Wikipedia ibawiki https://iba.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lambar_Keterubah MediaWiki 1.46.0-wmf.23 first-letter Media Spesyel Randau Penggena Randau penggena Wikipedia Randau Wikipedia Fail Randau fail MediaWiki Randau MediaWiki Templat Randau templat Bantu Randau bantu Kategori Randau kategori TimedText TimedText talk Modul Randau modul Acara Perbincangan acara 0 1173 18531 17975 2026-04-14T07:38:26Z Song GK 9 18531 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox country | conventional_long_name = Republik Armenia | common_name = Armenia | native_name = {{Native name|hy|Հայաստանի Հանրապետություն|italics=off}}<br />{{Small|{{Transliteration|hy|Hayastani Hanrapetut'yun}}}} | national_motto = {{Lang|el|Մեկ ազգ, մեկ մշակույթ}}<br />{{Transliteration|el|Mek Azg, Mek Mshakouyt}}<br />"Satu menua, satu adat" | image_flag = Flag of Armenia.svg | image_coat = Coat of arms of Armenia.svg | national_anthem = {{Native name|hy|Մեր Հայրենիք|paren=off}}<br />{{Transliteration|hy|[[Mer Hayrenik]]}}<br />"Our Fatherland"{{Parabr}}{{Center|[[Fail:Mer Hayrenik instrumental.ogg]]}} | image_map = Armenia (orthographic projection).svg | map_caption = Penuduk Armenia | capital = [[Yerevan]] | coordinates = {{Coord|40|11|N|44|31|E|type:city(1,100,000)_region:AM-ER|display=inline,title}} | largest_city = capital | official_languages = [[Armenian language|Armenian]]<ref>{{Cite web|title=Constitution of Armenia, Article 20|url=https://president.am/en/constitution-2015|publisher=president.am|access-date=18 January 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221203013237/https://president.am/en/constitution-2015/|archive-date=3 December 2022|url-status=live}}</ref> | ethnic_groups = {{Unbulleted list |98.1% [[Armenians]] |1.1% [[Yazidis in Armenia|Yazidis]] |0.5% [[Russians in Armenia|Russians]] |0.3% [[Demographics of Armenia|other]]}} | ethnic_groups_ref = <ref>{{Cite web | url=https://www.armstat.am/en/?nid=82&id=2623 | title=The Main Results of RA Census 2022 / Statistical Committee of the Republic of Armenia | access-date=1 February 2024 | archive-date=20 May 2008 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080520030736/https://www.armstat.am/en/?nid=82&id=2623 | url-status=live }}</ref> | ethnic_groups_year = 2022 | religion = {{Unbulleted list |{{Tree list}} *96.7% [[Christianity in Armenia|Christianity]] **95.2% [[Armenian Apostolic Church]] **0.6% [[Catholic Church|Catholicism]] **0.5% [[Evangelicalism]] **0.2% [[Eastern Orthodoxy]] **0.2% [[Jehovah's Witnesses]] {{Tree list/end}} |0.5% [[Yazidism]] |2.2% [[Religion in Armenia|none or refused to answer]] |0.6% [[Religion in Armenia|other]]}} | religion_ref = <ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.armstat.am/en/?nid=82&id=2623 |work=2022 Armenian census |title=The Main Results of RA Census 2022 / Statistical Committee of the Republic of Armenia |access-date=1 February 2024 |archive-date=20 May 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080520030736/https://www.armstat.am/en/?nid=82&id=2623 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/armenia/|title=CIA World Factbook|date=5 March 2024|access-date=23 January 2021|archive-date=4 January 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210104184358/https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/armenia/|url-status=live}}</ref> | demonym = [[Armenians|Armenian]] | government_type = [[Unitary parliamentary republic]] | leader_title1 = [[President of Armenia|President]] | leader_name1 = [[Vahagn Khachaturyan]] | leader_title2 = [[Prime Minister of Armenia|Prime Minister]] | leader_name2 = [[Nikol Pashinyan]] | leader_title3 = [[President of the National Assembly of Armenia|President of the National Assembly]] | leader_name3 = [[Alen Simonyan]] | legislature = [[National Assembly (Armenia)|National Assembly]] | sovereignty_type = [[History of Armenia|Establishment]] | established_event1 = [[Hayasa-Azzi]] | established_date1 = 16th century BC - 13th century BC | established_event2 = [[Urartu]]<ref name="Diakonoff 1992 51–54">{{Cite journal|last=Diakonoff|first=Igor M|title=First Evidence of the Proto-Armenian Language in Eastern Anatolia|journal=Annual of Armenian Linguistics|year=1992|volume=13|pages=51–54|issn=0271-9800}}</ref> | established_date2 = 860 BC – 590 BC | established_event3 = [[Orontid dynasty]] | established_date3 = 6th century BC | established_event4 = [[Kingdom of Armenia (antiquity)|Kingdom of Armenia]]<ref>{{Cite encyclopedia |url=https://www.britannica.com/place/Armenia/History |title=Armenia – History |encyclopedia=Encyclopædia Britannia |edition=Online |access-date=14 March 2022 |archive-date=31 May 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230531212134/https://www.britannica.com/place/Armenia/History |url-status=live }}</ref> | established_date4 = 321 BC–428 AD | established_event5 = {{Nowrap|[[Artaxiad dynasty]]<ref>{{Cite book |editor1-last=de Laet |editor1-first=Sigfried J. |editor2-last=Herrmann |editor2-first=Joachim |title=History of Humanity: From the seventh century B.C. to the seventh century A.D. |date=1996 |publisher=Routledge |location=London |isbn=978-92-3-102812-0 |page=[https://books.google.com/books?id=WGUz01yBumEC&pg=PA128 128] |edition=1st |quote=The ruler of the part known as Greater Armenia, Artaxias (Artashes), the founder of a new dynasty, managed to unite the country...}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |title=Encyclopedia Americana: Ankara to Azusa |url=https://archive.org/details/encyclopediaamer02scho |url-access=registration |date=2005 |publisher=[[Scholastic Library Publishing]] |page=[https://archive.org/details/encyclopediaamer02scho/page/393 393] |isbn=9780717201389 |quote=It was named for Artaxias, a general of Antiochus the Great, who founded the kingdom of Armenia about 190 B.C.}}</ref><!--end nowrap:-->}} | established_date5 = 190 BC | established_event6 = [[Arsacid dynasty of Armenia|Arsacid dynasty]] | established_date6 = 52–428 | established_event7 = [[Bagratid Armenia]] | established_date7 = 885–1045 | established_event8 = [[Kingdom of Vaspurakan]] | established_date8 = 908–1021 | established_event9 = [[Kingdom of Tashir-Dzoraget]] | established_date9 = 979–1118 | established_event10 = [[Kingdom of Syunik]] | established_date10 = 987–1170 | established_event11 = [[Kingdom of Artsakh]] | established_date11 = 1000–1261 | established_event12 = [[Armenian Kingdom of Cilicia|Kingdom of Cilicia]] | established_date12 = 1198–1375 | established_event13 = [[Principality of Khachen]] | established_date13 = 1261–1603 | established_event14 = [[Melikdoms of Karabakh]] | established_date14 = 1603–1822 | established_event15 = [[First Republic of Armenia|Republic of Armenia]] | established_date15 = 28 May 1918 | established_event16 = [[Red Army invasion of Armenia|Soviet conquest]]; [[Armenian Soviet Socialist Republic]] | established_date16 = 29 November 1920 | established_event17 = [[1991 Armenian independence referendum|Independence]] [[Dissolution of the Soviet Union|restored]] | established_date17 = 23 September 1991 | established_event18 = [[Alma-Ata Protocol|CIS accession]] | established_date18 = 21 Disember 1991 | established_event19 = [[Resolusyen Kaunsil Pengelikun Gerempung Bansa Beserakup 735|Diterima]] [[Gerempung Bansa Beserakup]] | established_date19 = 2 Mac 1992 | established_event20 = [[Konstitusyen Armenia|Konstitusyen ke maya tu]] | established_date20 = 5 Julai 1995 | area_km2 = 29,743 | area_rank = 138th | area_sq_mi = 11,484 <!--Do not remove per [[WP:MOSNUM]]--> | percent_water = 4.71<ref name="cia-fact">{{Cite web |title=The World Fact Book – Armenia |url=https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/armenia/ |publisher=Central Intelligence Agency |access-date=17 July 2010 |archive-date=4 January 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210104184358/https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/armenia/ |url-status=live }}</ref> | population_estimate = 3,015,400 | population_estimate_year = 2024<ref>{{Cite web |title=Average de jure Population Number, thousand pers.* / 2024 |url=https://www.armstat.am/en/?nid=12&id=11001 }}</ref> | population_estimate_rank = 138th | population_density_km2 = 101.5 | population_density_sq_mi = 262.9 <!--Do not remove per [[WP:MOSNUM]]--> | GDP_PPP = {{Increase}} $64.432 billion<ref name="IMFWEO.AM">{{Cite web |title=World Economic Outlook Database, April 2024|url=https://www.imf.org/en/Publications/WEO/weo-database/2024/April/weo-report?c=911,&s=NGDPD,PPPGDP,NGDPDPC,PPPPC,&sy=2020&ey=2028&ssm=0&scsm=1&scc=0&ssd=1&ssc=0&sic=0&sort=country&ds=.&br=1 |publisher=[[International Monetary Fund]] |access-date=21 April 2024 |location=Washington, D.C. |date=April 2024}}</ref> | GDP_PPP_year = 2024 | GDP_PPP_rank = 114th | GDP_PPP_per_capita = {{Increase}} $21,746<ref name="IMFWEO.AM" /> | GDP_PPP_per_capita_rank = 77th | GDP_nominal = {{Increase}} $25.408 billion<ref name="IMFWEO.AM" /> | GDP_nominal_year = 2024 | GDP_nominal_rank = 115th | GDP_nominal_per_capita = {{Increase}} $8,575<ref name="IMFWEO.AM" /> | GDP_nominal_per_capita_rank = 84th | Gini = 27.9 <!--number only--> | Gini_year = 2022 | Gini_change = steady <!--increase/decrease/steady--> | Gini_ref = <ref>{{Cite web |url=https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SI.POV.GINI?locations=AM |title=Gini index - Armenia |publisher=[[World Bank]] |access-date=22 April 2024 |archive-date=21 November 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181121041937/https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SI.POV.GINI?locations=AM |url-status=live }}</ref> | HDI = 0.786 <!--number only--> | HDI_year = 2022 <!--Please use the year to which the data refers, not the publication year--> | HDI_change = increase<!--increase/decrease/steady--> | HDI_ref = <ref name="HDI">{{Cite web|url=https://hdr.undp.org/sites/default/files/2023-24_HDR/HDR23-24_Statistical_Annex_HDI_Table.xlsx|title=Human Development Report 2023/2024|language=en|publisher=[[United Nations Development Programme]]|date=19 March 2024|access-date=19 March 2024|archive-date=19 March 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240319085123/https://hdr.undp.org/sites/default/files/2023-24_HDR/HDR23-24_Statistical_Annex_HDI_Table.xlsx|url-status=live}}</ref> | HDI_rank = 76th | currency = [[Armenian dram|Dram]]&nbsp;([[Armenian dram sign|֏]]) | currency_code = AMD | time_zone = [[Armenia Time|AMT]] | utc_offset = +4 | date_format = dd.mm.yyyy | drives_on = right | calling_code = [[Telephone numbers in Armenia|+374]] | cctld = {{Unbulleted list |[[.am|.am]] |[[.հայ|.հայ]]}} | official_website = {{URL|https://www.gov.am}} | religion_year = 2022 }} '''Armenia''' <ref>"[http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/armenia?s=t Armenia] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151210220614/http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/armenia?s=t |date=10 December 2015}}." Dictionary.com Unabridged. 2015.</ref>{{Efn|{{Lang-hy|Հայաստան|translit=Hayastan}} {{IPA-hy|hɑjɑsˈtɑn|IPA}} |group=pron}} tauka nama resmi iya '''Republik Armenia''',{{Efn|{{Lang-hy|Հայաստանի Հանրապետություն|translit=Hayastani Hanrapetut'yun}}, {{IPA-hy|hɑjɑstɑˈni hɑnɾɑpɛtutʰˈjun|IPA}}}} nya menua ke nadai ngembuan tasik ba [[Tanah Tinggi Armenia]] di [[Asia Barat]].<ref name="classification of world regions">The [[UN]] [http://unstats.un.org/unsd/methods/m49/m49regin.htm classification of world regions] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20020625192322/http://unstats.un.org/unsd/methods/m49/m49regin.htm|date=25 June 2002}} places Armenia in West Asia; the [[Central Intelligence Agency|CIA]] [[The World Factbook|World Factbook]] {{Cite web|url=https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/armenia/|title=Armenia|work=The World Factbook|publisher=[[CIA]]|access-date=2 September 2010|archive-date=4 January 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210104184358/https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/armenia/|url-status=live}} {{Cite web|url=https://www.nationalgeographic.org/society/education-resources/?xpop=1|title=Armenia|publisher=[[National Geographic Society|National Geographic]]|access-date=16 April 2009|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070808084113/http://www.nationalgeographic.com/xpeditions/atlas/index.html?Parent=asia&Rootmap=armeni&Mode=d&SubMode=w|archive-date=8 August 2007|url-status=live}}, {{Cite encyclopedia|url=https://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/35178/Armenia|title=Armenia|encyclopedia=[[Encyclopædia Britannica]]|access-date=16 April 2009|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090401081831/https://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/35178/Armenia|archive-date=1 April 2009|url-status=live}}, {{Cite book |title=Calendario Atlante De Agostini |date=2015 |publisher=Istituto Geografico De Agostini |isbn=9788851124908 |edition=111 |location=Novara |page=sub voce |language=it}} and ''Oxford Reference Online'' {{Cite encyclopedia|encyclopedia=World Encyclopedia|title=Oxford Reference|publisher=Oxford Reference Online|doi=10.1093/acref/9780199546091.001.0001|year=2004|isbn=9780199546091|url-access=registration|url=https://archive.org/details/worldencyclopedi00oxfo}} also place Armenia in Asia.</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title= General information about Republic of Armenia|url= https://www.mfa.am/en/overview/|publisher= [[Ministry of Foreign Affairs (Armenia)]]|access-date= October 2, 2023|location= Armenia|quote= The country is situated in western part of Asia, occupies the north-eastern part of Armenian plateau – between Caucasus and Nearest Asia|archive-date= 5 October 2023|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20231005071515/https://www.mfa.am/en/overview/|url-status= live}}</ref> Menua tu bagi ari kandang menua [[Kaukasus]] lalu bekunsi garis entara menua enggau [[Turki]] ba barat, [[Georgia (menua)|Georgia]] ba sepiak utara enggau [[Azerbaijan]] ba timur, sereta [[Iran]] enggau esklaf Azerbaijan ti dikumbai [[Nakhchivan Autonomous Republic|Nakhchivan]] ba selatan.<ref name="Oxford University Press">{{Cite book|title=The Oxford Encyclopedia of Economic History|publisher=Oxford University Press|year=2003|isbn=978-0-19-510507-0|page=[https://archive.org/details/oxfordencycloped0000unse/page/156 156]|url=https://archive.org/details/oxfordencycloped0000unse/page/156}}</ref> [[Yerevan]] nyadi indu nengeri, nengeri ke pemadu besai enggau pusat wang ba menua tu. Armenia nyadi sebuah nengeri-bansa ke beserakup, mayuh parti, demokratik enggau pesaka budaya kelia. Tanah Tinggi Armenia udah nyadi palan endur bansa [[Hayasa-Azzi]], [[Shupria]] enggau [[Nairi]]. Ba taun 600 SM, jaku Proto-Armenia ke udah lama, iya nya [[Jaku-jaku Indo-Eropah|jaku Indo-Eropah]], udah ngerembai ngagai Tanah Tinggi Armenia.<ref name="EIEC">{{Cite book |last1=Mallory |first1=J. P. |title=Encyclopedia of Indo-European culture |last2=Adams |first2=Douglas Q. |date=1997 |publisher=Fitzroy Dearborn |isbn=978-1884964985 |location=London |pages=30 |oclc=37931209 |quote=Armenian presence in their historical seats should then be sought at some time before c 600 BC; [...] Armenian phonology, for instance, appears to have been greatly affected by Urartian, which may suggest a long period of bilingualism.}}</ref><ref name="Drews2017">Robert Drews (2017). ''Militarism and the Indo-Europeanizing of Europe''. Routledge. {{ISBN|978-0367886004}}. p. 228: "The vernacular of the Great Kingdom of Biainili was quite certainly Armenian. The Armenian language was obviously the region's vernacular in the fifth century BC, when Persian commanders and Greek writers paired it with Phrygian. That it as brought into the region between the early sixth and the early fifth century BC, and that it immediately obliterated whatever else had been spoken there, can hardly be supposed; [...] Because Proto-Armenian speakers seem to have lived not far from Hurrian speakers our conclusion must be that the Armenian language of Mesrop Mashtots was descended from an Indo-European language that had been spoken in southern Caucasia in the Bronze Age."</ref> Negeri Armenia keterubah Urartu ditubuhka maya taun 860 SM, lalu ba abad ke-6 SM iya diganti enggau Satrapi Armenia. Perintah Armenia manggai ba tikas pemadu tinggi di baruh pegai Tigranes the Great maya abad ke-1 SM lalu dalam taun 301 nyadi menua keterubah ba dunya ti ngemeranka pengarap [[Kristian]] nyadi pengarap resmi iya.<ref>({{Cite book |last=Garsoïan|first=Nina|author-link=Nina Garsoïan|title=Armenian People from Ancient to Modern Times|editor=R.G. Hovannisian|publisher=[[Palgrave Macmillan]]|year=1997|page=81|volume=1}})</ref><ref>{{Cite book|last=Stringer|first=Martin D.|title=A Sociological History of Christian Worship|url=https://archive.org/details/sociologicalhist00stri|url-access=limited|year=2005|publisher=Cambridge University Press|location=Cambridge|isbn=978-0-521-81955-8|page=[https://archive.org/details/sociologicalhist00stri/page/n101 92]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|first=René|last=Grousset|title=Histoire de l'Arménie|publisher=Payot|year=1947|edition=1984|page=122}}. Estimated dates vary from 284 to 314. Garsoïan (''op.cit.'' p. 82), following the research of Ananian, favours the latter.</ref>{{Efn|Smaller nations that have claimed a prior official adoption of Christianity include [[Osroene]], the [[Silures]], and [[San Marino]]. See [[Timeline of official adoptions of Christianity]].}} Armenia agi ngaku [[Gerija Apostolik Armenia]], gerija nasional ke pemadu tuai di dunya, nyadi palan pengarap keterubah di menua nya.t.<ref name="Article 18">{{Cite web|url=https://president.am/en/constitution-2015|title=Constitution of Armenia - Library - The President of Armenia|website=president.am|access-date=7 March 2020|archive-date=3 December 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221203013237/https://president.am/en/constitution-2015/|url-status=live}}</ref>{{Efn|The republic has [[separation of church and state]].}} Perintah Armenia kelia beserara entara [[Empayar Byzantine]] enggau [[Empayar Sasanid|Sasanid]] urung pun abad ke-5. Di baruh dinasti Bagratuni, [[Perintah Bagratid Armenia]] dipulaika baru maya abad ke-9 sebedau rebah dalam taun 1045. Armenia Cilicia, sebuah perintah Armenia lalu udah nya nyadi perintah, bepalan ba tebing tasik Mediterranean entara abad ke-11 enggau ke-14. Entara abad ke-16 enggau ke-19, menua asal Armenia ke ditumbuhka ari Armenia Timur enggau Armenia Barat dipegai [[empayar Ottoman]] enggau [[Empayar Persia|Persia]], ke suah diperintah sebarang ari dua iti nya pengelama beratus taun. Datai ba abad ke-19, Armenia Timur udah dipegai [[Empayar Rusia]], lalu tebal agi bagi menua barat menua asal Armenia tradisional mengkang dipegai Ottoman. Maya [[Perang Dunya Keterubah|Perang Dunya I]], nyentuk ngagai 1.5 juta iku orang Armenia ke diau ba menua aki ini sida di Empayar Ottoman dipunaska enggau sistematik dalam [[Pengawa Munaska Bansa Armenia|pengawa munaska bansa Armenia]]. Dalam taun 1918, berindik ari [[Revolusyen Rusia]], semua menua ukai Rusia madahka diri merdeka pengudah Empayar Rusia badu agi, lalu ngujungka [[Republik Keterubah Armenia]] ditumbuhka. Datai ba taun 1920, nengeri tu dipasukka ngagai [[Serakup Soviet]] nyadi [[SSR Armenia]]. Republik Armenia moden meredika maya taun 1991 maya Serakup Soviet direrak. Armenia nya menua ke benung mansang lalu ba penuduk lumur 85 ba [[Indeks Pemansang Mensia]] (2021).<ref name="HDI"/> Ekonomi iya keterubah iya bepelasarka pemansut industri enggau pengawa ngulihka mineral. Taja Armenia bepalan ba Kaukasus Selatan ari sukut geografi, tang iya disengkaum dalam Eropah ari sukut geopolitik. Ketegal Armenia ngerintaika diri dalam mayuh sukut geopolitik enggau [[Eropah]], menua nya nyadi kaban mayuh bengkah gerempung Eropah nyengkaum Gerempung Pengelikun enggau Kerejasama di Eropah, Kaunsil Eropah, Perkongsian Timur, Eurocontrol, Aum Kandang Menua Eropah, enggau Bank Eropah ke Ngaga Baru enggau Pemansang. Armenia mega nyadi kaban sekeda raban pelilih menua di serata Eurasia, nyengkaum Bank Pemansang Asia, Gerempung Sempekat Pengelikun Kolektif .,{{Efn|On 12 June 2024, Armenia announced that it would formally withdraw from the CSTO at a later unspecified date}} Serakup Ekonomi Eurasia, enggau Bank Pemansang Eurasia. Armenia nyukung [[Republik Artsakh]] (Nagorno-Karabakh) ke kala merdeka de facto, ke dipadahka dalam taun 1991 ba kandang menua ke diaku ba renggat entarabansa nyadi sebagi ari Azerbaijan, nyentukka republik nya direrak maya bulan September 2023. == Nota == <references group="lower-alpha"/> == Kereban sanding == <references /> [[Kategori:Menua ba Asia]] k9o2amhzv01a2307s1s20chqskxrzc9 0 1306 18539 10932 2026-04-14T08:11:46Z Song GK 9 /* Penyanding */ 18539 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Fail:Belfast - Titanic Belfast - Dishware - geograph.org.uk - 3977965.jpg|thumb|Chapak]] '''Chapak''' tauka '''pinggai''' iya nya kereban ti luas, cembung sereta enda tentu rata dikena mantaika pemakai.<ref name="venable">{{Cite book|last=Venable|first=Charles L.|title=China and Glass in America, 1880-1980: From Table Top to TV Tray|year=2000|publisher=Harry N. Abrams|location=New York|isbn=0-8109-6692-1|display-authors=etal}}</ref> Chapak mega tau dikena ungkup tuju pengerami tauka hiasan. Tebal chapak nya bulat, tang tau nyadi sebarang tukuh, tauka digaga ari sebarang utai ti enda ulih kena ai. Sechara umum, chapak disimpan tegak ba tisi iya. Perengka ti nadai bibir kelebih agi enti iya ngembuan tukuh ti lebih bulat, suah agi dianggap mangkuk tauka chapak, nyengkaum periuk ti besai amat ti ngembuan tukuh chapak. chapak nya sebagi ari perengka mija. chapak ti digaga ari batang kayu, tembikar enggau logam udah bisi kenyau ari kelia dalam mayuh bengkah budaya. Ba budaya Barat enggau budaya bukai, chapak nyadika bekas ti suah dikena mantaika pemakai, lalu dikena ungkup lauk ti enda kelalu cecair. Pemekit iya ke batang iya nya [[mangkuk]] enggau [[daun pisang]], ti nguasa kededua tuju nya ba budaya Asia Selatan, [[Asia Tenggara]], enggau Asia Timur, ambika chunto. == Kereban sanding == {{Reflist}} qc5yjlnt0nk6seci4d88vovwzu8y0vi 0 1493 18546 15461 2026-04-14T08:48:03Z Song GK 9 18546 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox language | name = Jaku Aram | nativename = {{Lang|tmr|ארמית}}, {{Lang|syc|ܐܪܡܐܝܬ}}<br>{{Transl|syc|Arāmāiṯ}} | region = [[Fertile Crescent]] ([[Levant]], [[Mesopotamia]], [[Sinai Peninsula|Sinai]] and [[Southeastern Anatolia Region|Southeastern Anatolia]]), [[eastern Arabia]]<ref>{{Cite book |author1=Mario Kozah |author2=Abdulrahim Abu-Husayn |author3=Saif Shaheen Al-Murikhi |author4=Haya Al Thani |authorlink2=Abdulrahim Abu-Husayn|title=The Syriac Writers of Qatar in the Seventh Century |date=9 December 2014 |publisher=Gorgias Press |isbn=9781463236649 |pages=298 |language=English |quote=The Syriac writers of Qatar themselves produced some of the best and most sophisticated writing to be found in all Syriac literature of the seventh century, but they have not received the scholarly attention that they deserve in the last half century. This volume seeks to redress this underdevelopment by setting the standard for further research in the sub-field of Beth Qatraye studies.}}</ref> | familycolor = Afro-Asiatik | fam2 = [[Jaku-jaku Semitik|Semitik]] | fam3 = [[West Semitic languages|West Semitic]] | fam4 = [[Central Semitic languages|Central Semitic]] | fam5 = [[Northwest Semitic languages|Northwest Semitic]] | ancestor = [[Proto-Afroasiatic]] | ancestor2 = [[Proto-Semitic]] | ancestor3 = [[Old Aramaic]] | ancestor5 = [[#Middle Aramaic|Middle Aramaic]] | ancestor4 = [[Imperial Aramaic]] | dia1 = [[Eastern Aramaic languages|Eastern Aramaic]] | dia2 = [[Western Aramaic languages|Western Aramaic]] | dia3 = [[Armazic language|Armazic]] {{Extinct}} | script = [[Syriac alphabet]] ([[Syriac Christianity|Christian]])<br />[[Mandaic alphabet|Mandaic]] ([[Mandaeism|Mandaean]])<br />[[Hebrew alphabet]] ([[Judaism|Jewish]])<br />Historically [[Phoenician alphabet]], [[Aramaic alphabet]] | lc1 = arc | ld1 = [[Imperial Aramaic]] | lc2 = syc | ld2 = [[Syriac language|Classical Syriac]] | lc3 = myz | ld3 = [[Mandaic language|Classical Mandaic]] | lc4 = xrm | ld4 = [[Armazic language]] | lc5 = bjf | ld5 = [[Barzani Jewish Neo-Aramaic|Barzani Neo-Aramaic]] | lc6 = bhn | ld6 = [[Neo-Aramaic dialect of Bohtan|Bohtan Neo-Aramaic]] | lc7 = hrt | ld7 = [[Neo-Aramaic dialect of Hertevin|Hertevin Neo-Aramaic]] | lc8 = aij | ld8 = [[Inter-Zab Jewish Neo-Aramaic|Inter-Zab Neo-Aramaic]] | lc9 = tmr | ld9 = [[Jewish Babylonian Aramaic]] | lc10 = jpa | ld10 = [[Jewish Palestinian Aramaic]] | lc11 = kqd | ld11 = [[Koy Sanjaq Christian Neo-Aramaic|Koy Sanjaq Neo-Aramaic]] | lc12 = lhs | ld12 = [[Mlaḥsô language]] | lc13 = mid | ld13 = [[Neo-Mandaic|Modern Mandaic]] | lc14 = oar | ld14 = [[Old Aramaic]] | lc15 = sam | ld15 = [[Samaritan Aramaic language]] | lc16 = syn | ld16 = [[Christian Neo-Aramaic dialect of Senaya|Senaya Neo-Aramaic]] | lc17 = syr | ld17 = [[Suret language]] | lc18 = huy | ld18 = [[Trans-Zab Jewish Neo-Aramaic|Trans-Zab Neo-Aramaic]] | lc19 = tru | ld19 = [[Turoyo language]] | lc20 = trg | ld20 = [[Jewish Neo-Aramaic dialect of Urmia|Urmia Neo-Aramaic]] | lc21 = amw | ld21 = [[Western Neo-Aramaic]] | glotto = aram1259 | glottorefname = Aramaic | lingua = 12-AAA | fam6 = Proto-Aramoid<ref>Huehnergard, J., "What is Aramaic?." Aram 7 (1995): 281</ref> }} [[Fail:Aramaic written using Syriac letters (ܐܪܡܝܐ).svg|thumb|''Ārāmāyā'' in Syriac Esṭrangelā script]] [[Fail:Aramaic alphabet.svg|thumb|[[Syriac alphabet|Syriac-Aramaic alphabet]]]] '''Jaku Aram''' ({{Lang-tmr|ארמית|ˀərāmiṯ}}; {{Lang-syc|ܐܪܡܐܝܬ|arāmāˀiṯ}}{{Efn|Also {{Lang|syc|ܐܪܡܝܐ, ܐܪܐܡܝܬܐ}}. The form ''arāmāyā'' is less common in classical texts, but may be found (for example) in the ''[[Cave of Treasures]]'' (ed. Su-Min Ri) XXIV:10 and in [[Eusebius]] (ed. Cureton) p. 4 (Syriac pagination) line 10. See {{Cite book |last=Payne Smith |first=R. (Robert) |url=http://archive.org/details/syriacusthesaur01paynuoft |title=Thesaurus Syriacus |date=1879 |publisher=Clarendon Press |volume=1 |pages=387 |author-link=Robert Payne Smith}} and in English at {{Cite book |last=Payne Smith |first=J. (Jessie) |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=yn4RHiQz3dAC |title=A Compendious Syriac Dictionary: Founded Upon the Thesaurus Syriacus of R. Payne Smith |date=1903 |publisher=Clarendon Press |pages=29, 242 |language=en |author-link=Jessie Payne Margoliouth}}}}) nya siti jaku ari [[Jaku-jaku Semitik Barat Laut]] ke datai ari [[Siria (kandang menua)|kandang menua Siria]] ke lama lalu ngerembai ngagai [[Mesopotamia]], [[Levant Selatan]], [[Kandang Menua Anatolia Tenggara|Anatolia tenggara]], [[Arab Timur]]<ref>{{Cite book |title=Christianity in Oman |isbn=9783030303983 |page=49 |quote=The Persian location and character of the Metropolitan proved to be a source of friction between the Syriac-speaking Christians of [[Christianity in Eastern Arabia|Beth Qatraye]] who naturally looked to their co-linguists back in Mesopotamia. |last1=Thompson |first1=Andrew David |date=31 October 2019 |publisher=Springer }}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last1=Raheb |first1=Mitri |title=The Rowman & Littlefield Handbook of Christianity in the Middle East |last2=Lamport |first2=Mark A. |date=15 December 2020 |publisher=Rowman & Littlefield |isbn=9781538124185 |page=134 |quote=He was born in the region of Beth Qatraye in Eastern Arabia, a mixed Syriac- and Arabic Speaking region…}}</ref> enggau [[Semenanjung Sinai]], ari nyin dikena enggau ditulis dalam varieti ke bebida {{Sfn|Brock|1989|pp=11–23}} takah tiga ribu taun. == Nota == <references group="lower-alpha"/> == Kereba sanding == {{reflist}} aoju2se89h65kirtyp545il22chykp5 0 1564 18524 11628 2026-04-13T14:58:48Z Jang Edgar 20 /* Penyanding */ 18524 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox royalty | name = James Brooke | image = Sir-James-Brooke.jpg | caption = James Brooke maya taun 1858 | succession = [[Rajah Sarawak]] | reign = 18 August 1842 – 11 June 1868 | coronation = 18 August 1842 | cor-type = Malaysia | predecessor = [[Sultan Tengah]] (as Sultan of Sarawak)<br />[[History of Brunei|Pengiran Indera Mahkota Mohammad Salleh]] (as Governor of Sarawak) | successor = [[Charles Brooke]] | house = [[White Rajahs|Brooke dynasty]] | birth_name = | birth_date = {{Birth date|df=yes|1803|4|29}} | birth_place = [[Bandel]], [[Hooghly District|Hooghly]], [[British India]] | death_date = {{Death date and age|df=yes|1868|6|11|1803|4|29}} | death_place = [[Burrator]], [[United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland|United Kingdom]] | burial_place = Gerija St Leonard, [[Sheepstor]], [[Dartmoor]] | mother = Anna Maria Brooke | father = Thomas Brooke | religion = Kristian ([[Anglikan]]) | occupation = Former soldier, trader, independent gentleman, Governor; | consort = <!-- yes or no --> | issue = Reuben George Walker (Brooke) | issue-link = | issue-pipe = | issue-type = | signature_type = | signature = | module = {{Infobox officeholder | embed = yes | order = 1st | office = Governor of Labuan | monarch = [[Kuin Victoria]] | term_start = 1848 | term_end = 1853 | lieutenant = [[William Napier (lawyer)|William Napier]] (1848–1850) <br> [[John Scott (governor)|John Scott]] (1850–1856) | predecessor = ''Newly Created'' | successor = George Warren Edwardes}} {{Infobox officeholder | embed = yes | order = 1st | office = Consul General to the Sultan and Independent Chiefs of Borneo | term_start = 1847 | term_end = 1853 | successor = [[Spenser St. John]] | allegiance = {{Flagu|British Empire|size=23px}} | branch = [[Bengal Army]], [[British East India Company]] | serviceyears = 1819–1830 | rank = Lieutenant<ref>{{Cite book|last1=Brown|first1=G. H.|last2=Clark|first2=F.|title=East-India Register and Directory for 1829|url=https://play.google.com/books/reader?id=2gQLAQAAIAAJ&pg=GBS.PA64|year=1829|publisher=Secretary's Office, East-India House}}</ref> | unit = 6th Regiment Native Infantry<ref>{{Cite book|last1=Brown|first1=G. H.|last2=Clark|first2=F.|title=East-India Register and Directory for 1829|url=https://play.google.com/books/reader?id=2gQLAQAAIAAJ&pg=GBS.PA64|year=1829|publisher=Secretary's Office, East-India House}}</ref> | commands = | battles = {{Unbulleted list|[[First Anglo-Burmese War]]}} (1824–1825) | awards = | relations = | laterwork = }} }} '''Sir James Brooke, Rajah Sarawak''' (29 April 1803 – 11 June 1868) ianya siti soldadu British ti nirika [[Raj Sarawak]] ba [[Borneo]]. Iya nyadi Rajah Putih Sarawak ti keterubah ari taun 1841 nyentukka pemati iya maya 1868. James Brooke udah ada enggau dikemesaika ba menua Kompeni British India Timur ba India. Sepengudah nembuka pelajar iya ba England, iya begawa ba Bengal Army. Iya udah ditelihka alu maduka pengawa iya maya nya. Iya lalu meli siti kapal lalu belayar ngagai Borneo. Dia, iya nulung Sultan Brunei matahka pengelaban ba Sarawak, lalu nyadi pemerintah Sarawak. == Kereban sanding == {{reflist}} [[Kategori:Rajah Sarawak]] d20d5wwo2pbkol3ixgkrlrms9vvbvff 0 1584 18545 14620 2026-04-14T08:44:31Z Song GK 9 18545 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox settlement | name = Johor | official_name = {{Lang|ms|Negeri dan Jajahan Takluk Johor Darul Ta'zim}}<br />{{Lang|ms-arab|{{Script|Arab|نݢري دان جاجهن تعلوق جوهر دارالتّعظيم}}}} | native_name = | settlement_type = [[Negeri enggau kandang menua federal ba Malaysia|Negeri]] | translit_lang1 = Ke bukai | translit_lang1_type1 = [[Urup Jawi|Jawi]] | translit_lang1_info1 = {{Lang|ms-arab|{{Script|Arab|جوهر}}}} | translit_lang1_type2 = [[Jaku China|China]] | translit_lang1_info2 = {{Lang|zh-hant|柔佛}} | translit_lang1_type3 = [[Jaku Tamil|Tamil]] | translit_lang1_info3 = {{Lang|ta|ஜொகூர்}}<br /> ''Jokūr'' {{Font|size=70%|([[ISO 15919|Transliteration]])}} | image_flag = Flag of Johor.svg | flag_size = | flag_alt = Menira Johor | image_shield = Coat of arms of Johor.svg | shield_size = | shield_alt = Lambang negeri Johor | nickname = ''Darul Ta'zim''<ref name="Johor info">{{Cite web|url=http://pmr.penerangan.gov.my/index.php/maklumat-kenegaraan/1600-negeri-johor-darul-tazim.html|title=Maklumat Kenegaraan (Negeri Johor Darul Ta'zim)|trans-title=Statehood Information (State of Johor Darul Ta'zim)|language=ms|publisher=[[Ministry of Communications and Multimedia (Malaysia)]]|access-date=8 July 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180708142043/http://pmr.penerangan.gov.my/index.php/maklumat-kenegaraan/1600-negeri-johor-darul-tazim.html|archive-date=8 July 2018|url-status=dead}}</ref><br />{{Lang|ms-arab|{{Script|Arab|دارالتّعظيم}}}}<br />{{Small|Abode of Dignity}}<ref name="jhr">{{Cite web|url=https://www.pressreader.com/malaysia/the-star-malaysia-star2/20160323/281921657169839|title=A rich legacy|author=Mohd Farhaan Shah Farhaan|work=Star2|via=[[PressReader]]|date=23 March 2016|access-date=8 July 2018}}</ref> | motto = {{Lang|ms|Kepada [[Allah]] Berserah}}<ref name="Johor info"/><br />{{Lang|ms-arab|{{Script|Arab|کڤد الله برسراه}}}}<br />{{Small|To Allah We Surrender}}<ref name="Johor info"/> | anthem = ''[[Lagu Negeri Johor|Lagu Bangsa Johor]]''<br />{{Lang|ms-arab|{{Script|Arab|لاݢو بڠسا جوهر}}}}<br />{{Small|Johor State Anthem}}<br /><div style="display:inline-block;margin-top:0.4em;">[[Fail:Lagu_Bangsa_Johor_instrumental.ogg]]</div> | coordinates = {{Coord|1|59|27|N|103|28|58|E|display=inline,title}} | coordinates_footnotes = <!-- for references: use<ref> tags --> | image_map = Johor in Malaysia.svg | mapsize = | map_alt = | map_caption = {{Legend inline|#C41E3A|outline=silver}} '''Johor''' in {{Legend inline|#FDF9D2|outline=silver}} '''[[Malaysia]]''' | subdivision_type = [[Menua]] | subdivision_name = {{Flagicon image|Flag of Malaysia.svg|size=35px}} [[Malaysia]] | seat_type = [[Rintai indu nengeri ba Malaysia|Indu nengeri]]<br />{{Nobold|(enggau nengeri pemadu besai) }} | seat = [[Johor Bahru]]{{Ref|cap|[a]}}<ref>{{Cite web |title=MAIN INDICATOR IN M.B. JOHOR BAHRU |url=https://tableau.dosm.gov.my/t/BPPD-BahagianperangkaanpendudukdanDemografi/views/MyCenDashEnglish/LOCALAUTORITY?%3Adisplay_count=n&%3Aembed=y&%3AisGuestRedirectFromVizportal=y&%3Aorigin=viz_share_link&%3AshowAppBanner=false&%3AshowVizHome=n |website=MyCenDash |access-date=3 July 2022}}</ref> | parts_type = Indu nengeri diraja | parts_style = para | p1 = [[Muar (mengeri)|Muar]] | government_type = [[Parliamentary system|Parliamentary]] [[constitutional monarchy]] | leader_title = [[Sultan Johor|Sultan]] | leader_name = [[Ibrahim Ismail ari Johor|Ibrahim Ismail]] | leader_title1 = [[Sultan Johor|Regent]] | leader_name1 = [[Tunku Ismail Idris|Tunku Ismail]] | leader_title2 = [[Kepala Menteri Johor|Kepala Menteri]] | leader_name2 = [[Onn Hafiz Ghazi]] <br> ([[Barisan Nasional|BN]]–[[Gerempung Bansa Melayu Beserakup|UMNO]]) | blank_name_sec1 = [[Kesultanan Johor]] | blank_info_sec1 = 1528 | blank1_name_sec1 = Sempekat Inggeris–Johor | blank1_info_sec1 = 1885 | blank2_name_sec1 = [[Undang-undang Tubuh Negeri Johor|Johor State Constitution]] | blank2_info_sec1 = 14 April 1895 | blank3_name_sec1 = Menua dilindung British | blank3_info_sec1 = 1914 | blank4_name_sec1 = [[Pemegai Jipun ba Malaya|Pemegai Jipun]] | blank4_info_sec1 = 31 Januari 1942 | blank1_name_sec2 = Penama ngagai [[Federasyen Malaya]] | blank1_info_sec2 = 1948 | blank2_name_sec2 = Meredeka nyadi bagi ari Federasyen Malaya | blank2_info_sec2 = 31 August 1957 | blank3_name_sec2 = Nyadi bagi ari [[Malaysia]] | blank3_info_sec2 = 16 September 1963 | area_footnotes = <ref name="statistics">{{Cite web|url=https://www.dosm.gov.my/v1/index.php?r=column/cone&menu_id=d1dTR0JMK2hUUUFnTnp5WUR2d3VBQT09|title=Johor @ a Glance|publisher=Department of Statistics, Malaysia|access-date=13 January 2018}}</ref> | area_total_km2 = 19166 | area_water_km2 = | elevation_max_ft = 4186 | elevation_max_point = [[Gunung Ledang]] | population_footnotes = <ref name="statistics"/> | population_total = 4,100,900 ([[States and federal territories of Malaysia|2nd]]) | population_as_of = 2023 | population_density_km2 = 209.2 | population_demonym = | demographics_type1 = Demograri {{Nobold|(2023)}}<ref name="total population">{{Cite web|url=http://www.statistics.gov.my:80/portal/download_Population/files/population/05Jadual_Mukim_negeri/Mukim_Johor.pdf|title=Total population by ethnic group, administrative district and state, Malaysia|publisher=Department of Statistics, Malaysia|year=2010|access-date=23 July 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120227090331/http://www.statistics.gov.my/portal/download_Population/files/population/05Jadual_Mukim_negeri/Mukim_Johor.pdf|archive-date=27 February 2012|url-status=dead}}</ref> | demographics1_title1 = Ethnic composition | demographics1_info1 = {{Plainlist| * [[Bumiputera (Malaysia)|Bumiputera]]: 60.1% * [[Orang China Malaysia|China]]: 32.8% * [[Orang India Malaysia|India]]: 6.6% * ukai peranak Malaysia: 6.0% }} | demographics1_title2 = Jaku | demographics1_info2 = Melayu Johor-Riau {{*}}[[Jaku Melayu Terengganu|Melayu Terengganu]]{{*}}[[Jaku Jakun|Jakun]]{{*}}[[Jaku Duano'|Duano']]{{*}}[[Jaku Orang Seletar|Orang Seletar]]<br />[[#Jaku|jaku raban bansa minoriti]] ke bukai | demographics_type2 = State Index | demographics2_title1 = [[List of Malaysian states by Human Development Index|HDI]] {{Nobold|(2022)}} | demographics2_info1 = 0.794&nbsp;(<span style="color:#090;">high</span>) ([[List of Malaysian states by Human Development Index|10th]])<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://hdi.globaldatalab.org/areadata/shdi/|title=Subnational Human Development Index (2.1) [Johor – Malaysia]|publisher=Global Data Lab of Institute for Management Research, [[Radboud University Nijmegen|Radboud University]]|access-date=12 November 2018}}</ref> | demographics2_title2 = [[Total fertility rate|TFR]] {{Nobold|(2017)}} | demographics2_info2 = 2.1<ref name="statistics"/> | demographics2_title3 = [[Gross domestic product|GDP]] {{Nobold|(2021)}} | demographics2_info3 = [[Malaysian ringgit|RM]]131.1 billion, [[United States dollar|USD]]29.26 billion<ref name="statistics"/> | demographics2_title4 = [[GDP per capita]] {{Nobold|(2021)}} | demographics2_info4 = [[Malaysian ringgit|RM]]32,696, [[United States dollar|USD]]7,297 <ref name="statistics"/> | timezone1 = [[Malaysian Standard Time|MST]]<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.math.nus.edu.sg/aslaksen/teaching/timezone-old.html|title=Time Zones in Malaysia|author=Helmer Aslaksen|publisher=Department of Mathematics, Faculty of Science, [[National University of Singapore]]|date=28 June 2012|access-date=8 July 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160521034731/http://www.math.nus.edu.sg/aslaksen/teaching/timezone-old.html|archive-date=21 May 2016|url-status=dead}}</ref> | utc_offset1 = +8 | postal_code_type = [[List of postal codes in Malaysia|Postal code]] | postal_code = 79xxx<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://postal-codes.cybo.com/malaysia/johor/?p=1|title=Postal codes in Johor|publisher=cybo.com|access-date=8 July 2018}}</ref> to 86xxx,<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://postal-codes.cybo.com/malaysia/kluang/|title=Postal codes in Kluang|publisher=cybo.com|access-date=8 July 2018}}</ref> 73400 | area_code_type = [[Telephone numbers in Malaysia|Calling code]] | area_code = 07{{Ref|call|[b]}}<br />06 (Muar and Tangkak)<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://area-codes.cybo.com/malaysia/johor/?p=1|title=Area codes in Johor|publisher=cybo.com|access-date=8 July 2018}}</ref> | iso_code = MY-01, 21–24<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.jpn.gov.my/en/kod-negeri/|title=State Code|publisher=Malaysian National Registration Department|access-date=8 July 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170519030502/http://www.jpn.gov.my/en/kod-negeri/|archive-date=19 May 2017|url-status=dead}}</ref> | registration_plate = [[Malaysian vehicle license plates|J]]<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://malaysiandigest.com/features/546797-some-little-known-facts-on-malaysian-vehicle-registration-plates.html|title=Some Little Known Facts On Malaysian Vehicle Registration Plates|author=Teh Wei Soon|publisher=Malaysian Digest|date=23 March 2015|access-date=8 July 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150708091603/http://malaysiandigest.com/features/546797-some-little-known-facts-on-malaysian-vehicle-registration-plates.html|archive-date=8 July 2015|url-status=usurped}}</ref> | website = {{Official URL}} | footnotes = {{Note|cap|[a]}}[[Kota Iskandar]], [[Iskandar Puteri]] is the state administrative centre and the seat of the Johor state government ([[Johor State Executive Council|executive branch]] & [[Johor State Legislative Assembly|legislative branch]]). However, [[Johor Bahru]] remains the official capital of the Johor state.<br />{{Note|call|[b]}} Except [[Muar (town)|Muar]] and [[Tangkak District|Tangkak]]. | image_map1 = {{Hidden begin|title=OpenStreetMap|ta1=center}}{{Infobox mapframe|frame-width=250|zoom=8}}{{Hidden end}} }} '''Johor Darul Ta'zim''' (Jawi: ‏جوهر دارالتعظيم‎‎), ti mega dikumbai '''Johor''' tauka Kesultanan Johor Moden (enda rasmi), ia nya negeri [[Malaysia]] ba selatan [[Semenanjung Malaysia]]. Johor ngembuan adan darat enggau negeri-negeri ba Malaysia ia nya [[Pahang]] ba utara sereta [[Melaka]] enggau [[Negeri Sembilan]] ba barat laut. == Asal Nama == [[File:Istana Bukit Serene - The Royal Crown (night, 2015).jpg|thumb|left|Mahkota Diraja di [[Istana Bukit Serene]], Johor, diberi gela "Pemata"<ref>{{cite book |author=S. Durai Raja Singam |title=Malayan Place Names |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=D4UdAAAAMAAJ&q=johor+jewel |year=1962 |publisher=Liang Khoo Printing Company}}</ref><ref name="John Krich">{{cite magazine |url=https://www.nationalgeographic.com/travel/johor-jewel-of-malaysia/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170424201844/http://www.nationalgeographic.com/travel/johor-jewel-of-malaysia/ |url-status=dead |archive-date=24 April 2017 |title=Johor: Jewel of Malaysia |author=John Krich |magazine=[[National Geographic]] |date=8 April 2015 |access-date=24 June 2018}}</ref>]] Kandang menua tu keterubah iya dikelala orang [[bansa Thai|Siam]] ti ngentapka pendiau ba utara enggau nama ''Gangganu'' tauka ''Ganggayu'' (Reta Pemata)<ref name="etymology of Johor">{{cite news |url=http://www.nst.com.my/Current_News/JohorBuzz/Monday/MyJohor/2480438/Article/index_html|title=Ancient names of Johor |newspaper=[[New Straits Times]] |date=21 February 2009 |access-date=13 January 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090221075244/http://www.nst.com.my/Current_News/JohorBuzz/Monday/MyJohor/2480438/Article/index_html |archive-date=21 February 2009 |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref name="etymology">{{cite web |url=http://says.com/my/lifestyle/the-origins-of-state-names-in-malaysia |title=The Stories And Facts Behind How The 13 States Of Malaysia Got Their Names |author=Tang Ruxyn |work=Says.com |date=26 April 2017 |access-date=13 January 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180113091221/http://says.com/my/lifestyle/the-origins-of-state-names-in-malaysia |archive-date=13 January 2018 |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref name="Johor information">{{cite web |url=http://tourism.johor.my/facts-about-johor/ |title=Facts About Johor |publisher=Johor Tourism |access-date=27 July 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180727075245/http://tourism.johor.my/facts-about-johor/ |archive-date=27 July 2018 |url-status=dead }}</ref> ketegal bisi pemayuh [[gemala]] semak [[Sungai Johor]].<ref>{{cite book |author=Abdul Latip bin Talib |title=Moyang Salleh |trans-title=Salleh Great-grandparent|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=F8cCBAAAQBAJ&pg=PA34 |date=14 July 2014 |language=ms |publisher=PTS Litera Utama |isbn=978-967-408-158-4 |pages=34– }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://johorsoutherntigers.com.my/interesting-facts-history-of-johor-the-origins-of-the-word-johor/ |title=The origins of the word Johor |publisher=[[Johor Darul Ta'zim F.C.]] |access-date=13 January 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180113185025/http://johorsoutherntigers.com.my/interesting-facts-history-of-johor-the-origins-of-the-word-johor/ |archive-date=13 January 2018 |url-status=dead }}</ref> Pedagang [[Arab]] ngumbai gemala tu {{lang|ar|{{Script/Arabic|جَوْهَر}}}} ({{wikt-lang|ar-Latn|جوهر|jauhar}}),<ref name="etymology of Johor"/><ref name="etymology"/><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.jsic.com.my/linkpage02/his.php |title=Johor History |publisher=Johor State Investment Centre |year=2009 |access-date=13 January 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110831122622/http://www.jsic.com.my/linkpage02/his.php |archive-date=31 August 2011 |url-status=dead }}</ref> siti leka jaku ti ditinjau ari [[jaku Parsi]] {{lang|fa|{{Script/Arabic|گوهر}}}} ({{lang|fa-Latn|gauhar}}), ke mega mai reti 'batu berega' tauka 'pemata'.<ref>{{cite book |author=Jonathan Rigg |title=A dictionary of the Sunda language of Java |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=XizCJm_ibRMC&pg=PA177 |year=1862 |publisher=Bataviaasch Genootschap van Kunsten en Wetenschappen |pages=177– }}</ref> Ketegal orang ke diau ba kandang menua tu tusah deka nyebut leka [[jaku Arab]], nama tu beinsur nyadi ''Johor''.