Wikipedia iewiki https://ie.wikipedia.org/wiki/Principal_p%C3%A1gine MediaWiki 1.47.0-wmf.15 first-letter Media Special Discussion Usator Usator Discussion Wikipedia Wikipedia Discussion File File Discussion MediaWiki MediaWiki Discussion Avise Avise Discussion Auxilie Auxilie Discussion Categorie Categorie Discussion TimedText TimedText talk Module Module talk Event Event talk 0 48 168913 164408 2026-08-16T16:51:15Z InternetArchiveBot 14934 Add 1 book for [[en:Wikipedia:Verifiability|verifiability]] (20260816)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 168913 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Meteorologie''' es li studie scientific del atmosfere del [[Terra]] quel investiga li processes de prognostication del clima.<ref>{{cite book |title=A Dictionary of Aviation |url=https://archive.org/details/dictionaryofavia0000wrag |first=David W. |last=Wragg |isbn=9780850451634 |edition=first |publisher=Osprey |year=1973 |page=[https://archive.org/details/dictionaryofavia0000wrag/page/190 190]}}</ref> Fenomenes meteorologic es evenimentes observabil del [[clima]] queles illumina e es explicat per li scientie de meteorologie. Ti evenimentes es regulat per li variabiles queles existe in li atmosfere del Terra, a saver li [[temperatura]], [[pression atmosferic]], [[vapor]] de [[aqua]] in li atmosfere, e li gradientes e interactiones de chascun variabile, e qualmen ili change per li cursu del témpor. Li majorité del clima observat in li Terra es localisat in li [[troposfere]]. Con respect al sub-disciplines del Scientie del Meteorologie on trova: [[Climatologie]], [[Fisica Atmosferic]] e [[Chimie Atmosferic]]. ==Referi== {{reflist}} [[Categorie:Scienties del terra]] bh6g33hcpfpdhkp6zyz6dl7pzq6fct7 0 6209 168912 167448 2026-08-16T16:49:05Z InternetArchiveBot 14934 Add 5 books for [[en:Wikipedia:Verifiability|verifiability]] (20260816)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 168912 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Bon articul|Scientie|{{Datum|22|10|2020}}}} {{Scienties}} '''Scientie''' (del latin ''scientia'' «conossentie») es un sistematic interpretation, quel constructe e organisa conossenties in li form de atestabil [[explication]]es e [[predition]]es pri li [[universe]]. In un plu strett relatet signification, «scientie» refere anc a un córpor de conossenties self, de un tip, quel posse esser [[ration]]almen explicat e fidelmen applicat. Un practico de scientie es nominat «scientist». Li scientie considera e have quam fundament li observation experimental. Ti-ci tipe de observation es organisat per metodes, modelles e teories con li objective de generar conossenties nov. Por it, criteries de veritá e un metode de investigation es etablisset. Li aplication de ti-ci metodes e conossenties ducte al generation de conossenties nov in forma de preditiones concret, quantitativ e probabil referet a observationes passat, presente e futur. Con frequentie ti-ci preditiones posse esser formulat con rationamentes e structet quam regulas o leges general, que descri li functionament de un sistema e predite qualmen it va functionar in determinate circumstanties. Desde li [[revolution scientific]], li conossentie scientific ha augmentat tan mult que li scientistes devenit specialisat e lor publicationes devenit plu desfacil a leer per li ínspecialistes. To creat efforties por divulgar li scientie, per aproximar it al publico e per facilitar su comprension e colaboration inter scientistes de diferent branches. == Historie == [[File:Aristotle_Altemps_Inv8575.jpg|197px|right|thumb|Aristoteles esset un del unesim figuras del developation del metode scientic.]] [[File:Talete de Miletu.jpg|197px|right|thumb|Tales de Miletus provat explicar fenomenes natural sin apoyar se in li supernatural.]] [[File:San_Isidoro_Biblioteca_Nacional_España.jpg|197px|right|thumb|Enciclopedistes latin temporan quam Isidoro de Sevilla auxiliat al conservation del majoritá del conossentie general del ancian munde.]] [[File:Al-kindi.jpeg|497px|right|thumb|Al-Kindi (801-873) esset li unesim del filosofes peripatetic musulman, e es conosset per su eforties per introductet li filosofie grec e hellenistic al munde arabic.]] [[File:Nikolaus Kopernikus.jpg|197px|right|thumb|Copernicus formulat un modelle heliocentric del sistema solari, quande in li epoca on credet ye li sistema geocentric de Ptolomeus.]] [[File:Justus Sustermans - Portrait of Galileo Galilei, 1636.jpg|197px|right|thumb|Galileo Galilei es videt quam li patre del scientie modern.]] [[File:GodfreyKneller-IsaacNewton-1689.jpg|197px|right|thumb|Isaac Newton fat contributiones essential al mecanica classic, gravitá e optica.]] [[File:Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz, Bernhard Christoph Francke.jpg|197px|right|thumb|Leibniz incorporat termines del fisica aristotelic, ma usat in un forma ínteleologic; per exemple, "energie" e "potential" (versiones modern del "energeia e potentia" aristotelic).]] [[File:Candle-light-animated.gif|197px|right|thumb|Li combustion e li reactiones chimic esset studiat de [[Michel Faraday]] e rpoertat in su classes ante li [[Royal Institution]]: ''Li Historie Chimic de un Candel'', 1861.]] [[File:Charles Darwin 1880.jpg|197px|right|thumb|Charles Darwin es conosser pro su teorie del evolution, quel esset mult criticat.]] [[File:Albert Einstein Head.jpg|197px|right|thumb|Albert Einstein es conosser pro li teorie del relativitá.]] [[File:Buzz salutes the U.S. Flag.jpg|thumb|right|Li astronaute Buzz Aldrin posa al látere del flagga del Unit States de Americ sur li superficie lunari.]] === Culturas temporan === Ni li paroles ni li conceptes "scientie" e "natura" esset parte del paisage conceptual in li Medie Ost Ancian<ref>{{cite book|last1= Rochberg|first1= Francesca|editor1-last= Shank|editor1-first= Michael|editor2-last= Numbers|editor2-first= Ronald|editor3-last= Harrison|editor3-first= Peter|title= Wrestling with Nature : From Omens to Science|url= https://archive.org/details/isbn_9780226317830|date= 2011|publisher= University of Chicago Press|location=Chicago|isbn= 978-0226317830|page= [https://archive.org/details/isbn_9780226317830/page/9 9]|chapter= Ch.1 Natural Knowledge in Ancient Mesopotamia}}</ref>. Li antic mesopotamios usat lor conossentie sur li proprietás de varie chimicalies natural por fabricar pottería, vitre, sapon e metalles<ref name="McIntosh2005">{{cite book|last1= McIntosh|first1= Jane R.|title= Ancient Mesopotamia: New Perspectives|date= 2005|publisher= ABC-CLIO|location= Santa Barbara, California, Denver, Colorado, and Oxford, England|isbn= 978-1-57607-966-9|pages= 273–76|url= https://books.google.com/books?id=9veK7E2JwkUC&printsec=frontcover&dq=science+in+ancient+Mesopotamia#v=onepage|ref=harv}}</ref>. Ili anc studiat fisiologie animal, anatomie e conduida con propositos divinatori<ref name="McIntosh2005"/> e usat registres del movimentes de objectes astronomic por su studie de astrologie<ref>{{Cite journal |title= Scientific Astronomy in Antiquity|author= A. Aaboe|journal= [[Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society]]|volume= 276|issue= 1257|date= 2 May 1974|pages= 21–42|ref= harv|doi=10.1098/rsta.1974.0007|bibcode=1974RSPTA.276...21A|jstor= 74272|s2cid= 122508567}}</ref>. Li mesopotamios havet un intens intereste por medicina<ref name= "McIntosh2005"/> e li max temporan prescriptiones medic aparit in sumerian in li Triesim Dinastie de Ur (c. 2112 a.C. - c.2004 a.C.). Totvez, it pare que li mesopotamios havet poc interest in reunir information<ref name="McIntosh2005"/> pri li munde natural solmen por reunir it e ili studiar subjectes scientic quel havet aplicationes practic e relevantie immediate per lor sistema religiosi<ref name="McIntosh2005"/>. === Antiquitá classic === In li Antiquitá classic, ne hay analog real de un scientiste modern. Vice, alcun homes de class alt fat investigationes in li natura quandecunc ili hat témpor<ref name= "Lehoux">{{cite book|last1= Lehoux|first1= Daryn|editor1-last= Shank|editor1-first= Michael|editor2-last= Numbers|editor2-first= Ronald|editor3-last= Harrison|editor3-first= Peter|title= Wrestling with Nature : From Omens to Science|url= https://archive.org/details/isbn_9780226317830|date= 2011|publisher= University of Chicago Press|location= Chicago|isbn= 978-0226317830|page= [https://archive.org/details/isbn_9780226317830/page/39 39]|chapter= 2. Natural Knowledge in the Classical World}}</ref>. Ante li invention o descovrition del concepte de "natura" (phusis in grec antic) del filosofes presocratic, li sam paroles esset usat por descrir li "via" natural in quel li plantas cresce, e li "via" in quel, por exemple, un tribu adora un deo particular. Pro to, it es dit que ti homes esset li unesim filosofes in un sensu strict, e anc li unesim persones in distinguer "natura" e "convention"<ref>"Progress or Return" in ''An Introduction to Political Philosophy: Ten Essays by Leo Strauss'' (Expanded version of ''Political Philosophy: Six Essays by Leo Strauss'', 1975.) Ed. Hilail Gilden. Detroit: Wayne State UP, 1989.</ref>. Li filosofie natural, li precursor del scientie natural, esset per to distinguet quam li conossentie de natura e coses quel es ver por chascun comunité, e li nómine del chassada specialisat de tal conossentie esset li filosofie (li dominia del unesim filosofo-fisico). Ili esset principalmen speculatores o teoreticos, particularmen interesat in astronomie. In contraste, penar usar li conossentie del natura per imitar li natura (tecnologie, in grec techne) esset videt del scientistes classic quam un interest plu appropriat por artisanes o por un classe social plu base<ref>{{Cite book|title= History of Political Philosophy|last=|first=|year=|isbn=|editor-last= Cropsey|edition= 3rd|location=|page= 209|quote=|editor-last2= Strauss|via=}}</ref>. Li temporan filosofes del scol milesian, quel esset fundat de [[Tales de Miletus]] e plu tard continuat de su successores [[Anaximandros]] e [[Anaximenes]], esset li unesim in provar explicar fenomenes natural sin apoyar se a li supernatural<ref name= "O'Grady">{{cite book|last1= O'Grady|first1= Patricia F.|title= Thales of Miletus: The Beginnings of Western Science and Philosophy|date= 2016|publisher= Routledge|location= New York City, New York and London, England|isbn= 978-0-7546-0533-1|page= 245|url= https://books.google.com/books?id=ZTUlDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA245&dq=Thales+of+Miletus+first+scientist#v=onepage|ref= harv|df= mdy-all}}</ref>. Li pitagoreanes developat un filosofie numeral complexe<ref name= "Burkert1972">{{cite book|last= Burkert|first= Walter|author-link= Walter Burkert|date= 1 June 1972|title= Lore and Science in Ancient Pythagoreanism|url= https://books.google.com/books?id=0qqp4Vk1zG0C&printsec=frontcover&dq=Pythagoreanism#v=onepage|location= Cambridge, Massachusetts|publisher= Harvard University Press|isbn= 978-0-674-53918-1|ref= harv|url-status=live|archiveurl= https://web.archive.org/web/20180129145253/https://books.google.com/books?id=0qqp4Vk1zG0C&printsec=frontcover&dq=Pythagoreanism&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwiX4Y3W9bfXAhXBeSYKHfBxCG4Q6AEIMTAC#v=onepage&q=Pythagoreanism&f=false|archivedate= January 29, 2018|df= mdy-all}}</ref> e contribuet significatmen al developation del matematica<ref name= "Burkert1972"/>. Li teorie del atomes esset developat del filosofe grec Lucippus e su studiante Democritus<ref>{{Cite book |last1= Pullman|first1= Bernard|title= The Atom in the History of Human Thought|date= 1998|isbn= 978-0-19-515040-7|pages= 31–33|url= https://books.google.com/books?id=IQs5hur-BpgC&pg=PA56&dq=Leucippus+Democritus+atom#v=onepage|ref= harv|bibcode= 1998ahht.book.....P}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|editor1-last= Cohen|editor1-first= Henri|editor2-last= Lefebvre|editor2-first= Claire|title= Handbook of Categorization in Cognitive Science|date= 2017|publisher= Elsevier|location= Amsterdam, The Netherlands|isbn= 978-0-08-101107-2|page= 427|edition= Second|url= https://books.google.com/books?id=zIrCDQAAQBAJ&pg=PA427&dq=Leucippus+Democritus+atom#v=onepage|ref= harv}}</ref>. Li doctor grec [[Hippocrates]] etablisset li tradition del scientie medical sistematic<ref>{{cite book|last= Margotta|first= Roberto|date= 1968|title= The Story of Medicine|url= https://books.google.com/books/about/The_story_of_medicine.html?id= vFZrAAAAMAAJ|location= New York City, New York|publisher = [[Golden Press]]|ref= harv}}</ref><ref name= "Touwaide2005">{{cite book|last1= Touwaide|first1= Alain|title= Medieval Science, Technology, and Medicine: An Encyclopedia|date= 2005|editor1-last= Glick|editor1-first= Thomas F.|editor2-last= Livesey|editor2-first= Steven|editor3-last= Wallis|editor3-first= Faith|publisher= Routledge|location= New York City, New York and London, England|isbn= 978-0-415-96930-7|page= 224|url= https://books.google.com/books?id=77y2AgAAQBAJ&pg=PA224&dq=Hippocrates+medical+science#v=onepage|ref= harv}}</ref> e es conosset qual "li Patre del Medicina"<ref>{{cite book|last1= Leff|first1= Samuel|last2= Leff|first2= Vera|date= 1956|title= From Witchcraft to World Health|url= https://books.google.com/books?id=HjNrAAAAMAAJ|location= [[London]], England|publisher= [[Macmillan Publishers|Macmillan]]|ref= harv}}</ref>. Un punctu tornant in li historie del scienties filosofic temporan esset li exemple del aplication de filosofie al studie de assumptes homan fat de [[Socrates]], includente li homan natura, li natura de comunitás politic, e li conossentie human self. Li metode socratic, quam documentat in li dialoges de [[Platon]], es un metode dialectic de elimination de hipotese: li plu bon hipotese es trovat quande on identifica e elimina tis quel guida a contradictiones. To esset un reaction al emfases sofiste sur retorica. Li metode socratic sercha veritás comun e general quel modella credenties e examina les por determinar lor consistentie con altri credenties. Socrates criticat li ancian tipe de studie de fisica quam tro speculativ e mancante self-critica. Socrates, plu tard, in li paroles de su Apologie, esset acusat de corupter li yunesse de [[Athina]] caus il "ne credet in li deos in quel li state credet, ma in altri essentes spiritual". Socrates refutat ti pretensiones, ma esset sententiat a morte. Plu tard Aristoteles creat un programma sistematic de filosofie teleologic: motion e change es descrit quam li actualisation de potentiales ja in coses, secunde li tipe de coses que ili esset. Li astronome grec [[Aristarchus de Samos]] esset li unesim in proposir un modelle heliocentric del universe, con li Sol in li centre e li planetes orbitante it<ref name= "McClellan2015">{{cite book|last1= McClellan III|first1= James E.|last2= Dorn|first2= Harold|title= Science and Technology in World History: An Introduction|date= 2015|publisher= Johns Hopkins University Press|location= Baltimore, Maryland|isbn= 978-1-4214-1776-9|pages= 99–100|url= https://books.google.com/books?id=ah1ECwAAQBAJ&pg=PA99&dq=Aristarchus+heliocentrism#v=onepage|ref= harv}}</ref>. Li modelle de Aristarchus esset rejectet caus in ti témpor ili credet que li modelle violat li leges del fisica<ref name= "McClellan2015"/>. Li inventor e matematico Archimedes de Siracusa fat contributiones major al comense del calcul<ref name= "Edwards1979"/> e a vezes es presentat quam su creator<ref name= "Edwards1979">{{cite book|last1= Edwards|first1= C.H. Jr.|title= The Historical Development of the Calculus|date= 1979|publisher= Springer-Verlag|location= New York City, New York|isbn= 978-0-387-94313-8|page= 75|edition= First|url= https://books.google.com/books?id=ilrlBwAAQBAJ&pg=PA75&dq=Archimedes+calculus#v=onepage|ref= harv}}</ref>, benque su protocalculus mancat caracteristicas definiente<ref name= "Edwards1979"/>. [[Plinius li Major]] esset un polimata e scritor roman qui scrit un enciclopedie mult importante, li ''Historie Natural''<ref name= "Lawson2004">{{cite book|last1= Lawson|first1= Russell M.|title= Science in the Ancient World: An Encyclopedia|date= 2004|publisher= ABC-CLIO|location= Santa Barbara, California|isbn= 978-1-85109-539-1|pages= 190–91|url= https://books.google.com/books?id=1AY1ALzh9V0C&pg=PA190&dq=Pliny+the+Elder+encyclopedia#v=onepage|ref= harv}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last1= Murphy|first1= Trevor Morgan|title= Pliny the Elder's Natural History: The Empire in the Encyclopedia|date= 2004|publisher= Oxford University Press|location= Oxford, England|isbn= 9780199262885|page= 1|url= https://books.google.com/books?id=6NC_T_tG9lQC&dq=Pliny+the+Elder+encyclopedia|ref= harv}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last1= Doode|first1= Aude|title= Pliny's Encyclopedia: The Reception of the Natural History|date= 2010|publisher= Cambridge University Press|location= Cambridge, England|isbn= 9781139484534|page= 1|url= https://books.google.com/books?id=YoEhAwAAQBAJ&dq=Pliny+the+Elder+encyclopedia|ref= harv}}</ref> in le qual il parlat pri historie, geografie, medicine, astronomie, scienties del terra, botanica e zoologie<ref name= "Lawson2004"/>. Altri scientistes o proto-scientistes esset [[Teofrastus]], [[Euklid]], [[Herofilos]], [[Hipparchus]], [[Ptolomeus]] e Galenus. === Scientie medieval === Caus li crula del [[Imperie Roman Occidental]] debit al [[Periode de Migration]], it evenit un declin intellectual in li parte occidental de [[Europa]] in li 5-esim secul. In contrast, li [[Imperie Bizantin]] resistet li atacas del invasores, e preservat e meliorat li saventie. Joan Philoponus, un erudite bizantin del 6-esim secul, dubitat pri li inseniante de Aristoteles pri fisica e notat su defectes<ref name="Lindberg7"/>. Ti-ci critica del principies del fisica aristotelian quel John Philoponus fat servit quam inspiration al erudites medieval quam anc a [[Galileo Galilei]] qui deci secules plu tard, durante li Revolution Scientific, citat a Philoponus in su ovres durante que il demonstrat pro quo li fisica de Aristoteles havet defectes<ref name= "Lindberg7">{{cite book | last= Lindberg | first= David C. | year = 2007 | chapter = Roman and early medieval science | title= The beginnings of Western science: the European Scientific tradition in philosophical, religious, and institutional context | url= https://archive.org/details/beginningsofwest0000lind_d9a5 | pages = [https://archive.org/details/beginningsofwest0000lind_d9a5/page/n149 132]–162 | edition = Second | location = Chicago, Illinois | publisher = University of Chicago Press | isbn= 978-0-226-48205-7}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|url= https://plato.stanford.edu/archives/spr2016/entries/philoponus/|title= The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy|first= Christian|last= Wildberg|editor-first= Edward N.|editor-last= Zalta|date= May 1, 2018|publisher= Metaphysics Research Lab, Stanford University|via= Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy}}</ref>. Durante li Antiquitá tardiv e li Medievie temporan, li vision aristotelian a demandas pri fenomenes natural esset usat. Li quar causes de Aristoteles prescrit que li question "pro quo" devet esser respondet in quar formes por explicar li coses scientificmen<ref>{{Cite book|chapter=Aristotle on Causality |last=Falcon |first=Andrea |editor-last=Zalta |date=2019 |editor-first=Edward |title=Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy |edition=Spring 2019 |publisher=Metaphysics Research Lab, Stanford University |chapter-url= https://plato.stanford.edu/archives/spr2019/entries/aristotle-causality/#FouCau }}</ref>. Alcun conossentie ancian esset perdit, o in alcun casus mantenet in obscuritá, durante li cade del Imperie Roman Occidental e li luctes politic periodic. Totvez, li campes general del scientie (o "filosofie natural" quam it esser nominat) e li majoritá del conossentie general del ancian munde restat preservat tra li ovres del enciclopedistes latin temporan quam Isidoro de Sevilla<ref name= Grant1996>{{cite book | title= The Foundations of Modern Science in the Middle Ages: Their Religious, Institutional and Intellectual Contexts | series= Cambridge Studies in the History of Science | first1= Edward | last1= Grant | publisher= Cambridge University Press | year= 1996 | isbn= 978-0521567626 | pages= 7–17 | url= https://books.google.com/books?id=YyvmEyX6rZgC }}</ref>. Totvez, li textus original de Aristoteles esset perdit finalmen in Europa Occidental, e solmen un textu de Platon esset conosset, li ''Timaeus'', quel esset li unic dialog platonic, e un del poc ovres original del filosofie natural classic, disponibil por li letores latin in li Medievie temporan. Altri ovre original quel ganiat influentie in ti-ci periode esset li Almagest de Ptolomeus, quel contenet un description geocentric del sistema solari. Durante li Antiquitá tardiv, in li Imperie Bizantin mult textus classic grec esset preservat. Mult traductiones siriac esset fat de gruppes quam li nestorianes e li monofisites<ref name= "Grant2007b">{{cite book |last= Grant |first= Edward |chapter= Islam and the eastward shift of Aristotelian natural philosophy |title= A History of Natural Philosophy: From the Ancient World to the Nineteenth Century |url= https://archive.org/details/historynaturalph00gran |url-access= limited |year= 2007 |publisher= [[Cambridge University Press]] |isbn= 978-0-521-68957-1 |pages= [https://archive.org/details/historynaturalph00gran/page/n77 62]–67}}</ref>. Ili hat un rol importante quande it traductet textus classic grec al arabic sub li Califatu. In ti-ci témpor, mult del textus del saventie classic esset preservat e in alcun casus, meliorat<ref name= "Grant2007b" />. In addition, li Imperie Sasanid vicino, etablisset li Academie de Gondeshapur u medicos grec, siriac e persian etablisset li max important centre medic in li munde ancian durante lis 6-esim e 7-esim secules<ref>{{Cite book|title= The Cambridge history of Iran|url= https://archive.org/details/cambridgehistory0007unse_b4w5|date= 1968–1991|publisher= University Press|others= Fisher, W.B. (William Bayne)|isbn= 978-0521200936|location= Cambridge|oclc= 745412}}</ref>. Li Dom de Saventie esset etablisset in [[Bagdad]] durante li era Abasside, u li studie islamic del aristotelianisme florat. [[Al-Kindi]] (801-873) esset li unesim del filosofes peripatetic musulman, e es conosset pro su eforties por introducter li filosofie grec e hellenistic al munde arabic<ref>Klein-Frank, F. ''Al-Kindi''. In Leaman, O & Nasr, H (2001). ''History of Islamic Philosophy''. London: Routledge. p. 165. Felix Klein-Frank (2001) ''Al-Kindi'', pp. 166–67. In Oliver Leaman & Hossein Nasr. ''History of Islamic Philosophy''. London: Routledge.</ref>. Li etá de oro del islam florat desde ti-ci témpor til li invasiones mongol del 13-esim secul. Ibn Al-Haytham (Alhazen), quam anc su precessor Ibn Sahl, conosset li Optica de Ptolomeus, e usat experimentes quam un forma de acquisiter conossentie<ref>{{Cite book|title= Oxford Dictionary of the Middle Ages|last= |first=|year=2009|isbn=|location=|pages=|chapter= Science in Islam|quote=|via=}}</ref>. [[Alhaze]] refutat li teorie del vision de Ptolomeus, ma il ne fa changes corespondent al metafisica de Aristoteles. Adplu, doctores e alchimistes quam li persianes [[Avicenna]] e [[Al-Razi]] developat li scientie del medicine con li unesim scrivente li Canon de Medicina, un enciclopedie medical usat til li 18-esim secul e li ultim descovriente mixturas quam li alcohol. Li canon de Avicenna es considerat quam li max importante publicationes in medicina e ili ambis contribuet significativmen al practica del medicina experimental, usante testes clinic e experimentes per suportar su postulationes<ref>{{Cite book|title= Encyclopaedia of the History of Science, Technology, and Medicine in Non-Western Cultures|url= https://archive.org/details/encyclopaediahis00seli|url-access= limited|year= 2006|pages= [https://archive.org/details/encyclopaediahis00seli/page/n168 155]–156|bibcode= 2008ehst.book.....S|isbn= 978-1-4020-4559-2|last1= Selin|first1= H}}</ref>. In li antiquitá classic, li tabús grec e roman significat que li dissection esset prohibit in li témpores ancian, ma in li Medievie it changeat: li professores e studiantes de medicina in Bologna comensat aperter corpos human, e Mondino de Luzzi (c. 1275-1326) productet li unesim libre de textu de anatomie conosset fundat in li dissection human<ref>{{cite book|url= http://www.hup.harvard.edu/catalog.php?isbn= 9780674057418|last= Numbers|first= Ronald|title= Galileo Goes to Jail and Other Myths about Science and Religion|page= 45|publisher= Harvard University Press|year= 2009|isbn= 978-0-674-03327-6}}</ref>. In li 11-esim secul, li plu de Europa hat devenit cristian, monarchias plu fortes emerget, li frontieras esset restorat, li developationes tecnologic e li innovationes agricultural evenit e augmentat li oferta de alimentes e li population. In addition, li textus classic grec comensat esser traductet del arabic e greco al latin, donante un nivelle plu alt de discussion scientific in Europa Occidental. In 1088, li unesim universitá in Europa (li Universitá de Bologna) hat emerget de su comenses clerical. Li demanda por traductiones latin crescet (por exemple, del Scol de Traductores de Toledo), li europanos occidental comensat colecter textus ne solmen scrit in latin, ma anc traductiones latin de textus in grec, arabic e hebreo. Copias manuscrite del Libre de Optica de Alhazen anc propagat in Europa ante 1240, quam evidentia su incorporation in li ''Perspectiva'' de Vitello. Li ''Canon'' de Avicenna esset traductet al latin. In particular, li textus de Aristoteles, Ptolomeus, e Euklid, preservat in li Casas de Saventie de in li Imperie Bizantin<ref>{{cite book |last= Lindberg |first= David |year= 1992 |title= The Beginnings of Western Science |publisher= University of Chicago Press |url= https://books.google.com/books?id=dPUBAkIm2lUC&pg=PA162 |page= 162|isbn= 9780226482040 }}</ref>, esset serchat de erudites catolic. Li influte de textus ancian causat li Renascentie del 12-esim secul e li floration de un sintese de catolicisme e aristotelisme conosset quam scolasticisme in Europa Occidental, qual devenit un nov centre geografic por scientie. Un experimente in ti-ci periode vell esser comprendet quam un processu de observation, descrition e classification. Un scientiste prominent de ti-ci era esset Roger Bacon. Li scolasticisme hat un forte foco in revelation e rationalisation dialectic, e gradualmen perdit li favor contra altri metodes in sequent secules, caus alchimie esset centrat in experimentes quel includet observation directe e documentation meticulose e to augmentat su importantie. === Renascentie e scientie in li etá modern === Nov developationes in optica hat un rol in li comense del Renascentie, defiante li idés sur perception e contribuent al amelioration e developation de tecnologie quam li camera obscura e li telescope. Ante li comense de quel hodie noi conosse quam [[Renascentie]], [[Roger Bacon]], [[Vitello]] e [[John Peckham]] creat chascun un ontologie scholastic sur un catene causal comensante con li sensation, li