Wikipedia iawiki https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pagina_principal MediaWiki 1.47.0-wmf.1 first-letter Multimedia Special Discussion Usator Discussion Usator Wikipedia Discussion Wikipedia File Discussion File MediaWiki Discussion MediaWiki Patrono Discussion Patrono Adjuta Discussion Adjuta Categoria Discussion Categoria Portal Discussion Portal Appendice Discussion Appendice TimedText TimedText talk Modulo Discussion Modulo Evento Discussion Evento 0 3966 696712 590302 2026-05-11T02:10:08Z InternetArchiveBot 40773 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 696712 wikitext text/x-wiki {{infobox}} == Definition de software libere == Iste definition de [[software]] libere es mantenite pro monstrar clarmente le conditiones que un particular programma de software debe satisfacer a fin de esser considerate software libere. Le essentia del "software libere" se trova in libertate, non in precio. Pro comprehender le concepto, on debe pensar al libertate de expression, non al entrata libere, per exemplo a un theatro. Le essentia del software libere es le libertate pro le [[usator]] de executar, copiar, distribuer, studiar, cambiar e meliorar le software. Plus precisemente, illo refere a quatro typos de libertate, pro le [[Usator|usatores]] del software: * '''libertate 0''': Le libertate de executar le programma, a qualcunque proposito. * '''libertate 1''': Le libertate de studiar le functionamento del programma, e adaptar illo al necessitates personal. Accesso al codice original es un precondition pro isto. * '''libertate 2''': Le libertate de redistribuer copias a fin que on pote adjutar un vicino. * '''libertate 3''': Le libertate de meliorar le programma, e publicar le meliorationes, a fin que tote le communitate profita de illos. Accesso al codice original es un precondition pro isto. Un programma es un software libere si le [[Usator|usatores]] ha tote iste libertates. De iste maniera, on deberea esser libere de redistribuer copias, con o sin modificationes, qui pote esser gratis o in excambio de un summa monetari pro le distribution, a omne persona in omne location. Iste libertates implica (inter altere cosas) que on non necessita demandar o pagar permission. On deberea equalmente haber le libertate de facer modificationes e de usar illos privatemente in le proprie labor o recreation, mesmo sin mentionar le existentia de illos. Si on opta pro publicar le cambios, on non deberea esser obligate a notificar un persona in particular, ni de un maniera in particular. Le libertate de usar un programma significa le libertate pro omne typo de persona o organisation de usar illo in omne typo de systema de [[computator]], pro omne typo de projecto o labor, e sin obligation de communicar posteriormente al disveloppator o a un altere entitate specific. Le libertate de redistribuer copias debe includer formas binari o executabile del programma, in addition al codice original, pro versiones modificate e non modificate. (Distribuer programmas in forma executabile es necessari pro [[Systema de operation|systemas de operation]] facile a installar.) Il non es un problema si il non existe un methodo de producer un forma binari o executabile de un certe programma (viste que alcun [[Linguage de programmation|linguages]] non ha iste functionalitate), sed on debe haber le libertate de redistribuer tal formas si on trova o disveloppa un methodo de facer illos. A fin de render effective le libertates de facer cambios e de publicar versiones meliorate, on debe haber accesso al codice original del programma. Pro isto, le accessibilitate del codice original es un condition absolute pro esser un software libere. A fin de realisar iste libertates, illos debe esser irrevocabile a condition que on non face torto; si le disveloppator del software ha le poter de revocar le licentia, sin que on ha facite alcun cosa que lo justifica, le software non es libere. Nonobstante, certe typos de regulas super le maniera de distribuer le software libere es acceptabile, si illos non conflige con le libertates central. Per exemplo, ''[[copyleft]]'' (pro explicar illo multo simplemente) es le regula que, si on redistribue le programma, on non pote adder restrictiones qui nega a altere personas le libertates central. Iste regula non conflige con le libertates central; al contrario, illo lo protege. == Vide etiam == * [[Derecto de autor]] == Ligamines externe == * ''Iste articulo ha essite basate in un traduction a interlingua del [http://www.gnu.org/philosophy/free-sw.html definition de software libere] publicate per le [http://www.gnu.org/ Fundation pro Software Libere] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110222101726/http://www.gnu.org/ |date=2011-02-22 }}.'' [[Categoria:Software]] mh2i0isnkylk95mdu7pgerasxqufn0q 0 8552 696710 590024 2026-05-11T00:46:06Z InternetArchiveBot 40773 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 696710 wikitext text/x-wiki {{infobox/articulo}} '''GNU''' es un [[systema de operation]] totalmente implementate in [[software libere]] qui es compatibile con [[Unix]]. GNU es un [[acronymo]] [[Recursion|recursive]] pro ''GNU's not Unix,'' qui in Interlingua se traduce como "GNU non es Unix". Le projecto GNU esseva initiate in 1983 per [[Richard Matthew Stallman|Richard Stallman]] in le [[Statos Unite]]. In le initio del [[annos 1990]], iste [[Systema de operation|systema]] esseva in su majoritate complete. Il solmente mancava un componente basic: le [[Nucleo (Systema de operation)|nucleo]]. In su epocha, le [[hacker]] [[Finlandia|finnese]] [[Linus Torvalds]] habeva scribite un nucleo cognoscite como [[Linux]]. Combinante [[Linux]] con le [[Systema de operation|systema]] GNU se attingeva le proposito final del creatores de GNU: scriber un [[systema de operation]] libere e complete. De lor parte, le creatores de GNU ha continuate etiam le disveloppamento de lor proprie nucleo, cognoscite como [[Hurd]]. Ben que illo non es ancora preste pro uso general, iste nucleo ha essite sub un intense disveloppamento e in le momento es possibile executar un [[systema de operation]] con Hurd como nucleo - organisationes como [[Debian]] travalia activemente in le disveloppamento e distribution de [[Systema de operation|systemas de operation]] de iste typo. == Vide etiam == * [[Licentia Public General de GNU]] * [[Licentia GNU pro Documentation Libere]] * [[Hurd]] * [[Linux]] * [[GNOME]] == Ligamines externe == * Sito web official del Projecto GNU: http://www.gnu.org {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110222101726/http://www.gnu.org/ |date=2011-02-22 }} [[Categoria:Systemas de operation|GNU]] [[Categoria:Organisationes social|GNU]] cssx4tp87e4xaz33114caxqyc2bcq5d 0 12235 696706 679797 2026-05-10T16:57:57Z InternetArchiveBot 40773 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 696706 wikitext text/x-wiki {{infobox/articulo/instantia de entitate territorial}} Le '''Contato Hampyeong''' (''Hampyeong-gun'', 함평군, 咸平郡) es un contato in le provincia [[Jeollanam-do]] in [[Corea del Sud]]. Lyceo Hak-da-ri, un lyceo cognite, es situate in le contato. Alumnos notabile del lyceo include Sojeong Kim. Le contato habeva un population de 45 232 in 2001, ha un area de 392.77km² e un densitate de population de 115 personas per kilometro. Le