Wikipedia ibawiki https://iba.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lambar_Keterubah MediaWiki 1.45.0-wmf.8 first-letter Media Spesyel Randau Penggena Randau penggena Wikipedia Randau Wikipedia Fail Randau fail MediaWiki Randau MediaWiki Templat Randau templat Bantu Randau bantu Kategori Randau kategori TimedText TimedText talk Modul Randau modul Acara Perbincangan acara 0 1443 13326 9878 2025-07-08T20:15:01Z CommonsDelinker 28 Removing [[:c:File:Hawaiʻi_Ponoʻī_(1894-1898).ogg|Hawaiʻi_Ponoʻī_(1894-1898).ogg]], it has been deleted from Commons by [[:c:User:The Squirrel Conspiracy|The Squirrel Conspiracy]] because: [[:c:COM:PCP|]] - every audio file from this user that I've checke 13326 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox U.S. state | name = Hawaii | official_name = State of Hawaii<br /><div style="padding-top:0.25em;">{{Nobold|{{Native name|haw|Moku{{Okina}}āina o Hawai{{Okina}}i}}}}</div> | native_name = <div style="padding-top:0.25em;">{{Nobold|{{Native name|haw|Hawai{{Okina}}i}}}}</div> | image_flag = Flag of Hawaii.svg | flag_link = Flag of Hawaii | image_seal = Seal of the State of Hawaii.svg | seal_link = Seal of Hawaii | Former = [[Territory of Hawaii]] | image_map = File:Hawaii in United States (US50) (+grid) (zoom) (W3).svg | nickname = The [[Aloha]] State (official), Paradise of the Pacific,<ref name="The Bookmark Book">{{Cite book |url={{Google books|tYMxBX7jlkkC|plainurl=yes|page=81}} |title=The Bookmark Book |first1=Carolyn S |last1=Brodie |first2=Debra |last2=Goodrich |first3=Paula Kay |last3=Montgomery |location=Englewood, CO |publisher=Libraries Unlimited |year=1996 |oclc=34164045 |isbn=9781563083006 |access-date=August 5, 2015}}</ref> The Islands of Aloha, The 808 State<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.mlb.com/news/play-ball-holds-memorable-1st-event-in-hawaii-c300211446|title=Play Ball holds unforgettable 1st event in Hawaii|website=MLB.com|access-date=April 6, 2020|archive-date=November 19, 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191119102424/https://www.mlb.com/news/play-ball-holds-memorable-1st-event-in-hawaii-c300211446|url-status=live}}</ref> | motto = {{Lang|haw|[[Ua Mau ke Ea o ka ʻĀina i ka Pono]]}}{{Break}}("The Life of the Land Is Perpetuated in Righteousness")<ref>{{Cite web|title=Haw. Rev. Stat. § 5–9 (State motto)|author=Hawaii State Legislature|url=http://www.capitol.hawaii.gov/hrscurrent/Vol01_Ch0001-0042F/HRS0005/HRS_0005-0009.htm|access-date=December 9, 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151015232149/http://www.capitol.hawaii.gov/hrscurrent/Vol01_Ch0001-0042F/HRS0005/HRS_0005-0009.htm|archive-date=October 15, 2015|url-status=live}}</ref> | anthem = {{Lang|haw|[[Hawaiʻi Ponoʻī|Hawai{{Okina}}i Pono{{Okina}}ī]]}}{{Break}}(Hawai{{Okina}}i's Own True Sons)<ref name="State Song">{{Cite web|title=Haw. Rev. Stat. § 5–10 (State song) |author=Hawaii State Legislature |url=http://www.capitol.hawaii.gov/hrscurrent/Vol01_Ch0001-0042F/HRS0005/HRS_0005-0010.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20030116122656/http://www.capitol.hawaii.gov/hrscurrent/Vol01_Ch0001-0042F/hrs0005/HRS_0005-0010.htm |url-status=dead |archive-date=January 16, 2003 |access-date=December 9, 2013 }}</ref> | seat = [[Honolulu]] | LargestCity = capital | LargestMetro = [[Honolulu County, Hawaii|Honolulu]] | OfficialLangs = {{Hlist|[[English language|English]]|[[Hawaiian language|Hawaiian]]}} | population_demonym = Hawaii resident,<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.govinfo.gov/content/pkg/GPO-STYLEMANUAL-2016/pdf/GPO-STYLEMANUAL-2016.pdf|title=Style Manual; An official guide to the form and style of Federal Government publishing|author=<!--Not stated-->|access-date=April 27, 2020|date=2016|publisher=United States Government Publishing Office|archive-date=July 29, 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180729022842/https://www.govinfo.gov/content/pkg/GPO-STYLEMANUAL-2016/pdf/GPO-STYLEMANUAL-2016.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref> Hawaiian{{Efn|Local usage generally reserves ''Hawaiian'' as an [[ethnonym]] referring to [[Native Hawaiians]]. ''Hawaii resident'' or ''from Hawaii'' is the preferred local form to refer to state residents in general regardless of ethnicity. ''Hawaii'' may also be used adjectivally. The ''[[AP Stylebook]]'', 42nd ed. (2007), also prescribes this usage (p. 112).}} | Governor = {{Nowrap|[[Josh Green (politician)|Josh Green]] ([[Democratic Party (United States)|D]])}} | Lieutenant Governor = {{Nowrap|[[Sylvia Luke]] (D)}} | Legislature = [[Hawaii State Legislature|State Legislature]] | Upperhouse = [[Hawaii Senate|Senate]] | Lowerhouse = [[Hawaii House of Representatives|House of Representatives]] | Judiciary = [[Supreme Court of Hawaii]] | Senators = {{Plainlist| * {{Nowrap|[[Brian Schatz]] (D)}} * {{Nowrap|[[Mazie Hirono]] (D)}}}} | Representative = [[Hawaii's 1st congressional district|1]]: [[Ed Case]] (D){{Break}}[[Hawaii's 2nd congressional district|2]]: [[Jill Tokuda]] (D) | postal_code = HI | TradAbbreviation = H.I. | area_rank = {{Ordinal|43}} | area_total_sq_mi = 10,931 | area_total_km2 = 28,311 | area_land_sq_mi = 6,423 | area_land_km2 = 16,638 | area_water_sq_mi = 4,507 | area_water_km2 = 11,672 | area_water_percent = 41.2 | population_as_of = 2020 | population_rank = 40th | 2010Pop = 1,455,271 | population_density_rank = {{Ordinal|13}} | 2000Density = 82.6 | 2000DensityUS = 221 | MedianHouseholdIncome = ${{Round|83173|-2}}<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.census.gov/quickfacts/fact/table/HI/INC110220|website=US Census Bureau|title=US Census Bureau QuickFacts: Hawaii|access-date=May 9, 2022}}</ref> | IncomeRank = [[List of U.S. states and territories by income#States and territories ranked by median household income|6th]] | AdmittanceOrder = {{Ordinal|50}} | AdmittanceDate = {{Start date and age|1959|08|21|mf=y}} | timezone1 = [[Hawaii–Aleutian Time Zone|Hawaii]] | utc_offset1 = −10:00 | Longitude = 154° 48′ W to 178° 22′ W | Latitude = 18° 55′ N to 28° 27′ N | length_mi = 1,522 | width_mi = n/a | width_km = n/a | length_km = 2,450 | elevation_max_point = [[Mauna Kea]]<ref>{{Cite ngs|id=TU2314|designation=Summit USGS 1977|access-date=October 20, 2011}}</ref><ref name=USGS>{{Cite web|url=http://egsc.usgs.gov/isb/pubs/booklets/elvadist/elvadist.html |title=Elevations and Distances in the United States |publisher=[[United States Geological Survey]] |year=2001 |access-date=October 21, 2011 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111015012701/http://egsc.usgs.gov/isb/pubs/booklets/elvadist/elvadist.html |archive-date=October 15, 2011 }}</ref>{{Efn|Elevation adjusted to [[North American Vertical Datum of 1988]].}}{{Efn|The summit of [[Mauna Kea]] is the highest point in Oceania. Mauna Kea is also the tallest mountain on Earth when measured from base to summit. The [[shield volcano]] sits on the floor of the Pacific Ocean at a depth of {{Convert|5998|m|ft|0|sp=us}} for a total height of {{Convert|10205.3|m|ft|0|sp=us}}}} | elevation_max_ft = 13,796 | elevation_max_m = 4205.0 | elevation_ft = 3,030 | elevation_m = 920 | elevation_min_point = Pacific Ocean<ref name=USGS/> | elevation_min_ft = 0 | elevation_min_m = 0 | iso_code = US-HI | website = hawaii.gov | Capital = Honolulu | Representatives = }} {{Infobox region symbols|country=United States |state = Hawaii |image_flag = Flag of Hawaii.svg |image_seal = Seal of Hawaii.svg |bird = {{Lang|haw|[[Nene (bird)|Nene]]}} |fish = {{Lang|haw|[[Reef triggerfish|Humuhumunukunukuāpuaʻa]]}} |flower = {{Lang|haw|[[Hawaiian hibiscus|Pua aloalo]]}} |insect = {{Lang|haw|[[Kamehameha butterfly|Pulelehua]]}} |tree = [[Aleurites moluccanus|{{Lang|haw|Kukui|nocat=y}} tree]] |dance = [[Hula]] |food = [[Taro|{{Lang|haw|Kalo|nocat=y}} (taro)]] |gemstone = [[Black coral|{{Lang|haw|ʻĒkaha kū moana|nocat=y}} (black coral)]] |sport = [[Surfing|{{Lang|haw|Heʻe nalu|nocat=y}} (surfing)]] |image_route = HI-11.svg |image_quarter = 2008 HI Proof.png |quarter_release_date = 2008 }} '''Hawaii''' ({{Lang-haw|Hawai{{Okina}}i}} {{IPA|haw|həˈvɐjʔi, həˈwɐjʔi|}}) nya sebengkah negeri pulau ba [[Amerika Serikat]], ti bepalan ba [[Tasik Pasifik]], {{Convert|2,000|miles|km}} barat daya ari tanah besai A.S. Semina negeri tu enda bepalan ba tanah besai Amerika Utara baka negeri bukai ba A.S., pia mega mina negeri pulau, sereta ba tropik. Iya mega nyadi tuai rumah 10 ari 14 iklim - ke pemadu tinggi ungkup sebarang subdivisyen menua - lalu nyadi siti ari dua nengeri U.S ke ngembuan iklim tropika. == Malin == <references /> fp72ykk9948vo7jt61c2n6i69kb3og0 0 2035 13327 10890 2025-07-09T00:31:59Z Song GK 9 /* Penyanding */ 13327 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox country | conventional_long_name = Serakup Eropah | native_name = {{Name in various languages | name = {{Nobold|''(in other official languages)''}} | en = European Union | bg = Европейски съюз | hr = Europska unija | cs = Evropská unie | da = Den Europæiske Union | nl = Europese Unie | et = Euroopa Liit | fi = Euroopan unioni | fr = Union européenne | de = Europäische Union | el = Ευρωπαϊκή Ένωση | hu = Európai Unió | ga = An tAontas Eorpach | it = Unione europea | lv = Eiropas Savienība | lt = Europos Sąjunga | mt = Unjoni Ewropea | pl = Unia Europejska | pt = União Europeia | ro = Uniunea Europeană | sk = Európska únia | sl = Evropska unija | es = Unión Europea | sv = Europeiska unionen }} | linking_name = the European Union | image_flag = Flag of Europe.svg | alt_flag = Circle of 12 gold stars on a blue background | flag_border = yes | symbol_type = | image_symbol = | alt_symbol = | symbol_width = | motto = {{Native name|la|"[[Motto of the European Union|In Varietate Concordia]]"|italics=off}} | englishmotto = "United in Diversity" | anthem = "[[Anthem of Europe]]"{{Paragraph break}}{{Center|[[Fail:Anthem of Europe (US Navy instrumental short version).ogg]]}} | text_symbol_type = | text_symbol = | image_map = {{Switcher | [[Fail:Europe and the European Union.svg|upright=1.25|frameless]] | Show globe | [[Fail:Special member state territories and the European Union.svg|upright=1.25|frameless]] | Show [[Special member state territories and the European Union|special territories]] }} | loctext = | alt_map = Globe projection with the EU in green | map_caption = {{Map_caption|countryprefix=the|location_color=dark green|region=Europe|region_color=dark grey}} | admin_center_type = [[Institutional seats of the European Union|Institutional seats]] | capital = [[City of Brussels|Brussels]] {{Small|(''[[Brussels and the European Union|de facto]]'')}}<ref name="capital">{{Cite book |last=Cybriwsky |first=Roman Adrian |title=Capital Cities around the World: An Encyclopedia of Geography, History, and Culture |publisher=[[ABC-CLIO]] |year=2013 |isbn=978-1-61069-248-9 |page=[{{GBurl|id=qb6NAQAAQBAJ|p=64}} 64] |quote=Brussels, the capital of Belgium, is considered to be the de facto capital of the EU}}</ref> | admin_center = {{Collapsible list | framestyle="border: none; padding: 0;"<!--Hides borders and improves row spacing--> | title = {{Nowrap|Brussels}} | bullets = true | [[European Commission|Commission]] | [[European Council]] <!