Wikipedia iawiki https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pagina_principal MediaWiki 1.45.0-wmf.3 first-letter Multimedia Special Discussion Usator Discussion Usator Wikipedia Discussion Wikipedia File Discussion File MediaWiki Discussion MediaWiki Patrono Discussion Patrono Adjuta Discussion Adjuta Categoria Discussion Categoria Portal Discussion Portal Appendice Discussion Appendice TimedText TimedText talk Module Module talk 102 1807 679863 679458 2025-06-06T21:44:57Z ListeriaBot 24326 Wikidata list updated [V2] 679863 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Wikidata list |sparql=SELECT ?item WHERE { ?item wdt:P31 wd:Q6256 . ?item wdt:P30 wd:Q46 } |columns=item,P41,P94,label,P242,P36,P2046,P38,P297,description |sort=P30,label |thumb=48 |links= |references=all }} {| class='wikitable sortable' ! item ! imagine del bandiera ! imagine del scuto ! label ! position geographic ! capital ! area ! moneta ! ISO 3166-1 alpha-2 ! description |- | [[:d:Q20|Q20]] | [[File:Flag of Norway.svg|center|48px]] | [[File:Coat of arms of Norway.svg|center|48px]] | [[Norvega]] | [[File:Europe-Norway.svg|center|48px]] | [[Oslo]]<ref name="ref_f143de0a2352baee596434109f9eb562">https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/no.html</ref> | 385207<ref name="ref_c471cc4b82d27a9f0c7160515d01e3c3">https://www.kartverket.no/kunnskap/Fakta-om-Norge/Arealstatistikk/Arealstatistikk-Norge/</ref> | ''[[:d:Q132643|corona norvegian]]'' | [https://www.iso.org/obp/ui/#iso:code:3166:NO NO] | pais in Europa |- | [[:d:Q27|Q27]] | [[File:Flag of Ireland.svg|center|48px]] | [[File:Coat of arms of Ireland.svg|center|48px]] | [[Republica de Irlanda]] | [[File:EU-Ireland (orthographic projection).svg|center|48px]] | [[Dublin]] | 69797<ref name="ref_5f72885d4c7fec3ba4aa21d543cf6897">https://european-union.europa.eu/principles-countries-history/key-facts-and-figures/life-eu_en</ref> | [[Euro]] | [https://www.iso.org/obp/ui/#iso:code:3166:IE IE] | |- | [[:d:Q28|Q28]] | [[File:Flag of Hungary.svg|center|48px]] | [[File:Coat of arms of Hungary.svg|center|48px]] | [[Hungaria]] | [[File:Hungary on the globe (Europe centered).svg|center|48px]] | [[Budapest]]<ref name="ref_05c38ab505e49542aafbba6fcd180cc7">https://www.britannica.com/place/Hungary</ref> | 93011.4<ref name="ref_f3bf7afe9581c155406021ebbe070853">http://www.ksh.hu/apps/shop.kiadvany?p_kiadvany_id=81322</ref> | ''[[:d:Q47190|forint hungare]]'' | [https://www.iso.org/obp/ui/#iso:code:3166:HU HU] | |- | [[:d:Q29|Q29]] | [[File:Flag of Spain.svg|center|48px]] | [[File:Escudo de España (variant).svg|center|48px]] | [[Espania]] | [[File:Spain on the globe (Europe centered).svg|center|48px]] | [[Madrid]]<ref name="ref_c8312f7ce210910309398d692373791f">''[[:d:Q847664|constitution of Spain]]''</ref><ref name="ref_2bba1fd90a13fa990d128a03df7a1982">''[[:d:Q237227|Brockhaus Enzyklopädie]]''</ref> | 505990<ref name="ref_acea67606cafbf631ee12f368d8e0ede">http://www.ine.es/prodyser/pubweb/anuario08/anu08_01entor.pdf</ref> | [[Euro]]<ref name="ref_c5602a83bdeb370b44e0123945e2f0ab">https://www.ecb.europa.eu/euro/html/index.en.html</ref> | [https://www.iso.org/obp/ui/#iso:code:3166:ES ES] | |- | [[:d:Q31|Q31]] | [[File:Flag of Belgium.svg|center|48px]] | [[File:Great coat of arms of Belgium.svg|center|48px]] | [[Belgica]] | [[File:EU-Belgium.svg|center|48px]] | [[Brussel]]<ref name="ref_24abcad6ba6973d30fda814f093129f0">https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/be.html</ref><ref name="ref_eff5c10d91432a3c3e3a8011241082e4">http://www.traveldir.org/belgium/</ref> | 30688<ref name="ref_6b2d26945f02d8f9b444c7270207d9f3">''[[:d:Q12480|Statbel]]''</ref> | [[Euro]] | [https://www.iso.org/obp/ui/#iso:code:3166:BE BE] | |- | [[:d:Q32|Q32]] | [[File:Flag of Luxembourg.svg|center|48px]] | [[File:Greater coat of arms of the grand-duchy of Luxembourg.svg|center|48px]] | [[Luxemburg]] | [[File:EU-Luxembourg.svg|center|48px]] | [[Luxemburg (citate)|Luxemburg]]<ref name="ref_faa27a0de8b88925dc314fdbc0a57d5b">https://luxembourg.public.lu/dam-assets/publications/tout-savoir-sur-le-grand-duche-de-luxembourg/tout-savoir-sur-le-grand-duche-de-luxembourg-en.pdf</ref> | 2586.36<ref name="ref_bf3497c979acbe4c3e0bb979d1a0332b">https://lustat.statec.lu</ref> | [[Euro]] | [https://www.iso.org/obp/ui/#iso:code:3166:LU LU] | |- | [[:d:Q33|Q33]] | [[File:Flag of Finland.svg|center|48px]] | [[File:Coat of arms of Finland.svg|center|48px]] | [[Finlandia]] | [[File:Finland on the globe (Europe centered).svg|center|48px]] | [[Helsinki]]<ref name="ref_50d6de6aa8cbb31493138c3fd88f97f8">''[[:d:Q14334357|Suomen historian pikkujättiläinen]]''</ref> | 338478.34<ref name="ref_614f39d9fdd0b08b2beb0a54f66e3206">''[[:d:Q117800624|Area of Finland's municipalities 2023-01-01]]''</ref> | [[Euro]] | [https://www.iso.org/obp/ui/#iso:code:3166:FI FI] | |- | [[:d:Q34|Q34]] | [[File:Flag of Sweden.svg|center|48px]] | [[File:Great coat of arms of Sweden.svg|center|48px]] | [[Svedia]] | [[File:Sweden on the globe (Europe centered).svg|center|48px]] | [[Stockholm]] | 447425.16<ref name="ref_fb0927ab5c4c26c12a089a828ddf4938">https://www.statistikdatabasen.scb.se/pxweb/sv/ssd/START__MI__MI0802/Areal2012N/</ref> | ''[[:d:Q122922|Swedish krona]]'' | [https://www.iso.org/obp/ui/#iso:code:3166:SE SE]<ref name="ref_0ae014e4b7716fcbfb2ab1ab400cb0e1">https://www.iso.org/obp/ui/#iso:code:3166:SE</ref> | |- | [[:d:Q35|Q35]] | [[File:Flag of Denmark.svg|center|48px]] | [[File:National Coat of arms of Denmark no crown.svg|center|48px]] | [[Danmark]] | [[File:Denmark on the globe (Europe centered).svg|center|48px]] | [[Copenhagen]]<ref name="ref_c630569715116c109d6aa4172f3ab8eb">https://www.workwithdata.com/place/denmark</ref> | 42925.46 | ''[[:d:Q25417|corona danese]]''<ref name="ref_c630569715116c109d6aa4172f3ab8eb">https://www.workwithdata.com/place/denmark</ref> | [https://www.iso.org/obp/ui/#iso:code:3166:DK DK] | |- | [[:d:Q36|Q36]] | [[File:Flag of Poland.svg|center|48px]] | [[File:Herb Polski.svg|center|48px]] | [[Polonia]] | [[File:Poland on the globe (Europe centered).svg|center|48px]] | [[Varsovia]] | 312683<ref name="ref_81d0b8f23ce3686a3957ef99a474b5e7">''[[:d:Q9311474|Statistical Yearbook of Poland]]''</ref> | ''[[:d:Q123213|zloty polonese]]'' | [https://www.iso.org/obp/ui/#iso:code:3166:PL PL] | |- | [[:d:Q142|Q142]] | [[File:Flag of France.svg|center|48px]]<ref name="ref_578aa01745309a12621b3b7161f68dba">https://www.europe1.fr/politique/info-e1-le-drapeau-francais-a-change-de-couleur-4076943</ref> | [[File:Arms of the French Republic.svg|center|48px]] | [[Francia]] | [[File:EU-France (orthographic projection).svg|center|48px]] | [[Paris]] | 643801 | [[Euro]]<br/>''[[:d:Q214393|CFP Franc]]'' | [https://www.iso.org/obp/ui/#iso:code:3166:FR FR]<ref name="ref_46d4458ae38b99d84331689a43a6d81b">https://www.iso.org/obp/ui/#iso:code:3166:FR</ref> | |- | [[:d:Q145|Q145]] | [[File:Flag of the United Kingdom (3-5).svg|center|48px]]<ref name="ref_58877af7a1a797ab246ee46189e4ef63">https://www.college-of-arms.gov.uk/resources/union-flag-approved-designs</ref> | [[File:Coat of arms of the United Kingdom (2022, variant 2).svg|center|48px]] | [[Regno Unite]] | [[File:Europe-UK.svg|center|48px]] | [[London]] | 242495<ref name="ref_b11d3ffa884b1a281d999be3c74383f0">https://unstats.un.org/unsd/demographic/products/dyb/dyb2012/Table03.pdf</ref> | ''[[:d:Q25224|libra sterling]]'' | [https://www.iso.org/obp/ui/#iso:code:3166:GB GB] | |- | [[:d:Q159|Q159]] | [[File:Flag of Russia.svg|center|48px]] | [[File:Coat of Arms of the Russian Federation.svg|center|48px]] | [[Russia]] | [[File:Russian Federation (orthographic projection) - Annexed Territories disputed.svg|center|48px]] | [[Moscova]]<br/>[[Sancte Petroburgo]] | 17075400<ref name="ref_cb6e3243a8d267a91fc8c26ed7396072">https://www.britannica.com/facts/Russia</ref><br/>17125191<ref name="ref_419a9ef8ba19aef52177e0715f203a45">https://rosreestr.ru/upload/Doc/18-upr/%D0%A1%D0%B2%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%8F%20%D0%BF%D0%BE%20%D1%84.22%20%D0%B7%D0%B0%202016%20%D0%B3%D0%BE%D0%B4%20(%D0%BF%D0%BE%20%D1%81%D1%83%D0%B1%D1%8A%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BC%20%D0%A0%D0%A4)_%D0%BD%D0%B0%20%D1%81%D0%B0%D0%B9%D1%82.doc</ref> | ''[[:d:Q41044|rublo russe]]'' | [https://www.iso.org/obp/ui/#iso:code:3166:RU RU] | |- | [[:d:Q183|Q183]] | [[File:Flag of Germany.svg|center|48px]]<ref name="ref_ea01e846660c7cec5f320d499e946571">''[[:d:Q56045|Basic Law for the Federal Republic of Germany]]''</ref> | [[File:Coat of arms of Germany.svg|center|48px]]<ref name="ref_e98ec137e4b9684416bc8e31a41656fe">''[[:d:Q836156|Federal Law Gazette]]''</ref> | [[Germania]] | [[File:Germany (orthographic projection).svg|center|48px]] | [[Berlin]]<ref name="ref_ea01e846660c7cec5f320d499e946571">''[[:d:Q56045|Basic Law for the Federal Republic of Germany]]''</ref><ref name="ref_60f4e91598179a6b34a8d770763dec17">https://www.bmi.bund.de/DE/themen/verfassung/staatliche-symbole/hauptstadt/hauptstadt-artikel.html</ref><ref name="ref_19bda77fbb673a88a2ac1e819f527cf3">https://www.workwithdata.com/place/germany</ref> | 357587.77<ref name="ref_41eaa388eb746c8036d5e549181fc9b1">https://www.ssoar.info/ssoar/bitstream/handle/document/85921/ssoar-2023-seeger_et_al-Kritische_Flachenfragen_-_Flachenveranderungen_und.pdf?sequence=1&isAllowed=y&lnkname=ssoar-2023-seeger_et_al-Kritische_Flachenfragen_-_Flachenveranderungen_und.pdf</ref> | [[Euro]]<ref name="ref_faf87541d8718db6dc09009deb1605f0">http://ec.europa.eu/economy_finance/euro/countries/germany_en.htm</ref><ref name="ref_d506a7950a2d334eb5f17953f8588921">http://www.bpb.de/nachschlagen/lexika/lexikon-der-wirtschaft/19280/europaeische-wirtschafts-und-waehrungsunion</ref><ref name="ref_8562954c3bbefd42d12b83bed27d9437">http://www.bundesfinanzministerium.de/Web/DE/Themen/Europa/Euro_auf_einen_Blick/Europaeische_Wirtschafts_und_Waehrungsunion/europaeische_wirtschafts_und_waehrungsunion.html</ref><ref name="ref_19bda77fbb673a88a2ac1e819f527cf3">https://www.workwithdata.com/place/germany</ref> | [https://www.iso.org/obp/ui/#iso:code:3166:DE DE] | |- | [[:d:Q184|Q184]] | [[File:Flag of Belarus.svg|center|48px]] | [[File:Coat of arms of Belarus (2020–present).svg|center|48px]] | [[Bielorussia]] | [[File:Belarus on the globe (Europe centered).svg|center|48px]] | [[Minsk]]<ref name="ref_2bba1fd90a13fa990d128a03df7a1982">''[[:d:Q237227|Brockhaus Enzyklopädie]]''</ref> | 207595 | ''[[:d:Q21531507|Belarusian ruble]]'' | [https://www.iso.org/obp/ui/#iso:code:3166:BY BY] | |- | [[:d:Q189|Q189]] | [[File:Flag of Iceland.svg|center|48px]] | [[File:Coat of arms of Iceland.svg|center|48px]] | [[Islanda]] | [[File:Iceland (orthographic projection).svg|center|48px]] | [[Reykjavík|Reykjavik]]<ref name="ref_ce04391f4ddcc568341f145c66cb37e8">https://www.britannica.com/place/Reykjavik</ref> | 103004 | ''[[:d:Q131473|corona islandese]]'' | [https://www.iso.org/obp/ui/#iso:code:3166:IS IS]<ref name="ref_a775d0c573c02acf7b16bf525e892898">https://www.iso.org/obp/ui/#iso:code:3166:IS</ref> | |- | [[:d:Q191|Q191]] | [[File:Flag of Estonia.svg|center|48px]] | [[File:Coat of arms of Estonia.svg|center|48px]] | [[Estonia]] | [[File:EU-Estonia.svg|center|48px]] | [[Tallinn]] | 45335<ref name="ref_5cd8cff07b49a7c4037cadbe208cba57">https://maaamet.ee/uudised/kingitus-eesti-sunnipaevaks-eesti-sai-95-saare-vorra-rikkamaks</ref> | [[Euro]] | [https://www.iso.org/obp/ui/#iso:code:3166:EE EE] | |- | [[:d:Q211|Q211]] | [[File:Flag of Latvia.svg|center|48px]] | [[File:Coat of arms of Latvia.svg|center|48px]] | [[Lettonia]] | [[File:Latvia on the globe (Europe centered).svg|center|48px]] | [[Riga]] | 64593.76<ref name="ref_434f45008355bc0345276ef587508080">https://data.stat.gov.lv/pxweb/lv/OSP_PUB/START__ENV__DR__DRT/DRT011/</ref><br/>62226.85<ref name="ref_434f45008355bc0345276ef587508080">https://data.stat.gov.lv/pxweb/lv/OSP_PUB/START__ENV__DR__DRT/DRT011/</ref> | [[Euro]] | [https://www.iso.org/obp/ui/#iso:code:3166:LV LV] | republica in le nord de Europa |- | [[:d:Q213|Q213]] | [[File:Flag of the Czech Republic.svg|center|48px]] | [[File:Coat of arms of the Czech Republic.svg|center|48px]] | [[Republica Chec]] | [[File:EU-Czech Republic.svg|center|48px]] | [[Praga]]<ref name="ref_67139777364dcad5052d4f75597e7adf">''[[:d:Q2948382|Constitution of the Czech Republic]]''</ref> | 78866 | ''[[:d:Q131016|corona tchec]]''<ref name="ref_4a6e0eec71e22a1953c3287ed222837e">https://www.zakonyprolidi.cz/cs/1993-60</ref><ref name="ref_71dccf4d4296c0fcd678c0e4721b392e">https://www.zakonyprolidi.cz/cs/1993-61</ref> | [https://www.iso.org/obp/ui/#iso:code:3166:CZ CZ] | pais de Europa |- | [[:d:Q214|Q214]] | [[File:Flag of Slovakia.svg|center|48px]] | [[File:Coat of arms of Slovakia.svg|center|48px]] | [[Slovachia]] | [[File:EU-Slovakia.svg|center|48px]] | [[Bratislava]]<ref name="ref_2bba1fd90a13fa990d128a03df7a1982">''[[:d:Q237227|Brockhaus Enzyklopädie]]''</ref> | 49033.983561<ref name="ref_5728de9d150ca9c16b7654b99f3ea08b">''[[:d:Q125653046|Population density of Slovakia – SR-area-region-district, cities-rural [om7015rr] : Area (square meter)]]''</ref> | [[Euro]] | [https://www.iso.org/obp/ui/#iso:code:3166:SK SK] | |- | [[:d:Q215|Q215]] | [[File:Flag of Slovenia.svg|center|48px]] | [[File:Coat of arms of Slovenia.svg|center|48px]] | [[Slovenia]] | [[File:EU-Slovenia.svg|center|48px]] | [[Ljubljana]] | 20271<ref name="ref_8e214972e005882b825bd7e4fe1bb82c">https://www.stat.si/StatWeb/File/DocSysFile/10033/Spremembe_povrsine_Slovenije.pdf</ref> | [[Euro]] | [https://www.iso.org/obp/ui/#iso:code:3166:SI SI] | |- | [[:d:Q218|Q218]] | [[File:Flag of Romania.svg|center|48px]] | [[File:Coat of arms of Romania.svg|center|48px]] | [[Romania]] | [[File:Romania on the globe (Europe centered).svg|center|48px]] | [[Bucarest]] | 238397<ref name="ref_18344710a52c81a73d9f73d1228351a6">http://www.ziare.com/stiri/eveniment/romania-si-a-marit-suprafata-la-238-397-kilometri-patrati-1470103</ref><ref name="ref_0ead9d4c919e94bfc5cdeae7e183d9bf">http://www.gandul.info/stiri/acesta-este-noul-teritoriu-al-romaniei-16481528</ref> | ''[[:d:Q131645|leu romanian]]'' | [https://www.iso.org/obp/ui/#iso:code:3166:RO RO] | |- | [[:d:Q219|Q219]] | [[File:Flag of Bulgaria.svg|center|48px]] | [[File:Coat of arms of Bulgaria.svg|center|48px]] | [[Bulgaria]] | [[File:Bulgaria (orthographic projection).svg|center|48px]] | [[Sofia]]<ref name="ref_4d1d40f6587f056c4c776f8184fc50df">https://www.britannica.com/place/Bulgaria</ref> | 110993.6<ref name="ref_90e2cc8a07539ddba554140e51b98c11">http://www.government.bg/cgi-bin/e-cms/vis/vis.pl?s=001&p=0159&g=</ref> | ''[[:d:Q172540|lev bulgare]]'' | [https://www.iso.org/obp/ui/#iso:code:3166:BG BG] | |- | [[:d:Q221|Q221]] | [[File:Flag of North Macedonia.svg|center|48px]] | [[File:Coat of arms of North Macedonia.svg|center|48px]] | [[Macedonia del Nord|Republica del Macedonia del Nord]] | [[File:North Macedonia on the globe (Europe centered).svg|center|48px]] | [[Skopje]]<ref name="ref_212a31ed48c352ecdb3ed6a431af68fc">https://www.britannica.com/place/North-Macedonia</ref> | 25713 | ''[[:d:Q177875|denar macedone]]'' | [https://www.iso.org/obp/ui/#iso:code:3166:MK MK] | |- | [[:d:Q222|Q222]] | [[File:Flag of Albania.svg|center|48px]] | [[File:Coat of arms of Albania.svg|center|48px]] | [[Albania]] | [[File:Albania (orthographic projection).svg|center|48px]] | [[Tirana]] | 28748<ref name="ref_4311f992e8dfa476bc1a870fc84b64d3">https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/fields/2147.html</ref> | [[Lek (moneta)|lek]] | [https://www.iso.org/obp/ui/#iso:code:3166:AL AL] | |- | [[:d:Q224|Q224]] | [[File:Flag of Croatia.svg|center|48px]] | [[File:Coat of arms of Croatia.svg|center|48px]] | [[Croatia]] | [[File:EU-Croatia (orthographic projection).png|center|48px]] | [[Zagreb]] | 56594<ref name="ref_d0a7ddc1b9b75112cd35aa0409dfbfe8">http://www.dzs.hr/Hrv_Eng/ljetopis/2011/SLJH2011.pdf</ref> | [[Euro]] | [https://www.iso.org/obp/ui/#iso:code:3166:HR HR] | |- | [[:d:Q225|Q225]] | [[File:Flag of Bosnia and Herzegovina.svg|center|48px]] | [[File:Coat of arms of Bosnia and Herzegovina.svg|center|48px]] | [[Bosnia e Herzegovina]] | [[File:Bosnia and Herzegovina (orthographic projection).svg|center|48px]] | [[Sarajevo]] | 51197 | ''[[:d:Q179620|mark convertibile de Bosnia-Herzegovina]]''<br/>''[[:d:Q2538687|Bosnia and Herzegovina dinar]]'' | [https://www.iso.org/obp/ui/#iso:code:3166:BA BA] | |- | [[:d:Q228|Q228]] | [[File:Flag of Andorra.svg|center|48px]] | [[File:Coat of Arms of Andorra.svg|center|48px]] | [[Andorra]] | [[File:Andorra on the globe (Europe centered).svg|center|48px]] | [[Andorra la Vella]] | 468<ref name="ref_4311f992e8dfa476bc1a870fc84b64d3">https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/fields/2147.html</ref> | [[Euro]] | [https://www.iso.org/obp/ui/#iso:code:3166:AD AD] | |- | [[:d:Q229|Q229]] | [[File:Flag of Cyprus.svg|center|48px]] | [[File:Coat of arms of Cyprus (2006).svg|center|48px]] | [[Cypro]] | [[File:EU-Cyprus highlighted.svg|center|48px]] | [[Nicosia]] | 9242.45<ref name="ref_18c60032200b782c98a4013b5bd8259e">http://www.mof.gov.cy/mof/cystat/statistics.nsf/All/F2876E52BD240C56C2257EB4003C3ED4/$file/DEGREE_URBANISATION-2016.xls?OpenElement</ref><ref name="ref_18c60032200b782c98a4013b5bd8259e">http://www.mof.gov.cy/mof/cystat/statistics.nsf/All/F2876E52BD240C56C2257EB4003C3ED4/$file/DEGREE_URBANISATION-2016.xls?OpenElement</ref> | [[Euro]] | [https://www.iso.org/obp/ui/#iso:code:3166:CY CY] | |- | [[:d:Q233|Q233]] | [[File:Flag of Malta.svg|center|48px]] | [[File:Coat of arms of Malta.svg|center|48px]] | [[Malta]] | [[File:EU-Malta.svg|center|48px]] | [[Valletta]] | 316 | [[Euro]] | [https://www.iso.org/obp/ui/#iso:code:3166:MT MT] | |- | [[:d:Q236|Q236]] | [[File:Flag of Montenegro.svg|center|48px]] | [[File:Coat of arms of Montenegro.svg|center|48px]] | [[Montenegro]] | [[File:LocationMontenegro.svg|center|48px]] | [[Podgorica]] | 13883 | [[Euro]] | [https://www.iso.org/obp/ui/#iso:code:3166:ME ME] | |- | [[:d:Q237|Q237]] | [[File:Flag of Vatican City (2023–present).svg|center|48px]] | [[File:Coat of arms of Vatican City (2023–present).svg|center|48px]] | [[Citate Vatican]] | [[File:Location of the Vatican City in Europe.svg|center|48px]] | No/unknown value | 0.49 | [[Euro]] | [https://www.iso.org/obp/ui/#iso:code:3166:VA VA] | |- | [[:d:Q347|Q347]] | [[File:Flag of Liechtenstein.svg|center|48px]] | [[File:Staatswappen-Liechtensteins.svg|center|48px]] | [[Liechtenstein]] | [[File:Liechtenstein on the globe (Europe centered).svg|center|48px]] | [[Vaduz]] | 160<ref name="ref_f9c87d88faebbda5cce1a6cceedfb265">https://www.liechtenstein.li/</ref> | ''[[:d:Q25344|franc switze]]''<br/>''[[:d:Q2329625|Austrian krone]]'' | [https://www.iso.org/obp/ui/#iso:code:3166:LI LI] | |- | [[:d:Q1246|Q1246]] | [[File:Flag of Kosovo.svg|center|48px]] | [[File:Emblem of the Republic of Kosovo.svg|center|48px]] | [[Kosovo]] | [[File:Europe-Republic of Kosovo.svg|center|48px]] | [[Pristina]] | 10909.02992 | [[Euro]] | [https://www.iso.org/obp/ui/#iso:code:3166:XK XK]<ref name="ref_69586d7bb8e9b31b9335ce38bc4e0aed">http://www.ezv.admin.ch/pdf_linker.php?doc=Tares_Laenderverzeichnis</ref><ref name="ref_e8053fddb6d6dac3382fda715586d057">http://www.bundesbank.de/Redaktion/DE/Downloads/Service/Meldewesen/Aussenwirtschaft/Schluessel/laenderverzeichnis.pdf?__blob=publicationFile</ref><ref name="ref_99b3ebeecc3df38245eca61d0b8823df">https://assets.publishing.service.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/1116645/Kosovo_Toponymic_Factfile.pdf</ref><ref name="ref_89be56f054f07643c6827c9c39096380">https://geonames.wordpress.com/2010/03/08/xk-country-code-for-kosovo/</ref><ref name="ref_26a9c15b9e00df25b1ec58fdc8fcdb9e">http://www.swift.com/dsp/resources/documents/IBAN_Registry.pdf</ref><ref name="ref_856efa51e48e032a66969e0a0b51ec09">http://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/statistics-explained/index.php/Glossary:Country_codes</ref><br/>No/unknown value | |- | [[:d:Q29999|Q29999]] | [[File:Flag of the Netherlands.svg|center|48px]] | [[File:Royal coat of arms of the Netherlands.svg|center|48px]] | [[Regno del Paises Basse]] | [[File:Kingdom of the Netherlands in its region (special marker).svg|center|48px]] | [[Amsterdam]]<br/>''[[:d:Q36600|Le Haga]]'' | 42201 | [[Euro]] | [https://www.iso.org/obp/ui/#iso:code:3166:NL NL]<ref name="ref_0c882744175e6eacd4f9e9a09f928a5c">https://www.iso.org/obp/ui/#iso:code:3166:NL</ref> | |} {{Wikidata list end}} oz62h60mxfg3j805p9ys5mkr3a7w11f 0 2051 679832 635880 2025-06-06T13:30:27Z Tim Ocean 30221 Error 679832 wikitext text/x-wiki {{infobox/articulo}} '''Etymologia:''' Le parola '''messia'''{{linfo}} veni de hebraic ''mashiah'' "le Uncto (del Senior)", un referentia al antique ceremonia hebraic de consecration de reges, prophetas e sacerdotes per medio del unction con oleo. '''Definition:''' * Le termino se refere al expectate rege qui, secundo le promissas de [[Deo]] registrate in le [[Vetule Testamento]], liberarea le [[judeo|populo judee]] del dominio estranier e restaurarea le gloria de su epocha auree (le regno del "grande reges" [[David]] e [[Salomon]]). Le hebreos/judeos suffreva le successive domination de differente imperios del [[Antiquitate]]. {Alcuno pote citar le imperios e le epochas?} * titulo attribuite per un gruppo de judeos a [[Jesus Christo|Jesus de Nazareth]] durante le occupation [[Imperio Roman|roman]]. Le '''titulos messianic''' es le titulos e le attributos que, in le [[Vetere Testamento]] e in le [[Judaismo]], esseva originalmente date al ''Messia'' attendite e que, pois, le [[Christianismo]] transfereva a [[Jesus]] de Nazareth pro proclamar Le como le Messia que finalmente veniva. Es considerate titulos messianic: "Messia", "Christo", "Filio de David", "Filio del homine", "Filio de Deo". == Vide etiam == * [[Christo]] {{refer}} [[Categoria:Christianismo]] [[Categoria:Judaismo]] [[Categoria:Jesus Christo]] hexcg8llhjo1kh2qe8vf4i3qe7h7lr0 0 17911 679876 676460 2025-06-07T00:41:04Z 151.77.2.43 679876 wikitext text/x-wiki {{infobox}} '''Società Sportiva Calcio Napoli''' es un club de [[football]] de [[Napoli]], [[Italia]]. Esseva fundate in 1926 e refundate in 2004. Su palmarés comprende 4 campionatos italian, 6 Copas Italia, 2 Supercopas italian e un Coppa UEFA. == Referentias == <references/> [[Categoria:Clubs de football|Napoli]] e8urcyfrycmhz30lui94cvly0mh8hsq 0 39506 679878 672031 2025-06-07T09:22:12Z Tortoise0308 17411 Tortoise0308 ha renominate le pagina [[Provincia Kwango]] a [[Kwango]]: nomine non conradista. 672031 wikitext text/x-wiki {{infobox/typo/entitate territorial administrative}} {{redirect|Kwango}} '''Provincia Kwango''' esse un provincia de Republica Democratic Congo. 517jq2z0l55lvk836ykf4lh7t7onks5 102 39529 679842 679454 2025-06-06T18:17:30Z ListeriaBot 24326 Wikidata list updated [V2] 679842 wikitext text/x-wiki {{infobox}} {{Wikidata list |sparql=SELECT ?item WHERE { ?item wdt:P31 wd:Q509686 } |wdq= |columns=item,P41,P94,label,P242,P300,P36,description |thumb=48 |links= |references=all }} {| class='wikitable sortable' ! item ! imagine del bandiera ! imagine del scuto ! label ! position geographic ! ISO 3166-2 ! capital ! description |- | [[:d:Q166706|Q166706]] | | | ''[[:d:Q166706|San Pablo Province]]'' | [[File:Location of the province San Pablo in Cajamarca.svg|center|48px]] | | ''[[:d:Q1134076|San Pablo]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q188098|Q188098]] | [[File:Bandera de la provincia de Lauricocha.svg|center|48px]] | | ''[[:d:Q188098|Lauricocha Province]]'' | [[File:Location of the province Lauricocha in Huánuco.png|center|48px]] | | ''[[:d:Q125646|Jesús]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q268277|Q268277]] | [[File:Bandera de Luya.png|center|48px]] | | ''[[:d:Q268277|Luya Province]]'' | [[File:Provincia de Luya.png|center|48px]] | | ''[[:d:Q2475775|Lámud]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q384980|Q384980]] | | | ''[[:d:Q384980|Morropón Province]]'' | [[File:Location of the province Morropón in Piura.svg|center|48px]] | | ''[[:d:Q1089449|Chulucanas]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q514494|Q514494]] | | | ''[[:d:Q514494|La Mar Province]]'' | | | ''[[:d:Q2726675|San Miguel, La Mar Province]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q537708|Q537708]] | | | ''[[:d:Q537708|Vilcas Huamán Province]]'' | | | ''[[:d:Q2475760|Vilcashuamán]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q546559|Q546559]] | | | ''[[:d:Q546559|Chiclayo province]]'' | | | ''[[:d:Q260911|Chiclayo]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q548556|Q548556]] | | | ''[[:d:Q548556|Padre Abad Province]]'' | | | ''[[:d:Q2723604|Aguaytía]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q549969|Q549969]] | | [[File:Escudo de Parinacochas - Coracora.png|center|48px]] | ''[[:d:Q549969|Parinacochas Province]]'' | | | ''[[:d:Q763662|Coracora]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q578912|Q578912]] | | | ''[[:d:Q578912|Chincheros Province]]'' | | | ''[[:d:Q878820|Chincheros]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q579240|Q579240]] | [[File:Flag of Lima.svg|center|48px]] | [[File:Coat of arms of Lima.svg|center|48px]] | ''[[:d:Q579240|Lima province]]'' | [[File:Location of Lima Province in Peru.svg|center|48px]] | PE-LMA | [[Lima]] | |- | [[:d:Q579906|Q579906]] | [[File:Bandera de Pucallpa.svg|center|48px]] | [[File:Escudo de Pucallpa.svg|center|48px]] | ''[[:d:Q579906|Coronel Portillo Province]]'' | [[File:Location of the province Atalaya in Ucayali.svg|center|48px]] | | ''[[:d:Q217071|Pucallpa]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q583300|Q583300]] | | | ''[[:d:Q583300|Otuzco Province]]'' | | | ''[[:d:Q3056421|Otuzco]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q584864|Q584864]] | | | ''[[:d:Q584864|Chumbivilcas Province]]'' | [[File:Location of the province Chumbivilcas in Cusco.svg|center|48px]] | | ''[[:d:Q1974445|Santo Tomás]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q588491|Q588491]] | | | ''[[:d:Q588491|San Martín Province]]'' | | | ''[[:d:Q927933|Tarapoto]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q589047|Q589047]] | | | ''[[:d:Q589047|Jorge Basadre Province]]'' | [[File:Location of Tacna region.png|center|48px]] | | ''[[:d:Q2989650|Locumba]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q590394|Q590394]] | | | ''[[:d:Q590394|Picota Province]]'' | | | ''[[:d:Q3344087|Picota]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q601118|Q601118]] | [[File:Flag of Arequipa.svg|center|48px]] | [[File:Escudo de Armas de Arequipa.svg|center|48px]] | ''[[:d:Q601118|Arequipa Province]]'' | | | [[Arequipa]] | |- | [[:d:Q612923|Q612923]] | [[File:Bandera de Sullana 2010.PNG|center|48px]] | | ''[[:d:Q612923|Sullana Province]]'' | | | ''[[:d:Q510413|Sullana]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q614628|Q614628]] | | [[File:Escudo Municipalidad de Castilla.jpg|center|48px]] | ''[[:d:Q614628|Castilla Province]]'' | [[File:Location of the province Castilla in Arequipa.svg|center|48px]] | | ''[[:d:Q2423691|Aplao]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q615891|Q615891]] | [[File:Bandera de Aija.png|center|48px]] | [[File:Escudo de Aija.png|center|48px]] | ''[[:d:Q615891|Aija Province]]'' | [[File:Dep. Ancash - Provincia de Aija.svg|center|48px]] | | ''[[:d:Q3317408|Aija]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q629428|Q629428]] | | | ''[[:d:Q629428|San Marcos Province]]'' | | | ''[[:d:Q3348299|San Marcos]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q629736|Q629736]] | | | ''[[:d:Q629736|Huaytará Province]]'' | | | ''[[:d:Q3344099|Huaytará]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q632826|Q632826]] | [[File:..Lambayeque Flag(PERU).png|center|48px]] | | ''[[:d:Q632826|Lambayeque Province]]'' | | | ''[[:d:Q768086|Lambayeque]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q633478|Q633478]] | [[File:Bandera Fitzcarrald.svg|center|48px]] | [[File:Escudo Fitzcarrald.svg|center|48px]] | ''[[:d:Q633478|Carlos Fermín Fitzcarrald Province]]'' | [[File:Dep. Ancash - Provincia de San Luis.svg|center|48px]] | | ''[[:d:Q3322620|San Luis]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q639598|Q639598]] | | | ''[[:d:Q639598|Churcampa Province]]'' | | | ''[[:d:Q3348281|Churcampa]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q644721|Q644721]] | | [[File:Escudo regional Junín.png|center|48px]] | ''[[:d:Q644721|Junín Province]]'' | [[File:Provincia de Junín.png|center|48px]] | | ''[[:d:Q2640092|Junín]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q672921|Q672921]] | | | ''[[:d:Q672921|Purús Province]]'' | | | ''[[:d:Q3344870|Esperanza]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q676572|Q676572]] | [[File:Bandera de Piura.svg|center|48px]] | [[File:Escudo ciudad de Piura.svg|center|48px]] | ''[[:d:Q676572|Piura Province]]'' | [[File:Location of the province Piura in Piura.svg|center|48px]] | | ''[[:d:Q223966|Piura]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q683949|Q683949]] | [[File:Bandera de Jaen (Peru).png|center|48px]] | [[File:Escudo Provincial de Jaén en Perú.jpg|center|48px]] | [[Provincia Jaen (Peru)|Provincia Jaen]] | [[File:Location of the province Jaén in Cajamarca.svg|center|48px]] | | ''[[:d:Q1229885|Jaén]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q731515|Q731515]] | [[File:Bandera de Saposoa.png|center|48px]] | [[File:Escudo de Saposoa.png|center|48px]] | ''[[:d:Q731515|Huallaga Province]]'' | | | ''[[:d:Q3344065|Saposoa]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q746434|Q746434]] | [[File:Bandera paucartambo.png|center|48px]] | | ''[[:d:Q746434|Paucartambo Province]]'' | [[File:Location of the province Paucartambo in Cusco.svg|center|48px]] | | ''[[:d:Q2989631|Paucartambo]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q747503|Q747503]] | [[File:Bandera de Casma.png|center|48px]] | [[File:Escudo de Casma.png|center|48px]] | ''[[:d:Q747503|Casma Province]]'' | [[File:Dep. Ancash - Provincia de Casma.svg|center|48px]] | | ''[[:d:Q3236687|Casma]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q751373|Q751373]] | [[File:Bandera de Cajabamba.png|center|48px]] | [[File:Escudo de Cajabamba.png|center|48px]] | ''[[:d:Q751373|Cajabamba Province]]'' | | | ''[[:d:Q3344351|Cajabamba]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q764487|Q764487]] | | | ''[[:d:Q764487|Marañón Province]]'' | [[File:Location of the province Marañón in Huánuco.png|center|48px]] | | ''[[:d:Q3344853|Huacrachuco]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q765311|Q765311]] | [[File:Flag of Chanchamayo.svg|center|48px]] | | ''[[:d:Q765311|Chanchamayo Province]]'' | [[File:Provincia de Chanchamayo.png|center|48px]] | | ''[[:d:Q1014543|La Merced]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q783136|Q783136]] | | | ''[[:d:Q783136|Palpa Province]]'' | [[File:Location of the province Palpa in Ica.svg|center|48px]] | | ''[[:d:Q2640020|Palpa]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q922867|Q922867]] | | [[File:Escudo de Jauja.jpg|center|48px]] | ''[[:d:Q922867|Jauja Province]]'' | | | ''[[:d:Q917434|Jauja]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q927324|Q927324]] | [[File:Bandera ascope.png|center|48px]] | [[File:Escudo ascope.png|center|48px]] | ''[[:d:Q927324|Ascope Province]]'' | | | ''[[:d:Q3344017|Ascope]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q930214|Q930214]] | [[File:Banderahuanta.jpg|center|48px]] | [[File:Escudo de Huanta.jpg|center|48px]] | ''[[:d:Q930214|Huanta Province]]'' | | | ''[[:d:Q2158344|Huanta]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q938322|Q938322]] | | | ''[[:d:Q938322|Nasca Province]]'' | [[File:Location of the province Nasca in Ica.svg|center|48px]] | | ''[[:d:Q1711521|Nazca]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q941183|Q941183]] | [[File:Flag of Utcubamba.svg|center|48px]] | [[File:Escudo de Utcubamba.svg|center|48px]] | ''[[:d:Q941183|Utcubamba Province]]'' | [[File:Provincia de Utcubamba.png|center|48px]] | | ''[[:d:Q793765|Bagua Grande]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q945636|Q945636]] | | | ''[[:d:Q945636|Tahuamanu Province]]'' | | | ''[[:d:Q1899785|Iñapari]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q946269|Q946269]] | [[File:Bandera tarma.png|center|48px]] | [[File:Escudo De Tarma.svg|center|48px]] | ''[[:d:Q946269|Tarma Province]]'' | [[File:Provincia de Tarma.png|center|48px]] | | ''[[:d:Q1759366|Tarma]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q951287|Q951287]] | [[File:Bandera Canchis.png|center|48px]] | | ''[[:d:Q951287|Canchis Province]]'' | [[File:Location of the province Canchis in Cusco.svg|center|48px]] | | ''[[:d:Q4419079|Sicuani]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q951816|Q951816]] | | | ''[[:d:Q951816|Bolívar Province]]'' | | | ''[[:d:Q3344072|Bolívar]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q960169|Q960169]] | [[File:Flag of Oxapampa.svg|center|48px]] | [[File:Escudo de Oxapampa.png|center|48px]] | ''[[:d:Q960169|Oxapampa Province]]'' | [[File:Location of the province Oxapampa in Pasco.svg|center|48px]] | | ''[[:d:Q1014523|Oxapampa]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q976034|Q976034]] | [[File:Bandera de Cerro de Pasco.JPG|center|48px]] | [[File:Escudo regional Pasco.png|center|48px]] | ''[[:d:Q976034|Pasco Province]]'' | [[File:Location of the province Pasco in Pasco.PNG|center|48px]] | | ''[[:d:Q674320|Cerro de Pasco]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q980098|Q980098]] | | | ''[[:d:Q980098|Ambo Province]]'' | | | ''[[:d:Q3317423|Ambo]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q997406|Q997406]] | [[File:Flag of Chachapoyas.svg|center|48px]] | [[File:Escudo de Chachapoyas.png|center|48px]] | ''[[:d:Q997406|Chachapoyas Province]]'' | [[File:Provincia de Chachapoyas.png|center|48px]] | | ''[[:d:Q757133|Chachapoyas]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q1132101|Q1132101]] | [[File:Flag of Cusco (2021).svg|center|48px]] | [[File:Cusco Emblem.svg|center|48px]] | ''[[:d:Q1132101|Cusco Province]]'' | [[File:Location of the province Cusco in Cusco.svg|center|48px]] | | ''[[:d:Q5582862|Cusco]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q1140995|Q1140995]] | [[File:Bandera de Huaraz.svg|center|48px]] | [[File:Escudo de Huaraz.svg|center|48px]] | ''[[:d:Q1140995|Huaraz province]]'' | [[File:Dep. Ancash - Provincia de Huaraz.svg|center|48px]] | | ''[[:d:Q793809|Huaraz]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q1166113|Q1166113]] | | | ''[[:d:Q1166113|Bolognesi Province]]'' | [[File:Dep. Ancash - Provincia de Bolognesi.svg|center|48px]] | | ''[[:d:Q1074644|Chiquián]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q1166116|Q1166116]] | | [[File:Chacas-escudo.svg|center|48px]] | ''[[:d:Q1166116|Asunción Province]]'' | [[File:Dep. Ancash - Provincia de Asunción.svg|center|48px]] | | ''[[:d:Q2423013|Chacas]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q1166121|Q1166121]] | | | ''[[:d:Q1166121|Antonio Raymondi Province]]'' | [[File:Dep. Ancash - Provincia de Antonio Raimondi.svg|center|48px]] | | ''[[:d:Q3317415|Llamellín]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q1166124|Q1166124]] | | | ''[[:d:Q1166124|Corongo Province]]'' | [[File:Dep. Ancash - Provincia de Corongo.svg|center|48px]] | | ''[[:d:Q3318939|Corongo]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q1166126|Q1166126]] | [[File:Bandera de Carhuaz.png|center|48px]] | [[File:Escudo de Carhuaz.png|center|48px]] | ''[[:d:Q1166126|Carhuaz Province]]'' | [[File:Dep. Ancash - Provincia de Carhuaz.svg|center|48px]] | | ''[[:d:Q1036082|Carhuaz]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q1288434|Q1288434]] | [[File:Flag of Condorcanqui.svg|center|48px]] | [[File:Escudo de Nieva.png|center|48px]] | ''[[:d:Q1288434|Condorcanqui Province]]'' | | | ''[[:d:Q3347407|Santa María de Nieva]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q1325771|Q1325771]] | [[File:Bandera de Chincha alta.png|center|48px]] | [[File:Escudo de Chincha alta.png|center|48px]] | ''[[:d:Q1325771|Chincha Province]]'' | [[File:Location of the province Chincha in Ica.svg|center|48px]] | | ''[[:d:Q990685|Chincha Alta]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q1335384|Q1335384]] | | [[File:Satipo.png|center|48px]] | ''[[:d:Q1335384|Satipo Province]]'' | [[File:Provincia de Satipo.png|center|48px]] | | ''[[:d:Q3057885|Satipo]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q1342814|Q1342814]] | [[File:BanderaBongará.png|center|48px]] | | ''[[:d:Q1342814|Bongará Province]]'' | [[File:Provincia de Bongará.png|center|48px]] | | ''[[:d:Q3344197|Jumbilla]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q1342828|Q1342828]] | | | ''[[:d:Q1342828|Yauli Province]]'' | [[File:Provincia de Yauli.png|center|48px]] | | ''[[:d:Q1759360|La Oroya]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q1343276|Q1343276]] | [[File:Bandera La Convención-Quillabamba.png|center|48px]] | | ''[[:d:Q1343276|La Convención Province]]'' | [[File:Location of the province La Convención in Cusco.svg|center|48px]] | | ''[[:d:Q2534936|Quillabamba]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q1355960|Q1355960]] | | | ''[[:d:Q1355960|Tacna]]'' | [[File:Location of the province Tacna in Tacna.svg|center|48px]] | | ''[[:d:Q272795|Tacna]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q1366038|Q1366038]] | [[File:Bandera de Rodríguez de Mendoza.png|center|48px]] | | ''[[:d:Q1366038|Rodríguez de Mendoza Province]]'' | [[File:Provincia de Rodríguez de Mendoza.png|center|48px]] | | ''[[:d:Q3305659|Mendoza]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q1366050|Q1366050]] | [[File:Bandera de Pisco.png|center|48px]] | [[File:Escudo de Pisco.png|center|48px]] | ''[[:d:Q1366050|Pisco Province]]'' | [[File:Location of the province Pisco in Ica.svg|center|48px]] | | ''[[:d:Q290504|Pisco]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q1366082|Q1366082]] | [[File:Bandera Provincial de Bagua.png|center|48px]] | [[File:Escudo Provincial de Bagua.png|center|48px]] | ''[[:d:Q1366082|Bagua Province]]'' | [[File:Provincia de Bagua.png|center|48px]] | | ''[[:d:Q800155|Bagua]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q1367672|Q1367672]] | [[File:Flag of Ayabaca.svg|center|48px]] | | ''[[:d:Q1367672|Ayabaca Province]]'' | [[File:Location of the province Ayabaca in Piura.svg|center|48px]] | | ''[[:d:Q792713|Ayabaca]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q1367991|Q1367991]] | | [[File:Escudo de Provincia Huarochirí.png|center|48px]] | ''[[:d:Q1367991|Huarochirí Province]]'' | [[File:Location of the province Huarochirí in Lima.svg|center|48px]] | | ''[[:d:Q580017|Matucana]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q1410654|Q1410654]] | | | ''[[:d:Q1410654|Tarata]]'' | [[File:Location of the province Tarata in Tacna.svg|center|48px]] | | ''[[:d:Q2588449|Tarata]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q1422587|Q1422587]] | | | ''[[:d:Q1422587|Cajatambo Province]]'' | [[File:Location of the province Cajatambo in Lima.svg|center|48px]] | | ''[[:d:Q2638247|Cajatambo]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q1422590|Q1422590]] | | | ''[[:d:Q1422590|Contralmirante Villar Province]]'' | [[File:Location of the province Contralmirante Villar in Tumbes.svg|center|48px]] | | ''[[:d:Q3317432|Zorritos]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q1422596|Q1422596]] | [[File:Bandera de Barranca.png|center|48px]] | [[File:Escudo de Barranca.png|center|48px]] | ''[[:d:Q1422596|Barranca Province]]'' | [[File:Location of the province Barranca in Lima.svg|center|48px]] | | ''[[:d:Q2582671|Barranca]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q1422601|Q1422601]] | | | ''[[:d:Q1422601|Yauyos Province]]'' | [[File:Location of the province Yauyos in Lima.svg|center|48px]] | | ''[[:d:Q1812040|Yauyos]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q1422606|Q1422606]] | [[File:Bandera Huaral.png|center|48px]] | [[File:Escudo Huaral.png|center|48px]] | ''[[:d:Q1422606|Huaral Province]]'' | [[File:Location of the province Huaral in Lima.svg|center|48px]] | | ''[[:d:Q723677|Huaral]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q1422611|Q1422611]] | | | ''[[:d:Q1422611|Canta Province]]'' | [[File:Location of the province Canta in Lima.svg|center|48px]] | | ''[[:d:Q3322638|Canta]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q1422619|Q1422619]] | | | ''[[:d:Q1422619|Huancabamba Province]]'' | [[File:Location of the province Huancabamba in Piura.svg|center|48px]] | | ''[[:d:Q2307821|Huancabamba]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q1422624|Q1422624]] | | | ''[[:d:Q1422624|Oyón province]]'' | [[File:Location of the province Oyón in Lima.svg|center|48px]] | | ''[[:d:Q3344010|Oyón]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q1431135|Q1431135]] | [[File:Bandera de Cajamarca.svg|center|48px]] | [[File:Escudo de Cajamarca.svg|center|48px]] | ''[[:d:Q1431135|Cajamarca Province]]'' | [[File:Location of the province Cajamarca in Cajamarca.svg|center|48px]] | | ''[[:d:Q205119|Cajamarca]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q1431140|Q1431140]] | | [[File:Escudo de chota.jpg|center|48px]] | ''[[:d:Q1431140|Chota Province]]'' | [[File:Location of the province Chota in Cajamarca.svg|center|48px]] | | ''[[:d:Q2964558|Chota]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q1431153|Q1431153]] | [[File:Bandera de Celendín.svg|center|48px]] | [[File:Escudo de Celendín.png|center|48px]] | ''[[:d:Q1431153|Celendín Province]]'' | [[File:Location of the province Celendín in Cajamarca.svg|center|48px]] | | ''[[:d:Q3344002|Celendín]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q1431156|Q1431156]] | [[File:Bandera de San vicente.png|center|48px]] | [[File:Escudo de San vicente.png|center|48px]] | ''[[:d:Q1431156|Cañete Province]]'' | [[File:Location of the province Cañete in Lima.svg|center|48px]] | | ''[[:d:Q1853969|San Vicente de