwa a ka goumen ak enfeksyon an lè li sèvi avèk yo [[Sistèm iminitè|iminitè sistèm nan]]. [[Mamifè]] gen tout pouvwa a yo reyaji nan enfeksyon ak yon natirèl repons, souvan ki enplike enflamasyon, ki te swiv pa yon [[Iminite aktif|adaptasyon]] repons.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Alberto Signore|year=2013|title=About inflammation and infection|url=http://www.ejnmmires.com/content/pdf/2191-219X-3-8.pdf|journal=EJNMMI Research|volume=8|issue=3}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Espesifik medikaman yo itilize nan trete enfeksyon ki gen ladan [[antibyotik]], medikaman kont viris, antifonjik, antiprotozoals, ak antihelminthics. Maladi enfeksyon se rezilta nan 9.2 milyon moun ki mouri nan 2013 (apeprè 17% nan tout lanmò).&lt;ref name=&quot;GDB2013&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|last=GBD 2013 Mortality and Causes of Death|first=Collaborators|date=17 December 2014|title=Global, regional, and national age-sex specific all-cause and cause-specific mortality for 240 causes of death, 1990-2013: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2013.|journal=Lancet|volume=385|issue=9963|pages=117–71|doi=10.1016/S0140-6736(14)61682-2|pmc=4340604|pmid=25530442}}&lt;/ref&gt; branch ki nan [[Medsin|medikaman]] ki konsantre sou enfeksyon yo se refere yo kòm maladi enfektye ki.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.aamc.org/cim/specialty/list/us/339608/infectious_disease_-internal_medicine.html|title=Infectious Disease, Internal Medicine|publisher=Association of American Medical Colleges|access-date=2015-08-20|quote=Infectious disease is the subspecialty of internal medicine dealing with the diagnosis and treatment of communicable diseases of all types, in all organs, and in all ages of patients.|archive-date=2015-02-06|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150206201010/https://www.aamc.org/cim/specialty/list/us/339608/infectious_disease_-internal_medicine.html|dead-url=yes}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Klasifikasyon ==

=== Subclinical kont klinik (inaktif kont aparan) ===
Sentòm enfeksyon yo se ''aparan'' ak ''nan klinik'', lè nou konsidere ke yon enfeksyon ki se aktif, men se pa pwodui sentòm yo aparan yo ka rele ''inapparent,'' ''an silans,'' ''subclinical'', oswa [[wiktionary:occult#Adj1|occult]]. Yon enfeksyon ki se ki inaktif oswa andòmi se yo rele yon ''[[Enfeksyon|enfeksyon inaktif]]''.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|title=Medical microbiology|url=https://archive.org/details/medicalmicrobiol0000unse_f8m8|last=Kayser, Fritz H|last2=Kurt A Bienz|last3=Johannes Eckert|last4=Rolf M Zinkernagel|publisher=Georg Thieme Verlag|year=2005|isbn=3-13-131991-7|location=Stuttgart|page=[https://archive.org/details/medicalmicrobiol0000unse_f8m8/page/398 398]}}&lt;/ref&gt; Yon egzanp nan yon inaktif bakteri enfeksyon tibèkiloz inaktif. Gen kèk enfeksyon viral kapab tou dwe inaktif, men kèk egzanp nan inaktif enfeksyon viral yo se nenpòt nan moun sa yo ki soti nan ''Herpesviridae'' fanmi.

Pawòl bondye a ''enfeksyon ki'' ka endike nenpòt prezans nan yon patojèn patikilye nan tout (pa gen pwoblèm ki jan ti kras) men tou, se souvan yo itilize nan yon sans qui yon ''klinik aparan'' enfeksyon (nan lòt mo, yon ka nan maladi enfektye).&lt;ref name=&quot;Dorlands&quot;&gt;{{Citation|author=Elsevier|authorlink=Elsevier|title=Dorland's Illustrated Medical Dictionary|publisher=Elsevier|url=http://dorlands.com/|postscript=.}}&lt;/ref&gt; reyalite Sa a detanzantan kreye kèk anbigwite oswa envit kèk l' diskisyon. Pou jwenn bò kote l ' la kontraryete, li se komen pou pwofesyonèl sante yo ap pale de ''[[Infection#Colonization|kolonizasyon]]'' (olye ke ''enfeksyon'') lè yo di ke kèk nan ajan patojèn yo se prezante men sa yo ki pa gen okenn plan aparan enfeksyon (ki pa gen maladi a) ki prezan. 

Yon kout-tèm nan enfeksyon se yon ''egi'' enfeksyon. Yon ki dire lontan nan enfeksyon se yon kwonik enfeksyon. Enfeksyon ka fè pli lwen klase pa causal ajan (bakteri, viral, chanpiyon, parazit), ak nan prezans la oswa absans nan sistemik sentòm (enfčksyon).

=== Prensipal kont opòtinis ===
Pami varyete anpil nan mikwo-òganis, relativman kèk lakòz maladi nan otreman sante moun.&lt;ref name=&quot;Baron&quot;&gt;This section incorporates [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/bv.fcgi?rid=mmed public domain] materials included in the text: [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/bv.fcgi?call=bv.View..ShowTOC&amp;rid=mmed.TOC&amp;depth=10 Medical Microbiology] Fourth Edition: [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/bv.fcgi?rid=mmed.chapter.594 Chapter 8] (1996). &lt;/ref&gt; Enfektye maladi ki rezilta soti nan entre ant moun sa yo ki kèk [[Patojèn|ajan patojèn]] ak defans yo nan gen tout pouvwa a yo enfekte. Aparans la ak gravite nan maladi ki kapab lakòz soti nan nenpòt pathogens, depann sou kapasite a nan ke pathogens nan domaj nan lame a kòm byen ke kapasite nan òganize reziste pathogens la. Sepandan yon lame nan sistèm iminitè a kapab lakòz tou domaj nan lame a tèt li nan yon tantativ pou kontwole enfeksyon an. Klinisyen se poutèt sa klasifye enfeksyon mikwo-òganis oswa mikwòb yo dapre estati a nan lame defans - swa kòm ''prensipal ajan patojèn'' oswa kòm ''opòtinis ajan patojèn'':
; Prensipal ajan patojèn
: Prensipal ajan patojèn lakòz maladi kòm yon rezilta nan prezans yo oswa aktivite nan nòmal, an sante lame, epi yo intrinsèques virulans (gravite a nan maladi a, yo lakòz) se, an pati, se yon nesesè konsekans yo bezwen repwodui ak gaye. Anpil nan a ki pi komen prensipal ajan patojèn nan imen sèlman enfekte moun, sepandan anpil maladi grav ki yo ki te koze pa òganis akeri nan anviwònman an oswa ki enfekte ki pa peye-imen an gen tout pouvwa a yo.
; Opòtinis ajan patojèn
: Opòtinis ajan patojèn kapab lakòz yon maladi kontajye nan yon lame ak deprime rezistans (iminodefisyans) oswa si yo gen etranj aksè a anndan an nan kò a (pou egzanp, atravè chòk). Enfeksyon opòtinis pouvwa dwe ki te koze pa mikwòb nòmalman nan kontak ak lame a, tankou patojèn bakteri oswa fongis nan gastwoentestinal a oswa anwo aparèy respiratwa, epi yo ka tou rezilta ki soti nan (otreman anoden) mikwòb akeri soti nan lòt ki gen tout pouvwa a (tankou nan ''Clostridium difficile'' kolit) oswa nan anviwònman an kòm yon rezilta nan twomatik entwodiksyon (tankou nan asye blesi enfeksyon oswa konpoze ka zo kase). Yon maladi opòtinis mande defisyans nan lame defans, ki ka rive kòm yon rezilta nan domaj jenetik (tankou Kwonik anterit maladi), ekspoze nan antibiotics dwòg oswa immunosuppressive pwodui chimik (tankou ka rive apre anpwazonnman ak gaz oswa [[Kansè|kansè nan]] [[chimyoterapi]]), ekspoze nan [[Radyasyon iyonik|radyasyon yonizasyon]], oswa kòm yon rezilta nan yon maladi kontajye ak immunosuppressive aktivite (tankou ak lawoujòl, [[malarya]] oswa [[Sida|maladi VIH]]). Prensipal ajan patojèn kapab lakòz tou pi grav maladi-nan yon lame ak deprime rezistans pase sa ta nòmalman rive nan yon immunosufficient lame.
; Prensipal enfeksyon kont enfeksyon segondè
: Yon prensipal enfeksyon enfeksyon ki se, oswa ou pa ka pratikman dwe wè li kòm, rasin kòz yo nan aktyèl la pwoblèm sante. Nan contrast, yon enfeksyon segondè se yon sequela oswa konplikasyon nan yon kòz rasin. Pou egzanp, poumon tibèkiloz se souvan prensipal yon enfeksyon, men yon enfeksyon sa ki te rive sèlman paske yon boule oswa penetrasyon chòk (kòz la rasin) pèmèt etranj aksè nan gwo twou san fon tisi yo se yon enfeksyon segondè. Prensipal ajan patojèn souvan kòz prensipal enfeksyon ak tou souvan lakòz enfeksyon segondè. Anjeneral, enfeksyon opòtinis yo wè li kòm segondè enfeksyon (paske iminodefisyans oswa aksidan te favorisant faktè).

=== Enfeksyon oswa ou pa ===
Youn nan fason yo pwouve ke yon bay maladi a &quot;enfeksyon&quot;, se pou satisfè Koch a postila (premye ki te pwopoze pa Robert Koch), ki mande ke [[Patojèn|ajan an ki gen enfeksyon]] ap idantifye sèlman nan pasyan epi yo pa nan sante kontwole, ak ke pasyan ki moun ki kontra ajan an tou, yo devlope maladi-a. Sa postila te premye itilize nan dekouvèt la ke Mycobacteria espès lakòz maladi tibèkiloz la. Koch a postila pa ka aplike moralman pou anpil maladi moun yo paske yo mande pou eksperimantal enfeksyon nan yon ki an sante moun ki gen yon patojèn ki te pwodui kòm yon pi bon kalite kilti. Souvan, menm klèman maladi enfeksyon pa satisfè enfeksyon kritè. Pou egzanp, ''Treponema pallidum'', responsables spirochete nan sifilis, pa ka kiltive ''nan vitro'' - sepandan òganis lan ka kiltive nan lapen tèstikul yo. Li se pi piti a klè ke yon pi bon kalite kilti a soti nan yon bèt sous ki sèvi kòm lame a pase sa li se lè sòti nan mikwòb ki sòti nan plak kilti.
Epidemyoloji a se yon lòt zouti enpòtan ki te itilize nan etid maladi nan yon popilasyon. Pou enfeksyon maladi li te ede yo detèmine si yon maladi epidemi se detanzantan (okazyonèl ou te rele minustah), [[Maladi andemik|endemic]] (regilye ka souvan ki fèt nan yon rejyon an), [[Epidemik|epidemi]] (yon nimewo trè wo nan ka a nan yon rejyon an), oswa pandemi (yon epidemi mondyal).

=== Kontajyon ===
Maladi enfeksyon se pafwa yo rele maladi kontajye lè yo byen fasil transmèt li pa gen kontak ak yon moun malad oswa yo sekresyon (e.g., grip). Se konsa, yon maladi kontajye se yon sou nan maladi enfektye ki se espesyalman kontajyeu oswa fasil transmèt. Lòt kalite enfeksyon/transmis/maladi kontajye ak plis espesyalize wout la nan enfeksyon, tankou vecteur transmisyon oswa seksyèl transmisyon maladi a, anjeneral pa konsidere kòm &quot;atrapan&quot;, ak souvan pa egzije swen medikal izolasyon (pafwa blesi ki rele karantèn) nan viktim yo. Sepandan, sa a espesyalize siyifikasyon nan pawòl bondye a &quot;kontajye&quot; ak &quot;maladi kontajye&quot; (fasil transmissibility) se pa toujou respekte nan popilè sèvi ak yo.
Maladi enfeksyon se souvan transmèt de yon moun a moun nan kontak dirèk. Ki kalite kontak yo nan moun yo moun jwen ak gaye. Endirèk kontakte tankou airborne transmisyon maladi a, ki kontamine objè, manje, manje ak dlo pou bwè, bèt moun yo kontakte a, bèt rezèvwa, ensèk, ak anviwònman rezèvwa yo se yon lòt fason maladi enfeksyon se transmèt, &lt;ref&gt;(Higurea &amp; Pietrangelo 2016).&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Pa anatomik kote ===
Enfeksyon kapab klase nan la anatomik kote oswa [[Sistèm òganik|ògàn nan sistèm]] nan ki enfekte, ki gen ladan:
* Enfeksyon nan aparèy urin
* Enfeksyon po
* Aparèy respiratwa enfeksyon
* Odontogenic enfeksyon (yon enfeksyon ki provenant nan yon dan oswa nan sere antoure tisi)
* Enfeksyon nan vajen
* Andedan-amniotic enfeksyon
Anplis de sa, kote a nan enflamasyon kote enfeksyon se kòz ki pi komen yo gen ladan nemoni, menenjit ak salpenjit.

== Siy ak sentòm ==
Sentòm yo nan yon enfeksyon depann sou ki kalite maladi. Gen kèk siy ki montre yo nan enfeksyon afekte kò a tout antye jeneralman, tankou fatig, pèdi apeti, pèdi pwa, [[lafyèv]], swe lannwit, frison, doulè ak doulè. Lòt moun yo espesifik nan moun pati nan kò a, tankou gratèl sou po, touse, oswa yon nen k ap koule.

Nan sèten ka yo, maladi enfeksyon pouvwa dwe senptom pou pi oswa menm tout nan kou yo nan yon yo bay lame yo. Nan denyé ka sa a, maladi a kapab sèlman dwe defini kòm yon &quot;maladi&quot; (ki pa definisyon vle di yon maladi) nan gen tout pouvwa a ki moun ki dezyemman vin malad aprè kontak avèk yon senptom konpayi asirans la. Yon enfeksyon, se pa synonyme ak yon maladi enfektye, tankou kèk enfeksyon pa lakòz maladi nan yon lame.

=== Bakteri oswa viral ===
Bakteri ak chaj viral enfeksyon ka tou de lakòz menm bagay la tou kalite a nan sentòm yo. Li kapab difisil yo fè distenksyon ant sa ki se kòz la nan yon espesifik enfeksyon.&lt;ref name=&quot;nipa&quot;&gt;[http://www.antibiotics-info.org/bact02.asp &quot;Bacterial vs.]&lt;/ref&gt; Li enpòtan yo fè distenksyon ant, paske enfeksyon viral pa ka geri nan [[antibyotik]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|title=The Truth About Illness and Disease|last=Robert N. Golden|last2=Fred Peterson|publisher=Infobase Publishing, 2009|isbn=1438126379|page=181}}&lt;/ref&gt;
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 58px;&quot;
|+Konparezon nan viral ak enfeksyon bakteri
! Karakteristik
! Enfeksyon Viral
! Enfeksyon bakteri
|-
| Sentòm tipik 
| An jeneral, nan enfeksyon viral yo se sistemik. Sa vle di yo gen ladan yo anpil diferan pati nan kò a oswa plis pase yon sèl kò sistèm nan menm tan an; sa vle di yon nen k ap koule, konjesyon sinis, tous, doulè nan kò, elatriye. Yo ka lokal yo nan fwa tankou nan viral konjonktivit oubyen &quot;woz je&quot; ak èpès. Se sèlman yon kèk enfeksyon viral yo se ki fè mal, tankou èpès. Doulè a nan enfeksyon viral yo se souvan dekri kòm grate oswa boule.
| Klasik sentòm nan yon enfeksyon bakteri yo lokalize woujè, chalè, anfle ak doulè. Youn nan karakteristik yo nan yon enfeksyon bakteri se lokal doulè, doulè ki se nan yon pati espesifik nan kò an. Pou egzanp, si yon koupe ki rive, se ki enfekte ak bakteri, doulè fèt nan sit la nan enfeksyon an. Bakteri gòj doulè se souvan karakterize pa plis doulè sou yon bò nan gòj la. Yon enfeksyon nan zòrèy se pi plis chans yo dwe dyagnostike kòm bakteri si doulè a ki fèt nan yon sèl zòrèy yo. Yon koupe ki pwodui pi ak lakte-sifas ki gen koulè likid ki gen plis chans enfekte.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.rencareltd.com/conditions/infections/|title=Infection|publisher=Rencare|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120305023556/http://www.rencareltd.com/conditions/infections/|archive-date=March 5, 2012|dead-url=yes|access-date=4 July 2013}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
| Kòz 
| Viris patojèn 
| Bakteri patojèn
|}

== Fizyopatolojik ==
Gen se yon jeneral chèn nan evènman ki aplike pou enfeksyon.&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.infectioncycle.com/ Infection Cycle] - Retrieved on 2010-01-21 {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140517095153/http://www.infectioncycle.com/|date=May 17, 2014}}&lt;/ref&gt; chèn nan evènman ki enplike nan plizyè etap—ki gen ladan ajan an ki gen enfeksyon, rezèvwa a, k ap antre nan yon sansib lame, sòti ak transmisyon nan nouvo gen tout pouvwa a yo. Chak nan lyen yo dwe prezante, nan yon lòd kwonolojik pou yon enfeksyon nan devlope. Konprann etap sa yo ede travayè swen sante sib enfeksyon an ak anpeche li soti nan rive nan plas an premye.&lt;ref&gt;[https://web.archive.org/web/20090924155111/https://science.education.nih.gov/supplements/nih1/diseases/guide/understanding1.htm Understanding Infectious Diseases] Science.&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Kolonizasyon ===
[[Fichye:Dit_del_peu_gros_infectat.jpg|vignette|Enfeksyon nan yon zòtèy ak yon incarne toenail; gen se pi (jòn) ak resultant enflamasyon (wouj ak anfle alantou klou).]]
Yon enfeksyon kòmanse lè yon òganis avèk siksè antre nan kò a, grandi ak miltipliye. Sa a se refere yo kòm kolonizasyon. Pifò moun yo se pa fasil enfekte. Moun ki fèb la, malad, mal nouri, ki gen kansè nan oswa ou se dyabetik yo te ogmante emotivite nan maladi kwonik oswa ki pèsistan enfeksyon. Moun ki gen yon siprime [[Sistèm iminitè|sistèm iminitè a]] yo patikilyèman sansib a enfeksyon opòtinisyo. Antre nan lame a nan lame a-pathogens koòdone, jeneralman rive nan mukoza a nan ouvèti tankou nan [[Bouch|kavite a nan bouch]]&lt;nowiki/&gt;yo, nen an, je yo, elaji pati prive yo, dèyè, oswa mikwòb ka antre nan blesi ki louvri. Pandan y ap yon kèk òganis ki ka grandi nan premye sit la nan antre a, peyi emigre ak lakòz sistemik enfeksyon nan ògàn yo diferan. Gen kèk ajan patojèn grandi nan lame selil (entra) lè nou konsidere ke lòt moun grandi lib nan likid kòporèl.

Blesi kolonizasyon refere nonreplicating mikwo-òganis ki nan blesi a, pandan ke yo nan enfekte lè blesi, kreye òganis ki egziste yo ak tisi ki blese. Tout miltiselilè òganis yo ki te kolonize yo nan kèk degre pa èkstrensèk òganis, ak a vas majorite de sa yo ki egziste nan swa yon [[Mityalis|mutualistic]] oswa [[Kòmansalis|commensal]] relasyon yo ak lame a. Yon egzanp a nan ansyen an se [[Anayewobi|bakteri anaerobik]] espès yo, ki colonizes la [[mamifè]] [[Gwo trip|kolon]], ak yon egzanp nan lèt la yo se divès kalite espès nan staphylococcus ki egziste sou po moun. Ni nan sa yo colonizations yo konsidere kòm enfeksyon. Diferans ki genyen ant yon enfeksyon ak yon kolonizasyon se souvan sèlman yon kesyon de sikonstans yo. Ki pa peye-òganis patojèn ka vin patojèn bay kondisyon espesifik, ak menm pi virulans òganis egzije pou sèten sikonstans lakòz yon konpwomèt enfeksyon. Gen kèk kolonizasyon bakteri, tankou ''Corynebacteria sp.'' ak ''viridans strèptokok'', ki anpeche adhesion la ak kolonizasyon yo nan patojèn bakteri e konsa gen yon relasyon senbyotik ak lame a, nan anpeche enfeksyon ak vitès geri blese.
[[Fichye:Pathogenic_Infection.png|vignette|&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Duerkop|first=Breck A|last2=Hooper|first2=Lora V|date=2013-07-01|title=Resident viruses and their interactions with the immune system|url=http://www.nature.com/ni/journal/v14/n7/fig_tab/ni.2614_F2.html|journal=Nature Immunology|language=en|volume=14|issue=7|pages=654–659|doi=10.1038/ni.2614|pmc=3760236|pmid=23778792}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.studyblue.com/notes/note/n/bacterial-pathogenesis/deck/11094651|title=Bacterial Pathogenesis at Washington University - St. Louis - StudyBlue|website=StudyBlue|access-date=2016-12-02}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.lifeextension.com/magazine/2014/6/the-dangers-of-using-antibiotics-to-prevent-urinary-tract-infections/page-01?p=1|title=Print Friendly|website=www.lifeextension.com|access-date=2016-12-02}}&lt;/ref&gt;Sa a imaj pentire etap sa yo nan patojèn enfeksyon.]]
Varyab yo patisipe nan rezilta yo nan yon lame vin vaksine nan yon patojèn ak piblisite pou dènye rezilta yo gen ladan:
* wout la nan antre nan pathogens la ak aksè nan lame a nan rejyon ke li pwogrè
* a intrinsèques virulans nan òganis patikilye
* kantite oswa chaj nan premye inokulan
* an [[Sistèm iminitè|iminitè]] estati a nan lame a ke yo te kolonize
Kòm yon egzanp, plizyè stafilokok espès rete inonsan sou po a, men, lè prezan nan yon nòmalman esteril espas, tankou nan kapsil la nan yon [[Atikilasyon|jwenti]] oswa peritwana, anpil anpil pitit san yo pa rezistans ak kòz mal.

Yon reyalite enteresan ki kwomatografi gaz–mas spectrometry, 16S ribosomal L' analiz, omics, ak lòt teknoloji avanse te fè plis aparan nan moun nan deseni ki sot pase a se ke microbes kolonizasyon se trè komen menm nan yon anviwonman ki moun yo panse a kòm ke yo te prèske esteril. Paske li se yon bagay nòmal pou yo gen bakteri kolonizasyon, li se difisil yo konnen ki kwonik, blesi kapab klase kòm ki enfekte ak ki jan anpil risk nan pwogresyon egziste. Malgre nimewo a gwo nan blesi wè nan pratik klinik l, genyen limite bon jan kalite done pou evalye sentòm ak siy yo. Yon revizyon nan maladi kwonik, blesi nan Journal la nan Asosyasyon Medikal Ameriken an &quot;Rasyonèl nan Klinik Egzamen Seri&quot; chiffres enpòtans ki genyen nan ogmante doulè kòm yon endikatè nan enfeksyon.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|displayauthors=etal|date=Feb 2012|title=Does this patient have an infection of a chronic wound?|journal=JAMA|volume=307|issue=6|pages=605–11|doi=10.1001/jama.2012.98|pmid=22318282}}&lt;/ref&gt; revizyon An te montre ke itil nan pi a jwenn a se yon ogmantasyon nan nivo nan doulè [chans rapò (LR) ranje a, 11-20] fè enfeksyon an pi plis chans yo, men absans la nan doulè (negatif chans rapò ranje a, yo 0.64-0.88) pa règ soti nan enfeksyon (rezime LR 0.64-0.88).

=== Maladi ===
[[Maladi]] sa yo ka rive si la lame a pwoteksyon iminitè a fòmil yo konpwomèt ak òganis enpoz domaj sou lame an. Mikwo-òganis yo ka lakòz tisi damage pa divilge yon varyete de toksin oswa destriktif anzim. Pou egzanp, Clostridium tetani degaje yon toksin ki paralizi nan misk, ak staphylococcus degaje toksin ki pwodui chòk ak enfčksyon. Se pa tout ajan enfektye lakòz maladi nan tout ki gen tout pouvwa. Pou egzanp, mwens pase 5% nan moun ki enfekte ak maladi polyo devlope maladi.&lt;ref&gt;http://www.immunize.org/catg.d/p4215.pdf&lt;/ref&gt; Sou lòt men an, gen kèk ajan enfektye yo trè virulans. An [[Priyon|prion]] sa ki lakòz mad maladi bèf ak Creutzfeldt–Jakob maladi toujours touye tout bèt yo ak moun ki enfekte.

Ki pèsistan enfeksyon rive paske kò a se kapab klè òganis lan apre premye enfeksyon. Ki pèsistan enfeksyon sont karakterize pa kontini prezans nan enfeksyon òganis, souvan kòm inaktif enfeksyon ak okazyonèl frekan rtonb nan enfeksyon aktif. Gen kèk viris ki ka kenbe yon ki pèsistan enfeksyon pa enfekte diferan selil ki nan kò an. Gen kèk viris yo yon fwa yo akeri pa janm kite kò a. Yon egzanp tipik se ki viris la èpès, ki gen tandans yo kache nan nè yo epi yo vin reactive lè espesifik sikonstans leve.

Ki pèsistan lakòz enfeksyon nan dè milyon de lanmò globalman chak ane.&lt;ref&gt;[https://web.archive.org/web/20150722065612/http://www.persistentinfection.net/ Chronic Infection Information] Retrieved on 2010-01-14 {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150722065612/http://www.persistentinfection.net/|date=July 22, 2015}}&lt;/ref&gt; enfeksyon Kwonik pa parazit kont pou yon segondè nan morbidite ak mòtalite nan anpil peyi soudevelope.

=== Transmisyon ===
Pou enfekte òganis yo siviv ak repete enfeksyon an sik nan lòt ki gen tout pouvwa, yo (oswa desandan yo) dwe kite yon rezèvwa yo ki deja egziste ak lakòz enfeksyon yon lòt kote. Enfeksyon transmisyon maladi a ka pran plas via anpil potansyèl wout:
* '''Jwen kontak''', tou li te ye kòm la ''respiratwa wout'', ak resultant enfeksyon ka aple airborne maladi. Si yon moun ki enfekte touse oswa estènye sou yon lòt moun nan mikwo-òganis yo, sispann nan cho, imid ti gout, ka antre nan kò a nan nen, bouch oswa je sifas yo. 
* '''Fekal-oral transmisyon''', kote alimenter oswa dlo vin kontamine (pa moun ki pa lave men yo anvan yo prepare manje, oswa trete dlo egou yo te lage nan yon rezèv dlo pou bwè) ak moun ki manje manje epi bwè, yo vin enfekte. Komen fekal-oral transmèt ajan patojèn gen ladan ''Vibrio kóllëre'', ''Giardya'' espès, rotaviruses, ''Entameba istolitika'', ''[[Escherichia coli]]'', ak tep vè.&lt;ref&gt;[https://web.archive.org/web/20101028013944/http://fungusfocus.com/html/flukes.htm Intestinal Parasites and Infection] fungusfocus.com - Retrieved on 2010-01-21&lt;/ref&gt; Pifò nan sa yo ajan patojèn lakòz gastroanterit.
* '''Seksyèl transmisyon maladi a''', ak sa ki lakòz maladi yo te rele [[Maladi ki transmèt nan sèks|maladi ki transmèt seksyèlman]]
* '''Oral transmisyon maladi a''', Maladi ki transmèt sitou pa vle di nan bouch pouvwa dwe kenbe nan dirèk oral nan kontak tankou [[bo]], oswa ou pa endirèk kontakte tankou pa pataje yon vè bwè oswa yon sigarèt.
* '''Transmisyon maladi a nan kontak dirèk''', gen Kèk maladi ke yo transmis pa kontak dirèk gen ladan pye atlèt la, bouton ak veri
* '''Machin Transmisyon maladi a,''' transmisyon pa yon inanime rezèvwa a (manje, dlo, tè).&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.microbiologybook.org/Infectious%20Disease/Infectious%20Disease%20Introduction.htm|title=CLINICAL INFECTIOUS DISEASE - INTRODUCTION|website=www.microbiologybook.org|access-date=2017-04-19}}&lt;/ref&gt;

* '''Vètikal transmisyon maladi a''', ki sòti dirèkteman nan manman an nan yon [[Abriyon|anbriyon]], [[fetis]] oswa tibebe yo pandan [[Grosès|gwosès]] oswa akouchman. Li ka rive lè manman an vin yon enfeksyon kòm yon intercurrent maladi nan gwosès la.
* '''Yatrojenik transmisyon''', akòz pwosedi medikal tankou piki oswa transplantasyon nan materyèl enfekte.
[[Fichye:CulexNil.jpg|gauche|vignette|220x220px|Moustik Culex (''Culex quinquefasciatus'' montre) yo byolojik vektè ki transmèt Viris West Nile.]]
* '''Vecteur-transmèt nan transmisyon maladi a''', transmèt li pa yon [[Vektè byolojik|vektè]], ki se yon [[òganis]] ki pa lakòz [[maladi]] nan tèt li men ke yo transmèt enfeksyon pa pas [[Patojèn|ajan patojèn]] soti nan yon [[Selil ot|lame]] nan yon lòt.&lt;ref&gt;[https://web.archive.org/web/20171005150918/http://www.metapathogen.com/ Pathogens and vectors].&lt;/ref&gt;
Relasyon ki genyen ant ''virulans kont transmissibility'' se konplèks; si yon maladi a se rapidman fatal, lame a ka mouri anvan mikwòb ka pase ansanm nan yon lòt lame.

== Dyagnostik ==
Dyagnostik nan maladi enfektye ki pafwa enplike nan idantifye yon ajan enfektye swa dirèkteman oswa endirèkteman. Nan pratik ki pi minè maladi enfeksyon tankou veri, kutaneo [[Absè|abse]], sistèm respiratwa ak enfeksyon maladi dyare yo dyagnostike pa yo nan klinik prezantasyon ak trete yo san yo pa konesans nan espesifik a ajan yo responsables. Konklizyon sou kòz la nan maladi a se ki baze sou pwobabilite ki genyen pou ke yon pasyan ki te vin nan kontak ak yon ajan an patikilye, nan prezans nan yon mikròb nan yon kominote, ak lòt epidemyoloji konsiderasyon. Bay ase efò yo, tout li te ye ajan enfektye ou ka espesyalman idantifye. Benefis ki genyen nan idantifikasyon, sepandan, yo yo souvan anpil vanport pa pri a, kòm souvan yo pa gen okenn tretman espesifik, koze a se evidan, oswa rezilta nan yon enfeksyon se benign.

Dyagnostik nan maladi enfektye ki se prèske toujou inisye pa istwa medikal ak egzamen fizik. Plis detay idantifikasyon teknik ki gen pou wè kilti a nan ajan enfektye izole ki soti nan yon moun ki malad. Kilti a pèmèt idantifikasyon nan enfeksyon òganis yo pa ekzamine yo mikwoskopik karakteristik, pa detekte prezans nan sibstans ki sou ki te pwodui pa ajan patojèn, ak pa dirèkteman idantifye yon òganis pa li genotype yo. Lòt teknik (tankou [[Reyon X|X-reyon]], CHAT analiz, BÈT kay analiz oswa RMN) yo te itilize pou pwodui imaj nan entèn anomali ki soti nan kwasans la nan yon ajan ki gen enfeksyon. Imaj sa yo yo itil yo nan deteksyon nan, pou egzanp, yon zo [[Absè|abse]] oswa yon spongiform ansefalit ki te pwodui pa yon [[Priyon|prion]].

=== Ki moutre sentòm lagrip diagnostics ===
Dyagnostik la se assistée pa prezante sentòm yo nan nenpòt moun ki gen yon maladi kontajye, men li toujou bezwen plis dyagnostik teknik nan konfime sispèk la. Gen kèk siy ki montre yo se espesyalman karakteristik ak indicative de yon maladi ak sa yo rele pathognomonic siy; men sa yo, se ra anpil. Se pa tout enfeksyon yo se moutre sentòm lagrip.&lt;ref name=&quot;Sternak&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Ljubin-Sternak|first=Suncanica|last2=Mestrovic|first2=Tomislav|date=2014|title=Review: Clamydia trachonmatis and Genital Mycoplasmias: Pathogens with an Impact on Human Reproductive Health|journal=Journal of Pathogens|volume=2014|issue=183167|page=3|doi=10.1155/2014/183167|pmc=4295611|pmid=25614838}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Nan timoun yo nan prezans nan syanoz, pou l respire rapid, pòv periferik irigasyon, oswa yon petechial gratèl ogmante risk pou yo yon enfeksyon grav pa pi gran pase 5 pliye.&lt;ref name=&quot;Lancet10&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|date=March 2010|title=Diagnostic value of clinical features at presentation to identify serious infection in children in developed countries: a systematic review|journal=Lancet|volume=375|issue=9717|pages=834–45|doi=10.1016/S0140-6736(09)62000-6|pmid=20132979}}&lt;/ref&gt; Lòt endikatè enpòtan yo gen ladan yo paran yo ki konsène yo, nan klinik ensten, ak tanperati ki pi gran pase 40&amp;#x20;°C.

=== Microbes kilti ===
[[Fichye:K_pneumoniae_M_morganii_providencia_styphimuriuma.JPG|vignette|218x218px|Kat eleman nitritif aga plak yo k ap grandi koloni nan komen Gram negatif bakteri.]]
Mikrobyolojik kilti se yon direktè lekòl zouti yo itilize pou fè dyagnostik maladi enfektye ki. Nan yon microbes kilti, yon kwasans mwayèn yo bay pou yon espesifik ajan. Yon echantiyon yo te pran nan potansyèlman malad tisi oswa likid, se lè sa a, yo teste pou prezans nan yon ajan enfektye kapab grandi nan ki medyòm. Pifò nan bakteri patojèn yo fasil grandi sou eleman nitritif aga, yon fòm solid nan mwayen ki materyèl nan idrat kabòn ak pwoteyin ki nesesè pou kwasans lan nan yon [[bakteri]], ansanm ak kantite lajan abondance nan dlo. Yon sèl bakteri a ap grandi nan yon vizib mound sou sifas la nan plak yo rele yon koloni, sa ki ka dwe separe soti nan lòt koloni oswa melded yo ansanm nan yon &quot;gazon&quot;. Gwosè a, koulè po, fòm nan ak fòm nan yon koloni se karakteristik nan espès bakteri, espesifik li yo makiyaj jenetik la ( souch), ak anviwònman ki sipòte kwasans li. Lòt engredyan yo yo souvan ajoute nan plak machin lan pou èd nan idantifikasyon. Plak pouvwa gen sibstans ki sou ki pèmèt kwasans nan kèk bakteri epi yo pa lòt moun, oswa ki chanje koulè a nan repons pou sèten bakteri ak pa lòt moun. Bakteryolojik plak tankou sa yo yo souvan itilize nan klinik idantifikasyon nan enfeksyon bakteri. Microbes kilti a ka tou gen pou itilize nan idantifikasyon an nan [[viris]]: medyòm a nan ka sa a selil yo ke yo te grandi nan kilti ke viris la kapab enfekte, ak lè sa a, chanje oswa touye. Nan ka a nan viral idantifikasyon, yon rejyon nan selil yo mouri rezilta ki soti nan kwasans viral, epi li se te rele yon &quot;plak&quot;. [[Ekaryòt|Ekaryotik]] [[Parazitis|parazit yo]] kapab tou ap grandi nan kilti kòm yon mwayen pou idantifye yon patikilye ajan.

Nan absans apwopriye plak kilti teknik, kèk mikwòb mande pou kilti a nan bèt ap viv la. Bakteri tankou ''Mycobacterium leprae'' ak ''Treponema pallidum'' ka grandi nan bèt yo, byenke seroloji ak mikwoskopik teknik fè pou sèvi ak bèt yo ap viv nesesè. Viris yo yo se tou anjeneral idantifye lè l sèvi avèk altènativ yo pou kwasans nan kilti ou oswa nan bèt yo. Gen kèk viris yo ka grandi nan [[Abriyon|embryonated]] ze. Yon lòt itil idantifikasyon metòd se Xenodiagnosis, oswa itilize nan yon vektè pou sipòte kwasans lan nan yon ajan enfektye. Maladi Chagas se ki pi enpòtan egzanp, paske li se difisil yo dirèkteman demontre prezans a nan ajan an responsables, ''Trypanosoma cruzi'' nan yon pasyan, ki se poutèt sa fè li difisil pou définitivement fè yon dyagnostik. Nan ka sa a, xenodiagnosis enplike itilizasyon an nan [[Vektè byolojik|vektè a]] nan Chagas ajan ''T. cruzi'', yon non triatomine ensèk, ki te pran san yon repa soti nan yon moun ki sispèk nan li te gen te enfekte. Ensèk la se pita enspekte pou kwasans nan ''T. cruzi'' nan zantray li yo.

=== Mikwoskospi ===
Yon lòt direktè lekòl zouti nan dyagnostik la nan maladi enfektye ki se mikwoskospi. Pwatikman tout nan kilti teknik diskite pi wo a konte a, nan kèk pwen, sou mikwoskopik egzamen pou definitif idantifikasyon nan ajan enfektye. Mikwoskospi pouvwa dwe te pote soti ak senp nan enstriman mizik, tankou konpoze limyè mikwoskòp, oswa ak enstriman mizik tankou konplèks kòm yon [[Mikwoskòp elektwonik|mikwoskòp elèktron]]. Echantiyon yo jwenn soti nan pasyan yo ka wè dirèkteman anba limyè mikwoskòp, epi yo ka souvan rapidman mennen nan idantifikasyon. Mikwoskospi a se souvan tou yo itilize nan konjonksyon avèk byochimik tach teknik, epi yo ka fè èkstraordinèrman espesifik lè yo itilize nan konbinezon ak [[antikò]] ki baze teknik yo. Pou egzanp, pou yo sèvi ak [[Antikò|antikò yo]] atifisyèlman fè fè yo fluorescent (fluorescently ki make antikò) ka dirije yo mare yo ak idantifye yon espesifik [[antijèn]] yo prezan sou yon pathogens. Yon fluoresans mikwoskòp se lè sa a itilize yo detekte fluorescently ki make antikò nan mare yo enteryorize antigen nan klinik echantiyon oswa kiltive selil yo. Teknik sa a se espesyalman itil nan dyagnostik la nan maladi viral danjre, kote limyè mikwoskòp se anmezi pou yo idantifye yon viris dirèkteman.

Lòt mikwoskopik pwosedi a pouvwa tou èd nan idantifye ajan enfektye. Prèske tout selil fasilman tach ak yon nimewo nan debaz koloran akòz electrostatic atraksyon ant negatif chaje selilè molekil ak chaj pozitif sou lank wouj la. Yon selil ki se nòmalman transparan anba yon mikwoskòp, ak lè l sèvi avèk yon tach ogmante kontras nan yon selil ki gen background li yo. Tach yon telefòn ak yon lank tankou Giemsa tach oswa vyolèt kristal pèmèt yon microscopist pou dekri gwosè li, fòm, entèn ak ekstèn eleman yo epi li asosyasyon avèk lòt selil yo. Repons lan nan bakteri yo nan diferan tach pwosedi ki itilize nan taksonomik klasifikasyon nan mikwòb kòm byen. De metòd yo, an Gram tach ak asid-vit tach yo, yo se estanda apwòch yo itilize yo pou klasifye bakteri ak pou dyagnostik la nan maladi. An Gram tach idantifye gwoup bakteri Firmicutes ak Actinobacteria, tou de nan yo ki gen anpil enpòtan patojèn imen. Asid-vit tach pwosedi idantifye Actinobacterial generasyon ''Mycobacterium'' ak ''Nocardia''.

=== Byochimik ki tès yo ===
Byochimik ki tès yo itilize nan idantifikasyon an nan ajan enfektye gen ladan deteksyon an nan [[Metabolis|metabolik]] oswa [[Anzim|anzimatik]] pwodui karakteristik sa yo nan yon patikilye ajan enfektye. Depi bakteri ideologik [[Kabonidrat|piti]] nan modèl karakteristik yo genus ak [[Espès|espès yo]], deteksyon an nan fèmantasyon pwodui a se souvan itilize nan bakteri idantifikasyon. [[Asid]], [[Alkòl|alkol]] ak [[gaz]] yo anjeneral detekte nan tès sa yo, lè bakteri yo grandi nan selektif likid oswa solid nan medya yo.

Izolasyon nan [[Anzim|anzim yo]] soti nan tisi ki enfekte a kapab tou bay baz la nan yon byochimik dyagnostik pou yon maladi kontajye. Pou egzanp, moun ka fè ni RNA replicases ni ranvèse transcriptase, ak prezans nan sa yo anzim yo ki yo se karakteristik nan kalite espesifik nan enfeksyon viral. Kapasite a nan pwoteyin viral hemagglutinin yo mare [[Globil wouj|wouj selil san yo]] ansanm nan yon detekte matris pouvwa tou pou yo kab karakterize kòm yon byochimik ki tès pou enfeksyon viral, byenke estrikteman pale hemagglutinin se pa yon ''anzim'' ak pa gen okenn fonksyon metabolik yo.

Seroloji metòd yo trè sansib, espesifik epi byen souvan yo trè rapid tès itilize yo idantifye mikwo-òganis. Tès sa yo yo ki baze sou kapasite a nan yon antikò nan mare espesyalman nan yon antijèn. A antijèn, anjeneral, yon pwoteyin oswa idrat kabòn te fè pa yon ajan enfektye, se mare pa antikò yo. Sa a obligatwa lè sa a, kouche sou yon chèn nan evènman ki pa ka dwe vizib evidan nan divès fason, depann sou tès la. Pou egzanp, &quot;maladi Farenjit gòjla&quot; se souvan dyagnostike nan minit, epi li se ki baze sou aparans nan antigen te fèt pa ajan an responsables, ''S. pyogenes'', ki se retrieved soti nan yon pasyan nan gòj la ak yon prelèvman koton. Seroloji tès yo, si sa disponib, se anjeneral pi pito wout yo nan idantifikasyon, sepandan egzamen yo se koute chè pou devlope ak réactifs yo te itilize nan tès la souvan mande pou refrijerasyon. Gen kèk seroloji metòd yo yo ekstrèman koute chè, malgre ke lè yo souvan itilize yo, tankou ak &quot;maladi farenjit tès&quot; yo, yo ka chè.

Konplèks seroloji teknik te devlope nan sa yo li te ye kòm Imunodozaj. Imunodozaj ka sèvi ak debaz antikò – antijèn obligatwa kòm baz yo pwodui yon elektwo - mayetik oswa patikil radyasyon siyal, sa ki ka dwe detekte pa kèk fòm nan instrumentation. Siyal nan inkonu ka konpare ak sa yo ki nan estanda ki pèmèt quantitation nan sib la antijèn. Pou ede nan dyagnostik la nan maladi enfeksyon, imunodozaj ka detekte oswa mezi antigen soti nan swa ajan enfektye oswa pwoteyin yo ki te pwodui pa yon ki enfekte òganis nan repons pou yon ajan etranje. Pou egzanp, imunolojik Yon ka detekte prezans nan yon sifas ki piti a soti nan yon patikil viris. Imunolojik B sou lòt men an pouvwa detekte oswa mezi antikò ki te pwodui pa yon òganis nan sistèm iminitè a ki yo te fè nan netralize epi ki pèmèt destriksyon nan viris la.

Instrumentation ka itilize yo li ki piti anpil siyal yo ki te kreye pa segondè reyaksyon lye nan antikò – antijèn obligatwa. Instrumentation ka kontwole echantiyon, reaktif sèvi ak, tan reyaksyon, siyal deteksyon, kalkil la nan rezilta yo, ak jesyon done pou sede yon pri efikas otomatik ki fonksyone pwosesis pou dyagnostik la nan maladi enfektye ki.

=== PCR-ki baze diagnostics ===
Teknoloji ki baze sou polimerizasyon a reyaksyon chèn (PCR) metòd yo ap vin prèske omniprésente lò estanda a nan diagnostics nan tou pre a nan lavni, pou plizyè rezon. Premye, katalòg la nan ajan enfektye te cultivées nan pwen ke nòmalman tout nan siyifikatif ajan enfektye moun nan popilasyon an imen yo te idantifye. Dezyèmman, yon ajan enfektye dwe grandi nan kò imen an ki lakòz maladi; esansyèlman li dwe developed pwòp li yo nikleyik yo nan lòd yo lakòz yon maladi. Sa a anplifikasyon nikleyik asid nan tisi ki enfekte a ofri yon opòtinite pou detekte ajan enfektye lè l sèvi avèk PCR. Twazyèm, zouti esansyèl pou dirije PCR, prime, yo sòti nan jnom nan ajan enfektye, ak tan sa yo jnom yo pral ye, si yo pa yo deja.

Se konsa, kapasite teknolojik yo detekte nenpòt ki enfeksyon ajan byen vit ak espesyalman yo kounye a disponib. Sèlman ki rete blokaj yo sèvi ak nan PCR kòm yon zouti estanda nan dyagnostik yo nan koute li yo ak aplikasyon an, ni nan yo ki se enfranchisabl. Dyagnostik la nan yon kèk maladi pa pral benefisye de devlopman nan PCR metòd, tankou kèk nan clostridial maladi (tetanòs ak botulism). Maladi sa yo se fondamantalman byolojik ka anpwazònman pa relativman ti nan nimewo a nan enfeksyon bakteri ki pwodui trè ki pisan nerotoksin. Yon siyifikatif pwopagasyon nan ajan an ki gen enfeksyon an pa rive, sa a, limite kapasite nan PCR yo detekte prezans nan nenpòt ki bakteri.

=== Metagenomic sekans ===
Bay ranje nan lajè nan bakteri, viris, ak lòt ajan patojèn ki lakòz feblès ak maladi ki menase lavi, kapasite nan byen vit idantifye kòz la nan enfeksyon se ki enpòtan ankò souvan difisil. Pou egzanp, plis pase mwatye nan ka yo nan ansefalit, yon maladi grav ki afekte sèvo a, rete dyagnostike, malgre anpil tès lè l sèvi avèk eta-of-atizay la-nan klinik laboratwa metòd. Metagenomics se kounye a ke yo te rechèch klinik pou sèvi ak, epi montre pwomès kòm yon sansib ak rapid fason pou dyagnostik enfeksyon lè l sèvi avèk yon sèl nan tout-globally tès. Tès sa a se menm jan ak aktyèl PCR tès; sepandan, anplifikasyon nan materyèl jenetik la se san patipri olye ke lè l sèvi avèk prime pou yon espesifik a ajan an ki gen enfeksyon. Sa a anplifikasyon etap la se ki te swiv pa pwochen jenerasyon-sekans ak aliyman konparezon lè l sèvi avèk gwo baz done yo nan dè milye de organismic ak chaj viral jnom. 

Metagenomic sekans te ka pwouve ke itil espesyalman pou dyagnostik lè pasyan an se imunodeprime. Yon tout tan tout tan pi laj baie de ajan enfektye ka lakòz pwoblèm grav nan moun ki gen immunosuppresion, se konsa klinik tès depistaj yo dwe souvan dwe pi laj. Anplis de sa, ekspresyon an nan sentòm ki souvan atipik, fè dyagnostik klinik ki baze sou prezantasyon plis difisil. Anfen, metòd dyagnostik ki depann sou deteksyon an nan antikò yo se pi plis chans rive nan febli. Yon gwo, sansib tès pou ajan patojèn ki detekte prezans nan enfeksyon materyèl olye ke antikò yo se se poutèt sa trè dezirab.

=== Endikasyon nan tès sa yo ===
Gen se anjeneral yon endikasyon pou yon espesifik idantifikasyon nan yon ajan enfektye sèlman lè sa idantifikasyon ka ede nan tretman an oswa prevansyon nan maladi, oswa pou yo avanse konesans nan kou a nan yon maladi anvan nan devlopman nan efikas ki ka geri ou oswa mezi prevantif. Pou egzanp, nan ane 1980 yo byen bonè, anvan yo fè aparans nan AZT pou tretman pou [[Sida|maladi SIDA]], kou a nan maladi a te byen ki te swiv pa kontwole konpozisyon sa a nan pasyan echantiyon san, menm si rezilta a pa ta ka ofri pasyan yo nenpòt ki plis opsyon tretman. Nan pati, sa yo etid sou aparans nan VIH nan kominote espesifik pèmèt avansman nan [[ipotèz]] kòm pou wout la nan transmisyon nan viris la. Pa konprann ki jan maladi a te transmèt, resous yo ta dwe sible yo pou kominote yo nan pi gwo risk nan kanpay ki vize a diminye kantite enfeksyon nouvo. Espesifik seroloji dyagnostik idantifikasyon, epi pita [[Jenotip|jenotipik]] oswa molekilè idantifikasyon, VIH tou pèmèt devlopman nan ipotèz jan sa a [[Tan|tanporèl]] ak [[Jewografi|géographique]] orijin yo nan viris la, osi byen ke yon myriad nan lòt ipotèz yo. Nan devlopman nan molekilè jagnostik zouti ki te pèmèt doktè yo ak chèchè yo kontwole efikasite nan tretman ak medikaman anti-antiretroviral. Diagnostics molekilè se kounye a souvan itilize yo idantifye VIH nan moun ki an sante lontan anvan aparisyon nan maladi a ak yo te itilize pou demontre egzistans lan nan moun ki ap jenetikman rezistan nan enfeksyon VIH. Se konsa, pandan y ap gen se toujou pa gen okenn remèd pou geri SIDA, gen anpil ki ka geri ou ak prediksyon benefis yo idantifye viris ak siveyans viris la nan chak nivo san nan moun ki enfekte, tou de pou pasyan ak pou kominote a nan gwo.

== Prevansyon ==
[[Fichye:OCD_handwash.jpg|droite|vignette|Lave men yon sèl la, yon fòm nan ijyèn, se yon fason efikas yo anpeche gaye nan enfeksyon maladi.&lt;ref name=&quot;handhygiene&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|year=2007|title=The effectiveness of hand hygiene procedures including hand-washing and alcohol-based hand sanitizers in reducing the risks of infections in home and community settings|url=http://www.ajicjournal.org/article/S0196-6553(07)00595-0/fulltext|journal=American Journal of Infection Control|volume=35|issue=10|pages=S27–S64|doi=10.1016/j.ajic.2007.07.001}}&lt;/ref&gt;]]
Teknik tankou lave men, mete rob, ak mete mask ka ede anpeche enfeksyon soti nan ke yo te pase de yon moun a yon lòt. Asèpsi teknik te prezante nan medsin ak operasyon nan fen 19yèm syèk la ak anpil redwi ensidans nan enfeksyon koze pa operasyon an. Souvan lave men ou rete ki pi enpòtan defans kont pwopagasyon vle òganis.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://science.education.nih.gov/supplements/nih1/diseases/guide/fig4-longdesc.htm|title=&quot;Generalized Infectious Cycle&quot; Diagram Illustration|website=science.education.nih.gov|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090924155114/https://science.education.nih.gov/supplements/nih1/diseases/guide/fig4-longdesc.htm|archive-date=2009-09-24|access-date=2010-01-21}}&lt;/ref&gt; pa Gen lòt fòm nan prevansyon tankou evite itilize nan dwòg ilegal, lè l sèvi avèk yon kapòt, epi ki gen yon mòdvi an sante ak yon rejim balanse ak fè egzèsis regilye. Kwit manje byen epi evite manje ki te rete deyò pou yon bon bout tan se tou enpòtan.

Antibiotics sibstans ki sou yo itilize yo anpeche transmisyon maladi a nan enfeksyon yo gen ladan:
* antiseptik, ki fè yo aplike nan k ap viv tisi/po 
* dezenfektan, ki detwi mikwo-òganis yo jwenn sou ki pa peye-k ap viv objè yo.
* [[antibyotik]], rele prophylactiques lè yo bay li kòm prevansyon olye ke tretman nan enfeksyon. Sepandan, nan tèm long pou sèvi ak antibyotik mennen nan rezistans bakteri. Pandan ke moun pa vin iminize kont antibyotik, bakteri yo fè. Se konsa, evite lè l sèvi avèk antibyotik ki pi long pase ki nesesè yo ede anpeche bakteri ki soti nan fòme mitasyon ki asistan nan antibyotik rezistans. 
Youn nan fason yo nan anpeche oswa ralanti transmisyon maladi a nan maladi enfeksyon se yo rekonèt karakteristik diferan yo nan divès maladi.&lt;ref name=&quot;Watts&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|title=Six degrees: the science of a connected age|last=Watts, Duncan|publisher=William Heinemann|year=2003|isbn=0-393-04142-5|location=London}}&lt;/ref&gt; Kèk kritik maladi karakteristik sa yo ke yo ta dwe evalye enkli virulans, distans vwayaje nan viktim yo, ak nivo nan contagiousness. Imen an tansyon yo nan [[Maladi viris Ebola|Ebola]] viris, pou egzanp, afeblir viktim yo trè byen vit, epi yo touye yo byento apre yo. Kòm yon rezilta, viktim yo nan maladi sa a pa gen opòtinite pou vwayaje trè byen lwen soti nan premye enfeksyon zòn.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|title=The hot zone|last=Preston, Richard|publisher=Anchor Books|year=1995|isbn=0-385-49522-6|location=Garden City, N.Y.}}&lt;/ref&gt; Tou, viris sa a dwe gaye nan blesi sou po oswa pèmeyab manbràn tankou je la. Kidonk, premye etap yo nan [[Maladi viris Ebola|Ebola]] se pa trè kontajye depi li viktim eksperyans sèlman entèn emoraji. Kòm yon rezilta nan pi wo a karakteristik, gaye nan Ebola se trè rapid, epi anjeneral rete nan yon relativman nan prizon géographique zòn nan. Nan contrast, Viris la Iminodefisyans Imen (VIH) touye viktim li yo trè tou dousman nan pa atake sistèm iminitè yo.&lt;ref name=&quot;Sherris&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|title=Sherris Medical Microbiology|url=https://archive.org/details/sherrismedicalmi0000unse_q1i3|last=Ryan KJ; Ray CG (editors)|publisher=McGraw Hill|year=2004|isbn=0-8385-8529-9|edition=4th}}&lt;/ref&gt; Kòm yon rezilta, anpil nan viktim li yo transmèt viris la bay lòt moun anvan menm yo pa reyalize ke yo pote maladi-a. Tou, relativman ba virulans pèmèt viktim li yo pou vwayaje long distans tan, ogmante pwobabilite ki genyen pou nan yon [[Epidemik|epidemi]].

Yon lòt fason efikas nan diminye pousantaj nan transmisyon maladi enfeksyon se yo rekonèt efè a ti-mond rezo. Nan epidemi, gen se souvan anpil entèraksyon nan pol oswa gwoup nan ki enfekte moun ak lòt entèraksyon nan disrè pol yo nan moun ki sansib. Malgre ki ba entèraksyon ant disrè pol, maladi a ka sote yo epi gaye yo nan yon sansib mwaye via yon sèl oswa kèk entèraksyon avèk yon ki enfekte mwaye. Kidonk, pousantaj yo enfeksyon nan ti-mond lan rezo yo ka redwi yon ti jan si entèraksyon ki genyen ant moun nan enfekte karfour yo elimine (Figi 1). Sepandan, pousantaj yo enfeksyon yo ka redwi ekstrèmeman si konsantre prensipal la se sou prevansyon de transmisyon so ant pol. Sèvi ak zegwi pwogram echanj nan zòn ki gen yon dansite ki wo nan itilizatè dwòg ak VIH se yon egzanp de enplemantasyon a siksè nan sa a metòd tretman. &lt;sup&gt;[6]&lt;/sup&gt; yon Lòt egzanp se itilize nan bag abattage oswa pran vaksen an nan potansyèlman sansib bèt nan adjasan fèm yo anpeche gaye nan pye-ak-bouch viris nan lane 2001.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|date=May 2001|title=The foot-and-mouth epidemic in Great Britain: pattern of spread and impact of interventions|url=http://www.sciencemag.org/cgi/pmidlookup?view=long&amp;pmid=11303090|journal=Science|volume=292|issue=5519|pages=1155–60|doi=10.1126/science.1061020|pmid=11303090}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Yon jeneral metòd pou anpeche transmisyon maladi a nan [[Vektè byolojik|vektè]]-transmèt ajan patojèn se kontwòl kont pès.

=== Iminite ===
[[Fichye:Mallon-Mary_01.jpg|vignette|Mari Mallon (yon.k.yon. Tifoyid Mari) te yon senptom konpayi asirans nan lafyèv tifoyid. Plis pase kou a nan karyè li kòm yon kwit manje, li enfekte 53 moun, twa moun te mouri.]]
Enfeksyon ak pi ajan patojèn pa rezilta nan lanmò nan lame a ak ofiske òganis se finalman otorize apre sentòm yo nan maladi a te dekline. pwosesis Sa a mande pou [[Sistèm iminitè|fòmil yo iminitè]] yo touye oswa désactivée la inoculum nan pathogens la. Espesifik akeri iminite kont enfeksyon maladi pouvwa dwe medyatè pa [[antikò]] ak/oswa T lenfosityo. Iminite medyatè pa de faktè sa yo ka manifeste pa:
* yon efè dirèk sou yon patojèn, tankou antikò-inisye konpleman-depandan bacteriolysis, opsonoization, phagocytosis ak touye, jan yo fèt pou kèk bakteri,
* netralize viris se konsa ke òganis sa yo pa ka antre nan selil yo,
* oswa pa T lenfosit, ki pral touye yon selil parazite pa yon mikroorganism.
Sistèm iminitè repons nan yon mikroorganism souvan lakòz sentòm sa yo kòm yon wo [[lafyèv]] ak enflamasyon, ak gen potansyèl la yo dwe pi plis devaste pase dirèk domaj ki te koze pa yon mikwòb.

Rezistans nan enfeksyon (iminite) ka akeri apre yon maladi, pa senptom cha nan pathogens la, pa ebèje yon òganis ki gen yon estrikti ki sanble (crossreacting), oswa pa [[Vaksinasyon|pran vaksen yo]]. Konesans nan pwoteksyon nan antijèn espesifik ak akeri lame iminitè a faktè se pi plis konplè pou prensipal ajan patojèn pase pou opòtinis ajan patojèn.
Genyen tou se fenomèn nan bann bèt iminite ki ofri yon mezi pwoteksyon pou moun sa yo ki otreman moun ki frajil yo, lè yon gwo ase kantite nan popilasyon an te akeri iminite soti nan sèten enfeksyon.

Iminitè a rezistans pou yon ki bay enfeksyon maladi mande pou yon nivo kritik nan swa antijèn-antikò espesifik ak/oswa selil T lè lame rankont pathogens la. Gen kèk moun ki devlope natirèl [[Plasma (biyoloji)|sewòm]] antikò nan sifas la polisakarid nan kèk ajan malgre ke yo te gen ti kras oswa ki pa gen okenn kontak ak ajan an, sa yo natirèl antikò konfere espesifik pwoteksyon pou adilt ak yo passivement transmèt nan tibebe ki fenk fèt.

==== Faktè jenetik òganize ====
Òganis la ki se sib la nan yon enfekte aksyon nan yon espesifik a ajan an ki gen enfeksyon ap rele lame a. Lame a nan pò ak ajan nan yon ki gen matirite, oswa seksyèlman aktif sèn nan nan faz yo rele definitif lame. Entèmedyè lame vini nan kontak pandan lav la etap yo. Yon lame a ka anyen k ap viv epi yo ka atenn pou repwodiksyon ak repwodiksyon seksyèl. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|year=2006|title=Infectious diseases epidemiology|journal=Journal of Epidemiology and Community Health|volume=60|issue=3|pages=192–195|doi=10.1136/jech.2003.011593|pmc=2465549|pmid=16476746}}&lt;/ref&gt;
Clearance an nan ajan patojèn, swa tretman-pwovoke oswa bagay bwèf, li kapab enfliyanse pa jenetik variantes te pote pa moun nan pasyan yo. Pou egzanp, pou genotype 1 epatit C trete yo ak Pegylated interferon-alpha-2a oswa Pegylated interferon-alpha-2b (non mak Pegasys oswa pikèt kwòk avè-Intron) konbine avèk ribavirin, li te montre ke jenetik polymorphisms tou pre moun IL28B jèn, kodaj interferon lambda 3, yo asosye avèk siyifikatif diferans ki genyen nan tretman-pwovoke clearance nan viris la. Sa a jwenn, orijinèlman rapòte nan Lanati,&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|year=2009|title=Genetic variation in IL28B predicts hepatitis C treatment-induced viral clearance|journal=Nature|volume=461|issue=7262|pages=399–401|doi=10.1038/nature08309|pmid=19684573}}&lt;/ref&gt; te montre ke genotype 1 epatit C pasyan yo pote sèten jenetik variant alleles tou pre IL28B jèn yo plis pètèt reyalize soutni virolojik repons apre tretman an pase lòt moun. Pita rapò ki soti nan Nati a&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|year=2009|title=Genetic variation in IL28B and spontaneous clearance of hepatitis C virus|journal=Nature|volume=461|issue=7265|pages=798–801|doi=10.1038/nature08463|pmc=3172006|pmid=19759533}}&lt;/ref&gt; demontre ke menm jenetik varyant yo tou ki asosye ak natirèl clearance nan genotype 1 epatit C viris.

== Tretman ==
Lè enfeksyon atak la nan kò a, ''anti-kontajyeu'' dwòg yo ka anpeche enfeksyon an. Plizyè kalite gwo nan anti-kontajyeu dwòg ki egziste, ki depann sou kalite a nan òganis vize; yo gen ladan anti-bakteri ([[antibyotik]]; ki gen ladan antitubercular), antiviral, antifonjik ak antiparazitèr (ki gen ladan antiprotozoal ak antihelminthic) ajan. Tou depan de gravite a ak kalite a nan enfeksyon, antibyotik pouvwa dwe bay pa bouch oswa nan piki a, ou ka aplike lokalman. Grav anpil enfeksyon nan sèvo a yo anjeneral trete yo ak venn antibyotik. Pafwa, plizyè antibyotik yo te itilize nan ka ta gen rezistans nan yon antibyotik. Antibyotik sèlman travay pou bakteri ak pa afekte viris. Antibyotik travay pa ralanti desann miltiplikasyon nan bakteri oswa yo pa touye bakteri. Ki pi komen klas nesesite antibyotik yo te itilize nan medikaman gen ladan [[penisilin]], sefalosporin, aminoglycosides, [[makrolid]], quinolones ak tetrasiklin.{{citation needed|date=February 2016}}

Se pa tout enfeksyon mande pou tretman yo, ak pou anpil pwòp tèt ou-limite enfeksyon tretman kapab lakòz plis efè segondè-pase benefis yo. Antibiotics jerans se konsèp ke founisè swen sante yo ta dwe trete yon enfeksyon ak yon antibiotics espesyalman travay byen pou sib la pathogens pou kantite lajan ki pi kout nan tan ak yo sèlman trete lè gen yon li te ye oswa trè sispèk patojèn ki pral reponn ak medikaman an.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last=O’Brien|first=Deirdre J.|last2=Gould|first2=Ian M.|date=August 2013|title=Maximizing the impact of antimicrobial stewardship|journal=Current Opinion in Infectious Diseases|volume=26|issue=4|pages=352–358|doi=10.1097/QCO.0b013e3283631046|pmid=23806898}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Epidemyoloji ==
[[Fichye:Infectious_and_parasitic_diseases_world_map-Deaths_per_million_persons-WHO2012.svg|vignette|Lanmò akòz maladi enfeksyon ak parazit pou chak milyon dola moun ki nan 2012 {{legend|#ffff20|28-81}}{{legend|#ffe820|82-114}}{{legend|#ffd820|115-171}}{{legend|#ffc020|172-212}}{{legend|#ffa020|213-283}}{{legend|#ff9a20|284-516}}{{legend|#f08015|517-1,193}}{{legend|#e06815|1,194-2,476}}{{legend|#d85010|2,477-3,954}}{{legend|#d02010|3,955-6812}}]]
[[Fichye:Infectious_and_parasitic_diseases_world_map_-_DALY_-_WHO2004.svg|vignette|Andikap-ajiste nan lavi ane pou maladi enfeksyon ak parazit pou chak 100,000 moun nan lane 2004.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.who.int/entity/healthinfo/global_burden_disease/gbddeathdalycountryestimates2004.xls|title=Age-standardized DALYs per 100,000 by cause, and Member State, 2004|last=World Health Organization|authorlink=World Health Organization|date=fevriye 2009}}&lt;/ref&gt;
{{legend|#b3b3b3|no data}}
{{legend|#ffff65|≤250}}
{{legend|#fff200|250–500}}
{{legend|#ffdc00|500–1000}}
{{legend|#ffc600|1000–2000}}
{{legend|#ffb000|2000–3000}}
{{legend|#ff9a00|3000–4000}}
{{legend|#ff8400|4000–5000}}
{{legend|#ff6e00|5000–6250}}
{{legend|#ff5800|6250–12,500}}
{{legend|#ff4200|12,500–25,000}}
{{legend|#ff2c00|25,000–50,000}}
{{legend|#cb0000|≥50,000}}
]]
Nan 2010 apeprè 10 milyon moun te mouri nan yon maladi kontajye.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=http://www.cbc.ca/news/1.2802071|title=Could Ebola rank among the deadliest communicable diseases?|date=20 oktòb 2014|publisher=CBC News}}&lt;/ref&gt;

An Òganizasyon Mondyal Lasante kolekte enfòmasyon mondyal sou lanmò yo pa Klasifikasyon Entènasyonal nan Maladi (ICD) kòd kategori. Tablo ki anba la a bay lis nan tèt la nan maladi enfektye ki pa kantite moun ki mouri nan 2002. 1993, se done a yo enkli pou konparezon.
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 80%; margin-bottom: 10px;&quot;
|+ '''Worldwide mortality due to infectious diseases'''&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.who.int/whr/2004/annex/topic/en/annex_2_en.pdf|title=The World Health Report (Annex Table 2)|year=2004|format=PDF}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.who.int/whr/1995/en/whr95_ch1_en.pdf|title=Table 5|year=1995|format=PDF}}&lt;/ref&gt;
! Rank
! Cause of death 
! Deaths 2002&lt;br&gt;
(in millions) 
! Percentage of&lt;br&gt;
all deaths 
! Deaths 1993&lt;br&gt;
(in millions)
! 1993 Rank
|- style=&quot;background:#ffdead;&quot; 
|N/A
| style=&quot;background:#ffdead;&quot; | All infectious diseases 
| style=&quot;background:#ffdead;&quot; |14.7 
| style=&quot;background:#ffdead; text-align:center;&quot; |25.9% 
| style=&quot;background:#ffdead;&quot; | 16.4 
| style=&quot;background:#ffdead; text-align:center;&quot; |32.2%
|-
| 1 
|Lower respiratory infections&lt;ref&gt;Lower respiratory infections include various [//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pneumonia pneumonias], [//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Influenza influenzas] and [//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acute_bronchitis acute bronchitis].&lt;/ref&gt;
|3.9 
| style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; |6.9%
|4.1
|1
|-
| 2 
|HIV/[[Sida|AIDS]] 
|2.8 
| style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; |4.9% 
| 0.7
|7
|-
| 3 
|Diarrheal diseases&lt;ref&gt;Diarrheal diseases are caused by many different organisms, including [//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cholera cholera], [//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Botulism botulism], and ''[//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Escherichia_coli E. coli]'' to name a few. &lt;/ref&gt;
|1.8 
| style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; |3.2% 
|3.0
|2
|-
| 4 
|Tuberculosis (TB)
| 1.6 
| style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; |2.7% 
|2.7 
|3
|-
| 5 
|[[Malarya|Malaria]] 
|1.3 
| style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; |2.2% 
|2.0 
|4
|-
| 6 
| Measles 
|0.6 
| style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; |1.1% 
|1.1 
|5
|-
| 7 
|Pertussis 
|0.29
| style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; |0.5% 
|0.36 
|7
|-
| 8 
|Tetanus 
|0.21 
| style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; |0.4% 
|0.15 
|12
|-
| 9 
|Meningitis
|0.17 
| style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; |0.3% 
|0.25 
|8
|-
| 10 
|Syphilis
|0.16 
| style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; |0.3% 
|0.19 
| 11
|-
| 11 
|Hepatitis B 
|0.10 
| style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; |0.2% 
|0.93 
| 6
|-
| 12-17 
|Tropical diseases (6)&lt;ref&gt;Tropical diseases include [//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chagas_disease Chagas disease], [//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dengue_fever dengue fever], [//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Filariasis lymphatic filariasis], [//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leishmaniasis leishmaniasis], [//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Onchocerciasis onchocerciasis], [//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Schistosomiasis schistosomiasis] and [//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trypanosomiasis trypanosomiasis].&lt;/ref&gt; 
|0.13 
| style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; |0.2% 
|0.53 
|9, 10, 16–18
|-
| colspan=&quot;6&quot; style=&quot;text-align:left;&quot; | {{small|''Note: Other causes of death include maternal and perinatal conditions (5.2%), nutritional deficiencies (0.9%),&lt;br &gt;&lt;/small&gt; noncommunicable conditions (58.8%), and injuries (9.1%).''}}
|}
Tèt twa sèl ajan/maladi asasen yo, se VIH/[[Sida|SIDA]], TB ak [[Malarya|malaria]]. Pandan ke nimewo a nan ka lanmò akòz prèske tout maladi yo te diminye, lanmò akòz VIH/SIDA yo te ogmante quadruple. Timoun maladi yo enkli koklich, poliomyelitis, difteri, lawoujòl ak tetanòs la. Timoun yo menm tou yo fè moute yon pousantaj gwo nan pi ba respiratwa ak dyare lanmò. Nan 2012, apeprè 3.1 milyon moun te mouri akòz enfeksyon nan aparèy respiratwa a pi ba, fè li nimewo a 4 kòz ki mennen nan lanmò nan mond lan.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/fs310/en/|title=WHO {{!}} The top 10 causes of death|publisher=WHO|access-date=2015-09-24}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Istorik pandemik ===
[[Fichye:Marseille-peste-Serre.jpg|vignette|Gwo Epidemi maladi de Marseille nan 1720 touye 100,000 moun nan vil la ak pwovens yo ki antoure]]
Yon pandemi (oswa mondyal [[Epidemik|epidemi]]) se yon maladi ki afekte moun ki gen plis pase yon vaste zòn jeyografik.
* Epidemi maladi a nan Jistinyen, ki soti nan 541 nan 542, yo touye ant 50% ak 60% nan popilasyon Ewòp la.&lt;ref&gt;[http://eee.uci.edu/clients/bjbecker/PlaguesandPeople/lecture3.html &quot;Infectious and Epidemic Disease in History&quot;] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121119125206/http://eee.uci.edu/clients/bjbecker/PlaguesandPeople/lecture3.html|date=November 19, 2012}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* La Nwa Lanmò nan 1347 yo 1352 touye 25 milyon dola nan Ewòp plis pase 5 ane. Malè sa a ki redwi mond lan fin vye granmoun nan popilasyon an soti yon estime 450 milyon dola nan ant 350 ak 375 milyon dola nan la 14th syèk la.
* Entwodiksyon nan varyòl, lawoujòl, ak tifoyid nan zòn nan Santral ak Amerik di Sid pa Ewopeyen an eksploratè pandan 15 ak 16th syèk ki te koze pandemik nan mitan moun ki rete natif natal. Ant 1518 ak 1568 maladi pandemik yo di yo te ki te koze nan popilasyon nan [[Meksik]] yo tonbe soti nan 20 milyon dola nan 3 milyon dola.&lt;ref name=&quot;Dobson&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|year=1996|title=Infectious Diseases and Human Population History|url=http://www.erin.utoronto.ca/~w3gwynne/BIO418/Dobson1996.pdf|journal=BioScience|volume=46|pages=115–126|doi=10.2307/1312814|access-date=2017-05-06|archive-date=2016-03-03|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303231520/http://www.erin.utoronto.ca/~w3gwynne/BIO418/Dobson1996.pdf|dead-url=yes}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* Ewopeyen an premye grip epidemi ki te fèt ant 1556 ak 1560, ak yon estime mòtalite pousantaj de 20%.
* Varyòl te touye yon estime 60 milyon dola Ewopeyen yo pandan 18tyèm syèk la&lt;ref&gt;[https://web.archive.org/web/20180129000337/http://www.learnnc.org/lp/editions/nchist-twoworlds/1696 &quot;Smallpox&quot;].&lt;/ref&gt; (apeprè 400,000 pou chak ane).&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/bv.fcgi?rid=vacc.chapter.3 Smallpox and Vaccinia]. &lt;/ref&gt; Jiska 30% nan moun ki enfekte, ki gen ladan 80% nan timoun ki poko gen 5 ane ki gen laj, te mouri soti nan maladi a, epi yon sèl-twazyèm nan moun ki sove yo te ale avèg.&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.annals.org/cgi/content/full/127/8_Part_1/635 &quot;Smallpox: The Triumph over the Most Terrible of the Ministers of Death&quot;]&lt;/ref&gt;
* Nan 19yèm syèk la, tibèkiloz touye yon estime yon sèl-mwatye nan popilasyon adilt la nan Ewòp;&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.cdc.gov/TB/pubs/mdrtb/default.htm Multidrug-Resistant &quot;Tuberculosis&quot;]. &lt;/ref&gt; pa 1918 youn nan sis moun ki mouri nan Frans te toujou ki te koze pa maladi TB.
* Grip Pandemik nan 1918 (oswa Grip la panyòl) touye 25-50 milyon moun (sou 2% nan popilasyon nan mond nan 1.7 milya dola).&lt;ref&gt;[https://web.archive.org/web/20060220113240/http://www.history.navy.mil/library/online/influenza_main.htm &quot;Influenza of 1918 (Spanish Flu) and the US Navy&quot;]{{dead link|date=April 2017|bot=InternetArchiveBot|fix-attempted=yes}}&lt;/ref&gt; Jodi Grip touye sou 250,000 pou 500,000 atravè lemond chak ane.

=== Maladi emèjant ===
Nan pifò ka yo, mikwo-òganis yo ap viv nan amoni ak gen tout pouvwa a yo via [[Mityalis|mityèl]] oswa [[Kòmansalis|commensal]] entèraksyon. Maladi a ka sòti lè yo ki deja egziste parazit vin patojèn oswa lè nouvo patojèn parazit antre nan yon lame nouvo.
# Coevolution ant [[Parazitis|parazit]] ak [[Selil ot|lame]] a ka mennen nan gen tout pouvwa a vin rezistan a parazit oswa parazit yo ka evolye pi gwo virulans, ki mennen ale nan immunopathological maladi.
# Aktivite imen ki se patisipe ak anpil émergentes maladi enfeksyon, tankou chanjman nan anviwònman an pèmèt yon parazit yo rete nan nouvo [[Nich ekolojik|niches]]. Lè sa rive, yon [[patojèn]] ki te nan prizon nan yon aleka abita gen yon pi laj distribisyon ak petèt yon nouvo [[Selil ot|lame òganis]]. Parazit sote soti nonhuman imen gen tout pouvwa a yo li te ye kòm zoonoses. Anba maladi envazyon, lè yon parazit abize yon lame nouvo espès, li ka vin patojèn nan nouvo nan lame.&lt;ref name=&quot;Krauss&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|title=Zoonoses: Infectious Diseases Transmissible from Animals to Humans|url=https://archive.org/details/zoonosesinfectio0000unse|last=Krauss H|last2=Weber A|last3=Appel M|publisher=ASM Press|year=2003|isbn=1-55581-236-8|edition=3rd|location=Washington, D.C.|name-list-format=vanc}}&lt;/ref&gt;
Plizyè aktivite imen yo te mennen nan aparisyon nan zoonotic patojèn imen, ki gen ladan viris, bakteri, pwotozoa, ak rickettsia,&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Potter P|date=jiyè 2013|title=Summer buzz|url=http://wwwnc.cdc.gov/eid/article/19/7/ac-1907_article.htm?s_cid=eid_cover_img#suggestedcitation|journal=Emerg Infect Dis|volume=19|issue=3|page=1184|doi=10.3201/eid1907.AC1907}}&lt;/ref&gt; ak gaye nan [[Vektè byolojik|vektè-koze]] maladi, wè tou Globalizasyon ak Maladi ak Wildlife maladi:
* Vyolasyon sou bèt sovaj abita. Konstriksyon nan nouvo ti bouk yo ak devlopman lojman nan zòn riral fòs bèt yo ki ap viv nan dans popilasyon an, kreye opòtinite pou mikwòb yo mutation ak deyò.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Peter Daszak|last2=Andrew A. Cunningham|last3=Alex D. Hyatt|date=27 janvye 2000|title=Emerging Infectious Diseases of Wildlife—Threats to Biodiversity and Human Health|url=http://science.sciencemag.org/content/287/5452/443.full|journal=Science|volume=287|issue=5452|pages=443–449|doi=10.1126/science.287.5452.443|pmid=10642539}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* Chanjman nan [[agrikilti]]. Entwodiksyon de nouvo rekòt atire nouvo rekòt vèmin yo ak mikwòb yo pote nan kominote agrikilti, ekspoze moun yo abitye maladi.
* Destriksyon nan forè twopikal yo. Kòm peyi ki fè pou sèvi ak yo nan forè twopikal yo, yo pa bati wout yo nan forè a epi netwaye zòn nan pou règleman oswa komèsyal patenarya, moun rankontre ensèk ak lòt bèt ebèje te deja konnen mikwo-òganis.
* San kontwòl ibanizasyon. Kwasans lan rapid nan lavil la nan anpil peyi devlope yo gen tandans yo konsantre nimewo gwo moun nan pèp nan zòn ki gen anpil moun ak sanitasyon pòv. Kondisyon sa yo adoptif transmisyon maladi a nan maladi kontajye.
* Modèn [[transpò]]. Bato ak lòt transpòtè kago souvan harbor entansyonel &quot;pasaje&quot;, ki ka gaye maladi yo lwen destinasyon yo. Pandan ke yo ak entènasyonal avyon-avyon vwayaj, moun ki enfekte avèk yon maladi yo ka pote li nan peyi byen lwen, oswa lakay yo nan fanmi yo, anvan yo premye sentòm yo parèt.

== Istwa ==
Lide a nan contagion te vin pi plis popilè nan Ewòp pandan [[Renesans]]&lt;nowiki/&gt;la, patikilyèman nan ekri nan italyen doktè Girolamo Fracastoro.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Beretta M|year=2003|title=The revival of Lucretian atomism and contagious diseases during the renaissance|journal=Medicina nei secoli|volume=15|issue=2|pages=129–54|pmid=15309812}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Anton van Leeuwenhoek (1632-1723) avanse syans la nan mikwoskospi pa ke yo te premye moun pou obsève mikwo-òganis, sa ki pèmèt pou pi fasil vizyalizasyon nan bakteri yo.

Nan mitan-19yèm syèk la John Nèj ak William Budd fè travay enpòtan demontre contagiousness nan tifoyid ak kolera nan dlo ki kontamine. Tou de se kredite yo ak diminye epidemi kolera nan tout ti bouk yo pa mete ann aplikasyon mezi sa yo anpeche kontaminasyon dlo.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Moorhead Robert|date=November 2002|title=William Budd and typhoid fever|journal=J R Soc Med.|volume=95|issue=11|pages=561–564|doi=10.1258/jrsm.95.11.561|pmc=1279260|pmid=12411628}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Louis Pasteur a te pwouve pi lwen pase dout ke sèten maladi yo ki te koze pa ajan enfektye, epi li devlope yon vaksen pou maladi laraj.

Robert Koch, bay etid la nan maladi enfeksyon ak yon baz syantifik li te ye kòm Koch a postila.

Edward Jenner, Jonas Salk ak Albert Sabin devlope efikas vaksen pou varyòl ak polyo, ki ta ka rezilta nan eliminasyon epi tou pre-eliminasyon nan maladi sa yo, respektivman.

Alexander Fleming te dekouvri premye nan mond lan [[antibyotik]], [[Penisilin]], ki Florey ak Chèn lè sa a, devlope.

Gerhard Domagk devlope sulphonamides, premye espèk laj [[Reyaksyon sentèz|sentetik]] anti-bakteri dwòg.

=== Espesyalis medikal ===
An [[Medsin|tretman medikal]] nan maladi enfeksyon tonbe nan jaden medikal nan Maladi Enfektye , epi nan kèk ka etid la nan pwopagasyon konsènen nan jaden an nan Epidemyoloji. Jeneralman, enfeksyon se okòmansman dyagnostike pa premye swen doktè oswa medsin entèn espesyalis. Pou egzanp, yon &quot;senp&quot; nemoni pral jeneralman dwe trete pa entèrnist oswa nan poumon (nan poumon doktè). Travay la nan maladi enfeksyon espesyalis se poutèt sa explik k ap travay ak tou de pasyan yo ak pratik jeneral, kòm byen ke [[Rechèch|syantis laboratwa]], iminològ, bacteriologists ak lòt espesyalis.

Yon maladi kontajye ekip pouvwa dwe okouran lè:
* Maladi a pa te définitivement dyagnostike apre yon premye workup ki gen
* Pasyan an se imunodeprime (pou egzanp, nan [[Sida|SIDA]] oswa apre [[chimyoterapi]]);
* An [[Patojèn|ajan enfektye]] ki nan yon estraòdinè lanati (pa egzanp maladi twopikal);
* Maladi a pa te reponn a premye liy [[antibyotik]];
* Maladi a ta ka danjere pou lòt pasyan yo, ak pasyan an ta gen yo dwe izole

== Sosyete ak kilti ==
Yon kantite etid yo te rapòte asosyasyon ant pathogens chaj la nan yon zòn ak konpòtman moun. Pi wo pathogens chaj ki asosye ak diminye gwosè a nan gwoup etnik ak relijye gwoup ki nan yon zòn. Sa a pouvwa dwe akòz segondè pathogens chaj favorisant evite nan lòt gwoup, ki diminye pouvwa transmisyon a pathogens, oswa yon wo pathogens chaj anpeche kreyasyon an nan zòn lakòt yo gwo ak tout lame ki aplike nan yon kilti komen. Pi wo pathogens chaj se tou ki asosye ak plis restriksyon konpòtman seksyèl, ki diminye pouvwa transmisyon a pathogens. Li tou ki asosye ak pi wo preferans pou sante ak plus nan kanmarad. Pi wo pousantaj fètilite ak pi kout oswa mwens swen paran yo pou chak timoun se yon lòt asosyasyon ki ka yon konpansasyon pou to mòtalite ki pi wo. Genyen tou se yon asosyasyon ak polygyny ki pouvwa ap pi wo akòz pathogens chaj la, fè chwazi gason ak yon segondè rezistans jenetik de pli zan pli enpòtan. Pi wo pathogens chaj se tou ki asosye ak plis kolèktivism ak mwens endividyalis, ki limite pouvwa kontak ak deyò gwoup ak enfeksyon. Gen altènatif eksplikasyon pou omwen kèk nan asosyasyon malgre ke gen kèk nan eksplikasyon sa yo ka nan vire finalman dwe akòz pathogens chaj. Se konsa, polygny pouvwa tou pou akòz yon pi ba gason:fanm rapò nan zòn sa yo, men sa pouvwa finalman dwe akòz gason ti bebe ki gen ogmante mòtalite nan maladi enfeksyon. Yon lòt egzanp se ke pòv faktè sosyoekonomik ka finalman nan yon pati dwe akòz segondè pathogens chaj anpeche devlopman ekonomik.&lt;ref name=&quot;pmid19683831&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Nettle D|year=2009|title=Ecological influences on human behavioural diversity: a review of recent findings|journal=Trends Ecol. Evol. (Amst.)|volume=24|issue=11|pages=618–24|doi=10.1016/j.tree.2009.05.013|pmid=19683831}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Fosil dosye ==
[[Fichye:Herrerasaurus1.JPG|alt=Skull of dinosaur with long jaws and teeth.|droite|vignette|150x150px|''Herrerasaurus'' zo bwa tèt.]]
Prèv ki montre yo nan enfeksyon nan fosil rete yon sijè nan enterè pou paleopathologists, syantis yo ki etidye evènman yo nan blesi ak maladi nan disparèt fòm lavi. Siy ki montre yo nan enfeksyon yo te dekouvri nan zo yo nan kanivò dinozò. Lè prezan, sepandan, enfeksyon sa yo sanble yo gen tandans yo dwe nan prizon nan sèlman ti rejyon nan kò an. Yon zo bwa tèt atribiye a byen bonè kanivò dinozò ''Herrerasaurus ischigualastensis'' ekspozisyon twou san fon-tankou blesi ki te antoure pa anfle ak pore zo yo. An teksti dwòl nan zo otou blesi yo sijere yo te aflije pa yon kout-te viv, ki pa peye-letal enfeksyon. Syantis yo ki etidye zo bwa tèt la espekile ke yo mòde mak te resevwa nan yon batay ak yon lòt ''Herrerasaurus''. Lòt kanivò dinozò ak dokimante prèv ki montre yo nan enfeksyon gen ladan ''Acrocanthosaurus'', ''Allosaurus'', ''Tyrannosaurus'' ak yon tyrannosaur soti nan Kirtland nan Fòmasyon. Enfeksyon yo soti nan tou de tyrannosaurs te resevwa pa ke yo te mòde pandan yon batay, tankou nan ''Herrerasaurus'' echantiyon.&lt;ref name=&quot;molnar-pathology&quot;&gt;Molnar, R. E., 2001, &quot;Theropod paleopathology: a literature survey&quot;: In: ''Mesozoic Vertebrate Life'', edited by Tanke, D. H., and Carpenter, K., Indiana University Press, p. 337–363.&lt;/ref&gt;

== Gade tou ==
* [[Vaksinasyon]]

== Nòt ak referans ==
{{referans}}
== Lyen deyò ==


[[Kategori:Maladi]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Maladi viris Ebola</title>
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| name           = Maladi viris Ebola
| image          = 7042 lores-Ebola-Zaire-CDC Photo.jpg
| caption        = 1976 foto de enfimyè ki kanpe devan [[Mayinga N'Seka|Mayinga N.]], yon moun ki gen maladi viris Ebola a; li te mouri sèlman kèk jou apre paske li te fè gwo emoraji anndan li.
| DiseasesDB     = 18043
| ICD10          = {{ICD10|A|98|4|a|90}}
| ICD9           = {{ICD9|065.8}}
| MedlinePlus    = 001339
| eMedicineSubj  = med
| eMedicineTopic = 626
| MeshID         = D019142
}}
'''Maladi viris Ebola''' ('''MVE''') ou '''Fyèv emoraji Ebola''' ('''FEE''') se yon maladi moun pran ak [[viris Ebola]] a.&lt;!-- &lt;ref name=WHO2014/&gt; --&gt; Jeneralman sentòm yo kòmanse de (2) jou a twa (3) semèn aprè moun nan pran viris la, ak yon [[lafyèv]], gòj fè mal, [[Myalji|doulè miskilè]], ak [[tèt fè mal]].&lt;!-- &lt;ref name=WHO2014/&gt; --&gt; Jeneralman [[noze]], vomisman, ak [[dyare]] vini aprè, epi fonksyònman [[fwa]] ak [[ren]] yo vin ap dejenere.&lt;!-- &lt;ref name=WHO2014/&gt; --&gt; Nan pwen sa a, kèk moun kòmanse ap[[senyen]]anpil.&lt;ref name=WHO2014&gt;{{en}} {{cite web |title=Ebola virus disease Fact sheet N°103 |url=http://www.who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/fs103/en/ |work=World Health Organization |accessdate=2014-04-12 |date=2014}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Kòz ak Dyagnostik ==
Moun ka pran viris sa a lè yo touche [[san]] oswa [[dlo ki soti nan kò]] yon bèt ki enfekte (sitou makak oswa [[chòvsourit]]).&lt;ref name=WHO2014/&gt; Poko gen ka yo twouve li simaye nan lè anviwònman natirèl la.&lt;ref name=WHOAir2014&gt;{{en}} {{cite web |title=2014 Ebola virus disease Fact sheet (EVD) outbreak in West Africa |url=http://www.who.int/ith/updates/20140421/en/ |website=WHO |accessdate=2014-08-03 |date=2014-04-21 }}&lt;/ref&gt; Nou kwè chòvsouri yo pote ak simaye viris la san yo menm yo pa enfekte.&lt;!-- &lt;ref name=WHO2014/&gt; --&gt; Kou yon moun pran enfeksyon an, yo ka bay lòt moun maladi a tou.&lt;!-- &lt;ref name=WHO2014/&gt; --&gt; Gason ki pran maladi a epi yo vin refè ka bay maladi a atravè [[espèm]] yo prèske de (2) mwa aprè.&lt;!-- &lt;ref name=WHO2014/&gt; --&gt; Pou detekte si yon moun gen maladi a, premyèman yo fè tès pou elimine maladi ki gen menm kalite sentòm yo tankou [[malarya]], [[kolera]] ak lòt [[fyèv emoraji viral]] avan.&lt;!-- &lt;ref name=WHO2014/&gt; --&gt; Pou konfime yon moun gen maladi a yo teste echantiyon san li pou [[antikò]] viral, [[ARN]] viral, oswa maladi a li menm.&lt;ref name=WHO2014/&gt;

== Prevansyon ==
Prevansyon gen ladan bese kantite fwa makak ak kochon ki enfekte simaye maladi a bay moun.&lt;!-- &lt;ref name=WHO2014/&gt; --&gt; Pou fè sa yo kapab teste bèt sa yo pou enfeksyon an epi tiye ak tere yo yon fason ki apwopriye si yo dekouvri maladi a.&lt;!-- &lt;ref name=WHO2014/&gt; --&gt; Li kapab ede tou lè nou kwit vyann byen oswa mete rad ki pwoteje nou lè nou manyen vyann, &lt;!-- &lt;ref name=WHO2014/&gt; --&gt; menm jan li bon pou nou mete rad ki pwoteje nou ak [[lave men]] nou lè nou kote moun ki gen maladi a.&lt;!-- &lt;ref name=WHO2014/&gt; --&gt; Moun k ap trete echantiyon ki gen likid ak chè moun ki gen maladi a dwe pran anpil prekosyon.&lt;ref name=WHO2014/&gt;

== Tretman, Pwognostik ak Epidemyoloji ==
Pa gen okenn tretman an patikilye pou maladi a; efò pou ede moun ki gen enfeksyon an gen ladan swa bay moun nan [[terapi oral reyidrasyon]] (dlo ki yon ti jan dous ak sale li bwè) oswa [[sewòm]].&lt;ref name=WHO2014/&gt; [[To mòtalite]] maladi a wo anpil: souvan li tiye ant 50% a 90% moun ki enfekte ak viris la.&lt;ref name=WHO2014/&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Elsevier/Academic Press&quot;&gt;{{en}} {{cite book |author1=C.M. Fauquet |title=Virus taxonomy classification and nomenclature of viruses; 8th report of the International Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses |date=2005 |publisher=Elsevier/Academic Press |location=Oxford |isbn=9780080575483 |page=648 |url=http://books.google.ca/books?id=9Wy7Jgy5RWYC&amp;pg=PA648 }}&lt;/ref&gt; Premye fwa yo te idantifye MVE sete [[Soudan]] ak [[Kongo (Kinchasa)|Repiblik Demokratik Kongo]].&lt;!-- &lt;ref name=WHO2014/&gt; --&gt; Jeneralman maladi a deklannche nan [[Lafrik Sib-Saryèn]].&lt;ref name=WHO2014/&gt; Depi 1976 (lè yo te idantifye li pou premyè fwa) jiska 2013, pi piti pase 1,000 moun te konn enfekte pa ane.&lt;ref name=WHO2014/&gt;{{,}}&lt;ref name=MMWRJune2014&gt;{{en}} {{cite web |title=Ebola Viral Disease Outbreak — West Africa, 2014 |url=http://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/preview/mmwrhtml/mm6325a4.htm?s_cid=mm6325a4_w |website=CDC |accessdate=2014-06-26 |date=2014-06-27 }}&lt;/ref&gt; Jiska jounen jodiya a pi gwo deklanchman ki janm genyen se [[deklanchman Ebola nan Afrik de Lwès 2014]] ki kontinye ap touye moun nan moman sa a, epi li afekte [[Gine]], [[Syera Leyonn]], [[Liberya]] epi pwobableman [[Nijerya]]&lt;ref name=CDC2014&gt;{{en}} {{cite web |title=CDC urges all US residents to avoid nonessential travel to Liberia, Guinea, and Sierra Leone because of an unprecedented outbreak of Ebola. |url=http://wwwnc.cdc.gov/travel/notices/warning/ebola-liberia |website=CDC |accessdate=2014-08-02 |date=2014-07-31}}&lt;/ref&gt;{{,}}&lt;ref name=CDCAug2014N&gt;{{en}} {{cite web |title=Outbreak of Ebola in Guinea, Liberia, and Sierra Leone |url=http://www.cdc.gov/vhf/ebola/outbreaks/guinea/index.html |website=CDC |accessdate=2014-08-05 |date=2014-08-04}}&lt;/ref&gt; Depi out 2014 te gen plis pase 1600 ka yo idantifye.&lt;ref&gt;{{en}} {{cite web |title=Maladi viris Ebola update - West Africa |url=http://www.who.int/csr/don/2014_08_04_ebola/en/ |website=WHO |accessdate=2014-08-06 |date=2014-08-04}}&lt;/ref&gt; Y ap fè anpil efò pou devlope yon [[vaksen]]; men, poko gen youn ki egziste.&lt;ref name=WHO2014/&gt;

== Referans ==
{{Reflist|colwidth=25em}}

== Bibliyografi ==
{{Refbegin}}
* {{en}} {{Cite book |last=Klenk |first=Hans-Dieter |title=Marburg and Ebola Viruses (Current Topics in Microbiology and Immunology) |url=https://archive.org/details/marburgebolaviru0000unse |date=1999 |publisher=Springer-Verlag Telos |location=Berlin |isbn=978-3-540-64729-4|ref=CITEREFKlenk1999}}
* {{en}} {{Cite book |first1=Hans-Dieter |last1=Klenk |first2=Heinz |last2=Feldmann |title=Ebola and Marburg viruses: molecular and cellular biology |url=http://books.google.com/?id=EV_mFgnyPoMC |format=Limited preview |year=2004 |publisher=Horizon Bioscience |location=Wymondham, Norfolk, UK |isbn=978-0-9545232-3-7 |ref=CITEREFKlenkFeldmann2004 }}
* {{en}} {{Cite book |last=Kuhn |first=Jens H. |title=Filoviruses: A Compendium of 40 Years of Epidemiological, Clinical, and Laboratory Studies. Archives of Virology Supplement, vol. 20 |url=http://books.google.com/?id=LaOue0F9Ns4C |format=Limited preview |year=2008 |publisher=SpringerWienNewYork |location=Vienna |isbn=978-3-211-20670-6 |ref=CITEREFKuhn2008 }}
* {{en}} {{Cite book |last1=McCormick |first1=Joseph |last2=Fisher-Hoch |first2=Susan |others=Horvitz, Leslie Alan |title=Level 4: Virus Hunters of the CDC |url=http://books.google.com/?id=QEvR3aJX2m0C |format=Limited preview |origyear=1996 |edition=Updated [3rd] |year=1999 |publisher=Barnes &amp; Noble |isbn=978-0-7607-1208-5 |ref=CITEREFMcCormickFisher-Hoch1999 }}
* {{en}} {{Cite book |last=Pattyn |first=S. R. |title=Ebola Virus Haemorrhagic Fever |year=1978 |url=http://www.itg.be/ebola/ |format=Full free text |edition=1st |publisher=Elsevier/North-Holland Biomedical Press |location=Amsterdam |isbn=0-444-80060-3 |ref=CITEREFPattyn1978 |access-date=2014-08-30 |archive-date=2010-12-11 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101211083855/http://www.itg.be/ebola/ |dead-url=yes }}
* {{en}} {{Cite book |last1=Ryabchikova |first1=Elena I. |last2=Price |first2=Barbara B. |title=Ebola and Marburg Viruses: A View of Infection Using Electron Microscopy |year=2004 |publisher=Battelle Press |location=Columbus, Ohio |isbn=978-1-57477-131-2 |ref=CITEREFRyabchikovaPrice2004}}
{{Refend}}

==Lòt lyen==
{{Refbegin}}
* [http://viralzone.expasy.org/all_by_species/207.html ViralZone: Ebola-like viruses] – Virological repository from the [[Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics]]
* [http://www.cdc.gov/vhf/ebola/ CDC: Fyèv emorajik Ebola] – Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Special Pathogens Branch
* [http://www.who.int/csr/disease/ebola/en/ WHO: Ebola haemorrhagic fever] – World Health Organization, Global Alert and Response
* [http://www.viprbrc.org/brc/home.do?decorator=filo Virus Pathogen Database and Analysis Resource (ViPR): Filoviridae]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20140808072117/http://www.ebi.ac.uk/pdbe/emdb/searchResults.html/?q=ebola 3D macromolecular structures of the Ebola virus archived in the EM Data Bank (EMDB)]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20140819171607/https://maps.google.com/maps/ms?msa=0&amp;msid=202977755949863934429.0004c658eb30f9c4fb1c0&amp;ie=UTF8&amp;t=h&amp;ll=27.371767,5.273438&amp;spn=110.017392,184.21875&amp;z=2&amp;source=embed&amp;dg=feature Google Map of Ebola Outbreaks]
* [http://www.who.int/csr/bioriskreduction/filovirus_infection_control/en/ WHO recommended infection control measures]
{{Refend}}

[[Kategori:Medsin]]
[[Kategori:Maladi]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Lafyèv jòn</title>
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      <text bytes="6207" sha1="lj6ecdvzuf27b902bxf6rlqmxkr0s4s" xml:space="preserve">{{Infobox disease
| Name           = Yellow fever
| Image          = YellowFeverVirus.jpg
| Caption        = A [[Transmission electron microscope|TEM]] [[micrograph]] of the yellow fever virus (234,000X magnification)
| ICD10          = {{ICD10|A|95||a|90}}
| ICD9           = {{ICD9|060}}
| ICDO           = 
| OMIM           = 
| DiseasesDB     = 14203
| MedlinePlus    = 001365
| eMedicineSubj  = med
| eMedicineTopic = 2432
| eMedicine_mult = {{eMedicine2|emerg|645}}
| MeshID         = D015004
}}
[[Fichye:YellowFeverVirus.jpg|thumb|Viris lafyèv jòn]]
'''Lafyèv jòn''', li te ye kòm istorikman jack jòn, move maladi jòn&lt;ref name=&quot;Oldstone2009&quot;&gt;{{cite book |last=Oldstone |first=Michael |title=Viruses, Plagues, and History: Past, Present and Future |date=2009 |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0-19-975849-4 |pages=102–4 |url=http://books.google.com/books?id=2XbHXUVY65gC&amp;pg=PA103}}&lt;/ref&gt;, oswa an kwiv Jan&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |last1=Bazin |first1=Hervé |title=Vaccination: a history from Lady Montagu to genetic engineering |date=2011 |publisher=J. Libbey Eurotext |location=Montrouge |isbn=978-2-7420-0775-2 |page=407 |url=https://books.google.ca/books?id=orjaA_7sYZQC&amp;pg=PA407}}&lt;/ref&gt;, se yon maladi viral egi&lt;ref name=&quot;WHO&quot;&gt;{{cite web |title=Fièvre jaune |url=http://who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/fs100/fr/ |publisher=Òganizasyon Mondyal Lasante |accessdate=2016-04-11 |date=2016 |language=fr}}&lt;/ref&gt;. Nan pifò ka, sentòm yo enkli lafyèv, frison, pèdi apeti, noze, doulè nan misk patikilyèman nan do a, ak tèt fè mal. Sentòm tipikman amelyore nan senk jou. Nan kèk moun ki nan yon jou pou amelyore, lafyèv la vini tounen, doulè nan vant rive, ak domaj nan fwa kòmanse sa ki lakòz po jòn. Si sa rive, se risk pou yo senyen ak ren pwoblèm yo te ogmante tou&lt;ref name=&quot;WHO&quot;/&gt;. Depi 17yèm syèk la, plizyè gwo nan maladi a te fèt nan Amerik, [[Afrik]], ak [[Ewòp]] la. Depi 17yèm syèk la, lòt maladi pi gwo ki te fèt nan Amerik, Afrik, ak Ewòp&lt;ref name=&quot;Oldstone2009&quot;/&gt;.

&lt;!-- Kòz ak dyagnostik --&gt;
Se maladi a ki te koze pa viris la lafyèv jòn epi li se gaye nan mòde an nan fi moustik la&lt;ref name=&quot;WHO&quot;/&gt;. Li enfekte sèlman moun, lòt primates a, ak espès plizyè nan moustik&lt;ref name=&quot;WHO&quot;/&gt;. Nan vil yo, li se gaye sitou pa moustik nan '' Aedes egipti'' espès yo.&lt;ref name=&quot;WHO&quot;/&gt;; viris la se yon viris nan genus a '' flavivirus''&lt;ref name=&quot;lindenbach2007&quot;&gt;{{cite book |title=Fields Virology |url=https://archive.org/details/fieldsvirology0001unse_m2s6 |edition=5th |publisher=Lippincott Williams &amp; Wilkins |first1=Brett D. |last1=Lindenbach |first2=Heinz-Jürgen |last2=Thiel |first3=Charles M. |last3=Rice |editor1-first=David M. |editor1-last=Knipe |editor2-first=Peter M. |editor2-last=Howley |year=2007 |location=Philadelphia, PA |page=[https://archive.org/details/fieldsvirology0001unse_m2s6/page/1103 1101] |isbn=978-0-7817-6060-7 |chapter=Flaviviridae: The Viruses and Their Replication}}&lt;/ref&gt;. Maladi a ka difisil di apa de lòt maladi, espesyalman nan premye etap yo&lt;ref name=&quot;WHO&quot;/&gt;. Konfime yon ka sispèk, tès echantiyon san ak reyaksyon chèn polimerizasyon ki nesesè&lt;ref name=&quot;Tolle2009&quot;&gt;{{cite journal |author=Tolle MA |title=Mosquito-borne diseases |journal=Current Problems in Pediatric and Adolescent Health Care |volume=39 |issue=4 |pages=97–140 |date=2009 |pmid=19327647 |doi=10.1016/j.cppeds.2009.01.001 |issn=1538-5442}}&lt;/ref&gt;. Maladi a ka difisil di apa de lòt maladi, espesyalman nan premye etap yo byen bonè. Yon echantiyon san nesesè fè dyagnostik yon ka sispèk. Se Echantiyon an analize pa yon laboratwa medikal&lt;ref name=&quot;Tolle2009&quot;/&gt;. Katreven pousan nan ka yo nan lafyèv jòn yo nan Lafrik di.&lt;ref name=&quot;Tolle2009&quot;/&gt; Prèske yon milya dola moun yo ap viv nan yon zòn nan mond lan kote maladi a se komen&lt;ref name=&quot;WHO&quot;/&gt;. Li se komen nan zòn twopikal yo nan Amerik di Sid ak Lafrik di, men se pa nan pwovens Lazi&lt;ref name=&quot;WHO&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref name=CDC2011&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.cdc.gov/yellowfever/ |title=CDC Yellow Fever |accessdate=2012-12-12}}&lt;/ref&gt;. Depi ane 1980 yo, ki kantite ka nan lafyèv jòn ki te ogmante&lt;ref name=&quot;WHO&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Barrett2007&quot;&gt;{{cite journal |author=Barrett AD, Higgs S |title=Yellow fever: a disease that has yet to be conquered |journal=Annual Review of Entomology |volume=52 |issue=1 |pages=209–29 |year=2007 |pmid=16913829 |doi=10.1146/annurev.ento.52.110405.091454 |issn=0066-4170}}&lt;/ref&gt;. Sa a se paske kèk moun ki iminitè a, plis moun ap viv nan vil yo, ak moun ki deplase souvan.&lt;ref name=&quot;WHO&quot;/&gt; Maladi sa a te soti nan Lafrik di. Li Lè sa a, gaye nan Amerik di Sid nan ane 1600 yo&lt;ref name=&quot;Oldstone2009&quot;/&gt;.

==Siy ak sentòm==
Lafyèv jòn kòmanse apre yon peryòd enkubasyon nan twa a sis jou&lt;ref name=&quot;CDCsymptoms&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.cdc.gov/yellowfever/symptoms/index.html |title=CDC: Yellow fever—Symptoms and treatment |accessdate=2010-11-10}}&lt;/ref&gt;. Pifò ka sèlman lakòz yon ti enfeksyon ak lafyèv, maltèt, frison, doulè nan do, fatig, pèdi apeti, doulè nan misk, kè plen, ak vomisman. Nan ka sa yo, enfeksyon an dire sèlman twa a kat jou. Nan 15 pousan nan ka, sepandan, gen kèk moun ki antre nan yon dezyèm, faz toksik nan maladi a ak renouvlab lafyèv, tan sa a te akonpaye pa lajònis akòz domaj nan fwa, osi byen ke doulè nan vant. Senyen nan bouch la, je yo, ak [aparèy la gastwoentestinal pral lakòz [[ematemèz|vomi ki gen san]], kon sa non-an Panyòl pou lafyèv jòn, '' vomito nwa '' ('vomi nwa')&lt;ref name=&quot;pmid14582304&quot;&gt;{{cite journal |author=Chastel C |trans-title=Centenary of the discovery of yellow fever virus and its transmission by a mosquito (Cuba 1900–1901) |language=fr |journal=Bulletin de la Société de pathologie exotique |volume=96 |issue=3 |pages=250–256 |date=2003 |pmid=14582304 |doi= |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160419180219/www.pathexo.fr/documents/articles-bull/T96-3-DK0.pdf |url=http://www.pathexo.fr/documents/articles-bull/T96-3-DK0.pdf |archive-date=19 avril 2016 |title=Le centenaire de la découverte du virus de la fièvre jaune et de sa transmission par un moustique (Cuba 1900–1901)}}&lt;/ref&gt;.

==Sitasyon==
{{reflist|30em}}

[[Kategori:Maladi]]
[[Kategori:Medsin]]</text>
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'''Imelda Remedios Visitacion Trinidad Romuáldez''', rele '''Imelda Marcos''', ki fèt [[2 jiyè]] [[1929]] nan vil [[Manyl]] ([[Filipin]]), se vèv la nan ansyen Prezidan [[Filipin|filipen]] [[Ferdinand Marcos]]. Li te sèvi kòm premye Dam nan [[Filipin]] soti nan 1965 a 1986.&lt;ref name = &quot;Ellison&quot;&gt;{{en}} {{cite book
|editor=McGraw-Hill
|title=Imelda, Steel Butterfly of the Philippines
|url=https://archive.org/details/imeldasteelbutte0000elli
|location=New York
|author=Katherine Ellison
|date=1988
|isbn=0-07-019335-5
|access-date=}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Referans ==
{{referans}}
== Lyen deyò ==

{{DEFAULTSORT:Marcos, Imelda}}
[[Kategori:Moun]]
[[Kategori:Fanm]]
[[Kategori:Politik]]
[[Kategori:Politisyen]]
[[Kategori:Politisyen filipen]]
[[Kategori:Nesans nan lane 1929]]</text>
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    <title>Esera Tuaolo</title>
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'''Esera Tavai Tuaolo''', rele '''Esera Tuaolo''' oubyen '''Mr. Aloha''', ki fèt [[11 jiyè]] [[1968]] nan [[onloulou]] nan [[Awayi]] ([[Etazinii]]), te se yon foutbolè pwofesyonèl ameriken. 
== Biyografi ==
Fanmi Tuaolo te pòv ak samoan. Li te grandi nan Waimanalo. Paran li yo te kiltive bannann. Papa li te mouri lè Tuaolo te dis ane.

Li ap leve jimo adopte ak samoan yo ː yon fi ak yon gason.

Nan 2002, li te pran retrèt nan espò, Tuaolo te anonse piblik la ke li se omoseksyèl.&lt;ref name=&quot;glbtq&quot;&gt;{{cite web |last=Buzinski |first=Jim |title=Sports: Gay Male |url=http://www.glbtq.com/arts/sports_gay,4.html |periodical=glbtq.com |year=2002 |accessdate=2007-08-19 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20070814163720/http://www.glbtq.com/arts/sports_gay%2C4.html |archivedate=2007-08-14 |df= }}&lt;/ref&gt; 
Li te twazyèm jwè NFL. Premye la te [[David Kopay]] e dezyèm la te [[Roy Simmons]]. Tuaolo se yon fò avoka pou kominote LGBT.

Nan 2006, li te pibliye otobyografi li, rele ''Alone in the Trenches'' (Pou kont li nan tranche yo).&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.johnrosengren.net/alone-trenches]&lt;/ref&gt;  Nan liv la, li te di ke frè li te mouri konplikasyon yo sida. Tuaolo te admèt yon moun te moleste li nan laj timoun li. Plizyè fwa, li te di ki li te pa kapab vini klozèt la pandan ane pwofesyonèl li yo paske lòt jwe ta domage li.&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.advocate.com/politics/commentary/2002/11/12/tackling-footballs-closet]&lt;/ref&gt;

Li te gen yon anmourè blan ki rele Mitch Wherley jiska 2007.[https://web.archive.org/web/20160910080848/https://www.highbeam.com/doc/1G1-166998416.html]  Nan 2010, li te gen yon plent de violans domestik kont konpayon aktyèl li.[https://www.queerty.com/did-retired-gay-nfl-player-esera-tuaolo-assault-his-partner-20100628] 
== Karyè foutbòl ==
Li jwe foutbòl inivèsite pou Oregon State University. Li te manm nan fratènite Pi Kappa Alpha. Li resevwa Morris Trophy nan lane 1989. Li te rele PAK-10 Konferans Premye Ekip de (2) fwa e kòm yon ansyen li te yon finalis pou prim lan Lombardi ak Outland Trophy.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite news|url=http://morristrophy.com/past-winners/players/esera-tuaolo/|title=DT Esera Tuaolo, Oregon State. 1989 {{!}} The Morris Trophy|work=The Morris Trophy|access-date=2017-08-10|language=en-US|archive-date=2017-08-10|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170810052833/http://morristrophy.com/past-winners/players/esera-tuaolo/|dead-url=yes}}&lt;/ref&gt; He was named Pac-10 Conference First Team twice and as a senior he was a finalist for the Lombardi Award and Outland Trophy.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;

Li te jwe nan NFL (Lig Foutbòl Nasyonal) ant 1991 ak 1999.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.pro-football-reference.com/players/T/TuaoEs20.htm|title=Esera Tuaolo Stats {{!}} Pro-Football-Reference.com|website=Pro-Football-Reference.com|language=en|access-date=2017-08-09}}&lt;/ref&gt; Li jwe 20 je pou Green Bay Packers ant 1991 ak 1992, te premye rookie nan istwa Packer yo kòmanse tout 16 je nan yon sezon.&lt;ref name=&quot;Outsports&quot;&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://www.outsports.com/2013/2/20/4010724/esera-tuaolo-addresses-rookies-at-nfl-symposium|title=Esera Tuaolo Addresses Rookies At NFL Symposium|work=Outsports|access-date=2017-08-09}}&lt;/ref&gt;{{,}}&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot;&gt;{{Cite web
|url=http://www.espn.com/nfl/player/stats/_/id/248/esera-tuaolo
|title=Esera Tuaolo
|website=ESPN.com
|access-date=2017-08-09}}&lt;/ref&gt; Tuaolo te jwe 60 je pou [[Minnesota Vikings]] ant 1992 ak 1996; 6 je pou [[Jacksonville Jaguars]] an 1997; 13 je pou [[Atlanta Falcons]] an 1998; ak 12 je pou [[Carolina Panthers]] an 1999.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot; /&gt; Nan lane 1998, li genyen Chanpyona NFC avèk Atlanta Falcons anvan li pèdi nan Sipè Bòl la (Super Bowl) nan Denver Broncos.&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Outsports&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=http://morristrophy.com/past-winners/players/esera-tuaolo/|title=DT Esera Tuaolo, Oregon State. 1989 {{!}} The Morris Trophy|work=The Morris Trophy|access-date=2017-08-10|archive-date=2017-08-10|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170810052833/http://morristrophy.com/past-winners/players/esera-tuaolo/|dead-url=yes}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Karyè mizikal ==
Tuaolo te antretni yon karyè chante pandan ak aprè foutbòl. Pandan ke avèk Packers yo, pou egzanp, Tuaolo yon fwa chante im Nasyonal la anvan yon jwèt kont Chicago Bears.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|title=Alone in the Trenches: My Life as a Gay Man in the NFL|url=https://archive.org/details/aloneintrenchesm00tuao|last=Tuaolo|first=Esera|publisher=|year=2006|isbn=|location=|pages=[https://archive.org/details/aloneintrenchesm00tuao/page/107 107]}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Li chante nan evènman pwofesyonèl espòtif, nan NFL, MLB, NHL, NBA ak nan seremoni Gay Games VII.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news
|url=https://www.outsports.com/2014/9/24/6840425/watch-esera-tuaolo-sings-national-anthem-at-green-bay-packers-home
|title=Esera Tuaolo sings National Anthem at Packer game
|work=Outsports|access-date=2017-08-10}}&lt;/ref&gt;{{,}}&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web
|url=https://wn.com/esera_tuaolo_sings_the_national_anthem_at_doger_staduim_sporting_our_mk802's
|title=Esera Tuaolo Sings The National Anthem At Doger Staduim{{sic|hide=y}} Sporting Our MKF802's
|website=World News
|access-date=2017-08-10}}&lt;/ref&gt;{{,}}&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web
|url=http://lgbthistorymonth.com/esera-tuaolo?tab=biography
|title=Esera Tuaolo {{!}} LGBTHistoryMonth.com
|website=lgbthistorymonth.com
|access-date=2017-08-10}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Li jwe mizik, kòm ''Stronger'' ak ''Another Broken Heart'' avèk [[Lari White]], nan Etazini e and Ewòp.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news
|url=https://www.si.com/vault/2016/07/07/esera-tuaolo#
|title=Esera Tuaolo
|last=Reed|first=William F.|work=SI.com
|access-date=2017-08-09}}&lt;/ref&gt;{{,}}&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news
|url=http://heavy.com/sports/2015/09/esera-tuaolo-green-bay-packers-national-anthem-gay-nfl-singer-music-family-kids-boyfriend-husband/
|title=Esera Tuaolo: 5 Fast Facts You Need to Know
|last=Lacey|first=Ryan|date=2015-09-20|work=Heavy.com|access-date=2017-08-10}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Tuaolo te jwe ukelele a nan yon komèsyal pou restoran a Chili’s.[https://archive.today/20170101000741/http://articles.chicagotribune.com/2003-07-06/sports/0307060107_1_gay-athletes-cyd-zeigler-esera-tuaolo]  

Nan lane 2017, li patisipe pou sezon 13 nan pwogram ''The Voice''. 
==Referans==
{{referans}}
== Lyen deyò ==

{{DEFAULTSORT:Tuaolo, Esera}} 
[[Kategori:Moun]]
[[Kategori:Espò]]
[[Kategori:Foutbòl]]
[[Kategori:Foutbolè]]
[[Kategori:Foutbolè ameriken]]
[[Kategori:Nesans nan lane 1968]]</text>
      <sha1>550zjbqo16s3oe256jay93kg65sv7sf</sha1>
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  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Ki riske konpòtman seksyèl</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>65226</id>
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      <id>888091</id>
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      <comment>Add 1 book for [[Wikipedya:Verifyabilite]] (20260817)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]]</comment>
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      <text bytes="5754" sha1="rhxsdrtk69nwh0axww0xa12dxwizaey" xml:space="preserve">'''Ki riske seksyèl konpòtman''' se deskripsyon an nan aktivite sa yo ap ogmante pwobabilite ki genyen pou yon moun angaje nan aktivite seksyèl ak yon lòt moun ki enfekte avèk yon [[Maladi ki transmèt nan sèks|enfeksyon seksyèlman transmisib]] ki pral enfekte&lt;ref name=&quot;DimbueneEmina2014&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Dimbuene|first=Zacharie Tsala|last2=Emina|first2=Jacques B.O.|last3=Sankoh|first3=Osman|year=2014|title=UNAIDS ‘multiple sexual partners’ core indicator: promoting sexual networks to reduce potential biases|journal=Global Health Action|volume=7|issue=1|pages=23103|doi=10.3402/gha.v7.23103|issn=1654-9716}}&lt;/ref&gt; oswa ki vin [[Grosès|ansent,]] oswa fè yon patnè ou ansent. Li ka vle di de ki sanble bagay sa yo: konpòtman an nan tèt li, deskripsyon an nan patnè a konpòtman. Konpòtman an te kapab dwe san pwoteksyon nan vajen, nan bouch, oubyen nan dèyè kouche. Patnè a ta ka yon nonexclusive patnè, VIH-pozitif, oubyen yon venn dwòg itilizatè.&lt;ref name=&quot;medscape&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.medscape.com/viewarticle/467059|title=Risky Adolescent Sexual Behavior: A Psychological Perspective for Primary Care Clinicians|last=Hall|first=Peter A.|date=2004|publisher=Topics in Advanced Practice Nursing eJournal}}&lt;/ref&gt; sèvi ak Dwòg, se ki asosye ak ki riske seksyèl konpòtman.&lt;ref name=&quot;cdc2007&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.cdc.gov/nchs/data/ad/ad384.pdf|title=Advance Data From Vital and Health Statistics, Drug Use and Sexual Behaviors Reported by Adults in the United States, 1999 – 2002|last=Frayer|first=Cheryl D|last2=Hirsch, et. Al.|first2=Rosemarie|date=September 11, 2007|publisher=Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, National Center for Health Statistics|access-date=April 21, 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Deskripsyon ==
Ki riske seksyèl konpòtman ki kapab:
* sèks san yo pa [[Kapot|kapòt]] sèvi ak
* bouch-nan-jenital kontak
* kòmanse aktivite seksyèl nan yon laj jèn
* gen plizyè sèks patnè yo.
* li te gen yon gwo risk-patnè, yon moun ki gen plizyè sèks patnè oubyen enfeksyon
* fè sèks nan dèyè
* sèks ak yon patnè ki moun ki te tout tan tout tan sou fòm piki ak dwòg la.
* angaje nan fè sèks komès travay&lt;ref name=&quot;hl&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.healthlinkbc.ca/health-topics/tw9064|title=High Risk Sexual Behaviour|date=May 27, 2016|publisher=British Columbia, HealthLinkBC|access-date=April 21, 2017|archive-date=March 21, 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170321084232/https://www.healthlinkbc.ca/health-topics/tw9064|dead-url=yes}}&lt;/ref&gt;
Ki riske konpòtman seksyèl gen ladan san pwoteksyon kouche, plizyè sèks patnè yo, ak ilegal dwòg sèvi ak yo. sèvi ak alkòl ak dwòg ilegal anpil diminye risk pou [[gonore]], [[klamidya]], trichomoniasis, epatit B, ak [[Sida|VIH/SIDA]]. Chòk soti plenyen-twou dèyè sèks gen te idantifye kòm yon ki riske konpòtman seksyèl.