contato es west del citate de [[Gwangju]], le plus grande citate in le provincia. == Ligamines externe == * [http://www.hampyeong.jeonnam.kr/eng_new/ Pagine del governamento del contato] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050907175105/http://www.hampyeong.jeonnam.kr/eng_new/ |date=2005-09-07 }} * [http://wiki.galbijim.com/Hampyeong Galbijim wiki pagine super contato de Hampyeong] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070929110228/http://wiki.galbijim.com/Hampyeong |date=2007-09-29 }} [[Categoria:Corea del Sud]] ga3j5kmr4s221znqub4sqllnts00gut 0 17622 696711 662956 2026-05-11T01:18:30Z InternetArchiveBot 40773 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 696711 wikitext text/x-wiki {{infobox}} '''Roberto Gaston Orci''' (nascite in 1973) es un [[Mexico|Mexican]] [[film productor]] e [[television productor]] e [[scenarist]]. Ille es autor de ''[[Star Trek (film)|Star Trek]]'', ''[[Le Legenda de Zorro]]'', ''[[Mission: Impossible III]]'', ''[[Transformers (film)|Transformers]]'', e ''[[Alias (TV series)|Alias]]''. Ille es le creator con [[J.J. Abrams]] e [[Alex Kurtzman]] del FOX TV show ''[[Fringe (TV series)|Fringe]]''. ''[[The Hollywood Reporter]]'' ha listate ille como uno del 50 le plus potente 50 Latinos in Hollywood in 2007.<ref>{{cite news | author = Stephen Galloway | title = THR's Latino Power 50 | date = July 26, 2007 | publisher = [[The Hollywood Reporter]] | url = http://www.hollywoodreporter.com/hr/content_display/features/indepth/e3i08b80be8ba1477a771eb6d51d93df981 | accessdate = 2008-03-12 | archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20080905233839/http://www.hollywoodreporter.com/hr/content_display/features/indepth/e3i08b80be8ba1477a771eb6d51d93df981 | archivedate = 2008-09-05 }}</ref> [[Categoria:Star Trek]] == Biographia == Orci ha essite nascite in [[Citate del Mexico]], [[Mexico]]. Ille es le fratre grande de [[J. R. Orci]]. Ille esseva studente al [[Universitate de Texas, Austin]]. == Film credits == {| class="wikitable" |- ! Year !! Film !! Notes |- |rowspan="2"|2005 |''[[The Island (2005 film)|The Island]]'' |co-writer (screenplay) |- |''[[The Legend of Zorro]]'' |co-writer (screenplay and story) |- |2006 |''[[Mission: Impossible III]]'' |co-writer (screenplay) |- |2007 |''[[Transformers (film)|Transformers]]'' |co-writer (screenplay and story) |- |2008 |''[[Eagle Eye]]'' |producer |- |rowspan="4"|2009 |''[[Watchmen (film)|Watchmen]]'' |uncredited script polish (screenplay)<ref>{{cite web | author = Roberto Orci | title = The All New "Hey Roberto" Thread | publisher = [[Don Murphy]] | date = 2008-08-10 | url = http://www.donmurphy.net/board/showpost.php?p=1213399&postcount=14649 | accessdate = 2008-10-22 | archivedate = 2013-10-03 | archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20131003030357/http://www.donmurphy.net/board/showpost.php?p=1213399&postcount=14649 }}</ref> |- |''[[Star Trek (film)|Star Trek]]'' |co-writer and executive producer (screenplay and story) |- |''[[Transformers: Revenge of the Fallen]]'' |writer |- |''[[The Proposal (film)|The Proposal]]'' |Executive Producer |} * ''[[Nightlife (film)|Nightlife]]'', producer (announced) * ''[[Cowboys and Aliens (film)|Cowboys and Aliens]]'', producer, co-writer (announced) * ''[[The 28th Amendment]]'', co-writer (screenplay) * ''[[Star Trek#Franchise future|Untitled Star Trek sequel]]'', co-writer and executive producer (pre-production) * ''Untitled Shane Salerno/Kurtzman-Orci Project'', co-writer and executive producer (pre-production) == Television credits == * ''[[Fringe (TV series)|Fringe]]'', co-creator, writer and executive producer * ''[[Alias (TV series)|Alias]]'', writer and executive producer * ''[[The Secret Service]]'', co-creator, writer, executive producer * ''[[Hercules: The Legendary Journeys]]'', writer and co-executive producer * ''[[Xena: Warrior Princess]]'', writer and co-executive producer * ''[[Jack of All Trades (TV series)|Jack of All Trades]]'', writer and executive producer == Referentias == <references/> == Ligamines externe == * [http://blogs.amctv.com/scifi-scanner/2009/06/alex-kurtzman-and-bob-orci-interview.php Alex Kurtzman and Bob Orci Discuss Trek and Transformers at AMCtv.com] {{DEFAULTSORT:Orci, Roberto}} [[Categoria:Gente mexican]] s2aoh2kgcf6euaoesyps0i265r418i7 0 41377 696707 692679 2026-05-10T18:26:08Z InternetArchiveBot 40773 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 696707 wikitext text/x-wiki {{infobox}} '''Football de tabula''' es un [[joco]] de tabula que es laxemente basate in le [[football]].<ref name="BritFoos">{{cite web|url=http://www.britfoos.com/ |title=BFA – Football de tabula |publisher=Britfoos.com |date= |accessdate=27 September 2010}}</ref> ==Historia== Ben que patentes pro jocos similar existe desde le decade 1890, le joco de football de tabula como nos lo cognosce hodie era primo inventate per Harold Searles Thornton in 1922 e [[patente|patentate]] in 1923 (Patente del Regno Unite no. 205.991 application datate de 14 de octobre 1922 e acceptate in 1 de novembre de 1923).<ref>{{cite web|url=http://v3.espacenet.com/publicationDetails/biblio?CC=GB&NR=205991&KC=&FT=E |title=1923 Patent abstract |publisher=V3.espacenet.com |date= |accessdate=27 September 2010}}</ref> Le idea esseva concipite post Harold habeva essite in un match de football del [[Tottenham Hotspur]] (de que ille era un avide fan). Ille voleva crear un joco replicante le football ma que poteva esser jocate in casa. Le inspiration veniva de un cassa de flammiferos: per jacer le flammiferos per le cassa ille habeva formate le base de su joco. Su oncle (que habitava [[Portland]] in le [[Statos Unite]]) visitava Harold e retornava con le inspiration al SUA ubi illo esseva patentate in 1927 (Bureau de Patentes del Statos Unite no. 1.615.491). Totevia, ille non videva multo successo con le joco e lassava su patente expirar. Solmente multe decennios postea que le joco obtenerea popularitate in le SUA. <ref>http://www.smithsonianmag.com/history/the-murky-history-of-foosball-314668/?no-ist</ref> Intertanto in Europa, le prime ligas comenciava surger in le decade 1950, e le Union Europee de Football de Tabula era formate in 1976. Le soldato american Lawrence Patterson reintroduceva le joco in le SUA post jocar lo durante que stava in Germania in le decade 1960. Ille importava le prime tabula, facite in Bavaria, al SUA in 1962. Durante que lo faceva, ille registrava le termino "foosball" in SUA e Canada e dava a su tabula le nomine de "Foosball Match." <ref>http://www.foosballrevolution.com/history/</ref> In 1970, Hayes and Furr creava le prime tabula de football facite in SUA, e multo tosto le joco deveniva un phenomeno national que durava usque le [[video jocos]] deveniva popular in le decade 1980. In 2002, le [[ITSF|International Table Soccer Federation]] (ITSF) esseva establite in Francia con le mission de promover le sport de Football de Tabula organisante un corpore sportive, regulante competitiones international, establiente le joco con le [[SportAccord|Association General del Federationes Sportive International]] (GAIF, acronymo del nomine anglese). ==Le sport== [[File:Fussball Player.JPG|thumb|left|Un jocator de football de tabula grec]] Al comenciar del joco, le bolla es servite trans un cavo al latere del tabula, o simplemente placite per le mano al pede del figura in le centro del tabula. Le latere que le bolla essera servite initialmente es decidite ballottante un moneta. Le jocatores usa le figuras montate in barras rotatori pro calcar le bolla intra un goal pro punctuar. Il ha jocatores experte que succedeva jectar le bolla a velocitates de usque 56&nbsp;km/h in competitiones.