perception e finalmen apperception del formas individual e universal de Aristoteles. Un modelle de vision plu tard conosset quam perspectivisme esset studiat del artistes del Renascentie. Ti-ci teorie usa solmen tre del quar causas de Aristoteles: formal, material e final. In li 16-esim secul, [[Copernicus]] formulat un modelle heliocentric del sistema solari, diferent del modelle geocentric del [[Almagest]] de Ptolomeus. To esset basat in un teorema que dit que li periodes orbitari del planetes es plu long quande lor orbitas es plu lontan del centre de motion, quel il trovat que it ne acordat con li modelle de Ptolomeus. Kepler e altri defiat li notion que li sol function de un ocule es perception, e changeat li foco principal in optica del ocul al propagation del luce<ref name= Cohen>{{cite book|last1= Cohen|first1= H. Floris|authorlink= Floris Cohen|title= How modern science came into the world. Four civilizations, one 17th-century breakthrough|date= 2010|publisher= Amsterdam University Press|location= Amsterdam|isbn= 9789089642394|edition= Second|ref= harv}}</ref>. Kepler modellat li ocul quam un sfere de cristalle plen de aqua con un apertion in su fronte por modellar li pupille del intrate. Il trovat que omni luce de un singul punctu del scene esset representat in un singul punctu in li parte posteriori del sfere de cristalle. Li catene optical fini in li retine in li parte posteriori del ocul. Kepler es totvez plu conosset pro har ameliorat li [[modelle heliocentric]] de Copernicus tra li descovrition del leges de motion planetari (queles porta su nómine). Kepler ne rejectet li metafisica aristotelic e descrit su labora quam un sercha de un Harmonie del Sferes. Galileo fat un usu innovativ de experimentation e matematica. Totvez, il comensat esser persecutet pos quande li Papa Urbanus VIII demandat il scrir pri li sistema copernican. Galileo hat usat argumentes del Papa e usat les in li voce de un naivon in li ovre "Dialog pri li du principal sistemas mundal", quel offendet Urban VIII. In li nord de Europa, li nov tecnologie del print-machine esset mult usat por publicar mult disputes, includente alcunes quel desacordat con li idés contemporan del natura. René Descartes e Francis Bacon publicat discussiones filosofic in favor de un nov tipe de scientie ne-aristotelian. Descartes emfasat li pense individual e argumentat que mathematica plutost quam geometrie devet esset usat por studiar li natura. Bacon emfasat li importantie del experimente vice li contemplation. Bacon desacordat con li conceptes aristotelian de causa formal e causa final, e promovet li idé que scientie deve studiar li leges de naturas "simplic", quam calor, vice assumpter que hay qualcunc natura specific, or "causa formal", de chascun tipe complex de cose. Bacon anc arguet que scientie devet haver li scope de inventiones practic por ameliorar li vive human. === Ilustration === Quam precursores del Ilustration, [[Isaac Newton]] e Gottfried Wilhem Leibniz developat un fisica nov, nu nominat mecanica classic, quel vell posser esser confirmat per experimentes e explicat usante matematicas (Newton ''Philosophiæ Naturalis Principia Mathematica''). Leibniz anc incorporat termines del fisica aristotelic, ma usat in un forma ínteleologic; por exemple, "energie" e "potential" (versiones modern del "energeia e potentia" aristotelic). To implicat un change in li vista del objectes: u Aristoteles hat notat que li objectes hat certe scope innat quel pote esse actualisat, objectes nu esset videt quam ne havent scope innat. In li stil de Francis Bacon, Leibniz suposit que li diferent tipes de coses omni laborat secun li sam leges general del natura, sin un causa formal o final por chascun tipe de cose. It es durante ti-ci periode que li parol "scientie" devenit gradualmen plu usat por referer a un tipe de ocupation de un tipe de conossentie, specialmen conossentie del natura -aproximante se al signification del old terme "filosofie natural". Durante ti-ci témpor, li proposit declarat e valor del scientie devenit producter ricchessa e inventiones quel vell meliorar li vives human, in li sensu materialistic de haver plu alimentes, vestimentes e altri coses. In li paroles de Bacon, "li scope real e legitim del scientie es furnir li vives human con nov inventiones e richesse", e il decorageat li scientistes de chassar idés íntangibil o filosofic, quel il credet que contribuet litt al felicitá human ultra "li fume del subtil, sublim o plesent speculation". Li scientie durante li Ilustration esset dominat del societés scientic e academies, quel hat remplazzat li universitás quam centres de resercha scientic e developation. Li societés e academies esset anc li pilares del maturation del profession scientic. Altri developation importante esset li popularisation del scientie inter un population plu educat. Li filosofes presentat mult teories scientic al publico, principalmen tra li Enciclopedie e li popularisation de newtonisme de Voltaire quam anc de Émilie du Châtelet, li traductoresse francesi del ''Principia'' de Newton. Alcun historicos hat marcat li 18-esim secul quam un periode monoton in li historie del scientie; totvez, li secul hat avansamentos significativ in li practica del medicina, matematica e fisica; li developation del taxonomie biologic; un nov comprension del magnetisme e li electricitá; e li maturation del [[chimie]] quam un disciplina, quel etablisset li base del chimie modern. Li filosofes del Ilustration selectet un historie de precessores (Galileo, Boyle e Newton principalmen) quam li guidas de lor aplicationes del concepte singular de natura e lege natural a chascun campe fisic e e social del epoca<ref>Cassels, Alan. Ideology and International Relations in the Modern World. p. 2.</ref>. === Etá contemporan === ==== 19-esim secul ==== Li 19-esim secul es un periode particularmen important in li historie del scientie caus durante ti-ci era multe caracteristicas distinguente del scientie modern comensat a formar quam: transformation del scienties natural e fisic, usu frequent de instrumentes de precision, aparition de termines quam "biologiste", "fisiciste", "scientiste"; alontanant se del termines antiquat "filosofie natural" e "historie natural", augmentation del profesionalisation de qui studiat li natura quel guidat al reduction de naturalistes amateur, li scientistes ganiat autoritá cultural sur multe dimensiones del societá, expansion economic de industrialisation de multe landes, prosperation de scrituras de scientie popular e aparition de jurnales scientic<ref name= "Lightman 19th">{{cite book|last1= Lightman|first1= Bernard|editor1-last= Shank|editor1-first= Michael|editor2-last= Numbers|editor2-first= Ronald|editor3-last= Harrison|editor3-first= Peter|title= Wrestling with Nature : From Omens to Science|url= https://archive.org/details/isbn_9780226317830|date= 2011|publisher= University of Chicago Press|location= Chicago|isbn= 978-0226317830|page= [https://archive.org/details/isbn_9780226317830/page/367 367]|chapter= 13. Science and the Public}}</ref>. Temporan in li 19-esim secul, John Dalton suggestet li teorie atomic modern, fundat in li idé original de Democritus de particules índivisibil nominat atomes. Ambi John Herschel e William Whewell sistematisat li metodologie: li ultim creat li terme scientiste. Quande [[Charles Darwin]] publicat "Sur li orígin del Species" etablisset li [[evolution]] quam li explication prevalente de complexitá biologic. Su teorie de selection natural dat un explication natural de qualmen li species originat, ma to solmen ganiat acceptation general un secul post. Li leges de conservation de energie, conservation de momente e conservation de massa suggestet un universe mult stabil u it vell posser haver litt perde de ressurses. Con li venite del vapor-machine e li Revolution Industrial, it hat un comprension plu grand de que omni formes de energie quam definit in fisica ne esset egalmen util: ili ne havet li sam qualitá energic. Ti-ce realisation guidat a li developation del leges de termodinamica, in quel li energie libre del universe es videt quam declinante constantmen: li entropie de un universe cludet augmenta in li témpor. Li teorie electromagnetic anc esset etablisset in li 19-esim secul e creat nov demandas quel ne posset esser respondet usante li paradigma de Newton. Li fenomenes quel vel permisser li deconstruction del atom esset decovrit in li 19-esim secul: li decovrition del rayes X inspirat li decovrition del radioactivitá. In li annu sequent venit li decovrition del unesim particul subatomic, li electron. ==== 20-esim secul ==== Li teorie del relativitá de Albert Einstein e li developation del mecanica quantic guidat al replazzament del mecanica classic con li fisic nov quel contene du partes quel descri tipes diferente de eventes in li natura. In li unesim medietá del secul, li developation de antibiotics e fertilisantes artificial fat possibil li crescentie del population human global. In li sam témpor, li structura del atom e su nucleo esset decovrit, guidant al liberation del energie atomic (poter nuclear). In addition, li usu extensiv del innovation tecnologic stimulat per li guerres del secul guidat a revolutiones in transportation ([[Automobile|automobiles]] e aviones), li developation de missiles ballistic intercontinental, li cariera spacial e li cariera de armes nuclear. Li structura moleculari del ADN esset decovrit in 1953. Li decovrition del radiation cosmic de funde de microundes in 1964 guidat al rejection del teorie del state stabil del universe in favor del teorie del Big Bang de Georges Lemaître. Li developation del vola spacial in li duesim medietá del secul permisset un unesim mesuration astronomic fat sur o proxim a altri objectes in li spacie, includente terrationes in li Lune. Telescopes spacial guidat al numerosi decovritiones in astronomie e cosmologie. Li usu extendet del circuites integrat in li ultim quart del 20-esim secul combinat con li satellites de communication guidat al revolution in li tecnologie del information e al crescentie del [[internet]] global e li computation mobil, includente li telefones inteligent. Li necessitá de un sistematisation massive de catenes causal interlaceat e long e grand quantitás de datos guidat al aparition del campes de teorie de sistemas e amodellation scientic auxiliat per computator, quel es basat partialmen in li paradigme aristotelic. Assumptes nociv del circumité quam li acidification e li change climatic comensat interesar li public in li sam periode, e causat li nascentie del scientie e tecnologie circumital. ==== 21-esim secul ==== Li Projecte Genomic Human esset compleet in 2003, determinant li sequentie del pares de bases de nucleotides quel forma li ADN human, e identificant e mapinte omni genes del genome human. Con li decovrition del boson de Higgs in 2012, li ultim particul predit del Modelle Standard de fisica de particules esset trovat. In 2015, li undes gravitational, predit per li relativitá general un secul ante, esset observat por unesim vez<ref name=iop2017oct16>{{Cite journal |doi = 10.3847/2041-8213/aa91c9|title = Multi-messenger Observations of a Binary Neutron Star Merger|journal = The Astrophysical Journal|volume = 848|issue = 2|page = L12|year = 2017|last1 = Abbott|first1 = B.P.|last2 = Abbott|first2 = R.|last3 = Abbott|first3 = T.D.|last4 = Acernese|first4 = F.|last5 = Ackley|first5 = K.|last6 = Adams|first6 = C.|last7 = Adams|first7 = T.|last8 = Addesso|first8 = P.|last9 = Adhikari|first9 = R.X.|last10 = Adya|first10 = V.B.|last11 = Affeldt|first11 = C.|last12 = Afrough|first12 = M.|last13 = Agarwal|first13 = B.|last14 = Agathos|first14 = M.|last15 = Agatsuma|first15 = K.|last16 = Aggarwal|first16 = N.|last17 = Aguiar|first17 = O.D.|last18 = Aiello|first18 = L.|last19 = Ain|first19 = A.|last20 = Ajith|first20 = P.|last21 = Allen|first21 = B.|last22 = Allen|first22 = G.|last23 = Allocca|first23 = A.|last24 = Altin|first24 = P.A.|last25 = Amato|first25 = A.|last26 = Ananyeva|first26 = A.|last27 = Anderson|first27 = S.B.|last28 = Anderson|first28 = W.G.|last29 = Angelova|first29 = S.V.|last30 = Antier|first30 = S.|displayauthors = 29|bibcode = 2017ApJ...848L..12A|arxiv = 1710.05833|s2cid = 217162243}}</ref>. == Branches del scientie == Li scientie modern es communmen dividet in tre branches principal: scientie natural, scientie social e scientie formal. Chascun de ti-ci branches contene divers disciplines scientic specialisat quel, mem si ili supercovri, ili have su propri nomenclatura. Li scienties natural e social es scienties empiric, car lor conossentie es basat in observationes scientic e is capabil de esset provat por su validitá de altri reserchatores laborante in li mem conditiones. Hay anc disciplines mult relationes quel usa scientie, quam ingenierie e medicina, quel es quelcvez descrit quam scienties aplicat. Li relationes inter li branches del scientie es resumat in li sequent tabelle: {|class="wikitable" style="border: none; background: none; color: inherit;" |- |rowspan=3 style="border: none; background: none; color: inherit;"| !colspan=3|Scientie |- !colspan=2|[[Scienties empiric]] !rowspan=2|[[Scienties formal]] |- ![[Scienties natural]] ![[Scienties social]] |- ![[Resercha basic|Basic]] |[[Fisica]], [[chimie]], [[biologie]], <br />[[scienties del terra]] e [[scientie spacial]] |[[Antropologie]], [[economica]], [[scienties politic]], <br />[[sociologie]], [[geografie human]] e [[psicologie]] |[[Logica]], [[matematica]] e [[statistica]] |- ![[Scienties aplicat|Aplicat]] |[[Ingenierie]], [[scienties del agricultura]], <br />[[medicina]] e [[scienties del materiales]] |[[Administration de negocies]], [[politica public]], [[marketing]],<br />[[jurisprudentie]], [[pedagogie]] e [[developation international]] |[[Informatica]] |- |} === Scienties natural === Li scienties natural concerne con li description, predition e comprension del fenomenes natural basat in evidentie empiric del observation e experimentation. It posse esser dividet in du branches principal: scienties del vive (o scientie biologic) e scientie fisic. Ti-ci du branches mey esser dividet in disciplines plu specialisat. Li scientie fisic es subdividet in branches, includent fisica, chimie, astronomie e scienties del terra. Li scientie natural modern es li successor del filosofie natural quel comensat in li [[Ancian Grecia]]. Galileo, Descartes, Bacon e Newton debattet li beneficies de usar punctus de vista nov quel esset plu matematic e plu experimental in un forme metodic. Támen, perspectives, conjecturas e presuppositiones filosofic, frequentmen ignorat, restat necessari in li scienties natural. Li collection sistematic de datos, includente li scientie del decovrition, succedet al historie natural, quel emerget in li 16-esim secul con li descrition de plantes, animales, minerales e plu. Hodie "historie natural" suggeste li descriptiones de observationes diriget a audienties popular. === Scienties social === Li scienties social es concernet con li societá e li relationes inter individuos in li societá. It have mult branches quel include, ma ne es limitat a, antropologie, archeologie, studies de communication, economica, historie, geografie human, jurisprudentie, linguistica, scientie politic, psicologie, sanitá public e sociologie. Li scientistes social mey adopter varie teories filosofic por studiar individuos e li societá. Por exemple, li scientistes social positivist usa metodes similar a tis del scienties natural quam utensiles por comprender li societá e talmen defini scientie in su sensu strict modern. Li scientistes social interpretiviste, mey usar critica social o interpretation simbolic plutost quam constructer teories falsabil empiricmen, e talmen tracta li scientie in su sensu plu ampli. In li practica academic modern, li reserchatores es frequentmen eclectic, usante metodologies multiplic (por exemple, combinante li resercha quantitativ e qualitativ). Li terme "resercha social" ha acquisitet un gradu de autonomie quande li practicatores de divers disciplines parti su objectives e metodes. === Scienties formal === Li scienties formal studie li sistemas formal. It include matematica, teorie de sistemas, e informatica teoric. Li scienties formal parti similitás con li altri du branches quande it apoya se a un studie sistematic, prudent e objective de un area de conossentie. Totvez, ili es diferent del scienties empiric caus ili apoya se exclusivmen a li rasonation deductiv, sin li necessitá de evidenties empiric, por verificar lor conceptes abstracte. Li scienties formal es ergo scienties a priori e caus to, it hay desacorda in ca ili es un scientie. Támen, li scienties formal have un paper importante in li scienties empiric. Li calcul, por exemple, esset initialmen inventet por comprender motion in fisica. Li scienties natural e social quel apoya se a aplicationes matematic include fisica matematic, chimie matematic, biologie matematic, financie matematic e economica matematic. == Referenties == <div style="height: 200px; overflow:auto; border: 1px solid gray; padding-right: 12px; background-color: #EEEEEE; "> <small><references /></small> </div> == Bibliografie == * (en) Heilbron, John L. ed., (2003) ''The Oxford companion to the history of modern science'', New York: Oxford University Press. * (en) Johnston, Sean F. (2009) ''History of Science: A Beginner's Guide'', Oneworld Publications. * (fr) PP. AA (2012) ''Histoire des sciences : De l'Antiquité à nos jours'', Editions Tallandier. * (en) Wootton, David (2016) ''The Invention of Science: A New History of the Scientific Revolution'', Harper Perennial. == Vide anc == *[[Metode scientific]] == Ligament extern == * [http://cosmoglotta.pbworks.com/w/page/133112919/Cosmoglotta%20A%20102%20%28may-jun%201935%29 Cosmoglotta A 102 (may-jun 1935)] {{Scientie}} [[Categorie:Wikipedia:Bon articul]] [[Categorie:Scientie]] l85wptwclyj1nffz1xi1lggg3wawqew 0 10648 168914 168824 2026-08-16T17:30:57Z ~2026-43617-84 24898 /* In interlingua */ 168914 wikitext text/x-wiki {| align="right" bgcolor="#EAECF0" |- colspan="2" ! colspan="2" ; bgcolor="#B3B7FF" | Vicente Costalago |- | '''Land''' | [[Hispania]] |- | '''Occupation''' | Traductor, autor, bibliografiste,<br>reserchator, [[Interlinguistica|interlinguiste]],<br>[[Wikipedia|wikipediste]] |- | '''Interesses''' | Planlingues, historie, litteratura, religion |- | '''Lingues usat''' | [[Lingua Franca Nova|Elefen]], [[interlingua]],<br>[[interlingue]], [[ido]], extremaduran |- | '''Lingues creat''' | Reformad Novial, De-reforma Novial,<br>Novlingue, [[Subuqti#Lingue|Subuqtivad]],<br>Monkel, Monlaq |- | '''Influenties''' | [[Boaventura de Sousa Santos]],<br>[[Harold Bloom]], [[Oswald Spengler]],<br>Teorie de Sapir-Whorf, [[Itamar Even-Zohar]] |- | '''Conceptes''' | [[Epistemicide]], [[Canon occidental]],<br> Polisistema |- | '''Ovres principal''' | 1. [[La xerca per Pahoa]]<br>2. [[Li sercha in li castelle Dewahl e altri racontas|Li sercha in li castelle Dewahl<br>e altri racontas]]<br>3. [[Antologie hispan]]<br>4. [[Fabules, racontas e mites]]<br>5. [[Li tresor de Fluvglant]]<br>6. La marcia nonconoseda<br>7. Pensa<br>8. Juliade<br>9. Antolojia espaniol<br>10. Antologie de poesie europan<br>11. Mikri Antologie<br>12. Subuqti<br>13. Verses escapat de mi mente<br>14. Denova en la marcia<br>15. Anidros<br>16. Poemas<br>17. La Club de la Marcia en peril<br>18. Li Crímines de Cnocorran<br> 19. La trezoro de Erokeriherria<br>20. Yo have ancor alquó a dir<br>21. Exea!<br>22. Pensas rimada<br>23. Kilglan<br>24. Nov Vive<br>25. Un contia de libria<br>26. Rancur<br>27. Heroicitás<br>28. Poesies de amore e desamore<br>29. Senas<br>30. Poemeti<br>31. Reminiscenties<br>32. La predicajo di Hakum<br>33. Euris estremeñus i sotras poemas<br>34. Estórias estremeñas<br>35. Subuqti (Interlingua)<br>36. La Asosia de Galduherri<br>37. Vérsus sóltus |- | '''Libres de textu''' | 1. Leteratur romanica e lingua franca nova<br>2. Istoria de Europa<br>3. Cultur clasica<br>4. Litteratura romanic e interlingua<br>5. Historia de Europa<br>6. Concise description del lingua valencian<br>7. Historie<br>8. Cultura classic<br>9. Geografie<br>10. Mathematica<br>11. Histori<br>12. Brevi historia de plu internatio auxi-lingua<br>13. Istoria de Espania<br>14.Cultura classic |- |} '''Vicente Costalago''' es un filologo, scritor, poeta, traductor, reserchator e autor in divers lingues artificial. Il nascet in [[Hispania]] e studiat lingues modern in li Universitá Autonom de Madrid, e Traduction e Interpretation in li Universitá de Manchester. Il ha scrit e publicat textus in divers lingues artificial, precipue in interlingue e lingua franca nova. == Wikipedia == Il comensat editer Wikipedia in julí 2006, in li version in hispan. Il anc auxiliat in li versiones in esperanto, asturian, gallecian, catalan, extemaduran e occitan. Anc, li version in creol jamaican esset creat pro su auxilie (il havet li idé de haver un Wikipedia in ti-ci lingue e il anc adjunctet images e categories e consiliat li editores principal). Il collaborat con li Nashanal Kriol Kongsl per developar un version in creol belizean<ref>[https://www.belmopanonline.com/belizean-kriol-language/smid/1113/ArticleId/395 Weh Wi Ga Fi Seh: Kriol Wiki]</ref>, e con altri wikipedistes il creat li Wikipedia in creol guyanan francesi. Administrator del Wikipedias in creol jamaican, interlingue e judeo-hispan, in ti-ci ultim il creat articules pri li lingue, su litteratura, dialectes, gramatica e un bibliografie. Il anc auxiliat in altri versiones: in ligurian, in oromo, in xitsonga, in luganda, in hawaian, in tahitian, in bislama, in hakka, in novial adjuntent images, avises e categories. Il anc creat articules in ido e in interlingua. Il comensat laborar in li Wikipedia in Interlingue li 21 julí 2020 e li 11 august li Wikipedia atinget 5000 articules. Quelc articules que il ha creat in differentes Wikipedias es: * Lingua franca nova: [[:lfn:Belau]], [[:lfn:Beliz]], [[:lfn:Franses (lingua)]], [[:lfn:Istoria de la lingua catalan]], [[:lfn:Provinse Soria]], [[:lfn:Roma antica]], [[:lfn:Y Wladfa]], [[:lfn:Matematica]] * Interlingua: [[:ia:Pais Basse]], [[:ia:Scientia e technologia del dynastia Song]], [[:ia:Edgar de Wahl]], [[:ia:Interlingue]], [[:ia:Historia del scientia]], [[:ia:Historia del physica]], [[:ia:Scientia in le mundo antique]], [[:ia:Litteratura in Interlingua]], [[:ia:Grecia antique]], [[:ia:Roma antique]], [[:ia:Imperio Roman]] * Hispan: [[:es:Filosofía española]], [[:es:Batalla del Fuerte de Tabarsí]], [[:es:Edgar de Wahl]] * Judéo-hispan: [[:lad:Istorya dela lingua djudeo-espanyola]], [[:lad:Distribusyon dela lingua djudeo-espanyola]], [[:lad:Lashones del djudeo-espanyol]] * Interlingue: [[Interlingue]], [[Litteratura in Interlingue]], [[Edgar de Wahl]], [[Navacerrada]], [[Scientie]] * Galician: [[:gl:Interlingue]], [[:gl:Edgar de Wahl]] * Extremaduran: [[:ext:Coltura d'Estremaúra]], [[:ext:Estoria d'Estremaúra]], [[:ext:Economia d'Estremaúra]]. [[:ext:Geografía d'Estremaúra]], [[:ext:Literatura estremeña]] * Novial: [[:nov:Interlingue]] * Ido: [[:io:Tradicionalista katolikismo]], [[:io:Historio di Kristanismo]], [[:io:Historio di Katolik eklezio]], [[:io:Falo dil Westala Romana Imperio]], [[:io:Frua Kristanismo]], [[:io:Historiala fundo dil Nova Testamento]] == Cronologie == Il assistet in li Wikipedia in ido inter li 5 februar de 2001 e li 8 februar 2011. Anc in li Wiktionary in ti-ci lingue. Il esset li ideator e li comensator del Wikipedia in lingua franca nova, u il creat mult articules. Il esset membre del Asosia per Lingua Franca Nova del 31 de julí 2019 til li 11 julí 2020. Il creat mult ovres in lingua franca nova, principalmen traductiones de ovres litterari e del Bible, e il creat mult libres de textu e per infantes. Il anc assistet in li amelioration del sintaxe del lingue, creat terminologie, principalmen de teologie, religion, matematica e scienties natural, e comensat li creation de proverbies. Il auxiliat en li creation del gramatica de lingua franca nova en hispanesi e del dictionarium lingua franca nova-hispanesi. In may 2020, il publicat li unesim novelle scrit in li lingue, nominat ''La xerca per Pahoa''. Il abandonat lingua franca nova in julí 2020 e devenit membre del Interlingue-Union li 16 de septembre 2020. In septembre 2020 il reunit un liste con [[Interlingue#Litteratura|omni textu literari publicat in Occidental]], post reserchar en li Archive del CDELI, en La-Chaux-de-Fonds (Svissia). Il anc preparat li textu "Litteratura in Occidental". Mersí a su reserchas, mult libres in Occidental esset redecovrit. Claude Gacond, creator de CDELI, demandat le li creation de un nov colection con su iniciales (Li VC) con omni libre in lingues artificial mancant in li archive. In septembre 2023, li colection atinget 161 libres. Il decovrit pandunia in octobre 2020 e il creat un wiki in ti-ci lingue ma alcun dies post il decovrit [[mundeze]], lassat pandunia e comensat colaborar con li autor del ultim in li developation del vocabularium. In octobre e novembre de 2020, il creat un lingue e in may de 2021, il creat altri. Il comensat un conte de [https://www.instagram.com/v_costalago/ Instagram] li 18 may 2021 por divulgar li archives del [[CDELI]] in internet. [[File:Flage de Novlingue 2.png|197px|right|thumb|Il creat li [[Novlingue]] in 2021.]] Il publicat ''La xerca per Pahoa'' en paper li 18 may 2021<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20210811131944/https://www.lulu.com/en/en/shop/vicente-costalago-v%C3%A1zquez/la-xerca-per-pahoa/paperback/product-gpdq4k.html?page=1&pageSize=4 La xerca per Pahoa]</ref>. Il publicat un grammatica de un lingue creat de le, li ''Novial Reformad'', li 4 julí 2021<ref>[https://prexins.wordpress.com/2021/07/04/reformed-novial/ Reformed Novial]</ref>. In junio 2021 il publicat ''[[Li sercha in li castelle Dewahl e altri racontas]]''<ref name="sercha">[https://www.lulu.com/shop/vicente-costalago-v%C3%A1zquez/li-sercha-in-li-castelle-dewahl-e-altri-racontas/paperback/product-4gj9w8.html?q=Li+sercha+in+li+castelle+Dewahl+e+altri+racontas&page=1&pageSize=4 Li sercha in li castelle Dewahl e altri racontas]</ref> e, in august 2021, un ''Antologie hispan''<ref name ="antologie">[https://web.archive.org/web/20220409004527/https://www.lulu.com/en/en/shop/vicente-costalago-v%C3%A1zquez/antologie-hispan/paperback/product-pmknpz.html?page=1&pageSize=4 Antologie hispan]</ref>. In septembre 2021, il atinget que Occidental esset adjuntet al lingues a queles on posse traducter cansones in ''lyricstranslate.com''<ref>[https://lyricstranslate.com/en/language/interlingue-occidental Interlingue-Occidental]</ref> e il comensat traducter ta<ref>[https://lyricstranslate.com/en/translator/chabi Chabi]</ref>. Li 25 septembre 2021 un colection del CDELI esset comensat con su initiales "Li VC" (Lingua International Vicente Costalago). Il anc reformat li lingue que il hat creat, li Reformad Novial, creante li [[Novlingue]]<ref>[https://prexins.wordpress.com/2021/10/17/novlingue/ Novlingue]</ref> e publicant su manuale li 17 octobre 2021. In novembre 2021 il auxiliat in li Wiki in [[Solresol]] coordinant li traduction del articul pri Italia<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20211123091633/https://www.sidosi.org/wiki/Fareedolaafado Fareedolaafado]</ref>. Il publicat ''[[Fabules, racontas e mites]]''<ref name ="fabules">[https://web.archive.org/web/20220409004527/https://www.lulu.com/en/en/shop/vicente-costalago-v%C3%A1zquez/fabules-contes-e-mites/paperback/product-4g6ezk.html?page=1&pageSize=4 Fabules, racontas e mites]</ref> li 20 decembre 2021 e ''Li tresor de Fluvglant'' li 22 februar 2022<ref name="Unnamed-20230318120755">[https://web.archive.org/web/20220222181751/https://www.lulu.com/en/en/shop/vicente-costalago-v%C3%A1zquez/li-tresor-de-fluvglant/paperback/product-8grj8y.html?page=1&pageSize=4 Li tresor de Fluvglant]</ref>. Il publicat ''La marcia nonconoseda'', li duesim ovre original in Lingua Franca Nova, in februar 2022<ref name="marcia">[https://web.archive.org/web/20220304190849/https://www.lulu.com/en/en/shop/vicente-costalago-v%C3%A1zquez/la-marcia-nonconoseda/paperback/product-y45dpm.html?page=1&pageSize=4 La marcia nonconoseda]</ref>. In 2022, il comensat reserchar pri li different occidentalistes e li ovres ínlitterari scrit de les. To resultat in li creation de mult articules nov in li Wikipedia in Interlingue. Il creat li wiki in Mini, con li autore del lingue, e anc publicat un libre in it, nominat ''Pensa''. In marte 2022 il publicat li libre ''Juliade'', un raconta original in Interlingua; sequet in april de ''Antolojia espaniol'', un collection de textus traductet ex li litteratura hispan a lingua franca nova. Poy, in juní 2022, il publicat ''Antologie de poesie europan'', con poesies traductet a Interlingue. [[File:Flag of Jitasama.webp|197px|right|thumb|Flagga de Jitasama, creat de il.]] Li 22 de junio 2022 il comensat crear un lingue, quel il nominat ''Monlang'' ma quel vell esser publicat li 3 de august 2022 quam ''Monkel''. Li 23 de juní 2022 il publicat un antologie de poemas in novial, nominat ''Mikri Antologie''<ref name="novial">[https://www.lulu.com/shop/vicente-costalago-vazquez/mikri-antologie/paperback/product-vdj8gy.html?q=Mikri+Antologie Mikri Antologie]</ref> e in, august 2022, il publicat ''Subuqti'', un raconta original in Interlingue. In octobre 2022, il publicat li poemarie ''Verses escapat de mi mente'', con poemes original in interlingue<ref name ="verses">[https://www.lulu.com/shop/vicente-costalago-v%C3%A1zuqez/verses-escapat-de-mi-mente/paperback/product-8p4zzq.html?q=verses+escapat+de+mi+mente&page=1&pageSize=4 Verses escapat de mi mente]</ref>. Poy, il publicat li lingue ''Reformat Novial'', un modification de su projecte anteyan con influenties, li ''Reformad Novial''. Il anc publicat ''Denova en la marcia''<ref name ="denova">[https://elefen.org/vici/leteratur/denova_en_la_marcia/xef Denova en la marcia], publicat li 25 octobre 2022</ref><ref>[https://www.lulu.com/es/shop/vicente-costalago-vazquez/denova-en-la-marcia/paperback/product-n4zqv9.html?q=denova+en+la+marcia&page=1&pageSize=4 Denova en la marcia]</ref>, un duesim volume quel seque su anterior raconta original in elefen. Pos to, il publicat ''[[Anidros]]'' in Interlingue e ''Poemas'' in Interlingua in decembre 2022. Ambi es libres original. Li unesim es li raconta de un insul circumat de nebul con un secrete. Il coordinat li traduction del gramatica de lingua franca nova al sambahsa in li estate de 2023<ref>[https://elefen.org/vici/gramatica/sam/xef Grammatic]</ref>. Inter august e novembre 2023, il auxiliat in li developation del grammatica de Jitasama, un worldlang<ref>[https://jitasama.fandom.com/wiki/File:Jitasama_grammar_2023.pdf Jitasama grammar]</ref> e il creat un wiki por li lingue<ref name="Jitasama Wiki">[https://jitasama.fandom.com/wiki/Jitasama_Wiki Jitasama Wiki]</ref>. Il creat li flagga del lingue. In marte 2024 il publicat un libre de racontas original in Interlingue: ''[[Heroicitás]]''<ref name="hero">[https://www.lulu.com/es/shop/vicente-costalago/heroicit%C3%A1s/paperback/product-655ppyz.html?q=heroicitas&page=1&pageSize=4&fbclid=IwAR1Cwz1Jxa42OiwvbVC_G6_pKi6Tz_LfYvhPljxTQvzqYXM34VzmsLEOMHw Heroicitás]</ref> In may 2024 il finit li traduction del grammatica de lingua franca nova a [[galician]]<ref>[https://elefen.org/vici/gramatica/gl/xef Gramática]</ref> e [[catalan]]<ref>[https://elefen.org/vici/gramatica/ca/xef Gramàtica]</ref>. In junio 2024 il publicat ''Poesies de amore e desamore'' in interlingue. In julí 2024 il finit li traduction del grammatica de lingua franca nova a papiamento. In august 2024 il publicat li micri poemarium ''Senas'' in lingua franca nova<ref name="senas">[https://elefen.org/vici/leteratur/senas/xef Senas]</ref> e li micri poemarium ''Poemeti'' in Ido. In ti-ci mensu il comensat auxiliar denov in li Wikipedia in Ido. In septembre 2024 il publicat su ultim libre in Interlingue: ''Reminiscenties''<ref name="reminiscenties">[https://archive.org/details/Reminiscenties Reminiscenties]</ref>. Il anc publicat su duesim libre in Ido, ''La predicajo di Hakum''<ref name="predicajo">[https://archive.org/details/la-predicajo-di-hakum-final-2 La predicajo di Hakum]</ref>. Anc, il publicat un nov libre de textu in Elefen sur li [[historie de Hispania]]<ref name="Espania">[https://elefen.org/vici/istoria_de_espania/xef Istoria de Espania]</ref>. In octobre 2024 il finit la traduction del ''Evangelie de San Joan''<ref name="evanjeliosanjoan">[https://elefen.org/vici/relijio/biblia/evanjelio_de_san_joan/xef Evanjelio de San Joan]</ref>. In novembre 2024, il finit li traduction del ''Evanjelio de San Lucas'' a Lingua Franca Nova.<ref name="evanjeliosanlucas">[https://elefen.org/vici/relijio/biblia/evanjelio_de_san_lucas/xef Evanjelio de San Lucas]</ref> Li 31 de januar 2025 il creat li Frater Wiki, un enciclopedie in Frater<ref>[https://frater.fandom.com/wiki/Frater_Wiki Frater Wiki]</ref> e il publicat li unesim númere de un nov revúe in Glosa, nominat ''U Glosa jurnali''.<ref>[https://ia600104.us.archive.org/11/items/u-glosa-jurnali-1-m-1-2025/U%20Glosa%20Jurnali%20-%201%20-%20M1%202025.pdf U Glosa jurnali]</ref> Li 27 de april il comensat scrir un blog in Glosa, titulat ''Mi Simpli Bio''<ref>[https://misimplibio.blogspot.com/ Mi Simpli Bio]</ref>. == Planlingues == Li unesim planlingue quel il conosset esset [[esperanto]], quande il leet un old libre quel il trovat in li dom de su ava. Il obliviat it til alcun annus plu tard, quande il descovrit que it existet un Wikipedia in ti-ci lingue. Il comensat aprender it, ma il devenit plu interesat per [[ido]], e il cambiat a ti-ci lingue. Pos pluri annus, in li quales il dubitat inter ido e [[interlingua]], il changeat a interlingua ma bentost il trovat [[Lingua Franca Nova]]. Il abandonat omni projectes por laborar con ti lingue, ma pos alcun témpor il videt que li lingue ne servit por esser usat in scientie e, pro to, il changeat a [[interlingue]] in 2020 pos un breve témpor in interlingua. In li fine de 2024, il comensat publicar plu textus in Glosa. === Auxilie al creatores de altri planlingues === Il ha auxiliat in li creation de wikis in altri planlingues, quam es li casu del wikis in [[Mundeze]], Frenkisch, Proyo, [[Lingwa de Planeta]], Mini, Guosa, Jitasama, Dasopya e Frater. == Lingues == Li 9 de januar 2024 esset interviewat pro su articul [[:ext:Coltura d'Estremaúra]] in li Wikipedia in extremaduran<ref>[https://www.canalextremadura.es/a-la-carta/la-corrobra/audios/la-corrobra-090124 La Corrobra (9/1/2024)]</ref>. Il ha publicat divers textus traductet al [[baleari]] in li wiki ''Baleateca''<ref>[https://baleateca.miraheze.org/wiki/P%C3%A1gina_principal Baleateca]</ref>, creat de il e in su blog ''Prexins''<ref>[https://prexins.wordpress.com/category/llengo-balea/ Prexins: Baléà]</ref> ("penses" en aragonesi), principalmen racontas de Edgar Allan Poe e textus traductet del Bible (omnes revisat de Mikèl Garau). Pos li storm de Valencia li 31 octobre 2024, il scrit un poema in hispanesi relatet al stuation<ref name="Valencia">[https://prexins.wordpress.com/2024/11/01/pensamientos-tras-la-riada-de-valencia/ Pensamientos tras la riada de Valencia]</ref>. Li 19 de novembre, il publicat su unesim textu en extremaduran, ''El Viriatu'',<ref name="Viriatu">[https://archive.org/details/el-viriatu El Viriatu]</ref> un poema sur Viriato, li chef del lusitanos contra li invasion roman. Li textu esset includet in su libre ''Euris estremeñus i sotras poemas'', publicat in april 2025.<ref>[https://www.lulu.com/es/shop/vicente-costalago/euris-estreme%C3%B1us-i-sotras-poemas/paperback/product-gjqemyn.html?q=euris+estreme%C3%B1us&page=1&pageSize=4 Euris estremeñus i sotras poemas</ref> Il esset interviewat in li programa La Corrobra in relation a ti-ci libro<ref>[https://www.canalextremadura.es/a-la-carta/la-corrobra/audios/la-corrobra-130525 La Corrobra (13/05/25)]</ref>. Li 22 de may de 2025, il publicat un poema in murcian, titulat ''Püema en murciano'', li dialecte de hispan parlat in [[Murcia]]<ref>[https://prexins.wordpress.com/2025/05/22/puema-en-murciano/ Püema en murciano]</ref>. Li 2 de novembre de 2025 il publicat su duesim libre in extremaduran, ''Estórias estremeñas''<ref>[https://www.lulu.com/es/shop/vicente-costalago/est%C3%B3rias-estreme%C3%B1as/paperback/product-nvjwvwn.html?q=vicente+costalago&page=1&pageSize=4 Estórias estremeñas]</ref>. Li 9 de marto de 2026 il publicat un libre de poesie original in fala, intitulat ''Vérsus sóltus''<ref>[https://www.lulu.com/es/shop/vicente-costalago/v%C3%A9rsus-s%C3%B3ltus/paperback/product-zmz6qpm.html?q=V%C3%A9rsus+s%C3%B3ltus&page=1&pageSize=4 Vérsus sóltus]</ref>. == Ovres de litteratura == Vicente Costalago ha publicat ovres in li interrete e in papere. Su libres recive inspiration e influenties de divers orígine, quam li litteratura, li rap o li musica flamenco. Su unesim ovre publicat in papere esset [[La xerca per Pahoa]], in Lingua Franca Nova. Ti-ci novelle narra li viage quel Joan fa per trovar li espade Pahoa, un espade con possenties magic que solmen li heredator ver del reyatu Lincuo posse usar. It esset li unesim raconta original publicat in Elefen. On trova influenties del poesia ''Namárië'' e del comensa del Poesie de Mi Cid in li poesie con quel comensa li capitul tri del ovre. It anc have referenties al mitologie classic con li ul, un simbol del diva grec Atina. Poy, li sequent libre publicat in papere ja esset in Occidental. In ti-ci casu, it esset anc un textu original, ''[[Li sercha in li castelle Dewahl e altri racontas]]''. In li duesim raconta del libre, ''Li Confession'', it hay un clar influentie de ''Li cordie delator'', de Edgar Allan Poe. Poy il publicat ''[[Antologie hispan]]'', un recopilation de recerptes del textus principal del litteratura hispan de su comense til hodie. A ti-ci li sequet altri traduction, ''[[Fabules, racontas e mites]]'' e ''Li tresor de Fluvglant'', un ovre original. Il anc publicat ''La marcia nonconoseda'', li duesim raconta original publicat in Lingua Franca Nova. Su unesim libre publicat in interlingua esset ''Juliade'', que vell apparir in marto 2022. Poy, il publicat ''Antolojia espaniol'', in lingua franca nova<ref name="Antolojia">[https://web.archive.org/web/20220511114904/https://www.lulu.com/en/en/shop/vicente-costalago-v%C3%A1zquez/antolojia-espaniol/paperback/product-qmmpmq.html?page=1&pageSize=4 Antolojia espaniol]</ref> e ''Antologie de poesie europan'' in Occidental. Li sequent libre que il publicat esset ''Mikri Antologie'', scrit in Novial. In august 2022, il publicat ''[[Subuqti]]'', un raconta original in Interlingue, influet del realisme de [[Leo Tolstoy]], specialmen de su ovre ''Anna Karenina''. In octobre 2022, il publicat li poemarie ''[[Verses escapat de mi mente]]'', con poemes original in interlingue<ref name ="verses"/>. Il anc publicat in ti-ci mensu ''Denova en la marcia''<ref name ="denova"/> in lingua franca nova. Pos to, il publicat ''[[Anidros]]'' in Occidental e ''Poemas'' in Interlingua in decembre 2022. In li sam mensu il publicat li triesim parte del serie "La Club de la Marcia", titulat ''La Club de la Marcia en peril'' e su unesim libre in Esperanto, ''La trezoro de Erokeriherria''. In 2023 il publicat li poemarium in Occidental ''Yo have ancor alquó a dir''<ref name="alquo">[https://www.lulu.com/es/shop/vicente-costalago-vazquez/yo-have-ancor-alqu%C3%B3-a-dir/paperback/product-eyedmr.html?page=1&pageSize=4 Yo have ancor alquó a dir]</ref> e, in may, altri poemarium original in Interlingue, con li titul ''[[Exea!]]''<ref name="exea">[https://payhip.com/b/IUw5s Exea!]</ref>. Il anc publicat altri poemarium in Lingua Franca Nova nominat ''Pensas rimada'' li 13 may 2023<ref name="Pensas rimada">[https://payhip.com/b/VEGum Pensas rimada]</ref>. Li 16 julí 2023 publicat ''Kilglan'', altri libre original in Interlingua<ref name="kilglan">[https://www.lulu.com/es/shop/vicente-costalago-v%C3%A1zquez/kilglan/paperback/product-wjgq65.html?q=kilglan&page=1&pageSize=4 Kilglan]</ref>. Il publicat li poemarium original in interlingue ''Nov Vive'' in august 2023<ref name="nov vive">[https://www.lulu.com/es/shop/vicente-costalago-v%C3%A1zquez/nov-vive/paperback/product-qr9p5v.html?page=1&pageSize=4 Nov Vive]</ref> In octobre 2023, il publicat ''Rancur'', un raconta original en lingua franca nova<ref name="Rancur">[https://www.lulu.com/es/shop/vicente-costalago/rancur/paperback/product-v8r7mqy.html?page=1&pageSize=4 Rancur]</ref>. In novembre 2023, il publicat li libre de textu in Glosa ''Brevi historia de plu internatio auxi-lingua''<ref name="Brevi">[https://web.archive.org/web/20231108101627/https://glosa.fandom.com/wiki/Brevi_historia_de_plu_internatio_auxi-lingua?fbclid=IwAR0TP4sLWmDqz6aRmB00K6LmfYPQQHb1a8M-HFqLeVAozVH7dBFKEnFR91o Brevi historia de plu internatio auxi-lingua]</ref>. In marte 2024 il publicat un libre de racontas original in Interlingue: ''Heroicitás'', quel nara quar evenimentes heroic del [[historie de Hispania]]: Numantia, li miracul de Empel, li victorie de Blas de Lezo in Cartagena de Indias e li resistentie del heróes hispan in Baler (Filipines). In juní 2024 il publicat ''Poesies de amore e desamore''<ref>[https://www.lulu.com/es/shop/vicente-costalago/poesies-de-amore-e-desamore/paperback/product-dym6dg7.html?page=1&pageSize=4 Poesies de amore e desamore]</ref>, quel esset inspirat del lirica del flamenco hispan. In august 2024 il publicat li micri poemarium ''Senas'' in lingua franca nova, por quel il inspirat in li viages quel il fat durante un semana in li nord de Italia<ref name="senas"/>, e anc su unesim poemarium in Ido, ''Poemeti''<ref name="poemeti">[https://archive.org/details/Poemeti Poemeti]</ref><ref name="Ido-Saluto">Ido-Saluto! 3/2024</ref><ref name="labluamuzo">[https://labluamuzo.blogspot.com/2025/01/2024-ka-diskreta-yaro-en-la-ido.html 2024: Ka diskreta yaro en la Ido-literaturo?]</ref>. Li 11 de septembre 2024 il publicat su ultim libre in Interlingue: ''Reminiscenties''<ref name="reminiscenties"/>, quel includet su unesim ovre de teatre in verse (e li unesim in li historie del lingue), nominat "Amore libertator", e in su introduction il indicat que it vell esser su ultim ovre scrit in lingue de Wahl<ref name="reminiscenties"/>. Li 13 septembre 2024 il publicat su duesim libre in Ido, ''La predicajo di Hakum''<ref name="Ido-Saluto"/><ref name="predicajo"/><ref name="labluamuzo"/>. Pos quande Gary Miller dit le que il vell haltar scrir in Glosa, lasante le quam li unic suportator del lingue (''Glosa-pe''), il scrit li poem ''Ultima spira'' ("Ultim hala")<ref>[https://glosa.fandom.com/wiki/Ultima_spira Ultima spira]</ref>, u li lingue parla con li autor, diente que su ultim dies es aproximant se. In april 2025 il publicat ''Euris estremeñus i sotras poemas'', su unesim ovre in extremaduran<ref>[https://www.lulu.com/es/shop/vicente-costalago/euris-estreme%C3%B1us-i-sotras-poemas/paperback/product-gjqemyn.html?q=&page=1&pageSize=4 Euris estremeñus i sotras poemas]</ref>. Dividet in tri partes, li unesim have pluri poemes de divers heróes extremaduran (Hernán Cortés, Francisco Pizarro e Inés Suárez, inter altres); li duesim parte have poemes religiosi e li triesim, poemes divers sin un tema in comun. In novembre 2025 il publica ''Estórias estremeñas'', su duesim libre in ti-ta lingue.<ref>[https://www.lulu.com/es/shop/vicente-costalago/est%C3%B3rias-estreme%C3%B1as/paperback/product-nvjwvwn.html?q=&page=1&pageSize=4 Estórias estremeñas]</ref> In decembre 2025 il publicat li traduction de ''Subuqti'' a Interlingua, fat de il mem.<ref name="SubuqtiInterlingua">[https://www.lulu.com/es/shop/vicente-costalago/subuqti/paperback/product-yv9dzwr.html?q=subuqti&page=1&pageSize=4 Subuqti]</ref> In januar 2026 il publicat li libro original in Lingua Franca Nova ''La Asosia de Galduherri'', su ultim ovre in ti-ci lingua<ref name="asosia">[https://www.lulu.com/es/shop/vicente-costalago-vazquez/la-asosia-de-galduherri/paperback/product-m26ew56.html?q=la+asosia+de+galduherri&page=1&pageSize=4 La Asosia de Galduherri]</ref>. == Gazettes == Il colabora con li revúe ''Cosmoglotta'' inviante articules desde 2020.<ref>[https://archive.org/search?query=creator%3A%22Interlingue+Union%22 Interlingue-Union in archive.org]</ref> Desde 2024, il colabora con li revúe in Ido nominat ''[[Ido-Saluto!]]'' In 2025, il creat e comensat publicar li revúe mensual ''U Glosa Jurnali'',<ref>[https://archive.org/details/@vicentecv?and%5B%5D=subject%3A%22Glosa%22 U Glosa Jurnali]</ref> in Glosa. Desde 2026, il publica in li Revúe ''Grada'', un revúe extremaduran, in li columne reservat al association OSCEC. == YouTube == In januar 2023 il creat su unesim canal de YouTube, nominat ''Plu Artificia Lingua'' ("lingues artificial" in Glosa), u il adcargat videos de divers planlingues, u il parlat in li lingue sur qui li video tractat.<ref>[https://www.youtube.com/@pluartificialingua Plu Artificia Lingua]</ref> Li 8 marte 2025, il creat su duesim canal de YouTube, nominat ''MiSimpliBio'', u il adcarga videos in Glosa.<ref>[https://www.youtube.com/@MiSimplibio MiSimpliBio]</ref>. == Bibliografie == [[File:Leteratur_romanica_e_elefen.png|197px|right]] [[File:Istoria_de_Europa.png|197px|right]] [[File:Cultur_e_tradision_clasica.png|197px|right]] [[File:Historie_(Interlingue).png|197px|right]] [[File:Cultura_classic.png|197px|right]] [[File:Geografie_(Interlingue).png|197px|right]] [[File:Mathematica.png|197px|right]] === In lingua franca nova === * Libres ** 2020/2021: [[La xerca per Pahoa]]<ref>[http://elefen.org/pdf/la-xerca-per-pahoa.pdf La xerca per Pahoa]</ref>, publicat quam libre en [https://web.archive.org/web/20210811131944/https://www.lulu.com/en/en/shop/vicente-costalago-v%C3%A1zquez/la-xerca-per-pahoa/paperback/product-gpdq4k.html?page=1&pageSize=4 Lulu.com] ** 2022: ''La marcia nonconoseda''<ref name ="marcia"/><ref>[https://elefen.org/vici/leteratur/la_marcia_nonconoseda/xef La marcia nonconoseda], publicat li 19 februar 2022</ref>. ** 2022: ''Antolojia espaniol''<ref name="Antolojia"/> ** 2022: ''Denova en la marcia''<ref name ="denova"/> ** 2022: ''La Club de la Marcia en peril''<ref>[https://www.lulu.com/shop/vicente-costalago-vazquez/la-club-de-la-marcia-en-peril/paperback/product-zgdv7z.html?q=La+Club+de+la+Marcia+en+peril&page=1&pageSize=4 La Club de la Marcia en peril], publicat li 27 decembre 2022</ref>. ** 2023: ''Naras nonfisada''<ref>[https://elefen.org/vici/leteratur/naras_nonfisada/xef Naras nonfisada]</ref> ** 2023: ''Pensas rimada''<ref name="Pensas rimada"/> ** 2023: ''Un contia de libria''<ref>[https://elefen.org/vici/leteratur/un_contia_de_libria/xef Un contia de libria]</ref> ** 2023: ''Rancur''<ref name="Rancur"/> ** 2024: ''Senas''<ref name= "senas"/> ** 2026: ''La Asosia de Galduherri''<ref name="asosia"/> ** 2026: ''La Club de la Marcia en la Lago Negra''<ref>[https://www.lulu.com/shop/vicente-costalago-vazquez/la-club-de-la-marcia-en-la-lago-negra/paperback/product-2mnqejy.html?q=La+Club+de+la+Marcia+en+la+Lago+Negra&page=1&pageSize=4 La Club de la Marcia en la Lago Negra]</ref> * Libres de textu: ** ''Leteratur romanica e lingua franca nova''<ref>[https://elefen.org/leteratur_romanica/index.html Leteratur romanica e elefen]</ref>. ** ''Istoria de Europa'' <ref>[http://elefen.org/disionario/istoria-de-europa-a4.pdf Istoria de Europa]</ref>. ** ''Cultur clasica'' <ref>[http://elefen.org/disionario/cultur-clasica-a4.pdf Cultur clasica]</ref>. ** ''Istoria de Espania'' <ref name="Espania"/>. * Libres per ínfantes: ** ''Desinias per colori''<ref>[http://elefen.org/pdf/desinias-per-colori.pdf Desinias per colori]</ref>. ** ''La crea de la mundo''<ref>[http://elefen.org/pdf/la-crea-de-la-mundo.pdf La crea de la mundo]</ref>. ** ''Nos conose la mundo: Espania''<ref>[http://elefen.org/pdf/nos-conose-la-mundo-espania.pdf Nos conose la mundo: Espania]</ref>. ** ''Naras per enfantes'', traductet con Jean-Claude Caraco<ref>[http://elefen.org/pdf/naras-per-enfantes.pdf Naras per enfantes]</ref>. ** ''Ci es ci?''<ref>[http://elefen.org/pdf/ci-es-ci.pdf Ci es ci?]</ref>. ** ''On conose la animales''<ref>[http://elefen.org/pdf/on-conose-la-animales.pdf On conose la animales]</ref>. * Essayes ** ''Siensa en lingua franca nova''<ref>[http://elefen.org/vici/leteratur/siensa_en_lingua_franca_nova Siensa en lingua franca nova]</ref>. * Altri ** ''La libros de la Biblia''<ref>[http://elefen.org/pdf/libros-de-biblia.pdf La libros de la Biblia]</ref> ** ''Disionario de mitolojia clasica''<ref>[https://elefen.org/mitolojia_clasica/index.html Disionario de mitolojia clasica]</ref>. ** Collaboration in li creation del dictionarium lingua franca nova-hispan ** Traductet li grammatica de lingua franca nova a hispanesi. ** Disionario lingua franca nova - balear ** ''Adio''<ref>[https://elefen.org/vici/leteratur/adio Adio]</ref>, un elegie dedicat a George C. Boeree * Traductiones ** Li Quar Evangelies<ref>[https://elefen.org/vici/relijio/biblia/mateo/xef Evanjelio de San Mateo]</ref><ref>[https://elefen.org/vici/relijio/biblia/evanjelio_de_san_marco/xef Evanjelio de San Marco]</ref><ref name="evanjeliosanlucas"/><ref name="evanjeliosanjoan"/> ** Capitol 1 de Jenese<ref>[https://elefen.org/vici/relijio/biblia/jenese/capitol_1 Jenese]</ref> ** Salmo 1<ref>[https://elefen.org/vici/relijio/biblia/salmos/capitol_1 Salmo 1]</ref> ** Epistola du de San Joan<ref>[https://elefen.org/vici/relijio/biblia/epistola_du_de_san_joan/capitol_1 Epistola du de San Joan]</ref> ** Capitulo prima de [[Don Quijote]] de la Mancha<ref>[https://elefen.org/vici/leteratur/la_nobil_injeniosa_don_quijote_de_la_mancha/xef La nobil injeniosa Don Quijote de La Mancha]</ref> === In interlingua === * Libres ** 2022: ''Juliade''<ref>[https://www.lulu.com/en/en/shop/vicente-costalago/juliade/paperback/product-qm8ez5.html?page=1&pageSize=4 Juliade]</ref> ** 2022: ''Poemas''<ref>[https://www.lulu.com/shop/vicente-costalago-vazquez/poemas/paperback/product-4p6ppd.html?q=&page=1&pageSize=4 Poemas]</ref> ** 2023: ''Kilglan''<ref name="kilglan"/> ** 2025: ''Subuqti''<ref name="SubuqtiInterlingua"/> * Libres de textu ** 2014/2020: [https://www.interlingua.com/e-libros/heracles/ Le dece-duo travalios de Heracles] ** 2020: [https://www.interlingua.com/e-libros/litteraturaromanic/ Litteratura romanic e interlingua] ** 2020: [https://www.interlingua.com/archivos/Historia%20de%20Europa.pdf Historia de Europa] ** 2020: [https://www.interlingua.com/e-libros/concisedescriptiondellinguavalencian/ Concise description del lingua valencian] ** 2025: [https://www.interlingua.com/archivos/Cultura%20classic.pdf Cultura classic] ** 2026: [https://www.interlingua.com/archivos/Le%20Medievo.pdf Le Medievo] === In interlingue === * Libres ** 2021: ''[[Li sercha in li castelle Dewahl e altri racontas]]''<ref name="sercha"/> ** 2021: ''[[Antologie hispan]]'', publicat li 26.08.2021<ref name ="antologie"/>. ** 2021: ''[[Fabules, racontas e mites]]'', publicat li 20.12.2021<ref name ="fabules"/>. ** 2022: ''Li tresor de Fluvglant'', publicat li 22.2.2022<ref name="Unnamed-20230318120755"/> ** 2022: ''[[Antologie de poesie europan]]'', publicat li 11 juní 2022<ref>[https://www.lulu.com/shop/vicente-costalago-v%C3%A1zquez/antologie-de-poesie-europan/paperback/product-zj6dd5.html?q=Antologie+de+poesie+europan&page=1&pageSize=4 Antologie de poesie europan]</ref> ** 2022: ''[[Subuqti]]'', publicat li 18 august 2022<ref>[https://www.lulu.com/shop/vicente-costalago-vazquez/subuqti/paperback/product-r922ev.html?q=&page=1&pageSize=4 Subuqti]</ref> ** 2022: ''[[Verses escapat de mi mente]]'', publicat li 1 octobre 2022<ref>[https://www.lulu.com/shop/vicente-costalago-v%C3%A1zuqez/verses-escapat-de-mi-mente/paperback/product-8p4zzq.html?q=verses+escapat+de+mi+mente&page=1&pageSize=4 Verses escapat de mi mente]</ref> ** 2022: ''[[Anidros]]'', publicat li 26 novembre 2022<ref>[https://www.lulu.com/shop/vicente-costalago-vazquez/anidros/paperback/product-4p69v7.html?q=&page=1&pageSize=4 Anidros]</ref> ** 2022: ''[[Li Crímines de Cnocorran]]'', publicat li 29 decembre 2022<ref>[https://occidental-lang.com/resources/Li_crimines_de_Cnocorran.pdf Li Crímines de Cnocorran]</ref> ** 2023: ''[[Yo have ancor alquó a dir]]'', publicat li 8 marte 2023<ref name="alquo"/> ** 2023: ''[[Exea!]]'', publicat li 2 may 2023<ref name="exea"/> ** 2023: ''[[Nov Vive]]''<ref name="nov vive"/> ** 2024: ''[[Heroicitás]]''<ref name="hero"/> ** 2024: ''[[Poesies de amore e desamore]]'' ** 2024: ''Reminiscenties''<ref name="reminiscenties"/> * Libres de textu ** 2020: [https://occidental-lang.com/resources/Historie.pdf Historie] ** 2020: [https://occidental-lang.com/resources/Cultura_classic.pdf Cultura classic] ** 2020: [https://occidental-lang.com/resources/Geografie.pdf Geografie] ** 2020: [https://occidental-lang.com/resources/Mathematica.pdf Mathematica] * Traductiones ** Li poem "Si", par Rudyard Kipling (25 novembre 2020). ** [https://prexins.wordpress.com/2021/09/14/epistul-a-filemon/ Li Epistul a Filemon] (13 septembre 2021). * Articules in Cosmoglotta ** 2020: ''Li casu del hebreic quam exemple por Occidental'' in Cosmoglotta 326. ** 2020: ''Mi unesim visita in li biblioteca de La-Chaux-de-Fonds'' in Cosmoglotta 326. ** 2022: ''Litteratura in Occidental'' con un ''Bibliografie de ovres e textus litterari in Occidental'', in Cosmoglotta 329 (junuar-juní 2022<ref>[https://archive.org/details/cg-329-2022/page/2/mode/2up Cosmoglotta 329]</ref>. ** 2022: Poesie ''Al lingue'', in Cosmoglotta 330 (julí-decembre 2022)<ref>[https://archive.org/details/cg-330-2022-el/mode/2up Cosmoglotta 330]</ref>. ** 2023: ''Situation actual de nor lingue: Esque it es plu bon o plu mal?'', in Cosmoglotta 331 (januar-juní 2023)<ref>[https://archive.org/details/cosmoglotta_331.20023 Cosmoglotta 331]</ref> ** 2024: ''Ultim adío a Claude Gacond'', in Cosmoglotta 334 (julí-decembre 2024)<ref name="Cosmoglotta334">[https://archive.org/details/cosmoglotta-334-2024/mode/2up Cosmoglotta 334]</ref> ** 2024: ''Li beson del viage del heróe in nor vives'', in Cosmoglotta 334<ref name="Cosmoglotta334"/> ** 2025: ''Un lingue es un dialecte con un armé e un marine'', in Cosmoglotta 336<ref name="Cosmoglotta336">[https://archive.org/details/cg-336-2025-2 Cosmoglotta 336]</ref> ** 2025: ''On ne save quo on have til quande on perdi it'', in Cosmoglotta 336<ref name="Cosmoglotta336"/> * Dictionariums ** [https://occidental-lang.com/dictionaries/?d=es Dictionarium interlingue-hispan] ** [https://occidental-lang.com/dictionaries/?d=val Dictionarium interlingue-valencian] ** [https://occidental-lang.com/dictionaries/?d=bal Dictionarium interlingue-baleari] ** [https://occidental-lang.com/dictionaries/?d=an Dictionarium interlingue-aragonesi] ** [https://occidental-lang.com/dictionaries/?d=gl Dictionarium interlingue-galician] ** [https://occidental-lang.com/dictionaries/?d=pt Dictionarium interlingue-portugalesi] === In esperanto === * 2022: ''La trezoro de Erokeriherria'', publicat li 27 decembre 2022<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20221227144201/https://www.lulu.com/shop/vicente-costalago-vazquez/la-trezoro-de-erokeriherria/paperback/product-pv8p9e.html?q=La+trezoro+de+Erokeriherria&page=1&pageSize=4 La trezoro de Erikoriherria]</ref> === In Ido === * Libres ** 2024: ''Poemeti'', publicat li 28 august 2024<ref name="poemeti"/><ref name="Ido-Saluto"/><ref name="labluamuzo"/> ** 2024: ''La predicajo di Hakum'', publicat li 13 septembre 2024<ref name="predicajo"/><ref name="Ido-Saluto"/><ref name="labluamuzo"/> * Articules in ''Ido-Saluto!'' ** 2024: ''Originala poemi'', publicat in Ido-Saluto 2024/3. ** 2025: ''La Hispana vacinizad-expediciono ad Amerika'', publicat in Ido-Saluto 2025/1. ** 2025: ''La Miraklo di Empel: Kande la cielo chanjis la kuro di historio'', publicat in Ido-Saluto 2025/2. ** 2025: ''L’Ultimi di Filipini: La heroala siejo qua markis la fino dil Hispana Imperio en Asia'', publicat in Ido-Saluto 2025/3.