-- Do not shorten to "Council". That is the official title of the Council of the EU in the treaties, so it's confusing. --> | [[Council of the European Union|Council of the EU]] | [[European Parliament|Parliament]] (secondary) }} {{Collapsible list | framestyle="border: none; padding: 0;"<!--Hides borders and improves row spacing--> | title = {{Nowrap|[[Frankfurt]]}} | bullets = true | [[European Central Bank|Central Bank]] }} {{Collapsible list | framestyle="border: none; padding: 0;"<!--Hides borders and improves row spacing--> | title = {{Nowrap|[[Luxembourg City|Luxembourg]]}} | bullets = true | [[European Court of Auditors|Court of Auditors]] | [[Court of Justice of the European Union|Court of Justice]] | Council of the EU (April, June and October sessions) | [[Secretariat of the European Parliament|Secretariat of the Parliament]] | Commission (various departments and services) }} {{Collapsible list | framestyle="border: none; padding: 0;"<!--Hides borders and improves row spacing--> | title = {{Nowrap|[[Strasbourg]]}} | bullets = true | Parliament }} | largest_settlement_type = [[metropolis]] | largest_settlement = [[Paris metropolitan area|Paris]]<!-- if the parameter is metropolis, then link to the article about the metropolitan area. If the parameter is municipality, then Berlin is largest, not Paris --> | official_languages = [[Languages of the European Union|24 languages]] | languages_type = Official scripts | languages = {{Hlist|[[Latin script|Latin]]|[[Greek alphabet|Greek]]|[[Cyrillic alphabet|Cyrillic]]}} | religion = {{Tree list}} * 71.6% [[Christianity in Europe|Christianity]] ** 45.3% [[Catholic Church in Europe|Catholic]] ** 11.1% [[Protestantism in Europe|Protestant]] ** 9.6% [[Eastern Orthodoxy in Europe|Eastern Orthodox]] ** 5.6% other [[List of Christian denominations|Christian]] * 24.0% [[Irreligion in Europe|no religion]] * 1.8% [[Islam in Europe|Islam]] * 2.6% [[Religion in the European Union|other]] {{Tree list/end}} | religion_year = 2015 | religion_ref = <ref name="EB2015" /> | demonym = [[European Union citizenship|European]] | org_type = [[Continental union]]<br>[[Confederation]] <small>(''[[de facto]]'')</small> | membership = {{Collapsible list|titlestyle = background:transparent;text-align:left;font-weight:normal; |title = [[Member state of the European Union|27 members]] |{{Flag|Austria}} |{{Flag|Belgium}} |{{Flag|Bulgaria}} |{{Flag|Croatia}} |{{Flag|Cyprus}} |{{Flag|Czech Republic}} |{{Flag|Denmark}} |{{Flag|Estonia}} |{{Flag|Finland}} |{{Flag|France}} |{{Flag|Germany}} |{{Flag|Greece}} |{{Flag|Hungary}} |{{Flag|Ireland}} |{{Flag|Italy}} |{{Flag|Latvia}} |{{Flag|Lithuania}} |{{Flag|Luxembourg}} |{{Flag|Malta}} |{{Flag|Netherlands}} |{{Flag|Poland}} |{{Flag|Portugal}} |{{Flag|Romania}} |{{Flag|Slovakia}} |{{Flag|Slovenia}} |{{Flag|Spain}} |{{Flag|Sweden}} }} | government_type = Mixed [[Supranational union|supranational]] and [[Intergovernmentalism|intergovernmental]] directorial parliamentary [[confederation]]<!-- PLEASE DO NOT change this to say the European Union is a "Staatenverbund". The term is only recognized by the German Federal Constitutional Court. No EU institution and none of the other 26 Member States has been using this term in a legal document. --> | leader_title1 = [[President of the European Council]]<!-- Do not shorten to "Council". That is the official title of the Council of the EU in the treaties, so it's confusing. --> | leader_name1 = [[Charles Michel]] | leader_title2 = [[President of the European Commission|President of the Commission]] | leader_name2 = [[Ursula von der Leyen]] | leader_title3 = [[Presidency of the Council of the European Union]] | leader_name3 = {{Flag|Hungary}}<ref>{{Cite web|title=Council of the European Union|url=https://www.consilium.europa.eu/en/council-eu/presidency-council-eu/|publisher=Council of the EU|access-date=1 July 2024}}</ref> | leader_title4 = [[President of the European Parliament]] | leader_name4 = [[Roberta Metsola]] | sovereignty_type = [[History of the European Union|Formation]]<ref>Current Article 1 of the [[Treaty of Maastricht|Treaty on European Union]] reads: "The Union shall be founded on the present Treaty and on the [[Treaty of Rome|Treaty on the Functioning of the European Union]]. Those [[Treaties of the EU|two Treaties]] shall have the same legal value. The Union shall replace and succeed the [[European Community]]".</ref> | legislature = The European Parliament and the Council | lower_house = [[European Parliament]] | upper_house = [[Council of the European Union]] | established = <!-- Usually a date, in lieu of event/s hereafter --> | established_event1 = [[Treaty of Paris (1951)|Treaty of Paris]] | established_date1 = 18 April 1951 | established_event2 = '''[[Treaty of Rome]]''' | established_date2 = 1 January 1958 | established_event3 = [[Single European Act]] | established_date3 = 1 July 1987 | established_event4 = <span style=white-space:nowrap;>'''[[Maastricht Treaty|Treaty of Maastricht]]'''</span><!-- NOTE: [[Templat:Nowrap]] is ignored on mobile. --> | established_date4 = 1 November 1993 | established_event5 = [[Treaty of Lisbon]] | established_date5 = 1 December 2009 | area = <!-- Major area size (in [[Templat:convert]] either km2 or sqmi first) --> | area_km2 = 4,233,262<!-- Do not remove per [[WP:MOSNUM]] --> | area_sq_mi = {{Convert|4,233,262|km2|sqmi|disp=number}}<!-- Do not remove per [[WP:MOSNUM]] --> | area_footnote = <!-- Optional footnote for area --> | percent_water = 3.08 | area_label = Total | area_label2 = <!-- label below area_label (optional) --> | area_dabodyalign = <!-- text after area_label2 (optional) --> | population_estimate = {{IncreaseNeutral}}{{Spaces}}449,206,579<ref>{{Cite web |title=Population on 1 January |url=https://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/databrowser/view/tps00001/default/table?lang=en |access-date=11 July 2024 |website=ec.europa.eu |publisher=Eurostat}}</ref> | population_estimate_year = 2024 | population_density_km2 = 106<!-- 449,206,579 / 4,233,262km2 = 106.1 people/km2 (1 January 2024) --> | population_density_sq_mi = 269<!-- 449,206,579 / 1,669,807sq_mi = 269.0 people/sq_mi (1 January 2024) --> | GDP_PPP = {{Increase}}{{Spaces}}$25.399{{Spaces}}trillion<ref name="GDP">{{Cite web |title=World Economic Outlook Database, October 2022 (EU countries) |url=https://www.imf.org/en/Publications/WEO/weo-database/2022/October/weo-report?a=1&c=998,&s=NGDPD,PPPGDP,PPPPC,&sy=2021&ey=2022&ssm=0&scsm=0&scc=0&ssd=1&ssc=0&sic=0&sort=country&ds=.&br=1 |access-date=14 September 2022 |publisher=International Monetary Fund}}</ref> | GDP_PPP_year = 2023 | GDP_PPP_per_capita = {{Increase}}{{Spaces}}$56,928<!-- GDP/population --><ref name="GDP" /> | GDP_nominal = {{Increase}}{{Spaces}}$17.818{{Spaces}}trillion<ref name="GDP" /> | GDP_nominal_year = 2023 | GDP_nominal_per_capita = {{Increase}}{{Spaces}}$39,940<!-- GDP/population --> | Gini = 30.0 | Gini_change = decrease<!-- increase/decrease/steady --> | Gini_year = 2020 | Gini_ref = <ref name="eurogini">{{Cite web |title=Gini coefficient of equivalised disposable income – EU-SILC survey |url=https://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/databrowser/view/tessi190/default/table?lang=en |access-date=2022-07-02 |website=ec.europa.eu |publisher=[[Eurostat]]}}</ref> | currency = [[Euro]] ([[€|€]]) (EUR) {{Break}}{{Collapsible list | framestyle="border: none; padding: 0;" <!--Hides borders and improves row spacing--> | title = Others | {{Nowrap|{{Flagicon|Bulgaria}} [[Bulgarian lev]] (BGN)}} | {{Nowrap|{{Flagicon|Czech Republic}} [[Czech koruna]] (CZK)}} | {{Nowrap|{{Flagicon|Denmark}} [[Danish krone]] (DKK)}} | {{Nowrap|{{Flagicon|Hungary}} [[Hungarian forint]] (HUF)}} | {{Nowrap|{{Flagicon|Poland}} [[Polish złoty]] (PLN)}} | {{Nowrap|{{Flagicon|Romania}} [[Romanian leu]] (RON)}} | {{Nowrap|{{Flagicon|Sweden}} [[Swedish krona]] (SEK)}} }} | time_zone = [[Western European Time|WET]], [[Central European Time|CET]], [[Eastern European Time|EET]] | utc_offset = <!-- NOTE:No offset -->{{Nowrap| to UTC+2}} | time_zone_DST = [[Western European Summer Time|WEST]], [[Central European Summer Time|CEST]], [[Eastern European Summer Time|EEST]] | utc_offset_DST = {{Nowrap|+1 to UTC+3}} | DST_note = ''(see also [[Summer time in Europe]])''{{Efn|With the exception of the [[Canary Islands]] and [[Madeira]], the [[Special member state territories and the European Union#Outermost regions|outermost regions]] observe different time zones not shown: [[Martinique]], [[Guadeloupe]], [[Collectivity of Saint Martin|Saint Martin]] (UTC−4); [[French Guiana]] (UTC−3); [[Azores]] (UTC−1 / UTC); [[Mayotte]] (UTC+3); and [[La Réunion]] (UTC+4); which, other than the Azores, do not observe DST.}} | cctld = [[.eu|.eu]], [[.ею|.ею]], [[.ευ|.ευ]]{{Efn|.eu, .ею and .ευ are representative of the whole of the EU; member states also have their own TLDs.}} | official_website = {{URL|europa.eu}} | footnote1 = | footnote2 = | footnote7 = | footnotes = <!-- For generic non-numbered footnotes --> }} '''Serakup Eropah''' ('''EU''') nya serakup politik enggau ekonomi atas menua 27 bengkah menua kaban ke mayuh bepalan ba benua [[Eropah]].<ref name="oecdcc">{{Cite news |date=11 June 2013 |title=Glossary of Statistical Terms – COPENHAGEN CRITERIA |publisher=Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development |url=https://stats.oecd.org/glossary/detail.asp?ID=3048 |access-date=3 April 2021}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=16 June 2016 |title=The EU in brief |url=https://europa.eu/european-union/about-eu/eu-in-brief_en |website=European Union}}</ref> Serakup tu ngembuan pemesai {{Convert|4,233,255|km2|sqmi|abbr=on}} enggau dipelabaka penyampau tubuh lebih 449 juta iku. EU udah suah digambarka nyadi entiti politik ''[[sui generis]]'' (nadai pengulu tauka banding) ti begulaika chiri-chiri federasyen enggau konfederasyen.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Phelan |first=William |date=2012 |title=What Is ''Sui Generis'' About the European Union? Costly International Cooperation in a Self-Contained Regime |journal=International Studies Review |volume=14 |issue=3 |pages=367–385 |doi=10.1111/j.1468-2486.2012.01136.x| issn=1468-2486}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Hlavac |first=Marek |date=2010 |title=Less than a State, More than an International Organization: The Sui Generis Nature of the European Union |url=https://mpra.ub.uni-muenchen.de/27179/1/MPRA_paper_27179.pdf |journal=Central European Labour Studies Institute |location=Rochester, N.Y. |doi=10.2139/ssrn.1719308 |s2cid=153480456}}</ref> == Kereban sanding == <references /> == Nota == bb1aoya006c939is2oqpb37h650tg57 0 2417 13340 12486 2025-07-09T11:17:38Z Cerevisae 18 13340 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Ekonomi hidrogen''' iya nya guna ngasilka enggau ngena hidrogen dikena ngurangka bepanggai ba minyak fosil sereta nyekat pengangat dunya.<ref name=":0">{{Cite journal |last1=Yap |first1=Jiazhen |last2=McLellan |first2=Benjamin |date=6 January 2023 |title=A Historical Analysis of Hydrogen Economy Research, Development, and Expectations, 1972 to 2020 |journal=Environments |language=en |volume=10 |issue=1 |pages=11 |doi=10.3390/environments10010011 |issn=2076-3298 |doi-access=free |hdl=2433/284015 |hdl-access=free }}</ref> Hidrogen ulih diasilka ngena beberapa chara. Mayuh agi hidrogen diasilka hari tu nya "hidrogen kelabu". Iya digaga ari gis asli nengah chara ngaga reformasyen metan wap (steam methane reforming, SMR). Proses tu nyadika 1.8% ari pemansut gas rumah gadung global ba taun 2021.