<ref name="Johor origin">{{cite web |url=http://sejarahmalaysia.pnm.my:80/portalBI/list.php?ttl_id=8&section=sm03 |title=Origin of Place Names – Johor |publisher=[[National Library of Malaysia]] |year=2000 |access-date=13 January 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080209105902/http://sejarahmalaysia.pnm.my/portalBI/list.php?ttl_id=8&section=sm03 |archive-date=9 February 2008 |url-status=dead }}</ref> Bisi mega eulogi [[Jaku Jawa Lama]] [[Nagarakretagama]] ti ngumbai kandang menua tu {{lang|kaw-Latn|Ujong Medini}} ('ujung tanah'),<ref name="John Krich"/> ketegal tu tanah ke pemadu selatan ba [[Tanah besai Asia Tenggara|tanah besai Asia]]. Nama ke bukai, nengah penulis Portugis [[Manuel Godinho de Erédia]], nujuka layar [[Marco Polo]] ngagai {{lang|kaw-Latn|Ujong Tanah}} (ujung tanah [[Semenanjung Tanah Melayu]]) ba taun 1292.<ref name="etymology of Johor"/> Kededua nama {{lang|kaw-Latn|Ujong Medini}} enggau {{lang|kaw-Latn|Ujong Tanah}} udah bisi kenyau sebedau penumbuh [[Kesultanan Melaka]]. Sepemanjai kandang maya tu, sekeda nama ke bukai mega bisi baka {{lang|jv-Latn|Galoh}}, {{lang|jv-Latn|Lenggiu}} enggau {{lang|jv-Latn|Wurawari}}.<ref name="etymology of Johor"/><ref name="Johor origin"/> Johor mega dikelala enggau gela jaku Arab iya nya {{lang|ar|{{Script/Arabic|دارالتّعظيم}}}} ({{lang|ar-Latn|Darul Ta'zim}}) 'Endur Peninggi'.<ref name="Johor origin"/> == Kereban sanding == {{reflist}} == Bacha ke silik agi == * {{cite journal|title=A History of Johore (1673—ca. 1800 A.D.) / حكايت نكري جوهر|author=Richard Olof Winstedt|journal=Journal of the Malayan Branch of the Royal Asiatic Society|year=1932|volume=10|issue=1|pages=164–170|jstor=41587442}} * {{cite book|title=The Kingdom of Johor 1641–1728|author=Leonard Y. Andaya|publisher=Oxford University Press|year=1975|isbn=978-0-19-580322-8}} * {{cite journal|title=A history of Johore, 1365-1941|author1=Richard Olof Winstedt|author2=Khoo Kay Kim|author3=Ismail Hussein|journal=Journal of the Malaysian Branch of the Royal Asiatic Society|year=1993|volume=66|issue=1|pages=87–89|jstor=41486192}} * {{cite journal|title=Past and Present Juxtaposed: The Chinese of Nineteenth Century Johor|author=Patricia Lim Pui Huen|journal=Journal of Social Issues in Southeast Asia|year=1998|volume=13|issue=1|pages=114–138|jstor=41056979}} * {{cite journal|title=The Seizure of the Sta. Catarina Revisited: The Portuguese Empire in Asia, VOC Politics and the Origins of the Dutch-Johor Alliance (1602 – {{circa|1616}})|journal=Journal of Southeast Asian Studies|author=Peter Borschberg|publisher=Journal of Southeast Asian Studies, Cambridge University Press|year=2002|pages=31–62|volume=33|issue=1|doi=10.1017/S0022463402000024|s2cid=154935503}} * {{cite journal|title=The 'Lost City' of Kota Gelanggi: An Exploratory Essay Based on Textual Evidence and An Excursion into 'Aerial Archaeology'|author=Raimy Ché-Ross|journal=Journal of the Malaysian Branch of the Royal Asiatic Society|year=2004|volume=77|issue=2|pages=27–58|jstor=41493524}} * {{cite book|title=Prince of Pirates: The Temenggongs and the Development of Johor and Singapore, 1784–1885|author=Carl A. Trocki|publisher=NUS Press|year=2007|isbn=978-9971-69-376-3}} * {{cite book|title=The Singapore and Melaka Straits: Violence, Security and Diplomacy in the 17th Century|author=Peter Borschberg|publisher=National University of Singapore, Royal Netherlands Institute of Southeast Asian and Caribbean Studies|year=2010|isbn=978-9-06-718364-2}} * {{cite book|title=Hugo Grotius, the Portuguese and Free Trade in the East Indies|author=Peter Borschberg|publisher=National University of Singapore|year=2011|isbn=978-9-97-169467-8}} * {{cite book|title=Journal, Memorial and Letters of Cornelis Matelieff de Jonge. Security, Diplomacy and Commerce in 17th-Century Southeast Asia.|author=Peter Borschberg|publisher=National University of Singapore|year=2015|isbn=978-9-97-169798-3}} * {{cite book|title=Jacques de Coutre's Singapore and Johor, 1594-{{circa|1625}}|author=Peter Borschberg|publisher=National University of Singapore|year=2015|isbn=978-9-97-169852-2}} * {{cite journal|title=The value of Admiral Matelieff's writings for studying the history of Southeast Asia, {{circa|1600}}–1620|journal=Journal of Southeast Asian Studies|author=Peter Borschberg|publisher=National University of Singapore, Cambridge University Press|year=2017|pages=414–435|volume=48|issue=3|doi=10.1017/S002246341700056X|doi-access=free}} * {{cite book|title=Studying Singapore before 1800|author1=Kwa Chong Guan|author2=Peter Borschberg|publisher=National University of Singapore|year=2018|isbn=978-981-4722-74-2}} == Laman web ke bukai == * {{official website}} * [http://tourism.johor.my/ Johor] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200925072423/http://tourism.johor.my/ |date=25 September 2020 }} ba Johor Tourism * [https://www.lonelyplanet.com/malaysia/johor Johor] ba [[Lonely Planet]] [[Kategori:Johor| ]] [[Kategori:Semenanjung Malaysia]] [[Kategori:Negeri ba Malaysia]] kes3ilv9av4omy9lvt6hj7vllwma4zh 0 2012 18543 14633 2026-04-14T08:16:33Z Song GK 9 /* Begian enggau pelilih menua */ 18543 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox settlement <!-- See Template:Infobox settlement for additional fields and descriptions -->| name = Sarawak | settlement_type = Negeri | image_skyline = | imagesize = | image_alt = | image_caption = | image_flag = Flag of Sarawak.svg | flag_size = | flag_alt = Menira Sarawak | image_shield = Coat of arms of Sarawak.svg | shield_size = | shield_alt = Lambang menua Sarawak | nickname = {{Lang|ms|Bumi Kenyalang}}<ref>{{Cite web |title=Profil Negeri Sarawak (Sarawak State profile) |url=http://pmr.penerangan.gov.my/index.php/maklumat-kenegaraan/9043-profil-negeri-sarawak.html |publisher=Jabatan Penerangan Malaysia (Malaysian Information Department) |access-date=12 January 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150421063249/http://pmr.penerangan.gov.my/index.php/maklumat-kenegaraan/9043-profil-negeri-sarawak.html |archive-date=21 April 2015}}</ref>} | timezone = [[Jam Standard Malaysia|JSM]] | motto = {{Lang|ms|Bersatu, Berusaha, Berbakti}} | anthem = ''[[Ibu Pertiwiku]]''<ref>{{Cite web |title=Sarawak State Anthem |url=http://www.sarawak.gov.my/web/home/article_view/157/174/ |publisher=Sarawak Government |access-date=12 January 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150907185320/http://www.sarawak.gov.my/web/home/article_view/157/174 |archive-date=7 September 2015}}</ref>{{Center|[[Fail:Lagu Rasmi Sarawak - Ibu Pertiwiku.ogg]]}} | image_map = Sarawak in Malaysia.svg | mapsize = | map_alt = | map_caption = {{Centre|{{Legend inline|#C41E3A|outline=red}} Sarawak in {{Legend inline|#FFFDD0|outline=silver}} Malaysia}} | subdivision_type = Menua | subdivision_name = {{Flag|Malaysia}} | coordinates = {{Coord|02.5|N|113.0|E|display=inline,title}} | established_title = [[Kesultanan Sarawak]] | established_date = 1599 | established_title2 = [[Raj Sarawak]] | established_date2 = 24 September 1841 | established_title3 = [[Penguasa Jipun ba Borneo British|Penguasa Jipun]] | established_date3 = 16 September 1941 | established_title4 = [[Koloni Mahkota Sarawak|Koloni Mahkota]] | established_date4 = 1 Julai 1946 | established_title5 = Pemeri [[Hari Sarawak|perintah diri]] | established_date5 = 22 Julai 1963<ref name="Porritt1997">{{Cite book |author=Vernon L. Porritt |title=British Colonial Rule in Sarawak, 1946–1963 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=4pBwAAAAMAAJ |date=1997 |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-983-56-0009-8 |access-date=7 May 2016}}</ref><ref name="Mathews2014">{{Cite book |author=Philip Mathews |title=Chronicle of Malaysia: Fifty Years of Headline News, 1963–2013 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=md9UAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA15 |date=28 February 2014 |publisher=Editions Didier Millet |isbn=978-967-10617-4-9 |page=15}}</ref> | established_title6 = [[Sempekat Malaysia|Begabung nyadi Malaysia]] | established_date6 = 16 September 1963<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.legislation.gov.uk/ukpga/1963/35/pdfs/ukpga_19630035_en.pdf |title=Malaysia Act 1963 (Chapter 35) |work=The National Archives |publisher=[[United Kingdom legislation]] |access-date=12 August 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121114081253/http://www.legislation.gov.uk/ukpga/1963/35/pdfs/ukpga_19630035_en.pdf |archive-date=14 November 2012 |url-status=dead}}</ref> | seat_type = [[Ripih Indu Nengeri ba Malaysia|Indu nengeri]]<br />{{Nobold|(enggau nengeri ke pemadu besai)}} | seat = [[Kuching]] | parts_type = [[Begian ba Malaysia|Begian]] | parts_style = coll | parts = | p1 = [[Begian Betong|Betong]] | p2 = [[Begian Bintulu|Bintulu]] | p3 = [[Begian Kapit|Kapit]] | p4 = [[Begian Kuching|Kuching]] | p5 = [[Begian Limbang|Limbang]] | p6 = [[Begian Miri|Miri]] | p7 = [[Begian Mukah|Mukah]] | p8 = [[Begian Samarahan|Samarahan]] | p9 = [[Begian Sarikei|Sarikei]] | p10 = [[Begian Serian|Serian]] | p11 = [[Begian Sibu|Sibu]] | p12 = [[Begian Sri Aman|Sri Aman]] | government_type = [[Sistem parlimen|Parlimentari]] [[Sistem Parti Dominan|parti dominan]] [[demokrasi pengari]] | leader_title = [[Yang di-Pertua Negeri Sarawak|Yang di-Pertua Negeri]] | leader_name = [[Wan Junaidi Tuanku Jaafar]] | leader_title1 = [[Premier Sarawak|Premier]] | leader_name1 = [[Abang Johari Openg]] <br> ([[Gabungan Parti Sarawak|GPS]]–[[Parti Pesaka Bumiputera Bersatu|PBB]]) {{Infobox|child=yes | label1 = Legislatur | data1 = [[Sarawak State Legislative Assembly|Legislative Assembly]] (82 seats) | rowclass1 = | label2 = Pengari federal | data2 = [[Parlimen Malaysia]] | rowclass2 = mergedtoprow | label3 = &nbsp;•&nbsp;[[Dewan Rayat|Kerusi Dewan Rayat]] | data3 = 31 of 222 (14.0%) | rowclass3 = mergedrow | label4 = &nbsp;•&nbsp;[[Dewan Negara|Kerusi Dewan Negara]] | data4 = 2 of 70 (2.9%) | rowclass4 = mergedrow }} | total_type = Total | area_footnotes = <ref name="statistics">{{Cite web |url=https://www.dosm.gov.my/v1/index.php?r=column/cone&menu_id=clJnWTlTbWFHdmUwbmtSTE1EQStFZz09 |title=Sarawak @ a Glance |publisher=Department of Statistics, Malaysia |access-date=13 February 2020}}</ref> | area_total_km2 = 124,450 | area_water_km2 = | elevation_max_ft = 7953 | elevation_max_point = [[Bukit Murud]] | population_footnotes = <ref name="Malaysia census 2020" /><ref name="Dayak Daily">{{Cite news |last=Sim |first=Ashley |url=https://dayakdaily.com/malaysia-census-2020-reveals-sarawaks-population-totals-2-453-mln-kuching-district-accounts-for-609000/ |title=Malaysia Census 2020 reveals Sarawak's population totals 2.453 MLN, Kuching District accounts for 609,000 |date=18 August 2022 |newspaper=Dayak Daily |access-date=18 September 2022}}</ref> | population_total = {{Increase}} 2,907,500 ([[Demografi Malaysia|5th]]) | population_as_of = 2023 | population_density_km2 = 23 | population_demonym = Sarawakian | population_note = | demographics_type1 = Jaku | demographics1_title1 = Resmi | demographics1_info1 = {{Hlist|[[Jaku Inggeris]]|[[Jaku Melayu]]}} | demographics1_title2 = Other spoken | demographics1_info2 = {{Plainlist| *[[Jaku Iban|Iban]] *[[Jaku Cina|Cina]] *[[Jaku Bidayuh|Bidayuh]] *[[Jaku Melanau|Melanau]] *[[Jaku Kelabit|Kelabit]] *[[#Jaku|jaku raban bansa minoriti]]}} | demographics_type2 = Demografik {{Nobold|(2023)}} | demographics2_title1 = [[Raban Bansa|Raban bansa]]<ref name="Sarawak Data">{{Cite news |url=http://data.sarawak.gov.my/home/data/dataset/ |title=Facts and Figures 2022 |access-date=27 August 2021 }}{{Dead link|date=August 2023|bot=medic}}{{Cbignore|bot=medic}} [https://www.theborneopost.com/2022/06/16/sarawaks-population-rises-to-over-2-56-mln-in-2020/ Alt URL]</ref> | demographics2_info1 = {{Plainlist| *28.2% [[Iban]] *24.2% [[Orang Cina|China]] *23.7% [[Melayu]] *7.6% [[Bidayuh]] *5.2% [[Melanau]] *5.5% Bumiputera ke bukai *0.6% Indian/Ke bukai *4.8% Ukai orang asal }} | demographics2_title2 = [[Pengarap]]<ref name="Malaysia census 2020">{{Cite web |url=https://tableau.dosm.gov.my/t/BPPD-BahagianperangkaanpendudukdanDemografi/views/MyCenDashEnglish/STATE?%3Adisplay_count=n&%3Aembed=y&%3AisGuestRedirectFromVizportal=y&%3Aorigin=viz_share_link&%3AshowAppBanner=false&%3AshowVizHome=n |title=Census Dashboard |publisher=Department of Statistics, Malaysia |access-date=1 March 2023 |archive-date=12 November 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221112144615/https://tableau.dosm.gov.my/t/BPPD-BahagianperangkaanpendudukdanDemografi/views/MyCenDashEnglish/STATE?:display_count=n&:embed=y&:isGuestRedirectFromVizportal=y&:origin=viz_share_link&:showAppBanner=false&:showVizHome=n |url-status=dead }}</ref> | demographics2_info2 = {{Plainlist| *50.1% [[Kristian ba Malaysia|Kristian]] *34.2% [[Islam Sunni]] *12.8% [[Buddha ba Malaysia|Buddha]] *0.2% [[Irreligion|Nadai pengarap]] *0.3% [[Hindu]] *0.1% [[Pengarap Baháʼí|Baháʼí]] *0.1% Ke bukai }} | timezone1 = [[Jam Standard Malaysia|JSM]]<ref>{{Cite web |title=Facts of Sarawak |url=http://sarawakfacts.sarawak.gov.my/modules/web/cls_list.php?clsid=34&catid=156&subcatid=&polid=129 |publisher=The Sarawak Government |access-date=23 July 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150723154012/http://sarawakfacts.sarawak.gov.my/modules/web/cls_list.php?clsid=34&catid=156&subcatid=&polid=129 |archive-date=23 July 2015}}</ref> | utc_offset1 = +8 | postal_code_type = [[Ripih kod pos ba Malaysia|Kod pos]] | postal_code = 93xxx<ref>{{Cite web |title=Postal codes in Sarawak |url=https://postal-codes.cybo.com/malaysia/sarawak/?p=1 |website=cybo.com |access-date=23 July 2015 |archive-date=19 May 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190519202027/https://postal-codes.cybo.com/malaysia/sarawak/?p=1 |url-status=dead}}</ref> to 98xxx<ref>{{Cite web |title=Postal codes in Miri |url=https://postal-codes.cybo.com/malaysia/miri/ |website=cybo.com |access-date=23 July 2015 |archive-date=4 March 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304093216/https://postal-codes.cybo.com/malaysia/miri/ |url-status=dead}}</ref> | area_code_type = [[Lumur Talipaun ba Malaysia|Kod talipaun]] | area_code = 082 to 086<ref>{{Cite web |title=Area codes in Sarawak |url=https://area-codes.cybo.com/malaysia/sarawak/?p=1 |website=cybo.com |access-date=22 July 2015 |archive-date=21 September 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180921230029/https://area-codes.cybo.com/malaysia/sarawak/?p=1 |url-status=dead}}</ref> | iso_code = [[ISO 3166-2:MY|MY-13]] | registration_plate = [[Plat lisin perengka jalai ba Malaysia|QA to QT]]<ref>{{Cite news |last1=Soon |first1=Teh Wei |title=Some Little Known Facts On Malaysian Vehicle Registration Plates |url=http://malaysiandigest.com/features/546797-some-little-known-facts-on-malaysian-vehicle-registration-plates.html |date=23 March 2015 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150708091603/http://malaysiandigest.com/features/546797-some-little-known-facts-on-malaysian-vehicle-registration-plates.html |archive-date=8 July 2015 |publisher=Malaysian Digest |access-date=19 July 2022}}</ref> <!-- blank fields (section 1) -->| blank1_name_sec1 = [[Gross domestic product|GDP]] {{Nobold|(nominal)}} | blank1_info_sec1 = 2022 | blank2_name_sec1 = &nbsp;• Penyampau | blank2_info_sec1 = {{Increase}} $45.405 bilion<br>([[Ringgit Malaysia|RM]] 199.786 bilion)<ref name=":dosm">{{Cite web |last=DOSM |title=Department of Statistics Malaysia |url=https://www.dosm.gov.my/portal-main/release-content/gross-domestic-product-gdp-by-state- |access-date=2023-09-11 |website=www.dosm.gov.my}}</ref> ([[List of Malaysian states by GDP|3rd]]) | blank3_name_sec1 = &nbsp;• Per kapita | blank3_info_sec1 = {{Increase}} $18,377<br>([[Ringgit Malaysia|RM]] 80,857)<ref name=":dosm" /> ([[List of Malaysian states by GDP#Gross Domestic Product per capita by state|3rd]]) | blank4_name_sec1 = [[Gross domestic product|GDP]] {{Nobold|([[Purchasing power parity|PPP]])}} | blank4_info_sec1 = 2022 | blank5_name_sec1 = &nbsp;• Penyampau | blank5_info_sec1 = {{Increase}} $88.709 bilion ([[Ripih negeri Malaysia nitihka GDP|3rd]]) | blank6_name_sec1 = &nbsp;• Per kapita | blank6_info_sec1 = {{Increase}} $51,175 ([[List of Malaysian states by GDP#Gross Domestic Product per capita by state|3rd]]) | blank_name_sec1 = [[Human Development Index|HDI]] {{Nobold|(2022)}} | blank_info_sec1 = {{Increase}} 0.824<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://hdi.globaldatalab.org/areadata/shdi/ |title=Subnational Human Development Index (2.1) [Sarawak – Malaysia] |publisher=Global Data Lab of Institute for Management Research, [[Radboud University Nijmegen|Radboud University]] |access-date=12 November 2018}}</ref><br/><span style="color:#0c0;">very high</span> · [[List of Malaysian states by Human Development Index|5th]] <!-- blank fields (section 2) -->| blank_name_sec2 = [[Trafik tangan kiba enggau kanan|Tisi deriba]] | blank_info_sec2 = Kiba | blank1_name_sec2 = [[Alur elektrik nitihka menua|Voltan elektrik]] | blank1_info_sec2 = 230 V, 50 Hz | blank2_name_sec2 = Mata duit | blank2_info_sec2 = [[Ringgit Malaysia]] (RM/MYR) | website = {{Official website|https://sarawak.gov.my/}} | image_map1 = {{Hidden begin |title=OpenStreetMap|ta1=center}}{{Infobox mapframe|frame-width=250|zoom=8}}{{Hidden end}} | official_name = Sarawak Bumi Kenyalang<br /><div style="padding-top:0.25em;">{{Nobold|{{Native name|ms|Negeri Sarawak}}}}</div> }} [[Sarawak]] tu sebengkah ari dua negeri Malaysia ti ba Pulau [[Kalimantan|Borneo]]. Sarawak nyadi negeri ti pemadu besai ba menua [[Malaysia]] laban pemesai negeri Sarawak deka sama enggau pemesai Semenanjung Malaysia. Sarawak ngembuan sempadan enggau Sabah ba Timur Laut, Kalimantan, [[Indonesia]] ba Selatan, enggau [[Brunei]] ba Barat Laut. Indu nengeri Kuching nyadi palan ekonomi enggau alai endur perintah nengeri Sarawak. Nitih ka pansik ba taun 2020, Sarawak bisi ngembuan penyampau 2,453,000 orang.<ref>Sim, Ashley (18 Ogos 2022) [https://dayakdaily.com/malaysia-census-2020-reveals-sarawaks-population-totals-2-453-mln-kuching-district-accounts-for-609000/ "Malaysia Census 2020 reveals Sarawak's population totals 2.453 MLN, Kuching District accounts for 609,000"] ''Dayak Daily''. Diambi 18 September 2022.</ref> [[Batang Rajang]] ianya sungai ka pemadu panjai ba Malaysia bisi ba negeri Sarawak; [[Tekat Ai Bakun]] , siti ari tekat ai ke pemadu besai ba Asia Tenggara, digaga ba anak sungai Batang Rajang, Sungai Balui. Gunung Murud nya punchak ka pengabis tinggi ba Sarawak. Sarawak nyadi siti-siti nya negeri ti ngembuan orang [[Kristian]] ti majoriti.<ref>UCA News Reporter (26 Julai 2022) [https://www.ucanews.com/amp/malaysia-christians-pray-for-peace-equality-freedom/98155 Malaysia Christians pray for peace, equality, freedom] </ref><br /> Endur ka paling tumu alai mensia diau ianya ba [[Gua Niah]], ti dipekira umur lebih 40,000 tahun nyin suba. Bemacham kerimpak seramik Cina ti dipekira ari abad ke-8 enggau ke-13 udah ditemu ka ba alai arkeologis [[Santubong]]. Sepemanjai pantai Sarawak, kala dipegai Brunei ba abad ke-16. Ba taun 1839, [[James Brooke]], seiku pelayar British, datai ba Sarawak. Iya enggau peturun iya, merintah menua Sarawak ari taun 1841 ngagai 1946. Lebuh maya Perang Dunya Ke-2, Sarawak diperintah Jipun sepengelama tiga taun. Sepengudah perang, Rajah Putih ti ka penudi, [[Charles Vyner Brooke]], nyerahka Sarawak ngagai Britain. Ba 22 Julai 1963, Sarawak diberi British kuasa kena megai perintah kediri empu. Lalu, ba 16 September 1963, Sarawak bela enggau numbuhka Malaysia. Taja pan pia, penumbuh Malaysia dibangkang Indonesia, lalu ngujungka konfrantasi sepengelama tiga taun. Menua Malaysia seketegal deka ngurangka pengganas Komunis ti bepengujung ba taun 1990.<br /> Tuai negeri ianya Gabenor, ti diberi nama, Yang di-Pertua Negeri, lalu tuai perintah menua Sarawak ianya [[Premier Sarawak|Premier]]. Sarawak dipegai-urus ngagai begian, enggau pelilih menua, ti udah diatur nitihka Sistem Parlimen Westminister, sepengudah dipegai British. Nitihka [[Konstitusyen Malaysia]], Sarawak ngembuan kuasa autonomi ti besar agi ari negeri ba [[Semenanjung Malaysia]].<br /> Ekonomi Sarawak kebendar agi lebih ba ekspot. Laban ti ngembuan asil asal ti mayuh, ekspot Sarawak suah agi ba minyak ngau gas, balak, enggau minyak kelapa sawit. Taja pan pia, Sarawak mega bisi sektor pembuatan, energi enggau dagang temuai. Sarawak ngembuan mayuh pupu bansa, adat, enggau jaku. Bansa ti bisi ba Sarawak iya nya, [[Iban]], [[Melayu]], China, [[Melanau]], [[Bidayuh]], enggau [[Orang Ulu]]. Jaku Inggeris enggau jaku Melayu bela nyadi jaku rasmi negeri; lalu Sarawak nadai ngembuan pengarap rasmi. == Etimologi == Asal leka jaku Sarawak ianya ari jaku Melayu Sarawak, ''serawak'' tauka ''Cerava'' ti diberi nama orang Portugis lebuh kurun ke-16, ti mai reti Tin tauka Timah<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20080209105740/http://sejarahmalaysia.pnm.my/portalBI/list.php?ttl_id=35&section=sm03 Origin of Place Names - Sarawak] Perpustakaan Negara. 2000. Diarkif ari teks asal maya 9 Februari 2008. Diambi maya 18 September 2022.</ref>. Lebuh maya nya Sarawak bisi ngembuan deposit Timah ti chukup mayuh. Bisi mega teori ti madah nama Sarawak datai ari leka jaku "Saya serah kepada awak" tauka dikepandak nyadi "sarawak", ti mai reti "aku nyerah diri ke nuan". Leka jaku nya disebut Pangeran Muda Hashim (ayak Sultan Brunei) lebuh maya ia meri Sarawak ke James Brooke. Taja pia, teori tu disangkal laban leka jaku "awak" nadai ba jaku Melayu Sarawak sebedau Malaysia ditubuhka [[Fail:Buceros rhinoceros -Kuala Lumpur Bird Park, Malaysia-8a (2).jpg|thumb|Burung negeri Sarawak ianya burung kenyalang bansa [[Buceros Rhinoceros]] ]] <br />Sarawak dikelala enggau nama "Bumi Kenyalang" (Menua Kenyalang). Kenyalang endang besai amat reti ba orang Dayak. Enti nitihka cherita, enti nyema kenyalang terebai atas rumah, ia deka mai tuah timpah ngagai orang ti beempu rumah nya. Sarawak bisi ngembuan lapan ari lima pulum empat spesis burung kenyalang ti bisi ba dunya tu. == Sejarah == Ditemu pemisi orang ti diau ba [[Mulu]] Barat, [[Gua Niah]] (bepanggai ba 110 kilometer ari barat daya Miri) 40,000 taun ti udah.<ref name=":0">[https://web.archive.org/web/20150323011312/http://www.world-archaeology.com/features/niah-cave-sarawak-borneo.htm Niah Cave, Sarawak, Borneo]</ref><ref name=":1">[https://web.archive.org/web/20150218010128/http://www.sarawakforestry.com/htm/snp-np-niah.html "Niah National Park - Early Human Settlement]</ref> Keruntuk mensia moden ti ditemu semak Gua Niah ianya mensia ti pemadu tuai ti bisi ba Malaysia enggau Asia Tenggara<ref name=":1" /><ref name=":0" />. Seramik China ti datai ari dinasti Tang enggau Song (Taun 8 nyentuk 13 Masihi, tiap-tiap) ditemu ba Santubong (semak Kuching) nunjukka penguntung Santubong nyadi pengkalan kapal ai<ref>[https://books.google.com.my/books?id=fLL5BQj9Xf0C&pg=PA49&redir_esc=y#v=onepage&q&f=false Study in Chinese Archeology]</ref>. Ba kurun ke-7, bisi penduduk ti diberi nama Vijayapura, siti nengeri vasal ba empayar Srivijaya ti ngempu tanah ba barat laut pulau Borneo.<ref>[https://books.google.com.my/books?id=YWO5Va53GkgC&pg=PA31&redir_esc=y Adventures Guide: East Malaysia]</ref> Endur tu ditujuka menua Brunei, ti ditemu ari penerang Arab enggau nama "Sribuza"<ref>[https://www.jstor.org/stable/20174317?seq=4 Brunei Rediscovered: A Survey of Early Times] p. 35 disebut Ferrand. Relations, lambar 564-65. Tibbets, Arabic Texts, lambar 47.</ref>. Penyadi perintah Musa (Muja, ianya Brunei lama) bepekat enggau perintah Mayd (entara Ma-i or Madja-as ba menua Filipin), belaban enggau Empayar China bisi ditulis pengarang ari Arab, Al Ya'akubi dalam 800 rekod.<ref>[https://www.jstor.org/stable/20174317?seq=7 Brunei Rediscovered: A Survey of Early Times By Robert Nicholl] p. 38 disalin Ferrand. Relations. Lambar 344.</ref> Sepengudah penjajah Chola ari India ba Srivijaya, Datu Puti mimpin datu-datu ari Pulau Sumatera enggau Pulau Borneo ngelaban Rajah Makatunao (ti dikumbai Rajah Tugao dalam perintah Melanau ba Sarawak) ti dipilih perintah Chola tauka anak peturun Seri Maharajah (ditulis ba rekod China). Datu-datu nya nguji ngidupka baru perintah Srivijaya ba menua baru ti dikumbai Madja-as ba pulau-pulau Visaya (raban pulau ti bulih nama ari Srivijaya) ba menua Filipina. Nitih ke penulis ari Friar Augustinian Rev. Fr. Santaren maya era Sepanyol, sepengudah 10 Datu-Datu numbuhka mayuh kuta ba Panay enggau Luzon Selatan, Datu Macatunao tauka Rajah Makatunao ti ngempu gelar "Sultan Moro," enggau kaban belayan Datu Puti ti ngerampas reta enggau pengaya sepuluh datu, lalu dibunuh penglima ti benama Labaodungon enggau Paybare. Empayar Brunei ditubuhka ba begian pesisir Sarawak ba tengan abad ke-15<ref>David Lea; Colette Milward (2001). [https://books.google.com.my/books?id=MeWNnD1nUgUC&pg=PA16&redir_esc=y#v=onepage&q&f=false A Political Chronology of South-East Asia and Oceania] Psychology Press. pp. 16–. ISBN <bdi>[[:en:Special:BookSources/978-1-85743-117-9|978-1-85743-117-9]]</bdi>.</ref>, lalu pelilih menua Kuching dikumbai kartografer Portugis enggau nama ''Cerava'' maya abad ke-16, siti ari lima pengakalan kapal ai ba Borneo.<ref>Broek, Jan O.M. (1962). [https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/03085696208592208 Place Names in 16th and 17th Century Borneo] </ref><ref>Donald F, Lach (15 Julai 2008). [https://books.google.com.my/books?id=xD52ge5a8vYC&pg=PA581&redir_esc=y#v=onepage&q&f=false ''Asia in the Making of Europe, Volume I: The Century of Discovery, Book 1''] University of Chicago Press. p. 581. ISBN <bdi>[[:en:Special:BookSources/978-0-226-46708-5|978-0-226-46708-5]]</bdi>. Diambi 18 September 2022.</ref> Ba abad ke-19, empayar Brunei makin menusut, ngetanka pemegai ba pelilih pantai ba Sarawak ti diperintah pemerintah Orang Laut. Jauh ari pantai, bisi perang berebutka menua ti nyadi entara orang [[Dayak Iban|Iban]] enggau orang [[Kenyah]]-[[Kayan]].<ref>Alastair, Morrison (1 January 1993). [https://books.google.com.my/books?id=U80cU8Fx1kAC&pg=PA10&redir_esc=y#v=onepage&q&f=false ''Fair Land Sarawak: Some Recollections of an Expatriate Official''] SEAP Publications. Lambar 10. ISBN <bdi>[[:ms:Khas:Sumber_buku/978-0-87727-712-5|978-0-87727-712-5]]</bdi>. Dicapai maya 29 Oktober 2015.</ref> Tin tauka biji antimoni udah ditemu ba tanah [[Kuching]] udah diiring Pangeran Indera Mahkota, pengari Sultan Brunei, kena majakka pemansang ba menua tu ba entara taun 1824 nyentukka taun 1830. Lebuh maya pengawa ngeluarka antimoni majak nambah, perintah Sultan Brunei niki ka agi chukai lalu bisi pemantah ari orang asal.<ref>Trudy, Ring; Noelle, Watson; Paul, Schellinger (12 November 2012). [https://books.google.com.my/books?id=voerPYsAB5wC&pg=PA497&redir_esc=y#v=onepage&q&f=false ''Asia and Oceania: International Dictionary of Historic Places''] SEAP Publications. Lambar 497. ISBN <bdi>978-0-87727-712-5</bdi>. Diambi maya 24 September 2021.</ref> Ba taun 1839, Sultan Omar Ali Saifuddin II (1827-1852), ngasuh ayak ia Pangeran Muda Hashim ngaduka pemantah tu, tang ia enda ulih ngaga pengawa tu, nya alai ia minta bantu ari pelaut British ianya [[James Brooke]]. Pemujur Brooke dalam ngancurka pemantah nya ngujungka sida diberi antimoni, reta enggau gelar gabenor Sarawak ti maya nya, Sarawak agi nyengkaum begian mit ti diberatka ba Kuching.<ref>Graham, Saunders (5 November 2013). [https://books.google.com.my/books?id=DUv8AQAAQBAJ&pg=PA80&redir_esc=y#v=onepage&q&f=false ''A History of Brunei''] Routledge. Lambar 74–77. ISBN <bdi>978-1-136-87394-2</bdi>. Diambi maya 24 November 2016.</ref><ref>James Leasor (1 Januari 2001). [https://books.google.com.my/books?id=Tl9tx4MJYf4C&pg=PA41&redir_esc=y#v=onepage&q&f=false ''Singapore: The Battle That Changed the World''] House of Stratus. lambar 41–. ISBN <bdi>[[:ms:Khas:Sumber_buku/978-0-7551-0039-2|978-0-7551-0039-2]]</bdi>.</ref> [[Fail:James Brooke.jpg|left|thumb|[[James Brooke]], Rajah Putih ti keterubah]] Sebilik Brooke, ti kepenudinya dikumbai Rajah Putih, berengkah ngemesaika menua ti udah diberi ke sida.<ref>Mike, Reed. [https://web.archive.org/web/20030608223530/http://www1.sarawak.com.my/travel_features/bk_review/brooke.html "Book review of "The Name of Brooke – The End of White Rajah Rule in Sarawak" by R.H.W. Reece, Sarawak Literary Society, 1993"] ''[https://sarawak.com.my sarawak.com.my]''. Diarkib ari asal maya 8 Jun 2003. Diambi maya 7 August 2015.</ref> Berengkah ari taun 1841, Sarawak diseraraka nyadi begian pemerintah ti keterubah<ref name=":2">Lim, Kian Hock (16 September 2011). [https://web.archive.org/web/20150206232438/http://www.theborneopost.com/2011/09/16/a-look-at-the-civil-administration-of-sarawak/ "A look at the civil administration of Sarawak"] The Borneo Post. Diarkib ari asal maya 6 Februari 2015. Diambi maya 21 November 2015.</ref>, enggau mata duit kediri ianya Dolar Sarawak ti berengkah dikena maya taun 1858. Ba taun 1912, Sarawak dibagika nyadi 5 begian ti diperintah siti Residen genap iti begian.<ref name=":2" /> Sebilik Brooke ngereja ka pemerintah paternalistik enggau birokrasi ti minima, tang sida diguai nubuhka sekeda rengka undang-undang. Ketegal sida enda nemu adat orang asal, pemerintah Brooke nubuhka Raban Kunsil Tetinggi ti nyengkaum tuai-tuai orang Laut ti ulih meri iring. Kunsil tu nyadi gempuru perundangan ti pemadu tuai ba Malaysia, enggau aum ti keterubah nyadi ba Bintulu lebuh taun 1867.<ref>[https://archive.is/20161119121306/http://www.bda.gov.my/modules/web/pages.php?mod=webpage&sub=page&id=49&menu_id=0&sub_id=66 Bintulu - Places of Interest] Bintulu Development Authority. Diarkibkan ari asal maya 19 November 2016. Diambi maya 24 September 2022.</ref> Ba taun 1928, siti Pegawai Akim, Thomas Stirling Boyd, udah dilantik nyadi akim keterubah ti dikemendarka undang-undang. Sistem sama ti bekaul enggau pekara-pekara bemacham komuniti orang Cina udah ditubuhka.<ref name=":3">Ooi, Keat Gin (2013) [https://books.google.com.my/books?id=RzVUOidajPAC&pg=PA7&redir_esc=y#v=onepage&q&f=false ''Post-war Borneo, 1945–50: Nationalism, Empire and State-Building''] Routledge. lambar. 7. ISBN <bdi>978-1-134-05803-7</bdi>. Diambi maya 2 November 2015. </ref> Orang-orang asal pan diransang perintah Brooke deka beratika dalam sekeda fungsi ba menua Sarawak: orang Iban enggau orang Dayak ti bukai diterima dalam pengawa soldadu seraya orang Laut diterima dalam pengawa pengatur. Orang Cina diberi pengawa ba ladang,<ref>Marshall, Cavendish (2007). [https://books.google.com.my/books?id=72VwCFtYHCgC&pg=PA1182&redir_esc=y#v=onepage&q&f=false ''World and Its Peoples: Eastern and Southern Asia, Volume 9''] Bangladesh: Marshall Cavendish. lambar 1182. ISBN <bdi>978-0-7614-7642-9</bdi>. Diambi maya 2 November 2015.</ref> lombong enggau nyadi birokrat.<ref name=":3" /> Pengawa dagang ti bekembang ngujung ke penubuh [[Borneo Company Limited]] ba taun 1856. Kompeni tu bisi bekaul mayuh macham bisnes baka pengawa dagang, pengawa bank, pengawa betanam betupi, pengawa penemu mineral enggau pengawa pemangsang.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20151012024013/http://eresources.nlb.gov.sg/infopedia/articles/SIP_1248_2007-07-02.html "The Borneo Company Limited"] National Library Board. Diarkib ari asal maya 12 Oktober 2015. Diambi maya 25 Januari 2016.</ref> Entara taun 1853 nyentukka 1862, bisi sekeda penentang ngelaban perintah Brooke tang semua nya ulih ditagang enggau bantu ari orang asal Sarawak kediri.<ref name=":3" /> Kena ngetanka diri ari kena serang raban bujang berani tauka bala tuai-tuai kayau kelia, bisi sekeda kubu udah digaga baka Kubu Margherita di Kuching, Kubu Alice di Sri Aman enggau Kubu Emma di Kanowit.<ref name=":4">Simon, Elegant (13 July 1986). [https://web.archive.org/web/20151102083010/http://www.nytimes.com/1986/07/13/travel/sarawak-a-kingdom-in-the-jungle.html?pagewanted=all "SARAWAK: A KINGDOM IN THE JUNGLE"] The New York Times. Diarkib ari asal maya 2 November 2015. Diambi maya 2 November 2015.</ref> [[Fail:Sarawak territorial expansion.gif|thumb|Pemansang menua Sarawak ari taun 1841 nyentuk 1905 ti ngaga adan menua Sarawak diatu.]] [[Charles Anthoni Brooke]] nganti aya iya nyadi Rajah Putih ba taun 1868. Baruh perintah iya, Sarawak bulih menua Limbang, Baram enggau lebak Trusan ari Sultan Brunei. Sepengudah nya, Sarawak nyadi menua naungan British<ref>Charles, de Ledesma; Mark, Lewis; Pauline, Savage (2003). [https://books.google.com.my/books?id=hS0_GehsGPwC&pg=PA723&redir_esc=y#v=onepage&q&f=false ''Malaysia, Singapore, and Brunei''] Rough Guides. m/s. 723. ISBN <bdi>978-1-84353-094-7</bdi>. Diambi maya 2 November 2015. <q>In 1888, the three states of Sarawak, Sabah, and Brunei were transformed into protectorates, a status which handed over the responsibility for their foreign policy to the British in exchange for military protection.</q></ref>. Maya nya, British nguruska hal luar nengeri tang perintah Brooke ulih ngatur menua Sarawak empu. Ba dalam menua, Brooke ngaga Muzium Sarawak, muzium ti pemadu tuai ba Borneo ba taun 1891<ref>Saiful, Bahari (23 June 2015). [https://web.archive.org/web/20151002091817/http://www.theborneopost.com/2015/06/23/thrill-is-gone-state-museum-stuck-in-time-public/ "Thrill is gone, state museum stuck in time — Public"] The Borneo Post. Diarkib ari asal maya 2 Oktober 2015. Diambi maya 2 November 2015.</ref><ref name=":4" /> sereta mai pemaik ba Marudi enggau ngujungka perang entara bansa-bansa ba dia. Pemansang ekonomi diteruska, enggau pengawa ngali minyak ba taun 1910 enggau pemuka Brooke Dockyard dua taun udah nya. Anthony Brooke ti nyadi Rajah Muda ba taun 1939 diadaka ba taun 1912.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20161129025715/http://www.brooketrust.org/history-of-sarawak "History of Sarawak"] Brooke Trust. Diarkib ari asal maya 29 November 2016. Diambi maya 24 September 2022</ref> Pengerami 100 taun Brooke ba Sarawak diatur ba taun 1941. Maya pengerami nya, konstitusyen ti baru dikelalaka ngena nyekat kuasa Rajah enggau meri rayat Sarawak tanggung pengawa ti besai agi ba perintah. Taja pia, konstitusyen tu enda sempat dikena semua laban Jipun udah jajah Sarawak.Ba urung taun ti sama, British nyurutka soldadu udara enggau laut ti nyaga Sarawak ke menua Singapore. Enggau penyadi Sarawak ti enda dilindung manah, rejim Brooke ngaga polisi "bumi angus". Endur pemasang minyak ba Miri deka dipunaska enggau pengkalan padang bilun Kuching mengkang dijaga sepengelama ti ulih sebedau endur nya dipunaska. Taja pia, siti invasi Jipunke diuluka Kiyotake Kawaguchi datai ba Miri ba 16 Disember 1941 enggau ngambi nengeri Kuching ba 24 Disember 1941. Soldadu darat British udah ngundurka diri ngagai Singkawang, sepiak Borneo Belanda. Sepengudah sepuluh minggu belaban dia, bala soldadu besekutu udah nyerahka diri ba 1 April 1942. [[Charles Vyner Brooke]], Rajah Putih Sarawak ke penudi udah rari ngagai Sydney, [[Australia]]; lebuh nya, bala pegawai iya udah ditangkap lalu diseraraka ba Kem Batu Lintang. [[Fail:Japanese conquest map, Kuching.JPG|thumb|Kar dunya ti besai ngambarka endur ti dipegai Jipun ba Asia, ti didirika ba siti jalai ba Kuching]] [[Fail:Native population of Kuching.JPG|thumb|Mayuh orang Sarawak ba Kuching begempuru deka nyaksika penatai bala Soldadu Imperial Australia (AIF) ba 12 September 1945.]] Sarawak mengkang nyadi begian ari Empayar Jipun sepengelama tiga taun enggau lapan bulan. Maya nya, menua Sarawak dibagika ngagai tiga menua - Kuching-shu, Sibu-shu, dan Miri-shu - siti-siti di baruh Gabenor diri empu. Angkatan Berikat udah nya ngereja Operasi Semut deka sabotaj pengawa Jipun ba Sarawak. Maya perang Borneo Utara, soldadu Australia datai ba kandang endur [[Lutong]]-Miri ba 20 Jun 1945 lalu ngerembus penyauh [[Marudi]] enggau [[Limbang]] sebedau ngemaduka operasyen sida ba Sarawak. Sepengudah penyerah alah Jipun, Jipun nyerah diri ngagai soldadu Australia ba Labuan ba 10 September 1945. Sarawak alu diengkah ba baruh Perintah Soldadu British enggau diatur Soldadu Imperial Australia nyentuk bulan April 1946. Laban bisi pengurang tengkira deka nirika Sarawak sepengudah perang, Charles Vyner Brooke mutuska meri Sarawak nyadi Koloni Mahkota British sereta Undan-undan Sidang ditubuhka ba Kunsil Negeri (diatu Dewan Undangan Negeri Sarawak) ti dijuraika penemu sepengelama tiga hari. Undan-undan nya dipaska ba 17 Mei 1946 enggau majoriti sempit (19 ngelaban 16 undi). Nya ngasuh beratus-ratus pekerja perintah Melayu badu kereja deka mantah, ngaga pejalai anti-penyerah sereta pemunuh gabenor penjajah kedua Sarawak, [[Sir Duncan Steward]]. Taja bisi pengelaban, Sarawak nyadi Koloni Mahkota British ba 1 Julai 1946. Anthony Brooke ngelaban penyerah Sarawak ngagai Koloni Mahkota British, ngujungka iya diburu pansut perintah kolonial ari Sarawak. Iya baru diulihka pulai 17 taun sepengudah Sarawak nyadi siti ari begian Malaysia. Ba taun 1950, semua pejalai anti-penyerah ba Sarawak ngetu sepengudah dipunaska perintah kolonial. Maya 27 Mei 1961, Tunku Abdul Rahman, perdana menteri Persekutuan Tanah Melayu, beterangka perambu nubuhka federasi ti besai agi enggau Singapore, Sarawak, Sabah enggau Brunei, ti deka dikumbai Malaysia. Ba 17 Januari 1962, [[Komisyen Cobbold]] ditubuhka deka ngitung sukung Sarawak enggau Sabah ngagai perambu nua; Komisyen Cobbold madahka 80 peratus sukung ngagai federasi. Ba 23 Oktober 1962, lima parti politik ba Sarawak ngaga siti barisan besatu ti nyukung penubuh Malaysia. Sarawak enggau resmi diberika perintah kediri maya 22 Julai 1963, sereta nyadi federasi enggau Malaya, Borneo Utara (diatu Sabah), enggau Singapore deka nubuhka federasi Malaysia maya 16 September 1963. Perintah [[Filipina]] enggau Indonesia ngelaban penubuh federasi, baka nya mega Parti Rayat Brunei enggau raban komunis ti bepengkalan ba Sarawak, sereta maya taun 1962, Pengelaban Brunei udah nyadi. Presiden Indonesia Sukarno malas enggau nusun sukarela ti besenyata enggau, udah nya, bala soldadu ngagai Sarawak. Beribu bala komunis Sarawak ngagai Kalimantan, begian Borneo ba Indonesia, lalu belatih enggau Partai Komunis Indonesia. Konfrontasyen ti pemadu tegang nyadi ba Plaman Mapu ba April 1965. Pengalah Indonesia ba Plaman Mapu ngujungka pengelabuh [[Sukarno]] lalu iya udah diganti Suharto nyadi presiden Indonesia. Perunding diberengkah baru entara Malaysia enggau Indonesia ti mai ngagai pengujung konfrontasi ba 11 Ogos 1966. Sekeda raban komunis udah bisi ba Sarawak, keterubahnya ia nya, Liga Pemuda Demokrat Cina Luar Negara Sarawak, ditubuh maya taun 1951. Siti agi raban, Parti Komunis Kalimantan Utara (NKCP) (ti dikumbai penerang perintah mega Organisasi Komunis Klandestin (CCO)) ditubuhka enggau resmi ba taun 1970. Seduai Weng Min Chyuan enggau Bong Kee Chok nya dua kepala komunis ti agi tebilang ti bisi nyengkaum dalam pengelaban nya. Maya gaya politik berubah, makin tusah ngagai komunis deka bepengawa. Nya ngasuh Bong berunding enggau kepala menteri Abdul Rahman Ya'kub ba taun 1973, ngujungka iya nyain sempekat enggau perintah. Weng ti mindah ke menua China ba tengah 1960-an tang agi mengkang ngawal CCO, neruska pengelaban besenyata ti beterus ngagai perintah taja bisi sempekat tu. Konflik tu beteruska ba rantau Batang Rajang tang sepengudah nya tembu maya 17 Oktober 1990, NKCP nyain sempekat likun enggau perintah Sarawak. == Politik == === Perintah === {| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;" |+ Komposiyen Dewan Undangan Negeri Sarawak ke-19 |- | colspan="4" | [[Fail:Sarawak State Legislative Assembly 20211224 mrfo.svg|300px]] |- !Parti !Kepala Gempuru ! Status ! Kerusi <br /> (Undi 2021) |- |[[Gempung Parti Sarawak]] (GPS) |[[Abang Johari Openg]] |Perintah |40 |- |[[Parti Sarawak Bersatu]] (PSB) |[[Wong Soon Koh]] | rowspan="2" |Pemangkang |10 |- |[[Pakatan Harapan]] (PH) |[[Chong Chieng Jen]] |32 |- ! colspan="3" |Penyampau !82 |- ! colspan="3" |Perintah majoriti !70 |} [[Fail:Timeline of evolution of political parties in Sarawak.svg|thumb|Taris timpuh evolusyen parti politik ba Sarawak]] Kepala menua Sarawak ia nya [[Yang di-Pertua Negeri]] (dikumbai mega TYT tauka Gabenor Sarawak), penuduk ti pemadu simbolik ti dipilih [[Yang di-Pertuan Agong]] (Raja Malaysia) atas lalau perintah federasi Malaysia. Ari taun 2024 pengawa tu dipegai [[Wan Junaidi Tuanku Jaafar]]. TYT mega nyiri [[Premier Sarawak]], ti depegai Abang Johari Openg (GPS), nyadi kepala perintah Sarawak. Kesuah agi, tuai parti ti merintahka majoriti Dewan Undangan Negeri dipilih nyadi Premier Sarawak; Pengari ti dipilih enggau chara demokratik dikumbai Ahli Dewan Undangan Negeri (ADUN). Majelis Gempuru Perintah Sarawak bisi hak ngeluluska undan-undan pasal subjek ti nadai ba baruh bidang kuasa Parlimen Malaysia baka atur tanah, pengawa, hutan, imigresyen, pengawa kapal saudagar enggau pengawa berikan. Perintah negeri digaga Premier Sarawak, Sapit Premier, menteri-menteri kabinet, timbalan-timbalan menteri, enggau ahli-ahli Senator DUN Sarawak. Ngena ngelindung kepenguna rakyat Sarawak ba federasyen Malaysia, pelindung istimewa udah ditamaka dalam [[Konstitusyen Malaysia]]. Nya nyengkaum: penagang imigresyen tama enggau pansut negeri sereta statuspendiau orang bukai rayat Sarawak enggau bukai rayat Sabah, batas ukum ngagai luyar residen, pengelepas Mahkamah Tinggi Perintah Sarawak ari Mahkamah Tinggi Semenanjung Malaysia, siti peneka ia nya Premier Sarawak deka diiring sebedau pemilih tuai akim Mahkamah Tinggi Perintah Sarawak, pemisi Mahkamah Anak Negeri ba Sarawak enggau kuasa deka ngenaka chukai bejual. Orang asal Sarawak mega ulih ngasai semua keistimewaan ti manah agi baka kuota khas dalam pengawa-pengawa perintah Sarawak, sadung pengawa ti manah agi dalam servis awan Sarawak sereta serikat-serikat swasta, bantu biasiswa, penempat pelajar Sarawak ba semua kolej enggau universiti serata Malaysia, program keusahawanan orang muda & indu, hak pemilik bisnes enggau mayuh agi keistimewaan ti orang asal Sarawak bulih. Perintah kandang endur ba Sarawak disemutika ari uum-ukum majlis tempatan ti digaga Parlimen Malaysia. [[Fail:Kuching Sarawak Dewan-Undangan-Negeri-Sarawak-01.jpg|left|thumb|Bengunan Baru Dewan Undangan Sarawak (DUN) bepalan ba semak emperan Kuching]] Parti-parti politik ba Sarawak ti pemayuh ulih dibagika ngagai tiga begian: parti politik bumiputera Sarawak (PBB dan PBM), parti politik Dayak Sarawak (PRS, PDP, PBDSB, ell.), enggau parti politik ukai Bumiputera Sarawak (SUPP, PSB, PBK, ell.); Parti-parti nya tadi, taja pia, ulih mega nyengkaum bala ari lebih ari satu raban. Parti politik ti keterubah, Parti Rakyat Bersatu Sarawak (SUPP), digaga ba taun 1959, dinitih Parti Negara Sarawak (PANAS) ba taun 1960 enggau Parti Kebangsaan Sarawak (SNAP) ba taun 1961. Parti-parti politik ukai baka Parti Pesaka Sarawak (PESAKA) ayan ba taun 1962. Parti-parti tu sepengudah nya nitih Parti Perikatan. Parti Perikatan (sepengudahnya nyadi Barisan Nasional) udah merintah Sarawak kenyau ari penubuh Malaysia. Pembangkang ba Sarawak enggau konsisten nuduh gabungan perintah ngena bemacham bansa taktik meli undi deka menang maya pengawa pemilih. [[Stephen Kalong Ningkan]] nyadi Ketua Menteri Sarawak ti keterubah ari 1963 nyentukka 1966 sepengudah iya menang dalam pengawa pemilih kunsil tempatan. Taja pia, iya udah diguling Tawi Sli ba taun 1966 enggau bantu perintah federal Malaysia, ngasuh penyadi penusah konsitusyen Sarawak 1966. [[Fail:Wan Junaidi Tuanku Jaafar 2023.jpg|thumb|300x300px|[[Wan Junaidi Tuanku Jaafar]], Yang di-Pertua Negeri Sarawak diatu]] [[Fail:Abang Johari Openg during a visit by UNIMAS officials.jpg|thumb|300x300px|[[Abang Johari Openg]], Premier Sarawak diatu]] Ba taun 1969, pengawa pemilih ti keterubah ba Sarawak udah nyadi, enggau bala Majlis Negeri dipilih terus bala pengundi. Pengawa pemilih tu nandaka pemerengkah pemekuasa bansa Melanau ba Sarawak nengah Abdul Rahman Ya'kub dan [[Abdul Taib Mahmud]]. Ba taun ti sama, Parti Komunis Kalimantan Utara (NKCP) udah ditubuh ti sepengudah nya lancharka perang gerila ngagai perintah negeri Sarawak ti baru dipilih. Parti itu dipunaska sepengudah sida nyain sempekat pemaik ba taun 1990. Ba taun 1973, penubuh Parti Pesaka Bumiputera Bersatu (PBB) sepengudah pegabung sekeda parti. Parti tu udah nya nyadi tulang belakang pegabung BN Sarawak. Ba taun 1978, Parti Tindakan Demokratik (DAP) nyadi parti keterubah ti berpalan ba Malaysia Barat ti muka pampang iya ba Sarawak. Sarawak terubah iya, ngaga pengawa pemilih negeri sama enggau pengawa pemilih parlimen menua. Tang, kepala menteri maya nya, Abdul Rahman Ya'kub nangguhka pemubaran diwan negeri setaun bagi ngadang penanggul ti disaru parti-parti pembangkang. Tu nyadika Sarawak siti-siti negeri ba Malaysia ti ngaga pengawa pemilih negeri ti beserara ari pengawa pemilih parlimen menua ari taun 1979. Ba taun 1983, SNAP berengkah beserara nyadi sekeda parti-parti bukai ketegal penusah kepala ti betandu. Klimat politik ba negeri tu stabil nyentuk Urusan Mahkamah Ming 1987, siti penaban kuasa politik ti diberengkah aya Abdul Taib Mahmud deka nggulingka pegabung BN ti dituai Taib. Taja pia, penaban kuasa nya enda mujur lalu Taib mengkang nyadi kepala menteri. Ari pengawa pemilih taun 2006, Parti Tindakan Demokratik (DAP) mulih pemayuh sukung iya ari pusat-pusat nengeri lalu nyadi parti pembangkang terbesai ba Sarawak. Ba tahun 2010, DAP ngaga gabungan Pakatan Rakyat enggau Parti Keadilan Rakyat (PKR) enggau Parti Islam Se-Malaysia (PAS); dua-dua iti parti tu berengkah aktif ba Sarawak entara 1996 enggau 2001. Sarawak siti-siti nya negeri ba Malaysia dini parti-parti komponen berpalan ba Malaysia Barat dalam pegabung BN, kelebih agi UMNO, enda aktif dalam politik negeri. === Perintah Sarawak === Sarawak dipegai Dewan Undangan Negeri enggau Majlis Mesyuarat Kerajaan Sarawak. Dewan Undangan Negeri Sarawak ia nya kuasa tetinggi dalam netapka polisi ba dalam negeri. Raban Dewan Undangan Negeri betanggungjawap ngagai Dewan Undangan Negeri ti diarika bemacham orang ti dipilih ninting lima tahun. Diwan tu di baruh Yang di-Pertua Negeri ti dipilih Yang di-Pertuan Agong Malaysia. Jabatan Premier Sarawak ia nya tiang adminstrasyen begian ti bisi Pejabat Premier Sarawak, Pejabat Setiausaha Kerajaan Sarawak, sereta jabatan-jabatan perintah Sarawak ti bukai. === Bagi menua enggau pelilih menua === Enda sebaka enggau Semenanjung Malaysia, Sarawak dibagika ngagai 12 iti begian, ti dituai siku residen ti dipilih. {| class="wikitable" style="margin:1em auto 1em auto; width:90%; font-size:smaller; text-align:center" |- ! colspan="7" | '''Begian ba Sarawak''' |- | colspan="7" style="font-size:larger" | [[Fail:Sarawak districts map.svg|center|frameless]] |- ! Kod UPI ! Begian ! Penuduk<br />(pansik 2020) ! Pemesai<br />(km2) ! Kerusi ! Pelilih menua (Pelilih mit) ! Perintah asal |- ! 