Nò Ameriken adolesan ki ka seksyèlman aktif ankò pa pran prekosyon ki apwopriye yo anpeche enfeksyon oswa gwosès. Move konsepsyon nan envulnerabilite yo ak pratik nan inyore ki dire lontan konsekans yo nan konpòtman yo yo gen tandans ankouraje ki riske konpòtman seksyèl. Ki riske seksyèl konpòtman yo ka mennen nan konsekans ki grav, tou de pou moun ak patnè yo(s). Sa a pafwa gen ladan nan kòl matris kansè, ectopic pregnancy ak sterilite. Yon asosyasyon ki egziste ant moun ki gen yon pi wo ensidans nan atizay kò a (kò w pèse kò wak tatoos) ak ki riske konpòtman seksyèl.&lt;ref name=&quot;Potter2013&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|title=Fundamentals of nursing|url=https://archive.org/details/isbn_2900323079333|last=Potter|first=Patricia|publisher=Mosby Elsevier|year=2013|isbn=9780323079334|location=St. Louis, Mo|page=386}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Epidemyoloji ==
Ki pi Kanadyen ak Ameriken adolesan yo ki gen laj 15 a 19 ane dekri èske w gen te gen kouche seksyèl omwen yon fwa. Nan popilasyon an menm, 23.9% ak 45.5% nan jenn ti gason, jenn fanm dekri èske w gen fè sèks ak de oswa plis patnè seksyèl pandan ane a anvan yo. Nan gason nan popilasyon an menm 32.1% nan Kanadyen gason ki te gen 2 oswa plis patnè ak 50.8% nan Endyen gason dekri tou yon eksperyans ki sanblab.
Angaje nan ki riske seksyèl konpòtman ki pa peye-antant ak se ki gen rapò ak laj (timoun) ak nasyonalite. Timoun nan Botswana, Kamewoun, Repiblik Demokratik la nan Kongo, peyi Lejip, peyi Letiopi a, Gana, Kenya, Nijerya, Rwanda, Senegal, Lafrik di Sid, Soudan, Tanzani, Tinizi, Uganda ak Zimbabwe yo yo te fòse yo fè sèks ki te a nan li te gen pi pòv sante lè yo konpare ak timoun ki soti nan lòt peyi yo.&lt;ref name=&quot;CumberTsoka-Gwegweni2016&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Cumber|first=Samuel Nambile|last2=Tsoka-Gwegweni|first2=Joyce Mahlako|year=2016|title=The health profile of street children in Africa: a literature review|journal=Journal of Public Health in Africa|volume=6|issue=2|doi=10.4081/jphia.2015.566|issn=2038-9930}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Entèvansyon ==
Seksyèl sante rediksyon risk kapab gen ladan nan motivasyonèl egzèsis, konpetans asisrans, edikasyon ak entèvansyon konpòtman. Konsèy yo te devlope ak aplike pou moun ki gen grav maladi mantal, ka amelyore patisipan yo' konesans, atitid, kwayans, konpòtman oswa pratik (ki gen ladan konpetans asisrans) ak te kapab mennen nan yon rediksyon nan ki riske konpòtman seksyèl.&lt;ref name=&quot;PandorKaltenthaler2015&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Pandor|first=Abdullah|last2=Kaltenthaler|first2=Eva|last3=Higgins|first3=Agnes|last4=Lorimer|first4=Karen|last5=Smith|first5=Shubulade|last6=Wylie|first6=Kevan|last7=Wong|first7=Ruth|year=2015|title=Sexual health risk reduction interventions for people with severe mental illness: a systematic review|journal=BMC Public Health|volume=15|issue=1|doi=10.1186/s12889-015-1448-4|issn=1471-2458}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Referans ==
{{reflist}}</text>
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  </page>
  <page>
    <title>France Zobda</title>
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      <contributor>
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        <id>25431</id>
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      <comment>Add 1 book for [[Wikipedya:Verifyabilite]] (20260817)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]]</comment>
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|foto=Cannes_2018_26.jpg
|tèks=France Zobda (2018)
|fonksyon=aktris, pwodiktris
|domèn=televizyon, sinema
|diplòm=
|etid=
|dat nesans= [[1958]]
|lye nesans= [[Matinik]]
|peyi nesans=[[Frans]]
|dat lanmò=
|lye lanmò=
|peyi lanmò=
|nasyonalite= franse
|relijyon=
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|Biyografi=
|zèv=
|omaj=
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|remak=
|fim=''[[Lance et compte]]''&lt;br/&gt;''{{nobr|[[SOS 18]]}}''&lt;br/&gt;''[[Léa Parker]]''
}}
'''France Zobda''' (ki fèt [[1958]]) se yon aktris ak pwodiktris sinema matinikèz.
== Biyografi ==
== Zèv li yo ==
=== Fim ===
* 1983 : ''[[Adieu foulards]]'' de [[Christian Lara (reyalizatè)|Christian Lara]] : Ariane
* 1984 : ''[[Sheena, reine de la jungle (fim)|Sheena, reine de la jungle]]'' (''Sheena'') de [[John Guillermin]]: Contes Zanda
* 1985 : ''[[Black Mic-Mac]]'' de [[Thomas Gilou]]
* 1986 : ''[[Justice de flic]]'' de [[Michel Gérard]]
* 1986 : ''[[Sauve-toi, Lola]]'' de [[Michel Drach]]
* 1990 : ''[[Mamy Wata]]'' de [[Moustapha Diop]]
* 1994 : ''[[L'exil du roi Behanzin]]'' de [[Guy Deslauriers]]
* 1995 : ''[[Les Caprices d'un fleuve]]'' (''Unpredictable nature of the river'') de [[Bernard Giraudeau]]
* 1996 : ''[[Arlette (fim)|Arlette]]'' de [[Claude Zidi]] 
* 1998 : ''[[France]]'' de [[Diane Baratier]]
* 2002 : ''[[Blessures]]'' de [[Franck Llopis]]
* 2002 : ''Dreams of Trespass'' de [[Stéphanie Danan]]

=== Seri televizyon ===
* 1985 : ''[[Lance et compte]]'' (Cogne et gagne ; &lt;small&gt;Tit angle :&lt;/small&gt; ''He Shoots, He Scores'') de [[Jean-Claude Lord]] : Lucie Baptiste
* 1986 : ''[[Épisodes de Série rose|Le Libertin de qualité]]'' dans la [[Série rose]] de [[Juan Luis Buñuel]] : Melle Macao, la soubrette 
* 1988 : ''Lance et compte II'' de [[Richard Martin (televizyon)|Richard Martin]] : Lucie Baptiste
* 1989 : ''Panique aux Caraïbes'' de [[Serge Korber]]
* 1989 : ''Lance et compte III'' de [[Fabienne Larouche]], [[Réjean Tremblay]]  : Lucie Baptiste
* 1989 : ''Le vampire des Caraïbes'' de [[Peter Kassovitz]] : Tamara 
* 1990 : ''Le Vagabond des mers'' de [[José Varela (reyalizatè)|José Varela]]
* 1991 : ''Rintintin junior''
* 1992 : ''Force de frappe'' : Monique
* 1992 : ''Coup de foudre''
* 1995 : ''Il Barone - The baron'' d'[[Alessandro Fracassi]] : Princesse Mahary
* 1996 : ''Studio Sud'' de [[Georges Bensoussan (reyalizatè)|Georges Bensoussan]]
* 2000 : ''Un flic nommé Lecoeur'' - ''Dans le béton'' d'[[Alain Tasma]] : Armoni Bellair 
* 2002 : ''Noirs destins'' de [[Pascal Légitimus]] : Melissa 
* 2004-2006 : ''[[Léa Parker]]'' de [[Robin Davis]] : Anne Parker
* 2006 : ''Femmes de loi'' de [[Sylvie Ayme]] : Hélène Martel 
* 2009 : ''Lance et compte: Le grand duel'' : Lucie Baptiste
* 2002-2010 : ''SOS 18'' de [[Jacques Malaterre]] : Lucie Saint Roch / Lucie / Julie
* 2013 : ''La Smala s'en mêle'' : Florence
* 2016 : ''[[Meurtres en Martinique]]'' de [[Philippe Niang]] : Magaly Brédas

=== Telefim ===
* 1996 : ''[[Cassidi et Cassidi - Le prix de la liberté]]'' (TV Cassidi et Cassidi n°1 - TF1) de [[Joël Santoni]] : Graziella Angelier
* 1998 : ''[[Fugue en ré]]'' de [[Christian Faure (reyalizatè)|Christian Faure]] : Coralie Hoareau
* 1999 : ''[[Jésus (telefim, Moati)|Jésus]]'' de [[Serge Moati]] : Marie-Madeleine 
* 2000 : ''[[Suite en ré]]'' de [[Christian Faure (reyalizatè)|Christian Faure]] : Coco
* 2002 : '' Un mois à nous'' de [[Denys Granier-Deferre]] : Romane 
* 2003 : ''[[Drôle de genre]]'' de [[Jean-Michel Carré]] : Sibye Carrère 
* 2005 : ''La famille Zappon'' d'[[Amar Arhab]] ak [[Fabrice Michelin]] : Caroline Tatone
* 2007 : ''La promeneuse d'oiseaux'' de [[Jacques Otmezguine]] : Sadhana

=== Tankou pwodiktè televizyon ===
* 2009 : ''Les Amants de l'ombre'' 
* 2010 : ''Fais danser la poussière'' 
* 2012 : ''Toussaint Louverture''
* 2012 : ''[[Paradis amers]]''
* 2014 : ''Le Family Show''
* 2016 : ''[[La Promesse du feu]]''
* 2016 : ''[[Le rêve français]]''

== Piblikasyon ==
* {{cite book |id  =| author  =[[Aïssa Maïga]] (dir.) ak [[Nadège Beausson-Diagne]] - [[Mata Gabin]] - [[Maïmouna Gueye]] - [[Eye Haïdara]] - [[Rachel Khan]] - [[Sara Martins]] - [[Marie-Philomène Nga]] - [[Sabine Pakora]] - [[Firmine Richard]] - [[Sonia Rolland]] - [[Magaajyia Silberfeld]] - [[Shirley Souagnon]] - [[Assa Sylla]] - [[Karidja Touré]] - [[France Zobda]]| title =Noire n'est pas mon métier |url =https://archive.org/details/isbn_9782021401196| editor  = [[Éditions du Seuil]]| location        = Pari | date= 3 me 2018 | isbn = 978-2021401196| pages = 128| lire en ligne = }}

== Referans ==
{{referans}}

== Lyen deyò ==
* [http://www.imdb.com/name/nm0957499/ France Zobda] sou IMDb
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20090222200939/http://www.actricesdefrance.org/filmos/Z/France_Zobda_ActFra.html Fimografi France Zobda] sou actricesdefrance.org

{{DEFAULTSORT:Zobda, France}}
[[Kategori:Moun]]
[[Kategori:Fanm]]
[[Kategori:Aktè]]
[[Kategori:Aktè sinema]] 
[[Kategori:Aktè televizyon]]
[[Kategori:Aktè franse]]
[[Kategori:Aktè matinikè]]
[[Kategori:Reyalizatè televizyon]]
[[Kategori:Reyalizatè franse]]
[[Kategori:Nesans nan lane 1958]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Firmine Richard</title>
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      <comment>Add 1 book for [[Wikipedya:Verifyabilite]] (20260817)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]]</comment>
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|tèks=Firmine Richard
|fonksyon=aktris
|domèn=Sinema, televizyon, teyat
|diplòm=
|etid=
|dat nesans=[[25 septanm]] [[1947]]
|lye nesans=[[Lapwent]], [[Gwadloup]]
|peyi nesans=[[Frans]]
|dat lanmò=
|lye lanmò=
|peyi lanmò=
|nasyonalite=Franse
|relijyon=
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'''Firmine Richard''', ki fèt [[25 septanm]] [[1947]] nan vil [[Lapwent]] nan depatman  [[Gwadloup]] ([[Frans]]), se yon [[Aktè|aktris]] [[Gwadloup|gwadloupeyèn]].
== Biyografi ==

== Zèv li yo ==
=== Fim ===
* [[1988]] : ''[[Romuald et Juliette]]'', reyalizatè [[Coline Serreau]]
* [[1989]] : ''[[Valse d'amour (fim, 1990)|Valse d'amour]]'', reyalizatè [[Dino Risi]]
* [[1994]] : ''[[Élisa (fim, 1995)|Élisa]]'', reyalizatè [[Jean Becker]]
* [[1997]] : ''[[Riches, belles, etc.]]'', reyalizatè [[Bunny Godillot|Bunny Schpoliansky]]
* 1997 : ''[[Une journée de merde]]'', reyalizatè [[Miguel Courtois]]
* [[1999]] : ''[[Une pour toutes]]'', reyalizatè [[Claude Lelouch]]
* [[2001]] : ''[[Fils de Zup]]'', reyalizatè [[Gilles Romera]]
* 2001 : ''[[Huit femmes (fim)|Huit femmes]]'', reyalizatè [[François Ozon]]
* 2001 : ''[[Trois zéros]]'', reyalizatè [[Fabien Onteniente]]
* [[2004]] : ''[[Pédale dure]]'', reyalizatè [[Gabriel Aghion]]
* [[2005]] : ''[[Dans tes rêves]]'', reyalizatè [[Denis Thybaud]]
* [[2005]] : ''[[Les Parrains]]'', reyalizatè [[Frédéric Forestier]]
* [[2006]] : ''[[Ensemble, c'est tout]]'', reyalizatè [[Claude Berri]]
* 2006 : ''[[La Disparue de Deauville]]'', reyalizatè [[Sophie Marceau]]
* 2006 : ''[[Vous êtes de la police ?]]'', reyalizatè [[Romuald Beugnon]]
* [[2007]] : ''[[Big City (fim, 2007)|Big city]]'', reyalizatè [[Djamel Bensalah]]
* [[2008]] : ''[[La Première Étoile (fim)|La Première Étoile]]'', reyalizatè [[Lucien Jean-Baptiste]]
* [[2010]] : ''[[Retour au pays]]'', reyalizatè [[Dalle Julien]]
* 2010 : ''[[Je vous aime très beaucoup]]'', reyalizatè [[Philippe Locquet]]
* [[2011]] : ''[[Un baiser papillon]]'', reyalizatè [[Karine Silla|Karine Silla-Pérez]] 
* 2011 : ''[[Un heureux événement]]'', reyalizatè [[Rémi Bezançon]]
* 2011 : ''[[Les Tribulations d'une caissière]]'', reyalizatè [[Pierre Rambaldi]]
* [[2012]] : ''[[Bowling (fim)|Bowling]]'', reyalizatè [[Marie-Castille Mention-Schaar]]
* [[2014]] : ''[[Rosenn]]'', reyalizatè[[Yvan Le Moine]]
* [[2015]] : ''[[Les Profs 2]]'', reyalizatè [[Pierre-François Martin-Laval]]
* 2015 : ''[[Le Grand Partage]]'', reyalizatè [[Alexandra Leclère]]
* 2015 : ''[[Dieumerci !]]'', reyalizatè Lucien Jean-Baptiste
* [[2017]] : ''[[La Deuxième Étoile]]'', reyalizatè Lucien Jean-Baptiste

=== Kout fim ===
[[Fichye:Firmine Richard 2017.jpg|thumb|Firmine Richard an 2017 nan [[Globe de cristal (la ak kilti)|Globes de cristal]].]]

* [[1994]] : ''[[La Part de Léo]]'', reyalizatè [[Luc Berthier]]
* [[1998]] : ''[[Le Vol de la mouche Tsé-Tsé]]'', reyalizatè [[Guillaume Georget]]
* [[1998]] : ''[[L'Amour noir]]'', reyalizatè [[Liliane Watbled-Guenoun]]
* [[2001]] : ''[[Exquise esquisse]]'', reyalizatè [[Sylvain Blache]] 
* 2001 : ''[[Craie d'amour]]'', reyalizatè Sylvain Blache
* [[2003]] : ''Mon beau sapin'', reyalizatè [[Diane Morel]]
* [[2005]] : ''[[La Noiraude (fim)|La Noiraude]]'', reyalizatè [[Fabienne Kanor]] ak [[Véronique Kanor]]
* [[2012]] : ''[[de Grâce !]]'', reyalizatè [[Yvan Delatour]]
* [[2013]] : ''Solitudes'', reyalizatè [[Liova Jedlicki]]
*[[2017]] : ''Le Plus Beau Cadeau de ma Mère'' de [[Mason Ewing]] ak Anthony Lascoux

=== Televizyon ===
* [[1993]] : ''[[J'aime pas qu'on m'aime]]'', reyalizatè [[Stéphane Kurc]]
* [[1996]] : ''[[Antoine (telefim)|Antoine]]'', reyalizatè [[Jérôme Foulon (sineas)|Jérôme Foulon]]
* [[1996]] : ''[[L'amerloque]]'', reyalizatè [[Jean-Claude Sussfeld]]
* [[1997]] : ''[[Mira la magnifique]]', reyalizatè [[Agnès Delarive]]
* [[1998]] : ''[[Fugue en ré]]'', reyalizatè [[Christian Faure (reyalizatè)|Christian Faure]]
* 1998 : ''[[L'Honneur de ma famille]]'', reyalizatè [[Rachid Bouchareb]]
* [[1998]]-[[2003]] : ''[[La Kiné]]''
* [[2000]] : ''[[Suite en ré]]'', reyalizatè Christian Faure
* 2000 : ''Léopold'', reyalizatè [[Joël Séria]]
* 2000-[[2005]] : ''[[Le Grand Patron]]'' 
* [[2003]] : ''[[Par amour (fim)|Par amour]]'', reyalizatè [[Alain Tasma]] : Bernadette Chabot
* 2003 : ''[[Simon le juste]]'', reyalizatè [[Gérard Mordillat]]
* 2003 : ''[[Laverie de famille]]''
* [[2004]] : ''[[Courrier du cœur (fim)|Courrier du cœur]]'', reyalizatè Christian Faure
* [[2005]] : ''[[La famille Zappon]]''
* [[2007]] : ''[[Confidences (seri)|Confidences]]'', reyalizatè [[Laurent Dussaux]]
* [[2011]] - [[2013]] : ''[[Famille d'accueil (seri)|Famille d'accueil]]'', reyalizatè [[Stéphane Kaminka]] : Marguerite
* 2011 : ''[[Aïcha, la grande débrouille]]'', reyalizatè [[Yamina Benguigui]]
* [[2012]] : ''[[Nos chers voisins]] fêtent Noël'' : Lucie
* [[2013]] : ''[[Les Îles d'en face]]'' : Rose Mathurin
* 2015 : ''Le Family Show'', reyalizatè [[Pascal Lahmani]]
* [[2014]] : ''[[Coup de cœur (telefim)|Coup de cœur]]'', reyalizatè [[Dominique Ladoge]] : Yolande
* 2014-[[2015]] : ''[[Frères d'armes (seri)|Frères d'armes]]'', reyalizatè Rachid Bouchareb ak [[Pascal Blanchard (istoryen)|Pascal Blanchard]]
* 2015 : ''Le Family Show'' de [[Pascal Lahmani]] : Hermeline Clément
* [[2017]] : ''[[Le rêve français]]'' de [[Christian Faure (reyalizatè)|Christian Faure]] : Léa
* [[2019]] : ''[[Mortel (seri)|Mortel]]'' de [[Frédéric Garcia (eyalizatè)|Frédéric Garcia]] : Élizabeth 
* [[2020]] : ''[[Sam (seri)|Sam]]'', sezon 4 epizòd 5 : Madanm N'Dollo
* [[2020]] : ''[[Stars à nu]]'' (pwogram televizyon) : li menm 
* [[2020]] : ''[[Capitaine Marleau]]'', epizòd ''L'arbre aux esclaves'' de [[Josée Dayan]] : medsen lejis

=== Teyat ===
* [[1991]] : ''[[Roberto Zucco]]''
* [[1998]] : ''Mémoire d'isles''
* [[1999]] : ''[[Pinocchio]]'' 
* [[2006]] : ''[[La Noce chez les petits bourgeois|La Noce chez les petits bourgeois... créoles]]'' 
* [[2008]] : ''Le Vol de Kitty Hawk''
* 2008 : ''Trames''
* [[2010]] : ''Famille de stars''
* [[2014]] : ''La Faute à la vie'' 
* [[2015]] : ''Gospel sur la Colline''

== Piblikasyon ==
* {{cite book |id  =| author  =[[Aïssa Maïga]] (dir.) ak [[Nadège Beausson-Diagne]] - [[Mata Gabin]] - [[Maïmouna Gueye]] - [[Eye Haïdara]] - [[Rachel Khan]] - [[Sara Martins]] - [[Marie-Philomène Nga]] - [[Sabine Pakora]] - [[Firmine Richard]] - [[Sonia Rolland]] - [[Magaajyia Silberfeld]] - [[Shirley Souagnon]] - [[Assa Sylla]] - [[Karidja Touré]] - [[France Zobda]]| title =Noire n'est pas mon métier |url =https://archive.org/details/isbn_9782021401196| editor  = [[Éditions du Seuil]]| location        = Pari | date= 3 me 2018 | isbn = 978-2021401196| pages = 128| lire en ligne = }}

== Referans ==
{{referans}}

== Lyen deyò ==
* [http://www.imdb.com/name/nm0723796/ Firmine Richard] IMDB
* [http://www.allocine.fr/personne/fichepersonne_gen_cpersonne=10901.html Firmine Richard] sou Allociné
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20140702113942/http://afro-style.com/artistes/firmine_richard.php Interview vidéo] sou Afro-Style

{{DEFAULTSORT:Richard, Firmine}}
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  <page>
    <title>Jamekien Patwa</title>
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      <text bytes="16947" sha1="21494hy0jfetr6to4jgv7lu2fu365gr" xml:space="preserve">{{Lingua|
| lang           = Kreyòl Jamayiken&lt;br&gt;''Jumekan Patwa''
| pale nan       = [[Jamayik]], [[Kolonbi]], [[Panama (peyi)|Panama]], [[Kostarika]]
| moun kap pale  = 3,9 milyon
| lang ofisyèl   = -
| gouvène pa     = -
| iso1           = -
| iso2           = -
| iso3           = jam
| kat jeyografik = [[Fichye:Jamaica (orthographic projection).svg|197px]]
}}
'''Patwa Jamayiken''', li te ye lokalman kòm '''Patwa''' ('''Patwa''' oswa '''Patwah''') epi yo rele '''Kreyòl Jamayiken''' pa lengwis, se yon angle ki baze sou kreyòl ayisyen ak West Afriken enfliyanse (yon majorite nan prè a mo sa yo nan Akan orijin)&lt;ref&gt;Cassidy FG: Multiple etymologies in Jamaican Creole. &lt;/ref&gt; pale sitou nan [[Jamayik]] ak Jamayiken dyaspora. Lang lan devlope nan syèk la 17, lè esklav yo nan Lwès ak Santral Lafrik di yo te ekspoze a, te aprann epi nativized la jargon ak [[Aksan|dialectal]] fòm nan [[lang angle]] pale a slaveholders: angle britanik, Scots yo ak Hiberno-angle. Li montre yon pwogresyon ant plis konsèvatif kreyòl fòm ak fòm ki idantik nòmalman yo Estanda anglè (sa vle di metwopoliten Estanda kreyòl ayisyen).

Jamayiken yo, al gade nan yo [[Lang (pawòl)|nan lang]] kòm patwa. An tèm ''patwa'' soti nan vye franse, ''patwa'' &quot;lokal oswa rejyonal dyalèk&quot; (pi bonè &quot;ki graj, maladwa, oswa iletre lapawòl&quot;), petèt ki soti nan vèb la ''patoier'', &quot;trete apeprè&quot;, ki soti nan ''pate'' nan &quot;grif&quot;, soti nan fin Vye granmoun Ba Franconian *''patta'' &quot;paw, sèl nan pye a&quot; + ''-françois'', yon pejoratif sifiks. Tèm nan ka yo te parèt soti nan nosyon a nan yon maladwa oswa ki graj nan jan li pale.

Jamayiken pwononsyasyon ak vokabilè yo se siyifikativman diferan soti nan angle, malgre itilize a lou de mo angle oswa dérivés. Jamayiken Patwa montre yo resanblan,s nan pidjin ak [[Lang kreyòl|kreyòl]] lang nan Afrik de Lwès, akòz komen yo desandan yo soti nan melanje nan Afriken substra lang ak lang Ewopeyen an.

Enpòtan Jamayiken Patwa-pale kominote ki egziste nan mitan Jamayiken egzile yo nan [[Miyami|Miami]], [[Nouyòk|New York City]], Toronto, [[Hartford, Connecticut|Hartford]], [[Wachintòn|Washington, D. c.]], [[Nikaragwa]], [[Kostarika|Costa Rica]], ak [[Panama (peyi)|Panama]] (nan [[Karayib]] kòt la), tou [[Lonn]], Birmingham, Manchester, ak Nottingham. Yon mityèlman konpreansibl varyete se yo te jwenn nan San Andrés y Providencia Islands, Kolonbi, mennen l ' bay zile a pa pitit pitit yo nan Jamayiken Maroons (esklav yo chape nan batay la) nan 18tyèm syèk la. Mezolektal fòm yo se menm jan ak trè bazilektal Belizean Kriol.

Jamayiken Patwa egziste sitou kòm yon lang moun pale yo ak se tou ki itilize pou mizik rezon, espesyalman nan rege ak danseol yo kòm byen kòm lòt estil. Malgre ke estanda Britanik angle se itilize pou pifò ekri nan Jamaica, Jamayiken Patwa ki te pran tè a kòm yon lang nan literè pou prèske yon santèn ane. Claude McKay te pibliye liv li a nan Jamayiken powèm ''Chante nan Jamayik'' nan 1912. Patwa ak angle yo, se souvan yo itilize pou stilistik kontra (codeswitching) nan nouvo fòm yo nan ekri [[entènèt]].&lt;ref&gt;Lars Hinrichs (2006), ''Codeswitching on the Web: English and Jamaican Creole in E-Mail Communication''.&lt;/ref&gt;

== Varyasyon sosyolengwistik ==
Jamayiken Patwa karakteristik yon kreyòl continuum (oswa yon ''lengwistik continuum''): varyete nan lang ki pi pre a lexifier lang (acrolect) pa ka distenge sistematik soti nan entèmedyè varyete (kolektivman refere yo kòm mesolect) oswa menm soti nan pi divergent nan zòn riral varyete (kolektivman refere yo kòm basilect). Sitiyasyon sa a te vin sou yo ak kontak ant moun kap pale yo nan yon nimewo nan Niger–Congo lang ak divès kalite dyalèk nan angle, lèt la nan yo ki yo tout te vin konnen kòm prestijye ak itilize a nan yo ki te pote sosyo-ekonomik rekonpans. Span A nan yon oratè nan lòd nan continuum la anjeneral koresponn ak sosyal kontèks.

== Gramè ==
An tansyon/aspè nan sistèm nan Jamayiken Patwa se fondamantalman kontrèman ak sa yo ki nan lang angle. Pa gen okenn mòfoloji make sot pase participles; olye de sa, de diferan participle mo sa yo egziste: ''en'' ak ''yon''. Sa yo se pa vèb, men tou senpleman invariant patikil ki pa ka kanpe pou kont li tankou angle a ''yo dwe''. Fonksyon yo menm tou yo diferan soti nan angle an.

Dapre Bailey (1966), pwogresis kategori se te make pa /a~da~de/. Alleyne (1980) reklamasyon ke /a~da/ mak pwogresis la, epi ki abitye a nan aspè se na men li pa akonpayman ak mo tankou &quot;toujou&quot;, &quot;anjeneral&quot;, elatriye. (sa vle di se absan kòm yon gramatikal kategori). Mufwene (1984) ak Gibson ak Levy (1984) pwopoze yon sot pase yo-se sèlman abitye kategori make pa /juusta/ tankou nan /weɹ wi juusta liv iz pa az kuol az iiɹ/ (yo'ki kote nou itilize yo ap viv se pa kòm frèt kòm isit la')

Pou tansyon a prezan, yon uninflected vèb konbine avèk yon repete advèb mak abitye siyifikasyon menm jan nan /tam aawez nuo kieti tel chodyè im/ ('Tom toujou konnen lè Katy di/li te di sou l').
* ''en'' se yon endikatè a tansyon
* ''yon'' se yon aspè makè
* ''(yon) ale'' yo itilize pou endike tan kap vini an
* /mi ɹon/
** Mwen kouri (abitye); mwen li pran kouri
* /mi yon ɹon/ ''oswa'' /mi de ɹon/
** Mwen kouri
* /yon ɹon mi dida ɹon/ ''oswa'' /yon ɹon mi ben(w)en yon ɹon/
** Mwen te kouri
* /mi t ɹon/ ''oswa'' /mi ben(w)en ɹon/
** Mwen te kouri; mwen te kouri
* /mi yon ɡo ɹon/
** Mwen pral kouri; mwen pral kouri
Tankou lòt Karayib Creoles (ki se, Guyanese Kreyòl ak San Andrés-Providencia Kreyòl; Sranan Kouch se eskli) /fi/ a gen yon nimewo nan fonksyon, ki gen ladan:&lt;ref&gt;{{Harvcoltxt|Winford|1985|p=589}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* Direksyon, datif, oswa benefaktive prepozisyon
** /dem yon akonpli fi wi/ (yo', Yo ap goumen pou nou')
* Jenitif prepozisyon (ki se, makè nan posesyon)
** /dat yon fi mi buk/ (yo'ki nan liv mwen')
* Oksilyè Modal eksprime obligasyon oswa avnir
** /im fi kom op ja/ ('li te dwe vini isit la')
* Pre-infinitif a complementizer
** /unu hafi kiip samtiŋ faɹ de ɡini piipl-dem fi biit dem miuzik/ (yo'w gen pou kontribye yon bagay yo [[Gine|Ginyen]] Moun pou yo jwe mizik yo')

=== Pronominal sistèm ===
An pronominal sistèm nan Estanda nan angle, gen yon kat-fason distenksyon nan moun, ki relijyon, sèks yo ak ka. Gen kèk varyete Jamayiken Patwa pa gen sèks yo oswa yo ka diferans ki genyen, men tout varyete yo fè distenksyon ant genyen ant moun nan dezyèm sengilye ak pliryèl (ou).
* Mwen, m' = /mi/
* ou, ou (sengilye) = /yuh/
* li, l' = /im/ (pwononse [ĩ] nan basilect varyete)
* li, l = /shee/ar ''oswa'' /im/ a (pa gen okenn sèks diferans nan basilect varyete)
* nou, nou menm, nou = /wi/
* ou (pliryèl) = /unu/
* yo, yo, yo = /dem/

=== Copula ===
* Jamayiken Patwa equative vèb se tou ''yon''
** e.g. /mi di yon tiitʃa/ ('mwen menm pwofesè a')
* Jamayiken Patwa gen yon separe locative vèb ''deh''
** e.g. /wi deh yon london/ ''oswa'' /wi deh inna london/ ('nou ap nan London')
* ak vre adjektif nan Jamayiken an Patwa, pa gen okenn copula ki nesesè
** e.g. /mi ole nau/ ('mwen menm ki fin vye granmoun kounye a')
Sa a se analogue nan panyòl nan ki tou de gen 2 diferan fòm vèb la &quot;yo dwe&quot; - ''ser'' ak ''estar'' - nan ki ''ser'' se equative ak ''estar'' se locative. Lòt lang, yo tankou pòtigè ak italyen, fè yon menm jan distenksyon. (Wè Romans Copula.)

=== Negasyon ===
* /pa gen/ se itilize kòm yon prezan tansyon negator:
** /si kau pa t nuo au im tɹuotuol tan im udn tʃaans pieɹsiid/ ('Si bèf la te konnen ke gòj li pa t' kapab vale yon pwa pitit pitit, li pa t 'gen vale l')
* /kiaan/ se itilize nan menm fason an tankou kreyòl ayisyen ''pa ka''
** /li yon puoɹ tiŋ dat kiaan maʃ foumi/ ('Li se yon pòv bagay ki pa ka brase yon foumi')
* /neva/ se yon negatif partisipl sot pase yo.
** /dʒan neva tiif di moni/ (yo'Jan yo pa t 'vòlè lajan')

== Yo kominike ==
Patwa a gen lontan yo te ekri yo ak divès kalite respellings konpare ak angle, se konsa ke, pou egzanp, pawòl bondye a &quot;gen&quot; yo ta dwe ekri , oswa , ak pawòl bondye a &quot;twa&quot; kòm , oswa. Estanda nan angle [[òtograf]] la se souvan yo itilize ak yon estanda òtograf pafwa vin gaye toupatou, menm si li se pa ni fonetik elemantè ni estanda (e.g.  pou /pikni/, 'timoun yo'). Nan ane 2002, Jamayiken Lang Inite w la te mete kanpe nan Inivèsite university of Indies Lwès la nan Mona yo kòmanse estandadize lang, ak bi pou sipòte ki pa peye-angle-pale Jamaicans daprè garanti konstitisyonèl nan dwa egal, menm jan sèvis sa yo nan eta a se nòmalman bay la nan lang angle, ki se yon majorite nan moun ki pa ka pale kouraman. A vas majorite nan moun sa yo se moun ki pale nan Jamayiken, lajman refere yo kòm Patwa. Li te diskite ke echèk nan bay sèvis sa yo nan eta a nan yon lang nan sa yo jeneral itilize oswa diskriminatwa tretman ki pa ofisye nan eta a ki baze sou enkapasite a nan yon sitwayen ameriken yo sèvi ak lang angle a vyole dwa yo nan sitwayen ameriken. Pwopozisyon an te fèt pou libète kont diskriminasyon sou tè a nan lang yo pral figire nan Charter school la nan Dwa yo.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.mona.uwi.edu/dllp/jlu/about/index.htm|title=The Jamaican  Language Unit, The University of West Indies at Mona|access-date=2017-06-24|archive-date=2020-11-06|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201106034816/https://www.mona.uwi.edu/dllp/jlu/about/index.htm|dead-url=yes}}&lt;/ref&gt; Yo ofisyèl la Jamayiken alfabè a jan sa a:
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 10px;&quot;
|+ Vwayèl kout
! Lèt 
! Patwa 
! Angle
|-
| mwen 
| sik 
| malad
|-
| e 
| bel 
| bell
|-
| yon 
| entèdiksyon 
| band
|-
| o 
| koupe 
| koupe
|-
| u 
| kwit manje 
| kwit manje
|}
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 10px;&quot;
|+ Vwayèl Long
! Lèt 
! Patwa 
! Angle
|-
| ii 
| tea 
| tea
|-
| aa 
| bawl 
| boul
|-
| uu 
| tire 
| tire
|}
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 10px;&quot;
|+ Diftong
! Lèt 
! Patwa 
! Angle
|-
| sa vle di 
| gato 
| gato
|-
| uo 
| grandi 
| grandi
|-
| lavil ayi 
| mòde 
| mòde
|-
| ou 
| bèf 
| bèf
|}
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; style=&quot;margin-bottom: 10px;&quot;
|+ Konsòn
! Lèt 
! Patwa 
! Angle
|-
| b 
| kwit 
| kwit
|-
| d 
| daw 
| chen
|-
| ch 
| legliz 
| legliz
|-
| f 
| manje 
| manje
|-
| g 
| kabrit 
| kabrit
|-
| h 
| manman poul 
| manman poul
|-
| j 
| jij 
| jij
|-
| k 
| kite 
| kite
|-
| l 
| mèg 
| mèg
|-
| m 
| nonm 
| nonm
|-
| n 
| bèl 
| bèl
|-
| ng 
| chante 
| chante
|-
| p 
| kale 
| kale
|-
| r 
| kouri 
| kouri
|-
| s 
| sik 
| malad
|-
| sh 
| sèl rèl byen 
| sèl rèl byen
|-
| t 
| de 
| de
|-
| v 
| vote 
| vote
|-
| w 
| wile 
| sovaj
|-
| y 
| jèn 
| jèn
|-
| z 
| zou a 
| zou a
|-
| zh 
| verjan 
| vèsyon
|}
''h'' ekri dapre lokal yo pwononsyasyon, se konsa ke ''manman poul'' (manman poul) ak ''en'' (nan fen) ap distenge yo nan ekri pou moun ki pale nan lwès Jamayiken, men, pa pou moun nan santral Jamayiken.

== Vokabilè ==
Jamayiken Patwa gen anpil loanwords, pi fò nan ki se nan orijin Afriken, sitou nan Twi.

Anpil loanwords vini soti nan angle a, men yo menm tou yo te prete sòti [[Lang panyòl|panyòl]], [[Lang pòtigè|pòtigè]], Hindi, arawak la ak Afriken yo nan lang yo kòm byen ke Scottish ak Ilandè dyalèk.

Men kèk egzanp ki soti nan Afriken lang ki gen ladan /se/ sa vle di ''ke'' (nan sans nan &quot;li te di m' ke...&quot; = /tel im mi se/), te pran nan men Ashanti Twi, ak Duppy siyifikasyon ''fantom'', pran li soti nan Twi pawòl ''dupon'' (yo'koton rasin pyebwa a'), paske nan Afriken kwayans nan move lespri yo originating nan rasin lan nan pye bwa a (nan Jamayik ak Gana, patikilyèman koton pye bwa a li te ye nan tou de kote kòm &quot;Odom&quot;). La pwonon /unu/, yo itilize pou fòm nan pliryèl nan ''ou'', se pran soti nan Igbo lang. ''Wouj eboe'' dekri yon jis-skinned moun nwa paske yo te rapòte kont nan po ki jis nan pami Igbo la nan mitan ane 1700 yo. ''De'' vle di ''yo dwe''(yon kote) vini ki soti nan Yowouba.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=czFufZI4Zx4C&amp;pg=PA77|title=The Missing Spanish Creoles: Recovering the Birth of Plantation Contact Languages|last=McWhorter|first=John H.|publisher=University of California Press|year=2000|isbn=0-520-21999-6|page=77|access-date=2008-11-29}}&lt;/ref&gt; Soti nan Ashanti-Akan, vini nan tèm ''Obeah'' ki vle di maji, ki soti nan Ashanti Twi pawòl ''Ɔbayi'' ki vle di tou &quot;maji&quot;.

Mo sa yo soti nan Hindi gen ladan ''ganja'' (marigwana), ak ''janga'' ([[Ekrevis|crawdad]]). ''Pickney'' oswa ''pickiney'' sa vle di timoun, yo te pran nan yon fòm pi bonè (''piccaninny'') te finalman te prete sòti la pòtigè ''pequenino'' (diminutiv nan ''pequeno'', ti) oswa panyòl ''pequeño'' ('ti').

Gen anpil mo refere li a popilè pwodui ak atik manje—''[[Aki|ackee]]'', ''callaloo'', ''[[Kenèp|guinep]]'', ''bammy'', ''roti'', ''dal'', ''kamranga''. Gade Haitian cuisine.

Jamayiken Patwa gen pwòp li yo varyete moun rich nan swearwords. Youn nan pi fò a se ''san claat'' (ansanm ak ki gen rapò ak fòm ''raas claat'', ''bomba claat'', '' claat'' ak lòt moun—konpare ak ''san'' nan Ostralyen angle ak Britanik angle, ki se tou konsidere kòm yon profanite).

Omoseksyèl gason yo refere yo kòm /biips/ oswa ''batty ti gason''.

=== Egzanp fraz ===
* /trii nonm ki pa t yon naje/ - Twa moun t ap naje.
* /mi aalmuos lik 'im/ - mwen prèske frape l'
* /'im caan bètrav mi, 'im dʒos loki dat 'im a te genyen/ - Li kapab bat m', li tou senpleman te resevwa chans ak genyen.
* /dem pikni de yon awdah/ - Moun sa yo ki timoun yo ap dezobeyi
* /la a/ - Afimatif patikil
* /papiˈʃuo/ - tèt Chaje egzibisyon, yon moun ki fè yon tèt chaje egzibisyon nan l ' oswa tèt li, oswa yon esklamasyon nan sipriz.
* /omàn/ - Fanm
* /bwoi/ - Boy
* /ɡyal/ - ti Fi 
* /mi nuh knoa/ - mwen pa konnen

=== Bib ===
Nan mwa desanm 2011, li te rapòte ke Bib la te ke yo te tradui nan Jamayiken an Patwa. La [[Lik|Levanjil la nan St Lik]] te deja parèt tankou: ''Jiizas: di Buk Nou Luuk Rait bout Im''. Pandan ke Rev. Courtney Stewart, jere tradiksyon an kòm Sekretè Jeneral la nan Indies Lwès la Bib Sosyete a, kwè ke sa a pral ede elve estati a nan Jamayiken an Patwa, lòt moun panse ke tankou yon deplase ta mine efò nan fè pwomosyon itilize nan lang angle. An Patwa Nouvo Testaman an te lanse nan grann Bretay (kote dyaspora a Jamayiken se enpòtan) nan mwa oktòb 2012, kòm &quot;Di Jamiekan Nyuu Testiment&quot;, ak ekri ak lèt detache ak vèsyon odyo nan Jamaica, nan mwa desanm 2012.&lt;ref&gt;[https://web.archive.org/web/20201211135708/https://www.biblesociety.org.uk/products/9780564020645/ Di Jamiekan Nyuu Testiment (Jamaican Diglot New Testament with KJV)], ''British &amp; Foreign Bible Society''.&lt;/ref&gt;
== Bibliyografi ==
* {{Cite book|title=Comparative Afro-American: An Historical Comparative Study of English-based Afro-American Dialects of the New World.|last=Alleyne|first=Mervyn C.|publisher=Koroma|year=1980}}
* {{Cite book|title=Jamaican Creole Syntax|url=https://archive.org/details/jamaicancreolesy0000bail|last=Bailey|first=Beryl, L|publisher=Cambridge University Press|year=1966}}
* {{Cite book|title=Jamaica Talk: Three Hundred Years of English Language in Jamaica|last=Cassidy|first=Frederic|publisher=MacMillan Caribbean|year=1971|location=London}}
* {{Cite book|title=Dictionary of Jamaican English|last=Cassidy|first=Frederic|last2=Le Page|first2=R. B.|publisher=Cambridge University Press|year=1980|place=Cambridge}}
* {{Cite book|title=The Norton Anthology of Modern and Contemporary Poetry, Third Edition|last=Ramazani|first=Jahan|last2=Ellmann, and Robert O'Clair, eds|first2=Richard|publisher=Norton|year=2003|isbn=0-393-97792-7|volume=2: Contemporary Poetry}}CS1 maint: Multiple names: authors list ([[:Kategori:CS1 maint: Multiple names: authors list|link]])CS1 maint: Extra text: authors list ( [[Category:CS1 maint: Multiple names: authors list]] [[Category:CS1 maint: Extra text: authors list]] 
* {{Cite book|title=Urban Jamaican Creole: Variation in the Mesolect|last=Patrick|first=Peter L.|publisher=Benjamins|year=1999|location=Amsterdam/Philadelphia}}
* {{Cite book|title=Dimensions of a Creole Continuum: History, Texts, Linguistic Analysis of Guyanese''|last=Rickford|first=John R.|publisher=Stanford University Press|year=1987|location=Stanford}}
== Pli lwen lekti ==
* {{Cite book|title=Understanding Jamaican Patois|last=Adams|first=L. Emilie|publisher=LMH|year=1991|isbn=976-610-155-8|location=Kingston}}
* {{Cite book|title=Biesik Jumiekan: Introduction to Jamaican Language|last=Chang|first=Larry|publisher=Chuu Wod|year=2014|isbn=978-0-9773391-8-1|location=Washington, DC}}
== Referans ==
{{referans}}
== Lyen deyò ==
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20200227011938/http://www.mona.uwi.edu/dllp/jlu/index.htm The Jamaican Language Unit]
* [http://jamaicanpatwah.com Jamaican Patois Dictionary]
* [http://files.eric.ed.gov/fulltext/ED130535.pdf Jamaican Creole Language Course for Peace Corps Volunteers]
[[Kategori:Lang kreyòl]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Sonia Rolland</title>
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      <comment>Add 1 book for [[Wikipedya:Verifyabilite]] (20260817)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]]</comment>
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      <text bytes="4806" sha1="a3l5t3q10patryx8atiqu4lr6vbab54" xml:space="preserve">{{moun
|non=Sonia Rolland
|foto=Sonia Rolland.jpg
|tèks=Sonia Rolland (2009)
|fonksyon=mannken, aktris, reyalizatris
|domèn=mannkina, sinema, televizyon
|diplòm=
|etid=
|dat nesans=[[11 fevriye]] [[1981]]
|lye nesans=Kigali
|peyi nesans=[[Rwanda]]
|dat lanmò=
|lye lanmò=
|peyi lanmò=
|nasyonalite=Franse
|relijyon=
|rezidans=
|kontak=
|Biyografi=
|zèv=
|omaj=
|rekonpans=
|remak=
|fim=
}}

'''Sonia Rolland''', ki fèt [[11 fevriye]] [[1981]] nan [[Kigali]] ([[Rwanda]]), se yon [[Aktè|aktris]] ak [[reyalizatè|reyalizatris]] [[Frans|fransèz]].

== Zèv li yo ==
=== Tankou aktris ===
==== Sinema ====
* 2004 : ''[[Le P'tit curieux]]'', reyalizatè [[Jean Marbœuf]] : optisyen
* 2006 : ''[[C'est beau une ville la nuit (fim)|C'est beau une ville la nuit]]'', reyalizatè [[Richard Bohringer]] : dansè transeksxel
* 2008 : ''[[Nuit cannoise]]'', reyalizatè [[Christian Vandelet]]
* 2010 : ''[[Minuit à Paris]]'' ''(Midnight in Paris)'', reyalizatè [[Woody Allen]] : [[Joséphine Baker]]
* 2012 : ''[[Désordres]]'', reyalizatè [[Étienne Faure]] : Marie
* 2013 : ''[[Quai d'Orsay (fim)|Quai d'Orsay]]'', reyalizatè [[Bertrand Tavernier]] : Nathalie
* 2014 : ''Windows'', reyalizatè [[Jules Sitruk]] (kout fim) : Fanm la
* 2017 : ''[[La Colle (fim)|La Colle]]'', reyalizatè [[Alexandre Castagnetti]] : Enfimye lekol
* 2017 : ''[[Madame (fim, 2017)|Madame]]'', reyalizatè [[Amanda Sthers]]

====Televizyon ====
* 2002 : ''[[Les Pygmées de Carlo]]'', telefim, reyalizatè [[Radu Mihaileanu]] ː Désirée
* 2004-2006 : ''[[Léa Parker]]'' (20 épisodes) pour [[M6]] : Léa Parker
* 2006 : ''Les Zygs, le secret des disparus'', telefim, reyalizatè [[Jacques Fansten]] : Lise / Bélise
* 2009 : ''[[Moloch Tropical]]'', reyalizatè [[Raoul Peck]] : Michaelle
* 2009 : ''[[Affaires étrangères (seri)|Affaires étrangères]]'', reyalizatè [[Vincenzo Marano]] : Clara Lécuyer 
* 2009 : ''[[Les Invincibles (seri, 2010)|Les Invincibles]]'', reyalizatè [[Alexandre Castagnetti]]  : Vanessa 
* 2011 : ''[[Toussaint Louverture (fim)|Toussaint Louverture]]'', reyalizatè [[Philippe Niang]] : Marie-Eugénie Sonthonax
* [[2013]] : ''Nos chers voisins fêtent l'été'' : Sabrina, sè Issa Leguenec
* [[2013]] : ''[[Cherif (seri)|Cherif]]'', reyalizatè [[Vincent Giovanni]]  : Ludivine Delaunay
* [[2014]] : ''[[Caïn (seri)|Caïn]]'', reyalizatè [[Christophe Douchand]] : Betty
* [[2014]]-[[2015]] : ''[[Frères d'armes (seri)|Frères d'armes]]'', reyalizatè [[Rachid Bouchareb]] ak [[Pascal Blanchard]] : presantasyon [[Bakary Diallo]] ak [[Francis Pegahmagabow]]
* [[2015]] : ''[[Le Vagabond de la Baie de Somme]]'', telefim, reyalizatè [[Claude-Michel Rome]] : Aurore Debac
* [[2017 :]] ''[[Artistes de France (seri)|Artistes de France]]'', [[série télévisée]] [[Histoire de France|historique]] de [[Lucien Jean-Baptiste]] ak [[Pascal Blanchard (istoryen)|Pascal Blanchard]] : prezantasyon [[Joséphine Baker]]
* [[2018]] : ''[[Ils ont échangé mon enfant]]'' d'[[Agnès Obadia]], fim [[TF1]] : Corinne Payet
* [[2019]] : ''[[Tropiques Criminels (seri)|Tropiques Criminels]]'' de [[Stéphane Kappes]] : Kòmandan Melissa Sainte-Rose

=== Tankou reyalizatè ===
*  2014 ː ''Rwanda, du chaos au miracle''ː dokimantè
*  2014 ː ''Homosexualité : du rejet au refuge'' ː dokimantè&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web
|1 = 
|title = Homosexualité: du rejet au Refuge
|url = http://www.programme-tv.net/programme/culture-infos/r295202-homosexualite-du-rejet-au-refuge/6140809-homosexualite-du-rejet-au-refuge/#serie-header
|editor = programme-tv.net
|date = 
|access-date = 
|archive-date = 2015-03-29
|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20150329064725/http://www.programme-tv.net/programme/culture-infos/r295202-homosexualite-du-rejet-au-refuge/6140809-homosexualite-du-rejet-au-refuge/#serie-header
|dead-url = yes
}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Piblikasyon ==
* {{cite book |id  =| author  =[[Aïssa Maïga]] (dir.) ak [[Nadège Beausson-Diagne]] - [[Mata Gabin]] - [[Maïmouna Gueye]] - [[Eye Haïdara]] - [[Rachel Khan]] - [[Sara Martins]] - [[Marie-Philomène Nga]] - [[Sabine Pakora]] - [[Firmine Richard]] - [[Sonia Rolland]] - [[Magaajyia Silberfeld]] - [[Shirley Souagnon]] - [[Assa Sylla]] - [[Karidja Touré]] - [[France Zobda]]| title =Noire n'est pas mon métier |url =https://archive.org/details/isbn_9782021401196| editor  = [[Éditions du Seuil]]| location        = Pari | date= 3 me 2018 | isbn = 978-2021401196| pages = 128}}

== Referans ==
{{referans}}

== Lyen deyò ==
* [http://www.imdb.com/name/nm1339841/ Sonia Rolland] IMDB
* [http://www.soniarolland.com  Pajwèb ofisyèl Sonia Rolland]

{{DEFAULTSORT:Rolland, Sonia}}
[[Kategori:Moun]]
[[Kategori:Fanm]]
[[Kategori:Aktè]]
[[Kategori:Aktè sinema]] 
[[Kategori:Aktè televizyon]]
[[Kategori:Franse]]
[[Kategori:Nesans nan lane 1981]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Doulè nan akouchman</title>
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      <text bytes="7153" sha1="dql2gld8362ioa3y8ouupaowwm764ye" xml:space="preserve">'''Jesyon doulè pandan pandan akouchman''' se  tretman an oswa  prevansyon nan [[doulè]] ke yon fanm ka fè eksperyans pandan travay ak  livraison. Kantite lajan an nan doulè yon fanm santi l pandan travay yo depann an pati sou gwosè a ak pozisyon ki nan ti bebe l 'yo, gwosè a nan l' basen, l' emosyon, fòs la nan  kontraksyon, ak pespektiv. Pwatikman tout fanm enkyete sou ki jan yo pral fè fas ak doulè a nan travay ak livraison. Akouchman se diferan pou chak fanm ak predi kantite lajan an nan doulè a ki gen eksperyans pandan akouchman ak akouchman pa kapab sèten.

Gen kèk fanm ki ap fè amann ak &quot;metòd natirèl&quot; nan soulajman doulè pou kont li. Anpil fanm melanj &quot;metòd natirèl&quot; ak medikaman ki soulaje doulè. Bati yon pèspektiv pozitif sou akouchman ak jere [[Lapè (gen pè)|pè a]] ka ede tou gen kèk fanm ki fè fas ak doulè. Travay doulè se pa tankou doulè akòz maladi oswa aksidan. Olye de sa, li se ki te koze pa kontraksyon nan matris la ki ap pouse tibebe w la desann ak soti nan kanal nesans la. Nan lòt mo, doulè travay gen yon objektif.

== Preparasyon ==
Preparasyon pou akouchman an ka efè a kantite lajan an nan doulè a ki gen eksperyans pandan akouchman. Li se posib yo pran yon akouchman klas, konsilte avèk moun ki jere gwosès la, Ekri desann kesyon yo ka ede nan jwenn enfòmasyon an ki yon fanm bezwen yo ede jere doulè. Senp entèraksyon ak zanmi yo ak fanmi ka soulaje enkyetid.

== Ki pa peye-famasi ==
Anpil metòd natirèl ede fanm yo detann ak fè doulè a pi plis dosil. Sa yo ka dwe:
* pou l respire ak detant teknik&lt;ref name=&quot;Coch2012&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|date=2012|title=Pain management for women in labour: an overview of systematic reviews|url=http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/14651858.CD009234.pub2/abstract|journal=Reviews|publisher=Wiley Online Library|volume=3|pages=CD009234|access-date=15 July 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt; 
* cho douch oswa basen
* bay / fè masay
* lè l sèvi avèk chalè ak frèt, tankou chalè a sou pi ba tounen ak ti sèvyèt frèt sou fwon yo
* Èske w gen sipò swen nan yon moun ou renmen, enfimyè, oswa doula
* chanje pozisyon pandan y ap nan travay (kanpe, crouch, chita, mache, elatriye.)
* lè l sèvi avèk yon travay boul
* koute mizik
* accupuncture

== Medikal metòd pou sekou doulè ==
Doktè, Enfimyè Praktisyonè, Asistan Doktè, Enfimyè e Fanmsaj yo pral anjeneral mande pou bezwen nan sekou. Sèjousi fanm yo nan travay yo gen anpil soulajman doulè opsyon ki travay byen epi poze ti risk ki lè yo bay yo pa yon ki resevwa fòmasyon epi ki gen eksperyans doktè. Klinisyen yo tou kapab sèvi ak diferan metòd pou sekou doulè nan diferan premye etap yo nan travayyo. Toujou, pa tout opsyon yo ki disponib nan chak lopital ak sant akouchman. Tou depan de sou istwa sante yo nan manman an, prezans la nan allegies ak lòt enkyetid espesifik nan gwosès la ap fè kèk metòd pi bon pase lòt moun.

Metòd yo nan soulaje doulè souvan itilize pou travay yo ki dekri yo. Kenbe nan tèt ou ke bagay ki ra, men yo gen konplikasyon grav pafwa rive. Tou, pifò medikaman yo te itilize pou gérer doulè pandan travay pase libreman nan plasennta. Poze kesyon sou ki jan soulajman doulè metòd ta ka afekte ti bebe a oswa kapasite nan bay tete aprè akouchman an.&lt;ref name=&quot;NIH2017&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.womenshealth.gov/pregnancy/childbirth-and-beyond/labor-and-birth|title=Pregnancy Labor and Birth|date=1 February 2017|publisher=Office on Women’s Health, U.S. Department of Health and Human Services|access-date=15 July 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Opioids ===
Sa yo se yo te rele tou nakotik, se medikaman yo bay nan yon rive jouk nan vant antre nan yon venn oswa pa enjekte medikaman an nan yon misk. Pafwa, opioids tou yo bay yo ak epidural oswa nan rèldo blòk.Opioids ka fè doulè a envivabl, ak pa afekte kapasite ou pou yo pouse. Apre yo fin resevwa sa a kalite soulajman doulè, ou ka toujou jwenn yon epidural oswa nan rèldo blòk pita.Opioids pa debarase m de tout doulè, epi yo ap kout-aji.* Yo ka fè ou santi anvi dòmi ak anvi dòmi.
* Yo ka lakòz kè plen ak vomisman.
* Yo ka fè ou santi ou trè grate.
* Opioids pa kapab bay dwa anvan akouchman paske yo ka ralanti tibebe a pou l respire ak batman kè yo nan nesans la.

=== Epidural ak nan rèldo blòk ===
[[Fichye:Spinal anaesthesia.jpg|vignette]]

Yon epidural se yon pwosedi ki enplike nan mete yon tib (katetè) nan pi ba tounen, nan yon ti espas anba a nan kòd la epinyè. Ti dòz nan medikaman yo ka dwe bay nan tib la jan sa nesesè nan tout travay. Ak yon rèldo blòk, yon ti dòz nan medikaman yo bay li kòm yon piki nan la likid epinyè nan pi ba la tounen. Rèldo blòk yo anjeneral yo se bay yo sèlman yon fwa pandan travay. Epidural ak nan rèldo blòk yo pèmèt pifò fanm yo dwe reveye ak alèt ak trè ti doulè pandan travay yo ak akouchman. Ak epidural, soulajman doulè a kòmanse nan 10 a 20 minit apre medikaman te bay yo. Degre nan pèt sansasyon te santi a ka ajiste pandan tout travay ou yo. Ak nan rèldo blòk, bon soulajman doulè a kòmanse touswit, men, li sèlman dire 1 a 2 èdtan.

Malgre ke ou ka deplase nan, ou ta ka pa dwe kapab mache si medikaman yo itilize afekte fonksyon motè. Li ka pi ba san presyon, sa ki ka ralanti ou, ti bebe w la batman kè. [[Likid]] yo bay nan IV yo bay pi ba sa a risk yo. Likid ka fè ou tranble. Men, fanm kou gason nan travay ki souvan tranble avèk oswa san epidural. Si kouvri nan rèldo kòd kreve, ou ka jwenn yon move tèt fè mal. Tretman ka ede tèt fè mal la. Doulè nan do pou yon kèk jou apre yo fin travay la. Epidural ka prolonje, premye a ak dezyèm etap nan travay la. Si yo bay reta nan travay oswa si twòp nan medikaman li se te itilize, li ta kapab difisil yo pouse lè lè a va rive. Etid yo fè montre ke epidural ogmante risk pou ede akouchman akouchman.

=== Pudendal blòk ===
Pwosedi sa a mande pou yon doktè enjekte angourdir medikaman yo nan vajen an ak ki tou pre nè a pudendal. Sa a nè pote sansasyon nan pati ki pi ba nan vajen an ak vulv la.Sa a se sèlman itilize yo an reta nan travay, anjeneral dwat devan tèt tibebe a vini soti. Ak yon pudendal blòk, ou gen kèk soulajman doulè, men rete reveye, alèt, ak kapab pou pouse ti bebe a soti.Ti bebe ki pa afekte pa sa a medikaman e li te gen trè kèk dezavantaj.&lt;ref name=&quot;Maclean2011&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|title=Gynaecology|url=https://archive.org/details/gynaecology0000unse_c7k9|last=Maclean|first=Allan|last2=Reid|first2=Wendy|publisher=Churchill Livingstone/Elsevier|year=2011|isbn=978-0-7020-3120-5|editor-last=Shaw|editor-first=Robert|location=Edinburgh New York|pages=[https://archive.org/details/gynaecology0000unse_c7k9/page/599 599]-612|chapter=40}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Rale analgesic ===
Rale analgesic ka ede yo jere doulè. Sa a ki kalite doulè se jesyon efikas, men ka gen kèk efè segondè. Kèk efè segondè negatif posib nan rale analgesic gen ladan vomisman, kè plen ak vètij.

=== Lòt tretman ===
Hypnosis, biofeedback, esteril [[dlo]] piki, aromaterapi, ak dè DIZÈN pa diminye doulè pandan travay ak livraison.

== Referans ==
{{referans}}
== Lyen deyò ==

[[Kategori:Biyoloji]]
[[Kategori:Maladi]]</text>
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      <text bytes="19163" sha1="cbtsgbnmbtyylauxxwju9yi6lq5w4w5" xml:space="preserve">'''Neonato retrè''' oswa '''neonato sendwòm abstinans''' ('''NAS''') se yon retrè sendwòm nan timoun piti, ki te koze pa sispann nan administrasyon an nan licit oswa dwòg ilegal. Neonato sendwòm abstinans se yon gwoup de pwoblèm sa yo ki rive nan yon tibebe ki fèk fèt ki moun ki te ekspoze a depandans opiate oswa lòt dwòg nan uterus. Gen de kalite nan NAS: anvan akouchman ak apre akouchman. Prenatal NAS ki te koze pa sispann nan dwòg pran nan manman ansent, pandan y ap apre akouchman NAS ki te koze pa sispann nan dwòg dirèkteman bay tibebe a.&lt;ref name=&quot;emedicine&quot;&gt;{{eMedicine2|article|978763|Neonatal Abstinence Syndrome}} on eMedicine&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Hall-2007&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Hall|first=RW.|last2=Boyle|first2=E.|last3=Young|first3=T.|date=Oct 2007|title=Do ventilated neonates require pain management?|journal=Semin Perinatol|volume=31|issue=5|pages=289–97|doi=10.1053/j.semperi.2007.07.002|pmid=17905183}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Siy ak sentòm ==
Sentòm yo souvan kòmanse nan 1 a 3 jou apre nesans, men ka pran jiska yon semèn nan yo parèt. Paske nan sa a, ti bebe a pral pi souvan bezwen rete nan lopital la pou obsèvasyon ak siveyans pou jiska yon semèn.Retire soti nan diferan dwòg, ki gen ladan medikaman preskri, ak nikotin ki soti nan fimen pwodui pwòp li yo siy ak sentòm nan tibebe a. Neonato sendwòm abstinans ka rive lè yon fanm ansent pran dwòg tankou ewoyin, codeine, oxycodone (Oxycontin), metadòn oswa buprenorphine. Benzodyazepin, barbiturik, ak sèten depresè (SSRIs) ka lakòz depandans nan infantwhile nan matris la. gravite A nan retrè sentòm nan neonate an depann sou wout la nan administrasyon yo itilize pa manman an (piki vs mov). Metabolis yo ak eliminasyon an nan dwòg nan manman an sistèm, ak longè a nan tan yo ke dwòg la te pran tou yo pral enpak la devlopman nan sentòm retrè nan tibebe ki fèk fèt la.[./Neonatal_withdrawal#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHenry183-4 &lt;span class=&quot;mw-reflink-text&quot;&gt;&lt;nowiki&gt;[4]&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;/span&gt;]{{sfn| Henry |page=183}} Pi grav konklizyon yo ka gen ladan yo aji chimerik oswa nèrveu, manje pwoblèm, ak dyare. Sentòm yo varye depann sou ki sibstans ki sou yo te itilize. Yon istwa nan sibstans abi nan manman an anvan nesans la ogmante likelyhood ke tibebe a ap devlope sentòm retrè.

Jeneralman, yon tibebe ale atravè tout retrè gen yon diferan kriye. Li ka dekri tankou ke yo te -wo ' al moute kanyo, ki pa peye-sispann ak retantir. Yon tibebe ki fèk fèt retire soti nan dwòg oswa alkòl ka [[Solisyon ipotonik|hypertonic]] epi yo gen byen souke. Kriz malkadi, ogmante Moro reflect, latranblad, chimerik, ak detounen modèl dòmi ka obsève.[./Neonatal_withdrawal#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHenry183-4 &lt;span class=&quot;mw-reflink-text&quot;&gt;&lt;nowiki&gt;[4]&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;/span&gt;]{{sfn|  Henry |page=183}}

Respiratwa sentòm retrè gen ladan yon  tanperati pi gwo pase nòmal, tachypnea, apne, konjesyon nan nen, nen briyan, po blotchy, ak baye.[./Neonatal_withdrawal#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHenry183-4 &lt;span class=&quot;mw-reflink-text&quot;&gt;&lt;nowiki&gt;[4]&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;/span&gt;]{{sfn| Henry |page=183}}

Retrè ka pwodui sentòm gastwoentestinal tankou  pòv apeti, fwit, pwojektil vomisman ak [[Gin diare|dyare]]. Nan souse reflect ka pèrpetuèl ak koordone.[./Neonatal_withdrawal#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHenry183-4 &lt;span class=&quot;mw-reflink-text&quot;&gt;&lt;nowiki&gt;[4]&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;/span&gt;]{{sfn| Henry |page=183}} Timoun yo nan manman ki sèvi ak lòt depandans dwòg (nikotin, anfetamin, kokayin, marigwana,) pouvwa gen pwoblèm ki dire lontan. Pandan ke pa gen okenn prèv klè nan yon neonato sendwòm abstinans pou lòt dwòg, yo ka kontribye nan gravite a nan yon ti bebe a NAS sentòm yo.

=== Metadòn retrè ===
Yon tibebe retire soti nan metadòn ka gen dòmi difikilte, kriz malkadi ak yon pi gwo risk pou yo mouri soti Sibit sendwòm lanmò tibebe.[./Neonatal_withdrawal#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHenry183-4 &lt;span class=&quot;mw-reflink-text&quot;&gt;&lt;nowiki&gt;[4]&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;/span&gt;]{{sfn| Henry |page=183}} Metadòn retrè a fèt apre 7-14 jou. Si yon timoun se twò bonè yo gen yon risk pi ba nan sentòm ki grav. Moun sa yo ki fèt &lt; 35 semèn' apre jestasyon gen pi ba CNS abstinans nòt pase tèm nan ti bebe. Li kapab paske avan tèm tibebe ki te ka ekspoze nan mwens nan dwòg, posede yon frelikè sistèm nève a pi ba tisi greseu.

=== Ewoyin retrè ===
Yon tibebe ki se dejwe ewoyin se pi plis chans yo dwe ki fèt  prematireman , epi gen meconium tach.[./Neonatal_withdrawal#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHenry183-4 &lt;span class=&quot;mw-reflink-text&quot;&gt;&lt;nowiki&gt;[4]&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;/span&gt;]{{sfn| Henry |page=183}} Ewoyin retrè a se te wè nan 48-72 èdtan nan nesans la.

=== Amfetamin retrè ===
Yon tibebe ki fèt dejwe anfetamin se pi plis chans yo dwe ki fèt prematireman. Li pouvwa tou pou ti pou laj grossesse. Li ka montre siy yo nan detrès respiratwa, enfeksyon, ekzajere pantan reflect, modèl dòmi latwoublay. Apre tibebe a fèt li ka gen pòv pran pwa, enfeksyon yo vini souvan, reta nan devlopman ak pwoblèm emosyonèl.[./Neonatal_withdrawal#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHenry183-4 &lt;span class=&quot;mw-reflink-text&quot;&gt;&lt;nowiki&gt;[4]&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;/span&gt;]{{sfn| Henry |page=183}}

=== Alkòl retrè ===
Men itilize alkòl ki pa manman an anvan nesans yo ka lakòz grav efè yo ki dire lontan nan tibebe ki fèk fèt li, tibebe yo ka tou dwe fèt ak yon depandans sou alkòl. Alkòl retrè a nan yon tibebe ki fèk fèt pwodui kriz, ogmante nan misk ton, ekzajere pantan reflect, chimerik, ak jitteriness.[./Neonatal_withdrawal#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHenry184-6 &lt;span class=&quot;mw-reflink-text&quot;&gt;&lt;nowiki&gt;[6]&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;/span&gt;]{{sfn| Henry |page=184}}

=== Marigwana retrè ===
Retrè soti nan marigwana ka kòmanse yon nesans avan tèm ak meconium tach.[./Neonatal_withdrawal#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHenry183-4 &lt;span class=&quot;mw-reflink-text&quot;&gt;&lt;nowiki&gt;[4]&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;/span&gt;]{{sfn| Henry |page=183}}

=== Lysergic asid (LA) ===
ELÈSDE itilize pa manman an pwodui sentòm yo. Depi polydrug abi souvan akonpayé itilize nan ELÈSDE sentòm yo ka maske yo. Nòmal manje, latranblad ak tansyon wo ka wè nan tibebe.&lt;ref name=&quot;meds+&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=http://emedicine.medscape.com/article/978763-clinical#b2|title=Neonatal Abstinence Syndrome Clinical Presentations|date=27 November 2016|publisher=Medscape|accessdate=28 July 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt;
Retrè sentòm ki manifeste kòm tansyon wo, latranblad, manje pòv yo, ak pa nòmal manje modèl.

=== Kafeyin ak nikotin ===
Sentòm nikotin retrè ka vin aparan osi lontan ke senk jou apre l fin akouche ak dire pou mwa. Sentòm yo retrè nan nikotin nan tibebe yo nèrvozite ak hypertonicity. Vomisman, twòp kriye, dòmi difikilte ka wè tibebe retire soti nan kafeyin.

== Mekanism ==
Dwòg ak pwodui chimik yo pase nan plasenta ki konekte tibebe nan manman li yo nan matris la. Ti bebe a vin depann sou dwòg la ansanm ak manman an. Si manman an ap kontinye pou sèvi ak dwòg nan semèn oswa se konsa, anvan akouchman an, tibebe w la pral dwe depann sou dwòg la nan nesans la. Paske ti bebe a se pa gen okenn ankò resevwa dwòg la apre nesans, retrè sentòm yo pouvwa rive ke dwòg la se tou dousman otorize soti nan ti bebe w la sistèm nan. Nikotin, medikaman ak alkòl gen efè segondè ki gen rapò ak sekirite ki pi wo dòz medikaman yo, men neonates ka reponn yon fason diferan. Tibebe ki fenk fèt ki gen mwens kapab metabolize dwòg ak se poutèt sa sibstans la rete nan sistèm yo pou yon relativman pi long longè a nan tan lè yo konpare ak moun ki pi gran epi yo gen konplètman fonksyone fwa a ak nan ren.{{cn|date=July 2017}}

== Dyagnostik ==
Konfime prezans nan retrè nan neonate ka evalye soti nan jwenn yon an detay sou istwa medikal ki soti nan manman an. Nan kèk ka neonato retrè dwòg ka dwe fè erè pou santral maladi nan sistèm nève yo. Tipikman tès yo sa yo ke yo te bay lòd yo CBC, tout cheve nan tèt analiz, ekran dwòg (nan manman an ak tibebe), nivo tiwoyid, elektwolit, ak glikoz nan san. Pwatrin x-demidwat yo ki kapab konfime oswa rabè nan prezans nan domaj kè.[./Neonatal_withdrawal#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHenry184-6 &lt;span class=&quot;mw-reflink-text&quot;&gt;&lt;nowiki&gt;[6]&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;/span&gt;]{{sfn| Henry |page=184}} dyagnostik La pou ti bebe ak siy ki montre yo nan retrè ka dwe konfime yo ak tès dwòg nan ti bebe a se pipi oswa poupou. Manman an nan pipi a ki pral tou dwe fè tès.

Gen omwen de diferan ki fè nòt sistèm pou neonato retrè sendwòm. Yon difikilte pou yo ak tou de se ke yo te devlope pou evalye opiate retrè. An Finnegan ki fè nòt sistèm nan se pi plis lajman itilize.

== Lakòz ==
Dwòg yo patisipe nan pouvwa dwe, pou egzanp, opioids, selektif nan serotonin retak inhibiteurs (SSRIs), éthanol ak benzodyazepin. Neonato sendwòm abstinans pa rive nan prenatal kokayin ekspoze. Prematurity ak ekspoze a lòt dwòg yo pouvwa olye pou yo dwe kòz la nan sentòm yo.&lt;ref name=&quot;Mercer09&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|title=Child Development: Myths and Misunderstandings|url=https://archive.org/details/childdevelopment0000merc|last=Mercer, J|publisher=Sage Publications, Inc|year=2009|isbn=1-4129-5646-3|location=Thousand Oaks, Calif|pages=[https://archive.org/details/childdevelopment0000merc/page/62 62]–64|chapter=Claim 9: &quot;Crack babies&quot; can't be cured and will always have serious problems}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Prevansyon ==
Neonato retrè se anpeche pa manman an abstansyon soti nan abi sibstans. Nan kèk ka, yon medikaman preskri ka gen yo dwe sispann pandan gwosès la yo anpeche dejwe pa ti bebe an. Byen bonè pre-anvan akouchman swen ka idantifye konpòtman depandans nan manman yo ak fanmi yo sistèm.{{cn|date=July 2017}} Referans pou sant tretman se ki apwopriye yo.[./Neonatal_withdrawal#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHenry184-6 &lt;span class=&quot;mw-reflink-text&quot;&gt;&lt;nowiki&gt;[6]&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;/span&gt;]{{sfn| Henry |page=184}} Kèk medikaman preskri pa ta dwe sispann san sipèvizyon medikal, oswa mal ka rezilta. Fanm yo ka diskite sou tout medikaman, ak itilizasyon alkòl ak tabak ak founisè swen sante epi pou yo jwenn asistans pou yo ede sispann itilize dwòg kòm vit ke posib. Endikasyon ke yon fi bezwen èd si li se:
* Lè l sèvi avèk dwòg ki pa peye-fòm medikalman
* Lè l sèvi avèk medikaman yo pa preskri pou ou
* Lè l sèvi avèk alkòl oubyen tabak
Si li se deja ansent ak takse medikaman oswa medikaman yo pa preskri li, li ka pale nan yon founisè swen sante sou pi bon fason pou yo kenbe pou kenbe tibebe a an sekirite. Gen kèk medikaman yo pa ta dwe sispann san sipèvizyon medikal, oswa mal ka rezilta. Founisè swen sante ou pral konnen ki jan pi bon yo jere risk ki genyen nan.

== Tretman ==
Tretman depann sou dwòg la ki enplike, tibebe a an jeneral sante, abstinans nòt ak si wi ou non ti bebe a te fèt plen-tèm oswa pou yon twò bonè. Klinisyen yo yo ap gade tibebe ki fèk fèt ak anpil atansyon pou jiska yon semèn aprè nesans la pou siy nan retrè, manje nan pwoblèm, ak pran pwa. Ti bebe ki vomi oswa ki moun ki se trè dezidrate ka bezwen pran likid nan yon venn (IV). 

Gen kèk ti bebe yo ak sentòm ki grav bezwen medikaman tankou metadòn yo ak morfin nan trete sentòm retrè. Ti bebe sa yo ka bezwen rete nan lopital la pou semèn oswa mwa apre yo fin nesans. Objektif la nan tretman yo preskri tibebe a yon dwòg ki sanble ak yon sèl la manman an itilize pandan gwosès lan ak tou dousman diminye dòz la sou tan. Sa a ede sevre ti bebe a nan dwòg la ak dispans kèk retrè sentòm yo.

Si sentòm yo grav, espesyalman si lòt dwòg yo te itilize, yon dezyèm medikaman tankou fenobarbital oswa clonidine pouvwa dwe te ajoute. Bay tete ka tou ap itil si manman an se nan yon metadòn oswa buprenorphine pwogram tretman san yo pa lòt dwòg sèvi ak yo.

Ti bebe ak kondisyon sa a souvan gen grav gratèl kouchèt oswa lòt zòn nan po a dekonpozisyon. Sa mande pou tretman espesyal ak odè oswa krèm. Ti bebe pouvwa tou gen pwoblèm pou manje oswa ralanti kwasans. Pwoblèm sa yo mande pou pouvwa pi wo-kalori manje ki bay pi gwo nitrisyon ak pi piti pòsyon yo bay pi souvan Objektif yo nan jesyon yo, se pou misyon pou minimize negatif rezilta yo ak ankouraje devlopman nòmal.&lt;ref name=&quot;NEJM review, 2016&quot;&gt;{{cite journal|last2=McQueen|first2=Karen|last3=Murphy-Oikonen|first3=Jodie|date=22 December 2016|title=Neonatal Abstinence Syndrome|journal=New England Journal of Medicine|volume=375|issue=25|pages=2468–2479|doi=10.1056/NEJMra1600879|last1=Longo|first1=Dan L.}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Ki bay sipò ===
Ki pa peye-medikaman ki baze sou apwòch nan trete neonato sentòm yo enkli swaddling tibebe a nan yon dra, minimize stimuli anviwonman an, ak siveyans ap dòmi ak manje modèles.&lt;ref name=&quot;uslib&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://medlineplus.gov/ency/article/007313.htm|title=Neonatal abstinence Syndrome|date=5 July 2017|website=MedlinePlus|publisher=US  Library of Medicine|access-date=27 July 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt; bay Tete fè pwomosyon tibebe lyezon ak atachman ak se ki asosye avèk yon diminye bezwen an pou medikaman. Apwòch sa yo ka diminye gravite a nan NAS ak mennen nan pi kout rete lopital.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Pritham|first=Ursula A.|last2=Paul|first2=Jonathan A.|last3=Hayes|first3=Marie J.|date=March 2012|title=Opioid Dependency in Pregnancy and Length of Stay for Neonatal Abstinence Syndrome|journal=Journal of Obstetric, Gynecologic, &amp; Neonatal Nursing|volume=41|issue=2|pages=180–190|doi=10.1111/j.1552-6909.2011.01330.x|pmc=3407283|pmid=22375882}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Medikaman ===
Medikaman yo itilize pou soulaje lafyèv, kriz malkadi, ak pèdi pwa oswa dezidratasyon. Lè se medikaman yo itilize pou retrè opiate nan tibebe ki fenk fèt se yo kwè ki nesesè, opiate yo se tretman nan chwa; yo tou dousman conique desann sevre ti bebe a sou opiate.&lt;ref name=&quot;pmid22291123&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Hudak|first=ML|last2=Tan, R. C.|date=30 January 2012|title=Neonatal Drug Withdrawal|journal=Pediatrics|volume=129|issue=2|pages=e540–e560|doi=10.1542/peds.2011-3212|pmid=22291123}}&lt;/ref&gt; Fenobarbital se pafwa itilize kòm yon altènativ, men yo se mwens efikas nan siprime kriz; sepandan, fenobarbital se siperyè diazepam pou neonato opiate retrè sentòm yo. Nan ka a nan sedatif-ipnoz neonato retrè, fenobarbital se tretman an nan chwa.&lt;ref name=&quot;pmid20927730&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Osborn|first=DA|last2=Jeffery|first2=HE|last3=Cole|first3=M|year=2010|editor-last=Osborn|editor-first=David A|title=Opiate treatment for opiate withdrawal in newborn infants|journal=Cochrane Database Syst Rev|issue=3|pages=CD002059|doi=10.1002/14651858.CD002059.pub3|pmid=20927730}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;pmid20927729&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Osborn|first=DA|last2=Jeffery|first2=HE|last3=Cole|first3=MJ|year=2010|editor-last=Osborn|editor-first=David A|title=Sedatives for opiate withdrawal in newborn infants|journal=Cochrane Database Syst Rev|issue=3|pages=CD002053|doi=10.1002/14651858.CD002053.pub3|pmid=20927729}}&lt;/ref&gt; Clonidine a se yon émergentes ajoute-sou terapi.&lt;ref name=&quot;pmid23036249&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Kraft|first=WK|last2=van den Anker, JN|date=Oct 2012|title=Pharmacologic management of the opioid neonatal abstinence syndrome|journal=Pediatric clinics of North America|volume=59|issue=5|pages=1147–65|doi=10.1016/j.pcl.2012.07.006|pmc=4709246|pmid=23036249}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Opioids tankou neonato morfin solisyon ak metadòn yo, se souvan itilize nan trete sentòm yo nan klinik nan opiate retrè, men yo ka prolonje neonato medikaman ekspoze ak dire a nan entène lopital.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Logan|first=Beth A.|last2=Brown|first2=Mark S.|last3=Hayes|first3=Marie J.|date=March 2013|title=Neonatal Abstinence Syndrome: Treatment and Pediatric Outcomes|journal=Clinical Obstetrics and Gynecology|volume=56|issue=1|pages=186–192.|doi=10.1097/GRF.0b013e31827feea4|pmc=3589586|pmid=23314720}}&lt;/ref&gt; Yon etid ki te demontre yon pi kout sevre dire a nan ti bebe a, trete yo ak metadòn konpare ak moun ki trete ak dilye texture nan opyòm. Lè yo konpare ak morfin, metadòn gen yon pi long demi-lavi sa a ki nan timoun, ki pèmèt pou mwens souvan entèval dòz ak fiks sewòm konsantrasyon yo anpeche neonato retrè sentòm yo.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Johnson|first=Melissa R.|last2=Nash|first2=David R.|last3=Martinez|first3=Michael A.|date=July 2014|title=Development and Implementation of a Pharmacist-Managed, Neonatal and Pediatric, Opioid-Weaning Protocol|journal=The Journal of Pediatric Pharmacology and Therapeutics|volume=19|issue=3|pages=165–173|doi=10.5863/1551-6776-19.3.165|pmc=4187529|pmid=25309146}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Epidemyoloji ==
Yon 2012 etid nan Inivèsite a nan Michigan ak Inivèsite university of Pittsburgh pibliye nan la ''Journal nan Asosyasyon Medikal Ameriken an'' analize enfòmasyon sou 7.4 milyon dola ranvwa soti nan 4,121 lopital nan 44 etazini, mezi tandans ak depans ki asosye avèk NAS sou dekad ki sot pase. Etid la endike ke ant 2000 ak 2009, nimewo a nan manman yo lè l sèvi avèk opiate ogmante soti nan 1.19 yo 5.63 pou chak 1,000 lopital nesans pou chak ane. Tibebe ki fenk fèt ak NAS, yo te 19% plis chans pase tout lòt lopital nesans yo te ba birthweight ak 30% plis renmen gen respiratwa konplikasyon. Ant 2000 ak 2009, total lopital chaj pou NAS ka, ajiste pou enflasyon, se estime yo te ogmante de $190 milyon dola a $720 milyon dola.&lt;ref name=&quot;pmid22546608&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Patrick|first=SW|last2=Schumacher, RE|last3=Benneyworth, BD|last4=Krans, EE|last5=McAllister, JM|last6=Davis, MM|date=May 9, 2012|title=Neonatal abstinence syndrome and associated health care expenditures: United States, 2000-2009|url=http://jama.jamanetwork.com/article.aspx?articleid=1151530|journal=JAMA: The Journal of the American Medical Association|volume=307|issue=18|pages=1934–40|doi=10.1001/jama.2012.3951|pmid=22546608}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Neonato sendwòm abstinans nan Kanada yo enpòtan.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Dow|first=Ordean|date=2012|title=Neonatal Abstinence syndrome clinical practice guidelines for Ontatio|url=http://www.pqcnc.org/documents/nas/nasresources/OntarioNASGuidelines.pdf|journal=Journal of Population Therapeutics and Clinical Pharmacology|volume=19|pages=488–506}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=http://www.ctvnews.ca/health/officials-can-t-explain-increase-in-north-bay-babies-born-to-addicted-moms-1.2421961|title=Officials can't explain increase in North Bay babies born to addicted moms|last=Leslie|first=K|date=2015|work=CTV News|access-date=2017-07-28|archive-date=2017-05-23|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170523154003/http://www.ctvnews.ca/health/officials-can-t-explain-increase-in-north-bay-babies-born-to-addicted-moms-1.2421961|dead-url=yes}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Konplikasyon ==
Dwòg ak alkòl itilize pandan gwosès ka lakòz anpil pwoblèm sante a nan ti bebe a san konte NAS. Sa yo ka gen ladan:
* Domaj nesans
* Pwa nesans ki ba
* Twò bonè nesans
* Ti tèt sikonferans
* Sibit sendwòm lanmò tibebe (SIDS)
* Pwoblèm ak devlopman ak konpòtman
Neonato sendwòm abstinans tretman ka dire soti nan 1 semèn pou 6 mwa. Menm apre tretman medikal pou NAS se sou yo ak ti bebe yo kite lopital la, yo ka bezwen kontinye tretman pou semèn oswa mwa.

== Referans ==
{{reflist|30em}}

== Bibliyografi ==
{{Cite book|title=RN Maternal Newborn Nursing|url=https://archive.org/details/rnmaternalnewbor0000unse|last=Henry|first=Norma|publisher=Assessment Technologies Institute|year=2016|isbn=9781565335691|location=Stilwell, KS}}</text>
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      <text bytes="2688" sha1="r17zw05ifjytcbg3w7auht7d5vnda3e" xml:space="preserve">'''Apre akouchman frison''' a se yon  repons fizyolojik ki fèt nan de zè de tan nan akouchman. Li parèt tankou enkontwolab frison ki pa anba kontwòl volontè. Li se te wè nan anpil fanm yo apre akouchman, epi yo pral dezagreyab. Li se pwòp tèt ou-limite ak dire pou yon ti tan. Li se te panse yo dwe yon rezilta nan yon sistèm nève repons oswa travay la nan travay yo. Li kapab tou gen pou ki gen rapò ak likid orè ak aktyèl la difisil nan travay nan travay. Li se konsidere kòm yon repons nòmal ak pa gen okenn akonpaye [[lafyèv]]. Si yon lafyèv a devlope plis evalyasyon pral revele prezans nan yon [[Infection|enfeksyon]]. Tretman konsiste de yon eksplikasyon ki soti nan klinisyen ke frison a se yon repons nòmal ak ke li sèlman dire pou yon ti tan. Cho kouvèti yo bay fanm ak fluid ranplasman se ankouraje yo.[./Postpartum_chills#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHenry118-1 &lt;span class=&quot;mw-reflink-text&quot;&gt;&lt;nowiki&gt;[1]&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;/span&gt;]{{sfn| Henry |page=118}}&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.marchofdimes.org/pregnancy/stages-of-labor.aspx|title=Stages of labor|access-date=30 July 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt; Li te dekri tankou yon fe komen ak sikonstans nòmal.&lt;ref name=&quot;RavidGidoni&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Ravid|first=Dorit|last2=Gidoni|first2=Yariv|last3=Bruchim|first3=Ilan|last4=Shapira|first4=Hava|last5=Fejgin|first5=Moshe|year=2001|title=Postpartum chills phenomenon: Is it a feto-maternal transfusion reaction?|journal=Acta Obstetricia et Gynecologica Scandinavica|volume=80|issue=2|pages=149–151|doi=10.1034/j.1600-0412.2001.080002149.x|issn=0001-6349}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;http://www.webmd.com/baby/tc/labor-delivery-and-postpartum-period-after-childbirth&lt;/ref&gt;
Apre egzeyat nan kay ak ti bebe a, frison ki akonpaye san kontwòl senyen, souf kout, frèt, mwat po a, vètij, doulè kè, et ap bat vit vit kè kapab yon siy nan chòk ki bezwen swen medikal imedyat.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.marchofdimes.org/pregnancy/warning-signs-after-birth.aspx|title=Warning signs after birth|access-date=30 July 2017|archive-date=30 July 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170730211929/http://www.marchofdimes.org/pregnancy/warning-signs-after-birth.aspx|dead-url=yes}}&lt;/ref&gt; Mamit kapab lakòz tou frison.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/mastitis/basics/definition/CON-20026633?p=1|title=Mastitis - Mayo Clinic|website=www.mayoclinic.org|access-date=30 July 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Referans ==
{{reflist}}

== Bibliyografi ==
* {{Cite book|title=RN maternal newborn nursing : review module|url=https://archive.org/details/rnmaternalnewbor0000unse|last=Henry|first=Norma|publisher=Assessment Technologies Institute|year=2016|isbn=9781565335691|location=Stilwell, KS}}</text>
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  <page>
    <title>South Park</title>
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      <text bytes="2319" sha1="aweji2ohheukl7vrz17zruya76cq5zj" xml:space="preserve">'''''South Park''''' ('''''SP''''') se yon [[seri televizyon animasyon]] [[komik]] [[Etazini|amerikèn]] kreye pa [[Trey Parker]] ak [[Matt Stone]] e difize depi 1997 sou [[Comedy Central]].

== Rezime ==


== Ekip teknik ==

== Aktè ==

== Bibliyografi ==
* {{en}} {{cite book|author=Patrick Brian C.|title=South Park Conservatives - The Revolt Against Liberal Media Bias|editor=Regnery Publishing|year=2005|pages =191|isbn=978-0-89526-019-2|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=EOt26lBpC9wC&amp;printsec=frontcover}}
* {{en}} {{cite book|author1=Robert Arp|author2=Per F. Broman|author3=Henry Jacoby|title=South Park and Philosophy - You Know, I Learned Something Today|url=https://archive.org/details/southparkphiloso0000unse_q5b4|editor=Blackwell Publishing|year=2006|pages=[https://archive.org/details/southparkphiloso0000unse_q5b4/page/256 256]|isbn=978-1-4051-6160-2}}
* {{en}} {{cite book|author=Brian Cogan|title=Deconstructing South Park - Critical Examinations of Animated Transgression|editor=Lexington Books|year=2011|pages =254|isbn=978-0-7391-6745-8|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=YF6TMQf385gC&amp;printsec=frontcover}}
* {{en}} {{cite book|author=Richard Hanley|title=South Park and Philosophy - Bigger, Longer, and More Penetrating|editor=Open Court|year=2007|pages =288|isbn=978-0-8126-9613-4|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=IYxBmjq8dxoC&amp;printsec=frontcover}}
* {{en}} {{cite book|author=Toni Johnson-Woods|title=Blame Canada! - South Park And Popular Culture|url=https://archive.org/details/blamecanada00toni|editor=Continuum|year=2007|pages=288|isbn=978-0-8264-1731-2}}
* {{en}} {{cite book|author=David Mansour|title=From Abba to Zoom : A Pop Culture Encyclopedia of the Late 20th Century|editor=Andrews McMeel Publishing|year=2005|pages =560|isbn=0-7407-5118-2|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=hK0rPUF85loC&amp;printsec=frontcover}}
* {{en}} {{cite book|author1=Jeffrey Andrew Weinstock|author2=Randall Fallows|title=Taking South Park Seriously|editor=SUNY Press|year=2008|pages =254|isbn=978-0-7914-7566-9|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=H7OEFij0QkgC&amp;printsec=frontcover}}

== Referans ==
{{referans}}
== Lyen deyò ==
* [https://www.imdb.com/title/tt0121955 ''South Park''] sou IMDb

[[Kategori:1997]]
[[Kategori:Televizyon]]
[[Kategori:Seri televizyon]]
[[Kategori:Seri ameriken]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Vyolans estriktirèl nan Ayiti</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
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      <comment>Add 1 book for [[Wikipedya:Verifyabilite]] (20260817)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]]</comment>
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      <text bytes="27492" sha1="pcis1bzud17k4kohccrrojdq8js2f9s" xml:space="preserve">[[Fichye:Defense.gov photo essay 100118-F-1644L-099.jpg|thumb|300px|Ayisyen mache pa edifis domaje nan anba lavil [[Pòtoprens]], Ayiti, apre [[Tranblemanntè 12 janvye 2010 nan peyi Ayiti|tranbleman tè nan 2010]].]]

'''Ayiti afekte pa vyolans estriktirèl''', yon fòm malfonksyònman kote estrikti sosyal anpeche sèten gwoup moun ki gen aksè a dwa imen debaz, tankou [[edikasyon]] ak swen sante.&lt;ref name=Pathologiesofpower&gt;{{cite book|last=Sen|first=Paul Farmer ; foreword by Amartya|title=Pathologies of power: health, human rights, and the new war on the poor: with a new preface by the author|url=https://archive.org/details/pathologiesofpow0000farm|year=2004|publisher=University of California Press|location=Berkeley|isbn=978-0-520-24326-2|pages=[https://archive.org/details/pathologiesofpow0000farm/page/42 42]|edition=2° édition.}}&lt;/ref&gt; Sa a te soti nan istwa kolonyal li yo, ak soti nan deseni nan enstabilite politik ak ajitasyon sosyal. Anplis de sa, Ayisyen yo finansyèman pòv ak nan Ayiti, gen egziste inegalite sosyal. Nan 2012, 58,5% nan popilasyon li te anba a liy povwete li yo.&lt;ref name=worldbankhaiti /&gt; Estanda edikasyonèl nan peyi a yo ba, kote to alfabetizasyon li yo se sou 60.7%, pi ba a 84.1% mwayèn mondyal la.&lt;ref name=countryprofilehaiti /&gt;{{,}}&lt;ref name=UNESCOgloballiteracylevel&gt;{{en}} {{cite web|author1=United Nations Educational|author2=Scientific &amp; Cultural Organization|title=UIS FACT SHEET: ADULT AND YOUTH LITERACY|url=http://www.uis.unesco.org/literacy/Documents/fs20-literacy-day-2012-en-v3.pdf|publisher=UNESCO Institute for Statistics|access-date=31 March 2014|archive-date=27 October 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161027025220/http://www.uis.unesco.org/literacy/Documents/fs20-literacy-day-2012-en-v3.pdf|dead-url=yes}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ayiti tou globalman klase pi ba pase pifò lòt nasyon yo nan mezi divès kalite rezilta sante.&lt;ref name=healthlifeexpectancybillmelindagates /&gt; Rezilta sante sa yo gen ladan esperans lavi, pousantaj mòtalite, ak nivo maladi. Pandan ke te gen kèk asistans entènasyonal, gen ensifizan enfrastrikti ki bay sipò nan plas nan peyi a bay resous ak opòtinite pou Ayisyen ki ap eseye atenn yon pi wo kalite lavi. Kòz ki te lakòz pi gwo nivo vyolans estriktirèl an Ayiti yo enstab politik enstabilite ak [[koripsyon]], osi byen ke enpak pòs-kolonyal, ki te etabli yon sistèm klas ki baze sou kas nan peyi Ayiti.


== Definisyon vyolans estriktirèl ==
Jan Antwopològ Medikal Doktè Paul Farmer defini, vyolans estriktirèl se fason aranjman sosyal yo konstwi pou mete manm espesifik yon popilasyon an danje.&lt;ref name=StructuralViolenceandClinicalMedicine&gt;{{cite journal|last=Farmer|first=Paul E.|author2=Nizeye, Bruce |author3=Stulac, Sara |author4= Keshavjee, Salmaan |title=Structural Violence and Clinical Medicine|journal=PLOS Medicine|year=2006|volume=3|issue=10|pages=e449|doi=10.1371/journal.pmed.0030449|pmid=17076568|pmc=1621099}}&lt;/ref&gt; Dapre Doktè Farmer, inegalite sosyal yo se nan kè vyolans estriktirèl, kote kad sosyete dominan an enpoze baryè envizib ki kontinye soufrans sèten gwoup moun. Tèm vyolans estriktirèl la te premyèman envante pa Johan Galtung, fondatè etid lapè ak konfli, an 1969. Tèm nan te vin pi plis ekspoze lè teyolojyen liberasyon Amerik Latin nan te itilize li. Aranjman sosyal sa yo rele estriktirèl kòm yo entegre nan domèn kiltirèl, politik ak ekonomik sosyete a. Tèm vyolans la mete aksan sou lefèt ke estrikti sa yo lakòz blesi oswa inegalite nan sèten gwoup pèp ak kontrent ajans endividyèl nan sosyete kote yo opere a.&lt;ref name=StructuralViolenceandClinicalMedicine /&gt; Pandan ke vyolans estriktirèl egziste nan lòt pati nan mond lan, efè li yo idantifye pi fasilman ann Ayiti.&lt;ref name=Pathologiesofpower /&gt;

== Faktè ==
Pandan ke efè negatif vyolans estriktirèl yo afekte prèske tout moun nan nasyon an Ayiti, gen yon kantite faktè sosyal ki fè sèten done demografik nan popilasyon an fè eksperyans yon fòm pi grav soufrans imen. Men sa yo enkli sèks, etnisite ak sitiyasyon sosyo-ekonomik.&lt;ref name=Pathologiesofpower/&gt;

=== Jan ===
[[Fichye:Haitian girls.jpg|thumb|Fi ayisyèn]]

Byenke vyolans estriktirèl afekte Ayiti an jeneral, akòz prezans inegalite sèks yo, fanm ann Ayiti gen tandans gen plis enpak sou vyolans estriktirèl pase gason. Nan rapò 2004 Fon Devlopman Nasyonzini pou Fanm yo, yo te jwenn fanm ayisyen yo rete kòm sib opresyon, endepandan de nenpòt chanjman politik anndan nasyon an. Pami 43% fanmi ki gen fanm ki alatèt yo, yo rapòte plis pase 80% k ap viv nan povrete.&lt;ref name=UNIFEM2004&gt;{{en}} {{Cite news |author=UNIFEM |date=July 2004|title=UNIFEM in Haiti: Supporting Gender Justice, Development and Peace |url=http://www.ijdh.org/pdf/UNIFEMinHaiti.pdf |publisher=UNIFEM Caribbean Office |access-date=15 March 2014}}&lt;/ref&gt; Anplis de sa, dapre Rapòtè Espesyal Nasyonzini an 2000 sou vyolans kont fanm, yon rapò sou Ayiti te note ke diferans estriktirèl sèks te fè fanm ayisyen yo dispwopòsyonèlman sansib a vyolans fizik, men tou eskli nan divès fòm pwoteksyon.&lt;ref name=UNspecial2000&gt;{{en}} {{Cite news |author=Radhika Coomaraswamy |date=27 January 2000|title=Report of the Special Rapporteur on Violence against Women, Its Causes and Consequences, Radhika Coomaraswamy, submitted in accordance with Commission on Human Rights resolution 1997/44. Addendum: Report on the mission to Haiti |url=http://www.refworld.org/docid/3b00f42ec.html |publisher=UN Commission on Human Rights |access-date=15 Mar 2014}}&lt;/ref&gt;
Pa egzanp, vyòl mari oswa madanm pa konsidere kòm yon krim anba sistèm jidisyè Ayiti.&lt;ref name=2009Humanrights&gt;{{en}} {{Cite news |author=Bureau of Democracy, Human Rights, and Labor |date=11 March 2009 |title=2009 Human Rights Report: Haiti |url=https://2009-2017.state.gov/j/drl/rls/hrrpt/2009/wha/136116.htm |publisher=U.S. Department of State |access-date=15 Mar 2014}}&lt;/ref&gt;  Lòt fòm diskriminasyon legal kont fanm ak tifi gen ladan diferans nivo salè, ansanm ak penalite inegal pou adiltè ak [[divòs]].&lt;ref name=UNIFEM2004 /&gt;

=== Ras / etnisite ===
Yo te byen rekonèt diferansyasyon rasyal oswa etnik kòm yon mwayen pou anpeche sèten gwoup rasyal oswa etnik dwa moun debaz, oswa pou yo resevwa menm kalite resous ak lòt moun.
Nan kontèks Ayiti, diskriminasyon sosyal sa a egziste sitou nan de (2) domèn : Anti-ayisyen, ki se patipri rasyal kont Ayisyen ak desandan ayisyen pa Dominiken, ak rès yerachi kolonyal ayisyen an atravè diskriminasyon kas.[17] Pandan ke milat ayisyen yo reprezante 5% nan popilasyon ayisyen an, yo konsidere yo kòm klas siperyè epi yo kontwole apeprè 44% revni nasyonal la.

=== Estati sosyo-ekonomik ===
Endèks Soufrans Imèn, ki egzamine mezi byennèt moun ki soti nan esperans lavi rive nan libète politik, mete Ayiti kòm youn nan 27 sou 141 peyi ki karakterize pa &quot;ekstrèm soufrans imen&quot;.&lt;ref name=viewfrombelow /&gt;{{,}}&lt;ref name=humansuffering&gt;{{en}} {{cite book|last=Anderson|first=Ronald E.|title=Human suffering and quality of life : conceptualizing stories and statistics|year=2014|publisher=Springer|location=Dordrecht|isbn=9789400776685}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Soti nan yon bakgrawonn sosyo-ekonomik pi ba ka fè moun ak gwoup yo vin pi vilnerab a &quot;soufrans imen ekstrèm&quot;.&lt;ref name=farmer2001infectionsandinequalities&gt;{{en}} {{cite book|last=Farmer|first=Paul|title=Infections and inequalities : the modern plagues|url=https://archive.org/details/infectionsinequa0000farm|year=2001|publisher=Univ. of California Press|location=Berkeley [u.a.]|isbn=9780520229136|edition=1. paperback print.}}&lt;/ref&gt; Sa a se paske baryè ekonomik ak politik estriktirèl yo gen tandans gen yon pi gwo enpak sou moun ki pi ba nan lòd sosyal la, oswa ki afekte pa povrete.&lt;ref name=Pathologiesofpower /&gt;{{,}}&lt;ref name=StructuralViolenceandClinicalMedicine /&gt; Sa a soti nan lefèt ke moun ki nan klas pi ba yo souvan gen aksè limite a resous oswa yo pa pataje kalite a nan resous ke moun ki nan pi wo klas sosyo-ekonomik yo gen aksè a.&lt;ref name=Pathologiesofpower /&gt;{{,}}&lt;ref name=viewfrombelow&gt;{{en}} {{cite journal|last=Farmer|first=Paul|title=On Suffering and Structural Violence: A View from Below|journal=Race/Ethnicity: Multidisciplinary Global Contexts|year=2009|volume=3|issue=1|pages=11–28|url=https://muse.jhu.edu/article/368760|jstor=25595022}}&lt;/ref&gt; Estatistik INICEF yo montre ke byenke mwens pase 10% nan nesans nan mitan 20% ki pi pòv yo an Ayiti te gen yon asistan kalifye prezan, 78.1% nan tout nesans te gen yon asistan kalifye prezan pou 20% ki pi rich yo.&lt;ref name=unicefhaiti&gt;{{en}} {{cite web|last=UNICEF|title=At a glance: Haiti|url=http://www.unicef.org/infobycountry/haiti_statistics.html#115|publisher=UNICEF|access-date=16 mas 2014|archive-date=2018-12-15|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181215153008/https://www.unicef.org/infobycountry/haiti_statistics.html#115|dead-url=yes}}&lt;/ref&gt; Prevalans ki pa twò gwo nan mitan 20% ki pi pòv yo se 4.7 fwa pi gran pase 20% ki pi rich yo.&lt;ref name=unicefhaiti /&gt;Ekonomikman, 40% ki pi pòv yo fè 8% nan revni total fanmi nasyon an, alòske 20% ki pi rich yo reprezante 63%.&lt;ref name=unicefhaiti /&gt;

== Enpak vyolans estriktirèl ==
=== Povrete ===
[[Fichye:Bas-Ravine.jpg|thumb|Bidonvil nan zòn Baravin, nan pati nò [[Kap Ayisyen]].]]

Enpak vyolans estriktirèl yo byen lwen. Yo afekte moun, ak rezilta sosyal an jeneral.&lt;ref name=Pathologiesofpower /&gt; Povrete se youn nan pi gwo konsekans vyolans estriktirèl, paske vyolans estriktirèl anpeche moun ak kominote yo reyalize dwa moun debaz yo. Dwa debaz sa yo enkli aksè nan swen sante ak edikasyon. Jan Rapò Devlopman Mondyal 2012 la idantifye, sante ak edikasyon se de dotasyon kapital imen enpòtan ki kapab enfliyanse kapasite yon moun pou atenn tout potansyèl li nan sosyete a.&lt;ref name=WDR2012&gt;{{en}} {{cite book|last=Revenga|first=[this report was prepared by a team led by Ana|title=Gender equality and development: world development report 2012|year=2011|publisher=The World Bank|location=Washington, DC|isbn=978-0-8213-8825-9|author2=Shetty, Sudhir}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Edikasyon ===
Vyolans estriktirèl afekte kapasite yon moun pou resevwa edikasyon.&lt;ref name=Pathologiesofpower /&gt; To alfabetizasyon Ayiti se anviwon 60.7%, pi ba pase 90% mwayèn to alfabetizasyon pou peyi Amerik Latin ak lòt peyi Karayib yo.&lt;ref name=countryprofilehaiti&gt;{{en}} {{Cite news |author=Library of Congress - Federal Research Division|date=May 2015 |title=Country Profile: Haiti |url=http://lcweb2.loc.gov/frd/cs/profiles/Haiti.pdf |publisher=Library of Congress |access-date=19 June 2015 }}&lt;/ref&gt; Akòz estrikti politik ak ekonomik opresyon k ap travèse nasyon an, sektè edikasyon an Ayiti gen yon sipò finansye limite. Kalite edikasyon an ba akòz mank òganizasyon, ekspètiz ak resous. Gen yon mank de founiti lekòl ak pwofesè kalifye.

Pwoblèm sa a pi plis nan zòn riral yo. Lekòl yo ka itilize swa pwogram ki demode oswa yon kad ki pasyèlman aplike nan kourikoulòm Plan Nasyonal Edikasyon ak Fòmasyon 1997 la (NPET).&lt;ref name=educationandconflictinhaiti /&gt; Akòz eta a pa gen fòs enstitisyonèl ak kapasite pou bay popilasyon ayisyen an jeneral edikasyon debaz, kounye a sektè edikasyon an se sitou privatize.&lt;ref name=&quot;equityhighereducationhaiti&quot;&gt;{{en}} {{cite journal|last=Salmi|first=J.|title=Equity and Quality in Private Education: The Haitian paradox|journal=Compare: A Journal of Comparative and International Education|date=June 2000|volume=30|issue=2|pages=163–178|doi=10.1080/03057920050034101}}&lt;/ref&gt; Yon etid 2006 Bank Mondyal sou edikasyon prive an Ayiti te jwenn ke 92% nan tout lekòl ayisyen yo se enstitisyon prive, ki baze sou ekolaj.&lt;ref name=worldbank2006education&gt;{{en}} {{Cite news |author=World Bank: Caribbean Country Management Unit|date=27 April 2006 |title=Social Resilience and State Fragility in Haiti: A Country Social Analysis |url=http://www-wds.worldbank.org/external/default/WDSContentServer/WDSP/IB/2006/06/07/000160016_20060607092849/Rendered/PDF/360690HT.pdf |publisher=The World Bank |access-date=16 mas 2014 }}&lt;/ref&gt; Akòz gwo difikilte ekonomik Ayiti a, majorite popilasyon nasyon an pa kapab fè fas a frè edikasyon an. 88% nan timoun ki gen laj 6 a 12 yo enskri nan lekòl, epi mwens pase yon tyè nan moun ki enskri yo rive nan klas senkyèm ane.&lt;ref name=educationandconflictinhaiti&gt;{{en}} {{Cite news |author=Ketty Luzincourt |author2=Jennifer Gulbrandson |date=August 2010 |title=Education and Conflict in Haiti: Rebuilding the Education Sector after the 2010 Earthquake |url=http://www.usip.org/sites/default/files/sr245.pdf |publisher=United States Institute of Peace (USIP) |access-date=16 Mar 2014 |archive-date=16 March 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140316110227/http://www.usip.org/sites/default/files/sr245.pdf |dead-url=yes }}&lt;/ref&gt; Prèske 60% timoun abandone lekòl anvan yo resevwa sètifika edikasyon primè yo.&lt;ref name=educationandconflictinhaiti/&gt;
Rapò Bank Mondyal 2006 la fè remake ke &quot;pousantaj segondè abandone lekòl la jeneralman pa reflete yon meprize ayisyen pou edikasyon oswa dezenterè nan edikasyon; pito, se yon konsekans malere nan resous fanmi limite&quot;.&lt;ref name=worldbank2006&gt;{{en}} {{Cite news |author=World Bank: Poverty Reduction and Economic Management Unit|date=1 Jun 2006 |title=Haiti - Options and opportunities for inclusive growth : country economic memorandum. |url=http://siteresources.worldbank.org/INTHAITI/Resources/HAITIFinalCEMJune1.pdf |publisher=The World Bank |access-date=16 mas 2014 }}&lt;/ref&gt; Nan 20% fanmi ki pi pòv yo ann Ayiti, frè lekòl yo ka reprezante jiska 25% revni fanmi anyèl pou chak timoun.&lt;ref name=worldbank2006education/&gt; Nan moun ki te kapab pwogrese nan edikasyon segondè, 75% ale nan lekòl prive.[29] Elèv ki fini lekòl segondè pa t otomatikman elijib pou enskri nan yon inivèsite.&lt;ref name=makingleapforward /&gt; Sa a se paske apeprè 90% nan sistèm edikasyon siperyè a konsiste de inivèsite prive ak frè ekolaj segondè, ki fè li pa abòdab pou popilasyon jeneral la.&lt;ref name=&quot;equityhighereducationhaiti&quot;/&gt;{{,}}&lt;ref name=INUREDeducation&gt;{{en}} {{cite news|last=INURED|first=Interuniversity Institute for Research and Development|title=The Challenge for Haitian Higher Education: A post‐earthquake assessment of higher education institutions in the Port‐au‐Prince metropolitan area|date=Mar 2010|publisher=INURED|location=Port-au-Prince, Haiti|url=http://inured.org/docs/TheChallengeforHaitianHigherEd_INURED2010March.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100922131151/http://inured.org/docs/TheChallengeforHaitianHigherEd_INURED2010March.pdf|archive-date=22 September 2010|df=dmy-all}}&lt;/ref&gt; Pandan ke mwayèn GDP pa moun an Ayiti se $673, frè ekolaj yo ka depase plis pase $2000 pa ane pou inivèsite prive ayisyen yo. Genyen tou yon mank de espas enskripsyon nan mitan inivèsite piblik ayisyen yo, ki genyen 5% nan tout enstitisyon edikasyon siperyè.&lt;ref name=makingleapforward&gt;{{en}} {{Cite news |author1=Ministry of Planning  |author2=External Cooperation |date=Nov 2007 |title=Growth and Poverty Reduction Strategy Paper: &quot;Making a Qualitative Leap Forward&quot;|url=http://www.imf.org/external/pubs/ft/scr/2008/cr08115.pdf |publisher=International Monetary Fund, Washington, D.C. |access-date=16 Mar 2014 }}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Aksè nan swen sante ===
[[Fichye:US Navy 100206-N-6214F-016 Medical personnel prepare a Haitian woman for surgery at the Milot hospital in cap-Haitian, Haiti.jpg|thumb|right|Pèsonèl medikal prepare yon fanm ayisyen pou operasyon nan lopital Milo an Ayiti]]

Sèvi ak yon melanj de sektè piblik la, sektè prive a, sektè san bi likratif la, ak enstitisyon relijye, sistèm sante an Ayiti fè fas a defi pou tabli kowòdinasyon sante efikas.&lt;ref name=earthquakehaiti&gt;{{en}} {{Cite news |author=World Health Organization |date=January 2010 |title=Public health risk assessment and interventions. Earthquake: Haiti |url=https://www.who.int/diseasecontrol_emergencies/publications/haiti_earthquake_20100118.pdf |publisher=World Health Organization |access-date=16 March 2014 }}&lt;/ref&gt; Sa a vin pi plis ak prezans plis pase 250 patnè egzekitif adisyonèl nan sektè sante a.&lt;ref name=earthquakehaiti /&gt; Ansanm ak yon seri boulvèsman politik k ap kontinye ki te mennen nan yon enstabilite sosyal ki pa janm fini, fondasyon swen sante ki pa efikas ann Ayiti te paralize kapasite nasyon an pou bay pèp li a bon aksè nan swen sante.&lt;ref name=worldbank1993&gt;{{en}} {{Cite news |author=World Bank |date=1993 |title=World Development Report 1993. International Bank for Reconstruction and Development |publisher=The World Bank, Washington, DC }}&lt;/ref&gt; Gouvènman an gen kapasite limite pou bay sèvis, kote anviwon 55% nan swen sante yo bay misyonè oswa lòt òganizasyon non-gouvènmantal.&lt;ref name=harvard&gt;{{en}} {{Cite news |author1=Harvard Center for Population  |author2=Development Studies |date=1993 |title=Sanctions in Haiti: Crisis in Humanitarian Action. Harvard School of Public Health, Program on Human Security Working Paper Series, Cambridge, MA |publisher=Harvard Center for Population and Development Studies }}&lt;/ref&gt; Pandan ke gen yon ti kantite doktè ki opere klinik pou pwofi, pifò yo jwenn nan pi gwo vil yo. Anplis de sa, sèvis medikal, kit se piblik oswa prive, yo sitiye nan zòn metwopolitèn Pòtoprens nan yon fason disproporsyonèl.[34] Enstalasyon òvejyen tou swiv yon tandans menm jan an. Lopital andeyò zòn Pòtoprens bay sèvis obstetrik limite. Nan zòn riral yo, sèvis swen prenatal yo souvan ofri swa pa ekip kontak oswa pa ti klinik ki pa gen pawas matènite fòmèl oswa kapasite akouchman.[34] Separasyon fizik sa a nan fasilite medikal adekwat ak pati nan zòn riral Ayiti fè aksè a swen sante moun k ap viv lwen vil la difisil. Pandan ke pifò enfrastrikti medikal yo konsantre nan Pòtoprens, lopital sa yo ak enstalasyon klinik yo souvan nan yon eta Delambre paske yo konpwomèt pa defisyans enfrastrikti ak blakawout elektrik.
Mank enfrastrikti medikal sa a te vin pi plis ak tranblemanntè 2010 an Ayiti.&lt;ref name=earthquakehaiti /&gt; An 2007, 47% nan popilasyon an te manke aksè a swen sante debaz, ak yon majorite nan popilasyon an te vire nan gerisè tradisyonèl yo pou divès fòm tretman.&lt;ref name=earthquakehaiti /&gt;{{,}}&lt;ref name=folkhealinghaiti&gt;{{cite journal|last=Coreil|first=Jeannine|title=Parallel structures in professional and folk health care: A model applied to rural Hati|journal=Culture, Medicine and Psychiatry|date=June 1983|volume=7|issue=2|pages=131–151|doi=10.1007/BF00051846|pmid=6641270}}&lt;/ref&gt; Yon etid sou sitiyasyon pwotèz Ayiti a tou revele ke mwens pase 25% nan tout moun ki anpite yo jwenn yon manm pwotèz.&lt;ref name=prostheticlimb&gt;{{en}} {{cite journal|last=Bigelow|first=J|author2=Korth, M |author3=Jacobs, J |author4=Anger, N |author5=Riddle, M |author6= Gifford, J |title=A picture of amputees and the prosthetic situation in Haiti.|journal=Disability and Rehabilitation|date=Feb 18, 2004|volume=26|issue=4|pages=246–52|pmid=15164958 |doi=10.1080/09638280310001644915}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Aksè nan swen sante gen ladan tou pwoblèm tankou yo konnen kalite swen yo.&lt;ref name=armstrong&gt;{{en}} {{Cite journal |author= World Health Organization |author2=Erica Royston |author3=Sue Armstrong |date=1989 |title=Preventing maternal deaths |url=http://apps.who.int/iris/bitstream/10665/39933/1/9241561289_eng.pdf?ua=1 |publisher=Geneva : World Health Organization |access-date=16 March 2014}}&lt;/ref&gt; Pandan ke lopital matènite nasyonal byen koni ki sitiye nan Pòtoprens yo swa nan kapasite plen oswa twòp kapasite, kabann matènite seksyon riral yo deyò Pòtoprens, yo pa itilize, ak pousantaj itilizasyon apeprè 30 a 35%.&lt;ref name=&quot;SantéPublique&quot;&gt;{{en}} {{Cite journal |author= Ministère de la SantéPublique et de la Population |date=1985 |title=Recherche Operationelle sur les Etablissements de Santéavec Lits |publisher=Ministère de la SantéPublique et de la Population. Port-au-Prince, Haiti }}&lt;/ref&gt; Sepandan, prèv sijere ke fanm ansent vle swen konpetan. Sous-itilizasyon sèvis riral ki egziste deja yo dirèkteman lye ak bon jan kalite yo konnen ak aktyèl enstalasyon yo.&lt;ref&gt;{{en}} {{cite book|title=Childbearing, Sickness and Healing in a Haitian Village|author=Gerald F Murray &amp; Maria D Alvarez|author2=Haiti Département de la santé publiqaue et de la population.}}&lt;/ref&gt;{{,}}&lt;ref&gt;{{en}} {{cite book|editor-last=Koblinsky|editor-first=Marje|editor2=Timyan, Judith|editor3=Gay, Jill|title=The health of women : a global perspective|year=1993|publisher=Westview Press|location=Boulder, San Francisco|isbn=978-0813316086|edition=Pbk.|url=https://archive.org/details/healthofwomenglo0000unse}}&lt;/ref&gt; Yon tandans gaye toupatou pou evite etablisman piblik yo dirije yo souvan kredite nan bon jan kalite swen enstitisyon sa yo, tankou yon mank de ekipman ak sèvis, ak atitid move nan anplwaye medikal la.&lt;ref&gt;{{en}} {{cite journal|last=Sundari|first=T. K.|title=The Untold Story: How the Health Care Systems in Developing Countries Contribute to Maternal Mortality|journal=International Journal of Health Services|date=1 January 1992|volume=22|issue=3|pages=513–528|doi=10.2190/91YH-A52T-AFBB-1LEA|pmid=1644513}}&lt;/ref&gt;{{,}}&lt;ref&gt;{{en}} {{cite journal|last=Thaddeus|first=S|author2=Maine, D |title=Too far to walk: maternal mortality in context.|journal=Social Science &amp; Medicine|date=Apr 1994|volume=38|issue=8|pages=1091–110|pmid=8042057|doi=10.1016/0277-9536(94)90226-7}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Rezilta sante yo ===
Vyolans estriktirèl afekte rezilta sante nan nivo endividyèl ak komen. Endividyèlman, vyolans estriktirèl kreye baryè ki anpeche yon moun byen resevwa ak itilize sistèm swen sante yo. Kèk nan baryè sa yo gen ladan frè itilizatè yo wo, ki pi ba nivo itilizasyon etablisman sante yo, ansanm ak estigma sosyal alantou sèten maladi ki diminye itilizasyon e konsa yon enpak negatif sou rezilta sante pou sèten moun.&lt;ref name=nocashnocare&gt;{{en}} {{cite journal|last=Ponsar|first=Frederique|author2=Tayler-Smith, Katie; Philips, Mit; Gerard, Seco; Van Herp, Michel; Reid, Tony; Zachariah, Rony|title=No cash, no care: how user fees endanger health—lessons learnt regarding financial barriers to healthcare services in Burundi, Sierra Leone, Democratic Republic of Congo, Chad, Haiti and Mali|journal=International Health|date=June 2011|volume=3|issue=2|pages=91–100|doi=10.1016/j.inhe.2011.01.002|pmid=24038181|hdl=10144/203642}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Kòz ==
[[Fichye:François Duvalier (cropped).jpg|right|thumb|40yèm Prezidan Ayiti, [[François Duvalier]]]]

=== Pwoblèm politik ===
Youn nan kòz ki te lakòz yon nivo enpòtan nan vyolans estriktirèl ann Ayiti se enstabilite politik ak koripsyon.&lt;ref name=Pathologiesofpower /&gt;{{,}}&lt;ref name=anthropologyofstructuralv /&gt; Pandan 200 ane ki sot pase yo, politik ayisyen an te pase nan peryòd ajitasyon sosyal ak boulvèsman. Nasyon an fè eksperyans plis pase 30 Koudeta. Te gen yon tan istwa opresyon diktatè yo.&lt;ref name=malariahaiti /&gt; Enstabilite politik ak koripsyon te kite peyi a ak yon seri pwoblèm sosyal, tankou yon mank de aksè nan dwa moun debaz, tankou edikasyon ak swen sante; ak yon ekonomi ki pi ba pase mwayèn pwodwi enteryè.&lt;ref name=medicalpeacework&gt;{{en}} {{cite book|last=Medical Peace Work|title=Course e-book 4: Structural violence and the underlying causes of violent conflict|year=2012|publisher=Medact|location=London|isbn=978-0-9571478-7-4|chapter-url=http://www.medicalpeacework.org/fileadmin/user_upload/ebooks/mpw_course4_2012.pdf|edition=2nd|veditors=Salvage J, Rowson M, Melf K, Sandøy I |access-date=24 April 2014|chapter=4}}&lt;/ref&gt; Dapre Bank Mondyal, Ayiti klase 162 sou 183 ekonomi nan mond lan ak 31 sou 32 ekonomi nan Amerik Latin ak Karayib la.&lt;ref name=WorldEconomicForum&gt;{{en}} {{cite news|last=World Economic Forum|title=Private Sector Development in Haiti: Opportunities for Investment, Job Creation and Growth|date=2011|publisher=World Economic Forum|location=Geneva|url=http://www3.weforum.org/docs/WEF_Haiti_PrivateSectorDevelopment_Report_2011.pdf|access-date=2022-05-17|archive-date=2017-05-17|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170517002529/http://www3.weforum.org/docs/WEF_Haiti_PrivateSectorDevelopment_Report_2011.pdf|dead-url=yes}}&lt;/ref&gt; Klasman ekonomik ki ba sa a limite nivo kreyasyon travay ak disponiblite. Mank kreyasyon travay sa a kontribye nan to chomaj Ayiti a 40.6%, ak plis pase de tyè nan fòs travay la pa gen travay fòmèl.&lt;ref name=CIAfactbookhaiti&gt;{{en}} {{cite web|last=Central Intelligence Agency|title=The World Factbook: Haiti - Economy: Overview|url=https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/haiti/|publisher=Central Intelligence Agency|access-date=24 April 2014|archive-date=9 January 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210109155536/https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/haiti|dead-url=yes}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Enpak apre kolonyalis ===
Yon lòt kòz vyolans estriktirèl se enpak apre kolonyalis la. Pandan 19yèm syèk la, ekspansyon ewopeyen an nan Nouvo Monn lan te kreye aranjman sosyal tankou esklavaj ak rasis enstitisyonèl. Rès estrikti sosyal sa yo egziste jodi a sou fòm diskriminasyon rasyal ki baze sou kas, ki kontribiye nan inegalite sosyal ak diferans ekonomik ki genyen ann Ayiti.&lt;ref name=classstructurehaiti&gt;{{en}} {{cite journal|last=Wingfield|first=R.|author2=Parenton, V. J. |title=Class Structure and Class Conflict in Haitian Society|journal=Social Forces|date=1 March 1965|volume=43|issue=3|pages=338–347|doi=10.2307/2574763|jstor=2574763}}&lt;/ref&gt;{{,}}&lt;ref name=castejohnlobb&gt;{{en}} {{cite journal|last=Lobb|first=John|title=Caste and Class in Haiti|journal=American Journal of Sociology|date=Jul 1940|volume=46|issue=1|pages=23–34|doi=10.1086/218523}}&lt;/ref&gt;{{,}}&lt;ref name=HaggertyHaiti&gt;{{en}} {{cite book|last=Haggerty|first=Richard A.|title=Haiti: A Country Study.|year=1989|publisher=Library of Congress|location=Washington|url=http://countrystudies.us/haiti/}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Ki gen 5% nan popilasyon nasyon an, milat ayisyen ak ayisyen zansèt ewopeyen kenbe pozisyon pouvwa. Sa evidan nan yerachi politik, ekonomik, sosyal, ak kiltirèl ann Ayiti jodi a, kote yo kontwole anviwon 44% revni nasyon an ak pwodui enteryè brit epi yo okipe pozisyon enpòtan nan peyi a. Pa egzanp, elit ayidyen ak lidè politik yo atravè listwa Ayiti a se swa milat oswa moun ki gen desandan ewopeyen.&lt;ref name=casteinhaiti&gt;{{en}} {{cite journal|last=Johnson|first=Tekla Ali|title=The enduring function of caste: colonial and modern Haiti, Jamaica, and Brazil The economy of race, the social organization of caste, and the formulation of racial societies|journal=Comparative American Studies|date=March 2004|volume=2|issue=1|pages=61–73|doi=10.1177/1477570004041288}}&lt;/ref&gt;{{,}}&lt;ref name=DessalinestoDuvalier&gt;{{en}} {{cite book|last=Nicholls|first=David|title=From Dessalines to Duvalier : race colour, and national independence in Haiti|url=https://archive.org/details/fromdessalinesto00davi|year=1996|publisher=Rutgers University Press|location=New Brunswick, NJ|isbn=9780813522401|edition=Rev.}}&lt;/ref&gt; Anndan Ayiti, po klè, cheve dwat, ak ti non Ewopeyen yo kontinye ap enpòtan ak defini karakteristik ki separe elit tradisyonèl yo ak sitwayen klas siperyè yo ak rès popilasyon an.&lt;ref name=countryprofilehaiti /&gt;

== Gade tou ==
* [[Restavèk]]
* [[Povrete nan Ayiti]]

== Referans ==
{{referans}}
== Lyen deyò ==

[[Kategori:Sante nan Ayiti]]
[[Kategori:Povrete nan Ayiti]]
[[Kategori:Inegalite sosyal]]</text>
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    <title>Aïssa Maïga</title>
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|foto=Aïssa Maïga at the 2007 Cannes Film Festival-01.jpg
|tèks= Aïssa Maïga nan [[festival de Cannes 2007]]
|fonksyon=aktris
|domèn=televizyon, sinema
|diplòm=
|etid=
|dat nesans= [[25 me]] [[1975]]
|lye nesans= [[Dakar]]
|peyi nesans=[[Senegal]]
|dat lanmò=
|lye lanmò=
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|nasyonalite= franse
|relijyon=
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|remak=
|fim=''[[Les Poupées russes (fim)|Les poupées russes]]''&lt;br /&gt;''[[Caché]]''&lt;br /&gt;''[[Bamako (fim)|Bamako]]''
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'''Aïssa Maïga''', ki fèt an [[25 me]] [[1975]] nan [[Dakar]] nan [[Senegal]], se yon aktris fransèz.
== Biyografi ==
== Biyografi ==

=== Jèn ===
Li te fèt ak yon papa [[Mali|Malian]], jounalis pi popilè e tou pre prezidan [[Burkina Faso|burkinabé]] [[Thomas Sankara]], [[Mohamed Maïga]], ki te mouri a laj de {{inite|33|ane}} nan {{dat-|1 janvye 1984}} nan [[Ouagadougou]] nan sikonstans boulvèse, ak yon [[Senegal|Senegalmanman]] ak [[Gambia|Gambianne]]&lt;ref name=&quot;africatop&quot;&gt;{{atik|lang=en|title=Aïssa Maïga: ki pi Afriken nan aktris franse|otè1=Nicolas Coutain|jou=7|mwa=Jiyè|ane=2013|peryodik=africatopsuccess.com|text url=http://www.africatopsuccess.com/2013/07/07/aissa-maiga-la-plus-africaine-des-acteurs-francaises/}}&lt;/ref&gt;, Aïssa Maïga dwe fè fas ak lanmò li tou. frè: {{quote|Li mouri vreman twò piti, li te adolesan. Li te mouri ak lesemi, li kite trè vit}}&lt;ref&gt;{{web link|url=https://www.parismatch.com/People/Aissa-Maiga-son-confie-sur-l-assassinat -of-her -papa-ak-mò-frè-li-1536848|title=Aïssa Maïga konfye sou asasina papa l ak lanmò frè l|site=parismatch.com|date=11 jen 2018|author=Klhoé Dominguez|accessed=20 oktòb 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt;.