<ref name="auto1">Greenhouse gas emissions totalled 49.3 Gigatonnes CO₂e in 2021.{{Cite web |title=Global Greenhouse Gas Emissions: 1990–2020 and Preliminary 2021 Estimates |url=https://rhg.com/research/global-greenhouse-gas-emissions-2021/ |access-date=2023-09-21 |website=Rhodium Group |date=19 December 2022 |language=en-US}}</ref> Hidrogen biru tauka hidrogen karbon ti baruh diasilka ngena SMR lalu karbon ti diasilka nya ditangkap sereta disimpan. Hidrogen gadung iya nya pengawa ngasilka hidrogen enggau sifar pemansut karbon laban kuasa karan nya datai ari pun penatai kuasa tau dikena baru baka kuasa solar, angin tauka hidro. Ba taun 2021, hidrogen kelabu mungkur 61.7% ari penyampau pemansut hidrogen, ditangkan hidrogen biru (0.7%) enggau hidrogen gadung (0.04%).<ref>{{cite web |last1=Shakun |first1=Singh |title=The evolution of the green and blue hydrogen markets and insights for the future |url=https://www.acuitykp.com/blog/the-evolution-of-the-green-and-blue-hydrogen-markets/ |access-date=9 July 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250322155523/https://www.acuitykp.com/blog/the-evolution-of-the-green-and-blue-hydrogen-markets/ |archive-date=22 March 2025}}</ref> Dalam taun 2002, nyau deka semua ari 100 juta tan hidrogen ti diasilka ninting taun<ref>{{Cite web |title=Hydrogen |url=https://www.iea.org/energy-system/low-emission-fuels/hydrogen |access-date=2024-03-24 |website=IEA |language=en-GB}}</ref> dikena dalam pengawa napis minyak (43% dalam taun 2021) enggau industri (57%), kelebih agi dalam pengawa ngaga ammonia ungkup baja, enggau metanol.<ref name=":02">{{Cite book |last=IEA |url=https://www.iea.org/reports/global-hydrogen-review-2022 |title=Global Hydrogen Review 2022 |publisher=International Energy Agency |year=2022 |page= |language=en-GB |access-date=2023-08-25}}</ref>{{Rp|pages=18, 22, 29}} Hidrogen mar disimpan, diangkut dalam paip, sereta dikena. Iya mantaika pengirau pengelikun laban iya balat meletup, lalu iya enda efisyen enti dibanding enggau ngena kuasa karan terus.<ref name=":62">{{Cite journal |last=Rosenow |first=Jan |date=September 2022 |title=Is heating homes with hydrogen all but a pipe dream? An evidence review |journal=Joule |language=en |volume=6 |issue=10 |pages=2225–2228 |doi=10.1016/j.joule.2022.08.015|s2cid=252584593 |doi-access=free |bibcode=2022Joule...6.2225R }}</ref> Naka taun 2024 bedau terang kemaya hidrogen ti chukup kurang karbon ulih diasilka dikena ngemunaska semua hidrogen kelabu nya berenggat-renggat.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Hydrogen could be used for nearly everything. It probably shouldn't be. |url=https://www.technologyreview.com/2024/04/25/1091757/hydrogen-uses-ranked/ |access-date=2024-05-13 |website=MIT Technology Review |language=en}}</ref> Guna hidrogen ke tau nyadi nyangka dalam industri berat (proses pengangat tinggi begulai enggau elektrik, bahan mentah dikena ngasilka ammonia gadung enggau kimia organik, nyadi alternatif ngagai kok ke datai ari arang batu dikena ngaga besi), pengangkut jauh (nganjung barang, enggau ngagai enggau tikas ti mit agi bilun ti ngena kuasa hidrogen enggau perengka pengangkut barang berat), enggau nyimpan tenaga timpuh panjai.<ref name=":12">{{Cite book |author=IPCC |author-link=IPCC |url=https://ipcc.ch/report/ar6/wg3/downloads/report/IPCC_AR6_WGIII_FullReport.pdf |title=Climate Change 2022: Mitigation of Climate Change |publisher=Cambridge University Press (In Press) |year=2022 |isbn=9781009157926 |editor1-last=Shukla |editor1-first=P.R. |series=Contribution of Working Group III to the [[IPCC Sixth Assessment Report|Sixth Assessment Report]] of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change |place=Cambridge, UK and New York, NY, US |pages=91–92 |doi=10.1017/9781009157926 |ref={{harvid|IPCC AR6 WG3|2022}} |editor2-last=Skea |editor2-first=J. |editor3-last=Slade |editor3-first=R. |editor4-last=Al Khourdajie |editor4-first=A. |editor5-last=van Diemen |editor5-first=R. |editor6-last=McCollum |editor6-first=D. |editor7-last=Pathak |editor7-first=M. |editor8-last=Some |editor8-first=S. |editor9-last=Vyas |editor9-first=P. |display-editors=4 |editor10-first=R. |editor10-last=Fradera |editor11-first=M. |editor11-last=Belkacemi |editor12-first=A. |editor12-last=Hasija |editor13-first=G. |editor13-last=Lisboa |editor14-first=S. |editor14-last=Luz |editor15-first=J. |editor15-last=Malley}}</ref><ref name="IRENA 2021 95">{{Cite web |last=IRENA |date=2021 |title=World Energy Transitions Outlook: 1.5&nbsp;°C Pathway |url=https://www.irena.org/publications/2021/Jun/World-Energy-Transitions-Outlook |access-date=2023-09-21 |website=International Renewable Energy Agency |pages=95 |language=en |publication-place=Abu Dhabi}}</ref> ==Sejarah== J. B. S. Haldane keterubah iya ngaga konsep mensia mayuh ti nyimpan tenaga dalam tukuh hidrogen dalam taun 1923 di Britian. Iya berunding deka ngena turbin angin dikena ngasilka kuasa karan ke elektrolisis ti ngubah ai nyadi hidrogen enggau oksigen, lebuh rizab arang batu Britain benung suntuk.<ref>{{Cite web |title=''Daedalus or Science and the Future'', A paper read to the Heretics, Cambridge, on February 4th, 1923 – Transcript 1993 |url=http://bactra.org/Daedalus.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171115013540/http://bactra.org/Daedalus.html |archive-date=2017-11-15 |access-date=2016-01-16}}</ref> Dalam taun 1970, profesor John Bockris lebuh iya meri jaku ba Palan Teknikal General Motors, nengkebang leka jaku “ekonomi hidrogen”. Iya ngajar ekonomi deka nguna gempung nuklear enggau kuasa solar ti deka mutarka pengurang minyak fosil, pengamah rampa menua enggau dalam aplikasyen ke alai pengawa ngaga elektrik enda ulih.<ref name=":0">{{Cite journal |last1=Yap |first1=Jiazhen |last2=McLellan |first2=Benjamin |date=6 January 2023 |title=A Historical Analysis of Hydrogen Economy Research, Development, and Expectations, 1972 to 2020 |journal=Environments |language=en |volume=10 |issue=1 |pages=11 |doi=10.3390/environments10010011 |issn=2076-3298 |doi-access=free |hdl=2433/284015 |hdl-access=free }}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Bockris |first=J. O'M. |date=1972-06-23 |title=A Hydrogen Economy |url=https://www.science.org/doi/10.1126/science.176.4041.1323 |journal=Science |language=en |volume=176 |issue=4041 |pages=1323 |doi=10.1126/science.176.4041.1323 |pmid=17820918 |bibcode=1972Sci...176.1323O |issn=0036-8075}}</ref> Dalam taun 1970, Lawerence W Jones ari Universiti Michigan mansutka ripot teknikal ti ngelakuka kuasa nuklear dikena meri kuasa ngagai elektrolisis dikena ngasilka gis hidrogen. Iya mega merambu ngena hidrogen dalam pengawa penerebai bilun enggau pengangkut barang berat.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Jones |first=Lawrence W. |url=https://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/handle/2027.42/5800/bac5758.0001.001.pdf |title=Toward a Liquid Hydrogen Fuel Economy |date=March 13, 1970 |pages=2–3}}</ref> Dalam taun 1974, Jepun meri kelala "projek Sunshine" dikena ngiga alternatif pun penatai kuasa ti gadung, ti ulih dikena baru kelimpah ari minyak fosil. Kebuah pia laban peminta tenaga Jepun balat bepanggai ba import minyak ari Timur Tengah. Penatai kuasa alternatif baka teknologi geotermal, fotovoltaik, enggau hidrogen dipansik.<ref name="Khan 2022">{{Cite journal |last=Khan |first=Urwah |last2=Yamamoto |first2=Toshiyuki |last3=Sato |first3=Hitomi |date=September 2022 |title=Understanding the discontinuance trend of hydrogen fuel cell vehicles in Japan |url=https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0360319922031925 |journal=International Journal of Hydrogen Energy |language=en |volume=47 |issue=75 |pages=31949–31963 |doi=10.1016/j.ijhydene.2022.07.141}}</ref> Dalam taun 1993, projek Sunshine diganti enggau "Projek Sunshine Baru". Projek tu disukung kompeni pengaga entukar, korporat pekara wang enggau kompeni minyak enggau gis . Dalam taun 1996, Toyota Motor Corporation madahka pengawa ngasilka perengka pengangkut sel minyak hidrogen (HFCV) keterubah di menua tu pengudah 20 taun mansik enggau ngaga pemansang. Dalam taun 2014, Toyota madahka pengawa ngasilka HFCV komersial keterubah di dunya ti diberi nama "Mirai". Dalam taun 2017, Jepun nyadi menua keterubah di dunya ti adpot “Strategi Asas Hidrogen” ti merambu deka nambahka pengawa komersialisasyen hidrogen dalam mayuh macham sektor. Ba taun 2018, aum Menteri Tenaga Hidrogen udah diatur Jepun enggau menua bukai dikena ngangkatka kerejasama nambahka guna hidrogen ba renggat global. Naka taun 2020, Jepun bejalaika rangkaian stesyen ngisi minyak hidrogen pemadu besai di dunya, ditangkan Jerman, China, California, Korea Selatan, enggau Perancis.<ref name="Khan 2022"/> Perintah Korea Selatan mansutka “Pelin Jalai Ekonomi Hidrogen” dalam taun 2019, ti nagit 6.2 juta perengka HFCV enggau 1,200 stesyen ngisi minyak hidrogen manggai ba taun 2040.<ref name="Khan 2022"/><ref>[https://www.iea.org/policies/6566-korea-hydrogen-economy-roadmap-2040 Korea Hydrogen Economy Roadmap 2040] Dikeluarka International Energy Agency (IEA). Diarkib maya [https://web.archive.org/web/20210227145036/https://www.iea.org/policies/6566-korea-hydrogen-economy-roadmap-2040 27 Febuari 2021]</ref> Hidrogen tebal agi dikena nyadi bahan mentah industri dalam industri kimia China, kelebih agi dalam pengawa ngasilka ammonia enggau metanol, pengawa ngaluska minyak, enggau ngaga kimia. Dalam taun 2006, stesyen ngisi minyak hidrogen keterubah ditumbuhka di China. Tu ditangkan enggau dron keterubah ngena kuasa hidrogen ba taun 2016 enggau kerita HFCV keterubah ba taun 2017. Kenyau ari taun 2020, perintah China udah ngelakuka kuasa tau dikena baru enggau pemansang kuasa hidrogen dikena nyapai pemansut karbon pemadu tinggi manggai ba taun 2030 enggau neutraliti karbon manggai ba taun 2060.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Hui |first=Yunze |last2=Wang |first2=Mengting |last3=Guo |first3=Shirong |last4=Akhtar |first4=Salman |last5=Bhattacharya |first5=Sankar |last6=Dai |first6=Baiqian |last7=Yu |first7=Jianglong |date=September 2024 |title=Comprehensive review of development and applications of hydrogen energy technologies in China for carbon neutrality: Technology advances and challenges |url=https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0196890424007179 |journal=Energy Conversion and Management |language=en |volume=315 |pages=118776 |doi=10.1016/j.enconman.2024.118776}}</ref> ==Sarawak== Dalam taun 2017, perintah nengeri meri kuasa ngagai Sarawak Energy bejalaika pansik bekaul enggau aplikasyen komersial teknologi hidrogen.<ref>{{cite news |title=Progressing Towards a Green Hydrogen Economy: Sharing Sarawak Energy's Hydrogen Development at IGEM 2020 |url=https://www.sarawakenergy.com/media-info/media-releases/2020/progressing-towards-a-green-hydrogen-economy-sharing-sarawak-energys-hydrogen-development-at-igem-2020 |access-date=24 November 2021 |publisher=Sarawak Energy |date=27 October 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211103062929/https://www.sarawakenergy.com/media-info/media-releases/2020/progressing-towards-a-green-hydrogen-economy-sharing-sarawak-energys-hydrogen-development-at-igem-2020 |archive-date=3 November 2021}}</ref> Dalam taun 2019, loji ngasilka enggau ngisi minyak hidrogen bersepadu keterubah di Asia Tenggara dilanchar di Kuching enggau kerejasama [[Linde plc]]. Kelimpah ari nya, sekeda bas hidrogen mega bisi dilanchar.