Wikipedia:Nzọr ogbako

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&lt;!-- Discussion notice starts --&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;background: #ff0; margin: 0 0 3px 0; padding: 0 2px 0 2px;&quot;&gt;[[Wikipedia talk:Ogbako Ọtú|'''Ihü ákíkó''']] dị maka okwu. Biko doséré okwu ébéahụ. Omemé gi detụ na ihü nkà.
&lt;/div&gt;

&lt;!-- Header bar starts --&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;toccolours&quot; id=&quot;siteNotice&quot;&quot;&gt;
[[Wikipedia:Requests_for_Adminship|Requests for Adminship]] | [[Wikipedia:Request_for_Bot_status|Request for Bot approval]] | [[:Category:Wikipedia_articles_needing _translation|Articles for Translation]] | [[:Category:Article nke ntakiri|Articles needing expansion]]&lt;/div&gt;

{{Íshí Nzọr Inglish}}
{{Ihe Anyi gi me}}

==Administrator access==
I would like to be an administrator on this Igbo wikipedia. '''[[User:Ukabia|Álúsí Wikipedia Ìgbo]]''' - [[User talk:Ukabia|okwú na ókà]] 17:21, 10 Önwa Asaa 2011 (UTC)

I would love to be an administrator on ig.wikipedia. The admin tools would be useful in order to fight vandalism on ig.wikipedia, improve the main page etc. [[Ọbanife:Blossom Ozurumba|Blossom Ozurumba]] ([[Okwu ọbanife:Blossom Ozurumba|talk]]) 11:36, 1 Önwa Asáto 2017 (UTC)


I would love to be an administrator on ig.wikipedia. The admin tools would be useful in organizing the page,  fight vandalism on ig.wikipedia, improve articles etc. [[Ọbanife:Oby Ezeilo|Oby Ezeilo]] ([[Okwu ọbanife:Oby Ezeilo | Oby Ezeilo]] ([[Okwu ọbanife:Oby Ezeilo|talk]]) 17:35, 1 Ọnwaìrinàotù 2020 (UTC)

&lt;br&gt;
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[[Category:Wikipedia]]
I would love to be an administrator on ig.wikipedia. The admin tools would be useful in correcting certain misspelt words which change the meaning of words in Igbo and hence reduce the interpretation and make the page difficult to use. 
--[[Ọbanife:Chioma Onyema|Chioma Onyema]] ([[Okwu ọbanife:Chioma Onyema|talk]]) 08:46, 6 Ọnwaàsaà 2021 (UTC)

== Improving the translation support for the Igbo Wikipedia ==

''Sorry about not being able to write in Igbo. I hope someone can translate this!''

[[:mw:Content translation|Content translation]] has been successful in supporting the translation process on many Wikipedia communities, and we want to help additional wikis with potential to grow using translation as part of [[:mw:Content translation/Boost|a new initiative]].

Content translation facilitates the creation of Wikipedia articles by translating content from other languages. It has been used already to create more than half a million articles. In addition, the tool provides [[:mw:Help:Content translation/Translating/Translation quality|mechanisms to encourage the creation of good quality content]], preventing the publication of lightly edited machine translations. In general, our analysis shows that the translations produced are [[:mw:Content_translation/Deletion_statistics_comparison|less likely to be deleted than the articles started from scratch]].

Igbo Wikipedia editors have used Content translation to create [[Special:CXStats|more than three hundred articles]]. Given the size of the editing community, we think that there is potential to use translation to create more articles, expand existing ones, and attract new editors that learn how to make productive edits. Translation can help the community to reduce the language gap with other languages and grow the number of editors in a sustainable way. In order to achieve this goal, we want to collaborate with you to make Content translation more visible in the Igbo Wikipedia and support new ways to translate.

As a first step, during the next weeks we plan to enable Content translation by default on the Igbo Wikipedia. That will make it easy for users to discover the tool [[:mw:Help:Content_translation/Starting|through several entry points]]. However, users not interested in translation will still be able to disable it from their preferences.

Please feel free to share any comment in this conversation thread.

Thanks! --[[Ọbanife:Aaharoni-WMF|Amir E. Aharoni (WMF)]] ([[Okwu ọbanife:Aaharoni-WMF|talk]]) 13:04, 4 Ọnwaìrinàotù 2020 (UTC)

Wwyx

Ụmụ nnem na ụmụ nnam, edeyerem akwụkwọ na meta wikipedia ka fa nyem ikike ma ye kwam ego ịji new ruọ oru. Biko kwado nu mu. Ebe ịga afu ya bu na https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Grants:Project/Rapid/Igboanude/Female_Creators_on_Igbo_Wikipedia --[[Ọbanife:Igboanude|Igboanude]] ([[Okwu ọbanife:Igboanude|talk]]) 07:50, 4 Ọnwaàtọ 2021 (UTC)

I applied for a rapid grant to do a wikidata project on Nigerian female producers etc. the link is attached. I seek your advice and support. https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Grants:Project/Rapid/Offordile234/Nigerian_Female_Film_Producers,_Directors_and_Actors_on_Wikidata --[[Ọbanife:Offordile234|Offordile234]] ([[Okwu ọbanife:Offordile234|talk]]) 21:23, 10 Ọnwaàtọ 2021 (UTC)

I applied for a rapid grant to add content and improve existing content in wikidata about Nigerian religious leaders and the churches. I will like your comments and if approved your participation. the link is https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Grants:Project/Rapid/Chuks_Zilo/Nigerian_Religious_Institutions_on_Wikidata  --[[Ọbanife:Chuks Zilo|Chuks Zilo]] ([[Okwu ọbanife:Chuks Zilo|talk]]) 20:23, 12 Ọnwaànọ 2021 (UTC)

E debeyerem akwụkwọ ka eyem ego ịji rụọ ọrụ. The link is https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Grants:Project/Rapid/Obihoja/Permanent_Secretaries_and_Directors_General/Training Please comment and advice. --[[Ọbanife:Obihoja|Obihoja]] ([[Okwu ọbanife:Obihoja|talk]]) 11:50, 8 Ọnwaìse 2021 (UTC)

E tiyerem akwụkwọ ka ndị wikipedia yem ego maka ọrụ ịtiye foto na ụda onu nịme Igbo Wiktionary. Biko kwadom. Ebe ntịyere ya bụ na https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Grants:Project/Rapid/Igboanude/Pictures_and_Voice_Notes_in_Igbo_Wiktionary  --[[Ọbanife:Igboanude|Igboanude]] ([[Okwu ọbanife:Igboanude|talk]]) 11:03, 12 Ọnwaìse 2021 (UTC)

I applied for a project in wikidata. I will will appreciate your comment and support. the project link is https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Grants:Project/Rapid/Chuks_Zilo/CEOs_of_Quoted_Companies_in_Nigeria --[[Ọbanife:Chuks Zilo|Chuks Zilo]] ([[Okwu ọbanife:Chuks Zilo|talk]]) 13:13, 5 Ọnwa itoolu 2021 (UTC)

== Ịma Ọkwa Obodo Maka Ọrụ M ==

Ezigbo mmadu niile,

Ọ ga-amasị m ịkọrọ unu niile gbasara [https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Grants:Project/Rapid/Clarissagum/Mahadum_Federal_na_Steeti,_Polytechnics_na_K%E1%BB%8Dleji_nke_Mm%E1%BB%A5ta_na_Na%E1%BB%8Bjir%E1%BB%8Ba Mahadum Federal na Steeti, Polytechnics na Kọleji nke Mmụta na Naịjirịa].

Daalụ maka nkwado gị niile.

[[Ọbanife:Clarissagum|Clarissagum]] ([[Okwu ọbanife:Clarissagum|talk]]) 21:21, 9 Ọnwa itoolu 2021 (UTC)

== Photowalk of Minna, Niger state ==

Ndewo ndi nkem,
Pls find attached my [https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Grants:Project/Rapid/OtuNwachinemere/Photowalk_of_Minna,_Niger_State_Nigeria#Activities project grant] request for your endorsement and collaboration.
Thanks --[[Ọbanife:OtuNwachinemere|OtuNwachinemere]] ([[Okwu ọbanife:OtuNwachinemere|talk]]) 12:48, 15 Ọnwa itoolu 2021 (UTC)

==META WIKI INTERFACE TRANSLATION==
I have applied for translation of the meta wiki interface translation for Igbo Wiktionary which is still in the incubator. your contribution and support will be appreciated. https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Grants:Project/Rapid/Obihoja/Igbo_Language_MetaWiki_interface_translation  --[[Ọbanife:Obihoja|Obihoja]] ([[Okwu ọbanife:Obihoja|kwuo]]) 07:45, 15 Ọnwa iri 2021 (UTC)

== Ịma Ọkwa Maka Ọrụ M ==

Ndewo onye ọ bụla,

Ọ ga-amasị m ịkọrọ unu niile gbasara [https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Grants:Project/Rapid/Clarissagum/%E1%BB%A4m%E1%BB%A5_Nwanyi_nd%E1%BB%8B_Nkuzi_na_nd%E1%BB%8B_Nch%E1%BB%8Dp%E1%BB%A5ta_n%27%E1%BB%A5l%E1%BB%8D_Akw%E1%BB%A5kw%E1%BB%8D_Mmuta_di_elu_nke_Na%E1%BB%8Bjir%E1%BB%8Ba Ụmụ Nwanyi ndị Nkuzi na ndị Nchọpụta n'ụlọ Akwụkwọ Mmuta di elu nke Naịjirịa].

Daalụ maka nkwado gị niile.

[[Ọbanife:Clarissagum|Clarissagum]] ([[Okwu ọbanife:Clarissagum|kwuo]]) 10:15, 14 Ọnwa iri na otù 2021 (UTC)

== Deployment of FLORES Machine Translation to Igbo Wikipedia ==

Ndewo nụ ndị ọma!

Apologies as this message is not in your native language, {{Int:Please-translate}}.

The WMF Language team has added another machine translation (MT) support for the Content Translation in Igbo Wikipedia called FLORES. This means that you can choose to use [https://ai.facebook.com/blog/the-flores-101-data-set-helping-build-better-translation-systems-around-the-world/ FLORES machine translation] when translating Wikipedia articles to Igbo using [https://ig.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:ContentTranslation the Content Translation tool].
 
The FLORES Machine Translation service is provided by an [https://ai.facebook.com/ AI research team at Meta] through a free for use API key that allows the Content Translation to access the service on the FLORES server for an evaluation trial period. This MT is set as optional; in your Wikipedia, which means you can choose not to use it as your preferred initial translator. If you decide to use this service, you can select &quot;FLORES&quot; from the &quot;Initial Translation&quot; dropdown menu where you will find other existing machine translation services on the sidebar.
 
The Wikimedia Foundation has worked out an agreement that allows the use of FLORES without compromising Wikipedia’s policies about attribution of rights, your privacy as a user, and brand representation. You can find more information about the FLORES Machine translation on [[mw:Content_translation/Machine_Translation/Flores#Summary_of_our_agreement_with_Meta|this page]].
 
Please note that the use of the FLORES MT is optional. However, we would want your community to:
*use it to improve the quality of the Machine Translation service; and
*[[mw:Talk:Content_translation|provide feedback]] about its quality and ask any questions you might have about this addition.
 
We trust that this addition is a good support to the Content Translations tool towards having better quality articles in Igbo Wikipedia.
 
Daalụ nụ! 

[[Ọbanife:UOzurumba (WMF)|UOzurumba (WMF)]] ([[Okwu ọbanife:UOzurumba (WMF)|kwuo]]) 12:02, 7 Ọnwa abụọ 2022 (UTC)

== Making Flores a default Machine Translation for three months in Igbo Wikipedia ==

Ndewo nụ ndi nkem!

The WMF Language team would like to make [https://www.mediawiki.org/wiki/Content_translation/Machine_Translation/Flores Flores], provided by an [https://ai.facebook.com/ AI research team at Meta], the default machine translation support in your Wikipedia Content Translation tool for a test period of 3 months.

The above experiment will help us determine how useful the Machine Translation is for your community more reliably. By setting Flores as the default service, we expect more content to be created by using it and the data about its quality to be more representative. We plan to effect this change on 11th April 2022 unless your community has an objection not to make the FLORES the default Machine translation. 

It is okay if individuals decide to select their default service, which would also be helpful to understand user preferences. However, we would encourage you to use it. After three months, we would revert to the initial default machine translation unless your community thinks otherwise. 

We thank you for your support and look forward to the outcome of this test.

[[Ọbanife:UOzurumba (WMF)|UOzurumba (WMF)]] ([[Okwu ọbanife:UOzurumba (WMF)|kwuo]]) 18:48, 28 Ọnwa atọ 2022 (UTC) On behalf of the WMF Language team.


I have recently applied for a grant on training and competition for senior citizens. it is a proposal to bring in more senior citizens to join the wikipedia family. it will be a training and competion for participating seniors. will appreciate your suggestions.--[[Ọbanife:Igboanude|Igboanude]] ([[Okwu ọbanife:Igboanude|kwuo]]) 14:55, 26 Ọnwa ise 2022 (UTC)

== Reverting to Google as the default Machine Translation in Igbo Wikipedia ==

Ndewo ndi nkem!

Three months ago, the WMF Language team set the [[mw:Content_translation/Machine_Translation/Flores|Flores]] Machine Translation (MT) support as the default in your Wikipedia which just ended.

So, we want to revert to the initial default Machine translation support for the Content translation tool in Zulu Wikipedia unless there are objections from your community to retain the Flores as your default MT.

We will wait two weeks for your feedback in this thread on the above, and If there are no objections to reverting to the [[mw:Help:Content_translation/Translating/Initial_machine_translation#Google_Translate|Google Translate]], we will make the Google MT the default translation in your Content translation tool after the 25th of July, 2022.

Thank you so much, and we look forward to your feedback.

[[Ọbanife:UOzurumba (WMF)|UOzurumba (WMF)]] ([[Okwu ọbanife:UOzurumba (WMF)|kwuo]]) 12:40, 12 Ọnwa asaa 2022 (UTC) On hehalf of the WMF Language team.

:Dear @[[Ọbanife:UOzurumba (WMF)|UOzurumba (WMF)]] thank you for the update. Speaking for myself and from feedback from other community members, Flores has more accurate translations than Google Translate and we would prefer to keep Flores as default.
:Thank you! [[Ọbanife:Tochiprecious|Tochiprecious]] ([[Okwu ọbanife:Tochiprecious|kwuo]]) 15:54, 12 Ọnwa asaa 2022 (UTC)
::Thank you @[[Ọbanife:Tochiprecious|Tochiprecious]] for the feedback. This means we will not be reverting to Google since the community prefers Flores because it is more accurate. We will leave Flores as the default Machine Translation, while the Google Machine translation will be optional.
::Best regards. [[Ọbanife:UOzurumba (WMF)|UOzurumba (WMF)]] ([[Okwu ọbanife:UOzurumba (WMF)|kwuo]]) 19:06, 12 Ọnwa asaa 2022 (UTC)

== &quot;Talk page&quot; ==

Hi!

At a translatewiki training on July 30, there was a side discussion about the right word to use for &quot;Talk&quot;, &quot;Talk page&quot;, &quot;Discussion&quot;, etc.

&quot;Talk page&quot; refers to pages on which editors discuss the following things:
* The article—how to write it, what to include, what to exclude, what terminology to use, etc.
* General Wikipedia matters—policies, style, appointing administrators, etc.
* Direct conversations with users (&quot;user talk page&quot;).

As a general comment, in English, the words &quot;discussion&quot; and &quot;talk&quot; are used for this, but it's actually the same thing, and can be translated with the same word in Igbo.

The words that I can see here are:
* Mkparita ụka
* nkàta
* Akíkó
* Nkpata okà
* Kuwa akíkó
* kwuo
* okwu

There may also be other words that I haven't noticed.

I recommend choosing consistent translations for &quot;talk&quot; and &quot;talk page&quot;, and using them consistently. [[Ọbanife:Amire80|Amir E. Aharoni]] ([[Okwu ọbanife:Amire80|kwuo]]) 11:05, 31 Ọnwa asaa 2022 (UTC)

:Thank you for this recommendation @[[Ọbanife:Amire80|Amire80]]. Best, [[Ọbanife:Tochiprecious|Tochiprecious]] ([[Okwu ọbanife:Tochiprecious|kwuo]]) 14:40, 5 Ọnwa asatọ 2022 (UTC)

== Atụmatụ ịgbanwe aha &quot;talk spaces&quot; anyị  ==

Ndewo ụmụnne! Ọ ga-amasị m ịtụ aro ka anyị gbanwee aha 'talk spaces' n'asụsụ Igbo site na &quot;Okwu&quot; gaa na &quot;Ṅkàtá&quot;, n'ihi na ọ dị m ka &quot;Ṅkàtá&quot; na-akọwa ọrụ ya nke ọma karịa 'Okwu'. Ewelitere nke a n'oge usoro nkwado maka Wiktionary Igbo na Wikiquote na Meta. Iji gbanwee nke a, anyị kwesịrị igosi ebe anyị nwere nkwenye maka ngbanwe a, yabụ biko kwupụta echiche gị banyere mgbanwe a n'okpuru - ọ bụrụ na ịnwere nkwenye maka ngbanwe a n'ime izu ole na ole a n'abia, anyị nwere ike ịrịọ ka ha gbanwee ya. Ọ bụrụ na anyị kpebie ịgbanwe aha ndị ahụ, aha ochie nọ ebe a ga-aga n'ihu na-arụ ọrụ na njikọ, mana ọ gaghị abụ aha na-egosipụta na ibe okwu. Mee ka m mara ihe ị chere! Ya gazie! [[Ọbanife:Tochiprecious|Tochiprecious]] ([[Okwu ọbanife:Tochiprecious|kwuo]]) 15:01, 5 Ọnwa asatọ 2022 (UTC)

:Ọ ga adị ezigbo mkpa ma ha mgbanwe ibe okwu dị na Wikipidia anyị. E kweyere m nke ọma ka e mee mgbanwe a. [[Ọbanife:Olugold|Olugold]] ([[Okwu ọbanife:Olugold|kwuo]]) 15:12, 5 Ọnwa asatọ 2022 (UTC)
::Imeela na nzaghachi gị @[[Ọbanife:Olugold|Olugold]] [[Ọbanife:Tochiprecious|Tochiprecious]] ([[Okwu ọbanife:Tochiprecious|kwuo]]) 11:18, 6 Ọnwa asatọ 2022 
(UTC)

:Ọ di mmá kà anyị gbanwee áhà ndi a. E kwenyere m. [[Ọbanife:Kingsley Nkem|Kingsley Nkem]] ([[Okwu ọbanife:Kingsley Nkem|kwuo]]) 08:35, 6 Ọnwa asatọ 2022 (UTC)
::Ndewo na nkwado gị @[[Ọbanife:Kingsley Nkem|Kingsley Nkem]] [[Ọbanife:Tochiprecious|Tochiprecious]] ([[Okwu ọbanife:Tochiprecious|kwuo]]) 11:18, 6 Ọnwa asatọ 2022 (UTC)

:E kwenyere m na mgbanwe aha a n'ihi na &quot;Nkàta&quot; ka kọwaa ya karịa &quot;okwu. [[Ọbanife:Uzoejinwa|Uzoejinwa]] ([[Okwu ọbanife:Uzoejinwa|kwuo]]) 9:22, 6 Ọnwa asatọ 2022 (UTC)

:A nam eche na &quot;Nkàtá&quot; kọwara ihe a na-ekwu maka ya karịa &quot;Okwu&quot;. N'ihi nke a, e kwenyere m na mgbanwe a. [[Ọbanife:Timzy D&amp;#39;Great|Timzy D&amp;#39;Great]] ([[Okwu ọbanife:Timzy D&amp;#39;Great|kwuo]]) 08:49, 6 Ọnwa asatọ 2022 (UTC)
::Eziokwu ka ikwuru @[[Ọbanife:Timzy D'Great|Timzy D'Great]] [[Ọbanife:Tochiprecious|Tochiprecious]] ([[Okwu ọbanife:Tochiprecious|kwuo]]) 11:19, 6 Ọnwa asatọ 2022 (UTC)

:Ọ bụ ihe ziri ezi ime ya bụ ḿgbánwè. &quot;Ńkàtá&quot; kasịrị daba adaba nke ọma karịa &quot;Okwu&quot;. Ekwenyere m na nke ahụ. [[Ọbanife:Daberechi16|Dabere16]]
([[Okwu Ọbanife: Daberechi16|kwuo]]) 11:02, 6 Satọnafọ 2022 (UTC)

:Ọ dị mma maka &quot;Nkàta&quot; bụ aha ya kpọmkwem ma kakwa wee kọwaa ya nke oma karịa &quot;okwu. [[Ọbanife:Onyinyeonuoha|Achukwu Onyinye]] ([[Okwu ọbanife:Onyinyeonuoha|kwuo]]) 1:11, 6 Ọnwa asatọ 2022 (UTC)

: This change is a welcome development since it is a known fact that language is dynamic; hence Igbo language is no exception to this dynamism and as such, ''Nkata'' captures the content of the discussion. [[Ọbanife:Iwuala Lucy|Iwuala Lucy]] ([[Okwu ọbanife:Iwuala Lucy|kwuo]]) 13:37, 6 Ọnwa asatọ 2022 (UTC)
:Ọ di mmá kà anyị gbanwee áhà ndi a. E kwenyere m na nke a [[Ọbanife:Lebron jay|Lebron jay]] ([[Okwu ọbanife:Lebron jay|kwuo]]) 14:04, 6 Ọnwa asatọ 2022 (UTC)

:E kwenyere m ka a gbanwee áhà a site N'okwụ baa na ńkàtá maka ọ dabara nke ọma. [[Jabinekene:Ekene Amaechi|Ekene Amaechi]]  04:00, 6 Ọnwa asatọ 2022 (UTC)

I agree to the change of the name ọ f &quot;Talk Places&quot; to &quot;Nkata&quot; because it gives to real meaning of the word in Igbo Language rather than&quot;talk&quot; [[Ọbanife:Chikeme Chizurum|Chikeme Chizurum]] ([[Okwu ọbanife:Chikeme Chizurum|kwuo]]) 02:55, 8 Ọnwa asatọ  2022 (UTC)

==Usoro ọdide asụsụ Igbo==
===Ndakọrịta Udaume (Vowel Harmony)===
Ndakọrịta Udaume bụ usoro iwu odide Igbo wubere na ụdaume Igbo ga-agbaso mgbe eji ha emebe mkpụrụokwu maọbụ ekwu okwu.
N'asụsụ Igbo e nwere ụdaume asatọ, Ha bụ '''''a e i ị o ọ u ụ'''''. E kere Ụdaume ndị a ụzọ abụọ .
1) Ụdamfe/Otu A: a  ị  ọ  ụ. Otu A nwere kpọm n'okpuru ha ma ewepụ a
2) Ụdaarọ/Otu E: e  i  o  u. Otu E enweghị kpọm n'okpuru ha
Iwu megidere na mgbe ọbụla ụdaume si n'otu nke ọbula na-emebe okwu, mara na mkpụrụokwu ahụ ga ejupụta na ụdaume si n'otu ahụ.
Ọmụmaatụ: 
Okwu ndị si n'Otu A---
Ọgụ (fight)
Ụdọ (rope)
Azịza (broom)
ịgba (Drum) 
          
Okwu ndị si n'Otu E---
Ezi (Pig) 
Udo (peace)
Iko (Cup)
Olulu (Pit)
===Ede ụdaume na-ada iwu ndakọrịta===
1) Aha mmadụ:
Ọbiageli
Ijeọma
Chigaekwu
Chukwuma 
wee dịrị gawa
2) Okwu ọkpụ: Okwu ndị nna anyị ha na-ekwu ọkpụtọrọkpụ dịka: Ngaji
                                                            Omenala
                                                            Dibịa
                                                            Ụdaume
Ọ dị mkpa ịghọta iwu ndakọrịta Ụdaume nke ọma iji mata ma ghọta ụfọdụ mgbanwe dị n'ụtọasụsụ Igbo.

== STUDY ON WHY WIKIPEDIA IS NOT BEING USED IN NIGERIAN CLASSROOM ==
The Igbo Language and Culture Institute has applied for a project to conduct a research on Overcoming Challenges of Introducing Wikipedia in Nigeria Classroom. your suggestions will be appreciated. --[[Ọbanife:Obihoja|Obihoja]] ([[Okwu ọbanife:Obihoja|kwuo]]) 10:36, 19 Ọgọọst 2022 (UTC)

== The name of this page ==

Hi!

What should be the name of this page: &quot;Nzọr ogbako&quot;, &quot;Ogbako otú&quot;, or something else? [[Ọbanife:Amire80|Amir E. Aharoni]] ([[Okwu ọbanife:Amire80|kwuo]]) 07:40, 23 Ọktoba 2022 (UTC)

== Namespace names ==

Hi,

I spoke to @[[Ọbanife:Oby Ezeilo|Oby Ezeilo]], and she found many mistakes in the names of namespaces on this wiki.

This problem needs a thorough solution. As a first step, I'd love to know the Igbo Wikipedia's community opinion about several terms. For each of the following terms, there must be one consistent term used everywhere, because all these words are very common and important:

;Special
:This must be the translation of the word &quot;special&quot; in &quot;special page&quot;. (The word &quot;page&quot; is not needed, only &quot;special&quot;.) The current translation is &quot;Ihü kárírí&quot;, and it's probably incorrect. Oby Ezeilo's suggestion is &quot;Ọpụrụiche&quot;.
;Talk ''or'' Discussion
:&quot;Talk pages&quot; or &quot;Discussion pages&quot; are pages where editors have discussions about articles or about other topics. For example, &quot;Talk:Nigeria&quot; is the talk page of the article &quot;Nigeria&quot;, and &quot;User talk:Amire80&quot; is the personal talk page of User:Amire80. In English, the words &quot;Talk&quot; and &quot;Discussion&quot; are both used, but it's the same thing, so you can use one word in Igbo. The current translation is &quot;Okwu&quot;, and Oby Ezeilo's suggestion is &quot;Ńkàtá&quot;.
;User
:A user is anyone who uses the wiki as a reader or an editor. The current word is &quot;Ọbanife&quot;. Oby Ezeilo recommends the word &quot;Ojiarụ&quot;.
;File
:Files on Wikipedia usually store photos, videos, or documents. The current word is &quot;Usòrò&quot;, and it's probably wrong. What should be the correct translation?
;Template
:A template is a piece of text or code that can be embedded in other pages. Common examples of templates are infoboxes, citations, tags at the top of the article, etc. The current word is &quot;Àtụ&quot;. Is it good?
;Help
:Help pages are pages that explain how to use Wikipedia. Some examples of English-language help pages: [[:w:en:Help:Recent changes|Help:Recent changes]], [[:w:en:Help:Table|Help:Table]], etc. The current word is &quot;Nkwadọ&quot;, and Oby Ezeilo recommends &quot;Enyemaka&quot;.
;Category
:A category is a group of pages that have a similar topic. For example, the Wikipedia articles about [[:w:en:Leymah Gbowee|Leymah Gbowee]], [[:w:en:Andrei Sakharov|Andrei Sakharov]], and [[:w:en:Alva Myrdal|Alva Myrdal]] all belong to the &quot;Nobel Peace Prize laureates&quot; category in the English Wikipedia, and are automatically listed on that category's page: [[:w:en:Category:Nobel Peace Prize laureates|Category:Nobel Peace Prize laureates]]. The current word is &quot;Òtù&quot;, and Oby Ezeilo recommends &quot;Katigori&quot;.

What do other Igbo Wikipedia editors think? How should these words be written in Igbo?

Here's the list again, briefly:
* Special
* Talk
* User
* File
* Template
* Help
* Category

Please reply here.

Once everyone agrees on these terms' translation, it will be possible to write correct translations for all the namespace names.

Thank you! :) [[Ọbanife:Amire80|Amir E. Aharoni]] ([[Okwu ọbanife:Amire80|kwuo]]) 08:13, 23 Ọktoba 2022 (UTC)

:Hello Amir, thank you for this question. After so much deliberation in our community, we voted this: 


Here's the list, 

* Special -Ọpụrụiche
* Talk - Ṅkàtá
* User -Ojiarụ
* File -Faịlụ
* Template -Templeeti 
* Help -Enyemaka
* Category - Otú
Thank you!
[[Ọbanife:Tochiprecious|Tochiprecious]] ([[Okwu ọbanife:Tochiprecious|kwuo]]) 17:04, 24 Ọktoba 2022 (UTC)

:I highly support the introduction of these newly translated words. [[Ọbanife:Kingsley Nkem|Kingsley Nkem]] ([[Okwu ọbanife:Kingsley Nkem|kwuo]]) 18:21, 24 Ọktoba 2022 (UTC)
:I Strongly support the use of these terms Tochiprecious listed above. Thanks [[Ọbanife:Olugold|Olugold]] ([[Okwu ọbanife:Olugold|kwuo]]) 18:22, 24 Ọktoba 2022 (UTC)

I am in support of the names translation, because it will be of a great help to our community.
[[Ọbanife: Senator Choko|Senator Choko]] ([[Okwu ọbanife: Senator Choko|kwuo]]) 18:16, 24 Ọktoba 2022 (UTC)

:Effecting these changes on the page will make it more understandable to the users. I'm in support of these new developments. [[Ọbanife:Iwuala Lucy|Iwuala Lucy]] ([[Okwu ọbanife:Iwuala Lucy|kwuo]]) 18:03, 24 Ọktoba 2022 (UTC)
::I support this.. I support the new name translation brought up here [[Ọbanife:Sayvhior|Sayvhior]] ([[Okwu ọbanife:Sayvhior|kwuo]]) 19:55, 24 Ọktoba 2022 (UTC)

::I support those new translations to be put to use.  [[Ọbanife:Daberechi16|Daberechi16]] ([[Okwu ọbanife:Daberechi16|kwuo]]) 12:36, 25 Ọktoba 2022 (UTC)

:I strongly support these changes as it makes them more understandable. [[Ọbanife:Timzy D&amp;#39;Great|Timzy D&amp;#39;Great]] ([[Okwu ọbanife:Timzy D&amp;#39;Great|kwuo]]) 09:06, 25 Ọktoba 2022 (UTC)

== Upcoming vote on the revised Enforcement Guidelines for the Universal Code of Conduct ==

Hello all,

In mid-January 2023, the [[metawiki:Special:MyLanguage/Universal_Code_of_Conduct/Revised_enforcement_guidelines|Enforcement Guidelines]] for the [[metawiki:Special:MyLanguage/Universal_Code_of_Conduct|Universal Code of Conduct]] will undergo a second community-wide ratification vote. This follows [[metawiki:Special:MyLanguage/Universal_Code_of_Conduct/Enforcement_guidelines/Voting/Results|the March 2022 vote]], which resulted in a majority of voters supporting the Enforcement Guidelines. During the vote, participants helped highlight important community concerns. The Board’s [[metawiki:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia_Foundation_Community_Affairs_Committee|Community Affairs Committee]] requested that these areas of concern be reviewed.

The volunteer-led [[metawiki:Special:MyLanguage/Universal_Code_of_Conduct/Drafting_committee#Revisions_Committee_members|Revisions Committee]] worked hard reviewing community input and making changes. They updated areas of concern, such as training and affirmation requirements, privacy and transparency in the process, and readability and translatability of the document itself.

The revised Enforcement Guidelines can be viewed '''[[metawiki:Special:MyLanguage/Universal_Code_of_Conduct/Revised_enforcement_guidelines|here]]''', and a comparison of changes can be found '''[[metawiki:Special:MyLanguage/Universal_Code_of_Conduct/Revised_enforcement_guidelines/Comparison|here]]'''.

'''How to vote?'''

Beginning '''January 17, 2023''', voting will be open. '''[[metawiki:Special:MyLanguage/Universal_Code_of_Conduct/Revised_enforcement_guidelines/Voter_information|This page on Meta-wiki]]''' outlines information on how to vote using SecurePoll.

'''Who can vote?'''

The '''[[metawiki:Special:MyLanguage/Universal_Code_of_Conduct/Revised_enforcement_guidelines/Voter_information#Voting_eligibility|eligibility requirements]]''' for this vote are the same as for the Wikimedia Board of Trustees elections. See the voter information page for more details about voter eligibility. If you are an eligible voter, you can use your Wikimedia account to access the voting server.

'''What happens after the vote?'''

Votes will be scrutinized by an independent group of volunteers, and the results will be published on Wikimedia-l, the Movement Strategy Forum, Diff and on Meta-wiki. Voters will again be able to vote and share concerns they have about the guidelines. The Board of Trustees will look at the levels of support and concerns raised as they look at how the Enforcement Guidelines should be ratified or developed further.

On behalf of the UCoC Project Team, 

[[Ọbanife:Zuz (WMF)|Zuz (WMF)]] ([[Okwu ọbanife:Zuz (WMF)|ṅkátá]]) 08:59, 10 Jenụwarị 2023 (UTC)

== Universal Code of Conduct revised enforcement guidelines vote results ==

The recent community-wide vote on the [[metawiki:Special:MyLanguage/Universal_Code_of_Conduct/Revised_enforcement_guidelines|Universal Code of Conduct revised Enforcement Guidelines]] has been tallied and scrutinized. Thank you to everyone who participated.

After 3097 voters from 146 Wikimedia communities voted, the results are 76% in support of the Enforcement Guidelines, and 24% in opposition. [[metawiki:Special:MyLanguage/Universal_Code_of_Conduct/Revised_enforcement_guidelines/Voting_statistics|Statistics]] for the vote are available. A more detailed summary of comments submitted during the vote will be published soon.

From here, the results and comments collected during this vote will be submitted to the Board of Trustees for their review. The current expectation is that the Board of Trustees review process will complete in March 2023. We will update you when their review process is completed.

On behalf of the UCoC Project Team,

[[Ọbanife:Zuz (WMF)|Zuz (WMF)]] ([[Okwu ọbanife:Zuz (WMF)|ṅkátá]]) 22:54, 16 Febụwarị 2023 (UTC)

== Community feedback cycle about updating the Wikimedia Terms of use starts ==

Hello everyone,

[[metawiki:Special:MyLanguage/wiki/Wikimedia_Foundation_Legal_department|Wikimedia Foundation Legal Department]] is organizing a feedback-cycle with community members to discuss updating the Wikimedia Terms of Use.

[[foundation:Special:MyLanguage/Terms_of_Use|The Terms of Use (ToU)]] are the legal terms that govern the use of websites hosted by the Wikimedia Foundation. We will be gathering your feedback on a draft proposal from February through April. The draft will be translated into several languages, with written feedback accepted in any language.

This update comes in response to several things:

* Implementing the Universal Code of Conduct
* Updating project text to the Creative Commons BY-SA 4.0 license
* Proposal for better addressing undisclosed paid editing
* Bringing our terms in line with current and recently passed laws affecting the Foundation, including the European Digital Services Act

As part of the feedback cycle two office hours will be held, the first on March 2, the second on April 4.

For further information, please consult:

* The [[metawiki:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia_Foundation_Legal_department/2023_ToU_updates/Proposed_update|proposed update of the ToU by comparison]]
* The page for your [[metawiki:Talk:Terms_of_use|feedback]]
* Information about [[metawiki:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia_Foundation_Legal_department/2023_ToU_updates/Office_hours|the office hours]]

On behalf of the Wikimedia Foundation Legal Team,

[[Ọbanife:Zuz (WMF)|Zuz (WMF)]] ([[Okwu ọbanife:Zuz (WMF)|ṅkátá]]) 13:00, 21 Febụwarị 2023 (UTC)

== Reminder: Office hours about updating the Wikimedia Terms of Use ==

: ''[[metawiki:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia_Foundation_Legal_department/2023_ToU_updates/Office_hours/Reminder|You can find this message translated into additional languages on Meta-wiki.]]''
: [[metawiki:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia_Foundation_Legal_department/2023_ToU_updates/Office_hours/Reminder|More languages]] ''•'' [https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:Translate&amp;group=page-Wikimedia+Foundation+Legal+department%2F2023+ToU+updates%2FOffice+hours%2FReminder&amp;language=&amp;action=page&amp;filter= Please help translate to your language]

Hello everyone,

This a reminder that the [[metawiki:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia_Foundation_Legal_department|Wikimedia Foundation Legal Department]] is hosting [[metawiki:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia_Foundation_Legal_department/2023_ToU_updates/Office_hours|office hours]] with community members about [[metawiki:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia_Foundation_Legal_department/2023_ToU_updates/Proposed_update|updating the Wikimedia Terms of Use]].

The office hours will be held today, '''March 2, from 17:00 UTC to 18:30 UTC.''' See for more [[metawiki:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia_Foundation_Legal_department/2023_ToU_updates/Office_hours|details here on Meta]].

Another office hours will be held on April 4.

We hereby kindly invite you to participate in the discussion. Please note that this meeting will be held in English language and led by the members of the Wikimedia Foundation Legal Team, who will take and answer your questions. Facilitators from the Movement Strategy and Governance Team will provide the necessary assistance and other meeting-related services.

On behalf of the Wikimedia Foundation Legal Team,

[[Ọbanife:Zuz (WMF)|Zuz (WMF)]] ([[Okwu ọbanife:Zuz (WMF)|ṅkátá]]) 11:55, 2 Maachị 2023 (UTC)

== Board of Trustees have ratified the UCoC Enforcement Guidelines ==
: ''[[metawiki:Special:MyLanguage/Universal_Code_of_Conduct/Revised_enforcement_guidelines/Announcement_-_Board_ratification|You can find this message translated into additional languages on Meta-wiki.]]''
: [[metawiki:Special:MyLanguage/Universal_Code_of_Conduct/Revised_enforcement_guidelines/Announcement_-_Board_ratification|More languages]] ''•'' [https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:Translate&amp;group=page-Universal+Code+of+Conduct%2FRevised+enforcement+guidelines%2FAnnouncement+-+Board+ratification&amp;language=&amp;action=page&amp;filter= Please help translate to your language]

Hello all, an important update on the UCoC Enforcement Guidelines:

The vote on the Enforcement Guidelines in January 2023 showed a majority approval of the Enforcement Guidelines. There were 369 comments received and a detailed summary of the comments will be published shortly. Just over three-thousand (3097) voters voted and 76% approved of the Enforcement Guidelines. You can view the '''[[metawiki:Special:MyLanguage/Universal_Code_of_Conduct/Revised_enforcement_guidelines/Voting_statistics|vote statistics on Meta-wiki]]'''.

As the support increased, this signifies to the Board that the current version has addressed some of the issues indicated during the last review in 2022. The Board of Trustees voted to ratify the Enforcement Guidelines. The [[foundation:Resolution:Approval_of_Universal_Code_of_Conduct_Enforcement_Guidelines|resolution can be found on Foundation wiki]] and you can read more about the [[wmfblog:2023/03/21/the-enforcement-guidelines-received-strong-support-from-the-community-what-happens-next/|process behind the 2023 Enforcement Guidelines review on Diff.]]

There are some next steps to take with the important recommendations provided by the Enforcement Guidelines. More details will come soon about timelines. Thank you for your interest and participation.

On behalf of the UCoC Project Team,

[[Ọbanife:Zuz (WMF)|Zuz (WMF)]] ([[Okwu ọbanife:Zuz (WMF)|ṅkátá]]) 22:01, 23 Maachị 2023 (UTC)

== Elections Committee: Call for New Members ==

Hello everyone,

The [[metawiki:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia_Foundation_elections_committee|Wikimedia Foundation elections committee]] (Elections Committee) is, from today until April 24, seeking an additional 2–4 members to help facilitate the Wikimedia Foundation Board of Trustee (Board) selection process.

The 2024 Wikimedia Foundation Board of Trustees election is being planned. New members are invited to join the Elections Committee. The Elections Committee oversees the Board of Trustees community seat selection process. Join the committee and contribute your valuable skills and ideas to the Trustee selection process.

There are eight community- and affiliate-selected seats on [[metawiki:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia_Foundation_Board_of_Trustees|the Wikimedia Foundation Board]]. The wider Wikimedia community votes for community members to occupy these seats. In 2024, the Elections Committee will oversee this selection process for the community- and affiliate-selected seats with expiring terms. This process will be supported by the Wikimedia Foundation.

Elections Committee members sign up for three-year terms and will be asked to [[phab:L37|sign a confidentiality agreement]]. Members can expect to contribute 2–5 hours per week before the selection process and 5–8 hours per week during the selection process.

As an Elections Committee member, you will be responsible for:

* Attending online meetings between now and the next election (mid-2024)
* Attending onboarding and online training in May–June 2023
* Working with the Committee to fulfill its [[foundation:Special:MyLanguage/Elections_Committee_Charter|other responsibilities]]

New members should have the following qualities:

* Fluency in English
* Responsiveness to email collaboration
* Knowledge of the movement and movement governance

If you would like to volunteer for this role, please '''submit your candidacy by April 24, 2023 23:59 [[:en:Anywhere_on_Earth|AoE (Anywhere on Earth)]] on [[metawiki:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia_Foundation_elections_committee/Nominations/2023|this Meta-Wiki page]]'''.

You can [[metawiki:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia_Foundation_Board_noticeboard/Wikimedia_Foundation_Elections_Committee_-_2023_Call_for_New_Members|'''read the full announcement here''']]. Thank you in advance for your interest! If you are not interested but know someone who might be, share this message with them. Please let me know if you have questions.

On behalf of the Elections Committee,

[[Ọbanife:Zuz (WMF)|Zuz (WMF)]] ([[Okwu ọbanife:Zuz (WMF)|ṅkátá]]) 22:16, 14 Eprel 2023 (UTC)

== End of the Movement Charter ratification methodology community review ==

Hello,

The Movement Charter Drafting Committee has concluded its first community review of the methodology draft, which will be used to ratify the Movement Charter in 2024.

This community review included [[metawiki:Special:MyLanguage/Talk:Movement_Charter|feedback collection on Meta]], on the [https://forum.movement-strategy.org/t/movement-charter-ratification-methodology-community-review-from-10-28-april-2023/2930/6 Movement Strategy forum] as well as two [[metawiki:Special:MyLanguage/Movement_Charter/Community_Consultation|conversation hours]] with communities and one conversation with the Committees of the Wikimedia projects. MCDC greatly appreciates everyone's input. The recording of the ratification methodology presentation is here and [[metawiki:Special:MyLanguage/Movement_Charter/Community_Consultation/Notes_and_documentation|documentation can be accessed here]]. The timeline of the next steps of the methodology is [https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=File%3AMC_Ratification_Methodology_-_April_2023.pdf&amp;page=33 provided here].

The WMF support team will produce a report on the community input in May. MCDC will incorporate the feedback and share an updated version of the ratification methodology in August 2023. The MCDC will continue to outreach to stakeholders regarding the updated methodology in late 2023.

Thank you for your participation!

On behalf of the Movement Charter Drafting Committee,

[[Ọbanife:Zuz (WMF)|Zuz (WMF)]] ([[Okwu ọbanife:Zuz (WMF)|ṅkátá]]) 16:40, 3 Mee 2023 (UTC)

==Dates==
I've fixed up the templates {{Tlx|Birth date and age}} {{Tlx|Death date and age}} and possibly a few more to use Igbo month names.  

* I need to translate &quot;aged&quot; as in &quot;Nwürü	11 Novemba 2002 (aged 82)&quot;.  What word should I use?
* I've used Eprelụ should this be Eprel?

Let me know if there are any problems and I'll do my best to fix them.

[[Ọbanife:Rich Farmbrough|Rich Farmbrough]] ([[Okwu ọbanife:Rich Farmbrough|ṅkátá]]) 21:35, 13 Maachị 2024 (UTC)

== Ozi maka atụmatụ ndi Wikimedia Foundation nke afọ 2024-25 ==

Ndewo nụ ndi nkem!

Ndi Wikimedia Foundation ebidola ihazi atụmatụ na ebumunuche ga eduzi ọrụ anyi ndi Wikimedia na afọ 2024-25. Eji mụ ohere na egosi  anyi  ozi onye isi nke Prodọktụ na Teknọlọji onye nke a na akpọ Selena Deckelmann dere gbasara atụmatụ na ebumunuche afọ ọhuru anyi na abanye na Wikimedia. Ndi Wikimedia Foundation si na ọdi oke mkpa ka anyi gụọ ebumunuche ha maka afọ 2024-25 ma gwa ha uche gi, ma jụọ kwa ha ajụjụ gbasara atụmatụ na ebumunuche ha deputara. Inwere ike iji asụsụ ọbula di gi nma (igbo ma ọbu na English) ide puta uche gi ma juọ ha ajụjụ ebea. 

[[User:UOzurumba_(WMF)| UOzurumba (WMF)]], ma ọbụ Mazi [[User:Udehb-WMF|Benedict]] ga elegide ihụ akwụkwọ a, ma nyere aka ziruo ha ozi, ma zaa ajuju ọbula inwere. Biko guọ ozi ya ebea, ma ọbụ ebe nzisa ozi nke [[wmfblog:2024/02/20/thinking-about-annual-planning-in-the-wikimedia-foundations-product-and-technology-department/|Diff]] na nke ọzọ a na akpọ [[metawiki:Wikimedia_Foundation_Annual_Plan/2024-2025/Goals/Infrastructure|Meta]].


Daalụ nụ! -[[Ọbanife:Udehb-WMF|Udehb-WMF]] ([[Okwu ọbanife:Udehb-WMF|ṅkátá]]) 17:35, 14 Maachị 2024 (UTC)

== Making Google translate the default machine translation support in Igbo Wikipedia ==

Ndewo n&lt;u&gt;ụ&lt;/u&gt; ndi Igbo Wikipedians!

Apologies, as this message is not in your language. &lt;nowiki&gt;{{Please-translate}}&lt;/nowiki&gt;.

The [[mw:Wikimedia_Language_engineering|WMF Language team]] proposes temporarily making Google Translate the default machine translation for your Wikipedia. Some months ago we set MinT, the new Wikimedia Foundation machine translation service, as the default for your language. However, we plan to revert this change. This is because we are [[phab:T363563|working on improving the reference support]] and fixing some bugs causing referencing issues when using MinT to translate.

During this period, contributors can still use the MinT by selecting it as an optional service. However, we want to limit its use to reduce the effect of using it as it is thereby imposing more work on translators to correct the issues manually. 

Please let us know in this thread if your community objects to our proposal and would rather have MinT as default, irrespective of our improvement plans. Rest assured, changing the default machine translation support is a temporary measure. We will notify you once we finish [[phab:T363569|the work]] and revert to MinT.

We appreciate your understanding and cooperation on this change. Daalụ nụ!

[[Ọbanife:UOzurumba (WMF)|UOzurumba (WMF)]] ([[Okwu ọbanife:UOzurumba (WMF)|ṅkátá]]) 19:19, 30 Eprel 2024 (UTC) On behalf of the WMF Language team.

:@[[Ọbanife:UOzurumba (WMF)|UOzurumba (WMF)]] Thank you for the information, I am in support making Google translate temporarily the default machine translation for our Wikipedia. [[User:Akwugo|Akwugo]] ([[User talk:Akwugo|talk]])  20:54, 30 Eprel 2024 (UTC)
:Dear @[[Ọbanife:UOzurumba (WMF)|UOzurumba (WMF)]], thanks for the heads-up. I believe the Google translate can be temporarily used for the Igbo Wikipedia - but to be changed as soon as possible the MinT is up. [[Ọbanife:Iwuala Lucy|Iwuala Lucy]] ([[Okwu ọbanife:Iwuala Lucy|ṅkátá]]) 04:08, 1 Mee 2024 (UTC)
:Thanks @[[Ọbanife:UOzurumba (WMF)|UOzurumba (WMF)]] for this notice. The referencing errors also occur while using Google Translate... It's a good thing your team is working towards fixing these errors, you can go ahead with the plan. [[Ọbanife:Olugold|Olugold]] ([[Okwu ọbanife:Olugold|ṅkátá]]) 07:30, 1 Mee 2024 (UTC)
:Thank you, @[[Ọbanife:Akwugo|Akwugo]], @[[Ọbanife:Iwuala Lucy|Iwuala Lucy]] and @[[Ọbanife:Olugold|Olugold]], for your response. I will let the WMF Language team know your take on this. 
:Best regards
:[[Ọbanife:UOzurumba (WMF)|UOzurumba (WMF)]] ([[Okwu ọbanife:UOzurumba (WMF)|ṅkátá]]) 19:20, 1 Mee 2024 (UTC)

== Plans to enable MinT for Wiki readers in Igbo Wikipedia ==

Ndewo ndi Igbo Wikipedians,

The [[mw:Wikimedia_Language_engineering|WMF Language team]] has been working on [[mw:MinT#MinT_for_wiki_readers|MinT for Wiki Readers]]. This feature will allow communities to access more content that is only available in other languages with machine translation in Wikipedia. The initial version of this feature is ready, and we would like the Igbo Wikipedia to be the first to test and have this feature since the Igbo community has been using MinT frequently to create translations. For this, our team would like you to read about the feature and [https://ig.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ih%C3%BC_k%C3%A1r%C3%ADr%C3%AD:AutomaticTranslation '''test it'''] so you can:

* Ask us questions
* Tell us how to improve the feature
* Give us your feedback on enabling it in your Wikipedia

'''About the feature'''

The MinT for Wiki Readers is a feature that will allow readers of Igbo Wikipedia to expand their reading options and knowledge beyond the language they are familiar with in Wikipedia. For instance, if someone is interested in a topic or content that only exists in the Japanese language and the person is not familiar with the language. While using the mobile web version of Wikipedia, the reader can access the machine translation version of that content in the Igbo language from the language selector or the article's footer (as shown in the image below). 
{{Gallery
| align        = center
| height       =450
| width        =200
| whitebg      = no
| noborder     = yes
| File:MinT MVP Language Selector entry point video.webm|Language selector entry point.
| File:MinT_MVP_Article_footer_entry_point.png|Article footer entry point
}}

These machine-generated translations of content are clearly identified as such, and the human-created content is surfaced and recommended if available.

This feature is in its initial development. It is an early and functional version, and many aspects will be improved based on your community member's feedback on what works and what can be improved to better support your needs as readers.

'''How to try the tool'''

Before we enable this feature in your Wikipedia by the 17th June 2024, we invite members of your community to try MinT for Wiki Readers in Igbo Wikipedia at [https://ig.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:AutomaticTranslation Special:AutomaticTranslation] and give us early feedback in this thread or on [[mw:Talk:MinT#Feedback_from_the_Igbo_Wikipedians_about_MinT_for_Wikipedia_Readers|this talk page]]. Our team would like to know your impression on:

* How do you use the feature
* Anything we should consider for our plans to enable it?
* Your ideas for improving it.

We greatly appreciate your time and effort in testing this tool. We eagerly look forward to your valuable feedback and questions, which will be instrumental in the further development of this feature. Thank you.

[[Ọbanife:UOzurumba (WMF)|UOzurumba (WMF)]] ([[Okwu ọbanife:UOzurumba (WMF)|ṅkátá]]) 20:06, 10 Jụn 2024 (UTC) On behalf of the WMF Language team.

== Temporary accounts may be rolled out in late October ==

Hello everyone. We are the Wikimedia Foundation [[mediawikiwiki:Trust_and_Safety_Product|Trust and Safety Product]] team, working on digital security and online privacy issues. We are here to let you know about [[mediawikiwiki:Trust_and_Safety_Product/Temporary_Accounts|temporary accounts for unregistered (logged-out) editors]]. '''Later this month, we will be rolling them out on several pilot wikis, who will have the chance to test and share comments to improve the feature before it is deployed on all wikis in mid-2025.'''

'''This change is especially relevant to the logged-out editors and the more experienced community members like patrollers and admins – anyone who uses IP addresses when blocking users and keeping the wikis safe.'''

'''Based on data we have analyzed, we believe that Igbo Wikipedia is a great candidate for being a pilot.''' We wanted to share more about what temporary accounts are, what change they bring, why we think you would be a good piloting community, and what we can do together to make sure this change goes smoothly for everyone affected.

'''Legal mandate for this work'''

The Foundation’s Legal team requires that we change the ways in which logged-out editors interact with the wikis, and how their personal data is handled. The result is the creation of temporary accounts. We are doing it to keep up with legal changes and with the ways many people expect websites to operate, and to minimize risks to logged-out editors. ([[mediawikiwiki:Trust_and_Safety_Product/Temporary_Accounts/FAQ#Why_are_you_working_on_temporary_accounts_at_all?|See more on the legal aspect in our FAQ]] and the [[mediawikiwiki:Trust_and_Safety_Product/Temporary_Accounts/Updates/Legal#July_2021|2021 update from the Legal team]].)

'''How temporary accounts work'''
[[File:Temporary account banner and empty talk page.png|thumb|400px]]
Any time a logged-out user publishes an edit on this wiki, a cookie will be set in this user's browser, and a temporary account tied with this cookie will be automatically created. This account's name will follow the pattern: ~2024-1234567 (a tilde, current year, a number). On pages like Recent Changes or page history, this name will be displayed. The cookie will expire 90 days after the account creation date. As long as the cookie exists, all edits made by this user from this device will be attributed to this temporary account. It will be the same account even if the IP address changes, unless the user clears their cookies or uses a different device or web browser. A record of the IP address used at the time of each edit will be stored for 90 days after the edit. However, only some logged-in users will be able to see it.

What does this mean for different groups of users?

{{hidden|For logged-out editors|ta1 = left|bg1 = #eaecf0|
* This increases privacy: currently, if you do not use a registered account to edit, then everybody can see the IP address for the edits you made, even after 90 days. That will no longer be possible on this wiki.
* If you use a temporary account to edit from different locations in the last 90 days (for example at home and at a coffee shop), the edit history and the IP addresses for all those locations will now be recorded together, for the same temporary account. Users who [[foundation:Policy:Access_to_temporary_account_IP_addresses|meet the relevant requirements]] will be able to view this data. If this creates any personal security concerns for you, please contact talktohumanrights at wikimedia.org for advice.
}}
{{hidden|For community members interacting with logged-out editors|ta1 = left|bg1 = #eaecf0|
* A temporary account is uniquely linked to a device. In comparison, an IP address can be shared with different devices and people (for example, different people at school or at work might have the same IP address).
* Compared to the current situation, it will be safer to assume that a temporary user's talk page belongs to only one person, and messages left there will be read by them. As you can see in the screenshot, temporary account users will receive notifications. It will also be possible to thank them for their edits, ping them in discussions, and invite them to get more involved in the community.
}}
{{hidden|For users who use IP address data to moderate and maintain the wiki|ta1 = left|bg1 = #eaecf0|
* '''For patrollers''' who track persistent abusers, investigate violations of policies, etc.: Users who [[foundation:Policy:Access_to_temporary_account_IP_addresses|meet the requirements]] will be able to reveal temporary users' IP addresses and all contributions made by temporary accounts from a specific IP address or range (&lt;nowiki&gt;[[Special:IPContributions]]&lt;/nowiki&gt;). They will also have access to useful information about the IP addresses thanks to the [[mediawikiwiki:Trust_and_Safety_Product/IP_Info|IP Info]] feature. Many other pieces of software have been built or adjusted to work with temporary accounts, including AbuseFilter, global blocks, Global User Contributions, and more. (For information for volunteer developers on how to update the code of your tools – see the last part of the message.)
* '''For admins blocking logged-out editors''':
** It will be possible to block many abusers by just blocking their temporary accounts. A blocked person won't be able to create new temporary accounts quickly if the admin selects the [[mediawikiwiki:Autoblock|autoblock]] option.
** It will still be possible to block an IP address or IP range.
* We are and will be working with other users with advanced permissions, like stewards.  With useful feedback from these users, we have updated tools and scheduled deployments around these updates.
* Temporary accounts will not be retroactively applied to contributions made before the deployment. On Special:Contributions, you will be able to see existing IP user contributions, but not new contributions made by temporary accounts on that IP address. Instead, you should use Special:IPContributions for this.
}}

'''Why we think the Igbo Wikipedia community will be a good pilot'''

In late October, we aim to deploy on approximately 10 small and medium-sized wikis. The goal is to ensure all critical functionality (patroller workflows, tools etc.) for temporary accounts work as expected. For that to happen, we want to make sure that people are comfortable with the changed functionality. We will do our best to support the piloting communities. After deploying and improving the functionality, we will keep temporary accounts here, and later, roll them out on more wikis.

We have pre-selected potential good pilots based on different factors. For example, we considered the following statistics and technical limitations: numbers of active IPs, editors, admins, IP edits per month, and lack of blockers related to the configuration of a given wiki. Human connections are even more important, and by that, we mean: availability of colleagues like @[[Ọbanife:Udehb-WMF|Benedict]], potential ambassadors and technical members of the respective communities, and communication with affiliates and hubs and their community support projects. Based on all these factors, we believe that Igbo Wikipedia will be a good pilot.

'''What we would ask of you and next steps'''

* If you'd like to learn more about temporary accounts, please ask! We will gladly address your questions, suggestions, and other thoughts!
* If you know of any tools, bots, gadgets etc. using data about IP addresses or being available for logged-out users, you may want to test if they work on [[testwiki:Main_Page|testwiki]] or [[test2wiki:Main_Page|test2wiki]]. If you are a volunteer developer, [[mediawikiwiki:Special:MyLanguage/Trust_and_Safety_Product/Temporary_Accounts/For_developers|read our documentation for developers]], and in particular, the section on [[mediawikiwiki:Special:MyLanguage/Trust_and_Safety_Product/Temporary_Accounts/For_developers#How_should_I_update_my_code?|how your code might need to be updated]].
* If you want to test the temporary account experience, for example just to check what it feels like, go to testwiki or test2wiki and edit without logging in.
* Tell us if you know of any difficulties that need to be addressed. We will try to help, and if we are not able, we will consider the available options, including not piloting here on Igbo Wikipedia.

Before we deploy on the first pilots, we will complete some work. This includes creating a new public dashboard presenting the impact of temporary accounts on communities ([[phab:T357763|T357763]]), building a mechanism which will automatically give the eligible users the right to reveal IP addresses ([[phab:T327913|T327913]]), and [[phab:project/view/7289/|some other tasks]].

To learn more about the project, check out [[mediawikiwiki:Trust_and_Safety_Product/Temporary_Accounts/FAQ|our FAQ]] – you will find many useful answers there. You may also [[mediawikiwiki:Trust_and_Safety_Product/Temporary_Accounts/Updates|look at the latest updates]] and [[mediawikiwiki:Newsletter:T&amp;S_Product_projects|subscribe to our new newsletter]]. If you'd like to talk to me (Szymon) off-wiki, you will find me on Discord and Telegram. Thank you! [[User:NKohli_(WMF)|NKohli (WMF)]] and [[Ọbanife:SGrabarczuk (WMF)|SGrabarczuk (WMF)]] ([[Okwu ọbanife:SGrabarczuk (WMF)|ṅkátá]]) 23:14, 4 Ọktoba 2024 (UTC)

== Proposal to enable the &quot;Contribute&quot; entry point in Igbo Wikipedia ==

{{Int:Hello}} Igbo Wikipedians,

Apologies as this message is not in your language. {{Int:please-translate}}.

The [[mediawikiwiki:Wikimedia_Language_and_Product_Localization|WMF Language and Product Localization]] team proposes enabling an entry point called &quot;Contribute&quot; to your Wikipedia.

The [[:bn:বিশেষ:Contribute|Contribute]] entry point is based on collaborative work with other product teams in the Wikimedia Foundation on [[mediawikiwiki:Edit_Discovery|Edit discovery]], which validated the entry point as a persistent and constant path that contributors took to discover ways to contribute content in Wikipedia.

Therefore, enabling this entry point in your Wikipedia will help contributors quickly discover available tools and immediately click to start using them. This entry point is designed to be a central point for discovering contribution tools in Igbo Wikipedia.

'''Who can access it'''

Once it is enabled in your Wikipedia, newcomers can access the entry point automatically by just logging into their account, click on the User drop-down menu and choose the &quot;Contribute&quot; icon, which takes you to another menu where you will find a self-guided description of what you can do to contribute content, as shown in the image below. An option to &quot;view contributions&quot; is also available to access the list of your contributions.

[[Faịlụ:Mobile_Contribute_Page.png|link=https://bar.wikipedia.org/wiki/Datei:Mobile_Contribute_Page.png|Mobile Contribute Page]]                             [[Faịlụ:Mobile_contribute_menu_(detailed).png|link=https://bar.wikipedia.org/wiki/Datei:Mobile_contribute_menu_(detailed).png|Mobile contribute menu (detailed)]]

For experienced contributors, the Contribute icon is not automatically shown in their User drop-down menu. They will still see the &quot;Contributions&quot; option unless they change it to the &quot;Contribute&quot; manually.

This feature is available in four Wikipedia (Albanian, Malayalam, Mongolian, and Tagalog). We have gotten valuable feedback that helped us improve its discoverability. Now, it is ready to be enabled in other Wikis. One major improvement was to [[phab:T369041|make the entry point optional for experienced contributors]] who still want to have the &quot;Contributions&quot; entry point as default.          

We plan to enable it '''on mobile''' for Wikis, where the Section translation tool is enabled. In this way, we will provide a main entry point to the mobile translation dashboard, and the exposure can still be limited by targeting only the mobile platform for now. If there are no objections to having the entry point for mobile users from your community, we will enable it by 20th November 2024.

We welcome your feedback and questions in this thread on our proposal to enable it here. Suppose there are no objections, we will deploy the &quot;Contribute&quot; entry point in your Wikipedia.

We look forward to your response soon.

Thank you!

On behalf of the WMF Language and Product Localization team. [[Ojiarụ:UOzurumba (WMF)|UOzurumba (WMF)]] ([[Ṅkàtá ojiarụ:UOzurumba (WMF)|ṅkátá]]) 01:38, 7 Novemba 2024 (UTC)

== An improved dashboard for the Content Translation tool ==

{{Int:hello}} Igbo Wikipedians,

Apologies as this message is not in your language, {{Int:please-translate}}.

The [[mediawikiwiki:Wikimedia_Language_and_Product_Localization|Language and Product Localization team]] has improved the [https://test.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:ContentTranslation&amp;campaign=contributionsmenu&amp;to=es&amp;filter-type=automatic&amp;filter-id=previous-edits&amp;active-list=suggestions&amp;from=en#/ Content Translation dashboard] to create a consistent experience for all contributors using mobile and desktop devices. The improved translation dashboard allows all logged-in users of the tool to enjoy a consistent experience regardless of their type of device.

With a harmonized experience, logged-in desktop users now have access to the capabilities shown in the image below.
[[Faịlụ:Content_Translation_new-dashboard.png|alt=|center|thumb|576x576px|Notice that in this screenshot, the new dashboard allows: Users to adjust suggestions with the &quot;For you&quot; and &quot;...More&quot; buttons to select general topics or community-created collections (like the example of Climate topic).  Also, users can use translation to create new articles (as before) and expand existing articles section by section. You can see how suggestions are provided in the new dashboard  in two groups (&quot;Create new pages&quot; and &quot;Expand with new sections&quot;)-one for each activity.]]
[[Faịlụ:Content_Translation_dashboard_on_desktop.png|alt=|center|thumb|577x577px|In the current dashboard, you will notice that you can't adjust suggestions to select topics or community-created collections. Also, you can't expand on existing articles by translating new sections.]]
We will implement this improvement on your wiki '''on Monday, March 10th, 2025''' and subsequently for other Wikipedias. We plan to roll it out on all wikis and remove the current dashboard '''by May 2025'''.

We look forward to your feedback after using the new dashboard. Please reach out with any questions regarding your experience with the enhanced dashboard in this thread.

Thank you!

On behalf of the Language and Product Localization team. [[Ojiarụ:UOzurumba (WMF)|UOzurumba (WMF)]] ([[Ṅkàtá ojiarụ:UOzurumba (WMF)|ṅkátá]]) 06:03, 5 Maachị 2025 (UTC)

== Please block Donaldbert ==

Please block [[Ojiarụ:Donaldbert]] for their actions at [[Vargaći]], recreating a previously-deleted item and removing deletion tags. Note that this user also edits as [[Ojiarụ:Berlindrag]] and is indefinitely blocked at Wikidata for abuse of multiple accounts and promotion of this entity. [[Ojiarụ:Bovlb|Bovlb]] ([[Ṅkàtá ojiarụ:Bovlb|ṅkátá]]) 16:50, 4 Jụn 2025 (UTC)

:It looks like they may also be editing as [[Ojiarụ:Smith.886]]. [[Ojiarụ:Bovlb|Bovlb]] ([[Ṅkàtá ojiarụ:Bovlb|ṅkátá]]) 18:56, 4 Jụn 2025 (UTC)
:{{done}} [[Ojiarụ:King ChristLike|King ChristLike]] ([[Ṅkàtá ojiarụ:King ChristLike|ṅkátá]]) 23:23, 5 Jụn 2025 (UTC)

== Ndozi ntụgharị asụsụ ==

Ndewo ndi Igbo Wikipedians. Ana m atụ aro ka anyị dezie ntụgharị asụsụ nke “Talk” site na Ṅkàtá iji gosipụta nke ọma ka Ńkàtá. Nke a ga-akwalite nhazi ọkwa ma melite ogo na ọrụ a. Biko kwadoo arịrịọ a.  Daalụ [[Ojiarụ:King ChristLike|King ChristLike]] ([[Ṅkàtá ojiarụ:King ChristLike|ṅkátá]]) 14:24, 17 Ọktoba 2025 (UTC))
* A kwadosiri m árò a ike maka nchekwa asụsụ Igbo. Nke ọbụla a na-asụpe, a sụpee ya ọfụma [[Ojiarụ:Goodymeraj|Goodymeraj]] ([[Ṅkàtá ojiarụ:Goodymeraj|ṅkátá]]) 19:07, 17 Ọktoba 2025 (UTC)

:A kwadoro m nhazi a, n’ihi na nsụpe nke a bụ nke kacha mma. Daalụnụ  [[User:Sayvhior|&lt;span style=&quot;white-space:nowrap;text-shadow:#009200 0.3em 0.4em 1.0em,#009200 -0.2em -0.2em 1.0em;color:#009200&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;Sayvhior&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;]]&lt;sup&gt;[[User talk:Sayvhior|&lt;span style=&quot;color:#ff0000&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;Talk&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;]]&lt;/sup&gt; 19:49, 17 Ọktoba 2025 (UTC)
:Ana m akwado nke a makana ọ bu ihe dị mma.  [[Ọpụrụiche:Contributions/&amp;#126;2025-29202-75|&amp;#126;2025-29202-75]] ([[Ṅkàtá ojiarụ:&amp;#126;2025-29202-75|talk]]) 03:55, 18 Ọktoba 2025 (UTC)
:Ana m akwado nke a makana ọ bu ihe dị mma [[Ojiarụ:Philip Emeka|Philip Emeka]] ([[Ṅkàtá ojiarụ:Philip Emeka|ṅkátá]]) 05:48, 18 Ọktoba 2025 (UTC)
:Ana m akwado ya nke ukwuu maka na ọ tozuru ya [[Ojiarụ: Iwuala Chisom|Iwuala Chisom]] ([[Ṅkàtá ojiarụ:Iwuala Chisom|ṅkátá]]) 08:11, 18 Ọktoba 2025 (UTC)

*Ana m akwado nke a makana ọ bu ihe dị mma. [[User:Senator Choko|&lt;span style=&quot;white-space:nowrap;text-shadow:#009200 0.3em 0.4em 1.0em,#009200 -0.2em -0.2em 1.0em;color:#009200&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;Senator Choko&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;]]&lt;sup&gt;[[User talk:Senator Choko|&lt;span style=&quot;color:#ff0000&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;Talk&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;]]&lt;/sup&gt; 21:35, 18 Ọktoba 2025 (UTC)

:A na m akwado nhazi a. Ọ bụ ezigbo arọ  [[Ojiarụ:Epiphanus Jide|Epiphanus Jide]] ([[Ṅkàtá ojiarụ:Epiphanus Jide|ṅkátá]]) 18:19, 19 Ọktoba 2025 (UTC)

== Will you help us test an updated Databox? ==

''Apologies for posting in English - you can help by translating it''

Hello everyone, recently an update has been made to the [[Module:Databox|Module:Databox]] / [[Template:Databox|Template:Databox]] page with the following changes:

* A Wikidata logo and link to the connected Wikidata Item


* New parameters &lt;code&gt;useImage=&lt;/code&gt; and &lt;code&gt;excludeProperties=&lt;/code&gt; can be invoked in the source code to give a greater degree of control on what the Databox displays.
** '''&lt;code&gt;useImage=&lt;/code&gt;''' choose a different [[d:Property:P18|image(P18)]] to display in the Databox.&lt;br&gt; Example: &lt;nowiki&gt;{{Databox|useImage=Hubble_Ultra_Deep_Field_part d.jpg}}&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;br&gt;
** '''&lt;code&gt;excludeParameters=&lt;/code&gt;''' hides selected Properties (and values) in from displaying in the current Databox.&lt;br&gt;Example: &lt;nowiki&gt;{{Databox|excludeProperties=P1290,P66}}&lt;/nowiki&gt;
 

* The parameters can be combined, separated by a pipe |:&lt;br&gt;&lt;code&gt;&lt;nowiki&gt;{{&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;code&gt;Databox|'''useImage='''image_file.jpg|'''excludeProperties='''P123}}&lt;/code&gt;

=== How can you help? ===
Please help us by playing with the new features, adding Databoxes to Articles and using the new parameters (if it is good for the article). Mostly we just want to collect feedback on whether this is a positive change, is useful, interrupts your editing workflows and / or causes any issues or bugs.