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Welcome to the official ciCMS: Foosball League Website<!-- Bot generated title --> |url=http://www.foosball-league.com/?pid=57 |accessdate=2017-04-14 |archivedate=2018-10-01 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20181001113009/http://www.foosball-league.com/?pid=57 }}</ref> Multe regulas considera illegal le "tiros a plus de 360 grados" (usar le palma del mano a facer le barra entrar in rotation, in vice de tornar le carpos a calcar le bolla con un figura montate in le barra). <ref name="table-soccer.org rules">{{cite web |url=http://www.table-soccer.org/rules/documents/ITSFRulesEnglish.pdf |title=ITSF |publisher=Table-soccer.org |date=15 January 2007 |accessdate=27 September 2010 |archivedate=30 March 2016 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160330151052/http://www.table-soccer.org/rules/documents/ITSFRulesEnglish.pdf }}</ref> Totevia il ha multe regulas variante – in alcun variantes, le goal-keeper pote esser rotate, in alteres post que le goal es attingite de un position controlate, rotationes del barra post colpar le bolla es permittite. Generalmente tiros curte de un rotation complete de 360 grados ante (o post) colpar le bolla es legal. Desde de establimento del [[ITSF]], le regulas ha devenite plus standardisate in le major competitiones international. Totevia, desde januario de 2012, le Campionatos Mundial e le Cuppa Mundial permitte duo rotationes complete de 360 grados.<ref name="table-soccer.org rules"/> Le vincitor es determinate quando un del equipas punctua un quantitate predeterminate de goals, typicamente cinque, dece, o dece-un in competition. Quando jocante le competitiones Bonzini le numero de goals requirite es septe. On debe ganiar per un differentia de duo goals. Le tabulas de football pote variar in grandor, ma un tabula typic es circa 120&nbsp;[[centimetro|cm]] longe e 61&nbsp;cm large. Le tabula sovente contine 8 lineas de marionettes jocator, que es figuras plastic, metallic, de ligno o a vices de fibra de carbon montate sur barras metallic horizontal. Cata equipa de 1 o 2 jocatores human controla 4 lineas de marionettes jocator. Le arrangiamento sequente es commun al tabulas de competition del ITSF, <ref>{{cite web |url=http://table-soccer.org/ |title=table-soccer.org |publisher=table-soccer.org |date= |accessdate=27 September 2010 |archivedate=16 June 2006 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20060616025439/http://www.table-soccer.org/ }}</ref> ben que il ha variationes substantial, particularmente in Espania e America del Sud – ubi le modello de tabula ''Futbolín'' (o variantes) es commun e usa un configuration differente. Reguardante le tabula del sinistra al dextera, le configuration es sovente le sequente: <!--spacing--> [[File:Bonzini style table ball control.jpg|thumb|167px|Controlo de bolla]] {| border="1" cellpadding="5" style="border-collapse: collapse;" |- style="background:#f99;" | Linea 1 || '''Goal-keeper''' || 1 marionette (a vices 2 o 3) |- style="background:#f99;" | Linea 2 || '''Defensores''' || 2 marionettes (''a vices 3'') |- style="background:#99f;" | Linea 3 || Attaccantes del opponente || 3 marionettes (''a vices 2'') |- style="background:#f99;" | Linea 4 || '''Medie-campistas''' || 5 marionettes (''a vices 4 o 6'') |- style="background:#99f;" | Linea 5 || Medie-campistas del opponente || 5 marionettes (''a vices 4 o 6'') |- style="background:#f99;" | Linea 6 || '''Attaccantes ''' || 3 marionettes (''a vices 2'') |- style="background:#99f;" | Linea 7 || Defensores del opponente || 2 marionettes (''a vices 3'') |- style="background:#99f;" | Linea 8 || Goal-keeper del opponente || 1 marionette (a vices 2 o 3) |}{{-}} Le football de tabula pote esser jocate per duo individuos (singules) – e alsi per quatro personas (duples), un que il ha equipas de duo personas a cata latere. In iste scenario, un jocator sole controlar le duo lineas defensive e le altere le lineas del medie-campistas e del attaccantes. In matches informal, il es alsi commun trovar tres o quatro controlatores de cata latere. ==Competition== [[File:foosball garlando aerial.jpg|thumb|right|Un tabula al stylo [[Garlando]] con un joco eveniente]] [[File:Foosball11Players.jpg|thumb|Un tabula de football Leonhart pro 11 jocatores per latere in [[Berlin]]]] [[File:Kicker-berlin.jpg|thumb|Le plus grande tabula de football usante figuras [[Buddy Bear]] de 1 metro esseva montate in 2006 in Berlin pro le [[Cuppa Mundial de Football]].]] Football de tabula es sovente jocate per amusamento in pubs, bars, locales de labor, scholas e clubs con poc regulas. Le football de tabula es alsi jocate in competitiones official organisate per plure organisationes national, con regulas e regulationes altemente evolvite. Ben que le competitiones organisate occurre desde le decades 1940 e 1950 in [[Europa]], le tours professional e le eventos pecuniose comenciava quando le patre del football de tabula professional moderne, [[Lee Peppard]] de [[Seattle]], annunciava un "Un Tour de Un Quarte de Million de Dollares" in 1976. Plure organisationes e sponsores ha continuate promovente eventos professional mundial pecuniose. In 1976 Bobby Brown del Green Felt Billiards finiva le saison con 1305 punctos, le major jammais registrate in un saison. Le [[ITSF]] ora regula eventos international includente le annual Campionatos Mundial e le Cuppa Mundial. Le Cuppa Mundial era originalmente intendite a coincider con le [[Cuppa Mundial de Football|Cuppa Mundial FIFA]], ma desde januario de 2009 illo occurre annualmente. In le Cuppa Mundial e le Campionatos Mundial de [[ITSF]] de 2013, quasi 500 jocatores de 30 paises congregava in Nantes, Francia a competer. [[File:Lech Kaczyński vs. Leo Beenhakker play table football.jpg|thumb|right|Le ex-presidente polonese [[Lech Kaczyński]] e le ex-trainator del equipa national polonese [[Leo Beenhakker]] joca football de tabula]] Le Tour Mundial del [[ITSF]] ha alsi recentemente expandite a includer le paises asiatic. China, Taiwan e Malaysia hospitava torneos sanctionate per le [[ITSF]] in 2013.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.table-soccer.org/tournaments/ |title=Patent abstract |publisher=www.table-soccer.org |date= |accessdate=25 January 2014}}</ref> In 2016, le Philippinas hospitava The Manila Bay Open. ==Tabulas== Un vaste quantitate de differente sortas de tabulas existe. Le marcas de tabulas usate al Campionatos Mundial de [[ITSF]] es [[Bonzini]], [[Roberto Sport]], [[Garlando]], [[Tornado (football de tabula)|Tornado]], and Leonhart.