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Tawie |first1=Sulok |title=Sarawak CM launches South-east Asia's first integrated hydrogen production plant |url=https://www.malaymail.com/news/malaysia/2019/05/27/sarawak-cm-launches-south-east-asias-first-integrated-hydrogen-production-p/1756728 |access-date=24 November 2021 |publisher=The Malay Mail |date=27 May 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201101043700/https://www.malaymail.com/news/malaysia/2019/05/27/sarawak-cm-launches-south-east-asias-first-integrated-hydrogen-production-p/1756728 |archive-date=1 November 2020}}</ref> Ba taun 2020, Petronas udah ngaga elektroliser membran penukar proton (PEM) dikena ngasilka hidrogen karbon baruh nengah kerejasama enggau Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia (UKM). Colin Patrick, seiku injinir ari Sarawak nyadi ketuai besai projek. Elektroliser tu ngembuan 20% penambah ba pengeransing enti dibanding enggau elektroliser tradisional. Iya mega nyadi elektroliser keterubah diasilka ari Asia Tenggara.<ref>[https://theedgemalaysia.com/content/advertise/catalysing-malaysias-green-hydrogen-regional-hub-aspirations Catalysing Malaysia’s green hydrogen regional hub aspirations] Dikeluarka ari The Edge Malaysia. Diarkib maya ba [https://archive.is/RPBz3 10 Februari 2025]</ref><ref name="Ignatius 2022">{{cite news |last1=Ignatius |first1=Cynthia |title=PETRONAS And SEDC Energy Partner To Increase Hydrogen And Renewable Oil Adoption In Sarawak |url=https://www.businesstoday.com.my/2022/07/21/petronas-and-sedc-energy-partner-to-increase-hydrogen-and-renewable-oil-adoption-in-sarawak/ |access-date=12 August 2022 |publisher=Business Today |date=21 July 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220721045922/https://www.businesstoday.com.my/2022/07/21/petronas-and-sedc-energy-partner-to-increase-hydrogen-and-renewable-oil-adoption-in-sarawak/ |archive-date=21 July 2022}}</ref> Naka taun 2022, Perbadanan Pembangunan Ekonomi Sarawak (SEDC), sebuah badan berkanun perintah Sarawak, udah bekerejasama enggau mayuh bengkah kompeni ba pemansang teknologi hidrogen, nyengkaum Petronas.<ref name="Ignatius 2022"/><ref>{{cite news |last1=Siew Yean |first1=Tham |title=Sarawak's Hydrogen Ambitions Constrained by Global Demand |url=https://fulcrum.sg/sarawaks-hydrogen-ambitions-constrained-by-global-demand/ |access-date=7 March 2023 |agency=Yusof Ishak Institute |publisher=FULCRUM Singapore |date=6 March 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230307102716/https://fulcrum.sg/sarawaks-hydrogen-ambitions-constrained-by-global-demand/ |archive-date=7 March 2023}}</ref> Transit Aliran Automasi (ART) hidogen keterubah Sarawak udah datai ba Penyangkai Kapal Senari ditu ba taun Ogos 2023.<ref>[https://www.utusanborneo.com.my/2023/08/05/art-hidrogen-keterubah-sarawak-udah-datai-ku-abang-johari ART hidrogen keterubah Sarawak udah datai, ku Abang Johari] Dikeluarka Utusan Borneo. Diarkib maya [https://archive.is/7VXUj 23 November 2024]</ref> Perintah Sarawak enggau kerejasama ENEOS Corporation ari Jepun dalam taun Disember 2024 deka nyadi pemansut hidrogen beresi ‘methylcyclohexane’ (MCH) jemah ila.<ref>[https://suarasarawak.my/sarawak-deka-nyadi-pemansut-hidrogen-mch/ Sarawak deka nyadi pemansut hidrogen MCH] Dikeluarka ari Suara Sarawak. Diarkib maya [https://web.archive.org/web/20250104012255/https://suarasarawak.my/sarawak-deka-nyadi-pemansut-hidrogen-mch/ 4 Januari 2025].</ref> Sarawak udah ngemunka enggau rasmi Pelin Tunga Kuing Ekonomi Hidrogen Sarawak ba taun 2025.<ref>[https://www.utusanborneo.com.my/2025/05/13/sarawak-udah-ngemunka-enggau-rasmi-pelin-tunga-kuing-ekonomi-hidrogen-sarawak Sarawak udah ngemunka enggau rasmi Pelin Tunga Kuing Ekonomi Hidrogen Sarawak] Dikelurka Utusan Borneo ba 13 Mei 2025. Diarkib maya [https://web.archive.org/web/20250514002743/https://www.utusanborneo.com.my/2025/05/13/sarawak-udah-ngemunka-enggau-rasmi-pelin-tunga-kuing-ekonomi-hidrogen-sarawak 14 Mei 2025]</ref> ==Penyanding== {{reflist}} [[Kategori:Teknologi ti baru nyadi]] [[Kategori:Penggerak ganti]] 784gcu23550e2yt88k015ixpo506gnk 13341 13340 2025-07-09T11:25:07Z Cerevisae 18 13341 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Ekonomi hidrogen''' iya nya guna ngasilka enggau ngena hidrogen dikena ngurangka bepanggai ba minyak fosil sereta nyekat pengangat dunya.<ref name=":0">{{Cite journal |last1=Yap |first1=Jiazhen |last2=McLellan |first2=Benjamin |date=6 January 2023 |title=A Historical Analysis of Hydrogen Economy Research, Development, and Expectations, 1972 to 2020 |journal=Environments |language=en |volume=10 |issue=1 |pages=11 |doi=10.3390/environments10010011 |issn=2076-3298 |doi-access=free |hdl=2433/284015 |hdl-access=free }}</ref> Hidrogen ulih diasilka ngena beberapa chara. Mayuh agi hidrogen diasilka hari tu nya "hidrogen kelabu". Iya digaga ari gis asli nengah chara ngaga reformasyen metan wap (steam methane reforming, SMR). Proses tu nyadika 1.8% ari pemansut gas rumah gadung global ba taun 2021.<ref name="auto1">Greenhouse gas emissions totalled 49.3 Gigatonnes CO₂e in 2021.{{Cite web |title=Global Greenhouse Gas Emissions: 1990–2020 and Preliminary 2021 Estimates |url=https://rhg.com/research/global-greenhouse-gas-emissions-2021/ |access-date=2023-09-21 |website=Rhodium Group |date=19 December 2022 |language=en-US}}</ref> Hidrogen biru tauka hidrogen karbon ti baruh diasilka ngena SMR lalu karbon ti diasilka nya ditangkap sereta disimpan. Hidrogen gadung iya nya pengawa ngasilka hidrogen enggau sifar pemansut karbon laban kuasa karan nya datai ari pun penatai kuasa tau dikena baru baka kuasa solar, angin tauka hidro. Ba taun 2021, hidrogen kelabu mungkur 61.7% ari penyampau pemansut hidrogen, ditangkan hidrogen biru (0.7%) enggau hidrogen gadung (0.04%).<ref>{{cite web |last1=Shakun |first1=Singh |title=The evolution of the green and blue hydrogen markets and insights for the future |url=https://www.acuitykp.com/blog/the-evolution-of-the-green-and-blue-hydrogen-markets/ |access-date=9 July 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250322155523/https://www.acuitykp.com/blog/the-evolution-of-the-green-and-blue-hydrogen-markets/ |archive-date=22 March 2025}}</ref> Dalam taun 2002, nyau deka semua ari 100 juta tan hidrogen ti diasilka ninting taun<ref>{{Cite web |title=Hydrogen |url=https://www.iea.org/energy-system/low-emission-fuels/hydrogen |access-date=2024-03-24 |website=IEA |language=en-GB}}</ref> dikena dalam pengawa napis minyak (43% dalam taun 2021) enggau industri (57%), kelebih agi dalam pengawa ngaga ammonia ungkup baja, enggau metanol.<ref name=":02">{{Cite book |last=IEA |url=https://www.iea.org/reports/global-hydrogen-review-2022 |title=Global Hydrogen Review 2022 |publisher=International Energy Agency |year=2022 |page= |language=en-GB |access-date=2023-08-25}}</ref>{{Rp|pages=18, 22, 29}} Guna hidrogen ke tau nyadi nyangka dalam industri berat (proses pengangat tinggi begulai enggau elektrik, bahan mentah dikena ngasilka ammonia gadung enggau kimia organik, nyadi alternatif ngagai kok ke datai ari arang batu dikena ngaga besi), pengangkut jauh (nganjung barang, enggau ngagai enggau tikas ti mit agi bilun ti ngena kuasa hidrogen enggau perengka pengangkut barang berat), enggau nyimpan tenaga timpuh panjai.<ref name=":12">{{Cite book |author=IPCC |author-link=IPCC |url=https://ipcc.ch/report/ar6/wg3/downloads/report/IPCC_AR6_WGIII_FullReport.pdf |title=Climate Change 2022: Mitigation of Climate Change |publisher=Cambridge University Press (In Press) |year=2022 |isbn=9781009157926 |editor1-last=Shukla |editor1-first=P.R. |series=Contribution of Working Group III to the [[IPCC Sixth Assessment Report|Sixth Assessment Report]] of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change |place=Cambridge, UK and New York, NY, US |pages=91–92 |doi=10.1017/9781009157926 |ref={{harvid|IPCC AR6 WG3|2022}} |editor2-last=Skea |editor2-first=J. |editor3-last=Slade |editor3-first=R. |editor4-last=Al Khourdajie |editor4-first=A. |editor5-last=van Diemen |editor5-first=R. |editor6-last=McCollum |editor6-first=D. |editor7-last=Pathak |editor7-first=M. |editor8-last=Some |editor8-first=S. |editor9-last=Vyas |editor9-first=P. |display-editors=4 |editor10-first=R. |editor10-last=Fradera |editor11-first=M. |editor11-last=Belkacemi |editor12-first=A. |editor12-last=Hasija |editor13-first=G. |editor13-last=Lisboa |editor14-first=S. |editor14-last=Luz |editor15-first=J. |editor15-last=Malley}}</ref><ref name="IRENA 2021 95">{{Cite web |last=IRENA |date=2021 |title=World Energy Transitions Outlook: 1.5&nbsp;°C Pathway |url=https://www.irena.org/publications/2021/Jun/World-Energy-Transitions-Outlook |access-date=2023-09-21 |website=International Renewable Energy Agency |pages=95 |language=en |publication-place=Abu Dhabi}}</ref> Hidrogen mar disimpan, diangkut dalam paip, sereta dikena. Iya mantaika pengirau pengelikun laban iya balat meletup, lalu iya enda efisyen enti dibanding enggau ngena kuasa karan terus.<ref name=":62">{{Cite journal |last=Rosenow |first=Jan |date=September 2022 |title=Is heating homes with hydrogen all but a pipe dream? An evidence review |journal=Joule |language=en |volume=6 |issue=10 |pages=2225–2228 |doi=10.1016/j.joule.2022.08.015|s2cid=252584593 |doi-access=free |bibcode=2022Joule...6.2225R }}</ref> Naka taun 2024 bedau terang kemaya hidrogen ti chukup kurang karbon ulih diasilka dikena ngemunaska semua hidrogen kelabu nya berenggat-renggat.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Hydrogen could be used for nearly everything. It probably shouldn't be. |url=https://www.technologyreview.com/2024/04/25/1091757/hydrogen-uses-ranked/ |access-date=2024-05-13 |website=MIT Technology Review |language=en}}</ref> ==Sejarah== J. B. S. Haldane keterubah iya ngaga konsep mensia mayuh ti nyimpan tenaga dalam tukuh hidrogen dalam taun 1923 di Britian. Iya berunding deka ngena turbin angin dikena ngasilka kuasa karan ke elektrolisis ti ngubah ai nyadi hidrogen enggau oksigen, lebuh rizab arang batu Britain benung suntuk.<ref>{{Cite web |title=''Daedalus or Science and the Future'', A paper read to the Heretics, Cambridge, on February 4th, 1923 – Transcript 1993 |url=http://bactra.org/Daedalus.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171115013540/http://bactra.org/Daedalus.html |archive-date=2017-11-15 |access-date=2016-01-16}}</ref> Dalam taun 1970, profesor John Bockris lebuh iya meri jaku ba Palan Teknikal General Motors, nengkebang leka jaku “ekonomi hidrogen”. Iya ngajar ekonomi deka nguna gempung nuklear enggau kuasa solar ti deka mutarka pengurang minyak fosil, pengamah rampa menua enggau dalam aplikasyen ke alai pengawa ngaga elektrik enda ulih.