Li te pase kat premye ane nan lavi li nan [[Dakar]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Elle&quot;&gt;{{web link|lang=en|tit=Aïssa Maïga|sit=[[Elle (magazine)|Elle]]|text url=http://www.elle.fr/Personnalites/Aissa-Maiga}}&lt;/ref&gt; anvan li te rete nan [[Fresnes (Val-de-Marne)|Fresnes]] jiskaske li te gen nèf ane, apre sa [[Pari]]. Li te ale nan [[Lycée Voltaire (Paris)|lycée Voltaire]]&lt;ref&gt;{{web link|url=https://www.aalvp.org/archives/ils-ont-frequente-le-lycee-voltaire.html|title=Yo te ale nan lekòl segondè Voltaire|site=aalvp.org|accessed on=20 oktòb 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt;{{,}}&lt;ref name=&quot;Alaoui&quot;&gt;{{web link|url=https: //www.salamnews.fr/Aissa-Maiga-Education-musulmane-catholique-laique-C-est-une-chance-_a344.html|titre=Aïssa Maïga: “Edikasyon mizilman, katolik, eksklizyon… Se yon chans ! »|site=salamnews.fr|date={{1st|Mas}} 2013|author=Mérième Alaoui|accessed on=20 oktòb 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt;, nan [[11yèm awondisman Pari|{{11yèm|minisipalite}}]]. Li fwote ak diferan kilti: {{quote|Mwen te gen chans pou m te resevwa yon edikasyon Mizilman, Katolik ak eksklizyon. Mwen te nan lekòl koranik nan vakans nan Mali ak grann mwen. Lè sa a, mwen te leve soti vivan nan yon tonton trè eksklizyon. Epi finalman mwen te gen yon grann adoptif Katolik fervan... Mwen panse ke li eksepsyonèl&lt;ref name=&quot;Alaoui&quot;/&gt;}}. {{quote|Mwen te gen yon grann adoptif tou ki te soti Indochina. Se konsa, mwen te evolye ak kilti Vyetnamyen sa a&lt;ref&gt;{{web link|url=https://senef.fr/aissa-maiga-je-nai-jamais-ete-en-conflit-avec-mes-origines-senegalaise -et -Malienne/|title=Aïssa Maïga: Mwen pa janm nan konfli ak orijin mwen Senegal ak Mali|site=senef.fr|date=5 fevriye 2017|accessed=20 oktòb 2018}}.&lt;/ref &gt;}} .

Li te trè jèn, li te vin enterese nan sinema e li te reve pou l vin yon aktris: {{quote|Tout bagay te soti nan men pwofesè franse mwen nan kolèj, ki te mete yon mizik kote m te patisipe nan laj { {unit|14 an|ane}}. Chak wikenn{{sic}}, pandan twazan, mwen te sou sèn. Lè sa a, mwen te konnen ke plas mwen an te la.Charlie fè m 'panse ak papa m' »|site=gala.fr|date=28 janvye 2015|author=Nora Sahli|accessed=20 oktòb 2018}}&lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt;}} . Apre sa, li te pran premye leson teyat li nan kolèj ak pwofesè franse li Daisie Faye, jodi a direktè atistik Festival Jazz ak Komedi. Apre sa, li te jwe nan komedyen mizik pwofesè li a, ''The Longest Night''&lt;ref&gt;{{Web link|title=Aïssa Maïga - Biyografi Aïssa Maïga ak Gala.fr|url=http://www .gala.fr /stars_et_gotha/aissa_maiga|site=Gala.fr|accessed on=2016-07-02}}&lt;/ref&gt; (1992), pandan twazan e li te fè premye etap li nan [[Théâtre Mogador]] ak [[Berje a. Foli]].

Apre twazan kou teyat e li fin resevwa bakaloreya li, Aïssa Maïga te patisipe nan yon pwojè atistik nan [[Zimbabwe]], ''The Kingdom of Passage'' Eric Cloué (1986). Lè sa a, li te {{unit|19|ane}}. Ansanm ak atis Zimbabwe, li te dekouvri teyat entèvansyon ak komèt pyès teyat pa atis lokal yo. Li deside konsakre tèt li nan komedyen.

=== Karyè ===

==== Premye aji (1996-2004) ====
An 1996, li te tire premye fim li ansanm ak [[Yvan Attal]] ak [[Richard Bohringer]], nan ''Saraka Bo'' pa [[Denis Amar]], yon ankèt lapolis sou yon asasina nan yon kominote Afriken&lt; non ref = africatop /&gt;. Li gen gwo difikilte pou l jwenn yon nouvo wòl&lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Gbadamassi&quot;&gt;{{web link|url=&lt;/nowiki&gt;https://www.afrik.com/aissa-maiga-une-nouvelle-etoile-dans-le-ciel - du-cinema-francais|title=Aïssa Maïga: yon nouvo zetwal nan syèl la nan sinema franse|site=afrik.com|date=4 oktòb 2005|otè=Falila Gba

damassi|konsilte nan=20 oktòb 2018}}&lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt; anvan l te filme ''[[Kòd enkoni]]'' ([[2000 nan sinema|2000]]) pa [[Michael Haneke]], ansanm ak [[ Juliette Binoche]] kote li jwe yon jenn fi rebèl.

An 1999, li te travay ak [[Alain Tanner]], yon direktè Swis ki soti nan [[New Wave]], e li te jwe Lila nan ''[[Jonas et Lila, n'a wè demen]]'', ki soti nan kil la. fim ' '[[Jonas ki pral gen 25 an nan ane 2000]] ''([[1975 nan sinema|1975]])&lt;ref name=&quot;Gbadamassi&quot; /&gt;&lt;nowiki&gt;. {{quote|Nan konplo a, papa adoptif Lila ofri l yon tikè pou l ale Senegal, peyi kote l orijin. Sa te rive ke mwen te gen 25 ane tankou Lila e ke se te ak fim sa a, premye fwa mwen te retounen nan Senegal nan 20 ane (...) Se te, sou nivo pèsonèl, yon vwayaj trè pwisan} &lt; non ref = &quot;Gbadamassi&quot;/&gt;.&lt;/nowiki&gt;''

Atravè divèsite wòl li yo, Aïssa Maïga gen entansyon kiltive yon adaptabilite nan jwèt. Answit, Aïssa Maïga opoze [[Jean-Hugues Anglade]] nan komedyen ''[[Le Prof (fim, 2000)|Le Prof]]' ' ([[1999 nan sinema|1999]]) pa [[Alexandre Jardin]], kote li jwe yon elèv briyan. Lè sa a, nou jwenn li nan'' [[Marie-Line]]'', ansanm ak [[Muriel Robin]] ak [[Fejria Deliba]], ki temwaye solidarite ki genyen ant fanm netwayaj malgre difikilte yo.''

Anvi konsolide aprantisaj li, li retravay aktè li ak [[Hélène Zidi]], nan ''Laboratwa Aktè''. Direktè a [[Denis Dercourt]] enkli li de fwa nan distribisyon fim li yo, ''[[Lise et André]]'' nan [[2001 nan sinema|2001]] ak ''[[Pitit mwen yo pa fè sa. tankou lòt yo]]'' nan [[2003 nan sinema|2003]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Elle2&quot; /&gt;. Li te jwe tou nan plizyè seri televizyon.

==== Revelasyon kritik entènasyonal (2004-2008) ====
An 2004, Aïssa Maïga te parèt ak de long fim: li te parèt aklè ak wòl Kassia, nan [[The Russian Dolls (film)|''The Russian Dolls'']] pa [[Cédric Klapisch] ], ak nan [ [Youn rete, lòt pati a|''Youn rete, lòt pati a'']] pa [[Claude Berri]]&lt;ref name=&quot;MC&quot;&gt;{{web link|lang=en|url=http://www.marieclaire.fr/,aissa-maiga-une-hyper-lady,696060.asp|title=Aïssa Maïga, yon dam ipè!|sit=[[Marie Claire]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;. Wòl Kassia - sa yon jèn fanm ki sedui ewo Xavier, jwe pa [[Romain Duris]] - pèmèt li vin konnen nan piblik la an jeneral.

Ansanm ak dekouvèt sinema sa a, li te deplase nan teyat la ak ''[[Brooklyn Boy]]''&lt;ref&gt;{{Web link|title=Brooklyn boy - Spectacle - 2004|url=http://data.bnf.fr/ 40110847/brooklyn_boy_spectacle_2004/|site=data.bnf.fr|accessed on=2016-07-02}}&lt;/ref&gt;'','' ki te dirije pa [[Michel Fagadau]] nan [[Théâtre des Champs-Élysées] ] (2004). An 2005, li te travay ankò ak [[Michael Haneke]] nan dram ''[[Caché]]'', ak [[Daniel Auteuil]], [[Juliette Binoche]], ak [[Denis Podalydès]].

An 2006, li te jwe yon wòl sipò nan dram ''[[I'm fine, don't worry (film)|I'm fine, don't worry]]'' pa [[Philippe Lioret]]&lt;nowiki&gt; , { {Referans ki nesesè|ki moun ki te wè l sou sèn nan 2004|dat=Mas 2022}}. Li jwe tou nan segman &lt;/nowiki&gt;''[[Place des Fêtes (Paris)|Place des Fêtes]]'' ki te dirije pa [[Oliver Schmitz]] nan fim kolektif [[Sketch fim|sketchs]] ''[[Paris , Mwen renmen w|Paris, mwen renmen w]]''.

Se te yon ane pita ke dram ''[[Bamako (film)|Bamako]]'', pa [[Abderrahmane Sissako]], te pèmèt li jwenn yon nominasyon nan kategori [[César pou Aktris ki pi pwomèt la|meyè fi. espwa]] nan [[32yèm seremoni César|Césars 2007]]. Li jwe wòl prensipal la, se Melé, yon chantè bar ki dezapwa, e li jwe chante ''[[Naam]]'' pa [[Christie Azuma]], san li pa konnen lang lan.

Nan [[Itali]], li jwe wòl prensipal fi tou nan komedyen dramatik ''[[Bianco e nero|Bianco e Nero]]'', pa [[Cristina Comencini]], ansanm ak [[Ériq Ebouaney| Eric Ebouaney.]] , [[Fabio Volo]] ak [[Ambra Angiolini]]. Li enpresyone lè li jwe an Italyen&lt;ref&gt;{{atik|lang=en|title=Bianco e Nero (Nwa ak Blan) pa Cristina Comencini|peryodik=[[Afrikilti]]|jou=24|mwa=janvye|ane=2008|otè1=Maria Coletti|tèks url=http://www.africultures.com/php/?nav=article&amp;no=7256}}&lt;/ref&gt;. Pèfòmans li te fè l 'yon pri nan Festival la Bastia.

==== Konfimasyon (depi 2008) ====
Soti nan [[2007 nan sinema|2007]], li te pran wòl prensipal: reyini ak [[Romain Duris]] pou komedyen amoure jenerasyon ''[[L'Âge d'homme...kounye a oswa pa janm!]] ' ', oswa lè w fè pati koral thriller'' [[Les Insoumis (fim, 2008)|Les Insoumis]]'', pa [[Claude-Michel Rome]] (2008). Menm ane a, li te aktris prensipal nan yon fim televizyon, komedyen dramatik'' [[Sèks, Okra ak bè sale]]'', pa [[Mahamat Saleh Haroun]], emisyon pa kanal la [[Arte] ] .''

An 2009, li te jwe ansanm ak monstr yo [[Gérard Depardieu]] ak [[Olivier Marchal]] pou thriller ''[[Diamant 13]]'', pa [.

[Gilles Béhat|Gilles Béat]], epi jwe nan de fim televizyon: ''Lè vil la mòde'', ak ''[[Pa gen do kay san mwen]]'', kote li pataje afich la ak [[Antoine Duléry.]] .

Ane 2010 la te pèmèt li retounen nan wòl prensipal yo ak dram ''[[Le temps de la kermesse est fini|Le Temps de la kermesse est fini]]'', kote li te pataje pwojè a ak [[Stéphane Guillon] ] , ki te sepandan yon echèk komèsyal, men tou komedyen ''[[Ensemble, c'est trop]]'' pa [[Léa Fazer]]. Finalman, li te fè fas ak [[Benoît Magimel]] pou thriller ''[[L'Avocat (film, 2011)|L'Avocat]]'' pa [[Cédric Anger]].
[[Fichye:Césars_2017_10.jpg|vignette|Aktris nan César 2017 la ak direktè [[Cédric Klapisch]].]]
An 2011, li te jwe yon wòl sipò nan thriller ''[[Mineurs 27]]'', pa [[Tristan Aurouet]], te pote pa [[Jean-Hugues Anglade]], epi li te retounen sou sèn nan pou pyès teyat la  ''&lt;nowiki/&gt;'[[Les Grandes Personnes]]'' &lt;ref&gt;{{Web link|title=Les Grandes Personnes - Spectacle - 2011|url=http://data.bnf.fr/42553354/les_grandes_personnels_spectacle_2011/|site=data.bnf.fr|accessed on=2016-07-02}}&lt;/ref&gt; adapte de liv [[Marie NDiaye|Marie N'diaye]] ak dirije pa [[Christophe Perton]] nan [[Théâtre national de la Colline|Théâtre de la Colline]]. An menm tan an, li te filme plizyè pwojè ki te lage ane annapre a.

Premyerman, li jwe wòl prensipal fi nan miniseri istorik ''[[Toussaint Louverture (film TV)|Toussaint Louverture]]'', pa [[Philippe Niang]]; nan sinema a, li jwe yon wòl sipò nan fim endepandan ''[[Aujourd'hui (film)|Aujourd'hui]]'', pa [[Alain Gomis]], men tou nan komedyen fanmi an gwo bidjè. '[[Sou santye Marsupilami]]'', ak [[Alain Chabat]] dèyè ak devan kamera a.''

Nan [[2013 nan sinema|2013]], li te fè menm gwo diferans lan: li te jwe wòl prensipal fi nan fim endepandan ''[[One Man's Show]]'', men li te jwe tou yon wòl sipò nan anbisye a. ak trè antisipe ''[[L'Écume des jours]]'', pa [[Michel Gondry]] konfime estati li kòm yon aktris rekonèt. Finalman, li jwe eroin nan fim animasyon ''[[Aya de Yopougon (film)|Aya de Yopougon]]'', epi li jwe wòl prensipal fi nan fim televizyon ''[[Mortel Été]]'', dirije pa [[Denis Malleval]], kote li fòme yon koup ak [[Bruno Solo]].

Ane 2014 la te make pa lage komedyen amoure ''[[Prêt à tout (film)|Prêt à tout]]'', pa [[Nicolas Cuche]], kote li te jwe ansanm ak [[Max Boublil.]] .

An 2015, li te fè pati pyès teyat ''[[Des gens bien|Des gens biens]]'', pa [[David Lindsay-Abaire]] e ki te dirije pa [[Anne Bourgeois]] nan [[ Teyat Hébertot] ]. Epi nan televizyon, li te reyini ak direktè [[Léa Fazer]] pou fim televizyon ''[[Mystère à la Tour Eiffel]]'', kote li te jwe asistan eroin [[Marie Denarnaud]] la.

Ane [[2016 nan sinema|2016]] te make pa lage de komedi popilè kote li te jwe wòl fi prensipal yo: premyèman ''[[Bienvenue à Marly-Gomont]]'', pa [[ Julien Rambaldi.]] . Li jwe Anne, yon manman Zairyan epi li rakonte imigrasyon entelektyèl Afriken yo atravè istwa familyal aktè a [[Kamini]]&lt;ref&gt;{{atik|lang=en|title=“Byenveni nan Marly-Gomont”: Picardy rumba|peryodik=[[Mond lan]]|jou=7|mwa=Jen|ane=2016|otè1=Thomas Sotinel|url text=https://www.lemonde.fr/cinema/article/2016/06/07/bienvenue-a-marly-gomont-rumba-picarde_4940284_3476.html#lqemvglgKVKZ4UTT.99}}&lt;/ref&gt;. Apre sa, li pataje afich komedyen ''[[Li deja gen je w yo]]'' ak [[Lucien Jean-Baptiste]], ki te dirije li tou. Fim nan te jwi gwo siksè kritik ak komèsyal. Finalman, li jwe yon wòl sipò nan komedyen ''[[Rupture pour tous]]'', pa [[Éric Capitaine]].

Menm ane a, li te filme nan [[Lafrik di sid]] dram endepandan ''[[Comatose (film)|Comatose]]'' pa [[Mickey Dubé]], kote li te jwe wòl prensipal fi.

Bonè [[2017 nan sinema|2017]] te lage ak diskrètman dram ''[[Corniche Kennedy (fim)|Corniche Kennedy]]'', pa [[Dominique Cabrera]], ki te deja dirije li nan fim nan televizyon ' ' [[Lè vil la mòde]]''&lt;ref&gt;{{Web link|title=Dominique Cabrera tire Corniche Kennedy|url=http://cineuropa.org/nw.aspx?t=newsdetail&amp;l=fr&amp;did=299942|sit=Cineuropa - pi bon sinema Ewopeyen an|jwenn aksè nan=2016-07-02}}&lt;/ref&gt;. Li jwe yon ti wòl, kòmandan [[Bwigad Nakotik|Brigad STUP]] nan [[Marseille]].''

Nan mwa mas 2018, li te ko-star nan fim televizyon an de pati ''[[Le Rêve français]]'' ak zetwal k ap monte [[Yann Gael]]. Fiksyon sa a, ki te pwodwi pa [[Christian Faure (direktè)|Christian Faure]] pou [[France 2]], rakonte migrasyon prèske 160,000 sitwayen lòt bò dlo nan kòmansman ane 1960 yo&lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{ Atik |otè1=Isabelle Dhombres |tit =Aïssa Maïga, Rèv franse a: &lt;/nowiki&gt;''Mwen se yon sitwayen ki konsène!'' |pé

riodique=[[Télé Star]] |date=21-03-2018 |li sou entènèt=https://www.telestar.fr/people/aissa-maiga-le-reve-francais-je-suis-une-citoyenne - konsène-!-336500}}.&lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt;.

An 2021, li te pibliye de dokimantè ke li te dirije: ''[[Regard noir]]'' prezante nan [[Créteil International Women's Film Festival]] epi ''[[Walking on Water]]'' &lt;ref&gt;[ https://web.archive.org/web/20231208070353/https://filmsdulosange.com/film/marcher-sur-leau/ Films du losange - Marcher sur l'eau]&lt;/ref&gt; nan [[Cannes Film Festival 2021|Cannes Film Festival]].

=== Konfidansyalite ===
Li te nan yon relasyon ak [[Stéphane Pocrain]], ak ki moun li te gen de pitit gason, Sonni (fèt an 1996), ak Kwameh (fèt an 2002)&lt;ref&gt;{{Atik|title=Aïssa Maïga: &quot;Mwen mete limit. to seduction”|periodic=Madame Figaro|date=13 me 2008|issn=|li sou entènèt=http://madame.lefigaro.fr/celebrites/aissa-maiga-mets-limites-seduction-130508-11673|accessed on=2017-07-25|paj=}}&lt;/ref&gt;.

=== Angajman ===
Angaje nan yon ONG Afriken, li te patwone [[Amref Health Africa|Amref]] pandan plizyè ane, li dedye a fòmasyon pèsonèl medikal pou swen manman ak timoun. An 2012, li te ale nan [[Uganda]] pou yon pwojè imanitè&lt;ref&gt;{{web link|langue=fr|url=https://www.marieclaire.fr/,l-amref-le-numerique-au - service-de-la-sante-des-femmes-et-des-enfants-en-afrique,823615.asp|title=AMREF: teknoloji dijital k ap sèvi sante fanm ak timoun nan Lafrik|periodical=[[Marie Claire]]|dat=30 me 2016}}.&lt;/ref&gt;{{,}}&lt;ref&gt;{{atik|title=Aïssa Maïga: Ann soti nan geto nwa a|peryodik=[[Jèn Lafrik]]|jou=23|mwa=avril|ane=2013|otè1=Léo Pajon|tèks url=http://www.jeuneafrique.com/137558/culture/aessa-maega-sortons-du-ghetto-noir/}}.&lt;/ref&gt;.

An 2021, li fè pati jiri [[Les Indivisibles|Y'a bon awards]], yon seremoni satirik ki te kreye pa [[Rokhaya Diallo]] ki bay endividi trofe ki gen fòm bannann pou kòmantè ke asosyasyon an konsidere kòm rasis oswa. diskriminatwa&lt;ref&gt;[https://web.archive.org/web/20161009122907/http://lesindivisibles.fr/wp-content/uploads/2013/06/Laureats-Yabon-2012.pdf Y'a bon prim 2012] {{pdf}}.&lt;/ ref&gt;. Malgre ke li refize vin yon pòtpawòl politik ({{quote|Mwen gen anpil respè pou moun ki vrèman angaje, men sa pa ka mwen. Mwen jis gen yon konsyans ak libète lapawòl}}), detanzantan li eksprime konviksyon li. , pa egzanp lè w twit {{quote|Mwen se Nijeryen}} pou denonse masak gwoup islamis [[Boko Haram]] oswa, jou [[Atak kont Charlie Hebdo|atak kont ' 'Charlie Hebdo ]], {{quote|Pitit fi yon jounalis ki mouri pou lide li yo, pitit laik ak libète ekspresyon, an solidarite ak fanmi viktim yo, ranmase nan memwa jounalis asasinen yo, ak tout viktim yo... [[Je suis Charlie]]}}.

==== Pou divèsite nan sinema ====
[[Fichye:Cannes_2018_26.jpg|vignette|Pandan [[Festival Cannes 2018]].]]
Apre premye fim li, li te rete plizyè ane san yo pa tal filme: {{quote|Lè sa a, mwen te kòmanse ale nan castings kote yo t ap chèche jèn fi ki gen 20 an. Se swa ajan mwen an ki t ap fouye deyò oswa mwen. Moun ta di l ', pou egzanp: &quot;Èske ou estipid oswa yon bagay, nou mande w pou yon aktris 20-zan, nou pa t 'mande w pou yon nwa&quot;. Ki te trè diferan pou yo [...] Mwen gen yon seri de aji osi rich tankou yon aktris blan. Apati de la, mwen ka jwe nenpòt bagay: mwen pa sèlman yon migran san papye&lt;ref name=&quot;Gbadamassi&quot;/&gt;.}} An 2013, li te deklare tèt li optimis pou pwogresyon divèsite nan sinema: {{quote|Si pwoblèm nan pa te disparèt, mwen jwenn ke an jeneral bagay yo ap vin pi bon. Mwen panse ke evènman ki te kreye alantou arive [[Harry Roselmack]] sou TF1 nouvèl la pap rive ankò. Nou te pran konsyans de reta a [...] Si nou pa t 'tout dakò sou fòmilasyon yo, bagay yo te nonmen, relye... Tandiske, lè mwen te kòmanse, te gen refi total! [...] Pèsonèlman, mwen te refize plenyen pou yon tan long. Se pa ke pa gen yon pwoblèm, mwen te fèt kòm yon aktris ak pwoblèm sa a. Yon lòt bò, mwen te wè sa pa t mache ditou pou mwen nan yon pozisyon, kèlkeswa sa moun di, yon ti &quot;viktim&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;Alaoui&quot;/&gt;.}} Sepandan, fatige wè ke kèk ane pita wòl yo ofri aktris nwa rete limite nan kantite e souvan estereyotip&lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;ref&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt;{{web link|langue=fr|author=Hawa N'Dongo|url=https://www. huffingtonpost.fr/hawa-ndongo/roles-noirs-cinema_b_6042514.html|title=Poukisa moun nwa nan sinema pa janm gen yon vi &quot;nòmal&quot;?|editè=[[Le HuffPost]]|dat=5 oktòb 2016|konsilte on=4 Me 2018}}.&lt;/ref&gt;, li se nan orijin &lt;ref name=&quot;Alaoui2&quot; /&gt;nan yon kolektif sèz aktris nwa oswa ras melanje ki te pibliye nan [[2018 nan sinema| 2018]] liv ''[[Black is not my job]]'' pou denonse seri a twò restriksyon nan

wòl yo ofri yo (souvan yon enfimyè, raman yon avoka pou egzanp)&lt;ref&gt;{{web link|url=http://www.leparisien.fr/culture-loisirs/noire-n-est-pas-mon-metier - le-cri-de-comediennes-contre-le-racisme-04-05-2018-7697742.php|title=“Nwa se pa travay mwen”: rèl aktris kont rasis|periodique=[[Le Parisien ]]|dat=4 me 2018|otè=Renaud Baronian|accessed on=4 me 2018}}.&lt;/ref&gt;. Pami yo, Aïssa Maïga fè remake imajinasyon pwodiksyon fransè yo toujou anpiye ak [[kliche]] eritye yon lòt tan. [...] Bagay yo ap evolye men tèlman dousman [...] Kòmansman m ap tann pou yon reprezantasyon pi jis pa fèt, mwen bezwen eksprime tèt mwen&lt;ref&gt;{{web link|url=https:/ /www.lemonde.fr/cinema/article/2018/05/04/noire-n-est-pas-mon-metier-des-acteurs-denoncent-un-racisme-latent-du-cinema-francais_5294572_3476 .html|title=“Nwa se pa travay mwen”: aktris denonse rasis inaktif nan sinema fransè|periyodik=[[Le Monde]]|dat=4 me 2018|accessed on=4 me 2018}}&lt;nowiki&gt;.&lt; /ref&gt;.}} Pandan &lt;/nowiki&gt;[[45èm seremoni César|Césars 2020]], ki te make pa konfli ki te sou [[Roman Polanski]], Aïssa Maïga te fè yon siplikasyon remakab pou plis divèsite nan sinema franse&lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;ref&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt;{{Link web|langue=fr-FR|title=César 2020: Aïssa Maïga plede pou plis divèsite nan sinema franse|url=http://la1ere.francetvinfo.fr/cesar-2020-plaidoyer-aissa-maiga-plus-diversite-cinema-francais-805535.html|editè=[[La Première (rezo)|La Première]]|accessed on=2020-03-01}}.&lt;/ref&gt;: {{quote|Le pli vit ke mwen jwenn mwen nan yon gwo reyinyon pwofesyonèl, mwen pa ka ede men konte kantite nwa ak ki pa blan ki nan chanm nan [...] mwen te toujou kapab konte sou dwèt yon sèl men kantite moun ki pa blan yo.}}

Li se youn nan manm [[Kolektif 50/50]]&lt;ref&gt;{{Web link|language=fr|title=Envite: nou pale de egalite nan sinema ak Rebecca Zlotowski, Aissa Maiga ak Harold Valentin - Quotidien ak Yann Barthès {{!}} TMC|url=https://www.tf1.fr/tmc/quotidien-avec-yann-barthes/videos/invites-on-parle-egalite-femmes- hommes-avec-rebecca-zlotowski -aissa -maiga-et-harold-valentin-70828228.html|site=MYTF1|konsilte sou=2020-04-05}}&lt;/ref&gt;.

Aïssa Maïga tou se manm komite direktè a depi 2019&lt;ref&gt;{{Web link|language=fr-FR|title=Klib la {{s-|XXI}} gen yon komite direktè|url=http:// club21siecle.org/2019/04/15/club-xxie-siecle-se-dote-dun-comite-dorientation/|site=Club {{s-|XXI}}|date=2019-04-15|accessed on=2020-05-11}}&lt;/ref&gt; nan [[Club XXIe siècle|Club {{s-|XXI}}]], yon asosyasyon ki gen objektif se pwomosyon pozitif divèsite ak opòtinite egal-ego&lt;ref&gt;{{Lyen entènèt|language=fr-FR|title=Le Club|url=http://club21siecle.org/le-club/|site=Club {{s-|XXI}}|aksè nan=2020-05-11}}&lt; /ref&gt;. Nan {{dat-|Mas 2021}}, kòm yon ekstansyon nan refleksyon li sou diskriminasyon aktris nwa yo soufri ak liv kolektif ''[[Black is not my profession]]'', Aïssa Maïga ko-dirije ak Isabelle Simeoni. fim dokimantè ''[[Regard noir]]''&lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;ref&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt;{{Atik|periodique=madame.lefigaro.fr|otè=Marilyne Letertre|tit=Aktris Aïssa Maïga poze &quot;Regard noir&quot; li sou sinema|dat=Mas 6, 2021|accessed on=8 Mas 2021}}&lt;/ref&gt;.

== Zèv li yo ==
=== Sinema ===
==== Fim ====
* [[1996]] : ''[[Saraka bô]]'' de [[Denis Amar]] : ''Danièle''
* [[1999]] : ''[[Jonas et Lila, à demain]]'' d'[[Alain Tanner]] : ''Lila''
* [[2000]] : ''[[Marie-Line]]'' de [[Mehdi Charef]] : ''Malika''
* [[2000]] : ''[[Lise et André]]'' de [[Denis Dercourt]] : ''Esther''
* [[2001]] : ''[[Voyage à Ouaga]]'' de [[Camille Mouyeké]] : Loutaya
* [[2001]] : ''[[Les Baigneuses]]'' de [[Viviane Candas]] : Sè Rita
* [[2003]] : ''[[Rien que du bonheur]]'' de [[Denis Parent]] : sèvant
* [[2003]] : ''[[Mes enfants ne sont pas comme les autres]]'' de [[Denis Dercourt]] : Myriam
* [[2004]] : ''[[L'un reste, l'autre part]]'' de [[Claude Berri]] : Farida
* [[2004]] : ''[[Les Poupées russes (fim)|Les Poupées Russes]]'' de [[Cédric Klapisch]] : Kassia
* [[2005]] : ''[[Caché]]'' de [[Michael Haneke]] : Chantal
* [[2005]] : ''[[Une famille parfaite]]'' de [[Pierre Trividic]] : Martha
* [[2006]] : ''[[Je vais bien, ne t'en fais pas (fim)|Je vais bien, ne t'en fais pas]]'' de [[Philippe Lioret]] : Léa
* [[2006]] : ''[[Bamako (fim)|Bamako]]'' d'[[Abderrahmane Sissako]] : Mélé
* [[2006]] : ''[[Prête-moi ta main]]'' d'[[Éric Lartigau]] : Kirsten
* [[2007]] : ''[[L'Âge d'homme... maintenant ou jamais !]]'' de [[Raphaël Fejtö]] : Tina
* [[2008]] : ''[[Bianco e nero]]'' de [[Cristina Comencini]] : Nadine
* [[2008]] : ''[[Les Insoumis]]'' de [[Claude-Michel Rome]] : Kathia
* [[2009]] : ''[[Diamant 13]]'' de [[Gilles Béhat|Gilles Béat]] : Farida
* [[2010]] : ''[[Ensemble, c'est trop]]'' de [[Léa Fazer]] : Clémentine
* [[2010]] : ''[[Le temps de la kermesse est terminé]]'' de [[Frédéric Chignac]] : Martina
* [[2011]] : ''[[L'Avocat (fim, 2011)|L'Avocat]]'' de [[Cédric Anger]] : Eve
* [[2011]] : ''[[Mineurs 27]]'' de [[Tristan Aurouet]] : manman Wilson
* [[2012]] : ''[[Sur la piste du Marsupilami]]'' d'[[Alain Chabat]] : Clarisse Iris
* [[2012]] : ''[[Aujourd'hui (fim)|Aujourd'hui]]'' de [[Alain Gomis]] : Nella
* [[2013]] : ''[[L'Écume des jours (fim, 2013)|L'Écume des jours]]'' de [[Michel Gondry]] : Alise
* [[2013]] : ''[[Prêt à tout (fim)|Prêt à tout]]'' de [[Nicolas Cuche]] : Alice
* [[2013]] : ''[[Aya de Yopougon (fim)|Aya de Yopougon]]'' de [[Marguerite Abouet]] ak [[Clément Oubrerie]] : Aya (vwa)
* [[2016]] : ''[[Bienvenue à Marly-Gomont]]'' de [[Julien Rambaldi]] : Anne Zantoko
* [[2016]] : ''[[Corniche Kennedy (fim)|Corniche Kennedy]]'' de [[Dominique Cabrera]] : Awa
* [[2016]] : ''[[Rupture pour tous]]'' d'[[Eric Capitaine]] : Léane
* [[2017]] : ''[[Il a déjà tes yeux]]'' de [[Lucien Jean-Baptiste]] : Salimata Aloka
* [[2019]] : ''[[Comatose (fim)|Comatose]]'' de [[Mickey Madoda Dube]] : ''Nandi''
* [[2019]] : ''[[Le Garçon qui dompta le vent]]'' (''The Boy who harnessed the Wind)'' de [[Chiwetel Ejiofor]] : Agnès Kankwamba
* [[2019]] : ''[[Mon frère (fim, 2019)|Mon frère]]'' de [[Julien Abraham]] : Claude

==== Kout fim ====
* [[2005]] : ''[[Paris, je t'aime]]'', segman ''[[Place des Fêtes (Paris)|Place des fêtes]]'' d'[[Oliver Schmitz]] : Sophie
* [[2006]] : ''[[Mamadou il est où ?]]'' de [[Khady N'Diaye]] : Mariettou
* [[2006]] : ''[[Caracasse]]'' de [[Ismael El Iraki]]
* [[2011]] : ''[[Dédicace]]'' d'[[Olivier Chrétien]] : Élise

=== Televizyon ===
* [[2000]] : ''[[Les Cordier, juge et flic]]'', epizòd ''Adieu Mulet'' de [[Gilles Behat]] : Aline
* [[2002]] : ''[[Caméra Café (seri, 2001)|Caméra Café]]'', Sezon 2, epizòd ''Violette'' : Violette
* [[2003]] : ''[[Commissaire Moulin]]'' : Série noire : Dolly
* [[2008]] : ''[[Sexe, gombo et beurre salé]]'' de [[Mahamat-Saleh Haroun]] : Amina
* [[2009]] : ''[[Quand la ville mord]]'', koleksyon [[Suite noire]], de [[Dominique Cabrera]]
* [[2009]] : ''[[Pas de toit sans moi]]'' de [[Guy Jacques]] : Ashanti
* [[2012]] : ''[[Toussaint Louverture (fim)|Toussaint Louverture]]'' de [[Philippe Niang]] : Suzanne
* [[2013]] : ''[[Mortel été]]'' de [[Denis Malleval]] : Julie
* [[2016]] : ''[[Mystère à la Tour Eiffel]]'' de [[Léa Fazer]] : Henriette
* [[2017]] : ''[[Le rêve français]]'' de [[Christian Faure (reyalizatè)|Christian Faure]] : Doris

=== Teyat ===
* [[2004]] : ''Brooklyn Boy'' de [[Donald Margulies]], metè an sèn [[Michel Fagadau]]
* [[2011]] : ''Les Grandes Personnes'' de [[Marie NDiaye]], metè an sèn [[Christophe Perton]]
* [[2015]] : ''Des gens biens'' de David Lindsay-Abaire, metè an sèn Anne Bourgeois

== Piblikasyon ==
* {{cite book |id  =| author  =[[Aïssa Maïga]] (dir.) ak [[Nadège Beausson-Diagne]] - [[Mata Gabin]] - [[Maïmouna Gueye]] - [[Eye Haïdara]] - [[Rachel Khan]] - [[Sara Martins]] - [[Marie-Philomène Nga]] - [[Sabine Pakora]] - [[Firmine Richard]] - [[Sonia Rolland]] - [[Magaajyia Silberfeld]] - [[Shirley Souagnon]] - [[Assa Sylla]] - [[Karidja Touré]] - [[France Zobda]]| title =Noire n'est pas mon métier |url =https://archive.org/details/isbn_9782021401196| editor  = [[Éditions du Seuil]]| location        = Pari | date= 3 me 2018 | isbn = 978-2021401196| pages = 128| lire en ligne = }}

== Referans ==
{{referans}}

== Lyen deyò ==
* [http://www.imdb.com/name/nm0563740/ Aïssa Maïga] sou IMDb

{{DEFAULTSORT:Maïga, Aïssa}}
[[Kategori:Moun]]
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[[Kategori:Aktè]]
[[Kategori:Aktè sinema]]
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[[Kategori:Aktè franse]]
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    <title>Mata Gabin</title>
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      <comment>Add 1 book for [[Wikipedya:Verifyabilite]] (20260817)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]]</comment>
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'''Mata Gabin''', ki fèt an [[29 fevriye]] [[1972]] nan [[Toulepleu]] ([[Kòt divwa]]), se yon [[Aktè|aktris]] ak [[ekriven]] [[Frans|fransèz]].

== Biyografi ==

== Zèv li yo ==
=== Sinema ===
==== Fim ====
* [[2000]] : ''[[Lumumba (fim)|Lumumba]]'' de [[Raoul Peck]] : Hélène Bijou
* [[2002]] : ''[[Mama Aloko]]'' de [[Jean Odoutan]] : Eve
* [[2003]] : ''[[Monsieur Ibrahim et les Fleurs du Coran (film)|Monsieur Ibrahim et les Fleurs du Coran]]'' de [[François Dupeyron]] : Fatou
* [[2004]] : ''[[La Valse des gros derrières]]'' de [[Jean Odoutan]] : Akwélé
* [[2006]] : ''[[L'Année suivante]]'' d'[[Isabelle Czajka]]
* [[2008]] : ''[[Aide-toi, le ciel t'aidera (fim)|Aide-toi, le ciel t'aidera]]'' de [[François Dupeyron]] : Marijo
* [[2009]] : ''[[Black (fim, 2009)|Black]]'' de [[Pierre Laffargue]] : Fatoumata
* [[2009]] : ''[[La Première Étoile (fim)|La Première Étoile]]'' de [[Lucien Jean-Baptiste]] : Kliyan nan salon kwafi 
* [[2012]] : ''[[Bye Bye Blondie (fim)|Bye Bye Blondie]]'' de [[Virginie Despentes]] : sèvant
* [[2012]] : ''[[Par amour (fim, 2012)|Par amour]]'' de [[Laurent Firode]] : Elisabeth
* [[2014]] : ''[[Des étoiles]]'' de [[Dyana Gaye]] : Rose
* [[2016]] : ''[[Bienvenue à Marly-Gomont]]'' de [[Julien Rambaldi]] : Mado
* [[2018]] : ''[[Moi et le Che]]'' de [[Patrice Gautier]]
==== Kout fim ====
* [[1997]] : ''[[U.Man]]'' de [[Julien Dajez]]
* [[2002]] : ''[[Georges chez les tops]]'' d'[[Olivier Chrétien]]
* [[2003]] : ''[[Dyschromie (fim)|Dyschromie]]'' de [[Julien Bossé]]
* [[2005]] : ''[[La Barrière des préjugés]]'' de [[Foued Mansour]] ak [[Luc Saint-Eloy]] : Virginie
* [[2007]] : ''[[Chat!]]'' d'[[Anders Skog]] : madanm Nkruma
* [[2007]] : ''[[Déjà vu (fim, 2007)|Déjà vu]]'' de [[Guillaume Bonnier]] : Fatou
* [[2008]] : ''[[Expectations]]'' de [[Mahamat Saleh Haroun]]
* [[2009]] : ''[[Machination]]'' d'[[Arnaud Demanche]] : Sista
* [[2009]] : ''[[Plan Cul]]'' d'[[Olivier Nicklaus]] : Mata
* [[2010]] : ''[[La Métaphore du manioc]]'' de [[Lionel Meta]]
* [[2010]] : ''[[Nola (fim)|Nola]]'' d'[[Askia Traoré]]
* [[2019]] : ''[[Mama Lova (fim)|Mama Lova]]'' de [[Jeff Taver]]
* [[2019]] : ''[[La Balance (fim)|La Balance]]'' de [[Jeff Taver]]

=== Televizyon ===
==== Fim televizyon ====
* [[1997]] : ''[[La Cité des alouettes]]'' de [[Luc Béraud]] : Yassa
* [[2001]] : ''[[Les P'tits gars Ladouceur]]'' de [[Luc Béraud]] : Infirmière
* [[2002]] : ''[[Angelina (fim, 2002)|Angelina]]'' de [[Claude d'Anna]]
* [[2006]] : ''[[Lettres de la mer rouge]]'' d'[[Emmanuel Caussé]] ak [[Éric Martin (réalisateur)|Éric Martin]] : Fatouma
* [[2008]] : ''[[Sexe, gombo et beurre salé]]'' de [[Mahamat Saleh Haroun]] : Hortense
* [[2008]] : ''[[La Mort dans l'île]]'' de [[Philippe Setbon]] : jij Rorcher
* [[2010]] : ''[[Kennedys Hirn]]'' d'[[Urs Egger]] : Lucinda

==== Seri televizyon ====
* [[2004]] : ''[[PJ (seri)|PJ]]'' : Sabine Amoris
* [[2007]] : ''[[Greco (seri)|Greco]]'' : Arleth Shenge
* [[2008]] : ''[[Scénarios contre les discriminations]]''
* [[2008]] : ''[[Groupe flag]]'' : Sandy
* [[2008]] : ''[[Femmes de loi]]'' : Rose Decastel
* [[2010]] : ''[[Sœur Thérèse.com]]'' : jij la
* [[2010]] : ''[[Julie Lescaut]]'' : Claude Kalou
* [[2010]] : ''[[Victoire Bonnot]]'' : Pwofesè lang franse
* [[2011]] : ''[[Les Petits Meurtres d'Agatha Christie]]'' : Esméralda
* [[2011]]-[[2012]] : ''[[Deux flics sur les docks]]'' : Komisè divizyonè Lucie Dardenne
* [[2015]] : ''[[Accusé (seri)|Accusé]]'' : Catherine
* [[2020]] : ''[[Opéra La Série (seri)|Opéra La Série]]'' : Annette Soumaré

== Piblikasyon ==
* {{cite book |id  =| author  =[[Aïssa Maïga]] (dir.) ak [[Nadège Beausson-Diagne]] - [[Mata Gabin]] - [[Maïmouna Gueye]] - [[Eye Haïdara]] - [[Rachel Khan]] - [[Sara Martins]] - [[Marie-Philomène Nga]] - [[Sabine Pakora]] - [[Firmine Richard]] - [[Sonia Rolland]] - [[Magaajyia Silberfeld]] - [[Shirley Souagnon]] - [[Assa Sylla]] - [[Karidja Touré]] - [[France Zobda]]| title =Noire n'est pas mon métier |url =https://archive.org/details/isbn_9782021401196| editor  = [[Éditions du Seuil]]| location        = Pari | date= 3 me 2018 | isbn = 978-2021401196| pages = 128| lire en ligne = }}

== Referans ==
{{referans}}

== Lyen deyò ==
* [http://www.imdb.com/name/nm1096755/ Mata Gabin] sou IMDb

{{DEFAULTSORT:Gabin, Mata}}
[[Kategori:Moun]]
[[Kategori:Fanm]]
[[Kategori:Aktè]]
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    <title>Sabine Pakora</title>
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'''Sabine Pakora''' se yon aktris [[Frans|franse]], orijin [[Kòt divwa|ivwaryèn]]&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web
|url=http://www.rfi.fr/hebdo/20141024-cinema-sabine-pakora-actrice-noire-samba-dance-cote-ivoire-france
|title=Sabine Pakora, actrice noire et «périphérique»|date=24 oktòb 2014|publisher=rfi.fr}}&lt;/ref&gt;.
== Biyografi ==
== Zèv li yo ==
=== Sinema ===
* 2011 : ''[[Les Contes de la nuit (fim, 2011)|Les Contes de la nuit]]'' de [[Michel Ocelot]] : La Cultivatrice / Cuisinière
* 2012 : ''[[Kirikou et les Hommes et les Femmes]]'' de [[Michel Ocelot]] : La Femme Forte / Neutre
* 2012 : ''Stalingrad Lovers'' de [[Fleur Albert]] : Usager du Ghetto
* 2012 : ''Vole comme un papillon'' de Jérôme Maldhé : Jahia
* 2013 : ''[[Aya de Yopougon (fim)|Aya de Yopougon]]'' de [[Marguerite Abouet]] &amp; [[Clément Oubrerie]] : Koro / Modestine
* 2013 : ''[[Des étoiles]]'' de [[Dyana Gaye]] : Fanta
* 2014 : ''[[Samba (fim, 2014)|Samba]]'' de [[Éric Toledano]] ak [[Olivier Nakache]] : Gracieuse 
* 2014 : ''[[Les Trois Frères : Le Retour]]'' des [[Les Inconnus|Inconnus]] : Infirmière
* 2014 : ''[[1001 grammes]]'' de [[Bent Hamer]] : Observatris
* 2015 : ''[[La Dernière Leçon]]'' de [[Pascale Pouzadoux]] : Victoria
* 2015 : ''[[La Fille du patron]]'' d'[[Olivier Loustau]] : Gladys
* 2015 : ''[[Papa Lumière]]'' d'Ada Loueilh : La matrone
* 2016 : ''[[Orpheline]]'' d'[[Arnaud des Pallières]] : Gadyèn prizon
* 2016 : ''[[Dieumerci !]]'' de [[Lucien Jean-Baptiste]] : Pwostitye
* 2017 : ''[[De plus belle]]'' d'[[Anne-Gaëlle Daval]] : Sabine
* 2017 : ''[[Il a déjà tes yeux]]'' de [[Lucien Jean-Baptiste]] : Madanm Diakité
* 2017 : ''[[Telle mère, telle fille (film)|Telle mère, telle fille]]'' de [[Noémie Saglio]] : Justine
* 2017 : ''[[La Deuxième Étoile]]'' de [[Lucien Jean-Baptiste]] : Marie-Jo
* 2018 : ''[[Love Addict (film)|Love Addict]]'' de Frank Bellocq : Fanm marabou
* 2018 : ''[[La Fête des mères (fim, 2018)|La Fête des mères]]'' de [[Marie-Castille Mention-Schaar]]
* 2018 : ''[[Je vais mieux]]'' de [[Jean-Pierre Améris]]
* 2018 : ''[[Black Snake]]'' de [[Thomas N'Gijol]] ak [[Karole Rocher]]
* 2018 : ''Sun'' de Jonathan Desoindre

=== Televizyon ===
* 2011 : ''[[Le Jour où tout a basculé]]''  de Thierry Esteves Pinto : Alimata
* 2012 : ''[[Passage du désir]]'' (fim) de [[Jérôme Foulon (sineyas)|Jérôme Foulon]] : Aduna
* 2013 : ''[[WorkinGirls]]'' de Sylvain Fusée : Corinne
* 2014 : ''[[Lascars (seri, 2012)|Lascars]]'' de [[Barthélemy Grossmann]] : Madame Traore
* 2014 : ''[[Profilage (seri)|Profilage]]'' de Julien Despaux : Nounou 2
* 2014 : ''[[Ma pire angoisse]]'' de Vladimir Rodionov : La douanière
* 2015 : ''[[Ainsi soient-ils]]'' de [[Rodolphe Tissot]] : Fatou
=== Kout fim ===
* 2014 : ''Assemblée générale'' de [[Luc Moullet]] : Madanm Dupont
* 2015 : ''Alice'' de Ronan Denecé ak [[Jean-Baptiste Legrand]] : Christine
=== Teyat ===
* 2006-2007 : ''Outre-ciel'' de [[Gustave Akakpo]], mise en scène d'Anne Sylvie Meyza ak Luis Marqués
* 2007 : ''[[Don Giovanni]]'' de [[Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart]], mise en scène de [[Michael Haneke]]
* 2007 : ''[[Kirikou et Karaba]]'' de [[Michel Ocelot]], mise en scène de [[Wayne McGregor]]
* 2008 : ''[[La Dispute (Marivaux)|La Dispute]]'' de [[Pierre de Marivaux]], mise en scène de Nicolas Gros
* 2008 : ''Paradis'' de [[José Montalvo]], mise en scène de [[José Montalvo]] &amp; [[Dominique Hervieu]]
* 2009 : ''Une Iliade'' de [[René Zahnd]], mise en scène de [[Hassane Kassi Kouyaté]]
* 2009 : ''Doute'' de [[John Patrick Shanley]], mise en scène de Véronique Fauconnet
* 2009 : ''Juste une Ombre au Tableau'' de [[Laurent Contamin]], mise en scène de Jérôme Varanfrain
* 2010 : ''[[Porgy and Bess]]'' de [[George Gershwin]], mise en scène de [[José Montalvo]] ak [[Dominique Hervieu]]
* 2010 : ''[[Tabataba]]'' de [[Bernard-Marie Koltès]], mise en scène de Félix Blottian
* 2011 : ''[[Les Nègres]]'' de [[Jean Genet]], mise en scène de Françoise de Salle
* 2011 : ''[[Les Troyennes]]'' d'[[Euripide]], mise en scène de Laurence Bourdil
* 2012 : ''Odyssées'' de [[Gustave Akakpo]], mise en scène de Michel Burstin
* 2013 : ''Don Quichotte du Trocadéro'' de [[José Montalvo]], mise en scène de [[José Montalvo]]

== Piblikasyon ==
* {{cite book |id  =| author  =[[Aïssa Maïga]] (dir.) ak [[Nadège Beausson-Diagne]] - [[Mata Gabin]] - [[Maïmouna Gueye]] - [[Eye Haïdara]] - [[Rachel Khan]] - [[Sara Martins]] - [[Marie-Philomène Nga]] - [[Sabine Pakora]] - [[Firmine Richard]] - [[Sonia Rolland]] - [[Magaajyia Silberfeld]] - [[Shirley Souagnon]] - [[Assa Sylla]] - [[Karidja Touré]] - [[France Zobda]]| title =Noire n'est pas mon métier |url =https://archive.org/details/isbn_9782021401196| editor  = [[Éditions du Seuil]]| location = Pari | date= 3 me 2018 | isbn = 978-2021401196| pages = 128| lire en ligne = }}
== Referans ==
{{referans}}

== Lyen deyò ==
* [http://www.imdb.com/name/nm4399136/ Sabine Pakora] sou IMDb

{{DEFAULTSORT:Pakora, Sabine}}
[[Kategori:Moun]]
[[Kategori:Fanm]]
[[Kategori:Aktè]]
[[Kategori:Aktè sinema]]
[[Kategori:Aktè televizyon]]
[[Kategori:Aktè teyat]]
[[Kategori:Aktè franse]]
[[Kategori:Nesans nan lane 1974]]</text>
      <sha1>t22j5dvokyeouwhh5bpl5regr42kd5w</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Eye Haïdara</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>66871</id>
    <revision>
      <id>888079</id>
      <parentid>808197</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-08-17T19:18:06Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>InternetArchiveBot</username>
        <id>25431</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Add 1 book for [[Wikipedya:Verifyabilite]] (20260817)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]]</comment>
      <origin>888079</origin>
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      <text bytes="2075" sha1="kszz3opnaymhe5xtz1hqr30i9eh5dmt" xml:space="preserve">'''Eye Haïdara''', ki fèt an [[7 mas]] [[1983]] nan [[Boulogne-Billancourt]], se yon aktris [[Frans|fransèz]].
== Biyografi ==
== Zèv li yo ==
* 2006 : ''[[Regarde-moi (fim, 2007)|Regarde-moi]]'' d'[[Audrey Estrougo]] : Fatimata
* 2008 : ''[[Film Socialisme]]'' de [[Jean-Luc Godard]] : Jounalis FR3
* 2009 : ''[[Jimmy Rivière]]'' de [[Teddy Lussi-Modeste]] : Fatim
* 2010 : ''Mar Vivo'' de [[Cyril Brody]] : Lætitia
* 2010 : ''Implosion'' de [[Sören Voigt]] : Djamile
* 2014 : ''[[Les Gorilles (fim, 2015)|Les Gorilles]]'' de [[Tristan Aurouet]] : Linda
* 2015 : ''[[La Taularde]]'' d'[[Audrey Estrougo]] : Nato Kanté
* 2015 : ''[[Caramel surprise]]'' de [[Fairouz M'Siti]] : Mawena
* 2015 : ''[[Opération Comando]]''&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=Opération Commando - Box Productions|website=Box Productions|date=2 jen 2016|url=http://www.boxproductions.ch/fr/operation-commando-4/|access-date=6 oktòb 2016|archive-date=2016-10-10|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161010160815/http://www.boxproductions.ch/fr/operation-commando-4/|dead-url=yes}}&lt;/ref&gt; de [[Jan Carlewski]] : Eye
* [[2017]] : ''[[Le Sens de la fête]]'' d'[[Éric Toledano]] ak [[Olivier Nakache]] : Adèle
== Piblikasyon ==
* {{cite book |id  =| author  =[[Aïssa Maïga]] (dir.) ak [[Nadège Beausson-Diagne]] - [[Mata Gabin]] - [[Maïmouna Gueye]] - [[Eye Haïdara]] - [[Rachel Khan]] - [[Sara Martins]] - [[Marie-Philomène Nga]] - [[Sabine Pakora]] - [[Firmine Richard]] - [[Sonia Rolland]] - [[Magaajyia Silberfeld]] - [[Shirley Souagnon]] - [[Assa Sylla]] - [[Karidja Touré]] - [[France Zobda]]| title =Noire n'est pas mon métier |url =https://archive.org/details/isbn_9782021401196| editor  = [[Éditions du Seuil]]| location = Pari | date= 3 me 2018 | isbn = 978-2021401196| pages = 128| lire en ligne = }}
== Referans ==
{{referans}}

== Lyen deyò ==
* [http://www.imdb.com/name/nm2754446/ Eye Haïdara] sou IMDb

{{DEFAULTSORT:Haidara, Eye}}
[[Kategori:Moun]]
[[Kategori:Fanm]]
[[Kategori:Aktè]]
[[Kategori:Aktè sinema]]
[[Kategori:Aktè franse]]
[[Kategori:Nesans nan lane 1983]]</text>
      <sha1>kszz3opnaymhe5xtz1hqr30i9eh5dmt</sha1>
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  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Sara Martins</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>66872</id>
    <revision>
      <id>888139</id>
      <parentid>778934</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-08-17T20:02:52Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>InternetArchiveBot</username>
        <id>25431</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Add 1 book for [[Wikipedya:Verifyabilite]] (20260817)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]]</comment>
      <origin>888139</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
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      <text bytes="8484" sha1="0ogd00qobjojv19qs073u5vifrznutx" xml:space="preserve">{{moun
|non=Sara Martins
|foto=Cannes 2018 21 - Sara Martins (cropped).jpg
|tèks=Sara Martins (2018)
|fonksyon=aktris
|domèn=sinema, televizyon, teyat
|diplòm=
|etid=
|dat nesans=[[19 out]] [[1977]]
|lye nesans=[[Faro]]
|peyi nesans=[[Pòtigal]]
|dat lanmò=
|lye lanmò=
|peyi lanmò=
|nasyonalite= franse-pòtigè
|relijyon=
|rezidans=
|kontak=
|Biyografi=
|zèv=
|omaj=
|rekonpans=
|remak=
|fim=
}}
'''Sara Martins''', ki fèt an [[19 out]] [[1977]] nan [[Faro]] ([[Pòtigal]]), se yon aktris [[Frans|fransèz]]-[[Pòtigal|pòtigèz]].
== Biyografi ==
== Zèv li yo ==
=== Sinema ===
* [[2002]] : ''[[Merguez, panini, kebab, jambon-beurre]]'' de [[Stéphanie Aubriot]] ak [[Nicolas Acker]] (kout fim)
* [[2003]] : ''[[Les Amateurs]]'' de [[Martin Valente]] : Maya
* [[2003]] : ''[[Ne quittez pas !]]'' d'[[Arthur Joffé]] : La réceptionniste de l'hôtel
* [[2005]] : ''[[Dans tes rêves]]'' de [[Denys Thybaud]] : La femme de Keuj
* [[2005]] : ''[[Bhaï bhaï]]'', kout fim [[Olivier Klein]] : Lola &quot;Bonnes vacances&quot;
* [[2006]] : ''[[Paris, je t'aime]]'' : ''[[Paris, je t'aime#17e arrondissement (Parc Monceau)|Parc Monceau]]'' d'[[Alfonso Cuarón]] : Sara &lt;small&gt;(seri 18 kout fim) &lt;/small&gt;
* [[2006]] : ''[[Mes copines]]'' de [[Sylvie Ayme]] : Shaheen
* [[2006]] : ''[[Enceinte jusqu'aux dents]]'', kout fim [[Marie Donnio]] : Ambre, la réalisatrice
* [[2006]] : ''[[J'invente rien]]'' de [[Michel Leclerc (reyalizatè)|Michel Leclerc]] : Suzanne
* [[2006]] : ''[[Le Botaniste]]'' de [[Francis Manceau]]
* [[2006]] : ''[[Ne le dis à personne (film)|Ne le dis à personne]]'' de [[Guillaume Canet]] : La copine de Bruno
* [[2006]] : ''[[Fragile(s)]]'' de [[Martin Valente]] : Sara
* [[2007]] : ''[[Autopsy (fim)|Autopsy]]'' de [[Jérôme Anger]] : Sarah
* [[2008]] : ''[[L'Heure d'été]]'' d'[[Olivier Assayas]] : L'attachée de presse
* [[2009]] : ''[[Après l'océan (fim)|Après l'océan]]'', reyalizatris [[Éliane de Latour]] : Olga
* [[2009]] : ''[[Orpailleur (fim)|Orpailleur]]'' de [[Marc Barrat]] : Yann
* [[2009]] : ''[[Le Concert (fim)|Le Concert]]'' de [[Radu Mihaileanu]] : La secrétaire d'Olivier Duplessis
* [[2009]] : ''[[Mensch]]'' de [[Steve Suissa]] : Héléna
* [[2010]] : ''[[Les Petits Mouchoirs]]'' de [[Guillaume Canet]] : Zanmi Marie
* [[2010]] : ''[[Toi, moi, les autres]]'' d'[[Audrey Estrougo]] : Serena
* [[2011]] : ''[[Profil non conforme]]'', kout fim [[Paul Menville]]
* [[2011]] : ''[[Last Blood]]'', kout fim [[Frédérick Vin]] : Vérité N'diaye
* [[2011]] : ''[[Le Marquis]]'' de [[Dominique Farrugia]] : Komandan Gilbert
* [[2013]] : ''[[Une idée en l'air]]'', court-métrage de Daniel Le Bras : Coralie
* [[2018]] : ''[[Voyez comme on danse (fim)|Voyez comme on danse]]'' de [[Michel Blanc]]

=== Televizyon ===
==== Fim televizyon ====
* [[2003]] : ''[[Par amour (fim)|Par amour]]'' d'[[Alain Tasma]] : Maria
* [[2005]] : ''[[Disparition (fim)|Disparition]]'' de [[Laurent Carcélès]] : Karine
* [[2006]] : ''[[Mer belle à agitée]]'' de [[Pascal Chaumeil]] : L'inspectrice du travail
* [[2007]] : ''[[Les Mariées de l'isle Bourbon]]'' d'[[Euzhan Palcy]] : Marie Gaudin
* [[2008]] : ''[[Belleville Tour]]'' de [[Zakia Bouchaala]] et [[Ahmed Bouchaala]] : Aline
* [[2008]] : ''[[La Veuve tatouée]]'' de [[Virginie Sauveur]] : Sylvie
* [[2010]] : ''[[Un divorce de chien]]'' de [[Lorraine Lévy]] : Elsa
* [[2011]] : ''[[Insoupçonnable (fim, 2011)|Insoupçonnable]]'' de [[Benoît d'Aubert]] : Julie
* [[2016]] : ''[[Meurtres en Martinique]]'' de [[Philippe Niang]] : Léna Valrose
* [[2017]] : ''[[Le poids des mensonges]]'' de [[Serge Meynard]] : Luisa Castelli
* [[2017]] : ''[[Parole contre parole]]'' de [[Didier Bivel]] : Anna
* [[2018]] : ''[[Un mensonge oublié]]'' d'[[Eric Duret]] : Carole

==== Seri televizyon ====
* [[2000]] : ''[[Police District]]'' : Julie &lt;small&gt;(1 épisode)&lt;/small&gt;
* [[2001]] : ''[[Maigret (seri, 1991)|Maigret]]'' : Jojo &lt;small&gt;(épisode 1.35 : ''[[Épisodes de Maigret (1991-2005)#Épisode 35 : Mon ami Maigret|Mon ami Maigret]]'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[2002]] : ''[[La Ligne noire (mini-série)|La Ligne noire]]'' &lt;small&gt;(mini-série)&lt;/small&gt; : Sandrine
* [[2003]] : ''[[Malone (seri)|Malone]]'' : Kif-Kif &lt;small&gt;(épisode 1.02 : ''Génération braqueurs'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[2004]] : ''[[Louis Page (seri)|Louis Page]]'' : Noémie &lt;small&gt;(épisode 1.11 : ''Affaires secrètes'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[2005]] : ''[[Le Proc]]'' : Virginie Desplat &lt;small&gt;(épisode 4 : ''[[Épisodes du Proc#Épisode 4 : Danger public|Danger Public]]'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[2005]] : ''[[Avocats et Associés]]'' : La juge Garnier &lt;small&gt;(épisode 13.06 : ''L'oiseau miteux'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[2006]] : ''[[Les Tricheurs (seri)|Les Tricheurs]]'' : Sophie Devailly
* [[2006]] : ''[[Les Bleus, premiers pas dans la police]]'' : Mathilde Forestier &lt;small&gt;(épisode pilote)&lt;/small&gt;
* [[2006]] : ''[[Les Secrets du volcan]]'' &lt;small&gt;(mini-série)&lt;/small&gt; : Jasmine Mahé
* [[2006]]-[[2008]] : ''[[PJ (seri)|PJ]]'' : Estelle, ex-femme du commandant Lukas &lt;small&gt;(récurrente saisons 10 à 12)&lt;/small&gt;
* [[2008]] : ''[[Merci, les enfants vont bien]]'' : Jeanne &lt;small&gt;(saison 4)&lt;/small&gt;
* [[2008]]-[[2009]] : ''[[Les Tricheurs (seri)|Les Tricheurs]]'' : Sophie Devailly
* [[2009]] : ''[[Pigalle, la nuit]]'' : Fleur
* [[2011]] : ''[[Signature (seri)|Signature]]'' : Hélène
* [[2011]]-[[2015]] : ''[[Meurtres au paradis]]'' : Sergent Camille Bordey &lt;small&gt;(saisons 1 à 4)&lt;/small&gt;
* [[2012]] : ''[[Caïn (seri)|Caïn]]'' : Barbara Simon &lt;small&gt;(épisode 1.02 : ''[[Saison 1 de Caïn#Épisode 2 : Justices|Justices]]'')&lt;/small&gt;
* [[2013]]-[[2014]] : ''[[Détectives (seri)|Détectives]]'' : Nora Abadie
* [[2015]] : ''[[La Loi d'Alexandre]]'' de [[Claude-Michel Rome]] : Sonia
* [[2016]] : ''[[Cherif (seri)|Cherif]]'' : Isabelle Vanier &lt;small&gt;(épisode 4.01 : jusqu'à ce que la mort nous sépare )&lt;/small&gt;
* [[2017]] : ''[[Capitaine Marleau|Capitaine Marleau : La mémoire enfouie]]'' de [[Josée Dayan]] : Irène Ruff
* [[2018]] : ''[[Alexandra Ehle]]'', kreye pa [[Elsa Marpeau]] : Diane Dhombres

=== Teyat ===
* [[1995]]-[[1997]] : ''Le Radeau de la Méduse'', texte et mise en scène [[Roger Planchon]] ([[Théâtre national populaire|TNP Villeurbanne]], [[Théâtre national de la Colline]])
* [[1997]] : ''[[Le Désir attrapé par la queue]]'' de [[Pablo Picasso]], mise en scène [[Olivier Rey (metteur en scène)|Olivier Rey]]
* [[1998]] : ''[[Le Misanthrope ou l'Atrabilaire amoureux]]'' de [[Molière]], mise en scène [[Fabrice Eberhard]]
* [[1998]] : ''[[Les Troyennes (Sénèque)|Les Troyennes]]'' de [[Sénèque]], mise en scène [[Francine Emery]]
* [[1998]] : ''[[Smack!]]'', comédie musicale mise en scène par [[Jean-Pierre Malignon]]
* [[2000]] : ''[[Cabaret de l'inventaire]]''
* [[2002]]-[[2003]] : ''[[Minetti]]'' de [[Thomas Bernhard]], mise en scène [[Claudia Stavisky]] ([[Festival d'Avignon]], [[Théâtre des Célestins]], [[Théâtre de la Ville]])
* [[2002]] : ''[[Au Monde comme n'y étant pas]]'', texte et mise en scène [[Olivier Py]] ([[Centre national de création d'Orléans]])
* [[2003]] : ''[[Le Costume (teyat)|Le Costume]]'' de [[Can Themba]], mise en scène [[Peter Brook]] ([[Théâtre de l'Œuvre]])
* [[2008]] : ''[[Les Trois Sœurs]]'' d'[[Anton Tchekhov]], mise en scène [[Patrick Pineau]]
* [[2012]] - [[2013]] : ''[[Race (teyat)|Race]]'' de [[David Mamet]], mise en scène [[Pierre Laville]] ([[Comédie des Champs-Élysées]], puis tournée)
* [[2018]] : ''La Collection'' de [[Harold Pinter]], mise en scène [[Thierry Harcourt]], [[théâtre de Paris]]
== Piblikasyon ==
* {{cite book |id  =| author  =[[Aïssa Maïga]] (dir.) ak [[Nadège Beausson-Diagne]] - [[Mata Gabin]] - [[Maïmouna Gueye]] - [[Eye Haïdara]] - [[Rachel Khan]] - [[Sara Martins]] - [[Marie-Philomène Nga]] - [[Sabine Pakora]] - [[Firmine Richard]] - [[Sonia Rolland]] - [[Magaajyia Silberfeld]] - [[Shirley Souagnon]] - [[Assa Sylla]] - [[Karidja Touré]] - [[France Zobda]]| title =Noire n'est pas mon métier |url =https://archive.org/details/isbn_9782021401196| editor  = [[Éditions du Seuil]]| location = Pari | date= 3 me 2018 | isbn = 978-2021401196| pages = 128| lire en ligne = }}
== Referans ==
{{referans}}

== Lyen deyò ==
* [http://www.imdb.com/name/nm0554120/ Sara Martins] sou IMDb

{{DEFAULTSORT:Martins, Sara}}
[[Kategori:Moun]]
[[Kategori:Fanm]]
[[Kategori:Aktè]]
[[Kategori:Aktè sinema]]
[[Kategori:Aktè televizyon]]
[[Kategori:Aktè teyat]]
[[Kategori:Aktè franse]]
[[Kategori:Nesans nan lane 1977]]</text>
      <sha1>0ogd00qobjojv19qs073u5vifrznutx</sha1>
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  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Assa Sylla</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>66873</id>
    <revision>
      <id>888119</id>
      <parentid>783922</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-08-17T19:45:57Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>InternetArchiveBot</username>
        <id>25431</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Add 1 book for [[Wikipedya:Verifyabilite]] (20260817)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]]</comment>
      <origin>888119</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
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      <text bytes="2563" sha1="dmdfqyr9jer7zbgsic9o2xuae2bt5p5" xml:space="preserve">{{moun
|non=Assa Sylla
|foto=Assa Sylla 2015.jpg
|tèks=Assa Sylla (2015)
|fonksyon=aktris
|domèn=sinema, televizyon
|diplòm=
|etid=
|dat nesans=[[3 jen]] [[1996]]
|lye nesans=[[Pari]]
|peyi nesans=[[Frans]]
|dat lanmò=
|lye lanmò=
|peyi lanmò=
|nasyonalite=franse
|relijyon=
|rezidans=
|kontak=
|Biyografi=
|zèv=
|omaj=
|rekonpans=
|remak=
|fim=
}}

'''Assa Sylla''', oubyen '''Assa Aïcha Sylla''', ki fèt [[3 jen]] [[1996]] nan [[Pari]] ([[Frans]]), se yon [[Aktè|aktris]] [[Frans|fransèz]].

== Biyografi ==

== Zèv li yo ==
=== Sinema ===
* [[2014]] : ''[[Bande de filles]]'' de [[Céline Sciamma]] : Sophie &quot;Lady&quot;
* [[2016]] : ''[[Verdon Secret]]'' de [[François Bertrand (reyalizatè)|François Bertrand]] : Clara
* [[2017]] : ''[[C'est beau la vie quand on y pense]]'' de [[Gérard Jugnot]] : jèn fanm nan site a
* [[2017]] : ''[[Lola Pater]]'' de [[Nadir Moknèche]] : Caroline
* [[2017]] : ''[[La Vie de château (fim, 2017)|La Vie de château]]'' de [[Modi Barry]] ak [[Cédric Ido]] : yon fanm

=== Televizyon ===
* [[2014]] : ''[[Danbé, la tête haute]]'' de [[Bourlem Guerdjou]] (fim) : Aya a laj 16 zan
* [[2015]] : ''[[Falco (seri)|Falco]]'' de [[Julien Despaux]] (seri) : Jennifer
* [[2018]]-[[2020]] : ''[[Skam France/Belgique|Skam]]'' : Imane Bakhellal
* 2019 : ''[[Mortel (seri)|Mortel]]'' (seri [[Netflix]]) : Nora

=== Kout ak mwayen fim ===
* [[2016]] : ''[[Verdon secret]]'' de François Bertrand : Clara
* [[2016]] : ''Na tout pour elle'' de Djigui Diarra : Aminata
* [[2018]] : ''Bleu Reine'' de Sarah Al Atassi : Nina

=== Webseri ===
* [[2019]] : ''[[Golden (Golden Moustache)|Golden Moustache]]'', epizòd ''Le Nouveau Don Juan''

== Piblikasyon ==
* {{cite book |id  =| author  =[[Aïssa Maïga]] (dir.) ak [[Nadège Beausson-Diagne]] - [[Mata Gabin]] - [[Maïmouna Gueye]] - [[Eye Haïdara]] - [[Rachel Khan]] - [[Sara Martins]] - [[Marie-Philomène Nga]] - [[Sabine Pakora]] - [[Firmine Richard]] - [[Sonia Rolland]] - [[Magaajyia Silberfeld]] - [[Shirley Souagnon]] - [[Assa Sylla]] - [[Karidja Touré]] - [[France Zobda]]| title =Noire n'est pas mon métier |url =https://archive.org/details/isbn_9782021401196| editor  = [[Éditions du Seuil]]| location = Pari | date= 3 me 2018 | isbn = 978-2021401196| pages = 128| lire en ligne = }}
== Referans ==
{{referans}}

== Lyen deyò ==
* [http://www.imdb.com/name/nm6733166/ Assa Sylla] sou IMDb

{{DEFAULTSORT:Sylla, Assa}}
[[Kategori:Moun]]
[[Kategori:Fanm]]
[[Kategori:Aktè]]
[[Kategori:Aktè sinema]]
[[Kategori:Aktè televizyon]]
[[Kategori:Nesans nan lane 1996]]</text>
      <sha1>dmdfqyr9jer7zbgsic9o2xuae2bt5p5</sha1>
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  <page>
    <title>Karidja Touré</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>66874</id>
    <revision>
      <id>888095</id>
      <parentid>798217</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-08-17T19:26:49Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>InternetArchiveBot</username>
        <id>25431</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Add 1 book for [[Wikipedya:Verifyabilite]] (20260817)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]]</comment>
      <origin>888095</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
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      <text bytes="3040" sha1="19sgi7mpktqkgmftdae41pvp92w7r84" xml:space="preserve">{{moun
|non=Karidja Touré
|foto=Karidja Touré 2015 (cropped).jpg
|tèks=Karidja Touré (2015)
|fonksyon=aktris
|domèn=sinema
|diplòm=
|etid=
|dat nesans=[[14 fevriye]] [[1994]]
|lye nesans=[[Bondy]]
|peyi nesans=[[Frans]]
|dat lanmò=
|lye lanmò=
|peyi lanmò=
|nasyonalite=franse
|relijyon=
|rezidans=
|kontak=
|Biyografi=
|zèv=
|omaj=
|rekonpans=
|remak=
|fim=
}}

'''Karidja Touré''', ki fèt an [[14 fevriye]] [[1994]]&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web
|url=http://www.lescinevores.com/video-portrait-chinois-de-karidja-toure/
|title=Vidéo : portrait chinois de Karidja Touré !
|publisher=Les Cinévores}}.&lt;/ref&gt; nan [[Bondy]] ([[Frans]]), se yon [[Aktè|aktris]] [[Frans|franse]].

== Biyografi ==

== Zèv li yo ==
=== Sinema ===
* [[2014]] : ''[[Bande de filles]]'' de [[Céline Sciamma]] : Marieme / Vic
* [[2017]] : ''[[Sage Femme (fim)|Sage Femme]]'' de [[Martin Provost]] : Madanm Naja
* 2017 : ''[[La Colle (fim)|La Colle]]'' d'[[Alexandre Castagnetti]] : Leila
* 2017 : ''[[Skokan]]'' de [[Petr Václav]]
* 2017 : ''[[Ce qui nous lie]]'' de [[Cédric Klapisch]] : Lina
* 2017 : ''[[Au bout des doigts]]'' de [[Ludovic Bernard]] : Anna
* [[2018]] : ''[[Tamara 2]]'' d'[[Alexandre Castagnetti]]
* 2018 : ''[[L'échappée (fim)|L'échappée]]'' de [[Mathias Pardo]]
* [[2020]] : ''[[Tout nous sourit]]'' de [[Mélissa Drigeard]] : Yseult
* [[2022]] : ''[[Ima (fim)|Ima]]'' de [[Nils Tavernier]]

=== Videyoklip ===
* [[2015]] : ''Jeune'' de [[Louane]]&lt;ref&gt;{{fr}} {{cite web
|url=https://www.closermag.fr/teen/louane-retrouve-sa-copine-karidja-toure-sur-le-tournage-du-clip-jeune-video-529111
|title=Louane retrouve sa copine Karidja Touré sur le tournage du clip &quot;Jeune&quot; (vidéo)
|author=Ruben Vanyper
|website=closermag.fr
|date=23 jen 2015}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* [[2020]] : ''[[Jolie nana]]'' d'[[Aya Nakamura]]&lt;ref&gt;{{fr}} {{cite web |title=Aya Nakamura invite Camille Lellouche et Karidja Touré dans son nouveau clip |url=https://www.huffingtonpost.fr/entry/aya-nakamura-invite-camille-lellouche-karidja-toure-nouveau-clip_fr_5f11c0f2c5b6d14c33668760 |publisher=Le HuffPost|website=huffingtonpost.fr |date=17 jiyè 2020|accessdate=17 jiyè 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Piblikasyon ==
* {{cite book |id  =| author  =[[Aïssa Maïga]] (dir.) ak [[Nadège Beausson-Diagne]] - [[Mata Gabin]] - [[Maïmouna Gueye]] - [[Eye Haïdara]] - [[Rachel Khan]] - [[Sara Martins]] - [[Marie-Philomène Nga]] - [[Sabine Pakora]] - [[Firmine Richard]] - [[Sonia Rolland]] - [[Magaajyia Silberfeld]] - [[Shirley Souagnon]] - [[Assa Sylla]] - [[Karidja Touré]] - [[France Zobda]]| title =Noire n'est pas mon métier |url =https://archive.org/details/isbn_9782021401196| editor  = [[Éditions du Seuil]]| location = Pari | date= 3 me 2018 | isbn = 978-2021401196| pages = 128| lire en ligne = }}
== Referans ==
{{referans}}

== Lyen deyò ==
* [http://www.imdb.com/name/nm6414713/ Karidja Touré] sou IMDb

{{DEFAULTSORT:Touré, Karidja}}
[[Kategori:Moun]]
[[Kategori:Fanm]]
[[Kategori:Aktè]]
[[Kategori:Aktè sinema]]
[[Kategori:Aktè franse]]
[[Kategori:Nesans nan lane 1994]]</text>
      <sha1>19sgi7mpktqkgmftdae41pvp92w7r84</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Shirley Souagnon</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>66875</id>
    <revision>
      <id>888087</id>
      <parentid>708828</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-08-17T19:22:38Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>InternetArchiveBot</username>
        <id>25431</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Add 1 book for [[Wikipedya:Verifyabilite]] (20260817)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]]</comment>
      <origin>888087</origin>
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      <text bytes="2129" sha1="hwofnyjv7hbpelv59za5nf4r65hmdkz" xml:space="preserve">'''Shirley Souagnon''' se yon aktris ak imoris [[France|fransèz]] ki fèt nan [[Clichy]] an [[3 oktòb]] [[1986]]&lt;ref name=&quot;presse&quot;&gt;[http://www.shirleysouagnon.com Page &quot;Biographie&quot; et Dossier de presse sur son site internet]&lt;/ref&gt;{{,}}&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.africultures.com/php/index.php?nav=personne&amp;no=23280 Shirley SOUAGNON] sou africultures.com&lt;/ref&gt;.
== Biyografi ==
== Zèv li yo ==
=== Televizyon ===
* [[2009]] : ''[[Pliés en 4]]'' présenté par [[Cyril Hanouna]] sou [[France 4]]
* [[2010]] - [[2012]] : ''[[On n'demande qu'à en rire]]'' prezante pa [[Laurent Ruquier]] sou [[France 2]]
* [[2012]] : ''[[Jamel Comedy Club]]'' prezante pa [[Jamel Debbouze]] sou [[Canal+]]
* [[2012]] : ''[[Bref. (seri)|Bref]]'' de [[Kyan Khojandi]] 
* [[2012]] : ''[[Fidèles au poste !]]'' prezante pa [[Bruno Guillon]] sou [[France 4]] 
* [[2013]] : ''Et ça vous amuse ?'', sou [[RTL9]]
* [[2014]] : ''[[Engrenages (seri)|Engrenages]]'' (sezon 5) sou [[Canal+]]
* [[2015]] : ''Mieux vaut en rire'' sou [[France Ô]]
* [[2015]] : ''[[Cut !]] sou  [[France Ô]]''
* 2016 : ''FREE! the one woman funky show'' sou [[France Ô]]
* 2016 : Shirley Souagnon Show sou Afrostream.tv&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web
|title=afrostream|url=afrostream.tv}}&lt;/ref&gt;
== Piblikasyon ==
* {{cite book |id  =| author  =[[Aïssa Maïga]] (dir.) ak [[Nadège Beausson-Diagne]] - [[Mata Gabin]] - [[Maïmouna Gueye]] - [[Eye Haïdara]] - [[Rachel Khan]] - [[Sara Martins]] - [[Marie-Philomène Nga]] - [[Sabine Pakora]] - [[Firmine Richard]] - [[Sonia Rolland]] - [[Magaajyia Silberfeld]] - [[Shirley Souagnon]] - [[Assa Sylla]] - [[Karidja Touré]] - [[France Zobda]]| title =Noire n'est pas mon métier |url =https://archive.org/details/isbn_9782021401196| editor  = [[Éditions du Seuil]]| location = Pari | date= 3 me 2018 | isbn = 978-2021401196| pages = 128| lire en ligne = }}
== Referans ==
{{referans}}

== Lyen deyò ==
* [http://www.imdb.com/name/nm6376300/ Shirley Souagnon] sou IMDb

{{DEFAULTSORT:Souagnon, Shirley}}
[[Kategori:Moun]]
[[Kategori:Fanm]]
[[Kategori:Aktè]]
[[Kategori:Aktè televizyon]]
[[Kategori:Aktè franse]]
[[Kategori:Nesans nan lane 1986]]</text>
      <sha1>hwofnyjv7hbpelv59za5nf4r65hmdkz</sha1>
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  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Nadège Beausson-Diagne</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>66877</id>
    <revision>
      <id>888071</id>
      <parentid>818795</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-08-17T19:10:07Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>InternetArchiveBot</username>
        <id>25431</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Add 1 book for [[Wikipedya:Verifyabilite]] (20260817)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]]</comment>
      <origin>888071</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
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      <text bytes="6765" sha1="ek4m2d2c5o6ckj84qcjnb7z9fraza4n" xml:space="preserve">{{moun
|non=Nadège Beausson-Diagne
|foto=Nad%C3%A8ge_Beausson_Diagne_(cropped).jpg
|tèks=Nadège Beausson-Diagne
|fonksyon=aktris, chantèz, kwonikèz
|domèn=sinema, televizyon, teyat
|diplòm=
|etid=
|dat nesans=[[18 jen]] [[1972]]
|lye nesans=[[Pari]]
|peyi nesans=[[Frans]]
|dat lanmò=
|lye lanmò=
|peyi lanmò=
|nasyonalite=franse
|relijyon=
|rezidans=
|kontak=
|Biyografi=
|zèv=
|omaj=
|rekonpans=
|remak=
|fim=
}}

'''Nadège Beausson-Diagne''', ki fèt [[18 jen]] [[1972]] nan [[Pari]] ([[Frans]]), se yon [[aktè|aktris]], [[chantè|chantèz]] ak [[kwonikè|kwonikèz]] [[televizyon]] [[Frans|franse]].&lt;ref&gt;{{fr}} {{cite web
|url=http://www.afrik.com/article8233.html
|title=Nadège Beausson-Diagne : du jeu et des actes
|author=Falila Gbadamassi
|publisher=
|website=afrik.com
|date=26 mas 2005
|access-date=27 mas 2009}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Biyografi ==

== Zèv li yo ==
=== Teyat ===                                                                                                       
* [[2000]] : ''Monsieur Amédée'' d'[[Alain Reynaud-Fourton]], metè an sèn [[Jean-Pierre Dravel]]  
* [[2003]] : ''La Femme Fantôme'' de Kay Ashead  
* [[2006]] : ''Le Bourgeois gentilhomme'' de [[Molière]], metè an sèn [[Alain Sachs]]
* [[2007]] : ''Le mari et la feuille'' de Louis Feyrabend
* [[2008]] : ''Open Bed'' de [[David Serrano]], metè an sèn [[Charlotte de Turckheim]], adaptasyon [[Laurent Ruquier]], [[Théâtre des Bouffes-Parisiens]]
* [[2011]]-[[2012]] : ''Lady Oscar'' : ''Camille'', avèk Amanda Lear. Adaptasyon pyès orijinal ''Oscar'' de 1958, metè an sèn Eric Cyvanyan.

=== Sinema ===
* [[1997]] : ''[[Alliance cherche doigt]]'' de [[Jean-Pierre Mocky]]
* [[2002]] : ''[[Décalage horaire (fim)|Décalage horaire]]'' de [[Danièle Thompson]] : yon pasajè nan Roissy
* [[2002]] : ''[[Les Couilles de l'éléphant]]'' (''Djogo'') de [[Henri-Joseph Koumba Bididi]]
* [[2002]] : ''[[La Chair est triste]]'' de [[Jérémie Nassif]] (kout fim)
* [[2003]] : ''[[Le Silence de la forêt]]'' de [[Bassek Ba Kobhio]] ak [[Didier Ouénangaré]]
* [[2003]] : ''[[Les Baigneuses]]'' de [[Viviane Candas]]
* [[2004]] : ''[[Podium (fim)|Podium]]'' de [[Yann Moix]]
* [[2006]] : ''[[Madame Irma (fim)|Madame Irma]]'' de [[Didier Bourdon]] : Sylvie
* [[2008]] : ''[[Comme les autres]]'' de [[Vincent Garenq]]
* [[2008]] : ''[[Agathe Cléry]]'' de [[Étienne Chatiliez|Étienne Chatilliez]]
* [[2008]] : ''[[Bienvenue chez les Ch'tis]]'' de [[Dany Boon]]
* [[2009]] : ''[[Film Socialisme]]'' de [[Jean-Luc Godard]]
* [[2011]] : ''[[Rien à déclarer]]'' de [[Dany Boon]]
* [[2012]] : ''[[Pauvre Richard (fim)|Pauvre Richard]]'' de [[Malik Chibane]]
* [[2016]] : ''[[Le Petit Locataire]]'' de [[Nadège Loiseau]]
* [[2017]] : ''[[Marie-Francine]]'' de [[Valérie Lemercier]]
* [[2017]] : ''[[Ôtez-moi d'un doute]]'' de [[Carine Tardieu]]
* [[2018]] : ''[[Brillantissime]]'' de [[Michèle Laroque]]
* [[2019]] : ''[[Deux moi]]'' de [[Cédric Klapisch]] : vwazin Rémy
* [[2020]] : ''[[Voir le jour]]'' de [[Marion Laine]] : Marie-Claude
* [[2021]] : ''[[Chère Léa]]'' de [[Jérôme Bonnell]] : Loubna
* 2021 : ''[[Regard noir]]'' d'[[Aïssa Maïga]] : li menm

=== Televizyon ===
==== Seri televizyon ====
* [[1998]]-[[1999]] : ''[[Commissaire Moulin]]'', sezon 4, epizòd 8 ''36 quai des ombres'', sezon 4, epizòd 11 ''Serial Killer''
* [[2000]] : ''[[Le G.R.E.C.]]'', 2 epizòd 
* [[2000]] : ''[[Un gars, une fille (seri, 1999)|Un gars, une fille]]'' 
* [[2002]] : ''La vie devant nous'' : Sandrine Lucas, sezon 1, epizòd 52
* [[2005]] : ''[[PJ (seri)|PJ]]'' : Tina, 12 epizòd
* [[2005]] : ''Groupe flag'' : mètrès
* 2005 : ''Les hommes de coeur'' : Karine
* [[2006]] : ''[[Commissaire Cordier]]'' : Véronique, sezon 1 epizòd 6 ''Témoin à abattre''
* 2006 : ''Equipe médicale d'urgence''
* 2006 : ''[[Julie Lescaut]]'' : lyetnan Victoire Saint-Gilles (4 epizòd)
* [[2009]] : ''[[Action spéciale douanes]]'' : Zazie, 6 epizòd 
* [[2010]]-[[2014]] : ''[[Plus belle la vie]]'' : Sara Douala (245 epizòd)
* [[2012]] : ''[[Enquêtes réservées]], sezon 3, epizòd 3 ''La mort sans visage'' :  Rebecca
* [[2014]]-[[2015]] : ''[[Pep's (seri)|Pep's]]'' : Catherine Paillard, nouvo pwovizè
* [[2015]] : ''[[Cherif (seri)|Cherif]]'', sezon 2, epizòd 2 : ''Pressions'' : Nathalie Roussel, yon enspektris dwàn
* [[2016]] : ''[[La Promesse du feu]]'' de [[Christian Faure (reyalizatè)|Christian Faure]] (mini-seri) : Anne-Laure Martial
* [[2017]] : ''[[On va s'aimer un peu, beaucoup...]]'' de Julien Zidi : Fatou
* [[2018]] : ''River Hotel'' de Didier Ndenga
* [[2019]] : ''[[Dix pour cent (seri)|Dix pour cent]]'' : ajant imobilyè
* 2019 : ''Sam Sam Sam'' : li menm
* [[2021]] : ''[[Tropiques criminels]]'' : Elise Berthier 
* 2021 : ''[[L'École de la vie]]'' d'Elsa Bennett ak Hippolyte Dard : Agnès Chevin, manman Chloé
* 2021 : ''[[H24 (seri, 2021)|H24, 24 h de la vie d'une femme]]'' de Nathalie Masduraud ak Valérie Urréa

==== Fim televizyon ====
* [[2001]] : ''[[Sa mère, la pute]]'' : antrenèz
* [[2004]] : ''[[Courrier du cœur (fim)|Courrier du cœur]]'' : Stéphanie
* [[2004]] : ''[[Coup de vache]]'' : polisyè
* [[2009]] : ''[[Otages (fim)|Otages]]'' de [[Didier Albert]]
* [[2012]] : ''[[Nom de code : Rose]]'' : Sandrine Duval
* [[2015]] : ''[[Le Family Show]]'' de [[Pascal Lahmani]] : Marie-Aimée Clément
* [[2020]] : ''[[Meurtres à Cayenne]]'' de [[Marc Barrat]] : Kapitèn Cassandra Molba&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.programme-television.org/films-telefilms/policier/meurtres-a-cayenne|title=Meurtres à Cayenne|editor=télé 7 jours|accessdate=7 jiyè 2020|archive-date=2022-04-07|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220407000559/https://www.programme-television.org/films-telefilms/policier/meurtres-a-cayenne|dead-url=yes}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Piblikasyon ==
* {{cite book |id  =| author  =[[Aïssa Maïga]] (dir.) ak [[Nadège Beausson-Diagne]] - [[Mata Gabin]] - [[Maïmouna Gueye]] - [[Eye Haïdara]] - [[Rachel Khan]] - [[Sara Martins]] - [[Marie-Philomène Nga]] - [[Sabine Pakora]] - [[Firmine Richard]] - [[Sonia Rolland]] - [[Magaajyia Silberfeld]] - [[Shirley Souagnon]] - [[Assa Sylla]] - [[Karidja Touré]] - [[France Zobda]]| title =Noire n'est pas mon métier |url =https://archive.org/details/isbn_9782021401196| editor  = [[Éditions du Seuil]]| location = Pari | date= 3 me 2018 | isbn = 978-2021401196| pages = 128| lire en ligne = }}
== Referans ==
{{referans}}

== Lyen deyò ==
* [http://www.imdb.com/name/nm0064702/ Nadège Beausson-Diagne] sou IMDb

{{DEFAULTSORT:Beausson-Diagne, Nadège}}
[[Kategori:Moun]]
[[Kategori:Fanm]]
[[Kategori:Aktè]]
[[Kategori:Aktè sinema]]
[[Kategori:Aktè televizyon]]
[[Kategori:Aktè teyat]]
[[Kategori:Aktè franse]]
[[Kategori:Nesans nan lane 1972]]</text>
      <sha1>ek4m2d2c5o6ckj84qcjnb7z9fraza4n</sha1>
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  <page>
    <title>Rachel Khan</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>66879</id>
    <revision>
      <id>888094</id>
      <parentid>823480</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-08-17T19:26:27Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>InternetArchiveBot</username>
        <id>25431</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Add 1 book for [[Wikipedya:Verifyabilite]] (20260817)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]]</comment>
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      <text bytes="2071" sha1="na4kvfq8xonymbilrakd7cc7vhe19it" xml:space="preserve">{{moun
|non=Rachel Khan
|foto=Rachel_Khan_(cropped).jpg
|tèks=Rachel Khan
|fonksyon=Aktris, ekriven, atlèt
|domèn=Sinema, literati, espò
|diplòm=
|etid=
|dat nesans=[[1976]]
|lye nesans=
|peyi nesans=[[Frans]]
|dat lanmò=
|lye lanmò=
|peyi lanmò=
|nasyonalite= franse
|relijyon=
|rezidans=
|kontak=
|Biyografi=
|zèv=
|omaj=
|rekonpans=
|remak=
|fim=
}}
'''Rachel Khan''', ki fèt an [[1976]], se yon aktris, atlèt ak ekriven franse.
== Biyografi ==
== Zèv li yo ==
=== Fim ===
* 2012 : ''[[Paulette]]'' : Jounalis tribinal
* 2013 : ''[[Jeune et Jolie]]'' : laborantin
* 2013 : ''[[La femme de Rio]]'', kout fim : Efira 1
* 2014 : ''[[96 heures]]'' : Mère de famille 
* 2015 : ''[[Secteur IX B]]'', kout fim : Rachel
* 2015 : ''[[Bête noire]]'', kout fim
* 2017 : ''[[Les Grands]]'', seri tv : Odile
* 2019 : ''[[Dernier Round]]'' : manman afriken 
* ''[[Lampedusa]]''
=== Liv ===
* 2016 : ''Les grandes et les petites choses'' se premye woman li (Anne Carrière).
== Piblikasyon ==
* {{cite book |id  =| author  =[[Aïssa Maïga]] (dir.) ak [[Nadège Beausson-Diagne]] - [[Mata Gabin]] - [[Maïmouna Gueye]] - [[Eye Haïdara]] - [[Rachel Khan]] - [[Sara Martins]] - [[Marie-Philomène Nga]] - [[Sabine Pakora]] - [[Firmine Richard]] - [[Sonia Rolland]] - [[Magaajyia Silberfeld]] - [[Shirley Souagnon]] - [[Assa Sylla]] - [[Karidja Touré]] - [[France Zobda]]| title =Noire n'est pas mon métier |url =https://archive.org/details/isbn_9782021401196| editor  = [[Éditions du Seuil]]| location        = Pari | date= 3 me 2018 | isbn = 978-2021401196| pages = 128| lire en ligne = }}

== Referans ==
{{referans}}
== Lyen deyò ==
* [https://www.imdb.com/name/nm5570940/ Rachel Khan] sou IMDb
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20170930182014/http://www.lecteurs.com/auteur/rachel-khan/3976322 Rachel Khan] sou lecteurs.com

{{DEFAULTSORT:Khan, Rachel}}
[[Kategori:Moun]]
[[Kategori:Fanm]]
[[Kategori:Aktè]]
[[Kategori:Aktè sinema]]
[[Kategori:Aktè franse]]
[[Kategori:Literati]]
[[Kategori:Ekriven]]
[[Kategori:Ekriven franse]]
[[Kategori:Nesans nan lane 1976]]</text>
      <sha1>na4kvfq8xonymbilrakd7cc7vhe19it</sha1>
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  <page>
    <title>Maïmouna Gueye</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>66880</id>
    <revision>
      <id>888080</id>
      <parentid>783056</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-08-17T19:18:30Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>InternetArchiveBot</username>
        <id>25431</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Add 1 book for [[Wikipedya:Verifyabilite]] (20260817)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]]</comment>
      <origin>888080</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
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      <text bytes="1848" sha1="gp45chbddwae14hbdoswcu755h5y5bv" xml:space="preserve">'''Maïmouna Gueye''' se yon aktris.
== Biyografi ==
== Zèv li yo ==
* 2003 : ''[[Gomez &amp; Tavarès]]'' de [[Gilles Paquet-Brenner]]
* 2004 : ''[[Touristes? Oh yes!]]'' de [[Jean-Pierre Mocky]]
* 2009 : ''[[La Première Étoile (fim)|La Première Étoile]]'' de [[Lucien Jean-Baptiste]] : kwafèz
* 2010 : ''[[Il reste du jambon ?]]'' : Val
* 2015 : ''[[Maman(s)]]'' (kout fim) : Mariam
* 2016 : ''[[Il a déjà tes yeux]]'' : Madanm Diop
* 2017 : ''[[L'ascension]]'' : Evelyne Diakhaté
* [[2017]] : ''[[Le Flic de Belleville]]'' de [[Rachid Bouchareb]] : Iman Touré
* [[2019]] : ''[[L'Ordre des médecins]]'' de [[David Roux]] : enfimyè
* [[2020]] : ''[[Mignonnes]]'' de [[Maïmouna Doucouré]] : manman

=== Televizyon ===
* [[2008]] : ''[[Le monde est petit]]'' de [[Régis Musset]] (fim tv) : Fatou
* [[2012]] : ''[[Drôle de famille !]]'', epizòd ''Chacun pour soi'' de [[Stéphane Kurc]] (seri tv) : Aglae
* [[2015]] : ''[[Persuasif]]'' (seri tv) : Madanm Koné

== Piblikasyon ==
* {{cite book |id  =| author  =[[Aïssa Maïga]] (dir.) ak [[Nadège Beausson-Diagne]] - [[Mata Gabin]] - [[Maïmouna Gueye]] - [[Eye Haïdara]] - [[Rachel Khan]] - [[Sara Martins]] - [[Marie-Philomène Nga]] - [[Sabine Pakora]] - [[Firmine Richard]] - [[Sonia Rolland]] - [[Magaajyia Silberfeld]] - [[Shirley Souagnon]] - [[Assa Sylla]] - [[Karidja Touré]] - [[France Zobda]]| title =Noire n'est pas mon métier |url =https://archive.org/details/isbn_9782021401196| editor  = [[Éditions du Seuil]]| location        = Pari | date= 3 me 2018 | isbn = 978-2021401196| pages = 128| lire en ligne = }}

== Referans ==
{{referans}}

== Lyen deyò ==
* [https://www.imdb.com/name/nm1815759/ Maïmouna Gueye] sou IMDb

{{DEFAULTSORT:Gueye, Maïmouna}}
[[Kategori:Moun]]
[[Kategori:Fanm]]
[[Kategori:Aktè]]
[[Kategori:Aktè sinema]]
[[Kategori:Aktè televizyon]]</text>
      <sha1>gp45chbddwae14hbdoswcu755h5y5bv</sha1>
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  <page>
    <title>Batay Ravinakoulèv</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>66931</id>
    <revision>
      <id>888059</id>
      <parentid>799237</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-08-17T18:57:08Z</timestamp>
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      <comment>Add 1 book for [[Wikipedya:Verifyabilite]] (20260817)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]]</comment>
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      <text bytes="565" sha1="givmgsu683llpexcp2wbfm5i6msxidx" xml:space="preserve">'''Batay Ravinakoulèv''' se te yon gwo batay nan [[Revolisyon Ayisyen]] an sou [[23 fevriye]] [[1802]].

== Bibliyografi ==
* {{Cite book|author=[[Victor Schoelcher]]|title=Vie de Toussaint Louverture|id=Schœlcher|publisher=[[Éditions Karthala]]|year=1889}}, p.331-332.
* {{Cite book|author=[[Madison Smartt Bell]]|title=Toussaint Louverture|url=https://archive.org/details/toussaintlouvert00bell|id=Bell|editor=[[Actes Sud]]|year=2007}}, p.288-289.

== Referans ==
{{referans}}
== Lyen deyò ==

{{Revolisyon Ayisyen}}

[[Kategori:Batay nan Revolisyon Ayisyen]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Kod- oblije chanje</title>
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      <comment>Add 12 books for [[Wikipedya:Verifyabilite]] (20260817)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]]</comment>
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      <text bytes="36624" sha1="fl510vjra0ui2dhqz2dcbtnttv70fbi" xml:space="preserve">Nan [[lengwistik]], '''kòd-yo te oblije chanje''' ki fèt lè yon oratè ranplasan ant de oswa plis [[Lang (pawòl)|lang]], oswa lang varyete, nan yon kontèks la nan yon sèl konvèsasyon. Multilinguals, moun ki pale plis pase yon lang, pafwa, yo itilize eleman de plizyè lang lè pale ak chak lòt. Kidonk, kòd-yo te oblije chanje se yo sèvi ak plis pase yon sèl lengwistik varyete nan yon fason ki konsistan ak sentaks ak fonoloji nan chak kalite.

Kòd-oblije chanje se diferan soti nan lòt lang kontakte fenomèn yo, tankou prete, pidgins ak [[Lang kreyòl|creoles]], prè tradiksyon (calques), ak transfè lang (lang entèferans). Prete afekte diksyonè, mo ki fè moute yon lang, pandan y ap kòd-oblije chanje pran plas nan moun pawòl.&lt;ref name=&quot;Gumperz&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|title=Discourse Strategies|url=https://archive.org/details/discoursestrateg00gump|last=Gumperz|first=John J.|publisher=Cambridge University Press|year=1982|location=Cambridge}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Poplack 1984 99–136&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Poplack|first=Shana|last2=David Sankoff|year=1984|title=Borrowing: the synchrony of integration|journal=Linguistics|volume=22|issue=269|pages=99–136|doi=10.1515/ling.1984.22.1.99}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Muysken 1995 177–98&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|title=One Speaker, Two Languages: Cross-disciplinary Perspectives on Code-switching|last=Muysken|first=Pieter|publisher=Cambridge University Press|year=1995|editor-last=L. Milroy|location=Cambridge|pages=177–98|chapter=Code-switching and grammatical theory|editor-last2=P. Muysken}}&lt;/ref&gt; moun kap Pale yo fòme e etabli yon pidjin ak lang lè de oswa plis moun kap pale yo ki moun ki pa pale yon lang komen fòm yon entèmedyè, twazyèm lang yo. Sou lòt la men, moun ki pale pratik postal-yo te oblije chanje yo lè yo gen chak pale nan tou de lang yo. Kòd melanje , ki se yon tèm ki gen rapò tèm, men, l ' a nan kondisyon ''kòd-oblije chanje'' ak ''kòd-melanje'' varye. Gen kèk entelektyèl sèvi ak swa tèm yo endike pratik nan menm, pandan ke lòt moun yo aplike ''kòd-melanje'' yo endike fòmèl lengwistik pwopriyete yo nan lang-kontakte fenomèn ak ''postal-yo te oblije chanje'' yo endike aktyèl la, pale coutumes pa multilingual moun.&lt;ref name=&quot;Bokamba&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Bokamba|first=Eyamba G.|year=1989|title=Are there syntactic constraints on code-mixing?|journal=World Englishes|volume=8|issue=3|pages=277–92|doi=10.1111/j.1467-971X.1989.tb00669.x}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|title=The Bilingualism Reader|url=https://archive.org/details/bilingualismread0000unse_f7h2|last=Clyne|first=Michael|publisher=Routledge|year=2000|editor-last=Li Wei|chapter=Constraints on code-switching: how universal are they?}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|title=The Bilingualism Reader|url=https://archive.org/details/bilingualismread0000unse_f7h2|last=Genessee|first=Fred|publisher=Routledge|year=2000|editor-last=Li Wei|chapter=Early bilingual language development: one language or two?}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Nan ane 1940 yo ak ane 1950 yo, anpil entelektyèl konsidere postal-yo te oblije chanje yo dwe yon medyòk sèvi ak de lang.&lt;ref name=&quot;Weinreich&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|title=Languages in Contact|last=Weinreich|first=Uriel|publisher=Mouton|year=1953|location=The Hague}}&lt;/ref&gt; Depi ane 1980 yo, sepandan, pifò entelektyèl gen yo vini nan sans li kòm yon bagay ki nòmal, natirèl pwodui nan bileng ak multilingual lang nan sèvi ak yo.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Goldstein|first=B.|last2=Kohnert, K.|year=2005|title=Speech, language and hearing in developing bilingual children: Current findings and future directions|journal=Language, Speech and Hearing services in Schools|volume=36|issue=3|pages=264–67|doi=10.1044/0161-1461(2005/026)}}
&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|title=Language development: Monolingual and bilingual acquisition|url=https://archive.org/details/languagedevelopm0000bric|last=Brice|first=A.|last2=Brice|first2=R.|date=2009|publisher=Merrill/Prentice Hall|location=Old Tappan, NJ}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Tèm nan &quot;kòd-oblije chanje&quot; se tou yo itilize deyò nan jaden an nan lengwistik. Gen kèk entelektyèl nan literati itilize tèm nan dekri estil literè ki gen ladan eleman ki soti nan plis pase yon sèl lang, tankou nan woman pa Chinwa-Ameriken, Anglo-Endyen, oswa Latino ekriven.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Torres|first=Lourdes|year=2007|title=In the Contact Zone: Code-Switching Strategies by Latino/a Writers|journal=Melus|volume=32|issue=1|pages=75–96|doi=10.1093/melus/32.1.75}}&lt;/ref&gt; Nan popilè l', ''kòd-yo te oblije chanje'' yo se pafwa itilize, al gade nan relativman ki estab enfòmèl melanj nan de lang, tankou Spanglish, Taglish, oswa Hinglish. Tou de nan popilè l ' ak nan sociolinguistic etid, non an kòd-yo te oblije chanje yo se pafwa itilize, al gade nan oblije chanje nan mitan [[Aksan|dyalèk]], styles oswa anrejistre.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://www.npr.org/sections/codeswitch/2013/04/08/176064688/how-code-switching-explains-the-world|title=How Code-Switching Explains The World|last=Demby|first=Gene|date=3 April 2013|access-date=20 September 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt; fòm Sa a nan oblije chanje se pratike, pou egzanp, pa moun ki pale Afriken Ameriken Jargon anglè jan yo deplase soti nan mwens fòmèl pou plis fòmèl anviwònman.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|title=Codeswitching|last=DeBose|first=Charles|publisher=Multilingual Matters|year=1992|isbn=1-85359-167-X|editor-last=Eastman|editor-first=Carol|location=Clevedon|pages=157–167|chapter=Codeswitching: Black English and Standard English in the African-American linguistic repertoire}}&lt;/ref&gt; Sa yo orè, lè fèt pa figi piblik tankou politisyen yo, se pafwa kritike kòm siyal inauthenticity oswa lipokrizi yo.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Kanngieser|first=Anja|year=2012|title=A sonic geography of voice: Towards an affective politics|journal=Progress in Human Geography|volume=36|issue=3|pages=336–353}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Motivasyon sosyal ==
Kòd-oblije chanje gen rapò ak, epi pafwa endis sosyal yo-manm gwoup nan pwogram bileng ak multilingual kominote yo. Gen kèk sociolinguists dekri relasyon ki genyen ant kòd-oblije chanje konpòtman ak klas, gwoup etnik, ak lòt sosyal pozisyon.&lt;ref&gt;See:
&lt;/ref&gt;
Anplis de sa, entelektyèl nan interactional lengwistik ak konvèsasyon analiz yo te etidye kòd-oblije chanje kòm yon vle di nan structuration diskou nan entèraksyon.&lt;ref name=&quot;Li1998&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|title=Code-Switching in Conversation: Language, Interaction, and Identity|url=https://archive.org/details/codeswitchinginc0000unse|last=Wei|first=Li|publisher=Routledge|year=1998|isbn=978-0415216098|editor-last=P. Auer|location=London|pages=[https://archive.org/details/codeswitchinginc0000unse/page/156 156]–76|chapter=The 'Why' and 'How' Questions in the Analysis of Conversational Codeswitching|author-link=Li Wei (linguist)}}&lt;/ref&gt;{{,}}&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|title=Code-Switching in Conversation: Language, Interaction, and Identity|url=https://archive.org/details/codeswitchinginc0000unse|last=Sebba|first=Mark|last2=Wooton|first2=Tony|publisher=Routledge|year=1998|editor-last=P. Auer|location=London|pages=[https://archive.org/details/codeswitchinginc0000unse/page/262 262]–86|chapter=We, They and Identity: Sequential Versus Identity-Related Explanation in Code Switching}}&lt;/ref&gt;{{,}}&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Cromdal|first=Jakob|year=2001|title=Overlap in Bilingual Play: Some Implications of Code-Switching for Overlap Resolution|journal=Research on Language and Social Interaction|volume=34|issue=4|pages=421–51|doi=10.1207/S15327973RLSI3404_02}}&lt;/ref&gt; Kèk diskou analis, ki gen ladan konvèsasyon analis Pyè Auer, sijere ke kòd-oblije chanje pa senpleman reflete sitiyasyon sosyal, men ke li se yon mwayen pou kreye sitiyasyon sosyal.&lt;ref name=&quot;Auer1984&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|title=Bilingual Conversation|url=https://archive.org/details/bilingualconvers0000auer|last=Auer|first=Peter|publisher=John Benjamins|year=1984|location=Amsterdam}}&lt;/ref&gt;{{,}}&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Cromdal|first=Jakob|year=2004|title=Building bilingual oppositions: Code-switching in children's disputes|journal=Language in Society|volume=33|issue=1|pages=33–58|doi=10.1017/S0047404504031021}}&lt;/ref&gt;{{,}}&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Musk|first=Nigel John|year=2012|title=Performing bilingualism in Wales: Arguing the case for empirical and theoretical eclecticism|journal=Pragmatics: Quarterly Publication of the International Pragmatics Association|volume=22|issue=4|pages=651–669}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Markedness modèl ===
An Markedness Modèl la, devlope pa Carol Myers-Scotton, se youn nan pi konplè teyori nan kòd-oblije chanje motivasyon. Li posits ke lang itilizatè yo rasyonèl epi chwazi yo pale yon lang ki klè mak yo dwa ak obligasyon, relatif nan lòt moun kap pale, nan konvèsasyon an ak anviwònman li.&lt;ref name=&quot;CMS1993&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|title=Social Motivations for Codeswitching: Evidence from Africa|url=https://archive.org/details/socialmotivation0000myer|last=Myers-Scotton|first=Carol|publisher=Clarendon|year=1993|location=Oxford}}&lt;/ref&gt; Lè pa gen okenn klè, na lang chwa, moun ki pale pratik postal-yo te oblije chanje yo eksplore posib nan lang nan chwa ki genyen yo. Anpil sociolinguists, sepandan, objè yo Markedness Modèl la postulation lang sa a-chwa a se antyèman rasyonèl.&lt;ref name=&quot;Auer1998&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|title=Code-Switching in Conversation|url=https://archive.org/details/codeswitchinginc0000unse|last=Auer|first=Peter|publisher=Routledge|year=1998|location=London}}&lt;/ref&gt;{{,}}&lt;ref name=&quot;Woolard2004&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|title=A Companion to Linguistic Anthropology|last=Woolard|first=Kathryn|publisher=Blackwell|year=2004|editor-last=A. Duranti|location=Malden, Mass.|pages=73–94|chapter=Codeswitching|author-link=Kathryn Woolard}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Analiz sekans ===
Entelektyèl nan konvèsasyon analiz tankou Peter Auer ak Li Wei diskite ke motivasyon sosyal la dèyè postal-yo te oblije chanje manti nan wout la kòd-oblije chanje se estriktire ak jere nan konvèsasyon entèraksyon; nan lòt mo, kesyon an sou rezon ki fè kòd-oblije chanje ki fèt pa kapab reponn san yo pa premye adrese kesyon an nan ki jan li rive. Lè l sèvi avèk konvèsasyon analiz, entelektyèl sa yo konsantre atansyon yo sou sekans enplikasyon yo nan kòd-oblije chanje. Sa se, kèlkeswa lang yon oratè chwazi pou itilize pou yon konvèsasyon vire, oswa yon pati nan yon vire, se enpak la ki vin apre chwa nan lang pa oratè a kòm byen ke oditeur. Olye ke konsantre sou sosyal valè ki nan nannan nan lang oratè a chwazi (yo&quot;pote-sou siyifikasyon&quot;), analiz konsantre sou sa vle di ke la lwa nan kòd-oblije chanje tèt li kreye (&quot;pote-sou siyifikasyon&quot;).