Only the first change (Wikidata Logo+Link) will automatically apply to existing Databoxes (may take upto 30 days from this post) or after any edit to a page with a Databox (including null-edits).

The two Parameters will only show if the &lt;nowiki&gt;{{Databox}}&lt;/nowiki&gt; wikitext is edited with the new parameter code.&lt;br&gt;[[m:Wikidata_For_Wikimedia_Projects/Projects/Databox#Changes_to_Databox|Find instructions to do that here]].&lt;br&gt;
Any questions, please feel free to reply here or add them to the [[m:Talk:Wikidata_For_Wikimedia_Projects/Projects/Databox|Talk page]].&lt;br&gt;
Thank you, - [[Ojiarụ:Danny Benjafield (WMDE)|Danny Benjafield (WMDE)]] ([[Ṅkàtá ojiarụ:Danny Benjafield (WMDE)|ṅkátá]]) 18:25, 4 Novemba 2025 (UTC) on behalf of the [[m:Wikidata_For_Wikimedia_Projects|Wikidata For Wikimedia Projects]] Team

== Invitation to a survey ==

Dear contributors to Wikipedia in Igbo,

Apologies for posting in English! 

My name is Mali, and as a part of my PhD program at the University of Oslo, Norway, I am investigating young language communities from less digitized languages on Wikipedia and other Wikimedia projects.

I have previously spoken to some contributors from the Igbo community, and it has been really interesting. Now I wish to expand my understanding of this community by inviting you to take a survey about your experiences as Wikipedia-editors.  

You find the survey here: https://nettskjema.no/a/577121

The survey should take around 10  minutes. I invite you to write freely about your experiences in the open questions.   

If you complete the survey before the 15&lt;sup&gt;th&lt;/sup&gt; of December you have the possibility to win an electronic gift card worth 10 USD. Winners will be contacted directly after the survey. 


Feel free to contact me for further questions, directly on Wiki or on my email malikb@ifi.uio.no

Thank you! [[Ojiarụ:Malikbr|Malikbr]] ([[Ṅkàtá ojiarụ:Malikbr|ṅkátá]]) 11:49, 9 Disemba 2025 (UTC)

== Ọkwa maka bot flag request ==

Ndewo nnụ 👋

E tinyela m 'bot flag request' maka nnabata onye ohuru na Igbo Wikipedia.
Bot a ga-enye aka nabata ndị ọrụ ọhụrụ ma duzie ha otu ha ga-esi malite itinye aka.
Biko lelee ya ma kesaa echiche unu:
👉[[Wikipedia:Bots/Requests_for_approval/DolphybBot]]

Daalụ 🙏  [[Ojiarụ:Dolphyb|Dolphyb]] ([[Ńkàtá ojiarụ:Dolphyb|ṅkátá]]) 13:42, 8 Eprel 2026 (UTC)

==  [[User:King ChristLike]] for Bureaucrat nomination ==

E ji m aṅụrị na-ahọpụta [[User:King ChristLike]] maka ọkwa Bureaucrat na ọrụ a.

Dịka onye nchịkwa, o gosipụtara nduzi siri ike, mkpebi ziri ezi, na nkwado maka otu ebe ọ na-akwado ma ndị ndezi ọhụrụ ma ndị ndezi nwere agba. Ọ na-egosipụta nghọta doro anya nke amụma Wikimedia na usoro otu, ekwere m na o nwere iguzosi ike n'ezi ihe na ikike dị mkpa iji jee ozi nke ọma dị ka Bureaucrat.

Eji m obi m niile na-akwado ma na-ahọpụta ya maka ọrụ a.


'''Bekee'''

I am happy to nominate [[User:King ChristLike]] for Bureaucrat on this project.

As an administrator, he has shown strong leadership, sound judgement, and dedication to community growth while supporting both new and experienced editors. He demonstrates a clear understanding of Wikimedia policies and community processes, and I believe he has the integrity and competence needed to serve effectively as a Bureaucrat.

I wholeheartedly support and recommend him for this role. [[Ojiarụ:Tochiprecious|Tochiprecious]] ([[Ńkàtá ojiarụ:Tochiprecious|ṅkátá]]) 14:21, 1 Mee 2026 (UTC)

:Daalụ @[[Ojiarụ:Tochiprecious|Tochiprecious]] maka ịhọpụta m. Anam anabata ya nke ọma. [[Ojiarụ:King ChristLike|King ChristLike]] ([[Ńkàtá ojiarụ:King ChristLike|ṅkátá]]) 16:27, 1 Mee 2026 (UTC)
::I vote in support of this nomination. He has shown a great deal of leadership skills and has a great eye for details. [[Ojiarụ:Vivian Amalachukwu|Vivian Amalachukwu]] ([[Ńkàtá ojiarụ:Vivian Amalachukwu|ṅkátá]]) 16:43, 1 Mee 2026 (UTC)
::Am also nominating King Christlike for Bureaucrat nomination..he has proven to be a great assist in contributing to the growth of wikipedia not just Igbo wikipedia but wikipedia as a whole [[Ojiarụ:Edozie Ojekwe|Edozie Ojekwe]] ([[Ńkàtá ojiarụ:Edozie Ojekwe|ṅkátá]]) 16:47, 1 Mee 2026 (UTC)
:Ana m akwado [[User:King ChristLike]], maka ọkwa nke ahọpụtara ya.  [[User:Sayvhior|&lt;span style=&quot;white-space:nowrap;text-shadow:#ffe900 0.3em 0.4em 1.0em,#ffe900 -0.2em -0.2em 1.0em;color:#009200&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;Sayvhior&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;]]&lt;sup&gt;[[User talk:Sayvhior|&lt;span style=&quot;color:#ff0000&quot;&gt;&lt;b&gt;Talk&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/span&gt;]]&lt;/sup&gt; 16:50, 1 Mee 2026 (UTC)
:Strong Support [[Ojiarụ:Dolphyb|Dolphyb]] ([[Ńkàtá ojiarụ:Dolphyb|ṅkátá]]) 17:29, 1 Mee 2026 (UTC)
::He has consistently demonstrated excellent leadership, good judgment, and a strong commitment to the growth of the community, while actively supporting both new and experienced contributors. His solid understanding of Wikimedia policies and community procedures, along with his integrity and capability, make him well suited for the Bureaucrat role. I fully endorse and support [[User:King ChristLike]] nomination. [[Ojiarụ:Mbah Victor Chukwuemerie|Mbah Victor Chukwuemerie]] ([[Ńkàtá ojiarụ:Mbah Victor Chukwuemerie|ṅkátá]]) 17:42, 1 Mee 2026 (UTC)
:User:King ChristLike has demonstrated a high level of competence and reliability in supporting the Igbo Wikimedians community and its project. Granting him the Bureaucrat right will ensure that the impact of his contribution and commitment is reflected across boards. I hereby endorse him for this role. [[Ojiarụ:Chinemeremprince|Chinemeremprince]] ([[Ńkàtá ojiarụ:Chinemeremprince|ṅkátá]]) 22:15, 1 Mee 2026 (UTC)

[[Ojiarụ:Chinemeremprince|Chinemeremprince]] ([[Ńkàtá ojiarụ:Chinemeremprince|ṅkátá]]) 16:44, 1 Mee 2026 (UTC)

[[Ojiarụ:Philip Emeka|Philip Emeka]] ([[Ńkàtá ojiarụ:Philip Emeka|ṅkátá]]) I hereby vote in support of [[user:king_ChristLike]] for the bureaucrat nomination. He is good at what he does and I believe he would perform the best if given the opportunity.[[Ojiarụ:Philip Emeka|Philip Emeka]] ([[Ńkàtá ojiarụ:Philip Emeka|ṅkátá]]) 18:17, 1 Mee 2026 (UTC)

[[User:King ChristLike]] has demonstrated a high level of competence and reliability in supporting the Igbo Wikimedians community and its project. Granting him the Bureaucrat right will ensure that the impact of his contribution and commitment is reflected across boards. I hereby '''endorse''' him for this role.[[Ojiarụ:Lucy Iwuala|Lucy Iwuala]] ([[Ńkàtá ojiarụ:Lucy Iwuala|ṅkátá]]) 19:56, 1 Mee 2026 (UTC)

His commitment, contributions, teamwork, and willingness to support others in Wikimedia projects makes him a strong and deserving candidate. I strongly vote in support of [[User:King ChristLike]] for the bureaucrat nomination. 
[[Ojiarụ:Sylvaline39 |Sylvaline39]] ([[Ńkàtá ojiarụ:Sylvaline39|ṅkátá]]) 10:25,1 Mee 2026 (UTC)

[[User:King ChristLike]] Is someone who leads by example. He is hardworking, reliable and always willing to support others. Whether it is in teamwork, leadership, or communication. He has proven time and time again that he have what it takes to serve effectively. I proudly nominate King ChristLike for the bureaucrat nomination.
[[Ojiarụ:Iwuala chisom|Iwuala chisom]] ([[Ńkàtá ojiarụ: Iwuala chisom|ṅkátá]]) 11:14,2 Mee 2026 (UTC)

I am proud to endorse this nomination as [[User:King ChristLike]] has shown and is still on that path of supporting and ensuring that editors do the right thing, the right way. He is also passionate about Open source knowledge and he is duly deserving of this opportunity. [[Ojiarụ:Aminwa 21|Aminwa 21]] ([[Ńkàtá ojiarụ:Aminwa 21|ṅkátá]]) 22:18, 3 Mee 2026 (UTC)</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Isiagu</title>
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        <username>Olugold</username>
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      <minor />
      <comment>/* Lee kwa */</comment>
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[[Usòrò:Leopard Head 2 (8683711096).jpg|thumb|áká_ịkẹngạ|Isi Agụ]]
[[Usòrò:Igbo hat and Isiagu.jpg|thumb|Isiagu]]
'''Isiagu,''' nke a bu isi anụmanụ a kpọrọ Agụ. A na-ewe onye gburu Agụ dị ka onye siri ezigbo ike na anaghị atụ egwu. Ọtụtụ oge a na-eyu onye ahụ ogbuagụ dị ka Aha ya. '''Efe Isiagụ'''Ugbu a a na-ebi ya n'ụdịrị akwa pụrụ iche [[ndị Igbo]] ji egosipụta ekịke na omenaala ha. Na mbụ, Ọ bụ naanị ụmụ nwoke na-eyi ya tụmadi ndị chiri echichi,  Efe Isiagụ  na-enye onye ọbula yi ya ebube na ugwu nke a mere ndị Igbo ji atụ ilu sị na '''ebube agụ na-eche agụ'''. Ugbu a, n'ihi na efe isiagu a dị ọgọ dikwa ebube, ndi echighi echichi ,  umunwaanyi, ụmụaka nakwa ndị abụghị ndị igbo na-eyikwa ya. A na-eyikarị uwe Isiagu n'oge emume puru iche dị ka agbamakwụkwọ, iri-ji ohu, igba nkwụ, nakwa emume ndị ọzọ dị iche iche. Ọ na ahiahụ onye yi Uwe Isiagụ bata n'ọgbọ aghara igba ya nkiri. 
Enwere ụzọ dị iche iche esi akwa Efe isiagụ a , ụfọdụ na adị ogologo ma ọ bụ dị mkpụmkpụ, Ụfọdụ uwe nwere bọtịnụ ọla edo na-ejikọta ya. E nwere ike iji uwe ukwụ wee jie ya maọbụ were akwa ọmụma wee yie ya. Ufodu na-acha uhie uhie, ọbara ọbara, edo edo ma obu ojii ojii, mana ihe kacha ebunye a uwe a ebube bụ isiagụ esere n,ahụ ya. Iji mee ka ekike a zuo oke ana eji okpu na-acha ọbara ọbara wee kpuru n'isi onye yi akwa a. Mgbe ụfọdụ ana eji aka wee chọọ okpu ahụ mma. Ụmụ nwaanyị nwere ike ike ịchafụ maọbụkwa aka wee dozie isi ha.
&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=https://guardian.ng/sunday-magazine/isi-agu-bestows-pride-authority/ |title=Archive copy |accessdate=2020-06-01 |archivedate=2020-05-09 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20200509073500/https://guardian.ng/sunday-magazine/isi-agu-bestows-pride-authority/ }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;https://www.momoafrica.com/ways-wear-isiagu-stylishly-men/&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;https://www.legit.ng/1187695-isi-agu-attire-ladies.html&lt;/ref&gt;

== Lee kwa ==

* [[Ndị Ìgbò|Ndi Igbo]]  
* Okpu

==ihe ngosi==
&lt;gallery mode=&quot;packed&quot; heights=&quot;150&quot; caption=&quot;Uwe Isiagu&quot;&gt;
File: Igbo traditional marriage attire 01.jpg
File:Igbo traditional marriage attire 02.jpg
File:Igba nkwu ceremony 07.jpg
&lt;/gallery&gt;

== Lịnkị ndị ọzọ ==

* Ịme emume onyeisi [https://web.archive.org/web/20080820114110/http://www.africanevents.com/UdumezeConfermentinUSA-2004.htm]
* Kedu ekike ejiri mara ndi Igbo? [http://thelongharmatre
==Ebe nsi nweta== 
{{reflist}}


[[Òtù:Uwe]]
[[Òtù:Ekikere]]
[[Òtù:Uwe ejiri mara ndi ala Naijeria]]
[[Òtù:Uwe ndi Igbo]]
[[Òtù:Ekike ndi Igbo]]
[[Òtù:Ekikere ejiri mara ndi Igbo]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Annexation of Crimea by the Russian Federation</title>
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&lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt;|units1='''Based in Crimea,&lt;br /&gt;elements of'''&lt;ref name=galeotti&gt;{{cite book |last=Galeotti|first=Mark|title=Armies of Russia's War in Ukraine|publisher=Osprey Publishing|year=2019|isbn=9781472833440 |series = Elite 228 |location=Oxford |pages=11–12}}&lt;/ref&gt;                  

Navy
* 510th Naval Inf Bde (Feodosiia)
* 810th Naval Inf Bde (Simferopol)

'''Deployed to Crimea, elements of'''

Ground Forces 
* [[18th Guards Motor Rifle Brigade|18th Mot Rifle Bde]] (Grozny)
* 291st Artillery Bde (Troitskaya)

(GRU command)
* [[3rd Guards Spetsnaz Brigade|3rd Spetsnaz Bde]] (Tolyatti)
* 10th Spetsnaz Bde (Krasnodar)
* 16th Spetsnaz Bde (Tambov)
* [[22nd Separate Guards Special Purpose Brigade|22nd Spetsnaz Bde]] (Stepnoy)
* 25th Spetsnaz Rgt (Stavropol)
* [[45th Guards Spetznaz Brigade|45th Spetsnaz Rgt]]&lt;br /&gt;(Kubinka, Moscow)

Airborne
* [[7th Guards Mountain Air Assault Division|7th Air Assault Div]] (Novorossiysk)
* [[31st Guards Air Assault Brigade|31st Indep Air Assault Bde]]&lt;br /&gt;(Ulyanovsk)

Navy
* 382nd Naval Inf Bn (Temryuk)
* 727th Naval Inf Bn (Astrakhan)

Special Operations Forces
* [[Special Operations Forces (Russia)|SOF Command]] (Prokhladny)|notes=|casualties_label=|fined=|charged=|detentions=|arrests=|injuries=|fatalities=|casualties3=2 civilian deaths &lt;small&gt;during the protests&lt;/small&gt;, 1 civilian killed &lt;small&gt;by &quot;Crimean self-defense&quot; under the leadership of a former serviceman of the [[Armed Forces of the Russian Federation]]&lt;/small&gt;&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.svoboda.org/a/27790287.html ФСБ и крымские &quot;потеряшки&quot; - FSB and Crimean &quot;losses&quot;] — RFEL, 13 June 2016&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;[https://ark.gp.gov.ua/ua/news.html?_m=publications&amp;_t=rec&amp;id=257989&amp;fp=130 Гюндуз Мамедов, прокурор АР Крим: &quot;Під процесуальним керівництвом прокуратури АР Крим розкрито викрадення кримськотатарського активіста Решата Аметова&quot; - Gunduz Mamedov, Prosecutor of the Autonomous Republic of Crimea: &quot;Under the procedural guidance of the Prosecutor's Office of the Autonomous Republic of Crimea, the abduction of Crimean Tatar activist Reshat Ametov has been revealed&quot;] — Prosecutor's office of the Autonomous Republic of Crimea and Sevastopol city, 10 September 2019&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;RallyDeaths&quot;&gt;{{cite news |url = http://www.kyivpost.com/article/content/ukraine/two-die-in-rallies-outside-crimean-parliament-says-ex-head-of-mejlis-337708.html |title = Two die in rallies outside Crimean parliament, says ex-head of Mejlis |newspaper=[[Kyiv Post]] |access-date=27 February 2014 |date=26 February 2014 }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |title = Unrest in Crimea leaves 2 dead; government buildings seized |url = http://www.upi.com/Top_News/World-News/2014/02/27/Unrest-in-Crimea-leaves-2-dead-government-buildings-seized/6371393516263/ |author=JC Finley |work=[[United Press International]] |date=27 February 2014 |access-date=9 March 2014 }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url = http://society.lb.ua/life/2014/03/17/259752_pogibshiy_krimskiy_tatarin_shel.html |script-title=ru:Погибший крымский татарин шел в военкомат, захваченный &quot;дружинниками&quot; |trans-title=The deceased was a Crimean Tatar on his way to enlist when he was captured &quot;vigilantes&quot; |language=ru |website=LB.ua |date=17 March 2014 |access-date=24 March 2015 |url-status = dead |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20140318050317/http://society.lb.ua/life/2014/03/17/259752_pogibshiy_krimskiy_tatarin_shel.html |archive-date=18 March 2014 }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;censor&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url = http://censor.net.ua/news/276351/zverski_ubitogo_krymskogo_tatarina_zvali_reshat_ametov_troe_maloletnih_deteyi_osiroteli_foto |script-title=ru:Зверски убитого крымского татарина звали Решат Аметов. Трое малолетних детей осиротели. |trans-title = Brutally murdered Crimean Tatar's name was Reshat Ametov. Three toddlers left orphaned.|language=ru |website=censor.net.ua |date=18 March 2014 |access-date=3 April 2014 }}&lt;/ref&gt;|casualties2={{plainlist|
* 2 soldiers killed&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |url = https://www.reuters.com/article/us-ukraine-crisis-military-idUSBREA360GB20140407 |title = Russian marine kills Ukraine navy officer in Crimea, says ministry |work=Reuters |access-date=2 October 2014 }}&lt;/ref&gt;
* 60–80 soldiers detained&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |title = Ukraine military to pull out from Crimea |url = http://www.thesudburystar.com/2014/03/24/russian-troops-seize-ukraine-marine-base-in-crimea |access-date=24 March 2014 |newspaper=The Sudbury Star |date=24 March 2014 |author1=Aleksander Vasovic |author2=Gabriela Baczynska |agency=Reuters }}&lt;/ref&gt;
* 9,268 military servicemen and 7,050 civilian employees defected&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url = https://tass.com/russia/727904 |title = Russia employs over 16,000 former servicemen and personnel of Ukrainian armed forces |date=15 April 2014 |agency=TASS |access-date=6 April 2020 }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url = http://new-sebastopol.com/news/flot/Bivshie_ukrainskie_voennoslugashchie_vlivayutsya_v_Voorugennie_Sili_RF |title = Бывшие украинские военнослужащие вливаются в Вооруженные Силы РФ |date=25 April 2014 |website=Novyy Sevastopol (new-sebastopol.com) |trans-title = Former Ukrainian military join the Russian Armed Forces |access-date=6 April 2020 }}&lt;/ref&gt;}}|strength2='''Protesters'''
* 4,000–10,000 (Simferopol)&lt;ref name=&quot;pRoCRU&quot;&gt;{{cite news |url=http://en.interfax.com.ua/news/general/192882.html |title=Crimean Tatars, pro-Russia supporters approach Crimean parliament building |place=UA |agency=Interfax |date=20 October 2012}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=guardian226&gt;{{cite news|title=Russia puts military on high alert as Crimea protests leave one man dead|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2014/feb/26/ukraine-new-leader-disbands-riot-police-crimea-separatism|work=The Guardian|date=26 February 2014|access-date=27 February 2014}}&lt;/ref&gt;

{{nowrap|'''Ukrainian military forces'''}}
* {{nowrap|5,000–22,000 troops&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|author=Ewen MacAskill, defence correspondent |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2014/feb/28/ukraine-military-russia-crimea |title=Ukraine military still a formidable force despite being dwarfed by neighbour |newspaper=The Guardian |date=28 February 2014 }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |url = https://www.npr.org/templates/story/story.php?storyId=285549287 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20140305005529/http://www.npr.org/templates/story/story.php?storyId=285549287 |archive-date=5 March 2014 |title = Putin Talks Tough But Cools Tensions Over Ukraine |publisher=[[NPR]] |date=4 March 2014 |access-date=19 March 2014 }}&lt;/ref&gt;}}
* 40,000 reservists, partly mobilised (outside Crimea)&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |last=Faiola|first=Anthony|title=Ukraine mobilizes reservists but relies on diplomacy |url = https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/ukraine-activates-reserves-pledges-military-build-up-after-crimea-vote/2014/03/17/aa707502-adc1-11e3-96dc-d6ea14c099f9_story.html |access-date=24 March 2014 |newspaper=The Washington Post |date=17 March 2014}}&lt;/ref&gt;|partof=the [[2014 pro-Russian unrest in Ukraine|pro-Russian unrest in Ukraine]] and the [[Russo-Ukrainian War]]|strength1='''Protesters'''
* {{nowrap|20,000 ([[Sevastopol]])&lt;ref name=MTS25214&gt;{{cite news|url=https://www.themoscowtimes.com/2014/02/24/russian-citizen-elected-sevastopol-mayor-amid-pro-moscow-protests-in-crimea-a32401 |title=Russian Citizen Elected Sevastopol Mayor Amid Pro-Moscow Protests in Crimea|work=[[The Moscow Times]] |date=24 February 2014}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;EN25214&quot;&gt;{{cite news|url=http://www.euronews.com/2014/02/25/ukraine-leader-turchynov-warns-of-danger-of-separatism/ |title=Ukraine leader Turchynov warns of 'danger of separatism' |publisher=[[Euronews]] |date=25 February 2014}}&lt;/ref&gt;}}
* 10,000 ([[Simferopol]])&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|url=http://www.straitstimes.com/world/russian-flags-flood-crimean-capital-as-thousands-back-takeover-by-russia |title=Russian flags flood Crimean capital as thousands back takeover by Russia |work=[[The Straits Times]] |date=9 March 2014 |access-date=9 March 2014}}&lt;/ref&gt;

'''Volunteer units'''&lt;ref name=&quot;EN25214&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;WPC25214&quot;&gt;{{cite news |url=http://www.timesfreepress.com/news/local/story/2014/feb/25/pro-russian-rally-crimea-decries-kiev-bandits/132770/ |title=Pro-Russian rally in Crimea decries Kiev 'bandits' |newspaper=[[The Washington Post]] |date=25 February 2014}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* 5,000 (Sevastopol)
* 1,700 (Simferopol)

'''Russian military forces'''
* 20,000–30,000 troops&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|url=https://www.smh.com.au/world/russia-closing-door-on-crimea-as-troops-build-up-20140312-hvi0c.html|title=Russia closing door on Crimea as troops build up|last=Pollard|first=Ruth|date=13 March 2014|work=The Sydney Morning Herald|access-date=12 March 2014}}&lt;/ref&gt;|commander2=[[File:Flag of the President of Ukraine.svg|22px|border]] '''[[Oleksandr Turchynov]]'''&lt;br /&gt;{{flagicon|Ukraine}} [[Arseniy Yatsenyuk]]&lt;br /&gt;{{flagicon|Ukraine}} [[Ihor Tenyukh]]&lt;br /&gt;{{flagicon|Ukraine}} [[Mykhailo Kutsyn]]&lt;br /&gt;{{flagicon|Ukraine}} [[Serhiy Hayduk]]&lt;br /&gt;{{flagicon|Ukraine}} [[Arsen Avakov]]&lt;br /&gt;{{flagicon|Ukraine}} [[Valentyn Nalyvaichenko]]&lt;br /&gt;{{flagicon|Ukraine}} [[Andriy Parubiy]]&lt;br /&gt;{{flagicon|Autonomous Republic of Crimea}} [[Anatolii Mohyliov]]&lt;br /&gt;{{flagicon|Autonomous Republic of Crimea}} [[Serhiy Kunitsyn]]&lt;br /&gt; [[File:Flag of the Crimean Tatar people.svg|22px|border]] [[Refat Chubarov]]&lt;br /&gt; [[File:Flag of the Crimean Tatar people.svg|22px|border]] [[Mustafa Dzhemilev]]|commander1=[[File:Standard of the President of the Russian Federation.svg|22px|border]] '''[[Vladimir Putin]]'''&lt;br /&gt;{{flagicon|Russia}} [[Dmitry Medvedev]]&lt;br /&gt;{{flagicon|Russia}} [[Sergey Shoygu]]&lt;br /&gt;{{flagicon|Russia}} [[Valery Gerasimov]]&lt;br /&gt;{{flagicon|Russia}} [[Aleksandr Vitko]]&lt;br /&gt;{{flagicon|Russia}} [[Oleg Belaventsev]]&lt;br /&gt;{{flagicon|Russia}} [[Alexey Dyumin]]&lt;br /&gt;{{flagicon|Republic of Crimea}} [[Sergey Aksyonov]]&lt;br /&gt;{{flagicon|Republic of Crimea}} [[Vladimir Konstantinov (politician)|Vladimir Konstantinov]]&lt;br /&gt;{{flagicon|Republic of Crimea}} [[Viktor Pshonka]]&lt;br /&gt;{{flagicon|Republic of Crimea}} [[Rustam Temirgaliev]]&lt;br /&gt;{{flagicon|Sevastopol}} [[Alexey Chaly]]|combatant2={{flag|Ukraine}}|combatant1={{flag|Russia}}|result='''Russian strategic and territorial victory'''
* [[Little green men (Russo-Ukrainian War)|Russian masked troops]] invade and occupy key Crimean locations, including airports and military bases, following Putin's orders.&lt;ref name=FT15Mar15&gt;{{cite news |author=Courtney Weaver |url = http://www.ft.com/cms/s/0/41873ed2-cb60-11e4-8ad9-00144feab7de.html |title = Putin was ready to put nuclear weapons on alert in Crimea crisis |newspaper=Financial Times |date=15 March 2015 |access-date=1 January 2016 |url-access=subscription }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;airport_seizure&quot;&gt;{{cite news |url = http://www.ukrinform.ua/rubric-politycs/1624895-avakov_nazvav_zahoplennya_aeroportiv_v_krimu_ozbroe_nim_vtorgnennyam_i_okupatsie_yu_1912872.html |script-title=uk:Аваков назвав захоплення аеропортів в Криму озброєним вторгненням і окупацією |trans-title = Avakov called the seizure of airports in Crimea an armed invasion and occupation |language=uk |agency=[[Ukrinform]] |date=28 February 2014 |access-date=1 January 2016 }}&lt;/ref&gt;
* The head of the [[Ukrainian Navy]], [[Denis Berezovsky|Admiral Berezovsky]], defects, followed later by half of the Ukrainian military stationed in the region.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |url = http://www.kyivpost.com/multimedia/photo/ukrainian-soldiers-on-border-with-crimea-pray-for-peace-prepare-for-war-340963.html |title = Ukrainian soldiers on border with Crimea pray for peace, prepare for war |newspaper = Kyiv Post |date=26 March 2014 |access-date=24 March 2015 }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |url = http://www.georgianewsday.com/news/regional/224988-besieged-ukrainian-soldiers-defect-to-russia-as-kiev-prepares-to-pull-25-000-troops-and-their-families-out-of-crimea.html |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20150909114900/http://www.georgianewsday.com/news/regional/224988-besieged-ukrainian-soldiers-defect-to-russia-as-kiev-prepares-to-pull-25-000-troops-and-their-families-out-of-crimea.html |archive-date=9 September 2015 |title = Besieged Ukrainian soldiers DEFECT to Russia as Kiev prepares to pull 25,000 troops and their families out of Crimea |newspaper=Georgia Newsday |date=20 March 2014 |access-date=24 March 2015 }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |author=Bridget Kendall |url = https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-europe-26410431 |title=New head of Ukraine's navy defects in Crimea |publisher=BBC |date=2 March 2014 |access-date=24 March 2015}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* Russian forces [[Capture of the Crimean Parliament|seize]] the [[Verkhovna Rada of Crimea|Supreme Council (Crimean parliament)]] on 27 February. The [[Council of Ministers of Crimea]] is dissolved and a new pro-Russian [[Prime Minister of Crimea|Prime Minister]] installed.&lt;ref name=Beast&gt;{{cite news |date=1 March 2014 |url=http://www.thedailybeast.com/articles/2014/03/01/so-russia-invaded-crimea.html |title=Russia Stages a Coup in Crimea |newspaper=The Daily Beast |access-date=2 March 2014 |last=Weiss |first=Michael }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;CNN1&quot;&gt;{{cite news|url=http://edition.cnn.com/2014/02/27/world/europe/ukraine-politics/ |title=Gunmen seize government buildings in Ukraine's Crimea, raise Russian flag |publisher=CNN |first1=Marie-Louise |last1=Gumuchian |first2=Laura |last2=Smith-Spark |first3=Ingrid |last3=Formanek|date=27 February 2014|access-date=27 February 2014}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* The Supreme Council declares the [[Republic of Crimea]] to be an independent, self-governing entity, then holds a controversial [[2014 Crimean referendum|referendum on the status of Crimea]] on 16 March, which results in a majority vote to join the [[Russia|Russian]] Federation.&lt;ref name=&quot;march6bbc&quot;&gt;{{cite news|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-26465962|title=Ukraine crisis: Crimea parliament asks to join Russia|work=BBC News|date=6 March 2014}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* [[#Accession treaty and finalization of the annexation|Treaty signed]] between the [[Republic of Crimea (country)|Republic of Crimea]] and the [[Russian Federation]] at the [[Moscow Kremlin|Kremlin]] on 18 March to formally initiate Crimea's accession to the Russian Federation.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|url=http://www.concordmonitor.com/news/politics/11209502-95/putin-signs-treaty-to-add-crimea-to-map-of-russia |title=Putin signs treaty to add Crimea to map of Russia |work=The Concord Monitor |date=19 March 2014 |access-date=20 March 2014 |url-status = dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140320221039/http://www.concordmonitor.com/news/politics/11209502-95/putin-signs-treaty-to-add-crimea-to-map-of-russia |archive-date=20 March 2014}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* The [[Ukrainian Armed Forces]] are evicted from their bases on 19 [[Maachị|March]] by Crimean protesters and Russian troops. [[Yukrain|Ukraine]] subsequently announces the withdrawal of its forces from Crimea.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-26656617|title=Ukraine 'preparing withdrawal of troops from Crimea'|work=BBC News|date=19 March 2014|access-date=20 March 2014}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* The Russian [[State Duma]] officially passed the Federal Law Admitting to the Russian Federation the Republic of Crimea on 21 March.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://en.itar-tass.com/russia/724785|title=Putin signs laws on reunification of Republic of Crimea and Sevastopol with Russia|publisher=[[ITAR TASS]]|date=21 March 2014 |access-date=March 21, 2014}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* Russia suspended from [[Group of Eight|G8]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|author=Matthew Fisher|url=http://news.nationalpost.com/news/canada/canadian-politics/there-is-no-g8-russia-suspended-from-exclusive-club-until-it-changes-course-group-of-seven-nations-says|title=Russia suspended from G8 over annexation of Crimea, Group of Seven nations says|newspaper=National Post|date=24 March 2014|access-date=26 December 2015}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* [[International sanctions during the Ukrainian crisis|International sanctions]] introduced on Russia.|status=|coordinates=|place=[[Crimean Peninsula]]|date={{bulletlist|
Military operation: 20 February{{NoteTag|There remain &quot;some contradictions and inherent problems&quot; regarding date on which the annexation began.&lt;ref name=&quot;Disunited&quot;&gt;{{cite book |title = The Return of the Cold War: Ukraine, the West and Russia |last=McDermott |first = Roger N. |isbn=9781138924093 |editor1-last=Black |editor1-first=J. |location=London |pages=99–129 |chapter = Brothers Disunited: Russia’s use of military power in Ukraine |chapter-url = https://www.academia.edu/11853815 |doi=10.4324/9781315684567-5 |oclc=909325250 |editor2-last = Johns |editor2-first = Michael |year=2016 }}&lt;/ref&gt; Ukraine claims 20 February 2014 as the date of &quot;the beginning of the [[Temporarily occupied and uncontrolled territories of Ukraine|temporary occupation of Crimea and Sevastopol by Russia]].&quot;, citing timeframe inscribed on the Russian [[medal &quot;For the Return of Crimea&quot;]],&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url = http://www.un.org/ga/search/view_doc.asp?symbol=S/PV.7683&amp;Lang=E |title = 7683rd meeting of the United Nations Security Council. Thursday, 28 April 2016, 3 p.m. New York |quote = Mr. Prystaiko (Ukraine): &lt;...&gt; In that regard, I have to remind the Council that the official medal that was produced by the Russian Federation for the so-called return of Crimea has the dates on it, starting with 20 February, which is the day before that agreement was brought to the attention of the Security Council by the representative of the Russian Federation. Therefore, the Russian Federation started – not just planned, but started – the annexation of Crimea the day before we reached the first agreement and while President Yanukovych was still in power.}}&lt;/ref&gt; and in 2015 the [[Ukrainian parliament]] officially designated the date as such.&lt;ref&gt;{{in lang|uk}} [https://web.archive.org/web/20190329222625/https://ukr.segodnya.ua/regions/krym/nyasha-poklonskaya-obeshchaet-boycam-berkuta-nakazat-uchastnikov-maydana-700800.html &quot;Nasha&quot; Poklonsky promises to the &quot;Berkut&quot; fighters to punish the participants of the Maidan], [[Segodnya]] (20 March 2016)&lt;/ref&gt; In early March 2015, President Putin stated in a [[Crimea. The Way Home|Russian movie about annexation of Crimea]] that he ordered the operation to &quot;restore&quot; Crimea to Russia following an all-night emergency meeting of 22–23 February 2014,&lt;ref name=&quot;Disunited&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Yahoo News&quot; /&gt; and in  2018 Russian Foreign Minister claimed that earlier &quot;start date&quot; on the medal was due to &quot;technical misunderstanding&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url = https://www.unian.info/politics/2347252-two-headed-orwell.html |title = Russia's Orwellian &quot;diplomacy&quot; |website = unian.info  |access-date=30 January 2019 }}&lt;/ref&gt;}}&amp;nbsp;– 26 March 2014&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |url = https://www.rand.org/content/dam/rand/pubs/research_reports/RR1400/RR1498/RAND_RR1498.pdf |title = Lessons from Russia's Operations in Crimea and Eastern Ukraine. |first=Michael |last=Kofman |year=2017 |publisher=RAND Corporation |isbn=9780833096173 |location=Santa Monica |oclc=990544142 |quote = By March 26, the annexation was essentially complete, and Russia began returning seized military hardware to Ukraine.}}&lt;/ref&gt; ({{Age in years, months and days|2014|02|20|2014|03|26}})
|Annexation: 18 March 2014
}}|caption=[[President of the Russian Federation|Russian President]] [[Vladimir Putin]] signs the treaty of accession with Crimean leaders in [[Moscow]], 18 March 2014.|image=[[File:Putin with Vladimir Konstantinov, Sergey Aksyonov and Alexey Chaly 4.jpeg|frameless|upright=1.15]]|units2='''Armed forces'''&lt;ref name=galeotti /&gt;

Navy
* 36th Indep Coastal Def Bde (at Perevalne)
** 1st Indep Naval Inf Bn (Feodosiia)
** 56th Indep Gds Bn (Sevastopol)
** 501st Indep Naval Inf Bn (Kerch)
* 406th Indep Artillery Bde (Simferopol)
* 37th Indep Comms and Control Rgt (Sevastopol)

'''Paramilitary'''

Interior troops
* 9th Indep Bde (Simferopol)
* 15th Indep Bn (Yevpatoriia)
* 18th Indep Spec Mot Militia Bn (Haspra)
* 42nd Indep Operational Rgt (Sevastopol) 
* 47th Bde (Feodosiia)

Border guards
* Special-Purpose Border Guard Bn (Yalta)}}
[[Usòrò:Flags over Supreme Council of Crimea (3 March 2014).png|thumb|Annexation of Crimea by the Russian Federation]]
Na February na March 2014, Russia wakporo ma mesịa wepụta Peninsula Crimea na Ukraine. Ihe omume a mere n'ihi mgbanwe mgbanwe nke nkwanye ùgwù ma bụrụ akụkụ nke esemokwu Russo-Ukrainian sara mbara.

Na 22–23 February 2014, Onye isi ala Russia Vladimir Putin kpọkọtara nzukọ abalị niile na ndị isi ọrụ nchekwa iji kparịta mwepu nke onye isi ala Ukraine a chụpụrụ, Viktor Yanukovych . Na njedebe nke nzukọ ahụ, Putin kwuru na &quot;anyị ga-amalite ịrụ ọrụ na ịlaghachi Crimea na Russia&quot;. &lt;ref name=&quot;Yahoo News&quot;&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://news.yahoo.com/putin-describes-secret-operation-seize-crimea-212858356.html|title=Putin describes secret operation to seize Crimea|date=8 March 2015|work=Yahoo News|accessdate=24 March 2015}}&lt;/ref&gt; Na 23 nke ọnwa Febụwarị, e mere ihe ngosi pro-Russian n'obodo Sevastopol nke Crimea. Na 27 [[Febrụwarị|February]], ndị agha Russia kpuchie na-enweghị akara ngosi &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|author=Weaver|first=Courtney|date=2015-03-15|title=Putin was ready to put nuclear weapons on alert in Crimea crisis|work=[[Financial Times]]|url=https://www.ft.com/content/41873ed2-cb60-11e4-8ad9-00144feab7de|accessdate=2022-01-23}}&lt;/ref&gt; weghaara Kansụl Kasị Elu (ụlọ omebe iwu) nke Crimea &lt;ref name=&quot;time1&quot;&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://time.com/19097/putin-crimea-russia-ukraine-aksyonov/|title=Putin's Man in Crimea Is Ukraine's Worst Nightmare|author=Simon Shuster|date=10 March 2014|work=Time|accessdate=8 March 2015|quote=Before dawn on Feb.&amp;nbsp;27, at least two dozen heavily armed men stormed the Crimean parliament building and the nearby headquarters of the regional government, bringing with them a cache of assault rifles and rocket propelled grenades. A few hours later, Aksyonov walked into the parliament and, after a brief round of talks with the gunmen, began to gather a quorum of the chamber's lawmakers.}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;reuters1&quot;&gt;{{Cite news|author=De Carbonnel|first=Alissa|date=13 March 2014|title=RPT-INSIGHT-How the separatists delivered Crimea to Moscow|work=[[Reuters]]|url=https://reuters.com/article/ukraine-crisis-russia-aksyonov-idINL6N0M93AH20140313|accessdate=8 March 2015|quote=Only a week after gunmen planted the Russian flag on the local parliament, Aksyonov and his allies held another vote and declared parliament was appealing to Putin to annex Crimea}}&lt;/ref&gt; wee weghara saịtị ndị dị mkpa n'ofe Crimea, nke butere nwụnye gọọmentị pro-Russian Sergey Aksyonov na Crimea., na-eduzi referendum ọnọdụ Crimea na nkwupụta nke nnwere onwe nke Crimea na 16 Maachị 2014. &lt;ref name=&quot;Washington Post&quot;&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/volokh-conspiracy/wp/2014/05/06/russian-government-agency-reveals-fraudulent-nature-of-the-crimean-referendum-results/|title=Russian government agency reveals fraudulent nature of the Crimean referendum results|work=The Washington Post|author=Ilya Somin|date=6 May 2014}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;zakon&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://zakon4.rada.gov.ua/laws/show/891-18|language=uk|work=Verkhovna Rada of Ukraine|date=15 March 2014}}&lt;/ref&gt; Rọshịa webatara Crimea n'ụzọ iwu ka ọ bụrụ obodo gọọmentị etiti Russia abụọ — Republic of Crimea na obodo Sevastopol nke etiti Sevastopol na &lt;ref name=&quot;revea&quot;&gt;{{Cite news|title=Putin reveals secrets of Russia's Crimea takeover plot|work=BBC News|date=9 March 2015|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-31796226|accessdate=9 March 2015}}&lt;/ref&gt;  2014 &lt;ref name=&quot;GovNo&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.regjeringen.no/en/aktuelt/crimea_annexion/id2593565/|title=Four years since Russia's illegal annexation of Crimea|work=[[Government.no]]|date=14 March 2018|accessdate=28 March 2019}}&lt;/ref&gt; iji mee ka ọnọdụ ọhụrụ ahụ sie ike na ala. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://thediplomat.com/2014/07/russia-threatens-nuclear-strikes-over-crimea/|date=11 July 2014|publisher=[[The Diplomat]]|title=&quot;Russia Threatens Nuclear Strikes Over Crimea&quot;|accessdate=22 September 2021}}&lt;/ref&gt;</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Yadesa Bojia</title>
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[[Category:Articles with hCards]]
'''Yadesa Bojia''' (amụrụ na Julaị 9, 1970 na Ambo, [[Ethiopia]]) bụ onye na-emepụta ihe osise na onye na-ese ihe na [[Seattle]]. Bojia egosipụtala ihe ngosi na mpaghara kemgbe afọ 2006. N'afọ 2010, ọ nwetara otuto mba ụwa mgbe ahọpụtara atụmatụ ya maka ọkọlọtọ African Union. Bojia egosila ọrụ ya n'ihe ngosi, rụchaa ọrụ ndị e nyere ya, ma kwuo okwu ihu ọha banyere isiokwu nke ọrụ ya, nke gụnyere ikike mmadụ, ikike ndị nta, Africa, na ikpe ziri ezi. Ụdị Bojia dị ka onye na-ese ihe na-esite n'echiche Afrịka.

== Akụkọ ndụ ==

=== Ọrụ ===
Bojia gụrụ Art na Visual Communication na Seattle. Ọ bịara United States mgbe ọ dị afọ iri abụọ na ise na 1995 dị ka onye gbara ọsọ ndụ ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|author=Staff|date=Summer 2009|title=Creating a Tapestry of His Cultural Heritage|url=https://spu.edu/depts/uc/response/summer2k9/footnotes/news.asp|journal=Seattle Pacific University: Response|volume=32:2|pages=News}}&lt;/ref&gt; O si n'agbụrụ Oromo, nke kachasị ukwuu na Ethiopia.&lt;ref name=&quot;Johnson 2018&quot;&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://www.cityartsmagazine.com/yadesa-bojia-speaks-people-truth-told/|title=Yadesa Bojia Speaks for the People in 'Truth Be Told' – City Arts Magazine|author=Johnson|first=Barry|date=2017-12-01|work=City Arts Magazine|accessdate=2018-09-13|publisher=City Arts Media|language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.worldatlas.com/webimage/countrys/africa/ethiopia/etfacts.htm|title=Ethiopia's Information|work=worldatlas}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Ụdị ya dị ka ezigbo onye na-ese ihe osise na-esite na mmetụta nke Afrịka. Ọ na-eji acrylic na mmanụ.aru ọrụ, na-ejikwa agba na onyinyo. Na nkọwa banyere ọrụ ya, Bojia na-ekwu na ọ na-ese ihe iji mee ka a mara ihe gbasara ikike mmadụ.&lt;ref name=&quot;auto&quot;&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://www.sbs.com.au/yourlanguage/amharic/en/audiotrack/human-rights-issues-artist-yadesa-bojia|title=Human Rights Issues: Artist Yadesa Bojia|work=SBS Your Language|accessdate=2018-08-30|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Johnson 2018&quot;/&gt;

E nyewo Bojia ọrụ ịse ihe dị iche iche, site na ihe osise gaa na ihe osise na-enweghị atụ nke isiokwu ndị dị mkpa maka ikpe ziri ezi na ịha nhata. Kemgbe afọ 2006, e gosipụtala ọrụ ya na ihe ngosi nka na mpaghara Pacific Northwest. A kpọrọ ya ka ọ kwuo okwu na panel na ajụjụ ọnụ banyere ọrụ ya.&lt;ref name=&quot;auto&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://seattlecolleges.com/DISTRICT/diasporatour/diaspora.aspx|title=Diaspora Tour • Seattle Colleges|work=seattlecolleges.com|accessdate=2018-08-30|archivedate=2018-09-14|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20180914022631/http://seattlecolleges.com/DISTRICT/diasporatour/diaspora.aspx}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://www.realchangenews.org/2017/01/18/truth-matter-king-street-station-exhibition-showcases-diversity-artists-african-descent|title=The truth of the matter: King Street Station exhibition showcases diversity of artists of African descent|author=Edge|first=Lisa|date=January 18, 2017|work=Real Change|accessdate=2018-09-13|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://fryemuseum.org/all-power|title=Frye Art Museum|work=Frye Art Museum|language=en-US|accessdate=2018-09-13|archivedate=2018-09-14|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20180914060657/http://fryemuseum.org/all-power}}&lt;/ref&gt;

==== Ọkọlọtọ African Union ====
Nkọwa Bojia dị ka onye na-ese ihe bilitere na mba ụwa na ngwụsị afọ 2009 mgbe ọ chọpụtara na ndị ọka ikpe họpụtara atụmatụ ya ka ọ bụrụ onye mmeri nke asọmpi mba ụwa iji mepụta atụmatụ ọkọlọtọ ọhụrụ maka African Union. Bojia matara na ihe osise ya meriri mgbe ọ na-ekiri Larry King Live na telivishọn ma hụ ọkọlọtọ ya n'azụ onye isi oche nke African Union, Muammar el-Qaddafi nke [[Libya]]. Bojia wee kpọọ ndị na-ahazi asọmpi ahụ bụ ndị kwadoro na ọ bụ onye mmeri. N'afọ 2010, e bugara ezinụlọ ya [[Addis Ababa]], [[Ethiopia]], ịnabata ihe nrite ahụ.&lt;ref name=&quot;Mudede 2018&quot;&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://www.thestranger.com/food-and-drink/feature/2015/08/19/22718127/the-man-behind-the-menus|title=The Man Behind the Menus|author=Mudede|first=Charles|date=August 19, 2015|work=The Stranger|accessdate=2018-09-13|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://www.shorelineareanews.com/2015/05/shoreline-artist-designs-bright-symbol.html|title=Shoreline Artist Designs Bright Symbol for African Union Flag|author=Afeworki|first=Agazit|date=May 19, 2015|work=Shoreline Area News|accessdate=September 14, 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Akụkọ banyere ihe ịga nke ọma ya wetara mgbasa ozi na mba o si na n'etiti ndị Ethiopia Diaspora, nke gụnyere ndị agbụrụ ya, ndị Oromo.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://www.voanews.com/a/4015337.html|title=Daybreak Africa|work=VOA|accessdate=2018-09-13|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; Mgbe ọ natara onyinye a, Bojia amụbaala ọhụ dị ka onye na-ese ihe. Na mgbakwunye na ngosipụta mpaghara nke eserese ya na ihe ngosi, a kpọrọ Bojia ka ọ kwuo banyere nka, ikike mmadụ, ikike ndị nta, Ethiopia, na Black Lives Matter na ajụjụ ọnụ, nzukọ, na nnọkọ ọha na eze.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=http://www.tadias.com/05/19/2013/yadesa-bojia-reflects-on-african-union-flag-on-50th-anniversary/|title=Yadesa Bojia Reflects on African Union Flag on 50th Anniversary|author=Staff|date=May 20, 2013|work=Tadias Magazine|accessdate=September 14, 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Mudede 2018&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Dizik 2018&quot;&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://www.wsj.com/articles/when-your-kid-is-the-family-photographer-1494424447|title=When Your Kid Is the Family Photographer|author=Dizik|first=Alina|date=2017-05-10|work=Wall Street Journal|accessdate=2018-09-13|language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Johnson 2018&quot;/&gt;

A makwaara Bojia dị ka onye ndu obodo. N'afọ 2020, n'ịbụ onye natara ozi n'ezighi ezi banyere [[Nje Korona|coronavirus]] nke na-agbasa na [[Amharic language|Amharic]], o mere vidiyo Facebook Live na-agụ ụkpụrụ nduzi CDC na Amharic iji hụ na ndị mbịarambịa ghọtara ọrịa ọhụrụ na ntuziaka ahụike ọha na eze.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|author=Ishisaka|first=Naomi|date=2020-03-13|title=Coronavirus sparks an epidemic of people helping people in Seattle|url=https://www.seattletimes.com/seattle-news/coronavirus-sparks-an-epidemic-of-people-helping-people-in-seattle/|accessdate=2020-06-08|work=The Seattle Times|language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ihe ngosi ==

* Art/Not Terminal Gallery na Seattle Center &quot;Truth Be Told&quot; Dec. 2, 2016 – Jan. 2, 2017; Solo show&lt;ref name=&quot;Johnson 2018&quot;/&gt;
* Columbia City Gallery, &quot;Black Lives Matter&quot;, Mee 2015; Ihe ngosi otu&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.thestranger.com/events/22108005/black-lives-matter|title=Black Lives Matter|work=The Stranger|language=en|accessdate=2018-09-13|archivedate=2018-09-14|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20180914022754/https://www.thestranger.com/events/22108005/black-lives-matter}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* Northwest African American Museum, &quot;Ethiopian Treasures, November 6, 2010; Group show, curated by Leul
* Northwest African American Museum, June 26 – August 7, 2010; Solo show, curated by Flavia S. Zúñiga-West
* Seattle Municipal Building, Group show, nke Esther Ervin haziri
* Tashiro/Kaplan Building in Pioneer Square, solo show, &quot;Interpreting the Black Journey,&quot; Jan 6 – April 15, 2010
* Seattle Pacific Science Center, &quot;Lucy's Legacy Exhibit,&quot; September 8 – March 9; Group show, curated by Diana Johns&lt;ref name=&quot;Fasil&quot;&gt;{{Cite news|author=Bojia|first=Yadessa|title=Ethiopia: Yadessa Bojia – On Art and Activism – 'Where There Is Pain There Is a Loud Noise'|url=https://allafrica.com/stories/201612230585.html|accessdate=16 September 2018|work=Addis Standard (Addis Ababa)|date=September 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* South Seattle Community College Gallery, &quot;Here to There,&quot; May 19 – June 13, 2008; Solo show
* Studio 911, Yadesa Bojia, Nọvemba - Disemba, 2007; Ihe ngosi nke naanị ya
* Artist Gallery of Seattle, &quot;The Invisibles,&quot; August – September 2007; Solo show, curated by Bryan Ubagns
* Artist Gallery of Seattle, Yadesa Bojia, December 2006 – June 2007; Group show

== Akwụkwọ ndị a họọrọ ==

* Onye na-enye aka, All Power: Visual Legacies of the Black Panther Party (2016) Minor Matters Books.
* Illustrator, Lucy's Legacy: The Hidden Treasures of Ethiopia: Recipes from Afar and Near (2008); Editor, Judy Gouldthorpe. Documentary Media.  [[ISBN (identifier)|ISBN]] [[Special:BookSources/9781933245140|9781933245140]]
* Onye edemede, The ''Art'' of Yadesa Bojia (2020); Onye nchịkọta akụkọ, Yadesa Bojia.  [[ISBN (identifier)|ISBN]] [[Special:BookSources/9780578626697|9780578626697]]

== Ndụ onwe ya ==
A mụrụ Yadesa Bojia na Ambo, Ethiopia, n'ezinụlọ nwere ego. Mgbe Bojia dị afọ abụọ, nna ya, Zewge Bojia, bụ onye otu ndị agha mgbanwe gburu n'oge agha obodo Etiopia. Nna Bojia bụ onye ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị, a họpụtara ya site na ntuli aka a ma ama ugboro atọ iji jee ozi n'ụlọ omeiwu Etiopia n'oge ọchịchị eze Haile Selassie. O sokwa guzobe Mecha na Tulema Self-Help Organization. Mgbe nna ya nwụsịrị, Bojia na ezinụlọ ya kwagara [[Addis Ababa]] ebe Bojia gara ụlọ akwụkwọ elementrị na nke sekọndrị tupu ha akwaga United States.

Mgbe ọ bụ nwata, Bojia kwụrụ na ọ hụrụ akara obi ike nke eserese Ndị Kraịst Ọtọdọks n'anya. O kwụrụ na ihe oyiyi ndị a kpaliri mmasị ya na nka.

Otu n'ime ụmụnne Bojia bi na [[Washington, D.C.|Washington]], DC ma Thomas Friedman gbara ya ajụjụ ọnụ maka akwụkwọ ya, Thank You For Being Late .&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://abcnews.go.com/Politics/book-excerpt-thomas-friedmans-late/story?id=43492150|title=Book Excerpt: Thomas Friedman's &quot;Thank You for Being Late&quot;|date=2016-11-14|work=ABC News|language=en|accessdate=2018-09-13}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Bojia lụrụ Hewan Gebremicheal, ha nwere ụmụ abụọ, Becca na Isaiah Bojia.&lt;ref name=&quot;Dizik 2018&quot;/&gt;

== Ebensidee ==
&lt;references /&gt;
 

== Njikọ mpụga ==

* Official website 
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[[Category:Articles with hCards]]
'''Aïcha Ben Ahmed''' (Arabic: ; a mụrụ na 7 Febụwarị 1983 ) bụ onye Tunisia na-eme ihe nkiri nke na-eme na ihe nkiri, n'elu ikpo okwu na na telivishọn.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|date=2020-08-11|title=عائشة بن أحمد تعود للقاهرة بعد غياب 6 شهور لهذا السبب|url=https://www.youm7.com/story/2020/8/11/عائشة-بن-أحمد-تعود-للقاهرة-بعد-غياب-6-شهور-لهذا/4923628|accessdate=2020-08-24|work=اليوم السابع}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|author=Driss|first=Neila|date=2017-04-19|title=Aicha Ben Ahmed, une jeune actrice tunisienne à la conquête de l'Egypte|url=http://www.webdo.tn/2017/04/19/aicha-ben-ahmed-jeune-actrice-tunisienne-a-conquete-de-legypte/|accessdate=2020-09-20|work=Webdo|language=fr-FR|archivedate=2020-09-20|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20200920083841/http://www.webdo.tn/2017/04/19/aicha-ben-ahmed-jeune-actrice-tunisienne-a-conquete-de-legypte/}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ọ ghọrọ onye a ma ama na [[Tunisia]] n'afọ 2012 mgbe ọ pụtara na usoro Pour les beaux yeux de Catherine. N'oge na-adịbeghị anya, ọ pụtara na ọtụtụ  nkiri Ijipt gụnyere ''Saint Augustin'', La cellule na ''Zizou''.&lt;ref name=&quot;webdo&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.webdo.tn/2017/04/19/aicha-ben-ahmed-jeune-actrice-tunisienne-a-conquete-de-legypte/|title=Aicha Ben Ahmed, une jeune actrice tunisienne à la conquête de l'Egypte|author=Driss, Neila|publisher=Tunis webdo|date=19 April 2017|accessdate=24 October 2018|language=French|archivedate=20 September 2020|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20200920083841/http://www.webdo.tn/2017/04/19/aicha-ben-ahmed-jeune-actrice-tunisienne-a-conquete-de-legypte/}}&lt;/ref&gt; Maka ọdịdị ya dịka Hind na Narcisse, Aziz Rouhou, ọ meriri ihe nrite maka onye na-eme ihe nkiri kachasị mma na Al Hoceïma Film Festival nke afọ 2016 na Morocco.

== Akụkọ ndụ ==
A mụrụ ya na 7 Febụwarị 1983, Aïcha Ben Ahmed bụ nwa nwanyị nke onye isi ụgbọ mmiri Tunisair.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|date=2020-08-11|title=عائشة بن أحمد تعود للقاهرة بعد غياب 6 شهور لهذا السبب|url=https://www.youm7.com/story/2020/8/11/عائشة-بن-أحمد-تعود-للقاهرة-بعد-غياب-6-شهور-لهذا/4923628|accessdate=2020-08-24|work=اليوم السابع}}&lt;/ref&gt; N'ihi ya, ọ gara ọtụtụ ebe ka ọ na-enweta tiketi n'efu.&lt;ref name=&quot;dt&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.destinationtunisie.info/aicha-ben-ahmed-actrice-voyage-synonyme-de-depaysement-de-deconnection/|title=Aïcha Ben Ahmed, actrice : &quot; Le voyage est synonyme de dépaysement et de déconnection&quot;|author=Chebbi, Kemel|publisher=Destination Tunisie|date=16 May 2016|accessdate=24 October 2018|language=French}}&lt;/ref&gt; Mgbe ọ ka na-eto eto, ọ gbara egwu n'òtù Sihem Belkhodja tupu ọ mụọ ihe osise na mgbasa ozi na Ecole d'Art et de Décoration na Tunis. Ọ malitere ọrụ ya dịka onye na-eme ihe nkiri n'afọ 2010, na-ekere obere òkè na ihe nkiri Nada Mezni Hafaiedh Histoires tunisiennes .&lt;ref name=&quot;dt&quot; /&gt; N'afọ sochirinụ, e nyere ya òkè na ihe nkiri Siria Mon dernier ami nke Joud Said duziri.&lt;ref name=&quot;webdo&quot; /&gt;
[[Usòrò:Couv-Tunivisions_Février_2012.jpg|thumb|Aïcha Ben Ahmed na February 2012 cover nke Tunivisions]]
N'afọ 2012, na-apụta dịka Nadia na usoro telivishọn Pour les beaux yeux de Catherine, ọ ghọrọ onye a ma ama na Tunisia. O mechara mee Zohra na ihe nkiri Tunisian nke Mohamed Damak bụ Jeudi après-midi (2013).&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://arabika24.com/aicha-ben-ahmed-series-en-egypte,1857.html|title=Aïcha Ben Ahmed : La Tunisienne héroïne de deux séries en Egypte|publisher=Arabika24|date=3 March 2018|accessdate=24 October 2018|language=French|archivedate=24 October 2018|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20181024192307/https://arabika24.com/aicha-ben-ahmed-series-en-egypte,1857.html}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Ọ gara Ijipt n'afọ 2015 iji gosipụta nke mbụ na usoro telivishọn Raouf Abdel Aziz Les Mille et une nuits .&lt;ref name=&quot;dt&quot; /&gt; A họpụtara ya n'ụzọ pụrụ iche ka ọ rụọ ọrụ Qamar Zamen, onye na-echezọ ihe nke gbalịrị igosi njirimara ya.&lt;ref name=&quot;webdo&quot; /&gt; Ọrụ ya dịka dike na ''Narcisse'' nke Sonia Chamkhi (n'asụsụ Arabic ''Aziz Rouhou'') dị irè karịsịa.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://kapitalis.com/tunisie/2016/02/19/aziz-rouhou-de-sonia-chamkhi-le-film-qui-derange/|title=&quot;Aziz Rouhou&quot; de Sonia Chamkhi: Le film qui dérange|author=Ben Ali, Fawz|publisher=Kapitalis|date=19 February 2016|accessdate=24 October 2018|language=French}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ọ gara n'ihu merie ihe nrite maka onye na-eme ihe nkiri kachasị mma n'afọ 2016 Al Hoceïma Film Festival na Morocco.&lt;ref name=&quot;ft&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://femmesdetunisie.com/aicha-ben-ahmed-remporte-le-prix-de-la-meilleure-interpretation-feminine-au-festival-international-dal-hoceima/|title=Aicha Ben Ahmed remporte le prix de la meilleure interprétation féminine au Festival International d'Al Hoceïma|author=Lakhoua, Emna|publisher=Femmes de Tunisie|date=28 March 2016|accessdate=24 October 2018|language=French|archivedate=24 October 2018|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20181024165613/https://femmesdetunisie.com/aicha-ben-ahmed-remporte-le-prix-de-la-meilleure-interpretation-feminine-au-festival-international-dal-hoceima/}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ọ pụtakwara na Férid Boughédir's ''Ziou'' ma ọ bụ Parfum de printemps nke e nyere ihe nrite &quot;''ihe'' nkiri kachasị mma&quot; naCairo Film Festival nke afọ 2016.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.tekiano.com/2016/11/25/le-film-zizou-de-ferid-boughedir-recoit-le-prix-du-meilleur-film-au-festival-du-caire-2016/|title=Le film Zizou de Férid Boughedir reçoit le prix du meilleur film au festival du Caire 2016|publisher=Tekiano|date=25 November 2016|accessdate=24 October 2018|language=French}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;webdo&quot; /&gt;

Ka ọ nọ n'Ijipt, n'afọ 2017, Ben Ahmed rụrụ ọrụ Nuha na ihe nkiri Tarek Al Eryan bụ The Cell .&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.imdb.com/title/tt7025210/fullcredits/?ref_=tt_ov_st_sm|title=El-Khaliyyah|publisher=IMDb|accessdate=24 October 2018|language=}}&lt;/ref&gt; N'oge na-adịbeghị anya, ọ rụkwara ọrụ na usoro telivishọn Egypt abụọ: dịka Laila na Aigle de la Haute Egypte, nke a chọrọ ka ọ zụlite ụda olu obodo, na Flèches filantes ebe ọ na-eme onye na-eyi ọha egwu.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://fr.majalla.com/2018/07/article55255077/aicha-ben-ahmed-nexiste-nullement-de-differents-autres-actrices-tunisiennes-caire|title=Aicha ben Ahmed &quot; il n'existe nullement de différents avec les autres actrices tunisiennes au Caire &quot;|publisher=La Majalla|date=20 July 2018|accessdate=24 October 2018|language=French|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20181025031317/http://fr.majalla.com/2018/07/article55255077/aicha-ben-ahmed-nexiste-nullement-de-differents-autres-actrices-tunisiennes-caire|archivedate=25 October 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ihe nkiri ==

=== Cinema ===

* 2011 :  ''Akụkọ'' Tunisian ([[Arabic]]) nke [[Nada Mezni Hafaiedh]] dere
* 2012 :  ''Enyi m ikpeazụ'' (Arabic) nke Joud Saïd dere na Fares Al Zahabi dere
* 2013 : ''Thursday n'ehihie site'' n'aka Mohamed Damak na Tarek Ben Chaâban : Zohra
* [[2015]] :  ''Narcisse'' (Arabic) nke Sonia Chamkhi dere : Hend
* 2016 : ''Parfum de printemps'' nke [[Férid Boughedir]] : Khadija
* 2017 :  ''Saint Augustine, nwa anya mmiri ya site'' na Samir Seïf na Sameh Samy dere : Monica
* 2017 :  ''The Cell''  nke Tarek Al Eryan na Salah El Geheiny ([[English]]) : Nouha, nwunye Amr
* 2019 : ''Ego'' nke Said El Marouk, Wael Nabil, Mohammed Abd Elmoaty na [[Tamer Hosny]] : Hayla
* 2019 : The Money (Egyptian Arabic: الفلوس) nke Said El Marouk dere&lt;ref name=&quot;Cite_the_money&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=عائشة بن أحمد:&quot;الفلوس&quot; نقلة مهمة فى مشوارى السينمائى|url=https://www.tahrirnews.com/Story/1272813/%D8%B9%D8%A7%D8%A6%D8%B4%D8%A9-%D8%A8%D9%86-%D8%A3%D8%AD%D9%85%D8%AF-%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%81%D9%84%D9%88%D8%B3-%D9%86%D9%82%D9%84%D8%A9-%D9%85%D9%87%D9%85%D8%A9-%D9%81%D9%89-%D9%85%D8%B4%D9%88%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%89-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B3%D9%8A%D9%86%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%A6%D9%89/%D8%B3%D9%8A%D9%86%D9%85%D8%A7|work=tahrirnews.com|accessdate=28 January 2020|language=ar|archivedate=28 December 2020|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20201228191847/https://www.tahrirnews.com/Story/1272813/%D8%B9%D8%A7%D8%A6%D8%B4%D8%A9-%D8%A8%D9%86-%D8%A3%D8%AD%D9%85%D8%AF-%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%81%D9%84%D9%88%D8%B3-%D9%86%D9%82%D9%84%D8%A9-%D9%85%D9%87%D9%85%D8%A9-%D9%81%D9%89-%D9%85%D8%B4%D9%88%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%89-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B3%D9%8A%D9%86%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%A6%D9%89/%D8%B3%D9%8A%D9%86%D9%85%D8%A7}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* 2020 : ''Taw'am Rouhy'' (Mkpụrụ Obi m) nke Othman Abou Laban na Amani Tounsi dere : Alia, May, Malak, Hana
* 2021 : ''Ritsa'' nke Ahmed Yousry na Moatz Fteha : Ritsa

=== Televishọn ===

==== Usoro Tunisia ====

* 2012 : Pour les beaux yeux de Catherine (Arabic) nke Hamadi Arafa na Rafika Boujday : dị ka Nadia
* 2013 : Njoum Ellil (N'akụkụ [[kpakpando]] Stars) (oge 4) nke Mehdi Nasra
* 2021 : Harga (Arabic) nke Lassaad Oueslati, Imed Eddine Hakim na Jouda Méjri : Hela

==== Usoro mba ofesi ====

* 2015 : Alf Leila wa Leila (Arabian Nights) (Arabic) nke Raouf Abdel Aziz dere na Mohamed Nayer : Kamar Zaman
* 2016 : Shehadet Melad (A Akwụkwọ ozi ụbọchị ọnwụ) nke Ahmed Medhat na Amr Samir Atef dere : Amal Zahar
* 2018 : Al Seham Al Mareqa (Arabic : السهام المارقة ) (Mahmoud Kamel) nke Mahmoud Kamel na Shereen Diab : Maman nke Oubay dere
* 2018 : Nasser El Saïd (The Saïd Eagle) nke Yasser Sami, Mohamed Abdel Moaty na Ahmed Ali Mossa : Layla
* 2018 : Abwab Alshaki (Ụzọ nke obi abụọ) nke Ahmed Samir Farag, Mohamed Nayer, Karim El Dalil, Beshoy Hanna na Rami Ismail : Dina
* 2019 : Abou Jabal nke Ahmed Salah na Mohamed Sayed Bashir : Mayem
* 2021 : Ogige Newton (Newton's Cradle) nke Engy Fethi na Tamer Mohsen: Amina.
* 2022 : Malaf Serry (Akụkọ Nzuzo) nke Hassan El Balasi na Mahmoud Hagag: Maryem Melky
* 2022 : Affair nke Amir Ramses na Mohammed El Hajj : Hela
* 2022 : Waad Iblis (Nkwa Ihe Ọjọọ nke Colin Teague, Ashraf Hamed, Tony Jordan, Engy Ubi Loman na Suha Al Khalifa
* 2023 : Muzakirat Zoug ( aha nke di) nke Tamer Nady, Ahmed Bahgat na Mohamed Soliman Abdul Malek : Shereen
* 2023 : M ogbunobi obi n'ime gị nke Mohamed Lotfi na Mustapha Mahmoud : Jamila
* 2024 : Bedon Sabek Enthar (Enweghị Ịdọ aka ná ntị) nke Hani Khalifa, Ammar Sabry, Alma Kafarneh, Samar Taher, Karim El Dalil na Amr El Daly : Layla

==== Ihe nkiri TV ====

* 2012 : Barabas nke Roger Young : Meri nke Betani

==== Ihe na-ekupụta ====

* 2013 : El Zilzal ( Ala ọmajiji) (nkeji 15) na El Hiwar El Tounsi : Ọbịa
* 2013 : Dhouk Tohsel (Tie nri) (nkeji 2) na Tunisna TV : Ọbịa
* 2014 : Maakom ya na Mona El-Shazly (ya na Mona El-Shazly) na CBC : Ọbịa
* 2018 : Nkeji 90 na Mehwar TV : ọbịa
* 2020 : Lekọta Fifi ya na Fifi Abdou na MBC Masr na MBC 5 : Ọbịa
* 2021 : Kpakpando ise na MBC Masr : ọbịa

== Ụlọ ihe nkiri ==

* 2013 : Zanket Ensé (The Women Alley) nke Noomen Hamda na Fatma Bennour, [[Tunisia]] mmegharị nke egwuregwu The Clan of Divorced na ihe ngosi nke Sami Montacer.