<ref name=":0">{{Cite journal |last1=Yap |first1=Jiazhen |last2=McLellan |first2=Benjamin |date=6 January 2023 |title=A Historical Analysis of Hydrogen Economy Research, Development, and Expectations, 1972 to 2020 |journal=Environments |language=en |volume=10 |issue=1 |pages=11 |doi=10.3390/environments10010011 |issn=2076-3298 |doi-access=free |hdl=2433/284015 |hdl-access=free }}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Bockris |first=J. O'M. |date=1972-06-23 |title=A Hydrogen Economy |url=https://www.science.org/doi/10.1126/science.176.4041.1323 |journal=Science |language=en |volume=176 |issue=4041 |pages=1323 |doi=10.1126/science.176.4041.1323 |pmid=17820918 |bibcode=1972Sci...176.1323O |issn=0036-8075}}</ref> Dalam taun 1970, Lawerence W Jones ari Universiti Michigan mansutka ripot teknikal ti ngelakuka kuasa nuklear dikena meri kuasa ngagai elektrolisis dikena ngasilka gis hidrogen. Iya mega merambu ngena hidrogen dalam pengawa penerebai bilun enggau pengangkut barang berat.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Jones |first=Lawrence W. |url=https://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/handle/2027.42/5800/bac5758.0001.001.pdf |title=Toward a Liquid Hydrogen Fuel Economy |date=March 13, 1970 |pages=2–3}}</ref> Dalam taun 1974, Jepun meri kelala "projek Sunshine" dikena ngiga alternatif pun penatai kuasa ti gadung, ti ulih dikena baru kelimpah ari minyak fosil. Kebuah pia laban peminta tenaga Jepun balat bepanggai ba import minyak ari Timur Tengah. Penatai kuasa alternatif baka teknologi geotermal, fotovoltaik, enggau hidrogen dipansik.<ref name="Khan 2022">{{Cite journal |last=Khan |first=Urwah |last2=Yamamoto |first2=Toshiyuki |last3=Sato |first3=Hitomi |date=September 2022 |title=Understanding the discontinuance trend of hydrogen fuel cell vehicles in Japan |url=https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0360319922031925 |journal=International Journal of Hydrogen Energy |language=en |volume=47 |issue=75 |pages=31949–31963 |doi=10.1016/j.ijhydene.2022.07.141}}</ref> Dalam taun 1993, projek Sunshine diganti enggau "Projek Sunshine Baru". Projek tu disukung kompeni pengaga entukar, korporat pekara wang enggau kompeni minyak enggau gis . Dalam taun 1996, Toyota Motor Corporation madahka pengawa ngasilka perengka pengangkut sel minyak hidrogen (HFCV) keterubah di menua tu pengudah 20 taun mansik enggau ngaga pemansang. Dalam taun 2014, Toyota madahka pengawa ngasilka HFCV komersial keterubah di dunya ti diberi nama "Mirai". Dalam taun 2017, Jepun nyadi menua keterubah di dunya ti adpot “Strategi Asas Hidrogen” ti merambu deka nambahka pengawa komersialisasyen hidrogen dalam mayuh macham sektor. Ba taun 2018, aum Menteri Tenaga Hidrogen udah diatur Jepun enggau menua bukai dikena ngangkatka kerejasama nambahka guna hidrogen ba renggat global. Naka taun 2020, Jepun bejalaika rangkaian stesyen ngisi minyak hidrogen pemadu besai di dunya, ditangkan Jerman, China, California, Korea Selatan, enggau Perancis.<ref name="Khan 2022"/> Perintah Korea Selatan mansutka “Pelin Jalai Ekonomi Hidrogen” dalam taun 2019, ti nagit 6.2 juta perengka HFCV enggau 1,200 stesyen ngisi minyak hidrogen manggai ba taun 2040.<ref name="Khan 2022"/><ref>[https://www.iea.org/policies/6566-korea-hydrogen-economy-roadmap-2040 Korea Hydrogen Economy Roadmap 2040] Dikeluarka International Energy Agency (IEA). Diarkib maya [https://web.archive.org/web/20210227145036/https://www.iea.org/policies/6566-korea-hydrogen-economy-roadmap-2040 27 Febuari 2021]</ref> Hidrogen tebal agi dikena nyadi bahan mentah industri dalam industri kimia China, kelebih agi dalam pengawa ngasilka ammonia enggau metanol, pengawa ngaluska minyak, enggau ngaga kimia. Dalam taun 2006, stesyen ngisi minyak hidrogen keterubah ditumbuhka di China. Tu ditangkan enggau dron keterubah ngena kuasa hidrogen ba taun 2016 enggau kerita HFCV keterubah ba taun 2017. Kenyau ari taun 2020, perintah China udah ngelakuka kuasa tau dikena baru enggau pemansang kuasa hidrogen dikena nyapai pemansut karbon pemadu tinggi manggai ba taun 2030 enggau neutraliti karbon manggai ba taun 2060.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Hui |first=Yunze |last2=Wang |first2=Mengting |last3=Guo |first3=Shirong |last4=Akhtar |first4=Salman |last5=Bhattacharya |first5=Sankar |last6=Dai |first6=Baiqian |last7=Yu |first7=Jianglong |date=September 2024 |title=Comprehensive review of development and applications of hydrogen energy technologies in China for carbon neutrality: Technology advances and challenges |url=https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0196890424007179 |journal=Energy Conversion and Management |language=en |volume=315 |pages=118776 |doi=10.1016/j.enconman.2024.118776}}</ref> ==Sarawak== Dalam taun 2017, perintah nengeri meri kuasa ngagai Sarawak Energy bejalaika pansik bekaul enggau aplikasyen komersial teknologi hidrogen.<ref>{{cite news |title=Progressing Towards a Green Hydrogen Economy: Sharing Sarawak Energy's Hydrogen Development at IGEM 2020 |url=https://www.sarawakenergy.com/media-info/media-releases/2020/progressing-towards-a-green-hydrogen-economy-sharing-sarawak-energys-hydrogen-development-at-igem-2020 |access-date=24 November 2021 |publisher=Sarawak Energy |date=27 October 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211103062929/https://www.sarawakenergy.com/media-info/media-releases/2020/progressing-towards-a-green-hydrogen-economy-sharing-sarawak-energys-hydrogen-development-at-igem-2020 |archive-date=3 November 2021}}</ref> Dalam taun 2019, loji ngasilka enggau ngisi minyak hidrogen bersepadu keterubah di Asia Tenggara dilanchar di Kuching enggau kerejasama [[Linde plc]]. Kelimpah ari nya, sekeda bas hidrogen mega bisi dilanchar.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Tawie |first1=Sulok |title=Sarawak CM launches South-east Asia's first integrated hydrogen production plant |url=https://www.malaymail.com/news/malaysia/2019/05/27/sarawak-cm-launches-south-east-asias-first-integrated-hydrogen-production-p/1756728 |access-date=24 November 2021 |publisher=The Malay Mail |date=27 May 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201101043700/https://www.malaymail.com/news/malaysia/2019/05/27/sarawak-cm-launches-south-east-asias-first-integrated-hydrogen-production-p/1756728 |archive-date=1 November 2020}}</ref> Ba taun 2020, Petronas udah ngaga elektroliser membran penukar proton (PEM) dikena ngasilka hidrogen karbon baruh nengah kerejasama enggau Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia (UKM). Colin Patrick, seiku injinir ari Sarawak nyadi ketuai besai projek. Elektroliser tu ngembuan 20% penambah ba pengeransing enti dibanding enggau elektroliser tradisional. Iya mega nyadi elektroliser keterubah diasilka ari Asia Tenggara.<ref>[https://theedgemalaysia.com/content/advertise/catalysing-malaysias-green-hydrogen-regional-hub-aspirations Catalysing Malaysia’s green hydrogen regional hub aspirations] Dikeluarka ari The Edge Malaysia. Diarkib maya ba [https://archive.is/RPBz3 10 Februari 2025]</ref><ref name="Ignatius 2022">{{cite news |last1=Ignatius |first1=Cynthia |title=PETRONAS And SEDC Energy Partner To Increase Hydrogen And Renewable Oil Adoption In Sarawak |url=https://www.businesstoday.com.my/2022/07/21/petronas-and-sedc-energy-partner-to-increase-hydrogen-and-renewable-oil-adoption-in-sarawak/ |access-date=12 August 2022 |publisher=Business Today |date=21 July 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220721045922/https://www.businesstoday.com.my/2022/07/21/petronas-and-sedc-energy-partner-to-increase-hydrogen-and-renewable-oil-adoption-in-sarawak/ |archive-date=21 July 2022}}</ref> Naka taun 2022, Perbadanan Pembangunan Ekonomi Sarawak (SEDC), sebuah badan berkanun perintah Sarawak, udah bekerejasama enggau mayuh bengkah kompeni ba pemansang teknologi hidrogen, nyengkaum Petronas.<ref name="Ignatius 2022"/><ref>{{cite news |last1=Siew Yean |first1=Tham |title=Sarawak's Hydrogen Ambitions Constrained by Global Demand |url=https://fulcrum.sg/sarawaks-hydrogen-ambitions-constrained-by-global-demand/ |access-date=7 March 2023 |agency=Yusof Ishak Institute |publisher=FULCRUM Singapore |date=6 March 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230307102716/https://fulcrum.sg/sarawaks-hydrogen-ambitions-constrained-by-global-demand/ |archive-date=7 March 2023}}</ref> Transit Aliran Automasi (ART) hidogen keterubah Sarawak udah datai ba Penyangkai Kapal Senari ditu ba taun Ogos 2023.<ref>[https://www.utusanborneo.com.my/2023/08/05/art-hidrogen-keterubah-sarawak-udah-datai-ku-abang-johari ART hidrogen keterubah Sarawak udah datai, ku Abang Johari] Dikeluarka Utusan Borneo. Diarkib maya [https://archive.is/7VXUj 23 November 2024]</ref> Perintah Sarawak enggau kerejasama ENEOS Corporation ari Jepun dalam taun Disember 2024 deka nyadi pemansut hidrogen beresi ‘methylcyclohexane’ (MCH) jemah ila.<ref>[https://suarasarawak.my/sarawak-deka-nyadi-pemansut-hidrogen-mch/ Sarawak deka nyadi pemansut hidrogen MCH] Dikeluarka ari Suara Sarawak. Diarkib maya [https://web.archive.org/web/20250104012255/https://suarasarawak.my/sarawak-deka-nyadi-pemansut-hidrogen-mch/ 4 Januari 2025].</ref> Sarawak udah ngemunka enggau rasmi Pelin Tunga Kuing Ekonomi Hidrogen Sarawak ba taun 2025.<ref>[https://www.utusanborneo.com.my/2025/05/13/sarawak-udah-ngemunka-enggau-rasmi-pelin-tunga-kuing-ekonomi-hidrogen-sarawak Sarawak udah ngemunka enggau rasmi Pelin Tunga Kuing Ekonomi Hidrogen Sarawak] Dikelurka Utusan Borneo ba 13 Mei 2025. Diarkib maya [https://web.archive.org/web/20250514002743/https://www.utusanborneo.com.my/2025/05/13/sarawak-udah-ngemunka-enggau-rasmi-pelin-tunga-kuing-ekonomi-hidrogen-sarawak 14 Mei 2025]</ref> ==Penyanding== {{reflist}} [[Kategori:Teknologi ti baru nyadi]] [[Kategori:Penggerak ganti]] 01cd1kiqcsp1jjxpcqczt4powjjhvlu 13342 13341 2025-07-09T11:27:23Z Cerevisae 18 13342 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Ekonomi hidrogen''' iya nya guna ngasilka enggau ngena hidrogen dikena ngurangka bepanggai ba minyak fosil sereta nyekat pengangat dunya.<ref name=":0">{{Cite journal |last1=Yap |first1=Jiazhen |last2=McLellan |first2=Benjamin |date=6 January 2023 |title=A Historical Analysis of Hydrogen Economy Research, Development, and Expectations, 1972 to 2020 |journal=Environments |language=en |volume=10 |issue=1 |pages=11 |doi=10.3390/environments10010011 |issn=2076-3298 |doi-access=free |hdl=2433/284015 |hdl-access=free }}</ref> Hidrogen ulih diasilka ngena beberapa chara. Mayuh agi hidrogen diasilka hari tu nya "hidrogen kelabu". Iya digaga ari gis asli nengah chara ngaga reformasyen metan wap (steam methane reforming, SMR). Proses tu nyadika 1.8% ari pemansut gas rumah gadung global ba taun 2021.<ref name="auto1">Greenhouse gas emissions totalled 49.3 Gigatonnes CO₂e in 2021.{{Cite web |title=Global Greenhouse Gas Emissions: 1990–2020 and Preliminary 2021 Estimates |url=https://rhg.com/research/global-greenhouse-gas-emissions-2021/ |access-date=2023-09-21 |website=Rhodium Group |date=19 December 2022 |language=en-US}}</ref> Hidrogen biru tauka hidrogen karbon ti baruh diasilka ngena SMR lalu karbon ti diasilka nya ditangkap sereta disimpan. Hidrogen gadung iya nya pengawa ngasilka hidrogen enggau sifar pemansut karbon laban kuasa karan nya datai ari pun penatai kuasa tau dikena baru baka kuasa solar, angin tauka hidro. Ba taun 2021, hidrogen kelabu mungkur 61.7% ari penyampau pemansut hidrogen, ditangkan hidrogen biru (0.7%) enggau hidrogen gadung (0.04%).