<ref>[https://archive.org/details/ido-saluto-3-2025/mode/2up Ido-Saluto 2025/3]</ref> ** 2025: ''Numantia: La nedomtebla spirito di libera populo'', publicat in Ido-Saluto 2025/4.<ref>[https://archive.org/details/ido-saluto-4-2025/page/18/mode/2up Ido-Saluto 2025/4]</ref> === In mini === * 2022: ''Pensa'', publicat li 21 februar 2022 in [https://www.lulu.com/en/en/shop/vicente-costalago-v%C3%A1zquez/pensa/paperback/product-kqnz4e.html?page=1&pageSize=4 Lulu.com]. It es li unesim ovre original publicat in ti-ci lingue. === In mundeze === * Libres ** 2020: ''latina peleye en mundeze'', unesim libre in mundeze<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20201018095642/https://www.mundezo.com/files/latina_peleye.pdf latina peleye]</ref> ** 2021: ''kitceyara partey o mundeze'', con Djuna de Lannoy<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20211111083749/https://www.mundezo.com/files/kitceyara_parte.pdf 4 april 2021]</ref> ** 2021: ''filma tsitseye'', con Djuna de Lannoy<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20211111000857/https://www.mundezo.com/files/filma_tsiteye.pdf 11 novembre 2021]</ref> * Altri ** 2020: Creator del [https://mundeze.fandom.com/wiki/Mundeze_Wiki Wiki in mundeze] ** 2023: Creator del traductor esperanto-mundeze<ref>[https://lingojam.com/Esperanto-Mundezetranslator Traductor Esperanto-Mundeze]</ref> === In novial === * 2022: ''Mikri Antologie''<ref>Publicat li 23 juní 2022</ref><ref name="novial"/>. === In glosa === * Libres e poemas ** 2022: ''Histori'', publicat li 9 decembre 2022<ref>[https://glosa.fandom.com/wiki/Histori_(bibli) Histori]</ref><ref>[https://www.lulu.com/shop/vicente-costalago-v%C3%A1zquez/histori/paperback/product-yvvv7rn.html?page=1&pageSize=4 Histori]</ref> ** 2023: ''Si'', de Rudyard Kipling<ref>[https://glosa.fandom.com/wiki/Literatura:Si Si]</ref> ** 2023: ''Plu buno homo plu leuko elefa'', de Ernest Hemingway<ref>[https://glosa.fandom.com/wiki/Literatura:Plu_buno_homo_plu_leuko_elefa Plu buno homo plu leuko elefa]</ref> ** 2023: ''Brevi historia de plu internatio auxi-lingua''<ref name="Brevi"/><ref>[https://www.lulu.com/shop/vicente-costalago-v%C3%A1zquez/brevi-historia-de-plu-internatio-auxi-lingua/paperback/product-yv7wdwm.html?page=1&pageSize=4 Brevi historia de plu internatio auxi-lingua in Lulu]</ref> ** 2023: ''Mi promise a tu, mi landa''<ref>[https://glosa.fandom.com/wiki/Mi_promise_a_tu,_mi_landa Mi promise a tu, mi landa]</ref> ** 2023: ''Mi pa cerka u simpli bio''<ref>[https://glosa.fandom.com/wiki/Mi_pa_cerka_u_simpli_bio Mi pa cerka u simpli bio]</ref> ** 2025: ''Ultima spira''<ref>[https://glosa.fandom.com/wiki/Ultima_spira Ultima spira]</ref> ** 2025: ''E so pa gresi plu pedi de antiqi tem''<ref>[https://glosa.fandom.com/wiki/And_did_those_feet And did those feet]</ref> * Revúes ** 2025: ''U Glosa jurnali'' === In baleari === Totvez il ne parla baleari, il ha coordinat li traduction del libre [https://prexins.files.wordpress.com/2021/04/historis-de-la-bibblia-final.pdf Històris de la Bibblia]. In ti-ci lingue il es li creator del ''Wiki en llengo baléà''<ref>[https://prexins.wordpress.com/2021/04/20/el-balear/ El balear]</ref> e de un repositorium de textus, li ''Baleateca''<ref>[https://baleateca.miraheze.org/wiki/P%C3%A1gina_principal Baleateca]</ref>. * 2022: ''Es cò acuadó''<ref>[https://prexins.files.wordpress.com/2022/01/es-co-acuado.pdf Es cò acuadó]</ref>, con Mikèl Garau. * 2022: ''Es retrato oual''<ref>[https://prexins.wordpress.com/2022/02/19/es-retrato-oual/ Es retrato oual]</ref>, con Mikèl Garau. * 2022: ''Es móx negre''<ref>[https://prexins.wordpress.com/2022/04/19/es-mox-negre/ Es móx negre]</ref>, con Mikèl Garau. * 2022: ''Manuscrit trobad dins una botélla''<ref>[https://prexins.wordpress.com/2022/05/24/326/ Manuscrit trobat dins una botélla]</ref>, con Mikèl Garau. * 2022: ''S'esfinge'', <ref>[https://prexins.wordpress.com/2022/06/13/sesfinge/ S'esfinge]</ref>, con Mikèl Garau. * 2022: ''Berenice'', <ref>[https://prexins.wordpress.com/2022/08/07/berenice/ Berenice]</ref>, con Mikèl Garau. === In hispanesi === * Poesies: ** 2024: ''Pensamientos tras la riada de Valencia''.<ref>Scrit li 31 octobre 2024, pos li catastrof quel evenit in Valencia pos li passu del storm DANA. Publicat in li blog del autor.</ref><ref name="Valencia"/> * Revúes: ** I.2026: ''Que se alce la voz'' in ''Grada''<ref>[https://www.grada.es/que-se-alce-la-voz/blogueros/oscec/ Que se alce la voz]</ref> ** II.2026: ''Mi relación con el extremeño''<ref>[https://www.grada.es/mi-relacion-con-el-extremeno/revista-grada/colaboradores/ Mi relación con el extremeño]</ref> ** III.2026: ''Una joya lingüística extremeña''<ref>[https://www.grada.es/una-joya-linguistica-extremena/blogueros/oscec/ Una joya lingüística extremeña]</ref> === In extremaduran === * Libres: ** 2025: ''Euris estremeñus i sotras poemas''. ** 2025: ''Estórias estremeñas'' === In fala === * Libres ** 2026: ''Vérsus sóltus'' === In murcian === * 2025: ''Püema en murciano''.<ref>[https://prexins.wordpress.com/2025/05/22/puema-en-murciano/ Püema en murciano]</ref> === YouTube === * [https://www.youtube.com/@pluartificialingua Plu Artificia Lingua] * [https://www.youtube.com/@MiSimplibio MiSimpliBio] === Altri === * 2008: Creator del [https://murciano.fandom.com/wiki/Porch%C3%A1 Wiki murciana] * 2016: Creator del [https://jam.wikipedia.org Wikipedia in jamaican] con li auxilie de Larry Chang. * 2016: Creator del [https://frenkisch.fandom.com/wiki/Frenkisch_Wikia Wiki in Frenkisch] * 2017: Creator del [https://aragonesoriental.fandom.com/es/wiki/P%C3%A1gina_principal Wiki in aragones oriental]. * 2018: Creator del [https://bzj.miraheze.org/wiki/Main_Page enciclopedie] in creol belizean<ref>Li projecte es parat desde li 7 april 2021.</ref><ref>[https://www.belmopanonline.com/belizean-kriol-language-detail/bileez-kriol-wiki-chek-owt-tudeh Bileez Kriol Wiki…Chek Owt Tudeh!]</ref>. * 2020: Creator S'Enciclopèdi, un [https://llengobalea.fandom.com/es/wiki/Wiki_Llengo_Bal%C3%A9%C3%A0 enciclopedie] in [[baleari]]. * 2020: Creator de li [https://baleateca.miraheze.org/wiki/P%C3%A1gina_principal Baleateca], un compilation de textus in baleari. * 2020: Creator del [https://pandunia.fandom.com/wiki/Xefi_varkolate Wiki in pandunia]. ** Traductor de "[https://pandunia.fandom.com/wiki/Tortuge_e_tuze tortuge e tuze]" a pandunia * 2021: Creator del [https://glosa.fandom.com/wiki/Glosa_Wiki Wiki in Glosa] * 2020: ''Diccionario de verbos Criollo beliceño - español'' (ínpublicat)<ref>Inviat li 21 may 2020</ref> * 2021: ''Diccionario de aragonés oriental''<ref>Finit li 5 marto 2021</ref> (ínpublicat) * 2021: ''Latn adij ina Jumiekan'', con Larry Chang<ref>Publicat li 11 marte 2021 en [https://www.jumieka.com/pachiz.html LanguiJumieka]</ref> * 2021: Creator del [https://proyo.fandom.com/wiki/Proyo_Wiki Wiki in Proyo]<ref>Creat li 25 may 2021</ref> * 2021: ''Històris de la Bibblia''<ref>[https://prexins.files.wordpress.com/2021/04/historis-de-la-bibblia-final.pdf 20 april 2021]</ref> (coordinator) * 2021: Creator del [https://lingwa-de-planeta-ldp.fandom.com/wiki/Lingwa_de_Planeta_LDP_Wiki Wiki in Lingwa de Planeta]<ref name="Unnamed_2-20230318120755">Creat li 23 may 2021</ref> * 2021: Creator del Reformad Novial, un reforme del [[Novial]]. * 2021: Creator del [https://minilang.fandom.com/wiki/Mini_Wiki Wiki in Mini]<ref>Creat li 17 julí 2021</ref> * 2021: Creator del [https://novlingue.fandom.com/wiki/Novlingue_Wiki Wiki in Novlingue]<ref>Creat li 20 octobre 2021</ref> * 2022: Creator del [https://web.archive.org/web/20240223131000/https://yola.fandom.com/wiki/Yola_Wiki Wiki in Yola]<ref>Unesim articul de marte 2022.</ref> * 2022: Creator del [https://negerhollands.fandom.com/wiki/Negerhollands_Wiki Wiki in Negerhollands]<ref>Creat li 21 juní 2022</ref> * 2022: Creator del [https://web.archive.org/web/20230413101504/https://plu-artificia-lingua.fandom.com/wiki/Plu_Artificia_Lingua_Wiki Plu Artificia Lingua Wiki]<ref>Creat li 13 april 2023</ref> * 2023: Creator del [https://naffarrera.fandom.com/es/wiki/Wiki_Naffarrera Wiki in Naffarrera]<ref>Creat li 25 may 2023</ref> * 2023: Creator del [https://guosa.fandom.com/wiki/Guosa_Wiki Wiki in Guosa]<ref>Creat li 30 julí 2023</ref> * 2023: Creator del [https://jitasama.fandom.com/wiki/Jitasama_Wiki Wiki in Jitasama]<ref name="Jitasama Wiki"/> * 2023: Creator del [https://latinosineflexione.fandom.com/wiki/Latino_Sine_Flexione_Wiki Wiki in Latino sine Flexione]<ref>Creat li 11 decembre 2023</ref> * 2024: Creator del [https://papia-tugu.fandom.com/wiki/Papia_Tugu_Wiki Papia Tugu Wiki]<ref>Creat li 18 januar 2024</ref> * 2024: Creator del [https://prouvencau.fandom.com/fr/wiki/Wiki_Prouven%C3%A7au Wiki Prouvençau]<ref>Creat li 25 februar 2024</ref> * 2024: Creator del [https://web.archive.org/web/20240517135312/https://tami-lobo.fandom.com/wiki/Tami_lobo_Wiki Wiki in Suma]<ref>Creat li 17 may 2024</ref> * 2024: Creator del [https://sona-lasin.fandom.com/wiki/Sona_lasin_Wiki Wiki in Sona]<ref>Creat li 19 may 2024</ref> * 2024: Creator del [https://web.archive.org/web/20240524094433/https://etoibuk.fandom.com/wiki/Etoibuk_Wiki Wiki in Uni]<ref>Creat li 24 may 2024</ref> * 2024: Creator del [https://dasopya.fandom.com/wiki/Dasopya_Wiki Wiki in Dasopya]<ref>Creat li 10 decembre 2024</ref> * 2025: Creator del [https://frater.fandom.com/wiki/Frater_Wiki Frater Wiki]<ref>Creat li 31 de januar 2025</ref> * 2025: Creator del [https://baseyu.fandom.com/wiki/Baseyu_Wiki Baseyu Wiki]<ref>Creat li 4 de novembre 2025</ref> === Bibliografies === * {{lad}} [https://lad.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vikipedya:Bibliografia_del_djudeo-espanyol Vikipedya:Bibliografia del djudeo-espanyol] * {{bal}} [https://llengobalear.miraheze.org/wiki/Bibbliografia_de_sa_llengo_bal%C3%A9%C3%A0 Bibbliografia de sa llengo baléà] * {{ie}} [https://ie.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interlingue#Ovres Liste de ovres litterari in Occidental] * {{ie}} [https://ie.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liste_de_ovres_in_occidental_in_li_CDELI Liste de ovres in occidental in li CDELI] * {{vlc}} [https://www.lenciclopedia.org/wiki/Anex:Bibliografia_del_valenci%C3%A0 Anex:Bibliografia del valencià] * {{lfn}} [https://lfn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bibliografia_sur_Provinse_Soria Bibliografia sur Provinse Soria] * {{mt}} [https://mt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bibljografija_tal-lingwa_Maltija Bibljografija tal-lingwa Maltija] * {{ie}} [[Bibliografie de Interligue]] * [https://ch.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fino%27_Chamoru#Bibliografia Bibliografie del lingue chamoru] * {{ext}} [https://ext.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bibliografia_d%27Estrema%C3%BAra Bibliografia d'Estremaúra] * {{ia}} [https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bibliographia_de_Interlingua Bibliographia de Interlingua] * {{es}} [https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anexo:Bibliograf%C3%ADa_de_Louis_Couturat Anexo:Bibliografía de Louis Couturat] * {{io}} [https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bibliografio_di_Ido Bibliografio di Ido] == Ligationes extern == * [https://www.interlingua.com/novas/2020-08-02-tres-nove-libros-gratuite/ Presentation de alcun ovres in Interlingua] * [https://prexins.wordpress.com/ Blog ''Prexins''] * [https://www.instagram.com/cdeli_lcdf/ Conte de Instagram] * [https://novlingue.wixsite.com/my-site Págine web oficial de Novlingue] * [https://lingojam.com/English-Novlingue Traductor de Novlingue] * [https://mithradates.substack.com/p/un-felici-decovrition-del-annu-1957?sd=pf Un felici decovrition del annu 1957] * [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=soSy1lD2irk&ab_channel=MartinLavallee Litteratura in interlingua: Kilglan, per Vicente Costalago, romance amorose e militar] * [https://www.canalextremadura.es/a-la-carta/la-corrobra/audios/la-corrobra-090124 Interview in La Corrobra (09/01/24)] === MiSimpliBio === * [https://www.youtube.com/@MiSimplibio Conte de YouTube] * [https://x.com/MiSimpliBio Conte de X] * [https://www.instagram.com/misimplibio/ Conte de Instagram] * [https://misimplibio.blogspot.com/ Blog] == Referenties == {{Reflist}} {{Vicente Costalago}} [[Categorie:Vicente Costalago]] [[Categorie:Occidentalistes|Costalago, Vicente]] 7k9j6msbisi8z2485ljzocyxz2e6vxh 0 11589 168915 168904 2026-08-16T19:23:26Z Dorlota 13847 168915 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Biografie |nómine = Vincent Price |foto = The Saint on Old-Time Radio (3039460284).jpg |land = {{USA}} |nascentie = 17-im de may 1912 |nas_loc = St. Louis |morte = 25-im de octobre 1993 |mort_loc = Los Angeles |ocupation = Actor }} '''Vincent Leonard Price jr.''' esset un actor de [[cinemá]] e de [[televsion]] de USA. Il nascet li 17-im de may 1912 in [[St. Louis]] ([[Missouri]]) e morit li 25-im de octobre 1993 in [[Los Angeles]] ([[California]]). Vincent Price devenit famosi pro su roles in mult horror-filmes inter altri in li film adaptiones de [[Edgar Allan Poe]] per li film-director [[Roger Corman]]. Il studiat in al [[Yale University]] in [[New Haven (Connecticut )]] [[anglesi]] e [[historie de arte]]. Vincent Price ludet in li annu 1938 in su unesim film. Vincent Price esset trivez maritat, ma omni su maritas morit ante il. {{DEFAULTSORT: Price, Vincent}} [[Categorie:Actores]] [[Categorie:US-americanes]] f1bt9vmyydk99ktlj2ftiuhqcocmpbu 0 11614 168916 167172 2026-08-16T19:26:39Z Dorlota 13847 168916 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Biografie |nómine = Heather Graham |foto = Heather Graham cropped.jpg |land = {{USA}} |nascentie = 29-im de januar 1970 |nasc_loc = Milwaukee |ocupation = Actoressa }} '''Heather Joan Graham''' es un actoressa de [[USA]]. Ella nascet li 29-im de januar 1970 in [[Milwaukee]] ([[Wisconsin]]) e es activ quam actoressa desde li annu 1981. Heather Graham ludet in mult filmes de [[television]] e [[cinemá]]. Inter altris Heather Graham ludet li principal roles in li filmes ''Bowfinger'' (1999), ''Austin Powers: The Spy Who Shagged Me'' (1999), ''Say It Isn't So'' (2001), ''From Hell'' (2001) e [[Blessed]] (2004). Ella anc ludet in li film ''The Hangover''(2009) e su continuation ''The Hangover Part III'' (2013). In li annu 2023 Heather Graham ludet li rol de ''Elisabeth Derby'' in li horror-film ''Suitable Flesh''. {{DEFAULTSORT:Graham, Heather}} [[Categorie:Actoressas]] [[Categorie:US-americanes]] 1i4dxvreree2b830mdqff66qnzmwn47 168917 168916 2026-08-16T19:28:04Z Dorlota 13847 168917 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Biografie |nómine = Heather Graham |foto = Heather Graham cropped.jpg |land = {{USA}} |nascentie = 29-im de januar 1970 |nasc_loc = Milwaukee |morte = |mort_loc = |ocupation = Actoressa }} '''Heather Joan Graham''' es un actoressa de [[USA]]. Ella nascet li 29-im de januar 1970 in [[Milwaukee]] ([[Wisconsin]]) e es activ quam actoressa desde li annu 1981. Heather Graham ludet in mult filmes de [[television]] e [[cinemá]]. Inter altris Heather Graham ludet li principal roles in li filmes ''Bowfinger'' (1999), ''Austin Powers: The Spy Who Shagged Me'' (1999), ''Say It Isn't So'' (2001), ''From Hell'' (2001) e [[Blessed]] (2004). Ella anc ludet in li film ''The Hangover''(2009) e su continuation ''The Hangover Part III'' (2013). In li annu 2023 Heather Graham ludet li rol de ''Elisabeth Derby'' in li horror-film ''Suitable Flesh''. {{DEFAULTSORT:Graham, Heather}} [[Categorie:Actoressas]] [[Categorie:US-americanes]] l7cam1yk7ow8hu860n5zsoam2v22loo 0 14714 168910 154103 2026-08-16T16:45:16Z InternetArchiveBot 14934 Add 1 book for [[en:Wikipedia:Verifiability|verifiability]] (20260816)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 168910 wikitext text/x-wiki Li '''avionica''' es li application del [[electronica]] al [[aviation]].<ref>{{cite book |title=A Dictionary of Aviation |url=https://archive.org/details/dictionaryofavia0000wrag |first=David W. |last=Wragg |isbn=9780850451634 |edition=first |publisher=Osprey |year=1973 |page=[https://archive.org/details/dictionaryofavia0000wrag/page/47 47]}}</ref> ==Referi== {{reflist}} [[Category:Avionica]] 3a5k1zt5o4e8tstvqamh77h95l33epe 0 15570 168911 163726 2026-08-16T16:47:00Z InternetArchiveBot 14934 Add 2 books for [[en:Wikipedia:Verifiability|verifiability]] (20260816)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 168911 wikitext text/x-wiki In [[fisica]], un '''statu de materie''' es un del distint formes in quel [[materie]] posse exister. Quar status de materie es observabil in vive quotidian: [[solide]], [[liquide]], [[gas]], e [[Plasma (fisica)|plasma]]. Multi intermediat status es savet de exister, quam [[liquid crystal]], e alcun status solmen existe a extrem conditiones, quam [[Bose–Einstein condensate]]s, [[neutron-degenerat materie]], e [[quark–gluonic plasma]], quel solmen ocurre, respectivemen, in situationes de extrem frigore, extrem densita, e (extremimen) [[Alt-energie nucleari fisica|alt energies]]. Historicmen, li distintion es fat basat sur qualitativ diferenties in proprietas. Materie in li solid statu mantene un constant [[volume]] e forme, con component particules ([[Atom|atomes]], [[Molecul|molecules]], o [[Ion|iones]]) densimen junt e fixat a lor locos. Materie in li liquid statu mantene un constant volume, ma have un variabil forme que adapta a su contenor. Su particules es ancor densimen junt, ma move libermen. Materie in li gasic statu have ambi variabil volume e forme, adaptar ambe a su contenor. Su particules es ni junt nor fixat a lor locos. Materie in li plasmic statu have variabil volume e forme, e contene neutral atomes e anc un significant númere de iones e [[Electron|electrones]], ambi de quel posse move libermen. Li término "[[Fasal diagramma|fasa]]" quelcvez es usat quam un [[sinonime]] por statu de materie, ma un single composite mey formar fasas diferent in li same statu de materie. Por exemple, [[glacie]] es li solid statu de [[aqua]], ma it have pluri [[glacie#fasas|fasas de glacie]] con diferent [[cristallin structura]]s, quel es format a diferent [[pression|pressiones]] e [[temperatura]]s. == Quar status fundamental == ===Solide=== [[File:Stohrem.jpg|thumb|right|Un cristallin solide: atomic resolution image de [[strontium titanate]]. Li plu lucid atomes es [[strontium]] e li plu tenebrosi ones es [[titanium]].]] In un [[solide]], li constituent particules (iones, atomes, o molecules) es paccat densimen. Li [[Ligante in solides|forties inter particules]] es tant fort que li particules ne posse mover libermen ma posse vibrar solmen. Talmen, un solide have un stabil e definit forme, e un definit volume. Solides solmen posse changear lor formes per un externi fortie, quam quande ili es ruptet o tranchit. In un [[cristalle|cristallin solides]], li particules (atomes, molecules, o iones) es paccat in un regularmen ordinat, repetent pattern. Hay varie diferent [[cristallin structura]]s, e li sam substantie posse haver plu quam un structura (o solid fasa). Por exemple, [[ferre]] have un [[cubic crystallin sistema|corpor-centrat cubic]] structura a temperaturas sub 912 °C (1,674 °F), e un [[cubic crystallin sistema|facie-centrat cubic]] structura inter 912 e 1,394 °C (2,541 °F). [[Glacie]] have deci-quin savet cristallin structuras, o deci-quin solid fasas, quel existe a varie temperaturas e pressiones.<ref> {{Cite book |author=M.A. Wahab |date=2005 |title=Solid State Physics: Structure e Properties de Materials |publisher=Alpha Science |pages=1–3 |isbn=978-1-84265-218-3 }}</ref> [[Vitre]]s e altri incrystallin, [[amorf solide]]s sin [[ordine e desordine (fisica)|grand ordine]] ne es in li [[statu fundamental]] de [[termal equilibrie]]; pro to, ili es descrit infra quam inclassic status de materie. Solides posse esser transformat ad-in liquides per fusante, e liquides posse esser transformat ad-in solids per gelante. Solides anc posse changear directmen ad-in gases per li operation de [[sublimation (chemie)|sublimation]], e gases posse change directmen ad-in solides per [[deposition (fasa transition)|deposition]]. ===Liquide=== [[Image:Teilchenmodell Flüssigkeit.svg|thumb|Structura de un classic liquide monatomic. Li atomes have multi proxim altres contactent, ma ili have null extensiv ordine.]] Un [[liquide]] es un presc incompressibil [[fluide]] que conforma al forme de su contenor, ma retene un presc constant [[volume]] independent de pression. Li volume es definit si li [[temperatura]] e [[pression]] es constant. Quande un solide es calentat super su [[punctu de fusion]], it devinir liquid, si li pression es plu alt quam li [[triplic punctu]] del substantie. Forties intermoleculari (e interatomic o interionic) es ancor important, ma li molecules have sat [[energie]] de mover relativ a unaltru e li structura es mobil. To significa que li forme de un liquid ne es definit, ma es determinat per su contenor. Li volume es usualmen plu grand quam to del corespondent solide; li max savet exception es [[aqua]], H₂O. Li max alt temperatura a quel alcun liquide posse exister es su [[critic temperatura]].<ref name=White> {{Cite book |author=F. White |date=2003 |title=Fluid Mechanics |url=https://archive.org/details/fluidmechanics0000whit_q6e6 |page=[https://archive.org/details/fluidmechanics0000whit_q6e6/page/4 4] |publisher=McGraw-Hill |isbn=978-0-07-240217-9 }}</ref> ===Gas=== [[File:Gas molecules.gif|thumb|right|Li distanties inter molecules de gas es tre grand. Molecules in un gas have tre debil o null ligantes. Li molecules posse mover libermen e velocimen.]] Un [[gas]] es un compressibil fluide. Un gas conforma al forme de su contenor, ma anc it expande de plenar li contenor. In un gas, li molecules have sat [[kinetic energie]] que li efecte del forties intermoleculari es micri (o null por un [[ideal gas]]), e li tipic distantie inter vicin molecules es mult plu grand quam li moleculari grandore. Un gas have no definit forme o volume, ma ocupa li tot contenor in quel it es confinat. Un liquide posse esser convertet a un gas per calentante a constant pression til su [[bollent punctu]], o altrimen per reduction del pression a constant temperatura. A temperaturas sub su [[punctu critic (termodinamica)|temperatura critic]], un gas es anc nominat un [[vapor]], e posse esser liquificat per compression sol sin frigidation. Un vapor posse exister in equilibrium con un liquide (o solide), in quel li pression del gas es egal al [[vaporic pression]] del liquide (o solide). ===Plasma=== [[File:Electron Sea (Plasma).jpg|thumb|right|In un plasma, electrones es separat ex lor nucleos, formant un electronic "mare". To dar it li abilita de conducter electricita.]] Quam un gas, [[Plasma (fisica)|plasma]] ne have definit forme o volume. Ma contrarimen de gases, [[Plasma (fisica)|plasmas]] es electricmen conductiv, producte campes magnetic e currentes electric, e responde fortimen a forties electromagnetic. Positivimen chargeat nucleos move in un "mare" de libermen-movent desassociat electrones, simil al maniere tal charges existe in un conductiv [[metalle]], u ti electron "mare" admisse materie in li plasmic statu de conducte electricita. Un gas es usualmen convertet a un plasma in un de two vias, o ex un grandissimi diferentie de voltage inter du punctus, o per exposir it a extremimen alt temperaturas. Calentante materie a alt temperaturas causa electrones de surtir li atoms, resultante in li presentie de liber electrones. Ti crea un partialmen ionisat plasma. A tre alt temperaturas, quam tis present in stelles, it es suposit that presc omni electrones es liber, e que un tre alt-energic plasma consiste de nud nucleos flottante in un mare de electrones. Ta formas un tot ionisat plasma. Li status de plasma sovente es miscomprendet, e benque ne libermen existent por normal conditiones sur [[Terra]], it es generat tre comunmen per o [[fúlmine]], [[electric scintille]]s, [[fluorescent lampe]]s, [[neon lampe]]s, o in plasma [[television]]es. Li [[solari corona]], alcun tipes de [[flamme]], e stelles es omne exemples de illuminat materie in li plasmic statu. ==Transitiones de fasa== [[Image:Physics matter state transition 1 en.svg|800px|Ti diagramma illustra transitiones inter li quar fundamental status de materie.]] Un statu de materie anc es specifica [[Transition de fasa|transitiones de fasa]]. Un transition de fasa indica un change structural e posse esser reconosset per un abrupt change de proprietas. Un distint statu de materie posse esser definat quam alquel colection de [[termodinamic state|status]] distintet de altri colectiones de status per un [[transition de fasa]]. Aqua have pluri diferent solid status.<ref> {{Cite web |author = M. Chaplin |date = 20 August 2009 |title = Water Phase Diagram |url = https://www.lsbu.ac.uk/water/fasa.html |website = Water Structure and Science |access-date = 23 February 2010 |url-status=live |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20160303173403/https://www1.lsbu.ac.uk/water/water_phase_diagram.html |archive-date = 3 March 2016 |df = dmy-all }}</ref> ==Inclassic status== === Vitre === [[Vitre]] es un incrystallin o [[amorf solide|amorf]] materiale que exhibi un [[vitric transition]] quande calentat vers li liquid statu. Vitres posse esser fat ex tre diferent tipes de materiales: inorganic retages (quam fenestral vitre, fat de [[silicate]] plus additives), metallic alliages, [[Ionic liquide|ionic fusiones]], [[aqual solutione]]s, [[moleculari liquide]]s, e [[polimeres]]. Termodinamicmen, un vitre es in un [[metastabil statu]] con egard a su cristallin contraparte. Li rate de conversion, tamen, es virtualmen zero. ===Liquid cristalle=== [[Liquid crystalle]]s have proprietas intermediari de mobil liquides e ordinat solides. Generalmen, ili posse fluer quam un liquide, ma ili exhibi extensiv ordine. Por exemple, li [[nematic fasa]] consiste de long vergoid molecules quam [[para-azoxyanisole]], quel es nematic in li range de temperaturas 118–136 °C (244–277 °F).