Wikipedia ibawiki https://iba.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lambar_Keterubah MediaWiki 1.46.0-wmf.24 first-letter Media Spesyel Randau Penggena Randau penggena Wikipedia Randau Wikipedia Fail Randau fail MediaWiki Randau MediaWiki Templat Randau templat Bantu Randau bantu Kategori Randau kategori TimedText TimedText talk Modul Randau modul Acara Perbincangan acara 0 1534 18687 16272 2026-04-27T01:05:15Z ~2026-25554-23 2247 18687 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox language | name = Jaku Melayu | altname = | ethnicity = [[Melayu]]<br /> [[Raban bansa ba Indonesia|Mayuh macham raban bansa ba Indonesia]] (dikelala enggau nama [[Jaku Indonesia]]) <br /> (see also [[Malay world|Malayophones]]) | nativename = {{Lang|ms|Bahasa Melayu}}<br/> {{Script/Arabic|بهاس ملايو}} | states = [[Brunei]], [[Timor Leste]], [[Indonesia]], [[Malaysia]], [[Singapura]], [[Thailand Selatan]], [[Pulau Krismas]], [[Pulau Cocos (Keeling)]] | speakers = [[First language|L1]]: {{Sigfig|82.285706|2}} million | date = 2004–2010 | ref = e27 | speakers2 = Penyampau (L1 and [[Second language|L2]]): 200–290 million (2009)<ref>{{Cite web|last=Uli|first=Kozok|title=How many people speak Indonesian|url=http://ipll.manoa.hawaii.edu/indonesian/2012/03/10/how-many-people-speak-indonesian/|publisher=University of Hawaii at Manoa|access-date=20 October 2012|date=10 March 2012|quote=James T. Collins (''Bahasa Sanskerta dan Bahasa Melayu'', Jakarta: KPG 2009) gives a conservative estimate of approximately 200 million, and a maximum estimate of 250 million speakers of Malay (Collins 2009, p. 17).}}</ref> (the number including "[[Indonesian language|Indonesian]]" speakers) | speakers_label = Speakers | familycolor = Austronesia | fam2 = [[Jaku-jaku Melayu-Polinesia|Melayu-Polinesia]] | fam3 = [[Jaku-jaku Malayik|Malayik]] | fam4 = | fam5 = | fam6 = | ancestor = [[Jaku Melayu Lama]] | ancestor2 = [[Jaku Melayu Klasik]] | ancestor3 = [[Jaku Melayu Pra-moden]] | stand1 = [[Jaku Indonesia]] (ba Indonesia) | stand2 = [[Jaku Melayu Malaysia]] (ba Malaysia) | script = {{Ubl|[[Urup Layin|Latin]] ([[Ortografi jaku Melayu|urup jaku Melayu]])|[[Urup Arab|Arab]] ([[Urup Jawi]])<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://thestar.com.my/news/story.asp?file=/2008/8/26/nation/22168989&sec=nation|title=Kedah MB defends use of Jawi on signboards|date=26 August 2008|newspaper=[[The Star (Malaysia)|The Star]]|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121029105406/http://thestar.com.my/news/story.asp?file=%2F2008%2F8%2F26%2Fnation%2F22168989&sec=nation|archive-date=29 October 2012}}</ref>|Arabic ([[Pegon script]]) (In [[Indonesia]])<ref name="Kitabi">Dahlan, H. Abdullah Zaini. Kitabati, Practical Methods for Learning to Read &amp; Write Pegon (Kitabati, Metode Praktis Belajar Membaca &amp; Menulis Pegon). Zaini Press. Accessed April 19, 2023. [https://ia903106.us.archive.org/22/items/etaoin/Kitabati.pdf https://ia903106.us.archive.org/22/items/etaoin/Kitabati.pdf].</ref><ref>''The abstract of this journal article is written in Indonesian language (Bahasa Indonesia), in Latin and in Pegon'': Estuningtiyas, R. (2021). Rijal Dakwah: KH. Abdullah Syafi’ie (1910-1985). The International Journal of Pegon : Islam Nusantara Civilization, 5(01), 81-96. [https://doi.org/10.51925/inc.v5i01.45 https://doi.org/10.51925/inc.v5i01.45]</ref>|[[Urup Thai]] (ba Thailand)|[[International uniformity of braille alphabets#Grade 1 braille|Braille Melayu]]<br/> Kelia ditulis dalam [[Urup Pallava]], [[Urup Kawi]], [[Urup Ulu]], [[Urup Rejang]]}} | nation = {{Startplainlist|class=nowrap}} * {{Flag|Brunei}} * {{Flag|Indonesia}} (enggau nama [[Jaku Indonesia]]) * {{Flag|Malaysia}} * {{Flag|Singapore}} ---- * {{Flag|UNESCO}} (enggau nama [[Jaku Indonesia]])<ref name="UNESCO">{{Cite news|url= https://unesdoc.unesco.org/ark:/48223/pf0000387388.locale=en|title=Recognition of Bahasa Indonesia as an official language of the General Conference of UNESCO |access-date=2023-11-20|website=unesco.org / document no. 42 C/28|language=en}}</ref> {{Endplainlist}} | minority = {{Ubl| [[Indonesia]]<br/>(beside the national standard of [[Jaku Indonesia]], [[Malay Indonesians#Language|Local Malay]] enjoys the status of a regional language in [[Sumatera]] and [[Borneo]] |[[Timor Leste]] (beside [[Jaku Melayu Dili]], [[Jaku Indonesia]] used as a working language and a trade language with [[Indonesia]])<ref name="easttimorgovernment.com">{{Cite