=== Kominikasyon aranjman teyori ===
A kominikasyon aranjman teyori&lt;font color=&quot;#004000&quot;&gt; &lt;/font&gt;, devlope pa Howard Giles, pwofesè nan kominikasyon nan Inivèsite de California nan Santa Barbara, ap chache a eksplike mantal rezon ki fè yo pou kòd-oblije chanje, ak lòt chanjman ki fèt nan lapawòl, kòm yon moun swa yo mete aksan sou oswa minimize sosyal diferans ki genyen ant tèt li ak lòt moun(s) nan konvèsasyon. Giles ofri ke lè moun kap pale yo ap chèche apwobasyon nan yon sitiyasyon sosyal la yo gen plis chans yo konvèje diskou yo ak sa yo ki lòt oratè. Sa a ka gen ladan, men pa limite a, lang lan nan chwa, aksan, dyalèk, ak para-lengwistik karakteristik yo itilize nan konvèsasyon an. Nan contrast nan dirèksyon, moun kap pale yo ta ka tou angaje yo nan divergent diskou, nan ki yon moun ki moun ki mete aksan sou la sosyal distans ki genyen ant tèt li ak lòt moun kap pale yo pa lè l sèvi avèk diskou ak lengwistik karakteristik yo ki karakteristik nan pwòp li yo gwoup.

=== Diglosi ===
Nan yon sitiyasyon diglossic, gen kèk sijè ak sitiyasyon yo pi bon adapte pou sèvi ak yon lang pase yon lòt. Joshua Fishman pwopoze yon domèn espesifik-postal a-oblije chanje modèl&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Fishman|first=Joshua|year=1967|title=Bilingualism with and without diglossia; Diglossia with and without bilingualism|journal=Journal of Social Issues|volume=23|issue=2|pages=29–38|doi=10.1111/j.1540-4560.1967.tb00573.x}}&lt;/ref&gt; (pita rafine pa Blom ak Gumperz)&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?hl=en&amp;lr=&amp;id=zfYYXKxPek0C&amp;oi=fnd&amp;pg=PA111&amp;dq=%22Social+meaning+in+linguistic+structures:+Code+switching+in+northern+Norway%22&amp;ots=f5oRWew1zv&amp;sig=zFYE-ZeGhU9JT1xq3kAaCZz5MmQ|title=Directions in Sociolinguistics|last=Blom|first=Jan-Petter|last2=John J. Gumperz|publisher=Holt, Rinehart, and Winston|year=1972|editor-last=J. J. Gumperz|location=New York|chapter=Social meaning in linguistic structures: Code switching in northern Norway|editor-last2=D. Hymes}}&lt;/ref&gt; bileng kote moun kap pale yo chwazi kòd ki yo pale tou depan de sou kote yo ye ak sa yo ap diskite. Pou egzanp, yon timoun ki moun ki se yon bileng panyòl-angle oratè a ta ka pale panyòl lakay yo epi anglè nan klas la, men panyòl nan rekreyasyon.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Reyes|first=Iliana|year=2004|title=Functions of code switching in schoolchildren's conversations|journal=Bilingual Research Journal|volume=28|issue=1|pages=77–98|doi=10.1080/15235882.2004.10162613}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Kalite a nan oblije chanje ==
Entelektyèl sèvi ak non diferan pou divès kalite nan kòd-oblije chanje.

* '''Intersentential oblije chanje''' ki fèt ''deyò'' fraz la oswa kloz nivo (sa vle di nan matematik oswa kloz limit).&lt;ref name=&quot;LiWei&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|title=The Bilingualism Reader|url=https://archive.org/details/bilingualismread0000unse_f7h2|publisher=Routledge|year=2000|editor-last=Li Wei|location=London}}&lt;/ref&gt; Li se pafwa yo rele '''&quot;extrasentential&quot; oblije chanje'''.&lt;ref name=&quot;Types&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Myers-Scotton|first=Carol|year=1989|title=Codeswitching with English: types of switching, types of communities|journal=World Englishes|volume=8|issue=3|pages=333–346|doi=10.1111/j.1467-971X.1989.tb00673.x}}&lt;/ref&gt; Nan peyi lasiri-kreyòl ayisyen oblije chanje yon sèl te kapab di, &quot;''Ani wideili. '' Kisa ki te pase?&quot; (&quot;''Moun sa yo ki, mwen te fè yo. '' Kisa ki te pase?&quot;).&lt;ref name=&quot;McClure&quot;&gt;McClure, Erica (2001). &quot;Oral and Written Assyrian-English Code-switching.&quot; In Rodolfo Jacobson. ''Codeswitching Worldwide II.'' Berlin, New York: Mouton de Gruyter, 2001. pg 166. Print.&lt;/ref&gt;
* '''Andedan-sentential oblije chanje''' ki fèt ''nan'' yon fraz oswa yon kloz. Nan lang panyòl-angle oblije chanje yon sèl te kapab di, &quot;''La onda'' se goumen ''y jambar.''&quot; (&quot;''Nan-bagay la'' se pou goumen ''ak vòlè yo.''&quot;)&lt;ref name=&quot;Woolford&quot;&gt;Woolford, Ellen. &quot;Bilingual Code-Switching and Syntactic Theory.&quot; Linguistic Inquiry. Vol. 14. Cambridge: MIT, 1983. 520-36. Print.&lt;/ref&gt;
* '''Tag-oblije chanje''' se oblije chanje nan swa yon tag fraz oswa yon [[mo]], oswa tou de, ki soti nan yon sèl lang nan yon lòt, (ki komen nan ''andedan-sentential switch''). Nan lang panyòl-angle oblije chanje yon sèl te kapab di, &quot;''El es de México y así los criaron yon ellos,'' ou konnen.&quot; (&quot;''Li se soti nan Meksik, epi yo ogmante yo tankou sa yo,'' ou konnen.&quot;)&lt;ref name=&quot;Winford&quot;&gt;Winford, Donald. &quot;Code Switching: Linguistic Aspects.&quot; An Introduction to Contact Linguistics. Malden, MA: Blackwell Pub., 2003. 126-167. Print.&lt;/ref&gt;
* '''Andedan-pawòl bondye a oblije chanje''' ki fèt ''nan'' yon pawòl bondye a tèt li, tankou nan yon morpheme fwontyè. Nan Shona-kreyòl ayisyen oblije chanje yon sèl te kapab di, &quot;''Men, ma''-jou-s ''yon-pa gen yon-ya ha-ndi-si ku-mu-sou-yon. '' (&quot;''Men, sa yo'' jou ''mwen pa wè l ' anpil.''&quot;) Isit la nan lang angle pliryèl morpheme -''s'' a parèt ansanm ak Shona prefiks ''ma''- a, ki tou mak plusieurs.

Kòd ki pi-oblije chanje etid prensipalman konsantre sou andedan-sentential oblije chanje, menm jan li kreye anpil ibrid gramè estrikti ki mande pou yon eksplikasyon. Lòt kalite enplike pawòl ki tou senpleman swiv gramè nan yon lang oswa yon lòt. Andedan-sentential oblije chanje kapab alternational oswa insertional. Nan alternational kòd-oblije chanje, yon nouvo gramè results ki se yon konbinezon de mo yo nou rive idantifye nan de lang yo patisipe. Insertional kòd-oblije chanje enplike nan &quot;ensèsyon an nan eleman yo soti nan yon sèl lang nan morphosyntactic ankadreman yo nan lòt la.&quot;

== Rezon ki fè yo ==
Gen plizyè rezon ki pou chanje kòd nan yon konvèsasyon yon sèl.

* '''Yon sijè an patikilye:''' Moun ki jeneralman chanje kòd pandan diskou sou yon sijè an patikilye, depi li mande pou lang espesifik; varyete ki gen rapò ak yon sijè an patikilye kapab pi byen kapab transmèt oswa kominike pwoblèm yo antoure li.
* '''Site yon moun:''' Moun gen pou chanje kòd pandan y ap mansyone yon lòt moun.
* '''Solidarite ak rekonesans:''' Pandan y ap eksprime rekonesans oswa solidarite, moun ka pale nan fason ki eksprime santiman sa yo.
* '''Klarifikasyon:''' moun ki Pale ka chanje diskou yo lè yo koute gen pwoblèm pou konprann ki jan yo kominike yon panse oswa lide anvan yo.
* '''Gwoup idantite:''' Moun ki ka chanje lang yo eksprime gwoup idantifikasyon. Sa ka rive, pou egzanp, lè entwodwi manm nan yon gwoup patikilye nan lòt moun.&lt;ref&gt;Hult, F.M. (2014).  Covert bilingualism and symbolic competence: Analytical reflections on negotiating insider/outsider positionality in Swedish speech situations. ''Applied Linguistics, 35''(1), 63-81.&lt;/ref&gt;
* '''Pou adousi oswa pou ranfòse lòd:''' Pandan y ap mande yon moun pou fè yon bagay, kòd oblije chanje travay yo ki make anfaz oswa bay enspirasyon.
* '''Pale kounyè a bezwen:''' Moun yo itilize souvan kèk tèm teknik yo oswa mo ekri nan yon lòt lang. Nan ka sa a, si moun ki eseye tradui pawòl sa yo, ki ta ka defòme siyifikasyon an egzak ak valè sa yo nan pawòl bondye a oubyen yon tèm. Nan ka sa a, kòd oblije chanje ki fèt yo kenbe siyifikasyon an egzak nan pawòl bondye a.

== Gramatikal teyori ==
Nan etidye sintakstik ak mòfoloji modèl nan lang altènativ, lengwis yo te postila espesifik gramatikal règ ak espesifik sintakstik limit pou yo kote postal-yo te oblije chanje ta ka rive.

=== Poplack a modèl ===
Modèl Shana Poplack nan kòd-oblije chanje se pi bon li te ye nan teyori yo nan kache gramè nan kòd-oblije chanje. Nan modèl sa a, kòd-yo te oblije chanje sijè a de kontrent. La ''gratis-morpheme contrainte'' précis ke kòd-oblije chanje pa ka rive ant yon pale kounyè a tij mare morphemes. Esansyèlman, sa a contrainte fè distenksyon kòd-oblije chanje soti nan prete. Anjeneral, prete fèt nan diksyonè a, pandan y ap kòd-oblije chanje ki fèt nan swa sentaks nivo oswa espresyon an-konstriksyon nivo. La ''ekivalans contrainte'' predi ke chanjeman yo rive sèlman nan pwen kote estrikti sifas yo nan lang yo kowenside, oswa ant matematik eleman yo ke yo ap nòmalman yo te bay lòd nan menm fason an, pa chak moun gramè. Pou egzanp, fraz la: &quot;mwen renmen ou ''porque eres simpático''&quot; (&quot;mwen renmen ou ''paske ou se bon''&quot;), se gen dwa paske li te obeyi la syntactic règleman yo nan tou de panyòl ak angle.&lt;ref name=&quot;SanPop1981&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Sankoff|first=David|last2=Shana Poplack|year=1981|title=A formal grammar for code-switching|journal=Papers in Linguistics|volume=14|issue=1–4|pages=3–45|doi=10.1080/08351818109370523}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ka tankou non an fraz ''la casa blan'' ak ''an blanca kay'' yo te regle paske la konbinezon yo ungrammatical nan omwen youn nan lang yo patisipe. Panyòl noun fraz yo, se te fè leve nan determiners, lè sa a nouen, lè sa a, adjektif, pandan y ap adjektif ki vini anvan nouen nan lang angle noun fraz. ''La casa blan'' se te dirije soti nan ekivalans kontrent paske li pa obeyi syntactic règ yo nan lang anglè, ak ''an blanca kay'' ki te regle paske li pa swiv sintakstik règ yo nan lang panyòl.

Kritik site feblès nan Sankoff ak Poplack a modèl. Gratis-morpheme ak ekivalans kontrent yo se ensufizant restriksyon, sa vle di gen anpil eksepsyon ki rive. Pou egzanp, gratis morpheme kontrent pa kont nan bank pou poukisa oblije chanje se enposib ant sèten gratis morphemes. Fraz la: &quot;elèv Yo te ''wè la película italiana''&quot; (&quot;elèv Yo te ''wè fim italyen''&quot;) pa rive nan panyòl-angle kòd-oblije chanje, men gratis-morpheme contrainte ta sanble yo enonse ke li kapab.&lt;ref name=&quot;Belazi&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Belazi|first=Heidi|last2=Edward Rubin|last3=Almeida Jacqueline Toribio|year=1994|title=Code switching and X-Bar theory: The functional head constraint|journal=Linguistic Inquiry|volume=25|issue=2|pages=221–37}}&lt;/ref&gt; ekivalans kontrent ta tou soti règ switch ki rive souvan nan lang nan, menm jan lè Hindi postpositional fraz yo ap chanje ak angle prepositional fraz tankou nan fraz la: &quot;John te bay yon liv ''ek larakii ko''&quot; (&quot;John te bay yon liv ''pou yon ti fi''&quot;). Fraz la ''ek larakii ko'' a se literalman tradui kòm ''yon ti fi,'' fè li ungrammatical nan lang angle a, epi ankò sa a se yon fraz ki fèt nan lang angle-Hindi kòd-oblije chanje malgre kondisyon yo ki nan ekivalans contrainte. La Sankoff ak Poplack modèl sèlman idantifye pwen yo nan yo ki oblije bloke, kòm opoze a eksplike ki elektè ka dwe chanje epi poukisa.

=== Matris lang-ankadreman modèl ===
Carol Myers-Scotton's Matris Lang-Ankadreman modèl la dominan modèl nan insertional kòd-oblije chanje. La MLF modèl posits ke gen se yon '''Matris Lang''' (ML) ak yon '''Entegre Lang''' (EL). Nan ka sa a, eleman ki nan Entegre nan Lang yo se eleman nan morphosyntactic ankadreman nan Matris Lang. Ipotèz yo se jan sa a (Myers-Scotton 1993b: 7):

Plan disiplin-nan Lang Ipotèz eta yo ki sa yo ki gramatikal pwosedi nan santral estrikti nan lang sistèm nan pwodiksyon ki kont nan bank pou sifas estrikti nan Matris Lang + Entegre Lang manm (lengwistik) , se sèlman Matris ki baze Lang–pwosedi yo. Pli lwen, ipotèz la se gen entansyon yo vle di ke ankadreman-bilding presedan kontni morpheme ensèsyon. Yon Matris Lang ka fè lang nan premye fwa ki nan oratè la oswa lang lan nan ki morphemes oswa mo yo se pi plis souvan itilize nan diskou a, se konsa nan lang dominan se Matris la Lang yo ak lòt la se Entegre nan Lang. Yon '''Matris Lang zile a''' se yon manm ki konpoze antyèman nan Matris Lang morphemes.&lt;ref&gt;Scotton, Carol. Duelling languages: grammatical structure in codeswitching. Oxford, Eng.: Clarendon Press ;, 1993. Print.&lt;/ref&gt;

Dapre '''Bloke Ipotèz''', nan Matris Lang + Entegre Lang elektè, yon bloke filtre blocs nenpòt ki Entegre Lang kontni morpheme ki pa kongriyan ak Matris la Lang yo ak respè pou twa nivo nan distraksyon konsènan subcategorization. &quot;Kongriyans&quot; se yo itilize nan sans ke de antite lengwistik, kategori nan ka sa a, yo kongriyan si yo koresponn ak nan respè nan ki enpòtan kalite.

Twa nivo nan distraksyon yo:

* Menm si Entegre nan Lang reyalize yon bay gramatikal kategori kòm yon kontni morpheme, si li se reyalize kòm yon sistèm morpheme nan Matris la Lang, nan Matris Lang blòk ensidan an nan Entegre Lang kontni morpheme. (Yon kontni morpheme se souvan yo rele yon &quot;open-klas&quot; morpheme, paske yo apatni a kategori a ki se ouvè a envansyon nan abitrè nouvo atik yo. Yo ka te fè-up mo tankou &quot;chapron&quot;, &quot;nuke&quot;, &quot;multiple&quot;, elatriye. epi yo ka dwe nouen yo, vèb, adjektif, ak kèk prepozisyon. Yon sistèm morpheme, e.g. fonksyon mo ak inflections, eksprime relasyon ki genyen ant kontni morphemes epi pa bay oubyen resevwa tematik wòl.)
* Plan disiplin-nan Lang tou blòk yon Entegre Lang kontni morpheme nan sa elektè si li se pa kongriyan ak yon Matris Lang kontni morpheme kontrepati an tèm de theta wòl plasman.
* Kongriyans ant Entegre Lang kontni morphemes ak Matris Lang kontni morphemes se reyalize nan tèm yo nan diskou oswa dogmatik fonksyon.

; Men kèk egzanp

# Hindi/Kreyòl Ayisyen
#* lavi ko figi kiijiye ak himmat ak lafwa nan apane aap. (Kòd-yo te oblije chanje)
#* &quot;Fè fas a lavi ak kouraj ak mete konfyans yo nan pwòp tèt ou.&quot; (Tradiksyon)
# Swahili/Kreyòl Ayisyen
#* hata wengine nasikia washawekwa selilè. (Kòd-yo te oblije chanje)
#* &quot;Menm si lòt moun mwen tande yo te mete [nan] [[selil]] yo.&quot; (Tradiksyon)

Nou wè egzanp sa a 1 se ki konsistan avèk Bloke Ipotèz yo ak sistèm kontni morpheme kritè yo, se konsa, prediksyon a se ke Hindi ekivalant yo ap tou kontni morphemes. Pafwa ki pa peye-kongriyans ant tokay yo nan Matris la Lang yo ak Embedded Lang yo ka tourne pa gen aksè nan fè fòm yo. &quot;Selil la&quot; se yon fè fòm yo ak se konsa tematik wòl nan &quot;selil&quot; se plase nan vèb la ''-wek-'' 'mete nan/sou'; sa vle di ke vèb la se yon kontni morpheme.

A '''Embedded Lang Zile Deklanche Ipotèz''' eta yo ki lè yon Entegre Lang morpheme parèt ki se pa sa otorize anba a, swa nan Matris Lang Ipotèz oswa Bloke Ipotèz, li deklannche anpèchman nan tout Matris Lang antre nan pwosedi yo, epi konplete aktyèl la fòme kòm yon Entegre Lang zile. Entegre Lang zile yo konpoze sèlman nan Entegre Lang morphemes, epi yo byen-ki te fòme pa Entegre Lang gramè, men yo ap antre nan Matris la Lang ankadreman. Se poutèt sa, Entegre Lang zile yo, se anba a contrainte nan Matris Lang gramè.

; Men kèk egzanp

# Swahili/Kreyòl Ayisyen
#* *Sikuona ou barau ambayo uliipoteza. (Kòd-yo te oblije chanje ungrammatical)
#* &quot;Mwen pa t' wè lèt ou a ki ou pèdi.&quot; (Tradiksyon)
# Swahili/Kreyòl Ayisyen 
#* *Nikamwambia anipe ruhusa niende ni-ka-tcheke pou wewe. (Kòd-yo te oblije chanje, ungrammatical)
#* &quot;Apre sa, mwen te di l' li ta dwe bay m ' pèmisyon sa yo ke mwen ale epi tcheke pou ou.&quot; (Tradiksyon)
#* Nikamwambia anipe ruhusa niende ni-ka-a, tcheke pou ou. (Kòd-yo te oblije chanje, gramatikal)

Egzanp 1 se ungrammatical (ki endike pa dirijan asteris) paske &quot;ou&quot; se konsilte, se konsa Entegre nan Lang Zile Deklanche Ipotèz predi ke li dwe ki te swiv pa yon angle tèt yo (e.g., &quot;ou lèt&quot;) kòm yon Entegre Lang zile. Rezon ki fè la se ke adjektif posesif yo sistèm morphemes. Nou wè menm bagay la ki rive nan egzanp yo 2, ki se se poutèt sa, ungrammatical. Sepandan, fason ki kòrèk yo fini fraz la se pa &quot;pou wewe&quot;, oblije chanje tounen nan Swahili; olye, li ta dwe fini ak &quot;pou ou&quot;, ki ta dwe yon Entegre Lang zile.

A '''Embedded Lang Implicational Yerachi Ipotèz''' kapab deklare ke de sub-ipotèz: 

# Pi lwen nan yon manm ki soti nan agiman prensipal yo nan fraz la, freer a a, li se parèt kòm yon Entegre Lang zile.
# An plis formul nan yon estrikti fòme li se, la plis chans li yo nan parèt kòm yon Entegre Lang zile. Deklare plis fòtman, chwa a nan nenpòt ki yon pati nan yon ekspresyon idyomatik, sa pral lakòz nan yon Entegre Lang zile.

La '''Enplikasyon Yerachi nan Entegre Lang Zile''':

# Formul ekspresyon ak lokusyon (espesyalman prepositional fraz eksprime moman ak fason a, men tou, kòm vèb nan fraz ki konplete)
# Ki lòt lè ak nan fason ki ekspresyon
# Quantifier ekspresyon
# Ki pa peye-quantifier, ki pa peye-tan noun fraz kòm vèb nan fraz ki konplete
# Ajan Noun fraz
# Tèm wòl ak ka assigners, vle di prensipal yo fini vèb (ak plen inflections)

; Men kèk egzanp

# Wolof/Franse
#* Le matin de bonne heure ngay joge Medina vide dem juilli. Suba tee nga fa lagè a yon joge. (Kòd-yo te oblije chanje)
#* &quot;Byen bonè nan maten an, ou kite Medina pou yo ale nan lapriyè. Byen bonè nan maten an ou ta dwe kite lè sa a,.&quot; (Tradiksyon)
# Swahili/Kreyòl Ayisyen
#* Ulikuwa ukiongea yon anpil nan istwa san sans. (Kòd-yo te oblije chanje)
#* &quot;Ou te pale yon anpil nan istwa san sans.&quot; (Tradiksyon)

Nou wè egzanp 1 travay paske franse a Entegre Lang zile ''Le matin de bonne heure'', &quot;byen bonè nan maten an&quot;, se yon tan ekspresyon. (Epitou, li se repete nan Wolof nan dezyèm nan matematik.) Nan egzanp 2, nou wè quantifier ''yon anpil nan'' se yon prevwa Entegre Lang zile. Isit la nou wè yon objektif konpleman nan yon fini vèb kòmanse ak quantifier.

=== Contrainte-gratis ===
Jeff MacSwan te poze yon ''contrainte-gratis apwòch'' yo analize kòd-oblije chanje. Apwòch sa a opinyon referans eksplisit nan kòd-oblije chanje nan gramatikal analiz kòm tautological, ak ap chèche pou eksplike sikonstans espesifik nan grammaticality an tèm de kontribisyon inik nan pwopriyete gramatikal nan lang yo patisipe. MacSwan caractérise apwòch ak evite, &quot;pa gen Anyen kontrenn kòd-oblije chanje apa de kondisyon an nan melanje mo yo nou rive idantifye yo.&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;Jeff&quot;&gt;MacSwan, Jeff (2000). &quot;The architecture of the bilingual language faculty: Evidence from codeswitching&quot;. Bilingualism: Language and Cognition 3 (1): 37–54.&lt;/ref&gt; apwòch sa A konsantre sou refi a nan nenpòt ki règleman oswa prensip ki klèman refere a kòd-oblije chanje tèt li.&lt;ref name=&quot;MacSwan&quot;&gt;MacSwan, Jeff (2013). &quot;Code-switching and grammatical theory&quot;. In T. Bhatia and W. Ritchie. Handbook of Multilingualism (2nd ed.). Cambridge: Blackwell.&lt;/ref&gt; apwòch Sa a pa rekonèt oswa aksepte tèm sa yo kòm &quot;matris lang&quot;, &quot;entegre lang nan&quot;, oswa &quot;lang ankadreman&quot;, ki se tipik nan contrainte-ki baze sou apwòch tankou MLF Modèl.

Olye ke enonse kontrent espesifik nan lang altènativ, tankou nan tradisyonèl nan travay nan jaden an, MacSwan defansè ki melanje pawòl dwe analize ak yon konsantre sou espesifik ak inik lengwistik kontribisyon nan chak lang yo te jwenn nan yon melanje pale. Paske sa yo analyses trase sou seri a plen nan teyori lengwistik, ak chak ansanm done a prezante pwòp li yo inik défis, yon anpil konpreyansyon pi laj nan lengwistik se jeneralman bezwen pou konprann epi pou patisipe nan sa a style nan codeswitching rechèch.

Pou egzanp, Cantone ak MacSwan (2009)&lt;ref name=&quot;Cantone&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|title=Multidisciplinary Approaches to Codeswitching|last=Cantone|first=K. F.|last2=MacSwan|first2=J.|date=2009|publisher=John Benjamins|editor-last=Isurin|editor-first=L.|location=Amsterdam|pages=243–278|chapter=The syntax of DP-internal codeswitching|editor-last2=Winford|editor-first2=D.|editor-last3=de Bot|editor-first3=K.}}&lt;/ref&gt; analize mo lòd diferans ki genyen pou nouen ak adjektif nan italyen-alman codeswitching lè l sèvi avèk yon typological teyori a nan Senk ki te poukont yo pwopoze a nan sentaks literati; yo kont proceed pawòl la lòd reyalite nan italyen-alman codeswitching soti nan kache diferans ki genyen ant de lang yo, dapre Senk a teyori.{{citation needed|reason=Who is Cinque? What theory? I'm sure it's mentioned in the source cited, but it seems important enough here for a direct link (as 'cited in'), even just copying their ref and adding any online version available.|date=June 2016}}

=== Polemik ===
Anpil rete yo dwe fè l ' anvan yon konpreyansyon pi total de kòd-oblije chanje fenomèn a se reyalize. Lengwis kontinye deba aparan counter-egzanp yo pwopoze a kòd-oblije chanje teyori ak kontrent.&lt;ref name=&quot;Bhatt&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|title=Proceedings of the Eleventh Eastern States Conference on Linguistics|last=Bhatt|first=Rakesh M.|date=1995|publisher=Department of Modern Languages and Linguistics|editor-last=Janet Fuller|location=Ithaca, NY|pages=1–12|chapter=Code-switching and the functional head constraint}}&lt;/ref&gt;

An ''Fèmen-klas Contrainte'', devlope pa Aravind Joshi, posits ki fèmen klas atik (pwonon, prepozisyon, konjonksyon, elatriye.) yo pa kapab chanje.&lt;ref name=&quot;Joshi&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|title=Natural Language Parsing|url=https://archive.org/details/naturallanguagep0000unse_g2u8|last=Joshi|first=Aravind|date=1985|publisher=Cambridge University Press|editor-last=Dowty|editor-first=D.|editor-link=David Dowty|location=Cambridge, England|chapter=How much context-sensitivity is necessary for assigning structural descriptions: Tree adjoining grammars|editor-last2=Karttunen|editor-first2=L.|editor-link2=Lauri Karttunen|editor-last3=Zwicky|editor-first3=A.|editor-link3=Arnold Zwicky}}&lt;/ref&gt; Yo ''Fonksyonèl Tèt Contrainte'' devlope pa Belazi et al. kenbe kòd ki-oblije chanje pa ka rive ant yon fonksyonèl tèt (yon complementizer, yon [[Etazini|ozetazini]], yon konjigezon, elatriye.) ak konpleman li yo (matematik, non-fraz, vèb-fraz). Sa yo kontrent, nan mitan lòt moun tankou Matris Lang-Ankadreman modèl, yo se kontwovèsyal nan mitan lengwis positing altènatif teyori, menm jan yo ye wè sa pou ou fè reklamasyon inivèsalite ak fè jeneral prediksyon ki baze sou espesifik ipotèz sou nati a nan sentaks.

Myers-Scotton ak MacSwan deba baz byenfonde relatif nan apwòch yo nan yon seri de echanj yo te pibliye nan 2005 nan ''Bilengwis: Lang ak Koyisyon'', pwoblèm 8(1) 8(2).

== Men kèk egzanp ==
Nan seksyon sa a, ki segments ki yo chanje soti nan lang prensipal yo nan konvèsasyon an yo montre nan wouj.

=== Panyòl ak angle ===
Chèchè Ana Celia Zentella ofri egzanp sa a soti nan travay li yo ak Puerto Riken panyòl-angle bileng moun ki pale nan New York City.&lt;ref name=&quot;Zentella&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|title=Growing Up Bilingual|url=https://archive.org/details/growingupbilingu0000zent|last=Zentella|first=Ana Celia|publisher=Blackwell|year=1997|location=Malden, MA}}&lt;/ref&gt; Nan egzanp sa a, Marta ak pi piti sè l', Lolita, pale panyòl ak angle ak Zentella deyò nan bilding apatman.

: Lolita: Oh, mwen te kapab rete ak Ana?
: Marta: — men, ou te kapab mande ''papi'' ak ''mami'' pou yo wè si ou te kapab vini desann.
: Lolita: OK.
: Marta: Ana, si mwen te kite l 'isit la ou ta voye l' anwo kay la lè ou kite?
: Zentella: mwen pral di ou egzakteman lè mwen te kite, nan dis è. ''Y pitit gason las nueve y cuarto. '' (&quot;Ak li nan nèf kenz la.&quot;)
: Marta: Lolita, ''ke voy yon dejar kon Ana. '' (&quot;Mwen pral kite ou ak Ana.&quot;) Mèsi poutèt ou, Ana.

Zentella eksplike ke timoun nan majorite Puerto Riken katye ki pale lang angle ak panyòl: &quot;Nan rezo timoun, angle domaine, men, kòd-yo te oblije chanje soti nan lang angle pou panyòl ki te fèt yon fwa chak twa minit, sou an mwayèn.&quot;

=== Franse ak Tamil ===
Egzanp sa a nan oblije chanje soti nan [[Lang franse|franse]] nan Tamil vini soti nan ètnograf Sonia Das travay ak imigran ki soti nan Jaffna, [[Srilanka|Sri Lanka]], nan [[Kebèk|Quebec]].&lt;ref name=&quot;Das&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Das|first=Sonia|year=2011|title=Rewriting the past and reimagining the future: The social life of a Tamil heritage language industry|journal=American Ethnologist|volume=38|issue=4|pages=774–789|doi=10.1111/j.1548-1425.2011.01336.x}}&lt;/ref&gt;

: Selvamani: Paske que n'importe quand, quand j'enregistre ma voix ça jan l'aire d ' un garçon.  ([franse] &quot;Paske chak fwa mwen ekri vwa m, mwen son tankou yon nèg.&quot;)
:::: Alors, tsé, je m ' ferrai pas poigné.  (&quot;Se konsa, ou konnen, mwen pa pwal yo dwe te.&quot;)
: [ri]
: Selvamani: ''ennatā, ennatā, anna romba ciritā? '' ([nan Tamil] &quot;ki Sa, ki sa, ki sa ki nan se konsa komik?&quot;)
:::: Alors, qu ' est-ce que je disais? ([franse] &quot;se Konsa, sa m' te di?&quot;)

Selvamani, ki moun ki te deplase soti nan Sri Lanka nan Quebec kòm yon timoun e kounye a, idantifye kòm Québécoisyo, pale ak Das nan franse. Lè Selvamani sè a, Mala, ri, Selvamani switch Tamil mande Mala poukisa li se ri. Apre sa sou kote, Selvamani kontinye ap pale an franse. Selvamani tou sèvi ak pawòl bondye a ''tsé'' (&quot;ou konnen&quot;, kontraksyon nan ''tu se'') ak ekspresyon an ''je me fer{{sic|rai pas poig|né''}} (&quot;mwen pa pral okipe&quot;), ki pa estanda franse men se tipik nan k ap travay-klas Monreyal dyalèk Joual.

=== Hopi ak Tewa ===
Chèchè Pòl Kroskrity ofri sa ki annapre yo egzanp nan kòd-oblije chanje nan twa gran [[Arizona]] Tewa gason, ki moun ki yo se twa lang nan Tewa, Hopi, ak [[lang angle]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|title=Regimes of Language: Ideologies, Polities, and Identities|last=Kroskrity|first=Paul V|publisher=[[School of American Research Press]]|year=2000|editor-last=P. V. Kroskrity|location=Santa Fe, New Mexico|pages=329–59|chapter=Language ideologies in the expression and representation of Arizona Tewa identity}}&lt;/ref&gt; Yo diskite sou seleksyon an nan yon site pou yon nouvo lekòl segondè nan lès la Hopi Rezèvasyon:

: Oratè Yon: ''Tututqaykit qanaanawakna. '' ([nan Hopi] &quot;Lekòl yo pa t' te vle.&quot;)
: Oratè B: Wédít'ókánk'egena'adi imbí akhonidi. ([nan Tewa] &quot;Yo pa t' vle yon lekòl sou peyi yo.&quot;)
: Oratè C: Naembí eeyae nąeląemo díbít'ó'ámmí kąayį'į wédimu::di. ([nan Tewa] &quot;Li pi bon si pitit nou yo yo ale nan lekòl dwa isit la, olye ke byen lwen yo.&quot;)

Nan yo de-èdtan konvèsasyon, twa mesye yo sitou pale Tewa la; sepandan, lè Yon Oratè adrès la Hopi Rezèvasyon kòm yon antye, li te postal-switch pou Hopi. Li pale Hopi lè w ap pale nan Hopi ki gen rapò ak zafè ki gen se yon konvèsasyon nòmal nan Arizona Tewa diskou kominote. Kroskrity rapò ki sa yo Arizona Tewa gason, ki moun ki [[kilti]] idantifye tèt yo kòm Hopi ''ak'' Tewa, ki sèvi ak lang diferan nan lengwistik konstwi epi kenbe yo disrè idantite etnik.

== Gade tou ==

== Referans ==
{{reflist|30em}}
== Lyen deyò ==

[[Kategori:Lengwistik]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Lis ekriven ivwaryen</title>
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      <text bytes="1410" sha1="9946iqsyf0bedv13vobzpkf145h16qn" xml:space="preserve">== A ==
* [[Josette Abondio]], romansyè, ekriven pou timoun, otè pyès teyat
* [[Marguerite Abouet]], ekriven woman grafik
* [[Anne-Marie Adiaffi]], romansyè
* [[Jean-Marie Adiaffi]], ekriven, senaris, sineyas ak kritik literè
* [[Paul Ahizi]], chèchè ak powèt
* [[Paul Yao Akoto]], politisyen
* [[Alexis Allah]], pwofesè franse
* [[François-Joseph Amon d'Aby]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Jahn&quot;&gt;{{cite book
|author1=Janheinz Jahn|author2=Ulla Schild|author3=Almut Nordmann Seiler 
|title=Who's who in African Literature
|url=https://archive.org/details/whoswhoinafrican00jahn|editor=Horst Erdmann Verlag |collection= |location= |year=1972 |isbn=978-3-7711-0153-4}}&lt;/ref&gt;.
* [[Marcel Amondji]]
* [[Fargass Assandé]], komedyen, reyalizatè ak otè pyès teyat
* [[Raphael Atta Koffi]] (1942– ), ekriven ak otè pyès teyat&lt;ref name=&quot;Jahn&quot; /&gt;.
== B ==
* [[Séry Bailly]] (1948– ), inivèsitè, akademisyen, politisyen ak ekriven nouvèl
* [[Maurice Bandaman]], ekriven, womansye, otè pyès teyat ak politisyen
* [[Angèle Bassolé-Ouédraogo]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Jahn&quot; /&gt;.
* [[Isaie Biton Koulibaly]]
* [[Joachim Bohui Dali]], powèt ak filozòf
* [[Tanella Boni]], powèt ak womansyè
* [[Isabelle Boni-Claverie]]
* [[Frédéric Bruly Bouabré]], desinatè ak powèt

== Gade tou ==
* [[Lis ekriven afriken]]
== Referans ==
{{referans}}

== Lyen deyò ==

[[Kategori:Lis]]
[[Kategori:Ekriven]]
[[Kategori:Ekriven ivwaryen]]</text>
      <sha1>9946iqsyf0bedv13vobzpkf145h16qn</sha1>
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  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Lis ekriven kamewounè</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>68520</id>
    <revision>
      <id>888141</id>
      <parentid>808345</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-08-17T20:05:55Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>InternetArchiveBot</username>
        <id>25431</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Add 2 books for [[Wikipedya:Verifyabilite]] (20260817)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]]</comment>
      <origin>888141</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="10764" sha1="7fdrd095n0bl7yfvhbc9fubbclusjeh" xml:space="preserve">== A ==
* [[Djaïli Amadou Amal]], militant feminis
* [[Boé A-Amang]] (1938– ), otè pyès teyat ak direktè teyat&lt;ref name=&quot;Jahn&quot;&gt;{{cite book
|author1=Janheinz Jahn
|author2=Ulla Schild
|author3=Almut Nordmann Seiler 
|title=Who's who in African Literature Biographies, Works, Commentaries 
|url=https://archive.org/details/whoswhoinafrican00jahn
|publisher=Horst Erdmann Verlag
|year=1972 |isbn=978-3-7711-0153-4}}.&lt;/ref&gt;.
* [[Séverin Cécile Abega]] (1955–2008), ekriven nan lang franse, antwopolog, otè ''Les Bimanes'', ''Le Bourreau'' ak ''Entre Terre et Ciel''&lt;ref name=&quot;Gikandi&quot;&gt;{{Cite book
|author1=Simon Gikandi 
|title=Encyclopedia of African Literature
|editor=Routledge
|year=2002 
|isbn=978-0-415-23019-3}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* [[Marie-Thérèse Assiga Ahanda]], chimis ak womansye
* [[Paul-Charles Atangana]] (1930– ), powèt nan lang franse&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book 
|author1=Jacques Chevrier
|title=Anthologie africaine d'expression française: La poésie
|editor=Hatier|collection=  |year=1988|isbn=}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* [[Charles Ateba Eyene]] (1972-2014), politisyen ak anseyan
== B ==
* [[Philomène Bassek]] (1957– ), womansyè nan lang franse, otè ''La Tache de Sang''
* [[Bassek Ba Kobhio]], reyalizatè.
* [[Larry Bate Takang]], womansye, powèt ak otè pyès teyat, otè ''A Place of Fun and Evil'', ''Pilgrimage of no Retreat'' ak ''The Blind Boys and the Journalist''
* [[Francis Bebey]] (1929–2001), mizisyen, otè ''Les Trois Petits Cireurs'', ''Agatha Moudio'son'', ''The Ashanti Doll'', ''Enfant Pluie'' ak ''Ministre et le Griot'', Loreya Grand prix de la Mémoire aux [[Grands prix des associations littéraires|GPAL 2013]].
* [[Samuel-Martin Eno Belinga]], mizikolog, pwofesè jewoloji.
* [[Jacques Bengono]] (1938– ), powèt ak nouvèlis
* [[Bate Besong]] (1954–2007), powèt
* [[Mongo Beti]], psedonim Alexandre Biyidi Awala (1932–2001), womansye nan lang franse&lt;ref name=&quot;Killam &amp; Rowe&quot;&gt;{{cite book
|author1=Douglas Killam
|author2=Ruth Rowe 
|title=The Companion to African Literatures
|editor=James Currey &amp; Indiana University Press |collection=
|year=2000  |isbn=0-253-33633-3}}&lt;/ref&gt;.
* [[Calixthe Beyala]] (1961– ), womansyè nan lang franse&lt;ref name=&quot;Killam &amp; Rowe&quot; /&gt;.
* [[Jacques Bonjawo]] (1960– ), enjenyè lojisyèl.
* [[Victor Bouadjio]], editè.
* [[Hemley Boum]], womansye.
* [[Lydie Dooh Bunya]], jounalis, fanm ekriven ak feminis.
* [[Bole Butake]] (1947– 2016), otè pyès teyat
== D ==
* [[Fernando d'Almeida]] (1955– ), jounalis ak powèt&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book 
|author1=Robert Fraser 
|title=West African poetry - a critical history 
|url=https://archive.org/details/westafricanpoetr00fras
|editor=Cambridge University Press 
|year=1986  |isbn=}}&lt;/ref&gt;.
* [[Paul Dakeyo]] (1948– ), powèt
* [[Mbella Sonne Dipoko]] (1936– ), womansye nan lang angle, powèt ak pent
* [[Shey Ductu]] (1991 -) womansye ak eseyis&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Books: Cameroonian Activist Shey Ductu Releases a Short Story Titled Shades of Misfortune |url=http://www.kamerexpression.com/2016/10/cameroonian-activist-shey-ductu.html |date= |website=Kamer Expression |access-date=11 janvye 2017 |archive-date=2016-12-20 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161220090449/http://www.kamerexpression.com/2016/10/cameroonian-activist-shey-ductu.html |dead-url=yes }}.&lt;/ref&gt;{{,}}&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web 
|title=Shey Ductu Addresses African Youth in a new book 
|url=http://www.kamerexpression.com/2015/12/shey-ductu-address-african-youth-in-new.html 
|date= 
|website=Kamer Expression 
|access-date=11 janvye 2017 
|archive-date=2016-12-20 
|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161220090640/http://www.kamerexpression.com/2015/12/shey-ductu-address-african-youth-in-new.html 
|dead-url=yes 
}}.&lt;/ref&gt;.
== E ==
* [[Ntone Edjabe]] (1970– ), jounalis
* [[Gaston-Paul Effa]] (1965– ), pwofesè filozofi ak womansye
* [[Jean-Marc Ela]] (1936– ), prèt, pwofesè, sosyològ, antwopolog, [[Théologie de la libération|théologien de la libération]], otè ''African Cry'' ak ''My Faith as an African''
* [[Frieda Ekotto]], pwofesè, kritik ak womansye, otè ''Chuchote pas trop''
* [[Samuel-Martin Eno Belinga]] (1935– ), powèt ak jewològ&lt;ref name=&quot;Gerard-Cam&quot;&gt;{{Cite book 
|author1=Albert S. Gérard
|title=European-Language Writing in Sub-Saharan Africa
|editor=John Benjamins Publishing Company 
|year=1986 |isbn= }}&lt;/ref&gt;
* [[Elolongué Epanya Yondo]] (1930– ), powèt nan lang franse ak nan [[Douala (lang)|Douala]]
* [[Valère Epée]] (1938– ), mizisyen, powèt ak istoryen
* [[Éric Essono Tsimi]], editoryalis
* [[Patrice Étoundi-M'Balla]], jounalis
* [[François-Borgia Marie Evembé]] (1938-)
* [[Elisabeth Ewombè-Moundo]], antwopològ ak womansyè ak fonksyonè entènasyonal.
* [[Ndumbe Eyoh]], (1949–2006), otè pyès teyat
* [[Elisabeth Ewombè-Moundo|Emmanuel Mayo]], powèt ak womansye, pwofesè ak jounalis (1957).

== F ==
* [[Bernard Fonlon]] (1924–1986), minis ak entelektyèl.
* [[Victor Fotso]], (1926-)
* [[Vincent-Sosthène Fouda]], jounalis, politolog ak politisyen.

== H ==
* [[Alexis Maxime Feyou de Happy]], otè pyès teyat nan lang franse, otè ''Conscience Ouverte'' (1974), ''Dithy'' (2002), ''Fairy Tales from Propagamar'' (2006), ''Victus Libri/Classic African Art'' (2008), ''Les Mezzotiniales'' (2009), ''Bodanou le Petit Oiseau Rouge'' (2010), ak ''La Septieme Colonne/L'Ombre de Meridor'' (2010)&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book 
|author1=Donna Page
|title=A Cameroon world - art and artifacts from the Caroline and Marshall Mount collection|isbn=}}&lt;/ref&gt;.
== I ==
* [[Jean Ikellé-Matiba]] (1936–1984)
== K ==
* [[Axelle Kabou]], ekspè nan kominikasyon estratejik
* [[Patrice Kayo]] (1942– ), pwofesè, powèt, womansyè, kontè oral ak eseyis, loreya Grand Prix des Mécènes anan [[Grands prix des associations littéraires|GPAL 2015]].
* [[Yodi Karone]] (1954– ), womansye
* [[Gaston Kelman]]
* [[Hermine Kembo]], loreya Grand prix de la recherche aux [[Grands prix des associations littéraires|GPAL 2014]].
* [[Angèle Kingué]], pwofesè ak fanm ekriven
* [[Ambroise Kom]], inivèsitè, espesyalis literati afrikèn
* [[Jacques Kuoh-Moukouri]] (1909–2002)
* [[Thérèse Kuoh-Moukoury]] (1938– ), feminis, majistra, konsiltan ak womansyè

== L ==
* [[Werewere Liking]] (1950– ), womansye
* [[Max Lobe]]
== M ==
* [[Sankie Maimo]] (1930–2013), otè pyès teyat
* [[Benjamin Matip]] (1932– ), womansye ak otè pyès teyat
* [[Marie-Claire Matip]]
* [[Achille Mbembe]] (1956– ), filozòf
* [[Claude-Joseph M'Bafou-Zetebeg]] (1948– ), powèt nan lang fransèz
* [[Achille Mbembe]] (1957– ), filozòf, politisyen
* [[Charly Gabriel Mbock]], antwopològ, direktè rechèch ak politisyen
* [[Valentin Mbougueng]], jounalis
* [[Imbolo Mbue]]
* [[William Eteki'a Mbumua]] (1933– )
* [[Eric Mendi]], Grand prix des Belles-Lettres nan [[Grands prix des saisons littéraires|GPAL 2013]].
* [[Rémy Sylvestre Medou Mvomo]] (1938– ), womansye ak otè pyès teyat
* [[Léonora Miano]]
* [[Dualla Misipo]] (1901– )
* [[Simon Mol]], jounalis ak militan anti-rasis
* [[Pabé Mongo]] (1948– ), womansye ak otè pyès teyat
* [[Évelyne Mpoudi Ngolé]] (1953– ), pwofesè ak womansyè nan lang franse, otè ''Sous La Cendre Le Feu'' ak ''Petit Jo, Enfant Des Rues''
* [[Adamu Musa]], jounalis
* [[Engelbert Mveng]] (1930–1995), prèt Jezuit, powèt nan lang franse, otè ''Balafons''

== N ==
* [[Bernard Nanga]] (1934–1985), womansye nan lang franse, otè ''Les Chauve-Souris''
* [[David Ndachi Tagne]] (1958– ), womansye ak jounalis
* [[Hubert Mono Ndjana]]
* [[Blaise N'Djehoya]], jounalis ak reyalizatè dokimantè
* [[Patrice Ndedi-Penda]] (1945– ), otè pyès teyat
* [[Bill F. Ndi]] (1964– ), powèt nan lang angle ak otè pyès teyat, otè ''K'cracy, Trees in the Storm and Other Poems'', ''Mishaps and Other Poems'', ''Toils and Travails'' ak ''Gods in the Ivory Towers''
* [[Timothee Ndzaagap]] (1949– ), powèt ak otè pyès teyat
* [[Patrice Nganang]] (1970– ), womansye
* [[Charles Ngandé]], powèt nan lang franse
* [[Job Nganthojeff]] (1936– ), powèt
* [[Jeanne Ngo Maï]] (1933– ), powèt nan lang franse
* [[John Emmanuel Akwo Ngoh]] (c.1940– ), powèt ak womansye
* Joël Gustave Nana Ngongang (1982–2015), aktivis
* [[Boris Ngouo]], foutbalè
* [[Simon Njami]] (1962– ), womansye, komisè ekspozisyon, eseyis ak kritik la
* [[Claude Njiké-Bergeret]], Présidente du Jury des [[Grands prix des associations littéraires|GPAL 2015]]
* [[Martin Njoya]] (1944– ), powèt
* [[Adamou Ndam Njoya]], homme politique, Prezidan Jiri nan [[Grands prix des associations littéraires|GPAL 2014]].
* [[Jean-Jacques Nkollo]] (1962– ), womansye
* [[Etienne B. Noumé]], nom de plume d'Etienne NKepndep (1944–1970), powèt nan lang franse
* [[Tangyie Nsuh-For]]
* [[Jean-Paul-Nyunaï]] (1932– ), powèt nan lang franse
* [[Jacques Muriel Nzouankeu]] (1938– ), nouvèlis ak otè pyès teyat
== O ==
* [[Magloire Ondoa]], Loreya Grand Prix de la Recherche nan [[Grand prix des associations littéraires|GPAL 2013]].
* [[Raphaël Onana]], militè ak majistra
* [[Joseph Owono]] (1921–1981), womansye ak diplomat
* [[Ferdinand Oyono]] (1929– ), womansye
* [[Guillaume Oyônô Mbia]] (1939– ), otè pyès teyat lang franse ak angle, otè ''Trois Prétendants un mari'', Prezidan Jiri nan [[Grands prix des associations littéraires|GPAL 2013]]; [[Literati kamewounèz|Lauréat du Grand Prix des Mécènes]] nan GPAL 2014.
== P ==
* [[René Philombé]], psedonim ''Philippe-Louis Ombede'' (1930–2001), jounalis, powèt, womansye ak otè pyès teyat
* [[Careen Pilo]], diplomat ak womansyè
* [[Louis-Marie Pouka-M'Bague]] (1910– ), jounalis ak powèt

== R ==
* [[Simon Rifoé]] (1943– ), pwofesè
== S ==
* [[Charles Salé]], Grand prix des Belles-Lettres, [[Grands prix des saisons littéraires|GPAL 2014]].
* [[François Sengat Kuo]] (1931– ), powèt nan lang frane ak otè ''Fleurs de Laterite'', ''Heures rouges'', ak ''Collier de Cauris''
== T ==
* [[Hervé Tadié]], nouvèlis
* [[Michel Tagne Foko]], kwonikè ak editè
* [[Veye Tatah]] (vers 1971 - ), jounalis
* [[Élizabeth Tchoungui]], jounalis ak animatris televizyon
* [[Bertrand Teyou]]
* [[Odile Tobner]], inivèsitè
* Daniel Tongning, powèt ak romansye.
* [[Florence Tsagué Assopgoum]], politològ ak womansye

== U ==
* [[Kenneth Usongo]] (vè 1981– )
== W ==
* [[Woungly-Massaga]], politisyen
== Y ==
* [[Étienne Yanou]] (1939-2001), fonksyonè
* [[Georges Yémy]]
== Z ==
* [[Marcel Zang]] (1954-2016), powèt ak otè dramatik
* [[Delphine Zanga Tsogo]] (1935– ), feminis, depite ak minis

== Gade tou ==
* [[Lis ekriven afriken]]

== Referans ==
{{referans}}
== Lyen deyò ==

[[Kategori:Lis]]

[[Kategori:Lis]]
[[Kategori:Ekriven]]
[[Kategori:Ekriven kamewounè]]</text>
      <sha1>7fdrd095n0bl7yfvhbc9fubbclusjeh</sha1>
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  <page>
    <title>Jake Adelstein</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>68674</id>
    <revision>
      <id>888101</id>
      <parentid>717742</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-08-17T19:32:14Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
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        <id>25431</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Add 1 book for [[Wikipedya:Verifyabilite]] (20260817)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]]</comment>
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      <text bytes="1753" sha1="6w6kyziu0zymjk3thj2lmc736y2q6ms" xml:space="preserve">{{moun
|non=Jake Adelstein
|foto=
|tèks=Jake Adelstein
|fonksyon=Ekriven, jounalis anketè
|domèn=Literati
|diplòm=
|etid=
|dat nesans=[[28 mas]] [[1969]]
|lye nesans=[[Columbia, Missouri|Columbia]], eta [[Misouri (eta)|Missouri]]
|peyi nesans=[[Etazini]]
|dat lanmò=
|lye lanmò=
|peyi lanmò=
|nasyonalite= ameriken
|relijyon=
|rezidans=
|kontak=
|Biyografi=
|zèv=
|omaj=
|rekonpans=
|remak=
|fim=
}}

'''Jake Adelstein''' se yon jounalis anketè ameriken, ki fèt [[28 mas]] [[1969]] nan [[Columbia, Missouri|Columbia]] nan eta [[Misouri (eta)|Missouri]] ([[Etazini]]). 
== Biyografi ==
Jake Adelstein te konsakre pi fò nan karyè li pou kouvri kontrebann imen ak krim òganize nan [[Japon]].
== Zèv li yo ==
=== Piblikasyon nan angle ===
* {{cite book|title=Tokyo Vice, An American Reporter on the Police Beat in Japan|url=https://archive.org/details/tokyoviceamerica00adel|editor=Pantheon|year=2009|pages=352|isbn=978-0307378798|access-date=26 desanm 2017}}
* {{cite book|title=The Last Of The Yakuza, Life &amp; Death In the Japanese Underworld|titre original=|éditeur=|year=2016|isbn=|access-date=26 desanm 2017}}
=== Tradiksyon nan franse ===
* {{cite book|title=Tokyo Vice, Un journaliste américain sur le terrain de la police japonaise|editor=Marchialy Editions|year=2016|pages=400|isbn=979-1095582007|access-date=26 desanm 2017}}
* {{cite book|title=Le dernier des yakuzas, Splendeur et décadence d'un hors-la-loi au pays du Soleil-Levant|editor=Marchialy Editions|year=2017|pages=362|isbn=979-1095582212|access-date=26 desanm 2017}}
== Referans ==
{{referans}}
== Lyen deyò ==

{{DEFAULTSORT:Adelstein, Jake}}
[[Kategori:Moun]]
[[Kategori:Literati]]
[[Kategori:Ekriven]]
[[Kategori:Ekriven ameriken]]
[[Kategori:Nesans nan lane 1969]]</text>
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  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Daniel Thaly</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>69514</id>
    <revision>
      <id>888060</id>
      <parentid>727743</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-08-17T18:58:29Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
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        <id>25431</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Add 2 books for [[Wikipedya:Verifyabilite]] (20260817)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]]</comment>
      <origin>888060</origin>
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      <text bytes="2190" sha1="ajj0nkb33d900fkx1eki5vueuw6ywxp" xml:space="preserve">'''Daniel Thaly''', ki fèt [[2 desanm]] [[1879]] nan [[Rozo]] epi ki mouri [[1e oktòb]] [[1950]] nan [[Dominik]], se yon powèt [[Matinik|matinikè]].

Li selèb nan literati rejyonalis oubyen [[Doudouyis]].
== Biyografi ==
== Zèv li yo ==
* {{cite book |author1=Daniel Thaly |title=Lucioles et cantharides|editor=P. Ollendorf |location=Pari |year=1900 |volume= |tome= |pages=64 |isbn= }}
*{{cite book|author1=Daniel Thaly |title=La Clarté du sud  |editor= Société provinciale d'édition |collection= |location=Toulouz |year=1905 |volume= |tome= |pages=108|isbn=}}
*{{cite book|author1=Daniel Thaly |title=Chansons de mer et d'outre mer |url=https://archive.org/details/chansonsdemeretd00thaluoft |sous-title= |editor= Editions de &quot;la Phalange&quot; |collection= |location=Pari |year=1911 |volume= |tome= |pages=109 |isbn=}}
*{{cite book |author1=Daniel Thaly |title=Le Jardin des Tropiques|editor= Édition du Beffroi |collection= |location=Pari |year=1911 |volume= |tome= |pages=141|isbn=}}
*{{cite book |author1=Daniel Thaly |title=Nostalgies françaises 1908-1913|url=https://archive.org/details/nostalgiesfran00thaluoft |editor= Editions de &quot;la Phalange&quot; |collection= |location=Pari |year=1913 |volume= |tome= |pages=165 |isbn=}}
*{{cite book|author1=Daniel Thaly |title=L'Ile et le voyage, petite odyssée d'un poète lointain|editor= le Divan |collection= |location=Paris |year=1923 |volume= |tome= |pages=239 |isbn=}}
*{{cite book|author1=Daniel Thaly |title=Chants de l'Atlantique,  suivis de Sous le ciel des Antilles|editor= Garnier |collection= |location=Pari |year=1928 |volume= |tome= |pages=128 |isbn= }}
*{{cite book|author1=Daniel Thaly |title=Héliotrope, ou les Amants inconnus|editor= le Divan |collection= |location=Pari|year=1932 |volume= |tome= |pages=99 |isbn= }}
*{{cite book  |author1=Daniel Thaly |title=Poèmes choisis|editor= Casterman |collection= |location=Pari |year=1976 |volume= |tome= |pages=145|isbn=}}
== Referans ==
{{referans}}
== Lyen deyò ==


{{DEFAULTSORT:Thaly, Daniel}}
[[Kategori:Moun]]
[[Kategori:Literati]]
[[Kategori:Ekriven]]
[[Kategori:Ekriven matinikè]]
[[Kategori:Nesans nan lane 1879]]
[[Kategori:Lanmò 1950]]
[[Kategori:Doudouyis]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Philippe Garrel</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>69790</id>
    <revision>
      <id>888112</id>
      <parentid>811751</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-08-17T19:40:42Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
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        <id>25431</id>
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      <comment>Add 1 book for [[Wikipedya:Verifyabilite]] (20260817)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]]</comment>
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      <text bytes="3454" sha1="0b3dpyrlc3ghawmpiyc8l6ucmxy9ulb" xml:space="preserve">{{moun
|non=Philippe Garrel
|foto=Philippe_Garrel_(2008).jpg
|tèks=Philippe Garrel (2008)
|fonksyon=Reyalizatè
|domèn=Sinema, televizyon
|diplòm=
|etid=
|dat nesans=[[6 avril]] [[1948]]
|lye nesans=[[Boulogne-Billancourt]]
|peyi nesans=[[Frans]]
|dat lanmò=
|lye lanmò=
|peyi lanmò=
|nasyonalite= franse
|relijyon=
|rezidans=
|kontak=
|Biyografi=
|zèv=
|omaj=
|rekonpans=
|remak=
|fim=
}}
'''Philippe Garrel''', ki fèt [[6 avril]] [[1948]]  nan [[Boulogne-Billancourt]] ([[Frans]])&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.lesgensducinema.com/affiche_acteur.php?mots=philippe+garrel&amp;nom_acteur=GARREL%20Philippe&amp;ident=16349&amp;debut=0&amp;record=0&amp;from=ok Les gens du cinéma] pou ekstrè nesans&lt;/ref&gt;, se yon [[reyalizatè]] [[Frans|franse]].
== Biyografi ==
== Zèv li yo ==
=== Sinema ===
* [[1967]] : ''[[Marie pour mémoire]]''
* [[1968]] : ''[[Le Révélateur]]''
* [[1968]] : ''[[La Concentration]]''
* [[1968]] : ''[[Actua 1]]''&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web
|author=Arnaud Hallet
|url=http://www.revuezinzolin.com/2014/06/actua-1-le-film-rescape-de-philippe-garrel/
|title=Actua 1 : le film rescapé de Philippe Garrel
|date=15 jen 2014
|website=revuezinzolin.com
|access-date=19 septanm 2014
|archive-date=2015-04-02
|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150402131920/http://www.revuezinzolin.com/2014/06/actua-1-le-film-rescape-de-philippe-garrel/
|dead-url=yes
}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* [[1968]] : ''[[Anémone (fim)|Anémone]]''
* [[1969]] : ''[[Le Lit de la Vierge]]''
* [[1971]] : ''[[La Cicatrice intérieure]]''
* [[1973]] : ''[[Les Hautes Solitudes]]''
* [[1975]] : ''[[Un ange passe (fim, 1975)|Un ange passe]]''
* [[1976]] : ''[[Le Berceau de cristal]]''
* [[1979]] : ''[[Le Bleu des origines]]''
* [[1982]] : ''[[L'Enfant secret]]''
* [[1983]] : ''[[Liberté, la nuit]]''
* [[1985]] : ''[[Elle a passé tant d'heures sous les sunlights]]''
* [[1988]] : ''[[Les Ministères de l'art]]'' dokimantè
* [[1989 au cinéma|1989]] : ''[[Les Baisers de secours]]''
* [[1991 au cinéma|1991]] : ''[[J'entends plus la guitare]]''
* [[1993]] : ''[[La Naissance de l'amour]]''
* [[1996]] : ''[[Le Cœur fantôme]]''
* [[1999]] : ''[[Le Vent de la nuit (fim)|Le Vent de la nuit]]''
* [[2001]] : ''[[Sauvage Innocence]]''
* [[2005]] : ''[[Les Amants réguliers]]''
* [[2008]] : ''[[La Frontière de l'aube]]''
* [[2011]] : ''[[Un été brûlant]]''
* [[2013]] : ''[[La Jalousie (fim, 2013)|La Jalousie]]''
* [[2015]] : ''[[L'Ombre des femmes]]''
* [[2017]] : ''[[L'Amant d'un jour]]''
=== Kout fim ===
* [[1964]] : ''[[Les Enfants désaccordés]]''
* [[1965]] : ''[[Droit de visite]]''
* [[1972]] : ''[[Athanor (fim)|Athanor]]''
* [[1978]] : ''[[Voyage au jardin des morts]]''
* [[1984]] : ''[[Paris vu par... 20 ans après]]'', segment ''[[Rue Fontaine (fim, 1984)|Rue Fontaine]]''

=== Televizyon ===
* [[1967]] : ''[[Le Jeune cinéma : Godard et ses émules]]'', antretyen reyalize pou ORTF avèk reyalizatè pwoch [[Jean-Luc Godard]]&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book
|author1=Antoine de Baecque
|title=Biographie Godard
|url=https://archive.org/details/godardbiographie0000unse
|editor=Fayard/Pluriel
|year=2011
|pages=960
|isbn=978-2818501320}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Gade tou ==
* [[Louis Garrel]]
* [[Maurice Garrel]]
* [[Esther Garrel]]
== Referans ==
{{referans}}

== Lyen deyò ==
* [https://www.imdb.com/name/nm0308042/ Philippe Garrel] sou IMDb

{{DEFAULTSORT:Garrel, Philippe}}
[[Kategori:Moun]]
[[Kategori:Aktè]]
[[Kategori:Reyalizatè sinema]]
[[Kategori:Reyalizatè franse]]
[[Kategori:Nesans nan lane 1948]]</text>
      <sha1>0b3dpyrlc3ghawmpiyc8l6ucmxy9ulb</sha1>
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  <page>
    <title>Guillaume Lambert (aktè)</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>69890</id>
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      <id>888089</id>
      <parentid>809774</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-08-17T19:23:56Z</timestamp>
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        <id>25431</id>
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      <comment>Add 1 book for [[Wikipedya:Verifyabilite]] (20260817)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]]</comment>
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      <text bytes="2303" sha1="304wgo6denn5vyjym566keja7czm96d" xml:space="preserve">'''Guillaume Lambert''', ki fèt [[31 janvye]] [[1984]] nan [[Sorel-Tracy]] ([[kebèk]], [[Kanada]]), se yon [[Aktè|komedyen]], otè, [[senaris]] ak [[ekriven]]&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web
|author=Samuel Larochelle
|title=Touche-à-tout {{!}} Le visage de la multidisciplinarité
|url=http://www.fugues.com/244035-7247-article-le-visage-de-la-multidisciplinarite-.html
|éditeur=
|website=Fugues.com
|date=23 oktòb 2015
|access-date=26 desanm 2016
|archive-date=2016-08-16
|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160816061029/http://www.fugues.com/244035-7247-article-le-visage-de-la-multidisciplinarite-.html
|dead-url=yes
}}&lt;/ref&gt; [[Kebèk|kebekwa]].
== Biyografi ==
== Zèv li yo ==
=== Fim ===
* [[2018]] : ''[[Les scènes fortuites]]'' de Guillaume Lambert : Damien Nadeau-Daneau

=== Kout fim ===
* [[2009]] : ''Plus ou moins 24 heures après la mort de Heath Ledger'', ({{Heure||15|}}) de Marie-Ève Beaumont : Guillaume 
* [[2011]] : ''Valérie Cadieux auditionne'', de Marie-Ève Beaumont : L'ami pas connu
* [[2012]] : ''Chef de meute'',  de [[Chloé Robichaud]] : Le dresseur
* [[2013]] : ''Toutes des connes'',  de François Jaros : Phil 
* [[2014]] : ''Le conférencier'' de Guillaume Lambert : Le conférencier 
* [[2015]] : ''Puisqu'il le faut'', ({{Heure||8|}}) de Jean-Marc E. Roy : Li menm 

=== Televizyon ak webseri ===
* 2014 : ''Tout le monde frenche'' (webseri) : Félix 
* [[2015]]-[[2016]] : ''[[Nouvelle Adresse]]'' : Patrice Lacroix
* [[2016]]- : ''[[Like-moi!]]'' : personnages multiples
* 2017 : Les Beaux Malaises : Claude Dagenais
* 2017-  : ''L'Âge adulte'' (webseri) : Tom Noël
=== Literati ===
*  [[2015]] : ''Satyriasis (mes années romantiques), Leméac Éditeur, Montréal, 9 septanm 2015, 120 paj, {{isbn|9782760947139}}
*  [[2016]] : {{cite book|author1=L'ère-seconde (collectif)|title=Portraits d'une génération entre deux millénaires|url=https://archive.org/details/leresecondeportr0000unse|editor=Tête première|date=31 me 2016|pages=200|isbn=9782924207581}}

== Referans ==
{{referans}}
== Lyen deyò ==
* [https://www.imdb.com/name/nm2525297/ Guillaume Lambert] sou IMDb

{{DEFAULTSORT:Lambert, Guillaume}}
[[Kategori:Moun]]
[[Kategori:Aktè]]
[[Kategori:Aktè sinema]]
[[Kategori:Aktè televizyon]]
[[Kategori:Aktè kebekwa]]
[[Kategori:Nesans nan lane 1984]]</text>
      <sha1>304wgo6denn5vyjym566keja7czm96d</sha1>
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  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Aljèb Boole (estrikti)</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>70466</id>
    <revision>
      <id>888103</id>
      <parentid>725504</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-08-17T19:32:58Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>InternetArchiveBot</username>
        <id>25431</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Add 1 book for [[Wikipedya:Verifyabilite]] (20260817)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]]</comment>
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      <text bytes="1054" sha1="jgnnn6dp6tiukn2mip7k6zxl883l3td" xml:space="preserve">Nan [[matematik]], yon '''aljèb Boole''', ou pafwa '''zanno Boole''', se yon [[estrikti (matematik)|estrikti]] [[estrikti aljebrik|aljebrik]] etidye espesyalman nan [[lojik matematik]]. Yon aljèb Boole li ka defini swa kòm yon [[relasyon lòd|estrikti òdone]] patikilyè, swa kòm yon estrikti aljebrik patikilyè, swa kòm yon [[zanno initè|zanno]] (initè) ki gen eleman egal kare li yo.

== Referans ==
{{referans}}
== Lyen deyò ==
* {{cite book|author1=René Cori|author2=Daniel Lascar|title=Logique mathématique I. Calcul propositionnel, algèbres de Boole, calcul des prédicats|year=1993}}.
* {{cite book|
|author1=Steven Givant
|author2=Paul Halmos
|pages=|year=2009
|title=Introduction to Boolean Algebras - Undergraduate Texts in Mathematics
| url=https://archive.org/details/introductiontobo0000giva
|editor=Springer Verlag
|isbn=978-0-387-40293-2}}.
* Daniel Ponasse, ''Logique mathématique'', Chapitre V : Aspect algébrique – Structure d’anneau booléen, edisyon O.C.D.L., Pari, 1967.

[[Kategori:Matematik]]
[[Kategori:Aljèb]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Vasco de Gama</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>70513</id>
    <revision>
      <id>888109</id>
      <parentid>733061</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-08-17T19:37:38Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
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        <id>25431</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Add 1 book for [[Wikipedya:Verifyabilite]] (20260817)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]]</comment>
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      <text bytes="19992" sha1="dh4e430nbcvmzwjgosle50m6uvt99iz" xml:space="preserve">{{moun
|non=Vasco de Gama
|foto=Vasco da Gama - 1838.png
|tèks=Vasco de Gama
|fonksyon=eksploratè
|domèn=
|diplòm=
|etid=
|dat nesans=vè [[1460]] ou [[1469]]
|lye nesans=[[Sines]]
|peyi nesans=[[Pòtigal]]
|dat lanmò=[[24 desanm]] [[1524]]
|lye lanmò=[[Kochi (End)|Cochin]]
|peyi lanmò=[[End]]
|nasyonalite= Pòtigè
|relijyon=
|rezidans=
|kontak=
|Biyografi=
|zèv=
|omaj=
|rekonpans=
|remak=
|fim=
}}
&lt;!-- komantè ː tèks pou verifye ak korije
 [[Indes orientales|Indes]]|famille=Fils d'[[Estêvão de Gama (XVe siècle)|Estêvão de Gama]]&lt;br/&gt;Frère de [[Paulo da Gama]]&lt;br/&gt; Père de [[Christophe de Gama]]|découvertes=Considéré comme le premier Européen à avoir atteint les Indes par la voie des mers en contournant le [[cap de Bonne-Espérance]]|pays employeurs=[[Portugal]]|bâtiments=São Gabriel&lt;br /&gt;São Rafael&lt;br /&gt;Berrio|première expédition={{Date|8|juillet|1497}}, [[Calicut]]|dernière expédition=[[1524]], [[Principauté de Cochin|Cochin]]|hommage=[[Pont Vasco de Gama]]&lt;br /&gt;Billet de 5 000 escudos&lt;br /&gt;Introduction au [[monastère des Hiéronymites]]|signature=Vasco da Gama signature almirante.svg|activités autres=Comte de Vidigueira&lt;br /&gt;Vice-roi des Indes}}
{| class=&quot;infobox_v2&quot; id=&quot;7&quot;   
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; class=&quot;entete map&quot; style=&quot;background-color:#EEEEFF;color:black;&quot; |Vasco de Gama&lt;templatestyles src=&quot;Infobox/Pictogramme/map.css&quot;&gt;&lt;/templatestyles&gt;
|-
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; style=&quot;text-align:center; line-height: 1.5em;&quot; |[[Fichier:Vasco_da_Gama_-_1838.png|alt=Image illustrative de l’article Vasco de Gama|385x385px]]    
   |-
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; |
----
|-
! id=&quot;21&quot; scope=&quot;row&quot; |Nom de naissance
|Vasco da Gama
|-
! id=&quot;26&quot; scope=&quot;row&quot; |Naissance
|v. [[1460 (almanak jilyen)|1460]] ou [[1469 (almanak jilyen)|1469]]&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;datasortkey&quot; data-sort-value=&quot;Portugal royaume&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;flagicon&quot;&gt;[[Fichier:PortugueseFlag1485.svg|bordure|classe=noviewer|18x18px| Drapo Peyi Wa Portugal la]]&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;Royaume de Portugal&lt;/span&gt;, Sines
|-
! id=&quot;35&quot; scope=&quot;row&quot; |Décès
|&lt;time datetime=&quot;1525-01-03&quot; class=&quot;nowrap date-lien dday&quot; data-sort-value=&quot;1525-01-03&quot;&gt;[[24 desanm|24 décembre]] [[1524 (almanak jilyen)|1524]]&lt;/time&gt; (à 55 ou 64 ans)&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Cochin, Indes
|-
! id=&quot;44&quot; scope=&quot;row&quot; |Nationalité
|&lt;span class=&quot;flagicon&quot;&gt;[[Fichier:Flag_of_Portugal.svg|bordure|classe=noviewer|20x20px| drapo   : Pòtigal]]&lt;/span&gt; [[Pòtigal|Portugaise]]
|-
! id=&quot;50&quot; scope=&quot;row&quot; |Famille
|Fils d'Estêvão de Gama&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Frère de Paulo da Gama&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt; Père de Christophe de Gama
|-
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; |
----
|-
! id=&quot;61&quot; scope=&quot;row&quot; |Découvertes principales
|Considéré comme le premier Européen à avoir atteint les Indes par la voie des mers en contournant le cap de Bonne-Espérance
|-
! id=&quot;67&quot; scope=&quot;row&quot; |Pour le compte de
|[[Pòtigal|Portugal]]
|-
! id=&quot;73&quot; scope=&quot;row&quot; |Bâtiments
|São Gabriel&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;São Rafael&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Berrio
|-
! id=&quot;79&quot; scope=&quot;row&quot; |Première expédition
|&lt;time datetime=&quot;1497-07-17&quot; class=&quot;nowrap date-lien&quot; data-sort-value=&quot;1497-07-17&quot;&gt;[[8 jiyè|8 juillet]] [[1497 (almanak jilyen)|1497]]&lt;/time&gt;, Calicut
|-
! id=&quot;87&quot; scope=&quot;row&quot; |Dernière expédition
|[[1524 (almanak jilyen)|1524]], Cochin
|-
! id=&quot;94&quot; scope=&quot;row&quot; |Hommage
|Pont Vasco de Gama&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Billet de 5 000 escudos&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Introduction au monastère des Hiéronymites
|-
! id=&quot;101&quot; scope=&quot;row&quot; |Autres activités
|Comte de Vidigueira&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Vice-roi des Indes
|- 
| colspan=&quot;3&quot; style=&quot;text-align:center; line-height: 1.5em;&quot; |[[Fichier:Vasco_da_Gama_signature_almirante.svg|alt=Signature de Vasco de Gama|110x110px]] 
|-
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; class=&quot;navigation-only&quot; style=&quot;border-top: 2px #EEEEFF solid; font-size: 80%; background:inherit; text-align: right;&quot; |&lt;span class=&quot;plainlinks&quot; style=&quot;float:left;&quot;&gt;[//fr.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Vasco_de_Gama&amp;action=edit&amp;section=0 &lt;span style=&quot;color:#555;&quot;&gt;modifier&lt;/span&gt;]&lt;/span&gt;&amp;nbsp;[[Fichier:Info_Simple.svg|lien=Modèle:Infobox_Explorateur|12x12px| Tcheke dokiman modèl la]]
|}

[[Fichye:Lisboa-Museu_Nacional_de_Arte_Antiga-Retrato_dito_de_Vasco_da_Gama-20140917.jpg|droite|vignette| Portrait nan Vasco de Gama pa Gregorio Lopes. ]]
'''Vasco da Gama''' (an [[Lang pòtigè|pòtigè]] ), souvan nan franse rele '''Vasco de Gama''' , sipozeman ki fèt an [[1469 (almanak jilyen)|1469]] nan Sines nan [[Pòtigal]] e ki mouri 24 desanm 1524  nan Cochin nan peyi Zend , se yon gwo navigatè [[Pòtigal|Pòtigè]] , tradisyonèlman konsidere kòm premye Ewopeyen an yo rive jwenn peyi Zend pa lanmè aprè li te kontoune Kap Bon Esperans , an [[1498 (almanak jilyen)|1498]] . 

== Jenès ==
Vasco de Gama te fèt ozalantou [[1469]] nan Sines, sou kòt sid-wès nan [[Pòtigal]], pwobableman nan yon kay toupre legliz la nan ''Nossa Senhora das Salas''. Sines, youn nan pò yo nan kòt la Alentejo, konsiste sitou nan kay lacho ak twati wouj tiled rete sitou pa pechè.  Se anfans li lanse pa lejand yo nan [[Kwazad|Kwazad yo]] ak ''rekonkèt la'' : &quot;Ale nan mor yo ! Se jwèt pi renmen timoun nan &lt;ref name=&quot;Sanjay&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|url=|title=Vasco de Gama. Légende et tribulations du vice-roi des Indes|last=[[Sanjay Subrahmanyam]]|date=2012|publisher=Alma éditeur|isbn=978-2-36279-030-0|pages=487}}.&lt;/ref&gt; . 

Li se pitit gason Estêvão de Gama, pòtigè nan noblès &lt;ref name=&quot;Grenier&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Jean-Claude Grenier|date=me 1998|title=Vasco de Gama, l'amiral des mers du sud|url=|journal=Géo|volume=|issue=231|page=160}}&lt;/ref&gt; , ''alcáide-mór'' (gouvènè) Sines ak Silves, ak mèt nan lòd Santiago, ak Isabel Sodré, pitit fi João Sodré.&lt;ref&gt; ke yo rele tou João de Resende &lt;/ref&gt; , ki se ki gen orijin angle&lt;ref&gt;Son père et ses frères, Vicente Sodré et Brás Sodré, ont des liens familiaux avec l'{{Lien}}, [[duc de Viseu]] et sont des membres importants de l'[[Ordre du Christ (Portugal)|Ordre du Christ]].&lt;/ref&gt; .  Koup la Estêvão de Gama ak Isabel Sodré te gen senk pitit gason (nan lòd nan laj   Paulo da Gama , João Sodre, Vasco da Gama, Pedro da Gama ak Buenos da Gama) ak yon pitit fi, Teresa da Gama (ki te marye ak Lopo Mendes de Vasconcelos). 

Ti kras yo konnen sou jèn yo nan Vasco de Gama. Istoryen Pòtigè Teixeira de Aragão sijere ke li te etidye matematik ak navigasyon nan vil Évora, petèt li te resevwa leson nan astwonòm Abraham Zacuto&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|url=https://archive.org/details/careerlegendofva0000subr|title=The Career and Legend of Vasco da Gama|last=Sanjay Subrahmanyam|date=1997|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=|page=[https://archive.org/details/careerlegendofva0000subr/page/62 62]}}&lt;/ref&gt; . 

Anviwon 1480, Vasco de Gama swiv papa li ki kontre ak lòd la nan Sant'Iago de l'Epée. Mèt la nan Santiago se Lè sa a, Prince John ki pral ale sou fòtèy la nan [[1481]] anba non Jan II nan Pòtigal .  Jan II adore lòd sa a, favè kandida yo nan Gama la.  Nan [[1492 (almanak jilyen)|1492]], Jan II voye Vasco de Gama nan yon misyon nan pò a nan Setúbal ak rejyon Algarve a sezi bato franse nan vanjans pou domaj yo te fè franse yo nan tan lapè kont bato Pòtigè &amp;nbsp; - &amp;nbsp; yon misyon ke Vasco de Gama fè rapid ak efikasite &lt;ref&gt; Subrahmanyam, op. site, p.63 &lt;/ref&gt;. 

== Ekspedisyon nan peyi Zend ==

=== Premye ekspedisyon an (Calicut) ===
{{Article détaillé|Chronologie de la première expédition portugaise aux Indes}} Lè Vasco de Gama anbake nan [[1497 (almanak jilyen)|1497]] nan tèt kat bato &lt;ref&gt;Bailey Wallys Diffie et George Davison Winius, ''Foundations of the Portuguese Empire, 1415-1580'', University of Minnesota Press, 1977, p. 177-178 {{ISBN|9780816607822}}&lt;/ref&gt; , li se sou yon syèk depi Pòtigè a, apre ekspedisyon yo te lanse pa Prince Henry &lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;i id=&quot;mwSA&quot;&gt;Navigator a&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt; , metodikman eksplore kòt la [[Afrik|Afriken]] ak richès yo ( [[lò]] , [[Esklavaj|esklav]] , kòn elefan , jansiv , maniguette ).  Apre lanmò Henry ''Navigator a'' nan [[1460 (almanak jilyen)|1460]] , kouwòn Pòtigè a montre ti kras enterè nan pouswit nan koute chè sa yo ekspedisyon ak nan [[1469 (almanak jilyen)|1469]] prete trafik la nan yon gwoup komèsan ki te dirije pa Fernão Gomes .  Lè charter la pou renouvèlman an nan konsesyon sa a ak Gomes te fini nan [[1474 (almanak jilyen)|1474]] , Prince John mande papa l 'wa Alfonso V nan Pòtigal refè konsesyon sa a. 

Bartolomeu Dias te komisyone pa wa Jan II nan Pòtigal pouswiv Diogo Cao a eksplorasyon sou kòt la Afriken ak fen fen [[1487 (almanak jilyen)|1487]] Cape nan Bon Hope .  Pwochen etap la se rantre nan peyi Lend Lè sa a, East Indies yo, Lè sa a, sant la ekonomik ak komèsyal nan planèt la ak epis santi bon li yo, bèl pyè koute chè, twal ak diri, pa lanmè kraze monopòl la nan Repiblik la Venice .  Jan II tou voye sou misyon Pêro da Covilhã yo nan lòd yo rive jwenn peyi Zend.  Anplis, ak asansyon a nan fòtèy la nan Manuel I nan Pòtigal , orijin Joachimite milenarism te favorize pa diplomat yo Duarte Galvão ak navigatè Afonso de Albuquerque , espere jwenn mitik Peyi Wa ki nan Prester Jan , ak antre nan yon alyans kont otoman yo &lt;ref&gt;Sanjay Subrahmanyam, ''Empire portugais d'Asie (1500-1700) : histoire politique et économique'', Maisonneuve &amp; Larose, 1999, 385 p. {{ISBN|2706812524}}&lt;/ref&gt; . 

Manuel Mwen apèl a gwo bask da Gama pou misyon nan &quot;karismatik&quot; ak finans ekspedisyon premye l 'nan [[1497 (almanak jilyen)|1497]] &lt;ref name=&quot;Grenier&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Jean-Claude Grenier|date=mai 1998|title=Vasco de Gama, l'amiral des mers du sud|url=|journal=Géo|volume=|issue=231|page=160}}&lt;/ref&gt; .  Vasco da Gama kite Tagus la sou li a [[8 jiyè|, 8 jiyè]] 1497 ak 200 manm ekipaj abò kat bato ( ''São Gabriel''    , bato li a, ''São Rafael'' kòmande pa frè l ' Paulo da Gama , karavèl la ''Berrio'' komisyone pa Nicolau Coelho, ak yon lòt veso depo ak non an enkoni kòmande pa Gonzalo Nunez, lèt la te pèdi tou pre Bay la nan São Bràs sou kòt lès Afrik).  Li pwogrese malgre ravaj disantri a ak po &lt;ref name=&quot;Guillaume&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.kz/books?id=a_AkLoVGPwEC&amp;printsec=frontcover&amp;hl=fr#v=onepage&amp;q&amp;f=false|title=Ils ont domestiqué plantes et animaux|last=Jean Guillaume|publisher=[[Éditions Quæ]]|year=2010|isbn=978-2-7592-0892-0|pages=456}}.&lt;/ref&gt; , fè gwo &quot;fwa&quot; sa a nan [[Brezil]] pou rive nan kòt Afriken an, fè yon kanpe nan plizyè kontè sou wout maritim nan Bartolomeu Dias.  Li double tanpèt yo sou [[22 novanm|22 novanm,]] 1497, te pran avè l 'gid endyen yo oswa Mizilman yo , tankou Ahmed Ibn Majid , karèm oswa fòse yo retire nan chèf yo ti kras nan kòt la nan [[Afrik lès|Lafrik di East]] paske yo konnen kouran yo nan la. [[Endyen (oseyan)|Oseyan Endyen]] .  Li se ancrage nan pò ''Pantalayini'' apeprè ven kilomèt soti nan vil eta-a nan Calicut nan peyi Zend [[21 me]] [[1498 (almanak jilyen)|1498]] ak te ateri sou plaj la nan Kappad    [[28 me|28 Me]] , ekipaj dekousi l 'yo te fin itilize &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=vtZtMBLJ7GgC&amp;pg=PA184&amp;lpg=PA184&amp;dq=Nicolau+Coelho+died&amp;source=bl&amp;ots=LdVMjbnkNO&amp;sig=e8Zio7xgQhqoJP49_pnqGZOTRMM&amp;hl=en&amp;ei=RB7oS__jH4aglAfE_ZzXAw&amp;sa=X&amp;oi=book_result&amp;ct=result&amp;resnum=5&amp;ved=0CCgQ6AEwBA#v=onepage&amp;q=Nicolau%20Coelho&amp;f=false|title=Foundations of the Portuguese empire, 1415-1580|last=Bailey Wallys Diffie, George Davison Winius|date=1977|publisher=University of Minnesota Press|isbn=978-0-8166-0850-8|page=177-188|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; .  Vwayaj la se yon echèk   : Zamorin la nan Calicut, wont ak byen yo li ofri l '-     refize benefis komès ki mande ak peyi Zend se mwens pase [[Kretyen|kretyen yo]] li negosye nan pwen a ke li dwe kòmanse twa mwa pita, pran an otaj enpòtan nan asire dèyè l ' &lt;ref name=&quot;Hecht&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.lexpress.fr/actualite/vasco-de-gama-legende-et-tribulations-du-vice-roi-des-indes_1098563.html|title=Vasco de Gama, le revers de la légende|last=Emmanuel Hecht|date=30 mars 2012|website=L'Express}}&lt;/ref&gt; .  Men, se li ki kouvri ak onè sou retou l 'yo, yo rele &quot;Amiral nan peyi Zend&quot; ak kòm kontwole tankou yon pati nan komès la ak peyi Zend.  Vasco de Gama pral kounye a itilize lejand l '(tankou sa yo ki an ke yo te vwayajè nan premye rive nan peyi Zend, nouvo peyi, pandan ke peyi a ki depi lontan te janbe lòt bò nan pil Arab , machann Venetian , jenwaz , jwif , [[Malezi|Malay]] oswa Mizilman Kretyen siryak yo te founi yo ak pwav ) pou konstwi karyè yo &lt;ref name=&quot;Subrahmanyam&quot;&gt; [[Sanjay Subrahmanyam]] , ''[[La Fabrique de l'histoire|Fabrique de l'histoire]]'' sou [[France Culture|Lafrans Kilti]] , 8 jen 2012 &lt;/ref&gt; .  Tribinal la nan Manuel mwen menm, tèt-pwoklame &quot;mèt nan konkèt, navigasyon ak komès nan peyi Letiopi , ki soti nan Arabi , ki soti nan Pès ak peyi Zend&quot; &lt;ref name=&quot;libe&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.liberation.fr/evenement/0101245748-navigateur-de-genie-mais-homme-cruel-vasco-de-gama-symbole-embarrassant|title=Navigateur de génie, mais homme cruel. Vasco de Gama, symbole embarrassant|last=Jean-Hébert Armengaud|date=20 mai 1998|website=liberation.fr}}&lt;/ref&gt; , vin antiche Gaspar, se yon konvèti jwif pa Vasco de Gama sou wout la tounen, ki moun ki di kourtizan yo sa yo vle tande, sètadi gen anpil kretyen nan peyi Zend (yo toujou panse ke Peyi Wa ki nan prèt Jan se nan peyi Zend. e ke Endou yo se kretyen) &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.fr/books?id=UjtZPfOB-MQC&amp;pg=PA86&amp;lpg=PA86&amp;dq=vasco+de+gama+%2B+juif+gaspard&amp;source=bl&amp;ots=CzkazjlEXO&amp;sig=hF0bykUi74CCNa8_2YXZ2ENwxTg&amp;hl=fr&amp;sa=X&amp;ei=HcrLT7GaF4eM8gPP5vwN&amp;redir_esc=y#v=onepage&amp;q=vasco%20de%20gama%20%2B%20juif%20gaspard&amp;f=false|title=Examen critique de l'histoire de la géographie du Nouveau Continent et des progrès de l'astronomie nautique aux XVe et XVIe siècles|last=[[Alexander von Humboldt]]|date=1839|publisher=Librairie de Gide|isbn=|page=83-88}}&lt;/ref&gt; . 
[[Fichye:50_Escudos_célébrant_le_500e_anniversaire_de_la_naissance_de_Vasco_Da_Gama,_1969.jpg|vignette| 50 escudos selebre 500 th la   nesans Vasco da Gama, 1969. ]]
Apre dezyèm vwayaj li (1502-1503) ak yon flòt de 20 bato ak machandiz finalman enteresan Endyen yo (lò ak ajan pote tounen soti nan [[Gwo dekouvèt|dekouvèt yo gwo]] nan [[Amerik|Amerik yo]] ), Vasco de Gama tonbe soti nan favè &lt;ref name=&quot;Subrahmanyam&quot;&gt; [[Sanjay Subrahmanyam]] , ''[[La Fabrique de l'histoire|Fabrique de l'histoire]]'' sou [[France Culture|Lafrans Kilti]] , 8 jen 2012 &lt;/ref&gt; .  Malgre ke dezyèm sa a ekspedisyon, pafwa vyolan (bonbadman nan pò a nan Calicut nan revanj pou masak yo kont ekip la nan Pedro Álvares Cabral , atak la nan [[29 septanm]] [[1502 (almanak jilyen)|1502]] kont bato a komèsan ''Miri'' ki pote tounen pèlren yo soti nan Lamèk , revele mechanste yo ... soti nan Vasco de Gama   : li pwefere boule kannòt la epi fè kouri gason, fanm ak timoun olye ke yo aksepte ranson ke moun rich machann Mizilman yo ofri l ' &lt;ref name=&quot;libe&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.liberation.fr/evenement/0101245748-navigateur-de-genie-mais-homme-cruel-vasco-de-gama-symbole-embarrassant|title=Navigateur de génie, mais homme cruel. Vasco de Gama, symbole embarrassant|last=Jean-Hébert Armengaud|date=20 mai 1998|website=liberation.fr}}&lt;/ref&gt; ), make kòmansman an nan [[Anpi kolonyal pòtigè|anpi kolonyal Pòtigè]] ak pote tounen nan kouwòn lan yon priz sibstansyèl. osi byen ke privilèj komèsyal enpòtan gras a kontè yo li te fonde sou kòt la Afriken, li te tout bon echwe pou pou soumèt Zamorin a nan Calicut ak espwa a nan jwenn Peyi Wa ki nan prèt la Jean ap wont   Wa Manuel se konsa sanksyon fanmi yo ki chèf privilèj Mercantilism nan misyon kretyen an. 

Rezoud nan Évora ak fanmi li, li te kite nan yon semi-pou pran retrèt pou ven ane pandan ke Francisco de Almeida te nonmen Biwo Indies yo nan [[1505 (almanak jilyen)|1505]] .  Finalman wa Manuel a mwen te ba l 'tit la nan Konte Vidigueira nan [[1519 (almanak jilyen)|1519]] ak siksesè li Jan III nonmen l' Viceroy nan Indies la nan [[1524 (almanak jilyen)|1524]] , ki vle goumen kont koripsyon an ki Prosper nan kontè.  Vasco da Gama antreprann yon vwayaj twazyèm men mouri yon ti tan apre arive l 'yo.  Antere nan legliz St Francis de Cochin , li rete yo te pote tounen nan [[Pòtigal]] pa youn nan pitit gason l 'nan [[1539 (almanak jilyen)|1539]] ak transfere nan yon kouvan nan Carmelites , kounye a pwopriyete prive li te ye tankou ''Quinta fè Carmo'' , tou pre vilaj la. soti nan Vidigueira &lt;ref&gt; [[Sanjay Subrahmanyam]] , &quot;Vasco de Gama ak ekspansyon an Pòtigè&quot;, emisyon ''[[La Marche de l'Histoire|Mache nan Istwa]]'' sou [[France Inter|Lafrans Inter]] , 24 Me 2012 &lt;/ref&gt; . 

Kontrèman ak [[Kristòf Kolon|Christopher Columbus]] , Vasco da Gama pa t kite yon vwayajè.  Sepandan, youn nan mesye l yo te rete anonim e li te kenbe yon jounal, ki bay yon bon apèsi sou divès pwoblèm yo te genyen. 

Èske w gen louvri yon wout lanmè nouvo pou komès nan epis ak etabli lyen komèsyal yo, Peyi Wa ki nan Pòtigal pa pral benefisye de biznis Vasco de Gama a paske nan mank nan pwopriyetè bato , paske nan konpetisyon an soti nan Netherlands ak li yo. aneksyon nan Inyon ibè &lt;ref name=&quot;Subrahmanyam&quot;&gt; [[Sanjay Subrahmanyam]] , ''[[La Fabrique de l'histoire|Fabrique de l'histoire]]'' sou [[France Culture|Lafrans Kilti]] , 8 jen 2012 &lt;/ref&gt; . 
 --&gt;
== Posterite ==
* ''Lusiades'' nan powèm sezon an, Luís de Camões an 1572 , te ''retabli'' sezon nan Vasco da Gama pou fè li yon mit &lt;ref name=&quot;WDL&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.wdl.org/fr/item/11198/|title=Les Lusiades|date=1800-1882|website=[[World Digital Library]]|access-date=2013-09-01}}&lt;/ref&gt; ; 
* Nan [[1880]], transfè zo li nan monastè Jerónimos lan te soulve konfli pami nasyonalis Pòtigè yo jan li te pwobableman konfizyon ak lòt zo, fanmi li ki rete nan rejyon Alentejo &lt;ref name=&quot;Sanjay&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|url=|title=Vasco de Gama. Légende et tribulations du vice-roi des Indes|last=[[Sanjay Subrahmanyam]]|date=2012|publisher=Alma éditeur|isbn=978-2-36279-030-0|pages=487}}.&lt;/ref&gt; ; 
* Nan [[1934]] , powèt la Pòtigè Fernando Pessoa dedye l 'powèm li ''Mensagem'' kote &quot;syèl la chire louvri gwo twou san fon an nan nanm nan Argonaute la &quot; &lt;ref name=&quot;Hecht&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.lexpress.fr/actualite/vasco-de-gama-legende-et-tribulations-du-vice-roi-des-indes_1098563.html|title=Vasco de Gama, le revers de la légende|last=Emmanuel Hecht|date=30 mas 2012|website=L'Express}}&lt;/ref&gt; ; 
* An [[1994 (almanak gregoryen)|1994]] , Vasco de Gama te reprezante sou nòt bank yo pòtigè nan 5,000 escudos (apeprè 25 [[Ewo|ero]]); 
* Pon an pi long nan [[Ewòp]] , ki sitiye nan [[Lisbòn|Lisbon]] , pote non li yo : Vasco da Gama pon ; 
* Yon katye ak yon klib foutbòl nan [[Rio de Janeiro]], [[Brezil]] , pote non li; 
* Yon ri nan kenzyèm arrondissement Pari a pote non l; 
* Yon sant komèsyal nan Lisbon te rele Vasco de Gama Sant ; 
* Yon gwo fò won 145 mèt nan ''Parque das Nações'' te bati pou Expo '98 ; 
* selebrasyon an nan 500th nan   nan pasaj la nan Cape nan bon espwa nan [[1997 (almanak gregoryen)|1997]] revèy Pòtigè nasyonalism ak raple yon gwo kantite Endyen ki Vasco de Gama se kolonizatè a premye nan peyi yo &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Gilbert Perrin|date=1997|title=Le conquistador de l'Orient|url=|journal=La Vie|volume=|issue=2725|page=17}}&lt;/ref&gt; ; 
* Liv lekòl yo ak desen anime pòtigè kontinye jodi a suscité sezon an mitik nan Vasco da Gama &lt;ref name=&quot;Hecht&quot; /&gt; ; 
* Nan ''tan Slayers yo nan'' Gerard Klein ([[1965]]) se bato a nan Kapitèn Varun Shangrin yo te rele Vasco de Gama; 
* Figi nan opera ''L'Africaine'' pa Giacomo Meyerbeer. 
&lt;gallery&gt;
Fichye:GD-EG-Alex-Antoniadis09.JPG|Estati nan Palè Antoniadis nan [[Aleksandri]]. 
Fichye:Belem.Jeronimos07.jpg|Cenotaph nan [[Monastère des Hiéronymites|monastè Jeronimos yo]]. 
Fichye:CochinVascoDeGama.JPG|Premye kavo nan Vasco de Gama nan [[Kochi (End)|Cochin]]. 
&lt;/gallery&gt;

== Gade tou ==
* [[Eksploratè]] 
* [[Gwo dekouvèt]] 
* [[Amerik]] 
== Referans ==
{{referans}}
== Lyen deyò ==

[[Kategori:Moun]]
[[Kategori:Nesans nan lane 1469]]
[[Kategori:Lanmò 1524]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Afriken-Ameriken</title>
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      <text bytes="71476" sha1="fng1b1ck8qvo606cw37z55bn37kuojp" xml:space="preserve">'''Afriken Ameriken''', ke yo rele tou '''Nwa ameriken''' oswa, pi raman, '''Afriken-Ameriken yo''', se sitwayen nan [[Etazini]] nan desandan total oswa pasyèl soti nan Afrik nwa. A vas majorite afriken-ameriken se yon desandan [[Esklavaj|esklav]] depòte ant sèzyèm syèk ak kòmansman diznevyèm syèk. 

Pou yon bon bout tan viktim esklavaj, segregasyon rasyal ak diskriminasyon, rekonstriksyon aprè Gè Sesesyon la, dezagregasyon ak mouvman dwa sivik yo tout etap pou rekonèt dwa Afriken-Ameriken yo. Asansyon nan [[Barack Obama]] - pitit gason yon Kenyan nwa ak yon Amerikèn blanch - nan tèt Etazini yo, an [[2009]], se soti nan yon sèten pwen de vi nan fen evolisyon sa a depi lontan, men se pa anpeche ke pi defize Afriken-Ameriken klas yo toujou konfwonte avèk rasis ak diskriminasyon.

== Denominasyon ==
Byenke tèm &quot;Afriken Ameriken&quot; (nan angle ː African American oswa African-American) te itilize nan lane 1782,&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Jennifer Schessler|date=23 avril 2015|title=The earlier use of &quot;African American&quot; recently found|journal=International New York Times}}&lt;/ref&gt; men li te vilgarize pa Malcolm X sèlman nan ane 1960 yo, anvan li vin yon ekspresyon komen nan fen ane 1980 yo. Objektif li se te defini Ameriken ki gen koulè po nwa pa yon orijin, menm jan yo se sitwayen ki gen yon orijin italyèn oswa ilandèz, e pa sèlman pa koulè yo. Se kategori sa a ki itilize pa Biwo resansman ameriken ansanm ak tèm &quot;Black&quot; (an franse ː ''nwa a'' &quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;pewoct2015&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|date=10 jen 2015|title=What Census Calls Us: A Historical Timeline|url=http://www.pewsocialtrends.org/interactives/multiracial-timeline/|journal=Pew Research Center’s Social &amp; Demographic Trends Project|access-date=19 mas 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt;) yo devlope fòmilè ofisyèl pou prepare estatistik oswa sipòte politik diskriminasyon pozitif.

== Istwa ==
=== Epòk kolonyal  ===
[[Fichye:Benjamin_banneker.jpg|thumb| [[Benjamin Banneker]] (1731-1806), astwonòm ak editè ameriken, pitit esklav.]]
Premye esklav afriken yo te debake nan kòmansman 17 yèm syèk la nan trèz koloni angle nan [[Amerik dinò]]. Soti nan tan sa a, nou ka obsève kwazman avèk blan yo. Pandan Lagè Endepandans Amerikèn an, sòlda nwa, esklav oswa lib, te patisipe nan konfli a sou toulède bò yo, lwayalis ak ensije.  Yo estime ke 5,000 Afriken-Ameriken te goumen ansanm avèk Ameriken blan &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|first=Sidney|last=Kaplan|first2=Emma Nogrady|last2=Kaplan|title=The Black Presence in the Era of the American Revolution|url=https://archive.org/details/blackpresenceine0000kapl|page=[https://archive.org/details/blackpresenceine0000kapl/page/64 64]-69|publisher=Univ of Massachusetts Press|year=1989|isbn=0870236636}}.&lt;/ref&gt; ak plizyè nan yo te libere. Nan lane 1779, anviwon 10,000 moun nwa te rejwenn lame britanik la &lt;ref name=&quot;Marienstras94&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|title=Révoltes et révolutions en Amérique|page=94|publisher=Atlande|year=2005|isbn=978-2350300153|last=Elise Marienstras|last2=Naomi Wulf}}.&lt;/ref&gt;. 

Revolisyon Ameriken an mete plas ak estati nwa nan sosyete a nan kè de deba politik yo. Moun Nwa yo rive jwenn yon emansipasyon relatif nan eta nan sant ([[Philadelphia, Pennsilvani|Philadelphia]]) ak Nouvè Angletè &lt;ref name=&quot;Marienstras94&quot;/&gt;. Esklavaj te aboli nan lane  [[1777 (almanak gregoryen)|1777]] nan [[Vèmont|Vermont]] &lt;ref name=&quot;Binoche103&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|first=Jacques|last=Binoche|title=Histoire des États-Unis|page=103|publisher=Ellipses|year=2003|isbn=9782729814519|access-date=2017-03-19}}.&lt;/ref&gt;{{,}}&lt;ref name=&quot;Cottret425&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|first=Bernard|last=Cottret|title=La Révolution américaine: la quête du bonheur, 1763-1787|page=485|publisher=Perrin|year=2004|isbn=9782262022426}}.&lt;/ref&gt; , nan lane 1780 nan [[Pènsilvani|Pennsylvania]] &lt;ref name=&quot;Cottret425&quot; /&gt; , nan lane 1783 nan [[Masachosèt]]. 

Kongrè Kontinantal la diskite entansman esklavaj.  [[Thomas Jefferson]] , nan Deklarasyon Endepandans amerikèn an , te pito inyore sijè a, konsa yo pa fache rejyon sid yo ki te rete nan ekonomi [[plantasyon]] an.  Si Konstitisyon Ameriken an te fonde baz [[Demokrasi|demokratik]] yo nan nouvo Repiblik la, li ekskli moun nwa ki soti nan dwa pou yo vote, osi byen ke fanm, Ameriken natif natal yo ak pòv yo. 

=== Etazini esklavajis ===
=== Abolisyon esklavaj ===
[[Fichye:Cotton_gin_harpers.jpg|thumb| Ginaj koton an 1869.]]

Depi [[1770]], sosyete Quaker Nouvèl Angletè te entèdi tout pratik esklavajis. Se sèlman kèk eta nan Nò a ki ap deplase rapidman nan direksyon pou abolisyon esklavaj la [[Vèmont]] te entèdi li depi [[1777]].&lt;ref name=&quot;Binoche103&quot;/&gt; Nan lane 1807, komès esklav nwa te ofisyèlman aboli nan Etazini yo. Nan lane 1820 yo Female Anti-slavery Society (''Sosyete Fi Anti-Esklavaj) te'' denonse esklavaj. Nan lane [[1863]] pandan Gè Sivil amerikèn an, Prezidan [[Abraham Lincoln]] te siyen Pwoklamasyon Emansipasyon ki deklare lib tout esklav k ap viv sou teritwa Konfederasyon Sid la ki pa anba kontwòl [[Etazini|Inyon an]]. Nan lane [[1865]] se pibliye 13yèm amandman  ki entèdi esklavaj aprè lagè sa a.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.loc.gov/rr/program/bib/ourdocs/13thamendment.html|title=13th Amendment to the U.S. Constitution|website=loc.gov|language=en|access-date=2017-03-19}}.&lt;/ref&gt; 

Aprè lagè a, pifò nan &quot;inivèsite yo tradisyonèlman nwa&quot; yo te kreye pou akèyi etidyan Afriken-Ameriken refize sou kanpis blan. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Stéphanie Le Bars|date=3 avril 2018|title=Hampton, un pilier de la communauté|url=https://www.lemonde.fr/ameriques/article/2018/04/03/l-universite-d-hampton-pilier-de-la-communaute-noire_5279803_3222.html|journal=[[Le Monde]]|issue=22774|page=10}}.&lt;/ref&gt; 

Pa te gen okenn rekizisyon oswa konfiskasyon, pa gen okenn plantasyon divize oswa fragmenté. Okontrè, Prezidan Andrew Johnson gen moun nwa yo ekspilse nan tè ke kèk jeneral nòdis te distribye yo. Anjeneral, estrikti ekonomik nan Sid la, ki bati sou karakteristik rasis, se konplètman konsève. Sistèm kare, yon fòm eksplwatasyon souvan touprè esklavaj. se kreye pou moun nwa.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;/&gt;
&lt;gallery&gt;
Frederick Douglass portrait.jpg|[[Frederick Douglass]]. 
Sojourner truth c1870.jpg|[[Sojourner Truth]]. 
Harriet Tubman by Squyer, NPG, c1885.jpg|[[Harriet Tubman]]. 
&lt;/gallery&gt;

=== Segregasyon rasyal ===
Aprè 1865, yon gwo kantite ansyen esklav yo te twouve yo san travay e anpil plantè te vini pov. Lè sa a, kòmanse yon egzòd anmas nan Afriken-Ameriken nan lavil yo endistriyèl nan nò a nan peyi a. La Gè Sesesyon te kite resantiman nan Sid Eta sid yo aprè fen okipasyon militè a, segregasyon te etabli pou pè metisaj ak sikoz vyòl la nan fanm blanch pa nonm afriken. lwa yo Jim Crow etabli ''devlopman separe, men egal'', setadi, segregasyon nan plas piblik. 

Eta sid yo te tou pran avantaj sou peryòd la pou vote pou Kòd Nwa, ki mete restriksyon grav sou dwa nan ki fèk lib Afriken-Ameriken. Yo adopte yon seri de lwa ki entèdi posesyon zam pa nwa, dwa pou reyinyon aprè solèy kouche, ak &quot;ochomaj&quot;. Nan [[Misisipi (eta)|Mississippi]], lwa a entèdi yo pou yo posede tè.  Nan [[Karolin disid|Kawolin disid]], li entèdi yo soti nan pratike nenpòt ki okipasyon &quot;atistik, komèsyal oswa endistriyèl&quot; , sèlman ki pèmèt yo vin domestik oswa valè agrikòl yo. Plizyè eta (osi byen ke nan Nò a, tankou [[Nou Yòk (eta)|Nou Yòk]]) anpeche yo gen dwa vote anba diferan rezon (vot sansitè, entèdiksyon vot pou analfabèt, elatriye).  ) &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;/&gt;. 

Nwa yo tou viktim vyolans, lenchaj ak rayi nan Ku Klux Klan la.  Tout moun nan [[Lwiziana|Lwizyana]] travèse pa bann ame ki fwete, bat oswa touye nwa avèk enpinite.  Nan kòmansman ane 1870 yo, lig sa yo te rive 25,000 manm .  Daprè Jeneral Philip Sheridan, gouvènè militè nan rejyon an, plis pase 3,500 moun nwa yo te touye nan 10 ane sa yo aprè lagè a &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|last=Frank Browning, John Gerassi|title=Histoire criminelle des États-Unis|publisher=Nouveau monde|date=2015}}.&lt;/ref&gt; . 

=== Gwo migrasyon (1916-1930) ===
Nan mwa septanm 1909, nan repons a revòlt rasyal [[Springfield, Ilinwa|Springfield]] ak plis lajman vyolans anti-Nwa, yon gwoup refòmatè ki gen ladan [[W.E.B. Du Bois]] ak [[John Dewey]] te vin ansanm yo te jwenn Asosyasyon Nasyonal pou Avansman nan moun ki gen koulè&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;/&gt; . 

Pandan premyè mwatye nan ventyèm yo syèk, plizyè milyon Afriken-Ameriken kite sid Etazini yo rantre nan Nò a, Midwès ak lwès peyi a nan yon mouvman li te ye tankou [[Gwo migrasyon]] (1916-1930).&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last=[[Loïc Wacquant]]|year=1993|title=De la « terre promise » au ghetto. La grande migration noire américaine. 1916-1930|url=http://www.persee.fr/doc/arss_0335-5322_1993_num_99_1_3061|journal=[[Actes de la recherche en sciences sociales]]|issue=99|page=43-51}}.&lt;/ref&gt; Yo espere chape segregasyon an ak vyolans yo toujou soufri nan Sid la, aksè nan dwa pou vote ak pi bon kondisyon lavi. Dinamis endistriyèl la nan Nò a, bezwen yo travay ki soti nan entansifye nan pwodiksyon militè pandan [[Premyè Gè mondyal|Premye Gè Mondyal la]] ofri kondisyon sa a vag migratè. 

Sòti nan 1910 a 1930, popilasyon an nwa nan vil yo nan [[Chikago]], [[Nouyòk]], ak [[Filadelfi]] ogmante de 226,000 a 902,000 moun.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|last=Francis Newton|title=Une sociologie du jazz|location=Paris|year=1966|page=49}}.&lt;/ref&gt; Konsantrasyon an nan moun nwa nan lavil yo pi gwo nò mennen nan fòmasyon an nan katye avèk gwo majorite Afriken Ameriken kòm bò sid nan [[Chikago]] oswa Harlem nan [[Nou Yòk]]. 

Gwo Migrasyon an akonpaye pa yon transfè enpòtan kiltirèl : Fòm espesifik mizik nan sid peyi a, tankou bougi-woogie oswa blues, ap gaye nan nò a.  Sant gravite mizik [[djaz]] soti nan [[Nouvèl Olean]] Chikago ak Nouyòk. Katye Harlem nan Nouyòk se bèso nan yon mouvman kiltirèl. Li te ye tankou Renesans la Harlem, non li te rekonèt toutpatou nan peyi a. Ekriven [[Zora Neale Hurston]], [[Langston Hughes]], [[Claude McKay]], [[Richard Wright]] ak atis [[Lois Mailou Jones]], [[William H. Johnson]], [[Romare Bearden]] ak [[Jacob Lawrence]] se reprezantan prensipal yo.

=== Dwa Sivik ak mach nan direksyon pou egalite ===
Nan nivo politik la, premye manm nwa yo nan Kongrè Etazini an te eli anba etikèt la Repibliken nan mwa novanm 1868, twa (3) ane aprè abolisyon esklavaj la. Se sèlman an 1934 ke Pati Demokrat la te prezante premye kandida nwa li yo. 

Soti nan 1936 ak 1966, omwen 2,800 moun nwa yo te asasinen nan lenchaj.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;/&gt; 

Pandan Gwo Depresyon ane 1930 yo, Afriken-Ameriken yo te sitou afekte pa chomaj ak povrete. Si New Deal (Nouvo Kontra) a ki te lanse pa Prezidan [[Franklin Delano Roosevelt]] pa te bay pou okenn dispozisyon patikilyè pou yo, Ameriken nwa te pran avantaj nan divès pwogram ak èd federal pou egzanp, yo benefisye de yon tyè nan benefis lojman. Li se soti nan tan sa a yo ke yo chanje afilyasyon politik yo, vire plis nan direksyon pou pati a nan Roosevelt, pati demokrat la.

Sitiyasyon Afriken Ameriken yo ap amelyore tou dousman  : entegrasyon sosyal yo pwogrese gras a lame a pandan Dezyèm Gè Mondyal la ( 700 000 Nwa nan Lame a an 1944 &lt;ref name=&quot;Mélandri290&quot;&gt;{{Référence Harvard sans parenthèses|Mélandri|2008|p=290}}.&lt;/ref&gt; .  Konfli a ak fòs yo Aks gen tandans inifye nasyon an, &lt;ref name=&quot;Mélandri291&quot;&gt;{{Référence Harvard sans parenthèses|Mélandri|2008|p=291}}.&lt;/ref&gt; menm si revòlt rasyal te pete nan 1943.  Roosevelt ap pran mezi pou limite diskriminasyon nan administrasyon federal la ( Dekrè Egzekitif 8802 &lt;ref name=&quot;Mélandri290&quot; /&gt; ).  Nan lane 1942, ''Kongrè Egalite a'' te fonde pou lite kont diskriminasyon nan bilding piblik nan nò peyi a &lt;ref name=&quot;Mélandri290&quot; /&gt; .  Gran Migrasyon an kòmanse nan peryòd antdegè la kontinye  : Plizyè mil moun nwa kite Sid la pou travay nan metwopòl [[Kalifòni|Kalifòni yo]] .  An 1941, pa menase pou òganize yon gwo mach pwotestasyon sou kapital la, lidè sendika yo ki gen ladan Asa Philip Randolph jwenn nan men gouvènman an yon desegregasyon nan faktori nan Nò a. 

Premye mezi kont segregasyon an pran nan eta sid yo aprè [[Dezyèm Gè mondyal|Dezyèm Gè Mondyal la]] , yo bay efò lagè Ameriken Afriken yo nan lame peyi a.  An 1949, lame a antre nan yon faz desegregasyon total &lt;ref&gt;{{Harvsp|Bacharan|2005|p=131|id=Bacharan}}.&lt;/ref&gt; .  Gras a efò avokaA ariken-Aaeriken  Thurgood Marshall ak NAACP a , segregasyon lekòl la te deklare kenonstitisyonèl pa Tribinal Siprèm lantazini an 1954 ( ''Brown v.''  ''Komisyon Konsèy Edikasyon an'' ).  Lòt lwa Jim Crow yo te aboli pa ''Lwa sou Dwa Sivil'' 1964 ak Lwa ''sou Dwa Vòt la'' . 

Ane 1960 yo te make pa figi [[Martin Luther King|Martin Luther King Jr.]] (1929-1968) ki te òganize ak dirije mach pou dwa pou vote , travay minorite yo, ak lòt dwa sivik debaz pou Afriken Ameriken yo.  Li se pi byen konnen pou diskou li &quot; ''I have a dream'' &quot; ''(Mwen gen yon rèv),'' lage sou  28 out 1963  devan Lincoln Memorial nan [[Wachintòn|Wachinton]] pandan mach la pou travay ak libète.  Li rankontre [[John Fitzgerald Kennedy|John F. Kennedy]] ki sipòte l nan batay kont diskriminasyon rasyal.  Martin Luther King ak mouvman dwa sivikyo pa apresye pa opinyon piblik la ak mach la rejte pa de (2) tyè de Ameriken yo.  Daprè enkèt fèt pa ''The New York Times'' nan lane 1964, Nouyòkè yo wè Martin Luther King kòm yon &quot;ekstremis&quot; ak konsidere &quot;twòp&quot; reklamasyon dwa sivik &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Sylvie Laurent|date=2018-04-01|title=Le dernier combat de Martin Luther King|url=https://www.monde-diplomatique.fr/2018/04/LAURENT/58557|journal=Le Monde diplomatique|access-date=2018-09-20}}.&lt;/ref&gt; .  Desegregasyon an pran yon vire vyolan avèk anpil asasina, revòlt nan kèk vil ak geto ː  ant 1965 ak 1968, vyolans lan te kite 250 mouri ak 8,000 blese toupatou nan peyi a.  An 1968, yon rapò Komisyon Kerner te envestige kòz vyolans sa yo e se pwen depa pou politik diskriminasyon pozitif . &lt;gallery&gt;
King portrait.gif|[[Martin Luther King]] 
John Lewis 1964-04-16.jpg|[[John Lewis (politisyen)|John Lewis]] . 
Huey Newton HS Yearbook.jpeg|[[Huey P. Newton]]. 
Malcolm X NYWTS 2a.jpg|[[Malcolm X]] 
Angela Davis Moscow 1972 cropped 2.jpg|[[Angela Davis]]. 
Bobby Seale at John Sinclair Freedom Rally.jpg|[[Bobby Seale]] . 
&lt;/gallery&gt;

=== Epòk kontanporèn ===
Pati Black Panther Party te fonde an 1966. Nan lane 1973, Bobby Seale kouri pou BPP nan [[Oakland, Kalifòni|Oakland]] City Hall [[Oakland, Kalifòni|(Kalifòni)]], ki konsantre sou sèvis sosyal ak politizasyon nan kominote a nwa. Li vin 19.26% nan vòt la ak ki kalifye pou dezyèm vòt lan, kote li echwe sepandan&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Alain-Marie Carron|date=1973-05-01|title=Les « Black Panthers » : des mitraillettes aux urnes|url=https://www.monde-diplomatique.fr/1973/05/CARRON/31490|journal=Le Monde diplomatique|access-date=2018-09-20}}.&lt;/ref&gt; . 