<ref>{{cite web |last1=Shakun |first1=Singh |title=The evolution of the green and blue hydrogen markets and insights for the future |url=https://www.acuitykp.com/blog/the-evolution-of-the-green-and-blue-hydrogen-markets/ |access-date=9 July 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250322155523/https://www.acuitykp.com/blog/the-evolution-of-the-green-and-blue-hydrogen-markets/ |archive-date=22 March 2025}}</ref> Naka taun 2024 bedau terang kemaya hidrogen ti chukup kurang karbon ulih diasilka dikena ngemunaska semua hidrogen kelabu nya berenggat-renggat.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Hydrogen could be used for nearly everything. It probably shouldn't be. |url=https://www.technologyreview.com/2024/04/25/1091757/hydrogen-uses-ranked/ |access-date=2024-05-13 |website=MIT Technology Review |language=en}}</ref> Dalam taun 2002, nyau deka semua ari 100 juta tan hidrogen ti diasilka ninting taun<ref>{{Cite web |title=Hydrogen |url=https://www.iea.org/energy-system/low-emission-fuels/hydrogen |access-date=2024-03-24 |website=IEA |language=en-GB}}</ref> dikena dalam pengawa napis minyak (43% dalam taun 2021) enggau industri (57%), kelebih agi dalam pengawa ngaga ammonia ungkup baja, enggau metanol.<ref name=":02">{{Cite book |last=IEA |url=https://www.iea.org/reports/global-hydrogen-review-2022 |title=Global Hydrogen Review 2022 |publisher=International Energy Agency |year=2022 |page= |language=en-GB |access-date=2023-08-25}}</ref>{{Rp|pages=18, 22, 29}} Guna hidrogen ke tau nyadi nyangka dalam industri berat (proses pengangat tinggi begulai enggau elektrik, bahan mentah dikena ngasilka ammonia gadung enggau kimia organik, nyadi alternatif ngagai kok ke datai ari arang batu dikena ngaga besi), pengangkut jauh (nganjung barang, enggau ngagai enggau tikas ti mit agi bilun ti ngena kuasa hidrogen enggau perengka pengangkut barang berat), enggau nyimpan tenaga timpuh panjai.<ref name=":12">{{Cite book |author=IPCC |author-link=IPCC |url=https://ipcc.ch/report/ar6/wg3/downloads/report/IPCC_AR6_WGIII_FullReport.pdf |title=Climate Change 2022: Mitigation of Climate Change |publisher=Cambridge University Press (In Press) |year=2022 |isbn=9781009157926 |editor1-last=Shukla |editor1-first=P.R. |series=Contribution of Working Group III to the [[IPCC Sixth Assessment Report|Sixth Assessment Report]] of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change |place=Cambridge, UK and New York, NY, US |pages=91–92 |doi=10.1017/9781009157926 |ref={{harvid|IPCC AR6 WG3|2022}} |editor2-last=Skea |editor2-first=J. |editor3-last=Slade |editor3-first=R. |editor4-last=Al Khourdajie |editor4-first=A. |editor5-last=van Diemen |editor5-first=R. |editor6-last=McCollum |editor6-first=D. |editor7-last=Pathak |editor7-first=M. |editor8-last=Some |editor8-first=S. |editor9-last=Vyas |editor9-first=P. |display-editors=4 |editor10-first=R. |editor10-last=Fradera |editor11-first=M. |editor11-last=Belkacemi |editor12-first=A. |editor12-last=Hasija |editor13-first=G. |editor13-last=Lisboa |editor14-first=S. |editor14-last=Luz |editor15-first=J. |editor15-last=Malley}}</ref><ref name="IRENA 2021 95">{{Cite web |last=IRENA |date=2021 |title=World Energy Transitions Outlook: 1.5&nbsp;°C Pathway |url=https://www.irena.org/publications/2021/Jun/World-Energy-Transitions-Outlook |access-date=2023-09-21 |website=International Renewable Energy Agency |pages=95 |language=en |publication-place=Abu Dhabi}}</ref> Hidrogen mar disimpan, diangkut dalam paip, sereta dikena. Iya mantaika pengirau pengelikun laban iya balat meletup, lalu iya enda efisyen enti dibanding enggau ngena kuasa karan terus.<ref name=":62">{{Cite journal |last=Rosenow |first=Jan |date=September 2022 |title=Is heating homes with hydrogen all but a pipe dream? An evidence review |journal=Joule |language=en |volume=6 |issue=10 |pages=2225–2228 |doi=10.1016/j.joule.2022.08.015|s2cid=252584593 |doi-access=free |bibcode=2022Joule...6.2225R }}</ref> ==Sejarah== J. B. S. Haldane keterubah iya ngaga konsep mensia mayuh ti nyimpan tenaga dalam tukuh hidrogen dalam taun 1923 di Britian. Iya berunding deka ngena turbin angin dikena ngasilka kuasa karan ke elektrolisis ti ngubah ai nyadi hidrogen enggau oksigen, lebuh rizab arang batu Britain benung suntuk.<ref>{{Cite web |title=''Daedalus or Science and the Future'', A paper read to the Heretics, Cambridge, on February 4th, 1923 – Transcript 1993 |url=http://bactra.org/Daedalus.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171115013540/http://bactra.org/Daedalus.html |archive-date=2017-11-15 |access-date=2016-01-16}}</ref> Dalam taun 1970, profesor John Bockris lebuh iya meri jaku ba Palan Teknikal General Motors, nengkebang leka jaku “ekonomi hidrogen”. Iya ngajar ekonomi deka nguna gempung nuklear enggau kuasa solar ti deka mutarka pengurang minyak fosil, pengamah rampa menua enggau dalam aplikasyen ke alai pengawa ngaga elektrik enda ulih.<ref name=":0">{{Cite journal |last1=Yap |first1=Jiazhen |last2=McLellan |first2=Benjamin |date=6 January 2023 |title=A Historical Analysis of Hydrogen Economy Research, Development, and Expectations, 1972 to 2020 |journal=Environments |language=en |volume=10 |issue=1 |pages=11 |doi=10.3390/environments10010011 |issn=2076-3298 |doi-access=free |hdl=2433/284015 |hdl-access=free }}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Bockris |first=J. O'M. |date=1972-06-23 |title=A Hydrogen Economy |url=https://www.science.org/doi/10.1126/science.176.4041.1323 |journal=Science |language=en |volume=176 |issue=4041 |pages=1323 |doi=10.1126/science.176.4041.1323 |pmid=17820918 |bibcode=1972Sci...176.1323O |issn=0036-8075}}</ref> Dalam taun 1970, Lawerence W Jones ari Universiti Michigan mansutka ripot teknikal ti ngelakuka kuasa nuklear dikena meri kuasa ngagai elektrolisis dikena ngasilka gis hidrogen. Iya mega merambu ngena hidrogen dalam pengawa penerebai bilun enggau pengangkut barang berat.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Jones |first=Lawrence W. |url=https://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/handle/2027.42/5800/bac5758.0001.001.pdf |title=Toward a Liquid Hydrogen Fuel Economy |date=March 13, 1970 |pages=2–3}}</ref> Dalam taun 1974, Jepun meri kelala "projek Sunshine" dikena ngiga alternatif pun penatai kuasa ti gadung, ti ulih dikena baru kelimpah ari minyak fosil. Kebuah pia laban peminta tenaga Jepun balat bepanggai ba import minyak ari Timur Tengah. Penatai kuasa alternatif baka teknologi geotermal, fotovoltaik, enggau hidrogen dipansik.<ref name="Khan 2022">{{Cite journal |last=Khan |first=Urwah |last2=Yamamoto |first2=Toshiyuki |last3=Sato |first3=Hitomi |date=September 2022 |title=Understanding the discontinuance trend of hydrogen fuel cell vehicles in Japan |url=https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0360319922031925 |journal=International Journal of Hydrogen Energy |language=en |volume=47 |issue=75 |pages=31949–31963 |doi=10.1016/j.ijhydene.2022.07.141}}</ref> Dalam taun 1993, projek Sunshine diganti enggau "Projek Sunshine Baru". Projek tu disukung kompeni pengaga entukar, korporat pekara wang enggau kompeni minyak enggau gis . Dalam taun 1996, Toyota Motor Corporation madahka pengawa ngasilka perengka pengangkut sel minyak hidrogen (HFCV) keterubah di menua tu pengudah 20 taun mansik enggau ngaga pemansang. Dalam taun 2014, Toyota madahka pengawa ngasilka HFCV komersial keterubah di dunya ti diberi nama "Mirai". Dalam taun 2017, Jepun nyadi menua keterubah di dunya ti adpot “Strategi Asas Hidrogen” ti merambu deka nambahka pengawa komersialisasyen hidrogen dalam mayuh macham sektor. Ba taun 2018, aum Menteri Tenaga Hidrogen udah diatur Jepun enggau menua bukai dikena ngangkatka kerejasama nambahka guna hidrogen ba renggat global. Naka taun 2020, Jepun bejalaika rangkaian stesyen ngisi minyak hidrogen pemadu besai di dunya, ditangkan Jerman, China, California, Korea Selatan, enggau Perancis.<ref name="Khan 2022"/> Perintah Korea Selatan mansutka “Pelin Jalai Ekonomi Hidrogen” dalam taun 2019, ti nagit 6.2 juta perengka HFCV enggau 1,200 stesyen ngisi minyak hidrogen manggai ba taun 2040.<ref name="Khan 2022"/><ref>[https://www.iea.org/policies/6566-korea-hydrogen-economy-roadmap-2040 Korea Hydrogen Economy Roadmap 2040] Dikeluarka International Energy Agency (IEA). Diarkib maya [https://web.archive.org/web/20210227145036/https://www.iea.org/policies/6566-korea-hydrogen-economy-roadmap-2040 27 Febuari 2021]</ref> Hidrogen tebal agi dikena nyadi bahan mentah industri dalam industri kimia China, kelebih agi dalam pengawa ngasilka ammonia enggau metanol, pengawa ngaluska minyak, enggau ngaga kimia. Dalam taun 2006, stesyen ngisi minyak hidrogen keterubah ditumbuhka di China. Tu ditangkan enggau dron keterubah ngena kuasa hidrogen ba taun 2016 enggau kerita HFCV keterubah ba taun 2017. Kenyau ari taun 2020, perintah China udah ngelakuka kuasa tau dikena baru enggau pemansang kuasa hidrogen dikena nyapai pemansut karbon pemadu tinggi manggai ba taun 2030 enggau neutraliti karbon manggai ba taun 2060.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Hui |first=Yunze |last2=Wang |first2=Mengting |last3=Guo |first3=Shirong |last4=Akhtar |first4=Salman |last5=Bhattacharya |first5=Sankar |last6=Dai |first6=Baiqian |last7=Yu |first7=Jianglong |date=September 2024 |title=Comprehensive review of development and applications of hydrogen energy technologies in China for carbon neutrality: Technology advances and challenges |url=https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0196890424007179 |journal=Energy Conversion and Management |language=en |volume=315 |pages=118776 |doi=10.1016/j.enconman.2024.118776}}</ref> ==Sarawak== Dalam taun 2017, perintah nengeri meri kuasa ngagai Sarawak Energy bejalaika pansik bekaul enggau aplikasyen komersial teknologi hidrogen.<ref>{{cite news |title=Progressing Towards a Green Hydrogen Economy: Sharing Sarawak Energy's Hydrogen Development at IGEM 2020 |url=https://www.sarawakenergy.com/media-info/media-releases/2020/progressing-towards-a-green-hydrogen-economy-sharing-sarawak-energys-hydrogen-development-at-igem-2020 |access-date=24 November 2021 |publisher=Sarawak Energy |date=27 October 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211103062929/https://www.sarawakenergy.com/media-info/media-releases/2020/progressing-towards-a-green-hydrogen-economy-sharing-sarawak-energys-hydrogen-development-at-igem-2020 |archive-date=3 November 2021}}</ref> Dalam taun 2019, loji ngasilka enggau ngisi minyak hidrogen bersepadu keterubah di Asia Tenggara dilanchar di Kuching enggau kerejasama [[Linde plc]]. Kelimpah ari nya, sekeda bas hidrogen mega bisi dilanchar.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Tawie |first1=Sulok |title=Sarawak CM launches South-east Asia's first integrated hydrogen production plant |url=https://www.malaymail.com/news/malaysia/2019/05/27/sarawak-cm-launches-south-east-asias-first-integrated-hydrogen-production-p/1756728 |access-date=24 November 2021 |publisher=The Malay Mail |date=27 May 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201101043700/https://www.malaymail.com/news/malaysia/2019/05/27/sarawak-cm-launches-south-east-asias-first-integrated-hydrogen-production-p/1756728 |archive-date=1 November 2020}}</ref> Ba taun 2020, Petronas udah ngaga elektroliser membran penukar proton (PEM) dikena ngasilka hidrogen karbon baruh nengah kerejasama enggau Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia (UKM). Colin Patrick, seiku injinir ari Sarawak nyadi ketuai besai projek. Elektroliser tu ngembuan 20% penambah ba pengeransing enti dibanding enggau elektroliser tradisional. Iya mega nyadi elektroliser keterubah diasilka ari Asia Tenggara.