web|url=http://www.easttimorgovernment.com/languages.htm|title=East Timor Languages|website=www.easttimorgovernment.com|access-date=30 July 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304130633/http://easttimorgovernment.com/languages.htm|archive-date=4 March 2016|url-status=dead}}</ref><br/> [[Thailand]] (as [[Jaku Melayu Kelantan-Pattani|Jaku Melayu Pattani]], [[Jaku Melayu Kedah|Jaku Melayu Syburi]], and [[Bangkok Malay]])}} | agency = {{Ubl|[[Language Development and Fostering Agency]] in Indonesia|[[Dewan Bahasa dan Pustaka|Institute of Language and Literature]] in Malaysia|[[Dewan Bahasa dan Pustaka Brunei|Language and Literature Bureau]] in Brunei|[https://www.languagecouncils.sg/mbms/en Malay Language Council] in Singapore|[[Majlis Bahasa Brunei-Indonesia-Malaysia|Brunei–Indonesia–Malaysia Language Council – MABBIM]] (a trilateral joint venture)}} | iso1 = ms | iso2b = may | iso2t = msa | iso3 = msa<!--The rest of the codes under the [msa] macrolanguage are at [[Malayan languages]], [[Malay trade and creole languages]], [[Cocos Malay]] and [[Urak Lawoi' language]]--> | lc1 = zlm | ld1 = [[Jaku Melayu Standard|Jaku Melayu Standard]] | lc2 = ind | ld2 = [[Jaku Indonesia]] | lc3 = zsm | ld3 = [[Jaku Melayu Malaysia]] | lc4 = abs | ld4 = [[Jaku Melayu Ambon]] | lc5 = mbf | ld5 = [[Jaku Melayu Baba]] | lc6 = pea | ld6 = [[Malay trade and creole languages#Baba Indonesian|Baba Indonesian]] | lc7 = mhp | ld7 = [[Jaku Melayu Bali]] | lc8 = bjn | ld8 = [[Jaku Banjar]] | lc9 = mfb | ld9 = [[Jaku Melayu Bangka]] | lc10 = btj | ld10 = [[Jaku Melayu Bachan]] | lc11 = bew | ld11 = [[Jaku Betawi]] | lc12 = bve | ld12 = [[Jaku Melayu Berau]] | lc13 = kxd | ld13 = [[Jaku Melayu Brunei]] | lc14 = ccm | ld14 = [[Jaku Kreol Melayu Chetty|Jaku Melayu Chetty]] | lc15 = coa | ld15 = [[Jaku Melayu Kokos]] | lc16 = liw | ld16 = [[Jaku Chol]] | lc17 = goq | ld17 = [[Gorap]] | lc18 = hji | ld18 = [[Haji language|Haji]] | lc19 = jax | ld19 = [[Jaku Melayu Jambi]] | lc20 = vkk | ld20 = [[Jaku Kaur]] | lc21 = meo | ld21 = [[Jaku Melayu Kedah]] | lc22 = mfa | ld22 = [[Jaku Melayu Kelantan-Pattani]] | lc23 = kvr | ld23 = [[Jaku Kerinchi]] | lc24 = mqg | ld24 = [[Jaku Kutai|Kota Bangun Kutai]] | lc25 = mkn | ld25 = [[Jaku Melayu Kupang]] | lc26 = mfp | ld26 = [[Jaku Melayu Makassar]] | lc27 = xmm | ld27 = [[Jaku Melayu Manado]] | lc28 = min | ld28 = [[Jaku Minangkabau]] | lc29 = mui | ld29 = [[Jaku Musi]] | lc30 = zmi | ld30 = [[Jaku Melayu Negeri Sembilan]] | lc31 = max | ld31 = [[Jaku Melayu Maluku Utara]] | lc32 = pmy | ld32 = [[Jaku Melayu Papua]] | lc33 = pel | ld33 = [[Jaku Pekal]] | lc34 = msi | ld34 = [[Jaku Melayu Sabah]] | lc35 = sci | ld35 = [[Jaku Melayu Sri Lanka]] | lc36 = pse | ld36 = [[Jaku Melayu Barisan Selatan]] | lc37 = vkt | ld37 = [[Jaku Kutai Tenggarong]] | lingua = 31-MFA-a | sign = [[Manually Coded Malay]] | glotto = nucl1806 | glottoname = | glottorefname = Nuclear Malayic | pronunciation = {{IPA-ms|baˈha.sa məˈla.ju|}} | map = Malay language Spoken Area Map v1.png | mapcaption = Kandang menua ti bisi ngena jaku Melayu:{{Legend|#0000ff|Indonesia}} {{Legend|#00bc00|Malaysia}} {{Legend|#76f36b|Singapura enggau Brunei, ke alai Jaku Melayu Standard nyadi jaku rasmi}} {{Legend|#88caff|Timor Leste, ke alai jaku Indonesia nyadi jaku kereja}} {{Legend|#f7f36b|Thailand Selatan enggau Pulau Kokos, ke alai bansa jaku Melayu bukai dikena}} | pushpin_mapsize = 450px }} '''Jaku Melayu''' (Jaku Melayu: ''Bahasa Melayu'', Jawi: بهاس ملايو‎) nya siti ari jaku raban [[Jaku-jaku Austronesia|Austronesia]] ti dikena enggau resmi ba [[Brunei]], [[Malaysia]] enggau [[Singapura]] enggau dipejaku enggau sekeda endur ba [[Thailand]]. Jaku tu bisi pemayuh 30 juta orang ti landik bejaku. Enti dipegulai enggau Jaku Indonesia, jaku tu ngembuan 290 juta orang pejaku ba serata [[Asia Tenggara Maritim]].<ref>10 million in Malaysia as either "Malay" or "[[Malaysian language|Malaysian]]",<!-- cf. "Bahasa/istilah Malaysia" versus "Bahasa/istilah Indonesia", see "Telus, konflik dan legap istilah MABBIM: satu kajian morfosemantik" (Nor Hashimah Jalaluddin & Junaini Kasdan, 2007) - the Pusat Rujukan Persuratan Melayu website (https://prpm.dbp.gov.my/Cari1?keyword=contoh&d=103448 - 404 at times) by Msian Dewan Bahasa dan Pustaka is another example in action--> 5 million in Indonesia as "Malay" plus 260 million as "[[Indonesian language|Indonesian]]", etc.