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.table-soccer.org/page/official-table-partners|title=Associatos official de tabulas- International Table Soccer Federation |publisher=Table-soccer.org |date= |accessdate=7 August 2015}}</ref>. Plure companias ha create "versiones luxuose" del tabulas de football. Il ha un tabula de 7 metros create per le artista [[Maurizio Cattelan]] pro un obra appellate "Stadium". Le tabulas sole haber 11 marionettes jocator per latere. Differentias in le typos de tabula ha grande influentia in le stylos de joco. Le majoritate del tabulas ha un goal-keeper cuje movimentos es restricte al area del goal. Sur alcun de iste tabulas le goal-keeper deveni incapabile de attinger le bolla un vice que illo es obstruite in le angulo del tabula; alteres ha angulos elevate a retornar le bolla al joco. Un altere major differentia inter le typos de tabula es trovate in le bollas, que pote esser facite de ligno (corco in le tabulas traditional francese), varie formas de plastico o mesmo rarmente marmore e metal, variante significantemente le velocitate del tiros, tamben le spatio inter le homine e le bolla e inter le bolla e le superficie de joco.<ref>{{Cite web|url = http://bestalyze.com/best-foosball-tables/|title = Foosball tables|accessdate = 23 August 2016|publisher = Bestalyze|archivedate = 26 October 2017|archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20171026053818/http://bestalyze.com/best-foosball-tables/}}</ref> ==Jocatores robotic== Le robot de football de tabula [[Foosbot]] jam esseva vincite per humanos plure vices, ma illo ha essite testate contra jocatores experte.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.uakron.edu/im/online-newsroom/news_details.dot?crumbTitle=Top+Bots+excel+at+wide+variety+of+tasks&newsId=3cf658fd-6f79-4ddf-b87c-0dca313ab744|title=Top Bots excel at wide variety of tasks|accessdate=2013-07-01|date=2012-04-25|publisher=[[University of Akron]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.youtube.com/user/TeamFoosbot?feature=watch|title=TeamFoosbot's channel|accessdate=2013-07-01|publisher=[[YouTube]]}}</ref> Ancora altere robot de football de tabula es sur developpamento per duo studentes del [[Universitate Technic de Danmark]]. The robot usa un camera montate supra un tabula commun.<ref>[http://foospmp.myl.dk Tabula de football automatisate] pagina initial del projecto</ref> Altere robot he essite developpate per duo studentes del [[EPFL]] in Switza.<ref>[http://sti.epfl.ch/page-97901-en.html] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160903042028/http://sti.epfl.ch/page-97901-en.html |date=2016-09-03 }} pagina initial del projecto</ref> ==In le cultura popular== Le personages [[Monica Geller]], [[Joey Tribbiani]] e [[Chandler Bing]] del spectaculo de TV ''[[Friends]]'' (1994–2004, SUA) sovente joca football de tabula. Le football de tabula esseva in un parte prominente del episodio "[[Foosball and Nocturnal Vigilantism]]" in ''[[Community]]'', un serie de TV popular. Le football de tabula ha alsi essite le subjecto de films tal como ''[[Longshot (film de 1981)|Longshot]]''<ref>[http://www.imdb.com/title/tt0082676'' Longshot''] (1981, US)</ref> (1981), and ''[[Underdogs (film de 2013)|Underdogs]]'' (2013). ==Referentias== <references/> ==Ligamines externe== * [http://www.table-soccer.org/ Federation International de Football de Tabula] 0ut056wn4cpn8owrzf00p5ldtd52763 0 49882 696708 683298 2026-05-11T00:03:44Z InternetArchiveBot 40773 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 696708 wikitext text/x-wiki {{infobox/articulo/persona}} '''Osvaldo Moles''' ([[14 de martio]] [[1913]] in Santos, [[São Paulo (stato)|São Paulo]], [[Brasil]]), esseva un romancero e jornalista brasilian cuje romances include ''Retrato de uma garoa usada''.<ref>{{cite web | url=http://baudomaga.com.br/humor/2015/01/28/osvaldo-molles/ | title=Osvaldo Molles | author=Humor Brasileiro | date=January 25, 2015 | publisher=baudomaga.com.br | accessdate=October 6, 2022 | language=Portuguese | archivedate=October 8, 2022 | archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20221008181231/http://baudomaga.com.br/humor/2015/01/28/osvaldo-molles/ }}</ref>; <ref>{{cite web |url=http://docplayer.com.br/19656080-Osvaldo-moles-o-legado-do-radialista.html |title=Osvaldo Moles: O legado do radialista |publisher=docplayer.com.br |accessdate=6 October 2022 |archivedate=8 October 2022 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20221008173918/http://docplayer.com.br/19656080-Osvaldo-moles-o-legado-do-radialista.html }}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.publishnews.com.br/materias/2015/07/31/celebrando-osvaldo-moles | title=Celebrando Osvaldo Moles | author=Redação | date=July 31, 2015 | publisher=publishnews.com.br | accessdate=October 14, 2022 | language=Portuguese}}</ref> == Referentias == <references/> == Ligamines externe == * [https://soundcloud.com/revistasonora/audiodocument-rio-sobre Audiodocumentary about Osvaldo Moles] {{DEFAULTSORT:Moles, Osvaldo}} [[Categoria:Gente brasilian]] [[Categoria:Jornalistas]] {{pecietta|biographia|litteratura}} tpsvx21vz9fgos1yw3iilbmudzi02ry 0 51708 696709 684959 2026-05-11T00:04:22Z InternetArchiveBot 40773 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 696709 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:Guru_-_Boudha.jpg|alt=|thumb|304x304px|Padmasambhava.]] '''Padmasambhava''' ([[sanscrito]]: पद्मसम्भव ''Padmasambhāva''; [[Lingua tibetan|tibetano]]: པདྨ་འབྱུང་གནས; “ille qui nasceva ex un flor de loto”) esseva un magistro de vajra, homine de fide, [[Tantra|tantrista]], sortiero e mystico indian qui viagiava per le [[Tibet]] in le seculos VIII–IX pro docer le [[buddhismo]] Vajrayana e le tantras buddhic al gente local.<ref name="tthr">{{cite book|author1=Kværne, Per|url=https://archive.org/details/tibetanhistoryre00tutt|title=The Tibetan history reader|date=2013|publisher=Columbia University Press|isbn=978-0-231-14469-8|editor1-last=Tuttle|editor1-first=Gray|location=New York|page=[https://archive.org/details/tibetanhistoryre00tutt/page/n196 168]|author-link1=Per Kværne|editor2-last=Schaeffer|editor2-first=Kurtis R.|editor2-link=Kurtis Schaeffer|url-access=limited}}</ref><ref name="KPSR8">Khenchen Palden Sherab Rinpoche, ''The Eight Manifestations of Guru Padmasambhava'', (May 1992), https://turtlehill.org/cleanup/khen/eman.html {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221204090128/https://turtlehill.org/cleanup/khen/eman.html |date=2022-12-04 }}</ref><ref name=":2">Doney, Lewis. "Padmasambhava in Tibetan Buddhism" in Silk, Jonathan A. e al. ''Brill's Encyclopedia of Buddhism,'' pp. 1197-1212. BRILL, Leiden, Boston.</ref> Le tibetanos usque hodie adhuc le appella '''''Guru Rinpoche''''', i.e. “le magistro preciose” vel, plus impropriemente, “le guru le plus venerabile”. Ille es considerate “le patre del [[buddhismo tibetan]]”. Padmasambhava es etiam creditate cum le fundation del ordine Nyingma<ref>{{cite book|last1=Harvey|first1=Peter|title=An Introduction to Buddhism Teachings, History and Practices.|date=2008|publisher=Cambridge University Press|location=Cambridge|isbn=978-0-521-67674-8|pages=204|edition=2|url=http://www.cambridge.org/us/academic/subjects/religion/buddhism-and-eastern-religions/introduction-buddhism-teachings-history-and-practices-2nd-edition|access-date=6 October 2015}}</ref><ref name=":2" />—le ordine religiose le plus vetere intra le panorama buddhic tibetan—e cum le domation e conversion al ''[[dharma]]'' de alicun demones e diabolos local que adduceva problemas e destruction in Tibet dum celle dies, e que ille personalmente verteva in ''[[dharmapalas]]''. In le buddhismo tibetan Padmasambava es mesmo considerate como un [[Buddhitate|buddha]] in terra<ref name="KPSR8" /><ref name="princeton2">{{cite book|last1=Buswell|first1=Robert E.