== Edemsibịa ==
{{Reflist}}

== Njikọ mpụga ==

* {{IMDb name|8081997}}
* Aïcha Ben Ahmed on Instagram
* Aicha Ben Ahmed Ebe nrụọrụ weebụ gọọmentị &lt;nowiki&gt;https://www.aichabenahmed.com/&lt;/nowiki&gt;

Media related to Aïcha Ben Ahmed at Wikimedia Commons
{{DEFAULTSORT:Ahmed, Aïcha Ben }}
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Michael P. Kelly (amụrụ na Jenụwarị 31, 1954) bụ onye na-ese ụkpụrụ ụlọ na onye na-eme atụmatụ obodo nke duru ndị isi ụlọ ọha na eze nke ọtụtụ nnukwu obodo US, ọ bụkwa onye na-akwado iwu ọha na eze na-akwalite ụlọ dị ọnụ ala na mba ahụ.

== Mbido ndụ na agụmakwụkwọ ==
A mụrụ Kelly ma zụlite ya na San Francisco, [[California]]. Ọ natara nzere Bachelor of Arts na Architecture na Urban Planning na Mahadum Princeton na 1977, wee gaa n'ihu nata Masters of Architecture na Mahadim California, Berkeley, na 1983; na Master of Arts in Education na Mahadam San Francisco State n'otu afọ ahụ.

== Ọrụ ==
Kelly malitere ọrụ ya n'ụlọ ọha na eze dị ka onye na-ese ụkpụrụ ụlọ maka San Francisco Housing Authority na 1983. Ruo ihe fọrọ nke nta ka ọ bụrụ afọ iri, Kelly nwere usoro ọkwá dị iche iche na-aga n'ihu n'ihu na ikike ma mesịa bụrụ onye isi nchịkwa ya na-anọchite anya ya na-aghọ onye mbụ edebanyere aha na-eduzi ụlọ ọha na eze na US.

N'afọ 1994, Kelly hapụrụ San Francisco ka ọ rụọ ọrụ na [[Njikọ̀taọ̀hà|United States]] Department of Housing and Urban Development (HUD) dị ka onye ọkachamara na-ahụ maka mgbake nke ụlọ ọrụ ahụ nwere nsogbu, na-enye aka na teknụzụ maka ndị otu Transition Team na Housing Authority nke New Orleans. Mgbe ahụ n'afọ 1995, a họpụtara ya dịka onye isi nchịkwa nke ụlọ ọrụ New Orleans ọ nọrọ n'ọkwa ruo n'afọ 2000.

N'afọ 2000, Kelly ghọrọ onye ndu nke District of Columbia Housing Authority (DCHA), otu n'ime mba ndị kasị ukwuu nwere ndị ọrụ 800 na mmefu ego na isi obodo nke ihe karịrị $3

300 nde. DCHA na-achịkwa ụlpuku asatọ 0 nke ọha na eze na ụlpuku iri na abụọ 0 n'okpuru Housing Choice Voucher Program (HCVP), na-enye ụlọ dị ọnụ ala maka ihe fọrọ nke nta ka ọ bụrụ paseniri10 nke ndị bi na District.

Na ngwụcha Septemba 2009, Kelly gbara arụkwaghịm na DCHA ka ọ bụrụ onye isi njikwa nke New York City Housing Authority (NYCHA).&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://voices.washingtonpost.com/dc/2009/09/dc_housing_authority_director.html|title=D.C. Wire - D.C. Housing Authority Director Resigns|accessdate=2022-06-27|archivedate=2021-09-19|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20210919111126/http://voices.washingtonpost.com/dc/2009/09/dc_housing_authority_director.html}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://cityroom.blogs.nytimes.com/2009/10/01/washington-official-to-manage-new-yorks-public-housing/|title=Washington Official to Direct New York&amp;apos;s Public Housing - The New York Times}}&lt;/ref&gt; Kelly jere ozi n'ọkwa a ruo na Machị 2011 mgbe onye odeakwụkwọ HUD Shaun Donovan na onye isi obodo Philadelphia Michael Nutter gwara ya ka ọ bụrụ onye na-anabata nchịkwa nke Philadelphia Housing Authority (PHA), mgbe ahụ onye isi obodo Michael Nutter, ka ọ bụrụkwa onye isi nchịkwa na-adịgide adịgide na PHA.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.pha.phila.gov/pha-news/pha-news/2011/michael-kelly-accepts-position-as-permanent-executive-director-(1).aspx|title=Philadelphia Housing Authority}}&lt;/ref&gt; Kelly laghachiri Washington DC dị ka onye nduzi nke Ngalaba Ụlọ na Mmepe Obodo na Jụn 2012, mgbe ọ hapụsịrị ọrụ ya na Philadelphia maka inwe mmekọrịta nkwekọrịta nke mebiri ụkpụrụ omume ọhụrụ nke PHA na-amachibido imekọ ihe ọnụ n'etiti ndị isi na ndị nọ n'okpuru.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/local/dc-politics/former-housing-authority-chief-returning-to-dc/2012/06/18/gJQATEqQmV_story.html|title=Former Housing Authority chief returning to D.C. - The Washington Post}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.inquirer.com/philly/news/local/20130118_U_S__inspector_finds_no_evidence_former_PHA_chief_Michael_P__Kelly_misspent_money.html|title=U.S. inspector finds no evidence former PHA chief Michael P. Kelly misspent money}}&lt;/ref&gt;  Na Maachị 25, 2015, Kelly laghachiri na NYCHA, ọzọ dị ka General Manager. NYCHA na-achịkwa ihe karịrị ụlọ otu narị na iri asaa na asatọ na ọ dịkarịa ala narị puku anọ ndị bi na ya.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2015/03/26/nyregion/familiar-face-is-hired-to-steer-housing-agency.html|title=Michael P. Kelly, a Familiar Face, Is Returning to New York City's Housing Agency|first=Mireya|author=Navarro|date=25 March 2015|publisher=|accessdate=10 April 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Kelly enweela ọtụtụ nhọpụta agụmakwụkwọ gụnyere Assistant Adjunct Professor na School of Architecture and Engineering na Howard University na Washington, D.C. na Preceptor maka Project 55 Fellowship program na Princeton University, na-eduzi ndị gụsịrị akwụkwọ nwere mmasị na ọrụ ọha na eze site na mkpakọrịta afọ. Site na 1997 ruo 2000, Kelly jere ozi dị ka Harvey-Wadsworth Prọfesọ nke Urban Affairs na Mahadum Tulane, yana onye nkuzi nleta na Mahadụ California na Berkeley School of Architecture n'oge mmalite afọ 1980. Ọ natara asambodo nkuzi na [[Nú Jezị|New Jersey]] na California, ma gụsịrị akwụkwọ na mmemme Princeton na Nkwadebe nkuzi.

Na mgbakwunye, Kelly arụwo ọrụ ọkachamara dị ukwuu.  Ọ bụ onye bụbu onye isi oche nke Council of Large Public Housing Authorities, otu ụlọ ọrụ na-enweghị uru nke Washington, D.C. nke ndị otu ya na-anọchite anya nnukwu obodo ukwu na US. Kansụl ahụ na-arụ ọrụ iji chekwaa ma melite ụlọ ọha na eze na ọnụ ala site na nkwado, nyocha, nyocha iwu na agụmakwụkwọ ọha.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.clpha.org/page.cfm?pageID=570|title=CLPHA - Home|work=www.clpha.org|accessdate=10 April 2018|archivedate=11 April 2018|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20180411174404/http://www.clpha.org/page.cfm?pageID=570}}&lt;/ref&gt;
Ọ rụkwara ọrụ dị ka osote onyeisi oche nke National Organization of African Americans in Housing ma nọrọ na bọọdụ nke National Center for Housing and Child Welfare, nke District of Columbia Interagency Commission on Homelessness, na nke Canal Park Development Association.&lt;ref&gt;The National Association of Housing and Redevelopment Transpire Inc. Board list &lt;/ref&gt; N'afọ 2009, ọ ghọrọ Onye isi oche nke Board of City Year, DC.
Kelly bụ onye otu American Institute of Architects; National Housing Conference; National Association of Housing and Redevelopment Officials; American Planning Association; American Institute of Certified Planners; ọ bụkwa US Green Building Council's Leed Green Associate.

Kelly bụ onye isi ugbu a na Housing Industry Professionals (HIP) ụlọ ọrụ na-ahụ maka atụmatụ obodo na-etinye aka na ikpe ziri ezi nke ọha na eze site na atụmatụ obodo na imewe.

== Edensibia ==
&lt;references /&gt;
[[Òtù:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ]]</text>
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    <title>Hale Woodruff</title>
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[[[[File:Hale Woodruff.gif|thumb|Hale Woodruff]] Woodruff, artist and teacher - NARA - 559225]]
'''Hale Aspacio Woodruff''' (ubochí irí abụọ na isii n'ọnwa Ọgọst, 1900 rụo ụbọchị isii n'ọnwa Septemba, 1980) bụ ónyé America na-ese ihe nke a maara màkà ihe osise ya, ihe osise, na ihe osise.

== Mbido ndụ, ezinụlọ na agụmakwụkwọ ==
A mụrụ Woodruff na Cairo, Illinois, na úbọchị irí abụọ na isii n'ọnwa Ọgọst, 1900.&lt;ref name=&quot;Encyclopedia Britannica&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=Hale Woodruff|url=https://www.britannica.com/biography/Hale-Woodruff|work=Encyclopedia Britannica|accessdate=March 14, 2020|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ọ tolitere n'ezinụlọ ndị isi [[Ndị Afụrịka ǹkè Amerịka|ojii]] na Nashville, [[Tennessee]], ébé ọ gàrà ụlọ akwụkwọ ndị na-akpa ókè.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|url=https://archive.org/details/wakeupoursouls00tony|title=Wake up our souls : a celebration of Black American artists|author=Tonya|first=Bolden|date=2004|publisher=H.N. Abrams|isbn=0810945274|location=New York|oclc=53020236}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ọ gụrụ akwụkwọ na Herron School of Art and Design na Indianapolis, Chicago Institute of Art, na Harvard Fogg Art Museum.

Woodruff ritere ihe nríte site na Harmon Foundation na 1926, nké méré ka o nwee ike iji &quot;afọ anọ dị mkpa na-amụ na Paris site na 1927 Xia31.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;''African-American Artists, 1929–1945: Prints, Drawings, and Paintings in The Metropolitan Museum of Art''&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;smith&quot;&gt;Smith, Roberta, [https://www.nytimes.com/2013/08/16/arts/design/hale-woodruffs-talladega-murals-in-rising-up-at-nyu.html?hpw &quot;In Electric Moments, History Transfigured - Hale Woodruff’s Talladega Murals, in 'Rising Up,' at N.Y.U.&quot;], ''The New York Times'', August 13, 2013.&lt;/ref&gt; Ọ gụrụ akwụkwọ na Académie Scandinave Maison Watteau [sv] na Académie Moderne .&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|title=New Oils by Hale Woodruff at Bertha Schaefer's|journal=Bertha Schaeffer Gallery|date=October 25 – November 13, 1954}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ọ mụtakwara ihe n'ụlọ ngosi ihe mgbè ochie nke ọbọdọ ahụ, ka ọ na-amata ndị ọzọ si mba ọzọ, gụnyere Henry Ossawa Tanner, ónyé ísì African-American na-ese ihe. Woodruff zutere ndị isi nke French avant-garde wee malite ịnakọta nka Africa, nke bụ ísí iyi nke mkpali maka ọtụtụ ndị ọzọ na-eme ihe n'oge a, gụnyere Pablo Picasso.&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.high.org/Art/Exhibitions/Rising-Up-Hale-Woodruff.aspx ''Hale Woodruff: Rising Up''], High Art Museum&lt;/ref&gt;

Ọ laghachiri na US na 1931 wee lụọ Theresa Ada Baker n'afọ ahụ. Ha nwèrè otu nwá nwoke, Roy.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://aaregistry.org/story/five-decades-of-greatness-in-art-hale-woodruff/|title=Five Decades of Greatness in Art, Hale Woodruff|publisher=African American Registry|accessdate=January 15, 2022}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ọrụ nka ==
Woodruff laghachiri na US n'ihi nsogbu ego sitere na Great Depression. Ọ rụrụ ọrụ dị ka ónyé nkụzi nka iji kwado onwé ya.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|author=Fraser|first=Gerald|title=Hale Woodruff Looks Back on Lifetime of Painting|work=The New York Times|date=May 6, 1979}}&lt;/ref&gt; O mechara bụrụ ónyé nduzi nka na Mahadum Atlanta, kọleji ojii nke akụkọ ihe méré eme. Ọ kụziri klas na Laboratory High School nke mahadum ahụ, yana maka ụmụ akwụkwọ na Morehouse na Spelman, kọleji metụtara ụmụ nwanyị ojii. O guzobere asọmpi kwa afọ, Atlanta University Annual Exhibition of Paintings, Sculpture, and Prints by Negro Artists, nke gosipụtara ọtụtụ ndị na-ese ihe Africa-America. E mèrè nke a site na 1942 ruo 1970.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|author=Amaki|first=Amalia|title=Hale Woodruff, Nancy Elizabeth Prophet, and the Academy|date=c. 2007|publisher=Atlanta: Spelman College Museum of Fine Art Seattle: University of Washington Press|pages=13–14}}&lt;/ref&gt;
N'afọ 1942, ọbụlagodi na [[World War II|Agha Ụwa nke Abụọ]] na-aga n'ihu, Woodruff malitere Atlanta University Art Annuals, ihe ngosi na asọmpi nke e mèrè rụo n'afọ 1970. Ihe ngosi nka mba iri abụọ na itoolu a bụ ébé dị mkpà màkà ndị na-ese ihe ojii.&lt;ref name=&quot;dunkley&quot;&gt;Dunkley, Tina. [http://www.georgiaencyclopedia.org/articles/arts-culture/hale-woodruff-1900-1980 &quot;Hale Woodruff 1900-1980&quot;], ''New Georgia Encyclopedia'', December 6, 2013. Web. 28 May 2015.&lt;/ref&gt;

N'afọ 1946, Woodruff sonyeere ngalaba na Mahadum New York dị na Manhattan. Ọ kụziri ihe n'ebe ahụ ihe karịrị afọ irí abụọ tupu ọ laa ezumike nká na 1968. [[Malkia Roberts]] so n'ọtụtụ ụmụ akwụkwọ New York ya.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.swanngalleries.com/3dcat/2359-1of2/files/assets/basic-html/page52.html|title=The Richard A. Long Collection of African-American Art – Sale 2359, Part I|date=October 9, 2014|publisher=Swann Galleries|accessdate=February 3, 2017|archivedate=May 28, 2020|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20200528152734/http://www.swanngalleries.com/3dcat/2359-1of2/files/assets/basic-html/page52.html}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Woodruff nwụrụ na New York City na úbọchị isii n'ọnwa Septemba, 1980.&lt;ref name=&quot;Encyclopedia Britannica&quot;/&gt;

== Ihe Nketa ==
N'afọ 2012, High Museum of Art dị na Atlanta, Georgia haziri ihe ngosi nke murals Woodruff mepụtara maka Talladega College. Ihe ngosi nke isii n'ime mgbidi ndị e weghachiri gárá United States gụnyere African American Museum (Dallas), Birmingham Museum of Art, Chicago Cultural Center, National Museum of African American History and Culture, Nelson-Atkins Museum of Art.&lt;ref name=&quot;High Museum of Art&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=Rising Up: Hale Woodruff’s Murals at Talladega College|url=https://high.org/exhibition/rising-up/|work=High Museum of Art|accessdate=14 March 2020|archivedate=1 August 2020|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20200801112137/https://high.org/exhibition/rising-up/}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;NPR.org&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=With Powerful Murals, Hale Woodruff Paved The Way For African-American Artists|url=https://www.npr.org/2015/12/19/459251265/with-powerful-murals-hale-woodruff-paved-the-way-for-african-american-artists|work=Weekend Edition Saturday|publisher=National Public Radio|first=C.J.|author=Janovy|date=December 19, 2015|accessdate=March 14, 2020|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Edensibia ==
{{Reflist}}

== Ịgụ ihe ọzọ ==

* David C Driskell; Leonard Simon; Los Angeles County Museum of Art, Two Centuries of Black American Art, (Los Angeles County Museum nke Art; New York: Knopf : nke Random House kesara, 1976) ISBN ,  
* [http://www.worldcatlibraries.org/oclc/17813325&amp;referer=brief_results ''Hale Woodruff''] 50 Afọ nke nka ya, (New York: The Studio Museum in Harlem, 1979)  
* Samella Lewis, African American Art and Artists, (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1990) ISBN ,  978-0-520-0 8788-0,  9 78-0-520-2008532-9
* Kenkeleba Gallery (New York, N.Y.), The Search for Freedom: African American Abstract Painting 1945 na 1975, (New York: Kenkeleba House, ©1991)  
* Marika Herskovic, American Abstract Expressionism nke 1950s: An Illustrated Survey, (New York School Press, 2003.)  . peeji nke 358 Ā361
* Crystal Britton, African American Art: The Long Struggle, (New Line Books, 1998)
* Samella Lewis, African American Art and Artists, (University of California Press, 1994)
* Sharon Patton, African-American Art, (Oxford University Press, 1998)
* [[Romare Bearden]], A History of African-American Artists: From 1792 to the Present, (Pantheon, 1993)

== Njikọ mpụga ==

* &quot;[http://www.talladega.edu/academics/amistad.asp Amistad Murals]&quot;, Talladega College</text>
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    <title>Asụsụ Aka</title>
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      <text bytes="2935" sha1="80vccdlnp4n5p0n0o580ect0wjxmv07" xml:space="preserve">'''Aka''', nke a makwaara dị ka '''Yaka''' ma ọ bụ '''Beka''', bụ asụsụ Bantu a na-asụ na [[Central African Republic|Central Afrika Republic]] na [[Republic of the Congo|Republic of kongo]], n'akụkụ Osimiri Ubangi nke kewara mba abụọ ahụ.

Ndị Aka na-asụ asụsụ Aka, ndị pygmy nwere njikọ chiri anya na ndị na-asụrụ Ubangian Baka nke [[Kameroon|Cameroon]], Kongo na [[Gabon|Gabọn]]. N'ozuzu, a maara ndị a dị ka  ndị Mbenga (''Bambenga'') ma ọ bụ kwa nụ Binga (Babinga), nke ikpeazụ bụ mkparị.

Ndi a ma ama, Aka na asu asụsụ Baka na-ekekorita okwu, karịsịa gbasara akụ na ụba ọhịa pụrụ iche, dị ka okwu maka osisi ndị a na-eri eri, osisi ọgwụ na nchịkọta mmanụ aṅụ. Nke a so na pasent iri atọ (30%) nke Aka nke na-abụghị Bantu na pasent iri atọ (30%) nke Baka nke na-adịghị Ubangian ma bụrụ ihe fọdụrụ n'asụsụ ndị nna nna Western Pygmy (Mbenga ma ọ bụ &quot;Baaka&quot;) nke na-apụ n'anya.&lt;ref&gt;Serge Bahuchet, 1993, ''History of the inhabitants of the central African rain forest: perspectives from comparative linguistics.'' In C.M. Hladik, ed., ''Tropical forests, people, and food: Biocultural interactions and applications to development.'' Paris: Unesco/Parthenon.&lt;/ref&gt; Otú ọ dị, ọ ga-ekwe omume na Aka gbanwere gaa Bantu site n'asụsụ Ubangian metụtara Baka, n'ọnọdụ ahụ, ọnọdụ ahụ na-ebelata na otu agbụrụ na-anabata n'oké ọhịa na okwu pụrụ iche. Enweghị ihe akaebe maka njikọ asụsụ sara mbara na nke ọ bụla n'ime ndị Pygmy ndị ọzọ.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=http://www.rogerblench.info/Genetics/SAFA%202004%20genetics%20paper.pdf |title=Blench (in press) |accessdate=2022-10-16 |archivedate=2011-07-21 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110721174821/http://www.rogerblench.info/Genetics/SAFA%202004%20genetics%20paper.pdf }}&lt;/ref&gt;

Ndị Aka na-akpọ onwe ha ''Mraka'' n'otu na ''Beka'' n'ọtụtụ. Ndịa na asụ asụsụ ha na-iji mkpụrụedemede dị iche iche: Mò-Áka, Moyaka, Bayaka, Yaga, Bayaga, Gbayaka, Biaka, Beká, Yakwa, Yakpa, Yakpwa, Nyoyaka. A maara Aka ọdịda anyanwụ dị ka Benzele (Mbenzélé, Babenzélé, Bambenzele, Ba-Benjelle), mara kwa Aka ọwụwa anyanwụ dị ka Sese (''Basese''). Ndị a nwere ike ịbụ ire okwu dị iche iche; ''Nzari'' nwere ike ịbụ ọzọ.

Pygmies nke ugwu Gabọn kpọrọ ''Mikaya'' na ''Luma'' doro anya na ha bụ Aka ma ọ bụ na-asụ asụsụ nke ya na Aka nwere oyiri.

== Ọmụmụ ụdaolu ==

=== Mkpụrụ okwu ===

== Okwu ndị pụrụ iche nke oké ọhịa ==

== Akwụkwọ ==

Serge Bahuchet (2012): &quot;Asụsụ na-agbanwe agbanwe, na-anọgide na Pygmy&quot;. Human Biology: Mpịkọta nke 84: Mbipụta nke 1, Isiokwu nke 9.

== Ihe odide ==
{{Reflist}}{{Languages of the Central African Republic}}{{Languages of the Republic of the Congo}}</text>
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    <title>Dekha Ibrahim Abdi</title>
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      <text bytes="4350" sha1="agwui60b37hjrkyr06ma0tink0njau2" xml:space="preserve">'''Dekha Ibrahim Abdi''' (Somali: , 1964 - 14 Julaị 2011) bu [[Kenya|onye Kenya]] na-ahụ maka udo nke bi na Mombasa, [[Kenya]]. Ọ rụrụ ọrụ dị ka onye ndụmọdụ na gọọmentị na òtù ọha na eze. Ọ bu onye agbụrụ [[Somalia]].

== Ndụ onwe onye ==
A mụrụ Dekha na 1964 na Wajir . Ọ lụrụ Dr. Hassan Nurrow Abdirahman onye ya na ya nwere ụmụ anọ. Di na nwunye ahụ gbara alụkwaghịm na 2007 ma na 2009, ọ lụrụ Abdinoor, onye Kenya Somali ophthalmologist.&lt;ref name=&quot;Ttmrapbnabor&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.visionews.net/kenya-taking-to-men%C2%B4s-role-as-peace-builders-not-a-bed-of-roses/|title=Kenya: Taking to Men´s Role as Peace Builders Not a Bed of Roses &amp;#124; visionews.net|work=www.visionews.net|accessdate=2022-10-18|archivedate=2022-10-18|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20221018185446/http://www.visionews.net/kenya-taking-to-men%C2%B4s-role-as-peace-builders-not-a-bed-of-roses/}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ọrụ ==
Dekha bu onye nlekọta nke Coalition for Peace in Africa (COPA) na nke NOMADIC, otu ndị na-azụ anụ nke dị na Wajir. Ọ bụkwa onye guzobere Kọmitii Udo na Mmepe nke Wajir, Coalition for Peace in Afrika, ACTION (Action for Conflict Transformation), na Peace and Regeneration Oasis (PRO).

Dekha rụrụ ọrụ dị ka onye ndụmọdụ na-enye ọzụzụ na mmepe nke ndị na-azụ atụrụ na ọtụtụ ụlọ ọrụ mpaghara na nke mba ụwa na mba dị iche iche, gụnyere Cambodia, Jordan, Ethiopia, Somalia, South Africa, Netherlands, Israel, Palestine, Zimbabwe, UK, [[Uganda]] na Kenya. Ọ bụkwa onye mmekọ nke na-aza esemokwu ma rụọ ọrụ n'oge gara aga dị ka onye nkuzi na onye nhazi mmụta nke RTC. Enwere ike ịgụ ụfọdụ n'ime nghọta ya na nke ime udo na akwụkwọ &quot;Mediation and Governance in Fragile Contexts: Small Steps to Peace&quot; nke e bipụtara na 2019.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.rienner.com/title/Mediation_and_Governance_in_Fragile_Contexts_Small_Steps_to_Peace|title=Lynne Rienner Publishers &amp;#124; Mediation and Governance in Fragile Contexts Small Steps to Peace|work=www.rienner.com}}&lt;/ref&gt; Enwere ike ịchọta clkjhps nke ajụjụ ọnụ nke 2010 na 2011 na Dekha n'ịntanetị.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://css.ethz.ch/en/think-tank/themes/mediation-support-and-peace-promotion/mediation-governance.html|title=Mediation and Governance in Fragile Contexts: Small Steps to Peace|work=css.ethz.ch}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Onyinye ==
N'afọ 2007, e nyere Dekha ihe nrite Right Livelihood Award. Ndị ọka ikpe ahụ kelere ya &quot;maka igosi n'ọnọdụ agbụrụ na ọ dịbendị dị iche iche otu esi eme ka ọdị iche okpukpe na ndị ọzọ dị n'otu, ọ bụrụ mgbe esemokwu ime ihe ike gasịrị, ma jikọta ọnụ site na usoro mmekorita nke na-eduga n'udo na mmepe&quot;.

E nyekwara ya Gernika ́s Peace and Reconciliation Prize na 2008 (Basque Country) na Hessian Peace Prize nke Germany na 2009.

== Ọnwụ ==
Na 7 Julaị 2011, Dekha, di ya Abdinoor, na onye ọkwọ ụgbọala ha nọ na-aga nzukọ udo na Garissa, mgbe ụgbọ ala ha kụrụ ụgbọala. Di ya na onye ọkwọ ụgbọala ya nwụrụ ozugbo. Dekha merụrụ ahụ nke ukwuu ma buru ya gaa Nairobi. Ọ nwụrụ obere oge ka nke ahụ gasịrị n'ụlọ ọgwụ Aga Khan na elekere 11.45 nke ụtụtụ, na 14 Julaị 2011. Ọ dị afọ iri anọ na asaa.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=http://www.dai.com/about/newsroom.php?nid=466|title=Dekha Ibrahim Abdi, Acclaimed Kenyan Peace Builder and DAI Colleague, Dies from Injuries|work=DAI|date=July 14, 2022|accessdate=July 15, 2011}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Hụkwa ==

* Ihe nrite nke ndụ ziri ezi
* Ndepụta nke ndị na-eme udo

== Ihe edeturu ==
{{Reflist}}

== Ihe odide ==

* [https://web.archive.org/web/20071010212237/http://www.rightlivelihood.org/abdi.html Abdi na Ebe nrụọrụ weebụ nke Right Livelihood Award]
* Short video on Dekha Abdi on [[YouTube]]

== Njikọ mpụga ==

* [https://web.archive.org/web/20120605152934/http://www.berghof-handbook.net/documents/publications/dialogue6_dekha_comm.pdf Ịrụ ọrụ maka udo na usoro esemokwu na Kenya - Ịkwado Nsogbu] Mgbe Election gasịrị 2008 E debere ya  Wayback Machine
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20071010212237/http://www.rightlivelihood.org/abdi.html Akụkọ ndụ Dekha Ibrahim Abdi]</text>
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Nnọpụiche Carbon bụ ọnọdụ ikuku ikuku carbon dioxide efu efu. Enwere ike ime nke a site n'ịkwụsị iji coal, mmanụ na gas ruo n'ókè nke na enwere mbelata carbon dioxide n'ụzọ dị egwu na iwepụ carbon dioxide na ikuku. A na eji okwu ahụ eme ihe n'ọnọdụ nke usoro mwepụ carbon dioxide jikọtara na njem, mmepụta ume, ọrụ ugbo na ụlọ ọrụ.

Ọ bụ ezie na a na eji okwu ahụ bụ &quot;carbon neutral&quot; mee ihe, akara ụkwụ carbon gụnyekwara gas ndị ọzọ griin haus, nke a tụrụ n'ihe gbasara nha carbon dioxide ha. Okwu a na anọpụ iche ihu igwe na egosipụta njikọ sara mbara nke gas ndị ọzọ na ekpo ọkụ na mgbanwe ihu igwe, ọ bụrụgodị na CO2 bụ nke kachasị ukwuu.

A na eji okwu net zero na amụbawanye iji kọwaa ntinye aka sara mbara na nke zuru oke maka decarbonization na omume ihu igwe, na agabiga nnọpụiche carbon site na itinyekwu ihe omume n'okpuru oke nke ikuku na apụtaghị ìhè, na agụnyekarị ebumnuche sayensị dabere na mbelata ihe ọkụkụ, n'ụzọ megidere ya. ịdabere naanị na offsetting. Ụfọdụ ndị ọkà mmụta sayensị na ahụ maka ihu igwe ekwuola na &quot;echiche nke net zero enyela ikike n'echeghị eche cavalier 'ọkụ ugbu a, kwụọ ụgwọ mgbe e mesịrị' nke hụrụ na ikuku carbon na aga n'ihu na arị elu.&quot;

 
== Usoro ==
  
Enwere ike nweta ọkwa carbon anọpụ iche n'ụzọ abụọ, ọ bụ ezie na ngwakọta nke abụọ ahụ yikarịrị ka achọrọ:

=== Na agwụcha ikuku ===
Enwere ike ịkwụsị ikuku carbon site n'ịga n'ihu na isi mmalite ike yana usoro ụlọ ọrụ nke na emepụta gas na adịghị griin, si otú a na atụgharị gaa na akụ na ụba efu carbon. N'ịtụgharị n'iji ike mmeghari ume dị ka ikuku, geothermal, na ike anyanwụ, usoro enweghị ike dị ka oyi na ekpo ọkụ n'ehihie, yana ike nuklia, na ebelata ikuku gas na ekpo ọkụ. Ọ bụ ezie na mmepụta ume ọhụrụ na nke anaghị emeghari ume na emepụta carbon anwuru n'ụdị ụfọdụ, isi mmalite ndị a naemegharịgharị na emepụta ihe na adịghị ahụkebe na ihe fọrọ nke nta ka ọ bụrụ efu carbon. Ịtụgharị na akụ na ụba carbon dị ala ga apụtakwa ime mgbanwe na usoro mmepụta ihe na ọrụ ugbo ugbu a iji belata ikuku carbon, dịka ọmụmaatụ, mgbanwe nri na anụ ụlọ dịka ehi nwere ike ibelata mmepụta methane site na 40%. A na ejikarị ọrụ carbon na ịzụ ahịa ihe ọkụkụ na ebelata ikuku carbon, na carbon dioxide nwere ike igbochi mgbe ụfọdụ ịbanye na ikuku kpamkpam (dịka site na ịcha carbon).

Otu ụzọ isi mejuputa ngwaahịa na anọpụ iche carbon bụ site n'ime ka ngwaahịa ndị a dị ọnụ ala ma dị ọnụ ala karịa mmanụ ọkụ carbon. Ụlọ ọrụ dị iche iche ekwela nkwa na ha ga abụ ndị na anọpụ iche ma ọ bụ ndị na adịghị mma site na 2050, ụfọdụ n'ime ha gụnyere: Microsoft, Delta Air Lines, BP, IKEA, na BlackRock, n'agbanyeghị na nkwa ndị a dị anya anaghị ejikọta ya na ezigbo omume ma na emekarị akwụkwọ ndụ akwụkwọ ndụ  dịka ọmụmaatụ na. BP na emefu karịa na mmanụ ọkụ na 2022 karịa mmeghari ohuru n'agbanyeghị nkwa efu efu ya.

=== Mbelata carbon ===


Idozi ikuku carbon dioxide fọdụrụnụ na mbelata carbon bụ usoro nke ibelata ma ọ bụ zere ikuku ikuku ikuku ma ọ bụ wepụ carbon dioxide site na ikuku iji mejupụta ikuku n'ebe ndị ọzọ. Ọ bụrụ na mkpokọta ikuku griin haus ewepụtara hà nhata ego a na ezere ma ọ bụ wepụ ya, mgbe ahụ mmetụta abụọ ahụ na akagbu ibe ha na ikuku ụgbụ a na anọpụ iche.

== Usoro ==
A na enweta nnọpụiche Carbon site na ijikọta usoro ndị a, n'agbanyeghị na ndị a nwere ike ịdịgasị iche dabere ma ndị mmadụ n'otu n'otu, ụlọ ọrụ, otu, obodo, mpaghara, ma ọ bụ mba na eme atụmatụ a:

=== Nkwenye ===
 
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N'ihe banyere ndị mmadụ n'otu n'otu, ime mkpebi nwere ike bụrụ nke kwụ ọtọ, mana maka ụlọ ọrụ dị mgbagwoju anya ọ na achọkarị onye ndu ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị na nkwekọrịta ọha na eze na mbọ a kwesịrị ime.

Nkwenye sitere na mba na otu dị n'ime dị oke mkpa maka mmegharị ahụ nke anọpụ iche Carbon. Akwụkwọ akụkọ Net Zero Challenge Report na ekwu na &quot;nkwenye ndị gọọmentị mere ruo ugbu a ezuola.&quot; Otu ụzọ ị ga esi nwetakwu nkwa ga abụ ịtọ ihe mgbaru ọsọ na anọpụ iche na carbon mana kwe ka mgbanwe maka ndị otu na gọọmentị kpebie ka ha ga esi nweta ebumnuche ndị a.

=== Ịgụ na nyocha ===
Ịgụ na nyochaa ihe ndị na emepụta ihe dị mkpa ka ekpochapụ, na otu esi eme ya, bụ ihe dị mkpa na usoro nke ịmepụta nnọpụiche carbon, ebe ọ na ewepụta ihe ndị dị mkpa maka ebe ọ dị mkpa ka eme ihe na ọganihu nwere ike ịmalite nyochaa. Enwere ike nweta nke a site na ngwa ahịa griin haus nke chọrọ ịza ajụjụ ndị dị ka:

Maka ndị mmadụ n'otu n'otu, ihe mgbako carbon na eme ka ịchịkọta ngwa ahịa dị mfe. A na atụkarị ọkụ eletrik na kWh, ọnụ ọgụgụ na ụdị mmanụ ọkụ a na eji kpoo mmiri na ikpo ọkụ n'ụlọ, na kilomita ole mmadụ na anya ụgbọ ala dị iche iche. Ndị mmadụ n'otu n'otu nwekwara ike ịtọ oke nke sistemu ha na eche banyere ya, dịka ọmụmaatụ, ma ha chọrọ ịhazigharị ikuku ikuku griin ha, ikuku ụlọ ha, ma ọ bụ nke ụlọ ọrụ ha.

Enwere ọtụtụ ihe mgbako carbon dị na ntanetị, nke na adịgasị iche n'ụzọ dị iche iche ha tụrụ. Ụfọdụ, dịka ọmụmaatụ, na ebute naanị ụgbọ ala, ụgbọ elu na ike ụlọ. Ndị ọzọ na ekpuchikwa ihe mkpofu ụlọ ma ọ bụ ihe ntụrụndụ. N'ọnọdụ ụfọdụ, ịgafe ihe na anọpụ iche carbon na ịghọ ihe na adịghị mma nke carbon (na abụkarị mgbe ogologo oge gachara iji ruo ikuku ikuku carbon) bụ ebumnobi.

&lt;ref name=&quot;doi.org&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|doi=10.1016/j.jclepro.2022.130912|title=Carbon-neutral cities: Critical review of theory and practice|year=2022|author=Huovila|first=Aapo|journal=Journal of Cleaner Production|volume=341}}&lt;/ref&gt;Obodo na mba na esiri ike ịgụta carbon na nyocha. Nke a bụ n'ihi na mmepụta ngwaahịa na ọrụ dị n'ime ókèala ha nwere ike jikọta ma ọ bụ oriri ụlọ ma ọ bụ mbupụ. N'aka nke ọzọ, ụmụ amaala na erikwa ngwaahịa na ọrụ ndị a na ebubata. Iji zere ngụkọ okpukpu abụọ na ngụkọ nke ikuku, ekwesịrị ịkọwapụta ebe a ga agụta ihe ọkụkụ: n'ebe mmepụta ma ọ bụ oriri. Nke a nwere ike gbagwojuru anya n'ihi ogologo agbụ mmepụta ihe na akụ na ụba zuru ụwa ọnụ. Tụkwasị na nke ahụ, ike na esi na ya pụta na nnukwu mmepụta ihe onwunwe dị mkpa maka usoro ume ọhụrụ na batrị EV nwere ike igosi nsogbu nke ha   a ga ebelata ihe eji eme ihe n'ime mpaghara, ma usoro ndụ ndụ ka nwere ike ka. ka dị ịrịba ama.

=== Mbelata ===
Otu n'ime arụmụka siri ike maka ibelata ikuku gas na ekpo ọkụ bụ na ọ na echekwa ego mgbe mgbe. Ọmụmaatụ nke omume enwere ike ibelata ikuku ikuku griin bụ:

*

Ike ikuku, ike nuklia, ike mmiri, ike anyanwụ, na geothermal bụ isi mmalite ike nwere ikuku ndụ kachasị dị ala, nke gụnyere ntinye na ọrụ.
 

=== Mwepu ===
Ịkwụsị ikuku carbon bụ omume nke iwepụ gas na ekpo ọkụ n'ikuku nke dabara na ihe ndị ọzọ na emepụta. A na emekarị nke a site n'ịkwụ ụgwọ &quot;ọrụ ndị na ebunye ntakịrị ihe ọkụkụ na isi iyi, dị ka mmepụta ike dị ọcha, ma ọ bụ wepụ ha na ikuku, dị ka atụmatụ ọhịa.&quot; Nke a bu n'obi iwepụ ụfọdụ olu nke ikuku griin haus site na itinye ego na mmemme nke a na atụ anya na ọ ga ebute mbelata nhata n'ebe ndị ọzọ, dịka ọmụmaatụ, na akwụ ụgwọ maka ọrụ gburugburu ebe obibi, dị ka carbon na acha anụnụ anụnụ. Atụmatụ mwepu nwekwara ike inwe nnukwu uru dị ka imeziwanye ogo ndụ yana ibelata ịda ogbenye

A katọrọ nkwụsị carbon n'ọtụtụ akụkụ. Otu n'ime ihe na echegbu bụ ike nke nkwụghachi ụgwọ igbu oge ihe dị mkpa na mbelata ikuku na arụ ọrụ. N'afọ 2007, dịka ọmụmaatụ, na akụkọ sitere na Transnational Institute, Kevin Smith ji carbon offsets tụnyere indulgences oge ochie ebe ndị mmadụ na akwụ ụgwọ &quot;ụlọ ọrụ akwụ ụgwọ iji wepụ ha mmehie carbon ha.&quot; Nke a, ọ na ekwu, na ekwe ka omume &quot;azụmahịa dị ka ọ na adị&quot; nke na egbochi mgbanwe ndị achọrọ. A katọrọ mpụ nke ukwuu maka itinye aka na ịsacha akwụkwọ ndụ akwụkwọ ndụ, arụmụka nke kpalitere na otu ndị nche na-ahụ maka 2021 na ekpebi megide Shell

Nkatọ ọzọ nke nkwụghachi ụgwọ bụ na iwu na adịghị mma nke nzọrọ site n'atụmatụ carbon offsetting nke, yana ihe isi ike dị n'ịgbakọ mkpokọta ikuku griin haus na mbelata ikuku, nwere ike ibute atụmatụ ndị na adịghị n'ezie na ewepụ ihe ọkụkụ nke ọma. Emeela mmegharị iji mepụta ụkpụrụ ka mma. Dịka ọmụmaatụ, United Nations ejirila usoro asambodo maka mgbanyụ carbon kemgbe 2001 akpọrọ Clean Development Mechanism. Nke a bu n'obi kpalite &quot;mmepe na adigide na mbelata ikuku ikuku, ebe ọ na enye mba ndị mepere emepe ụfọdụ mgbanwe n'otú ha si emezu ebumnobi mbelata ihe ọkụkụ ha.&quot; Otú ọ dị, Kọmitii Mgbanwe ihu igwe nke Gọọmenti UK kwukwara na &quot;Ọ bụ ezie na a na emeziwanye ụkpụrụ ma n'ụwa nile ma na UK, ihe ize ndụ ahụ ka dị na mbelata ikuku ma ọ bụ mwepụ a kọrọ nwere ike ime na agbanyeghị ma ọ bụ na ọ gaghị adịgide n'ọdịnihu.&quot;

A kọwakwara nkatọ n'iji osisi ọhịa na abụghị nke obodo na otu omenala dị ka carbon offsets maka &quot;oke na mgbe ụfọdụ adịghị mma mmetụta ya na ụdị dị iche iche nke ndụ&quot; na ọrụ gburugburu ebe obibi ndị ọzọ.

=== Nyocha na ikwugharị ===
Usoro a na agụnye nleba anya nke nsonaazụ na nchịkọta nke ndepụta nke ndozi ndị a tụrụ aro, na edepụta na akụkọ, nke mere na ahụmahụ nwetara nke ihe na arụ ọrụ (na adịghị) na ekerịta ndị nwere ike iji ya mee ihe nke ọma. Sayensị na teknụzụ na aga n'ihu, ụkpụrụ na esiwanye ike, ụkpụrụ ndị mmadụ na achọ na arị elu. Ya mere okirikiri nke abụọ ga aga n'ihu karịa nke mbụ, usoro ahụ ga aga n'ihu, usoro nke ọ bụla na aga n'ihu na ewuli elu ma na emeziwanye ihe gara aga.

A na ahụwanye ịbụ nnọpụiche carbon dị ka ezigbo ụlọ ọrụ ma ọ bụ ọrụ mmekọrịta ọha na eze na ndepụta na eto eto nke ụlọ ọrụ na steeti na ekwupụta ụbọchị maka mgbe ha bu n'obi na anọpụ iche. Ihe omume dị ka G8 Summit na otu dị ka World Bank na ejikwa atụmatụ nkwụghachi ụgwọ iji bụrụ onye na anọpụ iche carbon. Ndị na ese ihe dị ka The Rolling Stones na Pink Floyd emela ọba egwu ma ọ bụ njegharị carbon na anọpụ iche.

== Mkpọpụta ozugbo na nke na apụtaghị ìhè ==


Iji were were na anọpụ iche carbon, otu nzukọ ga ebelata akara ukwu carbon ya ka ọ bụrụ efu. Ịchọpụta ihe ị ga etinye n'ụkwụ carbon na adabere na nzukọ na ụkpụrụ ha na agbaso.

N'ozuzu, a ghaghị ibelata ebe ndị na ekupụta ikuku ozugbo wee kwụsị kpamkpam, ebe enwere ike ibelata ihe na esi na ọkụ eletrik zụtara site na ịzụrụ ume ọhụrụ.

Mkpochapụ ozugbo gụnyere mmetọ niile sitere na nrụpụta, ụgbọ ala ụlọ ọrụ nwere na njem akwụghachi ụgwọ, anụ ụlọ na ebe ọ bụla ọzọ onye nwe ya na achịkwa ozugbo. Mgbapụta na apụtaghị ìhè gụnyere ihe niile na esi na ojiji ma ọ bụ zụta ngwaahịa. Dịka ọmụmaatụ, ihe na esi n'ụgbọelu pụta bụ mmanụ ụgbọ elu niile a na agba ọkụ, ebe ihe na esi na ya pụta gụnyere imepụta na ikpofu ụgbọ elu, ọkụ eletrik niile a na eji arụ ọrụ ụlọ ọrụ ụgbọ elu, na ihe a na anyụ kwa ụbọchị site n'aka ndị ọrụ na aga ma na ebuga ọrụ. . N'ihe atụ ọzọ, ụlọ ọrụ na ahụ maka ọkụ nwere gas na ekupụta ọkụ, ebe ụlọ ọrụ na azụta ya na ewere ya dị ka ikuku na apụtaghị ìhè

Obodo na obodo na anọchite anya ihe ịma aka n'ihe gbasara mkpọpụta ikuku dị ka mmepụta ngwaahịa na ọrụ n'ime ókèala ha nwere ike jikọta ya na oriri ụlọ ma ọ bụ mbupụ. N'aka nke ọzọ ụmụ amaala na erikwa ngwaahịa na ọrụ ndị ebubata. Iji zere ịgụta ọnụọgụ abụọ na ngụkọ ihe ọ bụla, ekwesịrị ime ka o doo anya ebe a ga agụta ihe ndị a na emepụta: na saịtị mmepụta ma ọ bụ oriri. Nke a nwere ike gbagwojuru anya n'ihi usoro mmepụta ogologo oge na akụ na ụba zuru ụwa ọnụ. Ọzọkwa, ike agbakwunyere na nsonaazụ nke mmịpụta akụrụngwa buru ibu achọrọ maka sistemu ume ọhụrụ na batrị ụgbọ ala eletrik nwere ike ịnọchite anya nsogbu nke ya   ihe ọkụkụ dị n'ime ebe a na etinye n'ọrụ nwere ike ịdị ntakịrị mana ikuku okirikiri ndụ nwere ike. ka dị ịrịba ama.

A na eji Carbon dị ka isi iyi ọkụ eletrik na nri nri n'ime ụlọ ọrụ na enye ume ike, na eme ka ike gwụ ya agaghị ekwe omume. Ọ bụrụ na a ga ejide ikuku CO2 na isi mmalite ma kwụsị ịbanye n'ikuku, a ghaghị ịmepụta ihe ngwọta kemịkal ọzọ nke na arụpụta ihe a chọrọ ma ghara ịhapụ CO2 dị ka ngwaahịa sitere na ya.

== Mfe nke ụkpụrụ na nkọwa ==
Mmanụ na anọpụ iche nke carbon bụ ndị na adịghị etinye ma ọ bụ ibelata oke carbon n'ime ikuku. Tupu ụlọ ọrụ nwee ike ịdepụta otu nzukọ ma ọ bụ onye ọ bụla dị ka ndị na anọpụ iche carbon, ọ dị mkpa ịkọwapụta ma ọ bụ ihe na apụtaghị ìhè etinyere na mgbako akara ụkwụ Carbon. Ọtụtụ asambodo na anọpụ iche Carbon afọ ofufo na US, chọrọ ka ewelata ma mebie ma isi mmalite na isi mmalite. Dịka ọmụmaatụ, maka otu nzukọ ka enwetara asambodo nnọpụiche carbon, ọ ga ewepụrịrị ihe ọ bụla na esi na njem 1 lb CO2e kwa maịl njem, yana ihe niile na adịghị ọkụ eletrik 100%. A ga ahazirịrị ihe ịzụrụ ọkụ eletrik na-apụtaghị ìhè ma ọ bụrụ na ọ bụrụ na akwụghị ụgwọ, ma ọ bụ ịzụta ume ọhụrụ. Ọkọlọtọ a dịtụ iche na ụlọ ọrụ World Resources Institute a na ejikarị ma nwee ike ịdị mfe ịgbakọ na itinye

Ọtụtụ n'ime mgbagwoju anya na ụkpụrụ nnọpụiche carbon nwere ike ịsị na ọnụọgụ nke ụkpụrụ carbon afọ ofufo dị. Maka òtù dị iche iche na eleba anya n'ụkpụrụ carbon nke ịzụta, ịmara ụkpụrụ ndị siri ike, nkwenye na nke na adịgide adịgide dị mkpa n'ịhọrọ ezigbo carbon offsets na oru ngo iji tinye aka na ya. Ụfọdụ n'ime ụkpụrụ ndị dị na ahịa afọ ofufo gụnyere Verified Carbon Standard, Gold Standard. na Ndekọ Carbon America. Na mgbakwunye, ụlọ ọrụ nwere ike ịzụta akwụkwọ mbelata ihe ọkụkụ (CERs) nke sitere na mbelata ikuku carbon sitere na Mgbakọ Framework nke United Nations na mgbanwe ihu igwe kwadoro maka ebumnuche afọ ofufo. Echiche nke akụrụngwa na ekekọrịta na ebelatakwa ụda carbon nke otu ụlọ ọrụ ga emerịrị, yana ihe niile dị n'elu na nke mgbada bụ ọrụ nke otu ndị ọzọ ma ọ bụ ndị mmadụ n'otu n'otu. Ọ bụrụ na ndị otu niile na ndị mmadụ n'otu n'otu na etinye aka mgbe ahụ nke a agaghị eme ka ọnụọgụ abụọ ọ bụla pụta

Banyere okwu okwu na UK, na December 2011, na December 2011, Mgbasa Ozi Standards Authority (na mkpebi ASA nke onye Independent Reviewer, Sir Hayden Phillips kwadoro) kpebiri n'esemokwu na ọ dịghị ngwaahịa emepụtara nwere ike ịre ahịa dị ka &quot;zero carbon&quot;, n'ihi na a na apụghị izere ezere carbon. n'oge mmepụta ya. Emere mkpebi a n'ihe gbasara sistemụ mbara igwe nke a na akwụghachi carbon n'ime ya n'ime afọ 1.2 ejiri ya, ọ dị ka ọ pụtara na ọ nweghị ụlọ ma ọ bụ ngwaahịa arụpụtara nke a ga akọwa n'ụzọ ziri ezi dị ka carbon efu na ikike ya.[40

== Asambodo ==
Agbanyeghị na enweghị atụmatụ asambodo mba ụwa ugbu a maka nnọpụiche carbon ma ọ bụ ihu igwe, mba ụfọdụ ewepụtala atụmatụ asambodo mba. Ọmụmaatụ gụnyere Mmemme Eco Lighthouse Norwegian yana asambodo ọrụ ihu igwe nke gọọmentị [[Ostraliya|Australia]]. N'ime ụlọ ọrụ nkeonwe, otu dị ka ClimatePartner nwere ike, maka ego, kwe ka ụlọ ọrụ si n'ọtụtụ mpaghara kwụsịlata ikuku carbon ha site na iji usoro dị ka mkpụgharị osisi. Ụlọ ọrụ ndị a nwere ike na ekwu na ọnọdụ na anọpụ iche ihu igwe na ọbụna jiri aha online. Agbanyeghị, enweghị nkọwa zuru ụwa ọnụ gbasara asambodo ndị a yana nkwado ha

Asambodo dịkwa site na CEB, BSI (PAS 2060) na The CarbonNeutral Company (CarbonNeutral).

== Nkatọ ==
N'ịchọpụta akụkọ ihe mere eme nke ụfọdụ aghụghọ na amụma ihu igwe site na 1988 ruo 2021, ndị ọkà mmụta sayensị ihu igwe James Dyke, Robert Watson, na Wolfgang Knorr &quot;[bịarute] n'ịghọta na egbu mgbu na echiche nke net zero enyela ikike n'echeghị eche cavalier 'ọkụ ugbu a, kwụọ ụgwọ mgbe e mesịrị. ' Usoro nke hụworo ka ikuku carbon na aga n'ihu na arị elu… Atumatu efu efu ugbu a agaghị aga n'ihu na ekpo ọkụ ruo n'ime 1.5 Celsius C n'ihi na ọ dịghị mgbe e bu n'obi ime ya. Ọ bụrụ na anyị chọrọ idobe ndị mmadụ, mgbe ahụ nnukwu ma na adịgide adịgide mbelata ikuku carbon kwesịrị ime ugbu a….

Na Machị 2021, Tzeporah Berman, onye isi oche nke Fossil Fuel Non Proliferation Treaty Initiative, rụrụ ụka na Nkwekọrịta ahụ ga-abụ ụzọ ziri ezi na nke ezi uche dị na ya iji nweta ebumnuche nke nkwekọrịta Paris karịa ụzọ &quot;Net zero&quot; nke, o kwuru, bụ &quot;delusional na dabeere ọjọọ sayensị.&quot;

Eric Reguly, nke The Globe and Mail na ekwu na, &quot;Nkwa net efu na anabata ma na enyo enyo. Ọtụtụ na eburu azụ azụ, nke pụtara na ihe ka ọtụtụ n'ime mbelata ga abịa nke ọma ma 2030 gasịrị ... Ọtụtụ n'ime ebumnuche ndị a. chere... ọganihu nkà na ụzụ na aga n'ihu na ọganihu pụtara ìhè ... Mbupụ mmanụ ọkụ agaghị abanye na ndekọ ego mba maka ihe mgbaru ọsọ net efu.&quot;

N'ime akwụkwọ akụkọ ya dị peeji 16, Dangerous Distractions, onye na ahụ maka akụ na ụba Marc Lee na ekwu na, &quot;'Net zero' nwere ikike ịbụ ihe ndọpụ uche dị ize ndụ nke na ebelata nrụgide ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị iji nweta mbelata ikuku n'ezie...&quot; &quot;Nchekwa efu efu pụtara obere ihe. ihe na akpali akpali iji nweta 'ezigbo efu' emissions si fossil fuels, ụzọ mgbapụ nke na eme ka azụmahịa dị ka ọ dị na mbụ ma na egbu oge ihe omume ihu igwe bara uru ... Kama ịgba chaa chaa na teknụzụ iwepụ carbon nke ọdịnihu, Canada kwesịrị ịhazi atụmatụ maka ifufe a na achịkwa nke ọma. mmepụta mmanụ ọkụ na itinye ego ọha na eze n'ụzọ ziri ezi dị ka mmeghari ohuru na mgbanwe ziri ezi site na mmanụ ọkụ.

== Akụkọ ihe mere eme ==
[[Usòrò:They_did_it!_(23692333176).jpg|thumb|Nzukọ zuru ezu nke COP21 na anabata nkwekọrịta Paris na 2015]]
Na 2006, New Oxford American Dictionary mere okwu nke carbon anọpụ iche nke afọ.

Na Disemba 2020, afọ ise ka nkwekọrịta Paris gachara, onye odeakwụkwọ ukwu nke United Nations António Guterres dọrọ aka ná ntị na nkwa ndị mba dị na Paris mere ezughi oke na enweghị nkwanye ùgwù. Ọ gwala mba ndị ọzọ niile ka ha kwupụta ọnọdụ mberede ihu igwe ruo mgbe a ga enweta nnọpụiche carbon.

Na Mee 2021, International Energy Agency (IEA) bipụtara Net Zero n'afọ 2050, nyocha zuru oke iji gosi mgbanwe ndị a ga eme ka ụwa wee nwee ike iru ikuku ikuku carbon n'afọ 2050. Ọ tụlere ọnọdụ dị ugbu a. nke ihe omume na ntule dabara na mgbanwe akụkọ a tụrụ aro iji gosipụta ụzọ enwere ike iru ebumnuche nnọpụiche carbon.

== Ọmụmaatụ nke nkwa ==
A na ahụwanye ịbụ nnọpụiche carbon dị ka ezigbo ọrụ ụlọ ọrụ ma ọ bụ steeti steeti, yana ndepụta na eto eto nke ụlọ ọrụ, obodo na steeti na ekwupụta ụbọchị maka mgbe ha bu n'obi na anọpụ iche. Ọtụtụ mba ekwuputala ụbọchị nke ha chọrọ ịnọpụ iche na carbon, na ọtụtụ n'ime ha na ezubere afọ 2050. Otú ọ dị, ịtọ ụbọchị mbụ (ya bụ 2025, 2030, ma ọ bụ 2045) nwere ike iche na ọ ga ezipụ akara ngosi siri ike na mba ụwa. Ndị otu ndụmọdụ nsogbu nsogbu ihu igwe kwadoro. Ọzọkwa, a na ewerekarị igbu oge dị mkpa iji belata ikuku gas na ekpo ọkụ ka ọ bụghị echiche dị mma n'ụzọ ego.

=== Ụlọ ọrụ na òtù ===


Network mbụ Climate Neutral Network bụ ọgbakọ anaghị akwụ ụgwọ dabere na Oregon nke Sue Hall hiwere wee tinye ya na 1999 iji mee ka ụlọ ọrụ kwenye na ịnọpụ iche ihu igwe nwere ike ịzọpụta ọnụ ahịa yana ịdịgide gburugburu. Ọ mepụtara ma Asambodo Neutral Climate na Climate Cool aha ya na ndị nwere mkpa dị ka United States Environmental Protection Agency, The Nature Conservancy, Rocky Mountain Institute, Conservation International, na World Resources Institute wee nwee ihe ịga nke ọma n'idebanye aha na 2002 Winter Olympics. kwụọ ụgwọ maka ikuku ikuku griin ha jikọtara ya

Ụlọ ọrụ ole na ole enwetala Asambodo Neutral Climate, na etinye aka na usoro nyocha siri ike ma na egosi na ha enwetala efu efu ma ọ bụ mmetụta ka mma na ihu igwe ụwa. Ihe ọzọ kpatara na ụlọ ọrụ na esiri ike inweta Asambodo Neutral Climate bụ n'ihi enweghị ụkpụrụ doro anya na ihe ọ pụtara ime mmepe na anọpụ iche carbon. Ụlọ ọrụ Shaklee ghọrọ ụlọ ọrụ nkwado mbụ nke Climate Neutral n'April 2000. Ụlọ ọrụ ahụ na arụ ọrụ dị iche iche na ntinye ego, na arụ ọrụ, gụnyere ịkụ osisi, iji ike anyanwụ eme ihe, ijide methane n'ime ogbunigwe gbahapụrụ agbahapụ na usoro mmepụta ya. Climate Neutral Business Network na ekwu na ọ kwadoro njem egwu Dave Matthews Band dị ka Climate Neutral. Ndị Christian Science Monitor katọrọ iji NativeEnergy, ụlọ ọrụ na erite uru na ere ndị azụmaahịa na ndị ama ama dịka Dave Matthews kredit.

&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|author=Smith|first=Charlie|date=9 September 2004|title=Biodiesel Revolution Gathering Momentum|work=[[The Georgia Straight]]|url=https://www.straight.com/article/biodiesel-revolution-gathering-momentum?#|accessdate=27 July 2009}}&lt;/ref&gt;.&lt;ref name=&quot;mainstream2&quot;&gt;{{Cite news|date=15 April 2008|title=Green goes mainstream|work=[[The Vancouver Sun]]|url=http://www.canada.com/vancouversun/news/business/story.html?id=95d70530-0a29-4a24-b4d5-140a725d07ee&amp;k=198|accessdate=28 July 2009}}&lt;/ref&gt;.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Doing Business in a New Climate: A Guide to Measuring, Reducing and Offsetting Greenhouse Gas Emissions &amp;#124; Publications &amp;#124; David Suzuki Foundation|url=http://www.davidsuzuki.org/publications/resources/2010/doing-business-in-a-new-climate/|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120729043324/http://www.davidsuzuki.org/publications/resources/2010/doing-business-in-a-new-climate/|archivedate=29 July 2012|accessdate=24 July 2012|publisher=Davidsuzuki.org}}&lt;/ref&gt;Kọfị [[Ńnú|nnu]] nnu ghọrọ onye na anọpụ iche carbon site n'iwetu ihe ọkụkụ site na ibelata ịkwọ ụgbọ ala ogologo oge yana iji mmanụ mmanụ bio dizel na gwongworo ebufe,[4] na ebuli elu ka ọ bụrụ akụrụngwa na arụ ọrụ nke ọma na ịzụta ihe nkwụghachi carbon. Ụlọ ọrụ ahụ na azọrọ na kọfị mbụ na anọpụ iche nke carbon a na ere na Canada.[5] Ndị David Suzuki Foundation ghọtara kọfị nnu nnu na akụkọ 2010 ha na eme azụmahịa na ihu igwe ọhụrụ.[6]

,&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|date=26 September 2007|title=Dell to go 'carbon neutral' by late 2008|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2007/09/26/AR2007092601805.html|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140115113258/http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2007/09/26/AR2007092601805.html|archivedate=15 January 2014|accessdate=2 November 2013|work=Washingtonpost.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;,&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|author=Waters|first=Darren|date=19 June 2007|title=Technology &amp;#124;Google's drive for clean future|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/technology/6768605.stm|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20131104130242/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/technology/6768605.stm|archivedate=4 November 2013|accessdate=2 November 2013|work=BBC News}}&lt;/ref&gt;,&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|date=6 December 2004|title=Business &amp;#124;HSBC bank to go carbon neutral|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/business/4071503.stm|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20131104130305/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/business/4071503.stm|archivedate=4 November 2013|accessdate=2 November 2013|work=BBC News}}&lt;/ref&gt;,&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Climate Change and ING|url=http://ceoroundtable.chinadaily.com.cn/cdrt/cdrt32/article4.html|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130507092157/http://ceoroundtable.chinadaily.com.cn/cdrt/cdrt32/article4.html|archivedate=7 May 2013|accessdate=2 November 2013|publisher=Ceoroundtable.chinadaily.com.cn}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Case Studies: Sky CarbonNeutral|url=http://www.carbonneutral.com/our-clients/case-studies/sky/|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20131102233626/http://www.carbonneutral.com/our-clients/case-studies/sky/|archivedate=2 November 2013|accessdate=2 November 2013|publisher=Carbonneutral.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|author=Horovitz|first=Bruce|date=30 April 2007|title=PepsiCo takes top spot in global warming battle|url=https://www.usatoday.com/money/industries/environment/2007-04-30-greenest-usat_N.htm|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110821152047/http://www.usatoday.com/money/industries/environment/2007-04-30-greenest-usat_N.htm|archivedate=21 August 2011|accessdate=2 November 2013|publisher=Usatoday.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|date=18 January 2007|title=Business &amp;#124;Tesco boss unveils green pledges|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/business/6276351.stm|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20131104130240/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/business/6276351.stm|archivedate=4 November 2013|accessdate=2 November 2013|work=BBC News}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Tesco wants to be carbon neutral by 2050. How will the retailer do it?|url=http://www.silicon.com/management/cio-insights/2010/04/28/tesco-wants-to-be-carbon-neutral-by-2050-how-will-the-retailer-do-it-39745752/?s_cid=110|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120403041335/http://www.silicon.com/management/cio-insights/2010/04/28/tesco-wants-to-be-carbon-neutral-by-2050-how-will-the-retailer-do-it-39745752/?s_cid=110|archivedate=3 April 2012|accessdate=2 November 2013|publisher=silicon.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;,&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|date=7 January 2011|title=TD Greenhouse Gas Emissiona|url=http://www.td.com/corporate-responsibility/crr-2010/environment/operational-footprint/greenhouse-gas-emissions-index.jsp|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20131104043524/http://www.td.com/corporate-responsibility/crr-2010/environment/operational-footprint/greenhouse-gas-emissions-index.jsp|archivedate=4 November 2013|accessdate=2 November 2013|publisher=Td.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=News and media from The CarbonNeutral Company and clients - Natural Capital Partners|url=http://www.carbonneutral.com/about-us/media-centre/asos-becomes-the-first-fashion-retailer-to-become-carbonneutral|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160413004617/http://www.carbonneutral.com/about-us/media-centre/asos-becomes-the-first-fashion-retailer-to-become-carbonneutral|archivedate=13 April 2016|accessdate=2 April 2018|work=carbonneutral.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;l&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|date=25 August 2010|title=BMO Meets Carbon Neutral Commitment|url=http://www.environmentalleader.com/2010/08/25/bmo-meets-carbon-neutral-commitment/|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20131104023000/http://www.environmentalleader.com/2010/08/25/bmo-meets-carbon-neutral-commitment/|archivedate=4 November 2013|accessdate=2 November 2013|publisher=Environmentalleader.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Ụfọdụ ihe atụ ụlọ ọrụ nke kwusara onwe ya na nnọpụiche carbon yana atụmatụ nnọpụiche ihu igwe gụnyere Dell, Google, HSBC, ING Group, PepsiCo, Sky Group, Tesco, Toronto Dominion Bank, Asos na Bank of Montreal.

N'okpuru nduzi nke Secretary General Ban Ki moon, United Nations kwere nkwa ịrụ ọrụ megide nnọpụiche ihu igwe na December 2007. United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP) kwupụtara na ọ na aghọ onye na anọpụ iche ihu igwe na 2008 wee guzobe netwọk Climate Neutral iji kwalite echiche na February 2008.

Ihe omume dị ka G8 Summit na otu dị ka World Bank na ejikwa atụmatụ nkwụghachi ụgwọ iji bụrụ onye na-anọpụ iche carbon. Ndị na ese ihe dịka The Rolling Stones na Pink Floyd emeela ọba ma ọ bụ njegharị carbon na anọpụ iche, ebe Live Earth na ekwu na ihe nkiri asaa ya mere na 7 Julaị 2007 bụ ihe omume ọha na eze na anọpụ iche nke carbon na akụkọ ntolite.

Egwuregwu Olimpik nke Vancouver 2010 na Paralympic Winter bụ egwuregwu nnọpụiche carbon mbụ na akụkọ ntolite.

Ụlọ, na 2019, mejupụtara 21% nke ikuku griin haus zuru ụwa ọnụ: 7  The American Institute of Architects 2030 Nkwenye bụ mmemme afọ ofufo maka ụlọ ọrụ ndị otu AIA na ụlọ ọrụ ndị ọzọ na gburugburu ebe a wuru ewu na arịọ ndị otu a ka ha kwe nkwa imepụta ụlọ ha niile. ga anọpụ iche carbon site na 2030.

N'afọ 2010, ụlọ ọrụ na ahụ maka ụkpụrụ ụlọ HOK rụrụ ọrụ na onye na ahụ maka ume na ìhè ụbọchị The Weidt Group iji chepụta 170,735 square foot (15,861.8 m2) net efu carbon emission prototype Class A ụlọ ọrụ na [[St. Louis]], Missouri, U.S.