1301 ! [[Begian Kuching|Kuching]] | [https://sarawak.gov.my/web/home/article_view/240/175/?id=158#175 812,900] | 1,794.18 | [[Kuching]] | 3 (5) | 5 |- ! 1302 ! [[Begian Sri Aman|Sri Aman]] | [https://sarawak.gov.my/web/home/article_view/240/175/?id=158#175 111,500] | 5,466.25 | [[Simanggang]] | 2 (5) | 2 |- ! 1303 ! [[Begian Sibu|Sibu]] | [https://sarawak.gov.my/web/home/article_view/240/175/?id=158#175 350,700] | 8,278.3 | [[Sibu]] | 3 | 3 |- ! 1304 ! [[Miri Division|Miri]] | [https://sarawak.gov.my/web/home/article_view/240/175/?id=158#175 433,800] | 26,777 | [[Miri]] | 5 (11) | 3 |- ! 1305 ! [[Begian Limbang|Limbang]] | [https://sarawak.gov.my/web/home/article_view/240/175/?id=158#175 103,100] | 7,790 | [[Limbang]] | 2 (5) | 2 |- ! 1306 ! [[Begian Sarikei|Sarikei]] | [https://sarawak.gov.my/web/home/article_view/240/175/?id=158#175 139,500] | 4,332.4 | [[Sarikei]] | 4 | 2 |- ! 1307 ! [[Begian Kapit|Kapit]] | [https://sarawak.gov.my/web/home/article_view/240/175/?id=158#175 155,900] | 38,934 | [[Kapit]] | 4 (6) | 3 |- ! 1308 ! [[Begian Samarahan|Samarahan]] | [https://sarawak.gov.my/web/home/article_view/240/175/?id=158#175 187,500] | 2,927.5 | [[Kota Samarahan]] | 3 (5) | 2 |- ! 1309 ! [[Begian Bintulu|Bintulu]] | [https://sarawak.gov.my/web/home/article_view/240/175/?id=158#175 266,300] | 12,166.2 | [[Bintulu]] | 3 | 1 |- ! 1310 ! [[Begian Betong|Betong]] | [https://sarawak.gov.my/web/home/article_view/240/175/?id=158#175 129,000] | 4,180.8 | [[Betong]] | 4 (9) | 2 |- ! 1311 ! [[Begian Mukah|Mukah]] | [https://sarawak.gov.my/web/home/article_view/240/175/?id=158#175 134,900] | 6,997.61 | [[Mukah]] | 5 (8) | 2 |- ! 1312 ! [[Begian Serian|Serian]] | [https://sarawak.gov.my/web/home/article_view/240/175/?id=158#175 105,800] | 2,039.9 | [[Serian]] | 2 (3) | 1 |- | colspan="7" style="text-align:left" | Nota: Data penuduk Begian Serian enda nyengkaum daerah mit Siburan ti sebedau tu dalam Begian Kuching. |} Maya 26 November 2015, daerah Serian ti sebedau tu siti ari daerah ba begian Samarahan udah nyadi siti begian Sarawak kedua belas. Begian Serian udah diresmi Adenan Satem maya 11 April 2015. Siti begian dibagi ngagai daerah, ti bisi siti pegawai daerah, ti mega dibagi ngagai daerah mit, siti-siti dituai Pegawai Adminstratif Sarawak. Bisi mega pegawai pemerangsang bagi siti-siti begian enggau daerah kena ngaga projek pemeransang menua. Perintah negeri milih siti penghulu tauka tuai kampung bagi tiap-tiap iti kampung. {| class="wikitable" style="width: 400px" !Begian !Pelilih menua !Pelilih mit |- style="border-top: 3px solid black" | rowspan="3" |Kuching |[[Pelilih Menua Kuching|Kuching]] |Padawan |- | colspan="2" |Bau |- |[[Pelilih Menua Lundu|Lundu]] |Sematan |- style="border-top: 3px solid black" | rowspan="3" |Samarahan | colspan="2" |Samarahan |- |Asajaya |Sadong Jaya |- |[[Simunjan]] |Sebuyau |- style="border-top: 3px solid black" | rowspan="2" |Serian |Serian |Siburan |- | colspan="2" |Tebedu |- style="border-top: 3px solid black" | rowspan="3" |Sri Aman | rowspan="2" |[[Sri Aman]] |Lingga |- |Pantu |- |[[Lubok Antu]] |Engkilili |- style="border-top: 3px solid black" | rowspan="5" |Betong | rowspan="2" |Betong |Spaoh |- |Debak |- |Saratok |Budu |- |Pusa |Maludam |- |Kabong |Roban |- style="border-top: 3px solid black" | rowspan="4" |Sarikei | colspan="2" |Sarikei |- | colspan="2" |[[Maradong|Meradong]] |- | colspan="2" |Julau |- | colspan="2" |Pakan |- style="border-top: 3px solid black" | rowspan="5" |Mukah |Mukah |Balingian |- |[[Dalat]] |Oya |- |[[Matu]] |Igan |- | colspan="2" |[[Daro]] |- | colspan="2" |Tanjung Manis |- style="border-top: 3px solid black" | rowspan="3" |Sibu | colspan="2" |[[Sibu]] |- | colspan="2" |Kanowit |- | colspan="2" |[[Selangau]] |- style="border-top: 3px solid black" | rowspan="4" |Kapit |Kapit |Nanga Merit |- | colspan="2" |Song |- |Belaga |Sungai Asap |- | colspan="2" |Bukit Mabong |- style="border-top: 3px solid black" | rowspan="3" |Bintulu | colspan="2" |[[Bintulu]] |- | colspan="2" |[[Tatau]] |- | colspan="2" |Sebauh |- style="border-top: 3px solid black" | rowspan="6" |Miri |[[Miri]] |Bario |- |Marudi |Mulu |- |Subis |Niah-Suai |- |Beluru |Tinjar |- | rowspan="2" |Telang Usan |Long Lama |- |Long Bedian |- style="border-top: 3px solid black" | rowspan="3" |Limbang |[[Limbang]] |Nanga Medamit |- | rowspan="2" |[[Lawas]] |Sundar |- |Trusan |} == Pengelikun == === Soldadu === Bala sodadu ti keterubah ba Sarawak ia nya siti regimen ti ditubuhka Rejim Brooke ba taun 1862, ti dikelala enggau nama [[Sarawak Rangers]]. Rejimen nya, ti tebilang enggau pengelandik pengawa begiga ba dalam hutan, udah begawa deka nembu perang entara bansa ba Sarawak. Sarawak Rangers mega nitih perang gerila ngelaban Jipun, maya Darurat Tanah Melayu (ba Malaysia Barat) enggau maya operasyen Pengelaban Komunis Sarawak ngagai bala komunis. Sepengudah penubuh menua Malaysia, rejimen nya diserap ngagai angkatan tentera Malaysia lalu dikumbai Rejimen Renjer Diraja diatu. Maya taun 1888, Sarawak, enggau menua ti semak, iya nya Borneo Utara enggau Brunei nyadi naungan perintah Inggeris, lalu tanggungjawap polisi luar diserah ngagai British nyadi tukar enggau pelindung soldadu. Ari penubuh menua Malaysia, perintah federal Malaysia bisi semua tangungjawap ngagai polisi enggau soldadu menua bukai ba menua tu. === Pengelaban kandang menua === Perintah Malaysia ngembuan sekeda pengelaban kandang menua enggau menua-menua ti semak, ti bisi irau menua Sarawak. Nya nyengkaum pengelaban tanah enggau maritim ti bisi enggau menua Brunei enggau [[China]]. Maya taun 2009, kepala menteri Malaysia [[Abdullah Ahmad Badawi]] madahka dalam aum enggau Sultan Brunei, Brunei setuju deka badu minta kandang menua Limbang. Tang, utai tu disangkal Menteri Luar Negeri Brunei ti kedua ia nya Lim Jock Seng, ti madahka utai tu enda kala dirintai maya aum nya. Beting Serupai enggau Beting Raja Jarum, pulau-pulau ba [[Tasik China Selatan]], belabuh ba zon ekonomi eksklusif Sarawak, udah bisi isu irau berita selebubu ngapa ti madahka bisi serang digaga menua China. == Geografi == [[Fail:Julan_waterfall_01.jpg|thumb|Ai wung Julan (bepalan ba [[Usun Apau Plieran]]) nya ai wung ke pemadu tinggi ba Sarawak<ref>{{Cite web |title=Trekking to Western Julan waterfall, the highest in Sarawak |url=https://sarawaktourism.com/itinerary/western-julan-waterfall/ |publisher=Sarawak Tourism Board |access-date=7 October 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181007224415/https://sarawaktourism.com/itinerary/western-julan-waterfall/ |archive-date=7 October 2018}}</ref>]] Penyampau pemasai tanah Sarawak sepemesai {{Cvt|124450|km2|sqmi}},<ref name="statistics"/> ngambi 37.5 persin ari penyampau pemesai menua Malaysia, lalu bepalan entara latitud utara 0° 50′ nyentukka 5° sereta longitud timur 109° 36′ nyentukka 115° 40′ E.<ref name="stateplanning">{{Cite web |title=Geography of Sarawak |url=http://www.spu.sarawak.gov.my/geography.html |website=Official website of state planning unit Chief Minister's Department of Sarawak |access-date=14 November 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150423011032/http://www.spu.sarawak.gov.my/geography.html |archive-date=23 April 2015}}</ref> Pemanjai pantai iya {{Cvt|750|km|mi}} lalu bisi sekeda pantai negeri tu disekat pantai Brunei sepemanjai {{Cvt|150|km|mi}}.<ref name="Welman">{{Cite book |author=Frans Welman |title=Borneo Trilogy Sarawak: Volume 2 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=A-H-O8pxUnMC&pg=PA132 |access-date=28 August 2013 |publisher=Booksmango |isbn=978-616-245-089-1 |pages=132, 134, 136–138, 177 |date=9 March 2017}}</ref> Sepemanjai pantai {{Cvt|45.5|km|mi}} udah majak rusak.<ref>{{Cite journal |url=https://water.gov.my/jps/resources/auto%20download%20images/5844e2ec68076.pdf |title=Coastal erosion management in Malaysia |author=Ir. Ooi Choon Ann |journal=Director of Coastal Engineering Division Department of Irrigation and Drainage of Malaysia, Proc. 13th Annual Seminar of the Malaysian Society of Marine Sciences |via=Department of Irrigation and Drainage, Ministry of Water, Land and Natural Resources of Malaysia |date=1996 |access-date=14 October 2019 |pages=9 (10) |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191014050909/https://water.gov.my/jps/resources/auto%20download%20images/5844e2ec68076.pdf |archive-date=14 October 2019 |url-status=dead}}</ref> Dalam taun 1961, Sarawak nyengkaum negeri sepiak Sabah ti udah dipasuk dalam [[Gerempung Maritim Entarabansa]] (IMO) nengah penyereta United Kingdom nyadi kaban sekutu begulai IMO.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://treaties.un.org/doc/Publication/CN/1961/CN.144.1961-Eng.pdf |title=Convention on the Inter-governmental Maritime Consultative Organization Done at Geneva on 6 March 1948 [Communication From the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland] |publisher=United Nations |date=13 November 1961 |access-date=15 December 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191215055512/https://treaties.un.org/doc/Publication/CN/1961/CN.144.1961-Eng.pdf |archive-date=15 December 2019 |url-status=dead}}</ref> Sarawak diseraraka ari Kalimantan ulih rentang bukit tinggi enggau gunung ti nyadi sebagi ari rentang gunung tengah Borneo. Tu nyadi tinggi agi ke utara, lalu pemadu tinggi semak pun penatai [[Batang Baram]] ba Gunung Batu Lawi enggau Gunung Mulu ti curam. Gunung Murud nya titik pemadu tinggi di Sarawak.<ref name="Welman"/> Sarawak ngembuan geografi tropika enggau iklim khatulistiwa sereta ngasaika dua musim monsun iya nya monsun timur laut enggau monsun barat daya. Monsun timur laut nyadi entara bulan November enggau Februari, mai ujan bangat lalu monsun barat daya ke nyadi entara bulan Mac enggau Oktober mai ujan mimit. Iklim nya entap sepemanjai taun kelimpah ari dua monsun, enggau pukul rata pengangat ninting hari ti bebida entara {{Cvt|23|C|F}} maya pagi nyentukka {{Cvt|32|C|F}} maya ngalih hari ba menua pantai. Miri ngembuan pukul rata tikas pengangat ti pemadu baruh enti dibanding enggau mengeri besai bukai di Sarawak sereta ngembuan jam siang hari ti pemadu lama (lebih ari enam jam sehari), lalu kandang menua bukai nerima panchar mata panas pengelama lima ngagai enam jam sehari. Pengelembap selalu iya tinggi, ngelui 68 peratus, enggau ujan ninting taun bebida entara {{Cvt|330|cm|in}} enggau {{Cvt|460|cm|in}} sepengelama dalam urung 220 hari setaun.<ref name="stateplanning"/> Ba kandang menua tanah tinggi, pengangat iya ulih bebida entara {{Cvt|16|C|F}} nyentukka {{Cvt|25|C|F}} maya pagi hari lalu ulih nyadi sepemaruh {{Cvt|11|C|F}} maya malam hari.<ref>{{Cite web |title=The Geography of Sarawak |url=http://www.sarawak.gov.my/web/home/article_view/159/176/ |website=The official website of Sarawak Government |publisher=Sarawak Government |access-date=18 June 2017}}</ref> Sarawak dibagi ngagai tiga eko-menua. Kandang menua pesisir nya chukup baruh sereta rata enggau kandang endur paya ti besai sereta rampa menua basah bukai. Pantai di Sarawak nyengkaum Pasir Panjang<ref>{{Cite web |title=Pasir Panjang, Kuching |url=http://sarawaktourism.com/attraction/pasir-panjang/ |publisher=Sarawak Tourism Board |access-date=27 December 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151227125143/http://sarawaktourism.com/attraction/pasir-panjang/ |archive-date=27 December 2015}}</ref> enggau pantai-pantai Damai ba Kuching,<ref>{{Cite web |title=Damai Beach Resort |url=http://sarawaktourism.com/attraction/damai-beach-resort/ |publisher=Sarawak Tourism Board |access-date=27 December 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151227125311/http://sarawaktourism.com/attraction/damai-beach-resort/ |archive-date=27 December 2015}}</ref> pantai Tanjung Batu ba Bintulu,<ref>{{Cite web |title=Tanjung Batu Beach, Bintulu |url=http://sarawaktourism.com/attraction/tanjung-batu-beach/ |publisher=Sarawak Tourism Board |access-date=27 December 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151117112532/http://sarawaktourism.com/attraction/tanjung-batu-beach/ |archive-date=17 November 2015}}</ref> sereta Tanjung Lobang<ref>{{Cite web |title=Brighton Beach/Tanjung Lobang |url=http://sarawaktourism.com/attraction/brighton-beach-tanjung-lobang/ |publisher=Sarawak Tourism Board |access-date=27 December 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150413155555/http://sarawaktourism.com/attraction/brighton-beach-tanjung-lobang/ |archive-date=13 April 2015}}</ref> enggau pantai Hawaii ba Miri.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Hawaii Beach |url=http://sarawaktourism.com/attraction/hawaii-beach/ |publisher=Sarawak Tourism Board |access-date=27 December 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150413162747/http://sarawaktourism.com/attraction/hawaii-beach/ |archive-date=13 April 2015}}</ref> Tanah ti bebukit nyadika mayuh tanah ti diuan mensia lalu endur nya endur mayuh negeri ti ditemu. Penyangkai kapal Kuching enggau Sibu digaga mimit penyauh ari tebing tasik ba atas sungai seraya Bintulu enggau Miri semak enggau tebing tasik ke alai bukit-bukit nya ngerembai nyentuk ngagai Tasik China Selatan. Pelilih menua ketiga iya nya pelilih menua begunung sepemanjai garis entara menua Sarawak{{Ndash}}Kalimantan, ke nyadi palan mayuh kampung ba [[Bario]], [[Ba'kelalan]], enggau [[Usun Apau Plieran]].<ref name="Welman" /> Bisi sekeda sungai nengah Sarawak, lalu [[Sungai Sarawak]] nyadi batang sungai ti nengah Kuching. Batang Rajang nyadi sungai pemadu panjai di Malaysia, pemesai 563 km (350 mi) nyengkaum anak sungai iya, [[Sungai Baleh]]. Ba sepiak utara, Batang Baram, [[Sungai Limbang]] enggau [[Sungai Trusan]] ngelamun [[Teluk Brunei]].<ref name="Welman"/> [[Fail:Rajang delta.jpg|thumb|left|[[Batang Rajang]] nyadi sungai ke pemadu panjai ba Malaysia]] Sarawak ulih dibagi ngagai dua zon geologi iya nya Perisai Sunda, ti ngerembai ke barat daya ari [[Batang Lupar]] (semak [[Simanggang]]) lalu nyadi ujung selatan Sarawak, enggau pelilih menua geosinklin, ke ngerembai ke timur laut ngagai Batang Lupar, nempa pelilih menua tengah enggau utara Sarawak. Bansa batu ti pemadu tuai di selatan Sarawak iya nya schist ti ditempa maya jeman Carboniferous enggau Lower Permian, lalu batu igneus ti pemadu biak ba pelilih menua tu iya nya andesit, ulih ditemu ba Sematan. Penumbuh geologi pelilih menua tengah enggau utara berengkah maya jeman ujung Cretaceous. Bansa batu bukai ke ulih ditemu ba tengah enggau utara Sarawak iya nya shale, batu pasir, enggau chert.<ref name="stateplanning"/> Begian Miri di timur Sarawak iya nya pelilih menua strata Neogene ti ngundan batu kaya organik ti nyadi rizab minyak enggau gis ti prolifik. Batu ti diperkaya enggau komponen organik iya nya batu luchak ba Formasyen Lambir, Miri enggau Tukau jeman Miosen Tengah-Pliosen Baruh.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Togunwa |first1=Olayinka |last2=Abdullah |first2=Wan |date=10 August 2017 |title=Geochemical characterization of Neogene sediments from onshore West Baram Delta Province, Sarawak: paleoenvironment, source input and thermal maturity |journal=Open Geosciences |volume=9 |issue=1 |pages=302–313 |doi=10.1515/geo-2017-0025 |bibcode=2017OGeo....9...25T |issn=2391-5447 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Penyampau tanah Sarawak ke besai iya nya litosol, manggai 60 persin, enggau podsol, urung 12 persin, seraya tanah aluvium ke mayuh ditemu ba kandang menua pesisir enggau sungai. 12 persin menua Sarawak dibungkur kampung paya gambut.<ref name="stateplanning"/> Batu kapur ti ngembuan topografi karst ti mansang manah sereta sistem gua ditemu ngachir ari barat ngagai timur Sarawak, tang betumpu ba sekeda pelilih menua baka ba pelilih menua Bau di barat enggau selatan semak garis entara menua Kalimantan.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Hutchison |first=Charles S. |title=Geology of north-west Borneo: Sarawak, Brunei and Sabah |date=2005 |publisher=Elsevier |isbn=0-08-046089-5 |location=Amsterdam |oclc=162130402}}</ref> Bisi tiga puluh taman negera,<ref>{{Cite web |title=Sarawak National Parks |url=http://www.sarawakforestry.com/htm/snp.html |publisher=Sarawak Forestry Department |access-date=25 June 2017 |archive-date=20 October 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121020031608/http://www.sarawakforestry.com/htm/snp.html |url-status=dead}}</ref> entara nya Taman Negara Gua Niah,<ref>{{Cite web |title=Niah National Park, Miri |url=http://sarawaktourism.com/attraction/niah-national-park-miri/ |publisher=Sarawak Tourism Board |access-date=26 December 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151226131410/http://sarawaktourism.com/attraction/niah-national-park-miri/ |archive-date=26 December 2015}}</ref> ekosistem ti udah mansang tinggi ngelingi Taman Negara Bukit Lambir,<ref>{{Cite web |title=Lambir Hills National Park |url=http://www.sarawakforestry.com/htm/snp-np-lambir.html |publisher=Sarawak Forestry Corporation |access-date=26 December 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150530045056/http://www.sarawakforestry.com/htm/snp-np-lambir.html |archive-date=30 May 2015}}</ref> enggau siti ke nyadi Palan Pesaka Dunya iya nya [[Taman Negara Gunung Mulu]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Gunung Mulu National Park |url=https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/1013 |publisher=UNESCO |access-date=27 December 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151016060027/https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/1013 |archive-date=16 October 2015}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Gunung Mulu National Park (Malaysia) |url=https://whc.unesco.org/en/decisions/2431/ |publisher=UNESCO |access-date=19 March 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151116095437/https://whc.unesco.org/en/decisions/2431/ |archive-date=16 November 2015}}</ref> Taman kepenudi tadi ngundan Ruai Sarawak, siti ari ruai baruh tanah ti pemadu besai di dunya,<ref>{{Cite magazine |last1=Vergano |first1=Dan |title=China's "Supercave" Takes Title as World's Most Enormous Cavern |url=http://news.nationalgeographic.com/news/2014/09/140927-largest-cave-china-exploration-science/ |access-date=6 April 2017 |magazine=National Geographic |date=27 September 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170131062902/http://news.nationalgeographic.com/news/2014/09/140927-largest-cave-china-exploration-science |archive-date=31 January 2017 |url-status=dead}}</ref> [[Gua Rusa]], jalai gua ti pemadu besai di dunya,<ref>{{Cite web |title=Deer Cave and Lang's Cave |url=http://www.mulunationalpark.com/show-caves-deer-langs.php |publisher=Mulu National Park |access-date=27 December 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150712112352/http://www.mulunationalpark.com/show-caves-deer-langs.php |archive-date=12 July 2015}}</ref> enggau Gua Ai Jernih, sistem gua ti pemadu panjai di Asia Tenggara.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Clearwater cave and Wind Cave |url=http://www.mulunationalpark.com/show-caves-clearwater-wind.php |publisher=Gunung Mulu National Park |access-date=27 December 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150712094552/http://www.mulunationalpark.com/show-caves-clearwater-wind.php |archive-date=12 July 2015}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Gunung Mulu National Park |url=http://www.tourism.gov.my/en/es/places/states-of-malaysia/sarawak/gunung-mulu-national-park |publisher=Malaysia Tourism Promotion Board |access-date=27 December 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151017082915/http://www.tourism.gov.my/en/es/places/states-of-malaysia/sarawak/gunung-mulu-national-park |archive-date=17 October 2015}}</ref> <gallery mode="packed" caption="Landskap ba Sarawak"> File:Mulu_Pinnacles.jpg|alt=Tall, light grey stone columns protruding above a forest|Punchak-punchak bukit ba [[Taman Negara Gunung Mulu]] File:Mount_Murud_Summit_02.jpg|Babas ba punchak [[Gunung Murud]] File:South China Sea, Sarawak (7246670486).jpg|Pemandang [[Tasik China Selatan]] ari Sarawak File:Bako National Park (3678650933).jpg|alt=A mudflat receding into the sea in the distance, with a cloud-topped mountain beyond|Sekeda endur ba [[Taman Negara Bako]] </gallery> ===Biodiversiti=== {{See also|Fauna ba Borneo|Pengawa nebang kampung ba Borneo|Pusat Biodiversiti Sarawak}} Sarawak ngundan [[kampung ujan tropika]] ti besai enggau mayuh macham bansa utai tumbuh,<ref>{{Cite web |title=Borneo plants |url=http://wwf.panda.org/what_we_do/where_we_work/borneo_forests/about_borneo_forests/borneo_animals/borneo_plants/ |publisher=World Wide Fund for Nature |access-date=2 December 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160425204321/http://wwf.panda.org/what_we_do/where_we_work/borneo_forests/about_borneo_forests/borneo_animals/borneo_plants |archive-date=25 April 2016}}</ref> ti ngujungka sekeda ari sida nya dipansik ketegal bisi pengelebih ubat.<ref>{{Cite news |title=Medicinal plants around us |url=http://www.theborneopost.com/2014/08/24/medicinal-plants-around-us/ |access-date=16 November 2015 |work=The Malaysian Nature Society |publisher=The Borneo Post |date=24 August 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140830015043/http://www.theborneopost.com/2014/08/24/medicinal-plants-around-us/ |archive-date=30 August 2014}}</ref> Kampung bakau enggau nipah ti melapis muara iya mungkur 2% ari kandang endur iya ti bisi kampung, kampung paya gambut ba sepemanjai bagi menua bukai ba tebing tasik iya mungkur 16%, kampung Kerangas mungkur 5% enggau kampung Dipterocarpaceae mungkur tebal agi kandang endur ti begunung. Kayu besai ti ditemu ba kampung muara nyengkaum bako enggau nibong, lalu iya ti ba kampung paya gambut nyengkaum ''ramin'' (''[[Gonystylus bancanus]]''), ''meranti'' (''[[Shorea]]''), enggau ''medang jongkong'' (''[[Dactylocladus stenostachys]]'').<ref name="stateplanning"/> [[Fail:How to peel a banana with your foot (26443349170).jpg|thumb|left|upright|Siti orangutan benung ngupas pisang ba Rizab Jelu Siga Semenggoh.]] Spesis jelu mega mayuh macham, iya nya 185 bansa mamalia, 530 bansa burung, 166 bansa ular, 104 bansa baya, enggau 113 bansa amfibia, ke alai 19 peratus mamalia, 6 peratus burung, 20 peratus ular enggau 32 peratus baya nya [[endemik]]. Spesis tu mayuh agi ditemu ba Kandang Endur ti Dilindung Penuh. Bisi lebih 2,000 bansa kayu di Sarawak. Utai tumbuh bukai nyengkaum 1,000 bansa orkid, 757 bansa pakis, enggau 260 bansa sawit.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Sarawak National Park – Biodiversity Conservation |url=http://www.sarawakforestry.com/htm/snp-bc.html |publisher=Sarawak Forestry Department |access-date=17 November 2015 |archive-date=28 November 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151128010731/http://www.sarawakforestry.com/htm/snp-bc.html |url-status=dead}}</ref> Negeri tu nyadi habitat jelu ti deka punas, nyengkaum gajah borneo pygmy, kera proboscis, [[orang utan]] enggau badak Sumatera.<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/earth/earthpicturegalleries/8296131/Rainforest-is-destroyed-for-palm-oil-plantations-on-Malaysias-island-state-of-Sarawak.html?image=5 |title=Rainforest is destroyed for palm oil plantations on Malaysia's island state of Sarawak (Image 1 and Image 2) |newspaper=The Daily Telegraph |access-date=21 August 2014 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110206085015/http://www.telegraph.co.uk/earth/earthpicturegalleries/8296131/Rainforest-is-destroyed-for-palm-oil-plantations-on-Malaysias-island-state-of-Sarawak.html?image=5 |archive-date=6 February 2011}}<br />{{*}} {{Cite news |url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/earth/earthpicturegalleries/8296131/Rainforest-is-destroyed-for-palm-oil-plantations-on-Malaysias-island-state-of-Sarawak.html?image=8 |title=Rainforest is destroyed for palm oil plantations on Malaysia's island state of Sarawak (Image 3) |newspaper=The Daily Telegraph |access-date=21 August 2014 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110207212130/http://www.telegraph.co.uk/earth/earthpicturegalleries/8296131/Rainforest-is-destroyed-for-palm-oil-plantations-on-Malaysias-island-state-of-Sarawak.html?image=8 |archive-date=7 February 2011}}<br />{{*}} {{Cite web |url=http://www.theborneopost.com/2013/05/05/sumatran-orangutans-rainforest-home-faces-new-threat/ |title=Sumatran Orangutans' rainforest home faces new threat |work=[[Agence France-Presse]] |publisher=The Borneo Post |date=5 May 2013 |access-date=21 August 2014}}<br />{{*}} {{Cite iucn |author=Meijaard, E. |author2=Nijman, V. |author3=Supriatna, J. |name-list-style=amp |title=''Nasalis larvatus'' |volume=2008 |page=e.T14352A4434312 |date=2008 |doi=10.2305/IUCN.UK.2008.RLTS.T14352A4434312.en |access-date=12 January 2018}}</ref> Palan Jelu Siga Matang, Rizab Alam Semenggoh, enggau Palan Pengintu Jelu Siga Lanjak Entimau<ref>{{Cite web |title=25 success stories |url=http://www.itto.int/direct/topics/topics_pdf_download/topics_id=2796&no=0&disp=inline |publisher=[[International Tropical Timber Organization]] (ITTO) |access-date=16 November 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150613011444/http://www.itto.int/direct/topics/topics_pdf_download/topics_id%3D2796%26no%3D0%26disp%3Dinline |archive-date=13 June 2015 |pages=44–45 |url-status=dead}}</ref> tebilang enggau program nyaga orang utan sida.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Semenggoh Nature Reserve |url=http://sarawaktourism.com/attraction/semenggoh-nature-reserve/ |publisher=Sarawak Tourism Board |access-date=16 November 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150508013152/http://sarawaktourism.com/attraction/semenggoh-nature-reserve/ |archive-date=8 May 2015}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Matang Wildlife Centre |url=http://sarawaktourism.com/attraction/matang-wildlife-centre/ |publisher=Sarawak Tourism Board |access-date=16 November 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150514234944/http://sarawaktourism.com/attraction/matang-wildlife-centre/ |archive-date=14 May 2015}}</ref> Taman Negara Talang{{Ndash}}Satang tebilang enggau inisiatif ngintu penyu.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Talang-Satang National Park |url=http://sarawaktourism.com/attraction/talang-satang-national-park/ |publisher=Sarawak Tourism Board |access-date=16 November 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151116071641/http://sarawaktourism.com/attraction/talang-satang-national-park/ |archive-date=16 November 2015}}</ref> Pengawa meda burung endang pengawa ke suah dikereja ba mayuh bengkah taman negara baka Taman Negara Gunung Mulu, Taman Negara Lambir Hills,<ref>{{Cite web |title=Birding in Sarawak |url=http://sarawaktourism.com/attraction/birding-in-sarawak/ |publisher=Sarawak Tourism Board |access-date=16 November 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150516085037/http://sarawaktourism.com/attraction/birding-in-sarawak/ |archive-date=16 May 2015}}</ref>enggau [[Taman Negara Similajau]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Similajau National Park |url=http://sarawaktourism.com/attraction/similajau-national-park/ |publisher=Sarawak Tourism Board |access-date=16 November 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150508014847/http://sarawaktourism.com/attraction/similajau-national-park/ |archive-date=8 May 2015}}</ref> Taman Negara Miri{{Ndash}}Sibuti dikelala enggau terumbu karang iya<ref>{{Cite web |title=Diving in Miri-Sibuti Coral Reefs National Park |url=http://sarawaktourism.com/attraction/diving-in-miri-sibuti-coral-reef-national-park/ |publisher=Sarawak Tourism Board |access-date=16 November 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150504000343/http://sarawaktourism.com/attraction/diving-in-miri-sibuti-coral-reef-national-park/ |archive-date=4 May 2015}}</ref> lalu Taman Negara Gunung Gading Gunung Gading National Park tebilang ketegal [[bungai but]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Gunung Gading National Park |url=http://sarawaktourism.com/attraction/gunung-gading-national-park/ |publisher=Sarawak Tourism Board |access-date=16 November 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150516085552/http://sarawaktourism.com/attraction/gunung-gading-national-park/ |archive-date=16 May 2015}}</ref> Taman Negara Bako, taman negara ke pemadu tuai ba Sarawak ngembuan 275 kere proboscis,<ref>{{Cite web |title=Bako National Park |url=http://www.sarawakforestry.com/htm/snp-np-bako.html |publisher=Sarawak Forestry Corporation |access-date=26 December 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150925040118/http://www.sarawakforestry.com/htm/snp-np-bako.html |archive-date=25 September 2015}}</ref> lalu Kebun Kendi Padawan ketegal mayuh macham utai tumbuh kendi.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Padawan Pitcher Plant & Wild Orchid Centre |url=http://sarawaktourism.com/attraction/padawan-pitcher-plant-wild-orchid-garden/ |publisher=Sarawak Tourism Board |access-date=16 November 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150409045310/http://sarawaktourism.com/attraction/padawan-pitcher-plant-wild-orchid-garden/ |archive-date=9 April 2015}}</ref> Maya 1854, [[Alfred Russel Wallace]] kala ngabas Sarawak. Setaun udah nya, iya ngaga rumusan "Undang-undang Sarawak" ti ngambarka rumusan teori evolusi iya (enggau Darwin) nengah chara natural selection tiga taun udah nya.<ref>{{Cite news |last1=Rogers |first1=Alan |title=Wallace and the Sarawak Law |url=http://www.theborneopost.com/2013/07/14/wallace-and-the-sarawak-law/ |access-date=15 November 2016 |newspaper=The Borneo Post |date=14 July 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161115022532/http://www.theborneopost.com/2013/07/14/wallace-and-the-sarawak-law/ |archive-date=15 November 2016}}</ref> Perintah nengeri Sarawak udah ngaga sekeda undang-undang dikena nyaga kampung enggau spesis jelu siga ti deka punas. Sekeda ari bansa jelu ti dijaga iya nya orang utan, [[penyu tasik gadung]], [[kubung]], enggau [[Kenyalang|burung kenyalang]]. Nengah Ordinan Penyaga Jelu Siga 1998, peranak asal Sarawak diberi pemendar ngasu jelu siga ti disekat dalam kampung tang enda patut ngembuan dagin lebih ari 5 kg (11 lb).<ref>{{Cite news |last1=Lian |first1=Cheng |title=Protected wildlife on the menu |url=http://www.theborneopost.com/2013/03/31/protected-wildlife-on-the-menu/ |access-date=16 November 2015 |newspaper=The Borneo Post |date=31 March 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130401105507/http://www.theborneopost.com/2013/03/31/protected-wildlife-on-the-menu/ |archive-date=1 April 2013}}</ref> Opis Kampung Sarawak ditumbuhka dalam taun 1919 dikena ngintu pengeraja asal kampung di nengeri tu.<ref>{{Cite web |title=History |url=http://www.forestry.sarawak.gov.my/modules/web/pages.php?mod=webpage&sub=page&id=75&menu_id=0&sub_id=115 |publisher=Official website of Forest Department Sarawak |access-date=16 November 2015 |quote=Mr. J.P. Mead became the first Conservator of Forests, Sarawak Forest Department, in 1919. The objectives of the Department were to manage and conserve the State's forest resources. |archive-url=https://archive.today/20161119121104/http://www.forestry.sarawak.gov.my/modules/web/pages.php?mod=webpage&sub=page&id=75&menu_id=0&sub_id=115 |archive-date=19 November 2016 |url-status=dead}}</ref> Berindik ari kritik antarabansa bekaul enggau industri nebang kayu di Sarawak, perintah nengeri ngaga pemutus ngurangka Opis Kampung Sarawak lalu numbuhka Perbadanan Kampung Sarawak dalam taun 1995.<ref>{{Cite web |last1=Barney |first1=Chan |title=6. INSTITUTIONAL RESTRUCTURING IN SARAWAK, MALAYSIA |url=http://www.fao.org/docrep/010/ai412e/AI412E10.htm |publisher=[[Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations]] |access-date=16 November 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120719063139/http://www.fao.org/docrep/010/ai412e/AI412E10.htm |archive-date=19 July 2012}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Sarawak Forestry Corporation – About Us – FAQ |url=http://www.sarawakforestry.com/htm/aboutus-faq.html |publisher=Sarawak Forestry Corporation |access-date=16 November 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150512164659/http://www.sarawakforestry.com/htm/aboutus-faq.html |archive-date=12 May 2015}}</ref> Palan Biodiversiti Sarawak ditumbuhka dalam taun 1997 ungkup pengawa ngintu, nyaga, sereta ngemansangka biodiversiti ti meruan di nengeri tu.<ref>{{Cite web |title=About Sarawak Biodiversity Centre – Profile |url=http://www.sbc.org.my/about-sbc |publisher=Sarawak Biodiversity Centre |access-date=16 November 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141206075233/http://www.sbc.org.my/about-sbc |archive-date=6 December 2014}}</ref> ==== Isu pengibun ==== [[Fail:Sarawak, Cultural Village 11.jpg|thumb|Siti kem berimba kampung ba tisi [[Batang Rajang]]]] Kampung ujan Sarawak keterubah iya dikeruga industri batang enggau kebun sawit.<ref>{{Cite news |last1=Tom |first1=Young |title=Malaysian palm oil destroying forests, report warns |url=https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2011/feb/02/malaysian-palm-oil-forests |access-date=28 July 2015 |newspaper=The Guardian |date=2 February 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140529234141/http://www.theguardian.com/environment/2011/feb/02/malaysian-palm-oil-forests |archive-date=29 May 2014}}</ref> Isu hak asasi mensia bansa [[Penan]] enggau pengawa nebang kampung di Sarawak nyadi isu rampa menua entarabansa lebuh aktivis Switzerland [[Bruno Manser]] nemuai ngagai Sarawak enggau tetap entara taun 1984 enggau 2000.<ref>{{Cite magazine |last=Elegant |first=Simon |title=Without a Trace |url=http://content.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,172580,00.html |date=3 September 2001 |magazine=[[Time (magazine)|Time magazine Asia]] |url-access=subscription |access-date=14 August 2014}}</ref> Pengawa berimba kampung udah ngeruga pengidup raban bansa asal, kelebih agi bansa Penan, ti endur pengidup sida balat bepanggai ba asil kampung. Tu ngujungka sekeda pengawa nyekat raban bansa asal maya taun 1980-an enggau 1990-an ngelaban kompeni-kompeni balak ti nyerang tanah sida.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Sarawak and the Penan |url=http://bmf.ch/en/about-us/sarawak-and-the-penan/ |access-date=17 November 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150708203915/http://www.bmf.ch/en/about-us/sarawak-and-the-penan/ |archive-date=8 July 2015}}</ref> Endang amat, pengawa nebang kayu enggau chara belalai kelebih agi udah ngerusak pelilih kampung ti endur peranak asal bepanggai ba pengidup sida, ngurangka ikan, jelu siga, tang mega herba ubat tradisional enggau utai ti beguna dikena ngaga baka Palm.<ref>{{Cite journal |title=Sarawak, Malaysia Infringement of the Rights of Indigenous People by Continuous Illegal Logging Practices |journal=Human Rights Now |date=2016 |page=16 |url=http://hrn.or.jp/eng/wp-content/uploads/2016/08/0df9bf57ee7d367d4dbfac6dcfbf7c37.pdf |location=Tokyo, Japan}}</ref> Bisi mega kes ke alai tanah Hak Adat Asal (NCR) udah diberi ngagai kompeni kayu batang enggau kebun dandang besai enggau nadai pemendar ari peranak menua nya.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Native Customary Rights in Sarawak |date=19 February 2010 |url=http://www.culturalsurvival.org/publications/cultural-survival-quarterly/malaysia/native-customary-rights-sarawak |publisher=[[Cultural Survival]] |access-date=17 November 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151005075934/http://www.culturalsurvival.org/publications/cultural-survival-quarterly/malaysia/native-customary-rights-sarawak |archive-date=5 October 2015}}</ref> Orang bansa asal udah nguna chara undang-undang dikena mulaika NCR sida. Dalam taun 2001 Kort Tinggi Sarawak udah mulaika penuh tanah NCR ti dituntut orang Rumah Nor, tang pekara tu dikinsil sebagi dalam taun 2005. Taja pia, kes tu udah nyadika teladan, ngujungka mayuh agi pekara NCR dikemeranka kort tinggi ba taun-taun pengudah iya.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Rumah Nor: A Land Rights Case for Malaysia |url=http://borneoproject.org/our-work/rumah-nor-a-land-rights-case-for-malaysia |publisher=The Borneo Project |access-date=17 November 2015 |archive-date=8 February 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160208085935/http://borneoproject.org/our-work/rumah-nor-a-land-rights-case-for-malaysia |url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last1=Jessica |first1=Lawrence |title=Earth Island News – Borneo Project – Indigenous victory overturned |url=http://www.earthisland.org/journal/index.php/eij/article/borneo_project2/ |publisher=[[Earth Island Institute]] |access-date=17 November 2015}}</ref> Polisi-polisi tekat besai Sarawak, baka projek [[Tekat Ai Bakun]] enggau [[Tekat Ai Murum]], udah ngampuh ​​beribu-ribu hektar kampung lalu ngujungka beribu-ribu iku orang bansa asal pindah.<ref>{{Cite web |last1=Rhett |first1=Butler |title=Power, profit, and pollution: dams and the uncertain future of Sarawak |date=3 September 2009 |url=http://news.mongabay.com/2009/09/power-profit-and-pollution-dams-and-the-uncertain-future-of-sarawak/ |publisher=Mongabay |access-date=17 November 2015 |quote=One dam has already displaced 10,000 native people and will flood an area the size of Singapore.}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Bakun Dam |url=https://www.internationalrivers.org/campaigns/bakun-dam |publisher=[[International Rivers]] |access-date=17 November 2015}}</ref> Kenyau ari taun 2013, perambu ngaga Tekat Ai Baram udah tejanggal ketegal bantah ti majak nyadi ari raban bansa asal setempat.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Sarawak, Malaysia |url=https://www.internationalrivers.org/campaigns/sarawak-malaysia |publisher=[[International Rivers]] |access-date=17 November 2015 |quote=Work on access roads to the dam site began but came to a halt in October 2013 when local communities launched two blockades to stop construction and other project preparations from proceeding.}}</ref> Kenyau ari taun 2014, perintah Sarawak ari baruh kepala menteri [[Adenan Satem]] berengkah bejalaika atur ngelaban pengawa berimba kampung nadai pemendar di nengeri tu sereta dikena ngemayuhka ekonomi negeri tu.<ref>{{Cite news |last1=Vanitha |first1=Nadaraj |title=Battle Against Illegal Logging in Sarawak Begins |url=http://www.establishmentpost.com/battle-illegal-logging-sarawak-begins/ |access-date=18 November 2015 |publisher=The Establishment Post |date=21 September 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150921054212/http://www.establishmentpost.com/battle-illegal-logging-sarawak-begins/ |archive-date=21 September 2015}}</ref> Nengah timpuh taun 2016 lebih 2 juta ekar kampung, mayuh ari nya ba habitat orangutan, dipadahka nyadi kandang endur ke dijaga.<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://news.mongabay.com/2016/08/sarawak-announces-department-of-national-parks-and-wildlife-to-open-next-year/ |title=Sarawak establishes 2.2M acres of protected areas, may add 1.1M more |author=Mike Gaworecki |newspaper=Mongabay |date=19 August 2016 |access-date=22 August 2016}}</ref> Sumber bebida bekaul enggau bungkur kampung Sarawak ke agi tinggal: ex-kepala menteri [[Abdul Taib Mahmud]] madahka iya nurun ari 70% ngagai 48% entara taun 2011 enggau 2012, Opis Kampung Sarawak enggau Opis Menteri Perambu Sumber enggau Rampa Menua sama bela bepenemu iya mengkang ba ikas 80%. ba taun 2012,<ref name="Taibawangforests">{{Cite news |last1=Joseph |first1=Tawie |title='What's really left of our forest, Taib?' |url=http://www.freemalaysiatoday.com/category/nation/2012/10/25/whats-really-left-of-our-forest-taib/ |access-date=16 November 2015 |work=Free Malaysia Today |date=25 October 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121102121203/http://www.freemalaysiatoday.com/category/nation/2012/10/25/whats-really-left-of-our-forest-taib/ |archive-date=2 November 2012}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Types and Categories of Sarawak's Forests |url=http://www.forestry.sarawak.gov.my/modules/web/pages.php?mod=webpage&sub=page&id=593&menu_id=0&sub_id=160 |publisher=Sarawak Forest Department |access-date=16 November 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161122014750/http://www.forestry.sarawak.gov.my/modules/web/pages.php?mod=webpage&sub=page&id=593&menu_id=0&sub_id=160 |archive-date=22 November 2016 |url-status=dead}}</ref> lalu Wetlands International ngeripotka iya nurun 10% entara taun 2005 enggau 2010, 3.5 kali lipat jampat agi ari menua Asia bukai enti dipegulaika.<ref>{{Cite report |title=Impact of oil palm plantations on peatland conversion in Sarawak 2005-2010 |date=January 2011 |url=http://archive.wetlands.org/Portals/0/publications/Report/Sarvision%20Sarawak%20Report%20Final%20for%20Web.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170820120140/http://archive.wetlands.org/Portals/0/publications/Report/Sarvision%20Sarawak%20Report%20Final%20for%20Web.pdf |archive-date=2017-08-20 |access-date=25 June 2017 |website=Wetlands International}}</ref> == Ekonomi == {{Main|Pengawa ekonomi ba Sarawak}} {{Pie chart | caption=Sarawak GDP share by sector (2021)<ref name="Sarawakeconomy2021">{{Cite web |url=https://www.dosm.gov.my/v1/index.php?r=column/cthemeByCat&cat=102&bul_id=VS9Gckp1UUpKQUFWS1JHUnJZS2xzdz09&menu_id=TE5CRUZCblh4ZTZMODZIbmk2aWRRQT09 |title=GDP By State (2016–2021) |publisher=Department of Statistics, Malaysia |date=30 September 2021 |access-date=15 July 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180804081413/https://www.dosm.gov.my/v1/index.php?r=column%2FcthemeByCat&cat=102&bul_id=VS9Gckp1UUpKQUFWS1JHUnJZS2xzdz09&menu_id=TE5CRUZCblh4ZTZMODZIbmk2aWRRQT09 |archive-date=4 August 2018 |url-status=dead}}</ref> | label1 = Services | value1 = 38.1 | color1 = #000080 | label2 = Manufacturing | value2 = 24.9 | color2 = #800080 | label3 = Mining & Quarrying | value3 = 20.6 | color3 = #008080 | label4 = Agriculture | value4 = 14 | color4 = #008000 | label5 = Construction | value5 = 4.9 | color5 = #808000 | label6 = Import Duties | value6 = 0.3 | color6 = #8B0000 }} [[Fail:Bintulu LNG port.jpg|thumb|left|Sebengkah palan penyangkai kapal LNG di Bintulu, Sarawak]] Ari sukut sejarah, ekonomi Sarawak tejanggal maya perintah tiga iku Rajah kulit putih sebedau tu. Pengudah penumbuh Malaysia, tikas penumbuh GDP Sarawak udah niki ketegal pemansut petroleum ti niki sereta rega petroleum dunya niki. Taja pia, ekonomi nengeri kurang mayuh macham lalu agi balat bepanggai ba eksport komoditi primari enti dibanding enggau Malaysia selampur. GDP per kapita di Sarawak baruh ari pukul rata menua ari taun 1970 ngagai 1990.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Furuoka |first1=Fumitaka |title=Economic development in Sarawak, Malaysia. An overview |journal=Munich Personal RePEc Archive |date=2014 |issue=60477 |pages=1–13 |url=https://mpra.ub.uni-muenchen.de/60477/1/MPRA_paper_60477.pdf |access-date=18 June 2017}}</ref> Maya taun 2021, GDP per kapita ungkup Sarawak manggai RM 65,971 (US$ 15,173),<ref name="Dayak Daily"/> ti nyadi ketiga pemadu tinggi di Malaysia. Taja pia, bida penatai pemisi mengeri enggau menua pesisir mengkang nyadi penanggul besai di Sarawak.<ref>{{Cite news |title=Government aims to close income gap between urban, rural areas – Uggah |url=http://www.theborneopost.com/2016/09/29/government-aims-to-close-income-gap-between-urban-rural-areas-uggah/ |access-date=18 June 2017 |newspaper=The Borneo Post |date=29 September 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161005060311/http://www.theborneopost.com/2016/09/29/government-aims-to-close-income-gap-between-urban-rural-areas-uggah/ |archive-date=5 October 2016 |url-status=dead}}</ref> Sarawak ngembuan bemacham sumber asal, enggau industri primari baka pengawa ngelumbung, betanam betupi, enggau kampung nyadika 32.8% ari ekonomi iya ba taun 2013.<ref name="Sarawakeconomy">{{Cite web |url=http://www.marc.com.my/index.php/economic-research/country-reports/country-reports-2015/757-the-state-of-sarawak-18-august-2015/file |title=The State of Sarawak |access-date=12 November 2015 |publisher=Malaysia Rating Corporation |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151118060310/http://www.marc.com.my/index.php/economic-research/country-reports/country-reports-2015/757-the-state-of-sarawak-18-august-2015/file |archive-date=18 November 2015 |url-status=dead}}</ref> Iya mega mansang dalam pengawa ngaga pemakai enggau ai irup, produk bepelasarka kayu enggau wi, produk lugam paung, enggau petrokimia,<ref name="State Planning Unit stats"/> pia mega servis kargo enggau langit sereta dagang temuai.<ref name="Sarawakeconomy"/> Produk domestik kasar (KDNK) negeri tu nambah 40.5% setaun pukul rata ari taun 2010 ngagai 2021,<ref>{{Cite web |last1=Chang |first1=Ngee Hui |title=High Growth SMEs and Regional Development – The Sarawak Perspective |url=http://www.epu.gov.my/documents/10124/a3d2dc14-3e31-44e5-8f37-37cd3b268900 |publisher=State Planning Unit, Sarawak Chief Minister Department |access-date=21 November 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151121023827/http://www.epu.gov.my/documents/10124/a3d2dc14-3e31-44e5-8f37-37cd3b268900 |archive-date=21 November 2015 |date=2009}}</ref> tang nyadi balat agi volatil udah nya, berengkah ari −3.0% ba taun 2009 ngagai 35.0% ba taun 2021. Sarawak udah meri 9.5% ari GDP Malaysia dalam timpuh semilan taun sebedau taun 2020, lalu nyadika iya nyadi negeri pemeri ketiga pemadu besai pengudah [[Selangor]] enggau [[Kuala Lumpur]].