</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last=Wardhana|first=Dian Eka Chandra|date=2021|title= Indonesian as the Language of ASEAN During the New Life Behavior Change 2021|url= http://ejournal.karinosseff.org/index.php/jswse/article/view/114|journal= Journal of Social Work and Science Education|volume= 1|issue= 3|pages= 266–280|doi=10.52690/jswse.v1i3.114|access-date=29 January 2021|doi-access= free}}</ref> Jaku tu plurosentrik enggau siti jaku makro, iya nya, beberapa bansa iya distandard nyadi jaku nasional ({{Lang|ms|bahasa kebangsaan}} tauka {{Lang|ms|bahasa nasional}}) sekeda menua enggau bemacham nama resmi: ba Malaysia, jaku tu kala dikumbai {{Lang|ms|Bahasa Malaysia}}<!-- vide Asmah (1992), pp. 403-4 --> ("Jaku Malaysia") sereta leka jaku {{Lang|ms|Bahasa Melayu}} ("jaku Melayu") dikena diatu ba Malaysia lalu pia mega Brunei enggau Singapura; ba Indonesia, siti bansa normatif autonomi ti dikumbai {{Lang|id|Bahasa Indonesia}} ("[[jaku Indonesia]]") dikena nyadi {{Lang|id|bahasa persatuan/pemersatu}} ("jaku penyerakup" tauka [[lingua franca]]) lalu leka jaku "Melayu" ({{Lang|id|bahasa Melayu}}) disekat dalam menua ngagai bansa vernakular asal Melayu ngagai kandang menua Tengah ngagai Selatan [[Sumatera]] enggau [[Kalimantan Barat]].<ref>{{Cite book |author=Asmah Haji Omar |title=Malay as a pluricentric language Pluricentric Languages: Differing Norms in Different Nations |publisher=Mouton de Gruyte |year=1992 |isbn=3-11-012855-1 |editor-last=Clyne |editor-first=Michael J. |editor-link=Michael Clyne |location=Berlin & New York |pages=403–4 |chapter=Malay as a pluricentric language |author-link=Asmah Haji Omar}}</ref>{{Efn|Ketegal bansa standard Indonesia, Malaysia, Brunei enggau Singapura struktural mayuh sebaka lalu tebal agi bebida dalam leksikon enggau ba tikas ti mit agi dalam penerang fonetik, leka jaku payung "Melayu/Indonesia"<ref name=Blust>{{cite book |last=Blust |first=Robert |title=The Austronesian Languages |edition=revised|publisher=Australian National University|year=2013|isbn=978-1-922185-07-5|hdl=1885/10191}}</ref> tauka "Melayu-Indonesia"<ref>{{Cite book |last=Tadmor |first=Uri |year=2009 |chapter=Malay-Indonesian |editor=Bernard Comrie |title=The World's Major Languages |edition=2nd |location=London |publisher=Routledge |pages=791–818}}</ref> suah dikena dalam litaricha linguistik lebuh berandauka struktur tauka sejarah jaku.}} [[Jaku Melayu Klasik]] nyadi standard litericha [[Kesultanan Melaka]] enggau [[Kesultanan Johor|Johor]] sebedau kolonial lalu nya alai jaku nya kekadang dikumbai Melaka, Johor tauka Melayu Riau (tauka mayuh macham kombinasyen nama nya) dikena mida iya ari mayuh macham jaku Melayu bukai. jaku. Nitihka ''[[Ethnologue]]'' 16, beberapa bansa jaku Melayu ti dirintaika sida diatu nyadi jaku kediri nyengkaum bansa jaku Orang Asli ari jaku Melayu Semenanjung, balat bendar bekaul enggau jaku Melayu Standard nyentukka sida tau nyadika bukti dialek. Bisi mega beberapa jaku dagang enggau jaku kreol Melayu (e.g. [[jaku Melayu Ambon]]) bepelasarka lingua franca ti datai ari jaku Melayu Klasik sereta mega [[jaku Melayu Makassar]], ti dipeda baka jaku ti bechampur. ==Asal penatai== Bala pakar jaku sejarah Melayu setuju enggau pelaba menua asal jaku-jaku Melayik bisi ba barat [[Borneo]].<ref>{{harvp|Adelaar|2004}}</ref> Siti tukuh ti dikelala enggau nama jaku Proto-Melayik udah dikena di Borneo pemadu mimit dalam taun 1000 SK, iya udah dipeda nyadi jaku aki ini semua [[jaku-jaku Melayik]] ti nangkanka nya. Aki ini iya, Proto-Malayo-Polinesia, peturun jaku Proto-Austronesia, berengkah pechah enda kurang ari taun 2000 SK, nyangka asil ari pengerembai bansa Austronesia ke selatan ngagai Asia Tenggara Maritim ari pulau [[Taiwan]].<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Andaya|first=Leonard Y.|date=2001|title=The Search for the 'Origins' of Melayu|url=http://sabrizain.org/malaya/library/search.pdf|journal=Journal of Southeast Asian Studies|language=en|volume=32|issue=3|pages=315–330|doi=10.1017/S0022463401000169|s2cid=62886471}}</ref> ==Sejarah== {{Main|Sejarah jaku Melayu}} [[File:Srivijayan Expansion.gif|thumb|250px|Kar pengerembai empayar [[Srivijaya]], bepun di [[Palembang]] kena kurun ke-7, lalu ngerembai ba mayuh bagi di [[Sumatera]], lalu ngerembai ngagai [[Pulau-pulau Bangka Belitung|Bangka Belitung]], [[Pulau-pulau Riau]], [[Semenanjung Tanah Melayu]], [[Singapura]], [[Jawa]], [[Thailand]], [[Kemboja]], [[Vietnam]] Selatan, [[Sarawak]], [[Brunei]], [[Sabah]], [[Kalimantan Barat]], lalu berujung nyadi [[Perintah Melayu]] di [[Jambi]] kena kurun ke-13.]] Sejarah jaku Melayu tau dibagi ngagai lima timpuh iya nya Jaku Melayu Lama, Jaku Alih, Jaku Melayu Klasik, Jaku Melayu Moden Lama enggau Jaku Melayu Moden. Jaku Melayu Klasik dipelaba turun ari Jaku Melayu Lama.