Wikipedia igwiki https://ig.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ihu_mb%E1%BB%A5 MediaWiki 1.45.0-wmf.7 first-letter Midia Ọpụrụiche Ṅkàtá Ojiarụ Ṅkàtá ojiarụ Wikipedia Ṅkàtá Wikipedia Faịlụ Ṅkàtá faịlụ MidiaWiki Ṅkàtá MidiaWiki Templeeti Ṅkàtá templeeti Enyemaka Ṅkàtá enyemaka Otú Ṅkàtá otú TimedText TimedText talk Module Module talk Event Event talk 0 15639 320076 89352 2025-06-30T14:04:26Z InternetArchiveBot 11600 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 320076 wikitext text/x-wiki {{data box}} [[Usòrò:Ledebouria_ovatifolia00.jpg|thumb|{{center|''[[Ledebouria ovatifolia]]''}}]] '''Mary Elizabeth Connell''' (ubochí irí abụọ na isii n'ọnwa Machị 1917, York rụo ọnwa Julaị 1997) bụ ónyé na-ese ihe osise botanical nkè South Africa.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://abcjournal.org/index.php/ABC/article/download/646/591|title=Login|accessdate=2022-06-18|archivedate=2018-07-19|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20180719072106/https://abcjournal.org/index.php/abc/article/download/646/591}}</ref> Ọbụna n'oge ọ dị obéré, Connell gosipụtara nkà nka pụrụ iche na agụmakwụkwọ mbụ ya bụ na York College for Girls (nke mechiri na 1997).<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.get-information-schools.service.gov.uk/Establishments/Establishment/Details/121723?searchQueryString=searchtype=ByLocalAuthority&d=84&startIndex=150&Count=162|title=York College for Girls - GOV.UK|work=www.get-information-schools.service.gov.uk}}</ref> O zigara ọrụ ya na Royal College of Art maka ule Masters ha ma nye ya nsọpụrụ na 1932 màkà Drawing sí Nature Forms na 1933 màkà Pictorial Representation. N'afọ 1933, ezinụlọ ya kwagara South Africa. Ọ gụsịrị akwụkwọ na Barnato Park High School na Berea, wee banye na Johannesburg School of Art . Otú ọ dị, n'afọ 1936, é bịdọrọ inweta ọkwa ónyé na-ese ihe na National Herbarium na Pretoria ma kwado nhọpụta ya. Ọrụ mbụ ya bụ imepụta nnukwu efere na-egosi osisi ndị na-egbu egbu na ndị na-emerụ ahụ màkà mbipụta na 'Farming in South Africa', ma mesịa bipụta ya dị ka Henderson na Anderson's 'Common Weeds in South Africa' (Botanical Survey Memoir nọmba irí atọ na asaá nke 1966). A kpọọrọ ya n'okpuru nku nke [[Cythna Letty]], nnukwu nwanyị nke ndị na-ese ihe ọkụkụ na South Africa, wee malite imepụta efere màkà akwụkwọ akụkọ botanical 'Flowering Plants of Africa'. N'ozuzu, o mepụtara efere otu narị na iri abụọ na otu màkà ọrụ ahụ. Na mgbakwunye, o nyèrè aka na ihe osise màkà White, Dyer & Sloane's 'The Succulent Euphorbieae' (1941), Meredith's ' The Grasses and Pastures of South Africa' (1955) na 'Flora of Southern Africa'. Mgbè ọ mepụtara ma zụlite ezinụlọ, ọ laghachiri na National Herbarium n'etiti afọ 1958 na 1960, wee mepụta ihe osise iri asatọ na àtó nke ahịhịa maka 'Onye ahịhịhịa na South Africa' (1966), nsụgharị ọhụrụ nke Phillips es 'Onye Ahịhịa nke South Africa' (afọ 1939), mbipụta nke o nyekwara aka na ya. == Ndụ onwe onye == Ọ lụrụ Niko Stutterheim (1915-2005), ónyé injinia kemịkal na ónyé nduzi ụlọ ọrụ, nwa Nicolaas Anton Stutterheim na Elizabeth Catherina van Nouhuijs, na Febụwarị 1942.<ref name="GunnCodd1981">{{Cite book|author=Mary Gunn|title=Botanical Exploration Southern Africa|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=mkfdQ3l1YQUC&pg=PA122|date=1 June 1981|publisher=[[CRC Press]]|isbn=978-0-86961-129-6|pages=122|quote=...married Niko Strutterheim, originally of Bethal, Transvaal, in Feb. 1942...}}</ref><ref name="MWW1978">{{Cite book|title=Who's who in the world, 1978-1979|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=8wPjJUPkaKgC|year=1978|publisher=[[Marquis Who's Who]]|isbn=978-0-8379-1104-5|pages=902}}</ref> Ụmụ ha bụ Jan Anton, Catherine Mary, Konrad, Adrian Henk, na Philip Oswald.<ref name="MWW1978"/> == Edensibia == {{Reflist}} == Njikọ mpụga == * [http://plantillustrations.org/artist.php?id_artist=2158&mobile=0 Plate botanical na plantillustrations.org] la6fxric62a4mfsp14la5qcigpteens 0 16167 320113 87410 2025-07-01T04:55:02Z Anastesia chi 23720 edoziri m broken files 320113 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''Ahmed Hajeri''' (amụrụ na Nọvemba 16, 1948) bụ [[Tunisia|onye]] na-ese ihe na Tunisia. A mụrụ ya na Tazerka. O wee kwaga France na 1968 ebe ọ zutere Roland Morand onye na-ese ihe. N'afọ 1977, o gosipụtara ihe ngosi na Galerie Messine de Paris. N'afọ 1985, o gosipụtara na Medina Gallery na Tunis na Phyllis Kind Gallery na New York City. Ọ bụkwa onye na-ahụ maka ihe osise n'oge 1988 Summer Olympic Games na Seoul. == Ihe ngosi == * Ihe ngosi onwe onye ** 1978 - Galerie Messine, Paris ** 1982 - Galerie Messine, Paris ** 1985 - Galerie Médina, Tunis ** 1986 - Phyllis Kind Gallery, New York ** 1992 - Ebe Ngosi Ihe Mgbe Ochie Sidi Bou Saïd, Sidi Bou Said ** 1995 - Institut du monde arabe, Paris ** 1997 - Galerie Fanny Guillon-Lafaille, Paris ** 1998 - Biennale nke nka oge a, Dakar ** 1999 - Ebe a na-ahụ maka nka nke oge a, Brussels ** 2004 - Galerie Danièle Besseiche, Paris ** 2006 - Ụlọ ngosi nka Kanvas, La Soukra, Tunis ** 2008 - Ụlọ ngosi nka Kanvas, La Soukra, Tunis * Ihe ngosi ndị isi ** 1988 - Olimpik nke nka, Seoul ** 1992 - Ihe ngosi ụwa, Seville ** 1999 - Ebe etiti Wallonie, Brussels ** 2002 - Institut du monde arabe, Paris ** 2018 - Galerie Kalysté la Soukra ** 2022 - Galerie Kalysté la Soukra == Onyinye == ** 1986 - Nnukwu ihe nrite nke ihe osise, Tunisia ** 1998 - Chevalier de l'ordre du mérite culturel, Tunisia ** 2000 - 3 ihe nrite nke obodo Tunis == Akwụkwọ ọgụgụ == Ali Louati, ''Ahmed Hajeri'', éd. Simpact, Tunis, 1997 * [ Simpact, Tunis, 1997 == Njikọ mpụga == * (in French) [http://www.hajeriahmed.com Official website of Ahmed Hajeri] * (in French) [https://web.archive.org/web/20070927144219/http://www.gros-delettrez.com/fiche-lot-gros-delettrez.jsp?fiche=35724 Gros & Delettrez] [[Òtù:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ]] en5zu4q4wisgds94xslg7nkm7t5g6iv 0 17146 320105 130734 2025-06-30T23:56:16Z InternetArchiveBot 11600 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 320105 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''Morgan''' (Ọnwa Febụwarị 16, afọ 1910 - rụọ ọnwa Febụwarị 17, afọ 1993) na '''Marvin Smith''', (Ọnwa Febụwarị 16, afọ 1910 - rụọ afọ 2003) bụ ụmụ ejima [[Ndị Afụrịka ǹkè Amerịka|ndị Afrịka]] na Amerịka.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://northbysouth.kenyon.edu/1998/art/pages/mmsmith.htm|title=Morgan and Marvin Smith|publisher=|accessdate=2022-06-23|archivedate=2017-06-16|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170616184326/http://northbysouth.kenyon.edu/1998/art/pages/mmsmith.htm}}</ref><ref name="NY">{{Cite news|author=Martin, Douglas|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2003/11/12/business/marvin-smith-93-whose-photographs-defined-harlem-life.html|title=Marvin Smith, 93, Whose Photographs Defined Harlem Life|date=November 12, 2003|work=The New York Times}}</ref> Ha bụ ndị na-ese foto na ndị na-eme ihe nkiri a maara maka idepụta ndụ Harlem n'afọ ndị 1930s ruo 1950s. == Akụkọ ndụ == A mụrụ ụmụnne ahụ na Nicholasville, [[Kentórkị|Kentucky]], n'aka ndị ọrụ ugbo Charles na Allena Smith. Ezinụlọ ahụ kwagara Lexington, mgbe Morgan na Marvin dị afọ iri na abụọ. Ha na-enyere ndị mụrụ ha aka ugboro ugboro ịghọrọ ihe ọkụkụ ma na-egosipụta nkà ha na-ese ihe site na nwata site na ịchọta foto sitere na katalọgụ Sears. Mgbe ha nọ n'ụlọ akwụkwọ sekọndrị, Morgan na Marvin Smith zụlitere nkà ha site na iji ihe osise mmanụ na ncha iji mepụta ihe ọkpụkpụ.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://blackthen.com/marvin-and-morgan-smith-photographers-and-artists-of-the-harlem-renaissance/|title=Black ThenMarvin and Morgan Smith: Photographers and Artists of the Harlem Renaissance - Black Then|publisher=|accessdate=2022-06-23|archivedate=2022-05-22|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20220522043619/https://blackthen.com/marvin-and-morgan-smith-photographers-and-artists-of-the-harlem-renaissance/}}</ref> Ha rụrụ ọtụtụ ọrụ dị iche iche mgbe ha nọ n'ụlọ akwụkwọ sekọndrị, nke mere ka ha na ndị ọgaranya, ndị ọcha nwee njikọ ma nye ha ohere ịkwalite ebumnuche nka ha. Ha nwetara igwefoto mbụ ha n'aka onye na-ese foto n'ógbè ahụ ma kụziere onwe ha otu esi eji ya. Ha bụ ndị mbụ gụsịrị akwụkwọ n'ụlọ akwụkwọ sekọndrị n'ezinụlọ ha ma họrọ ịchụso ọrụ nka n'agbanyeghị na ha nwetara agụmakwụkwọ bọọlụ n'ọtụtụ kọleji ndị isi ojii. Ụmụ ejima ahụ kwagara New York City n'afọ 1933 n'ihi enweghị ohere maka ndị Ojiị na-ese ihe na Kentucky. Tupu ha achọta ọnọdụ ha dị ka ndị na-ese foto na Harlem, ha rụrụ ọrụ maka Ụlọ Ọrụ Ọganihu na-ewu ogige ma na-ese ihe osise. === Alụmdi na nwunye na ezinụlọ === Marvin na Morgan zutere ụmụnne ejima Anna na Florence McLean. Di na nwunye abụọ ahụ lụrụ n'otu ụbọchị n'afọ 1936 ma di na nwunye abụọ gbara alụkwaghịm n'afọ 1939. Morgan lụrụ nwanyị ọzọ bụ Monica Mais n'afọ 1950 ma nwee otu nwa nwanyị, Monica Smith Bolden. Marvin Smith alụghị di ọzọ.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web|author=Oliver|first=Myrna|date=November 27, 2003|title=Marvin Smith, 93; He, Twin Depicted Life in Harlem|url=https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-2003-nov-27-me-smith27-story.html|archiveurl=|archivedate=|accessdate=December 5, 2020|work=[[latimes.com]]}}</ref> == Ọrụ mmalite == Ndị Smith kpebiri itinye onwe ha na mgbasa ozi nke foto n'afọ 1937 wee were nkuzi nka n'efu nke onye na-ese ihe [[Augusta Savage]] kụziiri. N'ebe ahụ, ha zutere ọtụtụ ndị ọzọ na-ese ihe gụnyere Jacob Lawrence na Romare Bearden. Morgan ghọrọ onye ọrụ mbụ na-ese foto maka New York Amsterdam News n'afọ 1937, akwụkwọ akụkọ Ojiị kachasị ewu ewu n'oge ahụ. Afọ abụọ ka e mesịrị, ha meghere ụlọ ọrụ foto nke ha, M & M Smith Studios, n'akụkụ ụlọ ihe nkiri Apollo a ma ama na 125th Street. Ụmụ ejima ahụ bụ ndị na-ese foto nke ihe nkiri ahụ ma site na ọrụ a zutere ndị nlereanya, ndị na-eme ihe nkiri na ndị na-emepụta ihe. Ụlọ ọrụ ha ghọrọ ebe ọrụ maka ndị na-eme ihe ntụrụndụ na ndị edemede, yana ebe ọtụtụ foto ha dị.<ref name=":2">{{Cite web|author=Rozhon|first=Tracie|date=December 25, 1997|title=AT HOME WITH: Marvin Smith; The Heartbeat of a Photogenic Life|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1997/12/25/garden/at-home-with-marvin-smith-the-heartbeat-of-a-photogenic-life.html|archiveurl=|archivedate=|accessdate=December 10, 2020|work=[[nytimes.com]]}}</ref> Ha sere foto George Washington Carver na Billie Holiday, n'etiti ndị Ojiị na-ese ihe na ndị ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị, yana ndụ n'okporo ámá na Harlem n'oge a. Ndị Smith sere foto na ebumnuche nke igosi akụkụ dị iche iche nke ndụ ndị isi ojii.<ref name=":1"/> Tinyere ijide mmegharị nke ikike obodo na ngagharị iwe megide igbu ọchụ, ụmụnne ahụ so na ndị mbụ weghaara ndụ dị egwu nke ndị bi na Harlem.<ref>{{Cite web|author=Lambert|first=Bruce|date=February 25, 1993|title=Morgan Smith, 93, Photographer who Chronicles Harlem|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1993/02/25/nyregion/morgan-smith-83-photographer-who-chronicles-harlem.html|archiveurl=|archivedate=|accessdate=December 10, 2020|work=[[nytimes.com]]}}</ref> == Ihe ndekọ na ihe onwunwe == E nweela ọtụtụ ihe ngosi na akwụkwọ e dere banyere ụmụnne ahụ, gụnyere ''Harlem'': The Vision of Morgan na Marvin Smith nke James na Morgan Smith dere, n'ọnwa Nọvemba 13, afọ 1997.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://archive.org/details/harlemvisionofmo00smit|title=Harlem: The Vision of Morgan and Marvin Smith|isbn=978-0813120294|publisher=University Press of Kentucky|date=1997|accessdate=March 9, 2017}}</ref> c3klda5ot2e94a84gsy3vfzznh1f8j7 0 17465 320096 130668 2025-06-30T18:24:27Z InternetArchiveBot 11600 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 320096 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''Mike Eghan''' (amụrụ na 14 Machị n'afọ 1936) bụ onye mgbasa ozi na Ghana, nke a makwaara dị ka "The Magnificent Emperor".<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://id.loc.gov/authorities/names/n2020230142.html|title=Eghan, Mike, 1936-|publisher=Library of Congress}}</ref><ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20200204221007/http://lifestyle.ghanabase.com/profiles/2007/28.asp "The Story Of Mike Eghan, The Magnificent Emperor"], ''Spectator'', 14 July 2007. Via ''Ghana Base''.</ref> N'ọrụ ya dị ka onye na-eme ihe nkiri na onye na-egosi redio nke gafere afọ iri isii, Eghan kwadoro mmemme maka Ghana Broadcasting Corporation (GBC) na maka BBC World Service na London. Ọ bụ onye isi nke ememe maka egwu akụkọ ihe mere eme na Ghana Soul to Soul, nke mere na Black Star Square na 1971 ma gosipụta ọtụtụ ndị omenkà Africa-America a ma ama n'akụkụ ndị egwu Ghana.<ref name="ModernGhana"/> E bipụtara ''akụkọ'' ndụ Eghan, The "Emperor's" akuko si na etiti nwa ewepụtara n'afọ 2019.<ref name="Joy">[https://www.myjoyonline.com/news/2019/august-29th/veteran-broadcaster-mike-eghan-launches-autobiography.php "Veteran broadcaster Mike Eghan launches autobiography"], ''My Joy Online'', 29 August 2019.</ref> N'okwu Anis Haffar: "Ihe ọmụma kaleidoscopic nke nwoke ahụ banyere azụmahịa ngosi, mgbasa ozi, ntụrụndụ na ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị na-abanye n'ọwara nke izute onwe onye. Ọ na-ekerịta akụkọ ihe mere eme site n'echiche atụmatụ nke ọrụ ya n'ime ya. "<ref>Anis Haffar, [https://www.graphic.com.gh/features/features/celebrating-mike-eghan-s-unforgettable-memoirs.html "Celebrating Mike Eghan’s unforgettable memoirs"], ''[[Daily Graphic (Ghana)|Graphic Online]]'', 19 August 2019.</ref> A mụrụ ya na Sekondi-Takoradi, Gold Coast (nke bu Ghana ugbua), nke ise n'ime ụmụnne itoolu, Eghan sitere n'ike mmụọ nsọ nke nna ya na-arụ ọrụ gọọmentị Ben Eghan nwere mmasị na redio iji sonye na Ghana Broadcasting Corporation (GBC) na 1961, mgbe ọ hapụsịrị ọrụ na Barclays Bank nke e nwetara maka ya.<ref name="ModernGhana"/><ref>[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=VpcEVD6DaLw "Personality Chat with Ace Broadcaster Mike Eghan On Live Chat With Paul"], etv Ghana, 2 September 2019.</ref><ref>Maureen Dedei Quaye, [https://www.etvghana.com/ace-broadcaster-mike-eghans-transition-from-banking-to-journalism/ "Ace Broadcaster Mike Eghan's Transition from banking to Journalism"], e.tv Ghana, 2 September 2019.</ref> N'afọ 1965, ọ gara Britain, ebe ọ rụrụ ọrụ na BBC Africa Service, na-akwado mmemme Music with African Beat ruo afọ anọ.<ref name="ghanamma">[https://web.archive.org/web/20230523113948/https://www.ghanamma.com/2011/03/11/i-quit-bbc-because-of-my-son/ "'I Quit BBC Because Of My Son'"], Ghana MMA, 11 March 2011.</ref> na ọtụtụ afọ Foto Eghan e sere n'oge a so n'ọrụ ndị a ma ama nke onye na-ese foto na Ghana bụ James Barnor.<ref>[https://www.tate.org.uk/art/artworks/barnor-mike-eghan-at-the-bbc-studios-london-p14382 "James Barnor | Mike Eghan at the BBC Studios, London1967, printed 2010"], Tate.</ref><ref>Alexandra Genova, [https://www.theguardian.com/artanddesign/2019/nov/29/james-barnor-ghanaian-photographer-swinging-sixties-independence-black-90 "Party time! The photographer who captured the other swinging sixties"], ''[[The Guardian]]'', 29 November 2019.</ref> Mgbe ọ hapụrụ BBC, Eghan laghachiri n'ụlọ iji rụọ ọrụ na GBC, na-achọ inye aka na mmepe nke Ghana ma zụlite ụmụ ya n'ebe ahụ.<ref name="ghanamma" /> O kwuru, sị: "Otu n'ime ihe ndị dị ịrịba ama n'ọrụ m dị ka onye na-eme ihe nkiri na onye na-egosi redio bụ ọrụ m dị ka emcee (onye isi nke ememe) maka egwu egwu egwu akụkọ ihe mere eme nke akpọrọ 'Soul to Soul'. Ebumnuche nke egwu egwu a bụ ime ka ndị Afrịka na ndị na-eme ihe nkiri Afrịka na Amerịka gbakọọ aka ka ha na-eme egwu na kọntinent Afrịka iji weghachite akụkọ ihe mere eme ha. Ekwenyere na mgbalị dị otú ahụ ga-akpali ndị isi ojii n'ụwa niile yana ọhụụ Osagyefo Dr Kwame Nkrumah nwere maka Black Race. "<ref name="ModernGhana">Kweku Antwi-Otoo, [https://www.modernghana.com/news/952360/mike-eghan-launches-the-emperors-story.html "Mike Eghan Launches The Emperor’s Story"], 3news.com, via ''Modern Ghana'', 28 August 2019.</ref> Ndị otu ''mkpụrụ obi'', ndị ozioma na ndị na-agba egwu sonyere na Soul to Soul, nke mere na Black Star Square (nke bụ Independence Square ugbu a), gụnyere Wilson Pickett, Ike na Tina Turner, Les McCann, Eddie Harris, The Staple Singers, Carlos Santana, Roberta Flack, Willie Bobo, Voices of East Harlem, na ndị ọzọ.<ref name="ModernGhana" /><ref>Arts Council of Ghana, [http://www.worldcat.org/title/soul-to-soul-black-star-square-accra-ghana-6th-march-1971-with-american-and-ghanaian-soul-gospel-and-dance-groups-featuring-wilson-pickett-and-others-mc-mike-eghan/oclc/6030924 ''Soul to Soul, Black Star Square, Accra, Ghana, 6th March, 1971 : with American and Ghanaian soul, gospel and dance groups, featuring Wilson Pickett (and others) : M.C., Mike Eghan''], Accra: Moxon Paperbacks, 1971.</ref> Eghan's popular 1970s talk show, The Mike Eghan Show, gosipụtara ndị ọbịa gụnyere Miriam Makeba, Ephraim Amu na Captain J. H. Tachie-Menson.<ref name="relaunch">[https://www.modernghana.com/entertainment/14672/mike-eghan-to-relaunch-talk-show-on-etv-ghana.html "Mike Eghan to relaunch talk show on ETV Ghana"], ''Modern Ghana'', 11 March 2011.</ref> Eghan mechara nweta ọrụ dị ka onye njikwa ọgwụgwọ na Volta River Authority, wee nwee ọrụ ọzọ na UK na BBC.<ref name="ModernGhana"/> ọ laghachiri Ghana, ọ maliteghachiri ọrụ na GBC, ma mesịa na-elekọta Sundown Hotel.<ref name="ModernGhana" /> Ọ gosiputara ''akwụkwọ'' ncheta ya, The "Emperor" Story From the Centre of the World, mgbe ọ dị afọ 83 na Accra n'ọnwa Ọgọstụ 2019 na Mahadum nke Ghana's Institute of African Studies, oge nke Prọfesọ Esi Sutherland-Addy duziri.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://booknook.store/product/the-emperors-story-from-the-centre-of-the-world/|title=Mike Eghan: The Emperor's Story – From the Centre of the World|location=Accra|publisher=Enigma Images Limited|isbn=978-9988-8273-6-6}}</ref><ref>GNA, [https://www.ghanabusinessnews.com/2019/09/08/mike-eghans-autobiography-launched-in-accra/ "Mike Eghan’s autobiography launched in Accra"], ''Ghana Business News'', 8 September 2019.</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.graphic.com.gh/entertainment/showbiz-news/mike-eghan-s-autobiography-launched.html|title=Mike Eghan’s autobiography launched|author=Joseph Kpormegbey|work=Graphic|date=29 August 2019}}</ref> E gosipụtara ihe nkiri iji sọpụrụ Eghan, nke Andrew Gyawu-Mensah mepụtara, na Machị n'afọ 2017.<ref>Edward Blagogee, [https://web.archive.org/web/20200218124413/http://www.todaygh.com/documentary-mike-eghan-unveiled/ "Documentary on Mike Eghan unveiled"], ''Today Online'', 20 March 2017.</ref><ref name="documentary">[https://www.ghanaweb.com/GhanaHomePage/entertainment/My-show-is-a-replica-of-the-Mike-Eghan-show-KSM-522718 "My show is a replica of the Mike Eghan show – KSM"], ''GhanaWeb'', 27 March 2017.</ref> Ihe nrite Eghan gụnyere Grand Medal iji kwado ọrụ ya dị mma na mgbasa ozi.<ref name="Joy"/><ref name="relaunch"/> [[Òtù:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ]] [[Òtù:Pages with unreviewed translations]] cg8fv4ehnrw1ku2be0xza2w6topamzq 0 17493 320119 198903 2025-07-01T05:37:29Z InternetArchiveBot 11600 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 320119 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Mizero Ncuti Gatwa''' (/ˈʃuːti ˈɡætwɑː/ SHOO-tee GAT-wah; a mụrụ na 15 Ọktoba 1992) bụ onye na-eme ihe nkiri na Scotland a mụrụ na Rwanda.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=jb8HQqqM1JM|title=Ncuti & Kedar from Sex Education Interview Each Other|work=Between 2 Favs|publisher=Netflix|date=25 January 2020}}</ref> Ọ ghọrọ onye a ma ama dịka Eric Effiong na usoro ihe nkiri Netflix Sex Education (2019-2019), nke mere ka o nweta BAFTA Scotland Award maka onye na-eme ihe nkiri kacha ''mma'' na telivishọn na nhọpụta atọ BAFTA Television Award maka Best Male Comedy Performance.<ref name=":0">{{Cite news|title=From Ncuti Gatwa to floral tributes: this week's fashion trends|url=https://www.theguardian.com/fashion/2019/feb/01/ncuti-gatwa-floral-tributes-fashion-trends-measure|accessdate=20 February 2019|work=The Guardian|date=1 February 2019}}</ref><ref name="vulture">{{Cite news|author=Lockett|first=Dee|title=Sex Education's Ncuti Gatwa Doesn't Want to Play the Gay Best Friend|url=https://www.vulture.com/2019/01/sex-education-netflix-eric-ncuti-gatwa.html|accessdate=20 February 2019|work=Vulture|date=22 January 2019}}</ref><ref name="dazed">{{Cite news|author=Okundaye|first=Jason|title=Sex Education's vital, complex portrayal of black queer teenhood|url=https://www.dazeddigital.com/film-tv/article/43014/1/sex-education-eric-netflix-black-queer-teens-ncuti-gatwa|accessdate=20 February 2019|work=Dazed|date=22 January 2019|language=en}}</ref><ref name=":1">{{Cite news|author=Smith|first=Kate Louise|url=https://www.popbuzz.com/tv-film/sex-education/ncuti-gatwa-bafta-nomination-2020/|title=Ncuti Gatwa earns BAFTA nomination for Sex Education|work=PopBuzz|date=4 June 2020}}</ref><ref name=":2">{{Cite web|url=https://www.bafta.org/television/awards/tv-2021|title=BAFTA TV 2021: Nominations for the Virgin Media British Academy Television Awards and British Academy Television Craft Awards|date=28 April 2021|publisher=[[BAFTA]]|accessdate=28 April 2021}}</ref> N'afọ 2022, a mara ọkwa Gatwa dịka onye nke iri na anọ nke Doctor na usoro BBC Doctor Who, na-eme ka ọ bụrụ onye isi ojii mbụ na-eme ihe nkiri iji duzie usoro ahụ.<ref name=":4">{{Cite web|title=Ncuti Gatwa to take over from Jodie Whittaker as new Doctor Who, BBC announces|url=https://www.scotsman.com/whats-on/arts-and-entertainment/ncuti-gatwa-to-take-over-from-jodie-whittaker-as-new-doctor-who-3685223|accessdate=2022-05-09|work=The Scotsman}}</ref><ref name=":5">{{Cite web|title=Ncuti Gatwa becomes first person of colour to play Doctor Who and fourth Scot|url=https://www.thenational.scot/news/20123036.ncuti-gatwa-doctor-star-confirmed-new-installments/|accessdate=2022-05-09|work=The National}}</ref><ref name=":6">{{Cite news|author=Ward|first=Victoria|date=2022-05-08|title=Sex Education star Ncuti Gatwa announced as first black Doctor Who|language=en-GB|work=The Telegraph|url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/2022/05/08/sex-education-star-ncuti-gatwa-announced-new-doctor/|accessdate=2022-05-09}}</ref><ref name=":7">{{Cite web|title=Doctor Who: Ncuti Gatwa to replace Jodie Whittaker, BBC announces|first=Martin|author=Belam|work=[[The Guardian]]|url=https://www.theguardian.com/tv-and-radio/2022/may/08/doctor-who-ncuti-gatwa-to-replace-jodie-whittaker-bbc-announces|date=8 May 2022|accessdate=9 May 2022}}</ref> == Mmalite ndụ == A mụrụ Gatwa na Nyarugenge, Kigali, Rwanda, n'abalị 15 ọnwa Ọktoba afọ 1992.<ref>{{Cite news|author=Anderson, Gillian|authorlink=Gillian Anderson|date=5 February 2020|title=Ncuti Gatwa Embraces His Electrifying Power|work=Teen Vogue|url=https://www.teenvogue.com/story/ncuti-gatwa-young-hollywood-2020|accessdate=10 February 2020}}</ref><ref name="news18">{{Cite news|author=Negi|first=Shrishti|title=Ncuti Gatwa of 'Sex Education' on His Unapologetic & Carefree Portrayal of a Gay, Black Teenager|url=https://www.news18.com/news/movies/sex-education-female-led-writing-room-gives-the-show-its-freshness-ncuti-gatwa-2026705.html|accessdate=20 February 2019|work=News18|date=6 February 2019}}</ref> Nna ya, Tharcisse Gatwa, sitere na Karongi District nke Rwanda, bụ onye nta akụkọ nwere PhD na nkà mmụta okpukpe.<ref>{{Cite journal|date=25 March 2009|doi=10.1111/j.1758-6631.1999.tb00164.x|title=Victims or Guilty?|journal=International Review of Mission|volume=88|issue=351|pages=347–363|author=Gatwa|first=Tharcisse}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://isimbi.rw/sinema/article/ncuti-gatwa-umunyarwanda-wihagazeho-muri-filime-sex-education-yaciye-ibintu-kuri-netflix|title=Ncuti Gatwa, Umunyarwanda wihagazeho muri filime 'Sex Education' yaciye ibintu kuri Netflix|language=Nyanja|publisher=Isimbi.rw|date=4 February 2019|accessdate=19 July 2019}}</ref> Ezinụlọ ahụ mechara gbapụ na Rwanda n'oge mgbukpọ agbụrụ nke Rwanda n'afọ 1994 wee biri na Scotland.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Black and Scottish — 'I thought I was the only black person in the world'|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/articles/4bf7LlCc20QDcd2r0PYGC0c/black-and-scottish-i-thought-i-was-the-only-black-person-in-the-world|work=BBC|accessdate=May 11, 2022}}</ref> Ha biri na Edinburgh na Dunfermline. Gatwa gara Boroughmuir High School na Dunfermline High School tupu ọ kwaga Glasgow ịmụ na Royal Conservatoire of Scotland, gụsịrị akwụkwọ na BA na Acting n'afọ 2013.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.dundeerep.co.uk/person/ncuti-gatwa|title=Ncuti Gatwa|publisher=Dundee Rep Theatre|accessdate=15 January 2019|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20201022150135/https://dundeerep.co.uk/person/ncuti-gatwa|archivedate=22 October 2020}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.rcs.ac.uk/wp-content/uploads/2014/05/BA_Acting_Showcase_Brochure_2013.pdf|title=BA Acting Showcase Class of 2013|publisher=Royal Conservatoire of Scotland|accessdate=15 January 2019|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20190116050012/https://www.rcs.ac.uk/wp-content/uploads/2014/05/BA_Acting_Showcase_Brochure_2013.pdf|archivedate=16 January 2019}}</ref> == Ọrụ == Mgbe ọ gụsịrị akwụkwọ, e nyere Gatwa ọkwa na Dundee Repertory Theatre acting graduation scheme nke dị na Dundei, Scotland ebe ọ rụrụ ọrụ n'ọtụtụ mmepụta gụnyere David Greig's ''Victoria''.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Theatre review: Victoria, Dundee Rep|url=https://www.scotsman.com/arts-and-culture/theatre-and-stage/theatre-review-victoria-dundee-rep-1561945|accessdate=2022-05-08|work=The Scotsman|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|author=Volpe|first=Allie|date=4 June 2020|title=Ncuti Gatwa Nearly Quit Acting—Then He Booked 'Sex Education'|url=https://www.backstage.com/magazine/article/ncuti-gatwa-sex-education-netflix-70843/|work=Backstage}}</ref> O nwere ọrụ dị mkpirikpi n'afọ 2014 sitcom ''Bob'' Servant nke e setịpụrụ ma mee ihe nkiri na Dundee.<ref name=":3">{{Cite web|title=BBC One - Bob Servant, Series 2, The Van|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/b04tmjcd|accessdate=2021-06-06|publisher=BBC|language=en-GB}}</ref> N'afọ 2015, ọ pụtara na ọrụ nkwado na miniseries ''Stonemouth'', nke a kwadoro na akwụkwọ akụkọ afọ 2012 nke otu aha ahụ. N'otu afọ ahụ, ọ rụrụ ọrụ na mmepụta Kneehigh Theatres nke ''946'', nke sitere na Michael Morpurgo's The Amazing Story of Adolphus Tips banyere ntụgharị maka ọdịda D-Day na Devon na ọtụtụ ọnwụ.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2015-08-05|title=946 review – Kneehigh's D-day drama brings cats and razzmatazz|url=http://www.theguardian.com/stage/2015/aug/05/946-kneehigh-review|accessdate=2021-01-13|work=The Guardian|language=en}}</ref> Gatwa mere Demetrius na mmepụta afọ 2016 nke A Midsummer Night's Dream na Shakespeare's Globe nke Emma Rice duziri.<ref>{{Cite web|title=A Midsummer Night's Dream (2016)|url=https://player.shakespearesglobe.com/productions/a-midsummer-nights-dream-2016/|accessdate=2022-03-03|work=player.shakespearesglobe.com}}</ref> N'ọnwa Mee afọ 2018, a tụbara Gatwa na usoro ihe nkiri Netflix Sex Education dịka Eric Effiong; a tọhapụrụ ihe ngosi ahụ n'afọ 2019 ma nweta otuto dị egwu.<ref name=":3"/><ref>{{Cite web|title=Sex Education: Season 1|url=https://www.rottentomatoes.com/tv/sex_education/s01|work=[[Rotten Tomatoes]]|publisher=[[Fandango Media|Fandango]]|accessdate=15 January 2019}}</ref> Gatwa natara otuto maka ngosipụta ya nke Eric site n'aka ndị na-ege ntị na ndị nkatọ, ọkachasị maka otu esi eme ka àgwà ya ghara ịbụ "onye na-eme enyi nwoke ma ọ bụ onye isi ojii kacha mma".<ref name="vulture"/><ref name="dazed"/> O nwetara ọtụtụ otuto maka ọrụ ahụ, gụnyere BAFTA Scotland Award maka onye na-eme ihe nkiri kacha mma na telivishọn n'afọ 2020, na nhọpụta atọ BAFTA Television Award maka Best Male Comedy Performance, otu n'afọ 2020, 2021 na 2022 n'usoro.<ref name=":0"/><ref name="vulture" /><ref name="dazed" /><ref name=":1"/><ref name=":2"/> === ''Durùahụike Ònye'' === Na 8 ọnwa Mee afọ 2022, a mara ọkwa na a tụbara Gatwa na Doctor Who dịka onye nke iri na anọ nke onye na-eme ihe ngosi ahụ, The Doctor.<ref>{{Cite news|author=Belam|first=Martin|url=https://www.theguardian.com/tv-and-radio/2022/may/08/doctor-who-ncuti-gatwa-to-replace-jodie-whittaker-bbc-announces|title=Doctor Who: Ncuti Gatwa to replace Jodie Whittaker, BBC announces|work=The Guardian|date=8 May 2022|accessdate=8 May 2022}}</ref> Gatwa, onye a tụbara na Febụwarị, ga-abụ onye isi ojii mbụ na-eme ihe nkiri ga-eduzi usoro ahụ, yana onye Scotland nke anọ na-eme ya.<ref>{{Cite web|author=Flook|first=Ray|title=Doctor Who: New Doctor Ncuti Gatwa Knew in February: "Been Emotional"|url=https://bleedingcool.com/tv/doctor-who-new-doctor-ncuti-gatwa-knew-in-february-been-emotional/|work=Bleeding Cool|accessdate=8 May 2022|date=8 May 2022}}</ref><ref name=":4"/><ref name=":5"/><ref name=":6"/><ref name=":7"/> A na-atụ anya na ọ ga-eweghara ọrụ ahụ na nke atọ na nke ikpeazụ nke 2022 pụrụ iche n'ọnwa Ọktoba 2022.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Ncuti Gatwa announced as the next Doctor in Doctor Who|first=Huw|author=Fullerton|work=[[Radio Times]]|url=https://www.radiotimes.com/tv/sci-fi/doctor-who-next-doctor-ncuti-gatwa-newsupdate/|date=8 May 2022|accessdate=9 May 2022}}</ref> == Ihe nkiri == === Ihe nkiri === {| class="wikitable sortable" !Afọ !Aha ya !Ọrụ ! class="unsortable" |Ihe edeturu |- |2019 |''Akụkọ Ndị Na-awụ Akụ Akụ: Ihe nkiri ahụ Rom Rom'' |Timidius | |- |2021 |''Akwụkwọ Ozi Ikpeazụ O si n'Onye Ị hụrụ n'anya'' |Nick | |- |2023 |''Barbie'' |Ken |Ihe nkiri |} === Telivishọn === {| class="wikitable plainrowheaders sortable" ! scope="col" |Year ! scope="col" |Title ! scope="col" |Role ! class="unsortable" scope="col" |Notes |- |2014 |''Bob Servant'' |Male Customer |1 episode |- |2015 |''Stonemouth'' |Dougie |2 episodes |- |2019–present |''Sex Education'' |Eric Effiong |Main role; 24 episodes |- |TBA |''Masters of the Air'' |2cd Lt. Robert Daniels |Upcoming miniseries |- |TBA |''Doctor Who'' |Fourteenth Doctor |Main role |} === Ebe a na-eme ihe nkiri === {| class="wikitable plain sortable" ! scope="col" |Afọ ! scope="col" |Aha ya ! scope="col" |Ọrụ ! class="unsortable" scope="col" |Ihe edeturu |- |2013 |''Victoria'' |Gavin/Callum/Patrick |<ref>{{Cite web|title=Ncuti Gatwa - Curtis Brown|url=https://www.curtisbrown.co.uk/client/ncuti-gatwa|accessdate=May 15, 2022}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Theatre review: Victoria, Dundee Rep|url=https://www.scotsman.com/arts-and-culture/theatre-and-stage/theatre-review-victoria-dundee-rep-1561945|accessdate=May 15, 2022}}</ref> |- |2013 |''Hecuba'' |Polydorus |<ref>{{Cite web|title=Ncuti Gatwa - Curtis Brown|url=https://www.curtisbrown.co.uk/client/ncuti-gatwa|accessdate=May 15, 2022}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Hecuba Dundee Rep|url=https://www.heraldscotland.com/life_style/arts_ents/13128158.hecuba-dundee-rep/|accessdate=May 15, 2022}}</ref> |- |2013 |''BFG'' |Sam/Onye isi ndị agha/Childchewer |<ref>{{Cite web|title=Ncuti Gatwa - Curtis Brown|url=https://www.curtisbrown.co.uk/client/ncuti-gatwa|accessdate=May 15, 2022}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=The BFG|url=https://www.uktw.co.uk/archive/kids-show/the-bfg/L3693324/|accessdate=May 15, 2022}}</ref> |- |2014 |''Mgbe ahụ, ọ dịghịkwa'' |Anthony James Marston |<ref>{{Cite web|title=Ncuti Gatwa - Curtis Brown|url=https://www.curtisbrown.co.uk/client/ncuti-gatwa|accessdate=May 15, 2022}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|title=And Then There Were None, Dundee Rep|url=https://www.thetimes.co.uk/article/and-then-there-were-none-dundee-rep-hn7qw5ftlj3|accessdate=May 15, 2022|author=Radcliffe|first=Allan}}</ref> |- |2014 |''Ụgbọala na Ụmụ nwoke'' |Robert |<ref>{{Cite web|title=Ncuti Gatwa - Curtis Brown|url=https://www.curtisbrown.co.uk/client/ncuti-gatwa|accessdate=May 15, 2022}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Cars and Boys review – A dreamlike play that never ceases to grip|work=[[TheGuardian.com]]|date=22 April 2014|url=https://www.theguardian.com/stage/2014/apr/22/cars-and-boys-review-dundee-rep-theatre|accessdate=May 15, 2022}}</ref> |- |2014 |''Nwaanyị N'Obiche'' |Tony |<ref>{{Cite web|title=Ncuti Gatwa - Curtis Brown|url=https://www.curtisbrown.co.uk/client/ncuti-gatwa|accessdate=May 15, 2022}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Photo Flash: First Look at Birmingham Repertory Theatre's WOMAN IN MIND, Opening Tonight|url=https://www.broadwayworld.com/uk-regional/article/Photo-Flash-First-Look-at-Birmingham-Repertory-Theatres-WOMAN-IN-MIND-Opening-Tonight-20140617|accessdate=May 15, 2022}}</ref> |- |2014 |''Romeo na Juliet'' |Mercutio |<ref>{{Cite web|title=Ncuti Gatwa - Curtis Brown|url=https://www.curtisbrown.co.uk/client/ncuti-gatwa|accessdate=May 15, 2022}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Review: Romeo & Juliet @ Victoria Baths|date=18 September 2014|url=https://www.manchestereveningnews.co.uk/whats-on/arts-culture-news/review-romeo--juliet--7790584|accessdate=May 15, 2022}}</ref> |- |2015 |''Shakespeare hụrụ n'anya'' |Wabash |<ref>{{Cite web|title=Ncuti Gatwa - Curtis Brown|url=https://www.curtisbrown.co.uk/client/ncuti-gatwa|accessdate=May 15, 2022}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=New Cast to Take Over in West End's Shakespeare in Love|url=https://playbill.com/article/new-cast-to-take-over-in-west-ends-shakespeare-in-love-com-336716|accessdate=May 15, 2022}}</ref> |- |2015-2017 |''946: Akụkọ dị ịtụnanya nke Adolphus Tips'' |Adolphus |<ref>{{Cite web|title=Ncuti Gatwa - Curtis Brown|url=https://www.curtisbrown.co.uk/client/ncuti-gatwa|accessdate=May 15, 2022}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title='946: The Amazing Story of Adolphus Tips' at Berkeley Rep|date=12 December 2016|url=https://www.berkeleyside.org/2016/12/12/946-the-amazing-story-of-adolphus-tips-at-berkeley-rep|accessdate=May 15, 2022}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|title=Review: Instead of a 'War Horse,' This Time a Lost Cat Opens a Child's Eyes|work=The New York Times|date=21 March 2017|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2017/03/21/theater/946-the-amazing-story-of-adolphus-tips-review.html|accessdate=May 15, 2022|author=Collins-Hughes|first=Laura}}</ref> |- |2015 |''Akara'' |Valentine |<ref>{{Cite web|title=Ncuti Gatwa - Curtis Brown|url=https://www.curtisbrown.co.uk/client/ncuti-gatwa|accessdate=May 15, 2022}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Lines Review, Yard Theatre|url=https://www.culturewhisper.com/r/theatre/preview/5417|accessdate=May 15, 2022|archivedate=October 12, 2022|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20221012124630/https://www.culturewhisper.com/r/theatre/preview/5417}}</ref> |- |2016 |''Nrọ N'etiti Oge Okpomọkụ'' |Demetrius |<ref>{{Cite web|title=Ncuti Gatwa - Curtis Brown|url=https://www.curtisbrown.co.uk/client/ncuti-gatwa|accessdate=May 15, 2022}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=SHAKESPEARE, W.: Midsummer Night's Dream (A) (Shakespeare's Globe, 2016) (NTSC)|url=https://www.naxos.com/catalogue/item.asp?item_code=OA1183D|accessdate=May 15, 2022}}</ref> |- |2017 |''Nsogbu n'uche'' |John Nevins |<ref>{{Cite web|title=Ncuti Gatwa - Curtis Brown|url=https://www.curtisbrown.co.uk/client/ncuti-gatwa|accessdate=May 15, 2022}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Trouble in Mind, The Print Room review - Tanya Moodie is a treat to watch|date=22 September 2017|url=https://theartsdesk.com/theatre/trouble-mind-print-room-review-tanya-moodie-treat-watch|accessdate=May 15, 2022}}</ref> |- |2017-2018 |''Nkwupụta ahụ'' |Serge |<ref>{{Cite web|title=Ncuti Gatwa - Curtis Brown|url=https://www.curtisbrown.co.uk/client/ncuti-gatwa|accessdate=May 15, 2022}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Cast Complete for THE CLAIM UK Tour|url=https://www.broadwayworld.com/uk-regional/article/Cast-Complete-for-THE-CLAIM-UK-Tour-20171030|accessdate=May 15, 2022}}</ref> |- |2018 |''Ndị Mmegide'' |Captain Jack Absolute |<ref>{{Cite web|title=Ncuti Gatwa - Curtis Brown|url=https://www.curtisbrown.co.uk/client/ncuti-gatwa|accessdate=May 15, 2022}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=The Rivals|url=https://jonathanhumphreys.com/The-Rivals|work=jonathanhumphreys.com|accessdate=May 15, 2022|archivedate=May 28, 2022|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20220528100528/https://jonathanhumphreys.com/The-Rivals}}</ref> |- |} === Egwuregwu vidio === {| class="wikitable plain sortable" ! scope="col" |Afọ ! scope="col" |Aha ya ! scope="col" |Ọrụ ! class="unsortable" scope="col" |Ihe edeturu |- |2022 |''Akụkọ ifo Grid'' |Valentin Manzi |Olu na mmegharị mmegharị |} == Onyinye na nhọpụta == {| class="wikitable sortable" !Afọ !Ihe nrite !Ụdị !Ọrụ !Nsonaazụ ! class="unsortable" |Refs |- | rowspan="3" |2019 | rowspan="2" |Ihe nrite ihe nkiri MTV |Egwuregwu Kasị Mma | rowspan="15" |''Mmụta Mmekọahụ'' | {{Nom}} |<ref name="MTV">{{Cite web|title=MTV Movie & TV Awards 2019: The Complete List of Nominations|url=https://www.eonline.com/uk/news/1041360/mtv-movie-tv-awards-2019-the-complete-list-of-nominations|author=Dupre|first=Elyse|work=E! News|date=14 May 2019}}</ref> |- |Best Kiss (ya na Connor Swindells)|| {{Nom}} |<ref name="MTV" /> |- |BAFTA Scotland |Onye na-eme ihe nkiri kacha mma na telivishọn |{{Nom}} |<ref>{{Cite web|title=2019 Scotland Actor - Television|url=http://awards.bafta.org/award/2019/scotland/actor-television|accessdate=2022-06-10|work=BAFTA Awards}}</ref> |- | rowspan="8" |2020 |Emume ihe nkiri Newport Beach |Onye na-eme ihe nkiri na-eme nke ọma Honore |{{Won}} |<ref>{{Cite web|date=2020-02-06|title=2020 UK Honours|url=https://newportbeachfilmfest.com/2020-uk-honours/|accessdate=2022-06-10|work=Newport Beach Film Festival}}</ref> |- |Ihe nrite mgbasa ozi mgbasa ozi |Onye na-eme ihe nkiri kacha mma |{{Nom}} |<ref>{{Cite web|title=Broadcasting Press Guild Awards (2020)|url=http://www.imdb.com/event/ev0000134/2020/1/|accessdate=2022-06-10|work=IMDb}}</ref> |- |Ihe nrite mgbasa ozi mgbasa ozi |Ọganihu Kasị Mma |{{Won}} |<ref>{{Cite web|date=2020-03-14|title=2020|url=https://www.broadcastingpressguild.org/2020-awards/|accessdate=2022-06-10|work=Broadcasting Press Guild|language=en-GB|archivedate=2022-05-20|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20220520101115/http://www.broadcastingpressguild.org/2020-awards/}}</ref> |- |Ihe nrite Royal Television Society |Egwuregwu Comedy (Nwoke) |{{Won}} |<ref>{{Cite web|date=2019-10-14|title=RTS Programme Awards 2020 in partnership with Audio Network|url=https://rts.org.uk/award/rts-programme-awards-2020-partnership-audio-network|accessdate=2022-06-10|work=Royal Television Society}}</ref> |- |Ihe nrite ndị na-eto eto Scot |Ntụrụndụ |{{Won}} |<ref>{{Cite web|title=Meet the #YSAwards 2020 Winners|url=https://young.scot/get-informed/national/meet-the-ysawards-2020-winners|accessdate=2022-06-10|work=Young Scot|language=en|archivedate=2022-08-17|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20220817170251/https://young.scot/get-informed/national/meet-the-ysawards-2020-winners}}</ref> |- |Ihe nrite BAFTA Television |Egwuregwu Comedy Kasị Mma nke Nwoke |{{Nom}} |<ref>{{Cite web|title=2020 Television Male Performance in a Comedy Programme {{!}} BAFTA Awards|url=http://awards.bafta.org/award/2020/television/male-performance-in-a-comedy-programme|accessdate=2022-06-10|work=awards.bafta.org}}</ref> |- |BAFTA Scotland |Onye na-eme ihe nkiri kacha mma na telivishọn |{{Won}} |<ref>{{Cite web|title=Scotland {{!}} Actor - Television in 2020|url=http://awards.bafta.org/award/2020/scotland/actor-television|accessdate=2022-06-10|work=BAFTA Awards}}</ref> |- |Rose Ọlaedo |Egwuregwu nke Afọ |{{Won}} |<ref>{{Cite web|title=Rose d’Or 2020 winners announced – Rose d'Or Awards|url=https://www.rosedor.com/2020/12/09/rose-dor-2020-winners-announced/|accessdate=2022-06-10|language=en-GB}}</ref> |- |2021 |Ihe nrite BAFTA Television |Egwuregwu Comedy Kasị Mma nke Nwoke | {{Nom}} |<ref>{{Cite web|title=2021 Television Male Performance in a Comedy Programme {{!}} BAFTA Awards|url=http://awards.bafta.org/award/2021/television/male-performance-in-a-comedy-programme|accessdate=2022-06-10|work=awards.bafta.org}}</ref> |- | rowspan="3" |2022 |Ihe nrite National Comedy |Ọrụ Nkwado Pụrụ Iche |{{Won}} |<ref>{{Cite web|title=In Full: National Comedy Awards 2022 - The Winners|url=https://www.mediamole.co.uk/entertainment/tv/feature/in-full-national-comedy-awards-2022-the-winners_479672.html|accessdate=2022-06-10|work=Media Mole|language=en-GB|archivedate=2022-05-26|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20220526153545/https://www.mediamole.co.uk/entertainment/tv/feature/in-full-national-comedy-awards-2022-the-winners_479672.html}}</ref> |- |Ihe nrite ndị nkatọ na-ahọrọ telivishọn |Onye na-akwado ihe nkiri kacha mma na usoro ihe nkiri Comedy |{{Nom}} |<ref>{{Cite web|author=Pedersen|first=Erik|date=2021-12-06|title=Critics Choice TV Nominations: ‘Succession’ Leads Field As HBO Edges Netflix|url=https://deadline.com/2021/12/critics-choice-awards-tv-nominations-2021-succession-hbo-netflix-1234885460/|accessdate=2022-06-10|work=Deadline}}</ref> |- |Ihe nrite BAFTA Television |Egwuregwu Comedy Kasị Mma nke Nwoke |{{Nom}} |<ref>{{Cite web|title=2022 Television Male Performance in a Comedy Programme {{!}} BAFTA Awards|url=http://awards.bafta.org/award/2022/television/male-performance-in-a-comedy-programme|accessdate=2022-06-10|work=awards.bafta.org}}</ref> |} == Ihe odide == {{Reflist}} == Njikọ mpụga == * {{IMDb name|6967441}} [[Òtù:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ]] 1iwom69zrre598b9am8ujgpenxoh6e5 0 18000 320077 127998 2025-06-30T14:04:39Z Anastesia chi 23720 edoziri m broken files 320077 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Agatha Bennett''' (1919-2006) bụ ónyé America na-ese ihe. A na-ejikọta ya na ndị [[Quilts of Gee's Bend|Gee's Bend]] quilting collective, n'akụkụ nne di ya, Delia Bennett.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|url=http://www.soulsgrowndeep.org/artist/agatha-bennett|title=Agatha Bennett {{!}} Souls Grown Deep Foundation|work=www.soulsgrowndeep.org|accessdate=2019-04-21|archivedate=2019-04-21|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20190421001957/http://www.soulsgrowndeep.org/artist/agatha-bennett}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.quiltsofgeesbend.com/quiltmakers.html|title=Quiltmakers Of The Quilts of Gees Bend|work=www.quiltsofgeesbend.com|accessdate=2019-04-21|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20181125033701/http://www.quiltsofgeesbend.com/quiltmakers.html|archivedate=2018-11-25}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.ajc.com/news/local/fulton-county-woman-keeps-connection-gee-bend-alive/5AablBWIA3lnCOx2mMUapL/|title=Fulton County woman keeps connection to Gee’s Bend alive|author=Gracie Bonds Staples|first=The Atlanta Journal-Constitution|work=ajc|language=English|accessdate=2019-04-21}}</ref><ref name=":1">{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=o57mBjxyVHEC|title=Gee's Bend: The Women and Their Quilts|author=Beardsley|first=John|date=2002|publisher=Tinwood Books|isbn=9780971910409|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=oULezQjE5hwC|title=Gee's Bend: The Architecture of the Quilt|author=Arnett|first=William|date=2006|publisher=Tinwood Books|isbn=9780971910478|language=en}}</ref> A gụnyere ọrụ ya na nchịkọta nke High Museum of Art. == Ndụ mmalite na ezinụlọ == A mụrụ Bennett na Gee's Bend na Herbert Hall Wilkinson Plantation.<ref name=":0"/> Ọ bụ nne na nna ya ochie, Emma na Jacob Coleman zụlitere ya.<ref name=":0" /> Ya na Rev. Pernell Bennett lụrụ di na 1940 ma zụlite ụmụ iri na anọ n'ọrụ ugbo, na-arụ ọrụ màkà ụlọ ọrụ na-etinye ihe n'ime ite, na ụlọ ọrụ na'ime osisi.<ref name=":0" /> == Onye na-eme akwa == Bennett bụ ónyé otu Gee's Bend quilting collective.<ref name=":1"/> == Ihe Nketa == Site na mkparịta ụka ya na di ya, Souls Grown Deep Foundation dere ndụ na mmepe nke Agatha dị ka ónyé na-ese akwa.<ref name=":0"/> == Edensibia == {{Reflist}} k8bjsdmfmpic7sggevr4s5oncjbt3vj 0 19886 320116 129565 2025-07-01T05:06:22Z Anastesia chi 23720 edoziri m broken files 320116 wikitext text/x-wiki {| class="infobox vcard" |+ class="infobox-title fn org" id="4" |Air Midwest | colspan="2" class="infobox-image" | |- | colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" | {| style="display: table; border-collapse: collapse; width: 100%; background-color: lightgrey; font-weight: bold; line-height: 1;" ! scope="col" style="padding-top: 0.5em; border-right: 1px solid white; text-align: center;" |[[IATA airline designator|IATA]] ! scope="col" style="padding-top: 0.5em; border-right: 1px solid white; text-align: center;" |[[ICAO airline designator|ICAO]] ! scope="col" style="padding-top: 0.5em; text-align: center;" |[[Airline call sign|Callsign]] |- | class="nickname" style="padding-bottom: 0.5em; border-right: 1px solid white; text-align: center;" | - | class="nickname" style="padding-bottom: 0.5em; border-right: 1px solid white; text-align: center;" |VTY | class="nickname" style="padding-bottom: 0.5em; text-align: center;" |VICTORY |} |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" |Founded | class="infobox-data" |2002 |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" |Ceased operations | class="infobox-data" |2010 |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" |Fleet size | class="infobox-data" |1 |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" |[[Parent company]] | class="infobox-data" |Air Midwest Limited |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" |Headquarters | class="infobox-data label" |[[Ikeja]], [[Lagos State]], [[Nigeria]] |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" |Website | class="infobox-data" |[https://web.archive.org/web/20091119125013/http://airmidwestng.com/ airmidwestng.org] ''(defunct)'' |} [[Usòrò:Air_Midwest_Nigeria_Boeing_737-500_Lofting.jpg|link=//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/Air_Midwest_Nigeria_Boeing_737-500_Lofting.jpg/220px-Air_Midwest_Nigeria_Boeing_737-500_Lofting.jpg|thumb|Air Midwest Nigeria Boeing 737-500]] Air Midwest bụ ọrụ ụgbọ elu na-abịanụ site na [[Lagos]], Nigeria, nke ga-enwe ịsị ụlọọrụ na Murtala Mohammed International Airport. Ụlọ ọrụ ahụ enwetala ikike site na Ngalaba Naịjirịa Federal nke Aviation iji rụọ ọrụ ụgbọ elu azụmahịa, mana ugbu a, ọ dịghị ihe ọzọ e mere iji malite ọrụ zuru ezu. == Akụkọ ihe mere eme == Ndị ọrụ abụọ bụbu ndị ọrụ Kabo Air guzobere Air Midwest na 2002. Ọ nwetara ikike ịrụ ọrụ na 2003. N'ịgbaso ọtụtụ ihe mberede ụgbọelu na Naịjirịa, gọọmentị Naịjirị gwara ụlọ ọrụ ụgbọelu ọ bụla ka ha mee ndozighari gaa na ọkwa dị elu, nke mere ka Air Midwest ghara ịmalite. Ka ọ na-erule n'ọnwa Disemba afọ 2009, ụlọ ọrụ ahụ enwetala ụgbọ elu Boeing 737 atọ.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://thenationonlineng.net/web2/articles/28027/1/Why-Air-Mid-West-is-introducing-all-business-class-cabin-aircraft/Page1.html|title=The Nation Newspaper Nigeria - Read Latest Nigeria News|work=The Nation Nigeria|language=en-US|accessdate=2017-08-29|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20100918023419/http://thenationonlineng.net/web2/articles/28027/1/Why-Air-Mid-West-is-introducing-all-business-class-cabin-aircraft/Page1.html|archivedate=2010-09-18}}</ref> Air Midwest natara asambodo nke Airworthiness site na Nigerian Civil Aviation Authority na Febụwarị 2010, nke nyere ụlọ ọrụ ahụ ikike ịrụ ọrụ otu Boeing 737-500. Onye isi nchịkwa Air Midwest, Otunba Aigbokhan, kwuru na ha bu n'obi ịmalite njikọ nke ụzọ ime obodo na-ejikọ [[Murtala Muhammed International Airport|ọdụ]] ụgbọ elu Lagos na [[Benin City|Benin]], [[Òwèrè|Owerri]], [[Abuja]] na Port Harcourt.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.tribune.com.ng/index.php/aviation/1800-ncaa-issues-certificate-of-air-worthiness-to-air-mid-west.html|title=Nigerian Tribune: NCAA issues certificate of air worthiness to Air Mid-West|accessdate=2010-10-21|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120229175604/http://www.tribune.com.ng/index.php/aviation/1800-ncaa-issues-certificate-of-air-worthiness-to-air-mid-west.html|archivedate=2012-02-29}}</ref> N'ọnwa Machị afọ 2010, ụlọ ọrụ ụgbọelu ahụ mere ngosipụta nke mwepụ ndị njem.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://allafrica.com/stories/201003190240.html|title=Nigeria: Air Midwest Ends Simulation Exercise|author=Orukpe|first=Abel|date=2010-03-19|work=Daily Independent (Lagos)|accessdate=2017-08-29}}</ref> N'ihe na-erughị otu ọnwa mgbe nke ahụ gasịrị, e mere nwale ụgbọ elu site na Lagos gaa Owerri.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://allafrica.com/stories/201003260142.html|title=Nigeria: Midwest Airline to Conduct Demonstration Flight|date=2010-03-26|work=Daily Independent (Lagos)|accessdate=2017-08-29}}</ref> N'otu afọ ahụ, a gbasara ụlọ ọrụ ahụ, n'agbanyeghị mbọ niile a. == Edensibia == {{Reflist}} == Njikọ mpụga == bet08gm5836zg0z6ylzf1l2it0tmy6e 0 19887 320117 128010 2025-07-01T05:09:14Z Anastesia chi 23720 edoziri m broken files 320117 wikitext text/x-wiki  {{Databox}} [[Usòrò:Virgin.nigeria.a330-200.g-wwbd.arp.jpg|link=//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/Virgin.nigeria.a330-200.g-wwbd.arp.jpg/220px-Virgin.nigeria.a330-200.g-wwbd.arp.jpg|áká_ịkẹngạ|thumb|A Virgin Nigeria Airbus A330-200 na Gatwick Airport, England nke e nyere site na BMI. (2007)]] Air Nigeria (nke a na-akpọbụ '''Virgin Nigeria Airways''', na Nigerian Eagle Airlines) bụ onye na-ebu ọkọlọtọ mba nke [[Naijiria|Naịjirịa]], nke na-arụ ọrụ ndị njem mpaghara na nke ụlọ.<ref>"[https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/business-19545453 Air Nigeria ends international flights]." Retrieved on 11 December 2012.</ref> Isi ụlọ ọrụ ụgbọ elu ahụ bụ Murtala Mohammed International Airport na [[Ikeja]], isi ụlọ ọrụ ya dị na Lagos Island, Lagos na ụlọ C&M na Crawley, ụlọ ọrụ ya edebanyere aha dị na [[Ikoyi]], [[Lagos]].<ref>"[https://web.archive.org/web/20100109084639/http://www.virginnigeria.com/en/ng/contact_ho.html AN Registered Offices]." Air Nigeria. Retrieved on 28 June 2010. "Registered Office 188 Awolowo Road South West Ikoyi Lagos, Nigeria. Head Office 9th Floor Etiebets Place 21, Mobolaji Bank-Anthony Way Ikeja Lagos, Nigeria. "</ref> E hiwere ụlọ ọrụ ụgbọ elu ahụ, nke nọchiri anya Nigeria Airways, na 2004 dị ka njikọ aka n'etiti ndị na-etinye ego na Naijiria na Virgin Group. Virgin hapụrụ azụmahịa ahụ n'etiti afọ 2008 na 2010. N'ịgbaso mgbanwe aha abụọ, Air Nigeria mara ọkwa na 6 Septemba 2012 na o meela ka ndị ọrụ ya ghara ịrụ ọrụ ma kwụsị ọrụ na 10 Septemba 2012.<ref name="Brock">{{Cite news|author=Brock|first=Joe|title=Air Nigeria shuts down in latest aviation setback|date=10 September 2012|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/uk-nigeria-aviation-idUSLNE88901M20120910|work=Reuters|accessdate=10 September 2012}}</ref> == Akụkọ ihe mere eme == === Mmalite ya === Ndị na-etinye ego na ụlọ ọrụ Naijiria nwere 51% nke ụlọ ọrụ ahụ ebe Virgin Atlantic 49% fọdụrụnụ. Ụgbọelu mbụ nke ụlọ ọrụ ụgbọelu ahụ bụ na 28 June 2005 site na Lagos gaa London Heathrow, na-eji ụgbọelu Airbus A340-300. Virgin Nigeria ghọrọ ngwa ngwa otu n'ime ụlọ ọrụ ụgbọ elu kachasị ukwuu na Naịjirịa, na-ebu otu nde ndị njem na tọn ibu pụkụ anọ n'ime afọ abụọ nke ha rụrụ ọrụ. Ụlọ ọrụ ụgbọelu ahụ nwetakwara otuto gụnyere THISDAY Awards 2006 Airline of the year na nhọpụta maka 2006 African Airline of of the year site na ASATA (Association of South African Travel Agents).<ref>[http://allafrica.com/stories/200703260311.html Virgin Nigeria wins 2006 Airline of the Year award.], AllAfrica.com website, retrieved March 27, 2007</ref> Virgin Nigeria nwere atụmatụ ime [[Nnamdi Azikiwe International Airport]] na Abuja isi nke abụọ ya, ebe, na mgbakwunye na isi Lagos ya Murtala Muhammed International Airport, ọ ga-ejere mba niile dị na West Africa ozi. === Ahịa nke Virgin na ndozighari === N'abalị iri na itoolu n'ọnwa Ọgọstụ n'afọ 2008, Virgin Atlantic kwupụtara na ọ nọ na mkparịta ụka iji ree pasentị ịrị anọ na itoolu ya ma nyochaa ma ọ dị mma na akara Virgin kwesịrị ịnọgide na-ejikọta ya na Virgin Nigeria.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.ft.com/cms/s/0/ceb26f6e-6e17-11dd-b5df-0000779fd18c.html|title=Subscribe to read|work=Financial Times|date=19 August 2008|accessdate=2017-08-24}}</ref> Nke a sochiri esemokwu nke bilitere mgbe Ministri Transportation kwagara ọrụ ụlọ Virgin Nigeria na Terminal 2 megide ọchịchọ ya. Virgin Nigeria ajụla ntuziaka ugboro abụọ iji wepụ ọrụ ya n'ụlọ site na ọdụ ụgbọ elu mba ụwa, na-ekwu maka Memorandum of Mutual Understanding nke ya na gọọmentị gara aga ([[Olusegun Obasanjo]]) bịanyere aka, yana ịrịọ arịrịọ n'ụlọ ikpe dị elu nke Lagos, dị ka ihe kpatara na ọ naghị agbaso. Na Jenụwarị 9, 2009, Virgin Nigeria kwupụtara na ọ ga-akwụsị ụgbọ elu niile na-aga London Gatwick na Johannesburg, malite na Jenụwarụwarị 27, 2009.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.virginnigeria.com/en/ng/press/pr2009-01-09.html|title=Flights Have Now Finished|accessdate=2009-07-25|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20090603032057/http://www.virginnigeria.com/en/ng/press/pr2009-01-09.html|archivedate=2009-06-03}}</ref> Na 17 Septemba 2009, Virgin Nigeria mara ọkwa na ebe weebụsaịtị ya na a gbanwere aha ya ka ọ bụrụ Nigerian Eagle Airlines. Nigerian Eagle Airlines kwukwara na ọ na-eme atụmatụ ilekwasị anya na ụgbọ elu ụlọ na mpaghara na mgbasawanye na [[Obodo Békè|Europe]] na n'ikpeazụ [[Njikọ̀taọ̀hà|United States]] of America.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.virginnigeria.com/en/ng/press/pr2009-09-17.html|title=Virgin Nigeria Rebrand As Nigerian Eagle Airlines|accessdate=2009-09-18|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20090922214606/http://www.virginnigeria.com/en/ng/press/pr2009-09-17.html|archivedate=2009-09-22}}</ref> Virgin jigidere 49% ya na Nigerian Eagle Airlines ọhụrụ ebe Kassy Olisakwe jidere 51% fọdụrụnụ. === Mgbanwe aha dị ka Air Nigeria, na ịkwụsị ọrụ === N'ụbọchị nke abụọ n'ọnwa Juun afọ 2010, mgbe ọ nwetasịrị ọtụtụ òkè na ụlọ ọrụ '''ụgbọelu''' ahụ, Jimoh Ibrahim, onye isi oche ọhụrụ, mara ọkwa na ụlọ ọrụ ahụ agbanweela aha ọzọ ka ọ bụrụ Air Nigeria Development Limited, nke a na-akpọ Air Nigeria.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.virginnigeria.com/en/ng/press/pr2010-07-02.html|title=Nigerian Eagle Airlines Rebrands As Air Nigeria|accessdate=2010-06-07|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20100612161721/http://www.virginnigeria.com/en/ng/press/pr2010-07-02.html|archivedate=2010-06-12}}</ref> N'abalị iri na atọ n'ọnwa Juun afọ 2012, ndị na-achịkwa ụgbọ mmiri ahụ kwụsịrị ụgbọ mmiri ahụ maka nyocha nchekwa.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.businessweek.com/ap/2012-06/D9VCD5F02.htm|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120614214121/http://www.businessweek.com/ap/2012-06/D9VCD5F02.htm|archivedate=2012-06-14|title=Nigeria's 2nd-largest airline grounded for checks - BusinessWeek}}</ref> N'abalị isii n'ọnwa Septemba n'afọ 2012, Air Nigeria kwupụtara na ndị na-elekọta ya achụpụla ndị ọrụ ya n'ihi na ha anaghị eguzosi ike n'ihe ma ụlọ ọrụ ụgbọ elu ahụ kwụsịrị ọrụ ya niile dị n'ógbè, mpaghara, na mba ụwa.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.businessdayonline.com/NG/index.php/news/284-breaking-news/47439-hope-of-air-nigerias-return-dims-as-aoc-expires|title=Hope of Air Nigeria's return dims as AOC expires|accessdate=2012-12-11|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20121115023429/http://www.businessdayonline.com/NG/index.php/news/284-breaking-news/47439-hope-of-air-nigerias-return-dims-as-aoc-expires|archivedate=2012-11-15}}</ref> Ọrụ kwụsịrị na 10 Septemba 2012.<ref name="Brock" /> N'abalị iri na itoolu n'ọnwa Septemba n'afọ 2018, gọọmentị Naijiria kwụsịtụrụ atụmatụ ịmalite ikuku Naijiria ruo mgbe ebighi ebi.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Home|url=https://reportsafrique.com/|accessdate=2021-08-18|work=Reports Afrique|language=en-US|archivedate=2021-08-18|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20210818114453/https://reportsafrique.com/}}</ref> Enweghị ihe kpatara nkwụsịtụ ahụ.<ref>{{Cite news|date=2018-09-20|title=Nigeria Air relaunch grounded|language=en-GB|work=BBC News|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-45587143|accessdate=2020-05-29}}</ref> == Ebe Ndị ọ Na-aga == === Nkwekọrịta Codeshare === * Delta Air Lines (SkyTeam)<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.thisdayonline.com/nview.php?id=161186|title=Nigerian Eagle Signs Code-share Deal with Delta|accessdate=2009-12-06|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20091218042619/http://www.thisdayonline.com/nview.php?id=161186|archivedate=2009-12-18}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://news.delta.com/index.php?s=43&item=1395|title=Delta News Hub|work=news.delta.com|language=en|accessdate=2017-08-24}}</ref> * Kenya Airways (SkyTeam)<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20200913165009/https://odili.net/news/source/2009/sep/30/229.html Nigerian Eagle Airlines signs Codeshare with Kenya Airways]</ref> == Ụgbọ == [[Usòrò:Air_Nigeria_Boeing_737-300_Iwelumo.jpg|link=//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/Air_Nigeria_Boeing_737-300_Iwelumo.jpg/220px-Air_Nigeria_Boeing_737-300_Iwelumo.jpg|áká_ịkẹngạ|thumb|Ụgbọelu Air Nigeria Boeing 737-300 na [[Nnamdi Azikiwe International Airport]], [[Abuja]]. (2011)]] === Ụgbọ mmechi === Ụgbọelu Air Nigeria nwere ụgbọelu ndị a obere oge tupu ọ kwụsị ọrụ (dị ka Eprel 2012):<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.airfleets.net/flottecie/Air%20Nigeria.htm|title=Air Nigeria Fleet {{!}} Airfleets aviation|work=www.airfleets.net|accessdate=2017-08-24}}</ref> === Ụgbọ === [[Usòrò:LZ-BHD_09042005.jpg|link=//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/LZ-BHD_09042005.jpg/220px-LZ-BHD_09042005.jpg|thumb|A Virgin Nigeria Airbus A320-211 na-apụ n'ọdụ ụgbọ elu Brussels, [[Belgium]]. E si na BH Air gbazite ụgbọelu ahụ. (2005)]] Tupu a gbanwee aha ya, Virgin Nigeria jikwa ụgbọelu ndị a rụọ ọrụ:<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://airfleets.net/flottecie/Virgin%20Nigeria.htm|title=Virgin Nigeria Fleet {{!}} Airfleets aviation|work=airfleets.net|accessdate=2017-08-24}}</ref> == Hụkwa == * Mmiri Arik * Nigeria Airways * Ụgbọelu nke Africa == Edensibia == {{Reflist|2}} == Njikọ mpụga == Media related to Air Nigeria at Wikimedia Commons [[Òtù:Pages with unreviewed translations]] mygv09k3jxgy5m45ylzzwcxv1o34wsx 0 19980 320106 97389 2025-07-01T00:39:38Z InternetArchiveBot 11600 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 320106 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}}  '''Mr Bigg's''' bụ otu n'ime ụlọ oriri na ọṅụṅụ nri ngwa ngwa nke Naijiria. N'ịbụ nke ụlọ ọrụ United African Company of Nigeria PLC nke Naijiria nwere, enwere ihe dị ka ebe otu narị na iri asaa ugbu a na Naijiria, gụnyere ụlọ oriri na ọṅụṅụ mbụ na-agafe na mba ahụ, yana ebe anọ ọzọ na [[Ghana]].<ref name="United African Company of Nigeria">{{Cite web|url=http://www.uacnplc.com/business/biggs.htm|title=UAC of Nigeria: Our Mr. Biggs Business|publisher=United African Company of Nigeria|accessdate=2008-04-12|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20071107002220/http://www.uacnplc.com/business/biggs.htm <!-- Bot retrieved archive -->|archivedate=2007-11-07}}</ref> N'afọ 2013, Famous Brands, South Africa, zụtara pasent ịrị anọ na itoolu nke ụlọ ọrụ ahụ.<ref>{{Cite news|title=South African company buys stake in Nigeria’s Mr Bigg’s fast food chain|first=Jaco|author=Maritz|url=https://www.howwemadeitinafrica.com/south-african-company-buys-stake-in-nigerias-mr-biggs-fast-food-chain/30378/|work=www.howwemadeitinafrica.com|date=16 September 2013|accessdate=5 February 2018}}</ref> [[Usòrò:Mr._Bigg's.jpg|link=//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Mr._Bigg%27s.jpg/220px-Mr._Bigg%27s.jpg|thumb|Ụlọ ahịa Maazị Bigg nwere akara ngosi.]] A maara ụlọ oriri na ọṅụṅụ ahụ maka atụmatụ ya na-acha ọbara ọbara na edo edo na anụ. Akụkọ ihe mere eme nke Maazị Bigg malitere na ụlọ ahịa kọfị dị n'ime ụlọ ahịa Kingsway Department na 1960s. N'afọ 1973, a gbanwere aha ụlọ ahịa ndị a ka ọ bụrụ Kingsway Rendezvous, nke ghọrọ Mr Bigg's n'afọ 1986. Akara ahụ hụrụ mmụba ngwa ngwa mgbe ọ ghọsịrị otu n'ime ụlọ ọrụ Naijiria mbụ na-ere franchises nye ndị na-etinye ego.<ref name="United African Company of Nigeria"/> == Edensibia == {{Reflist}} == Njikọ mpụga == * [https://web.archive.org/web/20230604001005/https://mrbiggs.com.ng/ Ebe nrụọrụ weebụsaịtị] * [http://uacrestaurants.com/mr-biggs/ Ebe nrụọrụ weebụ ụlọ ọrụ - UAC Restaurants] encamya95rhjxikxd4qix9hh3wdz4ar 0 22204 320092 182388 2025-06-30T16:45:28Z Mirah50 16972 Fixed reference errors 320092 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Angelo Cardona''' (amụrụ na 5 Jenụwarị 1997) bụ onye ọ chụnta ego mmekọrịta ọha na eze nke Colombia, onye na-ahụ maka udo na ikike mmadụ. Ọ bụ onye nnọchi anya Latin America na International Peace Bureau.<ref name=":9">{{Cite web|title=Angelo Cardona {{!}} IPB - International Peace Bureau|url=http://www.ipb.org/ipb-council-members/angelo-cardona/|accessdate=2020-06-28|language=en-US}}</ref><ref name=":11" /> Onye guzobere na onye isi oche nke Ibero-American Alliance for Peace and Peace onye nnọchi anya Global Peace Chain.<ref name=":3">{{Cite web|title=Equipo|url=https://www.alianzaibero.com/quienes-somos/perfiles/|accessdate=2020-07-18|work=Alianza Iberoamericana por la Paz|language=es}}</ref><ref name=":11">{{Cite web|date=2020-07-09|title=Colombiano nombrado embajador mundial de la paz es de Soacha|url=https://periodismopublico.com/colombiano-nombrado-embajador-mundial-de-la-paz-es-de-soacha|accessdate=2020-07-24|work=periodismopublico.com|language=es}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|author=Pinzon|first=Gabriela|title=Joven de Soacha se convierte en el embajador mundial de la paz|publisher=Bacata Stereo|url=https://bacatastereo.com/joven-de-soacha-se-convierte-en-el-embajador-mundial-de-la-paz/|accessdate=2020-09-12|language=es-CO}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Angelo Cardona|url=https://globalpeacechain.org/|accessdate=2020-08-08|work=Global Peace Chain}}</ref> N'afọ 2021, ọ meriri Diana Award .<ref>{{Cite web|author=Bureau|first=International Peace|date=2021-06-29|title=The Diana Award goes to the young colombian Angelo Cardona|url=https://www.pressenza.com/2021/06/the-diana-award-goes-to-the-young-colombian-angelo-cardona/|accessdate=2022-02-28|work=Pressenza|language=en-US}}</ref>[[Usòrò:Cardona, conferencia en la ONU 2019.jpg|thumb|Angelo Cardona]] == Ọrụ == Cardona ekwuola mmebi ikike mmadụ nke mba ya na-enwe n'ọnọdụ mkpebi dị iche iche dị ka United Nations Headquarters, European Parliament, German Parliament, British Parliament, Argentina Congress na Colombian Congress.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Angelo Cardona|url=https://worldbeyondwar.org/angelocardona/|accessdate=2021-03-12|work=World Beyond War . . .|language=en-US}}</ref><ref name=":0">{{Cite web|title=Winners 2019|url=https://www.21stcenturyiconawards.com/copy-of-winners-2018|accessdate=2020-05-26|work=21stcenturyiconaward|language=en}}</ref><ref name=":1">{{Cite web|date=September 21, 2019|title=Joven soachuno de 22 años entre los íconos mundiales del siglo XXI|url=https://periodismopublico.com/joven-soachuno-de-22-anos-entre-los-iconos-mundiales-del-siglo-xxi|accessdate=2020-05-26|work=periodismopublico.com|language=es}}</ref> Ọ bụ onye otu Defendamos la Paz (n'asụsụ Bekee, Ka ''anyị'' nwee udo) nke ụmụ amaala Colombia maka udo na-arụ ọrụ maka mmejuputa nkwekọrịta udo nke Colombia. Na 2018, otu Amnesty International kpọrọ ya dị ka ọkà okwu na Berlin, iji kesaa ihe ọmụma ya banyere mmejupụtara nkwekọrịta obi na Colombia.<ref name=":11">{{Cite web|date=2020-07-09|title=Colombiano nombrado embajador mundial de la paz es de Soacha|url=https://periodismopublico.com/colombiano-nombrado-embajador-mundial-de-la-paz-es-de-soacha|accessdate=2020-07-24|work=periodismopublico.com|language=es}}</ref><ref name=":1">{{Cite web|date=September 21, 2019|title=Joven soachuno de 22 años entre los íconos mundiales del siglo XXI|url=https://periodismopublico.com/joven-soachuno-de-22-anos-entre-los-iconos-mundiales-del-siglo-xxi|accessdate=2020-05-26|work=periodismopublico.com|language=es}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=2020-08-19|title=DLP denuncia interferencia judicial|url=http://lalineadelmedio.com/dlp-denunciainterferenciajudicial/|accessdate=2020-10-06|work=La línea del medio|language=es-CO}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=2019-07-19|title=Defendamos la Paz: Protecting Colombia's Fragile Peace|url=https://www.lawg.org/defendamos-la-paz-protecting-colombias-fragile-peace/|accessdate=2020-08-06|work=Latin America Working Group|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Colombia's Resilience for Peace - an invitation by Amnesty University Group of the FU Berlin|url=https://www.lateinamerikaforum-berlin.de/veranstaltung/colombias-resilience-for-peace-an-invitation-by-amnesty-university-group-of-the-fu-berlin/|accessdate=2020-11-05|work=Lateinamerika-Forum Berlin e.V.|language=de-DE}}</ref> Ọ bụ akụkụ nke Youth for Disarmament initiative nke United Nations Office for Disarmment Affairs ma soro na ''ndị'' mmeri nke 'okwu 75 maka disarmament' nke United Nations malitere iji cheta afọ 75 nke ntọala ya na bọmbụ atọm nke Hiroshima na Nagasaki.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2020-10-28|title=Ángelo Cardona: Semana del Desarme-ONU|url=https://periodismopublico.com/colombiano-premiado-por-la-onu-en-la-semana-del-desarme-es-de-soacha|accessdate=2020-11-05|language=es}}</ref><ref name=":13">{{Cite web|date=2020-10-27|title=El colombiano premiado por la ONU en la Semana del Desarme|url=https://www.las2orillas.co/el-colombiano-premiado-por-la-onu-en-la-semana-del-desarme/|accessdate=2020-11-05|work=Las2orillas|language=es}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=a/res/74/64 - E - a/res/74/64|url=https://undocs.org/a/res/74/64|accessdate=2020-11-05|work=undocs.org}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=#75Words4Disarmament Youth Challenge Winners {{!}} Youth 4 Disarmament|url=https://www.youth4disarmament.org/news/75words4disarmament-youth-challenge-winners|accessdate=2020-11-05|work=www.youth4disarmament.org}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=UNODA – United Nations Office for Disarmament Affairs|url=https://www.un.org/disarmament/|accessdate=2020-11-05|work=www.un.org}}</ref> N'afọ 2016, mgbe ọ dị afọ 19, ọ ghọrọ onye otu International Peace Bureau, ma soro guzoro International Peace Bureau Youth Network (IPBYN).<ref name=":0" /> <ref>{{Cite web|title=The Youth Network is Founded – IPBYN|url=http://ipbyn.org/2016/10/31/the-youth-network-is-founded/|language=en-US|accessdate=2020-05-26}}</ref><ref name=":9">{{Cite web|title=Angelo Cardona {{!}} IPB - International Peace Bureau|url=http://www.ipb.org/ipb-council-members/angelo-cardona/|accessdate=2020-06-28|language=en-US}}</ref><ref name=":4">{{Cite web|date=2019-08-19|title=Conferencia que transforma de la red de jóvenes de la IPB. Hacia una cultura de paz|url=https://www.pressenza.com/es/2019/08/conferencia-que-transforma-de-la-red-de-jovenes-de-la-ipb-hacia-una-cultura-de-paz/|accessdate=2020-05-26|work=Pressenza|language=es}}</ref> N'afọ 2019, a họpụtara Cardona ka ọ bụrụ onye otu Council nke International Peace Bureau.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Structure {{!}} IPB - International Peace Bureau|url=http://www.ipb.org/topics/structure/|accessdate=2021-03-08|language=en-US}}</ref> Cardona bụkwa akụkụ nke International Steering Group maka Global Campaign on Military Spending (GCOMS).<ref name=":7">{{Cite web|title=About us -|url=http://demilitarize.org/global-campaign-on-military-spending/|work=demilitarize.org|language=en-US|accessdate=2020-05-26}}</ref> Dị ka akụkụ nke mkpọsa na 2020, ya na ndị otu 28 nke Congress nke Colombia, ọ tụrụ aro ịnyefe 1 ijeri pesos Colombian site na ebumnuche agha gaa na ngalaba ahụike. Ministry na-ahụ maka nchekwa nke Colombia kwetara na pasent 10 nke ahụ, na-ebugharị 100 nde pesos (ma ọ bụ US $ 25 nde).<ref>{{Cite web|author=de 2021|first=26 de Abril|title=Rechazos al alto gasto militar de Colombia, según ONG sueca|url=https://www.infobae.com/america/colombia/2021/04/26/rechazos-al-alto-gasto-militar-de-colombia-segun-ong-sueca/|accessdate=2022-02-28|work=infobae|language=es-ES}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|author=Staff|first=Forbes|date=2020-04-21|title=Gobierno destinará parte del presupuesto militar para el sector salud|url=https://forbes.co/2020/04/21/actualidad/gobierno-destinara-parte-del-presupuesto-militar-para-el-sector-salud/|accessdate=2022-02-28|work=Forbes Colombia|language=es-MX}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Colombia sets an example by shifting military spending towards healthcare. -|url=https://demilitarize.org/media_news/colombia-sets-an-example-by-shifting-military-spending-towards-healthcare/|accessdate=2022-02-28|work=demilitarize.org|language=en-US}}</ref> N'afọ 2021, ndị otu ndị omeiwu Colombian 33 kwadoro ya wee chọọ ka onye isi ala Colombia, Iván Duque, nye 1 ijeri pesos site na ngalaba nchekwa na ngalaba ahụike.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Congresistas piden a Duque transferir un billón de pesos del sector defensa al sector salud|url=https://cablenoticias.tv/congresistas-piden-a-duque-transferir-un-billon-de-pesos-del-sector-defensa-al-sector-salud/|accessdate=2021-05-14|language=es-CO}}</ref> Cardona rịọ Gọọmentị ka ha zere ịzụta ụgbọ agha 24 nke ga-efu $ 4.5 nde dollar.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Colombia es "el segundo país de la región que más invierte en gasto militar", advierte ONG|url=https://www.elpais.com.co/colombia/es-el-segundo-pais-de-la-region-mas-que-invierte-en-gasto-militar-advierte-ong.html|accessdate=2021-05-14|work=www.elpais.com.co}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Nuevas críticas desde oposición a compra de aviones y aumento de gasto militar|url=http://www.elnuevodia.com.co/nuevodia/especiales/sucesos/465605-nuevas-criticas-desde-oposicion-compra-de-aviones-y-aumento-de-gasto|accessdate=2021-05-14|work=El Nuevo Día|language=es}}</ref> Dị ka o si kwuo, site na ego ahụ, gọọmentị nwere ike ịzụta ma ọ dịkarịa ala ọgwụ mgbochi ọrịa 300,000 megide COVID-19 ma mee ka usoro ahụike dị na mba ahụ sie ike.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2021-04-26|title=Piden a Duque bajar gasto militar e invertir en atención de pandemia|url=https://www.eltiempo.com/justicia/servicios/congresistas-piden-bajar-gasto-militar-e-invertir-en-atencion-de-pandemia-583859|accessdate=2021-05-14|work=El Tiempo|language=spanish}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=2021-04-26|title=Colombia fue el segundo país latinoamericano con mayor gasto militar durante pandemia, según informe|url=https://www.bluradio.com/nacion/colombia-fue-el-segundo-pais-latinoamericano-con-mayor-gasto-militar-durante-pandemia-segun-informe|accessdate=2021-05-14|work=Blu Radio|language=es}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=2021-04-26|title=Colombia, 2do país de Latinoamérica con más inversión militar en pandemia|url=https://caracol.com.co/radio/2021/04/26/politica/1619470096_763308.html|accessdate=2021-05-14|work=Caracol Radio|language=es}}</ref> Na Mee 4, 2021, n'etiti ngagharị iwe kpụ ọkụ n'ọnụ malitere na Colombia n'ihi atụmatụ maka mgbanwe ụtụ isi ọhụrụ.<ref>{{Cite news|author=Turkewitz|first=Julie|date=2021-05-03|title=In Colombia, 19 Are Killed in Pandemic-Related Protests|language=en-US|work=The New York Times|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2021/05/03/world/americas/colombia-protest-deaths.html|accessdate=2021-05-14}}</ref> Minista na-ahụ maka ego, José Manuel Restrepo, mara ọkwa na Gọọmentị ga-agbaso arịrịọ ka ọ ghara ịzụta ụgbọ agha ahụ.<ref>{{Cite web|date=4 May 2021|title=Colombia ya no invertirá 14 billones de pesos en aviones de guerra|url=https://www.infobae.com/america/colombia/2021/05/05/colombia-ya-no-invertira-14-billones-de-pesos-en-aviones-de-guerra/|accessdate=2021-05-14|work=infobae|language=es-ES}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=2021-05-04|title=Nuevo minhacienda asegura que Gobierno no comprará aviones de combate|url=https://www.eltiempo.com/politica/gobierno/nuevo-ministro-de-hacienda-dice-que-gobierno-no-comprara-aviones-de-guerra-585879|accessdate=2021-05-14|work=El Tiempo|language=spanish}}</ref> N'ihi mmụba nke igbu ndị isi ọha na eze na ndị na-kwalite nkwekọrịta udo na Colombia ọ gara London na 2018.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2018-12-17|title=En 2018 empeoró la situación de los líderes sociales en Colombia|url=https://www.france24.com/es/20181214-lideres-sociales-colombia-asesinatos-2018|accessdate=2021-03-08|work=France 24}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=2021-05-15|title=Colombia, intervista ad Angelo Cardona: la goccia che fece traboccare il vaso|url=https://www.lanternaweb.it/colombia-intervista-ad-angelo-cardona-la-goccia-che-fece-traboccare-il-vaso/|accessdate=2021-05-31|work=Lanterna|language=it-IT}}</ref> N'ebe ahụ, ọ ghọrọ osote onye isi oche nke Humanity United for Universal Demilitarisation<ref>{{Cite web|title=About HUFUD|url=https://hufud.org/about/|accessdate=2020-11-05|work=HUFUD|language=en-GB}}</ref><ref name=":5">{{Cite web|title=Peace Conference & Peace March in London on 15 September 2018 – IPBYN|url=http://ipbyn.org/2018/08/23/peace-conference-peace-march-in-london-on-15-september-2018/|accessdate=2020-05-26|language=en-US}}</ref> == Onyinye na nsọpụrụ == * 2019, Cardona tinyere Asha de Vos, bụ ndị na-anata 21st Century Icon Awards - Inspirational Icon Award<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":2">{{Cite web|date=2019-09-20|title=21st Century Icon Awards 2019 – Celebrating Success of the Next Generation.|url=https://fabukmagazine.com/asia/21st-century-icon-awards-2019-celebrating-success-of-the-next-generation/|accessdate=2020-05-26|work=FabUK Asia|language=en-GB|archivedate=2020-08-09|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20200809015041/https://fabukmagazine.com/asia/21st-century-icon-awards-2019-celebrating-success-of-the-next-generation/}}</ref> * 2020, Okwu 75 maka Disarmament Award nke United Nations Office for Disarmament Affairs.<ref name=":13" /> * 2021, Onyinye iji sọpụrụ onye nwụrụ anwụ Diana, Princess of Wales - Onyinye Diana.<ref>{{Cite web|author=Chile|first=Redacción|date=2021-06-28|title=Angelo Cardona, activista por la paz colombiano recibe The Diana Awards|url=https://www.pressenza.com/es/2021/06/angelo-cardona-activista-por-la-paz-colombiano-recibe-the-diana-awards/|accessdate=2022-02-28|work=Pressenza|language=es-ES}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|author=Semana|date=2021-07-01|title=Angelo Cardona, el primer colombiano en ganar el premio que honra el legado de la princesa Diana|url=https://www.semana.com/mejor-colombia/articulo/angelo-cardona-el-primer-colombiano-en-ganar-el-premio-que-honra-el-legado-de-la-princesa-diana/202156/|accessdate=2022-02-28|work=Semana.com Últimas Noticias de Colombia y el Mundo|language=spanish}}</ref> * 2021, Onyinye Ndị Ntorobịa na Napolitan Victory Awards.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Nominados y Ganadores 2021 – The Napolitan Victory Awards|url=https://napolitans.org/nominados-y-ganadores-2021/|accessdate=2021-09-25|language=en-US}}</ref> * 2021, Ihe nrite Diana Legacy.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2021-12-02|title=ANGELO CARDONA|url=https://diana-award.org.uk/stories/angelo-cardona/|accessdate=2022-02-28|work=The Diana Award|language=en-US}}</ref> * 2022, onye a họpụtara maka Nobel Peace Prize.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2022-03-30|title=El joven colombiano nominado al Premio Nobel de Paz 2022|url=https://www.las2orillas.co/el-joven-colombiano-nominado-al-premio-nobel-de-paz-2022/|accessdate=2022-03-30|work=Las2orillas|language=es}}</ref><ref name=":8">{{Cite web|date=2021-05-15|title=Chile y Colombia reducen presupuestos militares|url=https://lavozdechile.com/chile-y-colombia-reducen-presupuestos-militares/|accessdate=2021-05-28|work=La Voz de Chile|language=es}}</ref> == Hụkwa == * Agha Colombia * Ụlọ Ọrụ Udo Mba Nile * Ndepụta nke ndị na-eme udo == Ihe odide == {{Reflist}} == Njikọ mpụga == * [http://angelocardona.com/ Ebe nrụọrụ weebụ gọọmentị] * Angelo Cardona [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=lcb7xBtWNFY&t=2s Gịnị mere na udo adịghị?] [[Òtù:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ]] ntu5jhsd9p27fuor3jrji1qyf6m01ph 0 22543 320108 138304 2025-07-01T02:34:21Z InternetArchiveBot 11600 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 320108 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Nancy Acora''' bụ onye ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị na onye omeiwu nke [[Uganda]]. Ọ na-anọchite anya ndị obodo Lamwo dị ka nwanyị MP na ndị omeiwu nke Uganda.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|title=Acora Nancy - 2021 General Election - Visible Polls|url=https://visiblepolls.org/ug/2021-general-election/candidates/acora-nancy-10476/|accessdate=2022-04-07|work=visiblepolls.org|language=en}}</ref> Acora bụ onye omeiwu nwere onwe ya, ọ banyere na omeiwu mgbe o meriri onye bụbu onye omeiwu [[Molly Lanyero]] nke National Resistance Movement party.<ref name=":0"/><ref>{{Cite web|title=In pictures: Here is how MPs showed up for their swearing-in|url=https://www.bukedde.co.ug/articledetails/102631|accessdate=2022-04-07|work=Bukedde|language=en|archivedate=2022-10-17|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20221017064416/https://www.bukedde.co.ug/articledetails/102631}}</ref> Mgbe ntuli aka ahụ gasịrị, Lanyero enweghị afọ ojuju ma tinye akwụkwọ mkpesa megide Acora. Acora na ngwụcha usoro ahụ meriri akwụkwọ mkpesa ntuli aka n'ọnwa Septemba 2021.