<ref>{{cite journal|title=Phase Transitions de Liquid Crystal PAA in Confined Geometries|author=Shao, Y.|author2=Zerda, T.W.|journal=Journal de Physical Chemistry B|date=1998|volume=102|issue=18|pages=3387–3394|doi=10.1021/jp9734437}}</ref> In ti statu, li molecules flue quam in un liquid, ma lu tot apunta in li sam direction (intra chascun dominia) e ne posse rotar libermen. Quam un solide cristallin, ma ne quam un liquide, liquid cristalles reacte a lumine polarisat. Altre tipes de liquid cristalles es descrit in li chef articule sur ti status. Pluri tipes have tecnologic importantie, quam in [[liquid cristallin monstrator]]es. ===Magneticmen-ordinat status=== Atomes de [[transitional metalle]]s sovente have [[magnetic momente]]s pro li nett [[spin (fisica)|spin]] de electrones que remane inacuplat e ne forma chemic ligantes. In alcun solides li magnetic momentes sur diferent atomes es ordinat e posse formar un ferromagnete, un antiferromagnete o un ferrimagnete. In un [[ferromagnetisme|ferromagnete]] (p.ex., solid [[ferre]]) li magnetic momente sur chascun atom es alineat in li sam direction (intra un [[magnetic dominia]]). Si li dominias anc es alineat, li solide es un permanent [[magnete]], quel es magnetic mem in li absentie de un extern [[magnetic campe]]. Li [[magnetisation]] desapari quande li magnete es calentat al [[punctu Curie]], quel por ferre es 768 °C (1,414 °F). Un [[antiferromagnetisme|antiferromagnete]] have du retages de egal e contrari magnetic momentes, quel anulla unaltru que li nett magnetisation es zero. Por exemple, in [[nickel(II) oxid]] (NiO), demi del atomes de nickel have momentes alineat in un direction e demi in li contrari direction. In un [[ferrimagnetisme|ferrimagnete]], li du retages de magnetic momentes es contrari ma inegal, tal que li anullation es incomplet e hay un ne-zero nett magnetisation. Un exemple es [[magnetite]] (Fe₃O₄), quel contene Fe²⁺ e Fe³⁺ iones con diferent magnetic momentes. ==Status de bass-temperatura== ===Superconductor=== [[Superconductivita|Superconductores]] es materiales que have zero [[electric resistivita e conductivita|electric resistivita]], e talmen have perfect conductivita. It es un distinct statu fisic que existe a bass temperatura, e li resistivita acresce incontinui a un finit valore a un precismen-definit transitional temperatura por chascun superconductor.<ref name=MAWhite>{{cite book |last1=White |first1=Mary Anne |authorlink=Mary Anne White |title=Properties of Materials |url=https://archive.org/details/propertiesofmate0000whit |date=1999 |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=0-19-511331-4 |pages=[https://archive.org/details/propertiesofmate0000whit/page/254 254]–8}}</ref> ===Superfluide=== [[Image:Liquid helium Rollin film.jpg|thumb|[[Liquid helium]] in un superfluid fasa ascende li mures del tasse in un [[pellícul Rollin]], finalmen guttea ex li tasse.]] Presc un temperatura de absolut zero, alcun liquides forma un duesmi liquid statu descrit quam '''[[superfluide|superfluid]]''' pro que it have zero [[viscosita]] (o infinit fluidita -- fluente sin friction). Ta esset decovrit in 1937 por [[helium]], quel forma un superfluide sub li [[punctu lambda|temperatura lambda]] de 2.17 K (−270.98 °C; −455.76 °F). In ti statu, it pena "ascender" ex su contenor. ==Status de alt-energie== ===Degenerat materie=== A extremimen alt pressiones, quam in li cordies de mort stelles, ordinari materie suffre un transition a un series de exotic status de materie colectivmen savet quam [[degenerate materie]], quel es suportat chefmen per efectes pro [[mecanica quantic]]. In fisica, "degenerat" refere a du status que have li sam energie e talmen es interchangeabil. Degenerat materie es suportat per li [[exclusion principle de Pauli]], que prevente du [[fermion]]ic particules de ocupar li sam statu quantic. Diferent de normal plasma, degenerat plasma expande micri quande calentat, pro que null status de momente remane. Per consequentie, degenerat stelles contrae a tre grand densitas. Plu massiv degenerat stelles es plu micri, pro que li fortie gravitational acresce, ma li pression ne acresce proportionalmen. [[Degenerat materie|Electron-degenerat materie]] es trovat intra [[nane blanc|blanc nan]] stelles. Electrones remane ligat al atomes, ma ili posse mover al adjacent atomes. [[Degenerat materie|Neutron-degenerat materie]] es trovat in [[neutronic stelle]]s. Grandissim pression gravitational compresse atomes con tal fortie que li electrones combina con li protones per inversi [[desintegration beta]], resultante in un densissim conglomeration de neutrones. Normalmen, liber [[neutron]]es extern un atomic nucleo va [[Liber neutron desintegration|desintegrar]] con un demi-vive de circa 10 minutes, ma in un neutronic stelle, ta es dominar per inversi desintegration. Frigid degenerat materie es anc present in planetes quam [[Jupiter]] e in li plu massiv [[nane brun|nanes brun]], quel es expectat haver un cordie de [[metallic hydrogen]]. ==Vide anc== * [[Classic element]] * [[Fisica de condensat materie]] * [[Fasa (materie)]] ==Referenties== <references/> [[Categorie:Fisica de condensat materie]] [[Categorie:Fasas de materie]] [[Categorie:Fisica]] qquw62tt73f7ajmbia44ejmtok30utj 0 18505 168907 163694 2026-08-16T16:41:44Z InternetArchiveBot 14934 Add 2 books for [[en:Wikipedia:Verifiability|verifiability]] (20260816)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 168907 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:Planet_collage_to_scale.jpg|thumb|upright=1.5|Li ott planetes del [[solari sistema]] con grandore a sam scale (de cime a base, de levul a dextre): [[Saturn]], [[Jove|Jupiter (Jove)]], [[Uran]], [[Neptun]] (extern planetes), [[Terra]], [[Venus]], [[Mars]], e [[Mercur]] (intern planetes)]] Un '''planete''' es un grand, [[Hidrostatic equilibrie|rond]] [[Astronomic objecte|astronomic córpor]] que es ni un [[stelle]] ni un [[Stellic remanente|remanente]]. Li max bon teorie de planetic formation es li [[nebulosic hipotese]], que posita que un [[nube interstellic]] crula ex un [[nebulose]] de crear un yun [[protostelle]] orbitat per un [[protoplanetari disco]]. Planetes cresce in ti disco by li gradual acumulation de materiale propulse per gravitá, un curse nominat [[acretion (astrofisica)|acretion]]. Li [[solari sistema]] have adminim ott planetes: li [[terrestri planete]]s [[Mercur]], [[Venus]], [[Terra]] e [[Mars]], e li [[giganti planete]]s [[Jove|Jupiter (Jove)]], [[Saturn]], [[Uran]] e [[Neptun]]. Ti planetes chascun rota circum un axe [[axial inclination|inclinat]] con egard a su [[orbital pol]]. Omni planetes del Solari Sistema altri quam [[Atmosfere de Mercur|Mercur]] have un considerabil [[atmosfere]], e alcun have tal trates quam [[glacial cappe]]s, [[seson]]es, [[vulcan|vulcanisme]], [[urigane]]s, [[tectonica]], e mem [[hidrologie]]. Except Venus e Mars, li planetes del Solari Systema genera [[campe magnetic|campes magnetic]], e lu tot except Venus e Mercur have [[natural satelite]]s. Li giganti planetes have [[sistema anellic|planetari anelles]], li max prominent esser [[Anelles de Saturn|tis de Saturn]]. Li parol ''planete'' probabilmen deriva del grec ''[[wikt:πλανήτης|planḗtai]],'' significa "migratores". In [[antiquitá]], ti parol referet al [[Sole]], [[Lune]], e li quin punctus de [[lúmine]] visibil al [[ocule]] nonassistet, quel movet trans li funde del stelles — Mercur, Venus, Mars, Jupiter, e Saturn. Planetes ha historicmen hat religiosi significationes: multiplic culturas identifica corpores celestial con deos, e ti conexiones con mithologie e folklore persiste in li schemas por nominar novmen-decovrit corpores del Solari Sistem. Terra se esset reconosset quam un planete quando [[heliocentrisme]] remplazzat [[geocentrisme]] durante li 16m e 17m secules. Pos li invention del [[telescop]], li signification de ''planete'' agranda de include objectes solmen visibil con assistantie: li [[glacial gigante]]s Uran e Neptun; [[Ceres (nani planete)|Ceres]] e altri corpores subsequentmen reconosset de esser [[asteroid|asteroides]]; e [[Pluto]], subsequentmen trovat esser li max grand membre de colection de glacial corpores savet quam li [[cintura de Kuiper]]. Li decovrition de altri grand objectes in li cintura de Kuiper, precipue [[Eris (nani planete)|Eris]], comeniciat debatte pri qualmen a definir exactmen un planete. Li [[Union Astronomic International]] adoptet un standarde in quel li quar terrestri e quar gigant planetes qualifica, ma posi Ceres, Pluto, e Eris in li categorie de [[nani planete]],<ref name="IAU">{{cite web |title=IAU 2006 General Assembly: Result of the IAU Resolution votes |url=http://www.iau.org/news/pressreleases/detail/iau0603/ |publisher=International Astronomical Union |date=2006 |access-date=30 December 2009}}</ref><ref name="WSGESP">{{cite web|date=2001 |title=Working Group on Extrasolar Planets (WGESP) of the International Astronomical Union |work=IAU |url=http://www.dtm.ciw.edu/boss/definition.html |access-date=23 August 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060916161707/http://www.dtm.ciw.edu/boss/definition.html |archive-date=16 September 2006 }}</ref><ref name=planetarysociety>{{cite web |first=Emily |last=Lakdawalla |author-link=Emily Lakdawalla |url=https://www.planetary.org/worlds/what-is-a-planet |title=What Is A Planet? |website=The Planetary Society |date=21 April 2020 |access-date=3 April 2022 |archive-date=22 January 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220122142140/https://www.planetary.org/worlds/what-is-a-planet |url-status=live }}</ref> benque multi [[Planetari scientie|planetari scientistes]] ha continua de usar li término ''planete'' plu largmen.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.sciencenews.org/article/pluto-planete-vote-status-definition-demotion|title=The definition of planet is still a sore point – especially among Pluto fans|date=24 August 2021 |first=Lisa |last=Grossman |website=[[Science News]]}}</ref> Plu avanses in astronomie ductet al decovrition de plu quam quin mill planetes extern li Solar System, nominat [[exoplanete]]s. Tis include [[calid Jupiter]]es — gigant planetes que orbita proxim lor stelles — simil [[51 Pegasi b]], [[super-Terra]]s simil [[Gliese 581c]] que have masses inter to de Terra e Neptun; e planetes plu micri quam Terra, simil [[Kepler-20e]]. Multiplic exoplanetes ha esset trovat de orbitar in li [[habitabil zone circumstellic|habitabil zones]] de lor stelles, ma Terra remane li sol planete in presente savet a suportar [[vive]]. == Mitologie e nominante == Li nómines del planetes del Solari Sistema (altri quam Terra) es derivat de nómines trovat per li Babylonianes, Grecs, e Romanes de antiquitá. Li donante li nómines de deos al planetes esset presc certmen pruntat del Babylonianes per li ancian Grecs, e poy fro li Grecs per li Romanes. Quando li Romanes studiat grec astronomie, ili donat li planetes li nómines de lor propri deos: ''[[Mercurie (mitologie)|Mercurius]]'' (por Hermes), ''[[Venus (mitologie)|Venus]]'' (Aphrodite), ''[[Mars (mitologie)|Mars]]'' (Ares), ''[[Jupiter (mitologie)|Iuppiter]]'' (Zeus), e ''[[Saturn (mitologie)|Saturnus]]'' (Cronus). Alcun Romanes, sequente un credentie originalmen de [[Mesopotamia]] ma developat in [[Hellenistic Egypt]], credet que li sett planetari deos fa relé horari a cuidar li aferes de Terra. Li órdine del planetari hores esset: Saturn, Jupiter, Mars, Sole, Venus, Mercur, Lune (del max distant al max proxim planete).<ref name="zerubavel"> {{cite book | first=Eviatar |last=Zerubavel |year=1989 |title=The Seven Day Circle: The history and meaning of the week |page=14 |publisher=University of Chicago Press |isbn=978-0-226-98165-9 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=aGahKeojIUoC&pg=PA14 |access-date=7 February 2008 }} </ref> Dunc, li prim die esset initiat per Saturn (1m hor), secund die per Sole (25m hor), sequet per Lune (49m hor), Mars, Mercur, Jupiter, e Venus. Pro que chascun die esset nominat per li hor del deo comensante it, to devenit li órdine del [[dies ordinari|dies del semane]] in li [[roman calendare]].<ref name="dies ordinari"> {{cite journal |last1=Falk |first1=Michael |last2=Koresko |first2=Christopher |year=2004 |title=Astronomical names for the days of the week |journal=[[Journal of the Royal Astronomical Society of Canada]] |volume=93 |pages=122–133 |bibcode=1999JRASC..93..122F |doi=10.1016/j.newast.2003.07.002 |arxiv=astro-ph/0307398 |s2cid=118954190 }} </ref> Quando nov planetes esset decovrit in li 18m e 19m secules, Uran esset nominat por un [[Ouranos (mithologie)|grec deo]] e Neptun por un [[Neptun (mithologie)|roman deo]] (li equivalente del grec [[Poseidon]]). Li [[asteroid|asteroides]] anc esset nominat initialmen de mitologie – [[Ceres (mitologie)|Ceres]], [[Juno (mitologi)|Juno]], e [[Vesta (mitologie)|Vesta]] esset majori deessas roman, e Pallas es un epitete del majori grec deessa [[Athena (mitologie)|Athena]] – ma quam tre plu esset trovat, li asteroides prim esset nominat por plu minori deessas, e tande li mitologic nómines esset abandonat pos li 20m asteroid [[20 Massalia|Massalia]] in 1852.<ref>{{cite book|last=Schmadel|first=Lutz|title=Dictionary of Minor Planet Names|date=10 June 2012|edition=6|publisher=Springer|page=15|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=aeAg1X7afOoC&pg=PA15|isbn=9783642297182}}</ref> Pluto esset donat un classic nómine, pro que it esset considerat un majori planete quando it esset decovrit. Li nómines de [[exoplanet|exoplanetes]] es nominat usualmen por lor stelle e lor órdine de decovrition intra lor sistemas planetari, p.ex., [[Proxima Centauri b]]. ===Simboles=== {| class="wikitable" style="margin:1em auto 1em auto; float:right; margin:10px" |- style="background:#ccf; font-size:smaller;" |+ Max comun planetari simboles |- style="font-size:smaller; text-align:center;" | Sole <br /> [[File:Sun symbol (fixed width).svg|14px|☉]] || Mercur <br /> [[File:Mercury symbol (fixed width).svg|14px|☿]] || Venus <br /> [[File:Venus symbol (fixed width).svg|14px|♀]] || Terra <br /> [[File:Earth symbol (fixed width).svg|14px|🜨]] || Lune <br /> [[File:Moon symbol decrescent (fixed width).svg|14px|☾]] || Mars <br /> [[File:Mars symbol (fixed width).svg|14px|♂]] || Jupiter <br /> [[File:Jupiter symbol (fixed width).svg|14px|♃]] || Saturn <br /> [[File:Saturn symbol (fixed width).svg|14px|♄]] || Uran <br /> [[File:Uranus symbol (fixed width).svg|14px|⛢]] or [[File:Uranus monogram (fixed width).svg|14px|♅]] || Neptun <br /> [[File:Neptune symbol (fixed width).svg|14px|♆]] |} Li scrit simboles de Mercur, Venus, Jupiter, Saturn, e possibilmen Mars ha esset traciat al formes trovat in tard grec papyric textus.<ref name=jones-1999>{{cite book | last = Jones | first = Alexander | date = 1999 | title = Astronomical Papyri from Oxyrhynchus | url = https://archive.org/details/astronomicalpapy0001jone | pages = [https://archive.org/details/astronomicalpapy0001jone/page/n79 62]–63 | isbn = 978-0-87169-233-7 }} </ref> Li simboles de Jupiter e Saturn es identificat quam [[monogramme]]s del corespondent grec nómines, e li simbol de Mercur es un stilisat [[caduceus]].<ref name=jones-1999/> Li modern figuras con li cruces prim aparat circa li 16m secul. Quando Uran e Neptun esset decovrit, simboles esset inventet por les. == Formation == {{multiple image |direction=vertical |header=Artistic impressiones |image1=The_Mysterious_Case_of_the_Disappearing_Dust.jpg |caption1=Un protoplanetari disco |image2=PIA18469-AsteroidCollision-NearStarNGC2547-ID8-2013.jpg |caption2=Asteroides collider durante planetari formation |width=200 }} Astronomes ne save con complet certitá qualmen planetes es constructet. Li teorie prevalent es que ili es format durante li discade de un [[nebulose]] ad-in un tenui disco de [[gas]] e polve. Un [[protostelle]] forma al cordie, circumdant per un rotant [[protoplanetari disco]]. Per [[Acretion (astrofisica)|acretion]] (adhesiv colision), particules de polve in li disco constantmen acumula masse de formar plu grand córpores. Concentrationes local de masse savet quam [[planetesimal]]es forma, e tis accelera li acretion per atraer gravitationalmen plu materiale. Ti concentrationes deveni plu e plu densi til gravitá causa ili de cader ad-intern de formar [[protoplanet]]es. == Solari Sistema == Secun li [[UAI definition de planete|UAI definition]], hay ott planetes in nor [[solari sistema]], quel es (in acrescent distantie del Sole):<ref name="IAU"/> Mercur, Venus, Terra, Mars, Jupiter, Saturn, Uran, e Neptun. Jupiter es li max grand, havent 318 masses terric e Mercur es li max micri, havent 0,055 masses terric.<ref name="JPL-physical-parameters" /> Li planetes del solari sistema es divide ad-in categories de lor composition. [[Terrestri planete]]s es simil a Terra, con córpores precipue composit de [[Rocca (geologie)|rocca]] e [[metalle]]: Mercur, Venus, Terra, e Mars. Terra es li max terrestri planete.<ref name=Lewis59>{{cite book |first=John S. |last=Lewis |date=2004 |title=Physics and Chemistry of the Solar System |url=https://archive.org/details/physicschemistry0000lewi_h2v8 |page=[https://archive.org/details/physicschemistry0000lewi_h2v8/page/59 59] |edition=2nd |publisher=Academic Press |isbn=978-0-12-446744-6}}</ref> [[Gigant planete]]s es significantmen plu massiv quam lu terrestris: Jupiter, Saturn, Uran, e Neptun.<ref name=Lewis59/> Ili difere del terrestri planetes in composition. Li [[gasosi gigante]]s, Jupiter e Saturn, es precipue composit de [[hidrogen]] e [[helium]], e ili es li plu massiv planetes in li Solari Sistema. Saturn have un triesime del masse de Jupiter, a 95 terric masses.<ref name=M19>{{cite web |last1=Marley |first1=Mark |title=Not a Heart of Ice |date=2 April 2019 |url=https://www.planetary.org/articles/not-a-heart-of-ice |website=planetary.org |publisher=The Planetary Society |access-date=5 May 2022 |language=en}}</ref> Li [[glacial gigante]]s, Uran e Neptun, es primarimen composit de materiales con un bass punctu bollent, quam [[aqua]], [[metane]], e [[ammoniac]], con spess atmosferes de hidrogen e helium. Ili have plu bass masse quam li gasosi gigantes (solmen 14 e 17 terric masses).<ref name=M19/> [[Nani planete]]s es rondoid pro gravitá, ma ne ha vacuat lor orbites de altri [[Micri córpore del solari sistema|córpores]]. === Planetari proprietás === Li tabelles infra resuma alcun proprietás del objectes generalmen acordat de satisfa li definition geofisic de un planete. Li diametres, masses, orbital periodes, e rotational periodes del majori planetes esset publicat per li [[Jet Propulsion Laboratory]]<ref name="JPL-physical-parameters"/><ref>{{Cite web |title=Approximate Positions of the Planets |url=https://ssd.jpl.nasa.gov/planets/approx_pos.html |access-date=11 July 2022 |website=Solar System Dynamics |publisher=Jet Propulsion Laboratory}}</ref> e NASA.<ref name=planetcompare>{{cite web|url=https://solarsystem.nasa.gov/planet-compare/ |title=Planet Compare |website=Solar System Exploration |publisher=NASA |access-date=12 July 2022}}</ref> {| class="wikitable sortable" style="margin: 1em auto; text-align: center;" |- ! <!-- # --> ! class="unsortable" | Nómine ! Equatorial<br />diametre^† ! [[Planetari masse|Masse]]^† ! [[Semi-majori axe]] ([[Astronomic unite|AU]]) ! [[Orbital periode]]<br />(annus) ! [[Orbital inclination|Inclination<br />al ecliptic]] (°) ! [[Orbital excentricitá|Orbital<br />excentricitá]] ! [[Rotational periode]]<br />(days) ! Confirmat<br />[[Natural satelite|lunes]] ! [[Axial inclination]] (°) ! [[Anellic sistema (astronomie)|Anelles]] ! class="unsortable" | [[Atmosfere]] |- ! colspan=13 | Majori planetes |- | style="background-color: #DBFFDB;" | [[File:Mercury symbol (bold).svg|14px|☿]] | align=left | [[Mercur]] | 0,383 | 0,06 | 0,39 | 0,24 | 7,00 | 0,206 | 58,65 | 0 | 0,04 | no | [[Atmosfere de Mercur|minimal]] |- | style="background-color: #DBFFDB;" | [[File:Venus symbol (bold).svg|14px|♀]] | align=left | [[Venus]] | 0,949 | 0,81 | 0,72 | 0,62 | 3,39 | 0,007 | 243,02 | 0 | 177,30 | no | [[Carbon dioxid|CO₂]], [[Nitrogen|N₂]] |- | style="background-color: #DBFFDB;" | [[File:Earth symbol (bold).svg|14px|🜨]] | align=left | [[Terra]]^‡ | 1,000 | 1,00 | 1,00 | 1,00 | 0,0 | 0,017 | 1,00 | [[Lune|1]] | 23,44 | no | N₂, [[Oxigen|O₂]], [[Argon|Ar]] |- | style="background-color: #DBFFDB;" | [[File:Mars symbol (bold).svg|14px|♂]] | align=left | [[Mars]] | 0,532 | 0,11 | 1,52 | 1,88 | 1,85 | 0,093 | 1,03 | [[Lunes de Mars|2]]<!--Phobos and Deimos--> | 25,19 | no | CO₂, N₂, Ar |- | style="background-color: #cc9156;" | [[File:Jupiter symbol (bold).svg|14px|♃]] | align=left | [[Jupiter]] | 11,209 | 317,83 | 5,20 | 11,86 | 1,30 | 0,048 | 0,41 | [[Lunes de Jupiter|95]] | 3,13 | [[Anelles de Jupiter|yes]] | [[Hidrogen|H₂]], [[Helium|He]] |- | style="background-color: #cc9156;" | [[File:Saturn symbol (bold).svg|14px|♄]] | align=left | [[Saturn]] | 9,449 | 95,16 | 9,54 | 29,45 | 2,49 | 0,054 | 0,44 | [[Lunes de Saturn|145]] | 26,73 | [[Anelles de Saturn|yes]] | H₂, He |- | style="background-color: #DDEEFF;" | [[File:Uranus symbol (bold).svg|14px|⛢]] | align=left | [[Uran]] | 4,007 | 14,54 | 19,19 | 84,02 | 0,773 | 0,047 | 0,72 | [[Lunes de Uran|27]] | 97,77 | [[Anelles de Uran|yes]] | H₂, He, [[metane|CH₄]] |- | style="background-color: #DDEEFF;" | [[File:Neptune symbol (bold).svg|14px|♆]] | align=left | [[Neptun]] | 3,883 | 17,15 | 30,07 | 164,79 | 1,77 | 0,009 | 0,67 | [[Lunes de Neptun|14]] | 28,32 | [[Anelles de Neptun|yes]] | H₂, He, CH₄ |- ! colspan=13 | Nani planetes |- | style="background-color: #ffbfff;" | [[File:Ceres symbol (bold).svg|14px|⚳]] | align=left | [[Ceres (nani planete)|Ceres]] | 0,0742 | 0,00016 | 2,77 | 4,60 | 10,59 | 0,080 | 0,38 | 0 | 4 | no | [[Ceres (nani planete)#Atmosfere|minimal]] |- | style="background-color: #ffbfff;" | [[File:Orcus symbol (bold).svg|14px|🝿]] | align=left | [[90482 Orcus|Orcus]] | 0,072 | 0,0001 | 39,42 | 247,5 | 20,59 | 0,226 | ? | [[Vanth (lune)|1]] | ? | ? | ? |- | style="background-color: #ffbfff;" | [[File:Pluto monogram (bold).svg|14px|♇]] | align=left | [[Pluto]] | 0,186 | 0,0022 | 39,48 | 247,9 | 17,14 | 0,249 | 6,39 | [[Lunes de Pluto|5]] | 119,6 | no | N₂, CH₄, [[carbon monoxid|CO]] |- | style="background-color: #ffbfff;" | [[File:Haumea symbol (bold).svg|14px|🝻]] | align=left | [[Haumea]] | 0,13 | 0,0007 | 43,34 | 283,8 | 28,21 | 0,195 | 0,16 | [[Lunes de Haumea|2]] | 126 | [[Anelles de Haumea|yes]] | ? |- | style="background-color: #ffbfff;" | [[File:Quaoar symbol (bold).svg|14px|🝾]] | align=left | [[50000 Quaoar|Quaoar]] | 0,085 | 0,0002 | 43,69 | 288,0 | 7,99 | 0,038 | 0,74 | [[Weywot (lune)|1]] | ? | [[50000 Quaoar#Anelles|yes]] | ? |- | style="background-color: #ffbfff;" | [[File:Makemake symbol (bold).svg|14px|🝼]] | align=left | [[Makemake]] | 0,11 | 0,0005 | 45,79 | 306,2 | 28,98 | 0,161 | 0,95 | [[S/2015 (136472) 1|1]] | ? | ? | [[Makemake#Atmosfere|minimal]] |- | style="background-color: #ffbfff;" | [[File:Gonggong symbol (bold).svg|14px|🝽]] | align=left | [[225088 Gonggong|Gonggong]] | 0,10 | 0,0003 | 67,33 | 552,5 | 30,74 | 0,506 | 0,93 | [[Xiangliu (lune)|1]] | ? | ? | ? |- | style="background-color: #ffbfff;" | [[File:Eris symbol (bold).svg|14px|⯰]] | align=left | [[Eris (nani planete)|Eris]] | 0,18 | 0,0028 | 67,67 | 559 | 44,04 | 0,436 | 15,79 | [[Dysnomia (lune)|1]] | 78 | ? | [[Eris (nani planete)#Atmosfere|?]] |- | style="background-color: #ffbfff;" | [[File:Sedna symbol (bold).svg|14px|⯲]] | align=left | [[90377 Sedna|Sedna]] | 0,078 | ? | 525,86 | 12059 | 11,93 | 0,855 | 0,43 | 0 | ? | ? | ? |- ! colspan=13 style="text-align: left; font-size: small; font-weight: normal; padding: 10px 4px 5px 4px;" | Colorat etiquette: {{legend2|#DBFFDB|border=1px solid black|[[terrestri planete]]s}}&nbsp;{{legend2|#cc9156|border=1px solid black|[[gasosi gigante]]s}}&nbsp;{{legend2|#DDEEFF|border=1px solid black|[[glacial gigante]]s}} (ambi categories de [[gigant planete]]s)&nbsp;{{legend2|#ffbfff|border=1px solid black|[[nani planete]]s}}<br /> ^† Mesurat relativ a Terra.<br /> ^‡ Li masse de [[Terra]] es circa 5,972 × 10²⁴ kilogrammes, e su equatorial rádius es circa 6378 kilometres.<ref name="JPL-physical-parameters">{{cite web|url=https://ssd.jpl.nasa.gov/planets/phys_par.html |title=Planetary Physical Parameters |website=Solar System Dynamics |publisher=Jet Propulsion Laboratory |access-date=11 July 2022}}</ref> |} == Vide anc == * [[Exoplanete]] * [[Planetari habitabilitá]] * [[Planetologie]] * [[Solari sistema]] * [[Stelle]] == Referenties == <references/> [[Categorie:Planete]] [[Categorie:Astronomie]] 0s6dkalnzx8p55zw6h029wjvg4zhveg 0 18512 168908 155256 2026-08-16T16:42:21Z InternetArchiveBot 14934 Add 1 book for [[en:Wikipedia:Verifiability|verifiability]] (20260816)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 168908 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:Comet Hale-Bopp 1995O1.jpg|thumb|250px|Comete [[Hale-Bopp]]]] Un '''comete''' es un glacial, [[micri córpor del solari sistema]] que deveni calid e dechargea gases quando it passa proxim al [[Sole]], un processu nominat [[degasification]]. To producte un extendet, gravitationalmen inlimitat atmosfere o [[Coma (cometari)|coma]] circumdant li nucleo, e alquande un [[Cometari caude|caude]] de gas e polve gas es sufflat ex li coma. Ti fenomenes es causat per li efectes de [[solari radiation]] e li exfluent [[solari vente]] acte sur li nucleo del comete. [[Cometari nucleo]]s have dimensiones de un poc cent metres a decis de kilometres, ili es composit de lax colectiones de [[glacie]], polve, e micri particules de petre. Li coma posse esser til 15 vezes li diametre del [[Terra]], durante que li caude posse extender plu quam un [[unité astronomic]]. Si suficientmen proxim e clar, un comete mey esser videt fro Terra sin un telescop e posse [[Subtendet angul|subtende]] un arc de til 30° (60 lunes) trans li ciel. Cometes ha esset observat e registrat desde témpores ancian per multi culturas e religiones. Cometes usualmen have altimen [[Orbital excentricita|excentric]] elliptic orbites, e ili have un largi range de [[orbital periode]]s, de pluri annus a milliones de annus. Cometes con brevi periodes origina in li [[cintura de Kuiper]] o su associat [[disperset disco]], ultra li órbite de [[Neptun]]. Cometes con plu longi periodes es pensat de originar in li [[nube de Oort]], un sferic nube de glacial córpor que extende a extern li cintura de Kuiper a demi li distantie al max proxim stelle.