Goodvalley ghọrọ ụlọ ọrụ na anọpụ iche carbon dị ka onye mbụ na emepụta anụ ezi anụ ezi. O kwere omume site n'ibelata ikuku ikuku na ekuku n'oge ọ bụla nke mmepụta. Na mgbakwunye na ibelata akara ukwu carbon ya, ụlọ ọrụ ahụ na enweta nnọpụiche carbon site n'iwepụta ume ndụ ndụ site na osisi biogas nke ugbo ya. NIRAS na agbakọ nchikota nke mwepu na mbelata CO2 na kemgbe afọ 2018, ngụkọ ahụ akpọpụtala Goodvalley Group Corporate Carbon Neutral. A na eme asambodo ahụ dabere na ISO-14064 ma kwenye na TÜV Rheinland.

Kemgbe 2019, ọnụ ọgụgụ na abawanye ụba nke ụlọ ọrụ azụmaahịa agbaala mbọ nweta nnọpụiche carbon site, ma ọ bụ tupu, 2050, dị ka Microsoft (2030), Amazon (2040), na L'Oreal (2050).

N'afọ 2020, BlackRock, nnukwu ụlọ ọrụ itinye ego n'ụwa, mara ọkwa na ọ ga amalite ime mkpebi n'uche mgbanwe ihu igwe na nkwado, wee malite ịpụ apụ nke ọ kwenyere na ọ nọchiri anya &quot;ihe egwu dị elu na akwado nkwado&quot;. Ndị na eme ihe ike boro ụlọ ọrụ ahụ ebubo na ọ na asa akwụkwọ ndụ akwụkwọ ndụ, ebe ọ ka nwere nnukwu ego etinyere na ụlọ ọrụ coal. N'ime akwụkwọ ozi afọ 2021 nke CEO Larry Fink, ọ gara n'ihu kpalie maka azụmahịa ka ha malite ịtọpụta atụmatụ doro anya ka ha ga esi na anọpụ iche carbon site na 2050.

=== Mba na mba ===
[[Usòrò:Countries_by_intended_year_of_climate_neutrality.png|center|thumb|850x850px|Mba na mba dị iche iche site na afọ echere maka nnọpụiche ihu igwe]]
Mba asatọ enwetala ma ọ bụ karịa nnọpụiche carbon: Bhutan, Comoros, [[Gabon]], Guyana, Madagascar, Niue, Panama, [[Suriname]]. Mba ndị ahụ na echekwa gburugburu ebe obibi ha ma nwee obere ngalaba ụlọ ọrụ. A kọwawo Gabon dị ka ihe atụ maka nchekwa gburugburu ebe Suriname amalitela iji oke ọhịa ya mee ka carbon kredit.

*  

Mba 3 carbon na adịghị mma hiwere otu obere njikọ na 2021 United Nations Climate Change Conference ma rịọ maka enyemaka ka mba ndị ọzọ sonye na ya.

{{As of|2021|October}}, numerous countries/nations have pledged carbon neutrality, including:&lt;ref name=&quot;cncMembers2&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=Members of the Carbon Neutrality Coalition|url=https://www.carbon-neutrality.global/members/|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20210121023918/https://carbon-neutrality.global/members/|archivedate=21 January 2021|accessdate=15 December 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot;&gt;{{Cite news|author=Darby|first=Megan|date=14 June 2019|title=Which countries have a net zero carbon goal?|work=Climate Home News|url=https://www.climatechangenews.com/2019/06/14/countries-net-zero-climate-goal/|accessdate=16 June 2019}}&lt;/ref&gt;
{| class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot;
! rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |Country/nation
! colspan=&quot;2&quot; |Target
! rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |Source(s)
|-
!Year
!Status
|-
| Andorra
|2050
|Submissio
|&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|author=|first=|date=26 May 2020|title=NDC Update: Rwanda is First LDC in 2020, Andorra Commits to Carbon Neutrality by 2050 {{!}} News {{!}} SDG Knowledge Hub {{!}} IISD|url=https://sdg.iisd.org:443/news/ndc-update-rwanda-is-first-ldc-in-2020-andorra-commits-to-carbon-neutrality-by-2050/|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20210131050830/https://sdg.iisd.org/news/ndc-update-rwanda-is-first-ldc-in-2020-andorra-commits-to-carbon-neutrality-by-2050/|archivedate=31 January 2021|accessdate=24 January 2021|work=SDG Knowledge Hub {{!}} Daily SDG News {{!}} IISD|language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
| Argentina
|2050
|Submission to UNFCCC
|&lt;ref name=&quot;:4&quot;&gt;{{Cite news|author=Lombrana|first=Laura Millan|date=12 December 2020|title=Xi Disappoints and Activists Slam Baby Steps: Climate Update|language=en|work=Bloomberg.com|url=https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2020-12-12/global-leaders-meet-to-discuss-cutting-emissions-climate-update|accessdate=29 December 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
| Australia
|2050
|Law
|&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|date=13 September 2022|title=Climate Change Bill 2022|url=https://www.aph.gov.au/Parliamentary_Business/Bills_Legislation/Bills_Search_Results/Result?bId=r6885|accessdate=13 September 2022|work=Parliament of Australia}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
| Austria
|2040
|Coalition agreement
|&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|author=Huggler|first=Justin|date=2 January 2020|title=New coalition to crack down on headscarves and make Austria carbon neutral by 2040|language=en-GB|work=The Telegraph|url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/2020/01/02/new-coalition-crack-headscarves-make-austria-carbon-neutral/|accessdate=14 September 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|author=Welle (www.dw.com)|first=Deutsche|title=Austria's new government sets goal to be carbon neutral by 2040 {{!}} DW {{!}} 2 January 2020|url=https://www.dw.com/en/austrias-new-government-sets-goal-to-be-carbon-neutral-by-2040/a-51870072|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20210122183829/https://www.dw.com/en/austrias-new-government-sets-goal-to-be-carbon-neutral-by-2040/a-51870072|archivedate=22 January 2021|accessdate=14 September 2020|work=DW.COM|language=en-GB}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|author=Freimuller|first=Martin|date=11 February 2020|title=Austria's new government sets goal to be carbon neutral by 2040|work=Deutsche Welle|url=https://www.dw.com/en/austrias-new-government-sets-goal-to-be-carbon-neutral-by-2040/a-51870072/|accessdate=11 February 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
| Bahrain
|2060
|Statement of intent
|&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|date=24 October 2021|title=Bahrain aims to reach net zero carbon emissions in 2060 - BNA|language=en|work=Reuters|url=https://www.reuters.com/business/cop/bahrain-aims-reach-net-zero-carbon-emissions-2060-bna-2021-10-24/|accessdate=24 October 2021}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
| Bangladesh
|2050
|Under discussion
|&lt;ref name=&quot;:6&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=Net Zero Tracker|url=https://eciu.net/netzerotracker|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20210413133203/https://eciu.net/netzerotracker|archivedate=13 April 2021|accessdate=24 October 2021|work=Energy &amp; Climate Intelligence Unit|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
| Belgium
|2050
|Policy position
|&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=2050|url=https://climat.be/2050-en|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20210123210532/https://climat.be/2050-en|archivedate=23 January 2021|accessdate=14 September 2020|work=Klimaat {{!}} Climat|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
| Brazil
|2050
|Submission to UNFCCC
|&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|author=França|first=Carlos Alberto Franco|title=Brazil First NDC (Updated submission-letter)|url=https://www4.unfccc.int/sites/ndcstaging/PublishedDocuments/Brazil%20First/2021%20-%20Carta%20MRE.pdf|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20211101105718/https://www4.unfccc.int/sites/ndcstaging/PublishedDocuments/Brazil%20First/2021%20-%20Carta%20MRE.pdf|archivedate=1 November 2021|accessdate=4 November 2021|work=NDC Registry (interim)|publisher=Brazilian Government}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
| Canada
|2050
|Law
|&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot; /&gt;
|-
| China
|2060
|Policy position
|&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=China Pledges Carbon Neutrality by 2060 and Tighter Climate Goal|url=https://news.bloomberglaw.com/environment-and-energy/china-pledges-carbon-neutrality-by-2060-and-tighter-climate-goal|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20210122045809/https://news.bloomberglaw.com/environment-and-energy/china-pledges-carbon-neutrality-by-2060-and-tighter-climate-goal|archivedate=22 January 2021|accessdate=22 September 2020|work=news.bloomberglaw.com|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
| Chile
|2050
|Under discussion
|&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot; /&gt;
|-
| Colombia
|2050
|Statement of intent
|&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Colombia|url=https://www.carbon-neutrality.global/member/colombia/|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20210121014152/https://carbon-neutrality.global/member/colombia/|archivedate=21 January 2021|accessdate=14 September 2020|work=Carbon Neutrality Coalition|language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Colombia|url=https://climateactiontracker.org/countries/colombia/|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20211024120423/https://climateactiontracker.org/countries/colombia/|archivedate=24 October 2021|accessdate=24 October 2021|work=climateactiontracker.org|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
| Costa Rica
|2050
|Policy position
|&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot; /&gt;
|-
| Croatia
|2050
|Statement of intent
|&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|author=Spasić|first=Vladimir|date=29 January 2021|title=Croatia aims to be climate neutral by 2050|work=Balkan Green Energy News|url=https://balkangreenenergynews.com/croatia-aims-to-be-climate-neutral-by-2050/|accessdate=25 February 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
| Denmark
|2050
|Law
|&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot; /&gt;
|-
| Ethiopia
|2025 or 2030
|Policy position
|&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Second National Communication to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC)|url=https://www.efccc.gov.et/images/PDF/Climatechange/Ethiopian%20second%20national%20comunication.pdf|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20201205075520/https://www.efccc.gov.et/images/PDF/Climatechange/Ethiopian%20second%20national%20comunication.pdf|archivedate=5 December 2020|accessdate=14 September 2020|work=Environment, Forest and Climate Change Commission|publisher=Government of Ethiopia}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|author=Woldegebriel|first=E.G.|date=24 March 2015|title=Can Ethiopia reach carbon neutrality by 2025?|url=https://www.weforum.org/agenda/2015/03/can-ethiopia-reach-carbon-neutrality-by-2025/|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20210122014929/https://www.weforum.org/agenda/2015/03/can-ethiopia-reach-carbon-neutrality-by-2025/|archivedate=22 January 2021|accessdate=14 September 2020|work=World Economic Forum|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
| European Union
|2050
|Political agreement
|&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|date=23 November 2016|title=2050 long-term strategy|url=https://ec.europa.eu/clima/policies/strategies/2050_en|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20210422132502/https://ec.europa.eu/clima/policies/strategies/2050_en|archivedate=22 April 2021|accessdate=14 September 2020|work=Climate Action - European Commission|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Committing to climate-neutrality by 2050: Commission proposes European Climate Law and consults on the European Climate Pact|url=https://ec.europa.eu/commission/presscorner/home/en|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20200825095835/https://ec.europa.eu/commission/presscorner/home/en|archivedate=25 August 2020|accessdate=14 September 2020|work=European Commission|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
| Fiji
|2050
|Pledged towards the Paris agreement
|&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot; /&gt;
|-
| Finland
|2035
|Coalition agreement
|&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot; /&gt;
|-
| France
|2050
|Law
|&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot; /&gt;
|-
| Hungary
|2050
|Law
|&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot; /&gt;
|-
| Iceland
|2040
|Policy position
|&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot; /&gt;
|-
| India
|2070
|Pledge
|&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|author=Ellis-Petersen|first=Hannah|date=November 2021|title=Narendra Modi pledges India will reach net zero emissions by 2070|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2021/nov/01/narendra-modi-pledges-india-will-reach-net-zero-emissions-by-2070|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20211101233818/https://www.theguardian.com/world/2021/nov/01/narendra-modi-pledges-india-will-reach-net-zero-emissions-by-2070|archivedate=1 November 2021|accessdate=2 November 2021|work=The Guardian|publisher=Guardian News &amp; Media Limited}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
| Indonesia
|2060
|Policy position
|&lt;ref name=&quot;:6&quot; /&gt;
|-
| Germany
|2045
|Law
|&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|author=|first=|date=12 May 2021|title=German Cabinet approves landmark climate bill|url=https://www.dw.com/en/german-cabinet-approves-landmark-climate-bill/a-57506938|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20210520153534/https://www.dw.com/en/german-cabinet-approves-landmark-climate-bill/a-57506938|archivedate=20 May 2021|accessdate=22 May 2021|work=DW.COM|language=en-GB}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
| Grenada
|2050
|Submission to UNFCCC
|&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot; /&gt;
|-
| Greece
|2050
|Under discussion
|&lt;ref name=&quot;:6&quot; /&gt;
|-
| Ireland
|2050
|Coalition agreement
|&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot; /&gt;
|-
| Israel
|2050
|Policy position
|&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|author=Surkes|first=Sue|date=29 October 2021|title=Israel joins growing number of countries pledging to be carbon neutral by 2050|work=Times of Israel|url=https://www.timesofisrael.com/israel-joins-growing-number-of-countries-pledging-to-be-carbon-neutral-by-2050/|accessdate=31 October 2021}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
| Japan
|2050
|Law
|&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|date=1 June 2021|title=Editorial: Japan's legal commitment to carbon-neutral 2050 must be catalyst for change|language=en|work=Mainichi Daily News|url=https://mainichi.jp/english/articles/20210601/p2a/00m/0op/014000c|accessdate=24 October 2021}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
| Kazakhstan
|2060
|Submission to UNFCCC
|&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|author=Satubaldina|first=Assel|date=15 December 2020|title=Tokayev Announces Kazakhstan's Pledge to Reach Carbon Neutrality by 2060|work=The Astana Times|url=https://astanatimes.com/2020/12/tokayev-announces-kazakhstans-pledge-to-reach-carbon-neutrality-by-2060/|accessdate=29 December 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
| Luxembourg
|2050
|Law
|&lt;ref name=&quot;:5&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=Luxembourg|url=https://www.carbon-neutrality.global/member/luxembourg/|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20210120134314/https://carbon-neutrality.global/member/luxembourg/|archivedate=20 January 2021|accessdate=14 September 2020|work=Carbon Neutrality Coalition|language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:6&quot; /&gt;
|-
| Maldives
|2030
|Submission to UNFCCC
|&lt;ref name=&quot;:5&quot; /&gt;
|-
| Marshall Islands
|2050
|Pledged towards the Paris agreement
|&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot; /&gt;
|-
| Mexico
|
|
|&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Mexico|url=https://www.carbon-neutrality.global/member/mexico/|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20210120120723/https://carbon-neutrality.global/member/mexico/|archivedate=20 January 2021|accessdate=14 September 2020|work=Carbon Neutrality Coalition|language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
| Nauru
|2050
|Policy position
|&lt;ref name=&quot;:6&quot; /&gt;
|-
|   Nepal
|2050
|Pledged towards the Paris agreement
|&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot; /&gt;
|-
| Netherlands
|2050
|Pledge
|
&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|date=24 September 2010|title=Voortgang klimaatdoelen|url=https://www.rijksoverheid.nl/onderwerpen/klimaatverandering/voortgang-klimaatdoelen|accessdate=6 November 2022|work=rijksoverheid.nl|archivedate=6 November 2022|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20221106164740/https://www.rijksoverheid.nl/onderwerpen/klimaatverandering/voortgang-klimaatdoelen}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
| New Zealand
|2050
|Law
|&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|author=Wamsley|first=Laurel|date=7 November 2019|title=New Zealand Commits To Being Carbon Neutral By 2050 — With A Big Loophole|url=https://www.npr.org/2019/11/07/777259573/new-zealand-commits-to-being-carbon-neutral-by-2050-with-a-big-loophole|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20210224024530/https://www.npr.org/2019/11/07/777259573/new-zealand-commits-to-being-carbon-neutral-by-2050-with-a-big-loophole|archivedate=24 February 2021|accessdate=7 December 2020|work=npr}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
| Niue
|2050
|Under discussion
|&lt;ref name=&quot;:6&quot; /&gt;
|-
| rowspan=&quot;2&quot; | Norway
|2050 (actual)
| rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |Policy position
| rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot; /&gt;
|-
|2030 (offsets)
|-
| Pakistan
|2050
|Under discussion
|&lt;ref name=&quot;:6&quot; /&gt;
|-
| Panama
|2050
|Submission to UNFCCC
|&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot; /&gt;
|-
| Paraguay
|2050
|Policy position
|&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|author=|first=|date=|title=Sustainable Development in Paraguay|url=https://csd.columbia.edu/research-projects/sustainable-development-paraguay|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20210226124721/https://csd.columbia.edu/research-projects/sustainable-development-paraguay|archivedate=26 February 2021|accessdate=13 February 2021|work=Center for Sustainable Development - Columbia University}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
| Peru
|2050
|Policy position
|&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Pledges And Targets {{!}} Climate Action Tracker|url=https://climateactiontracker.org/countries/peru/pledges-and-targets/|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20210818064739/https://climateactiontracker.org/countries/peru/pledges-and-targets/|archivedate=18 August 2021|accessdate=13 February 2021|work=climateactiontracker.org}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
| Portugal
|2050
|Policy position
|&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot; /&gt;
|-
| Russia
|2060
|Pledge
|&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|author=AFP|date=13 October 2021|title=Russia Aiming for Carbon Neutrality by 2060, Putin Says|url=https://www.themoscowtimes.com/2021/10/13/russia-aiming-for-carbon-neutrality-by-2060-putin-says-a75284|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20211024134550/https://www.themoscowtimes.com/2021/10/13/russia-aiming-for-carbon-neutrality-by-2060-putin-says-a75284|archivedate=24 October 2021|accessdate=24 October 2021|work=The Moscow Times|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
| Saudi Arabia
|2060
|Pledge
|&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|date=23 October 2021|title=Saudi Arabia commits to net zero emissions by 2060|language=en-GB|work=BBC News|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-middle-east-58955584|accessdate=24 October 2021}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
| Scotland
|2045
|Law
|&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Climate change - gov.scot|url=https://www.gov.scot/policies/climate-change/|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20210311205417/http://www.gov.scot/policies/climate-change/|archivedate=11 March 2021|accessdate=14 September 2020|work=The Scottish Government}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
| Singapore
|2060
|Submission to UNFCCC
|&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot; /&gt;
|-
| Slovakia
|2050
|Policy position
|&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot; /&gt;
|-
| Slovenia
|2050
|Policy position
|&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|author=Novak|first=Marja|date=14 January 2020|title=Slovenia latest nation to seek carbon neutrality by 2050|language=en|work=Reuters|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-climate-change-slovenia-idUSKBN1ZD1X8|accessdate=25 February 2021}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
| South Africa
|2050
|Policy position
|&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot; /&gt;
|-
| South Korea
|2050
|Law
|&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;yna202108&quot;&gt;{{Cite news|date=31 August 2021|title=탄소중립기본법 통과|language=ko-KR|work=연합뉴스|url=https://www.yna.co.kr/view/AKR20210831132051001?section=politics/all&amp;site=major_news03|accessdate=31 August 2021}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
| Sri Lanka
|2060
|Policy position
|&lt;ref name=&quot;:6&quot; /&gt;
|-
| Spain
|2050
|Law
|&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;auto1&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|date=13 May 2021|title=Spain at last adopts promised law on becoming carbon neutral|url=https://apnews.com/article/spain-europe-laws-climate-change-government-and-politics-de7ca6c08949428ab45102600628f716|accessdate=3 May 2022|work=AP NEWS|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
| Sweden
|2045
|Law
|&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|date=19 June 2017|title=Sweden Plans to Be Carbon Neutral by 2045|url=https://unfccc.int/news/sweden-plans-to-be-carbon-neutral-by-2045|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20210426110929/https://unfccc.int/news/sweden-plans-to-be-carbon-neutral-by-2045|archivedate=26 April 2021|accessdate=14 September 2020|work=UNFCCC}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
| Switzerland
|2050
|Policy position
|&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot; /&gt;
|-
| Timor-Leste
|
|
|&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Timor-Leste|url=https://www.carbon-neutrality.global/member/timor-leste/|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20210121014345/https://carbon-neutrality.global/member/timor-leste/|archivedate=21 January 2021|accessdate=13 November 2020|work=Carbon Neutrality Coalition|language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
| Turkey
|2053
|Policy position
|&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Turkey to follow up climate deal ratification with action: Official|url=https://www.aa.com.tr/en/turkey/turkey-to-follow-up-climate-deal-ratification-with-action-official/2380717|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20211003124106/https://www.aa.com.tr/en/turkey/turkey-to-follow-up-climate-deal-ratification-with-action-official/2380717|archivedate=3 October 2021|accessdate=3 October 2021|work=www.aa.com.tr}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
| Ukraine
|2060
|Statement of intent
|&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|author=Marusyak|first=Bohdan|date=13 December 2020|title=President Volodymyr Zelensky Announces Ukraine's Climate Ambitions|work=Promote Ukraine|url=https://www.promoteukraine.org/president-volodymyr-zelensky-announces-ukraines-climate-ambitions/|accessdate=25 February 2021}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|date=25 March 2021|title=Stuck in the middle: Ukraine aims for net zero but struggles to access finance|url=https://www.climatechangenews.com/2021/03/25/stuck-middle-ukraine-aims-net-zero-struggles-access-finance/|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20211024134552/https://www.climatechangenews.com/2021/03/25/stuck-middle-ukraine-aims-net-zero-struggles-access-finance/|archivedate=24 October 2021|accessdate=24 October 2021|work=Climate Home News|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
| United Arab Emirates
|2050
|Statement of intent
|&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=UAE, a major carbon emitter, aims to go net-zero by 2050|url=https://www.aljazeera.com/economy/2021/10/7/uae-a-major-carbon-emitter-aims-to-go-net-zero-by-2050|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20211024134550/https://www.aljazeera.com/economy/2021/10/7/uae-a-major-carbon-emitter-aims-to-go-net-zero-by-2050|archivedate=24 October 2021|accessdate=24 October 2021|work=www.aljazeera.com|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
| United States
|2050
|Statement of intent
|&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot; /&gt;
|-
| United Kingdom
|2050
|Law
|&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot; /&gt;
|-
| Uruguay
|2030
|Pledged towards the Paris agreement
|&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot; /&gt;
|-
| Uzbekistan
|2050
|
|&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|author=Kawase|first=Kenji|date=31 January 2021|title=Uzbekistan joins global carbon neutrality race to 2050|work=Nikkei Asia|url=https://asia.nikkei.com/Spotlight/Environment/Uzbekistan-joins-global-carbon-neutrality-race-to-2050|accessdate=2 May 2021}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|  Vatican City
|2050
|Submission to UNFCCC
|&lt;ref name=&quot;:4&quot; /&gt;
|-
| Vietnam
|2050
|Pledge
|&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|author=Vu|first=Minh|date=2 November 2021|title=Vietnam pledges net zero emissions by 2050 at COP26|work=Hanoi Times|publisher=Hanoi Times|url=http://hanoitimes.vn/vietnam-pledges-net-zero-emissions-by-2050-at-cop26-319148.html|accessdate=16 November 2021}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|}
Na 24 Septemba 2019, Prime Minista Justin Trudeau kwere nkwa ime ka Canada na anọpụ iche carbon site na 2050 ma ọ bụrụ na a họpụtara ya ọzọ. Na 21 October 2019, a họpụtara Trudeau ọzọ, na na Disemba 2019, gọọmentị Canada kwupụtara n'ụzọ doro anya ebumnuche ya maka Canada ịnọpụ iche carbon site na 2050. N'okwu ya sitere n'ocheeze, nke ewepụtara na 23 Septemba 2020, gọọmentị etiti. ekwela nkwa iwepụta ebumnuche ya ime ka Canada ghara ịnọpụ iche na carbon site na 2050.

Obodo Edmonton, Alberta, na etolite ugbu a obodo na anọpụ iche carbon a na akpọ Blatchford, na ala nke ọdụ ụgbọ elu City Center mbụ ya.

==== English – detected ====
Ka ọ na erule afọ 2020, China ekwupụtala ihe mgbaru ọsọ ya nke inweta nnọpụiche carbon ma kpebie imezu atụmatụ atụmatụ a ka ọ na erule 2060. Ọ na atụ aro na uto akụ na ụba agaghị adị ngwa ngwa iji nweta ebumnuche ahụ. Kemgbe Mgbakọ Mba nke iri na asatọ nke ndị Kọmunist, C1hina emechaala 960 nde mu (ihe dị ka nde hectare 64). Mkpuchi ọhịa na-abawanye site na 2.68%-23.04%

==== Costa Rica ====

==== European Union ====
 
Ndị EU nwere ebumnuche etiti yana na 2019 mgbochi ahụ, ewezuga [[Poland]], kwetara ịtọ ebumnuche 2050 maka nnọpụiche carbon.

&lt;ref name=&quot;:02&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|author=Bank|first=European Investment|url=https://www.eib.org/en/publications/the-eib-group-climate-bank-roadmap|title=The EIB Group Climate Bank Roadmap 2021-2025|date=14 December 2020|publisher=European Investment Bank|isbn=978-92-861-4908-5|language=EN|accessdate=13 October 2021}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Press corner|url=https://ec.europa.eu/commission/presscorner/home/en|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20200825095835/https://ec.europa.eu/commission/presscorner/home/en|archivedate=25 August 2020|accessdate=12 October 2021|work=European Commission - European Commission|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|author=Jaeger|first=Carlo|date=2021|title=The European Green Deal – More Than Climate Neutrality|url=https://www.intereconomics.eu/contents/year/2021/number/2/article/the-european-green-deal-more-than-climate-neutrality.html|journal=Intereconomics|language=en|volume=2021|issue=2|pages=99–107|accessdate=13 October 2021}}&lt;/ref&gt;European Union abụrụla mpaghara izizi nabata nnọpụiche ihu igwe site na 2050 site na European Green Deal, na agba mbọ na emebe Green Alliance na mba na mpaghara ndị mmekọ n'ofe ụwa.[63][64][65]

Na 29 Septemba 2021, EU Commission weputara 100 Climate Neutral na Smart Cities site na 2030, otu n'ime ọrụ EU ise. Ebumnuche EU a bụ inwe obodo 100 na anọpụ iche na carbon na smart site na 2030 yana kwa, kpalie obodo ndị ọzọ maka ebumnuche EU nke nnọpụiche carbon site na 2050.

==== France ====
&lt;ref name=&quot;RFI2&quot;&gt;{{Cite news|date=19 July 2019|title=French senate approves carbon neutrality law by 2050|work=[[Radio France Internationale|RFI]]|url=http://en.rfi.fr/environment/20190719-French-senate-approves-carbon-neutrality-law-2050|accessdate=19 August 2019}}&lt;/ref&gt;Na 27 June 2019, Mgbakọ Mba France tozuru oke n'ime iwu edemede mbụ na ngwugwu ihu igwe na ike nke na esetịpụ ihe mgbaru ọsọ France igbutu ikuku ikuku griin ha wee na anọpụ iche carbon site na 2050 n'ikwekọ na nkwekọrịta ihu igwe Paris 2015. Ndị ụlọ omebe iwu French kwadoro nke a na 18 Julaị 2019.

==== Japan ====
N'Ọktoba 2020, Japan kwupụtara atụmatụ ya iru nnọpụiche carbon n'ezie site na 2050, nke a gafere National Diet wee bụrụ nke edobere ya na iwu na 26 Mee 2021.

==== Maldives ====
Na Maachị 2009, Mohamed Nasheed, onye isi ala Maldives mgbe ahụ, kwere nkwa ime ka obodo ya ghara ịnọpụ iche na carbon n'ime afọ iri site na ịkwaga ikuku na ike anyanwụ. Mgbe ọ hapụrụ ụlọ ọrụ ahụ, ndị ọchịchị na esote ha hapụrụ atụmatụ ahụ.

==== New Zealand ====
Na 7 Nọvemba 2019, New Zealand gafere ụgwọ chọrọ ka obodo ahụ bụrụ efu efu maka gas niile griin haus site na 2050 (ewezuga methane biogenic, yana atụmatụ ibelata nke ahụ site na 24-47% n'okpuru ọkwa 2017 site na 2050).

==== Spain ====
Na Spain, na 2014, agwaetiti El Hierro ghọrọ carbon na anọpụ iche (maka mmepụta ike ya). Ọzọkwa, obodo Logroño Montecorvo dị na La Rioja ga anọpụ iche na carbon ozugbo emechara.

Na May 2021, Spain nakweere iwu mgbanwe ihu igwe na ike mgbanwe ike iji nweta nnọpụiche carbon site na 2050. N'October 2021, Prime Minister Pedro Sánchez wepụtara akụkọ Spain 2050 nke na esetịpụ 50 milestones na ebumnuche Spain iji nweta nnọpụiche carbon.

==== Sweden ====
Sweden aims ịghọ carbon na anọpụ iche site 2045. The Climate Act nke na amanye omume kwupụta ihe mgbaru ọsọ ahụ e guzobere na June 2017 na emejuputa atumatu na mmalite nke 2018, na eme Sweden mba mbụ na a iwu na adịgide adịgide carbon nnọpụiche iche. Ọhụụ a bụ na ikuku ikuku ikuku griin ha kwesịrị ịbụ efu. Ebumnobi n'ozuzu ya bụ na mmụba nke okpomọkụ zuru ụwa ọnụ kwesịrị ịbụ nanị na ogo abụọ, yana na ntinye nke gas na ekpo ọkụ na ikuku na eme ka ọ dịkwuo elu 400 ppm.

N'April 2022 nkwekọrịta dị n'etiti ndị isi na nzuko omeiwu Sweden gụnyere oriri na mbupụ na ebumnuche nnọpụiche carbon ya, nke ga eme ka Sweden bụrụ mba mbụ n'ụwa na etinye ikuku sitere na ahia mba ụwa na nkwa iji belata mgbanwe ihu igwe.

==== South Korea ====
South Korea bu n'obi ịnọpụ iche carbon site na 2050, wee wepụta ya, na 31 Ọgọst 2021, mmebe nke Carbon Neutral and Green Growth Basic Act, nke na akọwapụta mmezu nke mbelata gas griin haus. Ụgwọ a, nke a na akpọkwa 'Climate Crisis Response Act', iwu, ka ọ na erule 2030, mbelata gas griin 35% na mba ahụ tụnyere 2018.

==== Vatican City ====
Na Julaị 2007, Vatican City kwupụtara atụmatụ ịbụ mba mbụ na anọpụ iche carbon n'ụwa, na agbaso ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị nke Pope iji kpochapụ okpomoku zuru ụwa ọnụ. A gaara erute ihe mgbaru ọsọ ahụ site n'oké ọhịa nke ụlọ ọrụ na emepụta carbon na enye onyinye, bụ́ nke dị na Bükk National Park, Hungary. N'ikpeazụ ọ dịghị osisi a kụrụ n'okpuru ọrụ ahụ na carbon offsets emeghị.

N'ọnwa Nọvemba afọ 2008, steeti obodo ahụ wụnyekwara ma tinye ogwe anwụ nke 2,400 n'elu ụlọ nke Paul VI Center nke ndị na-ege ntị.

==== United Kingdom ====
Dịka kọmitii na ahụ maka mgbanwe ihu igwe (CCC) tụrụ aro, gọọmentị etinyela aka n'ụzọ iwu na United Kingdom ga esi na ikuku ikuku griin ha pụta n'afọ 2050 yana Ngalaba ọgụgụ isi nke ike na ihu igwe (ECIU) ekwuola na ọ ga adị ọnụ ala. A ga achọrọ usoro dị iche iche gụnyere carbon siks (mwepụ gas griin) iji chịkwaa ikuku sitere na ọrụ ugbo na ụgbọ elu. Igwe ikuku carbon ndị a nwere ike ịgụnye mkpụgharị osisi, mweghachi ebe obibi, nrụpụta carbon ala, bioenergy na ijide carbon na nchekwa yana ọbụna ijide ikuku ozugbo.

N'afọ 2020, gọọmentị UK ejikọtala inweta ebumnuche efu dị ka usoro nwere ike ime ka ikuku dị mma dị ka uru bara uru. Gọọmenti UK mere atụmatụ na iwepụ mmanụ ọkụ maka ikpo ọkụ n'ụlọ na njem ụgbọ njem nwere ike ime ka ọchịchọ ọkụ eletrik dị okpukpu atọ.

===== Scotland =====
Scotland ewepụtala ebumnuche 2045. Agwaetiti Orkney nwere nnukwu ikuku na ike mmiri, na ume ọhụrụ abatala n'isi nso nso a. Agbanyeghi na Orkney jikọtara ya na ala, ọ na ewepụta ihe karịrị 100% nke ike net ya site na mmeghari ohuru. ] Nke a na abịa tumadi site na ikuku ikuku dị n'ofe Orkney

==== Thailand ====
Thailand bu n'obi imezu nnọpụiche carbon site n'afọ 2050. Dị ka atụmatụ maka ebumnuche nnọpụiche carbon, Ministry of Natural Resources and Environment nke Thailand wepụtara mbụ Carbon Credit Exchange na 2022.

==== Taiwan ====
Taiwan nwere ebumnuche 2050 iji nweta nnọpụiche carbon. Ngalaba nke oke ohia na nchekwa ihe okike, Mahadum Omenala China na ngalaba Economics nke oke ohia, Taiwan Forestry Research Institute weputara ihe omumu n’August 2012 na egosi na igbu osisi nwere ike mebie akara ukwu carbon iji mejuputa nnọpụiche carbon. Ha nyochara uru mbelata carbon nke mpaghara nkwalite ịdị mma ikuku (AQEZ) nke gọọmentị hibere na 1995.

==== United States ====
United States etinyela usoro nnọpụiche carbon na ọkwa gọọmentị etiti na steeti:

*

== See also ==
 

== Njikọ mpụga ==

* [https://unfccc.int/climate-neutral-now Climate neutral now, a 3-step approach to Climate neutrality] from the [[Ọgbakọ Otú United Nations Fremewok maka Ngbanwe Iru igwe|UNFCCC]]
* [http://theconversation.com/the-climate-clock-counting-down-to-1-5-107498 ClimateClock: time left to reaching the 1,5°C threshold]
* [https://www.unenvironment.org/resources/report/kick-habit-un-guide-climate-neutrality Kick the Habit: A UN guide to climate neutrality] A [[Ihe Omume Na-ahụ Maka Gburugburu Ebe Obibi nke Mba Ndị Dị n'Otu|UNEP]] Publication
* [http://www.zeroghg.com/howto_calculate_carbon_footprint.html How is Carbon Footprint Calculated]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Mmetụta gburugburu ebe obibi nke ụlọ ọrụ mmanụ ala</title>
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      <text bytes="28773" sha1="rpu8sqwj3xa8y9ug95tvuv9yfgi2zrs" xml:space="preserve">[[Usòrò:An_oil_rig_offshore_Vungtau.jpg|áká_ịkẹngạ|thumb|Mgbasa nke gas site na ebe a na-ewepụta mmanụ n'ụsọ oké osimiri]]
[[Usòrò:Oil-spill.jpg|áká_ịkẹngạ|thumb|Ụsọ mmiri mgbe mmanụ na-awụfu.]]
[[Usòrò:Plastic_Pollution_in_Ghana.jpg|áká_ịkẹngạ|thumb|Nchịkọta nke [[Mmetọ plastik|ihe mkpofu plastik]] n'ụsọ osimiri.]]
Mmetụta gburugburu ebe obibi nke ụlọ ọrụ mmanụ ala dị ukwuu ma gbasaa n'ihi mmanụ ala nwere ọtụtụ ojiji. Mmanụ crude na gas bụ isi ike na akụrụngwa nke na-enyere ọtụtụ akụkụ nke ndụ kwa ụbọchị na akụnụba ụwa aka. Ọbịbịa ha etoola ngwa ngwa n'ime afọ 150 gara aga iji gboo ihe ndị mmadụ na-arị elu ngwa ngwa, imepụta ihe, ihe ọmụma na ịzụ ahịa.

A na-emepụta nnukwu ihe mkpofu na-egbu egbu na nke na-adịghị egbu egbu n'oge mmịpụta, nhazigharị, na njem nke mmanụ na gas. Ụfọdụ ihe ndị ụlọ ọrụ na-emepụta, dị ka ogige organic na-agbanwe agbanwe, nitrogen &amp; sulfur ogige, na mmanụ a wụfuru nwere ike imerụ ikuku, mmiri, na ala n'ọkwa ndị na-emerụ ndụ n'ebe a na-ejikwa ya n'ụzọ na-ekwesịghị ekwesị. Okpomọkụ ihu igwe, acidification nke oké osimiri, na ịrị elu ọkwa oke osimiri bụ mgbanwe zuru ụwa ọnụ nke ụlọ ọrụ na-ewepụta ikuku griin haus dị ka carbon dioxide (CO2) na methane, na micro-particulate aerosols dị ka carbon ojii.

N'ime ihe niile mmadụ na-eme, ọkụ ọkụ fossil bụ ihe kacha enye aka n'ịkwalite carbon na-aga n'ihu na biosphere nke ụwa. The International Energy Agency na ndị ọzọ na-akọ na mmanụ &amp; gas ojiji mejupụtara n'elu 55% (18 Ijeri Ton) nke ndekọ 32.8 Billion Ton (BT) nke CO2 wepụtara n'ime ikuku si niile ike isi mmalite n'oge afọ 2017. Coal ojiji gụnyere ọtụtụ n'ime 45% fọdụrụnụ. Mkpokọta mpụta na-aga n'ihu na-arị elu ihe fọrọ nke nta ka ọ bụrụ afọ ọ bụla: gbagoro 1.7% ọzọ ruo 33.1 BT na 2018.

Site na ọrụ nke ya, ụlọ ọrụ mmanụ ala nyere aka ozugbo ihe dịka 8% (2.7 BT) nke 32.8 BT na 2017. Ọzọkwa, n'ihi ebumnuche ya na mwepụta nke gas ndị ọzọ, ụlọ ọrụ ahụ nyere aka ozugbo ma ọ dịkarịa ala Nde Tọn 79 nke methane (2.4). BT CO2-dabara) n'otu afọ ahụ; ego ruru ihe dị ka 14% nke ihe niile ama ama anthropogenic na ikuku ikuku nke gas na-ekpo ọkụ.

Tinyere mmanụ ọkụ dị ka mmanụ ụgbọala na gas sitere n'okike, mmanụ ala na-enyere ọtụtụ kemịkalụ na ngwaahịa ndị ahịa aka, dị ka fatịlaịza na plastik. Ọtụtụ teknụzụ ndị ọzọ maka mmepụta ike, njem, na nchekwa nwere ike ime naanị n'oge a n'ihi uru dị iche iche. Nchekwa, arụmọrụ, na ibelata mmetụta mkpofu nke ngwaahịa mmanụ ala bụ ụlọ ọrụ dị irè na omume ndị na-azụ ahịa iji nweta nkwado gburugburu ebe obibi ka mma.

== Nsogbu Ndị Dị Iche ==

=== Ihe ndị na-egbu egbu ===
[[Usòrò:Dieselrainbow.jpg|áká_ịkẹngạ|thumb|Mmanụ ala nwere ike ịmepụta ìhè n'elu mmiri dị ka obere ihe na-emepụta ihe a na'ahụ anya a kpọrọ interphase.]]
Mmanụ ala bụ ngwakọta dị mgbagwoju anya nke ọtụtụ ihe. Ihe ndị a gụnyere eriri ogologo, alaka, cyclic, aromatic monocyclic na polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons. Enwere ike ịghọta nsi nke mmanụ site na iji ikike nsí ma ọ bụ nsí nke akụkụ mmanụ ọ bụla nke ọ bụla na mmiri solubility nke akụkụ ahụ. Enwere ọtụtụ ụzọ enwere ike iji tụọ nsí nke mmanụ crude na ngwaahịa mmanụ ala ndị ọzọ metụtara. Ụfọdụ ọmụmụ na-enyocha ọkwa nsi nwere ike iji ụdị lipid lekwasịrị anya ma ọ bụ nyocha colorimetric na-eji agba agba iji chọpụta nsi na biodegradability.

Mmanụ dị iche iche na ngwaahịa mmanụ ala nwere ọkwa dị iche iche nke nsị. Ọkwa nke toxicity na-emetụta ọtụtụ ihe dị ka ihu igwe, solubility, yana kemịkal dị ka nnọgidesi ike. Mmụba ihu igwe na-achọ ibelata ọkwa nke nsi ka a na-ewepụ ihe ndị na-agbaze ma na-adị ala. Ihe ndị na-agbaze nke ukwuu na-enwekarị nsí dị elu karịa ihe ndị na-adịghị ike na mmiri. Na mkpokọta, mmanụ nwere agbụ carbon ogologo yana nke nwere mgbanaka benzene nwere oke nsi. Benzene bụ ngwaahịa mmanụ ala nwere oke nsi. Ihe ndị ọzọ na-abụghị benzene nke na-egbu egbu bụ toluene, methylbenzene na xylenes (BETX). Ihe ndị nwere nsi kacha ala bụ mmanụ crude na mmanụ moto.

N'agbanyeghị ọkwa nsi dị iche iche n'etiti ụdị mmanụ dị iche iche, ngwaahịa mmanụ ala niile enwetara nwere mmetụta ọjọọ na ahụike mmadụ na gburugburu ebe obibi. Ihe atụ nke mmetụta ọjọọ bụ emulsions mmanụ n'ime usoro mgbari nri na ụfọdụ mammals nwere ike ịkpata mbelata ikike mgbari nri nke nwere ike ibute ọnwụ nke ụfọdụ mamma. Mgbaàmà ndị ọzọ gụnyere mgbawa capillary na hemorrhages. Enwere ike imetụta ụdọ nri gburugburu ebe obibi n'ihi mbelata nke mmepụta algae ya mere na-eyi ụfọdụ ụdị egwu egwu. Mmanụ bụ &quot;ihe na-egbu egbu&quot; ịkụ azụ - ya bụ, ọ na-egbu azụ ngwa ngwa, na ntinye nke akụkụ 4000 kwa nde (ppm) (0.4%). Nsi nke ngwaahịa mmanụ ala na-eyi ahụike mmadụ egwu. Ọtụtụ ogige ndị a na-ahụ na mmanụ na-egbu egbu nke ukwuu ma nwee ike ibute ọrịa kansa (carcinogenic) yana ọrịa ndị ọzọ. Nnyocha e mere na Taiwan na-ejikọta ịdị nso na ụlọ nrụpụta mmanụ na ịmụ nwa. Mmanụ crude na mmanụ mmanụ na-akpata ntụpọ nwa.

Benzene dị na mmanụ crude na mmanụ ụgbọala ma mara na ọ na-ebute ọrịa leukemia na ụmụ mmadụ. A makwa na ogige ahụ na-ebelata ọnụ ọgụgụ mkpụrụ ndụ ọbara ọcha n'ime mmadụ, nke ga-eme ka ndị mmadụ kpughee ya ka ọ na-ebute ọrịa. &quot;Nnyocha ejikọtawo mkpughe benzene n'ime akụkụ nke otu ijeri (ppb) na njedebe ọrịa leukemia, lymphoma Hodgkin, na ọrịa ndị ọzọ nke ọbara na usoro ahụ ji alụso ọrịa ọgụ n'ime afọ 5-15 nke ikpughe.&quot;

Gas fosil na mmanụ na-enwekarị obere ihe redioaktivu nke a na-ewepụta n'oge a na-egwupụta akụ. Ọnụ ọgụgụ dị elu nke ihe ndị a na brine bụ ihe gbasara nkà na ụzụ na gburugburu ebe obibi.

=== Gas nke griin haus ===
&lt;div class=&quot;thumb tmulti tright&quot;&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;thumbinner multiimageinner&quot; style=&quot;width:547px;max-width:547px&quot;&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;trow&quot;&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;theader&quot; style=&quot;text-align:;background-color:&quot;&gt;Carbon dioxide emissions and partitioning&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;trow&quot;&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;tsingle&quot; style=&quot;width:284px;max-width:284px&quot;&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;thumbimage&quot;&gt;[[File:CO2 Emissions by Source.svg|alt=|282x282px]]&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;thumbcaption&quot;&gt;Emissions of CO&lt;sub style=&quot;font-size: 80%;vertical-align: -0.35em&quot;&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt; have been caused by different sources ramping up one after the other ([[Global Carbon Project]])&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;tsingle&quot; style=&quot;width:259px;max-width:259px&quot;&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;thumbimage&quot;&gt;[[File:Carbon_Dioxide_Partitioning.svg|alt=|257x257px]]&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;thumbcaption&quot;&gt;Partitioning of CO&lt;sub style=&quot;font-size: 80%;vertical-align: -0.35em&quot;&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt; emissions show that most emissions are being absorbed by carbon sinks, including plant growth, soil uptake, and ocean uptake ([[Global Carbon Project#Global Carbon Budget|Global Carbon Project]])&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;Mwepụta mmanụ ala na-akpaghasị nguzozi nke okirikiri carbon nke ụwa site na ibuga carbon geologic sequestered n'ime biosphere. A na-eji carbon nke ndị na-azụ ahịa mee ihe n'ụdị dị iche iche na nnukwu akụkụ na-agbakọta n'ime ikuku; si otú a na-ekepụta nnukwu ikuku griin haus, carbon dioxide, dị ka ihe na-emebi emebi. Gas sitere n'okike (karịsịa methane) bụ ụlọ griin haus na-esiwanye ike mgbe ọ na-agbaba n'ikuku tupu agba ya ọkụ.

Kemgbe afọ ụlọ ọrụ malitere ihe dịka 1750-1850 site na iji osisi na-eto eto na kol, ikuku ikuku nke carbon dioxide na methane abawanyela ihe dịka 50% na 150%, n'otu n'otu, karịa ọkwa ha kwụsiri ike nke afọ 800,000+ gara aga. Nke ọ bụla na-abawanye ugbu a na ihe dịka 1% kwa afọ, ebe ọ bụ na ihe dị ka ọkara nke carbon agbakwunyere ka ahịhịa ala ụwa na imi mmiri na-abanye n'ime ya. Mmụba na-esi n'ọkụ kwa afọ adịla ngwa ngwa nke na mkpokọta carbon fossil ewepụtara n'ime afọ 30 gara aga karịrị mkpokọta ego ewepụtara n'oge akụkọ ihe mere eme nke mmadụ niile.

=== Microplastics ===
 
[[Usòrò:Microplastics_in_Mljet_National_Park_in_Croatia_(48738883061).jpg|thumb|Microplastics na Mljet National Park, Croatia]]
Mmanụ ala emeela ka plastik nwee ike iji mepụta ụdị dị iche iche na ọnụ ọgụgụ buru ibu nke ihe eji eme ihe na ọnụ ahịa mmepụta dị oke ala. Ọnụego uto kwa afọ na mmepụta adịla nso 10%, ma na-ebute ya nke ukwuu site na plastik ndị a na-eji otu eme ihe bụ nke mkpofu na-ekwesịghị ekwesị na-adịkarị.

A naghị emegharị ihe ka ukwuu n'ime plastik, ọ na-agbajikwa n'ime obere iberibe na obere ka oge na-aga. Microplastics bụ ụmụ irighiri ihe na-erughị 5 mm n'ogo. A na-ahụta microplastics n'ụdị ikuku, mmiri, na ala nke anakọtara site na ihe fọrọ nke nta ka ọ bụrụ ebe ọ bụla dị n'elu ụwa, yana na-abawanye n'ime ihe nlele nke ndụ. Mmetụta na-adịte aka site n'ịkwalite gburugburu ebe mkpofu rọba nọ n'okpuru nyocha sayensị mana ka ọ dị ugbu a amabeghị ya. Microplastics na-enwe nchegbu n'ihi na ha nwere ọchịchọ nke na-eme ka ihe ndị na-emerụ emerụ dị n'elu ha, yana ikike ịmepụta ihe.
[[Usòrò:Microplastic.jpg|thumb|Enwere ike ịchọta microplastics n'oké osimiri na ebe obibi mmiri.]]
Mgbe ụmụ irighiri ihe ndị dị n'ime mmiri na-echikọta irighiri ihe, ha na-ejedebe na anụ ahụ dị ka gland digestive, sistem ọbara, gills na guts. Mgbe a na-eri ihe ndị a ma na-ebuli elu n'usoro nri, ha na-eme ka ihe ize ndụ dị n'ihe ize ndụ dị n'ebe ihe ndị dị ndụ buru ibu na n'ikpeazụ mmadụ. Microplastics nwere ọtụtụ ihe ize ndụ nye ihe dị iche iche. A maara ha na-akpaghasị nri algal, na-abawanye ọnwụ na obere ọmụmụ na copepods. N'ime mọsel, a maara microplastics na-akwụsị nzacha ma kpalite nzaghachi mkpali. A ka enwekwaghị data na otú ihe ndị a si emetụta ụmụ mmadụ n'ihi na ọtụtụ ihe ndị dị n'ime mmiri na-agbapụta tupu erichapụ ha. N'agbanyeghị nke ahụ, a na-edepụta mmetụta gburugburu ebe obibi ha nke ọma na a ghọtara oke mmebi ha nke ọma.

== Mmetụta mpaghara na mpaghara ==
Ụfọdụ mmetụta mmanụ ala na-emerụ ahụ nwere ike ịbụ naanị na mpaghara ebe a na-emepụta ya, rie ya na/ma ọ bụ tụfuo ya. N'ọtụtụ ọnọdụ, enwere ike ibelata mmetụta ahụ gaa n'ọkwa dị mma mgbe ndị na-azụ ahịa na-eme ojiji na mkpofu. Ndị na-emepụta ngwaahịa dị iche iche nwere ike ibelata mmetụta ya site na ntule usoro ndụ na omume nhazi gburugburu ebe obibi.

=== Mmetọ ikuku ===
[[Usòrò:Diesel-smoke.jpg|áká_ịkẹngạ|thumb|283x283px|Mmanụ diesel si n'ụgbọala]]

==== Mkpochapụ ikuku ====
Mgbapụta sitere na ụlọ ọrụ mmanụ ala na-eme n'usoro ọ bụla nke usoro mmepụta mmanụ site na mmịpụta ruo oge oriri. N'ime oge mmịpụta, ikuku ikuku na ọkụ na-ahapụ ọ bụghị naanị methane na carbon dioxide, mana ihe ndị ọzọ na-emerụ emerụ dị ka nitrous oxides na aerosols. Ụfọdụ sitere na ngwaahịa gụnyere carbon monoxide na methanol. Mgbe mmanụ ma ọ bụ mmanụ distillates na-agba ọkụ, ọ na-abụkarị combustion anaghị ezu ezu, mmeghachi omume kemịkal na-ahapụkwa ngwaahịa ndị na-abụghị mmiri ma ọ bụ carbon dioxide. Otú ọ dị, n'agbanyeghị nnukwu ihe ndị na-emetọ ihe, e nwere ọdịiche dị na ọnụọgụ na ntinye nke ụfọdụ mmetọ. Na nhazi nke mmanụ ala na-enyekwa aka na mmetọ dị ukwuu n'ime ime obodo. Mmụba nke mmetọ a nwere mmetụta ọjọọ na ahụike mmadụ n'ihi nsị mmanụ. Ihe ọmụmụ na-enyocha mmetụta nke ụlọ ọrụ nnụcha mmanụ na Taiwan. Nnyocha ahụ chọpụtara na mmụba nke ịmụ nwa na-amụbabeghị n'ime ndị nne bi na nso ụlọ ọrụ mmanụ ọkụ karịa ndị nne na-ebighị ebe a na-eme mmanụ. E nwekwara ndịiche a hụrụ na oke mmekọahụ na nha ọmụmụ nke ụmụaka. Ọzọkwa, ụmụ irighiri ihe dị mma nke soot na-agbaji ngụgụ ụmụ mmadụ na anụmanụ ndị ọzọ ma na-akpata nsogbu obi ma ọ bụ ọnwụ. Soot bụ ọrịa cancer na-akpata (carcinogenic)

==== Ntinye Uzuoku ====
Volatile organic compounds (VOCs) bụ gas ma ọ bụ vapors nke ihe siri ike na mmiri dị iche iche na-ebupụta. Mmiri hydrocarbons dị ka mmanụ ụgbọala, mmanụ dizel, ma ọ bụ mmanụ ụgbọ elu na-abanye n'ime oghere dị n'ime ụlọ site na tankị nchekwa ala ma ọ bụ ebe agba aja aja na-eyi nchekwa egwu (dịka ọmụmaatụ, ihe mgbawa) ma na-ebute mmetụta ahụike dị njọ site na iku ume.

=== Mmiri ozuzo acid ===
[[Usòrò:Waldschaeden_Erzgebirge_3.jpg|áká_ịkẹngạ|thumb|Osisi ndị mmiri ozuzo acid gburu, mmetụta na-achọghị nke mmanụ ala na]]
Usoro mgba ọkụ nke mmanụ ala, coal na osisi na-akpata mmụba nke [[mmiri ozuzo acid]]. Mkpọ ọkụ na-ebute mmụba nke nitrous oxide, yana sọlfọ dioxide sitere na sọlfọ dị na mmanụ. Ngwaahịa ndị a na-ejikọta na mmiri dị na ikuku iji mepụta mmiri ozuzo acid. Mmụba nke nitrates na ihe ndị ọzọ acidic nwere mmetụta dị ukwuu na ọkwa pH nke mmiri ozuzo. Nyocha data sitere na United States na Europe site na 100 afọ gara aga wee gosi mmụba nke nitrous oxide na-esi na combustion. Ihe ndị a na-awụpụ buru ibu zuru oke iji mee ka mmiri ozuzo na-ezo. Mmiri acid na-enwe mmetụta dị njọ na gburugburu ebe obibi buru ibu. Dịka ọmụmaatụ, mmiri ozuzo acid nwere ike igbu osisi, ma nwee ike igbu azụ site na ọdọ mmiri na-eme acidity. Mmiri acid na-ebibikwa akuku coral. Mmiri mmiri acid na-edugakwa na nrụrụ igwe na ihe owuwu (ọtụtụ isi obodo) yana ibibi ngwa ngwa nke ihe owuwu ihe ochie dị ka mkpọmkpọ ebe marble nke Rome na Gris.

=== Mmanụ na-awụfu ===
Mwụfu mmanụ bụ ntọhapụ nke mmiri mmiri hydrocarbon na gburugburu ebe obibi, karịsịa mpaghara mmiri, n'ihi ọrụ mmadụ, na bụ ụdị mmetọ. A na-ejikarị okwu ahụ eme ihe maka mwụfu mmanụ ụgbọ mmiri, ebe a na-ahapụ mmanụ n'ime oke osimiri ma ọ bụ mmiri dị n'ụsọ oké osimiri, mana mwụfu nwere ike ime na ala. Mwụfu mmanụ nwere ike ịbụ n'ihi ntọhapụ nke mmanụ cru na-esi n'ụgbọ mmiri, ọkpọkọ, ụgbọ okporo ígwè, ọdụ ụgbọ mmiri dị n'ụsọ oké osimiri, ebe a na-egwupụta ihe na olulu mmiri, yana mwụfu nke ngwaahịa mmanụ ala a nụchara anụcha (dị ka mmanụ ụgbọala, mmanụ dizel) na ihe ndị ha na-emepụta, mmanụ ọkụ dị arọ nke ejiri mee ihe. nnukwu ụgbọ mmiri dị ka mmanụ ọkụ boker, ma ọ bụ ntufu nke ihe mkpofu mmanu ma ọ bụ mmanụ na-emebi emebi.

Nnukwu mwụfu mmanụ gụnyere, Lakeview Gusher, mmanụ wụfuru agha Gulf, na mwụfu mmanụ Deepwater Horizon. Mwụfu mmanụ penetrates n'ime Ọdịdị nke plumage nke nnụnụ na ajị anụ mammals, mbenata ya insulating ike, na-eme ka ha ndị ọzọ ngwangwa okpomọkụ fluctuation na ukwuu na-erughị buoyant na mmiri. Nhicha na mgbake site na mwụfu mmanụ siri ike ma dabere n'ọtụtụ ihe, gụnyere ụdị mmanụ a wụfuru, ọnọdụ okpomọkụ nke mmiri (na-emetụta evaporation na biodegradation), na ụdị ụsọ mmiri na osimiri ndị metụtara. Ihe ndị ọzọ na-emetụta ọnụ ọgụgụ nke mmetọ ogologo oge bụ ntinye aka na-aga n'ihu nke nsị mmanụ mmanụ na ọnụego nke gburugburu ebe obibi nwere ike ịsacha onwe ya Ntufu nwere ike were izu, ọnwa ma ọ bụ ọbụna ọtụtụ afọ iji kpochaa.

=== Mmanụ a na-emebi emebi ===
[[Usòrò:Oil_Change_oil_pan_2005_gmc_suv.JPG|áká_ịkẹngạ|thumb|Mmanụ mkpofu n'ụdị mmanụ ụgbọala ]]
Mmanụ na-ekpofu ihe bụ mmanụ nwere ọ bụghị naanị ngwaahịa mmebi kamakwa adịghị ọcha sitere na ojiji. A na-eji ụfọdụ ihe atụ nke mmanụ mkpofu mmanụ dị ka mmanụ hydraulic, mmanụ nnyefe, mmiri breeki, mmanụ moto, mmanụ crankcase, mmanụ igbe gia na mmanụ sịntetik. Ọtụtụ n'ime otu nsogbu ndị metụtara mmanụ ala na-adị na mmanụ mkpofu. Mgbe mmanụ na-efunahụ ụgbọ ala na-awụpụ injin n'okporo ụzọ na okporo ụzọ, mmanụ ahụ na-abanye na tebụl mmiri na-ebute nsị ndị dị ka benzene. Nke a na-emebi ma ala na mmiri ọñụñụ. Mgbọ mmiri nke oké ifufe na-ebuga mmanụ n'efu n'ime osimiri na oke osimiri, na-emerụkwa ha ahụ.

=== Mmiri a na-emepụta na ihe mkpofu a ga-egwu ===
[[Usòrò:North_Sea_oil_rig.jpg|thumb|Ebe Mmanụ Ala nke North Sea]]
Mmiri emepụtara (PW) na-esi na mmịpụta mmanụ ala pụta na ikuku PAH (Poly-aromatic Hydrocarbon) na oke osimiri. A na-ewepụta ihe dị ka nde tọn 400 nke mkpofu PW kwa afọ site na mpaghara mmanụ dị na Oke Osimiri North, UK na Norwegian na-agbakọta. Mwepu PW bụ ihe omume kachasị na gburugburu ebe obibi mmiri na ọ bụ nsonaazụ mmanụ na gas dị n'ụsọ mmiri. Ngwakọta nke ihe dị na PW dabere na njirimara mpaghara. Agbanyeghị, PW na-enwekarị ngwakọta nke ngwaahịa ole na ole ahọpụtara dị ka mmiri nrụpụta, mmanụ, gas, mmiri brine na kemịkalụ agbakwunyere. Dị nnọọ ka PW, nhazi mmiri mejupụtara na-adaberekwa na gburugburu ya n'agbanyeghị, ọ bụ tumadi mejupụtara agbaze inorganic na organic ogige. PW na-ahụ maka ịhapụ 129 tọn PAH na 2017. N'ihi ọnụnọ nke kemịkalụ na-emerụ ahụ na PW, ọ bụ ya na-ebute nzaghachi na-egbu egbu na gburugburu ebe obibi. Dịka ọmụmaatụ, nyocha ndị e mere na Norwegian Continental Shelf (NCS) chọpụtara na PAH ndị PW wepụtara bụ maka mgbanwe ndụ na mussel na Atlantic cod. Nhazi nke ibu PAH kpatara mmebi DNA na digestive-gland histochemistry na mussel. PAH na-ebutekwa ahụike mmadụ egwu. Ejikọtala mkpughe ogologo oge na PAH na usoro nsogbu ahụike dị ka ngụgụ, akpụkpọ ahụ, eriri afo, kansa eriri afọ.

== Mmetụta zuru ụwa ọnụ ==

=== Mgbanwe ihu igwe ===
Ihe na-esi na mmịpụta, nchacha, njem, na oriri mmanụ ala ebutela mgbanwe n'ọkwa ikuku ikuku griin ha na gburugburu anyị, nke kachasị mkpa anyị na-ewepụta carbon dioxide. Carbon dioxide bụ ikuku griin haus nke na-adọta okpomọkụ iji mee ka okpomọkụ nke ụwa anyị ghara ịka oyi mana oke carbon dioxide dị n'ikuku anyị sitere na ihe ndị dị ka ụlọ ọrụ mmanụ ala ebutela enweghị aha. Onye [[Sweden]] Nobel chemist Svante Arrhenius kere usoro mgbakọ na mwepụ nke gosipụtara mmụba nke nsonaazụ carbon dioxide na-abawanye na oke okpomọkụ. Ọzọkwa, ihe ndị a na-esi n'ọkụ dị elu nke ukwuu na IPCC (2007) na-ekwu na usoro ihu igwe nke ụwa ga-ekpo ọkụ site na 3 degrees Celsius maka okpukpu abụọ nke carbon dioxide. Ọnụọgụ ndị a na-enye nsogbu n'ihi na mgbanwe ihu igwe ga-ebute oke ifufe na oke mmiri ozuzo, ụbara ụkọ mmiri ozuzo na ebili mmiri okpomọkụ, idei mmiri na-emekarị, na ọkụ ọkụ ka ukwuu. Maka obodo ndị na-enweghị ego na-enweghị akụrụngwa na-ezughị ezu, ọ na-adịkarịghị ka ha ga-agbake site na mmebi akụrụngwa n'ihi ọdachi ihu igwe ngwa ngwa.

=== Ocean acidification ===
Na-esochi okirikiri carbon, carbon dioxide na-abanye n'oké osimiri anyị ebe ọ na-emeghachi omume na ụmụ irighiri mmiri ma mepụta ihe a na-akpọ carbonic acid. Mmụba nke carbonic acid agbadala pH nke oke osimiri anyị, na-ebute ụbara acidity. Kemgbe mgbanwe mgbanwe nke ụlọ ọrụ, mmalite nke ụlọ ọrụ mmanụ ala, pH nke oke osimiri anyị agbadala site na 8.21 ruo 8.10. O nwere ike ọ gaghị adị ka nke ukwuu mana mgbanwe a na-egosi mmụba 30% na acidity nke butere ọtụtụ nsogbu maka ndụ oké osimiri anyị. Ka oke osimiri anyị na-aga n'ihu na-agbaze acidify enwere obere ion carbonate dị maka ịgbakọ nke pụtara na ihe ndị dị ndụ na-esiri ike iwulite ma na-edobe shells na ọkpụkpụ ha. Dabere na ọkwa carbon dioxide anyị ugbu a, oke osimiri anyị nwere ike ịnwe ọkwa pH nke 7.8 na njedebe nke narị afọ a.

== Nkwado enyemaka ==
Obodo ụmụ mmadụ nke oge a na-eji ike dị ọnụ ala na nnukwu ume iji kwalite uto akụ na ụba na ịkwado nkwụsi ike ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị. Ụlọ ọrụ gọọmentị na ụlọ ọrụ akụ na ụba gburugburu ụwa na-ebelata ọnụ ahịa ma na-ebuli mmanụ ọkụ maka ndị na-azụ ahịa na ndị na-emepụta ihe site n'inye ụdị nkwado ego dị iche iche na ụlọ ọrụ ahụ. Ndị a gụnyere ụdị enyemaka ọdịnala dị ka ịkwụ ụgwọ ozugbo, mmasị ụtụ isi, ohere mbelata, onyinye nyocha na mmepe, na iwepụ ihe nchebe gburugburu ebe obibi dị. N'ịtụle ụdị nkwado niile, enyemaka kachasị ukwuu maka mmanụ ọkụ sitere na ọdịda nke gọọmentị ịfefe ọtụtụ ego sitere na mmetụta gburugburu ebe obibi na ahụike mmadụ nke ihe mkpofu.

Akaụntụ nke International Energy Agency na OECD na-egosi na enyemaka ọdịnala n'ụwa niile ruru ihe dịka $400–600 Ijeri kwa afọ n'ime afọ 2010–2015, wee nọrọ nso $400 Ijeri n'afọ 2018 na 40% na-aga mmanụ. N'ịtụnyere, otu ndị na-arụ ọrụ na International Monetary Fund na-eme atụmatụ na nkwado niile na-enye ụlọ ọrụ mmanụ ọkụ ruru ihe dị ka ijeri $5.2 Trillion (6.4% nke mkpokọta ụlọ zuru ụwa ọnụ) n'ime afọ 2017. Ndị enyemaka kacha ukwuu bụ China, United States, Russia, European Union, na [[Ndia|India]] bụ ndị jikọtara ọnụ ruru 60% nke ngụkọta.

Dị ka echiche nke asọmpi ahịa dị mma si dị, ọnụ ahịa ziri ezi nwere ike ime ka ụlọ ọrụ na-ahụ maka ọrụ na nhọrọ ndị ahịa na-ebelata ihe mkpofu na ụkọ ogologo oge. Ịwepụ ego enyemaka na itinye ego carbon iji ghọta ọnụ ahịa ziri ezi ga-enwe mmetụta ya kpọmkwem site n'akụkụ ndị na-enye ụlọ ọrụ. N'ụzọ dị iche, ebumnobi nke ụfọdụ ụtụ isi carbon na usoro ịzụ ahịa carbon bụ iji mejupụta izi ezi ọnụahịa sitere n'akụkụ oriri.

== Mitigation ==

=== Nchekwa na iwepụ ya ===
Ọtụtụ mba n'ofe ụwa nwere enyemaka na amụma e mere iji belata ojiji mmanụ ala na mmanụ ọkụ. Ọmụmatụ gụnyere China nke gbanwere site n'inye enyemaka maka mmanụ ọkụ na-enye nkwado maka ume ọhụrụ. Ihe atụ ndị ọzọ gụnyere Sweden bụ onye mepụtara iwu nke emebere ka emechaa kwụsị iji mmanụ ala, nke a maara dị ka atụmatụ afọ 15. Atumatu ndị a nwere uru ha na ihe ịma aka ha na mba ọ bụla enweela ahụmịhe dị iche iche. Na China, a hụrụ uru dị mma na sistemu ike n'ihi oke enyemaka ume ọhụrụ n'ụzọ atọ. O mere ka oriri ike dị ọcha n'ihi ịkwaga maka isi mmalite dị ọcha. Nke abuo, o nyere aka n'ịbawanye arụmọrụ na nke atọ o dozie okwu nke nkesa na oriri na-ezighị ezi. Agbanyeghị, site n'ahụmahụ ndị China, enwere nsogbu ndị a hụrụ. Ihe ịma aka ndị a gụnyere ihe ịma aka akụ na ụba dịka uru akụ na ụba na mbụ dị ala maka enyemaka sitere na ume ọhụrụ karịa mmanụ. Ihe ịma aka ndị ọzọ gụnyere ọnụ ahịa nyocha na mmepe dị elu, ejighị n'aka nke ọnụ ahịa yana itinye ego nwere ike ịdị oke egwu. Ihe ndị a na-eme ka mmepe nke ume ọhụrụ dabere na nkwado gọọmentị. Agbanyeghị, ebumnuche nke iwepụ mmanụ ọkụ na iji mmanụ mmanụ nwekwara ike weta uru akụ na ụba dị ka itinyekwu ego. Atụmatụ a nwere ike inye aka nweta ebumnuche ọha dịka ọmụmaatụ mbelata mmetọ nke nwere ike ịtụgharị gaa na nsonaazụ gburugburu ebe obibi na ahụike ka mma.

Nhọrọ ọzọ maka ichekwa ume na ịkwụsị iji mmanụ mmanụ bụ ịnakwere teknụzụ ọhụrụ iji bulie arụmọrụ. Nke a nwere ike ịgụnye mgbanwe usoro mmepụta na ụdị njem.