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Wurm |first1=Stephen |author-link1=Stephen Wurm |last2=Mühlhäusler |first2=Peter |author-link2=Peter Mühlhäusler |last3=Tryon |first3=Darrell T. |author-link3=Darrell T. Tryon |title=Atlas of Languages of Intercultural Communication in the Pacific, Asia, and the Americas: Vol I: Maps. Vol II: Texts |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=lFW1BwAAQBAJ&pg=RA1-PR19 |year=1996 |publisher=Walter de Gruyter |isbn=978-3-11-081972-4 |page=677}}</ref> Jaku Melayu Lama dipengaruh [[jaku Sanskrit]], siti [[jaku Indo-Aryan]] kelia ari [[India]]. Leka jaku injau Sanskrit ulih ditemu ba lebas jaku Melayu Lama. Batu besurat ti pemadu tumu dikelala dalam jaku Melayu Lama ditemu ba pulau [[Sumatera]]. Ditulis ngena [[urup Grantha]] [[Urup Pallava|bansa Pallava]],<ref>{{cite web |date=15 September 2007 |title=Bahasa Melayu Kuno |url=http://www.bahasa-malaysia-simple-fun.com/bahasa-melayu-kuno.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101226183127/http://www.bahasa-malaysia-simple-fun.com/bahasa-melayu-kuno.html |archive-date=26 December 2010 |access-date=22 December 2010 |publisher=Bahasa-malaysia-simple-fun.com |df=dmy-all}}</ref> tu dipelaba ari 1 Mei 683. Dikelala enggau [[Kedukan Bukit inscription|inskripsyen Kedukan Bukit]], it was batu tu ditemu [[orang Belanda]] C. J. Batenburg kena 29 November 1920 ba Kedukan Bukit, di tebing Sungai Tatang, anak [[Sungai Musi (Indonesia)|Sungai Musi]], semak [[Palembang]], ti nyadi bagi ari [[Sumatera Selatan]], [[Indonesia]]. Bekurun-kurun, [[Srivijaya]], siti empayar maritim ti bepalan ba pulau nya ari abad ke-7 ngagai abad ke-11, betanggungjawap ngerembaika jaku Melayu Lama ngagai serata [[Semenanjung Tanah Melayu|Semenanjung Melayu]] enggau [[Pulau-pulau Melayu]] nengah pengerembai enggau kuasa ekonomi iya. Jaku Melayu Lama nyadi ''[[lingua franca]]'' orang dagang lalu mayuh dikena ba mayuh bengkah palan penyangkai kapal enggau pasar di serata pelilih menua nya.<ref>[http://sea.lib.niu.edu/lang/malay.html Southeast Asia Digital Library: About Malay] {{webarchive|url=https://archive.today/20070616131617/http://sea.lib.niu.edu/lang/malay.html|date=16 June 2007}}</ref> Undang-undang Tanjung Tanah<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://kebudayaan.kemdikbud.go.id/bpnbkepri/undang-undang-tanjung-tanah-naskah-melayu-tertua-di-dunia/|title=Undang-Undang Tanjung Tanah: Naskah Melayu Tertua di Dunia|last=Surakhman|first=M. Ali|date=23 October 2017|website=kemdikbud.go.id|language=id}}</ref> iya nya teks undang-undang kurun ke-14 sebedau penatai Islam ti digaga maya perintah [[Adityawarman]] (1345–1377) ari [[Perintah Melayu]] (dikelala mega enggau nama Malayu tauka Perintah Dharmasraya), sebengkah perintah Hindu-Buddha ti angkat merintah pengudah penembu perintah [[Srivijaya]] di [[Sumatera]]. Undang-undang nya ungkup [[Minangkabau|orang Minangkabau]], ti kemaya tu mengkang diau ba tanah tinggi Sumatera, [[Indonesia]]. [[Batu Besurat Terengganu]] (Jaku Melayu: {{Lang|ms|Batu Bersurat Terengganu}}; Jawi: {{lang|ms-Arab|باتو برسورت ترڠݢانو}}) iya nya stele granit ti bisi tulis ngena [[urup Jawi]], ditemu ba [[Terengganu]], di pantai timur Semenanjung Melayu (dalam [[Malaysia]] kemaya tu). Iya dianggap nyadi bukti pemadu tumu pasal jaku Melayu Klasik. Dipelabaka taun 702 H (1303 AD), iya ngarika bukti urup Jawi ke pemadu tuai ke dikelala ba [[dunya Melayu]] lalu bediri nyadi siti ari saksi ke pemadu tumu penatai [[Islam]] nyadi pengarap rasmi ba pelilih menua nya. Batu besurat tu ngundan pemadah ti dipansutka pemesai Terengganu, ke dikumbai ''Seri Paduka Tuan'', ngansak rayat iya ngetan sereta ngerembaika Islam, seraya ngerintaika 10 undang-undang pelasar [[Syariah]] nyadika lalau. Jaku Melayu klasik nyadi ''lingua franca'' kandang menua nya maya jeman [[Kesultanan Melayu Melaka|Kesultanan Melaka]] (1402–1511), sebengkah perintah maritim ti bekuasa ti bepalan enggau strategik ba sepemanjai [[Selat Melaka]] ti nyadi palan dagang entarabansa enggau belajar Islam di pelilih menua nya. Dalam timpuh tu, jaku Melayu jampat mansang ari baruh pengaruh [[litaricha Islam]], ti mai ubah linguistik ti signifikan, nyengkaum pengawa nginjau leka jaku Arab enggau mayuh, sereta mega pengaruh ti terus ari jaku Sanskrit enggau Tamil. Tukuh jaku ti diperkaya tu lalu dikelala enggau nama jaku Melayu Klasik. Maya tu meh jaku nya mansang nyadi siti tukuh ti dikelala orang ti bejaku Melayu moden.