<ref>[https://theedgemalaysia.com/content/advertise/catalysing-malaysias-green-hydrogen-regional-hub-aspirations Catalysing Malaysia’s green hydrogen regional hub aspirations] Dikeluarka ari The Edge Malaysia. Diarkib maya ba [https://archive.is/RPBz3 10 Februari 2025]</ref><ref name="Ignatius 2022">{{cite news |last1=Ignatius |first1=Cynthia |title=PETRONAS And SEDC Energy Partner To Increase Hydrogen And Renewable Oil Adoption In Sarawak |url=https://www.businesstoday.com.my/2022/07/21/petronas-and-sedc-energy-partner-to-increase-hydrogen-and-renewable-oil-adoption-in-sarawak/ |access-date=12 August 2022 |publisher=Business Today |date=21 July 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220721045922/https://www.businesstoday.com.my/2022/07/21/petronas-and-sedc-energy-partner-to-increase-hydrogen-and-renewable-oil-adoption-in-sarawak/ |archive-date=21 July 2022}}</ref> Naka taun 2022, Perbadanan Pembangunan Ekonomi Sarawak (SEDC), sebuah badan berkanun perintah Sarawak, udah bekerejasama enggau mayuh bengkah kompeni ba pemansang teknologi hidrogen, nyengkaum Petronas.<ref name="Ignatius 2022"/><ref>{{cite news |last1=Siew Yean |first1=Tham |title=Sarawak's Hydrogen Ambitions Constrained by Global Demand |url=https://fulcrum.sg/sarawaks-hydrogen-ambitions-constrained-by-global-demand/ |access-date=7 March 2023 |agency=Yusof Ishak Institute |publisher=FULCRUM Singapore |date=6 March 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230307102716/https://fulcrum.sg/sarawaks-hydrogen-ambitions-constrained-by-global-demand/ |archive-date=7 March 2023}}</ref> Transit Aliran Automasi (ART) hidogen keterubah Sarawak udah datai ba Penyangkai Kapal Senari ditu ba taun Ogos 2023.<ref>[https://www.utusanborneo.com.my/2023/08/05/art-hidrogen-keterubah-sarawak-udah-datai-ku-abang-johari ART hidrogen keterubah Sarawak udah datai, ku Abang Johari] Dikeluarka Utusan Borneo. Diarkib maya [https://archive.is/7VXUj 23 November 2024]</ref> Perintah Sarawak enggau kerejasama ENEOS Corporation ari Jepun dalam taun Disember 2024 deka nyadi pemansut hidrogen beresi ‘methylcyclohexane’ (MCH) jemah ila.<ref>[https://suarasarawak.my/sarawak-deka-nyadi-pemansut-hidrogen-mch/ Sarawak deka nyadi pemansut hidrogen MCH] Dikeluarka ari Suara Sarawak. Diarkib maya [https://web.archive.org/web/20250104012255/https://suarasarawak.my/sarawak-deka-nyadi-pemansut-hidrogen-mch/ 4 Januari 2025].</ref> Sarawak udah ngemunka enggau rasmi Pelin Tunga Kuing Ekonomi Hidrogen Sarawak ba taun 2025.<ref>[https://www.utusanborneo.com.my/2025/05/13/sarawak-udah-ngemunka-enggau-rasmi-pelin-tunga-kuing-ekonomi-hidrogen-sarawak Sarawak udah ngemunka enggau rasmi Pelin Tunga Kuing Ekonomi Hidrogen Sarawak] Dikelurka Utusan Borneo ba 13 Mei 2025. Diarkib maya [https://web.archive.org/web/20250514002743/https://www.utusanborneo.com.my/2025/05/13/sarawak-udah-ngemunka-enggau-rasmi-pelin-tunga-kuing-ekonomi-hidrogen-sarawak 14 Mei 2025]</ref> ==Penyanding== {{reflist}} [[Kategori:Teknologi ti baru nyadi]] [[Kategori:Penggerak ganti]] fgujikhp5zctwt058rrzdj7cmrosi27 0 2776 13328 11532 2025-07-09T00:33:13Z Song GK 9 /* Penyanding */ 13328 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox person | name = Embat Lala | birth_place = [[Simanggang|Sri Aman]], Sarawak }} '''Embat Lala''' nya siku penanyi Iban sereta pemenggi serikat rikoding Panggau Buluh Pengerindu (PBP).<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://suarasarawak.my/bantu-lalu-sukung-mih-industri-lagu-iban-enggau-chara-beradat-embat-lala/|title=Bantu lalu sukung mih industri lagu Iban enggau chara beradat -Embat Lala|author=Uban Dana|date=30 Ogos 2020}}</ref> Iya mega nyadi Chairman Gerempung Industri Rekod Dayak Sarawak (PERISAI). ==Pengidup== Iya kala nyadi siku pengajar sepemanjai lapan belas taun, lalu sekula kepenudi alai iya ngajar nya SMK Lanang Sibu.<ref>{{Cite news|title=Berani Nebang Berani Ngesan|url=https://utusansarawak.com.my/berani-nebang-berani-ngesan/|work=Utusan Sarawak}}</ref> ==Kereban sanding== {{reflist}} lfd35hnnyq9wphj0c9ikso9ovbnl712 10 3993 13329 2025-07-09T00:35:47Z Song GK 9 Mencipta laman baru dengan kandungan '{{{{{|safesubst:}}}#invoke:Separated entries|main}}<noinclude> {{Documentation|Module:Separated entries/doc}} </noinclude>' 13329 wikitext text/x-wiki {{{{{|safesubst:}}}#invoke:Separated entries|main}}<noinclude> {{Documentation|Module:Separated entries/doc}} </noinclude> sfikcojxuyv57vbug2pm3azhx0keatt 10 3994 13330 2025-07-09T00:37:48Z Song GK 9 Mencipta laman baru dengan kandungan '{{infobox | title = {{#if:{{{name|}}}|{{{name|}}}|{{BASEPAGENAME}}}} | image = {{#invoke:InfoboxImage|InfoboxImage|image={{{image|}}}|size={{{image_size|{{{imagesize|}}}}}}|sizedefault=frameless|upright=1|alt={{{alt|}}}}} | caption = {{{caption|}}} | bodyclass = vcard | 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| orig_lang_code | pages | preceded_by | preceded_by_quotation_marks | pub_date | pub_place | published | publisher | publisher2 | release_date | release_number | series | set_in | subject | subjects | title_orig | title_working | translator | translators | URL | website | wikisource }}{{Wikidata image |1={{{image|}}} |2={{{nocat_wdimage|}}} }}<noinclude> {{Documentation}} </noinclude> a1z1m1irh6nk53ykcy3ctj73ctpuzir 10 3996 13332 2025-07-09T00:40:14Z Song GK 9 Mencipta laman baru dengan kandungan '/* {{pp-template|small=yes}} */ .ib-book .infobox-title { font-style: italic; padding-bottom: 0.2em; /* so title doesn't touch border */ } /* Firefox apparently reads out the empty title for accessibility agents * [[Template_talk:Infobox_book#Code_read_out_when_using_a_screen_reader]] */ .ib-book .Z3988 { display: none; } .ib-book .infobox-below { border-top: #aaa 1px solid; }' 13332 sanitized-css text/css /* {{pp-template|small=yes}} */ .ib-book .infobox-title { font-style: italic; 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{{#if:{{{infoboxwidth|}}}|width: {{{infoboxwidth}}} }} | labelstyle = white-space: nowrap | titlestyle = {{#ifeq: {{{italic title}}} | no | | font-style:italic; }} | title = {{{name|<includeonly>{{PAGENAMEBASE}}</includeonly>}}} | image = {{#if:{{{image|}}} |{{#invoke:InfoboxImage|InfoboxImage |image={{{image|}}} |size={{{image_size|}}} |sizedefault=frameless |upright=1 |alt={{{alt|}}} |border={{{border|}}} |suppressplaceholder=yes}} }} | caption = {{{caption|{{{image_caption|}}}}}} | data1 = {{#if:{{{image|}}}|<hr />|}}{{#if:{{{books|}}}|{{{books}}}<hr />}} | label2 = {{#if:{{{editors|}}}|{{#if:{{{author|}}}|Conflict!|Edited by}}|Author}} | rowclass2 = {{#if:{{{editors|}}}|{{#if:{{{author|}}}|error}}}} | class2 = {{#if:{{{editors|}}}|{{#if:{{{author|}}}|center}}}} | data2 = {{#if:{{{editors|}}}|{{#if:{{{author|}}}|Please use<br />'''{{Para|author}}'''<br />or<br />'''{{Para|editors}}'''<br />but not both.|{{{editors|}}}}}|{{{author|}}}}} | label3 = Original title | data3 = 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{{{number_of_books|}}} {{#if:{{{list_books|}}}|([[{{{list_books}}}|List of books]])}} | label15 = [[OCLC (identifier)|{{abbr|OCLC|Online Computer Library Center number}}]] | data15 = {{#if:{{{oclc|}}}|[https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/{{urlencode:{{{oclc}}}}} {{{oclc}}}]}} | label16 = Preceded by | data16 = {{#if:{{{preceded_by|{{{preceded by|}}}}}}|''{{{preceded_by|{{{preceded by}}} }}}''}} | label17 = Followed by | data17 = {{#if:{{{followed_by|{{{followed by|}}}}}}|''{{{followed_by|{{{followed by}}} }}}''}} | label18 = Website | data18 = {{{website|}}} | data29 = {{{module|}}} }}{{#invoke:Check for unknown parameters|check|unknown={{main other|[[Category:Pages using infobox book series with unknown parameters|_VALUE_{{PAGENAME}}]]}}|preview=Page using [[Template:Infobox book series]] with unknown parameter "_VALUE_"|ignoreblank=y| alt | author | books | border | caption | country | cover_artist | discipline | editors | english_pub_date | followed by | followed_by | genre | illustrator | image | image_caption | image_size | infoboxwidth | italic title | language | list_books | media_type | module | name | number_of_books | oclc | preceded by | preceded_by | pub_date | publisher | title_orig | translator | website }}<noinclude> {{documentation}} </noinclude> m6bo1szmx0njrnftfushhes5cwjnx27 0 3998 13334 2025-07-09T01:01:53Z Song GK 9 Digaga enggau chara nyalin lambar " [[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1298576900|Oxford English Dictionary]] " 13334 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox book series|name=''Oxford English Dictionary''|image=OED2 volumes.jpg|image_caption=Seven of the twenty volumes of the printed second edition of ''The Oxford English Dictionary'' (1989)|books=|author=|editors=|title_orig=|translator=|illustrator=|cover_artist=|country=United Kingdom|language=English|discipline=|publisher=[[Oxford University Press]]|pub_date={{ubl|1884–1928 (first edition)|1989 (second edition)|Third edition in preparation<ref name=Dickson>{{cite news |first=Andrew |last=Dickson |url=https://www.theguardian.com/news/2018/feb/23/oxford-english-dictionary-can-worlds-biggest-dictionary-survive-internet |title=Inside the OED: can the world's biggest dictionary survive the internet? |work=[[The Guardian]] |date=23 February 2018 |access-date=13 December 2020 |archive-date=16 November 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201116234943/https://www.theguardian.com/news/2018/feb/23/oxford-english-dictionary-can-worlds-biggest-dictionary-survive-internet |url-status=live}}</ref>}}|english_pub_date=|media_type=|number_of_books=|list_books=|oclc=|preceded by=|followed by=|website={{official URL}}}} '''''Oxford English Dictionary''''' ('''''OED''''') nya kamus besejarah ke batang [[Jaku Inggeris|jaku English]], ti dikeluarka Oxford University Press (OUP), siti rumah pemansut Universiti Oxford. Kamus tu ti ngeluarka edisyen keterubah iya dalam taun 1884, ngiga sejarah pemansang jaku English, nyadika kereban ti komprehensif ngagai bala pakar enggau pemansik akademik, sereta meri penerang ti terus pasal guna jaku English dalam variasyen iya di serata dunya.<ref>{{cite web|title=About|website=Oxford English Dictionary|url=https://public.oed.com/about/|access-date=13 November 2021|quote=As a historical dictionary, the OED is very different from those of current English, in which the focus is on present-day meanings.