== Diskriminasyon pozitif (''aksyon afimatif'' ) ==
Premye a yo itilize fraz la ''Aksyon Afimatif'' se Prezidan ameriken [[John Fitzgerald Kennedy]] ; li te Lè sa a, pran sou pa siksesè li nan Maison Blanche lan , Lyndon B. Johnson. Lide yo te ke, malgre lwa egalite, moun nwa ta lag dèyè rès la nan popilasyon an amerikèn an.  Objektif la se te moun ki Nwa plis reprezante nan travay kalifye, inivèsite, medya yo, ak sou sa.  Depi ane 1960 yo, yo te travay preferansyèl prezante.  Men, sa a se nan okenn fason yon politik kota Nan lane 2003, Tribinal Siprèm lan te kondane prensip kota yo kòm kontrè ak egalite devan lalwa ak konpetisyon gratis. Rezilta yo konsidere kòm konvenk nan Etazini yo Nan lane 1960, 13% Afriken-Ameriken yo te fè pati klas mwayèn yo, ak 66% nan 2000. Kantite nwa ki nan klas presegondè a te kat (4) fwa pi plis e kantite nwa pòv yo te mwatye mwatye.&lt;ref name=&quot;Gérard&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.lemonde.fr/societe/article/2010/01/18/l-experience-de-la-discrimination-positive-aux-etats-unis_1293336_3224.html|title=L'expérience de la discrimination positive aux États-Unis|last=Mathilde Gérard|date=18 janvye 2010|website=lemonde.fr|access-date=20 janvye 2010}}.&lt;/ref&gt; Diferans etnik yo tou pi fò nan Amerik Latin nan, ki kanmenm gen yon repitasyon pou konjeksyon.

== Reprezantasyon politik ==
Premye eli nwa yo parèt pandan peryòd sa yo rele nan Rekonstriksyon an , jis apre Gè Sivil la, ak nan mitan lòt moun de eli Afriken Ameriken nan Sena Etazini an. Hiram Rhodes Revels ak Blanche Bruce , tou de eli nan Mississippi. Men, kontwòl nan eta sid yo pa demokrat yo konsèvatif (''rachè yo''), konpwomi an nan 1877 ak nan fen okipasyon militè a, vyolans la, entimidasyon a dekouraje moun nwa yo vote ak fwod yo elektoral make nan fen sa a ... peryòd. Kòmanse segregasyon an disparèt nenpòt reprezantasyon elektif Afriken-Ameriken yo. 

Nou dwe tann batay pou dwa sivil ak fen segregasyon nan eta sid yo pou wè Afriken Ameriken ankò nan politik nan fen ane 1960 yo. Se konsa, an 1968, Shirley Chisholm te premye Afriken-fanm Ameriken eli nan Kongrè a. An 1972, li te kouri pou nominasyon Demokratik la pou eleksyon prezidansyèl,&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Pap Ndiaye|date=octobre 2008|title=Amérique, année zéro ?|journal=Géo|issue=356|page=50}}&lt;/ref&gt; men George McGovern te bat li. An 2009, [[Barack Obama]] te vin premye prezidan an Afriken-Ameriken nan peyi Etazini a, apre senkyèm Afriken-Ameriken an eli nan Sena a&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.senate.gov/pagelayout/history/h_multi_sections_and_teasers/Photo_Exhibit_African_American_Senators.htm|title=U.S. Senate: African American Senators|website=www.senate.gov|access-date=2017-03-19}}.&lt;/ref&gt;
 
&lt;gallery&gt;
ObamaSouthCarolina.jpg|[[Barack Obama]], premye prezidan Afriken-Ameriken (2009-2017). 
Michelle Obama waving.jpg|[[Michelle Obama]], premye [[Premyè Dam Etazini|Premyè Dam]] Afriken (2009-2017). 
John Willis Menard.jpg|[[John Willis Menard]], premye Afriken-Ameriken eli nan Kongrè a nan 1868. 
Hiram Rhodes Revels - Brady-Handy-(restored).png|[[Hiram Rhodes Revels]], premye Afriken-Ameriken an eli nan Sena a ak chita nan Kongrè a nan 1870. 
Robert C. Weaver official portrait.jpg|[[Robert C. Weaver]], premye manm Afriken-Ameriken nan yon kabinè prezidansyèl yo. 
Thurgood-marshall-2.jpg|[[Thurgood Marshall]], premye jij nwa nan Tribinal Siprèm lan (1967-1991). 
Shirley Chisholm.jpg|[[Shirley Chisholm]], premyè fanm afriken-ameriken ki te eli nan Kongrè a an 1968 e premye fanm ak premye moun nwa ki te kouri pou yon pwemye minis demokratik an prezidans nan lane 1972. 
Patricia R. Harris.jpg|[[Patricia Roberts Harris]], premye manm Afriken-Ameriken nan yon kabinè prezidansyèl ak nonmen anbasadè. 
Jesse Jackson, half-length portrait of Jackson seated at a table, July 1, 1983.jpg|[[Jesse Jackson]], premye Afriken-Ameriken kapab genyen yon pwezidansyèl prensipal yon gwo fèt nan lane 1988. 
John Conyers 113th Congress.jpg|[[John Conyers]], aktyèl pi ansyen Depite. 
Sen._Carol_Moseley_Braun.jpg|[[Carol Moseley-Braun]], premyè fanm afriken-ameriken eli nan Sena an 1992 
David Dinkins.jpg|[[David Dinkins]], premye majistra nwa nan Nouyòk (1990-1993). 
Hwheadshot.jpg|[[Harold Washington]], premye majistra nwa nan [[Chikago]] (1980-1993). 
&lt;/gallery&gt;

{| class=&quot;wikitable centre&quot;
|+ Vòt popilasyon Afriken-Ameriken an pandan eleksyon prezidansyèl yo 
! rowspan=&quot;2&quot; scope=&quot;col&quot; | Ane 
! colspan=&quot;3&quot; scope=&quot;col&quot; | Afriken Ameriken 
! colspan=&quot;3&quot; scope=&quot;col&quot; | Nasyonal 
|-
! scope=&quot;col&quot; | Demokrat (%) 
! scope=&quot;col&quot; | Repibliken (%) 
! scope=&quot;col&quot; | Lòt (%) 
! scope=&quot;col&quot; | Demokrat (%) 
! scope=&quot;col&quot; | Repibliken (%) 
! scope=&quot;col&quot; | Lòt (%) 
|-
| '''1976 &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://ropercenter.cornell.edu/polls/us-elections/how-groups-voted/how-groups-voted-1976/|title=How Groups Voted in 1976 - Roper Center|website=Roper Center|access-date=2015-11-23}}.&lt;/ref&gt;''' 
| '''83''' 
| 17 
| 0 
| '''50''' 
| 48 
| 2 
|-
| '''1980 &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://ropercenter.cornell.edu/polls/us-elections/how-groups-voted/how-groups-voted-1980/|title=How Groups Voted in 1980|website=Roper Center|access-date=2017-05-27}}.&lt;/ref&gt;''' 
| '''83''' 
| 14 
| 3 
| 41 
| '''51''' 
| 8 
|-
| '''1984 &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://ropercenter.cornell.edu/polls/us-elections/how-groups-voted/how-groups-voted-1984/|title=How Groups Voted in 1984|website=Roper Center|access-date=2017-05-27}}.&lt;/ref&gt;''' 
| '''91''' 
| 9 
| 0 
| 41 
| '''59''' 
| 0 
|-
| '''1988 &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://ropercenter.cornell.edu/polls/us-elections/how-groups-voted/how-groups-voted-1988/|title=How Groups Voted in 1988|website=Roper Center|access-date=2015-11-23}}.&lt;/ref&gt;''' 
| '''89''' 
| 11 
| 0 
| 46 
| '''53''' 
| 1 
|-
| '''1992 &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://ropercenter.cornell.edu/polls/us-elections/how-groups-voted/how-groups-voted-1992/|title=How Groups Voted in 1992|website=Roper Center|access-date=2017-05-27}}.&lt;/ref&gt;''' 
| '''83''' 
| 10 
| 7 
| '''43''' 
| 37 
| 19 
|-
| '''1996 &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://edition.cnn.com/ALLPOLITICS/1996/elections/natl.exit.poll/index1.html|title=AllPolitics - Presidential Election Exit Poll Results|website=edition.cnn.com|access-date=2015-12-07|archive-date=2016-03-10|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160310062402/http://edition.cnn.com/ALLPOLITICS/1996/elections/natl.exit.poll/index1.html|dead-url=yes}}.&lt;/ref&gt;''' 
| '''84''' 
| 12 
| 4 
| '''49''' 
| 41 
| 9 
|-
| '''2000 &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://ropercenter.cornell.edu/polls/us-elections/how-groups-voted/how-groups-voted-2000/|title=How Groups Voted in 2000|website=Roper Center|access-date=2017-05-27}}.&lt;/ref&gt;''' 
| '''90''' 
| 10 
| 0 
| 48 
| '''48''' 
| 2 
|-
| '''2004 &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://edition.cnn.com/ELECTION/2004/pages/results/states/US/P/00/epolls.0.html|title=CNN.com Election 2004|website=edition.cnn.com|access-date=2016-03-20|archive-date=2019-05-16|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190516163512/http://edition.cnn.com/ELECTION/2004/pages/results/states/US/P/00/epolls.0.html|dead-url=yes}}.&lt;/ref&gt;''' 
| '''88''' 
| 11 
| 1 
| 48 
| '''51''' 
| 1 
|-
| '''2008 &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://edition.cnn.com/ELECTION/2008/results/polls/#val=USP00p1|title=Local Exit Polls - Election Center 2008 - Elections &amp; Politics from CNN.com|website=edition.cnn.com|access-date=2015-12-07|archive-date=2008-11-14|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081114020612/http://edition.cnn.com/ELECTION/2008/results/polls/#val=USP00p1|dead-url=yes}}.&lt;/ref&gt;''' 
| '''95''' 
| 4 
| 1 
| '''53''' 
| 45 
| 2 
|-
| '''2012 &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://elections.nytimes.com/2012/results/president/exit-polls|title=President Exit Polls|website=The New York Times|access-date=2015-12-07}}.&lt;/ref&gt;''' 
| '''93''' 
| 6 
| 1 
| '''51''' 
| 47 
| 2 
|-
| '''2016 &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://edition.cnn.com/election/results/exit-polls|title=2016 election results: Exit polls|date=|website=edition.cnn.com|access-date=2016-11-09|archive-date=2016-11-08|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161108221808/http://edition.cnn.com/election/results/exit-polls|dead-url=yes}}.&lt;/ref&gt;''' 
| '''89''' 
| 8 
| 3 
| 48 
| '''46''' 
| 6 
|}

== Demografi ==
=== Evolisyon popilasyon an ===
[[Fichye:African_American_by_state_in_the_USA_in_2010.svg|thumb| Pousantaj Afriken-Ameriken pa eta an 2010 : {{Début de colonnes|taille=8}}
{{Légende/Début}}
{{Légende|#D5E5FF|- de 2 %}}
{{Légende|#AACCFF|de 2 à 5 %}}
{{Légende|#80B3FF|de 5 à 10 %}}
{{Légende|#5599FF|de 10 à 15 %}}
{{Légende|#2A7FFF|de 15 à 20 %}}
{{Légende|#0066FF|de 20 à 25 %}}
{{Légende|#0055D4|de 25 à 30 %}}
{{Légende|#0044AA|de 30 à 35 %}}
{{Légende|#003380|de 35 à 40 %}}
{{Légende/Fin}}
{{Fin de colonnes}}]]
[[Fichye:New_2000_black_percent.gif|thumb| Pousantaj Afriken-Ameriken pa konte an 2000]]
{| class=&quot;wikitable sortable centre&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 90%; text-align:center;&quot;
|+ Popilasyon afriken-ameriken nan resansman an  {{,}}  
! rowspan=&quot;3&quot; scope=&quot;col&quot; | Ane 
! colspan=&quot;2&quot; scope=&quot;col&quot; | Se sèlman Ameriken Afriken yo 
! colspan=&quot;2&quot; scope=&quot;col&quot; | Metis afriken-ameriken 
! colspan=&quot;4&quot; scope=&quot;col&quot; | Esklavaj 
|-
! rowspan=&quot;2&quot; scope=&quot;col&quot; | Nonm 
! rowspan=&quot;2&quot; scope=&quot;col&quot; | % nan popilasyon 
! rowspan=&quot;2&quot; scope=&quot;col&quot; | Nonm 
! rowspan=&quot;2&quot; scope=&quot;col&quot; | % nan popilasyon 
! colspan=&quot;2&quot; scope=&quot;col&quot; | Esklav 
! colspan=&quot;2&quot; scope=&quot;col&quot; | Lib 
|-
! scope=&quot;col&quot; | Nonm 
! scope=&quot;col&quot; | % 
! scope=&quot;col&quot; | Nonm 
! scope=&quot;col&quot; | % 
|-
| 1790 
| 757,208 
| 19.3 
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; rowspan=&quot;21&quot; |
| 697,681 
| 92.1 
| 59,727 
| 7.9 
|-
| 1800 
| 1,002,037 
| 18.9 
| 893,602 
| 89.2 
| 108,435 
| 10.8 
|-
| 1810 
| 1,377,808 
| 19.0 
| 1,191,362 
| 86.5 
| 186,446 
| 13.5 
|-
| 1820 
| 1,771,656 
| 18.4 
| 1,538,022 
| 86.8 
| 233,634 
| 13.2 
|-
| 1830 
| 2,328,642 
| 18.1 
| 2,009,043 
| 86.3 
| 319,599 
| 13.7 
|-
| 1840 
| 2,873,648 
| 16,8 
| 2,487,355 
| 86.6 
| 386,293 
| 13.4 
|-
| 1850 
| 3,638,808 
| 15.7 
| 3,204,313 
| 88.1 
| 434,495 
| 11.9 
|-
| 1860 
| 4,441,830 
| 14.1 
| 3,953,760 
| 89.0 
| 488,070 
| 11.0 
|-
| 1870 
| 4,880,009 
| 12.7 
| colspan=&quot;4&quot; rowspan=&quot;15&quot; |
|-
| 1880 
| 6,580,793 
| 13.1 
|-
| 1890 
| 7,488,788 
| 11.9 
|-
| 1900 
| 8,833,994 
| 11.6 
|-
| 1910 
| 9,827,763 
| 10.7 
|-
| 1920 
| 10 463 131 
| 9.9 
|-
| 1930 
| 11,891,143 
| 9.7 
|-
| 1940 
| 12,865,518 
| 9.8 
|-
| 1950 
| 15,042,286 
| 10.0 
|-
| 1960 
| 18,871,831 
| 10.5 
|-
| 1970 
| 22,580,289 
| 11.1 
|-
| 1980 
| 26,495,025 
| 11.7 
|-
| 1990 
| 29,986,060 
| 12.1 
|-
| 2000 
| 34 658 190 
| 12.3 
| 1,761,244 
| 0.6 
|-
| 2010 
| 38,929,319 
| 12.6 
| 3,091,424 
| 1.0 
|}
Resansman popilasyon an pa obligatwa nan Etazini.&lt;ref name=&quot;Bacharan144&quot;/&gt; Se referans a nan &quot; ras &quot; ki baze, depi 1960, sou prensip la nan idantifikasyon pwòp tèt ou &lt;ref name=&quot;pewoct2015&quot;/&gt; Anplis, &quot;ras la&quot; pa endike sou nenpòt ki dokiman idantite (lisans pou kondwi, kat sekirite sosyal oswa paspò). Li posib tou pou chwazi plizyè &quot; ras &quot; reprezante reprezantasyon li yo depi resansman 2000.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Sylvie Kauffmann|date=19 novanm 2006|title=Le prochain visage de l'Amérique|url=https://www.lemonde.fr/web/article/0,1-0@2-3222,36-836013@51-827071,0.html|journal=Le Monde|access-date=2019-04-22|archive-date=2006-11-23|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061123124003/http://www.lemonde.fr/web/article/0,1-0@2-3222,36-836013@51-827071,0.html|dead-url=yes}}.&lt;/ref&gt; 

Moun ki gen zansèt yo te pote kòm esklav soti nan Lafrik nan Karayib la oswa nan Amerik Latin nan, men ki te vin [[Etazini]] yo kòm moun ki lib, klasifye tèt yo kòm Afriken-Ameriken oswa nan yon lòt kategori, ki moun ki ka Amerik Latin nan, [[Ameriken ayisyen]] oswa Karayib-Ameriken an. 

Daprè estimasyon ofisyèl [[2005]], apeprè {{Nowrap|39,9 millions}} Afriken-Ameriken ap viv nan Etazini yo, oswa 12.9% nan popilasyon total la. 54.8% abite nan Etazini Sid yo, 17.6% nan Nòdès la, 18.7% nan Midwès la ak sèlman 8.9% nan eta Lwès yo. 88% ap viv nan zòn iben yo. Avèk plis pase twa milyon rezidan nwa, [[Nouyòk]] gen pi gwo popilasyon iben nwa nan Etazini. Pami vil ki gen plis pase 100,000 moun, [[Gary, Indiana|Gary]] nan [[Indiana]] gen pousantaj ki pi wo nan moun ki rete nwa (84%), ki te swiv atansyon pa Detroit nan [[Michigàn]] (82%). [[Nouvèl Olean]] nan [[Lwiziana]] (67%), Baltimore nan [[Merilann]] (64%), [[Atlanta (Djòdji)|Atlanta]] nan [[Djòdji]] (61%) ak [[Wachintòn]] (60%) se sant enpòtan tou nan popilasyon nwa. {{Boîte déroulante/début|titre=Evolisyon Afriken-Ameriken nan popilasyon pa Eta&lt;ref name=&quot;GibsonJung&quot;&gt;{{cite web|author1=Campbell Gibson|author2=Kay Jung|title=Historical Census Statistics on Population Totals by Race, 1790 to 1990, and by Hispanic Origin, 1970 to 1990, for the United States, Regions Divisions, and States|url=http://mapmaker.rutgers.edu/REFERENCE/Hist_Pop_stats.pdf|date=2011}}.&lt;/ref&gt;{{,}}&lt;ref name=&quot;blackscensus2010&quot; /&gt;}}
{| class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 90%; text-align:right;&quot;
! Eta/teritwa
! 1790
! 1800
! 1810
! 1820
! 1830
! 1840
! 1850
! 1860
! 1870
! 1880
! 1890
! 1900
! 1910
! 1920
! 1930
! 1940
! 1950
! 1960
! 1970
! 1980
! 1990
! 2000
! 2010
|- class=&quot;sortbottom&quot;
! [[Etazini]]
| 19,3 %
| 18,9 %
| 19,0 %
| 18,4 %
| 18,1 %
| 16,8 %
| 15,7 %
| 14,1 %
| 12,7 %
| 13,1 %
| 11,9 %
| 11,6 %
| 10,7 %
| 9,9 %
| 9,7 %
| 9,8 %
| 10,0 %
| 10,5 %
| 11,1 %
| 11,7 %
| 12,1 %
| 12,3 %
| 12,6 %
|-
! [[Alabama]]
| 
| 41,4 %
| 29,0 %
| 33,2 %
| 38,5 %
| 43,3 %
| 44,7 %
| 45,4 %
| 47,7 %
| 47,5 %
| 44,8 %
| 45,2 %
| 42,5 %
| 38,4 %
| 35,7 %
| 34,7 %
| 32,0 %
| 30,0 %
| 26,2 %
| 25,6 %
| 25,3 %
| 26,0 %
| 26,2 %
|-
! [[Alaska]]
| 
| 
| 
| 
| 
| 
| 
| 
| 
| 
| 
| 0,3 %
| 0,3 %
| 0,2 %
| 0,2 %
| 0,2 %
| 
| 3,0 %
| 3,0 %
| 3,4 %
| 4,1 %
| 3,5 %
| 3,3 %
|-
! [[Arizona]]
| 
| 
| 
| 
| 
| 
| 
| 0,3 %
| 0,3 %
| 0,4 %
| 1,5 %
| 1,5 %
| 1,0 %
| 2,4 %
| 2,5 %
| 3,0 %
| 3,5 %
| 3,3 %
| 3,0 %
| 2,8 %
| 3,0 %
| 3,1 %
| 4,1 %
|-
! [[Akennsas]]
| 
| 
| 13,0 %
| 11,7 %
| 15,5 %
| 20,9 %
| 22,7 %
| 25,6 %
| 25,2 %
| 26,3 %
| 27,4 %
| 28,0 %
| 28,1 %
| 27,0 %
| 25,8 %
| 24,8 %
| 22,3 %
| 21,8 %
| 18,3 %
| 16,3 %
| 15,9 %
| 15,7 %
| 15,4 %
|-
! [[Kalifòni]]
| 
| 
| 
| 
| 
| 
| 1,0 %
| 1,1 %
| 0,8 %
| 0,7 %
| 0,9 %
| 0,7 %
| 0,9 %
| 1,1 %
| 1,4 %
| 1,8 %
| 4,4 %
| 5,6 %
| 7,0 %
| 7,7 %
| 7,4 %
| 6,7 %
| 6,2 %
|-
! [[Kolorado]]
| 
| 
| 
| 
| 
| 
| 
| 0,1 %
| 1,1 %
| 1,3 %
| 1,5 %
| 1,6 %
| 1,4 %
| 1,2 %
| 1,1 %
| 1,1 %
| 1,5 %
| 2,3 %
| 3,0 %
| 3,5 %
| 4,0 %
| 3,8 %
| 4,0 %
|-
! [[Konèktikòt]]
| 2,3 %
| 2,5 %
| 2,6 %
| 2,9 %
| 2,7 %
| 2,6 %
| 2,1 %
| 1,9 %
| 1,8 %
| 1,9 %
| 1,6 %
| 1,7 %
| 1,4 %
| 1,5 %
| 1,8 %
| 1,9 %
| 2,7 %
| 4,2 %
| 6,0 %
| 7,0 %
| 8,3 %
| 9,1 %
| 10,1 %
|-
! [[Delawè]]
| 21,6 %
| 22,4 %
| 23,8 %
| 24,0 %
| 24,9 %
| 25,0 %
| 22,2 %
| 19,3 %
| 18,2 %
| 18,0 %
| 16,8 %
| 16,6 %
| 15,4 %
| 13,6 %
| 13,7 %
| 13,5 %
| 13,7 %
| 13,6 %
| 14,3 %
| 16,1 %
| 16,9 %
| 19,2 %
| 21,4 %
|-
! [[Wachintòn]]
| 
| 30,4 %
| 33,1 %
| 31,2 %
| 30,1 %
| 29,1 %
| 26,6 %
| 19,1 %
| 33,0 %
| 33,6 %
| 32,8 %
| 31,1 %
| 28,5 %
| 25,1 %
| 27,1 %
| 28,2 %
| 35,0 %
| 53,9 %
| 71,1 %
| 70,3 %
| 65,8 %
| 60,0 %
| 50,7 %
|-
! [[Florid]]
| 
| 
| 
| 
| 47,1 %
| 48,7 %
| 46,0 %
| 44,6 %
| 48,8 %
| 47,0 %
| 42,5 %
| 43,7 %
| 41,0 %
| 34,0 %
| 29,4 %
| 27,1 %
| 21,8 %
| 17,8 %
| 15,3 %
| 13,8 %
| 13,6 %
| 14,6 %
| 16,0 %
|-
! [[Djòdji]]
| 35,9 %
| 37,1 %
| 42,5 %
| 44,4 %
| 42,6 %
| 41,0 %
| 42,4 %
| 44,0 %
| 46,0 %
| 47,0 %
| 46,7 %
| 46,7 %
| 45,1 %
| 41,7 %
| 36,8 %
| 34,7 %
| 30,9 %
| 28,5 %
| 25,9 %
| 26,8 %
| 27,0 %
| 28,7 %
| 30,5 %
|-
! [[Awayi]]
| 
| 
| 
| 
| 
| 
| 
| 
| 
| 
| 
| 0,2 %
| 0,4 %
| 0,1 %
| 0,2 %
| 0,1 %
| 0,5 %
| 0,8 %
| 1,0 %
| 1,8 %
| 2,5 %
| 1,8 %
| 1,6 %
|-
! [[Aydawo]]
| 
| 
| 
| 
| 
| 
| 
| 
| 0,4 %
| 0,2 %
| 0,2 %
| 0,2 %
| 0,2 %
| 0,2 %
| 0,2 %
| 0,1 %
| 0,2 %
| 0,2 %
| 0,3 %
| 0,3 %
| 0,3 %
| 0,4 %
| 0,6 %
|-
! [[Ilinwa]]
| 
| 7,4 %
| 6,4 %
| 2,5 %
| 1,5 %
| 0,8 %
| 0,6 %
| 0,4 %
| 1,1 %
| 1,5 %
| 1,5 %
| 1,8 %
| 1,9 %
| 2,8 %
| 4,3 %
| 4,9 %
| 7,4 %
| 10,3 %
| 12,8 %
| 14,7 %
| 14,8 %
| 15,1 %
| 14,5 %
|-
! [[Indiana]]
| 
| 4,4 %
| 2,6 %
| 1,0 %
| 1,1 %
| 1,0 %
| 1,1 %
| 0,8 %
| 1,5 %
| 2,0 %
| 2,1 %
| 2,3 %
| 2,2 %
| 2,8 %
| 3,5 %
| 3,6 %
| 4,4 %
| 5,8 %
| 6,9 %
| 7,6 %
| 7,8 %
| 8,4 %
| 9,1 %
|-
! [[Ayowa]]
| 
| 
| 
| 
| 
| 0,4 %
| 0,2 %
| 0,2 %
| 0,5 %
| 0,6 %
| 0,6 %
| 0,6 %
| 0,7 %
| 0,8 %
| 0,7 %
| 0,7 %
| 0,8 %
| 0,9 %
| 1,2 %
| 1,4 %
| 1,7 %
| 2,1 %
| 2,9 %
|-
! [[Kannzas]]
| 
| 
| 
| 
| 
| 
| 
| 0,6 %
| 4,7 %
| 4,3 %
| 3,5 %
| 3,5 %
| 3,2 %
| 3,3 %
| 3,5 %
| 3,6 %
| 3,8 %
| 4,2 %
| 4,8 %
| 5,3 %
| 5,8 %
| 5,7 %
| 5,9 %
|-
! [[Kèntòki]]
| 17,0 %
| 18,6 %
| 20,2 %
| 22,9 %
| 24,7 %
| 24,3 %
| 22,5 %
| 20,4 %
| 16,8 %
| 16,5 %
| 14,4 %
| 13,3 %
| 11,4 %
| 9,8 %
| 8,6 %
| 7,5 %
| 6,9 %
| 7,1 %
| 7,2 %
| 7,1 %
| 7,1 %
| 7,3 %
| 7,8 %
|-
! [[Lwiziana]]
| 
| 
| 55,2 %
| 51,8 %
| 58,5 %
| 55,0 %
| 50,7 %
| 49,5 %
| 50,1 %
| 51,5 %
| 50,0 %
| 47,1 %
| 43,1 %
| 38,9 %
| 36,9 %
| 35,9 %
| 32,9 %
| 31,9 %
| 29,8 %
| 29,4 %
| 30,8 %
| 32,5 %
| 32,0 %
|-
! [[Mèn]]
| 0,6 %
| 0,5 %
| 0,4 %
| 0,3 %
| 0,3 %
| 0,3 %
| 0,2 %
| 0,2 %
| 0,3 %
| 0,2 %
| 0,2 %
| 0,2 %
| 0,2 %
| 0,2 %
| 0,1 %
| 0,2 %
| 0,1 %
| 0,3 %
| 0,3 %
| 0,3 %
| 0,4 %
| 0,5 %
| 1,2 %
|-
! [[Merilann]]
| 34,7 %
| 36,7 %
| 38,2 %
| 36,1 %
| 34,9 %
| 32,3 %
| 28,3 %
| 24,9 %
| 22,5 %
| 22,5 %
| 20,7 %
| 19,8 %
| 17,9 %
| 16,9 %
| 16,9 %
| 16,6 %
| 16,5 %
| 16,7 %
| 17,8 %
| 22,7 %
| 24,9 %
| 27,9 %
| 29,4 %
|-
! [[Masachosèt]]
| 1,4 %
| 1,5 %
| 1,4 %
| 1,3 %
| 1,2 %
| 1,2 %
| 0,9 %
| 0,8 %
| 1,0 %
| 1,0 %
| 1,0 %
| 1,1 %
| 1,1 %
| 1,2 %
| 1,2 %
| 1,3 %
| 1,6 %
| 2,2 %
| 3,1 %
| 3,9 %
| 5,0 %
| 5,4 %
| 6,6 %
|-
! [[Michigàn]]
| 
| 3,7 %
| 3,0 %
| 2,1 %
| 0,8 %
| 0,3 %
| 0,6 %
| 0,9 %
| 1,0 %
| 0,9 %
| 0,7 %
| 0,7 %
| 0,6 %
| 1,6 %
| 3,5 %
| 4,0 %
| 6,9 %
| 9,2 %
| 11,2 %
| 12,9 %
| 13,9 %
| 14,2 %
| 14,2 %
|-
! [[Minesota]]
| 
| 
| 
| 
| 
| 
| 0,6 %
| 0,2 %
| 0,2 %
| 0,2 %
| 0,3 %
| 0,3 %
| 0,3 %
| 0,4 %
| 0,4 %
| 0,4 %
| 0,5 %
| 0,7 %
| 0,9 %
| 1,3 %
| 2,2 %
| 3,5 %
| 5,2 %
|-
! [[Misisipi]]
| 
| 41,5 %
| 47,0 %
| 44,1 %
| 48,4 %
| 52,3 %
| 51,2 %
| 55,3 %
| 53,7 %
| 57,5 %
| 57,6 %
| 58,5 %
| 56,2 %
| 52,2 %
| 50,2 %
| 49,2 %
| 45,3 %
| 42,0 %
| 36,8 %
| 35,2 %
| 35,6 %
| 36,3 %
| 37,0 %
|-
! [[Misouri (eta)|Misouri]]
| 
| 
| 17,6 %
| 15,9 %
| 18,3 %
| 15,6 %
| 13,2 %
| 10,0 %
| 6,9 %
| 6,7 %
| 5,6 %
| 5,2 %
| 4,8 %
| 5,2 %
| 6,2 %
| 6,5 %
| 7,5 %
| 9,0 %
| 10,3 %
| 10,5 %
| 10,7 %
| 11,2 %
| 11,6 %
|-
! [[Montana]]
| 
| 
| 
| 
| 
| 
| 
| 
| 0,9 %
| 0,9 %
| 1,0 %
| 0,6 %
| 0,2 %
| 0,3 %
| 0,2 %
| 0,2 %
| 0,2 %
| 0,2 %
| 0,3 %
| 0,2 %
| 0,3 %
| 0,3 %
| 0,4 %
|-
! [[Nebraska]]
| 
| 
| 
| 
| 
| 
| 
| 0,3 %
| 0,6 %
| 0,5 %
| 0,8 %
| 0,6 %
| 0,6 %
| 1,0 %
| 1,0 %
| 1,1 %
| 1,5 %
| 2,1 %
| 2,7 %
| 3,1 %
| 3,6 %
| 4,0 %
| 4,5 %
|-
! [[Nevada]]
| 
| 
| 
| 
| 
| 
| 
| 0,7 %
| 0,8 %
| 0,8 %
| 0,5 %
| 0,3 %
| 0,6 %
| 0,4 %
| 0,6 %
| 0,6 %
| 2,7 %
| 4,7 %
| 5,7 %
| 6,4 %
| 6,6 %
| 6,8 %
| 8,1 %
|-
! [[Nou Anpchi]]
| 0,6 %
| 0,5 %
| 0,5 %
| 0,3 %
| 0,2 %
| 0,2 %
| 0,2 %
| 0,2 %
| 0,2 %
| 0,2 %
| 0,2 %
| 0,2 %
| 0,1 %
| 0,1 %
| 0,2 %
| 0,1 %
| 0,1 %
| 0,3 %
| 0,3 %
| 0,4 %
| 0,6 %
| 0,7 %
| 1,1 %
|-
! [[Nou Jèze]]
| 7,7 %
| 8,0 %
| 7,6 %
| 7,2 %
| 6,4 %
| 5,8 %
| 4,9 %
| 3,8 %
| 3,4 %
| 3,4 %
| 3,3 %
| 3,7 %
| 3,5 %
| 3,7 %
| 5,2 %
| 5,5 %
| 6,6 %
| 8,5 %
| 10,7 %
| 12,6 %
| 13,4 %
| 13,6 %
| 13,7 %
|-
! [[Nou Meksiko]]
| 
| 
| 
| 
| 
| 
| 0,0 %
| 0,1 %
| 0,2 %
| 0,8 %
| 1,2 %
| 0,8 %
| 0,5 %
| 1,6 %
| 0,7 %
| 0,9 %
| 1,2 %
| 1,8 %
| 1,9 %
| 1,8 %
| 2,0 %
| 1,9 %
| 2,1 %
|-
! [[Nou Yòk]]
| 7,6 %
| 5,3 %
| 4,2 %
| 2,9 %
| 2,3 %
| 2,1 %
| 1,6 %
| 1,3 %
| 1,2 %
| 1,3 %
| 1,2 %
| 1,4 %
| 1,5 %
| 1,9 %
| 3,3 %
| 4,2 %
| 6,2 %
| 8,4 %
| 11,9 %
| 13,7 %
| 15,9 %
| 15,9 %
| 15,9 %
|-
! [[Karolin dinò]]
| 26,8 %
| 29,4 %
| 32,2 %
| 34,4 %
| 35,9 %
| 35,6 %
| 36,4 %
| 36,4 %
| 36,6 %
| 38,0 %
| 34,7 %
| 33,0 %
| 31,6 %
| 29,8 %
| 29,0 %
| 27,5 %
| 25,8 %
| 24,5 %
| 22,2 %
| 22,4 %
| 22,0 %
| 21,6 %
| 21,5 %
|-
! [[Dakota dinò]]
| 
| 
| 
| 
| 
| 
| 
| 
| 1,0 %
| 0,3 %
| 0,2 %
| 0,1 %
| 0,1 %
| 0,1 %
| 0,1 %
| 0,0 %
| 0,0 %
| 0,1 %
| 0,4 %
| 0,4 %
| 0,6 %
| 0,6 %
| 1,2 %
|-
! [[Owayo]]
| 
| 0,5 %
| 0,8 %
| 0,8 %
| 1,0 %
| 1,1 %
| 1,3 %
| 1,6 %
| 2,4 %
| 2,5 %
| 2,4 %
| 2,3 %
| 2,3 %
| 3,2 %
| 4,7 %
| 4,9 %
| 6,5 %
| 8,1 %
| 9,1 %
| 10,0 %
| 10,6 %
| 11,5 %
| 12,2 %
|-
! [[Oklawoma]]
| 
| 
| 
| 
| 
| 
| 
| 
| 
| 
| 8,4 %
| 7,0 %
| 8,3 %
| 7,4 %
| 7,2 %
| 7,2 %
| 6,5 %
| 6,6 %
| 6,7 %
| 6,8 %
| 7,4 %
| 7,6 %
| 7,4 %
|-
! [[Oregon]]
| 
| 
| 
| 
| 
| 
| 0,5 %
| 0,2 %
| 0,4 %
| 0,3 %
| 0,4 %
| 0,3 %
| 0,2 %
| 0,3 %
| 0,2 %
| 0,2 %
| 0,8 %
| 1,0 %
| 1,3 %
| 1,4 %
| 1,6 %
| 1,6 %
| 1,8 %
|-
! [[Pènsilvani]]
| 2,4 %
| 2,7 %
| 2,9 %
| 2,9 %
| 2,8 %
| 2,8 %
| 2,3 %
| 2,0 %
| 1,9 %
| 2,0 %
| 2,0 %
| 2,5 %
| 2,5 %
| 3,3 %
| 4,5 %
| 4,7 %
| 6,1 %
| 7,5 %
| 8,6 %
| 8,8 %
| 9,2 %
| 10,0 %
| 10,8 %
|-
! [[Rod Aylann]]
| 6,3 %
| 5,3 %
| 4,8 %
| 4,3 %
| 3,7 %
| 3,0 %
| 2,5 %
| 2,3 %
| 2,3 %
| 2,3 %
| 2,1 %
| 2,1 %
| 1,8 %
| 1,7 %
| 1,4 %
| 1,5 %
| 1,8 %
| 2,1 %
| 2,7 %
| 2,9 %
| 3,9 %
| 4,5 %
| 5,7 %
|-
! [[Karolin disid]]
| 43,7 %
| 43,2 %
| 48,4 %
| 52,8 %
| 55,6 %
| 56,4 %
| 58,9 %
| 58,6 %
| 58,9 %
| 60,7 %
| 59,8 %
| 58,4 %
| 55,2 %
| 51,4 %
| 45,6 %
| 42,9 %
| 38,8 %
| 34,8 %
| 30,5 %
| 30,4 %
| 29,8 %
| 29,5 %
| 27,9 %
|-
! [[Dakota disid]]
| 
| 
| 
| 
| 
| 
| 
| 0,0 %
| 0,6 %
| 0,3 %
| 0,2 %
| 0,1 %
| 0,1 %
| 0,1 %
| 0,1 %
| 0,1 %
| 0,1 %
| 0,2 %
| 0,2 %
| 0,3 %
| 0,5 %
| 0,6 %
| 1,3 %
|-
! [[Tenèsi]]
| 10,6 %
| 13,2 %
| 17,5 %
| 19,6 %
| 21,4 %
| 22,7 %
| 24,5 %
| 25,5 %
| 25,6 %
| 26,1 %
| 24,4 %
| 23,8 %
| 21,7 %
| 19,3 %
| 18,3 %
| 17,4 %
| 16,1 %
| 16,5 %
| 15,8 %
| 15,8 %
| 16,0 %
| 16,4 %
| 16,7 %
|-
! [[Teksas]]
| 
| 
| 
| 
| 
| 
| 27,5 %
| 30,3 %
| 31,0 %
| 24,7 %
| 21,8 %
| 20,4 %
| 17,7 %
| 15,9 %
| 14,7 %
| 14,4 %
| 12,7 %
| 12,4 %
| 12,5 %
| 12,0 %
| 11,9 %
| 11,5 %
| 11,8 %
|-
! [[Youta]]
| 
| 
| 
| 
| 
| 
| 0,4 %
| 0,1 %
| 0,1 %
| 0,2 %
| 0,3 %
| 0,2 %
| 0,3 %
| 0,3 %
| 0,2 %
| 0,2 %
| 0,4 %
| 0,5 %
| 0,6 %
| 0,6 %
| 0,7 %
| 0,8 %
| 1,1 %
|-
! [[Vèmont]]
| 0,3 %
| 0,4 %
| 0,3 %
| 0,4 %
| 0,3 %
| 0,3 %
| 0,2 %
| 0,2 %
| 0,3 %
| 0,3 %
| 0,3 %
| 0,2 %
| 0,5 %
| 0,2 %
| 0,2 %
| 0,1 %
| 0,1 %
| 0,1 %
| 0,2 %
| 0,2 %
| 0,3 %
| 0,5 %
| 1,0 %
|-
![[Vijini]]
| 43,4 %
| 44,6 %
| 47,1 %
| 47,8 %
| 47,9 %
| 46,9 %
| 45,0 %
| 43,3 %
| 41,9 %
| 41,8 %
| 38,4 %
| 35,6 %
| 32,6 %
| 29,9 %
| 26,8 %
| 24,7 %
| 22,1 %
| 20,6 %
| 18,5 %
| 18,9 %
| 18,8 %
| 19,6 %
| 19,4 %
|-
! [[Wachintòn]]
| 
| 
| 
| 
| 
| 
| 12,7 %
| 0,3 %
| 0,9 %
| 0,4 %
| 0,4 %
| 0,5 %
| 0,5 %
| 0,5 %
| 0,4 %
| 0,4 %
| 1,3 %
| 1,7 %
| 2,1 %
| 2,6 %
| 3,1 %
| 3,2 %
| 3,6 %
|-
! [[Vijini de Lwès]]
| 9,5 %
| 9,8 %
| 11,5 %
| 12,1 %
| 11,2 %
| 9,6 %
| 7,8 %
| 5,6 %
| 4,1 %
| 4,2 %
| 4,3 %
| 4,5 %
| 5,3 %
| 5,9 %
| 6,6 %
| 6,2 %
| 5,7 %
| 4,8 %
| 3,9 %
| 3,3 %
| 3,1 %
| 3,2 %
| 3,4 %
|-
! [[Wiskonnsenn]]
| 
| 
| 
| 1,2 %
| 1,8 %
| 0,6 %
| 0,2 %
| 0,2 %
| 0,2 %
| 0,2 %
| 0,1 %
| 0,1 %
| 0,1 %
| 0,2 %
| 0,4 %
| 0,4 %
| 0,8 %
| 1,9 %
| 2,9 %
| 3,9 %
| 5,0 %
| 5,7 %
| 6,3 %
|-
! [[Wayoming]]
| 
| 
| 
| 
| 
| 
| 
| 
| 2,0 %
| 1,4 %
| 1,5 %
| 1,0 %
| 1,5 %
| 0,7 %
| 0,6 %
| 0,4 %
| 0,9 %
| 0,7 %
| 0,8 %
| 0,7 %
| 0,8 %
| 0,8 %
| 0,8 %
|-
! [[Pòtoriko]]
| 
| 
| 
| 
| 
| 
| 
| 
| 
| 
| 
| 
| 
| 
| 
| 
| 
| 
| 
| 
| 
| 8,0 %
| 12,4 %
|}
{{Boîte déroulante/fin}}

=== Lang ===
Daprè sondaj ''kominote ozetazini'' an 2016, 91.1% nan popilasyon an afriken-ameriken sou senk (5) eta pale angle a nan kay la, 2.1% te di pale [[Lang panyòl|panyòl]] la, 1.9% [[kreyòl ayisyen]] la, 0.9% franse, 0.4% amawik , 0.3% Somali, 0.3% yon lang Akan, 0.3% Yoruba ak 2.7% yon lòt lang &lt;ref name=&quot;langues&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://factfinder.census.gov/faces/tableservices/jsf/pages/productview.xhtml?pid=ACS_pums_csv_2016&amp;prodType=document|title=2016 ACS 1-year Public Use Microdata Samples (PUMS) - CSV format|website=factfinder.census.gov|access-date=2018-04-21|archive-date=2019-02-03|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190203022010/https://factfinder.census.gov/faces/tableservices/jsf/pages/productview.xhtml?pid=ACS_pums_csv_2016&amp;prodType=document|dead-url=yes}}.&lt;/ref&gt; .

=== Relijyon ===
{| class=&quot;wikitable droite alternance&quot; style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;
|+ Konpozisyon relijyèz an 2014&lt;ref name=&quot;religionblack&quot;&gt;{{en}} {{Cite web|url=http://www.pewforum.org/religious-landscape-study/racial-and-ethnic-composition/black/|title=Religious Landscape Study - Blacks|website=pewforum.org|access-date=201-03-21}}&lt;/ref&gt; 
! scope=&quot;col&quot; | Relijyon 
! scope=&quot;col&quot; | Afriken-Ameriken 
! scope=&quot;col&quot; |Etazini
|-
| Nwa legliz istorik 
| 53 
| 6.5 
|-
| Evanjelik Pwotestantis 
| 14 
| 25.4 
|-
| Pa afilye 
| 16 
| 15.8 
|-
| Katolik 
| 5 
| 20.8 
|-
| Tradisyonèl pwotestantis 
| 4 
| 14.7 
|-
| Temwen Jewova yo 
| 2 
| 0.8 
|-
| Islam 
| 2 
| 0.9 
|-
| Anostisis 
| 1 
| 4.0 
|-
| Ateyis 
| 1 
| 3.1 
|-
| Lòt 
| 2 
| 8.0 
|}
Daprè Pew Research Center a, Afriken-Ameriken yo gen plis relijye pase popilasyon jeneral la, byenke sa gen tandans diminye, aprè tandans jeneral la nan Etazini yo. Se konsa, pataje nan yo pou yo kwè nan Bondye ogmante de 97% nan 2007 a 93% nan 2014, kont 91% nan 2007 ak 88% nan 2014 pou tout popilasyon an &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|date=2015-05-11|title=Religious Landscape Study - Belief in God|url=http://www.pewforum.org/religious-landscape-study/belief-in-god/|journal=pewforum.org|access-date=2017-03-21}}.&lt;/ref&gt;). Pwopòsyon nan moun ki repond ki konsidere relijyon yo dwe &quot;trè enpòtan&quot; nan lavi yo, byenke pi fò pase mwayèn (75% &lt;ref name=&quot;religionblack&quot;/&gt; kont 53% nan 2014 &lt;ref name=&quot;pewimportance&quot;&gt;{{en}} {{Cite journal|date=2015-05-11|title=Religious Landscape Study - Importance of religion in one's life|url=http://www.pewforum.org/religious-landscape-study/importance-of-religion-in-ones-life/|journal=pewforum.org|access-date=2017-03-21}}.&lt;/ref&gt; ), tou gen tandans fè diminye (79%). % pou Ameriken Afriken yo &lt;ref name=&quot;religionblack&quot; /&gt; ak 56% pou popilasyon jeneral la &lt;ref name=&quot;pewimportance&quot; /&gt;). Finalman, pandan ke yo te pwopòsyonèl plis chans ale nan sèvis relijye ak priye chak jou omwen yon fwa yon semèn (47% ak 75% respektivman &lt;ref name=&quot;religionblack&quot; /&gt; kont 36% &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|date=2015-05-11|title=Religious Landscape Study - Attendance at religious services|url=http://www.pewforum.org/religious-landscape-study/attendance-at-religious-services/|journal=pewforum.org|access-date=2017-03-21}}.&lt;/ref&gt; ak 55% pou tout popilasyon an).&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|date=2015-05-11|title=Religious Landscape Study - Frequency of prayer|url=http://www.pewforum.org/religious-landscape-study/frequency-of-prayer/|journal=pewforum.org|access-date=2017-03-21}}&lt;/ref&gt;). Anplis de sa, 75% nan yo di ke yo priye chak jou &lt;ref name=&quot;religionblack&quot; /&gt;, pratik sa yo tou yo gen tandans diminye depi 53% te di ke yo te ale nan sèvis relijye omwen yon fwa yon semèn nan 2007 ak 76% te di ke yo lapriyè omwen yon fwa nan yon jounen. &lt;ref name=&quot;religionblack&quot; /&gt; .

=== Metisaj ak popilasyon ewopeyèn yo ak amerendyèn yo ===
Tès jenetik yo montre ke popilasyon Afriken-Ameriken an ka atribiye an mwayèn eritaj zansèt li a 22% [[Ewòp|Ewopeyen]] yo, 3% nan Amerendyen yo ak 75% [[Afrik|Afriken]] ki gen orijin Afrik Sib-Sahara.

=== Inegalite sosyal ===
Nan kòmansman 21yèm syèk la, nwa ak Ameriken natif natal yo toujou okipe anba nechèl sosyal la. Genyen toujou anpil geto, kote 50% timoun grandi san yon papa.  Souvan Ameriken Afriken rete konpwann, meprize oswa izole. Diskriminasyon jidisyè se anpil (13% nan popilasyon an ak 44% nan popilasyon an nan prizon) ak trèpe maryaj melanje.

== Kilti ==
Tèm &quot;Afriken-Ameriken an&quot; yo itilize pou refere a kilti nwa Ameriken an.  Kilti sa a pa limite a mizik oswa espò nan nouvèl la, li gen ladan tou atis vizyèl, ekriven, syantis, politisyen, elatriye., Jan anpil pèsonalite moun rich, konplèks epi pafwa etone ke sòti sou sòl Ameriken nan kòmansman an nan diznevyèm a   syèk . 

=== Atis ===
* [[Ira Aldridge]] (1807-1867) 
* [[William H. Johnson]] 
* [[Paul Robeson]] (1898-1976) 
* [[Romare Bearden]], pent 
* [[Horace Pippin]], pent 
* [[Henry Ossawa Tanner]], pent (1859-1937) 
* [[Jacob Lawrence]], pent 
* [[Jean-Michel Basquiat]], pent (1960-1988) 
* [[Kehinde Wiley]], pent 
* [[Kara Walker]], atis vizyèl 
* [[Faz 2]], atis grafiti 
* [[Fab Five Freddy]], atis grafiti 
* [[Gordon Parks]], fotograf ak pwodiktè

=== Mizik ===
Afro-Ameriken mizik se an reyalite yon kwa ant yon seri kilti, melanje Afriken, Ewopeyen an ak enfliyans Ameriken. [[Djaz|Jazz]] se yon mizik afro-ameriken, menm jan ak lòt mizik nan Amerik Latin nan, miyò sa yo ki nan [[Kiba]] ak [[Brezil]], kote pitit pitit yo nan esklav Afriken depòte envante folklò orijinal, etap [[dans]] ak melodi popilè. 
&lt;gallery&gt;
Fichye:Elizabeth Greenfield 1853.jpg|[[Elizabeth Greenfield]], ''The Black Swann'', premyè chantèz klasik afriken-ameriken. 
Fichye:Frank Johnson.jpg|[[Francis Johnson (konpozitè)|Francis Johnson]], premye konpozitè afriken-ameriken yo dwe pibliye an 1817. 
Fichye:Todd Duncan (1947).jpg|[[Todd Duncan]], premye Afriken-Ameriken yo chante pou yon gwo opera ameriken an 1945
Fichye:Billie Holiday 0001 original.jpg|[[Billie Holiday]], konsidere kòm youn nan chantè [[djaz]] ki pi enfliyan. 
Fichye:Louis Armstrong restored (color version).jpg|[[Louis Armstrong]], konsidere kòm youn nan mizisyen djaz ki pi enfliyan 
Fichye:Aretha Franklin.png|[[Aretha Franklin]], premyè fanm pou rantre nan sal [[Rock and Roll Hall of Fame]] an 1987. 
Fichye:CountBasieStageDoorCanteen1.jpg|[[Count Basie]], premye Afriken-Ameriken an pou genyen yon [[Grammy Awards|Grammy Award]] an 1958. 
Fichye:Ella Fitzgerald 1962.JPG|[[Ella Fitzgerald]], premyè fanm Afriken Ameriken ki genyen yon [[Grammy Awards|Grammy Award]] nan 1958, rele [[Jazz Royalty|The First Lady of Song]] (Première dame de la chanson) [[franse]] &lt;span&gt;: &quot;Premye dam nan chan an&quot;)&lt;/span&gt; 
Fichye:Nina Simone -1969.jpg|[[Nina Simone]], [[Jazz Royalty|High Priestess of Soul]]}} {{en français|Grande prêtresse de la soul}} [[franse)]] &lt;span&gt;&quot;Gran prèt nan nanm&quot;)&lt;/span&gt; epi li se yon manm nan mouvman dwa sivil yo. 
Fichye:Donna Summer 1977.JPG|[[Donna Summer]] konsidere kòm Larèn nan [[disko]]  
Fichye:Michael Jackson1 1988.jpg|[[Michael Jackson]], pi gwo vandè dosye nan mond lan ak apeprè 1 milya dola dosye vann (karyè solo + Senkon Jackson), pi byen ki vann albòm nan mond lan ak &quot;suspense&quot; sou 100 milyon kopi, premye atis Afriken-Ameriken yo ale sou kanal la MTV, premye atis afriken-ameriken nan istwa mizik la, te eli &quot;Millennium Artist&quot; nan lane 2000. 
Fichye:Flickr Whitney Houston performing on GMA 2009 4.jpg|[[Whitney Houston]], atis fi ki pi bay la nan [[American Music Awards|Pri Mizik Ameriken]]. 
Fichye:Dj Grandmaster Flash-01-mika.jpg|[[Grandmaster Flash]], konsidere kòm youn nan pyonye yo nan [[hip-hop]]. 
Fichye:Beyonce - The Formation World Tour, at Wembley Stadium in London, England.jpg|[[Beyonce]], nwa pèsonalite chante ki pi byen peye nan istwa. 
Fichye:Otis Redding (2).png|[[Otis Redding]], youn nan vwa ki pi bèl nan istwa. 
Fichye:Jimi Hendrix 1967.png|[[Jimi Hendrix]] an 1967, konsidere kòm youn nan pi gwo gitaris yo. 
Fichye:Sarah Vaughan 1955.jpg|[[Sarah Vaughan]] an 1955. 
Fichye:JamesBrownNY87.jpg|[[James Brown]] an 1987. 
Fichye:Etta James 2006.jpg|[[Etta James]] an 2006. 
Fichye:Sam Cooke 2.jpg|[[Sam Cooke]] nan mwa avril 1963. Li te jwenn mouri sou 11 desanm 1964 nan yon motèl Kalifòni ak yon bal revòlvè, se li ki viktim nan yon konplo paske nan pozisyon li pou [[Mouvement afro-américain des droits civiques|Afriken-Ameriken Dwa Sivil Mouvman]]. 
Fichye:Al Green 1973.jpg|[[Al Green]] an 1973. 
&lt;/gallery&gt;

=== Literati ak syans ===
Phillis Wheatley]] se konsidere kòm premye powèt afriken-ameriken an nan Etazini yo. An 1770, li te ekri yon powèm powetik pou Kalvinis George Whitefield, ki te vin yon gwo odyans nan Boston, kote li te rete. 

Ekriven ak syantifik yo : 

* [[Toni Morrison]], pri Nobèl 
* [[Maya Angelou]] 
* [[Alice Walker]] 
* [[Safi]], otè nan istwa a ki enspire ''anpil'', yon fim Oscar-genyen. 
* [[Benjamin Banneker|Benjamen Banneker]], matematisyen ak envantè libere nwa, otè nan trete. 
* [[Anna J. Cooper]], ekriven, pwofesè, edikatè ak youn nan entelektyèl afriken-ameriken ki pi enpòtan yo.  Katriyèm fanm afriken-ameriken pou jwenn yon doktora. 
* [[Richard Wright]], otè ''Black Boy'' (1944) : yon jenn ti gason nwa ki vle vin yon ekriven nan ane 1930 yo, istwa li. 
* [[Alex Haley]] otè ''Roots'' pi popilè yo. 
* [[Zora Neale Hurston]] 
* [[John Howard Griffin]] otè a ''Nan po a nan yon Nwa'' (''Black Like Me''). Griffin (blanch) eksplike lavi yon moun nwa nan Etazini yo. 
* [[Langston Hughes]], otè ak powèt, figi nan Renesans la Harlem . 
* [[Ernest J. Gaines]], otè nan woman ki dekri lavi a Afriken-Ameriken nan ane 1940 yo, li te ekri nan mitan lòt moun ''Dites-leur que je suis un homme'' (''A lesson before Dying''). 
* Pandan New Deal la, gouvènman federal la ap chèche rekonstwi memwa kolektif esklav nwa anba WPA (''Writers’ Project Administration''). 

==== Teyat ====

* [[Audra McDonald]]

=== Sinema ===
&lt;gallery&gt;
Studio publicity Hattie McDaniel.jpg|[[Hattie McDaniel]], premye moun Afriken-Ameriken ki te genyen yon [[Oscars du cinéma|Oscar]] ([[Oscar de la meilleure actrice dans un second rôle|Pi bon komedyen nan yon wòl sipò]] ) nan lane 1940 pou wòl li nan ''[[Autant en emporte le vent (film)|Gone ak van an]]''  . 
Poitier cropped.jpg|[[Sidney Poitier]], premye Afriken-Ameriken an pou genyen [[Oscars du cinéma|Oscar]] ( [[Oscar du meilleur acteur|meyè aktè]] ) nan 1963 ak yon [[Golden Globes]] ([[Golden Globe du meilleur acteur dans un film dramatique|meyè aktè nan yon fim dramatik]] ) nan lane 1964 pou wòl li nan ''[[Le Lys des champs]]'' &lt;ref name=&quot;biography.com&quot; /&gt;. 
James Earl Jones (8516667383).jpg|[[James Earl Jones]], li jwe nan ''[[Star Wars]]'' ak ''[[Conan le Barbare]]'', an 1971 li resevwa [[Golden Globe de la révélation masculine de l'année|Globe lò nan Revelasyon an Gason pou Ane a]] pou ''[[L'Insurgé (fim)|L'Insurgé]]'' . 
Louis Gossett Jr LF.JPG|[[Louis Gossett Jr.|Louis Gossett Jr]] , [[Oscar du meilleur acteur dans un second rôle|Oscar pou meyè Aktè Sipò pou]] an 1982 ak [[Golden Globe du meilleur acteur dans un second rôle|Golden Globe pou meyè aktè nan yon wòl Sipò]] nan 1983 pou wòl li nan ''[[Officier et Gentleman|Ofisye ak mesye]]''. 
Whoopi Goldberg Cannes 1992.jpg|[[Whoopi Goldberg]], premyè Afriken-Ameriken ki te genyen yon [[Golden Globes]] pou fim ([[Golden Globe de la meilleure actrice dans un film dramatique|Pi bon komedyen nan yon dram]] ), pou wòl li nan ''[[La Couleur pourpre (fim)|La Couleur pourpre]]'' an 1985 ak [[Oscar de la meilleure actrice dans un second rôle|Oscar pou meyè komedyen nan yon wòl ki sipòte]] nan 1990 ak [[Golden Globe de la meilleure actrice dans un second rôle|Golden Globe la. pi bon aktris sipòte]] an 1991 pou wòl li nan ''[[Ghost (fim, 1990)|Ghost]]''. 
Denzel Washington cropped 02.jpg|[[Denzel Washington]], [[Oscar du meilleur acteur dans un second rôle|Oscar pou meyè aktè Sipò pou]] an 1989 ak [[Golden Globe du meilleur acteur dans un second rôle|Golden Globe pou meyè aktè Sipò pou]] an 1990 pou wòl li nan ''[[Glory (fim, 1989)|Glory]]'' , [[Golden Globe du meilleur acteur dans un film dramatique|Golden Globe pou meyè aktè nan yon fim Dram]] nan 2000 pou wòl li nan ''[[Hurricane Carter (film)|Siklòn Carter]]'' ak [[Oscar du meilleur acteur|Oscar. Pi bon aktè]] an 2002 pou wòl li nan ''[[Training Day]]''. 
Morgan Freeman, 2006 (cropped).jpg|[[Morgan Freeman]], [[Golden Globe du meilleur acteur dans un film musical ou une comédie|Golden Globe pou pi bon aktè nan yon fim mizik oswa komedyen]] an 1990 pou wòl li nan ''[[Miss Daisy et son chauffeur]]'' ak [[Oscar du meilleur acteur dans un second rôle|Oscar pou meyè aktè Sipò pou]] an 2004 pou wòl li nan ''[[Million Dollar Baby]]''. 
Angela Bassett by Gage Skidmoe.jpg|[[Angela Bassett]], [[Golden Globe de la meilleure actrice dans un film musical ou une comédie|Golden Globe pou pi bon aktris nan yon fim mizik oswa komedyen]] an 1994 pou wòl li nan ''[[Tina (film)|Tina]]''. 
Actor Cuba Gooding Jr. by Kozaryn (cropped).jpg|[[Cuba Gooding Jr.|Kiba Gooding Jr]], [[Oscar du meilleur acteur dans un second rôle|Oscar pou meyè aktè Sipò]] nan 1996 pou wòl li nan ''[[Jerry Maguire]]''. 
HalleBerryHSFeb07.jpg|[[Halle Berry]], [[Oscar de la meilleure actrice|Oscar pou pi bon aktris]], pou wòl li nan ''[[À l'ombre de la haine|nan lonbraj yo nan rayi]]'' an 2002. 
Jamie Foxx Django avp.jpg|[[Jamie Foxx]], [[Oscar du meilleur acteur|Oscar pou meyè aktè]] ak [[Golden Globe du meilleur acteur dans un film musical ou une comédie|Golden Globe pou meyè aktè nan yon fim mizik oswa komedyen]] an 2005 pou wòl li nan ''[[Ray (fim)|Ray]]''. 
Jennifer Hudson 2011 AA.jpg|[[Jennifer Hudson]], [[Oscar de la meilleure actrice dans un second rôle|Oscar pou meyè komedyen nan yon wòl ki bay sipò]] an 2006 ak [[Golden Globe de la meilleure actrice dans un second rôle|Golden Globe pou meyè komedyen sipò]] an 2007 pou wòl li nan ''[[Dreamgirls]]'' . 
Forest Whitaker 2014.jpg|[[Forest Whitaker]], [[Oscar du meilleur acteur|Oscar pou meyè aktè]] nan 2006 ak [[Golden Globe du meilleur acteur dans un film dramatique|Golden Globe pou meyè aktè nan yon dram]] nan 2007 pou wòl li nan ''[[Le Dernier Roi d'Écosse|The Last King of Scotland]]'' . 
Eddie Murphy by David Shankbone.jpg|[[Eddie Murphy]], [[Golden Globe du meilleur acteur dans un second rôle|Golden Globe pou meyè aktè Sipò pou]] an 2007 pou wòl li nan ''[[Dreamgirls]]''. 
Mo'Nique attending the 82nd Academy Awards 2010.jpg|[[Mo'Nique]] , [[Oscar de la meilleure actrice dans un second rôle|Oscar pou pi bon komedyen nan yon wòl ki bay sipò]] an 2009 ak [[Golden Globe de la meilleure actrice dans un second rôle|Golden Globe pou meyè komedyen nan yon wòl ki bay sipò]] an 2010 pou wòl li nan ''[[Precious (fim)|Precious]]''. 
Octavia Spencer 2016.jpg|[[Octavia Spencer]], [[Oscar de la meilleure actrice dans un second rôle|Oscar pou meyè komedyen nan yon wòl ki bay sipò]] nan 2011 ak [[Golden Globe de la meilleure actrice dans un second rôle|Golden Globe pou meyè komedyen sipò]] an 2012 pou wòl li nan ''[[La Couleur des sentiments|koulè a nan santiman]]''. 
Viola Davis (cropped).jpg|[[Viola Davis]], [[Oscar de la meilleure actrice dans un second rôle|Oscar pou meyè komedyen nan yon wòl ki bay sipò]] nan 2016 ak [[Golden Globe de la meilleure actrice dans un second rôle|Golden Globe pou meyè komedyen nan yon wòl ki bay sipò]] nan 2017 pou wòl li nan ''[[Fences|kloti]]'' . 
Mahershala Ali (29953410761).jpg|[[Mahershala Ali]], [[Oscar du meilleur acteur dans un second rôle|Oscar pou meyè aktè sipò]] pou 2016 pou wòl li nan ''[[Moonlight (film, 2016)|Moonlight]]''. 
Will Smith by Gage Skidmore 2.jpg|[[Will Smith]], aktè a sèlman yo te tire nan douz fim klase premye nan biwo nan bwat Ameriken depi fen semèn premye yo nan emisyon  . 
&lt;/gallery&gt; Plizyè seremoni espesyalman rekonpanse reyalizasyon fim Afriken Ameriken ( NAACP Image Awards depi 1967, Black Reel Awards depi 2000...) 

==== Fim ====
Anpil fim sinema rakonte istwa a nan lavi afriken-ameriken, ki gen ladan kèk nan pi anblematik   : 

* ''Yon kwen nan syèl la'' (1943) (''Cabin nan syèl la'') pa Vincente Minnelli ak Busby Berkeley ak yon jete konplètman Afriken-Ameriken, ki gen ladan yon jenn Lena Horne. 
* ''Carmen Jones'' Otto Preminger (1954), adapte de opera Georges Bizet, ak nominasyon Oscar Dorothy Dandridge. Fim nan te chwazi an 1992 kòm yon pati nan Rejis la fim Nasyonal la. 
* ''Silence and Shadows'' (1962) (''To Kill A Mockingbird''), adaptasyon roman pi popilè Harper Lee .  Fim sa a te genyen twa Oscars e li te dekri tankou &quot;kiltirèl enpòtan&quot; pa Bibliyotèk la nan Kongrè a an 1995, kote se kopi prensipal la kounye a konsève. 
* ''Devine qui vient diner ce soir'' (1967) pa Stanley Kramer 
* ''Sweet Sweetback's Baadasssss Song'' (1971) pa Melvin Van Peebles , premye fim inisyan nan blaxploitation la genus 
* ''Koulè wouj violèt la'' (1985) pa [[Steven Spielberg]]. 
* ''[[Mississippi Burning]]'' (1988) pa [[Alan Parker]], nominasyon sèt fwa nan Oscars yo, ki gen ladan Pi bon Film ak gayan Prim BAFTA. 
* ''Fè kè nou kontan'' (1989) pa Edward Zwick, di volontè ki soti nan 54yèm Rejiman  nan [[Masachosèt]] pandan Lagè Sivil, se yon rejiman konpoze antyèman nan nwa Ameriken mobilize.&lt;ref name=&quot;Freeman2&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.lemonde.fr/cinema/article/2010/01/09/morgan-freeman-le-role-d-une-vie_1289623_3476_1.html|title=« Morgan Freeman, le rôle d'une vie »|last=Samuel Blumenfeld|date=9 janvye 2010|publisher=Le Monde|access-date=11 janvye 2010}}.&lt;/ref&gt; 
* ''[[Do the Right Thing]]'' (1989) pa [[Spike Lee]] 
* ''Miss Daisy ak chofè li'' (1989) Bruce Beresford  
* ''[[Malcolm X (fim)|Malcolm X]]'' (1992) pa [[Spike Lee]] 
* ''Posse'' (1993) pa Mario Van Peebles 
* ''Corrina, Corrina'' (1994) pa Jessie Nelson 
* ''Move Boys'' (1995) pa Michael Bay 
* ''Dwa pou yo touye?'' (1996) (''A Time To Kill'') pa Joel Schumacher 
* Rob Reiner a ''Ghosts of the Past'' (1996) ( ''Fantom nan Mississippi'' ), ki di vrè istwa avoka Bobby DeLaughter, ki te deside kondane yon rasis KKK manm asasina aktivis Medgar Evers. 
* ''Amistad'' (1997) pa [[Steven Spielberg]]. 
* ''Soul Food'' (1997) pa George Tillman, Jr. 
* Ali (2001) pa Michael Mann , fim nan di karyè a tout antye nan boxer Mohamed Ali ki se entèprete pa [[Will Smith]] nan fim nan. 
* ''Move Boys 2'' (2003) pa Michael Bay 
* ''Madéa, Jistis nan grann'' (2005) (''Jounal nan yon Mad Black Mad'') komedyen pa Tyler Perry 
* ''Ekri pou egziste'' (2007) (''ekriven libète'') 
* ''Precious'' (2009) pa Lee Daniels 
* ''Koulè santiman yo'' (''èd la'') (2011) pa Tate Taylor, istwa a nan menke Afro-Ameriken plizyè nan ane 1960 yo nan Mississippi, ki moun ki pral azade ekri yon liv ki kesyon estati sosyal yo. 
* Quian Tarantino a ''Django Unchained'' (2012), ki rakonte istwa yon esklav libere nan plantasyon nan sid Etazini. 
* ''Douz ane yon esklav'' Steve McQueen a (2013) trase istwa a nan yon gratis Afro-Ameriken ki te vin tounen yon esklav pou 12 ane nan yon pèlen. 
* ''NWA: Dwat Outta Compton'' (2015) pa F. Gary Gray, fim nan pentire karyè nan gwoup la rap kontwovèsyal, NWA. 
* ''Loving'' (2016) pa Jeff Nichols, fim rakonte vrè istwa a nan ''Loving v.''  ''Vijini'' Tribinal Siprèm Etazini an Nonm blan, Richard Loving, ak fanm nwa, marye nan Washington, yo te refize pwopriyete, rekonesans maryaj, ak dwa sivil lè yo tounen nan Virginia, paske nan yon lwa fin vye granmoun sou miscegenation. 
&lt;gallery&gt;
Oscar Micheaux.jpg|[[Oscar Micheaux]], pi gwo figi nan ''{{langue|en|[[race film]]s}}'' nan peryòd entè-lagè. 
John Singleton 2013.jpg|&lt;nowiki&gt; &lt;/nowiki&gt;[[John Singleton]], nominasyon pou [[Oscar du meilleur réalisateur|Pi bon Direktè Oscar]] nan [[64e cérémonie des Oscars|1992]] pou ''[[Boyz N the Hood|Boyz N Hood la]]''. 
DuVernaySanFranFilmFest.jpg|[[Ava DuVernay]], nominasyon pou [[72e cérémonie des Golden Globes|Golden glob pou meyè direktè 2015]] pou ''[[Selma (film)|Selma]]'' . 
Nate Parker 2014.jpg|[[Nate Parker]], [[Grand prix du jury du Festival de Sundance|Grand Prix pou Dram nan Festival la Sundance 2016]] pou ''[[The Birth of a Nation (film, 2016)|nesans la nan yon nasyon]]''. 
Barry Jenkins (cropped).jpg|[[Barry Jenkins (reyalizatè)|Barry Jenkins]], nominasyon pou [[74e cérémonie des Golden Globes|glob Golden yo pou pi bon direktè 2017]] pou ''[[Moonlight (fim, 2016)|Moonlight]]''. 
Ryan Coogler Deauville 2013 (cropped).jpg|[[Ryan Coogler]], direktè nan [[Blockbuster|sukse]] ''[[Black Panther (fim)|Black Panther]]'' [[Saturn Award du meilleur film tiré d'un comic|pi bon fim nan piki soti nan yon komik]] nan [[44e cérémonie des Saturn Awards|2018 Saturn prim lan]]. 
Spike Lee at the 2009 Tribeca Film Festival.jpg|[[Spike Lee]], [[Grand Prix du Festival de Cannes|Grand Prix nan Cannes Film Festival la]] an 2018 pou ''[[BlacKkKlansman : J'ai infiltré le Ku Klux Klan|BlacKkKlansman: Mwen enfiltre Ku Klux Klan la]]''. 
Jordan Peele Peabody 2014 (cropped).jpg|[[Jordan Peele]], premye Afriken-Ameriken an pou li resevwa [[Oscar du meilleur scénario original|Oscar pou meyè Original Orijinal]] nan 2018 pou ''[[Get Out (fim)|Get Out]]''. 
&lt;/gallery&gt;

==== Bibliyografi ak dokimantè ====
Otè franse ak direktè dokimantè Régis Dubois konsantre sou Ameriken nwa ak sinema. Gade tou ''American Cinema Nwa'', ki te dirije pa Mark Reid, Francis Bordat, Raphael Bassan, Janine Euvrard, ''CinemAction'' # 46 Editions Charles Corlet, 1988, &lt;ref&gt;[https://www.livres-cinema.info/livre/3359/cinema-noir-americain ''CinémAction'' n° 46]&lt;/ref&gt; de liv yo pa Anne Cremieux, ''The American American cinéma ak rèv la Hollywood'', Editions L'Harmattan, 2004&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Portes|first=Jacques|date=2005-10-01|title=Anne Crémieux. Les cinéastes noirs Américains et le rêve hollywoodien.. Paris :L’Harmattan, 2004, 367p. 31 Euros.|url=http://journals.openedition.org/transatlantica/855|journal=Transatlantica. Revue d’études américaines. American Studies Journal|issue=1|issn=1765-2766|access-date=2019-01-14}}&lt;/ref&gt; ak ''Minorite nan sinema ameriken'', nan ''CinémAction'' n ° 143 Editions Charles Corlet, 2012&lt;ref&gt;[https://dialnet.unirioja.es/ejemplar/313585 ''CinémAction'' n° 143]&lt;/ref&gt; ak antre ''Cinema Afrik-ameriken'' nan ''Encyclopædia Universalis'' ki ofri yon panorama nan sinema sa a. ant 1913 ak 2018.&lt;ref&gt; [https://www.universalis.fr/encyclopedie/cinema-afro-americain/ Biblio nan fen atik la]&lt;/ref&gt; 

* Travay pa Régis Dubois : 
** ''Imaj Nwa a nan sinema blan Ameriken (1980-1995)'' - L'Harmattan, 1997. 
** ''Diksyonè nan sinema Afriken-Ameriken (aktè, direktè, teknisyen)'' - Séguier, 2001. 
** ''Nwa sinema Ameriken ant entegrasyon ak pwotestasyon'' - Le Cerf / Corlet 2005. 
** ''Ameriken Nwa Cinema la nan ane yo Obama (2009-2016)'' - Lettmotif, 2017. 
* ak dokimantè la : 
** ''Nan lonbraj la nan Hollywood : sinema endepandan nwa (1910-1950)'' - Cinéfilms13, 40 minit, 2014

=== Televizyon ===
Black Entertainment Television, se yon chèn televizyon ki te fonde an 1980 sitou pou Afriken yo. 

==== Seri televizyon ====
&lt;gallery&gt;
Good Times the Evans family 1974.JPG|Seri a ''Fanmi Ewans la'' , 1974-1979, ak [[Esther Rolle]] ak [[John Amos]]. 
The Jeffersons Sanford Hemsley Evans 1974.jpg|''[[The Jeffersons|Seri Jeffersons]]'' , 1975-1982. 
Nancyreagandiffrentstrokes.jpg|Seri a fim nan ''[[Arnold et Willy]]'' an 1983, akeyi Premye Lady [[Nancy Reagan]] . 
&lt;/gallery&gt;&lt;gallery&gt;
Cicely Tyson 1973.jpg|&lt;nowiki&gt; &lt;/nowiki&gt;[[Cicely Tyson]] , premye moun ki nwa yo pran yon wòl dirijan nan yon seri televizyon, ''[[East Side/West Side|East Side / West Side]]'' (1963-1964) &lt;ref name=&quot;biography.com&quot; /&gt; . 
Bill Cosby I Spy 1966.jpg|&lt;nowiki&gt; &lt;/nowiki&gt;[[Bill Cosby]] , premye Afriken-Ameriken pou genyen yon [[Emmy Awards|prim Emmy]] nan 1966 pou wòl li nan ''[[Les Espions (série télévisée)|a espyon]]'' , lè sa a ankò nan 1967 ak nan 1968. [[Golden Globe du meilleur acteur dans une série télévisée musicale ou comique|Golden Globe pou meyè aktè nan yon seri televizyon mizik oswa komedyen]] nan 1988 pou wòl li nan ''[[Cosby Show|Cosby Montre]]'' . 
Gail Fisher Mark Stewart Mannix 1970.JPG|&lt;nowiki&gt; &lt;/nowiki&gt;[[Gail Fisher]] , premye Afriken Ameriken an pou li te genyen yon [[Emmy Awards|prim Emmy]] an 1970 ak yon [[Golden Globes|Golden Globe]] an 1971 pou wòl li nan ''[[Mannix]]'' . 
Redd Foxx 1977.JPG|&lt;nowiki&gt; &lt;/nowiki&gt;[[Redd Foxx]] , [[Golden Globe du meilleur acteur dans une série télévisée musicale ou comique|Golden Globe pou meyè aktè nan yon seri televizyon mizikal oswa komedyen]] an 1973 pou wòl li nan ''[[Sanford and Son|Sanford ak Pitit]]'' . 
Debbie Allen 1983.jpg|&lt;nowiki&gt; &lt;/nowiki&gt;[[Debbie Allen]] , [[Golden Globe de la meilleure actrice dans une série télévisée musicale ou comique|Golden Globe pou pi bon aktris nan yon seri televizyon mizik oswa komik]] an 1983 pou wòl li nan ''[[Fame (série télévisée)|rnome]]'' . 
Robert_Guillaume_(1980).jpg|&lt;nowiki&gt; &lt;/nowiki&gt;[[Robert Guillaume]] , [[Primetime Emmy Award du meilleur acteur dans une série télévisée comique|Prim Emmy Primetime pou meyè aktè nan yon seri televizyon komedyen]] an 1985 pou wòl li nan ''{{Lien|trad=Benson (TV series)|fr=Benson (série télévisée)|texte=Benson}} &amp;nbsp; [[:en:Benson (TV series)|&lt;span title=&quot;Équivalent de l’article « Benson (série télévisée) » dans une autre langue&quot; class=&quot;indicateur-langue&quot;&gt;(Nan)&lt;/span&gt;]]'' [[Catégorie:Article contenant un appel à traduction en anglais]]
. 
James Earl Jones 2013.jpg|&lt;nowiki&gt; &lt;/nowiki&gt;[[James Earl Jones]] , [[Primetime Emmy Award du meilleur acteur dans une série télévisée dramatique|Primetime Emmy pou pi bon aktè nan yon seri televizyon dram]] an 1991 pou wòl li nan ''[[Gabriel Bird]]'' . 
ReginaTaylorJan10 (cropped).jpg|&lt;nowiki&gt; &lt;/nowiki&gt;[[Regina Taylor]] , [[Golden Globe de la meilleure actrice dans une série télévisée dramatique|Golden Globe pou pi bon aktris nan yon seri dram televizyon]] an 1993 pou wòl li nan ''[[I'll Fly Away|Mwen pral Vole]]'' . 
Andre Braugher 2011 (cropped).jpg|&lt;nowiki&gt; &lt;/nowiki&gt;[[Andre Braugher]] , [[Primetime Emmy Award du meilleur acteur dans une série télévisée dramatique|Primetime Emmy pou pi bon aktè nan yon seri televizyon dramatik]] nan lane 1998 pou wòl li nan ''[[Homicide (série télévisée)|omisid]]'' . 
Don Cheadle UNEP 2011 (cropped).jpg |&lt;nowiki&gt; &lt;/nowiki&gt;[[Don Cheadle]] , [[Golden Globe du meilleur acteur dans une série télévisée musicale ou comique|Golden Globe pou meyè aktè nan yon seri televizyon mizikal oswa komedyen]] nan 2013 pou wòl li nan ''[[House of Lies|kay la nan manti]]'' . 
-Hidden Figures- Film Celebration (NHQ201612100020) (cropped).jpg|&lt;nowiki&gt; &lt;/nowiki&gt;[[Taraji P. Henson]] , [[Golden Globe de la meilleure actrice dans une série télévisée dramatique|pi bon komedyen Golden Globe nan yon seri televizyon dramatik]] nan 2014 pou wòl li nan ''[[Scandal (série télévisée)|eskandal]]'' . 
Viola Davis by Gage Skidmore.jpg|[[Viola Davis]], [[Primetime Emmy Award de la meilleure actrice dans une série télévisée dramatique|Prim Emmy Primetime pou meyè komedyen nan yon seri televizyon dramatik]] nan 2015 pou wòl li nan ''[[Murder (seri)|Murder]]''. 
Tracee_Ellis_Ross_2014_NAACP_Image_Awards_(cropped).jpg|&lt;nowiki&gt; &lt;/nowiki&gt;[[Tracee Ellis Ross]], [[Golden Globe de la meilleure actrice dans une série télévisée musicale ou comique|Golden Globe pou pi bon aktris nan yon seri televizyon mizik oswa komedyen]] nan 2017 pou wòl li nan ''[[Black-ish|nwa-ich]]'' . 
Donald Glover TIFF 2015.jpg|&lt;nowiki&gt; &lt;/nowiki&gt;[[Donald Glover]] , [[Golden Globe du meilleur acteur dans une série télévisée musicale ou comique|Golden Globe pou meyè aktè nan yon seri televizyon Mizikal oswa Comedy]] ak [[Primetime Emmy Award du meilleur acteur dans une série télévisée comique|Primetime Emmy pou pi bon aktè nan yon seri televizyon komedyen]] an 2017 pou wòl li nan ''[[Atlanta (série télévisée)|Atlanta]]'' . 
Sterling K. Brown Paleyfest.jpg|&lt;nowiki&gt; &lt;/nowiki&gt;[[Sterling K. Brown]] , [[Primetime Emmy Award du meilleur acteur dans une série télévisée dramatique|Prim Emmy Primetime pou meyè aktè nan yon seri televizyon Dram]] nan 2017 pou wòl li nan ''[[This Is Us]]''. 
Fichye:GaryColemanE3May05.jpg|[[Gary Coleman]], aktè prensipal la nan seri [[Arnold et Willy]] . 
&lt;/gallery&gt;

==== Fim televizyon ====
&lt;gallery&gt;
Alfre Woodard 2012.jpg|[[Alfre Woodard]] , [[Golden Globe de la meilleure actrice dans une mini-série ou un téléfilm|Golden Globe pou pi bon aktris nan yon fim mini-seri oswa televizyon]] an 1998 pou wòl li nan ''[[La Couleur du sang]]'' ak an 2001 pou wòl li nan ''Holiday Heart''
&lt;/gallery&gt;

==== Pwogram ====
&lt;gallery&gt;
Della Reese 1977.JPG|[[Della Reese]] , premye fanm nwa ki te òganize yon diskou nan 1969  . 
Bob Hope Flip Wilson 1969.JPG|[[Flip Wilson]] premye Afriken-Ameriken pou li genyen yon [[Golden Globes|Golden Globe]] an 1971 pou prezantasyon li nan ''{{lien|The Flip Wilson Show}} &amp;nbsp; [[:en:The Flip Wilson Show|&lt;span title=&quot;Équivalent de l’article « The Flip Wilson Show » dans une autre langue&quot; class=&quot;indicateur-langue&quot;&gt;(Nan)&lt;/span&gt;]]'' [[Catégorie:Article contenant un appel à traduction en anglais]]
. 
Oprah Winfrey at 2011 TCA.jpg|[[Oprah Winfrey]], prezantatris nan montre nan disk pi gade nan istwa amerikèn (''[[The Oprah Winfrey Show]]'', 1986-2011)  . 
&lt;/gallery&gt;

=== Espò ===
&lt;gallery&gt;
Jesse Owens 1936.jpg|[[Jesse Owens]] an 1936. 
Muhammad Ali NYWTS.jpg|[[Mohamed Ali]] an 1967 
Simone Biles Rio 2016d.jpg|[[Simone Biles]] nan [[Rio de Janeiro]] an 2016. 
Serena Williams and Venus Williams.jpg|[[Serena Williams]] ak [[Venus Williams]] an 2009. 
Magic Lipofsky.jpg|[[Magic Johnson]] an 1987 
Mike Tyson 2019 by Glenn Francis.jpg|[[Mike Tyson]] an 2019. 
Michael_Jordan_in_2014.jpg|[[Michael Jordan]] an 2015 
&lt;/gallery&gt; Espòtif pi popilè :
* [[Jackie Robinson]] (bezbòl)
* [[Tommie Smith]] (atletis)
* [[John Carlos]] (atletis)
* [[Bob Beamon]] (atletis)
* [[Jackie Joyner-Kersee]] (atletis)
* [[Florence Griffith-Joyner]] (atletis)
* [[Carl Lewis]] (atletis)
* [[Hank Aaron]] (bezbòl)
* [[Brandon Lloyd]] (foutbòl ameriken)
* [[Anthony Davis (baskètbòl)]]
* [[Joe Greene (foutbòl ameriken)|Joe Greene]] (foutbòl ameriken) 
* [[Walter Payton]] (foutbòl ameriken)
* [[Emmitt Smith]] (foutbòl ameriken)
* [[Jerry Rice]] (foutbòl ameriken)
* [[Wilt Chamberlain]] (baskètbòl)
* [[Bill Russell]] (baskètbòl)
* [[Oscar Robertson]] (baskètbòl)
* [[Kareem Abdul-Jabbar]] (baskètbòl)
* [[Patrick Ewing]] (baskètbòl)
* [[Jesse Owens]] (atletis)
* [[Satchel Paige]] (baskètbòl)
* [[Barry Bonds]] (baskètbòl)
* [[Reggie Jackson]] (baskètbòl)
* [[Ken Griffey Jr.]] (baskètbòl)
* [[Kobe Bryant]] (baskètbòl)
* [[Shaquille O'Neal]] (baskètbòl)
* [[Penny Hardaway]] (baskètbòl)
* [[Stephen Curry]] (baskètbòl)
* [[LeBron James]] (baskètbòl)
* [[Michael Jordan]] (baskètbòl)
* [[Magic Johnson]] (baskètbòl)
* [[Dennis Rodman]] (baskètbòl)
* [[Scottie Pippen]] (baskètbòl)
* [[Muggsy Bogues]] (baskètbòl)
* [[Allen Iverson]] (baskètbòl)
* [[Karl Malone]] (baskètbòl)
* [[Derrick Rose]] (baskètbòl)
* [[Kevin Durant]] (baskètbòl)
* [[Cullen Jones]] (natasyon)
* [[Lia Neal]] (natasyon)
* [[Simone Manuel]] (natasyon)
* [[Venus Williams]] (tenis)
* [[Serena Williams]] (tenis)
* [[Tiger Woods]] (gòlf)
* [[Joe Louis]] (boks)
* [[Sugar Ray Robinson]] (boks)
* [[Mike Tyson]] (boks)
* [[Mohamed Ali]] (boks)
* [[Floyd Mayweather, Jr.]] (boks)
* [[Takudzwa Ngwenya]] (ridbi)
* [[O. J. Simpson]] (foutbòl ameriken)
* [[Simone Biles]] (jimnastik)

=== Entèlektyèl militan nan 21yèm syèk  ===

* [[Cornel West]], aktivis, kòmantatè, ak pwofesè nan Inivèsite Princeton 
* [[Al Sharpton]]

== Gade tou ==

== Bibliyografi ==
* {{Cite book|last=Nicole Bacharan|title=Histoire des noirs américains|publisher=Éd. Complexe|year=1994|pages=335}}
* {{Cite book|first=Nicole|last=Bacharan|title=Faut-il avoir peur de l'Amérique?|url=https://archive.org/details/fautilavoirpeurd0000bach|publisher=Seuil|date=2005-01-01|isbn=9782020799508|id=Bacharan}} 
* {{Cite book|last=Nicole Bacharan|title=Les Noirs américains. Des champs de coton à la Maison Blanche|publisher=édition du Panama|year=2008|pages=618}}
* {{Cite book|last=Régis Dubois|title=Le Cinéma des Noirs américains entre intégration et contestation|publisher=Le Cerf/Corlet|year=2005|pages=287}} 
* {{Cite book|last=M. Fabre|title=Les Noirs Américains|publisher=PUF|year=1967}}
* {{Cite book|first=Pierre|last=Lagayette|title=L'empire de l'exécutif (1933-2006): la présidence des États-Unis de Franklin D. Roosevelt à George W. Bush|publisher=Presses Paris Sorbonne|year=2007|isbn=9782840505341|id=Lagayette}} 
* {{Cite book|last=Pierre Mélandri|title=Histoire des États-Unis contemporains|publisher=André Versaille éditeur|year=2008|pages=992|isbn=978-2-87495-009-4}} 
* {{Cite book|first=Bernard|last=Vincent|title=La Révolution Américaine (1775-1783)|publisher=Presses universitaires de Nancy|year=1985|isbn=9782864802112}}

== Referans ==
{{referans}}
== Lyen deyò ==

[[Kategori:Moun]]
[[Kategori:Gwoup etnik yo an Ayiti]]</text>
      <sha1>fng1b1ck8qvo606cw37z55bn37kuojp</sha1>
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  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Relasyon ant Etazini ak Ayiti</title>
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      <text bytes="25487" sha1="996xvuz5vsj7hvvpluvrvfb3a6h45gj" xml:space="preserve">[[Fichye:Flag_of_the_United_States.svg|thumb|114x114px| Drapo Etazini]]
[[Fichye:Flag_of_Haiti.svg|thumb|100x100px|Drapo Ayiti]]

Relasyon ant [[Ayiti]] ak [[Etazini]] se relasyon bilateral. 

Daprè Rapò Global Lidèchip 2012 nan Etazini, 79% Ayisyen apwouve lidèchip ameriken, ak 18% dezapwobasyon ak 3% ensètitid, pi gwo nòt nan peyi etidye nan [[Amerik]] &lt;ref&gt; [http://www.gallup.com/file/poll/161309/US_Global_Leadership_Report_03-13_mh2.pdf Rapò Pwojè Global Lidèchip Etazini - 2012] ''[[Gallup (company)|Gallup]]'' &lt;/ref&gt;. 

== Entwodiksyon ==
Akòz pozisyon jewografik li a, Ayiti ka afèkte estabilite nan Karayib la ak nan [[Amerik Latin]] nan e se pou sa ki gen enpòtans estratejik pou Etazini. Istorikman, Etazini te wè Ayiti kòm yon kontrepwa nan kominis Kiba. Potansyèl Ayiti a tankou yon patnè komèsyal ak jwè nan komès dwòg la fè peyi sa a ki gen enpòtans estratejik nan peyi Etazini. Anplis, de (2) peyi sa yo lye avèk yon gwo dyaspora ki ap viv nan Etazini &lt;ref name=&quot;Easterly 2006&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|first=William|last=Easterly|title=The White Man's Burden|url=https://archive.org/details/whitemansburdenw00east|location=New York|publisher=Penguin Books|date=2006|pages=[https://archive.org/details/whitemansburdenw00east/page/330 330]–331}}&lt;/ref&gt;.

== Istwa ==
=== Relasyon ant Etazini ak Ayiti (1804-1914) ===
Aprè Ayiti te vin endepandan de Lafrans nan lane 1804, pa yon revòlt esklav, sid pwo-esklavajis la te pè ke evènman sa a ta enfliyanse esklav yo nan peyi Etazini. Amerik te refize rekonèt endepandans Ayiti a jouk 1862 &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|first=Vanessa|last=Buschschluter|date=16 janvye 2010|title=The Long History of Troubled Ties Between Haiti and the US}}&lt;/ref&gt;. Prezidan [[Andrew Johnson]] te sijere ke li te anèkse zile a pou ranfòse enfliyans li sou Ewòp Karayib la. Gouvènman Etazini an pa janm reponn, men mete kanpe yon lame aktif sou zile a pandan peryòd sa a. Pandan diznevyèm syèk la, metis yo ak Nwa souvan antre nan konfli ak itilize yon entèvansyon etranje. Daprè istoryen [[Hans Schmidt]], US Navy a voye bato nan Ayiti 19 fwa ant 1857 ak 1913 pou &quot;pwoteje lavi yo ak pwopriyete nan Ameriken&quot; jouk Etazini an finalman rete nan Ayiti an 1915 &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|first=William|last=Easterly|title=The White Man's Burden|location=New York|publisher=Penguin Books|date=2006|pages=330–331}}&lt;/ref&gt;. Ka Môle Saint-Nicolas a se yon egzanp yon konfli ameriken-ayisyen.

=== Okipasyon Ayiti pa Etazini (1915-1934) ===
Ant 1915 ak 1934, Marin Ameriken yo okipe Ayiti. Anvan okipasyon an, lame ameriken an te pran kontwòl bank yo e li te ogmante $ 500,000 dola nan [[Nouyòk]]. Konstitisyon ayisyèn an te ekri pou anpeche antite etranje posede tè oswa opere an Ayiti. Sepandan, kòm yon rezilta okipasyon an, Etazini te ankouraje gouvènman ayisyen an pou ekri ankò konstitisyon an pou anile yon dispozisyon 1804 ki entèdi etranje yo genyen tè an Ayiti. &lt;ref&gt;{{en}} {{Cite web|url=https://doi.org/10.1080/01436597.2016.1256762|title=Agriculture in and beyond the Haitian catastrophe|last=Steckley|first=Marylynn|last2=Weis|first2=Tony|date=2016-12-20|page=397–413|doi=10.1080/01436597.2016.1256762|issn=0143-6597}}&lt;/ref&gt; Okipasyon sa a te gen yon enpak sou ekonomi peyi a ak sou pwòp tèt ou imaj la yo ak endepandans la pèp. Finalman, Ayisyen ini pou reziste okipasyon amerikèn ak fòs amerikèn ki te kite nan lane 1934. Lame ayisyen an ki fèk fòme (Gad la) te rete dèyè. Li konsiste sitou de sòlda nwa ak ofisye milat, ki domine fonksyon politik jouk 1947.&lt;ref&gt;{{en}} {{Cite book|first=William|last=Easterly|title=The White Man's Burden|location=New York|publisher=Penguin Books|date=2006|pages=330–331}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Entèvansyon Etazini an Ayiti (1957-2005) ===
Soti nan 1957 a 1971, [[François Duvalier]] te dirije Ayiti anba yon diktati represif, men gen kèk diskite ke Etazini tolere rejim lan paske li te fòtman anti-kominis ak balanse zile kominis la nan Kiba pandan [[Gè Fwad]] la. Nan lanmò Divalye, pitit gason li, [[Jean-Claude Duvalier]] (&quot;Baby Doc&quot;), te pran epi kenbe anpil politik papa li yo.&lt;ref&gt;{{en}} {{Cite web|url=http://www.napawash.org/wp-content/uploads/2006/06-04.pdf|title=Why Foreign Aid to Haiti Failed (and How to Do It Better Next Time)|last=Buss|first=Terry F.|last2=Gardner|first2=Adam|date=fevriye 2006|publisher=National Academy of Public Administration|location=Washington, D.C.|access-date=2 janvye 2010|archive-date=2017-10-13|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171013154259/http://www.napawash.org/wp-content/uploads/2006/06-04.pdf|dead-url=yes}}&lt;/ref&gt;  

Administrasyon [[Ronald Reagan|Reagan]] te fòse Baby Doc pou li kite sèn nan an 1986 e lè yon diktati militè represif te parèt, Prezidan Reagan te sispann èd li. Administrasyon [[George HW Bush]] te anbago tou e te bloke Ayiti, sispann nenpòt èd, eksèpte pou èd imanitè.&lt;ref&gt;{{en}} {{Cite web|url=http://www.napawash.org/wp-content/uploads/2006/06-04.pdf|title=Why Foreign Aid to Haiti Failed (and How to Do It Better Next Time)|last=Buss|first=Terry F.|last2=Gardner|first2=Adam|date=fevriye 2006|publisher=National Academy of Public Administration|location=Washington, D.C.|access-date=2 janvye 2010|archive-date=2017-10-13|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171013154259/http://www.napawash.org/wp-content/uploads/2006/06-04.pdf|dead-url=yes}}&lt;/ref&gt;  

Aprè fen fanmi Divalye a ak lòt rejim militè yo, [[Jan Bètran Aristid|Jean-Bertrand Aristide]] te eli an 1990, men li te ranvèse pa yon koudeta sèt (7) mwa pita. Soti nan 1991 rive 1994, administrasyon Clinton la te enpoze yon blokaj ekonomik ki fè plis pòv ankò peyi a, epi finalman administrasyon Clinton te entèvni militèman an 1994 pou retabli Aristide sou pouvwa a.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.napawash.org/wp-content/uploads/2006/06-04.pdf|title=Why Foreign Aid to Haiti Failed (and How to Do It Better Next Time)|last=Buss|first=Terry F.|last2=Gardner|first2=Adam|date=fevriye 2006|publisher=National Academy of Public Administration|location=Washington, D.C.|access-date=2 janvye 2010|archive-date=2017-10-13|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171013154259/http://www.napawash.org/wp-content/uploads/2006/06-04.pdf|dead-url=yes}}&lt;/ref&gt;{{,}}&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|first=William|last=Easterly|title=The White Man's Burden|location=New York|publisher=Penguin Books|date=2006|pages=330–331}}&lt;/ref&gt; Sipò Etazini pou Aristide te bese kòm yon konsekans pwoblèm koripsyon, e yon rebelyon ame nan mwa fevriye 2004 te mennen nan egzil li. &lt;ref name=&quot;Buss &amp; Gardner 2006&quot; /&gt;  

Aprè [[René Préval]] te siksede Aristide, èd yo te retounen an Ayiti pou yon total $ 1.5 milya ant 1990 ak 2005.&lt;ref&gt;{{en}} {{Cite web|url=http://www.napawash.org/wp-content/uploads/2006/06-04.pdf|title=Why Foreign Aid to Haiti Failed (and How to Do It Better Next Time)|last=Buss|first=Terry F.|last2=Gardner|first2=Adam|date=fevriye 2006|publisher=National Academy of Public Administration|location=Washington, D.C.|access-date=2 janvye 2010|archive-date=2017-10-13|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171013154259/http://www.napawash.org/wp-content/uploads/2006/06-04.pdf|dead-url=yes}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Politik aktyèl Etazini anvè Ayiti ==
Gen kèk ekspè nan politik ki diskite ke politik ak entèvansyon amerikèn te agrave pwoblèm yo an Ayiti, ki fè byennèt peyi a nan yon responsablite Etazini. &lt;ref&gt;{{en}} {{Cite web|url=http://www.napawash.org/wp-content/uploads/2006/06-04.pdf|title=Why Foreign Aid to Haiti Failed (and How to Do It Better Next Time)|last=Buss|first=Terry F.|last2=Gardner|first2=Adam|date=fevriye 2006|publisher=National Academy of Public Administration|location=Washington, D.C.|access-date=2 janvye 2010|archive-date=2017-10-13|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171013154259/http://www.napawash.org/wp-content/uploads/2006/06-04.pdf|dead-url=yes}}&lt;/ref&gt; Politik amerikèn anvè Ayiti te ofisyèlman fèt yo ankouraje ak ranfòse demokrasi, ede diminye povrete, analfabetis ak malnitrisyon; ankouraje respè pou dwa moun ; ak goumen kont imigrasyon ilegal ak trafik dwòg la. Etazini tou sipòte ak fasilite echanj ak envestisman bilateral, menm jan tou migrasyon legal ak vwayaj. Objektif politik yo nan Etazini reyalize nan aksyon dirèk bilateral ak kolaborasyon avèk kominote entènasyonal la. Etazini te jwe yon wòl prensipal nan òganize patisipasyon entènasyonal avèk Ayiti. Etazini ap travay sere sere avèk [[Òganizasyon Eta Ameriken]] (OEA), ki gen ladan gwoup zanmi &quot;Ayiti&quot; Sekretè Jeneral la (orijinal yon gwoup Nasyonzini ki gen ladan [[Etazini]], [[Kanada]], [[Frans]], [[Venezwela]], [[Chili]], [[Ajantin]]) ki te vin pli laj nan lane 2001 pou [[Almay]], [[Espay]], [[Nòvèj]], [[Meksik]], [[Gwatemala]], [[Beliz]] ak [[Bahamas]]), [[CARICOM|kominote Karayib la.]] (CARICOM) ak diferan peyi reyalize objektif politik yo. Selon yon sondaj ki te fèt an 2005-2006, 67% Ayisyen ta emigre si yo te kapab, ak 2 milyon moun ki gen orijin ayisyen ap viv nan Etazini yo, 60% nan yo ki te fèt nan Amerik la. Kat-senkyèm nan inivèsite ayisyen diplome ap viv andeyò Ayiti.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.napawash.org/wp-content/uploads/2006/06-04.pdf|date=fevriye 2006|last=Buss|first=Terry F.|last2=Gardner|first2=Adam|title=Why Foreign Aid to Haiti Failed (and How to Do It Better Next Time)|location=Washington, D.C.|publisher=National Academy of Public Administration|access-date=2 janvye 2010|archive-date=2017-10-13|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171013154259/http://www.napawash.org/wp-content/uploads/2006/06-04.pdf|dead-url=yes}}&lt;/ref&gt; Aprè tranblemanntè ki te fèt nan janvye 2010 la, Depatman Sekirite Teritwa sispann tanporèman depòtasyon Ayisyen epi yo te akòde pwoteksyon tanporè sitwayen ayisyen pou 18 mwa. &lt;ref name=&quot;Margesson &amp; Taft-Morales 2010&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://fas.org/sgp/crs/row/R41023.pdf|title=Haiti Earthquake: Crisis and Response|last=Margesson|first=Rhonda|last2=Taft-Morales|first2=|date=2 fevriye 2010|publisher=Congressional Research Service|location=Washington, D.C.|id=|access-date=2 janvye 2010|archive-date=2020-10-31|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201031041941/https://fas.org/sgp/crs/row/R41023.pdf|dead-url=yes}}&lt;/ref&gt;  

An 2010, [[Bill Clinton]] te ekskize li pou li te mande Ayiti lage tarif yo sou diri enpòte sibvansyone nan Etazini yo, ki te gen yon efè negatif sou kiltivatè ayisyen nan Nò a.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.democracynow.org/2010/4/1/clinton_rice|title=&quot;We Made a Devil's Bargain&quot;: Fmr. President Clinton Apologizes for Trade Policies that Destroyed Haitian Rice Farming|last=Goodman|first=Amy|date=1 avril 2010|website=Democracy Now!|access-date=21 septanm 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt; 24 Me 2010, Pwogram Lift Elektwonik Ayiti (HELP) te siyen pa lwa Etazini, garanti tarif preferansyèl pou rad ki fèt an Ayiti. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.govtrack.us/congress/bills/111/hr5160/summary|title=HR 5160: Haiti Economic Lift Program|website=govtrack|access-date=14 oktòb 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt; 22 oktòb 2012, Sekretè Deta Ameriken [[Hillary Clinton]] te bay diskou a nan ouvèti kontwovèsyal [[Karakòl (komin)|Karakòl]] [[Karakòl (komin)|Industrial Park]] &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.state.gov/secretary/20092013clinton/rm/2012/10/199451.htm|title=Remarks at the Caracol Industrial Park Opening Ceremony|last=Hillary Clinton|date=22 oktòb 2012|website=US Department of State|access-date=23 septanm 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt;{{,}}&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-haiti-clinton-caracol-idUSBRE89M00L20121023|title=Clintons preside at star-studded opening of Haitian industrial park|last=Susana Ferreira|last2=Andrew Quinn|date=22 oktòb 2012|website=Reuters|access-date=14 oktòb 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt;{{,}}&lt;ref name=&quot;Johnston&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.bostonreview.net/world/jake-johnston-haiti-earthquake-aid-caracol|title=Outsourcing Haiti: How disaster relief became a disaster of its own|last=Johnston|first=Jake|date=16 janvye 2014|website=Boston Review|access-date=22 septanm 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt;  &lt;ref name=&quot;GenderAction&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.genderaction.org/publications/caracol.pdf|title=Caracol Industrial Park Social and Gender Impacts of Year One of Haiti’s newest IFI - funded Industrial Park|last=Claire Lauterbach|last2=Elaine Zuckerman|date=2013|website=GenderAction|publisher=Gender Action|page=35|access-date=23 septanm 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt;. 

Nan 2011, WikiLeaks revele enfòmasyon ki montre ke administrasyon Obama a goumen kenbe salè ayisyen nan 31 santim yon èdtan lè gouvènman ayisyen an te pase yon lwa ògmante salè minimòm-nan a 61 santim pa èdtan.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=https://www.businessinsider.com.au/wikileaks-haiti-minimum-wage-the-nation-2011-6?r=US&amp;IR=T |title=Kopi achiv |access-date=2019-04-23 |archive-date=2019-06-06 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190606151754/https://www.businessinsider.com.au/wikileaks-haiti-minimum-wage-the-nation-2011-6?r=US&amp;IR=T |dead-url=yes }}&lt;/ref&gt;{{,}}&lt;ref&gt; https://www.thenation.com/article/wikileaks-haiti-let-them-live-3-day/&lt;/ref&gt;.

== Asistans Etazini pou ekonomi ak devlòpman an Ayiti ==
[[Fichye:RenéPréval_&amp;_GWBush_2007May08.jpg|right|thumb|200x200px| [[Prezidan Repiblik Ayiti|Prezidan ayisyen]] [[René Préval]] (agoch) ak George W. Bush (adwat) nan Biwo Oval Mezon Blanch lan nan [[Wachintòn]], 8 me 2007.]]
Ensekirite politik ak enkapasite gouvènman ayisyen yo pou envesti nan devlopman resous natirèl ak imen peyi a te kontribye anpil nan sitiyasyon aktyèl sou-devlopman peyi a. Efò ameriken pou ranfòse demokrasi ak mete fondasyon pou kwasans ekonomik yo gen entansyon adrese sitiyasyon sa a. Etazini se donatè pi gwo an Ayiti depi 1973. Ant 1995 ak 2003, Etazini te bay plis pase $ 850 milyon dola nan èd an Ayiti. Depi 2004, Etazini te bay plis pase $ 600 milyon dola pou amelyore gouvènans, sekirite, règ lalwa, rekiperasyon ekonomik ak kritik bezwen moun. Bidjè Prezidan an te mande pou ane fiskal 2007 la te $ 198 milyon. Lajan gouvènman ameriken yo te itilize pou finanse pwogram pou rezoud yon varyete de pwoblèm. 

Gen kèk ekspè, sepandan, te kritike nati kondisyonèl èd Ameriken an an Ayiti. Èd Ameriken yo souvan bay dapre kondisyon ki dikte nan objektif politik ameriken an epi yo pa pa enstitisyon ayisyen yo. Sa parèt ka a pou kèk pwogram ONG finanse USAID.&lt;ref name=&quot;Buss &amp; Gardner 2006&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.napawash.org/wp-content/uploads/2006/06-04.pdf|title=Why Foreign Aid to Haiti Failed (and How to Do It Better Next Time)|last=Buss|first=Terry F.|last2=Gardner|first2=Adam|date=fevriye 2006|publisher=National Academy of Public Administration|location=Washington, D.C.|access-date=2 janvye 2010|archive-date=2017-10-13|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171013154259/http://www.napawash.org/wp-content/uploads/2006/06-04.pdf|dead-url=yes}}&lt;/ref&gt; : 27 USAID te jwe yon wòl tou nan eliminasyon vyann kochon kreyòl la, yon avantaj enpòtan pou ti fèmye ayisyen yo, nan ane 1980 yo kòm yon pati nan batay kont epidemi [[grip pòsin]] Afriken an. 

Ayiti te soufri pou dè dekad soti nan yon pousantaj trè wo nan chomaj ak underemployment. Gout nan byen file nan travay nan sektè a asanble iben, ki soti nan plis pase 100,000 an 1986 a mwens pase 20,000 an 2006, konpoze mank de la travay. Yo nan lòd yo ranfòse ekonomi an, asistans ameriken an ap eseye kreye opòtinite travay ki estab ak dirab pou popilasyon an ap grandi, espesyalman nan zòn riral yo. Plis dènyèman, pwogram ogmante prete bank komèsyal yo mikwo-antrepriz, patikilyèman nan sektè agrikòl la, te kreye yon kantite siyifikatif nan travay yo. Èd Amerikèn an dirije prensipalman nan òganizasyon volontè prive ak kontraktè pou asire aplikasyon efikas pwogram asistans Etazini yo.

== Goumen trafik dwòg an Ayiti ==
Ayiti se yon pwen enpòtan transbòdé pou sid Ameriken dwòg, sitou kokayin, voye nan Etazini. Pou konbat sa a menas, Etazini te pran yon kantite mezi, ki gen ladan kontwole ak fòme ayisyen Nasyonal Counter-Narcotics Divizyon Lapolis la, bay materyèl asistans ak fòmasyon Gad Kòt ayisyen an al goumen. kont dwòg ak imigran, trafikè anba akizasyon nan Etazini yo &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.state.gov/j/inl/rls/nrcrpt/2015/vol1/238977.htm|title=Haïti|access-date=2018-06-27}}&lt;/ref&gt; . 

== Repons Etazini nan tranblemanntè Ayiti 2010 la ==
[[Fichye:Haitian_national_palace_earthquake.jpg|thumb| [[Palais nasyonal|Palè Nasyonal la]] aprè [[Tranblemanntè 12 janvye 2010 nan peyi Ayiti|tranbleman tè 2010 la]].]]
Pi gwo tranblemanntè ki te anrejistre nan istwa Ayiti a te rive 12 janvye 2010, epi li te anrejistre yon grandè 7.0 sou echèl Richter. Tranbleman tè a te frape sant vil la 15 kilomèt nan sidwès Pòtoprens e te koze domaj katastwofik. Anbasadè ameriken an Ayiti Kenneth H. Merten te bay yon deklarasyon sou katastwòf e Ajans Etazini pou Devlopman Entènasyonal (USAID) te vin ajans prensipal pou repons gouvènman ameriken pou dezas la. . USAID apwouve $ 50,000 pou premyè aplikasyon yon pwogram repons pou ijans. Gouvènman Etazini an te etabli tou yon gwoup travay entè-ajans kowòdone efò rechèch ak sekou, lojistik ak enfrastrikti sipò, pwovizyon asistans ak evalyasyon bezwen. &lt;ref&gt;{{en}} {{Cite web|url=https://fas.org/sgp/crs/row/R41023.pdf|title=Haiti Earthquake: Crisis and Response|last=Margesson|first=Rhonda|last2=Taft-Morales|first2=|date=2 fevriye 2010|publisher=Congressional Research Service|location=Washington, D.C.|access-date=2 fevriye 2010|archive-date=2020-10-31|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201031041941/https://fas.org/sgp/crs/row/R41023.pdf|dead-url=yes}}&lt;/ref&gt; 

Rapò resan yo sijere ke èd nan iman ameriken an te deranje kèk nan mache domestik Ayiti yo, tankou chèn ekipman pou diri &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/pages/frontline/video/flv/generic.html?s=frow03pefd|title=Haiti: The Rice Dilemma|last=Davidson|first=Adam|date=29 jen 2010|publisher=WGBH-TV / Public Broadcasting Service|location=Boston, Massachusetts}}&lt;/ref&gt; 

Malgre ke Depatman Deta a ak Depatman Defans lan te afekte $ 98.5 milyon dola pou klè 1.2 milyon mèt kib debri, efò yo entravée pa yon mank de ekipman ak resous. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.google.com/hostednews/ap/article/ALeqM5hwk3ckOyazZjjnJpoFifzee0W2ggD9I5RRNO0|title=Just 2 Percent of Quake Debris in Haiti Cleared|last=Lush|first=Tamara|date=11 septanm 2010}}&lt;/ref&gt; 

14 janvye, administrasyon Obama te anonse $ 100 milyon nan èd imanitè an Ayiti pou satisfè bezwen imedya li yo, anplis de fon ki egziste deja pou Ayiti. Biwo Asistans Etranje USAID lan (OFDA) voye yon ekip repons dezas 32-manm (DART). &lt;ref name=&quot;Margesson &amp; Taft-Morales 2010&quot;/&gt;

=== Repons militè ameriken an ===
Kòmandman Sid Etazini an (SOUTHCOM) te sipèvize Depatman Repons Defans (DOD) ak deplwaye resous militè yo kòm yon pati nan Operation United Response, ki te sipòte efò asistans ki te dirije US. Etazini ak kominote entènasyonal la. An fevriye 2010, Depatman Defans te gen 20,458 twoup deplwaye an Ayiti oswa dlo li yo. Vennsis marin ak kòt gad palè, 68 elikoptè ak plis pase 50 avyon zèl fiks kontribye nan transpò a nan founiti, sekou ak sekou pèsonèl ak viktim. Anplwaye Kòmand Operasyon Espesyal Ameriken yo te voye yo nan Pòtoprens nan 24 èdtan apre tranbleman tè a, retabli kapasite kontwòl trafik aeryen an ak fasilite operasyon lè, bay yo. sèvis medikal imedyat ak misyon rechèch ak sekou fèt. An fevriye 2010, Depatman Defans lan te bay 2.1 milyon dlo nan boutèy, 1,79 milyon rasyon manje, plis pase 100,000 liv ekipman medikal ak plis pase 844,000 gaz en. Lòt travay anplwaye Depatman Defans lan fè gen ladan tretman aksidan sou tè ak dlo, rekonesans ayeryen pou fasilite operasyon sekou / ravitaye, distribisyon radyo komèsyal pòtab ak pwovizyon kapasite. pou enfòmasyon sou sèvis ijans yo. &lt;ref name=&quot;Margesson &amp; Taft-Morales 2010&quot;/&gt;

== Kòmantè Donald Trump sou &quot;peyi maladi a&quot; ==
11 janvye 2018, Washington Post te rapòte ke [[Donald Trump]], nan yon diskisyon sou pwoteksyon imigran ki soti Ayiti, [[Salvadò|El Salvador]] ak peyi Afriken yo, te di: &quot;Poukisa li te fè nou tout moun sa yo nan peyi dezòd? Anplis de sa, li te di ke nenpòt moun ki ap eseye emigre soti nan Ayiti te gen SIDA e li te &quot;yon vektè nan VIH&quot;. Apre yo fin pibliye rapò a, Trump te refize itilize tèm &quot;peyi maladi a&quot; sou Twitter, men li te di ke li te itilize lang difisil kont peyi yo. Pandan se tan, yon pòtpawòl [[ONI|Nasyonzini]] kondane kòmantè Trump a, ki dekri l 'kòm &quot;rasis&quot;. [[Laurent Lamothe]], ansyen premye minis Ayiti a, te kritike tou kòmantè Trump lan. Apre plizyè jou revòlt apre remak Trump yo, anbasad ameriken nan [[Pòtoprens (komin)|Pòtoprens]] te fèmen nan 23 janvye 2018 &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://armenpress.am/eng/news/919872/us-embassy-in-haiti-closed-due-to-anti-trump-protests.html|title=US Embassy in Haiti closed over Anti-Trump protests|date=23 janvye 2018|publisher=Armenian Press|access-date=24 janvye 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Opòtinite biznis Etazini an Ayiti ==
Lòt opòtinite pou konpayi amerikèn yo enkli devlopman ak komès nan pwodui agrikòl kri ak trete; founiti medikal ak ekipman; rebati ak modènize enfrastrikti epwize an Ayiti; devlopman nan touris ak sektè ki gen rapò, ki gen ladan atizay ak atizana; ak amelyore kapasite nan eliminasyon dechè, transpò, enèji, telekominikasyon ak operasyon asanble ekspòtasyon. Sektè prim asanble an Ayiti gen ladan tèkstil, konpozan elektwonik ak materyèl anbalaj. Lòt opòtinite ekspòtasyon nan Etazini yo gen ladan machin elektwonik, ki gen ladan jenerasyon pouvwa, son ak ekipman televizyon, plastik ak papye, materyo pou konstriksyon, enstalasyon plonbri, ekipman ak machin, bwa. Benefis pou enpòte ak ekspòtatè ayisyen ak Etazini yo disponib nan Karayib Bazen Komès Lwa sou Patenarya (CBTPA), ki bay pou devwa-ekspòtasyon an gratis nan anpil pwodui ayisyen reyini soti nan konpozan US oswa materyèl ak Lwa HOPE a, ki founi pou preferans adisyonèl san devwa pou pwodui rad / tèkstil ak ekipman fil elèktrik otomobil &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.cbp.gov/trade/priority-issues/trade-agreements/special-trade-legislation/caribbean-basin-initiative/cbtpa|title=Caribbean Basin Trade Partnership Act (CBTPA) {{!}} U.S. Customs and Border Protection|website=www.cbp.gov|access-date=2018-06-27}}&lt;/ref&gt;. 

Etazini tou gen opòtinite ekspòtasyon pou kat-wou-kondwi machin, konsomatè elektwonik, diri, ble, farin, bèt ak legim grès, vyann, legim, ak manje trete. Gouvènman an nan Ayiti ap chèche reyaktive ak devlope endistri agrikòl kote Ayiti jwi avantaj konparatif, ki gen ladan lwil esansyèl, epis santi bon, fwi ak legim ak SISAL. Gouvènman an ap ankouraje foul la nan nouvo kapital ak inovasyon teknolojik. Ou ka jwenn plis enfòmasyon sou opòtinite biznis an Ayiti nan Gid Komès Peyi pou Ayiti&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.export.gov/apex/article2?id=Haiti-Agricultural-Sector|title=export.gov|website=www.export.gov|access-date=2018-06-27|archive-date=2018-06-27|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180627173139/https://www.export.gov/apex/article2?id=Haiti-Agricultural-Sector|dead-url=yes}}&lt;/ref&gt; .

== Kreyasyon yon konpayi Ameriken an Ayiti ==
Moun ki vle travay an Ayiti dwe jwenn yon viza imigran ki sòti nan yon konsila ayisyen ak, nan pifò ka yo, yon pèmi travay gouvènman an. Komèsan tanporè ak rezidan yo dwe genyen tou yon kat idantite pwofesyonèl &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://ht.usembassy.gov/visas/immigrant-visas/|title=Immigrant Visas {{!}} U.S. Embassy in Haiti}}&lt;/ref&gt; . 

Restriksyon sou pwopriyete toujou egziste pou etranje yo. Dwa pwopriyete etranje yo limite a 1.29 ekta nan zòn iben ak 6.45 ekta nan zòn riral yo. Okenn etranje pa kapab posede plis pase yon rezidans nan menm distri a, ni posede pwopriyete oswa bilding tou pre fontyè an. Pou posede byen imobilye, yo bezwen yon otorizasyon nan Depatman Lajistis &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.state.gov/e/eb/rls/othr/ics/2013/204654.htm|title=Haiti}}&lt;/ref&gt; . 

== Main ofisyèl ameriken an Ayiti ==

* Anbasadè - Michele J. Sison 
* Asistan Chef de Misyon - Robin Daillo 
* Ofisye Afè Piblik - James Ellickson-Brown 
* Direktè USAID - Jene Thomas 

== Premye lidè ayisyen nan Etazini ==

* Anbasadè - Pòl Altidor 

== Misyon diplomatik yo ==

* Ayiti gen yon anbasad nan [[Wachintòn]] ak konsila jeneral nan [[Atlanta (Djòdji)|Atlanta]], [[Boston, Massachusetts|Boston]], [[Chikago]], [[Miyami]], [[Nouyòk]] ak [[Orlando, Florid|Orlando]] &lt;ref&gt; [http://www.haiti.org Anbasad Ayiti nan Washington)] &lt;/ref&gt; . 
* Etazini gen yon anbasad nan [[Pòtoprens (komin)|Pòtoprens]] &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=http://haiti.usembassy.gov/ |title=Anbasad Etazini nan Pòtoprens (an kreyòl, anglè ak franse) |access-date=2019-04-23 |archive-date=2006-04-24 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060424094341/http://haiti.usembassy.gov/ |dead-url=yes }}&lt;/ref&gt;.