=== Mgbanwe nke isi iyi ike ndị ọzọ ===
Nhọrọ na mmanụ ala nwere ike ịgụnye iji isi mmalite ike “dị ọcha” ndị ọzọ dị ka ume ọhụrụ, gas sitere n'okike ma ọ bụ biodiesel. Ụfọdụ n'ime ihe ndị ọzọ nwere ike na adịghị ike ha nwere ike imetụta ohere nke ịnabata ha n'ọdịnihu.

Iji ethanol dabere na ọka nwere ike ịbụ ihe ọzọ maka iji mmanụ ala. Otú ọ dị, ọmụmụ ndị kwubiri na ethanol dabeere ọka na-eji obere ike net adịghị etinye aka na ngwaahịa mmepụta. Teknụzụ ọka-ethanol dị ugbu a dị obere mmanụ ala karịa mmanụ ụgbọala mana nwere ọkwa ikuku GHG yiri mmanụ ụgbọala. Amụma amabeghị nke ọma ihe mgbanwe ikuku GHG ga-abụ site na ịnakwere ethanol dabere na ọka maka biodiesel. Ụfọdụ ọmụmụ na-akọ na mmụba 20% na ikuku GHG na ụfọdụ na-akọ mbelata 32%. Agbanyeghị, ọnụ ọgụgụ ahụ nwere ike ịbụ mbelata 13% nke ikuku GHG nke na-abụghị mbelata dị ukwuu. Ọdịnihu nke biodiesel nwere ike ịbụ teknụzụ cellulose ethanol iji mepụta biodiesel n'ihi na teknụzụ ahụ ga-enye aka na mbelata nke ikuku.

Uzo ozo nke ume ohuru dikwa. Ndị a gụnyere ike anyanwụ, ike ikuku, geothermal na hydroelectricity yana isi mmalite ndị ọzọ. A na-ekwu na isi mmalite ndị a nwere ihe ọkụkụ dị ntakịrị, yana ihe fọrọ nke nta ka ọ bụrụ nke abụọ site na ngwaahịa. A na-atụ anya na mmepụta nke ume ọhụrụ ga-eto n'ihe fọrọ nke nta ka ọ bụrụ mpaghara ọ bụla n'ụwa. A na-ahụkwa gas sitere n'okike dị ka ihe nwere ike dochie mmanụ. Igwe ikuku dị ọcha dị ọcha karịa mmanụ n'ihe gbasara ikuku. Otú ọ dị gas nkịtị nwere oke ya n'ihe gbasara mmepụta oke. Dịka ọmụmaatụ, iji gbanwee site na mmanụ crude gaa na gas, e nwere mgbanwe teknụzụ na netwọk nke kwesịrị ime tupu mmejuputa ya zuru oke. Atụmatụ abụọ nwere ike ime bụ nke mbụ ịzụlite teknụzụ njedebe njedebe nke mbụ ma ọ bụ nke abụọ bụ ịgbanwe akụrụngwa mmanụ kpamkpam.

=== Ojiji nke biomass kama mmanụ ala ===
Biomass na-aghọ nhọrọ nwere ike dochie mmanụ ala. Nke a bụ n'ihi mmụba gburugburu ebe obibi nke mmanụ ala na ọchịchọ ibelata iji mmanụ ala. Ihe ndị nwere ike dochie ya gụnyere cellulose sitere na ihe ọkụkụ fibrous dị ka ihe nnọchi maka ngwaahịa ndị sitere na mmanụ. Enwere ike ịmepụta plastik site na cellulose kama mmanụ na abụba osisi nwere ike dochie mmanụ maka mmanụ ụgbọala. Ka biomass wee nwee ihe ịga nke ọma ọ ga-enwerịrị njikọ teknụzụ dị iche iche na nri nri biomass dị iche iche iji mepụta ngwaahịa bioproduct dị iche iche. Ihe mkpali maka biomass bụ mbelata nke carbon dioxide, mkpa maka inye ume ọhụrụ na mkpa ime ka mpaghara ime obodo nwee ume.

=== Usoro nchekwa ===
Enwekwara ike ịme ọtụtụ teknụzụ dị ka usoro nchekwa iji belata nchekwa na ihe egwu ahụike nke ụlọ ọrụ mmanụ ala. Ndị a gụnyere usoro iji belata mwụfu mmanụ, ala ụgha iji gbochie ntapu mmanụ ụgbọala na tebụl mmiri na ụgbọ mmiri nwere okpukpu abụọ. A na-akpọ teknụzụ ọhụrụ nke nwere ike ibelata [[mmetọ ikuku]] bụ bio-filtration. Nzacha bio bụ ebe a na-esi na ihe na-arụ ọrụ ndụ pụta nke nwere VOC nwere ike imebi ma ọ bụ ikuku inorganic. A na-eji teknụzụ a eme ihe nke ọma na Germany na [[Netherlands]] tumadi maka njikwa isi. Enwere ọnụ ala dị ala yana uru gburugburu ebe obibi gụnyere obere ume chọrọ

== Hụkwa ==

* Arụmụka maka igwu ala Arctic
* Mmetụta gburugburu ebe obibi nke ụlọ ọrụ mmanụ shale
* Mmetụta gburugburu ebe obibi nke ụlọ ọrụ mmanụ na Naịjirịa
* Mmetụta gburugburu ebe obibi nke hydraulic fracturing
* Ike na gburugburu ebe obibi
* Nsogbu gburugburu ebe obibi nke ájá mmanụ
* Ndepụta nke nsogbu gburugburu ebe obibi
* Mmanụ a kacha na-enweta

== Ihe odide ==
{{Reflist|2}}</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Ọrụ African Union na Somalia</title>
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      <text bytes="22449" sha1="pqmd7sva1s827sb3vaqtmiq2pmkzlt7" xml:space="preserve">African Union Mission in Somalia (AMISOM) bụ ọrụ udo nke mpaghara nke African Union na-arụ '''ọrụ''' na nkwado nke United Nations Security Council. E nyere ya iwu ka ọ kwado usoro gọọmentị na-agafe agafe, tinye atụmatụ nchekwa mba, zụọ ndị agha nchekwa Obodo nowhere, yana inye aka n'ịmepụta ebe nchekwa maka nnyefe enyemaka. Dịka akụkụ nke ọrụ ya, AMISOM kwadoro ndị agha Gọọmenti etiti nowhere n'agha ha na-ebuso ndị agha Al-Shabaab agha .&lt;ref&gt;Musoma, Albert Lusiola (2021). Military diplomacy strategies applied by AMISOM in restoration of peace and security in the Horn of Africa. African Journal of Empirical Research, 2 (1), 41–55. DOI: https://doi.org/10.51867/ajer.v2i1.5&lt;/ref&gt;

AMISOM sitere n'aka Kansụl Udo na Nchebe nke African Union na 19 Jenụwarị ná afọ 2007 na ikike mbụ nke ọnwa isii.&lt;ref name=&quot;69TH-MEETING-PEACE-SECURITY-COUNCIL&quot;&gt;{{Cite news|title=69th meeting of the peace and Security Council|url=http://www.apanews.net/article.php3?id_article=19420|date=22 January 2007|publisher=Agence de Presse Africaine|accessdate=9 February 2007}}&lt;/ref&gt; N'abalị iri abụọ na otu n'ọnwa Febụwarị n'afọ 2007, Kansụl Nchebe nke Mba Ndị Dị n'Otu kwadoro ọrụ ahụ. Nkwado udo na nchekwa nke African Union nyere ikike ka ọ gbanwee iwu AMISOM kwa ọnwa isii.

== Ihe ndị mere n'oge gara aga ==
[[Usòrò:Burundi_peacekeepers_prepare_for_next_rotation_to_Somalia,_Bjumbura,_Burundi_012210_(4324781393).jpg|thumb|Ndị agha Burundi na-akwadebe ịkwaga Somalia, 2006]]
AMISOM nọchiri ma tinye IGAD Peace Support Mission na Somalia ('''IGASOM'''), nke bụ atụmatụ [[Intergovernmental Authority on Development]] na nchedo na ọzụzụ ozi na obodo [[Somalia]] nke African Union kwadoro na 14 Septemba na afọ 2006.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.alertnet.org/thenews/newsdesk/IRIN/2e06722a1a1ba530d77bcf352c87ebd6.htm|title=Humanitarian – Thomson Reuters Foundation News|first=Thomson Reuters|author=Foundation|work=www.Alertnet.org|accessdate=13 July 2017|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20060926065707/http://mobile.alertnet.org/thenews/newsdesk/IRIN/2e06722a1a1ba530d77bcf352c87ebd6.htm|archivedate=2006-09-26}}&lt;/ref&gt; Kọmitii Nchebe Mba Ndị Dị n'Otu kwadoro IGASOM na 6 Disemba afọ 2006.

E bu ụzọ chepụta IGASOM maka mmejuputa ozugbo na ọnwa Maachị na afọ 2005 iji nye ndị agha na-edebe udo maka akụkụ ọhụrụ nke Agha Obodo Somalia.

Ruo n'ọnwa Disemba afọ 2006, Kansụl Nchebe nke UN etinyela mmachibido iwu maka ngwá agha n'òtù ahụ, mana ewepụrụ mmachibido ahụ n'ụzọ ụfọdụ ma nye iwu maka IGASOM na 6 Disemba na afọ 2006 maka ọnwa isii.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.un.org/webcast/ga/61/pdfs/uganda-e.pdf|title=Sam Kutesa: We call on the Security Council to lift the arms embargo to enable deployment of IGASOM and AU Forces.|work=UN.org|accessdate=13 July 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ikike ==
[[Usòrò:Advance_contingent_of_AMISOM_troops_deployed_in_Baidoa_04_(7213736522).jpg|thumb|Ndị agha AMISOM nke Uganda na-agagharị]]
N'abalị iri abụọ na otu n'ọnwa Febụwarị n'afọ 2007, Kansụl Nchebe nke Mba Ndị Dị n'Otu nyere ikike ka African Union tinye ọrụ udo na ikike ọnwa isii. N'ọnwa Machị afọ 2007, ndị ọrụ agha [[Uganda]] rutere n'ala Somalia.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://news.yahoo.com/s/ap/20070301/ap_on_re_af/somalia|title=African peacekeepers arrive in Somalia|author=Mohamed Olad Hassan|accessdate=19 February 2016|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20070310123211/http://news.yahoo.com/s/ap/20070301/ap_on_re_af/somalia|archivedate=10 March 2007}}&lt;/ref&gt; N'abalị iri abụọ n'ọnwa Ọgọstụ n'afọ 2007, Kansụl Nchebe [[Mba Ndị Dị n'Otu]] nyere ikike ka African Union gaa n'ihu na-eziga AMISOM ọnwa isii ọzọ ma rịọ odeakwụkwọ ukwu ka ọ nyochaa nhọrọ nke iji ọrụ udo nke United Nations dochie AMISOM na obodo Somalia.

=== Iguzogide ICU ===
Ka ọ na-erule 25 Maachị afọ 2005 Sheikh Hassan Dahir Aweys nke Union of Islamic Courts dọrọ ndị na-ahụ maka udo aka na ntị na a gaghị anabata ha na mba ahụ. BBC kwuru na ọ na-ekwu, &quot;Anyị ga-alụ ọgụ siri ike ruo ọnwụ nke ndị agha ọ bụla batara na obodo Somalia&quot;.&lt;ref name=&quot;SOMALI-JIHAD-ON-FOREIGN-TROOPS&quot;&gt;[http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/africa/4382311.stm Somali 'jihad' on foreign troops] BBC&lt;/ref&gt; Ma n'oge ahụ, ICU abụghị ndị ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị ma ọ bụ ndị agha ọ ga-aghọ mgbe e mesịrị.

=== Ọrụ na-agbasawanye ===
[[Usòrò:2012_12_AMISOM_Female_Peacekeepers'_Conference-15_(30759377284).jpg|thumb|Ndị agha AMISOM na nzukọ nke afọ 2012 Female Peacekeepers' Conference]]
N'ime nzukọ mechiri emechi na Kampala na 22 Julaị  afọ 2010, ndị minista AU kwetara ịgbasawanye ikike nke ọrụ ahụ site na ilekwasị anya n'ịkwado udo gaa na ilekwasịrị anya n'ime udo nke ga-etinye aka na al-Shabaab n'onwe ya.  Mkpebi ahụ bịara n'oge na-adịghị anya mgbe mwakpo bọmbụ na-egbu egbu na isi obodo Uganda.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|title=Somalia: AU Ministers Agree to 'Take On' Al Shabaab|first=Charles|author=Kazooba|work=allAfrica.com|date=2010-07-26|url=http://allafrica.com/stories/201007250021.html|accessdate=2010-07-26}}&lt;/ref&gt;  Ụbọchị ole na ole ka e mesịrị na nzaghachi maka nrụgide UN, AU kwetara na ha agaghị agbasawanye ikike ahụ mana ha kwere ka ndị agha na-ebute ụzọ megide Al-Shabaab ma kwe nkwa ndị agha ndị ọzọ si mba ndị ọzọ dị n'Afrịka.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|title=Africa: United Nations Blocks Change of Amisom Mandate|first=Risdel|author=Kasasira|work=allAfrica.com|date=2010-07-28|url=http://allafrica.com/stories/201007280079.html|accessdate=2010-07-29}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Ndị ọrụ obodo ===
Ndị ọrụ AMISOM anọwo na-arụ ọrụ na Nairobi, [[Kenya]] kemgbe afọ 2008 n'ihi ọnọdụ nchekwa na Mogadishu. Ka ọ dị ugbu a, ha nwere ihe dịka ndị ọrụ ịrị asatọ na ọtú.

Kemgbe mmalite afọ 2011 AMISOM na TFG weghaara ọtụtụ ebe dị mkpa na Mogadishu mgbe ọtụtụ mwakpo megide Al-Shabaab gasịrị.

== Ọzụzụ maka ndị agha ==
Mba United States enyewo ọzụzụ dị ukwuu maka ndị agha na-aga Somalia. Na ọkara mbụ nke afọ 2012, ndị Force Recon Marines sitere na Special Purpose Marine Air-Ground Task Force 12 (SPMAGTF-12) zụrụ ndị agha sitere na Uganda People's Defence Force. N'oge opupu ihe ubi nke afọ 2012 [site na ọnwa March-April-May], ndị agha mmiri si SPMAGTF-12 zụkwara ndị agha [[Burundi]].  N'ọnwa Eprel na Mee, ndị otu Task Force Raptor, 3rd Squadron, 124th Cavalry Regiment nke Texas Army National Guard, sonyere na ọrụ ọzụzụ dị iche na BNDF na Mudubugu, Burundi. SPMAGTF-12 zigakwara ndị na-enye ya ọzụzụ na obodo [[Djibouti]], mba ọzọ na-etinye aka na ọrụ mba Somalia, ka ha na ndị agha rụọ ọrụ n'ebe ahụ.

=== 2018 ===

* N'abalị iri abụọ na atọ n'ọnwa Febụwarị, bọmbụ ụgbọ ala abụọ na Mogadishu gburu ma ọ dịkarịa ala mmadụ iri atọ na asatọ.  Nke mbụ lekwasịrị anya n'obí onye isi ala, Villa Somalia, ebe bọmbụ nke abụọ yiri ka ọ lekwasịrị anya na họtel.&lt;ref&gt;'Death Toll Mounts After Mogadishu Palace Attack', ''Deutsche Welle'' (Bonn), 24 February 2018.&lt;/ref&gt;
* N'abalị iri abụọ na atọ n'ọnwa Febụwarị, ndị agha Uganda gbagburu ndị ọrụ Somalia National Army (SNA) atọ na Mogadishu mgbe o doro anya na ndị Somalia gbagburu ụgbọ ala Uganda.&lt;ref&gt;'Uganda Blames Somalia for Deadly Mogadishu Shoot-Out', Shabelle Media Network (Mogadishu), 26 February 2018.&lt;/ref&gt;
* N'ụbọchị mbụ n'ọnwa Maachị, ndị agha abụọ nwụrụ ma mmadụ ise ndị ọzọ merụrụ ahụ na mwakpo ụgbọ ala al-Shebaab na-egbu onwe ya na ebe nyocha 15 kilomita na mpụga Mogadishu.&lt;ref name=&quot;AU Ambush 2018&quot;&gt;'Al-Shabaab Blamed in AU Ambush, Suspected in Attack on Somali Forces', Voice of America (Washington, DC), 5 March 2018.&lt;/ref&gt;
* N'ụbọchị nke abụọ n'ọnwa Maachị, a kọrọ na ndị agha Burundi ise nwụrụ n'ọgba aghara al-Shebaab n'ụgbọ agha dị nso na Balad, kilomita 30 n'ebe ugwu Mogadishu.  N'otu ụbọchị ahụ, mwakpo bọmbụ gburu onwe ya na ụlọ ọrụ SNA na Afgoye na mwakpo IED sochirinụ mere ka ndị ọrụ SNA ise na onye na-atụ bọmbụ gbuo onwe ya nwụọ.&lt;ref name=&quot;AU Ambush 2018&quot; /&gt;
* N'ụbọchị nke abụọ n'ọnwa Eprel, ''al-Shebaab'' wakporo ụlọ ọrụ atọ nke Uganda, na Qoryoley, Buulo Mareer na Golweyn.  Akụkọ mbụ nyere ndị nwụrụ anwụ dị ka 36 ''al-Shebaab'' nwụrụ na ndị agha Uganda anọ nwụrụ na isii merụrụ ahụ.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://amisom-au.org/2018/04/amisom-troops-successfully-repulse-al-shabaab-terrorists-following-simultaneous-attacks-on-three-au-bases-in-the-lower-shabelle-region/|title=AMISOM troops successfully repulse al Shabaab terrorists following simultaneous attacks on three AU bases in the Lower Shabelle region|work=amisom-au.org|date=2 April 2018|accessdate=6 April 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt; Akụkọ ndị ọzọ sitere na Uganda nyere akụkọ na-emegiderịta onwe ha banyere ndị nwụrụnụ mana o yiri ka ndị Uganda isii nwụrụ.
* N'abalị iri na otu n'ọnwa Eprel, ndị agha US bibiri ihe na-agbawa agbawa nke Shebaab (VBIED) na nso Jana Cabdalle, ihe dị ka kilomita iri ise n'ebe ugwu ọdịda anyanwụ nke Kismayo.  A kọrọ na nke a bụ mwakpo ụgbọelu nke iri na abụọ nke ndị agha America na Somalia n'afọ 2018.&lt;ref name=&quot;Roggio, B. 2018&quot;&gt;Roggio, B. &amp; Gutowski, A. (2018) 'US continues to disrupt Shabaab's attack campaign', The Long War Journal, 13 April 2018, &lt;https://www.longwarjournal.org/archives/2018/04/us-continues-jilib-somalia.php&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;
* N'abalị iri na abụọ n'ọnwa Eprel, ''al-Shebab'' gbagburu bọmbụ n'otu ámá egwuregwu bọọlụ dị na Baraawe, na-egbu ma ọ dịkarịa ala mmadụ ise.&lt;ref name=&quot;Roggio, B. 2018&quot; /&gt;
* N'isi ụtụtụ nke ụbọchị iri abụọ na anọ n'ọnwa Eprel, ndị nnupụisi wakporo ụlọ ọrụ Burundi dị na mpaghara Arba'ow, dị nso na Elasha Biyahawas na mpụga Mogadishu.&lt;ref&gt;'Al-Shabaab Launches Attack on AU Peacekeepers' Base Near Mogadishu', Shabelle Media Network (Mogadishu), 24 April 2018.&lt;/ref&gt;
* N'abalị iri abụọ na ise n'ọnwa Eprel, a kọrọ na ndị UPDF nọ n'ógbè El-Waregow, n'èzí ọdụ ụgbọ mmiri nke Merka, bụ ndị a lekwasịrị anya na IED dị n'akụkụ ụzọ nke ndị nnupụisi sochiri.&lt;ref&gt;'Al-Shabaab Militants Ambush UPDF Convoy in Southern Somalia', Shabelle Media Network (Mogadishu), 25 April 2018.&lt;/ref&gt;
* N'ụbọchị nke itoolu n'ọnwa Mee, bọmbụ dị n'akụkụ ụzọ n'obodo Wanlaweyn, ihe dị ka kilomita 90 n'ebe ugwu ọdịda anyanwụ nke Mogadishu, gburu ma ọ dịkarịa ala mmadụ ise mgbe ọ gbawara.&lt;ref name=&quot;Southern Somalia' 2018&quot;&gt;'Soldiers Killed in a Landmine Explosion in Southern Somalia', Shabelle Media Network (Mogadishu), 10 May 2018.&lt;/ref&gt;  Akụkọ ndị ọzọ na-ekwu na mgbawa ahụ sitere na onye na-eyi onwe ya bọmbụ na-elekwasị anya n'ahịa khat, ma kwuo na ndị nkịtị iri na otu nwụrụ, ma ọ bụ iri nwụrụ na iri na ise merụrụ ahụ.&lt;ref name=&quot;Lower Shabelle IED Blast' 2018&quot;&gt;'SNA Soldiers Killed in Lower Shabelle IED Blast', Radio Dalsan (Mogadishu), 10 May 2018.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Market Blast 2018&quot;&gt;'Thirteen militants, 4 Civilians Killed in Market Blast, Fighting', Voice of America (Washington, DC), 14 May 2018.&lt;/ref&gt;
* Na 10 Mee, mgbawa nke abụọ na Wanlaweyn gburu ndị agha Somalia asaa ma merụọ mmadụ abụọ ọzọ ahụ mgbe bọmbụ dị n'akụkụ ụzọ lekwasịrị anya n'ụgbọala ha nọ na ya.&lt;ref name=&quot;Southern Somalia' 2018&quot; /&gt;  A kọwakwara ndepụta ndị nwụrụ anwụ dị ka ndị agha iri nwụrụ anwụ.&lt;ref name=&quot;Lower Shabelle IED Blast' 2018&quot; /&gt;
* Na 12 Mee ọgụ n'obodo Halfoley, nso obodo Jalalaqsi na mpaghara Hiran, n'etiti ndị agha Somalia na ndị obodo megide ndị na-anakọta ụtụ isi ''al-Shebaab'' mere ka ndị nnupụisi mmadụ ịrị na atọ nwụọ.&lt;ref name=&quot;Market Blast 2018&quot; /&gt;
* Ọzọkwa na 12 Mee, bọmbụ n'ahịa dị na mpaghara Bulomarer gburu ndị nkịtị anọ ma merụọ mmadụ ise ahụ.&lt;ref name=&quot;Market Blast 2018&quot; /&gt;
* N'abalị iri atọ na otu n'ọnwa Mee, a kọrọ na mwakpo ụgbọelu US dị kilomita iri ise n'ebe ndịda ọdịda anyanwụ nke Mogadishu gburu ndị nnupụisi iri na abụọ nke ''al-Shebaab''.  A na-ekwu na nke a bụ nke iri na ise US air strike na Somalia n'afọ 2018.&lt;ref&gt;Gutowski, A. (2018) 'US strikes Shabaab again outside Mogadishu', ''The Long War Journal'', 2 June 2018, accessed 8 June 2018, &lt;https://www.longwarjournal.org/archives/2018/06/strike-outside-mogadishu.php&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;
* N'ụbọchị nke abụọ n'ọnwa Juun, ndị agha US mere mwakpo ụgbọelu nke iri na isii na Somalia maka afọ 2018.  A kọrọ na mmadụ iri abụọ na asaa 'ndị na-eyi ọha egwu' nwụrụ n'ọgbaghara ahụ dị nso n'obodo Bosaso, na Puntland.&lt;ref&gt;Roggio, B. &amp; Gutowski, A. (2018) 'US kills 27 Shabaab terrorists in rare northern Somalia strike', ''The Long War Journal'', 5 June 2018, accessed 8 June 2018 &lt;https://www.longwarjournal.org/archives/2018/06/shabaab-northern.php&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;'US Airstrike Kills 27 Terrorist Fighters in N. Somalia', Voice of America (Washington, DC), 5 June 2018.&lt;/ref&gt; Ọ bụ ezie na ezi ihe ịga nke ọma nke nke a na ndị ọzọ US air / drone strike na Somalia ga-anọgide na-enwe obi abụọ n'ihi na o yiri ka ọ nweghị ihe a na-esote n'ala ya mere ọ nweghị ozu ndị iro a chọtara, ma ọ bụ ndị iro a chọpụtara n'otu n'otu; ọ dịghị ndị mkpọrọ e weghaara; ọ nweghị akwụkwọ e jidere; ọ nweghị ngwá agha ma ọ bụ ngwá ọrụ e nwetara.
* Na 8 Juun, a kọrọ na agha dị n'etiti ndị agha mba Somalia na ''al-Shebaab'' mgbe ndị nnupụisi wakporo obodo El Wak n'ihe e kwenyere na ọ bụ ịga n'ihu nke mwakpo siri ike na Ramadan.&lt;ref&gt;'Alshabaab and Govt Troops in Deadly Clash over El-Wak', Dalsan Radio (Mogadishu), 8 June 2018.&lt;/ref&gt;
* Na 8 Juun, e gburu onye agha Somalia n'ahịa dị na Afgoye.&lt;ref&gt;'Gunmen Kill Somali Soldier in Afgoye Outside Mogadishu', Shabelle Media Network (Mogadishu), 9 June 2018.&lt;/ref&gt;
* N'oge 8 na 9 Juun, mwakpo al-Shebaab na ụlọ ọrụ Somalia-Kenyan-US nke dị kilomita 2 n'ebe ugwu nke obodo Sanguni dugara n'ọnwụ nke onye agha US Special Forces na ndị agha Somalia abụọ, na ndị ọrụ US anọ ọzọ merụrụ ahụ.  A kọrọ na a gbahapụrụ ụlọ ọrụ ahụ.&lt;ref&gt;Maruf, H. (2018) 'New Details Emerge in Attack That Killed U.S. Soldier', Voice of America (Washington, DC), 11 June 2018.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;'Jubbaland and U.S. Troops Vacate Town Outside Kismayo After Attacks', Shabelle Media Network (Mogadishu), 10 June 2018.&lt;/ref&gt;
* N'abalị iri na otu n'ọnwa Juun, ọ dịkarịa ala ndị agha Somalia ise nwụrụ ma merụọ mmadụ atọ ndị ọzọ ahụ na mwakpo ndị nnupụisi na nso Teed, kilomita iri atọ n'ebe ugwu Huddur na mpaghara Bakool.&lt;ref&gt;Maruf 2018.&lt;/ref&gt;
* N'ụbọchị mbụ n'ọnwa Julaị, bọmbụ a tụrụ n'ụlọ ọrụ AMISOM dị na Halane, Mogadihsu, gburu mmadụ ise ma merụọ mmadụ iri ọzọ ahụ.&lt;ref&gt;'Govt Condemns Mortar Attack in Mogadishu That Left 5 Dead', Shabelle Media Network (Mogadishu), 2 July 2018.&lt;/ref&gt;
* N'ụbọchị nke asaa n'ọnwa Julaị, bọmbụ abụọ gburu onwe ha na mgbalị ịwakpo Ministri nke Interior nke Somalia na Mogadishu gburu ma ọ dịkarịa ala mmadụ iri ma merụọ mmadụ iri ọzọ ahụ.&lt;ref name=&quot;Weiss, C. 2018&quot;&gt;Weiss, C. (2018) 'Shabaab targets presidential palace with suicide assault', ''The Long War Journal'', 16 July 2018, &lt;https://www.longwarjournal.org/archives/2018/07/shabaab-targets-presidential-palace-with-suicide-assault.php&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;
* Na 13/14 Julaị ''al-Shebaab'' wakporo ebe obibi Kọmishọna ndị uwe ojii na Baidoa, gbuo ndị agha atọ ma merụọ mmadụ anọ ahụ.&lt;ref&gt;'Al-Shabaab Carries Out Attack in Baidoa, Kills At Least 3 Soldiers', Shabelle Media network (Mogadishu), 14 July 2018.&lt;/ref&gt;
* N'abalị iri na anọ n'ọnwa Julaị, a gbagburu bọmbụ ụgbọ ala abụọ na Mogadishu na-elekwasị anya n'obí eze onye isi ala.&lt;ref name=&quot;Weiss, C. 2018&quot; /&gt;
* N'abalị iri abụọ na atọ n'ọnwa Julaị, a kọrọ na ndị agha Somalia chụpụrụ mwakpo ndị nnupụisi n'otu n'ime ụlọ ọrụ ha dị nso na Bar-Sanguuni, mpaghara Lower Juba, na-egbu ndị nnupaka iri asatọ na asaa mgbe ha tụfuru mmadụ isii n'ime ha.  ''Al-Shebaab'' kwuru - na ụfọdụ ihe akaebe na-akwado foto - na ha meriri ụlọ ọrụ ahụ ma gbuo ndị agha gọọmentị 27.&lt;ref&gt;Yusuf, M. (2018) 'Army – 87 Militants Killed as Attack Repulsed', Voice of America (Washington, DC), 25 July 2018.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Weiss, C. (2018) 'Shabaab releases photos from inside joint US–Somali–Kenyan base', ''The Long War Journal'', 24 July 2018, &lt;https://www.longwarjournal.org/archives/2018/07/shabaab-releases-photos-from-inside-joint-us-somali-kenyan-base.php&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;
* N'abalị iri abụọ na asaa n'ọnwa Ọgọstụ, a kọrọ na ndị agha US gburu ndị na-eyi ọha egwu atọ na mwakpo ụgbọelu dị kilomita iri anọ n'ebe ndịda ọdịda anyanwụ nke Mogadishu.  O doro anya na nke a bụ mwakpo ụgbọelu nke iri abụọ na otu nke ndị agha US ga-eme megide ''al-Shebaab'' n'afọ 2018.&lt;ref&gt;Roggio, B. &amp; Gutowski, A. (2018) 'U.S. military on track to match record 2017 for airstrikes in Somalia', ''The Long War Journal'', 29 August 2018, &lt;https://www.longwarjournal.org/archives/2018/08/shabaab-strike-mogadishu.php&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;
* Na 11 Septemba al-Shabaab wakporo ndị agha gọọmentị n'obodo Mubaraak, ihe dị ka kilomita 60 n'ebe ọdịda anyanwụ nke Mogadishu, na-egbu otu n'ime ndị agha gọọmenti.&lt;ref name=&quot;ReferenceC&quot;&gt;Roggio, B. &amp; Gutowski, A. (2018) 'Shabaab launches another attack on US and partner forces', ''The Long War Journal'', 24 September 2018, &lt;https://www.longwarjournal.org/archives/2018/09/shabaab-attack.php&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;
* Na 21 Septemba al-Shebaab wakporo ndị agha gọọmentị n'ọnọdụ 50 kilomita n'ebe ndịda ọdịda anyanwụ nke Mogadishu.  Na nzaghachi, ndị agha US malitere mwakpo ụgbọelu nke a kọrọ na ọ gburu ndị nnupụisi 18.  A na-ekwu na ndị agha gọọmentị na-echebe gburu ndị nnupụisi abụọ ọzọ.&lt;ref name=&quot;ReferenceC&quot; /&gt;
* N'ụbọchị mbụ n'ọnwa Ọktoba, a kọrọ na ndị agha US gburu ndị nnupụisi itoolu ma merụọ ibe ha ahụ n'ihe dị ka kilomita 40 n'ebe ugwu ọwụwa anyanwụ nke Kismayo.  E kwuru na mwakpo ụgbọelu ahụ bụ nzaghachi maka mwakpo ndị nnupụisi wakporo ndị agha gọọmentị.&lt;ref&gt;'U.S. Airstrike Kills 9 Al-Shabaab Militants, Voice of America (Washington, DC), 3 October 2018.&lt;/ref&gt;
* N'abalị mbụ n'ọnwa Ọktoba, otu onye gburu onwe ya gbara ụgbọ ala n'ime ndị agha EU (Italian) n'èzí ụlọ ọrụ ndị agha Jaalle Siyad na mpaghara Hodan nke Mogadishu, gbuo ndị nkịtị abụọ ma merụọ mmadụ anọ ọzọ ahụ.&lt;ref&gt;Maruf, H. (2018) 'Al-Shabaab Attacks EU Convoy in Mogadishu, Two Killed', Voice of America (Washington, DC), 3 October 2018.&lt;/ref&gt;
* N'abalị iri na atọ n'ọnwa Ọktoba, ndị mmadụ abụọ gburu onwe ha gbagburu bọmbụ n'obodo Baidoa, na-egbu ndị nkịtị iri na ise.&lt;ref&gt;Hassan, M.O. (2018) 'Two Blasts in Somali Town Kill at Least 15', Voice of America (Washington, DC), 14 October 2018.&lt;/ref&gt;
* N'abalị iri na anọ n'ọnwa Ọktoba, mwakpo nke atọ nke ''al-Shebaab'' wakporo ndị agha gọọmentị Somalia n'ihe karịrị otu ọnwa mere na nso Araara, na-akpata mwakpo ụgbọelu US na nzaghachi.  A kọrọ na mwakpo ụgbọelu ahụ gburu ndị na-eyi ọha egwu anọ.&lt;ref&gt;Roggio, B. &amp; Gutowski, A. (2018) 'Shabaab attacks Somali force in southern Somalia', ''The Long War Journal'', 15 October 2018, &lt;https://www.longwarjournal.org/archives/2018/10/shabaab-attack-2.php&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;

=== 2020 ===
29 Mee afọ 2020 Kansụl Nchebe weghachiri ikike nke AU Mission na obodo Somalia (AMISOM) ruo 28 Febụwarị afọ 2021.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.securitycouncilreport.org/whatsinblue/2020/05/african-union-mission-in-somalia-amisom-reauthorisation.php|date=28 May 2020|publisher=Security Council Report|title=African Union Mission in Somalia (AMISOM) Reauthorisation}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== 2025  ===
Na ọgọstụ 28,2025,Mahmoud Ali Youssouf bú onye isi nke Afikan Union Commission (AUC) nwere nzukọ ya na El Hadji Ibrahima Diene bu (special Representative of the chairperson of the African Union Commission (SRCC) maka obodo Somalia na onyeisi nke African Union Support and Stabilization Mission in Somalia (AUSSOM). Mahmoud Ali Youssouf tòrò onye ọru Afrịka bu onye rụrụ ọrụ n'okpuru African Union, site na AMISOM, ATMIS, ma ugbua AUSSOM, maka ikwado udo na nkwụsike nke Somalia kemgbe afọ 2007. Mahmoud Ali Youssouf na mgbako aka nke a bu nkuku nke modern history nke obodo Somalia, ma gosiputa kwa nghota zuru oke maka udo na nchekwa nke otu African Union n'ebe Afrịka di. Mahmoud Ali Youssouf kwu kwara na udo nke Somalia di oke mkpa maka ịbụ isi nke Afrịka  na kwa ogbe Afrịka, na udo na nchekwa nke ụwa niile. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Chairperson of the African Union Commission receives the Special Representative of the Chairperson of the African Union Commission (SRCC) for Somalia and Head of AUSSOM {{!}} African Union|url=https://au.int/ar/node/45270|work=au.int|accessdate=2025-08-31}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Edensibia ==

== Ịgụ ihe ọzọ ==

* {{Cite book|author=Paul D. Williams|title=Fighting for Peace in Somalia: A History and Analysis of the African Union Mission (AMISOM), 2007–2017|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=2ftdDwAAQBAJ|year=2018|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=978-0-19-872454-4}}

== Njikọ mpụga ==

* Official website 
* Media related to African Union Mission to Somalia at Wikimedia Commons
[[Òtù:All articles with unsourced statements]]
[[Òtù:Pages with unreviewed translations]]</text>
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{{Infobox officeholder|name=Millicent Fenwick|image=Millicent Fenwick.jpg|office=[[United States Ambassador to the United Nations Agencies for Food and Agriculture]]|term_start=June 13, 1983|term_end=March 20, 1987|predecessor=Position established|successor=[[Fred J. Eckert|Fred Eckert]]|term_start1=January 3, 1975|term_end1=January 3, 1983|predecessor1=[[Peter Frelinghuysen Jr.|Peter Frelinghuysen]]|successor1=[[Jim Courter]] (redistricting)|birth_date={{birth date|1910|2|25}}|birth_place=[[New York City]], U.S.|death_date={{death date and age|1992|9|16|1910|2|25}}|death_place=[[Bernardsville, New Jersey]], U.S.|party=[[Republican Party (United States)|Republican]]|education=[[Barnard College]]&lt;br /&gt;[[The New School|New School]]}}

.Millicent Vernon Fenwick (nwanyị Hammond; Febụwarị 25, 1910 - Septemba 16, 1992) bụ onye nchịkọta akụkọ ejiji America, onye ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị na onye nnọchi anya mba ụwa.  Onye Republican gbara afọ anọ nke Ụlọ Nnọchiteanya [[Njikọ̀taọ̀hà|United States]] si [[Nú Jezị|New Jersey]], ọ banyere na ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị n'oge ndụ ya ma bụrụ onye a ma ama maka ume na ịnụ ọkụ n'obi ya mara mma.  A na-ewere ya dị ka onye na-agafe agafe na onye na-aga n'ihu n'ime pati ya ma na-ekwusi ike maka ikike obodo na òtù ụmụ nwanyị.

.&lt;ref name=&quot;HerWay2&quot;&gt;Schapiro, Amy. ''Millicent Fenwick: Her Way'' (2003).&lt;/ref&gt;N'oge Agha Ụwa Mbụ, Hammond siri ọnwụ na ọ ga-aga mba ofesi iji nyere ndị chọrọ enyemaka na Europe aka, n'agbanyeghị ihe ize ndụ ndị nwere ike ime ka ha na-eme ya.[1]  Na 1915, mgbe Millicent dị afọ ise, nne ya lara n'iyi na imi mmiri nke ụgbọ mmiri Britain RMS Lusitania, nke nna ya lanarịrị.[2]  Mgbe Ogden si n’oké ihe omume a lọta, ọ chọghị ikwurịta ihe merenụ, banyere nwunye ya ma ọ bụ ihe omume ahụ, o jikwa ọrụ n’aka ma dọpụ uche ya site n’itinye nnọọ aka n’ọrụ ya.[1]  Onye ọ bụla, ma ndị enyi ma ndị ezinụlọ, kwanyere mkpebi ya ùgwù ma na-ebi ndụ nkịtị dị ka à ga-asị na ọ dịghị ihe merenụ.  Ọ lụrụ ọzọ afọ abụọ ka e mesịrị, na Marguerite McClure &quot;Daisy&quot; Howland, na site na alụmdi na nwunye Fenwick nwere nwanne nkuchi, McClure (Mac) Howland.[1]  Ụmụ Ogden nwerezi nne dina nwunye.  Otú ọ dị, Daisy nwere nnọọ nchegbu banyere onwe ya, Mac, na ọnọdụ ọha mmadụ nke na ya na ụmụ di ya nọrọ obere oge.  Millicent na Daisy enweghị ezi mmekọrịta, nna ya enyeghịkwa ya aka.  Ọ bụrụ na e nwere nsogbu ezinụlọ ọ bụla na-eme, Ogden rịọrọ ka ụmụ ya gwa ha Daisy ọ bụghị ya.  Mgbe nne ha nwụsịrị, Millicent malitere mmekọrịta chiri anya na ụmụnne ya, karịsịa nwanne ya nwanyị, Mary.  Na 1918, ikpe nke Lusitania mere, ka ndị mmadụ na-ebo ụlọ ọrụ ụgbọ mmiri ahụ akwụkwọ maka enweghị ike igosi ndị njem n'ime nchekwa nchekwa.  Ogden bụ otu n'ime ọtụtụ ndị gbara akaebe na mgbe ndị juri ruru mkpebi ahụ, a kwụrụ ndị Hammonds nke ọ bụla, na-anata ihe karịrị $60,000.[1]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Angela Murdaugh</title>
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'''Angela Murdaugh''' bụ nwanne nwanyị Katọlik nke America na Franciscan Sisters of Mary, onye nọọsụ Certified-Midwife. Ọ bụ onye ọsụ ụzọ n'ịkwalite ndị nọọsụ na ebe ọmụmụ. Site na mmasị a, o guzobere Holy Family Birth Center na Weslaco, TX na 1983.&lt;ref name=&quot;twu.edu&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.twu.edu/twhf/tw-murdaugh.asp|title=Murdaugh, Sister Angela|work=Texas Women's Hall of Fame citation|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130208093107/http://www.twu.edu/twhf/tw-murdaugh.asp|archivedate=2013-02-08|accessdate=2023-09-29}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Ebe ọmụmụ ahụ nwere ihe ịga nke ọma n'ọtụtụ ụzọ ma ghọọ ihe nlereanya maka ndị ọzọ. &quot;Ka ọ na-erule afọ 2002, e belatara ọnụọgụ ọnwụ ụmụaka na Hidalgo County n'etiti n'ihi ụlọ ọrụ ahụ, kwupụtara na ọ na-aga nke ọma nke na e ṅomiri ya na mba niile. &quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;twu.edu&quot;/&gt; Ọ zụrụ ndị na-amụ nwa n'ebe ahụ ma soro ụlọ akwụkwọ bụ onye na ụlọ ọrụ nkụzi kasị ukwuu n'ụwa ọhụrụ ezi omume ga eme ngwa gbaba n'ebe nile site n'ime ụmụ ndị na ụlọ ọrụ ndị dị n'ógbè ahụ rụọ ọrụ iji kụzie banyere ụkpụrụ na ụkpụrụ nke ụwa họrọ site n'ime ụmụ gị Ihe di megide okike ime ihe ike na mmekọahụ ahụike, ọkachasị n'ihe gbasara ime ime na nlekọta nwa. O tinyere aka na mmepe nke iwu na iwu ndị metụtara ọrụ ịmụ nwa na ebe ọmụmụ na Texas. Na mba, o nyekwara aka n'ide National Association of Childbearing Center's Standards for Birth Centers. Ọzọkwa, o nyere aka n'ịmata ndị nọọsụ na-amụ nwa dị ka ndị na-enye Medicaid ruru eru, a na-asọpụrụ ya site n'inweta nọmba ekwentị mkpanaaka onye na-enye Médicaid mbụ e nyere onye nọọsụ nọ na Texas.&lt;ref name=&quot;twu.edu&quot; /&gt;

Sr. Murdaugh &quot;kwetara mkpebi ya ịghọ onye nọọsụ na-amụ nwa n'akụkụ ụfọdụ site na Sr. Mary Charitas Iffrig, onye mere ka ọ mata ịmụ nwa. &quot;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.fsmonline.org/newsandpublications/newsreleases/angelamurdaugh/|title=Franciscan Sisters of Mary|accessdate=2023-09-29|archivedate=2016-05-21|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160521101923/http://www.fsmonline.org/newsandpublications/newsreleases/angelamurdaugh/}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ọ lara ezumike nká na Holy Family Birth Center na 2007.

== Nsọpụrụ ==

* Onye isi oche nke American College of Nurse Midwives
* Midwives Alliance nke North American nyere ya nsọpụrụ kachasị elu - Sage Femme Award
* A kpọrọ ya aha na Texas Women's Hall of Fame (2002)
* Ihe nrite Nọọsụ nke Afọ nke Texas (1978),
* American College of Nurse Midwives Hattie Hemschemeyer Award (1990)
* Ihe nrite Ikpe Ziri Ezi (1998)
* Doctor of Humane Letters si Mahadum Villanova (2005)

== Ihe edeturu ==
{{Reflist}}

== Njikọ mpụga ==

* [https://web.archive.org/web/20130208093107/http://www.twu.edu/twhf/tw-murdaugh.asp Ụlọ Nzukọ Ndị Inyom nke Texas]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20160521101923/http://www.fsmonline.org/newsandpublications/newsreleases/angelamurdaugh/ Ebe nrụọrụ weebụ Franciscan Sisters of Mary]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20151208144234/http://www.holyfamilybirthcenter.com/history.html Ebe Obibi Ịmụ Nwa]
[[Òtù:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ]]</text>
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    <title>Edward Asafu-Adjaye</title>
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{{Infobox officeholder|name=Edward Asafu-Adjaye|office=[[Ghana]] [[High commissioner (Commonwealth)|High Commissioner]] to the [[United Kingdom]]|president=Dr. [[Kwame Nkrumah]]|term_start=|term_end=|predecessor=|successor=|birthname=Edward Okyere Asafu-Adjaye|birth_date={{Birth date|1903|07|14}}|birth_place=[[Calabar]], [[Nigeria]]|death_date={{Death date and age|1976|02|27|1903|07|14}}|death_place=|occupation=[[Diplomat]]|education=[[Adisadel College]]|alma_mater=[[University of London]]|spouse=|children=|relations=}}
&lt;references responsive=&quot;1&quot;&gt;&lt;/references&gt;
. &lt;ref name=&quot;Vieta1999&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|author=Vieta|first=Kojo T.|title=The Flagbearers of Ghana: Profiles of One Hundred Distinguished Ghanaians|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=uw0OAQAAMAAJ|date=1 January 1999|publisher=Ena Publications|isbn=978-9988-0-0138-4}}&lt;/ref&gt;Sir Edward Okyere Asafu-Adjaye (1903 – 1976) bụ onye ọchịchọ Ghana, ọkaiwu na onye ọnọdụ mba.  Ọ bụ onye ọka iwu Ashanti mbụ na onye isi kọmishọna mbụ nke Ghana na Britain nwere ikike na France n'otu oge

== Ndụ mmalite na agụmakwụkwọ ==
&lt;ref name=&quot;EDWARD ASAFU-ADJAYE&quot;&gt;Eli,[https://www.blakkpepper.com/2016/07/meet-sir-edward-okyere-asafu-adjaye-first-asante-lawyer-renowned-diplomat-and-great-legal-luminary/ &quot;Meet Sir Edward Okyere Asafu-Adjaye: First Asante lawyer, renowned diplomat and great legal luminary&quot;], Blakkpepper, 02 July 2016.&lt;/ref&gt;A ọrụ ya na 14 Julaị 1903 na Calabar, Nigeria, ebe nna ya na-arụ ọrụ dị ka onye na-ere aha ama ama.  Mgbe ike ọgwụgwọ ọrụ azụmahịa ya na Calabar, nna ya;  Opanyin Asafu Adjaye butere ya na Kumasi ebe o bidoro akwukwo na Kumasi Government Boys School.  Site na ebe ahụ ọ gawara Adisadel College, Cape Coast ebe o mgbochi cambridge ya.  Ɔ gakwara na mahadum [[London]] .  N'ebe ahụ, ọ meri &quot;Profumo Prize&quot; maka ịbụ onye okaka mma na iwu, na-agba ọsọ ọrụ ya na ule ikpeazụ nke mahadum (LLB).

== Ọrụ ==
. &lt;ref name=&quot;ASAFU-ADJAYE&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://adontenchambers.com/index.php/about-us/|title=E.O. Asafu-Adjaye &amp; Co (Adonten Chambers)|publisher=Dreamscene Media|accessdate=4 December 2018|archivedate=5 December 2018|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20181205060740/http://adontenchambers.com/index.php/about-us/}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;EDWARD ASAFU-ADJAYE&quot;/&gt;Akpọrọ ya n' daawo dị na Temple Inner, United Kingdom na 1927, n'otu awụ ahụ ọ la ike na Gold Coast iji mee iwu.  Ọ sonyeere ụlọ ọrụ Sir Henley Kobina Coussey iji jeere nwa akwụkwọ iwu ya ozi, tupu ọ banye n'ahụ nke onwe ya.  O hiwere ụlọ nke ya: EOAsafu – Adjaye &amp; Co na Accra na 1927. Ndị nwe ndị ahụ bụ isi na Kumasi site na 1934 ruo 1951. Ọ jere ozi na ụlọ ọrụ dị iche iche;  ọ jere ozi dịka onye isi ụlọ ọrụ Barclay's Bank (Ghana) Ltd, Mobil Oil (Ghana Ltd), Consolidated African Selection Trust Ltd., Onye isi oche nke African Liberal Council, onye otu Gọvanọ Executive Council nke Adisadel College na ọtụtụ ndị na-agba ụgbọ na otu otu.  ndị ọzọ.  ụlọ mahadum Ghana

== Ọchịchị ==
&lt;ref name=&quot;EDWARD ASAFU-ADJAYE&quot;/&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;ASAFU-ADJAYE&quot;/&gt;Mgbe oge ụfọdụ omume na-ahụ na ụkwụ na-egosi Gold Coast .  Ọ bụ onye mbụ dị ka onye ama ama nke Ashanti Kotoko Society na Ashanti Confederacy Council (ugbu a Asanteman Council) na 1934. Ọ bụ onye otu onye anya Gold Coast zutere onye Britain nke steeti maka ndị na-arụ ọrụ ahụ iji mee omume megide Iwu ọrụ.  Mmiri na Bill Sedition.  Ya, ya na Dr JB Danquah, ọrụ sere ìhè n'inweta ego Ashanti Colony Collaboration nke rụpụtara na 1946 Burns Constitution.  A nchọpụta ya dị ka onye otu kansụl ndị omebe iwu na 1946 na na 1951, a nchọpụta ya dị ka onye anya Asanteman.  N'otu awụ ahụ ọ rụkwara ọrụ na kabinet mbụ nke Dr. Kwame Nkrumah nke CPP nke 1951. N'afọ 1954, a chọpụtara ya ka ọ Minista ahia na ọrụ.

== Nhọpụta na ọrụ nke mba ụwa ==
N' mbadị ụwa, e mmetụta ya ka ọ nọchite anya ahụ obodo n'oge ọmụmụ nke King George VI na 1937 na Queen Queen nke United Kingdom ugbu a;  Queen Elizabeth II na 1953. O jere ozi na kọmitii United Nations na Ụzọ Udo.  Ọ rụkwara ọrụ na African Liberal Council.

Mgbe Ghana nwechara akwụkwọ onwe na 1957, adị ya onye isi kọmish mbụ na United Kingdom site n'aka Dr. Kwame Nkrumah .  Ihe omume mere ndị ka ọ pụta ìhè n'ọkwa ya n'ihe nkiri egwu a na-awakpo ya nke mere ndị gburu ụwa nke ọtụtụ ọrụ na ya;  na January 1959, Patrice Lumumba, praịm minista nke [[Democratic Republic of the Congo|Democratic Republic of Congo]], mgbasa na The Ritz Hotel, London na zutere Adjaye na ndị ọzọ na ụlọ oriri na ọṅụṅụ.  Ndị Mosleyites ihe omume ahụ, bụ ndị na-eche ihe ihe ndị ruuru mmadụ na Congo n'oge ahụ, nọmba n' ụlọ nkwari ahụ ahụ, na- akara dị ka &quot;RAPERS OF CHILDREN - GO HOME&quot; ma na- enye.  A wakporo Adjaye ka ọ na-ahụ na họtel ahụ, n'agbanyeghị na a na-eche na ọ bụ Lumumba hiere ụzọ.  Eze Nwanyị Elizabeth nke mbụ kwara ya mma na ụzọ maka mmezu ya na mpaghara ma n'ihu mba ụwa.

Na 1962 ọ bụ onye otu nwoke atọ (nke Sir Henry Wynn Parry na Justice Gopal Das Khosla nke India) kọmitii a maara dị ka Wynn-Parry Commission of Inquiry akara na 11 May 1962 iji ike ihe na-eme ihe ọgba aghara ike ndị mmepụta.  na Guyana nke mere na February 16, 1962, nke a ma ama na-eme ihe mere eme Guyana dị ka &quot;Black Friday&quot;.

&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|author=Montgomery-Massingberd|first=Hugh|title=The London Ritz: a social and architectural history|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_xBUAAAAMAAJ|year=1980|publisher=Aurum|isbn=978-0-906053-01-0}}&lt;/ref&gt;Ọ bụkwa otu n'ime ndị otu anọ Alva Myrdal nke Sweden (onyeisi oche,) Josip Djerdja nke Yugoslavia (onye gbara arụkwaghịm na Group na March 1964), Ahmed Ould Sidi Baba nke [[Morocco]] na Sir.  Hugh Foot nke UK, onye ukwu UN bụ U Thant mgbaàmà ka ọ mgba mgbawa nke atumatu South Africa dị ka UN Security Council Resolution nke 4 December 1963 si dị &lt;ref name=&quot;EDWARD ASAFU-ADJAYE&quot;/&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;ASAFU-ADJAYE&quot;/&gt;

== Ọnwụ ==
Ọ nwụrụ na 27 February 1976. &lt;ref name=&quot;EDWARD ASAFU-ADJAYE&quot;/&gt;

== Ntụaka ==
{{Reflist}}</text>
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    <title>Dion Fortune</title>
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{{Infobox person|name=Dion Fortune|image=|caption=Fortune as a teenager; the image dates from approximately 1905|birth_name=Violet Mary Firth|birth_date=6 December 1890|birth_place=[[Llandudno]], [[Caernarfonshire]], Wales|occupation=[[Occultist]], author|spouse=}}
[[Category:Articles with hCards]]
Dion Fortune ( mmalite Violet Mary Firth, 6 Disemba 1890 - 6 January 1946) bụ onye mgbaasị Britain, onye dibịa afa emume, onye edemede na ode akwụkwọ.  Ọ bụ onye nchoputa nke Fraternity of the Inner Light, otu mgbaasị na- ndị nkà ihe nke o kwuru na ụlọ ọrụ ime ihie a maara dị ka ndị Nna-ukwu Ascended so ya.  Onye ode akwụkwọ mara mma, o              akwụkwọ ወረቀት mgbaasị ya ma dekwa akwụkwọ a, nke ọtụtụ n'ime ha na- pụtapụta akara mgbaasịka.

Amụrụ Fortune na Llandudno, Caernarfonshire, North Wales, nye ndị bekee nwere oke akụ na-akọ, n'agbanyeghị na ama mmetụta mmetụta ndụ ya.  N'oge ọ dị afọ iri na ụma ọ bi na England's West Country, ebe o dere akwụkwọ uri abụọ.  Ka oge na-aga na akwụkwọ horticultural ọ-ahụ igosi akparamaagwa na psychoanalysis na Mahadum London tupu ọ ọrụ dị ka onye na ụlọ ọgwụ psychotherapy.  N'oge Agha Mbụ Mbụ ọ sonyeere Women's Land Army wee guzobe otu ọrụ ụlọ na-ere dị mmiri ara ehi soy .  Ọ bịara nwee enwe na esotericism site na nkuzi nke Theosophical Society, tupu ya abanye n'iche mgbaas nke Theodore Moriarty na-edu na mgbe ahụ Alfa et Omega òtù ndi.

Ọ bịara kwere na ndị Nna-ukwu abụọ rịgoro n'elu, Nna-ukwu Rakoczi na Nna-ukwu ikwu, na-akpọtụrụ ya, ma na-aga n'ihu na-ahụ maka ozi ndị Nna-ukwu.  Na 1922 Fortune na Charles Loveday kwuru na n'otu n'ime emume ndị a, ndị nna ukwu akwụkwọ ha bụ ndị nyere ha ederede, The Cosmic Doctrine .  Ọ bụ na ọ onye isi oche nke Christian Mystic Lodge nke Theosophical Society, ọ tara na ọha mmadụ akara na Iso Ụzọ ihe, wee kewaa na ya wee guzobe Community of the Inner Light, otu m mechara de mma aha Fraternity of the Inner  Ìhè.  Site na Loveday, o hibere ntọala na ma Glastonbury na Bayswater, London, mbipụta iwepụta akwụkwọ ndị, nkuzi nsogbu, ma kwalite uto nke obodo ha.  N'oge Agha nke ebe ọ haziri oru ngo nke ntụgharị uche na anya nke e mere iji chebe Britain.  Ọ bụrụ ime maka ihe ọ na-akpa na ọ bụ agha Age nke Aquarius na-achọ mgbe agha, ọ bụ ihe na ọ nwụrụ n'ike leukemia obere oge ka agha ahụ biri.

== Akụkọ ndụ ==
[[Usòrò:Llandudno,_from_the_parade.jpeg|áká_ịkẹngạ|thumb| Ihe atụ nke obodo Fortune, Llandudno, na 1860]]
. [4]A egwuregwu Fortune Violet Mary Firth na 6 Disemba 1890 n'iche na-enyere na Bryn-y-Bia Road na Llandudno, North Wales.  [1] N mgbaàmà ya dị elu n'etiti klas;  [2] Firths bụ akara ngosi nke England bụ ndị ikike ego ha site na ụlọ ọrụ nchara na Sheffield, Yorkshire, ebe nwere ike na-arụ egbe.  [3] Nna nna nke Fortune bụ John Firth Lifil pụtara ezina, &quot;Deo, na-enweta Fortuna&quot; (&quot;Chineke, ọ bụghị Luck&quot;), iji gosi ọkwa ọkwa na nna nke nouveau ;  ọ ga-emecha jiri ya igbu aha pseudonym ya.

. &lt;ref&gt; Richardson, Alan, The Magical Life of Dion Fortune, Aquarian, 1991, p42&lt;/ref&gt;Otu n'ime ụmụ Jọn – na nwanne nna Fortune – bụ onye polis ihe mere eme Charles Harding Firth, mgbe nna ya, Arthur, na-agba ụlọ ọrụ iwu Sheffield tupu e guzobe ụlọ ọrụ hydropathic na Limley Stoke, Wiltshire .  [5] N'August 1886 Arthur Firth ngosi Sarah Jane Smith, [6] tupu ha akwaga Llandudno ebe Arthur hiwere Craigside Hydrotherapeutic Establishment ọhụrụ.  [7] Sarah nwere ikike nke ukwuu na Sayensị Ndị Spapa, [8] na Gareth Knight na-ekwu na nne na nna Firth abụọ bụ ndị na-arụsi ọrụ ike n'okpukpe a, [9] ebe onye na-ede edi ndụ.  ya bụ Alan Richardson na- በቀላሉ obi abụọ na ihe mgbu zuru oke maka mkpa nke Fortune n'onwe ya.  weere ya.

[22]Mgbe John Firth nwụsịrị, Arthur na mpaghara ya kwagara [[London|Lọndọn]].  [19] Dị ka Richardson si kwuo, ha bi na mpaghara Liverpool Street dị n'ebe ndị mụrụ nke obodo ahụ, [20] ọ bụ ebe na Knight na-enye akaụntụ dị iche, na-ekwu na ha biri na Bedford Park na  mgbe Kensington, ma n'ebe ahụ ike nke obodo ahụ.  [9] Site na Jenụwarị 1911 ruo Disemba 1912 Fortune akwụkwọ akwụkwọ na Studley Agricultural College na Warwickshire, ụlọ ọrụ horticultural nke kpọsara onwe ya dị ka ihe dị mma maka ụmụ ndị nwere ike uche.  Ọkachamara ya na anụ ọkụkọ mere ka ọ bụrụ onye ọrụ na site na mbụ ruo n'afọ 1913. [21] O ịhụ kwuo na akwụkwọ ọ bụ onye ọrụ ya, onye kwere Lillias Hamilton, bụ onye a na-achọ uche, na  -akpata mgbakasị uche nke mere ka ọ hapụ ụlọ ọrụ ahụ ma ike n'anyị na nna ya.

. [30]Iji nwetaghachi ya na Studley, Fortune ahụmahụ ipisotherapy .  [23] Mmasị mbụ ya bụ n'ahụ Sigmund Freud na Alfred Adler, ọ bụ ebe na o ịhụ gaa n'ihu na nke Carl Jung .  [24] Ọ akwụkwọ akwụkwọ akparamaagwa na akparamaagwa n' John Flügel naokpuru ulo London, [25] tupu ọ akwụkwọ ọrụ na ụlọ akparamaagwa na Brunswick Square nke London, nke nwere ike ịgba n'okpuru nke ikike London School of Medicine  maka Ụmụ nwanyị .  [26] N'ịbụ onye na-arụ dị ka onye ndu site na 1914 ruo 1916, ọ tara na ihe ka ọtụtụ n'ime ndị na-emekọ ihe na-ahụ na njedebe nke agụụ mmekọahụ bụ ndị e weere dị ka.  ihe arụ n'obodo Britain.  [27] Site na njikọ ya na Society for the Study of Orthopsychics, o nyere usoro nkuzi ndị e mechara bipụta na 1922 dị ka The Machinery of the Mind .  [28] Mgbe ọ na-arụ ọrụ n' ọgwụ ọgwụ, ọ mgbaàmà ya na esoteric site n'ịga nkuzi oge nri ehihie nke Theosophical Society haziri na ịgụ akwụkwọ nke akwụkwọ ahụ.  [29] N'ịbụ onye nzọụkwụ ya nwere na mgbaasị na- , Fortune afɔdii maka ikan irụ nke mbu uche.

. [37]Mgbe [[Obodoézè Nà Ofú|United Kingdom]] mgbaàmà n'agha ụwa nke mbụ, Fortune sonyeere ndị agha ala ụmụ .  [32] Edebere ya na mbụ n'ugbo dị nso na Bishop's Stortford na oke dị n'etiti Essex na Hertfordshire, [33] tupu ebuga ya na ebe maka Ngalaba Mmepụta Nri.  [34] N'ebe ahụ, ọ nwere ike na ike nke mmiri ara ehi soy, emesia guzobe Letchworth na-egosi na Garden City Pure Food Company na-ere ya atụ na-egosi The Soya Bean: An Appeal to Humanitrians na 1925. [35]  ] Ọ bụ mgbe ọ na-arụ ọrụ na ntọala ka ọ ọchịchị ime ike ma mechaa tinyekwuo onwe ya na akwụkwọ Theosophical.  [36] Mgbe o mechara nke a, echiche nke ndị ' Asceded Masters ' ma ọ bụ 'Ndị isi akwụkwọ' chebara ya echiche, na-azọrọ na ha ahụwo nke ụlọ ọrụ abụọ dị otú ahụ, Nna-ukwu mkpa na Nna-  ukwu Rakoczi.

[53]Na mgbakwunye na mkpagbu ihe ya n'okpuru Moriarty, na 1919 Fortune ka ebidola n'ime Temple London nke Alfa et Omega, otu mgbaasesi sitere na Hermetic Order of the Golden Dawn .  N'ebe a, onye nkuzi ya bụ Maiya Curtis-Webb, [45] enyi ogologo oge nke ngwa Firth.  [46] Fortune mechara kwuo na n'ime oge ka Agha Mbụ gachara, &quot;ndị inyom di ha ọnwụ na ndị ochie nwere agba ntụ agba chịkwaa iwu ahụ&quot;.  [47] Usoro emume nke Golden Dawn weputara, [48] agbanyeghị na o nyere ya ntọala n'ime ọkụ nke Hermetic Qabalah nke ga-enwe ike dị ukwuu n'iche ụwa esoteric ya.  [49] Ọ bụkwa site n'itinye aka ya na otu ahụ ka ọ nakweere &quot;Deo, non Fortuna&quot; nke ezi na ụlọ ya dị ka ngosi ngosi ya.  [50] Na January na Machị 1921 Fortune na Curtis-Webb kọrọ usoro n'ọhụụ.  [51] Nke a mechiri n' ịgba ịgba ọsọ nke Fortune mere na Somerset obodo Glastonbury ya na nne ya na Frederick Bligh Bond .  O kwuru na n'ime nke a, ya akpọtụrụ ndị ikwu ozi a maara dị ka &quot;Ndị na-ekiri Avalon&quot; bụ ndị gwara ya na Glastonbury bụbu ebe ụlọ akwụkwọ akụkọ oge ochie nwere.  [52] Bond mechara nye Fortune iwu ka ọ dee ndị, &quot;Psychology and Occultism&quot;, nke e Business na azụmahịa nke College of Psychic Science na 1922.

. [55]Na September 1922, Fortune la ihie na Glastonbury ileta enyi ya Charles Loveday .  Tinyere otu ihe na-egosi aha nke a maara naanị ka &quot;EP&quot;, ụzọ abụọ ahụ mere omume nke trance mediumship, na-ekwu na n'ime nke a ha sere psychic ndị na Asceded Masters;  Fortune mechara mmebi na ndị a bụ Socrates, Thomas Erskine, na otu onye agha na-eto eto aha ya bụ David Carstairs onye nwụrụ na Agha Ypres .  [54] Fortune na Loveday ji usoro nzi ozi ha dị ka &quot;ịgba ume na- akpali akpali&quot;, na- ekwere na n'ime usoro a, ndị Nna-ukwu na-esi n'uche ndị na-ajụ ase na-e  okwu;  ha tụ na nke a na &quot;akpaaka na-ajụ ase&quot;, nke ha ajụjụ na ọ ajụjụ ndị na-eme ihe na-ekewapụ kpamkpam n'ahụ nke ha.

. [71]Na 20 Ọgọst 1924, Fortune, Loveday, na ndị ọzọ hiwere onwe ha dị ka otu mgba asasị.  [65] Fortune onwe ya dị ka &quot;Adeptus&quot; otu ahụ, ebe ndị acolytes ise so aka.  [65] Loveday—bụ́ onye ketara ọtụtụ ihe ojiji n’aka nna ya— rere ụfọdụ n’ime ha iji kwado ihe ndị otu ahụ.  [66] N'afọ ahụ, ha onyera ụlọ na Queensborough Terrace dị na Bayswater, Central London iji mee ihe dị ka ụlọ ns na isi ụlọ ọrụ, na-akwụ ụgwọ ụfọdụ n'ime ọnụ ụlọ ahụ na-enye ndị nwe ụlọ iji binyere ọrụ.  ọrụ ha.  [67] Ọ bụ ebe na a na-eji ala ndị dị n'elu mee ihe dị ka ebe obibi, ala dị n'etiti nwere oghere ụlọ nsasị ahụ, ala ala ndị ahụ ụlọ ọrụ na ọbá akwụkwọ nkeonwe.  [68] N'oge na-adịghị anya otu ahụ tolitere;  Ọ &quot; na mmadụ anọ na 1925, isii na 1926, na iri na 1927. [69] Na Nọvemba 1926, e hiwere akara ugo nhọrọ nke abụọ nke ndị nwe nwere ike ịga n'ihu.  [69] N'afọ 1924, ndị otu ahụ na-enwekwara ubi osisi ochie n'ụkwụ Glastonbury Tor, ebe ahụ na-ewu ụlọ na n'ikpeazụ veranda na usoro chalet.  [70] Na Whitsun 1926, Fortune na ọtụtụ ndị otu ya nọ na Glastonbury Tor mgbe ha ikike nke ike nke welitere ihe nke obi ụtọ n'etiti ha.  Ha ịhụ kweta na ozi a sitere n'aka onye ozi sitere n'Alaeze Elemental, na ọ nwakwara ihe ha na-eto eto nke ukwuu.

. [80]Mgbe e ịhụ na-ekwu na ọ na-eme ihe n'okpuru ntọala sitere n'aka Masters Ascended, [75] Fortune na Loveday sonyeere Christian Mystic Lodge nke Theosophical Society, nke Daisy M. Grove na-elekọta.  [76] N'oge na-adịghị anya, Fortune onye isi ala ya, [77] na n'okpuru nduzi ya, ndị otu otu ahụ na ndị na-agụ ahihia azụmahịa ya ebipụtara tokwara.  [78] N'ime oge a niile, o buru ụzọ mkpa ọ dị maka echiche ndị ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị n'ime usoro Theosophical, na-ekwusi ike na isi na mkpa nke 'Nna-ukwu njikọ' dị n' akwụkwọ ese ya dị iche.  iche.  [79] Ọ katọrọ n'ihu nsogbu otu Theosophical ọzọ, Liberal Catholic Church nke JI Wedgwood na Charles Webster Leadbeater ntọala ntọala, na-ebo ebubo na ọ dịghị emetụta n'ahụ Nna-ukwu ikwu ma kama ọ na-etinye uche na Master  Maitreya .  Otu n'ime ndị ama ama na ọtụka, Bischop Piggott, boro ya ebubo na ọ na-ekwu na ọ na-ekwu mgbasa na The Occult Review .