|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=DXN2AAAAQBAJ|title=The Princeton dictionary of Buddhism|last2=Lopez|first2=Donald S. Jr.|date=2013|publisher=Princeton University Press|isbn=978-1-4008-4805-8|location=Princeton|page=608|access-date=5 October 2015}}</ref><ref name="Schaik 2011, page 34-52">Schaik, Sam van. ''Tibet: A History''. Yale University Press 2011, page 34-5, 96-8.</ref> e su inseniamentos esse de duo sortas: les oral (''kama'') e les occulte, vel revelate (''terma''). Quidem, le tradition buddhic tibetan mantene que le revelationes mystic de Padmasambhava sia continuemente discoperte per personas fortunate nominate ''tertön'' (“illes qui ha invenite un thesauro”), vel revelatores, quandocumque le conditiones pro le revelation de lor sagessa esse preste pro esser recepte.<ref>Schaik, Sam van. ''Tibet: A History.'' Yale University Press 2011, p. 96.</ref><ref>Fremantle, Francesca (2001). ''Luminous Emptiness: Understanding the Tibetan Book of the Dead''. Boston, Massachusetts, USA: Shambhala Publications, Inc. {{ISBN|1-57062-450-X}} p.19</ref> On dice que Padmasambhava va apparer personalmente a tal revelatores in visiones. Padmasambhava es venerate per buddhistas in [[Tibet]], [[Nepal]], [[Bhutan]] e in le statos del region del [[Himalaya]] in [[India]], atque in altere paises in tote le mundo.<ref name="EB">{{cite web|title=Padmasambhava|url=https://www.britannica.com/biography/Padmasambhava|access-date=5 October 2015|website=Encyclopædia Britannica}}</ref><ref name="princeton">{{cite book|last1=Buswell|first1=Robert E.|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=DXN2AAAAQBAJ|title=The Princeton dictionary of Buddhism|last2=Lopez|first2=Donald S. Jr.|date=2013|publisher=Princeton University Press|isbn=978-1-4008-4805-8|location=Princeton|page=608|access-date=5 October 2015}}</ref> == Historia == [[File:British_Library_fragment_of_the_Testament_of_Ba.jpg|thumb|284x284px|Un parve fragmento ''Le Testimonio de Ba.'']] Secundo lo que esse scripte in ''Le Testimonio de Ba—''un manuscripto antique re le activitates del sancto—Trisong Detsen, tunc le filio del imperator de Tibet, invitava a Tibet le philosopho e abbate buddhic Shantarakshita pro diffunder le buddhismo in su terra e adjuvar le in le construction del prime monasterio buddhic tibetan in Samye. Tamen, il habeva occurse eventos non multo propitie: un alluvion habeva inundate un templo buddhic local e un fulmine potentissime habeva colpate le palatio regal e adducte problemas considerabile al corte tibetan. Ita, le nobiles local habeva se convincte que le [[Deitate|deos]] esseva furiosissime, e que illes habeva se irate cum le populo tibetan nam istes habeva tracte [[Buddhismo|buddhistas]], ideas e credos estranie a lor terra.<ref name=":0">Schaik, Sam van. ''Tibet: A History.'' Yale University Press 2011, pp. 34-35.</ref> Pro iste ration, Shantarakshita debeva retornar domo a Nepal, quamquam postea le tibetanos rogava le de redir a Tibet quandocumque le sentimentos anti-buddhic del [[nobilitate]] habeva se calmate aliqua. [[File:Trisong_Detsen.jpg|thumb|284x284px|Trisong Detsen cum su vulto de canalia.]] Quando ille adveniva in Tibet de novo—atque pro evitar que le situation poteva repeter se—Shantarakshita habeva apportate seco Padmasambhava, un experto de [[tantra]] qui proveniva de Oddiyana, un urbe in lo que hodie esse le Valle Swat, in [[Pakistan]].<ref>{{Cite book|last=Meulenbeld|first=Ben|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Y53pT_gGE_0C&dq=padmasambhava+swat+birthplace&pg=PA93|title=Buddhist Symbolism in Tibetan Thangkas: The Story of Siddhartha and Other Buddhas Interpreted in Modern Nepalese Painting|date=2001|publisher=Binkey Kok|isbn=978-90-74597-44-9|pages=93|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|last=Kazi|first=Jigme N.|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_MwDEAAAQBAJ&dq=padmasambhava+swat+pakistan&pg=PT45|title=Sons of Sikkim: The Rise and Fall of the Namgyal Dynasty of Sikkim|date=2020-10-20|publisher=Notion Press|isbn=978-1-64805-981-0|pages=45|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|last=Schaik|first=Sam Van|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=RpLAKGG1ZX4C&dq=padmasambhava+swat&pg=PT81|title=Tibet: A History|date=2011-06-28|publisher=Yale University Press|isbn=978-0-300-17217-1|pages=81|language=en}}</ref> Le carga de Padmasambhava esseva quidem appaciar e domar le entitates e [[Spirito|spiritos]] local pro impressionar le nobiles tibetan cum su [[Magia|poteres magic]] e ritualistic extraordinari que ille habeva acquisite per medio de su cognoscentia del tantras e del mysterios del artes antique. Le fontes tibetan explica quomodo, in iste puncto, Padmasambhava evocava e defiava le deitates, spiritos e [[Diabolo|diabolos]] pagan del loco, e postea quomodo ille menaciava los cum su poteres talmente incredibile. Quando ille habeva los domate totalmente, su amico Shantarakshita e Trisong Detsen poteva finalmente proceder sine problemas cum le construction del [[monasterio]] ut illes voleva.<ref name=":0" /> Interea, Padmasambhava dedicava se supertoto al vita de corte e al inseniamento de su formas de [[yoga]] tantric e del doctrina de su [[Buddhismo|fide buddhic]].<ref name=":1">Schaik, Sam van. ''Tibet: A History.'' Yale University Press 2011, p. 35.</ref> [[File:A_grand_view_of_Samye.jpg|thumb|287x287px|Le monasterio de Samye.]] Le [[imperator]], tamen, comenciava a realisar quomodo le presentia de Padmasambhava potentialmente poterea crear plus problemas de lo que ille jam habeva solute usque tunc. De facto, le vita de corte habeva perdite su stabilitate, etiam nam le viros habeva comenciate a timer que Padmasambhava poteva incantar su uxores e filias pro las seducer. Pro le imperator esseva tamben impossibile non cogitar re le facto que celle [[Deitates|numines]] e [[Demone|demones]] que usque le die anterior habeva adducte [[fame]], [[Carestia|carestias]], [[Maladia|maladias]] e problemas infinite a su populo actualmente esseva controllate per un indiano estranier, e que ille imperava e ordinava los comocumque ille voleva, sicut illos esseva parve sclavos cum neque [[voluntate]], neque [[Fortia (virtute)|fortia]], neque [[cerebro]]. Le poteres de Padmasambhava esseva quidem tanto formidabile que il esseva obvie que si ille voleva, ille poterea revindicar pro se ipse le throno, le corona, le pais e mesmo le mundo integre quandocumque ille desirava. Ergo, Le imperator debeva [[Corage|incoragiar]] se pro peter a Padmasambhava que ille abi e lassa le [[corte]].<ref name=":1" /> ''Le Testimonio de Ba'' tamben mentiona altere [[Miraculo|miraculos]] exhibite per Padmasambhava, supertoto associate cum le domation e appaciamento de spiritos e demones, sed etiam cum [[Ritual|rituales]] pro prolongar le vita e [[Magia|magias]] de aqua.<ref name=":2" /> == Hagiographia == Secundo Khenchen Palden Sheraba—un lama e litterato del scola Nyingma—il ha traditionalmente novem-milles-novem-centos-novanta-novem biographias de Padmasambhava.