<ref name="Sarawakeconomy"/> Ari 2015 nyentukka 2021, industri minyak enggau gis ngarika 55.2% ari asil perintah Sarawak. Iya matak RM 80 bilion (US$ 17.85 bilion) dalam pengawa beranakka puku ari menua luar, enggau 95% nuju Koridor Kuasa Ulih Dikena Baru Sarawak (SCORE), koridor ekonomi kedua pemadu besai di Malaysia.<ref name="Sarawakeconomy"/> Naka taun 2021, Sarawak ngasilka urung 2,800,000 tong minyak ninting hari ba 150 bidang pemansut minyak enggau gis.<ref>{{Cite news |title=Petronas' Sarawak o&g fields generate average of 850,000 barrels of oil |url=https://www.nst.com.my/business/2017/08/269542/petronas-sarawak-og-fields-generate-average-850000-barrels-oil |access-date=1 September 2019 |newspaper=New Straits Times |date=18 August 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170819105913/https://www.nst.com.my/business/2017/08/269542/petronas-sarawak-og-fields-generate-average-850000-barrels-oil |archive-date=19 August 2017}}</ref> Taja pia, ekonomi ti beorientasyenka eksport dikuasa gis asli cecair (LNG), ti ngarika lebih setengah ari penyampau eksport. Petroleum mata mungkur 45.1%, lalu minyak sawit, kayu gergaji, enggau kayu gergaji mungkur 12.0% enti dipegulai.<ref name="Sarawakeconomy"/> Nengeri tu nerima royalti 5% ari [[Petronas]] ketegal pengawa ngiga minyak ba kandang tasik kandang menua iya.<ref>{{Cite news |last1=Desmond |first1=Davidson |title=Adenan pledges to keep fighting for 20% oil royalty |url=http://www.themalaysianinsider.com/malaysia/article/adenan-pledges-to-keep-fighting-for-20-oil-royalty |access-date=19 November 2015 |newspaper=The Malaysian Insider |date=6 August 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150812052453/http://www.themalaysianinsider.com/malaysia/article/adenan-pledges-to-keep-fighting-for-20-oil-royalty |archive-date=12 August 2015 |quote=Sarawak Chief Minister Tan Sri Adenan Satem today admitted the oil and gas royalty negotiations – for a hike of 15% from 5% to 20% – with Petronas and Putrajaya have ended in deadlock, but has vowed to fight for it "as long as I'm alive".}}</ref> Mayuh deposit minyak enggau gis nya ba tebing tasik sebelah Bintulu enggau Miri ba lembangan Balingian, lembangan Baram, enggau ngelingi Luconia Shoals.<ref>{{Cite magazine |last1=Rasoul |first1=Sorkhabi |title=Borneo's Petroleum Plays |date=2012 |volume=9 |issue=4 |url=http://www.geoexpro.com/articles/2012/12/borneo-s-petroleum-plays |access-date=20 November 2015 |magazine=GEO Ex Pro |quote=A simplified map showing the distribution of major sedimentary basins onshore and offshore Borneo. |archive-date=21 November 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151121030834/http://www.geoexpro.com/articles/2012/12/borneo-s-petroleum-plays |url-status=dead}}</ref> Sarawak siti ari pengeksport kayu keras tropika pemadu besai di dunya, ti nyadika 65% ari semua eksport kayu kayu Malaysia ba taun 2000. Statistik PBB ti kepenudi dalam taun 2001 melabaka eksport kayu gergaji Sarawak ba pukul rata {{Cvt|14,109,000|m3}} ninting taun entara 1996 enggau 2000.<ref>{{Cite web |title=An overview of forest products statistics in South and Southeast Asia – National forest products statistics, Malaysia |url=http://www.fao.org/docrep/005/AC778E/AC778E13.htm |publisher=[[Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations]] (FAO) |access-date=18 November 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150724070615/http://www.fao.org/docrep/005/AC778E/AC778E13.htm |archive-date=24 July 2015 |quote=In 2000, of the country's total sawlog production of 23 million m3, Peninsular Malaysia contributed 22 percent, Sabah 16 percent, and Sarawak 62 percent. Sawlog production figures for 1996–2000 are shown in Table 2.}}</ref> Dalam taun 1955, OCBC nyadi bank menua luar ti keterubah beoperasyen di Sarawak, lalu bank menua tasik bukai nangkanka nya.<ref>{{Cite news |last1=Sharon |first1=Kong |title=Foreign banks in Sarawak |url=http://www.theborneopost.com/2013/09/01/foreign-banks-in-sarawak/ |access-date=21 November 2015 |newspaper=The Borneo Post |date=1 September 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130912015846/http://www.theborneopost.com/2013/09/01/foreign-banks-in-sarawak/ |archive-date=12 September 2013}}</ref> Kompeni tebilang ke bukai bepalan di Sarawak nyengkaum Cahya Mata Sarawak Berhad, Naim Holdings, enggau Rimbunan Hijau.<ref>{{Cite news |title=Sarawak shakers |url=http://www.thestar.com.my/Story/?file=/2010/3/27/business/5917875 |access-date=21 November 2015 |newspaper=The Star (Malaysia) |date=27 March 2010 |archive-date=21 November 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151121035518/http://www.thestar.com.my/Story/?file=%2F2010%2F3%2F27%2Fbusiness%2F5917875 |url-status=dead}}</ref> === Tenaga === [[Fail:Bakun Dam Power House.jpg|thumb|upright|[[Turbines]] inside the Bakun Dam power house. The dam is the main source for [[electric energy]] in Sarawak.]] Kuasa karan di Sarawak, dibekal kompeni [[Sarawak Energy Berhad]] (SEB) enggi perintah menua,<ref name="Sarawak Energy Portfolio"/> ti keterubah iya bepun ari palan kuasa tradisional ti ngena arang batu enggau stesyen kuasa terma ngena LNG,<ref name="Sarawak Energy Portfolio">{{Cite web |title=Generation Portfolio |url=http://www.sarawakenergy.com.my/index.php/about-us/what-we-do/generation-portfolio |publisher=[[Sarawak Energy]] |access-date=23 November 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131124061528/http://www.sarawakenergy.com.my/index.php/about-us/what-we-do/generation-portfolio |archive-date=24 November 2013}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Core Business Activities |url=http://www.sarawakenergy.com.my/index.php/about-us/core-business-activities |publisher=[[Sarawak Energy]] |access-date=23 November 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150710003252/http://www.sarawakenergy.com.my/index.php/about-us/core-business-activities |archive-date=10 July 2015}}</ref> but diesel based sources and hydroelectricity are also utilised. Bisi 3 buah tekat hidroelektrik naka taun 2015 di Batang Ai,<ref name="Sarawaak HEP Plan">{{Cite web |title=Hydroelectric Power Dams in Sarawak |url=http://www.siwrs.com.my/modules/iwrm/page.php?id=8 |publisher=Sarawak Integrated Water Resources – Management Master Plan |access-date=23 November 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151123014245/http://www.siwrs.com.my/modules/iwrm/page.php?id=8 |archive-date=23 November 2015}}</ref> Bakun,<ref>{{Cite news |last1=Jack |first1=Wong |title=Bakun at 50% capacity producing 900MW |url=http://www.thestar.com.my/Business/Business-News/2014/07/22/Bakun-at-50-capacity-Sarawak-dam-producing-an-average-of-900MW-By-Jack-Wong-starbizthestarcommy/?style=biz |access-date=23 November 2015 |newspaper=The Star (Malaysia) |date=22 July 2014}}</ref> enggau Murum,<ref>{{Cite news |last1=Christopher |first1=Lindom |title=Making HEPs in Sarawak safe |url=http://www.newsarawaktribune.com/news/47149/Making-HEPs-in-Sarawak-safe/ |access-date=23 November 2015 |publisher=New Sarawak Tribune |date=11 July 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151123014941/http://www.newsarawaktribune.com/news/47149/Making-HEPs-in-Sarawak-safe/ |archive-date=23 November 2015 |quote=...&nbsp;Murum HEP had officially started commercial operation on 8 June 2015,"...}}</ref> sereta sekeda bengkah ke bukai benung ti digaga.<ref name="Sarawaak HEP Plan"/> Ba pun taun 2016, SEB udah nyain sempekat eksport tenaga keterubah Malaysia dikena mekal kuasa elekterik ngagai menua sepiak [[Kalimantan Barat]] di Indonesia.<ref>{{Cite news |url=http://asia.nikkei.com/Politics-Economy/Economy/Malaysia-exports-electricity-to-Indonesia |title=Malaysia exports electricity to Indonesia |author=CK Tan |newspaper=[[Nikkei Asian Review]] |date=12 May 2016 |access-date=15 May 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160515075142/http://asia.nikkei.com/Politics-Economy/Economy/Malaysia-exports-electricity-to-Indonesia |archive-date=15 May 2016 |url-status=dead}}</ref> Dalam taun 2008, SCORE ditumbuh nyadi langkar dikena ngemansangka sektor tenaga di nengeri tu, kelebih agi Tekat Ai Murum, Baram, enggau Baleh sereta mega palan kuasa bepelasarka arang batu ti bisi potensial,<ref>{{Cite web |title=Development Strategy |url=http://www.recoda.com.my/invest-in-score/development-strategy/ |publisher=Regional Corridor Development Authority |access-date=22 November 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151117185928/http://www.recoda.com.my/invest-in-score/development-strategy/ |archive-date=17 November 2015}}</ref> enggau 10 industri ti dikemeratka tinggi pansut maya taun 2030.<ref>{{Cite web |title=What is SCORE? |url=http://www.recoda.com.my/invest-in-score/what-is-score/ |publisher=Regional Corridor Development Authority |access-date=22 November 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151117015931/http://www.recoda.com.my/invest-in-score/what-is-score/ |archive-date=17 November 2015}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Sarawak Corridor of Renewable Energy – Register your interest |url=http://www.recoda.com.my/priority-sectors/register-your-interest/ |publisher=Sarawak Corridor of Renewable Energy |access-date=26 July 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140627141532/http://www.recoda.com.my/priority-sectors/register-your-interest/ |archive-date=27 June 2014}}</ref> Lembaga Pembangunan Koridor Wilayah iya nya ejensi perintah ti megai tanggungpengawa ngatur SCORE.<ref>{{Cite web |title=What is RECODA |url=http://www.recoda.com.my/about-recoda/what-is-recoda/ |publisher=Regional Corridor Development Authority |access-date=22 November 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151117185839/http://www.recoda.com.my/about-recoda/what-is-recoda/ |archive-date=17 November 2015}}</ref> Semua kandang menua tengah Sarawak dibungkur ari baruh SCORE, nyengkaum kandang menua baka Samalaju (semak Bintulu), Tanjung Manis, enggau Mukah.<ref>{{Cite web |title=SCORE Areas |url=http://www.recoda.com.my/invest-in-score/score-areas/ |publisher=Sarawak Corridor of Renewable Energy |access-date=31 July 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140627141442/http://www.recoda.com.my/invest-in-score/score-areas/ |archive-date=27 June 2014}}</ref> Samalaju deka dikemansang nyadi palan industri,<ref>{{Cite web |title=Samalaju – SCORE |url=http://www.recoda.com.my/invest-in-score/score-areas/samalaju/ |publisher=Regional Corridor Development Authority |access-date=22 November 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151117183904/http://www.recoda.com.my/invest-in-score/score-areas/samalaju/ |archive-date=17 November 2015}}</ref> Tanjung Manis deka dikemansang nyadi palan pemakai [[halal]],<ref>{{Cite web |title=Tanjung Manis – SCORE |url=http://www.recoda.com.my/invest-in-score/score-areas/tanjung-manis/ |publisher=Regional Corridor Development Authority |access-date=22 November 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151117085730/http://www.recoda.com.my/invest-in-score/score-areas/tanjung-manis/ |archive-date=17 November 2015}}</ref> enggau Mukah nyadi palan pentadbiran ungkup SCORE enggau fokus ngagai pansik enggau pemansang bepelasarka sumber.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Mukah – SCORE |url=http://www.recoda.com.my/invest-in-score/score-areas/mukah/ |publisher=Regional Corridor Development Authority |access-date=22 November 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151117162533/http://www.recoda.com.my/invest-in-score/score-areas/mukah/ |archive-date=17 November 2015}}</ref> === Dagang temuai === [[Fail:French Gypsy band performing during RWMF 2006.jpg|thumb|left|French [[Romani people|Romani]] Manouche band performing during [[Rainforest World Music Festival]] 2006]] Dagang temuai ngemeranka tanggungpengawa besai dalam ekonomi Sarawak lalu meri 7.9% ari GDP nengeri dalam taun 2016.<ref name="tourist2016">{{Cite news |url=http://www.theborneopost.com/2017/03/16/rm60-million-boost-for-state-tourism/ |title=RM60 million boost for state tourism |newspaper=The Borneo Post |access-date=19 July 2018 |author=Chen Ai Shih |date=16 March 2017}}</ref> Temuai ari menua luar ke Sarawak tebal agi datai ari Brunei, Indonesia, Filipina, Singapura, Hong Kong, Taiwan, Jerman, Australia, Belgium, Korea Selatan, enggau United Kingdom.<ref name="tourist2017">{{Cite news |url=http://www.theborneopost.com/2018/07/17/higher-visitor-arrivals-in-2017-over-rm8-billion-earned-minister/ |title=Higher visitor arrivals in 2017, over RM8 billion earned — Minister |newspaper=The Borneo Post |access-date=19 July 2018 |date=17 July 2018}}</ref> Sepenyampau organisasyen ti bebida, baik nya nengeri enggau peribit, ngaul diri dalam pengawa ngelakuka dagang temuai di Sarawak: Lembaga Dagang Temuai Sarawak nyadi badan nengeri ti megai tanggungpengawa ngelakuka dagang temuai di nengeri tu, bemacham gerempung dagang temuai peribit diserakup ari baruh Persekutuan Dagang Temuai Sarawak, enggau Biro Konvensyen Sarawak megai tanggungpengawa matak konvensyen, aum besai, enggau pengawa korporat ti diatur ba [[Palan Konvensyen Borneo]] di Kuching.<ref name="Oxford Business Group Tourism">{{Cite web |title=Sarawak's tourism strategy focuses on sustainable development |date=23 April 2015 |url=http://www.oxfordbusinessgroup.com/overview/sarawaks-tourism-strategy-focuses-sustainable-development |publisher=Oxford Business Group |access-date=21 November 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151121001355/http://www.oxfordbusinessgroup.com/overview/sarawaks-tourism-strategy-focuses-sustainable-development |archive-date=21 November 2015}}</ref> Raban mensia mayuh enggau peribit di Sarawak ngatur pengerami dua taun sekali dikena nyuaka Anugerah Dagang Temuai Sarawak Hornbill iya nya anugerah ungkup pemujur dalam mayuh bengkah kategori, dikena ngaku pengawa dagang enggau individu ketegal pengeransing sida dalam pemansang dagang temuai dalam nengeri tu.<ref>{{Cite news |last1=Ava |first1=Lai |title=Valuable prizes await Hornbill winners |url=http://www.thestar.com.my/Metro/Community/2015/07/29/Valuable-prizes-await-Hornbill-winners/ |access-date=20 November 2015 |newspaper=The Star (Malaysia) |date=29 July 2015}}</ref> Festival Muzik Dunya Kampung Ujan nyadi pengawa muzikal keterubah ba pelilih menua nya, ke narit lebih 50,000 iku ninting taun.<ref>{{Cite news |title=Sarawak fest certain to be a rare treat |url=https://www.pressreader.com/thailand/bangkok-post/20110222/282338266363076 |date=22 February 2011 |newspaper=[[Bangkok Post]] |via=[[PressReader]] |url-access=subscription |access-date=20 November 2015}}</ref> Pengawa bukai ti seruran diatur di Sarawak iya nya Anugerah Seri Angkasa (ASA), Festival Filem Antarabansa ASEAN, Festival Muzik Borneo Live, Festival Jazz Borneo, Festival Main Asal Borneo, enggau Festival Layang-layang Antarabansa Borneo.<ref name="Oxford Business Group Tourism"/> Kompleks bebeli barang besai di Sarawak nyengkaum The Spring, Boulevard, VivaCity, Plaza Merdeka, City One, enggau palan bebeli barang AEON di Kuching,<ref>{{Cite web |title=Shopping Malls in Kuching |url=http://sarawaktourism.com/attraction/malls-in-kuching/ |publisher=Sarawak Tourism Board |access-date=28 December 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151228001618/http://sarawaktourism.com/attraction/malls-in-kuching/ |archive-date=28 December 2015}}</ref> Bintang Megamall, Boulevard, Imperial Mall, enggau palan bebeli barang Miri Plaza di Miri<ref>{{Cite web |title=Shopping Malls in Miri |url=http://sarawaktourism.com/attraction/shopping-malls-in-miri/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150204143926/http://sarawaktourism.com/attraction/shopping-malls-in-miri/ |archive-date=4 February 2015 |access-date=28 December 2015 |publisher=Sarawak Tourism Board}}</ref> enggau NAIM Bintulu Paragon Street Mall, The Spring, Boulevard Shopping Mall, Crown Pacific Mall, Commerce Square Mall, Times Square Megamall, enggau Parkcity Mall di Bintulu. {| class="wikitable" style="margin: 1em auto 1em auto;" |+ Statistik penatai temuai Sarawak<ref name="tourist2015">{{Cite news |title=Fewer tourists visited Sarawak last year, DUN told |url=http://www.theborneopost.com/2016/06/16/fewer-tourists-visited-sarawak-last-year-dun-told/#ixzz4BiYr0pTx |newspaper=[[The Borneo Post]] |access-date=16 June 2016}}</ref><ref name="Pulling more tourists to Sarawak">{{Cite news |title=Pulling more tourists to Sarawak |url=http://www.theborneopost.com/2015/06/27/pulling-more-tourists-to-sarawak/ |newspaper=[[The Borneo Post]] |access-date=7 July 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150819065556/http://www.theborneopost.com/2015/06/27/pulling-more-tourists-to-sarawak/ |archive-date=19 August 2015}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.mot.sarawak.gov.my/upload/file_folder/va2015.pdf |title=Visitor Arrivals into Sarawak 2015 |publisher=Ministry of Tourism, Arts and Culture Sarawak |access-date=31 May 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160701023910/http://www.mot.sarawak.gov.my/upload/file_folder/va2015.pdf |archive-date=1 July 2016 |url-status=dead}}</ref><ref name="tourist2016"/><ref name="tourist2017"/><ref>{{Cite web |url=https://mtac.sarawak.gov.my/page-0-176-47-Statistic.html |title=Statistic |publisher=Ministry of Tourism, Arts and Culture Sarawak |access-date=25 May 2020 |archive-date=6 August 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200806234840/https://mtac.sarawak.gov.my/page-0-176-47-Statistic.html |url-status=dead}}</ref> ! Taun ! 2010 ! 2011 ! 2012 ! 2013 ! 2014 ! 2015 ! 2016 ! 2017 ! 2018 ! 2019 |- ! Penatai temuai (juta) | 1.897 || 2.343 || 2.635 || 2.665 || 2.996 || 2.497 || 2.258 || 2.639 || 2.113 || 2.082 |- ! Penatai temuai domestik (Semenanjung Malaysia &Sabah) | 1.373 || 1.452 || 1.434 || 1.707 || 1.862 || 2.020 || 2.402 || 2.217 || 2.318 || 2.560 |- ! Penyampau penatai temuai (juta) | 3.271 || 3.795 || 4.069 || 4.372 || 4.858 || 4.517 || 4.661 || 4.856 || 4.431 || 4.662 |- ! Penyampau resit dagang temuai, bilion (RM) | 6.618 || 7.914|| 8.573 || 9.588 || 10.686 || 9.870 || 8.370 || 8.590 || 7.960 || N/A |- ! Penyampau resit dagang temuai, bilion (USD) | 1.489 || 2.374|| 2.786 || 2.876 || 3.206 || N/A || N/A || N/A || N/A || N/A |} == Infrastruktur == Pemansang infrastruktur ba Sarawak dikemataka Opis Menteri Pemansang Infrastruktur enggau Perengka Pengangkut, penganti Opis Menteri Pemansang Infrastruktur enggau Komunikasyen (MIDCom) pengudah iya diberi nama baru dalam taun 2016.<ref>{{Cite web |title=About Us |url=http://www.midt.sarawak.gov.my/modules/web/pages.php?mod=webpage&sub=page&id=41&menu_id=0&sub_id=12 |publisher=MIDCom |access-date=17 December 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161220144117/http://www.midt.sarawak.gov.my/modules/web/pages.php?mod=webpage&sub=page&id=41&menu_id=0&sub_id=12 |archive-date=20 December 2016 |url-status=dead}}</ref> Taja pan dikemataka menteri tu, infrastruktur di Sarawak mengkang kurang mansang enti dibandingka enggau [[Semenanjung Malaysia]].<ref>{{Cite book |title=OECD Investment Policy Reviews OECD Investment Policy Reviews: Malaysia 2013 |date=30 October 2013 |publisher=[[Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development]] (OECD) Publishing |isbn=978-92-64-19458-8 |page=234 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=9UPQAQAAQBAJ&pg=PA234 |access-date=17 December 2015 |quote=All the same, there are important variations in the quantity and quality of infrastructure stocks, with infrastructure more developed in peninsular Malaysia than in Sabah and Sarawak.}}</ref> Maya taun 2009, 94% mengeri Sarawak udah dibekal ngena kuasa karan, tang semina 67% menua pesisir bisi kuasa karan.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=H. |first1=Borhanazad |last2=S. |first2=Mekhilef |last3=R |first3=Saidur |last4=G. |first4=Boroumandijazi |title=Potential application of renewable energy for rural electrification in Malaysia |journal=Renewable Energy |date=2013 |volume=59 |page=211 |url=http://umexpert.um.edu.my/file/publication/00005361_97156.pdf |access-date=23 November 2015 |doi=10.1016/j.renene.2013.03.039 |archive-date=23 November 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151123025730/http://umexpert.um.edu.my/file/publication/00005361_97156.pdf |url-status=dead}}</ref> Taja pia, penyampau tu udah niki ngagai 91% ba taun 2014.<ref name="water and electricity">{{Cite news |last1=Alexandra |first1=Lorna |last2=Doreen |first2=Ling |title=Infrastructure crucial to state's goals |url=http://www.newsarawaktribune.com/news/50465/Infrastructure-crucial-to-states-goals/ |access-date=16 December 2015 |publisher=New Sarawak Tribune |date=9 October 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151216165506/http://www.newsarawaktribune.com/news/50465/Infrastructure-crucial-to-states-goals/ |archive-date=16 December 2015 |quote="In 2014, 82% of houses located in Sarawak rural areas have access to water supply in comparison to 59% in 2009." Fadillah also said that the rural electricity coverage had improved over the last few years with 91% of the households in Sarawak having access to electricity in 2014 compared to 67% in 2009.}}</ref> Nitihka artikel taun 2015, penembu internet ruang bilik di Sarawak baruh agi ari pukul rata menua Malaysia iya nya 41.2% bebanding enggau 58.6%, enggau 58.5% ngena internet ba kandang mengeri enggau 29.9% ba kandang menua pesisir. Enti dibandingka, pengambi telekomunikasyen mindah kin kitu di Sarawak setanding enggau pukul rata menua, 93.3% ngelaban pukul rata menua 94.2%, sereta sebaka enggau menua sepiak Sabah.<ref>{{Cite web |title=New technologies play a major role in Sarawak's development plans |url=http://www.oxfordbusinessgroup.com/overview/new-technologies-play-major-role-sarawak%E2%80%99s-development-plans |publisher=Oxford Business Group |access-date=17 December 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151217003141/http://www.oxfordbusinessgroup.com/overview/new-technologies-play-major-role-sarawak%E2%80%99s-development-plans |archive-date=17 December 2015}}</ref> Infrastruktur telekomunikasyen mobile, kelebih agi menara penabur, digaga sereta diatur Sacofa{{Nbsp}}Sdn{{Nbsp}}Bhd (Sacofa Pribit Terhad), ti ngasaika monopoli di Sarawak sepengudah kompeni nya diberi sempekat eksklusif pengelama 20 taun bekaul enggau pengawa nyendiaka, ngintu enggau nyuwa menara di nengeri tu.<ref>{{Cite news |last1=Mohd |first1=Hafiz Mahpar |title=Cahya Mata Sarawak buys 50% of Sacofa for RM186m |url=http://www.thestar.com.my/business/business-news/2015/04/02/cahya-mata-sarawak-buys-50pct-of-sacofa-for-rm186m/?style=biz |access-date=17 December 2015 |newspaper=The Star (Malaysia) |date=2 April 2015}}</ref> Sepenyampau badan ti bebida ngatur bekal ai bepanggai ba pelilih menua ti megai tanggungpengawa sida, nyengkaum Lembaga Ai Kuching (KWB) ti ngatur bekal ai Kuching, Lembaga Ai Sibu (SWB) ti ngatur bekal ai Sibu, LAKU Management Sdn{{Nbsp}}Bhd, ti ngatur bekal ai ba Miri, Bintulu, and Limbang<ref name="Transport and Infrastructure">{{Cite web |title=Transport and Infrastructure |url=http://www.sarawak.gov.my/web/home/article_view/160/177/ |publisher=Official Website of the Sarawak Government |access-date=17 December 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150907183756/http://www.sarawak.gov.my/web/home/article_view/160/177/ |archive-date=7 September 2015}}</ref> enggau Opis Bekal Ai Menua Pesisir ngatur bekal ai ungkup kandang endur ke agi tinggal.<ref>{{Cite news |last1=Harun |first1=Jau |title=New department being set up |url=http://www.newsarawaktribune.com/news/48159/New-department-being-set-up/ |access-date=17 December 2015 |publisher=New Sarawak Tribune |date=8 August 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151217041741/http://www.newsarawaktribune.com/news/48159/New-department-being-set-up/ |archive-date=17 December 2015}}</ref> Naka taun 2014, 82% ari menua pesisir bisi bekal ai tawas.<ref name="water and electricity"/> === Penabur === Sarawak ngepunka servis radio iya kena 7 Jun 1954, ti nyadi sebagi ari Radio Malaysia lebuh iya nyereta Malaysia dalam taun 1963 lalu udah nya nyadi sebagi ari [[Radio Televisyen Malaysia]] (RTM) ti besai agi dalam taun 1969 lebuh operasyen radio enggau televisyen menua tu begempung.<ref>{{Cite web |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20111204221130/http://www.rtmsarawak.gov.my/org_sejarah.php |url=http://www.rtmsarawak.gov.my/org_sejarah.php |title=RTM Sarawak |archivedate=4 December 2011 |website=rtmsarawak.gov.my}}</ref> Sarawak nadai ngembuan servis televisyen nyentuk ke 30 Ogos 1975, lebuh TV1 RTM disediaka ungkup bala penonton Malaysia Timur.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://rtmsabah.gov.my/sejarah.htm |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20090119072720/http://rtmsabah.gov.my/sejarah.htm |title=rtmkk |website=rtmsabah.gov.my |archivedate=19 January 2009}}</ref> RTM bisi enam pampang di nengeri tu - sebuah opis besai di indu mengeri Kuching enggau lima opis bukai di Simanggang, Sibu, Bintulu, Miri enggau Limbang. Opis besai nya ngasilka berita enggau randau ungkup saluran televisyen RTM sereta bejalaika empat saluran radio nengeri iya nya rangkaian Sarawak FM, Red FM enggau Wai FM rangkaian Iban enggau Bidayuh, lalu lima buah opis bukai bejalaika saluran radio pelilih menua baka Sri Aman FM, Sibu FM, Bintulu FM, FM Miri enggau Limbang FM. Kena 7 April 1998, NTV7 dilancharka orang dagang ari Sarawak ke benama Mohd Effendi Norwawi ari baruh pegai kompeni Natseven TV Sdn Bhd. Sebedau stesyen tv tu diambi [[Media Prima Berhad]] dalam taun 2005, iya bisi studio di indu nengeri. Taja pia, Sarawak bedau bisi stesyen tv kediri empu ke bendar datai ke 10 Oktober 2020, lebuh iya ngelancharka TVS, lalu enggau nya nyadi pelilih menua keterubah di Malaysia ngembuan stesyen tv iya. Diatu iya bisi dalam Astro, Astro NJOI enggau myFreeview (MYTV Broadcasting) lalu bisi dalam 4 bansa jaku iya nya jaku Melayu, English, Iban enggau China (Mandarin). Saluran radio komersial ti bepalan di nengeri tu nyengkaum Cats FM enggau TEA FM, sama-sama dilanchar kena 8 Ogos 1996 enggau 1 Ogos 2015.{{Citation needed|date=August 2023}} === Perengka jalai enggau udara === [[Fail:KIA newterminal.jpg|right|thumb|Terminal [[Padang Bilun Entarabansa Kuching]]]] Sama baka mayuh kandang menua British suba, Sarawak ngena dua jalai kerita enggau atur trafik sepiak kiba.<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Thiessen |first1=Tamara |title=Borneo:Sabah, Brunei, Sarawak |date=2012 |publisher=[[Bradt Travel Guides]] |isbn=978-1-84162-390-0 |page=98 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=DCDkRTYwN5AC&pg=PA98 |access-date=26 January 2016 |quote=All major roads are dual carriageways; there are no multi-lane expressways. In Malaysia, you drive on the left-hand side of the road and cars are right-hand drive.}}</ref> Naka taun 2013, Sarawak ngembuan penyampau {{Cvt|32091|km}} jalai alun ke besambung, beseretai pemanjai {{Cvt|18003|km}} jalai negeri ti udah dibelakin, {{Cvt|8313|km}} trek tanah, {{Cvt|4352|km}} jalai kerikil, enggau {{Cvt|1424|km}} jalai besai perintah besai ti dibelakin. Jalai keterubah di Sarawak iya nya [[Jalai Alun Pan Borneo]], ke bepun ari Sematan, Sarawak, nengah Brunei ngagai Tawau, Sabah.<ref name="Oxford transport"/> Taja nyadi jalai besai, tang gaya jalai nya enda manah ngujungka mayuh penusah bebadi enggau pemati nyadi.<ref>{{Cite news |title=Repair Pan Borneo Highway now, says Bintulu MP following latest fatal accident |url=http://www.thestar.com.my/News/Community/2013/09/13/Deadly-reminder-after-grim-toll-Repair-Pan-Borneo-Highway-now-says-Bintulu-MP-following-latest-fatal.aspx/ |date=13 September 2013 |last=Then |first=Stephen |newspaper=[[The Star (Malaysia)]] |access-date=23 June 2014 |archive-date=6 February 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160206023625/http://www.thestar.com.my/news/community/2013/09/13/deadly-reminder-after-grim-toll-repair-pan-borneo-highway-now-says-bintulu-mp-following-latest-fatal/ |url-status=dead}}</ref> Kunterik beungkus 16 bilion ringgit udah diberi ngagai sekeda kompeni menua tu dalam bulan Disember 2016 dikena nambahka jematan perengka pengangkut enggau orang bejalai kaki baru, simpang jalai enggau palan ngenduh bas ngagai jalai besai nya nyadi sebagi ari projek mayuh renggat.<ref>{{Cite news |last1=Wong |first1=Jack |title=RM16bil Pan Borneo Highway jobs awarded |url=http://www.thestar.com.my/business/business-news/2016/12/19/rm16bil-pan-borneo-highway-jobs-awarded/ |newspaper=[[The Star (Malaysia)]] |access-date=28 March 2017 |date=19 December 2016}}</ref> Siti jalai kereta api bisi sebedau perang, tang teda jalai kepenudi nya direrak dalam taun 1959.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://searail.malayanrailways.com/Sarawak/Sarawak.htm |title=Sarawak Government Railway |publisher=Asian Railways |access-date=14 March 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160314045219/http://searail.malayanrailways.com/Sarawak/Sarawak.htm |archive-date=14 March 2016 |url-status=dead}}</ref> Sebengkah projek kereta api udah dipadahka dalam taun 2008 ngambika setipak enggau guna pengangkut SCORE, tang naka ke diatu bedau bisi pengawa ngaga udah berengkah taja pan dipelabaka haribulan tembu dalam taun 2015.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Sarawak's rapid railway ready by 2015 |url=http://www.bt.com.bn/asia_news/2008/10/14/sarawaks_rapid_railway_ready_by_2015 |publisher=The Brunei Time |access-date=29 March 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160314044228/http://www.bt.com.bn/asia_news/2008/10/14/sarawaks_rapid_railway_ready_by_2015 |url-status=dead |archive-date=14 March 2016}}</ref> Dalam taun 2017, perintah Sarawak merambu sistem kereta api lempung (Kuching Line) ti nyambung bagi menua Kuching, Samarahan enggau Serian enggau dipelaba tembu ba taun 2020.<ref>{{Cite news |title=Sarawak's LRT to be ready in three years, says CM |url=http://www.malaysiakini.com/news/379628 |access-date=13 May 2017 |work=Malaysiakini |date=19 April 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170419083219/http://www.malaysiakini.com/news/379628 |archive-date=19 April 2017}}</ref> Naka diatu, bas nyadi perengka pengangkut mensia mayuh keterubah di Sarawak enggau servis entara nengeri ti nyambung nengeri tu ngagai Sabah, Brunei, enggau Pontianak (Indonesia).<ref name="Transport and Infrastructure"/> Sarawak dilayan mayuh bengkah padang bilun baka [[Padang Bilun Entarabansa Kuching|Padang Bilun Antarabansa Kuching]], ke bepalan barat daya Kuching nyadi ke pemadu besai. Penerebai bilun ari Kuching mayuh ngagai [[Kuala Lumpur]] sereta mega ngagai [[Johor Bahru]], [[Pulau Pinang]], [[Sabah]], [[Kelantan]], [[Singapura]] enggau [[Pontianak]], Indonesia. Sebengkah padang bilun kedua di Miri meri servis penerebai bilun kelebih agi ngagai nengeri Malaysia ke bukai sereta mega servis ke Singapura. Padang bilun bukai ke mit agi baka Padang Bilun Sibu, Padang Bilun Bintulu, Padang Bilun Mukah, Padang Bilun Marudi, Padang Bilun Mulu, enggau Padang Bilun Limbang nyendiaka servis domestik dalam Malaysia. Pia mega bisi sekeda palan penerebai bilun ke jauh ti meri servis ngagai komuniti menua pesisir di nengeri tu.<ref name="Oxford transport"/> Tiga buah kompeni penerebai bilun meri servis penerebai bilun di Sarawak, Malaysia Airlines, Air Asia, enggau MASwings semua nya ngena Padang Bilun Kuching nyadika hab besai sida.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Airlines flying from Malaysia to Kuching |url=http://www.skyscanner.com.my/flights-to/kch/airlines-that-fly-to-kuching-airport.html |access-date=30 March 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160330112044/http://www.skyscanner.com.my/flights-to/kch/airlines-that-fly-to-kuching-airport.html |archive-date=30 March 2016}}</ref> [[Hornbill Skyways]] ke diempu nengeri nya sebuah kompeni penerebai bilun ke mayuh nyendiaka penerebai bilun suwa peribit enggau servis penerebai bilun ungkup pengereja pengawa perintah.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Hornbill Skyways – Wings to your destination |url=http://www.hornbillskyways.com/history.php |publisher=Hornbill Skyways |access-date=30 March 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160309152947/http://www.hornbillskyways.com/history.php |archive-date=9 March 2016}}</ref> [[Fail:RTG at Bintulu International Container Terminal (BICT).jpg|thumb|left|Terminal Kontena Antarabansa Bintulu (BICT) ba penyangkai tasik Bintulu]] Sarawak ngembuan empat buah palan penyangkai kapal ke bepalan di Kuching, Sibu, Bintulu, enggau Miri.<ref name="Transport and Infrastructure"/> Palan penyangkai tasik ke pemadu kiruh di Bintulu lalu tebal agi nguruska produk LNG enggau kargo biasa. Palan penyangkai kapal ke bukai nya ari baruh piak bekuasa palan penyangkai kapal nengeri kediri empu. Penyampau pemisi empat palan penyangkai kapal primari nya dipegulai iya nya 61.04 juta tan berat barang (FWT) ba taun 2013.<ref name="Oxford transport">{{Cite web |title=New land, air and sea transport links will help meet higher demand in Sarawak |date=23 April 2015 |url=http://www.oxfordbusinessgroup.com/overview/new-land-air-and-sea-transport-links-will-help-meet-higher-demand-sarawak |publisher=Oxford Business Group |access-date=17 December 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151217044135/http://www.oxfordbusinessgroup.com/overview/new-land-air-and-sea-transport-links-will-help-meet-higher-demand-sarawak |archive-date=17 December 2015}}</ref> Sarawak ngembuan 55 jaringan sungai ti ulih dilawa enggau pemanjai dipegulai iya nya {{Cvt|3300|km}}.Beratus taun ke udah, sungai-sungai Sarawak udah nyadi perengka pengangkut keterubah kelimpah ari jalai kayu enggau barang betanam betupi bukai ke mindah ke sungai ngambika dieksport ba palan penyangkai kapal besai menua tu. Pelabuhan Sibu, bepalan {{Cvt|113|km}} ari nanga sungai nya, nyadi hab batang sepemanjai Sungai Rajang tebal agi nguruska asil kayu. Taja pia, ‘throughput’ palan penyangkai kapal Sibu udah nurun betaun-taun pengudah Palan Penyangkai Kapal Industri Tanjung Manis (TIMP) berengkah beoperasyen jauh agi ke ili sungai.<ref name="Oxford transport"/> === Pengerai === {{See also|List of hospitals in Malaysia}} [[Fail:27 August 2011 Sarawak General Hospital.jpg|thumbnail|[[Sepital Besai Sarawak]]]] Pengawa nyaga pengerai di disediaka tiga buah sepital besai perintah iya nya [[Sepital Besai Sarawak]], Sepital Sibu, enggau Sepital Miri,<ref>{{Cite news |last1=Lim |first1=How Pim |title=Sarawak gets 3 more hospitals |url=http://www.theborneopost.com/2014/08/18/sarawak-gets-3-more-hospitals/ |access-date=19 December 2015 |newspaper=The Borneo Post |date=18 August 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140822063031/http://www.theborneopost.com/2014/08/18/sarawak-gets-3-more-hospitals/ |archive-date=22 August 2014}}</ref> pia mega mayuh bengkah sepital pelilih menua,<ref name="Sarawak specialists">{{Cite news |title=Alternative pathways to overcome the lack of specialists in Sarawak |url=http://www.thestar.com.my/news/community/2014/11/15/efforts-to-address-shortage-alternative-pathways-to-overcome-the-lack-of-specialists-in-sarawak/ |access-date=19 December 2015 |newspaper=The Borneo Post |date=15 November 2014 |quote=Dr Jerip said there were currently 248 specialists distributed among the major hospitals in the state, comprising the Sarawak General Hospital, Sibu Hospital and Miri Hospital, as well as several divisional hospitals.}}</ref> klinik pengerai mensia mayuh, klinik 1Malaysia, enggau klinik menua pesisir.<ref name="Oxford healthcare">{{Cite web |title=Sarawak makes efforts to boost access to health care |date=23 April 2015 |url=http://www.oxfordbusinessgroup.com/overview/sarawak-makes-efforts-boost-access-health-care |publisher=Oxford Business Group |access-date=19 December 2015 |quote=Sarawak's 221 public health clinics include only seven rural clinics. Services for the poor are also provided at 1Malaysia clinics, where assistant medical officers provide basic health care, but again, these clinics – of which the state has 18 – have historically been located mainly in urban areas.}}</ref> Palan Jantung Sarawak ditumbuh dalam taun 2011 di Kota Samarahan dikena meri servis kardiologi ngagai pesakit.<ref>{{Cite web |title=About Us |url=https://www.sarawakheart.org/about-us |publisher=Sarawak Heart Centre |access-date=29 March 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210616111553/https://www.sarawakheart.org/about-us |archive-date=16 June 2021}}</ref> Kelimpah ari sepital enggau klinik ke diempu perintah, bisi beberapa buah sepital peribit di Sarawak<ref>{{Cite news |last1=Nigel |first1=Edgar |title=Wednesday, 4 December 2013 Sarawak recognises importance of private hospitals such as Borneo Medical Centre |url=http://www.thestar.com.my/news/community/2013/12/04/giving-healthcare-a-huge-boost-state-recognises-importance-of-private-hospitals-such-as-borneo-medic/ |access-date=19 December 2015 |newspaper=The Star (Malaysia) |date=4 December 2013}}</ref> baka Palan Pakar Perubat Normah, Palan Pakar Perubat Timberland,<ref>{{Cite web |title=Quality of Life |url=http://www.sarawak.gov.my/web/home/article_view/209/225/ |publisher=The Sarawak Government |access-date=19 December 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150909202618/http://www.sarawak.gov.my/web/home/article_view/209/225/ |archive-date=9 September 2015}}</ref>enggau Palan Perubat Pakar Sibu. Sepital di Sarawak biasa iya nyendiaka semua pilih nyaga pengerai, ari triage nyentukka ngintu paliatif ungkup orang ke sakit raya. Dalam taun 1994, Jabatan Radioterapi, Onkologi & Penjagaan Paliatif Sepital Besai Sarawak numbuhka program ngintu ba rumah, tauka ngintu hospis, ungkup pesakit riman. Gerempung Hospice Sarawak ti nadai ngulihka penguntung ditumbuhka dalam taun 1998 dikena ngelakuka program tu.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Sarawak Hospice Society |url=http://www.sarawakhospicesociety.org/index.php?page=sarawak-hospice-society |publisher=Sarawak Hospice Society |access-date=19 December 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150126135600/http://www.sarawakhospicesociety.org/index.php?page=sarawak-hospice-society |archive-date=26 January 2015}}</ref> Enti dibandingka enggau pemayuh fasiliti perubat ke bukai, pengerai runding semina diservis siti fasiliti iya nya Sepital Sentosa.<ref>{{Cite news |last1=Johnson |first1=K Saai |title=People still dump mental patients at Hospital Sentosa |url=http://www.theborneopost.com/2010/10/28/%E2%80%98people-still-dump-mental-patients-at-hospital-sentosa%E2%80%99/ |access-date=19 December 2015 |newspaper=The Borneo Post |date=28 October 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151219073010/http://www.theborneopost.com/2010/10/28/%E2%80%98people-still-dump-mental-patients-at-hospital-sentosa%E2%80%99/ |archive-date=19 December 2015}}</ref> Pemayuh servis perubat tu udah nyadika Sarawak palan dagang temuai perubat ungkup temuai ari menua sepiak Brunei enggau Indonesia.<ref>{{Cite news |title=Sarawak wants more participation in private healthcare sector |url=http://www.therakyatpost.com/news/2015/08/01/sarawak-wants-more-participation-in-private-healthcare-sector/ |access-date=19 December 2015 |newspaper=The Rakyat Post |date=1 August 2015 |archive-date=22 December 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151222131807/http://www.therakyatpost.com/news/2015/08/01/sarawak-wants-more-participation-in-private-healthcare-sector/ |url-status=dead}}</ref> Enti dibandingka enggau pemayuh servis pengerai ba kandang mengeri, mayuh kandang menua pesisir Sarawak semina ulih dilawa ngena perengka pengangkut sungai, ti ngalit akses.<ref>{{Cite news |last1=Chin |first1=Mui Yoon |title=Access to healthcare a challenge for Sarawak's interior folk |url=http://www.thestar.com.my/lifestyle/features/2012/02/27/access-to-healthcare-a-challenge-for-sarawaks-interior-folk/ |access-date=19 December 2015 |newspaper=The Star (Malaysia) |date=27 February 2012}}</ref> Kandang menua pesisir ti jauh ti ngelui ari kandang endur operasyen klinik pengerai, urung {{Cvt|12|km}},<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Ariff |first1=K.M |last2=Teng |first2=CL |title=Rural health care in Malaysia |journal=Australian Journal of Rural Health |date=2002 |volume=10 |issue=2 |pages=99–103 |pmid=12047504 |quote=The FDS in Sarawak was launched in 1973 to provide healthcare to communities residing outside the 'extended operational area' limits of the health centre (beyond 12 km). |doi=10.1046/j.1440-1584.2002.00456.x}}</ref> enggau enda ulih dilawa nengah darat tauka sungai diservis servis lutur terebai ninting bulan, ti ditumbuhka dalam taun 1973.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Koshy |first1=Rachel |title=Flying doctor service in East Malaysia: Rachel Koshy |journal=European Journal of Public Health |date=1 October 2013 |volume=23 |issue=1 |page=223 |doi=10.1093/eurpub/ckt123.184 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Sebengkah program promoter pengerai kampung, ke alai raban volunteer disediaka enggau latih asas perubat, udah ditumbuhka dalam taun 1981 tang pemar nyendiaka bekal perubat ngagai kampung ke jauh, pia mega kurang insentif ngujungka program nya nurun.<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Leng Chee |first1=Heng |last2=Barraclough |first2=Simon |title=Health Care in Malaysia: The Dynamics of Provision, Financing and Access |date=6 March 2007 |publisher=[[Routledge]] |isbn=978-1-134-11295-1 |page=195 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=hANe_y3bPmkC&pg=PA196 |access-date=30 March 2016}}</ref> Bemacham pengawa berubat asal agi dikena bemacham komuniti di Sarawak dikena nambahka pengawa berubat moden tang pengawa tu mega majak kurang.<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Leng Chee |first1=Heng |last2=Barraclough |first2=Simon |title=Health Care in Malaysia: The Dynamics of Provision, Financing and Access |date=6 March 2007 |publisher=[[Routledge]] |isbn=978-1-134-11295-1 |page=196 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=hANe_y3bPmkC&pg=PA196 |access-date=30 March 2016 |quote=While there were systems of tradiional medicine and a traditional pharmacopoenia amongst the indigenous communities in Sarawak, they have largely fallen into disuse&nbsp;...}}<br />{{*}} {{Cite web |last1=Bawin Anggat |first1=Nicholas |title=Traditional Medicines of Borneo at Risk |url=http://health.usf.edu/NR/rdonlyres/00A35B41-CD50-4B4C-B2E7-906C090C31B7/26990/TraditionalMedicinesofBorneo1.pdf |access-date=30 March 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160330133431/http://health.usf.edu/NR/rdonlyres/00A35B41-CD50-4B4C-B2E7-906C090C31B7/26990/TraditionalMedicinesofBorneo1.pdf |archive-date=30 March 2016}}<br />{{*}} {{Cite news |title=Chinese traditional medicine |url=http://www.theborneopost.com/2012/11/08/chinese-traditional-medicine/ |access-date=30 March 2016 |newspaper=The Borneo Post |date=8 November 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121114061013/http://www.theborneopost.com/2012/11/08/chinese-traditional-medicine |archive-date=14 November 2012}}</ref> Taja pia, kenyau ari taun 2004, bisi pengerembai baru dalam pengawa berubat tradisional di Malaysia ngujungka penumbuh pampang berubat tradisional dalam Opis Menteri Pengerai. Sebengkah program perintah taun 2006 ti deka bisi sepital bersepadu ngujungka mayuh bengkah universiti ngepunka program ngajar perubat tradisional enggau sepital besai, nyengkaum Sepital Besai Sarawak, nyendiaka terapi tradisional.<ref> {{Cite journal |last1=Abuduli |first1=Maihebureti |last2=Ezat |first2=Sharifa |last3=Aljunid |first3=Syed |title=Role of traditional and complementary medicine in universal coverage |journal=Malaysian Journal of Public Health Medicine |date=2011 |volume=11 |issue=2 |page=1 |url=http://www.mjphm.org.my/mjphm/journals/Volume%2011:2/GUEST%20EDITORIAL.pdf |access-date=30 March 2016 |quote=There are nine integrated public hospitals which are practicing T&CM in Malaysia.&nbsp;... Sarawak General Hospital&nbsp;... These hospitals practice traditional Malay massage, acupuncture, herbal oncology and postnatal massage.}}</ref> === Pelajar === {{Main|List of schools in Sarawak|List of universities in Malaysia}} [[Fail:Chancellory Universiti Malaysia Sarawak.JPG|thumbnail|Begunan chanselori [[Universiti Malaysia Sarawak]] (UNIMAS)]] Pelajar di Malaysia dipegai dua bengkah opis menteri perintah besai; Opis Menteri Pelajar Malaysia megai tanggungpengawa ba pekara pelajar primari enggau sekondari,<ref name="Sarawak education"/> seraya Opis Menteri Pelajar Tinggi bisi pengawa ngemataka universiti awam, politeknik enggau kolej komuniti.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Ministry of Higher Education Malaysia - Institutions |url=http://www.mohe.gov.my/en/institutions-2 |publisher=Ministry of Higher Education Malaysia |access-date=6 April 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170406201355/http://www.mohe.gov.my/en/institutions-2 |archive-date=6 April 2017 |url-status=dead}}</ref> Pelajar tumu nembiak mit enda dikuasa terus Opis Menteri Pelajar baka ti nyadi ba pelajar primari enggau sekondari. Taja pia, opis menteri nya endang ngemataka pengawa meri lisin ngagai tadika peribit, batang chara pelajar tumu nembiak mit, nitihka Standard Kualiti Pra-Sekula Nasional, ti dilanchar dalam taun 2013.