. [93]N'Eprel 1927, Fortune ngosi Tom Penry Evans-onye ngosi na-ahụ maka nkwado Welsh sitere na ụlọ ọrụ na-arụ ọrụ-na Paddington Registry Office, [89] tupu di na ahụ ezumike ezumike na Glastonbury.  [90] Allọmdi na nri ha nwere obi ụtọ na mbụ ọ bụ ebe na Evans nwere ike na-ewute ya maka onwe ya na mgbaasịka nke o zubere.  [91] Ọ bịara n'ime mmemme nke ịgba ọsọ trance nke Fortune kwuru na ọ na-ebuga ozi nke &quot;Master of Medicine&quot;.  Malite n’August 1927, ozi ndị na-enye ozi lekwasịrị anya n’ihe metụtara ndị ọzọ na iche iche ma ike kpọkọta ya dị ka The Principles of Esoteric Medicine, nke e kesara na ndị nkụzi ụmụ akwụkwọ Fortune.  [92] Ụfọdụ ndị otu Fortune pụta na &quot;Master of Medicine&quot; bụ n'ezie Paracelsus, ọ bụ ebe na ozi e nso na-ekwu na onye Nna-ukwu a bụ onye nọ n'ụwa bụ Ignaz Semmelweis.

Fortune na ndị otu ya lekwasịrị anya na ọrụ 'Out Court', nke gụnyere itinye aka na mgbasa ozi iji kwalite ndị otu. [99] Ha na-enwe okwu ihu ọha mgbe nile na ogige Bayswater ha, ebe Fortune n'onwe ya na-ekwukwa okwu n'ebe ahụ ugboro abụọ n'izu maka ọtụtụ n'ime 1928. [100] N'ụlọ ha Glastonbury, nke ha kpọrọ Chalice Orchard, ha hibere ụlọ ndị ọbịa na ebe a na-elekọta mmadụ nke na-emeghe n'oge okpomọkụ, na ebe a na-emekwa nkuzi. [101] N'October 1927, ha malitere ịmepụta akwụkwọ akụkọ, ''The Inner Light'', na mbipụta mbụ nke 500 na-ere n'ime izu abụọ. [102] Magazin ahụ nwetara ọtụtụ ndị na-agụ ya, na-enwe ọtụtụ ndị debanyere aha ha nọ na mpụga Britain. [103] N'ime otu ahụ ha chepụtara usoro ogo atọ, nke onye mbido nwere ike ịga n'ihu ka ha na-enweta ihe ọmụma na nghọta ka mma nke otu ahụ, nkuzi ya, na ememe ya. [104] Ọganihu site na ogo ndị a nwere ike ịdị ngwa ngwa, yana naanị ihe achọrọ bụ ka mmadụ nọrọ n'otu ogo ma ọ dịkarịa ala ọnwa atọ tupu ịbanye na nke ọzọ. [105] Akpọrọ ọzụzụ na ogo atọ ndị a dị ka 'Ihe omimi nke nta', na-enye onye na-eme ya ohere ịrịgo na 'ihe omimi ka ukwuu'. [69] Ndị otu ha dọtara bụ nke nwanyị, ebe ụmụ nwanyị 21 na naanị mmadụ ise bụ ndị otu n'ime oge a. [106] Ndị otu niile, ma nwoke ma ọ bụ nwanyị, ka akpọrọ “Nwanna” na mbụ, n'agbanyeghị na usoro a mechara nye ohere maka okwu ahụ bụ “Server Brother”. [107] Na Midwinter 1928, ha hibere Fraternity of the Inner Light — ngalaba nke otu ahụ metụtara 'Lesser Mysteries' nke ha nwere ike iweta ndị otu ha - ya na Fortune, Evans na Loveday dị ka ndị isi ya. [108]

. [118]Na vernal equinox nke 1930, Fortune ise na-site na 'Lesser Mysteries' na usoro ogo atɔ ugbu a guzobe nke ọma-ọ ọrụ ọrụ ọha na eze na ile ese anya na ime ime ike nke onwe.  [109] Na vernal equinox nke 1931, Fortune rigoro dị ka onye ndu nke Fraternity, ebe a na-anụ Loveday Magus nke Lodge n' ike ya.  [110] N'ime afọ 1930, mmesi ike nke Fortune si na ịgba ọsọ na-aga n'ihu na ememe, ebe n'otu oge ahụ ndị òtù Fraternity ndị ọzọ nabatara ịgba ọsọ iji nye ozi nke Nna-ukwu.  [111] N'ọgwụgwọ 1931, Fortune echiche nke echiche nke iwu ntọala na-adịgide adịgide, ma ọ bụ Ebe Nsọ, na Chalice Orchard, na n'agbanyeghị ihe ego na-akpa nke ike mba n'obi nwere ike nweta ego.  zuru oke.  [112] Otu akwụkwọbanye aha na ọnụọgụgụ na-aga nkuzi ya, na-ede aha na akwụkwọ ozi ya, na iji akwụkwọ nkeonwe ha;  N'aka nke ọzọ, ọrụ Sunday ha ewu ewu nke ukwuu, na-akwaga site n'ụtụ ruo mgbede na-ahụghị ihe ọ llaba.  [113] Otu onye dị usoro ama nke sonyeere Fraternity bụ Christine Campbell Thomson, onye bụbu onye na-ahụ maka edemede nke Fortune 1926. [114] Fortune mechara nyere Thomson aka ikewapụ ya na di ya na-akparị ya, [115]  mgbe nke ahụ echiche ọ tolitere nso onye otu Fraternity ọzọ, Colonel CRF Seymour, na 1937. [116] Ọ bụ ebe na Seymour ekiri onye isi na Fraternity, nyere dị n'etiti ya na Fortune bụghị mma, [117] na n'  oge Agha mmetụta nke ndị na-ekiri ndị London wee biri na Liverpool, na- echebe aka na ụlọ nsso Fortune's Bayswater

Fortune bipụtara ọtụtụ akụkọ na magazin ''Inner Light'', nke a chịkọtara ọnụ ma bipụta ọtụtụ n'ime ha n'akwụkwọ. [126] Na 1930, e bipụtara nchịkọta mbụ dị otú ahụ dị ka ''Mystical Meditations on the Collects'', bụ nke Fortune kwusiri ike na nkwa ndị Kraịst ya. [126] N'afọ 1931, ọtụtụ akwụkwọ akụkọ ya ''dị n'ime ọkụ'' na Spiritualism pụtara dị ka ''Spiritualism in the Light of Occult Science'' . N'akwụkwọ a, Fortune kwuputara ndoputa gbasara Spiritualism. O weputara ihe dị iche n'etiti ndị na-ajụ ime mmụọ nkịtị na 'ndị na-ajụ eluigwe' dị ka onwe ya bụ onye kpọtụụrụ ndị Nna-ukwu nke Asceded, na-arụkwa ụka na e kwesịghị ịkpọtụrụ mmụọ ndị nwụrụ anwụ n'enweghị ezi ihe kpatara ya, echiche nke kpalitere esemokwu n'etiti ndị mgbaasị. [127] Na 1934, ọ kpọkọtara ọnụ ọgụgụ nke akwụkwọ akụkọ ''Inner Light'' na Glastonbury dị ka ''Avalon nke Obi'', [70] mgbe a na-achịkọtakwa isiokwu ''Inner Light'' dị ka ''Practical Occultism in Daily Life'', akwụkwọ na-achọ onye na-agụ akwụkwọ n'ozuzu ya. [128] A chịkọtakwara ọtụtụ akụkọ Fortune sitere na ''nyocha mgbaasị'' iji mepụta akwụkwọ ''Sane Occultism'' . [129]

[138]Fortune egwuregwu na ọtụtụ ndị mgbaasị a ma ama n'oge a.  Otu n'ime ndị a bụ Israel Regardie, onye akwụkwọ ya bụ The Tree of Life site Fortune dị ka &quot;akwụkwọ kacha mma na nkọwa&quot; ọ ike.  [135] Regardie mechara katọọ ya n'ihu ọha maka nchọpụta nke ọrụ ya na nsogbu ya ha;  o kwuwo na ọrụ ya mere ka isiokwu ya ndị Nna-ukwu sikwuo ike, ọ bụ ebe na Regardie siri ọnwụ na ọ na-enwe obi abụọ nwanne adị nke ndị dị otú ahụ.  [136] Fortune akwụkwọ akwụkwọ ozi Olga Fröbe-Kapteyn, onye Dutch esotericist bụ onye ntọala Eranos na [[Switzerland]].  [137] Ọ meghachikwara nzọụkwụ ya na nkà mmụta uche Jungian, bụ nke na-etolite na n'etiti esoteric milieu, [137] ma na-emetụta ya site n'ịgụ Friedrich Nietzsche's Birth of Tragedy.

. [145]Ntiwapụ nke Agha Agha nke Mbụ na September 1939 ụfọdụ n'ime ndị òtù Fraternity debanyere aha n'òtù ndị agha, na- echeta ọtụtụ n'ime ihe omume otu.  [139] Site na Ọktoba 1939 ruo Ọktoba 1942, Fortune haziri ntụgharị uche otu ụbọchị ọkụ ọ pọ na-eme nke akwụkwọ uche ndị otu Fraternity maka mmepụta udo.  [140] [1] Na February 1940, o mere ihe ngosi nke o chere na echiche ozi na-eche nche n'ụbọchị osimiri Britain, na-ekwere na n'ime otú ahụ, ọ na-enyere aka ime ka ndị  agha a bụrụ eziokwu.  [142] Ọ gbara ndị otu Fraternity ume ka ha na-ekwughachi mantra oge ọ ela German Luftwaffe ndị na-ama Briten, nke o nwere olile anya iheku &quot;Ndị na-ahụ ahụ anya&quot; site na &quot;Ụgbọ elu ime ụlọ&quot; iji nyere  ndị isi aka.  [143] E mebiri isi ụlọ ọrụ Fraternity nke London n'oge Blitz, ọ bụ ebe na a na-arụzi ụlọ elu ụlọ ma ndị otu ahụ nwere ike ike n'ime ụlọ ahụ mgbe otu izu okè.  [144] N’August 1940, òtù ahụ ụdị ibipụta Inner Light n’ihi akwụkwọ na Britain

. [152]Mgbe United States na-ahụ n'ọgụ na December 1941, Fortune gosiri ikpokọta ndị maka oge agha mgbe agha, na- ekwenyere na ọ ga-abụ akara akara nke Age of Aquarius .  [146] N'oge opupu ihe ubi nke 1942, Fraternity akwụkwọ ọrụ Guild's Sunday, [147] na na March 1943 Fortune usoro mgbochi 1942 maka ndị na-achọsi ike.  [148] Dị ka onye nke nna ya maka oge agha mgbe agha agha, Fortune ihu echiche nke echiche nke mmadụ mgbaasị Europe niile iji ọgụ ihe ha.  [149] Ọ na-akpakwara igho na ọ ga-ekwe omume ijikọta otu mgbasa na òtù ndị ozizi nsso, na-ede ndị nwere ike maka ndị ọzọ na-eche echiche ka ọ na-enwebu na izute Charles Richard Cammell, onye nchịkọta nke Light -  akwụkwọ ndị nke College of Psychic Studies - bụ onye edidi mara mma ya.  [150] Ka ọ na-erule ma ọ kpọ ala 1942, Fortune gosi na onye mgbaasị a ma ama na onye na-eme akwụkwọ Aleister Crowley, na-eto ya dị ka &quot;ezigbo mara mma&quot; n'agbanyeghị ọtụtụ akwụkwọ dị n'  etiti nkà ihe ndị nke ha.  [151] O mechara leta ya n'iche ya na Hastings, ya na onye nyere Crowley Kenneth Grant na- ụzọ na ụzọ abụọ ahụ dabara nke ọma

[163]N'ọgwụgwụ 1945, Fortune dara ọrịa, ọ nweghị ike ị na adreesị aha ya na Fraternity n'oge oyi solstice nke awụ ahụ.  [157] Ọ nwụrụ na Middlesex Hospital of leukemia na January 1946, mgbe ọ dị afọ 55. [158] E bufere ozu ya na Glastonbury, bụ ebe e liri ya na olili ozu nke Reverend LS Lewis, vicar nke St. John's Church na  -elekọta.  [159] Mgbe Loveday nwụrụ obere oge ka nke ahụ ikike, e liri ya nso.  [157] O mara ọtụtụ ego ya n'aka Society ya.  [160] N'oge ndụ Fortune, ụfọdụ ndị otu Fraternity ebidola mpempe akwụkwọ a na- aghọ òtù na-agbagharị gburugburu ya, ya mere mgbe ọ nwụsịrị, ha akwadoghị na-eme ndụ ya.  [161] Ndị otu obodo boro ebubo na onye nọchiri ya mebiri ọtụtụ akwụkwọ akụkọ ya, akwụkwọ ozi na foto ya.  [162] Otú ọ dị, a ga-tìpọ akwụkwọ ya mgbe ọ hụrụ, n'etiti ha The Cosmic Doctrine, nke ọnụ na 1949, na akwụkwọ akụkọ ya Moon Magic, nke e-enye na 1956.

Emere emume ndị Fraternity n'ụlọ nsọ Bayswater ha n'okpuru ọkụ na-adịghị ahụkebe, ebe Fortune na-ekwu na ọkụ na-egbuke egbuke na-achụsasị ike etheric. [205] A na-etinye ebe ịchụàjà n'etiti ọnụ ụlọ, na agba nke ákwà mkpuchi ahụ na akara ndị dị n'elu ebe ịchụàjà na-adịgasị iche dị ka ememe a na-eme. A na-etinye ọkụ n'elu ebe ịchụàjà mgbe a na-esure ihe nsure ọkụ na-esi ísì ụtọ, nke na-abụkarị frankincense . [205] Ndị isi ndị isi nọ ọdụ n'ahịrị n'akụkụ akụkụ ọwụwa anyanwụ nke ọnụ ụlọ ahụ, ebe ndị isi-ndị a kwenyere na ha bụ ọwa maka ndị agha mbara igwe - nọ n'ọnọdụ dị iche iche n'ala. Emeghere ebe obibi ahụ site n'ịgagharị n'ime ụlọ ahụ na gburugburu na-abụ abụ, na ebumnuche nke iwulite ike mmụọ dị ka mgbidi. [206] Na-esote, a ga-akpọku ụlọ ọrụ mbara igwe, yana ndị otu ahụ kwenyere na ụlọ ọrụ ndị a ga-egosipụta n'ụdị kpakpando ma soro ndị ọrụ ahọpụtara na-akpakọrịta. [206]

Fortune was particularly concerned with the issue of sex.{{sfn|Urban|2006|p=167}} In her early works she displayed a prudish attitude regarding sexuality, warning her readers about the perceived perils of masturbation, extra-marital sex, same-sex sexual activity, abortion, and free love.{{sfnm|1a1=Hutton|1y=1999|1p=182|2a1=Urban|2y=2006|2p=167|3a1=Richardson|3y=2007|3p=198}} The only form of sexual expression that she considered appropriate was that between a heterosexual married couple,{{sfn|Hutton|1999|p=182}} and she promoted a form of 'psychic masturbation' to quell any sexual urges that a celibate individual may have.{{sfnm|1a1=Hutton|1y=1999|1p=182|2a1=Richardson|2y=2007|2p=197}} According to Richardson, she was &quot;a prude, at least by today's standards&quot;.{{sfn|Richardson|2007|p=198}} In her later works she exhibited a more positive attitude toward sexuality, describing the sexual union between a man and woman as the most powerful expression of a &quot;life-force&quot; which flows throughout the universe.{{sfn|Urban|2006|p=167}} She believed that this erotic attraction between men and women could be harnessed for use in magic.{{sfn|Hutton|1999|p=182}} She urged her followers to be naked under their robes when carrying out magical rituals, for this would increase the creative sexual tension between the men and women present.{{sfn|Hutton|1999|p=231}} Although sex features in her novels, it is never described in graphic detail.{{sfn|Chapman|1993|p=147}} Nevertheless, her later occult novels entail depictions of heterosexual sex outside of marriage, suggesting that by this point Fortune no longer believed that sex must be restrained to wedlock.{{sfn|Graf|2007|p=52}} The scholar Andrew Radford noted that Fortune's &quot;reactionary and highly heteronormative&quot; view of &quot;sacralised sexuality&quot; should be seen as part of a wider tradition among esoteric currents, going back to the ideas of Emanuel Swedenborg and Andrew Jackson Davis and also being found in the work of occultists like Paschal Beverly Randolph and Ida Craddock.{{sfn|Radford|2018|p=166}}

Ọkammụta ọmụmụ okpukpe Hugh Urban kwuru na Fortune bụ “otu n'ime njikọ dị mkpa n'etiti anwansi emume mmalite narị afọ nke iri abụọ na okpukpe ndị ọgọ mmụọ na-etolite etolite nke Wicca . [207] N'otu aka ahụ, nnukwu onye ụkọchukwu Wiccan Vivianne Crowley kọwara Fortune dị ka &quot;proto-Pagan&quot;. [190] Ọkà mmụta na esotericist Nevill Drury kwuru na Fortune &quot;n'ọtụtụ ụzọ na-atụ anya echiche nwanyị na Wicca nke oge a&quot;, karịsịa site na nkwenye ya na chi nwanyị niile bụ ngosipụta nke otu nnukwu chi nwanyị. [251] Graf kwetara, na-agbakwụnye na ọrụ Fortune chọtara &quot;resonance&quot; na ọrụ nke nwanyị Wiccan Starhawk na-esote, na karịsịa na akwụkwọ 1979 nke ikpeazụ, ''The Spiral Dance'' . [226]
{| class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot;
!Afọ mbipụta
! Aha
! Onye mbipụta
|-
| 1922 (nke e bipụtara dị ka akụkọ mkpirisi);&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;/br&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt; 1926 (mpịakọta ọnụ)
| The Secrets of Dr. Taverner
| Noel Douglas (mkpụrụ ego anakọtara)
|-
| 1927
| The Demon Lover
| Noel Douglas
|-
| 1935
| The Winged Bull
| Williams na Norgate
|-
| 1935
| The Scarred Wrists *
| Stanley Paul
|-
| 1935
| ''Ndị dinta mmadụ'' *
| Stanley Paul
|-
| 1936
| Beloved of Ishmael *
| Stanley Paul
|-
| 1936
| ''Chineke Ụkwụ ewu''
| Williams na Norgate
|-
| 1938
| ''Onye Nchụàjà nke oke osimiri''
| Ụlọ ọrụ na-ebipụta Light Light
|-
| 1957
| ''Ime Anwansi Ọnwa''
| Aquarian Press
|}

== Ntụaka ==
{{Reflist}} 
[[Òtù:Pages with unreviewed translations]]</text>
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    <title>Asụsụ Kordofan</title>
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'''Asụsụ Kordofan''' bụ otu ìgwè asụsụ ise a na-asụ na Ugwu Nuba nke mpaghara South Kordofan nke [[Sudan]]: Asụsụ Talodi-Heiban, Asụsụ Lafofa, Asụsụ Rashad, Asụsụ Katla na Asụsụ Kadu. A na-ewere ìgwè anọ mbụ ahụ mgbe ụfọdụ dị ka alaka nke ezinụlọ Niger-Congo, ebe a na-ahụkarị Kadu ugbu a dị ka alaka ezinụlọ Nilo-Sahara.

== Akụkọ ihe mere eme ==
N'afọ 1963, Joseph Greenberg gbakwunyere ha n'Ezinụlọ Niger-Congo, na-emepụta atụmatụ Niger-Kordofanian ya. Asụsụ Kordofanian egosighi na ha nwere njikọ dị anya karịa alaka ndị ọzọ nke Niger-Congo, Otú ọ dị, egosighịkwa na ha bụ otu dị mma. Taa, a na-ewepu Asụsụ Kadu, a na'etinyekarị ndị ọzọ na Niger-Congo n'onwe ya.   &lt;sup class=&quot;noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact&quot; style=&quot;white-space:nowrap;&quot;&gt;&amp;#x5B;''[[wikipedia:Tinye edensibịa|&lt;span title=&quot;This claim needs references to reliable sources. (December 2023)&quot;&gt;citation needed&lt;/span&gt;]]''&amp;#x5D;&lt;/sup&gt;

Roger Blench na-ekwu na ezinụlọ Talodi na Heiban nwere usoro klas aha nke Atlantic-Congo nke Niger-Congo mana asụsụ Katla abụọ enweghị ihe ọ bụla na-egosi na ha nwere usoro dị otú ahụ. Otú ọ dị, asụsụ Kadu na ụfọdụ n'ime asụsụ Rashad yiri ka ha nwetara klas aha dị ka akụkụ nke Sprachbund kama iketa ha. Blench kwubiri na Talodi na Heiban bụ isi Niger-Congo ebe Katla na Rashad mejupụtara alaka dịpụrụ adịpụ n'akụkụ Mande.   &lt;sup class=&quot;noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact&quot; style=&quot;white-space:nowrap;&quot;&gt;&amp;#x5B;''[[wikipedia:Tinye edensibịa|&lt;span title=&quot;This claim needs references to reliable sources. (December 2023)&quot;&gt;citation needed&lt;/span&gt;]]''&amp;#x5D;&lt;/sup&gt;

Heiban, Katloid, na Talodi na-agbakọta ọnụ na nyocha kọmputa (ASJP 4) site na Müller et al. (2013). &lt;ref name=&quot;ASJP-4&quot;&gt;Müller, André, Viveka Velupillai, Søren Wichmann, Cecil H. Brown, Eric W. Holman, Sebastian Sauppe, Pamela Brown, Harald Hammarström, Oleg Belyaev, Johann-Mattis List, Dik Bakker, Dmitri Egorov, Matthias Urban, Robert Mailhammer, Matthew S. Dryer, Evgenia Korovina, David Beck, Helen Geyer, Pattie Epps, Anthony Grant, and Pilar Valenzuela. &lt;/ref&gt; Otú ọ dị, ebe ọ bụ na a na-emepụta nyocha ahụ na-akpaghị aka, ìgwè ahụ nwere ike ịbụ n'ihi mgbazinye okwu ma ọ bụ ihe nketa mkpụrụ ndụ ihe nketa.
[[Usòrò:Map_of_the_languages_of_the_Nuba_Mountains.svg|áká_ịkẹngạ|thumb|450x450px|Map a na-apụta nke ezinụlọ asụsụ, ezinụlọ, na asụsụ ndị a na-asụ na Ugwu Nuba. Kordofanian gụnyere Kadu na alaka Niger-Congo niile.]]

== Asụsụ Talodi-Heiban ==
 
&lt;ref&gt;Gerrit Dimmendaal, 2008. &lt;/ref&gt; Heiban, nke a na-akpọkwa Koalib ma ọ bụ Koalib-Moro, na asụsụ Talodi, nke a makwaara dị ka Talodi-Masakin, bụ akụkụ nke otu Talodi-Heiban.

== Asụsụ Lafofa ==
 
Lafofa (Tegem) bụ nke e kewara na Talodi ruo oge ụfọdụ, mana o yiri ka ọ bụ alaka dị iche nke Niger-Congo.

== Asụsụ Rashad ==
 
Ọnụ ọgụgụ asụsụ Rashad, nke a na-akpọkwa Tegali-Tagoi, dịgasị iche n'etiti nkọwa, site na abụọ (Willia''ms'' &amp; Blench 2000), atọ (Ethnologue), ruo asatọ (Blench ms). Tagoi nwere usoro aha dị ka asụsụ Atlantic-Congo, nke o doro anya na ọ gbazitere, mana Tegali anaghị.

== Asụsụ Katla ==
 
Asụsụ Katla abụọ ahụ enweghị ihe ọ bụla na-egosi na ha nwere usoro aha aha Niger-Congo.

== Asụsụ Kadu ==
Kemgbe ọrụ Thilo C. Schadeberg na 1981, a na-ahụkarị alaka &quot;Tumtum&quot; ma ọ bụ Kadu dị ka Nilo-Sahara. Otú ọ dị, ihe akaebe ahụ dị obere, na nhazi nke na-agbaso omenala ga-emeso ya dị ka ezinụlọ kwụụrụ onwe ya.

== Ihe owuwu ==
Quint (2020) na-atụ aro na enwere ike iwughachi Proto-Kordofanian site na asụsụ Heibanian, Talodian, Rashadian, Katloid, na Lafofa. Ihe owuwu ya na Proto-Kordofanian bụ: &lt;ref name=&quot;Quint&quot;&gt;Quint, Nicolas (2020). &lt;/ref&gt;
{| class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot;
!Nkọwa
!Proto-Kordofanian
!Talodian
!Heibanian
!Lafofa
!Katloid (''Tima'') 
!Rashadian
|-
!bark 1 (n.) 
|*-mVk-
|*t-ə-???
|''Koalib'' Mịmùl [alaghemùl]
|
|
|''Mmalite'' nke Mmbal
|-
!bark 2 (n.) 
|*k (V) VrE ~ *c (V) ВрE
|
|
|c-iíri
|kúúr
|*g-ware
|-
!ịkụ / ịkụ
|*-bV-
|*-gob- / *kə-bɔ
|*-bid̪-
|...biŋ
|
|Orig bí (r) / Pú (ró) 
|-
!afọ
|*-VrVk ~ *-Vk
|*j-+-arag / *ca-rək
|*g-+-aare
|t̪-úur-i
|na-akpọ ya
|
|-
!na-ata / na-eri
|*-CVk
|*-gVjog / *kə-ɟɔ
|*-ee-
|...jiɛ
|
|* Akụkụ
|-
!ọbara
|&lt;sub&gt;P&lt;/sub&gt;* (C) iCPV
|*ŋ-+-ittsug / *ŋ-ɪccʊk
|
|
|''Katla'' ija ~ iya
|N'ihi ya, ọ bụ n'oge a ka a ga-eji ya mee ihe
|-
!ara
|*CVmiC
|*j-+-intsig / *c-ə-mmik
|
|
|''Tima'' kɨndì
|*d-miɲ
|-
!uwe
|*kErEC
|*k-ɛrɛt̪
|*g-+-ered̪
|
|
|''Tagoi'' kɛr (ɛ́) w
|-
!akọrọ
|*-OndV
|*-afọ d̪o
|*-UnDo
|
|
|*-uddi
|-
!ntị
|*kVnV
|*g-+-eenu / *k-__hau____hau____hau__
|*g- / n-+-aani
|
|kɔ́.nɔ́
|''Tagoi'' finin, ''[[Asụsụ Tegali|Tegali]]'' (a) nuu
|-
!enyí
|*-VŋV (C) 
|
|*d-+-oŋor
|yuːŋi
|
|* (fV) ŋVn
|-
!anya
|*?+-git
|*j-+-igg / *c-it
|
|
|''Katla'' gɨgöt
|*y-ngid
|-
!ụkwụ / ụkwụ
|*-AkA (C) 
|*ts-+-agag
|''Koalib'' káakà [káagà]
|l-ia-ga
|
|*d-ɛgɛn
|-
!ewu
|*Em (b) iT
|*w-+-emig / *u-mit
|
|Eemi
|Ọganihu
|*mbɨt
|-
!akwụkwọ ndụ akwụkwọ ndụ / mmiri
|*-iklV ~ *ijlV
|
|*-eigla
|b-ʊɒji-lli
|
|''Tagoi'' -ijilú, ''[[Asụsụ Tegali|Tegali]]'' -ríge.
|-
!ntutu isi
|*kaam ~ *gaam
|*d-+-ʊgaŋ / *NC-ŋən̪
|
|
|''Tima'' Kam
|*g-aam
|-
!isi
|*gaC&lt;sub&gt;D&lt;sub&gt;P&lt;/sub&gt;&lt;/sub&gt; ~ *CPaC&lt;sub&gt;DP&lt;/sub&gt;
|*j-+-ats, *c-ac
|
|
|Gas ''Katla''
|*g-aj
|-
!aka ekpe (n'akụkụ) 
|*-C&lt;sub&gt;&lt;sub&gt;V&lt;/sub&gt;&lt;/sub&gt;- ~ *-CVur-
|*-gule / *-gulɛ
|*-ihe mgbagwoju anya
|kúlɪ
|
|*-awwir
|-
!apịtị
|*-ElO
|
|''Koalib'' kèlòo
|
|''Tima'' k-ʌ́lu
|''Mmalite'' ŋí̧lɔ́́
|-
!nso
|*-Et̪t̪OC
|*-iddu / *-t̪t̪o-t
|Kolibttɔ́k [kɛ́t̪t̪ɔ́k]
|
|''Tima'' met̪ɛ́n
|''Tagoi'' gattɔŋ / nwunye ya
|-
!otu
|*attV ~ *addV
|
|*-aDDe
|
|''Tima'' atjin
|''Mmalite'' nke wàttá
|-
!Mmiri ozuzo
|*kaw ~ *kal
|*k-abɪk
|*g-+-aw
|K-I-Y
|
|* (y) na
|-
!uhie
|*-OrdE
|*-oode&lt;ref&gt;Schadeberg, Thilo C. 1981. &lt;/ref&gt; / *-d̪ɛ
|*-Ure
|
|''Tima'' -rdí
|*-araw
|-
!atụrụ
|&lt;sub&gt;V&lt;/sub&gt;*kACVAC
|*t̪ʊ-ŋgat̪
|''Koalib'' káaŋàl
|βaːŋi
| (k) áŋàl
|''Mmalite'' nke Kagy
|-
!anwụrụ ọkụ (n.) 
|*-uCLVBbV
|
|*g-+-ulu
|c-oor-í
|Ọ bụ n'oge a ka a na-akpọ kʊ̀
|''Tagoi'' k (ə) rək, ''[[Asụsụ Tegali|Tegali]]'' tulɛ́
|-
!anyanwụ
|&lt;sub&gt;N&lt;/sub&gt;*-VCNV
|*j-+-iŋgi, *c-ə-ŋgi
|Ø-+*-aŋin
|
|Ihe ndị China na-eme
|*-aane
|-
!ire
|*-d̪Vŋl (V) ~ *-dʁVlVŋ (V) 
|*d̪-+- (V) lV__hau____hau____hau__
|d̪-+*-ŋela
|l-íŋ-i
|Ya onwe gị
|*d-aŋil (-ag) 
|-
!ịgbọ agbọ
|*-UdA ~ *-UwA
| -VddV / *uk-dɛ
|*-wey-
|lwâ-d̪aŋ... Lowa
| -Hwʌ̀
|*VdVk
|}

=== Isoglosses nke okwu ===
Starostin (2018) depụtara isoglosses ndị a na-ahụkarị n'asụsụ Kordofanian. &lt;ref&gt;Starostin, George. &lt;/ref&gt; na-egosipụta njikọ ndị nwere ike ịbụ na bold.

== Okwu ntụnyere ==
Nkọwa okwu ndị bụ isi nke alaka Heiban, Talodi, Rashad, na Lafofa:

Rịba ama: Na mkpụrụ ndụ tebụl nwere slashes, a na-enye otu ụdị tupu slash, ebe ụdị otutu na-eso slash.
{| class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 85%&quot;
!Asụsụ
!anya
!ntị
!imi
!ezé
!ire
!ọnụ
!ọbara
!ọkpụkpụ
!osisi
!mmiri
!Iri nri
!aha
|-
|Proto-Heiban&lt;ref&gt;Schadeberg, Thilo C. 1981. &lt;/ref&gt;
|*ay / g-,j-
|*-aani
|*-ad̪alo / g-,j-; g-,n-
|*-ŋad̪ / li-,j-
|*-ŋela; *-iŋla?  / D-,d-
|*-uuɲu
|*-mmeri / ŋ-
|*-uya / li-,ŋu- (WC); *-uɲ / ʔ-,j- (E) 
|*-aʹe / gu-,j- (WC) 
|*-aw / ŋ-
|*-id̪d̪-
|*-iriɲ / j-
|-
|Proto-Talodi&lt;ref&gt;Norton, Russell, and Thomas Kuku Alaki. &lt;/ref&gt;
|*c-it / k-
|*k- sasa / 0-
|*k-ə-ɲɟɛ / 0-,n-
|*c-ə-ɲit / k-
|* * * *nnukwu / ḷə-
|*t-̪ Liver̪ / ḷ-
|*ŋ-ɪccʊk
|*c-ə-mma-ɲan̪ / m-
|*p-ɪda / k-
|*ŋ-ɪḷ,-ɪḷɪ
|*ḷə-ɡɔ
|*k-ə-ḷəŋan / 0- (ma ọ bụ *...n̪) 
|-
|Proto-Katloid&lt;ref&gt;Dimmendaal, Gerrit J. 2019 (in press). &lt;/ref&gt;
|*g-ɪged̪
|*-Nke a na-eme
|
|*gɪ-lɛd̪
|*-Troad-Troad
|
|*i-ju (u) 
|
|
|
|*-ʌ-lV-
|
|-
|Tagoi&lt;ref name=&quot;Schadeberg2013&quot;&gt;Schadeberg, Thilo. &lt;/ref&gt;
|Yigət / ŋə́gət
|fənín / fənédit
|Ydir / ŋə́dər
|tíɲən / ŋə́ɲən
|táŋə́lak / yáŋə́lágɒt
|kajər / hájɛrət
|Ndị na-eme ihe nkiri
|kuh / huh
|kafɔ́ / hafɔ́
|ŋay
|Ohu ya
|N'ihi na ụmụ ọhụrụ
|-
|Turjok[&lt;ref name=&quot;Schadeberg2013&quot; /&gt;]
|na-aghọ ndị mmeghe
|fəniín / fəníínət
|indər / ŋəndər
|M. tiɲin / ŋiɲin
|taŋəlk / yaŋəlak ~ yaŋəlɒgɔt
|kiɲjɛr / siɲjɛr (g) ɔt
|Ndị na-eme ihe nkiri
|kus / ya
|kafɔ / safɔ́
|Isi iyi
|
|pɛŋɛn / sɛŋɛn
|-
|[[Asụsụ Tegali|Tagom]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Schadeberg2013&quot; /&gt;
|Gaddaa / Gaddaa
|nu ~ Jọ / Nọ ~ Nọ
|ndr̀ / ndr̀re
|ɲîn / ɲîne
|aŋa / aŋún
|̩ɲjár / (a) ɲjáre
|óyá / óyo̍n
|uru / urûn
|lásɛ
|ega
|Ohu ya
|ɛŋɛn / ɛŋɛnɛ́ɛn
|-
|Tegem&lt;ref name=&quot;Blench2016&quot;&gt;Blench, Roger. &lt;/ref&gt;
|ṭ-ì, China-
|
|ká-ràŋ (ì) / a-
|ṭ-ɛ̀ɲ (ì) / k-
|l-iаŋ (ì) 
|k-ɛɲi / ɛɲi
|ɲɪ̀
|ṭ-uɔ́m (ì) / m-
|kuwö (ì) / bɔɔ (ì) 
|ɲììì
|kɪ́rɪ́k
|ku-ruwáŋ / a-
|-
|El Amira&lt;ref name=&quot;Blench2016&quot; /&gt;
|lilaŋ / ɲimaŋ
|
|wimu
|t-aɲ / k-
|Ịnọgide
|kiɲ
|Isi iyi
|tuwam
|kwa
|Isi iyi
|palith
|
|}

=== Ọnụ ọgụgụ ===
Ntụnyere nke ọnụọgụ n'asụsụ ọ bụla: &lt;ref name=&quot;ChanNumeralsNC&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://lingweb.eva.mpg.de/channumerals/Niger-Congo.htm|title=The Niger-Congo Language Phylum|author=Chan|first=Eugene|publisher=Numeral Systems of the World's Languages|date=2019}}&lt;/ref&gt;
{| class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 85%&quot;
!Nchịkọta
!Asụsụ
!1
!2
!3
!4
!5
!6
!7
!8
!9
!10
|-
|Katla
|Katla
|Akụkọ a na-akpọ
|cík
|ʌ́t̪ʌ́t.
|A na-ahụkarị ya
|ɟɔ́ɡ͡bə́lɪ́n
|ɟɔ́lị
|ɟɔ́lɪ́k
|t̪ʌŋɡɪ̀l
|ɟʌ́lbʌ́n
|rak͡pác
|-
|Katla
|Tima
|ʌt̪een / at̪ɪn
|ihe
|ihwʌy
|ihʌlʌm
|Idulian
|ɪntədakwalɔŋ
|ɪnt̪atɪŋ Diablo
|ɪnt̪ɪŋɛrɛy
|int̪ʌhʌdʌkun
|ihedʌkún
|-
|Rashad
|Tagoi (Orig) 
| -wàttá / ùttá
|jiekkók
|Mọlitha
|wàrʊ̀m
|Ọ ga-abụrịrị na ọ ga-abụ
|ɲérérér
|ʊ̀mʊ̀rɡʊ́
|Tuppá
|kʊ́mnàsá (n) 
|kʊ́mán
|-
|Rashad
|[[Asụsụ Tegali|Tegali]]
|m̪t̪a
|rəkkʊ / rʊkkʊ
|d̪akt̪a / d̪at̪t̪a
|aːrəm
|Ọchịchọ
|ɲe
|ʊmmərkʊ
|__ibo__ Ọdịdị
|N'oge a na-adịghị anya
|N'oge a na-adịghị anya
|-
|Heiban
|Warnang (Werni/Wernang) 
|Asụsụ
|ŋèrccáccény
|ŋèrráttén
|ŋelàmlàŋ
|ŋera ŋo'or
|ŋera ŋoʹor ŋemabolo ŋoʹoʹor (5+1?) 
|ŋera ŋoʹor ŋemabolo ŋèrccáccény (5+2?) 
|ŋelamlaa Мәсих (4 x 2 ?)  
|ŋera ŋoʹor wanoe (1- ?)  
|kiccukurrɐ
|-
|Heiban
|Moro
|ɡónto
|N'ihi ya, ọ bụ n'oge ahụ ka a na-eme
|N'ihi ya, ọ bụ n'oge ahụ ka a na-eme ka a mara ya
|marlọn
|ðénə́ŋ
|ðénə́ŋ nəɡónto (5+ 1) 
|ðénə́́́́ŋ ቛንቋ (5+ 2) 
|ðénə́́́́ŋ Xinghezi (5+ 3) 
|ðénə́ŋ nəmárlon (5+ 4) 
|Nri nri
|-
|Heiban
|Ịdọrọ
|Mkpụrụ osisi
|__ibo__ Ọdịdị
|__ibo__ Akụkụ nke afọ
|Maɬʊ̀
|ðɛ́nɛ́
|Shiazùzùzụ́ (3+3) 
|__ibo__ Maɬɪɪ́n (4+3) 
|Ọbːɔ́
|ðɛ́nɛ́ n̪maɬʊ̀ (5+4) 
|ʊ́rːɪ̀
|-
|Heiban
|Laro
|kwɛ̀tɛ̀
|rɔ́m
|N'ihi ya, ọ bụ
|Onye Kraịst
|tʊ̀dìní
|ɲə̀rlə̀l
|kwɔ̀ɾátəɾìl (4+3) 
|ɗúbə̀
|__ibo__ Onye Kraịst nke ukwuu (5+ 4) 
|di
|-
|Heiban
|Otoro
|Ebe Ọdịda Anyanwụ
|kútèn
|__ibo____ibo____ibo__ Ọdịdị
|Ọ na-aga n'ihu
|t̪ɔ́ðːnɛ
|Isiokwu
|__ibo__ Ihe osise (4+3) 
|Dubə
|t̪ɔ́ðːnɛ́ kɔ́ɔŋ (5+ 4) 
|Oge:
|-
|Heiban
|Koalib (1) 
|kweta:ɛ
|kwi na-acha
|Nkọwapụta
|Ọ bụ n'ihi na ọ bụ n'oge a ka a na-eme ihe nkiri
|tuðní
|шalanụ
|Kunəð huduβə
|Yenuβaβuŋa
|Kunəðɗi
|n'ebe ahụ
|-
|Heiban
|Koalib (2) 
| -ɛ́t̪tɛ̀
| -Ike a na-akpọ
|Akwụkwọ edemede
|N'ihi ya, ọ bụ
|ruo mgbe
|ɲerlel
|Ọdịdị
|ɗòvɔ́kkwóppà
|kwúnɐttùrrí
|rúi
|-
|Talodi
|Dagik
|j-ɜlːʊ
|j-ɛːa
|j-nchekwa:nchekwa
|na-adị
|si-s-ɜlːʊ (litː otu aka) 
|na-j-ɜːlʊ (5 + 1) 
|na j-ɛːa (5 + 2) 
|na j-ɜt̪ːɜkʹ (5 + 3) 
|na bīandɔ (5 + 4) 
|N'ihi ya, ọ bụ
|-
|Talodi
|Onye na-agba ọsọ
|bulluk
|na-agụ
|wʌt̪t̪ʌk
|na-adị
|лиrɡuŋ zulluk (n'ụzọ nkịtị: 'otu aka') 
|лиrɡuŋ zulluk na bulluk (5 + 1) 
|N'ihi ya, ọ bụ n'ihi ya ka a na-akpọ &quot;Lyrnuŋ Zulluk&quot; (5 + 2) 
|лиrɡuŋ zulluk na wʌt̪t̪ʌk (5 + 3) 
|N'ihi ya, ọ bụ n'ihi na ọ bụ n&quot;ụlọ mkpọrọ ka a na-akpọ zulluk (5 + 4) 
|ɡurruŋ
|-
|Talodi
|Lumun
|cʊ́kʊ̂
|Ọ bụ otú ahụ ka a na-akpọ
|__ibo__ m̀bụrụ
|Ọ bụ n'oge gara aga ka ọ bụrụ na ọ bụ n'afọ
|mʊ́ɣʊ́k
|__ibo____ibo__ Ọdịdị
|M̀̀̀̀ bụ otú ahụ? 
|mámɔ́ɾmɔ́ɾ (2 x 4)? 
|mʊ́ɣʊ́llájɔ̀n (5 + 4) 
|[Ihe e dere n'ala ala peeji]
|}

== Hụkwa ==

* Asụsụ nke Ugwu Nuba

== Edensibia ==
gụnyere asụsụ si Liberia ruo Dahomey (Republic of Benin), na East Kwa asụsụ nke Nigeria. Bennett &amp; Sterk (1977) tụrụ aro na asụsụ Yoruboid na Igboid bụ nke [[Asụsụ Benue-Congo|Benue-Congo]] kama nke Kwa. Stewart (1989) wepụrụ Kru, Ijaw, na Volta-Niger (East Kwa), mana o debere asụsụ Ghana-Togo Mountain{{Reflist}}

== Akwụkwọ ==

* Herman Bell 1995. [https://web.archive.org/web/20110724185642/http://www.smi.uib.no/sa/tan/Nuba.html Ugwu Nuba: Ònye kwuru Gịnị na 1976?]  (njikọ ihe ndekọ). Ịbụ ọmụmụ nke nsonaazụ e bipụtara site na nnukwu ọrụ nke [[Institute of African and Asian Studies]]: The Language Survey of the Nuba Mountains.
* Roger Blench A naghị ebipụta ya. [https://web.archive.org/web/20120319222916/http://media.leidenuniv.nl/legacy/nuba-hills-conference-paper-2011.pdf Kordofanian ọ bụ otu ìgwè ma ọ bụrụ na ọ bụghị, ebee ka asụsụ ya dabara na Niger-Congo?]
* Roger Blench A naghị ebipụta ya. [https://web.archive.org/web/20170421091412/http://www.rogerblench.info/Language/Niger-Congo/Kordofanian/Kordofanian%20and%20Niger-Congo.pdf Kordofanian na Niger-Congo: ihe akaebe ọhụrụ na nke e degharịrị edegharị].
* Roger Blench, 2011, Kpọọrọ Kordofaani nkewa?[https://web.archive.org/web/20191210230555/http://www.rogerblench.info/Language/Niger-Congo/Kordofanian/Nuba%20Hills%20conference%20paper%202011%20Kordofanian.pdf Kordofaani kwesịrị kewaa?], Nzukọ Nuba Hills, Leiden
* P. A. na D. N. MacDiarmid. 1931. &quot;Asụsụ nke Ugwu Nuba.&quot; Sudan Notes and Records 14: 149-162.
* Carl Meinhof 1915-1919. &quot;Sprachstudien im egyptischen Sudan&quot;. ''Zeitschrift für Kolonialsprachen'' 9-9. &quot;1. Tagoy. 6: 164-161. &quot;2. Tumale&quot;. 6:182-205. &quot;11. Tegele&quot; 7:110-131. &quot;12. Rashad. 7:132.
* Thilo C. Schadeberg 1981a. ''Nnyocha nke Kordofanian.'' SUGIA Beiheft 1-2. Hamburg: Helmut Buske Verlag.
* Thilo C. Schadeberg 1981b. &quot;Das Kordofanische&quot;. ''Die Sprachen Afrikas.'' Ìgwè 1: ''Niger-Kordofanisch'', de. site na Bernd Heine, T. C. Schadeberg, [[Ekkehard Wolff]], peeji nke 117-28 SUGIA Beiheft 1-2. &amp;nbsp;Hamburg: Helmut Buske Verlag.
* Thilo C. Schadeberg 1981c. [https://openaccess.leidenuniv.nl/bitstream/handle/1887/8805/5_1234891_019.pdf &quot;Nchịkọta nke otu asụsụ Kadugli&quot;]. [Ihe e dere n'ala ala peeji] site na T. C. Schadeberg na M. Lionel Bender, peeji nke 291-305. &amp;nbsp;Dordrecht: Foris Publications.
* Brenda Z. Seligmann 1910-11. &quot;Ihe odide banyere asụsụ nke Nubas nke Southern Kordofan.&quot; ''Zeitschrift für Kolonialsprachen'' 1:167-188.
* Roland C. Stevenson 1956-57. &quot;Nnyocha nke ụdaolu na nhazi ụtọ asụsụ nke asụsụ Ugwu Nuba, na-ezo aka na Otoro, Katcha, na Nyimang.&quot; ''Afrika na Übersee'' 40:73-84, 93-115; 41:27-65, 117-152, 171-196.
* Tucker, A. N. na M. A. Bryan. 1956. ''Asụsụ ndị na-abụghị Bantu nke North-East Africa.''  (Handbook of African Languages, Nkebi nke Atọ) Oxford University Press: [[London]].
* A. N. Tucker na M. A. Bryan. 1966. ''Nnyocha Asụsụ / Asụsụ Ndị Na-abụghị Bantu nke North-East Africa.''  (Handbook of African Languages.) Oxford University Press: [[London]].
* Tutschek, Lorenz 1848. &quot;Über die Tumale-Sprache.&quot; ''Gelehrte Anzeigen, herausgegeben von Mitgliedern der k. bayer.'' [[Akademie der Wissenschaften]]. N. 91-93; Spalten 729-52.  (=Bulletin der königl. Akademie der Wissenschaften.
* Tutschek, Lorenz. 1848-50. &quot;N'asụsụ Tumali&quot;. ''Ihe omume nke Philological Society maka 1846-47 na 1847-48.'' Ụgbọelu 3:239-54. ''Ihe omume nke Philological Society maka 1848-49 na 1849-50.'' Izu ohi 4:138-9.

== Njikọ mpụga ==
Mgbasa ozi metụtaraAsụsụ Kordofanna Wikimedia Commons

* [https://web.archive.org/web/20240416070902/https://www.rogerblench.info/Language/Niger-Congo/Kordofanian/KordOP.htm Roger Blench: Ihe ndị dị na Kordoba]
[[Òtù:Pages with unreviewed translations]]</text>
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{{Databox}}Asụsụ '''Adamawa''' /ædəˈmɑːwə/ bụ ezinụlọ a na-ekwu na ọ bụ asụsụ 80-90 gbasasịrị n'ofe Adamawa Plateau na Central Africa, n'ebe ugwu [[Kameroon|Cameroon]], n'akụkụ ugwu ọdịda anyanwụ [[Central African Republic]], n'etiti [[Chad]], na n'ebe ọwụwa anyanwụ Nigeria, nke naanị otu nde mmadụ na ọkara na-asụ (dị ka nke 1996). Joseph Greenberg kewara ha dị ka otu alaka nke ezinụlọ [[Asụsụ Adamawa-Ubangi|Adamawa-Ubangi]] nke Asụsụ Niger-Congo. Ha so n'asụsụ ndị a na-amụchaghị n'[[Afrịka]], ma gụnye ọtụtụ Asụsụ ndị nọ n'ihe ize ndụ; nke kachasị ukwuu bụ Mumuye, nke nwere ndị na-asụ 400,000. A na-ahụ asụsụ abụọ a na-amaghị aha ha - ọkachasị Laal na [[Jalaa language|Jalaa]] - n'akụkụ mpaghara Adamawa.

N'akụkụ ala, asụsụ Adamawa dị nso na mpaghara Niger-Congo - Central Sudanic kọntaktị nke nwere ike butere Atlantic.–Ezinụlọ Congo, yabụ nwere ike ịnọchite anya radieshon etiti nke ezinụlọ ahụ{{citation needed|date=June 2020}}.

== Nchịkọta ==
Joseph Greenberg kwuru na asụsụ Adamawa bụ akụkụ nke Adamawa-Ubangian (nke a na-akpọ Adamawa-Eastern n'oge ahụ), ma kewaa ha n'ime ìgwè iri na anọ. Otu G3, [[Asụsụ ndị Dakoid|Daka]] (ma ọ bụ Dakoid), bụ nke a maara ugbu a dị ka alaka nke [[Asụsụ Benue-Congo|Benue-Congo]]. Mmekọrịta nke alaka ndị ọzọ enweela mgbanwe dị ukwuu. 

&lt;ref&gt;Hammarström, Harald and [[Guillaume Segerer]]. 2021. ''[https://www.iaaw.hu-berlin.de/de/region/afrika/veranstaltung/archiv/4-6-11-diedrich-westermann-workshop/4-6-11-diedrich-westermann-workshop-powerpoint-und-pdf/2021-11-westermann-berlin-3-3-hammarstroem-segerer-adamawa-computational-classification.pdf Computational experiments in Adamawa sub-classification]''. [https://www.iaaw.hu-berlin.de/en/region/africa/events/archives/4-6-11-2021-diedrich-westermann-workshop/ Diedrich Westermann-Workshop] (West-central African linguistic history between Macro-Sudan Belt and Niger-Congo: commemorating Diedrich Westermann’s legacy and the 100th anniversary of the Berlin professorship for African languages), 4-6 November 2021, [[Humboldt University of Berlin]].&lt;/ref&gt; mgbalị ndị e mere n'oge na-adịbeghị anya iji kewaa asụsụ Adamawa.

=== Greenberg (1963) ===
Ìgwè Adamawa iri na anọ nke Greenberg bụ: &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|author=Greenberg|first=Joseph H.|year=1963|ref=africa|title=[[The Languages of Africa]]|location=Bloomington|publisher=Indiana University Press}} (Heavily revised version of Greenberg 1955. From the same publisher: second, revised edition, 1966; third edition, 1970. All three editions simultaneously published at The Hague by Mouton &amp; Co.)&lt;/ref&gt;
{| class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot;
!Ọnụ ọgụgụ
!Ìgwè
|-
|G1
|Tula-Waja
|-
|G2
|Leko
|-
|G3
|[[Asụsụ ndị Dakoid|Daka]]
|-
|G4
|Duru
|-
|G5
|Mumuye-Yendang
|-
|G6
|Mbum
|-
|G7
|gàna-Mboi (Yungur) 
|-
|G8
|Nyimwom (Kam) 
|-
|G9
|Bikwin-Jen
|-
|G10
|[[Longuda language|Longuda]]
|-
|G11
|[[Fali languages (Cameroon)|Fali]]
|-
|G12
|[[Nimbari language|Nimbari]]
|-
|G13
|[[Bua languages|Ọwa]]
|-
|G14
|Kim
|}

=== Boyd (1989) ===
Boyd (1989) gbakwunyere asụsụ Day ma kewaa ha dị ka ndị a: &lt;ref&gt;Boyd, Raymond. 1989. Adamawa-Ubangi. In Bendor-Samuel, John (ed.), ''The Niger-Congo Languages: A Classification and Description of Africa's Largest Language Family'', 178-215. Lanham MD, New York &amp; London: University Press of America.&lt;/ref&gt;
 
Ọ wepụrụ [[Fali languages (Cameroon)|Asụsụ Fali]] (G11).

=== Güldemann (2018) ===
&lt;ref name=&quot;Guldemann&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|title=The Languages and Linguistics of Africa|author=Güldemann|first=Tom|editor=Güldemann|publisher=De Gruyter Mouton|chapter=Historical linguistics and genealogical language classification in Africa|year=2018|isbn=978-3-11-042606-9|doi=10.1515/9783110421668-002|location=Berlin|pages=58-444|series=The World of Linguistics series}}&lt;/ref&gt; (2018) ghọtara 14 coherent Adamawa &quot;genealogical units&quot;, mana ọ bụ agnostic banyere ọnọdụ ha n'ime Niger-Congo.

* Tula-Waja
* ''[[Longuda language|Longuda]]''
* Bena-Mboi
* Bikwin-Jen
* Samba-Duru
* [[Asụsụ Mumuye|Olu]]
* Maya (Yendangic) 
* Kebi-Benue (Mbumic) 
* Kimic
* [[Bua languages|Buaic]]
* ''[[Day language|Ụbọchị]]''
* ''[[Asụsụ kwah|Baa]]'' = ''Kwa''
* ''Nyingwom'' = ''Kam''
* ''[[Fali languages (Cameroon)|Fali]]''

=== Kleinewillinghöfer (2019) ===
Kleinewillinghöfer (2019), na ebe nrụọrụ weebụ Adamawa Languages Project, ghọtara ìgwè 17 ndị a dị ka asụsụ Adamawa. &lt;ref&gt;Kleinewillinghöfer, Ulrich. 2019. ''[https://www.blogs.uni-mainz.de/fb07-adamawa/adamawa-languages/ Adamawa Language Groups]''. Adamawa Languages Project.&lt;/ref&gt;

* [[Waja languages|Waja]]_languages&quot; id=&quot;mwoA&quot; rel=&quot;mw:WikiLink&quot; title=&quot;Tula–Waja languages&quot;&gt;Tula-Waja (Waja): G1&lt;ref&gt;Kleinewillinghöfer, Ulrich. 2014. ''[https://www.blogs.uni-mainz.de/fb07-adamawa/files/2012/10/TULA-WAJA-100-wordlist.pdf Tula-Waja comparative wordlist (Swadesh 100)]''. (1995 field notes.) Adamawa Languages Project.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Kleinewillinghöfer, Ulrich. 2014. ''[https://www.blogs.uni-mainz.de/fb07-adamawa/files/2014/03/Tula-Waja-Pronouns-and-Numbers.pdf Tula-Waja pronouns and numbers]''. Adamawa Languages Project.&lt;/ref&gt;
* Bikwin-Jen (Burak, Jen): G9&lt;ref name=&quot;Bikwin-Jen&quot;&gt;Kleinewillinghöfer, Ulrich. 2015. ''[https://www.blogs.uni-mainz.de/fb07-adamawa/files/2011/11/Bikwin-Jen-comparative-wordlist-100.pdf Bikwin-Jen Comparative wordlist (Swadesh 100)]''. (1995 field notes.) Adamawa Languages Project.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Kleinewillinghöfer, Ulrich. 2014. ''[https://www.blogs.uni-mainz.de/fb07-adamawa/files/2014/03/Bikwin-Jen-Pronouns-and-Numbers-1-10.pdf Bikwin-Jen Pronouns and Numbers 1-10]''. Adamawa Languages Project.&lt;/ref&gt;
* &lt;ref&gt;Kleinewillinghöfer, Ulrich. 2015. ''[https://www.blogs.uni-mainz.de/fb07-adamawa/files/2015/07/Kam-Nyingwom-notes.pdf Some notes on Nyiŋɔm (aka Nyingwom or Kam)]''. (2011 field notes.) Adamawa Languages Project.&lt;/ref&gt;''Kam (Nyiŋɔm, Nyiwom, Nyingwom) '': G8[1]
* &lt;ref&gt;Kleinewillinghöfer, Ulrich. 2014. ''[https://www.blogs.uni-mainz.de/fb07-adamawa/files/2014/03/Longuda-pronouns-and-numbers-1-10.pdf Longuda Pronouns and Numbers]''. Adamawa Languages Project.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Kleinewillinghöfer, Ulrich. 2014. ''[https://www.blogs.uni-mainz.de/fb07-adamawa/files/2012/02/Longuda-Nungura-wordlist-100.pdf Longuda ~ Nʋngʋra wordlist (Swadesh 100)]''. Adamawa Languages Project.&lt;/ref&gt; [[Longuda language|Longuda]] (Nʋngʋra): G10 [1] [2]
* ''[[Asụsụ kwah|Baa]] (Kwa) ''&lt;ref&gt;Kleinewillinghöfer, Ulrich. 1993. ''[https://www.blogs.uni-mainz.de/fb07-adamawa/files/2015/04/Baa-wordlist-100.pdf Baa Wordlist (Swadesh 100)]''. Adamawa Languages Project.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Kleinewillinghöfer, Ulrich. 2014. ''[https://www.blogs.uni-mainz.de/fb07-adamawa/files/2014/03/Baa-pronouns-and-numbers.pdf Baa pronouns and numbers]''. Adamawa Languages Project.&lt;/ref&gt;
* [[Asụsụ Mumuye|Mumuye]]: G5
* &lt;ref&gt;Blench, Roger; Barau Kato; Zachariah Yoder. 2009. ''[https://web.archive.org/web/20150420034000/http://www.rogerblench.info/Language/Niger-Congo/AU/Yandang%20group/Comparatie%20Yandang.pdf The Maya (Yendang) languages]''.&lt;/ref&gt;Yandang (Yendang): G5 [1]
* &lt;ref&gt;Kleinewillinghöfer, Ulrich. 2015. ''[https://www.blogs.uni-mainz.de/fb07-adamawa/files/2015/06/Vere-group-100-.pdf Vere wordlists]''. Adamawa Languages Project.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Kleinewillinghöfer, Ulrich. 2015. ''[https://www.blogs.uni-mainz.de/fb07-adamawa/files/2015/06/Gimme-Vere-Doyayo.pdf Gimme-Vere-Doyayo wordlists]''. Adamawa Languages Project.&lt;/ref&gt;Samba-Duru (Chamba-Leko, Leko, Duru, Sama-Duru, Samba Leeko): G2, G4 [1] [2]
* &lt;ref&gt;Kleinewillinghöfer, Ulrich. 1992 [2014]. [https://www.blogs.uni-mainz.de/fb07-adamawa/files/2012/02/Evidence-of-noun-classes-in-languages-of-the-Yungur-group.pdf Evidence of noun classes in languages of the Yungur group]''. Adamawa Languages Project.''&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Kleinewillinghöfer, Ulrich. 2014. ''[https://www.blogs.uni-mainz.de/fb07-adamawa/files/2014/03/Yungur-pronouns-and-numbers.pdf Ɓəna-Mboi pronouns and numbers]''. Adamawa Languages Project.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Kleinewillinghöfer, Ulrich. 2014. ''[https://www.blogs.uni-mainz.de/fb07-adamawa/files/2012/02/%C6%81%C9%99na-Mboi-YUNGUR-wordlist-100.pdf Ɓəna-Mboi comparative wordlist (Swadesh 100)]''. Adamawa Languages Project.&lt;/ref&gt; karaa-Mboi (Yungur): G7 [1] [2] [3]
* Kebi-Benue (Mbum): G6
* Kim: G14
* ''[[Day language|Ụbọchị]]''
* [[Bua languages|Ọwa]]: G13
* &lt;ref&gt;Kastenholz, Raimund; Ulrich Kleinewillinghöfer. 2012. ''[https://www.blogs.uni-mainz.de/fb07-adamawa/files/2012/06/Nimbari.pdf Nimbari as a language name]''. Adamawa Languages Project.&lt;/ref&gt;''[[Nimbari language|Nimbari]] (Baari, Bari) '': G12 [efu]
* ''[[Duli language|Duli]] - Gewe (Gey, Gueve) '' [ọ nwụọla]
* ? ''[[Fali languages (Cameroon)|Fali]]'': G11
* ? Chamba-Daka (Daka): G3

N[[Bua languages|Ọwa]] ìgwè Tula-Waja, [[Longuda language|Longuda]], Ɓ karaa-Mboi, Samba-Duru, na Bua nwere klas aha. Ìgwè ndị ọzọ &lt;ref&gt;Kleinewillinghöfer, Ulrich. 2014. ''[https://www.blogs.uni-mainz.de/fb07-adamawa/files/2018/06/ADAMAWA-Kleinewillinghoefer_04_02_2014.pdf Adamawa]''. ‘Linguistisches Kolloquium’, Seminar für Afrikawissenschaften, 04 Februar 2014. Institut für Asien- und Afrikawissenschaften, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin.&lt;/ref&gt;-egosipụta naanị ihe ncheta nke usoro klas aha na-arụ ọrụ n'oge gara aga.

=== Blench (2012, 2020) ===
Roger Blench (2012) &lt;ref&gt;Blench, Roger. 2012. [https://web.archive.org/web/20121203022520/http://www.rogerblench.info/Language/Niger-Congo/General/Niger-Congo%20an%20alternative%20view.pdf Niger-Congo: an alternative view].&lt;/ref&gt; kwubiri na asụsụ Adamawa bụ otu mpaghara, ọ bụghị ezinụlọ asụsụ, ma kewaa alaka ya dị iche iche n'ezinụlọ Savannas ya. Ọ na-etinye ụfọdụ n'ime asụsụ ọdịda anyanwụ Adamawa nso n'Asụsụ Gur karịa ezinụlọ ndị ọzọ Adamawa. A na-ewepụ Fali na Savannas kpamkpam. Blench (2020) nwere njikọ dị n'etiti Mumuye na Yendang, mana ọ na-ekewa Samba-Duru nke Kleinewillinghöfer.

== Asụsụ ndị a na-akpọghị Adamawa ==
&lt;ref&gt;Ayotte, Michael and Charlene Ayotte. 2002. [https://www.sil.org/resources/archives/9104 Sociolinguistic language survey of Dama, Mono, Pam, Ndai and Oblo]. SIL International.&lt;/ref&gt;[[Oblo language|Asụsụ Oblo]] nke [[Kameroon|Cameroon]] etinyela ya n'ọtụtụ nsụgharị nke otu Adamawa, mana ọnọdụ ya n'ime ya edoghị anya.

A na-eche na Asụsụ Laal nke [[Chad]] nwere ike ịbụ Adamawa; [[Jalaa language|Asụsụ Jalaa]] nke [[Naijiria|Naịjirịa]] nwere ike ọ bụghị Adamawa, mana ọ na-egosi mmetụta siri ike nke Adamawa. Otú ọ dị, a na-ewere ha abụọ ugbu a dị ka asụsụ dị iche iche.