<ref>{{Cite web|author=Independent|first=The|date=2021-09-21|title=Court dismisses petition against Lamwo Woman MP|url=https://www.independent.co.ug/court-dismisses-petition-against-lamwo-woman-mp/|accessdate=2022-04-07|work=The Independent Uganda|language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=2021-08-26|title=Lamwo District woman MP Petition Ruling Set For September 17th|url=https://megafm.co.ug/lamwo-district-woman-mp-petition-ruling-set-for-september-17th/|accessdate=2022-04-07|work=Mega 102 FM|language=en-US|archivedate=2022-10-19|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20221019004624/https://megafm.co.ug/lamwo-district-woman-mp-petition-ruling-set-for-september-17th/}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Lamwo District Woman MP Election Petitioner Requests to Submit Additional Evidence|url=http://ugandaradionetwork.com/story/lamwo-district-woman-mp-election-petitioner-requests-to-submit-additional-evidence|accessdate=2022-04-07|work=Uganda Radio Network|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Former Lamwo District Woman MP Appeals Against Petition Dismissal|url=https://ugandaradionetwork.net/story/former-lamwo-district-woman-mp-appeals-against-petition-dismissal|accessdate=2022-04-07|work=Uganda Radionetwork|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=2021-10-16|title=Why over 50 MP election petitions were thrown out|url=https://www.monitor.co.ug/uganda/news/national/why-over-50-mp-election-petitions-were-thrown-out-3585324|accessdate=2022-04-07|work=Monitor|language=en}}</ref> Na nzuko omeiwu nke Uganda, Acora na-eje ozi dị ka onye otu kọmitii na-ahụ maka ihe gbasara onye isi ala.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Committee on Presidential Affairs – Parliament Watch|url=https://parliamentwatch.ug/committees/committee-on-presidential-affairs/|accessdate=2022-04-07|language=en-US}}</ref> == Ebenside == [[Òtù:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ]] tb06o3i00s0gx401xc83g68qqkvyf2i 0 23257 320093 182390 2025-06-30T16:57:34Z Mirah50 16972 Fixed reference errors 320093 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Matsie Angelina "Angie" Motshekga''' (Amụrụ na 19 June 1955) bụ onye ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị na onye nkuzi [[South Africa]] na-eje ozi dị ka Minista nke Mmụta Isi kemgbe Mee 2009. A họpụtakwara ya dị ka onye isi oche nke Republic of South Africa n'afọ 2 Julaị 2021, dịka Onye isi ala Cyril Ramaphosa gara olili ozu Kenneth Kaunda na [[Zambia]].<ref>{{Cite web|author=Letshwiti-Jones|first=Pule|title=Motshekga appointed acting president|url=https://www.news24.com/news24/southafrica/news/motshekga-appointed-acting-president-20210702|accessdate=2021-07-02|work=News24|language=en-US}}</ref> Ọ bụbu onye otu Executive Council na gọọmentị mpaghara Gauteng. Motshekga bụ onye otu African National Congress . Ọ bụbu onye isi oche nke otu ụmụ nwanyị nke pati ahụ. A mụrụ Motshekga n'ụbọchị 19 June 1955 na Soweto, Transvaal Province.<ref name="Parl">{{Cite web|title=Mrs Matsie Angelina Motshekga|url=https://www.parliament.gov.za/person-details/251|work=Parliament of South Africa|accessdate=26 July 2020|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20200726131020/https://www.parliament.gov.za/person-details/251|archivedate=26 July 2020}}</ref> Ọ natara agụmakwụkwọ ụlọ akwụkwọ praịmarị ya n'ụlọ akwụkwọ dị iche iche na Soweto. Ọ gụrụ akwụkwọ n'ụlọ akwụkwọ obibi na Matatiele.<ref name="Parl" /> Motshekga gụrụ akwụkwọ na Mahadum nke North, ebe ọ nwetara nzere Bachelor of Arts na Education. Site na Mahadum nke Witwatersrand, Motshekga nwetara nzere Bachelor of Educational Science na nzere masta.<ref name="GovZA">{{Cite web|title=Matsie Angelina Motshekga, Ms|url=https://www.gov.za/about-government/contact-directory/matsie-angelina-motshekga-ms|work=Government of South Africa|accessdate=25 July 2020}}</ref> N'afọ 1981, Motshekga were ọrụ dị ka onye nkuzi na Orlando High School. Ọ rụrụ ọrụ n'ụlọ akwụkwọ ahụ ruo n'afọ 1983, mgbe ọ gbara arụkwaghịm mgbe a họpụtara ya dị ka onye nkuzi na Soweto College of Education . Motshekga ghọrọ onye nkuzi na Mahadum nke Witwatersrand n'afọ 1985. Ọ kụziri ihe na mahadum ruo n'afọ 1994.<ref name="GovZA" /> N'ime afọ 1980, Motshekga bụ onye otu Soweto Education Crisis Committee nke mechara bụrụ akụkụ nke National Education Coordinating Committee.<ref name="Parl" /> Ọ bụ onye otu United Democratic Front. Ọ bụkwa onye otu National Education Union nke South Africa.<ref name="Parl" /> Motshekga na-arụsi ọrụ ike na Pimville Civic Association.<ref name="GovZA" /> == Ebenside == [[Òtù:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ]] e229fkfbrx8u36i2vif7mw108aanalq 0 26175 320099 189098 2025-06-30T21:23:11Z InternetArchiveBot 11600 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 320099 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Usòrò:The-NASA-Earth's-Energy-Budget-Poster-Radiant-Energy-System-satellite-infrared-radiation-fluxes.jpg|thumb|Ọnọdụ ihu igwe nke ụwa na ekpebi n'ụzọ dị ukwuu site na mmefu ego ike nke mbara ala, ''ya bụ'', nguzozi nke radieshon na-abata na nke na apụ apụ. A na atụle ya site na satellites ma gosipụta ya na W / m2. Enweghị nkwekọ (ma ọ bụ ọnụego nke okpomọkụ ụwa; nke egosiri na ihe osise dị ka "net absorbed" ego) toro site na +0.6 W / m2 (2009 est.) ruo n'elu +1.0 W / m3 na 2019.]] '''Mmefu ego ike nke ụwa''' na akọwa nguzozi n'etiti ike nke ụwa nwetara site na Anyanwụ na ike nke [[Àlà|ụwa]] furu azụ na mbara igwe. A na atụle obere isi mmalite ike, dị ka okpomọkụ dị n'ime ụwa, mana na enye obere onyinye ma e jiri ya tụnyere ike anyanwụ. Mmefu ego ike na akọkwa otú ike si agafe usoro ihu igwe. N'ihi na Anyanwụ na ekpo ọkụ na mpaghara okpomọkụ karịa mpaghara polar, a na ekesa ìhè anyanwụ n'ụzọ na adịghị mma. Ka ike na achọ nguzozi gafee mbara ala, ọ na akpali mmekọrịta na usoro ihu igwe nke ụwa, ya bụ, mmiri, ice, ikuku, mkpo nkume, na ihe niile dị ndụ. Ihe si na ya pụta bụ ihu igwe nke ụwa. Mmefu ego ike nke ụwa na-adabere n'ọtụtụ ihe, dị ka ikuku ikuku, gas na ekpo ọkụ, albedo elu mbara ala (ntụgharị), igwe ojii, ahịhịa, usoro iji ala eme ihe, na ihe ndị ọzọ. Mgbe ike na abata na nke na apụ apụ na akwụsi ike, ụwa nọ na nguzozi radiative na usoro ihu igwe ga adịtụ mma. Okpomọkụ ụwa na eme mgbe ụwa na enweta ike karịa ka ọ na enyeghachi na mbara igwe, na oyi ụwa na ewere ọnọdụ mgbe ike na apụta dị ukwuu. Ọtụtụ ụdị nha na nchọpụta na egosi enweghị nkwụsi ike okpomọkụ kemgbe ọ dịkarịa ala afọ 1970. Ọnụ ọgụgụ nke okpomọkụ sitere na ihe omume a sitere na mmadụ enweghị atụ. Mgbe mmefu ego ike na agbanwe, a na egbu oge tupu nkezi okpomọkụ ụwa agbanwe nke ukwuu. Nke a bụ n'ihi inertiya okpomọkụ nke [[Oké osimiri okpomọkụ ọdịnaya|oké osimiri]], ala na cryosphere. Nkọwa ziri ezi nke ike ndị a na nchekwa bụ ihe achọrọ n'ime ọtụtụ ụdị ihu igwe. == Ike na-aga n'ụwa == [[Usòrò:NPP_Ceres_Shortwave_Radiation.ogv|thumb|Incoming, top-of-atmosphere (TOA) shortwave flux radiation, na-egosi ike natara site na Anyanwụ dịka e si nweta ya site na nyocha CERES (2627 Jenụwarị 2012). Ebe ndị na-acha ọcha na-egbuke egbuke na-egosi ngosipụta kachasị elu (nke na-adịchaghị adọrọ) nke ike anyanwụ, ebe ebe ebe ndị na-adịghị anụnụ anụnụ na-egosi nnukwu adọrọ.]] N'agbanyeghị nnukwu nnyefe nke ike n'ime na site n'ụwa, ọ na ejigide okpomọkụ na adịgide adịgide n'ihi na, n'ozuzu ya, enwere obere uru ma ọ bụ mfu: Ụwa na ewepụta site na radieshon ikuku na nke ụwa (gbanwere na ogologo oge electromagnetic wavelengths) na mbara igwe banyere otu ike ahụ ka ọ na enweta site na insolation anyanwụ (ụdị radieshon electromagnetic niile). === Ike anyanwụ na-abata (shortwave radiation) ===   A na atụle ngụkọta nke ike natara kwa sekọnd n'elu ikuku nke ụwa (TOA) na watts ma na enye ya site na oge [[:en:Solar_constant|anyanwụ na adịgide adịgide]] ebe gafere ụwa kwekọrọ na radiation. N'ihi na ebe elu nke okirikiri bụ okpukpu anọ nke ebe okirikiri (ya bụ, ebe okirikiti nke okirikiti), nkezi TOA zuru ụwa ọnụ na kwa afọ bụ otu ụzọ n'ụzọ anọ nke anyanwụ na adịgide adịgide ma yabụ ọ bụ ihe dịka 340 watts kwa square mita (W / m2). Ebe ọ bụ na ịmịkọrọ na adịgasị iche na ọnọdụ yana mgbanwe nke ehihie, oge na kwa afọ, ọnụọgụ ndị e depụtara bụ nkezi ọtụtụ afọ nwetara site na ọtụtụ nyocha satellite. N'ime ~340 W / m² nke radieshon anyanwụ nke ụwa natara, nkezi nke ~77 W / m 2 na egosipụta azụ na mbara igwe site na igwe ojii na ikuku na ~23 W / m2) na egosipụtakwa site na albedo elu, na ahapụ ~240 W / mm2 nke ike anyanwụ na mmefu ego ike nke ụwa. A na akpọ ọnụọgụ a radieshon anyanwụ (ASR). Ọ na egosi uru nke ihe dị ka 0.3 maka albedo nke ụwa, nke a na akpọkwa [[:en:Bond_albedo|Bond albedo]] (A): : <math> ASR = (1-A) \times 340~\mathrm{W}~\mathrm{m}^{-2} \simeq 240~\mathrm{W}~\mathrm{m}^{-2}.</math> === Ọdịdị radieshon na-apụta === [[Usòrò:NPP_Ceres_Longwave_Radiation.ogv|thumb|Ọpụpụ, ogologo oge radiation na-aga n'elu ikuku (26:27) Jenụwarị 2012). A na-egosi ike okpomọkụ sitere n'ụwa (na watts kwa square mita) na agba odo, ọbara ọbara, acha anụnụ anụnụ na ọcha. Mpaghara ndị na-acha odo odo na-enwu gbaa bụ ndị na-ekpo ọkụ ma na-ewepụta ike kachasị na mbara igwe, ebe ebe ebe ndị na-adịghị anụnụ anụnụ na igwe ojii na-acha ọcha na-enwetụ ọkụ na-ajụ oyi, na-ewepụ ike kacha nta.]]   A na akọwakarị radiation longwave na apụ apụ (OLR) dị ka ike na apụ na mbara ala, ọtụtụ n'ime ha dị na infrared band. N'ozuzu, a na agbanwe ike anyanwụ a na amịpụta n'ụdị dị iche iche nke ike okpomọkụ. A na ewepụta ụfọdụ n'ime ike a dị ka OLR kpọmkwem na mbara igwe, ebe a na ebute ndị ọzọ site na usoro ihu igwe dị ka radiant na ụdị ndị ọzọ nke ike okpomọkụ. Dịka ọmụmaatụ, ikuku na apụtaghị ìhè na eme mgbe ebugharị okpomọkụ site na mbara ala (ala na oké osimiri) gaa na ikuku site na evapotranspiration na okpomọkụ zoro ezo ma ọ bụ usoro conduction / convection. N'ikpeazụ, a na-ewepụta ike niile na apụta n'ụdị radiation longwave laghachi na mbara igwe. Mbugharị nke OLR site n'elu ụwa site na ikuku ya nwere ọtụtụ okpukpu na agbaso iwu Kirchoff nke radiation okpomọkụ. Ihe nlereanya nwere otu ọkwa na emepụta nkọwa zuru oke nke OLR nke na enye okpomọkụ n'elu (Ts=288 Kelvin) na n'etiti troposphere (Ta=242 Kelvin) nke dị nso na ọnụọgụ nkezi:<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.acs.org/content/acs/en/climatescience/atmosphericwarming/singlelayermodel.html|title=ACS Climate Science Toolkit - Atmospheric Warming - A Single-Layer Atmosphere Model|publisher=American Chemical Society|accessdate=30 September 2022|archivedate=25 May 2023|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20230525201203/https://www.acs.org/climatescience/atmosphericwarming/singlelayermodel.html}}</ref> : <math> OLR \simeq \epsilon \sigma T_a^4 + (1-\epsilon) \sigma T_s^4.</math> N'okwu a, σ bụ Stefan-Boltzmann constant na ε na anọchite anya emissivity nke ikuku. Aerosols, igwe ojii, mmiri na ekpo ọkụ, na gas na ekpuchi okpomọkụ na enye aka na uru dị irè nke ihe dị ka ε=0.78. Mmetụta okpomọkụ siri ike (ike nke anọ) na eme ka ọ dị nso na nguzozi nke ike na apụta na abata site na obere mgbanwe na okpomọkụ zuru oke nke mbara ala. === Ihe ndị na enye okpomọkụ n'ime ụwa na obere mmetụta ndị ọzọ === A na eme atụmatụ na okpomọkụ na esi n'ime ụwa na agafe bụ 47 terawatts (TW) ma kewaa ihe dịka n'otu n'etiti okpomọkụ radiogenic na okpompe fọdụrụ site na nhazi ụwa. Nke a kwekọrọ na nkezi nke 0.087 W / m2 ma na anọchite anya naanị 0.027% nke mmefu ego ike zuru ụwa ọnụ n'elu, na adị obere site na 173,000 TW nke radieshon anyanwụ na abata. Mmepụta ike nke mmadụ dị ala ọbụna na atụmatụ 160,000 TW-hr maka afọ 2019. Nke a kwekọrọ na nkezi okpomọkụ na aga n'ihu nke ihe dị ka 18 TW.<ref name="owdprime">{{Cite journal|url=https://ourworldindata.org/grapher/global-primary-energy?country=~OWID_WRL|title=Global Direct Primary Energy Consumption|author=Hannah Ritchie and Max Roser|journal=Our World in Data|year=2020|accessdate=2020-02-09}}</ref> Otú ọ dị, oriri na eto ngwa ngwa na mmepụta ike na mmanụ ala na emepụta mmụba na gas na ekpo ọkụ, na-eduga na ihe karịrị okpukpu 20 nke enweghị nkwekọ na abata / na apụ apụ nke sitere na radieshon anyanwụ.<ref name="20220112_SciAm">{{Cite web|url=https://www.scientificamerican.com/article/oceans-break-heat-record-for-third-year-in-a-row/|title=Oceans break heat record for third year in a row|author=Chelsea Harvey|date=2022-01-12|publisher=[[Scientific American]]}}</ref> Photosynthesis nwekwara mmetụta dị ịrịba ama: A na eme atụmatụ 140 TW (ma ọ bụ gburugburu 0.08%) nke ike na eme na photosynthesis, na enye ike na osisi iji mepụta biomass. A na ewepụta ike okpomọkụ yiri nke ahụ n'ime otu afọ mgbe a na eji osisi eme ihe dị ka nri ma ọ bụ mmanụ. A na elegharakarị obere isi mmalite nke ike na ngụkọta, gụnyere mmụba nke uzuzu interplanetary na ifufe anyanwụ, ìhè sitere na kpakpando ndị ọzọ na abụghị Anyanwụ na radieshon okpomọkụ sitere na mbara igwe. N'oge gara aga, Joseph Fourier kwuru na radiation dị omimi dị ịrịba ama na akwụkwọ a na ekwukarị dị ka nke mbụ na mmetụta okpomọkụ. == Nnyocha mmefu ego == [[Usòrò:Earth_heat_balance_Sankey_diagram.svg|thumb|Ihe osise Sankey na-egosi ihe atụ ziri ezi nke mmefu ego ike nke ụwa. Ọkpụrụkpụ nke akara na adabere n'ụzọ kwekọrọ na oke ike.]] N'okwu ndị dị mfe, mmefu ego ike nke ụwa na adabere mgbe mmiri na abata na aha ka mmiri na apụ apụ. Ebe ọ bụ na a na egosipụta akụkụ nke ike na abata ozugbo, a pụkwara ịkọwa nguzozi ahụ dị ka radieshon na abịanụ (obere oge) nke na abọta na radieshon ogologo oge na apụ apụ: : <math> ASR = OLR.</math> === Nnyocha nke mmiri na asọ n'ime === Iji kọwaa ụfọdụ n'ime ihe ndị dị n'ime mmefu ego ahụ, ka insolation natara n'elu ikuku bụrụ 100 nkeji (=340 W / m2), dịka egosiri na eserese Sankey na esote. A na akpọ albedo nke ụwa, ihe dị ka nkeji 35 n'ihe atụ a na egosipụta ozugbo na mbara igwe: 27 site n'elu igwe ojii, 2 site na snow na ebe ice kpuchiri, na 6 site n'akụkụ ndị ọzọ nke ikuku. A na amịkọrọ nkeji 65 fọdụrụnụ (ASR=220 W / m2): 14 n'ime ikuku na 51 n'elu ụwa. A na ewepụ nkeji iri ise na otu na eru ma na amịkọrọ n'elu ala site na ụdị dị iche iche nke ike ala: iri na asaa na amụta na mbara igwe na iri atọ na anọ na amịrị ikuku (19 site na okpomọkụ na adịghị ahụ anya nke vaporisation, itoolu site na convection na turbulence, na isii dị ka infrared nke gas na amiri). A na emecha weghachite nkeji iri anọ na asatọ nke ikuku na amị (34 nkeji site na ike ala na 14 site na insolation). Ihe atụ a dị mfe na eleghara ụfọdụ nkọwa nke usoro ndị na-agagharị, na echekwa, ma si otú a na eduga n'ịgbakwunye okpomọkụ n'akụkụ elu. N'ikpeazụ, a na ewepụta nkeji 65 (17 site n'ala na 48 site na ikuku) dị ka OLR. Ha na jikọta ihe 65 nkeji (ASR) sitere na anyanwụ iji nọgide na enweta ike site na ụwa. === Ọrụ nke mmetụta okpomọkụ === [[Usòrò:Earth_Energy_Budget_with_GHE.svg|thumb|A na-atụle mmetụta nke okpomọkụ dị ka radiation nke elu na ewepụta ma e wezụga radiation okpomọkụ na eru ohere. A na akagbu ụfọdụ radieshon na apụta n'ụzọ dị irè site na radieshon nke na agbadata ma yabụ na agaghị ebufe okpomọkụ. Data site na 2015.]]   Gas ndị dị na ikuku (oxygen na nitrogen) na apụta ìhè n'ìhè anyanwụ na abata mana ha na apụtakwa radieshon longwave (thermal / infrared). Otú ọ dị, anwụrụ mmiri, carbon dioxide, methane na gas ndị ọzọ na adịghị ahụkebe ọtụtụ wavelengths nke radiation okpomọkụ. Mmiri na ekpo ọkụ na amị ihe ka ukwuu n'ike infrared nke na ekpuchi ụwa. Gas ndị ahụ na enyekwa ike infrared na ekpo ọkụ n'akụkụ niile. Na radiation na aga n'akụkụ niile, mmetụta net bụ na nke ahụ bụ obere nnyefe ike ( nnyefe okpomọkụ radiation) na ikuku dị ala. Ikuku na ebelata na ịdị elu, na ihe dịka kilomita 5, na agbakọta gas na ikuku dị n'elu ya dị nnọọ obere nke na okpomọkụ nwere ike ịpụ na mbara igwe. N'ihi na mkpụrụ ndụ gas na ekpo ọkụ na enye ike infrared n'akụkụ niile, ụfọdụ n'ime ya na agbasa ala ma mesịa laghachi n'elu ụwa, ebe a na amị ya. Ike radiative a na agbadata na eme ka ọtụtụ n'ime ike radiative na agbanye n'elu site n'elu ụwa, na ebelata nke ukwuu ọnụego nke radiative cooling nke elu. Ihe na eduga na ike anyanwụ na agbakọta, na ebuli okpomọkụ elu ruo mgbe elu ya na ekpo ọkụ nke na ọnụego nke ịjụ oyi kwekọrọ na ọnụego okpomọkụ sitere na ìhè anyanwụ. Nke a na eme ka elu ya na ekpo ọkụ karịa ka ọ ga abụ ma ọ bụrụ na gas na ekpuchi okpomọkụ anaghị egbochi ọnwụ okpomọkụ radiative. Nke a na ebelata oyi na oke okpomọkụ metụtara ya bụ mmetụta okpomọkụ okike. Ọ dị ka a ga asị na e kpuchiri ụwa na blanket nke na enye ohere radiation shortwave (ìhè anyanwụ) ịbanye, mana ọ na egbochi ọnụego nke radiation infrared longwave na apụ. Dị ka a na ele ya anya site na mbara igwe gbara ụwa gburugburu, gas na ekpo ọkụ na emetụta ikuku nke mbara ala (ε). Mgbanwe na ihe mejupụtara ikuku nwere ike ịgbanwe nguzozi radiation n'ozuzu ya. Dịka ọmụmaatụ, mmụba nke njide okpomọkụ site na mmụba na arịwanye elu nke gas na ekpo ọkụ (ya bụ, ''mmetụta'' na ekwo ọkụ) na eme ka mbelata OLR na okpomọkụ (nweghachi) ike na adịghị mma.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.acs.org/content/acs/en/climatescience/atmosphericwarming/radiativeforcing.html|title=ACS Climate Science Toolkit - Radiative Forcing - How Atmospheric Warming Works|publisher=American Chemical Society|accessdate=30 September 2022|archivedate=28 September 2022|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20220928003445/https://www.acs.org/content/acs/en/climatescience/atmosphericwarming/radiativeforcing.html}}</ref> N'ikpeazụ mgbe ọnụọgụ nke gas na ekpo ọkụ na abawanye ma ọ bụ na ebelata, okpomọkụ dị n'elu ala na arị elu ma ọ bụ daa ruo mgbe ASR = OLR ga enweta nguzozi ọzọ. === Ebe nchekwa okpomọkụ === [[Usòrò:Earth's_Heat_Accumulation.png|thumb|320x320px|Mmụba na arịwanye elu nke ike n'oké osimiri, ala, ice, na ikuku nke usoro ihu igwe ụwa kemgbe 1960.]] Ala, ice, na oké osimiri bụ ihe ndị na arụ ọrụ nke usoro ihu igwe nke ụwa yana ikuku. Ha nwere oke na ikike okpomọkụ dị ukwuu, ya mere ọtụtụ inertiya okpomọkụ. Mgbe radiation na-amịkọrọ ozugbo ma ọ bụ okpomọkụ dị n'elu na agbanwe, ike okpomọkụ ga aga dị ka okpomọkụ nwere ezi uche ma ọ bụ n'ime ma ọ bụ pụọ n'ọtụtụ ihe ndị a site na usoro nnyefe okpomọkụ / convection. Mgbanwe nke mmiri n'etiti steeti siri ike / mmiri / ikuku na arụkwa ọrụ dị ka isi iyi ma ọ bụ mmiri nke ike nwere ike ịnwe n'ụdị okpomọkụ zoro ezo. Usoro ndị a na egbochi ọnọdụ elu megide ụfọdụ mgbanwe ngwa ngwa na ikuku. N'ihi ya, ọdịiche dị n'ehihie na n'abalị na okpomọkụ dị n'elu dị ntakịrị. N'otu aka ahụ, usoro ihu igwe nke ụwa n'ozuzu ya na egosi [[Climate inertia|mmeghachi omume dị nwayọ]] na mgbanwe na nguzozi radieshon ikuku.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://earthobservatory.nasa.gov/features/HeatBucket/heatbucket.php|title=Earth's Big Heat Bucket|publisher=NASA Earth Observatory|author=Michon Scott|date=2006-04-24}}</ref> Mita ole na ole kachasị elu nke oké osimiri ụwa nwere ike okpomọkụ karịa ikuku ya dum.<ref name="nvsohc">{{Cite web|url=https://climate.nasa.gov/vital-signs/ocean-heat/|title=Vital Signs of the Plant: Ocean Heat Content|publisher=NASA|accessdate=2021-11-15}}</ref> Dị ka gas ikuku, mmiri mmiri mmiri na ebugharị nnukwu ike dị otú ahụ n'elu mbara ala. Okpomọkụ na emetụ n'ahụ na-abanye ma na apụ n'ime omimi dị ukwuu n'okpuru ọnọdụ ndị na akwado downwelling ma ọ bụ upwelling.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.ametsoc.org/ams/index.cfm/education-careers/education-program/k-12-teachers/project-atmosphere/training-opportunities/project-atmosphere-peer-led-training/project-atmosphere-peer-training-resources/air-sea/|title=Air-Sea interaction: Teacher's guide|publisher=[[American Meteorological Society]]|year=2012|accessdate=2021-11-15}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://oceanmotion.org/html/background/upwelling-and-downwelling.htm|title=Ocean Motion : Definition : Wind Driven Surface Currents - Upwelling and Downwelling|accessdate=2021-11-15}}</ref> Ihe karịrị pasent 90 nke ike ọzọ nke gbakọtara n'ụwa site na okpomọkụ ụwa na aga n'ihu kemgbe 1970 [[Oké osimiri okpomọkụ ọdịnaya|echekwara n'oké osimiri]].<ref name="nvsohc"/> Ihe dị ka otu ụzọ n'ụzọ atọ agbasaala na omimi n'okpuru mita 700. Ọnụ ọgụgụ uto zuru oke arịwo elu n'ime iri afọ ndị na adịbeghị anya, na eru ihe fọrọ nke nta ka ọ bụrụ 500 TW (1 W / m2) ka ọ na erule 2020. Nke ahụ dugara n'ihe dị ka 14 zettajoules (ZJ) nke mmụba okpomọkụ maka afọ ahụ, na agafe 570 exajoules (=160,000 TW-hr) nke ngụkọta ike mbụ ụmụ mmadụ na eri site na ọ dịkarịa ala 20.<ref name="owdprime"/><ref name="20220112_SciAm"/> === Nnyocha nke okpomọkụ / ịjụ oyi === N'ikwu okwu n'ozuzu, enwere ike iche na mgbanwe na nguzozi ike nke ụwa dị ka nsonaazụ nke nrụgide mpụga (ma nke okike ma nke mmadụ, radiative na nke na abụghị radiative), usoro nzaghachi, na mgbanwe nke usoro dị n'ime.<ref>{{Cite book|title=Radiative Forcing of Climate Change: Expanding the Concept and Addressing Uncertainties|author=National Research Council|publisher=The National Academic Press|year=2005|doi=10.17226/11175|isbn=978-0-309-09506-8}}</ref> A na egosipụta mgbanwe ndị dị otú ahụ dị ka mgbanwe a na ahụ anya na okpomọkụ (T), igwe ojii (C), ikuku mmiri (W), aerosols (A), gas na ekpo ọkụ (G), ala / oké osimiri / ice surface reflectance (S), yana dị ka obere mgbanwe na insolaton (I) n'etiti ihe ndị ọzọ nwere ike ime. Enwere ike nyochaa ọnụego okpomọkụ / ịjụ oyi nke ụwa n'elu oge ahọpụtara (Δt) dị ka mgbanwe mgbanwe na ike (ΔE) metụtara àgwà ndị a: : <math> \begin{align} \Delta E / \Delta t &= ( \ \Delta E_T + \Delta E_C + \Delta E_W + \Delta E_A + \Delta E_G + \Delta E_S + \Delta E_I +... \ ) / \Delta t \\ \\ &= ASR - OLR. \end{align}</math> N'ebe a, okwu ΔET bụ ihe na adịghị mma mgbe okpomọkụ na-arị elu n'ihi mmetụta siri ike na OLR. Mmụba na adịbeghị anya na gas na ekpo ọkụ na emepụta mmetụta na ekwo ọkụ, yana oge na eme ka ΔEG dị mma. N'ụzọ dị iche, nnukwu mgbawa ugwu (dịka. Ugwu Pinatubo 1991, El Chichón 1982) nwere ike itinye ihe ndị nwere sulfur n'ime ikuku dị n'elu. Ọnụ ọgụgụ dị elu nke stratospheric sulfur aerosols nwere ike ịnọgide ruo afọ ole na ole, na enye aka na-adịghị mma na ΔEA. Ụdị ndị ọzọ dị iche iche nke ikuku aerosol sitere n'aka mmadụ na enye onyinye dị mma na nke na adịghị mma na ΔEA. Usoro anyanwụ na emepụta ΔEI dị obere karịa nke ΔEG na adịbeghị anya site na ọrụ mmadụ.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://climate.nasa.gov/blog/2910/what-is-the-suns-role-in-climate-change/|title=What Is the Sun's Role in Climate Change?|publisher=NASA|date=2019-09-06}}</ref> Mmetụta ihu igwe dị mgbagwoju anya ebe ọ bụ na ha nwere ike ịmepụta nzaghachi kpọmkwem na nke na apụtaghị ìhè nke na eme ka ( nzaghachi dị mma) ma ọ bụ na emebi ( nzaghachiri na adịghị mma) nrụgide mbụ. Ndị a na agbaso mmeghachi omume okpomọkụ. Mmiri na aga n'ihu dị ka nzaghachi dị mma gbasara mgbanwe okpomọkụ n'ihi mgbanwe evaporation na [[:en:Clausius-Clapeyron_relation|mmekọrịta Clausius Clapeyron]]. Mmụba nke mmiri na ekpo ọkụ na ebute ΔEW dị mma n'ihi mmụba nke mmetụta okpomọkụ. Nzaghachi dị mma nke dị nwayọ bụ nzaghachi ice-albedo. Dịka ọmụmaatụ, ọnwụ nke ice Arctic n'ihi ịrị elu okpomọkụ na-eme ka mpaghara ahụ ghara iche echiche, na-eduga n'inweta ike ka ukwuu na ọbụna ngwa ngwa ice na-agbaze, ya mere mmetụta dị mma na ΔES. N'ozuzu, nzaghachi na-emekarị ka okpomọkụ ụwa ma ọ bụ ịjụ oyi. Igwe ojii na-ahụ maka ihe dị ka ọkara nke albedo nke ụwa ma bụrụ ngosipụta dị ike nke mgbanwe dị n'ime usoro ihu igwe. Ha nwekwara ike ịrụ ọrụ dị ka nzaghachi maka forcings, ma nwee ike ịbụ forcings n'onwe ha ma ọ bụrụ na dịka ọmụmaatụ, ọ bụ nsonaazụ nke ọrụ ịgha mkpụrụ igwe ojii. Enyemaka na ΔEC dịgasị iche na mpaghara na dabere na ụdị igwe ojii. A na-achịkọta nyocha sitere na satellites na nkwekọrịta na simulations sitere na ụdị na mgbalị iji melite nghọta na ibelata ejighị n'aka.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://earthobservatory.nasa.gov/images/44250/clouds-and-global-warming|title=Clouds and Global Warming|publisher=NASA Earth Observatory|date=2010-06-10}}</ref> == Enweghị ike zuru oke n'ụwa == [[Usòrò:Earth's_heating_rate_since_2005.jpg|thumb|<nowiki>Uto nke enweghị ike nke ike nke ụwa site na satellite na n'ebe a na-atụle ya (2005[[2019). Ọnụego nke +1.0 W / m2 gbakọrọ n'elu mbara ala ahụ kwekọrọ na okpomọkụ na-aga n'ihu nke ihe dị ka 500 terawatts (~ 0.3% nke radieshon anyanwụ).</nowiki><ref name="em_20210622">{{Cite web|url=https://earthobservatory.nasa.gov/blogs/earthmatters/2021/06/22/earths-radiation-budget-is-out-of-balance/|title=Earth Matters: Earth's Radiation Budget is Out of Balance|author=Joseph Atkinson|publisher=NASA Earth Observatory|date=22 June 2021}}</ref>]] Ọ bụrụ na ike na-abata n'ụwa buru ibu ma ọ bụ dị obere karịa ike na-apụta, mgbe ahụ, mbara ala ga-enweta (okpomọkụ) ma ọ bụ tụfuo (okpomanyụ) ike okpomọkụ dị ka iwu nke nchekwa ike si dị: : <math>EEI \equiv ASR - OLR</math> Mgbe ike na-adịghị mma nke ụwa (EEI) na-agbanwe site na nnukwu ego, a na-atụle ya ozugbo site na iji ngwá ọrụ radiometric nke satellite. Enweghị nkwụsi ike nke na-adabaghị n'oge ga-akpatakwa mgbanwe okpomọkụ ogologo oge na ikuku, oké osimiri, ala, na ice nke usoro ihu igwe. Mgbanwe okpomọkụ n'ọnọdụ na mmetụta ndị metụtara ya na-enye usoro na-apụtaghị ìhè nke EEI. Site n'etiti afọ 2005 ruo n'etiti ọnwa 2019, nyocha nke satellite na okpomọkụ nke oké osimiri gosipụtara nke ọ bụla n'onwe ya okpukpu abụọ nke (n'ụwa niile) na-ekpo ọkụ na mmefu ego ike nke ụwa. === Ịtụle n'onwe ya === Ọtụtụ satellites na-atụle ike nke ụwa na-amị ma na-agbasa, ya mere site na nkwubi okwu ike na-adịghị mma. Ọrụ NASA Earth Radiation Budget Experiment (ERBE) gụnyere atọ dị otú ahụ: Satellite Earth Radiation budget (ERBS), nke a malitere n'October 1984; NOAA-9, nke a malitere na December 1984; na NOAA-10, nke a malitere site na September 1986. NASA's Clouds and the Earth's Radiant Energy System (CERES) instruments bụ akụkụ nke Earth Observing System (EOS) kemgbe 1998. E mepụtara CERES iji tụọ ma anyanwụ na-egbukepụ egbukepụ (ogologo oge dị mkpirikpi) na radieshon sitere n'ụwa (ogologo). Nnyocha nke data CERES site n'aka ndị isi nchọpụta ya gosipụtara mmụba na EEI site na +0.42±0.48 W / m2 na 2005 ruo +1.12±0.48W / m2 Na 2019. Ihe ndị na-enye aka gụnyere mmiri na-abawanye, igwe ojii na-abaghị uru, ikuku na-ekpo ọkụ na-aba ụba, na ice na-ebelata nke okpomọkụ na-arị elu na-egbochi.<ref name="em_20210622"/> Nnyocha na-esote banyere omume ahụ site na iji ụdị ihu igwe GFDL CM4/AM4 kwubiri na enwere ihe na-erughị 1% ohere na mgbanwe ihu igwe dị n'ime naanị kpatara ọnọdụ ahụ. [[Usòrò:NASA's_2011_fleet_of_Earth_remote_sensing_observatories.ogv|áká_èkpè|thumb|Ihe ngosi nke orbit nke ụgbọ mmiri NASA nke 2011 nke ebe nyocha ihe dịpụrụ adịpụ nke ụwa.]] Ndị nchọpụta ndị ọzọ ejirila data sitere na CERES, AIRS, CloudSat, na ngwaọrụ EOS ndị ọzọ chọọ ọnọdụ nke [[Mmetụta radiative|radiative forcing]] etinye n'ime data EEI. Nnyocha ha gosipụtara ịrị elu siri ike nke +0.53±0.11 W/m2 site na afọ 2003 ruo 2018. Ihe dị ka 80% nke mmụba ahụ nwere njikọ na mmụba nke gas na-ekpo ọkụ nke belatara radieshon na-apụ apụ.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://news.umbc.edu/umbcs-ryan-kramer-confirms-human-caused-climate-change-with-direct-evidence-for-first-time/|title=UMBC's Ryan Kramer confirms human-caused climate change with direct evidence for first time|publisher=University of Maryland, Baltimore County|date=12 April 2021|author=Sarah Hansen}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://phys.org/news/2021-03-humans-earth-energy.html|title=Direct observations confirm that humans are throwing Earth's energy budget off balance|work=phys.org|date=26 March 2021}}</ref> Nnyocha satellite ndị ọzọ gụnyere data TRMM na CALIPSO egosila mmiri ozuzo ọzọ, nke a na-akwado site na ike dị ukwuu na-ahapụ elu site na evaporation (okpomọkụ na-adịghị ahụ anya), na-egbochi ụfọdụ mmụba na ogologo oge na-ekpo ọkụ na-aga n'elu. Ọ bụ ihe dị ịrịba ama na enweghị ntụkwasị obi nke radiometric calibration na-egbochi ikike nke ọgbọ dị ugbu a nke ngwaọrụ satellite, nke na-akwụsi ike ma bụrụ nke ziri ezi. N'ihi ya, mgbanwe dị iche iche na EEI nwere ike ịlele ya n'ụzọ ziri ezi nke a na-apụghị inweta maka otu nha ọ bụla nke enweghị nkwekọ zuru oke. === Ntụle n'ebe ahụ === Okpomọkụ elu ụwa (GST): A na-agbakọ GST site na nkezi okpomọkụ a tụrụ n'elu oké osimiri yana okpomọkụ ikuku a tụrụ n"elu ala. Ihe ọmụma a pụrụ ịdabere na ya nke ruru ma ọ dịkarịa ala 1880 na-egosi na GST enweela mmụba na-aga n'ihu nke ihe dị ka 0.18 °C kwa afọ iri kemgbe ihe dị ka afọ 1970.<ref name="nasa temperatures">{{Cite web|title=Global Annual Mean Surface Air Temperature Change|url=https://data.giss.nasa.gov/gistemp/graphs_v4/|publisher=NASA|accessdate=23 February 2020}}</ref> Ihe okpomọkụ dị n'oké osimiri (OHC): Mmiri oké osimiri bụ ihe na-amịkọrọ ike anyanwụ nke ọma ma nwee ikike okpomọkụ zuru oke karịa ikuku.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.climate.gov/news-features/understanding-climate/climate-change-ocean-heat-content|title=Climate Change: Ocean Heat Content|author=LuAnn Dahlman and Rebecca Lindsey|publisher=NOAA|date=2020-08-17|accessdate=2023-05-06|archivedate=2019-02-12|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20190212110601/https://www.climate.gov/news-features/understanding-climate/climate-change-ocean-heat-content}}</ref> Ụgbọ mmiri na ụlọ ọrụ nyocha anwalewo okpomọkụ oké osimiri na omimi na gburugburu ụwa kemgbe tupu 1960. Tụkwasị na nke a, mgbe afọ 2000 gasịrị, netwọk na-agbasawanye nke ihe karịrị 3000 Argo robotic floats atụlewo ọnọdụ okpomọkụ, ma ọ bụ n'otu aka ahụ mgbanwe okpomọkụ (ΔOHC). Kemgbe ọ dịkarịa ala afọ 1990, OHC amụbaala n'ụzọ kwụ chịm ma ọ bụ na-eme ngwa ngwa. Mgbanwe ndị a na-enye ihe kachasị sie ike nke EEI ebe ọ bụ na oké osimiri na-eburu ihe karịrị 90% nke okpomọkụ karịrị: : <math>EEI \gtrsim \Delta OHC / \Delta t</math> ''Mfu ice zuru ụwa ọnụ'': Satellite na-atụle oke ice na-ese n'elu mmiri na nke dị n'ala, ebe a na-atụgharị mgbanwe dị na oke site na mgbanwe ndị a tụrụ na ọkwa oké osimiri na njikọ ya na ụdị mgbakọ na mwepụ nke na-akọwa mgbasawanye okpomọkụ na ihe ndị ọzọ. Nnyocha kemgbe 1994 na-egosi na ice esila n'akụkụ ọ bụla nke ụwa pụọ na ọsọ ọsọ.   [[Usòrò:Earth Energy Imbalance and Excess Heat Inventory 2018.png|thumb|Ihe osise nke oke okpomọkụ nke ụwa dịka ọ na-emetụta enweghị ike nke mbara ala maka oge abụọ na-adịbeghị anya.]] Ndị na-eme nchọpụta banyere ihu igwe Kevin Trenberth, James Hansen, na ndị ọrụ ibe ha achọpụtala nlekota nke enweghị ike nke ụwa dị ka ihe dị mkpa iji nyere ndị na-eme iwu aka iduzi ọsọ nke atụmatụ maka mgbanwe mgbanwe ihu igwe. N'ihi [[Climate inertia|inertia]] nke usoro ihu igwe, usoro EEI ogologo oge nwere ike ịkọ mgbanwe ndị ọzọ dị "na pipeline". N'afọ 2012, ndị ọkà mmụta sayensị NASA kọrọ na iji kwụsị okpomọkụ ikuku ikuku zuru ụwa ọnụ, a ga-ebelata CO2 ruo 350 ppm ma ọ bụ obere, na-eche na a kwadoro ihe ndị ọzọ niile na-eme ka ihu igwe dị mma. Ka ọ na-erule 2020, CO2 ikuku ruru 415 ppm na gas niile na-ekpo ọkụ na-adịte aka karịrị 500 ppm CO2-equivalent concentration n'ihi na-aga n'ihu na uto na ikuku mmadụ.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://gml.noaa.gov/aggi/|title=NOAA's Annual Greenhouse Gas Index (An Introduction)|publisher=NOAA|accessdate=2021-08-04}}</ref> == Hụkwa == * Usoro ike Lorenz * Okpomọkụ nke ịdị mma nke mbara ala * Mmetụta ihu igwe * Ihe ndị na-eme ka ọnọdụ ihu igwe dị elu * Mmetụta nke ụmụ mmadụ *  Climate change portal == Ihe odide == {{Reflist}} == Additional bibliography for cited sources == === Akụkọ IPCC === {{Refbegin}} ==== AR5 Working Group I Report ==== * {{Cite book|ref={{harvid|IPCC AR5 WG1|2013}}|author=IPCC|authorlink=IPCC|year=2013|title=Climate Change 2013: The Physical Science Basis|series=4|editor=Stocker|publisher=Cambridge University Press|location=Cambridge, United Kingdom and New York, NY, USA|isbn=978-1-107-05799-9 <!-- ISBN in printed source is incorrect. -->|url=https://archive.ipcc.ch/pdf/assessment-report/ar5/wg1/WG1AR5_ALL_FINAL.pdf}} (pb: {{ISBNT|978-1-107-66182-0}}). ** {{Cite book|ref={{harvid|IPCC AR5 WG1 Glossary|2013}}|chapter=Annex III: Glossary|chapterurl=https://archive.ipcc.ch/pdf/assessment-report/ar5/wg1/WG1AR5_AnnexIII_FINAL.pdf|author=IPCC|authorlink=IPCC|year=2013|title={{Harvnb|IPCC AR5 WG1|2013}}|pages=1447–1465}} ==== Special Report on Global Warming of 1.5 °C ==== * {{Cite book|ref={{harvid|IPCC SR15|2018}} <!-- ipcc:20200312 -->|author=IPCC|authorlink=IPCC|year=2018|title=Global Warming of 1.5°C. An IPCC Special Report on the impacts of global warming of 1.5°C above pre-industrial levels and related global greenhouse gas emission pathways, in the context of strengthening the global response to the threat of climate change, sustainable development, and efforts to eradicate poverty|series=4|editor=Masson-Delmotte|publisher=Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change|isbn=<!-- not issued? -->|url=https://www.ipcc.ch/site/assets/uploads/sites/2/2019/06/SR15_Full_Report_High_Res.pdf}} [https://www.ipcc.ch/sr15/ Global Warming of 1.5 ºC —] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201207034338/https://www.ipcc.ch/sr15/|date=7 December 2020}}. <!-- ## --> ** {{Cite book|ref={{harvid|IPCC SR15 Summary for Policymakers|2018}} <!-- ipcc:20200312 -->|author=IPCC|authorlink=IPCC|year=2018|chapter=Summary for Policymakers|chapterurl=https://www.ipcc.ch/site/assets/uploads/sites/2/2019/05/SR15_SPM_version_report_HR.pdf|title={{Harvnb|IPCC SR15|2018}}|pages=3–24}} <!-- ## --> ** {{Cite book|ref={{harvid|IPCC SR15 Ch1|2018}} <!-- ipcc:20200312 -->|year=2018|chapter=Chapter 1: Framing and Context|chapterurl=https://www.ipcc.ch/site/assets/uploads/sites/2/2019/05/SR15_Chapter1_High_Res.pdf|first=M. R.|author=Allen|title={{Harvnb|IPCC SR15|2018}}|pages=49–91}} ==== AR6 Working Group I Report ==== * {{Cite book|ref={{harvid|IPCC AR6 WG1|2021}}|author=IPCC|authorlink=IPCC|year=2021|title=Climate Change 2021: The Physical Science Basis|series=4|editor=Masson-Delmotte|publisher=Cambridge University Press (In Press)|location=Cambridge, United Kingdom and New York, NY, USA|isbn=|url=https://www.ipcc.ch/report/ar6/wg1/downloads/report/IPCC_AR6_WGI_Full_Report.pdf}} ** {{Cite book|ref={{harvid|IPCC AR6 WG1 Summary for Policymakers|2021}}|chapter=Summary for Policymakers|chapterurl=https://www.ipcc.ch/report/ar6/wg1/downloads/report/IPCC_AR6_WGI_SPM_final.pdf|author=IPCC|authorlink=IPCC|year=2021|title={{Harvnb|IPCC AR6 WG1|2021}}|pages=}} ** {{Cite book|ref={{harvid|IPCC AR6 WG1 Technical Summary|2021}}|chapter=Technical Summary|author=Arias|first=Paola A.|chapterurl=https://www.ipcc.ch/report/ar6/wg1/downloads/report/IPCC_AR6_WGI_TS.pdf|year=2021|title={{Harvnb|IPCC AR6 WG1|2021}}|pages=}} ** {{Cite book|ref={{harvid|IPCC AR6 WG1 Chapter 7|2021}}|chapter=The Earth’s Energy Budget, Climate Feedbacks and Climate Sensitivity|author=Forster|first=Piers|chapterurl=https://www.ipcc.ch/report/ar6/wg1/downloads/report/IPCC_AR6_WGI_Chapter07.pdf|year=2021|title={{Harvnb|IPCC AR6 WG1|2021}}|pages=}} {{Refend}} == Njikọ mpụga == {{Commons category|Earth's energy budget}} * [http://earthobservatory.nasa.gov/Features/EnergyBalance/page6.php NASA: Mmefu ego nke ikuku] * [http://ceres.larc.nasa.gov/ Igwe ojii na Usoro Ike Na-egbuke egbuke nke Ụwa (CERES)] * [http://gewex-srb.larc.nasa.gov/ NASA/GEWEX Surface Radiation Budget (SRB) Project] {{Earth|state=collapsed|expanded=collapsed}} [[Òtù:Àlà]] [[Òtù:Pages with unreviewed translations]] 5flouodzp7kfhoxugpgggrp3py7u1rn 0 26320 320103 200623 2025-06-30T21:55:34Z InternetArchiveBot 11600 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 320103 wikitext text/x-wiki   [[Usòrò:Climate_Change_Schematic.svg|thumb|Mmiri na ekpo ọkụ na enye ohere ka ìhè anyanwụ gafee ikuku, na ekpuchi mbara ala, mana mgbe ahụ na amị ma na emegharị radiation infrared (okpomọkụ) mbara ala ahụ na ewepụta]] [[Usòrò:Earth_Energy_Budget_with_GHE.svg|thumb|Mmiri na-ekpo ọkụ na-amịkọrọ ma na-ewepụta radiation radiation, na-ebelata radiative cooling na mbara igwe. Ọnụnọ nke gas na-ekpo ọkụ chọrọ ka mbara ala ahụ dị ọkụ ka mbara ala wee nwee ike ịpụta radieshon okpomọkụ zuru oke na mbara igwe iji kwekọọ na ọnụego nke ike na-abịa site na ìhè anyanwụ. ''Mmetụta'' okpomọkụ bụ ihe atụ nke oke radieshon okpomọkụ nke elu na-ewepụta karịa ka ọ na-eru na mbara igwe.]] '''Mmetụta''' okpomọkụ na eme mgbe [[:en:Greenhouse_gas|gas]] okpomọkụ dị na ikuku nke mbara ala na ejide ụfọdụ okpomọkụ sitere n'elu mbara ala. A na eme ka mbara ala na ekpo ọkụ site na ịmịkọrọ ìhè site na kpakpando ya ma mee ka ọ jụọ oyi site na ịnye ike n'ime mbara igwe. Elu na ekpo ọkụ nke mbara ala na ewepụta radieshon infrared. Mmiri na ekpo ọkụ na amịkọrọ ụfọdụ n'ime radieshon ahụ, na ebelata ike na apụ na mbara igwe. Mbelata a na eme ka okpomọkụ dị na mbara ala na ebuli okpomọkụ nke mbara ala. Ịtinye gas na ekpo ọkụ na ikuku na eme ka mmetụta okpomọkụ dịkwuo elu. Nkezi okpomọkụ elu ụwa ga abụ ihe dịka -18 (−0.4 °F) na enweghị mmetụta okpomọkụ, ma e jiri ya tụnyere nkezi narị afọ nke 20 nke ụwa nke ihe dịka 14 °C (60 ).<ref>{{Cite web|title=Solar Radiation and the Earth's Energy Balance|url=http://eesc.columbia.edu/courses/ees/climate/lectures/radiation/|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20041104033042/http://eesc.columbia.edu/courses/ees/climate/lectures/radiation/|archivedate=2004-11-04|accessdate=2010-10-15|work=The Climate System – EESC 2100 Spring 2007|publisher=Columbia University}}</ref><ref name="IPCC4_ch012">{{Cite book|title=Climate Change 2007: The Physical Science Basis. Contribution of Working Group I to the Fourth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change|publisher=Cambridge University Press|year=2007|location=Cambridge, UK and New York, NY|chapter=Historical Overview of Climate Change Science|accessdate=25 March 2014|chapterurl=http://www.ipcc.ch/pdf/assessment-report/ar4/wg1/ar4-wg1-chapter1.pdf}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=The Elusive Absolute Surface Air Temperature (SAT)|url=http://data.giss.nasa.gov/gistemp/abs_temp.html|work=[[Goddard Institute for Space Studies]]|publisher=[[National Aeronautics and Space Administration|NOAA]]|accessdate=3 September 2008|archivedate=5 September 2015|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150905093320/http://data.giss.nasa.gov/gistemp/abs_temp.html}}</ref> Na mgbakwunye na gas na ekpo ọkụ, ọkụ nke mmanụ ala emeela ka [[:en:Carbon_dioxide|carbon dioxide]] na [[:en:Methane|methane]] dịkwuo ukwuu na ikuku.<ref name="budget">{{Cite web|author=Rebecca|first=Lindsey|date=2009-01-14|title=Climate and Earth's Energy Budget : Feature Articles|url=https://earthobservatory.nasa.gov/features/EnergyBalance/page1.php|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20210121082936/https://earthobservatory.nasa.gov/features/EnergyBalance/page1.php|archivedate=21 January 2021|accessdate=2020-12-14|work=earthobservatory.nasa.gov}}</ref> N'ihi ya, [[:en:Global_warming_controversy|okpomọkụ ụwa]] nke ihe dị ka 1.2 (2.2 °F) emeela kemgbe mgbanwe ụlọ ọrụ mmepụta ihe, na agba ọsọ ruo 0.18 °C (0.32 ) kwa afọ iri na nso nso a.<ref>{{Cite web|author=Fox|first=Alex|title=Atmospheric Carbon Dioxide Reaches New High Despite Pandemic Emissions Reduction|url=https://www.smithsonianmag.com/smart-news/atmospheric-carbon-dioxide-reaches-new-high-despite-pandemic-emissions-reduction-180977945/|accessdate=22 June 2021|work=Smithsonian Magazine|language=en|archivedate=10 June 2021|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20210610130852/https://www.smithsonianmag.com/smart-news/atmospheric-carbon-dioxide-reaches-new-high-despite-pandemic-emissions-reduction-180977945/}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|first=Rebecca|author=Lindsey|title=Climate Change: Global Temperature|work=NOAA Climate.gov|url=https://www.climate.gov/news-features/understanding-climate/climate-change-global-temperature#:~:text=Earth's%20temperature%20has%20risen%20by,0.18%C2%B0%20C)%20per%20decade.|accessdate=2023-05-11|archivedate=2024-07-24|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20240724203306/https://www.climate.gov/news-features/understanding-climate/climate-change-global-temperature#:~:text=Earth's%20temperature%20has%20risen%20by,0.18%C2%B0%20C)%20per%20decade.}}</ref> Gas na ekpo ọkụ na arụ ọrụ site n'ịhụ anya na wavelengths nke radiation nke kpakpando dị ka anyanwụ na ewepụta, mana na amịkọrọ wavelength nke radiation sitere na mbara ala dị ka Ụwa. Ogologo wavelengths dị iche iche n'ihi na ihe na ewepụta ike na wavelength metụtara okpomọkụ ya. Anyanwụ bụ ihe dịka 5,500 °C (9,930 ), yabụ ọ na ewepụta ọtụtụ ike ya dị ka radiation shortwave na nso infrared na wavelengths a na ahụ anya (dị ka ìhè anyanwụ). Okpomọkụ dị n'elu ụwa dị ala karịa, n'ihi ya, ọ na ewepụta radiation infrared radiation (okpomọkụ radiated).<ref name="budget"/> Okwu greenhouse ''mmetụta'' sitere na ntụnyere na greenhouses. Ma greenhouses na ''mmetụta'' greenhouse naarụ ọrụ saịtị na ijigide okpomọkụ saịtị na ìhè anyanwụ, mana ụzọ ha si eme ya dị iche. A na ebufe okpomọkụ n'ime na saịtị na ikuku site na radiation, conduction, na convection. Greenhouses na ejigide okpomọkụ saịtị na igbochi convection (mmegharị nke ikuku).<ref>{{Cite web|first=John|author=Worley|title=Greenhouses: Heating, Cooling and Ventilation|work=University of Georgia Extension|url=https://extension.uga.edu/publications/detail.html?number=B792&title=greenhouses-heating-cooling-and-ventilation|accessdate=12 March 2023|archivedate=12 March 2023|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20230312234640/https://extension.uga.edu/publications/detail.html?number=B792&title=greenhouses-heating-cooling-and-ventilation}}</ref><ref name="ipccar4wg1ch1">{{Cite book|title=Contribution of Working Group I to the Fourth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, 2007, Chapter 1|publisher=Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, United Kingdom and New York, NY, USA.|url=https://www.ipcc.ch/report/ar4/wg1/|accessdate=24 March 2023|quote=The glass walls in a greenhouse reduce airflow and increase the temperature of the air inside. Analogously, but through a different physical process, the Earth’s greenhouse effect warms the surface of the planet.}}</ref> Mmetụta okpomọkụ na ejigide okpomọkụ saịtị na igbochi ikuku na agafe na ikuku na mbara igwe. == Akụkọ ihe mere eme ==   [[Usòrò:191203_Furnaces_of_the_world_-_Popular_Mechanics_-_Global_warming.jpg|thumb| A kọwara mmetụta okpomọkụ na mmetụta ya na ihu igwe n'ụzọ dị nkenke na isiokwu a nke 1912 Popular ''Mechanics'' maka ịgụ site n'aka ọha na eze.]] Joseph Fourier chepụtara ịdị adị nke mmetụta okpomọkụ, ọ bụ ezie na aha ya abụghị nke a, na 1824.<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Fourier|first=J.|date=1824|title=Remarques Generales sur les Temperatures Du Globe Terrestre et des Espaces Planetaires|language=fr|journal=Annales de Chimie et de Physique|volume=27|pages=136–167|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=1Jg5AAAAcAAJ&pg=PA136|accessdate=8 June 2020}}</ref> Claude Pouillet mere ka arụmụka na ihe akaebe ahụ sikwuo ike na 1827 na 1838. N'afọ 1856, Eunice Newton Foote gosipụtara na mmetụta okpomọkụ nke anyanwụ dị ukwuu maka ikuku nwere mmiri karịa maka ikuku kpọrọ nkụ, mmetụta ahụ dịkwa ukwuu na carbon dioxide. O kwubiri na "ikuku nke gas ahụ ga enye ụwa anyị okpomọkụ dị elu..."<ref>{{Cite book|author=Foote|first=Eunice|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=6xhFAQAAMAAJ&pg=PA382|title=Circumstances affecting the Heat of the Sun's Rays|date=November 1856|pages=382–383|accessdate=31 January 2016}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|first=Amara|author=Huddleston|title=Happy 200th birthday to Eunice Foote, hidden climate science pioneer|work=NOAA Climate.gov|date=17 July 2019|url=https://www.climate.gov/news-features/features/happy-200th-birthday-eunice-foote-hidden-climate-science-pioneer|accessdate=8 October 2019|archivedate=30 September 2020|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20200930234240/https://www.climate.gov/news-features/features/happy-200th-birthday-eunice-foote-hidden-climate-science-pioneer/}}</ref> John Tyndall bụ onye mbụ na atụle absorption infrared na mmepụta nke gas na uzuoku dị iche iche. Site na 1859 gaa n'ihu, o gosipụtara na mmetụta ahụ bụ n'ihi obere òkè nke ikuku, na gas ndị isi enweghị mmetụta ọ bụla, ọ bụkwa n'ụzọ dị ukwuu n'ihi ikuku mmiri, ọ bụ ezie na obere pasent nke hydrocarbons na carbon dioxide nwere mmetụta dị ịrịba ama.<ref>John Tyndall, ''[[iarchive:heatconsideredas00tynduoft|Heat considered as a Mode of Motion]]'' (500 pages; year 1863, 1873)</ref> Svante Arrhenius kwuru nke ọma banyere mmetụta ahụ na 1896, onye buru amụma mbụ nke okpomọkụ ụwa n'ihi okpukpu abụọ nke carbon dioxide ikuku. Otú ọ dị, onye ọ bụla n'ime ndị ọkà mmụta sayensị a ejighị okwu ahụ bụ "greenhouse" mee ihe iji zoo aka na mmetụta a; Nils Gustaf Ekholm ji okwu ahụ mee ihe na 1901.<ref>{{Cite web|author=Easterbrook|first=Steve|title=Who first coined the term "Greenhouse Effect"?|url=http://www.easterbrook.ca/steve/2015/08/who-first-coined-the-term-greenhouse-effect/|work=Serendipity|date=18 August 2015|accessdate=11 November 2015|archivedate=13 November 2015|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20151113131713/http://www.easterbrook.ca/steve/2015/08/who-first-coined-the-term-greenhouse-effect/}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|author=Ekholm N|doi=10.1002/qj.49702711702|title=On The Variations Of The Climate Of The Geological And Historical Past And Their Causes|journal=Quarterly Journal of the Royal Meteorological Society|volume=27|pages=1–62|year=1901}}</ref> == Nkọwa == Ndị otu gọọmentị etiti na mgbanwe ihu igwe na akọwa mmetụta okpomọkụ dị ka ndị a:<blockquote>Mmetụta radiative infrared nke ihe niile na amịkọrọ infrared na ikuku. Greenhouse gas (GHGs), igwe ojii, na ụfọdụ aerosols na amịkọrọ radieshon nke ụwa na ebe ndị ọzọ na ikuku. Ihe ndị a na ewepụta radieshon infrared n'akụkụ niile, mana, ihe niile ọzọ bụ otu, ego a na enye na mbara igwe na adịkarị obere karịa ka a ga ewepụta na enweghị ndị na anabata ihe ndị a n'ihi mbelata nke okpomọkụ na ịdị elu na troposphere na mbelata nke ikuku. Mmụba nke ọnụ ọgụgụ GHGs na abawanye oke nke mmetụta a; a na akpọ ọdịiche ahụ mgbe ụfọdụ mmetụta okpomọkụ dị elu. Mgbanwe na GHG concentration n'ihi ikuku sitere n'aka mmadụ na enye aka na ike radieshon ozugbo. Okpomọkụ dị n'elu ụwa na troposphere na ekpo ọkụ na nzaghachi maka nrụgide a, jiri nwayọọ nwayọọ weghachite nguzozi radiative n'elu ikuku.: AVII-28<ref name="ipcc-ar6wg1-gloss">{{Cite web|title=Annex VII - Glossary|url=https://www.ipcc.ch/report/ar6/wg1/downloads/report/IPCC_AR6_WGI_Annex_VII.pdf|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20210809080031/https://www.ipcc.ch/report/ar6/wg1/downloads/report/IPCC_AR6_WGI_Annex_VII.pdf|archivedate=2021-08-09}}</ref> </blockquote> == Ọnụ ọgụgụ == IPCC na akọ na mmetụta okpomọkụ nke ụwa ugbu a bụ G = 159 W / m2, na mmetụta okirikiri okpomọkụ dị ka g̃ = 0.40. A na akọwa ''mmetụta'' na ekpo ọkụ, G, dị ka radieshon na arịgo n'elu ebe a na ewepu longwave na-apụ apụ na mbara igwe. A na akọwa ''mmetụta okpomọkụ'', g̃, dị ka ọnụ ọgụgụ dị n'etiti G na ogologo oge na arịgo n'elu: 968<ref name="ipcc-ar6wg1-ch7"/><ref name="ravram1">{{Cite journal|author=Raval|first=A.|title=Observational determination of the greenhouse effect|journal=Nature|date=1989|volume=342|pages=758–761|doi=10.1038/342758a0|url=https://www.nature.com/articles/342758a0}}</ref><ref name="ravram2">{{Cite journal|author=Raval|first=A.|title=Observational determination of the greenhouse effect|journal=Global Climate Feedbacks: Proceedings of the Brookhaven National Laboratory Workshop|date=1990|pages=5-16|url=https://www.osti.gov/servlets/purl/6440147-fP92Pd/#page=10|accessdate=24 April 2023}}</ref>  ''Longwave radieshon'' bụ radiation nke elu ụwa, ikuku na igwe ojii na ewepụta. A makwaara ya dị ka ''infrared okpomọkụ'' ma ọ bụ radieshon nke ụwa ma a ga ekewapụ ya na radieshon infrared dị nso nke bụ akụkụ nke anyanwụ: 2251<ref name="ipcc-ar6wg1-gloss"/>  == Ụkpụrụ Ndị Dị na ya == === Radieshon na-abata === [[Usòrò:Solar_spectrum_en.svg|thumb|Ọdịdị radiation nke anyanwụ maka ìhè kpọmkwem n'elu ikuku nke ụwa na n'elu oke osimiri]] Ụwa na enweta ike site na Anyanwụ n'ụdị ultraviolet, visible, na near-infrared radieshon. Ikuku na igwe ojii na egosipụta ihe dị ka 23% ma na amịkọrọ 23%. Elu ya na egosipụta 7% ma na amịkọrọ 48%.<ref name="eeb1">{{Cite web|title=What is Earth’s Energy Budget? Five Questions with a Guy Who Knows|url=https://www.nasa.gov/feature/langley/what-is-earth-s-energy-budget-five-questions-with-a-guy-who-knows|work=NASA.gov|accessdate=24 April 2023}}</ref> N'ozuzu, ụwa na amị ihe dị ka 240 W / m2 site na ìhè anyanwụ.: 934<ref name="ipcc-ar6wg1-ch7"/>  === Nkwado radieshon === Okpomọkụ nke mbara ala na adabere na nguzozi n'etiti radiation na abata na radiation na na apụ apụ. Iji radieshon na abata tụnyere radieshon nke na apụ apụ nwere ike ịgwa anyị ma ọ bụrụ na mbara ala na ekpo ọkụ ma ọ bụ na ajụ oyi. Ọ bụrụ na ọnụego nke ike na apụ dị obere karịa ọnụego nke ọ na abata, mbara ala ga ekpo ọkụ. Ọ bụrụ na ọnụego nke ike na apụ karịrị ọnụego nke ọ na abata, mbara ala ahụ ga ajụ oyi. Planet ga aga n'ihu na ọnọdụ nke radiative equilibrium, nke ike nke radiation na apụ apụ na aha ka ike nke radieshon na abata.<ref name="cimss">{{Cite web|title=Earth's Radiation Balance|url=https://cimss.ssec.wisc.edu/wxwise/homerbe.html|work=CIMSS: University of Wisconsin|accessdate=25 April 2023}}</ref> Maka ụwa n'ozuzu ya, ike nke radieshon na abata na agafe ike nke radieshon na apụ apụ site na ihe dị ka 0.7 W / m2 ka ọ dị na 2015, na egosi okpomọkụ radieshon: 934<ref name="ipcc-ar6wg1-ch7">{{Cite book|title=Climate Change 2021: The Physical Science Basis|date=2021|publisher=IPCC|url=https://www.ipcc.ch/report/ar6/wg1/downloads/report/IPCC_AR6_WGI_Chapter07.pdf|accessdate=24 April 2023|chapter=Chapter 7: The Earth’s Energy Budget, Climate Feedbacks, and Climate Sensitivity}}</ref>  === Okpomọkụ dị irè === Ike nke radieshon na apụta site na mbara ala nwere ike ịkọwa site na okpomọkụ radieshon dị irè. ''Okpomọkụ dị irè'' bụ okpomọkụ nke ezigbo mbara ala ojii nwere otu okpomọkụ ga achọ iji wepụta otu ike ahụ. Maka mbara ala na radiative equilibrium, okpomọkụ dị irè na adabere na oke nke ìhè anyanwụ na abanye na ikuku na oke gosipụtara. Ụwa na egosipụta ihe dị ka 30% nke ìhè anyanwụ na abata.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/planetary/factsheet/earthfact.html|title=NASA Earth Fact Sheet|publisher=Nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov|accessdate=2010-10-15|archivedate=25 December 2015|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20151225024603/http://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/planetary/factsheet/earthfact.html}}</ref><ref name="harvard">{{Cite book|chapterurl=http://acmg.seas.harvard.edu/people/faculty/djj/book/bookchap7.html|title=Introduction to Atmospheric Chemistry|first=Daniel J.|author=Jacob|publisher=Princeton University Press|year=1999|chapter=7. The Greenhouse Effect|isbn=978-1400841547|accessdate=9 December 2009}}</ref> Okpomọkụ dị irè nke ụwa bụ ihe dịka -18 °C (0 ).<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://eesc.columbia.edu/courses/ees/climate/lectures/radiation/|title=Solar Radiation and the Earth's Energy Balance|publisher=Eesc.columbia.edu|accessdate=2010-10-15|archivedate=17 July 2012|archiveurl=https://archive.today/20120717025320/http://eesc.columbia.edu/courses/ees/climate/lectures/radiation/}}</ref> Okpomọkụ elu ụwa nke ihe dịka 14 (57 °F) bụ 33 °C (59 ) na ekpo ọkụ karịa okpomọkụ nke ụwa. === radieshon na apụta === [[Usòrò:Atmospheric_Transmission.svg|alt=refer to caption and adjacent text|áká_ịkẹngạ|thumb|Mmiri ikuku na ịgbasa na ogologo oge dị iche iche nke ebili mmiri electromagnetic. Ogwe kachasị ukwuu nke carbon dioxide adịghị anya site na oke okpomọkụ sitere n'ala, ọ na emechi windo nke nghọta nke mmiri na akọwa mmetụta okpomọkụ nke carbon dioxide.]] Ọnụ ọgụgụ nke radieshon na apụta na mbara igwe bụ 239 W / m2. N'agbanyeghị nke ahụ, ego nke elu na ewepụta bụ ihe dị ka 398 W / m2.: 934 Ihe dị iche 159 W / m2 dị n'etiti ọnụọgụ ndị a bụ mmetụta greenhouse, G.: 968<ref name="ipcc-ar6wg1-ch7"/><ref name="ipcc-ar6wg1-ch7"></ref>  Ya mere, iji kọwaa mmetụta nke okpomọkụ, mmadụ ga akọwa ihe mere na a na ewepụta obere radieshon okpomọkụ na mbara igwe karịa ihe na ahapụ elu. Otu ngwá ọrụ maka ịkọwa nke a bụ ihe nlereanya greenhouse. Otú ọ dị, ihe nlereanya ahụ bụ ihe dị mfe. N'ezie, ikuku dị nso n'elu ụwa bụ nke na adịghị ahụkebe radieshon okpomọkụ na ọtụtụ okpomọkụ sitere n'elu bụ site na convection. Otú ọ dị, ọnwụ ike radiative na aghọwanye ihe dị mkpa na ikuku, n'ụzọ dị ukwuu n'ihi mbelata nke mmiri mmiri, gas dị mkpa. Kama iche echiche banyere radieshon na ekpo ọkụ na aga na mbara igwe dị ka ọ na abịa site n'elu n'onwe ya, ọ bụ ihe ezi uche dị na ya iche echiche banyere ọkụ a na apụ apụ dị ka nke a na ewepụta site na okpokoro dị n'etiti okpomọkụ, nke a na'ụzọ dị irè jikọtara ya na elu site na ọnụego lapse. Ọdịiche dị na okpomọkụ dị n'etiti ebe abụọ a na akọwa ọdịiche dị n'agbata ikuku na ikuku na mbara igwe, ya bụ, ọ na akọwara mmetụta okpomọkụ.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.e-education.psu.edu/meteo469/node/198|title=METEO 469: From Meteorology to Mitigation - Understanding Global Warming - Lesson 5 - Modelling of the Climate System - One-Layer Energy Balance Model|publisher=[[Penn State]] College of Mineral and Earth Sciences - Department of Meteorology and Atmospheric Sciences|author=Mann|first=Michael|accessdate=4 November 2022|archivedate=31 October 2022|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20221031022823/https://www.e-education.psu.edu/meteo469/node/198}}</ref> Ihe osise dị mfe na ewere ọnọdụ kwụ chịm, mana n'ime ụwa n'ezie, [[Diurnal cycle|okirikiri ehihie]], yana okirikiri oge na nsogbu ihu igwe, na eme ka ihe dị mgbagwoju anya. Okpomọkụ anyanwụ na emetụta naanị n'ehihie. N'abalị, ikuku na ajụ oyi, mana ọ bụghị nke ukwuu n'ihi na okpomọkụ nke usoro ihu igwe na eguzogide mgbanwe ehihie na abalị, yana ogologo oge.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://earthobservatory.nasa.gov/features/HeatBucket/heatbucket4.php|title=Earth's Big Heat Bucket - Bad News, Good News|publisher=NASA Earth Observatory|author=Michon Scott|date=2006-04-24|accessdate=4 December 2022|archivedate=4 December 2022|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20221204153806/https://earthobservatory.nasa.gov/features/HeatBucket/heatbucket4.php}}</ref> Mgbanwe okpomọkụ nke ehihie na ebelata na ịdị elu na ikuku. N'ime mpaghara ebe mmetụta radiative dị mkpa, nkọwa nyere site na ezigbo griin haus nlereanya na aghọ ihe ezi uche dị na ya. Ụwa elu radiates ogologo-wavelength, infrared okpomọkụ na nso nke 4–100 μm.<ref name="Mitchell-1989">{{Cite journal|doi=10.1029/RG027i001p00115|author=Mitchell|first=John F. B.|date=1989|title=The "Greenhouse" effect and Climate Change|journal=Reviews of Geophysics|volume=27|issue=1|pages=115–139|url=http://astrosun2.astro.cornell.edu/academics/courses/astro202/Mitchell_GRL89.pdf|accessdate=2008-03-23}}</ref> N'ime ogologo ebili mmiri ndị a, ikuku ikuku griin na apụtakarị ìhè na radieshon anyanwụ na-abata na adọrọ adọrọ karị. Igwe ikuku ọ bụla nwere gas griin haus na amịkọrọ ụfọdụ radieshon thermal infrared nke na agbago elu site na ọkwa dị ala. Ọ na ewepụtakwa radieshon thermal n'akụkụ niile, ma elu na ala; na nha nha (site na nkọwa) otu ego ka o tinyegoro. Nke a na ebute mbelata okpomọkụ na egbuke egbuke yana ọkụ karịa n'okpuru. Ịba ụba nke ikuku gas na eme ka ọnụọgụ nke ntanye na mgbapụta dị elu, ma si otú a na eme ka a na edobe okpomọkụ karịa n'elu na n'okpuru ala. == Ihe ndị dị na ikuku == [[Usòrò:Climate_Factor_CO₂_(ZDF,_Terra_X).webm|thumb|Otu CO2 si akpata mmetụta okpomọkụ.]] === Mmiri na-ekpo ọkụ ===   Gas na ekpo ọkụ (GHG) bụ gas nwere ike ijide okpomọkụ site na igbochi ikuku infrared na ekpuchi ikuku nke mbara ala. Mmiri na ekpo ọkụ na enye aka n'ọtụtụ mmetụta na ekwo ọkụ na mmefu ego ike nke ụwa. Mmiri na ekpo ọkụ gụnyere ọtụtụ gas diatomic nwere atọm abụọ dị iche iche (dị ka carbon monoxide, CO) na gas niile nwere atọm ma ọ bụ karịa nwere ike ịmịkọrọ ma wepụta radieshon infrared na ogologo oge ụfọdụ, ebe ọ bụ na ịma jijiji intramolecular ha na emepụta oge dipole.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://www.ipcc.ch/report/ar6/wg1/downloads/report/IPCC_AR6_WGI_AnnexVII.pdf|chapter=Annex VII: Glossary|author=Matthews|first=J.B.R.|title=Climate Change 2021: The Physical Science Basis. Contribution of Working Group I to the Sixth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change|editor=Masson-Delmotte|series=etal|publisher=[[IPCC]] / [[Cambridge University Press]]|date=2021-08-09|pages=2215–2256|doi=10.1017/9781009157896.022}}</ref> Ọ bụ ezie na ihe karịrị 99% nke ikuku kpọrọ nkụ bụ IR na apụta ìhè (n'ihi na ndị isi mejupụtara N2, O2, na Ariz enweghị oge dipole ma si otú a ghara inwe ike ịmịkọrọ ma ọ bụ wepụta radieshon infrared n'onwe ha), mgbagwoju anya intermolecular elastic na eme ka ike nke gas na ekpo ọkụ na amị ma wepụta na ekerịta ya na gas ndị ọzọ na abụghị IR. N'ikpeazụ dị ka mmetụta na adịghị ike, gas niile nwere ike ịmịkọrọ ma wepụta obere IR broadband site na mgbagwoju anya.<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Höpfner|first=M.|date=24 May 2012|title=The natural greenhouse effect of atmospheric oxygen (O₂) and nitrogen (N₂)|journal=Geophysical Research Letters|language=en|volume=39|issue=L10706|doi=10.1029/2012GL051409|issn=1944-8007}}</ref> Enwere ike kewaa gas na ekpo ọkụ n'ụdị abụọ, kpọmkwem na nke na apụtaghị ìhè. Gases nke nwere ike ịmịkọrọ radieshon ọkụ infrared bụ gas na ekpo ọkụ, dịka, mmiri, carbon dioxide na ozone. Mkpụrụ ndụ nke gas ndị a nwere ike ịmịkọrọ radieshon infrared na mpaghara ụfọdụ nke wavelength. Ụfọdụ gas bụ gas na ekpo ọkụ na apụtaghị ìhè, ebe ọ bụ na ha anaghị amịkọrọ radieshon okpomọkụ kpọmkwem ma ọ bụ n'ụzọ dị ịrịba ama, mana ha nwere ike ịmepụta gas ndị ọzọ na ekwo ọkụ. Dịka ọmụmaatụ, methane na arụ ọrụ dị mkpa n'ịmepụta ozone tropospheric na ịmepụta carbon dioxide.<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Hogan|first=Kathleen B.|date=1991|title=Methane on the greenhouse agenda|url=https://www.nature.com/articles/354181a0|journal=Nature|language=en|volume=354|issue=6350|pages=181–182|doi=10.1038/354181a0|issn=1476-4687|accessdate=14 April 2022}}</ref> NOx na CO nwekwara ike ịmepụta ozone tropospheric na carbon dioxide site na usoro fotochemical.<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Haagen-Smit|first=A. J.|date=1953|title=Ozone formation in photochemical oxidation of organic substances|journal=Industrial & Engineering Chemistry|volume=45|issue=9|pages=2086–2089|doi=10.1021/ie50525a044}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|author=Fishman|first=Jack|date=1983|title=Correlative nature of ozone and carbon monoxide in the troposphere: Implications for the tropospheric ozone budget|url=http://doi.wiley.com/10.1029/JC088iC06p03662|journal=Journal of Geophysical Research|language=en|volume=88|issue=C6|pages=3662|doi=10.1029/JC088iC06p03662|issn=0148-0227}}</ref> [[Usòrò:CO2_H2O_absorption_atmospheric_gases_unique_pattern_energy_wavelengths_of_energy_transparent_to_others.png|thumb|Gas ikuku na-amịkọrọ naanị ụfọdụ wavelengths nke ike mana ha na apụta ìhè nye ndị ọzọ. Usoro ịmịkọrọ mmiri (ọnụ ọgụgụ na-acha anụnụ anụnụ) na carbon dioxide (ọnụ ọgụgụ pinki) na agbakọta na ụfọdụ wavelengths. Carbon dioxide abụghị gas na ekpo ọkụ dị ike dị ka ikuku mmiri, mana ọ na amịkọrọ ike n'ogologo ebili mmiri (12-15 micrometers) nke ikuku mmiri na adịghị eme, na emechi "windo" nke okpomọkụ sitere n'elu ga esi na ya gbalaga na mbara igwe. (Ihe osise NASA, Robert Rohde)<ref name="NASA climate forcings">{{Cite web|url=http://earthobservatory.nasa.gov/Features/EnergyBalance/page7.php|title=NASA: Climate Forcings and Global Warming|date=January 14, 2009|accessdate=20 April 2014|archivedate=18 April 2021|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20210418152758/https://earthobservatory.nasa.gov/features/EnergyBalance/page7.php}}</ref>]] Site na pasentị ha nyere aka na mmetụta okpomọkụ n'ụwa, nnukwu gas okpomọkụ anọ bụ:<ref name="realclimate.org">{{Cite web|date=6 April 2005|title=Water vapour: feedback or forcing?|url=http://www.realclimate.org/index.php?p=142|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20070624015308/http://www.realclimate.org/index.php?p=142|archivedate=24 June 2007|accessdate=2006-05-01|publisher=RealClimate}}</ref><ref name="kiehl197">{{Cite journal|author=Kiehl|first=J.T.|date=February 1997|title=Earth's Annual Global Mean Energy Budget|url=http://www.atmo.arizona.edu/students/courselinks/spring04/atmo451b/pdf/RadiationBudget.pdf|journal=Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society|volume=78|issue=2|pages=197–208|doi=10.1175/1520-0477(1997)078<0197:EAGMEB>2.0.CO;2|accessdate=2006-05-01}}</ref> * Mmiri na-ekpo ọkụ (H2O), 36~72% (~75% gụnyere igwe ojii);<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.giss.nasa.gov/research/briefs/2010_schmidt_05/|title=Taking the Measure of the Greenhouse Effect|publisher=NASA Goddard Institute for Space Studies - Science Briefs|date=2010-10-01|author=Gavin Schmidt|accessdate=13 January 2022|archivedate=21 April 2021|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20210421003101/https://www.giss.nasa.gov/research/briefs/2010_schmidt_05/}}</ref> * Carbon dioxide (CO2), 9~26%; * Methane (CH4), 4~9%; * Tropospheric ozone (O3), 3~7%. Ọ baghị uru ịnye pasentị a kapịrị ọnụ na gas ọ bụla n'ihi na absorption na emission bands nke gas na agbakọta (ya mere, ọnụọgụ ndị e nyere n'elu). Mmiri na anọ naanị n'ikuku maka nkezi ụbọchị 8 ruo 10, nke kwekọrọ na nnukwu mgbanwe na onyinye sitere na igwe ojii na iru mmiri n'oge na ebe ọ bụla.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web|title=IPCC AR6 WG1|url=https://www.ipcc.ch/report/ar6/wg1/downloads/report/IPCC_AR6_WGI_Full_Report.pdf|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20210809080054/https://www.ipcc.ch/report/ar6/wg1/downloads/report/IPCC_AR6_WGI_Full_Report.pdf|archivedate=2021-08-09}}</ref>  E nwere gas ndị ọzọ nwere mmetụta na enye aka na mmetụta okpomọkụ, gụnyere nitrous oxide (N2O), perfluorocarbons (PFCs), chlorofluorocarbones (CFCs), hydrofluorocarbures (HFCs), na sulfur hexafluoride (SF6).: AVII-60 A na emepụta gas ndị a site na ọrụ mmadụ, ya mere ha arụwo akụkụ dị mkpa na mgbanwe ihu igwe.<ref name=":1"/> Mgbanwe nke gas na ekpo ọkụ site na 1750 ruo 2019 (ppm: akụkụ kwa nde; ppb: akụkụ kwa ijeri):<ref name=":2">{{Cite web|title=The Earth's energy budget, climate feedbacks, and climate sensitivity.|url=https://www.ipcc.ch/report/ar6/wg1/downloads/report/IPCC_AR6_WGI_Chapter_07.pdf|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20210809115800/https://www.ipcc.ch/report/ar6/wg1/downloads/report/IPCC_AR6_WGI_Chapter_07.pdf|archivedate=2021-08-09}}</ref> * Carbon dioxide (CO2), 278.3 ruo 409.9 ppm, elu 47%; * Methane (CH4), 729.2 ruo 1866.3 ppb, elu 156%; * Nitrous oxide (N2O), 270.1 ruo 332.1 ppb, elu 23%. Ikike okpomọkụ ụwa (GWP) nke gas na ekpo ọkụ bụ ihe atụ nke oke mmetụta ihu igwe nke gas nwere mgbe agbakwunyere na ikuku. A na agbakọ GWP site n'ịkọwa oge ndụ na arụmọrụ nke mmetụta okpomọkụ nke gas. Dị ka ọ na adịkarị, nitrous oxide nwere ndụ nke ihe dị ka afọ 121, na ihe karịrị okpukpu 270 nke GWP karịa carbon dioxide maka afọ 20. Sulfur hexafluoride nwere ndụ nke ihe karịrị afọ 3000 na okpukpu 25000 karịa GWP karịa carbon dioxide.<ref name=":2"/> === Igwe ojii ===   Igwe ojii na ekere òkè dị mkpa na nguzozi radiative zuru ụwa ọnụ na igwe ojii cirrus dị nro nwere mmetụta ụfọdụ na eme ka okpomọkụ. Ha nwere ike ịmịkọrọ ma wepụta radieshon infrared ma si otú a metụta ihe ndị radiative nke ikuku.<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Liou|first=Kuo-Nan|date=1986-06-01|title=Influence of Cirrus Clouds on Weather and Climate Processes: A Global Perspective|url=https://journals.ametsoc.org/view/journals/mwre/114/6/1520-0493_1986_114_1167_ioccow_2_0_co_2.xml|journal=Monthly Weather Review|language=EN|volume=114|issue=6|pages=1167–1199|doi=10.1175/1520-0493(1986)114<1167:IOCCOW>2.0.CO;2|issn=1520-0493|accessdate=14 April 2022}}</ref> Igwe ojii gụnyere igwe ojii mmiri, igwe ojii ngwakọta na igwe ojii ice. Igwe ojii mmiri bụ igwe ojii dị ala ma nwee nrụgide radiative na adịghị mma. Igwe ojii na agwakọta ọnụ bụ igwe ojii na ebikọ ọnụ na mmiri mmiri na ice siri ike na okpomọkụ na ekpo ọkụ na ihe onwunwe ha na egbuke egbuke (omimi anya ma ọ bụ ọkpụrụkpụ anya) na emetụta nke ukwuu site na mmiri dị n'ime. Igwe ojii ice bụ igwe ojii dị elu na ike radiative ha na adabere na ọnụ ọgụgụ ice crystal, ọkpụrụkpụ igwe ojii na mmiri ice. Ihe onwunwe radiative nke igwe ojii mmiri na adabere n'ụzọ siri ike na ihe onwunwe igwe ojii microphysical, dị ka ihe dị na mmiri mmiri igwe ojii na nkesa nha igwe ojii. Igwe mmiri nwere mmiri dị elu na obere mmiri ga enwe ike radiative siri ike. Mmiri mmiri igwe ojii na ejikarị ya na ikuku na ikuku. N'elu oké osimiri na ekpo ọkụ, ikuku na enwekarị mmiri na ekpuchi mmiri ma ya mere igwe ojii mmiri nwere mmiri dị elu. Mgbe ikuku na ekpo ọkụ na agbakọta n'ígwé ojii ma na emepụta mmiri siri ike, mmiri nwere ike ịdị elu karịa. Aerosols ga emetụta nkesa nha igwe ojii. Dịka ọmụmaatụ, na mpaghara ụlọ ọrụ mmepụta ihe na emetọ emetọ nwere ọtụtụ aerosols, mmiri na adọba n'ígwé ojii mmiri na adịkarị obere. Igwe ojii ndị a na agwakọta ọnụ nwere nrụgide radiative na adịghị mma. Mmanye radieshon nke igwe ojii ngwakọta oge nwere nnukwu ejighị n'aka karịa igwe ojii mmiri. Otu ihe kpatara ya bụ na microphysics dị mgbagwoju anya karịa n'ihi ịdị n'otu nke mmiri na mmiri siri ike. Dịka ọmụmaatụ, usoro Wegeneron-Bergeron-Findeisen nwere ike imebi nnukwu mmiri ma mee ka obere kristal ice buru ibu n'oge dị mkpirikpi. Usoro Hallett-Mossop ga agbaji mmiri mmiri na nnukwu kristal ice na ada ma kpọnwụọ n'ime ọtụtụ obere ice splinters.<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Hallett|first=J.|date=1974|title=Production of secondary ice particles during the riming process|url=https://www.nature.com/articles/249026a0|journal=Nature|language=en|volume=249|issue=5452|pages=26–28|doi=10.1038/249026a0|issn=1476-4687|accessdate=3 May 2022}}</ref> Igwe ojii radieshon nwere ike ịgbanwe n'ụzọ dị ịrịba ama n'oge usoro ndị a n'ihi na obere kristal ice nwere ike igosipụta ọtụtụ ìhè anyanwụ ma mepụta nnukwu ike radieshon, ma e jiri ya tụnyere nnukwu mmiri mmiri. Igwe ojii Cirrus nwere ike ime ka ọ dịkwuo mma ma ọ bụ belata mmetụta okpomọkụ, dabere na ọkpụrụkpụ igwe ojii.<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Krämer|first=Martina|date=2020-11-02|title=A microphysics guide to cirrus – Part 2: Climatologies of clouds and humidity from observations|url=https://acp.copernicus.org/articles/20/12569/2020/|journal=Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics|language=English|volume=20|issue=21|pages=12569–12608|doi=10.5194/acp-20-12569-2020|issn=1680-7316|accessdate=20 April 2022}}</ref> A na ewere cirrus dị nro dị ka nke nwere ike radieshon na cirrus dị arọ nwere ike radieshon na adịghị mma.<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Joos|first=H.|date=2008-09-27|title=Orographic cirrus in the global climate model ECHAM5|journal=Journal of Geophysical Research|volume=113|issue=D18|doi=10.1029/2007jd009605|issn=0148-0227}}</ref> Mmiri ice dị na nkesa oke ice na ekpebi ihe onwunwe cirrus radieshon. Mmiri ice ka ukwuu dị, mmetụta na ekpo ọkụ karị cirrus nwere. Mgbe mmiri ice nke igwe ojii bụ otu, cirrus nwere obere ice crystals nwere mmetụta dị jụụ ka ukwuu, ma e jiri ya tụnyere cirrus nwere nnukwu ice crystels. Ụfọdụ ndị ọkà mmụta sayensị na atụ aro ka a na-etinye ụfọdụ cirrus n'ime igwe ojii cirrus dị nro iji belata ogo nke ice crystals ma si otú a belata mmetụta ha na ekpo ọkụ, mana ụfọdụ ọmụmụ ndị ọzọ na enwe obi abụọ banyere ịdị irè ya ma chee na ọ ga abaghị uru ịlụ ọgụ na okpomọkụ ụwa.<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Penner|first=Joyce E.|date=2015-10-28|title=Can cirrus cloud seeding be used for geoengineering?: CIRRUS CLOUD SEEDING|journal=Geophysical Research Letters|language=en|volume=42|issue=20|pages=8775–8782|doi=10.1002/2015GL065992}}</ref> === Aerosols === A na akọwa aerosols ikuku dị ka nkwụsị nke mmiri, siri ike, ma ọ bụ ngwakọta nke nwere kemịkal na ihe dị iche iche, nke na arụ ọrụ dị ezigbo mkpa n'ịgbanwe mmefu ego ike ụwa nke ga akpatakwu mgbanwe ihu igwe.<ref>{{Cite book|title=Elsevier Enhanced Reader|chapter=AEROSOLS &#124; Observations and Measurements|url=https://reader.elsevier.com/reader/sd/pii/B0122270908000488?token=62558D67B04A728403D822C2F988445E24B048398E927086E819143734D88362388B825393B9236E275B830FDB73B558&originRegion=us-east-1&originCreation=20220420194443|accessdate=2022-04-20|date=January 2003|pages=20–34|publisher=Academic Press|doi=10.1016/B0-12-227090-8/00048-8|isbn=9780122270901|language=en|author=McMurry|first=P.H.}}</ref> E nwere isi ihe abụọ na akpata ikuku aerosols, otu bụ isi ihe okike, nke ọzọ bụ isi ihe sitere n'aka mmadụ. Dịka ọmụmaatụ, uzuzu ọzara, [[Ńnú|nnu]] oké osimiri, ntụ ọkụ, ihe ndị na agbanwe agbanwe (VOC) site na ahịhịa na anwụrụ ọkụ sitere na ọkụ ọhịa bụ ụfọdụ n'ime ihe ndị dị mkpa sitere na aerosols. Maka aerosols ndị sitere na ọrụ mmadụ, dị ka ọkụ ọkụ, ọkụ ọkụ, na ọkụ nke ihe mkpofu ugbo, a na ewere ha dị ka aerosols sitere n'aka mmadụ. Ọnụ ọgụgụ nke aerosols sitere n'aka mmadụ amụbaala nke ukwuu kemgbe oge preindustrial, nke a na ewere dị ka nnukwu onyinye maka mmetọ ikuku zuru ụwa ọnụ. Ebe ọ bụ na aerosols ndị a nwere ihe dị iche iche dị iche iche na ihe ndị dị n'ahụ, ha nwere ike ịmepụta [[Mmetụta radiative|mmetụta]] dị iche iche nke radiative na eme ka ihu igwe zuru ụwa ọnụ dị ọkụ ma ọ bụ dị jụụ. Enwere ike ịhazi mmetụta nke ikuku ikuku na ihu igwe dị ka kpọmkwem ma ọ bụ na apụtaghị ìhè n'ihe gbasara nrụgide radiative nke usoro ihu igwe. Aerosols nwere ike ịgbasa ma mịkọrọ ìhè anyanwụ na infrared n'ime ikuku, ya mere ọ nwere ike radiative na-amanye usoro ihu igwe zuru ụwa ọnụ. Aerosols nwekwara ike ịrụ ọrụ dị ka igwe ojii condensation nuclei (CCN) iji mepụta igwe ojii, na akpata ịgbanwe nhazi na arụmọrụ nke mmiri mmiri, ice na igwe ojii ngwakọta, si otú ahụ na akpatara radiative na apụtaghị ìhè nke metụtara mgbanwe ndị a na njirimara igwe ojii.<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Huang|first=Huilin|date=May 2019|title=Assessing aerosol indirect effect on clouds and regional climate of East/South Asia and West Africa using NCEP GFS|journal=Climate Dynamics|volume=52|issue=9–10|pages=5759–5774|doi=10.1007/s00382-018-4476-9|issn=0930-7575|pmid=31073262}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|author=Penner|first=J. E.|date=2001|title=Aerosols, their Direct and Indirect Effects|url=https://pure.mpg.de/pubman/faces/ViewItemOverviewPage.jsp?itemId=item_1831230|accessdate=21 April 2022}}</ref> Aerosols nke na agbasa radieshon anyanwụ nwere ike igosipụta radieshon nke anyanwụ azụ na mbara igwe, nke ga akpata mmetụta oyi na ihu igwe ụwa. Aerosols niile dị na ikuku nwere ikike dị otú ahụ ịgbasa radieshon anyanwụ na abata. Mana ọ bụ naanị ụdị aerosols ole na ole nwere ike ịmịkọrọ radieshon anyanwụ, dị ka Black carbon (BC), organic carbon (OC) na uzuzu mineral, nke nwere ike ịkpata mmetụta okpomọkụ na enweghị isi na ikuku ụwa.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Aerosols and their Relation to Global Climate and Climate Sensitivity {{!}} Learn Science at Scitable|url=https://www.nature.com/scitable/knowledge/library/aerosols-and-their-relation-to-global-climate-102215345/|accessdate=2022-01-11|work=www.nature.com|language=en|archivedate=6 December 2016|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20161206065633/http://www.nature.com/scitable/knowledge/library/aerosols-and-their-relation-to-global-climate-102215345}}</ref> Mpụta nke carbon ojii buru ibu n'ezie na mba ndị na emepe emepe, dị ka China na [[Ndia|India]], a ka na atụkwa anya na mmụba a ga aga n'ihu. Enwere ike ibuga carbon ojii n'ebe dị anya, ma gwakọta ya na aerosols ndị ọzọ n'ụzọ.Ịrụ ọrụ nke anyanwụ nwere njikọ dị mma na oke carbon ojii na sulphate, ya mere ndị mmadụ kwesịrị ilekwasị anya na ikuku carbon ojii na oke ikuku nke carbon na sulphat.<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Ramana|first=M. V.|date=August 2010|title=Warming influenced by the ratio of black carbon to sulphate and the black-carbon source|url=https://www.nature.com/articles/ngeo918|journal=Nature Geoscience|language=en|volume=3|issue=8|pages=542–545|doi=10.1038/ngeo918|issn=1752-0908|accessdate=21 April 2022}}</ref> Ọ bụghị naanị na ọnụ ọgụgụ nke ụmụ irighiri ihe na ngwakọta nwere ike ikpebi arụmọrụ nke BC, kamakwa ọ na emetụta ndụ nke BC. Enwere ike ibelata albedo elu nke snow ma ọ bụ ice kpuchiri n'ihi nkwụsị nke ụdị aerosol na amịkọrọ, nke ga akpatakwa mmetụta okpomọkụ.<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Hansen|first=James|date=2004-01-13|title=Soot climate forcing via snow and ice albedos|journal=Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences|language=en|volume=101|issue=2|pages=423–428|doi=10.1073/pnas.2237157100|issn=0027-8424|pmid=14699053}}</ref> Mmetụta okpomọkụ sitere na carbon ojii n'ebe dị elu dị ezigbo mkpa dị ka carbon dioxide na ịgbaze snowpacks na glaciers.<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Ramanathan|first=V.|date=April 2008|title=Global and regional climate changes due to black carbon|url=https://www.nature.com/articles/ngeo156|journal=Nature Geoscience|language=en|volume=1|issue=4|pages=221–227|doi=10.1038/ngeo156|issn=1752-0908|accessdate=21 April 2022}}</ref> Na mgbakwunye na aerosols ndị a na amịkọrọ, a chọpụtara na stratospheric aerosol nwekwara ike ime ka okpomọkụ dị ike site n'ịbawanye radieshon ogologo oge n'elu ma belata radieshon ogologo nke na apụ apụ.<ref>{{Cite journal|title=Elsevier Enhanced Reader|url=https://reader.elsevier.com/reader/sd/pii/S0169809513002354?token=1E9181976CD99D0438A46A70374A72C34D7F8D34FE445C88FE4B73ECD60DBAEABF96C735432E7BB5FDE2FB5265477DB1&originRegion=us-east-1&originCreation=20220421225807|accessdate=2022-04-21|journal=Atmospheric Research|date=January 2014|volume=135-136|pages=102–111|doi=10.1016/j.atmosres.2013.08.009|language=en|author=Zhou|first=Y.}}</ref> == Ọrụ na mgbanwe ihu igwe == [[Usòrò:Earth's_heating_rate_since_2005.jpg|áká_ịkẹngạ|thumb|Ọnụ ọgụgụ okpomọkụ nke ụwa (ihe osise) bụ n'ihi ihe ndị gụnyere mmetụta okpomọkụ dị elu.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://earthobservatory.nasa.gov/blogs/earthmatters/2021/06/22/earths-radiation-budget-is-out-of-balance/|title=Earth Matters: Earth's Radiation Budget is Out of Balance|author=Joseph Atkinson|publisher=NASA Earth Observatory|date=22 June 2021|accessdate=1 March 2022|archivedate=10 April 2022|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20220410085015/https://earthobservatory.nasa.gov/blogs/earthmatters/2021/06/22/earths-radiation-budget-is-out-of-balance/}}</ref>]] A maara ime ka mmetụta okpomọkụ site na ọrụ mmadụ sie ike dị ka mmetụta okpuru okpomọkụ (ma ọ bụ nke mmadụ).<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.science.org.au/nova/016/016glo.htm|title=Enhanced greenhouse effect — Glossary|work=Nova|publisher=Australian Academy of Scihuman impact on the environment|date=2006|accessdate=14 December 2009|archivedate=1 April 2008|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20080401065308/http://www.science.org.au/nova/016/016glo.htm}}</ref> Tinyere na a na ekwu site na nyocha nke ARGO, CERES na ngwaọrụ ndị ọzọ n'ime narị afọ nke 21,: A hụla mmụba a na [[Mmetụta radiative|radiative forcing]] site na ọrụ mmadụ ozugbo, ọ bụkwa ihe kpatara ya bụ mmụba nke ikuku carbon dioxide.<ref name=":1"/><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.carbonbrief.org/new-study-directly-measures-greenhouse-effect-at-earths-surface|title=New study directly measures greenhouse effect at Earth's surface|publisher=Carbon Brief|date=2015-02-25|author=Robert McSweeney|accessdate=18 April 2021|archivedate=18 April 2021|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20210418151415/https://www.carbonbrief.org/new-study-directly-measures-greenhouse-effect-at-earths-surface}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://phys.org/news/2021-03-humans-earth-energy.html|title=Direct observations confirm that humans are throwing Earth's energy budget off balance|publisher=Science X|work=phys.org|date=2021-03-26|accessdate=18 April 2021|archivedate=18 April 2021|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20210418072159/https://phys.org/news/2021-03-humans-earth-energy.html}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.ace.mmu.ac.uk/eae/Global_Warming/Older/Enhanced_Greenhouse_Effect.html|title=Enhanced Greenhouse Effect|publisher=Ace.mmu.ac.uk|accessdate=2010-10-15|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20101024121935/http://www.ace.mmu.ac.uk/eae/global_warming/Older/Enhanced_Greenhouse_Effect.html|archivedate=2010-10-24}}</ref> Dị ka akụkọ nyocha nke afọ 2014 si n'aka Ndị otu gọọmentị etiti na mgbanwe ihu igwe si kwuo, "nchịkọta ikuku nke carbon dioxide, methane na nitrous oxide enweghị atụ na ọ dịkarịa ala afọ 800,000 gara aga. A chọpụtala mmetụta ha, tinyere nke ndị ọkwọ ụgbọala ndị ọzọ sitere n'aka mmadụ, n'usoro ihu igwe niile ma o yikarịrị ka ọ bụ isi ihe kpatara okpomọkụ a hụrụ kemgbe etiti narị afọ nke 20.<ref>{{Cite web|work=IPCC Fifth Assessment Report|url=http://www.ipcc.ch/pdf/assessment-report/ar5/syr/AR5_SYR_FINAL_SPM.pdf|title=Synthesis Report: Summary for Policymakers|accessdate=20 June 2017|archivedate=23 November 2018|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20181123104020/http://www.ipcc.ch/pdf/assessment-report/ar5/syr/AR5_SYR_FINAL_SPM.pdf}}</ref> [[Usòrò:Mauna_Loa_CO2_monthly_mean_concentration.svg|áká_èkpè|thumb|Keeling Curve nke ikuku CO2 bara ụba.]] A na emepụta CO2 site na ọkụ mmanụ ọkụ na ihe omume ndị ọzọ dị ka mmepụta ciment na igbutu osisi. Ntụle nke CO2 sitere na Mauna Loa Observatory na egosi na mkpokọta abawanyela site na ihe dị ka akụkụ 313 kwa nde (ppm) na 1960, na-agafe 400 ppm milestone na 2013. Ọnụ ego nke CO2 dị ugbu a karịa ihe ndekọ geological maxima (≈300 ppm) site na data nke ice. Mmetụta nke carbon dioxide na emepụta combustion na ihu igwe zuru ụwa ọnụ, ihe pụrụ iche nke mmetụta griin haus nke mbụ kọwara na 1896 site n'aka Svante Arrhenius, ka a na akpọkwa mmetụta Callendar. N'ime afọ 800,000 gara aga, data ice na egosi na carbon dioxide dịgasị iche site na uru dị ala dị ka 180 ppm ruo ọkwa ụlọ ọrụ nke 270 ppm.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/science/nature/5314592.stm|work=BBC News|title=Deep ice tells long climate story|date=2006-09-04|accessdate=2010-05-04}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|author=Hileman B|title=Ice Core Record Extended|journal=Chemical & Engineering News|volume=83|issue=48|date=2005-11-28|url=http://pubs.acs.org/cen/news/83/i48/8348notw1.html|doi=10.1021/cen-v083n048.p007|accessdate=6 September 2006}}</ref> Ndị paleoclimatologists na ewere ọdịiche dị na carbon dioxide dị ka ihe dị mkpa na emetụta ọdịiche ihu igwe n'oge a.<ref name="Bowen (2005), Thin Ice">{{Cite book|author=Bowen|first=Mark|title=Thin Ice: Unlocking the Secrets of Climate in the World's Highest Mountains|publisher=Owl Books|year=2006|isbn=978-1429932707|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=HGIcabCZHVUC|accessdate=1 June 2018}}</ref> == Ezigbo ụlọ ndị na ere nri == [[Usòrò:RHSGlasshouse.JPG|thumb|Ụlọ okpomọkụ nke oge a na RHS Wisley]] A na akpọ "mmetụta greenhouse" nke ikuku site na ntụnyere na greenhouses nke na ekpo ọkụ n'ìhè anyanwụ. Otú ọ dị, ụlọ okpomọkụ anaghị eme ka ọ dị ọkụ site na "mmetụta ụlọ okpompe".