{{Citation needed|date=May 2025}} Pengudah [[Penaban Melaka|Melaka ditabanka]] [[Empayar Portugis|Portugis]] dalam taun 1511, nandaka Kesultanan Melaka runtuh, istana diraja numbuhka baru diri nyadi [[Kesultanan Johor]]. Istana nya terus ngena jaku Melayu Klasik nyadika jaku litericha enggau administrasyen iya. Nyau kelama, tradisyen litericha tu nyadi tegap bekaul enggau kandang menua ke dipegai perintah kesultanan, nyengkaum negeri [[Malaysia]] kemaya hari tu, [[Johor]] enggau provinsi Indonesia [[Pulau-pulau Riau]]. Berindik ari nya, mayuh orang ngumbai jaku Melayu ti dikena ba Johor enggau Riau bisi kaul rat enggau jaku Melayu Klasik. Taja pia, taja pan jaku litericha ti dikena ba kandang menua tu ngayanka tradisyen klasik, tang dialek ti disebut orang ke diau dia nya bebida.<ref>{{cite book |last=Sneddon |first=James N. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=A9UjLYD9jVEC&pg=PA70 |title=The Indonesian Language: Its History and Role in Modern Society |publisher=UNSW Press |year=2003 |isbn=978-0-86840-598-8 |page=70}}</ref> Pengeruntuh Melaka ngujungka palan litericha Melayu beserak, laban mayuh orang ke landik macha enggau nulis enggau pakar ngiga pengelikun ba kandang endur ke dikuasa kuasa kolonial Eropah enggau lengkas. Ketegal nya, karya litericha Melayu baru berengkah pansut ari [[Kesultanan Acheh|Acheh]], [[Jawa]], [[Kesultanan Gowa|Makassar]], [[Pulau-pulau Maluku|Maluku]], [[Champa]], enggau pelilih menua bukai.<ref name=":2">{{Cite journal |last=Adelaar |first=K. Alexander |date=1999 |title=Malay: A short history |url=https://www.cambridge.org/core/product/identifier/S025754340000095X/type/journal_article |journal=South Pacific Journal of Psychology |language=en |volume=10 |issue=1 |pages=14–24 |doi=10.1017/S025754340000095X |issn=0257-5434|url-access=subscription }}</ref> Entara surat ke pemadu tuai ke bisi ditulis dalam jaku Melayu ti mengkang iya nya surat ari Sultan Abu Hayat ari [[Kesultanan Ternate|Ternate]], ba [[pulau-pulau Maluku]] di [[Indonesia]] kemaya tu, datai ari taun 1521–1522. Teks tu dituju ngagai raja Portugal, berindik ari kaul enggau pemata Portugis [[Francisco Serrão]].<ref name="sneddon" /> Urat nya nunjukka tanda guna ukai pejaku asal jaku Melayu, laban bansa Ternate ngena (lalu agi ngena) [[jaku Ternate]] ti nadai bekaul, siti [[Jaku-jaku Papua Barat|jaku Papua Barat]], nyadika jaku tangkai mengandai sida. Jaku Melayu semina dikena nyadi lingua franca ungkup komunikasyen entara etnik.<ref name="sneddon">{{cite book|last=Sneddon|first=James N.|title=The Indonesian Language: Its History and Role in Modern Society|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=A9UjLYD9jVEC&pg=PA62|year=2003|publisher=UNSW Press|isbn=978-0-86840-598-8|page=62}}</ref> Kurun ke-19 nyadika timpuh kuasa politik enggau komersial menua [[Dunya Barat|Barat]] ti tegap ba [[Semenanjung Tanah Melayu|Semenanjung Melayu]] enggau Pulau-pulau Melayu. Pengawa ngaga garis entara menua kolonial ti dibai [[Sempekat Inggeris-Belanda 1824|Sempekat]] [[Sempekat Inggeris-Belanda 1824|Inggeris-Belanda 1824]] ngujungka [[Kompeni Hindia Timur Belanda|Kompeni]] [[Kompeni Hindia Timur Belanda|Hindia Timur Belanda]] enggau efektif bejajah Hindia Timur di selatan, seraya [[Empayar British]] megai sekeda koloni enggau protektorat di semenanjung Melayu enggau Borneo di utara. Kedua-dua kuasa kolonial nya ngena jaku Melayu nyadika kereban pemusat enggau pemoden. Sida ngena pemansut penemu pangan diri dalam ngemansangka versyen standard jaku Melayu.<ref name=":2" /> Pengerembai litaricha Melayu pra-moden ba abad ke-19 ngujungka pengerembai intelektual ba peranak menua nya lalu bisi komuniti baru pakar jaku Melayu. ==Nota== {{notelist}} == Kereban sanding == {{reflist}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Melayu}} [[Kategori:Jaku ba Brunei]] [[Kategori:Jaku ba Indonesia]] [[Kategori:Jaku ba Malaysia]] [[Kategori:Jaku ba Singapura]] 0m1dh51siezz0ulxkwes7ucinmxtkth 0 2116 18693 9192 2026-04-27T11:44:17Z Song GK 9 18693 wikitext text/x-wiki {{about|kereban ti ngelindung diri ari serang|terabai asal bansa Iban|Terabai Iban}} [[Fail:Warrior Memorial Kuching.jpeg|thumb|Terabai Iban ke bisi ayan ba Memorial Bujang Berani Kuching]] '''Terabai''' nya kereban dikena nyaga diri maya perang ari serang munsuh. Kereban tu dikena ba jari lalu selalu iya disempulang enggau senyata bukai baka [[ilang]] tauka pedang. 