Cañete]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q1433001|Q1433001]] | [[File:Bandera de Huacho.jpg|center|48px]] | [[File:Escudo de Huacho.png|center|48px]] | ''[[:d:Q1433001|Huaura province]]'' | [[File:Location of the province Huaura in Lima.svg|center|48px]] | | ''[[:d:Q1002052|Huacho]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q1468138|Q1468138]] | [[File:Bandera de tingo maria.jpg|center|48px]] | [[File:Escudo de Tingo María.png|center|48px]] | ''[[:d:Q1468138|Leoncio Prado Province]]'' | [[File:Location of the province Leoncio Prado in Huánuco.png|center|48px]] | | ''[[:d:Q1974467|Tingo María]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q1477797|Q1477797]] | [[File:Bandera de Zarumilla.png|center|48px]] | | ''[[:d:Q1477797|Zarumilla Province]]'' | [[File:Location of the province Zarumilla in Tumbes.svg|center|48px]] | | ''[[:d:Q2877763|Zarumilla]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q1479348|Q1479348]] | [[File:Bandera de Tumbes.png|center|48px]] | [[File:Escudo de Tumbes.jpg|center|48px]] | ''[[:d:Q1479348|Tumbes Province]]'' | [[File:Location of the province Tumbes in Tumbes.svg|center|48px]] | | ''[[:d:Q827640|Tumbes]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q1771870|Q1771870]] | [[File:Abancay-bandera.png|center|48px]] | [[File:Escudo de Abancay.png|center|48px]] | ''[[:d:Q1771870|Abancay Province]]'' | | | ''[[:d:Q215238|Abancay]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q1771879|Q1771879]] | [[File:Bandera urubamba.png|center|48px]] | | ''[[:d:Q1771879|Urubamba Province]]'' | [[File:Location of the province Urubamba in Cusco.svg|center|48px]] | | ''[[:d:Q2304483|Urubamba]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q1777621|Q1777621]] | [[File:Flag of Huancayo.svg|center|48px]] | [[File:Pe ehuan.gif|center|48px]] | ''[[:d:Q1777621|Huancayo Province]]'' | [[File:Provincia de Huancayo.png|center|48px]] | | ''[[:d:Q468782|Huancayo]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q1777631|Q1777631]] | | | ''[[:d:Q1777631|Chupaca Province]]'' | [[File:Provincia de Chupaca.png|center|48px]] | | ''[[:d:Q3344173|Chupaca]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q1779624|Q1779624]] | [[File:Bandera de Huarmey.png|center|48px]] | [[File:Escudo Huarmey Perú.png|center|48px]] | ''[[:d:Q1779624|Huarmey Province]]'' | [[File:Dep. Ancash - Provincia de Huarmey.svg|center|48px]] | | ''[[:d:Q430862|Huarmey]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q1779635|Q1779635]] | [[File:Bandera de Ocros.jpg|center|48px]] | [[File:Escudo de Ocros.jpg|center|48px]] | ''[[:d:Q1779635|Ocros Province]]'' | [[File:Dep. Ancash - Provincia de Ocros.svg|center|48px]] | | ''[[:d:Q3317427|Ocros]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q1779643|Q1779643]] | | | ''[[:d:Q1779643|Pomabamba Province]]'' | [[File:Dep. Ancash - Provincia de Pomabamba.svg|center|48px]] | | ''[[:d:Q3322611|Pomabamba]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q1779654|Q1779654]] | [[File:Bandera de Cabana (Ancash).png|center|48px]] | | ''[[:d:Q1779654|Pallasca Province]]'' | [[File:Dep. Ancash - Provincia de Pallasca.svg|center|48px]] | | ''[[:d:Q3305646|Cabana]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q1779663|Q1779663]] | [[File:Bandera de Mariscal Luzuriaga.svg|center|48px]] | [[File:Logo de la Municipalidad Provincial de Mariscal Luzuriaga.png|center|48px]] | ''[[:d:Q1779663|Mariscal Luzuriaga Province]]'' | [[File:Dep. Ancash - Provincia de Mariscal Luzuriaga.svg|center|48px]] | | ''[[:d:Q3319310|Piscobamba]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q1779670|Q1779670]] | [[File:Flag of Caraz.svg|center|48px]] | [[File:Caras escudo.jpg|center|48px]] | ''[[:d:Q1779670|Huaylas Province]]'' | [[File:Dep. Ancash - Provincia de Huaylas.svg|center|48px]] | | ''[[:d:Q1035471|Caraz]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q1779677|Q1779677]] | | | ''[[:d:Q1779677|Maynas Province]]'' | [[File:Location of the province Maynas in Loreto.svg|center|48px]] | | ''[[:d:Q193289|Iquitos]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q1779688|Q1779688]] | | | ''[[:d:Q1779688|Islay Province]]'' | [[File:Provincia de Islay.png|center|48px]] | | ''[[:d:Q2351948|Mollendo]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q1779698|Q1779698]] | [[File:Bandera La Union.png|center|48px]] | | ''[[:d:Q1779698|La Unión Province]]'' | [[File:Location of the province La Unión in Arequipa.svg|center|48px]] | | ''[[:d:Q2638258|Cotahuasi]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q1779705|Q1779705]] | [[File:Bandera de Huari.svg|center|48px]] | [[File:Escudo de Huari.svg|center|48px]] | ''[[:d:Q1779705|Huari Province]]'' | [[File:Dep. Ancash - Provincia de Huari.svg|center|48px]] | | ''[[:d:Q3322143|Huari]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q1779714|Q1779714]] | | | ''[[:d:Q1779714|Sihuas Province]]'' | [[File:Dep. Ancash - Provincia de Sihuas.svg|center|48px]] | | ''[[:d:Q3055947|Sihuas]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q1779720|Q1779720]] | | | ''[[:d:Q1779720|Recuay Province]]'' | [[File:Dep. Ancash - Provincia de Recuay.svg|center|48px]] | | ''[[:d:Q1701738|Recuay]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q1779727|Q1779727]] | | | ''[[:d:Q1779727|Caravelí Province]]'' | [[File:Location of the province Caravelí in Arequipa.svg|center|48px]] | | ''[[:d:Q968765|Caravelí]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q1779734|Q1779734]] | [[File:Bandera de Chimbote.svg|center|48px]] | [[File:Coat of arms of Chimbote.svg|center|48px]] | ''[[:d:Q1779734|Santa Province]]'' | [[File:Dep. Ancash - Provincia de Santa.svg|center|48px]] | | ''[[:d:Q518431|Chimbote]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q1784851|Q1784851]] | | | ''[[:d:Q1784851|Camaná Province]]'' | [[File:Location of the province Camaná in Arequipa.svg|center|48px]] | | ''[[:d:Q1028011|Camaná]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q1784857|Q1784857]] | [[File:Flag of Ayacucho.svg|center|48px]] | [[File:Escudo de Ayacucho.svg|center|48px]] | ''[[:d:Q1784857|Huamanga Province]]'' | | | ''[[:d:Q504215|Ayacucho]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q1798739|Q1798739]] | [[File:Bandera de Yungay.svg|center|48px]] | [[File:Escudo Yungay.svg|center|48px]] | ''[[:d:Q1798739|Yungay Province]]'' | [[File:Dep. Ancash - Provincia de Yungay.svg|center|48px]] | | ''[[:d:Q919678|Yungay]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q1798747|Q1798747]] | [[File:Bandera Andahuaylas.svg|center|48px]] | [[File:Escudo de Andahuaylas.png|center|48px]] | ''[[:d:Q1798747|Andahuaylas Province]]'' | | | ''[[:d:Q489660|Andahuaylas]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q1806435|Q1806435]] | | | ''[[:d:Q1806435|Caylloma Province]]'' | | | ''[[:d:Q2351933|Chivay]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q1806437|Q1806437]] | | | ''[[:d:Q1806437|Paucar del Sara Sara Province]]'' | | | ''[[:d:Q2726628|Pausa]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q1808513|Q1808513]] | | | ''[[:d:Q1808513|Huanca Sancos Province]]'' | | | ''[[:d:Q3344909|Sancos]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q1814172|Q1814172]] | | | ''[[:d:Q1814172|Grau Province]]'' | [[File:Location of the province Grau in Apurímac.png|center|48px]] | | ''[[:d:Q879071|Chuquibambilla]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q1814180|Q1814180]] | | | ''[[:d:Q1814180|Sucre Province]]'' | | | ''[[:d:Q2918849|Querobamba]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q1814190|Q1814190]] | | | ''[[:d:Q1814190|Cangallo Province]]'' | | | ''[[:d:Q3344124|Cangallo]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q1814197|Q1814197]] | [[File:Flag of San Ignacio.svg|center|48px]] | | ''[[:d:Q1814197|San Ignacio Province]]'' | | | ''[[:d:Q11011907|San Ignacio de la Frontera]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q1814203|Q1814203]] | | | ''[[:d:Q1814203|Lucanas Province]]'' | | | ''[[:d:Q2726653|Puquio]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q1814228|Q1814228]] | | | ''[[:d:Q1814228|Antabamba Province]]'' | | | ''[[:d:Q879057|Antabamba]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q1814234|Q1814234]] | [[File:Bandera Aymaraes-Chalhuanca.png|center|48px]] | | ''[[:d:Q1814234|Aymaraes Province]]'' | | | ''[[:d:Q879065|Chalhuanca]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q1814244|Q1814244]] | | | ''[[:d:Q1814244|Cotabambas Province]]'' | | | ''[[:d:Q879051|Tambobamba]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q1814253|Q1814253]] | [[File:Bandera de Condesuyos - Chuquibamba.png|center|48px]] | [[File:Escudo de Condesuyos - Chuquibamba.png|center|48px]] | ''[[:d:Q1814253|Condesuyos Province]]'' | [[File:Location of the province Condesuyos in Arequipa.svg|center|48px]] | | ''[[:d:Q3305671|Chuquibamba]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q1819840|Q1819840]] | | | ''[[:d:Q1819840|Huamalíes Province]]'' | [[File:Location of the province Huamalíes in Huánuco.png|center|48px]] | | ''[[:d:Q3344864|Llata]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q1920482|Q1920482]] | [[File:Bandera anta.png|center|48px]] | | ''[[:d:Q1920482|Anta Province]]'' | [[File:Location of the province Anta in Cusco.svg|center|48px]] | | ''[[:d:Q3348268|Anta]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q1920491|Q1920491]] | | | ''[[:d:Q1920491|Julcán Province]]'' | | | ''[[:d:Q3344059|Julcán]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q1920500|Q1920500]] | [[File:Bandera canas.png|center|48px]] | | ''[[:d:Q1920500|Canas Province]]'' | [[File:Location of the province Canas in Cusco.svg|center|48px]] | | ''[[:d:Q2989624|Yanaoca]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q1920509|Q1920509]] | | [[File:Escudo Atalaya.png|center|48px]] | ''[[:d:Q1920509|Atalaya Province]]'' | [[File:Location of the province Atalaya in Ucayali.svg|center|48px]] | | ''[[:d:Q3322627|Atalaya]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q1920520|Q1920520]] | [[File:Bandera quispicanchi.png|center|48px]] | | ''[[:d:Q1920520|Quispicanchi Province]]'' | [[File:Location of the province Quispicanchi in Cusco.svg|center|48px]] | | ''[[:d:Q2989619|Urcos]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q1920564|Q1920564]] | | [[File:Escudo de Cascas.jpg|center|48px]] | ''[[:d:Q1920564|Gran Chimú Province]]'' | | | ''[[:d:Q3344040|Cascas]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q1920572|Q1920572]] | [[File:Bandera de Yurimaguas-Alto Amazonas.png|center|48px]] | | ''[[:d:Q1920572|Alto Amazonas Province]]'' | [[File:Location of the province Alto Amazonas in Loreto.svg|center|48px]] | | ''[[:d:Q117625|Yurimaguas]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q1920599|Q1920599]] | [[File:Banderachepen.jpg|center|48px]] | [[File:Escudo de Chepen.jpg|center|48px]] | ''[[:d:Q1920599|Chepén Province]]'' | [[File:Location of the province Chepén in La Libertad.png|center|48px]] | | ''[[:d:Q2962698|Chepén]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q1920602|Q1920602]] | | | ''[[:d:Q1920602|Acomayo Province]]'' | [[File:Location of the province Acomayo in Cusco.svg|center|48px]] | | ''[[:d:Q2582682|Acomayo]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q1920613|Q1920613]] | [[File:Bandera paruro.png|center|48px]] | | ''[[:d:Q1920613|Paruro Province]]'' | [[File:Location of the province Paruro in Cusco.svg|center|48px]] | | ''[[:d:Q2989645|Paruro]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q1920922|Q1920922]] | | | ''[[:d:Q1920922|Mariscal Ramón Castilla Province]]'' | [[File:Location of the province Mariscal Ramón Castilla in Loreto.svg|center|48px]] | | ''[[:d:Q3317724|Caballococha]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q1935565|Q1935565]] | | | ''[[:d:Q1935565|San Antonio de Putina Province]]'' | [[File:Location of the province San Antonio de Putina in Puno.svg|center|48px]] | | ''[[:d:Q3344150|Putina]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q1944216|Q1944216]] | [[File:Bandera de Macusani.png|center|48px]] | [[File:Escudo de Macusani.png|center|48px]] | ''[[:d:Q1944216|Carabaya Province]]'' | [[File:Location of the province Carabaya in Puno.svg|center|48px]] | | ''[[:d:Q3348229|Macusani]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q1944227|Q1944227]] | | | ''[[:d:Q1944227|Huancané Province]]'' | [[File:Location of the province Huancane in Puno.svg|center|48px]] | | ''[[:d:Q2638267|Huancané]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q1944238|Q1944238]] | | | ''[[:d:Q1944238|Santiago de Chuco Province]]'' | | | ''[[:d:Q3344084|Santiago de Chuco]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q1944245|Q1944245]] | | | ''[[:d:Q1944245|Sánchez Carrión Province]]'' | | | ''[[:d:Q1632770|Huamachuco]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q1944257|Q1944257]] | [[File:Bandera de Ilo.svg|center|48px]] | [[File:Coat of arms of the province of Ilo, Peru.svg|center|48px]] | ''[[:d:Q1944257|Ilo Province]]'' | | | ''[[:d:Q1000341|Ilo]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q1944266|Q1944266]] | [[File:Bandera de San Pedro de Lloc.png|center|48px]] | [[File:Escudo de San Pedro de Lloc.png|center|48px]] | ''[[:d:Q1944266|Pacasmayo Province]]'' | | | ''[[:d:Q1014474|San Pedro de Lloc]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q1944276|Q1944276]] | | | ''[[:d:Q1944276|Puerto Inca Province]]'' | [[File:Location of the province Puerto Inca in Huánuco.png|center|48px]] | | ''[[:d:Q3348305|Puerto Inca]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q1944288|Q1944288]] | | | ''[[:d:Q1944288|Daniel Alcides Carrión Province]]'' | | | ''[[:d:Q3344095|Yanahuanca]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q1944299|Q1944299]] | [[File:BanderaCandarave.png|center|48px]] | [[File:EscudoCandarave.png|center|48px]] | ''[[:d:Q1944299|Candarave Province]]'' | [[File:Location of the province Candarave in Tacna.svg|center|48px]] | | ''[[:d:Q3344236|Candarave]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q1944312|Q1944312]] | | | ''[[:d:Q1944312|Castrovirreyna Province]]'' | [[File:Location of the province Castrovirreyna in Huancavelica.svg|center|48px]] | | ''[[:d:Q3348254|Castrovirreyna]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q1944325|Q1944325]] | | | ''[[:d:Q1944325|Requena Province]]'' | [[File:Location of the province Requena in Loreto.svg|center|48px]] | | ''[[:d:Q3344103|Requena]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q1944337|Q1944337]] | [[File:Bandera de San Román.png|center|48px]] | | ''[[:d:Q1944337|San Román Province]]'' | [[File:Location of the province San Román in Puno.svg|center|48px]] | | ''[[:d:Q696074|Juliaca]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q1944347|Q1944347]] | | | ''[[:d:Q1944347|Lampa Province]]'' | [[File:Location of the province Lampa in Puno.svg|center|48px]] | | ''[[:d:Q2638295|Lampa]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q1944356|Q1944356]] | | | ''[[:d:Q1944356|Melgar Province]]'' | [[File:Location of the province Melgar in Puno.svg|center|48px]] | | ''[[:d:Q3344141|Ayaviri]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q1944431|Q1944431]] | [[File:Bandera de Moquegua.svg|center|48px]] | [[File:Escudo Moquegua Perú.png|center|48px]] | ''[[:d:Q1944431|Mariscal Nieto Province]]'' | | | ''[[:d:Q1000346|Moquegua]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q1947116|Q1947116]] | | | ''[[:d:Q1947116|Víctor Fajardo Province]]'' | | | ''[[:d:Q950080|Huancapi]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q1947893|Q1947893]] | [[File:Bandera de Omate.png|center|48px]] | | ''[[:d:Q1947893|General Sánchez Cerro Province]]'' | | | ''[[:d:Q3322634|Omate]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q1947910|Q1947910]] | [[File:Cutervo flag.png|center|48px]] | | ''[[:d:Q1947910|Cutervo Province]]'' | | | ''[[:d:Q3348263|Cutervo]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q1947926|Q1947926]] | | | ''[[:d:Q1947926|Hualgayoc Province]]'' | | | ''[[:d:Q3348274|Bambamarca]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q1947944|Q1947944]] | | | ''[[:d:Q1947944|Mariscal Cáceres Province]]'' | [[File:Location of the province Mariscal Caceres in San Martín.PNG|center|48px]] | | ''[[:d:Q2671983|Juanjuí]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q1947960|Q1947960]] | | | ''[[:d:Q1947960|San Miguel Province]]'' | | | ''[[:d:Q11002429|San Miguel de Pallaques]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q1947973|Q1947973]] | [[File:Bandera espinar.png|center|48px]] | | ''[[:d:Q1947973|Espinar Province]]'' | | | ''[[:d:Q3345555|Yauri]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q1948003|Q1948003]] | | | ''[[:d:Q1948003|Contumazá Province]]'' | | | ''[[:d:Q3344032|Contumazá]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q1948019|Q1948019]] | [[File:Bandera calca.png|center|48px]] | | ''[[:d:Q1948019|Calca Province]]'' | | | ''[[:d:Q3344215|Calca]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q1948039|Q1948039]] | | | ''[[:d:Q1948039|Acobamba Province]]'' | [[File:Location of the province Acobamba in Huancavelica.svg|center|48px]] | | ''[[:d:Q3344877|Acobamba]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q1948051|Q1948051]] | | | ''[[:d:Q1948051|Virú Province]]'' | | | ''[[:d:Q3344843|Virú]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q1948067|Q1948067]] | | [[File:ESCUDO FERREÑAFE.jpg|center|48px]] | ''[[:d:Q1948067|Ferreñafe Province]]'' | | | ''[[:d:Q2143690|Ferreñafe]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q1948135|Q1948135]] | | | ''[[:d:Q1948135|Sandia Province]]'' | [[File:Location of the province Sandia in Puno.svg|center|48px]] | | ''[[:d:Q3344209|Sandia]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q1948150|Q1948150]] | | [[File:Escudo de la ciudad de Moyobamba.png|center|48px]] | ''[[:d:Q1948150|Moyobamba Province]]'' | [[File:Location of the province Moyobamba in San Martín.PNG|center|48px]] | | ''[[:d:Q285672|Moyobamba]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q1948180|Q1948180]] | [[File:Bandera de Pataz.svg|center|48px]] | [[File:Escudo de Pataz.svg|center|48px]] | ''[[:d:Q1948180|Pataz Province]]'' | [[File:Location of the province Pataz in La Libertad.png|center|48px]] | | ''[[:d:Q3344090|Tayabamba]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q1948195|Q1948195]] | [[File:Bandera Tayacaja.png|center|48px]] | [[File:Escudo de Tayacaja.svg|center|48px]] | ''[[:d:Q1948195|Tayacaja Province]]'' | [[File:Location of the province Tayacaja in Huancavelica.svg|center|48px]] | | ''[[:d:Q2725364|Pampas]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q1991124|Q1991124]] | | | ''[[:d:Q1991124|Concepción Province]]'' | [[File:Provincia de Concepción.png|center|48px]] | | ''[[:d:Q43418|Concepción]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q1995145|Q1995145]] | | | ''[[:d:Q1995145|Loreto Province]]'' | [[File:Location of the province Loreto in Loreto.svg|center|48px]] | | ''[[:d:Q3309417|Nauta]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q1999122|Q1999122]] | | | ''[[:d:Q1999122|Tambopata Province]]'' | | | ''[[:d:Q541435|Puerto Maldonado]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q2013418|Q2013418]] | | | ''[[:d:Q2013418|Ucayali Province]]'' | [[File:Location of the province Ucayali in Loreto.svg|center|48px]] | | ''[[:d:Q3317773|Contamana]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q2013427|Q2013427]] | [[File:Flag of Trujillo (Peru).svg|center|48px]] | [[File:Escudo de Trujillo (Perú).svg|center|48px]] | ''[[:d:Q2013427|Trujillo province]]'' | | | [[Trujillo (Peru)|Trujillo]] | |- | [[:d:Q2017690|Q2017690]] | | | ''[[:d:Q2017690|Datem del Marañón Province]]'' | [[File:Location of the province Datem del Marañón in Loreto.svg|center|48px]] | | ''[[:d:Q3317765|San Lorenzo]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q2084618|Q2084618]] | [[File:Flag of Paita.svg|center|48px]] | [[File:Escudo de Paita.jpg|center|48px]] | ''[[:d:Q2084618|Paita Province]]'' | | | ''[[:d:Q1026270|Paita]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q2084630|Q2084630]] | | | ''[[:d:Q2084630|Santa Cruz Province]]'' | | | ''[[:d:Q11043230|Santa Cruz de Succhubamba]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q2084641|Q2084641]] | | | ''[[:d:Q2084641|Pachitea Province]]'' | | | ''[[:d:Q3344024|Panao]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q2084648|Q2084648]] | | | ''[[:d:Q2084648|Rioja Province]]'' | | | ''[[:d:Q3344069|Rioja]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q2084659|Q2084659]] | | | ''[[:d:Q2084659|Tocache Province]]'' | | | ''[[:d:Q3344048|Tocache]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q2084668|Q2084668]] | [[File:Bandera huacaybamba.jpg|center|48px]] | | ''[[:d:Q2084668|Huacaybamba Province]]'' | | | ''[[:d:Q3344109|Huacaybamba]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q2084675|Q2084675]] | | [[File:Escudo-dorado.png|center|48px]] | ''[[:d:Q2084675|El Dorado Province]]'' | | | ''[[:d:Q11034041|San José de Sisa]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q2084681|Q2084681]] | [[File:Flag of Puno.svg|center|48px]] | [[File:Escudo de Puno.png|center|48px]] | ''[[:d:Q2084681|Puno Province]]'' | [[File:Location of the province Puno in Puno.svg|center|48px]] | | ''[[:d:Q232842|Puno]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q2084689|Q2084689]] | | | ''[[:d:Q2084689|Bellavista Province]]'' | | | ''[[:d:Q3344055|Bellavista]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q2084696|Q2084696]] | [[File:Flag of Ica.svg|center|48px]] | [[File:Coat of Arms of Ica.svg|center|48px]] | ''[[:d:Q2084696|Ica Province]]'' | | | ''[[:d:Q840712|Ica]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q2084862|Q2084862]] | | | ''[[:d:Q2084862|Angaraes Province]]'' | | | ''[[:d:Q3344061|Lircay]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q2088810|Q2088810]] | | | ''[[:d:Q2088810|Dos de Mayo Province]]'' | [[File:Location of the province Dos de Mayo in Huánuco.png|center|48px]] | | ''[[:d:Q595441|La Unión]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q2088824|Q2088824]] | | | ''[[:d:Q2088824|Azángaro Province]]'' | [[File:Location of the province Azángaro in Puno.svg|center|48px]] | | ''[[:d:Q2638284|Azángaro]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q2088833|Q2088833]] | [[File:Bandera El Collao-Ilave.png|center|48px]] | [[File:Escudo de El Collao-Ilave.png|center|48px]] | ''[[:d:Q2088833|El Collao Province]]'' | | | ''[[:d:Q3348236|Ilave]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q2088849|Q2088849]] | | | ''[[:d:Q2088849|Yarowilca Province]]'' | [[File:Location of the province Yarowilca in Huánuco.png|center|48px]] | | ''[[:d:Q3344081|Chavinillo]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q2088859|Q2088859]] | [[File:Bandera de Huancavelica.png|center|48px]] | [[File:08hvescudo.jpg|center|48px]] | ''[[:d:Q2088859|Huancavelica Province]]'' | | | ''[[:d:Q1000333|Huancavelica]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q2088871|Q2088871]] | | | ''[[:d:Q2088871|Chucuito Province]]'' | [[File:Location of the province Chucuito in Puno.svg|center|48px]] | | ''[[:d:Q2588438|Juli]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q2088882|Q2088882]] | | | ''[[:d:Q2088882|Yunguyo Province]]'' | | | ''[[:d:Q2306609|Yunguyo]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q2089123|Q2089123]] | | | ''[[:d:Q2089123|Moho Province]]'' | | | ''[[:d:Q934450|Moho]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q2100624|Q2100624]] | [[File:Flag of Huánuco.svg|center|48px]] | [[File:Escudo De Huanuco.svg|center|48px]] | ''[[:d:Q2100624|Huánuco Province]]'' | | | ''[[:d:Q504394|Huánuco]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q2281473|Q2281473]] | [[File:Bandera de Lamas.png|center|48px]] | [[File:Escudo de Lamas.png|center|48px]] | ''[[:d:Q2281473|Lamas Province]]'' | | | ''[[:d:Q3139869|Lamas]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q2287233|Q2287233]] | [[File:Flag of Sechura.svg|center|48px]] | [[File:Escudo Sechura.jpg|center|48px]] | ''[[:d:Q2287233|Sechura Province]]'' | | | ''[[:d:Q3236446|Sechura]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q2287241|Q2287241]] | | | ''[[:d:Q2287241|Talara Province]]'' | | | ''[[:d:Q723584|Talara]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q2320717|Q2320717]] | | | ''[[:d:Q2320717|Manú Province]]'' | | | ''[[:d:Q3348291|Villa Salvación]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q2634400|Q2634400]] | [[File:Bandera del Callao.png|center|48px]] | [[File:Escudo del Callao.png|center|48px]] | ''[[:d:Q2634400|Constitutional Province of Callao]]'' | | PE-CAL | ''[[:d:Q105037|Callao]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q4790285|Q4790285]] | | | ''[[:d:Q4790285|Arica Province]]'' | | | ''[[:d:Q2203|Arica]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q6088838|Q6088838]] | | | ''[[:d:Q6088838|Moquegua Province]]'' | | | ''[[:d:Q1000346|Moquegua]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q7685484|Q7685484]] | | | ''[[:d:Q7685484|Tarapacá]]'' | | | ''[[:d:Q14440|Iquique]]''<br/>''[[:d:Q3471546|San Lorenzo de Tarapacá]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q9063356|Q9063356]] | | | ''[[:d:Q9063356|Conchucos Province]]'' | [[File:Provincia de Conchucos (1820-1839).svg|center|48px]] | | ''[[:d:Q3319310|Piscobamba]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q9063361|Q9063361]] | | | ''[[:d:Q9063361|Iquique Province]]'' | | | ''[[:d:Q14440|Iquique]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q16622605|Q16622605]] | | | ''[[:d:Q16622605|Chancay Province]]'' | | | | |- | [[:d:Q16942171|Q16942171]] | | | ''[[:d:Q16942171|Putumayo Province]]'' | [[File:Location of the province Putumayo in Loreto.svg|center|48px]] | | ''[[:d:Q19799162|San Antonio del Estrecho]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q84575363|Q84575363]] | | | ''[[:d:Q84575363|Tinta province]]'' | [[File:Provincia de tinta.png|center|48px]] | | ''[[:d:Q2435935|Tinta]]'' | |} {{Wikidata list end}} iyfvvgimuyo0rnr80z97aqpklzq0ioj 0 40567 679877 679475 2025-06-07T06:20:22Z ListeriaBot 24326 Wikidata list updated [V2] 679877 wikitext text/x-wiki {{infobox}} {{Wikidata list |sparql=SELECT ?item WHERE { ?item wdt:P580 ?dtstart . ?item wdt:P582 ?dtend . FILTER (?dtstart < "1942-01-01T00:00:00Z"^^xsd:dateTime) FILTER (?dtstart > "1941-12-01T00:00:00Z"^^xsd:dateTime) } |wdq= |columns=item,P580,P582,label,P31,description |sort=P580 |thumb=48 |links= |references=all }} {| class='wikitable sortable' ! item ! data de initio ! data de fin ! label ! instantia de ! description |- | [[:d:Q79478819|Q79478819]] | 1941-12-02<ref name="ref_606fd1b2caad96a0e80474e14c97bd6e">https://s3-us-west-1.amazonaws.com/sfmoma-media-dev/www-media/2019/02/21105602/exhibitionslist1935_1991.pdf</ref> | 1941-12-14<ref name="ref_606fd1b2caad96a0e80474e14c97bd6e">https://s3-us-west-1.amazonaws.com/sfmoma-media-dev/www-media/2019/02/21105602/exhibitionslist1935_1991.pdf</ref> | ''[[:d:Q79478819|Watercolors by George Post]]'' | ''[[:d:Q667276|art exhibition]]''<ref name="ref_606fd1b2caad96a0e80474e14c97bd6e">https://s3-us-west-1.amazonaws.com/sfmoma-media-dev/www-media/2019/02/21105602/exhibitionslist1935_1991.pdf</ref> | |- | [[:d:Q99756347|Q99756347]] | 1941-12-02 | 1941-12-02<ref name="ref_a791a93ed423598d6e424a258ca12356">https://www.holocaust.cz/databaze-obeti/help/chronologicky-prehled-transportu/seznam-vsech-transportu-do-terezina-razeno-podle-data-odjezdu/</ref> | ''[[:d:Q99756347|Transport from Brünn to Ghetto Theresienstadt on 02 DEC1941]]'' | ''[[:d:Q61927259|Holocaust train journey]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q76356381|Q76356381]] | 1941-12-03<ref name="ref_3e2c0eae4204cbbed143cf3e7b4cb40a">https://www.bundesarchiv.de/gedenkbuch/chronicles.html.de?page=1</ref> | 1941-12-06<ref name="ref_3e2c0eae4204cbbed143cf3e7b4cb40a">https://www.bundesarchiv.de/gedenkbuch/chronicles.html.de?page=1</ref> | ''[[:d:Q76356381|Transport von Wien nach Ghetto Riga am 03.12.1941]]'' | ''[[:d:Q61927259|Holocaust train journey]]''<ref name="ref_3e2c0eae4204cbbed143cf3e7b4cb40a">https://www.bundesarchiv.de/gedenkbuch/chronicles.html.de?page=1</ref> | |- | [[:d:Q1567696|Q1567696]] | 1941-12-04 | 1941-12-09 | ''[[:d:Q1567696|Operation Mihailovic]]'' | ''[[:d:Q645883|military operation]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q3636347|Q3636347]] | 1941-12-04 | 1941-12-07 | ''[[:d:Q3636347|Second Battle of Bir el Gubi]]'' | [[Battalia]] | |- | [[:d:Q76420285|Q76420285]] | 1941-12-04 | 1941-12-04<ref name="ref_a791a93ed423598d6e424a258ca12356">https://www.holocaust.cz/databaze-obeti/help/chronologicky-prehled-transportu/seznam-vsech-transportu-do-terezina-razeno-podle-data-odjezdu/</ref> | ''[[:d:Q76420285|Transport von Prag nach Ghetto Theresienstadt am 04.12.1941 (Stab)]]'' | ''[[:d:Q61927259|Holocaust train journey]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q99849411|Q99849411]] | 1941-12-04 | 1941-12-04<ref name="ref_a791a93ed423598d6e424a258ca12356">https://www.holocaust.cz/databaze-obeti/help/chronologicky-prehled-transportu/seznam-vsech-transportu-do-terezina-razeno-podle-data-odjezdu/</ref> | ''[[:d:Q99849411|Transport von Prag nach Ghetto Theresienstadt am 04.12.1941]]'' | ''[[:d:Q61927259|Holocaust train journey]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q8026204|Q8026204]] | 1941-12-05 | 1942-05-07 | ''[[:d:Q8026204|Winter Campaign of 1941–1942]]'' | ''[[:d:Q831663|military campaign]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q11798583|Q11798583]] | 1941-12-05 | 1942-01-07 | ''[[:d:Q11798583|Battle of Moscow Soviet counter-offensive]]'' | [[Battalia]] | |- | [[:d:Q99849573|Q99849573]] | 1941-12-05 | 1941-12-05<ref name="ref_a791a93ed423598d6e424a258ca12356">https://www.holocaust.cz/databaze-obeti/help/chronologicky-prehled-transportu/seznam-vsech-transportu-do-terezina-razeno-podle-data-odjezdu/</ref> | ''[[:d:Q99849573|Transport von Brünn nach Ghetto Theresienstadt am 05.12.1941]]'' | ''[[:d:Q61927259|Holocaust train journey]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q99850209|Q99850209]] | 1941-12-05 | 1941-12-10 | ''[[:d:Q99850209|Transport von Koło in das Vernichtungslager Kulmhof am 05.12.1941]]'' | ''[[:d:Q61927259|Holocaust train journey]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q4174742|Q4174742]] | 1941-12-06 | 1941-12-16 | ''[[:d:Q4174742|Yelets Operation]]'' | [[Battalia]] | |- | [[:d:Q24004363|Q24004363]] | 1941-12-06 | 1941-12-16 | ''[[:d:Q24004363|Jelets offensief]]'' | ''[[:d:Q2001676|offensive]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q28172091|Q28172091]] | 1941-12-06 | 1941-12-25 | ''[[:d:Q28172091|Klin-Solnechnogorsk-offensief]]'' | ''[[:d:Q2001676|offensive]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q76356385|Q76356385]] | 1941-12-06<ref name="ref_3e2c0eae4204cbbed143cf3e7b4cb40a">https://www.bundesarchiv.de/gedenkbuch/chronicles.html.de?page=1</ref> | 1941-12-09<ref name="ref_3e2c0eae4204cbbed143cf3e7b4cb40a">https://www.bundesarchiv.de/gedenkbuch/chronicles.html.de?page=1</ref> | ''[[:d:Q76356385|Transport von Hamburg nach Ghetto Riga am 06.12.1941]]'' | ''[[:d:Q61927259|Holocaust train journey]]''<ref name="ref_3e2c0eae4204cbbed143cf3e7b4cb40a">https://www.bundesarchiv.de/gedenkbuch/chronicles.html.de?page=1</ref> | |- | [[:d:Q184425|Q184425]] | 1941-12-07 | 1945-09-02 | ''[[:d:Q184425|Pacific War]]'' | ''[[:d:Q718893|theater of war]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q2632857|Q2632857]] | 1941-12-07<ref name="ref_d3461534a1a8785763a3e350eb252528">''[[:d:Q15058296|Air Force Combat Units of World War II]]''</ref> | 1946-03-02<ref name="ref_d3461534a1a8785763a3e350eb252528">''[[:d:Q15058296|Air Force Combat Units of World War II]]''</ref> | ''[[:d:Q2632857|American Theater]]'' | ''[[:d:Q718893|theater of war]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q5975578|Q5975578]] | 1941-12-07 | 1941-12-13 | ''[[:d:Q5975578|Niihau Incident]]'' | ''[[:d:Q876274|naval warfare]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q12296445|Q12296445]] | 1941-12-07<ref name="ref_d3461534a1a8785763a3e350eb252528">''[[:d:Q15058296|Air Force Combat Units of World War II]]''</ref> | 1945<br/>1946-03-02<ref name="ref_d3461534a1a8785763a3e350eb252528">''[[:d:Q15058296|Air Force Combat Units of World War II]]''</ref> | ''[[:d:Q12296445|Asiatic-Pacific Theater]]'' | ''[[:d:Q718893|theater of war]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q76356389|Q76356389]] | 1941-12-07<ref name="ref_3e2c0eae4204cbbed143cf3e7b4cb40a">https://www.bundesarchiv.de/gedenkbuch/chronicles.html.de?page=1</ref> | 1941-12-10<ref name="ref_3e2c0eae4204cbbed143cf3e7b4cb40a">https://www.bundesarchiv.de/gedenkbuch/chronicles.html.de?page=1</ref> | ''[[:d:Q76356389|Transport von Köln nach Ghetto Riga am 07.12.1941]]'' | ''[[:d:Q61927259|Holocaust train journey]]''<ref name="ref_3e2c0eae4204cbbed143cf3e7b4cb40a">https://www.bundesarchiv.de/gedenkbuch/chronicles.html.de?page=1</ref> | |- | [[:d:Q111976795|Q111976795]] | 1941-12-07<ref name="ref_d3461534a1a8785763a3e350eb252528">''[[:d:Q15058296|Air Force Combat Units of World War II]]''</ref> | 1945-09-02<ref name="ref_d3461534a1a8785763a3e350eb252528">''[[:d:Q15058296|Air Force Combat Units of World War II]]''</ref> | ''[[:d:Q111976795|American Theater Anti-submarine Campaign]]'' | ''[[:d:Q831663|military campaign]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q111976804|Q111976804]] | 1941-12-07<ref name="ref_d3461534a1a8785763a3e350eb252528">''[[:d:Q15058296|Air Force Combat Units of World War II]]''</ref> | 1945-11-08<ref name="ref_d3461534a1a8785763a3e350eb252528">''[[:d:Q15058296|Air Force Combat Units of World War II]]''</ref> | ''[[:d:Q111976804|European-African-Middle Eastern Theater]]'' | ''[[:d:Q718893|theater of war]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q111977194|Q111977194]] | 1941-12-07<ref name="ref_d3461534a1a8785763a3e350eb252528">''[[:d:Q15058296|Air Force Combat Units of World War II]]''</ref> | 1945-05-11<ref name="ref_d3461534a1a8785763a3e350eb252528">''[[:d:Q15058296|Air Force Combat Units of World War II]]''</ref> | ''[[:d:Q111977194|European-African-Middle Eastern Theater Air Combat Campaign]]'' | ''[[:d:Q831663|military campaign]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q111977313|Q111977313]] | 1941-12-07<ref name="ref_d3461534a1a8785763a3e350eb252528">''[[:d:Q15058296|Air Force Combat Units of World War II]]''</ref> | 1945-09-02<ref name="ref_d3461534a1a8785763a3e350eb252528">''[[:d:Q15058296|Air Force Combat Units of World War II]]''</ref> | ''[[:d:Q111977313|European-African-Middle Eastern Theater Antisubmarine Campaign]]'' | ''[[:d:Q831663|military campaign]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q111977484|Q111977484]] | 1941-12-07<ref name="ref_d3461534a1a8785763a3e350eb252528">''[[:d:Q15058296|Air Force Combat Units of World War II]]''</ref> | 1943-12-06<ref name="ref_d3461534a1a8785763a3e350eb252528">''[[:d:Q15058296|Air Force Combat Units of World War II]]''</ref> | ''[[:d:Q111977484|Central Pacific Campaign]]'' | ''[[:d:Q831663|military campaign]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q111977511|Q111977511]] | 1941-12-07<ref name="ref_d3461534a1a8785763a3e350eb252528">''[[:d:Q15058296|Air Force Combat Units of World War II]]''</ref> | 1942-05-26<ref name="ref_d3461534a1a8785763a3e350eb252528">''[[:d:Q15058296|Air Force Combat Units of World War II]]''</ref> | ''[[:d:Q111977511|Burma Campaign 1942]]'' | ''[[:d:Q831663|military campaign]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q524272|Q524272]] | 1941-12-08 | 1945-09-09 | ''[[:d:Q524272|South-East Asian theater of World War II]]'' | ''[[:d:Q718893|theater of war]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q696462|Q696462]] | 1941-12-08<ref name="ref_b36afdaf88bc66d87603deb2fc56ba13">''[[:d:Q23038974|Histropedia]]''</ref><br/>1941-12-07<ref name="ref_d3461534a1a8785763a3e350eb252528">''[[:d:Q15058296|Air Force Combat Units of World War II]]''</ref> | 1942-05-08<br/>1942-05-10<ref name="ref_d3461534a1a8785763a3e350eb252528">''[[:d:Q15058296|Air Force Combat Units of World War II]]''</ref> | ''[[:d:Q696462|Philippines Campaign]]'' | ''[[:d:Q831663|military campaign]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q696664|Q696664]] | 1941-12-08 | 1942-01-31 | ''[[:d:Q696664|Malayan campaign]]'' | ''[[:d:Q831663|military campaign]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q697059|Q697059]] | 1941-12-08 | 1941-12-25 | ''[[:d:Q697059|Battle of Hong Kong]]'' | [[Battalia]] | |- | [[:d:Q698226|Q698226]] | 1941-12-08<ref name="ref_b36afdaf88bc66d87603deb2fc56ba13">''[[:d:Q23038974|Histropedia]]''</ref> | 1942-03-09<ref name="ref_b36afdaf88bc66d87603deb2fc56ba13">''[[:d:Q23038974|Histropedia]]''</ref> | ''[[:d:Q698226|Dutch East Indies campaign]]'' | ''[[:d:Q831663|military campaign]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q699897|Q699897]] | 1941-12-08<ref name="ref_b36afdaf88bc66d87603deb2fc56ba13">''[[:d:Q23038974|Histropedia]]''</ref> | 1941-12-10<ref name="ref_b36afdaf88bc66d87603deb2fc56ba13">''[[:d:Q23038974|Histropedia]]''</ref> | ''[[:d:Q699897|Battle of Guam]]'' | [[Battalia]] | |- | [[:d:Q1141380|Q1141380]] | 1941-12-08 | 1941-12-23 | ''[[:d:Q1141380|Battle of Wake Island]]'' | [[Battalia]] | |- | [[:d:Q1280169|Q1280169]] | 1941-12-08 | 1941-12-09 | ''[[:d:Q1280169|Battle of Prachuap Khiri Khan]]'' | [[Battalia]] | |- | [[:d:Q11232344|Q11232344]] | 1941-12-08 | 1945-08-26 | ''[[:d:Q11232344|daihon'ei happyō]]'' | ''[[:d:Q1962634|news broadcasting]]''<br/>''[[:d:Q6158963|propaganda in Japan during the Second Sino-Japanese War and World War II]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q16926867|Q16926867]] | 1941-12-08 | 1941-12-11 | ''[[:d:Q16926867|Operation Krohcol]]'' | ''[[:d:Q467011|invasion]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q76356393|Q76356393]] | 1941-12-09<ref name="ref_3e2c0eae4204cbbed143cf3e7b4cb40a">https://www.bundesarchiv.de/gedenkbuch/chronicles.html.de?page=1</ref> | 1941-12-12<ref name="ref_3e2c0eae4204cbbed143cf3e7b4cb40a">https://www.bundesarchiv.de/gedenkbuch/chronicles.html.de?page=1</ref> | ''[[:d:Q76356393|Transport von Kassel nach Ghetto Riga am 09.12.1941]]'' | ''[[:d:Q61927259|Holocaust train journey]]''<ref name="ref_3e2c0eae4204cbbed143cf3e7b4cb40a">https://www.bundesarchiv.de/gedenkbuch/chronicles.html.de?page=1</ref> | |- | [[:d:Q123308271|Q123308271]] | 1941-12-09 | 1944-06-09 | ''[[:d:Q123308271|Position War phase of the Continuation War]]'' | ''[[:d:Q11514315|historical period]]''<br/>''[[:d:Q241059|trench warfare]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q99850636|Q99850636]] | 1941-12-10 | 1941-12-10<ref name="ref_a791a93ed423598d6e424a258ca12356">https://www.holocaust.cz/databaze-obeti/help/chronologicky-prehled-transportu/seznam-vsech-transportu-do-terezina-razeno-podle-data-odjezdu/</ref> | ''[[:d:Q99850636|Transport von Prag nach Ghetto Theresienstadt am 10.12.1941]]'' | ''[[:d:Q61927259|Holocaust train journey]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q4871343|Q4871343]] | 1941-12-11<ref name="ref_b36afdaf88bc66d87603deb2fc56ba13">''[[:d:Q23038974|Histropedia]]''</ref> | 1941-12-13<ref name="ref_b36afdaf88bc66d87603deb2fc56ba13">''[[:d:Q23038974|Histropedia]]''</ref> | ''[[:d:Q4871343|Battle of Jitra]]'' | [[Battalia]] | |- | [[:d:Q76356399|Q76356399]] | 1941-12-11<ref name="ref_3e2c0eae4204cbbed143cf3e7b4cb40a">https://www.bundesarchiv.de/gedenkbuch/chronicles.html.de?page=1</ref> | 1941-12-13<ref name="ref_3e2c0eae4204cbbed143cf3e7b4cb40a">https://www.bundesarchiv.de/gedenkbuch/chronicles.html.de?page=1</ref> | ''[[:d:Q76356399|Transport von Düsseldorf nach Ghetto Riga am 11.12.1941]]'' | ''[[:d:Q61927259|Holocaust train journey]]''<ref name="ref_3e2c0eae4204cbbed143cf3e7b4cb40a">https://www.bundesarchiv.de/gedenkbuch/chronicles.html.de?page=1</ref> | |- | [[:d:Q7493863|Q7493863]] | 1941-12-12<ref name="ref_b36afdaf88bc66d87603deb2fc56ba13">''[[:d:Q23038974|Histropedia]]''</ref> | 1941-12-24<ref name="ref_b36afdaf88bc66d87603deb2fc56ba13">''[[:d:Q23038974|Histropedia]]''</ref> | ''[[:d:Q7493863|Shelling of Johnston and Palmyra]]'' | ''[[:d:Q678146|bombardment]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q79478822|Q79478822]] | 1941-12-12<ref name="ref_606fd1b2caad96a0e80474e14c97bd6e">https://s3-us-west-1.amazonaws.com/sfmoma-media-dev/www-media/2019/02/21105602/exhibitionslist1935_1991.pdf</ref> | 1941-12-14<ref name="ref_606fd1b2caad96a0e80474e14c97bd6e">https://s3-us-west-1.amazonaws.com/sfmoma-media-dev/www-media/2019/02/21105602/exhibitionslist1935_1991.pdf</ref> | ''[[:d:Q79478822|Holiday Decorations]]'' | ''[[:d:Q667276|art exhibition]]''<ref name="ref_606fd1b2caad96a0e80474e14c97bd6e">https://s3-us-west-1.amazonaws.com/sfmoma-media-dev/www-media/2019/02/21105602/exhibitionslist1935_1991.pdf</ref> | |- | [[:d:Q99851528|Q99851528]] | 1941-12-13 | 1941-12-16 | ''[[:d:Q99851528|Transport von Münster nach Ghetto Riga am 13.12.1941]]'' | ''[[:d:Q61927259|Holocaust train journey]]''<ref name="ref_3e2c0eae4204cbbed143cf3e7b4cb40a">https://www.bundesarchiv.de/gedenkbuch/chronicles.html.de?page=1</ref> | |- | [[:d:Q100340971|Q100340971]] | 1941-12-13<ref name="ref_707bb3ef08ac2680d21303ef4d3271d9">https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11840/exh442</ref> | 1942-09-20<ref name="ref_707bb3ef08ac2680d21303ef4d3271d9">https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11840/exh442</ref> | ''[[:d:Q100340971|Rijst-tentoonstelling]]'' | ''[[:d:Q29023906|temporary exhibition]]''<ref name="ref_707bb3ef08ac2680d21303ef4d3271d9">https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11840/exh442</ref> | |- | [[:d:Q685181|Q685181]] | 1941-12-14 | 1942-05 | ''[[:d:Q685181|Japanese conquest of Burma]]'' | | |- | [[:d:Q4871165|Q4871165]] | 1941-12-14<ref name="ref_b36afdaf88bc66d87603deb2fc56ba13">''[[:d:Q23038974|Histropedia]]''</ref> | 1941-12-16<ref name="ref_b36afdaf88bc66d87603deb2fc56ba13">''[[:d:Q23038974|Histropedia]]''</ref> | ''[[:d:Q4871165|Battle of Gurun]]'' | [[Battalia]] | |- | [[:d:Q99884641|Q99884641]] | 1941-12-14 | 1941-12-14<ref name="ref_a791a93ed423598d6e424a258ca12356">https://www.holocaust.cz/databaze-obeti/help/chronologicky-prehled-transportu/seznam-vsech-transportu-do-terezina-razeno-podle-data-odjezdu/</ref> | ''[[:d:Q99884641|Transport from Prague to Theresienstadt Ghetto, December 14, 1941]]'' | ''[[:d:Q61927259|Holocaust train journey]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q76356403|Q76356403]] | 1941-12-15<ref name="ref_3e2c0eae4204cbbed143cf3e7b4cb40a">https://www.bundesarchiv.de/gedenkbuch/chronicles.html.de?page=1</ref><ref name="ref_5ec065f6d6ca5c4588a716f61e997ed5">''[[:d:Q61927352|Deportation Database]]''</ref> | 1941-12-18<ref name="ref_3e2c0eae4204cbbed143cf3e7b4cb40a">https://www.bundesarchiv.de/gedenkbuch/chronicles.html.de?page=1</ref><ref name="ref_7ebc29dc471c852bf66dd7714d9e4d9e">''[[:d:Q62019692|Abgeschoben in den Tod (1 ed.)]]''