<ref>{{Cite book|title=Favorite demonstrations for college science: an NSTA Press journals collection|author=Brian Shmaefsky|publisher=NSTA Press|date=2004|isbn=978-0-87355-242-4|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=L4jtv2mX0iQC&pg=PA57|accessdate=18 February 2016}}</ref> "Mmetụta Greenhouse" bụ n'ezie aha na ezighi ezi ebe ọ bụ na okpomọkụ n'ime ụlọ okpomọkụ a na ahụkarị bụ n'ihi mbelata nke convection, ebe "mmetụta greenhouse" na arụ ọrụ site na igbochi okpomọkụ na amị amị site na ịhapụ mbara ala site na nnyefe radieshon.<ref name="OortPeixoto">{{Cite book|author=Oort, Abraham H.|title=Physics of climate|publisher=American Institute of Physics|location=New York|date=1992|isbn=978-0-88318-711-1|quote=...the name water vapor-greenhouse effect is actually a misnomer since heating in the usual greenhouse is due to the reduction of convection}}</ref><ref name="Schroeder"> {{Cite book|author=Schroeder, Daniel V.|title=An introduction to thermal physics|date=2000|publisher=[[Addison-Wesley]]|isbn=978-0-321-27779-4|quote=... this mechanism is called the ''greenhouse effect'', even though most greenhouses depend primarily on a different mechanism (namely, limiting convective cooling).|pages=305–7}} </ref> A na eji ihe ọ bụla na agafe ìhè anyanwụ wuo ụlọ okpomọkụ: ọ na abụkarị iko ma ọ bụ plastik. Anyanwụ na-eme ka ala na ekpo ọkụ ma na etinye ya n'ime ya dịka n'èzí, ndị a na emezi ka ikuku na ekwo ọkụ. N'èzí, ikuku na ekpo ọkụ dị nso n'elu na arị elu ma na agwakọta na ikuku dị jụụ n'elu, na eme ka okpomọkụ dị ala karịa n'ime, ebe ikuku na aga n'ihu na ekwo ọkụ n'ihi na ọ dị n'ime ụlọ okpomọkụ. Enwere ike igosi nke a site na imeghe obere windo dị nso n'elu ụlọ okpomọkụ: okpomọkụ ga ada nke ukwuu. E gosipụtara ya site na nnwale (R. W. Wood, 1909) na "greenhouse" (nke na adịghị ekpo ọkụ) nke nwere mkpuchi nnu nkume (nke na'ahụ anya na infrared) na-ekpo ọkụ ogige yiri nke nwere mkpo iko.<ref name="wood1909">{{Cite journal|author=Wood, R.W.|title=Note on the Theory of the Greenhouse|journal=Philosophical Magazine|volume=17|issue=98|pages=319–320|date=1909|url=http://www.wmconnolley.org.uk/sci/wood_rw.1909.html|doi=10.1080/14786440208636602|accessdate=23 January 2005}}</ref> Ya mere, ụlọ okpomọkụ na arụ ọrụ n'ụzọ bụ isi site na igbochi convective jụrụ.<ref name="Schroeder"/> Greenhouses na ekpo ọkụ bụ ihe ọzọ: ebe ọ bụ na ha nwere ihe dị n'ime nke na ekpuchi okpomọkụ, ọ dị mma iji belata oke okpomọkụ na apụta site na radieshon jụrụ. Enwere ike ime nke a site na iji glazing zuru oke.<ref>{{Cite journal|url=http://uwm.edu.pl/wnt/technicalsc/tech_17_4/b04.pdf|title=Energy effects during using the glass with different properties in a heated greenhouse|first=Sławomir|author=Kurpaska|journal=Technical Sciences|volume=17|issue=4|date=2014|pages=351–360|accessdate=28 July 2015}}</ref> Ọ ga ekwe omume n'echiche iwu ụlọ okpomọkụ nke na ebelata okpomọkụ ya n'oge ọchịchịrị; ụlọ okpompe dị otú ahụ ga ejide okpomọkụ site na usoro anụ ahụ abụọ dị iche iche, na ejikọta ọtụtụ mmetụta okpomọkụ, otu n'ime ha yiri usoro ikuku, na eme ka arụmụka na ezighị ezi.<ref name="Darrin2000">{{Cite book|author=Darrin|first=Ann|title=ITHERM 2000. The Seventh Intersociety Conference on Thermal and Thermomechanical Phenomena in Electronic Systems (Cat. No.00CH37069)|chapter=Variable emissivity through MEMS technology|year=2000|pages=264–270|chapterurl=https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/document/866834|doi=10.1109/ITHERM.2000.866834|isbn=0-7803-5912-7|accessdate=7 January 2021|quote=Specialized thermal control coatings, which can passively or actively adjust their emissivity offer an attractive solution to these [spacecraft] design challenges.}}</ref> == Mmetụta ndị metụtara ya == === Mmetụta na adịghị mma nke okpomọkụ === Mmetụta okpomọkụ na agụnye gas okpomọkụ nke na-ebelata ọnụego nke radieshon jụrụ na mbara igwe, dabere na ihe ga eme ma ọ bụrụ na gas ndị ahụ adịghị. Nke a na eme n'ihi na gas na ekpo ọkụ na egbochi radieshon okpomọkụ na ala dị ala, mana na ewepụta radieshon na elu ebe ikuku dị jụụ na ọnụego radieshon dị ala. N'ọnọdụ ebe enwere mgbanwe okpomọkụ siri ike, nke mere na ikuku na ekpo ọkụ karịa elu, ọ ga ekwe omume ka a gbanwee mmetụta a, nke mere ka ọnụnọ nke gas na ekpuchi okpomọkụ na eme ka ọnụego nke radiative cooling na mbara igwe dịkwuo elu. Ọnụ ọgụgụ nke radieshon okpomọkụ na apụta na mbara igwe dị ukwuu karịa ọnụego nke radieshan okpomọkụ sitere n'elu. A na akpọ ọnọdụ a "mmetụta na adịghị mma". Nnyocha ndị e mere n'oge na-adịbeghị anya egosiwo na, mgbe ụfọdụ, enwere mmetụta na-adịghị mma na mpaghara Antartica.<ref name="sejas">{{Cite journal|author=Sejas|first=S.A.|title=Unmasking the negative greenhouse effect over the Antarctic Plateau|journal=npj Clim Atmos Sci|date=2018|volume=1|issue=17|doi=10.1038/s41612-018-0031-y|url=https://www.nature.com/articles/s41612-018-0031-y|accessdate=4 May 2023}}</ref> === Mmetụta na emegide greenhouse ===   Mmetụta anti-greenhouse bụ usoro yiri ma kwekọọ na mmetụta greenhouse: na mmetụta greenhouses, ikuku na ahapụ radiation ka ọ ghara ikwe ka radiation okpomọkụ pụọ, si otú a na ekpo ọkụ n'elu ahụ; na mmetụta anti-greinhouse, ikuku na'ime ka radiation pụọ mgbe ọ na ahapụrụ radiation okirikiri, nke na ebelata okpomọkụ elu. A tụwo aro mmetụta dị otú ahụ maka ọnwa Saturn bụ Titan.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.astrobio.net/news/modules.php?op=modload&name=News&file=article&sid=1762&mode=thread&order=0&thold=0|title=Titan: Greenhouse and Anti-greenhouse|work=Astrobiology Magazine – earth science – evolution distribution Origin of life universe – life beyond :: Astrobiology is study of earth|accessdate=2010-10-15}}</ref> === Mmetụta na eme ka okpomọkụ na-ekpo ọkụ ===   Mmetụta na ekpo ọkụ na eme mgbe gas na ekwo ọkụ na agbakọta na ikuku site na nzaghachi nzaghachi dị mma ruo n'ókè nke na ha na egbochi okpomọkụ radiated ka ọ ghara ịbanye na mbara igwe, si otú a na egide mbara ala ka ọ ghara ịdị jụụ. Mmetụta na ekpo ọkụ nke na emetụta carbon dioxide na mmiri na ekwo ekwere ogologo oge gara aga na ọ mere na Venus, a ka na anabata echiche a n'ụzọ dị ukwuu.<ref name=":0">{{Cite journal|pages=1037–9|issue=5250|volume=226|date=June 1970|doi=10.1038/2261037a0|pmid=16057644|journal=Nature|first=I.|title=The Runaway Greenhouse and the Accumulation of CO₂ in the Venus Atmosphere|url=http://pubs.giss.nasa.gov/docs/1970/1970_Rasool_DeBergh.pdf|author=Rasool}}</ref><ref name="McCarthy">{{Cite web|author=McCarthy|first=Michael Cabbage and Leslie|title=NASA climate modeling suggests Venus may have been habitable|url=https://climate.nasa.gov/news/2475/nasa-climate-modeling-suggests-venus-may-have-been-habitable|accessdate=2021-08-11|work=Climate Change: Vital Signs of the Planet|archivedate=11 August 2021|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20210811030814/https://climate.nasa.gov/news/2475/nasa-climate-modeling-suggests-venus-may-have-been-habitable/}}</ref> Planet Venus nwere mmetụta na-ekpo ọkụ, nke mere ka ikuku nke bụ 96% carbon dioxide, na nrụgide ikuku dị n'elu ihe dịka 900 m (3,000 ) n'okpuru mmiri n'ụwa. Venus nwere ike ịnwe oké osimiri mmiri, mana ha gaara esi ọkụ ka okpomọkụ dị n'elu elu rịrị elu ruo 735 K (462 °C; 863 ).<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Hashimoto, G. L.|title=Felsic highland crust on Venus suggested by Galileo Near-Infrared Mapping Spectrometer data|journal=[[Journal of Geophysical Research: Planets]]|date=2008|volume=113|issue=E9|doi=10.1029/2008JE003134|pages=E00B24}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|author=David Shiga|url=https://www.newscientist.com/article/dn12769-did-venuss-ancient-oceans-incubate-life.html|title=Did Venus's ancient oceans incubate life?|work=New Scientist|date=10 October 2007|accessdate=17 July 2019|archivedate=24 March 2009|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20090324134332/https://www.newscientist.com/article/dn12769-did-venuss-ancient-oceans-incubate-life.html}}</ref><ref name="Jakosky">{{Cite book|author=Jakosky|first=Bruce M.|chapter=Atmospheres of the Terrestrial Planets|editor=Beatty|title=The New Solar System|edition=4th|date=1999|location=Boston|publisher=Sky Publishing|pages=175–200|isbn=978-0-933346-86-4|oclc=39464951}}</ref> Akụkọ akwụkwọ akụkọ nke afọ 2012 kwuru na ihe fọrọ nke nta ka ọ bụrụ ihe akaebe niile na egosi na o yighị ka ọ ga ekwe omume ịkpata ụlọ okpomọkụ zuru oke n'ụwa, naanị site na ịgbakwunye gas okpomọkụ na ikuku.<ref name="PhilTransactionsRoyalSociety_20120108" /> Otú ọ dị, ndị dere ya dọrọ aka ná ntị na "nghọta anyị banyere ike ike, thermodynamics, radieshọn nyefe na igwe ojii physics nke ikuku na ekpo ọkụ na ikuku na esi ísì ụtọ adịghị ike", nakwa na anyị "enweghị ike iwepu kpamkpam na omume mmadụ nwere ike ịkpam mgbanwe, ma ọ bụrụ na ọ bụghị zuru oke, mgbe ahụ ọ dịkarịa ala na ọnọdụ ihu igwe dị ọkụ karịa nke ugbu a".<ref name="PhilTransactionsRoyalSociety_20120108">{{Cite journal|author=Goldblatt|first=Colin|title=The Runaway Greenhouse: implications for future climate change, geoengineering and planetary atmospheres|journal=Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society A: Mathematical, Physical and Engineering Sciences|date=8 January 2012|volume=370|issue=1974|pages=4197–4216|doi=10.1098/rsta.2012.0004|pmid=22869797}}</ref> Otu edemede nke afọ 2013 kwubiri na ụlọ okpomọkụ na agba ọsọ "nwere ike ịkpata site na mmụba nke ụlọ okpomogolo", mana na "mgbasa nke ụmụ mmadụ nwere ike ọ gaghị ezu".<ref name="NatureGeoscience_20130728">{{Cite journal|author=Goldblatt|first=Colin|title=Low simulated radiation limit for runaway greenhouse climates|journal=Nature Geoscience|date=28 July 2013|volume=6|issue=8|pages=661–667|doi=10.1038/ngeo1892|url=https://www.nature.com/articles/ngeo1892|accessdate=17 September 2022}}</ref> == Ihe ndị ọzọ na abụghị Ụwa == Ewezuga Ụwa, e nwere mbara ala ndị ọzọ na usoro anyanwụ nke nwekwara mmetụta okpomọkụ. Mmetụta okpomọkụ na Venus buru ibu karịsịa, nke na eweta okpomọkụ elu ya ruo 462 °C (864 ). Nke a bụ n'ihi na ikuku ya jupụtara na carbon dioxide, ihe dịka 97%.<ref>{{Cite journal|doi=10.1126/science.11538492|title=The greenhouse and antigreenhouse effects on Titan|year=1991|author=McKay|first=C.|journal=Science|volume=253|issue=5024|pages=1118–1121|pmid=11538492}}</ref> Ọ bụ ezie na Venus dị ihe dị ka 30% nso na Anyanwụ, ọ na amịkọrọ (ma na-ekpo ọkụ) ìhè anyanwụ dị ala karịa Ụwa, n'ihi na Venus na egosipụta 77% nke ìhè anyanwụ na eme mgbe Ụwa na egosiputa ihe dị ka 30; ya mere, n'adịghị ka ihe mmadụ nwere ike iche, ịdị nso na Aanyanwụ abụghị ihe mere Venus ji ekpo ọkụ karịa Ụwa.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Venus Fact Sheet|url=https://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/planetary/factsheet/venusfact.html|work=nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov|publisher=NASA|accessdate=25 April 2023}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=5 Weird Facts About Venus|url=https://www.britannica.com/list/5-weird-facts-about-venus#:~:text=Even%20though%20Venus%20is%20much,and%20reradiated%20as%20infrared%20radiation.|publisher=Britannica|accessdate=25 April 2023}}</ref> "Venus nwere mmetụta na ekpo ọkụ n'oge gara aga, anyị na atụ anya na ụwa ga eme ihe dị ka ijeri afọ 2 ka ìhè anyanwụ na abawanye".<ref name="PhilTransactionsRoyalSociety_20120108"/> Titan bụ ahụ nwere ma mmetụta greenhouse na mmetụta anti-greenhouse. Ọnụnọ nke N2, CH4, na H2 na ikuku na enye aka na mmetụta na ekpo ọkụ, na eme ka okpomọkụ dị n'elu site na 21K karịa okpomọkụ a tụrụ anya ya nke ahụ na enweghị ikuku. Ịdị adị nke anwụrụ ọkụ dị elu, nke na amịkọrọ wavelengths nke radieshon anyanwụ ma na apụta ìhè na infrared, na enye aka na mmetụta mgbochi greenhouse nke ihe dịka 9K. Mmetụta nke ihe abụọ a na arụpụta bụ okpomọkụ nke 21K - 9K = 12K, yabụ Titan dị 12 K karịa ka ọ ga-adị ma ọ bụrụ na enweghị ikuku.<ref>{{Cite journal|author=McKay|first=C. P.|date=1991-09-06|title=The greenhouse and antigreenhouse effects on Titan|journal=Science|language=en|volume=253|issue=5024|pages=1118–1121|doi=10.1126/science.11538492|issn=0036-8075|pmid=11538492}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.astrobio.net/retrospections/titan-greenhouse-and-anti-greenhouse/|title=Titan: Greenhouse and Anti-greenhouse|date=2005-11-03|work=Astrobiology Magazine|language=en-US|accessdate=2019-11-04|archivedate=27 September 2019|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20190927031140/https://www.astrobio.net/retrospections/titan-greenhouse-and-anti-greenhouse/}}</ref> == Hụkwa ==   * Ndị kachasị enye aka na gas na-ekpo ọkụ * Ọnụ ọgụgụ Lapse * Nzaghachi mgbanwe ihu igwe * Ihe ndị na-eme ka ọnọdụ ihu igwe dị elu * [[Mmetụta radiative]] * Mgbasawanye ụwa * Ngalaba Gọọmentị Na-ahụ Maka Mgbanwe Ihu igwe * [[Ọgbakọ Otú United Nations Fremewok maka Ngbanwe Iru igwe|Nkwekọrịta Nkwekọ Mba Ndị Dị n'Otu maka Mgbanwe Ihu igwe]] {{Clear}} == Ihe odide == Radiation anyanwụ na nha ike nke ụwa. The Climate System – EESC 2100 Spring 2007. Columbia University. Edebere ya na mbụ na 2004-11-04. eweghachiri na 2010-10-15. (2007) "Nlebanya akụkọ ihe mere eme nke Sayensị mgbanwe ihu igwe", Mgbanwe ihu igwe 2007: Ntọala Sayensị anụ ahụ. Ntụnye aka nke otu ndị na-arụ ọrụ na akụkọ nyocha nke anọ nke otu gọọmentị etiti na mgbanwe ihu igwe. Cambridge, UK na New York, NY: Cambridge University Press. eweghachiri na 25 Maachị 2014. The Elusive Absolute Surface Temperature (SAT). Goddard Institute for Space Studies. NOAA. Edebere site na izizi na 5 Septemba 2015. Ewetara na 3 Septemba 2008. Rebecca (2009-01-14). Ihu igwe na mmefu ego ike nke ụwa : Akụkọ njirimara. earthobservatory.nasa.gov. Edebere na nke izizi na 21 Jenụwarị 2021. eweghachiri na 2020-12-14. Fox. Kabon Dioxide dị n'ikuku Na eru Ọhụrụ n'agbanyeghị Mbelata Mgbapụta Ọrịa Ọrịa (en). Akwụkwọ akụkọ Smithsonian. Edebere na nke izizi na 10 June 2021. Eweghachitere na 22 June 2021. Lindsey. Mgbanwe ihu igwe: Okpomọkụ zuru ụwa ọnụ. NOAA Climate.gov. Worley. Greenhouses: kpo oku, jụrụ na ikuku. Mahadum Georgia Extension. Edebere site na izizi na 12 Maachị 2023. Eweghachitere na 12 Maachị 2023. Ntụnye nke Otu Ọrụ I na akụkọ nyocha nke anọ nke ngalaba gọọmentị etiti na mgbanwe ihu igwe, 2007, Isi nke 1. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, [[Obodoézè Nà Ofú|United Kingdom]] na New York, NY, USA.. eweghachitere na 24 Maachị 2023. “Mgbidi ugogbe ahụ. na griin haus belata ikuku ma mee ka okpomọkụ nke ikuku dị n'ime. N'otu aka ahụ, mana site na usoro anụ ahụ dị iche, mmetụta griin haus nke ụwa na-ekpo ọkụ n'elu ụwa. " Fourier (1824). "Remarques Generales sur les Temperatures Du Globe Terrestre et des Espaces Planetaires" (na fr). Annales de Chimie et de Physique 27: 136–167 . eweghachiri na 8 June 2020. Ụkwụ (Nọvemba 1856). Ọnọdụ ndị na-emetụta Ọkụ nke ụzarị anyanwụ, 382–383. eweghachiri na 31 Jenụwarị 2016. Huddleston (17 Julaị 2019). Obi ụtọ ụbọchị ọmụmụ 200th Eunice Foote, onye ọsụ ụzọ sayensị ihu igwe zoro ezo. NOAA Climate.gov. Edebere na nke izizi na 30 Septemba 2020. Eweghachitere na 8 Ọktoba 2019. John Tyndall, Heat a tụlere dị ka Mode of Motion (peeji 500; afọ 1863, 1873) Easterbrook (18 Ọgọst 2015). Ònye bu ụzọ chepụta okwu ahụ bụ "Greenhouse Effect"?. Obi iru ala. Edebere na nke mbụ na 13 Nọvemba 2015. Ewetara na 11 Nọvemba 2015. Ekhlm N (1901). "Na ọdịiche nke ihu igwe nke Geological na akụkọ ihe mere eme gara aga na ihe kpatara ya". Akwụkwọ akụkọ nke anọ nke Royal Meteorological Society 27: 1–62. DOI:10.1002/qj.49702711702. Annex VII - Nkọwa okwu. Edebere ya na mbụ na 2021-08-09. (2021) "Isi nke asaa: mmefu ego ike ụwa, nzaghachi ihu igwe, na mmetụta ihu igwe", Mgbanwe ihu igwe 2021: Ntọala Sayensị anụ ahụ. IPCC. eweghachiri na 24 Eprel 2023. Raval (1989). "Mkpebi nyocha nke mmetụta griin haus". Ọdịdị 342: 758–761 . DOI: 10.1038/342758a0. Raval (1990). "Mkpebi nyocha nke mmetụta griin haus". Nzaghachi ihu igwe zuru ụwa ọnụ: Ihe omume nke Brookhaven National Laboratory Workshop: 5-16. eweghachiri na 24 Eprel 2023. Kedu ihe bụ mmefu ego ike nke ụwa? Ajụjụ ise na otu nwoke maara. NASA.gov. eweghachiri na 24 Eprel 2023. Ntụle Radiation Ụwa. CIMSS: Mahadum nke Wisconsin. eweghachiri na 25 Eprel 2023. Akwụkwọ akụkọ NASA Ụwa. Nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov. Edebere site na mbụ na 25 Disemba 2015. Ewetara na 2010-10-15. Jacob (1999). "7. Mmetụta Greenhouse", Okwu Mmalite nke Chemistry ikuku. Mahadum Princeton Press. <nowiki>ISBN 978-1400841547</nowiki>. eweghachiri na 9 Disemba 2009. Radiation anyanwụ na nha ike nke ụwa. Eesc.columbia.edu. Edebere na mbụ na 17 Julaị 2012. Ewetara na 2010-10-15. Ndị otu gọọmentị etiti na-ahụ maka mgbanwe ihu igwe na mkpesa nyocha nke anọ. Isi nke 1: Nchịkọta akụkọ ihe mere eme nke sayensị mgbanwe ihu igwe "Okpomọkụ ikuku zuru oke," lee mkparịta ụka GISS Mann. METEO 469: Site na Meteorology ruo Mbelata - Ịghọta Okpomọkụ zuru ụwa ọnụ - Ihe ọmụmụ 5 - Nlezigharị nke Sistemụ ihu igwe - Otu-Layer Energy Balance Model. Penn State College of Mineral and Earth Sciences - Ngalaba Meteorology na Sayensị ikuku. Edebere na nke izizi na 31 Ọktoba 2022. Eweghachitere na 4 Nọvemba 2022. Michon Scott (2006-04-24). Akwa Okpomọkụ Ụwa - Akụkọ ọjọọ, Ozi Ọma. NASA Earth Observatory. Edebere site na izizi na 4 Disemba 2022. eweghachiri na 4 Disemba 2022. Mitchell (1989). Mmetụta "Greenhouse" na mgbanwe ihu igwe. Nlebanya nke Geophysics 27 (1): 115–139. DOI: 10.1029/RG027i001p00115. eweghachiri na 2008-03-23. Matiu (2021-08-09). "Annex VII: Glossary", na Masson-Delmotte: Mgbanwe ihu igwe 2021: Ntọala Sayensị anụ ahụ. Ntụnye nke Otu Na-arụ Ọrụ I na Akụkọ Nlebanya nke isii nke Otu Ọchịchị Na-ahụ Maka Mgbanwe Climate, etal. IPCC / Mahadum Mahadum Cambridge, 2215-2256. DOI:10.1017/9781009157896.022. == Ịgụ ihe ọzọ == * {{Cite book|author=Henderson-Sellers|first=Ann|title=A climate modelling primer|publisher=Wiley|date=2005|isbn=978-0-470-85750-2|edition=3rd|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=9Hc9Ga8UruEC}} == Njikọ mpụga ==   * [https://web.archive.org/web/20060901043314/http://marine.rutgers.edu/mrs/education/class/yuri/erb.html Mahadum Rutgers]: Earth Radiation Budget E debere ya na Wayback Machine {{Global warming|state=expanded|expanded=Causes}}{{Authority control}} f6wl6gkkcts8qr7mhyv675t3n79dw22 0 26396 320094 112986 2025-06-30T16:58:51Z Mirah50 16972 Fixed reference errors 320094 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Angry White Men: American Masculinity at the End of an Era''' bụ nkatọ mmekọrịta mmadụ na ibe ya nke ihe omume nwoke ọcha iwe ji n'America site n'aka Michael Kimmel, bipụtara mbụ ya na 2013. E bipụtara akwụkwọ ahụ ọzọ n'ọnwa anọ nke afọ 2017 na okwu mbido ọhụrụ site n'aka Kimmel ka ọ tụlere Onye isi ala US [[Donald Trump]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2017/feb/27/michael-kimmel-masculinity-far-right-angry-white-men|title='Angry white men': the sociologist who studied Trump's base before Trump|author=Conroy|first=J. Oliver|date=2017-02-27|work=the Guardian|language=en|accessdate=2018-04-26}}</ref> == Nchịkọta == Kimmel na-enyocha ihe ọ kọwara dị ka "'''ikike ọjọọ'''" nke ndị ọcha n'oge mmalite senchiri nke iri na otu maka ọha mmadụ America. Dị ka Kimmel si kwuo, ọtụtụ ndị ọcha, dị ka ndị òtù nke otu ndị na-achị akụkọ ihe mere eme na America, emeghachila omume maka mmụba na nha anya ọha na eze na nkwụsị nke uru akụ na ụba na oke iwe na ọnụma. N'ịbụ nke e dere site n'echiche ndị ọkà mmụta, akwụkwọ ahụ na-akọwa ihe ngosi dị iche iche nke iwe a, gụnyere ime ihe ike n'ime ụlọ, égbè, itinye aka n'òtù ndị isi ojii, yana ikike ụmụ nwoke na òtù nna.<ref name="Kirkus2">{{Cite web|url=https://www.kirkusreviews.com/book-reviews/michael-kimmel/angry-white-men/|title=Angry White Men: American Masculinity at the End of an Era by Michael Kimmel|date=3 September 2013|publisher=Kirkus Reviews}}</ref><ref name="Rosin2">{{Cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2013/11/24/books/review/angry-white-men-by-michael-kimmel.html|title=Even Madder Men|author=Rosin, Hanna|date=22 November 2013|work=The New York Times|authorlink=Hanna Rosin}}</ref> Isi nke ọ bụla n'akwụkwọ ahụ na-atụle isiokwu dị iche iche na ọnụ ọgụgụ ụmụ nwoke, gụnyere ndị ntorobịa na ime ihe ike, òtù ikike ụmụaka mmadụ, imeso nwanyị emebi site n'aka ụmụ nwoke, ìgwè ọrụ ọcha, yana otu supremacist White dịka Neo-Nazis.<ref name=":0">{{Cite journal|author=Foste|first=Zak|date=2014-10-15|title=Angry White Men: American Masculinity at the End of an Era by Michael Kimmel (review)|url=https://muse.jhu.edu/article/556688|journal=Journal of College Student Development|language=en|volume=55|issue=6|pages=633–635|doi=10.1353/csd.2014.0060|issn=1543-3382}}</ref> == Nnabata == N'ịkọwa akwụkwọ ahụ dị ka "ohere furu efu", Gary Silverman nke Financial Times dere, sị:   Sarah Sobieraj nke Mahadum Tufts na-ede na akwụkwọ ahụ "ga-akpali arụmụka siri ike n'ọtụtụ klas ndị na-agụghị akwụkwọ" ma na "agaghị eme, Otú ọ dị, ndị ọcha iwe na-ewu ewu," na-ekwu na ọ bụ "ihere" na ndị ikom a na-anọchi anya ya. n'ime akwụkwọ ahụ nwere ike ịbụ ndị ikom na-agaghị achọ ịgụ ya.<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Sobieraj|first=Sarah|date=May 30, 2014|title=Book Review: Angry White Men: American Masculinity at the End of an Era|journal=Men and Masculinities|volume=17|issue=2|pages=223–225|doi=10.1177/1097184X14533645}}</ref> Zak Foste nke Mahadum Steeti Ohio "na-asọpụrụ" Kimmel maka ọrụ ya na ọtụtụ ndị ikom ọ kwadoghị n'ụzọ dị mkpa iji dee akwụkwọ a.<ref name=":0" /> == Hụkwa == * Ihe ùgwù nwoke * Ịbụ nwoke * Ịkpọasị ụmụ nwanyị == Edensibia == {{Reflist}} [[Òtù:Akwụkwọ]] aolf5d53ur4gi23ygyav6vbkx1pyuuj 0 26838 320072 117075 2025-06-30T13:52:30Z Anastesia chi 23720 edoziri m broken files 320072 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Usòrò:50th Anniversary African Union Summit in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia.jpg|thumb|Nzukọ afọ 50th nke African Union na Addis Ababa, Ethiopia]] African Union Conference Center and Office Complex ('''AUCC''') bụ ụlọ dị na [[Addis Ababa]], [[Ethiopia]]. Ọ bụ isi ụlọ ọrụ nke African Union ma bụrụkwa onye na-anabata [[Ọchịchị ikike mmadụ mpaghara|nzukọ]] ndị AU na-eme ugboro abụọ n'afọ. Ọ na-ejekwa ozi dị ka ebe nnọkọ maka azụmaahịa ndị Afrịka na ndị ọzọ.<ref name="AUCCC">{{Cite web|url=https://au.int/auccc|title=AUCCC|work=African Union|date=31 January 2018|accessdate=31 January 2018|archivedate=31 January 2018|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20180131201024/https://au.int/auccc}}</ref> Nnukwu ụlọ ahụ dị 99.9 m (328 ) n'ogologo ma ọ bụ ụlọ nke abụọ kachasị elu na Addis Ababa.<ref name="China Daily">{{Cite web|url=http://www.chinadaily.com.cn/cndy/2011-11/26/content_14166190.htm|title=New AU headquarters passes initial inspection|author=Li Lianxing|date=26 November 2011|accessdate=19 July 2012|work=[[China Daily]]|archivedate=9 March 2021|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20210309155049/http://www.chinadaily.com.cn/cndy/2011-11/26/content_14166190.htm}}</ref> Ọnụ ego ya bụ US $ 200 nde, ọ bụkwa gọọmentị China kwadoro ya.<ref name="BBC">{{Cite web|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-africa-16770932|title=African Union opens Chinese-funded HQ in Ethiopia|date=28 January 2012|accessdate=19 July 2012|work=[[BBC News Online]]|publisher=[[BBC]]|archivedate=4 June 2022|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20220604122755/https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-africa-16770932}}</ref> <ref name="BBC">{{Cite web|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-africa-16770932|title=African Union opens Chinese-funded HQ in Ethiopia|date=28 January 2012|accessdate=19 July 2012|work=[[BBC News Online]]|publisher=[[BBC]]|archivedate=4 June 2022|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20220604122755/https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-africa-16770932}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="true">[https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-africa-16770932 "African Union opens Chinese-funded HQ in Ethiopia"]. ''[[Akụkọ BBC Online|BBC News Online]]''. [[BBC]]. 28 January 2012. [https://web.archive.org/web/20220604122755/https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-africa-16770932 Archived] from the original on 4 June 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">19 July</span> 2012</span>.</cite></ref><ref name="China Daily">{{Cite web|url=http://www.chinadaily.com.cn/cndy/2011-11/26/content_14166190.htm|title=New AU headquarters passes initial inspection|author=Li Lianxing|date=26 November 2011|accessdate=19 July 2012|work=[[China Daily]]|archivedate=9 March 2021|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20210309155049/http://www.chinadaily.com.cn/cndy/2011-11/26/content_14166190.htm}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="true" id="CITEREFLi_Lianxing2011">Li Lianxing (26 November 2011). [http://www.chinadaily.com.cn/cndy/2011-11/26/content_14166190.htm "New AU headquarters passes initial inspection"]. ''[[China kwa ụbọchị|China Daily]]''. [https://web.archive.org/web/20210309155049/http://www.chinadaily.com.cn/cndy/2011-11/26/content_14166190.htm Archived] from the original on 9 March 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">19 July</span> 2012</span>.</cite></ref>Emebere ma wuo isi ụlọ ahụ site na mmekorita nke Mahadum Tongji, China State Construction Engineering na China Architecture and Design Group, nke gọọmentị China nyere ego US $200 nde. Nhazi nke saịtị ahụ yiri aka abụọ na nnabata, na-egosipụta mmekọrịta Africa-China,[1] ma gụnye ma nka ọdịnala Africa na akara ngosi pan-Africa nke oge a, yana ịdị elu nke 99.9 m (328 ft) nnukwu ụlọ elu na-ezo aka na Nkwekọrịta nke Sirte Declaration hiwere African Union na 9 Septemba 1999 Otú ọ dị, ihe ka ọtụtụ n'ihe eji ewu ụlọ ahụ bụ ndị China, a na-emepụta ihe osise dị na mgbidi na China.<ref name="Monocle" /> Ihe owuwu ahụ were afọ atọ na ndị ọrụ 1,200, ihe dịka ọkara n'ime ha bụ ndị Etiopia na ọkara n"ime ha bụ Ndị China.<ref name="Monocle" /> A raara ụlọ ahụ nye na 28 Jenụwarị 2012.<ref name="BBC" /> .<ref name="China Daily">{{Cite web|url=http://www.chinadaily.com.cn/cndy/2011-11/26/content_14166190.htm|title=New AU headquarters passes initial inspection|author=Li Lianxing|date=26 November 2011|accessdate=19 July 2012|work=[[China Daily]]|archivedate=9 March 2021|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20210309155049/http://www.chinadaily.com.cn/cndy/2011-11/26/content_14166190.htm}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="true" id="CITEREFLi_Lianxing2011">Li Lianxing (26 November 2011). [http://www.chinadaily.com.cn/cndy/2011-11/26/content_14166190.htm "New AU headquarters passes initial inspection"]. ''[[China kwa ụbọchị|China Daily]]''. [https://web.archive.org/web/20210309155049/http://www.chinadaily.com.cn/cndy/2011-11/26/content_14166190.htm Archived] from the original on 9 March 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">19 July</span> 2012</span>.</cite></ref>.<ref name="China Daily" /><ref name="GIZ">{{Cite web|url=https://www.giz.de/en/workingwithgiz/40881.html|title=A building for peace and security|first=Manfred|author=Off|date=March 2017|accessdate=31 January 2018|archivedate=31 January 2018|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20180131200947/https://www.giz.de/en/workingwithgiz/40881.html}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://addisbiz.com/ethiopian-business-news/75-7-star-hotel-managed-by-westin-hotels-and-resorts-being-constructed-in-the-african-union-au-compound-addis-ababa|title=7 Star Hotel managed by Westin Hotels and Resorts being constructed in the African Union (AU) compound, Addis Ababa|date=15 March 2015|accessdate=31 January 2018|work=AddisBiz|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20180131201202/https://addisbiz.com/ethiopian-business-news/75-7-star-hotel-managed-by-westin-hotels-and-resorts-being-constructed-in-the-african-union-au-compound-addis-ababa|archivedate=31 January 2018}}</ref>Isi ụlọ ọrụ ahụ nwere ụlọ ụlọ ọrụ dị okpukpu 20, nke nwere ngalaba nlekọta nke African Union Commission; ọnụ ụlọ zuru ezu nke mmadụ 2,505; na ụlọ ọgbakọ nke nwere ọnụ ụlọ ọgbakọ iri atọ na abụọ.[1] Ma AUCC na Ụlọ Udo na Nchebe ka emebere ka ọ bụrụ enyi na gburugburu ebe obibi, na-eji ihe na-eme ka ọ dị jụụ na-achịkwa ihu igwe nke ụlọ na okpomọkụ nke Addis Ababa na-enweghị nnukwu ike.[1][2] Ogige ahụ nwekwara ụlọ oriri na ọṅụṅụ African Union Grand Hotel, nke onye Etiopia-Saudi billionaire Mohammed Hussein Al Amoudi kwadoro ma Westin na-elekọta ya, bụ nke bụ isi maka ndị isi na ndị nnọchiteanya na-anabata ndị isi n'oge mgbakọ AU.[3] Huawei gọnahụrụ nkwupụta ọ bụla na-ekwesịghị ekwesị.<ref name="VOA" /> Gọọmentị China gọnahụrụ na ha na-eme ihe n'ụlọ ahụ, na onye nnọchi anya China na AU, Kuang Weilin, na-akpọ isiokwu ahụ "ihe nzuzu na ihe nzuzu" nakwa na ebubo ahụ bu n'obi itinye nrụgide n'etiti Beijing na kọntinent ahụ.<ref>{{Cite news|author=|first=|date=January 29, 2018|title=China dismisses absurd African Union HQ spying claim|work=|publisher=[[BBC News]]|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-42861276|accessdate=December 1, 2022|quote=}}</ref><ref name="Guardian-bug" /> Praịm Minista Etiopia bụ Hailemariam Desalegn kwuru na ya ekwenyeghị na akụkọ mgbasa ozi France.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.enca.com/africa/au-spying-report-absurd-china|title=AU spying report absurd: China|work=enca.com|language=en|accessdate=2018-03-21|archivedate=24 August 2018|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20180824065955/https://www.enca.com/africa/au-spying-report-absurd-china}}</ref> Moussa Faki Mahamat, onye isi nke African Union Commission, kwuru na ebubo ndị dị na akụkọ Le Monde bụ ụgha. "Ndị a bụ ebubo ụgha kpamkpam ma ekwere m na anyị na-eleghara ha anya kpamkpam".<ref>{{Cite news|author=Blanchard|first=Ben|date=8 February 2018|title=African Union says has no secret dossiers after China spying report|language=en|work=[[Reuters]]|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-china-africanunion/african-union-says-has-no-secret-dossiers-after-china-spying-report-idUSKBN1FS19W|accessdate=2018-03-21}}</ref> Onye isi oche nke African Union Paul Kagame kwuru na ọ maghị ihe ọ bụla gbasara ya.<ref name="Guardian-bug">{{Cite news|date=30 January 2018|title=China rejects claim it bugged headquarters it built for African Union|work=[[The Guardian]]|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2018/jan/30/china-african-union-headquarters-bugging-spying|accessdate=31 January 2018}}</ref> N'ịgbaso ebubo ndị ahụ, African Union bịanyere aka na Memorandum of Understanding (MOU) ọzọ iji gbasaa mmekọrịta teknụzụ ha na Huawei na Febụwarị 2022.<ref name="VOA">{{Cite news|author=Solomon|first=Salem|date=June 6, 2019|title=After Allegations of Spying, African Union Renews Huawei Alliance|publisher=[[Voice of America]]|url=https://www.voanews.com/a/after-allegations-of-spying-african-union-renews-huawei-alliance/4947968.html|accessdate=December 1, 2022|quote=}}</ref> == Hụkwa == * Mmekọrịta mba ọzọ nke African Union ** Mmekọrịta China na Africa * Africa Hall, isi ụlọ ọrụ UNECA na Addis Ababa * Ụlọ Europa, oche nke European Council na Council of the European Union * Isi ụlọ ọrụ nke United Nations * Obí nke Mba, ebe bụbu oche nke Njikọ Mba == Ihe odide == {{Reflist}} == Njikọ mpụga == * Official website {{African Union}} 5kx53z5ur9j7iaehvw4w7qwue1hsg13 0 27262 320073 116688 2025-06-30T13:56:44Z Anastesia chi 23720 edoziri m broken files 320073 wikitext text/x-wiki {| class="infobox" style="width:22em" ! colspan="2" class="infobox-above" |African Union passport |- | colspan="2" class="infobox-image" | class="infobox-caption">The front cover of an African Union diplomatic passport</div> |- | colspan="2" class="infobox-image" | class="infobox-caption">The picture page of an African Union diplomatic passport</div> |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" |Type | class="infobox-data" |Passport |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" |Issued by | class="infobox-data" |<span class="flagicon">[[File:Flag_of_the_African_Union.svg|link=|alt=|border|23x23px]]&nbsp;</span>[[African Union]] |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" |First&nbsp;issued | class="infobox-data" |July 17, 2016 |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" |Purpose | class="infobox-data" |Identification |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" |Eligibility | class="infobox-data" |Citizen of an African Union member state |} [[Usòrò:AfricanUnionpassportc.png|thumb|AfricanUnionpassportc.png]] Paspọtụ African Union bụ akwụkwọ paspọtụ a na-ahụkarị nke a na-etinye iji dochie '''paspọtụ''' steeti ndị otu African Union na-enye ma na-ewepụ ndị na-ebu visa ọ bụla maka steeti 55 niile dị n'Africa.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.cnn.com/2016/07/05/africa/african-union-passport/index.html|title=African Union launches all-Africa passport|first=Kieron|author=Monks|date=July 5, 2016|work=CNN|accessdate=July 17, 2016}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://rwandaeye.com/?p=8360|title=President Kenyatta arrives in Kigali for AU summit|work=rwandaeye.com|accessdate=July 17, 2016|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160717152300/http://rwandaeye.com/?p=8360|archivedate=July 17, 2016}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://allafrica.com/stories/201607150027.html|title=Africa: The Common Passport and Africa's Identity|accessdate=July 17, 2016}}</ref>Ọ malitere na Julaị 17, 2016, na nnọkọ nkịtị nke iri abụọ na asaa nke African Union nke emere na Kigali na Rwanda site n'aka onye isi ala Rwanda Paul Kagame na onye isi ala Chad Idriss Deby nwụrụ anwụ. <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://mgafrica.com/article/2016-07-15-au-heads-of-state-to-launch-african-union-passport-during-kigali-summit/|title=AU Heads of State to launch African Union Passport during Kigali Summit|date=July 15, 2016|accessdate=July 17, 2016|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160717210301/http://mgafrica.com/article/2016-07-15-au-heads-of-state-to-launch-african-union-passport-during-kigali-summit/|archivedate=July 17, 2016}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://ktpress.rw/2016/07/rwanda-ready-to-issue-african-common-passport/|title=Rwanda Ready to Issue African Common Passport {{!}} KT PRESS|work=ktpress.rw|accessdate=July 17, 2016}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.newsghana.com.gh/kenyans-welcomes-aus-passport-system-introduction/|title=Kenyans welcomes AU's passport System introduction|author=Ghana|first=News|date=July 12, 2016|accessdate=July 17, 2016|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20180809030039/https://www.newsghana.com.gh/kenyans-welcomes-aus-passport-system-introduction/|archivedate=August 9, 2018}}</ref> Ka ọ na-erule n'ọnwa Juun afọ 2018, a na-eme atụmatụ ka a gbasaa paspọtụ ahụ ma dịrị njikere maka iji ya mee ihe n'ókèala ụwa site na 2020, agbanyeghị na a na-egbu oge ịmalite ya na 2021.<ref>{{Cite web|title=African Union passports to be rolled out by 2023 - THE AFRICAN COURIER|url=http://www.theafricancourier.de/africa/african-union-passports-to-be-rolled-out-by-2020/|work=The African Courier}}</ref><ref name="TheSA">{{Cite web|url=https://www.thesouthafrican.com/travel/single-passport-africa-rollout-2021/|title=Single passport for Africa set to become reality in 2021|author=Philpot|first=Lorne|work=[[The South African|TheSouthAfrican.com]]|publisher=Blue Sky Publications|date=8 January 2021|accessdate=9 January 2021}}</ref> == Ụdị == [[Usòrò:Soviet Union. a country study (IA sovietunioncount0000zick).pdf|thumb|African Union Passport]] E nwere ụdị paspọtụ African Union atọ a ga-enye: ; Paspọtụ nkịtị : A na-enye ụmụ amaala paspọtụ ndị a ma na-ezube maka njem oge ụfọdụ, dị ka ezumike na njem azụmahịa. Ha nwere peeji 32, ma dị irè maka afọ 5. ; Paspọtụ gọọmentị / Ọrụ : A na-enye ndị ọrụ na-arụ ọrụ na ụlọ ọrụ gọọmentị ndị ga-eme njem na azụmahịa gọọmentị. ; Paspọtụ ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị : E nyere ya ndị nnọchi anya mba na ndị nnọchianya maka njem metụtara ọrụ, na ndị na-eso ha. .<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.africanews.com/2016/07/17/photos-the-african-passport-with-5-language-inscriptions/|title=[Photos] The African passport with 5 language inscriptions {{!}} Africanews|author=AfricaNews|date=2016-07-17|work=africanews.channel|accessdate=2016-07-18}}</ref>Paspọtụ ahụ nwere ihe edere n'asụsụ Arabic, Bekee, French, Portuguese na Swahili.[1] A na-ebipụta egwu egwu African Union na ibe ozugbo e mechara ibe foto a. == Ihe odide == {{Reflist}} nsaykxiqa8i7li8kl8v6l6haokjtmgx 0 27848 320070 195636 2025-06-30T13:49:54Z Anastesia chi 23720 edoziri m broken files 320070 wikitext text/x-wiki The African Centre of Excellence for Genomics of Infectious Diseases (ACEGID), nke dị na Mahadum Redeemer, Ede, Nigeria, bụ njikọ nke ụlọ ọrụ agụmakwụkwọ na ahụike nke West Africa na-arụkọ ọrụ maka nyocha na ọzụzụ. == Ihe ndị mere n'oge gara aga == E hiwere ACEGID na 2014, na ego mbụ maka mmemme ahụ sitere na World Bank.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|title=ACEGID – ACE – African Higher Education Centres of Excellence|url=https://ace.aau.org/ace-1-centers/acegid/|accessdate=2022-02-09|language=en-US}}</ref> Ebumnuche nke mmemme a bụ ije ozi dị ka ebe kachasị mma maka nyocha na ọzụzụ na genomics, na-elekwasị anya na ọrịa na-efe efe.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web|title=Africa's Scientific Solutions and Innovation in the Fight Against COVID-19|url=https://www.worldbank.org/en/results/2021/07/14/africa-s-scientific-solutions-and-innovation-in-the-fight-against-covid-19|accessdate=2022-02-14|work=World Bank|language=en}}</ref> Prọfesọ Christian Happi bụ onye nduzi na onye isi nchọpụta nke ụlọ ọrụ ahụ.<ref name=":0" /> == Ndị otu na ndị mmekọ == Ndị otu ahụ na Naịjirịa gụnyere Mahadum Redeemer, Ụlọ Ọgwụ Nkụzi Irrua Specialist, Irrua [[Ȯra Edo|Edo State]], Federal Medical Center, Owo, General Hospital Ikorodu, Lagos na Alex Ekueme Federal Teaching Hospital, Abakaliki. Ndị otu mpaghara gụnyere Kenema Government Hospital, [[Sierra Leone]] na Université Cheikh Anta Diop, Dakar (Senegal).<ref name=":0"/>   Ụlọ ọrụ ahụ na-arụkọ ọrụ ọnụ na ụlọ ọrụ ahụike ọha na eze nke mba, mpaghara na ụwa gụnyere Nigeria Center for Disease Control (NCDC), Africa Center for Diseasa Control na World Health Organization, Mahadum Harvard, Broad Institute of Harvard na [[Másáchusẹts|Massachusetts]] Institute of Technology, Mahadim Tulane, The Scripps Institute, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Mahadamị Nebraska Medical Center na Mahadum Cambridge.<ref name=":2">{{Cite web|title=Africa CDC ramps up training on SARS-CoV-2 genomics and bioinformatics|url=https://africacdc.org/news-item/africa-cdc-ramps-up-training-on-sars-cov-2-genomics-and-bioinformatics/|accessdate=2022-02-14|work=Africa CDC|language=en-GB}}</ref><ref name=":3">{{Cite web|title=ACEGID + Broad Institute {{!}} The Audacious Project|url=https://audaciousproject.org//grantees/acegid-broad-institute|accessdate=2022-02-14|work=audaciousproject.org|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=2020-05-11|title=Scientific coalition developing surveillance system for detecting emerging pandemics in real-time|url=https://www.broadinstitute.org/news/scientific-coalition-developing-surveillance-system-detecting-emerging-pandemics-real-time|accessdate=2022-02-14|work=Broad Institute|language=en}}</ref> Ndị mmekọ nke ụlọ ọrụ onwe gụnyere Viral Hemorrhagic Fever Consortium, Illumina, Dimagi, Zalgen LLC, Fathom Inc, Microsoft na Access Bank PLC, Lagos, Nigeria.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Dimagi-Supported Project Announced As Part of 2020 Audacious Project :: Dimagi Blog|url=https://www.dimagi.com/blog/sentinel-audacious-project-2020/|accessdate=2022-02-14|work=Dimagi|language=en-us}}</ref> == Mmụta == ACEGID's Master of Science na Doctor of Philosophy degrees programs in Molecular Biology and Genomics na-arụ ọrụ na njikọ aka na Mahadum Redeemer's Department of Biological Sciences. Ihe omume ndị a bụ nke AQAS kwadoro.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2019-10-29|title=The Chronicle of Education {{!}} WB Rewards 10 Nigerian ACEs for Success in International Accreditation|url=https://thechronicleofeducation.net/2019/10/29/wb-rewards-10-nigerian-aces-for-success-in-international-accreditation/|accessdate=2022-02-14|work=The Chronicle of Education|language=en-GB|archivedate=2022-02-14|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20220214151048/https://thechronicleofeducation.net/2019/10/29/wb-rewards-10-nigerian-aces-for-success-in-international-accreditation/}}</ref> == Nnyocha == Nnyocha ACEGID na-elekwasị anya n'iji ngwá ọrụ na usoro dị elu nke genomics maka nyocha ọrịa na-efe efe, ịme nlekota, ịzụlite nchọpụta, ọgwụ na ọgwụ mgbochi ọrịa, yana inye ozi dị mkpa site na ụlọ ọrụ ahụike ọha na eze maka ime iwu dabere na ihe akaebe.<ref name=":1"/><ref name=":4">{{Cite web|title=African Center of Excellence for Genomics of Infectious Diseases (ACEGID)|url=https://www.ace.edu.ng/ace/centre/acegid/|accessdate=2022-02-14|work=ACE|language=en-US|archivedate=2023-06-17|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20230617143042/https://www.ace.edu.ng/ace/centre/acegid/}}</ref> Ụlọ ọrụ ahụ na ndị mmekọ na-arụkọ ọrụ iji mepụta nchọpụta ọrịa na-efe efe.<ref name=":5">{{Cite web|date=2016-02-07|title=Redeemer's Varsity develops 10mins Lassa fever test-kit|url=https://www.vanguardngr.com/2016/02/redeemers-varsity-develops-10mins-lassa-fever-test-kit/|accessdate=2022-02-14|work=Vanguard News|language=en-US}}</ref> Ụfọdụ n'ime ọrụ nyocha nke ACEGID gụnyere: * Nkọwapụta nke mkpụrụ ndụ ihe nketa na nlekota nke egwu nje na Africa<ref name=":6">{{Cite web|title=Genomic Characterization and Surveillance of Microbial Threats in West Africa|url=https://h3africa.org/index.php/genomic-characterization-and-surveillance-of-microbial-threats-in-west-africa/|accessdate=2022-02-09|work=H3Africa|language=en-US}}</ref> * Africa Higher Education Centers of Excellence for Development Impact (ACE Impact)<ref name=":4"/> * Sentinel - usoro mgbochi na nzaghachi maka ọrịa na-efe efe<ref name=":3"/><ref>{{Cite journal|author=Botti-Lodovico|first=Yolanda|date=August 2021|title=The Origins and Future of Sentinel: An Early-Warning System for Pandemic Preemption and Response|journal=Viruses|language=en|volume=13|issue=8|pages=1605|doi=10.3390/v13081605}}</ref><ref name=":7">{{Cite web|title=Research in the time of a pandemic: SENTINEL- A proactive, early warning system to pre-empt future pandemics {{!}} For Researchers {{!}} Springer Nature|url=https://www.springernature.com/gp/researchers/the-source/blog/blogposts-communicating-research/research-in-the-time-of-a-pandemic-sentinel-pandemics-preemption/18201894|accessdate=2022-02-14|work=www.springernature.com}}</ref><ref name=":2"/> * Ịlụso Mmegide Antimicrobial ọgụ n'Africa site na iji Data Science ([https://camra.acegid.org/ CAMRA])<ref name=":8">{{Cite web|title=RePORT ⟩ RePORTER|url=https://reporter.nih.gov/project-details/10316285|accessdate=2022-02-09|work=reporter.nih.gov}}</ref> == Nkwado == Na mgbakwunye na ego nke World Bank nke e guzobere ụlọ ọrụ ahụ, ACEGID enwetala ego nyocha site n'aka òtù dị iche iche gụnyere United States National Institutes of Health, Human Heredity and Health in Africa (H3 Africa), Wellcome Trust, na United Kingdom Biotechnology and Biological Sciences Research Council, ELMA Philanthropies, Skoll Foundation, yana Bill na Melinda Gates Foundation, n'etiti ndị ọzọ.<ref name=":6"/><ref name=":8"/><ref name=":6" /><ref>{{Cite web|title=African Center of Excellence for Genomics of Infectious Diseases, Redeemer's University (ACEGID)|url=https://www.elmaphilanthropies.org/elma/investments/acegid|accessdate=2022-02-14|work=ELMA Philanthropies|language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Skoll {{!}} A Pandemic Surveillance System for the Planet|url=https://skoll.org/2020/10/22/a-pandemic-surveillance-system-for-the-planet/|accessdate=2022-02-14}}</ref><ref name=":0"/> == Ihe ndị ọ rụzuru na ihe nrite == Ihe ACEGID rụzuru gụnyere: * Nnyocha nke ọrịa [[Nje ọrịa Ebola|Ebola]] mbụ na Naijiria na Sierra Leone<ref name=":7"/> * Ngwá ọrụ nyocha ngwa ngwa nke nkeji iri maka Lassa fever<ref name=":5"/> * Nnyocha banyere mmalite na evolushọn nke Lassa fever<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Andersen|first=Kristian G.|date=2015-08-13|title=Clinical Sequencing Uncovers Origins and Evolution of Lassa Virus|journal=Cell|language=en|volume=162|issue=4|pages=738–750|doi=10.1016/j.cell.2015.07.020|pmid=26276630|issn=0092-8674}}</ref> * Usoro nke mbụ SARS-CoV-2 genome na Africa.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2020-03-06|title=First African SARS-CoV-2 genome sequence from Nigerian COVID-19 case|url=https://virological.org/t/first-african-sars-cov-2-genome-sequence-from-nigerian-covid-19-case/421|accessdate=2022-02-14|work=Virological|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|title=Nigeria na first for Africa to do 'sequence genome' of coronavirus, see wetin e mean|work=BBC News Pidgin|url=https://www.bbc.com/pidgin/tori-51799434|accessdate=2022-02-14}}</ref> * Mepụtara ọgwụ mgbochi COVID-19 na mmekorita ya na ndị mmekọ<ref>{{Cite web|title=BBC World Service - HARDtalk, Christian Happi: Can Africa become a world leader in vaccine development?|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/w3ct1n5x|accessdate=2022-02-14|work=BBC|language=en-GB}}</ref> * A chọtara nje virus nke ọrịa ọbara ọbara nke mbụ na Sub-Saharan Africa<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Happi|first=Anise N.|date=2021-07-01|title=Microbial metagenomic approach uncovers the first rabbit haemorrhagic disease virus genome in Sub-Saharan Africa|journal=Scientific Reports|language=en|volume=11|issue=1|pages=13689|doi=10.1038/s41598-021-91961-2|pmid=34210997|issn=2045-2322}}</ref> Na mgbakwunye, ọrụ ACEGID enwetala ọtụtụ nkwado mba na nke mba ụwa. * Nwetara ihe nrite ọla edo nke 2021 Nigeria Academy of Science.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2021-12-11|title=ACEGID wins Nigeria Academy of Science gold medal|url=https://thenationonlineng.net/acegid-wins-nigeria-academy-of-science-gold-medal/|accessdate=2022-02-14|work=The Nation Newspaper|language=en-US}}</ref> * 2021 Al-Sumait Prize for African Development<ref>{{Cite web|title=KUNA : Al-Sumait Prize for African Development announces list of winners - Science & Technology - 08/03/2022|url=https://www.kuna.net.kw/ArticleDetails.aspx?id=3028846&language=en|accessdate=2022-10-05|work=www.kuna.net.kw}}</ref> * O meriri Sterling Bank Most Outstanding Genomic Laboratory na Nigeria Award 2022 == Ihe odide == {{Reflist}} cggp12zghz9pnri4c1oapfoka83rb0s 0 28554 320097 199653 2025-06-30T19:49:21Z InternetArchiveBot 11600 Rescuing 4 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 320097 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Usòrò:Mix Master Garzy at 3 Music Awards 22 50.jpg|thumb|Mix Master Garzy at 3 Music Awards 22 50.jpg]] {{Databox}}'''Benjamin Garzy Mensah''', onye a maara nke ọma dị ka '''Mix Master Garzy''', bụ onye na-emepụta ihe ndekọ nke [[Ghana]], onye [[Injinia ọrụ ugbo|injinia]] ụda, onye na-eme ihe nkiri na [[Ghana|onye]] na-agụ egwu.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.modernghana.com/entertainment/44772/new-release-4x4-ft-sarkodieduabo-prod-by-mix-master-garzy.html|title=New Release: 4x4 Ft Sarkodie—Duabo (Prod By Mix Master Garzy)|work=ModernGhana|accessdate=27 September 2017}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://urbanmusicgh.com/2017/05/15/we-are-not-paid-royalties-for-the-songs-we-engineer-masta-garzy/|title=WE ARE NOT PAID ROYALTIES FOR THE SONGS WE ENGINEER – MASTA GARZY|work=Urbanmusicgh|accessdate=22 September 2017|archivedate=22 September 2017|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170922194953/http://urbanmusicgh.com/2017/05/15/we-are-not-paid-royalties-for-the-songs-we-engineer-masta-garzy/}}</ref> Ihe ndị dị mkpa ọ mepụtara gụnyere "Pull Up" nke [[Stonebwoy]], "''My Baby''" nke Stay Jay ft.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.ghanandwom.net/stonebwoy-pull-up-prod-by-mix-masta-garzy/|title=Stonebwoy – Pull Up (Prod by Mix Masta Garzy)|work=ghanandwom|date=10 April 2015|accessdate=22 September 2017}}</ref> [[R2Bees]], "Boom boom tag" nke Mista Silva, GH UK dabeere "Enemies" nke Jupitar gosipụtara Sarkodie na 2014, "Iskoki" nke Samini, "KoKo Sakora" nke Dr Cryme gosipụtara [[Sarkodie (rapper)|SarKodie]], "Alhaji" nke VVIP gosipụtara Patoranking, "Hookah" nke Danagog gosipụtara [[Davido]], "Love You Die" nke Patoranker Platz, "Na Wash" nke Becca, na "Obia Agye" nke Captain 4 ọzọ.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.newsghana.com.gh/jupitar-drops-enemies-featuring-sarkodie/|title=Jupitar drops Enemies featuring Sarkodie|work=Newsghana|accessdate=22 September 2017}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.graphic.com.gh/entertainment/showbiz-news/masta-garzy-on-iskoki-instrumental.html|title=Masta Garzy on Iskoki Instrumental|work=Graphic|accessdate=22 September 2017}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.pulse.com.gh/entertainment/music/new-music-dr-cryme-koko-sakora-feat-sarkodie-prod-by-masta-garzy-id4366910.html|title=Dr Cryme – Koko Sakora feat. Sarkodie (Prod. by Masta Garzy)|work=Pulse|date=17 November 2015|accessdate=22 September 2018}}</ref> == Oge ọ malitere == A mụrụ Garzy Mensah na Tema na Francis Anim Garzy na Ernestina Abena Kwao. O nwere nwanne nwoke nke obere, John Otoo Kwao. Ọ gụrụ akwụkwọ na obere agụmakwụkwọ sekọndrị na Better Best Academy na Tema 4 poles, [[Ghana]]. Ọ gara n'ihu na agụmakwụkwọ sekọndrị ya na Tema Methodist Senior High School. O mechara gaa Ghana Institute of Journalism wee nweta asambodo na diplọma na Broadcast Journalism nke nyere ya nzọụkwụ n'ihu iji rụọ ọrụ dị ka DJ na-arụ ọrụ nwa oge na Xfm na Urban Internet Radio na Ghana. == Ọrụ == Mix Master Garzy malitere ọrụ ya n'ịkụ, ịgwakọta na ịchịkwa site na ụlọ akwụkwọ sekọndrị. Mgbe ọrụ mmepụta malitere, ọ pụtara na aha ya bụ Mix Master Garzy, njirimara na-ezo aka n'akụkụ ngwakọta na njikwa nke ọrụ studio. N'afọ 2015, o mepụtara egwu egwu, "Iskoki", maka Samini.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://loudsoundgh.com/2014/07/banger-alert-samini-iskoki-prod-by-mix-masta-garzy/|title=Banger Alert: Samini "Iskoki" Prod By Mix Masta Garzy|work=Loudsoundgh|accessdate=22 September 2017}}</ref> A họpụtara abụ ahụ na Vodafone Ghana Music Awards nke afọ ahụ.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.myjoyonline.com/entertainment/2015/april-12th/full-list-of-winners-at-2015-vodafone-ghana-music-awards.php|title=Full list of winners for 2015 Vodafone Ghana Music Awards|work=Myjoyonline|accessdate=22 September 2017}}</ref> Garzy esorowo ndị omenkà ama ama dịka Atumpan, Samini, [[Sarkodie (rapper)|Sarkodie]], [[Stonebwoy]], [[Shatta Wale]], [[Davido]], Patoranking, [[Diamond Platnumz]], Ice [[Ice Prince|Prince]], [[R2Bees]], Becca, Eno Barony, na Eazzy rụọ ọrụ. == Onyinye na mmata == A họpụtara ya na ngalaba nke "Producer of the Year" na 2015 Vodafone Ghana Music Awards.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.pulse.com.gh/entertainment/music/vgma-2015-sarkodie-dominates-with-10-nominations-check-out-the-complete-list-of-nominees-id3527036.html|title=VGMA 2015 Sarkodie Dominates with 10 Nominations, Check Out the Complete List of Nominees|work=Pulse.com|date=28 February 2015|accessdate=22 September 2017|archivedate=22 September 2017|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170922201330/http://www.pulse.com.gh/entertainment/music/vgma-2015-sarkodie-dominates-with-10-nominations-check-out-the-complete-list-of-nominees-id3527036.html}}</ref> Ọ meriri "Riddim of the Year" na 2016 Bass Awards maka ịmepụta "iphone riddim", ngwá ọrụ pụrụ iche nke Mugeez nke R2 Bees fame, [[Shatta Wale]], Samini, Brenya, Ricky Mo, Capone, na Flexclusive dere.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.yfmghana.com/2016/12/26/full-list-of-winners-at-2016-bass-awards/|title=Full List of Winners at 2016 BASS Award|work=Yfmghana|accessdate=22 September 2017}}</ref> Na June 4, 2017, e nyere Garzy onyinye Prestigious Gold Coast maka ọrụ ya pụrụ iche na egwu Ghana.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.ghanamusic.net/news/from-the-industry/2017/06/05/mix-masta-garzy-honoured-tgc-prestigious-awards/|title=Mix Masta Garzy honoured at TGC Prestigious Awards|work=Ghanamusic|date=5 June 2017|accessdate=22 September 2017|archivedate=22 September 2017|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170922194507/http://www.ghanamusic.net/news/from-the-industry/2017/06/05/mix-masta-garzy-honoured-tgc-prestigious-awards/}}</ref> N'afọ 2017, ọ meriri "Onye na-emepụta egwu kachasị mma n'afọ" na Ghana Entertainment Awards nke a haziri na US.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.beatznation.com/mix-masta-garzy-wins-producer-of-the-year-at-ghana-entertainment-awards-usa/|title=Mix Masta Garzy Wins Producer of the Year at Ghana Entertainment Awards USA|work=Beatznation|date=23 May 2017|accessdate=22 September 2017}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.splittent.com/2017/05/mix-masta-garzy-wins-best-music-of-year.html|title=MIX MASTA GARZY Wins "BEST MUSIC of the YEAR" at GHANA ENT. AWARDS USA|work=Splittent|accessdate=22 September 2017}}</ref> == Onyinye na nhọpụta == {| class="wikitable sortable" !Afọ !Ememe mmeri !Aha mmeri !Nsonaazụ !Ihe mgbochi. |- |2012 |GH/UK Afrobeat Award |Onye na-emepụta ihe kacha nta|| {{Won}} |<ref>{{Cite web|title=Mixmasta Garzy Craves For A Competitor|url=https://www.newsghana.com.gh/mixmasta-garzy-craves-for-a-competitor/|publisher=News Ghana|accessdate=22 September 2017}}</ref> |- |2014 |Mtn Hit Maker Reality Show |Onye Mmepụta Kasị Mma nke Afọ|| {{Won}} | |- |2015 |Vodafone Ghana Music Awards |Onye Mmepụta nke Afọ|| {{Nom}} |<ref>{{Cite web|title=2015 Vodafone Ghana Music Awards Nominees List Released|date=20 November 2015|url=http://www.ghanandwom.net/2015-vodafone-ghana-music-awards-nominees-list-released/|publisher=Ghana Ndwom|accessdate=22 September 2017|archivedate=22 September 2017|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170922194235/http://www.ghanandwom.net/2015-vodafone-ghana-music-awards-nominees-list-released/}}</ref> |- |2016 |Onyinye Bass |Riddim nke Afọ|| {{Won}} |<ref>{{Cite web|title=Masta Garzy Scooped an Award|url=http://taylorbentertainment.com/red-hot-blog/masta-garzy-scooped-an-award/|publisher=taylorb entertainment|accessdate=22 September 2017|archivedate=22 September 2017|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170922195252/http://taylorbentertainment.com/red-hot-blog/masta-garzy-scooped-an-award/}}</ref> |- |2016 |4YTE MVAs 2016 |Ọrụ Ndị A Na-ahọpụta|| {{Won}} |<ref>{{Cite web|title=Mix Masta Garzy sets record at 4SYTE MVAs 2016|date=8 November 2016|url=https://www.ghanaweb.com/GhanaHomePage/entertainment/Mix-Masta-Garzy-sets-record-at-4SYTE-MVAs-2016-484865|publisher=Ghana Web|accessdate=22 September 2017}}</ref> |- |2017 |Ghana Entertainment Awards - USA |Onye na-emepụta egwu kacha mma n'afọ|| {{Won}} |<ref>{{Cite web|title=EL, Sonnie Badu, Shatta Wale, Stonebwoy others win at Ghana Entertainment Awards – USA|url=http://www.foreverghana.com/news/detail/43300|publisher=forever ghana|accessdate=22 September 2017}}</ref> |- |2017 |Ihe nrite Gold Coast Prestigious |Onyinye Maka Ịdị Mma|| {{Won}} |<ref>{{Cite web|title=MIX MASTA GARZY & PATORANKING IN COKE STUDIO KENYA – PHOTOS|url=http://www.eventlabgh.net/mix-masta-garzy-patoranking-in-coke-studio-kenya-photos/|publisher=event labgh|accessdate=22 September 2017}}</ref> |- |2017 |Onyinye Bass |Onye Mmepụta nke Afọ|| {{Won}} |<ref>{{Cite web|title=Full list of award winners at Bass Awards 2017|date=29 December 2017|url=https://www.ghanamusic.com/news/top-stories/2017/12/29/full-list-award-winners-bass-awards-2017/|publisher=ghanamusic.com|accessdate=3 January 2018}}</ref> |- |2018 |Vodafone Ghana Music Awards |Onye Mmepụta nke Afọ|| {{Nom}} | |- |2018 |Ghana Music Awards - South Africa |Onye na-emepụta egwu kacha mma n'afọ|| {{Won}} | |- |2018 |3rd TV Music Video Awards - Ghana |Onye na-emepụta egwu kacha mma n'afọ|| {{Won}} | |- |2019 |Ghana Entertainment Awards - USA |Onye na-emepụta egwu kacha mma n'afọ|| {{Won}} | |- |2019 |Mtn Hit Maker Reality Show - Ghana |Onye Mmepụta Kasị Mma nke Afọ|| {{Won}} | |- |2019 |African Talent Awards - Côte d'Ivoire |Onye na-emepụta Egwú Afọ nke Afọ|| {{Nom}} | |- |2021 |Ghana Music Awards - UK |Onye Mmepụta nke Afọ|| {{Won}} |<ref>{{Cite web|title=Mona4reall wins uncovered artiste of year at Ghana Music Awards UK 2021; Full list of winners|date=10 October 2021|url=https://www.pulse.com.gh/entertainment/music/mona4reall-wins-uncovered-artiste-of-year-at-ghana-music-awards-uk-2021-full-list-of/exr5g9y|work=Pulse Ghana|accessdate=10 October 2021}}</ref> |} == Njem == === 2017 === * N'afọ 2016, o nwere njem njem na Europe nke gara nke ọma, "Book a studio with Mix Master Garzy".<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.obaatiwah.com/blog/item/54-mix-masta-garzy-to-tour-europe.html|title=Mix Masta Garzy to tour Europe - Obaa Tiwah|accessdate=2017-09-27|archivedate=2017-09-28|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170928010721/http://www.obaatiwah.com/blog/item/54-mix-masta-garzy-to-tour-europe.html}}</ref> * N'afọ 2017, Garzy sonyeere onye ama ama nke Naijiria bụ Patoranking na njem njem ya pụrụ iche na Europe iji malite album ya bụ God Over Everything, ọ bụkwa DJ maka Patorankings na njem ahụ. * Coke Studio Africa 2017<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://totalshowbiz.com/2017/06/mix-masta-garzy-in-kenya-for-coke-studio-africa/|title=Mix Masta Garzy in Kenya for Coke Studio Africa|first=TotalShowbiz|author=Reporter|date=21 June 2017|publisher=}}</ref> * Master Garzy pụtara na "Come From Far Europe Tour" ya na onye na-eme ihe nkiri na ụlọ ịgba egwú [[Stonebwoy|nke]] Ghana bụ stonebwoy na 2017. == Nchịkọta mmepụta == === Egwú ndị Mix Master Garzy mepụtara === {| class="wikitable sortable" !Year !Title !Artist !Producer(s) !Ref. |- |2011 |"Wo Shocks Ay3 weak" |Criss Waddle featuring [[Sarkodie (rapper)|Sarkodie]] |Mix Master Garzy |<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.ghanandwom.net/sarkodie-wo-shocks-ay3-weak-feat-criss-waddle/|title=Sarkodie – Wo Shocks Ay3 Weak (Feat Criss Waddle)|work=Ghanandwom|date=21 October 2014|accessdate=22 September 2017}}</ref> |- |2012 |"Want It" |VIP featuring Stranger & Katu |Mix Master Garzy |<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.ghanamotion.com/vip-want-it-featuring-stranger-katu-produced-by-mix-masta-garzy/|title=VIP – Want it featuring Stranger & Katu (Produced by Mix Masta Garzy)|work=Ghanamotion|date=18 December 2012|accessdate=22 September 2017|archivedate=22 September 2017|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170922195249/http://www.ghanamotion.com/vip-want-it-featuring-stranger-katu-produced-by-mix-masta-garzy/}}</ref> |- |2012 |"Pull Up" |[[Stonebwoy]] |Mix Master Garzy |<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://loudsoundgh.com/2015/01/stonebwoy-pull-up-remix-ft-patoranking-prod-by-masta-garzy/|title=Stonebwoy "Pull Up" (Remix) Ft. Patoranking (Prod By Masta Garzy)|first=Loudsound|author=GH|publisher=loudsoundgh.com|accessdate=2017-09-30}}</ref> |- |2012 |"Sisimuden" |Atumpan ft. Stay Jay |Mix Master Garzy |<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://soundcloud.com/buzzmagazineafrica/sisimuden-atumpan-feat-stay|title=Sisimuden – Atumpan Feat. Stay Jay|work=Soundcloud|accessdate=22 September 2017}}</ref> |- |2012 |"My Car" |Funny Face ft. Dr Cryme |Mix Master Garzy |<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://soundcloud.com/motionent5/funny-face-my-car-ft-dr-cryme|title=Funny Face – My Car ft Dr Cryme (Prod by MixMasta Garzy)(GhanaMotion.Com)|work=Soundcloud|accessdate=22 September 2017}}</ref> |- |2012 |"Simba" |Tasha ft. Stay Jay |Mix Master Garzy |<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.ghanamotion.com/tasha-simba-featuring-stay-jay-produced-by-mixmasta-garzy/|title=Tasha – Simba featuring Stay Jay (Produced by MixMasta Garzy)|work=Ghanamotion|date=2 October 2012|accessdate=22 September 2017|archivedate=22 September 2017|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170922195119/http://www.ghanamotion.com/tasha-simba-featuring-stay-jay-produced-by-mixmasta-garzy/}}</ref> |- |2012 |"1 Step 2 Back" |Dr Cryme |Mix Master Garzy | |- |2012 |"My Baby" |Stay Jay ft. Mugeez |Mix Master Garzy | |- |2012 |"Bomeka" |Atumpan |Mix Master Garzy | |- |2012 |"You Be My Baby" (ft. Castro) |Boy Wadon |Mix Master Garzy | |- |2012 |"Boomboomtah" |Mista Silva |Mix Master Garzy | |- |2012 |"Na Whats Up" |Mista Silva |Mix Master Garzy | |- |2012 |"Wow" (ft. [[Fuse ODG]]) |Dr Cryme |Mix Master Garzy | |- |2012 |"I Dont Care" (ft. [[Gary Simmons (artist)|Garzy]]) |Pop Skinny |Mix Master Garzy | |- |2012 |"S3 Aba" (ft. Gurunkz) |Stay Jay |Mix Master Garzy | |- |2012 |"Jamming" (ft. Kwaw Kese) |[[Stonebwoy]] |Mix Master Garzy | |- |2012 |"Al Qaeda" |Kofi Kinaata ft. Castro |Mix Master Garzy | |- |2012 |"Liberian Girl" |Ruff N Smooth |Mix Master Garzy | |- |2012 |"Summer Time" ft. Modern |Sonni Balli |Mix Master Garzy | |- |2012 |"A Go Give You" |Atumpan |Mix Master Garzy | |- |2012 |"Clap Clap" (ft. Keche) |Atumpan |Mix Master Garzy |<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.ghxclusives.com/atumpan-clap-clap-prod-by-garzy/|title=Atumpan – Clap Clap (Prod By Garzy)|first=Gh|author=Xclusives|publisher=ghxclusives.com|accessdate=2017-09-30|archivedate=2017-09-30|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170930180220/http://www.ghxclusives.com/atumpan-clap-clap-prod-by-garzy/}}</ref> |- |2012 |February |Edem |Mix Master Garzy |<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.ghanamotion.com/edem-februaryvalentine-prod-by-masta-garzy/|title=Edem – February (Valentine)(Prod By Masta Garzy)|first=Ghana|author=Motion|date=February 2015|publisher=ghanamotion.com|accessdate=2017-09-30|archivedate=2017-09-30|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170930222350/http://www.ghanamotion.com/edem-februaryvalentine-prod-by-masta-garzy/}}</ref> |- |2012 |"Bad Mad" |Atumpan |Mix Master Garzy |<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.ghanamotion.com/atumpan-mad-bad-featuring-captain-planet-produced-by-mixmasta-garzy/|title=Atumpan – Bad Mad featuring Captain Planet (Produced by MixMasta Garzy)|first=Ghana|author=Motion|date=21 December 2012|publisher=ghanamotion.com|accessdate=2017-09-30|archivedate=2017-09-30|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170930222538/http://www.ghanamotion.com/atumpan-mad-bad-featuring-captain-planet-produced-by-mixmasta-garzy/}}</ref> |- |2013 |"Pump Action" |Ikonz |Mix Master Garzy |<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.ghanandwom.net/ikonz-pump-action-prod-by-citrusbeatz-garzymix/|title=Ikonz – Pump Action (Prod By CitrusBeatz & GarzyMix)|first=Ghana|author=Ndwom|publisher=ghanandwom.net|accessdate=2017-09-30|archivedate=2017-09-30|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170930175222/http://www.ghanandwom.net/ikonz-pump-action-prod-by-citrusbeatz-garzymix/}}</ref> |- |2013 |"Some More" |Eduwodzi |Mix Master Garzy |<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.ghxclusives.com/tag/eduwodzi-some-moreprod-by-garzy/|title=EDUWODZI – SOME MORE(PROD BY GARZY)|first=Gh|author=Xclusives|publisher=ghxclusives.com|accessdate=2017-09-30|archivedate=2017-09-30|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170930180149/http://www.ghxclusives.com/tag/eduwodzi-some-moreprod-by-garzy/}}</ref> |- |2014 |"Iskoki" |Samini |Mix Master Garzy |<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://tooxclusive.com/download-mp3/samini-iskoki-prod-masta-garzy/|title=Samini – Iskoki (Prod by Masta Garzy)|first=Too|author=Xclusive|publisher=tooxclusive.com|accessdate=2017-09-30|archivedate=2017-09-30|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170930222511/http://tooxclusive.com/download-mp3/samini-iskoki-prod-masta-garzy/}}</ref> |- |2014 |"Sugar" |SK Orginale |Mix Master Garzy |<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.ghanamotion.com/sk-originale-sugar-prod-by-masta-garzy/|title=SK Originale – Sugar (Prod by Masta Garzy)|first=Ghana|author=Motion|publisher=ghanamotion.com|accessdate=2017-09-30|archivedate=2017-09-24|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170924044940/http://www.ghanamotion.com/sk-originale-sugar-prod-by-masta-garzy/}}</ref> |- |2014 |"Badder Dan Dem" ft. Black Prophet Badder Dan Dem |Edem |Mix Master Garzy |<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.ghxclusives.com/edem-badder-dan-dem-ft-black-prophet/|title=SK Originale – Sugar (Prod by Masta Garzy)|first=Gh|author=Xclusives|publisher=ghxclusives.com|accessdate=2017-09-30|archivedate=2017-09-30|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170930180250/http://www.ghxclusives.com/edem-badder-dan-dem-ft-black-prophet/}}</ref> |- |2014 |"Enemies" (ft. [[Sarkodie (rapper)|Sarkodie]]) |Jupitar |Mix Master Garzy |<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.ghxclusives.com/jupitar-enemies-ft-sarkodie-prod-by-garzy/|title=Jupitar – Enemies ft Sarkodie (Prod By Garzy)|first=Gh|author=Xclusives|publisher=ghxclusives.com|accessdate=2017-09-30|archivedate=2017-09-30|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170930095708/http://www.ghxclusives.com/jupitar-enemies-ft-sarkodie-prod-by-garzy/}}</ref> |- |2014 |"Mugu" |Stay Jay |Mix Master Garzy |<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.ghxclusives.com/stay-jay-mugu-ft-4x4-prod-by-garzy/|title=Stay Jay – Mugu ft 4×4 (Prod By Garzy)|first=Gh|author=Xclusives|publisher=ghxclusives.com|accessdate=2017-09-30|archivedate=2017-09-30|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170930175447/http://www.ghxclusives.com/stay-jay-mugu-ft-4x4-prod-by-garzy/}}</ref> |- |2014 |"Ex Boyfriend" (ft. [[Mugeez|Mugees]]) |[[Stonebwoy]] |Mix Master Garzy |<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.ghxclusives.com/stonebwoy-ex-boyfriend-ft-mugeezr2bees/|title=Stonebwoy – Ex Boyfriend ft Mugeez(R2Bees)|first=Gh|author=Xclusives|publisher=ghxclusives.com|accessdate=2017-09-30|archivedate=2017-09-30|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170930180244/http://www.ghxclusives.com/stonebwoy-ex-boyfriend-ft-mugeezr2bees/}}</ref> |- |2014 |"Robot" |Flowking Stone |Mix Master Garzy |<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.ghanamotion.com/flowking-stone-robot-prod-by-masta-garzy/|title=Flowking Stone – Robot (Prod by Masta Garzy)|first=Ghana|author=Motion|publisher=ghanamotion.com|accessdate=2017-09-30|archivedate=2017-09-30|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170930175837/http://www.ghanamotion.com/flowking-stone-robot-prod-by-masta-garzy/}}</ref> |- |2014 |"Osey" (ft. King Dum) |Yaa Pono |Mix Master Garzy |<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.ghanandwom.net/yaa-pono-king-dum-oshey-prod-by-mix-masta-garzy/|title=Yaa Pono & King Dum – Oshey (Prod by Mix Masta Garzy)|first=Ghana|author=Ndwom|publisher=ghanandwom.net|accessdate=2017-09-30|archivedate=2017-09-30|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170930175814/http://www.ghanandwom.net/yaa-pono-king-dum-oshey-prod-by-mix-masta-garzy/}}</ref> |- |2014 |"Cake" (ft. [[Stonebwoy]]) |E.L |Mix Master Garzy |<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://blissgh.com/el-cake-ft-stonebwoy-download-music-mp3/|title=E.L – Cake ft. Stonebwoy (prod by masta garzy)|first=Bliss|author=GH|publisher=blissgh.com|accessdate=2017-09-30|archivedate=2017-09-30|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170930175547/https://blissgh.com/el-cake-ft-stonebwoy-download-music-mp3/}}</ref> |- |2014 |"Fine Boy" |Keche |Mix Master Garzy |<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.ghanandwom.net/keche-fine-boy-prod-by-masta-garzy/|title=Keche – Fine Boy (Prod by Masta Garzy)|first=Ghana|author=Ndwom|publisher=ghanandwom.net|accessdate=2017-09-30|archivedate=2017-09-30|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170930175639/http://www.ghanandwom.net/keche-fine-boy-prod-by-masta-garzy/}}</ref> |- |2014 |"Super Star" |Samini |Mix Master Garzy |<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.ghxclusives.com/samini-superstar-prod-by-garzy/|title=Samini – Superstar (Prod By Garzy)|first=Gh|author=Xclusives|publisher=ghxclusives.com|accessdate=2017-09-30|archivedate=2017-09-30|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170930180001/http://www.ghxclusives.com/samini-superstar-prod-by-garzy/}}</ref> |- |} === Ndị na-alụbeghị di ma ọ bụ nwunye === ==== 2015 ==== {| class="wikitable" !Afọ !Onye na-ese ihe !Aha ya !Ndị na-emepụta ihe !Ihe mgbochi. |- |2015 |[[Shatta Wale]] |"Ọ gwụbeghị" |Mix Master Garzy | |- | |Opanka ft. 4x4 |"Awoof Apae" | | |- | |4x4 ft. [[Stonebwoy]] |"Auntie Dede" | | |- | |Dr Cryme ft. Sarkodia |"Koko Sakora" | | |- | |Ikonz |"Nwanyị Afrịka" | | |- | |Choir Master ft. Captain Planet (4x4) |"Njem Katọlik" | | |- | |Samini |"Ụdị Ọhụrụ" | | |- | |Itz Tiffany |"Mgbaghara" | | |- | |Atumpan |"Nwa" | | |- | |Flexclusive ft. Dr Cryme |"Nwanyị" | | |- | |Eazzy ft. SK Mbụ |"Ginger" | | |- | |Stino ft. vibe squad |"Kpọọ ahụ gị" | | |- | |Eze ft. Tinny na Jupitar |"Ka anyị na-aga elu" | | |- | |Flexclusive |"Ka anyị lụọ di na nwunye" | | |- | |Mugeez |"Ịma Mma Na-ehi Ụra" | | |- | |Eazzy ft. 4x4 |"Ịhụnanya na-ere ọkụ" | | |- | |4x4 |"Nye m ụfọdụ ọzọ" | | |- | |Ịchụ nta |"Nwa agbọghọ na-eme oriri na ọṅụṅụ" | | |- | |Eno Barony |"Tw3de3" | | |- | |Keche |"Ime ihere n'ahụ gị" | | |- | |Eno Barony ft. Mic Flammez |"Ihe kacha mma" | | |- | |Ricky Mo" ft. [[Stonebwoy]] |"Gyal kacha njọ" | | |- | |Eze ft. [[Shatta Wale]] |"Anyị bụ ndị kasị mma" | | |- | |5Nke ise |"Papa" | | |- | |Gemini Orleans ft. Nero X |"Chineke dị mma" | | |- | |Vibz ft. Nọgide Jay |"KiKo" | | |- | |Eze ft. Jupitar x Tinny (onye egwu) |"Ụmụ nwoke Ukwu" | | |- |} ==== 2016 ==== * [[Eazzy]] ft. [[Stonebwoy]] - "Nana Remix" * Danagog ft. [[Davido]] x Stonebwoy & [[Burna Boy|Burnaboy]] - "Hookah Remix" * Itz Tiffany ft. Ceeza Milli - "Ọ dịghị Ọzọ" * Deekay ft. Edem - "Gedeme" * Mc Clerk ft. 4x4 - "Ihe ịga nke ọma" * 4x4 ft. Buk Bak - "Atongo" * Itz tiffany ft. [[Dammy Krane]] "Nye Dem" * Dr Cryme ft. Master Garzy, Captain Planet - - "Bonanza" * Deon Boakye ft. kojo cue x Kofi Kinaata x Joel Cool - "Guy Guy" * Chase - "Forever Roll up" * 4x4 - "Ọ dịghị Ndị Enyi Ọhụrụ" * Shegah - "Big It up" * Bisa Kdei ft. [[Patoranking]] - "Ndụ" * [[Eno Barony|Eno]] ft. [[Stonebwoy]] - "Mmetụta Ahụ" * Danagog ft. Davido - "Hookah" * Flexclusive - "Nanị Otu" * Dr Cryme - "Nchịkwa" * Capone - "Dan Dem" * [[Eazzy]] - "Nana" * Eno ft. [[Shatta Wale]] - "Dawa" * Edem ft. Shatta Wale - "Gbom Gbom Gbang Gbang" * Stonebwoy ft. [[Burna Boy]] - "Isi Inna na-arịa ọrịa" * Jupitar - "Na-amụmụ ọnụ ọchị Ọzọ" ==== 2017 ==== * [[Jupiter Bokondji|Jupitar]] ft. [[Patoranking]] - "Whine"<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.ghanamotion.com/jupitar-whine-ft-patoranking-prod-by-mix-masta-garzy/|title=Jupitar – Whine ft. Patoranking (Prod. by Mix Masta Garzy)|work=www.ghanamotion.com|accessdate=2023-08-06|archivedate=2018-12-14|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20181214042103/http://www.ghanamotion.com/jupitar-whine-ft-patoranking-prod-by-mix-masta-garzy/}}</ref> * Eno ft. [[Ebony Patterson|Ebony]] - "Obiaa Ba Ny3" * [[Stonebwoy]] "Bịa Site n'Ebe Dị Anya"<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://sweetnaijamusics.com/2017/04/download-mp3-stonebwoy-come-from-far-prod-by-mix-masta-garzy.html|title=DOWNLOAD MP3: StoneBwoy – Come From Far (Prod By Mix Masta Garzy) - SweetNaijaMusic|author=SweetNaijaMusic|date=2017-04-11|work=DOWNLOAD NAIJA MUSIC MP3|accessdate=2018-04-23|language=en-US}}</ref> * E.L - "Nkọwa"<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.ghxclusives.com/e-l-explain-prod-by-mastagarzy/|title=E.L – Explain (Prod. By MastaGarzy) - GhXclusives.Com|work=www.ghxclusives.com|accessdate=2023-08-06|archivedate=2018-08-22|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20180822070142/http://www.ghxclusives.com/e-l-explain-prod-by-mastagarzy/}}</ref> * Tiffany - "Meri ihe niile"<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.beatznation.com/audio/itz-tiffany-got-it-all/|title=Itz Tiffany – Got It All (feat. Lousika)(Prod by Mix Masta Garzy)|work=Beatz Nation|accessdate=2018-04-23}}</ref> * Stonebwoy ft. Edem x Becca x Bisa Kdei x Dr Cryme x Choir Master - "Ememe" * Tinny - "Afọ Chineke"<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.beatznation.com/audio/tinny-god-year/|title=Tinny – God Year (Prod By Mix Masta Garzy)|work=www.beatznation.com}}</ref> * Ramz Nic - "M na-eme Wo" * Jupitar - "Gbaa ala"<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.ndwomfie.com/2016/11/music-download-jupitar-ft-samini-go-low.html|title=[Music Download]: Jupitar ft Samini – Go Low (Prod By Mix Masta Garzy)|author=YOUR-NAME|publisher=}}</ref> * Bisa Kdei ft. patoranking - "Ndụ"<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://hipradar.net/bisa-kdei-ft-patoranking-life-prod-mix-masta-garzy/|title=bisa kdei ft patoranking (prod by mix masta garzy)|work=hipradar.net|accessdate=2023-08-06|archivedate=2017-10-09|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20171009000102/http://hipradar.net/bisa-kdei-ft-patoranking-life-prod-mix-masta-garzy/}}</ref> * Dammy Krane ft. Shatta Wale x Davido - "Gbetiti"<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.ndwompa.com/dammy-krane-x-shatta-wale-x-davido-gbetiti-prod-mix-masta-garzy/|title=Dammy Krane x Shatta Wale x Davido – Gbetiti (Prod By Mix Masta Garzy)|author=ndwompa|date=27 March 2017|publisher=|accessdate=6 August 2023|archivedate=26 February 2018|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20180226001626/http://www.ndwompa.com/dammy-krane-x-shatta-wale-x-davido-gbetiti-prod-mix-masta-garzy/}}</ref> * Patoranking - "Hụ gị n'anya" Nwụrụ ft. Diamond Platnumz<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://tooxclusive.com/download-mp3/patoranking-love-die-ft-diamond-platnumz-new-song/|title=Patoranking – Love You Die ft. Diamond Platnumz [New Song] « tooXclusive|date=1 September 2017|publisher=|accessdate=6 August 2023|archivedate=11 February 2019|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20190211095854/http://tooxclusive.com/download-mp3/patoranking-love-die-ft-diamond-platnumz-new-song/}}</ref> * Eze ft. Dammy Krane - "Gbera"<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://okaybaze.com/eze-ft-dammy-krane-gbera/|title=DOWNLOAD Eze Ft Dammy Krane – Gbera Mp3 Download - OkayBaze|accessdate=2018-01-08|archivedate=2018-01-08|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20180108063631/https://okaybaze.com/eze-ft-dammy-krane-gbera/}}</ref> * Becca ft. Patoranking - "Na Wash"<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.plushafrica.com/2017/02/17/becca-ft-patoranking-na-wash/|title=Becca ft. Patoranking – Na Wash (Prod. by Mix Masta Garzy)(MP3) – Plushafrica|date=17 February 2017|publisher=|accessdate=6 August 2023|archivedate=21 February 2017|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170221001150/http://www.plushafrica.com/2017/02/17/becca-ft-patoranking-na-wash/}}</ref> * Bisa Kdei - "Apae"<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.hitz.com.gh/bisa-kdei-apaeprod-by-master-garzy/|title=Bisa Kdei – Apae(Prod. By Master Garzy) – Hitz.Com.Gh|date=5 February 2017|publisher=|accessdate=6 August 2023|archivedate=22 September 2017|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170922200528/http://www.hitz.com.gh/bisa-kdei-apaeprod-by-master-garzy/}}</ref> * Becca ft. Stonebwoy "Na Gị"<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://ghanadownloads.com/becca-with-you-ft-stonebwoy-produced-by-masta-garzy/|title=Becca – With You ft Stonebwoy (Produced – by Masta Garzy)|publisher=}}</ref> * Keche - "Gosi Ihe"<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.shataghana.com/new-music-keche-show-something-prod-by-mix-masta-garzy-download-mp3/|title=[New Music] Keche - Show Something (Prod by Mix Masta Garzy) Download mp3 - ShataGhana|work=www.shataghana.com|date=14 February 2017|language=en-US|accessdate=2018-04-23}}</ref> * Selekta Aff - "N'azụ na n'ihu" * E wepụtara ya. Edem "- GoGa" * Sean Taylor - "Ginger" * Black Kat ft. Ekwea Dimples - "Kwuuru M"<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.reverbnation.com/blackkatghmusic/song/28003360-black-kat-talk-about-me-ft-ekwea|title=BLACK KAT – TALK ABOUT ME FT EKWEA DIMPLES ( PROD BY MIX MASTER GARZY) – Black Kat Gh|author=eMinor|work=ReverbNation}}</ref> * Mawunya - "Kw33gy3"<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://djquestgh.com/2017/03/06/mawunya-kw33gy3-newyearriddim/|title=Mawunya – Kw33gy3 (@NewYearRiddim) – DJ Quest Gh|first=Dj Quest|author=Gh|work=djquestgh.com|accessdate=2023-08-06|archivedate=2019-11-27|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20191127043805/http://djquestgh.com/2017/03/06/mawunya-kw33gy3-newyearriddim/}}</ref> * Strongman ft. Yaa Pono - "Oh Joe"<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.ghanamotion.com/strongman-oh-joe-ft-yaa-pono-prod-mix-masta-garzy/|title=Strongman – Oh Joe ft Yaa Pono (Prod By Mix Masta Garzy)|work=www.ghanamotion.com|accessdate=2023-08-06|archivedate=2018-12-19|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20181219025321/http://www.ghanamotion.com/strongman-oh-joe-ft-yaa-pono-prod-mix-masta-garzy/}}</ref> * Mc Fizzle - "Demma Nuh Bad Man"<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.deezer.com/us/track/400010652|title=Deezer|work=Deezer}}</ref> * Tonkra - "Aben"<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://soundcloud.com/tonkragh/aben-new-year-riddim-prod-by-mix-masta-garzy|title=Tonkra – Aben (New Year Riddim) Prod. by Mix Masta Garzy|publisher=}}</ref> * Stonebwoy ft. Kojo Funds - "Na-ada ọzọ"<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://ghanamusicnews.com/download-stonebwoy-falling-ft-kojo-funds-prod-mix-master-garzy/|title=DOWNLOAD MUSIC Download: Stonebwoy – Falling Again Ft. Kojo Funds (Prod. By Mix Master Garzy)|publisher=ghanamusicnews|accessdate=2023-08-06|archivedate=2019-06-12|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20190612223554/http://ghanamusicnews.com/download-stonebwoy-falling-ft-kojo-funds-prod-mix-master-garzy/}}</ref> ==== 2018 ==== * 2iice - Nah Beg, Yebeye Dede (Mixed and Mastered) * 2Kings ft Inyaya - Ahụ Gị * Akeju ft Bennie Man - Kiss And Tell * Becca ft [[Sarkodie (rapper)|Sarkodie]] - [[Nana Kagga|Nana]] (Mixed and Mastered) * Bella - Iwu * Bisa Kdei - Asew ft Mic Flammez, Count On Me ft [[Mayorkun]] * Bobo Felima - Mama Mi * Captain Planet ft Kidi - Ị hụrụ n'anya na-anwụ * D Cryme ft [[Stonebwoy]] - My Bae * Eazzy - Gaa, Obaa gbemi * Edem ft Stonebwoy - Ike, Nna * Efe Keys ft D Cryme - Casanova (Mixed and Mastered) * [[Eno Barony]] ft [[Wendy Shay]] - Mee Ihe Remix * Flexclusive ft Eno Barony - Onye M hụrụ n'anya * GME ft D Cry - Nonfa * Kenwus - Egwu * Koo Kyei ft Stonebwoy - Na-achịkwa Ya * Lilian Dinma - Enweghị Ihe Ọrịa, Ngọzi, Ana m Ekpere * Liwin ft Guru - Kojo Nkansah - (Mixed and Mastered) * Mic Flammez - Assa Kou * Elisante - Ahapụla M * Nedro - Ọ dị mma * Opanka - Ọ ga-abịa n'oge na-adịghị anya * Patoranking - Suh dị iche * Ekpere - Disco * Samini - Obaa, Ụwa * Stonebwoy - Ndị iro ft Baby Jet, Wame ft Casper, Tomorrow, Top Skanka, World Wide STD, Kpoo Keke ft Medikal, Darko Vibes, Kelvin Boy, Kwesi Authur (Mixed and Mastered) === Abọm ndị e mepụtara === * ''HighLife Konnect'' nke Bisa Kdei * ''Oge'' ngosi site na D Cryme * Okwenyere site n'aka Lilian Dinma * Samini na-achịkwaghị ya == Ihe odide == <references responsive="1"></references> == Njikọ mpụga ==   [[Òtù:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ]] jxwjaq3diz3iuggqsc3wcakicw3np4d 0 28676 320074 188234 2025-06-30T13:58:13Z Anastesia chi 23720 edoziri m broken files 320074 wikitext text/x-wiki Afọ iri nke agụmakwụkwọ maka mmepe na-adịgide adịgide (DESD) 2005-2014 bụ atụmatụ agụmakwụkwọ iji mee ka ọ dịgide (ESD) nke United Nations. UNESCO nyere afọ iri ahụ dị ka ụlọ ọrụ na-eduga, ma mee ka netwọk Regional Centres of Expertise (RCE), na mmekọrịta mahadum GUPES. Mmalite nke United Nations Decade of Education for Sustainable Development malitere mmegharị zuru ụwa ọnụ iji gbanwee agụmakwụkwọ iji dozie ihe ịma aka nke mmepe na-adịgide adịgide. Ọ bụ afọ iri mbụ nke UN iji guzobe usoro nlekota na nyocha zuru ụwa ọnụ na otu ndị ọkachamara.