<ref name="KPSR8" /> === Nascentia e juventute === [[File:Thangka_(AM_1931.626-5).jpg|alt=|thumb|''Thangka'' de Padmasambhava.]] Le hagiographias de Padmasambhava depinge le como un [[Infante|puero]] de octo annos sortiente ex un [[Loto|flor de loto]] flottante super le laco Dhanakosha, cum un gruppo de [[Dakini|dakinis]] dansante circum ille.<ref name=":2" /><ref name=":4">Trungpa (2001) pp. 26-27. For debate on its geographical location, see also the article on [[Oddiyana]].</ref> Totevia, il ha altere [[Conto|contos]] re su nascentia, e un del plus commun narra que ille nasceva ex le ventre del regina Jalendra, uxor de Sakra rege de Oddiyana, e que ille recipeva le nomine de ''Dorje Duddul'' (“ille qui submitte demones cum un vajra”), pro causa de alicun maculas que ille habeva super tote su corpore que, secundo le tradition, identificava le como un domator de diabolos.<ref name=":2" /> In ''Le palatio de cupro'', le rege Indrabhuti de Oddiyana cerca un joiel que habe le poter de realisar desiros, sed in vice de isto ille inveni Padmasambhava, quem le rege considera un incarnation del buddha Amitabha. Le rege adopta le e Padmasambhava es tosto coronate ut ''Pema Gyalpo'' (“le rege del flor de loto”).<ref name=":2" /><ref name=":4" /> Tamen, Padmasambhava occide un del ministros de su patre adoptive et es [[Exilio|exiliate]] ex le regno; tote hoc le da ita le opportunitate de viver como un ''[[mahasiddha]],'' un magne mystico, e de apprehender e practicar le [[Tantra|tantras]] per [[India]].<ref name=":2" /><ref name=":4" /><ref>Morgan (2010) 208.</ref> In Himachal Pradesh, in India, Padmasambhava doceva practicas tantric al princessa [[Mandarva]], filia del rege local. Le rege, totevia, discoperiva illes juncte e igitur ille experiva urer les vive pro le ira causate per le vergonia adducte le per su filia. On dice que, quando le fumo evanesceva, Padmasambhava e le princessa esseva non solo vivissime, sed etiam in [[meditation]], sesse sur un flor de loto flottante super un laco ibi propinquo. Talmente meraviliate per le miraculo, le rege dava a Padmasambhava et su regno, et le mano de su filia in maritage.<ref>Lama Chonam and Sangye Khandro, translators. ''The Lives and Liberation of Princess Mandarava: The Indian Consort of Padmasambhava.'' (1998). Wisdom Publications.</ref> Subinde, Padmasambhava rediva domo cum su nove uxor, e conjunctemente illes velle converter tote le regno al buddhismo.<ref name=":2" /> === Activitates in Tibet === [[File:Guru_Padmasambhava_of_bSam-yas_Monastery_in_Tibet.jpg|thumb|Le famosissime statua de Padmasambhava in le monasterio de Samye, benedecte per ille ipse. Illo resimilava le assi tanto que ille diceva lo, “Id pare vermente me!”]] Le hagiographias de Padmasambhava anque discute su activitates in [[Tibet]], comenciante desde ille esseva invitate al corte pro adjuvar le tibetanos a fundar le monasterio de Samye. Padmasambhava es depicte como un experto de tantras domante demones local vertente los in protectores del dharma. Ille es etiam considerate ille qui diffundeva le [[buddhismo Vajrayana]] in Tibet e qui introduceva le populo tibetan al practicas del tantras.<ref name=":2" /> Gratias a su rolo de fundator del monasterio de Samye—le prime monasterio buddhic de Tibet—Padmasambhava es tamben creditate como le fundator del ordine Nyingma del buddhismo tibetan.<ref>Norbu, Thubten Jigme; Turnbull, Colin (1987), ''Tibet: Its History, Religion and People'', Penguin Books, {{ISBN|0-14-021382-1}}. Page 162.</ref> Le activitates de Padmasambhava include le practica de rituales tantric pro prolongar le vita del rege, sed etiam le initiation del rege Trisong Detsen ipse in su ritos tantric.<ref name=":2" /> Le varie biographias de Padmasambhava anque tracta contos super una del principal sponsas tantric de Padmasambhava: le princessa [[Yeshe Tsogyal]] (“le imperatrice del laco de cognoscentia”), qui deveniva una de su studentes interea ille adhuc viveva in le corte imperial.<ref>'Guru Rinpoche' and 'Yeshe Tsogyal' in: Forbes, Andrew ; Henley, David (2013). ''The Illustrated Tibetan Book of the Dead''. Chiang Mai: Cognoscenti Books. B00BCRLONM</ref> Illa es reverite como “le matre del buddhismo tibetan”<ref>Gyatso, Janet (August 2006). "A Partial Genealogy of the Lifestory of Ye shes mtsho rgyal". The Journal of the International Association of Tibetan Studies (2).</ref> e considerate un [[Buddhitate|buddha femina]],<ref>Changchub, Gyalwa; Namkhai Nyingpo (2002). Padmakara Translation Group (ed.). ''Lady of the Lotus-Born: The Life and Enlightenment of Yeshe Tsogyal''. Shambhala Publications, Inc. p. xxxvii. {{ISBN|1-57062-544-1}}.</ref> quoniam illa ipse se velle verter in un magistra de plure disciplinas spiritual. Insimul a illa, Padmasambhava abscondeva per Tibet alicun ''termas''—revelationes sacre—interea illa ascoltava su pretiose inseniamentos que la velle ducer ad attinger le [[buddhitate]] in su vita. Il ha multissime ''thangkas'' e pincturas traditional que monstra Padmasambhava insimul a su duo uxores, saepe cum Mandarva a su dextera e Yeshe Tsogyal al sinistra.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Padmasambhava - The Treasury of Lives: Biographies of Himalayan Religious Masters|url=http://www.treasuryoflives.org/paintings/view/Padmasambhava/35|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160506031510/http://treasuryoflives.org/paintings/view/Padmasambhava/35|archive-date=2016-05-06|access-date=2016-05-07}}</ref> Plure ''termas'' del scola Nyingma—scripturas revelate—proveni exactemente ab le activitates de Padmasambhava e su studentes. Tamen, il ha adhuc plus de istos que non ha ancora essite discoperte e que attende qualicuno qui sia vocate per le spirito de Padmasambhava pro propagar su sagessa ubicumque, quandocumque le mundo esse preste pro lo reciper.<ref name="KPSR">Khenchen Palden Sherab Rinpoche, Khenpo Tsewang Dongyal. ''Lion's Gaze: A Commentary on Tsig Sum Nedek''. Sky Dancer Press, 1998.</ref> In ''Le palatio de cupro'', post le morte de Trisong Detsen, il parerea que Padmasambhava viagiava usque a [[Sri Lanka|Lanka]], ubi ille submitteva e converteva al [[dharma]] alicun ''rakshasa'', demones bibitores de sanguine. Su ultime verbos exhorta al veneration del bodhisattva [[Avalokiteshvara]].