== Gade tou ==

* [[Haitian Americans|Ayisyen-Ameriken]] 
* Navassa Island (reklamasyon tè) 
* Inyon Nò Ameriken an 
* Akò Komès Lib Nò Ameriken an 
* Zòn Komès Lib nan Amerik yo 
* Twazyèm Border Initiative 
* [[CARICOM|Kominote Karayib la]] 
* Karayib Basen Inisyativ (CBI) 
* Patenarya Biznis ak Lwa Basen Karayib la 
* Western Emisfè Vwayaj Inisyativ 
* Etazini ak revolisyon ayisyen an 
* Relasyon Etranje Etazini 
* Relasyon etranje an Ayiti 

== Referans ==
{{referans}}
== Lyen deyò ==

[[Kategori:Ayiti]]
[[Kategori:Etazini]]
[[Kategori:Relasyon entènasyonal]]
[[Kategori:Kout pwojektè sou/Atik pwopoze]]</text>
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    <title>Fwontyè ant Repiblik dominiken ak Ayiti</title>
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      <text bytes="4250" sha1="l1q6p0wpgoyvmtt26yzgw2hg2y18rx0" xml:space="preserve">'''Fwontyè ant [[Ayiti]] ak [[Dominikani|Repiblik Dominikèn]]''' se fwontyè ki separe sou yon aks nò-sid, zile [[Ispayola|Ispanyola]] ant de (2) eta sa yo. 

== Istwa ==
Li te fèt nan divizyon zile a Ispanyola ant [[Frans|Lafrans]] ak [[Espay]], ofisyèlman pa [[Trete Ryswik|Trete nan Ryswick]] nan [[1697]], fwontyè a ant de (2) koloni yo pa te gen defini ofisyèl. Pandan peryòd kolonyal la, metwopòl yo te siyen plizyè konvansyon avèk entansyon pou detèmine li, an patikilye, trete Aranjuez nan lane [[1777]] ak nan Basle nan lane [[1795]] ki pa te pote okenn solisyon a pwoblèm lan. Nan 19yèm syèk a, liy fwontyè a disparèt plis pase yon fwa pandan envazyon yo, oswa tantativ pou okipe teritwa dominiken pa Franse yo (pandan [[Revolisyon franse|Revolisyon an]] ak Premye Anpi a), lè sa a ayisyen. Aprè plizyè konvansyon abitraj san siksè ant de (2) peyi yo ak yon tantativ nan konsilyasyon Pap Leo XIII an [[1901]], li te fòmèlman defini (anba aji yo nan peyi [[Etazini]] ki okipe Ayiti soti nan 1915 rive 1934 ak Repiblik Dominikèn ant 1906 ak 1924) pa Trete sou  21 janvye 1929  siyen nan [[Pòtoprens (komin)|Pòtoprens]] pa prezidan yo, Horacio Vásquez ak [[Louis Bornó]]. 

Sa a te konplete : 

# pa akò 17 fevriye 1935  siyen tou nan Pòtoprens pa prezidan [[Sténio Vincent]] ak [[Rafael Trujillo|Rafael Leónidas Trujillo Molina]], gen entansyon rezoud diskisyon yo nan delimite fèt kòm yon rezilta nan premye konvansyon an ; 
# pa Pwotokòl la Lòt nan 9 mas 1936 siyen pa menm prezidan yo nan kapital ayisyèn an. 

An 1937, nan enpilsyon Prezidan [[Rafael Trujillo]], lame dominikèn an angaje nan yon reyèl [[Masak ayisyen an nan 1937|netwayaj etnik kont Ayisyen etabli sou bò dominiken fwontyè a]]. Trujillo pè pou presyon demografik ke peyizan ayisyen an pa gen tè nan zòn fwontyè a pral mete entegrite teritoryal nan peyi a.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Turtis|first=Richard Lee|year=2002|title=A World Destroyed, A Nation Imposed: The 1937 Haitian Massacre in the Dominican Republic|journal=Hispanic American Historical Review|volume=82|issue=3|page=600}}&lt;/ref&gt; Apeprè 20,000 Ayisyen souvan fèt lokalman asasinen&lt;ref name=&quot;Introspections&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|first=Robert|last=Pack|first2=Jay|last2=Parini|title=Introspections|publisher=PUB|page=78}}&lt;/ref&gt;{{,}}&lt;ref name=&quot;Alan_Cambeira&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|first=Alan|last=Cambeira|title=Quisqueya la bella : the Dominican Republic in historical and cultural perspective|url=https://archive.org/details/quisqueyalabella0000camb|year=1996|pages=286|publisher=M.E. Sharpe|isbn=1-56324-936-7}}&lt;/ref&gt;.

== Wout ==
Se konsa, fikse pa akò ki sot pase yo, ki soti nan nò ale nan sid  : 

* Li kòmanse soti nan bouch masak larivyè Lefrat la, swiv kouran sa a ak larivyè Lefrat la Capolitte nan sous li yo. Li pase nan Grime mat, rantre nan Rivière-des-Ténèbres, swiv wout entènasyonal la ak [[Latibonit (rivyè)|Latibonit]] nan konfliyan li yo ak rivyè la Macassia . 
* Li moute Macassia larivyè Lefrat la nan San Pedro ak pase Fort Cachiman. Li answit, koupe larivyè Los Indios nan direksyon pou Salmon Pond la . 
* Apre w fin mache sou bò solèy leve nan letan an, li ale nan Numéro, Maré oto domaje, Gros Mare, desann larivyè Pedernales nan bouch li yo ant lavil ki nan [[Ansapit (komin)|Anse-à-Pitres]] ak Pedernales . 

== Pòs-fwontyè ==
Gen kat (4) kote pasaj travèse sou fwontyè sa a ki sòti nan nò ale nan sid   : 
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
! Pòs fwontyè ayisyen an 
! Pòs fwontyè dominiken an 
! Obsèvasyon 
|-
| [[Wanament (komin)|Wanament]] 
| Dajabón 
| Dezyèm pwen travèse nan enpòtans : 31% nan komès kwa-fontwyè pran plas la. 
|-
| [[Beladè (komin)|Beladè]] 
| Comendador 
| 5% nan kwa-fontyè echanj. 
|-
| [[Malpas (komin)|Malpas]] &lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt; ([[Gantye (komin)|Gantye]]) 
| Jimaní 
| Li se pòs fwontyè ki pi enpòtan an. Li reprezante 51% nan komès kwa-fwontyè, depi wout la ki kwaze li, dirèkteman lyen de (2) kapital yo : Pòtoprens ak [[Sen Domeng|Santo Domingo]]. 
|-
| [[Ansapit (komin)|Ansapit]] 
| Pedernales 
| 3% nan kwa-fontwyè komès. 
|}

== Referans ==
{{referans}}
== Lyen deyò ==

{{Palèt Ayiti}}

[[Kategori:Ayiti]]
[[Kategori:Repiblik dominikèn]]
[[Kategori:Relasyon entènasyonal]]</text>
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    <title>Relasyon ant Kanada ak Ayiti</title>
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      <text bytes="20939" sha1="4vhkkkni066kgh47gousitkn3zqu7d2" xml:space="preserve">'''Relasyon Kanada-Ayiti''' refere a relasyon diplomatik ant [[Kanada]] ak [[Ayiti|Repiblik Ayiti]], Eta [[Karayib|Karayib la]] . Pandan peryòd enstab ant 1957 ak 1990, Kanada te akeyi anpil refijye ayisyen, ki kounye a konstitye yon minorite enpòtan nan [[Kebèk]]. Kanada te patisipe nan divès entèvansyon entènasyonal an Ayiti ant 1994 ak 2004 epi li kontinye bay asistans sibstansyèl pou Ayiti.&lt;ref name=&quot;cangov&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://geo.international.gc.ca/cip-pic/geo/haiti-bb-en.aspx|title=Canada-Haiti Relations|publisher=Foreign Affairs &amp; International Trade Canada|archive-url=https://archive.is/20070731040928/http://geo.international.gc.ca/cip-pic/geo/haiti-bb-en.aspx|archive-date=31 jiyè 2007|access-date=22 avril 2009}}&lt;/ref&gt; 

== Kontèks istorik ==
Ayiti sitiye nan lwès zile [[Ispayola|Ispanyola]]. An 1797, [[Tousen Louvèti|Toussaint Louverture]] te mennen yon revòlt kont [[Franse]] yo ak li te fè Ayiti premye peyi endepandan nan [[Karayib|Karayib la]], byenke gouvènman an te rete jiska 1915, lè [[Etazini]] te okipe zile a. Etazini kite zile a an 1934 pou mete li tounen nan yon fòm demokrasi. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|last=Paul Butel|title=Histoire des Antilles Françaises XVIIe – XXe siècle|publisher=Perrin|year=2002|isbn=978-2-262-01540-4}}&lt;/ref&gt;  

Kanada se yon manm nan frankofoni oswa kominote a nan peyi ki pale franse, jis tankou Ayiti. Kanada jwe yon wòl aktif nan mentyen lapè (oswa demach lapè) atravè mond lan. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.forces.gc.ca/somalia/vol1/v1c10e.htm|title=PEACEKEEPING: CONCEPTS, EVOLUTION, AND CANADA'S ROLE|publisher=Minister of Public Works and Government Services Canada|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100129200433/http://www.forces.gc.ca/somalia/vol1/v1c10e.htm#|archive-date=29 janvye 2010|dead-url=yes|access-date=26 avril 2009}}&lt;/ref&gt; Kebèk se yon manm endepandan nan frankofoni, ak Ayiti se pi gwo benefisyè a nan asistans pwovens lan. Anplis de sa, yon gwo majorite nan ONG k ap travay an Ayiti se òganizasyon kebekwaz. &lt;ref name=&quot;University of Toronto Press&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|first=Peter|last=McKenna|title=Canada looks south in search of an America's policy|location=Toronto, ON|publisher=University of Toronto Press|date=2012|pages=180–211}}&lt;/ref&gt;  

Kanada ak Ayiti ofisyèlman etabli relasyon diplomatik sèlman an 1954, lè Edward Ritchie Bellemare te nonmen chaje biznis nan Anbasad Kanada an an Ayiti. Ant 1957 ak 1986, fanmi an [[François Duvalier|Divalye]] te dirije tankou diktatè. Yo te kreye lame prive a ak eskwadwon lanmò teworis yo rele [[Tonton Makout|Tonton makout]]. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.dictatorofthemonth.com/Duvalier_F/May2002DuvalierEN.htm|title=François Duvalier|publisher=Dictator of the Month|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090413110331/http://www.dictatorofthemonth.com/Duvalier_F/May2002DuvalierEN.htm|archive-date=13 avril 2009|access-date=22 avril 2009}}&lt;/ref&gt;  Anpil Ayisyen te kouri al kache nan [[Etazini]] ak nan Kanada, sitou nan Kebèk frankofòn. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.whitepinepictures.com/seeds/ii/26/history2.html|title=The Haitian Heart of Love|publisher=White Pine Pictures|access-date=2009-04-22|archive-date=2016-03-03|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303182229/http://www.whitepinepictures.com/seeds/ii/26/history2.html|dead-url=yes}}&lt;/ref&gt;  Nan resansman kanadyen  an nan lane 1991, prèske 44,000 moun te deklare tèt yo nan desandan ayisyèn. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|last=Paul R. Magocsi, Multicultural History Society of Ontario|title=Encyclopedia of Canada's peoples|url=https://archive.org/details/encyclopediaofca0000unse_q5r1|page=649ff|publisher=University of Toronto Press|year=1999|isbn=978-0-8020-2938-6}}&lt;/ref&gt; An 2006, Kanada te gen plis pase 100,000 rezidan desandan Ayiti.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www12.statcan.ca/english/census06/data/highlights/ethnic/pages/Page.cfm?Lang=E&amp;Geo=PR&amp;Code=01&amp;Table=2&amp;Data=Count&amp;StartRec=1&amp;Sort=3&amp;Display=All|title=Ethnic origins, 2006 counts, for Canada, provinces and territories – 20% sample data|publisher=Statistics Canada|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081205060008/http://www12.statcan.ca/english/census06/data/highlights/ethnic/pages/Page.cfm?Lang=E&amp;Geo=PR&amp;Code=01&amp;Table=2&amp;Data=Count&amp;StartRec=1&amp;Sort=3&amp;Display=All#|archive-date=5 desanm 2008|access-date=26 avril 2009}}&lt;/ref&gt;  

=== Operasyon kanadyèn an Ayiti ===
Anba la a se yon lis operasyon kanadyèn an Ayiti : &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.cefcom-comfec.forces.gc.ca/pa-ap/ops/hestia/index-eng.asp|title=Operation HESTIA|publisher=National Defence and the Canadian Forces|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101004190018/http://www.cefcom-comfec.forces.gc.ca/pa-ap/ops/hestia/index-eng.asp#|archive-date=4 oktòb 2010|access-date=12 fevriye 2010}}&lt;/ref&gt; 

* Operasyon HORATIO World Pwogram alimantè, septanm 2008 
* Ayiti 2004-4, desanm 2004 
* Ayiti 2004-3, oktòb 2004 
* Ayiti 2004-2; oktòb 2004 
* Ayiti 2004-1, septanm 2004 
* Operasyon Hamlet Misyon Nasyonzini pou Estabilizasyon an Ayiti (MINUSTAH), out 2004 jiska kounye a 
* Operasyon Halo Minustah, mas-out 2004 
* Operasyon HALO multinasyonal pwovizwa fòs, fevriye - jiyè 2004 
* Ayiti 1999, desanm 1999 
* Operasyon STANDARD, jen 1996 - jiyè 1997 
* Operasyon DIALOG, nan mwa janvye jiska desanm 1994 
* Operasyon CAULDRON, septanm 1993 - jen 1996 
* Operasyon AVANSE AKSYON, oktòb 1993 - septanm 1994 &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=http://www.cmp-cpm.forces.gc.ca/dhh-dhp/od-bdo/di-ri-eng.asp?IntlOpId=174&amp;CdnOpId=213 |title=Kopi achiv |access-date=2019-06-08 |archive-date=2015-12-08 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151208133929/http://www.cmp-cpm.forces.gc.ca/dhh-dhp/od-bdo/di-ri-eng.asp?IntlOpId=174&amp;CdnOpId=213 |dead-url=yes }}&lt;/ref&gt; 
* Ayiti 1989, janvye-oktòb 1989 
* Operasyon BANDIT, ant janvye ak fevriye 1988 &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=http://www.cmp-cpm.forces.gc.ca/dhh-dhp/od-bdo/di-ri-eng.asp?IntlOpId=8&amp;CdnOpId=8 |title=Kopi achiv |access-date=2019-06-08 |archive-date=2015-12-08 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151208122354/http://www.cmp-cpm.forces.gc.ca/dhh-dhp/od-bdo/di-ri-eng.asp?IntlOpId=8&amp;CdnOpId=8 |dead-url=yes }}&lt;/ref&gt; 
* Ayiti 1963, me 1963 &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=http://www.cmp-cpm.forces.gc.ca/dhh-dhp/od-bdo/di-ri-eng.asp?IntlOpId=56&amp;CdnOpId=68 |title=Kopi achiv |access-date=2019-06-08 |archive-date=2015-09-23 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150923230626/http://www.cmp-cpm.forces.gc.ca/dhh-dhp/od-bdo/di-ri-eng.asp?IntlOpId=56&amp;CdnOpId=68 |dead-url=yes }}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Entèvansyon entènasyonal an 1993 ==
Aprè ranvèse rejim Divalye a, Ayiti te pase nan yon peryòd boulvèsman politik ak ekonomik. Fòs patwone pa Nasyonzini yo te entèveni plizyè fwa pou yo eseye estabilize sitiyasyon an.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.un.org/Depts/dpko/dpko/co_mission/unmihbackgr2.html|title=Haiti – Background|publisher=United Nations|access-date=26 avril 2009}}&lt;/ref&gt; Gouvènman kanadyen an te refize rekonèt eleksyon nasyonal ayisyèn an 1988, ki te make pa vyolans ki te reklame lavi yo nan omwen 34 moun, e li te di ke li ta konsidere diminye èd nan 15 milyon dola.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://pqasb.pqarchiver.com/chicagotribune/access/24802855.html?dids=24802855:24802855&amp;FMT=ABS&amp;FMTS=ABS:FT&amp;date=Jan+19,+1988&amp;author=Nathaniel+Sheppard+Jr+,+Chicago+Tribune&amp;pub=Chicago+Tribune+(pre-1997+Fulltext)&amp;desc=CANADA+HITS+HAITI+VOTE,+MAY+CUT+AID&amp;pqatl=google|title=CANADA HITS HAITI VOTE, MAY CUT AID|last=Sheppard Jr|first=Nathaniel|date=19 janvye 1988|publisher=Chicago Tribune|access-date=26 avril 2009|archive-date=2012-10-20|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121020080800/http://pqasb.pqarchiver.com/chicagotribune/access/24802855.html?dids=24802855:24802855&amp;FMT=ABS&amp;FMTS=ABS:FT&amp;date=Jan+19,+1988&amp;author=Nathaniel+Sheppard+Jr+,+Chicago+Tribune&amp;pub=Chicago+Tribune+(pre-1997+Fulltext)&amp;desc=CANADA+HITS+HAITI+VOTE,+MAY+CUT+AID&amp;pqatl=google|dead-url=yes}}&lt;/ref&gt;  

Byenke asistans bilateral gouvènman an te diminye, Ayiti kontinye benefisye de asistans Kanada nan fòm èd la bilateral ki ofri pa ONG yo. Pou yon kout peryòd 10 mwa ki kòmanse desanm 1990, Kanada retabli efò èd enpòtan gras a [[Jan Bètran Aristid|Jean-Bertrand Aristide]] ki te eli demokratikman kòm Premye Minis ak ki pwomèt pou pwoteje dwa fondamantal nan pèp li a. Èd la te anile ankò lè Aristide te kouri kite peyi a aprè yon koudeta nan ane annaprè a. Kanada te menm chwazi pou yo sispann èd bilateral ONG yo aprè chape Aristide, li kite sèlman èd alimantè ak bezwen esansyèl nan Karayib la.&lt;ref name=&quot;Keenleyside&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|first=Cranford|last=Pratt|title=Canadian International Development Assistance Policies: An Appraisal|location=Montreal, QC|publisher=McGill-Queen's University Press|date=1994|pages=240–268|url=http://www.ebrary.com|access-date=19 novanm 2014}}&lt;/ref&gt;  Dezòd politik te swiv. Nan mwa jen 1993, Premye Minis kanadyen Brian Mulroney te di Prezidan ameriken[[Bill Clinton]] ke Kanada te pare pou voye twoup pou bloke Ayiti. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1993/06/03/world/mulroney-offering-troops-to-help-blockade-haiti.html|title=Mulroney Offering Troops to Help Blockade Haiti|last=Berke|first=Richard L.|date=3 jen 1993|publisher=New York Times|access-date=26 avril 2009}}&lt;/ref&gt; Desizyon Kanada pou entèvni an Ayiti nan moman sa a te lajman kondwi pa demand yo ak enkyetid nan popilasyon an ayisyen-frankofon k ap viv nan Kebèk nan moman sa a.&lt;ref name=&quot;University of Toronto Press&quot;/&gt; Pita nan ane sa a, Kanada te patisipe nan misyon Nasyonzini an Ayiti, yon [[ONI|operasyon mentyen lapè Nasyonzini]] ant septanm 1993 ak jen 1996. 

Kòmandan fòs ant mwa mas ak jen 1996, brigadye jeneral J.R.P. Daigle te kanadyen. Daigle te rete kòmandan Misyon Sipò Nasyonzini an Ayiti (1996-1997) ak jeneral kanadyen Robin Gagnon te dirije Misyon Tranzisyon Nasyonzini an Ayiti (1997).&lt;ref name=&quot;CERI&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.ceri-sciencespo.com/cherlist/pouligny/publication/va/cases/unstaff/unstaffhaiti.pdf|title=PRINCIPAL UN CIVIL AND MILITARY STAFF IN HAITI MISSIONS|publisher=CERI-Sciences Po|access-date=26 avril 2009}}&lt;/ref&gt;  Kanada bay tou komisè lapolis ant oktòb 1993 ak fevriye 1996&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.un.org/Depts/dpko/dpko/co_mission/unmihfacts.html|title=UNMIH Facts &amp; Figures|publisher=United Nations|access-date=26 avril 2009}}&lt;/ref&gt; ak bay ofisye polis nan Misyon Lapolis Sivil Nasyonzini an Ayiti (1997-2000).&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.un.org/Depts/dpko/dpko/co_mission/miponuh.htm|title=UNITED NATIONS CIVILIAN POLICE MISSION IN HAITI|publisher=United Nations|access-date=26 avril 2009}}&lt;/ref&gt; 

Nan lane 2000, avèk yon estabilite ogmante pou Ayiti, Jean-Bertrand Aristide te re-eli, byenke dezyèm manda li te make pa akizasyon de koripsyon.&lt;ref name=&quot;CCHaiti&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.cartercenter.org/countries/haiti.html|title=Activities by Country: Haiti|last=The Carter Center|access-date=17 jiyè 2008|archive-date=2022-09-20|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220920173124/http://www.cartercenter.org/countries/haiti.html|dead-url=yes}}&lt;/ref&gt; 

== Entèvansyon entènasyonal 2004 ==
 
Nan mwa fevriye 2004, prezidans Jean-Bertrand Aristide te fini nan mitan yon rebelyon. Konsèy Sekirite Nasyonzini an otorize fòs pwovizwa miltinasyonal (MIF) deplwaye imedyatman an Ayiti pou kenbe lapè. Kanada te bay 125 soti nan 2.700 moun te deplwaye okòmansman.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.globalsecurity.org/military/library/news/2004/03/mil-040314-southcom01.pdf|title=Situation Report for Media: Multinational Interim Force-Haiti|date=14 mas 2004|publisher=United States Southern Command|access-date=}}&lt;/ref&gt; Nan mwa avril, kontenjan kanadyen ki te dirije pa lyetnan kolonèl Jim Davis te monte nan 500.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.ctv.ca/servlet/ArticleNews/story/CTVNews/1081265867369_3/?hub=World|title=Canadian troops bring some calm to Haiti|date=6 avril 2004|publisher=Canadian Press|access-date=26 avril 2009|archive-date=2004-04-07|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20040407023210/http://www.ctv.ca/servlet/ArticleNews/story/CTVNews/1081265867369_3/?hub=World|dead-url=yes}}&lt;/ref&gt;

[[MINUSTAH|Misyon Stabilizasyon Nasyonzini an Ayiti]] te kreye pita an 2004 pou siksede MIF a. Depi lè sa a, kontribisyon kanadyèn yo te limite a 100 ofisye polis ak yon ti kantite ofisye lyezon. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.focal.ca/publications/focalpoint/fp0908/?lang=e&amp;article=article3|title=Canada and Brazil in Haiti: Passing the military torch, but what of the moral one?|date=septanm 2008|publisher=Canadian Foundation for the Americas|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080920073705/http://www.focal.ca/publications/focalpoint/fp0908/?article=article3&amp;lang=e|archive-date=20 septanm 2008|access-date=26 avril 2009}}&lt;/ref&gt;  Nan mwa jen 2005, gouvènman kanadyen an te avèti kanadyen yo pou yo pa vizite Ayiti akòz deteryorasyon ogmante nan sitiyasyon sekirite a.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.ctv.ca/servlet/ArticleNews/story/CTVNews/1119393516024_33/?hub=Canada|title=Canadians warned against travelling to Haiti|access-date=26 avril 2009|archive-date=2023-11-21|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231121205216/https://www.ctv.ca/servlet/ArticleNews/story/CTVNews/1119393516024_33?hub=Canada|dead-url=yes}}&lt;/ref&gt; 

Depi 2004 anviwon, pwogram èd Kanada a aplike sa yo rele yon apwòch antye-de-gouvènman an pou devlope ak sipòte gouvènman tranzisyon an. Plis lajan te depanse nan sèvis piblik tankou sekirite piblik ak pwosesis elektoral.&lt;ref name=&quot;Whither Development&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|first=Stephen|last=Brown|title=Struggling for Effectiveness : CIDA and Canadian Foreign Aid|location=Montreal, QC|publisher=MQUP|date=septanm 2012|pages=108–134|url=http://www.ebrary.com|access-date=18 novanm 2014}}&lt;/ref&gt; 
An 2006, Kanada te patisipe nan efò entènasyonal yo pou ede Ayiti konplete premye sik elektoral la depi konstitisyon li an te antre an aplikasyon an 1987. Gouvènman Kanada a, atravè Ajans Kanadyèn Devlopman Entènasyonal, te depanse prèske 40 milyon dola sou pwosesis elektoral la, bay obsèvatè ak yon asistans teknik. Gouvènè jeneral la nan Kanada [[Michaëlle Jean]] (tèt li ki gen orijin ayisyèn) ale nan inogirasyon li a nan Prezidan [[René Préval|Rene Preval]] sou 14 me 2006 tankou yon reprezantan nan Kanada.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.canadainternational.gc.ca/haiti/bilateral_relations_bilaterales/canada_haiti.aspx?menu_id=7&amp;menu=L|title=Canada – Haiti Relations|publisher=Government of Canada|access-date=22 avril 2009}}&lt;/ref&gt;{{,}}&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.cbc.ca/news/background/governorgeneral/michaelle_jean.html|title=Indepth: Governor general Michaelle Jean|date=11 oktòb 2005|publisher=CBC News|access-date=22 avril 2009}}&lt;/ref&gt;  

Nan mwa jiyè 2007, Premye Minis kanadyen Stephen Harper te fè yon vizit an Ayiti, sitou nan yon lopital ki te finanse pa Kanada nan bidonvil [[Site Soley|Site Solèy]] ki te ravaje pa kriminalite lan.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|date=20 jiyè 2007|title=Poverty of Haiti's Cite Soleil gives Harper firsthand look at country' desperation|url=http://www2.canada.com/vancouversun/news/story.html?id=3204f9c9-d14f-4036-a62e-d25a40d1ff03&amp;k=28397|publisher=Vancouver Sun|access-date=26 avril 2009|archive-date=2012-03-14|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120314153705/http://www2.canada.com/vancouversun/news/story.html?id=3204f9c9-d14f-4036-a62e-d25a40d1ff03&amp;k=28397|dead-url=yes}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Sitiyasyon aktyèl ==
[[Fichye:Secretary of State Hillary Clinton and Prime Minister Stephen Harper (4308896411).jpg|right|thumb| Premye Minis kanadyen Stephen Harper ak sekretè Deta Ameriken Hillary Clinton nan Konferans Preparasyon pou Ayiti sou Sekou Tè an Ayiti, ki te fèt nan [[Monreyal (komin)|Monreyal]], 25 janvye 2010]]

Ayiti konsidere kòm yon eta frajil daprè definisyon konsèp Kanadyèn an, paske gouvènman an pa bay sitwayen li yo sèvis de baz yo. CIDA te kreye yon plan devlopman pou peyi li konsidere kòm eta frajil, patikilyèman Ayiti, Afganistan, Soudan ki te inifye anvan, ak Cisjordanie ak bann Gaza rele New Deal. New Deal te aplike pou bay plis sipò pou ede eta frajil yo reyalize objektif  Milenè pou devlopman pou 2015. New Deal gen objektif tankou sekirite, travay, revni ak jistis.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.oecd.org/dac/peer-reviews/canadapeerreview2012.pdf|title=DAC Peer Review 2012|access-date=19 novanm 2014}}&lt;/ref&gt; Malgre sa, gen yon anpil diskisyon sou ki jan lajan Kanada a ap depanse ak ki moun li se tonbe nan men. Malgre ke ACDI te fè yon bon gouvènans youn nan priyorite li yo, ONG yo te bay plis pase 80% sèvis de baz yo an Ayiti, k ap resevwa anpil lajan nan èd kanadyèn an. Nan evite entèraksyon avèk gouvènman ayisyen an, Kanada te aplike yon sistèm sèvis paralèl olye de eta a ki anjeneral bay sèvis sa yo.&lt;ref name=&quot;Briere et al&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Briere|first=Sophie|last2=Jobert|first2=Sebastien|last3=Poulin|first3=Yves|date=2010|title=Enhancing public governance in fragile states: Support for Haiti|journal=International Journal|volume=65|page=653+}}&lt;/ref&gt; 

Yon gwo kantite Kanadyen k ap travay nan domèn devlopman yo prezan an Ayiti, ki gen ladan santèn de misyonè k ap travay sitou nan sektè sante ak edikasyon.&lt;ref name=&quot;cangov20090422&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.canadainternational.gc.ca/haiti/bilateral_relations_bilaterales/canada_haiti.aspx?menu_id=7&amp;menu=L|title=Canada – Haiti Relations|publisher=Government of Canada|access-date=22 avril 2009}}&lt;/ref&gt;  

An 2008, Kanada te angaje 555 milyon dola sou senk (5) ane pou Ayiti. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://w01.international.gc.ca/MinPub/Publication.aspx?isRedirect=True&amp;Language=E&amp;publication_id=386418&amp;docnumber=170|title=Canada Pleased with Ratification of Haiti's New Prime Minister|date=1 out 2008|publisher=Foreign Affairs &amp; International Trade Canada|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090328192219/http://w01.international.gc.ca/MinPub/Publication.aspx?isRedirect=True#|archive-date=28 mas 2009|dead-url=yes|access-date=23 avril 2009}}&lt;/ref&gt; .Ayiti te vin pi gwo benefisyè asistans devlopman Kanada an 2009, Afganistan te vin dezyèm pi gwo benefisyè. Yon montan total 334 milyon dola te bay Ayiti an 2009.&lt;ref name=&quot;Whither Development&quot;/&gt;  Nan mwa fevriye 2009, gouvènman kanadyen an te anonse ke li ta sible èd etranje a 20 peyi oswa rejyon kote li te espere genyen pi gwo enpak, tankou Ayiti.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.canadaeast.com/front/article/581880|title=Canada limits main foreign aid recipients to 20 countries|date=23 fevriye 2009|publisher=Brunswick News|access-date=23 avril 2009|archive-date=2012-02-15|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120215144421/http://www.canadaeast.com/front/article/581880|dead-url=yes}}&lt;/ref&gt; Anplis de èd ofisyèl, imigran ayisyen nan Kanada te voye apeprè $ 248 milyon dola nan lajan bay fanmi ayisyèn yo an 2006.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://biblioteket.ehl.lu.se/olle/papers/0002837.pdf|title=The Canada-Haiti Remittance Corridor|publisher=Lund University|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110717201133/http://biblioteket.ehl.lu.se/olle/papers/0002837.pdf#|archive-date=2011-07-17|dead-url=yes|access-date=2009-04-26}}&lt;/ref&gt; Aprè tranbleman tè destriktif Ayiti nan 2010, 221 milyon dola nan don prive ak sitwayen yo te kolekte pou Ayiti. Pita ACDI te egale kantite lajan sa a nan kontribisyon.&lt;ref name=&quot;Whither Development&quot; /&gt;  Nan mwa janvye 2013, Minis kanadyen pou Koperasyon Entènasyonal, Julian Fantino, te anonse ke gouvènman an ta revize èd nan Ayiti, site enkyetid konsènan rezilta itilizasyon lajan yo. Kèk nan enkyetid sa yo te eksprime pa Premye Minis ayisyen, Laurent Lamothe, ki te sijere tou ke gouvènman kanadyen an bay plis vwa ak plis èd bay gouvènman ayisyen an dirèkteman.&lt;ref name=&quot;Toronto star article&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.thestar.com/news/canada/2013/01/08/haitis_pm_to_canada_give_haitian_government_more_say_over_canadian_aid.html|title=Haiti's PM to Canada: Give Haitian government more say over Canadian aid|last=Blatchford|first=Andy|website=Toronto Star|access-date=19 novanm 2014|archive-date=2019-05-17|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190517194020/https://www.thestar.com/news/canada/2013/01/08/haitis_pm_to_canada_give_haitian_government_more_say_over_canadian_aid.html|dead-url=yes}}&lt;/ref&gt;  

Gouvènman Kanada a te pibliye yon avètisman sou sekirite ki te rele pou prekosyon lè li tap vwayaje an Ayiti. Sepandan, pa gen okenn opinyon kontrè aktyèlman pou Ayiti&lt;ref name=&quot;GC Travel Advisory&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://travel.gc.ca/destinations/haiti|title=Travel advice and advisories for Haiti|website=Government of Canada|access-date=19 novanm 2014}}&lt;/ref&gt;.

== Gade tou ==

* Relasyon etranje an Ayiti 
* Relasyon Etranje Kanada 
* Imigrasyon ayisyen nan Etazini ak Kanada 
* Kanadyen ki gen orijin ayisyen 

== Referans ==
{{referans}}
== Lyen deyò ==

[[Kategori:Ayiti]]
[[Kategori:Kanada]]
[[Kategori:Relasyon entènasyonal]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Yvonne Sylvain</title>
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|dat lanmò=[[3 oktòb]] [[1989]]
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'''Yvonne Sylvain''', ki fèt [[28 jen]] [[1907]] epi ki mouri [[3 oktòb]] [[1989]], se premyè fanm medsen nan [[Ayiti]]. Li se tou premyè fanm nan yo dwe aksepte nan lekòl medsin nan [[université d'État d'Haïti]] kote li resevwa yon diplòm nan lane 1940.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book 
|author=Laura Lynn Windsor 
|title=Women in Médicine: An Encyclopedia 
|url=https://archive.org/details/womeninmedicinee0000wind
|date=1 janvye 2002 
|editor=ABC-CLIO |isbn=978-1-57607-392-6| pages =[https://archive.org/details/womeninmedicinee0000wind/page/193 193]}}&lt;/ref&gt;
== Biyografi ==
Li travay kòm yon espesyalis obstetrik ak jinekoloji nan Lopital Jeneral [[Pòtoprens (komin|Pòtoprens]] la. Li se tou yon aktivis feminis, sitou nan &quot;Ligue Féminine d'Action Sociale&quot;. Li pibliye plizyè atik sou pwoblèm sante piblik nan jounal lig la, ''[[La Voix des femmes]]''.
Li se sè [[Suzanne Comhaire-Sylvain]].

== Zèv li yo ==


== Referans ==
{{referans}}
== Lyen deyò ==


{{DEFAULTSORT:Sylvain, Yvonne}}
[[Kategori:Moun]]
[[Kategori:Fanm]]
[[Kategori:Fanm medsen]]
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[[Kategori:Lanmò 1989]]
[[Kategori:Fanmi Sylvain]]</text>
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    <title>Relasyon ant Repiblik dominikèn ak Ayiti</title>
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      <text bytes="25287" sha1="f2bel5ic0jmoqobveen26gieawu207p" xml:space="preserve">Relasyon ant [[Dominikani|Repiblik Dominikèn]] ak Ayiti refere a relasyon diplomatik ant [[Dominikani|Repiblik Dominikèn]] ak [[Ayiti|Repiblik Ayiti]]. Relasyon yo depi lontan te konplèks akòz gwo diferans kiltirèl ant de (2) nasyon yo ak pataje yo nan [[Ispayola|zile a nan Ispayola]], ki se yon pati nan Achipel nan Gwo Zantiy nan rejyon [[Karayib]] la. Estanda nan k ap viv nan Repiblik Dominikèn an konsiderableman pi wo pase an Ayiti. Migrasyon Ayisyen pòv yo ak gwo diferans kiltirèl yo te kontribiye nan yon konfli ki la depi lontan. 

== Istwa ==

=== Pre-endepandans ===
Malgre ke li te gen vas diferans demografik ak kiltirèl depi peryòd kolonyal la, moun [[Dominikani|Repiblik Dominikèn]] ak [[Ayiti]] te pafwa alye ak lènmi, toujou ap chèche domine [[Ispayola|Hispayola]]. Konfli yo te kòmanse pandan peryòd kolonyal la epi yo te vin konfli militè ak politik ant de (2) gouvènman yo. &lt;ref name=&quot;Lancer&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://allempires.com/article/?q=conflict_haiti_dominican|title=The Conflict Between Haiti and the Dominican Republic|last=Lancer|first=Jalisco|publisher=AllEmpires|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151211224932/http://allempires.com/article/?q=conflict_haiti_dominican|archive-date=2015-12-11|dead-url=no}}&lt;/ref&gt; Divizyon politik zile Ispayola an dwe an pati pou lit ewopeyèn an pou kontwòl Nouvo Mond la nan 17yèm syèk la, lè [[Frans|Lafrans]] ak [[Espay]] te kòmanse goumen pou kontwòl sou zile a. Yo rezoud dispit yo nan lane 1697 pa divize zile a nan de (2) peyi &lt;ref name=&quot;Wucker1999&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|first=Michele|last=Wucker|title=Why the Cocks Fight: Dominicans, Haitians, and the Struggle for Hispaniola|page=13|location=New York|publisher=1st|date=1999|isbn=978-0-8090-9713-5|lccn=98-25785|oclc=40200381|chapter=Roosters}}&lt;/ref&gt;. Li pa te pase 19yèm syèk la ke Ayiti te vin endepandan de Lafrans 1 janvye 1804. Ayiti panyòl, predesesè nan Repiblik Dominikèn, te vin endepandan nan Espay nan 1 desanm 1821, aprè plis pase 300 ane nan dominasyon panyòl. 

Nan fen 18yèm syèk la, koloni franse a te sitou peple avèk esklav nwa afriken ki te pale kreyòl, yon lang ki sòti nan lang franse ak lang afriken yo, ak ki pratike vodou, yon relijyon enfliyanse pa espirityalite Afrik de Lwès. Sepandan, moun ki rete nan koloni an panyòl, ki te reprezante mwens pase yon senkyèm nan popilasyon an nan koloni an franse, te majorite Blan ak milat katolik women ki pale lang panyòl. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|title=Encyclopedia of U.S. - Latin American Relations|page=274|publisher=CQ Press|date=2013}}&lt;/ref&gt;  Nan mitan [[Revolisyon Ayisyen|revolisyon ayisyen]] an, Espay te bay pati panyòl la nan Ispayola an Frans pou yo te fè peyi konkeri an Ewòp. Sa a te pwofondman anwole Santo Domingo nan lit revolisyon ayisyen an, pandan ke Lafrans te chèche sèvi ak nouvo akizisyon li yo kòm yon baz pou lite revòlt lan. An 1801, lidè ayisyen [[Tousen Louvèti|Toussaint Louverture]] te chache kontwole estrateji franse a nan okipe Santo Domingo. Anvan yo te rive twoup franse yo, lame li a te ale bò solèy leve epi byen vit te pran ansyen koloni panyòl la. Lè fòs fransèz yo te ateri ane annaprè a avèk objektif pou yo te sezi tout zile a, yo pa te kapab sezi Santo Domingo. Sepandan, yo jere yo rete nan Santo Domingo. Fòs fransèz nan Santo Domingo te menase souverènte ayisyèn e gouvènè franse a nan Santo Domingo te pwovoke Ayiti lè li te pèmèt kolon yo pran esklav Ayisyen. An 1805, prezidan ayisyen [[Janjak Desalin|Jean-Jacques Dessalines]] te reyaji avèk yon envazyon san fay nan Santo Domingo. Dominiken yo ekspilse Franse yo nan lane 1809 ak re-enkòpore tèt yo nan anpi an Panyòl. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|title=Africana: The Encyclopedia of the African and African American Experience|url=https://archive.org/details/africanaencyclop0004unse|page=[https://archive.org/details/africanaencyclop0004unse/page/423 423]|publisher=Oxford University Press|date=2005}}&lt;/ref&gt; 

=== Endepandans kout ak inifikasyon Ispanyola (1821-1844) ===
9 novanm 1821, koloni panyòl Santo Domingo te ranvèse pa yon gwoup rebèl anba kòmandman José Núñez de Cáceres, ansyen administratè koloni an &lt;ref name=&quot;Lancer&quot;/&gt; {{,}} &lt;ref name=&quot;Horváth2014&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://flagspot.net/flags/ht-hist.html#span|title=Haiti: Historical Flags|last=Horváth|first=Zoltán|date=2014-06-21|website=Flags of the World|oclc=39626054|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150928042017/http://flagspot.net/flags/ht-hist.html#span|archive-date=2015-09-28|dead-url=no}}&lt;/ref&gt; pandan li tap pwoklame endepandans lan Wayòm Espay nan dat 1 desanm 1821 &lt;ref name=&quot;africana&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=xE-N8hh-VNQC&amp;pg=PA617&amp;lpg=PA617&amp;dq=spanish+haiti&amp;source=web&amp;ots=K8EfPYcsI4&amp;sig=iMgEI31tSdkdtfcURxRZKAaYyh0#PPA617,M1|title=Dominican-Haitian Relations|last=Gates|first=Henry Louis|last2=Appiah, Anthony|year=1999|website=Africana: The Encyclopedia of the African and African American Experience|access-date=2007-12-24}}&lt;/ref&gt;. Nouvo nasyon an te rele ''Repiblik'' ''an Ayiti'' panyòl (panyòl :  República del Haití Espanol ), ''Ayiti'' te gen non endijèn nan zile a . 
[[Fichye:President_Jean-Pierre_Boyer_of_Haiti_(Hispaniola_Unification_Regime)_Portrait.jpg|droite|vignette|243x243px| [[Jean-Pierre Boyer]], chèf Ayiti. ]]
Yon gwoup ofisye militè dominiken te vote an favè nasyon ki fèk endepandan k ap antre nan Ayiti pandan yo tap chache estabilite politik anba prezidan ayisyen [[Jean-Pierre Boyer]]. Dominiken yo pa te okouran ke Boyer te fè yon konsesyon pou Franse yo ak yo te dakò pou peye Lafrans pou teritwa ki te pèdi nan Ayiti. Boyer te dakò peye yon sòm de 150 milyon fran (plis pase de (2) fwa sa ki Lafrans te akize Etazini pou teritwa a pi gwo nan Louisiana an 1803). Ayisyen yo ta dwe peye pou rete lib nan Franse. 

Pandan venndezan okipasyon ayisyèn, Ayisyen aplike sa kèk Dominiken konsidere kòm yon rejim militè brital. Yo te itilize lang franse a sou lang panyòl e lame a te fèmen Inivèsite Santo Santo de Aquino. Anplis de sa, lame ayisyèn an konfiske tout tè a ak pwopriyete nan legliz la ak enpoze sèvis militè obligatwa. Peryòd difisil sa a pou Dominiken yo te kreye konfli kiltirèl lang, ras, relijyon ak tradisyon nasyonal ant Dominiken ak Ayisyen. Anpil Dominiken te devlope rankin kont Ayisyen, ke yo konsidere kòm opresè yo. 

Yo nan lòd yo ranmase lajan pou konpansasyon an menmen nan 150 milyon fran ke Ayiti te dakò pou peye pou ansyen kolon franse ak ki te pita redwi a 60 milyon fran, Ayiti te enpoze taks lou sou Dominiken yo. Kòm Ayiti pa te kapab bay kòrèkteman ekipman pou lame li yo, fòs yo okipasyon lajman siviv pa rekizisyon oswa konfiske manje ak pwovizyon anba menas nan zam. Tantativ pou redistribiye peyi yo te nan akwochaj avèk sistèm pwopriyete kominal peyi (''terrenos comuneros''), ki te kreye avèk ekonomi an bèt, ak esklav ki fèk emansipe yo te blese nan gen kiltive rekòt lajan kach an akò avèk ''Kòd la Riral. nan'' Boyer. &lt;ref&gt;''Terrenos comuneros'' arose because of “scarce population, low value of the land, the absence of officials qualified to survey the lands, and the difficulty of dividing up the ranch in such a way that each would receive a share of the grasslands, forests, streams, palm groves, and small agricultural plots that, only when combined, made possible the exploitation of the ranch.” (Hoetink, ''The Dominican People: Notes for a Historical Sociology'' transl. Stephen Ault Pg. 83 (Johns Hopkins Press: Baltimore, 1982)&lt;/ref&gt;  Nan zòn riral yo, administrasyon ayisyèn an te jeneralman twò inefikas pou aplike pwòp lwa li yo. Se nan vil Santo Domingo ke efè okipasyon an te santi pi fò, e se isit la ke mouvman pou endepandans lan te kòmanse. Konstitisyon ayisyèn an entèdi tou moun ki pa sitwayen yo gen tè. Sepandan, li te pwoteje sitwayen yo ki te konnen yo posede tè soti nan lòt moun ki ta ka yo te eseye pran tè sa yo nan men yo. Daprè konstitisyon yo, li te ilegal pou yo refize pwopriyete yon sitwayen ki te deja posede li. Pifò nan yo emigre nan [[Kiba]], [[Pòtoriko|P]]&lt;nowiki/&gt;òtoriko (sa yo de (2) yo te byen panyòl nan moman sa a) oswa nan Gran Kolonbi, anjeneral avèk ankourajman nan ofisyèl ayisyen yo, ki akeri tè yo. Ayisyen, ki asosye [[Legliz Katolik|Legliz Katolik Women]] an avèk mèt esklav franse yo ki te eksplwate yo anvan endepandans yo, yo te konfiske tout pwopriyete legliz la, te depòte tout moun legliz etranje epi koupe lyen avèk moun legliz ki rete nan Vatikan an. Inivèsite Santo Domingo, ki te manke elèv ak pwofesè, te oblije fèmen epi peyi a te soufri yon vòl masiv nan kapital imen.

Byenke okipasyon an efikasman elimine esklavaj kolonyal la epi etabli yon Konstitisyon enspire pa Konstitisyon Etazini nan tout zile a, plizyè rezolisyon ak dispozisyon ekri yo te ekspreseman vize pou konvèti Dominiken klas mwayèn nan sitwayen dezyèm klas : restriksyon sou mouvman, entèdiksyon sèvis piblik, kouvrefe lannwit, enkapasite pou vwayaje nan gwoup, entèdiksyon òganizasyon sivil yo ak fèmti endefini nan Inivèsite Eta a (akize sa a se yon òganizasyon sibvèsif) tout te mennen nan kreyasyon mouvman pou defann separasyon fòse Ayiti san konpwomi. 

=== Gè endepandans dominikèn (1844-1856) ===
[[Fichye:Goletaseparacion.jpg|vignette| Bato ''&quot;Separación Dominicana&quot;'' pandan batay nan Tortuguero, pa Adolfo García Obregón. ]]
Sou 27 fevriye 1844, moun ki rete nan Santo Domingo mete yon fen nan plis pase de (2) deseni nan movèz jesyon ayisyen pa pwoklame endepandans yo ak akèy ekzil gwo defandè nan nasyonalis dominikèn, Juan Pablo Duarte. Nouvo gouvènman an te frape rapidman pa yon envazyon Ayisyen sou twa (3) kote, ki te repouse avèk siksè pa yon lame dominikèn an plis ke, ki pa sou zam e ki te antrene, ki te anba lòd rich elevè Jeneral Pedro Santana. Dominiken yo te bat Ayisyen nan lanmè ak sou tè. Premye batay naval la te fèt 15 avril 1844. Twa (3) bato dominikèn anba lòd Juan Bautista Cambiaso te bat yon briganten ayisyen ak de bato sou kòt la nan Azua. Batay naval la pa sèlman pwoteje sòlda dominiken yo ki te batay nan Azua, men li te asire tou dominasyon marin dominikèn an pou rès lagè a. Ayiti pa te rekonsilye avèk pèt la nan de (2) tyè moun ki pale panyòl soti nan lès zile a Ispayola. 9 mas 1849, prezidan ayisyen [[Fosten Soulouk|Faustin Soulouque]] te mennen 10,000 sòlda pandan yon envazyon nan Repiblik Dominikèn. Fòs Soulouk yo te bat epi yo dwe fè bak, kite dèyè yon tras de piyaj ak destriksyon. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|title=Pan-African Chronology II: A Comprehensive Reference to the Black Quest for Freedom in Africa, the Americas, Europe and Asia, 1865-1915|page=99|publisher=McFarland|date=1998}}&lt;/ref&gt; Prezidan dominikèn Buenaventura Báez te lanse yon ofansif naval kont Ayiti pou anpeche menas yon nouvo envazyon. Maren li yo, ki te dirije pa avantirye a franse Fagalde, atake kòt ayisyèn an, piye vilaj bò lanmè jiska Cap Dame Marie, ak touye ekipaj ki mouri nan bato lènmi te kaptire. Fagalde te deklanche kòt sid Ayiti a, men sèl repons Soulouque a te imedya pou limen lari nan kapital la avèk bwa chandèl pou selebre premye sak li &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Baur|first=John E.|date=1949|title=Faustin Soulouque, Emperor of Haiti His Character and His Reign|journal=The Americas|publisher=Cambridge University Press|page=143}}&lt;/ref&gt;. Nan mwa novanm 1855, Soulouk, ki te pwoklame Anperè Faustin I nan yon anpi ayisyen ke li te espere elaji nan Repiblik dominikèn, te anvayi vwazen li ankò fwa sa a avèk yon lame 30,000 moun ki piyej ak mache sou twa (3) kolòn. Nan mwa janvye ane annaprè a, yon kontenjan ayisyen nan 6,000 sòlda yo te bat anpil nan vil fwontyè  Ouanaminthe. Plis pase 1,000 moun te mouri ak anpil te blese. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|first=Matthew J.|last=Smith|title=Liberty, Fraternity, Exile: Haiti and Jamaica after Emancipation|page=81|publisher=UNC Press Books|date=2014}}&lt;/ref&gt;  Aprè yon viktwa dominikèn nan 8,000 defansè nan Sabana Larga soti nan 22,000 Ayisyen, dènye ayisyen an pouse tounen sou fwontyè a. Depi lè sa a, relasyon ant Repiblik dominikèn ak Ayiti te enstab. &lt;ref&gt;Moya, Pons Frank. 1977. Historia Colonial de Santo Domingo. 3rd ed. Santiago: Universidad Catolica Madre y Maestra.&lt;/ref&gt;  

=== Masak pèsi a: kout kouto a oubyen ''el corte''  nan lang panyòl(1937) ===
Nan mwa oktòb 1937, reklame ke Ayiti te akèyi ansyen opozan dominiken yo, [[Rafael Trujillo]] te bay lòd pou yon atak sou fwontyè a, li te touye dè dizèn de milye Ayisyen pandan yo tap eseye chape. Kantite moun ki mouri toujou enkoni, men kounye a yo estime a ant 20,000 &lt;ref name=&quot;Dove1997&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|first=Rita|last=Dove|title=Introspections: American Poets on One of Their Own Poems|page=78|location=Middlebury, Vermont|publisher=1st|series=Bread Loaf Anthology|date=1997|isbn=978-0-87451-773-6|lccn=97-19542|oclc=36842447|chapter=Writing ‘Parsley’|quote=On October 2, 1937, Raphael Trujillo had ordered 20,000 Haitian cane workers executed because they could not roll the ‘R’ in ''perejil'', the Spanish word for parsley.}}&lt;/ref&gt; ak 30,000. &lt;ref name=&quot;Cambeira1996&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|first=Alan|last=Cambeira|title=Quisqueya la Bella: The Dominican Republic in Historical and Cultural Perspective|page=182|location=Armonk, New York|publisher=M.&amp;nbsp;E.&amp;nbsp;Sharpe|series=Perspectives on Latin America and the Caribbean|date=1996|isbn=978-0-7656-3305-7|lccn=96-32355|oclc=605229117|chapter=The Era of Trujillo: 1930–1961|quote=During the 1937 massacre&amp;nbsp;... anyone&amp;nbsp;... found incapable of pronouncing correctly&amp;nbsp;... became a condemned individual. This holocaust is recorded as having a death toll reaching thirty&amp;nbsp;thousand....}}&lt;/ref&gt; Pouki yo rele masak sa Perejil ou byen masak pèsi a, se paske sou baz move prononsiyasyon mo pési a nan lang panyòl yo te distenge Ayisyen ak Dominiken.  

Sou bò dominiken, moun ki dekri mas mas la nan ''el corte'', &quot;koupe a&quot;, pandan y ap Ayisyen yo rele li kou ''kouto a'', &quot;le coup de couteau&quot;. Temwen yo semèn sa a te rapòte ke yo wè jan Ayisyen yo te kouri atravè larivyè touprè Dajabón kòm yo te eseye jwenn an sekirite nan Ouanaminthe, jis lòt bò fwontyè a ayisyen. Sòlda yo te swiv yo nan larivyè a pou yo te touye yo, k ap koule sou san ak kò pou plizyè jou. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|title=The SAGE Encyclopedia of War: Social Science Perspectives|page=515|publisher=SAGE Publications|date=2016}}&lt;/ref&gt;  Aprè premye masak la, pon an ant nasyon yo te fèmen, anpeche nenpòt ki chape ak agrave bilan. 

== Peryòd aktyèl ==

=== Faktè kiltirèl ak ekonomik ===

Nan mitan 20yèm syèk la, ekonomi de (2) peyi yo te konparab. Depi lè sa a, ekonomi dominikèn an ap pwogrese pandan ke ekonomi ayisyèn an deteryore. Ralantisman ekonomik la an Ayiti se akòz faktè tankou lit pouvwa entèn yo, rapid kwasans popilasyon, degradasyon anviwònman ak anbago komès. Jodi a, Ayiti se peyi ki pi pòv nan Emisfè oksidantal la. Li manke resous ak dansite popilasyon an Ayiti byen depase sa ki nan vwazen li yo. Malgre voye misyon nan men Nasyon Zini depi ane 1990 yo, kondisyon terib pèsiste pou kenbe lapè.&lt;ref name=&quot;Silver2010&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Silver|first=Alexandra|date=19 janvye 2010|title=Why Haiti and the Dominican Republic Are So Different|url=http://content.time.com/time/world/article/0,8599,1953959,00.html|dead-url=no|journal=Time|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150612211414/http://content.time.com/time/world/article/0,8599,1953959,00.html|archive-date=2015-06-12}}&lt;/ref&gt; 

Baryè lang la se yon faktè enpòtan nan disonans kiltirèl, ak panyòl ke yo te lang prensipal la pale nan lès Ispayòl (Repiblik dominikèn), pandan y ap pale [[Lang franse|franse]] ak [[kreyòl ayisyen]] nan lwès (Ayiti). Orijin se yon lòt faktè detèminan nan relasyon Dominiken-Ayisyen yo. Konpozisyon etnik popilasyon dominikèn an se 73% milat,&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web
|url=http://www.nationsencyclopedia.com/Americas/Dominican-Republic.html|title=DOMINICAN REPUBLIC|website=Encyclopedia of the Nations}}&lt;/ref&gt; 16% blan ak 11% nwa,&lt;ref name=&quot;CIADR&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|title=Field Listing: Ethnic Groups §&amp;nbsp;Dominican Republic|publisher=Central Intelligence Agency|date=2015|issn=1553-8133|oclc=644186015|url=https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/fields/2075.html#dr|access-date=2019-09-06|archive-date=2018-11-16|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181116044500/https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/fields/2075.html#dr|dead-url=yes}}&lt;/ref&gt; pandan 95% popilasyon ayisyèn an nwa.&lt;ref name=&quot;CIAH&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|title=Field Listing: Ethnic Groups §&amp;nbsp;Haiti|publisher=Central Intelligence Agency|date=2015|issn=1553-8133|oclc=644186015|url=https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/fields/2075.html#ha|access-date=2019-09-06|archive-date=2018-11-16|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181116044500/https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/fields/2075.html#ha|dead-url=yes}}&lt;/ref&gt;  

Ekonomi dominikèn an tou plis pase 600% pi gwo pase ekonomi ayisyèn an. Revni anyèl per capita estime a $ 1.300 dola an Ayiti ak $ 8.200 dola nan Repiblik Dominikèn.&lt;ref name=&quot;usat201001&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Bello|first=Marisol|date=21 janvye 2010|title=Hispaniola comparison|url=http://usatoday30.usatoday.com/news/world/2010-01-21-Haiti-Dominican_N.htm|publisher=USA Today|page=|access-date=9 oktòb 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt; Divèjans ki genyen ant nivo devlopman ekonomik ant Ayiti ak Repiblik dominikèn fè fwontyè yo pi kontraste de tout fwontyè nan mond Lwès la e li evidan ke Repiblik dominikèn konnen youn nan pi gwo pwoblèm migrasyon ilegal nan Amerik la. &lt;ref&gt;[http://www.imf.org/external/datamapper/?trails=false&amp;xaxis=logarithmic&amp;area=&amp;bubbledisplaytype=countries&amp;defaultsubjects=&amp;interactive=true&amp;bubbleshowall=true&amp;bubbleshowlabels=true&amp;year=2013&amp;showoutliers=false&amp;combichart=&amp;mapyaxis=linear&amp;yaxis=logarithmic&amp;histogram=&amp;indicatory=LP&amp;chart=linechartView&amp;geoitems=DOM,HTI&amp;bubbleexploded=&amp;showall=false&amp;indicatorx=NGDPD&amp;indicator=PPPPC&amp;speed=5&amp;tab=mapView&amp;maximize=chart&amp;db=WEO&amp;mark=&amp;indicatorsize=&amp;mapexploded=&amp;bubblehighlighttype=0 IMF - PIB per cápita (PPA) República Dominicana / Haití]&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Migrasyon ayisyen nan Repiblik Dominikèn ===
[[Fichye:At_the_Border_of_Haiti_and_the_Dominican_Republic_(8057179936).jpg|vignette|400x400px| Ayisyen sou fwontyè ant Ayiti ak Repiblik Dominikèn. ]]
Kèk koperasyon fwontyè egziste nan domèn tankou sante, biznis ak enfrastrikti. Anpil Ayisyen vwayaje nan Repiblik dominikèn pou jwenn travay sezon oswa alontèm pou voye lajan fanmi yo. Kèk nan travayè ayisyen sa yo, ansanm ak dominiken ki gen orijin ayisyèn, te rapòte diskriminasyon kont majorite popilasyon dominikèn an. Lòt Ayisyen ki ta renmen jwenn travay rete an Ayiti paske yo te pè diskriminasyon sou lòt bò fwontyè a. &lt;ref name=&quot;Schaaf2009&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://haitiinnovation.org/en/2009/05/21/haiti-and-dominican-republic-same-island-different-worlds|title=Haiti and the Dominican Republic: Same Island, Different Worlds|last=Schaaf|first=Bryan|date=2009-05-21|website=Haiti Innovation|location=Washington, DC|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150104011142/http://haitiinnovation.org/en/2009/05/21/haiti-and-dominican-republic-same-island-different-worlds|archive-date=2015-01-04|dead-url=yes}}&lt;/ref&gt; 

Migrasyon te fèt depi ane 1920 yo, lè travayè ayisyen yo te ankouraje aktivman pou yo travay nan endistri sik prensipal la nan Repiblik dominikèn. Avèk modènizasyon ki te kòmanse nan ane 1960 yo, li te pran mwens travayè, ak lòt endistri ak sèvis dominiken yo te kòmanse anplwaye plis travayè ayisyen, yon sous nan travay bon mache epi mwens reglemante avèk mwens pwoteksyon legal yo. Anpil fanm ayisyèn jwenn travay nan kay dominikèn ak gason ayisyen nan sit konstriksyon dominikèn, souvan ki lakòz demenajman yon fanmi tout antye. &lt;ref name=&quot;Schaaf2009&quot;/&gt;  

Yon gwo kantite travayè imigran ayisyen yo te kontinye ap viv nan Repiblik dominikèn pandan plizyè jenerasyon. De (2) gouvènman yo pa te kapab dakò sou yon kad legal pou fè fas ak nasyonalite pitit pitit sa yo, pou yo kite apeprè yon milyon moun ki desandan ayisyen nan apatrid Repiblik dominikèn, kidonk limite aksè yo nan swen sante, edikasyon ak opòtinite pou travay.&lt;ref name=&quot;Schaaf2009&quot;/&gt;  

Byenke migrasyon Ayiti a nan Repiblik dominikèn an benefisye ekonomikman pou toulède peyi yo, li se youn nan prensipal kontribitè a tansyon ant de (2) peyi yo ; Imigrasyon ilegal an Ayiti gen yon gwo enpak sou pèp dominiken an. Sa a te lakòz santiman anti-ayisyen ak mefyans nan pèp ayisyen an. Yon lòt pwoblèm pou migrasyon ayisyèn an nan Repiblik dominikèn se ke li bwouye sitwayènte a. Faktè migrasyon sa a afekte pa sèlman ekonomi dominikèn an, men tou kilti li. &lt;ref name=&quot;Taylor2013&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.huffingtonpost.com/american-anthropological-association/generations-of-haitian-de_b_4156611.html|title=Generations of Haitian Descendents Made Stateless in the Dominican Republic|last=Taylor|first=Erin B.|date=2013-12-25|website=The Huffington Post|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151031045350/http://www.huffingtonpost.com/american-anthropological-association/generations-of-haitian-de_b_4156611.html|archive-date=2015-10-31}}&lt;/ref&gt;  

Travèse fwontyè a se byen fasil, avèk yon sèvis otobis chak jou soti nan [[Sen Domeng|Santo Domingo]] nan kòt nò a ak sid Ayiti. &lt;ref&gt;[http://world-adventurer.com/capital-coach-line-bus-from-port-au-prince-to-santo-domingo/ Capital Coach Line bus from Port-au-Prince to Santo Domingo]&lt;/ref&gt;  Anpil nan fwontyè a rete trè ouvè, avèk travèse regilye nan mache sou tou de (2) bò. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=https://news.vice.com/en_us/article/mbnapv/in-photos-life-at-the-largest-border-crossing-between-haiti-and-the-dominican-republic |title=In Photos: Life at the Largest Border Crossing Between Haiti and the Dominican Republic |access-date=2019-09-06 |archive-date=2019-04-06 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190406030740/https://news.vice.com/en_us/article/mbnapv/in-photos-life-at-the-largest-border-crossing-between-haiti-and-the-dominican-republic |dead-url=yes }}&lt;/ref&gt;  Li posib yo kouvri yon gwo pati nan wout la ak yon otowout nò-sid travèse fwontyè a. &lt;ref&gt;[https://www.nytimes.com/2014/11/30/travel/driving-the-seam-of-hispaniola.html Driving the Seam of Hispaniola]&lt;/ref&gt;  

=== Tranblemanntè 2010 an Ayiti ===
Aprè [[Tranblemanntè 12 janvye 2010 nan peyi Ayiti|tranblemanntè 12 janvye 2010]] devastate, anpil Ayisyen te chape anba fwontyè a pou evite efè tranblemanntè a. Gouvènman dominiken an te youn nan premye ki te voye ekip pou ede distribye manje ak medikaman pou viktim yo, e li te pi fasil pou Ayisyen jwenn viza pou tretman nan lopital dominiken yo. Pwodui pou yo te transpòte an Ayiti via Repiblik dominikèn ak anpil Ayisyen blese yo te trete nan lopital dominiken.&lt;ref name=&quot;Childress&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.globalpost.com/dispatches/globalpost-blogs/que-pasa/dr-haitians-get-lost|title=DR to Haitians: get lost|last=Childress|first=Sarah|date=31 out 2011|access-date=22 avril 2013}}&lt;/ref&gt;  

Refijye ayisyen yo te akeyi ak sipòte pa anpil Dominiken, byenke relasyon yo deteryore paske yo rete nan Repiblik dominiken. Sa a te lakòz kèk Dominiken enkyete ke refijye tranblemanntè yo kontribiye nan krim k ap monte, twòp moun, kolera ak chomaj. Plis ak plis diskriminasyon te atribiye a kantite masiv nan refijye ayisyen nan Repiblik dominikèn an. Nan dènye ane yo, tansyon te vin pi mal, fòse òganizasyon Entènasyonal pou Migrasyon an ofri Ayisyen $ 50 dola chak, ak asistans adisyonèl pou reyentegrasyon yo, pou yo ka retounen an Ayiti. Plis pase 1,500 moun aksepte èd sa a epi retounen. &lt;ref name=&quot;Childress&quot;/&gt;[[Fichye:Embajada_de_Haití_en_Santo_Domingo.jpg|droite|vignette|Anbasad Ayiti nan Santo Domingo]]

== Espò ==
Federasyon bezbòl Repiblik Dominikèn ak Ayiti dakò pou devlope epi ankouraje pratik bezbòl an Ayiti, sitou nan zòn fwontalye yo, paske yo kwè espò a se yon zouti devlopman ki kapab ankouraje lapè, ranfòse nati zanmitay ak respè youn pou lòt ant de pèp yo. Avèk sipò Ministè Espò Repiblik Dominikèn nan, prezidan Federasyon Dominikèn Bezbòl la (FEDOBE) deklare : “Sa pèmèt federasyon nou an reyalize rèv li pou ede Ayiti nan domèn bezbòl.” Li angaje l pou mete Federasyon Ayisyèn Bezbòl la an kontak ak òganizasyon entènasyonal yo. Federasyon Dominikèn Bezbòl la pral voye antrenè ann Ayiti pou fòmasyon teknik ansanm ak abit ak makè, pandan Federasyon Ayisyèn Bezbòl la pral bay sipò lojistik nan kad fòmasyon yo ak pwogram devlopman teknik yo&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.metrord.do/do/deportes/2016/02/10/acuerdan-fomentar-beisbol-haiti.html|title=Acuerdan fomentar el béisbol en Haití|date=10 février 2016|publisher=Metro|access-date=25 mai 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt; .
[[Fichye:Embajada_de_Haití_en_Santo_Domingo.jpg|droite|vignette|Anbasad Ayiti nan Santo Domingo]]

== Referans ==
{{referans}}

== Lyen deyò ==

[[Kategori:Ayiti]]
[[Kategori:Repiblik dominikèn]]
[[Kategori:Relasyon entènasyonal]]
[[Kategori:Relasyon ant Ayiti ak Repiblik Dominikèn]]
[[Kategori:Kout pwojektè sou/Atik pwopoze]]</text>
      <sha1>f2bel5ic0jmoqobveen26gieawu207p</sha1>
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  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Lodyans</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
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      <text bytes="1537" sha1="7r7gbuio3ztb15vmez2g2c8ud7nrg9x" xml:space="preserve">'''Lodyans''' se yon estil literati ayisyen ki tankou yon kout resi ki ta vle sanble ak [[Kont (non)|kont]]. 

Moun ki ap rakonte lodyans lan rele lodyansè. Se avèk lapawòl li mache. Li kòmanse popilè apati fen 19yèm syèk la grasa [[Justin Lhérisson]] ak [[Fernand Hibbert]] lè yo te pibliye nan jounal ''Le Soir'' soti 1899 pou rive 1908.

Aprè nou vin jwenn [[Maurice Sixto]] ki te vin reprann lamayot mèt lodyansè a. Lodyans li yo, kòm ''Leya Kokoye'', ''Ti Sentaniz'', ''Gwo Moso'', fè nou viv bagay ki konn ap pase ann Ayiti.

Ekriven ayisyen an ak jewograf [[Georges Anglade]] te ekri anpil lodyans nan fen lavi li epi tou li teyorize pratik literè sa a.&lt;ref name=&quot;Monde-disparitions&quot;&gt;{{cite news
|author=Alain Beuve-Méry
|title=Écrivain québécois - Georges Anglade (rubrique Disparitions)
|publisher=Le Monde
|date=17-18 janvye 2010
|pages=22
|issn=
|url texte=
|accessdate=}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Pou li, lodyans yo se youn nan &quot;kreyasyon kolektif ayisyen ki pi enpòtan yo&quot;, menm jan li ekri nan prefas ''Blancs de Mémoire''.&lt;ref name=&quot;Monde-disparitions&quot;/&gt;

== Bibliyografi ==
* {{fr}}+{{en}} {{cite book|editor=Educa Vision|isbn=9781584323594|author=[[Georges Anglade]]|title=Rire haïtien : les lodyans de Georges Anglade / Haitian laughter : a mosaic of ninety miniatures in French and English|url=https://archive.org/details/rirehaitienleslo0000angl|location=Coconut Creek, FL |year=2006|id=Rire haïtien}}

== Referans ==
{{referans}}

== Lyen deyò ==

[[Kategori:Literati]]
[[Kategori:Literati kreyòl ayisyen‎]]</text>
      <sha1>7r7gbuio3ztb15vmez2g2c8ud7nrg9x</sha1>
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  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Raúl de Anda</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
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      <parentid>739242</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-08-17T19:23:36Z</timestamp>
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        <username>InternetArchiveBot</username>
        <id>25431</id>
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      <comment>Add 1 book for [[Wikipedya:Verifyabilite]] (20260817)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]]</comment>
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      <text bytes="4056" sha1="rchr9mxc7fvblsw5rr4vzhs3ivmzjyw" xml:space="preserve">'''Raúl de Anda Gutiérrez''', ki fèt [[1e jiyè]] [[1908]] nan [[Meksiko]] ([[Meksik]]) epi ki mouri [[2 fevriye]] [[1997]] nan menm vil, se yon [[reyalizatè]], [[pwodiktè]], [[senaris]] ak [[aktè]] [[Meksik|meksiken]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book
|author1=Zuzana M. Pick
|title=Constructing the Image of the Mexican Revolution: Cinema and the Archive|url=https://archive.org/details/constructingimag0000pick
|editor=University of Texas Press|date=2010|pages=265|isbn=978-0-2927-2562-1}}&lt;/ref&gt;
== Biyografi ==
== Zèv li yo ==
=== Tankou pwodiktè ===
* [[1940]] : ''[[El Charro Negro]]'' de Raúl de Anda
* [[1941]] : ''[[La vuelta del Charro Negro]]'' de Raúl de Anda
* [[1942]] : ''[[La venganza del Charro Negro]]'' de Raúl de Anda
* [[1949]] : ''[[El Charro Negro en el norte]]'' de Raúl de Anda
=== Tankou reyalizatè ===
* [[1938]] : ''[[La tierra del mariachi]]''
* [[1939]] : ''[[Con los Dorados de Villa]]''
* [[1940]] : ''[[El Charro Negro]]''
* [[1941]] : ''[[La vuelta del Charro Negro]]''
* [[1942]] : ''[[Del rancho a la capital]]''
* [[1942]] : ''[[La venganza del Charro Negro]]''
* [[1942]] : ''[[Amanecer ranchero]]''
* [[1944]] : ''[[Toros, amor y gloria]]''
* [[1946]] : ''[[La reina del trópico]]''
* [[1946]] : ''[[Guadalajara pues]]''
* [[1947]] : ''[[Yo maté a Rosita Alvírez]]''
* [[1947]] : ''[[Los cristeros]]''
* [[1948]] : ''[[El último chinaco]]''
* [[1949]] : ''[[Comisario en turno]]''
* [[1949]] : ''[[Ángeles de arrabal]]''
* [[1949]] : ''[[El Charro Negro en el norte]]''
* [[1950]] : ''[[Dos gallos de pelea]]''
* [[1950]] : ''[[Una mujer decente]]''
* [[1950]] : ''[[La fe en Dios]]''
* [[1952]] : ''[[Sígueme corazón]]''
* [[1952]] : ''[[Cuatro noches contigo]]''
* [[1954]] : ''[[Quatre nuits avec toi ...]]'' (''Con el diablo en el cuerpo'')
* [[1955]] : ''[[La gaviota]]''
* [[1955]] : ''[[El 7 leguas]]''
* [[1956]] : ''[[Enemigos]]''
* [[1956]] : ''[[Bataclán mexicano]]''
* [[1957]] : ''[[Las manzanas de Dorotea]]''
* [[1958]] : ''[[La máscara de carne]]''
* [[1959]] : ''[[La estampida]]''
* [[1965]] : ''[[El pozo]]''
* [[1967]] : ''[[Si quiero]]''
* [[1969]] : ''[[El hombre de negro]]''
* [[1969]] : ''[[La marcha de Zacatecas]]''
* [[1969]] : ''[[¡Persiguelas y... alcanzalas!]]''
* [[1971]] : ''[[Juegos de alcoba]]''
* [[1971]] : ''[[Siete Evas para un Adan]]''
* [[1972]] : ''[[Sucedió en Jalisco]]''
* [[1974]] : ''[[Cabalgando a la luna]]''
* [[1975]] : ''[[El padrino... es mi compadre]]''
* [[1978]] : ''[[Guerra de sexos]]''
=== Tankou senaris ===
* [[1940]] : ''[[El Charro Negro]]'' de Raúl de Anda
* [[1941]] : ''[[La vuelta del Charro Negro]]'' de Raúl de Anda
* [[1942]] : ''[[La venganza del Charro Negro]]'' de Raúl de Anda
* [[1949]] : ''[[El Charro Negro en el norte]]'' de Raúl de Anda
* [[1976]] : ''[[La gran aventura del Zorro]]''
=== Tankou aktè ===
* [[1935]] : ''[[El tesoro de Pancho Villa]]'' d'[[Arcady Boytler]] : Arturo Montemayor
* [[1935]] : ''[[La isla maldita]]'' de [[Roberto Curwood]] : Kapitèn Méndez
* [[1936]] : ''[[Juan Pistolas]]'' de [[Roberto Curwood]] : Juan Pistolas
* [[1936]] : ''[[Vámonos con Pancho Villa!]]'' de [[Fernando de Fuentes]] : Máximo Perea
* [[1938]] : ''[[La tierra del mariachi]]'' de Raúl de Anda : Juan
* [[1938]] : ''[[La Valentina]]'' de [[Martín de Lucenay]] : Miguel
* [[1939]] : ''[[La vírgen de la sierra]]'' de [[Guillermo Calles]]
* [[1940]] : ''[[El Charro Negro]]'' de Raúl de Anda : Roberto / El Charro Negro
* [[1941]] : ''[[La vuelta del Charro Negro]]'' de Raúl de Anda : Roberto / El Charro Negro
* [[1942]] : ''[[La venganza del Charro Negro]]'' de Raúl de Anda : Roberto / El Charro Negro
* [[1949]] : ''[[El Charro Negro en el norte]]'' de Raúl de Anda : Roberto / El Charro Negro
== Referans ==
{{referans}}
== Lyen deyò ==
* [https://www.imdb.com/&amp;id=nm0025874 Raúl de Anda] sou IMDb

{{DEFAULTSORT:Anda, Raúl de}}
[[Kategori:Moun]]
[[Kategori:Aktè]]
[[Kategori:Aktè sinema]]
[[Kategori:Aktè televizyon]]
[[Kategori:Aktè meksiken]]
[[Kategori:Nesans nan lane 1908]]
[[Kategori:Lanmò 1997]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Bhimrao Ramji Ambedkar</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
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|non=Bhimrao Ramji Ambedkar
|foto=Dr. Bhimrao Ambedkar.jpg
|tèks=Bhimrao Ramji Ambedkar
|fonksyon=Politisyen, jiris
|domèn=Politi, dwa
|diplòm=
|etid=
|dat nesans=[[14 avril]] [[1891]]
|lye nesans=
|peyi nesans=[[End]]
|dat lanmò=[[6 desanm]] [[1956]]
|lye lanmò=
|peyi lanmò=[[End]]
|nasyonalite=endyen
|relijyon=
|rezidans=
|kontak=
|Biyografi=
|zèv=
|omaj=
|rekonpans=
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|fim=
}}

'''Bhimrao Ramji Ambedkar''', rele tou '''Doktè Babasaheb Ambedkar''', ki fèt [[14 avril]] [[1891]] epi ki mouri [[6 desanm]] [[1956]] ([[End]]), ke yo  se te yon jiris, ekonomis, politisyen ak refòmatè sosyal Endyen. 

Li enspire mouvman Boudis Dalit la e li fè kanpay kont diskriminasyon sosyal anvè entouchab yo (Dalit). 
== Biyografi ==
Li te sipòte dwa fanm ak travay tou. Li te endepandan premye minis peyi Zend nan lalwa ak jistis, achitèk la nan Konstitisyon an nan peyi Zend, ak papa a fondatè nan Repiblik la nan peyi Zend.&lt;ref&gt; [https://c250.columbia.edu/c250_celebrates/remarkable_columbians/bhimrao_ambedkar.html Bhimrao Ambedkar]&lt;/ref&gt;{{,}}&lt;ref&gt;{{en}} [https://indianexpress.com/article/parenting/learning/ambedkar-jayanti-2019-facts-babasaheb-for-kids-5672744/ Ambedkar Jayanti 2019: Facts on Babasaheb to share with kids | Parenting News,The Indian Express]&lt;/ref&gt;{{,}}&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=https://www.bloombergquint.com/opinion/in-india-dalits-show-power-of-building-statues |title=How India’s Most Downtrodden Embraced the Power of Statues |access-date=2020-11-07 |archive-date=2020-10-26 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201026043029/https://www.bloombergquint.com/opinion/in-india-dalits-show-power-of-building-statues |dead-url=yes }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.britannica.com/biography/Bhimrao-Ramji-Ambedkar Bhimrao Ramji Ambedkar | Biography, Books, &amp; Facts | Britannica]&lt;/ref&gt;{{,}}&lt;ref&gt;{{en}} [https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/all-you-need-to-know-about-br-ambedkar-on-his-129th-birth-anniversary-2211747 All You Need To Know About BR Ambedkar On His 129th Birth Anniversary]&lt;/ref&gt;{{,}}&lt;ref&gt;{{en}} {{Cite book |title=Princeton Dictionary of Buddhism |url=https://archive.org/details/isbn_9780691157863 |date=2013 |publisher=Princeton University Press |isbn=9780691157863 |editor1=Robert Buswell Jr. |location=Princeton, NJ |page=[https://archive.org/details/isbn_9780691157863/page/34 34] |editor2=Donald S. Lopez, Jr.}}&lt;/ref&gt;

An 1956, li te inisye yon konvèsyon mas Dalit, konvèti nan [[boudis]] ak 600,000 sipòtè. Li reviv boudis nan peyi Zend. Ambedkar konsidere kòm yon [[bodhisattva]], ak [[Maitreya]] a, nan mitan Boudis Navayana yo.&lt;ref&gt;https://theprint.in/opinion/why-ambedkar-chose-buddhism-over-hinduism-islam-christianity/237599/&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;https://indianexpress.com/article/explained/buddha-purnima-special-why-ambedkar-coverted-to-buddhism-6397742/&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;https://www.thequint.com/news/india/br-ambedkar-conversion-to-buddhism&lt;/ref&gt;{{,}}&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|author=Christopher Queen|editor=Steven M. Emmanuel|title=A Companion to Buddhist Philosophy|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=P_lmCgAAQBAJ |year=2015|publisher=John Wiley &amp; Sons|isbn=978-1-119-14466-3|pages=529–531}}&lt;/ref&gt;

An 1990, [[Bharat Ratna]], pi gwo pri sivil peyi Zend lan, te konfere  postim sou Ambedkar. Eritaj Ambedkar a gen ladan anpil memoryal ak reprezantasyon nan kilti popilè. Eritaj Ambedkar a kòm yon refòmatè sosyo-politik, te gen yon gwo efè sou modèn peyi Zend.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last=Joshi |first=Barbara R. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=y9CUItMT1zQC&amp;pg=PA13 |title=Untouchable!: Voices of the Dalit Liberation Movement |publisher=Zed Books |year=1986 |isbn=9780862324605 |pages=11–14 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160729072018/https://books.google.com/books?id=y9CUItMT1zQC&amp;pg=PA13 |archive-date=29 jiyè 2016|df=dmy-all}}&lt;/ref&gt;{{,}}&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last=Keer |first=D. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=B-2d6jzRmBQC&amp;pg=PA61 |title=Dr. Ambedkar: Life and Mission |publisher=Popular Prakashan |year=1990 |isbn=9788171542376 |page=61 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160730015400/https://books.google.com/books?id=B-2d6jzRmBQC&amp;pg=PA61 |archive-date=30 jiyè 2016|df=dmy-all}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Ambedkar te vote &quot;pi gwo Endyen an&quot; (the greatest Indian) nan lane 2012 pa yon biwo vòt ki te òganize pa Istwa TV18 ak CNN IBN, devan yo nan [[Vallabhbhai Patel]] ak [[Jawaharlal Nehru]].&lt;ref&gt;https://www.outlookindia.com/magazine/story/a-measure-of-the-man/281949&lt;/ref&gt;

Ambedkar Jayanti (anivèsè nesans Ambedkar) se yon festival anyèl selebre sou 14 avril, ki selebre pa sèlman nan peyi Zend, men nan tout mond lan. Ambedkar Jayanti selebre kòm yon jou ferye piblik ofisyèl nan tout peyi Zend.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |url=http://ccis.nic.in/WriteReadData/CircularPortal/D2/D02est/12_6_2015_JCA-2-19032015.pdf|title=Ambedkar Jayanti |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150405042913/http://ccis.nic.in/WriteReadData/CircularPortal/D2/D02est/12_6_2015_JCA-2-19032015.pdf |archive-date=5 avril 2015}}&lt;/ref&gt;{{,}}&lt;ref&gt;http://persmin.gov.in/ Webpage of Ministry of Personnel and Public Grievance &amp; Pension&lt;/ref&gt;{{,}}&lt;ref&gt;[http://mea.gov.in/ambedkar-final/mcelebration.htm 125th Dr. Ambedkar Birthday Celebrations Around the World.] mea.gov.in&lt;/ref&gt;

== Referans ==
{{referans}}
== Lyen deyò ==
* [http://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb12126992f Bhimrao Ramji Ambedkar] sou bnf.fr

{{DEFAULTSORT:Ambedkar, Bhimrao}}
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[[Kategori:Politisyen endyen]]
[[Kategori:Ekonomis]]
[[Kategori:Jiris]]
[[Kategori:Nesans nan lane 1891]]
[[Kategori:Lanmò 1956]]</text>
      <sha1>n89i4zibroaeybs2sye97bu12afb667</sha1>
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  <page>
    <title>Elvira Quintana</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>78586</id>
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      <id>888074</id>
      <parentid>867939</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-08-17T19:11:33Z</timestamp>
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      <comment>Add 1 book for [[Wikipedya:Verifyabilite]] (20260817)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]]</comment>
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      <text bytes="2532" sha1="q65r0bgtargalneeh827xn0ah39261b" xml:space="preserve">'''Elvira Catalina Quintana Molina''', ki fèt [[7 novanm]] [[1935]] ([[Montijo (Badajoz)|Montijo]], [[Provincia de Badajoz|Badajoz]], [[Extremadura]] ([[Meksik]])epi ki mouri [[8 out]][[1968]] nan [[Meksiko]] ([[Meksik]]), se yon [[Aktè|aktris]], [[Chantè|chantèz]] ak [[powèt]] panyòl meksikèn.&lt;ref name=&quot;Quintana&quot;&gt;{{es}} {{cite news|title=Víctima de Complicaciones Renales y Pancreáticas, Murió E. Quintana: La Actriz, Nacida en la Madre Patria, Será Inhumada hoy en el Panteón Jardín|accessdate=11 mas 2016|publisher=El Informador|date=9 out 1968}}&lt;/ref&gt;{{,}}&lt;ref name=&quot;Beauties of Mexican Cinema&quot;&gt;{{cite book|author=Rogelio Agrasánchez|title=Beauties of Mexican Cinema|url=https://archive.org/details/beautiesofmexica0000agra|year=2001|publisher=Agrasánchez Film Archive|isbn=9685077118|accessdate=11 mas 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt; 
== Biyografi ==


== Zèv li yo (seleksyon) ==
* ''[[El misterio del carro express]]'' (1953)
* ''[[Lo que le pasó a Sansón]]'' (1955)
* ''[[El vendedor de muñecas]]'' (1955)
* ''Canasta de cuentos mexicanos'' (1956)
* ''El buen ladrón'' (1957)
* ''El caudillo'' (1957)
* ''[[Furias desatadas]]'' (1957)
* ''[[Bolero inmortal]]'' (1958)
* ''El vestido de novia'' (1958)
* ''[[Gutierritos (telenovela, 1958)|Gutierritos]]'' (1958) (telenovela)
* ''800 leguas por el Amazonas'' (1959)
* ''[[Pistolas invencibles]]'' (1960)
* ''Dos hijos desobedientes'' (1960)
* ''[[Poker de reinas]]'' (1960)
* ''El siete de copas'' (1960)
* ''[[Peligros de juventud]]'' (1960)
* ''Los laureles'' (1961)
* ''Una pasión me domina'' (1961)
* ''El tiro de gracia'' (1961)
* ''Duelo indio'' (1961)
* ''Enterrado vivo'' (1961)
* ''Bonitas las tapatías'' (1961)
* ''Amor a balazo limpio'' (1961)
* ''Se alquila marido'' (1961)
* ''[[Muñecos infernales]]'' (1961)
* ''[[Lástima de ropa]]'' (1962)
* ''La divina garza'' (1963)
* ''Tres palomas alborotadas'' (1963)
* ''Los derechos de los hijos'' (1963)
* ''[[Tres muchachas de Jalisco]]'' (1964)
* ''Los amores de Marieta'' (1964)
* ''[[Me llaman el cantaclaro]]'' (1964)
* ''[[Las tapatías nunca pierden]]'' (1965)
* ''[[Tintansón Crusoe]]'' (1965)
* ''¡Viva Benito Canales!'' (1966)
* ''Los años verdes'' (1967)

== Referans ==
{{referans}}
== Lyen deyò ==
* [https://www.imdb.com/name/nm0704101/ Elvira Quintana] sou IMDb

{{DEFAULTSORT:Quintana, Elvira}}
[[Kategori:Moun]]
[[Kategori:Fanm]]
[[Kategori:Aktè]]
[[Kategori:Aktè sinema]] 
[[Kategori:Aktè televizyon]]
[[Kategori:Aktè franse]] 
[[Kategori:Nesans nan lane 1935]]
[[Kategori:Lanmò 1968]]</text>
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  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Philippe Hannibal Price</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>79160</id>
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        <id>25431</id>
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      <comment>Add 1 book for [[Wikipedya:Verifyabilite]] (20260817)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]]</comment>
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      <text bytes="2401" sha1="51m89vaejgus2x41jjrh4bhmef99hj1" xml:space="preserve">{{moun
|non=Philippe Hannibal Price
|foto=
|tèks=Philippe Hannibal Price
|fonksyon=ekriven, politisyen
|domèn=literati, politik
|diplòm=
|etid=
|dat nesans=[[1e janvye]] [[1841]]
|lye nesans=[[Jakmèl (komin)|Jakmèl]]
|peyi nesans=[[Ayiti]]
|dat lanmò=[[1e janvye]] [[1893]]
|lye lanmò=
|peyi lanmò=[[Etazini]]
|nasyonalite=ayisyen
|relijyon=
|rezidans=
|kontak=
|Biyografi=
|zèv=
|omaj=
|rekonpans=
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'''Philippe Hannibal Price''', ki fèt [[1e janvye]] [[1841]] nan [[Jakmèl (komin)|Jakmèl]] ([[Ayiti]]) epi ki mouri [[1e janvye]] [[1893]] nan Baltimore, Maryland ([[Etazini]]), se yon ekriven ak diplomat [[Ayiti|ayisyen]].

== Biyografi ==
Li te marye avèk Josephine Curet. Pitit gason li te [[Hannibal Price]].

Apre chit la Prezidan [[Michel Domingue]], Price te vin yon konseye nan Govènman Pwovizwa an 1875 ak te yon avoka serye [[Florvil Hyppolite]].

Soti nan 1890 rive 1893 li te sèvi kòm [[Minis Plenipotansyè]] nan [[Wachintòn]]. Pandan tan sa a, li te ekri liv ki pi popilè li yo, ''De la Reyabilitasyon de la Ras Noire par la République d'Haïti'' (''Reyabilitasyon an nan ras la Nwa pa Repiblik Ayiti''), pibliye an 1893. 

Price te mouri nan [[Baltimore, Maryland]] akòz lafyèv tifoyid a laj de senkant-de (52) zan.

== Zèv li yo ==
* ''Etudes sur Les Finances et L'Économie des Nations'' 
* ''Rapport sur Les Traveaux de la Première Conférence Pan-Américaine''
* ''De La Réhabilitation de La Race noire et de La Republique D'Haïti'' (pibliye an 1893)

== Bibliyografi ==
* {{cite book | last = Schutt-Ainé | first = Patricia | title = Haiti: A Basic Reference Book | url = https://archive.org/details/isbn_9780963859907 | publisher = Librairie Au Service de la Culture | date = 1994 | location = Miami, Florida | isbn = 0-9638599-0-0 | page = [https://archive.org/details/isbn_9780963859907/page/n107 96] }}
* {{cite book | last = Menos | first = Solon| title = Auteurs Haitiens, Morceaux Choisis | publisher = Imprimerie de M F. Smith | year = 1904 | location = Port-au-Prince, Haiti | isbn =  | page = 6 }}| coauthors = Dantès Bellegarde, A. Duval, Georges Sylvain

== Referans ==
{{referans}}
== Lyen deyò ==

{{DEFAULTSORT:Price, Philippe Hannibal}}
[[Kategori:Moun]]
[[Kategori:Politik]]
[[Kategori:Politisyen]] 
[[Kategori:Politisyen ayisyen]]
[[Kategori:Ekriven ayisyen]]
[[Kategori:Nesans nan lane 1841]]
[[Kategori:Lanmò 1893]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Alexandre Jollien</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>80818</id>
    <revision>
      <id>888051</id>
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      <comment>Add 3 books for [[Wikipedya:Verifyabilite]] (20260817)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]]</comment>
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      <text bytes="5023" sha1="7wcuiz1tzxc1y8kswwcdsfhlklobjyl" xml:space="preserve">{{infobox ekriven
|non=Alexandre Jollien
|foto=Alexandre Jollien, 2010 (cropped).jpg
|tèks=Alexandre Jollien
|fonksyon=filozòf, ekriven
|domèn=filozofi, literati
|diplòm=
|etid=
|dat nesans=[[26 novanm]] [[1975]]
|lye nesans=[[Savièse]]
|peyi nesans=[[Swis]]
|dat lanmò=
|lye lanmò=
|peyi lanmò=
|nasyonalite=swis
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'''Alexandre Jollien''', ki fèt [[26 novanm]] [[1975]] nan [[Savièse]] ([[Swis]]),&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.alexandre-jollien.ch/biographie.htm|title=Biographie|website=alexandre-jollien.ch|accessdate=23 avril 2009|archive-date=2009-03-05|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090305073520/http://www.alexandre-jollien.ch/biographie.htm|dead-url=yes}}&lt;/ref&gt; se yon [[filozòf]] ak [[ekriven]] [[swis]].

== Biyografi ==


== Zèv li yo ==
=== Liv ===
* {{cite book|title=[[Éloge de la faiblesse]]|location=Pari|editor=Éditions du Cerf|year=1999|pages=108|isbn=978-2-204-06384-5}}  li pa [[Bernard Campan]] ak Michel Raimbault, edisyon Audiolib, 2012 {{ISBN|9782356414328}}
:: - [[Prix Montyon]] 2000 de l’[[Académie française]]
* {{cite book|title=Le Métier d'homme|url=https://archive.org/details/lemetierdhommees0000joll|editor=Seuil|year=2002|pages=|isbn=978-2-02-052606-7}}
* {{cite book|title=La Construction de soi - un usage de la philosophie|url=https://archive.org/details/laconstructionde0000joll|editor=Seuil|year=2006|pages=192|isbn=978-2-02-062888-4}} li pa [[Bernard Campan]], edisyon &quot;Lire dans le noir&quot;, 2007 {{ISBN|9782952761215}}
* {{cite book|title=Le Philosophe nu|url=https://archive.org/details/lephilosophenu0000joll|editor=Seuil|year=2010|pages=[https://archive.org/details/lephilosophenu0000joll/page/192 192]|isbn=978-2-02-095915-5}}
* {{cite book|title=Petit Traité de l'abandon - pensées pour accueillir la vie telle qu'elle se propose|editor=Seuil|year=2012|pages=117|isbn=978-2-02-107941-8}}
* {{cite book|title =Vivre sans pourquoi : Itinéraire spirituel d'un philosophe en Corée|editor=Seuil-L’Iconoclaste|author=|year=2015|location=|pages=338|isbn=}}
* ''[[Trois amis en quête de sagesse]]'' avèk [[Matthieu Ricard]] ak [[Christophe André]], edisyon L'Iconoclaste-Allary, 2016
* ''La sagesse espiègle'', edisyon Gallimard, 2018, 224 p.
* '' À nous la liberté'', avèk [[Christophe André]] ak [[Matthieu Ricard]], edisyon L'Iconoclaste-Allary , 2019
* ''Cahiers d'insouciance'', edisyon Gallimard (06/01/2022) (EAN : 978-2072758621)
; Liv odyo    
* ''[[Éloge de la faiblesse]]'', li pa [[Bernard Campan]] ak Michel Raimbault, éditions [[Audiolib]], 2012 {{ISBN|9782356414328}} {{commentaire| - Pri &quot;Lire dans le noir&quot; 2012, ak Gran Pri liv odyo &quot;La Plume de Paon&quot; 2013&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=http://www.audiolib.fr/livre-audio/eloge-de-la-faiblesse-de-alexandre-jollien-lu-par-bernard-campan-michel-raimbault |title=Fiche livre audio et ses prix, sou sitwèb Audiolib. |access-date=2022-01-23 |archive-date=2016-03-15 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160315020023/http://www.audiolib.fr/livre-audio/eloge-de-la-faiblesse-de-alexandre-jollien-lu-par-bernard-campan-michel-raimbault |dead-url=yes }}&lt;/ref&gt;}}
* ''La Construction de soi'', li pa [[Bernard Campan]], edisyon &quot;Lire dans le noir&quot;, 2007 {{ISBN|9782952761215}}

=== Atik ===
; Nan Frans
* Nan jounal ''[[Psychologies magazine]]'' : lis&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.alexandre-jollien.ch/?page_id=84 Lis atik, sou sitwèb.]&lt;/ref&gt;
* Nan jounal ''[[La Vie]]'' : lis&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.alexandre-jollien.ch/?page_id=373 Lis atik, sou sitwèb.]&lt;/ref&gt;
* Nan jounal ''[[Le Monde des religions]]'' : lis&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.alexandre-jollien.ch/?page_id=175 Lis atik, sou sitwèb.]&lt;/ref&gt;
* Nan jounal ''[[L'Humanité]]'' : lis&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.alexandre-jollien.ch/?page_id=78 Liste des articles, sou sitwèb.]&lt;/ref&gt;
; Nan Swis
* Nan jounal ''[[Femina (magazine suisse)|Femina]]'' : lis&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.alexandre-jollien.ch/?page_id=1457 Lis atik, sou sitwèb.]&lt;/ref&gt;
* Nan jounal ''[[Éditions Le Nouvelliste|Le Nouvelliste]]'' : lis&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.alexandre-jollien.ch/?page_id=82 Lis atik, sou sitwèb.]&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Sinema ===
* 2022 ː ''[[Presque (fim)|Presque]]'' avèk [[Bernard Campan]] 
Fim sa a soti nan Festival frankofòn d'Angoulême nan mwa out 2021&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Presque |url=https://www.cineimage.ch/film/presque/ |website=cineimage.ch |accessdate=18 janvye 2022 |archive-date=2022-03-08 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220308063744/https://www.cineimage.ch/film/presque/ |dead-url=yes }}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Referans ==
{{referans}}
== Lyen deyò ==
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20090305073520/http://www.alexandre-jollien.ch/biographie.htm Sitwèb ofisyèl Alexandre Jollien]
* [http://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb13550734q Alexandre Jollien] sou bnf.fr

{{DEFAULTSORT:Jollien, Alexandre}}
[[Kategori:Moun]]
[[Kategori:Filozofi]]
[[Kategori:Filozòf]]
[[Kategori:Filozòf swis]]
[[Kategori:Literati]]
[[Kategori:Ekriven]]
[[Kategori:Ekriven swis]] 
[[Kategori:Nesans nan lane 1975]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Kapitenn Jeneral Sendomeng</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>81307</id>
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      <id>888098</id>
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      <text bytes="4409" sha1="4jytcmtvczswcyqec5fydhpgaammy0x" xml:space="preserve">[[Fichye:Spanish Caribbean Islands in the American Viceroyalties 1600.png|497px|right|thumb|Karayib Panyòl alantou 1600. Kapitèn Jeneral Santo Domingo nan sant la.]]

'''Kapitenn Jeneral Sendomeng''' (panyòl : ''Capitanía General de Santo Domingo'') se te premye koloni nan Nouvo Monn lan, ki te etabli pa [[Espay]] an 1492 sou zile Ispanyola. Koloni an, ki anba jiridiksyon Real Audiencia de Santo Domingo, te akòde pouvwa administratif sou byen Panyòl yo nan Karayib la ak pi fò nan kòt tè pwensipal li yo, ki fè li prensipal antite politik nan kòmansman peryòd kolonyal la.

Akòz pozisyon estratejik li yo, Kapitenn Jeneral Santo Domingo te sèvi kòm katye jeneral pou konkeratè Panyòl sou wout yo nan tè pwensipal la e li te enpòtan nan etablisman lòt koloni Ewopeyen yo nan Emisfè Lwès la. Li se sit premye vil eEwopeyen an nan Amerik yo, Sendomeng, ak pi ansyen chato, fò, katedral, ak monastè nan rejyon an.

Koloni a te rete yon gwo fò militè nan Anpi Panyòl la pou plis pase yon syèk, avèk siksè defann kont ekspedisyon Britanik, Olandè, ak Franse nan rejyon an jiska kòmansman 17yèm syèk la. Aprè pirat k ap travay pou Anpi fransè a te pran sou yon pati nan kòt lwès la, kolon fransè yo te rive e plizyè deseni konfli ame te vini. Espay finalman te sede tyè lwès Ispanyola bay Lafrans nan [[Trete Ryswik |Lapè Ryswick]] 1697, konsa etabli baz pou nasyon yo pita nan [[Repiblik dominikèn]] ak Ayiti.

== Istwa ==
=== Epòk pre-kolonbyen ===
Anvan yo te rive [[Kristòf Kolon]] ak Panyòl yo an 1492, moun natif natal [[Tayino (moun)|Tayino]] yo te peple zile a ke yo te rele &quot;Quisqueya&quot; (ki soti nan Quizqueia), ki vle di &quot;gwo bagay&quot; oswa &quot;gwo peyi&quot; (manman tout peyi), oswa ''Ayiti''. (peyi ki gen gwo mòn), e ke panyòl yo te rele [[Ispanyola]]. Nan epòk la, teritwa zile a te gen senk (5) chèf : Marién, Maguá, Maguana, Jaragua, ak Higüey.&lt;ref name=&quot;Perez2011&quot;&gt;{{es}} {{cite book|last=Perez|first=Cosme E.|title=Quisqueya: un país en el mundo: La Revelación Maya Del 2012|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=AkDQoaMzrk0C&amp;pg=PA27|access-date=4 jen 2012|date=20 desanm 2011|publisher=Palibrio|isbn=978-1-4633-1368-5|page=27}}&lt;/ref&gt; Sa yo te dirije respektivman pa kasik (chèf) Guacanagarix, Guarionex, Caonabo, Bohechío, ak Cayacoa.

=== Arive Panyòl la ===
Nan 1493, Kolon te tounen nan zile a nan dezyèm vwayaj li a epi li te fonde premye koloni panyòl nan New World la, vil Isabella. Nan lane 1496, frè li Batèlmi Kolon te etabli koloni Santo Domingo de Guzmán sou kòt sid la, ki te vin nouvo kapital la. Anviron 400 000 Tayino ki tap viv sou zile a te vin tounen esklav pou travay nan min lò. Pa 1508, kantite yo te diminye a anviwon 60 000 akòz travay fòse, grangou, maladi, ak asasinay an mas. An 1535, sèlman kèk douzèn te toujou vivan.&lt;ref name=&quot;Hartlyn1998&quot;&gt;{{en}} {{cite book | title=The Struggle for Democratic Politics in the Dominican Republic | url=https://archive.org/details/strugglefordemoc0000hart | last=Hartlyn | first=Jonathan | year=1998 | publisher=University of North Carolina Press | location=Chapel Hill | isbn=0-8078-4707-0 | page=[https://archive.org/details/strugglefordemoc0000hart/page/25 25]}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Date soti nan ane 1496, lè Panyòl yo te etabli sou zile a, ak ofisyèlman soti sou 5 out 1498, Santo Domingo te vin premyè vil ewopeyen an nan Amerik yo. Batèlmi Kolon te fonde koloni a epi li te rele li La Nueva Isabela, aprè yon koloni ki te pi bonè nan nò a ki te rele daprè Rèn Espay Isabel I.&lt;ref name=&quot;Greenberger2003&quot;&gt;{{en}} {{cite book|last=Greenberger|first=Robert|title=Juan Ponce de León: The Exploration of Florida and the Search for the Fountain of Youth|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ov7PNM3NcC0C&amp;pg=PA35|access-date=4 jen 2012|date=1 janvye 2003|publisher=The Rosen Publishing Group|isbn=978-0-8239-3627-4|page=35}}&lt;/ref&gt; An 1495 li te chanje non &quot;Santo Domingo&quot;, nan onè Sen Dominik, sen patwon astwonomi.

=== Etablisman Sendomeng ===
=== Esklavaj Afriken yo ===
=== Laj piratri ak bès ===
=== Renesans ekonomik ===
==== Ane pita yo ====

== Vil ak vil ==
== Gouvènman ak Lwa ==
=== Dwa natif natal === 

== Referans ==
{{referans}}

== Lyen deyò ==

{{Palèt Ayiti}}
[[Kategori:Antite politik XVIIe syèk]]
[[Kategori:Ansyen koloni espanyòl]]
[[Kategori:Istwa Repiblik Dominikèn]]
[[Kategori:Divizyon administratif fonde an 1535]]
[[Kategori:Istwa Dayiti]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Ka Le Jeune</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
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      <comment>Add 2 books for [[Wikipedya:Verifyabilite]] (20260817)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]]</comment>
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      <text bytes="5955" sha1="6nzcw8qgs59hfv7wk7teolca1fps3xh" xml:space="preserve">Ka '''Le Jeune''' (oswa Lejeune) te yon pwosè 14 esklav te pote kont tòti ak asasina pa mèt yo, Nicolas Le Jeune, nan koloni fransè Sendomeng an 1788.&lt;ref name=&quot;CLRJ&quot;&gt;{{cite book |last1=James |first1=CLR |title=The Black Jacobins |url=https://archive.org/details/blackjacobins0000clrj |date=1963 |publisher=Vintage Books |pages=[https://archive.org/details/blackjacobins0000clrj/page/22 22]–24 |edition=Second Edition, Revised}}&lt;/ref&gt; Le Jeune te akize de tòtire ak touye sis esklav, ki moun li te di te planifye pou anpwazonnen li. Malgre gwo prèv ki montre koupab Le Jeune, tribinal yo te deside anfavè plantè a, sa ki montre konplisite sistèm legal Sendomeng nan britalize esklav yo.&lt;ref name=&quot;CLRJ&quot;/&gt;{{,}}&lt;ref name=&quot;shen&quot;&gt;{{cite web |last1=Shen |first1=Kona |title=French Rule and Tensions in the Colony |url=https://library.brown.edu/haitihistory/2frt.html |website=library.brown.edu |publisher=Brown University |access-date=22 desanm 2020 |archive-date=2022-02-03 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220203095454/https://library.brown.edu/haitihistory/2frt.html |dead-url=yes }}&lt;/ref&gt; Revolisyon ayisyen an ki te mete fen ak esklavaj nan Sendomeng ta kòmanse sèlman twazan aprè.

== Kontèks ==
An 1685, Lafrans te adopte [[Kòd nwa]], ki regle tretman esklav nan koloni li yo.&lt;ref name=&quot;girard&quot;&gt;{{cite book |last1=Girard |first1=Phlippe |title=Toussaint Louverture |url=https://archive.org/details/toussaintlouvert0000gira |date=2016 |publisher=Basic Books |location=New York}}&lt;/ref&gt; Kòd la te brital, e li te pèmèt tou de fwete ak eksplwatasyon esklav yo. Esklav ki te chape kòm [[mawon]] yo te dwe make, anpite oswa egzekite.&lt;ref name=&quot;girard&quot; /&gt; Men, kòd la te egzije tou pou esklav yo abiye ak nouri, e li sanble pwoteje yo kont tòti, touye moun ak vyòl.&lt;ref name=&quot;girard&quot; /&gt; Kòd yo te raman aplike,&lt;ref name=&quot;girard&quot; /&gt; epi kòmansman 1767, Wa franse [[Louis XV]] ak administrasyon li a te kòmanse amande kòd yo pou redwi pwoteksyon yo nan esklav, nwa lib ak [[milat]], ak kolon blan ki ta ka fòme relasyon pèsonèl avèk yo.&lt;ref name=&quot;shen&quot; /&gt;{{,}}&lt;ref name=&quot;girard&quot; /&gt; An 1784 sepandan, an repons a abi plantè ki te kenbe esklav, Lafrans te re-enpoze règleman ki pi sevè anba Kòd la.&lt;ref name=&quot;shen&quot; /&gt;

== Akizasyon sou asasina ak tòti  ==
Nan mwa mas 1788, katòz (14) esklav te kite plantasyon kafe Nicolas Le Jeune nan [[Plezans (komin)|Plezans]], nan sidwès [[Kap Ayisyen]].&lt;ref name=&quot;CLRJ&quot; /&gt;{{,}}&lt;ref name=&quot;girard&quot; /&gt; Yo te enfòme otorite nan Okap ke Le Jeune te asasinen kat (4) ladan yo, epi li t ap tòtire de (2) fanm esklav nan plantasyon li a.&lt;ref name=&quot;CLRJ&quot; /&gt;{{,}}&lt;ref name=&quot;girard&quot; /&gt; 
Jij nan Le Cap te fòme yon komisyon pou mennen ankèt sou dosye a, epi ofisye li yo te vizite plantasyon Le Jeune a, kote yo jwenn de (2) fanm ki te nan chenn, epi ki mouri nan blesi nan tòti.&lt;ref name=&quot;CLRJ&quot; /&gt;{{,}}&lt;ref name=&quot;girard&quot; /&gt; Le Jeune, ki te boule yon pati nan branch yo, te deklare ke yo te fè pati yon konplo esklav pou anpwazonnen li. Envestigatè yo pa jwenn okenn pwazon nan posesyon fanm yo.&lt;ref name=&quot;CLRJ&quot; /&gt;{{,}}&lt;ref name=&quot;dubois&quot;&gt;{{cite book |last1=Laurent |first1=Dubois |title=Avengers of the New World |date=2004 |publisher=Harvard University Press |location=Cambridge}}&lt;/ref&gt; Lè tou de mouri, Gouvènè Sen Domeng mande arete Le Jeune,&lt;ref name=&quot;girard&quot; /&gt; ki te kouri deyò.&lt;ref name=&quot;CLRJ&quot; /&gt;

Laperèz pou anpwazònman pa esklav te komen nan Sen-Domeng, ak plantè yo souvan resevwa konfesyon nan tan pase oswa anpwazonnman planifye atravè tòti.&lt;ref name=&quot;girard&quot; /&gt;

== Pwosedi jidisyè ==
[[Fichye:Cap Français - Gravure ancienne - 1728.jpg|thumb|Kat jeyografik kolonyal - zòn Le Cap an 1728 ; esklav ta pote pwosè yo kont Le Jeune to Le Cap an 1788.]]

Nan odyans preliminè, 14 esklav yo repete temwayaj yo kont Le Jeune.&lt;ref name=&quot;CLRJ&quot; /&gt; An repons a ka a, sepandan, plantè blan nan Sendomeng te kòmanse yon kanpay nan defans Le Jeune, yo te pè ke &quot;tout fondasyon rasyal&quot; nan esklavaj nan koloni an te an danje.&lt;ref name=&quot;girard&quot; /&gt; Sèt (7) temwen blan te temwaye pou sipòte Le Jeune, ak plizyè santèn plantè nan asosyasyon kolonyal enfliyan yo te fè yon petisyon an non li.&lt;ref name=&quot;CLRJ&quot; /&gt; Gouvènè Sendomeng te ekri administratè kolonyal yo an Frans ke &quot;sekirite koloni a depann de akitman Le Jeune&quot;.&lt;ref name=&quot;CLRJ&quot; /&gt;{{,}}&lt;ref name=&quot;shen&quot; /&gt; Jij nan Le Cap te libere Le Jeune.

Kòm repons, pwokirè piblik la te fè apèl devan yon konsèy jidisyè siperyè nan [[Potoprens]], men li te pè yon ka san espwa, li te disparèt jou odyans lan.&lt;ref name=&quot;CLRJ&quot; /&gt; Le Jeune te akite ankò.&lt;ref name=&quot;CLRJ&quot; /&gt;{{,}}&lt;ref name=&quot;girard&quot; /&gt;

== Konsekans ==
Ka Le Jeune a te demontre ke tribinal kolonyal yo&lt;ref name=&quot;shen&quot; /&gt; ak otorite&lt;ref name=&quot;CLRJ&quot; /&gt; ta defann privilèj kolon blan yo a tout pri, e yo te dispoze inyore lwa yo te pase an Frans ki te menase enterè yo. Kolon blan nan Sendomeng te fè konnen lè yo te pwoteje esklavaj, yo t ap pwoteje dwa pwopriyete yo, e konsa yo t ap aji nan defans libète endividyèl yo.&lt;ref name=&quot;girard&quot; /&gt;

Anpil moun fransè [[Laj Limyè yo|Limyè yo]] te opoze ak esklavaj, e atik [[Denis Diderot]] nan Ansiklopedi sou komès esklav la te ekri, &quot;se pou koloni yo dwe detwi olye ke yo te lakòz anpil mal.&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;CLRJ&quot; /&gt; Men aprè deskripsyon li sou ka Le Jeune, istoryen [[C. L. R. James]] konkli ke ideyal Syèk Limyè yo pa te kapab fè chanjman nan komès esklav koloni Lafrans yo.&lt;ref name=&quot;CLRJ&quot; /&gt;

Istoryen Laurent Dubois fè konnen ofisyèl kolonyal ki te pouswiv Le Jeune te fè sa paske esklav Sen Domeng yo ta revòlte sof si Le Jeune te pini.&lt;ref name=&quot;dubois&quot; /&gt; Istoryen Philippe Girard konkli ke ka Le Jeune a te reprezante &quot;premye etap yon pwosesis revolisyonè ki te fini ak revòlt esklav la,&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;girard&quot; /&gt; fè referans a [[Revolisyon Ayisyen]] an ki te kòmanse an out 1791.

== Referans ==
{{referans}}
== Lyen deyò ==

{{Palèt Ayiti}}

[[Kategori:Istwa Dayiti]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Henry Box Brown</title>
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      <comment>Add 1 book for [[Wikipedya:Verifyabilite]] (20260817)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]]</comment>
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|non=Henry Box Brown
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|tèks=Henry Box Brown
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|domèn=esklavaj, maji
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|etid=
|dat nesans=[[1815]]
|lye nesans=[[Vijini]]
|peyi nesans=[[Etazini]]
|dat lanmò=	[[15 jen]] [[1897]]
|lye lanmò=[[Towonto]]
|peyi lanmò=[[Kanada]]
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'''Henry &quot;Box&quot; Brown''', ki fèt an [[1815]] nan eta [[Vijini]] ([[Etazini]]) epi ki mouri [[15 jen]] [[1897]] nan [[Towonto]] ([[Kanada]]), se te yon [[Esklavaj|esklav]] ki soti nan [[Vijini]], [[Etazini]] e li te pi popilè paske li te sove nan eta Vijini esklav volontèman fèmen nan yon pasèl lapòs te voye nan eta vwazen abolisyonis [[Pènsilvani|Pennsilvani]].
[[Fichye:Boxbrown.jpg|droite|vignette|275x275px| ''Rezirèksyon Henry Box Brown nan Filadelfi'' se yon litografi Samuel Rowse pibliye an 1850.]]

== Biyografi ==
Henry Brown te fèt esklav an 1815 nan konte Louisa, [[Vijini]]. An 1830 yo te voye li nan [[Richmond, Vijini|Richmond]], kapital eta a, pou li travay nan yon faktori tabak. Aprè sa, li marye ak yon lòt esklav, Nancy, ak ki moun li te gen omwen twa (3) pitit. Brown sèvi ak salè li pou peye mèt Nancy pou tan li ak pitit li yo. Men, an [[1848 (almanak gregoryen)|1848]], madanm li ak pitit li yo te vann bay yon machann esklav epi yo te voye nan [[Karolin dinò|Kawolin dinò]], san Henry Brown te kapab opoze li.

Depi lè sa a, Henry Brown detèmine pou li genyen libète li. Avèk èd yon zanmi, James CA Smith, yon moun lib, ak yon kòdonye blan ki senpatik ki rele Samuel Smith, Brown fè yon plan pou li voye li pa lapòs nan yon bwat, li pase pakè a pou voye manje nòmal. Lè sa a, Brown peye Samuel Smith ak lajan an akimile nan travay di, ki te fè kontak ak abolisyonis la nan Filadelfi James Miller McKim. McKim te dakò resevwa bwat la. Brown fèmen nan yon bwat an bwa epi yo voye soti Richmond nan Filadelfi, yon vwayaj nan 442 kilomèt. Bwat la se 1.50 mèt pwofondè, 1.20 mèt lajè ak mwens pase yon mèt longè; Brown se 1,73 m wotè ak peze 91 kg. Pandan vwayaj la, ki kòmanse sou 23 mas 1849, Bwat Brown a transpòte plizyè fason : kabwèt, epi tren, bato vapè, kabwèt, tren, sou yon Ferry, tren, epi finalman pa kabwèt livrezon. Plizyè fwa moun ki ap okipe yo te mete bwat la tèt anba oswa yo te manipile li avèk vyolans, men Brown te rete enpasib epi pa janm trayi prezans li. Atravè chans ak fòs karaktè li, Brown andire yon vwayaj 26 èdtan.

Lè yo rive, Miller McKim, William Still ak lòt manm &quot;Comité de vigilance de Philadelphie&quot; resevwa bwat ki gen Brown. Lè Brown te lage, li te pwononse fraz sa a pi popilè ke youn nan moun ki te prezan yo te rapòte : &quot;Koman nou ye, mesye ? Aprè sa, li chante yon sòm nan [[Bib]] la chwazi pou okazyon an.

Henry Brown vin yon pòtpawòl pi popilè pou(''[[:fr:Anti-Slavery_Society|Anti-Slavery Society]]'' ''Sosyete Anti-Esklavaj la''. Yo te ba li ti non &quot;Box&quot; (bwat oswa kès) nan konvansyon kont esklavaj la nan Boston, nan mwa me 1849. Aprè sa li te itilize non Henry Box Brown. Li pibliye de (2) vèsyon otobiyografi li a, premye a nan Boston an 1849 ak dezyèm lan nan Angletè an 1851, ''Récit de la vie d'Henry Box Brown'' (''Narrative of the Life of the Henry Box Brown''). Brown òganize egzibisyon yon panorama ki rele ''Iwa esklavaj'' nan Nòdès Etazini anvan yo te fòse yo emigre nan Angletè, aprè adopsyon an 1850 nan lwa sou esklav fugitif (''[[:fr:Fugitive_Slave_Act|Fugitive Slave Act]]'' la). Brown te fè yon toune Angletè ak panorama anti-esklavaj li pandan dis (10) ane kap vini yo, yo te fèt plizyè santèn fwa nan yon ane epi vizite prèske chak vil pandan peryòd sa a.

Brown te jwe nan espektak angle pandan 25 ane, jiska 1875. Nan ane 1860 yo, li te kòmanse jwe wòl yon fasinan, epi tousuit apre kòm yon [https://fr.wiktionary.org/wiki/conjurateur konjiratè], anba non sèn Pwof. H. Box Brown ak Prens Afriken an. Li marye yon dezyèm fwa epi li fonde yon nouvo fanmi. An 1875, li te retounen Ozetazini ak yon pyès teyat fanmi sou maji.

''Rezirèksyon Henry Box Brown nan Philadelphia'', yon litografi pa Samuel Rowse, ki dekri Henry Brown soti nan konpayi transpòtè bwat la nan [[Filadelfi]] te pibliye pou ede ranmase lajan yo pwodui lajan pou panorama anti-esklavaj Brown la. Se sèlman youn nan twa (3) litograf orijinal li te ye, ki rete nan koleksyon Sosyete Istorik Virginia nan Richmond.

Yon moniman dedye a Henry &quot;Box&quot; Brown sou Canal Walk nan sant vil Richmond, yon eskilti asye ki repwodui kès li te chape avèk li.

An 1997, Brown te sijè a nan yon pyès teyat pa [[Tony Kushner]] ki gen tit ''Henry Box Brown or the Mirror of Slavery''.