== Okwu ntụnyere ==
 
Nkọwa okwu ndị bụ isi nke asụsụ Adamawa site na ebe nrụọrụ weebụ Kleinewillinghöfer's Adamawa Languages Project na isi mmalite ndị ọzọ dị iche iche: &lt;ref&gt;Kleinewillinghöfer, Ulrich. 2019. ''[https://www.blogs.uni-mainz.de/fb07-adamawa/adamawa-languages/ Adamawa Language Groups]''. Adamawa Languages Project.&lt;/ref&gt;

Rịba ama: Na mkpụrụ ndụ tebụl nwere slashes, a na-enye otu ụdị tupu slash, ebe ụdị otutu na-eso slash.
{| class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 80%&quot;
!Classification
!Language
!Dialect
!eye
!ear
!nose
!tooth
!tongue
!mouth
!blood
!bone
!water
!tree
!eat
!name
|-
| style=&quot;background-color: #d6e1ec&quot; |[[Asụsụ kwah|Baa]]
| style=&quot;background-color: #d6e1ec&quot; |[[Asụsụ kwah|Baa]]
| style=&quot;background-color: #d6e1ec&quot; |
| style=&quot;background-color: #d6e1ec&quot; |nu(ví) / rínù
| style=&quot;background-color: #d6e1ec&quot; |ǹtú / ríǹtú
| style=&quot;background-color: #d6e1ec&quot; |gyo̰ / rigyó̰
| style=&quot;background-color: #d6e1ec&quot; |nyanwívì / rí-
| style=&quot;background-color: #d6e1ec&quot; |dyḛǹ(vì)
| style=&quot;background-color: #d6e1ec&quot; |nyààvì
| style=&quot;background-color: #d6e1ec&quot; |twèèn
| style=&quot;background-color: #d6e1ec&quot; |kukút
| style=&quot;background-color: #d6e1ec&quot; |mán
| style=&quot;background-color: #d6e1ec&quot; |kii / rikii
| style=&quot;background-color: #d6e1ec&quot; |gyâ
| style=&quot;background-color: #d6e1ec&quot; |zin
|-
| style=&quot;background-color: #d1ebeb&quot; |Bikwin-Jen&lt;ref name=&quot;NortonOthaniel&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|first=Russell|author=Norton|title=The Jen language cluster: A comparative analysis of wordlists|volume=1|issue=3|year=2020|pages=17–99|doi=10.37892/2686-8946-2020-1-3-17-99|url=https://iling-ran.ru/library/languageinafrica/1/LiA_3_1_NortonOthaniel.pdf}}&lt;/ref&gt;
| style=&quot;background-color: #d1ebeb&quot; |Proto-Jen (Proto-Bikwin-Jen)
| style=&quot;background-color: #d1ebeb&quot; |
| style=&quot;background-color: #d1ebeb&quot; |*núŋ
| style=&quot;background-color: #d1ebeb&quot; |*tswi
| style=&quot;background-color: #d1ebeb&quot; |*lúr(i)
| style=&quot;background-color: #d1ebeb&quot; |*le
| style=&quot;background-color: #d1ebeb&quot; |*ɗək; (*lyəN)
| style=&quot;background-color: #d1ebeb&quot; |*ɲwa
| style=&quot;background-color: #d1ebeb&quot; |*ɥe/*zwi
| style=&quot;background-color: #d1ebeb&quot; |*kub
| style=&quot;background-color: #d1ebeb&quot; |*kəb
| style=&quot;background-color: #d1ebeb&quot; |*mɛ/*mɨŋ
| style=&quot;background-color: #d1ebeb&quot; |*tə́ŋ
| style=&quot;background-color: #d1ebeb&quot; |*lɨn/*ɗwín
|-
| style=&quot;background-color: #d1ebeb&quot; |Bikwin-Jen
| style=&quot;background-color: #d1ebeb&quot; |[[Burak language|Burak]] (Ɓʊʊrak)
| style=&quot;background-color: #d1ebeb&quot; |
| style=&quot;background-color: #d1ebeb&quot; |núŋ
| style=&quot;background-color: #d1ebeb&quot; |twíi ?
| style=&quot;background-color: #d1ebeb&quot; |lúúri
| style=&quot;background-color: #d1ebeb&quot; |lée
| style=&quot;background-color: #d1ebeb&quot; |ɗá̰k
| style=&quot;background-color: #d1ebeb&quot; |nyúwaa, nywaa
| style=&quot;background-color: #d1ebeb&quot; |wɪ́ɪ́
| style=&quot;background-color: #d1ebeb&quot; |kúb, kúp ?
| style=&quot;background-color: #d1ebeb&quot; |mɛ́ɛ́
| style=&quot;background-color: #d1ebeb&quot; |ɗít / yéɗit
| style=&quot;background-color: #d1ebeb&quot; |tá̰ŋ
| style=&quot;background-color: #d1ebeb&quot; |lín̄
|-
| style=&quot;background-color: #d1ebeb&quot; |Bikwin-Jen
| style=&quot;background-color: #d1ebeb&quot; |[[Loo language|Loo]] (Shʊŋɔ)
| style=&quot;background-color: #d1ebeb&quot; |Galdemaru
| style=&quot;background-color: #d1ebeb&quot; |ɛrɛ nuŋ
| style=&quot;background-color: #d1ebeb&quot; |twɪ́ɪ́
| style=&quot;background-color: #d1ebeb&quot; |lúúrì
| style=&quot;background-color: #d1ebeb&quot; |lei
| style=&quot;background-color: #d1ebeb&quot; |ɗak
| style=&quot;background-color: #d1ebeb&quot; |nywa
| style=&quot;background-color: #d1ebeb&quot; |dùm
| style=&quot;background-color: #d1ebeb&quot; |kúp
| style=&quot;background-color: #d1ebeb&quot; |mɛ́ɛ́
| style=&quot;background-color: #d1ebeb&quot; |ɗít
| style=&quot;background-color: #d1ebeb&quot; |táŋ
| style=&quot;background-color: #d1ebeb&quot; |nin
|-
| style=&quot;background-color: #d1ebeb&quot; |Bikwin-Jen
| style=&quot;background-color: #d1ebeb&quot; |[[Loo language|Loo]] (Shʊŋɔ)
| style=&quot;background-color: #d1ebeb&quot; |Waamura
| style=&quot;background-color: #d1ebeb&quot; |ɛrɛ nuŋ
| style=&quot;background-color: #d1ebeb&quot; |twɪ́ɪ́
| style=&quot;background-color: #d1ebeb&quot; |lúúrì
| style=&quot;background-color: #d1ebeb&quot; |lei
| style=&quot;background-color: #d1ebeb&quot; |ɗak
| style=&quot;background-color: #d1ebeb&quot; |nywa
| style=&quot;background-color: #d1ebeb&quot; |dùm
| style=&quot;background-color: #d1ebeb&quot; |kúp
| style=&quot;background-color: #d1ebeb&quot; |mɛ́ɛ́
| style=&quot;background-color: #d1ebeb&quot; |káp
| style=&quot;background-color: #d1ebeb&quot; |táŋ
| style=&quot;background-color: #d1ebeb&quot; |nin
|-
| style=&quot;background-color: #d1ebeb&quot; |Bikwin-Jen
| style=&quot;background-color: #d1ebeb&quot; |[[Maghdi language|Maɣdi]] (Tala)
| style=&quot;background-color: #d1ebeb&quot; |
| style=&quot;background-color: #d1ebeb&quot; |núŋ / yéénuŋ
| style=&quot;background-color: #d1ebeb&quot; |cwéé
| style=&quot;background-color: #d1ebeb&quot; |luuli
| style=&quot;background-color: #d1ebeb&quot; |léí
| style=&quot;background-color: #d1ebeb&quot; |ɗák
| style=&quot;background-color: #d1ebeb&quot; |nyuwaa
| style=&quot;background-color: #d1ebeb&quot; |ywee
| style=&quot;background-color: #d1ebeb&quot; |kób, kúób / yéé kób
| style=&quot;background-color: #d1ebeb&quot; |míshì
| style=&quot;background-color: #d1ebeb&quot; |káp / yéékáp
| style=&quot;background-color: #d1ebeb&quot; |taŋ
| style=&quot;background-color: #d1ebeb&quot; |lin
|-
| style=&quot;background-color: #d1ebeb&quot; |Bikwin-Jen
| style=&quot;background-color: #d1ebeb&quot; |Lee Mak
| style=&quot;background-color: #d1ebeb&quot; |Panya
| style=&quot;background-color: #d1ebeb&quot; |nuŋ
| style=&quot;background-color: #d1ebeb&quot; |dɔkswíì
| style=&quot;background-color: #d1ebeb&quot; |ɗuurə
| style=&quot;background-color: #d1ebeb&quot; |lei
| style=&quot;background-color: #d1ebeb&quot; |lén
| style=&quot;background-color: #d1ebeb&quot; |nuwaa
| style=&quot;background-color: #d1ebeb&quot; |lyüé
| style=&quot;background-color: #d1ebeb&quot; |kóp
| style=&quot;background-color: #d1ebeb&quot; |mui kya
| style=&quot;background-color: #d1ebeb&quot; |kap / yeekâp
| style=&quot;background-color: #d1ebeb&quot; |táŋ
| style=&quot;background-color: #d1ebeb&quot; |ɗín
|-
| style=&quot;background-color: #d1ebeb&quot; |Bikwin-Jen
| style=&quot;background-color: #d1ebeb&quot; |Lee Mak
| style=&quot;background-color: #d1ebeb&quot; |Zoo
| style=&quot;background-color: #d1ebeb&quot; |nuŋ
| style=&quot;background-color: #d1ebeb&quot; |(ɗɔ́k)shwìyè
| style=&quot;background-color: #d1ebeb&quot; |ɗuurə
| style=&quot;background-color: #d1ebeb&quot; |lei
| style=&quot;background-color: #d1ebeb&quot; |lén
| style=&quot;background-color: #d1ebeb&quot; |nuwa
| style=&quot;background-color: #d1ebeb&quot; |lyüé
| style=&quot;background-color: #d1ebeb&quot; |kúóp
| style=&quot;background-color: #d1ebeb&quot; |mwui kya
| style=&quot;background-color: #d1ebeb&quot; |kàp
| style=&quot;background-color: #d1ebeb&quot; |táŋ
| style=&quot;background-color: #d1ebeb&quot; |ɗin
|-
| style=&quot;background-color: #d1ebeb&quot; |Bikwin-Jen
| style=&quot;background-color: #d1ebeb&quot; |Kya̰k (Bambuka)
| style=&quot;background-color: #d1ebeb&quot; |
| style=&quot;background-color: #d1ebeb&quot; |núŋ
| style=&quot;background-color: #d1ebeb&quot; |ɗɔ́kswì
| style=&quot;background-color: #d1ebeb&quot; |ɗúr
| style=&quot;background-color: #d1ebeb&quot; |lɛ́ɛ́
| style=&quot;background-color: #d1ebeb&quot; |ɗyím
| style=&quot;background-color: #d1ebeb&quot; |ŋwaà
| style=&quot;background-color: #d1ebeb&quot; |zwìì
| style=&quot;background-color: #d1ebeb&quot; |kəkəp
| style=&quot;background-color: #d1ebeb&quot; |mùŋ
| style=&quot;background-color: #d1ebeb&quot; |káp
| style=&quot;background-color: #d1ebeb&quot; |táŋ
| style=&quot;background-color: #d1ebeb&quot; |ɗwín
|-
| style=&quot;background-color: #d1ebeb&quot; |Bikwin-Jen
| style=&quot;background-color: #d1ebeb&quot; |[[Moo language|Mɔɔ]] (Gomu)
| style=&quot;background-color: #d1ebeb&quot; |
| style=&quot;background-color: #d1ebeb&quot; |nə́ŋ
| style=&quot;background-color: #d1ebeb&quot; |ɗɔ́kfíì
| style=&quot;background-color: #d1ebeb&quot; |ɗúr
| style=&quot;background-color: #d1ebeb&quot; |lɛ́ɛ́
| style=&quot;background-color: #d1ebeb&quot; |ɗyík
| style=&quot;background-color: #d1ebeb&quot; |ŋwaa
| style=&quot;background-color: #d1ebeb&quot; |zìì
| style=&quot;background-color: #d1ebeb&quot; |kúp
| style=&quot;background-color: #d1ebeb&quot; |mùŋ kwâm
| style=&quot;background-color: #d1ebeb&quot; |kaap
| style=&quot;background-color: #d1ebeb&quot; |taŋ
| style=&quot;background-color: #d1ebeb&quot; |ɗwín
|-
| style=&quot;background-color: #d1ebeb&quot; |Bikwin-Jen
| style=&quot;background-color: #d1ebeb&quot; |[[Leelau language|LeeLau]] (Munga, Munga Leelau)
| style=&quot;background-color: #d1ebeb&quot; |
| style=&quot;background-color: #d1ebeb&quot; |núŋ
| style=&quot;background-color: #d1ebeb&quot; |ɗɔkswî
| style=&quot;background-color: #d1ebeb&quot; |ɗurr, ndurr
| style=&quot;background-color: #d1ebeb&quot; |léí
| style=&quot;background-color: #d1ebeb&quot; |lyén
| style=&quot;background-color: #d1ebeb&quot; |ŋwaà
| style=&quot;background-color: #d1ebeb&quot; |zìì
| style=&quot;background-color: #d1ebeb&quot; |kukup; (kʊkʊp ?)
| style=&quot;background-color: #d1ebeb&quot; |munki
| style=&quot;background-color: #d1ebeb&quot; |kâp
| style=&quot;background-color: #d1ebeb&quot; |tâŋ
| style=&quot;background-color: #d1ebeb&quot; |ɗún
|-
| style=&quot;background-color: #d1ebeb&quot; |Bikwin-Jen&lt;ref name=&quot;Bikwin-Jen&quot; /&gt;
| style=&quot;background-color: #d1ebeb&quot; |[[Jen language|Dza]] (Jen)
| style=&quot;background-color: #d1ebeb&quot; |Kaigama
| style=&quot;background-color: #d1ebeb&quot; |nə́ŋ
| style=&quot;background-color: #d1ebeb&quot; |tshwötshwí
| style=&quot;background-color: #d1ebeb&quot; |bwaadjwí
| style=&quot;background-color: #d1ebeb&quot; |djìì
| style=&quot;background-color: #d1ebeb&quot; |lʌ̰́
| style=&quot;background-color: #d1ebeb&quot; |nnwâ
| style=&quot;background-color: #d1ebeb&quot; |hywṵi, hywḭ
| style=&quot;background-color: #d1ebeb&quot; |kʊʊkʊ́, kʊkʊ́
| style=&quot;background-color: #d1ebeb&quot; |mmə́ŋ
| style=&quot;background-color: #d1ebeb&quot; |kɐ́ɐ / ekʌ́(ʌ)
| style=&quot;background-color: #d1ebeb&quot; |táŋ, tháŋ
| style=&quot;background-color: #d1ebeb&quot; |djwuŋ
|-
| style=&quot;background-color: #d1ebeb&quot; |Bikwin-Jen
| style=&quot;background-color: #d1ebeb&quot; |[[Mingang Doso language|Munga (Məngaŋ) Doso]]
| style=&quot;background-color: #d1ebeb&quot; |
| style=&quot;background-color: #d1ebeb&quot; |nəŋ
| style=&quot;background-color: #d1ebeb&quot; |cúcwì
| style=&quot;background-color: #d1ebeb&quot; |kádwì
| style=&quot;background-color: #d1ebeb&quot; |íì
| style=&quot;background-color: #d1ebeb&quot; |lyêm
| style=&quot;background-color: #d1ebeb&quot; |ŋwàà
| style=&quot;background-color: #d1ebeb&quot; |ehywü; (exwü)
| style=&quot;background-color: #d1ebeb&quot; |kúkwə̀
| style=&quot;background-color: #d1ebeb&quot; |məŋ tsər
| style=&quot;background-color: #d1ebeb&quot; |kaa / lékaa
| style=&quot;background-color: #d1ebeb&quot; |tâŋ
| style=&quot;background-color: #d1ebeb&quot; |ɗyíìŋ
|-
| style=&quot;background-color: #d1ebeb&quot; |Bikwin-Jen
| style=&quot;background-color: #d1ebeb&quot; |[[Jen language|Joole]]
| style=&quot;background-color: #d1ebeb&quot; |
| style=&quot;background-color: #d1ebeb&quot; |nə́ŋ / ee-
| style=&quot;background-color: #d1ebeb&quot; |tʃwü tʃwí
| style=&quot;background-color: #d1ebeb&quot; |nwá̰ dwí
| style=&quot;background-color: #d1ebeb&quot; |jì(ì) (calabash)
| style=&quot;background-color: #d1ebeb&quot; |lʌ́
| style=&quot;background-color: #d1ebeb&quot; |ká̰ nw̰á̰
| style=&quot;background-color: #d1ebeb&quot; |hṵ̈̀ḭ̀
| style=&quot;background-color: #d1ebeb&quot; |kùkú
| style=&quot;background-color: #d1ebeb&quot; |mə́ŋ
| style=&quot;background-color: #d1ebeb&quot; |kʌ́ / èèkʌ́
| style=&quot;background-color: #d1ebeb&quot; |táŋ
| style=&quot;background-color: #d1ebeb&quot; |dzuŋ
|-
| style=&quot;background-color: #d1ebeb&quot; |Bikwin-Jen
| style=&quot;background-color: #d1ebeb&quot; |[[Jen language|Jòòle]]
| style=&quot;background-color: #d1ebeb&quot; |Joole Manga
| style=&quot;background-color: #d1ebeb&quot; |bwàà nù
| style=&quot;background-color: #d1ebeb&quot; |bwaa tywi
| style=&quot;background-color: #d1ebeb&quot; |bwàà dṵ̀
| style=&quot;background-color: #d1ebeb&quot; |gigi
| style=&quot;background-color: #d1ebeb&quot; |láŋ
| style=&quot;background-color: #d1ebeb&quot; |kányua
| style=&quot;background-color: #d1ebeb&quot; |vi (?)
| style=&quot;background-color: #d1ebeb&quot; |kúkú
| style=&quot;background-color: #d1ebeb&quot; |míkyá
| style=&quot;background-color: #d1ebeb&quot; |nyááká / nyááká búbáí
| style=&quot;background-color: #d1ebeb&quot; |tà̰à̰
| style=&quot;background-color: #d1ebeb&quot; |dumà
|-
| style=&quot;background-color: #d6e1ec&quot; |Tula-Waja
| style=&quot;background-color: #d6e1ec&quot; |Wɪya, Waja, Wajan Kasa
| style=&quot;background-color: #d6e1ec&quot; |
| style=&quot;background-color: #d6e1ec&quot; |nuŋè
| style=&quot;background-color: #d6e1ec&quot; |twɪ́yaʊ
| style=&quot;background-color: #d6e1ec&quot; |boocu
| style=&quot;background-color: #d6e1ec&quot; |nwii
| style=&quot;background-color: #d6e1ec&quot; |bɛnɛ
| style=&quot;background-color: #d6e1ec&quot; |nɪyaʊ
| style=&quot;background-color: #d6e1ec&quot; |tumà
| style=&quot;background-color: #d6e1ec&quot; |kuu
| style=&quot;background-color: #d6e1ec&quot; |gundù
| style=&quot;background-color: #d6e1ec&quot; |sou
| style=&quot;background-color: #d6e1ec&quot; |jɛ
| style=&quot;background-color: #d6e1ec&quot; |dənè
|-
| style=&quot;background-color: #d6e1ec&quot; |Tula-Waja
| style=&quot;background-color: #d6e1ec&quot; |Waja
| style=&quot;background-color: #d6e1ec&quot; |Deeri, Wajan Dutse
| style=&quot;background-color: #d6e1ec&quot; |
| style=&quot;background-color: #d6e1ec&quot; |
| style=&quot;background-color: #d6e1ec&quot; |
| style=&quot;background-color: #d6e1ec&quot; |gɔn niŋi
| style=&quot;background-color: #d6e1ec&quot; |
| style=&quot;background-color: #d6e1ec&quot; |
| style=&quot;background-color: #d6e1ec&quot; |
| style=&quot;background-color: #d6e1ec&quot; |podou / podoru
| style=&quot;background-color: #d6e1ec&quot; |
| style=&quot;background-color: #d6e1ec&quot; |
| style=&quot;background-color: #d6e1ec&quot; |
| style=&quot;background-color: #d6e1ec&quot; |
|-
| style=&quot;background-color: #d6e1ec&quot; |Tula-Waja
| style=&quot;background-color: #d6e1ec&quot; |Kutule, Tula
| style=&quot;background-color: #d6e1ec&quot; |Wange
| style=&quot;background-color: #d6e1ec&quot; |kwalaŋɛ / kwalaŋi
| style=&quot;background-color: #d6e1ec&quot; |kətɛ́ɛ́lɛ̀ / kətɛ́ɛ́lɪ
| style=&quot;background-color: #d6e1ec&quot; |cʊʊn / cʊʊni
| style=&quot;background-color: #d6e1ec&quot; |kunuwaŋ / nǔǔm, tunuri
| style=&quot;background-color: #d6e1ec&quot; |ben / beni
| style=&quot;background-color: #d6e1ec&quot; |yii / yiini
| style=&quot;background-color: #d6e1ec&quot; |kʊtʊm
| style=&quot;background-color: #d6e1ec&quot; |kətiyaŋ / tətiini
| style=&quot;background-color: #d6e1ec&quot; |mwɛ̀ / mwɛti
| style=&quot;background-color: #d6e1ec&quot; |tíyaŋ / tííní
| style=&quot;background-color: #d6e1ec&quot; |cáú ~ ʃáú
| style=&quot;background-color: #d6e1ec&quot; |dən / dimbi
|-
| style=&quot;background-color: #d6e1ec&quot; |Tula-Waja
| style=&quot;background-color: #d6e1ec&quot; |Tula
| style=&quot;background-color: #d6e1ec&quot; |Baule
| style=&quot;background-color: #d6e1ec&quot; |nù / núl
| style=&quot;background-color: #d6e1ec&quot; |kə̀tɛ́ɛ́lɛ̀ / kə̀tɛ́ɛ́lɪ̀
| style=&quot;background-color: #d6e1ec&quot; |sʊ́ʊ́n / sʊ́ʊ́nɪ́, sʊ́ŋə́n
| style=&quot;background-color: #d6e1ec&quot; |kə́núwáŋ / núúm, tə́núri
| style=&quot;background-color: #d6e1ec&quot; |been / bééni
| style=&quot;background-color: #d6e1ec&quot; |yí / yiiní
| style=&quot;background-color: #d6e1ec&quot; |kʌtùùm
| style=&quot;background-color: #d6e1ec&quot; |kətiyá námáŋ / tətiini náiyé
| style=&quot;background-color: #d6e1ec&quot; |mwɛ̀
| style=&quot;background-color: #d6e1ec&quot; |kətíyá / tətííní
| style=&quot;background-color: #d6e1ec&quot; |saʊ; sa (mwàn)
| style=&quot;background-color: #d6e1ec&quot; |də́n / də́mbí
|-
| style=&quot;background-color: #d6e1ec&quot; |Tula-Waja
| style=&quot;background-color: #d6e1ec&quot; |Tula
| style=&quot;background-color: #d6e1ec&quot; |Yili (Yiri)
| style=&quot;background-color: #d6e1ec&quot; |nuù / nuuto
| style=&quot;background-color: #d6e1ec&quot; |kətɛ́ɛ́lɪ / kətɛ́ɛ́nɪ́
| style=&quot;background-color: #d6e1ec&quot; |ʃʊ́ʊ́l / ʃʊ́ʊ́wɪ̀
| style=&quot;background-color: #d6e1ec&quot; |kunuuŋ / nuum
| style=&quot;background-color: #d6e1ec&quot; |bííl / bííwí
| style=&quot;background-color: #d6e1ec&quot; |yii / yiiní
| style=&quot;background-color: #d6e1ec&quot; |kʊtʊʊ̀m
| style=&quot;background-color: #d6e1ec&quot; |kukúkó / tukútó
| style=&quot;background-color: #d6e1ec&quot; |mwɛ
| style=&quot;background-color: #d6e1ec&quot; |tiyaŋ / tiini
| style=&quot;background-color: #d6e1ec&quot; |caʊ̀; ca (mwân)
| style=&quot;background-color: #d6e1ec&quot; |diń / dimən
|-
| style=&quot;background-color: #d6e1ec&quot; |Tula-Waja
| style=&quot;background-color: #d6e1ec&quot; |[[Asụsụ Yebu|Yebu]], Awak
| style=&quot;background-color: #d6e1ec&quot; |
| style=&quot;background-color: #d6e1ec&quot; |núŋí
| style=&quot;background-color: #d6e1ec&quot; |bwaará
| style=&quot;background-color: #d6e1ec&quot; |suur ~ sʊʊr
| style=&quot;background-color: #d6e1ec&quot; |nuŋún
| style=&quot;background-color: #d6e1ec&quot; |beén
| style=&quot;background-color: #d6e1ec&quot; |nìí
| style=&quot;background-color: #d6e1ec&quot; |tuum
| style=&quot;background-color: #d6e1ec&quot; |kuukú
| style=&quot;background-color: #d6e1ec&quot; |mwê; mwɛ̀
| style=&quot;background-color: #d6e1ec&quot; |tii
| style=&quot;background-color: #d6e1ec&quot; |sáb
| style=&quot;background-color: #d6e1ec&quot; |duń
|-
| style=&quot;background-color: #d6e1ec&quot; |Tula-Waja
| style=&quot;background-color: #d6e1ec&quot; |Baŋjiŋe, Bangwinji
| style=&quot;background-color: #d6e1ec&quot; |
| style=&quot;background-color: #d6e1ec&quot; |nuwe / nuwetini
| style=&quot;background-color: #d6e1ec&quot; |tuù / tuuní
| style=&quot;background-color: #d6e1ec&quot; |ʃóór, cóór
| style=&quot;background-color: #d6e1ec&quot; |nuǹ / nuǹtini
| style=&quot;background-color: #d6e1ec&quot; |bien / bienni ?
| style=&quot;background-color: #d6e1ec&quot; |nyii / nyiini
| style=&quot;background-color: #d6e1ec&quot; |bwiyalɛ̀
| style=&quot;background-color: #d6e1ec&quot; |kúk / kútí
| style=&quot;background-color: #d6e1ec&quot; |mwɛ́m
| style=&quot;background-color: #d6e1ec&quot; |tu / tum
| style=&quot;background-color: #d6e1ec&quot; |câm
| style=&quot;background-color: #d6e1ec&quot; |dén
|-
| style=&quot;background-color: #d6e1ec&quot; |Tula-Waja
| style=&quot;background-color: #d6e1ec&quot; |[[Asụsụ ndị Dadiya|Dadiya]]
| style=&quot;background-color: #d6e1ec&quot; |
| style=&quot;background-color: #d6e1ec&quot; |nuu / nuutin
| style=&quot;background-color: #d6e1ec&quot; |lɔɔ̀l
| style=&quot;background-color: #d6e1ec&quot; |jʊl
| style=&quot;background-color: #d6e1ec&quot; |núŋùn
| style=&quot;background-color: #d6e1ec&quot; |ben
| style=&quot;background-color: #d6e1ec&quot; |níyò / níyétìn
| style=&quot;background-color: #d6e1ec&quot; |tʊ́ʊ́m
| style=&quot;background-color: #d6e1ec&quot; |kuto
| style=&quot;background-color: #d6e1ec&quot; |mwḛ̂
| style=&quot;background-color: #d6e1ec&quot; |tiyà / tiyàntin
| style=&quot;background-color: #d6e1ec&quot; |jáá
| style=&quot;background-color: #d6e1ec&quot; |dùń
|-
| style=&quot;background-color: #d6e1ec&quot; |Tula-Waja
| style=&quot;background-color: #d6e1ec&quot; |Maa, [[Kamo language|Kamo]]
| style=&quot;background-color: #d6e1ec&quot; |
| style=&quot;background-color: #d6e1ec&quot; |núŋé
| style=&quot;background-color: #d6e1ec&quot; |kúmó
| style=&quot;background-color: #d6e1ec&quot; |cóór
| style=&quot;background-color: #d6e1ec&quot; |nugun
| style=&quot;background-color: #d6e1ec&quot; |bén̄
| style=&quot;background-color: #d6e1ec&quot; |nyiyé
| style=&quot;background-color: #d6e1ec&quot; |tʊ́ʊ́m
| style=&quot;background-color: #d6e1ec&quot; |kúúbú
| style=&quot;background-color: #d6e1ec&quot; |mwɛ́
| style=&quot;background-color: #d6e1ec&quot; |nyáŋlá
| style=&quot;background-color: #d6e1ec&quot; |dágʊ́m (wúrgé)
| style=&quot;background-color: #d6e1ec&quot; |dìń
|-
| style=&quot;background-color: #d6e1ec&quot; |Tula-Waja
| style=&quot;background-color: #d6e1ec&quot; |Dijim, [[Asusu Dikaka|Cham]]
| style=&quot;background-color: #d6e1ec&quot; |Kindiyo
| style=&quot;background-color: #d6e1ec&quot; |kʌmɪ / kámtɛ
| style=&quot;background-color: #d6e1ec&quot; |suu; suwoŋ
| style=&quot;background-color: #d6e1ec&quot; |jʊ̀r, jʊ̀ʊ̀r
| style=&quot;background-color: #d6e1ec&quot; |nuŋun / nuŋtɛ́
| style=&quot;background-color: #d6e1ec&quot; |lʌŋər / laŋtɛ́
| style=&quot;background-color: #d6e1ec&quot; |nyʷii / nyʷiini
| style=&quot;background-color: #d6e1ec&quot; |dʊ̀gʊ́m
| style=&quot;background-color: #d6e1ec&quot; |kuk / kute
| style=&quot;background-color: #d6e1ec&quot; |híí
| style=&quot;background-color: #d6e1ec&quot; |riyaŋ / riitɛ
| style=&quot;background-color: #d6e1ec&quot; |jau
| style=&quot;background-color: #d6e1ec&quot; |dun / duntɛ̀
|-
| style=&quot;background-color: #d6e1ec&quot; |Tula-Waja
| style=&quot;background-color: #d6e1ec&quot; |Bwilim, [[Asusu Dikaka|Cham]]
| style=&quot;background-color: #d6e1ec&quot; |Mɔna
| style=&quot;background-color: #d6e1ec&quot; |nu / nute
| style=&quot;background-color: #d6e1ec&quot; |getuwaŋ / getuwai
| style=&quot;background-color: #d6e1ec&quot; |
| style=&quot;background-color: #d6e1ec&quot; |taanù / taantɔ́ʊ́
| style=&quot;background-color: #d6e1ec&quot; |bemnù / bemtou
| style=&quot;background-color: #d6e1ec&quot; |nyii / nyiini
| style=&quot;background-color: #d6e1ec&quot; |
| style=&quot;background-color: #d6e1ec&quot; |
| style=&quot;background-color: #d6e1ec&quot; |gə̀mí
| style=&quot;background-color: #d6e1ec&quot; |
| style=&quot;background-color: #d6e1ec&quot; |záà
| style=&quot;background-color: #d6e1ec&quot; |
|-
| style=&quot;background-color: #d6e1ec&quot; |Tula-Waja
| style=&quot;background-color: #d6e1ec&quot; |Tso
| style=&quot;background-color: #d6e1ec&quot; |Suwabou
| style=&quot;background-color: #d6e1ec&quot; |nuŋ / nuntóú
| style=&quot;background-color: #d6e1ec&quot; |wɔɔnʊ́ / wɔɔntáú
| style=&quot;background-color: #d6e1ec&quot; |nyulóónù / nyulóóntù
| style=&quot;background-color: #d6e1ec&quot; |nunu / núntòù
| style=&quot;background-color: #d6e1ec&quot; |lameno / lamtʊ̀
| style=&quot;background-color: #d6e1ec&quot; |nyii / nyiini
| style=&quot;background-color: #d6e1ec&quot; |dɔɔ̀m
| style=&quot;background-color: #d6e1ec&quot; |tsá / tseni
| style=&quot;background-color: #d6e1ec&quot; |láà / laátóú
| style=&quot;background-color: #d6e1ec&quot; |tsá / tsenì
| style=&quot;background-color: #d6e1ec&quot; |za
| style=&quot;background-color: #d6e1ec&quot; |dín / díntòù
|-
| style=&quot;background-color: #d6e1ec&quot; |Tula-Waja
| style=&quot;background-color: #d6e1ec&quot; |Tso
| style=&quot;background-color: #d6e1ec&quot; |Gusubo
| style=&quot;background-color: #d6e1ec&quot; |nùŋ / nùntù
| style=&quot;background-color: #d6e1ec&quot; |fə̀là / fə̀lààni
| style=&quot;background-color: #d6e1ec&quot; |dətəmòròù / tə̀tə̀mòtòù
| style=&quot;background-color: #d6e1ec&quot; |taanʊ̀ / taantú
| style=&quot;background-color: #d6e1ec&quot; |béémnó / béémtóú
| style=&quot;background-color: #d6e1ec&quot; |nyii / nyiini
| style=&quot;background-color: #d6e1ec&quot; |
| style=&quot;background-color: #d6e1ec&quot; |tsá / tseni
| style=&quot;background-color: #d6e1ec&quot; |la / latóú
| style=&quot;background-color: #d6e1ec&quot; |tsá / tsénì
| style=&quot;background-color: #d6e1ec&quot; |zaà
| style=&quot;background-color: #d6e1ec&quot; |dín / díntú
|-
| style=&quot;background-color: #d6e1ec&quot; |Tula-Waja
| style=&quot;background-color: #d6e1ec&quot; |Tso
| style=&quot;background-color: #d6e1ec&quot; |Barbou
| style=&quot;background-color: #d6e1ec&quot; |
| style=&quot;background-color: #d6e1ec&quot; |
| style=&quot;background-color: #d6e1ec&quot; |
| style=&quot;background-color: #d6e1ec&quot; |
| style=&quot;background-color: #d6e1ec&quot; |
| style=&quot;background-color: #d6e1ec&quot; |
| style=&quot;background-color: #d6e1ec&quot; |dʊ̀m
| style=&quot;background-color: #d6e1ec&quot; |tsá / tsáni
| style=&quot;background-color: #d6e1ec&quot; |yìbè / laátóú
| style=&quot;background-color: #d6e1ec&quot; |
| style=&quot;background-color: #d6e1ec&quot; |
| style=&quot;background-color: #d6e1ec&quot; |
|-
| style=&quot;background-color: #e4e0f0&quot; |isolate
| style=&quot;background-color: #e4e0f0&quot; |[[Jalaa language|Jalaa]]
| style=&quot;background-color: #e4e0f0&quot; |
| style=&quot;background-color: #e4e0f0&quot; |dyiríì / dyitə̂
| style=&quot;background-color: #e4e0f0&quot; |buŋôŋ
| style=&quot;background-color: #e4e0f0&quot; |yamə-r / yamə-ta
| style=&quot;background-color: #e4e0f0&quot; |tənəm / tənemté̩
| style=&quot;background-color: #e4e0f0&quot; |laŋe̩r / laŋté̩
| style=&quot;background-color: #e4e0f0&quot; |bo̩o̩, bwo̩ / bo̩o̩-ní
| style=&quot;background-color: #e4e0f0&quot; |bwiirùm
| style=&quot;background-color: #e4e0f0&quot; |kùsì-gò̩ / -nìó
| style=&quot;background-color: #e4e0f0&quot; |gwìì-ràŋ, gwìì-ròŋ / -tè̩
| style=&quot;background-color: #e4e0f0&quot; |mwê̩
| style=&quot;background-color: #e4e0f0&quot; |hâl
| style=&quot;background-color: #e4e0f0&quot; |nuŋ kúlájí; kwáráŋ wò̩gə́n ?
|-
| style=&quot;background-color: #ece0f0&quot; |[[Longuda language|Longuda]]
| style=&quot;background-color: #ece0f0&quot; |Cerii (Ceriŋ, Banjiram)
| style=&quot;background-color: #ece0f0&quot; |
| style=&quot;background-color: #ece0f0&quot; |nyʊ̰lá / nyʊ̰ʔá
| style=&quot;background-color: #ece0f0&quot; |thʊ́lá / thwíyá
| style=&quot;background-color: #ece0f0&quot; |dɔ́ŋkhá / dɔ́ŋthá
| style=&quot;background-color: #ece0f0&quot; |gàràlá / gará
| style=&quot;background-color: #ece0f0&quot; |dhilimkha / dhilimtha
| style=&quot;background-color: #ece0f0&quot; |nyàkhá / nyàthá
| style=&quot;background-color: #ece0f0&quot; |thùmá
| style=&quot;background-color: #ece0f0&quot; |kwacalá / kwacáá
| style=&quot;background-color: #ece0f0&quot; |mámá
| style=&quot;background-color: #ece0f0&quot; |thíká / thímá
| style=&quot;background-color: #ece0f0&quot; |dhà
| style=&quot;background-color: #ece0f0&quot; |zííndé / zíné
|-
| style=&quot;background-color: #ece0f0&quot; |Longuda
| style=&quot;background-color: #ece0f0&quot; |Deele (Jessu)
| style=&quot;background-color: #ece0f0&quot; |
| style=&quot;background-color: #ece0f0&quot; |nyʊ̀ʊ̀là / nyʊ̀ʊ̀lʔà
| style=&quot;background-color: #ece0f0&quot; |tʊ́là / twáʔà
| style=&quot;background-color: #ece0f0&quot; |jɔ́ɔ́(ŋ)khà / jɔ́ɔ́(ŋ)thà
| style=&quot;background-color: #ece0f0&quot; |galáwa / galáhà
| style=&quot;background-color: #ece0f0&quot; |dhələ́mkhà
| style=&quot;background-color: #ece0f0&quot; |nyàkà
| style=&quot;background-color: #ece0f0&quot; |thʊ́mà; surmə̀
| style=&quot;background-color: #ece0f0&quot; |kukubə́lə̀ / kukubə́ʔə̀
| style=&quot;background-color: #ece0f0&quot; |mámà
| style=&quot;background-color: #ece0f0&quot; |thikhà
| style=&quot;background-color: #ece0f0&quot; |já, jáʔà
| style=&quot;background-color: #ece0f0&quot; |jááunla / jááunʔà
|-
| style=&quot;background-color: #ece0f0&quot; |Longuda
| style=&quot;background-color: #ece0f0&quot; |Koola (Thaarʊ)
| style=&quot;background-color: #ece0f0&quot; |
| style=&quot;background-color: #ece0f0&quot; |nyʊ̰lá
| style=&quot;background-color: #ece0f0&quot; |tʊ́lá / twáʔá
| style=&quot;background-color: #ece0f0&quot; |zɔɔŋkha
| style=&quot;background-color: #ece0f0&quot; |gàlàwá / gàlàhá
| style=&quot;background-color: #ece0f0&quot; |dələmka
| style=&quot;background-color: #ece0f0&quot; |nyalá / nyaʔá
| style=&quot;background-color: #ece0f0&quot; |tʊmá
| style=&quot;background-color: #ece0f0&quot; |tsakəbla / tsakəbʔa
| style=&quot;background-color: #ece0f0&quot; |mama
| style=&quot;background-color: #ece0f0&quot; |thíká
| style=&quot;background-color: #ece0f0&quot; |zà ; zà nyoomò
| style=&quot;background-color: #ece0f0&quot; |dəmla / dəmʔá
|-
| style=&quot;background-color: #ece0f0&quot; |Longuda
| style=&quot;background-color: #ece0f0&quot; |Wala Lunguda
| style=&quot;background-color: #ece0f0&quot; |Guyuk
| style=&quot;background-color: #ece0f0&quot; |nyuŋlá
| style=&quot;background-color: #ece0f0&quot; |thʊ́wá / thwáá
| style=&quot;background-color: #ece0f0&quot; |joonka
| style=&quot;background-color: #ece0f0&quot; |garala / garaʔa /
| style=&quot;background-color: #ece0f0&quot; |zilimkha
| style=&quot;background-color: #ece0f0&quot; |nyakhá
| style=&quot;background-color: #ece0f0&quot; |tumá, thuma
| style=&quot;background-color: #ece0f0&quot; |kwaca, kwacalá
| style=&quot;background-color: #ece0f0&quot; |mámá
| style=&quot;background-color: #ece0f0&quot; |thíkhá
| style=&quot;background-color: #ece0f0&quot; |jà
| style=&quot;background-color: #ece0f0&quot; |zindè / zinè
|-
| style=&quot;background-color: #ece0f0&quot; |Longuda
| style=&quot;background-color: #ece0f0&quot; |Gwaanda (Nyuwar)
| style=&quot;background-color: #ece0f0&quot; |
| style=&quot;background-color: #ece0f0&quot; |nyṵnla
| style=&quot;background-color: #ece0f0&quot; |zingala / zingaʔa
| style=&quot;background-color: #ece0f0&quot; |jɔ̰ŋka
| style=&quot;background-color: #ece0f0&quot; |nyile / nyiʔe
| style=&quot;background-color: #ece0f0&quot; |dhilimka
| style=&quot;background-color: #ece0f0&quot; |nyàkà / nyàthà
| style=&quot;background-color: #ece0f0&quot; |sirme
| style=&quot;background-color: #ece0f0&quot; |kwacala / kwacaʔa
| style=&quot;background-color: #ece0f0&quot; |mama, dwaama
| style=&quot;background-color: #ece0f0&quot; |waha̰ka / waha̰ma
| style=&quot;background-color: #ece0f0&quot; |dháà
| style=&quot;background-color: #ece0f0&quot; |dzaunla; dziiŋle
|-
| style=&quot;background-color: #ece0f0&quot; |Longuda
| style=&quot;background-color: #ece0f0&quot; |Gwaanda
| style=&quot;background-color: #ece0f0&quot; |
| style=&quot;background-color: #ece0f0&quot; |nyṵlà
| style=&quot;background-color: #ece0f0&quot; |dzíngálá
| style=&quot;background-color: #ece0f0&quot; |jónká
| style=&quot;background-color: #ece0f0&quot; |nyúlə́
| style=&quot;background-color: #ece0f0&quot; |dhílímká
| style=&quot;background-color: #ece0f0&quot; |
| style=&quot;background-color: #ece0f0&quot; |súrmá, súrmé ?
| style=&quot;background-color: #ece0f0&quot; |kwàcàlà / kwàcàà
| style=&quot;background-color: #ece0f0&quot; |mámá, dwàmà
| style=&quot;background-color: #ece0f0&quot; |wàhàkà
| style=&quot;background-color: #ece0f0&quot; |dà; thà
| style=&quot;background-color: #ece0f0&quot; |dzínlə́
|-
| style=&quot;background-color: #f1dfe5&quot; |Bena-Mboi
| style=&quot;background-color: #f1dfe5&quot; |Ɓəna (Yungur)
| style=&quot;background-color: #f1dfe5&quot; |Dumne
| style=&quot;background-color: #f1dfe5&quot; |núú / nṵ́ṵ́sâ
| style=&quot;background-color: #f1dfe5&quot; |gwḛ́ḛ́ / gwḛ́ḛ́mé
| style=&quot;background-color: #f1dfe5&quot; |tímrá / címtá
| style=&quot;background-color: #f1dfe5&quot; |ɗə́fá / ɗə́mtá
| style=&quot;background-color: #f1dfe5&quot; |ɗəlmaarà / ɗəlmaatà
| style=&quot;background-color: #f1dfe5&quot; |ʔéé / ʔéémé
| style=&quot;background-color: #f1dfe5&quot; |kẃadmá
| style=&quot;background-color: #f1dfe5&quot; |tə́fá / tə́ptá
| style=&quot;background-color: #f1dfe5&quot; |mbraá
| style=&quot;background-color: #f1dfe5&quot; |ɓota / nbwece
| style=&quot;background-color: #f1dfe5&quot; |kə́fə́
| style=&quot;background-color: #f1dfe5&quot; |ɗənda / ɗənta
|-
| style=&quot;background-color: #f1dfe5&quot; |Bena-Mboi
| style=&quot;background-color: #f1dfe5&quot; |Ɓəna (Yungur)
| style=&quot;background-color: #f1dfe5&quot; |Pirambe
| style=&quot;background-color: #f1dfe5&quot; |núú / nṵ́ṵ́śa
| style=&quot;background-color: #f1dfe5&quot; |gwe / gweme
| style=&quot;background-color: #f1dfe5&quot; |tímrá / tímtá
| style=&quot;background-color: #f1dfe5&quot; |ɗə́mbá / ɗə́mtá
| style=&quot;background-color: #f1dfe5&quot; |ɗəlmaarà / ɗəlmaatà
| style=&quot;background-color: #f1dfe5&quot; |ʔḛḛ / ʔéémé
| style=&quot;background-color: #f1dfe5&quot; |munma
| style=&quot;background-color: #f1dfe5&quot; |tə́fá / tə́ptá
| style=&quot;background-color: #f1dfe5&quot; |mbərá / mbəramsî
| style=&quot;background-color: #f1dfe5&quot; |ɓota / nɓétè
| style=&quot;background-color: #f1dfe5&quot; |kə́fə́
| style=&quot;background-color: #f1dfe5&quot; |ɗənda / ɗənta
|-
| style=&quot;background-color: #f1dfe5&quot; |Bena-Mboi
| style=&quot;background-color: #f1dfe5&quot; |Voro
| style=&quot;background-color: #f1dfe5&quot; |Waltaandi
| style=&quot;background-color: #f1dfe5&quot; |núú / núúza
| style=&quot;background-color: #f1dfe5&quot; |gwḛ́ḛ́ / gwḛ́ḛ́mé
| style=&quot;background-color: #f1dfe5&quot; |tímrá / tímtá
| style=&quot;background-color: #f1dfe5&quot; |ɗə́mbá / ɗə́mtá
| style=&quot;background-color: #f1dfe5&quot; |ɗəlḿáará / ɗəlḿáatá
| style=&quot;background-color: #f1dfe5&quot; |ʔḛḛ / ʔḛ́ḛ́mé
| style=&quot;background-color: #f1dfe5&quot; |kẃadmá, mùnmà
| style=&quot;background-color: #f1dfe5&quot; |tə́fá / tə́ptá
| style=&quot;background-color: #f1dfe5&quot; |mbráá [muwa ?]
| style=&quot;background-color: #f1dfe5&quot; |ɓòtà / ŋbété
| style=&quot;background-color: #f1dfe5&quot; |kə́fə́
| style=&quot;background-color: #f1dfe5&quot; |ɗə́ndá / ɗə́ntá
|-
| style=&quot;background-color: #f1dfe5&quot; |Bena-Mboi
| style=&quot;background-color: #f1dfe5&quot; |Voro
| style=&quot;background-color: #f1dfe5&quot; |Ɓéttandi
| style=&quot;background-color: #f1dfe5&quot; |
| style=&quot;background-color: #f1dfe5&quot; |
| style=&quot;background-color: #f1dfe5&quot; |
| style=&quot;background-color: #f1dfe5&quot; |
| style=&quot;background-color: #f1dfe5&quot; |
| style=&quot;background-color: #f1dfe5&quot; |
| style=&quot;background-color: #f1dfe5&quot; |kẃadmá
| style=&quot;background-color: #f1dfe5&quot; |tə́fá / tə́ptá
| style=&quot;background-color: #f1dfe5&quot; |mbra̰a̰
| style=&quot;background-color: #f1dfe5&quot; |ɓòtà / ŋbété
| style=&quot;background-color: #f1dfe5&quot; |kə́fə́
| style=&quot;background-color: #f1dfe5&quot; |ɗə́ndá / ɗə́ntá
|-
| style=&quot;background-color: #f1dfe5&quot; |Bena-Mboi
| style=&quot;background-color: #f1dfe5&quot; |[[Asụsụ Lala-Roba|Ɓəna (Laala)]]
| style=&quot;background-color: #f1dfe5&quot; |Bodei (Bodwai)
| style=&quot;background-color: #f1dfe5&quot; |nuú / nuujà
| style=&quot;background-color: #f1dfe5&quot; |gwḛḛ / gwḛḛmé
| style=&quot;background-color: #f1dfe5&quot; |timrá / timtá, timté
| style=&quot;background-color: #f1dfe5&quot; |ɗəmbá / ɗəmtá
| style=&quot;background-color: #f1dfe5&quot; |ɗə̀lmààrà / ɗə̀lmààtà
| style=&quot;background-color: #f1dfe5&quot; |nyḛ́ḛ́ / nyḛ́ḛ́mé
| style=&quot;background-color: #f1dfe5&quot; |bòblà / bòbjà
| style=&quot;background-color: #f1dfe5&quot; |təpa / təutá
| style=&quot;background-color: #f1dfe5&quot; |mbrá̰à̰ / mbráámjà
| style=&quot;background-color: #f1dfe5&quot; |ɓotá / ngwaaté
| style=&quot;background-color: #f1dfe5&quot; |jeè
| style=&quot;background-color: #f1dfe5&quot; |ɗíndá / ɗíntá
|-
| style=&quot;background-color: #f1dfe5&quot; |Bena-Mboi
| style=&quot;background-color: #f1dfe5&quot; |[[Asụsụ Lala-Roba|Ɓəna (Laala)]]
| style=&quot;background-color: #f1dfe5&quot; |Yang
| style=&quot;background-color: #f1dfe5&quot; |nuú / nùùzà
| style=&quot;background-color: #f1dfe5&quot; |gwɛ̰ɛ̰ / gwɛ̰ɛ̰mé
| style=&quot;background-color: #f1dfe5&quot; |tìmrá / tìmtí
| style=&quot;background-color: #f1dfe5&quot; |ɗimbá / ɗimtá
| style=&quot;background-color: #f1dfe5&quot; |ɗilmará / ɗilmaatá
| style=&quot;background-color: #f1dfe5&quot; |ḛ̀yḛ́ / ḛ̀yḛ̀mé
| style=&quot;background-color: #f1dfe5&quot; |mónmá
| style=&quot;background-color: #f1dfe5&quot; |təfá / tòùtá
| style=&quot;background-color: #f1dfe5&quot; |bərà̰à̰
| style=&quot;background-color: #f1dfe5&quot; |ɓotá / ngwbaté
| style=&quot;background-color: #f1dfe5&quot; |kəwə́
| style=&quot;background-color: #f1dfe5&quot; |díndá / díntá
|-
| style=&quot;background-color: #f1dfe5&quot; |Bena-Mboi
| style=&quot;background-color: #f1dfe5&quot; |[[Asụsụ Lala-Roba|Robma]] (Laala Roba)
| style=&quot;background-color: #f1dfe5&quot; |
| style=&quot;background-color: #f1dfe5&quot; |nuu / nuuwà
| style=&quot;background-color: #f1dfe5&quot; |gwee / gweemé
| style=&quot;background-color: #f1dfe5&quot; |tìmrá / tìmtí
| style=&quot;background-color: #f1dfe5&quot; |ɗimbá / ɗimtá
| style=&quot;background-color: #f1dfe5&quot; |dilmará / dilmatá
| style=&quot;background-color: #f1dfe5&quot; |ḛḛ́ / eḛ́msà
| style=&quot;background-color: #f1dfe5&quot; |monma
| style=&quot;background-color: #f1dfe5&quot; |təfá / təfáámse
| style=&quot;background-color: #f1dfe5&quot; |bura / buráámsà
| style=&quot;background-color: #f1dfe5&quot; |ɓotá / ngbaté
| style=&quot;background-color: #f1dfe5&quot; |sewò
| style=&quot;background-color: #f1dfe5&quot; |dinda / dinta
|-
| style=&quot;background-color: #f1dfe5&quot; |Bena-Mboi
| style=&quot;background-color: #f1dfe5&quot; |[[Mboi language|Mboi]]
| style=&quot;background-color: #f1dfe5&quot; |Gulungo
| style=&quot;background-color: #f1dfe5&quot; |
| style=&quot;background-color: #f1dfe5&quot; |
| style=&quot;background-color: #f1dfe5&quot; |
| style=&quot;background-color: #f1dfe5&quot; |ɗəmbó / ɗìmda
| style=&quot;background-color: #f1dfe5&quot; |
| style=&quot;background-color: #f1dfe5&quot; |aʔəhḛ
| style=&quot;background-color: #f1dfe5&quot; |matəma
| style=&quot;background-color: #f1dfe5&quot; |
| style=&quot;background-color: #f1dfe5&quot; |
| style=&quot;background-color: #f1dfe5&quot; |ngɔdɔ́ / angedé
| style=&quot;background-color: #f1dfe5&quot; |
| style=&quot;background-color: #f1dfe5&quot; |ndià / ndiidà
|-
| style=&quot;background-color: #f1dfe5&quot; |Bena-Mboi
| style=&quot;background-color: #f1dfe5&quot; |[[Mboi language|Mboi]]
| style=&quot;background-color: #f1dfe5&quot; |Livo
| style=&quot;background-color: #f1dfe5&quot; |núú / núúźa
| style=&quot;background-color: #f1dfe5&quot; |tṵṵ̀ / tṵṵzà
| style=&quot;background-color: #f1dfe5&quot; |ifiya / ifita
| style=&quot;background-color: #f1dfe5&quot; |dúmbó / dimtà
| style=&quot;background-color: #f1dfe5&quot; |lemiya / lemta
| style=&quot;background-color: #f1dfe5&quot; |ahʔhi / ʔhimza
| style=&quot;background-color: #f1dfe5&quot; |matəma
| style=&quot;background-color: #f1dfe5&quot; |tutto / acicé
| style=&quot;background-color: #f1dfe5&quot; |mbiya
| style=&quot;background-color: #f1dfe5&quot; |ngɔ́tɔ́ / ángété
| style=&quot;background-color: #f1dfe5&quot; |ʒé
| style=&quot;background-color: #f1dfe5&quot; |ndíà / ndiità
|-
| style=&quot;background-color: #f1dfe5&quot; |Bena-Mboi
| style=&quot;background-color: #f1dfe5&quot; |[[Mboi language|Mboi]]
| style=&quot;background-color: #f1dfe5&quot; |Haanda
| style=&quot;background-color: #f1dfe5&quot; |nuu / nuuzà
| style=&quot;background-color: #f1dfe5&quot; |tuŋ / atʃw̄i
| style=&quot;background-color: #f1dfe5&quot; |rifḛḛrà / rifḛḛtà
| style=&quot;background-color: #f1dfe5&quot; |dúmbó / dimtà
| style=&quot;background-color: #f1dfe5&quot; |leembərà / leemtà
| style=&quot;background-color: #f1dfe5&quot; |ahʔhḭ̀ / mbai hímzà
| style=&quot;background-color: #f1dfe5&quot; |mátə́má
| style=&quot;background-color: #f1dfe5&quot; |túftò / atʃúfè
| style=&quot;background-color: #f1dfe5&quot; |mbra
| style=&quot;background-color: #f1dfe5&quot; |ŋbótó / aŋbécè
| style=&quot;background-color: #f1dfe5&quot; |zé
| style=&quot;background-color: #f1dfe5&quot; |ndera / ndərtata
|-
| style=&quot;background-color: #f1dfe5&quot; |Bena-Mboi
| style=&quot;background-color: #f1dfe5&quot; |[[ASỤSỤ KAAN|Kaan]] (Libo)
| style=&quot;background-color: #f1dfe5&quot; |
| style=&quot;background-color: #f1dfe5&quot; |sunu / (sunuḿa)
| style=&quot;background-color: #f1dfe5&quot; |twḭ / twiiḿa
| style=&quot;background-color: #f1dfe5&quot; |shimbə́r / shimbətəmá
| style=&quot;background-color: #f1dfe5&quot; |təmbər / təmbərmâ
| style=&quot;background-color: #f1dfe5&quot; |ɗəlaamíì / ɗəlaamííʔóó
| style=&quot;background-color: #f1dfe5&quot; |ʔii / ʔiim
| style=&quot;background-color: #f1dfe5&quot; |morúm
| style=&quot;background-color: #f1dfe5&quot; |təfəra / təfətəmá
| style=&quot;background-color: #f1dfe5&quot; |barə̀m
| style=&quot;background-color: #f1dfe5&quot; |mərə̂m / mərəməmá
| style=&quot;background-color: #f1dfe5&quot; |zə́
| style=&quot;background-color: #f1dfe5&quot; |ndə̀r / ndərmá
|-
| style=&quot;background-color: #f1e9df&quot; |Yendang
| style=&quot;background-color: #f1e9df&quot; |Bali
| style=&quot;background-color: #f1e9df&quot; |
| style=&quot;background-color: #f1e9df&quot; |ní
| style=&quot;background-color: #f1e9df&quot; |tɛ́
| style=&quot;background-color: #f1e9df&quot; |sɛ́
| style=&quot;background-color: #f1e9df&quot; |síbí
| style=&quot;background-color: #f1e9df&quot; |ŋwɛ́lɛ
| style=&quot;background-color: #f1e9df&quot; |ɲɛ́
| style=&quot;background-color: #f1e9df&quot; |míɗɛnɛ́
| style=&quot;background-color: #f1e9df&quot; |kṹɓí
| style=&quot;background-color: #f1e9df&quot; |tí
| style=&quot;background-color: #f1e9df&quot; |mí
| style=&quot;background-color: #f1e9df&quot; |mò[k]
| style=&quot;background-color: #f1e9df&quot; |lím
|-
| style=&quot;background-color: #f1e9df&quot; |Yendang
| style=&quot;background-color: #f1e9df&quot; |[[Kpasam language|Kpasham]]
| style=&quot;background-color: #f1e9df&quot; |
| style=&quot;background-color: #f1e9df&quot; |núɛ̃́
| style=&quot;background-color: #f1e9df&quot; |wàswé
| style=&quot;background-color: #f1e9df&quot; |ɲɛ́swɛ́
| style=&quot;background-color: #f1e9df&quot; |síbí
| style=&quot;background-color: #f1e9df&quot; |ŋwɔ́le
| style=&quot;background-color: #f1e9df&quot; |ɲɛ́
| style=&quot;background-color: #f1e9df&quot; |mídwíne
| style=&quot;background-color: #f1e9df&quot; |kũ̀bi
| style=&quot;background-color: #f1e9df&quot; |sí
| style=&quot;background-color: #f1e9df&quot; |mí
| style=&quot;background-color: #f1e9df&quot; |mɔk
| style=&quot;background-color: #f1e9df&quot; |nə̌ŋ
|-
| style=&quot;background-color: #f1e9df&quot; |Yendang
| style=&quot;background-color: #f1e9df&quot; |Yoti
| style=&quot;background-color: #f1e9df&quot; |
| style=&quot;background-color: #f1e9df&quot; |dóo
| style=&quot;background-color: #f1e9df&quot; |tóo
| style=&quot;background-color: #f1e9df&quot; |sɔ́ɔ̃́
| style=&quot;background-color: #f1e9df&quot; |ʃúu
| style=&quot;background-color: #f1e9df&quot; |wúlɛ̀
| style=&quot;background-color: #f1e9df&quot; |ɲâ
| style=&quot;background-color: #f1e9df&quot; |dii
| style=&quot;background-color: #f1e9df&quot; |kúnwí
| style=&quot;background-color: #f1e9df&quot; |tí
| style=&quot;background-color: #f1e9df&quot; |mii
| style=&quot;background-color: #f1e9df&quot; |mòk
| style=&quot;background-color: #f1e9df&quot; |níŋ
|-
| style=&quot;background-color: #f1e9df&quot; |Yendang
| style=&quot;background-color: #f1e9df&quot; |Yandang
| style=&quot;background-color: #f1e9df&quot; |
| style=&quot;background-color: #f1e9df&quot; |nɔk
| style=&quot;background-color: #f1e9df&quot; |tòk
| style=&quot;background-color: #f1e9df&quot; |ɲánsũ
| style=&quot;background-color: #f1e9df&quot; |rùk
| style=&quot;background-color: #f1e9df&quot; |lɛka
| style=&quot;background-color: #f1e9df&quot; |ɲǎk
| style=&quot;background-color: #f1e9df&quot; |le
| style=&quot;background-color: #f1e9df&quot; |kún
| style=&quot;background-color: #f1e9df&quot; |dĩ̀hĩ̀
| style=&quot;background-color: #f1e9df&quot; |mí
| style=&quot;background-color: #f1e9df&quot; |mogí
| style=&quot;background-color: #f1e9df&quot; |inaŋ
|-
| style=&quot;background-color: #d6e1ec&quot; |[[Asụsụ Mumuye|Mumuye]]
| style=&quot;background-color: #d6e1ec&quot; |Proto-[[Asụsụ Mumuye|Mumuye]]
| style=&quot;background-color: #d6e1ec&quot; |
| style=&quot;background-color: #d6e1ec&quot; |*nu-ng, *nung; *gí-ǹg
| style=&quot;background-color: #d6e1ec&quot; |*co-V, *coo
| style=&quot;background-color: #d6e1ec&quot; |*su-ng, *sung
| style=&quot;background-color: #d6e1ec&quot; |*tná-li/-ri
| style=&quot;background-color: #d6e1ec&quot; |*ɗè-V/ng-ti
| style=&quot;background-color: #d6e1ec&quot; |*nyaa
| style=&quot;background-color: #d6e1ec&quot; |*kpa-V̀; *zing, *zi-ng
| style=&quot;background-color: #d6e1ec&quot; |*ka (redup.), *kak-V
| style=&quot;background-color: #d6e1ec&quot; |*mi-V, *mii, *min ?
| style=&quot;background-color: #d6e1ec&quot; |*la-V, *laa
| style=&quot;background-color: #d6e1ec&quot; |*caa
| style=&quot;background-color: #d6e1ec&quot; |*ríǹg, *rí-ǹg
|-
| style=&quot;background-color: #d6e1ec&quot; |Mumuye
| style=&quot;background-color: #d6e1ec&quot; |Mumuye (Zing)
| style=&quot;background-color: #d6e1ec&quot; |
| style=&quot;background-color: #d6e1ec&quot; |nung
| style=&quot;background-color: #d6e1ec&quot; |shoo
| style=&quot;background-color: #d6e1ec&quot; |sung
| style=&quot;background-color: #d6e1ec&quot; |tnári
| style=&quot;background-color: #d6e1ec&quot; |rèétè
| style=&quot;background-color: #d6e1ec&quot; |nyaa
| style=&quot;background-color: #d6e1ec&quot; |kpaà
| style=&quot;background-color: #d6e1ec&quot; |kaka
| style=&quot;background-color: #d6e1ec&quot; |mee
| style=&quot;background-color: #d6e1ec&quot; |laa
| style=&quot;background-color: #d6e1ec&quot; |shaa
| style=&quot;background-color: #d6e1ec&quot; |ríńg
|-
| style=&quot;background-color: #f0f1df&quot; |Kam
| style=&quot;background-color: #f0f1df&quot; |Nyiŋɔm (Kam)
| style=&quot;background-color: #f0f1df&quot; |Din Kamaajin
| style=&quot;background-color: #f0f1df&quot; |ànùŋ
| style=&quot;background-color: #f0f1df&quot; |àkàr
| style=&quot;background-color: #f0f1df&quot; |àmə̀ràk
| style=&quot;background-color: #f0f1df&quot; |àshàg / àshàgìyo
| style=&quot;background-color: #f0f1df&quot; |àlímə́ní
| style=&quot;background-color: #f0f1df&quot; |ŋwé
| style=&quot;background-color: #f0f1df&quot; |wò
| style=&quot;background-color: #f0f1df&quot; |àkùb
| style=&quot;background-color: #f0f1df&quot; |mə̀ŋ káŋá
| style=&quot;background-color: #f0f1df&quot; |bàl / bàl yo
| style=&quot;background-color: #f0f1df&quot; |nìm; nəm níì (imp.)
| style=&quot;background-color: #f0f1df&quot; |
|-
| style=&quot;background-color: #dff1e0&quot; |[[Vere language|Vere]]
| style=&quot;background-color: #dff1e0&quot; |Jango
| style=&quot;background-color: #dff1e0&quot; |
| style=&quot;background-color: #dff1e0&quot; |nɔ́ru / nɔ́ī
| style=&quot;background-color: #dff1e0&quot; |tóŋ / tónnun
| style=&quot;background-color: #dff1e0&quot; |míŋ; míŋ̄ / mínnùŋ
| style=&quot;background-color: #dff1e0&quot; |núúrù / núúi
| style=&quot;background-color: #dff1e0&quot; |mbéélu / mbéī
| style=&quot;background-color: #dff1e0&quot; |ndáŋ̄ / ndántun
| style=&quot;background-color: #dff1e0&quot; |kpa'arú / kpaˀatɛ́
| style=&quot;background-color: #dff1e0&quot; |rɛ́ndúkú / rɛ́ndɛ́
| style=&quot;background-color: #dff1e0&quot; |máŋ / mántúŋ
| style=&quot;background-color: #dff1e0&quot; |rák / ratú
| style=&quot;background-color: #dff1e0&quot; |rɛɛ kóp
| style=&quot;background-color: #dff1e0&quot; |ríírú / rííté
|-
| style=&quot;background-color: #dff1e0&quot; |Vere
| style=&quot;background-color: #dff1e0&quot; |Jango (Southern)
| style=&quot;background-color: #dff1e0&quot; |
| style=&quot;background-color: #dff1e0&quot; |nɔ́ru / nɔ́(t)tí
| style=&quot;background-color: #dff1e0&quot; |
| style=&quot;background-color: #dff1e0&quot; |míŋ̄ / mínnùŋ
| style=&quot;background-color: #dff1e0&quot; |núúrù / núúyì
| style=&quot;background-color: #dff1e0&quot; |mbéélu / mbéétɛ́
| style=&quot;background-color: #dff1e0&quot; |ndáŋ̄ / ndántùŋ
| style=&quot;background-color: #dff1e0&quot; |kpààˀru / kpàˀɛ
| style=&quot;background-color: #dff1e0&quot; |
| style=&quot;background-color: #dff1e0&quot; |
| style=&quot;background-color: #dff1e0&quot; |
| style=&quot;background-color: #dff1e0&quot; |rɛɛŋ
| style=&quot;background-color: #dff1e0&quot; |
|-
| style=&quot;background-color: #dff1e0&quot; |Vere
| style=&quot;background-color: #dff1e0&quot; |Were
| style=&quot;background-color: #dff1e0&quot; |
| style=&quot;background-color: #dff1e0&quot; |nǒrrō
| style=&quot;background-color: #dff1e0&quot; |tōn(g)
| style=&quot;background-color: #dff1e0&quot; |mi(n)(g)
| style=&quot;background-color: #dff1e0&quot; |nūī (pl.)
| style=&quot;background-color: #dff1e0&quot; |bēlō
| style=&quot;background-color: #dff1e0&quot; |dǎ(n)(g)
| style=&quot;background-color: #dff1e0&quot; |pǎrū
| style=&quot;background-color: #dff1e0&quot; |
| style=&quot;background-color: #dff1e0&quot; |gaemām
| style=&quot;background-color: #dff1e0&quot; |
| style=&quot;background-color: #dff1e0&quot; |
| style=&quot;background-color: #dff1e0&quot; |
|-
| style=&quot;background-color: #dff1e0&quot; |Vere
| style=&quot;background-color: #dff1e0&quot; |Batəm
| style=&quot;background-color: #dff1e0&quot; |
| style=&quot;background-color: #dff1e0&quot; |nɔr / nɔˀ
| style=&quot;background-color: #dff1e0&quot; |tok / toˀ
| style=&quot;background-color: #dff1e0&quot; |míˀ / miin
| style=&quot;background-color: #dff1e0&quot; |núúr / núˀ
| style=&quot;background-color: #dff1e0&quot; |mɛ́ɛ́l / mɛ́ˀté
| style=&quot;background-color: #dff1e0&quot; |súˀ / sut
| style=&quot;background-color: #dff1e0&quot; |kwaal / kwaaˀ
| style=&quot;background-color: #dff1e0&quot; |niŋg / nin
| style=&quot;background-color: #dff1e0&quot; |maam / máámə̀t
| style=&quot;background-color: #dff1e0&quot; |{{not a typo|teh}} / tɛt
| style=&quot;background-color: #dff1e0&quot; |règùm; rɛ̀ká
| style=&quot;background-color: #dff1e0&quot; |ríˀír / ríˀtɛ
|-
| style=&quot;background-color: #dff1e0&quot; |Vere
| style=&quot;background-color: #dff1e0&quot; |Momi
| style=&quot;background-color: #dff1e0&quot; |
| style=&quot;background-color: #dff1e0&quot; |nɔ̀r / nɔ̀ˀ
| style=&quot;background-color: #dff1e0&quot; |tɔ̀k / tɔ̀ˀˀ
| style=&quot;background-color: #dff1e0&quot; |mii / miin
| style=&quot;background-color: #dff1e0&quot; |nùùr / nùùˀ
| style=&quot;background-color: #dff1e0&quot; |meel / meeli
| style=&quot;background-color: #dff1e0&quot; |suu / suut
| style=&quot;background-color: #dff1e0&quot; |kpààl / kpaai
| style=&quot;background-color: #dff1e0&quot; |nènk / nèn
| style=&quot;background-color: #dff1e0&quot; |máàm / máŋ̀bət
| style=&quot;background-color: #dff1e0&quot; |tè / tèt
| style=&quot;background-color: #dff1e0&quot; |règùm; rɛ̀ká; rèèká
| style=&quot;background-color: #dff1e0&quot; |ríír / rííti
|-
| style=&quot;background-color: #dff1e0&quot; |Vere
| style=&quot;background-color: #dff1e0&quot; |Vɔkba
| style=&quot;background-color: #dff1e0&quot; |
| style=&quot;background-color: #dff1e0&quot; |nɔr / nɔˀti
| style=&quot;background-color: #dff1e0&quot; |tok / torum
| style=&quot;background-color: #dff1e0&quot; |nik (?)
| style=&quot;background-color: #dff1e0&quot; |núˀ
| style=&quot;background-color: #dff1e0&quot; |mɛ́l
| style=&quot;background-color: #dff1e0&quot; |súˀ
| style=&quot;background-color: #dff1e0&quot; |kòàl
| style=&quot;background-color: #dff1e0&quot; |néŋ / néŋti
| style=&quot;background-color: #dff1e0&quot; |mám
| style=&quot;background-color: #dff1e0&quot; |tɛˀ / tɛtə
| style=&quot;background-color: #dff1e0&quot; |regɨm
| style=&quot;background-color: #dff1e0&quot; |ríí
|-
| style=&quot;background-color: #dff1e0&quot; |Vere
| style=&quot;background-color: #dff1e0&quot; |Wɔmmu
| style=&quot;background-color: #dff1e0&quot; |
| style=&quot;background-color: #dff1e0&quot; |nɔ́r / núɔ́
| style=&quot;background-color: #dff1e0&quot; |tór / tóó (tʋ́r)
| style=&quot;background-color: #dff1e0&quot; |míí / mííne
| style=&quot;background-color: #dff1e0&quot; |nuurə̀/ núútə́
| style=&quot;background-color: #dff1e0&quot; |míɛ́le / mɛ́ɛ́té ~ míɛ́té
| style=&quot;background-color: #dff1e0&quot; |dóbʒɩ̀ / dówwi
| style=&quot;background-color: #dff1e0&quot; |kwaalə / kwaasə
| style=&quot;background-color: #dff1e0&quot; |nɛ́ŋkə / nɛ́nté
| style=&quot;background-color: #dff1e0&quot; |máám
| style=&quot;background-color: #dff1e0&quot; |tɛ́ɛ́ / tɛ́tə
| style=&quot;background-color: #dff1e0&quot; |rɛgum kwɔ́ú
| style=&quot;background-color: #dff1e0&quot; |níìr / nííté
|-
| style=&quot;background-color: #dff1e0&quot; |Vere
| style=&quot;background-color: #dff1e0&quot; |Nissim
| style=&quot;background-color: #dff1e0&quot; |
| style=&quot;background-color: #dff1e0&quot; |nɔ́ɔ́l / núɔ́
| style=&quot;background-color: #dff1e0&quot; |tóól / tɔ́ɔ́tə́
| style=&quot;background-color: #dff1e0&quot; |míí / mííne
| style=&quot;background-color: #dff1e0&quot; |núúlə / núúté
| style=&quot;background-color: #dff1e0&quot; |mɛɛ́lə / mɛɛ́té
| style=&quot;background-color: #dff1e0&quot; |dóbzə/ dóbpe
| style=&quot;background-color: #dff1e0&quot; |kpaalə / kpaate
| style=&quot;background-color: #dff1e0&quot; |neŋke / neŋte
| style=&quot;background-color: #dff1e0&quot; |máám , máám bonúm àm
| style=&quot;background-color: #dff1e0&quot; |tɛ́ɛ́ / tɛ́tə
| style=&quot;background-color: #dff1e0&quot; |lem kúɔ́; lekə
| style=&quot;background-color: #dff1e0&quot; |níllə / níttə́
|-
| style=&quot;background-color: #dff1e0&quot; |Vere
| style=&quot;background-color: #dff1e0&quot; |Eilim
| style=&quot;background-color: #dff1e0&quot; |
| style=&quot;background-color: #dff1e0&quot; |nɔ́l / nɔ́ɔ́
| style=&quot;background-color: #dff1e0&quot; |tól / tóó
| style=&quot;background-color: #dff1e0&quot; |míí / míímtə̀
| style=&quot;background-color: #dff1e0&quot; |núúl / núúté
| style=&quot;background-color: #dff1e0&quot; |mɛɛ́l / mɛɛ́té
| style=&quot;background-color: #dff1e0&quot; |dám / damderei
| style=&quot;background-color: #dff1e0&quot; |kpaal / kpaatə
| style=&quot;background-color: #dff1e0&quot; |
| style=&quot;background-color: #dff1e0&quot; |mám̀
| style=&quot;background-color: #dff1e0&quot; |tɛ́ɛ̄
| style=&quot;background-color: #dff1e0&quot; |lem kúɔ́; lekə
| style=&quot;background-color: #dff1e0&quot; |líllə / níttə́
|-
| style=&quot;background-color: #dff1e0&quot; |Vere
| style=&quot;background-color: #dff1e0&quot; |Kobom
| style=&quot;background-color: #dff1e0&quot; |
| style=&quot;background-color: #dff1e0&quot; |nɔ́rì / nɔ́ɔ́
| style=&quot;background-color: #dff1e0&quot; |tókù / tóó
| style=&quot;background-color: #dff1e0&quot; |mí / míímītī
| style=&quot;background-color: #dff1e0&quot; |núúrì / nuute
| style=&quot;background-color: #dff1e0&quot; |mɛ́ɛ́ni / mɛ́té
| style=&quot;background-color: #dff1e0&quot; |dám / dámtíréí
| style=&quot;background-color: #dff1e0&quot; |mɛɛm
| style=&quot;background-color: #dff1e0&quot; |nɛ́ŋkù / nɛ́ŋté
| style=&quot;background-color: #dff1e0&quot; |
| style=&quot;background-color: #dff1e0&quot; |tɛ́ / tɛ́ti
| style=&quot;background-color: #dff1e0&quot; |réí; rékɔ́
| style=&quot;background-color: #dff1e0&quot; |rííri / rííté
|-
| style=&quot;background-color: #dff1e0&quot; |Vere
| style=&quot;background-color: #dff1e0&quot; |Vɔmnəm
| style=&quot;background-color: #dff1e0&quot; |
| style=&quot;background-color: #dff1e0&quot; |nɔr / nɔɔ
| style=&quot;background-color: #dff1e0&quot; |tukò / tuŋbərəm
| style=&quot;background-color: #dff1e0&quot; |míì / míìm
| style=&quot;background-color: #dff1e0&quot; |nuurò / nuute
| style=&quot;background-color: #dff1e0&quot; |mɛɛlò / mɛɛte
| style=&quot;background-color: #dff1e0&quot; |súú / sútò
| style=&quot;background-color: #dff1e0&quot; |kwaalò / kwaasò
| style=&quot;background-color: #dff1e0&quot; |nɛ́ŋkò / nɛŋté
| style=&quot;background-color: #dff1e0&quot; |maàm
| style=&quot;background-color: #dff1e0&quot; |tɛɛ / tɛɛtə
| style=&quot;background-color: #dff1e0&quot; |rɛm; rɛkò
| style=&quot;background-color: #dff1e0&quot; |niirò / niite
|-
| style=&quot;background-color: #dff1e0&quot; |Vere
| style=&quot;background-color: #dff1e0&quot; |Damtəm
| style=&quot;background-color: #dff1e0&quot; |
| style=&quot;background-color: #dff1e0&quot; |nuɔ̀l / nuɔ̀rɛ
| style=&quot;background-color: #dff1e0&quot; |tɔ́l / tɔrɛ, tɔɔtɛ
| style=&quot;background-color: #dff1e0&quot; |míl / mííté
| style=&quot;background-color: #dff1e0&quot; |núl / núúte
| style=&quot;background-color: #dff1e0&quot; |mɛl / mɛɛte
| style=&quot;background-color: #dff1e0&quot; |dám / damtər
| style=&quot;background-color: #dff1e0&quot; |kpaal / kpaaʃe
| style=&quot;background-color: #dff1e0&quot; |lyɛngə̀ / lɛŋsyɛ
| style=&quot;background-color: #dff1e0&quot; |
| style=&quot;background-color: #dff1e0&quot; |tii / tiitə̀
| style=&quot;background-color: #dff1e0&quot; |
| style=&quot;background-color: #dff1e0&quot; |nʌ́l / nʌʌtə́
|-
| style=&quot;background-color: #dff1e0&quot; |Vere
| style=&quot;background-color: #dff1e0&quot; |Gəunəm-Yar (Gə-Yarəm)
| style=&quot;background-color: #dff1e0&quot; |
| style=&quot;background-color: #dff1e0&quot; |nual / nuare
| style=&quot;background-color: #dff1e0&quot; |cul / curie, tuure
| style=&quot;background-color: #dff1e0&quot; |míəl / mííré
| style=&quot;background-color: #dff1e0&quot; |núúl / núúré
| style=&quot;background-color: #dff1e0&quot; |míál / mɛ́re
| style=&quot;background-color: #dff1e0&quot; |dám / dámdə́
| style=&quot;background-color: #dff1e0&quot; |kpàal/ kpààsə̀də̀
| style=&quot;background-color: #dff1e0&quot; |nyáŋsə́l / nyáŋsé, nyáŋgə
| style=&quot;background-color: #dff1e0&quot; |mám
| style=&quot;background-color: #dff1e0&quot; |lau / lasə
| style=&quot;background-color: #dff1e0&quot; |lìní kúə́; lìə̀- kúə́
| style=&quot;background-color: #dff1e0&quot; |lə́l / lérə
|-
| style=&quot;background-color: #dff1e0&quot; |Vere
| style=&quot;background-color: #dff1e0&quot; |Gə-Lim
| style=&quot;background-color: #dff1e0&quot; |
| style=&quot;background-color: #dff1e0&quot; |nual / nuarie
| style=&quot;background-color: #dff1e0&quot; |túl / túríé
| style=&quot;background-color: #dff1e0&quot; |míil / mííré
| style=&quot;background-color: #dff1e0&quot; |nuul / nuurie
| style=&quot;background-color: #dff1e0&quot; |mɛ́rl / mɛ́ɛ́rɛ̄
| style=&quot;background-color: #dff1e0&quot; |dám / dámdə́
| style=&quot;background-color: #dff1e0&quot; |kpaal / kpaarie
| style=&quot;background-color: #dff1e0&quot; |nyángə́
| style=&quot;background-color: #dff1e0&quot; |mám
| style=&quot;background-color: #dff1e0&quot; |láú / lásə́
| style=&quot;background-color: #dff1e0&quot; |lìní; lìə̀- kúʌ́
| style=&quot;background-color: #dff1e0&quot; |lʌl / lʌʌrie
|-
| style=&quot;background-color: #dff1e0&quot; |[[Koma language|Gəmnəm]]
| style=&quot;background-color: #dff1e0&quot; |Beiya
| style=&quot;background-color: #dff1e0&quot; |
| style=&quot;background-color: #dff1e0&quot; |nol / nootə
| style=&quot;background-color: #dff1e0&quot; |tol / tootə
| style=&quot;background-color: #dff1e0&quot; |mííl / míítə
| style=&quot;background-color: #dff1e0&quot; |núŋlə̄ / núŋ
| style=&quot;background-color: #dff1e0&quot; |mɛ́ɛ́l / mɛ́ɛ́tə
| style=&quot;background-color: #dff1e0&quot; |nok / noŋtə
| style=&quot;background-color: #dff1e0&quot; |meem / meemtə
| style=&quot;background-color: #dff1e0&quot; |néngə, nɛ́ngə / néŋzə, nɛ́ŋzə
| style=&quot;background-color: #dff1e0&quot; |má:m / máámtə̄
| style=&quot;background-color: #dff1e0&quot; |téé / teete
| style=&quot;background-color: #dff1e0&quot; |liiná ; lìì kɔ́p
| style=&quot;background-color: #dff1e0&quot; |nííl / níítə
|-
| style=&quot;background-color: #dff1e0&quot; |Gəmnəm
| style=&quot;background-color: #dff1e0&quot; |Gindoo
| style=&quot;background-color: #dff1e0&quot; |
| style=&quot;background-color: #dff1e0&quot; |nɔl
| style=&quot;background-color: #dff1e0&quot; |tol
| style=&quot;background-color: #dff1e0&quot; |míl
| style=&quot;background-color: #dff1e0&quot; |nɨŋ́ lə
| style=&quot;background-color: #dff1e0&quot; |mɛ́l
| style=&quot;background-color: #dff1e0&quot; |nɔk
| style=&quot;background-color: #dff1e0&quot; |mem
| style=&quot;background-color: #dff1e0&quot; |nɨŋ́ ə / nɨŋ́ gə
| style=&quot;background-color: #dff1e0&quot; |mám
| style=&quot;background-color: #dff1e0&quot; |teˀ/ tetə
| style=&quot;background-color: #dff1e0&quot; |
| style=&quot;background-color: #dff1e0&quot; |níl
|-
| style=&quot;background-color: #dff1e0&quot; |Gəmnəm
| style=&quot;background-color: #dff1e0&quot; |Riitime
| style=&quot;background-color: #dff1e0&quot; |
| style=&quot;background-color: #dff1e0&quot; |nɔ́lé / nɔ́ˀɔ́
| style=&quot;background-color: #dff1e0&quot; |tólé / tóˀó
| style=&quot;background-color: #dff1e0&quot; |mííle / mííˀe
| style=&quot;background-color: #dff1e0&quot; |lúŋle / lúŋe
| style=&quot;background-color: #dff1e0&quot; |méle / méˀē
| style=&quot;background-color: #dff1e0&quot; |nogúsa / nóŋté
| style=&quot;background-color: #dff1e0&quot; |mēēmē
| style=&quot;background-color: #dff1e0&quot; |léngo / léŋē
| style=&quot;background-color: #dff1e0&quot; |máámē / mámte
| style=&quot;background-color: #dff1e0&quot; |téˀé / tété
| style=&quot;background-color: #dff1e0&quot; |lii kóóp
| style=&quot;background-color: #dff1e0&quot; |lə́lē / lə́ˀə
|-
| style=&quot;background-color: #dff1e0&quot; |[[Koma language|Gəmme]]
| style=&quot;background-color: #dff1e0&quot; |Gəmme
| style=&quot;background-color: #dff1e0&quot; |
| style=&quot;background-color: #dff1e0&quot; |nólé / nóˀɛ́
| style=&quot;background-color: #dff1e0&quot; |tólé / tóˀó
| style=&quot;background-color: #dff1e0&quot; |míhˀle / míhˀie
| style=&quot;background-color: #dff1e0&quot; |níŋlē / níŋē
| style=&quot;background-color: #dff1e0&quot; |méhˀle / méhyē
| style=&quot;background-color: #dff1e0&quot; |yòlé / yòé
| style=&quot;background-color: #dff1e0&quot; |míímé
| style=&quot;background-color: #dff1e0&quot; |níngē / níŋmē
| style=&quot;background-color: #dff1e0&quot; |memˀe
| style=&quot;background-color: #dff1e0&quot; |téˀé / teˀnē
| style=&quot;background-color: #dff1e0&quot; |lee lená
| style=&quot;background-color: #dff1e0&quot; |nímlē / nímē
|-
| style=&quot;background-color: #dff1e0&quot; |Gəmme
| style=&quot;background-color: #dff1e0&quot; |Baanma
| style=&quot;background-color: #dff1e0&quot; |
| style=&quot;background-color: #dff1e0&quot; |nɔla / nɔˀɔ
| style=&quot;background-color: #dff1e0&quot; |toga, toˀga / toˀma
| style=&quot;background-color: #dff1e0&quot; |míhla / míˀi
| style=&quot;background-color: #dff1e0&quot; |níŋla / níŋa
| style=&quot;background-color: #dff1e0&quot; |mɛ́hla / mɛˀɛ
| style=&quot;background-color: #dff1e0&quot; |yòla / yòˀo
| style=&quot;background-color: #dff1e0&quot; |miima / miimda
| style=&quot;background-color: #dff1e0&quot; |nɨŋ́ ga / nɨ́ŋma
| style=&quot;background-color: #dff1e0&quot; |mema / memda
| style=&quot;background-color: #dff1e0&quot; |teˀɛ/ teˀna
| style=&quot;background-color: #dff1e0&quot; |lee lená
| style=&quot;background-color: #dff1e0&quot; |nɨḿ la / nɨḿ a
|-
| style=&quot;background-color: #dff1e0&quot; |[[Doyayo language|Doyayo]]
| style=&quot;background-color: #dff1e0&quot; |[[Doyayo language|Doyayo]]
| style=&quot;background-color: #dff1e0&quot; |
| style=&quot;background-color: #dff1e0&quot; |lɔ¹lɛ¹ ~ yɔ̰¹lɛ¹
| style=&quot;background-color: #dff1e0&quot; |tɔ̰n¹ɛ¹
| style=&quot;background-color: #dff1e0&quot; |mḭḭl²; gɔ̰ɔ̰s²ɛ³
| style=&quot;background-color: #dff1e0&quot; |nuŋ⁴go²
| style=&quot;background-color: #dff1e0&quot; |mɛlɛ³²
| style=&quot;background-color: #dff1e0&quot; |ya̰a̰¹yɔ¹
| style=&quot;background-color: #dff1e0&quot; |ga̰a̰⁴mɛ²
| style=&quot;background-color: #dff1e0&quot; |lɛ̰ŋ³ko² ~ lɛ̰ŋ²ko³
| style=&quot;background-color: #dff1e0&quot; |mɛ¹mɛ³
| style=&quot;background-color: #dff1e0&quot; |tɛ̰ɛ̰¹yɔ¹
| style=&quot;background-color: #dff1e0&quot; |le², lek¹yɔ¹
| style=&quot;background-color: #dff1e0&quot; |nuŋ²
|-
| style=&quot;background-color: #dff1ed&quot; |[[Fali languages (Cameroon)|Fali]]
| style=&quot;background-color: #dff1ed&quot; |Proto-[[Fali languages (Cameroon)|Fali]]
| style=&quot;background-color: #dff1ed&quot; |
| style=&quot;background-color: #dff1ed&quot; |*nisu (pl.)
| style=&quot;background-color: #dff1ed&quot; |*tuuyV; *tuuCV
| style=&quot;background-color: #dff1ed&quot; |*unɨ
| style=&quot;background-color: #dff1ed&quot; |
| style=&quot;background-color: #dff1ed&quot; |*rɛɛŋgu
| style=&quot;background-color: #dff1ed&quot; |
| style=&quot;background-color: #dff1ed&quot; |*ndʒĩĩmV
| style=&quot;background-color: #dff1ed&quot; |*kopfti
| style=&quot;background-color: #dff1ed&quot; |
| style=&quot;background-color: #dff1ed&quot; |*sɔɔ-
| style=&quot;background-color: #dff1ed&quot; |*rii-
| style=&quot;background-color: #dff1ed&quot; |*ĩn- (v.)
|-
| style=&quot;background-color: #e4e0f0&quot; |Mbum
| style=&quot;background-color: #e4e0f0&quot; |Proto-Lakka
| style=&quot;background-color: #e4e0f0&quot; |
| style=&quot;background-color: #e4e0f0&quot; |*nún
| style=&quot;background-color: #e4e0f0&quot; |*sú-k
| style=&quot;background-color: #e4e0f0&quot; |*cɔN-k
| style=&quot;background-color: #e4e0f0&quot; |*sˣɛl/ŋ
| style=&quot;background-color: #e4e0f0&quot; |*rím
| style=&quot;background-color: #e4e0f0&quot; |*nɟá-k
| style=&quot;background-color: #e4e0f0&quot; |*sˣɛ́-m
| style=&quot;background-color: #e4e0f0&quot; |*hū-t/-k
| style=&quot;background-color: #e4e0f0&quot; |*kpə̀(-k)
| style=&quot;background-color: #e4e0f0&quot; |*mbì
| style=&quot;background-color: #e4e0f0&quot; |*lʳak
| style=&quot;background-color: #e4e0f0&quot; |*rìn
|-
| style=&quot;background-color: #ece0f0&quot; |Kim
| style=&quot;background-color: #ece0f0&quot; |[[Asusu Goundo|Goundo]]
| style=&quot;background-color: #ece0f0&quot; |
| style=&quot;background-color: #ece0f0&quot; |ndʊɾʊ
| style=&quot;background-color: #ece0f0&quot; |huba
| style=&quot;background-color: #ece0f0&quot; |vw̃ãl
| style=&quot;background-color: #ece0f0&quot; |ɲu̯aɾ
| style=&quot;background-color: #ece0f0&quot; |ɗɛl
| style=&quot;background-color: #ece0f0&quot; |wʊ
| style=&quot;background-color: #ece0f0&quot; |tʃʊm
| style=&quot;background-color: #ece0f0&quot; |kal
| style=&quot;background-color: #ece0f0&quot; |mam
| style=&quot;background-color: #ece0f0&quot; |ura
| style=&quot;background-color: #ece0f0&quot; |dʒam
| style=&quot;background-color: #ece0f0&quot; |jɛmi
|-
| style=&quot;background-color: #ece0f0&quot; |Kim
| style=&quot;background-color: #ece0f0&quot; |[[Besme language|Besmé]]
| style=&quot;background-color: #ece0f0&quot; |
| style=&quot;background-color: #ece0f0&quot; |ndua
| style=&quot;background-color: #ece0f0&quot; |hoɾo
| style=&quot;background-color: #ece0f0&quot; |vũãl
| style=&quot;background-color: #ece0f0&quot; |hĩjɪm
| style=&quot;background-color: #ece0f0&quot; |ɗelɛm
| style=&quot;background-color: #ece0f0&quot; |wu
| style=&quot;background-color: #ece0f0&quot; |tʃɔm
| style=&quot;background-color: #ece0f0&quot; |kaːl
| style=&quot;background-color: #ece0f0&quot; |mam
| style=&quot;background-color: #ece0f0&quot; |ura
| style=&quot;background-color: #ece0f0&quot; |dʒʊ̝m
| style=&quot;background-color: #ece0f0&quot; |dĩː
|-
| style=&quot;background-color: #ece0f0&quot; |Kim
| style=&quot;background-color: #ece0f0&quot; |Kim
| style=&quot;background-color: #ece0f0&quot; |Kosop
| style=&quot;background-color: #ece0f0&quot; |ndʷaɾa
| style=&quot;background-color: #ece0f0&quot; |togor
| style=&quot;background-color: #ece0f0&quot; |vɔ̝̃r
| style=&quot;background-color: #ece0f0&quot; |kĩj̃ar
| style=&quot;background-color: #ece0f0&quot; |ɗɛl
| style=&quot;background-color: #ece0f0&quot; |wak ̚
| style=&quot;background-color: #ece0f0&quot; |sɔma
| style=&quot;background-color: #ece0f0&quot; |kal
| style=&quot;background-color: #ece0f0&quot; |mam
| style=&quot;background-color: #ece0f0&quot; |ʔwaɾa
| style=&quot;background-color: #ece0f0&quot; |za
| style=&quot;background-color: #ece0f0&quot; |dĩːl
|-
| style=&quot;background-color: #f1dfe5&quot; |[[Day language|Day]]
| style=&quot;background-color: #f1dfe5&quot; |[[Day language|Day]]
| style=&quot;background-color: #f1dfe5&quot; |
| style=&quot;background-color: #f1dfe5&quot; |nɔ́n
| style=&quot;background-color: #f1dfe5&quot; |sɔ́g
| style=&quot;background-color: #f1dfe5&quot; |mbúr
| style=&quot;background-color: #f1dfe5&quot; |ngìì
| style=&quot;background-color: #f1dfe5&quot; |lélì/lélè/lèè
| style=&quot;background-color: #f1dfe5&quot; |nām
| style=&quot;background-color: #f1dfe5&quot; |dém
| style=&quot;background-color: #f1dfe5&quot; |bō̰
| style=&quot;background-color: #f1dfe5&quot; |ʔém
| style=&quot;background-color: #f1dfe5&quot; |mīɲ
| style=&quot;background-color: #f1dfe5&quot; | -rì, lāà
| style=&quot;background-color: #f1dfe5&quot; |jōō
|-
| style=&quot;background-color: #f1e9df&quot; |[[Bua languages|Bua]]&lt;ref&gt;Boyeldieu, Pascal. n.d. ''[https://web.archive.org/web/20220402003154/http://sumale.vjf.cnrs.fr/NC/Public/pdf/swadesh_boua.pdf Proto-boua] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220402003154/http://sumale.vjf.cnrs.fr/NC/Public/pdf/swadesh_boua.pdf|date=2022-04-02}}''. Manuscript. Paris: Langage, Langues et Cultures d’Afrique (LLACAN), Centre National de la Récherche Sciéntifique (CNRS).&lt;/ref&gt;
| style=&quot;background-color: #f1e9df&quot; |Proto-[[Bua languages|Bua]]
| style=&quot;background-color: #f1e9df&quot; |
| style=&quot;background-color: #f1e9df&quot; |*diil; *ʔiil
| style=&quot;background-color: #f1e9df&quot; |*to(l)(-)
| style=&quot;background-color: #f1e9df&quot; |*fo̰/ḛl/ɲ(-) ?
| style=&quot;background-color: #f1e9df&quot; |*nii(-); *ɲ- ?
| style=&quot;background-color: #f1e9df&quot; |*l₁el(-)
| style=&quot;background-color: #f1e9df&quot; |*mu/i
| style=&quot;background-color: #f1e9df&quot; |*s₂e/um(-) / *s₂ḛr-
| style=&quot;background-color: #f1e9df&quot; |
| style=&quot;background-color: #f1e9df&quot; |*te/o(l/g-)
| style=&quot;background-color: #f1e9df&quot; |*l₂i/um(-); *me/on- ?
| style=&quot;background-color: #f1e9df&quot; |*l₁e; *tu(y)
| style=&quot;background-color: #f1e9df&quot; |*l₂iil
|-
| style=&quot;background-color: #d6e1ec&quot; |isolate&lt;ref&gt;Lionnet, Florian. n.d. ''[https://web.archive.org/web/20210105122929/http://sumale.vjf.cnrs.fr/NC/Public/pdf/swadesh_laal.pdf Laal Swadesh list] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210105122929/http://sumale.vjf.cnrs.fr/NC/Public/pdf/swadesh_laal.pdf|date=2021-01-05}}''. Manuscript. Paris: Langage, Langues et Cultures d’Afrique (LLACAN), Centre National de la Récherche Sciéntifique (CNRS).&lt;/ref&gt;
| style=&quot;background-color: #d6e1ec&quot; |Laal
| style=&quot;background-color: #d6e1ec&quot; |
| style=&quot;background-color: #d6e1ec&quot; |mɨla / mɨní
| style=&quot;background-color: #d6e1ec&quot; |sɨ̀gál / sɨ̀gɨ́y
| style=&quot;background-color: #d6e1ec&quot; |pən / -
| style=&quot;background-color: #d6e1ec&quot; |yàmál / yèmí
| style=&quot;background-color: #d6e1ec&quot; |mal / mə̀lí
| style=&quot;background-color: #d6e1ec&quot; |yəwəl / -
| style=&quot;background-color: #d6e1ec&quot; |suna / -
| style=&quot;background-color: #d6e1ec&quot; |kòːg / kuagmi
| style=&quot;background-color: #d6e1ec&quot; |miàdál / miàr ~ miariɲ
| style=&quot;background-color: #d6e1ec&quot; |su / sùgá
| style=&quot;background-color: #d6e1ec&quot; |kaw / kɨw; ɲag / ɲɨg; guru / guru; cíd / cíd
| style=&quot;background-color: #d6e1ec&quot; |meːl / -
|}