<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Tilbury|first=Daniella|title=Tracking Our Progress: A Global Monitoring and Evaluation Framework for the UN DESD|journal=Journal of Education for Sustainable Development|date=17 November 2009|doi=10.1177/097340820900300215|url=https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/097340820900300215|accessdate=9 January 2022}}</ref> N'ịdabere na ihe ịga nke ọma nke Afọ Iri, nke ekwuru na Aichi-Nagoya Declaration on ESD, UNESCO kwadoro Global Action Programme on ESD (GAP) na nnọkọ nke 37 nke Nzukọ Ezumezu ya. N'ịbụ nke nzukọ UN General Assembly Resolution A / RES / 69/211 kwadoro ma malite na UNESCO World Conference on ESD na 2014, GAP na-ezube ime ka omume na omume ọma dịkwuo elu. UNESCO nwere ọrụ dị mkpa, tinyere ndị mmekọ ya, n'iweta ihe ndị dị mkpa iji hụ na a na-akwalite ụkpụrụ ESD site na agụmakwụkwọ, nke na-abụghị nke iwu kwadoro na nke na-ezighị ezi.<ref>{{Cite book|title=Issues and trends in education for sustainable development|publisher=UNESCO|year=2018|isbn=978-92-3-100244-1|location=Paris|pages=8}}</ref> Nkwado mba ụwa nke ESD dị ka isi ihe na-eme ka mmepe na-adịgide adịgide na-eto eto. A ghọtara ọrụ ESD na nzukọ atọ dị mkpa nke UN na mmepe na-adịgide adịgide: 1992 UN Conference on Environment and Development (UNCED) na Rio de Janeiro, Brazil; 2002 World Summit on Sustainable Development (WSSD) na Johannesburg, South Africa; na 2012 UN Conference on Sustainable development (UNCSD) na Rio. Nkwekọrịta ụwa ndị ọzọ dị mkpa dị ka Nkwekọ Paris (Nkebi nke 12) makwaara mkpa ESD dị. Taa, ESD bụ ihe a na-ekwu na ọ bụ isi nke 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development na 17 Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) (United Nations, 2015). SDGs ghọtara na mba niile ga-akpali ime ihe na mpaghara ndị a - ndị mmadụ, mbara ala, ọganihu, udo na mmekorita - iji merie ihe ịma aka ụwa niile dị oke mkpa maka ịdị ndụ nke ihe a kpọrọ mmadụ. Ụfọdụ n'ime SDGs ndị a gụnyere ijide n'aka na ike dị ọnụ ala na nke dị ọcha, inye [[Sustainable Development Goal 6|mmiri dị ọcha na ịdị ọcha]], na [[Ebumnuche mmepe adigide 17|mmekorita maka ebumnuche ndị a]]. A kpọtụrụ ESD aha n'ụzọ doro anya na Target 4.7 nke SDG4, nke na-achọ ijide n'aka na ndị mmụta niile nwetara ihe ọmụma na nkà dị mkpa iji kwalite mmepe na-adịgide adịgide ma ghọta ya dị ka ụzọ dị mkpa iji nweta SDGs 16 ndị ọzọ.<ref name="UNESCO">{{Cite book|title=Issues and trends in education for sustainable development|publisher=UNESCO|year=2018|isbn=978-92-3-100244-1|location=Paris|pages=7}}</ref> Tụkwasị na nke a, [[Ebumnuche mmepe adigide 17|SDG17]] na-elekwasị anya n'ịkwado ụzọ mmejuputa na imelite mmekọrịta zuru ụwa ọnụ maka mmepe na-adịgide adịgide.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Goal 17 {{!}} Department of Economic and Social Affairs|url=https://sdgs.un.org/goals/goal17|accessdate=25 September 2020|work=sdgs.un.org}}</ref> == Banyere Afọ Iri == Dabere na aro nke Japan na Sweden, Nzukọ Ezumezu nke Mba Ndị Dị n'Otu, na nnọkọ nke 57 ya na Disemba 2002, nabatara mkpebi 57/254 iji malite DESD, na-agbaso atụmatụ mmejuputa Johannesburg, nke kwusiri ike na agụmakwụkwọ bụ ihe dị mkpa maka inweta mmepe na-adịgide adịgide.<ref>[http://www.un-documents.net/a57r254.htm Resolution adopted by the General Assembly 57/254], 20 December 2002. UN Documents.</ref> A họpụtara UNESCO dị ka ụlọ ọrụ na-eduga maka Afọ Iri ma mepụta atụmatụ mmejuputa mba ụwa maka DESD.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://portal.unesco.org/education/en/ev.php-URL_ID=23365&URL_DO=DO_TOPIC&URL_SECTION=201.html|title=Draft International Implementation Scheme|publisher=[[UNESCO]]}}.</ref> Tinyere usoro Millennium Development Goals (MDGs), Education For All (EFA), na United Nations Literacy Decade (UNLD), DESD chọkwara imeziwanye ogo ndụ, ọkachasị maka ndị kasị daa ogbenye na ndị a na-akparaghị ókè, mmezu nke ikike mmadụ gụnyere nha nhata nwoke na nwanyị, mbelata ịda ogbenye, ọchịchị onye kwuo uche ya na ụmụ amaala na-arụsi ọrụ ike. Ọ bụ ezie na MDGs na-enye usoro ihe mgbaru ọsọ mmepe a na-ahụ anya na nke a na-atụle nke agụmakwụkwọ bụ ntinye na ihe ngosi dị mkpa; EFA na-elekwasị anya n'ụzọ isi nye onye ọ bụla ohere agụmakwụkwọ; UNLD na-elekpụkwa anya n'ịkwalite ngwá ọrụ mmụta dị mkpa maka ụdị mmụta niile a haziri ahazi, DESD na-echegbu onwe ya karịsịa na ọdịnaya na ebumnuche nke agụmakọta. N'echiche na imewe, ESD na-ama ụdị agụmakwụkwọ niile aka iji nabata omume na ụzọ ndị na-akwalite ụkpụrụ nke mmepe na-adịgide adịgide.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.desd.org/About%20ESD.htm|title=DESD website background information|accessdate=2023-08-13|archivedate=2011-04-12|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110412092003/http://www.desd.org/About%20ESD.htm}}</ref> N'ịzaghachi DESD, Mahadum United Nations (UNU) kpọrọ oku maka mmepe nke netwọk maka nkwalite nke ESD, yana ịbụ ebe nka maka mmepe nyocha nke ESD. Nke a bụ ọmụmụ nke Regional Centres of Expertise (RCE) na-akwado agụmakwụkwọ maka mmepe na-adịgide adịgide. Dr. Betsy Boze nyere aka n'ịdepụta na nkwado nke International Association of Universities "Iquitos statement on Higher Education for Sustainable Development". United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP) emeela ka e guzobe Global Universities Partnership on Environment and Sustainability (GUPES) na 2012 dị ka onyinye dị mkpa nye UN DESD.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.researchgate.net/project/Shaping-European-Research-Leaders-for-Marine-Sustainability-SEAS|title=Shaping European Research Leaders for Marine Sustainability (SEAS)|work=[[ResearchGate]]}}</ref> Ihe GUPES lekwasịrị anya bụ gburugburu ogidi atọ: Education, Training and Network, ma dabere na ahụmịhe na ịbawanye nke Mainstreaming Environment and Sustainability in African Universities (MESA) project.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.unep.org/training/programmes/gupes.asp |title=GUPES |accessdate=2023-08-13 |archivedate=2017-02-16 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170216140116/http://www.unep.org/training/programmes/gupes.asp }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.unep.org/training/programmes/mesa.asp |title=MESA |accessdate=2023-08-13 |archivedate=2016-03-04 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304114106/http://www.unep.org/training/programmes/mesa.asp }}</ref> == Hụkwa == * Ọganihu Na-adịgide Adịgide * Mmụta Maka Mmepe Na-adịgide Adịgide * [[Mba Ndị Dị n'Otu]] == Ihe odide == {{Reflist|30em}} == Njikọ mpụga == * [https://en.unesco.org/themes/education-sustainable-development/what-is-esd/un-decade-of-esd Afọ iri nke agụmakwụkwọ maka mmepe na-adịgide adịgide na UNESCO] * United Nations - Afọ Iri nke Mmụta maka Ọganihu Na-adịgide adịgide. {{Authority control}} 04qzdt8ivlrkjd5j3sdsr7yuja38zuq 0 28862 320124 117774 2025-07-01T10:25:01Z InternetArchiveBot 11600 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 320124 wikitext text/x-wiki   [[Usòrò:Cscc1.jpg|thumb|Njikọ Civil Society na Mgbanwe ihu igwe]] The Civil Society Coalition on Climate Change ('''CSCCC''') bụ ụlọ ọrụ na-elekọta ebe nrụọrụ weebụ ma kọwaa onwe ya dị ka otu zuru ụwa ọnụ nke òtù ndị na-enweghị uru na ebumnuche nke "ịchọ] ịkụziri ọha na eze banyere sayensị na akụ na ụba nke mgbanwe ihu igwe n'ụzọ na-adịghị ele mmadụ anya n'ihu". Njikọ ahụ na-akọwa ndị otu ya dị ka ndị gụnyere 60 na-enweghị uru site na mba 40 "ndị nwere nkwekọrịta imeziwanye nghọta ọha na eze banyere ọtụtụ okwu iwu ọha na eze".<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://csccc.info/about/|title=About - Civil Society Coalition on Climate Change|accessdate=2011-02-23|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20100109195839/http://csccc.info/about/|archivedate=2010-01-09}}</ref> Ọ na-akpọ onwe ya "ahịa nweere onwe ya na gburugburu ebe obibi". Akụkọ mgbasa ozi India na-ekwu na ọ bụ International Policy Network, otu ụlọ ọrụ dị na [[London]] nke na-enweta nkwado site na Exxon Mobil, guzobere ya.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20230814061222/https://www.newstrackindia.com/newsdetails/225756 Climate change deniers spreading misinformation: Environmental groups], Newstrack India, June 18, 2011</ref> Otu ahụ na-ebipụta akwụkwọ akụkọ na echiche nchịkọta akụkọ banyere sayensị na akụ na ụba nke mgbanwe ihu igwe ma na-edebe blọọgụ. E bipụtara ''akụkọ Civil Society'' na Mgbanwe ihu igwe na 2007, obere oge tupu nzukọ United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change na Bali. Ndị ọkachamara CSCCC na-apụta na mgbasa ozi, dị ka ihe ngosi Julian Morris nke 2007 na ''Larry King Live'' na arụmụka telivishọn ya na 2008 na onye isi IPCC Rajendra Pachauri. IPN a na UK nwere Julian Morris dị ka onye isi nchịkwa. Ọ bụ n'ezie akụkụ nke Atlas Group / Network (aka Atlas Economic Research Institute) nke eze ọkụkọ nke UK, Sir Antony Fisher (otu n'ime ndị isi akụ na ụba nke PM Margaret Thatcher) na onye America Loctite millionaire Richard Krieble guzobere. Ha nwere nkwado ego site na Krieble, Richard Mellon Scaife, na Philip Morris. A na-ekwu na Fisher nwere aka dị mkpa n'ịmepụta ihe ruru otu narị na iri ise na-eche echiche n'ụwa niile. Nwa nwanyị Fisher, Linda Whetstone, na-arụ ọrụ ugbu a maka (Fisher-founded) Adam Smith Institute. Ọ bụkwa onye isi oche nke International Policy Network, ma nọrọ na bọọdụ ndị nduzi nke Mont Pelerin Society, Institute of Economic Affairs na Atlas Group na USA. Njikọ na netwọk dị otú a bụ ihe a na-ahụkarị na ndị na-eche echiche nke Atlas Group, na ọtụtụ n'ime ndị isi ọrụ ha na ndị nduzi na-eje ozi n'ọtụtụ òtù dị iche iche. Mgbasa ozi a na-eme ka ike doro anya nke mwakpo ọha na eze na sayensị mgbanwe ihu igwe dịkwuo elu. Hụkwa Stockholm Network. [1] na [http://archive.corporateeurope.org/stockholmnetwork.html] == Ihe odide == {{Reflist}} == Njikọ mpụga == * Official website * https://www.youtube.com/user/ipnlondon#p/u/14/gIBSKk0b3Zo nbth163wcilgvh0ocasv5ikfrnrwh00 0 29407 320121 214038 2025-07-01T06:01:41Z InternetArchiveBot 11600 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 320121 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Usòrò:Heaquarters_bogor.jpg|thumb|Isi ụlọ ọrụ CIFOR, Bogor]] Nke a bụ '''ndepụta nke''' '''ụlọ ọrụ nyocha''' ọhịa gburugburu ụwa, site na kọntinent ya na mba. Ọ na-agụnye ụlọ ọrụ nyocha na-elekwasị anya na sayensị ọhịa, ọhịa, nlekọta ọhịa, ya nakwazi ngalaba ndị metụtara ya. == Mba Nile == * Center for International Forestry Research (CIFOR), Bogor, Indonesia * Center for Tropical Forest Science, Panama City, Panama * European Forest Institute, Joensuu, Finland * International Union of Forest Research Organizations (IUFRO) Vienna, Austria == Afrịka == === Algeria === * National Institute of Forest Research (INRF) (''n'asụsụ French'') === Etiopia === * [[Ethiopian Environment and Forest Research Institute|Ụlọ Ọrụ Na-ahụ Maka Nnyocha Gburugburu Ebe Obibi na Ọhịa]] === Ghana === * Ụlọ Ọrụ Nnyocha Ọhịa nke Ghana === Kenya === * [[Kenya Forestry Research Institute|Ụlọ Ọrụ Nnyocha Ọhịa Kenya]] === Malawi === * [[Forestry Research Institute of Malawi|Ụlọ Ọrụ Nnyocha Ọhịa nke Malawi]] === Naịjirịa === * Ụlọ Ọrụ Nnyocha Ọhịa nke Naịjirịa === Saụt Afrịka === * Kansụl maka Nnyocha Sayensị na Ụlọ Ọrụ * [[Institute for Commercial Forestry Research|Ụlọ Ọrụ Na-ahụ Maka Nnyocha Azụmaahịa]] * Ụlọ Ọrụ Na-ahụ Maka Ọhịa na Ọrụ Ugbo (FABI), Mahadum Pretoria * Forestry and Forest Products Research Center, Durban, "otu njikọ aka n'etiti CSIR's Natural Resources na Environment operating unit na Mahadum KwaZulu-Natal"<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20231201163850/http://ffp.csir.co.za/ Official website.] Accessed: September 28, 2012.</ref> * [[Merensky (wood products firm)|Merensky]] === Uganda === * Ụlọ Ọrụ Na-ahụ Maka Nchekwa Ọhịa Tropical == Amerịkas == === Kanada === [[Usòrò:Beech_Leaf_-_Edward_George_Falkenberg.jpg|thumb|Ụlọ Ọrụ Nnyocha Ọhịa Ontario]] * Ebe A Na-ahụ Maka Ọhịa Atlantic<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.nrcan.gc.ca/forests/research-centres/afc/13447|title=Atlantic Forestry Centre|date=2013-11-27|accessdate=2023-08-18|archivedate=2019-04-22|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20190422213854/https://www.nrcan.gc.ca/forests/research-centres/afc/13447}}</ref> * Ebe A Na-ahụ Maka Fibre Osisi na Canada<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.nrcan.gc.ca/forests/research-centres/cwfc/13457|title=Canadian Wood Fibre Centre|date=2013-11-27|accessdate=2023-08-18|archivedate=2019-04-22|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20190422213908/https://www.nrcan.gc.ca/forests/research-centres/cwfc/13457}}</ref> * Ụlọ Ọrụ Na-ahụ Maka Ihe Ndị Dị Ndụ n'Ọhịa, Victoria, British Columbia<ref>{{Cite web|title=Centre for Forest Biology - University of Victoria|url=https://www.uvic.ca/research/centres/forestbiology/|accessdate=2022-10-14|work=www.uvic.ca}}</ref> * Great Lakes Forestry Centre, Sault Ste. Marie, Ontario<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.nrcan.gc.ca/forests/research-centres/glfc/13459|title=Great Lakes Forestry Centre|date=2013-11-27|accessdate=2023-08-18|archivedate=2019-04-22|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20190422213920/https://www.nrcan.gc.ca/forests/research-centres/glfc/13459}}</ref> * Ebe A Na-ahụ Maka Ọhịa Laurentian<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.nrcan.gc.ca/forests/research-centres/lfc/13473|title=Laurentian Forestry Centre|date=2013-11-27|accessdate=2023-08-18|archivedate=2019-04-20|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20190420143811/https://www.nrcan.gc.ca/forests/research-centres/lfc/13473}}</ref> * Ebe Ọhịa Dị n'Ebe Ugwu<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.nrcan.gc.ca/forests/research-centres/nofc/13485|title=Northern Forestry Centre|date=2013-11-27}}</ref> * Ụlọ Ọrụ Nnyocha Ọhịa Ontario * Ebe A Na-ahụ Maka Ọhịa Pacific<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.nrcan.gc.ca/forests/research-centres/pfc/13489|title=Pacific Forestry Centre|date=2013-11-27|accessdate=2023-08-18|archivedate=2019-04-22|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20190422214610/https://www.nrcan.gc.ca/forests/research-centres/pfc/13489}}</ref> * Mgbanwe nke FPI<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://fpinnovations.ca/|title=FPInnovations}}</ref> === Chile === * Instituto Forestal, [[Ministry of Agriculture of Chile|Ministry]] of Agriculture * Institute of Forests and Society, Austral University of Chile === Puerto Rico === * International Institute of Tropical Forestry === Suriname === * Ụlọ Ọrụ Nnyocha Ọrụ Ugbo na Suriname === United States === * Ụlọ nyocha nke ngwaahịa ọhịa<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.fpl.fs.fed.us/|title=USDA Forest Service - Forest Products Laboratory|accessdate=2023-08-18|archivedate=2010-01-06|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20100106114400/http://www.fpl.fs.fed.us/}}</ref> * Institute for Resource Information Systems<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20230805125442/https://www.irisinfosys.org/ I.R.I.S.® - Institute for Resource Information Systems (TM/SM).] Accessed February 12, 2015.</ref> * Institute of Forest Resources, Mahadum Washington, Seattle, Washington (nke Washington State Legislature mepụtara, 1947) [ihe odide dị mkpa] * International Institute of Tropical Forestry<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.fs.usda.gov/iitf|title=IITF - Home}}</ref> * Ebe Nnyocha nke Ebe Ugwu<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.nrs.fs.fed.us/|title=Northern Research Station|accessdate=2023-08-18|archivedate=2021-12-29|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20211229142404/https://www.nrs.fs.fed.us/}}</ref> * Ụlọ Ọrụ Na-ahụ Maka Ọhịa Oregon * Ebe Nnyocha Pacific Northwest<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.fs.fed.us/pnw/|title=Pacific Northwest Research Station}}</ref> * Ebe Nnyocha Pacific Southwest<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.fs.fed.us/psw/|title=Pacific Southwest Research Station}}</ref> * Ebe Nnyocha Ugwu Rocky<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.fs.fed.us/rmrs/|title=Rocky Mountain Research Station - RMRS - US Forest Service}}</ref> * Ebe Nnyocha Ndịda<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.srs.fs.usda.gov/index.php|title=USDA Forest Service Southern Research Station|accessdate=2023-08-18|archivedate=2023-03-24|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20230324152124/https://srs.fs.usda.gov/index.php}}</ref> * USDA Forest Service, Research and Development Branch == Eshia == === Nepal === * Ogige Nnyocha na Ọzụzụ Ọhịa (nke bụbu Ngalaba Nnyocha Ọhịa na Nnyocha)<ref>{{Cite web|title=Government of Nepal{{!}}Ministry of Forests and Environment{{!}}Forest Research and Training Centre|url=http://www.frtc.gov.np/|accessdate=August 18, 2022|work=frtc.gov.np|archivedate=October 1, 2020|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20201001015348/http://frtc.gov.np/}}</ref> === Bangladesh === * Bangladesh Forest Research Institut (nke bụbu Forest Products Research Laboratory) === India === [[Usòrò:Forest_Research_Institute,_Dehradun,_India.jpg|thumb|Ụlọ Ọrụ Nnyocha Ọhịa, Dehadrun]] * Advanced Research Center for Bamboo and Rattan, Aizawl * Ụlọ Ọrụ Nnyocha Ọhịa kpọrọ nkụ, Jodhpur * Ebe obibi na mgbatị nke ọhịa, Agarlata * Ụlọ Ọrụ Na-ahụ Maka Nnyocha Ọhịa na Mmepe Ndị Mmadụ, Chhindwara * Ebe a na-ahụ maka Ọhịa Ọha na Mgbapụta Mpaghara, Prayagraj * Forest College na Research Institute, Tamil Nadu Agricultural University, Mettupalayam<ref>[http://www.tnau.ac.in/fcri/About.html "Forest College and Research Institute", Tamil Nadu Agricultural University.] Accessed: November 7, 2012.</ref> * Ụlọ Ọrụ Nnyocha Ọhịa, Dehradun * Ụlọ Ọrụ Nnyocha Ọhịa, Kanpur, Ngalaba Ọhịa Uttar Pradesh * Gujarat Forest Research Institute * Ụlọ Ọrụ Nnyocha Ọhịa Himalayan, Shimla * Institute of Forest Biodiversity, Hyderabad * Institute of Forest Genetics and Tree Breeding, Coimbatore * Institute of Forest Productivity, Ranchi * Institute of Wood Science and Technology, Bengaluru * Ụlọ Ọrụ Nnyocha Ọhịa Kerala, Peechi, Thrissur * Ụlọ Ọrụ Nnyocha Oké Ọhịa, Jorhat * Ụlọ Ọrụ Nnyocha Ọhịa Tropical, Jabalpur * Van Vigyan Kendra (Ụlọ Ọrụ Sayensị Ọhịa) * State Forest Research Institute, Chennai === Japan === * [[Yamanashi Forest Research Institute|Ụlọ Ọrụ Nnyocha Ọhịa Yamanashi]] === Korea === * [[National Institute of Forest Science]] * [http://Dendro.kr Ogige Nnyocha Mkpịsị osisi, Mahadum Mba Chungbuk] === Lao P.D.R. === * [[National Agriculture and Forestry Research Institute]] === Malaysia === * Ụlọ Ọrụ Nnyocha Ọhịa Malaysia * Ụlọ Ọrụ Mmanụ Mmanụ Mkpụrụ Mkpụrụ Mmanụ Malaysia === Myanmar (Burma) === * [[Forest Research Institute (Myanmar)|Ụlọ ọrụ nyocha ọhịa]], nke jikọtara ya na Mahadum nke Ọhịa (Yezin) === Pakistan === * Ụlọ Ọrụ Ọhịa nke Pakistan, Peshawar === Taiwan === * Ụlọ Ọrụ Nnyocha Ọhịa nke Taiwan === Tajikistan === * Tajik State Forest Research Institute, Dushanbe, nke jikọtara ya na Forestry Agency n'okpuru Gọọmentị nke Tajikistan === Thailand === * [[Forest Restoration Research Unit|Ngalaba Nnyocha]] Nweghachi Ọhịa, Chiang Mai === Vietnam === * [[Forestry Science Institute of Vietnam|Ụlọ Ọrụ Sayensị Ọhịa nke Vietnam]] == Europe == [[Usòrò:Metla_research_forest.jpg|áká_ịkẹngạ|thumb|Oké ọhịa nchọpụta Metla]] === Austria === * [[Federal Forest Research Centre Vienna|Ebe Nnyocha Ọhịa Federal Vienna]]<ref>[http://bfw.ac.at/db/bfwcms.web?dok=4684 BFW, "History"] Accessed: May 7, 2012.</ref> === Belgium === * Ụlọ Ọrụ Nnyocha Maka Okike na Ọhịa === Finland === * Ụlọ Ọrụ Nnyocha Ọhịa nke Finland (Metla) === Germany === * Bayerische Landesanstalt für Wald und Forstwirtschaft<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.lwf.bayern.de/|title=Bayerische Landesanstalt für Wald und Forstwirtschaft}}</ref> * Forschungsanstalt für Waldökologie und Forstwirtschaft Rheinland-Pfalz<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.fawf.wald-rlp.de/|title=Landesforsten Rheinland-Pfalz: Forschungsanstalt für Waldökologie und Forstwirtschaft|work=www.fawf.wald-rlp.de|accessdate=2023-08-18|archivedate=2021-03-04|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20210304063339/https://fawf.wald-rlp.de/}}</ref> * Forstliche Versuchs- na Forschungsanstalt Baden-Württemberg<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.fva-bw.de/|title=Forstliche Versuchs- und Forschungsanstalt BW}}</ref> * Landesbetrieb Wald und Holz NRW - Lehr- und Versuchsforstamt Arnsberger Wald<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.wald-und-holz.nrw.de/ueber-uns/einrichtungen/lehr-und-versuchsforstamt-arnsberger-wald/|title=Lehr- und Versuchsforstamt Arnsberger Wald - Wald & Holz|date=4 April 2016|accessdate=18 August 2023|archivedate=24 September 2019|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20190924234823/https://www.wald-und-holz.nrw.de/ueber-uns/einrichtungen/lehr-und-versuchsforstamt-arnsberger-wald/}}</ref> * Landesforst Mecklenburg-Vorpommern - Forstliches Versuchswesen<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.wald-mv.de/forstliches_versuchswesen-1562-21-1-12-25.html|title=Landesforst M-V - Forstliches Versuchswesen|accessdate=2016-01-26|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160125043518/http://www.wald-mv.de/forstliches_versuchswesen-1562-21-1-12-25.html|archivedate=2016-01-25}}</ref> * Landeskompetenzzentrum Forst Eberswalde (Brandenburg)<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://forst.brandenburg.de/sixcms/detail.php/474880|title=Landeskompetenzzentrum Forst Eberswalde (LFE)}}</ref> * Nordwestdeutsche Forstliche Versuchsanstalt (Niedersachsen, Hessen, Sachsen-Anhalt, Schleswig-Holstein)<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.nw-fva.de/|title=Aktuelles|publisher=nw-fva.de}}</ref> * Sachsenforst - Kompetenzzentrum Wald und Forstwirtschaft<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.smul.sachsen.de/sbs/16978.htm|title=Kompetenzzentrum Wald und Forstwirtschaft|author=Gerstenberger, Andy|accessdate=2023-08-18|archivedate=2017-08-07|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170807171621/https://www.smul.sachsen.de/sbs/16978.htm}}</ref> * Thünen-Institut - Institut für Waldökosysteme<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.vti.bund.de/de/wo/|title=Thünen-Institut: Waldökosysteme|accessdate=2016-01-26|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160204062739/http://www.vti.bund.de/de/wo/|archivedate=2016-02-04}}</ref> * Thüringenforst - Forstliches Forschungs- und Kompetenzzentrum Gotha<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.thueringenforst.de/ueber-thueringenforst/forstliches-forschungs-und-kompetenzzentrum/uebersicht/|title=Forstliches Forschungs- und Kompetenzzentrum Gotha - Thüringen Forst|date=15 March 2016|work=Thüringen Forst|accessdate=18 August 2023|archivedate=5 April 2022|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20220405155510/https://www.thueringenforst.de/ueber-thueringenforst/forstliches-forschungs-und-kompetenzzentrum/uebersicht/}}</ref> === Hungary === * [https://web.archive.org/web/20221206163224/https://erti.naik.hu/en/organizations/forest-research-institute Ụlọ Ọrụ Nnyocha Ọhịa nke Hungary] === Latvia === * Latvian State Forest Research Institute "Silava"<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.silava.lv/mainen/about-us.aspx|title=Silava - About us|work=www.silava.lv|accessdate=2023-08-18|archivedate=2022-05-18|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20220518094644/http://www.silava.lv/mainen/about-us.aspx}}</ref> === Norway === * Ụlọ Ọrụ Nnyocha Ọhịa nke Norway * Ụlọ Ọrụ Na-ahụ Maka Nnyocha Bioeconomy nke Norway<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.nibio.no/en|title=Nibio EN - Nibio|work=www.nibio.no}}</ref> === Rọshịa === * [[Forestry Engineering Academy|Ụlọ Akwụkwọ Injinịa Ọhịa]], Saint Petersburg<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20160913053739/http://www.encspb.ru/object/2804011999?lc=en St. Petersburg Encyclopedia.] Accessed: May 6, 2012.</ref> * Saint Petersburg Forestry Research Institute, kemgbe 1929, Saint Petersburg<ref>[http://spb-niilh.ru/en/ Official website]. Accessed September 28, 2012.</ref> * Sukachev Institute of Forest, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow === Belarus === * Forest Research Instite, National Academy of Sciences of Belarus, Homel === Spain === * Ụlọ Ọrụ Sayensị Ọhịa nke Catalonia (CTFC)<ref>{{Cite web|title=Centre de Ciència i Tecnologia Forestal de Catalunya|url=https://ctfc.cat/|accessdate=August 18, 2022|work=ctfc.cat}}</ref> * Ogige Nnyocha Ọhịa (INIA-CIFOR)<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.inia.es/nosotros/centrosdepartamentos/Centros/CIFOR/Pages/Home.aspx|title=Centro de Investigación Forestal (CIFOR) Home|accessdate=2023-08-18|archivedate=2022-08-16|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20220816163628/https://www.inia.es/nosotros/centrosdepartamentos/Centros/CIFOR/Pages/Home.aspx}}</ref> === Sweden === * Ụlọ Ọrụ Nnyocha Ọhịa nke Sweden (Skogforsk) === Switzerland === * Swiss Federal Institute for Forest, Snow and Landscape Research (WSL)<ref>{{Cite web|title=WSL Home - Swiss Federal Institute for Forest, Snow and Landscape Research (WSL)|url=https://www.wsl.ch/en/index.html|accessdate=August 18, 2022|work=www.wsl.ch}}</ref> === United Kingdom === * Nnyocha Ọhịa (ụlọ ọrụ), Forestry Commission ** Ngalaba Nnyocha Aberystwyth<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.forestry.gov.uk/fr/INFD-7XQF5B|title=Contact us - Forest Research in Wales (Forest Research)|accessdate=2023-08-18|archivedate=2017-07-20|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170720182204/https://www.forestry.gov.uk/fr/infd-7xqf5b}}</ref> ** Ụlọ Ọrụ Nnyocha Alice Holt<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.forestry.gov.uk/fr/INFD-5UWHXL|title=Alice Holt Research Station|accessdate=2023-08-18|archivedate=2012-10-31|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20121031121729/http://www.forestry.gov.uk/fr/INFD-5UWHXL}}</ref> ** Ebe Nnyocha nke Ebe Ugwu<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.forestry.gov.uk/fr/INFD-5UWJHD|title=Northern Research Station|accessdate=2023-08-18|archivedate=2017-07-08|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170708100605/https://www.forestry.gov.uk/fr/infd-5uwjhd}}</ref> == Oceania == === Australia === * Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation (CSIRO) === New Zealand === * Scion (Ụlọ Ọrụ Nnyocha nke Eze) == Hụkwazie == * Ndepụta nke ụlọ ọrụ nyocha gburugburu ebe obibi * [[Ndepụta nke mahadum na kọleji na-ahụ maka ọhịa]] * Nlekọta Nri na Ọrụ Ugbo (FAO), Rome * International Forestry Resources and Institutions (IFRI) netwọk, Michigan, US * International Union of Forest Research Organizations (IUFRO), Vienna * World Agroforestry Center, Nairobi, Kenya * Nzukọ Ndị Na-ahụ Maka Ọhịa Ụwa == Edensibia == {{Reflist|22em}} jht39vetee4w98ib4dy8dpd20nx7m54 0 29592 320065 181563 2025-06-30T12:17:38Z Anastesia chi 23720 edoziri m broken files 320065 wikitext text/x-wiki     {| class="infobox vcard" |+ class="infobox-title fn org" id="4" |Abitibi Consolidated Inc. | colspan="2" class="infobox-image logo" |[ |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="padding-right: 0.5em;" |Type | class="infobox-data category" style="line-height: 1.35em;" |Public company ([[Toronto Stock Exchange|TSX]]: A), ([[New York Stock Exchange|NYSE]]: ABY) |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="padding-right: 0.5em;" |Industry | class="infobox-data category" style="line-height: 1.35em;" |Pulp and paper, wood products |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="padding-right: 0.5em;" |Predecessor | class="infobox-data" style="line-height: 1.35em;" |Abitibi-Price Inc.<br /><br /><br /><br />Stone Consolidated Corp. |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="padding-right: 0.5em;" |Founded | class="infobox-data" style="line-height: 1.35em;" |[[Montreal]], Quebec, Canada (1997<span style="display:none">&nbsp;(<span class="bday dtstart published updated">1997</span>)</span>) |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="padding-right: 0.5em;" |Defunct | class="infobox-data" style="line-height: 1.35em;" |2007<span style="display:none">&nbsp;(<span class="dtend">2007</span>)</span>; bought by Resolute Forest Products |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="padding-right: 0.5em;" |Fate | class="infobox-data" style="line-height: 1.35em;" |Merged |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="padding-right: 0.5em;" |Successor | class="infobox-data" style="line-height: 1.35em;" |[[AbitibiBowater|AbitibiBowater Inc.]] |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="padding-right: 0.5em;" |Headquarters | class="infobox-data adr" style="line-height: 1.35em;" |<div class="locality" style="display: inline;">[[Montreal]], Quebec</div>, <div class="country-name" style="display: inline;">Canada</div> |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="padding-right: 0.5em;" |<div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Area served</div> | class="infobox-data" style="line-height: 1.35em;" |Worldwide |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="padding-right: 0.5em;" |<div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Key people</div> | class="infobox-data agent" style="line-height: 1.35em;" |John W. Weaver (CEO)<br /><br /><br /><br />Jacques Bougie (Chairman)<br /><br /><br /><br />Pierre Rougeau (CFO) |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="padding-right: 0.5em;" |Products | class="infobox-data" style="line-height: 1.35em;" |[[Newsprint]], Uncoated Groundwood, Wood Products, Recycling Services |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="padding-right: 0.5em;" |Revenue | class="infobox-data" style="line-height: 1.35em;" |[[File:Increase2.svg|link=|11x11px|Increase]]$5.342 billion [[Canadian Dollar|CAD]] (2005) |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="padding-right: 0.5em;" |<div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">[[Earnings before interest and taxes|Operating income]]</div> | class="infobox-data" style="line-height: 1.35em;" |[[File:Decrease2.svg|link=|11x11px|Decrease]]$276.00 million [[Canadian Dollar|CAD]] (2005) |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="padding-right: 0.5em;" |<div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">[[Net income]]</div> | class="infobox-data" style="line-height: 1.35em;" |[[File:Decrease2.svg|link=|11x11px|Decrease]]$350.00 million [[Canadian Dollar|CAD]] (2005) |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="padding-right: 0.5em;" |<div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Number of employees</div> | class="infobox-data" style="line-height: 1.35em;" |17,000 (2006) |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="padding-right: 0.5em;" |[[Parent company|Parent]] | class="infobox-data" style="line-height: 1.35em;" |[[Resolute Forest Products]]&nbsp;<span class="penicon autoconfirmed-show">[[File:OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg|link=https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2821643?uselang=en#P749|text-top|frameless|10x10px|Edit this on Wikidata]]</span> |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="padding-right: 0.5em;" |Website | class="infobox-data" style="line-height: 1.35em;" |[http://www.abitibiconsolidated.com/AciWebSiteV3.nsf www.abitibiconsolidated.com] |} [[Usòrò:Abitibi_Consolidated_recycling_bin.JPG|áká_ịkẹngạ|thumb|250x250px|Abitibi Recycling bin, New Boston, Michigan]] '''Abitibi Consolidated Inc'''. bụ ụlọ ọrụ pulp na akwụkwọ nke Canada nke dị na Montreal, [[Quebec]]. E guzobere Abitibi-Consolidated site na njikọta nke Abitibi -Price Inc. na Stone Consolidated Corp. na Mee 29, 1997; ụlọ ọrụ ahụ jikọtara ya na Bowater na 2007 iji guzobe [[Ngwaahịa Ọhịa|AbitibiBowater]]. == Ọrụ == Otu netwọk nke ụlọ ọrụ akwụkwọ iri na itoolu, ụlọ ọrụ ịkwa osisi iri abụọ, ụlọ ọrụ 4 na ụlọ ọrụ osisi abụọ, nke dị na Canada, United States na United Kingdom, nyere ndị na-ebipụta akwụkwọ, ndị na-ekesa ngwaahịa ụlọ na ndị na-emepụta ụlọ n'ihe karịrị mba iri asaa. O nwere ihe dịka ndị ọrụ 12,500. Onye ndu ụwa na akwụkwọ akụkọ, akwụkwọ obibi akwụkwọ azụmahịa na ngwaahịa osisi, ụlọ ọrụ ahụ hụrụ ngụkọta ego nke ijeri $ 4.85 na 2006. Nke mbụ na Canada n'ihe gbasara oke ọhịa, Abitibi-Consolidated bụkwa otu n'ime ndị na-emegharị akwụkwọ akụkọ na magazin, na-eje ozi na mpaghara 21 dị na North America na United Kingdom. Na mgbakwunye, ụlọ ọrụ ahụ nwere nnukwu akụ na-emepụta mmiri eletrik n'ebe ọwụwa anyanwụ Canada, nke nyere uru ọnụahịa maka ụlọ ọrụ mmepụta metụtara ya ma bụrụ ndọtị n'ime ngalaba ike. == Akụkọ ihe mere eme == === Price Brothers === Price Brothers & Company Limited bụ '''ụlọ ọrụ''' osisi si [[Quebec]] nke William Price guzobere na 1820 dị ka William Price Company. Mgbe ọnwụ nke ụmụ Price Sr William Evan Price na Evans John Price weghaara ma ụlọ ọrụ ahụ ghọrọ '''Price Brothers''' and Company Limited.<ref name="wllm-price-bio">{{Cite web|first=Jean|author=Benoit|url=http://www.biographi.ca/en/bio/price_william_15E.html|title=Biography – PRICE, Sir WILLIAM|work=Dictionary of Canadian Biography|publisher=University of Toronto/Université Laval|year=2005|accessdate=2014-03-03}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="true" id="CITEREFBenoit2005">Benoit, Jean (2005). [http://www.biographi.ca/en/bio/price_william_15E.html "Biography – PRICE, Sir WILLIAM"]. ''Dictionary of Canadian Biography''. University of Toronto/Université Laval<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">March 3,</span> 2014</span>.</cite></ref> N'afọ 1910, ụlọ ọrụ ahụ ghọrọ '''Price Brothers Limited''' dịka (Sir) William Price III weghaara ụlọ ọrụ ezinụlọ ahụ. Mgbe Sir William nwụsịrị na 1924, ụmụ ya nwoke John Herbert na Arthur Clifford Price weghaara ikike.<ref name="wllm-price-bio"/> N'afọ ndị 1930 ezinụlọ Price tụfuru ikike ma ree ụlọ ọrụ ahụ. A gbanwere aha Price Brothers and Company ka ọ bụrụ Price Limited na 1966 ma Abitibi Power and Paper Co. nwetara ya wee ghọọ Abitibi-Price na 1974.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.lib.uwo.ca/programs/companyinformationinternational/co_op.html|title=Western Libraries - Historical Annual Reports - OP &#124; Western Libraries|publisher=Lib.uwo.ca|accessdate=2014-03-03|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20131103151033/https://www.lib.uwo.ca/programs/companyinformationinternational/co_op.html|archivedate=November 3, 2013}}</ref> Mgbe Abitibi-Price ghọrọ Abitibi -Consolidated na 1997, aha Price mechara pụọ. === Abitibi === Abitibi Pulp and Paper Co. Ltd. tọrọ ntọala na 1912 na Iroquois Falls, Ontario na Osimiri Abitibi site n'aka [[Frank Harris Anson]]. N'ọnwa Febụwarị na-esote, a gbanwere aha ụlọ ọrụ ahụ ka ọ bụrụ Abitibi Power and Paper Co. Ltd. iji gosipụta azụmahịa mmepụta ike ọ mepụtara site na mkpa ọ dị iwu ihe mgbochi mmiri iji mepụta ọkụ eletrik maka igwe ya. Ụlọ ọrụ ahụ gbasaa n'ebe ndị ọzọ dị na Ontario ebe ọ rụkwara ihe mgbochi mmiri ma na-arụ ọrụ na ụlọ ọrụ ọkụ eletrik. Ebe ọ bụla ụlọ ọrụ ahụ wuru ihe igwe ihe, obodo ọhụrụ bilitere gburugburu ya ọbụnakwa wuo ụlọ ọrụ redio dịka CFCH na Iroquois Falls iji jeere obodo ọhụrụ ndị a dịpụrụ adịpụ ozi. Ụlọ ọrụ ahụ nwetara obere ọrụ osisi ndị ọzọ ma too ghọọ nnukwu ike na azụmaahịa akwụkwọ akụkọ North America mana Oké Ndakpọ Akụ̀ na Ụba mere ka ụlọ ọrụ ahụ tinye akwụkwọ maka nchebe bankruptcy na Septemba 10, 1932. E nwere kọmitii Royal iji nyochaa ihe omume ụlọ ọrụ ahụ, na akụkọ ya wepụtara na Machị 1941.<ref name="royal-comm">{{Cite web|author=Justice Charles P. McTague|url=https://archive.org/details/abitibipowercomm00onta|title=Report of Royal Commission inquiring into the affairs of Abitibi Power and Paper Company Limited.|date=March 1941|accessdate=2014-03-03}}</ref> Ọ nọgidere n'okpuru nchịkwa nke Onye Nnakwere Ụlọikpe họpụtara ruo 1946, nke kachasị ogologo n'akụkọ ihe mere eme nke Canada. N'ịbụ onye na-apụta site na akụnụba, ụlọ ọrụ ahụ bara ọgaranya na mmepụta ihe mgbe [[World War II|Agha Ụwa nke Abụọ]] gasịrị ma na 1965 gbanwee aha ya ka ọ bụrụ Abitibi Paper Company Ltd. N'afọ 1974, Abitibi zụrụ òkè na Price Brothers & Company Limited nke nwere nnukwu ọrụ na Province of Quebec na nnukwu azụmahịa ọhịa ya malitere na William Price Company guzobere na Quebec City na 1820. Njikọ nke Abitibi na Price Brothers mere ka ọ bụrụ onye na-emepụta akwụkwọ akụkọ kachasị n'ụwa. N'afọ 1979, a gbanwere aha ụlọ ọrụ ahụ ka ọ bụrụ Abitibi-Price Inc. na n'afọ 1981, Olympia na York Developments Ltd weghaara ya. N'afọ 1982, Abitibi-Price zụtara ụlọ ọrụ Hilroy, onye guzobere ya, Roy Hill, bụ onye otu ndị nduzi Abitibi ma nwụọ n'afọ 1978.<ref name="roy">{{Cite web |url=http://www.hilroy.ca/about |title=hilroy.ca: "About Hilroy" |accessdate=2023-08-19 |archivedate=2019-04-02 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20190402143344/http://www.hilroy.ca/about }}</ref> Site na ịzụta Hilroy, Abitibi-Price ghọrọ onye na-eweta ihe ndị dị n'ọfịs n'ahịa Canada. Nkwada nke Olympia na York na 1992 mere ka a manyere ndị otu ụlọ akụ ịchịkwa Abitibi-Price Inc. n'oge dị mkpirikpi ruo mgbe ha rere ya site na mbipụta nke ọha na eze na 1994. Ihe gbasara òkè ahụ mekwara ka a wepụ ma ree Hilroy na Mead Corporation.<ref name="roy" /> === E wusiri ike === Ụlọ ọrụ Bathurst Power and Paper Company Ltd. wuru ihe igwe ihe na Bathurst, New Brunswick na 1914. Arthur J. Nesbitt na onye mmekọ ya Peter A. T. Thomson nwetara ikike ka ukwuu nke ụlọ ọrụ ahụ na ngwụcha afọ 1930 site na ụlọ ọrụ ha, Power Corporation of Canada. Na mbido afọ 1960, Power Corporation zụrụ Consolidated Paper Company. Mgbe Paul Desmarais nwetara ikike nke Power Corporation na 1968, e jikọtara ụlọ ọrụ abụọ ahụ wee ghọọ Consolidated-Bathurst Inc., nke, na 1989, rere ya na Stone Container Corporation nke Chicago, Illinois bụ ndị gbanwere aha ya Stone Consolidate Inc. === Ihe ndị e nwetara === N'afọ 2000, Abitibi-Consolidated nwetara ọtụtụ òkè na ụlọ ọrụ ngwaahịa ọhịa nke Canada [[Donohue Inc.|Donohue Inc]]<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.recyclingtoday.com/article/abitibi-consolidated--donohue-to-merge/|title=Abitibi-Consolidated, Donohue to Merge|work=Recycling Today|language=en|accessdate=2020-04-02}}</ref>. == Njikọ ya na Bowater == Na Jenụwarị 29, 2007, Bowater na Abitibi-Consolidated kwupụtara na ha ga-agbakọta iji mepụta [[Ngwaahịa Ọhịa|AbitibiBowater]].<ref>{{Cite news|title=Abitibi, Bowater merging to create forestry giant|url=http://www.cbc.ca/money/story/2007/01/29/abitibibowater.html|work=CBC News|date=2007-01-30|accessdate=2009-04-16}}</ref> Njikọ ahụ mepụtara ụlọ ọrụ pulp na akwụkwọ nke atọ kachasị na North America, na nke asatọ kachasị n'ụwa. Mgbe njikọta ahụ gasịrị, Moody's, Standard & Poor's na Fitch Ratings nyere Abitibi-Consolidated akara B1, B+ na B+ . == Ihe odide == {{Reflist}} == Njikọ mpụga == * [https://web.archive.org/web/20080621102223/http://www.abitibiconsolidated.com/ACIWebSiteV3.nsf/Site/en/index.html Ebe nrụọrụ weebụ ụlọ ọrụ] E debere na June 21, 2008, na Wayback Machine * [http://biz.yahoo.com/p/a/aby.html Profaịlụ Yahoo] [[Òtù:Pages with unreviewed translations]] ca7wpxwlysuv1s5ojmsgh51ogp297yz 320066 320065 2025-06-30T12:18:15Z Anastesia chi 23720 edoziri m broken files 320066 wikitext text/x-wiki     {| class="infobox vcard" |+ class="infobox-title fn org" id="4" |Abitibi Consolidated Inc. | colspan="2" class="infobox-image logo" | |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="padding-right: 0.5em;" |Type | class="infobox-data category" style="line-height: 1.35em;" |Public company ([[Toronto Stock Exchange|TSX]]: A), ([[New York Stock Exchange|NYSE]]: ABY) |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="padding-right: 0.5em;" |Industry | class="infobox-data category" style="line-height: 1.35em;" |Pulp and paper, wood products |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="padding-right: 0.5em;" |Predecessor | class="infobox-data" style="line-height: 1.35em;" |Abitibi-Price Inc.<br /><br /><br /><br />Stone Consolidated Corp. |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="padding-right: 0.5em;" |Founded | class="infobox-data" style="line-height: 1.35em;" |[[Montreal]], Quebec, Canada (1997<span style="display:none">&nbsp;(<span class="bday dtstart published updated">1997</span>)</span>) |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="padding-right: 0.5em;" |Defunct | class="infobox-data" style="line-height: 1.35em;" |2007<span style="display:none">&nbsp;(<span class="dtend">2007</span>)</span>; bought by Resolute Forest Products |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="padding-right: 0.5em;" |Fate | class="infobox-data" style="line-height: 1.35em;" |Merged |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="padding-right: 0.5em;" |Successor | class="infobox-data" style="line-height: 1.35em;" |[[AbitibiBowater|AbitibiBowater Inc.]] |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="padding-right: 0.5em;" |Headquarters | class="infobox-data adr" style="line-height: 1.35em;" |<div class="locality" style="display: inline;">[[Montreal]], Quebec</div>, <div class="country-name" style="display: inline;">Canada</div> |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="padding-right: 0.5em;" |<div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Area served</div> | class="infobox-data" style="line-height: 1.35em;" |Worldwide |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="padding-right: 0.5em;" |<div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Key people</div> | class="infobox-data agent" style="line-height: 1.35em;" |John W. Weaver (CEO)<br /><br /><br /><br />Jacques Bougie (Chairman)<br /><br /><br /><br />Pierre Rougeau (CFO) |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="padding-right: 0.5em;" |Products | class="infobox-data" style="line-height: 1.35em;" |[[Newsprint]], Uncoated Groundwood, Wood Products, Recycling Services |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="padding-right: 0.5em;" |Revenue | class="infobox-data" style="line-height: 1.35em;" |[[File:Increase2.svg|link=|11x11px|Increase]]$5.342 billion [[Canadian Dollar|CAD]] (2005) |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="padding-right: 0.5em;" |<div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">[[Earnings before interest and taxes|Operating income]]</div> | class="infobox-data" style="line-height: 1.35em;" |[[File:Decrease2.svg|link=|11x11px|Decrease]]$276.00 million [[Canadian Dollar|CAD]] (2005) |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="padding-right: 0.5em;" |<div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">[[Net income]]</div> | class="infobox-data" style="line-height: 1.35em;" |[[File:Decrease2.svg|link=|11x11px|Decrease]]$350.00 million [[Canadian Dollar|CAD]] (2005) |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="padding-right: 0.5em;" |<div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Number of employees</div> | class="infobox-data" style="line-height: 1.35em;" |17,000 (2006) |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="padding-right: 0.5em;" |[[Parent company|Parent]] | class="infobox-data" style="line-height: 1.35em;" |[[Resolute Forest Products]]&nbsp;<span class="penicon autoconfirmed-show">[[File:OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg|link=https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2821643?uselang=en#P749|text-top|frameless|10x10px|Edit this on Wikidata]]</span> |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="padding-right: 0.5em;" |Website | class="infobox-data" style="line-height: 1.35em;" |[http://www.abitibiconsolidated.com/AciWebSiteV3.nsf www.abitibiconsolidated.com] |} [[Usòrò:Abitibi_Consolidated_recycling_bin.JPG|áká_ịkẹngạ|thumb|250x250px|Abitibi Recycling bin, New Boston, Michigan]] '''Abitibi Consolidated Inc'''. bụ ụlọ ọrụ pulp na akwụkwọ nke Canada nke dị na Montreal, [[Quebec]]. E guzobere Abitibi-Consolidated site na njikọta nke Abitibi -Price Inc. na Stone Consolidated Corp. na Mee 29, 1997; ụlọ ọrụ ahụ jikọtara ya na Bowater na 2007 iji guzobe [[Ngwaahịa Ọhịa|AbitibiBowater]]. == Ọrụ == Otu netwọk nke ụlọ ọrụ akwụkwọ iri na itoolu, ụlọ ọrụ ịkwa osisi iri abụọ, ụlọ ọrụ 4 na ụlọ ọrụ osisi abụọ, nke dị na Canada, United States na United Kingdom, nyere ndị na-ebipụta akwụkwọ, ndị na-ekesa ngwaahịa ụlọ na ndị na-emepụta ụlọ n'ihe karịrị mba iri asaa. O nwere ihe dịka ndị ọrụ 12,500. Onye ndu ụwa na akwụkwọ akụkọ, akwụkwọ obibi akwụkwọ azụmahịa na ngwaahịa osisi, ụlọ ọrụ ahụ hụrụ ngụkọta ego nke ijeri $ 4.85 na 2006. Nke mbụ na Canada n'ihe gbasara oke ọhịa, Abitibi-Consolidated bụkwa otu n'ime ndị na-emegharị akwụkwọ akụkọ na magazin, na-eje ozi na mpaghara 21 dị na North America na United Kingdom. Na mgbakwunye, ụlọ ọrụ ahụ nwere nnukwu akụ na-emepụta mmiri eletrik n'ebe ọwụwa anyanwụ Canada, nke nyere uru ọnụahịa maka ụlọ ọrụ mmepụta metụtara ya ma bụrụ ndọtị n'ime ngalaba ike. == Akụkọ ihe mere eme == === Price Brothers === Price Brothers & Company Limited bụ '''ụlọ ọrụ''' osisi si [[Quebec]] nke William Price guzobere na 1820 dị ka William Price Company. Mgbe ọnwụ nke ụmụ Price Sr William Evan Price na Evans John Price weghaara ma ụlọ ọrụ ahụ ghọrọ '''Price Brothers''' and Company Limited.<ref name="wllm-price-bio">{{Cite web|first=Jean|author=Benoit|url=http://www.biographi.ca/en/bio/price_william_15E.html|title=Biography – PRICE, Sir WILLIAM|work=Dictionary of Canadian Biography|publisher=University of Toronto/Université Laval|year=2005|accessdate=2014-03-03}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="true" id="CITEREFBenoit2005">Benoit, Jean (2005). [http://www.biographi.ca/en/bio/price_william_15E.html "Biography – PRICE, Sir WILLIAM"]. ''Dictionary of Canadian Biography''. University of Toronto/Université Laval<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">March 3,</span> 2014</span>.</cite></ref> N'afọ 1910, ụlọ ọrụ ahụ ghọrọ '''Price Brothers Limited''' dịka (Sir) William Price III weghaara ụlọ ọrụ ezinụlọ ahụ. Mgbe Sir William nwụsịrị na 1924, ụmụ ya nwoke John Herbert na Arthur Clifford Price weghaara ikike.<ref name="wllm-price-bio"/> N'afọ ndị 1930 ezinụlọ Price tụfuru ikike ma ree ụlọ ọrụ ahụ. A gbanwere aha Price Brothers and Company ka ọ bụrụ Price Limited na 1966 ma Abitibi Power and Paper Co. nwetara ya wee ghọọ Abitibi-Price na 1974.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.lib.uwo.ca/programs/companyinformationinternational/co_op.html|title=Western Libraries - Historical Annual Reports - OP &#124; Western Libraries|publisher=Lib.uwo.ca|accessdate=2014-03-03|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20131103151033/https://www.lib.uwo.ca/programs/companyinformationinternational/co_op.html|archivedate=November 3, 2013}}</ref> Mgbe Abitibi-Price ghọrọ Abitibi -Consolidated na 1997, aha Price mechara pụọ. === Abitibi === Abitibi Pulp and Paper Co. Ltd. tọrọ ntọala na 1912 na Iroquois Falls, Ontario na Osimiri Abitibi site n'aka [[Frank Harris Anson]]. N'ọnwa Febụwarị na-esote, a gbanwere aha ụlọ ọrụ ahụ ka ọ bụrụ Abitibi Power and Paper Co. Ltd. iji gosipụta azụmahịa mmepụta ike ọ mepụtara site na mkpa ọ dị iwu ihe mgbochi mmiri iji mepụta ọkụ eletrik maka igwe ya. Ụlọ ọrụ ahụ gbasaa n'ebe ndị ọzọ dị na Ontario ebe ọ rụkwara ihe mgbochi mmiri ma na-arụ ọrụ na ụlọ ọrụ ọkụ eletrik. Ebe ọ bụla ụlọ ọrụ ahụ wuru ihe igwe ihe, obodo ọhụrụ bilitere gburugburu ya ọbụnakwa wuo ụlọ ọrụ redio dịka CFCH na Iroquois Falls iji jeere obodo ọhụrụ ndị a dịpụrụ adịpụ ozi. Ụlọ ọrụ ahụ nwetara obere ọrụ osisi ndị ọzọ ma too ghọọ nnukwu ike na azụmaahịa akwụkwọ akụkọ North America mana Oké Ndakpọ Akụ̀ na Ụba mere ka ụlọ ọrụ ahụ tinye akwụkwọ maka nchebe bankruptcy na Septemba 10, 1932. E nwere kọmitii Royal iji nyochaa ihe omume ụlọ ọrụ ahụ, na akụkọ ya wepụtara na Machị 1941.<ref name="royal-comm">{{Cite web|author=Justice Charles P. McTague|url=https://archive.org/details/abitibipowercomm00onta|title=Report of Royal Commission inquiring into the affairs of Abitibi Power and Paper Company Limited.|date=March 1941|accessdate=2014-03-03}}</ref> Ọ nọgidere n'okpuru nchịkwa nke Onye Nnakwere Ụlọikpe họpụtara ruo 1946, nke kachasị ogologo n'akụkọ ihe mere eme nke Canada. N'ịbụ onye na-apụta site na akụnụba, ụlọ ọrụ ahụ bara ọgaranya na mmepụta ihe mgbe [[World War II|Agha Ụwa nke Abụọ]] gasịrị ma na 1965 gbanwee aha ya ka ọ bụrụ Abitibi Paper Company Ltd. N'afọ 1974, Abitibi zụrụ òkè na Price Brothers & Company Limited nke nwere nnukwu ọrụ na Province of Quebec na nnukwu azụmahịa ọhịa ya malitere na William Price Company guzobere na Quebec City na 1820. Njikọ nke Abitibi na Price Brothers mere ka ọ bụrụ onye na-emepụta akwụkwọ akụkọ kachasị n'ụwa. N'afọ 1979, a gbanwere aha ụlọ ọrụ ahụ ka ọ bụrụ Abitibi-Price Inc. na n'afọ 1981, Olympia na York Developments Ltd weghaara ya. N'afọ 1982, Abitibi-Price zụtara ụlọ ọrụ Hilroy, onye guzobere ya, Roy Hill, bụ onye otu ndị nduzi Abitibi ma nwụọ n'afọ 1978.<ref name="roy">{{Cite web |url=http://www.hilroy.ca/about |title=hilroy.ca: "About Hilroy" |accessdate=2023-08-19 |archivedate=2019-04-02 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20190402143344/http://www.hilroy.ca/about }}</ref> Site na ịzụta Hilroy, Abitibi-Price ghọrọ onye na-eweta ihe ndị dị n'ọfịs n'ahịa Canada. Nkwada nke Olympia na York na 1992 mere ka a manyere ndị otu ụlọ akụ ịchịkwa Abitibi-Price Inc. n'oge dị mkpirikpi ruo mgbe ha rere ya site na mbipụta nke ọha na eze na 1994. Ihe gbasara òkè ahụ mekwara ka a wepụ ma ree Hilroy na Mead Corporation.<ref name="roy" /> === E wusiri ike === Ụlọ ọrụ Bathurst Power and Paper Company Ltd. wuru ihe igwe ihe na Bathurst, New Brunswick na 1914. Arthur J. Nesbitt na onye mmekọ ya Peter A. T. Thomson nwetara ikike ka ukwuu nke ụlọ ọrụ ahụ na ngwụcha afọ 1930 site na ụlọ ọrụ ha, Power Corporation of Canada. Na mbido afọ 1960, Power Corporation zụrụ Consolidated Paper Company. Mgbe Paul Desmarais nwetara ikike nke Power Corporation na 1968, e jikọtara ụlọ ọrụ abụọ ahụ wee ghọọ Consolidated-Bathurst Inc., nke, na 1989, rere ya na Stone Container Corporation nke Chicago, Illinois bụ ndị gbanwere aha ya Stone Consolidate Inc. === Ihe ndị e nwetara === N'afọ 2000, Abitibi-Consolidated nwetara ọtụtụ òkè na ụlọ ọrụ ngwaahịa ọhịa nke Canada [[Donohue Inc.|Donohue Inc]]<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.recyclingtoday.com/article/abitibi-consolidated--donohue-to-merge/|title=Abitibi-Consolidated, Donohue to Merge|work=Recycling Today|language=en|accessdate=2020-04-02}}</ref>. == Njikọ ya na Bowater == Na Jenụwarị 29, 2007, Bowater na Abitibi-Consolidated kwupụtara na ha ga-agbakọta iji mepụta [[Ngwaahịa Ọhịa|AbitibiBowater]].<ref>{{Cite news|title=Abitibi, Bowater merging to create forestry giant|url=http://www.cbc.ca/money/story/2007/01/29/abitibibowater.html|work=CBC News|date=2007-01-30|accessdate=2009-04-16}}</ref> Njikọ ahụ mepụtara ụlọ ọrụ pulp na akwụkwọ nke atọ kachasị na North America, na nke asatọ kachasị n'ụwa. Mgbe njikọta ahụ gasịrị, Moody's, Standard & Poor's na Fitch Ratings nyere Abitibi-Consolidated akara B1, B+ na B+ . == Ihe odide == {{Reflist}} == Njikọ mpụga == * [https://web.archive.org/web/20080621102223/http://www.abitibiconsolidated.com/ACIWebSiteV3.nsf/Site/en/index.html Ebe nrụọrụ weebụ ụlọ ọrụ] E debere na June 21, 2008, na Wayback Machine * [http://biz.yahoo.com/p/a/aby.html Profaịlụ Yahoo] [[Òtù:Pages with unreviewed translations]] 9bqgqz76tuu331i4at382737qo56f9a 0 31964 320086 182359 2025-06-30T15:24:44Z Mirah50 16972 Fixed reference errors 320086 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}}   '''Anezi Okoro''' bụ onye edemede Naijiria na onye ọrụ ahụike (1929-2024). Anezi Okoro dọkịta A maara ya nke ọma maka akwụkwọ akụkọ ya nke afọ 1972 One Week One Trouble . Otu Izu Otu Nsogbu<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://pmnewsnigeria.com/2019/05/17/renowned-author-prof-anezi-okoro-celebrated-at-90/|title=Renowned author, Prof Anezi Okoro celebrated at 90|work=P.M. News}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.oxfordreference.com/view/10.1093/oi/authority.20110803100247877|title=Anezi Okoro|work=Oxford Reference}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://independent.ng/ana-others-celebrate-prof-anezi-okoro-at-91/|title=ANA, Others Celebrate Prof Anezi Okoro at 91}}</ref><ref name="ENC">{{Cite web|url=https://www.encyclopedia.com/arts/culture-magazines/okoro-anezi|title=Okoro, Anezi|work=Encyclopedia.com}}</ref> [[Category:Articles with hCards]] == Mbido ndụ na ọrụ == A mụrụ Anezi na Arondizuogu nke Imo Steeti, Naịjirịa na 1929. Arondizuogu Imo Steeti Nigeria Dr. Okoro gụrụ akwụkwọ sekọndrị na Methodist College, Uzuakoli, Abia State, Nigeria. Anezi rụrụ ọrụ dị ka dọkịta na-awa ahụ n'ụlọ, University College Hospital, Ibadan, site na 1957 ruo 1959. Ọ malitere ọrụ ya dị ka onye nkuzi na 1975 dị ka prọfesọ nke ọgwụ, Mahadum Naịjirịa, Nsukka. Mahadum nke Naijiria Ọ bụ onye isi oche nke African Association for Dermatology site na 1986 ruo 1991. Onye nduzi, Nigerian National Petroleum Corporation na Lagos site na 1977 ruo 1981. Ụlọ Ọrụ Naịjirịa Naịjirị Ọ bụ prọfesọ nleta, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta na 1987, na Mahadum Minnesota, Minneapolis, 1988, Mahadum King Faisal, Dammam Saudi Arabia dị ka prọfesor nke dermatology site na 1989 ruo 1995. Medical College of Georgia Mahadum nke Minnesota Minneapolis King Faisal Mahadum Dammam Saudi Arabia<ref name="ENC" /> == Akwụkwọ == * Ụlọ Akwụkwọ Obodo (1966) Ụlọ Akwụkwọ Ob Obodo * Onye isi obodo (1967) Onye isi obodo * Febechi gbadaa Niger (1971) Febechi agbadaa Niger * Febechi na Cave Adventure (1971) Febechi in Cave Adventure * Otu izu otu nsogbu (1973) Otu izu otu Nsogbu * ''Ihe edere Dr. Amadi (1975) '' * Akwụkwọ ntuziaka nke ọrịa akpụkpọ ahụ nkịtị (1981) Akwụkwọ ntuzi aka nke ọrịa akpụkọ nkịtị * Agụmakwụkwọ Dị Ukwuu (1986) Agụmakụ Dị Ukwuu * Nsogbu Abụọ (1990) *Pariah Ụwa na Akụkọ Ndị Ọzọ (1994) Nsogbu Abụrụ Pariah Ụwa na Akụkụ Ndị Ọzọ * Iju Mmiri nke Abụọ (1999) Iju Mmidi nke Abụọ * Mkpụrụ ọhụrụ na Amanzu (1963) Mkpụrụ ọhụrụ == Ihe odide == {{Reflist}} [[Òtù:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ]] [[Òtù:Onye édémédé akwukwọ si-na Naigeria]] 3c2ac49yhsvve4hyfim5p4mco50rf8z 0 32962 320126 246788 2025-07-01T11:47:56Z InternetArchiveBot 11600 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 320126 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Usòrò:Air_pollution_sensor_at_Birmingham_New_Street_train_station.jpg|thumb|Ihe mmetụta carbon dioxide na nitrogen dioxide na ọdụ ụgbọ okporo ígwè Birmingham New Street]] <ref>{{Cite journal|author=Jha|first=Ravindra Kumar|title=Non-Dispersive Infrared Gas Sensing Technology: A Review|journal=IEEE Sensors Journal|date=23 November 2021|volume=22|issue=1|pages=6–15|doi=10.1109/JSEN.2021.3130034|url=https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/document/9624946|accessdate=29 March 2022}}</ref> na-atụle carbon monoxide () na carbon dioxide (CO2) site na infrared na-adịghị agbasa agbasa (NDIR) na-amịkọrọ ìhè dabere na Iwu Beer-Lambert. <ref>{{Cite journal|author=Fine|first=George|title=Metal Oxide Semi-Conductor Gas Sensors in Environmental Monitoring|journal=Sensors|date=2010|volume=10|issue=6|pages=5469–5502|doi=10.3390/s100605469|pmid=22219672}}</ref> pụkwara ịlele CO site na iji ihe mmetụta gel electrochemical na ihe nchọpụta semiconductor metal-oxide (MOS). [1] === Ozone === <ref>{{Cite web|title=How We Measure Ozone|url=https://www.nps.gov/subjects/air/howwemeasure-ozone.htm|work=National Park Service|publisher=US Department of the Interior|accessdate=30 March 2022}}</ref> na-atụle ozone (O3) site n'ịhụ oke ìhè nke ikuku ikuku na-amị. Ọnụ ọgụgụ dị elu nke ozone na-amịkwu ìhè dịka iwu Beer-Lambert si dị. === Ihe ndị na-eme ka mmiri na-efe efe (VOCs) === A na-atụle ndị a site na iji gas chromatography na flame ionization (GC-FID). <ref>{{Cite book|author=Srivastava|first=Anjali|editor=Mazzeo|title=Air Quality Monitoring, Assessment and Management|date=2011|publisher=InTech Open|location=Rijeka, Croatia|isbn=978-9533073170|pages=137–148|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=CoqfDwAAQBAJ|accessdate=30 March 2022|chapter=7: Monitoring and reporting VOCs in ambient air}}</ref> === Hydrocarbon === <ref>{{Cite journal|author=Morris|first=Robert|title=Flame lonization Hydrocarbon Analyzer|journal=Journal of the Air Pollution Control Association|date=1961|volume=11|issue=10|pages=467–489|doi=10.1080/00022470.1961.10468025}}</ref><ref name="alberta">{{Cite book|title=Hydrocarbons (THC, CH4 and NMHC)|date=16 December 2015|publisher=Alberta Government|location=Alberta, Canada|isbn=9781460118047|url=https://open.alberta.ca/dataset/eb5b08a6-1787-4be5-97ae-244fee85e0ba/resource/491dd95b-a1c8-4b96-8755-3def57bce0b7/download/hydrocarbons-dec16-2015.pdf|accessdate=7 April 2022}}</ref> ike ịlele Hydrocarbon site na gas chromatography na flame ionization detectors. A na-egosipụta ha mgbe ụfọdụ dị ka ọnụọgụ dị iche iche nke methane (CH4), NMHC (hydrocarbons na-abụghị methane), na THC (ngụkọta hydrocarbon) (ebe THC bụ ngụkọta nke CH4 na NMHC). <ref name="alberta" /> === Ammoniya === <ref>{{Cite book|author=Baumgardner|first=Ralph|title=Optimized Chemiluminescence System for Measuring Atmospheric Ammonia: EPA-600 2-79-028|date=February 1979|publisher=US Environmental Protection Agency|location=Research Triangle Park, NC|url=https://nepis.epa.gov/Exe/ZyNET.exe/91017TIY.TXT?ZyActionD=ZyDocument&Client=EPA&Index=1976+Thru+1980&Docs=&Query=&Time=&EndTime=&SearchMethod=1&TocRestrict=n&Toc=&TocEntry=&QField=&QFieldYear=&QFieldMonth=&QFieldDay=&IntQFieldOp=0&ExtQFieldOp=0&XmlQuery=&File=D%3A%5Czyfiles%5CIndex%20Data%5C76thru80%5CTxt%5C00000025%5C91017TIY.txt&User=ANONYMOUS&Password=anonymous&SortMethod=h%7C-&MaximumDocuments=1&FuzzyDegree=0&ImageQuality=r75g8/r75g8/x150y150g16/i425&Display=hpfr&DefSeekPage=x&SearchBack=ZyActionL&Back=ZyActionS&BackDesc=Results%20page&MaximumPages=1&ZyEntry=1&SeekPage=x&ZyPURL|accessdate=30 March 2022}}</ref> ike ịlele Ammoniya (NH3) site na ụzọ dị iche iche gụnyere chemiluminescence. == Ihe ndị e ji atụ ihe ndị e kere eke == [[Usòrò:Lobaria_pulmonaria_010108c.jpg|áká_èkpè|thumb|Lichens dị ka Lobaria pulmonaria na-emetụta mmetọ ikuku.]] A pụkwara inyocha mmetọ ikuku n'ụzọ dị mma site n'ịhụ mmetụta nke ikuku mmetọ na osisi ndị na-eto eto dị ka lichens na mosses (ihe atụ nke Biomonitoring).<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Conti|first=M|title=Biological monitoring: lichens as bioindicators of air pollution assessment - a review|journal=Environ Pollut|date=2001|volume=114|issue=3|pages=471–92|doi=10.1016/s0269-7491(00)00224-4|pmid=11584645|url=https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/11584645/|accessdate=30 March 2022}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Impacts of air pollution on Lichens and Bryophytes (mosses and liverworts)|url=http://www.apis.ac.uk/impacts-air-pollution-lichens-and-bryophytes-mosses-and-liverworts|work=Air Pollution Information System|publisher=Centre for Ecology and Hydrology|accessdate=30 March 2022|archivedate=27 March 2022|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20220327161536/http://www.apis.ac.uk/impacts-air-pollution-lichens-and-bryophytes-mosses-and-liverworts}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|author=Ndlovu|first=Ntombizikhona Beaulah|title=Mosses and lichens come to the rescue in battle against air pollution|url=https://theconversation.com/mosses-and-lichens-come-to-the-rescue-in-battle-against-air-pollution-44470|work=The Conversation|accessdate=27 March 2022|date=10 July 2015}}</ref> Ụfọdụ ọrụ s<ref>{{Cite web|title=StrawbAIRies|url=https://www.uantwerpen.be/en/projects/strawbairies/|work=University of Antwerp|accessdate=27 March 2022|archivedate=10 April 2022|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20220410115528/https://www.uantwerpen.be/en/projects/strawbairies/}}</ref> ejirila osisi ndị a na-akụ n'ụzọ pụrụ iche dịka strawberries. == Ihe ndị a na-atụle ==   A na-egosipụtakarị ọnụọgụ nke mmetọ dị na ikuku dị ka ọnụ ọgụgụ, nke a na-atụle n'akụkụ ọ bụla (na-abụkarị akụkụ ọ bụla na ijeri, ppb, ma ọ bụ akụkụ ọ bụla, ppm, nke a makwaara dị ka ọnụego ngwakọta), ma ọ bụ micrograms kwa cubic mita (μg / m3). <ref>{{Cite web|title=Unit Conversion|url=https://www.apis.ac.uk/unit-conversion|work=Air Pollution Information System (APIS)|publisher=UK Centre for Ecology & Hydrology|accessdate=27 January 2023|archivedate=27 January 2023|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20230127084927/https://www.apis.ac.uk/unit-conversion}}</ref> dịtụ mfe ịgbanwe otu n'ime nkeji ndị a n'ime nke ọzọ, na-eburu n'uche ịdị arọ dị iche iche nke gas dị iche iche na okpomọkụ na nrụgide ha. Ngalaba ndị a na-egosipụta oke mmetọ ikuku n'ihe gbasara oke ma ọ bụ oke nke mmetọ ahụ, a na-ejikarị ha eme ihe maka ịtụle mmetọ gas abụọ, dị ka nitrogen dioxide, na ihe siri ike (PM₁₀) na obere (PM_2.5). Nlele ọzọ maka ụmụ irighiri ihe, ọnụọgụ ụmụ irighari, na-egosipụta nkenke n'ihe gbasara ''ọnụ ọgụgụ'' ụmụ irighri kwa ikuku kama, nke nwere ike ịbụ ụzọ bara uru iji nyochaa mmerụ ahụike nke ụmụ irigheri ihe na-egbu egbu (PM_0.1, ihe na-erughị 0.1 μm n'obosara).<ref>{{Cite book|author=Whitty|first=Christopher|title=Chief Medical Officer's Annual Report 2022: Air pollution|date=8 December 2022|publisher=UK Government, Department of Health and Social Care|location=London|url=https://assets.publishing.service.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/1124738/chief-medical-officers-annual-report-air-pollution-dec-2022.pdf|accessdate=25 January 2023|ref=whitty}}</ref><ref name="OhlweinKappelerKutlar Joss2019">{{Cite journal|author=Ohlwein|first=Simone|title=Health effects of ultrafine particles: a systematic literature review update of epidemiological evidence|journal=International Journal of Public Health|date=21 February 2019|volume=64|issue=4|pages=547–559|issn=1661-8556|doi=10.1007/s00038-019-01202-7|pmid=30790006}}</ref> <ref name="aqeg-pmuk">{{Cite book|author=Air Quality Expert Group|title=Particulate Matter in the United Kingdom|date=2005|publisher=Department for the Environment, Food and Rural Affairs|location=London|isbn=0855211431|url=https://uk-air.defra.gov.uk/library/assets/documents/reports/aqeg/Particulate_Matter_in_The_UK_2005.pdf|accessdate=30 June 2023|chapter=5: Methods for monitoring particulate concentrations}}</ref> ike iji ngwá ọrụ <ref name="cpc-manch">{{Cite web|title=Condensation particle counters|url=http://www.cas.manchester.ac.uk/restools/instruments/aerosol/cpc/|work=Center for Atmospheric Science|publisher=University of Manchester|accessdate=29 June 2023}}</ref> ka condensation particle counters tụọ ọnụọgụ nke ụmụ irighiri ihe. A na-agbakọ ụkpụrụ nke ikuku n'obodo (AQI) site na ijikọta ma ọ bụ jiri ọnụ ọgụgụ nke "ikuku" nke mmetọ ikuku nkịtị (nke a na-ahụkarị ozone, carbon monoxide, sulphur dioxide, nitrogen oxides, na ma nke dị mma na nke siri ike) iji mepụta otu ọnụ ọgụgụ dị mfe nghọta (ma na-enwekarị akara). <ref>{{Cite web|title=Technical Assistance Document for the Reporting of Daily Air Quality – the Air Quality Index (AQI): EPA 454/B-18-007|url=https://www.airnow.gov/sites/default/files/2020-05/aqi-technical-assistance-document-sept2018.pdf|publisher=US Environmental Protection Agency: Office of Air Quality Planning and Standards|accessdate=26 January 2023|archivedate=10 September 2021|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20210910025454/https://www.airnow.gov/sites/default/files/2020-05/aqi-technical-assistance-document-sept2018.pdf}}</ref> == Akụkọ ihe mere eme == [[Usòrò:Standard_deposit_gauge.jpg|thumb|267x267px|Ihe na-atụle mbu nke a na-eji atụle mmetọ ikuku. Foto sitere na The Smoke Problem of Great Cities nke Shaw na Owens, 1925.]] A tụrụ mmetọ ikuku nke mbụ, na Britain, na narị afọ nke iri na itoolu. N'afọ 1852, onye na-emepụta kemịkalụ na Scotland bụ [[Robert Angus Smith]] chọpụtara (ma kpọọ aha) [[Mmiri ozuzo acid]] mgbe ọ chịkọtara mmiri ozuzo nke nwere nnukwu sulphur site na ọkụ coal. Dabere na usoro iheomume nke mmetọ ikuku nke [[David Fowler (onye na-ahụ maka ahụike)|David Fowler]] na ndị ọrụ ibe ya, Smith bụ "onye ọkà mmụta sayensị mbụ nwara multisite, nyocha mmetọ nke kemịkalụ nke ikuku mmetọ". <ref name="fowler">{{Cite journal|author=Fowler|first=David|title=A chronology of global air quality|journal=Phil. Trans. R. Soc. A|date=30 October 2020|volume=378|issue=2183|doi=10.1098/rsta.2019.0314|pmid=32981430}}<cite class="citation journal cs1" data-ve-ignore="true" id="CITEREFFowlerBrimblecombeBurrowsHeal2020">[[David Fowler (onye na-ahụ maka ahụike)|Fowler, David]]; Brimblecombe, Peter; Burrows, John; Heal, Mathew; Grennfelt, Peringe; et&nbsp;al. (30 October 2020). [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7536029 "A chronology of global air quality"]. ''Phil. Trans. R. Soc. A''. '''378''' (2183). [[Bibcode (ihe njirimara)|Bibcode]]:[https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2020RSPTA.37890314F 2020RSPTA.37890314F]. [[Digital object identifier|doi]]:[[doi:10.1098/rsta.2019.0314|10.1098/rsta.2019.0314]]. [[PMC (ihe njirimara)|PMC]]&nbsp;<span class="cs1-lock-free" title="Freely accessible">[https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7536029 7536029]</span>. [[PMID (ihe njirimara)|PMID]]&nbsp;[https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32981430 32981430].</cite></ref> Na mbido narị afọ nke 20, onye dọkịta Irish na onye injinia gburugburu ebe obibi John Switzer Owens na Kọmitii maka nyocha nke mmetọ ikuku, nke ọ bụ odeakwụkwọ ya, gara n'ihu n'ịtụle na nlekota nke mmetụ ikuku site na iji netwọk nke ihe nyocha. <ref name="fuller4">{{Cite news|author=Fuller|first=Gary|title=Pollutionwatch: how lessons from 1920s were forgotten for 50 years|url=https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2020/aug/13/pollutionwatch-how-lessons-from-1920s-were-forgotten-for-50-years|accessdate=17 January 2022|work=The Guardian|date=13 August 2020}}</ref> mepụtara ọtụtụ ụzọ ọhụrụ iji tụọ mmetọ. Na Disemba 1952, Nnukwu anwụrụ ọkụ nke London kpatara ọnwụ nke mmadụ 12,000. <ref name="EHP_112_1">{{Cite journal|author=Bell, M.L.|date=2004|title=A Retrospective Assessment of Mortality from the London Smog Episode of 1952: The Role of Influenza and Pollution|journal=[[Environmental Health Perspectives|Environ Health Perspect]]|volume=112|issue=1; January|pages=6–8|doi=10.1289/ehp.6539|pmid=14698923}}</ref> Ihe omume <ref name="gorney">{{Cite news|author=Gorney|first=Cynthia|title=Decades ago, this pollution disaster exposed the perils of dirty air|url=https://www.nationalgeographic.com/history/article/decades-ago-donora-smog-disaster-exposed-perils-dirty-air|accessdate=28 March 2022|work=National Geographic|date=27 October 2020}}</ref>, na ndị yiri ya dị ka ọdachi anwụrụ ọkụ Donora nke 1948 na United States, [1] ghọrọ otu n'ime nnukwu mgbanwe na akụkọ ihe mere eme gburugburu ebe obibi n'ihi na ha wetara echiche dị egwu na nchịkwa mmetọ. <ref>{{Cite journal|title=The Clean Air Act after 50 years|journal=Weather|date=2006-11-01|issn=1477-8696|pages=311–314|volume=61|issue=11|doi=10.1256/wea.127.06|language=en|first=Peter|author=Brimblecombe}}</ref> UK, nnukwu anwụrụ ọkụ nke London na-eduga kpọmkwem na Iwu Mmiri Dị Ọcha, nke nwere ike inwe mmetụta dị ukwuu karịa ka ọ bu n'obi na mbụ. Ihe omume ọdachi <ref name="fowler"/> ka nke a mere ka a tụọ ma chịkwaa mmetọ nke ọma. == Hụkwa == * [[Akara Ngosi ikuku|Nkọwa nke ịdị mma nke ikuku]] * [[Nlekota gburugburu ebe obibi|Nlekọta gburugburu ebe obibi]] == Ihe odide == {{Reflist|30em}} == Njikọ mpụga == * [https://www.gao.gov/products/gao-21-189sp Science & Tech Spotlight: Air Quality Sensors] [[Òtù:Wiki activate SDG]] [[Òtù:Pages with unreviewed translations]] 7fi67mcfk75lbmwkkfycm99m8ztg4m0 0 33086 320071 136913 2025-06-30T13:51:01Z Mirah50 16972 Fixed reference errors 320071 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}}   <ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=beQzAAAAIAAJ&q=andrew+nkom|title=ASA News: For African Studies Association Members|publisher=The Association|date=1982|accessdate=June 22, 2021}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=s96IAAAAMAAJ&q=andrew+nkom|title=Souvenir Programme for the Silver Jubilee Celebration of St. Augustine's Major Seminary, Jos, Plateau State, Nigeria: Sunday 20th- Friday 25th September 1992|publisher=St. Augustine's Major Seminary|location=Jos, Nigeria|date=1992|accessdate=June 22, 2021}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=sGblAAAAMAAJ&dq=andrew+nkom&pg=PA83|title=The National Bibliography of Nigeria|publisher=National Library of Nigeria|year=2004|accessdate=June 21, 2021}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=bCaFAAAAIAAJ&q=andrew+nkom|title=Four Years of Social Mobilisation: MAMSER in Search of a New Social Order|publisher=Directorate for Social Mobilisation, The Presidency, Council Secretariat|date=1991|accessdate=June 21, 2021}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=WJYUAQAAIAAJ&q=andrew+nkom|title=The National Question: Ethnic Minorities and Conflicts in Northern Nigeria|author=Yohanna, Simon|date=2004|publisher=S. Yohanna|isbn=9789783692404|accessdate=June 21, 2021}}</ref>'''Andrew Andarawus Nkom''' (amụrụ na June 20, 1943) bụ onye Naijiria prọfesọ, onye nkuzi, onye nchịkwa, na onye edemede.<ref name="WWIN">{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=eq8ZAAAAYAAJ&q=andrew+nkom|title=Who's who in Nigeria|publisher=Newswatch|date=1990|isbn=9789782704122|accessdate=June 21, 2021}}</ref><ref name="Ble">{{Cite web|url=https://blerf.org/index.php/biography/nkom-dr-andrew-andarawua/|title=NKOM, Dr. Andrew Andarawua|publisher=Blerf's WHO'S WHO IN NIGERIA|date=March 15, 2017|accessdate=June 21, 2021}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=iBFBAQAAIAAJ&q=andrew+nkom|title=MAMSER in the Desert|publisher=The African Guardian|date=1989|page=40|accessdate=June 21, 2021}}</ref> == Mbido ndụ na agụmakwụkwọ == A mụrụ Nkom na June 20, 1943, na Kaura, Northern Region, British Nigeria (nke bụzi Kaura, ndịda Kaduna State, Nigeria). Ọ gara ụlọ akwụkwọ SIM Primary Schools, Kaura na Kagoro, n'etiti 1951 na 1957; wee gaa Provincial Secondary School, Zaria, 1958-1962. Mgbe nke ahụ gasịrị, a nabatara ya na Advanced Teachers' College, Zaria, 1963-1966. <ref name="WWIN" /> 'etiti 1978 na 1980 ọ gụrụ akwụkwọ na Emerson College, Boston, United States, na Mahadum Boston, Boston, USA, n'etiti 1981 na 1982. == Ndụ onwe onye == Nkom lụrụ Magdalene Avan Darusa na 1970. <ref name="WWIN" /> nwere ụmụ nwoke atọ na ụmụ nwanyị abụọ. == Ọrụ == N'afọ 1963, Nkom were ọrụ dị ka onye nkuzi na Takau Primary School, Kafanchan; n'etiti afọ 1966 na 1967, ọ bụ onye nkuzi n'ụlọ akwụkwọ SIM Teachers' College, Kaltungo. Site na 1970 ruo 1978, ọ bụ onye nkuzi na Advanced Teachers' College, Zaria. N'afọ 1980, ọ ghọrọ onye enyemaka Tutor-in-Training, Ahmadu Bello University, Zaria na Senior Lecturer n'etiti afọ 1983 na 1988 n'otu ụlọ ọrụ ahụ. N'afọ 1988, a họpụtara ya dịka onye nduzi, [[Kaduna]] State Directorate of Social Mobilisation, Kaduna . <ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=uX0NAQAAIAAJ&q=andrew+nkom|title=MAMSER Handbook|author=MAMSER (Nigeria)|publisher=Directorate for Social Mobilisation|date=1988|pages=18, 47|accessdate=June 22, 2021}}</ref> N'afọ 1980, mgbe ọ gụsịrị akwụkwọ na Mahadum Boston, ọ ghọrọ onye enyemaka gụsịrị akwụkwọ, Ọrụ mgbasa ozi nke otu ụlọ ọrụ ahụ; Onye nhazi, Ụlọ Akwụkwọ Mmụta, Mahadum nke Boston, n'etiti afọ 1980 na 1981; Onye ndụmọdụ, Ụlọ Ọrụ Mmụta, Zaria, 1982-1985.<ref name="WWIN" /> <ref name="Ble" /> <ref>{{Cite news|url=https://punchng.com/kaduna-lg-poll-ksiec-tests-e-voting-machines-in-mock-election/?amp|title=Kaduna LG poll: KSIEC tests e-voting machines in mock election|publisher=Agency Report|work=Punch Nigeria|date=February 24, 2018|accessdate=June 21, 2021}}</ref> bụ onye na-eje ozi na Kaduna State Commissioner-in-charge of Public Affairs and Information dị ka oge ntuli aka Gọọmentị ime obodo na Febụwarị 2018. <ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.nta.ng/news/politics/20180224-kaduna-lg-poll-commission-tests-e-voting-machines-in-mock-election/|title=Kaduna LG Poll: Commission tests e-voting machines in mock election|date=February 24, 2018|publisher=News Agency of Nigeria (NAN)|work=[[Nigerian Television Authority|NTA]]|accessdate=June 21, 2021}}</ref> == Ndị otu == Nkom nwere ndị otu ndị a:<ref name="WWIN" /> <ref name="Ble" /> * Onye otu, Institute of Education Inspection Team, Advanced Teachers' Colleges, [[Bauchi]] na [[Gombe]] (1980); * Onye otu, Kaduna State Scholarship Board (1984-1987); * Onye nhazi Naijiria, Onye ọrụ afọ ofufo nke International Contact Network; * Onye otu, Centre for Adult Education and Extension Services Board, ABU, Zaria; * Onye otu, Board of Governors, Institute of Administration, [[Mahadum nke Ahmadu Bello|ABU]], Zaria; * Onye otu, Nigeria Audiovisual Association (NAVA) * Onye otu, National Association of Television Arts and Science, Boston Chapter, United States (1978-1981). == Akwụkwọ ndị e bipụtara == * Ụlọ ọrụ mgbasa ozi maka Institute of Education, Ahmadu Bello University, Zaria: A Proposal (1979) <ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=kARNtwAACAAJ&q=andrew+nkom|title=Media Resource Facilities for the Institute of Education, Ahmadu Bello University, Zaria: A Proposal|author=Nkom, Andrew A.|publisher=Emerson College|location=Boston|date=1979|accessdate=June 21, 2021}}</ref> * Nnyocha na Nnyocha nke Ọnọdụ nke Mgbasa Ozi na Mahadum Naịjirịa E guzobere, Ann Arbor, Mahadum Microfilms International (1982) * ERC Planning Handbook, NESCN Publication (1984) * Ụlọ ọrụ mmepụta pụrụ iche na Mahadum mgbasa ozi nke Naịjirịa, Nzukọ Mmụta Naịjiria (1988) * Nkwurịta okwu nkuzi maka nkuzi dị irè na agụmakwụkwọ mahadum (2000) <ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ygWKAAAACAAJ&q=andrew+nkom|title=Instructional Communication for Effective Teaching in University Education|author=Nkom, Andrew A.|publisher=Bi-Shaann|date=2000|isbn=9789783512139|accessdate=June 21, 2021}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|url=https://teacher.co.ke/wp-content/uploads/bsk-pdf-manager/2020/04/EDT-831-INSTRUCTIONAL-MEDIA-DESIGN-AND-PRODUCTION_Teacher.co_.ke_.pdf|title=Instructional Media Design and Production|accessdate=June 22, 2021}}</ref> * Ịkpọlite agụmakwụkwọ <ref>{{Cite book|url=https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/695536626|editor=Adeyanju, Thomas K.|publisher=Arewa House|location=Kaduna, Nigeria|date=2002|title=Revitalizing education in the northern states|format=Print book|language=en|isbn=9789781255427|oclc=695536626|accessdate=June 21, 2021}}</ref> steeti ndị dị n'ebe ugwu: Akwụkwọ ntuziaka maka njikwa ụlọ akwụkwọ (2002) [1] * Ime <ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=8uUlAQAAIAAJ&q=andrew+nkom|title=Revitalizing Education in the Northern States: Science and technology|author=Adeyanju, Thomas K.|editor=Adeyanju, Thomas K.|location=Kaduna, Nigeria|publisher=Arewa House, Ahmadu Bello University|date=2003|isbn=9789783293151|accessdate=June 22, 2021}}</ref> agụmakwụkwọ dịghachi ndụ na Northern States: Sayensị na teknụzụ (2003) [1] * <ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=zIgmAQAAIAAJ&q=andrew+nkom|title=Teaching and Learning in Nigerian Schools: Innovative Approaches : a Book of Readings|publisher=Consultancy Unit, Kaduna State College of Education, Gidan Waya|date=2002|isbn=9789788031192|accessdate=June 21, 2021}}</ref> agụmakwụkwọ <ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=E-dFzgEACAAJ|title=Promoting Quality Education in Nigeria: A Book of Readings|isbn=9789785505566|date=2017|author=Nkom, Andrew A.|publisher=Baraka Press|accessdate=June 21, 2021}}</ref> mma na Naịjirịa: Akwụkwọ ọgụgụ (2017) [1] * Akwụkwọ ntuziaka ndị nkuzi ọkachamara (Professional Teachers Handbook) * Ndị nkuzi ọkachamara Nọọsụ agụmakwụkwọ (2018) == Ihe odide == {{Reflist}} [[Òtù:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ]] [[Òtù:Onye édémédé akwukwọ si-na Naigeria]] en034god82u8acv2vjafykh8nyqbz6m 0 34226 320104 138207 2025-06-30T22:55:11Z ~2025-73824 29831 320104 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}}   [[Category:Articles with hCards]] '''Mohammad Shaheen''' bụ prọfesọ nke Akwụkwọ Bekee na Mahadum [[Jọdan]] dị na Amman, Jọdan kemgbe afọ 1985. Shaheen nwere nzere PhD na akwụkwọ Bekee na Mahadum Cambridge. Ọ bụ onye dere ọtụtụ akwụkwọ, gụnyere EM Forster na Politics of Imperialism. Shaheen na-akụzi echiche na nkatọ nke oge a na Faculty of Modern Languages na Mahadum Jọdan, ọ na-akpụtakwa akwụkwọ akụkọ Bekee, akwụkwọ Bekee nke narị afọ nke iri abụọ, ntụgharị akwụkwọ na akwụkwọ ntụnyere. Ọ bụ onye isi nchịkọta akụkọ nke ''Al-Majallah Al-Thaqafeyyah'' (Mahadum nke Jọdan) kemgbe afọ 2008. <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.jordantimes.com/index.php?news=20425|title=Darwish's last poems|author=Bland|first=Sally|date=4 October 2009|work=Jordan Times|accessdate=19 August 2010|archivedate=17 June 2011|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110617012958/http://www.jordantimes.com/index.php?news=20425}}</ref> sụgharịrị uri Mahmoud Darwish n'asụsụ Bekee. Ọ nwụrụ na June 30, 2025. == Ahụmahụ == * Prọfesọ nke Bekee, Mahadum nke Jọdan, 1985 ruo ugbu a * Onye enyemaka nke onye isi oche nke Mahadum Jọdan na onye isi nke Ọfịs onye isi ala 1978-1980 * Onye ndụmọdụ na Ministry of Higher Education - Jordan, 1985-1989 * Onye isi oche nke Ngalaba Bekee, Mahadum Jọdan, 1988-1990 * Onye isi oche nke Ngalaba Asụsụ Ọgbara Ọhụrụ, Mahadum Jọdan, 1988-1990 * Prọfesọ nleta na Mahadum Taiz, Yemen, 1993 * Onye isi oche nke Ngalaba Bekee, Mahadum Jọdan, 1993-1995 * Prọfesọ nleta na Mahadum Qatar, Qatar, 1996 * Osote onye isi oche nke Mahadum Mutah, Jọdan, 1998-2002 * Onye nchịkọta akụkọ nke ''Paideuma'', Mahadum Maine, 1967-ruo ugbu a * Onye isi nchịkọta akụkọ nke Mu'tah maka nyocha, 1998-2002 * Onye nchịkọta akụkọ nke ''Dirasat'', akwụkwọ nyocha nke Mahadum Jọdan, 1985-1991 * Onye isi nchịkọta akụkọ nke ''Al-Majallah Al-Thaqafiyyah'', Mahadum Jọdan, 2008-ruo ugbu a == Ndị otu, mkpakọrịta nwoke na nwanyị na agụmakwụkwọ == * Onye otu Kọmitii Curricula Kasị Elu, Ministry of Higher Education, Jordan, 1991-1993 * Onye otu Executive Committee nke International Comparative Literature Association, 1985-ruo ugbu a * British Council Scholarship, 1969-1973 * Fulbright Scholarship, (Oge okpomọkụ nke 1979) * Mahadum Beirut, DAAD scholarship, 1982 * Mahadum Oxford, onye mmekọ nke St Antony's College, Oxford, 1983 ruo ugbu a * Mmekọrịta nyocha America na Humanities (1987) * Mahadum nke Bonn (1995) * Mahadum DAAD-Bochum (1998) == Akwụkwọ ndị e bipụtara == * Akụkọ dị mkpirikpi nke Arabic nke oge a: Shahrazad Returns. Palgrave Macmillan, mbipụta nke abụọ (22 Febụwarị 2003), , peeji nke 304.  * ''George Meredith: Nnyocha nke akwụkwọ akụkọ''. Macmillan Press: London 1981 * ''Akwụkwọ ozi ndị a họọrọ nke George Meredith''. Macmillan Press: London * E.M. Forster and the Politics of Imperialism, Palgrave Macmillan (12 August 2004), , 256 peeji  * Almond Blossoms and Beyond (ntụgharị). Interlink Publishing 2009 == Isiokwu ndị e bipụtara == * George Meredith's Early Life: Ordeal and Reticence: The Modern Language Review April 1982 Vol. 77 * The Reception of Pound in Arabic: Immature response of Gibran and Bayyati: ''Paideuma'', Vol 34 * The Arabian Nights in English Literature (akwụkwọ nyocha): The Yearbook of English Studies, Mpịakọta nke 22. * Pickthall: New Dictionary of National Biography. [Ihe e dere n'ala ala peeji] * Na akwụkwọ ozi Meredith: American Notes and Queries, Yale 1974 * Forster na Proust: Times Literary Supplement, London 1974 * Tayeb Salih na Conrad: Comparative Literature Studies, Mahadum Illinois, 1985 * T.L. Lawrence na Pound: ''Paideuma'', 1988 * Akwụkwọ mpịakọta nke akwụkwọ akụkọ ikpeazụ nke Meredith: Notes and Queries, Oxford 1975 * Akwụkwọ ozi Meredith degaara Stephen: ''Ihe edeturu na Ajụjụ'', Oxford 1978 * Ụfọdụ Akwụkwọ ozi Hardy na-ebipụtaghị ebipụta na Gosse: ''Ihe edeturu na Ajụjụ'', Oxford 1980 * Akwụkwọ ozi Meredith ọhụrụ abụọ e degaara Gosse: ''Ihe edeturu na Ajụjụ'', Oxford, 1980 == Ihe onwunwe ==   * [https://web.archive.org/web/20180930192904/http://www.interlinkbooks.com/product_info.php?products_id=2030 Ebe nrụọrụ weebụ Interlink] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20180930192903/http://www.culture.gov.jo/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=550%3Amohammad-shahin-&catid=3%3Awriters&lang=ar Ministri nke Ọdịbendị na Jọdan] == Ihe odide == '''Mohammad Shaheen''' bụ prọfesọ nke [[Akwụkwọ Bekee]] na Mahadum [[Jọdan]] dị na [[Amman]], Jọdan kemgbe afọ 1985. Shaheen nwere nzere PhD na akwụkwọ Bekee na [[Mahadum nke Cambridge|Mahadum Cambridge]]. Ọ bụ onye dere ọtụtụ akwụkwọ, gụnyere EM Forster na Politics of Imperialism.{{Reflist}} [[Òtù:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ]] t6gzlrjhp2u0v6gc6j5wmqlkte3apzu 0 34837 320125 144994 2025-07-01T11:39:38Z InternetArchiveBot 11600 Rescuing 2 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 320125 wikitext text/x-wiki High energy astronomy bụ ọmụmụ nke ihe ndị dị na mbara igwe nke na ewepụta [[radiation electromagnetic]] nke oke ike. Ọ na agụnye X ray astronomy, gamma ray astronomie, extreme UV astronomy, Neutrino astronomy, na ọmụmụ nke cosmic rays. <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://highenergyastro.homestead.com/|work=highenergyastro.homestead.com|accessdate=22 January 2018|title=Steve's Gamma Ray Burst Astronomy Site|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110817211312/http://highenergyastro.homestead.com/|archivedate=17 August 2011}}</ref> na akpọ ọmụmụ ihe nke ihe ndị a dị ka '''astrophysics dị elu'''. Ihe ndị dị na mbara igwe a na amụkarị n'ọhịa a nwere ike ịgụnye [[oghere ojii]], Kpakpando neutron, ụyọkọ kpakpando na arụ ọrụ, supernova, kilonovae, supernova remnants, na gamma ray bursts. == Ọrụ == Ụfọdụ telivishọn ndị dị na mbara igwe na ala ndị na amụ banyere ihe ndị dị na kpakpando gụnyere ndị a: <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://heasarc.gsfc.nasa.gov/docs/observatories.html|title=HEASARC: Observatories|work=heasarc.gsfc.nasa.gov|accessdate=22 January 2018|archivedate=2 September 2011|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110902134352/http://heasarc.gsfc.nasa.gov/docs/observatories.html}}</ref> AGILE AMS-02 AUGER CALET Chandra Fermi HAWC H.E.S.S. IceCube INTEGAL ANWANYI NuSTAR Ngwa ngwa TA XMM Newton  VERITAS  == Ihe odide == {{Reflist}} == Njikọ mpụga == * [https://web.archive.org/web/20110814201852/http://heasarc.gsfc.nasa.gov/ Ụlọ Ọrụ Nnyocha Sayensị nke NASA] {{Astronomy navbox}} 70q71ac0uvhma9n9hlhub64yeqyyqp9 0 36531 320079 151294 2025-06-30T14:09:14Z Anastesia chi 23720 edoziri m broken files 320079 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} {| class="infobox vcard" |+ class="infobox-title" id="4" style="font-size:125%; font-style:italic; padding-bottom:0.2em;" |Agha ya na ndị Newt | colspan="2" class="infobox-image" |<div class="infobox-caption">Ihu akwụkwọ nke 1955 Bantam paperback mbipụta</div> |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" |Onye dere ya | class="infobox-data" |[[Karel Čapek]] |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" |Aha mbụ&nbsp; | class="infobox-data" |''Válka s Mloky'' |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" |Mba | class="infobox-data" |[[Czechoslovakia]] |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" |Asụsụ | class="infobox-data" |[[Czech language|Czech]] |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" |Ụdị | class="infobox-data" |[[Science fiction|Akụkọ sayensị]] na-atọ ọchị |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" |Onye bipụtara ya | class="infobox-data" |Fr. Borový, Prague |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" |<div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0; ">Ụbọchị e bipụtara ya</div> | class="infobox-data" |[[1936 in literature|1936]] |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" |<div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0; ">E bipụtara ya n'asụsụ Bekee&nbsp;</div> | class="infobox-data" |[[1937 in literature|1937]], [[Allen & Unwin]], London |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" |Ụdị mgbasa ozi&nbsp; | class="infobox-data" |Mbipụta (Hardback & Paperback) |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" |Peeji | class="infobox-data" |240 (1990 Catbird Press mbipụta) |} Agha na Newts ('''''Válka s Mloky''''' na [[Czech Republic|Czech]]_language" id="mwDQ" rel="mw:WikiLink" title="Czech language">Czech mbụ), nke a sụgharịrị dị ka Salamander Wars, bụ akwụkwọ akụkọ sayensị satirical nke 1936 nke onye edemede Czech bụ Karel Čapek. Ọ na-emetụta nchọpụta na Oké Osimiri India nke agbụrụ na-ebi n'oké osimiri, ụdị nwere ọgụgụ isi nke newts, bụ ndị a na-eme ohu na mbụ ma na-erigbu. na-enweta ihe ọmụma mmadụ ma na-enupụ isi, na-eduga n'agha zuru ụwa ọnụ maka ịdị elu. E nwere ihe yiri nke Čapek ''R.U.R.'' mbụ, kamakwa ụfọdụ isiokwu mbụ. kọwara agha na Newts dị ka "ọrụ ochie" nke akụkọ sayensị site n'aka onye edemede akụkọ sayensụ na onye nkatọ Damon Knight. == Nchịkọta atụmatụ == Naanị anọ ikpeazụ n'ime isi iri abụọ na asaa nke akwụkwọ ahụ na-ekwu maka agha a na-akpọ aha ya. Ihe ndị ọzọ dị n'akwụkwọ ahụ na-emetụta nchọpụta nke Newts, mmegbu ha na evolushọn, na esemokwu na-arịwanye elu n'etiti ụmụ mmadụ na Newts na-eduga n'agha. Akwụkwọ ahụ enweghị otu onye isi, kama ọ na-ele anya na mmepe nke Newts site n'echiche ọha na eze sara mbara. N'oge dị iche iche, ndekọ onye na-akọ akụkọ yiri ka ọ na-abanye na nke onye nta akụkọ, ọkọ akụkọ ihe mere eme ma ọ bụ onye na-amụ banyere ụmụ mmadụ. Ndị atọ kachasị mkpa bụ Captain J. van Toch, onye ọrụ ụgbọ mmiri nke chọpụtara Newts; Maazị Gussie H. Bondy, onye na-emepụta ihe nke na-eduga mmepe nke ụlọ ọrụ Newt; na Maazị Povondra, onye na'ọnụ ụzọ Maazị Bondy. Ha niile na-apụta n'ime akwụkwọ ahụ, mana ọ dịghị onye a ga-ekwu na ọ na-akwalite akụkọ ahụ n'ụzọ ọ bụla dị mkpa. Ha atọ bụ ndị Czech. E kewara akwụkwọ akụkọ ahụ ụzọ atọ ma ọ bụ 'akwụkwọ'. === Akwụkwọ nke Mbụ - Andrias Scheuchzeri === Akụkụ nke mbụ na-akọwa nchọpụta Captain van Toch banyere Newts na Tanahmasa, obere agwaetiti dị nso na Sumatra, mmetọ mbụ ha n'ọrụ ugbo pearl, mmalite nke mgbasa ha gburugburu oké osimiri nke ụwa, na mmepe nke okwu ha na ịmịkọrọ ọdịbendị mmadụ. Akụkụ ahụ mechiri site na ntọala nke Salamander Syndicate, atụmatụ siri ike nke Maazị Bondy mepụtara iji mee ka ihe onwunwe Newt pụọ na ụlọ ọrụ pearl na-ebelata ma banye na nnukwu ọrụ hydroengineering. Ọ bụ ezie na nke a bụ njedebe nke mmepe akụkọ nke ngalaba a, mgbe ọ gasịrị enwere ihe mgbakwunye ọzọ akpọrọ 'The Sex Life of the Newts'. Nke a na-enyocha mmekọahụ na usoro ọmụmụ nke Newts na pastiche nke agụmakwụkwọ. [[Usòrò:Andrias_scheuchzeri_1.JPG|thumb|390x390px|Ihe ochie nke nnukwu salamander ''Andrias scheuchzeri'', ihe ndabere maka tritons nke Čapek]] Ụda nke ngalaba mbụ na-abụkarị satire na-enweghị obi ụtọ, n'adịghị ka ụda gbara ọchịchịrị nke akụkụ ndị ọzọ nke akụkọ ahụ. Čapek na-elekwasị anya n'ọtụtụ adịghị ike mmadụ, site na mpako nke Hollywood starlets, na mpako dị n'etiti àgwà ndị Europe n'ebe agbụrụ ndị na-abụghị ndị ọcha nọ. Ọ na-agbagọkwa obi ike nke sayensị; a na-ahụ ndị ọkà mmụta sayensị ugboro ugboro na-eleda ikike nke Newts anya ma na-enyocha okwu ndị ọzọ metụtara ya n'ụzọ na-ezighị ezi, mgbe niile na-enwe obi ike zuru oke na izi ezi nke nkwupụta ha. A sụgharịrị agha na Newts n'asụsụ Bekee ọ dịkarịa ala ugboro atọ. Ndị na-enyocha na-akọwa nsụgharị Allen &amp;amp; Unwin nke 1936 site n'aka ndị otu di na nwunye nke Marie na Robert Weatherall dị ka ndị ruru eru ma na-enweghị mkpali. <ref name="Maslen">{{Cite journal|author=Maslen|first=Elizabeth|title=Proper Words in Proper Places: the Challenge of Čapek's "War with the Newts"|journal=Science Fiction Studies|year=1987|volume=14|issue=1|pages=82–92|url=http://www.depauw.edu/sfs/review_essays/maslen41.htm}}</ref> na-echekwa asụsụ nke oge ahụ, mana ụfọdụ n'ime usoro edemede Čapek kpuchiri. <ref name="Maslen" /> nke 1985, nke Czech Ewald Osers, bụ nke ọtụtụ ndị na-enyocha na-ewere dị ka nke ka elu, na-ejide nghọta na ihe atụ siri ike nke mbụ. Nsụgharị a kwadoro site na UNESCO Collection of Representative Works. Onye ntụgharị Kafka David Wyllie dechara nsụgharị ọzọ. Nsụgharị ọhụrụ na Russian, Polish, [[Asụsụ French|French]], German, Dutch, Norwegian, Spanish, Swedish, na Hungarian apụtala kemgbe afọ 1960. == Mgbanwe == <ref>{{Cite web|title=Timeline: Eighties|url=http://www.everymantheatrearchive.ac.uk/Eighties.htm#p2|publisher=Everymantheatre.ac.uk|accessdate=5 November 2011|archivedate=7 October 2011|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20111007183235/http://www.everymantheatrearchive.ac.uk/Eighties.htm#p2}}</ref>'afọ 1981, [[Kenny Murray]] na Ken Campbell gbanwere akụkọ ahụ ka ọ bụrụ egwuregwu, nke emere na Everyman Theatre na Liverpool. Ihe mmepụta nke afọ 2003, nke dabeere na nsụgharị Bekee nke Ewald Osers, bụ nke E.B. Solomon kwadoro maka ihe nkiri ma mee na Kennedy Center's Prelude Festival na mgbe e mesịrị na Catholic University of America na Mead Theatre Lab. N'afọ 2010, Jason Loewith na Justin D.M. Palmer (na mmekorita ya na onye na-emepụta ụmụ bebi Michael Montenegro) mere ihe nkiri na Next Theatre na Evanston, Illinois. N'afọ 1981, Ken Campbell duziri War With the Newts na Riverside Studios na Hammersmith, London. Mụ na Henry Davis, [[Txi Whizz]]; onye ndụmọdụ, Nigel Bourne <ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1998/05/12/arts/dance-review-watch-out-for-those-newts-they-re-a-threat-to-the-world.html|title=DANCE REVIEW; Watch Out for Those Newts: They're a Threat to the World|author=Anderson|first=Jack|date=1998-05-12|work=The New York Times|accessdate=2017-04-02}}</ref>'afọ 1998, Stephan Koplowitz duziri / choreographed / mepụtara mmegharị / ihe nkiri / mmepụta egwu nke War With the Newts na Dance Theater Workshop, David Lindsay-Abaire kwadoro edemede ahụ, na egwu Andrew Warshaw. <ref>{{Cite web|title=Drama on 3 – War with the Newts|url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/radio3/dramaon3/pip/yyjwf/|publisher=BBC|accessdate=5 November 2011}}</ref>'afọ 2005, e mepụtara ihe nkiri BBC Radio, nke Dermot Crowley, Sally Hawkins, Henry Goodman, Geoffrey Beevers, Tina Gray, na Adrian Scarborough. N'afọ 2022, e nwere podcast egwu akpọrọ Newts! <ref>{{Cite web|author=Quah|first=Nicholas|title=Class Action, Newts, and 4 More Podcasts Worth Trying|url=https://www.vulture.com/2022/06/new-podcasts-class-action-newts.html|work=Vulture|language=en-us|date=10 June 2022}}</ref> PRX na The Truth mepụtara ya, nke Ian Coss na Sam Jay Gold mepụtara. <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.enterstageright.com/archive/articles/1103/1103theholyland.htm|title=The galaxy strikes back|date=November 17, 2003|author=Jack J. Woehr|publisher=Enter Stage Right|accessdate=14 July 2013}}</ref><ref>Email from Robert Zubrin to Tim McMahon dated 9-18-2003</ref>Robert Zubrin kwuru na akwụkwọ akụkọ ya nke afọ 2003 The Holy Land, nke na-atọ ọchị banyere esemokwu Middle East na Agha na Terror, sitere n'ike mmụọ nsọ nke The War with the Newts. N'akwụkwọ akụkọ Jaroslav Kalfař nke afọ 2023 A Brief History of Living Forever, onye isi bụ onye na-eme ihe nkiri na ihe nkiri a na-akpọ The Great Newt War . <ref>{{Cite web|author=Dvořák|first=Stanislav|title=Klimt točí Válku s mloky, Mádl o roce 1968 - Novinky|url=https://www.novinky.cz/clanek/kultura-filmy-serialy-klimt-toci-valku-s-mloky-madl-o-roce-1968-40390383|work=www.novinky.cz|accessdate=27 March 2023|language=cs}}</ref>[[War with the Newts (film)|Ihe nkiri]] na-eme ihe nkiri nke onye nduzi Czech bụ [[Aurel Klimt]] duziri na-emepe emepe. Egwuregwu vidio ''Hrot'' gụnyere ọkwa nke agha na Newts kpaliri. == Nnakwere == Dave Langford nyochara War with the Newts for ''White Dwarf'' #74, ma kwuo na "amaghị nke Čapek na-agbanwe ihe nwere ike ịbụ ihe na-atọ ọchị n'ime ihe na-egbu mgbu". == Ntụle == * Nnyocha nke George D. Martindale (1955) na Inside and Science Fiction Advertiser, May 1955 <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.isfdb.org/cgi-bin/title.cgi?894|title=Title: War with the Newts|work=isfdb.org}}</ref> * Nnyocha nke Anthony Boucher (1955) na The Magazine of Fantasy and Science Fiction, July 1955 * Nnyocha nke Damon Knight (1955) na Science Fiction Stories, July 1955 * Nnyocha nke P. Schuyler Miller (1968) na Analog Science Fiction and Science Fact, February 1968 * Nnyocha nke Tony Sudbery (1969) na ''Vector'' 54 Autumn 1969 * Nnyocha nke Allan Danzig (1976) na The Science Fiction Review Monthly, Jenụwarị 1976 * Nnyocha site na uncredited (1976) na The Science Fiction Review Monthly, September 1976 * Nnyocha nke Don D'Ammassa (1977) na ''Delap's F & SF Review'', June 1977 * Nnyocha nke Brian Stableford (1986) na Fantasy Review, February 1986 * Nnyocha nke Denise Gorse (1986) na Paperback Inferno, #60 * Nnyocha nke Chris Morgan (1986) na ''Vector'' 132 * Nnyocha nke Baird Searles (1991) na Isaac Asimov's Science Fiction Magazine, Septemba 1991 * Nnyocha nke Rhys Hughes (2014) na ''Big Sky, #4: SF Masterworks'' 2 == Hụkwa == * Akwụkwọ Czech == Edensibia == {{Reflist}} == Njikọ mpụga == * [http://bactra.org/notebooks/capek.html Čapek na ọrụ ya] * Agha ya na Newts, trans. site na David Wyllie (2002) na Project Gutenberg Australia (n'asụsụ Bekee) * [http://www.polyglotproject.com/books/Czech/valka_s_mloky Ihe odide zuru ezu na Czech mbụ] * [https://cs.wikisource.org/wiki/V%C3%A1lka_s_Mloky Válka s Mloky] 0rsi4wjvhcfr9gsnt507zxhdceoujh3 0 39097 320088 182370 2025-06-30T15:32:08Z Mirah50 16972 Fixed reference errors 320088 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox person|name=Angela Atim Lakor|image=Angela Atim Lakor - UK continues to lead on Preventing Sexual Violence in Conflict (32604226033).jpg|image_size=|caption=Lakor at the Preventing Sexual Violence in Conflict conference in 2017|birth_date={{Birth year and age|1982}}<ref name="One"/>|birth_place=[[Uganda]]|alma_mater=|occupation=[[Community activist|Community Activist]]|years_active=2012 – present|nationality=Ugandan|citizenship=Ugandan|known_for=Community Activism|title=Founder of ''Watye Ki Gen'' Organisation|spouse=}} '''Angela Atim Lakor''' (amụrụ n'afọ 1982), onye bụkwa '''Angela Lakor Atim''', bụ nwanyị na-eme ihe ike n'obodo Ugandan, onye bụ onye guzobere otu ''Watye Ki Gen'' (We Have Hope), nke na-akwado ndị bụbu ụmụ nwanyị a tọọrọ nke Lord's Resistance Army (LRA). <ref name="One">{{Cite web|url=https://www.newvision.co.ug/new_vision/news/1465037/aboke-girl-honoured-fighting-stigma-abductees|title=Home News Former Aboke girl honoured for fighting stigma among former abductees|first=Hudson|date=4 November 2017|author=Apunyo}}</ref>Òtù ahụ na-enyere ndị inyom lọtala aka n'agụmakwụkwọ ụmụ ha ma na-enyere ezinụlọ aka ịnagide ihere nke mkpakọrịta ha na LRA. == Nzụlite na agụmakwụkwọ == A mụrụ ya na mpaghara ugwu nke Uganda n'afọ 1982. N'ọnwa Ọktoba n'afọ 1996, mgbe ọ dị afọ iri na anọ, mgbe ọ bụ nwa akwụkwọ na Saint Mary's College Aboke, ụlọ akwụkwọ obibi ndị Katọlik maka ụmụ agbọghọ dị afọ iri anọ na anọ ruo afọ iri na itoolu, ndị nnupụisi nke LRA wakporo ụlọ akwụkwọ ahụ ma tọọrọ ụmụ agbọghọ iri na itoolo na itoolu. Nwanne nwanyị Rachele Fassera, osote onyeisi ụlọ akwụkwọ ahụ, sooro ndị nnupụisi banye n'ime ọhịa, wee kwurịta maka ntọhapụ nke ụmụ agbọghọ 109. Ndị nnupụisi jidere ụmụ agbọghọ iri atọ. Angela Atim <ref name="Two">{{Cite web|url=https://www.hrw.org/news/2016/10/07/remembering-wisdom-ugandas-aboke-girls-20-years-later|title=Remembering the Wisdom of Uganda's Aboke Girls, 20 Years Later|accessdate=7 November 2017|date=7 October 2016|author=Maria Burnett|first=and Bede Sheppard|publisher=[[Human Rights Watch]]}}</ref> otu n'ime mmadụ iri atọ ahụ.. == Ndọọrọ n'agha == <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.itv.com/news/2014-06-10/sexual-violence-survivor-speaks-of-hope-for-other-victims-at-start-of-summit/|title=Sexual violence in war survivor hopes summit will help other victims|date=10 June 2014|accessdate=7 November 2017|author=ITV News|publisher=[[ITV News]]}}</ref>N'ịbụ ndị a dọọrọ n'agha, a kpụpụrụ Angela na ndị a tọọrọ ibe ya gaa Sudan.Alụtara ya na otu n'ime ndị ọchịagha LRA wee nweta mmeso anụ ahụ, nke mmụọ na nke mmekọahụ kemgbe ọtụtụ afọ.Ọ mụrụ ụmụ nke ndị na-edina ya n'ike mgbe ọ nọ ebe ahụ . == Ọrụ mgbe a dọọrọ ya n'agha == <ref name="One" /> Angela nwere ike ipụ n'agbụ LRA n'agha n'afọ 2012, afọ iri na isii mgbe a tọọrọ ya. Ọ natara nkwado site na Children of War Reintegration Center na obodo Gulu, nke World Vision na-arụ ọrụ.Mgbe e mesịrị, ọ mebere Watye Ki Gen anaghị akwụ ụgwọ, nke na-enyere ụmụ nwanyị ibe ha na-alọghachi azụ aka n'ihe gbasara mweghachi. <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.christiantoday.com/article/former.child.soldier.in.lords.resistance.army.receives.peace.award/117584.htm|title=Former child soldier in Lord's Resistance Army receives peace award|accessdate=7 November 2017|publisher=Christiantoday.com|author=Christian Today Staff Writer|date=2 November 2017}}</ref><ref name="One" /> N'ịkwado mbọ ya na onye ndu ya, Wilton Park, ụlọ ọrụ United Kingdom Ofesi na Commonwealth nyere ya onyinye Marsh Award for Peace Making and Peace Building.Ihe ngosi a mere na London na Nọvemba 2017.A na-enye onyinye nrite Marsh kwa afọ nye ndị sonyere n'ịnye aka dị ukwuu na ime udo na nchekwa udo. <ref>{{Cite web|date=31 December 2015|url=https://www.basw.co.uk/resource/?id=5200|title=No Shame in Justice: Addressing stigma against survivors to end sexual violence in conflict zones|accessdate=7 November 2017|publisher=Basw.co.uk Quoting [[World Vision| World Vision UK]]|author=Hilary Stauffer|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20171107221912/https://www.basw.co.uk/resource/?id=5200|archivedate=7 November 2017}}</ref><ref name="One">{{Cite web|url=https://www.newvision.co.ug/new_vision/news/1465037/aboke-girl-honoured-fighting-stigma-abductees|title=Home News Former Aboke girl honoured for fighting stigma among former abductees|first=Hudson|date=4 November 2017|author=Apunyo}}</ref> Na June 2014, Angela gwara ndị isi United Nations na ndị isi gọọmentị sitere na mba 140 okwu na "Summit Global Summit to End Sexual Violence in Conflict", nke emere na London ma bụrụ nke William Hague na Angelina Jolie duziri. == Hụkwa == * [[Victoria Nyanjura]] == Edensibia == {{Reflist}} == Njikọ mpụga == * [https://www.mcgill.ca/newsroom/channels/news/when-children-see-war-better-peace-267588 Ụmụaka a mụrụ site na ndina n'ike n'oge agha na Northern Uganda na-atachi obi na ime ihe ike mgbe agha gasịrị, ihere, nchụpụ ọha na eze] [[Òtù:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ]] hdtyegkgz3gt5z1ylod72e31tgpwpu8 0 41718 320063 159672 2025-06-30T12:07:38Z Anastesia chi 23720 edoziri m broken files 320063 wikitext text/x-wiki   Abul Kalam Faezul Huq (AK Faezul Huq) ( Bengali </link> ) ( 15 Maachị 1944 – 19 Julaị 2007) bụ onye ụzọ , Bangladesh, onye ọka iwu na onye ode .  Huq jere ozi dị ka onye otu nzuko omeiwu ugboro atọ, ma jide ọkwa minista dị iche iche ọrụ ọha, Sign obodo, Jute, na textiles mgbe Bangladesh akwụkwọ edemede onwe.  A Aha ya nke mbụ ka onye otu National Assembly nke Pakistan sitere na Banaripara Upazila - Swarupkathi - Nazirpur Upazila constituency dị ka nhọpụta nke ngwaahịa na 1970 Na 19 Julaị 2007, Faezul Huq nwụrụ n'ihi nkụchi obi n'iche ya na Baridhara, Dhaka .  E liri ozu ya na ili Banani, Dhaka na 20 Julaị 2007 <ref name="New Age">{{Cite news|date=July 20, 2007|title=Faezul Haq dies|work=New Age|url=http://www.newagebd.com/2007/jul/20/front.html#11}}</ref> == Ndụ mbido == Amụrụ na Calcutta, Faezul bụ nwa nwoke AK Fazlul Huq, onye isi ala Bengal na-ekewaghịekewa mgbe ahụ.  Ọ gara St. Gregory's High School, Dhaka Notre Dame College na site na 1967 enwetala nzere na-enyere ike ngwaọrụ na Bekee na Mahadum Dhaka .  Mgbe e akara Faezul gụchara akara akara iwu ya na Mahadum Dhaka na Central Law College.  Ọ bụkwa onye Nkwado debanyere aha ka onye ọrụ na ndị nwe ikpe Kasị Elu nke Bangladesh == Ọrụ == N'August 1969, akpara Faezul Huq ka ọ ngwaọrụ na ngalaba ihe eji ese ihe na Notre Dame, Dhaka dị ka onye nkuzi.  Huq mechara hapụ ọrụ wee banye na iso ndị oge niile na March 1970. A mgbaàmà ya dị ka otu n'ime ndị kasị nta ndị otu na Pakistan National Assembly. Edebere Faezul n'ahụ ihe, ya na ìhè ya Rukhsana Huq, na July 1971 n'oge Agha Ntọ hapụ Bangladesh, na Faisalabad (na mgbe ahụ West Pakistan ), na mgbe ahụ, a manyere ndị agha Pakistan ịbịanye aka na mpempe akwụkwọ efu nke  ga-emecha.  eji ebubo ya na o mere ókè pro-West Pakistan n'oge Agha ahụ.  Faezul, na eje ya, nke dị ime n'oge ahụ, a tọhapụrụ obere oge ka e ịhụnanya N'afọ ndị sochirinụ, Faezul gbalịrị ma n'ikpeazụ emeghị ka aha ya dị ọcha site na ebubo e boro ya: na o doro anya na o mere nkwupụta pro-West Pakistani n'oge agha nnwere onwe na-aga n'ihu n'oge ahụ. Ndị ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị Bangladesh na ndị nta akụkọ ga-ekwughachi ebubo ndị a ugboro ugboro, ya mere, ọ malitere ibipụta, nke metụrụ Faezul ọrụ ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị n'ime afọ ole na ole nke ndụ ya. Mgbe agha akwụkwọ nnwere onwe, e boro ya ebubo na West Pakistan nwere ike chiri anya n'ihi na o nwere ikike ikwu Pakistan si n'ụdị nne ya na n'ihi ederede ederede pro-Pakistani.  N’ihi ya, e jidere ya na 17 Disemba 1971 wee sụgharịa ya wee ruo September 1972 n’okpuru Iwu Ndị Mmekọ, 1972 A tọhapụrụ Faezul ka egosi ya, Rukhsana Huq ọnụọgụ maka nhọrọ nke Rafiqullah Chaudhury, ike nke Prime Minister mgbe ahụ Sheikh Mujibur Rahman .  E degaara Sheikh Mujibur Rahman r a maka osisi ya Mgbe a pụhapụrụ ya, Faezul ike ịsoso ruo 1978, mgbe ọ malitere aka na nzuko omeiwu.  A ahụmahụ ya dị ka MP na 1979. Emere ya onye otu ɔdɔ mmiri nke ndị isi anya na 1980, yana onye isi ụlọ akụ Bangladesh Krishi na 1981. A chọpụta ya ka ọ bụrụ onye minista steeti na-ahụ maka ọrụ onye na-arụ ọrụ 1982.  , ma ruo ruo n'ọkwa mgbe e see Martial Law na Ma ọchịchị 1982 Site na 1982 ruo 1994 o lekwasịrị anya mgbalị ya na ọrụ mmekọrịta na egwuregwu. Ọ bụ onye na-arụsi ọrụ ike na Club Lions na Bangladesh afọ 30. N'afọ 1994, ọ akara aka na ike ndị ọzọ, ma bụrụ onye na-egosi na mbụ June 1996. A ụnyaahụ onye minista na-ahụ maka ngalaba na-ahụ maka Jute na textiles. <ref name="Star Campus">{{Cite news|author=Khaleel|first=Aslam|date=December 2, 2007|title=St Gregorys: A Portrait of Glory and Tradition|work=Star Campus|publisher=The Daily Star|url=http://archive.thedailystar.net/campus/2007/12/02/camspotlight.htm|accessdate=May 21, 2016}}</ref>N'ime afọ ikpeazụ ya, Faezul Huq nha n'ọtụtụ mmemme ịgba ugbu a.  <nowiki></link></nowiki>Faezul rụkwara dị ka onye nta ndị nweere onwe [ ] na-ede maka akwụkwọ ọmụmụ na akwụkwọ ọmụmụ oge New Age, Holiday, Dhaka Courier, Financial Express, Prothom Alo .  E mara ya na ọtụtụ òtù na ndị nnọchiteanya ndị egwuregwu na egwuregwu, Red Crescent Society, Asiatic Society of Bangladesh, Cancer Society, Gregorian Association, Bangladesh - China Friendship Society, Bangladesh Shooting Federation, Lions Club of Bangladesh, Dhaka Club, Anjuman Mufidul Islam  na Ụmụnna .  oyiyi 2007, St. Gregory's High School enyela akwụkwọ AK Faezul Huq == Ndụ onwe onye == | AK Faezul Huq ya na nwunye ya, Rukhsana Huq (n'aka ekpe) na ọgọ nwanyị (n'aka nri) Faezul Huq lụrụ ada Eng. Md. Ali Sarker, ya bụ, Marium Begum Mary na 1966; Otú ọ dị, alụmdi na nwunye a adịteghị aka, kpatara nkewa na 1969, ịgba alụkwaghịm sochiri. [[Usòrò:Talaknama.jpg|thumb]] Ha nwere ụmụ atọ: AK Faiyazul Huq (Razu), Farahnaz Huq Chowdhury (Reepa), na nwa ọhụrụ nwụrụ ụbọchị 19 ka a mụsịrị ya na 1969 wee lie ya na Azimpur Graveyard, Bangladesh. Marium Begum Mary nwụrụ na June 5, 2020, ma e liri ya n'ogige Banani. Na 1970, Faezul Huq lụgharịrị nwa nwanyị nke Engineer Salamatullah Khan na Sophia Begum, ya bụ, Firoza Rukhsana Huq na ọnụ ha nwere ụmụ ise: A.K. Ferzul Huq (Faisal), Fersamin Huq Iqbal (Flora), Fahsina Huq (Lira), Fahmina Huq.  (Shyama), na barrister A.K. Fazlul Huq Jr. (Pikku). Nwunye ya Rukhsana Huq nwụrụ na 24 January 2020 na Dhaka, Bangladesh, wee lie ya n'ili Banani na-ekerịta otu ili nke di ya nwụrụ anwụ, AK Faezul Huq == Ntụaka == {{Reflist}} [[Òtù:Ịda ogbenye]] [[Òtù:Pages with unreviewed translations]] 6aama8fge9od9ua9z4s5i5ccr4t0135 0 44803 320083 166858 2025-06-30T14:53:17Z Mirah50 16972 Fixed reference errors 320083 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox person|name=André Mingas|image=|image_size=|caption=|alias=|birth_name=André Vieira Dias Rodrigues Mingas Júnior|birth_date={{birth date|1950|5|24|df=yes}}|birth_place=[[Luanda]], [[Portuguese Angola]] (modern-day [[Angola]])|death_date={{death date and age|2011|10|11|1950|5|24|df=yes}}|death_place=[[São Paulo]], [[Brazil]]|nationality=|alma_mater=|occupation={{ubl| Musician | architect | diplomat | professor }}|years_active=|net_worth=|boards=|spouse=|children=|parents=}} André Vieira Dias Rodrigues Mingas Júnior, saịtị na aha nka ya André Gasmin (24 May 1950 - 11 October 2011), bụ onye egwu Angolan, onye na-ese ụlọ ụlọ, onye obodo ukwu, prọfesọ, na onye-amanye == Akụkọ ndụ == <ref name="Peres">{{Cite book|author=Fátima d'Alva Penha Salvaterra Peres|title=A Revolta Activa - Os conflitos identitários no contexto de luta de Libertação Nacional|date=31 March 2010|publisher=Universidade NOVA de Lisboa}}</ref>Mingas na 24 Mee 1950 na Luanda, nwa André "Mongone" Rodrigues Mingas na Antónia Diniz de Aniceto Vieira Dias.  [1] ụfọdụ n'ime ndị agha ya ndị ọzọ bụkwa ndị ama na-eme ihe mere eme Angolan, ya bụ onye agha , onye na-agụ , na onye na-ede abụ mba Angolan Ruy Mingas, oka akojọ na  onye mbụ Amélia Mingas, onye na-eme egwuregwu na onye ngosi Júlia Rodrigues Mingas, ọchịagha ndị Juu José "Zé" Rodrigues Mingas.  na akwụkwọ edemede na aha, onye edemede na onye agha ndị Saíde Mingas . N'ịbụ onye mmetụta ntụzịaka ya n'ebe egwu dị n'oge ọ bụ nwata, nwanne nna ya Liceu Vieira Dias na nwanne ya nwoke Ruy nwere ike siri ike na ya.  [1] [2] [3] Ndekọ mbụ ya bụ "Coisas da Vida", a na-ewere dị ka akara dị mkpa n'egwú a ma ama nke Angola, na-agwakọta jazz, rock, na semba .  Site na nke a ọ ghọkwara onye ọsụ ụzọ nke subgenre semba-jazz.  [4] Isi ihe dị na ọba ahụ "Esperança", "Mufete" na "Chipalepa". <ref>{{Cite web|date=17 October 2011|title=Restos mortais de André Mingas foram a enterrar|url=https://www.radioecclesia.org/angola/cultura/6443-restos-mortais-de-andre-mingas-foram-a-enterrar|publisher=Rádio Ecclesia}}</ref> <ref name="LEA 2019">{{Cite web|date=20 May 2019|title=André Mingas|url=https://lea.co.ao/artista.php?a=NDI4.|publisher=LEA}}</ref>Ka ọ na-erule afọ 1970, ọ pụtara iso ndị nka dị ka Filipe Mukenga na-akpa àgwà na Waldemar Bastos, ha abụọ nwere ike siri ike na ya, bụ isi site na nke dissonance . Mgbe Angola nwechara akwụkwọ onwe, ọ na-egosi otu n'ime ndị ọrịa otu ndị na-ese ihe na Angolan.  [1] Ọ akwụkwọ akwụkwọ na Mahadum Agostinho Neto site na nzere na architecture wee nweta akara ugo nhọrọ masters na architecture na obodo mepere emepe na Mahadum nka nke Lisbon .  Na Portugal, ọ nta prọfesọ nke ụlọ ụlọ na Universidade Lusófona na Lisbon. <ref name="LEA 2019" /> Mgbe ọ laghachiri Angola, ọ ghọrọ osote onye minista na-ahụ maka agụmakwụkwọ na omenala, oge ọ na-ahazi Society of Angolan Authors (SAA), nzukọ nke ụlọ akwụkwọ agụmakwụkwọ dị nta na nke ka ukwuu iji nwee ike ịkwado nkà nke oge a na Angola. <ref name="LEA 2019" /> Dị ka onye na-ese ụlọ, ọ na-iche dị nkwu nke nnukwu ụlọ na-emetụta mpaghara Luanda asụsụ na 1990, wee bụrụ onye nkatọ siri ike nke akara nke akara Quinaxixe ochie.  [1] N'agbanyeghị nke a, e kenyere ya, na 2006, ka ọ na-achọpụtaghachi nke nguzosi ike n'ezi ihe nke ụlọ dị na mpaghara iche iche gburugburu Luanda, yana ịbụ onye na-ahụ maka mgbasawanye nke ọnwụ.  Talatona na Belas .<ref name="Club K 11-10-2011">{{Cite web|date=11 October 2011|title=Morreu André Mingas|url=https://www.club-k.net/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=9136:morreu-andre-mingas&catid=2&lang=pt&Itemid=1069|publisher=Club K}}</ref> <ref name="LEA 2019" /> Na 12 Ọktoba 2006, onye isi ala José Eduardo dos Santos kpọpụtara ya dịka ike nke ndị Isi Ala nke Angola.  [1] E mechara mechie ya onye ụfọdụ anya Angolan na São Paulo, Brazil .  Ọ nọlarị n'obodo ahụ, mana ọ nwụrụ tupu ọ were ọnọdụ ahụ na 11 October 2011 <ref name="Club K 11-10-2011" /> == Ntụaka == {{Reflist}} fejabsn6ftsv8y64ryxxt7nqagr7siu 0 45056 320080 167281 2025-06-30T14:10:41Z Anastesia chi 23720 edoziri m broken files 320080 wikitext text/x-wiki   Agbowó bụ akwụkwọ ndị agụmagụ Afrịka nke na-agụ abụ, ndị ifo, edemede, ihe nkiri na nka anya. Akwụkwọ ozi ahụ chirila ọtụtụ ọrụ nke akwụkwọ edemede na nka akwụkwọ ya na 2017 yana akara atọ-X, Oke, Nchekwa - nke akwụkwọ kwa afọ, isiokwu. == Akụkọ ihe mere eme == .Habeeb Kolade na Dolapo Amusat nkata ntọala na 2017, akwụkwọ akwụkwọ ahụ ike dị ka mgbasa na UItes WRITE Anthology (2015-2019), [1] [2] akwụkwọ edemede na-achọ ibipụta prose, uri na-eme ifo nke ụmụ akwụkwọ University nke  Ibadan na ndị okenye.  [3] Magazin ahụ na-aza aha okporo amá chere ihu na Mahadum Ibadan, [4] bụ́ ndị nke ndị edemede, na-egosi na ha si n'iche elu ụdọ́ ahụ ma Oredola Ibrahim, onye nchịkọta ntọala, nyere  nsogbu dị iche iche - "ndị na-anakọta ihe. uru".  [5] Mbi mbụ nke akwụkwọ agụmagụ ahụ bụ onye na-ede uri Naijiria ikike ihe nrite, Tade Ipadeola 's On Desire .  Magazin ahụ gara n'ihu bipụta akwụkwọ edemede nke ma ndị ama ama na ndị edemede Africa Efe Paul Azino, [6] Toni Kan, [7] Jumoke Verrisimo, [8] Romeo Oriogun [9] [10] na Logan February .  [11] Dị ka ọ dị na 2020, akwụkwọ ozi ahụ, na-enye ikike kọntinenti Africa na ndị si mba ọzọ ọsọla ọrụ sitere na Rwanda, Malawi, Cameroon, Nigeria, Kenya, South Africa, Zambia, Botswana, Mali, Uganda,  Ghana na DR Congo.  Akwụkwọ ahụ akara mbụ nke afọ ya na 2018 wee bipụta akara akara abụọ;  Oke na ebe nchekwa ruo ọtụtụ plaudits.  Akwụkwọ ibipụta ikike uri, akwụkwọ ifo, edemede na nka a na-ahụ anya, akwụkwọ akwụkwọ ahụra ka ọ tinye otu egwuregwu na 2019 == Ndị ndezi ntọala == Otu nchịkọta nchịkọta ntọala bụ Rasaq Malik Gbolahan (onye nchịkọta akụkọ), Moyosore Orimoloye (onye nchịkọta, onye nchịkọta site na 2018), Adekunle Adebajo (onye nchịkọta akụkọ na- nchọpụta ifo), Boluwatife Olu Afolabi (onye nchịkọta akụkọ)  uri), Darafunmi Olanrewaju.  (onye na-ede ndị ifo), Winifred Binogun (onye na-ede see ifo), Ibrahim Oredola (nleba anya na ọnụ ọgụgụ) Sheyi Owolabi (onye na-ese foto) na Adebola Abimbolu (onye nchịkọta ihe nkiri).  Ọ bụ ebe na ndị niile ntọala ntọala bụ ndị akwụkwọ nke Ibadan, ụlọ ọrụ nke otu nchịkọta akụkọ gara n'ihu na- agbanwe, nke ajụjụ na nhọpụta Adedayo Agarau dị ka onye nchịkọta na July 22, 2021. == Arts n Chill == N'afọ 2019, Agbowó eka "Arts N' Chill" mmemme mmemme na-enye ndị okike na ndị na-anụ ọkụ n'obi n'ime obodo mahadum nke Ibadan site n'ịhazi ogbako agụmagụ, gụ-mics na mgbidi gburugburu  njikọ dị n'etiti nka na okwu ọha.  Arts N Chill bụ Moyosore Orimoloye, Boluwatife Olu Afolabi na Ezim Osai nkata ntọala mgbe ha bụ ụmụ akwụkwọ na mahadum nke Ibadan.  [1] [2] N'afọ 2019, Arts n Chill bụ otu n'ime ndị isi ọrụ nke nkwado na ngwaọrụ - Nigerian Art and Culture Projects 2019 Site na Goethe-institut Nigeria.  Arts N Chill anabatala ndị odee akwụkwọ ama ama dịka Kọ́lá Túbọ̀sún, Dami Ajayi [3] na Tade Ipadeola<ref>{{Cite web|title=ArtsnChill – Find the Best Arts and Culture Events {{!}} Agbowo|url=https://artsnchill.com/|accessdate=2021-07-07|language=en-US}}</ref> == Agbowó biputere ya == N'afọ 2020, Agbowó Ihe akara akara ya iji kwado ndị Afrịka na-ahụ ihe n'ibipụta ọrụ ha n'ụdị ndị ọzọ na-adịgide adịgide dị ka akwụkwọ, ihe mere eme, vidiyo na akwụkwọ ozi.  [1] Ka ọ dị ugbu a, Ebipụtara emetụtala mgbe ochie ochie.  Ọkụ A Na-arọ nrọ: The Young African Poets Anthology curated by Ernest O. Ògúnyẹmí, [2] SÉDUCTION du VERRE |  Xaron Ire x Agbowó, [3] and In Her Words Anthology, [4] Echiche Ụmụnwaanyị Afrịka n'ihe gbasara nha anya okike. == Hụkwa == * ''Magazin mgbanwe'' * ''Kwani?'' * ''Akwụkwọ akụkọ Saraba'' == Ntụaka == {{Reflist}} h5dvcnlj2wg6mt9beaapvpytdrjthnz 0 45439 320114 206947 2025-07-01T05:01:34Z Anastesia chi 23720 edoziri m broken files 320114 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox person|URL={{URL|https://www.ahmedumar.com/}}}} {{Databox}}'''Ahmed Umar''' ( Arabic , amuru 10 Febrụwarị 1988) bu onye Sudan-Norwejian visual omenkà na onye na-akwado LGBT . Ọ [upper-alpha 1] tolitere n'ezinụlọ na-achọghị mgbanwe na Sudan ma mesịa gbaga Norway. Ihe osise ya na-agwakọta ndị Sudan (dịka ọmụmaatụ, ndị Fero ojii nke alaeze Kush oge ochie) na mmetụta ọdịda anyanwụ. A kọwapụtara ya na akwụkwọ akụkọ 2020 ''The Art of Sin'' . == Ndụ na ọrụ == === Ndụ mbido === A mụrụ Ahmed Umar na Sudan na 10 February 1988, {{Cite web|title=Ahmed Umar|url=https://norskekunsthandverkere.no/users/ahmed-umar|accessdate=2022-10-24|work=Norske Kunsthåndverkere|language=nb|archivedate=2022-10-23|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20221023191743/https://norskekunsthandverkere.no/users/ahmed-umar}}</ref> nye Siddig na Zeinab Umar na dịka ọdụdụ n'ime ụmụnne ise. <ref name=":14">{{Cite book|author=Jahshan|first=Elias|url=http://worldcat.org/oclc/1334646295|title=This Arab is queer : an anthology by LGBTQ+ Arab writers|isbn=978-0-86356-478-9|pages=75–82|chapter=Ahmed Umar: Pilgrimage to Love|year=2022|oclc=1334646295}}</ref> <ref name="500wordsmag.com">{{Cite web|title=Art and Identity: A Conversation with Ahmed Umar|url=https://500wordsmag.com/art-and-culture/art-and-identity-a-conversation-with-ahmed-umar/|accessdate=2022-10-26|work=500 Words Magazine|language=en-US|archivedate=2022-10-21|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20221021193026/https://500wordsmag.com/art-and-culture/art-and-identity-a-conversation-with-ahmed-umar/}}</ref> Ezinụlọ ya bụ Sufi ọdịnala nke bi n'etiti Mecca na Sudan. {{Cite web|date=2022-08-18|title=Ahmed Umar: On hair, art and queerness|url=https://www.mykalimag.com/en/2022/08/19/ahmed-umar-on-hair-art-and-queerness/|accessdate=2022-10-24|work=My Kali|language=en-US|archivedate=2022-10-23|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20221023113453/https://www.mykalimag.com/en/2022/08/19/ahmed-umar-on-hair-art-and-queerness/}}</ref> <ref name=":4">{{Cite web|title=Home|url=https://www.theartofsin.movie/|accessdate=2022-10-24|work=Artofsin|language=en|archivedate=2022-10-21|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20221021120512/https://www.theartofsin.movie/}}</ref> === Ịkwaga Norway === Umar rutere Norway na 2008 dị ka onye gbara ọsọ ndụ ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị si Sudan n'ihi mmekọahụ ya, nke n'oge ahụ bụ otu n'ime mba asaa gburu ndị mmadụ maka omume nwoke na nwanyị. <ref>{{Cite web|title=Talent Norge {{!}} Kunstnerpresentasjon - Ahmed Umar|url=https://www.talentnorge.no/kalender/kunstnerpresentasjon-ahmed-umar/|accessdate=2022-10-26|work=www.talentnorge.no|language=nb-NO|archivedate=2022-10-25|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20221025143245/https://www.talentnorge.no/kalender/kunstnerpresentasjon-ahmed-umar/}}</ref> O nwetara nzere bachelọ na Printmaking 2014 site na Oslo National Academy of Arts, wee nweta akara ugo mmụta nna ukwu na Fine Art. <ref>{{Cite web|title=Talent Norge {{!}} Møt programdeltakerne 2021 - 2023|url=https://www.talentnorge.no/talentutvikling/fagprogrammer/artex/moet-programdeltakerne-2021-2023/|accessdate=2022-10-24|work=www.talentnorge.no|language=nb-NO|archivedate=2022-10-24|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20221024202700/https://www.talentnorge.no/talentutvikling/fagprogrammer/artex/moet-programdeltakerne-2021-2023/}}</ref> ==== "Na-ebu ihu jọrọ njọ" ==== Amara Umar n'ọtụtụ ebe dịka ihu ndị obodo Sudan LGBT, ebe oke iwe n'ebe ọ nọ tolitere. Na 2020, mgbe ọ na-ese foto ''The Art of Sin'', ọ chịkọtara foto dị iche iche nke ndị otu LGBT dị na Sudan, wee tinye ihu ya n'elu nke ha. Ọ kpọrọ usoro isiokwu a ''na-ebu ihu jọrọ njọ'' ( Arabic ) mgbe okwu Sudan nke na-ezo aka na onye na-eme ihe na-amaghị, na-eche okwu ihu ma na-ata ụta maka ya. <ref>{{Cite web|title=INSPIRE Seminar Series: Identity, Alienation and Exclusion – a Conversation with Ibrahim Mursal – Peace Research Institute Oslo|url=https://www.prio.org/events/8943|accessdate=2022-10-24|work=www.prio.org|language=en|archivedate=2022-11-03|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20221103185503/https://www.prio.org/events/8943}}</ref> E mechara gosi foto ndị a dị ka nka okporo ámá gburugburu Oslo. <ref>{{Cite web|author=Mørch|first=Hilde|title=Intervju med Ahmed Umar|url=https://kunstavisen.no/intervju-med-ahmed-umar|accessdate=2022-10-24|work=kunstavisen.no|language=nb|archivedate=2022-10-24|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20221024202659/https://kunstavisen.no/intervju-med-ahmed-umar}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web|author=Subjekt|date=2018-10-27|title=- Det tok meg lang tid å innse at jeg ikke var et dårlig menneske bare fordi jeg er homofil|url=https://subjekt.no/2018/10/27/det-tok-meg-lang-tid-a-innse-at-jeg-ikke-var-et-darlig-menneske-bare-fordi-jeg-er-homofil/|accessdate=2022-10-24|work=Subjekt|language=nb-NO|archivedate=2022-10-24|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20221024202701/https://subjekt.no/2018/10/27/det-tok-meg-lang-tid-a-innse-at-jeg-ikke-var-et-darlig-menneske-bare-fordi-jeg-er-homofil/}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web|title=Åpning: Ahmed Umar "Carrying the face of ugliness"|url=https://www.facebook.com/events/oslo-s-sj%C3%B8siden/%C3%A5pning-ahmed-umar-carrying-the-face-of-ugliness/1495371514245077/|accessdate=2022-10-24|work=www.facebook.com|language=en|archivedate=2022-10-24|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20221024214703/https://www.facebook.com/events/oslo-s-sj%C3%B8siden/%C3%A5pning-ahmed-umar-carrying-the-face-of-ugliness/1495371514245077/}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web|title=Ahmed Umar Carrying the face of ugliness|work=[[Facebook]]|url=https://www.facebook.com/1259907351/posts/pfbid02mr6Pm8eXkrPXudWGViUHe5a5DV4RigZ1B9FZpUeRcSkPaiJtNtuQg6GpB8ekC5aDl/?app=fbl|accessdate=2022-10-30|archivedate=2023-03-25|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20230325205657/https://www.facebook.com/login/?next=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.facebook.com%2F1259907351%2Fposts%2Fpfbid02mr6Pm8eXkrPXudWGViUHe5a5DV4RigZ1B9FZpUeRcSkPaiJtNtuQg6GpB8ekC5aDl%2F%3Fapp%3Dfbl}}</ref> ==== Mgbanwe nke Sudan ==== Nkwado nke mgbanwe Sudanese bụ isi okwu na ọrụ Umar. <ref name=":5">{{Cite web|title=Ahmed Umar, Sculpture – Nasjonalmuseet – Collection|url=https://www.nasjonalmuseet.no/en/collection/object/NMK.2019.0375|accessdate=2022-10-24|work=Nasjonalmuseet|language=en|archivedate=2022-10-24|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20221024202701/https://www.nasjonalmuseet.no/en/collection/object/NMK.2019.0375}}</ref> Na June 2019, Umar sonyeere NYC Pride March yi uwe ndị Sudan sitere n'ike mmụọ nsọ. <ref>{{Cite web|author=Umar|first=Ahmed|date=2019-07-06|title=New York City Pride as seen by Ahmed Umar|url=https://shado-mag.com/act/new-york-city-pride-as-seen-by-ahmed-umar/|accessdate=2022-10-26|work=Shado Magazine|language=en-US|archivedate=2022-10-24|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20221024214212/https://shado-mag.com/act/new-york-city-pride-as-seen-by-ahmed-umar/}}</ref> Ọ kọwakwara olileanya ya nke "ibi ndụ n'efu na mba onye kwuo uche ya ebe a na-eji onye ọ bụla akpọrọ ihe". <ref>{{Cite web|title=Tilnærmet magisk om retten til fornyelse – CAS|date=11 January 2022|url=https://www.contemporaryartstavanger.no/tilnaermet-magisk-om-retten-til-fornyelse/|accessdate=2022-10-21|language=en-US|archivedate=2022-10-21|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20221021135058/https://www.contemporaryartstavanger.no/tilnaermet-magisk-om-retten-til-fornyelse/}}</ref> Na 2020, n'oge ''mmemme'' nka na nka nke Oslo National Academy of Arts haziri, Umar gosipụtara ọrụ nka ya metụtara mmekọrịta dị n'etiti nka na ochichi onye kwuo uche ya na ọnọdụ Sudan na ọchịchị aka ike nke afọ 30 ya. N'afọ 2021, ọrụ foto ''n'aka Chineke'' gosipụtara ụmụ nwanyị Sudan na-eme mgbanwe, ''Kandakas'' . <ref name=":6">{{Cite web|title=Tilnærmet magisk om retten til fornyelse – CAS|date=11 January 2022|url=https://www.contemporaryartstavanger.no/tilnaermet-magisk-om-retten-til-fornyelse/|accessdate=2022-10-26|language=en-US|archivedate=2022-10-21|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20221021140757/https://www.contemporaryartstavanger.no/tilnaermet-magisk-om-retten-til-fornyelse/}}</ref> ==== Nganga Naịl 2030 Umar kwenyesiri ike na a ga-enwe emume nganga na Sudan tupu ya anwụọ, <ref name=":7">{{Cite web|title=Forener norske og sudanske tradisjoner|url=https://www.fabelaktigformidling.no/artikkel/forener-norske-og-sudanske-tradisjoner|accessdate=2022-10-26|work=Fabelaktig formidling|language=no|archivedate=2022-10-26|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20221026080028/https://www.fabelaktigformidling.no/artikkel/forener-norske-og-sudanske-tradisjoner}}</ref> oge ọ na-ewere dị ka ihe dị mkpa dị ka ekeresimesi ma ọ bụ Eid . Ọ na-akwalite ''Nganga Naịl'' ( Arabic ), emume akwadoro ime na Khartoum na 2030. <ref name=":13">{{Cite web|title=The Nile Pride 2030 عِزّة النيل|url=https://www.facebook.com/TheNilePride/|accessdate=2022-10-21|work=www.facebook.com|language=en|archivedate=2022-10-21|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20221021144558/https://www.facebook.com/TheNilePride/}}</ref> == Ọrụ na ihe ngosi == === Ọrụ ahọpụtara === * ''Kunsten a være syndig'' (2017) - obere ihe nkiri nkiri. <ref>{{Cite web|title=Kunsten å være syndig|url=https://www.biff.no/f/kunsten-a-vare-syndig/4968|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20221021135107/https://www.biff.no/f/kunsten-a-vare-syndig/4968|archivedate=2022-10-21|accessdate=2022-10-21|work=BIFF 2022|language=no}}</ref> * ''Ọ bụrụ na ị nwekwaghị ezinụlọ, were ụrọ mee onwe gị'' ( Arabic </link> ), Oghere nka Frontier ikpeazụ, NYC, US. <ref name=":1">{{Cite web|title=Never too young – CAS|date=8 April 2021|url=https://www.contemporaryartstavanger.no/never-too-young/|accessdate=2022-10-24|language=en-US|archivedate=2022-10-21|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20221021135108/https://www.contemporaryartstavanger.no/never-too-young/}}</ref> (2019) * ''Nkà nke Sin'' ( Arabic </link> ) ihe nkiri ihe nkiri. {{Cite web|title=Home|url=https://www.theartofsin.movie/|accessdate=2022-10-24|work=Artofsin|language=en|archivedate=2022-10-21|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20221021120512/https://www.theartofsin.movie/}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="true">[https://www.theartofsin.movie/ "Home"]. ''Artofsin''. [https://web.archive.org/web/20221021120512/https://www.theartofsin.movie/ Archived] from the original on 2022-10-21<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2022-10-24</span></span>.</cite></ref> <ref>{{Cite web|author=Elnæs|first=Caroline Ugelstad|date=2021-06-21|title=Reiser hjem til Sudan|url=https://blikk.no/ahmed-umar-dokumentarfilm-skeiv-film/reiser-hjem-til-sudan/202816|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20221024202704/https://blikk.no/ahmed-umar-dokumentarfilm-skeiv-film/reiser-hjem-til-sudan/202816|archivedate=2022-10-24|accessdate=2022-10-26|work=blikk.no|language=nb-no}}</ref> (2020) * ''N'aka Chineke'', Ha Gamle Prestegard, Oslo. <ref name=":6">{{Cite web|title=Tilnærmet magisk om retten til fornyelse – CAS|date=11 January 2022|url=https://www.contemporaryartstavanger.no/tilnaermet-magisk-om-retten-til-fornyelse/|accessdate=2022-10-26|language=en-US|archivedate=2022-10-21|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20221021140757/https://www.contemporaryartstavanger.no/tilnaermet-magisk-om-retten-til-fornyelse/}}</ref> (2022) * ''Solace na Clay'', International Academy of Ceramics, UN, Geneva. <ref>{{Cite web|title=Rovaniemi/Posio 2021 Conférences|url=https://rovaniemi-posio2021.aic-iac.org/fr/conferences/|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20221021135112/https://rovaniemi-posio2021.aic-iac.org/fr/conferences/|archivedate=2022-10-21|accessdate=2022-10-21|language=fr-FR}}</ref> (2022) * ''Phalanges na-egbuke egbuke: Ekpere Beads 99'', ( ''zubere'' ) Kunstnernes Hus, Oslo. <ref name=":0">{{Cite web|date=2022-08-18|title=Ahmed Umar: On hair, art and queerness|url=https://www.mykalimag.com/en/2022/08/19/ahmed-umar-on-hair-art-and-queerness/|accessdate=2022-10-24|work=My Kali|language=en-US|archivedate=2022-10-23|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20221023113453/https://www.mykalimag.com/en/2022/08/19/ahmed-umar-on-hair-art-and-queerness/}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="true">[https://www.mykalimag.com/en/2022/08/19/ahmed-umar-on-hair-art-and-queerness/ "Ahmed Umar: On hair, art and queerness"]. ''My Kali''. 2022-08-18. [https://web.archive.org/web/20221023113453/https://www.mykalimag.com/en/2022/08/19/ahmed-umar-on-hair-art-and-queerness/ Archived] from the original on 2022-10-23<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2022-10-24</span></span>.</cite></ref> <ref>{{Cite web|title=Ahmed Umar, Glowing Phalanges; prayer beads 33 oversikt|url=https://www.mynewsdesk.com/no/trondheimkunstmuseum/images/ahmed-umar-glowing-phalanges-prayer-beads-33-oversikt-2509184|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20221025152505/https://www.mynewsdesk.com/no/trondheimkunstmuseum/images/ahmed-umar-glowing-phalanges-prayer-beads-33-oversikt-2509184|archivedate=2022-10-25|accessdate=2022-10-25|work=Mynewsdesk|date=25 May 2022|language=no}}</ref> (2023) === Nchịkọta ọha ahọpụtara === [[Usòrò:Standard_NMK.2019.0375.jpg|thumb| Ọkpụkpụ Thawr, Thawra ( Arabic </link> ) na Norwegian National Museum, Oslo {{Cite web|title=Ahmed Umar, Sculpture – Nasjonalmuseet – Collection|url=https://www.nasjonalmuseet.no/en/collection/object/NMK.2019.0375|accessdate=2022-10-24|work=Nasjonalmuseet|language=en|archivedate=2022-10-24|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20221024202701/https://www.nasjonalmuseet.no/en/collection/object/NMK.2019.0375}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="true">[https://www.nasjonalmuseet.no/en/collection/object/NMK.2019.0375 "Ahmed Umar, Sculpture – Nasjonalmuseet – Collection"]. ''Nasjonalmuseet''. [https://web.archive.org/web/20221024202701/https://www.nasjonalmuseet.no/en/collection/object/NMK.2019.0375 Archived] from the original on 2022-10-24<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2022-10-24</span></span>.</cite></ref>|239x239px]] * Hijab ( Nchedo Kwa afọ, Arabic </link> ), Oslo Municipality mkpokọta nka. <ref>{{Cite web|title=Ahmed Umar|url=https://norskekunsthandverkere.no/users/ahmed-umar|accessdate=2022-10-21|work=Norske Kunsthåndverkere|language=nb|archivedate=2022-10-21|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20221021135116/https://norskekunsthandverkere.no/users/ahmed-umar}}</ref> (2017) * ''Thawr'', Thawra ( Arabic </link> ), Ụlọ ihe ngosi nka nke Norwegian, Oslo. <ref name=":5">{{Cite web|title=Ahmed Umar, Sculpture – Nasjonalmuseet – Collection|url=https://www.nasjonalmuseet.no/en/collection/object/NMK.2019.0375|accessdate=2022-10-24|work=Nasjonalmuseet|language=en|archivedate=2022-10-24|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20221024202701/https://www.nasjonalmuseet.no/en/collection/object/NMK.2019.0375}}</ref> (2019) * ''[Amulet | Hijab]] nye Hannah'' ( Arabic </link> ), National Museum of Decorative Arts, Trondheim . <ref name=":3">{{Cite web|title=Ahmed Umar: Grenseoverganger – ArtScene Trondheim|url=https://artscene.no/2019/04/30/ahmed-umar-grenseoverganger/|accessdate=2022-10-24|language=nb-NO|archivedate=2022-10-24|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20221024202701/https://artscene.no/2019/04/30/ahmed-umar-grenseoverganger/}}</ref> (2019) * ''Ekpere amachibidoro iwu: Ministri nke Mba Ọzọ'' (Nrụnye maka ụlọ ọrụ nnọchite anya Norway na Khartoum, Sudan). <ref>{{Cite web|title=Ahmed Umar - Forbidden Prayers|url=https://www.facebook.com/events/d41d8cd9/ahmed-umar-forbidden-prayers/179483726805483/|accessdate=2022-10-24|work=www.facebook.com|language=en|archivedate=2023-03-25|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20230325205638/https://www.facebook.com/events/179483726805483/179483780138811/}}</ref> (2020) * ''Gịnị na-adịru!'' ( Arabic </link> , Sarcophagus ), Vestfossen Kunstlaboratorium. <ref name=":2">{{Cite web|title=Vestfossen Kunstlaboratorium on Instagram: "«What Lasts! (Sarcophagus)» av Ahmed Umar. 🙌 Verket fra 2016 har vi kjøpt i forbindelse med Kunstgavenprosjektet - en pengegave tildelt VKL av Sparebankstiftelsen DNB. Verket kan sees i kjelleren, som en del av årets hovedutstilling «Til deg». (Siste dag 26.september) Foto: @ninaansten . . . . #vkl #vestfossenkunstlaboratorium #ahmedumar #whatlasts #sarcophagus #samtidskunst #keramikk #sculpture #tildeg_kunstgaven #sparebankstiftelsendnb #kunstgaven2018 #kunstinorge #komogse #viken #øvreeiker"|url=https://www.instagram.com/p/CT7bUjcMWdS/|accessdate=2022-10-24|work=Instagram|language=en|archivedate=2022-10-24|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20221024202657/https://www.instagram.com/p/CT7bUjcMWdS/}}</ref> <ref name="Ahmed Umar">{{Cite web|title=Ahmed Umar|url=https://norskekunsthandverkere.no/users/ahmed-umar|accessdate=2022-10-24|work=Norske Kunsthåndverkere|language=nb|archivedate=2022-10-23|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20221023191743/https://norskekunsthandverkere.no/users/ahmed-umar}}<cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source" data-ve-ignore="true">[https://norskekunsthandverkere.no/users/ahmed-umar "Ahmed Umar"]. ''Norske Kunsthåndverkere'' (in Norwegian Bokmål). [https://web.archive.org/web/20221023191743/https://norskekunsthandverkere.no/users/ahmed-umar Archived] from the original on 2022-10-23<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2022-10-24</span></span>.</cite> [[Category:CS1 Norwegian Bokmål-language sources (nb)]]</ref> (2021) == Ihe nrite na nkwanye ugwu == 2016: Onyinye nwata akwụkwọ nka sitere na BKH, Ego Enyemaka Norwegian maka ndị nka na-ahụ anya. <ref>{{Cite web|title=Kunstnerforbundet|url=https://kunstnerforbundet.no/atelier|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20221024202659/https://kunstnerforbundet.no/atelier|archivedate=2022-10-24|accessdate=2022-10-24|work=Kunstnerforbundet|language=en}}</ref> 2017: Debutante Award, Kunsthånverk, Norske kunst og hånverkers Årsutstilling, National Museum of Decorative Arts, Trondheim. <ref>{{Cite web|date=2017-10-17|title=Verdige prisvinnere under Kunsthåndverk 2017 i Trondheim|url=https://norskekunsthandverkere.no/aktuelt/verdige-prisvinnere-under-kunsthandverk-2017-i-trondheim|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20221024202714/https://norskekunsthandverkere.no/aktuelt/verdige-prisvinnere-under-kunsthandverk-2017-i-trondheim|archivedate=2022-10-24|accessdate=2022-10-24|work=Norske Kunsthåndverkere|language=nb}}</ref> === 2018 === * Onyinye ọrụ nka na-eto eto na nke emebere ọhụrụ, Arts Council Norway. <ref name=":12">{{Cite web|title=Norwegian Crafts|url=https://www.facebook.com/norwegiancrafts/posts/congratulations-ahmed-umarnorwegian-crafts-congratulates-ahmed-umar-on-being-inv/2803493149671196/|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20221030151004/https://www.facebook.com/norwegiancrafts/posts/congratulations-ahmed-umarnorwegian-crafts-congratulates-ahmed-umar-on-being-inv/2803493149671196/|archivedate=2022-10-30|accessdate=2022-10-30|work=[[Facebook]]}}</ref> * Atelier Kunstnerforbundet Studio obibi. <ref>{{Cite web|title=Interview with Umar - Nordenfjeldske Kunstindustrimuseum|url=https://nkim.no/en/hrt2019-new-land/ahmed-umar/interview-with-umar|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20221024202659/https://nkim.no/en/hrt2019-new-land/ahmed-umar/interview-with-umar|archivedate=2022-10-24|accessdate=2022-10-24|work=nkim.no|language=en}}</ref> * NooSPHERE Onyinye obibi onye nka, New York City. <ref>{{Cite web|title=RESIDENCY AWARD|url=http://www.noosphere-arts.nyc/residency-award|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20221024202659/http://www.noosphere-arts.nyc/residency-award|archivedate=2022-10-24|accessdate=2022-10-24|work=NOoSPHERE Arts|language=en-US}}</ref> * Scheibler Foundation Art na Craft Award. === 2021 === * KunstnerLiv akwụkwọ akụkọ, NRK. * A họpụtara maka Sandefjord Kunstforening Art Award. <ref>{{Cite web|title=Sandefjord Kunstforenings Kunstpris 2021|url=https://www.visitvestfold.com/en/sandefjord/product/?tlp=5667063&name=Sandefjord-Kunstforenings-Kunstpris-2021|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20221021140539/https://www.visitvestfold.com/en/sandefjord/product/?tlp=5667063&name=Sandefjord-Kunstforenings-Kunstpris-2021|archivedate=2022-10-21|accessdate=2022-10-21|work=www.visitvestfold.com|language=en}}</ref> * Onyinye ọrụ onye nka, Arts Council Norway . <ref name=":12">{{Cite web|title=Norwegian Crafts|url=https://www.facebook.com/norwegiancrafts/posts/congratulations-ahmed-umarnorwegian-crafts-congratulates-ahmed-umar-on-being-inv/2803493149671196/|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20221030151004/https://www.facebook.com/norwegiancrafts/posts/congratulations-ahmed-umarnorwegian-crafts-congratulates-ahmed-umar-on-being-inv/2803493149671196/|archivedate=2022-10-30|accessdate=2022-10-30|work=[[Facebook]]}}</ref> == Hụkwa ==   * Ikike mmadụ na Sudan * Ikike LGBT na Sudan == Ihe ndetu == <references group="upper-alpha" responsive="1"></references> == Ntụaka == {{Reflist}} [[Òtù:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ]] 31fpww3jpapzsccrb7ehy32sttyzhf0 0 45489 320081 168077 2025-06-30T14:49:18Z InternetArchiveBot 11600 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 320081 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox person|}} {{Databox}}'''Max Azria''' (Jenụwarị 1, 1949 - Mee 6, 2019) bụ onye mmebe ejiji nke French-America nke tọrọ ntọala ụdị uwe ụmụ nwanyị nke oge a BCBG MAX AZRIA. Azria bụkwa onye nrụpụta, onye isi oche na onye isi oche nke BCBG Max Azria Group, <ref name="autogenerated2006">Mustafa, Nadia (Fall 2006). "Bon Business", ''Time Style & Design'', 81.</ref> ụlọ ejiji zuru ụwa ọnụ nke gụnyere ihe karịrị ụdị 20. <ref name="autogenerated1">Edelson, Sharon (June 3, 2009). "Miley Cyrus, Max Azria Sign Deal To Launch Line", ''Women's Wear Daily'', 12.</ref> Azria hapụrụ BCBG na 2016. BCBG Max Azria gbara akwụkwọ maka enweghị ego na 2017 wee ree ya na Marquee Brands na Global Brands Group. Mgbe e mesịrị Azria jere ozi dị ka onye isi oche nke ZappLight. <ref>{{Cite news|author=Chen|first=I-Chun|date=May 31, 2017|title=Designer Max Azria aims to shine light on Zika virus as ZappLight's new CEO|url=https://www.bizjournals.com/losangeles/news/2017/05/31/designer-max-azria-aims-to-shine-light-on-zika.html|work=Biz Journals}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite news|author=Hamanaka|first=Kari|date=May 31, 2017|title=Max Azria, BCBG Max Azria Group founder, named chief executive, partner of L.A. tech start-up|url=http://www.latimes.com/fashion/la-ig-wwd-max-azria-ceo-tech-startup-20170531-story.html|work=Los Angeles Times}}</ref> == Ndụ mmalite na agụmakwụkwọ == A mụrụ Max Azria na Sfax, [[Tunisia]] <ref name="autogenerated3">Mustafa, Nadia (Fall 2006). "Bon Business", ''Time Style & Design'', 82.</ref> dị ka ọdụdụ n'ime ụmụaka isii; nye ezinụlọ nke ma ndị Juu Sephardi na ndị Juu Mizrahi ( Tunisia-Juu ). Mgbe Azria bụ nwata, gụrụ akwụkwọ na ndịda ọwụwa anyanwụ France tupu ezinụlọ ya akwaga Paris, France na 1963. </link><sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">''[[wikipedia:Tinye edensibịa|<span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (January 2020)">Nwanne</span>]]'' &#x5D; &#x5B;</sup> bụ Serge Azria, <ref>[http://www.elle.com/fashion/a9398/sole-mate-261180/ Elle Magazine: "Sole Mate - Florence Azria's Louboutin and Manolo addictions benefit charity"] July 31, 2008</ref> onye guzobere ahịrị uwe ụmụ nwanyị Joie, Ugbu a / Elliott na akụrụngwa . <ref>[http://articles.latimes.com/2014/mar/21/business/la-fi-mo-serge-azria-headquarters-20140321 Los Angeles Times: "Clothier Serge Azria expands operations at Vernon headquarters" By Roger Vincent] March 21, 2014</ref> == Ọrụ == Mgbe afọ 11 nke imebe ahịrị nke uwe ụmụ nwanyị na Paris, Azria kwagara [[Los Angeles|Los Angeles, California]] na 1981 <ref name="autogenerated3">Mustafa, Nadia (Fall 2006). "Bon Business", ''Time Style & Design'', 82.</ref> wee malite Jess, usoro ụlọ ahịa azụmaahịa ọhụrụ maka uwe ụmụ nwanyị. N'afọ 1989, Azria weputara BCBG Max Azria, <ref name="autogenerated2006">Mustafa, Nadia (Fall 2006). "Bon Business", ''Time Style & Design'', 81.</ref> aha maka okwu [[Asụsụ French|French]] " bon chic, bon genre ," slang nke Parisi pụtara "ụdị dị mma, àgwà ọma". <ref name="autogenerated2006" /> A nabatara Azria maka inye ndị mmebe ejiji na ọnụ ahịa ọnụ ahịa dị ọnụ ala, n'ihi ya, ewebatara ya na Council of Fashion Designers of America (CFDA) na 1998. <ref name="autogenerated4">Baker, Ashley (February 17, 2009). "Loving Max More Than Ever", ''The Daily'', 20.</ref> Ebu ụzọ wepụta mkpokọta BCBG Max Azria Runway na New York Fashion Week na 1996. <ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20250125121500/https://cfda.com/the-council-of-fashion-designers-of-america-inducts-25-new-members/],''Cfda.com'', Retrieved on August 2, 2010.</ref> Azria dokwara mkpokọta mkpokọta aha abụọ, Max Azria Atelier na Max Azria. Ewepụtara na February 2004, Max Azria Atelier <ref name="autogenerated2006">Mustafa, Nadia (Fall 2006). "Bon Business", ''Time Style & Design'', 81.</ref> bụ nchịkọta uwe mwụda emepụtara maka ndị ahịa ama ama na mmemme kapeeti uhie. Sharon Stone, <ref>Rubenstein, Hal (May 2006). "The Look of Max Azria Atelier", ''InStyle'', 152</ref> Halle Berry, <ref>Souter, Ericka & Dowd, Kathy Ehrich (September 4, 2006). "Red Carpet Ready", ''People'', 119.</ref> Fergie <ref name="autogenerated5">Souter, Ericka & Dowd, Kathy Ehrich (September 4, 2006). "Red Carpet Ready", ''People'', 120.</ref> na Alicia Keys <ref name="autogenerated5" /> eyila akara na kapeeti uhie. Na February 2006, Azria debuted Max Azria, nchịkọta njikere na-eyi na aesthetic ntụziaka, na runway na New York Fashion Week . <ref>Decarlo, Lauren (February 2, 2006). "New Name for BCBG Max Azria Collection", ''Women's Wear Daily'',14.</ref> N'ime oge nturu ugo 2009, Angelina Jolie yiri Max Azria na 2009 Screen Actors Guild Awards na 2009 Critics Choice Awards. Ụlọ ọrụ ahụ zụtara G+G Retail nke enweghị ego, nke na-arụ ụdị G+G na Rave, na 2006. <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.prnewswire.com/news-releases/bcbg-max-azria-group-and-guggenheim-win-gg-bidding-55340067.html|title=BCBG Max Azria Group and Guggenheim Win G+G Bidding|date=February 15, 2006|work=PR Newswire|accessdate=October 22, 2013}}</ref> Azria nwetara ụlọ ejiji Hervé Léger na 1998, <ref name="autogenerated4">Baker, Ashley (February 17, 2009). "Loving Max More Than Ever", ''The Daily'', 20.</ref> na-aka akara oge mbụ na akụkọ ihe mere eme nke onye nrụpụta America nwetara onye isi ala France. <ref>Avens, Mimi.:, ''Latimes.com'', Retrieved on August 2, 2010.</ref> Na mbido 2007, Azria weghachiri akara Hervé Léger na atụmatụ nke ya, nke ndị ama ama na ndị na-eme ihe n'ụwa niile nabatara ngwa ngwa. <ref name="autogenerated4" /> Na Fall 2008, Max Azria gosipụtara BCBG Max Azria Runway, Max Azria na Hervé Léger site Max Azria na New York Fashion Week, na-akara oge mbụ onye mmebe America na-emepụta ihe ngosi atọ kachasị mkpa n'oge otu New York Fashion Week . <ref>Garrett, Chanteau.: {{Cite web|url=http://www.teenchicmag.com/2009/01/fashion_in_the_mind/|title=Archived copy|accessdate=August 2, 2010|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110716202146/http://www.teenchicmag.com/2009/01/fashion_in_the_mind/|archivedate=July 16, 2011}}, ''Teenchicmag.com'', Retrieved on August 2, 2010.</ref> Azria weputara mkpokọta na-eto eto nke oge a akpọrọ BCBGeneration na 2008. <ref>Medina, Marcy (January 7, 2008). "BCBG Merges Two Lines to Form BCBGeneration", ''Women's Wear Daily'', 12.</ref> Na June 2009, Azria jikọtara ya na Miley Cyrus iji mepụta ahịrị maka Walmart akpọrọ Miley Cyrus & Max Azria. <ref name="autogenerated1">Edelson, Sharon (June 3, 2009). "Miley Cyrus, Max Azria Sign Deal To Launch Line", ''Women's Wear Daily'', 12.</ref> Azria chekwara uwe maka njem America nke Saịrọs 2009. <ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.glamour.com/story/miley-cyrus-max-azria-and-walm|title=Miley Cyrus, Max Azria, And Wal-Mart: A Match Made In Fashion Heaven?|author=Lester|first=Tracey Lomrantz|work=Glamour|accessdate=September 29, 2017|language=en}}</ref> Na Mee 31, 2017, ZappLight kwupụtara na Max Azria sonyeere ZappLight na nne na nna ya Clean Concept LLC dị ka CEO na onye mmekọ. <ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/brief-zapplight-says-max-azria-joins-zap-idUSFWN1IX0JB|title=BRIEF-ZappLight says Max Azria joins Zapplight and its parent co Clean Concept LLC as CEO and partner|date=May 31, 2017|work=Reuters|accessdate=June 5, 2017}}</ref> "Ọ bụ ezie na ejiji na nkà na ụzụ dị iche iche dị iche iche, ha na-esiwanye ike n'ihi na ha abụọ gbadoro ụkwụ na ịkwanye ókèala nke nnukwu imewe yana na-akpali ma na-atọ ndị na-azụ ahịa ụtọ. Enwere m obi ụtọ ịbụ akụkụ nke ọhụrụ a na-akpali akpali ịmalite ịmalite ZappLight ka ọ bụrụ akara ụwa. anabatara n'ụlọ ebe niile iji gbochie ụmụ ahụhụ na-ebu nje, "Max Azria kwuru na nkwupụta. <ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.latimes.com/fashion/la-ig-wwd-max-azria-ceo-tech-startup-20170531-story.html|title=Max Azria, BCBG Max Azria Group founder, named chief executive, partner of L.A. tech start-up|author=WWD|first=Kari Hamanaka {{!}}|date=May 31, 2017|work=Los Angeles Times|accessdate=June 5, 2017|language=en-US}}</ref> Onye ọchụnta ego n'obi, ọ bụ ihe dị mma maka onye dị afọ 68 ịbanye na mmalite kama ịla ezumike nka. <ref name=":0" /> ZappLight bụ bọlbụ ọkụ "2-in-1" na bug zapper. <ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.retaildive.com/news/bcbg-founder-max-azria-ditches-fashion-for-bug-zapping-startup-zapplight/443975/|title=BCBG founder Max Azria ditches fashion for bug-zapping startup ZappLight|work=Retail Dive|accessdate=June 5, 2017|language=en-US}}</ref> ZappLight na-akpaghasị ụlọ ọrụ bug zapper nke dị kemgbe afọ 80. <ref name=":0">{{Cite news|url=http://www.nibletz.com/usa/california/l-a/max-azria-joins-bug-zapper-future-startup-ceo|title=Max Azria Joins Bug Zapper Of The Future Startup As CEO|work=Nibletz|accessdate=June 5, 2017|language=en-US}}</ref> Ogwe ọhụrụ nke ZappLight na-ejikọta ọkụ LED nke na-adọta ahụhụ na anwụnta na arụ ọrụ dị ka bọlbụ ọkụ n'ezie, yana teknụzụ zapping nke ochie. <ref name=":0" /> ZappLight bụ bọlbụ ma ọ bụghị ihe ndozi dum, nke pụtara na ndị nwe ụlọ nwere ike ịwụnye ha na nke ọ bụla n'ime ihe ọkụ ọkụ ha mepere emepe n'èzí. <ref name=":0" /> [[Usòrò:Bcbg_max_azria_collection.jpg|alt=hover text|thumb| Nchịkọta Max Azria.]] BCBG Max Azria Group bụ ụlọ ejiji zuru ụwa ọnụ nwere pọtụfoliyo gụnyere ihe karịrị ụdị 20. <ref name="autogenerated1">Edelson, Sharon (June 3, 2009). "Miley Cyrus, Max Azria Sign Deal To Launch Line", ''Women's Wear Daily'', 12.</ref> Max Azria bụ onye isi oche, onye isi oche na onye nrụpụta isi na nwanyị di ya nwụrụ, Lubov Azria bụ onye isi ọrụ okike. <ref name="autogenerated2006">Mustafa, Nadia (Fall 2006). "Bon Business", ''Time Style & Design'', 81.</ref> Dị ka nke 2006, e nwere ihe karịrị 550 BCBG Max Azria boutiques n'ụwa nile, gụnyere ọnọdụ na [[London]], Paris, Tokyo, Santiago na [[Hong Kong]] . <ref name="autogenerated2006">Mustafa, Nadia (Fall 2006). "Bon Business", ''Time Style & Design'', 81.</ref> A na-erekwa mkpokọta Azria n'ụlọ ahịa pụrụ iche na nnukwu ụlọ ahịa dị iche iche n'ofe ụwa, gụnyere Nordstrom, Saks Fifth Avenue, Bergdorf Goodman, Lord &amp;amp; Taylor, Bloomingdale's, Macy's, Dillard's, UK Harvey Nichols, Hong Kong's Lane Crawtsuford, Singapore's Lane Crawtsukos na Hong Kong. Ụlọ ahịa Takashimaya . <ref name="autogenerated2006" /> Mgbasa ozi BCBG Max Azria Group na-egosipụtakarị ụdị ama ama, gụnyere Eva Herzigova, <ref name="designscene1">[http://www.designscene.net/2009/04/eva-herzigova-for-bcbg-max-azria-by.html], ''Designscene.net'', Retrieved on August 2, 2010.</ref> Karen Elson <ref>[http://www.designscene.net/2008/09/karen-elson-for-bcbg-max-azria.html], ''Designscene.net'', Retrieved on August 2, 2010.</ref> na Jessica Stam . Ụlọ ọrụ ahụ na-arụkọ ọrụ ugboro ugboro na ndị na-ese foto ama ama na mba ụwa dịka Patrick Demarchelier, <ref name="designscene1" /> Paolo Roversi na David Sims. A na-egosipụtakarị uwe BCBG Max Azria Group na mbipụta ejiji ndị dị ka ''Vogue'', ''InStyle'' na ''Vanity Fair'', <ref>[http://www.bcbgmaxazriagroup.com/fall2009/index.php?p=cGFnZT1jYXRlZ29yeQ==&section=inthenews&cat=9&lnt=bmF2], ''Bcbgmaxazriagroup.com'', Retrieved on December 8, 2009.</ref> na na saịtị ntanetị dị ka Style.com na iFashion Network. === Akụkọ na-adịbeghị anya === BCBG Max Azria Group gbara akwụkwọ maka nchekwa ego nke isi 11 na February 28, 2017; a kọrọ na na July 2017 akara na akara nwanne ya nwanyị ga-eweghara Marquee Brands na Global Brands Group, nke zụtara ikike ọgụgụ isi na akụ nke ụlọ ọrụ ahụ. <ref>Deborah Belgum, [https://www.apparelnews.net/news/2017/jul/11/hundreds-get-final-pink-slips-bcbg-max-azria/ Hundreds Get Final Pink Slips at BCBG Max Azria] TLM Publishing Corp, July 11, 2017</ref> == Ndụ onwe onye == Azria lụrụ ugboro abụọ. Ọ gbara alụkwaghịm na nwunye mbụ ya onye ya na ya nwere ụmụ atọ: Michael John Azria (amụrụ 1974), Joyce Azria Nassir (amụrụ 1981), na Marine Azria (amụrụ 1984). <ref name="PeopleFactor">[http://www.people.com/people/archive/article/0,,20129832,00.html People Magazine: "The Max Factor" by Julie K.L. Dam and Samantha Miller] November 22, 1999</ref> Azria lụrụ Lubov Azria onye Ukraine, onye isi ihe okike maka BCBG Max Azria Group. <ref>Zelevansky, Nora (August 2007). "Lubov Azria; On Schedule", ''C Magazine'',30.</ref> Ha nwere ụmụ atọ ọnụ: Chloe (amụrụ 1993), Nushi (amụrụ 1996), na Agnes (amụrụ 1997). <ref name="PeopleFactor" /> Akpọrọ ada ya nwanyị Joyce Azria aha onye nduzi okike nke BCBGeneration na 2009. <ref>[http://www.wwd.com/retail-news/west-watch-joyce-azria-returns-2163598],''Wwd.com'', Retrieved on July 27, 2010.</ref> Ya na ezinụlọ ya biri n'ụlọ Paul Williams haziri na Holmby Hills, [[Los Angeles]], [[California]] . <ref>Heyman, Marshall.:{{Cite web|url=http://www.harpersbazaar.com/fashion/fashion-articles/max-azria-interview-0609|title=Archived copy|accessdate=July 29, 2010|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20100523161958/http://www.harpersbazaar.com/fashion/fashion-articles/max-azria-interview-0609|archivedate=May 23, 2010}} ''harpersbazaar.com'', Retrieved on July 27, 2010</ref> <ref name="wsjbinkley">Christina Binkley, [https://www.wsj.com/articles/SB10001424127887324463604579040881150168384 Max Azria Faces Losing Control], ''The Wall Street Journal'', August 28, 2013</ref> Ọ bụ Sidney Sheldon nwụrụ anwụ nweburu ya. <ref name="wsjbinkley" /> === Ọnwụ === Azria nwụrụ n'ihi ọrịa kansa akpa ume n'ụlọ ọgwụ dị na Houston na Mee 6, 2019, ọ dị afọ 70. <ref>{{Cite news|url=https://wwd.com/fashion-news/fashion-features/max-azria-dead-1203124841/|title=Max Azria Dead at 70|work=[[Women's Wear Daily]]|author=Moore|first=Booth|date=May 6, 2019|accessdate=May 6, 2019}}</ref> == Hụkwa == * Retail apocalypse * Ndepụta nke ndị na-ere ahịa nke apocalypse mkpọsa ahụ metụtara == Ntụaka == {{Reflist|2}} == Njikọ mpụga == * [http://www.bcbg.com Webụsaịtị BCBG Max Azria gọọmentị] * Max Azria [[Òtù:All articles with unsourced statements]] [[Òtù:Pages with unreviewed translations]] 7rnaw3mk3emavs0iyr79oirbb9irili 0 45669 320115 206965 2025-07-01T05:04:56Z Anastesia chi 23720 edoziri m broken files 320115 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}}'''Aimé Mpane''' (amụrụ 1968) bụ omenkà si [[Democratic Republic of the Congo]] (DRC) na-eke oge ya n'etiti Brussels na [[Kinshasa]] . Amụrụ n'oge ọchịchị Mobutu Sese Seko, ndụ nwata ya na DRC na arụrụala nke Eze Leopold II na ndị Belgium mere emetụtawo ọrụ ya nke ukwuu. Nkà ya na-egosikwa omenala DRC na mmekọrịta dị n'etiti Europe na Africa. A na-akpọ Mpane "otu n'ime ndị na-ese ihe kachasị mkpa sitere na Africa ruo taa" ma sonye na ihe ngosi solo na otu na Africa, Europe, na North America. Ọ na-eji adze emepụta ihe ọkpụkpụ ya ma na-arụkarị ọrụ n'abalị ma ọ bụ site na kandụl. Ọrụ ya n'ịmepụta ihe ọkpụkpụ na Royal Museum for Central Africa, nke a na-akpọ ugbu a AfricaMuseum, iji dochie ihe oyiyi nke Leopold nke e wepụrụ n'oge nnukwu nrụzigharị kpuchiri n'ọtụtụ isiokwu. Ọrụ ya, ''New Breath, ma ọ bụ Burgeoning Congo'', bụ iji "dozie" ihe oyiyi ịkpa ókè agbụrụ na ihe oyiyi dị na nnukwu Rotunda nke ihe ngosi nka. A nọgidere na-akatọ ya na mgbanwe ndị ọzọ e mere n'ime ụlọ ngosi ihe mgbe ochie ahụ emeghị nke ọma. A gbakwunyere ihe ọkpụkpụ nke abụọ na, na-arụ ọrụ na onye na-ese ihe na Belgium, Mpane gbakwunyere ákwà mgbochi na-agafe agafe n'ihu ihe oyiyi ahụ na ọrụ a na-akpọ RE/STORE. Mpane bụ onye mmadụ na-agbaso ụkpụrụ nkà ihe ọmụma Ubuntu . O kwenyere na kama ịrụ ụka maka ihe ndị mere n'oge gara aga, ndị Europe na ndị Africa kwesịrị iweghachi mmekọrịta ha, ọ bụghị imeziwanye mmekọrịta ha. Otu ihe atụ nke a bụ ihe ọkpụkpụ a rụrụ n’ihu ụlọ ọrụ nnọchiteanya Belgium dị na [[Kinshasa]] nke na-egosi onye isi ojii na-ekele onye ọcha. Mpane akatọọla ngagharị nke Black Lives Matter, na-ekwu na ya ekwetaghị na atụmatụ ya. == Ndụ mbido == [[Usòrò:Prins_Bernhard_in_Zaire_(voorheen_Belgisch_Congo),_Bernhard_en_Mobutu,_Bestanddeelnr_926-6037.jpg|thumb| A mụrụ Mpane n'oge ọchịchị onye ọchịchị aka ike Mobutu Sese Seko, nke na-emetụta ọrụ ya nke ukwuu.|227x227px]] A mụrụ Aimé Mpane na 1968 na [[Democratic Republic of the Congo|Democratic Republic of Congo]] (DRC) nke oge a, afọ ole na ole ka Nsogbu Kongo kwụsịrị, na n'oge ọchịchị aka ike nke ndị agha Mobutu Sese Seko . Nna ya bụ onye na-eme kabinet na onye na-ese ihe na nna nna ya na-ejikwa osisi rụọ ọrụ. {{Cite news|url=https://www.sfchronicle.com/art/article/aime-mpane-dual-perspective-from-congo-4733551.php|title=Aimé Mpane: 'Dual Perspective' from Congo, Belgium|work=San Francisco Chronicle|date=August 14, 2013|accessdate=November 28, 2023|author=Chun, Kimberly}}</ref> <ref name="tlmagazine">{{Cite news|url=https://tlmagazine.com/aime-mpane-between-shadow-and-light-sculpting-and-painting-humanity/|title=Aimé Mpane – Between shadow and light: sculpting and painting humanity|work=TL Magazine|date=June 30, 2018|accessdate=November 28, 2023}}</ref> <ref name="thephillips">{{Cite web|url=https://blog.phillipscollection.org/2020/02/11/phillips-collects-aime-mpane/|title=The Phillips Collects: Aimé Mpane|publisher=The Phillips Collection|date=February 11, 2020|accessdate=November 28, 2023|archivedate=November 26, 2023|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20231126225023/https://blog.phillipscollection.org/2020/02/11/phillips-collects-aime-mpane/}}</ref> N'ụlọ akwụkwọ, a kụziiri Mpane site na akwụkwọ akụkọ ihe mere eme nke ndị mbipụta Belgium bipụtara. Akwụkwọ ndị ahụ gosipụtara Eze Leopold II, bụ onye kpatara ọnwụ nke ọtụtụ nde ụmụ amaala Congo Free State, dị ka nnukwu onye ndu. A kuziri Mpane na ndị Congo sitere na Gauls . Nke a bụ ihe mere ndị Belgium ji bụrụ ndị ọchịchị ha. {{Cite news|url=https://www.npr.org/2018/09/02/644085214/belgian-museum-looks-at-countrys-history-of-colonialism-and-racism|title=Belgian Museum Looks At Country's History Of Colonialism And Racism|work=NPR|date=September 2, 2018|accessdate=November 28, 2023|author=Kakissis, Joanna}}</ref> Mpane kwagara [[Kinshasa]] mgbe ọ dị afọ 15. Obere oge ka ọ bịarutere, a gwara ya ka o see foto maka ọkọlọtọ na-akwalite ihe nkiri. E gosipụtara ọkọlọtọ ahụ ruo ọnwa ole na ole, nke Mpane kpọrọ ihe ngosi mbụ ya. {{Cite news|url=https://www.bruzz.be/en/culture/art-books/aime-mpane-i-prefer-martin-luther-king-malcolm-x-2021-10-14|title=Aimé Mpane: 'I prefer Martin Luther King to Malcolm X'|work=BRUZZ|date=October 14, 2021|accessdate=November 28, 2023|author=Peeters, Tom}}</ref> O mechara gaa ụlọ akwụkwọ na Institut Des Beaux Arts ebe ọ gụsịrị akwụkwọ na ọrụ ọkpụkpụ na 1987. O nwetara nzere bachelọ nke Fine Arts na Académie des Beaux-Arts na 1990. {{Cite web|url=https://www.duendeartprojects.com/usr/library/documents/main/artists/71/dap-artist-aime-mpane-cv.pdf|title=Aimé Mpane|publisher=Duende Art Projects|accessdate=November 28, 2023|archivedate=November 30, 2023|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20231130042158/https://www.duendeartprojects.com/usr/library/documents/main/artists/71/dap-artist-aime-mpane-cv.pdf}}</ref> Na 1994, Mpane kwagara Belgium ebe ọ gara n'ihu n'akwụkwọ ya wee nweta ihe nrite mbụ ya, na nnukwu ọnụ ụlọ dị na Libramont-Chevigny . <ref name="kakissis">{{Cite news|url=https://www.npr.org/2018/09/02/644085214/belgian-museum-looks-at-countrys-history-of-colonialism-and-racism|title=Belgian Museum Looks At Country's History Of Colonialism And Racism|work=NPR|date=September 2, 2018|accessdate=November 28, 2023|author=Kakissis, Joanna}}<cite class="citation news cs1" data-ve-ignore="true" id="CITEREFKakissis,_Joanna2018">Kakissis, Joanna (September 2, 2018). [https://www.npr.org/2018/09/02/644085214/belgian-museum-looks-at-countrys-history-of-colonialism-and-racism "Belgian Museum Looks At Country's History Of Colonialism And Racism"]. ''NPR''. [https://web.archive.org/web/20230609084729/https://www.npr.org/2018/09/02/644085214/belgian-museum-looks-at-countrys-history-of-colonialism-and-racism Archived] from the original on June 9, 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">November 28,</span> 2023</span>.</cite></ref> Ọ chọsiri ike ịmata ihe ndị Belgium chere ala nna ya na ndị bi na ya. Ọ gara Royal Museum for Central Africa, nke a maara ugbu a dị ka AfricaMuseum, wee hụ ndị Congo na-egosi dị ka ndị obi ọjọọ na-achọ enyemaka site n'aka ndị ọcha Belgium. E kọwara eze Belgium na ndị ozi ala ọzọ dị ka ndị dike nwere obiọma. <ref name="kakissis" /> N'otu oge ahụ, ọnụ ọgụgụ ọrụ ahụ masịrị ya ma nwee mmasị dị ukwuu n'ihe osise ebo Africa a na-egosi. A kụziiri ya naanị gbasara nka mgbe ọchịchị gachara na nka ọdịda anyanwụ n'ihi ''amụma'' nke Mobutu. Maka ya, Mpane nọ "n'ihu 'ezigbo' patrimony Congo." <ref name="muse">{{Cite journal|url=https://muse.jhu.edu/pub/6/article/757367|title=Conversation between Aimé Mpane and Maxime de Formanoir|journal=African Arts|date=Summer 2020|volume=53|issue=2|pages=92–93}}</ref> Enyere Mpane nke mbụ na asọmpi 1996 Center International des Civilizations Bantu, na-anọchite anya DRCH. O nwetara Master of Fine Arts site na École Nationale Supérieure des Arts Visuels na 2000. Ka ọ na-erule oge ahụ, ọ sonyelarị na ọtụtụ ihe ngosi otu, gụnyere ọtụtụ na Belgium na otu na Canada, na ihe ngosi solo na Belgium na DRC. <ref name="duende">{{Cite web|url=https://www.duendeartprojects.com/usr/library/documents/main/artists/71/dap-artist-aime-mpane-cv.pdf|title=Aimé Mpane|publisher=Duende Art Projects|accessdate=November 28, 2023|archivedate=November 30, 2023|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20231130042158/https://www.duendeartprojects.com/usr/library/documents/main/artists/71/dap-artist-aime-mpane-cv.pdf}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="true">[https://www.duendeartprojects.com/usr/library/documents/main/artists/71/dap-artist-aime-mpane-cv.pdf "Aimé Mpane"] <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Duende Art Projects. [https://web.archive.org/web/20231130042158/https://www.duendeartprojects.com/usr/library/documents/main/artists/71/dap-artist-aime-mpane-cv.pdf Archived] <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on November 30, 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">November 28,</span> 2023</span>.</cite></ref> == Ọrụ == Ọrụ Mpane sitere na mmekọrịta dị n'etiti DRC na Belgium, kpọmkwem oge n'oge Congo Free State, na ụzọ ịkpa ókè agbụrụ siri rụọ ọrụ dị ukwuu na ya. Ọrụ ya na-ekwukwa banyere omenala DRC na akụkọ ihe mere eme nke mmetụta Mobutu na DRC. Mpane na-arụkarị ọrụ n'abalị ma ọ bụ site n'ìhè kandụl, na-eji adze kpụrụ ya ọrụ mmadụ . Na mgbakwunye na ọrụ ọkpụkpụ a na-ahụkarị, Mpane na-ese foto n'ime osisi, na-emepụta mgbidi mosaic, na agba. <ref name="haines">{{Cite web|url=https://hainesgallery.com/aime-mpane-bio|title=Aimé Mpane|publisher=Haines Gallery|accessdate=November 28, 2023|archivedate=July 12, 2023|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20230712160030/https://hainesgallery.com/aime-mpane-bio}}</ref> A na-akpọ ya "otu n'ime ndị na-ese ihe kachasị mkpa sitere na Africa ruo taa" site na Royal Museums of Fine Arts nke Belgium na BRUZZ . <ref name="peeters">{{Cite news|url=https://www.bruzz.be/en/culture/art-books/aime-mpane-i-prefer-martin-luther-king-malcolm-x-2021-10-14|title=Aimé Mpane: 'I prefer Martin Luther King to Malcolm X'|work=BRUZZ|date=October 14, 2021|accessdate=November 28, 2023|author=Peeters, Tom}}<cite class="citation news cs1" data-ve-ignore="true" id="CITEREFPeeters,_Tom2021">Peeters, Tom (October 14, 2021). [https://www.bruzz.be/en/culture/art-books/aime-mpane-i-prefer-martin-luther-king-malcolm-x-2021-10-14 "Aimé Mpane: 'I prefer Martin Luther King to Malcolm X'"]. ''BRUZZ''. [https://web.archive.org/web/20231126225016/https://www.bruzz.be/en/culture/art-books/aime-mpane-i-prefer-martin-luther-king-malcolm-x-2021-10-14 Archived] from the original on November 26, 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">November 28,</span> 2023</span>.