<ref>{{Cite web |last1=Ooi |first1=May Sim |title=Pre-school education crucial |url=http://www.thestar.com.my/news/education/2016/02/21/preschool-education-crucial/ |website=The Star Online |publisher=Star Media Group Berhad |access-date=3 April 2017 |date=21 February 2016}}</ref> Kira-kira jeman Persekutuan, orang ke buta urup di Sarawak chukup mayuh. Dalam taun 1960, tikas literasi kesemua iya nya 25%, enggau tikas literasi ti balat nurun ngagai penyampau tubuh bansa China, 53%, enti dibandingka enggau raban bansa asal ti jauh baruh, semina 17%.<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Silcock |first1=T.H |title=The Political Economy of Independent Malaya:A case-study in development |date=1963 |publisher=[[University of California Press]] |page=46 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=6Sp8Ix7_8IsC&pg=PA46 |access-date=21 December 2015}}</ref> Datai ba taun 2007, penyampau literasi ba orang besai tuai ke beumur 15 taun ke atas udah jauh niki ngagai 92.3% lalu ba taun 2012, penyampau tu udah niki ngagai 96%.<ref>{{Cite web |last1=Yussop |first1=Yunus |title=Greater rural wealth with higher literacy rate |url=http://www.theborneopost.com/2012/05/14/greater-rural-wealth-with-higher-literacy-rate/ |website=Borneo Post Online |publisher=BorneoPost |access-date=3 April 2017 |date=14 May 2012}}</ref> Bisi 1480 buah sekula di Sarawak ba taun 2014 lalu ari penyampau nya 1271 sekula primari, 202 sekula sekondari enggau 7 buah sekula sekondari vokasional/teknikal.<ref>{{Cite web |last1=State Planning Unit |first1=Chief Ministers Department |title=Sarawak Facts & Figures 2015 |url=http://www.jkm.sarawak.gov.my/modules/web/pages.php?mod=publication&sub=publication_show&id=3 |access-date=3 April 2017 |ref=SPU2015 |page=40 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170821170029/http://www.jkm.sarawak.gov.my/modules/web/pages.php?mod=publication&sub=publication_show&id=3 |archive-date=21 August 2017 |url-status=dead}}</ref> Entara nya sekeda sekula ke bisi ari jeman Brooke, nyengkaum [[Sekula St. Thomas Kuching]] (1848), Sekula St Mary Kuching (1848), enggau Sekula St Joseph Kuching (1882).<ref>{{Cite news |last1=Edgar |first1=Ong |title=Can you blame Sarawak and Sabah for feeling left out? |url=http://www.theantdaily.com/Main/Can-you-blame-Sarawak-and-Sabah-for-feeling-left-out |access-date=21 December 2015 |publisher=The Ant Daily |date=10 April 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150615085243/http://www.theantdaily.com/Main/Can-you-blame-Sarawak-and-Sabah-for-feeling-left-out |archive-date=15 June 2015 |quote=The eight schools missing from the incomplete list are St. Thomas's School Kuching (1848), St Mary's School Kuching (1848), St Joseph's School Kuching (1882), St Teresa's School Kuching (1885), St Michael's School Sandakan (1886), St Michael's School Penampang (1888), All Saints' School, Likas (1903) and St Patrick's School Tawau (1917).}}</ref> Pia mega sekula perintah, bisi empat buah sekula antarabansa: Sekula Tunku Putra, sebuah sekula primari enggau sekondari ti nyendiaka kurikulum nasional enggau Cambridge, Sekula Antarabansa Lodge, ti mega dibuka ngagai nembiak menua tu lalu ngena kededua sistem Nasional British enggau Cambridge, Kidurong Antarabansa . Sekula ke diempu Shell lalu meri pelajar primari kelebih agi ngagai anak pengereja pengawa tang nembiak menua tu tau tama bepanggai ba pemisi ruang, enggau Sekula Antarabansa Tenby, ke dibuka dalam taun 2014 lalu dibuka ngagai nembiak menua tu enggau ekspatriat.<ref name="Oxford education">{{Cite web |title=Sarawak's public and private sectors work together to revamp education |date=23 April 2015 |url=http://www.oxfordbusinessgroup.com/overview/sarawaks-public-and-private-sectors-work-together-revamp-education |publisher=Oxford Business Group |access-date=21 December 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151221141840/http://www.oxfordbusinessgroup.com/overview/sarawaks-public-and-private-sectors-work-together-revamp-education |archive-date=21 December 2015}}</ref> Bisi mega 14 buah sekula sekondari ngatika diri bansa China di Sarawak ti ngajar ngena jaku China ukai ngena jaku English tauka jaku Melayu.<ref>{{Cite web |title=砂拉越华文独中通讯录 (Communication directory of Sarawak Chinese independent schools) |url=http://shadongzong.org/secondary-schools/ |access-date=1 March 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131231125149/http://shadongzong.org/secondary-schools/ |archive-date=31 December 2013 |language=zh}}</ref> Sebedau tu semina nembiak bansa China aja dipasuk ba sekula tu, tang mobiliti pengereja pengawa ngujungka penyampau nembiak majak nambah laban apai indai mindah ngagai kandang endur bukai ngulihka pengawa.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Of Chinese schools and their student population |url=http://www.theborneopost.com/2016/06/24/of-chinese-schools-and-their-student-population/ |website=Borneo Post Online |access-date=3 April 2017 |date=24 June 2016}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last1=How Pim |first1=Lim |title=Bumiputera children in Chinese schools no longer unusual |url=https://www.theborneopost.com/2020/11/11/bumiputera-children-in-chinese-schools-no-longer-unusual/ |access-date=6 June 2023 |publisher=The Borneo Post |date=11 November 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210611051948/https://www.theborneopost.com/2020/11/11/bumiputera-children-in-chinese-schools-no-longer-unusual/ |archive-date=11 June 2021}}</ref> Pekara tu ngujungka penyampau nembiak Bumiputera diambi belajar ba sekula primari enggau prasekula China majak nambah.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.thesundaily.my/node/135077 |title=55,975 bumiputera pupils in Chinese schools |work=Bernama |publisher=The Sun |date=17 December 2010 |access-date=26 June 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160626080230/http://www.thesundaily.my/node/135077 |archive-date=26 June 2016 |url-status=dead}}</ref> Sarawak ngembuan tiga iti institut pelajar tinggi awan – [[Universiti Malaysia Sarawak]], [[Universiti Teknologi Mara]] ba [[Kota Samarahan]], enggau [[Universiti Putra Malaysia Bintulu Campus|Universiti Putra Malaysia]] – pia mega universiti peribit baka Universiti Curtin, Malaysia enggau [[Universiti Teknologi Swinburne Kampus Sarawak]]. Dua iti ke penudi iya nya kampus satelit Universiti Curtin di Perth enggau Universiti Teknologi Swinburne di Melbourne, Australia.<ref name="Sarawak education">{{Cite web |title=Education |url=http://www.sarawak.gov.my/web/home/article_view/197/215/ |publisher=Official Website of the Sarawak Government |access-date=21 December 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150907185329/http://www.sarawak.gov.my/web/home/article_view/197/215/ |archive-date=7 September 2015}}</ref> Nengah penumbuh SCORE enggau potensial ti bekaul 1.6 juta agi pengawa puang manggai ba taun 2030,<ref name="Oxford education"/> perintah nengeri ngungkupka RM1 bilion ari taun 2016 ngagai 2020 ngagai Tabung Pemansang Pengelandik ungkup pelajar vokasional.<ref>{{Cite web |last1=Yes |first1=Sarawak |title=The growth of Technical Vocational Education and Training in Sarawak |url=http://www.theborneopost.com/2015/05/23/the-growth-of-technical-vocational-education-and-training-in-sarawak/ |website=The Borneo Post online |access-date=5 April 2017 |date=23 May 2015 |quote=Under the 11th Malaysia Plan from 2016 to 2020, the government has allocated RM1 billion for a Skills Development Fund to enable more students to receive skills and vocational education.}}</ref> Ba taun 2015, [[Petronas]] bisi meri skolarsip vokasional ngagai 150 iku nembiak Sarawak ke kurang benasit nyadi sebagi ari program Penaja Institusyen Vokasional enggau Bantu Latih,<ref>{{Cite web |title=150 Petronas scholarships for MRSM students |url=http://www.theborneopost.com/2015/03/08/150-petronas-scholarships-for-mrsm-students/ |website=The Borneo Post online |access-date=5 April 2017 |date=8 March 2015}}</ref> taja pan iya udah dikritik ketegal kurang ngarika nembiak menua tu dalam agih belanja iya sebedau tu;<ref>{{Cite web |title=Petronas under scholarship fire |url=http://www.thestar.com.my/metro/community/2015/06/25/petronas-under-scholarship-fire-supp-chief-national-oil-company-not-giving-sarawakians-enough/ |website=The Star Online |access-date=5 April 2017 |date=25 June 2015}}</ref> kompeni nya mega meri sukung ngagai palan pelajar vokasional Sarawak ke bukai.<ref>{{Cite web |last1=Newsdesk |title=Petronas continues to support SCaT fair |url=http://www.newsarawaktribune.com/news/54873/Petronas-continues-to-support-SCaT-Fair/ |website=New Sarawak Tribune |access-date=5 April 2017 |date=10 March 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170406110327/http://www.newsarawaktribune.com/news/54873/Petronas-continues-to-support-SCaT-Fair/ |archive-date=6 April 2017 |url-status=dead}}</ref> == Demografi == {{Main|Demografi Sarawak}} {{Bar box |width=250px |barwidth=100px |title=Ethnic groups in Sarawak (2021)<ref name="Sarawak Data"/> |titlebar=#ddd |left1=Ethnic |right1=Percent |float=right |bars= {{Bar percent|[[Bumiputera (Malaysia)|Bumiputera]]|blue|72.1}} {{Bar percent|[[Chinese people|Chinese]]|red|22.6}} {{Bar percent|[[Indian people|Indian]]|pink|0.2}} {{Bar percent|Others|green|0.3}} {{Bar percent|[[Non-citizens]]|DarkGray|4.8}} }} {{Pie chart | caption= Sub-ethnic groups of Dayak in Sarawak (2021)<ref name="Sarawak Data" /> | label1 = Iban | value1 = 70.5 | color1 = blue | label2 = Bidayuh | value2 = 19.2 | color2 = green | label3 = Orang Ulu | value3 = 10.3 | color3 = yellow }} Penyampau tubuh Malaysia taun 2020 ngeripotka penyampau tubuh peranak Sarawak bisi 2,453,677 iku,<ref name="Malaysia census 2020" /> nyadika iya nengeri kelima pemadu mayuh mensia.<ref name="State Planning Unit, Sarawak-2017">{{Cite web |date=2017 |title=Sarawak Population by Ethnic Group |url=https://data.sarawak.gov.my/home/data/dataset/c642e02c-5832-4678-99c6-e438149503c0 |url-status=dead |access-date=27 August 2018 |publisher=State Planning Unit, Sarawak |archive-date=13 August 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200813175719/https://data.sarawak.gov.my/home/data/dataset/c642e02c-5832-4678-99c6-e438149503c0}}</ref> Taja pia, penyampau tubuh tu diagih ba kandang endur ti besai ngujungka Sarawak ngembuan likat pemayuh tubuh ti pemadu mimit di menua tu enggau semina 20 iku orang aja per km². Purata tikas penumbuh penyampau tubuh 1.8%, ari taun 2000 ngagai 2010, semak bendar enggau pukul rata menua iya nya 2.0%.<ref name="State Planning Unit stats"/> Ba taun 2014, 58% ari penyampau tubuh diau ba kandang mengeri enggau ke bukai diau ba kandang menua pesisir, tang dalam timpuh 10 taun ti deka datai dipelabaka penyampau tubuh ba mengeri deka niki ngagai 65%.<ref>{{Cite news |title=Johari: Urban-rural ratio to hit 65:35 within 10 years |url=http://www.thestar.com.my/News/Community/2014/01/17/Johari-Urbanrural-ratio-to-hit-6535-within-10-years/ |access-date=24 November 2015 |newspaper=The Star (Malaysia) |date=17 January 2014}}</ref> Naka taun 2011, tikas pengada kasar di Sarawak iya nya 16.3 per 1000 individu, tikas pemati kasar iya nya 4.3 per 1000 populasyen, lalu tikas pemati anak mit iya nya 6.5 per 1000 anak mit ke ada idup.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Vital Statistics Summary for Births and Deaths |url=http://www.sarawak.gov.my/web/home/article_view/241/251/ |publisher=Sarawak Government |access-date=12 January 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150907173809/http://www.sarawak.gov.my/web/home/article_view/241/251/ |archive-date=7 September 2015}}</ref> Orang ke diau ba mengeri mayuh ari bansa Melayu, Melanaus, China, enggau mimit aja bansa Iban enggau Bidayuh di mengeri ti mindah ari rumah panjai sida ngiga pengawa.<ref name="Sarawak Convention Bureau">{{Cite web |title=The Sarawak People |url=http://www.stf.org.my/sarawak/index.php?do=people |publisher=Sarawak Tourism Federation |access-date=24 November 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150106051053/http://www.stf.org.my/sarawak/index.php?do=people |archive-date=6 January 2015}}</ref> Dua iku ke penudi nya entara lebih 40 sub-etnik Sarawak ke alai mayuh agi diau ba kandang menua entigis sereta disebut enggau nama Orang Asal.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Indigenous peoples – (a) Land rights of Indigenous Peoples |url=http://www.suhakam.org.my/indigenous-people/ |publisher=[[Human Rights Commission of Malaysia]] (SUHAKAM) |access-date=30 November 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151002003359/http://www.suhakam.org.my/indigenous-people/ |archive-date=2 October 2015}}</ref> Bansa Orang Asal, enggau Melayu, ari Semenanjung Malaysia, Sarawak enggau Sabah disebut begulai nyadi [[Bumiputera]] (anak tanah). Klasifikasyen tu meri sida hak istimewa dalam pelajar, pengawa, belanja, enggau pangku pengawa politik.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Ting |first1=Su Hie |last2=Rose |first2=Louis |title=Ethnic Language Use and Ethnic Identity for Sarawak Indigenous Groups in Malaysia |url=https://www.questia.com/read/1G1-377286780/ethnic-language-use-and-ethnic-identity-for-sarawak |date=June 2014 |journal=[[Oceanic Linguistics]] |volume=53 |issue=1 |pages=92–109 |doi=10.1353/ol.2014.0002 |s2cid=144213737 |url-access=subscription |access-date=30 November 2015 |quote=In Malaysia, Bumiputera (literally translated as 'prince of the earth' or 'son of the land') refers to the Malay and other indigenous people.&nbsp;... The Bumiputera in general enjoy special privileges as part of the affirmative action for advancement of the community, and these include priority in university entry, scholarships, and government jobs, special finance schemes, and political positions. |archive-date=8 December 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151208144714/https://www.questia.com/read/1G1-377286780/ethnic-language-use-and-ethnic-identity-for-sarawak |url-status=dead }}</ref> Pengawa ngerejista, enggau ngeluarka, kad pengelala menua, dokumen ti dipinta undang-undang dikena ngulihka mayuh macham servis, ngagai suku bansa ti jauh tu udah nyadika penanggul pengelama betaun-taun,<ref>{{Cite news |last1=Sheith Khidir |first1=Abu Bakar |title=Stateless Penans demand citizenship papers |url=http://www.freemalaysiatoday.com/category/nation/2016/03/29/stateless-penans-demand-citizenship-papers/ |access-date=30 October 2016 |work=Free Malaysia Today |date=29 March 2016 |archive-date=21 August 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170821125812/http://www.freemalaysiatoday.com/category/nation/2016/03/29/stateless-penans-demand-citizenship-papers/ |url-status=dead}}</ref> lalu dulu suba indah udah ngujungka mayuh orang ari raban bansa Penan digaga enggau efektif nadai menua.<ref>{{Cite news |title=Penans 'stateless' because of fines |url=http://www.thestar.com.my/news/nation/2005/09/26/penans-stateless-because-of-fines/ |access-date=30 October 2016 |newspaper=The Star (Malaysia) |date=26 September 2005}}</ref> Dalam beberapa taun ke udah, isu tu bisi mansang progresif enggau pengawa bejalaika sistem baka unit ngerejista mindah kin kitu.<ref>{{Cite news |title=Mobile unit makes NRD applications easy for Penan community |url=http://www.theborneopost.com/2016/04/07/mobile-unit-makes-nrd-applications-easy-for-penan-community/ |access-date=30 October 2016 |newspaper=The Borneo Post |date=7 April 2016}}</ref> Sarawak ngembuan pengereja pengawa imigran ti mayuh enggau sepenyampau 150,000 iku pekereja migran menua luar ti berejista gawa nyadi pekereja domestik tauka ba pengawa kebun dandang besai, ngaga barang, ngaga, servis enggau betanam betupi.<ref>{{Cite news |title=Over 150,000 foreign workers in Sarawak hold temporary employment passes |url=http://www.thesundaily.my/news/1593885 |access-date=18 December 2015 |newspaper=The Sun Daily |date=26 October 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151027171855/http://www.thesundaily.my/news/1593885 |archive-date=27 October 2015}}</ref> Taja pia, penyampau pengereja pengawa ti berejista sah tu dibungkur penyampau tubuh ti mayuh entara 320,000 ngagai 350,000 iku pengereja pengawa ti enda beradat.<ref>{{Cite news |last1=Sulok |first1=Tawie |title=Illegal immigrants in Sarawak a 'huge problem', deputy home minister admits |url=http://www.themalaymailonline.com/malaysia/article/illegal-immigrants-in-sarawak-a-huge-problem-deputy-home-minister-admits |access-date=18 December 2015 |newspaper=Malay Mail Online |date=11 April 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151025155243/http://www.themalaymailonline.com/malaysia/article/illegal-immigrants-in-sarawak-a-huge-problem-deputy-home-minister-admits |archive-date=25 October 2015}}</ref> === Raban bansa === {{Image array|perrow = 2 |width=200| height=200 | border-width=2 | image1 = An Iban Warrior, Sarawak, Malaysia.jpg | caption1 =an Iban warrior in his traditional dress | image2 = Melanau girls with Baju Kurung.jpg | caption2 = Melanau girls with the traditional Baju Kurung | image3 = Sarawak Bidayuh girl.jpg | caption3 = a Bidayuh girl | image4 = Sarawak Chinese woman wearing Cheongsam.jpg | caption4 = Sarawakian Chinese woman in her traditional dress of Cheongsam }} Sarawak ngembuan enam iti raban bansa ke besai iya nya, [[Iban]], [[Bansa China Malaysia|China]], [[Melayu]], [[Bidayuh]], [[Melanau]], enggau [[Orang Ulu]],<ref name="Sarawak Convention Bureau" /> pia mega sekeda raban bansa ke ngembuan penyampau tubuh ke mit agi tang agi mayuh, baka Kedayan, Jawa, Bugis, Murut, enggau India.<ref>{{Cite news |last1=Leong |first1=Joe |title=Bizarre names like Tigabelas, Helicopter, Kissing in Borneo are real |url=http://www.theantdaily.com/Article.aspx?ArticleId=14911 |access-date=24 November 2015 |publisher=The Ant Daily |date=4 August 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151124022706/http://www.theantdaily.com/Article.aspx?ArticleId=14911 |archive-date=24 November 2015 |quote=There are several other minor ethnic groups placed under the 'others', such as Indian, Eurasian, Kedayan, Javanese, Bugis and Murut.}}</ref> Ba taun 2015, bansa Bidayuh enggau Iban kedua-dua bansa asal Sarawak diaku enggau rasmi ulih perintah Malaysia ti mungkur bansa Dayak.<ref>{{Cite news |title=Putrajaya approves 'Dayak' for 'Race' category in all official forms |url=http://www.themalaysianinsider.com/malaysia/article/putrajaya-approves-dayak-for-race-category-in-all-official-forms |access-date=24 November 2015 |newspaper=The Malaysian Insider |date=31 October 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151124080101/http://www.themalaysianinsider.com/malaysia/article/putrajaya-approves-dayak-for-race-category-in-all-official-forms |archive-date=24 November 2015}}</ref> Bisi lebih 50 suku bansa ke agi bisi tauka punas di Sarawak tang semina suku bansa ke besai dirintaika dalam Konstitusyen Perintah Besai Malaysia.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://dayakwithgoldenhair.wordpress.com/ethnic-groups-of-sarawak/?unapproved=1899&moderation-hash=3f01f89c2d2d7a2f9cafb6ca681aeddb#comment-1899 |title=Ethnic Groups of Sarawak |date=2 August 2011 |access-date=25 November 2020 |archive-date=1 January 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230101123501/https://dayakwithgoldenhair.wordpress.com/ethnic-groups-of-sarawak/?unapproved=1899&moderation-hash=3f01f89c2d2d7a2f9cafb6ca681aeddb#comment-1899 |url-status=dead }}</ref> Penyampau tubuh bansa Iban di Sarawak manggai 1,389,926 iku, bepelasarka statistik taun 2022, nyadika iya raban bansa ke pemadu mayuh di negeri tu.<ref name="State Planning Unit, Sarawak-2017" /> Kelia, bansa Iban nya raban bansa ti balat ngemeratka status sosial, kelebih agi ngagai sida ti mandangka pengelandik beperang sereta mega ngagai sida ti ngayanka pengelandik dalam mayuh bengkah pengawa baka bumai enggau oratorium.<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Keat |first1=Gin Ooi |title=Southeast Asia: A Historical Encyclopedia, from Angkor Wat to East Timor, Volume 1 |date=2004 |publisher=[[ABC-CLIO]] |isbn=978-1-57607-770-2 |pages=623–625 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=QKgraWbb7yoC&pg=PA623 |access-date=25 November 2015 |quote=Ibans are found in all political divisions of Borneo but in largest numbers in Sarawak.&nbsp;... Christian missionaries have been active among the Ibans for more than a century, and today majority of Ibans are Christians.}}</ref> Taja pan bisi pengaruh moden, bansa Iban agi ngemeranka mayuh bengkah pengawa asal sida baka Gawai Antu enggau Gawai Dayak<ref>{{Cite web |title=Our People – Iban – The official travel website for Sarawak, Malaysian Borneo |date=6 August 2012 |url=http://sarawaktourism.com/blog/our-people-iban/ |publisher=Sarawak Tourism Board |access-date=25 November 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151125091022/http://sarawaktourism.com/blog/our-people-iban/ |archive-date=25 November 2015}}</ref> Taja pan penatai raban bansa China di Sarawak berengkah ari abad ke-6 AD maya orang dagang keterubah datai ke nengeri tu, tang penyampau tubuh bansa China kemaya hari tu tebal agi mungkur komuniti ti bepun ari orang ke datai ari menua bukai maya jeman Brooke suba.<ref name="Welman" /> Pemindah tu dipejalai ketegal peluang gawa ba lombong emas di Bau. Mayuh orang China ba Sarawak megai pengarap Buddha enggau Kristian,<ref name="Borneotrilogy">{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=BCrEN6gUkHEC&pg=PA177 |title=Borneo Trilogy Sarawak: Volume 1 |date=2011 |publisher=Booksmango |isbn=978-616-245-082-2 |location=Bangkok, Thailand |page=177 |last1=Frans |first1=Welman |access-date=2 November 2015}}</ref> lalu bejaku ngena mayuh macham jaku China selatan: Kanton, Fuzhou, Hakka, Hokkien, Teochew, enggau Henghua (bansa Putian), kelimpah ari jaku Mandarin. Sida ngintu pengerami budaya ti besai baka Hungry Ghost Festival enggau Taun Baru China mayuh baka aki ini sida.<ref name="STF">{{Cite web |title=Ethnic groups |url=http://www.stf.org.my/sarawak/index.php?do=people |website=Sarawak Tourism Federation |access-date=23 March 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151021023017/http://www.stf.org.my/sarawak/index.php?do=people |archive-date=21 October 2015 |url-status=dead}}</ref> Raban bansa China ke ngentapka pendiau di Sarawak ukai semina ba siti-siti kandang menua aja. Sida ke berumah di Kuching ngereja nya semak Sungai Sarawak ba sebengkah endur ke diatu dikumbai Chinatown.<ref name="Tourism Chinese">{{Cite web |title=Our people – Chinese |url=https://sarawaktourism.com/blog/our-people-chinese/ |publisher=Sarawak Tourism Board |access-date=28 November 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160130113426/http://sarawaktourism.com/our-people-chinese/ |archive-date=30 January 2016 |url-status=dead}}</ref> Bala orang ke datai ari menua Fuzhou, Fujian, betuaika Wong Nai Siong dalam taun 1901, ngentapka diri ba sepemanjai Batang Rajang ba endur ke diatu dikumbai Sibu, ketegal Pengelaban Boxer,<ref>{{Cite web |last1=John |first1=Barwick |title=Huang Naishang (1844–1924) |url=http://www.bdcconline.net/en/stories/h/huang-naishang.php |publisher=Biographical Dictionary of Chinese Christianity |access-date=21 July 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130518052143/http://www.bdcconline.net/en/stories/h/huang-naishang.php |archive-date=18 May 2013 |quote=Shortly thereafter, Huang decided to start a new settlement of Chinese in Malaysia in order to escape China's despotism and Fujian's poverty.&nbsp;... In 1901, Huang traveled with settlers from Fujian to Sibu, where he founded New Fuzhou.}}</ref> seraya sida ke datai di Miri ngiga pengawa ba lombong arang batu enggau minyak.<ref name="Tourism Chinese" /> Maya jeman Brooke, bansa Melayu Sarawak mayuh nyadi orang berikan,<ref name="STF" /> ngujungka kampung sida betumpu ba sepemanjai tebing sungai. Taja pia, enggau penatai pemansang mengeri, mayuh orang Melayu udah mindah ngiga pengawa ba sektor perintah enggau peribit. Ari sukut tradisional, sida dikelala enggau pengawa kraf pirak enggau temaga, ukir kayu, enggau tekstil.<ref name="Welman" /><ref>{{Cite web |title=Our people – Malay – The official website for Sarawak Malaysian Borneo |date=18 August 2012 |url=http://sarawaktourism.com/blog/our-people-malay/ |publisher=Sarawak Tourism Board |access-date=30 November 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151130135035/http://sarawaktourism.com/blog/our-people-malay/ |archive-date=30 November 2015}}</ref> Raban bansa Melanau nya raban bansa asal Sarawak ti diau ba kandang endur kelebih agi ngelingi mengeri moden Mukah, ke alai sida gawa nyadi orang berikan enggau tukang sereta mega tukang ngaga perau ke tebilang. Ari segi sejarah bansa Melanau ngemeranka Animisme, iya nya pengarap ti madahka roh nguan utai dalam rampa menua sida, lalu taja pan pengawa tu agi dikemeranka nyentuk ke sehari tu, tebal agi bansa Melanau udah masuk pengarap Kristian enggau Islam kenyau ari nya.<ref name="Welman" /><ref name="Ohiopress">{{Cite book |last1=Ishikawa |first1=Noboru |title=Between Frontiers: Nation and Identity in a Southeast Asian Borderland |date=15 March 2010 |publisher=[[Ohio University Press]] |isbn=978-0-89680-476-0 |pages=86–87 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=2YH3lULL6-MC&pg=PA87 |access-date=9 November 2015}}</ref><ref group="note">Ishikawa, 2010 (page 169)</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Miri Visitors' Guide – Miri's inhabitants |url=http://www.gomiri.com/en/01miri/people.htm |website=gomiri.com |access-date=8 August 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150520130302/http://www.gomiri.com/en/01miri/people.htm |archive-date=20 May 2015}}</ref> Raban bansa Bidayuh mayuh diau ba Bagi Menua Kuching, enggau Serian,<ref>{{Cite web |title=Our people – Bidayuh |url=http://sarawaktourism.com/blog/our-people-bidayuh/ |publisher=Sarawak Tourism Board |access-date=7 December 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151207223218/http://sarawaktourism.com/blog/our-people-bidayuh/ |archive-date=7 December 2015}}</ref> ti disebut orang Eropah ke dulu diau dia nyadi Dayak Darat laban nitihka tradisyen sida diau ba bukit batu kapur ti curam. Sida tu manggai 7.3 peratus penyampau peranak menua Sarawak lalu nyadi bansa asal bansa Dayak kedua pemadu mayuh, nangkanka bansa Iban. Bansa Bidayuh endang peranak asal ari kandang menua ti mungkur bagi menua kemaya hari tu iya nya Kuching enggau Serian. Taja pan dianggap seiti bansa, jaku sida bebida ba pelilih menua ngujungka dialek ti enda ulih diperetika bansa Bidayuh ari luar kandang menua semak,<ref>{{Cite web |title=Bidayuh longhouse |url=http://www.scv.com.my/bidayuh.asp |publisher=Sarawak Cultural Village |access-date=7 December 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120731165223/http://www.scv.com.my/bidayuh.asp |archive-date=31 July 2012}}</ref> ngujungka jaku English enggau jaku Melayu nyadi lingua franca. Baka mayuh bansa asal bukai, majoriti bansa Bidayuh udah tama pengarap Kristian,<ref name="Welman" /> tang agi diau ba kampung ti bisi rumah panjai, enggau penambah baruk bulat ti nyelai endur gempuru komunal diatur.<ref name="Welman" /> Mayuh bengkah suku bansa ke diau di pedalaman Sarawak baka bansa Kenyah, Kayan, Lun Bawang, Kelabit, Penan, Bisaya, enggau Berawan disebut begulai enggau nama Orang Ulu. Dalam jaku Iban, nama tu ngayanka endur suku bansa tu ngentapka pendiau;<ref name="Welman" /> tebal agi sida diau semak lembangan parit Sungai Baram.<ref name="Orang Ulu tourism">{{Cite web |last1=Erivina |title=Our people – Orang Ulu |url=http://sarawaktourism.com/blog/our-people-orang-ulu/ |publisher=Sarawak Tourism Board |access-date=10 December 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150207232121/http://sarawaktourism.com/blog/our-people-orang-ulu/ |archive-date=7 February 2015}}</ref> Kededua pengawa kayu enggau seni nyadi aspek ti tampak bendar dalam budaya Orang Ulu ti dichuntoka enggau rumah panjai ti dibungkur mural, perau kayu ti diukir, enggau tatu.<ref name="Welman" /> Kereban musik ke tebilang ari bansa Orang Ulu iya nya sape ti datai ari bansa Kayan<ref name="Orang Ulu tourism" /> Bansa Kelabit enggau Lun Bawang endang dikelala laban ngeluarka berau wangi.<ref name="Anisia J Sang">{{Cite journal |doi=10.1109/ACCESS.2018.2883115 |last1=Sang |first1=Anisia Jati |last2=Tay |first2=Kai Meng |last3=Lim |first3=Chee Peng |last4=Saeid |first4=Nahavandi |date=2018 |title=Application of a Genetic-Fuzzy FMEA to Rainfed Lowland Rice Production in Sarawak: Environmental, Health, and Safety Perspectives |journal=IEEE Access |volume=6 |pages=74628–74647 |bibcode=2018IEEEA...674628S |s2cid=56597899 |url=http://ir.unimas.my/id/eprint/25591/1/Application%20of%20a%20Genetic-Fuzzy%20FMEA%20%28abstract%29.pdf |doi-access=free}}</ref><ref name="Orang Ulu tourism" /> Baka mayuh bengkah bansa asal Sarawak ke bukai, majoriti bansa Orang Ulu bepengarap Kristian.<ref name="Welman" /> === Jaku === [[Fail:Sarawak Families Languages.png|thumb|right|Agih pampang jaku-jaku ba Sarawak ti dipandangka ngena chura:<br /><small>(click image to enlarge)</small> {{Legend|#FF006E|[[Malayic languages|Malayic]]}} {{Legend|#FF984F|[[North Bornean languages|North Borneo]] and [[Melanau-Kajang languages|Melanau Kajang]] languages}} {{Legend|#00FF90|[[Land Dayak languages|Land Dayak]]}} {{Legend|#A0A0A0|Areas with multiple languages}}]] Jaku English udah nyadi jaku resmi Sarawak berengkah ari taun 1963 nyentukka taun 1974 ketegal peyangkal ari Kepala Menteri Keterubah Sarawak Stephen Kalong Ningkan deka ngena jaku Melayu ba Sarawak.<ref name=Ibanmalaysian>{{Cite book |last1=John |first1=Postill |title=Media and Nation Building: How the Iban became Malaysian |date=15 May 2006 |publisher=[[Berghahn Books]] |isbn=978-0-85745-687-8 |page=58 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-5_gtJQFin4C&pg=PA59 |access-date=13 November 2015 |quote=because of his strong defence of English as the language of instruction in Sarawak&nbsp;... (page 58)}}</ref> Maya taun 1974, Kepala Menteri Sarawak ke baru maya nya Abdul Rahman Ya'kub nikika status Jaku Melayu berimbai enggau jaku English nyadi jaku resmi Sarawak.<ref name="Faisal"/><ref group=note>Faisal, 2012 ... to make Bahasa Malaysia and English as ''negeri''{{'s}} official languages. (page 84)</ref> Status baru ti diberi ngagai jaku Melayu tu ditegapka agi enggau standard pelajar baru ti ngalihka kurikulum ngagai jaku Melayu.<ref>{{Cite news |title=Former Education Minister Calls For Return To Teaching Maths, Science In BM |url=http://education.bernama.com/index.php?sid=news_content&id=371208 |access-date=13 November 2015 |publisher=Bernama |date=12 November 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110711152042/http://education.bernama.com/index.php?sid=news_content&id=371208 |archive-date=11 July 2011}}</ref> Dalam taun 1985 jaku English lenyau status jaku rasmi, semina tinggal jaku Melayu aja.<ref name=Ibanmalaysian/><ref group=note>Postill, 2006 ... Malay was accepted as the official language of Sarawak alongside English until 1985, when English was finally dropped. (page 64)</ref> Taja bisi polisi rasmi, kaban penyakal Sarawak bepenemu jaku Inggeris mengkang nyadi jaku resmi ''de facto'' Sarawak.<ref>{{Cite news |last1=Fernandez |first1=Joe |title=DAP: English remains Sarawak's official language |url=http://www.freemalaysiatoday.com/category/nation/2015/11/26/dap-english-remains-sarawaks-official-language/ |access-date=20 December 2016 |work=Free Malaysia Today |date=26 November 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160112235855/http://www.freemalaysiatoday.com/category/nation/2015/11/26/dap-english-remains-sarawaks-official-language |archive-date=12 January 2016 |url-status=dead}}</ref> Jaku English agi dikena ba kot undang-undang, enggau dewan legislatif nengeri.<ref>{{Cite news |last1=Sulok |first1=Tawie |title=Usage of English, native languages officially still legal in Sarawak |url=http://www.thesundaily.my/news/299416 |access-date=13 November 2015 |newspaper=The Sun Daily |date=20 February 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151113112711/http://www.thesundaily.my/news/299416 |archive-date=13 November 2015}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=My Constitution – Sabah and Sarawak |url=http://www.malaysianbar.org.my/index.php?option=com_docman&task=doc_download&gid=2849 |archive-url=http://webarchive.loc.gov/all/20120214041818/http://www.malaysianbar.org.my/index.php?option=com_docman&task=doc_download&gid=2849 |url-status=dead |archive-date=14 February 2012 |publisher=[[Malaysian Bar]] |access-date=13 November 2015 |quote=English was the official language of the State Legislative Assemblies and Courts in Sabah and Sarawak on Malaysia Day, 16 September 1963. Any change of the official language to Bahasa Melayu can only become effective when the State Legislative Assembly of Sabah or Sarawak agrees to adopt federal laws that make Bahasa Melayu the official language.}}</ref> Dalam taun 2015, Kepala Menteri Adenan Satem mulaika jaku English nyadi jaku resmi.<ref>{{Cite news |last1=Ogilvy |first1=Geryl |title=Sarawak to recognise English as official language besides Bahasa Malaysia |url=http://www.theborneopost.com/2015/11/18/sarawak-to-recognise-english-as-official-language-besides-bahasa-malaysia/ |access-date=2 April 2016 |newspaper=The Borneo Post |date=18 November 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160305082141/http://www.theborneopost.com/2015/11/18/sarawak-to-recognise-english-as-official-language-besides-bahasa-malaysia/ |archive-date=5 March 2016}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.themalaymailonline.com/malaysia/article/sarawak-makes-english-official-language-along-with-bm |title=Sarawak makes English official language along with BM |work=themalaymailonline.com |date=13 August 2022}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.thesundaily.my/news/1615945 |title=Sarawak adopts English as official language |work=thesundaily.my}}</ref> Autonomi jaku Sarawak enda ngerembai ngagai sistem pelajar, enggau silibus jaku dikuasa perintah besai.<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.malaysia-today.net/2020/01/01/sarawak-schools-bound-by-jawi-syllabus-despite-legal-leeway-on-official-language-says-lawyer/ |title=Sarawak schools bound by Jawi syllabus despite legal leeway on official language, says lawyer |work=Malaysia Today |date=1 January 2020 |access-date=2 April 2021}}</ref> Taja pan tukuh rasmi jaku Melayu iya nya Jaku Melayu Baku dikena raban pentadbiran perintah, tang iya jarang dikena dalam randau sehari-hari. Dialek setempat [[Jaku Melayu Sarawak]] mayuh agi dikena ari jaku vernakular. Jaku Melayu Sarawak nya jaku ti pemadu suah dikena Melayu Sarawak enggau suku bansa asal bukai. [[Jaku Iban]] ti ngembuan variasyen pelilih menua ti mit nyadi jaku asal ti pemadu mayuh dikena, enggau 60 peratus peranak Sarawak ngena jaku nya nyadi jaku keterubah. [[Jaku Bidayuh]] ke bisi enam bengkah dialek besai dikena 10 peratus peranak menua nya. Raban bansa Orang Ulu ngembuan urung 30 bengkah dialek jaku ti bebida. Seraya etnik China asal ari mayuh macham latar belakang sereta bejaku mayuh macham jaku China Selatan baka jaku Kanton, Hokkien, Hakka, Fuzhou, enggau Teochew, sida mega berandau ngena jaku Mandarin Malaysia.<ref>{{Cite news |title=Sarawak, a land of many tongues |url=http://www.theborneopost.com/2010/12/23/sarawak-a-land-of-many-tongues/ |access-date=7 January 2016 |newspaper=The Borneo Post |date=23 December 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151113120315/http://www.theborneopost.com/2010/12/23/sarawak-a-land-of-many-tongues/ |archive-date=13 November 2015}}</ref> == Pengarap == {{Main|Demografi Sarawak#Pengarap ba Sarawak}} {{Bar box |width=250px |barwidth=100px |title=Pengarap ba Sarawak (2020)<ref name="Malaysia census 2020"/> |titlebar=#ddd |left1=Pengarap |right1=Persin |float=right |bars= {{Bar percent|[[Kristian]]|Blue|50.1}} {{Bar percent|[[Islam]]|Green|34.2}} {{Bar percent|[[Pengarap Buddha|Buddha]]|Orange|12.8}} {{Bar percent|Nadai pengarap|Yellow|1.2}} {{Bar percent|Ke bukai|Gray|0.5}} }} Pengarap [[Kristian]] nyadi jalai pengarap pemadu mayuh di Sarawak, ngarika 50.1% ari semua penyampau tubuh nitihka penyampau tubuh 2020.<ref name="Malaysia census 2020"/> Tu nyadika Sarawak siti negeri Malaysia ti ngembuan majoriti Kristian. Raban indu misi Kristian keterubah di Sarawak iya nya Gerija England ([[Anglikan]]) dalam taun 1848, lalu ditangkan enggau Roman Katolik beberapa taun udah nya, enggau Methodist dalam taun 1903. Evangelisasyen keterubah iya nyadi ba raban bansa China ke datai ari menua bukai sebedau ngerembai ngagai animis asal.<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Carlo |first1=Caldarola |title=Religions and Societies, Asia and the Middle East |date=1982 |publisher=[[Walter de Gruyter]] |isbn=978-90-279-3259-4 |page=481 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=R1ME01zxL98C&pg=PA480 |access-date=15 December 2015}}</ref> Denominasyen Kristian ke bukai di Sarawak iya nya Sidang Injil Borneo,<ref>{{Cite web |title=SIB & BEM – A Brief Introduction to Origin of SIB |url=http://sibgrace.org/about-us/sidang.html |publisher=SIB Grace |access-date=15 December 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131126082044/http://sibgrace.org/about-us/sidang.html |archive-date=26 November 2013}}</ref> enggau [[Baptist]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=List of Baptist churches in Sarawak |url=http://www.mbc.org.my/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=37&Itemid=60 |publisher=Malaysia Baptist Convention |access-date=15 December 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141020050431/http://www.mbc.org.my/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=37&Itemid=60 |archive-date=20 October 2014}}</ref> Orang asal baka Iban, Bidayuh, enggau Orang Ulu udah ngemeranka pengarap Kristian, taja pan sida endang ngetanka sekeda ritus pengarap asal sida. Mayuh orang Islam datai ari Melayu enggau Melanau. Pengarap Buddha, Taoisme, enggau pengarap rakyat China mayuh dipegai orang China Malaysia.<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Carl |first1=Skutsch |title=Encyclopedia of the World's Minorities |date=7 November 2013 |publisher=[[Routledge]] |isbn=978-1-135-19388-1 |page=781 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=yXYKAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA781 |access-date=15 December 2015}}</ref> Pengarap mit bukai di Sarawak iya nya [[Pengarap Baháʼí]],<ref>{{Cite web |title=Malaysia Bahai's – Sarawak |url=http://www.bahai.org.my/sarawak.html |website=bahai.org.my |access-date=1 April 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160331125648/http://bahai.org.my/sarawak.html |archive-date=31 March 2016}}</ref> Hindu,<ref>{{Cite news |last1=Chieng |first1=Connie |title=Sarawak is a blessed land of harmony |url=http://www.newsarawaktribune.com/news/48486/Sarawak-is-a-blessed-land-of-harmony/ |access-date=1 April 2016 |publisher=New Sarawak Tribune |date=17 August 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160401152839/http://www.newsarawaktribune.com/news/48486/Sarawak-is-a-blessed-land-of-harmony/ |archive-date=1 April 2016}}</ref> Sikh,<ref>{{Cite web |title=Sikh Temple |url=http://sarawaktourism.com/attraction/sikh-temple/ |publisher=Sarawak Tourism Board |access-date=1 April 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160310162532/http://sarawaktourism.com/attraction/sikh-temple/ |archive-date=10 March 2016}}</ref> enggau [[animisme]].<ref>{{Cite news |title=Animism is alive and well in South-East Asia: What can we learn? |url=http://www.pravdareport.com/hotspots/disasters/24-03-2014/127152-animism-0/ |access-date=1 April 2016 |publisher=[[Pravda.ru]] |date=24 March 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160401154021/http://www.pravdareport.com/hotspots/disasters/24-03-2014/127152-animism-0/ |archive-date=1 April 2016}}</ref> Taja pan pengarap Islam nyadi pengarap rasmi Malaysia, Sarawak nadai ngembuan pengarap resmi.<ref>{{Cite news |title=Explanation sought on real status of S'wak's official religion |url=http://www.theborneopost.com/2015/12/12/explanation-sought-on-real-status-of-swaks-official-religion/ |access-date=11 December 2015 |newspaper=The Borneo Post |date=12 December 2015 |quote=The Sarawak State Constitution is clear—Sarawak has no official religion, but the official website stated otherwise. This matter was pointed out by YB [[Baru Bian]] (Ba Kelalan assemblyman and state PKR chairman) in his letter to the state secretary in July this year, and no action was taken.}}</ref> Taja pia, maya Abdul Rahman Ya'kub nyadi Kepala Menteri, Konstitusyen Sarawak diubah ngambika Yang di-Pertuan Agong nyadi tuai Islam di Sarawak lalu meri kuasa ngagai DUN ngemendarka undang-undang bekaul enggau pekara Islam. Enggau atur ke baka nya, polisi Islam ulih ditumbuhka di Sarawak lalu pengawa numbuhka ejensi nengeri Islam ulih nyadi. Rang Undang-Undang Islam Majlis 1978 ngemuntangka pengawa numbuhka Kort Syariah di Sarawak ti bisi kuasa ba kes tikah, ngibun anak mit, betunang, pesaka, enggau kes jenayah di nengeri tu. Kot apil enggau Kort Kadi mega ditumbuhka.<ref name="Faisal"/><ref group=note>Faisal, 2012. Negri is empowered to make provisions for regulating Islamic affairs... (page 86)</ref> <gallery mode="packed" caption="Palan pengarap ba Sarawak"> File:St Joseph Church, Kuching, Malaysia.jpg|Katedral St. Joseph, Kuching File:Sarawak State Mosque 02.jpg|Masjid Lama Negeri Sarawak File:Hong San Si Temple 03.jpg|Tepikung Hong San Si </gallery> == Adat == {{Main|Culture of Sarawak}} [[Fail:Sape Player, Kayan Tribe, Sarawak (7246809770).jpg|thumb|right|Siku orang [[Kayan]] bemain sape]] Endur enggau sejarah Sarawak udah ngujungka mayuh macham bansa, budaya enggau jaku. Ba raban bansa asal Sarawak, pengaruh ari luar udah ngujungka mayuh ubah sepanjai maya. Budaya suku bansa Iban di Sarawak bepalan ba konsep bujang berani enggau penau ngambi pala ari suku bansa bukai maya beperang. Pengawa tu, baka ti nyadika sentral ngagai raban bansa Iban, digaga enda sah ari baruh pegai James Brooke lalu pengujung iya pudar taja pan pengingat pasal pengawa nya agi bisi dipeda ba sekeda rumah panjai.<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Metom |first1=Lily |title=Emotion Concepts of the Ibans in Sarawak |date=31 January 2013 |publisher=Patridge Singapore |isbn=978-1-4828-9731-9 |page=22 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=cX3XAwAAQBAJ&pg=PA22 |access-date=12 January 2016 |quote=Nevertheless, all these ancient customs pertaining to headhunting are no longer observed in these modern days.}}</ref> Dua bengkah bansa bukai ari Tanah Tinggi Sarawak iya nya bansa Kelabit enggau Lun Bawang udah meda ubah fundamental ba identiti etnik sida asil terus ari sida masuk pengarap Kristian. Siti ubah ti besai iya nya ubah ba fokus interaksyen sosial sida ari rumah panjai tradisional ngagai gerija setempat. Pengarap sida mega udah mantu nempa penemu dunya sida di luar kampung sida, kelebih agi dikena nimbal ubah.<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Platzdasch |first1=Bernhard |last2=Saravanamuttu |first2=Johan |title=Religious Diversity in Muslim-majority States in Southeast Asia: Areas of Toleration and Conflict |date=6 August 2014 |publisher=[[Institute of Southeast Asian Studies]] (ISEAS) |isbn=978-981-4519-64-9 |page=383 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=7ThpBgAAQBAJ&pg=PA383 |access-date=26 December 2015}}</ref> Ba raban bansa Penan, siti ari suku bansa ke penudi agi ngemeranka gaya pengidup nomad dalam kampung, pengaruh luar, kelebih agi pelajar, udah ngujungka penyampau tubuh ti ngemeranka gaya pengidup nomad nya nurun enggau signifikan.<ref>{{Cite news |last1=Kaur |first1=Jeswan |title=Penan slowly abandoning their nomadic way of life |url=http://www.bt.com.bn/life/2007/12/16/penan_slowly_abandoning_their_nomadic_way_of_life |access-date=26 December 2015 |newspaper=The Brunei Times |date=16 December 2007 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151226090855/http://www.bt.com.bn/life/2007/12/16/penan_slowly_abandoning_their_nomadic_way_of_life |archive-date=26 December 2015}}</ref> Bisi mega ngentapka pendiau pengudah bechampur enggau raban bansa ti bebida, baka bansa Orang Ulu ke bukai.<ref>{{Cite news |title=Equal treatment for Penan community |url=http://www.theborneopost.com/2014/03/01/equal-treatment-for-penan-community/ |access-date=26 December 2015 |newspaper=The Borneo Post |date=1 March 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151226091139/http://www.theborneopost.com/2014/03/01/equal-treatment-for-penan-community/ |archive-date=26 December 2015}}</ref> Siti asil terus ari penyelai budaya tu, ti ditempa polisi toleransi ngagai semua bansa, iya nya penyampau raban bansa ti majak nambah ti ukai semina jadi enggau suku bansa Sarawak bukai, tang mega enggau bansa China, Melayu sereta mega peranak menua ti bebansa Eropah tauka Amerika.