</ref><ref name="ref_5ec065f6d6ca5c4588a716f61e997ed5">''[[:d:Q61927352|Deportation Database]]''</ref> | ''[[:d:Q76356403|Transport from Hanover to Riga on December 15th 1941]]'' | ''[[:d:Q61927259|Holocaust train journey]]''<ref name="ref_3e2c0eae4204cbbed143cf3e7b4cb40a">https://www.bundesarchiv.de/gedenkbuch/chronicles.html.de?page=1</ref><br/>''[[:d:Q6983405|Nazi crime]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q79478826|Q79478826]] | 1941-12-15<ref name="ref_606fd1b2caad96a0e80474e14c97bd6e">https://s3-us-west-1.amazonaws.com/sfmoma-media-dev/www-media/2019/02/21105602/exhibitionslist1935_1991.pdf</ref> | 1942-01-19<ref name="ref_606fd1b2caad96a0e80474e14c97bd6e">https://s3-us-west-1.amazonaws.com/sfmoma-media-dev/www-media/2019/02/21105602/exhibitionslist1935_1991.pdf</ref> | ''[[:d:Q79478826|Albert M. Bender Memorial Exhibitions Including Fine Books Lent by the Roxburghe Club of San Francisco]]'' | ''[[:d:Q667276|art exhibition]]''<ref name="ref_606fd1b2caad96a0e80474e14c97bd6e">https://s3-us-west-1.amazonaws.com/sfmoma-media-dev/www-media/2019/02/21105602/exhibitionslist1935_1991.pdf</ref> | |- | [[:d:Q79478829|Q79478829]] | 1941-12-15<ref name="ref_606fd1b2caad96a0e80474e14c97bd6e">https://s3-us-west-1.amazonaws.com/sfmoma-media-dev/www-media/2019/02/21105602/exhibitionslist1935_1991.pdf</ref> | 1941-12-28<ref name="ref_606fd1b2caad96a0e80474e14c97bd6e">https://s3-us-west-1.amazonaws.com/sfmoma-media-dev/www-media/2019/02/21105602/exhibitionslist1935_1991.pdf</ref> | ''[[:d:Q79478829|Oil Paintings by Pauline Ivancovich]]'' | ''[[:d:Q667276|art exhibition]]''<ref name="ref_606fd1b2caad96a0e80474e14c97bd6e">https://s3-us-west-1.amazonaws.com/sfmoma-media-dev/www-media/2019/02/21105602/exhibitionslist1935_1991.pdf</ref> | |- | [[:d:Q339159|Q339159]] | 1941-12-16<ref name="ref_b36afdaf88bc66d87603deb2fc56ba13">''[[:d:Q23038974|Histropedia]]''</ref> | 1942-04-01 | ''[[:d:Q339159|Battle of Borneo]]'' | ''[[:d:Q467011|invasion]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q99884673|Q99884673]] | 1941-12-17 | 1941-12-17<ref name="ref_a791a93ed423598d6e424a258ca12356">https://www.holocaust.cz/databaze-obeti/help/chronologicky-prehled-transportu/seznam-vsech-transportu-do-terezina-razeno-podle-data-odjezdu/</ref> | ''[[:d:Q99884673|Transport von Prag nach Ghetto Theresienstadt am 17.12.1941]]'' | ''[[:d:Q61927259|Holocaust train journey]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q16935073|Q16935073]] | 1941-12-19 | 1941-12-25 | ''[[:d:Q16935073|Japanese Invasion of Davao]]'' | ''[[:d:Q467011|invasion]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q126046674|Q126046674]] | 1941-12-19 | 1942-01-18<br/>1942-01-17 | ''[[:d:Q126046674|Dhu al-Hijjah 1360 AH]]'' | ''[[:d:Q125390868|hijri month of a given year]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q79478835|Q79478835]] | 1941-12-20<ref name="ref_606fd1b2caad96a0e80474e14c97bd6e">https://s3-us-west-1.amazonaws.com/sfmoma-media-dev/www-media/2019/02/21105602/exhibitionslist1935_1991.pdf</ref> | 1942-01-04<ref name="ref_606fd1b2caad96a0e80474e14c97bd6e">https://s3-us-west-1.amazonaws.com/sfmoma-media-dev/www-media/2019/02/21105602/exhibitionslist1935_1991.pdf</ref> | ''[[:d:Q79478835|Children's Annual Exhibition]]'' | ''[[:d:Q667276|art exhibition]]''<ref name="ref_606fd1b2caad96a0e80474e14c97bd6e">https://s3-us-west-1.amazonaws.com/sfmoma-media-dev/www-media/2019/02/21105602/exhibitionslist1935_1991.pdf</ref> | |- | [[:d:Q104632763|Q104632763]] | 1941-12-20 | 1942-02-01 | ''[[:d:Q104632763|19de eeuwsche schilderijen en aquarellen uit de verzameling H. Nijgh]]'' | ''[[:d:Q29023906|temporary exhibition]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q104632764|Q104632764]] | 1941-12-20 | 1942-03-22 | ''[[:d:Q104632764|Nederlandsche grafiek van 1870 tot 1940]]'' | ''[[:d:Q29023906|temporary exhibition]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q1455285|Q1455285]] | 1941-12-21 | 1941-12-21 | ''[[:d:Q1455285|1941 French Open Badminton Championships]]'' | ''[[:d:Q1455275|French Open Badminton Championships]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q27607233|Q27607233]] | 1941-12-21 | 1941-12-21 | ''[[:d:Q27607233|1941 French Open Badminton Championships – men's singles]]'' | ''[[:d:Q57733494|badminton event]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q27607343|Q27607343]] | 1941-12-21 | 1941-12-21 | ''[[:d:Q27607343|1941 French Open Badminton Championships – women's singles]]'' | ''[[:d:Q57733494|badminton event]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q27607455|Q27607455]] | 1941-12-21 | 1941-12-21 | ''[[:d:Q27607455|1941 French Open Badminton Championships – men's doubles]]'' | ''[[:d:Q57733494|badminton event]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q27607566|Q27607566]] | 1941-12-21 | 1941-12-21 | ''[[:d:Q27607566|1941 French Open Badminton Championships – women's doubles]]'' | ''[[:d:Q57733494|badminton event]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q27607687|Q27607687]] | 1941-12-21 | 1941-12-21 | ''[[:d:Q27607687|1941 French Open Badminton Championships – mixed doubles]]'' | ''[[:d:Q57733494|badminton event]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q87406448|Q87406448]] | 1941-12-21 | 1942-04-01 | ''[[:d:Q87406448|Algemene Tentoonstelling van Kunst-Foto's - Algemeeen Kunstphoto-salon]]'' | ''[[:d:Q667276|art exhibition]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q631382|Q631382]] | 1941-12-22 | 1942-01-14 | ''[[:d:Q631382|Arcadia Conference]]'' | ''[[:d:Q625994|conferentia]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q63524282|Q63524282]] | 1941-12-25 | 1941-12-28 | ''[[:d:Q63524282|Battle of Natale]]'' | [[Battalia]] | |- | [[:d:Q116147940|Q116147940]] | 1941-12-25 | 1941-12-28 | ''[[:d:Q116147940|Christmas Battle]]'' | [[Battalia]] | |- | [[:d:Q1739723|Q1739723]] | 1941-12-26<ref name="ref_61595c2d7b57b8a0a501be924cbfa66d">https://books.google.de/books?id=KFCqBAAAQBAJ&pg=PA411</ref> | 1942-01-02<ref name="ref_61595c2d7b57b8a0a501be924cbfa66d">https://books.google.de/books?id=KFCqBAAAQBAJ&pg=PA411</ref> | ''[[:d:Q1739723|Kerch-Feodosia Landing Operation]]'' | [[Battalia]]<br/>''[[:d:Q645883|military operation]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q2310240|Q2310240]] | 1941-12-26<ref name="ref_b36afdaf88bc66d87603deb2fc56ba13">''[[:d:Q23038974|Histropedia]]''</ref> | 1941-12-27<ref name="ref_b36afdaf88bc66d87603deb2fc56ba13">''[[:d:Q23038974|Histropedia]]''</ref> | ''[[:d:Q2310240|Operation Anklet]]'' | ''[[:d:Q476807|raid]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q110382445|Q110382445]] | 1941-12-26 | 1942-03-25 | ''[[:d:Q110382445|第79回帝国議会]]'' | ''[[:d:Q1812889|legislative session]]'' | |- | [[:d:Q119625147|Q119625147]] | 1941-12-26 | 1942-05-19 | ''[[:d:Q119625147|Battle of the Kerch Peninsula]]'' | [[Battalia]] | |- | [[:d:Q713006|Q713006]] | 1941-12-29 | 1942-05-06 | ''[[:d:Q713006|Battle of Corregidor]]'' | [[Battalia]] | |- | [[:d:Q4871375|Q4871375]] | 1941-12-30 | 1942-01-02 | ''[[:d:Q4871375|Battle of Kampar]]'' | [[Battalia]] | |} {{Wikidata list end}} l3342d0zpd1xzbyuzz3bd9rplvu0m8k 0 45388 679830 679819 2025-06-06T13:11:59Z Tim Ocean 30221 Errores e stilo corrigite. 679830 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Translation|la|Dune}} [[File:Arrakis.jpg|thumb|Le Planeta Arrakis <!--a Sophocle, amatore mythistoriae, pictus-->]] [[File:Atreides Hawk..svg|thumb|[[Insignia]] de domo Atreidis]] '''Dune''' es un romance vel fabula de genere fiction scientific que esseva scripte per [[Frank Herbert]] in 1965. Le romance acquireva le premios Hugo e Nebula <ref name="Hugo 1966">{{cite web| url=http://www.thehugoawards.org/hugo-history/1966-hugo-awards|title=The Hugo Awards: 1966 |publisher=World Science Fiction Society|accessdate=8 Martii, 2011}}</ref><ref name="Nebula 1965">{{cite web|url=http://www.nebulaawards.com/index.php/awards/nebulas/P40/|title=1965 Nebula Awards|publisher=NebulaAwards.com|accessdate=March 17, 2010|archivedate=December 17, 2005|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20051217043400/http://nebulaawards.com/awards/archive/pastwin.htm}}</ref>. ''Dune'' saepe es citate sicut le optime romance vendite in le orbe.<ref name="Touponce 119">{{Cite book|last=Touponce |first=William F. |year=1988 |title=Frank Herbert |chapter=Herbert's Reputation |location=[[Boston, Massachusetts|Boston]], [[Massachusetts]]|publisher=Twayne Publishers imprint, G. K. Hall & Co|page=119 |isbn=0-8057-7514-5|quote=''[[Locus (magazine)|Locus]]'' ran a poll of readers on April 15, 1975 in which ''Dune'' 'was voted the all-time best science-fiction novel. . . . It has sold over ten million copies in numerous editions.'}}</ref><ref name="RIF">{{Cite web |title=SCI FI Channel Auction to Benefit Reading Is Fundamental |url=http://pnnonline.org/article.php?sid=4302 |date=March 18, 2003 |publisher=PNNonline.org ([[Internet Archive]]) |quote=Since its debut in 1965, Frank Herbert's ''Dune'' has sold over 12 million copies worldwide, making it the best-selling science fiction novel of all time . . . Frank Herbert's ''Dune'' saga is one of the greatest 20th Century contributions to literature. |accessdate=September 28, 2007 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20070928005501/http://pnnonline.org/article.php?sid=4302 |archivedate=September 28, 2007 }}</ref> Le romance ha essite facte per [[David Lynch]] ad un pellicula del mesme nomine. == Argumento == Apud feroce contestation e rivalitate pro le specie 'spice melange' vel medicamento 20000 annos in le futuro, le ducal domo Atreidis de Leto reside in mundo 'Arrakis' vel ''Dune'', (nomine del mesme romance) le fonte de condimento 'spice-melange vel spice', que es extracte ex vermes immense et permitte le navigatores viagiar inter mundos e vider le futuro. Pro hoc condimento, omnes in omne universo lucta et negotia. Paul deveni le capite de gente Fremen. Paul, filio de Leto es recognoscite ut ambe le [[Messia]] de 'Muad'Dib' a vetere augurio apud fremenes indigena et ut le '[[Kwisatz Haderach]] apud le ordine del sorores [[Bene Gesserit]]. Al fin Paul acquire control de commercio de specie e cum un magne bella ille deveni le imperator de omnes gente e quasi un deo. == Dictos == *Patre, le dormitor se ha eveliate. *Timor. Debe io non timer. Timor es le occisor de anima. Litania de Timor (Precepto del [[Bene Gesserit]]). == Referencias == <References /> <!-- ==Latin == {{titulus italicus}} [[Fasciculus:Arrakis.jpg|thumb|Planeta Arrakis a Sophocle, amatore mythistoriae, pictus]] [[Fasciculus:Atreides Hawk..svg|thumb|[[Insigne]] domus Atreidis]] '''''Dune''''' est [[mythistoria]] vel [[fabula]] generis [[fictio scientifica|fictionis scientificae]] a [[Franciscus Herbert|Francisco Herbert]] anno [[1965]] divulgata, quae Hugo et Nebula praemia consecuta est<ref name="Hugo 1966">{{cite web| url=http://www.thehugoawards.org/hugo-history/1966-hugo-awards|title=The Hugo Awards: 1966 |publisher=World Science Fiction Society|accessdate=8 Martii, 2011}}</ref><ref name="Nebula 1965">{{cite web|url=http://www.nebulaawards.com/index.php/awards/nebulas/P40/|title=1965 Nebula Awards|publisher=NebulaAwards.com|accessdate=March 17, 2010}}</ref>. ''Dune'' saepe citatur sicut optissima vendiens mythistoria in gentium.<ref name="Touponce 119">{{Cite book|last=Touponce |first=William F. |year=1988 |title=Frank Herbert |chapter=Herbert's Reputation |location=[[Boston, Massachusetts|Boston]], [[Massachusetts]]|publisher=Twayne Publishers imprint, G. K. Hall & Co|page=119 |isbn=0-8057-7514-5|quote=''[[Locus (magazine)|Locus]]'' ran a poll of readers on April 15, 1975 in which ''Dune'' 'was voted the all-time best science-fiction novel. . . . It has sold over ten million copies in numerous editions.'}}</ref <ref name="RIF" {{Cite web| title=SCI FI Channel Auction to Benefit Reading Is Fundamental | url=http://pnnonline.org/article.php?sid=4302 |date=March 18, 2003 |publisher=PNNonline.org ([[Internet Archive]])|quote=Since its debut in 1965, Frank Herbert's ''Dune'' has sold over 12 million copies worldwide, making it the best-selling science fiction novel of all time . . . Frank Herbert's ''Dune'' saga is one of the greatest 20th Century contributions to literature.|accessdate=September 28, 2007 |archiveurl = http://web.archive.org/web/20070928005501/http://pnnonline.org/article.php?sid=4302 |archivedate = September 28, 2007}}</ref Origo est [[David Lynch]] eodem nomine [[Dune (pellicula)|pelliculae]]. ==Argumentum== Apud truculentem certamen aemulis 'spice melange' cataractria vel medicamentum in 20000 annis futuro, domus Atreidis ducitur a Leto, appulit mundum 'Arrakis' vel ''Dune'', (nomen eiusdem fabulae) fontem cataractriae 'spice-melange vel spice', qui extrahitur ex vermibus immanibus et facultatem dat navigatoribus iter facere apud mundos et augeriis futurum videre. Ad hanc cataractriam in omnibus universis omnes certant et negotiant. Paulus fit dux fremen, Paulus filius Leto agnoscitur utroque [[Messias]] ut 'Muad'Dib' a vetere augurio apud fremenes indigenos et ut '[[Kwisatz Haderach]] ab ordine [[Bene Gesserit]]. Fit dux fremenorum, commercium gubernatum adeptus, magno bello mox dux omnium gentium et quasi deus vero factus. ==Dictua s== *Pater, experrectus est dormitor!- Paul *Timor. Debe io non timer. Timor es le occisor de anima. Litania de Timor (Precepto de les [[Bene Gesserit]]). == Notae == <div class="references-small"><references/</div --> [[Categoria:Dune|!]] [[Categoria:Planetas ficticion]] [[Categoria:Civitatum Foederatarum scripta]] [[Categoria:Litteratura Inglese]] [[Categoria:Litteratura phantastica]] [[Categoria:Scripte 1965]] [[Categoria:Series novelles]] 7mm9syuw68c0bd4ivut9j2jmvlb81ur 679831 679830 2025-06-06T13:13:48Z Tim Ocean 30221 Stilo 679831 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Translation|la|Dune}} [[File:Arrakis.jpg|thumb|Le Planeta Arrakis <!--a Sophocle, amatore mythistoriae, pictus-->]] [[File:Atreides Hawk..svg|thumb|[[Insignia]] de domo Atreidis]] '''Dune''' es un romance vel fabula de genere fiction scientific que esseva scripte per [[Frank Herbert]] in 1965. Le romance acquireva le premios Hugo e Nebula <ref name="Hugo 1966">{{cite web| url=http://www.thehugoawards.org/hugo-history/1966-hugo-awards|title=The Hugo Awards: 1966 |publisher=World Science Fiction Society|accessdate=8 Martii, 2011}}</ref><ref name="Nebula 1965">{{cite web|url=http://www.nebulaawards.com/index.php/awards/nebulas/P40/|title=1965 Nebula Awards|publisher=NebulaAwards.com|accessdate=March 17, 2010|archivedate=December 17, 2005|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20051217043400/http://nebulaawards.com/awards/archive/pastwin.htm}}</ref>. ''Dune'' saepe es citate sicut le optime romance vendite in le orbe.<ref name="Touponce 119">{{Cite book|last=Touponce |first=William F. |year=1988 |title=Frank Herbert |chapter=Herbert's Reputation |location=[[Boston, Massachusetts|Boston]], [[Massachusetts]]|publisher=Twayne Publishers imprint, G. K. Hall & Co|page=119 |isbn=0-8057-7514-5|quote=''[[Locus (magazine)|Locus]]'' ran a poll of readers on April 15, 1975 in which ''Dune'' 'was voted the all-time best science-fiction novel. . . . It has sold over ten million copies in numerous editions.'}}</ref><ref name="RIF">{{Cite web |title=SCI FI Channel Auction to Benefit Reading Is Fundamental |url=http://pnnonline.org/article.php?sid=4302 |date=March 18, 2003 |publisher=PNNonline.org ([[Internet Archive]]) |quote=Since its debut in 1965, Frank Herbert's ''Dune'' has sold over 12 million copies worldwide, making it the best-selling science fiction novel of all time . . . Frank Herbert's ''Dune'' saga is one of the greatest 20th Century contributions to literature. |accessdate=September 28, 2007 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20070928005501/http://pnnonline.org/article.php?sid=4302 |archivedate=September 28, 2007 }}</ref> Le romance ha essite facte per [[David Lynch]] ad un pellicula del mesme nomine. == Argumento == Apud feroce contestation e rivalitate pro le specie 'spice melange' vel medicamento 20000 annos in le futuro, le ducal domo Atreidis de Leto reside in mundo 'Arrakis' vel ''Dune'', (nomine del mesme romance) le fonte de condimento 'spice-melange vel spice', que es extracte ex vermes immense et permitte le navigatores viagiar inter mundos e vider le futuro. Pro hoc condimento, omnes in omne universo lucta et negotia. Paul deveni le capite de gente Fremen. Paul, filio de Leto es recognoscite ut ambe le [[Messia]] de 'Muad'Dib' - un vetere augurio apud fremenes indigena - et ut le '[[Kwisatz Haderach]] apud le ordine del sorores [[Bene Gesserit]]. Al fin Paul acquire control de commercio de specie e cum un magne bella ille deveni le imperator de omnes gente e quasi un deo. == Dictos == *Patre, le dormitor se ha eveliate. *Timor. Debe io non timer. Timor es le occisor de anima. Litania de Timor (Precepto del [[Bene Gesserit]]). == Referencias == <References /> <!-- ==Latin == {{titulus italicus}} [[Fasciculus:Arrakis.jpg|thumb|Planeta Arrakis a Sophocle, amatore mythistoriae, pictus]] [[Fasciculus:Atreides Hawk..svg|thumb|[[Insigne]] domus Atreidis]] '''''Dune''''' est [[mythistoria]] vel [[fabula]] generis [[fictio scientifica|fictionis scientificae]] a [[Franciscus Herbert|Francisco Herbert]] anno [[1965]] divulgata, quae Hugo et Nebula praemia consecuta est<ref name="Hugo 1966">{{cite web| url=http://www.thehugoawards.org/hugo-history/1966-hugo-awards|title=The Hugo Awards: 1966 |publisher=World Science Fiction Society|accessdate=8 Martii, 2011}}</ref><ref name="Nebula 1965">{{cite web|url=http://www.nebulaawards.com/index.php/awards/nebulas/P40/|title=1965 Nebula Awards|publisher=NebulaAwards.com|accessdate=March 17, 2010}}</ref>. ''Dune'' saepe citatur sicut optissima vendiens mythistoria in gentium.<ref name="Touponce 119">{{Cite book|last=Touponce |first=William F. |year=1988 |title=Frank Herbert |chapter=Herbert's Reputation |location=[[Boston, Massachusetts|Boston]], [[Massachusetts]]|publisher=Twayne Publishers imprint, G. K. Hall & Co|page=119 |isbn=0-8057-7514-5|quote=''[[Locus (magazine)|Locus]]'' ran a poll of readers on April 15, 1975 in which ''Dune'' 'was voted the all-time best science-fiction novel. . . . It has sold over ten million copies in numerous editions.'}}</ref <ref name="RIF" {{Cite web| title=SCI FI Channel Auction to Benefit Reading Is Fundamental | url=http://pnnonline.org/article.php?sid=4302 |date=March 18, 2003 |publisher=PNNonline.org ([[Internet Archive]])|quote=Since its debut in 1965, Frank Herbert's ''Dune'' has sold over 12 million copies worldwide, making it the best-selling science fiction novel of all time . . . Frank Herbert's ''Dune'' saga is one of the greatest 20th Century contributions to literature.|accessdate=September 28, 2007 |archiveurl = http://web.archive.org/web/20070928005501/http://pnnonline.org/article.php?sid=4302 |archivedate = September 28, 2007}}</ref Origo est [[David Lynch]] eodem nomine [[Dune (pellicula)|pelliculae]]. ==Argumentum== Apud truculentem certamen aemulis 'spice melange' cataractria vel medicamentum in 20000 annis futuro, domus Atreidis ducitur a Leto, appulit mundum 'Arrakis' vel ''Dune'', (nomen eiusdem fabulae) fontem cataractriae 'spice-melange vel spice', qui extrahitur ex vermibus immanibus et facultatem dat navigatoribus iter facere apud mundos et augeriis futurum videre. Ad hanc cataractriam in omnibus universis omnes certant et negotiant. Paulus fit dux fremen, Paulus filius Leto agnoscitur utroque [[Messias]] ut 'Muad'Dib' a vetere augurio apud fremenes indigenos et ut '[[Kwisatz Haderach]] ab ordine [[Bene Gesserit]]. Fit dux fremenorum, commercium gubernatum adeptus, magno bello mox dux omnium gentium et quasi deus vero factus. ==Dictua s== *Pater, experrectus est dormitor!- Paul *Timor. Debe io non timer. Timor es le occisor de anima. Litania de Timor (Precepto de les [[Bene Gesserit]]). == Notae == <div class="references-small"><references/</div --> [[Categoria:Dune|!]] [[Categoria:Planetas ficticion]] [[Categoria:Civitatum Foederatarum scripta]] [[Categoria:Litteratura Inglese]] [[Categoria:Litteratura phantastica]] [[Categoria:Scripte 1965]] [[Categoria:Series novelles]] ahr2blqbfanhfi7s7grwmaa5v3en9ak 679834 679831 2025-06-06T14:37:36Z Tim Ocean 30221 Error 679834 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Translation|la|Dune}} [[File:Arrakis.jpg|thumb|Le Planeta Arrakis <!--a Sophocle, amatore mythistoriae, pictus-->]] [[File:Atreides Hawk..svg|thumb|[[Insignia]] de domo Atreidis]] '''Dune''' es un romance vel fabula de genere fiction scientific que esseva scripte per [[Frank Herbert]] in 1965. Le romance acquireva le premios Hugo e Nebula <ref name="Hugo 1966">{{cite web| url=http://www.thehugoawards.org/hugo-history/1966-hugo-awards|title=The Hugo Awards: 1966 |publisher=World Science Fiction Society|accessdate=8 Martii, 2011}}</ref><ref name="Nebula 1965">{{cite web|url=http://www.nebulaawards.com/index.php/awards/nebulas/P40/|title=1965 Nebula Awards|publisher=NebulaAwards.com|accessdate=March 17, 2010|archivedate=December 17, 2005|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20051217043400/http://nebulaawards.com/awards/archive/pastwin.htm}}</ref>. ''Dune'' saepe es citate sicut le optime romance vendite in le orbe.<ref name="Touponce 119">{{Cite book|last=Touponce |first=William F. |year=1988 |title=Frank Herbert |chapter=Herbert's Reputation |location=[[Boston, Massachusetts|Boston]], [[Massachusetts]]|publisher=Twayne Publishers imprint, G. K. Hall & Co|page=119 |isbn=0-8057-7514-5|quote=''[[Locus (magazine)|Locus]]'' ran a poll of readers on April 15, 1975 in which ''Dune'' 'was voted the all-time best science-fiction novel. . . . It has sold over ten million copies in numerous editions.'}}</ref><ref name="RIF">{{Cite web |title=SCI FI Channel Auction to Benefit Reading Is Fundamental |url=http://pnnonline.org/article.php?sid=4302 |date=March 18, 2003 |publisher=PNNonline.org ([[Internet Archive]]) |quote=Since its debut in 1965, Frank Herbert's ''Dune'' has sold over 12 million copies worldwide, making it the best-selling science fiction novel of all time . . . Frank Herbert's ''Dune'' saga is one of the greatest 20th Century contributions to literature. |accessdate=September 28, 2007 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20070928005501/http://pnnonline.org/article.php?sid=4302 |archivedate=September 28, 2007 }}</ref> Le romance ha essite facte per [[David Lynch]] ad un pellicula del mesme nomine. == Argumento == Apud feroce contestation e rivalitate pro le specie 'spice melange' vel medicamento 20000 annos in le futuro, le ducal domo Atreidis de Leto reside in mundo 'Arrakis' vel ''Dune'', (nomine del mesme romance) le fonte de condimento 'spice-melange vel spice', que es extracte ex vermes immense et permitte le navigatores viagiar inter mundos e vider le futuro. Pro hoc condimento, omnes in omne universo lucta et negotia. Paul deveni le capite de gente Fremen. Paul, filio de Leto es recognoscite ut ambe le [[Messia]] de 'Muad'Dib' - un vetere augurio apud fremenes indigena - et ut le '[[Kwisatz Haderach]] apud le ordine del sorores [[Bene Gesserit]]. Al fin Paul acquire controlo de commercio de specie e cum un magne bella ille deveni le imperator de omnes gente e quasi un deo. == Dictos == *Patre, le dormitor se ha eveliate. *Timor. Debe io non timer. Timor es le occisor de anima. Litania de Timor (Precepto del [[Bene Gesserit]]). == Referencias == <References /> <!-- ==Latin == {{titulus italicus}} [[Fasciculus:Arrakis.jpg|thumb|Planeta Arrakis a Sophocle, amatore mythistoriae, pictus]] [[Fasciculus:Atreides Hawk..svg|thumb|[[Insigne]] domus Atreidis]] '''''Dune''''' est [[mythistoria]] vel [[fabula]] generis [[fictio scientifica|fictionis scientificae]] a [[Franciscus Herbert|Francisco Herbert]] anno [[1965]] divulgata, quae Hugo et Nebula praemia consecuta est<ref name="Hugo 1966">{{cite web| url=http://www.thehugoawards.org/hugo-history/1966-hugo-awards|title=The Hugo Awards: 1966 |publisher=World Science Fiction Society|accessdate=8 Martii, 2011}}</ref><ref name="Nebula 1965">{{cite web|url=http://www.nebulaawards.com/index.php/awards/nebulas/P40/|title=1965 Nebula Awards|publisher=NebulaAwards.com|accessdate=March 17, 2010}}</ref>. ''Dune'' saepe citatur sicut optissima vendiens mythistoria in gentium.<ref name="Touponce 119">{{Cite book|last=Touponce |first=William F. |year=1988 |title=Frank Herbert |chapter=Herbert's Reputation |location=[[Boston, Massachusetts|Boston]], [[Massachusetts]]|publisher=Twayne Publishers imprint, G. K. Hall & Co|page=119 |isbn=0-8057-7514-5|quote=''[[Locus (magazine)|Locus]]'' ran a poll of readers on April 15, 1975 in which ''Dune'' 'was voted the all-time best science-fiction novel. . . . It has sold over ten million copies in numerous editions.'}}</ref <ref name="RIF" {{Cite web| title=SCI FI Channel Auction to Benefit Reading Is Fundamental | url=http://pnnonline.org/article.php?sid=4302 |date=March 18, 2003 |publisher=PNNonline.org ([[Internet Archive]])|quote=Since its debut in 1965, Frank Herbert's ''Dune'' has sold over 12 million copies worldwide, making it the best-selling science fiction novel of all time . . . Frank Herbert's ''Dune'' saga is one of the greatest 20th Century contributions to literature.|accessdate=September 28, 2007 |archiveurl = http://web.archive.org/web/20070928005501/http://pnnonline.org/article.php?sid=4302 |archivedate = September 28, 2007}}</ref Origo est [[David Lynch]] eodem nomine [[Dune (pellicula)|pelliculae]]. ==Argumentum== Apud truculentem certamen aemulis 'spice melange' cataractria vel medicamentum in 20000 annis futuro, domus Atreidis ducitur a Leto, appulit mundum 'Arrakis' vel ''Dune'', (nomen eiusdem fabulae) fontem cataractriae 'spice-melange vel spice', qui extrahitur ex vermibus immanibus et facultatem dat navigatoribus iter facere apud mundos et augeriis futurum videre. Ad hanc cataractriam in omnibus universis omnes certant et negotiant. Paulus fit dux fremen, Paulus filius Leto agnoscitur utroque [[Messias]] ut 'Muad'Dib' a vetere augurio apud fremenes indigenos et ut '[[Kwisatz Haderach]] ab ordine [[Bene Gesserit]]. Fit dux fremenorum, commercium gubernatum adeptus, magno bello mox dux omnium gentium et quasi deus vero factus. ==Dictua s== *Pater, experrectus est dormitor!- Paul *Timor. Debe io non timer. Timor es le occisor de anima. Litania de Timor (Precepto de les [[Bene Gesserit]]). == Notae == <div class="references-small"><references/</div --> [[Categoria:Dune|!]] [[Categoria:Planetas ficticion]] [[Categoria:Civitatum Foederatarum scripta]] [[Categoria:Litteratura Inglese]] [[Categoria:Litteratura phantastica]] [[Categoria:Scripte 1965]] [[Categoria:Series novelles]] edj75hwp3lqabznfx689xp5ebjv8n9c 679835 679834 2025-06-06T15:08:10Z Tim Ocean 30221 stilo 679835 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Translation|la|Dune}} [[File:Arrakis.jpg|thumb|Le Planeta Arrakis <!--a Sophocle, amatore mythistoriae, pictus-->]] [[File:Atreides Hawk..svg|thumb|[[Insignia]] de domo Atreidis]] '''Dune''' es un romance vel fabula de genere fiction scientific que esseva scripte per [[Frank Herbert]] in 1965. Le romance acquireva le premios Hugo e Nebula <ref name="Hugo 1966">{{cite web| url=http://www.thehugoawards.org/hugo-history/1966-hugo-awards|title=The Hugo Awards: 1966 |publisher=World Science Fiction Society|accessdate=8 Martii, 2011}}</ref><ref name="Nebula 1965">{{cite web|url=http://www.nebulaawards.com/index.php/awards/nebulas/P40/|title=1965 Nebula Awards|publisher=NebulaAwards.com|accessdate=March 17, 2010|archivedate=December 17, 2005|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20051217043400/http://nebulaawards.com/awards/archive/pastwin.htm}}</ref>. ''Dune'' saepe es citate sicut le optime romance vendite in le orbe.<ref name="Touponce 119">{{Cite book|last=Touponce |first=William F. |year=1988 |title=Frank Herbert |chapter=Herbert's Reputation |location=[[Boston, Massachusetts|Boston]], [[Massachusetts]]|publisher=Twayne Publishers imprint, G. K. Hall & Co|page=119 |isbn=0-8057-7514-5|quote=''[[Locus (magazine)|Locus]]'' ran a poll of readers on April 15, 1975 in which ''Dune'' 'was voted the all-time best science-fiction novel. . . . It has sold over ten million copies in numerous editions.'}}</ref><ref name="RIF">{{Cite web |title=SCI FI Channel Auction to Benefit Reading Is Fundamental |url=http://pnnonline.org/article.php?sid=4302 |date=March 18, 2003 |publisher=PNNonline.org ([[Internet Archive]]) |quote=Since its debut in 1965, Frank Herbert's ''Dune'' has sold over 12 million copies worldwide, making it the best-selling science fiction novel of all time . . . Frank Herbert's ''Dune'' saga is one of the greatest 20th Century contributions to literature. |accessdate=September 28, 2007 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20070928005501/http://pnnonline.org/article.php?sid=4302 |archivedate=September 28, 2007 }}</ref> Le romance ha essite facte per [[David Lynch]] ad un pellicula del mesme nomine. == Argumento == Apud feroce contestation e rivalitate pro le specie 'spice melange' vel medicamento 20000 annos in le futuro, le ducal domo Atreidis de Leto reside in mundo 'Arrakis' vel ''Dune'', (nomine del mesme romance) le fonte de condimento 'spice-melange vel spice', que es extracte ex vermes immense et permitte le navigatores viagiar inter mundos e vider le futuro. Pro hoc condimento, omnes in omne universo lucta et negotia. Paul deveni le capite de gente Fremen. Paul, filio de Leto es recognoscite ut ambe le [[Messia]] de 'Muad'Dib' - un vetere augurio apud fremenes indigena - et ut le '[[Kwisatz Haderach]] apud le ordine del sorores [[Bene Gesserit]]. Al fin Paul acquire controlo de commercio de specie e per un magne bella ille deveni le imperator de omnes gente e quasi un deo. == Dictos == *Patre, le dormitor se ha eveliate. *Timor. Debe io non timer. Timor es le occisor de anima. Litania de Timor (Precepto del [[Bene Gesserit]]). == Referencias == <References /> <!-- ==Latin == {{titulus italicus}} [[Fasciculus:Arrakis.jpg|thumb|Planeta Arrakis a Sophocle, amatore mythistoriae, pictus]] [[Fasciculus:Atreides Hawk..svg|thumb|[[Insigne]] domus Atreidis]] '''''Dune''''' est [[mythistoria]] vel [[fabula]] generis [[fictio scientifica|fictionis scientificae]] a [[Franciscus Herbert|Francisco Herbert]] anno [[1965]] divulgata, quae Hugo et Nebula praemia consecuta est<ref name="Hugo 1966">{{cite web| url=http://www.thehugoawards.org/hugo-history/1966-hugo-awards|title=The Hugo Awards: 1966 |publisher=World Science Fiction Society|accessdate=8 Martii, 2011}}</ref><ref name="Nebula 1965">{{cite web|url=http://www.nebulaawards.com/index.php/awards/nebulas/P40/|title=1965 Nebula Awards|publisher=NebulaAwards.com|accessdate=March 17, 2010}}</ref>. ''Dune'' saepe citatur sicut optissima vendiens mythistoria in gentium.<ref name="Touponce 119">{{Cite book|last=Touponce |first=William F. |year=1988 |title=Frank Herbert |chapter=Herbert's Reputation |location=[[Boston, Massachusetts|Boston]], [[Massachusetts]]|publisher=Twayne Publishers imprint, G. K. Hall & Co|page=119 |isbn=0-8057-7514-5|quote=''[[Locus (magazine)|Locus]]'' ran a poll of readers on April 15, 1975 in which ''Dune'' 'was voted the all-time best science-fiction novel. . . . It has sold over ten million copies in numerous editions.'}}</ref <ref name="RIF" {{Cite web| title=SCI FI Channel Auction to Benefit Reading Is Fundamental | url=http://pnnonline.org/article.php?sid=4302 |date=March 18, 2003 |publisher=PNNonline.org ([[Internet Archive]])|quote=Since its debut in 1965, Frank Herbert's ''Dune'' has sold over 12 million copies worldwide, making it the best-selling science fiction novel of all time . . . Frank Herbert's ''Dune'' saga is one of the greatest 20th Century contributions to literature.|accessdate=September 28, 2007 |archiveurl = http://web.archive.org/web/20070928005501/http://pnnonline.org/article.php?sid=4302 |archivedate = September 28, 2007}}</ref Origo est [[David Lynch]] eodem nomine [[Dune (pellicula)|pelliculae]]. ==Argumentum== Apud truculentem certamen aemulis 'spice melange' cataractria vel medicamentum in 20000 annis futuro, domus Atreidis ducitur a Leto, appulit mundum 'Arrakis' vel ''Dune'', (nomen eiusdem fabulae) fontem cataractriae 'spice-melange vel spice', qui extrahitur ex vermibus immanibus et facultatem dat navigatoribus iter facere apud mundos et augeriis futurum videre. Ad hanc cataractriam in omnibus universis omnes certant et negotiant. Paulus fit dux fremen, Paulus filius Leto agnoscitur utroque [[Messias]] ut 'Muad'Dib' a vetere augurio apud fremenes indigenos et ut '[[Kwisatz Haderach]] ab ordine [[Bene Gesserit]]. Fit dux fremenorum, commercium gubernatum adeptus, magno bello mox dux omnium gentium et quasi deus vero factus. ==Dictua s== *Pater, experrectus est dormitor!- Paul *Timor. Debe io non timer. Timor es le occisor de anima. Litania de Timor (Precepto de les [[Bene Gesserit]]). == Notae == <div class="references-small"><references/</div --> [[Categoria:Dune|!]] [[Categoria:Planetas ficticion]] [[Categoria:Civitatum Foederatarum scripta]] [[Categoria:Litteratura Inglese]] [[Categoria:Litteratura phantastica]] [[Categoria:Scripte 1965]] [[Categoria:Series novelles]] 74icjwr3nbhi8rp10tsthgbrrypd7n5 679837 679835 2025-06-06T17:17:32Z Tim Ocean 30221 error 679837 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Translation|la|Dune}} [[File:Arrakis.jpg|thumb|Le Planeta Arrakis <!--a Sophocle, amatore mythistoriae, pictus-->]] [[File:Atreides Hawk..svg|thumb|[[Insignia]] de domo Atreidis]] '''Dune''' es un romance vel fabula de genere fiction scientific que esseva scripte per [[Frank Herbert]] in 1965. Le romance acquireva le premios Hugo e Nebula <ref name="Hugo 1966">{{cite web| url=http://www.thehugoawards.org/hugo-history/1966-hugo-awards|title=The Hugo Awards: 1966 |publisher=World Science Fiction Society|accessdate=8 Martii, 2011}}</ref><ref name="Nebula 1965">{{cite web|url=http://www.nebulaawards.com/index.php/awards/nebulas/P40/|title=1965 Nebula Awards|publisher=NebulaAwards.com|accessdate=March 17, 2010|archivedate=December 17, 2005|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20051217043400/http://nebulaawards.com/awards/archive/pastwin.htm}}</ref>. ''Dune'' saepe es citate sicut le optime romance vendite in le orbe.<ref name="Touponce 119">{{Cite book|last=Touponce |first=William F. |year=1988 |title=Frank Herbert |chapter=Herbert's Reputation |location=[[Boston, Massachusetts|Boston]], [[Massachusetts]]|publisher=Twayne Publishers imprint, G. K. Hall & Co|page=119 |isbn=0-8057-7514-5|quote=''[[Locus (magazine)|Locus]]'' ran a poll of readers on April 15, 1975 in which ''Dune'' 'was voted the all-time best science-fiction novel. . . . It has sold over ten million copies in numerous editions.'}}</ref><ref name="RIF">{{Cite web |title=SCI FI Channel Auction to Benefit Reading Is Fundamental |url=http://pnnonline.org/article.php?sid=4302 |date=March 18, 2003 |publisher=PNNonline.org ([[Internet Archive]]) |quote=Since its debut in 1965, Frank Herbert's ''Dune'' has sold over 12 million copies worldwide, making it the best-selling science fiction novel of all time . . . Frank Herbert's ''Dune'' saga is one of the greatest 20th Century contributions to literature. |accessdate=September 28, 2007 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20070928005501/http://pnnonline.org/article.php?sid=4302 |archivedate=September 28, 2007 }}</ref> Le romance ha essite facte per [[David Lynch]] ad un pellicula del mesme nomine. == Argumento == Apud feroce contestation e rivalitate pro le specie 'spice melange' vel medicamento 20000 annos in le futuro, le ducal domo Atreidis de Leto reside in mundo 'Arrakis' vel ''Dune'', (nomine del mesme romance) le fonte de condimento 'spice-melange vel spice', que es extracte ex vermes immense et permitte le navigatores viagiar inter mundos e vider le futuro. Pro hoc condimento, omnes in omne universo lucta et negotia. Paul deveni le capite de gente Fremen. Paul, filio de Leto es recognoscite ut ambe le [[Messia]] de 'Muad'Dib' - un vetere augurio apud fremenes indigena - et ut le '[[Kwisatz Haderach]] apud le ordine del sorores [[Bene Gesserit]]. Al fin Paul acquire controlo de commercio de specie e per un magne bella ille deveni le imperator de omne gente e quasi un deo. == Dictos == *Patre, le dormitor se ha eveliate. *Timor. Debe io non timer. Timor es le occisor de anima. Litania de Timor (Precepto del [[Bene Gesserit]]). == Referencias == <References /> <!-- ==Latin == {{titulus italicus}} [[Fasciculus:Arrakis.jpg|thumb|Planeta Arrakis a Sophocle, amatore mythistoriae, pictus]] [[Fasciculus:Atreides Hawk..svg|thumb|[[Insigne]] domus Atreidis]] '''''Dune''''' est [[mythistoria]] vel [[fabula]] generis [[fictio scientifica|fictionis scientificae]] a [[Franciscus Herbert|Francisco Herbert]] anno [[1965]] divulgata, quae Hugo et Nebula praemia consecuta est<ref name="Hugo 1966">{{cite web| url=http://www.thehugoawards.org/hugo-history/1966-hugo-awards|title=The Hugo Awards: 1966 |publisher=World Science Fiction Society|accessdate=8 Martii, 2011}}</ref><ref name="Nebula 1965">{{cite web|url=http://www.nebulaawards.com/index.php/awards/nebulas/P40/|title=1965 Nebula Awards|publisher=NebulaAwards.com|accessdate=March 17, 2010}}</ref>. ''Dune'' saepe citatur sicut optissima vendiens mythistoria in gentium.<ref name="Touponce 119">{{Cite book|last=Touponce |first=William F. |year=1988 |title=Frank Herbert |chapter=Herbert's Reputation |location=[[Boston, Massachusetts|Boston]], [[Massachusetts]]|publisher=Twayne Publishers imprint, G. K. Hall & Co|page=119 |isbn=0-8057-7514-5|quote=''[[Locus (magazine)|Locus]]'' ran a poll of readers on April 15, 1975 in which ''Dune'' 'was voted the all-time best science-fiction novel. . . . It has sold over ten million copies in numerous editions.'}}</ref <ref name="RIF" {{Cite web| title=SCI FI Channel Auction to Benefit Reading Is Fundamental | url=http://pnnonline.org/article.php?sid=4302 |date=March 18, 2003 |publisher=PNNonline.org ([[Internet Archive]])|quote=Since its debut in 1965, Frank Herbert's ''Dune'' has sold over 12 million copies worldwide, making it the best-selling science fiction novel of all time . . . Frank Herbert's ''Dune'' saga is one of the greatest 20th Century contributions to literature.|accessdate=September 28, 2007 |archiveurl = http://web.archive.org/web/20070928005501/http://pnnonline.org/article.php?sid=4302 |archivedate = September 28, 2007}}</ref Origo est [[David Lynch]] eodem nomine [[Dune (pellicula)|pelliculae]]. ==Argumentum== Apud truculentem certamen aemulis 'spice melange' cataractria vel medicamentum in 20000 annis futuro, domus Atreidis ducitur a Leto, appulit mundum 'Arrakis' vel ''Dune'', (nomen eiusdem fabulae) fontem cataractriae 'spice-melange vel spice', qui extrahitur ex vermibus immanibus et facultatem dat navigatoribus iter facere apud mundos et augeriis futurum videre. Ad hanc cataractriam in omnibus universis omnes certant et negotiant. Paulus fit dux fremen, Paulus filius Leto agnoscitur utroque [[Messias]] ut 'Muad'Dib' a vetere augurio apud fremenes indigenos et ut '[[Kwisatz Haderach]] ab ordine [[Bene Gesserit]]. Fit dux fremenorum, commercium gubernatum adeptus, magno bello mox dux omnium gentium et quasi deus vero factus. ==Dictua s== *Pater, experrectus est dormitor!- Paul *Timor. Debe io non timer. Timor es le occisor de anima. Litania de Timor (Precepto de les [[Bene Gesserit]]). == Notae == <div class="references-small"><references/</div --> [[Categoria:Dune|!]] [[Categoria:Planetas ficticion]] [[Categoria:Civitatum Foederatarum scripta]] [[Categoria:Litteratura Inglese]] [[Categoria:Litteratura phantastica]] [[Categoria:Scripte 1965]] [[Categoria:Series novelles]] 53zgpvqtpsjmb9g567xf2vcdkv1w1vg 0 47166 679836 641285 2025-06-06T16:27:25Z McDutchie 9 revision linguistic 679836 wikitext text/x-wiki Le '''lingua pali''' o '''pāḷi''' o '''pāli''' es un lingua liturgic medie indo-aryan. Illo es studiate principalmente perque illo es le lingua del Canone pali o Tipiṭaka, le Triple Corbe, e illo es le sancte lingua del [[Buddhismo]] Theravāda, le Buddhismo del Sud. Pali ha multe cognatos con le lingua [[sanscrito|sanscrite]], un altere lingua liturgic de buddhistas, del Mahāyāna del Nord, e etiam hindus. Hodie, le lingua pali se scribe con differente scripturas secundo le pais, incluse le alphabeto roman. <gallery> File:Novices studying Dhamma and Pali language.jpg|Buddhistas studia le lingua pali. File:धर्मानंद दामोदर कोसंबी.jpg|Dharmananda Damodar Kosambi ([[Goa]], 1876–1947) esseva un scholar eminente buddhista e un experto del lingua pali. </gallery> {{pecietta|linguistica}} [[Categoria:Linguas]] 6teup9fqehs71gh8zdzt6sz5skpfag7 0 59401 679839 679818 2025-06-06T18:08:03Z Invasive Spices 54287 Ha edite [[WP:Como formatar texto]]. 