</cite></ref> <ref name="finearts">{{Cite web|url=https://fine-arts-museum.be/en/exhibitions/aime-mpane|title=Aimé Mpane: Remedies|publisher=Royal Museums of Fine Arts of Belgium|accessdate=November 28, 2023|archivedate=November 26, 2023|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20231126064906/https://fine-arts-museum.be/en/exhibitions/aime-mpane}}</ref> Otu akụkọ dị n'akwụkwọ akụkọ, ''Black Renaissance/Renaissance Noire'', nke Ụlọ Ọrụ Na-ahụ Maka African American Affairs University nke New York bipụtara, malitere na nchịkọta nke ọrụ Mpane a: <blockquote>"Ọrụ Aimé Mpané na-agụnye ihe mgbu na amara nke esemokwu ụmụ mmadụ nke na-esite na ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị maara nke ọma na ịmara akụkọ ihe mere eme nke colonial Africa. Ọrụ ya na-egosi eziokwu mmekọrịta ọha na eze na nke ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị gbara ya gburugburu, eziokwu na-eme site n'echiche ya dị ka onye na-eme ihe nkiri nke ya. Ọgbọ nke ọrụ ya na-aga n'ihu na-enyere aka n'ichepụta echiche banyere ọdịdị mara mma na omenala nke Afrika Afrika, akụkọ ihe mere eme nke ala nna ya - Democratic Republic of Congo - na arụrụ arụ kpara n'oge narị afọ nke 19 site n'aka Eze Leopold II nke Belgium, na-aga n'ihu site na ọnwụ nke nketa. colonialism na mbibi na-esochi nke agha na ụzọ akụ na ụba na-aga n'ihu n'oge postcolonial, na-ahapụ ihe nhụjuanya dị omimi na nke dị egwu na ncheta nke ndị Congo."</blockquote> === 2000s === [[Usòrò:National_Museum_of_African_Art,_2019.jpg|áká_èkpè|thumb| Ihe ngosi Mpane ya na António Ole mere na [[National Museum of African Art]] na 2009.]] Mgbe ọ gụsịrị akwụkwọ na 2000, Mpane sonye na ihe ngosi otu n'ime afọ ndị sochirinụ na Belgium, Monaco, France, Cuba, Germany na Senegal. Ụfọdụ n'ime ihe ngosi solo mbụ ya mere na Lubumbashi, 8th Havana Biennial, Dakar Biennale, ebe ọ meriri 2006 Jean-Paul Blachère Foundation Critics Prize, na [[New York City]] . Nke ikpeazụ, "Bach to Congo", mere na Skoto Gallery na 2007. <ref name="duende">{{Cite web|url=https://www.duendeartprojects.com/usr/library/documents/main/artists/71/dap-artist-aime-mpane-cv.pdf|title=Aimé Mpane|publisher=Duende Art Projects|accessdate=November 28, 2023|archivedate=November 30, 2023|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20231130042158/https://www.duendeartprojects.com/usr/library/documents/main/artists/71/dap-artist-aime-mpane-cv.pdf}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="true">[https://www.duendeartprojects.com/usr/library/documents/main/artists/71/dap-artist-aime-mpane-cv.pdf "Aimé Mpane"] <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Duende Art Projects. [https://web.archive.org/web/20231130042158/https://www.duendeartprojects.com/usr/library/documents/main/artists/71/dap-artist-aime-mpane-cv.pdf Archived] <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on November 30, 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">November 28,</span> 2023</span>.</cite></ref> ''The Village Voice'' kwuru na ọrụ ya ji egwuregwu onyinyo na ili na-agụ "Congo-1885", n'afọ ahụ ọgbakọ Berlin weere ọnọdụ, mgbe mba Europe kpebiri ka ha ga -akpụpụta Africa maka alaeze ha. ''Akwụkwọ akụkọ New York Times'' kpọrọ ya "solo siri ike" site na Mpane, na-ahụta ọnụ ọgụgụ nke nwoke si Africa nke mejupụtara mkpisi osisi 4,652 kpamkpam. <ref name="cotter">{{Cite news|url=https://archive.nytimes.com/query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage-9F02E4DC1E30F93AA25752C0A9619C8B63.html|title=Art in Review: Aime Mpane -- Bach to Congo|work=The New York Times|date=January 19, 2007|accessdate=November 28, 2023|author=Cotter, Holland|pages=E38}}</ref> A chọpụtakwara na otu n'ime ihe mere a na-ejikarị arụ ọrụ ya n'abalị bụ n'ihi ọkụ eletrik na Kinshasa, ebe Mpane bi mgbe ọ bụghị na Brussels . <ref name="cotter" /> N'ime afọ abụọ sochirinụ, Mpane malitere izi ihe wee gosipụta ya na ihe ngosi otu na Belgium, France, na [[Washington, D.C.|Washington, DC]], na ihe ngosi solo na Belgium, Houston, na New York City. <ref name="duende">{{Cite web|url=https://www.duendeartprojects.com/usr/library/documents/main/artists/71/dap-artist-aime-mpane-cv.pdf|title=Aimé Mpane|publisher=Duende Art Projects|accessdate=November 28, 2023|archivedate=November 30, 2023|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20231130042158/https://www.duendeartprojects.com/usr/library/documents/main/artists/71/dap-artist-aime-mpane-cv.pdf}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="true">[https://www.duendeartprojects.com/usr/library/documents/main/artists/71/dap-artist-aime-mpane-cv.pdf "Aimé Mpane"] <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Duende Art Projects. [https://web.archive.org/web/20231130042158/https://www.duendeartprojects.com/usr/library/documents/main/artists/71/dap-artist-aime-mpane-cv.pdf Archived] <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on November 30, 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">November 28,</span> 2023</span>.</cite></ref> Ihe ngosi na Washington, DC, "Ndị na-ese ihe na mkparịta ụka: Antonion Ole na Aimé Mpane", mere na [[National Museum of African Art]] ma tinye ọrụ nke Mpane kere n'etiti 2006 na 2008. <ref name="duende" /> Otu akụkọ dị na ''The Washington Post'' kọwara ọ bụghị naanị ihe ọkpụkpụ ya, kama eserese, dị ka inwe "mma 3D." Ụfọdụ n'ime ọrụ ndị a nyochara gụnyere ''Ice On Creve'' na ''Rail, Massina 3'', nke ikpeazụ aha ya bụ nke azụmahịa Kinshasa. Onye edemede ahụ kọwara ọrụ Mpane dị ka ihe ndị a: "Ihe oyiyi ihu mmadụ abụghị naanị eserese, kama ọ na-eji agụba na plywood dị ọnụ ala ọ na-arụ ọrụ - n'ọnọdụ ụfọdụ nke ukwuu nke na ọ dịghị ihe fọdụrụ ma ọ bụ oghere oghere ebe ihu. N'ọnọdụ ndị dị otú ahụ, ị gaghị ahụ onye dị n'ime ma ọlị, kama mgbidi nke eyịre na foto ahụ." /> === Afọ 2010 === Na mmalite-na-etiti 2010s, Mpane nwere ihe ngosi solo na Kinshasa, New York City, Brussels, San Francisco, na Mahadum Wyoming . Ihe ngosi ndị otu ya gụnyere ndị dị na New York City, Paris, Brussels, [[Los Angeles]], Dakar, [[Kansas City, Missouri|Kansas City]], na San Antonio . <ref name="duende">{{Cite web|url=https://www.duendeartprojects.com/usr/library/documents/main/artists/71/dap-artist-aime-mpane-cv.pdf|title=Aimé Mpane|publisher=Duende Art Projects|accessdate=November 28, 2023|archivedate=November 30, 2023|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20231130042158/https://www.duendeartprojects.com/usr/library/documents/main/artists/71/dap-artist-aime-mpane-cv.pdf}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="true">[https://www.duendeartprojects.com/usr/library/documents/main/artists/71/dap-artist-aime-mpane-cv.pdf "Aimé Mpane"] <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Duende Art Projects. [https://web.archive.org/web/20231130042158/https://www.duendeartprojects.com/usr/library/documents/main/artists/71/dap-artist-aime-mpane-cv.pdf Archived] <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on November 30, 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">November 28,</span> 2023</span>.</cite></ref> Ihe ngosi Mpane na French Cultural Center dị na Kinshasa mere n'oge na-adịghị anya tupu afọ 50th nke nnwere onwe nke DRC ma tinye ihe osise 60 na ntinye vidiyo. Na 2012, o meriri The Dorothy na Herbert Vogel Prize si The Phillips Collection, maka ọrụ ya ''Mapasa'' . <ref name="duende" /> N'oge ngosi ngosi solo 2013 ya na San Francisco, onye nta akụkọ maka ''San Francisco Chronicle'' gbara Mpane ajụjụ ọnụ. Ọ kọwara ihe osise Mpane dị ka ihe na-echetara Pablo Picasso, bụ onye na-akpalikarị site na nkà Africa . Na eserese ya ''IC.'' ''N'ịga n'ihu #65'', Nike swoosh dị n'egedege ihu nwa nwoke, nke Mpane na-akọwa dị ka ihe nnọchianya nke mmegide nke Mobutu nke mmetụta Western na ụkpụrụ uwe ya. Mpane kwuru na ọrụ ya na-egosipụtakarị ndị Congo dị ka ndị chọrọ nkwanye ùgwù na igosipụta nnwere onwe ha ka ọtụtụ iri afọ nke mmegbu gasịrị. Dị ka ya si kwuo, Mpane "na-agagharị n'etiti omenala abụọ na-adịgide adịgide" na "na-adabere na njirimara na ọnya na ebe nchekwa Congo", karịsịa echiche ndị Belgium nwere maka Africa na ndị ya. <ref name="chun">{{Cite news|url=https://www.sfchronicle.com/art/article/aime-mpane-dual-perspective-from-congo-4733551.php|title=Aimé Mpane: 'Dual Perspective' from Congo, Belgium|work=San Francisco Chronicle|date=August 14, 2013|accessdate=November 28, 2023|author=Chun, Kimberly}}<cite class="citation news cs1" data-ve-ignore="true" id="CITEREFChun,_Kimberly2013">Chun, Kimberly (August 14, 2013). [https://www.sfchronicle.com/art/article/aime-mpane-dual-perspective-from-congo-4733551.php "Aimé Mpane: 'Dual Perspective' from Congo, Belgium"]. ''San Francisco Chronicle''. [https://web.archive.org/web/20231126064722/https://www.sfchronicle.com/art/article/aime-mpane-dual-perspective-from-congo-4733551.php Archived] from the original on November 26, 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">November 28,</span> 2023</span>.</cite></ref> === Afọ 2020 === N'afọ 2020, e nyere Mpane na onyinye onyinye nka nke Golden Afro nke Belgium. Ọ gara n'ihu na-arụ ọrụ na ihe ngosi solo na Brussels na ihe ngosi otu na New York City, Marseille, na Washington, DC <ref name="duende">{{Cite web|url=https://www.duendeartprojects.com/usr/library/documents/main/artists/71/dap-artist-aime-mpane-cv.pdf|title=Aimé Mpane|publisher=Duende Art Projects|accessdate=November 28, 2023|archivedate=November 30, 2023|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20231130042158/https://www.duendeartprojects.com/usr/library/documents/main/artists/71/dap-artist-aime-mpane-cv.pdf}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="true">[https://www.duendeartprojects.com/usr/library/documents/main/artists/71/dap-artist-aime-mpane-cv.pdf "Aimé Mpane"] <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Duende Art Projects. [https://web.archive.org/web/20231130042158/https://www.duendeartprojects.com/usr/library/documents/main/artists/71/dap-artist-aime-mpane-cv.pdf Archived] <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on November 30, 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">November 28,</span> 2023</span>.</cite></ref> Solo na Brussels, "Ngwọta", bụ oge mbụ e gosipụtara onye na-ese ihe na Congo na Royal Museums of Fine. Nkà . N'oge ngosi ahụ, ndị ọrụ ụlọ ngosi ihe mgbe ochie rịọrọ Mpane ka ọ "gagharịa" ọrụ. Ọ họọrọ Peter Paul Rubens ' ''Nnyocha anọ nke isi nke Moor'', nke akpọrọ ''Negros Head'' na mbụ . N'afọ ndị 1950, e gosipụtara eserese ahụ n'azụ nke 500 Belgian franc na Eze Leopold II n'ihu ego ahụ. <ref name="finearts">{{Cite web|url=https://fine-arts-museum.be/en/exhibitions/aime-mpane|title=Aimé Mpane: Remedies|publisher=Royal Museums of Fine Arts of Belgium|accessdate=November 28, 2023|archivedate=November 26, 2023|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20231126064906/https://fine-arts-museum.be/en/exhibitions/aime-mpane}}</ref> N'ịkọwa nkwenye ya na nkà ihe ọmụma Ubuntu, Mpane anọwo na-akatọ ndị chọrọ ịmegharị ihe omume gara aga. O meghere ya ịmepụta ọrụ ndị e bu n'obi gosipụta oghere n'etiti ndị Europe na ndị Africa. O kere ihe ọkpụkpụ n'ihu ụlọ ọrụ nnọchiteanya Belgium na Kinshasa nke na-egosi onye isi ojii na-anabata onye ọcha. Mpane akatọọla ngagharị nke Black Lives Matter, na-ekwu na ya ekwetaghị na atụmatụ ya. N'ịchịkọta echiche ya banyere otu esi aga n'ihu gwọọ nkewa agbụrụ, Mpane kwuru na ya "maka Martin Luther King na Malcolm X." <ref name="peeters">{{Cite news|url=https://www.bruzz.be/en/culture/art-books/aime-mpane-i-prefer-martin-luther-king-malcolm-x-2021-10-14|title=Aimé Mpane: 'I prefer Martin Luther King to Malcolm X'|work=BRUZZ|date=October 14, 2021|accessdate=November 28, 2023|author=Peeters, Tom}}<cite class="citation news cs1" data-ve-ignore="true" id="CITEREFPeeters,_Tom2021">Peeters, Tom (October 14, 2021). [https://www.bruzz.be/en/culture/art-books/aime-mpane-i-prefer-martin-luther-king-malcolm-x-2021-10-14 "Aimé Mpane: 'I prefer Martin Luther King to Malcolm X'"]. ''BRUZZ''. [https://web.archive.org/web/20231126225016/https://www.bruzz.be/en/culture/art-books/aime-mpane-i-prefer-martin-luther-king-malcolm-x-2021-10-14 Archived] from the original on November 26, 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">November 28,</span> 2023</span>.</cite></ref> == Hụkwa == * [[Ihe osise Africa na nchịkọta ọdịda anyanwụ|Nkà Africa na mkpokọta Western]] * Nkà Afrika nke oge a * Ndepụta ndị omenkà Democratic Republic of Congo == Ntụaka == {{Reflist}} [[Òtù:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ]] j2805cnvgswp5rrjj5txnpensauqd6c 0 47089 320062 177651 2025-06-30T12:04:58Z Anastesia chi 23720 edoziri m broken files 320062 wikitext text/x-wiki   [[File:Aaron Douglas - NARA - 559198.jpg|thumb|Aaron Douglas]] '''Aaron Douglas''' (Mee 26, 1899 - Febụwarị 2, 1979[1]) bụ onye America na-ese ihe, onye na-eme ihe atụ na onye nkuzi nka ihe.  Ọ bụ onye isi na Harlem Renaissance.[2]  Ọ mepụtara ọrụ nka ya na-ese foto na imepụta ihe atụ ndị na-ekwu okwu gbasara ọha mmadụ gbasara agbụrụ na nkewa na United States site n'iji ihe onyonyo nke Africa na-emekọ ihe.[3]  Douglas setịpụrụ ụzọ maka ndị na-eto eto, ndị na-ese ihe n'Africa na America ịbanye n'ógbè ọha na eze site na itinye aka ya na Harlem Artists Guild.Na 1944, o mechiri ọrụ nka ya site n'ịtọ ntọala ngalaba nka na Mahadum Fisk na Nashville, Tennessee. Ọ kuziri klaasị nka nka na Mahadum Fisk ruo mgbe ọ lara ezumike nka na 1966.[1] A maara Douglas dị ka onye ndu a ma ama na nka African-American nke oge a nke ọrụ ya metụtara ndị na-ese ihe maka afọ ndị na-abịa.<ref name=":11">{{Cite book|title=Aaron Douglas: Art, Race, and the Harlem Renaissance|author=Kirschke|first=Amy Helene|publisher=University Press of Mississippi|year=1995|isbn=0878057757|location=Jackson|oclc=781087713}}</ref> == Ndụ mbido == A mụrụ Aaron Douglas ma zụlite ya na Topeka, Kansas, na Mee 26, 1899, <ref name=":4">{{Cite journal|author=DeLombard|first=Jeannine|year=2014|title=Aaron Douglas|url=http://www.anb.org/articles/17/17-00233.html|journal=American National Biography Online}}</ref> nye Aaron Douglas, Sr, onye na-eme achịcha si [[Tennessee]], na Elizabeth Douglas, onye na'ụlọ na onye na-ese ihe na [[Alabama]]. Mmasị ya maka nka sitere na mmasị na ihe osise nne ya.<ref name=":11"/> Ọ gara Topeka High School, n'oge ọ rụrụ ọrụ maka Skinner's Nursery na Union Pacific material yard, ma gụsịrị akwụkwọ na 1917.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.kshs.org/kansapedia/aaron-douglas/12039|title=Aaron Douglas|date=2003|work=Kansapedia|publisher=Kansas Historical Society|accessdate=March 14, 2017}}</ref><ref name=":5">{{Cite book|title=Black America: A State-by-State Historical Encyclopedia|author=Hornsby|first=Alton|date=2011|publisher=Greenwood|isbn=9780313341120|pages=289, 291, 298, 812–813|oclc=767694486}}</ref> Mgbe ọ gụsịrị akwụkwọ sekọndrị, Douglas kwagara [[Detroit|Detroit, Michigan]], ma rụọ ọrụ dị iche iche, gụnyere ịrụ ọrụ dị ka onye na-eme ihe na ịkpụzi ájá site na radiators nke ụgbọala maka Cadillac. N'oge a, ọ gara klas n'efu na Detroit Museum of Art tupu ọ gaa kọleji na Mahadum Nebraska na 1918. <ref name=":4"/> Mgbe ọ na-aga kọleji, Douglas rụrụ ọrụ dị ka onye na-agba ọsọ iji kwado agụmakwụkwọ ya.<ref name=":11"/> Mgbe Agha Ụwa Mbụ malitere, Douglas nwara isonyere Student Army Training Corps (SATC) na Mahadum Nebraska, mana a chụpụrụ ya. Ndị ọkọ akụkọ ihe mere eme ekwuola na nchụpụ a nwere njikọ na ọnọdụ agbụrụ nke ndị America na ndị agha.[1] Mgbe ahụ, ọ gafere na Mahadum nke Minnesota n'oge dị mkpirikpi, ebe o wepụtara onwe ya maka SATC wee nweta ọkwa nke corporal. Mgbe a bịanyere aka na nkwekọrịta agha, ọ laghachiri na Mahadum Nebraska, [1] ebe ọ nwetara nzere Bachelor of Fine Arts na 1922. <ref name=":6">{{Cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2008/09/12/arts/design/12doug.html|title=Trials and Triumphs: 'Aaron Douglas: African-American Modernist' at the Schomburg Center for Research in Black Culture|author=Johnson|first=Ken|date=2008-09-11|work=The New York Times|accessdate=March 14, 2017}}</ref> Mgbe ọ gụsịrị akwụkwọ, Douglas rụrụ ọrụ dị ka onye na-echere Union Pacific Railroad ruo 1923, mgbe ọ nwetara ọrụ na-akụzi ihe ngosi nka na Lincoln High School na Kansas City, Missouri, nọrọ ebe ahụ ruo 1925. N'oge ọ nọ na Kansas City, ọ gbanwere akwụkwọ ozi na ụlọ akwụkwọ sekọndrị. Alta Sawyer, nwunye ya n'ọdịnihu, gbasara atụmatụ ya karịa nkuzi na ụlọ akwụkwọ sekọndrị. Ọ chọrọ iji ọrụ nka ya gaa Paris, France, dị ka ọtụtụ ndị ọgbọ ya na-achọsi ike i mere.<ref name=":11"/> == Ọrụ == === 1925–27 === N'afọ 1925, Douglas bu n'obi ịgafe Harlem, New York, n'ụzọ ọ na-aga Paris iji kwalite ọrụ nka ya.<ref name=":11"/> O kwenyesiri ike na ọ ga-anọ na Harlem ma zụlite nka ya n'oge elu nke Harlem Renaissance, nke ihe odide Alain Locke banyere mkpa Harlem dị maka ndị Africa America. [1] <ref name=":7">{{Cite journal|author=Lewis|first=David Levering|year=2008|title=Harlem Renaissance|url=http://www.oxfordaasc.com/article/opr/t0002/e1806|journal=Africana: The Encyclopedia of the African and African American Experience, Second Edition}}</ref><ref name=":5"/> Mgbe ọ nọ na Harlem, Douglas gụrụ akwụkwọ n'okpuru Winold Reiss, onye Germany na-ese foto nke gbara ya ume ka ọ rụọ ọrụ na isiokwu ndị Afrịka iji mepụta mmetụta nke ịdị n'otu n'etiti ndị Afrịka America na nka; Douglas ga-emesị sonye na Alaine Locke's The New Negro dị ka nwa akwụkwọ Reiss. <ref name=":9">{{Cite book|title=Harlem Renaissance|author=Huggins|first=Nathan Irvin|date=2014|publisher=Oxford University Press, USA|isbn=9780195063363|oclc=923535268}}</ref><ref name=":4"/> Douglas sooro W. E. B. Du Bois rụọ ọrụ, onye nchịkọta akụkọ n'oge ahụ na The Crisis, akwụkwọ akụkọ kwa ọnwa nke NAACP, wee bụrụ onye nchịkọta nka n'onwe ya n'oge na-adịghị anya na 1927. [2]<ref name=":8">{{Cite journal|author=Kirschke|first=Amy|year=2004|title=Douglas, Aaron|journal=Encyclopedia of the Harlem Renaissance}}</ref> Douglas gosikwara ihe osise maka Charles S. Johnson, onye nchịkọta akụkọ n'oge ahụ na Opportunity, mbipụta gọọmentị nke National Urban League. [2][6] Ihe osise ndị a lekwasịrị anya na isiokwu gbasara lynching na ịkpa ókè, na ihe nkiri na jazz. [6] Ihe osise Douglas gosipụtakwara na akwụkwọ akụkọ Vanity Fair na Theatre Arts Monthly.<ref name=":12">{{Cite book|title=Harlem Renaissance: Art of Black America|author=Driskell|first=David C.|publisher=The Studio Museum|year=1987|isbn=0810910993|location=New York|oclc=70455221|url=https://archive.org/details/harlemrenaissanc0000unse_f3u5}}</ref> N'afọ 1927, a gwara Douglas ka o mepụta nke mbụ n'ime mgbidi ya na Club Ebony, nke gosipụtara ndụ abalị nke Harlem. <ref name=":10">{{Cite journal|author=Myers|first=Aaron|year=2008|title=Douglas, Aaron|url=http://www.oxfordaasc.com/article/opr/t0002/e1268|journal=Africana: The Encyclopedia of the African and African American Experience, Second Edition}}</ref> === 1928–31 === Na 1928, Douglas nwetara otu afọ Barnes Foundation Fellowship na Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, ebe Albert C. Barnes, onye ọrụ ebere na onye guzobere Barnes Foundation, kwadoro ya n'ịmụ nchịkọta nke ihe osise Modernist na nkà Africa.[1] N'ime otu afọ a, Douglas sonyere na ihe ngosi Harmon Foundation nke College Art Association haziri, nke akpọrọ "Contemporary Negro Art."N'oge okpomọkụ nke 1930, ọ kwagara Nashville, Tennessee, bụ ebe ọ na-arụ ọrụ na usoro ihe nkiri maka ụlọ akwụkwọ Cravath Hall nke Fisk University nke ọ kọwara dị ka "panorama nke mmepe nke ndị ojii na mpaghara a, na ụwa ọhụrụ." [1] Mgbe ọ nọ na Nashville, Sherman Hotel dị na Chicago, Illinois nyere ya ọrụ ka ọ gbaa usoro eserese. Na mgbakwunye, kọleji Bennett maka ụmụ nwanyị dị na Greensboro, North Carolina nyere ya ọrụ ka o mepụta eserese na Harriet Tubman dị ka onye isi ya.[2] Ọ kwagara na 1931 maka otu afọ na Paris, France, bụ ebe ọ nwetara ọzụzụ n'ihe ọkpụkpụ na eserese na Académie Scandinave === 1934–36 === Douglas laghachiri Harlem n'etiti afọ 1930 iji rụọ ọrụ na usoro eserese mural ya. Ebe ọ sonyeere American Communist Party n'oge ụfọdụ mgbe ọ laghachiri, Douglas malitere inyocha isiokwu ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị ndị ọzọ n'ime nka ya.<ref name=":4"/> N'afọ 1934, YMCA nke 135th Street nke New York nyere ya ọrụ ise ihe osise n'ụlọ ha, yana Public Works Administration ka ọ see ihe osise ya kachasị mma, Aspects of Negro Life, maka Countee Cullen Branch of New York Public Library.[1] O jiri ihe osise ndị a mee ka ndị na-ege ya ntị mara ebe ndị Africa America nọ n'akụkọ ihe mere eme nke America na ọha mmadụ ya ugbu a.<ref name=":11"/> N'ime usoro nke nwere ihe osise anọ, Douglas na-ewere ndị na-ege ya ntị site na ọnọdụ Afrịka, gaa n'ohu na oge Reconstruction na United States, mgbe ahụ site na egwu nke lynching na nkewa na post-Civil War America gaa na ihe osise ikpeazụ na-egosi mmegharị nke ndị Afrịka America n'ebe ugwu gaa na Harlem Renaissance na Great Depression.<ref name=":10"/> Douglas mepụtara usoro ihe osise yiri nke ahụ, nke gụnyere Into Bondage (1936), maka Texas Centennial Exposition na Dallas na 1936. <ref name="NGA listing">{{Cite web|title=Into Bondage|url=https://www.nga.gov/collection/art-object-page.166444.html|work=NGA|publisher=[[National Gallery of Art]]|accessdate=13 May 2022|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20220419205824/https://www.nga.gov/collection/art-object-page.166444.html|archivedate=19 April 2022}}</ref> N'oge ọrụ ya dị elu dị ka onye na-ese ihe, Douglas jere ozi dị ka onye isi oche nke Harlem Artists Guild na 1935, otu e mere iji mepụta netwọk nke ndị na-eto eto na-ese egwu na New York City iji nye nkwado, mkpali, na inyere ndị na-ese foto na-etolite aka n'oge Harlem Renaissance.<ref name=":3">{{Cite book|title=Painting Harlem Modern: The Art of Jacob Lawrence|author=Hills|first=Patricia|date=2009|publisher=University of California Press|isbn=9780520252417|location=Berkeley|pages=9–31|oclc=868550146}}</ref> === 1937–66 === N'afọ 1937, Rosenwald Foundation nyere Douglas nkwado njem ka ọ gaa South America wee gaa na mahadum ndị isi ojii, gụnyere Fisk University na Nashville, Tennessee, Tuskegee Institute na Alabama, na Mahadum Dillard na New Orleans, Louisiana. Na 1938, ọ natara ọzọ mkpakọrịta njem site na Rosenwald Foundation ka ọ gaa Dominican Republic na Haiti iji mepụta usoro agba mmiri na-egosi ndụ nke agwaetiti Caribbean ndị a.<ref name=":4"/><ref name=":11"/> Mgbe ọ laghachiri United States na 1940, ọ rụrụ ọrụ na Fisk University na Nashville, Tennessee, mgbe ọ na-aga Columbia University Teacher's College na New York City. Ọ nwetara akara ugo mmụta Master of Arts na 1944, wee kwaga Nashville, chọta ma nọdụ ọdụ dị ka onye isi oche nke ngalaba nka na Mahadum Fisk.[1]. N'oge ya dị ka onye prọfesọ na ngalaba nka, ọ bụ onye nhazi ntọala nke Carl Van Vechten Gallery of Fine Arts, nke gụnyere ma nka White na African-American na mbọ iji kuziere ụmụ akwụkwọ ka ha bụrụ onye na-ese ihe na South America kewapụrụ iche. [2] O jiri ahụmịhe ya dị ka onye na-ese ihe na Harlem Renaissance kpalie ụmụ akwụkwọ ya ịgbasawanye na mmegharị nke nka nke Africa-American. Ọ gbakwara ụmụ akwụkwọ ya ume ka ha mụọ akụkọ ihe mere eme nke African-American ka ha ghọta nke ọma mkpa ọ dị maka nkà African-American na ọha ndị White-American ka ukwuu.[3] Douglas lara ezumike nká na nkuzi na ngalaba nka na Mahadum Fisk na 1966. [1]<ref name=":4" /> === 1967–79 === Aaron Douglas nwụrụ mgbe ọ dị afọ 79 na Febụwarị 2, 1979. <ref name=":4"/> == Ihe Nketa == [[Usòrò:Aaron_Douglas_by_Edwin_Harleston_(51419).jpg|thumb|Portrait of Douglas nke [[Edwin Harleston]] (1930), gosipụtara na ngosi ''Harlem Renaissance na Transatlantic Modernism'' na Metropolitan Museum of ArtEbe Ngosi Ihe Ochie nke Metropolitan]] Aaron Douglas bụ onye ọsụ ụzọ nke African-American modernist movement site na ijikọta ịma mma na nka ọdịnala Africa oge ochie. O setịpụrụ ọnọdụ maka ndị na-ese ihe n'Africa-America n'ọdịnihu iji akụkụ nke akụkọ ihe mere eme nke Africa na Africa-America mee ihe n'akụkụ isiokwu agbụrụ dị na ọha mmadụ.<ref name=":12"/> Na 2007, Spencer Museum of Art haziri ihe ngosi a na-akpọ Aaron Douglas: African-American Modernist. Emere ya na Lawrence, Kansas, na Spencer Museum of Art n'etiti Septemba 8 ruo Disemba 2, 2007, wee gaa na Frist Center for the Visual Arts na Nashville, Tennessee, site na Jenụwarị 18 ruo Eprel 13, 2008. Ọ bụ mgbe ahụ. ihe ngosi na Smithsonian American Art Museum na Washington, D.C,. n'etiti May 9 na August 3, 2008. N'ikpeazụ, ọ gara Schomburg Center for Research in Black Culture na New York, New York, site na August 30 ruo Nọvemba 30, 2008. A na-etinye akwụkwọ ndekọ na-agwụ ike nke ihe ngosi a site na mmekorita n'etiti Spencer Museum of Art na Mahadum Kansas, na aha ya bụ Aaron Douglas: African American Modernist.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|url=http://www.aarondouglas.ku.edu/exhibition/about.shtml|title=Aaron Douglas: African American Modernist|work=Spencer Museum of Art|accessdate=March 15, 2017|archivedate=June 22, 2020|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20200622135203/http://www.aarondouglas.ku.edu/exhibition/about.shtml}}</ref> E gosipụtara ọrụ Douglas na ngosi 2015 We Speak: Black Artists na Philadelphia, 1920s-1970s na Woodmere Art Museum.<ref name="Woodmere Art Museum">{{Cite web|title=We Speak: Black Artists in Philadelphia, 1920s-1970s|url=https://woodmereartmuseum.org/experience/exhibitions/we-speak-black-artists-in-philadelphia-1920s-1970s-95|work=Woodmere Art Museum|accessdate=4 June 2022|language=en-gb}}</ref> N'afọ 2016, na mmeghe nke National Museum of African American History and Culture, ebe nchekwa ihe osise mepụtara ma ọ bụ nwee ihe jikọrọ ya na Aaron Douglas bịara dị na webụsaịtị ha. Ndị ọrụ nwere ike ịnweta nrụtụ aka zuru ezu nke akụkụ nka ndị a iji chọpụta ụbọchị okike, isiokwu nke nka na ebe obibi ya ugbu a.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://nmaahc.si.edu/sml/P2VkYW5fcT0lMkElM0ElMkEmZWRhbl9mcVswXT1wLmVkYW5tZG0uaW5kZXhlZHN0cnVjdHVyZWQubmFtZSUzQSUyMkRvdWdsYXMlMkMlMjBBYXJvbiUyMiZlZGFuX2ZxWzFdPW9iamVjdF90eXBlJTNBJTIyUGFpbnRpbmdzJTIy|title=NMAAHC Collections Search|work=Art Inventories Catalog, Smithsonian American Art Museum|accessdate=2017-03-21}}</ref> == Ụdị == Aaron Douglas mepụtara ụdị nka abụọ n'oge ọ na-arụ ọrụ: nke mbụ dị ka onye na-ese foto ọdịnala, emesia dị ka onye na-ese foto na onye na-ese ihe.[1] N'ịbụ onye ya na Winold Reiss rụkọrọ ọrụ, Douglas webatara isiokwu ndị Africa n'ime ihe osise ya iji mepụta njikọ n'etiti ndị Africa na ndị Africa America. A kọwara ọrụ ya dị ka ihe na-adịghị ahụkebe, n'ihi na ọ na-egosipụta ịdị n'ụwa nile nke ndị Africa-America site na abụ, ịgba egwu, ihe onyonyo na uri.[2]. Site na eserese ya na ihe atụ maka akwụkwọ dị iche iche, o kwuru okwu gbasara mmekọrịta mmadụ na ibe ya metụtara agbụrụ na nkewa na United States, ma bụrụ otu n'ime ndị na-ese ihe nkiri mbụ nke Africa-America na-eji ihe onyonyo gbadoro ụkwụ na Africa.<ref name=":8"/><ref name=":5"/> Ọrụ ya gosipụtara onyinyo nke ụmụ nwoke na ụmụ nwanyị, na-ejikarị oji na ọcha. <ref name=":9"/> <ref name=":10"/><ref name=":6"/> Ihe osise mmadụ ya nwere ọdịdị dị larịị nke dị larị na ogologo, na oghere maka anya. Ọtụtụ mgbe, a na-ese onyinyo ụmụ nwanyị ya n'ọnọdụ ikpere n'ala ma ọ bụ na-agagharị dị ka a ga-asị na ha na-agba egwú n'ụzọ ọdịnala Afrịka.[1] Ọ nabatara ihe ndị dị na ihe mkpuchi na ihe ọkpụkpụ nke West Africa n'ime nka nke ya, na usoro nke na-eji cubism eme ihe iji mee ka ọnụ ọgụgụ ya dị mfe n'usoro na ụgbọ elu. <ref name=":12"/><ref name=":11"/> O jiri ụcha dị iche iche, ụda na uru dị iche iche mee ihe, na-ejikarị akwụkwọ ndụ akwụkwọ ndụ, nchara nchara, mauves, na oji, na ọdịdị mmadụ ya na agba gbara ọchịchịrị nke agba nke ihe osise ahụ ugbu a. O mepụtara mmetụta mmetụta uche site na nhazi dị nro nke agba, na-ejikarị okirikiri dị nro emetụta onye na-ekiri ya iji lekwasị anya n'otu akụkụ nke ihe osise ahụ.[1]<ref name=":9" /> Ihe osise ya nwere akụkụ abụọ, na ọnụ ọgụgụ mmadụ ya enweghị ihu, na-ekwe ka ụdị ha bụrụ ihe atụ na n'ozuzu, ka ha wee nwee mmetụta nke ịdị n'otu n'etiti ndị Africa na ndị Africa America.[1]. Ihe osise Douglas gụnyere silhouettes semitransparent iji gosipụta mgba nke ndị Africa America na ihe ịga nke ọma ha nwere n'akụkụ dị iche iche nke ndụ ọha.[2] A kọwara ọrụ ya dị ka ihe pụrụ iche n'ịmepụta njikọ n'etiti ndị Africa America na ndị nna ha Africa site na ihe a na-ahụ anya nke gbanyere mkpọrọgwụ na nkà Africa, ma si otú a na-enye ahụmahụ African-American ihe ngosi ihe atụ.<ref name=":10"/> == Ọrụ ndị a ma ama == * Mbipụta February 1926 nke The Crisis <ref name=":8"/> * Mbipụta May 1926 nke The Crisis[1]<ref name=":8" /> * Mural na Club Ebony, 1927<ref name=":10"/> * Ihe osise maka Paul Morand, Black Magic, 1929<ref name=":2">{{Cite book|title=Aaron Douglas: African American Modernist|author=Earle|first=Susan|publisher=Yale University Press|year=2007|isbn=978-0300121803|location=New Haven|oclc=778017649|url=https://archive.org/details/aarondouglasafri0000doug}}</ref> * ''Harriet Tubman'', mural na Bennett College, 1930[3]<ref name=":2" /> * Symbolic Negro History, murals na Fisk University, 1930<ref name=":4"/> * Dance Magic, murals maka Sherman Hotel, Chicago, 1930-31 <ref name=":5"/> * Usoro ihe osise na ihe osise ndị e mepụtara maka James Weldon Johnson's God's Trombones: Seven Negro Sermons in Verse <ref name=":1">, 1927.{{Cite web|url=http://www.nga.gov/content/ngaweb/press/2015/acquisition-douglas.html|title=Met Museum And National Gallery Of Art, Washington, Each Acquire Significant Work By Leading Harlem Renaissance Artist Aaron Douglas|date=2015|work=www.nga.gov|publisher=National Gallery of Art|accessdate=2017-03-14}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=James Weldon Johnson, 1871-1938, Aaron Douglas, Illustrated by, and C. B. Falls (Charles Buckles), 1874-1960, Illustrated by God's Trombones. Seven Negro Sermons in Verse.|url=https://docsouth.unc.edu/southlit/johnson/menu.html|accessdate=2022-06-16|work=docsouth.unc.edu}}</ref> ** ''Ka ndị m gaa'', n'ihe dị ka 1935-39 ** ''Ụbọchị Ikpe'', nke e guzobere na 1939 * Usoro ihe osise nke ụlọ ọrụ na-ahụ maka ọganihu ọrụ nyere iwu na 1934. [2] Usoro a nwere ihe osise anọ; ** The Negro in a African Setting, na-egosi ihe ndị dị na egwu ọdịnala Africa iji mee ka ihe nketa etiti nke ndị Africa America pụta ìhè. ** Ịgba ohu site na Reconstruction, na-egosi ọdịiche dị n'etiti nkwa nke nnwere onwe na mgbanwe ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị n'ike mgbe Agha Obodo gasịrị na mmechuihu nke Reconstruction na United States. ** The Idyll of the Deep South, na-egosi nnọgidesi ike nke abụ na ịgba egwú ndị Africa America megide obi ọjọọ nke lynching na egwu ndị ọzọ na-eyi ndị Africa America na United States. ** Song of the Towers, na-egosi ihe omume atọ n'akụkọ ihe mere eme nke United States site na oghere ndị Africa America, gụnyere mmegharị nke ndị Africa America na North na 1910s, ịrị elu nke Harlem Renaissance na 1920s, na Great Depression na 1930s. * Okirikiri mural nke akụkụ anọ (gụnyere Aspiration) na Texas Centennial Exposition, 1936 <ref>Woods, Marianne (October 23, 2014). "[https://usso.uk/from-harlem-to-texas-african-american-art-and-the-murals-of-aaron-douglas/ From Harlem to Texas: African American Art and the Murals of Aaron Douglas]". ''US Studies Online''. [[British Association for American Studies]]. Retrieved 2020-11-28.</ref> * Ihe osise ndị a gụnyere na mbipụta ndị a họọrọ nke Countee Cullen's Caroling Dusk na Alain Locke's The New Negro . [3]<ref name=":2" /> === Nchịkọta === * ''Ka ndị m gaa'', Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York City<ref name=":1"/> * ''Ụbọchị Ikpe'', National Gallery of Art, Washington DC[1]<ref name=":1" /> * ''Ntọala nke Chicago'', Spencer Museum of Art, Lawrence, KS <ref>{{Cite web|title=Spencer Museum of Art {{!}} Collection – The Founding of Chicago|url=http://collection.spencerart.ku.edu/eMuseumPlus?service=ExternalInterface&module=collection&objectId=30270&viewType=detailView|work=collection.spencerart.ku.edu|accessdate=2016-01-25|archivedate=2015-03-15|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150315231845/http://collection.spencerart.ku.edu/eMuseumPlus?service=ExternalInterface&module=collection&objectId=30270&viewType=detailView}}</ref> * ''Nnyocha maka "Akụkụ nke Ndụ Ndị Negro: Site n'Ohu site na Nrụzigharị"'', Baltimore Museum of Art, Baltimore, MD <ref>{{Cite web|title=Study for 'Aspects of Negro Life: From Slavery Through Reconstruction'|url=https://collection.artbma.org/emuseum/view/objects/asitem/tag$0040African$0020American$0020artist/10/primaryMaker-asc?t:state:flow=942555c2-e85c-482d-af7e-9e883306597a|publisher=The Baltimore Museum of Art. artbma.org|accessdate=2020-11-28|archivedate=2020-12-06|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20201206012510/https://collection.artbma.org/emuseum/view/objects/asitem/tag$0040African$0020American$0020artist/10/primaryMaker-asc?t:state:flow=942555c2-e85c-482d-af7e-9e883306597a}}</ref> == Ntụaka == {{Reflist|30em}} == Njikọ mpụga == * Aaron Douglas: Oge ịda mbà n'obi Murals si American Studies na Mahadum Virginia * [https://web.archive.org/web/20160304190323/http://www.fisk.edu/assets/files/bm/douglas-aaroncollectionoriginal1921-1973.pdf Nchịkọta Aaron Douglas] na Special Collections and Archives na Mahadum Fisk. * Aaron Douglas Papers na Schomburg Center for Research in Black Culture, New York Public Library. * Aaron Douglas: Ihe omuma onye nkuzi nke Spencer Museum of Art bipụtara, na Mahadum Kansas. * [https://missouriartists.org/person/morem66/ Missouri Cheta: Ndị na-ese ihe na Missouri site na 1951] [[Òtù:Pages with unreviewed translations]] 1tznhebdcjgm07h6v5xyg57dum8iyjc 0 48350 320090 182383 2025-06-30T15:37:19Z Mirah50 16972 Fixed reference errors 320090 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} [[Usòrò:2020-02-18_Trump_padron_for_Angela_Ronae_Stanton-stanton-angela_ronae_pardon_warrant_2.18.2020.pdf|thumb| February 2020 mgbaghara nke Donald Trump nyere|373x373px]] '''Angela Stanton-King''' (amuru Febụwarị 19, 1977) bụ onye ode akwụkwọ America, agwa telivishọn na onye na-ekwu okwu na-eche nche dabere na Atlanta, [[Jorjiạ (state)|Georgia]] . <ref>{{Cite news|author=Rogers|first=Katie|date=July 11, 2020|title=Trump Adds Roger Stone to His List of Pardons and Commutations|work=The New York Times|url=https://www.nytimes.com/article/trump-pardons-commutations.html}}</ref> Ọ nọrọ afọ abụọ n'ụlọ mkpọrọ maka ịgba izu ma mesịa gbaghaara ya site n'aka Onye isi ala [[Donald Trump]] afọ iri ka ọ gbasịrị mkpọrọ. O mechara bụrụ onye mgbasa ozi ma bụrụ onye isi ihe nkiri na oge nke atọ nke akwụkwọ BET ''Site na N'ala'' . Ọ bụ onye ndoro-ndoro ochichi Republican maka mpaghara ọgbakọ ọgbakọ nke ise nke Georgia na ntuli aka 2020, meriri Democrat Nikema Williams . <ref name=":0">{{Cite news|title=Georgia Election Results: Fifth Congressional District|language=en-US|work=The New York Times|date=November 3, 2020|url=https://www.nytimes.com/interactive/2020/11/03/us/elections/results-georgia-house-district-5.html|accessdate=November 5, 2020}}</ref> Stanton-King egosila nkwado maka QAnon, nke na-akwado ọtụtụ echiche ịgba izu tere aka. <ref name="Laughland">{{Cite news|author=Laughland|first=Oliver|date=October 15, 2020|title=Trump ally running for Congress believes in baseless QAnon sex-trafficking conspiracy|language=en-GB|work=The Guardian|url=https://www.theguardian.com/us-news/2020/oct/15/angela-stanton-king-qanon-conspiracy-theory|accessdate=October 16, 2020}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite news|author=Rosenberg|first=Matthew|date=July 14, 2020|title=The QAnon Candidates Are Here. Trump Has Paved Their Way.|language=en-US|work=The New York Times|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2020/07/14/us/politics/qanon-politicians-candidates.html|accessdate=October 16, 2020}}</ref> == Ndụ mbido == A mụrụ Stanton-King na Cheverly, Maryland, ma tolite na Buffalo, New York . Mgbe ọ bụ nwata, ọ bikwara na Greensboro, North Carolina, <ref>{{Cite book|author=King|first=Angela Stanton|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=T4i3DwAAQBAJ&q=Angela+Stanton-King+Greensboro&pg=PA47|title=Life of a Real House Wife|date=2019|publisher=Stanton Publishing House|language=en}}</ref> tupu ọ kwaga Atlanta, Georgia mgbe ọ bụ nwata. === Mkpebi na mgbaghara onye isi ala === N'afọ 2004, a mara Stanton-King ikpe maka ebubo ịgba izu gọọmentị etiti maka ọrụ ya na mgbanaka izu ohi ụgbọ ala wee jee mkpọrọ afọ abụọ. <ref>{{Cite news|first=Ernie|author=Suggs|work=[[The Atlanta Journal-Constitution]]|title=After getting Trump pardon, Angela Stanton-King sets sights on Lewis|url=https://www.ajc.com/news/after-getting-trump-pardon-angela-staton-king-sets-sights-lewis/FEhk2wJ9KBIBr6Vj48cnWJ/|date=March 10, 2020|accessdate=July 11, 2020|language=en}}</ref> Ọ mụrụ nwa nwanyị ka ọ na-eje ozi ya. Onye isi ala [[Donald Trump]] gbaghaara Stanton-King na February 2020. <ref name="angela3">{{Cite web|date=June 10, 2020|title=Angela Stanton-King: Meet the Black Republican Woman Trying to Unseat Civil Rights Icon John Lewis|url=https://eurweb.com/2020/06/10/meet-the-black-republican-woman-trying-to-unseat-civil-rights-icon-john-lewis/|work=EURweb}}</ref> Mgbe a tọhapụrụ ya n'ụlọ mkpọrọ, Stanton-King ghọrọ onye edemede (na mbụ n'okpuru aha Angela Stanton) na kpakpando na-egosi eziokwu. O dere ma dezie ọtụtụ akwụkwọ gbasara onwe ya, <ref>{{Cite book|author=Stanton|first=Angela|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=LwZwtgEACAAJ&q=Angela+Stanton-King|title=Life of A Real Housewife: The Angela Stanton Story|date=April 22, 2018|publisher=Stanton Publishing House|isbn=9781732295209}}</ref> otu n'ime ha butere esemokwu gbasara iwu ya na ''The Real Housewives of Atlanta'' kpakpando Phaedra Parks gbara ya akwụkwọ maka nde $30. <ref>{{Cite news|author=Toone|first=Stephanie|title=5 things to know about Phaedra Parks' battle over the 'Lies of a Real Housewife' book|work=[[The Atlanta Journal-Constitution]]|url=https://www.ajc.com/news/things-know-about-phaedra-parks-battle-over-the-lies-real-housewife-book/WeUDGHHqGNUk5oropxjuuL/}}</ref> Ọ bụkwa onye isi ihe nkiri na oge nke atọ nke mmemme telivishọn BET ''From the Bottom Up'' . <ref>{{Cite web|date=February 26, 2018|title=Angela Stanton is a new cast member on BET's From the Bottom Up|url=https://rollingout.com/2018/02/26/angela-stanton-is-a-new-cast-member-on-bets-from-the-bottom-up/|work=Rolling Out}}</ref> == Ọchịchị == Na Machị 6, 2020, Stanton-King weputara mkpọsa iji gbaa onye nnọchi anya John Lewis aka maka mpaghara ọgbakọ ọgbakọ nke ise nke Georgia na ntuli aka Ụlọ Ndị Nnọchiteanya United States 2020 . <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://thegrio.com/2020/03/09/trump-rep-john-lewis-angela-stanton-king/|title=Woman pardoned by Trump challenges Rep. John Lewis for Congressional seat|date=March 9, 2020|work=TheGrio}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.washingtontimes.com/news/2020/mar/10/angela-stanton-king-ga-woman-pardoned-by-donald-tr/|title=Angela Stanton-King, Ga. woman pardoned by Trump, to challenge Rep. John Lewis|accessdate=July 1, 2020}}</ref> Ọ meriri n'ọsọ Republican n'ọsọ na-enweghị mgbagha, na ntuli aka na-egosi Lewis bụ ọkacha mmasị dị arọ na ntuli aka izugbe. <ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/interactive/2020/06/09/us/elections/results-georgia-house-district-5-primary-election.html|title=Georgia Primary Election Results: Fifth Congressional District|work=The New York Times|date=June 24, 2020}}</ref> Lewis nwụrụ site na ọrịa kansa pancreatic na Julaị 17, 2020, Nikema Williams, onye omebe iwu steeti na onye isi oche nke Georgia Democratic Party nọchiri ya na ntuli aka ahụ. <ref>{{Cite news|author=Seelye|first=Katharine Q.|date=July 17, 2020|title=John Lewis, Towering Figure of Civil Rights Era, Dies at 80|language=en-US|work=The New York Times|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2020/07/17/us/john-lewis-dead.html|accessdate=July 20, 2020}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite news|author=Bluestein|first=Greg|title=Democrats tap Nikema Williams to replace John Lewis on November ballot|url=https://www.ajc.com/politics/politics-blog/democrats-tap-nikema-williams-to-replace-john-lewis-on-november-ballot/KM475QUFGRBMXMHCHWJN56SNMA/|date=July 20, 2020|accessdate=July 20, 2020|work=[[The Atlanta Journal-Constitution]]|language=en}}</ref> Na Nọvemba 3, 2020, Williams meriri Stanton-King na mmeri dị ukwuu maka ndị Democrats, na-anata 14.9% nke votu ahụ ma e jiri ya tụnyere 85.1% nke Williams nwetara. <ref name=":0" /> Stanton-King kwadoro maka onye ndoro-ndoro ochichi Robert F. Kennedy Jr. na ntuli aka onye isi ala United States 2024 . Stanton King kwuru na Republican Party ezughị oke "pro-oji" na ọ masịrị nkwado akụkọ ihe mere eme nke ezinụlọ Kennedy maka ikike obodo. <ref>{{Cite web|first=Brittany|author=Gibson|title=RFK Jr. sees an opening as more Black voters sour on Biden|url=https://www.politico.com/news/2024/01/18/rfk-jr-atlanta-georgia-2024-00136484|accessdate=April 9, 2024|work=[[Politico]]|date=January 18, 2024}}</ref> A họpụtara Stanton-King ka ọ bụrụ onye ntụzi ntinye aka na ntuli aka ndị isi ojii maka mkpọsa Kennedy. N'April 2024, Stanton-King biputere okwu mmekọ nwoke na nwanyị na-eduzi maka onye na-akwado ndị isi ojii na-akwado Trump. <ref>{{Cite web|first=Brittany|author=Gibson|title=RFK Jr. Black outreach director called prominent Trump ally a 'closet Gay'|url=https://www.politico.com/news/2024/04/12/angela-stanton-king-robert-f-kennedy-jr-black-conservative-closet-gay-00152059|accessdate=April 13, 2024|work=[[Politico]]|date=April 12, 2024}}</ref> Na Mee 22, Stanton-King mara ọkwa na ya agbahapụla na mkpọsa ahụ. <ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.cnn.com/2024/05/22/politics/rfk-jr-adviser-abortion/index.html|date=May 22, 2024|title=RFK Jr. adviser on abortion and Black voter outreach steps away from campaign|first=Aaron|author=Pellish}}</ref> == Hụkwa == * Ndepụta ndị mmadụ Donald Trump nyere mgbaghara onye isi == Ntụaka == ntinye aka na ntuli aka ndị isi ojii maka mkpọsa Kennedy. N'April 2024, Stanton-Angela Stanton) na kpakpando na-egosi eziokwu. O dere ma dezie ọtụtụ akwụkwọ gbasara{{Reflist}} [[Òtù:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ]] 4mqocbwymdgx7bwnnz0789rdalpoiya 0 48424 320082 188254 2025-06-30T14:50:12Z Mirah50 16972 Fixed reference errors 320082 wikitext text/x-wiki {| class="infobox biography vcard" ! colspan="2" class="infobox-above" |<div class="fn">Andrew Dasburg</div> |- class="mw-file-element" data-file-height="418" data-file-type="bitmap" data-file-width="600" decoding="async" height="153" resource="./File:Andrew-Dasburg.jpg" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/Andrew-Dasburg.jpg/220px-Andrew-Dasburg.jpg" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/Andrew-Dasburg.jpg/330px-Andrew-Dasburg.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/Andrew-Dasburg.jpg/440px-Andrew-Dasburg.jpg 2x" width="220" | colspan="2" class="infobox-image" |[[File:Andrew-Dasburg.jpg|frameless]]</img><div class="infobox-caption"> Andrew Dasburg, <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> Afọ 1940</div> |- title="circa" ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" | Amụrụ | class="infobox-data" |<div class="nickname" style="display:inline"> Andrew Michael Dasburg</div><br /><br /><br /><br /><nowiki></br></nowiki> <span style="display:none">( <span class="bday">1887-05-04</span> )</span> Ọnwa Ise 4, 1887<br /><br /><br /><br /><nowiki></br></nowiki><div class="birthplace" style="display:inline"> Paris, France</div> |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" | Nwụrụ | class="infobox-data" | Ọnwa Nke Asatọ 13, 1979 <span style="display:none">(1979-08-13)</span> .&nbsp;92)<br /><br /><br /><br /><nowiki></br></nowiki><div class="deathplace" style="display:inline"> [[Taos, New Mexico]], US</div> ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" | Agụmakwụkwọ | class="infobox-data" | [[Art Students League of New York|Njikọ Ndị Mmụta Art nke New York]] |- class="deathplace" style="display:inline" ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" | Mara&nbsp;maka | class="infobox-data" | [[Painting|Ihe osise]] |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" | Ntughari | class="infobox-data category" | [[Cubism]], [[Synchromism]] ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" | Di na nwunye | class="infobox-data" | |} Andrew Michael Dasburg (4 Mee 1887 – 13 Ọgọst 1979) bụ onye na-ese ihe ọgbara ọhụrụ nke America na "otu n'ime ndị isi nke America nke cubism. ". <ref name="Shipp">{{Cite book|url=https://archive.org/details/americanartcolon00ship|quote=Andrew Dasburg.|title=American Art Colonies, 1850-1930: A Historical Guide to America's Original Art Colonies and Their Artists|author=Steve Shipp|year=1996|publisher=[[Greenwood Press]]|isbn=0-313-29619-7}}</ref> == Akụkọ ndụ == [[Usòrò:Andrew_Dasburg,_Lucifer,_1913,_plaster_of_Paris,_exhibited_at_the_1913_Armory_show,_no._647.jpg|áká_èkpè|thumb| Andrew Dasburg, ''Lucifer'', c. 1913, plasta nke Paris, e gosipụtara na 1913 Armory show, n. 647 nke katalọgụ. Dasburg rụgharịrị nke ọma site n'ịkpụ ya ozugbo n'ime ihe ọkpụkpụ nke isi plasta nke Arthur Lee . <ref name="American Studies">{{Cite web|url=http://xroads.virginia.edu/~museum/Armory/galleryA/tour.a.html|title=1913 Armory Show: Gallery A Tour|work=xroads.virginia.edu}}</ref>]] Dasburg njikwa na 1887 na Paris.  O si na Germany kwaga New York City na nne ya di ya nwụrụ na 1892. Mgbe pụta ahụ siri ike, ọ kpọrọ oge ahụ na convalescence site na ike.  [1] Na 1902 ọ sonyeere Art Students League of New York na njikọ, [2] ebe Kenyon Cox njikọ ya.  [3] N'akwụkwọ akwụkwọ nke otu egwuregwu na Woodstock, New York, ọ akwụkwọ n'okpuru L. Birge Harrison <ref name="Shipp" /> Na 1909 Dasburg gara Paris wee sonye n'òtù ndị na-ese ihe nke oge a na-ebi n'ebe ahụ, eyịm Morgan Russell, Jo Davidson, na Arthur Lee .  N'ime njem na London n'otu awụ ahụ ọ ngosi onye na-ese ihe Grace Mott Johnson.  Johnson la mfe na United States n'isi n'afọ sochirinụ, mana Dasburg mmegharị na Paris ebe ọ zutere Henri Matisse, Gertrude Stein na Leo Stein, wee nwee ike na ike nke Paul Cézanne na Cubism .  [1] N'oge na-adịghị anya ọ-ekiri onye na-agbasi mbọ ike nke ụdị Cubist. <ref name="Shipp"/> Dasburg la ike na Woodstock, New York, n'August na ya na Johnson ozi ndị na-arụsi ọrụ ike na obodo ndị na-ese.  N'afọ 1911, a ji nwa ha nwoke Alfred, n'otu awụ ahụ dị ka ihe mbụ nke Dasburg.  [1] Dasburg igodo akụkụ atọ na ihe ọkpụkpụ [2] na International Exhibition of Modern Art, nke a mara nke ọma na Armory Show, nke mepere na New York City's 69th Regiment Armory na 1913 wee webata New Yorkers bụ n'anya na nka  ọhụrụ ọhụrụ .  [3] A na-ewere egwu ahụ dabere na Cubist nke egosiri na ihe ngosi 1913 dị ka "nnwale dị egwu".  [4] N'ime agbọ mgbe ihe ngosi Armory eze, e sere ọrụ Dasburg yana nke ndị Modernists ndị ọzọ na Alfred Stieglitz 's 291 gallery. <ref>Corley, Erin, ''[http://www.aaa.si.edu/collectionsonline/dasbandr/overview.htm A Finding Aid to the Andrew Dasburg and Grace Mott Johnson Papers, 1833-1980 (bulk 1900-1980)]'', Archives of American Art, Smithsonian Institution.</ref> <ref name="American Studies" /> Na Armory Show, Dasburg nri ihe ọkpụkpụ ọ rụtụrụla.  Tupu ihe ahụ ahụ, ọ rụpụtara ọtụtụ ihe ọkpụkpụ, nke bụ isi ihe nkedo nke ndụ nke Arthur Lee, site n'ịkpụ ụdị kpọmkwem n'ime plasta nke Paris.<blockquote>Ajụrụ m ya ma m nwere ike bee ya nke obi dị ya ụtọ - anyị bụ ezigbo enyi. Ya mere akpụrụ m isi na ọ ga-abụrịrị ihe na-eyi egwu. N'oge ahụ, akpọrọ m ya Lucifa, dị ka Lucifa. N'ebe a na-egosi ngwá agha, ha debere ya kpọmkwem n'ọnụ ụzọ ka ị na-abata, ma lee, isi a n'elu ihe nkwụnye. <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.aaa.si.edu/collections/interviews/oral-history-interview-andrew-dasburg-13243|title=Oral history interview with Andrew Dasburg, 1974 March 26|work=www.aaa.si.edu}}</ref></blockquote>Dasburg na Johnson biri iche maka ọtụtụ n'ime ọnụ na egosi ha.  Ka ọ na-erule 1917, ha kewapụrụ na Dasburg egosi ị ịga na Woodstock na New York City.  Na 1918 a hụrụ òkù na Taos, New Mexico, site na Mabel Dodge Luhan, ma pụọ ​​na 1919, Johnson sonyeere ya ebe ahụ ruo oge ụfọdụ.  [1] Mgbe ọ kwagara Santa Fe, New Mexico, na 1921, Dasburg pụtara ụdị ihe owuwu ọdịnala na New Mexico n'ime nka Cubist ya. <ref>Zimmer, William. [https://www.nytimes.com/1996/10/27/nyregion/mexico-both-sides-of-the-border-from-the-century-s-first-half.html "Mexico, Both Sides of the Border, From the Century's First Half"], ''[[The New York Times]]'', October 27, 1996. Accessed October 30, 2007. "Andrew Dasburg worked with the idea that New Mexican towns and villages, with their arrangements of box-like buildings, constituted a kind of Cubism in the flesh. His ''Taos Houses (New Mexican Village)'' is a good example of this."</ref> N'afọ 1924, Dasburg akpụkpọ aka na otu ndị ọzọ na-ese ihe na ndị edemede iji guzobe ụlọ ọrụ Spanish na Indian Trading, ụlọ ọrụ "curio shop" nke dị na East San Francisco n'ofe Santa Fe's La Fonda .  N'afọ mbụ ya, ụlọ egwuregwu ahụ rere nchịkọta nke Dasburg nke American blanket na Mexico, na àmà Witter Bynner's Navajo. <ref>["Curio Shop by Artists New Departure in Old Santa Fe"], ''[[The Santa Fe New Mexican]]'', April 24, 1924. Accessed September 8, 2020.</ref> [[Usòrò:Andrew_Dasburg_-_Improvisation.jpg|áká_ịkẹngạ|thumb| Andrew Dasburg, ''Mmelite'', c. &#x2013;]] Na ma New York na Taos, ọ bụ nke ndị mmadụ nke egwu Georgia O'Keeffe na Gertrude Stein, na ezigbo enyi Mabel Dodge Luhan .  [1] A na-ebo ebubo na a na-ese ihe osise aha ya bụ The Absence of Mabel Dodge iji kpalite ekworo nke onye iko ya n'anya n'oge ahụ, enyi ya John Reed (ọ bụ ihe onye doro anya nke  ememe peyote nke ha abụọ ke mmetụtara), na ruo afọ anọ Dasburg na Reed's.  onye ọzọ egwu n'anya Louise Bryant mere ihe omume.  [2] The agadi Dasburg nwanne posthumously dị ka onwe ya na nkiri ihe nkiri Reed na Bryant, Reds, ọ bụ ebe na ọ "chọrọ ike ihe. ... ekwu maka nke ya na nke ọ elebe."  [3] Ya na Ida Rauh sonyekwaara aka ruo oge ụfọdụ, onye na-akwado ndị egwuregwu Provincetown, na ha abụọ bụ enyi DH Lawrence na ozi ya Frieda von Richthofen, ma nyere Lawrence aka ịgbake site na ụkwara nta nke ụlọ nke nta ka ọ  ka ya.  akwụkwọ na US n'ókè ya na Mexico. <ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=OP-8bjTlPo4C&q=Andrew+Dasburg&pg=PA323|title=D. H. Lawrence: The Life of an Outsider|author=John Worthen|year=2007|publisher=Counterpoint Press|isbn=978-1-58243-355-4}}</ref> Na 1933, ọ mụrụ onye na-ede uri Mary Channing "Marina" Wister, ada Owen Wister.. <ref>Staff. [https://web.archive.org/web/20101122132425/http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,745319,00.html "Dispatches"], ''[[Time (magazine)|Time]]'', March 13, 1933. Accessed November 21, 2015. "Married. Mary Channing Wister, poetess daughter of Novelist Owen Wister; and Painter Andrew Michael Dasburg, 45, Guggenheim Fellow; in Philadelphia."</ref> <ref>Staff. [https://www.nytimes.com/1933/02/07/archives/fuuuuuuuuuui-miss-mary-c-wister-betrothed-to-artist-daughter-of.html "Miss Mary C. Wister Betrothed to Artist; Daughter of Owen Wister, the Novelist, and Herself a Poet to Wed Andrew Dasburg."], ''[[The New York Times]]'', February 7, 1933. Accessed November 25, 2015. "The engagement of Miss Mary Channing Wister, daughter of Owen Wister, the novelist, to Andrew Dasburg, an artist of Santa Fe, N. M., was announced today."</ref> Dasburg nwụrụ n'iche ya na Taos, New Mexico, na August 13, 1979, mgbe ọ dị afọ 92. [1] Mgbe ọ nwụsịrị, New Mexico Museum of Art dị na Santa Fe mere ihe ngosi nlegharị anya ọrụ 96 nke National Endowment  for Arts nwanne n'ụdị ya nke gara na steeti anọ ndị ọzọ dị n'Ebe Ọdịda kpara.  [2] Ụbọchị ya dị na nchịkọta nke Whitney Museum of American Art, Metropolitan Museum of Art, New Mexico Museum of Art [3] na Denver Art Museum, n'etiti ndị ọzọ. <ref name="NYTObit">{{Cite news|title=Andrew Dasburg, Cubist Painter, Dies. Said to Be Last Surviving Artist of the Armory Show of 1913.|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1979/08/14/archives/andrew-dasburg-cubist-painter-dies-said-to-be-last-surviving-artist.html|quote=Andrew Dasburg, a painter who was said to be the last survivor of the artists who contributed work to the Armory show of 1913, died yesterday in Taos, N.M. He was 92 years old.|work=New York Times|date=August 14, 1979|accessdate=2007-09-25}}</ref> Ndị ọbịa ya na Santa Fe, New Mexico, na 520 na 524 Camino del Monte Sol, onyinye na National Register of Historic Places dị ka ụlọ na-enye aka na Camino del Monte Sol Historic District == Ihe nrite na nkwanye ugwu == * ''Tulips'', Nrite nke abụọ, Ihe ngosi Pan-American nke mbụ nke eserese mmanụ na Los Angeles County Museum of Art (1925) <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://collectionsonline.lacma.org/mweb/about/american_history.asp|title=History of the American Art Collection of the Los Angeles County Museum of Art|publisher=[[Los Angeles County Museum of Art]]|accessdate=2007-10-31|quote=It turned out to be an important event for the art world of Los Angeles and also for the museum’s collection, to which were added not only the purchase prize paintings-William Wendt’s Where Nature’s God Hath Wrought, John Carroll’s Parthenope, Andrew Dasburg’s Tulips, Guy Pène du Bois’s Shops, and Diego Rivera’s Flower Day --but also [[Bernard Karfiol]]’s Seated Figure and Eugene Savage’s Recessional.|archiveurl=http://arquivo.pt/wayback/20091013191906/http://collectionsonline.lacma.org/mweb/about/american_history.asp|archivedate=2009-10-13}}</ref> * ''Poppies'', ihe nrite nke atọ, ihe ngosi nka nke mba ụwa nke 16, Institutelọ Ọrụ Nkà na ụzụ Carnegie (1927) * Mmekọrịta Guggenheim (1932) == Ihe ngosi == * 'Achọ maka Ọhụrụ: Modernism na Southwest', Lewallen Galleries, Santa Fe, NM, 2018 * 'Mabel Dodge Luhan & Ụlọ ọrụ: American Moderns na West', Harwood Museum of Art, Mahadum New Mexico, Taos, NM, 2016 * 'An American Modernism: Paining and Photography', New Mexico Museum of Art, Santa Fe, NM, 2015 - 2016 * 'Emere Modernism na New Mexico', Georgia O'Keeffe Museum, Santa Fe, NM, 2015 * 'Southwwest Allure: Art nke Santa Fe Art Colony', Boca Raton Museum of Art, Boca Raton, FL, 2013 * 'Mmetụta Cubist na Art American', Gerald Peters Gallery, Santa Fe, NM, 2009 * Andrew Dasburg, 1887-1979 : ihe ngosi nlegharị anya ', Art Museum, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, New Mexico, 1979 == Mbipụta == * 'Ọhụụ ime mmụọ: Art nke Andrew Dasburg (1887–1979)', nke Catherine Whitney (Onye edemede), Rebecca Friedman (Ndezi), Gerald P. Peters Gallery (Onye nkwusa), Santa Fe, New Mexico, Disemba 2011,  * 'Andrew Dasburg: Ndụ Ya na Nkà', nke Sheldon Reich, 1989, Bucknell University Press, PA,  * 'Ihe osise nke oge a na New Mexico 1913 - 1935', nke Sharin Rohlfsen Udall, Mahadum nke New Mexico Press, 1984,  * 'Andrew Dasburg', nke Van Deren Coke, Mahadum nke New Mexico Press, 1979,  * 'Andrew Dasburg', nke Jerry Bywaters, American Federation of Arts, 1959, ASIN. : B000BH11A0 == Hụkwa == * Synchromism == Ntụaka == {{Reflist|30em}} == Njikọ mpụga == * Official website * The [http://www.aaa.si.edu/collectionsonline/dasbandr/ Andrew Dasburg And Grace Mott Johnson Papers, 1833-1980 (bulk 1900-1980)] have been digitized by the Archives of American Art, Smithsonian Institution. These primary source documents include biographical materials, extensive correspondence, writings, financial and business records, clippings, exhibition materials, numerous photographs and original artwork, including two sketchbooks by Johnson. * Andrew Dasburg at IMDb [[Òtù:Pages with unreviewed translations]] ii3zm244j9ro7ewg7vil70o9hprc1vv 0 49156 320064 212878 2025-06-30T12:12:04Z Anastesia chi 23720 edoziri m broken files 320064 wikitext text/x-wiki Abbott Fuller Graves (1859-1936) bụ onye na-ese ihe na onye na-ese ihe na America bụ onye na ngwaahịa ikuku na-achọ mma na ndụ ngwaọrụ. Ojiji oji brushstrokes siri ike, agba na-m calaamad, na ìhè eke na-egosi nke echiche ndị Europe <ref name="fineoldart1">{{Cite web |url=http://www.fineoldart.com/browse_by_essay.html?essay=288 |title=Abbott Fuller Graves, (1859-1936) |accessdate=2024-06-18 |archivedate=2016-08-16 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160816175048/http://www.fineoldart.com/browse_by_essay.html?essay=288 }}</ref> == Ndụ mmalite na agụmakwụkwọ == Ụlọ Graves na Weymouth, Massachusetts, na 15, 1859, nwa James Griswold Graves na Eliza Nicholls (Fuller).  [1] N'ịtụ anya nke onye na-ese ụlọ ụlọ, Graves gara Massachusetts Institute of Technology mana akwụkwọ akwụkwọ.  Graves gara Paris na Ịtali na 1884 iji mezie nkà ya dị ka onye na-ese ebubo.  Na Europe, o mgbe Edmund C. Tarbell .  Mgbe ọ la iche na Boston na 1885, Graves izi onye nkuzi na Cowles Art School, ebe enyi ya Childe Hassam nọkwa na ngalaba.  Ihe eji ụka ka ya na ndị na-ese ihe ahụ ahụ ibe ha.  Na 1887, Graves la ihie na Paris iji gbanwee ihe osise na Académie Julien .  [2] N'ebe ahụ Fernand Cormon, Jean-Paul Laurens na Paul Gervais gbara ya ihe. == Ọrụ == Graves la mfe na Boston na 1891, wee biri na obodo dị n'ụdị oke osimiri nke Kennebunkport, Maine, bụ ebe ọ na-eke klas na-abụ na agba mmiri.  Ọ gara n'ihu na-eleta ebe ahụ n'afọ ndị sochirinụ, na-ese ihe nkiri ụdị nke na-egosi ndị ọrụ ugbo, ndị ọkụ azụ, ndị ọkụ ọkụ na ndị isi ụgbọ mmiri ochie nke Kennebunkport.  Ọtụtụ n'ime ihe ngosi ya hụ ndị ndụ obere obodo ka e depress na kalenda na ike ozi. Mgbe 1891 gachara, ihe ka ọtụtụ n'ime ọrụ Graves na-egosi ubi na ala pịa, ụfọdụ ndị ihe ngosi ike.  Ụfọdụ na-egosi ubi mara mma nke Spain na South America.  Na 1891, ọ mepere ụlọ akwụkwọ nka nke ya na Boston.  Akwụkwọ akụkọ ahụ mechara biri Kennebunk, Maine .  Site na 1902 ruo 1905, e were Graves n'ahụ dị ka ihe ngosi maka akwụkwọ ozi na Paris.  <nowiki></link></nowiki>[ ndabere ] na Académie Vitti na Paris.  [1] Mgbe 1922 adịghị mma, Graves, n'oge oyi ya na New York City, ebe ọ nọ na òtù dị ka National Academy of Design, National Arts Club, Salmagundi Club na Allied Artists of America. . == Ọnwụ == Graves nwụrụ na Kennebunkport na Julaị 15, 1936. N'oge ọnwụ ya, ọ nwetara otuto dị ukwuu dị ka ọkachamara na eserese ubi. <ref name="fineoldart1"/> == Ihe nketa == Enwere ike akara ihe atụ nke ọrụ Graves na mkpokọta ọha na eze na ihe na mba ahụ, ngosi Mead Art Museum na Amherst College, Arnot Art Museum na Elmira, New York;  Ndị eze ihe ngosi nka nke Brick Store na Kennebunk, Maine;  Ndị eze ihe ngosi nka nke Mahadum Ball State na Muncie, Indiana;  Hermitage Foundation Museum na Norfolk, Virginia;  na ndị dike ihe nka nke Mahadum Princeton na Princeton, New Jersey. <gallery mode="packed"> Usòrò:Abbott_Fuller_Graves_-_Nearing_Home.jpg|alt=Nearing Home| ''Na-eru nso mmiri'' Usòrò:Abbott_Fuller_Graves_-_A_Summer’s_Day.jpg|alt=A Summer’s Day| ''obodo'' Usòrò:Abbott_Fuller_Graves_-_Flower_garden,_Kennebunkport,_Maine.jpg|alt=Flower garden, Kennebunkport| ''Ogige nti'', Kennebunkport Usòrò:Abbott_Fuller_Graves_-_The_Village_Clockmaker.jpg|alt=The Village Clockmaker| ''Obodo Clockmaker'' Usòrò:Abbott_Fuller_Graves_-_Ogunquit_Doorway.jpg|alt=Ogunquit Doorway| ''Ụzọ ụzọ Ogunquit'' Usòrò:Abbott_Fuller_Graves_-_Flowers_and_Mirror.jpg|alt=Flowers and Mirror| ''Okooko osisi na mirror'' Usòrò:Abbott_Fuller_Graves,_1905c_-_Poppies.jpg| ''Poppies'' Usòrò:Flowering_Vines_on_Palm_Tree.jpg|alt=Graves, Abbott Fuller. Flowering Vines on Palm Tree| ''Okooko osisi'' </gallery> == Hụkwa == * Abbott Graves House na Kennebunkport, Maine == Ntụaka == {{Reflist}} == Njikọ mpụga == {{Commons category}} * [http://www.bedfordfineartgallery.com/abbot_fuller_graves_art.html Ihe osise nke Abbot Fuller Graves] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20180125074554/http://www.pittsburghvictorianart.com/subjects/abbot_fuller_graves_art.html Pittsburgh Victoria Art Gallery: Ihe osise nke Abbot Fuller Graves] 6gn663matqtajr6celq7oznnls2i3mj 0 49457 320112 197520 2025-07-01T04:53:26Z Anastesia chi 23720 edoziri m broken files 320112 wikitext text/x-wiki Agroecosystem na Croton-on-Hudson, [[Nú Yọk|New York]] na Westchester County. Tomato, basil, ose na eggplants.]] Agroecosystems bụ gburugburu ebe obibi na-akwado usoro mmepụta nri na ugbo na ubi. Dị ka aha ahụ na-egosi, n'isi nke agroecosystem bụ [[Oru ugbo|ọrụ ugbo]] nke mmadụ. N'ihi ya, ha bụ isi ihe ọmụmụ na Agroecology, na Regenerative Agriculture site na iji usoro gburugburu ebe obibi. Dị ka usoro okike ndị ọzọ, agroecosystems na-emepụta usoro mechiri emechi nke ụmụ anụmanụ, osisi, microbes, na ihe ndị ọzọ dị ndụ na gburugburu ha na-adabere na ibe ha ma na-emekọrịta ihe mgbe niile. A na-akọwa ha n'ụzọ dị iche iche dị ka mpaghara na ọrụ dị n'otu nke ọrụ ugbo.<ref name="Ref_">Agro-ecosystem Health Project. 1996. Agroecosystem health. University of Guelph, Guelph, Canada.</ref> Enwere ike ịhụ agroecosystem dị ka ọ bụghị naanị na ebe ọrụ ugbo dị nso (dịka ugbo). Nke ahụ bụ, ọ na-agụnye mpaghara nke ọrụ a na-emetụta, na-abụkarị site na mgbanwe na mgbagwoju anya nke nchịkọta ụdị na ike na-aga, yana nguzozi nri. Agroecosystems, ọkachasị ndị a na-achịkwa nke ọma, na-akọwa dị ka ndị nwere ụdị dị mfe, ike na ihe na-edozi ahụ karịa usoro okike. N'otu aka ahụ, a na-ejikọkarị agroecosystems na ntinye nri dị elu, ọtụtụ n'ime ha na-apụ n'ugbo ahụ na-eduga na eutrophication nke usoro okike ndị jikọtara na-etinyeghị aka n'ọrụ ugbo.<ref name="Ref_c">Agroecosystem Management for Improved Human Health: Applying principles of integrated pest management to people. D. G. Peden. Published in New Directions in Animal Production Systems. Proceedings of the Annual Meeting of the Canadian Society of Animal Science, July 5–8, 1998, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada. Edited by R. Blair, R. Rajamahendran, L.S. Stephens, M.Y. Yang. {{Cite web|url=http://www.idrc.ca/en/ev-3443-201-1-DO_TOPIC.html|title=Agroecosystem Management for Improved Human Health: Applying principles of integrated pest management to people: International Development Research Centre|accessdate=2008-12-09|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20080501184619/http://www.idrc.ca/en/ev-3443-201-1-DO_TOPIC.html|archivedate=2008-05-01}}</ref> == Ojiji == Ụfọdụ nnukwu òtù na-eto [[Oru ugbo|ọrụ ugbo]] n'ime agroecosystems dị ka ụzọ na-aga n'ihu maka ọrụ ugbo. Ụzọ ọrụ ugbo dị ugbu a emeela ka mmiri gbasaa, oke mbuze na mbelata ala. Dị ka akụkọ sitere na International Water Management Institute na United Nations Environment Programme si kwuo, mmiri zuru ezu iji gaa n'ihu na-arụ ọrụ ugbo site na iji omume dị ugbu a; ya mere, otu esi eji mmiri, ala, na ihe onwunwe gburugburu ebe obibi eme ihe iji bulie ihe ọkụkụ. Akụkọ ahụ tụrụ aro ịnye uru na gburugburu ebe obibi, na-amata mgbanwe gburugburu ebe obibi na nke ndụ, yana ịhazi ikike nke ndị ọrụ na ọdịmma dị iche iche, yana idozi ikpe na-ezighị ezi nke na-akpata mgbe ụfọdụ mgbe a na-anakwere usoro dị otú ahụ, dị ka ịnyeghachi mmiri site na ndị ogbenye gaa na ndị ọgaranya, iwepụ ala iji mee ka ala ugbo na-arụpụta ihe, ma ọ bụ ichekwa usoro mmiri nke na-egbochi ikike ịkụ azụ.<ref>Molden, D., [https://web.archive.org/web/20120113125654/http://www.iwmi.cgiar.org/news_room/pdf/The-scientist_com-Opinion_The%20Water_Deficit.pdf Opinion: The Water Deficit], ''The Scientist'', 23 August 2011</ref> Otu n'ime mgbalị siri ike nke ọzụzụ dị ka agroecology bụ ịkwalite ụdị njikwa nke na-eme ka ọdịiche dị n'etiti agroecosystems na "eke" gburugburu ebe obibi, ma site n'ibelata mmetụta nke ọrụ ugbo (ịbawanye mgbagwoju anya nke usoro ugbo na nke trophic nke usoro ugbo yana ibelata ya. ntinye ihe na-edozi ahụ / ọpụpụ) yana site n'ịbawanye mmata na mmetụta "ndabere" na-agbatị usoro agroecosystem gafere oke nke ugbo (dịka ọmụmaatụ Corn Belt agroecosystem gụnyere mpaghara hypoxic na Ọwara Mexico). N'okwu nke mbụ, polyculture ma ọ bụ ihe nchekwa maka ebe obibi anụ ọhịa nwere ike iweghachi ụfọdụ mgbagwoju anya na usoro ihe ọkụkụ, ebe ọrụ ugbo nwere ike ibelata ntinye nri. Mgbalị nke ụdị nke abụọ na-emekarị na oke mmiri. Otu ihe atụ bụ National Association of Conservation Districts' Lake Mendota Watershed Project, nke na-achọ ibelata mmiri na-asọpụta n'ala ndị ọrụ ugbo na-abanye n'ime ọdọ ahụ na ebumnuche nke ibelata ifuru osisi algal.<ref name="Ref_d">TMDL Case Study: Wisconsin {{Cite web|url=http://www.nacdnet.org/policy/environment/water/tmdl/casestudies/wisconsin.phtml|title=TMDL Case Study: Wisconsin - National Association of Conservation Districts|accessdate=2008-12-09|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20081120012845/http://www.nacdnet.org./policy/environment/water/tmdl/casestudies/wisconsin.phtml|archivedate=2008-11-20}}</ref> == Hụkwa ==   == Ịgụ ihe ọzọ == * {{Cite journal|author=Loucks|first=Orie|authorlink=Orie Loucks|title=Emergence of Research on Agro-Ecosystems|journal=Annual Review of Ecology and Systematics|volume=8|issue=|pages=173–192|date=November 1977|doi=10.1146/annurev.es.08.110177.001133|id=}} * Seabrook, Wendy, 2022, Otu esi ahọrọ omume Regenerative - ọrụ ahụ. Ịmụta Ihe Site n'Oké Ọdịdị == Ebem si dee == murr67tfgqb1cdfceqtxb6ueft363n0 0 49484 320098 207611 2025-06-30T21:21:16Z NiferO 20385 Ekere na itugharị ihụakwụkwọ nke a "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1293972805|Ogiri]]" 320098 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Ogiri''' bụ ihe eji esi nri obodo eji esi nri n'etiti ndị Igbo. Ndị Yoruba na-akpọ ya 'Iru'. Ọ bụ ihe na-esi ísì ụtọ nke e ji mkpụrụ mmanụ gbaara ụka mee, dị ka mkpụrụ sesame ma ọ bụ mkpụrụ egusi ma ọ bụ mkpụrụ igurube. <ref>{{Cite book|author=Steinkraus|first=Keith|url=http://worldcat.org/oclc/1063700107|title=Handbook of indigenous fermented foods|date=4 May 2018|publisher=CRC Press|isbn=978-1-351-44251-0|oclc=1063700107}}</ref> Usoro na ngwaahịa yiri iru ma ọ bụ douchi. Isi ya dị ka cheese, miso, ma ọ bụ tofu na-esi ísì. Ogiri kacha mara amara na West Africa. Ọ na-ewu ewu n'etiti ndị Igbo. Ogiri n'etiti ndi Igbo nke Naijiria di iche ma yie I [[Ogiri|Iru Pete]]. Ogiri emere n'ụzọ ọdịnala West Africa nwere: Mkpụrụ Egusi ma ọ bụ agwa igurube, mkpụrụ sesame, nnu, na mmiri. == Ntụaka == {{Reflist}} # Steinkraus, Keith(4 May 2018). Akwụkwọ ntuziaka nke nri ndị gbara uka. CRC Press.2. "OGIRI-Mami Kaday's Handmade Ogiri 300g| eBay". Eweputara from the original na 2015-10-02. Eweputara 2015-09-30. m04wbvouxi6xfh4eof9fvb2bycv6k6b 0 49813 320100 179452 2025-06-30T21:24:28Z InternetArchiveBot 11600 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 320100 wikitext text/x-wiki Na Japan, mgbe ụfọdụ, a n'eji ụlọ ịsa ahụ a haziri ahazi na-ewu ụlọ oriri na ọṅụṅụ ịhụnanya. Dị ka Mark D. West si kwuo, ndị mmadụ nọ na họtel ndị a na-enwekarị mmekọahụ n'ime ụlọ ịsa ahụ "na-eji mgbata".[1] Ọkà mmụta gbasara mmekọahụ bụ́ Sonia Borg na-ekwu na na United States, inwe mmekọahụ n’ụlọ ịsa ahụ́ n’ụlọ ịsa ahụ́ ọha na eze na-abụkarị n’ụlọ mmanya karịa n’ebe ndị ọzọ, dị ka ụlọ oriri na ọṅụṅụ.[2] Na 2006, Daily News kọrọ na ọtụtụ ndị di na nwunye na-enwe mmekọahụ n'ime ụlọ ịsa ahụ ụlọ oriri na ọṅụṅụ n'ofe New York City.[3] Mmekọahụ n'ime ụlọ ịsa ahụ na-apụtakwa n'ụlọ ebe a na-asa akwa nke ụgbọ elu ndị njem. Ndị mmadụ na-enwe mmekọahụ n'ụlọ ebe a na-asa ụgbọ elu abanyela na Mile High Club. '''[[Mmekọ nwoke na nwanyị|mmekọahụ]] n'[[Bathroom|ụlọ ịsa ahụ]]''' bụ itinye aka n'ihe omume mmekọahụ n'ụlọ mposi ma ọ bụ ụlọ mposi, ma ọ bụ nke onwe ma ọ bụ n'ihu ọha. Mmekọahụ ụlọ ịsa ahụ n'eme n'ọtụtụ akụkụ nke ụwa na n'ọtụtụ ebe, gụnyere ụlọ ahịa, họtel, ụlọ mmanya, ụlọ oriri na ọṅụṅụ, ụgbọelu, na mahadum. A na-egosipụta mmekọahụ n'ụlọ ịsa ahụ n'ọtụtụ ihe nkiri. E nwere okwu a kapịrị ọnụ nke a n'etinye na ịmalite na inwe mmekọahụ n'ime ụlọ ịsa ahụ, yana Ọnọdụ mmekọahụ a na-ejikarị eme ihe. Dị ka onye n'ahụ maka ụmụ mmadụ Helen Fisher si kwuo, mgbe mmadụ na onye ọzọ nọ n'ime ịsa ahụ, ha ewepụla "ihe nchebe" ha. Ya mere, mmetụ ọ bụla n'oge a na-aghọ ihe dị nso karị.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.cosmopolitan.com/sex-love/a1527/love-in-tub/|title=Love in the Tub|date=30 September 2002|work=[[Cosmopolitan (magazine)|Cosmopolitan]]|publisher=[[Hearst Corporation]]|accessdate=13 October 2016|archivedate=18 October 2016|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20161018194856/http://www.cosmopolitan.com/sex-love/a1527/love-in-tub/}}</ref> 8gfkaezeyn3kjjkxku5uw6a1axgxm9w 0 51013 320069 184984 2025-06-30T13:46:10Z Anastesia chi 23720 edoziri m broken files 320069 wikitext text/x-wiki Ọgbọ ADEFRA - Schwarze Frauen na Deutschland (Ụmụ nwanyị ojii na Germany) bụ ọgbakọ omenala na ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị German nke dabeere na Berlin maka ụmụ nwanyị ojii na ụmụ nwanyị ndị ọzọ nwere agba. Tọrọ ntọala na 1986, a na-ahụta ya dị ka otu ndị na-akwado ahịhịa mbụ maka ụmụ nwanyị Afro-German. ADEFRA tọrọ ntọala na 1986 site n'aka obere ìgwè ndị Black femists na lesbians, gụnyere [[Katja Kinder]], [[Elke Jank]], Katharina Oguntoye, [[Eva von Pirch]], [[Daniela Tourkazi]], [[Judy Gummich]], na [[Jasmin Eding]]. Ọ bụ Audre Lorde na ndị ọzọ na-eme ngagharị iwe mepụtara nkọwa onwe onye nke ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị "Afro-German," kpaliri ha ma sonyere n'otu akụkụ iji mepụta akwụkwọ Showing Our Colors: Afro-G German Women Speak Out . <ref name=":0">{{Cite book|author=Hügel-Marshall|first=Ika|url=https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/226911801|title=Invisible woman: Growing up black in Germany|date=2008|publisher=Peter Lang|isbn=978-1-4331-0278-3|edition=|location=New York|oclc=226911801}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web|date=2006|title=Generation "Adefra": 20 Years of the Black Women's Movement in Germany|url=https://www.smb.museum/en/exhibitions/detail/generation-adefra-20-years-of-the-black-womens-movement-in-germany/|accessdate=2021-03-30|work=Staatliche Museen zu Berlin|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20210124091649/https://www.smb.museum/en/exhibitions/detail/generation-adefra-20-years-of-the-black-womens-movement-in-germany/|archivedate=2021-01-24}}</ref> <ref name=":1">{{Cite web|author=Florvil|first=Tiffany|date=2017-07-05|title=From ADEFRA to Black Lives Matter: Black Women's Activism in Germany|url=https://www.aaihs.org/from-adefra-to-black-lives-matter-black-womens-activism-in-germany/|accessdate=2021-03-31|work=AAIHS|language=en-US}}</ref><ref name=":2">{{Cite journal|author=Eding|first=Jasmin|date=2005|title=...And I Let Myself Go Wherever I Want To|journal=Agenda: Empowering Women for Gender Equity|issue=63|pages=131–132|doi=10.2307/4066641|issn=1013-0950}}</ref> A na-ewere ADEFRA dị ka otu ndị isi ojii mbụ na Germany nke ụmụ nwanyị ojii na ndị isi ojii.<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Ellerbe-Dueck|first=Cassandra|date=2011|title=Revendications politiques et émancipation des femmes noires1 en Allemagne et en Autriche|journal=Cahiers du Genre|language=fr|volume=51|issue=2|doi=10.3917/cdge.051.0155}}</ref> Aha otu ahụ, ADEFRA, bụ mkpirisi nke "''Afrodeutsche Frauen''" (ụmụ nwanyị Afro-German). <ref name=":1">{{Cite web|author=Florvil|first=Tiffany|date=2017-07-05|title=From ADEFRA to Black Lives Matter: Black Women's Activism in Germany|url=https://www.aaihs.org/from-adefra-to-black-lives-matter-black-womens-activism-in-germany/|accessdate=2021-03-31|work=AAIHS|language=en-US}}</ref> A na-ejikọkwa aha ahụ na okwu [[Amharic language|Amharic]] nke pụtara "nwaanyị na-egosi obi ike" <ref name=":0">{{Cite book|author=Hügel-Marshall|first=Ika|url=https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/226911801|title=Invisible woman: Growing up black in Germany|date=2008|publisher=Peter Lang|isbn=978-1-4331-0278-3|edition=|location=New York|oclc=226911801}}</ref> <ref name=":2">{{Cite journal|author=Eding|first=Jasmin|date=2005|title=...And I Let Myself Go Wherever I Want To|journal=Agenda: Empowering Women for Gender Equity|issue=63|pages=131–132|doi=10.2307/4066641|issn=1013-0950}}</ref> ADEFRA bụ òtù nwanne nwanyị na Initiative Schwarzer Deutscher.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web|author=Florvil|first=Tiffany|date=2017-07-05|title=From ADEFRA to Black Lives Matter: Black Women's Activism in Germany|url=https://www.aaihs.org/from-adefra-to-black-lives-matter-black-womens-activism-in-germany/|accessdate=2021-03-31|work=AAIHS|language=en-US}}</ref> N'otu, a na-ewere ha dị ka òtù ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị Afro-German abụọ kachasị ukwuu ka ọ dị na mbido afọ 2000. <ref>{{Cite journal|author=Wright|first=Michelle M.|date=Spring 2003|title=Others-from-within from without Afro-German subject formation and the challenge of a counter-discourse|journal=Callaloo|volume=26|issue=2|pages=296–305, 548|doi=10.1353/cal.2003.0065}}</ref> Mgbe e guzobere ya, e guzobere otu ndị mmekọ n'ọtụtụ obodo Germany. Nzukọ ahụ nwere nzukọ mba kwa afọ ruo n'etiti afọ 1990. <ref name=":0">{{Cite book|author=Hügel-Marshall|first=Ika|url=https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/226911801|title=Invisible woman: Growing up black in Germany|date=2008|publisher=Peter Lang|isbn=978-1-4331-0278-3|edition=|location=New York|oclc=226911801}}</ref> <ref name=":1">{{Cite web|author=Florvil|first=Tiffany|date=2017-07-05|title=From ADEFRA to Black Lives Matter: Black Women's Activism in Germany|url=https://www.aaihs.org/from-adefra-to-black-lives-matter-black-womens-activism-in-germany/|accessdate=2021-03-31|work=AAIHS|language=en-US}}</ref> Mgbe ọdịda nke Mgbidi Berlin gasịrị, ndị otu ADEFRA rụrụ ọrụ iji mee ka ụmụ nwanyị ojii dị n'Ebe Ọwụwa Anyanwụ na West Germany dị n'otu, na otu ahụ nwere nzukọ mba mbụ ya mgbe e jikọtara ya na Disemba 1990 na Munich.<ref name=":2">{{Cite journal|author=Eding|first=Jasmin|date=2005|title=...And I Let Myself Go Wherever I Want To|journal=Agenda: Empowering Women for Gender Equity|issue=63|pages=131–132|doi=10.2307/4066641|issn=1013-0950}}</ref> Nzukọ ahụ dị na Munich ruo na ngwụcha afọ 1990. N'afọ 2000, isi ụlọ ọrụ ya kwagara Berlin, ebe ọ dị ugbu a.<ref name=":0">{{Cite book|author=Hügel-Marshall|first=Ika|url=https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/226911801|title=Invisible woman: Growing up black in Germany|date=2008|publisher=Peter Lang|isbn=978-1-4331-0278-3|edition=|location=New York|oclc=226911801}}</ref> A maara ya ugbu a dị ka Generation ADEFRA . <ref name=":1">{{Cite web|author=Florvil|first=Tiffany|date=2017-07-05|title=From ADEFRA to Black Lives Matter: Black Women's Activism in Germany|url=https://www.aaihs.org/from-adefra-to-black-lives-matter-black-womens-activism-in-germany/|accessdate=2021-03-31|work=AAIHS|language=en-US}}</ref> Onye otu ADEFRA bụ Ika Hügel-Marshall kọwara nzukọ ahụ dị ka "ebe ụmụ nwanyị ojii nwere ike ikwupụta nchegbu ha na isiokwu dịgasị iche iche dị ka ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị, agụmakwụkwọ, ụzọ ndụ, na ahụike. " <ref name=":0">{{Cite book|author=Hügel-Marshall|first=Ika|url=https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/226911801|title=Invisible woman: Growing up black in Germany|date=2008|publisher=Peter Lang|isbn=978-1-4331-0278-3|edition=|location=New York|oclc=226911801}}</ref> Ebumnuche ya bụ ka oghere ebe ụmụ nwanyị ojii ga-ekerịta ahụmịhe ha ma jikọọ ibe ha, dịka ndị ojii nọ na Germany n'oge ntọala ya na-anọpụ iche ma na-etinye ihe ka ukwuu n'oge ha n'ebe ndị ọcha. <ref name=":2">{{Cite journal|author=Eding|first=Jasmin|date=2005|title=...And I Let Myself Go Wherever I Want To|journal=Agenda: Empowering Women for Gender Equity|issue=63|pages=131–132|doi=10.2307/4066641|issn=1013-0950}}</ref><ref name=":3">{{Cite web|author=Hickmon|first=Gabriell|date=2019-12-10|title=What Audre Lorde Learned in Berlin About Afro-German Identity|url=https://lithub.com/what-audre-lorde-learned-in-berlin-about-afro-german-identity/|accessdate=2021-03-31|work=Literary Hub|language=en-US|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20191210140811/https://lithub.com/what-audre-lorde-learned-in-berlin-about-afro-german-identity/|archivedate=2019-12-10}}</ref><ref name=":4">{{Cite web|author=Lewis|first=Heidi R.|date=2015-06-11|title=Jasmin Eding and ADEFRA: On Self-Definition and Empowerment|url=https://femgeniuses.com/2015/06/11/jasmin-eding-and-adefra-on-self-definition-and-empowerment/|accessdate=2021-03-31|work=The FemGeniuses|language=en-US}}</ref> Nzukọ ahụ mekwara ka ịkpa ókè agbụrụ n'ime òtù ụmụ nwanyị German n'oge a tọrọ ntọala ya. <ref>{{Cite journal|author=El-Tayeb|first=Fatima|date=2003|title='If You Can't Pronounce My Name, You Can Just Call Me Pride': Afro-German Activism, Gender and Hip Hop|url=https://www.academia.edu/731475|journal=Gender & History|language=en|volume=15|issue=3|pages=460–486|doi=10.1111/j.0953-5233.2003.00316.x|issn=0953-5233}}</ref> ADEFRA ghere oghe nye ụmụ nwanyị ojii niile, n'agbanyeghị afọ ma ọ bụ usoro mmekọahụ; ndị otu gụnyere Peggy Piesche ekewapụtala ya dị ka "obodo ojii-nwanyị ojii."[1] [4] [10] Na mgbakwunye na ụmụ nwanyị si Africa. ndị mba ọzọ, otu ahụ agụnyela ndị otu obere obere ndị ọzọ na Germany, gụnyere ndị German Asia.[3. Nzukọ ahụ na-enwe ọgụgụ, ogbako, na ihe omume ndị ọzọ na isiokwu ndị dị ka mmegide ịkpa ókè agbụrụ na akụkọ ihe mere eme nke ndị Black Europe. <ref name=":2">{{Cite journal|author=Eding|first=Jasmin|date=2005|title=...And I Let Myself Go Wherever I Want To|journal=Agenda: Empowering Women for Gender Equity|issue=63|pages=131–132|doi=10.2307/4066641|issn=1013-0950}}</ref><ref name=":4">{{Cite web|author=Lewis|first=Heidi R.|date=2015-06-11|title=Jasmin Eding and ADEFRA: On Self-Definition and Empowerment|url=https://femgeniuses.com/2015/06/11/jasmin-eding-and-adefra-on-self-definition-and-empowerment/|accessdate=2021-03-31|work=The FemGeniuses|language=en-US}}</ref><ref name=":5">{{Cite journal|author=Eggers|first=Maureen Maisha|date=2010|title=Knowledges of (Un)Belonging: Epistemic Change as a Defining Mode for Black Women's Activism in Germany|journal=Cross / Cultures, Suppl. Hybrid Cultures-Nervous States|volume=129|pages=189–202, 319–320}}</ref> Ọ na-enwekwa nzukọ ndị buru ibu, gụnyere nzukọ afọ 20 nke afọ 2006 Generation ADEFRA - Schwarze Autonomie in Deutschland?''