|archive-date=21 August 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190821000818/https://public.oed.com/about/|url-status=live}}</ref> Dalam taun 1857, pengawa keterubah iya berengkah ngaga kamus nya, taja pan edisyen keterubah enda dikeluarka nyentuk ngagai taun 1884. Iya berengkah dikeluarka dalam fasikel ti enda diikat lebuh pengawa majak dipejalaika ba projek nya, ngena nama ''A New English Dictionary on Historical Principles; Founded Mainly on the Materials Collected by The Philological Society''. Dalam taun 1895, tajuk ''The Oxford English Dictionary'' keterubah iya dikena enggau chara enda rasmi ba kulit siri tu, lalu dalam taun 1928 kamus penuh nya dikeluarka baru dalam 10 iti bab ti diikat. Dalam taun 1933, tajuk ''The Oxford English Dictionary'' nganti nama ke dulu suba enggau penuh ba semua endur ke nyadi lebuh iya dichelak baru nyadi 12 iti jilid enggau tambah siti jilid. Mayuh agi suplemen datai betaun-taun nyentuk ngagai taun 1989, lebuh edisi kedua dikeluarka, ke mungkur 21,728 lambar dalam 20 iti jilid. Kenyau ari taun 2000, pengawa nusun edisyen ketiga kamus tu udah dipejalaika, kira-kira setengah ari nya udah tembu manggai ba taun 2018. Ba taun 1988, versyen elektronik kamus tu keterubah iya disendiaka, lalu versyen online udah bisi kenyau ari taun 2000. Datai ba bulan April 2014, iya nerima lebih dua juta iku orang datai sebulan. Edisyen ketiga kamus tu disadang bisi eksklusif dalam tukuh elektronik; CEO OUP udah madahka iya enda tentu deka kala dichelak.<ref>{{cite news|last=Alastair Jamieson|url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/culture/books/booknews/7970391/Oxford-English-Dictionary-will-not-be-printed-again.html|title=Oxford English Dictionary 'will not be printed again'|access-date=11 August 2012|first=Alastair|website=The Telegraph|date=29 August 2010|archive-date=31 August 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190831072218/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/culture/books/booknews/7970391/Oxford-English-Dictionary-will-not-be-printed-again.html|url-status=live}} </ref><ref name="Simpson">{{Cite news|url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/culture/culturenews/10777079/RIP-for-OED-as-worlds-finest-dictionary-goes-out-of-print.html|title=RIP for OED as world's finest dictionary goes out of print|last=Flanagan|first=Padraic|date=20 April 2014|work=The Telegraph|access-date=8 June 2014|archive-date=20 August 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190820160048/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/culture/culturenews/10777079/RIP-for-OED-as-worlds-finest-dictionary-goes-out-of-print.html|url-status=live}} </ref> 4wgkv20pw3if6g75ojgszcqt612gdmq 13335 13334 2025-07-09T01:02:25Z Song GK 9 13335 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox book series|name=''Oxford English Dictionary''|image=OED2 volumes.jpg|image_caption=Seven of the twenty volumes of the printed second edition of ''The Oxford English Dictionary'' (1989)|books=|author=|editors=|title_orig=|translator=|illustrator=|cover_artist=|country=United Kingdom|language=English|discipline=|publisher=[[Oxford University Press]]|pub_date={{ubl|1884–1928 (first edition)|1989 (second edition)|Third edition in preparation<ref name=Dickson>{{cite news |first=Andrew |last=Dickson |url=https://www.theguardian.com/news/2018/feb/23/oxford-english-dictionary-can-worlds-biggest-dictionary-survive-internet |title=Inside the OED: can the world's biggest dictionary survive the internet? |work=[[The Guardian]] |date=23 February 2018 |access-date=13 December 2020 |archive-date=16 November 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201116234943/https://www.theguardian.com/news/2018/feb/23/oxford-english-dictionary-can-worlds-biggest-dictionary-survive-internet |url-status=live}}</ref>}}|english_pub_date=|media_type=|number_of_books=|list_books=|oclc=|preceded by=|followed by=|website={{official URL}}}} '''''Oxford English Dictionary''''' ('''''OED''''') nya kamus besejarah ke batang [[Jaku Inggeris|jaku English]], ti dikeluarka Oxford University Press (OUP), siti rumah pemansut Universiti Oxford. Kamus tu ti ngeluarka edisyen keterubah iya dalam taun 1884, ngiga sejarah pemansang jaku English, nyadika kereban ti komprehensif ngagai bala pakar enggau pemansik akademik, sereta meri penerang ti terus pasal guna jaku English dalam variasyen iya di serata dunya.<ref>{{cite web|title=About|website=Oxford English Dictionary|url=https://public.oed.com/about/|access-date=13 November 2021|quote=As a historical dictionary, the OED is very different from those of current English, in which the focus is on present-day meanings.|archive-date=21 August 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190821000818/https://public.oed.com/about/|url-status=live}}</ref> Dalam taun 1857, pengawa keterubah iya berengkah ngaga kamus nya, taja pan edisyen keterubah enda dikeluarka nyentuk ngagai taun 1884. Iya berengkah dikeluarka dalam fasikel ti enda diikat lebuh pengawa majak dipejalaika ba projek nya, ngena nama ''A New English Dictionary on Historical Principles; Founded Mainly on the Materials Collected by The Philological Society''. Dalam taun 1895, tajuk ''The Oxford English Dictionary'' keterubah iya dikena enggau chara enda rasmi ba kulit siri tu, lalu dalam taun 1928 kamus penuh nya dikeluarka baru dalam 10 iti bab ti diikat. Dalam taun 1933, tajuk ''The Oxford English Dictionary'' nganti nama ke dulu suba enggau penuh ba semua endur ke nyadi lebuh iya dichelak baru nyadi 12 iti jilid enggau tambah siti jilid. Mayuh agi suplemen datai betaun-taun nyentuk ngagai taun 1989, lebuh edisi kedua dikeluarka, ke mungkur 21,728 lambar dalam 20 iti jilid. Kenyau ari taun 2000, pengawa nusun edisyen ketiga kamus tu udah dipejalaika, kira-kira setengah ari nya udah tembu manggai ba taun 2018. Ba taun 1988, versyen elektronik kamus tu keterubah iya disendiaka, lalu versyen online udah bisi kenyau ari taun 2000. Datai ba bulan April 2014, iya nerima lebih dua juta iku orang datai sebulan. Edisyen ketiga kamus tu disadang bisi eksklusif dalam tukuh elektronik; CEO OUP udah madahka iya enda tentu deka kala dichelak.<ref>{{cite news|last=Alastair Jamieson|url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/culture/books/booknews/7970391/Oxford-English-Dictionary-will-not-be-printed-again.html|title=Oxford English Dictionary 'will not be printed again'|access-date=11 August 2012|first=Alastair|website=The Telegraph|date=29 August 2010|archive-date=31 August 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190831072218/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/culture/books/booknews/7970391/Oxford-English-Dictionary-will-not-be-printed-again.html|url-status=live}} </ref><ref name="Simpson">{{Cite news|url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/culture/culturenews/10777079/RIP-for-OED-as-worlds-finest-dictionary-goes-out-of-print.html|title=RIP for OED as world's finest dictionary goes out of print|last=Flanagan|first=Padraic|date=20 April 2014|work=The Telegraph|access-date=8 June 2014|archive-date=20 August 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190820160048/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/culture/culturenews/10777079/RIP-for-OED-as-worlds-finest-dictionary-goes-out-of-print.html|url-status=live}} </ref> ==Kereban sanding== {{reflist}} s3s8jq6nif42lz3lvstnwk950rqalwj 0 3999 13336 2025-07-09T07:15:03Z Not Spamming 1023 Dikena nengah chara nyalin bagi pelasar ari lambar "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1298688985|TV3 (Malaysian TV network)]]" 13336 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Distinguish}} '''Sistem Televisyen Malaysia Berhad''', ti beoperasyen enggau nama '''TV3''' (disebut enggau nama '''''Tivi Tiga''''' ), iya nya sebuah saluran televisyen Malaysia ti bepalan ba Bangsar ti diempu konglomerat media Malaysia, Media Prima . TV3 nyadi stesyen TV ketiga pemadu tuai di Malaysia. Iya dilanchar kena 1 Jun 1984 nyadi saluran televisyen peribit keterubah sereta pemadu tuai di menua tu. Naka bulan Oktober 2021, TV3 mengkang nyadi stesyen televisyen ke pemadu mayuh dipeda di Malaysia enggau urung 17% bagi orang ke meda entara stesyen televisyen Malaysia ke bukai, ditangkan TV9 enggau 15% bagi orang ke meda, lalu nyadika dua ari nya nyadi stesyen televisyen kedua pemadu mayuh dipeda di menua tu, taja pan penurun channel-ir. Rangkaian tu tebilang ketegal muka pintu besai dikena ngelancharka stesyen TV peribit di Malaysia lalu betanggungjawap ngelancharka pengawa mayuh personaliti ti tebilang dalam bidang penabur. Kenyau ari taun 2003, iya mega bisi ngatur karnival Jom Heboh dikena ngelakuka chap enggau produk iya. Iya nyadi saluran setempat ti dominan ti ditagit ngagai majoriti [[Melayu|populasyen Melayu]] di [[Malaysia]] . 5vj5zhvruwsouhwqedxjoefbv7dwsvf 13337 13336 2025-07-09T07:16:18Z Not Spamming 1023 Not Spamming telah memindahkan laman [[TV3 (Rangkaian TV Malaysia)]] ke [[TV3]]: Tajuk salah eja 13336 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Distinguish}} '''Sistem Televisyen Malaysia Berhad''', ti beoperasyen enggau nama '''TV3''' (disebut enggau nama '''''Tivi Tiga''''' ), iya nya sebuah saluran televisyen Malaysia ti bepalan ba Bangsar ti diempu konglomerat media Malaysia, Media Prima . TV3 nyadi stesyen TV ketiga pemadu tuai di Malaysia. Iya dilanchar kena 1 Jun 1984 nyadi saluran televisyen peribit keterubah sereta pemadu tuai di menua tu. Naka bulan Oktober 2021, TV3 mengkang nyadi stesyen televisyen ke pemadu mayuh dipeda di Malaysia enggau urung 17% bagi orang ke meda entara stesyen televisyen Malaysia ke bukai, ditangkan TV9 enggau 15% bagi orang ke meda, lalu nyadika dua ari nya nyadi stesyen televisyen kedua pemadu mayuh dipeda di menua tu, taja pan penurun channel-ir. Rangkaian tu tebilang ketegal muka pintu besai dikena ngelancharka stesyen TV peribit di Malaysia lalu betanggungjawap ngelancharka pengawa mayuh personaliti ti tebilang dalam bidang penabur. Kenyau ari taun 2003, iya mega bisi ngatur karnival Jom Heboh dikena ngelakuka chap enggau produk iya. Iya nyadi saluran setempat ti dominan ti ditagit ngagai majoriti [[Melayu|populasyen Melayu]] di [[Malaysia]] . 5vj5zhvruwsouhwqedxjoefbv7dwsvf 13339 13337 2025-07-09T07:17:58Z Not Spamming 1023 13339 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Distinguish}} '''Sistem Televisyen Malaysia Berhad''', ti beoperasyen enggau nama '''TV3''' (disebut enggau nama '''''Tivi Tiga'''''), iya nya sebuah saluran televisyen Malaysia ti bepalan ba Bangsar ti diempu konglomerat media Malaysia, Media Prima . TV3 nyadi stesyen TV ketiga pemadu tuai di Malaysia. Iya dilanchar kena 1 Jun 1984 nyadi saluran televisyen peribit keterubah sereta pemadu tuai di menua tu. Naka bulan Oktober 2021, TV3 mengkang nyadi stesyen televisyen ke pemadu mayuh dipeda di Malaysia enggau urung 17% bagi orang ke meda entara stesyen televisyen Malaysia ke bukai, ditangkan TV9 enggau 15% bagi orang ke meda, lalu nyadika dua ari nya nyadi stesyen televisyen kedua pemadu mayuh dipeda di menua tu, taja pan penurun channel-ir. Rangkaian tu tebilang ketegal muka pintu besai dikena ngelancharka stesyen TV peribit di Malaysia lalu betanggungjawap ngelancharka pengawa mayuh personaliti ti tebilang dalam bidang penabur. Kenyau ari taun 2003, iya mega bisi ngatur karnival Jom Heboh dikena ngelakuka chap enggau produk iya. Iya nyadi saluran setempat ti dominan ti ditagit ngagai majoriti [[Melayu|populasyen Melayu]] di [[Malaysia]] . fmetpl997yue5kc1si09bwiz2vaszep 0 4000 13338 2025-07-09T07:16:18Z Not Spamming 1023 Not Spamming telah memindahkan laman [[TV3 (Rangkaian TV Malaysia)]] ke [[TV3]]: Tajuk salah eja 13338 wikitext text/x-wiki #LENCONG [[TV3]] 6d7ngydbgjqchfhbk6ij9hjdwf48zpj