== Bibliyografi ==
* {{cite book|author= Brown, Henry |title= Narrative of the Life of Henry Box Brown|editor= Lee and Glynn |location= Manchester, England |year= 1851|pages =|isbn=|accessdate=}}
* {{cite book|author= Brown, Henry |title= Narrative of the Life of Henry Box Brown |editor= Oxford University Press |location=|year= 2003|pages=|isbn=|accessdate=|id= 0195148541 }} (version révisée avec une introduction de Richard Newman, auparavant d'Henry Louis Gates, Jr.)
* {{cite book|author= Ruggles, Jeffrey |title= The Unboxing of Henry Brown|editor= Library of Virginia |location= Richmond, Virginia |year= 2003 |pages=|isbn=|accessdate=|id= 0884902005 }}
* {{cite book|author= Levine, Ellen |title= Henry's Freedom Box: A True Story from the Underground Railroad|url= https://archive.org/details/henrysfreedombox00levi |editor= Scholastic Press |location= New York |year= 2007|pages=|isbn=|accessdate=|id= 043977733X }}

== Gade tou ==
* [[Abolisyon esklavaj]]
* [[Esklavaj Ozetazini]]

== Referans ==
{{referans}}
== Lyen deyò ==

{{DEFAULTSORT:Fuente, Cristian de la}}
[[Kategori:Moun]]
[[Kategori:Nesans nan lane 1815]]
[[Kategori:Lanmò 2008]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>SMS Panther</title>
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      <comment>Add 1 book for [[Wikipedya:Verifyabilite]] (20260817)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]]</comment>
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      <text bytes="2732" sha1="jfmsfi9isl6ulq5j7ajdm381nnos0ko" xml:space="preserve">'''SMS Panther''' a se te yon [[Canonòt bato]] Alman, ki fè pati [[Marin Imperial Alman]] an epi pita [[Marin Alman]] an soti nan [[1901]] a [[1931]], li te fè yon batay kont [[Crête-à-Pierrot (bato)|Crête-à-Pierrot]]&lt;ref name=&quot;M77-8&quot; /&gt; nan mwa [[Septanm]] [[1902]] kote li ta genyen an.&lt;ref name=&quot;G142&quot;&gt;Gröner, p. 142&lt;/ref&gt;
{| class=&quot;infobox&quot; align=&quot;right&quot; cellpadding=&quot;2&quot; cellspacing=&quot;0&quot; width=&quot;300&quot; style=&quot;margin-left:5px&quot;
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; align=&quot;center&quot; |[[Fichye:Bundesarchiv_Bild_102-12449,_Kiel,_Kanonenboot_Panther.jpg|300x300px]]&lt;br /&gt;&lt;small&gt;''SMS Panther'' anvan demolisyon.&lt;/small&gt;
|-
! style=&quot;color: white; height: 30px; background: gray;&quot; |Ras
! style=&quot;color: white; height: 30px; background: gray;&quot; |[[Fichye:War_Ensign_of_Germany_(1892–1903).svg|55x55px]] [[Anpi Alman]]
|-
|'''Non''':
|SMS Panther
|-
|'''Builder''':
|[[Kaiserliche Werft]], [[Gdansk|Danzig]] &lt;small&gt;(kounye a Gdansk, [[Polòy]])&lt;/small&gt;
|-
|'''Te lanse nan lanmè''':
|[[1 avril]] [[1901]]&lt;ref name=&quot;G142&quot; /&gt;
|-
|'''Retire nan sèvis la''':
|[[1931]]
|-
|'''Sò''':
|Rete an 1931
|-
! colspan=&quot;2&quot; style=&quot;color: white; height: 30px; background: gray;&quot; |Karakteristik Jeneral
|-
|'''Kalite bato''':
|[[Canonòt bato]]
|-
|'''Konpleman''':
|130 ekipaj
|-
|'''Zam''':
|[[2 × 10.5 cm (4.1 pous) SK L/40 zam]] (ranje 12,200 m, 482 kou) * 6 × 3.7 cm (1.5 pous) [[autokanon]]
|}
Nan mwa [[Novanm]] nan [[1902|ane sa a]],&lt;ref&gt;Gardiner, p. 260&lt;/ref&gt; li ta patisipe tou nan yon blokaj nan [[Venezyela]] nan vil [[Maracaibo]] kont Prezidan [[Cipriano Castro]]&lt;ref name=&quot;M77-8&quot;&gt;Mitchell, Nancy (1999), ''The Danger of Dreams: German and American Imperialism in Latin America'', [[University of North Carolina Press]]. pp77–78&lt;/ref&gt;  ak youn nan pò [[Itajaí]]&lt;ref&gt;{{fr}}[https://web.archive.org/web/20201101065815/http://visualiseur.bnf.fr/Visualiseur?Destination=Gallica&amp;O=NUMM-73481 Droit de Gens – Histoire Diplomatique – Droit Penal – Droit Fiscal – Droit Administratif]&lt;/ref&gt; nan [[Brezil]] an [[1905]], nan [[1911]] li ta fè yon lòt blokaj nan pò [[Agadir]] nan. [[Maròk]], li ta vann kòm bouyon an [[1931]] akòz laj li.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|last1=Massie|first1=Robert K.|title=Dreadnought : Britain, Germany, and the coming of the Great War|url=https://archive.org/details/dreadnoughtbrita0000mass|date=1991|publisher=Ballantine|location=New York|isbn=0-345-37556-4|page=[https://archive.org/details/dreadnoughtbrita0000mass/page/727 727]}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Referans ==

{{Reflist}}

== Lyen deyò ==

* {{en}}[https://web.archive.org/web/20080520072810/http://german-navy.tripod.com/ Imperial German Navy in World War I]
* {{en}}[http://www.german-navy.de/hochseeflotte/ships/index.html German Naval History WW1]

[[Kategori:Bato]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Antoine de Saint-Exupéry</title>
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      <comment>Add 5 books for [[Wikipedya:Verifyabilite]] (20260817)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]]</comment>
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|domèn=
|diplòm=
|etid=
|dat nesans=[[29 jen]] [[1900]] 
|lye nesans=[[Lyon]]
|peyi nesans=[[Frans]]
|dat lanmò=[[31 jiyè]] [[1944]]
|lye lanmò=[[Masèy]]
|peyi lanmò=[[Frans]]
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'''Antoine de Saint-Exupéry''', ki fèt [[29 jen]] [[1900]] nan [[Lyon]] ([[Frans]]) epi ki disparèt [[31 jiyè]] [[1944]] an avyon toupre [[Masèy]] ([[Frans]]), se yon [[ekriven]], powèt, pilòt avyon ak repòtè [[Frans|franse]].

== Biyografi ==

Travay li yo pa totalman otobyografik. Yo se lajman enspire pa lavi li kòm yon pilòt avyon, ki gen ladan pou ''[[Le Petit Prince]]'' (1943) - siksè ki pi popilè li (depi li te vann plis pase 134 milyon kopi atravè lemond53, ki mete li nan senkyèm pozisyon nan liv ki pi vann yo nan mond lan54) — ki se pito yon kont powetik ak filozofik.

== Zèv li yo ==

=== Bibliyografi ===
* {{cite book|author1=Philippe Castellano|title=Antoine de Saint-Exupéry Tome 1 - Journal d’une enquête|location=La Trinité|editor=Éditions R.I.C.|year=2013|pages =216|isbn=978-2-9535391-5-8|url=http://www.aerostories.org/~aerobiblio/article4141.html}}
* {{cite book|author1=Philippe Castellano|title=Antoine de Saint-Exupéry Tome 2 - Et la vérité jaillit des profondeurs marines|location=La Trinité|editor=Éditions R.I.C.|year=2013|pages=204|isbn=978-2-9535391-6-5|url=http://www.aerostories.org/~aerobiblio/article4142.html}}
* {{cite book|author1=Bernard Marck|title=Antoine de Saint Exupéry - Tome 1 -La soif d’exister (1900-1936)|location=Paris|editor=L'Archipel|year=2012|pages =560|isbn=978-2-8098-0625-0|url=http://www.aerostories.org/~aerobiblio/article3703.html}}
* {{cite book|author1=Bernard Marck|title=Antoine de Saint Exupéry - Tome 2 -La gloire amère (1937-1944)|location=Paris|editor=L'Archipel|year=2012|pages =528|isbn=978-2-8098-0775-2|url=http://www.aerostories.org/~aerobiblio/article3891.html}}
* {{cite book|author1=François Gerber|title=Saint-Exupéry, écrivain en guerre|location=Paris|editor=Jacob Duvernet|year=2012|pages =240|isbn=978-2-84724-419-9|url=http://www.aerostories.org/~aerobiblio/article3801.html}}
* {{cite book|author1= Jacques Pradel |author2= Luc Vandrell |title= ST-EXUPERY L’Utime Secret - Enquête sur une disparition|url= https://archive.org/details/saintexuperylult0000prad |editor= Editions du Rocher |year=mas 2008 |isbn= 978 2 268 06362 1}}
Relate la découverte de la gourmette et de l'enquête qui aboutira à identifier l'épave de l'avion et le pilote allemand qui aurait déclaré avoir abattu l'avion le 31 juillet 1944.
* {{cite book|author1= François Gerber |title= Saint-Exupéry - De la Rive gauche à la Guerre |url= https://archive.org/details/saintexuperydela0000gerb |editor= Denoël |location= Paris |year= 2000 |pages= 288 |format= 23 x 15 |isbn= 2-207-25110-1}}
Ouvrage très factuel donnant des détails précis sur la vie du pilote-écrivain.

* {{cite book|id=2253140104|author1=[[Curtis Cate]]|traducteur=Pierre Rocheron et Marcel Schneider|titre=Antoine de Saint-Exupéry, laboureur du ciel|titre original=Antoine de Saint-Exupéry, his life and times|location=Paris|editor=Editions Bernard Grasset|year=1994|pages =700|isbn=978-2-253-14010-8|oclc=36006693}}
* {{cite book|author1=[[Alain Cadix]]|title=Saint-Exupéry - Le sens d'une vie|location=Paris|editor=Le Cherche-MidiMonde|year=2002|isbn=978-2-86274-787-3|isbn10=2-86274-787-4}}
* {{cite book|author1=[[Jacques Pradel (journaliste)|Jacques Pradel]]|author2=[[Luc Vanrell]]|préface=[[Alain Decaux]]|postface=Xavier Delestre|title=Saint-Exupéry, l'ultime secret - enquête sur une disparition|url=https://archive.org/details/saintexuperylult0000prad|location=Monaco|editor=Rocher|collection=Nouveau regard|year=2008|pages =[https://archive.org/details/saintexuperylult0000prad/page/189 189]|isbn=978-2-268-06362-1|isbn10=2268063623|isbn2=978-2-268-06362-1}}
* {{cite book|id=2841148025|author1=Jean-Claude Bianco|author2=Philippe Cousin|préface=[[Patrick Poivre d'Arvor]]|title=Le mystère englouti, Saint-Exupéry|location=Paris|editor=Ramsay|year=2006|pages=317|isbn=978-2-84114-802-8|oclc=70165532}}
* {{cite book|author1=Nathalie des Vallières|title=Saint-Exupéry - l'archange et l'écrivain|location=Paris|editor=Gallimard|year=1998|pages =127|isbn=978-2-07-053279-7|isbn10=2-070-53279-8|isbn2=978-2-070-53279-7}}.
* {{en}} Eric Grode, ''Saint-Exupéry's exploits, in song'', ''International Herald tribune'', 23 out 2011, p. 11.
* {{cite book|author1=Paul Webster|title=Saint-Exupéry - vie et mort du petit prince|url=https://archive.org/details/saintexuperyviee0000webs|titre original=Saint-Exupéry, life and death of little prince|lieu=Paris|editor=Ed. du Félin|year=1993|pages=295|isbn=978-2-86645-137-0|isbn10=2-866-45137-6|isbn2=978-2-866-45137-0}}
* {{cite book|author1=Thierry Dehayes|title=&quot;Pique La Lune&quot; - Sur les pas de Saint-Exupery en Sarthe (1909-1919)|location=Le Mans|editor=Editions de la Reinette|année=2001|pages=143|isbn=978-2-913566-08-8}}.
* Document audio : Saint-Exupéry raconte ''Terre des Hommes'' à Jean Renoir. Collection CD Gallimard 1999
* La Gazette des Français du Paraguay : ''Antoine de Saint-Exupéry, Vol de nuit 1931, Vaincre l'impossible - Antoine de Saint-Exupéry, Vuelo nocturno 1931, Superar lo desconocido'' bilingue, numéro 14 année II, Assomption, Paraguay.
* {{cite book|author1=[[Alain Vircondelet]]|author2=Martine Martinez Fructuoso|responsabilité2=avant-propos|title=Antoine de Saint Exupéry -histoires d'une vie|url=https://archive.org/details/antoinedesaintex0000virc_h7c5|location=Paris|editor=Flammarion|year=2012|isbn=978-2-08-125881-5|isbn10=2081258811|isbn2=978-2-081-25881-5|oclc=813528404}}.
* Frédéric Smith, &quot;Le passage d'Antoine de Saint-Exupéry à Québec&quot;, ''Le Québec et les guerres mondiales'', extrait remanié du livre ''La France appelle votre secours'', 21 avril 2012, url : http://www.lequebecetlesguerres.org/le-passage-dantoine-de-saint-exupery-a-quebec/ (26 jen 2014).
* {{cite book|author1=[[Alain Vircondelet]]|préface=Martine Martinez Fructuoso|title=Les trésors du Petit Prince : archives de la succession Consuelo de Saint-Exupéry|location=Paris|editor=Gründ|year=2014|pages=103|isbn=978-2-324-00840-5}}
* [[Michel Manoll]], ''[[Saint-Exupéry, prince des pilotes]]'', 1961
* [[Bernard Bacquié]], ''Un pilote austral, A. de Saint-Exupéry'', Éditions Latérales, 2013.
* [[Bernard Bacquié]], ''Saint-Ex au Maroc'', préface de [[Chakib Benmoussa]], ambassadeur du Maroc en France, et de François d'Agay, neveu et filleul d'Antoine de Saint-Exupéry, Éditions Latérales, 2015.
* {{cite book|author1=Saint-Ex|author2=[[Alban Cerisier]] (Sous la direction de)|title=Du vent, du sable et des étoiles - Œuvres|location=Paris|editor=Gallimard|year=2018|pages=1680|isbn=978-2-07-274242-2}}

== Referans ==
{{referans}}
== Lyen deyò ==
* [ ] sou IMDb

{{DEFAULTSORT:Saint-Exupéry, Antoine de}}
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[[Kategori:Lanmò 1944]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Bug-Jargal</title>
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      <text bytes="7436" sha1="ojdeelq9bg9hnmfw54apl2b5dddqbl3" xml:space="preserve">[[Fichye:Bug-Jargal by Celestin Nanteuil.png|thumb|right|Ilistrasyon Célestin Nanteuil (1832).]]

'''''Bug-Jargal''''' se premye woman [[Victor Hugo]] ekri. Otè aekri nan kenz (15)jou apre yon pari, nan laj sèz (16) zan. Kont a « ''Bug-Jargal'' » parèt nan revi ''le Conservateur littéraire'' an 1820 men woman an, yon vèsyon revize kont la, yo pral sèlman pibliye pou premye fwa an [[1826]].

== Kontèks ==
Pou ekriti zèv la, Victor Hugo enspire sitou ''[[Adonis, ou le bon nègre, anecdote coloniale]]'', woman [[Jean-Baptiste Picquenard]] ki te pibliye an 1798.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|author1=Servais Etienne|title=Les Sources de Bug-Jargal|url=https://archive.org/details/lessourcesdebugj00etieuoft|location=Briksèl|editor=Publications de l'Académie royale de langue et de littératures françaises|year=1923}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Rezime ==
[[Fichye:Bug-Jargal by Adam after Devaria.png|thumb|Kouvèti premye edisyon an ki gen ilistrasyon Achille Devéria (1826).]]

Pierrot, byento rele Bug-Jargal, yon esklav nwa nan kay yon [[kolon]] rich nan Sendomeng, oze gade Marie, pitit fi mèt li, ki revele reyalite a fiyanse li, Léopold d'Auverney. Pierrot kache, men veye sou Marie epi sove li lè li te sou tonbe nan yon kwokodil.

D'Auverney te vin tounen pwotèktè Pierrot. Antretan, gwo revòlt Nwa Sendomeng te pete (paske sa t ap fèt an 1791). Lavi ak plantasyon papa Marie yo pa epanye, e Marie tèt li yo kidnape nan mitan dezòd la epi yo pote ale nan bra yon esklav. D'Auverney pati nan pouswit kidnapè a, men rebèl yo pran li, e li te sou pou mouri lè li te sove pa entèvansyon Pierrot, kounye a yo rele Bug-Jargal, ki te vin lidè nan konspirasyon an. Nwa ak tout revolte yo bese devan li.

Ansyen esklav la, ki sonje, pa limite rekonesans li la; li vle pouse li nan abnegasyon ki pi siblim epi, apre li fin libere d'Auverney, li mennen li Marie, paske se li menm ki, pandan dife a, nan mitan revòlt la, te pote li ale nan bra li epi yo mete li nan yon kote ki an sekirite pou kenbe pou mennaj li.

Men, pou li te libere zanmi li, Pierrot te oblije jwenn pèmisyon pou li kite Fò Galifet, kote yo te kenbe li iprizonye, ​​epi kite dis (10) nan konpayon li yo kòm [[otaj]].

Yon lòt bò, fewòs ak ridikil [[Georges Biassou|Biassou]], yon san mele, ki te kòmande yon pati nan nwa rebèl yo, te enfòme kolon yo ke d'Auverney ta dwe touye lè solèy kouche : nan moman ekzekisyon an, yon drapo nwa ta flote sou pik ki pi wo nan mòn nan; an revanj, Blan yo ta dwe touye dis (10) Nwa Bug-Jargal yo, si dènye a pat livre d'Auverney oswa pa te retounen mete tèt li nan men yo. D'Auverney chape, san Biassou ki kwè li mouri epi leve drapo fatal la.

Bug-Jargal, nan je siyal dezas la, entèwonp yon bèl koze ak zanmi li, li se sou yo te tire pa Blan yo.&lt;ref&gt;{{fr}} {{cite web
|url=http://salon-litteraire.com/fr/resume-d-oeuvre/content/1861567-bug-jargal-de-victor-hugo-resume
|title=Résumé extrait de la ''Revue universelle''
|author=
|location=Paris
|publisher=
|website=salon-litteraire.com
|date=1902
|access-date=}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Pèsonaj ==
* Pierrot, rele Bug-Jargal, yon esklav nwa
* Marie, pitit fi kolon
* Léopold d'Auverney, fiyanse Marie
* [[Georges Biassou]]

== Edisyon ==
Chwa edisyon lè Victor Hugo ap viv :
* ''Bug-Jargal'', Paris, Urbain Canel, 1826. In-18. edisyon original.
* ''Bug-Jargal : Troisième édition'', Pari, edisyon Gosselin ak Bossange. 1829. 3 volim, in-12.
* ''Bug-Jargal. Septième édition'', Briksèl, edisyon Louis Hauman ak Cie, 1834. In-18. kontrefason bèlj.
* ''Bug-Jargal'', illustrations pa [[Jean-Adolphe Beaucé]] ak [[Édouard Riou]], Hetzel, Paris, 1876|work=Hugo - Bug-Jargal, 1876.

Chwa edisyon lè Victor Hugo te mouri :
* ''Bug-Jargal'', éd. 1910, tèks tabli pa Gustave Simon, Imprimerie Nationale ; Ollendorff, Paris, 1910|work=Hugo - Œuvres complètes, Impr. nat., Roman, tome I.
* ''Bug-Jargal (première version)|lien=Bug-Jargal/original, Imprimerie Nationale ; Ollendorff, Paris, 1910|work=Hugo - Œuvres complètes, Impr. nat., Roman, tome I.

== Bibliyografi ==
* {{en}} Max Bach, ''Hugo’s Interest in Social Problems'', ''Modern Language Notes'', janvye 1957, n° 72 (1), p. 47-48.
* {{en}} Chris Bongie, «'The Cause of Humanity': Victor Hugo's ''Bug-Jargal'' and the Limits of Liberal Translation », ''Friends and Enemies: The Scribal Politics of Post/Colonial Literature'' (Liverpool University Press, 2008), p.107-44. 
* {{en}} Chris Bongie, « Introduction », [https://books.google.ca/books/about/Bug_Jargal.html?id=hTr-pqGK86UC&amp;redir_esc=y Bug-Jargal] (traduction anglaise et édition critique) (Peterborough, Ontario: Broadview Press, 2004), p. 9-47.
* {{en}} Chris Bongie, « Double Portraits: Scapegoating the Mulatto in Victor Hugo's ''Bug-Jargal »'', ''Islands and Exiles: The Creole Identities of Post/Colonial Literature'' (Stanford University Press, 1998), p. 231-61.
* Jacques Cauna, « Les Sources historiques de ''Bug-Jargal'' : Hugo et la Révolution haïtienne », ''Conjonction'', jen 1985, n° 166, p. 21-36.
* {{en}} Pascale Gaitet, « Hybrid Creatures, Hybrid Politics, in Hugo’s ''Bug-Jargal'' and ''[[Le Dernier Jour d'un condamné]]'' », ''Nineteenth-Century French Studies'', Spring-Summer 1997, n° 25 (3-4), p. 251-65.
* Frauke Gewecke, « Victor Hugo et la révolution haïtienne : Jacobins et jacobites ou les ambiguïtés du discours négrophobe dans la perspective du roman historique », ''Lectures de Victor Hugo'', Paris, Nizet, 1986, p. 53-65.
* {{cite book|author1=Grossman, Kathryn |title=The Early Novels of Victor Hugo - Towards a Poetics of Harmony |location=Genève |editor=Librairie Droz -Histoire des idées et critique littéraire|year=1986 |pages=219 |isbn=978-2-600-03622-1 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=vc7V3p5cn5oC&amp;printsec=frontcover}}.
* Léon-François Hoffmann, « [http://groupugo.div.jussieu.fr/groupugo/Textes_et_documents/Hoffmann_Les_Noirs_et_l%27esclavage.pdf Victor Hugo, les Noirs et l’esclavage] », ''[[Francofonia (revue)|Francofonia]]'', aut. 1996, n° 16 (31), p. 47-90.
* Dominique Jullien, « ''Bug-Jargal'' : La Révolution et ses doubles », ''Littérature'', {{date-|septembre 2005}}, n° 139, p. 78-92.
* Pierre Laforgue, « ''Bug-Jargal'', ou de la difficulté d’écrire en ‘style blanc’ », ''Romantisme'', 1990, n° 20 (69), p. 29-42
* {{en}}Roger Little, « The First Novels of Hugo and George Sand: A Link? », ''French Studies Bulletin'', Spring 2003, n° 86, p. 7-8.
* Bernard Mouralis, « Histoire et culture dans ''Bug-Jargal'' », ''Revue des Sciences Humaines'', 1973, n° 149, p. 47-68.
* {{es}} Ileana Rodriguez, « El impacto de la Revolucion Haitiana en la literatura europea: El caso de ''Bug Jargal'' », ''Sin Nombre'', 1979, n° 10 (2), p. 62-83.
* Scott Sprenger, « ''Bug-Jargal'' et le réalisme paradoxal de Victor Hugo », ''Annales Universitatis Apulensis'', 2003, n° 4, p. 131-42.

== Referans ==
{{referans}}

== Lyen deyò ==
* [http://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb12385889m ''Bug-Jargal''] sou bnf.fr
* [[Fichye:Speaker Icon.svg|20px]] {{fr}} [http://www.bibliboom.com/pages/titres/bug-jargal-de-victor-hugo-bibliboom-livre-audio-gratuit-mp3-a-telecharger.html ''Bug Jargal'', an vèsyon odyo gratis]
* [[Fichye:Speaker Icon.svg|20px]] {{fr}} Liv odyo mp3 gratis [http://www.audiocite.net/livres-audio-gratuits-romans/victor-hugo-bug-jargal.html 'Bug-Jargal'] de Victor Hugo.</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Vladimir Putin</title>
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      <comment>Add 2 books for [[Wikipedya:Verifyabilite]] (20260817)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]]</comment>
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      <text bytes="14076" sha1="q2z40v4gs43gzd1nb35dkr98ymbknk5" xml:space="preserve">{{infobox Pèsonalite politik
|non=Vladimir Putin
| charte                  = Chef d'État
|imaj=Vladimir_Putin_(2022-06-09)_02_(cropped).jpg
|lejand=Vladimir Putin (2022)
|fonksyon 1=Prezidan Repiblik Federasyon Ris
|domèn=politik
|diplòm=
|etid=
|dat nesans=[[7 oktòb]] [[1952]]
|lye nesans=[[Saint-Pétersbourg]]
|peyi nesans=[[Risi]]
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'''Vladimir Vladimirovitch Poutine''' (nan [[lang ris]] ː Влади́мир Влади́мирович Пу́тин), rele '''Vladimir Putin''', ki fèt [[7 oktòb]] [[1952]] nan Leningrad (kounye a [[Sen Pitèboug]]) ([[Risi]]), se yon [[politisyen]] [[Risi|ris]].

== Biyografi ==
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
|}
'''Vladimir Vladimirovitch Poutine''' (nan [[Lang ris|Lang]] ris : Влади́мир Влади́мирович Пу́тин[vɫɐˈdʲimʲɪr vɫɐˈdʲimʲɪrəvʲɪt͡ɕ
&lt;references /&gt;
ˈputʲɪn] fèt 7 oktòb 1952, nan Leningrad (ki rele kounya a [[Sen Pitèboug]] ), li se yon politisyen ris. Depi 1999, li te figi santral nan branch egzekitif nasyon ris la, alafwa kòm Premye Minis (1999–2000 ak 2008–2012) ak prezidan Federasyon Larisi a (an fonksyon de 1999 a 2000 epi konplètman nan fonksyon sa a de 2008 a 2012). (2000 a 2008 epi ankò depi 2012).

Ofisye [[:fr:KGB|KGB]], ki se prensipal [[:fr:Service_de_renseignement|sèvis]] [[:fr:Service_de_renseignement|ransèyman]]  [[Inyon Repiblik Sosyalis Sovyetik|Inyon Sovyetik]] la, li te estasyone nan [[:fr:Dresde|Dresden]] lè [[:fr:Chute_du_mur_de_Berlin|Miray Bèlen an te tonbe]]. Li te kòmanse karyè politik li nan biwo majistra Sen Pitèsboug la. Aprè sa, li te vin youn nan konseye ki pi pwòch prezidan [[:fr:Boris_Eltsine|Boris Yeltsin]] , ki te nonmen li direktè Sèvis Sekirite Federal la (ansyen KGB) an 1998, epi Premye Minis Larisi touswuit aprè ane sa a.

Apati 31 desanm 1999, aprè demisyon Boris Yeltsin, li te sèvi kòm prezidan par entèrim Federasyon Larisi. Li te vin prezidan an fonksyon nan dat ki te 7 me 2000, aprè ke li te fin genyen eleksyon prezidansyèl britsoukou. Pandan premye manda li a, li te lanse yon seri refòm enpòtan pou retabli pouvwa yon peyi ki te anba kriz ekonomik e ki te pèdi enfliyans li nan mond lan. Li te dirije rekiperasyon ekonomi nasyonal la ak yon politik ki te konsantre sou refòm enstitisyonèl ki te vize konsantrasyon pouvwa prezidansyèl yo. Li te [[:fr:Élection_présidentielle_russe_de_2004|re-eli]] ak yon gwo majorite an 2004.

An 2008, [[:fr:Constitution_russe_de_1993|konstitisyon]] an te entèdi l kandida pou yon twazyèm manda konsekitif, kidonk li te sipòte kandidati prezidansyèl premye vis premye minis li a, Dmitry Medvedev&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|date=2025-10-19|title=Dmitri Medvedev|url=https://fr.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Dmitri_Medvedev&amp;oldid=229874098|journal=|language=fr}}&lt;/ref&gt;.

Kou li te eli chèf deta, Medvedev te nonmen Putin premye minis, ki te pran tou anchaj lidèchip pati Larisi Ini a epi ki te rete moun ki pi pwuisan nan peyi a, avèk yon prezidan ki te parèt pi liberal. Yo souvan akize li de otoritaris, Putin te fè fas ak gwo defi pou premye fwa aprè eleksyon lejislatif 2011 yo.

Aprè li te prezante tèt li nan eleksyon prezidansyèl 2012 la avèk sipò Medvedev ki te an plas la, li te retounen nan prezidans pou yon manda pwolonje pou yon de sis ane. Pandan peryòd sa a, li te vize retabli enfliyans Larisi sou sèn entènasyonal la. An 2014, nan kontèks lagè Donbas la ak apre yon referandòm lokal ki te konteste, li te anekse repiblik otonòm [[:fr:Crimée|Krime]], ki te fè pati Ikrèn, yon zak ki te konsidere kòm yon vyolasyon lalwa entènasyonal. Li te voye tou yon fòs ekspedisyonè pou goumen nan lagè sivil siryen an pou sipòte rejim [[:fr:Bachar_el-Assad|Bachar al-Assad]] la.

Li te eli pou yon katriyèm manda nan eleksyon prezidansyèl 2018 la. Dezan aprè, li te fè yon referandòm pase pou retire limit manda pou prezidans lan, sa ki t ap pèmèt li rete nan pouvwa jiska 2036. An fevriye 2022, li te lanse yon envazyon militè an Ikrèn apre li te fin rekonèt [[:fr:République_populaire_de_Donetsk|repiblik separatis Donetsk]] ak [[:fr:République_populaire_de_Lougansk|Lougansk]] yo. Kèk mwa apre, li te anonse yon mobilizasyon pasyèl, li te anekse kat rejyon nan lès ak sid Ikrèn, epi li te menase pou itilize zam nikleyè. An 2023, Tribinal Kriminèl Entènasyonal la te bay yon manda arestasyon pou li sou akizasyon krim lagè ak transfè ilegal timoun ikrenyen. Li te re-eli ak yon gwo majorite an mas 2024 pou yon senkyèm manda, apre yon kanpay ak eleksyon ki pa t ni lib ni jis.

Anba rèy Vladimir Putin, Larisi te fè eksperyans yon ewozyon demokratik ak yon glisman nan direksyon otoritaris. Peyi a karakterize pa [[koripsyon]] andemik ak anpil abi [[:fr:Droits_de_l'homme_en_Russie|sou dwa moun]], tankou anprizònman, represyon, e menm asasina opozan politik yo, entimidasyon ak sipresyon medya endepandan yo, ak absans eleksyon lib yo. An 2024, Vladimir Putin te dezyèm prezidan ewopeyen ki te gen plis tan nan pòs la, aprè [[:fr:Alexandre_Loukachenko|Alexander Lukashenko]] nan [[Byelorisi]].

=== Jenès ===
Vladimir Putin soti nan yon fanmi travayè kote li se twazyèm pitit la. Paran li yo, Vladimir Spiridonovich Putin (1911-1999) ak Maria Ivanovna Putina, ki fèt Chelomova (1911-1998), te deja gen de pitit gason, Viktor Putin ak Oleg Putin, ki te fèt nan ane 1930 yo men ki te mouri nan anfans. Paran li yo, Vladimir Spiridonovich Putin (1911–1999) ak Maria Ivanovna Putina, née Shelomova (1911–1998), te gen de pitit gason anvan li, Albert Putin ak Viktor Putin. Albert te fèt nan ane 1930 yo epi li te mouri nan anfans li pi devan nan menm deseni an, pandan ke Viktor te fèt an 1940 epi li te mouri an 1942 akòz malnitrisyon ak difteri pandan Syèj Leningrad la. Li te sèl moun nan frè ak sè li yo ki te rive nan laj majè. Vladimir Spiridonovich Putin, te vin yon sòlda nan Lame Wouj la depi 1941, e l te sèvi nan divizyon ki te pozisyone toutotou Leningrad, sou bò larivyè Neva a. Pandan batay kont Wehrmacht la, li te blese grav nan janm gòch la. Granparan patènèl li yo te peyizan ki soti nan ti bouk Pominovo, yon pati nan vilaj Turginovo (Oblast Tver), nan nò [[Moskou]], yo te enstale yo la depi fondasyon vilaj la nan 17yèm syèk la. Daprè yon byograf Vladimir Putin, granpapa li, Spiridon Putin, te premye moun nan liy fanmi an ki te fèt aprè abolisyon esklavaj nan anpi Tsarist la. Epi Spiridon, ke Vladimir Putin te di ki se manm fanmi li te pi admire a, te yon kizinye pou Romanov yo, epi aprè pou [[Lenine|Lenin]] ak [[Staline|Stalin]].

Kèk jou apre nesans li, manman Vladimir Putin te mande an sekrè pou pitit gason l lan batize nan Katedral Transfigirasyon an, menm si batèm nan te ka pini sevèman nan Inyon Sovyetik la, yon eta ate enstitisyonèlman. Gen moun ki konsidere Poutin etanke  yon elèv medyòk, moyen, e selon kèk lòt, li se moun ki renmen goumen.

Nan jenès li, Vladimir Putin te pratike sambo (lit ris) ak djido depi laj 12 an. Li te chanpyon sambo Leningrad; an 1973, li te resevwa tit Mèt Espò nan sambo epi, an 1976, nan djido. Li renmen hockey sou glas tou.

Putin te etidye dwa nan Inivèsite Leningrad (kounye a Inivèsite Leta Sen Pitèsboug), kote li te etidye kèk moun, pami yo : Thomas Hobbes, John Locke, ak Immanuel Kant. Li te gradye an 1975 avèk yon tèz sou &quot;Prensip Nasyon ki Pi Favorize nan Komès nan Dwa Entènasyonal.&quot; Anatoly Sobchak, ki te yon pwofesè nan inivèsite a lè sa a, te sipèvizè akademik li.

Putine pale Alman byen, li te viv epi li te travay pandan plizyè ane nan [[Almay|Repiblik Demokratik Alman]] an, men li pa metrize anpil anglè epi li prefere sèvi ak entèprèt lè l ap kominike ak moun ki pale anglè.

'''Vi Prive'''                                                                                                                                                                                               An 1982, Putin te rankontre Lyudmila Alexandrovna Shkrebneva, yon jèn asistan avyon, ke l te marye avè l ane aprè a. Yo gen de pitit fi, Maria, ki fèt an 1985 nan Leningrad, ak Ekaterina, ki fèt an 1986 nan Dresden.

Nan dat 6 jen 2013, pou konfime anpil rimè sou separasyon yo, ke yo te nye plizyè fwa, Vladimir ak Lyudmila Putin te anonse divòs yo nan yon entèvyou ak chèn televizyon Rossiya 24&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|date=2025-10-07|title=Rossiya 24|url=https://fr.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Rossiya_24&amp;oldid=229570203|language=fr}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Putin, ki te toujou marye nan moman sa a, swadizan te gen yon afè ak Svetlana Krivonogikh, yon ansyen menajè ki te vin milyonè toudenkou apre nesans pitit fi yo Elizaveta (ke yo rele tou Luiza Rozova) an 2003.

Apre sa, li te vin gen yon relasyon ak jimnast Alina Kabaeva, ki te pi jèn pase l nan trant an, ke li te ede eli nan Douma Deta a an 2007. Yo di li te fè twa timoun avè l. Kantite reyèl timoun yo ka kat : de ti gason ak de ti fi jimo. Kat timoun sa yo te fèt an [[Swis]] epi yo gen paspò Swis. Nan mwa septanm 2024, yo te idantifye de pitit gason Putin ak Kabaeva kòm Ivan, ki te fèt an 2015 nan Lugano, ak Vladimir Jr., ki te fèt an 2019 nan Moskou. Kontrèman ak espekilasyon anvan yo, kidonk gen sèlman de pitit gason ki sòti nan relasyon sa a.

Atravè Maria Vorontsova, Vladimir Putin se granpapa de pitit pitit ki te fèt an 2012 ak 2017. Atravè Katerina Tikhonova, li gen yon pitit pitit fi ki fèt an 2017.

Nan mwa avril 2022, apre masak Butcha a nan [[Ikrèn]], Maria Vorontsova ak Katerina Tikhonova, pitit fi li yo ki soti nan premye maryaj li ak Lyudmila Alexandrovna Shkrebneva, te resevwa sanksyon nan men [[Etazini]], [[Inyon Ewopeyèn]] an ak [[Wayòm Ini]] a.

Vladimir Putin gen plizyè [[chen]].

== Karyè li ==


== Bibliyografi anlè Vladimir Putin ==
* {{fr}} {{cite book|author1=Pierre Lorrain|title=La mystérieuse ascension de Vladimir Poutine|location=Monaco|editor=Rocher|year=2000|pages=453|isbn=978-2-268-03775-2|oclc=45957557}}
* {{fr}} {{cite book|author1=Vladimir Fédorovski|title=De Raspoutine à Poutine|location=Paris|editor=Éditions Perrin|year=2001|pages=205|isbn=978-2-262-01640-1|oclc=421671456}}
* {{fr}} {{cite book|author1=Vladimir Fédorovski|title=Poutine de A à Z|year=2018|url=https://archive.org/details/poutinedez0000vlad|location=France|editor=Éditions Stock|pages=280|isbn=978-2-7578-7064-8}}
* {{fr}} {{cite book|author1=Hélène Blanc|title=KGB connexion - le système Poutine|url=https://archive.org/details/kgbconnexionlesy0000blan|location=Montreuil (Seine-Saint-Denis)|editor=Hors commerce|year=2004|pages=[https://archive.org/details/kgbconnexionlesy0000blan/page/322 322]|isbn=978-2-915286-15-1|oclc=797045983}}
* {{fr}} {{cite book|author1=Anna Politkovskaïa|translator=Valérie Dariot|title=La Russie selon Poutine|location=Paris|editor=Buchet-Chastel|year=2005|pages=271|isbn=978-2-283-02063-0|oclc=2283020638}}
* {{fr}} {{cite book|author1=Jean-Pierre Arrignon|title=Vladimir Poutine, un démocrate au Kremlin? - un démocrate russe|location=Tours|editor=CLD|year=2007|pages=400|isbn=978-2-85443-500-9|oclc=254775909}}
* {{fr}} {{cite book|author1=Antoine Colonna|author2=Jean-Michel Carré|title=Poutine - le parrain de toutes les Russies|location=Paris|editor=Saint-Simon|year=2008|pages=200|isbn=978-2-915134-33-9|oclc=254775770}}
* {{fr}} {{cite news|author=Michel Eltchaninoff|title=Dans la tête de Vladimir Poutine|publisher=Philosophie Magazine|date=2 me 2014|url=http://www.philomag.com/lepoque/reportage/dans-la-tete-de-vladimir-poutine-9599|pages=34-41|id=Philosophie Magazine2014|access-date=2022-08-25|archive-date=2016-04-16|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160416034345/http://www.philomag.com/lepoque/reportage/dans-la-tete-de-vladimir-poutine-9599|dead-url=yes}}
* {{cite news|author1=Nicolas Tonev|date=06.02.2014|publisher=Temps présent|year=2014|editor=Radio télévision suisse|title=La fortune cachée de Poutine|url=http://pages.rts.ch/emissions/temps-present/5467917-la-fortune-cachee-de-poutine-brpour-des-raisons-de-droits-cette-video-n-est-pas-disponible-sur-notre-site.html|access-date=2022-08-25|archive-date=2022-09-26|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220926170723/https://pages.rts.ch/emissions/temps-present/5467917-la-fortune-cachee-de-poutine-brpour-des-raisons-de-droits-cette-video-n-est-pas-disponible-sur-notre-site.html|dead-url=yes}} 
* {{fr}} {{cite book|author1=Michel Eltchaninoff |title=Dans la tête de Vladimir Poutine - essai |location=Arles |editor=Actes Sud |year=2015 |pages=171 |isbn=978-2-330-03972-1}}
* Jacques Sapir, ''Le Chaos russe - Désordres économiques, conflits politiques, décomposition militaire'', La Découverte, 1996.
* {{fr}} {{cite book|author1=Viatcheslav Avioutskii|title=Les révolutions de velours|location=Paris|editor=Armand Colin|year=2006|pages=235|isbn=978-2-200-34540-2|oclc=77236088}}.
* {{fr}} {{cite book|author1=Viatcheslav Avioutskii|title=Géopolitiques continentales -le monde au XXIe siècle|location=Paris|editor=Armand Colin|year=2006|pages=397|isbn=978-2-200-34622-5|oclc=300522417}}.
* {{fr}} {{cite book|author1=Frédéric Pons |title=Poutine |location=Paris |editor=Calmann-Lévy  |year=2014 |pages=374 |isbn=978-2-7021-5517-2}}
* {{fr}} {{cite book|author1=Héléna Perroud|title=Un Russe nommé Poutine|location=Paris|editor=Éditions du Rocher|year=2018|pages=320|isbn=978-2-268-09637-7}}
* {{fr}} {{cite book |author1=Nina Bachkatov |title=Poutine, l'homme que l'occident aime haïr |location=Bruxelles-Paris |editor=Editions Jourdan |year=2018 |pages=200 |isbn=978-2-87466-481-6}}

== Referans ==
{{referans}}
== Lyen deyò ==
* {{en}} [http://eng.putin.kremlin.ru/ Sitwèb ofisyèl Vladimir Putin]
* [https://www.imdb.com/name/nm1269884 Vladimir Putin] sou IMDb

{{DEFAULTSORT:Putin, Vladimir}}
[[Kategori:Moun]]
[[Kategori:Politik]]
[[Kategori:Politisyen]]
[[Kategori:Prezidan]]
[[Kategori:Politisyen ris]]
[[Kategori:Nesans nan lane 1952]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Charles III (wa Wayòm Ini)</title>
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|dat nesans=[[14 novanm]] [[1948]]
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'''Charles Philip Arthur George Windsor''', rele '''Charles III''', ki fèt [[14 novanm]] [[1948]] nan [[Lonn]] nan [[Angletè]] ([[Wayòm Ini]]), se wa a [[Wayòm Ini|Wayòm Ini Gran Bretay ak Ilann dinò]] ak katòz (14) lòt [[eta souveren]], rele [[Wayòm Commonwealth]] yo, osi byen ke teritwa yo ak depandans yo. 

Antanke monak Wayòm Ini a, ex officio (setadi legalman), li se [[gouvènè Siprèm Legliz Angletè]]. Par tradition, li se tou [[Chèf Commonwealth|chèf]] [[Commonwealth]], yon òganizasyon entègouvènmantal ki rasanble senkant-sis (66) Eta yo.&lt;ref&gt;{{fr}} {{cite web
|url=https://lenouvelliste.com/article/238082/charles-iii-nouveau-roi-dangleterre
|title=Charles III, nouveau roi d'Angleterre
|author=Brigitte Dusseau
|publisher=Le Nouvelliste
|website=lenouvelliste.com
|date=8 septanm 2022
|access-date=9 septanm 2022}}&lt;/ref&gt;

{{Infobox Pèsonalite politik|charte=Monarque|taille emblème=125}}
'''Charles |||''', ki te fèt 14 novanm 1948 nan Palè Buckingham ( [[Lonn]], [[Angletè]] ), se [[Wa|Wayòm]] [[Wayòm Ini|Ini Grann Bretay ak Ilann Dinò]] ansanm ak katòz lòt eta souvren,yo rekonèt kòm wayòm Commonwealth yo, nan tèritwa yo ak depandans yo, depi 8 septanm 2022.

{{Infobox Pèsonalite politik|charte=Monarque|taille emblème=125}}
'''Charles |||''', ki te fèt nan nan Palè Buckingham Lond an Angletè.Se [[Wa]] [[Wayòm Ini|Wayòm Ini Grann Bretay ak Ilann Dinò]] ansanm ak katòz lòt eta souvren,yo rele wayòm Commonwealth yo, sou teritwa ak depandans yo, depi{{date}}

{{Infobox Pèsonalite politik|charte=Monarque|taille emblème=125}}
Kòm monak Wayòm Ini a, li se, pa dwa, gouvènè sipwèm Legliz Angletè a epi, pa tradisyon, chèf Commonwealth la, yon òganizasyon entègouvènmantal ki gen ladan senkant-sis eta .

Pi gran pitit gason Rèn Elizabèt {{II}} ak Prens [[Philip Mountbatten|Filip]], dik nan edimboug, li se Prens de Galles soti 1958 rive 2022, yon tit tradisyonèl yo bay pi gran pitit gason chèf ki sou pouvwa oswa pitit pitit gason li. Li se Prens de Galles ki gen tit sa a pi lontan. An 2021, apre lanmò papa l, li te vin Dik de Edinbo .

An 1981, li te marye ak Lady Diana Spencer,avèl li te gen de pitit gason. [[William, prens Gal|William]] (ki fèt an 1982) ak Henry,yo konnen sou non Harry (ki fèt an 1984). Maryaj sa a, ki te resevwa anpil atansyon menm jan li te tris e difisil, te mennen nan separasyon yo an 1992 e li te gate imaj Charles ak fanmi li pou yon ti tan, pandan Diana te vin tounen yon ikòn, yon estati ki te ranfòse pa lanmò trajik li an 1997. Nan dezyèm maryaj li, an 2005, Charles te marye ak mennaj li te genyen depi timoun, [[Camilla Shand|Camilla Parker Bowles]] .

Li vin wa 8 septanm 2022, aprè lanmò manman l ki te gen 96 zan . Nan listwa Britanik, li se eritye ki te tann pi lontan anvan li te monte sou twòn nan, epi tou li se pi gran an nan moman sa a ( {{Nowrap|73 ans}} ). Li kouwone ansanm ak madanm li ,6 me 2023 nan Abbaye Westminster .

== Biyografi ==
Pi gran pitit gason Rèn [[Elizabeth II]] ak Prens Filip, Dik Edinburgh, li te kreye an 1958 e li te envesti an 1969 Prens [[Gal]], yon tit tradisyonèlman akòde pou pi gran pitit gason monak la oswa pou pitit pitit li. Li se Prens [[Gal]] ki pi lontan sèvi. Sou 9 avril 2021, apre lanmò papa li, li te vin Dik Edinburgh.

An 1981 li te marye ak Lady Diana Spencer, ak ki moun li te gen de (2) pitit gason: William (fèt an 1982) ak Henry, rele Harry (fèt an 1984). Maryaj sa a, menm jan yo te pibliye kòm li te malere ak toumante, te mennen nan separasyon yo an 1992 ak degrade imaj la nan Charles ak fanmi li pou yon tan, pandan y ap Diana te vin tounen yon ikon, yon estati ranfòse pa lanmò trajik li an 1997. An 2005, Charles marye amourèz anfans li, Camilla Shand.

Li vin wa nan dat 8 septanm 2022, a laj de 73 an, apre lanmò manman li. Nan istwa britanik, Li se eritye aparan ki te tann pi lontan anvan asansyon li sou fòtèy la, osi byen ke pi ansyen an lè li te aksede sou twòn nan.

== Zèv li yo ==

== Bibliyografi ==
* {{cite book|author1=Bertrand Meyer-Stabley|title=Charles - portrait d’un prince|url=https://archive.org/details/charlesportraitd0000meye|location=Pari|editor=Hachette|year=1991|pages=[https://archive.org/details/charlesportraitd0000meye/page/274 274]|isbn=2-01-018109-3}}
* {{cite book|author1=Charles de Galles|author2= Tony Junipe|author3= Ian Skelly|title=Harmonie -une nouvelle façon de regarder le monde|url=https://archive.org/details/harmonieunenouve0000char|editor=Odile Jacob|location=Pari|year=2010|pages=[https://archive.org/details/harmonieunenouve0000char/page/n336 329]|isbn=978-2-7381-2449-4}}
* {{cite book|author1=Isabelle Rivère|title=Charles et Camilla - une histoire anglaise|editor=Fayard|year=2017|pages=304|isbn=}}

== Gade tou ==
* [[Elizabeth II]]
* [[Meghan Markle]]
* [[Philip Mountbatten]]

== Maryaj ==
=== Maryaj ak Diana Spencer ===
LA{{Date|29 juillet 1981}} Charles, {{Nowrap|32 ans}}, te marye ak ''Lady'' Diana Spencer, {{Nowrap|20 ans}}, ke li te rankontre pou premye fwa an 1977 &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.pointdevue.fr/biographie/prince-charles-0|title=Prince Charles|date=2017-05-15|website=Point de Vue|language=fr|access-date=2020-04-07|archive-date=2020-01-30|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200130104338/https://www.pointdevue.fr/biographie/prince-charles-0|dead-url=yes}}.&lt;/ref&gt; . Seremoni maryaj yo a ap difize sou chèn televizyon nan tout monn lan. Koup la gen de pitit gason :

* [[William, prens Gal|William]], Prens de Galles (li te fèt nan{{Date|21 juin 1982}} ) li marye ak{{Date|29 avril 2011}} [[Catherine Middleton]] (ki te fèt 9 janvye 1982), ki moun :
** George nan Wales (2013),
** Prensès Charlotte nan Wales (2015),
** Louis nan Wales (2018) 
* Henry (ke yo rele Harry), Dik Sussex (fèt{{Date|15 septembre 1984}} ) &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;/&gt; li marye ak{{Date|19 mai 2018}} [[Meghan Markle]] (ki fèt nan{{date|4 août 1981}} ), kidonk :
**
**

Koup la te separe an [[1992 (almanak gregoryen)|1992]], yon ti tan apre prensès la te revele nan yon biyografi ke mari l te gen yon relasyon deyò maryaj ak [[Camilla Shand|Camilla Parker Bowles]] depi lontan, sa prens lan te konfime nan yon dokimantè ki te gen entansyon reyabilite li &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.gala.fr/royautes/princesse_diana_retour_sur_le_livre_du_scandale_325738|title=Princesse Diana: retour sur le livre du scandale - Gala|last=Média|first=Prisma|date=2014-09-22|website=Gala.fr|language=fr|access-date=2023-09-20}}&lt;/ref&gt; {{,}} &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.parismatch.com/royal-blog/diana-et-andrew-morton-audacieux-stratageme-pour-une-scandaleuse-biographie-218473|title=Diana et Andrew Morton : audacieux stratagème pour une scandaleuse biographie|date=2022-11-09|website=parismatch.com|language=fr|access-date=2023-09-20}}&lt;/ref&gt; . Divòs la te fèt 28 dawout 1996, anba presyon Rèn nan, aprè yon lòt revelasyon Diana te fè bay BBC a nan dat 20 novanm 1995, patikilyèman sou malè li ak pwòp relasyon an deyò maryaj li &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.parismatch.com/royal-blog/dans-les-archives-de-match-en-1996-le-divorce-de-diana-et-charles-9212|title=Dans les archives de Match - En 1996, le divorce de Diana et Charles|date=2021-09-03|website=parismatch.com|language=fr|access-date=2023-09-20}}&lt;/ref&gt; {{,}} &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.parismatch.com/royal-blog/dans-les-archives-de-match-en-1994-diana-trahie-par-son-amant-james-hewitt-34729|title=En 1994, Diana trahie par son amant James Hewitt|date=2019-11-17|website=parismatch.com|language=fr|access-date=2023-09-20}}&lt;/ref&gt; . Diana te mouri apre yon aksidan trafik{{date|31 août 1997}} nan [[Pari]] &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.marieclaire.fr/diana-spencer-mort,1322518.asp|title=31 août 1997 : le jour où la princesse Diana est morte dans un accident de voiture|date=2023-08-31|website=Marie Claire|language=fr|access-date=2023-09-20}}&lt;/ref&gt; .

== Referans ==
{{referans}}

== Lyen deyò ==
* [http://www.princeofwales.gov.uk/ Sitwèb ofisyèl Charles III] 

{{DEFAULTSORT:Charles III}}
[[Kategori:Moun]]
[[Kategori:Politik]]
[[Kategori:Politisyen]] 
[[Kategori:Politisyen britanik]]
[[Kategori:Wa]] 
[[Kategori:Nesans nan lane 1948]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Elizabeth I (rèn Angletè)</title>
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|foto= Darnley stage 3.jpg
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|fonksyon= Rèn Angletè ak Ilann
|domèn= politik
|diplòm=
|etid=
|dat nesans= [[7 septanm]] [[1533]]
|lye nesans=Palè Placentia, [[Lonn]]
|peyi nesans= [[Angletè|Wayòm Angletè]]
|dat lanmò= [[24 mas]] [[1603]]
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'''Élisabeth Tudor''', rele '''Elizabeth I''', tinon '''The Virgin Queen''' (Rèn vyèj), ki fèt [[7 septanm]] [[1533]] nan Palè Placentia, [[Lonn]] ([[Angletè]]) epi ki mouri [[24 mas]] [[1603]] nan Palè Richmond, Thames upon Tyne, [[Lonn]] ([[Angletè]]), se la[[rèn]] [[Angletè]] ak [[Ilann]] depi [[17 novanm]] [[1558]] jouk li mouri an 1603.

== Biyografi ==
Li te pitit fi wa [[Henri VIII]] ak [[Anne Boleyn]]. Men akòz li te yon pitit fi epi li pa te yon bawon, li deside kite li epi li pa fè siksesè li nan twòn angle a, yon ti tan apre manman li Anne Boleyn ta dwe egzekite, apre lanmò Henri VIII, fòtèy la t ap eritye bay [[Edouard IV]] nan laj 15 an, an 1554 [[Marie I (rèn Angletè)|Marie I]] nan Angletè ta dwe kouwone larenn menm si li pa t prèske renmen pèp la. ane sa a li ta kòmanse yon revòlt men yo t ap arete l epi mennen l nan Tower of London pandan 5 ane jiska lanmò Marie I, epi li ta dwe kouwone larenn an 1558,&lt;ref&gt;{{en}}[https://www.awesomestories.com/asset/view/Accession-of-Elizabeth-I Accesion of Elizabeth I]&lt;/ref&gt; pandan premye ane li yo li ta gen yon move relasyon ak La[[frans]] ak [[Ekòs]], li ta eseye marye ak wa peyi Espay [[Philippe II]] la menm si sa pa t ap lakòz anyen,&lt;ref&gt;{{es}} {{Cite book|title=España y los Estuardo|url=https://books.google.com.py/books?id=Or_Cq5G60o4C&amp;pg=PA13&amp;lpg=PA13&amp;dq=maria+escocia+testamento+felipe&amp;source=bl&amp;ots=RQw4DMRu_c&amp;sig=ACfU3U0Gvd-M09tT8JQKiy55M4A9i21UNA&amp;hl=es-419&amp;sa=X&amp;ved=2ahUKEwiF3Kiru77pAhUfHLkGHWAaBLgQ6AEwB3oECBEQAQ#v=onepage&amp;q=maria%20escocia%20testamento%20felipe&amp;f=false|publisher=Real Academia de la Historia|date=1951|accessdate=18 me 2020|first=Charles|last=Petrie}}&lt;/ref&gt; Nan premye ane li yo, li te eseye fè katolik angle yo toleran menm si apre plizyè rebelyon li ta fè egzekite prèt yo òdone apre kouronasyon li, konplètman entèdi katolik angle an favè [[Legliz Angletè]] a (yon branch nan Prwotestan) sa ta tou pote l 'pwoblèm ak wa peyi Espay la,Philippe II apre envazyon angle a nan Wayòm Ilandè Musnter, li ta deklare lagè sou Angletè nan sipò Katolik Ilandè yo (Gè angle-panyòl) kòmanse an 1583 sipòte pa palman an ak dik nan tout Angletè.&lt;ref&gt;{{en}} Somerset, pp. 89–90. [https://web.archive.org/web/20160416020206/http://special-1.bl.uk/treasures/festivalbooks/BookDetails.aspx?strFest=0231 The &quot;Festival Book&quot; account, from the British Library]&lt;/ref&gt;

Apre 43 ane rèy, dènye ane li yo sante li ta tou dousman febli, akòz lagè yo te fè ak Espay, Angletè t ap travèse yon kriz finansye e li te oblije vann monopoli ak kèk nan bijou li yo. Li mouri sou 23 mas 1603 epi akòz pa gen timoun yo t ap bay fotèy la bay wa [[Jacques VI ak I|Jacques VI]] nan Ekòs.&lt;ref&gt;{{en}} {{Cite book |last=Stanley |first=Arthur Penrhyn |date=1868 |title=Memoriales históricos de la Abadía de Westminster |page=178 |chapter=Las tumbas reales |location=Lonn |publisher=John Murray |oclc=24223816}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Bibliyografi ==
* {{cite web|url=https://www.amazon.com/Foreign-Relations-Elizabeth-Queenship-Power/dp/0230112145|date=26 January 2017|title=The Foreing Relations of Elizabeth I|first=Charles|last=Beem|access-date=25 September 2022|archive-date=26 January 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170126121756/https://www.amazon.com/Foreign-Relations-Elizabeth-Queenship-Power/dp/0230112145|dead-url=unfit}}
* {{Cite book |last=Bridgen |first=Susan |title=New Worlds, Lost Worlds: The Rule of the Tudors, 1485–1603 |url=https://archive.org/details/newworldslostwor0000brig_v9m2 |publisher=[[Viking Penguin]] |year=2001 |isbn=978-0-670-89985-2 |location=New York}}
* Hodges, J. P. ''The Nature of the Lion: Elizabeth I and Our Anglican Heritage'' (London: Faith Press, 1962).
* Wernham, R. B. ''Before the Armada: the growth of English foreign policy, 1485–1588'' (1966), a standard history of foreign policy

== Gade tou ==
* [[Elizabeth II]] 
* [[Charles III (wa Wayòm Ini)]]

== Refarans ==
{{Referans}}
== Lyen deyò ==
* {{en}} [https://www.britannica.com/biography/Elizabeth-I Elizabeth I] sou britannica.com
* {{en}} [https://web.archive.org/web/20150303221320/http://englishhistory.net/tudor/monarchs/eliz1.html Elizabeth I] sou englishhistory.net

{{DEFAULTSORT:Elizabeth I}}
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    <title>Margrethe II</title>
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|foto= Drottning Margrethe av Danmark.jpg
|tèks= Margrethe II (2012)
|fonksyon= Rèn Danmak
|domèn=politik
|diplòm=
|etid=
|dat nesans= [[16 avril]] [[1940]]
|lye nesans= Palè Amalienborg, [[Kopènag]]
|peyi nesans= [[Danmak]]
|dat lanmò= 
|lye lanmò= 
|peyi lanmò= 
|nasyonalite= Danwa
|zèv= 
|nòt= 
|relijyon= Lutheran
|konjwen=prens Henri de Laborde de Monpezat (1967-2018)
|rezidans=Palè Amalienborg&lt;br/&gt;Palè Fredensborg&lt;br/&gt;Palè Gråsten
|eritye=prens Frederik&lt;br/&gt;prens Joachim
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'''Margrethe Alexandrine Þórhildur Ingrid''', rele '''Margrethe II''', ki fèt nan [[16 avril]] [[1940]] nan Palè Amalienborg, [[Kopènag]] ([[Danmak]]), se la[[rèn]] nan [[Danmak]], [[Zile Fewowe]] ak [[Grinlann]].

Depi lanmò rèn [[Elizabeth II|Elizabeth II nan Wayòm Ini]] a nan dat 8 septanm 2022, li te vin [[monak]] [[Ewòp|ewopeyen]] an ki rèye pi lontan (50 ane).&lt;ref&gt;{{en}} {{Cite web |date=9 septanm 2022|title=Denmark's Margrethe now Europe's longest serving monarch |url=https://www.france24.com/en/live-news/20220909-denmark-s-margrethe-now-europe-s-longest-serving-monarch |access-date=9 septanm 2022|website=france24.com |publisher=France 24 }}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Biyografi ==
Li te fèt 16 avril 1940 nan Palè Amalienborg nan Kopènag pandan Okipasyon Nazi nan Danmak, Li te pitit fi prens Frédéric ak Rèn Ingrid nan Syèd,&lt;ref&gt;{{en}} {{cite web|url=https://www.kongehuset.dk/english/the-royal-house/Regentparret/hm-the-queen|title=HM The Queen|website=Kongehuset.dk|accessdate=29 septanm 2022|archive-date=2022-09-29|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220929130708/https://www.kongehuset.dk/english/the-royal-house/Regentparret/hm-the-queen|dead-url=yes}}&lt;/ref&gt; an 1947, papa l Frédéric ta vin wa siksesè fòtèy Danwa a, yo te kouwone kòm wa [[Frédéric IX (wa Danmak)|Frédéric IX nan Danmak]], nan epòk sa a sèlman gason te ka eritye fòtèy la, menm si akòz popilarite pitit fi wa a, ta gen yon chanjman nan konstitisyon an kote fòtèy la ta bay yon fanm, Li marye ak Henri de Laborde de Monpezat an 1967 e li te gen de pitit gason, Frederik ak Joachim.&lt;ref&gt;{{en}} {{cite web|url=http://www.royalinsight.net/content/margrethe-henrik-biography |title= Margrethe and Henrik Biography |website=Royalinsight.net |date=16 April 1940 |access-date=3 February 2012 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20111030181923/http://www.royalinsight.net/content/margrethe-henrik-biography |archive-date=30 October 2011 }}&lt;/ref&gt;

Apre lanmò papa l 'nan 1972 li ta siksesè nan fòtèy la nan Danmak epi yo te kouwone Margrethe II nan Danmak, yo te premye monak nan Danmak depi [[Marguerite I (rèn Danmak)|Marguerite I]] ki te gouvènen sou [[Skandinav|peyi skandinav]] yo ant [[1375]]-[[1415]], mari l te mouri an 2018.

Nan dat [[9 fevriye]] 2022, li ta teste pozitif pou [[COVID-19]] ak sentòm modere.&lt;ref&gt;{{es}}{{cite web|url= https://www.hola.com/realeza/casa_danesa/20220209204288/margarita-de-dinamarca-positivo-covid/|title= Margarita de Dinamarca, de 81 años, da positivo en coronavirus|work= HOLA.com|date= 9 fevriye 2022|accessdate= 9 fevriye 2022}}&lt;/ref&gt; Li te tou kontra COVID ankò sou 21 septanm lè li te vizite fineray Rèn Elizabeth II a,&lt;ref&gt;{{en}}{{Cite news |date=2022-09-21 |title=Queen of Denmark tests positive to COVID-19 after attending funeral of Queen Elizabeth II |work=ABC News |url=https://www.abc.net.au/news/2022-09-22/queen-denmark-tests-positive-covid/101464642 |access-date=21 septanm 2022}}&lt;/ref&gt; te soti nan izolasyon sou 26 septanm apre yo te santi byen.&lt;ref&gt;{{en}}{{cite news | title=Dronning Margrethe er ude af coronaisolation - har det &quot;fint, fint&quot; | url=https://nyheder.tv2.dk/samfund/2022-09-26-dronning-margrethe-er-ude-af-coronaisolation-har-det-fint-fint | publisher=TV2 | date=26 septanm 2022 | access-date=27 septanm 2022 }}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Bibliyografi ==
* {{cite book|last=Andersen |first=Jens|editor1-last=Nørholm|editor1-first=Elise H.|year=2011|title=M, 40 år på tronen|edition=1ye |location=Kopènag|publisher=Lindhardt og Ringhof|isbn=9788711419694}}
* {{Cite book|last=Bloch Skipper|first=Jon|year=2008|title=Tre søstre : samtaler mellem dronning Margrethe, prinsesse Benedikte og dronning Anne-Marie|url=https://archive.org/details/tresstresamtaler0000skip|trans-title=Three sisters: conversations between Queen Margrethe, Princess Benedikte and Queen Anne-Marie|publisher=Lindhardt og Ringhof|location=Kopènag|isbn=978-87-11-30060-2}}
* {{cite book|last=Skipper|first=Jon Bloch|date=2008|title=Tre søstre, samtaler mellem dronning Margrethe, prinsesse Benedikte og dronning Anne-Marie |url=https://archive.org/details/tresstresamtaler0000skip|location=[[Kopènag]]|publisher=[[Lindhardt og Ringhof]]|isbn=9788711300602}}

== Gade tou ==
* [[Elizabeth II]] 

== Refarans ==
{{referans}}
== Lyen deyò ==
* [https://www.kongehuset.dk/en/the-royal-family/hm-the-queen/ Paj Rèn nan]  sou kongehuset.dk
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20130724080029/http://kongehuset.dk/english Sitwèb ofisyèl Monachi Danwaz la] sou kongehuset.dk
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20121019100004/http://arslonga.dk/DRONNINGENS_GOBELINER_Vikingetid.htm Tapisri pou rèn Danmak]


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  <page>
    <title>Derek Bickerton</title>
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|foto=Derek_Bickerton_at_the_2004_conference_Universal_Forum_of_Cultures_in_Barcelona.jpg
|tèks=Derek Bickerton (2004)
|fonksyon=lengwis, kreyolis, ekriven
|domèn=lengwistik, kreyolistik, literati
|diplòm=
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|dat nesans=[[25 mas]] [[1926]]
|lye nesans=Cheshire, [[Angletè]]
|peyi nesans=[[Wayòm Ini]]
|dat lanmò=[[5 mas]] [[2018]]
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}}

'''Derrick Bickerton''', ki fèt [[25 mas]] [[1926]] nan Cheshire nan [[Angletè]] ([[Wayòm Ini]]) epi ki mouri [[5 mas]] [[2018]] &lt;ref&gt;[http://www.legacy.com/obituaries/nytimes/obituary.aspx?n=derek-bickerton&amp;pid=188484094 New York Times]&lt;/ref&gt; ), se yon [[Lengwistik|lengwis]] ak [[pwofesè]] nan [[Inivèsite|Inivèsit]]&lt;nowiki/&gt;e [[Awayi]] nan [[Onloulou|Onoloulou]]. Li te etidye [[Lang kreyòl|kreyòl]] nan [[Giyana]] ak [[Awayi]], e li te konkli ke pwosesis kreyolizasyon an ka ede konprann ni akizisyon lang nan timoun ak [[evolisyon]] kapasite [[Lang (pawòl)|langaj]] nan [[Homo sapiens|moun]].

== Biyografi ==
An 1949, Derek Bickerton te jwenn yon diplòm nan Inivèsite Cambridge, [[Angletè]]. Li te antre nan lavi akademik nan ane 1960 yo, an premye kòm yon konferansye nan literati nan [[lang angle]] nan Inivèsite Cape Coast, [[Gana]]. Answit, apre yon ane nan travay etidyan nan lengwistik nan Inivèsite Leeds, li te konferansye nan lengwistik nan Inivèsite Gyana (1967-1971). Pandan vennkat (24) ane li te Pwofesè Asosye ak Pwofesè nan [[Lengwistik]] nan Inivèsite Awayi nan Manoa (1972-1996), pandan se tan li te jwenn yon Ph.D. nan lengwistik an 1976 nan Inivèsite Cambridge. 

Li se papa atis kontanporen Ashley Bickerton. Lòt pitit li yo se Julie Bickerton Bravata ak Jim Bickerton.

== Obsèvasyon sou evolisyon lang kreyòl la ==
[[Fichye:Derek_Bickerton_(2004).png|thumb|rightthumb|Derek Bickerton (2004)]]

Nan liv li a ''Roots of Language'', Bickerton eseye men li nan yon teyori ki vize pou reponn twa (3) kesyon :

# Ki jan kreyòl te kreye ?
# Ki jan timoun yo aprann lang lan ?
# Ki jan kapasite a nan lang se yon distenksyon nan espès imen an ?

Nan ''Language and Species'', li mete devan yon pwopozisyon ki ta reponn twa (3) kesyon sa yo. Ou ka jwenn orijin langaj lè w trase evolisyon sistèm reprezantatif ak panse senbolik. Modèl mantal yo te kapab evolye nan kapasite kominikatif primitif epi kontinye evolisyon yo an paralèl.

Avèk William Calvin, nan ''Lingua ex Machina'', li revize teyori li. Yo pran an kont fondasyon biyolojik reprezantasyon senbolik ak enfliyans li sou evolisyon sèvo a.

== Bibliyografi ==
* ''Tropicana, A Novel'' (1963)
* ''Dynamics Of A Creole System'' (1975)
* ''Roots of Language'' (1981), Karoma Publishers, Language Science Press, 2016; {{ISBN|0-89720-044-6}}
* ''The language bioprogram hypothesis''  (1984), nan ''Behavioral and Brain Sciences, 7'', 173–221
* ''Language and Species'' (1990), University of Chicago Press, {{ISBN|0-226-04610-9}}
* ''Language and Human Behavior'' (1995), Hill and Wang, {{ISBN|978-0-8090-2817-7}}
* ''Lingua ex Machina: Reconciling Darwin and Chomsky with the Human Brain'' (2000) (avèk [[William H. Calvin]])
* ''Bastard Tongues'' (2008)
* ''Adam's Tongue'', (2009), {{ISBN|978-0-8090-2281-6}}
* ''La Langue d'Adam'' (2010) {{ISBN|2100543075}}
* {{cite book|title=More than Nature Needs: Language, Mind, and Evolution|url=https://archive.org/details/morethannaturene0000bick|author=Bickerton, Derek|year=2014|publisher=Harvard University Press|isbn=978-0-674-72490-7}}

== Referans ==
{{referans}}
== Lyen deyò ==

{{DEFAULTSORT:Bickerton, Derek}}
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  <page>
    <title>Sireyalis</title>
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      <text bytes="9740" sha1="o1dd1yz60xy60oh42i2fjljfnuqtl3z" xml:space="preserve">'''Sireyalis''' se yon mouvman powetik ak atistik ki parèt nan 20yèm syèk lan ki soti dirèkteman nan revòlt mouvman Dada a nan fen Premye Gè Mondyal la. Pou kreye Mouvman an se ansanm evènman ki tap pase yo ki te bay enspirasyon ak motivasyon. Se André Breton yon powèt fransè ki teworize ak defini mouvman sila a.  Li gen ladan tout pwosesis kreyasyon ak ekspresyon ([[penti]], desen, [[mizik]], fotografi, [[sinema]], pwezi, kont...) lè li sèvi avèk tout fòs sikolojik (otomatis, rèv, enkonsyan) ki libere anba kontwòl rezon an ak batay kont valè resevwa yo, li karakterize pa transdisiplinarite li ([[pwezi]], penti, objè, kolaj, sinema, kostim...) ak kolaborasyon enpòtan ant manm li yo. Prensipal moun ki plis make mouvman an se: André Breton, Louis Aragon, Paul Éluard ak Robert Desnos.

== Bibliyografi ==

* Paul Aron, Jean-Pierre Bertrand, ''Les 100 Mots du surréalisme'', edisyon Presses universitaires de France, koleksyon « Que sais-je ? », Pari, 2010 {{ISBN|978-2-13-058220-5}}.
* [[Philippe Audoin]], ''Les Surréalistes'', Paris, Le Seuil, collection microcosme « Écrivains de toujours », 1973.
* [[Sarane Alexandrian]], ''Le Surréalisme et le rêve'', Paris, Gallimard, 1974.
* Martine Antle, ''Cultures du surréalisme, les représentations de l'autre'', Châtenay-Malabry, Acoria, 2007.
* [[Quentin Bajac]], [[Clément Chéroux]] (dir.), ''La Subversion des images. Surréalisme, photographie, film'', catalogue d'exposition, Paris, Éditions du Centre Pompidou, 2009.
* [[Jean-Louis Bédouin]], ''Anthologie de la poésie surréaliste'', Paris, Seghers, 1983.
* [[Henri Béhar]], ''Étude sur le théâtre dada et surréaliste'', Paris, Gallimard, coll. « Les Essais », 1967 ; nouvelle édition revue et augmentée : ''Le Théâtre dada et surréaliste'', Paris, Gallimard, coll. « Idées/Gallimard », 1979.
* [[Henri Béhar]] ak Michel Carassou, ''Le Surréalisme, textes et débats'', Pari, edisyon Hachette, 1984, réédité au [[Livre de poche]] an 1992.
* [[Henri Béhar]], ''Le Surréalisme dans la presse de gauche (1924-1939)'', Pari, edisyon Paris-Méditerranée, 2002.
* [[Henri Béhar]] (dir.), ''Guide du Paris surréaliste'', Pari, edisyon patrimoine, koleksyon « Guides de Paris », 2012.
* [[Adam Biro]] ak [[René Passeron]], ''Dictionnaire général du surréalisme et de ses environs'', edisyon  Office du livre, Fribourg (Suis) ak Pari, Presses universitaires de France, 1982. Une somme sur les artistes, les œuvres, les mouvements, les revues, etc.
* Marguerite Bonnet, ''[[André Breton]]. Naissance du surréalisme'', Paris, José Corti, 1975, éd. revue et corrigée, Pari, José Corti, 1988 {{ISBN|978-2-7143-0263-2}}.
* [[André Breton]], ''Manifestes du surréalisme'' (1924 ak 1930), Pari, edisyon Gallimard, koleksyon « Folio », 1998.
* André Breton, ''Le Surréalisme et la Peinture'', Pari, edisyon Gallimard, 1928-1965.
* André Breton, ''L’Amour fou'' (1937), Pari, edisyon Gallimard, koleksyon « Folio », 2003.
* André Breton ak [[Paul Éluard]], ''Dictionnaire abrégé du surréalisme'' (1938), Paris, José Corti, 1991.
* Xavier Canonne, ''Le Surréalisme en Belgique. 1924-2000'', Arles, edisyon Actes Sud, 2007.
* Jacqueline Chénieux-Gendron, ''Il y aura une fois. Une anthologie du surréalisme'', Pari, edisyon Gallimard Folio, 2002.
* [[Jean Clair]], ''Du surréalisme considéré dans ses rapports au totalitarisme et aux tables tournantes'', Pari, éd. des Mille et une nuits, 2003.
* [[Jean-Paul Clébert]], ''Dictionnaire du surréalisme'', Pari, edisyon  Seuil &amp; Chamalières, A.T.P., 1996.
* Tania Collani, ''Le Merveilleux dans la prose surréaliste européenne'', Pari, edisyon  Hermann, 2010.
* Georgiana Colvile, ''Scandaleusement d'elles. Trente-quatre femmes surréalistes'', Paris, Jean-Michel Place, 1999.
* [[Gérard de Cortanze]], ''Le Monde du surréalisme'', Briksèl, edisyon  Complexe, 2005.
* [[Pierre Daix]], ''La Vie quotidienne des surréalistes (1917-1932)'', Pari, éditions [[Hachette Livre|Hachette]], 1993.
* [[Robert Desnos]], ''Corps et biens'' (1930), Paris, Gallimard, coll. « Poésie », 1968.
* [[Charles Duits]], &quot;André Breton a-t-il dit passe&quot;, Paris, Maurice Nadeau, 1991.
* Gérard Durozoi, ''Le Surréalisme'', Paris, Hazan, 2002.
* Gérard Durozoi, ''Histoire du mouvement surréaliste'', Paris, Hazan, 2004.
* [[Abdul Kader El-Janabi]], ''Le Désir libertaire : le surréalisme arabe à Paris, 1973-1981'', Toulouse, Les éditions de l'Asymétrie, 2018.
* [[Serge Fauchereau]], ''Avant-gardes du XXème siècle, arts et littérature, 1905-1930'', Pari, edisyon Flammarion, 2016, {{ISBN|978-2-0813-9041-6}} (pp. 316-362)
* [[Fabrice Flahutez]], ''Nouveau Monde et Nouveau Mythe. Mutations du surréalisme de l'exil américain à l'écart absolu 1941-1965'', Dijon, Les Presses du réel, 2007 {{isbn|978-2-84066-194-8}}.
* Elena Galtsova, ''Le Surréalisme et le théâtre. Pour une esthétique théâtrale du surréalisme français'', Moskou, RGGU, 2012 {{ISBN|978-5-7281-1146-7}}.
* Vincent Gille &amp; Béatrice Riottot El-Habib (anba direksyon), ''Le Surréalisme et l'Amour'', Pari, Gallimard, catalogue de l'exposition au Pavillon des Arts de Paris du 6 mars au 18 juin 1997.
* [[Louis Janover]], ''La Révolution surréaliste'', Pari, edisyon Hachette « Pluriel », 1995.
* [[Louis Janover]], ''Le Surréalisme de jadis à naguère'', Paris-Méditerranée, 2002.
* Alain Joubert, ''Le Mouvement des surréalistes ou le fin mot de l’histoire : fin d’un groupe - naissance d’un mythe'', Paris, Maurice Nadeau, 2001 {{ISBN|2-86231-173-1}} {{BNF|38916618d}}.
* [[Ado Kyrou]], ''Le Surréalisme au cinéma'', Pari, edisyon Ramsay cinéma, 2005.
* [[Annie Le Brun]], ''L’[[Humour noir]]'', nan ''Entretiens sur le surréalisme'', dirigés par [[Ferdinand Alquié]], Paris-La Haye, edisyon Mouton, 1968.
* [[Annie Le Brun]], ''Lâchez tout'', Pari, edisyon Le Sagittaire, 1977.
* [[Annie Le Brun]], ''Surréalisme et subversion poétique'', Stanford, University Lecture Series, 1991.
* Sophie Leclercq, ''La Rançon du colonialisme. Les surréalistes face aux mythes de la France coloniale (1919-1962)'', Dijon, Les Presses du Réel, 2010 {{ISBN|978-2-84066-329-4}}.
* Patrick Lepetit, ''Le Surréalisme. Parcours souterrain'', Paris, éditions Dervy, 2012.
* Jean-Claude Michel, ''Les écrivains noirs et le surréalisme'', Sherbrooke (Canada), Naaman, 1982.
* Jacques Michon, « Surréalisme et modernité », ''Études françaises'', volume 11, numéro 2, mai 1975, p. 121-129
* [[Michel Murat]], ''Surréalisme'', Paris, Le Livre de Poche, 2003 {{ISBN|225317503X|9782253175032}}.
* [[Maurice Nadeau]], ''Histoire du surréalisme'', Paris, Le Seuil, 1947-1970.
* [[René Passeron]], ''Histoire de la peinture surréaliste'', Paris, Le Livre de poche, 1991.
* [[René Passeron]], ''Surréalisme'', Paris, Pierre Terrail, 2005.
* [[Gaëtan Picon]], ''Le Surréalisme'', Genève, Skira, 1988.
* Nathalie Piégay-Gros, ''Le Surréalisme''. Nouvelle revue pédagogique lycée, Septembre 2005, {{numéro|016}}, {{p.|10-45}}.
* [[José Pierre]], ''Tracts surréalistes et déclarations collectives'', Pari, Éric Losfeld, 1980.
* José Pierre, ''L'Univers surréaliste'', Paris, Somogy, 1983 {{isbn|978-2-85056-172-6}}, pour ses très nombreuses reproductions.
* José Pierre et [[Robert Lebel (kritik)|Robert Lebel]], ''L'Aventure surréaliste autour d'André Breton'', Paris, Filipacchi, 1986.
* [[Michel Poivert]], ''L'Image au service de la révolution : photographie, surréalisme, politique'', Paris, Le Point du jour, 2006.
* Jean-Luc Rispail, ''Les Surréalistes. Une génération entre le rêve et l'action'', Pari, edisyon Gallimard, koleksyon Découvertes nº 109, 1991.
* Barthélémy Schwartz, ''Benjamin Péret, l'astre noir du surréalisme''. Essais biographique suivie d'une anthologie et d'un cahier photographique, Paris, Éditions Libertalia, 2016, 328 p. http://editionslibertalia.com/catalogue/hors-collection/benjamin-peret-l-astre-noir-du-surrealisme.
* Pierre Taminiaux, ''Révolte et transcendance. Surréalisme, situationnisme et arts contemporains'', Pari, edisyon  L'Harmattan, 2018, 266 p.
* [[André Thirion]], ''Révolutionnaires sans révolution'', Paris, Le Pré aux Clercs, 1972 ; rééd. Arles, Babel/Actes Sud, 1999.
* Luc Vigier, ''Le Surréalisme'', Pari, edisyon Gallimard, 2006.
* [[Pierre Vilar (critique littéraire)|Pierre Vilar]], ''Surréalisme'', Encyclopædia Universalis, http://www.universalis-edu.com/encyclopedie/surrealisme/
* Alain et Odette Virmaux, ''La Constellation surréaliste'', Lyon, La Manufacture, 1987.
* Alain et Odette Virmaux, ''Les grandes figures du Surréalisme'', Pari, edisyon Bordas, 1994.
* Geneviève Winter, ''100 fiches sur les mouvements littéraires'', edisyon BREAL, 2010.
* ''La Révolution surréaliste, 1924-1929'', Paris, Gallimard, rééd. en fac-similé, Jean-Michel Place, Paris, 1975 {{ISBN|2858930007}}.
* ''Le Surréalisme au service de la Révolution, 1930-1933'', Pari, José Corti, rééd. en fac-similé, Paris, Jean-Michel Place, 2002.
* « Le surréalisme », ''[[Virgule (magazin)|Virgule]]'', desanm 2006, nimewo 36, fiche.
* Centre Pompidou, ''L’art surréaliste'', Direction de l'action éducative et des publics, https://web.archive.org/web/20040409011651/http://www.cnac-gp.fr/education/ressources/ENS-surrealisme/ENS-surrealisme.
* {{cite book|author1=Robert Descharnes|author2=Gilles Néret|title=Dalí|url=https://archive.org/details/salvadordali19040000desc_s7q1|editor=Taschen|year=2001-2007|pages=[https://archive.org/details/salvadordali19040000desc_s7q1/page/n783 780]|isbn=}}

== Referans ==
{{referans}}
== Lyen deyò ==

[[Kategori:Mouvman literè]]
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    <title>Lig Feminin pou Aksyon Sosyal</title>
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      <text bytes="3531" sha1="mzsnjrlx74xy1wg150cs89xf7sw1dw2" xml:space="preserve">'''Lig Feminin pou Aksyon Sosyal''' se te yon òganizasyon fanm ann Ayiti, ki te fonde nan ane 1934. &lt;ref&gt;H. Deschamp: Femmes haïtiennes, Ligue féminine d'action sociale (Haiti), 1953 &lt;/ref&gt;  Li te fonde pa [[Yvonne Sylvain]]. Se te premye òganizasyon feminis ann Ayiti, e li te jwe yon wòl enpòtan nan batay pou vòt fanm yo, ki te finalman prezante an 1950&lt;ref name=&quot;Manigat&quot;&gt;{{cite book|last1=Manigat|first1=Mirlande|title=Etre Femme en Haiti Hier et Aujourd'hui|date=2002|publisher=Université Quisqueya|location=Haiti|isbn=99935-2-041-1|pages=280–287}}&lt;/ref&gt;. 

== Istwa ==
Nan yon moman medam yo kontinye opoze ak [[Okipasyon ameriken an Ayiti, 1915-1934|okipasyon militè Ameriken an Ayiti]] (1915–1934), [[Alice Garoute]] te pami fondatè yo nan ane 1934 Lig Feminin pou Aksyon Sosyal (aka Lig Feminine for Aksyon Sosyal ) ak prezidan li apati 1941. Li te fè anpil bèl diskou epi ki te byen dokimante nan Asanble Nasyonal la pou egalite konplè fanm yo, ranfòse agiman li yo ak divès konvansyon Ayiti siyen an favè dwa fanm yo. 

Anplis Alice Garoute, manm fondatè Lig la te gen ladan yo: [[Madeleine Sylvain-Bouchereau|Madeleine Sylvain]], [[Fernande Bellegarde]], [[Thérèse Hudicourt]], [[Esther Dartigue]], Alice Téligny Mathon, [[Marie-Thérèse Colimon-Hall|Marie-Thérèse Colimon]], [[Marie-Thérèse Poitevien]] ak [[Yvonne Hakim Rimpel|Yvonne Hakim-Rimpel]], anpil ladan yo se te pwofesè ekstraksyon sosyal. Nan mwa avril 1935, Lig la te mande Esther Dartigue pou l bay yon diskou sou edikasyon fanm ann Ayiti, ki te fèt nan &quot;Centre d'Etudes Universitaires&quot;, epi li te deklare malerezman medam yo te mal edike. (Sèlman 3% nan tifi nan distri riral yo te ale lekòl ak anpil nan sa yo answit te abandone, e jiska 1944 pa te gen okenn lekòl segondè pou tifi nan zòn iben yo). Diskou a te lakòz yon sansasyon epi yo te kouvri anpil nan jounal nasyon an.

Objektif lig la se te sipòte pa goch politik la e yo te gen ladan l; plis lekòl pou tifi, egalite pou fanm nan dwa pou fanmi, yon salè egal pou yon travay egal, dwa vòt pou fanm, sendika travay gratis ak yon ministè travay ak yon biwo fanm. Gouvènman an te entèdi Lig la yon ti tan apre fondasyon li, men li te retabli lè li te dakò etidye objektif li yo olye pou yo aplike yo imedyatman. Se lig la kredite pou siksè li nan kanpay pou dwa vòt fanm yo ki te finalman akòde an 1957&lt;ref name=&quot;Bellegarde&quot;&gt;{{cite book|last1=Bellegarde-Smith|first1=Patrick|title=Haiti: The Breached Citadel|url=https://archive.org/details/haitibreachedcit0000bell_v5q6|date=2004|publisher=Canadian Scholars Press|location=Ontario|isbn=1-55130-268-3|page=[https://archive.org/details/haitibreachedcit0000bell_v5q6/page/39 39]|edition=2nd}}&lt;/ref&gt;. 

=== Premye Kongrè Fanm Ayisyèn yo ===
Premye Kongrè Fanm Ayisyen yo te òganize pa Lig la nan 10 pou rive14 Avril 1950 anba je vijilan prezidan onorè li a, Premye Dam [[Lucienne Heurtelou-Estime|Lucienne Heurtelou Estimé]]. Alice Garoute te ofri yon diskou patikilyèman pasyone sou eta edikasyon fanm ayisyèn nan kote li te diskite ke fanm sa yo ki te lekòl depi 1940 nan twa lekòl prive ki aksepte yo te fè menm jan ak gason. Li te deplore tou ke fanm ann Ayiti pandan tan li yo te mal trete tankou pandan [[Kòd nwa|Kòd Nwa]] [[Napoléon Bonaparte|Napoleon]] an (aka Kòd Nwa Napoleon an): &quot;tankou timoun ak malad mantal&quot;. Nan seremoni fèmen Kongrè a, Alice Garoute ak lòt fanm remakab te depoze yon lis ofisyèl revandikasyon yo&lt;ref name=&quot;Manigat&quot; /&gt;.
== Referans ==
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    <title>Paul Claudel</title>
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        <id>25431</id>
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      <comment>Add 3 books for [[Wikipedya:Verifyabilite]] (20260817)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]]</comment>
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== Biyografi ==

== &lt;ref&gt;&lt;nowiki&gt;{{Cite web|url=&lt;/nowiki&gt;{{Short description|French diplomat, poet and playwright (1868–1955)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2020}}
{{Infobox writer &lt;!-- For more information see [[:Template:Infobox Writer/doc]]. --&gt;|image=Paul Claudel cph.3b31258.jpg|imagesize=|alt=|caption=|pseudonym=|birth_name=|birth_date={{Birth date|1868|8|6|df=yes}}|birth_place=[[Villeneuve-sur-Fère]], France|death_date={{Death date and age|1955|2|23|1868|8|6|df=yes}}|death_place=Paris, France|resting_place=|occupation=|language=French|citizenship=|education=[[Lycée Louis-le-Grand]]|alma_mater=[[Paris Institute of Political Studies]]|period=|genre=[[Verse drama]]|subject=|movement=|notableworks=|spouse=Reine Sainte-Marie Perrin|partner=|children=|relatives=[[Camille Claudel]] (sister)|awards=|signature=Paul Claudel signature 1914.jpg|signature_alt=|website=|portaldisp=}}
'''Paul Claudel''' ({{IPA-fr|pɔl klodɛl|lang}}; 6 August 1868 – 23 February 1955) was a French poet, dramatist and diplomat, and the younger brother of the sculptor [[Camille Claudel]]. He was most famous for his [[Verse drama|verse dramas]], which often convey his devout [[Catholicism]].

== Early life ==
He was born in [[Villeneuve-sur-Fère]] ([[Aisne]]), into a family of farmers and government officials.&lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.encyclopedia.com/people/literature-and-arts/french-literature-biographies/paul-claudel|title=Paul Claudel, Encyclopedia.com|website=www.encyclopedia.com|access-date=2020-05-10}}&lt;/ref&gt; His father, Louis-Prosper, dealt in mortgages and bank transactions. His mother, the former Louise Cerveaux, came from a Champagne family of Catholic farmers and priests. Having spent his first years in [[Champagne (province)|Champagne]], he studied at the ''[[lycée]]'' of [[Bar-le-Duc]] and at the [[Lycée Louis-le-Grand]] in 1881, when his parents moved to Paris.
[[File:Augustins - Paul Claudel à seize ans - Camille Claudel RA 941.jpg|thumb|left|140px|''Paul Claudel, age sixteen'', by his sister, [[Camille Claudel]], modeled in 1884 and cast in 1893]]
An unbeliever in his teenage years, Claudel experienced a conversion at age 18 on Christmas Day 1886 while listening to a choir sing [[Vespers]] in the cathedral of [[Notre Dame de Paris]]: &quot;In an instant, my heart was touched, and I believed.&quot; He remained an active Catholic for the rest of his life. In addition, he discovered [[Arthur Rimbaud]]'s book of poetry ''Illuminations''. He worked towards &quot;the revelation through poetry, both lyrical and dramatic, of the grand design of creation&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Paul Claudel, French author|url=https://www.britannica.com/biography/Paul-Claudel|website=Encyclopedia Britannica|language=en|access-date=2020-05-10}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Claudel studied at the [[Paris Institute of Political Studies]].

==Diplomat==
The young Claudel considered entering a monastery, but instead had a career in the French diplomatic service, in which he served from 1893 to 1936.

Claudel was first vice-consul in New York (April 1893),&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt; and later in [[Boston]] (December 1893). He was French [[Consulate general|consul]] in China during the period 1895 to 1909, with time in [[Shanghai]] (June 1895). On a break in 1900, he spent time at  [[Ligugé Abbey]], but his proposed entry to the [[Benedictine Order]] was postponed.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |last1=Ubersfeld |first1=Anne |title=Paul Claudel, Partage de midi: autobiographie et histoire |date=1999 |publisher=Presses Univ. Franche-Comté |isbn=978-2-913322-48-6 |page=10 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_iVgXjiOYDwC&amp;pg=PA10 |language=fr}}&lt;/ref&gt; 

Claudel returned to China as vice-consul in [[Fuzhou]] (October 1900). He had a further break in France in 1905–6, when he married. He was one of a group of writers enjoying the support and patronage of [[Philippe Berthelot]] of the Foreign Ministry, who became a close friend; others were [[Jean Giraudoux]], [[Paul Morand]] and [[Saint-John Perse]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |last1=O'Neil |first1=Mary Anne |title=Twentieth-century French Dramatists |date=2006 |publisher=Thomson Gale |isbn=978-0-7876-8139-5 |page=219|volume=321 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |last1=Nelis |first1=Jan |last2=Morelli |first2=Anne |last3=Praet |first3=Danny |title=Catholicism and Fascism in Europe 1918 - 1945 |date=1 May 2015 |publisher=Georg Olms Verlag |isbn=978-3-487-15243-1 |page=184 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=YWtmDwAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PA184 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; Because of his position in the Diplomatic Service, at the beginning of his career Claudel published either anonymously or under a pseudonym, &quot;since permission to publish was needed from the Ministry of Foreign Affairs&quot;.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|last=Vagianos|first=Sylvia Caides|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=uBi199W0tbIC&amp;q=Paul+Claudel&amp;pg=PA51|title=Paul Claudel and La Nouvelle Revue Française (1909-1918)|date=1979|publisher=Librairie Droz|isbn=978-2-600-03573-6|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;sup&gt;:11&lt;/sup&gt; 

For that reason, Claudel remained rather obscure as an author to 1909, unwilling to ask permission to publish under his own name because the permission might not be granted.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;&lt;sup&gt;:11&lt;/sup&gt; In that year, the founding group of the ''[[Nouvelle Revue Française]]'' (NRF), and in particular his friend [[André Gide]], were keen to recognise his work. Claudel sent them, for the first issue, the poem ''Hymne du Sacre-Sacrement'', to fulsome praise from Gide, and it was published under his name. He had not sought permission to publish, and there was a furore in which he was criticised. Attacks based on his religious views were in February also affecting the production of one of his plays.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;&lt;sup&gt;:15–17&lt;/sup&gt; Berthelot's advice was to ignore the critics.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;&lt;sup&gt;:18 note 42&lt;/sup&gt; The affair began a long collaboration of the NRF with Claudel.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;&lt;sup&gt;:12&lt;/sup&gt;

Claudel also wrote extensively about China, with a definitive version of his ''Connaissance de l'Est'' published in 1914 by [[Georges Crès]] and [[Victor Segalen]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |last1=Hsieh |first1=Yvonne Ying |title=From Occupation to Revolution: China Through the Eyes of Loti, Claudel, Segalen, and Malraux (1895-1933) |date=1996 |publisher=Summa Publications, Inc. |isbn=978-1-883479-13-8 |page=34 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=sxrS3LwrMdsC&amp;pg=PA34 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; In his final posting to China, he was consul in [[Tianjin]] (1906–1909).

In a series of European postings to the outbreak of [[World War I]], Claudel was in [[Prague]] (December 1909), [[Frankfurt am Main]] (October 1911), and [[Hamburg]] (October 1913). At this period he was interested in the theatre festival at [[Hellerau]], which put on one of his plays, and the ideas of [[Jacques Copeau]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |last1=Vagianos |first1=Sylvia Caides |title=Paul Claudel and La Nouvelle Revue Française (1909-1918) |date=1979 |publisher=Librairie Droz |isbn=978-2-600-03573-6 |pages=113–114 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=uBi199W0tbIC&amp;pg=PA113 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Claudel was in Rome (1915–1916), ''ministre plénipotentiaire'' in [[Rio de Janeiro]] (1917–1918), [[Copenhagen]] (1920), ambassador in Tokyo (1921–1927),&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt; Washington, D.C. (1928–1933, Dean of the Diplomatic Corps in 1933)&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|date=1 March 2013|title=Deans of the Diplomatic Corps|work=[[Bureau of Public Affairs]], [[U.S. Department of State]]|url=https://2009-2017.state.gov/s/cpr/rls/93591.htm|access-date=24 September 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt; and [[Brussels]] (1933–1936).&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt; While he served in Brazil during [[World War I]] he supervised the continued provision of food supplies from South America to France. His secretaries during the Brazil mission included [[Darius Milhaud]],  who wrote [[incidental music]] to a number of Claudel's plays.
[[File:Paul Claudel on TIME Magazine, March 21, 1927.jpg|thumb|Cover of ''Time Magazine'' (21 March 1927)]]

==Later life==
[[File:08 - Le château de Brangues (38510), propriété de Paul Claudel.jpg|thumb|The château of Brangues, 2009 photograph]]
In 1935 Claudel retired to [[Brangues]] in [[Dauphiné]], where he had bought the [[château]] in 1927. He still spent winters in Paris.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |last1=Nichols |first1=Aidan |title=The Poet as Believer: A Theological Study of Paul Claudel |date=28 June 2013 |publisher=Ashgate Publishing, Ltd. |isbn=978-1-4094-8148-5 |page=16 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=hfqhAgAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PA16 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |last1=Werner |first1=Roberta |title=Reaching for God: The Benedictine Oblate Way of Life |date=2013 |publisher=Liturgical Press |isbn=978-0-8146-3551-3 |page=8 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=aMq-YRcvZ9wC&amp;pg=PA8 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

During [[World War II]] Claudel made his way to [[Algeria]] in 1940, after the [[Battle of France]], and offered to serve [[Free France]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |last1=Majault |first1=Joseph |title=Littérature de notre temps |date=1966 |publisher=Casterman |page=88|volume=I |language=fr}}&lt;/ref&gt; Not having a response to the offer, he returned to Brangues. He supported the [[Vichy regime]], but disagreed with Cardinal [[Alfred Baudrillart]]'s policy of collaboration with [[Nazi Germany]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |last1=Michlin |first1=Gilbert |title=Of No Interest to the Nation: A Jewish Family in France, 1925-1945 |date=17 September 2004 |publisher=Wayne State University Press |isbn=978-0-8143-3848-3 |page=124 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=x3pcaWqPOvMC&amp;pg=PA124 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Close to home, [[Paul-Louis Weiller]], married to Claudel's daughter-in-law's sister, was arrested by the Vichy government in October 1940. Claudel went to Vichy to intercede for him, to no avail; Weiller escaped (with Claudel's assistance, the authorities suspected) and fled to New York. Claudel wrote in December 1941 to [[Isaïe Schwartz]], expressing his opposition to the [[Statut des Juifs]] enacted by the regime.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |last1=Pryce-Jones |first1=David |title=Betrayal: France, the Arabs, and the Jews (Large Print 16pt) |date=February 2011 |publisher=ReadHowYouWant.com |isbn=978-1-4587-3170-8 |pages=59–60 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=EM0BW8P8qM0C&amp;pg=PA5 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; The Vichy authorities responded by having Claudel's house searched and keeping him under observation. 

Claudel was elected to the [[Académie française]] on 4 April 1946, replacing [[Louis Gillet]]. It followed a rejection in 1935, considered somewhat scandalous, when [[Claude Farrère]] was preferred.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Paul Claudel, Académie française |url=https://www.academie-francaise.fr/les-immortels/paul-claudel |website=www.academie-francaise.fr}}&lt;/ref&gt; He was nominated for the [[Nobel Prize in Literature]] in six different years.&lt;ref&gt;Nobel Prize.org: &quot;[https://www.nobelprize.org/nomination/archive/show_people.php?id=1831 Paul Claudel (Nomination Database)]&quot;.&lt;/ref&gt;

==Work==
{{Main|List of works by Paul Claudel}}
Claudel often referred to [[Stéphane Mallarmé]] as his teacher.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |last1=Erwin |first1=John F. |title=Claudel and the Lesson of Mallarmé: The Theme of Absence |journal=L'Esprit Créateur |date=1973 |volume=13 |issue=1 |pages=44–54 |jstor=26279825 |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/26279825 |issn=0014-0767}}&lt;/ref&gt; His poetic has been seen as Mallarmé's, with the addition of the idea of the world as a revelatory [[religious text]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |last1=Bush |first1=Christopher |title=Ideographic Modernism: China, Writing, Media |date=1 February 2010 |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0-19-974139-7 |page=48 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=8l1X3MwBXRkC&amp;pg=PA48 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; He rejected traditional [[Prosody (linguistics)|prosody]], developing the ''verset claudelien'', his own form of [[free verse]]. It was within the orbit of experimentation by followers of [[Walt Whitman]], impressive for Claudel, of whom [[Charles Péguy]] and [[André Spire]] were two others working on a form of ''verset''.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |last1=Erkkila |first1=Betsy |title=Walt Whitman Among the French: Poet and Myth |date=14 July 2014 |publisher=Princeton University Press |isbn=978-1-4008-5454-7 |page=138 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=drn_AwAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PA138 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; The influence of the Latin [[Vulgate]] has been disputed by [[Jean Grosjean]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |last1=Dethurens |first1=Pascal |title=Claudel et l'avènement de la modernité: création littéraire et culture européenne dans l'œuvre théâtrale de Claudel |date=1996 |publisher=Presses Univ. Franche-Comté |isbn=978-2-251-60601-9 |page=219 and note 2 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=3pzpTZCEnmgC&amp;pg=PA219 |language=fr}}&lt;/ref&gt;

The best known of his plays are ''Le Partage de Midi'' (&quot;The Break of Noon&quot;, 1906), ''L'Annonce faite à Marie'' (&quot;The Tidings Brought to Mary&quot;, 1910) focusing on the themes of sacrifice, oblation and sanctification through the tale of a young medieval French peasant woman who contracts [[leprosy]], and ''Le Soulier de Satin'' (&quot;[[The Satin Slipper]]&quot;, 1931). The last is an exploration of human and divine love and longing, set in the Spanish empire of the [[siglo de oro]]. It was staged at the [[Comédie-Française]] in 1943. ''[[Jeanne d'Arc au Bûcher]]'' (&quot;Joan of Arc at the Stake&quot;, 1939) was an [[oratorio]] with music by [[Arthur Honegger]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |last1=Smither |first1=Howard E. |title=A History of the Oratorio |date=1 September 2012 |publisher=UNC Press Books |isbn=978-0-8078-3778-8 |page=661|volume=4: The Oratorio in the Nineteenth and Twentieth Centuries |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=1qh_QfteHVEC&amp;pg=PA661 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; The settings of his plays tended to be romantically distant, medieval France or sixteenth-century Spanish South America. He used scenes of passionate, obsessive human love. The complexity, structure and scale of the plays meant that a positive reception of Claudel's drama by audiences was long delayed.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |last1=Kennedy |first1=Dennis |title=The Oxford Companion to Theatre and Performance |date=26 August 2010 |publisher=OUP Oxford |isbn=978-0-19-957419-3 |page=123 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=xXCcAQAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PA123 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; His final dramatic work, ''[[L'Histoire de Tobie et de Sara]]'', was first produced by [[Jean Vilar]] for the [[Festival d'Avignon]] in 1947.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |last1=Hartnoll |first1=Phyllis |title=The Oxford Companion to the Theatre |url=https://archive.org/details/oxfordcompaniont0000unse_x9q5 |date=1983 |publisher=Oxford University Press |location=Oxford |isbn=0192115464 |page=[https://archive.org/details/oxfordcompaniont0000unse_x9q5/page/182 182] |edition=4th}}&lt;/ref&gt;

As well as his verse dramas, Claudel also wrote [[lyric poetry]]. A major example is the ''Cinq Grandes Odes'' (Five Great Odes, 1907).&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |last1=Hellerstein |first1=Nina S. |title=Mythe et structure dans les Cinq grandes odes de Paul Claudel |date=1990 |publisher=Presses Univ. Franche-Comté |page=27 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=9ir72om2EYEC&amp;pg=PA27 |language=fr}}&lt;/ref&gt;

==Views and reputation==
Claudel was a conservative of the old school, sharing the [[antisemitism]] of conservative France. He addressed a poem (&quot;Paroles au Maréchal,&quot; &quot;Words to the Marshal&quot;) after the defeat of France in 1940, commending [[Marshal Pétain]] for picking up and salvaging France's broken, wounded body. As a Catholic, he could not avoid a sense of satisfaction at the fall of the [[anti-clerical]] [[French Third Republic]].

His diaries make clear his consistent contempt for Nazism (condemning it as early as 1930 as &quot;demonic&quot; and &quot;wedded to Satan,&quot; and referring to [[communism]] and [[Nazism]] as &quot;[[Gog and Magog]]&quot;). He wrote an open letter to the World Jewish Conference in 1935, condemning the [[Nuremberg Laws]] as &quot;abominable and stupid.&quot; His support for [[Charles de Gaulle]] and the Free French forces culminated in his victory ode addressed to de Gaulle when Paris was liberated in 1944.

The British poet [[W. H. Auden]] acknowledged the importance of Paul Claudel in his poem &quot;In Memory of W. B. Yeats&quot; (1939). Writing about Yeats, Auden says in lines 52–55 (from the originally published version, then excised by Auden in a later revision):

{{quote|&lt;poem&gt;Time that with this strange excuse
Pardoned Kipling and his views,
And will pardon Paul Claudel,
Pardons him for writing well
&lt;/poem&gt;}}

[[George Steiner]], in ''The Death of Tragedy'', called Claudel one of the three &quot;masters of drama&quot; in the 20th century, with [[Henry de Montherlant]] and [[Bertolt Brecht]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |last1=Steiner |first1=George |title=The Death of Tragedy |date=1 January 1996 |publisher=Yale University Press |isbn=978-0-300-06916-7 |page=xii |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ZA3_bYqHOegC&amp;pg=PR12 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

==Family==
While in China, Claudel had a long affair with Rosalie Vetch née Ścibor-Rylska (1871–1951), wife of Francis Vetch (1862–1944) and granddaughter of [[Hamilton Vetch]]. Claudel knew Francis Vetch through his diplomatic work, and had met Rosalie on a sea voyage out from [[Marseille]] to [[Hong Kong]] in 1900. She had four children, and was pregnant with Claudel's child when the affair ended in February 1905. She married in 1907 Jan Willem Lintner.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |last1=Stevens |first1=Keith |title=Henri Vetch (1898-1978): Soldier, Bookseller And Publisher |journal=Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society Hong Kong Branch |date=2006 |volume=46 |pages=103 and 111|jstor=23890010 |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/23890010 |issn=1991-7295}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |last1=Castel |first1=Yves |title=Histoire de familles des Mascareignes |year=2021 |page=171 |isbn=9782957766802 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=LW5HEAAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PA171}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web
| url=https://www.nouvelobs.com/rue89/rue89-theatre-et-balagan/20110608.RUE1298/la-pleiade-leve-le-voile-sur-rosalie-grand-amour-de-claudel.html | title=La Pléiade lève le voile sur Rosalie, grand amour de Claudel | date=2017-01-24 | first=Jean-Pierre|last=Thibaudat | publisher=[[L'Obs]] | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210508213426/https://www.nouvelobs.com/rue89/rue89-theatre-et-balagan/20110608.RUE1298/la-pleiade-leve-le-voile-sur-rosalie-grand-amour-de-claudel.html | archive-date=2021-05-08 | access-date=2021-05-08}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |last1=Claudel |first1=Paul |title=Partage de Midi. Crisi di Mezzogiorno |date=2 July 2014 |publisher=EDUCatt - Ente per il diritto allo studio universitario dell'Università Cattolica |isbn=978-88-6780-435-1 |pages=12 and 13 notes |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=GbTvAwAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PA13 |language=it}}&lt;/ref&gt; Louise Marie Agnes Vetch (1905–1996), born in Brussels, was Claudel's daughter by Rosalie.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |last1=Stevens |first1=Keith |title=Henri Vetch (1898-1978): Soldier, Bookseller And Publisher |journal=Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society Hong Kong Branch |date=2006 |volume=46 |pages=110 and 113 |jstor=23890010 |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/23890010 |issn=1991-7295}}&lt;/ref&gt; Francis Vetch and Claudel had caught up with Rosalie at a railway station on the German border in 1905, a meeting at which Rosalie signalled that her relationship with Claudel was over.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |last1=Stevens |first1=Keith |title=Henri Vetch (1898-1978): Soldier, Bookseller And Publisher |journal=Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society Hong Kong Branch |date=2006 |volume=46 |page=118 |jstor=23890010 |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/23890010 |issn=1991-7295}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Claudel married on 15 March 1906 Reine Sainte-Marie Perrin (1880–1973). She was the daughter of [[Louis Sainte-Marie Perrin]] (1835–1917), an architect from [[Lyon]] known for completing the [[Basilica of Notre-Dame de Fourvière]].&lt;ref&gt;Ayral-Clause, Odile, ''Camille Claudel, A Life'', pp. 167–168&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |last1=Gide |first1=André |last2=Schlumberger |first2=Jean |title=Correspondance: 1901-1950 |date=1993 |publisher=Gallimard |isbn=978-2-07-073122-0 |page=226 |language=fr}}&lt;/ref&gt; They had two sons and three daughters.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |last1=Kohler |first1=Sue A. |title=Sixteenth Street Architecture |date=1978 |publisher=Commission of Fine Arts |page=443 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=L3QUGMtW3dIC&amp;pg=PA443 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

===Treatment of his sister===
[[File:Camille Claudel.jpg|thumb|[[Camille Claudel]]]]
Claudel committed his sister [[Camille Claudel|Camille]] to a psychiatric hospital in March 1913, where she remained for the last 30 years of her life, visiting her seven times in those 30 years.&lt;ref&gt;Ayral-Clause, Odile, p. 217, 222, 225, 242, 245, 250&lt;/ref&gt; Records show that while she did have mental lapses, she was clear-headed while working on her art. Doctors tried to convince the family that she need not be in the institution, but still they kept her there. 

The story forms the subject of a novel by [[Michèle Desbordes]], ''La Robe bleue'', ''The Blue Dress''.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web | url=https://www.liberation.fr/livres/2004/04/01/folle-claudel_474659/ | title=Folle Claudel | date=2004-04-01 | author=[[Jean-Baptiste Harang]] | publisher=[[Libération]] | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210508194737/https://www.liberation.fr/livres/2004/04/01/folle-claudel_474659/ | archive-date=2021-05-08 | access-date=2021-05-08}}&lt;/ref&gt; [[Jean-Charles de Castelbajac]] wrote a song &quot;La soeur de Paul&quot; for [[Mareva Galanter]], 2010.

==Gade tou==
* ''[[L'Histoire de Tobie et de Sara]]''
* ''[[L'Annonce faite à Marie]]'', film adaptation
* [[Lycée Claudel]], a French language high school in [[Ottawa]], Canada, named after him
* ''[[Camille Claudel (fim)|Camille Claudel]]'', 1988 film
* ''[[Camille Claudel 1915]]'', 2013 film

==References==
{{reflist}}

==Sources==
* Thody, P.M.W. &quot;Paul Claudel&quot;, in ''The Fontana Biographical Companion to Modern Thought'', eds. Bullock, Alan and Woodings, R.B., Oxford, 1983.
* Ayral-Clause, Odile, ''Camille Claudel, A Life'', 2002.
* Ashley, Tim: &quot;[https://www.theguardian.com/arts/critic/feature/0,1169,1282766,00.html Evil Genius]&quot;, ''The Guardian'', 14 August 2004.
* Price-Jones, David, &quot;Jews, Arabs and French Diplomacy: A Special Report&quot;, ''Commentary'', 22 May 2005, https://web.archive.org/web/20051218141558/http://www.benadorassociates.com/article/15043
* ''Album Claudel''. Iconographie choisie et annotée par Guy Goffette. Bibliothèque de la Pléiade. Éditions Gallimard, 2011. {{ISBN|9782070123759}}. (Illustrated biography.)

== Lyen deyò ==
{{wikiquote}}
{{Wikisource author}}
{{Commons category|Paul Claudel}}
* [http://www.paul-claudel.net/ Paul-claudel.net] (in French)

{{Académie française Seat 13|state=expanded}}
{{Camille Claudel}}
{{Authority control}}
{{Portal bar|Poetry|Politics}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Claudel, Paul}}
[[Kategori:Moun]]
[[Kategori:Nesans nan lane 1868]]
[[Kategori:Lanmò 1955]]

[[Category:People from Aisne]]
[[Category:French Roman Catholics]]
[[Category:Sciences Po alumni]]
[[Category:Converts to Roman Catholicism from atheism or agnosticism]]
[[Category:Ambassadors of France to Belgium]]
[[Category:Ambassadors of France to Japan]]
[[Category:Ambassadors of France to the United States]]
[[Category:Deans of the Diplomatic Corps to the United States]]
[[Category:French Catholic poets]]
&lt;!---For non-ambassadorial diplomatic posts e.g. in China---&gt;
[[Category:19th-century French dramatists and playwrights]]
[[Category:20th-century French dramatists and playwrights]]
[[Category:19th-century French poets]]
[[Category:Lycée Louis-le-Grand alumni]]
[[Category:Members of the Académie Française]]
[[Category:Roman Catholic writers]]
[[Category:19th-century French diplomats]]
[[Category:20th-century French diplomats]]|title={{Short description|French diplomat, poet and playwright (1868–1955)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2020}}
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| birth_place   = [[Villeneuve-sur-Fère]], France
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| death_place   = Paris, France
| resting_place = 
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| citizenship   = 
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| alma_mater    = [[Paris Institute of Political Studies]]
| period        = 
| genre         = [[Verse drama]]
| subject       = 
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'''Paul Claudel''' ({{IPA-fr|pɔl klodɛl|lang}}; 6 August 1868 – 23 February 1955) was a French poet, dramatist and diplomat, and the younger brother of the sculptor [[Camille Claudel]]. He was most famous for his [[verse drama]]s, which often convey his devout [[Catholicism]].

==Early life==
He was born in [[Villeneuve-sur-Fère]] ([[Aisne]]), into a family of farmers and government officials.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=Paul Claudel, Encyclopedia.com|url=https://www.encyclopedia.com/people/literature-and-arts/french-literature-biographies/paul-claudel|website=www.encyclopedia.com|access-date=2020-05-10}}&lt;/ref&gt; His father, Louis-Prosper, dealt in mortgages and bank transactions. His mother, the former Louise Cerveaux, came from a Champagne family of Catholic farmers and priests. Having spent his first years in [[Champagne (province)|Champagne]], he studied at the ''[[lycée]]'' of [[Bar-le-Duc]] and at the [[Lycée Louis-le-Grand]] in 1881, when his parents moved to Paris.
[[File:Augustins - Paul Claudel à seize ans - Camille Claudel RA 941.jpg|thumb|left|140px|''Paul Claudel, age sixteen'', by his sister, [[Camille Claudel]], modeled in 1884 and cast in 1893]]
An unbeliever in his teenage years, Claudel experienced a conversion at age 18 on Christmas Day 1886 while listening to a choir sing [[Vespers]] in the cathedral of [[Notre Dame de Paris]]: &quot;In an instant, my heart was touched, and I believed.&quot; He remained an active Catholic for the rest of his life. In addition, he discovered [[Arthur Rimbaud]]'s book of poetry ''Illuminations''. He worked towards &quot;the revelation through poetry, both lyrical and dramatic, of the grand design of creation&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Paul Claudel, French author|url=https://www.britannica.com/biography/Paul-Claudel|website=Encyclopedia Britannica|language=en|access-date=2020-05-10}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Claudel studied at the [[Paris Institute of Political Studies]].

==Diplomat==
The young Claudel considered entering a monastery, but instead had a career in the French diplomatic service, in which he served from 1893 to 1936.

Claudel was first vice-consul in New York (April 1893),&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt; and later in [[Boston]] (December 1893). He was French [[Consulate general|consul]] in China during the period 1895 to 1909, with time in [[Shanghai]] (June 1895). On a break in 1900, he spent time at  [[Ligugé Abbey]], but his proposed entry to the [[Benedictine Order]] was postponed.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |last1=Ubersfeld |first1=Anne |title=Paul Claudel, Partage de midi: autobiographie et histoire |date=1999 |publisher=Presses Univ. Franche-Comté |isbn=978-2-913322-48-6 |page=10 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_iVgXjiOYDwC&amp;pg=PA10 |language=fr}}&lt;/ref&gt; 

Claudel returned to China as vice-consul in [[Fuzhou]] (October 1900). He had a further break in France in 1905–6, when he married. He was one of a group of writers enjoying the support and patronage of [[Philippe Berthelot]] of the Foreign Ministry, who became a close friend; others were [[Jean Giraudoux]], [[Paul Morand]] and [[Saint-John Perse]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |last1=O'Neil |first1=Mary Anne |title=Twentieth-century French Dramatists |date=2006 |publisher=Thomson Gale |isbn=978-0-7876-8139-5 |page=219|volume=321 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |last1=Nelis |first1=Jan |last2=Morelli |first2=Anne |last3=Praet |first3=Danny |title=Catholicism and Fascism in Europe 1918 - 1945 |date=1 May 2015 |publisher=Georg Olms Verlag |isbn=978-3-487-15243-1 |page=184 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=YWtmDwAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PA184 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; Because of his position in the Diplomatic Service, at the beginning of his career Claudel published either anonymously or under a pseudonym, &quot;since permission to publish was needed from the Ministry of Foreign Affairs&quot;.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|last=Vagianos|first=Sylvia Caides|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=uBi199W0tbIC&amp;q=Paul+Claudel&amp;pg=PA51|title=Paul Claudel and La Nouvelle Revue Française (1909-1918)|date=1979|publisher=Librairie Droz|isbn=978-2-600-03573-6|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;sup&gt;:11&lt;/sup&gt; 

For that reason, Claudel remained rather obscure as an author to 1909, unwilling to ask permission to publish under his own name because the permission might not be granted.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;&lt;sup&gt;:11&lt;/sup&gt; In that year, the founding group of the ''[[Nouvelle Revue Française]]'' (NRF), and in particular his friend [[André Gide]], were keen to recognise his work. Claudel sent them, for the first issue, the poem ''Hymne du Sacre-Sacrement'', to fulsome praise from Gide, and it was published under his name. He had not sought permission to publish, and there was a furore in which he was criticised. Attacks based on his religious views were in February also affecting the production of one of his plays.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;&lt;sup&gt;:15–17&lt;/sup&gt; Berthelot's advice was to ignore the critics.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;&lt;sup&gt;:18 note 42&lt;/sup&gt; The affair began a long collaboration of the NRF with Claudel.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;&lt;sup&gt;:12&lt;/sup&gt;

Claudel also wrote extensively about China, with a definitive version of his ''Connaissance de l'Est'' published in 1914 by [[Georges Crès]] and [[Victor Segalen]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |last1=Hsieh |first1=Yvonne Ying |title=From Occupation to Revolution: China Through the Eyes of Loti, Claudel, Segalen, and Malraux (1895-1933) |date=1996 |publisher=Summa Publications, Inc. |isbn=978-1-883479-13-8 |page=34 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=sxrS3LwrMdsC&amp;pg=PA34 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; In his final posting to China, he was consul in [[Tianjin]] (1906–1909).