679839 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:Pamphlet for Sterilization.jpg|thumb|499x499px|Isto esseva un pamphlet create per le Departmento de Sanitate, Education e Benesser (SEB) pro incitar feminas indigene a haber minus infantes – le sinistra monstrava como le parentes esserea ante adoptar le practicas de planification familiar promovite (fatigate e con recursos pauc) – e le dextra postea (felice e ric).]] Multe '''feminas indigene''' ha essite '''sterilisate coercemente''' in le '''Statos Unite de America'''. Multe casos occureva in le 1960s e 1970s, e in multe casos sin le consentimento libere e informate del pacientes.<ref>http://doi.org/10.1016/j.whi.2015.10.002</ref> In alcun casos, feminas esseva inducite a creder que le procedura de sterilisation esseva reversibile. Isto eveni a pueras tanto juvene 11 annos.<ref>http://doi.org/10.1353/wic.0.0053 "Sterilization Racism and Pan-Ethnic Disparities of the Past Decade: The Continued Encroachment on Reproductive Rights".</ref> Un factor aggravante esseva le tendentia del doctores a recommendar le sterilisation a feminas povre e de minoritates. Illes non haberea facite isto sur un patiente blanc e plus ric. Intra iste instantias, altere casos de abuso ha essite documentate etiam. Isto include casos quando le providores de salute non diceva al feminas que illas esserea sterilisate, o altere formas de coercion como menaciar de retirar lor benesser o sanitate." Sequente le methodos abusive, le communitate medical sovente faceva un effortio pro mascar lor tacticas coercive.<ref>http://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/1295649/</ref> Isto esseva un practica controversiate. Le governamento del SUA ha executate sterilisationes sin le consentimento plen e informate de multe feminas. In alcun casos, le feminas esseva persuade que le procedura esseva reversibile, o mesmo executate sin lor conscientia. Isto ha resultate in un critica forte e effortios pro proteger le derectos reproductive de iste communitates. In 1976, quatro areas del Servicio de Sanitate Indigene (SSI) non accedava le politicas del SSI regulante le consentimento pro sterilisation. Formas de consentimento inadequate esseva un problema recurrente; le forma le plus commun non recordava si le elementos de consentimento informate habeva essite presentate al patiente o lo que illes habeva essite dicite ante obtener le consentimento, e le incomprension del regulationes del SSI per medicos esseva diffundite. Iste quatro areas de servicio sterilisava 3.406 feminas inter le annos 1973 e 1976, includente 36 casos ubi feminas sub le etate de 21 annos esseva sterilisate malgrado un moratorio declarate sur iste sterilisationes. Il ha pauc evidentia a supportar un numero plus alte que 3.406.<ref>http://www.annualreviews.org/doi/10.1146/annurev-genom-090314-024930</ref> Le limitationes del investigation de 1976 per le GAO esseva rapidemente notate. Mesmo si 3.406 sterilisationes representa un proportion surprendente de feminas american indigene, iste numero proveniva de un reporto que examinava solmente quatro de dece-duo areas del SSI. Le tentativas de calcular le numero total de sterilisationes que occurreva durante iste periodo varia largemente in lor resultatos. Durante que iste conto limitate representa un minimum, studios ha accusate le SSI de haber sterilisate inter 25-50% del feminas native american inter 1970 a 1976. In alcun reservationes indigene, 80% de feminas esseva sterilisate.<ref>http://www.historyworkshop.org.uk/anti-racism/involuntary-sterilization/</ref> Si le estimate maxime alte es accurate, usque a 70.000 feminas poteva haber essite sterilisate durante iste periodo. In comparation, le taxa de sterilisation pro feminas blancas durante le mesme periodo esseva approximate 15%. ==Typos== Histerectomias e ligation tubal esseva le duo methodos principal. Iste operation esseva usate routinemente pro sterilisar feminas indigene durante le annos 1960 e 1970 in le Statos Unite de America. Un altere forma commun de sterilisation esseva le ligatura tubal, un procedura de sterilisation in le qual le tubos de Falloppio de un femina es ligate, blocate, o sectionate. Pro multe feminas, iste proceduras esseva facite sin consentimento, resultante in alcunes que se approchava subsequentemente a medicos pro proceduras como "transplantar de utero". In 1971, Dr. James Ryan declarava que ille preferiva histerectomias super ligaturas tubal, quia "es un plus grande desafio... e es [un] bon experientia pro le residentes junior". Iste es suggestive del attitude que le medicos SSI habeva verso lor patientes, proque histerectomias ha un ratio multo plus alte de complicationes. Alcun formas de controlo de natalitate altere que le sterilisation esseva a vices usate, includente Depo-Provera e Norplant. Ambe es contraceptives feminin. Le prime implica reciper un injection cata tres menses, durante que le secunde, un methodo que non es plus usate in le Statos Unite de America, requireva le implantation de capsulas plen de hormones sub le pelle. Depo-Provera esseva usate con feminas native american con disabilitate intellectual ante que ille recipeva le approbation del FDA in 1992. Norplant, promovite per le SSI, esseva commercialisate per Wyeth Pharmaceuticals (qui esseva processate pro revelation insufficiente de effectos secundari – includente sanguination menstrual irregular, dolores de capite, nausea e depression). Le effectos secundari de iste duo formas de controlo de natalitate includeva le cessation del cyclo menstrual e sanguination excessive. Secundo datos de 2002 inter feminas qui usava contraception, le methodos le plus commun inter feminas american native e alaskan native in le urbano, de etate 15–44 annos esseva sterilisation feminin (34%), pilulas contraceptive oral (21%), e preservativos masculine (21%). Al contrario, inter blancos urbane non-hispanic, le methodos le plus commun esseva pilulas contraceptive oral (36%), sterilisation feminin (20%) e preservativos masculine (18%). Hodie, ben que le Servicio de Sanitate Indian continua usar sterilisation como methodo de planification familiar, ligatura tubar e vasectomia, que es un procedura de sterilisation masculine, es le sol proceduras que pote esser executate con le scopo primari de sterilisation. Legalmente, hodie le IHS require que le patienta da su consentimento informate al operation, que illa ha 21 annos o plus vetule, e que illa non sia institutionalisate in un establimento correctional o de sanitate mental. Appendicitis esseva usate como un pretexto pro alcun sterilisations coperate. ==Historia== Le doctrina «''[[Domestic dependent nations|{{Lingua|en|Domestic dependent nations}}]]''» ha formate un base pro isto desde le initio.<ref> :http://heinonline.org/hol-cgi-bin/get_pdf.cgi?handle=hein.journals/nebklr100&section=35 : :http://digitalcommons.unl.edu/nlr/vol100/iss4/8/ </ref> Sterilisation esseva considerate como un practica quotidian por le feminas indigene in le Statos Unite de America in le 1960s e 70s.<ref>http://doi.org/10.1007/BF02695147</ref> Le feminas indigene non esseva le sol individuos subjecte a sterilisation fortiate; feminas nigre e paupere esseva etiam affectate per iste practicas. Le practica de sterilisation eugenic sur feminas indigene derivava del scriptos de Francis Galton super usar le genetica pro meliorar le racia human, e deveniva popular parallel al enactamento de multe leges simile in plure statos in le initio del 1900s. In 1927, le caso del Corte Supreme ''[[Buck v. Bell]]'' confirmava un lege de sterilisation compulsori in Virginia. Le caso involveva tres generationes de feminas in le familia Buck: Emma, Carrie e Vivian. Advocatos del movimento eugenic examinava generationes multe de feminas del familia Buck. Illes sperava convincer le Corte que Carrie Buck habeva deficientias intellectual que esseva hereditari e un periculo pro le benesser public. Illes succedeva, e Carrie Buck era sterilisate. Le decision de Oliver Wendell Holmes declarava: :"{{Lingua|en|it is better for all the world if instead of waiting to execute degenerate offspring for crime, or to let them starve for their imbecility, society can prevent those who are manifestly unfit from continuing their kind. The principle that sanctions compulsory vaccination is broad enough to cover cutting the Fallopian tubes.}}" :in {{Lingua|ia}} "{{Lingua|ia|Il es melior pro toto le mundo si, in loco de attender executar pro crimine descendentes degenerate, o lassar los morir de fame pro lor imbecillitate, le societate pote prevenir que illes qui es manifestemente non capace de continuar lor specie. Le principio que sanctiona le vaccination compulsori es bastante ample pro includer le taliar del tubas de Fallopio.}}" Buck v. Bell habeva le effecto de legitimar leges existente, resultando in un acceptation plus grande del practica.<ref>http://www.amazon.com/Three-Generations-No-Imbeciles-Eugenics/dp/0801898242</ref> Durante le annos 1960 e 70, quando le practicas de sterilisation augmentava, il non existeva legislation que los prohibiva e los era vidite como un forma usabile de contraception. Per le annos 1950, un majoritate grande de feminas native parturiva in hospitales – esseva a rata que quasi le rata de feminas blanca statosuniteamerican.<ref>http://time.com/5737080/native-american-sterilization-history/</ref> Per le annos 1950, le majoritate de parentes de infantes parturi recipeva cura del Servicio de Sanitate Indigene.<ref>http://crushingcolonialism.org/echoes-of-a-dark-history-reproductive-injustice-and-eugenics-in-the-united-states/</ref> Que le governamento faceva isto al indigenes in le annos 1970 es ironic, proque 1973 esseva le anno de la decision Roe v. Wade.<ref>http://bpr.studentorg.berkeley.edu/2020/11/04/americas-forgotten-history-of-forced-sterilization/</ref> In le annos 1970, intra 100.000 a 150.000 personas esseva sterilisate cata anno usante moneta de programmas financiate federalmente.<ref>Lawrence, Jane (2000). "The Indian Health Service and the Sterilization of Native American Women".</ref> Le Family Planning Services and Population Research Act de 1970 subsidiva sterilisationes pro patientes del Servicio de Sanitate Indigene.<ref>http://www.kff.org/how-history-has-shaped-racial-and-ethnic-health-disparities-a-timeline-of-policies-and-events/#1900-to-1929-american-eugenics-and-the-forced-sterilization-of-women-of-color-and-low-income-women</ref> Sterilisation coercive per le governamento del SUA es ironic perque le feminas indigene ha non esseva permitter altere servicios de sanitate in alteres situations.<ref>http://heinonline.org/hol-cgi-bin/get_pdf.cgi?handle=hein.journals/wiswo25&section=12</ref> Feminas indigene de Arizona, Utah e Nove Mexico ha essite sterilisate coercemente.<ref>http://www.bbc.com/mundo/noticias-47045352</ref> Eugenicistas sterilisava disproportionatemente le indigenes american.<ref>http://www.genome.gov/about-genomics/fact-sheets/Eugenics-and-Scientific-Racism</ref> Le sterilisation coercive de feminas indigene american remane ancora un methodo de controlo e deshumanisation hodie.<ref>http://www.historyworkshop.org.uk/anti-racism/involuntary-sterilization/</ref> Le governo del SUA supportava isto, e multe medicos credeva que sterilisar le indigenes faceva un ben pro le societate, basate super le supremacismo blanc e ideologias eugenic.<ref>http://www.futurity.org/sterilizations-native-american-women-2192722-2/</ref> Le puncto culmine del sterilisation coercive de feminas indigene in le Statos Unite de America arrivava in le medio del vintesime seculo.<ref>http://www.theguardian.com/us-news/2022/may/19/roe-v-wade-indigenous-women-increase-violence</ref> ==Motivos== Le feminas american indigene non esseva le solos subjecte a sterilisationes coercive; feminas de descendita african o paupere esseva tamben affectate per iste practicas. In le annos 1970, le governamento del Statos Unite obligava multe americanos indigene a continuar a viver in reservationes. Illes etiam esseva relocate in areas urban sin sufficiente supporto. Como consequentia, multe americanos indigene suffreva de paupertate. Le populo native american dependeva de organisationes governamental como le SSI, le Departmento de Sanitate, Education e Benesser (HEW) e le Bureau de Affaires Indigene (BAI). Le Servicio de Sanitate Indigene (SSI) esseva lor fornitor principal. Proque le americanos indigene dependeva de iste organisationes governamental pro servicios de sanitate, illes esseva plus in periculo de sterilisation fortiate que altere gruppos. Agitation concernente superpopulation – intra populos indigene e alteres – causava le enactamento del Family Planning Services and Population Research Act (Title X).<ref>http://www.yalejournalmedlaw.com/examinations/meera-vashisht-forced-and-coercive-sterilization-of-native-american-women-eugenics-and-the-family-planning-services-and-population-research-act-1970-1976</ref> Sex annos post le adoption del Population Research Act of 1970, on estima que medicos sterilisava forsan 25% del feminas native american de etate pro procrear. Evidentia suggere que le numeros esseva plus alte.<ref>http://time.com/5737080/native-american-sterilization-history/</ref> Iste alte numeros poterea esser ligate al lege que subsidiva sterilisationes pro patientes que usava le Servicio de Sanitate Indigene e patientes de Medicaid.<ref>http://theconversation.com/forced-sterilization-policies-in-the-us-targeted-minorities-and-those-with-disabilities-and-lasted-into-the-21st-century-143144</ref> La majoritate del medicos que executava iste procedura lo considerava como le melior alternative. Illes affirmava que illo meliorarea lor situation financiari e le qualitate de vita de lor familias.<ref>Carpio, Myla (2004). "The Lost Generation: American Indian and Sterilization Abuse". Social Justice. 31 (4):50. JSTOR [http://www.jstor.org/stable/29768273 29768273].</ref> Multe de iste medicos credeva que le feminas native american non esseva sufficientemente intelligente pro usar altere methodos de controlo de natalitate, scribeva Jane Lawrence in American Indian Quarterly. Assi, sterilisar iste patientes esseva considerate como le methodo de controlo de natalitate le plus fidel. Quando medicos esseva interrogate super lor recommendationes a patientes in practica private, solmente 6% recommendava sterilisation, durante que 14% lo recommendarea a illas in assistentia social. E, 94% diceva que approvarea sterilisation compulsori pro un matre in assistentia social con tres o plus infantes. Con minus personas applicante pro Medicaid e assistentia social, le governamento federal poterea reducer le gastos in programas de assistentia. Feminas paupere, personas con disabilitates, e feminas de color esseva targetate pro rationes simile. In addition, le influxo de proceduras chirurgic esseva considerate como bon entrainamento pro medicos e como practica pro medicos residentes.<ref>http://heinonline.org/HOL/Page?handle=hein.journals/rrace6&div=11&g_sent=1</ref> Un theoria suggere que medicos del SSI esseva sub-pagate e superlaborate, e que illes sterilizava feminas indigene american pro haber minus labor in le futuro.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Archive copy |url=http://forzadas.pe/wp-content/uploads/2016/05/Ruteki_forced-sterilization-of-native-americans.pdf |accessdate=2019-11-04 |archivedate=2019-11-04 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20191104094531/http://forzadas.pe/wp-content/uploads/2016/05/Ruteki_forced-sterilization-of-native-americans.pdf }}</ref> Le salario medie de un nove recruta del IHS esseva inter $17,000 e $20,000 per anno e illes laborava circa 60 horas per septimana. In 1974, le ratio de medicos a pacientes esseva periculosemente basse, con "solmente un medico pro 1,700 indianos del reservation." Le problemas causate per un manco de medicos esseva exacerbate ulterioremente quando un programma pro recrutar medicos al servicio militar esseva terminate in 1976. Isto affectava directemente le SSI, quia illes recrutava multe de lor medicos del servicio militar. Inter 1971 e 1974, le applicationes pro positiones vacante in le SSI cadeva de 700 a 100 applicationes, significante que le onere de labor additional cadeva sur un numero sempre decrescente de medicos. Un distinction importante es inter medicos qui laborava directemente pro le Servicio de Sanitate Indigene e alteres qui realisava sterilisationes per un accordo contractual con le SSI. Pro medicos de SSI, il non habeva incentivo financiar pro realisar sterilisationes, e dunque altere considerationes probabilemente habeva un rolo primari. Medicos sub contracto esseva pagate plus quando illes sterilisava feminas in loco de dar les contraceptivos oral, rendente un incentivo financiar plus plausibile. Mesmo si il non habeva incentivo financiar pro le medicos de SSI pro recomendar sterilisation, como discusse anterior, sterilisation esseva vidite como le forma ideal de contraception pro patientes american indigene durante le annos 1960 e 1970. Medicos de SSI poneva emphase sur familias con un numero reducite de filios. Le contention que feminas american indigene desiderava le mesme structura familial como americanos blancos del classe medie adjutava a render possibile le abuso de sterilisation. Alcun motivos de sterilisation coercive de feminas indigene in le Statos Unite de America habe natura eugenic.<ref>http://journals.troy.edu/index.php/test/article/view/365</ref> Le sterilisation coercive del populos indigene esseva un instrumento del suprematia blanc statounitese desde le initio usque al presente.<ref>https://www.sierraclub.org/articles/2020/09/forced-sterilization-tool-violence-oppression-and-white-supremacy</ref> ==Effectos== Un effecto directe del sterilisation de feminas american indigene esseva le diminution del taxa de natalitate. In 1970, le taxa medie de natalitate del feminas native american esseva 3.29, ma illo descendeva a 1.30 in 1980. Le taxa de natalitate del feminas apache cadeva de 4.01 a 1.78. In comparation, le taxa medie de natalitate del feminas blanc cadeva de 2.42 a 2.14. Secundo alicun calculationes, al minus 25% del feminas native american inter le etates de 15 e 44 annos esseva sterilisate durante le periodo le plus intensive. Le feminas native perdeva potentia economic e politic perque illas non poter reproducer se al mesme taxa que lor homologes blanc. Un effecto potential es le accrescimento del risco del extinction del culturas native american. Le declinio del taxa de natalitate esseva un effecto quantificabile. Ma le sterilisation habeva effectos nonquantificabile sur multe feminas american indigene tamben. In alcun culturas american indigene, le fertilitate de un femina es multo valorate, lo que conduceva a consequentias psychologic e social a causa del sterilisation. Pro un femina, non poter haber infantes causarea vergonia, humiliation, e possibile condemnation de su tribo a causa de como le populos american indigene considera le maternitate. In 1977, le advocato Michael Zavalla presentava un action legal in le Stato de Washington post que tres feminas Cheyenne de Montana esseva sterilisate sin lor consentimento. Nonobstante, le feminas sterilisate remaneva anonym a causa de lor timor del repercussiones tribal. Como explicava Marie Sanchez, judice tribal chef pro le Reservation del Cheyenne Septentrional, "Lo que es ancora plus discoragiante que facturas legal grande es le risco de perder su position in le communitate indigene, ubi le sterilisation ha un particular resonance religiose." In alcun areas, le procedura de sterilisation non esseva sufficiente aseptic, resultante in complicationes. Quando complicationes surgeva, ulteriore tractamento medical esseva necessari, ma le fundos gubernamental solmente includeva le procedura mesme. Proque le majoritate del feminas non poteva pagar le tractamento medical subsequentemente, in multe casos illas non lo recipeva, e alcun moriva como resultato. Marie Sanchez equiparava le sterilisation massive del indigenes in le Statos Unite de America al genocidio. A causa del sterilisation fortiabile, le feminas e homines native american non confida plenmente al governamento del Statos Unite de America e remane sceptic super le technologias contraceptive. Isto ha etiam contribuite a le [[Americanisation per fortia de americanos indigene|assimilation cultural coercive]].<ref>{{En}} http://campuspress.yale.edu/yjml/2023/11/07/forced-and-coercive-sterilization-of-native-american-women-eugenics-and-the-family-planning-services-and-population-research-act-1970-1976/</ref> Le sterilisation fortiate es ancora legal al nivello federal, in trenta-un statos e le Districto de Columbia.<ref>http://amchp.org/2022/09/01/reflecting-on-ama-the-untold-story-of-the-sterilization-of-thousands-of-indigenous-women-at-the-hands-of-the-u-s-government/</ref> Durante le 21e seculo, le feminas statosuniteamerican indigene ancora suffre de taxas de sterilisation plus alte que altere racias in le pais.<ref>http://doi.org/10.1108/iphee-01-2024-0003</ref> Le violationes del derectos reproductiv continua a occurrer in contextos governamental, specialmente con populationes marginalisate – como feminas indigene e feminas migrante.<ref>http://www.theguardian.com/us-news/2020/sep/21/unwanted-hysterectomy-allegations-ice-georgia-immigration</ref> Le nazistas studiava le sterilisation fortiate de feminas indigene del Statos Unite de America como un inspiration por lor proprie actiones.<ref>http://www.dailykos.com/stories/2023/9/9/2190779/--This-Week-In-The-War-On-Women-Forced-sterilization-as-racism-colonialism-classism-amp-misogyny</ref> Le tribos in le SUA perdeva potentia politic a causa de decrescentia de numeros de indigenes.<ref>http://daily.jstor.org/the-little-known-history-of-the-forced-sterilization-of-native-american-women/</ref> Le historia del eugenica al populationes indigene face vulnerabile a sterilisation le feminas immigrante al Statos Unite de America.<ref>http://www.washingtonpost.com/outlook/2020/09/20/history-eugenics-us-has-made-migrant-women-vulnerable/</ref> ==Vide etiam== *[[Walter Plecker]]<ref name="Eugenical Sterilization Act 1924"/> *[[Eugenical Sterilization Act 1924]]<ref name="Eugenical Sterilization Act 1924">http://www.washingtonpost.com/local/how-a-long-dead-white-supremacist-still-threatens-the-future-of-virginias-indian-tribes/2015/06/30/81be95f8-0fa4-11e5-adec-e82f8395c032_story.html</ref> ==Referentias== {{Reflist}} qbjs4rf6bqaulh5pc5c3ic4d60wx1kb 679840 679839 2025-06-06T18:09:30Z Invasive Spices 54287 Ha edite [[WP:Como formatar texto]]. 679840 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:Pamphlet for Sterilization.jpg|thumb|499x499px|Isto esseva un pamphlet create per le Departmento de Sanitate, Education e Benesser (SEB) pro incitar feminas indigene a haber minus infantes – le sinistra monstrava como le parentes esserea ante adoptar le practicas de planification familiar promovite (fatigate e con recursos pauc) – e le dextra postea (felice e ric).]] Multe '''feminas indigene''' ha essite '''sterilisate coercemente''' in le '''Statos Unite de America'''. Multe casos occureva in le 1960s e 1970s, e in multe casos sin le consentimento libere e informate del pacientes.<ref>http://doi.org/10.1016/j.whi.2015.10.002</ref> In alcun casos, feminas esseva inducite a creder que le procedura de sterilisation esseva reversibile. Isto eveni a pueras tanto juvene 11 annos.<ref>http://doi.org/10.1353/wic.0.0053 "Sterilization Racism and Pan-Ethnic Disparities of the Past Decade: The Continued Encroachment on Reproductive Rights".</ref> Un factor aggravante esseva le tendentia del doctores a recommendar le sterilisation a feminas povre e de minoritates. Illes non haberea facite isto sur un patiente blanc e plus ric. Intra iste instantias, altere casos de abuso ha essite documentate etiam. Isto include casos quando le providores de salute non diceva al feminas que illas esserea sterilisate, o altere formas de coercion como menaciar de retirar lor benesser o sanitate." Sequente le methodos abusive, le communitate medical sovente faceva un effortio pro mascar lor tacticas coercive.<ref>http://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/1295649/</ref> Isto esseva un practica controversiate. Le governamento del SUA ha executate sterilisationes sin le consentimento plen e informate de multe feminas. In alcun casos, le feminas esseva persuade que le procedura esseva reversibile, o mesmo executate sin lor conscientia. Isto ha resultate in un critica forte e effortios pro proteger le derectos reproductive de iste communitates. In 1976, quatro areas del Servicio de Sanitate Indigene (SSI) non accedava le politicas del SSI regulante le consentimento pro sterilisation. Formas de consentimento inadequate esseva un problema recurrente; le forma le plus commun non recordava si le elementos de consentimento informate habeva essite presentate al patiente o lo que illes habeva essite dicite ante obtener le consentimento, e le incomprension del regulationes del SSI per medicos esseva diffundite. Iste quatro areas de servicio sterilisava 3.406 feminas inter le annos 1973 e 1976, includente 36 casos ubi feminas sub le etate de 21 annos esseva sterilisate malgrado un moratorio declarate sur iste sterilisationes. Il ha pauc evidentia a supportar un numero plus alte que 3.406.<ref>http://www.annualreviews.org/doi/10.1146/annurev-genom-090314-024930</ref> Le limitationes del investigation de 1976 per le GAO esseva rapidemente notate. Mesmo si 3.406 sterilisationes representa un proportion surprendente de feminas american indigene, iste numero proveniva de un reporto que examinava solmente quatro de dece-duo areas del SSI. Le tentativas de calcular le numero total de sterilisationes que occurreva durante iste periodo varia largemente in lor resultatos. Durante que iste conto limitate representa un minimum, studios ha accusate le SSI de haber sterilisate inter 25-50% del feminas native american inter 1970 a 1976. In alcun reservationes indigene, 80% de feminas esseva sterilisate.<ref>http://www.historyworkshop.org.uk/anti-racism/involuntary-sterilization/</ref> Si le estimate maxime alte es accurate, usque a 70.000 feminas poteva haber essite sterilisate durante iste periodo. In comparation, le taxa de sterilisation pro feminas blancas durante le mesme periodo esseva approximate 15%. ==Typos== Histerectomias e ligation tubal esseva le duo methodos principal. Iste operation esseva usate routinemente pro sterilisar feminas indigene durante le annos 1960 e 1970 in le Statos Unite de America. Un altere forma commun de sterilisation esseva le ligatura tubal, un procedura de sterilisation in le qual le tubos de Falloppio de un femina es ligate, blocate, o sectionate. Pro multe feminas, iste proceduras esseva facite sin consentimento, resultante in alcunes que se approchava subsequentemente a medicos pro proceduras como "transplantar de utero". In 1971, Dr. James Ryan declarava que ille preferiva histerectomias super ligaturas tubal, quia "es un plus grande desafio... e es [un] bon experientia pro le residentes junior". Iste es suggestive del attitude que le medicos SSI habeva verso lor patientes, proque histerectomias ha un ratio multo plus alte de complicationes. Alcun formas de controlo de natalitate altere que le sterilisation esseva a vices usate, includente Depo-Provera e Norplant. Ambe es contraceptives feminin. Le prime implica reciper un injection cata tres menses, durante que le secunde, un methodo que non es plus usate in le Statos Unite de America, requireva le implantation de capsulas plen de hormones sub le pelle. Depo-Provera esseva usate con feminas native american con disabilitate intellectual ante que ille recipeva le approbation del FDA in 1992. Norplant, promovite per le SSI, esseva commercialisate per Wyeth Pharmaceuticals (qui esseva processate pro revelation insufficiente de effectos secundari – includente sanguination menstrual irregular, dolores de capite, nausea e depression). Le effectos secundari de iste duo formas de controlo de natalitate includeva le cessation del cyclo menstrual e sanguination excessive. Secundo datos de 2002 inter feminas qui usava contraception, le methodos le plus commun inter feminas american native e alaskan native in le urbano, de etate 15–44 annos esseva sterilisation feminin (34%), pilulas contraceptive oral (21%), e preservativos masculine (21%). Al contrario, inter blancos urbane non-hispanic, le methodos le plus commun esseva pilulas contraceptive oral (36%), sterilisation feminin (20%) e preservativos masculine (18%). Hodie, ben que le Servicio de Sanitate Indian continua usar sterilisation como methodo de planification familiar, ligatura tubar e vasectomia, que es un procedura de sterilisation masculine, es le sol proceduras que pote esser executate con le scopo primari de sterilisation. Legalmente, hodie le IHS require que le patienta da su consentimento informate al operation, que illa ha 21 annos o plus vetule, e que illa non sia institutionalisate in un establimento correctional o de sanitate mental. Appendicitis esseva usate como un pretexto pro alcun sterilisations coperate. ==Historia== Le doctrina «''[[Domestic dependent nations|{{Lingua|en|Domestic dependent nations}}]]''» ha formate un base pro isto desde le initio.<ref> :http://heinonline.org/hol-cgi-bin/get_pdf.cgi?handle=hein.journals/nebklr100&section=35 : :http://digitalcommons.unl.edu/nlr/vol100/iss4/8/ </ref> Sterilisation esseva considerate como un practica quotidian por le feminas indigene in le Statos Unite de America in le 1960s e 70s.<ref>http://doi.org/10.1007/BF02695147</ref> Le feminas indigene non esseva le sol individuos subjecte a sterilisation fortiate; feminas nigre e paupere esseva etiam affectate per iste practicas. Le practica de sterilisation eugenic sur feminas indigene derivava del scriptos de Francis Galton super usar le genetica pro meliorar le racia human, e deveniva popular parallel al enactamento de multe leges simile in plure statos in le initio del 1900s. In 1927, le caso del Corte Supreme ''[[Buck v. Bell]]'' confirmava un lege de sterilisation compulsori in Virginia. Le caso involveva tres generationes de feminas in le familia Buck: Emma, Carrie e Vivian. Advocatos del movimento eugenic examinava generationes multe de feminas del familia Buck. Illes sperava convincer le Corte que Carrie Buck habeva deficientias intellectual que esseva hereditari e un periculo pro le benesser public. Illes succedeva, e Carrie Buck era sterilisate. Le decision de Oliver Wendell Holmes declarava: :"{{Lingua|en|it is better for all the world if instead of waiting to execute degenerate offspring for crime, or to let them starve for their imbecility, society can prevent those who are manifestly unfit from continuing their kind. The principle that sanctions compulsory vaccination is broad enough to cover cutting the Fallopian tubes.}}" :in {{Lingua|ia}} "{{Lingua|ia|Il es melior pro toto le mundo si, in loco de attender executar pro crimine descendentes degenerate, o lassar los morir de fame pro lor imbecillitate, le societate pote prevenir que illes qui es manifestemente non capace de continuar lor specie. Le principio que sanctiona le vaccination compulsori es bastante ample pro includer le taliar del tubas de Fallopio.}}" Buck v. Bell habeva le effecto de legitimar leges existente, resultando in un acceptation plus grande del practica.<ref>http://www.amazon.com/Three-Generations-No-Imbeciles-Eugenics/dp/0801898242</ref> Durante le annos 1960 e 70, quando le practicas de sterilisation augmentava, il non existeva legislation que los prohibiva e los era vidite como un forma usabile de contraception. Per le annos 1950, un majoritate grande de feminas native parturiva in hospitales – esseva a rata que quasi le rata de feminas blanca statosuniteamerican.<ref>http://time.com/5737080/native-american-sterilization-history/</ref> Per le annos 1950, le majoritate de parentes de infantes parturi recipeva cura del Servicio de Sanitate Indigene.<ref>http://crushingcolonialism.org/echoes-of-a-dark-history-reproductive-injustice-and-eugenics-in-the-united-states/</ref> Que le governamento faceva isto al indigenes in le annos 1970 es ironic, proque 1973 esseva le anno de la decision Roe v. Wade.<ref>http://bpr.studentorg.berkeley.edu/2020/11/04/americas-forgotten-history-of-forced-sterilization/</ref> In le annos 1970, intra 100.000 a 150.000 personas esseva sterilisate cata anno usante moneta de programmas financiate federalmente.<ref>Lawrence, Jane (2000). "The Indian Health Service and the Sterilization of Native American Women".</ref> Le Family Planning Services and Population Research Act de 1970 subsidiva sterilisationes pro patientes del Servicio de Sanitate Indigene.<ref>http://www.kff.org/how-history-has-shaped-racial-and-ethnic-health-disparities-a-timeline-of-policies-and-events/#1900-to-1929-american-eugenics-and-the-forced-sterilization-of-women-of-color-and-low-income-women</ref> Sterilisation coercive per le governamento del SUA es ironic perque le feminas indigene ha non esseva permitter altere servicios de sanitate in alteres situations.<ref>http://heinonline.org/hol-cgi-bin/get_pdf.cgi?handle=hein.journals/wiswo25&section=12</ref> Feminas indigene de Arizona, Utah e Nove Mexico ha essite sterilisate coercemente.<ref>http://www.bbc.com/mundo/noticias-47045352</ref> Eugenicistas sterilisava disproportionatemente le indigenes american.<ref>http://www.genome.gov/about-genomics/fact-sheets/Eugenics-and-Scientific-Racism</ref> Le sterilisation coercive de feminas indigene american remane ancora un methodo de controlo e deshumanisation hodie.<ref>http://www.historyworkshop.org.uk/anti-racism/involuntary-sterilization/</ref> Le governo del SUA supportava isto, e multe medicos credeva que sterilisar le indigenes faceva un ben pro le societate, basate super le supremacismo blanc e ideologias eugenic.<ref>http://www.futurity.org/sterilizations-native-american-women-2192722-2/</ref> Le puncto culmine del sterilisation coercive de feminas indigene in le Statos Unite de America arrivava in le medio del vintesime seculo.<ref>http://www.theguardian.com/us-news/2022/may/19/roe-v-wade-indigenous-women-increase-violence</ref> ==Motivos== Le feminas american indigene non esseva le solos subjecte a sterilisationes coercive; feminas de descendita african o paupere esseva tamben affectate per iste practicas. In le annos 1970, le governamento del Statos Unite obligava multe americanos indigene a continuar a viver in reservationes. Illes etiam esseva relocate in areas urban sin sufficiente supporto. Como consequentia, multe americanos indigene suffreva de paupertate. Le populo native american dependeva de organisationes governamental como le SSI, le Departmento de Sanitate, Education e Benesser (HEW) e le Bureau de Affaires Indigene (BAI). Le Servicio de Sanitate Indigene (SSI) esseva lor fornitor principal. Proque le americanos indigene dependeva de iste organisationes governamental pro servicios de sanitate, illes esseva plus in periculo de sterilisation fortiate que altere gruppos. Agitation concernente superpopulation – intra alteres e populos indigene – causava le enactamento del Family Planning Services and Population Research Act (Title X).<ref>http://www.yalejournalmedlaw.com/examinations/meera-vashisht-forced-and-coercive-sterilization-of-native-american-women-eugenics-and-the-family-planning-services-and-population-research-act-1970-1976</ref> Sex annos post le adoption del Population Research Act of 1970, on estima que medicos sterilisava forsan 25% del feminas native american de etate pro procrear. Evidentia suggere que le numeros esseva plus alte.<ref>http://time.com/5737080/native-american-sterilization-history/</ref> Iste alte numeros poterea esser ligate al lege que subsidiva sterilisationes pro patientes que usava le Servicio de Sanitate Indigene e patientes de Medicaid.<ref>http://theconversation.com/forced-sterilization-policies-in-the-us-targeted-minorities-and-those-with-disabilities-and-lasted-into-the-21st-century-143144</ref> La majoritate del medicos que executava iste procedura lo considerava como le melior alternative. Illes affirmava que illo meliorarea lor situation financiari e le qualitate de vita de lor familias.<ref>Carpio, Myla (2004). "The Lost Generation: American Indian and Sterilization Abuse". Social Justice. 31 (4):50. JSTOR [http://www.jstor.org/stable/29768273 29768273].</ref> Multe de iste medicos credeva que le feminas native american non esseva sufficientemente intelligente pro usar altere methodos de controlo de natalitate, scribeva Jane Lawrence in American Indian Quarterly. Assi, sterilisar iste patientes esseva considerate como le methodo de controlo de natalitate le plus fidel. Quando medicos esseva interrogate super lor recommendationes a patientes in practica private, solmente 6% recommendava sterilisation, durante que 14% lo recommendarea a illas in assistentia social. E, 94% diceva que approvarea sterilisation compulsori pro un matre in assistentia social con tres o plus infantes. Con minus personas applicante pro Medicaid e assistentia social, le governamento federal poterea reducer le gastos in programas de assistentia. Feminas paupere, personas con disabilitates, e feminas de color esseva targetate pro rationes simile. In addition, le influxo de proceduras chirurgic esseva considerate como bon entrainamento pro medicos e como practica pro medicos residentes.<ref>http://heinonline.org/HOL/Page?handle=hein.journals/rrace6&div=11&g_sent=1</ref> Un theoria suggere que medicos del SSI esseva sub-pagate e superlaborate, e que illes sterilizava feminas indigene american pro haber minus labor in le futuro.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Archive copy |url=http://forzadas.pe/wp-content/uploads/2016/05/Ruteki_forced-sterilization-of-native-americans.pdf |accessdate=2019-11-04 |archivedate=2019-11-04 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20191104094531/http://forzadas.pe/wp-content/uploads/2016/05/Ruteki_forced-sterilization-of-native-americans.pdf }}</ref> Le salario medie de un nove recruta del IHS esseva inter $17,000 e $20,000 per anno e illes laborava circa 60 horas per septimana. In 1974, le ratio de medicos a pacientes esseva periculosemente basse, con "solmente un medico pro 1,700 indianos del reservation." Le problemas causate per un manco de medicos esseva exacerbate ulterioremente quando un programma pro recrutar medicos al servicio militar esseva terminate in 1976. Isto affectava directemente le SSI, quia illes recrutava multe de lor medicos del servicio militar. Inter 1971 e 1974, le applicationes pro positiones vacante in le SSI cadeva de 700 a 100 applicationes, significante que le onere de labor additional cadeva sur un numero sempre decrescente de medicos. Un distinction importante es inter medicos qui laborava directemente pro le Servicio de Sanitate Indigene e alteres qui realisava sterilisationes per un accordo contractual con le SSI. Pro medicos de SSI, il non habeva incentivo financiar pro realisar sterilisationes, e dunque altere considerationes probabilemente habeva un rolo primari. Medicos sub contracto esseva pagate plus quando illes sterilisava feminas in loco de dar les contraceptivos oral, rendente un incentivo financiar plus plausibile. Mesmo si il non habeva incentivo financiar pro le medicos de SSI pro recomendar sterilisation, como discusse anterior, sterilisation esseva vidite como le forma ideal de contraception pro patientes american indigene durante le annos 1960 e 1970. Medicos de SSI poneva emphase sur familias con un numero reducite de filios. Le contention que feminas american indigene desiderava le mesme structura familial como americanos blancos del classe medie adjutava a render possibile le abuso de sterilisation. Alcun motivos de sterilisation coercive de feminas indigene in le Statos Unite de America habe natura eugenic.<ref>http://journals.troy.edu/index.php/test/article/view/365</ref> Le sterilisation coercive del populos indigene esseva un instrumento del suprematia blanc statounitese desde le initio usque al presente.<ref>https://www.sierraclub.org/articles/2020/09/forced-sterilization-tool-violence-oppression-and-white-supremacy</ref> ==Effectos== Un effecto directe del sterilisation de feminas american indigene esseva le diminution del taxa de natalitate. In 1970, le taxa medie de natalitate del feminas native american esseva 3.29, ma illo descendeva a 1.30 in 1980. Le taxa de natalitate del feminas apache cadeva de 4.01 a 1.78. In comparation, le taxa medie de natalitate del feminas blanc cadeva de 2.42 a 2.14. Secundo alicun calculationes, al minus 25% del feminas native american inter le etates de 15 e 44 annos esseva sterilisate durante le periodo le plus intensive. Le feminas native perdeva potentia economic e politic perque illas non poter reproducer se al mesme taxa que lor homologes blanc. Un effecto potential es le accrescimento del risco del extinction del culturas native american. Le declinio del taxa de natalitate esseva un effecto quantificabile. Ma le sterilisation habeva effectos nonquantificabile sur multe feminas american indigene tamben. In alcun culturas american indigene, le fertilitate de un femina es multo valorate, lo que conduceva a consequentias psychologic e social a causa del sterilisation. Pro un femina, non poter haber infantes causarea vergonia, humiliation, e possibile condemnation de su tribo a causa de como le populos american indigene considera le maternitate. In 1977, le advocato Michael Zavalla presentava un action legal in le Stato de Washington post que tres feminas Cheyenne de Montana esseva sterilisate sin lor consentimento. Nonobstante, le feminas sterilisate remaneva anonym a causa de lor timor del repercussiones tribal. Como explicava Marie Sanchez, judice tribal chef pro le Reservation del Cheyenne Septentrional, "Lo que es ancora plus discoragiante que facturas legal grande es le risco de perder su position in le communitate indigene, ubi le sterilisation ha un particular resonance religiose." In alcun areas, le procedura de sterilisation non esseva sufficiente aseptic, resultante in complicationes. Quando complicationes surgeva, ulteriore tractamento medical esseva necessari, ma le fundos gubernamental solmente includeva le procedura mesme. Proque le majoritate del feminas non poteva pagar le tractamento medical subsequentemente, in multe casos illas non lo recipeva, e alcun moriva como resultato. Marie Sanchez equiparava le sterilisation massive del indigenes in le Statos Unite de America al genocidio. A causa del sterilisation fortiabile, le feminas e homines native american non confida plenmente al governamento del Statos Unite de America e remane sceptic super le technologias contraceptive. Isto ha etiam contribuite a le [[Americanisation per fortia de americanos indigene|assimilation cultural coercive]].