<ref>{{cite book |title=Dark Matter and the Dinosaurs: The Astounding Interconnectedness of the Universe |url=https://archive.org/details/darkmatterdinosa0000rand |publisher=Ecco/HarperCollins Publishers |location=New York |first=Lisa |last=Randall |pages=[https://archive.org/details/darkmatterdinosa0000rand/page/104 104]–105 |date=2015 |isbn=978-0-06-232847-2}}</ref> Long-periodic cometes es agitar vers li Sole per [[gravitational perturbation]]es de [[Liste de max proxim stelles|passant stelles]] e li [[galactic marea]]. [[Hiperbolic comete]]s posse passar un vez trans li interiori solari sistem ante it es lansar vers [[spatie interstellari]]. == Cometes e meteores == [[File:PSM V18 D201 Shower of perseids sept 6 and 7.jpg|thumb|Diagramma del [[Perseides|Perseid meteores]]]] Quando un comete es calentat durante passar proxim li Sole, degasification de su glacial partes dechargea solid fragmentes talmen grand que [[pression radiational]] e [[solari vente]] ne posse pussar les ad-extran. Si li Terra move tra li tracie del fragmentes, hay un [[pluvie de meteores]]. Plu densi tracies de fragmentes producte brevi ma intensi pluvies de meteores, e minu densi tracies producte plu longi ma minu intensi pluvies. Tipicmen, li densitá del tracie es afin de duration desde li comete dechargeat li materiale.<ref name="sciam19990920">{{cite web |url=https://www.scientificamerican.com/article/what-causes-a-meteor-show/ |title=What causes a meteor shower? |work=[[Scientific American]] |first=Gregory A. |last=Lyzenga |date=20 September 1999 |access-date=21 November 2019}}</ref><ref name="natgeo20190207">{{cite web |url=https://www.nationalgeographic.com/science/space/reference/meteor-showers/ |title=Meteor showers, explained |work=[[National Geographic]] |first=Victoria |last=Jaggard |date=7 February 2019 |access-date=21 November 2019}}</ref> Por exemple, li [[Perseides|Perseid pluvie de meteores]], ocurre chascun annu inter 9 e 13 August, quando Terra passa tra li órbite de [[Comete Swift–Tuttle]]. == Vide anc == * [[Asteroide]] * [[Meteor]] * [[Solari sistema]] == Referenties == <references/> [[Categorie:Astronomie]] ble6hd1g4l82wjs7jy4jsxyng1surg5 0 18654 168909 164415 2026-08-16T16:44:51Z InternetArchiveBot 14934 Add 4 books for [[en:Wikipedia:Verifiability|verifiability]] (20260816)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 168909 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:US 199 Redwood Highway.jpg|thumb|upright|Li costal sequoia rubi, ''[[Sequoia sempervirens]]'', es til 116 metres alt.]] '''Plantes''' es [[eukaryote|eukaryotic]] [[organisme]]s, predominantmen [[Fotosintese|fotosintetic]], que forma li [[Reyia (biologie)|reyia]] '''Plantae'''. Multi plantes es [[multicellulari]]. Historicmen, li reyia plantal includet omni vivent coses que ne es [[animale]]s, quam [[alga]]s e [[fungo]]s. Omni current definitions exclude li fungos e alcun del algas. Per un definition, plantes forma li clade [[Viridiplantae]] ([[latin]] por "verdi plantes"), quel consistes de [[verdi alga]] e li [[embriofite]]s o terric plantes. Lu ultim include [[antocerotofite]]s, [[marchantiofite]]s, [[mosse]]s, [[licofite]]s, [[filice]]s, [[conifere]]s e altri [[gimnosperm]]es, e [[florant plante]]s. Un definition basat sur [[genome]]s include li Viridiplantae e anc li [[rubi alga]]s e li [[glaucofite]]s, in li clade [[Archaeplastida]]. Verdi plantes obtene li max quantitá de lor [[energie]] de [[lúmine solari]], usar [[cloroplaste]]s derivat de [[endosimbiose]] con [[cianobacterie]]. Cloroplastes performa [[fotosinthese]] usante li pigment [[clorofill]], quel da les lor verdi color. Alcun plantes es [[Parasitic plante|parasitic]] e have perdit li capabilitá a producter normal quantitás de clorofill o a fotosynthesisar. Plantes es caracterisat per [[sexual reproduction]] e [[alternation de generationes]], ma [[nonsexual reproduction]] es anc comun. Hay circa 380.000 savet [[specie]]s de plantes, de quel li majoritá, circa 260.000, [[Spermatofite|producte semes]]. Verdi plantes provide un substantial proportion de [[oxigen]] moleculari del [[atmosfere terrestri]] e es li base de li majoritá del ecosistemas del [[Terra]]. [[Cereale]]s, [[fructe]]s, e [[vegetale]]s es basic human nutrimentes e have esset [[domestication|domesticat]] por millennies. Plantes have multi [[Plantes in cultura|cultural]] e altri usus, quam ornamentes, [[constructent materiale]]s, [[scritural materiale]]s, e, in grand varietá, ili have esset li [[medicinal plante|fonte de medicamentes]]. Li scientic studie de plantes es nominat [[botanica]], un branche de [[biologie]]. == Li diversitá de plantes == [[File:Cosmarium201512081550.JPG|thumb|upright|Li desmid ''[[Cosmarium botrytis]]'' es un singul cellul.]] Hay circa 382.000 acceptat [[specie]]s de plantes,<ref name=WFO/> de quel circa 293.000 [[Spermatofite|producte semes]].<ref name="IUCNdata">{{cite web |title=Numbers of threatened species by major groups of organisms (1996–2010) |publisher=International Union for Conservation of Nature |date=11 March 2010 |url=https://www.iucnredlist.org/documents/summarystatistics/2010_1RL_Stats_Table_1.pdf |access-date=27 April 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110721034312/https://www.iucnredlist.org/documents/summarystatistics/2010_1RL_Stats_Table_1.pdf |archive-date= 21 July 2011 |url-status= live }}</ref> Li tabelle infra monstra alcun estimates del quantitá de species in li diferent divisiones de verdi plantes (Viridiplantae). Circa 85–90% de omni plantes es florant plantes. Pluri projectes es provar currentmen a colecter data de omni species de plante in surlineal data-bases, p.ex. li [[Mundial Flora Surlineal]].<ref name=WFO>{{cite web|work=The World Flora Online|title=An Online Flora of All Known Plants |url=http://worldfloraonline.org/|access-date=25 March 2020}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2016-05-12 |title=How many plant species are there in the world? Scientists now have an answer |url=https://news.mongabay.com/2016/05/many-plants-world-scientists-may-now-answer/ |access-date=2022-05-28 |website=Mongabay Environmental News |archive-date=23 March 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220323202847/https://news.mongabay.com/2016/05/many-plants-world-scientists-may-now-answer/ |url-status=live }}</ref> Plantes rangea in grandore de singul cellules, quam multi algas includent [[desmid]]es (de 10 micrometres diametre) e [[picozoa]]ns (minu quam 3 micrometres),<ref>{{cite book |last1=Hall |first1=John D.|last2=McCourt |first2=Richard M. |chapter=Chapter 9. Conjugating Green Algae Including Desmids |editor-first1=John D. |editor-last1=Wehr |editor-first2=Robert G. |editor-last2=Sheath |editor-first3=John Patrick |editor-last3=Kociolek |date=2014 |edition=2 |title=Freshwater Algae of North America: Ecology and Classification |publisher=Elsevier |isbn=978-0-12-385876-4 }}</ref><ref name="Seenivasan Sausen Medlin Melkonian 2013 p=e59565">{{cite journal |last1=Seenivasan |first1=Ramkumar |last2=Sausen |first2=Nicole |last3=Medlin |first3=Linda K. |last4=Melkonian |first4=Michael |title=Picomonas judraskeda Gen. Et Sp. Nov.: The First Identified Member of the Picozoa Phylum Nov., a Widespread Group of Picoeukaryotes, Formerly Known as 'Picobiliphytes' |journal=PLOS ONE |volume=8 |issue=3 |date=26 March 2013 |doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0059565 |page=e59565|pmid=23555709 |pmc=3608682 |bibcode=2013PLoSO...859565S |doi-access=free }}</ref> al árbores quam li conifere ''[[Sequoia sempervirens]]'' (til 116m alt) e li angiosperm ''[[Eucalyptus regnans]]'' (til 100m alt).<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.conifers.org/cu/Sequoia.php |title=Sequoia sempervirens |work=The Gymnosperm Database |editor=Earle, Christopher J. |date=2017 |access-date=2017-09-15 |archive-date=2016-04-01 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160401041103/http://www.conifers.org/cu/Sequoia.php |url-status=live }}</ref> {|class="wikitable sortable" |+'''Li diversitá de divisiones de vivent verdi plantes (Viridiplantae) per númere de species''' |- ! Informal gruppe ! Divisional nómine ! Comun nómine ! Nr. de species vivent |- |rowspan="2" style=vertical-align:top;"|[[Verdi alga]] |[[Chlorophyta]] |style="text-align:left;"|Verdi algas (clorofites) |style="text-align:right;"|3800–4300 <ref>{{Cite book |last=Van den Hoek |first=C. |title=Algae: An Introduction to Phycology' |url=https://archive.org/details/algaeintroductio0000hoek |last2=Mann |first2=D.G. |last3=Jahns |first3=H.M. |publisher=Cambridge University Press |year=1995 |isbn=0-521-30419-9 |location=Cambridge |pages=[https://archive.org/details/algaeintroductio0000hoek/page/343 343], 350, 392, 413, 425, 439, & 448}}</ref><ref name=AlgaeBase_Chlorophyta>{{Citation |last1=Guiry |first1=M.D. |last2=Guiry |first2=G.M. |year=2011 |title=AlgaeBase : Chlorophyta |publisher=World-wide electronic publication, National University of Ireland, Galway |url=https://www.algaebase.org/browse/taxonomy/?searching=true&gettaxon=Chlorophyta |access-date=2011-07-26 |name-list-style=amp |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190913110003/https://www.algaebase.org/browse/taxonomy/?id=97241&-session=abv4:AC1F1E78164b71ADB2VYE18555D5 |archive-date=13 September 2019 |url-status=live }}</ref> |- |[[Charophyta]] |style="text-align:left;"|Verdi algas (p.ex. [[desmidiales|desmides]] e [[carales]]) |style="text-align:right;"|2800–6000 <ref name=AlgaeBase_Charophyta>{{Citation |last1=Guiry |first1=M.D. |last2=Guiry |first2=G.M. |year=2011 |title=AlgaeBase : Charophyta |publisher=World-wide electronic publication, National University of Ireland, Galway |url=https://www.algaebase.org/browse/taxonomy/?searching=true&gettaxon=Charophyta |access-date=2011-07-26 |name-list-style=amp |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190913110015/https://www.algaebase.org/browse/taxonomy/?searching=true&gettaxon=Charophyta |archive-date=13 September 2019 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Van den Hoek |first=C. |title=Algae: An Introduction to Phycology |url=https://archive.org/details/algaeintroductio0000hoek |last2=Mann |first2=D.G. |last3=Jahns |first3=H.M |publisher=Cambridge University Press |year=1995 |isbn=0-521-30419-9 |location=Cambridge |pages=[https://archive.org/details/algaeintroductio0000hoek/page/457 457], 463, & 476}}</ref> |- |rowspan="3" style=vertical-align:top;"|[[Briofite]]s |[[Marchantiophyta]] |style="text-align:left;"|Marchantiofites |style="text-align:right;"|6000–8000 <ref>{{Cite book |last=Crandall-Stotler |first=Barbara |title=Bryophyte Biology |url=https://archive.org/details/bryophytebiology0000unse |last2=Stotler |first2=Raymond E. |publisher=Cambridge University Press |year=2000 |isbn=0-521-66097-1 |editor-last=Shaw |editor-first=A. Jonathan |location=Cambridge |page=[https://archive.org/details/bryophytebiology0000unse/page/21 21] |chapter=Morphology and classification of the Marchantiophyta |editor-last2=Goffinet |editor-first2=Bernard}}</ref> |- |[[Anthocerotophyta]] |style="text-align:left;"|Antocerotofites |style="text-align:right;"|100–200 <ref>{{Cite book |last=Schuster |first=Rudolf M. |title=The Hepaticae and Anthocerotae of North America |publisher=Field Museum of Natural History |year=1992 |isbn=0-914868-21-7 |volume=VI |location=Chicago |pages=712–713}}</ref> |- |[[Bryophyta]] |style="text-align:left;"|Mosses |style="text-align:right;"|12.000 <ref name="Goffinet & Buck 2004">{{cite journal |last=Goffinet |first=Bernard |author2=William R. Buck |year=2004 |title=Systematics of the Bryophyta (Mosses): From molecules to a revised classification |journal=Monographs in Systematic Botany |volume=98 |pages=205–239 }}</ref> |- |rowspan="2" style="vertical-align:top;"|[[Pteridophyte]]s |[[Lycopodiopsida|Lycopodiophyta]] |style="text-align:left;"|Clobbe-mosses |style="text-align:right;"|1200 <ref name="Raven 2005">{{cite book |last1=Raven |first1=Peter H. |first2=Ray F. |last2=Evert |first3=Susan E. |last3=Eichhorn |year=2005 |title=Biology of Plants |url=https://archive.org/details/biologyofplants00rave_0 |url-access=registration |edition=7th |location=New York |publisher=W.H. Freeman and Company |isbn=978-0-7167-1007-3 }}</ref> |- |[[Polypodiophyta]] |style="text-align:left;"|[[Filice]]s e [[cavalle-caude]]s |style="text-align:right;"|11000 <ref name="Raven 2005" /> |- |rowspan="5" style=vertical-align:top;"|[[Spermatofite]]<br/>(semeferic plantes) |[[Cycadophyta]] |style="text-align:left;"|Cicades |style="text-align:right;"|160 <ref>{{cite book |last1=Gifford |first1=Ernest M. |first2=Adriance S. |last2=Foster |year=1988 |title=Morphology and Evolution of Vascular Plants |url=https://archive.org/details/morphologyevolut0000giff |edition=3rd |page=[https://archive.org/details/morphologyevolut0000giff/page/358 358] |location=New York |publisher=W.H. Freeman and Company |isbn=978-0-7167-1946-5 }}</ref> |- |[[Ginkgoales|Ginkgophyta]] |style="text-align:left;"|Ginkgo |style="text-align:right;"|1 <ref>{{cite book |last1=Taylor |first1=Thomas N. |first2=Edith L. |last2=Taylor |year=1993 |title=The Biology and Evolution of Fossil Plants |page=636 |location=New Jersey |publisher=Prentice-Hall |isbn=978-0-13-651589-0 }}</ref> |- |[[Conifer|Pinophyta]] |style="text-align:left;"|Coniferes |style="text-align:right;"|630 <ref name="Raven 2005" /> |- |[[Gnetophyta]] |style="text-align:left;"|Gnetofites |style="text-align:right;"|70 <ref name="Raven 2005" /> |- |[[Angiospermae]] |style="text-align:left;"|Florant plantes |style="text-align:right;"|258.650 <ref>International Union for Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources, 2006. ''[https://www.iucnredlist.org/ IUCN Red List of Threatened Species:Summary Statistics] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140627094911/https://www.iucnredlist.org/ |date=27 June 2014 }}''</ref> |} Li nomination de plantes es governat per li [[International Code de Nomenclatura por algas, fungos, e plantes]]<ref>{{Cite web |title=International Code of Nomenclature for algae, fungi, and plants |url=https://www.iapt-taxon.org/nomen/main.php |access-date=2023-03-04 |website=www.iapt-taxon.org }}</ref> e li [[International Code de Nomenclatura por Cultivat Plantes]].<ref>{{Cite book |last=Gledhill |first=D. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=NJ6PyhVuecwC&dq=international+code+of+nomenclature+for+cultivated+plants&pg=PA26 |title=The Names of Plants |publisher=[[Cambridge University Press]] |year=2008 |pages=26 |isbn=978-0-5218-6645-3 }}</ref> == Evolution de plantes == Li antecessores de plantes terrestri [[Evolution de plantes|evoluet]] in [[aqua]]. Un algal scum format sur li terre 1200 Ma (million annus ante nu), ma ne til li [[Ordovician]], circa 450 Ma, que li prim terric plantes aparit, con un nivelle de organisation simil de mosses.<ref>{{cite journal |last=Taylor |first=Thomas N. |title=The Origin of Land Plants: Some Answers, More Questions |journal=Taxon |date=November 1988 |volume=37 |issue=4 |pages=805–833 |doi=10.2307/1222087 |jstor=1222087}}</ref> Tamen, li evidentie de proportiones de isotopes de [[carbon]] in [[precambrian]] [[Rocca (geologie)|roccas]] suggeste que complex plantes developat plu quam 1000 Ma.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Strother |first1=Paul K. |last2=Battison |first2=Leila |last3=Brasier |first3=Martin D. |last4=Wellman |first4=Charles H. |date=26 May 2011 |title=Earth's earliest non-marine eukaryotes |journal=[[Nature (journal)|Nature]] |volume=473 |issue=7348 |pages=505–509 |doi=10.1038/nature09943 |pmid=21490597 |bibcode=2011Natur.473..505S |s2cid=4418860 }}</ref> Primitiv plantes terrestri devenit a diversifica in li tard [[Silurian]], circa 420 Ma. Mosses, clobbe-mosses, e filice tande apari in li registre de fossiles.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Crang |first1=Richard |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=tt58DwAAQBAJ&q=plant+anatomy+a+concept-based+approach+to+the+structure+of+seed+plants |title=Plant Anatomy: A Concept-Based Approach to the Structure of Seed Plants |last2=Lyons-Sobaski |first2=Sheila |last3=Wise |first3=Robert |publisher=Springer |year=2018 |pages=17|isbn=9783319773155 }}</ref> Tost plantal anatomie es preservat in cellulari detallie in un tost [[Devonian]] assemblage de fossiles del [[Rhynie chert]]. Ti plantes esset preservat per petrification in [[chert]] format in silica-rich [[vulcan|vulcanic]] calid fontes.<ref name="GarwoodOliver2019">{{cite journal |last1=Garwood |first1=Russell J. |last2=Oliver |first2=Heather |last3=Spencer |first3=Alan R. T. |title=An introduction to the Rhynie chert |journal=Geological Magazine |volume=157 |issue=1 |year=2019 |pages=47–64 |doi=10.1017/S0016756819000670 |s2cid=182210855 |url=https://www.research.manchester.ac.uk/portal/en/publications/an-introduction-to-the-rhynie-chert(19df3309-02af-4d25-b75b-1299cf541fac).html}}</ref> Al fin de lu Devonian, li majoritá del basic trates de plantes hodial esset present, includent radicas, folies, e [[Xylem|secundari ligne]] in árbor quam ''[[Archaeopteris]]''.<ref>{{cite journal |last=Beck |first=C. B. |title=The identity of Archaeopteris and Callixylon |journal=Brittonia |volume=12 |pages=351–368 |year=1960 |issue=4 |doi=10.2307/2805124 |jstor=2805124 |s2cid=27887887 }}</ref><ref name="Rothwelletal989">{{cite journal |last1=Rothwell |first1=G. W. |last2=Scheckler |first2=S. E. |last3=Gillespie |first3=W. H. |year=1989 |title=''Elkinsia'' gen. nov., a Late Devonian gymnosperm with cupulate ovules |journal=Botanical Gazette |volume=150 |issue=2 |pages=170–189 |doi=10.1086/337763 |jstor=2995234 |s2cid=84303226 }}</ref> In li [[Carboniferosi]] periode, forestes developat in paludic vicinités, dominat by clobbe-mosses e cavalle-caudes, alcun tam grande quam árbores, e li aparentie de tost [[gimnosperm]]es, li prim [[Spermatofite|semeferic plantes]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Plants |url=https://www.bgs.ac.uk/discovering-geology/fossils-and-geological-time/plants-2/ |access-date=2023-03-09 |website=[[British Geological Survey]] }}</ref> Li [[Permo-Triassic extintional eventu|grand extintion]] inter li [[Permian]] e [[Triassic]] periodes changeat radicmen li structuras de [[comunité plantal|comunités de plantes]]. <ref name="McElwain Punyasena 2007 pp. 548–557">{{cite journal |last1=McElwain |first1=Jennifer C. |last2=Punyasena |first2=Surangi W. |title=Mass extinction events and the plant fossil record |journal=Trends in Ecology & Evolution |volume=22 |issue=10 |year=2007 |doi=10.1016/j.tree.2007.09.003 |pages=548–557|pmid=17919771 }}</ref> To mey haver preparat conditiones por li evolution de florant plantes durante li Triassic (circa 200 Ma), con un [[adaptiv radiation]] in li [[Cretosi]] de tal rapiditá que [[Charles Darwin|Darwin]] dit it esset un "[[abominabil misterie]]".<ref name="Friedman-2009">{{Cite journal |last=Friedman |first=William E. |date=January 2009 |title=The meaning of Darwin's "abominable mystery" |url=https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.3732/ajb.0800150 |journal=[[American Journal of Botany]] |volume=96 |issue=1 |pages=5–21 |doi=10.3732/ajb.0800150 |pmid=21628174}}</ref><ref name="Berendse Scheffer 2009 pp. 865–872">{{cite journal |last1=Berendse |first1=Frank |last2=Scheffer |first2=Marten |title=The angiosperm radiation revisited, an ecological explanation for Darwin's 'abominable mystery' |journal=Ecology Letters |volume=12 |issue=9 |year=2009 |doi=10.1111/j.1461-0248.2009.01342.x |pages=865–872|pmid=19572916 |pmc=2777257 }}</ref><ref name="Herendeen-2017">{{Cite journal |last1=Herendeen |first1=Patrick S. |last2=Friis |first2=Else Marie |last3=Pedersen |first3=Kaj Raunsgaard |last4=Crane |first4=Peter R. |date=2017-03-03 |title=Palaeobotanical redux: revisiting the age of the angiosperms |url=https://rdcu.be/c0Zhm |journal=[[Nature Plants]] |volume=3 |issue=3 |pages=17015 |doi=10.1038/nplants.2017.15 |pmid=28260783 |s2cid=205458714 }}</ref> [[Conifere]]s diversificat del tard Triassic adavan, e ili deveni un dominant parte de floras durante lu [[Jurassic]].<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Atkinson |first1=Brian A. |last2=Serbet |first2=Rudolph |last3=Hieger |first3=Timothy J. |last4=Taylor |first4=Edith L. |date=October 2018 |title=Additional evidence for the Mesozoic diversification of conifers: Pollen cone of Chimaerostrobus minutus gen. et sp. nov. (Coniferales), from the Lower Jurassic of Antarctica |url=https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0034666717302543 |journal=Review of Palaeobotany and Palynology |volume=257 |pages=77–84 |doi=10.1016/j.revpalbo.2018.06.013 |bibcode=2018RPaPa.257...77A |s2cid=133732087}}</ref><ref name="Leslie etal-2018">{{Cite journal |last1=Leslie |first1=Andrew B. |last2=Beaulieu |first2=Jeremy |last3=Holman |first3=Garth |last4=Campbell |first4=Christopher S. |last5=Mei |first5=Wenbin |last6=Raubeson |first6=Linda R. |last7=Mathews |first7=Sarah |date=September 2018 |title=An overview of extant conifer evolution from the perspective of the fossil record |url=http://doi.wiley.com/10.1002/ajb2.1143 |journal=American Journal of Botany |volume=105 |issue=9 |pages=1531–1544 |doi=10.1002/ajb2.1143 |pmid=30157290 |s2cid=52120430 }}</ref> ==Vide anc== * [[Biologie]] ** [[Botanica]] * [[Ecologie de plantes]] * [[Identfication de plantes]] * [[Fisiologie de plantes]] ==Referenties== <references/> [[Categorie:Plante]] [[Categorie:Biologie]] 5z1z0ktjotcvgowikq3wg5n0nnr9d85 0 18806 168905 157094 2026-08-16T16:39:43Z InternetArchiveBot 14934 Add 1 book for [[en:Wikipedia:Verifiability|verifiability]] (20260816)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 168905 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:Snail-wiki-120-Zachi-Evenor.jpg|thumb|''[[Cornu aspersum]]'', un comun [[helice terrestri]]]] Li '''molluscos''' ([[Filum]] '''Mollusca''') es li duesim max grand filum de [[ínvertebrat]] animales, sequent [[Artropoda]]. Circa 76.000&nbsp;[[extant taxon|extant]] species de molluscos es reconosset.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Rosenberg |first=Gary |year=2014 |title=A new critical estimate of named species-level diversity of the recent mollusca |journal=American Malacological Bulletin |volume=32 |issue=2 |pages=308–322 |doi=10.4003/006.032.0204 |s2cid=86761029 }}</ref> Li númere de fossil [[species]] es estimat inter 60.000 e 100.000 plu species.<ref>{{cite book |author1=Taylor, P.D. |author2=Lewis, D.N. |year=2005 |title=Fossil Invertebrates |url=https://archive.org/details/isbn_9780674019720 |publisher=Harvard University Press}}</ref> Li proportion de índescrit species es tre alt. Multi taxones remene micrimen studiat.<ref>{{cite journal |url=http://www.sevin.ru/laboratories/Marine_Invertebrates/fedosov/Fedosov_Puillandre_2012.pdf |author1=Fedosov, Alexander E. |author2=Puillandre, Nicolas |year=2012 |title=Phylogeny and taxonomy of the Kermia–Pseudodaphnella (Mollusca: Gastropoda: Raphitomidae) genus complex: A remarkable radiation via diversification of larval development |journal=Systematics and Biodiversity |volume=10 |issue=4 |pages=447–477 |doi=10.1080/14772000.2012.753137 |s2cid=55028766 |access-date=11 July 2019 |archive-date=10 September 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210910161017/http://www.sevin.ru/laboratories/Marine_Invertebrates/fedosov/Fedosov_Puillandre_2012.