97ovaa89g8o4lxam7fnop4excy8pixe 0 2313 18691 11723 2026-04-27T11:32:14Z Song GK 9 /* Penyanding */ 18691 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Menira Batak''', tau dikumbai enggau nama '''Bonang Manalu''' nya menira ungkup bansa Batak ari [[Sumatera Utara]], [[Indonesia]]. Menira tu menira tiga chura melintang, ti nyengkaum chura burak, mirah, enggau chelum. Menira Batak tu ngembuan tebal variasyen lalu nadai ngembuan tusun chura ke rasmi, iya nya:<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |last=Kompasiana.com |date=2022-02-19 |title=Filosofi Warna Khas Batak Toba |url=https://www.kompasiana.com/gracesilaen7780/62105bd2586d2902a8201fe4/filosofi-warna-khas-batak-toba |access-date=2022-03-11 |website=KOMPASIANA |language=id}}</ref><ref name=":1">{{Cite web |last=Bisnis |first=Harian Medan |title=Menggali Makna dari Tiga Warna  Batak |url=https://medanbisnisdaily.com:443/news/online/read/2017/10/22/9778/menggali_makna_dari_tiga_warna_batak/ |access-date=2022-03-11 |website=Jones Gultom - MedanBisnisDaily.com |language=id}}</ref> <gallery> Fail:Flag_of_Batak_RWB.svg|Mirah, burak, enggau chelum. Fail:Flag_of_Batak_BWR.svg|Chura, burak enggau mirah. Fail:Flag_of_Batak_WRB.svg|Burak, mirah enggau chelum. </gallery> == Simbolisme == Simbol menira Batak tu pengereja mitologi Batak ke bemunyi: "Dunya tu ngembuan tiga tikas dunya, Dunya Tikas Atas (Banua Ginjang) ke alai Petara nguan ti diayanka enggau chura burak, Dunya Tengah (Banua Tonga) ke alai orang ke tau parai diayan enggau chura mirah, enggau Dunya Baruh (Banua Toru) ke alai semengat tauka antu diau diayan enggau chura chelum. Menira Batak mega ngembuan reti filosofi ke madahka, burak ngayanka pemendar, mirah ngayanka pemerani, lalu chelum ngayanka tuai. == Kereban sanding == <references /> 4pam65dmic3lsqvxt6aw38glosb28gd 0 3710 18689 12725 2026-04-27T11:16:45Z Song GK 9 /* Penyanding */ 18689 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Fail:Poštovní_muzeum.JPG|thumb| Muzium Pos Praha]] '''Muzium Pos Praha''' ({{Langx|cs|Poštovní muzeum Praha}}), [[Praha]], [[Republik Czech]], ditumbuhka Opis Menteri Pos enggau Telegraf Czekoslovakia dalam taun 1918. Opis menteri nya megai muzium nya nyentuk ujung taun 1992. Nengah penusah Komunisme di Czechoslovakia lalu udah nya menua nya diserara enggau chara likun, koleksyen muzium nya dibagi ngagai bagi Czech enggau Slovakia. Muzium Czech nya enggi kompeni enggi perintah menua Pos Czech.<ref>[https://www.praga2008.cz/?a=c30&lan=en The Postal Museum – a member of the Club of Elite Philately] </ref> Kenyau ari taun 1988 iya diengkah ba begunan Vávra's Mill ti udah dipulaika baru, siti monumen Budaya Republik Czech, lumur id 40042/1-1189. [[Fail:Klášter_(Vyšší_Brod).jpg|thumb| Pampang opis Vyšší Brod.]] Bisi pampang muzium ba Vyšší Brod, ba abad ke-13 Monasteri Sistersian Vyšší Brod.<ref>[https://www.postovnimuzeum.cz/en/expozice/muzeum-vyssi-brod Postal Museum Vyšší Brod] </ref> == Kereban sanding == {{Reflist}} aqah9m7p7x9q2j8t2czw3tcltaml15r 0 3934 18694 13196 2026-04-27T11:51:01Z Song GK 9 18694 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox food|name=Curry chicken|image=Chicken preparation in Malvani style.jpg|caption=Kari ayam dari [[Maharashtra]] dengan tepung beras [[chapati]]|country=[[Benua kecil India]]|region=Benua kecil India, [[Asia Tenggara]], dan [[Caribbean]]|course=|type=[[Kari]]|served=|main_ingredient=[[Ayam]], [[bawang merah]], [[halia]], [[bawang putih]], [[lada cili]], [[rempah]] ([[kunyit]], [[jintan]], [[ketumbar]], [[garam masala]])|variations=|calories=|other=}} '''Kari manuk''' tu lauk ti bepun ari benua mit India. Pemakai tu suah ditemu ba subbenua India, Asia Tenggara,[[:ms:Masakan_British|Britain]], enggau mega menua Karibia. Kari khas ari benua mit India bisi manuk ke dipanduk dalam sos bawang, [[tomato]], [[lia]], bawang putih, puri tomato, [[chabi]] enggau mayuh macham rempah agi. Perengka ke dikena ngaga iya mega suah nyengkaum kunyit, jintan, ketumbar, kayu manis, enggau [[:ms:Kepulaga|kepulaga]]. Ba luar Asia Selatan, kari manuk suah digaga ngena penyampur rempah ke udah digaga dulu ke dikelala enggau nama serebuk kari tauka pes kari.