<ref>{{En}} http://campuspress.yale.edu/yjml/2023/11/07/forced-and-coercive-sterilization-of-native-american-women-eugenics-and-the-family-planning-services-and-population-research-act-1970-1976/</ref> Le sterilisation fortiate es ancora legal al nivello federal, in trenta-un statos e le Districto de Columbia.<ref>http://amchp.org/2022/09/01/reflecting-on-ama-the-untold-story-of-the-sterilization-of-thousands-of-indigenous-women-at-the-hands-of-the-u-s-government/</ref> Durante le 21e seculo, le feminas statosuniteamerican indigene ancora suffre de taxas de sterilisation plus alte que altere racias in le pais.<ref>http://doi.org/10.1108/iphee-01-2024-0003</ref> Le violationes del derectos reproductiv continua a occurrer in contextos governamental, specialmente con populationes marginalisate – como feminas indigene e feminas migrante.<ref>http://www.theguardian.com/us-news/2020/sep/21/unwanted-hysterectomy-allegations-ice-georgia-immigration</ref> Le nazistas studiava le sterilisation fortiate de feminas indigene del Statos Unite de America como un inspiration por lor proprie actiones.<ref>http://www.dailykos.com/stories/2023/9/9/2190779/--This-Week-In-The-War-On-Women-Forced-sterilization-as-racism-colonialism-classism-amp-misogyny</ref> Le tribos in le SUA perdeva potentia politic a causa de decrescentia de numeros de indigenes.<ref>http://daily.jstor.org/the-little-known-history-of-the-forced-sterilization-of-native-american-women/</ref> Le historia del eugenica al populationes indigene face vulnerabile a sterilisation le feminas immigrante al Statos Unite de America.<ref>http://www.washingtonpost.com/outlook/2020/09/20/history-eugenics-us-has-made-migrant-women-vulnerable/</ref> ==Vide etiam== *[[Walter Plecker]]<ref name="Eugenical Sterilization Act 1924"/> *[[Eugenical Sterilization Act 1924]]<ref name="Eugenical Sterilization Act 1924">http://www.washingtonpost.com/local/how-a-long-dead-white-supremacist-still-threatens-the-future-of-virginias-indian-tribes/2015/06/30/81be95f8-0fa4-11e5-adec-e82f8395c032_story.html</ref> ==Referentias== {{Reflist}} jnzbxiyp6w3l6nu1zyljav6hk8uyuuk 679848 679840 2025-06-06T19:18:53Z Invasive Spices 54287 Ha edite [[WP:Como formatar texto]]. 679848 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:Pamphlet for Sterilization.jpg|thumb|499x499px|Isto esseva un pamphlet create per le Departmento de Sanitate, Education e Benesser (SEB) pro incitar feminas indigene a haber minus infantes – le sinistra monstrava como le parentes esserea ante adoptar le practicas de planification familiar promovite (fatigate e con recursos pauc) – e le dextra postea (felice e ric).]] Multe '''feminas indigene''' ha essite '''sterilisate coercemente''' in le '''Statos Unite de America'''. Multe casos occureva in le 1960s e 1970s, e in multe casos sin le consentimento libere e informate del pacientes.<ref>http://doi.org/10.1016/j.whi.2015.10.002</ref> In alcun casos, feminas esseva inducite a creder que le procedura de sterilisation esseva reversibile. Isto eveni a pueras tanto juvene 11 annos.<ref>http://doi.org/10.1353/wic.0.0053 "Sterilization Racism and Pan-Ethnic Disparities of the Past Decade: The Continued Encroachment on Reproductive Rights".</ref> Un factor aggravante esseva le tendentia del doctores a recommendar le sterilisation a feminas povre e de minoritates. Illes non haberea facite isto sur un patiente blanc e plus ric. Intra iste instantias, altere casos de abuso ha essite documentate etiam. Isto include casos quando le providores de salute non diceva al feminas que illas esserea sterilisate, o altere formas de coercion como menaciar de retirar lor benesser o sanitate." Sequente le methodos abusive, le communitate medical sovente faceva un effortio pro mascar lor tacticas coercive.<ref>http://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/1295649/</ref> Isto esseva un practica controversiate. Le governamento del SUA ha executate sterilisationes sin le consentimento plen e informate de multe feminas. In alcun casos, le feminas esseva persuade que le procedura esseva reversibile, o mesmo executate sin lor conscientia. Isto ha resultate in un critica forte e effortios pro proteger le derectos reproductive de iste communitates. In 1976, quatro areas del Servicio de Sanitate Indigene (SSI) non accedava le politicas del SSI regulante le consentimento pro sterilisation. Formas de consentimento inadequate esseva un problema recurrente; le forma le plus commun non recordava si le elementos de consentimento informate habeva essite presentate al patiente o lo que illes habeva essite dicite ante obtener le consentimento, e le incomprension del regulationes del SSI per medicos esseva diffundite. Iste quatro areas de servicio sterilisava 3.406 feminas inter le annos 1973 e 1976, includente 36 casos ubi feminas sub le etate de 21 annos esseva sterilisate malgrado un moratorio declarate sur iste sterilisationes. Il ha pauc evidentia a supportar un numero plus alte que 3.406.<ref>http://www.annualreviews.org/doi/10.1146/annurev-genom-090314-024930</ref> Le limitationes del investigation de 1976 per le GAO esseva rapidemente notate. Mesmo si 3.406 sterilisationes representa un proportion surprendente de feminas american indigene, iste numero proveniva de un reporto que examinava solmente quatro de dece-duo areas del SSI. Le tentativas de calcular le numero total de sterilisationes que occurreva durante iste periodo varia largemente in lor resultatos. Durante que iste conto limitate representa un minimum, studios ha accusate le SSI de haber sterilisate inter 25-50% del feminas native american inter 1970 a 1976. In alcun reservationes indigene, 80% de feminas esseva sterilisate.<ref>http://www.historyworkshop.org.uk/anti-racism/involuntary-sterilization/</ref> Si le estimate maxime alte es accurate, usque a 70.000 feminas poteva haber essite sterilisate durante iste periodo. In comparation, le taxa de sterilisation pro feminas blancas durante le mesme periodo esseva approximate 15%. ==Typos== Histerectomias e ligation tubal esseva le duo methodos principal. Iste operation esseva usate routinemente pro sterilisar feminas indigene durante le annos 1960 e 1970 in le Statos Unite de America. Un altere forma commun de sterilisation esseva le ligatura tubal, un procedura de sterilisation in le qual le tubos de Falloppio de un femina es ligate, blocate, o sectionate. Pro multe feminas, iste proceduras esseva facite sin consentimento, resultante in alcunes que se approchava subsequentemente a medicos pro proceduras como "transplantar de utero". In 1971, Dr. James Ryan declarava que ille preferiva histerectomias super ligaturas tubal, quia "es un plus grande desafio... e es [un] bon experientia pro le residentes junior". Iste es suggestive del attitude que le medicos SSI habeva verso lor patientes, proque histerectomias ha un ratio multo plus alte de complicationes. Alcun formas de controlo de natalitate altere que le sterilisation esseva a vices usate, includente Depo-Provera e Norplant. Ambe es contraceptives feminin. Le prime implica reciper un injection cata tres menses, durante que le secunde, un methodo que non es plus usate in le Statos Unite de America, requireva le implantation de capsulas plen de hormones sub le pelle. Depo-Provera esseva usate con feminas native american con disabilitate intellectual ante que ille recipeva le approbation del FDA in 1992. Norplant, promovite per le SSI, esseva commercialisate per Wyeth Pharmaceuticals (qui esseva processate pro revelation insufficiente de effectos secundari – includente sanguination menstrual irregular, dolores de capite, nausea e depression). Le effectos secundari de iste duo formas de controlo de natalitate includeva le cessation del cyclo menstrual e sanguination excessive. Secundo datos de 2002 inter feminas qui usava contraception, le methodos le plus commun inter feminas american native e alaskan native in le urbano, de etate 15–44 annos esseva sterilisation feminin (34%), pilulas contraceptive oral (21%), e preservativos masculine (21%). Al contrario, inter blancos urbane non-hispanic, le methodos le plus commun esseva pilulas contraceptive oral (36%), sterilisation feminin (20%) e preservativos masculine (18%). Hodie, ben que le Servicio de Sanitate Indian continua usar sterilisation como methodo de planification familiar, ligatura tubar e vasectomia, que es un procedura de sterilisation masculine, es le sol proceduras que pote esser executate con le scopo primari de sterilisation. Legalmente, hodie le IHS require que le patienta da su consentimento informate al operation, que illa ha 21 annos o plus vetule, e que illa non sia institutionalisate in un establimento correctional o de sanitate mental. Appendicitis esseva usate como un pretexto pro alcun sterilisations coperate. ==Historia== Le doctrina «''[[Domestic dependent nations|{{Lingua|en|Domestic dependent nations}}]]''» ha formate un base pro isto desde le initio.<ref> :http://heinonline.org/hol-cgi-bin/get_pdf.cgi?handle=hein.journals/nebklr100&section=35 : :http://digitalcommons.unl.edu/nlr/vol100/iss4/8/ </ref> Sterilisation esseva considerate como un practica quotidian por le feminas indigene in le Statos Unite de America in le 1960s e 70s.<ref>http://doi.org/10.1007/BF02695147</ref> Le feminas indigene non esseva le sol individuos subjecte a sterilisation fortiate; feminas nigre e paupere esseva etiam affectate per iste practicas. Le practica de sterilisation eugenic sur feminas indigene derivava del scriptos de Francis Galton super usar le genetica pro meliorar le racia human, e deveniva popular parallel al enactamento de multe leges simile in plure statos in le initio del 1900s. In 1927, le caso del Corte Supreme ''[[Buck v. Bell]]'' confirmava un lege de sterilisation compulsori in Virginia. Le caso involveva tres generationes de feminas in le familia Buck: Emma, Carrie e Vivian. Advocatos del movimento eugenic examinava generationes multe de feminas del familia Buck. Illes sperava convincer le Corte que Carrie Buck habeva deficientias intellectual que esseva hereditari e un periculo pro le benesser public. Illes succedeva, e Carrie Buck era sterilisate. Le decision de Oliver Wendell Holmes declarava: :"{{Lingua|en|it is better for all the world if instead of waiting to execute degenerate offspring for crime, or to let them starve for their imbecility, society can prevent those who are manifestly unfit from continuing their kind. The principle that sanctions compulsory vaccination is broad enough to cover cutting the Fallopian tubes.}}" :in {{Lingua|ia}} "{{Lingua|ia|Il es melior pro toto le mundo si, in loco de attender executar pro crimine descendentes degenerate, o lassar los morir de fame pro lor imbecillitate, le societate pote prevenir que illes qui es manifestemente non capace de continuar lor specie. Le principio que sanctiona le vaccination compulsori es bastante ample pro includer le taliar del tubas de Fallopio.}}" Buck v. Bell habeva le effecto de legitimar leges existente, resultando in un acceptation plus grande del practica.<ref>http://www.amazon.com/Three-Generations-No-Imbeciles-Eugenics/dp/0801898242</ref> Durante le annos 1960 e 70, quando le practicas de sterilisation augmentava, il non existeva legislation que los prohibiva e los era vidite como un forma usabile de contraception. Per le annos 1950, un majoritate grande de feminas native parturiva in hospitales – esseva a rata que quasi le rata de feminas blanca statosuniteamerican.<ref>http://time.com/5737080/native-american-sterilization-history/</ref> Per le annos 1950, le majoritate de parentes de infantes parturi recipeva cura del Servicio de Sanitate Indigene.<ref>http://crushingcolonialism.org/echoes-of-a-dark-history-reproductive-injustice-and-eugenics-in-the-united-states/</ref> Que le governamento faceva isto al indigenes in le annos 1970 es ironic, proque 1973 esseva le anno de la decision Roe v. Wade.<ref>http://bpr.studentorg.berkeley.edu/2020/11/04/americas-forgotten-history-of-forced-sterilization/</ref> In le annos 1970, intra 100.000 a 150.000 personas esseva sterilisate cata anno usante moneta de programmas financiate federalmente.<ref>Lawrence, Jane (2000). "The Indian Health Service and the Sterilization of Native American Women".</ref> Le Family Planning Services and Population Research Act de 1970 subsidiva sterilisationes pro patientes del Servicio de Sanitate Indigene.<ref>http://www.kff.org/how-history-has-shaped-racial-and-ethnic-health-disparities-a-timeline-of-policies-and-events/#1900-to-1929-american-eugenics-and-the-forced-sterilization-of-women-of-color-and-low-income-women</ref> Sterilisation coercive per le governamento del SUA es ironic perque le feminas indigene ha non esseva permitter altere servicios de sanitate in alteres situations.<ref>http://heinonline.org/hol-cgi-bin/get_pdf.cgi?handle=hein.journals/wiswo25&section=12</ref> Feminas indigene de Arizona, Utah e Nove Mexico ha essite sterilisate coercemente.<ref>http://www.bbc.com/mundo/noticias-47045352</ref> Eugenicistas sterilisava disproportionatemente le indigenes american.<ref>http://www.genome.gov/about-genomics/fact-sheets/Eugenics-and-Scientific-Racism</ref> Le sterilisation coercive de feminas indigene american remane ancora un methodo de controlo e deshumanisation hodie.<ref>http://www.historyworkshop.org.uk/anti-racism/involuntary-sterilization/</ref> Le governo del SUA supportava isto, e multe medicos credeva que sterilisar le indigenes faceva un ben pro le societate, basate super le supremacismo blanc e ideologias eugenic.<ref>http://www.futurity.org/sterilizations-native-american-women-2192722-2/</ref> Le puncto culmine del sterilisation coercive de feminas indigene in le Statos Unite de America arrivava in le medio del vintesime seculo.<ref>http://www.theguardian.com/us-news/2022/may/19/roe-v-wade-indigenous-women-increase-violence</ref> ==Motivos== Le feminas american indigene non esseva le solos subjecte a sterilisationes coercive; feminas de descendita african o paupere esseva tamben affectate per iste practicas. In le annos 1970, le governamento del Statos Unite obligava multe americanos indigene a continuar a viver in reservationes. Illes etiam esseva relocate in areas urban sin sufficiente supporto. Como consequentia, multe americanos indigene suffreva de paupertate. Le populo native american dependeva de organisationes governamental como le SSI, le Departmento de Sanitate, Education e Benesser (HEW) e le Bureau de Affaires Indigene (BAI). Le Servicio de Sanitate Indigene (SSI) esseva lor fornitor principal. Proque le americanos indigene dependeva de iste organisationes governamental pro servicios de sanitate, illes esseva plus in periculo de sterilisation fortiate que altere gruppos. Agitation concernente superpopulation – intra alteres e populos indigene – causava le enactamento del Family Planning Services and Population Research Act (Title X).<ref>http://www.yalejournalmedlaw.com/examinations/meera-vashisht-forced-and-coercive-sterilization-of-native-american-women-eugenics-and-the-family-planning-services-and-population-research-act-1970-1976</ref> Sex annos post le adoption del Population Research Act of 1970, on estima que medicos sterilisava forsan 25% del feminas native american de etate de procrear. Evidentia suggere que le numeros esseva plus alte.<ref>http://time.com/5737080/native-american-sterilization-history/</ref> Iste alte numeros poterea esser ligate al lege que subsidiva sterilisationes pro patientes que usava le Servicio de Sanitate Indigene e patientes de Medicaid.<ref>http://theconversation.com/forced-sterilization-policies-in-the-us-targeted-minorities-and-those-with-disabilities-and-lasted-into-the-21st-century-143144</ref> La majoritate del medicos que executava iste procedura lo considerava como le melior alternative. Illes affirmava que illo meliorarea lor situation financiari e le qualitate de vita de lor familias.<ref>Carpio, Myla (2004). "The Lost Generation: American Indian and Sterilization Abuse". Social Justice. 31 (4):50. JSTOR [http://www.jstor.org/stable/29768273 29768273].</ref> Multe de iste medicos credeva que le feminas native american non esseva sufficientemente intelligente pro usar altere methodos de controlo de natalitate, scribeva Jane Lawrence in American Indian Quarterly. Assi, sterilisar iste patientes esseva considerate como le methodo de controlo de natalitate le plus fidel. Quando medicos esseva interrogate super lor recommendationes a patientes in practica private, solmente 6% recommendava sterilisation, durante que 14% lo recommendarea a illas in assistentia social. E, 94% diceva que approvarea sterilisation compulsori pro un matre in assistentia social con tres o plus infantes. Con minus personas applicante pro Medicaid e assistentia social, le governamento federal poterea reducer le gastos in programas de assistentia. Feminas paupere, personas con disabilitates, e feminas de color esseva targetate pro rationes simile. In addition, le influxo de proceduras chirurgic esseva considerate como bon entrainamento pro medicos e como practica pro medicos residentes.<ref>http://heinonline.org/HOL/Page?handle=hein.journals/rrace6&div=11&g_sent=1</ref> Un theoria suggere que medicos del SSI esseva sub-pagate e superlaborate, e que illes sterilizava feminas indigene american pro haber minus labor in le futuro.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Archive copy |url=http://forzadas.pe/wp-content/uploads/2016/05/Ruteki_forced-sterilization-of-native-americans.pdf |accessdate=2019-11-04 |archivedate=2019-11-04 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20191104094531/http://forzadas.pe/wp-content/uploads/2016/05/Ruteki_forced-sterilization-of-native-americans.pdf }}</ref> Le salario medie de un nove recruta del IHS esseva inter $17,000 e $20,000 per anno e illes laborava circa 60 horas per septimana. In 1974, le ratio de medicos a pacientes esseva periculosemente basse, con "solmente un medico pro 1,700 indianos del reservation." Le problemas causate per un manco de medicos esseva exacerbate ulterioremente quando un programma pro recrutar medicos al servicio militar esseva terminate in 1976. Isto affectava directemente le SSI, quia illes recrutava multe de lor medicos del servicio militar. Inter 1971 e 1974, le applicationes pro positiones vacante in le SSI cadeva de 700 a 100 applicationes, significante que le onere de labor additional cadeva sur un numero sempre decrescente de medicos. Un distinction importante es inter medicos qui laborava directemente pro le Servicio de Sanitate Indigene e alteres qui realisava sterilisationes per un accordo contractual con le SSI. Pro medicos de SSI, il non habeva incentivo financiar pro realisar sterilisationes, e dunque altere considerationes probabilemente habeva un rolo primari. Medicos sub contracto esseva pagate plus quando illes sterilisava feminas in loco de dar les contraceptivos oral, rendente un incentivo financiar plus plausibile. Mesmo si il non habeva incentivo financiar pro le medicos de SSI pro recomendar sterilisation, como discusse anterior, sterilisation esseva vidite como le forma ideal de contraception pro patientes american indigene durante le annos 1960 e 1970. Medicos de SSI poneva emphase sur familias con un numero reducite de filios. Le contention que feminas american indigene desiderava le mesme structura familial como americanos blancos del classe medie adjutava a render possibile le abuso de sterilisation. Alcun motivos de sterilisation coercive de feminas indigene in le Statos Unite de America habe natura eugenic.<ref>http://journals.troy.edu/index.php/test/article/view/365</ref> Le sterilisation coercive del populos indigene esseva un instrumento del suprematia blanc statounitese desde le initio usque al presente.<ref>https://www.sierraclub.org/articles/2020/09/forced-sterilization-tool-violence-oppression-and-white-supremacy</ref> ==Effectos== Un effecto directe del sterilisation de feminas american indigene esseva le diminution del taxa de natalitate. In 1970, le taxa medie de natalitate del feminas native american esseva 3.29, ma illo descendeva a 1.30 in 1980. Le taxa de natalitate del feminas apache cadeva de 4.01 a 1.78. In comparation, le taxa medie de natalitate del feminas blanc cadeva de 2.42 a 2.14. Secundo alicun calculationes, al minus 25% del feminas native american inter le etates de 15 e 44 annos esseva sterilisate durante le periodo le plus intensive. Le feminas native perdeva potentia economic e politic perque illas non poter reproducer se al mesme taxa que lor homologes blanc. Un effecto potential es le accrescimento del risco del extinction del culturas native american. Le declinio del taxa de natalitate esseva un effecto quantificabile. Ma le sterilisation habeva effectos nonquantificabile sur multe feminas american indigene tamben. In alcun culturas american indigene, le fertilitate de un femina es multo valorate, lo que conduceva a consequentias psychologic e social a causa del sterilisation. Pro un femina, non poter haber infantes causarea vergonia, humiliation, e possibile condemnation de su tribo a causa de como le populos american indigene considera le maternitate. In 1977, le advocato Michael Zavalla presentava un action legal in le Stato de Washington post que tres feminas Cheyenne de Montana esseva sterilisate sin lor consentimento. Nonobstante, le feminas sterilisate remaneva anonym a causa de lor timor del repercussiones tribal. Como explicava Marie Sanchez, judice tribal chef pro le Reservation del Cheyenne Septentrional, "Lo que es ancora plus discoragiante que facturas legal grande es le risco de perder su position in le communitate indigene, ubi le sterilisation ha un particular resonance religiose." In alcun areas, le procedura de sterilisation non esseva sufficiente aseptic, resultante in complicationes. Quando complicationes surgeva, ulteriore tractamento medical esseva necessari, ma le fundos gubernamental solmente includeva le procedura mesme. Proque le majoritate del feminas non poteva pagar le tractamento medical subsequentemente, in multe casos illas non lo recipeva, e alcun moriva como resultato. Marie Sanchez equiparava le sterilisation massive del indigenes in le Statos Unite de America al genocidio. A causa del sterilisation fortiabile, le feminas e homines native american non confida plenmente al governamento del Statos Unite de America e remane sceptic super le technologias contraceptive. Isto ha etiam contribuite a le [[Americanisation per fortia de americanos indigene|assimilation cultural coercive]].<ref>{{En}} http://campuspress.yale.edu/yjml/2023/11/07/forced-and-coercive-sterilization-of-native-american-women-eugenics-and-the-family-planning-services-and-population-research-act-1970-1976/</ref> Le sterilisation fortiate es ancora legal al nivello federal, in trenta-un statos e le Districto de Columbia.<ref>http://amchp.org/2022/09/01/reflecting-on-ama-the-untold-story-of-the-sterilization-of-thousands-of-indigenous-women-at-the-hands-of-the-u-s-government/</ref> Durante le 21e seculo, le feminas statosuniteamerican indigene ancora suffre de taxas de sterilisation plus alte que altere racias in le pais.<ref>http://doi.org/10.1108/iphee-01-2024-0003</ref> Le violationes del derectos reproductiv continua a occurrer in contextos governamental, specialmente con populationes marginalisate – como feminas indigene e feminas migrante.<ref>http://www.theguardian.com/us-news/2020/sep/21/unwanted-hysterectomy-allegations-ice-georgia-immigration</ref> Le nazistas studiava le sterilisation fortiate de feminas indigene del Statos Unite de America como un inspiration por lor proprie actiones.<ref>http://www.dailykos.com/stories/2023/9/9/2190779/--This-Week-In-The-War-On-Women-Forced-sterilization-as-racism-colonialism-classism-amp-misogyny</ref> Le tribos in le SUA perdeva potentia politic a causa de decrescentia de numeros de indigenes.<ref>http://daily.jstor.org/the-little-known-history-of-the-forced-sterilization-of-native-american-women/</ref> Le historia del eugenica al populationes indigene face vulnerabile a sterilisation le feminas immigrante al Statos Unite de America.<ref>http://www.washingtonpost.com/outlook/2020/09/20/history-eugenics-us-has-made-migrant-women-vulnerable/</ref> ==Vide etiam== *[[Walter Plecker]]<ref name="Eugenical Sterilization Act 1924"/> *[[Eugenical Sterilization Act 1924]]<ref name="Eugenical Sterilization Act 1924">http://www.washingtonpost.com/local/how-a-long-dead-white-supremacist-still-threatens-the-future-of-virginias-indian-tribes/2015/06/30/81be95f8-0fa4-11e5-adec-e82f8395c032_story.html</ref> ==Referentias== {{Reflist}} scyey5k1cjl9npb56ae1ogq2r5f2wb6 679849 679848 2025-06-06T19:21:19Z Invasive Spices 54287 Ha edite [[WP:Como formatar texto]]. 679849 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:Pamphlet for Sterilization.jpg|thumb|499x499px|Isto esseva un pamphlet create per le Departmento de Sanitate, Education e Benesser (SEB) pro incitar feminas indigene a haber minus infantes – le sinistra monstrava como le parentes esserea ante adoptar le practicas de planification familiar promovite (fatigate e con recursos pauc) – e le dextra postea (felice e ric).]] Multe '''feminas indigene''' ha essite '''sterilisate coercemente''' in le '''Statos Unite de America'''. Multe casos occureva in le 1960s e 1970s, e in multe casos sin le consentimento libere e informate del pacientes.<ref>http://doi.org/10.1016/j.whi.2015.10.002</ref> In alcun casos, feminas esseva inducite a creder que le procedura de sterilisation esseva reversibile. Isto eveni a pueras tanto juvene 11 annos.<ref>http://doi.org/10.1353/wic.0.0053 "Sterilization Racism and Pan-Ethnic Disparities of the Past Decade: The Continued Encroachment on Reproductive Rights".</ref> Un factor aggravante esseva le tendentia del doctores a recommendar le sterilisation a feminas povre e de minoritates. Illes non haberea facite isto sur un patiente blanc e plus ric. Intra iste instantias, altere casos de abuso ha essite documentate etiam. Isto include casos quando le providores de salute non diceva al feminas que illas esserea sterilisate, o altere formas de coercion como menaciar de retirar lor benesser o sanitate." Sequente le methodos abusive, le communitate medical sovente faceva un effortio pro mascar lor tacticas coercive.<ref>http://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/1295649/</ref> Isto esseva un practica controversiate. Le governamento del SUA ha executate sterilisationes sin le consentimento plen e informate de multe feminas. In alcun casos, le feminas esseva persuade que le procedura esseva reversibile, o mesmo executate sin lor conscientia. Isto ha resultate in un critica forte e effortios pro proteger le derectos reproductive de iste communitates. In 1976, quatro areas del Servicio de Sanitate Indigene (SSI) non accedava le politicas del SSI regulante le consentimento pro sterilisation. Formas de consentimento inadequate esseva un problema recurrente; le forma le plus commun non recordava si le elementos de consentimento informate habeva essite presentate al patiente o lo que illes habeva essite dicite ante obtener le consentimento, e le incomprension del regulationes del SSI per medicos esseva diffundite. Iste quatro areas de servicio sterilisava 3.406 feminas inter le annos 1973 e 1976, includente 36 casos ubi feminas sub le etate de 21 annos esseva sterilisate malgrado un moratorio declarate sur iste sterilisationes. Il ha pauc evidentia a supportar un numero plus alte que 3.406.<ref>http://www.annualreviews.org/doi/10.1146/annurev-genom-090314-024930</ref> Le limitationes del investigation de 1976 per le GAO esseva rapidemente notate. Mesmo si 3.406 sterilisationes representa un proportion surprendente de feminas american indigene, iste numero proveniva de un reporto que examinava solmente quatro de dece-duo areas del SSI. Le tentativas de calcular le numero total de sterilisationes que occurreva durante iste periodo varia largemente in lor resultatos. Durante que iste conto limitate representa un minimum, studios ha accusate le SSI de haber sterilisate inter 25-50% del feminas native american inter 1970 a 1976. In alcun reservationes indigene, 80% de feminas esseva sterilisate.<ref>http://www.historyworkshop.org.uk/anti-racism/involuntary-sterilization/</ref> Si le estimate maxime alte es accurate, usque a 70.000 feminas poteva haber essite sterilisate durante iste periodo. In comparation, le taxa de sterilisation pro feminas blancas durante le mesme periodo esseva approximate 15%. ==Typos== Histerectomias e ligation tubal esseva le duo methodos principal. Iste operation esseva usate routinemente pro sterilisar feminas indigene durante le annos 1960 e 1970 in le Statos Unite de America. Un altere forma commun de sterilisation esseva le ligatura tubal, un procedura de sterilisation in le qual le tubos de Falloppio de un femina es ligate, blocate, o sectionate. Pro multe feminas, iste proceduras esseva facite sin consentimento, resultante in alcunes que se approchava subsequentemente a medicos pro proceduras como "transplantar de utero". In 1971, Dr. James Ryan declarava que ille preferiva histerectomias super ligaturas tubal, quia "es un plus grande desafio... e es [un] bon experientia pro le residentes junior". Iste es suggestive del attitude que le medicos SSI habeva verso lor patientes, proque histerectomias ha un ratio multo plus alte de complicationes. Alcun formas de controlo de natalitate altere que le sterilisation esseva a vices usate, includente Depo-Provera e Norplant. Ambe es contraceptives feminin. Le prime implica reciper un injection cata tres menses, durante que le secunde, un methodo que non es plus usate in le Statos Unite de America, requireva le implantation de capsulas plen de hormones sub le pelle. Depo-Provera esseva usate con feminas native american con disabilitate intellectual ante que ille recipeva le approbation del FDA in 1992. Norplant, promovite per le SSI, esseva commercialisate per Wyeth Pharmaceuticals (qui esseva processate pro revelation insufficiente de effectos secundari – includente sanguination menstrual irregular, dolores de capite, nausea e depression). Le effectos secundari de iste duo formas de controlo de natalitate includeva le cessation del cyclo menstrual e sanguination excessive. Secundo datos de 2002 inter feminas qui usava contraception, le methodos le plus commun inter feminas american native e alaskan native in le urbano, de etate 15–44 annos esseva sterilisation feminin (34%), pilulas contraceptive oral (21%), e preservativos masculine (21%). Al contrario, inter blancos urbane non-hispanic, le methodos le plus commun esseva pilulas contraceptive oral (36%), sterilisation feminin (20%) e preservativos masculine (18%). Hodie, ben que le Servicio de Sanitate Indian continua usar sterilisation como methodo de planification familiar, ligatura tubar e vasectomia, que es un procedura de sterilisation masculine, es le sol proceduras que pote esser executate con le scopo primari de sterilisation. Legalmente, hodie le IHS require que le patienta da su consentimento informate al operation, que illa ha 21 annos o plus vetule, e que illa non sia institutionalisate in un establimento correctional o de sanitate mental. Appendicitis esseva usate como un pretexto pro alcun sterilisations coperate. ==Historia== Le doctrina «''[[Domestic dependent nations|{{Lingua|en|Domestic dependent nations}}]]''» ha formate un base pro isto desde le initio.<ref> :http://heinonline.org/hol-cgi-bin/get_pdf.cgi?handle=hein.journals/nebklr100&section=35 : :http://digitalcommons.unl.edu/nlr/vol100/iss4/8/ </ref> Sterilisation esseva considerate como un practica quotidian por le feminas indigene in le Statos Unite de America in le 1960s e 70s.<ref>http://doi.org/10.1007/BF02695147</ref> Le feminas indigene non esseva le sol individuos subjecte a sterilisation fortiate; feminas nigre e paupere esseva etiam affectate per iste practicas. Le practica de sterilisation eugenic sur feminas indigene derivava del scriptos de Francis Galton super usar le genetica pro meliorar le racia human, e deveniva popular parallel al enactamento de multe leges simile in plure statos in le initio del 1900s. In 1927, le caso del Corte Supreme ''[[Buck v. Bell]]'' confirmava un lege de sterilisation compulsori in Virginia. Le caso involveva tres generationes de feminas in le familia Buck: Emma, Carrie e Vivian. Advocatos del movimento eugenic examinava generationes multe de feminas del familia Buck. Illes sperava convincer le Corte que Carrie Buck habeva deficientias intellectual que esseva hereditari e un periculo pro le benesser public. Illes succedeva, e Carrie Buck era sterilisate. Le decision de Oliver Wendell Holmes declarava: :"{{Lingua|en|it is better for all the world if instead of waiting to execute degenerate offspring for crime, or to let them starve for their imbecility, society can prevent those who are manifestly unfit from continuing their kind. The principle that sanctions compulsory vaccination is broad enough to cover cutting the Fallopian tubes.}}" :in {{Lingua|ia}} "{{Lingua|ia|Il es melior pro toto le mundo si, in loco de attender executar pro crimine descendentes degenerate, o lassar los morir de fame pro lor imbecillitate, le societate pote prevenir que illes qui es manifestemente non capace de continuar lor specie. Le principio que sanctiona le vaccination compulsori es bastante ample pro includer le taliar del tubas de Fallopio.}}" Buck v. Bell habeva le effecto de legitimar leges existente, resultando in un acceptation plus grande del practica.<ref>http://www.amazon.com/Three-Generations-No-Imbeciles-Eugenics/dp/0801898242</ref> Durante le annos 1960 e 70, quando le practicas de sterilisation augmentava, il non existeva legislation que los prohibiva e los era vidite como un forma usabile de contraception. Per le annos 1950, un majoritate grande de feminas native parturiva in hospitales – esseva a rata que quasi le rata de feminas blanca statosuniteamerican.<ref>http://time.com/5737080/native-american-sterilization-history/</ref> Per le annos 1950, le majoritate de parentes de infantes parturi recipeva cura del Servicio de Sanitate Indigene.<ref>http://crushingcolonialism.org/echoes-of-a-dark-history-reproductive-injustice-and-eugenics-in-the-united-states/</ref> Que le governamento faceva isto al indigenes in le annos 1970 es ironic, proque 1973 esseva le anno de la decision Roe v. Wade.<ref>http://bpr.studentorg.berkeley.edu/2020/11/04/americas-forgotten-history-of-forced-sterilization/</ref> In le annos 1970, intra 100.000 a 150.000 personas esseva sterilisate cata anno usante moneta de programmas financiate federalmente.<ref>Lawrence, Jane (2000). "The Indian Health Service and the Sterilization of Native American Women".</ref> Le Family Planning Services and Population Research Act de 1970 subsidiva sterilisationes pro patientes del Servicio de Sanitate Indigene.<ref>http://www.kff.org/how-history-has-shaped-racial-and-ethnic-health-disparities-a-timeline-of-policies-and-events/#1900-to-1929-american-eugenics-and-the-forced-sterilization-of-women-of-color-and-low-income-women</ref> Sterilisation coercive per le governamento del SUA es ironic perque le feminas indigene ha non esseva permitter altere servicios de sanitate in alteres situations.<ref>http://heinonline.org/hol-cgi-bin/get_pdf.cgi?handle=hein.journals/wiswo25&section=12</ref> Feminas indigene de Arizona, Utah e Nove Mexico ha essite sterilisate coercemente.<ref>http://www.bbc.com/mundo/noticias-47045352</ref> Eugenicistas sterilisava disproportionatemente le indigenes american.<ref>http://www.genome.gov/about-genomics/fact-sheets/Eugenics-and-Scientific-Racism</ref> Le sterilisation coercive de feminas indigene american remane ancora un methodo de controlo e deshumanisation hodie.<ref>http://www.historyworkshop.org.uk/anti-racism/involuntary-sterilization/</ref> Le governo del SUA supportava isto, e multe medicos credeva que sterilisar le indigenes faceva un ben pro le societate, basate super le supremacismo blanc e ideologias eugenic.<ref>http://www.futurity.org/sterilizations-native-american-women-2192722-2/</ref> Le puncto culmine del sterilisation coercive de feminas indigene in le Statos Unite de America arrivava in le medio del vintesime seculo.<ref>http://www.theguardian.com/us-news/2022/may/19/roe-v-wade-indigenous-women-increase-violence</ref> ==Motivos== Le feminas american indigene non esseva le solos subjecte a sterilisationes coercive; feminas de descendita african o paupere esseva tamben affectate per iste practicas. In le annos 1970, le governamento del Statos Unite obligava multe americanos indigene a continuar a viver in reservationes. Illes etiam esseva relocate in areas urban sin sufficiente supporto. Como consequentia, multe americanos indigene suffreva de paupertate. Le populo native american dependeva de organisationes governamental como le SSI, le Departmento de Sanitate, Education e Benesser (HEW) e le Bureau de Affaires Indigene (BAI). Le Servicio de Sanitate Indigene (SSI) esseva lor fornitor principal. Proque le americanos indigene dependeva de iste organisationes governamental pro servicios de sanitate, illes esseva plus in periculo de sterilisation fortiate que altere gruppos. Agitation concernente superpopulation – intra alteres e populos indigene – causava le enactamento del Family Planning Services and Population Research Act (Title X).<ref>http://www.yalejournalmedlaw.com/examinations/meera-vashisht-forced-and-coercive-sterilization-of-native-american-women-eugenics-and-the-family-planning-services-and-population-research-act-1970-1976</ref> Sex annos post le adoption del Population Research Act of 1970, on estima que medicos sterilisava forsan 25% del feminas native american de etate de procrear. Evidentia suggere que le numeros esseva plus alte.<ref>http://time.com/5737080/native-american-sterilization-history/</ref> Iste alte numeros poterea esser connectite al lege que subsidiva sterilisationes pro patientes que usava le Servicio de Sanitate Indigene e patientes de Medicaid.<ref>http://theconversation.com/forced-sterilization-policies-in-the-us-targeted-minorities-and-those-with-disabilities-and-lasted-into-the-21st-century-143144</ref> La majoritate del medicos que executava iste procedura lo considerava como le melior alternative. Illes affirmava que illo meliorarea lor situation financiari e le qualitate de vita de lor familias.<ref>Carpio, Myla (2004). "The Lost Generation: American Indian and Sterilization Abuse". Social Justice. 31 (4):50. JSTOR [http://www.jstor.org/stable/29768273 29768273].</ref> Multe de iste medicos credeva que le feminas native american non esseva sufficientemente intelligente pro usar altere methodos de controlo de natalitate, scribeva Jane Lawrence in American Indian Quarterly. Assi, sterilisar iste patientes esseva considerate como le methodo de controlo de natalitate le plus fidel. Quando medicos esseva interrogate super lor recommendationes a patientes in practica private, solmente 6% recommendava sterilisation, durante que 14% lo recommendarea a illas in assistentia social. E, 94% diceva que approvarea sterilisation compulsori pro un matre in assistentia social con tres o plus infantes. Con minus personas applicante pro Medicaid e assistentia social, le governamento federal poterea reducer le gastos in programas de assistentia. Feminas paupere, personas con disabilitates, e feminas de color esseva targetate pro rationes simile. In addition, le influxo de proceduras chirurgic esseva considerate como bon entrainamento pro medicos e como practica pro medicos residentes.<ref>http://heinonline.org/HOL/Page?handle=hein.journals/rrace6&div=11&g_sent=1</ref> Un theoria suggere que medicos del SSI esseva sub-pagate e superlaborate, e que illes sterilizava feminas indigene american pro haber minus labor in le futuro.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Archive copy |url=http://forzadas.pe/wp-content/uploads/2016/05/Ruteki_forced-sterilization-of-native-americans.pdf |accessdate=2019-11-04 |archivedate=2019-11-04 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20191104094531/http://forzadas.pe/wp-content/uploads/2016/05/Ruteki_forced-sterilization-of-native-americans.pdf }}</ref> Le salario medie de un nove recruta del IHS esseva inter $17,000 e $20,000 per anno e illes laborava circa 60 horas per septimana. In 1974, le ratio de medicos a pacientes esseva periculosemente basse, con "solmente un medico pro 1,700 indianos del reservation." Le problemas causate per un manco de medicos esseva exacerbate ulterioremente quando un programma pro recrutar medicos al servicio militar esseva terminate in 1976. Isto affectava directemente le SSI, quia illes recrutava multe de lor medicos del servicio militar. Inter 1971 e 1974, le applicationes pro positiones vacante in le SSI cadeva de 700 a 100 applicationes, significante que le onere de labor additional cadeva sur un numero sempre decrescente de medicos. Un distinction importante es inter medicos qui laborava directemente pro le Servicio de Sanitate Indigene e alteres qui realisava sterilisationes per un accordo contractual con le SSI. Pro medicos de SSI, il non habeva incentivo financiar pro realisar sterilisationes, e dunque altere considerationes probabilemente habeva un rolo primari. Medicos sub contracto esseva pagate plus quando illes sterilisava feminas in loco de dar les contraceptivos oral, rendente un incentivo financiar plus plausibile. Mesmo si il non habeva incentivo financiar pro le medicos de SSI pro recomendar sterilisation, como discusse anterior, sterilisation esseva vidite como le forma ideal de contraception pro patientes american indigene durante le annos 1960 e 1970. Medicos de SSI poneva emphase sur familias con un numero reducite de filios. Le contention que feminas american indigene desiderava le mesme structura familial como americanos blancos del classe medie adjutava a render possibile le abuso de sterilisation. Alcun motivos de sterilisation coercive de feminas indigene in le Statos Unite de America habe natura eugenic.