<ref name=":2" /> == Octo manifestationes == [[File:Wrathful_Padmasambhava.jpg|alt=|thumb|Guru Senge Dradrog, un manifestation irate de Padmasambhava.]] [[File:Bhutanese_painted_thanka_of_Guru_Nyima_Ozer,_late_19th_century,_Do_Khachu_Gonpa,_Chukka,_Bhutan.jpg|alt=|thumb|''Thangka'' bhutanese depingente Guru Nyima Ozer, tarde seculo 19^me.]] Le octo manifestationes esse le octo formas principal que Padmasambhava ha assumpte in qualcumque puncto de su vita. Illos representa aspectos differente de su esser, qual, pro exemplo, su formas irate e pacific. Illos es descripte e numerate assi: # '''Guru Pema Gyalpo''' (tibetano transliterate: ''gu ru pad ma rgyal-po'', [[sanscrito]]: ''Guru Padmaraja'') de Oddiyana. Ille manifesta se como un puero solo quatro annos post que le [[Gautama Buddha|buddha Shakyamun]]<nowiki/>[[Gautama Buddha|i]] attingeva le ''[[nirvana]]'' maxime. Su pelle esse rubie e ille es considerate un emanation semi-irate. # '''Guru Nyima Ozer''' (tibetano transliterate: ''gu ru nyi-ma 'od-zer'', sanscrito: ''Guru Suryabhasa'' or ''Sūryarashmi''; “le yogi del radio del sol”). Anque iste esse un emanation semi-irate; ille manifesta se in [[India]] insimul a Guru Pema Gyalpo et es saepe depicte como un [[Yoga|yogi]] vagabunde. # '''Guru Loden Chokse''' (tibetano transliterate: ''gu ru blo ldan mchog sred''; sanscrito: ''Guru Mativat Vararuci''; “ille qui possede le cognoscentia supreme”). Un emanation pacific. # '''Guru Padmasambhava''' (sanscrito: ''Guru Padmasambhava;'' “le essentia del flor de loto”) un symbolo de perfection spiritual; completemente in pace, ille manifesta se pro docer le dharma a Mandarava, interim que ille transforma [[Energia|energias]] negative in alique plus pacific e compatiente. Ille esse vermente in [[pace]] e habe un pelle blanchissime. # '''Guru Shakya Senge''' (tibetano transliterate: ''shAkya seng-ge'', [[sanscrito]]: ''Guru Shakyasimha''; “le [[leon]] invincibile”). Un emanation pacific; ille manifesta se como un studente de Ananda e duce le rege Ashoka al comprehension del [[dharma]]. # '''Guru Senge Dradrog''' ([[tibetano]] transliterate: ''gu ru seng-ge sgra-sgrogs'', sanscrito: ''Guru Simhanada;'' “le rugito del leon”). Un emanation irate; ille submitte e appacia influentias negative. Ille manifesta se in India in le Universitate de Nalanda e divulga le dharma ubicumque in le sex regnos del esseres sentiente. Ille es depicte cum [[pelle]] blau e inter flammas. # '''Guru Pema Jungne''' (tibetano transliterate: ''pad ma 'byung-gnas'', sanscrito: ''Guru Padmakara;'' “ille qui nasceva ex un flor de [[loto]]”). Ille manifesta se ante advenir in [[Tibet]] pro docer le dharma al tibetanos. Ille incarna tote su manifestationes e gesta, et irate, et pacific. Ille esse le manifestation le plus popular assi como le plus depicte in le [[Artes visual|artes]] tibetan. # '''Guru Dorje Drolo''' (tibetano transliterate: ''gu ru rDo-rje gro-lod'', sanscrito: ''Guru Vajra;'' “le [[sagessa]] [[Dementia|folle]]”). Iratissime, ille manifesta se cinque annos ante que Guru Pema Jungne lassa Tibet. Ille esse rubie obscur e jace inter flammas tamben. == Iconographia == [[File:Guru_Rinpoche_in_mist_2.jpg|alt=|thumb|300x300px|Le Colosso de Padmasambhava, un magne statua alte 37.5m representante le sancto. Laco Rewalsar, Himachal Pradesh, India.]] Padmasambhava es solitemente depicte ut un [[homine]] ordinari: quidem, ille habe solo un [[facie]] e duo [[Mano|manos]], quamquam su [[Oculo|oculos]] esse apertissime et esse tanto cargate cum energia que illos pare posseder le poter de perforar lo que illos specta. Sur su capite il ha un cappello floriforme, mesmo modellate ut un flor de loto: su tres punctas representa le tres ''[[Kaya|kayas]]''; in vice, su cinque colores representa le cinque ''kayas''. Le [[sol]] e le [[luna]] symbolisa habilitate e sagessa; le vajra supra illos, le ''[[samadhi]]'' imperturbabile. Cum su mano dextera, ille tene apud su pectore un vajra cum cinque punctas; cum le sinistra, ille face un gesto de calma e dignitate. Cum su mano sinistra, ille etiam subleva un calice plen de nettar, efficte cum un cranio fisse in duo. Sustenite per su brachio sinistre il ha un tridente cum tres punctas; omne puncta symbolisante una de su uxores, quamquam hoc pote etiam esser un referentia al iconographia classic del deo hinduic [[Shiva]] e su representationes. == Practicas associate == [[File:TsozongOm-wiki.jpg|alt=|thumb|Le mantra del guru del vajra sculpte sur un rocca.]] [[File:Vajra_Guru_Mantra.svg|alt=|thumb|Le mantra del guru del vajra scripte cum le alphabetos ''lanydza'' e tibetan.]] Desde le fontes le plus antique usque nunc, Padmasambhava ha essite associate cum un [[daga]] ritual appellate ''phurba'', vel anque cum le deitate [[Vajrakilaya]] (un deitate meditational basate super le ''kila'').<ref name=":2" /> === Mantra del guru del vajra === In le traditiones [[Buddhismo tibetan|buddhic tibetan]]—supertoto in le scola Nyingma—le [[mantra]] del guru del vajra es considerate un mantra incredibilemente potente que face uno entrar in communion cum le tres vajras del currente mental de Padmasambhava ipse e, per su gratia, etiam cum les de omne altere [[Buddhitate|creaturas illuminate]].<ref>Sogyal Rinpoche (1992). ''The Tibetan Book of Living and Dying'', pp. 386-389 Harper, San Francisco. {{ISBN|0-7126-5437-2}}.</ref> Le mantra del guru del vajra esse: : ''Oṃ āḥ hūṃ vajra guru padma siddhi hūṃ'' === Oration del septe lineas === Le [[Oration religiose|oration]] del septe lineas esse un oration famosissime a Padmasambhava que es recitate per plure tibetanos omne die. Illo esse assi:<ref>{{Cite web|title=Seven Line Prayer|url=https://www.lotsawahouse.org/topics/seven-line-prayer/|access-date=15 August 2020|website=Lotsawa House}}</ref> : Hum! In le nord-west del terra de Oddiyana (''hung orgyen yul gyi nubjang tsam'')<br />In le corde de un flor de loto, (''pema gesar dongpo la'')<br />Tu qui ha collecte le attingimentos le plus meraviliose, (''yatsen chok gi ngödrub nye'')<br />Tu qui es cognite como “ille qui nasceva ex le loto”, (''pema jungne shye su drak'')<br />Incirculate per gruppos de dakinis, (''khor du khandro mangpö kor'')<br />Io seque tu passos, (''khye kyi jesu dak drub kyi'')<br />Io ora te: adveni, inspira me cum tu benediction! (''jingyi lab chir shek su sol'')<br />Guru padma siddhi hum! [[Sanscrito]]: : hūm । oḍiyāne vāyavye । padmakesarakāṇḍe । siddhirlabdhātyadbhutā । khyāta padmasambhava । bahuḍākībhirāvṛta । tavaivānusarāmi । āyāhyadhiṣṭhānārtham । guru padma siddhi hūm ॥ == Cinque sponsas principal == [[File:Padmasambhava_enthroned_with_Yeshe_Tsogyal.jpg|alt=|thumb|395x395px|Padmasambhava sesse in su throno con [[Yeshe Tsogyal]] ibi infra.]] Plure studentes de Padmasambhava deveniva [[Tantra|tantristas]] Vajrayana maxime, e in ultra illes attingeva le [[illumination]]. Inter istes, le plus importantes esse forsan su cinque sponsas principal—saepe nominate “[[Dakini|dakinis]] del sagessa”—atque su vinti-cinque studentes insimul al [[rege]] Trisong Detsen. Padmasambhava habeva cinque sponsas tantric principal, quem ille colligeva comenciante ab India desde ante de ir a [[Tibet]] pro le prime vice, sed postquam etiam in Tibet. Iste mulieres es cognite tamben como le “cinque sponsas”; illas proveniva ab partes differente de Asia austral et esse un testimonio del habilitate de Padmasambhava a propagar e apportar le [[dharma]] quocumque. Illas esse anque considerate emanationes de partes differente de Vajravarahi, un dea tantric.<ref>Dowman, Keith. (1984). ''Sky Dancer: The Secret Life and Songs of the Lady Yeshe Tsogyel''. p. 265.</ref> Iste cinque dakinis del [[sagessa]] esse: * '''[[Yeshe Tsogyal]]''' de Tibet, qui esseva un emanation del [[Vocabulo|verbo]] de Vajravarahi; * '''Mandarava''' de Zahor, regno in le nord-est de [[India]], qui esseva un emanation del corpore de Vajravarahi; * '''Belwong Kalasiddhi''' del nord-west de India, qui esseva un emanation del qualitate de Vajravarahi; * '''Belmo Sakya Devi''' de [[Nepal]], qui esseva un emanation del [[mente]] de Vajravarahi; * '''Tashi Kyeden''' de [[Bhutan]], vel etiam appellate “Mangala”, qui esseva un emanation del activitate de Vajravarahi. Illa es saepe depicte insimul a Guru Dorje Drolo.