<gallery widths="200" heights="200"> Fail:Aesthetic_Chicken_Curry.jpg|alt=Kari Ayam Tamil Nadu, India| Kari Manuk Tamil Nadu, India Fail:Philippine_Chicken_curry.jpg|alt=Kari ayam Filipina (La Familia, Baliuag, Bulacan)| Kari manuk Filipina (La Familia, Baliuag, Bulacan) Fail:Chicken_Dry_Curry_-_Howrah_2015-04-26_8515.JPG|alt=Ayam kasha adalah kari ayam dari Bengal| Manuk kasha tu kari manuk ari menua Bengal. Fail:IndianChickenCurry.jpg|alt=Periuk kari ayam gaya Punjabi| Periuk kari manuk gaya Punjabi . </gallery>Pemakai India ngembuan mayuh macham variasyen pelilih menua, enggau mayuh variasyen ba resipi asas kari manuk. Kari manuk India selalu iya berengkah enggau rempah, dipanas ngena minyak. Udah nya, digaga ngena bawang, halia, bawang putih, enggau tomato, sereta rempah serbuk. Kepianuk nya udah nya ditambah ngagai kuah, lalu ditunu nyentukka mansau. Ba selatan India, daun [[nyiur]] enggau kari mega nyadi ramu ti suah dikena. Kari manuk selalu iya dihias enggau daun ketumbar, lalu disaji enggau nasi tauka roti. t264g2ubagqe2wh7ck7f4hz0slqu8r3 0 6094 18690 17800 2026-04-27T11:31:55Z Song GK 9 18690 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Kuyu''' ( {{Langx|la|buccae}} ) (dibacha kuyu') nyadika kandang endur [[mua]] ba baruh [[mata]] enggau entara [[idung]] enggau [[pending]] kiba tauka kanan . '''''Buccal''''' reti iya bekaul enggau kuyu. Ba [[mensia]], pelilih mua nya diperansang urat tesau bukal . Kandang endur entara dalam kuyu enggau ngeli sereta gusi dikumbai '''vestibule''' tauka '''kandi ''mulut''''' tauka '''ruang ''mulut''''' lalu nyadi sebagi ari mulut. alpix88js9h42t77kwvzmd9jp105v8p 0 6454 18688 2026-04-27T01:06:11Z ~2026-25554-23 2247 Mencipta laman baru dengan kandungan '{{Infobox language | name = Jaku Kerinci | nativename = {{Lang|kvr|Basê Kincai}} | states = [[Indonesia]]<br>[[Malaysia]] | region = Kabupaten Kerinci, [[Jambi]] ([[Indonesia]])<br>Kota Sungai Penuh, [[Jambi]] ([[Indonesia]])<br>Kabupaten Merangin, [[Jambi]] ([[Indonesia]])<br>Kabupaten Bungo, [[Jambi]] ([[Indonesia]])<br>[[Sumatera Barat]] ([[Indonesia]])<br>[[Negeri Sembilan]] ([[Malaysia]])<br>[[Selangor]] (M...' 18688 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox language | name = Jaku Kerinci | nativename = {{Lang|kvr|Basê Kincai}} | states = [[Indonesia]]<br>[[Malaysia]] | region = Kabupaten Kerinci, [[Jambi]] ([[Indonesia]])<br>Kota Sungai Penuh, [[Jambi]] ([[Indonesia]])<br>Kabupaten Merangin, [[Jambi]] ([[Indonesia]])<br>Kabupaten Bungo, [[Jambi]] ([[Indonesia]])<br>[[Sumatera Barat]] ([[Indonesia]])<br>[[Negeri Sembilan]] ([[Malaysia]])<br>[[Selangor]] ([[Malaysia]]) | ethnicity = [[Kerinci]] |speakers={{formatnum:254125}} |dateprefix =<nowiki>Jambi, </nowiki> |date =2000 |ref =<ref>{{Cite web|title=Badan Pusat Statistik|url=https://jambi.bps.go.id/indicator/12/1107/1/penduduk-menurut-wilayah-administrasi-dan-suku-bangsa.html|website=jambi.bps.go.id|access-date=27 April 2026}}</ref> |speakers2={{formatnum:25000}} (Bahrain, 2004)<ref name=":1" /> | familycolor = Austronesia | fam2 = [[Jaku-jaku Malayo-Polynesia|Malayo-Polynesia]] | fam3 = [[Jaku-jaku Malayik|Malayik]] | dia1 = | script = [[Urup Latin|Latin]] | agency = Badan Pengembangan dan Pembinaan Bahasa | iso2 = | iso3 = kvr | glotto = keri1250 | glottorefname = Kerinci | map = Kerinci Language Map 2.svg | mapcaption = {{legend|#0080ff|Kandang endur ke alai jaku Kerinci nyadi majoriti}} {{legend|#88c4ff|Kandang endur ke alai jaku Kerinci nyadi minoriti}} | notice = IPA }} '''Jaku Kerinci''' iya nya [[Jaku-jaku Austronesia|jaku Austronesia]] ke tebal agi dikena etnik Kerinci di mengeri Sungai Penuh, Kabupaten Kerinci enggau sekeda bagi menua Merangin enggau Bungo, Jambi. Jaku tu mega dikena orang diaspora Kerinci di pelilih menua bukai di [[Indonesia]], baka di [[Sumatera Barat]] enggau [[Jawa]], pia mega di luar Indonesia, baka di [[Bahrain]], [[Negeri Sembilan]], enggau [[Selangor]],{{efn|Sungai Lui, Sungai Gahal, Sungai Semungkis, enggau Pansen di Pelilih Menua Hulu Langat}} [[Malaysia]].