<ref>http://journals.troy.edu/index.php/test/article/view/365</ref> Le sterilisation coercive del populos indigene esseva un instrumento del suprematia blanc statounitese desde le initio usque al presente.<ref>https://www.sierraclub.org/articles/2020/09/forced-sterilization-tool-violence-oppression-and-white-supremacy</ref> ==Effectos== Un effecto directe del sterilisation de feminas american indigene esseva le diminution del taxa de natalitate. In 1970, le taxa medie de natalitate del feminas native american esseva 3.29, ma illo descendeva a 1.30 in 1980. Le taxa de natalitate del feminas apache cadeva de 4.01 a 1.78. In comparation, le taxa medie de natalitate del feminas blanc cadeva de 2.42 a 2.14. Secundo alicun calculationes, al minus 25% del feminas native american inter le etates de 15 e 44 annos esseva sterilisate durante le periodo le plus intensive. Le feminas native perdeva potentia economic e politic perque illas non poter reproducer se al mesme taxa que lor homologes blanc. Un effecto potential es le accrescimento del risco del extinction del culturas native american. Le declinio del taxa de natalitate esseva un effecto quantificabile. Ma le sterilisation habeva effectos nonquantificabile sur multe feminas american indigene tamben. In alcun culturas american indigene, le fertilitate de un femina es multo valorate, lo que conduceva a consequentias psychologic e social a causa del sterilisation. Pro un femina, non poter haber infantes causarea vergonia, humiliation, e possibile condemnation de su tribo a causa de como le populos american indigene considera le maternitate. In 1977, le advocato Michael Zavalla presentava un action legal in le Stato de Washington post que tres feminas Cheyenne de Montana esseva sterilisate sin lor consentimento. Nonobstante, le feminas sterilisate remaneva anonym a causa de lor timor del repercussiones tribal. Como explicava Marie Sanchez, judice tribal chef pro le Reservation del Cheyenne Septentrional, "Lo que es ancora plus discoragiante que facturas legal grande es le risco de perder su position in le communitate indigene, ubi le sterilisation ha un particular resonance religiose." In alcun areas, le procedura de sterilisation non esseva sufficiente aseptic, resultante in complicationes. Quando complicationes surgeva, ulteriore tractamento medical esseva necessari, ma le fundos gubernamental solmente includeva le procedura mesme. Proque le majoritate del feminas non poteva pagar le tractamento medical subsequentemente, in multe casos illas non lo recipeva, e alcun moriva como resultato. Marie Sanchez equiparava le sterilisation massive del indigenes in le Statos Unite de America al genocidio. A causa del sterilisation fortiabile, le feminas e homines native american non confida plenmente al governamento del Statos Unite de America e remane sceptic super le technologias contraceptive. Isto ha etiam contribuite a le [[Americanisation per fortia de americanos indigene|assimilation cultural coercive]].<ref>{{En}} http://campuspress.yale.edu/yjml/2023/11/07/forced-and-coercive-sterilization-of-native-american-women-eugenics-and-the-family-planning-services-and-population-research-act-1970-1976/</ref> Le sterilisation fortiate es ancora legal al nivello federal, in trenta-un statos e le Districto de Columbia.<ref>http://amchp.org/2022/09/01/reflecting-on-ama-the-untold-story-of-the-sterilization-of-thousands-of-indigenous-women-at-the-hands-of-the-u-s-government/</ref> Durante le 21e seculo, le feminas statosuniteamerican indigene ancora suffre de taxas de sterilisation plus alte que altere racias in le pais.<ref>http://doi.org/10.1108/iphee-01-2024-0003</ref> Le violationes del derectos reproductiv continua a occurrer in contextos governamental, specialmente con populationes marginalisate – como feminas indigene e feminas migrante.<ref>http://www.theguardian.com/us-news/2020/sep/21/unwanted-hysterectomy-allegations-ice-georgia-immigration</ref> Le nazistas studiava le sterilisation fortiate de feminas indigene del Statos Unite de America como un inspiration por lor proprie actiones.<ref>http://www.dailykos.com/stories/2023/9/9/2190779/--This-Week-In-The-War-On-Women-Forced-sterilization-as-racism-colonialism-classism-amp-misogyny</ref> Le tribos in le SUA perdeva potentia politic a causa de decrescentia de numeros de indigenes.<ref>http://daily.jstor.org/the-little-known-history-of-the-forced-sterilization-of-native-american-women/</ref> Le historia del eugenica al populationes indigene face vulnerabile a sterilisation le feminas immigrante al Statos Unite de America.<ref>http://www.washingtonpost.com/outlook/2020/09/20/history-eugenics-us-has-made-migrant-women-vulnerable/</ref> ==Vide etiam== *[[Walter Plecker]]<ref name="Eugenical Sterilization Act 1924"/> *[[Eugenical Sterilization Act 1924]]<ref name="Eugenical Sterilization Act 1924">http://www.washingtonpost.com/local/how-a-long-dead-white-supremacist-still-threatens-the-future-of-virginias-indian-tribes/2015/06/30/81be95f8-0fa4-11e5-adec-e82f8395c032_story.html</ref> ==Referentias== {{Reflist}} 4rfkenvbkmr8j9fn5je1y688ux81805 679850 679849 2025-06-06T19:26:00Z Invasive Spices 54287 Ha edite [[WP:Como formatar texto]]. 679850 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:Pamphlet for Sterilization.jpg|thumb|499x499px|Isto esseva un pamphlet create per le Departmento de Sanitate, Education e Benesser (SEB) pro incitar feminas indigene a haber minus infantes – le sinistra monstrava como le parentes esserea ante adoptar le practicas de planification familiar promovite (fatigate e con recursos pauc) – e le dextra postea (felice e ric).]] Multe '''feminas indigene''' ha essite '''sterilisate coercemente''' in le '''Statos Unite de America'''. Multe casos occureva in le 1960s e 1970s, e in multe casos sin le consentimento libere e informate del pacientes.<ref>http://doi.org/10.1016/j.whi.2015.10.002</ref> In alcun casos, feminas esseva inducite a creder que le procedura de sterilisation esseva reversibile. Isto eveni a pueras tanto juvene 11 annos.<ref>http://doi.org/10.1353/wic.0.0053 "Sterilization Racism and Pan-Ethnic Disparities of the Past Decade: The Continued Encroachment on Reproductive Rights".</ref> Un factor aggravante esseva le tendentia del doctores a recommendar le sterilisation a feminas povre e de minoritates. Illes non haberea facite isto sur un patiente blanc e plus ric. Intra iste instantias, altere casos de abuso ha essite documentate etiam. Isto include casos quando le providores de salute non diceva al feminas que illas esserea sterilisate, o altere formas de coercion como menaciar de retirar lor benesser o sanitate." Sequente le methodos abusive, le communitate medical sovente faceva un effortio pro mascar lor tacticas coercive.<ref>http://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/1295649/</ref> Isto esseva un practica controversiate. Le governamento del SUA ha executate sterilisationes sin le consentimento plen e informate de multe feminas. In alcun casos, le feminas esseva persuade que le procedura esseva reversibile, o mesmo executate sin lor conscientia. Isto ha resultate in un critica forte e effortios pro proteger le derectos reproductive de iste communitates. In 1976, quatro areas del Servicio de Sanitate Indigene (SSI) non accedava le politicas del SSI regulante le consentimento pro sterilisation. Formas de consentimento inadequate esseva un problema recurrente; le forma le plus commun non recordava si le elementos de consentimento informate habeva essite presentate al patiente o lo que illes habeva essite dicite ante obtener le consentimento, e le incomprension del regulationes del SSI per medicos esseva diffundite. Iste quatro areas de servicio sterilisava 3.406 feminas inter le annos 1973 e 1976, includente 36 casos ubi feminas sub le etate de 21 annos esseva sterilisate malgrado un moratorio declarate sur iste sterilisationes. Il ha pauc evidentia a supportar un numero plus alte que 3.406.<ref>http://www.annualreviews.org/doi/10.1146/annurev-genom-090314-024930</ref> Le limitationes del investigation de 1976 per le GAO esseva rapidemente notate. Mesmo si 3.406 sterilisationes representa un proportion surprendente de feminas american indigene, iste numero proveniva de un reporto que examinava solmente quatro de dece-duo areas del SSI. Le tentativas de calcular le numero total de sterilisationes que occurreva durante iste periodo varia largemente in lor resultatos. Durante que iste conto limitate representa un minimum, studios ha accusate le SSI de haber sterilisate inter 25-50% del feminas native american inter 1970 a 1976. In alcun reservationes indigene, 80% de feminas esseva sterilisate.<ref>http://www.historyworkshop.org.uk/anti-racism/involuntary-sterilization/</ref> Si le estimate maxime alte es accurate, usque a 70.000 feminas poteva haber essite sterilisate durante iste periodo. In comparation, le taxa de sterilisation pro feminas blancas durante le mesme periodo esseva approximate 15%. ==Typos== Histerectomias e ligation tubal esseva le duo methodos principal. Iste operation esseva usate routinemente pro sterilisar feminas indigene durante le annos 1960 e 1970 in le Statos Unite de America. Un altere forma commun de sterilisation esseva le ligatura tubal, un procedura de sterilisation in le qual le tubos de Falloppio de un femina es ligate, blocate, o sectionate. Pro multe feminas, iste proceduras esseva facite sin consentimento, resultante in alcunes que se approchava subsequentemente a medicos pro proceduras como "transplantar de utero". In 1971, Dr. James Ryan declarava que ille preferiva histerectomias super ligaturas tubal, quia "es un plus grande desafio... e es [un] bon experientia pro le residentes junior". Iste es suggestive del attitude que le medicos SSI habeva verso lor patientes, proque histerectomias ha un ratio multo plus alte de complicationes. Alcun formas de controlo de natalitate altere que le sterilisation esseva a vices usate, includente Depo-Provera e Norplant. Ambe es contraceptives feminin. Le prime implica reciper un injection cata tres menses, durante que le secunde, un methodo que non es plus usate in le Statos Unite de America, requireva le implantation de capsulas plen de hormones sub le pelle. Depo-Provera esseva usate con feminas native american con disabilitate intellectual ante que ille recipeva le approbation del FDA in 1992. Norplant, promovite per le SSI, esseva commercialisate per Wyeth Pharmaceuticals (qui esseva processate pro revelation insufficiente de effectos secundari – includente sanguination menstrual irregular, dolores de capite, nausea e depression). Le effectos secundari de iste duo formas de controlo de natalitate includeva le cessation del cyclo menstrual e sanguination excessive. Secundo datos de 2002 inter feminas qui usava contraception, le methodos le plus commun inter feminas american native e alaskan native in le urbano, de etate 15–44 annos esseva sterilisation feminin (34%), pilulas contraceptive oral (21%), e preservativos masculine (21%). Al contrario, inter blancos urbane non-hispanic, le methodos le plus commun esseva pilulas contraceptive oral (36%), sterilisation feminin (20%) e preservativos masculine (18%). Hodie, ben que le Servicio de Sanitate Indian continua usar sterilisation como methodo de planification familiar, ligatura tubar e vasectomia, que es un procedura de sterilisation masculine, es le sol proceduras que pote esser executate con le scopo primari de sterilisation. Legalmente, hodie le IHS require que le patienta da su consentimento informate al operation, que illa ha 21 annos o plus vetule, e que illa non sia institutionalisate in un establimento correctional o de sanitate mental. Appendicitis esseva usate como un pretexto pro alcun sterilisations coperate. ==Historia== Le doctrina «''[[Domestic dependent nations|{{Lingua|en|Domestic dependent nations}}]]''» ha formate un base pro isto desde le initio.<ref> :http://heinonline.org/hol-cgi-bin/get_pdf.cgi?handle=hein.journals/nebklr100&section=35 : :http://digitalcommons.unl.edu/nlr/vol100/iss4/8/ </ref> Sterilisation esseva considerate como un practica quotidian por le feminas indigene in le Statos Unite de America in le 1960s e 70s.<ref>http://doi.org/10.1007/BF02695147</ref> Le feminas indigene non esseva le sol individuos subjecte a sterilisation fortiate; feminas nigre e paupere esseva etiam affectate per iste practicas. Le practica de sterilisation eugenic sur feminas indigene derivava del scriptos de Francis Galton super usar le genetica pro meliorar le racia human, e deveniva popular parallel al enactamento de multe leges simile in plure statos in le initio del 1900s. In 1927, le caso del Corte Supreme ''[[Buck v. Bell]]'' confirmava un lege de sterilisation compulsori in Virginia. Le caso involveva tres generationes de feminas in le familia Buck: Emma, Carrie e Vivian. Advocatos del movimento eugenic examinava generationes multe de feminas del familia Buck. Illes sperava convincer le Corte que Carrie Buck habeva deficientias intellectual que esseva hereditari e un periculo pro le benesser public. Illes succedeva, e Carrie Buck era sterilisate. Le decision de Oliver Wendell Holmes declarava: :"{{Lingua|en|it is better for all the world if instead of waiting to execute degenerate offspring for crime, or to let them starve for their imbecility, society can prevent those who are manifestly unfit from continuing their kind. The principle that sanctions compulsory vaccination is broad enough to cover cutting the Fallopian tubes.}}" :in {{Lingua|ia}} "{{Lingua|ia|Il es melior pro toto le mundo si, in loco de attender executar pro crimine descendentes degenerate, o lassar los morir de fame pro lor imbecillitate, le societate pote prevenir que illes qui es manifestemente non capace de continuar lor specie. Le principio que sanctiona le vaccination compulsori es bastante ample pro includer le taliar del tubas de Fallopio.}}" Buck v. Bell habeva le effecto de legitimar leges existente, resultando in un acceptation plus grande del practica.<ref>http://www.amazon.com/Three-Generations-No-Imbeciles-Eugenics/dp/0801898242</ref> Durante le annos 1960 e 70, quando le practicas de sterilisation augmentava, il non existeva legislation que los prohibiva e los era vidite como un forma usabile de contraception. Per le annos 1950, un majoritate grande de feminas native parturiva in hospitales – esseva a rata que quasi le rata de feminas blanca statosuniteamerican.<ref>http://time.com/5737080/native-american-sterilization-history/</ref> Per le annos 1950, le majoritate de parentes de infantes parturi recipeva cura del Servicio de Sanitate Indigene.<ref>http://crushingcolonialism.org/echoes-of-a-dark-history-reproductive-injustice-and-eugenics-in-the-united-states/</ref> Que le governamento faceva isto al indigenes in le annos 1970 es ironic, proque 1973 esseva le anno de la decision Roe v. Wade.<ref>http://bpr.studentorg.berkeley.edu/2020/11/04/americas-forgotten-history-of-forced-sterilization/</ref> In le annos 1970, intra 100.000 a 150.000 personas esseva sterilisate cata anno usante moneta de programmas financiate federalmente.<ref>Lawrence, Jane (2000). "The Indian Health Service and the Sterilization of Native American Women".</ref> Le Family Planning Services and Population Research Act de 1970 subsidiva sterilisationes pro patientes del Servicio de Sanitate Indigene.<ref>http://www.kff.org/how-history-has-shaped-racial-and-ethnic-health-disparities-a-timeline-of-policies-and-events/#1900-to-1929-american-eugenics-and-the-forced-sterilization-of-women-of-color-and-low-income-women</ref> Sterilisation coercive per le governamento del SUA es ironic perque le feminas indigene ha non esseva permitter altere servicios de sanitate in alteres situations.<ref>http://heinonline.org/hol-cgi-bin/get_pdf.cgi?handle=hein.journals/wiswo25&section=12</ref> Feminas indigene de Arizona, Utah e Nove Mexico ha essite sterilisate coercemente.<ref>http://www.bbc.com/mundo/noticias-47045352</ref> Eugenicistas sterilisava disproportionatemente le indigenes american.<ref>http://www.genome.gov/about-genomics/fact-sheets/Eugenics-and-Scientific-Racism</ref> Le sterilisation coercive de feminas indigene american remane ancora un methodo de controlo e deshumanisation hodie.<ref>http://www.historyworkshop.org.uk/anti-racism/involuntary-sterilization/</ref> Le governo del SUA supportava isto, e multe medicos credeva que sterilisar le indigenes faceva un ben pro le societate, basate super le supremacismo blanc e ideologias eugenic.<ref>http://www.futurity.org/sterilizations-native-american-women-2192722-2/</ref> Le puncto culmine del sterilisation coercive de feminas indigene in le Statos Unite de America arrivava in le medio del vintesime seculo.<ref>http://www.theguardian.com/us-news/2022/may/19/roe-v-wade-indigenous-women-increase-violence</ref> ==Motivos== Le feminas american indigene non esseva le solos subjecte a sterilisationes coercive; feminas de descendita african o paupere esseva tamben affectate per iste practicas. In le annos 1970, le governamento del Statos Unite obligava multe americanos indigene a continuar a viver in reservationes. Illes etiam esseva relocate in areas urban sin sufficiente supporto. Como consequentia, multe americanos indigene suffreva de paupertate. Le populo native american dependeva de organisationes governamental como le SSI, le Departmento de Sanitate, Education e Benesser (HEW) e le Bureau de Affaires Indigene (BAI). Le Servicio de Sanitate Indigene (SSI) esseva lor fornitor principal. Proque le americanos indigene dependeva de iste organisationes governamental pro servicios de sanitate, illes esseva plus in periculo de sterilisation fortiate que altere gruppos. Agitation concernente superpopulation – intra alteres e populos indigene – causava le enactamento del Family Planning Services and Population Research Act (Title X).<ref>http://www.yalejournalmedlaw.com/examinations/meera-vashisht-forced-and-coercive-sterilization-of-native-american-women-eugenics-and-the-family-planning-services-and-population-research-act-1970-1976</ref> Sex annos post le adoption del Population Research Act of 1970, on estima que medicos sterilisava forsan 25% del feminas native american de etate de procrear. Evidentia suggere que le numeros esseva plus alte.<ref>http://time.com/5737080/native-american-sterilization-history/</ref> Iste alte numeros poterea esser connectite al lege que subsidiva sterilisationes pro patientes que usava le Servicio de Sanitate Indigene (e pro patientes de Medicaid).<ref>http://theconversation.com/forced-sterilization-policies-in-the-us-targeted-minorities-and-those-with-disabilities-and-lasted-into-the-21st-century-143144</ref> La majoritate del medicos que executava iste procedura lo considerava como le melior alternative. Illes affirmava que illo meliorarea lor situation financiari e le qualitate de vita de lor familias.<ref>Carpio, Myla (2004). "The Lost Generation: American Indian and Sterilization Abuse". Social Justice. 31 (4):50. JSTOR [http://www.jstor.org/stable/29768273 29768273].</ref> Multe de iste medicos credeva que le feminas native american non esseva sufficientemente intelligente pro usar altere methodos de controlo de natalitate, scribeva Jane Lawrence in American Indian Quarterly. Assi, sterilisar iste patientes esseva considerate como le methodo de controlo de natalitate le plus fidel. Quando medicos esseva interrogate super lor recommendationes a patientes in practica private, solmente 6% recommendava sterilisation, durante que 14% lo recommendarea a illas in assistentia social. E, 94% diceva que approvarea sterilisation compulsori pro un matre in assistentia social con tres o plus infantes. Con minus personas applicante pro Medicaid e assistentia social, le governamento federal poterea reducer le gastos in programas de assistentia. Feminas paupere, personas con disabilitates, e feminas de color esseva targetate pro rationes simile. In addition, le influxo de proceduras chirurgic esseva considerate como bon entrainamento pro medicos e como practica pro medicos residentes.<ref>http://heinonline.org/HOL/Page?handle=hein.journals/rrace6&div=11&g_sent=1</ref> Un theoria suggere que medicos del SSI esseva sub-pagate e superlaborate, e que illes sterilizava feminas indigene american pro haber minus labor in le futuro.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Archive copy |url=http://forzadas.pe/wp-content/uploads/2016/05/Ruteki_forced-sterilization-of-native-americans.pdf |accessdate=2019-11-04 |archivedate=2019-11-04 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20191104094531/http://forzadas.pe/wp-content/uploads/2016/05/Ruteki_forced-sterilization-of-native-americans.pdf }}</ref> Le salario medie de un nove recruta del IHS esseva inter $17,000 e $20,000 per anno e illes laborava circa 60 horas per septimana. In 1974, le ratio de medicos a pacientes esseva periculosemente basse, con "solmente un medico pro 1,700 indianos del reservation." Le problemas causate per un manco de medicos esseva exacerbate ulterioremente quando un programma pro recrutar medicos al servicio militar esseva terminate in 1976. Isto affectava directemente le SSI, quia illes recrutava multe de lor medicos del servicio militar. Inter 1971 e 1974, le applicationes pro positiones vacante in le SSI cadeva de 700 a 100 applicationes, significante que le onere de labor additional cadeva sur un numero sempre decrescente de medicos. Un distinction importante es inter medicos qui laborava directemente pro le Servicio de Sanitate Indigene e alteres qui realisava sterilisationes per un accordo contractual con le SSI. Pro medicos de SSI, il non habeva incentivo financiar pro realisar sterilisationes, e dunque altere considerationes probabilemente habeva un rolo primari. Medicos sub contracto esseva pagate plus quando illes sterilisava feminas in loco de dar les contraceptivos oral, rendente un incentivo financiar plus plausibile. Mesmo si il non habeva incentivo financiar pro le medicos de SSI pro recomendar sterilisation, como discusse anterior, sterilisation esseva vidite como le forma ideal de contraception pro patientes american indigene durante le annos 1960 e 1970. Medicos de SSI poneva emphase sur familias con un numero reducite de filios. Le contention que feminas american indigene desiderava le mesme structura familial como americanos blancos del classe medie adjutava a render possibile le abuso de sterilisation. Alcun motivos de sterilisation coercive de feminas indigene in le Statos Unite de America habe natura eugenic.<ref>http://journals.troy.edu/index.php/test/article/view/365</ref> Le sterilisation coercive del populos indigene esseva un instrumento del suprematia blanc statounitese desde le initio usque al presente.<ref>https://www.sierraclub.org/articles/2020/09/forced-sterilization-tool-violence-oppression-and-white-supremacy</ref> ==Effectos== Un effecto directe del sterilisation de feminas american indigene esseva le diminution del taxa de natalitate. In 1970, le taxa medie de natalitate del feminas native american esseva 3.29, ma illo descendeva a 1.30 in 1980. Le taxa de natalitate del feminas apache cadeva de 4.01 a 1.78. In comparation, le taxa medie de natalitate del feminas blanc cadeva de 2.42 a 2.14. Secundo alicun calculationes, al minus 25% del feminas native american inter le etates de 15 e 44 annos esseva sterilisate durante le periodo le plus intensive. Le feminas native perdeva potentia economic e politic perque illas non poter reproducer se al mesme taxa que lor homologes blanc. Un effecto potential es le accrescimento del risco del extinction del culturas native american. Le declinio del taxa de natalitate esseva un effecto quantificabile. Ma le sterilisation habeva effectos nonquantificabile sur multe feminas american indigene tamben. In alcun culturas american indigene, le fertilitate de un femina es multo valorate, lo que conduceva a consequentias psychologic e social a causa del sterilisation. Pro un femina, non poter haber infantes causarea vergonia, humiliation, e possibile condemnation de su tribo a causa de como le populos american indigene considera le maternitate. In 1977, le advocato Michael Zavalla presentava un action legal in le Stato de Washington post que tres feminas Cheyenne de Montana esseva sterilisate sin lor consentimento. Nonobstante, le feminas sterilisate remaneva anonym a causa de lor timor del repercussiones tribal. Como explicava Marie Sanchez, judice tribal chef pro le Reservation del Cheyenne Septentrional, "Lo que es ancora plus discoragiante que facturas legal grande es le risco de perder su position in le communitate indigene, ubi le sterilisation ha un particular resonance religiose." In alcun areas, le procedura de sterilisation non esseva sufficiente aseptic, resultante in complicationes. Quando complicationes surgeva, ulteriore tractamento medical esseva necessari, ma le fundos gubernamental solmente includeva le procedura mesme. Proque le majoritate del feminas non poteva pagar le tractamento medical subsequentemente, in multe casos illas non lo recipeva, e alcun moriva como resultato. Marie Sanchez equiparava le sterilisation massive del indigenes in le Statos Unite de America al genocidio. A causa del sterilisation fortiabile, le feminas e homines native american non confida plenmente al governamento del Statos Unite de America e remane sceptic super le technologias contraceptive. Isto ha etiam contribuite a le [[Americanisation per fortia de americanos indigene|assimilation cultural coercive]].<ref>{{En}} http://campuspress.yale.edu/yjml/2023/11/07/forced-and-coercive-sterilization-of-native-american-women-eugenics-and-the-family-planning-services-and-population-research-act-1970-1976/</ref> Le sterilisation fortiate es ancora legal al nivello federal, in trenta-un statos e le Districto de Columbia.<ref>http://amchp.org/2022/09/01/reflecting-on-ama-the-untold-story-of-the-sterilization-of-thousands-of-indigenous-women-at-the-hands-of-the-u-s-government/</ref> Durante le 21e seculo, le feminas statosuniteamerican indigene ancora suffre de taxas de sterilisation plus alte que altere racias in le pais.<ref>http://doi.org/10.1108/iphee-01-2024-0003</ref> Le violationes del derectos reproductiv continua a occurrer in contextos governamental, specialmente con populationes marginalisate – como feminas indigene e feminas migrante.<ref>http://www.theguardian.com/us-news/2020/sep/21/unwanted-hysterectomy-allegations-ice-georgia-immigration</ref> Le nazistas studiava le sterilisation fortiate de feminas indigene del Statos Unite de America como un inspiration por lor proprie actiones.<ref>http://www.dailykos.com/stories/2023/9/9/2190779/--This-Week-In-The-War-On-Women-Forced-sterilization-as-racism-colonialism-classism-amp-misogyny</ref> Le tribos in le SUA perdeva potentia politic a causa de decrescentia de numeros de indigenes.<ref>http://daily.jstor.org/the-little-known-history-of-the-forced-sterilization-of-native-american-women/</ref> Le historia del eugenica al populationes indigene face vulnerabile a sterilisation le feminas immigrante al Statos Unite de America.<ref>http://www.washingtonpost.com/outlook/2020/09/20/history-eugenics-us-has-made-migrant-women-vulnerable/</ref> ==Vide etiam== *[[Walter Plecker]]<ref name="Eugenical Sterilization Act 1924"/> *[[Eugenical Sterilization Act 1924]]<ref name="Eugenical Sterilization Act 1924">http://www.washingtonpost.com/local/how-a-long-dead-white-supremacist-still-threatens-the-future-of-virginias-indian-tribes/2015/06/30/81be95f8-0fa4-11e5-adec-e82f8395c032_story.html</ref> ==Referentias== {{Reflist}} cc13y90lyqi21rfi2mn6f3dgrximslj 0 59416 679851 679820 2025-06-06T19:52:00Z Invasive Spices 54287 Ha edite [[WP:Como formatar texto]]. 679851 wikitext text/x-wiki In 2019 '''Jussie Smolett''' declarava que un '''delicto de odio''' habeva evenite. Alcunos dice que isto es '''false'''.<ref>http://slate.com/human-interest/2019/02/jussie-smollett-hate-crime-hoax-victims.html</ref><ref>http://www.tmz.com/2019/03/26/jussie-smollett-community-service-rainbow-push-jesse-jackson-charges-dropped/</ref><ref>http://lawandcrime.com/high-profile/prosecutor-who-dropped-smollett-case-had-said-she-was-recusing-herself-over-potential-conflict-then-she-didnt/</ref><ref>http://www.mic.com/culture/jussie-smollett-trial</ref> Le 29 de januario 2019, le actor american Jussie Smollett contactava le Departmento de Policia de Chicago e reportava un crimine de odio que ille habeva organisate plus tosto in le matino. Ille planava le false crimine de odio con duo fratres nigeriano-american, Abimbola e Olabinjo Osundairo, qui habeva laborate como figurantes in le serie televisive Empire, in le qual Smollett esseva un membro del reparto. Durante le attacco simulate, que occurreva in East Lower North Water Street in le vicinage de Streeterville in Chicago, le fratres disguisate clamava insultos racial e homophobic, dum un versava blanqueator super Smollett e le altere poneva un lazo circa su collo. In addition a reportar falsemente que ille habeva essite attaccate per duo individuos incognite, Smollett describeva uno de illes como un homine blanc. Ille etiam diceva al policia que le homines clamava «Isto es le pais de MAGA» durante le attacco, un referentia al slogan politic. Le fratres testificava plus tarde que Smollett habeva organisate le attacco proxime a un camera de securitate proque un video de illo poterea esser publicate. Le 13 de februario 2019, le policia de Chicago perquirava le domo del fratres Osundairo e trovava registros indicando que illes esseva pagate $3,500 per Smollett. Smollett attesteva que le $3,500 esseva solmente pro consilios de benesser.<ref>http://www.washingtonpost.com/arts-entertainment/2021/12/06/jussie-smollett-testify-hate-crime/</ref> Illes habeva comprate le corda trovate circa le collo de Smollett in un magazin de quincalia in Ravenswood durante le fin de septimana del 25 januario, e esseva etiam capturate per cameras de securitate in le magazin de vestimentos ubi illes comprava guantos, mascas de ski, e un cappello rubie que le policia diceva esseva usate in le attacco. Le 20 de februario, Smollett esseva accusate de un delicto de conducta disordinate pro pagar le fratres pro organisar un false crimine de odio e pro submitter un false reporto al policia. Su equipa de defensa attingeva un accordo con le procuratores le 26 de martio 2019, in le qual omnes accusationes esseva retirate in cambio pro Smollett facer servicio communitari e ceder su fidejussor de $10,000. Le 12 de april 2019, le citate de Chicago intentava un processo contra Smollett pro le $130,000 del costos del investigation. In novembre, ille respondeva con un contrademanda, allegante que ille esseva le victima de «mass public ridicule and harm» («ridiculo e damno public massive»). Le 11 de februario 2020, post un ulterior investigation per un procurator special, Smollett esseva accusate de novo per un jury grande de Cook County de sex charges relative a facer quatro false reportos al policia. In decembre 2021, Smollett esseva condemnate pro cinque cargas criminal de felonia. Le 10 de martio 2022, ille esseva condemnate a 150 dies in prision del contato e ordinate a pagar $120,106 in restitution pro le horas extra passate per officieros del policia investigante su false reportos. Le advocatos de Smollett immediatemente presentava un appello e ille esseva liberate, pendente le resultato de su appello, le 16 de martio post depositar un caution de recognoscentia personal. In novembre 2024, le Illinois Supreme Court revocava le condemnation de Smollett. Le corte concordava que le derectos del quinte emendamento de Smollett habeva essite infringate quando ille esseva prosecutate post haber attingite un accordo de declaration de culpa. In responsa al decision, le procurator special Dan Webb declarava: «Le decision ha nihil a facer con le innocentia de senior Smollett. Le Corte Supreme de Illinois non trovava alicun error con le provas superabundante presentate durante le processo que senior Smollett orchestrava un false crimine de odio e lo reportava al Departmento de Policia de Chicago como un ver crimine de odio, o le veredicto unanime del juratos que senior Smollett esseva culpabile de cinque contos de conducta disordinate punibile como delicto. In facto, Smollett non mesmo contestava le sufficentia del evidentia contra ille in su appello al Corte Supreme de Illinois.» ==Crimine de odio simulate== [[File:Jussie Smollett Hate Crime Hoax (47137490152).jpg|thumb|Le quadra 300 de East Lower North Water Street, le loco que ille allegava que le attacco occurreva.]] Le 22 de januario 2019, un littera arrivava al studio de Chicago del empleator de Smollett. Le littera esseva adressate a Smollett e contineva un homine in disegno de bastones pendente de un arbore con un pistola punctate verso illo, insimul con fragmentos de characters sectate ab revistas «{{Lingua|en|Smollett, Jussie you will die}}» («{{Lingua|ia|Smollett, Jussie tu va morir}}») e «MAGA». Le littera etiam contineva un pulvere blanc, determinate como Tylenol. Le 29 de januario, Smollett annunciava que ille habeva essite attaccate al matino in le 300 bloco de East Lower North Water Street in le quartiero Streeterville de Chicago, in lo que initialmente esseva investigate como un crimine de odio. Le policia de Chicago postea allegava que Smollett ipse esseva responsabile pro simular le attacco. Smollett diceva al policia que, post obtener alimento de un restaurante Subway circa 2:00 del matino, ille esseva attaccate per duo homines qui "critava insultos racial e homophobic" e qui "versava un substantia chimic incognite super [ille]". Smollett diceva que ille esseva al telefono con su manager, Frank Gatson, al momento del incidente supposite. Ille describeva un del aggressores como blanc, mesmo si ambes esseva nigre. Illes allegava haber comenciate batter Smollett in le facie, usante lor manos, pedes, e dentes como armas in le assalto. Secundo un declaration per le policia de Chicago, le duo suspectos postea “versava un substantia chimic incognite super le victima” e a un certe puncto durante le incidente “involveva un corda circa le collo del victima”. Smollett ha dicite que ille les repelleva. Il habeva cameras de securitate al location que Smollett assumeva haberea capturate le incidente, ma, como se revelava, illos esseva orientate in le direction incorrecte. Un testimonio, un empleato de NBC News Chicago, qui esseva proxime al scena del incidente allegate e qui exiva de su auto circa le "angulo del location," diceva que illa non audiva nihil. Secundo Gloria Rodriguez, le advocato del aggressores, Smollett les portava initialmente al loco ubi le attacco deberea occurrer pro un "repetition general" e les diceva: "Ecce un camera, ecce un altere camera e hic le direction ubi vos deberea fugir." Le aggressores explicava que le plano de Smollett esseva de publicar le filmato sur le medios social, e que ille deveniva multo turbate quando le policia le informava que nulle camera habeva registrate le attacco. Smollett esseva tractate al Hospital Memorial Northwestern. Non ferite gravemente, ille esseva dismise "in bon condition" plus tarde iste matino. Le policia habeva essite appellate post 2:30 del matino per Gatson, lo que infuriava le actor proque ille non voleva involver le fortias del ordine. Quando illes arrivava circa 2:40 del matino, Smollett habeva un corda blanc circa su collo. Ille plus tarde admitteva haber removite le corda e postea haber lo remisse ante que le policia arrivava post que Gatson le diceva facer lo. Smollett diceva que le attacco poteva haber essite motivate per su critica del administration de Trump e que ille credeva que le aggression supponite esseva ligate al littera menaciante que habeva essite inviate a ille plus tosto in ille mense. Es possibile que Smollett esseva involvite in composar le littera. ==Reaction initial public== Le 30 de januario 2019, figuras public exprimeva lor supporto pro Smollett in le medias social.<ref>http://www.them.us/story/jussie-smollett-visibility</ref> Figuras del industria del divertimento, includente Shonda Rhimes e Viola Davis, twitteva lor indignation circa le attacco e supporto pro Smollett. Senatores democratic e candidatos presidential, Kamala Harris e Cory Booker, describiva le attacco como un linchamento moderne. Booker exhortava le Congresso a approbar un lege federal contra le linchamento, que esseva co-sponsorisate per ille e Harris. In un interview con April Ryan de AURN, le presidente Donald Trump esseva interrogate re le attacco a Smollett e diceva, «{{Lingua|en|I think that's horrible. It doesn't get worse.}}» («{{Lingua|ia|Io pensa que isto es horrible. Il non pote esser pejor.}}»). Smollett affrontava scepticismo respecto su assertion de attacco; ille respondeva dicente que ille credeva que, si ille habeva dicite que su aggressores esseva mexicanos, musulmanes, o personas nigre, «{{Lingua|en|the doubters would have supported me much more ... And that says a lot about the place that we are in our country right now}}» («{{Lingua|ia|le dubitatores haberea supportate me multo plus ... E illo dice multo circa le loco in que nos es in nostre pais al presente}}»). ==Investigation== Le Procurator del Stato por le Contato de Cook, Kim Foxx, habeva essite in contacto con un membro del familia de Smollett super le caso a un stadio precoce quando ille esseva considerate como un victima de un crimine. Le 19 de februario de 2019, Foxx diceva que illa se recusava del investigation a causa de su "familiaritate con testimones potential in le caso". Foxx delegava le caso a un subordinato. Foxx addeva que le Superintendente de Policia de Chicago, Eddie T. Johnson, habeva informate que le FBI non era interessate in le transferimento del caso de Smollett a illes. Le officio de Foxx plus tarde assereva que illa non se habeva formalmente recusa del caso; facer lo haberea necessitate que illa demandarea al corte de nominar un advocato externe como un procurator special. Le 31 januario 2019, Smollett diceva ille non providera su telephono al policia por un examine. Le 1 februario 2019, le policia diceva que illes non demandara lo a Smollett.<ref>http://www.bbc.com/news/newsbeat-47317701</ref> ==Accusationes criminal, arresto, processo e condemnation== Le 1 de februario, Tina Tchen, un advocata de Chicago qui serviva como le chef de personal del ex-Prime Dama Michelle Obama, contactava le procurator del Stato por le Contato de Cook, Kim Foxx, super le caso de Smollett. Emails e messages de texto indicava que, le 1 de februario, Foxx informava tanto Tchen como un parente de Smollett non nominate que illa habeva demandate al superintendente de policia Eddie Johnson de requestar que le FBI prendeva super le investigation de Smollett. Foxx addeva que Johnson habeva acceptate facer iste requesta. ===Accusationes initial abandonate=== Le procurator Kim Foxx se recusava ab le caso le februario 2019.<ref>http://www.the-independent.com/news/world/americas/crime/jussie-smollett-update-conviction-chicago-b2651404.html</ref> Le 26 de martio 2019, tote le accusationes contra Smollett esseva dismissite, e tunc le judice Steven Watkins ordinava que le dossier public del tribunal esseva sigillate. Le primissime procurator assistente del stato, Joseph Magats, diceva que le officio attingeva un accordo con le equipa legal de defensa de Smollett, in le qual le procuratores dimittea le accusationes in cambio que Smollett compliva 16 horas de servicio communitari e renunciava a su caution de $10,000. Magats faceva un declaration dicente que le decision non esseva un exoneration de Smollett: "Nos supporta le investigation, nos supporta le decision de accusar le […] Le facto que [Smollett] senti que nos ha exonerate ille, nos non ha facite isto. Io non pote facer lo plus clar que isto." ===Procurator special=== Lunedi le 24 februario 2020, Smollett pleadava non culpabile a nove accusationes.<ref>http://www.the-independent.com/news/world/americas/jussie-smollett-empire-actor-plea-not-guilty-staging-attack-charges-chicago-racist-homophobic-latest-a9355766.html</ref> ===Processo e appello=== Dr. Melina Abdullah supportava le innocentia de Smollett.<ref>http://pjmedia.com/matt-margolis/2021/12/08/black-lives-matter-believes-jussie-smollett-we-can-never-believe-police-n1540012</ref> ==Reaction== Le controversia Smolett distraher ab controversias authentic.<ref>http://www.cnn.com/2019/03/27/opinions/jussie-smollett-charges-we-are-the-problem-bailey/index.html Jussie Smollett isn’t the problem. We are.</ref> Le affaire Smolett non pote facer que le americanos discrede victimas de crimines de odio. Illes decidara si creder o non.<ref>http://www.theatlantic.com/ideas/archive/2019/02/jussie-smollett/583426/</ref> Le sito de analyses de novas ''UnHerd'' le appella «{{Lingua|en|America's most embarrassing man}}» (in interlingua: {{Lingua|ia|Le homine le plus embarrassante de America}}).