<ref name="KPSR8" /> == Vinti-cinque studentes principal == Padmasambhava habeva vinti-cinque studentes principal dum le periodo initial del schola Nyingma.<ref>[http://www.rigpawiki.org/index.php?title=Samye_Chimphu RigpaShedra]</ref> Iste studentes esse: [[File:Denma_Tsemang.jpg|thumb|Denma Tsemang.]] [[File:Palgyi_Sengge.jpg|thumb|Palgyi Senge.]] * Le rege Trisong Detsen (tibetano: ཁྲི་སྲོང་ལྡེའུ་བཏཟན, tibetano transliterate: ''khri srong lde'u btzan'') * Denma Tsemang (tibetano: ལྡན་མ་རྩེ་མང, tibetano transliterate: ''ldan ma rtse mang'') * Nanam Dorje Dudjom, vel Dorje Dudjom de Nanam (tibetano: རྡོ་རྗེ་བདུད་འཇོམ, tibetano transliterate: ''rdo rje bdud 'joms'') * Drokben Khyechung Lotsawa (tibetano: ཁྱེའུ་ཆུང་ལོ་ཙཱ་བ, tibetano transliterate: ''khye'u chung lo tsa ba'') * Lasum Gyelwa Changchup, vel Gyalwa Changchub de Lasum (tibetano: ལ་སུམ་རྒྱལ་བ་བྱང་ཆུབ, tibetano transliterate: ''la sum rgyal ba byang chub'') * Gyalwa Choyang (tibetano: རྒྱལ་བ་མཆོག་དབྱངས, tibetano transliterate: ''rgyal ba mchog dbyangs'') * Dre Gyelwei Lodro, vel Gyalwe Lodro de Dre (tibetano: རྒྱལ་བའི་བློ་གྲོས, tibetano transliterate: ''rgyal ba'i blo gros'') * Nyak Jnanakumara, vel Jnanakumara de Nyak (tibetano: གཉགས་ཛཉའ་ན་ཀུ་མ་ར, tibetano transliterate: ''gnyags dzny' na ku ma ra'') * Kawa Paltsek (tibetano: སྐ་བ་དཔལ་བརྩེགས, tibetano transliterate: ''ska ba dpal brtsegs'') * Karchen Za, vel Khandro Yeshe Tsogyal, i.e. le princessa de Karchen (tibetano: མཁར་ཆེན་བཟའ་མཚོ་རྒྱལ, tibetano transliterate: ''mkhar chen bza' mtsho rgyal'') * Langdro Konchok Jungue, vel Konchog Jungne de Langdro (tibetano: ལང་གྲོ་དཀོན་མཆོག་འབྱུང་གནས, tibetano transliterate: ''lang gro dkon mchog 'byung gnas'') * Sogdian Lhapel, vel Lhapal le Sokpo (tibetano: སོག་པོ་ལྷ་དཔལ, tibetano transliterate: ''sog po lha dpal'') * Namkhai Nyingpo (tibetano: ནམ་མཁའི་སྙིང་པོ, tibetano transliterate: ''nam mkha'i snying po'') * Nanam Zhang Yeshe De (tibetano: ཞང་ཡེ་ཤེས་སྡེ, tibetano transliterate: ''zhang ye shes sde'') * Lhalung Pelgi Dorje, vel Lhalung Pelgyi Dorje (tibetano: ལྷ་ལུང་དཔལ་གྱི་རྡོ་རྗེ, tibetano transliterate: ''lha lung dpal gyi rdo rje'') * Shuphu Pelgi Senge, vel Palgyi Senge (tibetano: དཔལ་གྱི་སེང་གེ, tibetano transliterate: ''dpal gyi seng ge'') * Karchen Palgyi Wangchuk (tibetano: དཔལ་གྱི་དབང་ཕྱུག, tibetano transliterate: ''dpal gyi dbang phyug'') * Odren Pelgi Wangchuk, vel Palgyi Wangchuk de Odren (tibetano: འོ་དྲན་དཔལ་གྱི་དབང་ཕྱུག, tibetano transliterate: '''o dran dpal gyi dbang phyug'') * Palgyi Yeshe (tibetano: དཔལ་གྱི་ཡེ་ཤེས, tibetano transliterate: ''dpal gyi ye shes'') * Ma Rinchen-chok, vel Rinchen Chok de Ma (tibetano: རྨ་རིན་ཆེན་མཆོག, tibetano transliterate: ''rma rin chen mchog'') * Nubchen Sangye Yeshe (tibetano: སངས་རྒྱས་ཡེ་ཤེས, tibetano transliterate: ''sangs rgyas ye shes''), reincarnate se como Tsasum Lingpa * Shubu Palgyi Senge (tibetano: ཤུད་བུ་དཔལ་གྱི་སེང་གེ, tibetano transliterate: ''shud bu dpal gyi seng ge'') * Vairocana, vel Vairotsana, vel le traductor magne (tibetano: བཻ་རོ་ཙ་ན, tibetano transliterate: ''bai ro tsa na'') * Yeshe Yang (tibetano: ཡེ་ཤེས་དབྱངས, tibetano transliterate: ''ye shes dbyangs'') * Gyelmo Yudra Nyingpo, vel Yudra Nyingpo de Gyalmo (tibetano: ག་ཡུ་སྒྲ་སྙིང་པོ, tibetano transliterate: ''g.yu sgra snying po'') [[File:Padmasambhava_in_yam-yum.jpg|alt=|thumb|272x272px|Padmasambhava in ''yam-yum'' cum un sponsa spiritual.]] Ultra Yeshe Tsogyal, dece-cinque altere feminas deveniva expertas in le practicas del scola Nyingma. Illas es etiam recognite como magistras spiritual per conto proprie:<ref name="KPSR" /> * Tsenamza Sangyetso * Shekar Dorjetso * Tsombuza Pematso * Melongza Rinchensho * Ruza Tondrupma * Shubuza Sherampa * Yamdrokza Choki Dronma * Oceza Kargyelma * Dzemza Lhamo * Barza Lhayang * Chokroza Changchupman * Dronma Pamti Chenmo * Rongmenza Tsultrim-dron * Khuza Peltsunma * Trumza Shelmen == Galeria == <gallery> File:Pema Jungne-One-of-manifestations-of-Padmasambhava.jpg|Thangka de Guru Pema Jungne File:Hemis Padmasambhava.jpg|Statua de Padmasambhava in le monasterio de Hemis, [[Ladakh]], India. File:Guru Padmasambhava sideview.jpg|Statua sacre de Guru Padmasambhava in Samdruptse, [[Namchi]], [[Sikkim]], India. Image:Guru Rinpoche, Yerpa 1993.JPG|Statua de Guru Rinpoche (Padmasambhava) in su caverna meditational in Yerpa, Tibet. File:Hand print of Guru Rinpoche embedded in rock.jpg|Impression del mano de Guru Rinpoche sculpte sur un rocca in Pharping, Kathmandu. File:Vajra_Guru_Mantra_-_Tibetan_Script.svg|Mantra de Padmasambhava in le alphabeto tibetan. </gallery> == Vide etiam == * [[Yeshe Tsogyal]] == Referentias == <references /> [[Category:Buddhismo]] [[Category:Bodhisattvas]] [[Category:Sanctos]] ftrnrolbqogkumbnblc5d6hetsz6grs 0 59521 696713 677805 2026-05-11T10:59:25Z Themeramisin 59708 Contento reimplaciate per “* [[Categoria:Arte]] [[Categoria:Theatro]]” 696713 wikitext text/x-wiki * [[Categoria:Arte]] [[Categoria:Theatro]] szjfy92x1ehrluakyiq6kv5deqqrqta 696714 696713 2026-05-11T11:00:03Z Quinlan83 40955 Reverted edits by [[Special:Contribs/Themeramisin|Themeramisin]] ([[User talk:Themeramisin|talk]]) to last version by Laurbereth: unexplained content removal 677805 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:Antoine Watteau - Actors from the Comédie Française - WGA25475.jpg|thumb|alt=|400px|Actores del ''Comédie Française'']] Un '''actor''', sive '''histrion''', esse qui representa o interpreta un parte o un rolo in un [[theatro|spectaculo theatral]], cinematographic, televisive, radiophonic o per le strata. Le tracia le plus antique re actores pote esser reconducte a un texto in le [[Vedas]], in le qual il habe recommendationes de rito pro un gruppo de actores-sacerdotes representante le primitive theatro indian.<ref name="U">''Universo'', De Agostini, Novara, Vol. I, 1962, pag.27</ref> In le [[Grecia antique]], le introduction del dialogo inter actores esse debite a [[Eschylo]]; in iste tempore, actores esseva trainate non solo in recitation sed etiam in [[dansa]], [[canto]], e in le maniera de plorar, rider e usar mascaras theatral. In le Grecia antique, le actores esseva pagate per le stato e illes poteva obtener privilegios e recognoscimentos, inter le quales le de ambassator. In le [[Roma antique]], in vice, le theatro perdeva omne character sacrate e transformava se in un activitate ludic. Le actores – ibi appellate “histriones” – esseva recrutate inter le sclavos e, ita, illes appertineva normalmente al classes social le plus basse. Jam in iste tempore, le publico poteva demonstrar su disapprobation pro le recitation per medio de sibilos, e le actor, in iste caso, esseva constricte a humiliar se al puncto de remover su mascara. In le [[Medievo]], actores esseva per le majoritate sacerdotes, qui vestiva se con habitos sacrate alterate in parte pro poter calar se in le personage. Ergo, le drama convergeva con le drama [[christianismo|christian]] derivate ab le liturgia e textos sacrate. In iste periodo, dum processiones e festas, citatanos etiam prehendeva parte in le rolo de actores. Verso le medietate del [[seculo 16|seculo 16^e]], le comedianos del [[Comedia del arte]] compareva, e illes pativa le hostilitate del [[Ecclesia]].<ref name="U"/> == Referentias == {{reflist}} == Vide etiam == * [[Television]] * [[Theatro]] [[Categoria:Arte]] [[Categoria:Theatro]] 27arbltlogel323t9omsi1fqu8tz9uf