<ref>{{Cite news |last1=Switow |first1=Michael |title=Interracial marriage blossoms in Malaysia |url=http://www.csmonitor.com/2005/0209/p13s02-lifp.html |access-date=12 January 2016 |newspaper=[[The Christian Science Monitor]] |date=9 February 2005 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150930105909/http://www.csmonitor.com/2005/0209/p13s02-lifp.html |archive-date=30 September 2015}}</ref> Suku bansa asal Sarawak nitihka tradisyen ngena cherita asal dikena ngerembaika budaya sida ari rebak siti ngagai rebak ti nangkanka nya;<ref name="Oral traditions">{{Cite book |last1=Pandian |first1=A |last2=Ching Ling |first2=L |last3=Ai Lin |first3=T |title=New Literacies: Reconstructing Language and Education |date=16 October 2014 |publisher=Cambridge Scholars Publishing |isbn=978-1-4438-6956-0 |pages=95–97|chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=gzxQBwAAQBAJ&pg=PA97 |access-date=1 January 2016 |chapter=Chapter VII – Developing Literacy and Knowledge, Preservation skills among Remote Rural Children}}</ref><ref group=note>Pandian, 2014. it became the primary means of passing culture, history, and valued traditions. ... in the fact that oral literature is actualised only in performances; (page 95)</ref> chunto pengawa asal tu nyengkaum pengawa bansa Iban iya nya tanda Ngajat,<ref>{{Cite web |title=Tarian Ngajat Identiti Istimewa Masyarakat Iban (Ngajat dances a special identity for the Ibans) |url=http://pmr.penerangan.gov.my/index.php/budaya/6645-tarian-ngajat-identiti-istimewa-masyarakat-iban-.html |publisher=Jabatan Penerangan Malaysia (Malaysian Ministry of Information) |access-date=31 December 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150425041224/http://pmr.penerangan.gov.my/index.php/budaya/6645-tarian-ngajat-identiti-istimewa-masyarakat-iban-.html |archive-date=25 April 2015}}</ref> ''Renong'',<ref>{{Cite web |last1=Nie |first1=C.L.K |last2=Durin |first2=A |title=Renong, An Iban Vocal Repertory (Conference paper) |url=http://ir.unimas.my/2557/ |publisher=Universiti Malaysia Sarawak |access-date=31 December 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151231081606/http://ir.unimas.my/2557/ |archive-date=31 December 2015}}</ref> ''Ensera'',<ref name=Ibanmalaysian/><ref group=note>Postill, 2006. ... four were oral narratives ... (page 51)</ref> enggau cherita ari bansa Kayan enggau Kenyah.<ref>{{Cite book |last1=MacDonald |first1=M.R. |title=Traditional Storytelling Today: An International Sourcebook |date=16 December 2013 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-1-135-91721-0 |page=208|chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=IFNcAgAAQBAJ&pg=PT208 |access-date=1 January 2016 |chapter=The tradition of storytelling in Malaysia |quote=The Kayan and the Kenyah, who dwell in the upper region of Sarawak, have a vibrant epic-telling tradition that is elaborate and specialised.}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last1=Law |first1=Daryll |title=Preserve traditional culture for prosperity, Iban's urged |url=http://www.newsarawaktribune.com/news/13258/Preserve-traditional-culture-for-prosperity-Ibans-urged/ |access-date=31 December 2015 |publisher=New Sarawak Tribune |date=14 October 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151231053701/http://www.newsarawaktribune.com/news/13258/Preserve-traditional-culture-for-prosperity-Ibans-urged/ |archive-date=31 December 2015}}</ref> [[Fail:Ngajat, the Iban's Warrior Dance.jpg|thumb|left|''Ngajat'', the Iban warrior dance gazetted as part of Sarawak culture]] Ba taun-taun sebedau federasyen, perintah koloni ngaku pelajar British enggau budaya asal benung ngachau rebak baru pengajar Iban. Enggau nya, kena 15hb September 1958, Biro Litaricha Borneo dipenyadika enggau piagam dikena nerenakka sereta meransang litaricha menua tu seraya mega nyukung perintah dalam pengawa ngeluarka dokumentasyen, kelebih agi dalam manuskrip teknikal enggau instruksyen ti deka disadung ngagai bansa asal Sarawak . enggau Sabah. Pia mega enggau jaku asal, dokumen mega deka dikeluarka dalam jaku English, China enggau Melayu. Dalam taun 1977, biro tu di baruh kuasa ejensi perambu enggau pemansang jaku perintah besai, Dewan Bahasa dan Pustaka (DBP), ti ngemeranka penerbitan semina dalam jaku Melayu ngujungka pengujung iya ngujungka litaricha asal ti baru ditumbuhka punas.<ref name=Ibanmalaysian/><ref group=note>Postill, 2006. ;... to encourage local authorship and meet local needs&nbsp;... (page 51) ... The Bureau ceased to exist in 1977 when it was taken over by the federal body Dewan Bahasa dan Pustaka.(page 55) ... He concludes that DBP cannot publish books in regional languages (pages 59 and 60)</ref> Bisi beberapa puluh taun sebedau media chelak berengkah ayan di Sarawak. Sarawak Gazette ti dikeluarka perintah Brooke ngerikod mayuh bengkah berita ti bekaul enggau ekonomi, betanam betupi, antropologi, arkeologi, berengkah diedar dalam taun 1870 lalu majak dikerembaika nyentuk ke jeman moden.<ref>{{Cite news |title=Sarawak Gazette now available online |url=http://www.theborneopost.com/2013/07/31/sarawak-gazette-now-available-online/ |access-date=5 January 2016 |newspaper=The Borneo Post |date=31 July 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150509202403/http://www.theborneopost.com/2013/07/31/sarawak-gazette-now-available-online |archive-date=9 May 2015}}</ref> Taja pia, dalam beberapa dekad udah bekau federasyen, undang-undang ti nyekat enggau kaul ngagai pengawa dagang mai reti media nya sebengkah dagang ti mayuh diempu perintah.<ref name=Ibanmalaysian/><ref group=note>Postill, 2006. ... the government controls virtually all newspapers in Sarawak (page 76)</ref> Siti ari penerbitan teks ti pemadu tumu dikelala di Borneo, ''Hikayat Panglima Nikosa'' (Cherita Penglima Nikosa), keterubah kali dichelak ba Kuching, 1876.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Walker |first1=J.H |title=Hikayat Panglima Nikosa and the Sarawak Gazette: Transforming Texts in Nineteenth Century Sarawak |journal=[[Modern Asian Studies]] |date=13 April 2005 |volume=39 |issue=2 |page=427 |doi=10.1017/S0026749X04001507 |s2cid=145371339}}</ref> Bisi sekeda muzium di Sarawak ti ngintu sereta ngintu artifak budaya Sarawak. Ba kaki Gunung Santubong, Kuching, bisi Kampung Budaya Sarawak, sebengkah "muzium idup" ti mandangka pupu bansa ti bejalaika aktiviti asal ba rumah asal sida empu.<ref name="SCVMain">{{Cite web |title=Explore Sarawak in Half a Day |url=http://www.scv.com.my/main.asp |publisher=Sarawak Cultural Village |access-date=26 December 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151207151953/http://www.scv.com.my/main.asp |archive-date=7 December 2015}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Sarawak Cultural Village |url=http://sarawaktourism.com/attraction/sarawak-cultural-village-svc/ |publisher=Sarawak Tourism Board |access-date=26 December 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151226093807/http://sarawaktourism.com/attraction/sarawak-cultural-village-svc/ |archive-date=26 December 2015}}</ref> Muzium Negeri Sarawak nyimpan koleksyen artifak baka tembikar, tekstil, enggau kereban ngukir kayu ari mayuh macham suku bansa di Sarawak, sereta mega kereban etnografi budaya menua nya.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Malaysian Borneo's Muzium Sarawak: A Colonial Legacy in Postcolonial Context |date=25 March 2010 |url=https://www.culturalsurvival.org/publications/cultural-survival-quarterly/malaysia/malaysian-borneos-muzium-sarawak-colonial-legacy-p |publisher=[[Cultural Survival]] |access-date=26 December 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151005012910/http://www.culturalsurvival.org/publications/cultural-survival-quarterly/malaysia/malaysian-borneos-muzium-sarawak-colonial-legacy-p |archive-date=5 October 2015}}</ref> Sape Orang Ulu iya nya kereban muzik asal ke pemadu dikelala di Sarawak lalu ditebah ungkup Kuin [[Elizabeth II]] maya penemuai rasmi iya ke Sarawak dalam taun 1972 suba.<ref>{{Cite news |last1=Ringgit |first1=Danielle Sendou |title=From dreams into the mainstream |url=http://seeds.theborneopost.com/2015/08/26/from-dreams-into-the-mainstream/ |access-date=31 December 2015 |newspaper=The Borneo Post |date=26 August 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151231005116/http://seeds.theborneopost.com/2015/08/26/from-dreams-into-the-mainstream/ |archive-date=31 December 2015 |quote=Aside from that, the late Tusau Padan performed for Queen Elizabeth during her official visit to Sarawak in 1972,&nbsp;...}}</ref> === Pemakai === {{Main|Sarawakian cuisine}} [[Fail:Laksa Sarawak.JPG|thumb|right|A bowl of Sarawak [[laksa]]]] Sarawak nyadi palan komuniti ke mayuh macham, ngembuan mayuh macham bansa pemakai sereta gaya nyumai ke jarang ditemu ba endur bukai di Malaysia. Pemakai ke tebilang ba nengeri tu nyengkaum laksa Sarawak,<ref>{{Cite news |title=Best Sarawak Laksa in Kuching |url=http://www.themalaysianinsider.com/food/article/best-sarawak-laksa-in-kuching |access-date=3 January 2016 |newspaper=The Malaysian Insider |date=29 April 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150808212857/http://www.themalaysianinsider.com/food/article/best-sarawak-laksa-in-kuching |archive-date=8 August 2015}}</ref> mi rangkai,<ref>{{Cite news |title=Kolo mee, a Sarawak favourite, any time of day |url=http://www.themalaysianinsider.com/food/article/kolo-mee-a-sarawak-favourite-any-time-of-day |access-date=3 January 2016 |newspaper=The Malaysian Insider |date=14 September 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140309141249/http://www.themalaysianinsider.com/food/article/kolo-mee-a-sarawak-favourite-any-time-of-day |archive-date=9 March 2014}}</ref> enggau manuk pansuh.<ref>{{Cite news |title='Ayam pansuh' — A Sarawak exotic delicacy loved by many (VIDEO) |url=http://www.themalaymailonline.com/eat-drink/article/ayam-pansuh-a-sarawak-exotic-delicacy-loved-by-many-video |access-date=3 January 2016 |newspaper=The Malay Mail |date=28 June 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150701010809/http://www.themalaymailonline.com/eat-drink/article/ayam-pansuh-a-sarawak-exotic-delicacy-loved-by-many-video |archive-date=1 July 2015}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Sarawak Top 10 Iconic Food |url=http://blog.sarawaktourism.com/2012/08/sarawak-top-10-iconic-food.html |publisher=Sarawak Tourism Board |access-date=3 January 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150715180712/http://blog.sarawaktourism.com/2012/08/sarawak-top-10-iconic-food.html |archive-date=15 July 2015}}</ref> Negeri tu mega tebilang ketegal kek lapis Sarawak.<ref>{{Cite news |title=Singer Deja Moss' real passion is Sarawak layered cakes |url=http://www.thestar.com.my/metro/metro-biz/2015/03/24/baking-takes-the-cake-singer-deja-moss-real-passion-is-sarawak-layered-cakes/ |access-date=3 January 2016 |newspaper=The Star (Malaysia) |date=24 March 2015}}</ref> === Ayan ba media === Sepenyampau filem antarabansa, dokumentari, siri televisyen udah nyadika Sarawak nyadi palan begambar ke batang, baka ''[[Farewell to the King]]'' (1989), ''[[The Sleeping Dictionary]]'' (2003), enggau ''[[Edge of the World (2021 film)|Edge of the World]]'' (2021) ke nyadi tebilang.<ref name="Ong 2023">{{Cite news |last1=Ong |first1=Edgar |title=Sixty years of Sarawak on the silver screen |url=https://www.theborneopost.com/2023/09/16/sixty-years-of-sarawak-on-the-silver-screen/ |access-date=17 September 2023 |publisher=The Borneo Post |date=16 September 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230917063618/https://www.theborneopost.com/2023/09/16/sixty-years-of-sarawak-on-the-silver-screen/ |archive-date=17 September 2023}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |title=Sarawak To the World |url=https://www.borneotalk.com/sarawak-to-the-world/ |access-date=14 August 2022 |publisher=Borneo Talk |date=2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210726021401/https://www.borneotalk.com/sarawak-to-the-world/ |archive-date=26 July 2021}}</ref> Entara filem keterubah diasilka ba menua tu iya nya filem jaku Iban ''Bejalai'' ti kala dipandangka ba Festival Filem Berlin dalam taun 1989 enggau filem seram ''Possessed'' disaring maya taun 2006.<ref name="Ong 2023"/> === Peremisi enggau pengerami === Rayat Sarawak ngintu sekeda hari besai enggau pengerami sepemanjai taun.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Public Holidays 2015 |url=http://www.sarawak.gov.my/web/home/article_view/198/276/ |publisher=The Sarawak Government |access-date=7 January 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150907173458/http://www.sarawak.gov.my/web/home/article_view/198/276/ |archive-date=7 September 2015}}</ref> Kelimpah ari pengerami Hari Meredika nasional enggau Hari Malaysia, nengeri tu mega ngintu Hari Sarawak kena 22 Julai enggau hari pengada Gabenor Nengeri.<ref>{{Cite news |title=TYT, CM attend state's 52nd anniversary of independence |url=http://www.theborneopost.com/2015/07/23/tyt-cm-attend-states-52nd-anniversary-of-independence/ |access-date=7 January 2016 |newspaper=The Borneo Post |date=23 July 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150811061745/http://www.theborneopost.com/2015/07/23/tyt-cm-attend-states-52nd-anniversary-of-independence/ |archive-date=11 August 2015}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last1=Hunter |first1=M |title=Sarawak's "Independence Day" |date=26 July 2013 |url=http://asiapacific.anu.edu.au/newmandala/2013/07/27/sarawaks-independence-day/ |publisher=New Mandala (Australian National University) |access-date=7 January 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150725120609/http://asiapacific.anu.edu.au/newmandala/2013/07/27/sarawaks-independence-day/ |archive-date=25 July 2015}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |title=Pomp celebrations for Sarawak Governor's birthday |url=http://www.thestar.com.my/videos/2015/09/12/pomp-celebrations-for-sarawak-governors-birthday/ |access-date=8 January 2016 |newspaper=The Star (Malaysia) |date=12 September 2015 |archive-date=8 January 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160108005545/http://www.thestar.com.my/videos/2015/09/12/pomp-celebrations-for-sarawak-governors-birthday/ |url-status=dead}}</ref> Raban bansa mega ngintu pengerami diri empu. Tradisyen rumah tebuka tu ngemendarka bansa bukai sama enggau ngintu pengerami nya.<ref>{{Cite news |title=CM and wife to have Hari Raya open house at BCCK |url=http://www.theborneopost.com/2015/07/15/cm-and-wife-to-have-hari-raya-open-house-at-bcck/ |access-date=7 January 2016 |publisher=15 July 2015 |date=15 July 2015}}<br />{{*}} {{Cite news |last1=Aubrey |first1=S |title=1,000 throng Manyin's Gawai Dayak open house |url=http://www.theborneopost.com/2015/06/09/1000-throng-manyins-gawai-dayak-open-house/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160108003304/http://www.theborneopost.com/2015/06/09/1000-throng-manyins-gawai-dayak-open-house/ |archive-date=8 January 2016 |access-date=8 January 2016 |newspaper=The Borneo Post |date=9 June 2015}}<br />{{*}} {{Cite news |title=KTS holds Chinese New Year Open House in Bintulu |url=http://www.theborneopost.com/2015/03/09/kts-holds-chinese-new-year-open-house-in-bintulu/ |access-date=8 January 2016 |newspaper=The Borneo Post |date=9 March 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151216194917/http://www.theborneopost.com/2015/03/09/kts-holds-chinese-new-year-open-house-in-bintulu/ |archive-date=16 December 2015}}</ref> Semina Sarawak nyadi nengeri di Malaysia ti ngelaika pengerami Gawai Dayak nyadi hari peremisi besai.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Public Holiday in Sarawak in conjunctions with the Gawai Dayak Celebration |url=http://www.mkm.edu.my/index.php/en/news-announcement-archive/2-uncategorised/862-cuti-umum-sempena-perayaan-hari-gawai-dayak-negeri-sarawak |publisher=Co-operative College in Malaysia |access-date=8 January 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160108003956/http://www.mkm.edu.my/index.php/en/news-announcement-archive/2-uncategorised/862-cuti-umum-sempena-perayaan-hari-gawai-dayak-negeri-sarawak |archive-date=8 January 2016}}</ref> === Lumba === Sarawak nganjung tim diri empu nyereta Lumba Empayar British enggau Komanwel 1958 enggau 1962,<ref>{{Cite web |title=Commonwealth Games Federation – Countries – Sarawak |date=11 January 2016 |url=https://archive.org/details/FormerCommonwealthCountriesSarawak |publisher=Commonwealth Games Federation |access-date=11 January 2016}}</ref> enggau Lumba Asia 1962; pengudah taun 1963, peranak Sarawak bepekit nyadi sebagi ari tim Malaysia.<ref>{{Cite news |title=Japan top the list with 73 'golds' |url=http://eresources.nlb.gov.sg/newspapers/Digitised/Article/straitstimes19620905-1.2.129.4.aspx |access-date=11 January 2016 |newspaper=[[The Straits Times]] |date=5 September 1962}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Jakarta 1962 |url=http://www.ocasia.org/Game/GameParticular.aspx?SYCXGjC0df+J2ChZBk5tvA== |publisher=Olympic Council of Asia |access-date=11 January 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160101050016/http://www.ocasia.org/Game/GameParticular.aspx?SYCXGjC0df%2BJ2ChZBk5tvA=%3D |archive-date=1 January 2016 |url-status=dead}}</ref> Sarawak nyadi tuai rumah Lumba SUKMA Malaysia ba taun 1990, 2016 enggau 2024,<ref>{{Cite news |title=S'wak to host Sukma in 2016 — Khairy |url=http://www.theborneopost.com/2013/09/04/swak-to-host-sukma-in-2016-khairy/ |access-date=11 January 2016 |newspaper=The Borneo Post |date=4 September 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160111074735/http://www.theborneopost.com/2013/09/04/swak-to-host-sukma-in-2016-khairy/ |archive-date=11 January 2016}}</ref> lalu nyadi champion keseluruhan ba lumba enggau main SUKMA 1990, 1992, 1994 enggau 2024.<ref>{{Cite news |last1=Pail |first1=Salena |title=CM revs up momentum for 2016 S'wak Sukma |url=http://www.theborneopost.com/2015/10/22/cm-revs-up-momentum-for-2016-swak-sukma/ |access-date=11 January 2016 |newspaper=The Borneo Post |date=22 October 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160111075335/http://www.theborneopost.com/2015/10/22/cm-revs-up-momentum-for-2016-swak-sukma/ |archive-date=11 January 2016}}</ref> Iya mega nyadi tuai rumah Lumba Para SUKMA dalam taun 1996, 2016 enggau 2024, lalu nyadi champion keseluruhan ungkup 13 edisyen beturut-turut ari taun 1994 nyentuk ngagai taun 2018.<ref>{{Cite news |last1=Tieng Hii |first1=Ting |title=Sarawak's reign as Para Sukma overall champions ends |url=https://www.theborneopost.com/2022/11/06/sarawaks-reign-as-para-sukma-overall-champions-ends/ |access-date=13 November 2022 |newspaper=The Borneo Post |date=6 November 2022}}</ref> Ba taun 2019, kededua Opis Menteri Lumba enggau Main Sabah enggau Sarawak bekerejasama numbuhka Suruhanjaya Lumba enggau Main Malaysia Timur dikena ngemudahka pengawa ngatur mayuh agi program lumba enggau main ba kededua kandang menua nya nyengkaum endur bukai di pulau-pulau Borneo.<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.theborneopost.com/2019/09/05/sabah-swak-sports-ministries-to-work-together-to-create-east-malaysia-sports-commission/ |title=Sabah, S'wak Sports Ministries to work together to create East Malaysia Sports Commission |author=Matthew Umpang |newspaper=The Borneo Post |date=5 September 2019 |access-date=8 October 2019}}</ref> Perintah Sarawak mega merambu deka ngaga Sarawak nyadi hab [[e-lumba]] enggau main ba rantau tu.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://dayakdaily.com/sarawak-hopes-to-become-an-esports-hub-in-the-region-one-day/ |title=Sarawak hopes to become an eSports hub in the region one day |author=Nigel Edgar |publisher=Dayak Daily |date=27 January 2019 |access-date=30 October 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191030063025/https://dayakdaily.com/sarawak-hopes-to-become-an-esports-hub-in-the-region-one-day/ |archive-date=30 October 2019 |url-status=dead}}</ref> == Kaul entarabansa == Sarawak udah nyadi negeri/provinsi menyadi Provinsi Fujian ba China.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://wb.fujian.gov.cn/English/sisterstates/201801/t20180130_736955.htm |title=Sister Provinces (Sarawak, Malaysia) |publisher=Foreign Affairs Office of the People's Government of Fujian Province, China |date=30 January 2018 |access-date=27 September 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190927045527/https://wb.fujian.gov.cn/English/sisterstates/201801/t20180130_736955.htm |archive-date=27 September 2019 |url-status=dead}}</ref> == Peda mega == *[[Bibliografi Sarawak]] *[[Ripih orang ari Sarawak]] == Nota == {{NoteFoot}} == Kereban sanding == <references responsive="" /> == Link luar == {{Sister project links|collapsible=true|wikt=no|q=no|n=no|v=no|voy=Sarawak}} *{{Official website}} *[http://www.sarawaktourism.com/ Sarawak] ari Opis Dagang Temuai Sarawak *[http://lawnet.sarawak.gov.my/lawnet/Law/TLnetPublishedOrdList.jsp?LTyp=All Laws of Sarawak] *[http://www.lonelyplanet.com/malaysia/malaysian-borneo-sarawak Sarawak] ari [[Lonely Planet]] <!-- why blacklisted?*[http://www.mapsofworld.com/malaysia/states/sarawak-map.html Map: Districts of Sarawak]--> {{Sarawak}} [[Kategori:Sarawak| ]] [[Kategori:Negeri ba Malaysia]] [[Kategori:Malaysia Timur]] 70kow138aez1aiwnoqmhklk8tzaasb7 0 2083 18518 11689 2026-04-13T12:20:47Z Song GK 9 18518 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox country | conventional_long_name = Republik Suriname | common_name = Suriname | native_name = {{Native name|nl|Republiek Suriname}} | image_flag = Flag of Suriname.svg | image_coat = Coat of arms of Suriname.svg | national_motto = {{Native phrase|la|[[Justitia]] – [[Pietas]] – [[Faith|Fides]]}}<br />{{Native phrase|nl|Gerechtigheid – Vroomheid – Vertrouwen}}<br />"Justice – Piety – Trust" | national_anthem = {{Native name|nl|[[God zij met ons Suriname]]|nolink=on}}<br />"God be with our Suriname"{{Parabr}}{{Center|[[Fail:Surinamese national anthem, performed by the U.S. Navy Band.ogg]]}} | image_map = SURINAME orthographic.svg | map_caption = Land controlled by Suriname shown in dark green; [[Borders of Suriname|claimed land]] shown in light green. | image_map2 = | capital = [[Paramaribo]] | coordinates = {{Coord|5|50|N|55|10|W|type:city}} | largest_city = [[Paramaribo]] | official_languages = [[Jaku Belanda Suriname|Belanda]] | regional_languages = {{Collapsible list | titlestyle=background:transparent;text-align:left;font-weight:normal | title=8 [[Jaku asal ba Amerika Selatan|jaku asal]] |{{Hlist | [[Akurio language|Akurio]] | [[Arawak language|Arawak-Lokono]] | [[Carib language|Carib-Kari'nja]] | [[Sikiana language|Sikiana-Kashuyana]] | [[Tiriyó language|Tiro-Tiriyó]] | [[Waiwai language|Waiwai]] | [[Warao language|Warao]] | [[Wayana language|Wayana]]}} }} | ethnic_groups = {{Unbulleted list | 27.4% [[Orang India Suriname|Hindustani]] | 21.7% [[Orang Maroon Suriname|Maroon]] | 15.7% [[Afro-Surinamese|Creole]] | 13.7% [[Orang Jawa Suriname|Jawa]] | {{Nowrap|13.4% [[Multiracial people|Multiracial]]}} | 3.8% [[Indigenous peoples in Suriname|Indigenous]] | 1.5% [[Orang China Suriname|China]] | 0.3% [[White Surinamese|European]] | 1.9% [[Ethnic groups in Suriname|others]] }} | ethnic_groups_ref = <ref>{{Citation|url=http://history.rutgers.edu/honors-papers-2015/1302-sode-honors-thesis-2015/file|title=Suriname: An Asian Immigrant and the Organic Creation of the Caribbean's Most Unique Fusion Culture|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170220092458/http://history.rutgers.edu/honors-papers-2015/1302-sode-honors-thesis-2015/file|archive-date=20 February 2017|access-date=19 July 2017}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://unstats.un.org/unsd/demographic/sources/census/2010_PHC/Suriname/SUR-Census2012-vol1.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140629112522/https://unstats.un.org/unsd/demographic/sources/census/2010_PHC/Suriname/SUR-Census2012-vol1.pdf|url-status=dead|archive-date=29 June 2014|title=Censusstatistieken 2012|work=Algemeen Bureau voor de Statistiek in Suriname (General Statistics Bureau of Suriname)|page=76}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/suriname/|title=The World Factbook – Central Intelligence Agency|website=cia.gov|date=29 September 2021}}</ref><ref name="Census"/><ref name="statistics-suriname1">{{Cite web|url=http://www.statistics-suriname.org/index.php/statistieken/downloads/category/30-censusstatistieken-2012|title=Census statistieken 2012|publisher=Statistics-suriname.org|access-date=13 July 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141113143359/http://www.statistics-suriname.org/index.php/statistieken/downloads/category/30-censusstatistieken-2012|archive-date=13 November 2014|url-status=dead|df=dmy-all}}</ref><ref name="Definitieve Resultaten Vol I Etni">{{Cite journal|title= Definitieve Resultaten (Vol I) Etniciteit|journal=Presentatie Evaluatie Rapport CENSUS 8|page= 42}}</ref> | ethnic_groups_year = 2012 | religion_ref = <ref name="CENSUS2012"/> | religion_year = 2012 | religion = {{Tree list}} *{{Nowrap|48.4% [[Kristian]]}} **{{Nowrap|26.75 [[Protestan]]}} **21.65% [[Gerija Katolik ba Suriname|Roman Katolik]] *{{Nowrap|22.3% [[Hindu ba Suriname|Hindu]]}} **{{Nowrap|17.97% [[Sanātanī#Sanātanī as a denomination|Sanātanī]]}} **{{Nowrap|3.08% [[Arya Samaj in Suriname|Arya Samaj]]}} **{{Nowrap|1.23% [[Hindu denominations|Other Hindu]]}} *{{Nowrap|13.9% [[Islam ba Suriname|Islam]]}} **{{Nowrap|3.91% [[Islam Sunni|Sunni]]}} **{{Nowrap|2.61% [[Ahmadiyya]]}} **{{Nowrap|7.34% [[Islamic schools and branches|Other Muslim]]}} *{{Nowrap|1.8% [[Winti]]}} *{{Nowrap|0.8% [[Kejawèn]]}} *{{Nowrap|0.03% [[History of the Jews in Suriname|Judaism]]}} *{{Nowrap|7.52% [[Irreligion]]}} *{{Nowrap|2.04% Enda dipadah}} *{{Nowrap|1.11% Enda ditemu}} *{{Nowrap|0.85% [[Pengarap ba Suriname|Ke bukai]]}} {{Tree list/end}} | demonym = | government_type = Unitary [[assembly-independent republic]] | leader_title1 = [[Presiden Suriname|Presiden]] | leader_name1 = [[Chan Santokhi]] | leader_title2 = [[Sapit Presiden Suriname|Sapit Presiden]] | leader_name2 = [[Ronnie Brunswijk]] | leader_title3 = [[List of chairmen of the National Assembly of Suriname|National Assembly Chairman]] | leader_name3 = [[Marinus Bee]] | leader_title4 = [[High Court of Justice of Suriname|High Court of Justice President]] | leader_name4 = Iwan Rasoelbaks ''(acting)'' | legislature = [[National Assembly (Suriname)|National Assembly]] | sovereignty_type = [[Independence]] | sovereignty_note = from the [[Netherlands]] | established_event1 = [[Suriname (Kingdom of the Netherlands)|Constituent country within the Kingdom of the Netherlands]] | established_date1 = 15 December 1954 | established_event2 = [[Independence of Suriname|Independence]] from the [[Kingdom of the Netherlands]] | established_date2 = 25 November 1975 | area_km2 = 163,820<ref name="CIA Factbook">{{Cite CIA World Factbook|country=Suriname|access-date=24 September 2022}}</ref><ref name="statistics-suriname1"/><ref name="Definitieve Resultaten Vol I Etni">{{Cite journal|title= Definitieve Resultaten (Vol I) Etniciteit|journal=Presentatie Evaluatie Rapport CENSUS 8|page= 42}}</ref> | area_rank = 90th <!-- Area rank should match [[List of countries and dependencies by area]]--> | area_sq_mi = 63,251 <!--Do not remove per [[WP:MOSNUM]]--> | percent_water = 1.1 | population_estimate = 632,638<ref name="CIA Factbook"/><ref name="Suriname country profile">{{Cite web|title=Suriname country profile|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-latin-america-19997673|website=BBC News|access-date=23 November 2023|date=23 November 2023}}</ref> | population_estimate_year = 2022 | population_estimate_rank = 170th | population_density_km2 = 3.9 | population_density_sq_mi = 10.0 <!--Do not remove per [[WP:MOSNUM]]--> | population_density_rank = 231st | GDP_PPP = {{Increase}} $11.435 billion<ref name="IMFWEO.SR">{{Cite web|url=https://www.imf.org/en/Publications/WEO/weo-database/2023/October/weo-report?c=366,&s=NGDPD,PPPGDP,NGDPDPC,PPPPC,&sy=2020&ey=2028&ssm=0&scsm=1&scc=0&ssd=1&ssc=0&sic=0&sort=country&ds=.&br=1|title=World Economic Outlook Database, October 2023 Edition. (Suriname)|publisher=[[International Monetary Fund]]|date=10 October 2023|access-date=21 October 2023}}</ref> | GDP_PPP_year = 2023 | GDP_PPP_rank = 160th | GDP_PPP_per_capita = {{Increase}} $18,311<ref name="IMFWEO.SR" /> | GDP_PPP_per_capita_rank = 91st | GDP_nominal = {{Increase}} $3.539 billion<ref name="IMFWEO.SR" /> | GDP_nominal_year = 2023 | GDP_nominal_rank = 173rd | GDP_nominal_per_capita = {{Decrease}} $5,667<ref name="IMFWEO.SR" /> | GDP_nominal_per_capita_rank = 106th | Gini = <!-- number only --> | Gini_year = | Gini_change = <!--increase/decrease/steady--> | Gini_ref = <ref name=gini-index>{{Cite web|title=GINI index|url=https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SI.POV.GINI?locations=SR|publisher=[[World Bank]]|access-date=5 December 2017}}</ref> | Gini_rank = | HDI_year = 2022<!-- Please use the year to which the data refers, not the publication year--> | HDI = 0.690 | HDI_change = increase<!--increase/decrease/steady--> | HDI_rank = 124th | HDI_ref = <ref>{{Cite report|url=https://hdr.undp.org/content/human-development-report-2023-24|title=Human Development Report 2023-24|last=Nations|first=United|date=2024-03-13|publisher=United Nations|language=en}}</ref>| currency = [[Surinamese dollar]] | currency_code = SRD | time_zone = SRT | utc_offset = -3 | utc_offset_DST = | time_zone_DST = | drives_on = left | calling_code = [[+597|+597]] | cctld = [[.sr|.sr]] | languages2_type = Other languages | languages2 = {{Collapsible list | titlestyle = background:transparent;text-align:left;font-weight:normal; | title = 15 languages |{{Hlist | [[Sranantongo]] | [[Sarnami Hindustani]] | [[Javanese language#Surinamese-Javanese|Surinamese-Javanese]] | [[Ndyuka language|Ndyuka]] | [[Saramaccan language|Saramaccan]] | [[Matawai language|Matawai]] | [[Aluku language|Aluku]] | [[Paramaccan people#Language|Paramaccan]] | [[Kwinti language|Kwinti]] | [[Chinese language|Chinese]] | [[Lebanese Arabic]] | [[English language|English]] | [[French language|French]] | [[Brazilian Portuguese|Portuguese]] | [[Spanish language|Spanish]]}} }} }} '''Suriname''' (nama resmi: '''Republik Suriname''' ({{Lang-nl|Republiek Suriname}}), iya nya sebuah menua ba utara [[Amerika Selatan]], kekadang dikira sebagi ari Karibia enggau Hindia Barat. Suriname nya sebuah menua ti benung mansang enggau tikas pemansang mensia ti sederhana; ekonomi iya balat bepanggai ba pengeraja asal ti mayuh, iya nya bauksit, emas, petroleum, enggau asil betanam betupi. Suriname nyadi kaban Komuniti Karibia (CARICOM), [[Gerempung Bansa Beserakup]], enggau Gerempung Kerejasama Islam. == Kereban sanding == {{reflist}} [[Kategori:Menua ba Amerika Selatan]] 2p09z236vgmpi3jr64ab5riei4myz9d 0 2108 18538 16051 2026-04-14T08:11:29Z Song GK 9 18538 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Fail:Fireworks on New Year's Eve in a small Swabian village (1), brightened.jpg|thumb|Bungai api kena ngintu taun baru, ba Swabia]] '''Taun baru''' iya nya maya tauka hari endur taun kalendar baru berengkah lalu ngira taun kalendar nya nambah satu. Mayuh budaya ngintu pengawa nya ngena sekeda chara.<ref>Anthony Aveni, "Happy New Year! But Why Now?" in ''The Book of the Year: A Brief History of Our Seasonal Holidays'' (Oxford: [[Oxford University Press]], 2003), 11–28.</ref> Dalam [[kalenda Gregorius]], sistem kalendar ti pemadu mayuh dikena kemaya hari tu, Taun Baru nyadi kena 1 Januari (Hari Taun Baru, ditangkanka Malam Taun Baru). Tu mega hari keterubah dalam taun dalam kalendar asal [[Kalenda Julius|Julius]] enggau [[kalendar Rom]] (pengudah taun 153 SM).<ref>{{Cite book|last=Forsythe|first=Gary |title=Time in Roman Religion: One Thousand Years of Religious History|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=hTDku_ZQ0JgC&pg=PA14|year=2012|publisher=Routledge|isbn=978-0-415-52217-5|page=14}}</ref> Budaya bukai ngintu Hari Taun Baru tradisional tauka pengarap sida nitihka adat sida empu, biasa iya (taja pan enda seruran) ketegal sida ngena kalendar bulan tauka kalendar lunisolar. [[Taun Baru China]], Taun Baru Islam, Taun Baru Tamil (Puthandu), enggau Taun Baru orang Judah entara chunto ke tebilang. [[India]], [[Nepal]], enggau menua bukai mega ngintu Taun Baru nitihka haribulan nitihka kalendar sida empu ti ulih mindah ba kalendar Gregorian. == Kereban sanding == {{reflist}} [[Kategori:Pengerami Taun Baru]] fry260gwnai3jrs4efc5df4sau92wjz 0 2113 18541 11617 2026-04-14T08:13:24Z Song GK 9 /* Penyanding */ 18541 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox settlement | name = Tebedu | settlement_type = Town and [[List of capitals in Malaysia#District capitals|district capital]] | image_skyline = File:Tebedu Entikong checkpoint.jpg | image_caption = [[Malaysia-Indonesia border]] sign in Tebedu | image_flag = | image_shield = | image_map = | coordinates = {{Coord|1.01667|110.36667|region:MY|display=inline,title}} | pushpin_map = Borneo | pushpin_label_position = right | subdivision_type = [[Countries of the world|Country]] | subdivision_name = {{Flag|Malaysia}} | subdivision_type1 = [[States and federal territories of Malaysia|State]] | subdivision_name1 = {{Flag|Sarawak}} | subdivision_type2 = [[Sarawak#Administrative divisions|Administrative Division]] | subdivision_name2 = [[Serian, Sarawak|Serian]] | subdivision_type3 = [[Districts in Malaysia|District]] | subdivision_name3 = [[Tebedu District|Tebedu]] | elevation_m = 99 }} '''Tebedu''' (dikelala mega enggau nama Bandar Mutiara) iya nya sebuah mengeri garis entara menua ba bagi menua Serian di barat daya [[Sarawak]], [[Malaysia]],<ref name="Gaz" /><ref name="Geonames" /> ba [[garis entara menua Indonesia-Malaysia]]. Mengeri tu bepalan urung {{Convert|63.2|km|mi|0}} selatan indu nengeri iya nya [[Kuching]]. Iya nyadi penuduk pentadbiran ungkup Pelilih Menua Tebedu. Tebedu nyadi jalai keterubah sereta mega jalai besai meraka darat entara Malaysia enggau Indonesia. Iya bepalan ba sepemanjai jalai besai ti nyambung [[Kuching]], [[Sarawak]] enggau [[Pontianak]], [[Kalimantan Barat]]. Nengeri ba sepiak garis entara menua Indonesia iya nya [[Entikong]]. Dalam taun 2010, Direktor Matrade Sarawak Omar Mohd Salleh madahka lebih 90% dagang eksport Sarawak nengah Sungai Tujoh (ba garis entara menua enggau [[Brunei]]) tauka nengah Tebedu.<ref name="PDF1786984725"/> Tebal agi peranak bandar tu peranak asal ari raban bansa [[Bidayuh]]. Raban bansa China ke mit bejalaika pengawa dagang runchit enggau dagang ti meri utai ke diguna ninting hari ngagai tumpuk pendiau nya. Genturung pendiau ke besemak nyengkaum: * [[Kampung Entubu]] {{Convert|2.6|km|mi|1}} barat daya * [[Kampung Bengan]] {{Convert|4.1|km|mi|1}} barat laut * [[Kampung Tama]] {{Convert|6.7|km|mi|1}} timur laut * [[Kampung Sijijak]] {{Convert|6.7|km|mi|1}} barat laut * [[Kampung Sungan]] {{Convert|7.4|km|mi|1}} utara * [[Kampung Tesu]] {{Convert|7.6|km|mi|1}} timur == Kereban sanding == <references/> fkv5abbk977muf3bnfiqyj6g6n7kgbz 18542 18541 2026-04-14T08:14:57Z Song GK 9 18542 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox settlement | name = Tebedu | settlement_type = Town and [[List of capitals in Malaysia#District capitals|district capital]] | image_skyline = File:Tebedu Entikong checkpoint.jpg | image_caption = [[Malaysia-Indonesia border]] sign in Tebedu | image_flag = | image_shield = | image_map = | coordinates = {{Coord|1.01667|110.36667|region:MY|display=inline,title}} | pushpin_map = Borneo | pushpin_label_position = right | subdivision_type = [[Countries of the world|Country]] | subdivision_name = {{Flag|Malaysia}} | subdivision_type1 = [[States and federal territories of Malaysia|State]] | subdivision_name1 = {{Flag|Sarawak}} | subdivision_type2 = [[Sarawak#Administrative divisions|Administrative Division]] | subdivision_name2 = [[Serian, Sarawak|Serian]] | subdivision_type3 = [[Districts in Malaysia|District]] | subdivision_name3 = [[Tebedu District|Tebedu]] | elevation_m = 99 }} '''Tebedu''' (dikelala mega enggau nama Bandar Mutiara) iya nya sebuah mengeri garis entara menua ba bagi menua Serian di barat daya [[Sarawak]], [[Malaysia]],<ref name="Gaz" /><ref name="Geonames" /> ba [[garis entara menua Indonesia-Malaysia]]. Mengeri tu bepalan urung {{Convert|63.2|km|mi|0}} selatan indu nengeri iya nya [[Kuching]]. Iya nyadi penuduk pentadbiran ungkup Pelilih Menua Tebedu. Tebedu nyadi jalai keterubah sereta mega jalai besai meraka darat entara Malaysia enggau Indonesia. Iya bepalan ba sepemanjai jalai besai ti nyambung [[Kuching]], [[Sarawak]] enggau [[Pontianak]], [[Kalimantan Barat]]. Nengeri ba sepiak garis entara menua Indonesia iya nya [[Entikong]]. Dalam taun 2010, Direktor Matrade Sarawak Omar Mohd Salleh madahka lebih 90% dagang eksport Sarawak nengah Sungai Tujoh (ba garis entara menua enggau [[Brunei]]) tauka nengah Tebedu.<ref name="PDF1786984725"/> Tebal agi peranak bandar tu peranak asal ari raban bansa [[Bidayuh]]. Raban bansa China ke mit bejalaika pengawa dagang runchit enggau dagang ti meri utai ke diguna ninting hari ngagai tumpuk pendiau nya. Genturung pendiau ke besemak nyengkaum: * [[Kampung Entubu]] {{Convert|2.6|km|mi|1}} barat daya * [[Kampung Bengan]] {{Convert|4.1|km|mi|1}} barat laut * [[Kampung Tama]] {{Convert|6.7|km|mi|1}} timur laut * [[Kampung Sijijak]] {{Convert|6.7|km|mi|1}} barat laut * [[Kampung Sungan]] {{Convert|7.4|km|mi|1}} utara * [[Kampung Tesu]] {{Convert|7.6|km|mi|1}} timur == Kereban sanding == <references> <ref name="Gaz">{{cite book|title=A Sarawak Gazetteer|author=M. Mohizah, S. Julia and W. K. Soh|year=2006|publisher=Sarawak Forestry Department Malaysia and Forest Research Institute Malaysia|location=Kuala Lumpur|isbn=983-2181-86-0|oclc=85818866|url=http://www.chm.frim.gov.my/Sarawak_Gazetteer.pdf|access-date=1 January 2011|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110722232834/http://www.chm.frim.gov.my/Sarawak_Gazetteer.pdf|archive-date=22 July 2011}}</ref> <ref name="Geonames">{{cite web|url=http://www.geonames.org/1734537|work=Geonames|title=Tebedu, Malaysia|date=9 August 2010|access-date=27 December 2010}}</ref> <ref name="PDF1786984725">{{cite journal|url=http://www.matrade.gov.my/cms/documentstorage/com.tms.cms.document.Document__hide_20100623_3/robustBIz.pdf|title=Robust business awaits in W Kalimantan|journal=The Borneo Post|author=Ghaz Ghazali|date=13 April 2010|access-date=15 January 2011}}{{Dead link|date=August 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> </references> jyzspj0xvf1jpggc8ki7so1o7fh6new 18544 18542 2026-04-14T08:17:46Z Song GK 9 18544 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox settlement | name = Tebedu | settlement_type = Town and [[List of capitals in Malaysia#District capitals|district capital]] | image_skyline = File:Tebedu Entikong checkpoint.jpg | image_caption = [[Malaysia-Indonesia border]] sign in Tebedu | image_flag = | image_shield = | image_map = | coordinates = {{Coord|1.01667|110.36667|region:MY|display=inline,title}} | pushpin_map = Borneo | pushpin_label_position = right | subdivision_type = Menua | subdivision_name = {{Flag|Malaysia}} | subdivision_type1 = [[Negeri enggau kandang menua federal ba Malaysia|Negeri]] | subdivision_name1 = {{Flag|Sarawak}} | subdivision_type2 = [[Sarawak#Bagi menua enggau pelilih menua|Bagi Menua]] | subdivision_name2 = [[Bagi Menua Serian|Serian]] | subdivision_type3 = [[Pelilih menua ba Malaysia|Pelilih menua]] | subdivision_name3 = [[Pelilih Menua Tebedu|Tebedu]] | elevation_m = 99 }} '''Tebedu''' (dikelala mega enggau nama Bandar Mutiara) iya nya sebuah mengeri garis entara menua ba bagi menua Serian di barat daya [[Sarawak]], [[Malaysia]],<ref name="Gaz" /><ref name="Geonames" /> ba [[garis entara menua Indonesia–Malaysia]]. Mengeri tu bepalan urung {{Convert|63.2|km|mi|0}} selatan indu nengeri iya nya [[Kuching]]. Iya nyadi penuduk pentadbiran ungkup Pelilih Menua Tebedu. Tebedu nyadi jalai keterubah sereta mega jalai besai meraka darat entara Malaysia enggau Indonesia. Iya bepalan ba sepemanjai jalai besai ti nyambung [[Kuching]], [[Sarawak]] enggau [[Pontianak]], [[Kalimantan Barat]]. Nengeri ba sepiak garis entara menua Indonesia iya nya [[Entikong]]. Dalam taun 2010, Direktor Matrade Sarawak Omar Mohd Salleh madahka lebih 90% dagang eksport Sarawak nengah Sungai Tujoh (ba garis entara menua enggau [[Brunei]]) tauka nengah Tebedu.<ref name="PDF1786984725"/> Tebal agi peranak bandar tu peranak asal ari raban bansa [[Bidayuh]]. Raban bansa China ke mit bejalaika pengawa dagang runchit enggau dagang ti meri utai ke diguna ninting hari ngagai tumpuk pendiau nya. Genturung pendiau ke besemak nyengkaum: * [[Kampung Entubu]] {{Convert|2.6|km|mi|1}} barat daya * [[Kampung Bengan]] {{Convert|4.1|km|mi|1}} barat laut * [[Kampung Tama]] {{Convert|6.7|km|mi|1}} timur laut * [[Kampung Sijijak]] {{Convert|6.7|km|mi|1}} barat laut * [[Kampung Sungan]] {{Convert|7.4|km|mi|1}} utara * [[Kampung Tesu]] {{Convert|7.6|km|mi|1}} timur == Kereban sanding == <references> <ref name="Gaz">{{cite book|title=A Sarawak Gazetteer|author=M. Mohizah, S. Julia and W. K. Soh|year=2006|publisher=Sarawak Forestry Department Malaysia and Forest Research Institute Malaysia|location=Kuala Lumpur|isbn=983-2181-86-0|oclc=85818866|url=http://www.chm.frim.gov.my/Sarawak_Gazetteer.pdf|access-date=1 January 2011|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110722232834/http://www.chm.frim.gov.my/Sarawak_Gazetteer.pdf|archive-date=22 July 2011}}</ref> <ref name="Geonames">{{cite web|url=http://www.geonames.org/1734537|work=Geonames|title=Tebedu, Malaysia|date=9 August 2010|access-date=27 December 2010}}</ref> <ref name="PDF1786984725">{{cite journal|url=http://www.matrade.gov.my/cms/documentstorage/com.tms.cms.document.Document__hide_20100623_3/robustBIz.pdf|title=Robust business awaits in W Kalimantan|journal=The Borneo Post|author=Ghaz Ghazali|date=13 April 2010|access-date=15 January 2011}}{{Dead link|date=August 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> </references> 8ogzo966osjbvgeckapl09yv47c21w8 0 2169 18547 15499 2026-04-14T08:55:22Z Song GK 9 18547 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox person | name = Van Kelvin | image = Van kelvin Rusa Music Production.jpg | caption = Van Kelvin. 2024 By Rusa Music Production. | birth_name = Vannester Peter Kelvin | birth_date = 28 May 2002 | nationality = Malaysian | citizenship = Pakan, Sarawak, Malaysia. | education = SPM | occupation = Singer, Song writer. | years_active = 2019 - Today | organization = Rusa Music Production SDN BHD | notable_works = Belubah, Reta Berega. }} '''Vannester Peter Kelvin''' tauka nama panggau iya '''Van Kelvin''' nya siku artis Iban ari [[Sarawak]]. Entara lagu iya nya BELUBAH, Tum Ketumba, Reta Berega enggau Sapa Meh Aku == Diskografi == === Single digital === * "Utai Dipinta Nuan" (2022) * "Tum Ketumba" (2022) * "Sapa Meh Aku" (2023) * "Puas" (2024) * "BELUBAH" - enggau Steward Peter (2024) * "Reta Berega" (2024) * "Nuju Bulan" (2024) * "Dalam Sampiku" - with Iera Milpan (2025) [[Kategori:Artis Iban]] [[Kategori:Pengada 2002]] [[Kategori:Orang ari Sarawak]] j8jeuqlqlxpkxlhfxd7osx9bysyjqwi 0 2426 18529 11324 2026-04-14T07:35:50Z Song GK 9 /* Penyanding */ 18529 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Ayam''' tu utai dikena orang main. Sebedau taun 1970, tebal ayam digaga ari logam enggau kayu. Diatu, utai tu mayuh digaga ari pelastik. Kekadang sida digaga ari utai elektronik. Ayam nyengkaum bol, kerita plastik, enggau anak patung. Ayam asal iya mayuh taun ke udah. Anak patung anak mit, jelu, enggau soldadu sereta kereban ayam bisi ditemu ba endur arkeologi. Ayam ke pemadu tumu digaga ari batu, kayu tauka tanah liat. Ba menua Ejip Kuno, bala anak mit bemain enggau anak patung ke digaga ari tanah liat enggau kayu.<ref name="Maspero">{{cite book|last=Maspero|first=Gaston Camille Charles|authorlink=Gaston Maspero|title=Manual of Egyptian Archaeology and Guide to the Study of Antiquities in Egypt|publisher=Project Gutenberg|url=http://www.gutenberg.org/etext/14400}}</ref> Ba menua Gerika Kuno enggau Rome Kuno, bala anak mit bemain enggau anak patung ke digaga ari lilin tauka terakota, kayu, busur enggau anak panah, sereta yo-yos. Udah nya ayam pemansang tu dikena dalam pengawa ngaga set ayam dalam bilik ungkup rumah.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://ezplaytoys.com/products/koala-adventure|title=Indoor playsets for homes}}</ref> Lebuh nembiak Gerika, kelebih agi nembiak indu udah besai, dipinta meri ayam nya nyadika piring ngagai petara. Ba malam hari melah pinang seduai iya, nembiak indu ke agi biak urung empat belas taun deka meri anak patung seduai iya ba kuil nyadika ritus mansang ngagai umur besai.<ref name="Powell">{{cite book | last =Powell | first =Barry B. | title =Classical Myth; Third Edition | url =https://archive.org/details/classicalmyth00powe | publisher =Prentice Hall | year =2001 | location =Upper Saddle River, NJ | pages =[https://archive.org/details/classicalmyth00powe/page/33 33]–34 | isbn =0-13-088442-1 }}</ref><ref name="Oliver">{{cite web|last=Oliver|first=Valerie|year=1996|title=History Of The Yo-Yo|url=http://www.spintastics.com/HistoryOfYoYo.asp|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://archive.today/20060809224918/http://www.spintastics.com/HistoryOfYoYo.asp|archive-date=2006-08-09|accessdate=2006-10-30|website=|publisher=Spintastics Skill Toys, Inc.}}</ref> ==Galeri== <gallery> Roman-toys.jpg|Ayam ari Rome Kuno, nyengkaum sekeda utai ke agi dimain nyentuk ke sehari tu, nyengkaum anak patung, dadu, rattles, enggau lauk mainan . Marbles 01.JPG|Guli China Doll With Cloth Body Wearing Pink and White Print Dress.jpg|Patung ari taun 1845 Teddy bear early 1900s - Smithsonian Museum of Natural History.jpg|Anak patung jugam Mexican guitars and toys.jpg|Ayam enggau gitar ari Mexico Darts in a dartboard.jpg| Papan dart </gallery> == Kereban sanding == {{Reflist}} lvxit48vqkeshsfptxjk9u129jm9i1w 0 2860 18540 10692 2026-04-14T08:12:10Z Song GK 9 /* Penyanding */ 18540 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:Iced Tea from flickr.jpg|thumb|Te ais enggau seputung limun]] '''Te ais''' nya siti bansa ai irup bansa [[te]] chelap. Taja pan ai irup tu suah diberi dalam gelas enggau ais, tang iya tau nunjukka sebarang ai teh ke udah dichelapka. Iya tau dimaniska ngena gula tauka sirap, tau mega mengkang enda dimaniska. Te ais mega ai irup dibungkus ke tebilang, kekadang dipegulai enggau sirap asai buah baka limau, raspberi, limau, buah markisa, pic, oren, strawberi, enggau cheri.