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref> Molluscos es li max grand [[biologie marin|marin]] filum, includent circa 23% de omni nominat marin [[organisme]]s. Numerosi molluscos anc vive in [[mollusco dulci-aquatic|dulci aqua]] e [[mollusco terrestri|terrestri]] domicilies. Ili es tre diversi, ne solmen in grandore e [[anatomie|anatomic]] structura, ma anc de conduida e [[domicilie]]s. Li molluscos tipicmen es dividet ad-in 7 o 8<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/152581003 |title=Phylogeny and evolution of the Mollusca |date=2008 |publisher=University of California Press |editor-first1=W. F. |editor-last1=Ponder |editor-first2=David R. |editor-last2=Lindberg |isbn=978-0-520-25092-5 |location=Berkeley |oclc=152581003}}</ref>&nbsp;[[Taxonomie (biologie)|taxonomic]] [[classe (biologie)|classes]], de quel du es totmen [[extint]]. Li [[Cefalopode]]s, quam li [[calamare]] e li [[octopus]], include li maxim [[neurobiologie|nervalmen complex]] e inteligent de omni [[invertebrate]]s. O li [[calamare gigant]] o li [[calamare colosal]] es li max grand del savet species de invertebrates. Li [[gastropode]]s ([[helice]]s e [[limace]]s) es li maxim numerosi molluscos, con 80% del total de classificat species. Li quar universal trates que defini modern molluscos es un córpor precipue consistent de solid [[muscul]], un [[mantó (mollusco)|mantó]] con un grand cavitá usat por respiration e [[excretion]], li presentie de un [[radula]] (excepte in [[bivalvia|bivalves]]), e li structura del [[sistema nerval]]. Altri quam ti comun elementes, molluscos have grand morfologic diversitá, talmen multi libres basa lor descriptiones sur un "hipotetic antecessoral mollusco". To have un singul, "[[patelle]]-esc" [[conche]] sur su cime, quel es composit de [[proteine]]s e [[chitin]] fortificat con [[calcium carbonat]], e it es secreet per un mantó covri li tote de superfice superiori. Li funde del animale consiste de un singul musculari "pede". Benque molluscos es [[coelomate]]s, li [[coelom]] es usualmen micri. Li chef cavitá córporal es un [[hemocoel]] tra quel [[sangue]] circula; talmen, lor [[Sistema circulatori|sistemas circulatori]] es normalmen [[Apert sistema circulatori|apert]]. Li "generalisat" mollusco have un raspant "lingue" (li radula) por manjar e un complex sistema digestiv, u exsudat [[muc]] e microscopic, muscul-motivat "capilles" nominat [[cilia]] have varie important roles. Li generalisat mollusco have du parat [[Ventral nerval corde|nerval cordes]] (tri in bivalves). Li [[cerebre]], in ti species que have un, circumda li [[esofag]]. Lu max molluscos have [[ocul]]es, e omni have sensores a detecter chimicalies, vibrationes, e contacte. Li max simplic tip de molluscal [[sistema reproductiv]] usa [[extern fertilisation]], ma plu complex variationes ocurre. Prescmen omni molluscos producte [[ove]]s, ex mey emerse [[trocofore|trocoforic]] [[larve]]s, plu complex [[veliger|veligeri]] larves, o tre micri adultes. [[File:Fossilized_Ammonite_Mollusk_displayed_at_Philippine_National_Museum.jpg|thumb|Un fossilisat ammonite]] Bon evidentie existe por li aparantie de gastropodes, [[cefalopod]]es, e bivalves in li [[Cambrian]] periode, ante 541–485,4&nbsp;million annus. Totvez, li historie evolutionari ambi of li emersentie del molluscos del antecessoral [[Lophotrochozoa]] e de lor diversification ad-in lor vivent e [[fossil]] formes es ancor subjectes de debatte scientific. Molluscos ha esset e ancor es un important fonte de manjage por homes. ==Vide anc== * [[Animale]] ** [[Ínvertebrate]] ==Referenties== <references/> [[Categorie:Animale]] [[Categorie:Mollusco]] d67efum1lp6z52hl7fgxet92u25zpi2 0 19815 168906 167309 2026-08-16T16:40:45Z InternetArchiveBot 14934 Add 1 book for [[en:Wikipedia:Verifiability|verifiability]] (20260816)) #IABot (v2.0.9.5) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]] 168906 wikitext text/x-wiki Li '''Revolution Conservativ''' (German: ''Konservative Revolution''), anc conosset quam li '''Movement conservativ german''', o '''nationalisme nov''', esset un movement national-conservativ german prominent in li [[Republica de Weimar ]] e [[Austria]], inter li annus 1918 e 1933 (inter li [[Unesim Guerre Mundal]] e li caption del potentie per li [[nationalsocialisme]]). Revolutionarios conservativ esset implicat in un contra-revolution cultural e monstrat un larg gamme de positiones divergent concernent li natura del institutiones quel [[Germania]] devet establisser, denominat per li historico [[Roger Woods]] quam li "dilema conservativ". Tamen, ili esset generalmen oposit al traditional conservatisme cristan wilhelmin, egalitarisme, [[liberalisme]] e democratie parlamentari quam anc al spiritu cultural del borgesté e modernitá. Plongeat in quo li historico [[Fritz Stern]] ha nominat un ''cultural desperation'' profund, desradicat quam ili se sentit intra li [[rationalisme]] e scientisme del munde modern, li teoreticos del Revolution Conservativ inspirat se de elementes variat del 19^esim secul, includent li despection de [[Friedrich Nietzsche]] por li etica cristian, li democratie e li egalitarisme; li tendenties anti-modern e anti-rationalist del Romanticisme german; li vision de un comunité popular organic e naturalmen-organisat cultivat per li ''movement Völkisch''; li [[Prussia|prussian]] tradition de nationalisme militarist e autoritarian; e lor propri experientie de camaraderíe e violentie ínrational sur li frontes del [[Unesim Guerre Mundal]]. Li Revolution Conservativ havet un relation ambigui con li [[nationalsocialisme]] desde li decenie de 1920 til li comense del decennie de 1930, quel ha ductet savantes a descrir it quam un form de ''pre-fascisme german'' o ''non-nationalsocialist [[fascisme]]''. Etsi ili partageat radicas comun con li ideologies anti-iluminist del 19^esim secul, li movement ne posse esser facilmen confundet con li [[nationalsocialisme]] Li revolutionarios conservativ ne esset necessarimen rassist, nam li movement ne posse esser reductet a su componente ''völkisch''. Etsi ili participat in li preparation del societé german al regul del [[Nationalsocialist German Partise de Laboreros]] con lor teories antidemocratic e organisist, e ne vermen oposset lor ascension al potentie, li revolutionarios scrituras del conservativ ne havet un influentie decisiv sur li [[nationalsocialisme]], e li movement esset submettet quam li reste del societé quande [[Adolf Hitler]] atinget al potentie in li annu 1933, culminante in li assassination del prominent pensator [[Edgar Jung]] per li [[Nationalsocialisme|nationalsocialistes]] nazis durant li ''Nocte del Cultelles Long'' in li annu sequente. Mult de ili eventualmen rejectet li natur [[Anti-Semitisme|antisemitic]] o totalitarian del [[Nationalsocialisme|nationalsocialist]] regime, con li notabil exception de [[Carl Schmitt]] e quelc altres. Desde li decennies 1960 e 1970, li Revolution Conservativ ha influentiat grandmen li Nov Dextre european, in particular li ''[[Nouvelle Droite]]'' francese e li ''[[Neue Rechte]]'' german, e tra ili li contemporan movement identitarian european. == Nom e definition == Ben que essayistes conservativ del Republica de Weimar quam [[Arthur Moeller van den Bruck]], Hugo von Hofmannsthal o Edgar Jung ja hat descrit lor projecte politic quam un ''Konservative Revolution'' ("Revolution Conservativ"),<ref name="woods">Woods, Roger (1996) ''The Conservative Revolution in the Weimar Republic''. St. Martin's Press. ISBN 0-333-65014-X.</ref> li nome videt un renascentie post li tese doctoral de 1949 del filosofo del Neue Rechte Armin Mohler sur li movement.[16] Li reconstruction ideologic postguerra de Mohler del "Revolution Conservativ" ha esset largmen criticat de euritos, ma li validitá de un conceptu redefinit de "neo-conservativ"[6] o de un movement "neo-nationalist" activ durant li periode de Weimar (1918–1933),[17] de qui li duration es a vezes extendet al annus 1890–1910,[18] e quel diferet in particular del "antiqui nationalisme" del 19^esim secul, es nu generalmen acceptat in li [[scientie]].[19] [[File:Arthur Moeller van den Bruck.jpg|thumb|Índatat portrete de [[Arthur Moeller van den Bruck]].]] Li nome "Revolution Conservativ" ha aparit quam un paradox, a vezes quam un "absurditá semantic", por mult modern historicos, e quelcs de ili ha suggeret "neo-conservativ" quam un plu facilmen justificabil etiqueta por li movement.[15] Li sociolog Stefan Breuer scrit que il vell preferer li substitut "neo-nationalisme" por nominar un movement cultural charismatic e holistic quel diferet del "antiqui nationalisme" del secul precedent, de qui li rol essential esset limitat al preservation del institutiones germanic e lor influentie in li munde.[20] Malgré li aparent contradiction, li association del termes "Conservativ" e "Revolution" es justificat in li scrites de Moeller van den Bruck pro su definition del movement quam un volition de preservar valores eternal e favorisar in sam témpor li redesignation de formes ideal e institutional in response al "ínsecuritás del munde modern".[21] Li historico Louis Dupeux, un specialiste del Revolution Conservativ, videt li movement quam un projecte intellectual con su propri logic consistent , a saver li effort por un ''Intellektueller Macht'' ("potentie intellectual"), si necessari per li usation de tecnicas e conceptes modern, quel vell permisser les promover e ganiar un plu larg sosten a ideas conservativ e revolutionari directet contra [[liberalisme]], egalitarianisme, e traditional conservatisme. Ti changeament de attitude, comparat al conservatisme del 19^esim secul, es descript quam un ''Bejahung'' ("affirmation") per Dupeux: li Revolutionarios Conservativ di "yes" a lor témpor tam long quam ili posse trovar li modes de facilitar li resurgentie de valores anti-liberal e queles ili videt quam "valores eternal" in societás modern. Dupeux concedet in sam témpor que li Revolution Conservativ esset plu un movement contra-cultural quam un proposition filosofic actual, basante se plu sur "sentiment, images e mites" non-rationalistic quam sur analise scientic e conceptes. Il admisset anc li necessitá de distinger pluri tendenties, a vezes con vidpunctus contradictori, in su divers spectre ideologic.[22] :''[Li Revolutionarios Conservativ] es, tam reactionari in politica quam lor pre-guerra predecessores, ma ili distinte se per lor optimisme — o adminim per lor voluntarisme — fante fronte al munde modern. Ili ne teme vermen plu li massas, ni li tecnica. Tamen ti changeament de ''Haltung'' ("attitude") havet consequenties significativ — li regret retro-orientat es substituet per un juvenil energie— e ductet a un ampli initiative politic e cultural.''— Louis Dupeux, 1994 Li scientist politic Tamir Bar-On ha definit li Revolution Conservativ quam un combination de "ultra-nationalisme german, defense del comunité folk organic, modernitá tecnologic, e revisionisme socialistic, quel perceptet li laborator e soldate quam modelos por un statu autoritari renascet deplazzante li egalitarian "decadentie" del liberalisme, socialisme, e conservatisme traditional." == Origine e developation == Li Revolution Conservativ es includet in un moviment plu larg e ancian contra li [[Francés Revolution |Revolution Francés]] de 1789, influet del anti-modernitá e anti-rationalisme del [[Romanticisme]] del comense del 19^esim secul, in li contextu de un tradition germanic, specialmen prussian, de "nationalisme militaristic e autoritari, quel refusat [[liberalisme]], socialisme, democratie e internationalisme."<ref name="woods"/> Li historico Fritz Stern descrit li movement quam intellectuales desorientat, precipitat in un profund "desperation cultural": ili senti se alienat e deradisat in un munde dominat per to quo ili considera quam "rationalisme burges e scientie". Lor odie al modernitá, continua Stern, ductet les al naiv confidentie que omni ti males moderni vell posser esser combatet e resoluet per un "Revolution Conservativ".<ref name="Stern">Stern, Fritz (1961). ''The Politics of Cultural Despair: A Study in the Rise of the Germanic Ideology'' (1974 ed.). University of California Press. ISBN 978-0520026261.</ref> [[File:Nietzsche187a.jpg|197px|right|thumb|Mult Revolutionarios Conservativ citat Friedrich Nietzsche (ca. 1875) quam lor mentor.<ref name="woods"/>]] Mem si paroles quam Konservative Kraft ("potentie conservativ") e ''schöpferische Restauration'' ("restauration creativ") comensat a expandir se tra li Europa germanofon del annus 1900 til li 1920-es, li ''Konservative Revolution'' ("Revolution Conservativ") devenit un conceptu establit in li Republica de Weimar (1918-1933) per li scrites de essayistes quam [[Arthur Moeller van den Bruck]], Hugo von Hofmannsthal, Hermann Rauschning, Edgar Jung e Oswald Spengler. Li creation del ''Alldeutscher Verband'' ("Liga Pan-Germanic") per Alfred Hugenberg in 1891 e li ''Jugendbewegung'' ("movement de yunesse") in 1896 es citat quam conducente al emergentie del Revolution Conservativ in li decades sequente. Moeller van den Bruck esset li figura dominant del movement til su suicid li 30 de may 1925.<ref name="Stern"/> Su idees esset initialmen diffuset tra li Juniklub quel il fundat li 28 de june 1919, li die del signatura del Tractate de Versailles. Revolutionarios Conservativ sovente referet se al filosof germanic Friedrich Nietzsche quam lor mentor e quam li principal influentie intellectual sur lor movement.<ref name="woods"/> Malgré que li filosofie de Nietzsche esset sovente misinterpretat, o íncorectmen appropriat per pensatores del Revolution Conservativ,<ref name="Stern"/><ref name="woods"/> ili retenet su despecte por li etica cristian, democratie, modernitá e egalitarisme quam li fundament de lor ideologie. Li historico Roger Woods scri que li Revolutionarios Conservativ "constructet", in response al guerre e al ínstabil periode de Weimar, un Nietzsche "quel advocat un activisme self-justificativ, auto-assertion sin limites, guerre ante pace, e li elevation del instinctu supra ration."<ref name="woods"/> Mult del intellectuales implicat in li movement nascet in li ultim decades del 19^esimsecul e experienciat li [[Unesim Guerre Mundal]] quam un eventu formativ (''Kriegserlebnis'', "experientie de guerre") por li fundation de lor credenties politic. Li vive in li front, con su violentie e ínrationalitá, causat que li max multi de ili serchat retroactivmen un signification por to quo ili devet suportar durant li conflicte.<ref name="woods"/> Ernst Jünger es li figura principal de ti branche del Revolution Conservativ quel volet sustentar structuras e valores militaristic in li societé de pace, e videt in li comunité de camaraderie al front (''Frontgemeinschaft'') li ver nature del socialisme german.<ref name="woods"/> == Pensatores principal == Secun Armin Mohler e altri fontes, prominent membres del Revolution Conservativ includet: {|width="100%" |width="33%" valign="top"| * [[Oswald Spengler]] * [[Edgar Julius Jung]] * [[Carl Schmitt]] * [[Thomas Mann]] (til 1922); * [[Ernst Jünger]] e su frate [[Friedrich Georg Jünger]] * [[Arthur Moeller van den Bruck]] * [[Stefan George]] * [[Ernst Niekisch]] * [[Martin Niemöller]] * [[Wilhelm Stapel]] * [[Hans Freyer]] |width="33%" valign="top"| * [[Othmar Spann]] * [[Hugo von Hofmannsthal]] e li [[grupe Lensch-Cunow-Haenisch]] * [[Ernst von Salomon]] * [[Ludwig Klages]] * [[August Winnig]] * [[Georg Quabbe]] * [[Hans Zehrer]] * [[Werner Sombart]] * [[Hermann Rauschning]] * [[Gottfried Reinhold Treviranus (politico)|Gottfried Reinhold Treviranus]] * [[Julius Evola]] * [[Martin Heidegger]] |width="33%" valign="top"| * [[Gottfried Benn]] * [[Friedrich Hielscher|Fiedrich Hielscher]] * [[Karl Haushofer]] * [[Alfred Baeumler]] * [[Paul Ernst (scritor german)|Paul Ernst]] * [[Paul Lensch]] * [[Mathilde Ludendorff]] * [[Sigrid Hunke]] * [[Jakob Wilhelm Hauer]] * [[Hans Grimm]] * [[Ernst Forsthoff]] * [[Werner Best]] * [[Hans Blüher]] |} {|width="100%" |} == Ideologie == Malgré un larg range de posities politic quel li historico Roger Woods ha nominat "li dilemma conservativ",[60] li Revolution Conservativ german posse esser definit per su desaprobation de: * li valores conservativ traditional del Imperie Germanic (1871–1918), includente li eticas egalitari del [[cristianisme]]; e un rejection del project de un restauration del defuncte Imperie wilhemite in su structuras politic e cultural historic, * li regime politic e li cultura comercialistic del Republica de Weimar; e li sistema parlamentari e democratie in general, nam li comunité national (''Volksgemeinschaft'') deve "transcender li divisiones conventional de levul e dextri", * li analise del classes de socialisme; con li defensa de un "revisionisme socialist" anti-marxist; nominat de [[Oswald Spengler]] "li socialisme del sangue", it ha trovat inspiration del camaraderie del fronte del Unesim Guerre Mundial. === Nove nationalisme e moralitá === [[File:Bundesarchiv Bild 183-R06610, Oswald Spengler.jpg|alt=Oswald Spengler|thumb|[[Oswald Spengler]], autor de [[Li decline de Occidente]], incarnat li ''Kulturpessimismus'' quel partialmen caracterisat li Revolution Conservativ.]] Li Revolutionarios Conservativ argumentat que lor nationalisme esset fundamentalmen diferent del precedenti formes de nationalisme o conservatisme german.[26] Ili condemnat li reactionari visione del conservatores traditional wilhemin e lor falliment in comprender completmen li nov emergent conceptes del munde modern, quam tecnica, li cité e li proletariatu.[62] Moeller van den Bruck definit li Revolution Conservativ quam li volentie de conservar un colection de valores videt quam inseparabil de un ''Volk'' ("popul, gruppe etnic"). Tis valores eterni posset supervivir trans li fluctuationes del epocas, mersí a innovationes in lor formes institutional e ideal.[21] Distante del pur reactionario quel, in li ocules de Moeller van den Bruck, ne crea (e del pur revolutionario quel ne fa nullcosa excepte destructer tot), li Revolutionario Conservativ cercat dar un form a fenomenos in un etern spacie, un form quel posset garantir lor superviventie inter li poc coses quel ne posse esser perdit:[63] :''Conservar ne es reciver por transmitter, ma plutost innovar li formes, institutional o ideal, quel accepta restar radicat in un solid munde de valores in li facie de continuant '''''setbacks''''' historic. In li facie de modernitá quam un era de insecuritá, oposir li securitás del passat ne es plu suficent; it es necessari redessinar nov securitá adoptante e acceptante li self-riscant conditiones per queles it es definit.''— Arthur Moeller van den Bruck[64] Edgar Jung certmen rejetat li idea que ver conservatores volent "haltar li rot del historie".<ref>{{harvnb|Woods|1996|p=61}}; see {{harvnb|Jung|1933}}.</ref> Li cavalleristic maniere de vive quel ili aspirat atinger esset, secun Oswald Spengler, ne regulat per quelc codex moral, ma plutost de "un nobil, evident moralitá, basat sur ti natural sentiment de tact quel veni de bon generation". Ti moralitá ne esset un producte de conscient reflection, ma plutost "quelc innat quel on senti e quel have su propri logica organic."[66] Li revolutionarios conservativ videt li valores de moralitá quam instinctiv e etern, e quam tal incarnat in li vive rural. Tis ultim esset contestat, Spengler credet, per li ascencion del munde artificial del cité, u teorias e observationes esset necessari por comprender li vive self, venient o de democrates liberal o socialistes scientific. Li scope quel li Revolutionarios Conservativ cercat atinger esset li restauration, intra li munde modern, de ti coses quel ili considerat quam leyes e valores natural:{{Sfn|Woods|1996|p=103}} :''Nos nomina li Revolution Conservativ li restauration de omni ti leyes e valores elementari, sin queles li hom perde su connexion con Natura e con Deo e ne posse establir un ver ordine.''— Edgar Jung, 1932[68] Influenciat de Nietzsche, li max de ili esset opositores al etica cristian de solidaritá e egalitá. Etsi mult Revolutionarios Conservativ auto-descrit quam Protestantes o Catolicos, ili videt li premisse etic cristian quam structuralmen subjectente li fortes in obligativ, plu quam optional, servicie al debiles.<ref>{{harvnb|Woods|1996|pp=31–32, 37–40}}; {{harvnb|François|2009}}.</ref> A un scala geopolitic, li teoreticos del movement adoptet un vision del munde (''Weltanschauung'') in quel nationes abandona normes moral in lor relationes unaltru, guidat solmen per lor natural self-interesse. :''Lass morir milles, ne, milliones; quel signification have ti rives de sangue in comparation con un state, in quel flue omni li inquietesse e desiderantie del essentie german!''— Friedrich Georg Jünger, 1926<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Fest |first1=Joachim E. |title=The Face of the Third Reich: Portraits of the Nazi Leadership |url=https://archive.org/details/faceofthirdreich0000fest_o9l8 |year=1999 |publisher=Da Capo Press |pages=[https://archive.org/details/faceofthirdreich0000fest_o9l8/page/249 249]–263}}</ref> Li ''Völkischen'' esset implicat in un movement rassialist e occultist datante desde li medie del 19^esim secul e hat un influentie sur li Revolution Conservativ. Lor prioritá esset li lucta contra [[cristianisme]] e li retorn a un (reconstructet) fide pagan germanic, o li "germanisation" de cristianisme por purgar it del extern (semitic) influentie. === Volksgemeinschaft e dictatura === [[File:Thomas Mann 1929.jpg|thumb|Thomas Mann, novelliste e laurato del Premie Nobel in 1929, esset in su yunesse un vibrant opponent de democratie, etsi il devenit plu tard un del max prominent defensores del Republica de Weimar.]] Thomas Mann credet que si li resistentie militar german al Occidente durant li Unesim Guerre Mundial esset plu fort quam su resistentie spiritual, it esset primarimen pro que li ethos ("caracter") del ''Volksgemeinschaft'' ("comunitá national") german ne posse expresser se rapidmen in paroles, e quam resultant ne es capabil efectivmen contraponer se al solid rhetoric del Occidente.[73] Desde que cultura german esset "del anime, alquo quel ne posse esser comprendet per li intellectu",[74] li stat autoritari esset li ordine natural desirabil per li popul german. [[Politica]], Mann argumentat, esset inevitabilmen un comettement al democratie e pro to extran al spiritu german:[73] :''Ne existe tal cos quel es un politic conservativ o un politic democratic. O tu es un politic o tu ne es, e si tu es, tu es un democrat.'' — Thomas Mann, 1915[74] Durante que eruditos ha debattet si ti formulationes deve esser considerat artistic e idealistic, o plutost un seriosi tentation de far un analise politic de ti epoca, li scrites del Mann yun influet sur mult Revolutionarios Conservatov.[75] Mann esset accusat del dextra de attenuar su visiones anti-democratic in 1922 pos que il removet quelc paragrafes del republication de ''Betrachtungen eines Unpolitischen'' ("Reflexiones de un hom nepolitic"), originalmen publicat in 1918.[76] In un discurs pronunciat li sam annu ("Sur li Republica German" [Von deutscher Republik]), Mann devenit publicmen un ferm defensor del Republica de Weimar e atacat mult del figuras associat con li Revolution Conservativ tal quam Oswald Spengler, quel il depictet quam intellectualmen dishonest e ínresponsabilmen ínmoral.[72] In 1933, il descrit li Nationalsocialisme quam li ''politische Wirklichkeit jener konservativen Revolution,'' quel es dir li "realitá politic de ti Revolution Conservativ".[77] In 1921, Carl Schmitt publicat su essay ''Die Diktatur'' ("Li Dictatura"), in quel il studiat li fundamentes del recentmen establit Republica de Weimar. Comparante quel il videt quam li elementes efectiv e nefectiv del constitution nov, il resaltat li office del ''Reichspräsident'' quam un valorosi position, esencialmen pro li potentie donat al presidente per li Article 48 por declarar un ''Ausnahmezustand'' ("stat de emergentie"), quel Schmitt implicitmen laudet quam dictatorial.[78] :''Si li constitution de un state es democratic, tande omni exceptionari negation del principes democratic, omni exercise de potentie del state índependent del approbation del majoritá, posse esser nominat dictatura.'' — Carl Schmitt, 1921[79] Schmitt avanciat plu tard in ''Politische Theologie'' (1922) que ne posse haver quelc ordine legal functiv sin un autoritá soverani. Il definit soveranitá quam li possibilitá, o li potentie, de decider sur li '''''triggering''''' de un "stat de emergentie", in altres paroles un stat de exception in relation al lege: "Hay un person o institution, in un politica dat, capabil de activar un total suspension del lege e alora usar fortie extra-legal por normalisar li situation, alora ti person o institution es li soveran in ti politica."[80] Secun il, omni governament deve includer intra su constitution ti possibilitá dictatorial por permitir, quam necessi, por decider plu rapidmen e plu efectivmen quam passar per discussion e compromission parlamentar.[81] Referent se a Adolf Hitler, il usat plu tard in 1934 li sequent formulation por justificar li legitimitá del Nocte del Long Cotes: ''Der Führer schützt das Recht'' ("Li líder defende li lege").[82] === Socialisme del fronte === [[File:Ernst Niekisch.jpg|thumb|Portrete de Ernst Niekisch.]] Revolutionarios Conservativ assertet que ili ne esset guidat per li "steril resentiment del lucta de clases".[83] Mult de ili invocat li comunitá de camaraderie del fronte (''Frontgemeinschaft'') del Unesim Guerre Mundial quam li modelle por li comunitá national (''Volksgemeinschaft'') a sequer in témpores pacific, esperante in ti projecte transcender li etablisset categories politic de dextre e levul.[61] Por ti scope, ili tentat remover li concepte de revolution de novembre 1918 por attachar it a august 1914. Revolutionarios Conservativ certmen depictet li Revolution de Novembre, quel ductet al fundation del Republica de Weimar, quam un trahition al ver revolution e, in li max bon casu, quam protestas de fame del turba.[84] Li comun accord con socialistes esset li abolition del exceses del capitalisme.[85] Jung affirmat que, durante que li economíe deve restar in mannes privat, li "aviditá del capital" deve in li sam témpore esser controlat,[86] e que un comunitá basat sur interesses compartit deve esser creat inter laboratores e patronos. Un altri fonte de aversion contra capitalisme esset radicat in li profites fat del guerre e inflation, e un ultim preocupation posse esser trovat in li facte que li max parte del Revolutionarios Conservativ apartenet al clase medie, in quel ili sentit se comprimit al centre de un lucta economic inter li capitalistes dominant e li masses potentialmen dangerosi.[85] Quam ili repudiat li communisme quam pur idealisme, mult de ili monstrat lor dependentie de quelc terminologie marxist in lor scrites.[87] Por exemple, Jung accentuat li "inevitabilitá historic" del conservatisme prendente li loc del era liberal,[86] in un imagine-specul del materialisme historic developat per [[Karl Marx]]. Spengler scrit anc pri [[Li decline de Occidente|li decadentie del Occidente]] quam un fenomen íneluctabil, ma su intention esset dar al lectores modern un "nov socialisme" quel vell permisser les realisar li ínsignificance del vive, in contrast con li idea de Marx pri li venida de un paradis sur terra.[87] Ante omnicos, li Revolution Conservativ hat influenties del vitalisme (''Lebensphilosophie'') e ínrationalisme, non del materialisme.[88] Spengler argumentat que li vision materialist de Marx esset basat sur li scientie del 19^esim secul, dum li 20^esim secul vell esser li etá del [[psichologie]].[87] :''Nos ne plu crede in li potentie del rationalitá supra li vive. Nos senti que es li vive quel domina rationalitá.''— Oswald Spengler, 1932[89] Junt con Karl Otto Paetel e Heinrich Laufenberg, Ernst Niekisch esset un del principal defensores del National-Bolshevisme,[90] un branche minoritari del Revolution Conservativ descrit quam li "popul sinistri del dextri" (''Linke Leute von rechts'').[91] Ili defenset un ultra-nationalist forme de socialisme quel trovat su radicas in li extremisme ''Völkisch'' e li nihilistic ''Kulturpessimismus'', rejetante omni influentie occidental supra li societé german: liberalisme e democratie, capitalisme e marxisme, li borgesie e li proletariat, cristianisme e humanisme.[10] Niekisch e li national-bolshevikes esset mem preparat formar un alientie temporari con comunistes german e li [[Soviet-Union]] por anihilar li Occidente capitalist.[92] == Currentes == In su doctoratu sub li direction de Karl Jaspers, Armin Mohler distinget cinque currentes intra li nebule del Revolution Conservativ: li ''Jungkonservativen'' ("conservatores juven"), li ''Nationalrevolutionäre'' ("revolutionarios national"), li ''Völkischen'' (ex li "movement folcal"), li ''Bündischen'' ("liguistes") e li ''Landvolksbewegung'' ("movement del popul rural"). Secun Mohler, li ultim du gruppes esset plu orientat a action quam a teorie, con li movement del ''Landvolk'' oferent concret resistentie in forma de manifestationes e boicottes de impostas. Li historico francesi Louis Dupeux videt quin lineas de division inter li Revolutionarios Conservativ: li parve agricultores esset diferent del pessimistes cultural e li "pseudo-modernes", qui apartenet principalmen al classe medie; durante que li partidarios de un societé "organic" divergisset de tis de un societé "organisat". Un triesim division separat li suporteres de transformationes politic e cultural profund e long de tis qui suportat un revolution social rapid e eruptiv, tam long quam li desafiation de libertá economic e proprietá privat. Li quaresim fractura residet in li questione del ''Drang nach Osten'' ("duction al est") e li actitud a adopter vers Russia bolshevik, acompaniat per un debatte sur li loc de Germania inter un pretendet "senil" Occidente e un "juven e barbaric" Oriente; li ultim division esset un profund opposition inter li ''Völkischen'' e li pensatores prefascistic. In 1995, li historic Rolf Peter Sieferle descrit to quo il nominat cinque "complexes" in li Revolution Conservativ: li "völkischen", li "nacional socialistes", li "revolutionarios nacional" quam tales, li "vital-activistes" (aktivistisch-vitalen), e, un minorité in li movement, li "naturalistes biologic". Basat sur li precedenti studies fat per Mohler e Dupeux, li scientiste politic francesi Stéphane François resumit li tres currentes principal in li Revolution Conservativ, ti ampli division essente li plu largmen condividet inter li analistes del movement: * li "yun conservatores" (''Jungkonservativen''); * li "revolutionarios national" (''Nationalrevolutionäre''); * li Völkischen (ex li movement ''Völkisch''). === Yun conservatores === [[File:EdgarJung0002.jpg|alt=Edgar Jung ca. 1925.