<ref>http://unherd.com/2024/05/americas-most-embarrassing-man/</ref> ==Actiones legal== ===Smollett vs. policia=== Smollett ha accusate le policia de prosecution malitiose.<ref>http://hoodline.com/2024/11/illinois-supreme-court-overturns-jussie-smollett-s-conviction-citing-violation-of-due-process-and-double-jeopardy/</ref> ===Invertava=== Smollett diceva que le attacco esseva un crimine de odio – e esseva «{{Lingua|en|no fraud}}» («{{Lingua|ia|no fraude}}»).<ref name="Illinois Supreme Court overturns Jussie Smollett conviction for alleged hoax"/> Le 21 de novembre 2024, le Supreme Court invertava le condemnation proque ille habeva un accordo de non-prosecution que ille habeva entrato in con le officio del procurator del contato de Cook.<ref name="Jussie Smollett’s conviction in false crime case overturned"/><ref name="Illinois Supreme Court overturns Jussie Smollett conviction for alleged hoax">http://www.bbc.com/news/articles/c8xp28eq5l9o</ref><ref>http://www.cbsnews.com/chicago/news/jussie-smollett-conviction-overturned-illinois-supreme-court/</ref><ref>http://abcnews.go.com/US/jussie-smollett-conviction-overturned-hoax-attack/story?id=116095148</ref><ref>http://www.independentespanol.com/crimen/revocada-condena-jussie-smollett-incitacion-odio-b2651614.html</ref><ref>http://www.nbcnews.com/news/us-news/jussie-smollett-conviction-hate-crime-attack-hoax-overturned-illinois-rcna181182</ref> Iste accordo esseva in cambio de renunciation de caution de $10,000 e execution de servicio communitari, de Smollett.<ref name="Jussie Smollett’s conviction in false crime case overturned">http://www.latimes.com/entertainment-arts/story/2024-11-21/jussie-smollett-convicton-overturned-false-crime</ref> ===Osundairos vs. advocatos de Smollett=== Le fratres Osundairo culpava le advocatos de Smollett por diffamation.<ref>http://www.the-independent.com/arts-entertainment/tv/news/jussie-smollett-brothers-sue-attack-death-threats-kim-foxx-a8883366.html</ref> ==Adaptationes== ==Effectos== Jussie Smolett non es le ration ver por le discreditation de victimas nigre LGBT de delictos de odio.<ref>http://www.washingtonpost.com/outlook/2019/02/21/jussie-smollett-isnt-reason-black-lgbt-hate-crime-victims-arent-believed/</ref> Le deception supponite de Smollett non debe distrahir nos ab le reportos de delictos de odio que occurre cata die.<ref>http://www.them.us/story/jussie-smollett-deception</ref> Alcunos time que le actiones de Smollett diminue le credibilitate de delictos de odio.<ref>http://www.latimes.com/nation/la-me-jussie-smollett-hate-crime-hoax-20190224-story.html</ref> Partes del communitate MAGA – e gruppos simile – usa isto pro allegar que le racia de Smollett protege contra consequentias juridic sever.<ref>http://www.theroot.com/maga-twitter-is-having-a-meltdown-over-jussie-smolletts-1851705455</ref> Alcunos time que le rumores circa Jussie Smollett incoragia credentias conservator que le medios de communication es partial.<ref>http://www.vox.com/2019/2/17/18228444/jussie-smollett-attack-hate-crime-arrest-hoax-empire</ref> Multe supportatores crede que Smollett es innocente e mantiene que ille esseva vermente victima de un delicto de odio, como ille reportava originalmente al policia.<ref>http://www.cbsnews.com/chicago/news/after-jussie-smollett-sent-to-jail-for-150-months-for-hate-crime-hoax-defiant-family-maintains-hes-innocent-it-was-a-complete-frameup/</ref> ==Referentias== {{Reflist}} ivjy55p4ms5nceeqjk5x670k97ytqtk 0 59422 679852 679821 2025-06-06T20:10:54Z Invasive Spices 54287 Ha edite [[WP:Como formatar texto]]. 679852 wikitext text/x-wiki Le '''antimasoneria''' in le pais consiste in movimentos e campanias pro supprimer o eliminar le gruppo '''in le Statos Unite de America'''.<ref>http://www.realclearreligion.org/2024/08/23/freemasonry_why_the_church_prohibits_membership_1053670.html</ref><ref>http://www.washingtonpost.com/news/monkey-cage/wp/2016/02/05/are-conspiracy-theorists-plotting-to-blow-up-the-u-s/</ref><ref>http://www.wmar2news.com/local/homeless-man-accused-of-making-making-violent-threats-targeting-masonic-lodges</ref><ref>http://www.cnn.com/2016/01/26/us/milwaukee-masonic-temple-mass-shooting-planned-charges/</ref><ref>http://apnews.com/general-news-adc2728c430a49c1b7ad4a4f8e2ad230</ref><ref>http://abcnews.go.com/GMA/video/fbi-claims-stopped-mass-shooting-arrest-36542768</ref><ref>http://www.usatoday.com/story/news/2016/01/26/milwaukee-man-charged-machine-gun-plot-targeting-masonic-temple/79368016/</ref><ref>http://www.nytimes.com/2016/01/27/us/suspect-is-charged-in-milwaukee-with-planning-a-mass-shooting.html</ref><ref>http://www.wpr.org/justice/alleged-milwaukee-masonic-temple-terror-plotter-seeks-release</ref><ref>http://myrgv.com/local-news/2023/12/14/mcallen-freemasons-failed-to-take-steps-to-prevent-members-murder-lawsuit-says/</ref><ref>http://www.clickorlando.com/news/local/2023/06/23/man-accused-of-torching-leesburg-masonic-lodge/</ref><ref>http://www.chattanoogan.com/2023/9/4/474302/Chattanooga-Masonic-Center-Damaged-By.aspx</ref> On commatrava que George Washington esseva concedite le presidentia proque ille poterea controlar le pais in favor del masones.<ref>http://www.csmonitor.com/USA/Politics/2009/0804/freemasons-to-birthers-rise-of-dc-conspiracy-theories</ref> ==Antimasoneria religiose== Certe gruppos religiose in le [[Statos Unite de America]] oppone le masoneria.<ref>http://www.thegospelcoalition.org/article/the-faqs-is-freemasonry-compatible-with-christianity/</ref> Alcun figuras religiose ha accusate le Francmasones pro le attaccos del 11 de septembre.<ref>ISBN: 978-0-8065-3363-6</ref>{{Sup|:174}} Alcun catholices e protestantes crede que le catholicismo e le protestantismo – ambes – require que lor adherentes in le Statos Unite de America oppone le masoneria.<ref>http://talkingpointsmemo.com/cafe/how-americas-rich-legacy-of-fear-and-hatred-fuels-the-conspiracy-theories-of-today</ref> Qanonistos como Rick Rene es fixate sur eliminar «monumentos masonic».<ref>http://www.salon.com/2023/08/13/qanons-weirdest-obsession-why-does-the-radical-far-right-fear-the-masons/</ref> Qanon vole demolir le Statua de Libertate proque es francese ergo «satanic».<ref>http://reportwire.org/qanons-weirdest-obsession-why-does-the-radical-far-right-fear-the-masons/</ref> Multe evangelices statosuniteamerican oppone ambe le masones e le neo-templares.<ref>http://ministry-tools.nacministers.org/docs/ethics/masonic-templar-barriers-ministry/</ref> Le WELS dice que esser un membro del WELS e esser un mason es incompatibile.<ref>http://wels.net/faq/joining-the-freemasons/</ref> ===Antimasoneria catholic in le Statos Unite de America=== Alcun catholices allega que le B'nai B'rith – basate in le pais – es parte de un complotto judeo-masonic global contra lor ecclesia.<ref>http://www.splcenter.org/resources/reports/catholics-and-conspiracies/</ref> Alcunos crede que le Ecclesia Catholic non ha prohibite le masoneria Prince Hall perque illos considera lo como un forma irregular. Isto es incorrecte. Le Ecclesia Catholic ha prohibite illo in le mesme modo que omne altere formas de masoneria.<ref>http://onepeterfive.com/freemasonry-and-black-americans-the-prince-hall-sect/</ref> Alcun catholices crede que le masoneria ha reducite le potentia del Ecclesia Catholic trans tote del Statos Unite de America.<ref>http://www.ncregister.com/cna/explainer-why-can-t-a-catholic-join-the-freemasons</ref> Objectiones catholic include que masoneria esseva associate con le elites protestante e con le fallimento que supportar immigration.<ref>http://newseumed.org/tools/critical-debate/1837-using-religion-block-catholic-participation</ref> Alcun catholices american oppone le masoneria proque se opponeva le scholas catholic.<ref>http://www.pillarcatholic.com/p/whats-the-problem-with-freemasonry</ref> Le sito de novas The Pillar esser opponite a facer le activitates religiose de lor ecclesia in edificios masonic, proque secundo illes, non es «a decent place» («un loco decente»).<ref>https://www.pillarcatholic.com/p/mass-in-masonic-auditorium-raises</ref> Multe de le antimasoneria catholic origina ab le opposition contra le Ku Klux Klan.<ref>http://www.patheos.com/blogs/anxiousbench/2024/09/freemasons-catholics-and-american-religious-politics/</ref> ====Antimasoneria al induction del presidente==== Iste sentimento continua in 2025 con opposition al induction del presidente con le masonaria, un die exactemente ante le fin de su mandato.<ref>http://slguardian.org/brother-biden-freemasonry-move-risks-catholic-rift/</ref><ref>http://www.azerbaycan24.com/en/biden-joins-black-freemasons/</ref> Le Ecclesia Catholic in le Statos Unite de America ha declarate que le catholicos in le pais non es permittite devenir francmasones. Dunque, alcun personas vole que Biden sia excommunicate pro haber devenite un mason.<ref>http://dailycaller.com/2025/01/24/joe-biden-potentially-faces-excommunication-after-quiet-induction-into-historically-black-masonic-lodge/</ref><ref>http://www.realclearreligion.org/2025/01/29/former_president_biden_risks_excommunication_by_joining_freemasons_1087953.html</ref> Alcunos crede que Biden ha jam essite excommunicate a causa de su deveni un mason.<ref>http://www.saintdominicsmedia.com/joseph-r-biden-jr-becomes-a-freemason-and-is-excommunicated-from-the-catholic-church</ref><ref>http://zenit.org/2025/01/25/joe-biden-formally-joins-freemasonry-the-day-before-leaving-the-presidency-of-the-united-states/</ref> Le presidente esseva ja le subjecto de un rumor false antimasonic in 2021, in le qual alcunos dice que Obama e Biden ha un «biblia satanic».<ref>http://www.reuters.com/article/world/fact-check-biden-no-jur-el-cargo-sobre-una-biblia-de-los-illuminati-ni-obama-s-idUSKBN29Y2WC/</ref> Alcun personas crede que le uniate del presidente le 19 de januario 2025 es in contradiction con su fide catholic<ref>http://dailyrevelationzambia.com/immediate-past-us-president-biden-joins-freemasonry/</ref> e le doctrina catholic.<ref>http://es.zenit.org/2025/01/25/fotografias-joe-biden-se-unio-formalmente-a-la-masoneria-un-dia-antes-de-dejar-de-ser-presidente-de-estados-unidos/</ref> ===Antimasoneria per gruppos missionari ab SUA=== In 2008 le alliantia missionari ab SUA ha declarate que lor membros non es permittite esser masones.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Missionary Alliance Report on Freemasonry|url=http://www.cmalliance.org/about/beliefs/perspectives/secret-societies |accessdate=2021-07-28 |archivedate=2021-07-28 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20210728002025/http://www.cmalliance.org/about/beliefs/perspectives/secret-societies }}</ref> Le North American Mission Board del SBC ha declarate que masoneria es incompatible con membrotate in le SBC. Le North American Mission Board del SBC objecta contra alcun nomines de edificios masonic.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Archive copy |url=http://www.namb.net/atf/cf/%7BCDA250E8-8866-4236-9A0C-C646DE153446%7D/Closer_Look_Freemasonry.pdf |accessdate=2006-01-14 |archivedate=2006-01-14 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20060114114801/http://www.namb.net/atf/cf/%7BCDA250E8-8866-4236-9A0C-C646DE153446%7D/Closer_Look_Freemasonry.pdf }}</ref> Illo dice :{{Lang-en|many tenets and teachings of Freemasonry are not compatible with Christianity or Southern Baptist doctrine.}} :{{Lingua|ia}}: {{Lingua|ia|multe principias e doctrinas de Francmasonia non es compatibile con le christianismo o le doctrina del Baptistas del Sud.}}<ref>http://www.namb.net/apologetics/resource/freemasonry-overview/</ref> ===Antimasoneria islamic in le Statos Unite de America=== Alcun ideologos islamic extremiste crede que certe libros e filmes american es prova de un conspiration masonic contra le Islam.<ref>http://nationalpost.com/news/islamist-extremists-view-freemasons-as-the-enemy-report</ref> ==Antimasoneria social== Personas con sentimento antiestablimento oppone le masonaria proque es considerate parte del establimento.<ref>http://time.com/archive/6732809/endangered-conspirators/</ref> [[File:Taxil, Hacks, Le Diable au XIXe si%C3%A8cle, p321.jpg|right|220px|frameless]] ==Palladists== Le Palladists del Fraude de Taxil es un gruppo Satanic basate in le pais.<ref>http://bulfinch.englishatheist.org/Devil-Worship-France.htm#Page_22</ref> In le Fraude de Taxil, illes esseva membros de un supponite culto satanista theistic intra francmasoneria. In 1891 Léo Taxil (Gabriel Jogand-Pagès) e Adolphe Ricoux pretendeva haber discoperite un Societate Palladian. ==Antimasoneria antijudeomasonic== Posteres polemic declara que 97% del pressa (le medios de communication) e 98% del systema financiari in le Statos Unite de America es controlate per un conspiration judeomasonic.<ref>http://www.blavatnikarchive.org/story/78</ref> ==Altere== Le Qanonisto William Cooper crede que le masones collabora con extraterrestrials contra le Statos Unite de America.<ref>http://www.salon.com/2020/08/23/the-deep-twisted-roots-of-qanon-from-1940s-sci-fi-to-19th-century-anti-masonic-agitprop/</ref> ==Referentias== {{Reflist}} ==Bibliographia== *{{En}} 2001. Jim Marrs. ''Rule by Secrecy: The Hidden History That Connects the Trilateral Commission, the Freemasons, and the Great Pyramids''. http://archive.org/details/rulebysecrecy00jimm/ . ISBN 978-0-06-093184-1. 95x5nxgu0oi1adc9eml13ugov0jl6kv 679853 679852 2025-06-06T20:21:57Z Invasive Spices 54287 Ha edite [[WP:Como formatar texto]]. 679853 wikitext text/x-wiki Le '''antimasoneria''' in le pais consiste in movimentos e campanias pro supprimer o eliminar le gruppo '''in le Statos Unite de America'''.<ref>http://www.realclearreligion.org/2024/08/23/freemasonry_why_the_church_prohibits_membership_1053670.html</ref><ref>http://www.washingtonpost.com/news/monkey-cage/wp/2016/02/05/are-conspiracy-theorists-plotting-to-blow-up-the-u-s/</ref><ref>http://www.wmar2news.com/local/homeless-man-accused-of-making-making-violent-threats-targeting-masonic-lodges</ref><ref>http://www.cnn.com/2016/01/26/us/milwaukee-masonic-temple-mass-shooting-planned-charges/</ref><ref>http://apnews.com/general-news-adc2728c430a49c1b7ad4a4f8e2ad230</ref><ref>http://abcnews.go.com/GMA/video/fbi-claims-stopped-mass-shooting-arrest-36542768</ref><ref>http://www.usatoday.com/story/news/2016/01/26/milwaukee-man-charged-machine-gun-plot-targeting-masonic-temple/79368016/</ref><ref>http://www.nytimes.com/2016/01/27/us/suspect-is-charged-in-milwaukee-with-planning-a-mass-shooting.html</ref><ref>http://www.wpr.org/justice/alleged-milwaukee-masonic-temple-terror-plotter-seeks-release</ref><ref>http://myrgv.com/local-news/2023/12/14/mcallen-freemasons-failed-to-take-steps-to-prevent-members-murder-lawsuit-says/</ref><ref>http://www.clickorlando.com/news/local/2023/06/23/man-accused-of-torching-leesburg-masonic-lodge/</ref><ref>http://www.chattanoogan.com/2023/9/4/474302/Chattanooga-Masonic-Center-Damaged-By.aspx</ref> On commatrava que George Washington esseva concedite le presidentia proque ille poterea controlar le pais in favor del masones.<ref>http://www.csmonitor.com/USA/Politics/2009/0804/freemasons-to-birthers-rise-of-dc-conspiracy-theories</ref> ==Antimasoneria religiose== Certe gruppos religiose in le [[Statos Unite de America]] oppone le masoneria.<ref>http://www.thegospelcoalition.org/article/the-faqs-is-freemasonry-compatible-with-christianity/</ref> Alcun figuras religiose ha accusate le Francmasones pro le attaccos del 11 de septembre.<ref>ISBN: 978-0-8065-3363-6</ref>{{Sup|:174}} Alcun catholices e protestantes crede que le catholicismo e le protestantismo – ambes – require que lor adherentes in le Statos Unite de America oppone le masoneria.<ref>http://talkingpointsmemo.com/cafe/how-americas-rich-legacy-of-fear-and-hatred-fuels-the-conspiracy-theories-of-today</ref> Qanonistos como Rick Rene es fixate sur eliminar «monumentos masonic».<ref>http://www.salon.com/2023/08/13/qanons-weirdest-obsession-why-does-the-radical-far-right-fear-the-masons/</ref> Qanon vole demolir le Statua de Libertate proque es francese ergo «satanic».<ref>http://reportwire.org/qanons-weirdest-obsession-why-does-the-radical-far-right-fear-the-masons/</ref> Multe evangelices statosuniteamerican oppone ambe le masones e le neo-templares.<ref>http://ministry-tools.nacministers.org/docs/ethics/masonic-templar-barriers-ministry/</ref> Le WELS dice que esser un membro del WELS e esser un mason es incompatibile.<ref>http://wels.net/faq/joining-the-freemasons/</ref> ===Antimasoneria catholic in le Statos Unite de America=== Alcun catholices allega que le B'nai B'rith – basate in le pais – es parte de un complotto judeo-masonic global contra lor ecclesia.<ref>http://www.splcenter.org/resources/reports/catholics-and-conspiracies/</ref> Alcunos crede que le Ecclesia Catholic non ha prohibite le masoneria Prince Hall perque illos considera lo como un forma irregular. Isto es incorrecte. Le Ecclesia Catholic ha prohibite illo in le mesme modo que omne altere formas de masoneria.<ref>http://onepeterfive.com/freemasonry-and-black-americans-the-prince-hall-sect/</ref> Alcun catholices crede que le masoneria ha reducite le potentia del Ecclesia Catholic trans tote del Statos Unite de America.<ref>http://www.ncregister.com/cna/explainer-why-can-t-a-catholic-join-the-freemasons</ref> Objectiones catholic include que masoneria esseva associate con le elites protestante e con le fallimento que supportar immigration.<ref>http://newseumed.org/tools/critical-debate/1837-using-religion-block-catholic-participation</ref> Alcun catholices american oppone le masoneria proque se opponeva le scholas catholic.<ref>http://www.pillarcatholic.com/p/whats-the-problem-with-freemasonry</ref> Le sito de novas The Pillar esser opponite a facer le activitates religiose de lor ecclesia in edificios masonic, proque secundo illes, non es «a decent place» («un loco decente»).<ref>https://www.pillarcatholic.com/p/mass-in-masonic-auditorium-raises</ref> Multe de le antimasoneria catholic origina ab le opposition contra le Ku Klux Klan.<ref>http://www.patheos.com/blogs/anxiousbench/2024/09/freemasons-catholics-and-american-religious-politics/</ref> ====Antimasoneria al induction del presidente==== Iste sentimento continua in 2025 con opposition al induction del presidente con le masonaria, un die exactemente ante le fin de su mandato.<ref>http://slguardian.org/brother-biden-freemasonry-move-risks-catholic-rift/</ref><ref>http://www.azerbaycan24.com/en/biden-joins-black-freemasons/</ref> Le Ecclesia Catholic in le Statos Unite de America ha declarate que le catholicos in le pais non es permittite devenir francmasones. Dunque, alcun personas vole que Biden sia excommunicate pro haber devenite un mason.<ref>http://dailycaller.com/2025/01/24/joe-biden-potentially-faces-excommunication-after-quiet-induction-into-historically-black-masonic-lodge/</ref><ref>http://www.realclearreligion.org/2025/01/29/former_president_biden_risks_excommunication_by_joining_freemasons_1087953.html</ref> Alcunos crede que Biden ha jam essite excommunicate a causa de su deveni un mason.<ref>http://www.saintdominicsmedia.com/joseph-r-biden-jr-becomes-a-freemason-and-is-excommunicated-from-the-catholic-church</ref><ref>http://zenit.org/2025/01/25/joe-biden-formally-joins-freemasonry-the-day-before-leaving-the-presidency-of-the-united-states/</ref> Le presidente esseva ja le subjecto de un rumor false antimasonic in 2021, in le qual alcunos dice que Obama e Biden ha un «biblia satanic».<ref>http://www.reuters.com/article/world/fact-check-biden-no-jur-el-cargo-sobre-una-biblia-de-los-illuminati-ni-obama-s-idUSKBN29Y2WC/</ref> Alcun personas crede que le uniate del presidente le 19 de januario 2025 es in contradiction con su fide catholic<ref>http://dailyrevelationzambia.com/immediate-past-us-president-biden-joins-freemasonry/</ref> e le doctrina catholic.<ref>http://es.zenit.org/2025/01/25/fotografias-joe-biden-se-unio-formalmente-a-la-masoneria-un-dia-antes-de-dejar-de-ser-presidente-de-estados-unidos/</ref> ===Antimasoneria per gruppos missionari ab SUA=== In 2008 le alliantia missionari ab SUA ha declarate que lor membros non es permittite esser masones.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Missionary Alliance Report on Freemasonry|url=http://www.cmalliance.org/about/beliefs/perspectives/secret-societies |accessdate=2021-07-28 |archivedate=2021-07-28 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20210728002025/http://www.cmalliance.org/about/beliefs/perspectives/secret-societies }}</ref> Le North American Mission Board del SBC ha declarate que masoneria es incompatible con membrotate in le SBC. Le North American Mission Board del SBC objecta contra alcun nomines de edificios masonic.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Archive copy |url=http://www.namb.net/atf/cf/%7BCDA250E8-8866-4236-9A0C-C646DE153446%7D/Closer_Look_Freemasonry.pdf |accessdate=2006-01-14 |archivedate=2006-01-14 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20060114114801/http://www.namb.net/atf/cf/%7BCDA250E8-8866-4236-9A0C-C646DE153446%7D/Closer_Look_Freemasonry.pdf }}</ref> Illo dice :{{Lang-en|many tenets and teachings of Freemasonry are not compatible with Christianity or Southern Baptist doctrine.}} :{{Lingua|ia}}: {{Lingua|ia|multe principias e doctrinas de Francmasonia non es compatibile con le christianismo o le doctrina del Baptistas del Sud.}}<ref>http://www.namb.net/apologetics/resource/freemasonry-overview/</ref> ===Antimasoneria islamic in le Statos Unite de America=== Alcun ideologos islamic extremiste crede que certe libros e filmes american es prova de un conspiration masonic contra le Islam.<ref>http://nationalpost.com/news/islamist-extremists-view-freemasons-as-the-enemy-report</ref> ==Antimasoneria social== Personas con sentimento antiestablimento statounitese oppone le masonaria proque es considerate parte del establimento american.<ref>http://time.com/archive/6732809/endangered-conspirators/</ref> [[File:Taxil, Hacks, Le Diable au XIXe si%C3%A8cle, p321.jpg|right|220px|frameless]] ==Palladists== Le Palladists del Fraude de Taxil es un gruppo Satanic basate in le pais.<ref>http://bulfinch.englishatheist.org/Devil-Worship-France.htm#Page_22</ref> In le Fraude de Taxil, illes esseva membros de un supponite culto satanista theistic intra francmasoneria. In 1891 Léo Taxil (Gabriel Jogand-Pagès) e Adolphe Ricoux pretendeva haber discoperite un Societate Palladian. ==Antimasoneria antijudeomasonic== Posteres polemic declara que 97% del pressa (le medios de communication) e 98% del systema financiari in le Statos Unite de America es controlate per un conspiration judeomasonic.<ref>http://www.blavatnikarchive.org/story/78</ref> ==Altere== Le Qanonisto William Cooper crede que le masones collabora con extraterrestrials contra le Statos Unite de America.<ref>http://www.salon.com/2020/08/23/the-deep-twisted-roots-of-qanon-from-1940s-sci-fi-to-19th-century-anti-masonic-agitprop/</ref> ==Referentias== {{Reflist}} ==Bibliographia== *{{En}} 2001. Jim Marrs. ''Rule by Secrecy: The Hidden History That Connects the Trilateral Commission, the Freemasons, and the Great Pyramids''. http://archive.org/details/rulebysecrecy00jimm/ . ISBN 978-0-06-093184-1. i8lonrqbykybi2odj0qu6fpkjux5at7 679854 679853 2025-06-06T20:31:45Z Invasive Spices 54287 Ha edite [[WP:Como formatar texto]]. 679854 wikitext text/x-wiki Le '''antimasoneria''' in le pais consiste in movimentos e campanias pro supprimer o eliminar le gruppo '''in le Statos Unite de America'''.<ref>http://www.realclearreligion.org/2024/08/23/freemasonry_why_the_church_prohibits_membership_1053670.html</ref><ref>http://www.washingtonpost.com/news/monkey-cage/wp/2016/02/05/are-conspiracy-theorists-plotting-to-blow-up-the-u-s/</ref><ref>http://www.wmar2news.com/local/homeless-man-accused-of-making-making-violent-threats-targeting-masonic-lodges</ref><ref>http://www.cnn.com/2016/01/26/us/milwaukee-masonic-temple-mass-shooting-planned-charges/</ref><ref>http://apnews.com/general-news-adc2728c430a49c1b7ad4a4f8e2ad230</ref><ref>http://abcnews.go.com/GMA/video/fbi-claims-stopped-mass-shooting-arrest-36542768</ref><ref>http://www.usatoday.com/story/news/2016/01/26/milwaukee-man-charged-machine-gun-plot-targeting-masonic-temple/79368016/</ref><ref>http://www.nytimes.com/2016/01/27/us/suspect-is-charged-in-milwaukee-with-planning-a-mass-shooting.html</ref><ref>http://www.wpr.org/justice/alleged-milwaukee-masonic-temple-terror-plotter-seeks-release</ref><ref>http://myrgv.com/local-news/2023/12/14/mcallen-freemasons-failed-to-take-steps-to-prevent-members-murder-lawsuit-says/</ref><ref>http://www.clickorlando.com/news/local/2023/06/23/man-accused-of-torching-leesburg-masonic-lodge/</ref><ref>http://www.chattanoogan.com/2023/9/4/474302/Chattanooga-Masonic-Center-Damaged-By.aspx</ref> On commatrava que George Washington esseva concedite le presidentia proque ille poterea controlar le pais in favor del masones.<ref>http://www.csmonitor.com/USA/Politics/2009/0804/freemasons-to-birthers-rise-of-dc-conspiracy-theories</ref> ==Antimasoneria religiose== Certe gruppos religiose in le [[Statos Unite de America]] oppone le masoneria.<ref>http://www.thegospelcoalition.org/article/the-faqs-is-freemasonry-compatible-with-christianity/</ref> Alcun figuras religiose ha accusate le Francmasones pro le attaccos del 11 de septembre.<ref>ISBN: 978-0-8065-3363-6</ref>{{Sup|:174}} Alcun catholices e protestantes crede que le catholicismo e le protestantismo – ambes – require que lor adherentes in le Statos Unite de America oppone le masoneria.<ref>http://talkingpointsmemo.com/cafe/how-americas-rich-legacy-of-fear-and-hatred-fuels-the-conspiracy-theories-of-today</ref> Qanonistos como Rick Rene es fixate sur eliminar «monumentos masonic».<ref>http://www.salon.com/2023/08/13/qanons-weirdest-obsession-why-does-the-radical-far-right-fear-the-masons/</ref> Qanon vole demolir le Statua de Libertate proque es francese ergo «satanic».<ref>http://reportwire.org/qanons-weirdest-obsession-why-does-the-radical-far-right-fear-the-masons/</ref> Multe evangelices statosuniteamerican oppone ambe le masones e le neo-templares.<ref>http://ministry-tools.nacministers.org/docs/ethics/masonic-templar-barriers-ministry/</ref> Le WELS dice que esser un membro del WELS e esser un mason es incompatibile.<ref>http://wels.net/faq/joining-the-freemasons/</ref> ===Antimasoneria catholic in le Statos Unite de America=== Alcun catholices allega que le B'nai B'rith – basate in le pais – es parte de un complotto judeo-masonic global contra lor ecclesia.<ref>http://www.splcenter.org/resources/reports/catholics-and-conspiracies/</ref> Alcunos crede que le Ecclesia Catholic non ha prohibite le masoneria Prince Hall perque illos considera lo como un forma irregular. Isto es incorrecte. Le Ecclesia Catholic ha prohibite illo in le mesme modo que omne altere formas de masoneria.<ref>http://onepeterfive.com/freemasonry-and-black-americans-the-prince-hall-sect/</ref> Alcun catholices crede que le masoneria ha reducite le potentia del Ecclesia Catholic trans tote del Statos Unite de America.<ref>http://www.ncregister.com/cna/explainer-why-can-t-a-catholic-join-the-freemasons</ref> Objectiones catholic include que masoneria esseva associate con le elites protestante e con le fallimento que supportar immigration.<ref>http://newseumed.org/tools/critical-debate/1837-using-religion-block-catholic-participation</ref> Alcun catholices american oppone le masoneria proque se opponeva le scholas catholic.<ref>http://www.pillarcatholic.com/p/whats-the-problem-with-freemasonry</ref> Le sito de novas The Pillar esser opponite a facer le activitates religiose de lor ecclesia in edificios masonic, proque secundo illes, non es «a decent place» («un loco decente»).<ref>https://www.pillarcatholic.com/p/mass-in-masonic-auditorium-raises</ref> Multe de le antimasoneria catholic origina ab le opposition contra le Ku Klux Klan.<ref>http://www.patheos.com/blogs/anxiousbench/2024/09/freemasons-catholics-and-american-religious-politics/</ref> ====Antimasoneria al induction del presidente==== Iste sentimento continua in 2025 con opposition al induction del presidente con le masonaria, un die exactemente ante le fin de su mandato.<ref>http://slguardian.org/brother-biden-freemasonry-move-risks-catholic-rift/</ref><ref>http://www.azerbaycan24.com/en/biden-joins-black-freemasons/</ref> Le Ecclesia Catholic in le Statos Unite de America ha declarate que le catholicos in le pais non es permittite devenir francmasones. Dunque, alcun personas vole que Biden sia excommunicate pro haber devenite un mason.<ref>http://dailycaller.com/2025/01/24/joe-biden-potentially-faces-excommunication-after-quiet-induction-into-historically-black-masonic-lodge/</ref><ref>http://www.realclearreligion.org/2025/01/29/former_president_biden_risks_excommunication_by_joining_freemasons_1087953.html</ref> Alcunos crede que Biden ha jam essite excommunicate a causa de su deveni un mason.<ref>http://www.saintdominicsmedia.com/joseph-r-biden-jr-becomes-a-freemason-and-is-excommunicated-from-the-catholic-church</ref><ref>http://zenit.org/2025/01/25/joe-biden-formally-joins-freemasonry-the-day-before-leaving-the-presidency-of-the-united-states/</ref> Le presidente esseva ja le subjecto de un rumor false antimasonic in 2021, in le qual alcunos dice que Obama e Biden ha un «biblia satanic».<ref>http://www.reuters.com/article/world/fact-check-biden-no-jur-el-cargo-sobre-una-biblia-de-los-illuminati-ni-obama-s-idUSKBN29Y2WC/</ref> Alcun personas crede que le uniate del presidente le 19 de januario 2025 es in contradiction con su fide catholic<ref>http://dailyrevelationzambia.com/immediate-past-us-president-biden-joins-freemasonry/</ref> e le doctrina catholic.<ref>http://es.zenit.org/2025/01/25/fotografias-joe-biden-se-unio-formalmente-a-la-masoneria-un-dia-antes-de-dejar-de-ser-presidente-de-estados-unidos/</ref> ===Antimasoneria per gruppos missionari ab SUA=== In 2008 le alliantia missionari ab SUA ha declarate que lor membros non es permittite esser masones.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Missionary Alliance Report on Freemasonry|url=http://www.cmalliance.org/about/beliefs/perspectives/secret-societies |accessdate=2021-07-28 |archivedate=2021-07-28 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20210728002025/http://www.cmalliance.org/about/beliefs/perspectives/secret-societies }}</ref> Le North American Mission Board del SBC ha declarate que masoneria es incompatible con membrotate in le SBC. Le North American Mission Board del SBC objecta contra alcun nomines de edificios masonic.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Archive copy |url=http://www.namb.net/atf/cf/%7BCDA250E8-8866-4236-9A0C-C646DE153446%7D/Closer_Look_Freemasonry.pdf |accessdate=2006-01-14 |archivedate=2006-01-14 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20060114114801/http://www.namb.net/atf/cf/%7BCDA250E8-8866-4236-9A0C-C646DE153446%7D/Closer_Look_Freemasonry.pdf }}</ref> Illo dice :{{Lang-en|many tenets and teachings of Freemasonry are not compatible with Christianity or Southern Baptist doctrine.}} :{{Lingua|ia}}: {{Lingua|ia|multe principias e doctrinas de Francmasonia non es compatibile con le christianismo o le doctrina del Baptistas del Sud.}}<ref>http://www.namb.net/apologetics/resource/freemasonry-overview/</ref> ===Antimasoneria islamic in le Statos Unite de America=== Alcun ideologos islamic extremiste crede que certe libros e filmes american representa provas de un conspiration masonic contra le Islam.<ref>http://nationalpost.com/news/islamist-extremists-view-freemasons-as-the-enemy-report</ref> ==Antimasoneria social== Personas con sentimento antiestablimento statounitese oppone le masonaria proque es considerate parte del establimento american.<ref>http://time.com/archive/6732809/endangered-conspirators/</ref> [[File:Taxil, Hacks, Le Diable au XIXe si%C3%A8cle, p321.jpg|right|220px|frameless]] ==Palladists== Le Palladists del Fraude de Taxil es un gruppo Satanic basate in le pais.<ref>http://bulfinch.englishatheist.org/Devil-Worship-France.htm#Page_22</ref> In le Fraude de Taxil, illes esseva membros de un supponite culto satanista theistic intra francmasoneria. In 1891 Léo Taxil (Gabriel Jogand-Pagès) e Adolphe Ricoux pretendeva haber discoperite un Societate Palladian. ==Antimasoneria antijudeomasonic== Posteres polemic declara que 97% del pressa (le medios de communication) e 98% del systema financiari in le Statos Unite de America es controlate per un conspiration judeomasonic.<ref>http://www.blavatnikarchive.org/story/78</ref> ==Altere== Le Qanonisto William Cooper crede que le masones collabora con extraterrestrials contra le Statos Unite de America.<ref>http://www.salon.com/2020/08/23/the-deep-twisted-roots-of-qanon-from-1940s-sci-fi-to-19th-century-anti-masonic-agitprop/</ref> ==Referentias== {{Reflist}} ==Bibliographia== *{{En}} 2001. Jim Marrs. ''Rule by Secrecy: The Hidden History That Connects the Trilateral Commission, the Freemasons, and the Great Pyramids''. http://archive.org/details/rulebysecrecy00jimm/ . ISBN 978-0-06-093184-1. 6a6ido5e1t7rpj2isas0r597udgpo8f 679855 679854 2025-06-06T20:51:27Z Invasive Spices 54287 Ha edite [[WP:Como formatar texto]]. 679855 wikitext text/x-wiki Le '''antimasoneria''' in le pais consiste in movimentos e campanias pro supprimer o eliminar le gruppo '''in le Statos Unite de America'''.<ref>http://www.realclearreligion.org/2024/08/23/freemasonry_why_the_church_prohibits_membership_1053670.html</ref><ref>http://www.washingtonpost.com/news/monkey-cage/wp/2016/02/05/are-conspiracy-theorists-plotting-to-blow-up-the-u-s/</ref><ref>http://www.wmar2news.com/local/homeless-man-accused-of-making-making-violent-threats-targeting-masonic-lodges</ref><ref>http://www.cnn.com/2016/01/26/us/milwaukee-masonic-temple-mass-shooting-planned-charges/</ref><ref>http://apnews.com/general-news-adc2728c430a49c1b7ad4a4f8e2ad230</ref><ref>http://abcnews.go.com/GMA/video/fbi-claims-stopped-mass-shooting-arrest-36542768</ref><ref>http://www.usatoday.com/story/news/2016/01/26/milwaukee-man-charged-machine-gun-plot-targeting-masonic-temple/79368016/</ref><ref>http://www.nytimes.com/2016/01/27/us/suspect-is-charged-in-milwaukee-with-planning-a-mass-shooting.html</ref><ref>http://www.wpr.org/justice/alleged-milwaukee-masonic-temple-terror-plotter-seeks-release</ref><ref>http://myrgv.com/local-news/2023/12/14/mcallen-freemasons-failed-to-take-steps-to-prevent-members-murder-lawsuit-says/</ref><ref>http://www.clickorlando.com/news/local/2023/06/23/man-accused-of-torching-leesburg-masonic-lodge/</ref><ref>http://www.chattanoogan.com/2023/9/4/474302/Chattanooga-Masonic-Center-Damaged-By.aspx</ref> On commatrava que George Washington esseva concedite le presidentia proque ille poterea controlar le pais in favor del masones.<ref>http://www.csmonitor.com/USA/Politics/2009/0804/freemasons-to-birthers-rise-of-dc-conspiracy-theories</ref> ==Antimasoneria religiose== Certe gruppos religiose in le [[Statos Unite de America]] oppone le masoneria.<ref>http://www.thegospelcoalition.org/article/the-faqs-is-freemasonry-compatible-with-christianity/</ref> Alcun figuras religiose ha accusate le Francmasones pro le attaccos del 11 de septembre.<ref>ISBN: 978-0-8065-3363-6</ref>{{Sup|:174}} Alcun catholices e protestantes crede que le catholicismo e le protestantismo – ambes – require que lor adherentes in le Statos Unite de America oppone le masoneria.<ref>http://talkingpointsmemo.com/cafe/how-americas-rich-legacy-of-fear-and-hatred-fuels-the-conspiracy-theories-of-today</ref> Qanonistos como Rick Rene es fixate sur eliminar «monumentos masonic».<ref>http://www.salon.com/2023/08/13/qanons-weirdest-obsession-why-does-the-radical-far-right-fear-the-masons/</ref> Qanon vole demolir le Statua de Libertate proque es francese ergo «satanic».<ref>http://reportwire.org/qanons-weirdest-obsession-why-does-the-radical-far-right-fear-the-masons/</ref> Multe evangelices statosuniteamerican oppone ambe le masones e le neo-templares.<ref>http://ministry-tools.nacministers.org/docs/ethics/masonic-templar-barriers-ministry/</ref> Le WELS dice que esser un membro del WELS e esser un mason es incompatibile.<ref>http://wels.net/faq/joining-the-freemasons/</ref> ===Antimasoneria catholic in le Statos Unite de America=== Alcun catholices allega que le B'nai B'rith – basate in le pais – es parte de un complotto judeo-masonic global contra lor ecclesia.<ref>http://www.splcenter.org/resources/reports/catholics-and-conspiracies/</ref> Alcunos crede que le Ecclesia Catholic non ha prohibite le masoneria Prince Hall perque illos considera lo como un forma irregular. Isto es incorrecte. Le Ecclesia Catholic ha prohibite illo in le mesme modo que omne altere formas de masoneria.<ref>http://onepeterfive.com/freemasonry-and-black-americans-the-prince-hall-sect/</ref> Alcun catholices crede que le masoneria ha reducite le potentia del Ecclesia Catholic trans tote del Statos Unite de America.<ref>http://www.ncregister.com/cna/explainer-why-can-t-a-catholic-join-the-freemasons</ref> Objectiones catholic include que masoneria esseva associate con le elites protestante e con le fallimento que supportar immigration.<ref>http://newseumed.org/tools/critical-debate/1837-using-religion-block-catholic-participation</ref> Alcun catholices american oppone le masoneria proque se opponeva le scholas catholic.<ref>http://www.pillarcatholic.com/p/whats-the-problem-with-freemasonry</ref> Le sito de novas The Pillar esser opponite a facer le activitates religiose de lor ecclesia in edificios masonic, proque secundo illes, non es «a decent place» («un loco decente»).<ref>https://www.pillarcatholic.com/p/mass-in-masonic-auditorium-raises</ref> Multe de le antimasoneria catholic origina ab le opposition contra le Ku Klux Klan.<ref>http://www.patheos.com/blogs/anxiousbench/2024/09/freemasons-catholics-and-american-religious-politics/</ref> ====Antimasoneria al induction del presidente==== Iste sentimento continua in 2025 con opposition al induction del presidente con le masonaria, un die exactemente ante le fin de su mandato.<ref>http://slguardian.org/brother-biden-freemasonry-move-risks-catholic-rift/</ref><ref>http://www.azerbaycan24.com/en/biden-joins-black-freemasons/</ref> Le Ecclesia Catholic in le Statos Unite de America ha declarate que le catholicos in le pais non es permittite devenir francmasones. Dunque, alcun personas vole que Biden sia excommunicate pro haber devenite un mason.<ref>http://dailycaller.com/2025/01/24/joe-biden-potentially-faces-excommunication-after-quiet-induction-into-historically-black-masonic-lodge/</ref><ref>http://www.realclearreligion.org/2025/01/29/former_president_biden_risks_excommunication_by_joining_freemasons_1087953.html</ref> Alcunos crede que Biden ha jam essite excommunicate a causa de su deveni un mason.<ref>http://www.saintdominicsmedia.com/joseph-r-biden-jr-becomes-a-freemason-and-is-excommunicated-from-the-catholic-church</ref><ref>http://zenit.org/2025/01/25/joe-biden-formally-joins-freemasonry-the-day-before-leaving-the-presidency-of-the-united-states/</ref> Le presidente esseva ja le subjecto de un rumor false antimasonic in 2021, in le qual alcunos dice que Obama e Biden ha un «biblia satanic».<ref>http://www.reuters.com/article/world/fact-check-biden-no-jur-el-cargo-sobre-una-biblia-de-los-illuminati-ni-obama-s-idUSKBN29Y2WC/</ref> Alcun personas crede que le uniate del presidente le 19 de januario 2025 es in contradiction con su fide catholic<ref>http://dailyrevelationzambia.com/immediate-past-us-president-biden-joins-freemasonry/</ref> e le doctrina catholic.<ref>http://es.zenit.org/2025/01/25/fotografias-joe-biden-se-unio-formalmente-a-la-masoneria-un-dia-antes-de-dejar-de-ser-presidente-de-estados-unidos/</ref> ===Antimasoneria per gruppos missionari ex SUA=== In 2008 le alliantia missionari ab SUA ha declarate que lor membros non es permittite esser masones.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Missionary Alliance Report on Freemasonry|url=http://www.cmalliance.org/about/beliefs/perspectives/secret-societies |accessdate=2021-07-28 |archivedate=2021-07-28 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20210728002025/http://www.cmalliance.org/about/beliefs/perspectives/secret-societies }}</ref> Le North American Mission Board del SBC ha declarate que masoneria es incompatible con membrotate in le SBC. Le North American Mission Board del SBC objecta contra alcun nomines de edificios masonic.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Archive copy |url=http://www.namb.net/atf/cf/%7BCDA250E8-8866-4236-9A0C-C646DE153446%7D/Closer_Look_Freemasonry.pdf |accessdate=2006-01-14 |archivedate=2006-01-14 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20060114114801/http://www.namb.net/atf/cf/%7BCDA250E8-8866-4236-9A0C-C646DE153446%7D/Closer_Look_Freemasonry.pdf }}</ref> Illo dice :{{Lang-en|many tenets and teachings of Freemasonry are not compatible with Christianity or Southern Baptist doctrine.}} :{{Lingua|ia}}: {{Lingua|ia|multe principias e doctrinas de Francmasonia non es compatibile con le christianismo o le doctrina del Baptistas del Sud.}}<ref>http://www.namb.net/apologetics/resource/freemasonry-overview/</ref> ===Antimasoneria islamic in le Statos Unite de America=== Alcun ideologos islamic extremiste crede que certe libros e filmes american representa provas de un conspiration masonic contra le Islam.<ref>http://nationalpost.com/news/islamist-extremists-view-freemasons-as-the-enemy-report</ref> ==Antimasoneria social== Personas con sentimento antiestablimento statounitese oppone le masonaria proque es considerate parte del establimento american.<ref>http://time.com/archive/6732809/endangered-conspirators/</ref> [[File:Taxil, Hacks, Le Diable au XIXe si%C3%A8cle, p321.jpg|right|220px|frameless]] ==Palladists== Le Palladists del Fraude de Taxil es un gruppo Satanic basate in le pais.