In a series of European postings to the outbreak of [[World War I]], Claudel was in [[Prague]] (December 1909), [[Frankfurt am Main]] (October 1911), and [[Hamburg]] (October 1913). At this period he was interested in the theatre festival at [[Hellerau]], which put on one of his plays, and the ideas of [[Jacques Copeau]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |last1=Vagianos |first1=Sylvia Caides |title=Paul Claudel and La Nouvelle Revue Française (1909-1918) |date=1979 |publisher=Librairie Droz |isbn=978-2-600-03573-6 |pages=113–114 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=uBi199W0tbIC&amp;pg=PA113 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Claudel was in Rome (1915–1916), ''ministre plénipotentiaire'' in [[Rio de Janeiro]] (1917–1918), [[Copenhagen]] (1920), ambassador in Tokyo (1921–1927),&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt; Washington, D.C. (1928–1933, Dean of the Diplomatic Corps in 1933)&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|date=1 March 2013|title=Deans of the Diplomatic Corps|work=[[Bureau of Public Affairs]], [[U.S. Department of State]]|url=https://2009-2017.state.gov/s/cpr/rls/93591.htm|access-date=24 September 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt; and [[Brussels]] (1933–1936).&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt; While he served in Brazil during [[World War I]] he supervised the continued provision of food supplies from South America to France. His secretaries during the Brazil mission included [[Darius Milhaud]],  who wrote [[incidental music]] to a number of Claudel's plays.
[[File:Paul Claudel on TIME Magazine, March 21, 1927.jpg|thumb|Cover of ''Time Magazine'' (21 March 1927)]]

==Later life==
[[File:08 - Le château de Brangues (38510), propriété de Paul Claudel.jpg|thumb|The château of Brangues, 2009 photograph]]
In 1935 Claudel retired to [[Brangues]] in [[Dauphiné]], where he had bought the [[château]] in 1927. He still spent winters in Paris.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |last1=Nichols |first1=Aidan |title=The Poet as Believer: A Theological Study of Paul Claudel |date=28 June 2013 |publisher=Ashgate Publishing, Ltd. |isbn=978-1-4094-8148-5 |page=16 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=hfqhAgAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PA16 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |last1=Werner |first1=Roberta |title=Reaching for God: The Benedictine Oblate Way of Life |date=2013 |publisher=Liturgical Press |isbn=978-0-8146-3551-3 |page=8 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=aMq-YRcvZ9wC&amp;pg=PA8 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

During [[World War II]] Claudel made his way to [[Algeria]] in 1940, after the [[Battle of France]], and offered to serve [[Free France]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |last1=Majault |first1=Joseph |title=Littérature de notre temps |date=1966 |publisher=Casterman |page=88|volume=I |language=fr}}&lt;/ref&gt; Not having a response to the offer, he returned to Brangues. He supported the [[Vichy regime]], but disagreed with Cardinal [[Alfred Baudrillart]]'s policy of collaboration with [[Nazi Germany]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |last1=Michlin |first1=Gilbert |title=Of No Interest to the Nation: A Jewish Family in France, 1925-1945 |date=17 September 2004 |publisher=Wayne State University Press |isbn=978-0-8143-3848-3 |page=124 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=x3pcaWqPOvMC&amp;pg=PA124 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Close to home, [[Paul-Louis Weiller]], married to Claudel's daughter-in-law's sister, was arrested by the Vichy government in October 1940. Claudel went to Vichy to intercede for him, to no avail; Weiller escaped (with Claudel's assistance, the authorities suspected) and fled to New York. Claudel wrote in December 1941 to [[Isaïe Schwartz]], expressing his opposition to the [[Statut des Juifs]] enacted by the regime.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |last1=Pryce-Jones |first1=David |title=Betrayal: France, the Arabs, and the Jews (Large Print 16pt) |date=February 2011 |publisher=ReadHowYouWant.com |isbn=978-1-4587-3170-8 |pages=59–60 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=EM0BW8P8qM0C&amp;pg=PA5 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; The Vichy authorities responded by having Claudel's house searched and keeping him under observation. 

Claudel was elected to the [[Académie française]] on 4 April 1946, replacing [[Louis Gillet]]. It followed a rejection in 1935, considered somewhat scandalous, when [[Claude Farrère]] was preferred.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Paul Claudel, Académie française |url=https://www.academie-francaise.fr/les-immortels/paul-claudel |website=www.academie-francaise.fr}}&lt;/ref&gt; He was nominated for the [[Nobel Prize in Literature]] in six different years.&lt;ref&gt;Nobel Prize.org: &quot;[https://www.nobelprize.org/nomination/archive/show_people.php?id=1831 Paul Claudel (Nomination Database)]&quot;.&lt;/ref&gt;

==Work==
{{Main|List of works by Paul Claudel}}
Claudel often referred to [[Stéphane Mallarmé]] as his teacher.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |last1=Erwin |first1=John F. |title=Claudel and the Lesson of Mallarmé: The Theme of Absence |journal=L'Esprit Créateur |date=1973 |volume=13 |issue=1 |pages=44–54 |jstor=26279825 |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/26279825 |issn=0014-0767}}&lt;/ref&gt; His poetic has been seen as Mallarmé's, with the addition of the idea of the world as a revelatory [[religious text]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |last1=Bush |first1=Christopher |title=Ideographic Modernism: China, Writing, Media |date=1 February 2010 |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0-19-974139-7 |page=48 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=8l1X3MwBXRkC&amp;pg=PA48 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; He rejected traditional [[Prosody (linguistics)|prosody]], developing the ''verset claudelien'', his own form of [[free verse]]. It was within the orbit of experimentation by followers of [[Walt Whitman]], impressive for Claudel, of whom [[Charles Péguy]] and [[André Spire]] were two others working on a form of ''verset''.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |last1=Erkkila |first1=Betsy |title=Walt Whitman Among the French: Poet and Myth |date=14 July 2014 |publisher=Princeton University Press |isbn=978-1-4008-5454-7 |page=138 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=drn_AwAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PA138 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; The influence of the Latin [[Vulgate]] has been disputed by [[Jean Grosjean]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |last1=Dethurens |first1=Pascal |title=Claudel et l'avènement de la modernité: création littéraire et culture européenne dans l'œuvre théâtrale de Claudel |date=1996 |publisher=Presses Univ. Franche-Comté |isbn=978-2-251-60601-9 |page=219 and note 2 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=3pzpTZCEnmgC&amp;pg=PA219 |language=fr}}&lt;/ref&gt;

The best known of his plays are ''Le Partage de Midi'' (&quot;The Break of Noon&quot;, 1906), ''L'Annonce faite à Marie'' (&quot;The Tidings Brought to Mary&quot;, 1910) focusing on the themes of sacrifice, oblation and sanctification through the tale of a young medieval French peasant woman who contracts [[leprosy]], and ''Le Soulier de Satin'' (&quot;[[The Satin Slipper]]&quot;, 1931). The last is an exploration of human and divine love and longing, set in the Spanish empire of the [[siglo de oro]]. It was staged at the [[Comédie-Française]] in 1943. ''[[Jeanne d'Arc au Bûcher]]'' (&quot;Joan of Arc at the Stake&quot;, 1939) was an [[oratorio]] with music by [[Arthur Honegger]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |last1=Smither |first1=Howard E. |title=A History of the Oratorio |date=1 September 2012 |publisher=UNC Press Books |isbn=978-0-8078-3778-8 |page=661|volume=4: The Oratorio in the Nineteenth and Twentieth Centuries |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=1qh_QfteHVEC&amp;pg=PA661 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; The settings of his plays tended to be romantically distant, medieval France or sixteenth-century Spanish South America. He used scenes of passionate, obsessive human love. The complexity, structure and scale of the plays meant that a positive reception of Claudel's drama by audiences was long delayed.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |last1=Kennedy |first1=Dennis |title=The Oxford Companion to Theatre and Performance |date=26 August 2010 |publisher=OUP Oxford |isbn=978-0-19-957419-3 |page=123 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=xXCcAQAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PA123 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; His final dramatic work, ''[[L'Histoire de Tobie et de Sara]]'', was first produced by [[Jean Vilar]] for the [[Festival d'Avignon]] in 1947.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |last1=Hartnoll |first1=Phyllis |title=The Oxford Companion to the Theatre |url=https://archive.org/details/oxfordcompaniont0000unse_x9q5 |date=1983 |publisher=Oxford University Press |location=Oxford |isbn=0192115464 |page=[https://archive.org/details/oxfordcompaniont0000unse_x9q5/page/182 182] |edition=4th}}&lt;/ref&gt;

As well as his verse dramas, Claudel also wrote [[lyric poetry]]. A major example is the ''Cinq Grandes Odes'' (Five Great Odes, 1907).&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |last1=Hellerstein |first1=Nina S. |title=Mythe et structure dans les Cinq grandes odes de Paul Claudel |date=1990 |publisher=Presses Univ. Franche-Comté |page=27 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=9ir72om2EYEC&amp;pg=PA27 |language=fr}}&lt;/ref&gt;

==Views and reputation==
Claudel was a conservative of the old school, sharing the [[antisemitism]] of conservative France. He addressed a poem (&quot;Paroles au Maréchal,&quot; &quot;Words to the Marshal&quot;) after the defeat of France in 1940, commending [[Marshal Pétain]] for picking up and salvaging France's broken, wounded body. As a Catholic, he could not avoid a sense of satisfaction at the fall of the [[anti-clerical]] [[French Third Republic]].

His diaries make clear his consistent contempt for Nazism (condemning it as early as 1930 as &quot;demonic&quot; and &quot;wedded to Satan,&quot; and referring to [[communism]] and [[Nazism]] as &quot;[[Gog and Magog]]&quot;). He wrote an open letter to the World Jewish Conference in 1935, condemning the [[Nuremberg Laws]] as &quot;abominable and stupid.&quot; His support for [[Charles de Gaulle]] and the Free French forces culminated in his victory ode addressed to de Gaulle when Paris was liberated in 1944.

The British poet [[W. H. Auden]] acknowledged the importance of Paul Claudel in his poem &quot;In Memory of W. B. Yeats&quot; (1939). Writing about Yeats, Auden says in lines 52–55 (from the originally published version, then excised by Auden in a later revision):

{{quote|&lt;poem&gt;Time that with this strange excuse
Pardoned Kipling and his views,
And will pardon Paul Claudel,
Pardons him for writing well
&lt;/poem&gt;}}

[[George Steiner]], in ''The Death of Tragedy'', called Claudel one of the three &quot;masters of drama&quot; in the 20th century, with [[Henry de Montherlant]] and [[Bertolt Brecht]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |last1=Steiner |first1=George |title=The Death of Tragedy |date=1 January 1996 |publisher=Yale University Press |isbn=978-0-300-06916-7 |page=xii |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ZA3_bYqHOegC&amp;pg=PR12 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

==Family==
While in China, Claudel had a long affair with Rosalie Vetch née Ścibor-Rylska (1871–1951), wife of Francis Vetch (1862–1944) and granddaughter of [[Hamilton Vetch]]. Claudel knew Francis Vetch through his diplomatic work, and had met Rosalie on a sea voyage out from [[Marseille]] to [[Hong Kong]] in 1900. She had four children, and was pregnant with Claudel's child when the affair ended in February 1905. She married in 1907 Jan Willem Lintner.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |last1=Stevens |first1=Keith |title=Henri Vetch (1898-1978): Soldier, Bookseller And Publisher |journal=Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society Hong Kong Branch |date=2006 |volume=46 |pages=103 and 111|jstor=23890010 |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/23890010 |issn=1991-7295}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |last1=Castel |first1=Yves |title=Histoire de familles des Mascareignes |year=2021 |page=171 |isbn=9782957766802 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=LW5HEAAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PA171}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web
| url=https://www.nouvelobs.com/rue89/rue89-theatre-et-balagan/20110608.RUE1298/la-pleiade-leve-le-voile-sur-rosalie-grand-amour-de-claudel.html | title=La Pléiade lève le voile sur Rosalie, grand amour de Claudel | date=2017-01-24 | first=Jean-Pierre|last=Thibaudat | publisher=[[L'Obs]] | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210508213426/https://www.nouvelobs.com/rue89/rue89-theatre-et-balagan/20110608.RUE1298/la-pleiade-leve-le-voile-sur-rosalie-grand-amour-de-claudel.html | archive-date=2021-05-08 | access-date=2021-05-08}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |last1=Claudel |first1=Paul |title=Partage de Midi. Crisi di Mezzogiorno |date=2 July 2014 |publisher=EDUCatt - Ente per il diritto allo studio universitario dell'Università Cattolica |isbn=978-88-6780-435-1 |pages=12 and 13 notes |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=GbTvAwAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PA13 |language=it}}&lt;/ref&gt; Louise Marie Agnes Vetch (1905–1996), born in Brussels, was Claudel's daughter by Rosalie.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |last1=Stevens |first1=Keith |title=Henri Vetch (1898-1978): Soldier, Bookseller And Publisher |journal=Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society Hong Kong Branch |date=2006 |volume=46 |pages=110 and 113 |jstor=23890010 |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/23890010 |issn=1991-7295}}&lt;/ref&gt; Francis Vetch and Claudel had caught up with Rosalie at a railway station on the German border in 1905, a meeting at which Rosalie signalled that her relationship with Claudel was over.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |last1=Stevens |first1=Keith |title=Henri Vetch (1898-1978): Soldier, Bookseller And Publisher |journal=Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society Hong Kong Branch |date=2006 |volume=46 |page=118 |jstor=23890010 |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/23890010 |issn=1991-7295}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Claudel married on 15 March 1906 Reine Sainte-Marie Perrin (1880–1973). She was the daughter of [[Louis Sainte-Marie Perrin]] (1835–1917), an architect from [[Lyon]] known for completing the [[Basilica of Notre-Dame de Fourvière]].&lt;ref&gt;Ayral-Clause, Odile, ''Camille Claudel, A Life'', pp. 167–168&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |last1=Gide |first1=André |last2=Schlumberger |first2=Jean |title=Correspondance: 1901-1950 |date=1993 |publisher=Gallimard |isbn=978-2-07-073122-0 |page=226 |language=fr}}&lt;/ref&gt; They had two sons and three daughters.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |last1=Kohler |first1=Sue A. |title=Sixteenth Street Architecture |date=1978 |publisher=Commission of Fine Arts |page=443 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=L3QUGMtW3dIC&amp;pg=PA443 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

===Treatment of his sister===
[[File:Camille Claudel.jpg|thumb|[[Camille Claudel]]]]
Claudel committed his sister [[Camille Claudel|Camille]] to a psychiatric hospital in March 1913, where she remained for the last 30 years of her life, visiting her seven times in those 30 years.&lt;ref&gt;Ayral-Clause, Odile, p. 217, 222, 225, 242, 245, 250&lt;/ref&gt; Records show that while she did have mental lapses, she was clear-headed while working on her art. Doctors tried to convince the family that she need not be in the institution, but still they kept her there. 

The story forms the subject of a novel by [[Michèle Desbordes]], ''La Robe bleue'', ''The Blue Dress''.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web | url=https://www.liberation.fr/livres/2004/04/01/folle-claudel_474659/ | title=Folle Claudel | date=2004-04-01 | author=[[Jean-Baptiste Harang]] | publisher=[[Libération]] | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210508194737/https://www.liberation.fr/livres/2004/04/01/folle-claudel_474659/ | archive-date=2021-05-08 | access-date=2021-05-08}}&lt;/ref&gt; [[Jean-Charles de Castelbajac]] wrote a song &quot;La soeur de Paul&quot; for [[Mareva Galanter]], 2010.

==See also==
* ''[[L'Histoire de Tobie et de Sara]]''
* ''[[L'Annonce faite à Marie]]'', film adaptation
* [[Lycée Claudel]], a French language high school in [[Ottawa]], Canada, named after him
* [[Camille Claudel (film)|''Camille Claudel'']], 1988 film
* ''[[Camille Claudel 1915]]'', 2013 film

==References==
{{reflist}}

==Sources==
* Thody, P.M.W. &quot;Paul Claudel&quot;, in ''The Fontana Biographical Companion to Modern Thought'', eds. Bullock, Alan and Woodings, R.B., Oxford, 1983.
* Ayral-Clause, Odile, ''Camille Claudel, A Life'', 2002.
* Ashley, Tim: &quot;[https://www.theguardian.com/arts/critic/feature/0,1169,1282766,00.html Evil Genius]&quot;, ''The Guardian'', 14 August 2004.
* Price-Jones, David, &quot;Jews, Arabs and French Diplomacy: A Special Report&quot;, ''Commentary'', 22 May 2005, https://web.archive.org/web/20051218141558/http://www.benadorassociates.com/article/15043
* ''Album Claudel''. Iconographie choisie et annotée par Guy Goffette. Bibliothèque de la Pléiade. Éditions Gallimard, 2011. {{ISBN|9782070123759}}. (Illustrated biography.)

==External links==
{{wikiquote}}
{{Wikisource author}}
{{Commons category|Paul Claudel}}
* [http://www.paul-claudel.net/ Paul-claudel.net] (in French)

{{Académie française Seat 13|state=expanded}}
{{Camille Claudel}}
{{Authority control}}
{{Portal bar|Poetry|Politics}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Claudel, Paul}}
[[Category:1868 births]]
[[Category:1955 deaths]]
[[Category:People from Aisne]]
[[Category:French Roman Catholics]]
[[Category:Sciences Po alumni]]
[[Category:Converts to Roman Catholicism from atheism or agnosticism]]
[[Category:Ambassadors of France to Belgium]]
[[Category:Ambassadors of France to Japan]]
[[Category:Ambassadors of France to the United States]]
[[Category:Deans of the Diplomatic Corps to the United States]]
[[Category:French Catholic poets]]
&lt;!---For non-ambassadorial diplomatic posts e.g. in China---&gt;
[[Category:19th-century French dramatists and playwrights]]
[[Category:20th-century French dramatists and playwrights]]
[[Category:19th-century French poets]]
[[Category:Lycée Louis-le-Grand alumni]]
[[Category:Members of the Académie Française]]
[[Category:Roman Catholic writers]]
[[Category:19th-century French diplomats]]
[[Category:20th-century French diplomats]]|last=paul|first=claudel|date={{Short description|French diplomat, poet and playwright (1868–1955)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2020}}
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| birth_place   = [[Villeneuve-sur-Fère]], France
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| death_place   = Paris, France
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| alma_mater    = [[Paris Institute of Political Studies]]
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'''Paul Claudel''' ({{IPA-fr|pɔl klodɛl|lang}}; 6 August 1868 – 23 February 1955) was a French poet, dramatist and diplomat, and the younger brother of the sculptor [[Camille Claudel]]. He was most famous for his [[verse drama]]s, which often convey his devout [[Catholicism]].

==Early life==
He was born in [[Villeneuve-sur-Fère]] ([[Aisne]]), into a family of farmers and government officials.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=Paul Claudel, Encyclopedia.com|url=https://www.encyclopedia.com/people/literature-and-arts/french-literature-biographies/paul-claudel|website=www.encyclopedia.com|access-date=2020-05-10}}&lt;/ref&gt; His father, Louis-Prosper, dealt in mortgages and bank transactions. His mother, the former Louise Cerveaux, came from a Champagne family of Catholic farmers and priests. Having spent his first years in [[Champagne (province)|Champagne]], he studied at the ''[[lycée]]'' of [[Bar-le-Duc]] and at the [[Lycée Louis-le-Grand]] in 1881, when his parents moved to Paris.
[[File:Augustins - Paul Claudel à seize ans - Camille Claudel RA 941.jpg|thumb|left|140px|''Paul Claudel, age sixteen'', by his sister, [[Camille Claudel]], modeled in 1884 and cast in 1893]]
An unbeliever in his teenage years, Claudel experienced a conversion at age 18 on Christmas Day 1886 while listening to a choir sing [[Vespers]] in the cathedral of [[Notre Dame de Paris]]: &quot;In an instant, my heart was touched, and I believed.&quot; He remained an active Catholic for the rest of his life. In addition, he discovered [[Arthur Rimbaud]]'s book of poetry ''Illuminations''. He worked towards &quot;the revelation through poetry, both lyrical and dramatic, of the grand design of creation&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Paul Claudel, French author|url=https://www.britannica.com/biography/Paul-Claudel|website=Encyclopedia Britannica|language=en|access-date=2020-05-10}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Claudel studied at the [[Paris Institute of Political Studies]].

==Diplomat==
The young Claudel considered entering a monastery, but instead had a career in the French diplomatic service, in which he served from 1893 to 1936.

Claudel was first vice-consul in New York (April 1893),&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt; and later in [[Boston]] (December 1893). He was French [[Consulate general|consul]] in China during the period 1895 to 1909, with time in [[Shanghai]] (June 1895). On a break in 1900, he spent time at  [[Ligugé Abbey]], but his proposed entry to the [[Benedictine Order]] was postponed.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |last1=Ubersfeld |first1=Anne |title=Paul Claudel, Partage de midi: autobiographie et histoire |date=1999 |publisher=Presses Univ. Franche-Comté |isbn=978-2-913322-48-6 |page=10 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_iVgXjiOYDwC&amp;pg=PA10 |language=fr}}&lt;/ref&gt; 

Claudel returned to China as vice-consul in [[Fuzhou]] (October 1900). He had a further break in France in 1905–6, when he married. He was one of a group of writers enjoying the support and patronage of [[Philippe Berthelot]] of the Foreign Ministry, who became a close friend; others were [[Jean Giraudoux]], [[Paul Morand]] and [[Saint-John Perse]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |last1=O'Neil |first1=Mary Anne |title=Twentieth-century French Dramatists |date=2006 |publisher=Thomson Gale |isbn=978-0-7876-8139-5 |page=219|volume=321 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |last1=Nelis |first1=Jan |last2=Morelli |first2=Anne |last3=Praet |first3=Danny |title=Catholicism and Fascism in Europe 1918 - 1945 |date=1 May 2015 |publisher=Georg Olms Verlag |isbn=978-3-487-15243-1 |page=184 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=YWtmDwAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PA184 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; Because of his position in the Diplomatic Service, at the beginning of his career Claudel published either anonymously or under a pseudonym, &quot;since permission to publish was needed from the Ministry of Foreign Affairs&quot;.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|last=Vagianos|first=Sylvia Caides|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=uBi199W0tbIC&amp;q=Paul+Claudel&amp;pg=PA51|title=Paul Claudel and La Nouvelle Revue Française (1909-1918)|date=1979|publisher=Librairie Droz|isbn=978-2-600-03573-6|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;sup&gt;:11&lt;/sup&gt; 

For that reason, Claudel remained rather obscure as an author to 1909, unwilling to ask permission to publish under his own name because the permission might not be granted.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;&lt;sup&gt;:11&lt;/sup&gt; In that year, the founding group of the ''[[Nouvelle Revue Française]]'' (NRF), and in particular his friend [[André Gide]], were keen to recognise his work. Claudel sent them, for the first issue, the poem ''Hymne du Sacre-Sacrement'', to fulsome praise from Gide, and it was published under his name. He had not sought permission to publish, and there was a furore in which he was criticised. Attacks based on his religious views were in February also affecting the production of one of his plays.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;&lt;sup&gt;:15–17&lt;/sup&gt; Berthelot's advice was to ignore the critics.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;&lt;sup&gt;:18 note 42&lt;/sup&gt; The affair began a long collaboration of the NRF with Claudel.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;&lt;sup&gt;:12&lt;/sup&gt;

Claudel also wrote extensively about China, with a definitive version of his ''Connaissance de l'Est'' published in 1914 by [[Georges Crès]] and [[Victor Segalen]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |last1=Hsieh |first1=Yvonne Ying |title=From Occupation to Revolution: China Through the Eyes of Loti, Claudel, Segalen, and Malraux (1895-1933) |date=1996 |publisher=Summa Publications, Inc. |isbn=978-1-883479-13-8 |page=34 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=sxrS3LwrMdsC&amp;pg=PA34 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; In his final posting to China, he was consul in [[Tianjin]] (1906–1909).

In a series of European postings to the outbreak of [[World War I]], Claudel was in [[Prague]] (December 1909), [[Frankfurt am Main]] (October 1911), and [[Hamburg]] (October 1913). At this period he was interested in the theatre festival at [[Hellerau]], which put on one of his plays, and the ideas of [[Jacques Copeau]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |last1=Vagianos |first1=Sylvia Caides |title=Paul Claudel and La Nouvelle Revue Française (1909-1918) |date=1979 |publisher=Librairie Droz |isbn=978-2-600-03573-6 |pages=113–114 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=uBi199W0tbIC&amp;pg=PA113 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Claudel was in Rome (1915–1916), ''ministre plénipotentiaire'' in [[Rio de Janeiro]] (1917–1918), [[Copenhagen]] (1920), ambassador in Tokyo (1921–1927),&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt; Washington, D.C. (1928–1933, Dean of the Diplomatic Corps in 1933)&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|date=1 March 2013|title=Deans of the Diplomatic Corps|work=[[Bureau of Public Affairs]], [[U.S. Department of State]]|url=https://2009-2017.state.gov/s/cpr/rls/93591.htm|access-date=24 September 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt; and [[Brussels]] (1933–1936).&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt; While he served in Brazil during [[World War I]] he supervised the continued provision of food supplies from South America to France. His secretaries during the Brazil mission included [[Darius Milhaud]],  who wrote [[incidental music]] to a number of Claudel's plays.
[[File:Paul Claudel on TIME Magazine, March 21, 1927.jpg|thumb|Cover of ''Time Magazine'' (21 March 1927)]]

==Later life==
[[File:08 - Le château de Brangues (38510), propriété de Paul Claudel.jpg|thumb|The château of Brangues, 2009 photograph]]
In 1935 Claudel retired to [[Brangues]] in [[Dauphiné]], where he had bought the [[château]] in 1927. He still spent winters in Paris.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |last1=Nichols |first1=Aidan |title=The Poet as Believer: A Theological Study of Paul Claudel |date=28 June 2013 |publisher=Ashgate Publishing, Ltd. |isbn=978-1-4094-8148-5 |page=16 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=hfqhAgAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PA16 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |last1=Werner |first1=Roberta |title=Reaching for God: The Benedictine Oblate Way of Life |date=2013 |publisher=Liturgical Press |isbn=978-0-8146-3551-3 |page=8 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=aMq-YRcvZ9wC&amp;pg=PA8 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

During [[World War II]] Claudel made his way to [[Algeria]] in 1940, after the [[Battle of France]], and offered to serve [[Free France]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |last1=Majault |first1=Joseph |title=Littérature de notre temps |date=1966 |publisher=Casterman |page=88|volume=I |language=fr}}&lt;/ref&gt; Not having a response to the offer, he returned to Brangues. He supported the [[Vichy regime]], but disagreed with Cardinal [[Alfred Baudrillart]]'s policy of collaboration with [[Nazi Germany]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |last1=Michlin |first1=Gilbert |title=Of No Interest to the Nation: A Jewish Family in France, 1925-1945 |date=17 September 2004 |publisher=Wayne State University Press |isbn=978-0-8143-3848-3 |page=124 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=x3pcaWqPOvMC&amp;pg=PA124 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Close to home, [[Paul-Louis Weiller]], married to Claudel's daughter-in-law's sister, was arrested by the Vichy government in October 1940. Claudel went to Vichy to intercede for him, to no avail; Weiller escaped (with Claudel's assistance, the authorities suspected) and fled to New York. Claudel wrote in December 1941 to [[Isaïe Schwartz]], expressing his opposition to the [[Statut des Juifs]] enacted by the regime.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |last1=Pryce-Jones |first1=David |title=Betrayal: France, the Arabs, and the Jews (Large Print 16pt) |date=February 2011 |publisher=ReadHowYouWant.com |isbn=978-1-4587-3170-8 |pages=59–60 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=EM0BW8P8qM0C&amp;pg=PA5 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; The Vichy authorities responded by having Claudel's house searched and keeping him under observation. 

Claudel was elected to the [[Académie française]] on 4 April 1946, replacing [[Louis Gillet]]. It followed a rejection in 1935, considered somewhat scandalous, when [[Claude Farrère]] was preferred.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Paul Claudel, Académie française |url=https://www.academie-francaise.fr/les-immortels/paul-claudel |website=www.academie-francaise.fr}}&lt;/ref&gt; He was nominated for the [[Nobel Prize in Literature]] in six different years.&lt;ref&gt;Nobel Prize.org: &quot;[https://www.nobelprize.org/nomination/archive/show_people.php?id=1831 Paul Claudel (Nomination Database)]&quot;.&lt;/ref&gt;

==Work==
{{Main|List of works by Paul Claudel}}
Claudel often referred to [[Stéphane Mallarmé]] as his teacher.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |last1=Erwin |first1=John F. |title=Claudel and the Lesson of Mallarmé: The Theme of Absence |journal=L'Esprit Créateur |date=1973 |volume=13 |issue=1 |pages=44–54 |jstor=26279825 |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/26279825 |issn=0014-0767}}&lt;/ref&gt; His poetic has been seen as Mallarmé's, with the addition of the idea of the world as a revelatory [[religious text]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |last1=Bush |first1=Christopher |title=Ideographic Modernism: China, Writing, Media |date=1 February 2010 |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0-19-974139-7 |page=48 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=8l1X3MwBXRkC&amp;pg=PA48 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; He rejected traditional [[Prosody (linguistics)|prosody]], developing the ''verset claudelien'', his own form of [[free verse]]. It was within the orbit of experimentation by followers of [[Walt Whitman]], impressive for Claudel, of whom [[Charles Péguy]] and [[André Spire]] were two others working on a form of ''verset''.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |last1=Erkkila |first1=Betsy |title=Walt Whitman Among the French: Poet and Myth |date=14 July 2014 |publisher=Princeton University Press |isbn=978-1-4008-5454-7 |page=138 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=drn_AwAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PA138 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; The influence of the Latin [[Vulgate]] has been disputed by [[Jean Grosjean]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |last1=Dethurens |first1=Pascal |title=Claudel et l'avènement de la modernité: création littéraire et culture européenne dans l'œuvre théâtrale de Claudel |date=1996 |publisher=Presses Univ. Franche-Comté |isbn=978-2-251-60601-9 |page=219 and note 2 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=3pzpTZCEnmgC&amp;pg=PA219 |language=fr}}&lt;/ref&gt;

The best known of his plays are ''Le Partage de Midi'' (&quot;The Break of Noon&quot;, 1906), ''L'Annonce faite à Marie'' (&quot;The Tidings Brought to Mary&quot;, 1910) focusing on the themes of sacrifice, oblation and sanctification through the tale of a young medieval French peasant woman who contracts [[leprosy]], and ''Le Soulier de Satin'' (&quot;[[The Satin Slipper]]&quot;, 1931). The last is an exploration of human and divine love and longing, set in the Spanish empire of the [[siglo de oro]]. It was staged at the [[Comédie-Française]] in 1943. ''[[Jeanne d'Arc au Bûcher]]'' (&quot;Joan of Arc at the Stake&quot;, 1939) was an [[oratorio]] with music by [[Arthur Honegger]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |last1=Smither |first1=Howard E. |title=A History of the Oratorio |date=1 September 2012 |publisher=UNC Press Books |isbn=978-0-8078-3778-8 |page=661|volume=4: The Oratorio in the Nineteenth and Twentieth Centuries |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=1qh_QfteHVEC&amp;pg=PA661 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; The settings of his plays tended to be romantically distant, medieval France or sixteenth-century Spanish South America. He used scenes of passionate, obsessive human love. The complexity, structure and scale of the plays meant that a positive reception of Claudel's drama by audiences was long delayed.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |last1=Kennedy |first1=Dennis |title=The Oxford Companion to Theatre and Performance |date=26 August 2010 |publisher=OUP Oxford |isbn=978-0-19-957419-3 |page=123 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=xXCcAQAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PA123 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; His final dramatic work, ''[[L'Histoire de Tobie et de Sara]]'', was first produced by [[Jean Vilar]] for the [[Festival d'Avignon]] in 1947.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |last1=Hartnoll |first1=Phyllis |title=The Oxford Companion to the Theatre |url=https://archive.org/details/oxfordcompaniont0000unse_x9q5 |date=1983 |publisher=Oxford University Press |location=Oxford |isbn=0192115464 |page=[https://archive.org/details/oxfordcompaniont0000unse_x9q5/page/182 182] |edition=4th}}&lt;/ref&gt;

As well as his verse dramas, Claudel also wrote [[lyric poetry]]. A major example is the ''Cinq Grandes Odes'' (Five Great Odes, 1907).&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |last1=Hellerstein |first1=Nina S. |title=Mythe et structure dans les Cinq grandes odes de Paul Claudel |date=1990 |publisher=Presses Univ. Franche-Comté |page=27 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=9ir72om2EYEC&amp;pg=PA27 |language=fr}}&lt;/ref&gt;

==Views and reputation==
Claudel was a conservative of the old school, sharing the [[antisemitism]] of conservative France. He addressed a poem (&quot;Paroles au Maréchal,&quot; &quot;Words to the Marshal&quot;) after the defeat of France in 1940, commending [[Marshal Pétain]] for picking up and salvaging France's broken, wounded body. As a Catholic, he could not avoid a sense of satisfaction at the fall of the [[anti-clerical]] [[French Third Republic]].

His diaries make clear his consistent contempt for Nazism (condemning it as early as 1930 as &quot;demonic&quot; and &quot;wedded to Satan,&quot; and referring to [[communism]] and [[Nazism]] as &quot;[[Gog and Magog]]&quot;). He wrote an open letter to the World Jewish Conference in 1935, condemning the [[Nuremberg Laws]] as &quot;abominable and stupid.&quot; His support for [[Charles de Gaulle]] and the Free French forces culminated in his victory ode addressed to de Gaulle when Paris was liberated in 1944.

The British poet [[W. H. Auden]] acknowledged the importance of Paul Claudel in his poem &quot;In Memory of W. B. Yeats&quot; (1939). Writing about Yeats, Auden says in lines 52–55 (from the originally published version, then excised by Auden in a later revision):

{{quote|&lt;poem&gt;Time that with this strange excuse
Pardoned Kipling and his views,
And will pardon Paul Claudel,
Pardons him for writing well
&lt;/poem&gt;}}

[[George Steiner]], in ''The Death of Tragedy'', called Claudel one of the three &quot;masters of drama&quot; in the 20th century, with [[Henry de Montherlant]] and [[Bertolt Brecht]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |last1=Steiner |first1=George |title=The Death of Tragedy |date=1 January 1996 |publisher=Yale University Press |isbn=978-0-300-06916-7 |page=xii |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ZA3_bYqHOegC&amp;pg=PR12 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

==Family==
While in China, Claudel had a long affair with Rosalie Vetch née Ścibor-Rylska (1871–1951), wife of Francis Vetch (1862–1944) and granddaughter of [[Hamilton Vetch]]. Claudel knew Francis Vetch through his diplomatic work, and had met Rosalie on a sea voyage out from [[Marseille]] to [[Hong Kong]] in 1900. She had four children, and was pregnant with Claudel's child when the affair ended in February 1905. She married in 1907 Jan Willem Lintner.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |last1=Stevens |first1=Keith |title=Henri Vetch (1898-1978): Soldier, Bookseller And Publisher |journal=Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society Hong Kong Branch |date=2006 |volume=46 |pages=103 and 111|jstor=23890010 |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/23890010 |issn=1991-7295}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |last1=Castel |first1=Yves |title=Histoire de familles des Mascareignes |year=2021 |page=171 |isbn=9782957766802 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=LW5HEAAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PA171}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web
| url=https://www.nouvelobs.com/rue89/rue89-theatre-et-balagan/20110608.RUE1298/la-pleiade-leve-le-voile-sur-rosalie-grand-amour-de-claudel.html | title=La Pléiade lève le voile sur Rosalie, grand amour de Claudel | date=2017-01-24 | first=Jean-Pierre|last=Thibaudat | publisher=[[L'Obs]] | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210508213426/https://www.nouvelobs.com/rue89/rue89-theatre-et-balagan/20110608.RUE1298/la-pleiade-leve-le-voile-sur-rosalie-grand-amour-de-claudel.html | archive-date=2021-05-08 | access-date=2021-05-08}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |last1=Claudel |first1=Paul |title=Partage de Midi. Crisi di Mezzogiorno |date=2 July 2014 |publisher=EDUCatt - Ente per il diritto allo studio universitario dell'Università Cattolica |isbn=978-88-6780-435-1 |pages=12 and 13 notes |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=GbTvAwAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PA13 |language=it}}&lt;/ref&gt; Louise Marie Agnes Vetch (1905–1996), born in Brussels, was Claudel's daughter by Rosalie.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |last1=Stevens |first1=Keith |title=Henri Vetch (1898-1978): Soldier, Bookseller And Publisher |journal=Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society Hong Kong Branch |date=2006 |volume=46 |pages=110 and 113 |jstor=23890010 |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/23890010 |issn=1991-7295}}&lt;/ref&gt; Francis Vetch and Claudel had caught up with Rosalie at a railway station on the German border in 1905, a meeting at which Rosalie signalled that her relationship with Claudel was over.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |last1=Stevens |first1=Keith |title=Henri Vetch (1898-1978): Soldier, Bookseller And Publisher |journal=Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society Hong Kong Branch |date=2006 |volume=46 |page=118 |jstor=23890010 |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/23890010 |issn=1991-7295}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Claudel married on 15 March 1906 Reine Sainte-Marie Perrin (1880–1973). She was the daughter of [[Louis Sainte-Marie Perrin]] (1835–1917), an architect from [[Lyon]] known for completing the [[Basilica of Notre-Dame de Fourvière]].&lt;ref&gt;Ayral-Clause, Odile, ''Camille Claudel, A Life'', pp. 167–168&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |last1=Gide |first1=André |last2=Schlumberger |first2=Jean |title=Correspondance: 1901-1950 |date=1993 |publisher=Gallimard |isbn=978-2-07-073122-0 |page=226 |language=fr}}&lt;/ref&gt; They had two sons and three daughters.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |last1=Kohler |first1=Sue A. |title=Sixteenth Street Architecture |date=1978 |publisher=Commission of Fine Arts |page=443 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=L3QUGMtW3dIC&amp;pg=PA443 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

===Treatment of his sister===
[[File:Camille Claudel.jpg|thumb|[[Camille Claudel]]]]
Claudel committed his sister [[Camille Claudel|Camille]] to a psychiatric hospital in March 1913, where she remained for the last 30 years of her life, visiting her seven times in those 30 years.&lt;ref&gt;Ayral-Clause, Odile, p. 217, 222, 225, 242, 245, 250&lt;/ref&gt; Records show that while she did have mental lapses, she was clear-headed while working on her art. Doctors tried to convince the family that she need not be in the institution, but still they kept her there. 

The story forms the subject of a novel by [[Michèle Desbordes]], ''La Robe bleue'', ''The Blue Dress''.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web | url=https://www.liberation.fr/livres/2004/04/01/folle-claudel_474659/ | title=Folle Claudel | date=2004-04-01 | author=[[Jean-Baptiste Harang]] | publisher=[[Libération]] | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210508194737/https://www.liberation.fr/livres/2004/04/01/folle-claudel_474659/ | archive-date=2021-05-08 | access-date=2021-05-08}}&lt;/ref&gt; [[Jean-Charles de Castelbajac]] wrote a song &quot;La soeur de Paul&quot; for [[Mareva Galanter]], 2010.

==See also==
* ''[[L'Histoire de Tobie et de Sara]]''
* ''[[L'Annonce faite à Marie]]'', film adaptation
* [[Lycée Claudel]], a French language high school in [[Ottawa]], Canada, named after him
* [[Camille Claudel (film)|''Camille Claudel'']], 1988 film
* ''[[Camille Claudel 1915]]'', 2013 film

==References==
{{reflist}}

==Sources==
* Thody, P.M.W. &quot;Paul Claudel&quot;, in ''The Fontana Biographical Companion to Modern Thought'', eds. Bullock, Alan and Woodings, R.B., Oxford, 1983.
* Ayral-Clause, Odile, ''Camille Claudel, A Life'', 2002.
* Ashley, Tim: &quot;[https://www.theguardian.com/arts/critic/feature/0,1169,1282766,00.html Evil Genius]&quot;, ''The Guardian'', 14 August 2004.
* Price-Jones, David, &quot;Jews, Arabs and French Diplomacy: A Special Report&quot;, ''Commentary'', 22 May 2005, https://web.archive.org/web/20051218141558/http://www.benadorassociates.com/article/15043
* ''Album Claudel''. Iconographie choisie et annotée par Guy Goffette. Bibliothèque de la Pléiade. Éditions Gallimard, 2011. {{ISBN|9782070123759}}. (Illustrated biography.)

==External links==
{{wikiquote}}
{{Wikisource author}}
{{Commons category|Paul Claudel}}
* [http://www.paul-claudel.net/ Paul-claudel.net] (in French)

{{Académie française Seat 13|state=expanded}}
{{Camille Claudel}}
{{Authority control}}
{{Portal bar|Poetry|Politics}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Claudel, Paul}}
[[Category:1868 births]]
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[[Category:People from Aisne]]
[[Category:French Roman Catholics]]
[[Category:Sciences Po alumni]]
[[Category:Converts to Roman Catholicism from atheism or agnosticism]]
[[Category:Ambassadors of France to Belgium]]
[[Category:Ambassadors of France to Japan]]
[[Category:Ambassadors of France to the United States]]
[[Category:Deans of the Diplomatic Corps to the United States]]
[[Category:French Catholic poets]]
&lt;!---For non-ambassadorial diplomatic posts e.g. in China---&gt;
[[Category:19th-century French dramatists and playwrights]]
[[Category:20th-century French dramatists and playwrights]]
[[Category:19th-century French poets]]
[[Category:Lycée Louis-le-Grand alumni]]
[[Category:Members of the Académie Française]]
[[Category:Roman Catholic writers]]
[[Category:19th-century French diplomats]]
[[Category:20th-century French diplomats]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;Jenn Claudel te  konsidere  antre nan yon monastè,men olye li te fè yon karyè nan diplomasi franse, kote li te  sèvi soti nan 1893 a 1936. Claudel te premye vis-konsil nan New York (avril 1893) answit nan Boston(desanm 1893). Li te konsil franse nan peyi Lachin soti nan 1895 a 1909,ak yon rete nan Shanghai ( jen 1895). Pandan yon ti repo nan 1900, li te rete nan Ligugé Abbey, men plan li pou antre nan lòd Benediktin an te ranvwaye.(nan angle sèlman)Claudel tounen nan peyi Lachin kòm vis-konsil nan Fuzhou (Oktòb 1900). Li te pran yon lòt repo an Frans an 1905–6, kote li te marye. Li te fè pati yon gwoup ekriven ki te benefisye sipò ak patwonaj Philippe Berthelot, nan Ministè Afè Etranjè a, ki te vin yon bon zanmi ; lòt moun te Jean Giraudoux, Paul Morand ak Saint-John Perse. Akòz pozisyon li nan sèvis diplomatik la,byen bonè nan karyè li Claudel pibliye anonim oswa anba yon psedonim, &quot;paske otorizasyon Ministè Afè Etranjè a te nesesè pou pibliye. Pou rezon sa a, Claudel te rete byen fènwa kòm yon otè jiska 1909, li pa vle mande pèmisyon pou pibliye sou pwòp non li paske pèmisyon pa ka akòde. 11 Ane sa a, gwoup fondatè Nouvelle Revue Française (NRF),e sitou zanmi l André Gide, te vle rekonèt travay li. Claudel voye yo, pou premye nimewo a,powèm Hymne du Sacré, ki te resevwa lwanj Gide, epi ki te pibliye sou non li. Li pa t 'mande pèmisyon pou pibliye,e te gen yon rèl kote li te kritike. An fevriye, atak ki baze sou opinyon relijye li yo te afekte pwodiksyon youn nan pyès teyat li yo tou.  Konsèy Berthelot se te inyore kritik yo.18 nòt 42 Zafè a make kòmansman yon long kolaborasyon ant NRF ak Claudel. Claudel te ekri tou anpil sou Lachin, ak yon vèsyon definitif nan Konesans lipibliye an 1914 pa Georges Crès ak Victor Segalen. Pandan dènye afiche li nan peyi Lachin, li te konsil nan Tianjin (7-1906)[1909].Pandan yon seri afichaj ann Ewòp jiskaske premye Gè Mondyal la te kòmanse, Claudel te nan Prag (desanm 1909), Frankfurt am Main (Oktòb 1911) ak Hamburg (Oktòb 1913). Nan tan sa a, li te vin enterese nan festival la teyat Hellerau, ki te prezante youn nan pyès teyat li yo, ak nan lide Jacques Copeau. (nan angle sèlman) Claudel se nan lavil Wòm (1915-1916), minis plenipotansye nan Rio de Janeiro (1917-1918), Copenhagen (1920),anbasadè nan Tokyo (1921-1927)[1], Washington, D.C. (1928-1933,dwayen an).kò diplomatik an 1933)[9] ak Brussels (1933-1936). Pandan l t ap sèvi nan Brezil pandan Premye Gè Mondyal la, li te sipèvize pwovizyon manje ki soti nan Amerik di Sid rive nan Lafrans. Pami sekretè li yo pandan misyon Brezil la te gen Darius Milhaud, ki te ekri mizik ensidan pou plizyè pyès teyat Claudel. ==</text>
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    <title>Dezyèm batay nan Latànri</title>
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== Batay ==
Nan dat 8 jiyè 1794, milisyen nwa ak twoup panyòl ki te kòmande pa [[Georges Biassou]] te pran Fò Latànri.

== Bibliyografi ==
* {{Cite book|author=[[Victor Schoelcher]]|title=Vie de Toussaint Louverture|id=Schœlcher|publisher=[[Éditions Karthala]]|year=1889}}, p.331-332.
* {{Cite book|author=[[Madison Smartt Bell]]|title=Toussaint Louverture|url=https://archive.org/details/toussaintlouvert00bell|id=Bell|editor=[[Actes Sud]]|year=2007}}, p.288-289.

== Referans ==
{{referans}}

== Lyen deyò ==

{{Revolisyon Ayisyen}}

[[Kategori:Batay nan Revolisyon Ayisyen]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Suzanne Lacy</title>
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      <text bytes="18977" sha1="014h7pflyfq0n07zqd80tfk9hmqjrjz" xml:space="preserve">{{Infobox Atis
  | foto =
  | peryòd aktivite = -
}}

'''Suzanne Lacy''', ki fèt an 1945 nan [[Wasco (Kalifòni)|Wasco]] ([[Kalifòni]]), se yon [[atis]], [[ekriven]] Ameriken. Li se yon enstriktè tou nan Roski School of Art and Design nan [[University of Southern California]] ak yon pwofesè nan [[Pèfòmans (atizay)|pèfòmans]] nan Atelye Feminist Studio nan [[Kay fanm (Los Angeles) ) |Kay fanm]] nan [[Los Angeles]].

Travay li konsantre sou tèm sosyal ak iben dapre yon analiz feminis. Li itilize yon varyete medya nan travay li, tankou enstalasyon, [[Atis Videyo|videyo]], [[Pèfòmans (atizay)|pèfòmans]], [[atizay piblik]], fotografi ak [[Liv Atis la|liv atistik ]]&lt;ref name=&quot;homepage&quot;&gt;{{Lyen entènèt |otè=Suzanne Lacy |tit=Kay |url=http://suzannelacy.com/ |seri=Sant Resous Atis |editè=Suzanne Lacy |access-date=2009-10-22}}&lt;/ref&gt;.

== Fòmasyon ==
Suzanne Lacy te enplike nan [[feminis]] depi fen ane 1960 yo.

Li te fè etid gradye nan [[sikoloji]] nan [[California State University, Fresno]], kòmanse nan 1969.

Avèk yon lòt etidyan, {{Lien|Faith Wilding}}, li te kreye premye gwoup konsyantizasyon feminis nan kanpis la. Nan kontèks sa a li te patisipe nan pwogram atizay feminis [[Judy Chicago]] nan sezon otòn 1970.

Depi lè sa a, Suzanne Lacy te kòmanse eksplore [[Idantite (syans sosyal)|idantite]], eksplwatasyon kò fanm yo ak kondisyon sosyal yo.

== Pèfòmans ==
=== 1972: Ablutions ===

Te kreye an 1972 ak [[Judy Chicago]], Sandra Orgel ak Aviva Rahmani, pèfòmans sa a se enspire pa diferan eksperyans nan vyòl. Ze, san, ajil yo itilize pou benyen nan basen metal oswa gaye sou tè a ak chenn, ren [[bèt]], kòd. [[Soundtrack|soundtrack]] ki fèt ak fi ki viktim vyòl yo emèt sou yon bouk. Yo te klase pèfòmans sa a pwòp tèt ou nan yon estidyo nan Kalifòni {{Pa ki moun|date=8 septanm 2022}} kòm yon pèfòmans atistik inogirasyon anrapò ak feminis &lt;ref&gt;{{Lyen entènèt |otè=Lacy |premye non. =Suzanne | title=Ablutions (1972) Suzanne Lacy, Judy Chicago, Sandra Orgel ak Aviva Rahmani |url=https://www.suzannelacy.com/ablutions/ |series=Suzanne Lacy |aksede nan=12 septanm 2021}}. &lt;/ref&gt;.

=== 1974: Nòt Pwostitisyon ===

''étProstitution Notes,'' ki baze sou rechèch ki te kreye pa Suzanne Lacy an 1974, eksplore lavi travayè sèks yo pou konekte eksperyans sa yo ak pwòp lavi li&lt;ref name=&quot;theartstory.org&quot;&gt; {{Web link |title=Suzanne Lacy Artworks &amp; Famous Paintings |url=https://www.theartstory.org/artist/lacy-suzanne/ |series=The Art Story |access-date=2020-06-06}}. &lt;/ref&gt;.

Plis pase kat mwa, Lacy te rankontre ak pale ak gason ak fi travayè sèks, tchoul, ak defansè travayè sèks. Nan fen rechèch li a, Lacy te kite ak dis gwo dyagram, ki te montre eksperyans ak pwosesis panse Lacy pandan kat mwa li yo&lt;ref&gt;{{Lyen web |language=en-US | title=Nòt Pwostitisyon (1974) |url= https://www.suzannelacy.com/prostitution-notes |series=SUZANNE LACY |access-date=2020-06-06}}.&lt;/ref&gt;. Lè Lacy te kite travay dokimantè espre, li te kapab pi byen konprann {{quote|pwòp prejije politik ak sosyal li anvè pwostitisyon}}.

Desen orijinal yo te fè an 1974 ak 1975 yo te re-envesti an 2008 pou egzibisyon [[WACK! Atizay ak Revolisyon Feminis la|''Wack!'']]&lt;ref&gt;{{Atik|otè1=Leila Jarbouai|title=MOMA Wack! Atizay ak revolisyon feminis la|periodik=Le Journal des Arts|date=12 me 2008|li sou entènèt=https://www.lejournaldesarts.fr/evenement/2008/wack-art-and-feminist-revolution-30477}} &lt;/ref&gt;e [[Mize atizay kontanporen nan Los Angeles|Mize atizay kontanporen]] nan Los Angeles te akeri.

An 2019, li te eksplike: {{quote|Mwen pa pran swen atizay menm jan mwen pran swen trafik moun}}, li te rezime kwayans li ak pozisyon li sou tretman travayè sèks yo nan Amerik la&lt;ref name= &quot;theartstory.org&quot; /&gt;.

=== 1976: Asosyasyon Inevitab ===

Maketing ki antoure renovasyon ansyen Biltmore Hotel la nan [[Los Angeles]] te konpare otèl la ak yon vye fanm. Foto ki te li &quot;'Petèt gen lavi toujou nan vye sèvant la'&quot; te fòse atis la kesyone kijan sosyete nou an wè fanm ki pi gran yo. Sa a se agiman debaz pèfòmans 1976 sa a ki te premye pèfòmans nan espas piblik pou Suzanne Lacy&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|first1=Nina|last1=Felshin |title= Men èske se Art? Lespri Art kòm Aktivis |chapter=Chapit 8: Politik kò Suzanne Lacy|location=Seattle|publisher=Bay Press|date=1995}}.&lt;/ref&gt;{{,}}&lt;ref&gt;{{Lyen entènèt |otè=Lacy |prenon=Suzanne |title=Inevitable Associations (1976) |url=http://www.suzannelacy.com/inevitable-associations-1976/ |series=Suzanne Lacy |access-date=17 avril 2016}}.&lt;/ref&gt;.

Tèm sa a nan envizibilite fanm ki aje yo prezan nan lòt pèfòmans pa Suzanne Lacy tankou ''Whisper, the Waves, the Wind'' (1984) ak ''Crystal Quilt'' (1987).

=== 1977: Twa semèn nan mwa me ===

An 1977, Suzanne Lacy ak [[Leslie Labowitz-Starus|Leslie Labowitz]] te kreye ''Twa Semèn nan Me''.

Eleman pèfòmans yo mete sou etap [[Los Angeles City Hall]] konbine yon kat jeyografik ak rapò ki soti nan [[Depatman Lapolis Los Angeles la]], ki enprime mo &quot;vyòl&quot; sou tach sou yon kat jeyografik nan [[Greater Los Angeles|pi gran zòn Los Angeles]]&lt;ref name=&quot;latimes.com&quot;&gt;{{en}} David Ng (12 desanm 2012), [http://www.latimes.com/entertainment/arts/culture/la -et-cm-hammer-museum-three-weeks-suzanne-lacy-rape-20121212,0,2850208.story Hammer Museum akeri ''Three Weeks in May'' pa Suzanne Lacy] ''[[Los Angeles Times]] ''.&lt;/ref&gt;, [[Defans Pèsonèl|Defans pwòp tèt ou]] pou fanm.

Objektif la, Lacy eksplike, se pa sèlman sansibilize, men bay fanm yo pouvwa pou yo konbat epi depase sans sekrè ak wont ki asosye ak vyòl} &lt;ref&gt;{{Liv|non1=Lampert, Nicolas, 1969-|title =Istwa atis yon pèp Ozetazini: 250 ane atizay aktivis ak atis k ap travay nan mouvman jistis sosyal|place=New York|date=5 Novanm 2013|isbn=978 -1-59558-324-6|oclc=505420503}}.&lt;/ref&gt;e nan objektif pou mete aksan sou ak diminye vyolans seksyèl sou fanm.

=== 1977: Nan lapenn ak nan kòlè ===

Lacy ak Labowitz te mete tèt ansanm ak Bia Lowe ak lòt atis an 1977 pou yo te kreye 'In Mourning and in Rage', yon gwo pèfòmans pwotestasyon piblik, ki te kreye an reyaksyon a yon seri asasina fanm pa sa yo rele [[Hillside Strangler. ]], ak prezantasyon nan medya ki te fè nan yo, aksantué prezantasyon an nan fanm kòm viktim ak difizyon nan yon kilti nan laperèz.

Plizyè fanm, nèt anvlope an nwa, nan yon kostim imans, sòti youn apre lòt nan yon korbèl e yo fòme yon promenade enpresyonan, jele devan Meri a anba yon banyè ki te di: &quot;An memwa sè nou yo, fanm goumen. ”

Yon tèks, ''Nan dèy ak nan kòlè'', yo li an prezans medya yo ak piblik la prezan.

== Lòt pwojè ==

Kòm rezilta travay sa a, patisipan ki soti nan [[Woman's Building (Los Angeles)|Woman's Building]], Rape Hotline Alliance, ak konsèy vil la te rejwenn kominote [[Feminis|feminis]] ak fanmi viktim yo pou kreye yon seremoni piblik raj ak lapenn&lt;ref name=&quot;homepage&quot; /&gt;.

Lacy ak Labowitz te fonde Ariadne&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.againstviolence.art ARIADNE Sit wèb: A Social Art Network].&lt;/ref&gt;, yon gwoup kolaborasyon pou kreye atis kominotè ak opòtinite edikasyonèl&lt;ref&gt;{{Lyen entènèt | otè=Lacy |premye non=Suzanne |tit=An Mourning and In Rage (1977) Suzanne Lacy ak Leslie Labowitz |url=http://www.suzannelacy.com/early-works /#/in-mourning-and-in -rage-1977/ |website=suzannelacy.com |access-date=5 fevriye 2015}}.&lt;/ref&gt;.

Nan mitan ane 1970 yo, Suzanne Lacy te òganize premye egzibisyon atizay pèfòmans fanm nan Womanspace Gallery nan Woman's Building.

An 1981, li te kolabore ak [[Susan Hiller]] pou òganize egzibisyon {{foreign quote|language=en|Nou pral panse a yon tit lè nou rankontre: Atis pèfòmans fanm nan Lond ak Los Angeles}} nan Franklin Furnace , yon lokal atistik altènatif byen koni te fonde an 1976 pa [[Martha Wilson]]&lt;ref&gt;{{Book|firstname1=eds|lastname1=Gaulke, Cheri and Laurel Klick|title=Feminist Art Workers: A History|location= Los Angeles |publisher=OTIS College of Art and Design|year=2012|isbn=978-1468050646}}.&lt;/ref&gt;.

An 1984, li te kreye ''Whisper, the Waves, the Wind'' ak Sharon Allen. Pèfòmans sa a se akimilasyon Whisper Project, yon seri evènman ki dire yon ane ki montre bezwen espesyal fanm ki pi gran yo.

{{quote|Mwen enterese nan mitoloji ki antoure fanm ki pi gran yo}}, Lacy reponn nan yon entèvyou sou travay li, {{quote|fason yo retire pouvwa yo nan kilti nou an}}. {{quote|Mwen vle ede yo simonte baryè prejije, akimilasyon richès ak pouvwa. Mwen vle remèt yo pouvwa yo epi mwen reyalize kòman lanmè a apwopriye ak evokan kòm yon anviwònman. Avèk tout sik li yo, mwen panse ke moun yo pral gen santiman, kit yo konprann li oswa ou pa, santiman kontinite sa a nan [[konsyans]] [[Matriarchy|matriyakal]].}} Pèfòmans sa a te enkòpore yon kreyasyon mizik ki konpoze kolaj. vwa fanm yo emèt atravè loudspeakers, ki jere pa konpozitè son Susan Stone&lt;ref name=&quot;Performance Art&quot;&gt;{{cite book|first1=Suzanne|last1=Lacy|title=Leaving Art|url=https://archive.org/details/leavingartwritin0000lacy|chapter=xxviii|place=Durham and London 2010 |edition=premye|date=2010}}&lt;/ref&gt; .

{{quote|Soti nan murmur vwa fanm yo sou yon plaj rive nan rèl raj sou etap yo nan City Hall, atizay Suzanne Lacy a se sa ki nan alchimi ak ekzòsism, nan selebrasyon ak kondanasyon}}, te ekri Margot Mifflin nan entèvyou li ak Lacy. sou pèfòmans lan.

Pandan de premye deseni yo nan ane 2000 yo, li te kontinye travay kreyatif li pandan y ap retravay pèfòmans anvan yo:

* ''[[WACK! Atizay ak Revolisyon Feminis la]].''
* 2012: renesans pèfòmans ''Three Weeks in May'' (1977) pou yon nouvo pwojè ki rele ''Three Weeks in January''&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.suzannelacy.com/three-weeks-in -janvye/ Three Weeks In January], sou sit entènèt Suzanne Lacy a.&lt;/ref&gt; kontinye dyalòg sou vyòl nan [[Los Angeles]]. Li gen ladann prezantasyon, konvèsasyon ak yon pèfòmans ki rele ''Storying Rape''.
* ''Storying Rape: Shame Ends Here'' te vin tounen yon lòt pwojè atistik ki te pwodwi pou Liverpool Biennial an 2012, ki te pwovoke yon konvèsasyon piblik nan vil la sou vyolans, edikasyon ak prevansyon vyòl.
* ''2013: Crystal Quilt,'' ''Silver Action'': pèfòmans sa yo konsène fanm ki pi gran yo. ''Silver Action'' te fèt an fevriye 2013 nan [[Tate Modern]] Gallery nan [[London]] e li te reyini 400 fanm ki gen plis pase 60 an pou diskite sou aktivis sou dwa fanm yo: patisipasyon yo pase yo, tan kap vini yo ak ki jan opinyon yo te chanje pandan yo te gen matirite&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |author=Laura Barnett |title=Lame Liberasyon Fanm Tate Modern &amp; #124; Atizay ak konsepsyon |url=https://www.theguardian.com/artanddesign/2013/jan/29/tate-modern-womens-liberation-army |series=The Guardian |date=29 janvye 2013 |access-date=2015-03-08}}.&lt;/ref&gt;.
* 2013: ''Ant pòt la ak lari a'' (Entre la porte et la rue)

Suzanne Lacy te òganize konvèsasyon fanm nan kay yo nan Park Place nan Brooklyn, New York. 360 patisipan yo te diskite sou pwoblèm sèks pandan pasan yo t ap koute&lt;ref&gt;{{en}} Carol Kino (10 oktòb 2013), [https://www.nytimes.com/2013/10/13/arts/design/suzanne-lacy- and-hundreds-of-women-take-to-the-stoops.html?_r=0 Lè pale fè atizay la rive: Suzanne Lacy ak dè santèn de fanm pran nan Stoops] ''[[The New York Times]]''.''&lt;nowiki/&gt;''&lt;/ref&gt;. Pwojè sa a te patwone pa [[Elizabeth A. Sackler Center for Feminist Art]] nan [[Brooklyn Museum]].

[[File:Between the Door and the Street, Suzanne Lacy, Installation at the Brooklyn Museum.jpg|thumb| ''Ant pòt la ak lari a'', Suzanne Lacy, Enstalasyon nan mize Brooklyn, 2013.]]

== Ekri ak piblikasyon ==

Lacy te toujou ekri sou travay li: planifye li, dekri li, epi analize li; defann pratik atistik ki angaje sosyalman; teorize relasyon ant atizay ak entèvansyon sosyal; epi kesyone fwontyè ki separe gwo atizay ak patisipasyon popilè.

''Lacy's Book'' rasanble trant tèks ke Lacy ekri depi 1974. Travay sa a ofri yon gade entim sou devlopman atizay feminis, konseptyèl ak pèfòmans depi ane fòmasyon mouvman sa yo. Moira Roth, istoryen atizay, ak teyorisyen kiltirèl Kerstin Mey bay yon insight istorik ak kritik sou travay Lacy a.

Lacy se yon asosye nan Enstiti Fanm pou Libète Laprès (WIFP). Òganizasyon piblikasyon Ameriken san bi likratif k ap fè efò pou ogmante kominikasyon pami fanm epi konekte odyans yo ak fòm medya fanm yo.

Li se [Editè-an-chèf] Mapping the Terrain: New Genre Public Art, yon antoloji redaksyon sou enpak atizay pèfòmans nan espas piblik&lt;ref name=&quot;mapping&quot;&gt;{{Book|first name1=Suzanne|last name1=Lacy|title=Mapping tèren an: nouvo genre atizay piblik|publisher=Indiana University|year=1995|isbn=0-941920-30-5|li sou entènèt=https://books.google.com/books? id=vqDYAAAAMAAJ&amp;q=%22Mapping+the+Terrain:+New+genre+Public+Art%22+lacy|access-date=2009-10-22}}.&lt;/ref&gt;.

=== Bibliyografi ===

* {{en}} ''Mapping the Terrain: New Genre Public Art'', Seattle, Washington, Bay Press, 1996.
* {{en}} ''Suzanne Lacy: Gender Agendas'' Milan, Itali, Mousse Publishing, 2015.
* {{en}} Ak Roth, Moira ak Mey, Kerstin. ''Leaving Art: Writings on Performance, Politics, and Publics 1974-2007'' Durham, London, [[Duke University Press]], 2010.
* {{en}} ''Rape Is'', Los Angeles, Kalifòni, Women's Graphic Center, 1976.
* {{en}} Ak Sharon Irish. ''Suzanne Lacy: Spaces Between'', [[U of Minnesota Press|University of Minnesota Press]], 2010.

=== Videyografi ===

* {{en}} Lacy, Suzanfèt. Cotts, Vijini. Baugan, Michelle. [[Art Institute of Chicago]], baz done videyo; Etablisman Koreksyonèl Bedford Hills (New York). ''Auto Body''. Piblikatè: Chicago III, Videyo Data Bank, 1998.
* {{en}} Lacy, Suzanne. Baugan, Michelle. Art Institute of Chicago, baz done videyo. ''Making the Crystal Quilt.'' Piblikatè: Chicago III, Videyo Data Bank, 1998.
* {{en}} Lacy, Suzanne. Moragne, David. Morales, Julius Caesar. Holland, inik. Baugan, Michelle. ''Kòd 33: Ijans: Clear the Air.'' Piblikatè: Chicago III, Videyo Data Bank, 2002.
* {{en}} Lacy, Suzanne. ''Whisper, the waves, the wind: Celebrating Older Women.'' Piblikatè: Chicago III, Videyo Data Bank, 1986.

== Karyè akademik ==

Dean Fine Arts nan [[California College of the Arts]] soti 1987 rive 1997{{,}}&lt;ref name=&quot;otis&quot;&gt;{{cite web|title=Sep 2002 - Entè-rezo|url=https://intranet.otis.edu/alumni/nl/2002-09.htm|website=Otis Alumni Newsletter|access-date=2009-10-22|archive-date=2012-12-12|archive-url=https://archive.is/20121212054706/https://intranet.otis.edu/alumni/nl/2002-09.htm|dead-url=yes}}&lt;/ref&gt;.

Li se yon manm fakilte fondatè nan California State University, Monterey Bay&lt;ref name=&quot;otis&quot; /&gt; ak direktè fondatè Sant pou Fine Art ak lavi piblik&lt;ref name=&quot;otis&quot; /&gt;.

Prezidan Fine Arts nan [[Otis College of Art and Design]] soti 2002 rive 2006, anvan li te desine ak lanse yon [[Master of Fine Arts|pwogram mèt nan Fine Arts]] nan [[Arts sosyal|pratik piblik]] pou kolèj nan ane 2007&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Graduate Public Practice |url=https://www.otis.edu/tags/suzanne-lacy#overlay=video/graduate-public-practice |series=Otis College of Atizay ak Design |publisher=Otis College of Art and Design |access-date=3 desanm 2018 |archive-date=2024-02-13 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240213020245/https://www.otis.edu/tags/suzanne-lacy#overlay=video/graduate-public-practice |dead-url=yes }}.&lt;/ref&gt;.

Depi 2018, li se yon pwofesè atizay nan University of Southern California Roski School of Art and Design nan University of Southern California&lt;ref&gt;{{Web link |language=en |title=Suzanne Lacy {{!}} Roski School of Art and Design |url=https://roski.usc.edu/community/faculty/suzanne-lacy |website=roski.usc.edu |access-date=2018-03-15}}.&lt;/ref&gt; .

== Onè ==

Suzanne Lacy te nominasyon pou plizyè bous, ki gen ladan plizyè nan [[National Endowment for the Arts]], yon [[Guggenheim Fellowship]], yon prim Creative Capital Emerging Fields&lt;ref&gt;{{web link |language=en |title = Creative Capital |url=https://archive.wikiwix.com/cache/19981130000000/http://creative-capital.org/projects/view/124 |site=creative-capital.org via [[Wikiwix]] | aksè nan le=15-06-2023}}.&lt;/ref&gt; ak bous entènasyonal Lila Wallace Arts&lt;ref&gt;{{Lyen entènèt |title=Biyografi |url=http://www.cla.purdue.edu/WAAW/ Cohn /Artists/Lacybio.html |website=Nati, Kilti, Espas Piblik |editè=Women Artists of the American West |access-date=8 oktòb 2012}}.&lt;/ref&gt;.

2009: prim anyèl dyalòg atizay piblik an 2009&lt;ref&gt;{{Lyen entènèt |title=Prim Anyèl |url=http://publicartdialogue.org/award |website=Dyalòg Atizay Piblik |access-date=8 oktòb 2012}}. &lt;/ref&gt;.

2010: Prim Atis Distenge pou akonplisman tout lavi ki soti nan College Art Association

2012: Prim Akonplisman pou tout lavi ki soti nan [[Women's Caucus for Art]] an 2012&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=CAA Anonse Prim 2010 pou Distenksyon |url=http://www.collegeart.org/news/2010/01/08/caa-announces-2010-awards-for-distinction/ |website=CAA News |publisher=College Art Association |date=8 janvye 2010 |access-date=8 oktòb 2012}}.&lt;/ref&gt;{{, }}&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Kominike pou laprès pou prim WCA pou tout lavi 2012 la |url=http://wcageorgia.blogspot.com/2012/01/press-release-for-2012-wca-lifetime.html |website=Women's Caucus for Art, Blog Georgia |date=24 janvye 2012 |access-date=8 oktòb 2012}}.&lt;/ref&gt;.

2015: A Blade of Grass Fellowship&lt;ref&gt;{{Web link |title=Our Fellows {{!}} a Blade of Grass |url=http://www.abladeofgrass.org/people/fellows/ |website=www.abladeofgrass.org |access-date=2016-01-30}}.&lt;/ref&gt;.

== Egzibisyon ==

*Grefye enpresyon, 31 janvye – 19 avril 1988
* Video Art: A History, 3 oktòb 1983 - 3 janvye 1984

== Koleksyon piblik ak prive ==

* ''Nòt Pwostitisyon:'' [[Mize Art kontanporen Los Angeles]]
* ''Crystal Quilt la:'' Tate Modern
* ''Twa semèn nan mwa me'' (1977)&lt;ref name=&quot;latimes.com&quot; /&gt;: [[Hammer Museum]]
* ''Nan yon lapenn ak nan yon raj'': koleksyon ''[[Feministische Avantgarde der 1970er-Jahre aus der Sammlung Verbund]],'' nan Vyèn.

== Nòt ak referans ==
{{Tradiksyon/Referans|lang1=en|art1=Suzanne Lacy|id1=1099262681}}
{{Referans}}

== Lyen ekstèn ==
{{Koneksyon}}
* {{Lyen entènèt |language=en |author=Anon |title=Atis, Konsèvatè &amp; Entèvyou kritik |url=https://exhibits.stanford.edu/women-art-revolution/feature/artist-curator-critic-interviews |website=!Women Art Revolution - Spotlight at Stanford |ane=2018 |access-date=Aug 23, 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180326230847/https://exhibits.stanford. edu/women-art-revolution/feature/artist-curator-critic-interviews |archive-date=26 mas 2018 }}.
* [http://www.eastofborneo.org/articles/suzanne-lacy-on-the-feminist-program-at-fresno-state-and-calarts Suzanne Lacy sou ajanda feminis nan Fresno State ak CalArts, pa Moira Roth]
* Paksy Plackis-Cheng, [https://web.archive.org/web/20231205015353/https://www.impactmania.com/article/suzanne-lacy/ “Suzanne Lacy: Four Decades of Exploring Gender, Class and Race”], sou impactmania.com''.


{{DEFAULTSORT:Lacy, Suzanne}}
[[Kategori:Atis piblik]]
[[Kategori:Atis feminis]]
[[Kategori:Atis ameriken kontanporen]]
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  <page>
    <title>Kapitennri jeneral Kiba</title>
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      <text bytes="3453" sha1="mqa181voyb3jei11yyj6t9l3ps8u9l8" xml:space="preserve">[[File:Moll - A Map of the West-Indies.png|thumb|Kat Zantiy yo]]'''Kapitèn Jeneral Kiba''' te kreye nan [[1664]], apati yon fraksyon nan [[Kapitènite Jeneral Sendomeng]]. Li enkli [[Kiba (zile)|zile Kiba]] epi, selon peryòd la, [[Florid]] ak [[Lwizyana]]. Kapitènite a te fè pati [[Nouvo Espay]], li te depann de ''Reyal [[Audiencia]] nan [[Santo Domingo (vil)|Santo Domingo]]'' e li te anba kontwòl ''Gouvènè a Kiba.

==Istwa==
Nan kad [[Gè Sèt Ane]], yon flòt angle 50 bato pou {{inite|30,000|moun}} te rive [[Lahavàn]] nan {{dat|6 jen 1762}} e li te sènen yo. vil la pou plis pase de mwa anvan Panyòl la rann tèt. Dènye a te repran vil la ane annapre gras a [[Trete Pari (1763)|Trete Pari]] nan [[1763]] men li te oblije céde Florid bay angle yo, pandan y ap rekipere Louisiana an retou (anvan li te pèdi a. franse nan [[1801]]) ki te entegre nan kapitenn jeneral Kiba. Pou ranfòse pozisyon Panyòl la nan [[Zòn Karayib la|Karayib la]] devan ogmantasyon pouvwa [[Wayòm Ini]] nan rejyon an, [[Kapitènite Jeneral|Kapitenn]] te wè pouvwa li yo ranfòse: la. Kapitèn jeneral te vin Gouvènè olye pou yo te sèlman yon sibòdone nan Gouvènè Kiba a epi fò Cabaña te bati. [[Entandans]] Kiba te kreye an [[1764]] (konsa li te vin premye entandans Amerik la) ak Nouvèl Orleans nan [[1766]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |last=Thomas |first=Hugh |title=Cuba: The Pursuit of Freedom |url=https://archive.org/details/cubaorpursuitoff0000thom |edition=2nd |location=New York |publisher=Da Capo Press |year=1998 |isbn=0-306-80827-7 }}&lt;/ref&gt;

Nan [[1779]] Espay te anvayi yon pati nan Florid epi li te refè l antyèman gras a [[Trate Vèsay (1783)|Trate Vèsay]] nan [[1783]] (avan li te vann li bay [[Eta-Ini]). ] nan [[1819]]). Nan [[1795]] Espay te pèdi teritwa li yo nan Sendomeng epi &quot;''Real Audiencia''&quot; te etabli nan Kiba nan [[1800]] epi li te pran non &quot;''Real Audencia de Puerto Principe''.

[[Cortes de Cádiz]] te aboli nan [[1812]] sistèm kapitènite jeneral la nan avantaj deputasyon pwovens yo e te kreye sa Kiba ak [[Santiago de Cuba]], ''Entandans Puerto Principe''. ak ''Santiago de Cuba'' te kreye nan [[1813]]. Men [[Retablisman absolis nan peyi Espay|retablisman monachi absoli]] an [[1814]] te rekòmanse sistèm kapitenn jeneral la, ki te dire jiska [[1820]] lè Depite pwovens yo te rekòmanse aboli ankò nan [[ 1823]].

&quot;''Real Audencia de la Havana''&quot; te kreye an [[1838]] pou pati lwès kòmandan jeneral la.

Sou lidèchip [[José Martí]], pami lòt moun, mouvman endepandans yo te pete pandan dezyèm mwatye 19yèm syèk la (pandan koloni espayòl yo sou kontinan Ameriken an te deja pran endepandans yo) men metwopòl la te kraze. Se konsa, Espay te voye {{nimber|280,000|sòlda}} anplis de {{formatnum:200,000}} ki te deja prezan sou zile a. Lèzetazini te voye yon bato de gè, {{USS|Maine|ACR-1|2}}, nan pò Lahavàn an [[1898]] pou pwoteje enterè li, li te eksploze epi Etazini te deklare lagè ak Espay. [[Gè Panyòl-Ameriken an]] (oswa &quot;dezas 1898&quot; jan yo rele l ann Espay) te dire sèlman kèk mwa e [[Trate Paris (1898)|Trate Paris]] 1898 te fòse metwopòl la. pou rekonèt endepandans Kiba, mete yon fen nan kòmandan jeneral Kiba a.
==Referans==
{{referans}}


[[Kategori:Antite politik XVIIe syèk]]
[[Kategori:Ansyen koloni espanyòl]]
[[Kategori:Kolonizasyon espanyòl nan Amerik]]
[[Kategori:Istwa Kiba]]
[[Kategori:Fondasyon an 1664]]

[[en:Spanish West Indies]]
[[lt:Ispanijos Vakarų Indijos]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Eleksyon jeneral sèb 1989</title>
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      <comment>Add 4 books for [[Wikipedya:Verifyabilite]] (20260817)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]]</comment>
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      <text bytes="8929" sha1="mw3t6pxeimoa2qvgkv08igk8lqr0r5h" xml:space="preserve">Eleksyon jeneral yo te fèt nan [[Repiblik Sosyalis Sèbi|Sèbi]], yon inite federal konstitiyan nan [[Repiblik Sosyalis Federal Yougoslavi|SFR Yougoslavi]], sou 12 Novanm 1989 pou eli [[Prezidan Prezidans SR Sèbi|prezidan prezidans Repiblik Sosyalis Sèbi]] ak delege [[Asanble Nasyonal (Sèbi)|Asanble SR Sèbi]]. Vòt pou delege yo te fèt tou 10 ak 30 novanm 1989. Anplis eleksyon jeneral yo, [[eleksyon lokal Sèb 1989|eleksyon lokal yo]] te fèt an menm tan. Sa yo se premye [[eleksyon dirèk]] ki te fèt apre adopsyon [[Konstitisyon Yougoslavi 1974 la]] ak sistèm elektoral delege a, ak dènye eleksyon ki te fèt anba yon [[sistèm yon sèl pati]].

Eleksyon an te vin anvan [[Slobodan Milošević]], ki apre yo te eli [[Prezidan Lig Kominis Sèbi|prezidan prezidans Komite Santral la]] [[Lig Kominis Sèbi]] (SKS) an 1986, [[8yèm Sesyon Komite Santral Lig Kominis Sèbi a|chaje]] mentor li [[Ivan Stambolić]] ak alye Stambolić yo nan pozisyon kle yo an 1987. Milošević te kòmanse [[anti- revolisyon biwokratik]] e li te kòmanse amande [[konstitisyon Sèbi]] an 1988. Apre Milošević te nonmen nan pozisyon prezidan prezidan SR Sèbi an me 1989, eleksyon prezidansyèl ak palmantè yo te anonse pou Novanm 1989.

Milošević, [[Mihalj Kertes]], [[Zoran Pjanić]], ak [[Miroslav Đorđević (politisyen)|Miroslav Đorđević]] se te kandida yo nan eleksyon prezidansyèl la; Milošević te fini genyen eleksyon an nan yon [[Viktwa glisman teren|glisman tè]]. SKS te genyen 303 syèj, yon pèt nèt 20 syèj an konparezon ak [[eleksyon palmantè Sèb 1986|eleksyon 1986]], e 37 moun ki pa t manm SKS te genyen rès syèj yo nan Asanble a. [[Lig Kominis Yougoslavi]] te sispann egziste an janvye 1990, epi apre yon [[1990 Sèb konstitisyonèl referandòm|referandòm an Jiyè 1990]], Sèbi te adopte yon nouvo konstitisyon ki te aplike yon [[sistèm milti-pati]] ak redwi pouvwa nan pwovens otonòm li yo, Kosovo ak Vojvodina. [[Eleksyon jeneral Sèb 1990|premye eleksyon milti-pati]] te fèt an Desanm 1990.

== Fond ==
=== Apre Dezyèm Gè Mondyal la ===
Apre [[Dezyèm Gè Mondyal]], [[Lig Kominis Yougoslavi|Pati Kominis]] te konsolide pouvwa nan [[Yougoslavi]], e li te transfòme peyi a nan yon [[eta sosyalis]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last=Lampe |first=John R. |title=Yugoslavia as History: Twice There Was a Country |url=https://archive.org/details/yugoslaviaashist0000john |publisher=Cambridge University Press |year=2010 |isbn=9780521773577 |edition=2 |location=Cambridge, United Kingdom |pages=[https://archive.org/details/yugoslaviaashist0000john/page/233 233] |oclc=917768569 |author-link=John R. Lampe}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last=Čalić |first=Marie–Janine |title=A History of Yugoslavia |publisher=Purdue University Press |year=2019 |isbn=9781612495644 |edition=1 |location=West Lafayette, Indiana |pages=154, 252 |oclc=1086547547}}&lt;/ref&gt;  Chak [[Repiblik Sosyalis Federal Yougoslavi#Inite Repiblik Federal yo]| ] te gen pwòp branch pati Kominis la, ak [[Repiblik Sosyalis Sèbi|Sèbi]] ki te gen [[Pati Kominis Sèbi]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last=Banac |first=Ivo |title=With Stalin against Tito: Cominformist Splits in Yugoslav Communism |url=https://archive.org/details/withstalinagains00bana |publisher=Cornell University Press |year=1988 |isbn=9781501720833 |location=Ithaca, New York |pages=[https://archive.org/details/withstalinagains00bana/page/110 110] |oclc=1083573283 |author-link=Ivo Banac}}&lt;/ref&gt;  Pati Kominis federal la te chanje non tèt li kòm Lig Kominis Yougoslavi (SKJ) nan [[6yèm Kongrè Lig Kominis Yougoslavi|6yèm Kongrè a]] an 1952.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last=Biondich |first=Mark |title=The Balkans: Revolution, War, and Political Violence Since 1878 |publisher=Oxford University Press |year=2011 |isbn=9780199299058 |location=Oxford |pages=180 |oclc=718575569 |author-link=Mark Biondich}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last=Centrih |first=Lev |title=The Road to Collapse: The Demise of the League of Communists of Yugoslavia |publisher=Rosa Luxemburg Foundation Southeast Europe |year=2014 |isbn=9788688745130 |pages=13 |oclc=1356439329}}&lt;/ref&gt; Branch li yo te fè menm bagay la; Pati Kominis Sèbi te vin Lig Kominis Sèbi (SKS).&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last=Woodward |first=Susan L. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=o2UoAKmG14EC |title=Socialist Unemployment: The Political Economy of Yugoslavia, 1945–1990 |publisher=Princeton University Press |year=1995 |isbn=9780691086453 |pages=182 |access-date=1 January 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230111141816/https://books.google.com/books?id=o2UoAKmG14EC |archive-date=11 January 2023 |url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last1=Derbyshire |first1=Denis J. |title=Encyclopedia of World Political Systems |last2=Derbyshire |first2=Ian |publisher=Taylor &amp; Francis |year=2000 |isbn=9781317471561 |location=Armonk, New York |pages=456 |oclc=948249715}}&lt;/ref&gt; [[Josip Broz Tito]] te prezidan SKJ jiska [[Lamò ak antèman leta Josip Broz Tito|lanmò li]] an 1980.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last1=Arnold |first1=James R. |title=Cold War: The Essential Reference Guide |url=https://archive.org/details/coldwaressential0000unse |last2=Wiener |first2=Roberta |publisher=ABC-CLIO |year=2012 |isbn=9781610690041 |location=Santa Barbara, California |pages=[https://archive.org/details/coldwaressential0000unse/page/215 215] |oclc=780442989}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Apre lanmò Tito, Yougoslavi te fè fas ak pwoblèm ki gen rapò ak [[Ekonomi Repiblik Federal Sosyalis Yougoslavi|ekonomi]], pwoblèm konstitisyonèl, ak yon ogmantasyon potansyèl nan [[nasyonalis etnik]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last=Haass |first=Richard |title=Economic Sanctions and American Diplomacy |url=https://archive.org/details/economicsanction0000unse_b3t6 |publisher=Council on Foreign Relations |year=1998 |isbn=9780876092125 |pages=[https://archive.org/details/economicsanction0000unse_b3t6/page/n192 179] |oclc=38993152 |author-link=Richard N. Haass}}&lt;/ref&gt; Yougoslavi te okòmansman aplike [[osterite]] mezi pou redwi dèt li.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |title=East European Economies: Slow Growth in the 1980's: Selected Papers |publisher=U.S. Government Printing Office |year=1986 |volume=3 |location=Washington, D.C. |pages=630}}&lt;/ref&gt; Yon ogmantasyon rapid nan dèt, enflasyon, ak chomaj te wè nan ane 1980 yo pito.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last1=Primorac |first1=Emil |last2=Babić |first2=Mate |date=1989 |title=Systemic Changes and Unemployment Growth in Yugoslavia, 1965–1984 |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/2499113 |journal=Slavic Review |volume=48 |issue=2 |page=195 |doi=10.2307/2499113 |jstor=2499113 |s2cid=4809340 |access-date=15 August 2023 |archive-date=12 August 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230812213238/https://www.jstor.org/stable/2499113 |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;  Dapre piblikis [[Zlatoje Martinov] ], repiblik yo te vin &quot;pi fò epi yo te vin eta defakto ak pwòp fòs lame yo&quot; (''sve više jačaju i predstavljaju faktičke države sa sopstvenim oružanim snagama'') akòz kriz yo.&lt;ref name=&quot;Martinov2000&quot;&gt;{{cite book |last1=Martinov |first1=Zlatoje |title=U podnožju demokratskih propileja: Izbori u Srbiji, 1990–2000 |date=2000 |publisher=[[Republika (Serbian magazine)|Republika]] |location=Belgrade |language=sr |trans-title=At the pedestal of the democratic propylaea: Elections in Serbia, 1990–2000 |oclc=50410508 |author-link=Zlatoje Martinov}}&lt;/ref&gt;{{Rp|page=9}} Martinov te di tou ke pwosesis la gradyèl nan disolisyon Yougoslavi te sou pye.&lt;ref name=&quot;Martinov2000&quot; /&gt;{{Rp|page=10}} Apre [[eleksyon palmantè Sèb 1986 la|eleksyon palmantè 1986]], [[Desimir Jevtić]] te eli [[ premye minis Sèbi]]..&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=14 October 2017 |title=Preminuo Desimir Jevtić |trans-title=Desimir Jevtić has died |url=https://www.rts.rs/lat/vesti/drustvo/2904183/preminuo-desimir-jevtic.html |access-date=12 August 2023 |website=Radio Television of Serbia |language=sr |archive-date=12 August 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230812162919/https://www.rts.rs/lat/vesti/drustvo/2904183/preminuo-desimir-jevtic.html |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;


== Refereans ==
{{reflist}}

== Bibliografi==
*{{cite book |title=Izbori 1989 |date=1990 |publisher=Republički zavod za statistiku |location=Belgrade |edition=1 |url=https://plus.cobiss.net/cobiss/sr/sr/bib/19105282 |access-date=14 August 2023 |language=sr |trans-title=1989 elections |oclc=442493467}}
*{{cite book |last1=Antonić |first1=Slobodan |author1-link=Slobodan Antonić |title=Može biti samo jedan: povest predsedničkih izbora u Srbiji 1989–2022 |date=2022 |publisher=Andrićev institut |location=Višegrad |isbn=9789997621986 |edition=1 |url=https://plus.cobiss.net/cobiss/sr/sr/bib/79268105 |access-date=15 August 2023 |language=sr}}

== Lyen deyò ==
* [https://www.stat.gov.rs/sr-Latn/ Republic Bureau of Statistics]
* [http://bpp.uzzpro.gov.rs/Register.aspx Database of Legal Regulations]
[[Kategori:1989 nan Sèbi]]
[[Kategori:Evènman an 1989 an Ewòp]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Ayewonèf</title>
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      <comment>Add 1 book for [[Wikipedya:Verifyabilite]] (20260817)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]]</comment>
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      <text bytes="1510" sha1="tpef4jq6265pms0yf9qa5pjn58qzqxv" xml:space="preserve">[[Fichye:Cessna_172S_Skyhawk_‘G-JMKE’_(45077563364).jpg|vignette| Cessna 172 ''Skyhawk'' se ayewonèf ki pi pwodui nan listwa.]]
Yon '''ayewonèf''' se yon veyikil ki kapab [[Vòl (sa fè yon zwazo)|vole]] san l pa jwenn sipò nan [[Atmosfè Latè|lè]] a. Li kontrekare fòs gravite a lè l sèvi avèk swa [[Flotabilite|asansè estatik]] oswa asansè dinamik yon [[ayewosòl]], &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/aircraft|title=Aircraft&amp;nbsp;— Define Aircraft at Dictionary.com|website=Dictionary.com|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150328141634/http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/aircraft|archive-date=28 March 2015|access-date=1 April 2015}}&lt;/ref&gt; oswa, nan kèk ka, pouse dirèk anba depi nan motè li yo. Egzanp komen yon ayewonèf enkli [[avyon]], [[elikoptè]], dirijab (ki gen ladan blimps ), planè, paramotè, ak balon lè cho. &lt;ref name=&quot;wingsoverkansas&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.wingsoverkansas.com/features/a1037/|title=Different Kinds &amp; Types of Aircraft|website=wingsoverkansas.com|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161121165354/http://www.wingsoverkansas.com/features/a1037/|archive-date=21 November 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt;{{,}}&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|last=Gunston|first=Bill|title=Jane's Aerospace Dictionary 1987|url=https://archive.org/details/janesaerospacedi0000guns|year=1987|publisher=Jane's Publishing Company Limited|location=London, England|isbn=978-0-7106-0365-4}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Referans ==
{{Referans}}
==Lyen deyò==
{{liens}}
[[Kategori:Ayewonèf]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Kominikasyon elefan yo</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
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      <id>888111</id>
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      <comment>Add 7 books for [[Wikipedya:Verifyabilite]] (20260817)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]]</comment>
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      <text bytes="18979" sha1="fec5ss5fy9y75dw4nv7clqc3lqlxroe" xml:space="preserve">[[Fichye:Three_elephant's_curly_kisses.jpg|vignette|Elefan azyatik yo trese twonp yo lè youn ap salye lòt.]]
[[Elefan|Elefan yo]] [[Kominikasyon|kominike]] atravè touche, ekspozisyon vizyèl, vokalizasyon, vibrasyon sismik, ak semyochimik.

== Taktil ==
[[Fichye:Elephant_(Loxodonta_africana)_mating_ritual_composite.jpg|vignette|Konpoze rituèl kwazman elefan ( ''[[Loxodonta africana]]'' ), Addo Elephant Park, Afrik di Sid]]
Chak elefan salye youn lòt lè yo karese oswa vlope twonp yo; sa rive tou pandan yon ti konpetisyon. Elefan ki pi gran yo sèvi ak tape twonp, kout pye, ak pouse pou disipline pi jèn yo. Elefan tout laj ak tout sèks ap touche bouch, glann tanporèl, ak pati jenital youn lòt, sitou pandan rankont oswa lè yo eksite. Sa pèmèt elefan yo detekte siyal chimik. Touche enpòtan anpil pou kominikasyon ant manman ak ti elefan. Lè y ap deplase, manman elefan yo ap touche ti elefan yo ak twonp yo oswa pye yo lè yo kòt a kòt oswa ak ke yo si ti elefan an dèyè yo. Si yon ti elefan vle repoze, l ap peze sou pat devan manman l epi lè l vle tete, l ap touche tete oswa janm li.&lt;ref name=&quot;Shoshani120&quot;&gt;{{cite book|author1=Payne, K. B.|title=Elephants: Majestic Creatures of the Wild|url=https://archive.org/details/elephants0000unse_p3q7|author2=Langbauer, W. R.|publisher=Rodale Press|year=2000|isbn=978-0-87596-143-9|editor=Shoshani, J.|pages=[https://archive.org/details/elephants0000unse_p3q7/page/116 116]–23|chapter=Elephant Communication|oclc=475147472}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Vizyèl ==
Ekspozisyon vizyèl yo fèt sitou nan sitiyasyon [[Agonistic behaviour|konpòtman agonistik]] . Elefan yo ap eseye parèt pi menasan lè yo leve tèt yo epi yo louvri zòrèy yo. Yo ka ajoute nan ekspozisyon an lè yo souke tèt yo epi yo kase zòrèy yo, epi tou lè yo voye pousyè ak vejetasyon. Anjeneral, yo ap fè blòf lè y ap fè aksyon sa yo. Elefan ki eksite yo ka leve twon yo. Elefan ki soumèt yo ap bese tèt yo ak twon yo, epi yo aplati zòrèy yo kont kou yo, alòske sa yo ki aksepte yon defi ap mete zòrèy yo an fòm V.&lt;ref name=&quot;Shoshani1202&quot;&gt;{{cite book|author1=Payne, K. B.|title=Elephants: Majestic Creatures of the Wild|url=https://archive.org/details/elephants0000unse_p3q7|author2=Langbauer, W. R.|publisher=Rodale Press|year=2000|isbn=978-0-87596-143-9|editor=Shoshani, J.|pages=[https://archive.org/details/elephants0000unse_p3q7/page/116 116]–23|chapter=Elephant Communication|oclc=475147472}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Akoustik ==
Elefan yo pwodui plizyè son, anjeneral nan [[larenks]] la, byenke kòf la ka [[Vocal resonation|modifye]] kèk. &lt;ref name=&quot;Shoshani1204&quot;&gt;{{cite book|author1=Payne, K. B.|title=Elephants: Majestic Creatures of the Wild|url=https://archive.org/details/elephants0000unse_p3q7|author2=Langbauer, W. R.|publisher=Rodale Press|year=2000|isbn=978-0-87596-143-9|editor=Shoshani, J.|pages=[https://archive.org/details/elephants0000unse_p3q7/page/116 116]–23|chapter=Elephant Communication|oclc=475147472}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last1=Stoeger|first1=Angela S.|last2=Baotic|first2=Anton|last3=Heilmann|first3=Gunnar|date=August 2021|title=Vocal Creativity in Elephant Sound Production|journal=Biology|volume=10|issue=8|page=750|doi=10.3390/biology10080750|issn=2079-7737|pmc=8389636|pmid=34439982|doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last1=Stoeger|first1=Angela S.|last2=Baotic|first2=Anton|last3=Heilmann|first3=Gunnar|date=August 2021|title=Vocal Creativity in Elephant Sound Production|journal=Biology|volume=10|issue=8|page=750|doi=10.3390/biology10080750|issn=2079-7737|pmc=8389636|pmid=34439982|doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;sciencedaily.com2&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2012/08/120803103421.htm|title=Mystery of elephant infrasounds revealed|website=ScienceDaily|access-date=2023-02-15}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|last=Joyce|first=Hoope|date=January 2011|chapter=The behavioral context of African elephant acoustic communication|chapter-url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/263654143|title=The Amboseli Elephants: A Long-Term Perspective on a Long-Lived Mammal|publisher=University of Chicago Press|editor1=C. J. Moss|editor2=H. J. Croze|editor3=P. C. Lee}}&lt;/ref&gt; Petèt apèl ki pi byen koni an se twonpèt la ki fèt lè yo soufle nan kòf la. Yo fè son twonpèt la lè yo eksite, yo gen lapenn oswa yo gen agresyon. &lt;ref name=&quot;Estes2&quot;&gt;{{cite book|author=Estes, R.|title=The behavior guide to African mammals: including hoofed mammals, carnivores, primates|url=https://archive.org/details/isbn_0520080858|url-access=registration|pages=[https://archive.org/details/isbn_0520080858/page/263 263–66]|year=1991|publisher=University of California Press|isbn=978-0-520-08085-0}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last1=Fuchs|first1=Evelyn|last2=Beeck|first2=Veronika C.|last3=Baotic|first3=Anton|last4=Stoeger|first4=Angela S.|date=2021-11-23|title=Acoustic structure and information content of trumpets in female Asian elephants (Elephas maximus)|journal=PLOS ONE|volume=16|issue=11|bibcode=2021PLoSO..1660284F|doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0260284|issn=1932-6203|pmc=8610244|pmid=34813615|article-number=e0260284|doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite magazine|date=2014-05-02|title=What Elephant Calls Mean: A User's Guide|url=https://www.nationalgeographic.com/animals/article/what-elephant-calls-mean|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210218181646/https://www.nationalgeographic.com/animals/article/what-elephant-calls-mean|archive-date=February 18, 2021|access-date=2023-02-15|magazine=[[National Geographic]]}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.cbsnews.com/pictures/cool-facts-about-elephants/|title=World Elephant Day: 25 wild animal facts|date=12 August 2015|publisher=[[CBS News]]|access-date=2023-02-15}}&lt;/ref&gt; Elefan k ap goumen yo ka [[Roaring|gwonde]] oswa rele, epi sa yo ki blese yo ka gwonde. &lt;ref&gt;Kingdon, p. 63.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://wildtrails.in/everything-you-ever-wanted-to-know-about-elephants/|title=Everything you ever wanted to know about Elephants|date=2016-04-09|website=WildTrails|access-date=2023-02-15}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Yo anrejistre [[Asian elephant|elefan Azyatik]] yo fè twa son debaz: [[Growling|gwonde]], kriye, ak ronfle. Gwonde nan fòm debaz yo itilize pou kominikasyon kout distans. Pandan [[Arousal|yon eksitasyon]] lejè, gwonde yo rezone nan kòf la epi yo vin [[Rumble (noise)|gronde,]] alòske pou kominikasyon long distans, yo vin tounen gwonde. Gwonde ki ba frekans yo [[Infrasonic|enfrason]] epi yo fèt nan plizyè kontèks. &lt;ref name=&quot;sciencedaily.com&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2012/08/120803103421.htm|title=Mystery of elephant infrasounds revealed|website=ScienceDaily|access-date=2023-02-15}}&lt;/ref&gt; Kriye vini sou de fòm; chirip ak twonpèt. Chirip konsiste de plizyè kriye kout epi yo siyal konfli ak [[Nervousness|nè yo]]. Twonpèt yo se kriye ki pi long ak plis volim epi yo pwodui pandan yon eksitasyon ekstrèm. Ronfle yo siyal chanjman nan aktivite epi ogmante volim pandan yon eksitasyon lejè oswa fò. Nan dènye ka a, lè yon elefan rebondi sou pwent kòf la li kreye gwonde ki sèvi kòm demonstrasyon menas. &lt;ref name=&quot;Sukumar2&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|last=Sukumar, R.|url=https://archive.org/details/livingelephantse00suku_0|title=The Living Elephants: Evolutionary Ecology, Behaviour, and Conservation|date=11 September 2003|publisher=Oxford University Press, USA|isbn=978-0-19-510778-4|oclc=935260783|url-access=registration}}&lt;/ref&gt; : 142 

=== Enfrason ===
Elefan yo ka pwodui kri [[Infrasonic|enfrasonik]] ki fèt nan frekans mwens pase 20&amp;nbsp;Hz. &lt;ref name=&quot;infrasonic3&quot;&gt;{{cite journal|author1=Herbest, C. T.|author2=Stoeger, A.|author3=Frey, R.|author4=Lohscheller, J.|author5=Titze, I. R.|author6=Gumpenberger, M.|author7=Fitch, W. T.|year=2012|title=How Low Can You Go? Physical Production Mechanism of Elephant Infrasonic Vocalizations|journal=Science|volume=337|issue=6094|pages=595–599|bibcode=2012Sci...337..595H|doi=10.1126/science.1219712|pmid=22859490|s2cid=32792564}}&lt;/ref&gt; Apèl enfrasonik yo enpòtan, patikilyèman pou kominikasyon long distans, &lt;ref name=&quot;Shoshani1206&quot;&gt;{{cite book|author1=Payne, K. B.|title=Elephants: Majestic Creatures of the Wild|url=https://archive.org/details/elephants0000unse_p3q7|author2=Langbauer, W. R.|publisher=Rodale Press|year=2000|isbn=978-0-87596-143-9|editor=Shoshani, J.|pages=[https://archive.org/details/elephants0000unse_p3q7/page/116 116]–23|chapter=Elephant Communication|oclc=475147472}}&lt;/ref&gt; nan [[African elephant|elefan Azyatik ak Afriken yo]] . Pou elefan Azyatik yo, apèl sa yo gen yon frekans 14-24&amp;nbsp;[[Hertz|Hz]], ak [[Sound pressure level|nivo presyon son]] 85–90&amp;nbsp;[[Desibèl|dB]] epi dire 10–15 segonn. &lt;ref name=&quot;Payne2&quot;&gt;{{cite journal|author1=Payne, K.B.|author2=Langbauer, W.R.|author3=Thomas, E.M.|year=1986|title=Infrasonic calls of the Asian elephant (''Elephas maximus'')|journal=Behavioral Ecology and Sociobiology|volume=18|issue=4|pages=297–301|bibcode=1986BEcoS..18..297P|doi=10.1007/BF00300007|s2cid=1480496}}&lt;/ref&gt; Pou elefan afriken yo, kri yo varye ant 15 ak 35&amp;nbsp;Hz ak nivo presyon son ki rive jiska 117&amp;nbsp;dB, sa ki pèmèt kominikasyon sou plizyè kilomèt, ak yon maksimòm posib alantou 10 kilomèt (6 mi) . &lt;ref name=&quot;Larom2&quot;&gt;{{cite journal|author1=Larom, D.|author2=Garstang, M.|author3=Payne, K.|author4=Raspet, R.|author5=Lindeque, M.|year=1997|title=The influence of surface atmospheric conditions on the range and area reached by animal vocalizations|url=http://jeb.biologists.org/cgi/reprint/200/3/421.pdf|journal=Journal of Experimental Biology|volume=200|issue=Pt 3|pages=421–31|doi=10.1242/jeb.200.3.421|pmid=9057305}}&lt;/ref&gt;  
[[Fichye:Loxodonta_africana_oral_rumble_visualized_with_acoustic_camera_(25fps)_-_pone.0048907.s003.ogv|droite|vignette|Gronnman ba frekans vizyalize ak yon kamera akoustik.]]
Nan [[Amboseli National Park|Pak Nasyonal Amboseli a,]] yo idantifye plizyè diferan kalite apèl enfrasonik: &lt;ref name=&quot;Sukumar3&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|last=Sukumar, R.|url=https://archive.org/details/livingelephantse00suku_0|title=The Living Elephants: Evolutionary Ecology, Behaviour, and Conservation|date=11 September 2003|publisher=Oxford University Press, USA|isbn=978-0-19-510778-4|oclc=935260783|url-access=registration}}&lt;/ref&gt; : 145 

* '''Gwonde salitasyon''' – se yon gwo bri fi adilt ki manm yon gwoup fanmi ki ini apre yo fin separe pandan plizyè èdtan ki fè l.
* '''Apèl kontak''' – son dous, [[Modulation|san modilasyon]], ki fèt pa yon moun ki te separe jiska 2 kilomèt (1.2 mi) nan gwoup la.
* '''Repons kontak''' – yo fè l an repons a apèl kontak la; yo kòmanse byen fò, men yo vin pi dous nan fen an.
* '''Grondman &quot;Ann ale&quot;''' – yon gwondman dous ke matriyach la fè pou l siyalize lòt manm twoupo a ke li lè pou yo deplase nan yon lòt kote.
* '''Gronnman Musth''' – yon gronnman pulsasyon diferan ak ba frekans ke mal musth yo (yo rele &quot;motosiklèt&quot; la) emèt.
* '''Kor fi''' – yon kor ba frekans, modulation, ki pwodui pa plizyè bèf an repons a yon gwondeman moutad.
* '''Apèl postkopilatwa''' – yon bèf ki an estr fè l apre kwazman.
* '''Pandemonium kwazman''' - rèl eksitasyon fanmi yon bèf fè apre li fin kwaze.

=== Non ak rekonesans ===
An 2024, grasa aprantisaj otomatik, yo te postule ke elefan yo itilize [[Personal name|non pèsonèl]] . &lt;ref name=&quot;nature2&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|last1=Pardo|first1=Michael A.|last2=Fristrup|first2=Kurt|last3=Lolchuragi|first3=David S.|last4=Poole|first4=Joyce H.|last5=Granli|first5=Petter|last6=Moss|first6=Cynthia|last7=Douglas-Hamilton|first7=Iain|last8=Wittemyer|first8=George|date=2024-06-10|title=African elephants address one another with individually specific name-like calls|url=https://www.nature.com/articles/s41559-024-02420-w|journal=Nature Ecology &amp; Evolution|language=en|volume=8|issue=7|pages=1353–1364|bibcode=2024NatEE...8.1353P|doi=10.1038/s41559-024-02420-w|issn=2397-334X|pmid=38858512|url-access=subscription}}&lt;/ref&gt; Yon rechèch ki te pibliye nan ''[[Nature Ecology and Evolution]]'' te demontre ke elefan yo rele youn lòt pa non yo epi yo reponn lè yo tande lòt moun rele non yo. Chèchè yo te analize plizyè santèn kri elefan ki te anrejistre pandan plis pase yon ane nan [[Kenya]], yo te itilize aprantisaj otomatik pou idantifye son espesifik elefan yo fè lè y ap rele youn lòt. Lè yo te rejwe kri anrejistre yo, elefan yo te reponn a son zanmi yo oswa manm fanmi yo k ap rele non yo swa lè yo te rele yo tounen oswa lè yo te deplase nan direksyon moun k ap pale a. Konpòtman sa a sijere ke elefan yo ka kapab panse abstrè epi yo gen yon vokabilè ki depase non yo. Yo sijere ke rechèch sa a ta ka potansyèlman pèmèt moun kominike dirèkteman ak elefan yo nan lavni, petèt pou avèti yo sou danje tankou brakonye. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://e360.yale.edu/digest/elephant-names-study|title=Elephants Have Names for Each Other, Study Finds|website=Yale E360|language=en-US|access-date=2024-06-14}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Anatomi nan aparèy vokal la ===
[[Larenks]] elefan an se pi gwo ki konnen pami mamifè yo. [[Vocal fold|Pli vokal]] yo long epi yo tache toupre baz [[epiglottis]] la. Lè nou konpare pli vokal yon elefan ak pli vokal yon moun, pli vokal yon elefan yo pi long, pi epè, epi yo gen yon pi gwo sifas kwa. Anplis de sa, yo panche a 45 degre epi yo pozisyone pi devan pase pli vokal yon moun. &lt;ref name=&quot;vibratorypatterns2&quot;&gt;{{cite journal|author1=Herbest, C. T.|author2=Švec, J. G.|author3=Lohscheller, J.|author4=Frey, R.|author5=Gumpenberger, M.|author6=Stoeger, A.|author7=Fitch, W. T.|year=2013|title=Complex Vibratory Patterns in an Elephant Larynx|journal=Journal of Experimental Biology|volume=216|issue=21|pages=4054–4064|doi=10.1242/jeb.091009|pmid=24133151|doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt; Apati plizyè eksperyans, larenks elefan an montre li pwodui divès fenomèn vibratwa konplèks. Nan sitiyasyon [[in vivo]], fenomèn sa yo ka deklanche lè pli vokal yo ak aparèy vokal la kominike pou ogmante oswa diminye frekans fondamantal la. &lt;ref name=&quot;infrasonic2&quot;&gt;{{cite journal|author1=Herbest, C. T.|author2=Stoeger, A.|author3=Frey, R.|author4=Lohscheller, J.|author5=Titze, I. R.|author6=Gumpenberger, M.|author7=Fitch, W. T.|year=2012|title=How Low Can You Go? Physical Production Mechanism of Elephant Infrasonic Vocalizations|journal=Science|volume=337|issue=6094|pages=595–599|bibcode=2012Sci...337..595H|doi=10.1126/science.1219712|pmid=22859490|s2cid=32792564}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Sismik ==
Elefan yo konnen pou [[Seismic communication|kominike avèk sismik]], vibrasyon ki pwodui pa enpak sou sifas tè a oswa vag akoustik ki vwayaje atravè li. Yo sanble konte sou zo janm yo ak zo zepòl yo pou transmèt siyal yo nan zòrèy presegondè a. Lè bèt yo detekte siyal sismik, yo panche pi devan epi mete plis pwa sou pi gwo pye devan yo; sa a ke yo rekonèt kòm &quot;konpòtman konjelasyon&quot;. Elefan yo gen plizyè adaptasyon ki adapte pou kominikasyon sismik. Kousinen pye yo gen ne kartilajin epi yo gen resanblans ak grès akoustik yo jwenn nan [[mamifè maren]] tankou [[Toothed whale|balèn dan]] ak [[Sirenian|sirenyen]] . Yon misk inik ki sanble ak [[Sphincter|yon sfentè]] alantou [[Ear canal|kanal zòrèy]] la retresi pasaj la, kidonk diminye siyal akoustik yo epi pèmèt bèt la tande plis siyal sismik. &lt;ref name=&quot;seismic2&quot;&gt;{{cite journal|author=O'Connell-Rodwell, E.O.|year=2007|title=Keeping an &quot;ear&quot; to the ground: seismic communication in elephants|journal=Physiology|volume=22|issue=4|pages=287–94|doi=10.1152/physiol.00008.2007|pmid=17699882}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Semiyochimik ==
Elefan yo kapab kominike tou atravè [[Sense of smell|olfaksyon]] ak [[Semiochemical|pwodui semiochimik]] . &lt;ref name=&quot;:02&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|last=S.|first=Albone, Eric|title=Mammalian semiochemistry: the investigation of chemical signals between mammals|url=https://archive.org/details/mammaliansemioch0000albo|date=1984|publisher=Wiley|isbn=0-471-10253-9|oclc=476223784}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;:12&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|last1=Rasmussen|first1=L.E.L.|last2=Schulte|first2=B.A.|date=1998|title=Chemical signals in the reproduction of Asian (Elephas maximus) and African (Loxodonta africana) elephants|journal=Animal Reproduction Science|volume=53|issue=1–4|pages=19–34|doi=10.1016/s0378-4320(98)00124-9|issn=0378-4320|pmid=9835364}}&lt;/ref&gt; Sekresyon pwodui semiochimik ka fèt atravè poupou ak pipi &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite thesis|last=Von Dürckheim|first=Katharina|url=https://scholar.sun.ac.za/handle/10019.1/110578|title=Olfaction and scent discrimination in African elephants (Loxodonta africana)|publisher=Stellenbosch University|year=2021|type=Thesis}}&lt;/ref&gt; ansanm ak glann tanporèl la, yon estrikti ki sòti nan glann swe epi ki sitiye sou tou de bò tèt elefan mal ak femèl. &lt;ref name=&quot;:03&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|last=S.|first=Albone, Eric|title=Mammalian semiochemistry: the investigation of chemical signals between mammals|url=https://archive.org/details/mammaliansemioch0000albo|date=1984|publisher=Wiley|isbn=0-471-10253-9|oclc=476223784}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;:13&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|last1=Rasmussen|first1=L.E.L.|last2=Schulte|first2=B.A.|date=1998|title=Chemical signals in the reproduction of Asian (Elephas maximus) and African (Loxodonta africana) elephants|journal=Animal Reproduction Science|volume=53|issue=1–4|pages=19–34|doi=10.1016/s0378-4320(98)00124-9|issn=0378-4320|pmid=9835364}}&lt;/ref&gt; Sibstans elefan mal yo sekrete nan glann tanporèl yo pandan musth la gen anpil pwodui chimik epi li sanble enterese femèl yo. &lt;ref name=&quot;:04&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|last=S.|first=Albone, Eric|title=Mammalian semiochemistry: the investigation of chemical signals between mammals|url=https://archive.org/details/mammaliansemioch0000albo|date=1984|publisher=Wiley|isbn=0-471-10253-9|oclc=476223784}}&lt;/ref&gt; Elefan yo ka envestige epi detekte pwodui semiochimik atravè [[Vomeronasal organ|ògàn vomeronasal]] la (OVN). &lt;ref name=&quot;:14&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|last1=Rasmussen|first1=L.E.L.|last2=Schulte|first2=B.A.|date=1998|title=Chemical signals in the reproduction of Asian (Elephas maximus) and African (Loxodonta africana) elephants|journal=Animal Reproduction Science|volume=53|issue=1–4|pages=19–34|doi=10.1016/s0378-4320(98)00124-9|issn=0378-4320|pmid=9835364}}&lt;/ref&gt; Elefan yo ka pase nan plizyè etap pou envestige sant yon sifas ak twonp yo anvan yo mete pwent li nan bouch yo pou touche pati anterior palè di yo a epi konsa transfere pwodui semiochimik nan OVN an. &lt;ref name=&quot;:15&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|last1=Rasmussen|first1=L.E.L.|last2=Schulte|first2=B.A.|date=1998|title=Chemical signals in the reproduction of Asian (Elephas maximus) and African (Loxodonta africana) elephants|journal=Animal Reproduction Science|volume=53|issue=1–4|pages=19–34|doi=10.1016/s0378-4320(98)00124-9|issn=0378-4320|pmid=9835364}}&lt;/ref&gt;


== Referans ==
{{Tradiksyon/Referans|en|Elephant communication}}
{{Références}}

== Lyen ekstèn ==

* [https://www.elephantvoices.org/ Vwa Elefan]
{{Liens}}
[[Kategori:Elefan]]
[[Kategori:Kominikasyon animal]]</text>
      <sha1>fec5ss5fy9y75dw4nv7clqc3lqlxroe</sha1>
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  <page>
    <title>Al Horford</title>
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    <revision>
      <id>888156</id>
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      <timestamp>2026-08-17T21:00:25Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Ooligan</username>
        <id>25764</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Better photo/ foto/ image</comment>
      <origin>888156</origin>
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      <text bytes="2483" sha1="e0q4uohk3eqd0s76ep7w5c35pqfc5m3" xml:space="preserve">== Biyografi ==

=== Karyè akademik ===
[[Fichye:Al Horford of the Boston Celtics during an event celebrating the team’s 2024 NBA Championship on November 21, 2024 on the South Lawn of the White House (cropped).jpg|vignette|223x223px|Al Horford nan nivo inivèsite a.]]
Horford te aksepte yon bousdetid atletik pou ale nan University of Florida, li te chwazi Gators yo sou Michigan, Michigan State ak Ohio State. Li te jwe la pou antrenè Billy Donovan e li te asosye ak Joakim Noah, Corey Brewer ak Taurean Green. Li te gen yon enpak imedyat sou Gators yo nan premye ane li, kòmanse kòm yon sant ak David Lee, epi li te ede Gators yo genyen chanpyona Konferans Sidès la an 2005.


Gators yo te gen yon gwo sezon an 2005-06, genyen chanpyona SEC a pou yon dezyèm ane dwat. Yo te rive nan tounwa NCAA 2006 la ak 3yèm plas. Gators yo te rive nan Final Four e yo te bat George-Mason pou yo rive nan final la. Nan final la, yo bat UCLA pou ranpòte tit 2006 la ak 14 pwen ak 7 rebondisman Horford&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|title=A player on the Willamette Men's Basketball Team does a layup during a game against the UCLA Bruins|url=https://doi.org/10.31096/wua9999-wp_2380_box_15|doi=10.31096/wua9999-wp_2380_box_15}}&lt;/ref&gt;.


Nan Desanm 2006, nan mitan ane jinyò li, Horford te rate yon seri jwèt akòz aksidan. Antrenè Donovan te retire l nan yon match kont Stetson nan espwa ke li ta byen geri pou yon match nan Gainesville kont Ohio State Buckeyes. Yon jou anvan match la, Donovan te anonse ke Horford pa t ap kapab jwe, men li te toujou vin sou ban an pou defann Greg Oden, pwochen premye seleksyon an. Oden fè nòt jis 7 pwen, byen pi ba pase mwayèn nòmal li nan 15 pwen. Horford te fè nòt 11 pwen epi li te pwan 11 rebondisman ak minit restriksyon. Nan dènye match lakay sezon an, 4 mas 2007, kont Kentucky, Horford te vin katriyèm jwè nan ekip li a ki te fè nòt 1,000 pwen nan nivo kolèj. Li te 14 pwen kout pou rive nan papòt la, epi li te fè nòt egzakteman 14 pwen&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|date=1992|title=Ouvrages sur le développement diffusés en France en novembre, décembre 1991|url=https://doi.org/10.3406/tiers.1992.4682|journal=Tiers-Monde|volume=33|issue=129|pages=229–231|doi=10.3406/tiers.1992.4682|issn=0040-7356}}&lt;/ref&gt;.

[[Fichye:Al_Horford2.jpg|vignette|Horford avèk Atlanta Hawks yo an 2008.]]
[[Fichye:Al_Horford_(cropped).jpg|vignette|Al Horford an 2017 avèk Boston Celtics yo.]]

== Nòt ak referans ==
{{Referans}}
[[Kategori:Baskètbòl]]</text>
      <sha1>e0q4uohk3eqd0s76ep7w5c35pqfc5m3</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>888157</id>
      <parentid>888156</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-08-17T21:00:48Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Ooligan</username>
        <id>25764</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>2024</comment>
      <origin>888157</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="2467" sha1="br6imwhu4y2nmjle0vkkwmr6c9mu28q" xml:space="preserve">== Biyografi ==

=== Karyè akademik ===
[[Fichye:Al Horford of the Boston Celtics during an event celebrating the team’s 2024 NBA Championship on November 21, 2024 on the South Lawn of the White House (cropped).jpg|vignette|223x223px|Al Horford (2024)]]
Horford te aksepte yon bousdetid atletik pou ale nan University of Florida, li te chwazi Gators yo sou Michigan, Michigan State ak Ohio State. Li te jwe la pou antrenè Billy Donovan e li te asosye ak Joakim Noah, Corey Brewer ak Taurean Green. Li te gen yon enpak imedyat sou Gators yo nan premye ane li, kòmanse kòm yon sant ak David Lee, epi li te ede Gators yo genyen chanpyona Konferans Sidès la an 2005.


Gators yo te gen yon gwo sezon an 2005-06, genyen chanpyona SEC a pou yon dezyèm ane dwat. Yo te rive nan tounwa NCAA 2006 la ak 3yèm plas. Gators yo te rive nan Final Four e yo te bat George-Mason pou yo rive nan final la. Nan final la, yo bat UCLA pou ranpòte tit 2006 la ak 14 pwen ak 7 rebondisman Horford&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|title=A player on the Willamette Men's Basketball Team does a layup during a game against the UCLA Bruins|url=https://doi.org/10.31096/wua9999-wp_2380_box_15|doi=10.31096/wua9999-wp_2380_box_15}}&lt;/ref&gt;.


Nan Desanm 2006, nan mitan ane jinyò li, Horford te rate yon seri jwèt akòz aksidan. Antrenè Donovan te retire l nan yon match kont Stetson nan espwa ke li ta byen geri pou yon match nan Gainesville kont Ohio State Buckeyes. Yon jou anvan match la, Donovan te anonse ke Horford pa t ap kapab jwe, men li te toujou vin sou ban an pou defann Greg Oden, pwochen premye seleksyon an. Oden fè nòt jis 7 pwen, byen pi ba pase mwayèn nòmal li nan 15 pwen. Horford te fè nòt 11 pwen epi li te pwan 11 rebondisman ak minit restriksyon. Nan dènye match lakay sezon an, 4 mas 2007, kont Kentucky, Horford te vin katriyèm jwè nan ekip li a ki te fè nòt 1,000 pwen nan nivo kolèj. Li te 14 pwen kout pou rive nan papòt la, epi li te fè nòt egzakteman 14 pwen&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|date=1992|title=Ouvrages sur le développement diffusés en France en novembre, décembre 1991|url=https://doi.org/10.3406/tiers.1992.4682|journal=Tiers-Monde|volume=33|issue=129|pages=229–231|doi=10.3406/tiers.1992.4682|issn=0040-7356}}&lt;/ref&gt;.

[[Fichye:Al_Horford2.jpg|vignette|Horford avèk Atlanta Hawks yo an 2008.]]
[[Fichye:Al_Horford_(cropped).jpg|vignette|Al Horford an 2017 avèk Boston Celtics yo.]]

== Nòt ak referans ==
{{Referans}}
[[Kategori:Baskètbòl]]</text>
      <sha1>br6imwhu4y2nmjle0vkkwmr6c9mu28q</sha1>
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