Ọgbọ ADEFRA - Schwarze Autonomie na Deutschland?'', nke e jikọtara ya na ihe ngosi na Museum Europäischer Kulturen . <ref name=":0">{{Cite book|author=Hügel-Marshall|first=Ika|url=https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/226911801|title=Invisible woman: Growing up black in Germany|date=2008|publisher=Peter Lang|isbn=978-1-4331-0278-3|edition=|location=New York|oclc=226911801}}</ref> <ref name=":5" /> Ọ na-elekwasị anya karịsịa na inye ikike site na agụmakwụkwọ, gụnyere site na ọrụ Black European Studies (BEST), ọ na-etinye aka na atụmatụ mba ụwa. <ref name=":0" /> <ref name=":3">{{Cite web|author=Hickmon|first=Gabriell|date=2019-12-10|title=What Audre Lorde Learned in Berlin About Afro-German Identity|url=https://lithub.com/what-audre-lorde-learned-in-berlin-about-afro-german-identity/|accessdate=2021-03-31|work=Literary Hub|language=en-US|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20191210140811/https://lithub.com/what-audre-lorde-learned-in-berlin-about-afro-german-identity/|archivedate=2019-12-10}}</ref> N'afọ 1980, ADEFRA bipụtara magazin nke ya, ''Afrekete'', nke [[Elke Jank]] dezigharịrị. <ref name=":0">{{Cite book|author=Hügel-Marshall|first=Ika|url=https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/226911801|title=Invisible woman: Growing up black in Germany|date=2008|publisher=Peter Lang|isbn=978-1-4331-0278-3|edition=|location=New York|oclc=226911801}}</ref> <ref name=":3">{{Cite web|author=Hickmon|first=Gabriell|date=2019-12-10|title=What Audre Lorde Learned in Berlin About Afro-German Identity|url=https://lithub.com/what-audre-lorde-learned-in-berlin-about-afro-german-identity/|accessdate=2021-03-31|work=Literary Hub|language=en-US|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20191210140811/https://lithub.com/what-audre-lorde-learned-in-berlin-about-afro-german-identity/|archivedate=2019-12-10}}</ref> == Ndị a ma ama == == Ihe odide == <references /> 12jwaz4eqehuc2uxf3cce0q2yshrmy8 0 52501 320122 189273 2025-07-01T10:00:47Z InternetArchiveBot 11600 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 320122 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Usòrò:Marchers_holding_placards_during_Aurat_March_2020.jpg|alt=|thumb| Ndị na-eme ngagharị na-ejide kaadị n'oge Aurat Maachị 2020]] '''Maachị Aurat''' ( Urdu ma ọ bụ عورت احتجاج, Bekee: "March Women's") bụ ihe ngosi mmekọrịta ọha na eze na ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị kwa afọ na obodo Pakistan dị ka Islamabad, Karachi, Lahore, Multan, Peshawar na Quetta iji mee ememe ụbọchị ụmụ nwanyị mba ụwa . <ref>{{Cite book|author=Gozdecka|first=Dorota|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Do2ADwAAQBAJ&pg=PP1|title=Feminism, Postfeminism and Legal Theory: Beyond the Gendered Subject?|date=8 January 2019|publisher=Routledge|isbn=9781351040402}}<br /><br />{{Cite journal|author=Kirmani|first=Nida|date=27 November 2018|title=Moving Beyond the Binary: Gender-based Activism in Pakistan|url=https://opendocs.ids.ac.uk/opendocs/handle/123456789/14196}}<br /><br />{{Cite journal|author=Sahar|first=Naila|date=2 October 2018|title=Things She Could Never Have|journal=South Asian Review|volume=39|issue=3–4|pages=420–422|doi=10.1080/02759527.2018.1518037|issn=0275-9527}}<br /><br />{{Cite web|author=Images Staff|date=7 March 2019|title=The Aurat March challenges misogyny in our homes, workplaces and society, say organisers ahead of Women's Day|url=https://images.dawn.com/news/1181993|accessdate=7 March 2019|work=Images}}<br /><br />{{Cite web|date=28 February 2019|title=Here's all you need to know about Aurat March 2019|url=https://natcour.com/story/238374/heres-all-you-need-to-know-about-aurat-march-2019/|accessdate=9 March 2019|work=NC|archivedate=3 April 2019|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20190403105421/https://natcour.com/story/238374/heres-all-you-need-to-know-about-aurat-march-2019/}}<br /><br />{{Cite web|author=The Newspaper's Staff Reporter|date=7 March 2019|title=Aurat March to highlight 'Sisterhood and Solidarity'|url=https://www.dawn.com/news/1468109|accessdate=7 March 2019|work=DAWN.COM}}<br /><br />{{Cite web|author=Shah|first=Zuneera|date=12 March 2018|title=Why the Aurat March is a revolutionary feat for Pakistan|url=https://www.dawn.com/news/1394385|accessdate=17 March 2019|work=DAWN.COM}}<br /><br />{{Cite news|author=Zahra-Malik|first=Mehreen|date=15 March 2019|title=Pakistan torn as women's day march sparks wave of 'masculine anxiety'|work=[[The Guardian]]|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2019/mar/15/pakistan-torn-as-womens-day-march-sparks-wave-of-masculine-anxiety|accessdate=16 March 2019}}<br /><br />{{Cite news|author=Toppa|first=Sabrina|date=8 March 2019|title=Women take to the streets of Pakistan to rewrite their place in society|work=[[The Guardian]]|url=https://www.theguardian.com/global-development/2019/mar/08/women-take-to-the-streets-of-pakistan-to-rewrite-their-place-in-society-international-womens-day|accessdate=17 March 2019}}<br /><br />{{Cite news|author=Ebrahim|first=Ammar|date=6 April 2019|title=The 'womanspreading' placard that caused fury in Pakistan|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/stories-47832236|accessdate=13 April 2019}}<br /><br />{{Cite web|author=Rehman|first=Zoya|date=26 July 2019|title=Aurat March and Undisciplined Bodies|url=https://medium.com/@zoya_rehman/aurat-march-and-undisciplined-bodies-f6f23ada0318|accessdate=4 March 2020|work=Medium}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite news|author=ur-Rehman|first=Zia|date=2022-03-06|title=As Women's Marches Gain Steam in Pakistan, Conservatives Grow Alarmed|language=en-US|work=The New York Times|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2022/03/06/world/asia/pakistan-aurat-march-women.html|accessdate=2022-03-07}}</ref> Ndị otu ụmụ nwanyị malitere Marches nke mbụ nke Aurat n'otu oge na mmegharị Pakistan #MeToo n'ụbọchị ụmụ nwanyị mba ụwa. <ref>{{Cite journal|author=Anjum|first=Gulnaz|date=27 February 2020|title=Women's Activism in Pakistan: Role of Religious Nationalism and Feminist Ideology Among Self-Identified Conservatives and Liberals|journal=Open Cultural Studies|volume=4|issue=1|pages=36–49|doi=10.1515/culture-2020-0004}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite journal|author=Shaheed|first=Farida|title=Maintaining Momentum in Changing Circumstances|date=2019|journal=Journal of International Affairs|volume=72|issue=2|pages=159–172|issn=0022-197X}}</ref> <ref name="dailytimes.com.pk">{{Cite web|url=https://dailytimes.com.pk/574916/social-constructionism-and-women-empowerment-2/|title=Social constructionism and women empowerment|date=12 March 2020|work=Daily Times|accessdate=15 March 2020}}</ref> Emere ngagharị nke mbụ na 8 Maachị 2018 na Karachi . <ref name=":4">{{Cite web|url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2019/03/pakistani-women-hold-aurat-march-equality-gender-justice-190308115740534.html|title=Pakistani women hold 'aurat march' for equality, gender justice|work=www.aljazeera.com|date=3 December 2018|accessdate=16 March 2019}}</ref> A haziri ngagharị iwe na 2019 na Lahore na Karachi site na Hum Auratein (Anyị bụ ụmụ nwanyị, mkpokọta ụmụ nwanyị) na ebe ndị ọzọ na mba ahụ, gụnyere Islamabad, Hyderabad, Sukkur, Quetta, Mardan, na Faisalabad, nke Women Democratic Front (WDF), Women's Action Forum (WAF), na otu ndị ọzọ. <ref name=":4" /> Ndị otu ndị ọrụ ahụike Lady kwadoro ngagharị a ma tinyekwa ndị nnọchite anya ọtụtụ otu ndị na-ahụ maka ikike ụmụ nwanyị. <ref name=":10">{{Cite web|url=https://www.thenews.com.pk/magazine/instep-today/290411-aurat-march-2018-freedom-over-fear|title=Aurat March 2018: Freedom over fear|author=Saeed|first=Mehek|work=www.thenews.com.pk|accessdate=17 March 2019}}</ref> <ref name="dawn">{{Cite web|url=https://www.dawn.com/news/1470333|work=dawn.com|title=A rising movement|accessdate=6 April 2019|date=18 March 2019}}</ref> Njem a na-akpọ maka ịza ajụjụ ka ukwuu maka ime ihe ike megide ụmụ nwanyị ma na-akwado ụmụ nwanyị ndị na-enweta ihe ike na mmekpa ahụ n'aka ndị ọrụ nchekwa, na oghere ọha, n'ụlọ, na n'ebe ọrụ. <ref name=":0">{{Cite web|url=https://www.dawn.com/news/1468109|title=Aurat March to highlight 'Sisterhood and Solidarity'|author=Reporter|first=The Newspaper's Staff|date=7 March 2019|work=DAWN.COM|accessdate=7 March 2019}}</ref> Ụmụ nwanyị na ndị ikom na-ebu akwụkwọ mmado nwere slogans ndị dị ka ''Ghar ka Kaam, Sab ka Kaam'' ("Ọrụ ụlọ bụ ọrụ onye ọ bụla"), na ''Mera Jism Meri Marzi'' ("Ahụ m, nhọrọ m") ghọrọ akwa akwa. <ref>{{Cite news|author=Alina|first=Mubarik|date=8 March 2021|title=5 'Infamous' Aurat March Slogans and Why They Aren't Actually Sinister|work=ProPakistani|url=https://propakistani.pk/lens/5-infamous-aurat-march-slogans-and-why-they-arent-actually-sinister/}}</ref>   == Ngosipụta == Ihe ngosi ngagharị iwe chọrọ ikpe ziri ezi nke akụ na ụba, gụnyere mmejuputa ikike ndị ọrụ na nchekwa megide mmekpa ahụ nke ụmụ nwanyị na iwu ebe ọrụ, 2010, nnabata nke onyinye ụmụ nwanyị na-akwụghị ụgwọ maka "akụnụba nlekọta", na inye ezumike nwa na ebe nlekọta ụbọchị iji hụ na nsonye ụmụ nwanyị. n'etiti ndị ọrụ . Ọ na-achọkwa ịnweta ikuku dị mma na mmiri ọṅụṅụ, nchebe nke anụmanụ na [[Nchedo gburugburu ebe obibi|anụ ọhịa]], nnabata nke ụmụ nwanyị na-ekere òkè na mmepụta nke nri na ihe ọkụkụ, ịnweta usoro ikpe ziri ezi, nsonye nke ụmụ nwanyị nwere nkwarụ na obodo transgender, ikpe ziri ezi ọmụmụ., Ịnweta oghere ọha, itinye aka na ụlọ akwụkwọ agụmakwụkwọ, ikike nke ndị obere okpukpe, ịkwalite atụmatụ mgbochi agha, na njedebe nke obi ọjọọ nke ndị uwe ojii na ndị na-amanye na-apụ n'anya . <ref name=":0"/> == Gburugburu == Dị ka Zuneera Shah si kwuo, etymology nke okwu ''aurat'' bụ misogynistic na ọ nwere mgbọrọgwụ arụmụka na Arabic. N'ihi nke a, ọtụtụ ndị India, Iranian, na Arab feminists na-achọta okwu ahụ nwere nsogbu. <ref>{{Cite web|author=Rind|first=Hammad|date=26 June 2020|title=The Problematic Etymology of the word "Aurat"|url=https://madrascourier.com/opinion/the-problematic-etymology-of-the-word-aurat/|archiveurl=|archivedate=|accessdate=|work=Madras Courier}}</ref> Ọchịchị ọdịda anyanwụ nke ụmụ nwanyị akwadola enweghị mmasị na mmegharị ahụ na mba ndị dị ka Pakistan. Ịmepụta mgba maka ikike ụmụ nwanyị dị mkpa nye ndị na-akwado South Asia gbasara otu nwanyị. <ref name=":5">{{Cite web|url=https://www.dawn.com/news/1394385|title=Why the Aurat March is a revolutionary feat for Pakistan|author=Shah|first=Zuneera|date=12 March 2018|work=DAWN.COM|accessdate=17 March 2019}}</ref> Shah kwuru na na Aurat March, echiche ndị dị ka ''pidar shahi'' ( nna ochie ) na-enweta mgbasa ozi sara mbara. <ref name=":5" /> == 2018 na 2019 March == [[Usòrò:Women_displaying_placards_during_Aurat_March_2019.jpg|alt=Two smiling women with three signs|thumb| Ndị na-eso ụzọ na 2019]] Ọtụtụ narị akara na ngagharị ahụ gosipụtara ikike ndị bụ isi dị ka ịnweta agụmakwụkwọ na ọrụ. <ref name=":1">{{Cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2019/mar/15/pakistan-torn-as-womens-day-march-sparks-wave-of-masculine-anxiety|title=Pakistan torn as women's day march sparks wave of 'masculine anxiety'|author=Zahra-Malik|first=Mehreen|date=15 March 2019|work=[[The Guardian]]|accessdate=16 March 2019}}</ref> " Mera Jism Meri Marzi " (Ahụ m, nhọrọ m) ghọrọ okwu a kacha mara amara nke njem ahụ. <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://thefeministani.com/2019/11/29/mera-jism-meri-marzi/|title=Mera jism meri marzi|author=Shah|first=Bina|date=29 November 2019|work=The Feministani|accessdate=6 March 2020|archivedate=14 April 2023|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20230414145702/https://thefeministani.com/2019/11/29/mera-jism-meri-marzi/}}</ref> Okwu ndị ọzọ gụnyere "Gịnị kpatara ị na-atụ egwu mkpebi onwe m?", "Ikike nwanyị nwere ikike ịchịkwa ahụ ya", na "N'ezie, onye ọ bụla kwesịrị ikpebiri onwe ya ihe na-eme ahụ ya". <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.mangobaaz.com/38-of-the-most-powerful-aurat-march-2020-posters-that-you-absolutely-have-to-see|title=38 Of The Most Powerful Aurat March 2020 Posters That You Absolutely Have To See|author=Noor|date=9 March 2020|work=MangoBaaz|accessdate=15 March 2020}}</ref> Okwu ndị dị na njem 2018 gụnyere " Ikike anyị abụghị maka njide ma anyị abụghị", "Ụmụ agbọghọ na-achọ inwe ikike ikike mmadụ", " Transwomen bụ ụmụ nwanyị; mechie!", ''"Tu kare tou Stud, Mai Karun tou slut "'' ("Ọ bụrụ na ị na-eme ya, ị bụ stud, ma ọ bụrụ na m na-eme ya, m bụ onye nzuzu"), "usoro nchekwa okporo ụzọ maka ụmụ nwanyị", "Kwụsị ịbụ ịhụ nsọ -phobic", ''" Consent ki Tasbeeh Rozana Parhen"'' ("Rịọ maka nkwenye oge ọ bụla") na " Paratha na-apụta, ọ bụghị ọrụ okike ". <ref>{{Cite news|author=Images Staff|title=These posters from the Aurat March say everything you wish you could|url=https://images.dawn.com/news/1179620|work=Images|date=9 March 2018}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite news|author=Javaid, Maham|first=T. N. S.|title=Paratha rolls, not gender roles|url=http://tns.thenews.com.pk/paratha-rolls-gender-roles/#.XaQFd3RrzIU|work=TNS – The News on Sunday|date=11 March 2018}}</ref> Na Machị 2019, akara pụtara na-ekwu ''"Jab tak aurat tang rahay gi, jang rahay gi, jang rahay gi"'' ("Ọ bụrụhaala na amachibidoro ụmụ nwanyị, agha ga-adịgide, agha ga-adịgide"), "Ndị ikom nwere àgwà agaghị atụ egwu. nke nhatanha" <ref>{{Cite news|author=Javaid, Maham|first=T. N. S.|title=Paratha rolls, not gender roles|url=http://tns.thenews.com.pk/paratha-rolls-gender-roles/#.XaRNF3RrzIV|work=TNS – The News on Sunday|date=11 March 2018}}</ref> na "Debe onwe gị foto dick gị". Onye ọzọ nwere eserese nke ikpu na ovaries abụọ nwere okwu a, "Tụlite otu ụzọ!" Ihe ịrịba ama ndị ọzọ na-agụ, "Ọ bụrụ na ịchafụ na-amasị gị nke ukwuu, kechie ya n'anya gị"; otu nwa agbọghọ nọ ọdụ na ụkwụ ya gbasaa na ''"Lo Beth Gayi Sahi Se"'' ("Lee, m na-anọdụ ala nke ọma"), <ref name=":19">{{Cite web|date=9 April 2019|title=Lo Baith Gayi Theek Se isn't about 'womanspreading', it's a call to defy the policing of women's bodies|url=https://www.firstpost.com/world/lo-baith-gayi-theek-se-isnt-about-womanspreading-its-a-call-to-defy-the-policing-of-womens-bodies-6415211.html|accessdate=9 March 2021|work=Firstpost}}</ref> na ''"Nazar teri gandi aur purdah mein keroun"'' ("Ahụ gị ruru unyi, ma m' m onye nwere mkpuchi?") ''"Aaj waqai maa behn ek ho rahi hai"'' <ref>{{Cite news|title='Maa Behen Ek Ho Rahi Hy' And Other Aurat March Signs, Explained|url=https://auratnow.com/2019/03/09/aurat-march-2019-international-womens-day-placards-slogans-signs/|work=Aurat Now|date=9 March 2019}}</ref> na-egosi na ụmụ nwanyị niile na-agbakọta ọnụ n'enweghị esemokwu. Otu ihe ịrịba ama kwuru na ikekwe n'ihi na ụmụ nwanyị abụghịzi ''tawaifs'', ụfọdụ na-ewere nwanyị ọ bụla nweere onwe ya dị ka otu. Ndị ọzọ na-agụ, "Uwe m adịghị mkpụmkpụ, ọ bụ uche gị dị warara" na "Oh, ọ dị m nwute. Nke a ọ na-ewute ego nwoke gị?" <ref>{{Cite web|author=Welle (www.dw.com)|first=Deutsche|title=Why Women's Day march irks conservative Pakistanis {{!}} DW {{!}} 5 March 2021|url=https://www.dw.com/en/why-womens-day-march-irks-conservative-pakistanis/a-56787205|accessdate=6 March 2021|work=DW.COM}}</ref> "Ndị a bụkwa okporo ụzọ m" kwuru na oghere ọha. == Ntụaka == {{Reflist}} == Akwụkwọ akụkọ == * Mehreen Qaisar, mmegharị ụmụ nwanyị Pakistan nke oge a na nsogbu nke ọha Pakistani. (November 2021) Ọgbakọ: Gender and Women's Studies '21 - VI. Ogbako Interdisciplinary International na Gender na Ọmụmụ Ihe Ụmụ nwanyị na: Istanbul (Turkey), Mmemme Nduzi ụmụ nwanyị: Ụzọ na-eche echiche ziri ezi? * Khan, Ayesha. Ndị otu ụmụ nwanyị na Pakistan: Mkpesa, Islam na ọchịchị onye kwuo uche ya. United Kingdom, Bloomsbury Publishing, 2018. * Feminism, Postfeminism na Ozizi Iwu: Gafere Isiokwu Gendered?. United Kingdom, Taylor & Francis, 2018. * Shaikh-Farooqui, Amneh. Atụghị egwu: Akụkọ banyere ụmụ nwanyị dị ịtụnanya si Pakistan. India, Penguin Random House India Private Limited, 2020. * ''Site na iyi ọha egwu ruo na Television: Dynamics of Media, State, and Society in Pakistan'' . Milton Park: Taylor &amp;amp; Francis, 2020. * Isi nke 5 Pakistan: Digital Justice, Ed. : Vogelstein, Rachel B., na Nkume, Meighan. Ọrụ: edemede: #MeToo na ọgụ zuru ụwa ọnụ maka ikike ụmụ nwanyị. United States, Okwu Ọha, 2021. * "March Aurat" - Shama Dosa (isi 23), ''Akwụkwọ ntuziaka Routledge nke Gender na South Asia'' . Milton Park : Taylor & Francis, 2021. <ref>{{Cite book|author=Dosa|first=Shama|url=https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/872618406|title=The Aurat March, Women's movements and new feminisms in Pakistan (Chapter 23)|date=15 November 2021|publisher=Taylor & Francis|others=Leela Fernandes|isbn=978-1-317-90707-7|location=London|oclc=872618406}}</ref> * Isi nke 12, Njem Cartographic nke agbụrụ, okike na ike: njirimara zuru ụwa ọnụ. United Kingdom, Cambridge Scholars Publishing, 2021. * Afzal, Malik Haroon; Pakri, Muhamad Rashidi Mohd; na Abdullah, Nurul Farhana Low (2021). Nkwanye ụmụ nwanyị ọ bụ ọnyà Thucydides maka ndị nna ochie na Pakistan? Aurat (Nwanyị) Maachị-2020 na Bina Shah's Tupu Ọ Laa. ''Akwụkwọ akụkọ ụmụ nwanyị mba ụwa'', 22(9), 111–127 * Daanika R. Kamal, [https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s10691-021-09480-4 mgba netwọkụ: Mpempe akwụkwọ na Pakistan's Aurat March], ''Ọmụmụ Iwu Feminist, (15 Disemba 2021).'' ''<nowiki>https://doi.org/10.1007/s10691-021-09480-4</nowiki>'' <ref>{{Cite journal|author=Kamal|first=Daanika R.|date=2021-12-15|title=Networked Struggles: Placards at Pakistan's Aurat March|journal=Feminist Legal Studies|volume=30|issue=2|pages=219–233|language=en|doi=10.1007/s10691-021-09480-4|issn=1572-8455}}</ref> * Aisha Salman. "The West na Feminist: Contemporary Feminist Activism na Pakistan na ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị nke National Culture ". ''Kohl: akwụkwọ akụkọ maka nyocha anụ ahụ na okike'' Vol. 8 Nke 1 (24 Jenụwarị 2022): pp.&nbsp;52–66. (enwetara ya ikpeazụ na 12 Maachị 2022). Dị na: <nowiki>https://kohljournal.press/west-and-feminist</nowiki> * Shirin Zubair, Mera Jism Meri Marzi: Ịmepụta asọmpi nke ikike ụmụ nwanyị na Pakistan, p 307-325 na 'Global Contestations of Gender Rights Ed.: Alexandra Scheele, Julia Roth, Heidemarie Winke' ISBN 9783837660692 Ndị mbipụta: Bielefeld University Press * Sonia Mukhtar, Shamim Mukhtar, Waleed Rana, Echiche ahụike ọha na eze nke "Ahụ m, Nhọrọ m" na Aurat March nke Pakistan: Nsogbu nke idina n'alụmdi na nwunye n'oge COVID-19 oria ojoo, Jenụwarị 18, 2022, Sage Journals [[doi:10.1177/10105395211072500|https://doi .org/10.1177/10105395211072500]] == Njikọ mpụga == * Media related to Aurat March at Wikimedia Commons {{Pakistan topics}} <references /> 1u4gae0slvqsp27vhc77omwwu0vgaqn 0 53208 320067 194753 2025-06-30T12:21:00Z Anastesia chi 23720 edoziri m broken files 320067 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox person|name=Adella Wotherspoon|image=Adella Wotherspoon, age 18 months.jpg|caption=Adella Wotherspoon at 18 months old at the dedication of the memorial to the victims of the General Slocum fire.|birth_name=Adele Martha Liebenow|birth_date={{birth date|1903|11|28}}|birth_place=[[Manhattan, New York]], U.S.|death_date={{death date and age|2004|1|26|1903|11|28}}|death_place=[[Roseland, New Jersey]], U.S.|known_for=Last living survivor of [[General Slocum]]|spouse=James Wotherspoon}} [[Usòrò:Youngest_Slocum_Survivor.jpg|thumb|June 16, 1905]] '''Adella Liebenow Wotherspoon (Novemba 28, 1903 – Jenụarị 26, 2004) bụ onye ikpeazụ na ndụ ikpeazụ nke ọdachi ụgbọ mmiri General Slocum nke June 15, 1904.''' == Ọmụmụ na ụmụnne == A mụrụ '''Adele Martha Liebenow''' na Manhattan, ọ bụ nwa nwanyị nke Anna Liebenow (1872-1957) na Paul Liebenow (1971-1910). A na-akpọ ya '''Tiby Liebenow'''. Ụmụnne ya Anna C. Liebenow Jr. (1901–1904) na Helen Liebenow (1898–1904) nwụrụ n'ọkụ na PS General Slocum. Ọ dịghị mgbe a chọpụtara ozu Helen na e chere na e liri ya n'ili. Ụmụ nwanne nne abụọ na nwanne nne abụọ nwụkwara n'ọkụ. Otu n'ime ndị ikwu nwụrụ anwụ bụ Martha Liebenow (1875–1904) nke 404 5th Street na Manhattan.[1] Edepụtara ezinụlọ Adella ka ha bi na 133 East 125th Street n'akwụkwọ ndekọ aha gọọmentị nke ọnwụ General Slocum. N'oge na-adịghị anya mgbe mmiri ahụ mikpuru, ndị mụrụ ya gbanwere aha mbụ ya ka ọ bụrụ "Adella". == Ihe ọkụ si na ya pụta == Mgbe ọkụ ahụ gasịrị, a gwọrọ Adella n'Ụlọ Ọgwụ Lebanọn. N'emume nraranye, ọ dọtara eriri ahụ iji wepụ ọkọlọtọ America ma kpughee ihe ncheta maka ndị ọkụ gbara. Mgbe nna ya nwụsịrị na 1910, Anna kwagara ezinụlọ ya na Watchung, New Jersey. Adella gara ụlọ akwụkwọ sekọndrị Plainfield, wee mụọ akwụkwọ na Trenton Normal School, nke a maara ugbu a dị ka kọleji nke New Jersey. Ọ kụziri otu afọ na Cleveland High School na Cranford, New Jersey wee kụzie nchịkwa azụmahịa na Plainfield High School site na 1925 ruo 1961 mgbe ọ lara ezumike nká. Ọ lụrụ James Wotherspoon (1903–1982), mana di na nwunye ahụ enweghị ụmụ. == Ememe ncheta == Wotherspoon na-eto eto rụrụ ọrụ a na-ahụ anya nke ukwuu n'ikpughe ihe oyiyi ncheta n'ebe a na-eli ozu ebe e liri ihe karịrị mmadụ iri isii na-amaghị ama na ncheta mbụ nke ọdachi ahụ. Ọ na-alọta kwa afọ maka ememe ncheta. == Ọnwụ na olili ozu == Wotherspoon bụ onye bi n'ụlọ ndị na-agbake na Berkeley Heights, New Jersey maka ọtụtụ afọ ikpeazụ nke ndụ ya. <ref>{{Cite news|author=Martin|first=Douglas|date=2004-02-04|title=Adella Wotherspoon, Last Survivor of General Slocum Disaster, Is Dead at 100|language=en-US|work=The New York Times|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2004/02/04/nyregion/adella-wotherspoon-last-survivor-of-general-slocum-disaster-is-dead-at-100.html|accessdate=2021-06-27}}</ref> Ọ nwụrụ na 2004 mgbe ọ dị afọ 100, a kpọrọ ozu ya ọkụ. E liri ntụ ya n'akụkụ nke di ya na Wilson Memorial Union Church Cemetery na Watchung, New Jersey. == Hụkwa ==   * Catherine Uhlmyer, onye nke abụọ na onye ikpeazụ lanarịrị == Edensibia == {{Reflist}} == Njikọ mpụga == * [https://web.archive.org/web/20120920172727/http://www.findagrave.com/cgi-bin/fg.cgi?page=gr&GSln=wothers&GSmid=46580804&GRid=8939674&pt=Adella%20Martha%20Liebenow%20Wotherspoon& Onye isi ala: Adella Wotherspoon] * Adella Liebenow Wotherspoon Photographs and Papers, 1860-2004, PR 400, na New-York Historical Society. {{Authority control}} 1953ijsbn571bzyen5xq9gwwiv0hnq6 0 53324 320120 214233 2025-07-01T05:55:19Z InternetArchiveBot 11600 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 320120 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Usòrò:Henry_Allingham_in_June_2006.jpg|thumb|342x342px|Henry Allingham (1896-2009) bụ onye agha ụwa nke mbụ ma bụrụkwa nwoke Britain kacha dịrị ndụ ogologo oge, na afọ 113 na ụbọchị 42. Foto e sere na 2006, mgbe ọ dị afọ 110.{{Érèkọbalà|days. Pictured in 2006, aged 110.}}]] Ka ọ na-erule Jenụwarị 2015, Gerontology Research Group kwadoro nkwupụta ogologo ndụ nke ụmụ amaala Britain 154 bụ ndị ghọrọ "supercentenarians", na-eru ma ọ bụ gafere . Ọnụ ọgụgụ a gụnyere ndị 23 kwagara mba ọzọ nwụrụ na mba ndị ọzọ. Onye Britain kacha okenye a maara bụ [[Charlotte Hughes (onye karịrị otu narị afọ)|Charlotte Hughes]], onye nwụrụ na 1993 mgbe ọ dị afọ na 228. Nwoke kacha okenye si United Kingdom bụ [[Henry Allingham]], onye nwụrụ na 2009 mgbe ọ dị afọ 113 na ụbọchị 42. Ka ọ na-erule 14 Ọktoba 2024, onye kacha okenye bi na United Kingdom bụ [[Ethel Caterham]], amụrụ na 21 Ọgọst 1909, gbara afọ 115, ụbọchị 54.     == 100 ndị Britain kacha mee agadi ==    {| class="wikitable sortable" !Rank !Name !Sex ! data-sort-type="date" |Birth date ! data-sort-type="date" |Death date !Age !Birthplace !Place of death <br /><br /> or residence |- bgcolor="99FF99" | bgcolor="#F9F9F9" |{{0}}1 | data-sort-value="Caterham" |Ethel Caterham | align="center" |F |21 August 1909 |Living |{{ayd|21 August 1909}} |England |England |- |{{0}}2 | data-sort-value="Hughes" |Charlotte Hughes | align="center" |F |1 August 1877 |17 March 1993 | nowrap="nowrap" |{{ayd|1 August 1877|17 March 1993}} |England |England |- |{{0}}3 | data-sort-value="Jennings" |Annie Jennings | align="center" |F |12 November 1884 |20 November 1999 |{{ayd|12 November 1884|20 November 1999}} |England |England |- |{{0}}4 | data-sort-value="Morris" |Eva Morris | align="center" |F |8 November 1885 |2 November 2000 |{{ayd|8 November 1885|2 November 2000}} |England |England |- |{{0}}5 | data-sort-value="Lang" |Ethel Lang | align="center" |F |27 May 1900 |15 January 2015 |{{ayd|27 May 1900|15 January 2015}} |England |England |- |{{0}}6 | data-sort-value="Williams" |Anna Eliza Williams | align="center" |F |2 June 1873 |27 December 1987 |{{ayd|2 June 1873|27 December 1987}} |England |Wales |- |{{0}}7 | data-sort-value="Clawson" |Grace Clawson | align="center" |F |15 November 1887 |28 May 2002 |{{ayd|15 November 1887|28 May 2002}} |England | nowrap="nowrap" |[[Njikọ̀taọ̀hà|United States]] |- |{{0}}8 | data-sort-value="Askew" |Lucy Jane Askew | align="center" |F |8 September 1883 |9 December 1997 |{{ayd|8 September 1883|9 December 1997}} |England |England |- |{{0}}9 | data-sort-value="Ridgway" |Phyllis Ridgway | align="center" |F |10 March 1907 |4 June 2021 |{{ayd|10 March 1907|4 June 2021}} |England |[[Kánada|Canada]] |- |10 | data-sort-value="Baldwin, Florrie" |Florrie Baldwin | align="center" |F |31 March 1896 |8 May 2010 |{{ayd|31 March 1896|8 May 2010}} |England |England |- |11 | data-sort-value="Hulmes" |Amy Hulmes | align="center" |F |5 October 1887 |27 October 2001 |{{ayd|5 October 1887|27 October 2001}} |England |England |- |12 | data-sort-value="Carpelan" |Miriam Carpelan | align="center" |F |8 July 1882 |22 June 1996 |{{ayd|8 July 1882|22 June 1996}} |England |United States |- |13 | data-sort-value="Jones, Grace Adelaide" |Grace Adelaide Jones | align="center" |F |7 December 1899 |14 November 2013 |{{ayd|7 December 1899|14 November 2013}} |England |England |- |14 | data-sort-value="Boar" |Olive Boar | align="center" |F | nowrap="nowrap" |29 September 1904 |28 August 2018 |{{ayd|29 September 1904|28 August 2018}} |England |England |- |15 | data-sort-value="Camm" |Bessie Camm | align="center" |F |20 June 1904 |11 May 2018 |{{ayd|20 June 1904|11 May 2018}} |England |England |- |16 | data-sort-value="Comfort" |Rosa Ann Comfort | align="center" |F |21 January 1879 |6 November 1992 |{{ayd|21 January 1879|6 November 1992}} |England |England |- |17 | data-sort-value="Abreu" |Lucy d'Abreu | align="center" |F |24 May 1892 |7 December 2005 |{{ayd|24 May 1892|7 December 2005}} |British Raj{{efn|d'Abreu was born in [[Dharwar]], which was then part of the [[British Raj]]. It is now in India.}} |Scotland |- |18 | data-sort-value="Hooper" |Gladys Hooper | align="center" |F |18 January 1903 |9 July 2016 |{{ayd|18 January 1903|9 July 2016}} |England |England |- |19 | data-sort-value="Adams" |Daisy Adams | align="center" |F |30 June 1880 |8 December 1993 |{{ayd|30 June 1880|8 December 1993}} |England |England |- |20 | data-sort-value="Finch" |Florence Finch | align="center" |F |22 December 1893 |10 April 2007 |{{ayd|22 December 1893|10 April 2007}} |England | nowrap="nowrap" |[[New Zealand]] |- |21 | data-sort-value="Baker" |Betsy Baker | align="center" |F |20 August 1842 |24 October 1955 |{{ayd|20 August 1842|24 October 1955}} |England |United States |- |22 | data-sort-value="Eaton" |Rose Eaton | align="center" |F |23 August 1909 |7 October 2022 |{{ayd|23 August 1909|7 October 2022}} |England |England |- |23 | data-sort-value="Allingham" |Henry Allingham | align="center" |M |6 June 1896 |18 July 2009 |{{ayd|6 June 1896|18 July 2009}} |England |England |- |24 | data-sort-value="Scott" |Annie Scott | align="center" |F |15 March 1883 |21 April 1996 |{{ayd|15 March 1883|21 April 1996}} |Ireland{{efn|[[Government of Ireland Act 1920]]: The whole of the island of Ireland was part of the United Kingdom before 1921.|name=Partition of Ireland}} |Scotland |- |25 | data-sort-value="Gilliam" |Ruby Gilliam | align="center" |F |21 September 1885 |22 October 1998 |{{ayd|21 September 1885|22 October 1998}} |England |England |- |26 | data-sort-value="Walker" nowrap="nowrap" |Mary Florence Walker | align="center" |F |28 August 1911 |13 September 2024 |{{ayd|28 August 1911|13 September 2024}} |England |England |- |27 | data-sort-value="Sjöquist" |Alice Sjöquist | align="center" |F |25 October 1878 |7 November 1991 |{{ayd|25 October 1878|7 November 1991}} |England |Canada |- |28 | data-sort-value="Martland" |Fanny Martland | align="center" |F |19 November 1888 |1 December 2001 |{{ayd|19 November 1888|1 December 2001}} |England |Canada |- |29 | data-sort-value="Walker" |Mary "Mollie" Walker, [[Order of the British Empire|MBE]] | align="center" |F |5 February 1909 |22 January 2022 |{{ayd|5 February 1909|22 January 2022}} |Wales |England |- |30 | data-sort-value="Wieselberg" |Rachel Wieselberg | align="center" |F |23 June 1883 |6 June 1996 |{{ayd|23 June 1883|6 June 1996}} |Russian Empire{{efn|Wieselberg was born in [[Riga]], which was then part of the Russian Empire. It is now the capital of [[Latvia]].}} |England |- |31 | data-sort-value="Hewison" |Rebecca Hewison | align="center" |F |19 October 1881 |22 September 1994 |{{ayd|19 October 1881|22 September 1994}} |England |England |- |32 | data-sort-value="Strickland" |Edna Strickland | align="center" |F |6 March 1911 |16 January 2024 |{{ayd|6 March 1911|16 January 2024}} |England |England |- |33 | data-sort-value="Evans" |John Evans | align="center" |M |19 August 1877 |10 June 1990 |{{ayd|19 August 1877|10 June 1990}} |Wales |Wales |- |34 | data-sort-value="Jones, Grace Catherine" |Grace Catherine Jones | align="center" |F |16 September 1906 |7 June 2019 |{{ayd|16 September 1906|7 June 2019}} |England |England |- |35 | data-sort-value="Irwin" |Henrietta Irwin | align="center" |F |27 May 1906 |15 January 2019 |{{ayd|27 May 1906|15 January 2019}} |Ireland{{efn|name=Partition of Ireland}} |Canada |- |36 | data-sort-value="Ducat" |Alice Ducat | align="center" |F |8 May 1905 |22 December 2017 |{{ayd|8 May 1905|22 December 2017}} |Scotland |England |- bgcolor="99FF99" | bgcolor="#F9F9F9" |37 | data-sort-value="Keir" |Mary Keir | align="center" |F |3 March 1912 |Living |{{ayd|3 March 1912}} |Wales |Wales |- |38 | data-sort-value="Priest" |Lilian Priest | align="center" |F |7 November 1908 |6 June 2021<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://keep106.com/2021/06/17/uks-oldest-person-has-passed-away-at-112/|title=Dorset resident and UK's oldest person has passed away at 112|date=17 June 2021|accessdate=14 October 2024|archivedate=17 June 2021|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20210617195114/https://keep106.com/2021/06/17/uks-oldest-person-has-passed-away-at-112/}}</ref> |{{ayd|7 November 1908|6 June 2021}} |Wales |England |- |39 | data-sort-value="Hocquard" |Joan Hocquard | align="center" |F |29 March 1908 |24 October 2020<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-england-dorset-54681140|title=Joan Hocquard, the oldest person in Britain, dies aged 112|work=[[BBC News]]|date=25 October 2020|accessdate=25 October 2020}}</ref> |{{ayd|29 March 1908|24 October 2020}} |England |England |- |40 | data-sort-value="Vivian" |Margaret Vivian | align="center" |F |25 February 1906 |20 September 2018 |{{ayd|25 February 1906|20 September 2018}} |Scotland |[[Ostraliya|Australia]] |- |41 | data-sort-value="England" |Amelia England | align="center" |F |15 May 1900 |30 November 2012 |{{ayd|15 May 1900|30 November 2012}} |England |United States |- |42 | data-sort-value="Gray" |Jane Gray | align="center" |F |1 December 1901 |7 June 2014 |{{ayd|1 December 1901|7 June 2014}} |Scotland |Australia |- | rowspan="2" |43 | data-sort-value="Bradley" |Nellie Bradley | align="center" |F |12 September 1889 |11 March 2002 | rowspan="2" |{{ayd|12 September 1889|11 March 2002}} |England |England |- | data-sort-value="Wood" |Violet Wood | align="center" |F |2 September 1899 |29 February 2012 |England |England |- |45 | data-sort-value="Kingston" |Gertrude Kingston | align="center" |F |1 February 1909 |28 July 2021 |{{ayd|1 February 1909|28 July 2021}} |England |England |- |46 | data-sort-value="Roberts" |Mary Roberts | align="center" |F |5 October 1906 |11 March 2019 |{{ayd|5 October 1906|11 March 2019}} |Wales |Canada |- |47 | data-sort-value="Hawley" |Gladys Ivy Hawley | align="center" |F |18 December 1891 |28 April 2004 |{{ayd|18 December 1891|28 April 2004}} |England |England |- |48 | data-sort-value="Butler" |Annie Butler | align="center" |F |4 June 1897 |28 September 2009 |{{ayd|4 June 1897|28 September 2009}} |England |England |- |49 | data-sort-value="Thompson" |Ada Thompson | align="center" |F |28 November 1910 |13 March 2023 |{{ayd|28 November 1910|13 March 2023}} |England |England |- |50 | data-sort-value="Cox" |Leonora Cox | align="center" |F |30 December 1907 |6 April 2020 |{{ayd|30 December 1907|6 April 2020}} |England |United States |- |51 | data-sort-value="McManners" |Kathleen McManners | align="center" |F |6 July 1901 |20 September 2013 |{{ayd|6 July 1901|20 September 2013}} |England |England |- |52 | data-sort-value="Payne" |Dorothy Gwendoline Payne | align="center" |F |5 August 1907 |15 October 2019 |{{ayd|5 August 1907|15 October 2019}} |England |England |- |53 | data-sort-value="Pittaway" |Florence Pittaway | align="center" |F |15 October 1902 |21 December 2014 |{{ayd|15 October 1902|21 December 2014}} |England |England |- |54 | data-sort-value="Weighton" |Robert Weighton | align="center" |M |29 March 1908 |28 May 2020 |{{ayd|29 March 1908|28 May 2020}} |England |England |- |55 | data-sort-value="Hebden" |Mary Ann Hebden | align="center" |F |4 October 1893 |30 November 2005 |{{ayd|4 October 1893|30 November 2005}} |England |England |- bgcolor="99FF99" | bgcolor="#F9F9F9" |56 | data-sort-value="Tinniswood" |John Tinniswood | align="center" |M |26 August 1912 |Living |{{ayd|26 August 1912}} |England |England |- |57 | data-sort-value="Ingamells" |Edith Ingamells | align="center" |F |12 January 1894 |1 March 2006 |{{ayd|12 January 1894|1 March 2006}} |England |England |- |58 | data-sort-value="Swan" |Mary Ellen Swan | align="center" |F |24 June 1892 |10 August 2004 |{{ayd|24 June 1892|10 August 2004}} |England |Canada |- |59 | data-sort-value="Stevenson" |Alice Stevenson | align="center" |F |10 July 1861 |18 August 1973 |{{ayd|10 July 1861|18 August 1973}} |England |England |- |60 | data-sort-value="Davies" |Violet Davies-Evans | align="center" |F |30 March 1908 |5 May 2020 |{{ayd|30 March 1908|5 May 2020}} |England |England |- |61 | data-sort-value="Thomas" |Jeanetta Thomas | align="center" |F |2 December 1869 |5 January 1982 |{{ayd|2 December 1869|5 January 1982}} |Wales |Wales |- |62 | data-sort-value="Fish" |Margaret Fish | align="center" |F |7 March 1899 |12 March 2011 |{{ayd|7 March 1899|12 March 2011}} |England |England |- |63 | data-sort-value="Price" |Annie Price | align="center" |F |12 January 1886 |26 December 1997 |{{ayd|12 January 1886|26 December 1997}} |Wales |England |- |64 | data-sort-value="Turnbull" |Annie Turnbull | align="center" |F |21 September 1898 |3 September 2010 |{{ayd|21 September 1898|3 September 2010}} |Scotland |Scotland |- |65 | data-sort-value="Watson" |Ellen Watson | align="center" |F |3 January 1900 |15 December 2011 |{{ayd|3 January 1900|15 December 2011}} |England |England |- |66 | data-sort-value="Redmond" |Ellaline Redmond | align="center" |F |20 March 1901 |27 February 2013 |{{ayd|20 March 1901|27 February 2013}} |England |England |- |67 | data-sort-value="Taylor" |Margaret Taylor<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.grg-supercentenarians.org/2020-validations/|title=2020 Validations|publisher=[[Gerontology Research Group]]|accessdate=26 September 2024}}</ref> | align="center" |F |21 April 1875 |30 March 1987 |{{ayd|21 April 1875|30 March 1987}} |Scotland |United States |- bgcolor="99FF99" | bgcolor="#F9F9F9" |68 | data-sort-value="Smith" |Merah Smith | align="center" |F |9 November 1912 |Living |{{ayd|9 November 1912}} |[[Jamaikạ|Jamaica]]{{efn|Jamaica was then a British colony.}} |England |- |69 | data-sort-value="Roe" |Ada Roe | align="center" |F |6 February 1858 |11 January 1970 |{{ayd|6 February 1858|11 January 1970}} |England |England |- |70 | data-sort-value="Haward" |Helen Haward | align="center" |F |24 November 1884 |23 October 1996 |{{ayd|24 November 1884|23 October 1996}} |England |England |- | rowspan="2" |71 | data-sort-value="Bowman" |Eunice Bowman | align="center" |F |23 August 1898 |16 July 2010 | rowspan="2" |{{ayd|22 November 1820|14 October 1932}} |England |England |- | data-sort-value="Baldwin, Dorothy" |Dorothy Baldwin | align="center" |F |8 February 1902 |1 January 2014 |England |England |- |73 | data-sort-value="Fewster" |Mary Ann Fewster | align="center" |F |6 February 1878 |26 December 1989 |{{ayd|6 February 1878|26 December 1989}} |England |England |- |74 | data-sort-value="Howell" |Jennie Howell | align="center" |F |11 February 1845 |16 December 1956 |{{ayd|11 February 1845|16 December 1956}} |England |United States |- |75 | data-sort-value="Nash" |Arthur Nash | align="center" |M |7 January 1885 |4 November 1996 |{{ayd|7 January 1885|4 November 1996}} |England |Canada |- | rowspan="2" |76 | data-sort-value="Pannell" |Florence Pannell | align="center" |F |26 December 1868 |20 October 1980 | rowspan="2" |{{ayd|26 December 1868|20 October 1980}} |England |England |- | data-sort-value="Kaufmann" |Edith Kaufmann | align="center" |F |12 December 1903 |7 October 2015 |Austria-Hungary{{efn|Kaufmann was born in [[Děčín]], then part of Austria-Hungary, now in the [[Czech Republic]].}} |England |- |78 | data-sort-value="Coulter" |Matilde Coulter | align="center" |F |30 March 1909 |19 January 2021 |{{ayd|30 March 1909|19 January 2021}} |[[Italy]] |England |- |79 | data-sort-value="Hart" |Rose Hart | align="center" |F |20 March 1878 |5 January 1990 |{{ayd|20 March 1878|5 January 1990}} |England |England |- |80 | data-sort-value="Frampton" |Ivy Frampton | align="center" |F |22 November 1903 |5 September 2015 |{{ayd|22 November 1903|5 September 2015}} |England |England |- bgcolor="99FF99" | bgcolor="#F9F9F9" |81 | data-sort-value="Harrison" |Adela Harrison | align="center" |F |2 January 1913 |Living |{{ayd|2 January 1913}} |England |England |- |82 | data-sort-value="Steele" |Elsie Steele | align="center" |F |6 January 1899 |18 October 2010 |{{ayd|6 January 1899|18 October 2010}} |England |England |- |83 | data-sort-value="Clulow" |Hilda May Clulow | align="center" |F |15 March 1908 | nowrap="nowrap" |24 December 2019<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.manchestereveningnews.co.uk/news/uk-news/britains-oldest-person-hilda-clulow-17776936|title=Britain's oldest person Hilda Clulow dies aged 111|work=[[Manchester Evening News]]|first=Saffron|author=Otter|date=19 February 2020|accessdate=20 February 2020}}</ref> |{{ayd|15 March 1908|24 December 2019}} |England |England |- |84 | data-sort-value="Turner" |John Mosley Turner | align="center" |M |15 June 1856 |21 March 1968 |{{ayd|15 June 1856|21 March 1968}} |England |England |- |85 | data-sort-value="Beevers" |Lizzie Beevers | align="center" |F |7 November 1884 |4 August 1996 |{{ayd|7 November 1884|4 August 1996}} |England |England |- |86 | data-sort-value="Peel" |Dorothy Peel | align="center" |F |28 September 1902 |24 June 2014 |{{ayd|28 September 1902|24 June 2014}} |England |England |- |87 | data-sort-value="Tocher" |Anna Tocher<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.grg-supercentenarians.org/2021-validations/|title=2021 Validations|publisher=[[Gerontology Research Group]]|accessdate=26 September 2024}}</ref> | align="center" |F |24 November 1873 |1 August 1985 |{{ayd|24 November 1873|1 August 1985}} |Scotland |United States |- | rowspan="2" |88 | data-sort-value="Pearce" |Irene Pearce | align="center" |F |17 May 1900 |17 January 2012 | rowspan="2" |{{ayd|17 May 1900|17 January 2012}} |England |England |- | data-sort-value="Clarke" |Avice Clarke | align="center" |F |5 January 1901 |6 September 2012 |England |United States |- |90 | data-sort-value="Bastin" |Daisy Bastin | align="center" |F |3 May 1908 |2 January 2020<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://funeral-notices.co.uk/South+West-Somerset-Glastonbury/death-notices/notice/BASTIN/4798836|title=Click here to view the tribute page for Daisy BASTIN|work=funeral-notices.co.uk}}</ref> |{{ayd|3 May 1908|2 January 2020}} |England |England |- |91 | data-sort-value="Begbie" |Kate Begbie | align="center" |F |9 January 1877 |5 September 1988 |{{ayd|9 January 1877|5 September 1988}} |England |Scotland |- |92 | data-sort-value="Cock" |Hermione Cock | align="center" |F |1 March 1904 |24 October 2015 |{{ayd|1 March 1904|24 October 2015}} |England |England |- |93 | data-sort-value="Sawyer" |Marion Sawyer | align="center" |F |5 July 1901 |26 February 2013 |{{ayd|5 July 1901|26 February 2013}} |England |United States |- |94 | data-sort-value="Aspland" |Louisa Aspland | align="center" |F |5 March 1888 |21 October 1999 |{{ayd|5 March 1888|21 October 1999}} |England |England |- |95 | data-sort-value="Good" |Gladys Good | align="center" |F |12 March 1900 |24 October 2011 |{{ayd|12 March 1900|24 October 2011}} |England |Wales |- |96 | data-sort-value="Bannell" |Annie Bannell | align="center" |F |12 February 1882 |10 September 1993 |{{ayd|12 February 1882|10 September 1993}} |England |England |- |97 | data-sort-value="Jones, Elizabeth" |Elizabeth Jones | align="center" |F |20 August 1888 |10 March 2000 |{{ayd|20 August 1888|10 March 2000}} |England |England |- | rowspan="2" |98 | data-sort-value="Oliver" |Jeanie Oliver<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.grg-supercentenarians.org/2017-validations/|title=2017 Validations|publisher=[[Gerontology Research Group]]|accessdate=26 September 2024}}</ref> | align="center" |F |17 August 1880 |1 March 1992 | rowspan="2" |{{ayd|17 August 1880|1 March 1992}} |Scotland |United States |- | data-sort-value="Webster" |Jane Webster | align="center" |F |17 April 1906 |31 October 2017 |Ireland{{efn|name=Partition of Ireland}} |England |- |100 | data-sort-value="Reeves" |Florence Reeves | align="center" |F |17 February 1894 |28 August 2005 |{{ayd|17 February 1894|28 August 2005}} |England |England |} == Ihe edeturu == <nowiki>.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</nowiki> == Akụkọ ndụ == === Betsy Baker === Betsy Ann Baker (née Russell; amuru Ọgọst 20, 1842 – Ọktoba 24, 1955) na Great Brington, Northamptonshire na England, kwagara United States, biri na Nebraska, wee bụrụ onye kacha ochie n'ụwa.[1] O biri afọ 65 na Johnson County, ebe a na-akpọ ya "Nne Queen nke Johnson County Fair" na 1953. Mgbe ọ dị afọ 107, ọ natara akwụkwọ ozi ekele sitere n'aka onyeisi oche Harry S. Truman. Na ụbọchị ọmụmụ ya nke 112, e gosiri ya na akwụkwọ akụkọ US Army Stars and Stripes.[1] Ọ nwụrụ na Tecumseh, ọ gbara otu narị afọ na iri na atọ na ụbọchị iri isii na ise.<ref name="Nebrasklisher=a">{{Cite web|url=http://www.nehca.org/UserDocs/Pages/Nebraska_Centenarians_1867_to_2001.pdf|title=Nebraska's centenarians age 107 or above — 1867 to 2001|first=E.A.|author=Kral|publisher=Nebraska Health Care Association|accessdate=23 December 2014|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160122085049/http://www.nehca.org/UserDocs/Pages/Nebraska_Centenarians_1867_to_2001.pdf|archivedate=22 January 2016}}</ref> Baker bụ onye isi narị afọ mbụ nke Guinness World Records depụtara dị ka onye kacha ochie n'ụwa.[1] N'afọ 2002, ndị nchọpụta gosipụtara na ọ bụbu onye kacha dịrị ndụ n'ụwa site n'ụkpụrụ nkwenye ọgbara ọhụrụ.[1][2] Baker ga-ejide aha onye kacha dịrị ndụ n'ụwa site na ọnwụ Nancy Merriman na 14 Jenụwarị 1954 [3] ruo mgbe ọ nwụrụ na 1955. Ọ bụ onye nke abụọ nwere akwụkwọ ndekọ nke ọma n'ụwa ruru afọ 113, mgbe Delina Filkins gasịrị.<ref name="nehca">{{Cite web|url=http://www.nehca.org/pdfs/supercentenearians.pdf|title=NEHCA list of Nebraska supercentenarians|first=E.A.|author=Kral|publisher=Nebraska Health Care Association|date=7 May 2010|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120311154332/http://www.nehca.org/pdfs/supercentenearians.pdf|archivedate=11 March 2012}}</ref> === Lucy Jane Askew === Lucy Jane Askew (8 Septemba 1883 – 9 Disemba 1997) bụ onye kacha ochie na Europe n'oge ọnwụ ya, gbara afọ 114 na ụbọchị iri itoolu na abụọ. A mụrụ ya na Loughton, Essex, nye Arthur George Askew na Susan Elizabeth Askew née Ellis. Nne na nna ya bụ ndị ọrụ ụgbọ ala bara ọgaranya, ndị nwe ụgbọ ala, na ndị nwe ala. O nwere ụmụnne ise, nke atọ n'ime ha bikwaara 100. Askew biri ndụ ya niile na Loughton, ọ lụbeghịkwa nwunye. Ọ bụ ezigbo Onye Kraịst, na-aga Chọọchị Loughton Union. Ọ kwagara n'ebe a na-elekọta ndị agadi na 106 wee lanarị a wara ya ụkwụ na 108. Ọ nọgidere na-enwe ezi ahụ ike ma nwụọ n'udo n'ụra ya. O kwuru na ọ dị ogologo ndụ ya bụ ibi ndụ dị obi umeala.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/uk_news/38373.stm|publisher=BBC News|title=Britain's oldest woman dies at 114|date=10 December 1997|accessdate=19 November 2007}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|title=Britain's oldest woman dies at 114|work=The Scotsman|date=11 December 1997}}</ref> === Edith Ingamells === '''Edith 'Judy' Ingamells''' (née '''Gude'''; 12 Jenụwarị 1894 - 1 Machị 2006) <ref name="obit">{{Cite news|author=Southern|first=Kate|title=UK's Oldest woman dies|url=http://www.enfieldindependent.co.uk/news/localnews/display.var.707184.0.uks_oldest_woman_dies_aged_112.php|publisher=EnfieldIndependent|date=15 March 2006|accessdate=28 June 2006}}</ref> bụ onye kacha okenye na United Kingdom site na Disemba 2005 ruo Machị 2006. <ref>{{Cite news|title=UK's oldest woman dies aged 111|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/uk_news/england/beds/bucks/herts/5239974.stm|publisher=BBC News|date=2 August 2006|accessdate=20 September 2007}}</ref> A mụrụ ya na Maidenhead, Berkshire, nke George na Harriet Gude. Dị ka akwụkwọ ndekọ ọnụ ọgụgụ si kwuo, George rụrụ ọrụ dị ka onye na-ese foto na 1901 na onye na-enye nri ọha na eze na 1911. Ọ kwagara Enfield, Middlesex, na mbido Agha Ụwa Mbụ na 1914, wee lụọ Percy Ingamells, onye na-ere okooko osisi.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.enfieldindependent.co.uk/news/707184.uks-oldest-woman-dies-aged-112/|title=UK's oldest woman dies aged 112|work=Enfield Independent|date=15 March 2006|accessdate=27 July 2021}}</ref> Ha nwere ụmụ nwanyị atọ, amụrụ n'agbata afọ 1915 na 1925. Ingamells biri n'ebe ndị ọzọ gburugburu England ma rụọ ọrụ dị ka onye na-emepụta ihe tupu ọ laghachi Enfield na 1990. Nwa ya nwanyị, Patricia Bull, kwuru, n'oge Ingemells gbara afọ 111, na ihe nzuzo nke ogologo ndụ ya bụ "eleghara anya azụ, na-ele anya n'ihu mgbe niile, nke ọ na-eme n'ezie".<ref>{{Cite news|author=Southern|first=Kate|url=http://www.enfieldindependent.co.uk/display.var.562877.0.judy_111_is_the_greatest_gran.php|title=Judy, 111, is the greatest gran|publisher=Enfield Independent|date=20 January 2005|accessdate=28 June 2006}}</ref> == Ebem si dee == b6owjecewmlbyhn097nqk9pd2fssi19 0 53496 320078 190701 2025-06-30T14:05:42Z Anastesia chi 23720 edoziri m broken files 320078 wikitext text/x-wiki Agatha Crumm bụ akwụkwọ akụkọ na-atọ ọchị nke onye na-ese ihe nkiri Bill Hoest (onye kere The Lockhorns) mepụtara ma kesaa ya site na King Features Syndicate.[1] Ebe ahụ gbawara n'October 24, 1977 ruo 1997.[2] Agatha Crumm bụ eriri nke atọ nke Hoest, na-eso Bumper Snickers (1974). == Ndị na-eme ihe nkiri na akụkọ == Onye na-ese onyinyo ahụ bụ onye na-enweghị isi, onye na-adịghị mma, onye nwe ụlọ ọrụ kuki. Onye na-akọ akụkọ ihe mere eme Don Markstein kọwara Crumm na-arụsi ọrụ ike ma dị ngwa: : Agatha nwere ike ọ gaghị aba Ọgaranya dị ka Scrooge McDuck ma ọ bụ Richie Rich, ma eleghị anya ọ gaghị enwe Rich Uncle Pennybags. Mana dị ka onye nwe ụlọ ọrụ Crumm Cookie, ọ ga-abụ na ọ nọ n'etiti Maazị Abernathy, nke ahụ dịkwa ka ọ bara ọgaranya dị ka ọtụtụ ndị na-eme ihe nkiri kwesịrị ịdị - ọbụlagodi mgbe ha na-akwado ụdị ndụ nke gụnyere ọtụtụ ụlọ ọrụ na-arụ ọrụ na ịzụ ahịa. Akụkọ na-atọ ọchị nke ụbọchị asaa ebe a gosipụtara Agatha malitere site na King Features Syndicate na Mọnde, Ọktoba 24, 1977. (Akụkọ n'ebe ọzọ, na ọ malitere kpọmkwem ọnwa abụọ tupu mgbe ahụ, o doro anya na ọ mehiere, dịka August 24, 1977, bụ Wednesday.) Ọ kara oke iji merie Uncle Elby ma ọ bụ Grandma, mana ọ dị egwu, na-arụsi ọrụ ike n'ụwa nke nnukwu ego. <ref>[http://www.toonopedia.com/agathacr.htm ''Agatha Crumm''] at [[Don Markstein's Toonopedia]]. </ref> == Akwụkwọ == N'agbata afọ 1980 na afọ 1983, Signet Books bipụtara akwụkwọ mpịakọta ''Agatha Crumm'' atọ, gụnyere The Return of Agatha C Rumm (1982). == Ebem si dee == cnzkxzk2yv1jy2t296lvj0eg56j7k07 0 53506 320075 190717 2025-06-30T14:02:46Z Anastesia chi 23720 edoziri m broken files 320075 wikitext text/x-wiki Age of Empires II: Definitive Edition bụ egwuregwu vidiyo 2019 ezigbo oge emebere site na World's Edge na Alaeze Ukwu Echefuru na nke Xbox Game Studios bipụtara. Ọ bụ onye na-emegharị egwuregwu 1999 Age of Empires II: Age of Kings, na-eme ncheta afọ 20 nke mbụ. Ọ na-egosipụta ihe onyonyo emelitere nke ọma, na-akwado mkpebi 4K, yana gụnye mgbasawanye niile gara aga site na nke izizi na HD mbipụta. Na mgbakwunye, egwuregwu ahụ gụnyere Khans Ikpeazụ, mgbasawanye nke na-agbakwunye mmepeanya ọhụrụ anọ dabere na Central Asia na Eastern Europe, yana mkpọsa ọhụrụ anọ. Age nke Alaeze Ukwu II: E weputara mbipụta nkọwa maka Windows na Nọvemba 14, 2019, wee bufee ya na Xbox One na Xbox Series X/S na Jenụwarị 31, 2023. == Egwuregwu == A na-ekekọrịta isi ihe egwuregwu egwuregwu na nke mbụ. Onye na-emegharị ihe na-agụnye eserese 4K, ihe ngosi dị mma maka ndị agha na ụlọ, ikike ịbuba na n'ihu, yana ụdị ọhụụ ọhụrụ. Ọ na-egosipụta mgbasawanye ọhụrụ a na-akpọ The Last Khans ma gụnye mmepeanya ọhụrụ anọ: Bulgarians, Cumans, Lithuanians na Tatars. Agbakwunyere mkpọsa ọhụrụ anọ maka mmepeanya ọhụrụ: Ivaylo, Kotyan Khan, Tamerlane na Pachacuti bụ maka mmepeanya Inca ma dochie El Dorado site na HD Edition (Ndị Lithuan anaghị apụta dị ka mmepeanya a na-egwu egwu na mkpọsa ọ bụla; Otú ọ dị, ha na-anọchite anya Poles. na mkpọsa Ivaylo).[1][2] Ọ gụnyere mgbasawanye niile gara aga site na nke mbụ (Ndị mmeri) na mbipụta HD (Echefuru, alaeze Africa, Rise of the Rajas) Ndị na-egwu egwuregwu nwere ike ịhọrọ n'etiti AI mbụ, HD Edition AI emelitere nke agbakwunyere n'akụkụ HD Edition nke egwuregwu ahụ, na AI ọhụrụ mepụtara maka Definitive Edition.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.pcgamesn.com/age-of-empires-2-definitive-edition/review|title=Age of Empires 2: Definitive Edition review – reverent treatment|work=pcgamesn.com|author=White|first=Sam|date=12 November 2019|accessdate=10 March 2020|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20191112141758/https://www.pcgamesn.com/age-of-empires-2-definitive-edition/review|archivedate=November 12, 2019}}</ref> AI mbụ ga-aghọ aghụghọ iji nwee asọmpi, ebe AI ọhụrụ ahụ dị elu nke na ọ gaghị achọ ịghọ aghụghọ ọ bụla. Mgbe ndị AIs ochie na ndị ọhụrụ zutere ibe ha n'ule, ndị ọhụrụ meriri ndị ochie n'ụzọ dị mfe. A na-ekwukwa na ịchọta ụzọ nke otu ka mma. Ndị na-egwu egwuregwu nwere ike Mgbanwe ọrụ obodo.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.bgr.in/reviews/age-of-empires-ii-definitive-edition-review-reliving-the-past-in-glorious-4k-859536/|title=Age of Empires II Definitive Edition Review: Price in India and review|first=Bodhisatwa|author=Ray|date=November 21, 2019|work=BGR India|accessdate=December 20, 2019|archivedate=December 20, 2019|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20191220081524/https://www.bgr.in/reviews/age-of-empires-ii-definitive-edition-review-reliving-the-past-in-glorious-4k-859536/}}</ref> [[Ala ugbo|Ugbo]] ugbu a nwere nhọrọ a ga-agbanyeghachi ya na-akpaghị aka.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.hardcoregamer.com/2019/12/12/review-age-of-empires-ii-definitive-edition/363375/|title=Review: Age of Empires II: Definitive Edition|date=December 12, 2019|work=Hardcore Gamer|accessdate=December 20, 2019|archivedate=December 14, 2019|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20191214041818/https://www.hardcoregamer.com/2019/12/12/review-age-of-empires-ii-definitive-edition/363375/}}</ref> == Ọganihu == Age of Empires II: The Age of Kings bụ nke Ensemble Studios mepụtara ma wepụta ya na 1999. Microsoft nwetara Ensemble Studios na 2001 ma mechie ya na 2009, ozugbo ọrụ ikpeazụ ha, Halo Wars, gwụchara. <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.gamespot.com/news/2715282.html|title=Microsoft to acquire Ensemble Studios|work=GameSpot|accessdate=May 3, 2001|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20090214185016/http://www.gamespot.com/news/2715282.html|archivedate=February 14, 2009}}</ref><ref name="ign_2009-01-30">{{Cite web|author=Robinson|first=Martin|date=January 30, 2009|url=https://www.ign.com/articles/2009/01/30/ensemble-studios-shuttered|title=Ensemble Studios Shuttered|work=[[IGN]]|accessdate=June 11, 2024|archivedate=September 25, 2022|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20220925181534/https://www.ign.com/articles/2009/01/30/ensemble-studios-shuttered}}</ref> Hidden Path Entertainment mepụtara remaster dị elu nke Age of Empires II, HD Edition, nke e wepụtara na 2013. N'etiti atụmatụ ndị ọzọ, HD Edition gbakwunyere njikọta Steam Workshop maka ọdịnaya omenala.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.gamespot.com/articles/age-of-empires-ii-hd-arriving-april-9/1100-6404962/|title=Age of Empires II HD arriving April 9|accessdate=June 11, 2024|archivedate=May 17, 2022|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20220517075846/https://www.gamespot.com/articles/age-of-empires-ii-hd-arriving-april-9/1100-6404962/}}</ref> N'otu oge ahụ, otu ìgwè ndị modders anọwo na-emepụta ọdịnaya ndị ọzọ na mmezi njehie maka egwuregwu mbụ, nke a na-akpọ Forgotten Empires. Na-abịaru Microsoft nso mgbe a tọhapụrụ mod ahụ na ngwụcha afọ 2012, ma mụta na Microsoft na-emepụta HD Edition ma nwee mmasị ịgbanwe mod ha ka ọ bụrụ ntọhapụ gọọmentị. <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.forgottenempires.net/age-of-empires-2-hd-the-forgotten/the-story-so-far|title=The Story so Far... - Forgotten Empires|accessdate=June 11, 2024|archivedate=June 11, 2024|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20240611225232/https://www.forgottenempires.net/age-of-empires-2-hd-the-forgotten/the-story-so-far}}</ref> Mgbalị ha ghọrọ mmụba mbụ maka HD Edition, "The Forgotten", mepụtara na njikọ aka na Skybox Labs. <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.gamespot.com/articles/age-of-empires-2-hd-gets-new-expansion-pack/1100-6416048/|title=Age of Empires 2 HD gets new expansion pack|accessdate=June 11, 2024|archivedate=June 11, 2024|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20240611225232/https://www.gamespot.com/articles/age-of-empires-2-hd-gets-new-expansion-pack/1100-6416048/}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.pcgamer.com/after-14-years-an-aoe2-fan-mod-becomes-an-official-expansion/|title=After 14 years, an Age of Empires 2 fan mod becomes an official expansion|work=PC Gamer|date=August 19, 2013|author=Williams|first=Katie|accessdate=June 11, 2024|archivedate=February 25, 2024|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20240225051239/https://www.pcgamer.com/after-14-years-an-aoe2-fan-mod-becomes-an-official-expansion/}}</ref> Ndị otu mod, nke bụzi Forgotten Empires LLC, gara n'ihu na-arụkọ ọrụ na Microsoft na mgbasawanye ọhụrụ maka HD Edition. <ref>{{Cite web|author=Mashiur|first=Zoheb|date=2017-01-05|title=Age of Empires 2: Evergreen, not Forgotten|url=https://www.thedailystar.net/shout/overclock/age-empires-2-evergreen-not-forgotten-1340374|accessdate=2024-02-25|work=The Daily Star|language=en|archivedate=August 20, 2018|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20180820105704/https://www.thedailystar.net/shout/overclock/age-empires-2-evergreen-not-forgotten-1340374}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.rockpapershotgun.com/age-of-empires-2-forgotten-empires|title=How a Mod Team Helped Age of Empires 2 Thrive|work=Rock, Paper, Shotgun|date=December 28, 2015|first=Richard|author=Moss|accessdate=June 11, 2024|archivedate=May 21, 2024|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20240521202935/https://www.rockpapershotgun.com/age-of-empires-2-forgotten-empires}}</ref> == Ntọhapụ == [[Usòrò:Adam_Isgreen_and_Bert_Beeckman.png|thumb|Bert Beeckman (onye guzobere Forgotten Empires) na Adam Isgreen na E3 2019]] N'abalị iri abụọ na otu n'ọnwa Ọgọstụ n'afọ 2017, na Gamescom, Microsoft kwupụtara na Age of Empires II: Definitive Edition nọ na mmepe site na Forgotten Empires, Tantalus Media na Wicked Witch Software. Na June 9, 2019, Microsoft kpughere ụgbọala na-adọkpụ egwuregwu na Xbox E3 2019. A tọhapụrụ ya na Xbox Game Pass maka PC na mgbakwunye na Steam na Ụlọ Ahịa Windows na Nọvemba 14, 2019. A mara ọkwa ọdụ ụgbọ mmiri na [[Xbox One]] na Xbox Series X/S / S n'oge 25th anniversary livestream na October 25, 2022, a tọhapụrụ ya na Jenụwarị 31, 2023.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.gematsu.com/2022/10/age-of-empires-ii-definitive-edition-coming-to-xbox-series-and-xbox-one-on-january-31-2023-age-of-empires-iv-in-2023|title=Age of Empires II: Definitive Edition coming to Xbox Series and Xbox One on January 31, 2023; Age of Empires IV in 2023|first=Sal|author=Romano|work=Gematsu|date=October 25, 2022|accessdate=October 25, 2022|archivedate=October 25, 2022|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20221025181653/https://www.gematsu.com/2022/10/age-of-empires-ii-definitive-edition-coming-to-xbox-series-and-xbox-one-on-january-31-2023-age-of-empires-iv-in-2023}}</ref> Ụdị njikwa ahụ gosipụtara ma gamepad na òké na njikwa keyboard, yana nhọrọ cross-platform play na PC version. === Mgbasawanye === A mara ọkwa mgbasawanye, Lords of the West, na Disemba 15, 2020, wee wepụta ya na Jenụwarị 26, 2021. Mgbasawanye nke ndị Lord nke West webatara mmepeanya abụọ ọzọ, ndị Burgundians na Ndị Sicilian, yana mkpọsa ọhụrụ atọ, na-egosi Edward Longshanks, ndị Duke Ndị Burgundy, na Hautevilles.<ref name="LotW">{{Cite web|title=Pre-Order Age of Empires II: DE – Lords of the West, coming January 26th!|url=https://www.ageofempires.com/news/pre-order-lords-of-the-west/|publisher=Forgotten Empires|language=lithuanian|date=December 15, 2020|accessdate=December 20, 2020|archivedate=January 7, 2022|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20220107080710/https://www.ageofempires.com/news/pre-order-lords-of-the-west/}}</ref> A mara ọkwa mmụba nke abụọ, Dawn of the Dukes, na Eprel 10, 2021, wee wepụta ya na August 10. O webatara mmepeanya abụọ nke Central Europe, Ndị Poland, na Ndị Bohemia, ebe Ndị Lithuania bụ isiokwu nke mkpọsa, yana mkpọsa ọhụrụ atọ, na-egosi Jadwiga, Jan Žižka, na Algirdas na Kestutis. A mara ọkwa mmụba nke atọ, Dynasties of India, na Eprel 14, 2022, a tọhapụrụ ya na Epril 28. Ọ na-egosipụta mmepeanya ọhụrụ atọ, Ndị Bengal, Ndị Dravidian, na ndị Gurjaras. Tụkwasị na nke a, mmụba ahụ na-egosipụtakwa mmepeanya India dị ugbu a, nke a kpọrọ Hindustani. E webatara mkpọsa ọhụrụ atọ, nke gosipụtara Babur, Rajendra, na Devapala. Iji mee emume ncheta afọ iri abụọ na ise nke franchise, a mara ọkwa mmụba nke anọ, Return of Rome. O nwere ọdịnaya sitere na Age of Empires: Definitive Edition nke e webatara na Age of Ampires II: Definitive mbipụta engine, tinyere otu mmepeanya ọhụrụ (Liac Việt) na mkpọsa ọhụrụ atọ (nke gosipụtara Sargon nke Akkad, Pyrrhus nke Epirus na Trajan), na mmepeanya Rom maka egwuregwu ahụ. <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.ageofempires.com/news/icymi-broadcast-blog/|title=Age of Empires 25th Anniversary Broadcast – the Rundown|first=Michael|author=Mann|date=October 25, 2022|accessdate=October 29, 2022|archivedate=October 29, 2022|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20221029190541/https://www.ageofempires.com/news/icymi-broadcast-blog/}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|author=Partis|first=Danielle|date=2023-05-15|title=The Return of Rome Expansion Turns Age of Empires II: Definitive Edition Into The Game From Your Nostalgic Memories|url=https://news.xbox.com/en-us/2023/05/15/age-of-empires-ii-return-of-rome/|accessdate=2023-05-22|work=Xbox Wire|language=en-US|archivedate=May 22, 2023|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20230522115938/https://news.xbox.com/en-us/2023/05/15/age-of-empires-ii-return-of-rome/}}</ref> A tọhapụrụ ya na Mee 16, 2023. <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.ageofempires.com/news/return-of-rome-everything-you-need-to-know/|title=Return of Rome: Everything You Need to Know|publisher=Age of Empires|date=5 May 2023|accessdate=October 3, 2023|archivedate=October 16, 2023|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20231016184736/https://www.ageofempires.com/news/return-of-rome-everything-you-need-to-know//}}</ref> Na 8 Septemba 2023, a gbakwunyere mkpọsa abụọ (Ascent of Egypt na The First Punic War) site na Age of Empires: Definitive Edition na Return of Rome.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.ageofempires.com/news/additional-campaigns-come-to-return-of-rome/|title=Additional Campaigns Come to Return of Rome!|publisher=Age of Empires|date=8 September 2023|accessdate=October 3, 2023|archivedate=September 23, 2023|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20230923171335/https://www.ageofempires.com/news/additional-campaigns-come-to-return-of-rome/}}</ref> A gbakwunyere mkpọsa abụọ ọzọ maka ''Nlaghachi nke Rom'', Glory of Greece na Voices of Babylon, na October 31.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.ageofempires.com/news/preview-age-of-empires-ii-definitive-edition-update-95810/|title=Preview: Age of Empires II: Definitive Edition – Update 95810|publisher=Age of Empires|date=30 October 2023|accessdate=October 30, 2023|archivedate=October 30, 2023|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20231030233102/https://www.ageofempires.com/news/preview-age-of-empires-ii-definitive-edition-update-95810/}}</ref> A mara ọkwa mmụba nke ise, The Mountain Royals, na October 16, 2023, wee wepụta ya na October 31. Ọ na-ewebata mmepeanya ọhụrụ abụọ, Ndị Georgia na Ndị Armenia, yana mkpọsa ọhụrụ atọ, na-egosi Tamar, Thoros the Great, na Ismail.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.ageofempires.com/news/pre-order-aoe-ii-de-the-mountain-royals/|title=Pre-Order Age of Empires II: Definitive Edition – The Mountain Royals!|publisher=Age of Empires|date=16 October 2023|accessdate=October 20, 2023|archivedate=October 20, 2023|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20231020150536/https://www.ageofempires.com/news/pre-order-aoe-ii-de-the-mountain-royals/}}</ref> A mara ọkwa mgbasawanye akụkọ, Victors and Vanquished, na Febụwarị 23, 2024, wee wepụta ya na Machị 14. Ọ na-agbakwunye ihe nkiri iri na itoolu site n'aka Ramsey Abdulrahim; iri na anọ bụ ihe ọhụrụ nke ọrụ ya gara aga, ise n'ime ha bụ ihe ọhụrụ.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web|author=Tolbert|first=Samuel|date=23 February 2024|title=Age of Empires 2: Definitive Edition gets new campaign-focused Victors and Vanquished DLC for Xbox consoles and Windows PC|url=https://www.windowscentral.com/gaming/xbox/age-of-empires-2-definitive-edition-gets-new-campaign-focused-victors-and-vanquished-dlc-for-xbox-consoles-and-windows-pc|accessdate=23 February 2024|work=Windows Central|language=en|archivedate=February 24, 2024|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20240224005153/https://www.windowscentral.com/gaming/xbox/age-of-empires-2-definitive-edition-gets-new-campaign-focused-victors-and-vanquished-dlc-for-xbox-consoles-and-windows-pc}}</ref><ref name="arstechnica_2024-02-26">{{Cite web|author=Purdy|first=Kevin|date=February 26, 2024|url=https://arstechnica.com/gaming/2024/02/age-of-empires-2-gets-another-expansion-25-years-later-and-deservedly-so/|title=Age of Empires 2 gets another expansion 25 years later, and deservedly so|work=[[Ars Technica]]|accessdate=February 27, 2024|archivedate=February 27, 2024|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20240227001933/https://arstechnica.com/gaming/2024/02/age-of-empires-2-gets-another-expansion-25-years-later-and-deservedly-so/}}</ref> Na June 2021, maka oge mbụ kemgbe Age of Empires Online, e webatara mkpọsa nkwado n'ime egwuregwu ahụ.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.ageofempires.com/news/aoe2de-pupcoop/|title=Co-Op has Arrived in June's Public Update Preview!|date=2021-06-15|author=Age DE Team|accessdate=2021-12-28|archivedate=December 28, 2021|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20211228193005/https://www.ageofempires.com/news/aoe2de-pupcoop/}}</ref> == Nnakwere ==   Age of Empires II: Definitive Edition nwetara nyocha "dị mma n'ozuzu" dị ka nyochaa aggregator Metacritic nwere akara 84/100 site na nyocha 32.[1] Windows Central's Cale Hunt toro ọrụ nka emelitere, ihe ngosi na ụdị mgbakwunye ndụ mana ọ katọrọ nchọta ụzọ AI wee rụtụ aka na ọ dị mkpa maka ịhazigharị ọzọ. == Ihe edeturu == <nowiki>.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</nowiki> == Ebem si dee == jfhc21kc5bkporqg36z2nrxcr0fgra2 0 53526 320111 190740 2025-07-01T04:49:53Z Anastesia chi 23720 edoziri m broken files 320111 wikitext text/x-wiki {| class="infobox vevent" ! colspan="2" class="infobox-above summary" style="font-size: 125%; font-style: italic;" |Agnes na Ụmụnne Ya |- | colspan="2" class="infobox-image" | |- | colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data description" |Agnes na mgbada Brüder |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="white-space: nowrap; padding-right: 0.65em;" |Nke onye nduzi | class="infobox-data" |[[Oskar Roehler]] |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="white-space: nowrap; padding-right: 0.65em;" |Edere ya | class="infobox-data" |Oskar Roehler |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="white-space: nowrap; padding-right: 0.65em;" |Mepụtara site na | class="infobox-data" |[[Stefan Arndt]] |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="white-space: nowrap; padding-right: 0.65em;" |Onye na-eme ihe nkiri | class="infobox-data" |<templatestyles src="Plainlist/styles.css" /><div class="plainlist"> * [[Martin Weiß (actor)|Martin Weiß]]<span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal; ">&nbsp;&#x5B;[[:de:Martin Weiß (Schauspieler)|nke]]&#x5D;</span> * Moritz Bleibtreu * Herbert Knaup * Katja Riemann * Tom Schilling </div> |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="white-space: nowrap; padding-right: 0.65em;" |Ihe nkiri | class="infobox-data" |Carl-Friedrich Koschnick |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="white-space: nowrap; padding-right: 0.65em;" |Edere site na | class="infobox-data" |<templatestyles src="Plainlist/styles.css"></templatestyles><div class="plainlist"> * Juliane Lorenz * Simone Hofmann </div> |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="white-space: nowrap; padding-right: 0.65em;" |Egwú site na | class="infobox-data" |Martin Todsharow |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="white-space: nowrap; padding-right: 0.65em;" |Nke e kesara site na | class="infobox-data" |X Ihe nkiri Creativ Pool GmbH |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="white-space: nowrap; padding-right: 0.65em;" |<div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0; white-space: normal;">Ụbọchị a tọhapụrụ ya</div> | class="infobox-data" |<templatestyles src="Plainlist/styles.css" /><div class="plainlist film-date"> * 14 Ọktoba 2004 <span style="display:none"> (<span class="bday dtstart published updated itvstart">2004-10-14</span>)&nbsp;</span> &nbsp;&nbsp; </div> [[Jémanị|Germany]] |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="white-space: nowrap; padding-right: 0.65em;" |<div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0; white-space: normal;">Oge ịgba ọsọ</div> | class="infobox-data" |Otu narị na iri ise nkeji |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="white-space: nowrap; padding-right: 0.65em;" |Mba | class="infobox-data" |Germany |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="white-space: nowrap; padding-right: 0.65em;" |Asụsụ | class="infobox-data" |German |} '''''Agnes na Ụmụnne Ya''''' (German) bụ ihe nkiri 2004 nke Oskar Roehler duziri. == Atụmatụ == Ụmụnne atọ dị nnọọ iche: Hans-Jörg, onye na-agụ akwụkwọ nke na-enwe mmekọahụ riri ahụ; Werner, bụ́ onye ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị n'alụmdi na nwunye nsogbu ya na nwa nwoke na-enwe mmasị nleda nna ya; Martin, onye bụ Agnes ugbu a ka ọ rụchara ọrụ nhazigharị nwoke na nwanyị. Agnes na-arụ ọrụ dị ka onye ịgba egwu ma na-ata ahụhụ site na ịhụnanya na-enweghị isi. == Ndị na-eme ihe nkiri == * Martin Weiß dị ka Agnes Tschirner[de] * Moritz Bleibtreu dị ka Hans-Jörg Tschirner * Herbert Knaup dị ka Werner Tschirner * Katja Riemann dị ka Ihe ịrịba ama * Tom Schilling dị ka Ralf * Suzan Anbeh dị ka Desiree * Vadim Glowna dị ka Günther * Margit Carstensen dị ka Roxy * Lee Daniels dị ka Henry * Marie Zielcke dị ka Nadine * Oliver Korittke dị ka Rudi * Martin Semmelrogge dị ka Manni Moneto * Martin Feifel dị ka Hannes * Sven Martinek dị ka Jürgen * Til Schweiger dị ka Freund na Bibliothek == Nnakwere == Na webụsaịtị mkpokọta Rotten Tomato, 40% nke nyocha ndị nkatọ 20 dị mma, yana nkezi ọkwa nke 5.1/10. Metacritic, nke na-eji nkezi dị arọ, kenyere ihe nkiri ahụ akara 46 n'ime 100, dabere na ndị nkatọ 11, na-egosi nyocha "agwakọtara ma ọ bụ nkezi". == Ebem si dew == 53kx2jkfml17kuv2a24xr96we3j6uhp 0 54655 320084 193319 2025-06-30T14:56:50Z Mirah50 16972 Fixed reference errors 320084 wikitext text/x-wiki Andrée Geulen-Herscovici (6 Septemba 1921 – 31 Mee 2022) bụ onye nkuzi Belgian na onye so na nguzogide n'oge ndị German na Belgium n'oge Agha IIwa nke Abụọ. Mgbe ọ matara na mkpagbu a na-akpagbu ndị Juu Belgian site n'ọrụ ya, ọ tinyere aka na Kọmitii Na-ahụ Maka Nchebe Ndị Juu (Comité de Défense des Juifs, ma ọ bụ CDJ; Joods Verdedigingscomité, JVC) na 1943 ma na-enyere aka na nhazi na nchebe nke "Ụmụaka zoro ezo" n'etiti Oké Mgbukpọ ahụ na Belgium. Mgbe agha ahụ gasịrị, ụlọ ọrụ Israel bụ Yad Vashem matara ya dị ka onye ezi omume n'etiti mba dị iche iche ma nweta ọtụtụ nsọpụrụ ndị ọzọ na Belgium na Israel. == Akụkọ ndụ == === Ọrụ na nguzogide === A mụrụ Andrée Geulen na Schaerbeek, nke dị na Brussels, na 6 Septemba 1921 n'ime ezinụlọ na-emesapụ aka nke obodo bourgeoisie.[1] Mgbe ndị Germany wakporo Belgium na May 1940, e debere obodo ahụ n'okpuru ọrụ agha na Geulen ghọrọ onye nkụzi ụlọ akwụkwọ wee nweta ọrụ na ụlọ akwụkwọ praịmarị dị na etiti Brussels na 1942.[1]. Ọ matara na mkpagbu na-akawanye njọ a na-akpagbu ndị Juu site n’ịgba àmà e webatara baajị edo edo bụ́ nke e ji akọwa ndị Juu n’ihu ọha n’etiti ụmụ akwụkwọ nọ na klas ya..<ref name="BWWII">{{Cite web|author=Corthals|first=Michèle|title=Geulen-Herscovici Andrée|url=https://www.belgiumwwii.be/nl/belgie-in-oorlog/persoonlijkheden/geulen-herscovici-andree.html|work=Belgium-WWII|publisher=[[CEGESOMA]]|accessdate=3 June 2022|language=nl}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|author=Berger|first=Joseph|title=Andrée Geulen, Savior of Jewish Children in Wartime, Dies at 100|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2022/06/07/world/europe/andree-geulen-dead.html|work=New York Times|accessdate=17 September 2024|date=7 June 2022}}</ref> Site na mmeghe nke Ida Sterno , onye nkuzi ọzọ nọ n'otu ụlọ akwụkwọ ahụ, Geulen sonyere na obere Kọmitii maka Nchebe nke ndị Juu (Comité de Défense des Juifs, ma ọ bụ CDJ; Joods Verdedigingscomité, JVC) n'oge opupu ihe ubi nke 1943 wee bụrụ otu n'ime ndị otu ya ole na ole na-abụghị ndị Juu.<ref name="BWWII" /> Ọrụ ya bụ ịkpọtụrụ ezinụlọ ndị Juu na Brussels ma mee ka ha kwenye ịhapụ ụmụ ha n'aka CDJ / JVC onye ga-etinye ha dị ka "ụmụ zoro ezo" n'aka ezinụlọ ndị Katọlik, ụlọ akwụkwọ, na ụlọ ọrụ okpukpe n'okpuru njirimara ụgha.<ref name="BWWII" /> Geulen so n'ọtụtụ ụmụ nwanyị so na ngalaba "Ụmụaka". <ref>{{Cite news|author=Decoster|first=Gérald|title=Andrée Geulen, dite "Mademoiselle Andrée" et le sauvetage des enfants juifs|url=https://www.rtbf.be/article/andree-geulen-dite-mademoiselle-andree-et-le-sauvetage-des-enfants-juifs-10899277|accessdate=3 June 2022|publisher=[[RTBF]]|date=16 December 2021|language=fr}}</ref> Geulen kụziri ma biri na Athénée royal Isabelle Gatti de Gamond, ụlọ akwụkwọ obibi dị na Woluwe-Saint-Pierre, nke onye isi ya, Odile Ovart-Henri , ekwerelarị ịnabata ụmụaka 12 zoro ezo n'ụlọ akwụkwọ ahụ.<ref name="YV1" /> Ndị ọchịchị Germany wakporo ụlọ akwụkwọ ahụ dị na Rue André Fauchille na [[Pentikọst|Pentikọstụ]] na Mee 1943 ma jide ụfọdụ n'ime ụmụaka ahụ. A gbara Geulen ajụjụ ọnụ n'onwe ya, mana ọ gbapụrụ iji dọọ ụfọdụ ụmụ akwụkwọ ndị Juu na-anọghị n'ụlọ akwụkwọ ahụ aka ná ntị n'oge ahụ. A chụgara Ovart na di ya Remy n'ogige ịta ahụhụ, ha anwụghịkwa n'agha ahụ.<ref name="YV1" /> Mgbe mwakpo ahụ gasịrị, Geulen sooro Sterno zoo ma were njirimara ụgha, dị ka Claude Fournier.<ref name="YV1">{{Cite web|title=Andree Geulen-Herscovici|url=https://www.yadvashem.org/righteous/stories/geulen-herscovici.html|work=The Righteous Among the Nations|publisher=[[Yad Vashem]]|accessdate=3 June 2022|language=en}}</ref> E jidere Sterno na Mee 1944. <ref name="YV1" /> Geulen n'onwe ya sonyere na ndokwa e mere maka ụmụaka ndị Juu 300 ndị ọ chịkọtara ma soro gaa ụlọ akwụkwọ Katọlik na ebe obibi ndị mọnk. Ọ nọgidere na-arụsi ọrụ ike na CDJ / JVC ruo mgbe Nnwere Onwe nke Brussels na Septemba 1944. <ref name="YV1" /> <ref name="BWWII" />   === Ndụ na mmata mgbe agha gasịrị === Mgbe agha ahụ gasịrị, Geulen sonyeere ndị Juu nọ na Belgium ma nọgide na-emekọrịta ihe na ụmụaka ya na ha zutere. O sonyere n'ịgbalị ijikọ ụmụaka zoro ezo na ndị ezinụlọ na-adị ndụ ma tinye aka na nzukọ enyemaka maka ndị Israel Victims of the War (Aide aux Israélites Victimes de la Guerre, AIVG) nke kwadoro ndị Juu lanarịrị n'Ogige ịta ahụhụ ndị Nazi na Belgium.<ref name="YV1" /> <ref name="BWWII" /> Ọ malitere itinye aka na mmegide maka ndị na-eme udo na ndị na-emegide ịkpa ókè agbụrụ.<ref name="BWWII" /> Ọ lụrụ Charles Herscovici, onye Juu lanarịrị ogige ịta ahụhụ nke sitere na Rom, na 1948. <ref name="BWWII" /> E nyere Geulen otuto dị ka Onye Ezi Omume n'etiti Mba n'afọ 1989. E nyere ya nwa amaala [[Israel]] nsọpụrụ n'ememe na Yad Vashem na 2007, dị ka akụkụ nke "Ụmụaka zoro ezo na Belgium n'oge Shoah" International Conference. Mgbe ọ nabatara nsọpụrụ ahụ, Geulen-Herscovici kwuru, "Ihe m mere bụ naanị ọrụ m. Ịgọnahụ iwu nke oge ahụ bụ ihe dị mma ime. " Ọ natara nwa amaala nsọpụrụ nke obodo Ixelles. <ref>{{Cite web|title=Andrée Geulen: Elle a changé leur vie|url=https://www.ixelles.be/site/877-Andree-Geulen?|publisher=Commune of Ixelles|accessdate=3 June 2022|language=fr}}</ref> E kpuchiri ụbọchị ọmụmụ 100 nke Geulen na 6 Septemba 2021 na ndị nta akụkọ na Belgium. <ref>{{Cite news|url=https://bx1.be/categories/news/andree-geulen-linstitutrice-bruxelloise-qui-a-sauve-des-milliers-denfants-juifs-pendant-la-guerre-fete-ses-100-ans/|title=Andrée Geulen, l'institutrice bruxelloise qui a sauvé des milliers d'enfants juifs pendant la guerre, fête ses 100 ans|date=6 September 2021|publisher=[[BX1]]|accessdate=12 September 2021}}</ref> N'otu afọ ahụ, a gbanwere aha ụlọ akwụkwọ ọta akara na Brussels iji sọpụrụ ya.<ref>{{Cite news|title=Une crèche rebaptisée en hommage à la résistante Andrée Geulen|url=https://bx1.be/categories/news/une-creche-rebaptisee-en-hommage-a-la-resistante-andree-geulen/|accessdate=3 June 2022|publisher=[[BX1]]|date=10 December 2021|language=fr}}</ref> Ọ nwụrụ na 31 Mee 2022 na Ixelles . <ref>{{Cite news|date=1 June 2022|title=Andrée Geulen, l'institutrice bruxelloise qui a sauvé des milliers d'enfants juifs pendant la guerre, est décédée|url=https://bx1.be/categories/news/andree-geulen-linstitutrice-bruxelloise-qui-a-sauve-des-milliers-denfants-juifs-pendant-la-guerre-est-decedee/|accessdate=1 June 2022|publisher=[[BX1]]|language=fr}}</ref> == Hụkwa == * Jeanne Daman, onye nkuzi Beljọm nwere ihe yiri nke ahụ na-arụsi ọrụ ike n'ichebe ndị Juu n'oge Oké Mgbukpọ ahụ == Ihe odide == ru8o0inwr7m30v0bp5eu2qqhjgozgra 0 54658 320085 193322 2025-06-30T15:00:19Z Mirah50 16972 Fixed reference errors 320085 wikitext text/x-wiki   Andrée Peel (3 Febrụwarị 1905 [1] – 5 Maachị 2010) bụ onye otu ndị mmegide French n'oge Agha Ụwa nke Abụọ nke rụrụ ọrụ megidere ndị Germany na France. A maara ya dị ka Agent Rose, aha koodu nke ya na Eileen Nearne kesara. == Oge ọ malitere == A mụrụ Peel dị ka Andrée Marthe Virot na February 1905. A maghị obere ihe gbasara oge ọ bụ nwata. Mgbe Agha Ụwa nke Abụọ tiwapụrụ, ọ nọ na-agba ebe a na-ere ihe ịchọ mma n'ọdụ ụgbọ mmiri Breton nke Brest, France.<ref name="telegraph">{{Cite news|url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/newstopics/howaboutthat/4452577/French-Resistance-heroine-celebrates-104th-birthday.html|title=French Resistance heroine celebrates 104th birthday|work=The Daily Telegraph|accessdate=4 February 2009|date=4 February 2009}}</ref> == Agha Ụwa nke Abụọ == Mgbe mwakpo ndị Germany gasịrị, ọ sonyeere ndị nnupụisi ma tinye aka na ikesa akwụkwọ akụkọ nzuzo, mana e mechara họpụta ya ka ọ bụrụ onye isi nke obere ngalaba nke nnupụnụ ahụ.<ref name="telegraph" /> Ya na ndị otu ya jiri ọkụ na-eduzi ụgbọelu ndị jikọrọ aka ka ha daa n'ebe a na-emepe emepe, ma nyere ndị na-efe efe nke dara na France aka ịgbalaga n'ụgbọ mmiri na ụgbọ mmiri égbè, na-azọpụta ndụ ihe karịrị otu narị ndị agha na ndị na-eme njem, ma na-enyere ihe karịrị mmadụ 20,000 aka.<ref name="filmtribute">{{Cite web|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/england/bristol/7527777.stm|title=French war heroine film tribute|publisher=BBC News|accessdate=4 February 2009|date=27 July 2008|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20090228163452/http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/england/bristol/7527777.stm|archivedate=28 February 2009}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/england/bristol/7868913.stm|title=War heroine toasts 104th birthday|publisher=BBC News|accessdate=4 February 2009|date=4 February 2009|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20090207015601/http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/england/bristol/7868913.stm|archivedate=7 February 2009}}</ref> q0xx6l6z4xmwi0fmwdx67na1216gqiy 0 54679 320087 208115 2025-06-30T15:29:49Z Mirah50 16972 Fixed reference errors 320087 wikitext text/x-wiki Angel Beats! 1st Beat bụ akwụkwọ akụkọ ọhụụ nke Japan mepụtara site na Key, akara ngosi nka. A tọhapụrụ ya na June 26, 2015 maka Windows ma kwadoro ya maka afọ niile. Egwuregwu ahụ dabere na usoro ihe nkiri telivishọn Anime nke afọ 2010 Angel Beats !, nke Jun Maeda chepụtara na mbụ, ma na-emegharị ihe nkiri gosipụtara na anime. Akụkọ a na-eme na ndụ mgbe a nwụsịrị ma lekwasị anya na Otonashi, nwa nwoke tụfuru ndụ ya mgbe ọ nwụsịrị. O debanyere aha ya n'ụlọ akwụkwọ ndụ mgbe a nwụsịrị wee zute otu nwa agbọghọ aha ya bụ Yuri bụ́ onye kpọrọ ya òkù isonye na Afterlife Battlefront—òtù ọ na-edu nke na-alụso Chineke ọgụ. The Battlefront na-alụ ọgụ megide kansụl ụmụ akwụkwọ Angel, nwa agbọghọ nwere ikike karịrị nke mmadụ. Egwuregwu egwu na Angel Beats! na-eso ahịrị alaka alaka mmekọrịta nwere ọtụtụ ọnọdụ. N'ịbụ nke e bu n'obi ka ọ bụrụ egwuregwu eji egwu egwu, Maeda mechara kwenye ime ya ka ọ bụrụ egwuregwu egwuregwu ọhụụ ọhụụ. Mgbe ị na-emepụta egwuregwu ahụ, Maeda achọghị ịgụnye nhọrọ maka onye ọkpụkpọ na-agaghị enwe mmetụta bara uru, ya mere nhọrọ ndị e nyere lekwasịrị anya iji nwee mmetụta na nkata na mmekọrịta agwa. Onye nyocha kwuru na usoro egwuregwu ya na-eme ka ọ dị ka egwuregwu ma e jiri ya tụnyere egwuregwu egwuregwu ndị ọzọ ewepụtara n'otu oge, nke nwere obere nhọrọ maka onye ọkpụkpọ na ahịrị atụmatụ dị iche iche. 1st Beat họọrọ dị ka egwuregwu PC kacha ere ere na Japan maka oge ewepụtara ya, wee depụta ya na mba 50 kacha elu ugboro abụọ karịa mgbe nke ahụ gasịrị. == Atụmatụ == === Ntọala na egwuregwu === Angel Beats! edobere n'ime ụwa mgbe a nwụsịrị, [1] nke na-eme dị ka limbo ebe ndị nwụrụ anwụ na-amụta ịhapụ ihe ọ bụla na-adịte aka site na ndụ tupu ha agafee. Ndị nọ na limbo a nwere ike iri nri, nwee ahụ mgbu, ma nwee ike ịnwụ ọzọ, naanị ịkpọte ma emechaa n'enweghị mmerụ ahụ. Enwere ike ịmepụta ihe ndị na-adịghị na mbụ n'ụwa a site na unyi dabere na amaara ya mgbe ọ dị ndụ. N'ihe banyere ngwa agha, nke a nwere ike ịmalite site na ngwa agha melee dị mfe ruo na ngwa agha dị mgbagwoju anya na ihe mgbawa. Na mgbakwunye, enwere ike iji mmemme kọmputa mepụta eziokwu agwakọta, dịka mgbe Kanade na-emepụta ike karịrị nke mmadụ site na mmemme akpọrọ Angel Player..