<ref>http://bulfinch.englishatheist.org/Devil-Worship-France.htm#Page_22</ref> In le Fraude de Taxil, illes esseva membros de un supponite culto satanista theistic intra francmasoneria. In 1891 Léo Taxil (Gabriel Jogand-Pagès) e Adolphe Ricoux pretendeva haber discoperite un Societate Palladian. ==Antimasoneria antijudeomasonic== Posteres polemic declara que 97% del pressa (le medios de communication) e 98% del systema financiari in le Statos Unite de America es controlate per un conspiration judeomasonic.<ref>http://www.blavatnikarchive.org/story/78</ref> ==Altere== Le Qanonisto William Cooper crede que le masones collabora con extraterrestrials contra le Statos Unite de America.<ref>http://www.salon.com/2020/08/23/the-deep-twisted-roots-of-qanon-from-1940s-sci-fi-to-19th-century-anti-masonic-agitprop/</ref> ==Referentias== {{Reflist}} ==Bibliographia== *{{En}} 2001. Jim Marrs. ''Rule by Secrecy: The Hidden History That Connects the Trilateral Commission, the Freemasons, and the Great Pyramids''. http://archive.org/details/rulebysecrecy00jimm/ . ISBN 978-0-06-093184-1. 3qfad05rf9l98m89wo6li0jwwu4j9zb 679856 679855 2025-06-06T21:05:26Z Invasive Spices 54287 Ha edite [[WP:Como formatar texto]]. 679856 wikitext text/x-wiki Le '''antimasoneria''' in le pais consiste in movimentos e campanias pro supprimer o eliminar le gruppo '''in le Statos Unite de America'''.<ref>http://www.realclearreligion.org/2024/08/23/freemasonry_why_the_church_prohibits_membership_1053670.html</ref><ref>http://www.washingtonpost.com/news/monkey-cage/wp/2016/02/05/are-conspiracy-theorists-plotting-to-blow-up-the-u-s/</ref><ref>http://www.wmar2news.com/local/homeless-man-accused-of-making-making-violent-threats-targeting-masonic-lodges</ref><ref>http://www.cnn.com/2016/01/26/us/milwaukee-masonic-temple-mass-shooting-planned-charges/</ref><ref>http://apnews.com/general-news-adc2728c430a49c1b7ad4a4f8e2ad230</ref><ref>http://abcnews.go.com/GMA/video/fbi-claims-stopped-mass-shooting-arrest-36542768</ref><ref>http://www.usatoday.com/story/news/2016/01/26/milwaukee-man-charged-machine-gun-plot-targeting-masonic-temple/79368016/</ref><ref>http://www.nytimes.com/2016/01/27/us/suspect-is-charged-in-milwaukee-with-planning-a-mass-shooting.html</ref><ref>http://www.wpr.org/justice/alleged-milwaukee-masonic-temple-terror-plotter-seeks-release</ref><ref>http://myrgv.com/local-news/2023/12/14/mcallen-freemasons-failed-to-take-steps-to-prevent-members-murder-lawsuit-says/</ref><ref>http://www.clickorlando.com/news/local/2023/06/23/man-accused-of-torching-leesburg-masonic-lodge/</ref><ref>http://www.chattanoogan.com/2023/9/4/474302/Chattanooga-Masonic-Center-Damaged-By.aspx</ref> On commatrava que George Washington esseva concedite le presidentia proque ille poterea controlar le pais in favor del masones.<ref>http://www.csmonitor.com/USA/Politics/2009/0804/freemasons-to-birthers-rise-of-dc-conspiracy-theories</ref> ==Antimasoneria religiose== Certe gruppos religiose in le [[Statos Unite de America]] oppone le masoneria.<ref>http://www.thegospelcoalition.org/article/the-faqs-is-freemasonry-compatible-with-christianity/</ref> Alcun figuras religiose ha accusate le Francmasones pro le attaccos del 11 de septembre.<ref>ISBN: 978-0-8065-3363-6</ref>{{Sup|:174}} Alcun catholices e protestantes crede que le catholicismo e le protestantismo – ambes – require que lor adherentes in le Statos Unite de America oppone le masoneria.<ref>http://talkingpointsmemo.com/cafe/how-americas-rich-legacy-of-fear-and-hatred-fuels-the-conspiracy-theories-of-today</ref> Qanonistos como Rick Rene es fixate sur eliminar «monumentos masonic».<ref>http://www.salon.com/2023/08/13/qanons-weirdest-obsession-why-does-the-radical-far-right-fear-the-masons/</ref> Qanon vole demolir le Statua de Libertate proque es francese ergo «satanic».<ref>http://reportwire.org/qanons-weirdest-obsession-why-does-the-radical-far-right-fear-the-masons/</ref> Multe evangelices statosuniteamerican oppone ambe le masones e le neo-templares.<ref>http://ministry-tools.nacministers.org/docs/ethics/masonic-templar-barriers-ministry/</ref> Le WELS dice que esser un membro del WELS e esser un mason es incompatibile.<ref>http://wels.net/faq/joining-the-freemasons/</ref> ===Antimasoneria catholic in le Statos Unite de America=== Alcun catholices allega que le B'nai B'rith – basate in le pais – es parte de un complotto judeo-masonic global contra lor ecclesia.<ref>http://www.splcenter.org/resources/reports/catholics-and-conspiracies/</ref> Alcunos crede que le Ecclesia Catholic non ha prohibite le masoneria Prince Hall perque illos considera lo como un forma irregular. Isto es incorrecte. Le Ecclesia Catholic ha prohibite illo in le mesme modo que omne altere formas de masoneria.<ref>http://onepeterfive.com/freemasonry-and-black-americans-the-prince-hall-sect/</ref> Alcun catholices crede que le masoneria ha reducite le potentia del Ecclesia Catholic trans tote del Statos Unite de America.<ref>http://www.ncregister.com/cna/explainer-why-can-t-a-catholic-join-the-freemasons</ref> Objectiones catholic include que masoneria esseva associate con le elites protestante e con le fallimento que supportar immigration.<ref>http://newseumed.org/tools/critical-debate/1837-using-religion-block-catholic-participation</ref> Alcun catholices american oppone le masoneria proque se opponeva le scholas catholic.<ref>http://www.pillarcatholic.com/p/whats-the-problem-with-freemasonry</ref> Le sito de novas The Pillar esser opponite a facer le activitates religiose de lor ecclesia in edificios masonic, proque secundo illes, non es «a decent place» («un loco decente»).<ref>https://www.pillarcatholic.com/p/mass-in-masonic-auditorium-raises</ref> Multe de le antimasoneria catholic origina ab le opposition contra le Ku Klux Klan.<ref>http://www.patheos.com/blogs/anxiousbench/2024/09/freemasons-catholics-and-american-religious-politics/</ref> ====Antimasoneria al induction del presidente==== Iste sentimento continua in 2025 con opposition al induction del presidente con le masonaria, un die exactemente ante le fin de su mandato.<ref>http://slguardian.org/brother-biden-freemasonry-move-risks-catholic-rift/</ref><ref>http://www.azerbaycan24.com/en/biden-joins-black-freemasons/</ref> Le Ecclesia Catholic in le Statos Unite de America ha declarate que le catholicos in le pais non es permittite devenir francmasones. Dunque, alcun personas vole que Biden sia excommunicate pro haber devenite un mason.<ref>http://dailycaller.com/2025/01/24/joe-biden-potentially-faces-excommunication-after-quiet-induction-into-historically-black-masonic-lodge/</ref><ref>http://www.realclearreligion.org/2025/01/29/former_president_biden_risks_excommunication_by_joining_freemasons_1087953.html</ref> Alcunos crede que Biden ha jam essite excommunicate a causa de su deveni un mason.<ref>http://www.saintdominicsmedia.com/joseph-r-biden-jr-becomes-a-freemason-and-is-excommunicated-from-the-catholic-church</ref><ref>http://zenit.org/2025/01/25/joe-biden-formally-joins-freemasonry-the-day-before-leaving-the-presidency-of-the-united-states/</ref> Le presidente esseva ja le subjecto de un rumor false antimasonic in 2021, in le qual alcunos dice que Obama e Biden ha un «biblia satanic».<ref>http://www.reuters.com/article/world/fact-check-biden-no-jur-el-cargo-sobre-una-biblia-de-los-illuminati-ni-obama-s-idUSKBN29Y2WC/</ref> Alcun personas crede que le uniate del presidente le 19 de januario 2025 es in contradiction con su fide catholic<ref>http://dailyrevelationzambia.com/immediate-past-us-president-biden-joins-freemasonry/</ref> e le doctrina catholic.<ref>http://es.zenit.org/2025/01/25/fotografias-joe-biden-se-unio-formalmente-a-la-masoneria-un-dia-antes-de-dejar-de-ser-presidente-de-estados-unidos/</ref> ===Antimasoneria per gruppos missionari ex SUA=== In 2008 le alliantia missionari ab SUA ha declarate que lor membros non es permittite esser masones.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Missionary Alliance Report on Freemasonry|url=http://www.cmalliance.org/about/beliefs/perspectives/secret-societies |accessdate=2021-07-28 |archivedate=2021-07-28 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20210728002025/http://www.cmalliance.org/about/beliefs/perspectives/secret-societies }}</ref> Le North American Mission Board del SBC ha declarate que masoneria es incompatible con esser membro del SBC. Le North American Mission Board del SBC objecta contra alcun nomines de edificios masonic.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Archive copy |url=http://www.namb.net/atf/cf/%7BCDA250E8-8866-4236-9A0C-C646DE153446%7D/Closer_Look_Freemasonry.pdf |accessdate=2006-01-14 |archivedate=2006-01-14 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20060114114801/http://www.namb.net/atf/cf/%7BCDA250E8-8866-4236-9A0C-C646DE153446%7D/Closer_Look_Freemasonry.pdf }}</ref> Illo dice :{{Lang-en|many tenets and teachings of Freemasonry are not compatible with Christianity or Southern Baptist doctrine.}} :{{Lingua|ia}}: {{Lingua|ia|multe principias e doctrinas de Francmasonia non es compatibile con le christianismo o le doctrina del Baptistas del Sud.}}<ref>http://www.namb.net/apologetics/resource/freemasonry-overview/</ref> ===Antimasoneria islamic in le Statos Unite de America=== Alcun ideologos islamic extremiste crede que certe libros e filmes american representa provas de un conspiration masonic contra le Islam.<ref>http://nationalpost.com/news/islamist-extremists-view-freemasons-as-the-enemy-report</ref> ==Antimasoneria social== Personas con sentimento antiestablimento statounitese oppone le masonaria proque es considerate parte del establimento american.<ref>http://time.com/archive/6732809/endangered-conspirators/</ref> [[File:Taxil, Hacks, Le Diable au XIXe si%C3%A8cle, p321.jpg|right|220px|frameless]] ==Palladists== Le Palladists del Fraude de Taxil es un gruppo Satanic basate in le pais.<ref>http://bulfinch.englishatheist.org/Devil-Worship-France.htm#Page_22</ref> In le Fraude de Taxil, illes esseva membros de un supponite culto satanista theistic intra francmasoneria. In 1891 Léo Taxil (Gabriel Jogand-Pagès) e Adolphe Ricoux pretendeva haber discoperite un Societate Palladian. ==Antimasoneria antijudeomasonic== Posteres polemic declara que 97% del pressa (le medios de communication) e 98% del systema financiari in le Statos Unite de America es controlate per un conspiration judeomasonic.<ref>http://www.blavatnikarchive.org/story/78</ref> ==Altere== Le Qanonisto William Cooper crede que le masones collabora con extraterrestrials contra le Statos Unite de America.<ref>http://www.salon.com/2020/08/23/the-deep-twisted-roots-of-qanon-from-1940s-sci-fi-to-19th-century-anti-masonic-agitprop/</ref> ==Referentias== {{Reflist}} ==Bibliographia== *{{En}} 2001. Jim Marrs. ''Rule by Secrecy: The Hidden History That Connects the Trilateral Commission, the Freemasons, and the Great Pyramids''. http://archive.org/details/rulebysecrecy00jimm/ . ISBN 978-0-06-093184-1. lwftdpz2mk6erv6c6ockkzi5ru99qb3 2 59505 679833 677583 2025-06-06T14:30:35Z Tim Ocean 30221 679833 wikitext text/x-wiki Salute a omnes. Io me appella Piotr. Io es un interlinguista polonese. Mi nivello de interlingua es actualmente B1/B2. Io intende attinger B2 tosto. Io ha essite un redactor del Wikipedia Polonese depost longe tempore. Io es le autor de plure articulos. Io es tamben le autor de alcun articulos/fragmentos al Wikipedia Anglese. Mi nomine al Reddit es PLrc. Articulos in le qual io contribueva (inter alteres): * [[Dune]]. ktck1dai0u81aqoymdvm6w3lc86ekzy 0 59598 679838 679812 2025-06-06T18:03:37Z Invasive Spices 54287 Ha edite [[WP:Como formatar texto]]. 679838 wikitext text/x-wiki Le '''allegationes de abusos sexual contra studentes del schola McDonogh in Maryland, occurrente inter le annos 1940 e 1980''', ha essite multo discutite e investigate. Illo ha lanceate un investigation in 2016. Como multe tal casos, isto eveniva solmente post que superviventes exerceva pressiones public super le McDonogh School, multo post que multe perpetratores esseva morte o jam non al risco de prosecution. Duo professores, Alvin J. Levy e Robert E. Creed, ha abusate al minus dece-novem studentes mascule durante un longe periodo intra 1940–1980, e tres personales additional ha abusate cinque studentes feminin durante le annos 1970–1980. Illo demonstrava clarmente que, nonobstante le allegationes esseva presentate al tempore, le responsas del schola esseva insufficientemente prompte e effective, resultante in un manco de protection adequate durante iste decadas. Subsequente, testimonios de abusi e un deficit institutional in le gestion del casos al momento del occurre ha confirmate iste problemas. Le schola habe iste lapsos historic. Le McDonogh School assere que illo ha actuate nove protocolos e methodos de securitate pro prevenir incidentias futur e proteger le benesser del su studentes.<ref>{{En}} http://www.mcdonogh.org/pdf/November%202016%20Community%20Letter.pdf</ref> Administratores del McDonogh School e su ''{{Lingua|en|Board of Trustees}}'' (le {{Lingua|ia|Consilio de Administratores}}) non agiva super reportos e signos de allerta, permittente que le abuso continuava sin obstruction. Alcun perpetratores, como Creed, se declarava culpabile de delicto, durante que alteres, como Levy, esseva accusate formalmente ma moriva ante le processo.<ref>http://www.newsbreak.com/the-baltimore-sun-1266024/3638704115188-mcdonogh-school-in-owings-mills-sued-again-under-child-victims-act</ref><ref>http://foxbaltimore.com/news/local/sun-silence-and-inaction-fourth-sex-abuse-case-filed-against-mcdonogh-school</ref> ==Referentias== {{Reflist}} kwzbidb5wvh4ai2pkqkpxrhp6svv1p5 679841 679838 2025-06-06T18:13:05Z Invasive Spices 54287 Ha edite [[WP:Como formatar texto]]. 679841 wikitext text/x-wiki Le '''allegationes de abusos sexual contra studentes del schola McDonogh in Maryland, occurrente inter le annos 1940 e 1980''', ha essite multo discutite e investigate. Illo ha lanceate un investigation in 2016. Como multe tal casos, isto eveniva solmente post que superviventes exerceva pressiones public super le McDonogh School, multo post que multe perpetratores esseva morte o jam non al risco de prosecution. Duo professores, Alvin J. Levy e Robert E. Creed, ha abusate al minus dece-novem studentes mascule durante un longe periodo intra 1940–1980, e tres membros del personales additional ha abusate cinque studentes feminin durante le annos 1970–1980. Illo demonstrava clarmente que, nonobstante le allegationes esseva presentate al tempore, le responsas del schola esseva insufficientemente prompte e effective, resultante in un manco de protection adequate durante iste decadas. Subsequente, testimonios de abusi e un deficit institutional in le gestion del casos al momento del occurre ha confirmate iste problemas. Le schola habe iste lapsos historic. Le McDonogh School assere que illo ha actuate nove protocolos e methodos de securitate pro prevenir incidentias futur e proteger le benesser del su studentes.<ref>{{En}} http://www.mcdonogh.org/pdf/November%202016%20Community%20Letter.pdf</ref> Administratores del McDonogh School e su ''{{Lingua|en|Board of Trustees}}'' (le {{Lingua|ia|Consilio de Administratores}}) non agiva super reportos e signos de allerta, permittente que le abuso continuava sin obstruction. Alcun perpetratores, como Creed, se declarava culpabile de delicto, durante que alteres, como Levy, esseva accusate formalmente ma moriva ante le processo.<ref>http://www.newsbreak.com/the-baltimore-sun-1266024/3638704115188-mcdonogh-school-in-owings-mills-sued-again-under-child-victims-act</ref><ref>http://foxbaltimore.com/news/local/sun-silence-and-inaction-fourth-sex-abuse-case-filed-against-mcdonogh-school</ref> ==Referentias== {{Reflist}} 643e2cdqsy7z6ovugc8l375f4pvwzbq 679843 679841 2025-06-06T18:32:06Z Invasive Spices 54287 Ha edite [[WP:Como formatar texto]]. 679843 wikitext text/x-wiki Le '''allegationes de abusos sexual contra studentes del schola McDonogh in Maryland, occurrente inter le annos 1940 e 1980''', ha essite multo discutite e investigate. Illo ha lanceate un investigation in 2016. Como multe tal casos, isto eveniva solmente post que superviventes exerceva pressiones public super le McDonogh School, multo post que multe perpetratores esseva morte o jam non al risco de prosecution. Duo professores, Alvin J. Levy e Robert E. Creed, ha abusate al minus dece-novem studentes mascule durante un longe periodo intra 1940–1980, e tres membros del personales additional ha abusate cinque studentes feminin durante le annos 1970–1980. Illo demonstrava clarmente que, nonobstante le allegationes esseva presentate al tempore, le responsas del schola esseva insufficientemente prompte e effective, resultante in un manco de protection adequate durante iste decadas. Tal ha essite abusi e un deficit institutional in le gestion del casos al momento del occurre. Le schola habe iste lapsos historic. Le McDonogh School assere que illo ha actuate nove protocolos e methodos de securitate pro prevenir incidentias futur e proteger le benesser del su studentes.<ref>{{En}} http://www.mcdonogh.org/pdf/November%202016%20Community%20Letter.pdf</ref> Administratores del McDonogh School e su ''{{Lingua|en|Board of Trustees}}'' (le {{Lingua|ia|Consilio de Administratores}}) non agiva super reportos e signos de allerta, permittente que le abuso continuava sin obstruction. Alcun perpetratores, como Creed, se declarava culpabile de delicto, durante que alteres, como Levy, esseva accusate formalmente ma moriva ante le processo.<ref>http://www.newsbreak.com/the-baltimore-sun-1266024/3638704115188-mcdonogh-school-in-owings-mills-sued-again-under-child-victims-act</ref><ref>http://foxbaltimore.com/news/local/sun-silence-and-inaction-fourth-sex-abuse-case-filed-against-mcdonogh-school</ref> ==Referentias== {{Reflist}} 30moewd5w5w8qvi54vp3ghwytclf6if 679844 679843 2025-06-06T18:32:18Z Invasive Spices 54287 Ha corrigite [[WP:Como formatar texto]]. 679844 wikitext text/x-wiki Le '''allegationes de abusos sexual contra studentes del schola McDonogh in Maryland, occurrente inter le annos 1940 e 1980''', ha essite multo discutite e investigate. Illo ha lanceate un investigation in 2016. Como multe tal casos, isto eveniva solmente post que superviventes exerceva pressiones public super le McDonogh School, multo post que multe perpetratores esseva morte o jam non al risco de prosecution. Duo professores, Alvin J. Levy e Robert E. Creed, ha abusate al minus dece-novem studentes mascule durante un longe periodo intra 1940–1980, e tres membros del personales additional ha abusate cinque studentes feminin durante le annos 1970–1980. Illo demonstrava clarmente que, nonobstante le allegationes esseva presentate al tempore, le responsas del schola esseva insufficientemente prompte e effective, resultante in un manco de protection adequate durante iste decadas. Tal ha essite abuso e un deficit institutional in le gestion del casos al momento del occurre. Le schola habe iste lapsos historic. Le McDonogh School assere que illo ha actuate nove protocolos e methodos de securitate pro prevenir incidentias futur e proteger le benesser del su studentes.<ref>{{En}} http://www.mcdonogh.org/pdf/November%202016%20Community%20Letter.pdf</ref> Administratores del McDonogh School e su ''{{Lingua|en|Board of Trustees}}'' (le {{Lingua|ia|Consilio de Administratores}}) non agiva super reportos e signos de allerta, permittente que le abuso continuava sin obstruction. Alcun perpetratores, como Creed, se declarava culpabile de delicto, durante que alteres, como Levy, esseva accusate formalmente ma moriva ante le processo.<ref>http://www.newsbreak.com/the-baltimore-sun-1266024/3638704115188-mcdonogh-school-in-owings-mills-sued-again-under-child-victims-act</ref><ref>http://foxbaltimore.com/news/local/sun-silence-and-inaction-fourth-sex-abuse-case-filed-against-mcdonogh-school</ref> ==Referentias== {{Reflist}} 9v8wjsgtmb0imakgeowdqkbvybquved 679845 679844 2025-06-06T18:47:00Z Invasive Spices 54287 Ha corrigite [[WP:Como formatar texto]]. 679845 wikitext text/x-wiki Le '''allegationes de abusos sexual contra studentes del schola McDonogh in Maryland, occurrente inter le annos 1940 e 1980''', ha essite multo discutite e investigate. Illo ha lanceate un investigation in 2016. Como multe tal casos, isto eveniva solmente post que superviventes exerceva pressiones public super le McDonogh School, multo post que multe perpetratores esseva morte o jam non al risco de prosecution. Duo professores, Alvin J. Levy e Robert E. Creed, ha abusate al minus dece-novem studentes mascule durante un longe periodo intra 1940–1980, e tres membros del personales additional ha abusate cinque studentes feminin durante le annos 1970–1980. Illo demonstrava clarmente que, nonobstante le allegationes esseva presentate al tempore, le responsas del schola esseva insufficientemente prompte e effective, resultante in un manco de protection adequate durante iste decadas. Tal ha essite abuso e un deficit institutional in le gestion del casos al momento del occurrentia. Le schola habe iste lapsos historic. Le McDonogh School assere que illo ha actuate nove protocolos e methodos de securitate pro prevenir incidentias futur e proteger le benesser del su studentes.<ref>{{En}} http://www.mcdonogh.org/pdf/November%202016%20Community%20Letter.pdf</ref> Administratores del McDonogh School e su ''{{Lingua|en|Board of Trustees}}'' (le {{Lingua|ia|Consilio de Administratores}}) non agiva super reportos e signos de allerta, permittente que le abuso continuava sin obstruction. Alcun perpetratores, como Creed, se declarava culpabile de delicto, durante que alteres, como Levy, esseva accusate formalmente ma moriva ante le processo.<ref>http://www.newsbreak.com/the-baltimore-sun-1266024/3638704115188-mcdonogh-school-in-owings-mills-sued-again-under-child-victims-act</ref><ref>http://foxbaltimore.com/news/local/sun-silence-and-inaction-fourth-sex-abuse-case-filed-against-mcdonogh-school</ref> ==Referentias== {{Reflist}} mzozbfczmxx42lmmvir5ht4i9eeurpt 679846 679845 2025-06-06T19:06:51Z Invasive Spices 54287 Ha corrigite [[WP:Como formatar texto]]. 679846 wikitext text/x-wiki Le '''allegationes de abusos sexual contra studentes del schola McDonogh in Maryland, occurrente inter le annos 1940 e 1980''', ha essite multo discutite e investigate. Illo ha lanceate un investigation in 2016. Como multe tal casos, isto eveniva solmente post que superviventes exerceva pressiones public super le McDonogh School, multo post que multe perpetratores esseva morte o jam non al risco de prosecution. Duo professores, Alvin J. Levy e Robert E. Creed, ha abusate al minus dece-novem studentes mascule durante un longe periodo intra 1940–1980, e tres membros del personales additional ha abusate cinque studentes feminin durante le annos 1970–1980. Illo demonstrava clarmente que, nonobstante le allegationes esseva presentate al tempore, le responsas del schola esseva insufficientemente prompte e effective, resultante in un manco de protection adequate durante iste decadas. Tal ha essite abuso e un deficit institutional in le gestion del casos al momento del occurrentia. Le schola habe iste lapsos historic. Le McDonogh School assere que illo ha actuate nove protocolos e methodos de securitate pro prevenir incidentias futur e proteger le benesser del su studentes.<ref>{{En}} http://www.mcdonogh.org/pdf/November%202016%20Community%20Letter.pdf</ref> Administratores del McDonogh School e su ''{{Lingua|en|Board of Trustees}}'' (le {{Lingua|ia|Consilio de Administratores}}) non ageva super reportos e signos de allerta, permittente que le abuso continuava sin obstruction. Alcun perpetratores, como Creed, se declarava culpabile de delicto, durante que alteres, como Levy, esseva accusate formalmente ma moriva ante le processo.<ref>http://www.newsbreak.com/the-baltimore-sun-1266024/3638704115188-mcdonogh-school-in-owings-mills-sued-again-under-child-victims-act</ref><ref>http://foxbaltimore.com/news/local/sun-silence-and-inaction-fourth-sex-abuse-case-filed-against-mcdonogh-school</ref> ==Referentias== {{Reflist}} 3cn00kvvo5btti0ve96xnhobk4yzce7 679847 679846 2025-06-06T19:08:10Z Invasive Spices 54287 Ha edite [[WP:Como formatar texto]]. 679847 wikitext text/x-wiki Le '''allegationes de abusos sexual contra studentes del schola McDonogh in Maryland, occurrente inter le annos 1940 e 1980''', ha essite multo discutite e investigate. Illo ha lanceate un investigation in 2016. Como multe tal casos, isto eveniva solmente post que superviventes exerceva pressiones public super le McDonogh School, multo post que multe perpetratores esseva morte o jam non al risco de prosecution. Duo professores, Alvin J. Levy e Robert E. Creed, ha abusate al minus dece-novem studentes mascule durante un longe periodo intra 1940–1980, e tres membros del personales additional ha abusate cinque studentes feminin durante le annos 1970–1980. Illo demonstrava clarmente que, nonobstante le allegationes esseva presentate al tempore, le responsas del schola esseva insufficientemente prompte e effective, resultante in un manco de protection adequate durante iste decadas. Tal ha essite abuso e un deficit institutional in le gestion del casos al momento del occurrentia. Le schola habe iste lapsos historic. Le McDonogh School assere que illo ha actuate nove protocolos e methodos de securitate pro prevenir incidentias futur e proteger le benesser del su studentes.<ref>{{En}} http://www.mcdonogh.org/pdf/November%202016%20Community%20Letter.pdf</ref> Administratores del McDonogh School e su ''{{Lingua|en|Board of Trustees}}'' (le {{Lingua|ia|Consilio de Administratores}}) non ageva secundo reportos e signos de allerta, permittente que le abuso continuava sin obstruction. Alcun perpetratores, como Creed, se declarava culpabile de delicto, durante que alteres, como Levy, esseva accusate formalmente ma moriva ante le processo.<ref>http://www.newsbreak.com/the-baltimore-sun-1266024/3638704115188-mcdonogh-school-in-owings-mills-sued-again-under-child-victims-act</ref><ref>http://foxbaltimore.com/news/local/sun-silence-and-inaction-fourth-sex-abuse-case-filed-against-mcdonogh-school</ref> ==Referentias== {{Reflist}} nl5c3yo27dsh87ja8zjf3whs72ur6e4 0 59620 679857 2025-06-06T21:18:21Z Invasive Spices 54287 [[WP:Manual de stilo#Citationes e referentias]]. 679857 wikitext text/x-wiki ==Referentias== 9f13975cffn2pccpctr5igs22n987tm 679858 679857 2025-06-06T21:18:46Z Invasive Spices 54287 [[Patrono:Reflist]] 679858 wikitext text/x-wiki ==Referentias== {{Reflist}} 6jr4bxhgk51jyh9oiah7t67l62brzji 679859 679858 2025-06-06T21:24:10Z Invasive Spices 54287 [[WP:Manual de stilo#Citationes e referentias]] 679859 wikitext text/x-wiki <ref>http://doi.org/10.1093/jeea/jvw002</ref> ==Referentias== {{Reflist}} 618fc9ocd5mcj9r6ebe5li7hfq2bmt9 679860 679859 2025-06-06T21:36:13Z Invasive Spices 54287 Ha traducite [[en:Iodisation#United States]] – [[Wikipedia:Derectos de autor#Derectos e obligationes de usatores]]. 679860 wikitext text/x-wiki Feyrer ''et al.'', 2017 trova que «mortes relatae al tyroide sequente le adoption national de sal iodate, lo que affectava principalmente personas plus vetule in regiones con alte prevalentia de deficientia de iodio» inter 1910–1960, un costo a breve termino pro le beneficios a longe termino del iodisation.<ref>http://doi.org/10.1093/jeea/jvw002</ref> ==Referentias== {{Reflist}} h4gfmdke1gprmbmizv5pt87az8xq6z1 679861 679860 2025-06-06T21:38:50Z Invasive Spices 54287 Ha copiate [[en:Iodisation#United States]] – [[Wikipedia:Derectos de autor#Derectos e obligationes de usatores]]. 679861 wikitext text/x-wiki Feyrer ''et al.'', 2017 trova que «thyroid-related deaths following the countrywide adoption of iodized salt, which affected mostly older individuals in localities with a high prevalence of iodine deficiency» (in interlingua «mortes relatae al tyroide sequente le adoption national de sal iodate, lo que affectava principalmente personas plus vetule in regiones con alte prevalentia de deficientia de iodio») inter 1910–1960, un costo a breve termino pro le beneficios a longe termino del iodisation.<ref>http://doi.org/10.1093/jeea/jvw002</ref> ==Referentias== {{Reflist}} qmavdymhhpfdms733b5z308sryko7kd 679862 679861 2025-06-06T21:43:19Z Invasive Spices 54287 Ha edite [[WP:Como formatar texto]]. 679862 wikitext text/x-wiki Feyrer ''et al.'', 2017 trova que «thyroid-related deaths following the countrywide adoption of iodized salt, which affected mostly older individuals in localities with a high prevalence of iodine deficiency» (in interlingua «mortes connexe al tyroide sequente le adoption national de sal iodate, lo que affectava principalmente personas plus vetule in regiones con alte prevalentia de deficientia de iodio») inter 1910–1960, un costo a breve termino pro le beneficios a longe termino del iodisation.<ref>http://doi.org/10.1093/jeea/jvw002</ref> ==Referentias== {{Reflist}} hbiudg279f8f3csuy6j32q2k8thv92r 679864 679862 2025-06-06T21:52:19Z Invasive Spices 54287 Ha edite [[WP:Como formatar texto]]. 679864 wikitext text/x-wiki Feyrer ''et al.'', 2017 trova que «thyroid-related deaths following the countrywide adoption of iodized salt, which affected mostly older individuals in localities with a high prevalence of iodine deficiency» (in interlingua «mortes connexe al tyroide sequente le adoption national de sal iodate, que affectava principalmente personas plus vetule in regiones con alte prevalentia de deficientia de iodio») inter 1910–1960, un costo a breve termino pro le beneficios a longe termino del iodisation.<ref>http://doi.org/10.1093/jeea/jvw002</ref> ==Referentias== {{Reflist}} shaafz2njhp3u601p8u0anh8jxest12 679865 679864 2025-06-06T21:56:59Z Invasive Spices 54287 Ha copiate [[en:Iodisation#United States]] – [[Wikipedia:Derectos de autor#Derectos e obligationes de usatores]]. 679865 wikitext text/x-wiki Feyrer ''et al.'', 2017 trova que «thyroid-related deaths following the countrywide adoption of iodized salt, which affected mostly older individuals in localities with a high prevalence of iodine deficiency» (in interlingua «mortes connexe al tyroide sequente le adoption national de sal iodate, que affectava principalmente personas plus vetule in regiones con alte prevalentia de deficientia de iodio») inter 1910–1960, un costo a breve termino pro le beneficios a longe termino del iodisation.<ref>http://doi.org/10.1093/jeea/jvw002</ref><ref>https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/cen.14368</ref> ==Referentias== {{Reflist}} ktyr4ac9mpg6cwtsuqg9d2gvzy5hbcc 679866 679865 2025-06-06T22:10:18Z Invasive Spices 54287 [[WP:Manual de stilo#Citationes e referentias]] 679866 wikitext text/x-wiki Feyrer ''et al.'', 2017 trova que «thyroid-related deaths following the countrywide adoption of iodized salt, which affected mostly older individuals in localities with a high prevalence of iodine deficiency» (in interlingua «mortes connexe al tyroide sequente le adoption national de sal iodate, que affectava principalmente personas plus vetule in regiones con alte prevalentia de deficientia de iodio») inter 1910–1960, un costo a breve termino pro le beneficios a longe termino del iodisation.<ref>http://doi.org/10.1093/jeea/jvw002</ref><ref>http://doi.org/10.1162/rest_a_00822</ref><ref>https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/cen.14368</ref> ==Referentias== {{Reflist}} l8ljq8rxuja03mifm6yr0g32dmsedvg 679867 679866 2025-06-06T22:21:28Z Invasive Spices 54287 [[Patrono:Lingua]] 679867 wikitext text/x-wiki Feyrer ''et al.'', 2017 trova que «{{Lingua|en|thyroid-related deaths following the countrywide adoption of iodized salt, which affected mostly older individuals in localities with a high prevalence of iodine deficiency}}» (in interlingua «{{Lingua|ia|mortes connexe al tyroide sequente le adoption national de sal iodate, que affectava principalmente personas plus vetule in regiones con alte prevalentia de deficientia de iodio}}») inter 1910–1960, un costo a breve termino pro le beneficios a longe termino del iodisation.<ref>http://doi.org/10.1093/jeea/jvw002</ref><ref>http://doi.org/10.1162/rest_a_00822</ref><ref>https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/cen.14368</ref> ==Referentias== {{Reflist}} 8rbj0mws6nx32flwjn9u03mz3mny140 679868 679867 2025-06-06T22:24:29Z Invasive Spices 54287 Ha addite. 679868 wikitext text/x-wiki Un micre numero de mortes occureva in le Statos Unite de America intra 1910–1960 que alcunes associava como iodisation. Feyrer ''et al.'', 2017 trova que «{{Lingua|en|thyroid-related deaths following the countrywide adoption of iodized salt, which affected mostly older individuals in localities with a high prevalence of iodine deficiency}}» (in interlingua «{{Lingua|ia|mortes connexe al tyroide sequente le adoption national de sal iodate, que affectava principalmente personas plus vetule in regiones con alte prevalentia de deficientia de iodio}}») inter 1910–1960, un costo a breve termino pro le beneficios a longe termino del iodisation.<ref>http://doi.org/10.1093/jeea/jvw002</ref><ref>http://doi.org/10.1162/rest_a_00822</ref><ref>https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/cen.14368</ref> ==Referentias== {{Reflist}} 4dt7uk66ru298urtxvwqrhtvadsp5h6 679869 679868 2025-06-06T22:25:17Z Invasive Spices 54287 [[WP:Como formatar texto#Formatation de characteres]] 679869 wikitext text/x-wiki Un micre numero de '''mortes''' occureva in le '''Statos Unite de America intra 1910–1960''' que alcunes associava como '''iodisation'''. Feyrer ''et al.'', 2017 trova que «{{Lingua|en|thyroid-related deaths following the countrywide adoption of iodized salt, which affected mostly older individuals in localities with a high prevalence of iodine deficiency}}» (in interlingua «{{Lingua|ia|mortes connexe al tyroide sequente le adoption national de sal iodate, que affectava principalmente personas plus vetule in regiones con alte prevalentia de deficientia de iodio}}») inter 1910–1960, un costo a breve termino pro le beneficios a longe termino del iodisation.<ref>http://doi.org/10.1093/jeea/jvw002</ref><ref>http://doi.org/10.1162/rest_a_00822</ref><ref>https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/cen.14368</ref> ==Referentias== {{Reflist}} 6mx8jblap4mpjzp2ug2okq188prehw7 679870 679869 2025-06-06T22:27:47Z Invasive Spices 54287 [[WP:Manual de stilo#Citationes e referentias]] 679870 wikitext text/x-wiki Un micre numero de '''mortes''' occureva in le '''Statos Unite de America intra 1910–1960''' que alcunes associava como '''iodisation'''. Feyrer ''et al.'', 2017 trova que «{{Lingua|en|thyroid-related deaths following the countrywide adoption of iodized salt, which affected mostly older individuals in localities with a high prevalence of iodine deficiency}}» (in interlingua «{{Lingua|ia|mortes connexe al tyroide sequente le adoption national de sal iodate, que affectava principalmente personas plus vetule in regiones con alte prevalentia de deficientia de iodio}}») inter 1910–1960, un costo a breve termino pro le beneficios a longe termino del iodisation.<ref> :Multe cite Feyrer ''et al.'', 2017, inclue https://www.annualreviews.org/content/journals/10.1146/annurev-ecolsys-012021-090118 . : :Feyrer ''et al.'', 2017 es hic: http://doi.org/10.1093/jeea/jvw002 </ref><ref>http://doi.org/10.1162/rest_a_00822</ref><ref>https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/cen.14368</ref> ==Referentias== {{Reflist}} 6r8ykxjtuy8ct3js743p3n2n8yigiyz 679871 679870 2025-06-06T22:29:43Z Invasive Spices 54287 Ha edite [[WP:Como formatar texto]]. 679871 wikitext text/x-wiki Un micre numero de '''mortes''' occureva in le '''Statos Unite de America intra 1910–1960''' que alcunes associava como '''iodisation'''. Feyrer ''et al.'', 2017 trova que «{{Lingua|en|thyroid-related deaths following the countrywide adoption of iodized salt, which affected mostly older individuals in localities with a high prevalence of iodine deficiency}}» (in interlingua «{{Lingua|ia|mortes connexe al tyroide sequente le adoption national de sal iodate, que affectava principalmente personas plus vetule in regiones con alte prevalentia de deficientia de iodio}}») inter 1910–1960, un costo a breve termino pro le beneficios a longe termino del iodisation.<ref> :Multe expertos cite Feyrer ''et al.'', 2017, inclue https://www.annualreviews.org/content/journals/10.1146/annurev-ecolsys-012021-090118 . : :Feyrer ''et al.'', 2017 es hic: http://doi.org/10.1093/jeea/jvw002 </ref><ref>http://doi.org/10.1162/rest_a_00822</ref><ref>https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/cen.14368</ref> ==Referentias== {{Reflist}} 2efmsvxv4ogi55ojb1m4txh7l9piq6t 679872 679871 2025-06-06T22:31:02Z Invasive Spices 54287 Ha edite [[WP:Como formatar texto]]. 679872 wikitext text/x-wiki Un numero parve de '''mortes''' occureva in le '''Statos Unite de America intra 1910–1960''' que alcunes associava como '''iodisation'''. Feyrer ''et al.'', 2017 trova que «{{Lingua|en|thyroid-related deaths following the countrywide adoption of iodized salt, which affected mostly older individuals in localities with a high prevalence of iodine deficiency}}» (in interlingua «{{Lingua|ia|mortes connexe al tyroide sequente le adoption national de sal iodate, que affectava principalmente personas plus vetule in regiones con alte prevalentia de deficientia de iodio}}») inter 1910–1960, un costo a breve termino pro le beneficios a longe termino del iodisation.<ref> :Multe expertos cite Feyrer ''et al.'', 2017, inclue https://www.annualreviews.org/content/journals/10.1146/annurev-ecolsys-012021-090118 . : :Feyrer ''et al.'', 2017 es hic: http://doi.org/10.1093/jeea/jvw002 </ref><ref>http://doi.org/10.1162/rest_a_00822</ref><ref>https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/cen.14368</ref> ==Referentias== {{Reflist}} ig11sh8kbtxqw1dv79gg38q7ns35ncn 679873 679872 2025-06-06T22:31:42Z Invasive Spices 54287 Ha edite [[WP:Como formatar texto]]. 679873 wikitext text/x-wiki Un numero parve de '''mortes''' occureva in le '''Statos Unite de America inter 1910–1960''' que alcunes associava como '''iodisation'''. Feyrer ''et al.'', 2017 trova que «{{Lingua|en|thyroid-related deaths following the countrywide adoption of iodized salt, which affected mostly older individuals in localities with a high prevalence of iodine deficiency}}» (in interlingua «{{Lingua|ia|mortes connexe al tyroide sequente le adoption national de sal iodate, que affectava principalmente personas plus vetule in regiones con alte prevalentia de deficientia de iodio}}») inter 1910–1960, un costo a breve termino pro le beneficios a longe termino del iodisation.<ref> :Multe expertos cite Feyrer ''et al.'', 2017, inclue https://www.annualreviews.org/content/journals/10.1146/annurev-ecolsys-012021-090118 . : :Feyrer ''et al.'', 2017 es hic: http://doi.org/10.1093/jeea/jvw002 </ref><ref>http://doi.org/10.1162/rest_a_00822</ref><ref>https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/cen.14368</ref> ==Referentias== {{Reflist}} al6u6ps4c6kunjrl9y0326idt9drisr 679874 679873 2025-06-06T22:32:09Z Invasive Spices 54287 Ha edite [[WP:Como formatar texto]]. 679874 wikitext text/x-wiki Un numero parve de '''mortes''' occureva in le '''Statos Unite de America inter 1910–1960''' que alcunes associava con le '''iodisation'''. Feyrer ''et al.'', 2017 trova que «{{Lingua|en|thyroid-related deaths following the countrywide adoption of iodized salt, which affected mostly older individuals in localities with a high prevalence of iodine deficiency}}» (in interlingua «{{Lingua|ia|mortes connexe al tyroide sequente le adoption national de sal iodate, que affectava principalmente personas plus vetule in regiones con alte prevalentia de deficientia de iodio}}») inter 1910–1960, un costo a breve termino pro le beneficios a longe termino del iodisation.<ref> :Multe expertos cite Feyrer ''et al.'', 2017, inclue https://www.annualreviews.org/content/journals/10.1146/annurev-ecolsys-012021-090118 . : :Feyrer ''et al.'', 2017 es hic: http://doi.org/10.1093/jeea/jvw002 </ref><ref>http://doi.org/10.1162/rest_a_00822</ref><ref>https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/cen.14368</ref> ==Referentias== {{Reflist}} 97j3fqylv0wwid4ivlf35d2j5mwxs57 679875 679874 2025-06-06T22:32:53Z Invasive Spices 54287 Ha corrigite [[WP:Como formatar texto]]. 679875 wikitext text/x-wiki Un numero parve de '''mortes''' occureva in le '''Statos Unite de America inter 1910–1960''' que alcunos associava con le '''iodisation'''. Feyrer ''et al.'', 2017 trova que «{{Lingua|en|thyroid-related deaths following the countrywide adoption of iodized salt, which affected mostly older individuals in localities with a high prevalence of iodine deficiency}}» (in interlingua «{{Lingua|ia|mortes connexe al tyroide sequente le adoption national de sal iodate, que affectava principalmente personas plus vetule in regiones con alte prevalentia de deficientia de iodio}}») inter 1910–1960, un costo a breve termino pro le beneficios a longe termino del iodisation.<ref> :Multe expertos cite Feyrer ''et al.'', 2017, inclue https://www.annualreviews.org/content/journals/10.1146/annurev-ecolsys-012021-090118 . : :Feyrer ''et al.'', 2017 es hic: http://doi.org/10.1093/jeea/jvw002 </ref><ref>http://doi.org/10.1162/rest_a_00822</ref><ref>https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/cen.14368</ref> ==Referentias== {{Reflist}} 2ltt7idt6d9xlzoyaaushs6hb3sn90g 0 59621 679879 2025-06-07T09:22:12Z Tortoise0308 17411 Tortoise0308 ha renominate le pagina [[Provincia Kwango]] a [[Kwango]]: nomine non conradista. 679879 wikitext text/x-wiki #REDIRECT [[Kwango]] krca0go1xvnccpr6k1pwdwy6ea5iebc 679880 679879 2025-06-07T09:24:41Z Tortoise0308 17411 Tortoise0308 ha renominate le pagina [[Provincia Kwango]] a [[Provincia de Kwango]] sin lassar un redirection: nomine non conradista. 679879 wikitext text/x-wiki #REDIRECT [[Kwango]] krca0go1xvnccpr6k1pwdwy6ea5iebc