<ref name=":1">{{Cite web|title=Bahrain|url=https://www.ethnologue.com/country/bh/languages|website=Ethnologue|language=en|access-date=27 April 2026}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Ceramah Linguistik “Teka-Teki Bahasa Kerinci”|url=https://fib.ui.ac.id/2014/10/17/ceramah-linguistik-teka-teki-bahasa-kerinci/|language=id|access-date=27 April 2026}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|date=2002|url=https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/51647238|title=Between worlds : linguistic papers in memory of David John Prentice|location=Canberra|publisher=Pacific Linguistics, Research School of Pacific and Asian Studies, the Australian National University|isbn=0-85883-478-2|others=K. Alexander Adelaar, D. J. Prentice, R. A. Blust, Australian National University. Research School of Pacific and Asian Studies|oclc=51647238}}</ref> Penyampau orang ke ngena jaku Kerinci dipelabaka urung 300 ribu iku (2004). Nyadi jaku Austronesia ari subgrup [[Jaku-jaku Melayu-Polinesia|Malayo-Polynesia]], jaku Kerinci mega bisi kaul rapit enggau [[jaku Minangkabau]] sereta jaku Melayu Jambi. == Nota == {{notelist}} == Kereban sanding == {{reflist}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Kerinci}} [[Kategori:Jaku ba Indonesia]] [[Kategori:Jaku ba Malaysia]] 7dlychu5s052ioqgvb715qb5rd7nx47 0 6455 18692 2026-04-27T11:42:42Z Song GK 9 Mencipta laman baru dengan kandungan '{{Infobox weapon |name= Terabai | image= File:Shield,_Dyak,_early_20th_century,_wood_and_fiber_-_Glenbow_Museum_-_DSC00773.JPG | image_size = 250 |caption= ''Terabai'' (pun kurun ke-20) ba ayan [[Muzium Glenbow]], Kanada |origin= [[Borneo]] |type= [[Terabai]] <!-- Type selection --> |is_bladed= No <!-- Service history --> |service= |used_by= [[Iban]] |wars= <!-- Production history --> |designer= |design_date= |manufacturer= |unit_cost= |production_date...' 18692 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox weapon |name= Terabai | image= File:Shield,_Dyak,_early_20th_century,_wood_and_fiber_-_Glenbow_Museum_-_DSC00773.JPG | image_size = 250 |caption= ''Terabai'' (pun kurun ke-20) ba ayan [[Muzium Glenbow]], Kanada |origin= [[Borneo]] |type= [[Terabai]] <!-- Type selection --> |is_bladed= No <!-- Service history --> |service= |used_by= [[Iban]] |wars= <!-- Production history --> |designer= |design_date= |manufacturer= |unit_cost= |production_date= |number= |variants= <!-- General specifications --> |spec_label= |weight= |length= |part_length= |width= |height= |diameter= |crew= <!-- Bladed weapon specifications --> |blade_type= |hilt_type= |sheath_type= |head_type= |haft_type= }} '''''Terabai''''' nya sebansa kereban kena ngelindung diri lebuh perang dikena raban bansa [[Iban]] di Borneo. == Tukuh enggau struktur == ''Terabai'' asal iya digaga ngena kayu bemutu tinggi baka [[Eusideroxylon zwageri|kayu belian]] enggau ''teras''.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Kiyai |first=Gregory |year=2021 |title=Inspirasi alam dalam artifak budaya masyarakat Iban di Sarawak |url=http://sainsinsani.usim.edu.my/index.php/sainsinsani/article/view/332 |language=ms |journal=Sains Insani |volume=6 |issue=3}}</ref> Chura diukir ba terabai nya diiri enggau inspirasyen ari petara mitologi Dayak, lalu dipelabaka meri pengering semengat ngagai bala bujang berani maya beperang, kelimpah ari ngenakutka munsuh. Motif nya ukai ditetapka enggau chara seneka; iya semina ulih diukir nitihka sejarah bepelasarka inspirasyen petara.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Kiyai |first1=Gregory |last2=Tugang |first2=Noria |year=2023 |title=Artifak sakral dalam budaya Iban di Sarawak |url=https://research.ebsco.com/c/gam2uv/viewer/pdf/ffjpzbaqtb |language=ms |journal=Kajian Malaysia |volume=41 |issue=1 |pages=311–335 |doi=10.21315/km2023.41.1.15 |doi-access=free }}</ref> Siti chunto motif iya nya lemetak, ti dipelabaka ulih ngasuh orang takut ketegal gaya iya ti ngemedis sereta tusah deka dipunaska bepelasarka pemesai iya ti mit.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Asri |first1=Adilawati |last2=Tugang |first2=Noria |year=2022 |title=''Parang ilang'' sebagai interpretasi falsafah ''alam takambang jadi guru'' dalam budaya masyarakat Iban |language=ms |url=https://journal.unisza.edu.my/apj/index.php/apj/article/view/118 |journal=Asian People Journal |volume=3 |issue=1 |pages=1–18}}</ref> == Guna == ''Terabai'' udah dikena bala bujang berani suku bansa dikena nyaga diri lebuh beperang, kelebih agi maya [[ngayau]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Terabai |url=https://www.muziumnegara.gov.my/ms/terabai |language=ms |access-date=5 August 2025 |website=Muzium Negara}}</ref> Ba jemah moden, nadai perang ti nyadi, lalu guna ''terabai'' kemaya tu nyadi simbol budaya, nyengkaum dikena lebuh [[Ngajat]] sereta pengerami ke bukai.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Pakaian Tradisional Iban |url=http://bukuteks.dbp.gov.my/media/media/cyZiUUe6tJ.pdf |language=ms |website=bukuteks.dbp.gov.my}}</ref> == Kereban sanding == {{Reflist}} 6pkppucb0xnh48tj22iadm5sgp5hmq7