<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/1105557044 |title=Natural beverages |date=2019 |others=Alexandru Mihai Grumezescu, Alina Maria Holban |isbn=978-0-12-816690-1 |edition=First |location=Duxford, United Kingdom |oclc=1105557044}}</ref> Seraya tebal agi te ais bulih asai iya ari daun te (''Camellia sinensis''), te herba kekadang dipantaika chelap lalu disebut ngena nama kategori ti sama. Te ais enda manis kekadang digaga ari daun te panjai ti dipesemu ba tikas pengangat ti mimit (sejam dijembi ba mata panas, ngelaban lima minit ba pengangat {{convert|80|-|100|C}}. ==Kereban sanding== {{reflist}} koz1eh9bmbkwlsddok3wi98sls1z141 0 2861 18532 11720 2026-04-14T07:39:03Z Song GK 9 /* Penyanding */ 18532 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox language | name = Jaku Sabüm | nativename = {{lang|sbo|sabɨːm}} | states = [[Malaysia]] | region = [[Perak]] | ethnicity = | extinct = 2013 | date = 1976 | ref = <!--don't change to e18. e17 cite is closest to extinction date.-->e17 | familycolor = Austro-Asiatik | fam2 = [[Jaku-jaku Asli|Asli]] | fam3 = [[Jaku-jaku Senoik|Senoik]] | fam4 = | iso3 = sbo | linglist = sbo.html | glotto = sabu1253 | glottorefname = Sabum | pronunciation = {{IPA|sbo|sabɨːm|}} }} '''Jaku Sabüm''' nya siti jaku ari pampang [[jaku-jaku Asli]] ti dikena ba [[Semenanjung Malaysia|Malaya]], ke udah punas ba taun 2013. ==Leka jaku== Tu sekeda leka jaku Sabüm sereta banding enggau jaku Semnam:<ref>{{Cite web |title=Mon-Khmer Languages Database |url=http://sealang.net/monkhmer/database/retrieve.pl?ref=Sho2006&language=Sabum&dialect=&sort=gloss&format=html |access-date=2024-02-14 |website=sealang.net}}</ref> {| class="wikitable" |- ! Iban !! Sabüm !! Semnam |- | Nguing || ciwɛl || hirat |- | Isap || jəhʉd || soːʔ |- | Kamah || kamah || kamaːh |- | Sayap || pajeɟ || pjec |- | Akar || jɛːs || jʔɛːs |} ==Kereban sanding== {{Reflist}} chkkceszlwmk61dd8gyyfp6k24rxot5 0 2875 18534 13029 2026-04-14T07:40:47Z Song GK 9 /* Penyanding */ 18534 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox food | name = Enchalu | image = Cincalok, shallots, chilli.jpg | image_size = 250px | caption = Semangkuk enchalu | alternate_name = ''Chinchalok'', ''cencaluk'', ''cencalok'' | country = [[Malaysia]] | region = [[Melaka]]<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2006/08/30/dining/30chef.html|title = From Malaysia, a Pungent Ferment|newspaper = The New York Times|date = 30 August 2006|last1 = Clark|first1 = Melissa}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.tasteatlas.com/cincalok|title = Cincalok &#124; Traditional Dip from Malacca &#124; TasteAtlas}}</ref> | national_cuisine = [[Pemakai Brunei|Brunei]], [[Pemakai Indonesia|Indonesia]], [[Pemakai Malaysia|Malaysia]] enggau [[Pemakai Singapira|Singapore]] | creator = | course = Batang pemakai | type = | served = angat tauka suam | main_ingredient = Undang | variations = | calories = | other = }} '''Enchalu''' ({{langx|ms|cencaluk}}, [[Urup Jawi|Jawi]]: {{Script/Arabic|چنچالوق}}), nya siti pemakai bansa Melayu ti datai ari [[Melaka]], [[Malaysia]], suah diempa ukai mina bansa [[Melayu]], tang mega bansa [[Peranakan]] enggau [[Bansa Kristang|Kristang]]. Asal penatai pemakai tu ulih dipansik ngagai maya Portugis merintah Melaka suba. Pemakai tu digaga enggau penapai undang ti dikumbai ''udang geragau''. Asai enchalu masin, sereta suah dipantai enggau [[chabi]], [[bawang mirah]] enggau [[limau]]. Sir R. O. Winstedt udah nulis pasal "Cencaluk" ba [[Malaysia]] dalam bup iya "The Circumstances of Malay Life - 1909".<ref>[https://books.google.com/books?id=2cQcAAAAMAAJ&q=%22nasi+lemak%22 The Circumstances of Malay Life, Sir Richard Olof Winstedt, Richard Winstedt, Ams PressInc, 1909 - Social Science - 90 pages]</ref> Bansa undang ti dikena ngaga enhalu mina bisi maya satu-satu musin ba Pantai Klebang, Limbongan, Tanjung Kling enggau sekeda kandang menua pantai. Kemaya tu, dagang ngaga enchalu majak mayuh ba negeri Melaka. Perintah negeri kediri empu udah netapka sitak Aum Kunsil Negeri [[Sungai Udang]] nyadi kandang menua ngaga enchalu ba perambu 'Satu DUN Satu Produk'. Pemakai enchalu tu mega udah ngerembai ngagai [[Riau]] enggau [[Kalimantan Barat]] ba [[Indonesia]]. Pemakai tu sebaka enggau ''bagoong alamang'' ba Filipina sereta ''khoei chalu'' ({{langx|th|เคยฉลู}}) ba Thailand. ==Proses ngaga enchalu== Undang mit (''udang geragau'') dipegulai enggai asi enggau garam dalam nisbah ti sama. Pengudah utai-utai nya dipegulai, utai nya disimpan dalam siti benda dkeka ngasuh iya napai. Bisi mega orang ti ngaga enchalu nambah mayuh asi kena ngasuh enchalu nya nyamai agi. Lebuh produk ti udah tembu diperam dalam benda kacha ke ditutup, tekanan betugung dalam benda nya. Ketegal nya, orang bejimat maya muka enchalu nya tadi.<ref name=newyorktimes>{{cite news|last=Clark|first=Melissa|title='From Malaysia, a Pungent Ferment' - The Chef: Zak Pelaccio, New York Times Dining & Wine.|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2006/08/30/dining/30chef.html|work=The New York Times|date=30 August 2006}}</ref> ==Kereban sanding== {{Reflist}} * [https://books.google.com/books?id=DQrjMRClls4C&dq=chinchalok&pg=PA98 Gateway to Peranakan Food Culture] Gek Suan Tan, Tan Gek Suan, Wing Fee. Asiapac Books Pte Ltd. {{ISBN|981-229-389-2}} t3cdr9nex1c7j1q5eg7n1tkg2zmhap7 18535 18534 2026-04-14T07:41:41Z Song GK 9 18535 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox food | name = Enchalu | image = Cincalok, shallots, chilli.jpg | image_size = 250px | caption = Semangkuk enchalu | alternate_name = ''Chinchalok'', ''cencaluk'', ''cencalok'' | country = [[Malaysia]] | region = [[Melaka]]<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2006/08/30/dining/30chef.html|title = From Malaysia, a Pungent Ferment|newspaper = The New York Times|date = 30 August 2006|last1 = Clark|first1 = Melissa}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.tasteatlas.com/cincalok|title = Cincalok &#124; Traditional Dip from Malacca &#124; TasteAtlas}}</ref> | national_cuisine = [[Pemakai Brunei|Brunei]], [[Pemakai Indonesia|Indonesia]], [[Pemakai Malaysia|Malaysia]] enggau [[Pemakai Singapura|Singapura]] | creator = | course = Batang pemakai | type = | served = angat tauka suam | main_ingredient = Undang | variations = | calories = | other = }} '''Enchalu''' ({{langx|ms|cencaluk}}, [[Urup Jawi|Jawi]]: {{Script/Arabic|چنچالوق}}), nya siti pemakai bansa Melayu ti datai ari [[Melaka]], [[Malaysia]], suah diempa ukai mina bansa [[Melayu]], tang mega bansa [[Peranakan]] enggau [[Bansa Kristang|Kristang]]. Asal penatai pemakai tu ulih dipansik ngagai maya Portugis merintah Melaka suba. Pemakai tu digaga enggau penapai undang ti dikumbai ''udang geragau''. Asai enchalu masin, sereta suah dipantai enggau [[chabi]], [[bawang mirah]] enggau [[limau]]. Sir R. O. Winstedt udah nulis pasal "Cencaluk" ba [[Malaysia]] dalam bup iya "The Circumstances of Malay Life - 1909".<ref>[https://books.google.com/books?id=2cQcAAAAMAAJ&q=%22nasi+lemak%22 The Circumstances of Malay Life, Sir Richard Olof Winstedt, Richard Winstedt, Ams PressInc, 1909 - Social Science - 90 pages]</ref> Bansa undang ti dikena ngaga enhalu mina bisi maya satu-satu musin ba Pantai Klebang, Limbongan, Tanjung Kling enggau sekeda kandang menua pantai. Kemaya tu, dagang ngaga enchalu majak mayuh ba negeri Melaka. Perintah negeri kediri empu udah netapka sitak Aum Kunsil Negeri [[Sungai Udang]] nyadi kandang menua ngaga enchalu ba perambu 'Satu DUN Satu Produk'. Pemakai enchalu tu mega udah ngerembai ngagai [[Riau]] enggau [[Kalimantan Barat]] ba [[Indonesia]]. Pemakai tu sebaka enggau ''bagoong alamang'' ba Filipina sereta ''khoei chalu'' ({{langx|th|เคยฉลู}}) ba Thailand. ==Proses ngaga enchalu== Undang mit (''udang geragau'') dipegulai enggai asi enggau garam dalam nisbah ti sama. Pengudah utai-utai nya dipegulai, utai nya disimpan dalam siti benda dkeka ngasuh iya napai. Bisi mega orang ti ngaga enchalu nambah mayuh asi kena ngasuh enchalu nya nyamai agi. Lebuh produk ti udah tembu diperam dalam benda kacha ke ditutup, tekanan betugung dalam benda nya. Ketegal nya, orang bejimat maya muka enchalu nya tadi.<ref name=newyorktimes>{{cite news|last=Clark|first=Melissa|title='From Malaysia, a Pungent Ferment' - The Chef: Zak Pelaccio, New York Times Dining & Wine.|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2006/08/30/dining/30chef.html|work=The New York Times|date=30 August 2006}}</ref> ==Kereban sanding== {{Reflist}} * [https://books.google.com/books?id=DQrjMRClls4C&dq=chinchalok&pg=PA98 Gateway to Peranakan Food Culture] Gek Suan Tan, Tan Gek Suan, Wing Fee. Asiapac Books Pte Ltd. {{ISBN|981-229-389-2}} haoq0osh7hbq6ln2p8r5br9a7gwxovd 0 2941 18528 10737 2026-04-14T07:35:27Z Song GK 9 /* Penyanding */ 18528 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox religious group |group = Orang Kudus Hari Pengudah tauka Mormon |image = Salt Lake Temple, Utah - Sept 2004-2.jpg |caption = [[Salt Lake Temple]] ba [[Nangeri Salt Lake]] |population = +17,255,394<ref>{{Cite web|title=2023 Statistical Report of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints|url=https://newsroom.churchofjesuschrist.org/article/2023-statistical-report-church-jesus-christ|website=newsroom.churchofjesuschrist.org|date=April 6, 2024|access-date=July 5, 2024}} (The LDS Church claimed a membership of 17,255,394 in 2023, and the Community of Christ claimed around 250,000 in 2020.)</ref> |region1 = [[Gerija Jesus Kristus Latter-day Saints ba Amerika Serikat|Amerika Serikat]] |pop1 = 6,868,793<ref>{{Cite web|title=Facts and Statistics - United States|url=https://newsroom.churchofjesuschrist.org/facts-and-statistics/country/united-states|website=newsroom.churchofjesuschrist.org|date=April 6, 2024|access-date=July 5, 2024}}</ref> |region2 = [[Gerija Jesus Kristus Latter-day Saints ba Meksiko|Meksiko]] |pop2 = 1,516,406<ref>{{Cite web|title=Facts and Statistics - Mexico|url=https://newsroom.churchofjesuschrist.org/facts-and-statistics/country/mexico|website=newsroom.churchofjesuschrist.org|date=April 6, 2024|access-date=July 5, 2024}}</ref> |region3 = [[Gerija Jesus Kristus Latter-day Saints ba Brazil|Brazil]] |pop3 = 1,494,571<ref>{{Cite web|title=Facts and Statistics - Brazil|url=https://newsroom.churchofjesuschrist.org/facts-and-statistics/country/brazil|website=newsroom.churchofjesuschrist.org|date=April 6, 2024|access-date=July 5, 2024}}</ref> |region4 = [[Gerija Jesus Kristus Latter-day Saints ba Filipina|Filipina]] |pop4 = 867,271<ref>{{Cite web|title=Facts and Statistics - Philippines|url=https://newsroom.churchofjesuschrist.org/facts-and-statistics/country/philippines|website=newsroom.churchofjesuschrist.org|date=April 6, 2024|access-date=July 5, 2024}}</ref> |region5 = [[Gerija Jesus Kristus Latter-day Saints ba Peru|Peru]] |pop5 = 637,180<ref>{{Cite web|title=Facts and Statistics - Peru|url=https://newsroom.churchofjesuschrist.org/facts-and-statistics/country/peru|website=newsroom.churchofjesuschrist.org|date=April 6, 2024|access-date=July 5, 2024}}</ref> |region6 = [[Gerija Jesus Kristus Latter-day Saints ba Chile|Chile]] |pop6 = 607,583<ref>{{Cite web|title=Facts and Statistics - Chile|url=https://newsroom.churchofjesuschrist.org/facts-and-statistics/country/chile|website=newsroom.churchofjesuschrist.org|date=April 6, 2024|access-date=July 5, 2024}}</ref> |region7 = [[Gerija Jesus Kristus Latter-day Saints ba Argentina|Argentina]] |pop7 = 481,518<ref>{{Cite web|title=Facts and Statistics - Argentina|url=https://newsroom.churchofjesuschrist.org/facts-and-statistics/country/argentina|website=newsroom.churchofjesuschrist.org|date=April 6, 2024|access-date=July 5, 2024}}</ref> |region8 = [[Gerija Jesus Kristus Latter-day Saints ba Guatemala|Guatemala]] |pop8 = 290,068<ref>{{Cite web|title=Facts and Statistics - Guatemala|url=https://newsroom.churchofjesuschrist.org/facts-and-statistics/country/guatemala|website=newsroom.churchofjesuschrist.org|date=April 6, 2024|access-date=July 5, 2024}}</ref> |religions = [[Mormonisme]] |related = |website = }} '''Mormon''' nya raban pengarap enggau budaya bekaul enggau [[Mormonisme]], pampang besai [[engkebut Orang Kudus Hari Pengudah]] (Latter Day Saint) ti dipunka [[Joseph Smith]] di negeri utara New York maya taun 1820-an. Pengudah pemati Smith dalam taun 1844, kebut nya bepechah ngagai bemacham raban nitihka tuai ti bebida; majoriti nitihka [[Brigham Young]], lalu raban ti mit agi nitihka [[Joseph Smith III]], [[Sidney Rigdon]], enggau [[James Strang]]. Tebal agi raban ti mit agi tu pengujung iya begempung nyadi [[Komuniti Kristus]], lalu leka jaku ''Mormon'' suah iya nunjukka kaban ari [[Gerija Jesus Kristus Orang Kudus Hari Pengudah]] (Gerija LDS), baka kemaya hari tu, pampang tu jauh besai agi ari semua pampang bukai enti dipegulaika. Orang ti ngelala diri nyadi Mormon mega tau bibas bepengarap, sekular, sereta enda ngemeranka pengarap tauka begulai enggau denominasyen bukai. Kenyau ari taun 2018, Gerija LDS udah ngemeratka pengingin ati ngambika kaban iya disebut nyadi "kaban Gerija Jesus Kristus Orang Kudus Hari Pengudah", tauka suah dikelala enggau nama "'''Latter-day Saints'''"<ref>{{Cite web |title=The Last Dispensation |url=https://www.churchofjesuschrist.org/study/general-conference/1972/04/the-last-dispensation?lang=eng|website=churchofjesuschrist.org|access-date=June 17, 2024}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=The Church of Jesus Christ in Former Times |url=https://www.churchofjesuschrist.org/study/manual/gospel-principles/chapter-16-the-church-of-jesus-christ-in-former-times?lang=eng|access-date=July 5, 2024}}</ref> lalu "Orang Kudus" nya denominasi ti sama dikena maya Jesus dalam [[Sempekat Baru]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Acts 9:13;32;41 |url=https://www.churchofjesuschrist.org/study/scriptures/nt/acts/9?lang=eng|website=churchofjesuschrist.org|access-date=July 5, 2024}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Acts 26:10 |url=https://www.churchofjesuschrist.org/study/scriptures/nt/acts/26?lang=eng|website=churchofjesuschrist.org|access-date=July 5, 2024}}</ref><ref name="Criss-2018">{{Cite news |last=Criss |first=Doug |date=17 August 2018 |title=Mormons don't want you calling them Mormons anymore |publisher=[[CNN]] |url=https://www.cnn.com/2018/08/17/us/mormon-church-name-trnd/index.html |access-date=3 March 2023 |archive-date=January 31, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230131015335/https://www.cnn.com/2018/08/17/us/mormon-church-name-trnd/index.html |url-status=live }}</ref> Mormon udah ngembuan asai komuniti ti tegap ti bepun ari ajar enggau sejarah sida. Siti ari isu doktrin keterubah ti meri definisyen Mormonisme ba abad ke-19 iya nya pengawa [[Mormonisme enggau poligami|tikah mayuh]], siti bansa pengarap [[poligami]]. Ari taun 1852 nyentuk ngagai taun 1904, lebuh Gerija LDS nagang pengawa nya, mayuh orang Mormon ke udah nitihka Brigham Young ngagai [[Kandang menua Utah]] enggau chara tebuka ngereja pengawa poligami. Mormon ngena awak enggau perengka guna ti signifikan dikena gawa ba gerija sida. Siti pengawa ti tampak ba raban Gerija LDS ti agi biak enggau ti udah pinchin iya nya gawa misi proselitisme penuh jam. Mormon bisi [[Jaku Penemu (Orang Kudus Hari Pengudah)|kod pengerai]] ti nyeliahka ai irup ti bisi alkohol, insap, teh, kopi, enggau zat ti tau ngasuh ketagih. Sida tu suah agi beorientasyenka diri sebilik sereta ngembuan kaul ti tegap entara rebak enggau diri sebilik ti besai, ngayanka pengarap sida ti madahka ruang bilik ulih tegap begulai ngelui ari pemati. Sida mega bisi [[undang-undang pasal penuchi]] ti terit, ti minta orang enda betubuh bisi ba luar tikah heteroseksual sereta tetap ati dalam tikah. Mormon ngelala diri nyadi [[Kristian]],<ref>[http://www.pewforum.org/files/2012/01/Mormons-in-America.pdf Mormons in America: Certain in Their Beliefs, Uncertain of Their Place in Society] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924113625/http://www.pewforum.org/files/2012/01/Mormons-in-America.pdf |date=September 24, 2015 }}, Pew Forum on Religion & Public Life 2012, p.10: Mormons are nearly unanimous in describing Mormonism as a Christian religion, with 97% expressing this point of view</ref> tang sekeda orang ukai Mormon ngumbai sida tu ukai orang Kristian<ref>Christian Apologetics and Research Ministry (CARM), [https://carm.org/is-mormonism-christian Is Mormonism Christian?] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160226114106/https://carm.org/is-mormonism-christian |date=February 26, 2016 }}, accessed February 27, 2016</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.catholic.com/qa/are-mormons-christian | title=Are Mormons Christian? | access-date=July 12, 2023 | archive-date=July 12, 2023 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230712233517/https://www.catholic.com/qa/are-mormons-christian | url-status=live }}</ref> laban sekeda pengarap sida bebida ari pengarap Kristian Nicea. Mormon pechaya gerija Kristus udah dipulaika nengah Joseph Smith lalu diiring nabi ti idup enggau rasul. Orang Mormon pechayaka [[Bup Kudus]] enggau bup-bup kudus bukai, baka [[Bup Mormon]]. Sida ngembuan penemu ti nyelai pasal kosmologi lalu pechaya semua mensia nya anak roh Petara ti bendar. Mormon pechaya, pulai ngagai Petara begunaka nitihka teladan [[Jesus dalam pengarap Kristian|Jesus Kristus]] lalu nerima [[Penebus dalam pengarap Kristian|penebus]] iya nengah nesal ati enggau [[ordinan (Orang Kudus Hari Pengudah)|ordinan]] baka baptisa. Sekumbang abad ke-19, orang ke udah masuk pengarap Mormon suah agi begempuru ba endur geografi tengah, siti gaya ke bisi bebali mimit ba taun 1920 enggau 1930-an. Pusat pengaruh budaya Mormon ba [[Utah]], lalu Amerika Utara ngembuan mayuh agi Mormon ari benua bukai, taja pan urung 60% Mormon diau ba luar Amerika Syarikat. Naka 31 Disember 2021, Gerija LDS ngeripotka kaban iya nya 16,805,400 iku.<ref>{{cite web|title=2021 Statistical Report for 2022 April Conference|url=https://newsroom.churchofjesuschrist.org/article/april-2022-general-conference-statistical-report|website=The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-Day Saints Newsroom|access-date=2 April 2022}}{{Dead link|date=May 2023 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> ==Kereban sanding== {{reflist}} cmkgdrhxf8o965qfgzz4vagh3tzcaps 0 3072 18530 13464 2026-04-14T07:36:53Z Song GK 9 18530 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox settlement | official_name = Hulja | native_name = | mapsize = 200px | pushpin_map = Estonia | coordinates = {{Coord|59|21|8|N|26|12|51|E|region:EE|display=inline,title}} | subdivision_type = Menua | subdivision_name = [[Estonia]] | subdivision_type1 = [[Kaunti ba Estonia|Kaunti]] | subdivision_name1 = [[Kaunti Lääne-Viru]] | established_title = | established_date = | leader_title = | leader_name = | area_footnotes = | area_total_km2 = | population_total = | population_as_of = | population_density_km2 = | timezone = [[Jam Eropah Timur|EET]] | utc_offset = +2 | timezone_DST = | utc_offset_DST = | area_code = | website = }} '''Hulja''' ({{Langx|de|Huljel}} ) nya siti mengeri mit (''{{Lang|et|alevik}}'') ba [[Parish Kadrina]], Kaunti Lääne-Viru di utara [[Estonia]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://geonames.nga.mil/ggmagaz/geonames4.asp|title=NGA GeoName Database|publisher=National Geospatial-Intelligence Agency|access-date=2008-07-09|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080608190852/http://geonames.nga.mil/ggmagaz/geonames4.asp|archive-date=8 Jun 2008}}</ref> Penyampau tubuh mengeri nya 477 iku naka 31 Disember 2011. Kompeni menua tu ti pemadu besai iya nya Aru Grupp ti ngempu empat iti kilang enggau urung 180 iku pengereja pengawa di Hulja.<ref name="arugrupp.ee">{{Cite web|title=Aru Grupp {{!}} About|url=https://www.arugrupp.ee/about|website=www.arugrupp.ee|access-date=24 Januari 2024}}</ref> == Galeri == <gallery> Fail:Aru_Grupi_Huljal_asuv_tootmiskompleks.jpg|alt=Aru Grupp production complex in Hulja| Kompleks pengelabuh Aru Grupp di Hulja Fail:Aru_Grupp_03.jpg| Aru Grupp Fail:Aru_Grupp_05.jpg| Aru Grupp </gallery> == Kereban sanding == {{Reflist}} == Laman web ke bukai == * [http://www.maplandia.com/estonia/laane-viru/kadrina/hulja/ Peta satelit ba Maplandia.com] kaoy4lkte546e3sdnq9d78ig80cyijz 0 3784 18536 12898 2026-04-14T08:09:19Z Song GK 9 18536 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox country|coordinates={{Coord|4|35|N|74|4|W|type:city}}|conventional_long_name=Republic of Colombia|native_name={{lang|es|República de Colombia}}&nbsp;([[Jaku Sepanyol Kolombia|Sepanyol]])|image_flag=Flag of Colombia.svg|image_coat=Coat of arms of Colombia.svg|common_name=Colombia|national_motto={{native phrase|es|"Libertad y Orden"|italics=off|nolink=yes}}|englishmotto="Freedom and Order"|national_anthem={{native phrase|es|[[National Anthem of Colombia|Himno Nacional de la República de Colombia]]|nolink=yes}}<br />"National Anthem of the Republic of Colombia"<div style="padding-top:0.5em;">{{center|[[File:United States Navy Band - ¡Oh, gloria inmarcesible!.ogg]]}}</div>|image_map=COL orthographic (San Andrés and Providencia special).svg|map_caption={{map caption |location_color=dark green }}|capital=[[Bogotá]]|religion={{unbulleted list | 70.2% [[Gerija Katolik|Katolik]] | 16.8% [[Kristian]] ke bukai | 11.1% nadai bepengarap | 1.9% ke bukai }}|religion_ref=<ref>{{cite web |url=https://es.statista.com/grafico/28553/las-religiones-mas-comunes-en-latinoamerica/ |title=Catholicism and evangelism: the two most common religions in Latin America |website=Statista |date=26 October 2022 |access-date=18 November 2022 |archive-date=19 November 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221119004809/https://es.statista.com/grafico/28553/las-religiones-mas-comunes-en-latinoamerica/ |url-status=live }}</ref>|religion_year=2022|largest_city=capital|official_languages=[[Colombian Spanish|Spanish]]|recognized_regional_languages=[[San Andrés–Providencia Creole|Creole English]] (in [[San Andrés and Providencia]])<ref>{{cite web |title=Por la cual se dictan normas especiales para la organización y el funcionamiento del Departamento Archipiélago de San Andrés, Providencia y Santa Catalina. |url=http://www.secretariasenado.gov.co/senado/basedoc/ley_0047_1993.html |access-date=18 October 2023 |quote=ARTÍCULO 42. IDIOMA Y LENGUA OFICIAL EN EL DEPARTAMENTO ARCHIPIELAGO. Son oficiales en el Departamento Archipiélago de San Andrés, Providencia y Santa Catalina el castellano y el inglés comunmente hablado por las comunidades nativas del Archipiélago. |archive-date=5 November 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231105153804/http://www.secretariasenado.gov.co/senado/basedoc/ley_0047_1993.html |url-status=live }}</ref><br>[[Languages of Colombia|64 other languages]]{{ref label|iboxa|a|}}|ethnic_groups={{vunblist | {{nowrap|87.58% [[Mestizo Colombians|Mestizo]]-[[White Colombians|White]]{{efn|incl. [[Spanish Colombian|Spaniards]], [[Basque Colombians|Basque]], [[Italian Colombian|Italians]], [[German Colombian|Germans]], [[French Colombian|French]], [[Immigration to Colombia|other Europeans]], [[Arab Colombians|Arabs]] and [[History of the Jews in Colombia|Jews]]}}}} | 6.84% [[Afro-Colombians]] | 4.31% [[Indigenous peoples in Colombia|Indigenous]] | 0.05% [[Raizal]] | 0.01% [[Palenquero]] | 0.01% [[Romani people in Colombia|Romani]] | 1.35% not stated }}|ethnic_groups_year=2018 census<ref name="grupos étnicos" /><ref name="ncbi.nlm.nih.gov">{{cite journal| title=Genomic Insights into the Ancestry and Demographic History of South America |year=2015 |pmc=4670080 |last1=Homburger |first1=J. R. |last2=Moreno-Estrada |first2=A. |last3=Gignoux |first3=C. R. |last4=Nelson |first4=D. |last5=Sanchez |first5=E. |last6=Ortiz-Tello |first6=P. |last7=Pons-Estel |first7=B. A. |last8=Acevedo-Vasquez |first8=E. |last9=Miranda |first9=P. |last10=Langefeld |first10=C. D. |last11=Gravel |first11=S. |last12=Alarcón-Riquelme |first12=M. E. |last13=Bustamante |first13=C. D. |journal=PLOS Genetics |volume=11 |issue=12 |pages=e1005602 |doi=10.1371/journal.pgen.1005602 |pmid=26636962 |doi-access=free |issn = 1553-7390}}</ref>|demonym=|government_type=Unitary [[Presidential system|presidential republic]]|leader_title1=[[Presiden Kolombia|Presiden]]|leader_name1=[[Gustavo Petro]]|leader_title2=[[Sapit Presiden Kolombia|Sapit Presiden]]|leader_name2=[[Francia Márquez]]|legislature=[[Congres Kolombia|Kongres]]|upper_house=[[Senate of Colombia|Senate]]|lower_house=[[Chamber of Representatives of Colombia|Chamber of Representatives]]|sovereignty_type=[[Independence]] {{nobold|from Spain}}|established_event1=[[Colombian War of Independence|Declared]]|established_date1=20 July 1810|established_event2=[[Gran Colombia|Recognized]]|established_date2=7 August 1819|established_event3=Last unitisation|established_date3=5 August 1886|established_event4=Secession of [[Panama]]|established_date4=6 November 1903|established_event5={{nowrap|[[Colombian Constitution of 1991|Current Constitution]]}}|established_date5=4 July 1991|area_km2=1,141,748|area_rank=25th|area_sq_mi=440,831 <!--Do not remove per [[Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Dates and numbers]]-->|percent_water=2.1 (as of 2015)<ref>{{cite web|title=Surface water and surface water change|access-date=11 October 2020|publisher=[[Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development]] (OECD)|url=https://stats.oecd.org/Index.aspx?DataSetCode=SURFACE_WATER|archive-date=24 March 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210324133453/https://stats.oecd.org/Index.aspx?DataSetCode=SURFACE_WATER|url-status=live}}</ref>|population_estimate={{IncreaseNeutral}} 52,695,952<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.dane.gov.co/files/censo2018/proyecciones-de-poblacion/Nacional/DCD-area-proypoblacion-Nac-2020-2070.xlsx|title=Proyecciones de Población DANE|access-date=10 April 2023|archive-date=10 April 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230410005852/https://www.dane.gov.co/files/censo2018/proyecciones-de-poblacion/Nacional/DCD-area-proypoblacion-Nac-2020-2070.xlsx|url-status=live}}</ref>|population_estimate_year=2024|population_estimate_rank=27th|population_density_km2=46.15|population_density_rank=174th|population_density_sq_mi=119.54 <!--Do not remove per [[Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Dates and numbers]]-->|GDP_PPP={{increase}} $1.042 trillion<ref name="IMFWEO.CO">{{cite web |url=https://www.imf.org/en/Publications/WEO/weo-database/2024/April/weo-report?c=233,&s=NGDPD,PPPGDP,NGDPDPC,PPPPC,&sy=2022&ey=2029&ssm=0&scsm=1&scc=0&ssd=1&ssc=0&sic=0&sort=country&ds=.&br=1 |title=World Economic Outlook Database, April 2024 Edition. (Colombia) |publisher=[[International Monetary Fund]] |website=www.imf.org |date=16 April 2024 |access-date=17 April 2024 |archive-date=16 April 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240416235246/https://www.imf.org/en/Publications/WEO/weo-database/2024/April/weo-report?c=233,&s=NGDPD,PPPGDP,NGDPDPC,PPPPC,&sy=2022&ey=2029&ssm=0&scsm=1&scc=0&ssd=1&ssc=0&sic=0&sort=country&ds=.&br=1 |url-status=live }}</ref>|GDP_PPP_year=2024|GDP_PPP_rank=32nd|GDP_PPP_per_capita={{increase}} $19,770<ref name="IMFWEO.CO" />|GDP_PPP_per_capita_rank=82nd|GDP_nominal={{increase}} $386.076 billion<ref name="IMFWEO.CO" />|GDP_nominal_year=2024|GDP_nominal_rank=46th|GDP_nominal_per_capita={{increase}} $7,327<ref name="IMFWEO.CO" />|GDP_nominal_per_capita_rank=97th|Gini=54.8 <!--number only-->|Gini_year=2022|Gini_change=increase <!--increase/decrease/steady-->|Gini_ref=<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/colombia/#economy|title=Colombia - The World Factbook|access-date=September 23, 2024|archive-date=18 June 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210618105825/https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/colombia/#economy|url-status=live}}</ref>|HDI=0.788|HDI_year=2023<!-- Please use the year to which the data refers, not the publication year-->|HDI_change=increase<!--increase/decrease/steady-->|HDI_ref=<ref name="UNHDR">{{Cite web |date=6 May 2025 |title=Human Development Report 2025 |url=https://hdr.undp.org/system/files/documents/global-report-document/hdr2025reporten.pdf|url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250506051232/https://hdr.undp.org/system/files/documents/global-report-document/hdr2025reporten.pdf |archive-date=6 May 2025 |access-date=6 May 2025 |publisher=[[United Nations Development Programme]] |language=en}}</ref>|HDI_rank=83rd|currency=[[Colombian peso]]|currency_code=COP|time_zone=[[Time in Colombia|COT]]|utc_offset=−5{{ref label|iboxb|b|}}|date_format=DMY|drives_on=right|calling_code=[[Telephone numbers in Colombia|+57]]|cctld=[[.co]]|footnote_a={{note|iboxa}}Although the Colombian Constitution specifies Spanish (''Castellano'') as the [[official language]] in all Colombian territory, other languages spoken in the country by ethnic groups – approximately 68 languages – each is also official in its territory.<ref> [[Colombian Constitution]] of 1991 (Title I – Concerning Fundamental Principles – Article 10)</ref> English is also official in the [[archipelago of San Andrés, Providencia and Santa Catalina]].<ref name="LEY47DE1993">{{cite web|url=http://www.alcaldiabogota.gov.co/sisjur/normas/Norma1.jsp?i=2780|title=LEY 47 DE 1993|publisher=alcaldiabogota.gov.co|language=es|access-date=23 February 2014|archive-date=11 January 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120111165257/http://www.alcaldiabogota.gov.co/sisjur/normas/Norma1.jsp?i=2780|url-status=live}}</ref>|footnote_b={{note|iboxb}}The official Colombian time<ref>{{cite web|url=http://horalegal.inm.gov.co/|title=The official Colombian time|publisher=horalegal.inm.gov.co|language=es|access-date=23 February 2014|archive-date=9 February 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140209074753/http://horalegal.inm.gov.co/|url-status=live}}</ref> is controlled and coordinated by the National Institute of Metrology.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.secretariasenado.gov.co/senado/basedoc/decreto_4175_2011.html |title=Decreto 4175 de 2011, artículo 6, numeral 14 |publisher=Presidencia de la República de Colombia |language=es |access-date=14 March 2016 |archive-date=15 April 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160415083653/http://www.secretariasenado.gov.co/senado/basedoc/decreto_4175_2011.html |url-status=live }}</ref>}} '''Kolombia''', tauka nama rasmi '''Republik Kolombia''', [ c ] iya nya sebuah menua ke tebal agi bepalan ba [[Amerika Selatan]] enggau pelilih menua insular di [[Amerika Utara]] . Tanah besai Kolombia di sempadan enggau Tasik Caribbean ba utara, Venezuela ba timur enggau timur laut, [[Brazil]] ba tenggara, [[Peru]] enggau Ekuador ba selatan enggau barat daya, [[Tasik Pasifik]] ba barat, enggau [[Panama]] ba barat laut. Kolombia dibagi ngagai 32 bengkah opis. Pelilih Menua Indu Nengeri Bogotá mega nyadi mengeri pemadu besai di menua nya ke nyadi palan besai pekara wang enggau budaya. Kandang mengeri besai bukai nyengkaum Medellín, Cali, Barranquilla, Cartagena, Santa Marta, Cucuta, Ibagué, Villavicencio enggau Bucaramanga. Pemesai iya 1,141,748 kilometer persegi (440,831 batu persegi) lalu ngembuan penyampau tubuh urung 52 juta iku. Pesaka budaya iya ti kaya<ref>{{Cite web|date=28 March 2017|title=Colombia herencia cultural más allá de la colonia|url=https://procolombia.co/archivo/colombia-herencia-cultural-mas-alla-de-la-colonia|access-date=26 February 2023|website=procolombia.co|language=es|archive-date=26 February 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230226030316/https://procolombia.co/archivo/colombia-herencia-cultural-mas-alla-de-la-colonia|url-status=live}}</ref> —nyengkaum jaku, pengarap, pemakai, enggau seni—ngayanka sejarah iya nyadi koloni, ngempung elemen budaya ti dibai pengawa pindah mendam ari [[Eropah]]<ref>{{Cite web|title=News & Events - Irlandeses en Colombia y Antioquia|publisher=Department of Foreign Affairs of Ireland|url=https://www.dfa.ie/irish-embassy/colombia/newsevents/irlandeses-en-colombia-y-antioquia-.html|access-date=7 September 2022|archive-date=26 August 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220826014128/https://www.dfa.ie/irish-embassy/colombia/newsevents/irlandeses-en-colombia-y-antioquia-.html|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|date=10 June 2019|title=Estos fueron los primeros alemanes en Colombia|url=https://revistadiners.com.co/cultura/archivo/67972_estos-fueron-los-primero-alemanes-en-colombia/|access-date=18 December 2021|newspaper=Revista Diners|language=es|archive-date=5 November 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221105202158/https://revistadiners.com.co/cultura/archivo/67972_estos-fueron-los-primero-alemanes-en-colombia/|url-status=live}} </ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Vidal Ortega|first1=Antonino|last2=D'Amato Castillo|first2=Giuseppe|date=1 December 2015|title=Los otros, sin patria: italianos en el litoral Caribe de Colombia a comienzos del siglo XX|url=https://journals.openedition.org/caravelle/1822|journal=Caravelle. Cahiers du monde hispanique et luso-brésilien|language=fr|issue=105|pages=153–175|doi=10.4000/caravelle.1822|issn=1147-6753|doi-access=free|access-date=26 February 2023|archive-date=6 October 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221006231718/https://journals.openedition.org/caravelle/1822|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Salamanca|first1=Helwar Figueroa|last2=Espitia|first2=Julián David Corredor|date=31 July 2019|title="En una ciudad gris y silenciosa": la migración francesa en Bogotá (1900-1920)|url=https://revistas.uis.edu.co/index.php/anuariohistoria/article/view/9864|journal=Anuario de Historia Regional y de las Fronteras|language=es|volume=24|issue=2|pages=75–100|doi=10.18273/revanu.v24n2-2019003|s2cid=203515282|issn=2145-8499|doi-access=free|access-date=26 February 2023|archive-date=6 March 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230306031553/https://revistas.uis.edu.co/index.php/anuariohistoria/article/view/9864|url-status=live}}</ref> enggau Timur Tengah,<ref name="Posada2">{{cite journal|last1=Fawcett de Posada|first1=Louise|last2=Posada Carbó|first2=Eduardo|date=1992|title=En la tierra de las oportunidades: los sirio-libaneses en Colombia|trans-title=In the land of opportunity: the Syrian-Lebanese in Colombia|url=https://publicaciones.banrepcultural.org/index.php/boletin_cultural/article/download/2252/2325|format=PDF|journal=Boletín Cultural y Bibliográfico|language=es|publisher=publicaciones.banrepcultural.org|volume=29|issue=29|pages=8–11|access-date=20 July 2017|archive-date=2 March 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160302135545/https://publicaciones.banrepcultural.org/index.php/boletin_cultural/article/download/2252/2325|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=S.A.S|first=Editorial La República|title=Colombia y Medio Oriente|url=https://www.larepublica.co/analisis/simon-gaviria-munoz-401830/colombia-y-medio-oriente-3350223|access-date=26 February 2023|website=Diario La República|date=26 April 2022|language=es|archive-date=24 November 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221124013227/https://www.larepublica.co/analisis/simon-gaviria-munoz-401830/colombia-y-medio-oriente-3350223|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=Tiempo|first=Casa Editorial El|date=7 March 2019|title=Los palestinos que encontraron un segundo hogar en el centro de Bogotá|url=https://www.eltiempo.com/mundo/mas-regiones/los-palestinos-que-encontraron-un-segundo-hogar-en-el-centro-de-bogota-334782|access-date=26 February 2023|website=El Tiempo|language=es|archive-date=31 October 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221031223716/https://www.eltiempo.com/mundo/mas-regiones/los-palestinos-que-encontraron-un-segundo-hogar-en-el-centro-de-bogota-334782|url-status=live}}</ref> sereta sida ke dibai ari dispora Afrika<ref>{{Cite web|last=Faucher|first=Nicolás Murillo|date=11 August 2014|title=La herencia Africana en Colombia|url=https://librepensador.uexternado.edu.co/la-herencia-africana-en-colombia/|access-date=26 February 2023|website=Libre Pensador|language=es|archive-date=27 February 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230227011004/https://librepensador.uexternado.edu.co/la-herencia-africana-en-colombia/|url-status=live}}</ref> baka nya enggau sida ari mayuh macham tamadun Bansa Asal ti dulu ari kolonisasyen.<ref>{{Cite web|title=El patrimonio cultural de seis pueblos indígenas renace con 'Sembrando Nuestros Saberes' en Colombia|url=https://www.aa.com.tr/es/mundo/el-patrimonio-cultural-de-seis-pueblos-ind%C3%ADgenas-renace-con-sembrando-nuestros-saberes-en-colombia/2107884|access-date=26 February 2023|website=aa.com.tr|archive-date=26 February 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230226030314/https://www.aa.com.tr/es/mundo/el-patrimonio-cultural-de-seis-pueblos-ind%C3%ADgenas-renace-con-sembrando-nuestros-saberes-en-colombia/2107884|url-status=live}}</ref> [[Jaku Sepanyol]] nyadi jaku rasmi, taja pan jaku Kriol, English enggau 64 jaku bukai diaku ba renggat pelilih menua. Kolombia udah nyadi palan endur mayuh bansa asal enggau budaya diau kenyau ari enda kurang ari taun 12,000 SM. Orang Sepanyol keterubah iya bedarat ba La Guajira dalam taun 1499, lalu ba tengan abad ke-16, sida udah atur merintah mayuh endur di Kolombia kemaya hari tu, lalu numbuhka Perintah Baru Granada, enggau Santa Fe de Bogotá nyadi indu nengeri iya. Meredeka ari Empayar Sepanyol dikumbai udah dipadahka dalam taun 1810, enggau endur ke diatu Kolombia mansutka diri nyadi Provinsi Beserakup Granada Baru. Pengudah Sepanyol ngalahka menua tu baru enda lama, meredeka Kolombia dijamin lalu timpuh Gran Kolombia berengkah dalam taun 1819. Politik baru nya nguji enggau perintah besai nyadi Konfederasyen Granadine (1858) lalu udah nya Kolombia Serikat (1863), sebedau nyadi republik ti bepusat—Republik Kolombia ke diatu—dalam taun 1886. Nengah sukung Amerika Serikat enggau Peranchis, Panama nyerara diri ari Kolombia dalam taun 1903, ngujungka garis entara menua Kolombia ke diatu. Berengkah ari taun 1960-an, menua tu udah napi konflik besenyata asimetrik ti enda balat sereta kasar politik, kedua-dua nya majak balat dalam taun 1990-an. Kenyau ari taun 2005, bisi pemansang ke besai ba pengelikun, penegap, enggau atur undang-undang, sereta penumbuh enggau pemansang ekonomi ke enda kala nyadi sebedau tu.<ref name="Enough Already!">{{Cite book |last=Historical Memory Group |url=http://www.centrodememoriahistorica.gov.co/descargas/informes2013/bastaYa/bastaya-colombia-memorias-de-guerra-y-dignidad-2015.pdf |title="Enough Already!" Colombia: Memories of War and Dignity. |date=2013 |publisher=The National Center for Historical Memory's (NCHM) |year= |isbn=9789585760844 |language=es |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20221009/http://www.centrodememoriahistorica.gov.co/descargas/informes2013/bastaYa/bastaya-colombia-memorias-de-guerra-y-dignidad-2015.pdf |archive-date=9 October 2022 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="Colombia's GDP growth">{{cite web|url=http://data.worldbank.org/indicator/NY.GDP.MKTP.KD.ZG/countries/CO?display=graph|title=Colombia's GDP growth|publisher=World Bank|access-date=9 March 2014|archive-date=5 July 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140705050710/http://data.worldbank.org/indicator/NY.GDP.MKTP.KD.ZG/countries/CO?display=graph|url-status=live}}</ref> Kolombia dikelala ketegal sistem nyaga pengerai, nyadi nyaga pengerai pemadu manah di Amerika Latin nitihka Gerempung Pengerai Sedunya enggau ke-22 di dunya.<ref>{{Cite web|title=World Health Organization Assesses the World's Health Systems|url=https://www.who.int/news/item/07-02-2000-world-health-organization-assesses-the-world%27s-health-systems|access-date=30 March 2023|publisher=World Health Organization|language=en|archive-date=9 April 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190409230742/https://www.who.int/whr/2000/media_centre/press_release/en/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Colombia Healthcare System|url=https://www.internationalinsurance.com/health/systems/colombia.php|access-date=30 March 2023|website=International Citizens Insurance|language=en-US|archive-date=30 March 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230330020716/https://www.internationalinsurance.com/health/systems/colombia.php|url-status=live}}</ref> Ekonomi iya ke mayuh macham nyadi ketiga pemadu besai di Amerika Selatan, enggau penegap ekonomi makro sereta prospek penumbuh timpuh panjai ke manah.<ref name="GDP">{{cite web|url=https://www.dane.gov.co/files/investigaciones/boletines/pib/bol_PIB_IVtrim17_oferta.pdf|archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20221009/https://www.dane.gov.co/files/investigaciones/boletines/pib/bol_PIB_IVtrim17_oferta.pdf|archive-date=9 October 2022|url-status=live|publisher=dane.gov.co|title=Cuentas Trimestrales – Producto Interno Bruto (PIB)|language=es|access-date=16 February 2018}}</ref><ref name="Colombianeconomy">{{cite web|url=http://www.banrepcultural.org/blaavirtual/ayudadetareas/economia/econo106.htm|publisher=banrepcultural.org|title=Colombian economy|language=es|access-date=16 April 2013|archive-date=12 May 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150512141054/http://www.banrepcultural.org/blaavirtual/ayudadetareas/economia/econo106.htm|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref name="strongmacroeconomicmanagement">{{cite web|url=http://www.imf.org/en/news/articles/2018/04/30/pr18154-imf-executive-board-concludes-2018-article-iv-consultation-with-colombia|title=IMF Executive Board Concludes 2018 Article IV Consultation with Colombia|access-date=2 May 2018|publisher=imf.org|archive-date=4 June 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220604213121/https://www.imf.org/en/news/articles/2018/04/30/pr18154-imf-executive-board-concludes-2018-article-iv-consultation-with-colombia|url-status=live}}</ref> Kolombia nya siti ari tujuh belas bengkah menua megadiverse di dunya; iya ngembuan tikas biodiversiti pemadu tinggi ba tiap batu persegi di dunya lalu tikas kedua pemadu tinggi ba semua.<ref name="Biodiversity of Colombia">{{cite web|url=http://www.prodiversitas.bioetica.org/nota63.htm|title=Colombia is the second most biodiverse country in the world|author=Luis Fernando Potes|publisher=prodiversitas.bioetica.org|language=es|access-date=9 March 2014|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131029190443/http://www.prodiversitas.bioetica.org/nota63.htm|archive-date=29 October 2013}}</ref> Kandang menua iya mungkur kampung ujan Amazon, tanah tinggi, tanah rumput enggau padang pasir. Semina menua tu aja menua di Amerika Selatan ke bisi garis pantai (enggau pulau) ba sepemanjai kededua tasik Atlantik enggau Pasifik. Kolombia nyadi kaban kunsi gerempung besai global enggau pelilih menua nyengkaum [[Gerempung Bansa Beserakup|GBB]], WTO, OECD, OAS, Serakup Pasifik enggau Komuniti Andes; iya mega nyadi Rakan Global NATO<ref>{{cite web|title=NATO - Topic: Relations with Colombia|url=https://www.nato.int/cps/en/natohq/topics_143936.htm|website=Nato.int|access-date=30 August 2022|archive-date=30 August 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220830174315/https://www.nato.int/cps/en/natohq/topics_143936.htm|url-status=live}}</ref> enggau bakih besai ukai NATO [[Amerika Serikat]].<ref name=":1">{{cite web|last1=Samuels|first1=Brett|date=10 March 2022|title=Biden designates Colombia as major non-NATO ally|url=https://thehill.com/latino/597747-biden-designates-colombia-as-major-non-nato-ally|access-date=27 November 2022|website=The Hill|archive-date=18 November 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231118223318/https://thehill.com/latino/597747-biden-designates-colombia-as-major-non-nato-ally/|url-status=live}}</ref> == Nota == <references group="lower-alpha"/> == Kereban sanding == {{Reflist}} [[Kategori:Menua ba Amerika Selatan]] f4ydaj2b1g0a1t8e0rq5zf5hpg9swpr 0 3785 18533 12899 2026-04-14T07:40:14Z Song GK 9 /* Penyanding */ 18533 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox organization|name=Caritas Colombia|full_name=|native_name=Pastoral Social Cáritas Colombiana|native_name_lang=ESP|logo=Caritas Colombia Logo.png|logo_size=|logo_alt=|logo_caption=|image=|image_size=|alt=<!-- see [[WP:ALT]] -->|caption=|map=<!-- map image -->|map_size=<!-- defaults to 250px -->|map_alt=|map_caption=|map2=<!-- 2nd map image, if required -->|map2_size=|map2_alt=|map2_caption=|abbreviation=|nickname=|pronounce=|pronounce ref=|pronounce comment=|pronounce 2=|named_after=|predecessor=|merged=|established={{date|1956}} (creation)<br>{{date|1977}} (legal registration)|founding_location=|founder=|type=Nonprofit|registration_id=<!-- for non-profits -->|status=|purpose=[[development aid]], [[humanitarian aid]], [[social services]]|professional_title=<!-- for professional associations -->|headquarters=Cra. 58 No. 80 87, [[Barrios Unidos]]|location_city=[[Bogota]]|location_country=[[Colombia]]|coordinates={{coord|4.68290|-74.07363|display=inline}}|origins=[[Catholic Social Teaching]]|region_served=Colombia|fields=|owner=<!-- or |owners = -->|sec_gen=Rafael Martín Castillo Torres|leader_title=President|leader_name=[[Luis José Rueda Aparicio]]|main_organ=|parent_organization=<!-- or |parent_organisation = -->|affiliations=[[Caritas Internationalis]], [[Caritas Latin America and Caribbean]]|budget=|budget_year=|revenue=[[Colombian peso|COP]] 65,719,026,510<ref name=AnnualReport2023>{{cite web |language=Spanish |url= https://caritascolombiana.