<ref name="4gamer1"/>   Dị ka ihe karịrị mmadụ visual akwụkwọ, onye ọkpụkpọ na-ewere ọrụ nke Yuzuru Otonashi.[1] A na-eji ọtụtụ egwuregwu egwuregwu ya n'ịgụ akụkọ na mkparịta ụka. Ederede dị na egwuregwu ahụ na-esonyere sprites agwa, nke na-anọchite anya onye Otonashi na-agwa okwu, karịa nka ndabere. N'ime egwuregwu ahụ, onye ọkpụkpọ ahụ na-ezute ihe osise CG n'akụkụ ụfọdụ na akụkọ ahụ, nke na-ewere ọnọdụ nka nka na agwa agwa. Angel Beats! na-esote ahịrị nkata nke nwere ọtụtụ ngwụcha, yana dabere na mkpebi onye ọkpụkpọ na-eme n'oge egwuregwu ahụ, nkata ahụ ga-aga n'ihu n'otu ụzọ akọwapụtara..<ref name="4gamer1" /> O nwere ahịrị atọ maka ihe odide Yui, Masami Iwasawa na Matsushita. <ref>{{Cite journal|title=Angel Beats!|journal=[[Dengeki G's Magazine]]|issue=December 2013|language=ja}}</ref> N'ime egwuregwu niile, a na-enye onye ọkpụkpọ ọtụtụ nhọrọ ịhọrọ, na ederede ọ na-akwụsịtụ na ebe ndị a ruo mgbe a họọrọ. Iji lelee usoro ihe omume niile n'ozuzu ha, onye ọkpụkpọ ahụ ga-emegharị egwuregwu ahụ ọtụtụ ugboro ma họrọ nhọrọ dị iche iche iji kwalite atụmatụ ahụ na ntụziaka ọzọ.<ref name="4gamer1">{{Cite web|url=http://www.4gamer.net/games/244/G024415/20140107024/|title=「AngelBeats! 1st beat」が2014年に発売。麻枝 准氏原作のTVアニメ「AngelBeats!」を題材にしたアドベンチャーゲームだ|publisher=4Gamer|date=January 7, 2014|accessdate=January 16, 2014|language=ja}}<cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source" data-ve-ignore="true">[http://www.4gamer.net/games/244/G024415/20140107024/ "「AngelBeats! 1st beat」が2014年に発売。麻枝 准氏原作のTVアニメ「AngelBeats!」を題材にしたアドベンチャーゲームだ"] &#x5B;Angel Beats! 1st beat will be Sold in 2014. It's an Adventure Game Made From Jun Maeda's Original TV Anime Angel Beats!&#x5D; (in Japanese). 4Gamer. January 7, 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">January 16,</span> 2014</span>.</cite> [[Category:CS1 Japanese-language sources (ja)]]</ref> A na-agụnye atụmatụ map na-enye onye ọkpụkpọ ohere iso onye ọkpam na-emekọrịta ihe n'usoro ọ bụla ha họọrọ. Egwuregwu ahụ gụnyere ihe 200 zoro ezo.<ref name="famitsu-2">{{Cite web|author=Asaba, Taiga|url=http://www.famitsu.com/news/201506/26081595.html#page02|title=『Angel Beats! -1st beat-』プレイインプレッションをお届け! いま絶対に遊んでおきたい本作の魅力を語り尽くす(2/2)|publisher=[[Famitsu]]|date=June 26, 2015|accessdate=September 15, 2015|language=ja}}</ref> === Akụkọ === Onye na-eme ihe nkiri Otonashi na ndị ọzọ bụ ụmụ akwụkwọ nọ n'ụlọ akwụkwọ sekọndrị nke ọtụtụ ụmụ akwụkwọ na ndị nkuzi "dị mma" bi na ya a na-akpọ "ndị na-abụghị ndị na-egwu egwu" ndị na-abụghị mmadụ, mana ha na-ele anya ma na-eme akụkụ ahụ. N'ime ụlọ akwụkwọ ahụ, ndị na-ede akwụkwọ na-ezukọta n'ọfịs onye isi ụlọ akwụkwọ ahụ - isi ụlọ ọrụ nke Afterlife Battlefront (VVALWALWAL, Shinda Sekai Sensen, (SSS)), otu nzukọ nke na-alụso Chineke ọgụ maka obi ọjọọ ndị otu SSS nwere na ndụ.<ref name="dengeki1">{{Cite web|url=http://dengekionline.com/elem/000/000/779/779309/|title=PCゲーム『Angel Beats! 1st beat』2014年発売! 第1巻の攻略キャラは岩沢、ユイ……そして松下五段!?|publisher=[[ASCII Media Works]]|date=January 1, 2014|accessdate=March 22, 2014|language=ja}}</ref> Na SSS, e nwere otu ụmụ nwanyị niile aha ya bụ Girls Dead Monster nke na-arụ ọrụ dị ka ihe ntụrụndụ n'oge ọrụ, na otu nzukọ dị n'okpuru ala a na-akpọ Guild nke na-emepụta ngwá agha ma na-enye ha SSS. Onye guzobere ya na onye ndú ya bụ Yuri Nakamura gwara Otonashi ka ọ sonye na SSS. SSS na-alụ ọgụ megide Kanade Tachibana, nke a na-akpọkwa Angel, onye isi oche kansụl ụmụ akwụkwọ nke ụlọ akwụkwọ ndụ mgbe ọ nwụsịrị nke ọrụ ya chọrọ ka ọ kwụsị ọrụ ndị na-emebi ihe nke otu ahụ. Ọ bụ ezie na SSS na mbụ na-ele Kanade anya dị ka onye iro ha, Otonashi mechara bụrụ enyi ya wee sonye na SSS. Mgbe nke a gasịrị, Otonashi malitere inyere ndị otu SSS ndị ọzọ aka imeri ịkwa ụta ọ bụla ha nwere na ndụ ka ha wee nwee ike ịga n'ihu. N'ime usoro ahụ, Otonashi na-adịkwu nso na ndị ọzọ ka ọ na-amụta ihe gbasara ha. Ọ bụ ezie na akụkọ ahụ nwere usoro ịhụnanya dị n'etiti Otonashi na onye ọ bụla n'ime ndị dike, ihe ndị mere n'oge gara aga na esemokwu nke ndị na-ese onyinyo ahụ abụghị iji mee ka ihe ndị na-ahụ n'anya dị ndụ, kamakwa inye ihe dị mkpa nke karịrị ịhụnanya.<ref name="famitsu-2" /> == Mmepe na ntọhapụ == Na-esochi mmechi nke ''Angel Beats!'' Usoro ihe nkiri telivishọn anime na June 2010, Jun Maeda kwuru n'oge nkuzi na Mahadum Kyoto na Nọvemba 2010 na ọ malitere ide ihe nkiri maka egwuregwu vidio nwere ike ime.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.animenewsnetwork.com/news/2010-11-21/key-head/maeda-working-on-possible-angel-beats-game|title=Key Head: Maeda Working on Possible ''Angel Beats!'' Game|publisher=[[Anime News Network]]|date=November 21, 2010|accessdate=November 21, 2010}}</ref> Maeda gara n'ihu na-emepe ọrụ ahụ, ọ bụ ezie na o butere ọrụ ndị ọzọ ọ na-arụ n'oge ahụ ụzọ, nke dugara na ọkwa egwuregwu ahụ na Septemba 2013.<ref name="G's201312"/>{{Cite journal|title=Large Free Talk Interview of Jun Maeda and President Takahiro Baba|journal=[[Dengeki G's Magazine]]|issue=December 2013|date=October 30, 2013|language=ja|pages=22–27}}</ref><ref name="ann-game">{{Cite web|url=http://www.animenewsnetwork.com/news/2013-09-27/jun-maeda-angel-beats-anime-gets-game-green-lit|title=Jun Maeda's ''Angel Beats'' Anime Gets Game Green-Lit|publisher=[[Anime News Network]]|date=September 27, 2013|accessdate=September 27, 2013}}</ref> Takahiro Baba, onye isi oche nke Visual Arts, bu ụzọ chee na ọ bụ egwuregwu vidio a na-ewepụta n'ọtụtụ mpịakọta, n'agbanyeghị obi abụọ na mmegide Maeda na echiche ahụ, mana Baba kwuru na ọ ga-eburu ibu ọrụ maka nkatọ ọ bụla sitere n'aka ndị na-akwado ya. Otu n'ime ihe kpatara ọtụtụ mpịakọta bụ ọnụ ọgụgụ buru ibu nke ihe odide na ọnụ ọgụgụ nke ''Angel Beats!''akụkọ; Baba chere na ọ ga-ewe ma ọ dịkarịa ala afọ ise iji mezue ma ọ bụrụ na ha echere ịtọhapụ ya dị ka otu egwuregwu. Baba chekwara na enwere ike izere oge egwuregwu dị ogologo site na ịkewa egwuregwu ahụ n'ọtụtụ mpịakọta.<ref name="G's201312" /> Maeda duziri ndị otu mmepụta dị ka Onye na-emepụta egwuregwu na otu n'ime ndị na-ede ihe nkiri. <ref name="game-products"/> Ndị edemede abụọ ọzọ gụnyere Kai, onye nyere aka na ihe omume nke egwuregwu 2004 nke Key bụ ''Clannad'', na Leo Kashida, onye rụrụ ọrụ na ihe omume egwuregwu 2005 nke Key bụ Tomoyo After: It's a Wonderful Life na egwuregwu 2007 bụ Little Busters!. <ref name="game-products" /><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://erogamescape.ddo.jp/~ap2/ero/toukei_kaiseki/creater_allgame.php?creater=983|publisher=ErogameScape|accessdate=December 26, 2013|language=ja|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20131102120924/http://erogamescape.ddo.jp/~ap2/ero/toukei_kaiseki/creater_allgame.php?creater=983|archivedate=November 2, 2013}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://erogamescape.ddo.jp/~ap2/ero/toukei_kaiseki/creater_allgame.php?creater=3064|publisher=ErogameScape|accessdate=December 26, 2013|language=ja|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20131103022243/http://erogamescape.ddo.jp/~ap2/ero/toukei_kaiseki/creater_allgame.php?creater=3064|archivedate=November 3, 2013}}</ref>Na mgbakwunye na onye edemede ọ bụla na-ahụ maka ihe omume ụfọdụ, Maeda gbakwunyere ihe omume ndị Kai na Kashida dere site n'ịduzi ederede na mgbalị mmekorita. N'ịmepụta usoro egwuregwu ahụ na nhọrọ onye ọkpụkpọ ahụ nwere ike ime, Maeda achọghị itinye nhọrọ maka onye ọkpịsị nke na-agaghị enwe mmetụta bara uru, yabụ e mere nhọrọ ndị e nyere iji nwee mmetụta na atụmatụ na mmekọrịta mmadụ na ibe ya. Dabere na ''Angel Beats!'' anime, 1st Beat na-ekpuchi ruo na nke itoolu nke anime, gụnyere ọdịnaya pụrụ iche na egwuregwu ahụ, tupu ọ gbasaa n'ime ụzọ ndị mmadụ. <ref name="G's201312">{{Cite journal|title=Large Free Talk Interview of Jun Maeda and President Takahiro Baba|journal=[[Dengeki G's Magazine]]|issue=December 2013|date=October 30, 2013|language=ja|pages=22–27}}<cite class="citation journal cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source" data-ve-ignore="true">"Large Free Talk Interview of Jun Maeda and President Takahiro Baba". ''[[Dengeki G's Magazine]]'' (in Japanese) (December 2013). [[ASCII Media Works]]: 22–27. October 30, 2013.</cite> [[Category:CS1 Japanese-language sources (ja)]]</ref><ref name="game-outline"/> E mere atụmatụ ahụ ka ọ dị iche n'oge ihe omume pụrụ iche na-esonyere Ihe osise CG na ihe ndị nkịtị tupu ha agbakọta ọzọ. Maeda chọrọ ime ''Angel Beats!'' na mbụ! egwuregwu na-arụ ọrụ dị iche na egwuregwu ọhụụ ọhụụ. Maeda chekwara na e kwesịrị ibu ụzọ wepụta ya na PlayStation Vita.<ref name="G's201312" /> Na-Ga, onye nyere n'oge gara aga atụmatụ njirimara mbụ maka ''Angel Beats!'' anime, <ref name="anime-staff">{{Cite web|url=http://www.angelbeats.jp/staff/|title=スタッフ|publisher=[[Aniplex]]|accessdate=January 1, 2014|language=ja}}</ref> mepụtara atụmatụ maka ihe odide ndị e webatara n'egwuregwu ahụ, yana ụfọdụ n'ime ihe osise. <ref name="game-products">{{Cite web|url=http://key.visualarts.gr.jp/angelbeats/products.html|title=Products|publisher=[[Key (company)|Key]]|accessdate=December 26, 2013|language=ja}}<cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source" data-ve-ignore="true">[http://key.visualarts.gr.jp/angelbeats/products.html "Products"] (in Japanese). [[Key (company)|Key]]<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">December 26,</span> 2013</span>.</cite> [[Category:CS1 Japanese-language sources (ja)]]</ref> Ọtụtụ ndị na-ese ihe ndị ọzọ rụrụ ọrụ n'okpuru nlekọta Na-Ga iji belata oge ntọhapụ n'etiti mpịakọta ndị sochirinụ, gụnyere: Nazuki Fuei, Yūnon Nagayama, Juri Sakuraba na Falco Suzuki. <ref name="game-products" /><ref name="G's201312">{{Cite journal|title=Large Free Talk Interview of Jun Maeda and President Takahiro Baba|journal=[[Dengeki G's Magazine]]|issue=December 2013|date=October 30, 2013|language=ja|pages=22–27}}<cite class="citation journal cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source" data-ve-ignore="true">"Large Free Talk Interview of Jun Maeda and President Takahiro Baba". ''[[Dengeki G's Magazine]]'' (in Japanese) (December 2013). [[ASCII Media Works]]: 22–27. October 30, 2013.</cite> [[Category:CS1 Japanese-language sources (ja)]]</ref> Ọtụtụ n'ime ihe ndị a na-elekwasị anya na 1st Beat bụ n'ọtụtụ ọrụ CG, nke nwere ihe dịka ọtụtụ CGs dị ka ''Clannad'' dị ka Baba si kwuo, nke ọ hụrụ dị iche.<ref name="G's201312" /> A na-atụle ya maka afọ niile ma bu n'obi na a ga-ekewa ya na mpịakọta isii, Baba bu n'uche ka usoro ntọhapụ dị n'etiti mpịakọ ahụ bụrụ ihe dị ka ọnwa isii.<ref name="game-outline">{{Cite web|url=http://key.visualarts.gr.jp/angelbeats/outline.html|title=Outline|publisher=[[Key (company)|Key]]|accessdate=December 26, 2013|language=ja}}<cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source" data-ve-ignore="true">[http://key.visualarts.gr.jp/angelbeats/outline.html "Outline"] (in Japanese). [[Key (company)|Key]]<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">December 26,</span> 2013</span>.</cite> [[Category:CS1 Japanese-language sources (ja)]]</ref> A haziri mpịakọta nke mbụ ka ọ nwee ọtụtụ ọdịnaya, na itinye mpịakọ ndị ọzọ n'otu kọmputa ahụ ga-edepụta ihe ụfọdụ na 1st Beat.<ref name="G's201312" /> Otú ọ dị, na okwu ikpeazụ nke mpịakọta nke iri na otu nke ''Angel Beats! '' Heaven's Door wepụtara na Disemba 2016, Maeda kpughere na akagbuola mpịakọta ndị sochirinụ, na ọdịnaya a haziri maka egwuregwu ndị ga-abịa n'ọdịnihu dị ka ihe ndabere maka manga ''Angel Beats! '' ''Ọrụ Ikpeazụ''. <ref>{{Cite web|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20171031151943/http://gs.dengeki.com/news/104322/|url=http://gs.dengeki.com/news/104322/|title=電撃25周年記念作品『Angel Beats! -The Last Operation-』電撃G'sコミックにて連載開始！|publisher=[[Kadokawa Corporation]]|date=July 27, 2017|archivedate=October 31, 2017|accessdate=February 5, 2022|language=ja}}</ref> A na-enweta ngosipụta n'efu nke 1st Beat maka nbudata na ebe nrụọrụ weebụ Key na Mee 15, 2015.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://key.visualarts.gr.jp/info/2015/05/angel_beats_-1st_beat-ver110.html|title=『Angel Beats! -1st beat-』体験版Ver1.10公開!|publisher=[[Key (company)|Key]]|date=May 15, 2015|accessdate=June 12, 2015|language=ja}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://dengekionline.com/elem/000/001/052/1052574/|title=『Angel Beats! -1st beat-』の体験版が配信開始!|publisher=[[ASCII Media Works]]|date=May 15, 2015|accessdate=June 12, 2015|language=ja}}</ref> Ọ bụ ezie na e bu ụzọ hazie ka ewepụta 1st Beat na Mee 29, 2015, e mechara wepụta egwuregwu ahụ na June 26, 2015, dị ka mbipụta dị mkpirikpi maka Windows. <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://dengekionline.com/elem/000/000/979/979446/|title=PCゲーム『Angel Beats! 1st beat』の発売日は2015年5月29日! 予約特典はガルデモ未発表曲|publisher=[[ASCII Media Works]]|date=December 22, 2014|accessdate=December 22, 2014|language=ja}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.animenewsnetwork.com/news/2014-12-22/angel-beats-pc-game-scheduled-for-may-29-release/.82507|title=Angel Beats! PC Game Scheduled for May 29 Release|publisher=[[Anime News Network]]|date=December 22, 2014|accessdate=December 22, 2014}}</ref><ref name="game-products">{{Cite web|url=http://key.visualarts.gr.jp/angelbeats/products.html|title=Products|publisher=[[Key (company)|Key]]|accessdate=December 26, 2013|language=ja}}<cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source" data-ve-ignore="true">[http://key.visualarts.gr.jp/angelbeats/products.html "Products"] (in Japanese). [[Key (company)|Key]]<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">December 26,</span> 2013</span>.</cite> [[Category:CS1 Japanese-language sources (ja)]]</ref> Mbipụta a kpaara ókè bịara na akwụkwọ nduzi dị peeji 36 nke akpọrọ Shinda Sekai Sensen Katsudō Hōkokusho, otu abọm egwu akpọrọ Holy, CD nwere ihe ndekọ pụrụ iche nke ihe ngosi redio Ịntanetị ''Angel Beats! '' SSS Radio, a rubber coaster, atọ rare kaadị si mobile egwuregwu ''Angel Beats! '' Operation Wars, na otu kaadị nkwalite nke ọ bụla sitere na Egwuregwu kaadị azụmaahịa Weiß Schwarz na ChaosTCG. <ref name="special"/>A tọhapụrụ patch egwuregwu maka 1st Beat na July 10, 2015. <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://key.visualarts.gr.jp/info/2015/07/ab_-1st-_ver101.html|title=『AB! -1st-』システムパッチ Ver.1.01を公開いたしました|publisher=[[Key (company)|Key]]|date=July 10, 2015|accessdate=July 13, 2015|language=ja}}</ref> A tụlere nsụgharị Bekee nke 1st Beat na 2016, mana ọ dịghị mgbe a kwadoro ya.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.animenewsnetwork.com/interview/2016-05-31/the-world-biggest-visual-novels-with-visual-art/.102415|title=Interview: The World's Biggest Visual Novels with Visual Art's|publisher=[[Anime News Network]]|date=May 31, 2016|accessdate=June 10, 2016}}</ref> === Egwú ===   The music featured in the visual novel is taken from two albums and two singles originally released for the anime: the ''Angel Beats! Original Soundtrack'', ''Keep The Beats!'', "Crow Song" and "Last Song".<ref name="famitsu-2" /> ''Angel Beats! 1st Beat'' has three pieces of theme music: one opening theme and two ending themes. The opening theme is "Heartily Song" by Lia. The first ending theme is {{Nihongo|"Subete no Owari no Hajimari"|すべての終わりの始まり}} by Suzuyu, and it is used for Iwasawa's and Matsushita's scenarios. The second ending theme is {{Nihongo|"Ichiban no Takaramono (Yui ver.)"|一番の宝物}} by LiSA, and it is used for Yui's route. ''1st Beat'' also contains six insert songs: "Crow Song", "Hot Meal", "Alchemy" and "My Song" by Marina; and "Thousand Enemies" and "My Soul, Your Beats! (Gldemo Ver.)" by LiSA. The single containing both "Heartily Song" and "Subete no Owari no Hajimari" was released on April 1, 2015.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://key.visualarts.gr.jp/info/2015/02/ab-1st-_cd.html|title=AB!-1st- 主題歌CD発売決定&キャラクター投票開始!|publisher=[[Key (company)|Key]]|date=February 13, 2015|accessdate=February 13, 2015|language=ja}}</ref> Those who pre-ordered the limited edition of ''1st Beat'' received an exclusive single titled "Million Star" by Girls Dead Monster. An album of piano arrangements of the game's soundtrack titled ''Holy'' came bundled with the limited edition release of ''1st Beat'' on June 26, 2015.<ref name="special">{{Cite web|url=http://key.visualarts.gr.jp/angelbeats/special.html|title=Special|publisher=[[Key (company)|Key]]|accessdate=June 12, 2015|language=ja}}<cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source" data-ve-ignore="true">[http://key.visualarts.gr.jp/angelbeats/special.html "Special"] (in Japanese). [[Key (company)|Key]]<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">June 12,</span> 2015</span>.</cite> [[Category:CS1 Japanese-language sources (ja)]]</ref> == Nnakwere == N'afọ 2015, ''Angel Beats! '' 1st Beat nọ n'ọkwa ugboro anọ n'ime iri kachasị elu na egwuregwu PC nke mba na Japan. Ọnọdụ ahụ dị na No. 7 na Febụwarị, No. 5 na Machị, na ugboro abụọ na No. 1 na Eprel na Mee.<ref>{{Cite web|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150610010513/http://pc-press.info/reservation.html|url=http://www.pc-press.info/reservation.html|publisher=PCpress|archivedate=June 10, 2015|accessdate=June 12, 2015|language=ja}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924065653/http://www.pc-press.info/reservationrog.html|url=http://www.pc-press.info/reservationrog.html|publisher=PCpress|archivedate=September 24, 2015|accessdate=June 12, 2015|language=ja}}</ref> 1st Beat bụ nke mbụ n'ihe gbasara ahịa mba nke egwuregwu PC na Japan na June 2015, ma bụrụkwa nke ọzọ n'ime egwuregwu PC kachasị ere ahịa 50 na Japan na No. 5 na July na No. 20 na August 2015. <ref name="PCP-July2015-ranking">{{Cite web|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924065655/http://www.pc-press.info/sales.html|url=http://www.pc-press.info/sales.html|publisher=PCpress|archivedate=September 24, 2015|accessdate=September 10, 2015|language=ja}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924065655/http://www.pc-press.info/sales.html|url=http://www.pc-press.info/sales.html|publisher=PCpress|archivedate=September 24, 2015|accessdate=September 10, 2015|language=ja}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924065655/http://www.pc-press.info/sales.html|url=http://www.pc-press.info/sales.html|publisher=PCpress|archivedate=September 24, 2015|accessdate=October 8, 2015|language=ja}}</ref> Magazin egwuregwu vidio nke Japan ''PCpress'' kọrọ na 1st Beat rere ihe kachasị n'egwuregwu PC ọ bụla na Japan maka ọkara mbụ nke afọ 2015.<ref name="PCP-July2015-ranking" /> 1st Beat malitere dị ka egwuregwu No. 1 rere na Getchu.com, nnukwu redistributor nke akwụkwọ akụkọ anya na ngwaahịa anime ụlọ, n'oge ọnwa a tọhapụrụ ya, na No. 12 na July. <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.getchu.com/pc/salesranking201506.html|title=PCゲームセールスランキング 2015年6月|publisher=Getchu.com|accessdate=September 10, 2015|language=ja}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.getchu.com/pc/salesranking201507.html|title=PCゲームセールスランキング 2015年7月|publisher=Getchu.com|accessdate=September 10, 2015|language=ja}}</ref> Egwuregwu ahụ ga-aga n'ihu bụrụ egwuregwu nke anọ rere maka ọkara mbụ nke afọ 2015 na Getchu.com. <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.getchu.com/pc/2015-1salesranking.html|publisher=Getchu.com|accessdate=September 10, 2015|language=ja}}</ref> Na nyocha na Famitsu.com nke Taiga Asaba, Angel Beats! A kọwara 1st Beat dị ka ọ bụghị nanị imeju anime ọ dabere na ya, kama iji ihe odide na ntọala wepụta akụkọ ọhụrụ kpamkpam, nke na-emepụta amara dị iche iche gbara ụdị akụkọ ahụ dị iche iche.[1] Asaba kwuru na a na-agbasa isiokwu nke na-agbagharị gburugburu ezinụlọ nọ na anime n'ime egwuregwu maka mkpụrụedemede ọ bụla.[2] Banyere usoro eji arụ ọrụ egwuregwu ahụ, Asaba hụrụ na ọ na-esiri ya ike ịbanye n'ụzọ ndị akọwapụtara nke ọma, na-achọpụta na obere mgbanwe n'otu esi agbanwe ahịrị nkata ahụ na-ebute mgbanwe dị ukwuu na mkpụrụedemede. Asaba na-ede na usoro egwuregwu ya na-eme ka ọ dị ka egwuregwu ma e jiri ya tụnyere egwuregwu egwuregwu ndị ọzọ ewepụtara n'otu oge, nke nwere obere nhọrọ maka onye ọkpụkpọ na ahịrị atụmatụ dị iche iche..<ref name="famitsu-2" /> == Ihe odide == jrovnrc3kqeu95ounv63gvtudntxnu0 0 54688 320089 208462 2025-06-30T15:35:18Z Mirah50 16972 Fixed reference errors 320089 wikitext text/x-wiki Angela Margo Hamar Delevingne (née Greenwood; 8 Julaị 1912 - 30 Disemba 2014) bụ onye omeiwu Bekee na onye na-elekọta mmadụ. Ada Hamar Greenwood, 1st Viscount Greenwood, ọ bụ onye ama ama na njedebe 1920 wee gosipụta ya n'ụlọ ikpe na 1930. N'ịbụ nke na-enupụ isi n'okike, e wepụrụ ya na Slade School of Fine Art, ebe ọ nọ na-amụ ka ọ bụrụ onye na-ese ihe, site n'aka nne ya n'ihi na ọ na-eme nhọrọ ndụ "anaghị ekwe omume". Mgbe ọ dị afọ iri na ụma, ọ rụrụ ọrụ na Foyles iji gosi na ya nwere onwe ya, nke akwụkwọ akụkọ Evening Standard kọrọ akụkọ ya na isi isiokwu bụ́ Nwa nwanyị Peer's Daughter Works For A Living. Dị ka onye so na [[London]] social scene, Francis Yeats-Brown kwadoro ya tupu ọ lụọ Edward Dudley Delevingne, onye gbara alụkwaghịm na enyi Edward, Prince of Wales, nke ukwuu wutere Lady Greenwood. Dị ka nwanyị lụrụ nwanyị, Delevingne nọrọ oge na Venice dị ka akụkụ nke nwanne nwunye nwanne ya nwanyị Viscountess Castlerosse, ebe a kpọtara ya na Prince Philip nke [[Greece]] na Denmark. Nwanne nne ya, Lady Mount Temple, bụ nne nna Prince Philip. Ya na di ya na-abụkarị ndị ọbịa nke kpakpando Hollywood gụnyere Clark Gable, Paulette Goddard, na Charlie Chaplin. Onye dị otu narị afọ, o kwuru na ogologo ndụ ya bụ ịṅụ mmanya whiskey na ime egwuregwu mgbagwoju anya. Ụmụ ụmụ ya gụnyere Poppy Delevingne na Cara Delevingne. == Ndụ mbụ na ezinụlọ == A mụrụ Delevingne Angela Margo Hamar Greenwood na 8 Julaị 1912 na London nye Hamar Greenwood, onye ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị na onye ọka iwu Britain, na Margery Spencer, onye ọrụ nke Order nke Kachasị Mma nke Ụlọ Ọgwụ St. John nke Jerusalem, Onye isi oche nke Ụlọ Ọgwụ St. Akụkụ ụmụ nwanyị nke ndị Comrades nke nnukwu agha, na ụmụ Robert Spear Hudson.[1] [2] [3] [4] N'oge a mụrụ ya, nna ya bụ onye omeiwu na-anọchite anya York.[5] Nne ya bụ ada Rev. Walter Spencer nke Fownhope Court na Herefordshire.[6] Ọ bụ nwa nwanne Muriel Emily Spencer Ashley, Lady Mount Temple na nke Leo Amery.[7][3] Delevigne nwere ụmụnne abụọ, David Henry Hamar Greenwood, 2nd Viscount Greenwood na Michael George Hamar Greenwood, 3rd Viscount Greenwood, na nwanne nwanyị tọrọ, Deborah Hamar Greenwood. Na 8 Febụwarị 1915, e mere nna ya ka ọ bụrụ baronet, nke Onslow Gardens na Royal Borough nke Kensington na Baronetage nke [[Obodoézè Nà Ofú|United Kingdom]] site n'aka George V. Na 1922 nne ya, nke a na-akpọ Lady Greenwood, mere ya Dame Commander of the Order of the British Empire. Dị ka nwatakịrị, onye na-elekọta ụlọ ya n'ụlọ South Kensington ga-eburu Delevingne na steepụ iji gbaba n'oge mwakpo Zeppelin na Agha Ụwa Mbụ. <ref name="montreal" /> Mgbe Delevingne dị afọ asaa, ọ fọrọ nke nta ka a tọọrọ ya na Harrods, mana onye uwe ojii kụrụ onye wakporo ya n'ala.<ref name="montreal" /> Nna ya jere ozi dị ka onye isi odeakwụkwọ ikpeazụ nke Ireland site na 1920 ruo 1922, n'oge ahụ ka e nyere ya na ụmụnne ya nchebe ndị uwe ojii n'ihi egwu banyere mwakpo sitere n'aka ndị Irish Republican Army.<ref name="montreal" /> N'afọ 1929, e buliri nna ya ka ọ bụrụ onye ọgbọ, ebe e mere ya Baron Greenwood, nke Llanbister na County of Radnor . <ref name="montreal" /> N'ihi nkwalite nna ya ka ọ bụrụ ọgbọ, Delevingne nwere ikike iji ụdị The Honourable. N'afọ 1937, mgbe Delevingne dị afọ iri abụọ na ise, e mere nna ya Viscount Greenwood . <ref name="montreal" /> == Mmụta == Ọ gụrụ akwụkwọ na Queen's Gate School na St. Monica's, Walton Heath . <ref name="montreal" /> Mgbe ọ dị afọ iri na ise, e zigara ya n'ụlọ akwụkwọ na Florence, Ịtali. <ref name="montreal" /> Mgbe ọ laghachiri England, ọ debanyere aha na Slade School of Fine Art iji mụọ ihe osise.<ref name="montreal" /> Nne ya mechara chụpụ ya n'ụlọ akwụkwọ ahụ.<ref name="montreal" /> Mgbe ọ dị afọ iri na asaa, ọ nwetara ọrụ na Foyles dị ka omume nke nnwere onwe.<ref name="montreal" /> The Evening Standard kọrọ banyere ọrụ ya na isiokwu "Peer's Daughter Works For A Living".<ref name="montreal" /> == Mbido, alụmdi na nwunye, na ndụ okenye == Onye a ma ama na-eme ihe nkiri na London, e gosipụtara ya n'ụlọ ikpe na 1930. <ref name="montreal">{{Cite web|url=https://www.pressreader.com/canada/montreal-gazette/20150311/282067685407043|title=MP's daughter dodged kidnap bid at Harrods|work=[[Montreal Gazette]]|date=11 March 2015}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="true">[https://www.pressreader.com/canada/montreal-gazette/20150311/282067685407043 "MP's daughter dodged kidnap bid at Harrods"]. ''[[Montreal Gazette]]''. 11 March 2015 &#x2013; via [[PressReader.com]].</cite></ref> N'oge a, Francis Yeats-Brown, onye dere The lives of a Bengal Lancer na nwa nwoke nke onye nnọchi anya mba Briten bụ Montague Yeats- Brown, gbara ya gburugburu.<ref name="montreal" /> N'oge Cowes Week na 1935, a kọwaara ya Edward Dudley Delevingne, onye na-ere ahịa na enyi nke Prince of Wales.<ref name="montreal" /> O zigara ya akwụkwọ ozi mgbe ya na ndị mụrụ ya na-eri nri na Gloucester Hotel na Isle of Wight . <ref name="montreal" /> N'afọ 1937, n'ụzọ megidere ọchịchọ nne ya, ọ lụrụ Delevingne, onye lụrụ Countess Felicia Gizycki, nwa nwanyị Cissy Patterson. <ref name="montreal" /> <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.standard.co.uk/showbiz/celebrity-news/cara-delevingne-pays-tribute-to-her-amazing-grandmother-who-has-died-aged-102-9960728.html|title=Cara Delevingne pays tribute to her 'amazing' grandmother who has|first=Emma|author=Powell|date=January 6, 2015|work=www.standard.co.uk}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=H4YyDwAAQBAJ&q=angela+greenwood+delevigne+obituary&pg=PP124|title=The Riviera Set: Glitz, Glamour, and the Hidden World of High Society|first=Mary S.|author=Lovell|date=September 5, 2017|publisher=Simon and Schuster|isbn=9781681775791}}</ref> Alụmdi na nwunye ahụ mere ka mmekọrịta Delevingne na nne ya sie ike.<ref name="montreal" /> N'afọ 1938, a kọwaara Delevingne [[Philip Mountbatten|Prince Philip nke Gris na Denmark]] mgbe ọ na-aga ezumike na Venice.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://honey.nine.com.au/royals/prince-philip-cara-delevingne-grandmother-photo/a66b720b-6c48-491e-9c05-db3f2117feb5|title=Throwback photo shows Prince Philip, age 17, with British model's grandmother|work=honey.nine.com.au|date=13 April 2021}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/life-style/fashion/news/cara-delevingne-prince-philip-photograph-b1830421.html|archiveurl=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220507/https://www.independent.co.uk/life-style/fashion/news/cara-delevingne-prince-philip-photograph-b1830421.html|archivedate=7 May 2022|title=Cara Delevingne shares photograph of her grandmother with 17-year-old Prince Philip|date=April 13, 2021|work=The Independent}}</ref> Nwanne nne Delevingne, Lady Mount Temple, bụ nne nne nke Edwina Mountbatten, Countess Mountbatten nke Burma, onye bụ nwanne nne Prince Philip.<ref name="hola">{{Cite web|url=https://us.hola.com/celebrities/20210412fxmpig5f6m/cara-poppy-delevingne-share-old-photo-of-grandma-with-prince-philiip|title=Cara and Poppy Delevingne share a pic of their grandma with a 17-year-old Prince Philip|date=April 13, 2021|work=HOLA! USA}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://people.com/style/see-cara-and-poppy-delevingne-grandmother-with-prince-philip-throwback-photo/|title=See Cara and Poppy Delevingne's Grandmother with Prince Philip in Glam Throwback Photo from 1938|first=Georgia|author=Slater|date=April 13, 2021|work=people.com}}</ref> Mgbe ọ zutere Prince Philip, onye a ga-eme ka ọ mata nwunye ya n'afọ na-esote, [[Elizabeth II|Princess Elizabeth]], Delevingne kwuru na "ọ ga-eme mmadụ ezigbo di otu ụbọchị". <ref name="worldnews">{{Cite web|url=https://worldnewsera.com/news/entertainment/celebrity-news/cara-delevingnes-sister-shares-pic-of-their-grandmother-and-prince-philip/|title=Cara Delevingne's Sister Shares Pic Of Their Grandmother And Prince Philip - WorldNewsEra|date=23 August 2020}}</ref><ref name="us">{{Cite web|url=https://www.usmagazine.com/celebrity-news/news/cara-delevingnes-sister-shares-pic-of-grandmother-prince-philip/|title=Cara Delevingne's Sister Shares Pic of Their Grandmother and Prince Philip|date=April 13, 2021}}</ref> Dị ka nwanyị lụrụ di, Delevingne gara Hollywood ma bụrụ enyi Charlie Chaplin, Paulette Goddard, na Clarke Gable.<ref name="montreal">{{Cite web|url=https://www.pressreader.com/canada/montreal-gazette/20150311/282067685407043|title=MP's daughter dodged kidnap bid at Harrods|work=[[Montreal Gazette]]|date=11 March 2015}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="true">[https://www.pressreader.com/canada/montreal-gazette/20150311/282067685407043 "MP's daughter dodged kidnap bid at Harrods"]. ''[[Montreal Gazette]]''. 11 March 2015 &#x2013; via [[PressReader.com]].</cite></ref> David O. Selznick nyere ya ọrụ na Gone With the Wind, nke ọ jụrụ n'ihi na ọ dị ime.<ref name="montreal" /> Ya na di ya na-aga Venice ugboro ugboro ka ha na nwunye nwanne ya nwanyị Doris Browne, Viscountess Castlerosse nọrọ.<ref name="montreal" /> Ndị Delevingne nwere ụmụ abụọ tupu [[World War II|Agha Ụwa nke Abụọ]] amalite, Anne Venetia Charlotte Delevingne na Edward Hamar Delevingne.<ref name="montreal">{{Cite web|url=https://www.pressreader.com/canada/montreal-gazette/20150311/282067685407043|title=MP's daughter dodged kidnap bid at Harrods|work=[[Montreal Gazette]]|date=11 March 2015}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="true">[https://www.pressreader.com/canada/montreal-gazette/20150311/282067685407043 "MP's daughter dodged kidnap bid at Harrods"]. ''[[Montreal Gazette]]''. 11 March 2015 &#x2013; via [[PressReader.com]].</cite></ref> N'oge agha ahụ, di ya jere ozi Ndị Royal Fusiliers na North Africa.<ref name="montreal" /> Mgbe agha ahụ biri, di na nwunye ahụ mụrụ ụmụ abụọ ọzọ, Charles Delevingne na Elizabeth Caroline Felicia Delevingne . <ref name="montreal" /><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.standard.co.uk/insider/fashion/the-divine-delevingnes-cara-delevingne-s-society-family-10206714.html|title=The divine Delevingnes: Cara Delevingne's society family|first=Joshi|author=Herrmann|date=November 27, 2017|work=www.standard.co.uk}}</ref> Ha biri na London, Surrey, na Wiltshire.<ref name="montreal" /> Di ya rụrụ ọrụ na ihe onwunwe na ala, na-enyere aka chekwaa Thatched House Lodge maka Princess Alexandra nke Kent na The Honourable Sir Angus Ogilvy na chekwaa Sutton Place maka J. Paul Getty.<ref name="montreal" /> Ọ bụ nne nne nke ndị na-ese onyinyo Poppy Delevingne na Cara Delevingne.<ref name="npg">{{Cite web|url=https://www.npg.org.uk/collections/search/person/mp84368/hon-angela-margo-hamar-delevingne-nee-greenwood|title=Hon. Angela Margo Hamar Delevingne (née Greenwood) - National Portrait Gallery|work=www.npg.org.uk}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://news.yahoo.com/cara-delevingne-looks-just-her-grandmother-died-102-175500424-us-weekly.html|title=Cara Delevingne Looks Just Like Her Late Grandmother Who Died at 102: See the Vintage Pics|work=news.yahoo.com}}</ref> Onye gbara otu narị afọ, o kwuru na ogologo ndụ ya bụ whiskey na crossword puzzles.<ref name="montreal">{{Cite web|url=https://www.pressreader.com/canada/montreal-gazette/20150311/282067685407043|title=MP's daughter dodged kidnap bid at Harrods|work=[[Montreal Gazette]]|date=11 March 2015}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="true">[https://www.pressreader.com/canada/montreal-gazette/20150311/282067685407043 "MP's daughter dodged kidnap bid at Harrods"]. ''[[Montreal Gazette]]''. 11 March 2015 &#x2013; via [[PressReader.com]].</cite></ref> Ọ nwụrụ na 30 Disemba 2014. <ref name="telegraph">{{Cite web|url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/obituaries/11454877/Angela-Delevingne.html|title=Angela Delevingne|work=www.telegraph.co.uk}}</ref> == Ihe odide == 3dru3ik505yrgdr0tmrjsmd8f713i8m 0 54709 320091 193388 2025-06-30T15:43:02Z Mirah50 16972 Fixed reference errors 320091 wikitext text/x-wiki María Angelina Acuña Sagastume de Castañeda (31 Jenụarị 1905 - 14 Juun 2006) bụ onye ode akwụkwọ ọgụgụ na uri nke Guatemala. Onye isi uri na obodo ya, amaara ya nke ọma maka ike ya n'ịchịkwa amaokwu oge gboo n'ime sonnet. Onye edemede Margarita Carrera kpọrọ Acuña "nwanna nwanyị na mmụọ nke Gabriela Mistral".<ref name="Gonzalez2014">{{Cite news|author=Gonzalez|first=Ana Lucia|title=Angelina Acuña: maestra del soneto|url=http://www.prensalibre.com/revista_d/Angelina_Acuna-maestra_del_soneto-poetisa_guatemalteca_0_1079892194.html|accessdate=30 May 2015|publisher=Prensa Libre|date=9 February 2014}}</ref> == Akụkọ ndụ == A mụrụ María Angelina Acuña Sagastume de Castañeda <ref name="awards">{{Cite news|title=Angelina Acuña|url=http://www.deguate.com/artman/publish/personajes_poetas/Angelina_Acu_a_727.shtml|accessdate=29 June 2015|publisher=de Guate|date=12 September 2004|language=Spanish}}</ref> na Jutiapa <ref name="DOB">{{Cite web|author=Nag|first=Leidy Maria|title=Angelina Acuña|url=http://www.buenastareas.com/ensayos/Obras-De-Angelina-Acuña/1740193.html|work=Buenas Tareas|publisher=Buenas Tareas|accessdate=29 June 2015|language=Spanish|date=17 March 2011}}</ref> nke Francisco Acuña na Adela Sagastume of Acuña <ref name="parent's names">{{Cite web|title=Angelina Acuna Castaneda|url=http://www.leopl.com/estudios-sociales/5978/angelina-acuna-de-castaneda|work=Leo Prensa Libre|publisher=Leo Prensa Libre|accessdate=29 June 2015|language=Spanish|date=8 August 2011}}</ref> . Ọ kwagara Guatemala City ebe ọ gụrụ akwụkwọ ka ọ bụrụ onye nkuzi nke Education Primary. O nwetara nzere bachelọ nke sayensị na akwụkwọ ozi na Instituto Normal Central para Señoritas Belén. Mgbe ọ gụsịrị akwụkwọ, ọ rụrụ ọrụ na ụlọ akwụkwọ nkuzi dịka Instituto Normal Central para Señoritas Belén na Instituto Nacional Centroamérica (INCA).[1] Ọ kụziri dị ka onye prọfesọ nleta na Florida Southern College (Lakeland, Florida).[2] Acuña malitere ibipụta uri n'afọ ndị 1930 ma bụrụ otu n'ime ụmụ nwanyị ndị na-ede uri na Guatemala, na-ebipụta akwụkwọ akụkọ El Imparcial, akwụkwọ akụkọ nwanyị bụ Nosotras na-eduga, yana na nchịkọta ejikọta..<ref name="Finzer (2008)">{{Cite journal|author=Finzer|first=Erin S.|title=Poetisa Chic: Fashioning the Modern Female Poet in Central America, 1929-1944|journal=Dissertations Department of Spanish and Portuguese|date=August 2008|url=https://kuscholarworks.ku.edu/bitstream/handle/1808/4555/Finzer_ku_0099D_10150_DATA_1.pdf|accessdate=29 June 2015}}</ref> O sonyere n'ọtụtụ asọmpi uri, merie ọtụtụ ihe nrite, dị ka ụzọ isi meghee ọnụ ụzọ maka mbipụta na iji asụsụ eme ihe nke ọma nyeere ya aka inwe ihe ịga nke ọma ma nweta nkwanye ùgwù na ọha mmadụ nke ka kwenyere na ọgụgụ isi ụmụ nwoke karịrị nke ụmụ nwanyị. <ref name="Quirante (2014)">{{Cite web|author=Quirante|first=Gabriela|title=Investigación sobre Semilla de mostaza (1938) de Elisa Hall|url=http://investigacionsdmblog.blogspot.com/|work=Investigacion Semilla de mostaza|publisher=¿Quién dudó y quién duda?|accessdate=19 June 2015|language=Spanish|date=12 December 2014}}</ref> N'adịghị ka ụfọdụ ndị edemede nwanyị Guatemalan ibe ya, dị ka Elisa Hall de Asturias onye kwụsịrị ide ihe n'ihi nhụsianya juru ebe niile n'oge ahụ, [1] ma ọ bụ Magdalena Spínola bụ onye chere ihu n'oge ọchịchị aka ike nke Jorge Ubico Castañeda, Acuña nwere ike ịchịkwa asụsụ na na-eji ụdị uri akọwa omenala na-egosighi na ọ bụ ihe iyi egwu.[2] Kama ịkwalite obodo nna nwere dike dị n'otu n'okpuru "Nna Chineke", Acuña mere ememe ịhụ mba ya site n'iji ihe atụ nke ọmụmụ nke nne ụwa kpalie mpako n'ala nna ya ma na-agwa ndị nna ochie nke oge ya n'enweghị esemokwu doro anya.. N'afọ 1938, o sonyere n'otu akwụkwọ a na-akpọ Colección lila ya na Olga Violeta Luna de Marroquín, [[María del Pilar de Garcia]], na Magdalena Spínola, nke bụ nchịkọta abụ ụmụ nwanyị mbụ nke Central America, nke ụmụ nwanyị dere ma bipụta. O guzobere ma duzie ọtụtụ akwụkwọ akụkọ n'oge niile ọ na-arụ ọrụ ma bụrụ onye otu Academia Guatemalteca de la Lengua . <ref name="parent's names" /> <ref name="Gonzalez2014" /> N'afọ 1944, ọ sonyeere otu ụmụ nwanyị gụnyere Elisa Hall nke Asturias, [[Berta Corleto]], [[Gloria Méndez]] Mina de Padilla, [[Rosa de Mora]], Irene de Peyré, na Graciela Quan iji guzobe ''Unión Femenina Guatemalteca Pro-ciudadanía'' (Union of Guatemalan Women for Citizenship) na-akwado nkwado nke ikike obodo ha, gụnyere ikike ụmụ nwanyị gụrụ akwụkwọ. Mgbe nnupụisi ọchịchị nke Guatemala na 1944 gasịrị, iwu ọhụrụ, nke e wepụtara na 1 Machị 1945 nyere ikike ịtụ vootu nye ụmụ amaala niile gụrụ akwụkwọ, gụnyere ụmụ nwanyị.<ref name="Rodríguez de Ita (2001)">{{Cite journal|author=Rodríguez de Ita|first=Guadalupe|title=Participación Política de las Mujeres en la Primavera Democrática Guatemalteca (1944-1954)|journal=Participación política, persecución y exilio femenino al sur de la frontera mexicana (En la segunda mitad del siglo XX)|date=March 2001|volume=Chapter 8|url=http://historia.fcs.ucr.ac.cr/articulos/esp-genero/2parte/CAP8Guadalupe.htm|accessdate=19 June 2015|language=Spanish}}</ref> == Ọnwụ == Acuña nwụrụ mgbe ọ dị afọ 101 n'ụlọ ya na obodo ya bụ Jutiapa, Guatemala . == Onyinye == * 1960 Nwanyị nke Amerịka site na Pan American Union of Women na New York <ref name="Gonzalez2014" /> * 1960 Usoro nke Quetzal<ref name="Gonzalez2014" /> * 1974 Iwu nke Francisco Marroquín<ref name="Gonzalez2014" /> * Nkọwa nke Emeritus of Merit site na Faculty of Humanities na Mahadum San Carlos nke Guatemala <ref name="awards" /> * 2005 Quetzal nke Jade Maya, nsọpụrụ kachasị elu nke Quetzal na nke mbụ e nyere nwanyị <ref name="Jade Maya">{{Cite news|title=Angelina Acuña Castañeda|url=https://diariodelgallo.wordpress.com/2008/02/02/angelina-acuna-castaneda-biografia/|accessdate=29 June 2015|publisher=El Diario Del Gallo|date=2 February 2008|language=Spanish}}</ref> == Ọrụ ndị a họọrọ == * Ụgbọ mmiri Ruth (1938) * ''Onyinye Lirica na Guatemala'' (1939) <ref name="DOB" /> * ''Ka onye na-enweghị isi hie ụra'' (1952) * Ememe Luciérnagas (1953) * ''Nne Amerịka'' (1960) * Ọkpụkpọ nke elu (1960) * Abụ ịhụnanya na latitude marina (1968) * ''Ekele nke soneto'' (1999) == Ihe odide == q211i5rkmafiysynti2r6z0ce5bkcbd 0 58212 320107 246760 2025-07-01T02:33:10Z InternetArchiveBot 11600 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 320107 wikitext text/x-wiki Nana Kofi Abuna V bụ Onye isi nke Essipun na mpaghara ọdịda anyanwụ nke [[Ghana]] . <ref name=":0">{{Cite web|author=Mingle|first=Mercy|date=2015|title=Female Traditional Rulership in a Patriarchal Society: A Case Study of Nana Kofi Abuna V of Essipon Traditional Area|url=http://ugspace.ug.edu.gh/bitstream/handle/123456789/22683/Female%20Traditional%20Rulership%20in%20a%20Patriarchal%20Society%20A%20Case%20Study%20of%20Nana%20Kofi%20Abuna%20V%20of%20Essipon%20Traditional%20Area%20-%202015.pdf?isAllowed=y&sequence=1|archiveurl=|archivedate=|accessdate=3 Feb 2021|work=}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=I have fond memories -Nana Kofi Abuna|url=https://www.graphic.com.gh/features/opinion/i-have-fond-memories-nana-kofi-abuna.html|accessdate=2021-02-15|work=Graphic Online|language=en-gb}}</ref> == Mbido ndụ na agụmakwụkwọ == A mụrụ Ana Atuna Vaka na August 31, 1959. A maara aha ya na ụlọ akwụkwọ dị ka Emma Theodora osisi Emma Koodora. Ọ gara Ashley's Secretarial College, ebe ọ nwetara diplọma n'asụsụ Bekee, shorthand, azụmahịa, omume ụlọ ọrụ na ide akwụkwọ.. <ref name=":0"/> == Ọchịchị == Edebere ya dị ka onye isi Essipun na Disemba 19, 1998, mgbe onye isi gara aga kpọrọ Nana Kofi Abuna IV, dị ka onye ọchịchị ya. A na-anụ kepu kepu na ahọpụtara ya ka ndị nwoke niile tozuru etozu jụrụ inye ya ka e mee ya ka ọ bụrụ onye isi na mpaghara ọdịnala. Mgbe ọ nọsịrị n'oche dị ka onye isi mpaghara ahụ, ọ malitere ịrụ ọrụ dị ka nwanyị ọchụnta ego na onye ọchụnta ego, n'ụzọ kwekọrọ n'ọdịnala nke na-ekwu na onye isi ekwesịghị ịbụ onye nọ n'okpuru onye ọ bụla. Nana Kofi Abuna V bụ naanị nwanyị onye isi ọdịnala n'etiti ụmụ nwoke iri abụọ na abụọ na kansụl ọdịnala Sekondi <ref>{{Cite web|title=Nana Kofi Abuna V « Clean Cooking Forum 2015|url=https://www.cleancooking2015.org/speakers/nana-kofi-abuna-v/#:~:text=Nana%20Kofi%20Abuna%20V%20is,Sekondi%20in%20the%20Western%20Region.|accessdate=2021-02-15|work=www.cleancooking2015.org}}</ref> == Ọrụ mmepe == N'afọ 2003, o guzobere [https://essipun.com/nana-abuna-v-education-fund/ Ego agụmakwụkwọ] na Essipun, nke kwadoro ihe karịrị ụmụaka 30 nọ ná mkpa kemgbe e bidoro ya.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Abuna Education Fund launched|url=https://www.modernghana.com/news/43085/abuna-education-fund-launched.html|accessdate=2021-02-15|work=Modern Ghana|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Nana Abuna Foundation|url=http://nanaabunafoundation.blogspot.com/|accessdate=2021-02-15|work=nanaabunafoundation.blogspot.com|language=en-GB}}</ref> Tụkwasị na nke a, ọ kwadoro ụlọ akwụkwọ ọta akara na ụlọ akwụkwọ ọtụrụ nwere ụlọ atọ n'obodo ya.<ref>{{Cite web|author=|first=|date=23 Oct 2003|title=Abuna Education Fund launched|url=https://www.ghanaweb.com/GhanaHomePage/NewsArchive/Abuna-Education-Fund-launched-45219|archiveurl=|archivedate=|accessdate=2021-02-03|work=www.ghanaweb.com|language=en}}</ref><ref name="Essipun">{{Cite web|title=Essipun|url=https://essipun.com/|accessdate=2021-02-03|work=essipun.com|archivedate=2024-03-20|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20240320142647/https://essipun.com/}}</ref> Kemgbe afọ 2004, ọ na-arụ ọrụ maka ịha nhata nwoke na nwanyị na agụmakwụkwọ n'ógbè ọdịnala ya. Site na nkwado nke ụfọdụ ndị mmekọ dị ka UNICEF, USAID, Regimanuel Gray Limited, Western Rural Bank na Lower Pra Rural Bank, o guzobekwara [https://web.archive.org/web/20250317151240/http://essipun.com/girl-child-education/ atụmatụ agụmakwụkwọ], nke na-enye ụmụ agbọghọ nkwado n'ime na gburugburu obodo ya, site na isi ruo na mahadum. Usoro mmepe ụmụ nwanyị ya na-agbazinye ụmụ nwanyị ego site na ụlọ akụ, iji nyere ha aka ịzụlite onwe ha na azụmaahịa ha. Tụkwasị na nke a, site na mmemme ya nke Women Leadership and Empowerment, ọ na-ahazi ogbako iji nye ụmụ nwanyị nkà idu ndú, iji nye ha ike isonye na ndụ ọha na eze, mgbanwe mmekọrịta mmadụ na ibe ya na mmepe ọchịchị onye kwuo uche ya.<ref name="Essipun"/> Ndị isi ọdịnala ụmụ nwanyị dị ka Nana Kofi Abuna Vare na-amụ na Mahadum nke Ghana nke akpọrọ ''"Ndị inyom na itinye aka na ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị n'Africa: Nnyocha nke nnọchiteanya na ọrụ nke ndị isi nwanyị"''. Ọrụ a sitere na Andrew W. Mellon Foundation ma dabere na Mahadum Ghana. N'ime ọrụ a, a nabatara usoro ngwakọta iji mụọ nnọchiteanya ụmụ nwanyị na ụlọ ọrụ nke ịbụ onyeisi na mmetụta ha na ikike na ọdịmma ụmụ nwanyị na Botswana, Ghana, Liberia, na South Africa.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Home|url=https://womentraditionalleaders.com/|accessdate=2021-02-14|work=Women Traditional Leaders|language=en-US|archivedate=2022-12-01|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20221201110314/https://womentraditionalleaders.com/}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Women Traditional Leaders|url=https://www.peacemedie.com/women-traditional-leaders.html|accessdate=2021-02-14|work=PEACE ADZO MEDIE|language=en|archivedate=2022-12-01|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20221201110314/https://www.peacemedie.com/women-traditional-leaders.html}}</ref> Ndị isi nchọpụta na ọrụ ahụ, Peace A. Medie, Adriana A. E Biney, Amanda Coffie na Cori Wielenga, ebipụtakwala otu echiche akpọrọ "Ndị isi ọdịnala ụmụ nwanyị nwere ike inyere aka ijide n'aka na a na-anụ ozi ọrịa na-efe efe" na akụkọ The Conversation, nke na-atụle otú ndị isi ọdịnala nwanyị nwere ike isi isi isi isi si akụzi ha banyere Covid-19.<ref>{{Cite web|author=Biney|first=Adriana|title=Women traditional leaders could help make sure the pandemic message is heard|url=http://theconversation.com/women-traditional-leaders-could-help-make-sure-the-pandemic-message-is-heard-143033|accessdate=2021-02-14|work=The Conversation|language=en}}</ref> Ego sitere na British Academy emeela ka udo dị. Udo. A. Medie ka ọ gaa n'ihu na-arụ ọrụ na ọrụ a. == Edemsibia == [[Otú:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ]] qr2t1ksttog1jhfpo3libiwdka0uk65 0 59655 320118 205469 2025-07-01T05:35:19Z InternetArchiveBot 11600 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 320118 wikitext text/x-wiki Ncoza Dlova bụ dọkịta na-ahụ maka akpụkpọ ahụ South Africa. N'afọ 2019, o nyere aka chọpụta mkpụrụ ndụ ihe nketa ọhụrụ bụ isi ihe na-akpata ntutu isi na-adịgide adịgide n'etiti ụmụ nwanyị sitere na Africa. Ugbu a ọ bụ onye isi na nwanyị Afrịka mbụ ga-abụ onyeisi ụlọ akwụkwọ ahụike nke Mahadum KwaZulu-Natal. . <ref name=":2">{{Cite web|url=https://www.w24.co.za/Style/Beauty/Hairstyles/kzn-professor-ncoza-dlova-involved-in-breakthrough-study-for-hair-loss-among-black-women-to-offer-key-alopecia-transplant-procedure-20190418|title=KZN professor Ncoza Dlova involved in breakthrough study for hair loss among black women to offer key alopecia transplant procedure|work=W24|accessdate=2019-10-30}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.ukzn.ac.za/news/dermatology-hod-dr-ncoza-dlova-is-capped-with-a-phd/|title=Dermatology HOD, Dr Ncoza Dlova is Capped with a PhD – University of KwaZulu-Natal|work=www.ukzn.ac.za|accessdate=2019-10-30}}</ref><ref name=":0">{{Cite web|url=https://citizen.co.za/lifestyle/fitness-and-health-your-life-your-life/2107442/hairloss-prof-an-inspiration-in-her-community/|title=Hairloss Prof an inspiration in her community|author=|first=|date=|work=citizen.co.za|archiveurl=|archivedate=|accessdate=2019-10-30}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.africanexponent.com/post/9962-prof-dlova-makes-a-big-breakthrough-in-the-field-of-hair-loss|title=South African Professor, Ncoza Dlova, Makes Breakthrough in Solving Hair Loss Problem in Women {{!}} The African Exponent.|author=W|first=Yvonne|work=The African Exponent|language=en|accessdate=2019-10-30}}</ref> == Afọ ndị mbụ na agụmakwụkwọ == A mụrụ Dlova na Mtyolo, obere obodo dị na Eastern Cape, South Africa. Ruo afọ isii, ọ gụrụ ọgwụ na Mahadum KwaZulu-Natal, mgbe nke ahụ gasịrị ọ gụrụ akwụkwọ na ngalaba nke dermatology ruo afọ anọ n'otu ụlọ akwụkwọ ahụ. N'ihi ya, ọ ghọrọ onye isi ojii mbụ na-ahụ maka akpụkpọ ahụ nke mahadum ahụ mepụtara.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web|url=http://www.rsc.org/diversity/175-faces/all-faces/ncoza-dlova-mbchb-fcderm/|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20201126040646/http://www.rsc.org/diversity/175-faces/all-faces/ncoza-dlova-mbchb-fcderm/|archivedate=26 November 2020|title=Ncoza Dlova MBChB FCDerm {{!}} 175 Faces of Chemistry|work=www.rsc.org|accessdate=2019-10-30}}</ref> == Ọrụ == Ọ bụ otu n'ime ndị ọkachamara gbasara akpụkpọ ahụ ojii ole na ole mbụ na South Africa, ọkaibe ọkachamara na onye ndụmọdụ dị elu na-ahụ maka ụlọ ọgwụ njegharị na mpaghara ise na mpaghara atọ na South Africa. O meela ma rụkọọ aka na ọrụ nyocha nke enwetala otuto mba ụwa. Dịka ọmụmaatụ, ya na ndị ọkà mmụta sayensị nọ na US jikọrọ aka ịchọpụta ihe kpatara Central Centrifugal Cicatricial Alopecia (CCCA), otu n'ime ihe na-ebutekarị alopecia n'etiti ụmụ nwanyị Africa.[1][2][3] Ya na ndị ọkachamara na-ahụ maka ọgwụ na-arụkọ ọrụ ọnụ iji nyochaa nyocha nke ihe ọkụ anụ ahụ. <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.iol.co.za/dailynews/news/kwazulu-natal/kzn-professor-ncoza-dlova-makes-biggest-breakthrough-in-hair-loss-among-african-women-20071019|title=KZN professor Ncoza Dlova makes 'biggest breakthrough' in hair loss among African women {{!}} Daily News|work=www.iol.co.za|language=en|accessdate=2019-10-30}}</ref><ref name=":1"/><ref name=":0"/> A makwaara ya na ọ na-arụ ọrụ na mmekorita ya na KZN Albinism Society nke South Africa iji mee ka a mara na nghọta banyere akpụkpọ ahụ na ọnọdụ anya na ịlụ ọgụ megide ịkpa ókè na ịta ndị nwere albinism.<ref name=":0"/> == Ọrụ == Nnyocha ya na-elekwasịkarị anya na akpụkpọ anụ na ntutu, nsogbu pigmentation, yana HIV na akpụkpọ ahụ. A maara ya ka o dere akwụkwọ atọ gbasara ọrịa akpụkpọ ahụ ma nye aka na isi asatọ n'akwụkwọ nkuzi gbasara ọrịa akpụkọ. Ụfọdụ n'ime akwụkwọ ya gụnyere: <ref name=":3">{{Cite web|url=https://www.sacss.co.za/publicationg-2-4/|title=Prof Ncoza Dlova|author=fmuambadzi|work=SA Clinician Scientists' Society|language=en-US|accessdate=2019-10-30}}</ref> * ''Ụdị PAD13 na Central Centrifugal Cicatricial Alopecia'' == Nkwado == * A họpụtara ya ka ọ bụrụ dọkịta na-ahụ maka akpụkpọ ahụ n'Africa na International Board of Unilever USA <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://chs.ukzn.ac.za/news/first-african-woman-to-head-clinical-medicine-2/|title=First African Woman to Head Clinical Medicine – College of Health Sciences|work=chs.ukzn.ac.za|accessdate=2019-10-30|archivedate=2019-10-30|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20191030110632/https://chs.ukzn.ac.za/news/first-african-woman-to-head-clinical-medicine-2/}}</ref> * Ọ bụ onye isi nke African Society of Dermatology and Venereology (ASDV) <ref name=":3"/> * Ọ bụ onye isi oche nke Women's Dermatological Society nke South Africa e guzobere ọhụrụ <ref name=":3" /> * O guzobere Dermatology Registrar Association of South Africa (DRASA) nke ebumnuche ya bụ iduzi na iduzi ndị na-edeba aha dermatology na South Africa <ref name=":3" /> == Edemsibia == [[Otú:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ]] 09lanu57fs22x43y6xwupxgzhqn7eyx 0 63133 320068 2025-06-30T12:25:22Z Iwuala chisom 17246 Ekere na itugharị ihụakwụkwọ nke a "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1294708328|Organization of Mozambican Women]]" 320068 wikitext text/x-wiki The Organization of Mozambican Women ({{Langx|pt|Organização da Mulher Moçambicana}}: Organização da Mulher Moçambicana ''OMM'') bụ ngalaba ụmụ nwanyị nke FRELIMO. Tọrọ ntọala na afọ 1973, n'oge Agha Nnwere Onwe nke Mozambik, iji kwado ọrụ na-eto eto nke ụmụ nwanyị na esemokwu megide ọchịchị ndị Portuguess, e kere OMM dị ka usoro na-abụghị nke agha iji kwalite agụmakwụkwọ ụmụ nwanyị, nnwere onwe na ịhazi. <ref>{{Cite journal|author=Arnfred|first=Signe|authorlink=Signe Arnfred|title=Women in Mozambique: gender struggle and gender politics|journal=Review of African Political Economy|date=September 1988|volume=15|issue=41|pages=5–16|doi=10.1080/03056248808703759}}</ref><ref name="Hansen">{{Cite journal|author=Hansen|first=Helena|title=The Organization of Mozambican Women (A Organizacao Mulher Mocambicana/Omm)|journal=Journal of Eastern African Research & Development|date=1985|volume=15|pages=230–244|url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/24325658|issn=0251-0405}}</ref> Mgbe nnwere onwe gasịrị na afọ 1975, OMM lekwasịrị anya n'okwu ndị metụtara agụmakwụkwọ ụmụ nwanyị, nkewa agbụrụ, ịgba alụkwaghịm, atụmatụ ezinụlọ, ịkwa iko na ikwa iko, ịgba akwụna, na ịṅụbiga mmanya ókè. N'afọ 1990, OMM vootu ka ọ kewapụ onwe ya na FRELIMO, ọ bụ nezie na n'oge na-adịghị anya mgbe nke ahụ gasịrị, nzukọ ahụ sonyeere ọzọ.<ref name="Darch">{{Cite book|author=Darch|first=Colin|title=Historical Dictionary of Mozambique|date=2019|publisher=Rowman & Littlefield|isbn=978-1-5381-1135-2|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ad50DwAAQBAJ|language=en}}</ref> == Mmalite ya == A kọwara nsogbu ụmụ nwanyị n'ọgụ n'ọgụ megide ọchịchị colonial Portuguess malitere na 1960 dịka oké ma diga ihazi k otu ńdí inyom, Destacamento Feminino, na People's Forces for the Liberation of Mozambique na afọ 1967. <ref>{{Cite journal|author=Machel|first=Samora|date=1975|title=The People's Republic of Mozambique: The Struggle Continues|url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/3997882|journal=Review of African Political Economy|volume=|issue=4|issn=0305-6244}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|author=Arnfred|first=Signe|date=1988-09-01|title=Women in Mozambique: gender struggle and gender politics|url=https://doi.org/10.1080/03056248808703759|journal=Review of African Political Economy|volume=15|issue=41|doi=10.1080/03056248808703759|issn=0305-6244}}</ref> == Ndị odeakwụkwọ ukwu == == Edensibia == 7p45ilrmcxk2v9e35hgp1247o2rplxu 0 63134 320095 2025-06-30T18:15:23Z NiferO 20385 Ekere na itugharị ihụakwụkwọ nke a "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1286389633|Kuku Paka]]" 320095 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Kuku Paka''' bụ nri ọkụkọ nke nwere curry nke dabeere na aki oyibo <ref>{{Cite web|title=Kuku Paka (Kenyan Chicken Curry)|url=http://www.food.com/recipe/kuku-paka-kenyan-chicken-curry-456503|publisher=Food.com|accessdate=5 August 2015}}</ref> a na-akpọkwa ya “'''kuku na nazi'''”. Ọ nwere mmetụta Africa, India na Arabic. Kuku na Swahili pụtara ọkụkọ .<ref>{{Cite web|title=Kuku Paka|url=http://www.congocookbook.com/chicken_recipes/kuku_paka.html|publisher=Congo Cookbook|accessdate=5 August 2015|archivedate=2 April 2019|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20190402162503/http://congocookbook.com/chicken_recipes/kuku_paka.html}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Rubbery Chicken|url=https://onthegas.org/food/rubbery-chicken|accessdate=8 March 2020}}</ref> Achịcha a na-ewu ewu karịsịa n'ụsọ oké osimiri East Africa yana n'etiti obodo India bi na [[Kenya]], [[Tanzania]] na[[Uganda]]. Paka na [[Swahili language|Swahili]] pụtara ito, ịgbasa ma ọ bụ itinye.{{Citation needed|date=May 2020}}<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B;''[[wikipedia:Tinye edensibịa|<span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (May 2020)">citation needed</span>]]''&#x5D;</sup> [[Mmiri akị bekee|Mmiri ara ehi aki oyibo ma ọ bụ ude aki oyibo na curry ngwa nri bụ isi ihe dị na ite nri.]] Ihe na-ekewa Kuku Paka site na curries aki oyibo ndị ọzọ bụ ekpomeekpo sitere na char-grilling ọkụkọ tupu ịtinye ya na ebe a na-esi nri aki oyibo. Nke a na-enye ya ụtọ anwụrụ ọkụ. A na-edochikarị shrimp ma ọ bụ azụ̀ maka ọkụkọ na nri a na-ewu ewu n'Ebe Ọwụwa Anyanwụ Africa.<ref>{{Cite web|title=African Menu|url=http://www.malindiseaviewresort.com/african-menu/|date=2016-05-16|work=Sea View Resort Malindi|language=en-US|accessdate=2020-05-24}}</ref> == Ntụaka == # "Kuku Paka (Kenyan Chicken Curry)". Food.com. eweputara 5 Ọgọst 2015. # "Kuku Paka". Congo Cook book. Eweputara site na nke izizi na Eprel 2019. eweputara 5 Ọgọst 2015. # "Rubbery Chicken". Eweputara 8 Maachị 2020. # "African Menu". Sea View Resort Malindi. 2016-05-16. Eweputara 2020-05-24. a66bo7eeti7pe0hh6k6ky82nn1m3nik 0 63135 320101 2025-06-30T21:33:08Z Iwuala chisom 17246 Ekere na itugharị ihụakwụkwọ nke a "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1282066713|Glanis Changachirere]]" 320101 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Glanis Changachirere''' (amụrụ n'afọ 1983, Mashonaland Central Province, Zimbabwe) bụ onye na akwado ikike ụmụ nwanyị Zimbabwe. Ọ bụ onye nhazi ntọala nke Institute for Young Women Development (IYWD) na onye nhazi ntọala nke ọgbakọ ndi isi ụmụ nwanyị Afrika . Ọ bụkwa onye otu Kọmitii na-ahụ maka ndị ịsị Zimbabwe nke otú UN Women-supported African Women Leaders Network dịka nke ọnwa Maachị 2022.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Who We Are|url=https://youngwomeninstitute.net/index.php/who-we-are|accessdate=2022-03-15|work=youngwomeninstitute.net|language=en-gb|archivedate=2022-09-28|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20220928105732/https://youngwomeninstitute.net/index.php/who-we-are}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Ten African Women leaders we admire|url=https://africa.unwomen.org/en/news-and-events/stories/2021/03/ten-african-women-leaders-we-admire|accessdate=2022-03-15|work=UN Women – Africa|language=en}}</ref> == Mmalite na agụmakwụkwọ == Amụrụ Glanis Changachirere n'ime ime obodo nke Mashonaland Central Province nke Zimbabwe n'afọ 1983. Changachirere nwere Masters na International Relations (Mmekọahụ nwoke na nwanyị), ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị na International Relations site na Mahadum Birmingham na Masters na Public Policy and Governance site na Machị Africa.<ref>{{Cite web|author=FORUM2000.CZ|title=Glanis Changachirere|url=https://www.forum2000.cz/en/people/glanis-changachirere|accessdate=2022-03-15|work=Forum 2000|language=en}}</ref> O nwekwara ihe nrite Communications and Social Media site na Mahadum St. Francis Xavier. Ọ bụ onye 2018/2019 Chevening Scholar na International Relations (Gender). <ref>{{Cite web|title=Glanis Changachirere (Zimbabwe)|url=https://www.movedemocracy.org/person/glanis-changachirere-zimbabwe|accessdate=2022-03-15|work=World Movement for Democracy|language=en-US}}</ref> N'afọ 2021, Ụmụ nwanyị UN gosipụtara ya dị ka ndị isi ụmụ nwanyị iri nke Afrịka anyị na-enwe mmasị <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://africa.unwomen.org/en/news-and-events/stories/2021/03/ten-african-women-leaders-we-admire|title=Ten African Women leaders we admire}}</ref> Glanis Changachirere bụ onye na ahụ maka mmemme mmemme nwoke na nwanyị na otu ndị ntorobịa anaghị akwu ụgwọ. Ọ bụkwa onye otu Kọmitii Na-eduzi World Movement for Democracy kemgbe afọ 2015. Ọ bụkwa onye nduzi Institute for Young Women Development site n'afọ 2009.<ref>{{Cite web|author=Walravens|first=Samantha|title=Salesforce CFO Amy Weaver On Leading With Kindness And Authenticity|url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/geekgirlrising/2022/03/11/salesforce-cfo-amy-weaver-on-leading-with-kindness-and-authenticity/|accessdate=2022-03-15|work=Forbes|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Glanis Changachirere (Zimbabwe)|url=https://www.movedemocracy.org/person/glanis-changachirere-zimbabwe|accessdate=2022-03-15|work=World Movement for Democracy|language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=2016-10-04|title=Glanis Changachirere|url=https://www.ned.org/fellows/ms-glanis-changachirere/|accessdate=2022-03-15|work=NATIONAL ENDOWMENT FOR DEMOCRACY|language=en-US|archivedate=2022-09-28|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20220928105730/https://www.ned.org/fellows/ms-glanis-changachirere/}}</ref> Glanis Changachirere bụ onye nhazi mpaghara African Women Leaders Forum site n'afọ 2015 ruo ugbu a. Ọ bụkwa otu n'ime ndị ọkàikpe ise maka onye ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị nke afọ 2022 . <ref>{{Cite web|title=Politician of the Year Award Judges 2022 {{!}} One Young World|url=https://www.oneyoungworld.com/oyw-politician-year-award/judges-2022|accessdate=2022-03-15|work=www.oneyoungworld.com|language=en}}</ref> N'afọ 2013, Changachirere natara 30 Under 30 Democracy Award site na National Endowment for Democracy iji kwado ọrụ ọsụ ụzọ ya na ụmụ agbọghọ na-ekere òkè na ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị. <ref>{{Cite web|date=2013-08-07|title=Glanis Changachirere (Zimbabwe)|url=https://www.ned30under30.org/glanis-changachirere/|accessdate=2022-03-15|work=NED at 30 Years|language=en-US}}</ref> N'afọ 2016, a họpụtara ya maka Reagan-Fascell Democracy Fellowship na National Endowment for Democracy . <ref>{{Cite web|title=Glanis Changachirere (Zimbabwe)|url=https://www.movedemocracy.org/person/glanis-changachirere-zimbabwe|accessdate=2022-03-15|work=World Movement for Democracy|language=en-US}}</ref> == Mgbalị == Òtù ya Institute for Young Women Development (IYWD) bụ òtù nke ụmụ agbọghọ 7,000 gafee ime obodo na mpaghara ndị na-egwupụta ihe na mba ahụ. Nzukọ ahụ na-emezu ebumnuche ya site n'ịzụlite ikike ụmụ agbọghọ na ikike mmadụ na itinye aka, njikọ aka na iwulite mmegharị na ndị na-etinye aka iji maa aka ma na-agagharị ike, ọrụ ụmụ amaala na inye nkwado siri ike nye ndị na-eme ihe na obodo na ndị ọzọ yiri ndị mmadụ na òtù. <ref>{{Cite web|title=Who We Are|url=https://youngwomeninstitute.net/index.php/who-we-are|accessdate=2022-03-15|work=youngwomeninstitute.net|language=en-gb|archivedate=2022-09-28|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20220928105732/https://youngwomeninstitute.net/index.php/who-we-are}}</ref> Na mba, IYWD na-arụkọ ọrụ na Zimbabwe Gender Commission iji webata Iwu Ịha nhata nwoke na nwanyị iji gbaghaa ọdịbendị na ikpe na-ezighị ezi nke ụmụ agbọghọ na mba ahụ.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Ten African Women leaders we admire|url=https://africa.unwomen.org/en/news-and-events/stories/2021/03/ten-african-women-leaders-we-admire|accessdate=2022-03-15|work=UN Women – Africa|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Glanis Changachirere (Zimbabwe)|url=https://www.movedemocracy.org/person/glanis-changachirere-zimbabwe|accessdate=2022-03-15|work=World Movement for Democracy|language=en-US}}</ref> Ọ bụkwa onye na-akwado ime ihe ike dabere na nwoke na nwanyị na mba ya, Zimbabwe. <ref>{{Cite web|title=16 women championing the fight against Gender-Based Violence in East and Southern Africa|url=https://africa.unwomen.org/en/news-and-events/stories/2021/11/16-women-championing-the-fight-against-gbv-in-east-and-southern-africa|accessdate=2022-03-15|work=UN Women – Africa|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=2020-12-08|title=The Gendering of Violence in Zimbabwean Politics {{!}} African Arguments|url=https://africanarguments.org/2020/12/the-gendering-of-violence-in-zimbabwean-politics/|accessdate=2022-03-15|language=en-GB}}</ref> == Edensibia == [[Otú:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ]] my7a0619nj46drdy1adlbr3q0wr5s5s 0 63136 320102 2025-06-30T21:40:28Z Iwuala chisom 17246 Ekere na itugharị ihụakwụkwọ nke a "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1292363471|Letty Chiwara]]" 320102 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Letty Chiwara''' (amụrụ n'onwa Febụwarị 1967) <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://find-and-update.company-information.service.gov.uk/officers/qO3mGNrHZDOZLB8YhhaaSsqUea0/appointments|title=Letty Chiwara|work=Gov.uk|accessdate=30 March 2024}}</ref> bụ onye ọrụ Zimbabwean nke United Nations . Ọ bụ onye nnọchi anya ụmụ nwanyị UN na Malawi, African Union Commission, na UN Economic Commission for Africa, ọkwá ọ malitere n'onwa Mee 2013. <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://africa.unwomen.org/en/where-we-are/eastern-and-southern-africa/malawi/malawi-representative|title=UN Women Representative in Malawi|work=UN Women|accessdate=30 March 2024}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=3 Leadership Journeys ONE Story|url=http://letty.3leadershipjourneysonestory.com/|accessdate=2024-03-29|work=letty.3leadershipjourneysonestory.com}}</ref> Ọ rụrụ ọrụ dị ka onye nnọchi anya ụmụ nwanyị UN na [[Ethiopia|Etiopia]]. Ọ bụ UNIFEM na UN Women Chief of Africa ruo afọ 12, nke dị na New York City, United States. Chiwara duziri mmekọrịta UN Women na ọtụtụ òtù, gụnyere European Commission, World Bank, OECD DAG Gender Net, FEMNET, YWCA, African Union Commission, UNECA, na African Development Bank.<ref name="atlas">{{Cite web|date=2020-01-07|title=ATLAS: Letty Chiwara|url=https://www.atlaswomen.org/profiles/2020/1/7/letty-chiwara|accessdate=2024-03-28|work=ATLAS|language=en-US}}</ref> == Mbido ndụ na agụmakwụkwọ == Letty Chiwara tolitere n'otu obodo na-arụ ọrụ ugbo na Zimbabwe na ụmụnne asatọ, ebe ụmụ agbọghọ na-enwetakarị ohere agụmakwụkwọ na nlekọta pụrụ iche.  Otú ọ dị, nne na nna ya jụrụ ụkpụrụ ndị a ma ziga ya n'ụgbọ mmiri n'ụlọ akwụkwọ obibi.<ref name="atlas">{{Cite web|date=2020-01-07|title=ATLAS: Letty Chiwara|url=https://www.atlaswomen.org/profiles/2020/1/7/letty-chiwara|accessdate=2024-03-28|work=ATLAS|language=en-US}}</ref> == Ọrụ == Chiwara rụrụ ọrụ n'obodo ya bụ Zimbabwe dị ka onye ọrụ nhazi obodo na Matabeleland South na Harare afọ anọ. Mgbe ọ na-arụ ọrụ ná nke ya, ọ nwetara agụmakwụkwọ iji nweta nzere masta na Urban Development Planning na Mahadum London. Ọmụmụ nwoke na nwanyị n'oge ọ na-agụ akwụkwọ kpaliri ya idozi esemokwu.<ref name="atlas">{{Cite web|date=2020-01-07|title=ATLAS: Letty Chiwara|url=https://www.atlaswomen.org/profiles/2020/1/7/letty-chiwara|accessdate=2024-03-28|work=ATLAS|language=en-US}}</ref> Mgbe ọ laghachiri n'ụlọ iji mezuo ọrụ agụmakwụkwọ ya, Chiwara gbara arụkwaghịm n'ọrụ gọọmentị ya. Mgbe ọnwa asatọ gasịrị, e were ya n'ọrụ dị ka onye ndụmọdụ na UNIFEM na Harare. Ọrụ mbụ a gụnyere iwebata ụmụ nwanyị si na Southern African Development Community na ngosi azụmahịa. Ugbu a, ọ nwere ọkwa ndu na UN Women in Ethiopia, ebe ọ na-arụkọ ọrụ na African Union Commission na UN Economic Commission for Africa.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://malawi.un.org/en/about/our-team|title=Our Team in Malawi|work=malawi.un.org}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.policycenter.ma/sites/default/files/BIOGRAPHIES-APSACO-2021-final.pdf|title=Women, Peace and Security in Africa|work=policycenter.ma}}</ref> Ọ duziri Afrika Unite Campaign megide ime ihe ike megide ụmụ nwanyị na ụmụ agbọghọ ma na-eduga ugbu a na mgbalị iji mepụta atụmatụ lekwasịrị anya na ịkwụsị omume na-emerụ ahụ na alụmdi na nwunye ụmụaka n'Afrika.<ref name="atlas">{{Cite web|date=2020-01-07|title=ATLAS: Letty Chiwara|url=https://www.atlaswomen.org/profiles/2020/1/7/letty-chiwara|accessdate=2024-03-28|work=ATLAS|language=en-US}}</ref> == Edensibia == [[Otú:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ]] bge5jljh01p0rgkgulqnyobrkv602fo 0 63137 320109 2025-07-01T03:58:46Z Philip Emeka 16124 Ekere na itugharị ihụakwụkwọ nke a "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1278702337|Isabella Matambanadzo]]" 320109 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Isabella (Bella) Matambanadzo''' (amụrụ na 5 Jun afọ 1973) bụ onye ode akwụkwọ na [[Zimbabwe]], <ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.elle.co.za/gonjon-pin-book-review/|title=THE GONJON PIN BOOK REVIEW|first=Kareesha|author=Naidoo|date=2014-09-10|work=Elle South Africa|accessdate=2018-03-12}}</ref> okike na onye na-akwado nwanyị na-arụ ọrụ na ọgbakọ Feminist Africa . <ref name="Forum">{{Cite news|url=http://www.africanfeministforum.com/isabella-matambanadzo/|title=Isabella Matambanadzo - Individual African Feminists|date=2016-03-19|work=African Feminist Forum|accessdate=2018-03-07}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.financialgazette.co.zw/equality-still-elusive/|title=Equality still elusive {{!}} The Financial Gazette|work=www.financialgazette.co.zw|first=Tabitha|author=Mutenga|date=27 February 2014|accessdate=2018-03-12|archivedate=2018-03-28|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20180328041219/http://www.financialgazette.co.zw/equality-still-elusive/}}</ref> N'ịbụ onye nwere nzụlite na mbipụta, redio na akwụkwọ akụkọ telivishọn, o jirila mgbasa ozi kwalite olu ụmụ nwanyị. <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.opendemocracy.net/5050/16-days-2012|title=16 Days, 2012|work=openDemocracy|accessdate=2018-03-12|archivedate=2018-03-28|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20180328041626/https://www.opendemocracy.net/5050/16-days-2012}}</ref> O nwekwara nzụlite n'ịkọ akụkọ na-agbasa akụkọ na nke gburugburu obodo Africa ebe ya na ndi Reuters News Agency rụburu ọrụ site n' afọ 1999 ruo 2001. <sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B; ''[[wikipedia:Tinye edensibịa|<span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (May 2022)">a chọrọ nkọwa</span>]]'' &#x5D;</sup> == Mbido ndụ na agụmakwụkwọ == A mụrụ Isabella Matambanadzo na onwa Jun nke 5 afọ 1973 nye Paul na Creacie Matambanadzo na mpaghara mmepụta ihe nke Pelandaba, Bulawayo, Zimbabwe. Ọ bụ nwa mbụ n’ime ụmụ anọ. Oge mmalite ya na nne ya na nne nne ya bụ ndị gosipụtara ya n'ihe gbasara nwanyị . <ref name="Forum">{{Cite news|url=http://www.africanfeministforum.com/isabella-matambanadzo/|title=Isabella Matambanadzo - Individual African Feminists|date=2016-03-19|work=African Feminist Forum|accessdate=2018-03-07}}<cite class="citation news cs1" data-ve-ignore="true">[http://www.africanfeministforum.com/isabella-matambanadzo/ "Isabella Matambanadzo - Individual African Feminists"]. ''African Feminist Forum''. 19 March 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">7 March</span> 2018</span>.</cite></ref> Ezinụlọ ha kwagara na Highfield, Harare, ebe ọ gara ụlọ akwụkwọ praịmarị na nke sekọndrị. N'afọ 1994, o nwetara diploma site na Zimbabwe Institute of Public Relations wee nweta diploma na Mass Communications na Harare Polytechnic n'afọ 1995. Ọ gụsịrị akwụkwọ na Mahadum Rhodes jiri ''summa cum laude'' BA na akwụkwọ akụkọ, akwụkwọ na ọmụmụ ihe nkiri na onwa Eprel afọ 1999. <sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B; ''[[wikipedia:Tinye edensibịa|<span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (May 2022)">a chọrọ nkọwa</span>]]'' &#x5D;</sup> == Ọrụ == Site n'afọ 1999 ruo 2001, Matambanadzo jikọrọ aka, dee, dezie na akụkụ 156 nke KiSwahili kwa izu, akụkọ French na Bekee na-egosi ihe ngosi telivishọn nke ''Africa Journal'' maka Reuters News Agency . <ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.theglobeandmail.com/arts/african-films-confront-the-horror-of-slavery/article4146666/|title=African films confront the horror of slavery|first=Isabella|author=Matambanadzo|work=[[The Globe & Mail]]|date=2001-04-25|accessdate=2018-03-27}}</ref> Site n'afọ 2003 ruo 2007 ọ bụ onye otu ndị ọrụ nke Odeakwụkwọ ukwu nke United Nations na ihe gbasara Ụmụ nwanyị, ụmụ agbọghọ na HIV / AIDS na Southern Africa. A na-ebipụta akụkọ ya na onyinye ya na nke ndị otu ndị ọzọ ama dị ka Facing the Future Together: Report of the United Nations Secretary-General's Task Force on Women, Girls and HIV/AIDS in Southern Africa.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://genderandaids.unwomen.org/en/resources/2004/09/facing-the-future-together-report-of-the-united-nations--secretarygenerals-task-force-on-women-girls-and-hivaids-in-southern-africa|title=Facing the Future Together: Report of the United Nations Secretary-General's Task Force on Women, Girls and HIV/AIDS in Southern Africa|publisher=UN Women|work=genderandaids.unwomen.org|date=2004|accessdate=31 October 2024}}</ref> N'afọ 2004 na 2006, Matambanadzo bụ onye na-agba ajụjụ ọnụ, onye na-ese foto na onye nyocha maka Dr Kaori Izumi na ikike ala ụmụ nwanyị na ihe onwunwe na South Africa. Ndị mpaghara ụlọ ọrụ [[Food and Agriculture Organization|FAO]] maka Ndịda na ọwụwa anyanwụ Africa bipụtara akụkọ a. <ref>{{Cite book|date=2006|author=Izumi, K.|title=Reclaiming our lives: HIV and AIDS, women's land and property rights and livelihoods in southern and East Africa: narratives and responses|publisher=HSRC Press|isbn=9780796921369|url=http://repository.hsrc.ac.za/handle/20.500.11910/6546}}</ref> Site n'afọ 2004 ruo 2009, ọ rụrụ ọrụ dị ka onye otu Redio VOP. N'ụbọchị 24 onwa Jenụwarị afọ 2006, e jidere Matambanadzo na ndị nlekọta ise ndị ọzọ sitere na Redio VOP Zimbabwe maka ebubo nke ịrụ ọrụ na-enweghị ikikere. O kwuru na ọ bụ iji gbochie mkpuchi onwe onye nke ihe omume na Zimbabwe. N'oge ahụ, Zimbabwe nọ na-enwe nnukwu ọgba aghara ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị na mmekpa ahụ na egwu nke ndị nta akụkọ nwere onwe ha. <ref>{{Cite news|url=http://allafrica.com/stories/200603090680.html|title=Zimbabwe: Radio Voice of the People Trustees Face Trial Over Program|author=McElligott|first=Margaret|date=2006-03-09|work=allAfrica.com|accessdate=2018-03-07}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.rjr.ru.ac.za/|title=RJR Alive 2|work=www.rjr.ru.ac.za|accessdate=2018-03-07|archivedate=2018-04-02|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20180402220659/http://www.rjr.ru.ac.za/}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://mg.co.za/article/2006-01-24-zimbabwe-radio-bosses-charged-under-tough-laws|title=Zimbabwe radio bosses charged under tough laws|author=<!--Not stated-->|work=The M&G Online|date=2006-01-24|accessdate=2018-03-07}}</ref> N'oge na-adịghị anya, a tọhapụrụ ha na mgbapụta ma yigharịa ikpe ha ruo n'ụbọchị 25 onwa Septemba afọ 2006, mgbe e mechara wepụ ebubo. Matambanadzo na ndị otu ndị ọzọ malitere ime ihe gbasara nnwere onwe mgbasa ozi. Maka ọrụ ya, Amnesty International nabatara ya dị ka otu n'ime ndi ama dika 11 Front Line Women Human Rights Defenders afọ 2007 .<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.amnesty.org/en/documents/afr46/026/2006/en/|title=Zimbabwe: Women on the Front Line: Calendar 2007|publisher=Amnesty International|work=www.amnesty.org|date=2006-12-01|accessdate=2018-03-07}}</ref> Matambanadzo na-aga n'ihu na-etinye aka na ime ihe ike maka okike na ikike ụmụ nwanyị n'ógbè nke ịkwaga, enweghị ala na ikike ụmụaka. <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://ruralreporters.com/not-mozambican-not-zimbabwean-female-miners-moan-stateless-babies-born-in-no-mans-land/|title=Not Mozambican, Not Zimbabwean: What Will Become Of The Babies Born In No-man's Land?|first=Ray|author=Mwareya|work=ruralreporters.com|date=2016-11-28|accessdate=2018-03-12}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.thestandard.co.zw/2016/11/13/plight-stateless-people-zimbabwe/|title=The plight of stateless people in Zimbabwe|first=Veneranda|author=Langa|date=2016-11-13|work=The Standard|accessdate=2018-03-12}}</ref> N'ihe gbasara ịgba ohu nke oge a, onye ama dika Financial Gazette (Zimbabwe) kwuru na Matambanadzo gbara gọọmentị ume ka ha mee ka nrụgide dị elu na Kuwait iji kọwaa ebe nwanyị Zimbabwe ọ bụla a zụrụ ahịa na Kuwait nọ.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.financialgazette.co.zw/sad-reality-of-modern-day-slavery/|title=Sad reality of modern-day slavery {{!}} The Financial Gazette|work=www.financialgazette.co.zw|first=Tabitha|author=Mutenga|date=May 19, 2016|accessdate=2018-03-12|archivedate=2018-03-27|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20180327212853/http://www.financialgazette.co.zw/sad-reality-of-modern-day-slavery/}}</ref> Ọ rịọwokwa gọọmentị nke Zimbabwe maka itinye aka nhata ụmụ nwanyị na ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://newzimbabwevision.com/rwanda-has-61-3-women-in-government-and-zimbabwes-has-35-women-in-government-yet-women-make-52-percent-of-zimbabwe-population/|title=RWANDA HAS 61.3% WOMEN RERESENTATIVES IN GOVERNMENT AND ZIMBABWE HAS 35 % WOMEN IN GOVERNMENT yet women make 52 percent of Zimbabwe population|work=newzimbabwevision.com|date=2018-03-12|accessdate=2018-03-12|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20180327212710/http://newzimbabwevision.com/rwanda-has-61-3-women-in-government-and-zimbabwes-has-35-women-in-government-yet-women-make-52-percent-of-zimbabwe-population/|archivedate=March 27, 2018}}</ref> [[Otú:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ]] 1rx1y0biqne0govhjk3g36tp3ixxyza 0 63138 320110 2025-07-01T04:39:22Z NiferO 20385 Ekere na itugharị ihụakwụkwọ nke a "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1080189716|Amaranthus thunbergii]]" 320110 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Speciesbox|genus=Amaranthus|species=thunbergii|authority=[[Alfred Moquin-Tandon|Moq.]]}} '''''Amaranthus thunbergii''''', nke a na-akpọkarị Thunberg's '''amaranthus''' ma ọbụ '''Thunberg's pigweed''', dị na Africa. A na-eji akwụkwọ ya eme ihe dị ka ihe na-esi ísì ụtọ ma ọ bụ akwụkwọ nri . == Ntụaka == {{Reflist}} == Njikọ mpụga == * [http://database.prota.org/dbtw-wpd/exec/dbtwpub.dll?AC=QBE_QUERY&BU=http%3A%2F%2Fdatabase.prota.org%2Fsearch.htm&TN=PROTAB~1&QB0=AND&QF0=Species+Code&QI0=Amaranthus+thunbergii&RF=Webdisplay PROTAbase on ''Amaranthus thunbergii''] * "Amaran thus thunber gii Plants for a Future{{PFAF|Amaranthus thunbergii}} kkbpy801ujh500fs623ivbuoil5wkix 0 63139 320123 2025-07-01T10:11:00Z NiferO 20385 Ekere na itugharị ihụakwụkwọ nke a "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1245244577|List of African restaurants]]" 320123 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Faịlụ:Portland,_Oregon_-_February_27,_2021_-_206.jpg|áká_ịkẹngạ|thumb|Mputa nke Akadi na Portland, Oregon, na 2021]] Ụlọ oriri na ọṅụṅụ ndị a ma ama na-enye nri ndị Africa: * Abyssinian Kitchen – Portland, Oregon, U.S.<ref>{{Cite web|author=Russell|first=Michael|date=2017-09-26|title=Southeast Portland's 40 best restaurants|url=https://www.oregonlive.com/dining/2017/09/southeast_portlands_40_best_re.html|accessdate=2024-02-01|work=[[The Oregonian]]|language=en|archivedate=2023-01-27|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20230127051601/https://www.oregonlive.com/dining/2017/09/southeast_portlands_40_best_re.html}}</ref> * [[Akoko (ụlọ oriri na ọṅụṅụ)|Akoko]], London, United Kingdom * Akadi – Portland, Oregon<ref>{{Cite web|date=2018-07-04|title=Akadi Broadens Portland’s Palate for West African Cuisine|url=https://www.wweek.com/restaurants/2018/07/03/akadi-broadens-portlands-palate-for-west-african-cuisine/|accessdate=2024-02-01|work=Willamette Week|language=en|archivedate=2021-02-06|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20210206133115/https://www.wweek.com/restaurants/2018/07/03/akadi-broadens-portlands-palate-for-west-african-cuisine/}}</ref> * Bintü Atelier, Charleston, South Carolina * Chishuru, London * Mourad – San Francisco, California * Queen of Sheba – Portland, Oregon<ref>{{Cite web|author=MacEvoy|first=Maya|date=2018-03-30|title=Where to Find Exceptional Ethiopian Food in Portland|url=https://pdx.eater.com/maps/portland-ethiopian-restaurants-habesha-abyssinian-eritrean|accessdate=2024-02-01|work=Eater Portland|language=en|archivedate=2021-04-18|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20210418013002/https://pdx.eater.com/maps/portland-ethiopian-restaurants-habesha-abyssinian-eritrean}}</ref> == Ntụaka == # Russell, Michael (2017-09-26). "Southeast Portland's 40 best restaurants". The Oregonian. Eweputara from the original on 2023-01-27. eweputara 2024-02-01. # "Akadi Broadens Portland's Palate maka nri ọdịda anyanwụ Africa". Willamette Week. 2018-07-04. eweputara from the original na 2021-02-06. Eweputara 2024-02-01. # MacEvoy, Maya (2018-03-30). "Ebe ị ga-achọta nri ndị Etiopia pụrụiche na Portland". Eater Portland. Ewetara from the original na 2021-04-18. Eweputara 2024-02-01. sr7ogdrjlaaandgz9n3t4426wdvyqui