|thumb|Edgar Jung (ca. 1925), un pensator prominent del ''Jungkonservativen'', esset assassinat del SS durant li Nocte del Long Cultelles in 1934.]] Li "yun conservatores" esset profundmen influet per li movementes intellectual e estetic del 19^esim secul, tam quam li [[romanticisme]] german e ''Kulturpessimismus'' ("pessimisme cultural"). Al contrari del conservatores traditional wilhemin , li ''Jungkonservativen'' visat ajudar li reincorporation de "persistent e fundamental structuras"—autorità, li state, li comunité, li nation, li popul— durante que "adaptant se al lor témpor" in li self movement. Moeller van den Bruck provat superar li dilema de ''Kulturpessimismus'' per combatter decadentie por constructer un nov órdine politic sur it. In 1923, il publicat li influential libre ''Das Dritte Reich'' ("Li Triesim Reich"), in quel il avansat de un analise theoric por introducter un program revolutionari practic quam remedie al situation politic: un "Triesim Reich" quel vell unificar omni classes sub un reyatu autoritari basat sur un combination del nationalisme del dextre e li socialisme del levul. Refusant tant li state-nation restringet a un popul unificat quam li structura imperialistic basat sur diferent gruppes etnic, li scope del ''Jungkonservativen'' esset realisar li ''Volksmission'' ("mission del popul") por li edification de un nov Reich, to es "li organisation de omni popules in un supra-state, dominat per un superior principie, sub li supreme responsabilitá de solmen un popul" secun li paroles de Armin Mohler. In 1933, Edgar Jung resumit it: :''Li concepte del state-nation es li transferte de doctrinas individualistic del individues al state individual. [...] Li supra-state (li ''Reich'') es un forme de regne quel ascende supra li ''Volkstum'' e posse lassar it intact. Ma it ne deve voler esser total, e deve reconoscer autonomies (''Autonomien'') e soveranitas (''Eigenständigkeiten'').'' — Edgar Jung, 1933 Etsi Moeller van den Bruck suicidat se in despera in may 1925, su idees continuat influenciar su contemporaneos. Inter les esset Edgar Jung, qui advocat por li creation de un state organic corporativ, liberat del lutte de classes e democratie parlamentari, quel vell preparar li via por un retorn al spirite del Medievie con un nov Sacri Roman Imperie federant Europa central. Li tema de un retorn al valores e estetic del [[Medievie]] inter li "yun conservatores" esset heritat ex un fascination romantic por ti periode, quel ili credet esser plu simplic e integrat quam li munde modern. Oswald Spengler laudat li cavalierisme medieval quam li attitude filosofic e moral por adopter contra un spiritu modern decadent. Jung videt ti retorn quam un gradual e long transformation, simil al Reformation protestant del 16^esim secul, plutot quam un subit eruption revolutionari tam quam li Revolution Francés. === Revolutionarios national === [[File:Ernst Jünger in First World War uniform from Storm of Steel 1922.png|thumb|Ernst Jünger (ca. 1922), soldate e autor, considerat un figura major del "Revolutionarios National".]] Altri Revolutionarios Conservativ prendet inspiration ex lor experientie al fronte (''Kriegserlebnis'', "experientie de guerre") durant li Unesim Guerre Mundal. Lontan del preoccupation de ''Kulturpessimismus'' del "yun conservatores", Ernst Jünger e li altri "revolutionarios national" advocat un total acceptation del tecnica modern e supportat li usation de quelcunc fenomeno modern quel vell posser auxiliar les superar modernitá —tam quam propaganda o organisationes de masse— e eventualmen atinger un nov órdine politic. Ti ultim vell esser basat sur li vive self plu quam sur li intelectu, fundat sur comunitás organic, naturalmen structurat e hierarchic, e ductet per un nov aristocratie de merite e action. Li historic Jeffrey Herf usat li terme "modernisme reactionari" por descrir ti "grand entusiasme por tecnica moderna con un refutation del Illuminisme e del valores e institutiones de democratie liberal". :''Ti témpor val solmen esser destructet. Ma por destructer it, on deve conosser it prim. [...] On devet totalmen submeter se al tecnica, formant it finalmen. [...] Li apparatu self ne meritat admiration — to esset li periculosi coses por far — it just devet esser usat.''— Franz Schauwecker, 1931 Jünger supportat li emergentie de un yun elite intellectual quel vell nascer ex li tranchés del Unesim Guerra Mundial, pront por oposir li capitalism burgés e incarnar un nov spiritu revolutionari national. In li decenie de 1920, il scrit plu quam 130 articules in divers revúes nationalistic, principalmen in ''Die Standarte'' o, minu frequentmen, in ''Widerstand'', li publication National-Bolchevic de Ernst Niekisch. Tamen, secun Dupeux, Jünger volet usar nationalisme quam un "explosivo" e ne quam un "absolute", por eventualmen permisser li nov órdine emergir self. Li association de Jünger con li Revolutionarios Conservativ es ancor un materie de debatte inter eruditos. Li intrada de Germania in li Ligue de Nationes in 1926 contribuet a radicalisar li ala revolutionari del movement durant li ultim annus del decenie de 1920. Li eventu esset videt quam un "signo de orientation occidental" in un land quel li Revolutionarios Conservativ hat concepter quam li future ''Reich der europäischen Mitte'' ("Imperie de Europa Central"). === Völkischen === Li adjectiv völkisch deriva ex li german concepte de ''Volk'' (cognat con li anglés "folk"), quel have connotationes de "nation", "rasse" e "tribu". Li movement ''Völkisch'' emergit in li medie del 19^esim secul, influet per li [[Romanticisme]] german. Fundat sur li concepte de ''Blut und Boden'' ("sangue e terre"), it esset un movement racialistic, populistic, agrari, romantic-nationalistic e, desde li annus 1900, antisemitic. Secun Armin Mohler, li ''Völkischen'' visat oposir li "processu de desegregation" quel menaciat li ''Volk'' per provider it medies por generar un conscientie de se self. Influentiat de autores quam Arthur de Gobineau (1816–1882), Georges Vacher de Lapouge (1854–1936), Houston Stewart Chamberlain (1855–1927), e Ludwig Woltmann (1871–1907), li ''Völkischen'' conceptualisat un definition racialistic e hierarchic de popules human, u li arianes (o germanes) esset posat al cime del "rasse blanc". Ma durante que ili usat termos quam ''Nordische Rasse'' ("rasse nordic") e ''Germanentum'' ("popules germanic"), lor concepte de ''Volk'' posset anc esser plu flexibil e comprendet quam un ''Gemeinsame Sprache'' ("linguage comun"), o quam un ''Ausdruck einer Landschaftsseele'' ("expression del anim del paisage") secun li paroles del geografo Ewald Banse. Li ''Völkischen'' verament idealisat li mite de un "nation original" —quel ili pensat posset ancor esser trovat in li rural regiones german— organisat quam un forme de "democratie primitiv, liberament submisset a lor natural elites." Li notion de "popul" (''Volk'') eventualmen transformet se in li idé de un ente donante de nascentie e eternal inter li ''Völkischen'' —in li sam maniere quam ili vell har scrit sur "li Natura"— plutost quam un categorie sociologic. Li agitation politic e incertitá quel seguit li Unesim Guerre Mundial nutrat un funde fertil por li renovat success de vari sectes ''Völkisch'' quel esset abundant in [[Berlin]] a ti témpor. Li ''Völkischen'' devenit significant per li numer de gruppes durant li Republica de Weimar, tam quam ili ne esset per li numer de adherentes. Certi Völkischen tentat reviver to quel ili credet esser un ver fide german (''Deutschglaube''), per resurecter li cultu del ancian deos germanic. Divers movementes occultist tam quam Ariosofie esset conectet al teorías ''Völkisch'', e circules artistic esset largmen present inter li ''Völkischen'', tam quam li pintores Ludwig Fahrenkrog (1867–1952) e Fidus (1868–1948). In may 1924, Wilhelm Stapel perceptet li movement quam capabil de inbrassar e reconciliar li tot nation: in su visione, li ''Völkischen'' hat un idé por difuser, in vice de un program de partise, e ili esset ductet per "heroes" plu tost quam "politicos calculant." Mohler listat li sequent figures quam appartenent al movement ''Völkisch'': Theodor Fritsch, Otto Ammon, Willibald Hentschel, Guido von List, Erich Ludendorff, Jörg Lanz von Liebenfels, Herman Wirth, e Ernst Graf zu Reventlow. == Relation con li nationalsocialisme == [[File:Arthur Moeller van den Bruck - Das Dritte Reich, Verlag Der Ring, 1923.jpg|thumb|Covriment del libre de Arthur Moeller van den Bruck de 1923 ''Das Dritte Reich'' ("Li Triesim Reich").]] Malgré un significativ hereditage intelectual comun, li movement disparat ne posse facilmen esser confundet con nationalsocialisme. Lor pensamentes anti-democratic e militaristic certmen contribuet a far li idé de un regim autoritari acceptabil por li semi-educat clase medie, e anc por li educat yunesse, ma li scritures del Revolution Conservativ ne havet un decisiv influentie sur li ideologie Nationalsocialistic. Li historico Helga Grebing recorda que "li question del susceptibilitá a e preparation por Nationalsocialisme ne es li sam quam li question del radicas e precursors ideologic de Nationalsocialisme". Ti ambigui relatu ha ductet studiosos a caracterisar li movement quam un forme de "pre-fascisme german" o "non-nazi fascisme". Durant li ascension al possentie del parti nazi in li 1920s usque al unesim annus del decenie de 1930, certi pensatores sembla har monstrat, quam scri Roger Woods, "un ciecitá vers li ver nature del nazis", dum lor dilemmas politic ne resoluet e lor fallida definir li contenete de un nov regim german conduet a un absentie de propositiones alternative largmen suportat ex li dextre, e eventualmen a un manca de resistentie al capture del potentie per li nazis. Secun li historico Fritz Stern, "malgré cert presentimentes pri li demagogie de [[Adolf Hitler|Hitler]], mult revolutionarios conservativ videt in li ''Führer'' li sol possibilitá por atinger lor scope. In li continuation, li triumfe de Hitler ruptet li illusion del majorita de sequores de Moeller, e li deci-du annus del Triesim Reich videt li separation de revolution conservativ e national-socialisme denov." Pos poc mensus de adulation pos lor decisiv victorie electoral, li nazis repudiat Moeller van den Bruck e negat que il hat esset un precursor de Nationalsocialisme: su "inrealistic ideologie", quam ili dit in 1939, hat "necós a far con li actual developamentes historic o con sobri ''Realpolitik''", e Hitler "ne esset li herede de Moeller". Considerat individualmen, li Revolutionarios Conservativ frequentmen mantenet opiniones ambivalent pri li nazis, ma mult de les eventualmen refusat nazisme e li partise nazi pos su cpation del possentie in 1933, sive pro su caracter totalitari o antisemitic (li "opponentes"), sive nam ili vell har preferet un altri forme de regim autoritari o totalitari (li "competitores"). Stern resumit li relatu in ti termines: :''Ma, nos deve questionar, esque it posset esser altri 'Triesim Reich'? Esque on posse renunciar al rason, glorificar ortie, profetar li etá del dictator imperial, esque on posse condamnar omni institutiones existent, sin preparar li triumfe del inresponsabilita? Li criticos german fat tot to, demostrante per to li terribil dangere del politica de desesperation cultural.'' — Fritz Stern, 1961 === Opponentes === Mult del Revolucionarios Conservativ, mentre continuante su opposition al [[liberalisme]] e su adhesion al notion de un "ductor fort",[26] rejectet li nature totalitari o li antisemitisme del regime nazi. Martin Niemöller, initialmen un supportator de Adolf Hitler, oposit li nazification del eclesies protestant german in 1934, quam anc li Paragraf Arian del nazis.[127] Malgré har far remarcas pri judéos quel cert savantes ha considerat antisemitic,[b][128] il esset un ductor del eclesie confessant anti-nazi.[129] :''Noi preferet restar silenti. Noi certmen ne es sin culpa, e yo questiona me denov e denov, quo vell har eventet, si in li annu 1933 o 1934 — it devet har existet un possibilitá — 14,000 pastores protestant e omni communitás protestant in Germania hat defendet li veritá til lor mortes? Si noi hat dit tande, it ne es recte quande Hermann Göring simplicmen mettet 100 000 comunistes in li camps de concentration, por lassar les morir.´´— Martin Niemöller, 1946[130] Rudolf Pechel e Friedrich Hielscher apertmen oposit li regime nazi, dum Thomas Mann comensat su exil in 1939 e transmettet discursos anti-nazi al populo german per li BBC durant li guere. Ernst Jünger refusat un sede in li Reichstag por li partise nazi tam in 1927 quam in 1933, despectat li doctrine de "sangue e terra",[129] e su dom esset repetitmen iruptet per li Gestapo.[10] Hermann Rauschning e Gottfried Reinhold Treviranus serchat refugie in extrania por continuar su oposition al regime.[51] Georg Quabbe refusat colaborar con li nazis quam advocat.[131] Poc ante su morte in 1936, Oswald Spengler profetisat que "in deci annus, un Reich germanic probabilmen ne plu va exister" (''Da ja wohl in zehn Jahren ein Deutsches Reich nicht mehr existieren wird!'').[132] In su papeles privat, il denunciat li antisemitisme nazi in fortes termines: :''Quante envie del capacitat de altris in vice de su manca de it sta latente in li antisemitisme! [...] quande on vell preferer destructer negotios e scientie quam vider judéos in les, on es un ideologue, i.e., un danger por li nation. Idiotic.''— Oswald Spengler[133] Altris quam Claus von Stauffenberg restat in li Reichswehr e postea in li Wehrmacht por conspirar in silentie in li complote del 20 julí 1944. Fritz Stern declarat que it esset "un homenage al ver qualitá spiritual del revolution conservativ que li realitá del Triesim Reich excitavit mult de les a oposir, quelcvez in silentie, sovente apertmen e costantmen. [...] In li final complote contra Hitler, in julí 1944, un poc ex-revolucionarios conservativ riscat e perdit lor vives, martiros al ver idealisme de lor cause anterior."[134] === Competitores === [[File:August Winnig 1920.JPG|262x262px|thumb|[[August Winnig]] in 1920.]] Cert Revolucionarios Conservativ ne rejectet li nature fascistic del regul nazi in se, ma vell har preferet un alternativ state autoritari. Ili esset sovente assassinat o imprisonat por lor deviation del ''Führerprinzip''. Edgar Jung, un figur prominenti del Revolution Conservativ, esset assassinat durant li Nocte del Coltelles Long del SS de Heinrich Himmler, qui volet impedir que ideas nationalistic competitiv oposit o deviat del doctrine de Hitler. Por mult Revolucionarios Conservativ, ti eventu finit li ambivalentie inter ili e li nazis.[125] Jung promoet un version collectivistic del Revolution Conservativ, parlant pri nationes quam entités organic singulari, atacante individualisme durante que laudante militarisme e guere. Il anc suportat un "total mobilisation" de resurses human e industrial, durante que promoet li potentie productiv del modernitá, simil al futurisme propulsat del fascisme italian.[135] Ernst Niekisch, benque antisemitic e favorante un state totalitari, rejectet Adolf Hitler nam il sentet que Hitler ne esset un ver socialist, e vice trovat in Joseph Stalin su modelle por li Prinzip del Führer. Il esset internat in un camp de concentration de 1937 til 1945 por su critica del regime.[136] August Winnig, initialmen salutante li nazis in 1933, oposit li Triesim Reich caus su tendenties neopaganic. Malgré un essay de grande vendition[137] publicat in 1937 defensente fascisme e fortmen tinctet de antisemitisme, ma quel deviat del doctrine oficial nazi pri rasse,[138] il esset lassat sol per li nazis pro que Winnig restat generalmen silenti durant li guvernament de Hitler.[139] === Collaboratores === Considerat quam li "juriste coronat del Triesim Reich",[140] Carl Schmitt restat impenitent mem post 1945 por su rol in li creation del state nazi.[80] Malgré considerar Adolf Hitler tro vulgar,[135] Schmitt esset participant in li incendiation de libres de autores judeix, jubilante in li destruction de materiales "íngermanic" e "antigermanic", e demandante un purga mult plu extensiv, includente ovres de autores influet per idees judéic.[141] Hans Freyer esset li cap del Institut German por Cultura in Budapest de 1938 til 1944. Junt al historico nazi Walter Frank, Freyer stabilit un historiografie ''völkisch'' rassist e antisemitic durant ti period.[142] Wilhelm Stapel juntet se al ''Deutschen Christen'' in julí 1933, parlant vehementmen contra li Eclesie Confessant anti-nazi de Martin Niemöller e Karl Barth e advocat por li introduction del Paragraph Arian in li Eclesie. In li sam témpor, Stapel esset compromisset al politica del Reichsminister de afares eclesial (''Reichskirchenminister'') Hanns Kerrl, a qui il servit quam consilier.[143] Tamen, sub pression del ductoría nazi in 1938, il debet cessar li publication de su revúe mensual ''Deutsches Volkstum''. == Stude e debatte == Li precursor del studies academic del Revolution Conservativ esset li historico francés Edmond Vermeil, qui publicat in 1938 un essay intitulat ''Doctrinaires de la révolution allemande 1918–1938'' ("Doctrinarios del revolution german 1918–1938").[10] In li primes decennies pos li fine del [[Duesim Guerre Mundal]], li max del theoricos politic qui studiat li Revolution Conservativ e devenit specialistes del subject esset pensatores de extrem-dextri profundmen influet per pensatores del Revolution Conservativ, quam Armin Mohler e Alain de Benoist. Solmen in li annus 1980-1990 comensat li resercha academic quande li movement comensat expandir plu globalmen tra li spectrum politic, principalmen pro su relation controversal con li nationalsocialisme e su ulterior influentie sur li Nov Dextre Europan post-guere.[15] === Renascentie post-guere pos Armin Mohler === Li conceptu contemporan de un "Revolution Conservativ" esset retrospectivmen reconstructet pos li Duesim Guerre Mundal per li filosof de Neue Richt, Armin Mohler, in su tese doctoral de 1949 intitulat ''Die Konservative Revolution in Deutschland 1918–1932'', scrit sub li supervision de Karl Jaspers. Mohler nominat li Revolutionarios Conservativ li "Trotskyistes del Revolution German", e su apropriation del conceptu esset repetitmen acusat de esser un tentativ partidari por reconstructer un movement de extrém-dextri ante li guere quel vell esser acceptabil in un Europa post-fascist, dominuante li influentie que cert de tis pensatores havet sur li nascentie del nationalsocialisme.[145] Subtitulat "un manual", li studie esset conceptet, in li paroles del historic Roger Griffin, "quam un manual por superviventes por tis qui ne vole perder lor orientation spiritual in li etá present." Mohler credet que li project del "Revolution Conservativ" esset solmen postponet per li prension de poder del nazis.[146] Il esset anc in ti témpor li secretario de Ernst Jünger, qui esset un figura major del mouvement.[147] Durant li annus 1970, pensatores del Revolution Conservativ esset influentiante nov mouvements radical dextri, includente li Nouvelle Droite francesi, ductet de Alain de Benoist.[148] Cert academicos, specialmen in Germania Occidental, comensat prender un nov interesse in li subjecte e comensat suspecter li studie de Mohler pro su proximita politic al conceptu. Li caracteres reactionari e anti-modern del "Revolution Conservativ" esset grandmen sublineat durant ti decennie, e li movement esset videt quam necos plu quam un terén fertil por li nazisme, parlant "li sam lingues totalitari".[149] Li historic german-american Fritz Stern usat li terme "Revolution Conservativ" in su libre ''The Politics of Cultural Despair'' de 1961 por descrir li vive e ides de Arthur Moeller van den Bruck, e vice atractet attention al alienation e "desperantie cultural" quel ti autores experimentat in li nascente munde modern, quel ductet les a exprimer idees tam radical in response. Stern tamen grupat Moeller van den Bruck in un ideologie germanic plu larg, junt con pensatores anteriori del fines del 19^esim secul quam Paul de Lagarde e Julius Langbehn.[18] === Reserche academic desde li annus 1980 === In un simposie de 1981 intitulat "Revolution conservativ e modernitá", li historic francés Louis Dupeux punctuat que quo Mohler havet nominat li "Revolution Conservativ" in realitá ne esset ver reactionari ni totalmen anti-modern (ili posset mem monstrar optimisme vers li munde modern),[6] Ti analise esset suportat tri annus plu tard per li historico american Jeffrey Herf in su libre ''Reactionary Modernism'', quel sublineat li acceptation del tecnica modern apu un rejection del democratie liberal inter li pensatores conservativ de ti period.[150] Dupeux anc sublineat que li Revolutionarios Conservativ ne solmen oposit al "du formes de progressisme", a saver liberalisme e marxisme, ma anc al "pessimisme cultural" del dextri reactionari e conservativ, un opposition quel illes temptat superar proponente formes innovativ de regimes reactionari quel posset adaptar se al cadres nov del munde modern.[6] In su libre de 1993 intitulat ''Anatomie der Konservativen Revolution'' ("Anatomie del Revolution Conservativ"), li sociologo german Stefan Breuer rejectet li definition de Mohler del terme "Revolution Conservativ", definiente "conservatisme" quam li aspiration a conservar li structuras del Germania feudal, in fact un project politic ja moribund durant li period de Weimar.[151] Li "Revolution Conservativ" constructet per Mohler esset, in su vise, li image reflectet de un societé modern emergent quel havet conscientie del stagnation e dangere de un "modernitá simplic" basat solmen sur scientie e tecnica. Dum notante li complexitá quel vell implicar un classification intellectual de ti period, Breuer declarat que il vell har preferet li substitute "nov nationalisme" por designar un version plu carismatic e holistic del movement dextri german, contrastante con li "ancian nationalisme" del 19^esim secul, un current quel principalmen havet quam objectiv conservar institutiones traditional e li influentie germanic in li munde.[152] In 1996, li historico britanic Roger Woods recognosset li validitá del conceptu, dum sublineante li caractere eclectic del movement e lor incapabilitá por formar un programa comun, un blocada politic quel il nominat li "dilemma conservativ". Woods descrit li Revolution Conservativ quam "ides queles ne posse simplicmen esser explicat e resumit quam si ili esset un programa politic, ma vice quam expressiones de tension".[153] Concernente li relation ambigu con li nationalsocialisme, diminuet per Mohler in su tese de 1949 e accentuat per analistes del 1970s, Woods argumentat que "independentmen de criticas individual del Revolutionarios Conservativ contra li nazis, li plu profund comitament a activisme, ductoreria fort, hierarchie e un disregard por programmes politic persistet. [...] Problemes politic inresolvet resultat in un activisme e un interesse por hierarchie quel significa que ne posse haver objection fundamental al prension de poder per li Nationalsocialistes."[8] [[File:Evola.jpg|thumb|Li filosof italian [[Julius Evola]] es sovente associat con li Revolution Conservativ.]] Li historico Ishay Landa ha descrit li nature del "socialisme" del Revolution Conservativ quam decidetmen capitalistic.[154] Landa indica que li "Socialisme Prussian" de Oswald Spengler fortmen oposit greves laboratori, sindicates, taxation progressiv o quelcunc imposition de taxas sur li riches, quelcunc reduction del hor-labor, quam anc quelcunc form de assecurantie governmental por maladie, oldesse, accidentes, o desoccupation.[154] Dum il rejetat quelcunc provision social-democratic, Spengler celebrat li proprietá privat, competition, imperialisme, accumulation de capital, e "richeté, colliget in poc mannes e inter li clases dominant".[154] Landa descrit li "Socialisme Prussian" de Spengler quam "laborante mult, por li minimum absolut, ma — e ti es un aspect vital — essente felici pri to."[154] Landa similemen descrit Arthur Moeller van den Bruck quam un "champion socialist del capitalisme" qui laudat li mercates liber, mercates florente, li valore creativ del entreprenor, e li division de labor capitalistic, e intentet emular li imperialisme britanic e francesi.[155] Landa nota li similies del criticas de Moeller contra socialisme con tis de neoliberales quam Friedrich von Hayek e scrit que "de long distante de esser hostil al spiritu burgés, li texte de Moeller es suffuset con tal spiritu."[155] == Influentie posterior == Li movement influet pensatores contemporan exter del Europa german-parlante. Inter les, li filosof italian Julius Evola es sovente associat con li Revolution Conservativ.[52] Li [[Nouvelle Droite]], un movement filosofic de extrem-dextri francés creat in li decenie de 1960 por adaptar politicas traditionalist, etnopluralist e inliberal al contextu europan post-Duesim Guerre Mundal e por distanciar se de formes plu anteriori de extrem-dextri quam fascisme, principalmen per un project de nationalisme paneuropan,[156] esset profundmen influet per li Revolution Conservativ,[148][157] tam quam su correspondent german, li Neue Rechte.[158][13] Li ideologie e structura teoretic del Movement Identitarian es principalmen inspirat per li Nouvelle Droite, li Neue Rechte, e tra les, per li Revolution Conservativ.[14][13] == Referenties == <references/> [[Categorie:Historie de Germania]] [[Categorie:Politica de Germania]] oigcnk9jtfhp760mx7bgu15b4oms8ld 0 21213 168918 2026-08-16T19:36:15Z Dorlota 13847 Creat págine contenente «{{Biografie |nómine = Barbara Crampton |foto = Barbara Crampton - REPLACE (36878500514) (cropped).jpg |land = {{USA}} |nascentie = 27-im de decembre 1958 |nasc_loc = Levittown (New York) |morte = |mort_loc = |ocupation = Actoressa, Producent de filmes }} '''Barbara Crampton''' es un actoressa de [[USA]]. Ella nascet ye li 27-im de decembre 1958 in [[Levittown (New York)]] e ludet li rol de ''Daniella Upton'' in li horror-film ''Suitable Flesh'' in li annu 202...» 168918 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Biografie |nómine = Barbara Crampton |foto = Barbara Crampton - REPLACE (36878500514) (cropped).jpg |land = {{USA}} |nascentie = 27-im de decembre 1958 |nasc_loc = Levittown (New York) |morte = |mort_loc = |ocupation = Actoressa, Producent de filmes }} '''Barbara Crampton''' es un actoressa de [[USA]]. Ella nascet ye li 27-im de decembre 1958 in [[Levittown (New York)]] e ludet li rol de ''Daniella Upton'' in li horror-film ''Suitable Flesh'' in li annu 2023. Barbara Crampton es activ quam actoressa desde li annu 1983. Ella ludet in mult horror-filmes qua, Puppet Master (1989), ''Castle Freak'' (1995), ''You're Next'' (2011), ''We Are Still Here'' (2015), ''Little Sister'' (2016), ''Puppet Master: The Littlest Reich'' (2018) e ''Jakob's Wife'' (2021). Barbara Crampton esset maritat con li film-director [[David Boyd]] e su duesim marito es Robert Bleckman. Ella have du infantes. {{DEFAULTSORT:Crampton, Barbara}} [[Categorie:Actoressas]] [[Categorie:US-americanes]] 66lpb0dd5s6fpz4dmdjw4ge09vc5e3k