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/INFORME-DE-GESTION-2023-VERSION-FINAL_C.pdf |title= Informe de gestión 2023 |date= 2024 |website= |access-date= 5 May 2024}}</ref>|revenue_year=|disbursements=|expenses=|expenses_year=|endowment=|endowment_year=|funding=|staff=|staff_year=|volunteers=|volunteers_year=|students=|students_year=|awards=|website={{URL|https://caritascolombiana.org/}}|remarks=|formerly=|footnotes=|bodystyle=}} '''Caritas Kolombia''' ([[Jaku Sepanyol]]: '''{{Lang|es|Cáritas Colombiana}}''', tauka nama rasmi iya nya '''{{Lang|es|Pastoral Social Cáritas Colombiana}}''') nya gerempung ti nadai nguntungka orang bepalan ba Kolombia. Iya nyadi gerempung bantu rasmi Gerija Katolik di Kolombia. Gerempung tu nyadi kaban konfederasyen Caritas Internationalis global enggau Caritas Amerika Latin enggau Karibia.<ref name="caritasint">{{cite web|url=https://www.caritas.org/where-caritas-work/latin-america/colombia/|title=Where we work: Colombia|website=caritas.org|access-date=5 May 2024}}</ref> Caritas Kolombia nya jaringan struktur ti bebida. Sekretariat nasional dikelala enggau nama {{Lang|es|Secretariado Nacional de Pastoral Social}} (SNPS). == Latar belakang == Kenyau ari taun 1913, Konferens Episkopal Kolombia udah ngelakuka pengawa ngintu pengelantang rama di menua nya. Dalam taun 1956, maya perang rayat, bala Bishop mutuska deka numbuhka Caritas Kolombia nyadi gerempung koordinator pengawa rama Katolik. Diputuska raban tu deka ngeriput ngagai Komisyen Pastoral Sosial enggau Amal Konferens Bishop.<ref name="Cadena">{{cite web|language=Spanish|url=https://repository.upb.edu.co/bitstream/handle/20.500.11912/924/digital_19611.pdf?sequence=1|title=fortalecimiento de la planeación estratégica en el Secretariado Nacional de Pastoral Social SNPS|last=Castillo Cadena|first=Hugo Andrés|date=2010|publisher=[[Pontifical Bolivarian University]], School of Engineering and Administration, Faculty of Industrial Engineering Bucaramanga|access-date=5 May 2024}}</ref><ref name="">{{cite web|language=Spanish|url=https://repositorio.uniagustiniana.edu.co/bitstream/handle/123456789/260/SepulvedaZotaquira-LuisAlejandro-2018.pdf;jsessionid=F478D71551410083FC2228E2B3D2ADC7?sequence=4|title=La evangelización del Papa Francisco. Una propuesta misional para los jóvenes de confirmación de la parroquia Nuestra Señora de la Consolación.|last1=Jhon Fredy|first1=Ramirez Cardozo|last2=Salamanca Rodríguez|first2=Germán David|last3=Sepúlveda Zotaquira|first3=Luis Alejandro|date=2017|publisher=Universitaria Agustiniana; Faculty of Humanities, Social Sciences and Education; Specialisation in Pedagogy|access-date=5 May 2024}}</ref> Dalam taun-taun keterubah iya ditumbuhka, pengawa Caritas ngemeratka pengawa ngagihka pemakai ngagai orang ti begunaka bantu ba parish. Dalam taun 1960-an, Caritas Kolombia berengkah ngaga "rumah pemakai" spesyel. Dalam latar belakang dinamik politik ti majak mansang dalam menua nya, penanggul baru bisi nyadi; ba menua pesisir, penyarut ti majak nyadi entara raban gerila enggau sedadu ngujungka Gerija ngambi inisiatif nyukung ruang bilik ba menua pesisir nyengkaum mantu sida nambahka asil betanam betupi sida.<ref name="historia">{{cite web|language=Spanish|url=https://caritascolombiana.org/inicia-celebracion-aniversario-60-anos-caritas-colombiana/|title=Breve recorrido histórico de Cáritas Colombiana, en sus 60 años de servicio solidario|date=20 September 2016|website=caritascolombiana.org|access-date=5 May 2024}}</ref> Kena 4 Ogos 1977, Sekretariat Pastoral Sosial Nasional (SNPS) ditumbuhka enggau sah dikena ngatur aktiviti ngintu pastoral sereta ngelakuka [[Integral human development|pemansang mensia ti integral]]. Urung maya nya, gerempung nya mega berengkah nyukung sida ke dituntung penusah ngenyit sereta pindah. Caritas Kolombia bisi kaul enggau pengawa meri bantu enggau ngaga baru ungkup mansa tanah berenyang Popayán enggau mansa penusah ngenyit Armero taun 1985. Dalam taun 1982, Caritas Kolombia ngepunka kimpin ngumpul belanja keterubah iya maya [[Lent]]. Dalam taun 1990-an, pengawa kasar ba mengeri ketegal pengawa bedagang dadah nyadi isu besai di menua nya, ke alai gerempung nya nelebaka diri enggau berengkah bejalaika projek nempa pemaik sereta ngaul diri dalam inisiatif pemendar enggau pemaik. Berebak enggau nya, iya terus meri bantu mensia ngagai populasyen ke kena empas penusah ngenyit. Dalam taun 1996, iya sama numbuhka Raban Kereja ungkup Kolombia (GTC) dikena ngenegapka pengawa SNPS dalam pengawa nempa pemaik enggau pemaik. Dalam taun 2000, iya ngatur Kongres Pemaik Nasional keterubah. == Struktur enggau pengawa == Gerempung tu ditusun ngagai 10 pelilih menua ti ngerumban 13 archdiocesis, 52 diosis, 10 vicariat apostolik enggau siti ordinariat soldadu. Dalam taun 2023, Caritas Kolombia bejalaika 62 projek ba 51 kandang endur geografi bidang kuasa gerija, enggau penyampau bajet urung 66 billion peso Kolombia.<ref>{{cite web|language=Spanish|url=https://caritascolombiana.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/INFORME-DE-GESTION-2023-VERSION-FINAL_C.pdf|title=Informe de gestión 2023|date=2024|website=|access-date=5 May 2024}}</ref> == Kereban sanding == {{Reflist}}{{Authority control}} c8mkrv15qqz223wh5o8fkgqel9sdzsh 0 4708 18517 14920 2026-04-13T12:16:13Z Song GK 9 18517 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox continent|title=Caribbean|image=CIA map Central America & Caribbean.png|image_size=290|image_caption=Map of the Caribbean region of the [[Americas]]|area={{convert|239,681|km2|sqmi|abbr=on}}|population={{UN_Population|Caribbean}}{{UN_Population|ref}}|density={{convert|151.5|/km2|abbr=on}}|GDP_nominal=|GDP_per_capita=|ethnic_groups=[[Afro-Caribbean]]<br/>[[Indo-Caribbean]]<br/>[[White Caribbean people|White-Caribbean]]<br/>[[Multiracial#Caribbean|Mixed-Caribbean]]<br/>[[Asian Caribbean people|Asian-Caribbean]]<br/>[[Indigenous peoples of the Caribbean|Indigenous Caribbean]]|religions={{ublist|item_style=white-space:nowrap; |{{Tree list}} * 73.5% [[Kristian]] ** 52.3% [[Gerija Katolik|Katolik]] ** 20.2% [[Protestan]] ** 1.0% [[denominasyen Kristian|Kristian]] ke bukai {{Tree list/end}} |20.6% [[Nadai pengarap]] |2.5% Pengarap asal |2.1% [[Hindu]] |1.3% ke bukai<ref>{{cite journal|url=https://brill.com/view/journals/jrd/9/1-2/article-p91_2.xml|title=Religions by Continent|journal=Journal of Religion and Demography|last1=Johnson|first1=Todd M.|last2=Crossing|first2=Peter F.|volume=9|date=14 October 2022|issue=1–2|pages=91–110|doi=10.1163/2589742x-bja10013|url-access=subscription}}</ref>}}|countries={{Collapsible list | title = [[List of sovereign states and dependent territories in the West Indies#Sovereign states|16]] | {{Flag|Cuba}} | {{Flag|Haiti}} | {{Flag|Jamaica}} | {{Flag|Dominican Republic}} | {{Flag|Trinidad and Tobago}} | {{Flag|Guyana}} | {{Flag|Suriname}} | {{Flag|Barbados}} | {{Flag|Bahamas}} | {{Flag|Belize}} | {{Flag|Antigua and Barbuda}} | {{Flag|Grenada}} | {{Flag|Saint Kitts and Nevis}} | {{Flag|Saint Lucia}} | {{Flag|Saint Vincent and the Grenadines}} | {{Flag|Dominica}} }}|dependencies={{Collapsible list | title = | {{Flag|Puerto Rico}} }} [[List of sovereign states and dependent territories in the Caribbean#Dependent territories|see below]]|languages={{Plainlist| * [[Caribbean English|English]] * [[Caribbean Spanish|Spanish]] * [[French language|French]] * [[Dutch language|Dutch]] * [[French-based creole languages|French Creoles]] * [[English-based creole languages|English Creoles]] * [[Dutch-based creole languages|Dutch Creoles]] * [[Spanish-based creole languages|Spanish Creoles]] * [[Papiamento]] * [[Caribbean Hindustani]] * [[Indigenous languages of the Americas|Indigenous languages]]}}|time=[[UTC−05:00]] to [[UTC−04:00]]|internet=[[List of Internet top-level domains|Multiple]]|calling_code=[[List of country calling codes|Multiple]]|cities={{Collapsible list | title = [[List of metropolitan areas in the West Indies|Largest Cities ]]|[[Santo Domingo]]|[[Port-au-Prince]]|[[Port of Spain]]|[[San Juan, Puerto Rico|San Juan]]|[[Havana]]|[[Kingston, Jamaica|Kingston]]|[[Santiago de los Caballeros]]|[[Santiago de Cuba]]|[[Willemstad]]|[[Oranjestad, Aruba|Oranjestad]]|[[Punta Cana]]|[[Cap-Haïtien]]|[[Nassau, Bahamas|Nassau]]|[[Paramaribo]]|[[Chetumal]]|[[Spanish Town]]|[[Porlamar]]|[[Cayenne]]|[[Georgetown, Guyana|Georgetown]]|[[Bridgetown]]|[[San Fernando, Trinidad and Tobago|San Fernando]]|[[Belize City]]}}|m49=<code>029</code> – Caribbean<br /><code>419</code> – [[Latin America and the Caribbean]]<br /><code>019</code> – [[Americas]]<br /><code>001</code> – [[World]]}} '''Karibia''' iya nya kandang menua ba tengah-tengah Amerika ti bepalan ngelingi Tasik Karibia di Tasik Atlantik Utara, ke tebal agi betumpang enggau Hindia Barat. Bekunsi garis entara benua enggau [[Amerika Utara]] ba utara, Amerika Tengah ba barat, enggau [[Amerika Selatan]] ba selatan, iya mungkur mayuh pulau, pulau mit, terumbu karang, enggau tebing. Iya nyengkaum Pulau-pulau Lucayan, Antilles Besai, enggau Antilles Mit Hindia Barat; pulau-pulau Quintana Roo enggau pulau-pulau Belize ba Semenanjung Yucatán; enggau Pulau Teluk, Teluk Miskito, Pulau-pulau San Andrés, Providencia, enggau Santa Catalina, Pulau Jagung, enggau Pulau San Blas di Amerika Tengah. Iya mega nyengkaum kandang menua pesisir ba tanah besai benua Amerika ti bekunsi garis entara menua enggau pelilih menua nya ari Semenanjung Yucatán di Amerika Utara nengah Amerika Tengah nyentuk ke Guianas di Amerika Selatan.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Engerman |first=Stanley L. |title=A Population History of North America |date=2000 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=978-0-521-49666-7 |editor-last=Haines |editor-first=Michael R. |pages=483–528 |chapter=A Population History of the Caribbean |oclc=41118518 |editor-last2=Steckel |editor-first2=Richard Hall}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last= |first= |title=Understanding the contemporary Caribbean |publisher=Lynne Rienner |year=2003 |isbn=978-1588266637 |editor-last=Hillman |editor-first=Richard S. |location=London, UK |pages= |oclc=300280211 |editor-last2=D'Agostino |editor-first2=Thomas J.}}</ref>{{CSS image crop|Image=Atlantic continents at night by VIIRS.jpg|bSize=585|cWidth=275|cHeight=250|oTop=325|oLeft=0|Location=|Description=Karibia dipeda ari [[singkamiga]] maya malam hari, 2012|Align=Left}} ==Kereban sanding== {{reflist}} [[Kategori:Artikel ti ngundan teks jaku Peranchis]] [[Kategori:Artikel ti ngundan teks jaku Sepanyol]] jjqa40m649rdv0i5wrslych1os4baw6 10 6399 18519 2026-04-13T12:22:54Z Song GK 9 Mencipta laman baru dengan kandungan '{{ {{{1<noinclude>|country showdata</noinclude>}}} | alias = Arab Saudi | flag alias = Flag of Saudi Arabia.svg | flag alias-1744 = Flag of the First Saudi State.svg | flag alias-1822 = Flag of the First Saudi State.svg | flag alias-1902 = Flag of the Second Saudi State.svg | flag alias-1921 = Flag of Nejd (1921).svg | flag alias-1926 = Flag of Nejd (1926).svg | flag alias-1932 = Flag of Saudi Arabia (1932–1934).svg | flag alias-1934 = Flag of Saudi...' 18519 wikitext text/x-wiki {{ {{{1<noinclude>|country showdata</noinclude>}}} | alias = Arab Saudi | flag alias = Flag of Saudi Arabia.svg | flag alias-1744 = Flag of the First Saudi State.svg | flag alias-1822 = Flag of the First Saudi State.svg | flag alias-1902 = Flag of the Second Saudi State.svg | flag alias-1921 = Flag of Nejd (1921).svg | flag alias-1926 = Flag of Nejd (1926).svg | flag alias-1932 = Flag of Saudi Arabia (1932–1934).svg | flag alias-1934 = Flag of Saudi Arabia (1934–1938).svg | flag alias-1938 = Flag of Saudi Arabia (1938–1973).svg | flag alias-naval = Naval Ensign of Saudi Arabia.svg | link alias-naval = Royal Saudi Navy | flag alias-navy = Naval base flag of the Royal Saudi Navy.svg | link alias-navy = Royal Saudi Navy | flag alias-army = Flag of the Royal Saudi Land Forces.svg | link alias-army = Saudi Arabian Army | flag alias-military = Saudi Armed Forces Flag.svg | link alias-military = Armed Forces of Saudi Arabia | flag alias-air force = Ensign of the Royal Saudi Air Force.svg | link alias-air force = Royal Saudi Air Force | size = {{{size|}}} | name = {{{name|}}} | altlink = {{{altlink|}}} | variant = {{{variant|}}} <noinclude> | var1 = 1744 | var2 = 1822 | var3 = 1902 | var4 = 1921 | var5 = 1926 | var6 = 1932 | var7 = 1934 | var8 = 1938 | redir1 = SAU | redir2 = KSA </noinclude> }} qaeh1x3pf1qwdmir30wpuxnwbj7znmn 0 6400 18520 2026-04-13T14:37:35Z Jang Edgar 20 Digaga enggau chara nyalin lambar " [[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1347315125|David Ben-Gurion]] " 18520 wikitext text/x-wiki '''David Ben-Gurion''' ({{Langx|he|דָּוִד בֶּן־גּוּרִיּוֹן}} {{AFA|he|daˈvid ben ɡuʁˈjon||He-David_Ben_Gurion.ogg}} ; nama asal '''David Grün'''; 16 Oktober 1886 – 1 Disember 1973) nyadi pemungkal nasional keterubah enggau menteri besai keterubah [[Israel|Menua Israel]]. Nyadi tuai Ejensi Orang Judah ari taun 1935, lalu udah nya nyadi presiden Eksekutif Ejensi Orang Judah, iya nyadi ketuai ''de facto'' komuniti Yahudi di Palestin, lalu mayuh nguluka pengawa ngulihka menua Orang Judah ke meredeka di Palestin Bemandat. Diada di [[Płońsk]], maya nya sebagi ari [[Kongres Poland]], ari apai indai [[Sejarah orang Judah ba Poland|orang Judah Poland]], iya pindah ngagai pelilih menua Palestin [[Empayar Ottoman]] dalam taun 1906. Ngena nama Ben-Gurion dalam taun 1909, iya angkat nyadi ketuai ke tebilang dalam komuniti orang Judah di menua Palestin Bemandat ke dipegai British kenyau taun 1935 nyentuk ke penumbuh Menua Israel dalam taun 1948, ti betuaika iya nyentuk ngagai taun 1963 enggau bisi ngetu enda lama dalam taun 1954–55. Pengerindu Ben-Gurion ngagai [[Zionisme]] mansang ba pun pengidup iya, ngujungka iya nyadi ketuai Zionis ti besai, sereta nyadi tuai eksekutif [[Gerempung Zionis Sedunya]] dalam taun 1946.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Brenner |first=Michael |title=Zionism: A Brief History |last2=Frisch |first2=Shelley |date=April 2003 |publisher=Markus Wiener Publishers |page=184}}</ref> Kena 14 Me 1948, iya enggau rasmi madahka penumbuh Israel, lalu nyadi orang keterubah nyain [[Penesau Meredeka Israel]], ke udah dibantu iya nulis. Di baruh iring Ben-Gurion, [[Perang Arab–Israel 1948]] ngujungka penyerakup mayuh macham militia Judah nyadi [[Raban Pengetan Israel]] (IDF), pemenang Israel atas [[Liga Arab]], enggau pengawa muru sereta ngelarika diri majoriti peranak Arab Palestin. Udah nya, iya dikelala enggau nama " apai pemungkal Israel ".<ref>{{cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/onthisday/hi/dates/stories/december/1/newsid_2492000/2492775.stm|title=1973: Israel's founding father dies|date=1 December 1973|access-date=31 August 2018|publisher=BBC}}</ref> Pengudah perang nya, Ben-Gurion nyadi menteri besai keterubah Israel enggau [[Menteri Pengetan (Israel)|menteri pengetan]]. Sekumbang nyadi menteri besai, iya mantu ngaga institusyen menua, nyadi tuai ba projek nasional ti betuju ngemansangka menua. Iya mega ngemataka pengawa nyerap orang Judah ke datai ari menua bukai. Sebagi besai ari polisi luar iya nya ngemanahka kaul enggau [[Jereman Barat]] nengah sempekat ganti rugi nyadika pampas ketegal Nazi ngerampas reta tengkira orang Judah maya Holokus.<ref>George Lavy, ''Germany and Israel: moral debt and national interest'' (1996) p. 45</ref> Dalam taun 1954, iya badu nyadi menteri besai enggau menteri pengetan tang mengkang nyadi kaban [[Knesset]]. Iya pulai nyadi menteri pengetan dalam taun 1955 sepengudah Pekara Lavon enggau pengawa ngelengka pangku pengawa Pinhas Lavon. Udah nya ba taun nya iya nyadi menteri besai baru, berindik ari pengawa bepilih taun 1955. Iya nyukung operasyen malas Israel ngagai serang gerila Arab enggau pengawa nyerang iya ngagai Ejip, begulai enggau Britain enggau Peranchis, maya [[Krisis Suez]] dalam taun 1956. Iya badu mangku pengawa dalam taun 1963, lalu pinchin ari pengidup politik dalam taun 1970. Ke alai iya udah nya pindah ngagai [[Langkau Ben-Gurion|"langkau" iya ti sedang]] di Sde Boker. nyentuk ngagai pemati iya. Pengudah iya mati, Ben-Gurion dipilih nyadi siku ari 100 iku orang ke pemadu beguna ba abad ke-20 ba majalah ''Time''. == Kereban sanding == {{Reflist}} == Bacha ke silik agi == {{refbegin|2}} * Aronson, Shlomo. "Leadership, preventive war and territorial expansion: David Ben-Gurion and Levi Eshkol." ''Israel Affairs'' 18.4 (2012): 526–545. * Aronson, Shlomo. "David Ben-Gurion and the British Constitutional Model." ''Israel Studies'' 3.2 (1998): 193–214. [https://www.jstor.org/stable/30245718 online] * Aronson, Shlomo. "David Ben-Gurion, Levi Eshkol and the Struggle over Dimona: A Prologue to the Six-Day War and its (Un) Anticipated Results." ''Israel Affairs'' 15.2 (2009): 114–134. * {{cite book |last=Aronson |first=Shlomo |title=David Ben-Gurion and the Jewish Renaissance |publisher=Cambridge University Press |year=2011 |isbn=978-0-521-19748-9 |location=New York}}. * Cohen, Mitchell. "Zion and State: Nation, Class and the Shaping of Modern Israel" (Columbia University Press, 1987) * Eldar, Eran. [https://www.academia.edu/42167563/David_Ben_Gurion_and_Golda_Meir_from_partnership_to_enmity "David Ben-Gurion and Golda Meir: from partnership to enmity"] {{registration required}}. ''Israel Affairs'' 26.2 (2020): 174–182. * Friling, Tuvia, and Ora Cummings. ''Arrows in the Dark: David Ben-Gurion, the Yishuv Leadership, and Rescue Attempts during the Holocaust'' (2 vol.; University of Wisconsin Press, 2005). * Gal, Allon. ''David Ben-Gurion and the American Alignment for a Jewish State'' (Indiana UP, 1991). * Getzoff, Joseph F. "Zionist frontiers: David Ben-Gurion, labor Zionism, and transnational circulations of settler development." ''Settler Colonial Studies'' 10.1 (2020): 74–93. * Kedar, Nir. ''David Ben-Gurion and the Foundation of Israeli Democracy'' (Indiana UP, 2021). * Oren, Michael B. "Ambivalent Adversaries: David Ben-Gurion and Israel vs. the United Nations and Dag Hammarskjold, 1956–57." ''Journal of Contemporary History'' 27.1 (1992): 89–127. * Pappe, Ilan. "Moshe Sharett, David Ben‐Gurion and the 'Palestinian option,' 1948–1956." ''Studies in Zionism'' 7.1 (1986): 77–96. * Peres, Shimon. ''Ben-Gurion'' (Schocken Pub., 2011) {{ISBN|978-0-8052-4282-9}}. * Reynold, Nick. ''The War of the Zionist Giants: David Ben-Gurion and Chaim Weizmann'' (Rowman & Littlefield, 2018). * Rosenberg-Friedman, Lilach. "David Ben-Gurion and the 'Demographic Threat': His Dualistic Approach to Natalism, 1936–63." ''Middle Eastern Studies'' 51.5 (2015): 742–766. * Sachar, Howard Morley. ''A history of Israel: From the rise of Zionism to our time'' (Knopf, 2007). * St. John, Robert William. ''Builder of Israel; the story of Ben-Gurion'', (Doubleday, 1961) [https://archive.org/details/builderofisraels00stjo online] * Segev, Tom. ''A State at Any Cost: The Life of David Ben-Gurion'' (Farrar, Straus and Giroux, 2019) Finalist for 2019 National Jewish Book Award. ** Shatz, Adam, "We Are Conquerors" (review of [[Tom Segev]], ''A State at Any Cost: The Life of David Ben-Gurion'', Head of Zeus, 2019, 804 pp., {{ISBN|978 1 78954 462 6}}), ''[[London Review of Books]]'', vol. 41, no. 20 (24 October 2019), pp.&nbsp;37–38, 40–42. "Segev's biography... shows how central exclusionary nationalism, war and racism were to Ben-Gurion's vision of the Jewish homeland in Palestine, and how contemptuous he was not only of the Arabs but of Jewish life outside Zion. Liberal Jews may look at the state that Ben-Gurion built, and ask if the cost has been worth it." (p.&nbsp;42 of Shatz's review.) * {{cite book |last=Teveth |first=Shabtai |title=Ben-Gurion and the Palestinian Arabs: from peace to war |publisher=Oxford University Press |year=1985 |isbn=978-0-19-503562-9}} * {{cite book |last=Teveth |first=Shabtai |url=https://archive.org/details/bengurionholocau0000teve |title=Ben-Gurion and the Holocaust |publisher=Harcourt Brace & Co. |year=1996 |isbn=978-0-15-100237-5 |url-access=registration}} * {{cite book |last=Teveth |first=Shabtai |title=The Burning Ground. A biography of David Ben-Gurion |publisher=Schoken, Tel Aviv. |year=1997}} * Shapira, Anita. ''Ben-Gurion'' (Yale UP, 2014). * Shiff, Ofer. "Abba Hillel Silver and David Ben‐Gurion: A Diaspora Leader Challenges the Revered Status of the 'Founding Father'" ''Studies in Ethnicity and Nationalism'' 10.3 (2010): 391–412. * Weitz, Yechiam. "The Founding Father and the General: David Ben-Gurion and Moshe Dayan." ''Middle Eastern Studies'' 47.6 (2011): 845–861. * Witzthum, David. "David Ben-Gurion and Konrad Adenauer: Building a Bridge across the Abyss." ''Israel Journal of Foreign Affairs'' 13.2 (2019): 223–237. * Zweig, Ronald W. ''David Ben-Gurion: Politics and Leadership in Israel'' (Routledge, 2013). === Historiografi === * Keren, Michael. "Biography and Historiography: The Case of David Ben-Gurion." ''Biography'' (2000): 332–351. {{JSTOR|23540133}}. {{refend}} == Laman web ke bukai == * {{MKlink|id=684}} * [http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/events/israel_at_50/profiles/81279.stm Special Report David Ben-Gurion]—BBC News * [https://web.archive.org/web/20061001222800/http://www.jafi.org.il/education/100/people/bios/bg.html "David Ben-Gurion (1886–1973)"]—Jewish Agency for Israel * [http://www.shapell.org/Collection/Jewish-Figures/Ben-Gurion-David David Ben-Gurion personal manuscripts]—Shapell Manuscript Foundation * [https://web.archive.org/web/20100505014035/http://alsos.wlu.edu/qsearch.aspx?browse=people%2FBen+Gurion%2C+David Annotated bibliography for David Ben-Gurion] from the Alsos Digital Library for Nuclear Issues * [https://web.archive.org/web/20120119073758/http://www.defeatist-diary.com/index.asp?p=lang_new10504&period=18%2F1%2F2011-25 March 2011 Ben-Gurion and Tewfik Toubi finally meet (28 October 1966)] * {{PM20|FID=pe/001449}} {{Authority control}} [[Kategori:Pemati 1973]] [[Kategori:Pengada 1886]] [[Kategori:Menteri besai Israel]] i8l6jbk8tc96je0rarnm14kcmeddv03 18521 18520 2026-04-13T14:40:27Z Jang Edgar 20 18521 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox officeholder | name = David Ben-Gurion | native_name = {{Nobold|{{Script|Hebrew|דָּוִד בֶּן־גּוּרִיּוֹן}}}} | native_name_lang = he | birth_name = David Grün | image = David Ben-Gurion (D597-087).jpg | caption = Ben-Gurion maya taun 1960 | office = [[Menteri Besai Israel]] | term_start = 3 Nobember 1955 | term_end = 26 Jun 1963 | president = {{Plainlist| * [[Yitzhak Ben-Zvi]] * [[Zalman Shazar]] }} | predecessor = [[Moshe Sharett]] | successor = [[Levi Eshkol]] | term_start1 = 17 Me 1948 | term_end1 = 7 Disember 1953 | predecessor1 = ''Pengawa baru'' | successor1 = Moshe Sharett | president1 = {{Plainlist| * [[Chaim Weizmann]] * Yitzhak Ben-Zvi }} | order3 = 1st [[Provisional government of Israel|Chairman of the Provisional State Council of Israel]] | term_start3 = 14 Me 1948 | term_end3 = 16 Me 1948 | predecessor3 = ''Pengawa baru'' | successor3 = Chaim Weizmann | office4 = [[Menteri Pengetan (Israel)|Menteri Pengetan]] | prime_minister4 = {{Plainlist| * Moshe Sharett * ''Himself'' }} | term_start4 = 21 Februari 1955 | term_end4 = 26 Jun 1963 | predecessor4 = [[Pinhas Lavon]] | successor4 = Levi Eshkol | prime_minister5 = ''Himself'' | term_start5 = 14 Me 1948 | term_end5 = 26 Januari 1954 | predecessor5 = ''Pengawa baru'' | successor5 = Pinhas Lavon | birth_date = {{birth date|1886|10|16|df=y}} | birth_place = [[Płońsk]], [[Kongres Poland]], Empayar Rusia | death_date = {{death date and age|1973|12|1|1886|10|16|df=y}} | death_place = [[Ramat Gan]], Israel | spouse = {{marriage|[[Paula Ben-Gurion|Paula Munweis]]|1917|1968|end=d}} | children = 3 | citizenship = {{Plainlist| * Kongres Poland * [[Empayar Ottoman]] * [[subjek British]] * Israel }} | alma_mater = [[Universiti Istanbul|Dar ul-Funun]]<!--From {{cite news|title=Old Schools Scrapped in Turkey|newspaper=[[The Baltimore Sun]]|place=[[Baltimore]]|date=1 October 1933|page=[https://www.newspapers.com/clip/159112915/ 2]|via=[[Newspapers.com]]}} - "Dar-ul-funun" was reformed into University of Istabul. --> | party = {{Plainlist| * [[Poale Zion]] (1905–1919) * [[Ahdut HaAvoda]] (1919–1930) * [[Mapai]] (1930–1965) * [[Rafi (political party)|Rafi]] (1965–1968) * [[National List]] (from 1968) }} | signature = David Ben-Gurion signature.svg | resting_place = [[Taman Nasional Pendam Ben-Gurion]] }} '''David Ben-Gurion''' ({{Langx|he|דָּוִד בֶּן־גּוּרִיּוֹן}} {{AFA|he|daˈvid ben ɡuʁˈjon||He-David_Ben_Gurion.ogg}} ; nama asal '''David Grün'''; 16 Oktober 1886 – 1 Disember 1973) nyadi pemungkal nasional keterubah enggau menteri besai keterubah [[Israel|Menua Israel]]. Nyadi tuai Ejensi Orang Judah ari taun 1935, lalu udah nya nyadi presiden Eksekutif Ejensi Orang Judah, iya nyadi ketuai ''de facto'' komuniti Yahudi di Palestin, lalu mayuh nguluka pengawa ngulihka menua Orang Judah ke meredeka di Palestin Bemandat. Diada di [[Płońsk]], maya nya sebagi ari [[Kongres Poland]], ari apai indai [[Sejarah orang Judah ba Poland|orang Judah Poland]], iya pindah ngagai pelilih menua Palestin [[Empayar Ottoman]] dalam taun 1906. Ngena nama Ben-Gurion dalam taun 1909, iya angkat nyadi ketuai ke tebilang dalam komuniti orang Judah di menua Palestin Bemandat ke dipegai British kenyau taun 1935 nyentuk ke penumbuh Menua Israel dalam taun 1948, ti betuaika iya nyentuk ngagai taun 1963 enggau bisi ngetu enda lama dalam taun 1954–55. Pengerindu Ben-Gurion ngagai [[Zionisme]] mansang ba pun pengidup iya, ngujungka iya nyadi ketuai Zionis ti besai, sereta nyadi tuai eksekutif [[Gerempung Zionis Sedunya]] dalam taun 1946.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Brenner |first=Michael |title=Zionism: A Brief History |last2=Frisch |first2=Shelley |date=April 2003 |publisher=Markus Wiener Publishers |page=184}}</ref> Kena 14 Me 1948, iya enggau rasmi madahka penumbuh Israel, lalu nyadi orang keterubah nyain [[Penesau Meredeka Israel]], ke udah dibantu iya nulis. Di baruh iring Ben-Gurion, [[Perang Arab–Israel 1948]] ngujungka penyerakup mayuh macham militia Judah nyadi [[Raban Pengetan Israel]] (IDF), pemenang Israel atas [[Liga Arab]], enggau pengawa muru sereta ngelarika diri majoriti peranak Arab Palestin. Udah nya, iya dikelala enggau nama " apai pemungkal Israel ".<ref>{{cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/onthisday/hi/dates/stories/december/1/newsid_2492000/2492775.stm|title=1973: Israel's founding father dies|date=1 December 1973|access-date=31 August 2018|publisher=BBC}}</ref> Pengudah perang nya, Ben-Gurion nyadi menteri besai keterubah Israel enggau [[Menteri Pengetan (Israel)|menteri pengetan]]. Sekumbang nyadi menteri besai, iya mantu ngaga institusyen menua, nyadi tuai ba projek nasional ti betuju ngemansangka menua. Iya mega ngemataka pengawa nyerap orang Judah ke datai ari menua bukai. Sebagi besai ari polisi luar iya nya ngemanahka kaul enggau [[Jereman Barat]] nengah sempekat ganti rugi nyadika pampas ketegal Nazi ngerampas reta tengkira orang Judah maya Holokus.<ref>George Lavy, ''Germany and Israel: moral debt and national interest'' (1996) p. 45</ref> Dalam taun 1954, iya badu nyadi menteri besai enggau menteri pengetan tang mengkang nyadi kaban [[Knesset]]. Iya pulai nyadi menteri pengetan dalam taun 1955 sepengudah Pekara Lavon enggau pengawa ngelengka pangku pengawa Pinhas Lavon. Udah nya ba taun nya iya nyadi menteri besai baru, berindik ari pengawa bepilih taun 1955. Iya nyukung operasyen malas Israel ngagai serang gerila Arab enggau pengawa nyerang iya ngagai Ejip, begulai enggau Britain enggau Peranchis, maya [[Krisis Suez]] dalam taun 1956. Iya badu mangku pengawa dalam taun 1963, lalu pinchin ari pengidup politik dalam taun 1970. Ke alai iya udah nya pindah ngagai [[Langkau Ben-Gurion|"langkau" iya ti sedang]] di Sde Boker. nyentuk ngagai pemati iya. Pengudah iya mati, Ben-Gurion dipilih nyadi siku ari 100 iku orang ke pemadu beguna ba abad ke-20 ba majalah ''Time''. == Kereban sanding == {{Reflist}} == Bacha ke silik agi == {{refbegin|2}} * Aronson, Shlomo. "Leadership, preventive war and territorial expansion: David Ben-Gurion and Levi Eshkol." ''Israel Affairs'' 18.4 (2012): 526–545. * Aronson, Shlomo. "David Ben-Gurion and the British Constitutional Model." ''Israel Studies'' 3.2 (1998): 193–214. [https://www.jstor.org/stable/30245718 online] * Aronson, Shlomo. "David Ben-Gurion, Levi Eshkol and the Struggle over Dimona: A Prologue to the Six-Day War and its (Un) Anticipated Results." ''Israel Affairs'' 15.2 (2009): 114–134. * {{cite book |last=Aronson |first=Shlomo |title=David Ben-Gurion and the Jewish Renaissance |publisher=Cambridge University Press |year=2011 |isbn=978-0-521-19748-9 |location=New York}}. * Cohen, Mitchell. "Zion and State: Nation, Class and the Shaping of Modern Israel" (Columbia University Press, 1987) * Eldar, Eran. [https://www.academia.edu/42167563/David_Ben_Gurion_and_Golda_Meir_from_partnership_to_enmity "David Ben-Gurion and Golda Meir: from partnership to enmity"] {{registration required}}. ''Israel Affairs'' 26.2 (2020): 174–182. * Friling, Tuvia, and Ora Cummings. ''Arrows in the Dark: David Ben-Gurion, the Yishuv Leadership, and Rescue Attempts during the Holocaust'' (2 vol.; University of Wisconsin Press, 2005). * Gal, Allon. ''David Ben-Gurion and the American Alignment for a Jewish State'' (Indiana UP, 1991). * Getzoff, Joseph F. "Zionist frontiers: David Ben-Gurion, labor Zionism, and transnational circulations of settler development." ''Settler Colonial Studies'' 10.1 (2020): 74–93. * Kedar, Nir. ''David Ben-Gurion and the Foundation of Israeli Democracy'' (Indiana UP, 2021). * Oren, Michael B. "Ambivalent Adversaries: David Ben-Gurion and Israel vs. the United Nations and Dag Hammarskjold, 1956–57." ''Journal of Contemporary History'' 27.1 (1992): 89–127. * Pappe, Ilan. "Moshe Sharett, David Ben‐Gurion and the 'Palestinian option,' 1948–1956." ''Studies in Zionism'' 7.1 (1986): 77–96. * Peres, Shimon. ''Ben-Gurion'' (Schocken Pub., 2011) {{ISBN|978-0-8052-4282-9}}. * Reynold, Nick. ''The War of the Zionist Giants: David Ben-Gurion and Chaim Weizmann'' (Rowman & Littlefield, 2018). * Rosenberg-Friedman, Lilach. "David Ben-Gurion and the 'Demographic Threat': His Dualistic Approach to Natalism, 1936–63." ''Middle Eastern Studies'' 51.5 (2015): 742–766. * Sachar, Howard Morley. ''A history of Israel: From the rise of Zionism to our time'' (Knopf, 2007). * St. John, Robert William. ''Builder of Israel; the story of Ben-Gurion'', (Doubleday, 1961) [https://archive.org/details/builderofisraels00stjo online] * Segev, Tom. ''A State at Any Cost: The Life of David Ben-Gurion'' (Farrar, Straus and Giroux, 2019) Finalist for 2019 National Jewish Book Award. ** Shatz, Adam, "We Are Conquerors" (review of [[Tom Segev]], ''A State at Any Cost: The Life of David Ben-Gurion'', Head of Zeus, 2019, 804 pp., {{ISBN|978 1 78954 462 6}}), ''[[London Review of Books]]'', vol. 41, no. 20 (24 October 2019), pp.&nbsp;37–38, 40–42. "Segev's biography... shows how central exclusionary nationalism, war and racism were to Ben-Gurion's vision of the Jewish homeland in Palestine, and how contemptuous he was not only of the Arabs but of Jewish life outside Zion. Liberal Jews may look at the state that Ben-Gurion built, and ask if the cost has been worth it." (p.&nbsp;42 of Shatz's review.) * {{cite book |last=Teveth |first=Shabtai |title=Ben-Gurion and the Palestinian Arabs: from peace to war |publisher=Oxford University Press |year=1985 |isbn=978-0-19-503562-9}} * {{cite book |last=Teveth |first=Shabtai |url=https://archive.org/details/bengurionholocau0000teve |title=Ben-Gurion and the Holocaust |publisher=Harcourt Brace & Co. |year=1996 |isbn=978-0-15-100237-5 |url-access=registration}} * {{cite book |last=Teveth |first=Shabtai |title=The Burning Ground. A biography of David Ben-Gurion |publisher=Schoken, Tel Aviv. |year=1997}} * Shapira, Anita. ''Ben-Gurion'' (Yale UP, 2014). * Shiff, Ofer. "Abba Hillel Silver and David Ben‐Gurion: A Diaspora Leader Challenges the Revered Status of the 'Founding Father'" ''Studies in Ethnicity and Nationalism'' 10.3 (2010): 391–412. * Weitz, Yechiam. "The Founding Father and the General: David Ben-Gurion and Moshe Dayan." ''Middle Eastern Studies'' 47.6 (2011): 845–861. * Witzthum, David. "David Ben-Gurion and Konrad Adenauer: Building a Bridge across the Abyss." ''Israel Journal of Foreign Affairs'' 13.2 (2019): 223–237. * Zweig, Ronald W. ''David Ben-Gurion: Politics and Leadership in Israel'' (Routledge, 2013). === Historiografi === * Keren, Michael. "Biography and Historiography: The Case of David Ben-Gurion." ''Biography'' (2000): 332–351. {{JSTOR|23540133}}. {{refend}} == Laman web ke bukai == * {{MKlink|id=684}} * [http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/events/israel_at_50/profiles/81279.stm Special Report David Ben-Gurion]—BBC News * [https://web.archive.org/web/20061001222800/http://www.jafi.org.il/education/100/people/bios/bg.html "David Ben-Gurion (1886–1973)"]—Jewish Agency for Israel * [http://www.shapell.org/Collection/Jewish-Figures/Ben-Gurion-David David Ben-Gurion personal manuscripts]—Shapell Manuscript Foundation * [https://web.archive.org/web/20100505014035/http://alsos.wlu.edu/qsearch.aspx?browse=people%2FBen+Gurion%2C+David Annotated bibliography for David Ben-Gurion] from the Alsos Digital Library for Nuclear Issues * [https://web.archive.org/web/20120119073758/http://www.defeatist-diary.com/index.asp?p=lang_new10504&period=18%2F1%2F2011-25 March 2011 Ben-Gurion and Tewfik Toubi finally meet (28 October 1966)] * {{PM20|FID=pe/001449}} {{Authority control}} [[Kategori:Pemati 1973]] [[Kategori:Pengada 1886]] [[Kategori:Menteri besai Israel]] 6dgw3rgk71idkx145ex9ihbb4jf05e1 0 6401 18522 2026-04-13T14:55:01Z Jang Edgar 20 Digaga enggau chara nyalin lambar " [[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1348023965|Moshe Sharett]] " 18522 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox officeholder | name = Moshe Sharett | native_name = {{Nobold|{{Script/Hebrew|משה שרת}}}} | native_name_lang = he | birth_name = Moshe Chertok | image = Moshe Sharett Portrait.jpg | office = [[Menteri Besai Israel]] | term_start = 7 Disember 1953 | term_end = 3 Nobember 1955{{Clear}}{{small|Interim nyentuk ke 26 Januari 1954}} | president = [[Yitzhak Ben-Zvi]] | predecessor = [[David Ben-Gurion]] | successor = David Ben-Gurion | office2 = [[Menteri Pekara Luar (Israel)|Minister Pekara Luar]] | primeminister2 = {{Plainlist| * David Ben-Gurion * ''Iya kediri'' * David Ben-Gurion }} | termstart2 = 15 Me 1948 | termend2 = 18 Jun 1956 | predecessor2 = ''Pengawa ditumbuhka'' | successor2 = [[Golda Meir]] | birth_date = {{birth date|df=yes|1894|10|15}} | birth_place = [[Kherson]], Kandang Gabenor Kherson <!-- DO NOT LINK, see [[MOS:GEOLINK]] -->, Empayar Rusia<!-- DO NOT LINK, see [[MOS:GEOLINK]] --> ({{small|kemaya tu ba}} Ukraine) | death_date = {{death date and age|df=yes|1965|7|7|1894|10|15}} | death_place = [[Jerusalem]], Israel | spouse = {{marriage|[[Tzippora Sharett|Tzipora Meirov]]|1922}} | children = 3 | alma_mater = {{plainlist| * [[Universiti Istanbul]] * [[Sekula Ekonomi London]] }} | signature = Moshe_Sharett_Signature_from_the_Goldman_Collection.png | party = [[Mapai]] | allegiance = Empayar Ottoman | branch = [[Soldadu Ottoman]] | rank = [[File:Ottoman-Army-OF-1b.svg|62x62px]] [[Leftenan keterubah]] | battles = [[Perang Dunya I]]<br />[[Penyarut orang Judah ba Palestin]]<br />[[Perang Palestin 1948]]<br /> Operasyen bebalas | caption = Sharett in 1952 }} '''Moshe Sharett''' ({{Langx|he|משה שרת}}; nama ada '''Moshe Chertok''' ({{Lang|he|משה שרתוק}}); 15 Oktober 1894 – 7 Julai 1965) nya siku orang politik Israel ti nyadi [[Menteri Besai Israel]] ari taun 1954 ngagai 1955 sereta nyadi [[Menteri Pekara Luar (Israel)|Menteri Pekara Luar]] ari taun 1948 ngagai 1956. Iya nyain [[Penesau Meredeka Israel]] lalu nyadi siku orang ti beguna bendar berunding dalam penembu [[perang Palestin 1948]]. Berengkah ari taun 1933, iya nyadi tuai ba jabatan politik [[Ejensi Orang Judah]]. Iya mega numbuhka [[Briged Orang Judah]], ti beperang enggau [[Soldadu British]] maya [[Perang Dunya Kedua]]. Siku kaban Mapai,<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.rulers.org/indexs3.html|title=Index Sh-Sl|website=www.rulers.org}}</ref> kandang maya pengawa menteri besai Sharett sama-sama ditangkanka sereta diganti David Ben-Gurion.<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=T5gJAAAAIAAJ&q=moshe+sharett+15+oct+1894 |title=Academic American Encyclopedia |date=7 January 1980 |publisher=Aretê Publishing Company |isbn=9780933880009 |via=Google Books}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.knesset.gov.il/mk/eng/mk_eng.asp?mk_individual_id_t=672|title=Knesset Member, Moshe Sharett|work=knesset.gov.il|access-date=9 September 2016}}</ref> [[Kategori:Pengada 1894]] 1eyjo1ldd7cdtv946g90fxz35xu4h1o 18523 18522 2026-04-13T14:56:54Z Jang Edgar 20 18523 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox officeholder | name = Moshe Sharett | native_name = {{Nobold|{{Script/Hebrew|משה שרת}}}} | native_name_lang = he | birth_name = Moshe Chertok | image = Moshe Sharett Portrait.jpg | office = [[Menteri Besai Israel]] | term_start = 7 Disember 1953 | term_end = 3 Nobember 1955{{Clear}}{{small|Interim nyentuk ke 26 Januari 1954}} | president = [[Yitzhak Ben-Zvi]] | predecessor = [[David Ben-Gurion]] | successor = David Ben-Gurion | office2 = [[Menteri Pekara Luar (Israel)|Minister Pekara Luar]] | primeminister2 = {{Plainlist| * David Ben-Gurion * ''Iya kediri'' * David Ben-Gurion }} | termstart2 = 15 Me 1948 | termend2 = 18 Jun 1956 | predecessor2 = ''Pengawa ditumbuhka'' | successor2 = [[Golda Meir]] | birth_date = {{birth date|df=yes|1894|10|15}} | birth_place = [[Kherson]], Kandang Gabenor Kherson <!-- DO NOT LINK, see [[MOS:GEOLINK]] -->, Empayar Rusia<!-- DO NOT LINK, see [[MOS:GEOLINK]] --> ({{small|kemaya tu ba}} Ukraine) | death_date = {{death date and age|df=yes|1965|7|7|1894|10|15}} | death_place = [[Jerusalem]], Israel | spouse = {{marriage|[[Tzippora Sharett|Tzipora Meirov]]|1922}} | children = 3 | alma_mater = {{plainlist| * [[Universiti Istanbul]] * [[Sekula Ekonomi London]] }} | signature = Moshe_Sharett_Signature_from_the_Goldman_Collection.png | party = [[Mapai]] | allegiance = Empayar Ottoman | branch = [[Soldadu Ottoman]] | rank = [[File:Ottoman-Army-OF-1b.svg|62x62px]] [[Leftenan keterubah]] | battles = [[Perang Dunya I]]<br />[[Penyarut orang Judah ba Palestin]]<br />[[Perang Palestin 1948]]<br /> Operasyen bebalas | caption = Sharett in 1952 }} '''Moshe Sharett''' ({{Langx|he|משה שרת}}; nama ada '''Moshe Chertok''' ({{Lang|he|משה שרתוק}}); 15 Oktober 1894 – 7 Julai 1965) nya siku orang politik Israel ti nyadi [[Menteri Besai Israel]] ari taun 1954 ngagai 1955 sereta nyadi [[Menteri Pekara Luar (Israel)|Menteri Pekara Luar]] ari taun 1948 ngagai 1956. Iya nyain [[Penesau Meredeka Israel]] lalu nyadi siku orang ti beguna bendar berunding dalam penembu [[perang Palestin 1948]]. Berengkah ari taun 1933, iya nyadi tuai ba jabatan politik [[Ejensi Orang Judah]]. Iya mega numbuhka [[Briged Orang Judah]], ti beperang enggau [[Soldadu British]] maya [[Perang Dunya Kedua]]. Siku kaban Mapai,<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.rulers.org/indexs3.html|title=Index Sh-Sl|website=www.rulers.org}}</ref> kandang maya pengawa menteri besai Sharett sama-sama ditangkanka sereta diganti David Ben-Gurion.<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=T5gJAAAAIAAJ&q=moshe+sharett+15+oct+1894 |title=Academic American Encyclopedia |date=7 January 1980 |publisher=Aretê Publishing Company |isbn=9780933880009 |via=Google Books}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.knesset.gov.il/mk/eng/mk_eng.asp?mk_individual_id_t=672|title=Knesset Member, Moshe Sharett|work=knesset.gov.il|access-date=9 September 2016}}</ref> == Kereban sanding == {{reflist}} [[Kategori:Pengada 1894]] [[Kategori:Pemati 1965]] [[Kategori:Menteri besai Israel]] 1d8rystzce2gzws83grrdsh5sx7kj9v 18525 18523 2026-04-13T15:05:04Z Jang Edgar 20 18525 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox officeholder | name = Moshe Sharett | native_name = {{Nobold|{{Script/Hebrew|משה שרת}}}} | native_name_lang = he | birth_name = Moshe Chertok | image = Moshe Sharett Portrait.jpg | office = [[Menteri Besai Israel]] | term_start = 7 Disember 1953 | term_end = 3 Nobember 1955{{Clear}}{{small|Interim nyentuk ke 26 Januari 1954}} | president = [[Yitzhak Ben-Zvi]] | predecessor = [[David Ben-Gurion]] | successor = David Ben-Gurion | office2 = [[Menteri Pekara Luar (Israel)|Minister Pekara Luar]] | primeminister2 = {{Plainlist| * David Ben-Gurion * ''Iya kediri'' * David Ben-Gurion }} | termstart2 = 15 Me 1948 | termend2 = 18 Jun 1956 | predecessor2 = ''Pengawa ditumbuhka'' | successor2 = [[Golda Meir]] | birth_date = {{birth date|df=yes|1894|10|15}} | birth_place = [[Kherson]], Kandang Gabenor Kherson <!-- DO NOT LINK, see [[MOS:GEOLINK]] -->, Empayar Rusia<!-- DO NOT LINK, see [[MOS:GEOLINK]] --> ({{small|kemaya tu ba}} Ukraine) | death_date = {{death date and age|df=yes|1965|7|7|1894|10|15}} | death_place = [[Jerusalem]], Israel | spouse = {{marriage|[[Tzippora Sharett|Tzipora Meirov]]|1922}} | children = 3 | alma_mater = {{plainlist| * [[Universiti Istanbul]] * [[Sekula Ekonomi London]] }} | signature = Moshe_Sharett_Signature_from_the_Goldman_Collection.png | party = [[Mapai]] | allegiance = Empayar Ottoman | branch = [[Soldadu Ottoman]] | rank = [[File:Ottoman-Army-OF-1b.svg|62x62px]] [[Leftenan keterubah]] | battles = [[Perang Dunya I]]<br />[[Penyarut orang Judah ba Palestin]]<br />[[Perang Palestin 1948]]<br /> Operasyen bebalas | caption = Sharett in 1952 }} '''Moshe Sharett''' ({{Langx|he|משה שרת}}; nama ada '''Moshe Chertok''' ({{Lang|he|משה שרתוק}}); 15 Oktober 1894 – 7 Julai 1965) nya siku orang politik Israel ti nyadi [[Menteri Besai Israel]] ari taun 1954 ngagai 1955 sereta nyadi [[Menteri Pekara Luar (Israel)|Menteri Pekara Luar]] ari taun 1948 ngagai 1956. Iya nyain [[Penesau Meredeka Israel]] lalu nyadi siku orang ti beguna bendar berunding dalam penembu [[perang Palestin 1948]]. Berengkah ari taun 1933, iya nyadi tuai ba jabatan politik [[Ejensi Orang Judah]]. Iya mega numbuhka [[Briged Orang Judah]], ti beperang enggau [[Soldadu British]] maya [[Perang Dunya Kedua]]. Siku kaban Mapai,<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.rulers.org/indexs3.html|title=Index Sh-Sl|website=www.rulers.org}}</ref> kandang maya pengawa menteri besai Sharett sama-sama ditangkanka sereta diganti David Ben-Gurion.<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=T5gJAAAAIAAJ&q=moshe+sharett+15+oct+1894 |title=Academic American Encyclopedia |date=7 January 1980 |publisher=Aretê Publishing Company |isbn=9780933880009 |via=Google Books}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.knesset.gov.il/mk/eng/mk_eng.asp?mk_individual_id_t=672|title=Knesset Member, Moshe Sharett|work=knesset.gov.il|access-date=9 September 2016}}</ref> == Kereban sanding == {{reflist}} ;Bibliografi * {{cite book|first=Uri|last= Bialer|title=Between East and West: Israel's Foreign Policy Orientation, 1948-1956|location=London|publisher=Cambridge University Press|year=1990}} * {{cite book|first=Israel|last=Cohen|title=The Zionist Movement|publisher=Frederick Muller|place=London|year=1945}} * {{cite book|editor=Louise Fischer|title=Moshe Sharett: The Second Prime Minister, Selected Documents (1894–1965)|publisher=Israel State Archives|place= Jerusalem|year=2009|isbn=978-965-279-035-4}} * {{cite book|first=Bertrand|last= Russell|title=Zionism and the Peace Settlement in Palestine: A Jewish Commonwealth in Our Time|place=Washington|year= 1941}} * {{cite book|first=Moshe|last=Sharett|title=Yoman Ishi|place=Tel Aviv|year=1978}} * {{cite book|first=Gabriel|last= Sheffer|title=Moshe Sharett: Biography of a Political Moderate|place=London and New York|publisher=Clarendon Press of Oxford University Press|year= 1996|isbn=0-19-827994-9}} * {{cite book|first=David M.|last= Zohar|title= Political Parties in Israel: The Evolution of Israel's Democracy|place= New York|year= 1974}} ==Laman web ke bukai== {{Commons category}} *[http://www.sharett.org.il Moshe Sharett Heritage Society], laman web rasmi *[https://www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org/jsource/biography/sharett.html "Moshe Sharett"] ba Librari Virtual Orang Judah *[https://web.archive.org/web/20091222155721/http://www.jafi.org.il/education/100/people/BIOS/sharett.html "Moshe Sharett"] ba Ejensi Orang Judah ungkup Israel *[[Arkib Pusat Zionis]] ba Jerusalem [https://web.archive.org/web/20120728191249/http://www.zionistarchives.org.il/ site]: The Office of Moshe Sharett (S65), Personal papers (A245). *Livia Rokach: [https://msuweb.montclair.edu/~furrg/essays/rokach.html''Israel's Sacred Terrorism: A Study Based on Moshe Sharett's Personal Diary and Other Documents''], jaku pelasar ari [[Noam Chomsky]], 1980. *[https://www.haaretz.com/israel-news/.premium.HIGHLIGHT.MAGAZINE-former-pm-s-son-israel-was-born-in-sin-i-m-collaborating-with-a-criminal-country-1.10220502 Yaakov Sharet's fall from Zionism and the Sharett family saga] in Haaretz, 19 Sep 2021 (registration needed). [[Kategori:Pengada 1894]] [[Kategori:Pemati 1965]] [[Kategori:Menteri besai Israel]] 131gkqi5pum0xcyrlbmez0luop02vqq 14 6402 18526 2026-04-13T22:31:21Z Song GK 9 Mencipta laman baru dengan kandungan '{{deathyr|196|5}} {{commonscat|1965 deaths}}' 18526 wikitext text/x-wiki {{deathyr|196|5}} {{commonscat|1965 deaths}} lawerley469kuznywrv2hxlq27od4fe 14 6403 18527 2026-04-13T22:33:13Z Song GK 9 Mencipta laman baru dengan kandungan '{{birthyr|188|6}} {{commonscat|1886 births}}' 18527 wikitext text/x-wiki {{birthyr|188|6}} {{commonscat|1886 births}} fhi312d4cr8wv0f4v3m5pfb45r4x6fg 10 6404 18537 2026-04-14T08:10:11Z Song GK 9 Melencong ke [[Templat:Collapsible list]] 18537 wikitext text/x-wiki #REDIRECT [[Templat:Collapsible list]] sp5z5tq8z22qxmfin6isdw848wsd1vb