=== Ọnụ ọgụgụ ===
Ntụnyere nke ọnụọgụ n'asụsụ ọ bụla:
{| class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 85%&quot;
!Nchịkọta
!Asụsụ
!1
!2
!3
!4
!5
!6
!7
!8
!9
!10
|-
|Kam
|Kam
|bīmbīnī / bĩ̄
|jīrāɡ
|tʃàr
|N'ihi na ọ bụ n'oge a ka a na-akpọ
|ŋ́wūn
|dʒùb (ihe odide: isii) 
|dʒùbjī̄rāɡ (n'ụzọ nkịtị: isii na abụọ) 
|Sar
|ɲǐzā
|buo
|-
|Kwa
|[[Asụsụ kwah|Kwa (Baa)]] (1) 
|N'ebe ahụ
|nɨ́nk͡péː
|Númwāːn
|N'ihi ya, ọ bụ n'oge ahụ ka a na-eme ihe nkiri
|nɨ́núː
|nɨ̀nwén nɨ̀nkũ̀ (5+1) 
|nɨ̀nwâːk͡péː (5+2) 
|N'ihi ya, ọ ga-abụrịrị na ọ ga-anọ n'obodo ahụ
|nùnkwóts la nùnkò (10-1) 
|Nunkwat
|-
|Kwa
|[[Asụsụ kwah|Kwa (Baa)]] (2) 
|O nwere nkú
|O nwere ike ịbụ onye na-eme ihe nkiri
|O nwere ike ịbụ onye
|O nwere ike ịbụ onye
|O nwere ike ịbụ onye
|O nwere ike ịbụ onye ọ bụla n'ime ha (5+1) 
|nə nwíyá ɡbéè (5+ 2) 
|Foto
|nukút Lith (10 - 1) 
|nukút
|-
|Waja-Jen, Longuda
|[[Longuda language|Longuda]] (1) 
|laatwɛ̀
|Nakwɛ Na
|naatzar
|Nnynyir
|Na-abịa site na oge
|tsàatə́n
|inàtsə́r (4 + 3 ?)  
|Ịnọgide na-eme ihe
|N'ebe a, obodo ahụ bụ n'ime obodo (5 + 4 ?)  
|Ọ bụ n'oge a na-eme ihe n'oge ahụ ka a na-akpọ Zabe
|-
|Waja-Jen, Longuda
|[[Longuda language|Longuda]] (2) 
|naakhal
|naaashir
|Naakway
|naanyir
|nàànyó
|nakhínàkway
|nyinakwái
|Oge ntụrụndụ
|nyinannyó
|Nọnyụ
|-
|Waja-Jen, Yungur, Libo
|[[ASỤSỤ KAAN|Kaan (Libo)]]
|wunú
|rɑ̀p
|t t tupu
|kuurún
|Igowan
|wono wono
|woné rɑɑp
|woné tɑɑrə́n
|woné kuurún
|kutún
|-
|Yungur
|[[ASỤSỤ KAAN|Dumne, Dirma, Waltahdi, Sukt]]
|Finni
|F nwere ike
|tahkin
|kuurún
|Igowan
|Ohere ole na ole
|buuru n'uche
|N'ihi na ọ ga-abụ na ọ ga
|woné kuurún
|buh
|-
|Waja-Jen, Jen
|[[Burak language|Burak]]
|kwín
|ụgbụgbọ
|ɡ͡bunuŋ
|net
|Nọpụiche
|Naịkọ
|ụgbọ mmiri
|nátátátát
|ninit
|ʃóbó
|-
|Waja-Jen, Jen
|[[Jen language|Jenjo (Dza)]]
|tsɨnɡ
|bwənɡ / bwayunɡ
|Katọla
|bwanyə
|bwahmə
|hwĩtsɨnɡ (5+ 1) 
|Ọ bụ mgbe a na-akpọ ya &quot;Hambiyun&quot; (5+ 2) 
|Hightụrụ (5+ 3) 
|Ọ bụ mgbe a na-eme ihe nkiri (5+ 4) 
|Ọ bụ n'ihi na ọ bụ n'oge na-adịghị anya
|-
|Waja-Jen, Waja, Awaken
|[[Asụsụ Yebu|Teta]] (1) 
|díːn
|Ọ bụ n'ihi na ọ bụ n'oge ahụ ka a na-eme ihe nkiri
|kunúŋ
|náː
|Fwaːd
|Yiddikúún (kúún) 
|yidibírr (bírr) 
|naríb
|tuːrkúb
|Gíb
|-
|Waja-Jen, Waja, Awaken
|[[Asụsụ Yebu|Teta]] (2) 
|díːn
|Ọ bụ n'ihi na ọ bụ n'oge ahụ ka a na-eme ihe nkiri
|kunúŋ
|náː
|Fwaːd
|kúún / yidíkúún
|Ụbụrụ / yidibírr
|naríb
|tuːrkúb
|Gíb
|-
|Waja-Jen, Waja, Cham-Mona
|[[Asusu Dikaka|Dijim-Bwilim]]
|kwan
|su̠
|Nnọkọ
|ɡwár
|nu̠
|Ugboro ole na ole
|nyibi
|Ọ na-adịkarị
|wurwin
|kwu̠
|-
|Waja-Jen, Waja, Dadiya
|[[Asụsụ ndị Dadiya|Dadiya]]
|wiǹ
|Mụ onwe m
|dị ka
|nal
|ọtọ
|Nkwupụta
|ni̠bi̠l
|náali̠b
|Tíslku̠b
|ku̠b
|-
|Waja-Jen, Waja, Tula
|Bangunji (Bangwinji)  (1) 
|wìn
|Ọpụpụ, ọpụpụ
|táát
|náat
|núŋ
|Ọ bụ n'oge a ka a na-eme ya
|Nibir, nibeet
|Ararubi
|Ọṅụbigara mmanya ókè
|N'ihi ya, ọ bụ n'ihi ya ka a na-akpọ
|-
|Waja-Jen, Waja, Tula
|Bangunji (Bangwinji)  (2) 
|mmeri
|Ọ bụ nwa
|Ịgba chaa chaa
|Arụ
|nuŋ
|nukɡun
|niber
|naarub
|ịnya ọbara
|kwab
|-
|Waja-Jen, Waja, Tula
|Tula (Kɨtule) 
|Mọdụrụnụ
|júrau
|N'afọ 1917, ọ malitere ịgba chaa chaa
|Yaːnà
|ebe
|júrù na-aga
|jídìbìn
|Nartọbú
|Turbọs
|kúb
|-
|Waja-Jen, Waja, Tula
|Waja (yan) 
|Onye ọ bụla na-eme
|Ụzọ e si eme ihe
|kunoŋ
|Iji kewaa
|Ọ dịghịzi
|nokono
|Nibíyo
|wunii
|Oge ọ bụla
|kwáp
|-
|Leko-Nimbari, Duru, Dii
|Dii (Duru) 
|Nyeɡá
|idú
|Ka anyị na-eru
|ndaddʉ (2 x 2)? 
|Nọmba
|ɡúúú
|ɡúndɛm ('ndɛm' pụtara onye na-amaghị ama) 
|kaʔandaddʉ (2 x 4) 
|kɛ́ɡdáɡá ('otu mkpịsị aka ka dị n'aka ekpe') 
|N'ihi na ọ bụ n'oge a ka a na-akpọ
|-
|Leko-Nimbari, Duru, Dii
|Dugun
|Nyeɡá
|Ọchịchọ
|Ọ ga-abụrịrị na ọ ga-abụ
|Ọ bụ n'oge a ka a ga-eji ya mee ihe. 
|mara
|ɡúúú
|ɡútamme
|kaʔandadró (2 x 4) 
|kɛ́ɡdáɡá ('otu mkpịsị aka ka dị n'aka ekpe') 
|bōʔ
|-
|Leko-Nimbari, Duru, Dii
|Duupa (Papa) 
|daŋɡá
|ittó
|Ọ ga-abụrịrị na ọ ga-abụ na ọ ga
|Atụmatụ
|mara
|ɡúúú
|ɡútambe
|kaʔandaró (2 x 4) /naarúpa
|kɛ́rdáŋɡá ('otu mkpịsị aka ka dị n'aka ekpe') 
|bòʔ
|-
|Leko-Nimbari, Duru, Voko-Dowayo, Kutin
|[[Kutin language|Peere (Kutin)]]
|Ihe ndabere
|Iro
|Ha na-eme ihe nkiri
|N'ụzọ dị nro
|Núuno
|Enweghị mmasị n'ụra
|Ihe ndị na-eme n'oge a
|dàaɡò (site na Hausa ?)  
|ɡĩ̀də́ə ('otu mkpịsị aka ka dị ' ?)  
|fób
|-
|Leko-Nimbari, Duru, Voko-Dowayo, Vere-Dowayo
|[[Doyayo language|Doyayo]]
|ɡb ịkwa
|Eere
|gị na-agba ọsọ
|Nazọ
|ehihie
|Nọntọntọnnọ (5 + 1) 
|Nọnere (5 + 2) 
|nɔ́ɔnta ntalu (5 + 3) / ɡẽse
|nɔ́ɔnnásɔ (5 + 4) / nàanzâ
|kooblɛ
|-
|Leko-Nimbari, Duru, Voko-Dowayo, Vere-Dowayo na Vere-Gimme, Gimme
|[[Koma language|Gimme (Gəmme)]] (1) 
|Igoona
|Itìɡè
|taaɡè
|N'ihi ya, ọ bụ
|nɔɔnɨ̀ɡe
|Ọrụ ndị a na-akpọ &quot;Sink&quot;
|nɔʔitiɡè
|dàɡwà
|N'ihi ya, ọ bụ n'oge ahụ ka a na-eme ka a ghara inwe
|kob
|-
|Leko-Nimbari, Duru, Voko-Dowayo, Vere-Dowayo na Vere-Gimme, Gimme
|Nye m (Kampara) (2) 
|Igoona
|idtiɡè
|taaɡè
|N'ihi ya, ọ bụ
|nɔɔnɨ̀ɡè
|Okpukpu
|nɔʔidtiɡè
|dāɡwà (ma eleghị anya site na Hausa) 
|N'ihi ya, ọ bụ n'oge ahụ ka a na-eme
|kob
|-
|Leko-Nimbari, Duru, Voko-Dowayo, Vere-Dowayo na Vere-Gimme, Vere
|[[Koma language|Gə́m]] (1) 
|mani
|Ọ bụ ya mere o ji bụrụ onye isi ala
|Ịchụ ụfụ
|náárə́k
|Ihe omuma di iche
|Obodo na-adịgide adịgide
|náárə́k àp tāārə́k (4 + 3 ?)  
|náárə́k àp náárəấk (4 + 4 ?)  
|náárə́k àp nɔɔnɔ́k (4 + 5 ?)  
|Kop
|-
|Leko-Nimbari, Duru, Voko-Dowayo, Vere-Dowayo na Vere-Gimme, Vere
|[[Koma language|Vɔmnəm]] (2) 
|màn
|Ọdịdị
|tāán
|nānnò
|ɡbà náárò
|ɡbāāsə̀ Casí
|ɡbāāsə̀tên
|ɡbāāsə̀ táān
|ɡbāāsə nānnà
|ukhamanā
|-
|Leko-Nimbari, Duru, Voko-Dowayo, Vere-Dowayo na Vere-Gimme, Vere
|[[Vere language|Nne Jango]]
|Muzoz
|Ọ bụ n'ihi na ọ bụ n'oge ahụ ka ọ dị
|tàaz
|rejị
|ɡbaná
|bambọz
|ɡbánsá
|Sàmsaara
|pitámúzo (10 - 1 ?)  
|Ihemna
|-
|Leko-Nimbari, Duru, Voko-Dowayo, Voko
|[[Voko language|Longto (Voko)]]
|wəŋ̄ŋá
|ọ nọrọ
|Maịnabo
|nabbó
|nɔ̃ɔ́́́́mó
|Samụ
|Saraníŋŋá
|nàànuśudɛ̂; nàándɛ
|tọọaọọa
|lɛǹnaaɡbɔ́ŋ́; lɛnnaaḿ, lɛnaań
|-
|Leko-Nimbari, Leko
|[[Kolbila language|Kolbila (Zura)]]
|níiá
|Innu
|Toono
|snow
|Núnnub
|Núŋɡɔ́́s
|Núŋ Innú (5 + 2) 
|núŋ toonú (5 + 3) 
|Núŋ nɛɛrəb (5 + 4) 
|Kôb
|-
|Leko-Nimbari, Leko
|[[Chamba Leko|Samba Leko]]
|n'ihi na ọ bụ n'oge gara aga
|ga-abụ
|Ụlọ elu
|Arara
|Núúnà
|Nọnụụụ
|N'ihi ya, ọ bụ n'oge ahụ ka a na-eme ka a ghara inwe
|dàɡwà
|daanɨ̂ŋne ('otu ka dị n'aka') 
|Kop
|-
|Leko-Nimbari, Mumuye-Yandang, Mumuye
|Mumuye
|ɡbétè
|ziti
|taːti
|Ha nwere ike ịbụ ndị ọzọ
|mǎːni
|máŋɡbétè (5+ 1) 
|mánziti (5+ 2) 
|mántaːti (5+ 3) 
|N'ihi ya, ọ ga-abụrịrị na ọ bụ n'ihi na ọ ga-adị n'anya (5+ 4) 
|Ndepụta
|-
|Leko-Nimbari, Mumuye-Yandang, Yandang
|Bali (Maya) 
|ɓini
|ya
|Atụ
|Na-enweghị ihe ọ bụla
|N'ebe ndị ọzọ
|niɓini (5+ 1) 
|niaiye (5+ 2) 
|nitaat (5+ 3) 
|ninaat (5+ 4) 
|kop
|-
|Leko-Nimbari, Mumuye-Yandang, Yandang
|[[Kpasam language|Nyesam (Kpasham)]]
|Akpịrịkpa
|Nkọwa
|mkpịsị aka
|nāts
|N'ihi ya, ọ ga-abụrịrị na ọ ga-eme
|nāɓíní (5+ 1) 
|Mgbapụta (5+ 2) 
|Nātáts (5+ 3) 
|nānāts (5+ 4) 
|koph
|-
|Fali
|[[Fali languages (Cameroon)|Ndịda Fali]]
|k͡pòlò
|cúk /tʃʊ́k
|tàːn
|náːn / nʌ́ːn
|kɛ̃̃w
|yìɾá
|ɟɔ́ɾɔ́s
|N'oge na-adịghị anya
|kʌ́ntɛ́ŋ / ŋɡʌskum
|N'ihi ya, ọ bụ
|-
|Mbum-Day, Bua
|Niellim
|ɓúdū
|ndīdí
|Nnukwu obodo
|N'ihi ya, ọ bụ n'oge a ka a na-akpọ &quot;Fany&quot;
|uluní
|táːr
|lòŋɡɔ̄
|twāːɲɛní
|dòsó &lt; Bagirmi
|dokome
|-
|Mbum-Day, Bua
|Tunya (Tunia) 
|Ọ bụ n'oge a na-adịghị anya
|na-eri
|na-aga
|na-adịbeghị anya
|aylounī
|nānò
|Lulu
|Gíntā
|àtī
|Udo na-eme
|-
|Mbum-Day, Bua
|[[Zan Gula language|Zan Gula]]
|sa:dʊŋ
|ɾisːi
|toːɾi
|naːsɪ
|Ọrịa na-egbu egbu
|Ọchịchị sa:dʊŋ (5 + 1) 
|bɛ tɛ ɾisːi (5 + 2) 
|Ọrịa na-eme n'oge na-adịghị anya (5 + 3) 
|Ọchịchị na-atọ ọchị (5 + 4) 
|filoːle
|-
|Ụbọchị Mbum
|[[Day language|Day (Asụsụ Bona)]]
|nɡɔ̄ŋ́
|Diị
|tà
|ndà
|Ọ bụ n'ihi na
|Mkpụrụ osisi
|bīyām tà (ma eleghị anya 'atọ anọ') 
|N'ihi ya, ọ bụ n'oge a ka a na-eme ya
|bór sōŋ rə́ nɡɔ̄ŋ́ ('enweghị otu') 
|Ọ bụ ezie na ọ bụ
|-
|Mbum-Day, Kim
|[[Besme language|Besme]]
|mōndā / mbírāŋ
|tʃirí
|hāsī
|ndày
|ndìyārá
|mānɡùl
|ɗīyārā
|ndāsì
|nòmīnā
|wàl
|-
|Mbum-Day, Kim
|Kim
|Yu
|zi
|tā
|ndà
|N'ihi ya
|Menenɡāl
|ɓēálā / ɓēálār
|tīmāl / wázìzí (10 - 2) 
|làmāɗō / wázìɗú (10 - 1) 
|Wolo
|-
|Mbum-Day, Mbum, Southern
|[[Mbum language|Mbum]]
|mbìyə̀w
|Serè
|Saay
|N'ihi ya
|ndī
|zèy
|N'ihi ya, ọ bụ n'oge a ka a ga-anọ n'ụlọ mkpọrọ.
|N'ihi ya, ọ bụ n'oge a ka a ga-anọ n'ụlọ mkpọrọ.
|zīndɔ́kɔ́ mbìyə̀w (10 - 1) 
|bōó
|-
|Mbum-Day, Mbum, Northern, Tupuri-Mambai
|[[Mangbai language|Mambay]]
|bóm
|Alakaị
|Ebe a na-anọ
|bịnọ
|Nkọwapụta
|bìɡírò
|tàrnãɡà
|Fwarnã́ɡà / wàr sénã́ fàɡ͡bàŋ ɓàtì
|Sọnbóm / sọnbóm
|zóɗôm / Sénhanã kiríb
|-
|Mbum-Day, Mbum, Northern, Tupuri-Mambai
|[[Tupuri language|Tupari]]
|bɔ̈ɔ̄ŋ / bönn (ụdị zuru ezu) 
|ɓɔ́ɡë
|superwàʔä
|nàa
|dūwēe
|hïiráʔä
|Ndị na-eme njem nlegharị anya
|nènmàʔä
|kàawàʔä
|Nnukwu obodo
|-
|Mbum-Day, Mbum, Eastern Mbum, Karang
|[[Karang language|Karang]]
|mbéw
|Seɗè
|Saay
|N'ihi ya
|ndīɓī
|Tọnkló́
|tòŋ ndɔ́k sāy [n'aka 3]
|tòŋ ndɔ́k séɗè [n'aka 2]
|tòŋ ndɔ́k mbéw[ndị fọdụrụnụ (n'aka 1]
|bǒh
|-
|Mbum-Day, Mbum, Eastern Mbum, Karang
|[[Nzakambay language|Nzakambay]]
|mbíew
|Nwanne nwanyị
|sày
|N'ihi ya
|N'ihi na ọ bụ
|Zee
|Zì ndɔ́kɔ sày (10 - 3) 
|Zì ndɔ́kɔ sère (10 - 2) 
|zì ndɔ́kɔ mbíew (10 - 1) 
|ɓoo
|-
|Mbum-Day, Mbum, Eastern Mbum, Koh
|[[Asụsụ Kuo|Koh (Kuo)]]
|mbí̧w / mbí̧́
|síɗè
|Saay
|N'ihi ya
|ndēɓē
|Yise / Ya
|Ọ̀ bụ 10 - 3) 
|tò nɔ́ síɗè (10 - 2) 
|tò nɔ́ mbí̧à̧w (10 - 1) 
|Ọ bụ ya mere e ji nwee obi ụtọ
|}

== Hụkwa ==

* Asụsụ Savannas
* Asụsụ Gur

== Edensibia ==
ịnyịnya nke agbụrụ ahụ na-achụ ya, ebe Sheikh na-adaba n'ọnọdụ dị ize ndụ n'okporo ụzọ ọzara. Ọdịnihu zigara Mehoub ịzọpụta Sheikh n'oge dị oke egwu. Mehoub jisiri ike zọpụta Sheikh ahụ, onye gbaghaara ya ma kwupụta mgbaghara ya. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=محتوى العمل: البدوية الحسناء - فيلم - 1947|url=https://elcinema.com/work/1991734/content|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20191211025338/http://www.elcinema.com/work/1991734/content|archivedate=2019-12-11|accessdate=2017-09-28|work=ElCinema|language=ar}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|author=قاسم|first=محمود|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=lI5EDwAAQBAJ&amp;dq=%22%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A8%D8%AF%D9%88%D9%8A%D8%A9+%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AD%D8%B3%D9%86%D8%A7%D8%A1%22&amp;pg=PA209|title=موسوعة الأفلام العربية - المجلد الأول|publisher=E-Kutub Ltd|isbn=978-1-78058-309-9|pages=209|language=ar}}&lt;/ref&gt;, echiche, na mmetụta uche na-agbanwe, agbụrụ abụọ{{Reflist}}

* [https://www.blogs.uni-mainz.de/fb07-adamawa/adamawa-languages/ Ọrụ Asụsụ Adamawa] (Mahadum Johannes Gutenberg Mainz) 
* [[CNRS]].fr/AdaGram/&quot; id=&quot;mwCjQ&quot; rel=&quot;mw:ExtLink nofollow&quot;&gt;AdaGram E debere  Wayback Machine (CNRS-INALCO). Ịchọpụta akụ na ụba asụsụ nke Naijiria: nyocha ụtọ asụsụ na akwụkwọ asụsụ nke asụsụ Adamawa.
* [https://archive.today/20171024094404/http://www.rogerblench.info/Language/Niger-Congo/AU/Adamawa%20language%20list.pdf Ndepụta asụsụ Adamawa] - Blench
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20160304000716/http://www.rogerblench.info/Language/Niger-Congo/AU/Wiyaa_group.htm Asụsụ Tula-Wiyaa] - Blench
* [http://www.rogerblench.info/Language/Niger-Congo/AU/Leeko_group.htm Ìgwè Leeko] - Blench
* [http://www.rogerblench.info/Language/Niger-Congo/AU/Perema_page.htm Asụsụ Perema (Wom) nke ugwu ọwụwa anyanwụ Naijiria: nhazi, phonology na aha aha (PDF)] site na Roger M. Blench, 2000. Mallam Dendo, Cambridge
* [http://www.sil.org/silesr/abstract.asp?ref=2002-050 Nnyocha ngwa ngwa nke Gbete (PDF)] site na Jason Diller &amp; Kari Jordan-Diller, 2002. SIL Electronic Survey Reports SILESR 2002-050.
* [http://www.sil.org/silesr/abstract.asp?ref=2002-039 Nnyocha mmekọrịta na asụsụ nke asụsụ Mambay nke Chad na Cameroon (PDF)] site na Cameron Hamm, 2002. SIL Electronic Survey Reports SILESR 2002-039.
* [http://www.sil.org/silesr/abstract.asp?ref=2002-048 Nnyocha ngwa ngwa na nyocha lexicostatistical nke Dama, Mono, Pam, Ndai na Oblo (PDF)] site na Michael &amp; Charlene Ayotte, 2002. SIL Electronic Survey Reports SILESR 2002-048.
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20040820223117/http://www.sil.org/africa/cameroun/bylanguage/languages/karang.html Karang] - SIL-Cameroon
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20050104091633/http://www.sil.org/africa/cameroun/bydomain/linguistics/bibliography/biblio2001.html Akwụkwọ SIL-Cameroon]
* Okwu ndị e ji tụnyere ngwá egwú ndị dị n'ebe ugwu Cameroon, Tourneaux
* Idiatov, Dmitry. 2017-08-29. [http://idiatov.mardi.myds.me/talks/2017_CALL_AdaGram_Survey_Results.pdf Nsonaazụ nke nyocha AdaGram mbụ na Adamawa na Taraba States, Nigeria].  (ya na Mark Van de Velde, Tope Olagunju na Peter Andrew). 47th Colloquium on African Languages and Linguistics (CALL) (Leiden, Netherlands).
[[Òtù:Ȯra Adamawa]]
[[Òtù:Pages with unreviewed translations]]</text>
      <sha1>8czrmcb2okhq5w26z8nifr7hv9zam3t</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Asụsụ Yendang</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
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      <text bytes="2924" sha1="2wadi8bwnc3mf2inghewzgrsf4k067w" xml:space="preserve">Asụsụ '''Yendang''' ma ọ bụ Maya bụ otu asụsụ Adamawa a na-asụ na Adamawa State, n'ebe ọwụwa anyanwụ Nigeria.

== Asụsụ ==
Nkewa dị n'okpuru ebe a na-agbaso Blench (2009). &lt;ref&gt;Blench, Roger. 2009. [https://web.archive.org/web/20240223214134/http://www.rogerblench.info/Language/Niger-Congo/AU/Yandang%20group/ The Maya (Yendang) languages].&lt;/ref&gt;

* '''Maya''' ('''Yendang''') 
** [[Asụsụ Bali|Bali]], [[Kpasam language|Kpasham]]
** [[Asụsụ Waka|Waka]], [[Asụsụ Yendang|Yendang]] (gụnyere Kusheki), [[Asụsụ Yoti|Yoti]]
** [[Asụsụ Teme|Egwu]]
** Gengle, [[Asụsụ Kugama|Kugama]], [[Asụsụ Kumba|Kumba]] (Sate, Yofo) 

== Aha na ebe ==
N'okpuru ebe a bụ ndepụta nke aha asụsụ, ọnụ ọgụgụ mmadụ, na ebe sitere na Blench (2019). &lt;ref name=&quot;BlenchAtlas4&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|title=An Atlas of Nigerian Languages|author=Blench|first=Roger|publisher=Kay Williamson Educational Foundation|year=2019|edition=4th|location=Cambridge}}&lt;/ref&gt;
{| class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 75%;&quot;
!Asụsụ
!Alaka
!Ìgwè
!Asụsụ
!Asụsụ ndị ọzọ
!Aha nke aka maka asụsụ
!Aha ndị ọzọ
!Aha ndị ọzọ (dabere na ebe) 
!Aha ndị ọzọ maka asụsụ
!Aha ndị ọzọ
!Ndị ọkà okwu
!Ebe (s) 
!Ihe edeturu
|-
|'''''Ìgwè Mumuye'''''
|Mumuye
|Mumuye
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|103,000 (1952); 400,000 (1980 UBS) 
|Taraba State, Jalingo, Zing, Yorro na Mayo Belwa LGAs
|
|-
|[[Asụsụ Bali|Bali]]
|Yendang
|
|
|
|Ịbaali
|Ọ bụ onye nzuzu, onye nzuzu
|
|
|
|1,000 (SIL) 
|Taraba State, Numan LGA, na Bali, otu obodo dị n'ebe ndịda Jalingo
|
|-
|[[Kpasam language|Kpasam]]
|Yendang
|
|
|Pasam, Kpasham
|
|
|
|Nyisam
|
|
|Adamawa State, Numan LGA, naanị otu obodo, ndịda Jalingo
|
|-
|[[Asụsụ Yendang|Yendang]]
|Yendang
|
|
|Yendam, Yandang, Yundum, Nyandang
|
|
|
|
|
|8,100 (1952); 10,000 (1973 SIL) 
|Adamawa State, Numan, Mayo Belwa, na Karim Lamido LGAs
|
|-
|[[Asụsụ Yoti|Yoti]]
|Yendang
|
|
|Yoti
|
|
|
|
|
|
|Adamawa Steeti, Numan LGA
|
|-
|[[Asụsụ Kugama|Kugama-Gengle]]
|Yendang
|
|
|Kugamma, Gengle
|
|
|Wegam
|Wegele
|
|Obere
|Adamawa Steeti, Fufore LGA
|enweghị data
|-
|[[Asụsụ Teme|Egwu]]
|Yendang
|
|
|Egwu
|
|
|
|
|
|
|Adamawa State, Mayo Belwa na Fufore LGAs
|enweghị data
|-
|[[Asụsụ Waka|Waka]]
|Yendang
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|Adamawa Steeti, Fufore, Mayo Belwa LGAs
|enweghị data
|-
|[[Asụsụ Kumba|Kumba]]
|Yendang
|
|
|
|
|
|Sate, Yofo
|
|
|
|Adamawa Steeti, Mayo Belwa LGA
|enweghị data
|}

== Hụkwa ==

* [[wiktionary:Appendix:Yendang word lists|Ndepụta okwu Yendang]] (Wiktionary) 

== Edensibia ==
{{Reflist}}

* [Ihe e dere n'ala ala peeji] [https://archive.today/20171024094404/http://www.rogerblench.info/Language/Niger-Congo/AU/Adamawa%20language%20list.pdf Ndepụta asụsụ Adamawa] (ms) 

Isiokwu a gụnyere ederede dị n'okpuru ikikere CC BY 3.0. {{Adamawa languages}}</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Asụsụ Ọchịchị</title>
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'''ʼ'chiʼchiʼ''' (Ọchịchị) bụ asụsụ a chọtara n'oge na-adịbeghị anya na nke a na-eche na ọ dịghịzi na Central Delta nke [[Naijiria|Naịjirịa]]. Ebe mbụ e bipụtara ya bụ n'afọ 2002. Ndị okenye ole &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.rogerblench.info/Language/Niger-Congo/BC/Cross%20River/Central%20Delta/Ochichi.pdf|title=A note on Ọchịchị|author=Roger Blench|date=2003|accessdate=2024-02-23|archivedate=2024-05-21|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20240521071126/https://www.rogerblench.info/Language/Niger-Congo/BC/Cross%20River/Central%20Delta/Ochichi.pdf}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;true&quot; id=&quot;CITEREFRoger_Blench2003&quot;&gt;Roger Blench (2003). [http://www.rogerblench.info/Language/Niger-Congo/BC/Cross%20River/Central%20Delta/Ochichi.pdf &quot;A note on Ọchịchị&quot;] &lt;span class=&quot;cs1-format&quot;&gt;(PDF)&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt; ole na-asụ ya n'obodo Ikwewengwo na Umuebulu na [[Etche]] Local Government Area nke Rivers State.

A chọpụtara ịdị adị ya na mbụ na ọrụ ụmụ akwụkwọ, otu obere ìgwè si na Mahadum Port Harcourt mechara gaa ịnwa ịnakọta data ndị ọzọ gbasara asụsụ ahụ. Ndị &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;/&gt; -asụ ya jụrụ inye ozi ọ bụla ọzọ gbasara asụsụ ahụ, ebe ọ bụ na ha agbanweela omenala ha kpamkpam na asụsụ '''Echie''' (ma ọ bụ Échiè) nke [[Asụ̀sụ̀ Ìgbò|Igbo]] ma ha achọghịzi icheta asụsụ ochie ha.

Site na okwu ole na ole anakọtara, Ọchịchị yiri ka ọ nwere njikọ na Obulom, asụsụ Central Delta nke nwere njikọ na Abuan. Otú &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;/&gt; dị, Obulom n'onwe ya amaghị nke ọma.

== Edensibia ==
[[Berbice Creole Dutch]], a na-adịbeghị anya na-asụ [[Asụsụ ndị Dutch na-asụ Creole|Dutch Creole]] na Eastern [[Guyana]], bụ nke ụmụ ndị na-asụrụ Kalabari na-asuru. Akụkụ Afrịka  Berbice Dutch bụ Kalabari na mmalite.{{Reflist}}</text>
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    <title>Asụsụ Tula-Waja</title>
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Asụsụ '''Tula-Waja''', ma ọ bụ Tula-Wiyaa bụ alaka nke Asụsụ Savanna, nke kacha nso na Kam (Nyingwom), nke a na-asụ n'ebe ugwu ọwụwa anyanwụ [[Naijiria|Naịjirịa]]. A na-asụ ha karịsịa na ndịda ọwụwa anyanwụ [[Ȯra Gombe|Gombe Steeti]] na steeti ndị ọzọ gbara ya gburugburu.

A na-akpọ ha &quot;G1&quot; na atụmatụ ezinụlọ asụsụ [[Asụsụ Adamawa|Adamawa]] nke Joseph Greenberg ma mesịa tinye ha na alaka ''Waja-Jen'' nke ezinụlọ ahụ.

&lt;ref name=&quot;Guldemann&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|title=The Languages and Linguistics of Africa|author=Güldemann|first=Tom|editor=Güldemann|publisher=De Gruyter Mouton|chapter=Historical linguistics and genealogical language classification in Africa|year=2018|isbn=978-3-11-042606-9|doi=10.1515/9783110421668-002|location=Berlin|pages=58-444|series=The World of Linguistics series}}&lt;/ref&gt; (2018) na-ahụ nnukwu ọdịiche dị n'ime Tula-Waja, n'akụkụ ụfọdụ n'ihi okwu a machibidoro iwu na-eme ka mgbanwe okwu dị ngwa. &lt;ref name=&quot;Kleinewillinghöfer&quot;&gt;Kleinewillinghöfer, Ulrich. 2014. [https://www.blogs.uni-mainz.de/fb07-adamawa/adamawa-languages/tula-waja-group/the-languages-of-the-tula-waja-group/ The languages of the Tula – Waja Group]. Adamawa Languages Project.&lt;/ref&gt; bụ ezie na klas aha efuola na [[Asụsụ ndị Dadiya|Dadiya]], [[Kamo language|Maa]], na [[Asụsụ Yebu|Yebu]], [[Asụsụ Waja|Waja]] na [[Asụsụ Tula|Tula]] na-ejigide usoro klas aha dị mgbagwoju anya. &lt;ref&gt;Bennett, Patrick R. &amp; Jan P. Sterk. 1977. South Central Niger-Congo: A reclassification. Studies in African Linguistics, 8: 241-273.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Bennett, Patrick R. 1983. Adamawa-Eastern: Problems and prospects. In: Dihoff, Ivan R. (ed). Current Approaches to African Linguistics 1. Dordrecht: Foris Publications; 23-48.&lt;/ref&gt; (1996) na-ahụkwa ọtụtụ ọdịdị yiri ibe ya n'etiti asụsụ Tula-Waja na Central Gur, [1] echiche nke Bennett (1983) na Bennett &amp; Sterk (1977). [2] &lt;ref&gt;Kleinewillinghöfer, Ulrich (1996). Relationship between Adamawa and Gur languages: The case of Waja and Tula.&lt;/ref&gt;

== Asụsụ ==

* Awak: Awak (Yebu), [[Kamo language|Kamo]]
* '''Cham-Mona''': [[Asusu Dikaka|Dijim-Bwilim]], Tso
* ''[[Asụsụ ndị Dadiya|Dadiya]]''
* '''[[Asụsụ Tula|Tula]]''': Bangwinji, Tula, [[Asụsụ Waja|Waja]]

== Nchịkọta ==
Ulrich Kleinewillinghöfer (2014), na ebe nrụọrụ weebụ Adamawa Languages Project, kewara asụsụ Tula-Waja dị ka ndị a: Kleinewillinghöfer na-ewere Tso na [[Asusu Dikaka|Cham]] dị ka alaka ndị kewara na mbụ. &lt;ref name=&quot;Kleinewillinghöfer&quot;/&gt; weere [[Asụsụ Waja|Waja]] dị ka alaka dị iche, ọ bụ ezie na ọnọdụ ya kpọmkwem n'ime Tula-Waja ka bụ ihe a na-ejighị n'aka.

; Tula-Waja

* Ìgwè Tula
** [[Asụsụ Tula|Tula]]
*** Kutule
**** Wange
**** Baule
*** Yiri (Yili) 
** [[Asụsụ ndị Dadiya|Dadiya]] (ụdị dị iche iche) 
** Bangwinji
*** Kaalo
*** Naabaŋ
* [[Awak language|Teta]]-linkid=&quot;119&quot; href=&quot;./Yebu_language&quot; id=&quot;mwUw&quot; rel=&quot;mw:WikiLink&quot; title=&quot;Yebu language&quot;&gt;Yebu (Awak) (ụdị dị iche iche) 
* Ma ([[Kamo language|Kamo]], Kamu) 
* [[Asusu Dikaka|Cham]]
** Dijim nke Kindiyo
** Bwilim (nke Mɔna na Loojaa) 
* Tso (Lotsu-Piri) 
** Tso nke Swaabou
** Tso nke Bərbou
*** Tso nke Gusubo
*** Tso nke Luuzo
* [[Asụsụ Waja|Waja]]
** Waja nke W (Wajan Kasa) (ụdị dị iche iche) 
** Waja nke Deri (Wajan Dutse) (ụdị abụọ) 

== Aha na ebe ==
N'okpuru ebe a bụ ndepụta nke aha asụsụ, ọnụ ọgụgụ mmadụ, na ebe sitere na Blench (2019). &lt;ref name=&quot;BlenchAtlas4&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|title=An Atlas of Nigerian Languages|author=Blench|first=Roger|publisher=Kay Williamson Educational Foundation|year=2019|edition=4th|location=Cambridge}}&lt;/ref&gt;
{| class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 75%;&quot;
!Asụsụ
!Asụsụ
!Asụsụ ndị ọzọ
!Aha nke aka maka asụsụ
!Aha ndị ọzọ
!Aha ndị ọzọ (dabere na ebe) 
!Aha ndị ọzọ maka asụsụ
!Aha ndị ọzọ
!Ndị ọkà okwu
!Ebe (s) 
|-
|'''''[[Asusu Dikaka|Dijim]]-[[Asusu Dikaka|Bwilim]]'''''
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|7,545 (1968). ca. Obodo nta 20
|[[Ȯra Gombe|Gombe Steeti]], Balanga LGA, Adamawa Steeti, Lamurde LGA
|-
|[[Asusu Dikaka|Dijim]]
|
|
|Dijim
|N'ihi ya, ọ ga-abụrịrị na ọ ga-eme ihe na-eme
|Cham, Cam, Kindiyo,
|
|
|
|
|-
|[[Asusu Dikaka|Bwilim]]
|
|
|Bwilə́m
|sg Níi Bwilí pl.
|Mwana, Mwona [aha Hausa], Fitilai [aha obodo]
|
|
|4,282
|
|-
|[[Asụsụ ndị Dadiya|Dadiya]]
|
|Nda Dia, Dadia
|Ọ bụ mgbe Daddiya pl.
|N'ihi ya, ọ bụ ya mere e ji nwee obi ụtọ
|
|
|
|3,986 (1961), 20,000 (1992 bụ).
|Gombe State, Balanga LGA, Taraba State, Karim Lamido LGA na Adamawa State, Lamurde LGA. N'etiti Dadiya na Bambam.
|-
|[[Kamo language|M]]
|
|
|S. m. nụbá Ma pl.
|nyii Ma
|Kamo, Kamu
|
|
|3000 (SIL) 
|Gombe State, Kaltungo na Akko LGAs
|-
|Tsobo
|Bärbou, Guzubo, Swabou
|Cibbo
|Tsóbó
|nyiwe Tsó
|Lotsu-Piri, nke ka njọ, ọkụ
|Kitta
|
|2,000 (1952)
|[[Ȯra Gombe|Gombe Steeti]], Kaltungo LGA, Adamawa Steeti, Numan LGA
|-
|[[Asụsụ Tula|Tula]]
|Baule, Wangke [nke e ji mee ihe maka mmepe agụmakwụkwọ], Yiri
|Ture
|Isiokwu a
|Naba Kitule pl.
|
|
|
|19,209 (1952 W&amp;B); 12,204 (1961-2 Jungraithmayr); 19,000 (1973 SIL). ca. Obodo nta iri ise ?100,000 n'ebe ọwụwa anyanwụ.
|Gombe State, Kaltungo LGA. Tula dị kilomita 30. n'ebe ọwụwa anyanwụ nke Billiri.
|-
|[[Asụsụ Waja|Wiyaa]]
|Ala Dị larịị na Ugwu
|Wagga
|Nyan Wịyá ebe
|Wịyáà
|Waja
|
|
|19,700 (1952 W&amp;B); 50,000 (1992 bụ) 
|Gombe State, Balanga na Kaltungo LGAs, Waja district. Taraba State, Bali LGA.
|-
|Bangjinge
|Nabang, Kaloh [orthography based on Nabang]
|Bangunji, Bangunje, Bangwinji
|Báŋjìŋè sg. Báŋjìŋèb pl.
|nyii Bánjòŋ
|
|
|
|8000 CAPRO (1995a).&lt;ref&gt;CAPRO Research Office 1995a. Unmask the giant. Jos: CAPRO Media. [Bauchi]&lt;/ref&gt; Obodo nta iri abụọ na ise (2008) 
|Gombe State, Shongom LGA
|-
|[[Asụsụ Yebu|Yebu]]
|
|
|Ọ bụ n'oge ahụ ka a na-eme ya
|N'oge na-adịghị anya
|Awok
|
|
|2,035 (1962)
|Gombe State, Kaltungo LGA: 10 km n'ebe ugwu ọwụwa anyanwụ nke Kaltungo
|}

== Hụkwa ==

* [[wiktionary:Appendix:Tula-Waja word lists|Ndepụta okwu Tula-Waja]] (Wiktionary) 

== Edensibia ==
{{Reflist}}(2014), na ebe nrụọrụ weebụ Adamawa Languages Project, kewara asụsụ Tula-Waja dị ka ndị a: Kleinewillinghöfer na-ewere Tso na Cham dị ka alaka ndị kewara na mbụ.  weere Waja dị ka alaka dị iche, ọ bụ ezie na ọnọdụ ya kpọmkwem n'ime Tula-Waja ka bụ ihe
Isiokwu a gụnyere ederede dị n'okpuru ikikere CC BY 3.0. 

== Njikọ mpụga ==

* [https://web.archive.org/web/20160304000716/http://www.rogerblench.info/Language/Niger-Congo/AU/Wiyaa_group.htm Asụsụ Tula-Wiyaa] - Blench
* [https://www.blogs.uni-mainz.de/fb07-adamawa/tula-waja-group/ Tula-Waja] - Ọrụ Asụsụ Adamawa
** [https://www.blogs.uni-mainz.de/fb07-adamawa/files/2012/10/TULA-WAJA-100-wordlist.pdf Ndepụta okwu Tula-Waja (Swadesh 100)]
** [https://www.blogs.uni-mainz.de/fb07-adamawa/files/2014/03/Tula-Waja-Pronouns-and-Numbers.pdf Nkọwa okwu na nọmba Tula-Waja]</text>
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    <title>Asụsụ Baka</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
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      <text bytes="9641" sha1="8ow7txim16gu3s9tsnk0s8lc3qojoz3" xml:space="preserve">{| class=&quot;infobox vevent&quot;
! colspan=&quot;2&quot; class=&quot;infobox-above above&quot; style=&quot;font-size:125%; color: black; background-color:  #ffddaa;&quot; |Baka
|-
! class=&quot;infobox-label&quot; scope=&quot;row&quot; style=&quot;white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;&quot; |A mụrụ ya&amp;nbsp;
| class=&quot;infobox-data&quot; style=&quot;line-height:1.3em;&quot; |[[Cameroon]], [[Gabon]]; obere ìgwè dị iche na [[Central African Republic]]
|-
! class=&quot;infobox-label&quot; scope=&quot;row&quot; style=&quot;white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;&quot; |Agbụrụ
| class=&quot;infobox-data&quot; style=&quot;line-height:1.3em;&quot; |[[Baka people (Cameroon and Gabon)|Ndị Baka]]
|-
! class=&quot;infobox-label&quot; scope=&quot;row&quot; style=&quot;white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;&quot; |&lt;div style=&quot;display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0; &quot;&gt;Ndị na-asụ asụsụ ala&lt;/div&gt;
| class=&quot;infobox-data&quot; style=&quot;line-height:1.3em;&quot; | (70,000 e depụtara 1988-2010) &lt;ref name=&quot;e18&quot;&gt;[https://www.ethnologue.com/18/language/bkc/ Baka] at ''[[Ethnologue]]'' (18th ed., 2015) &lt;span style=&quot;font-size:0.95em; font-size:95%; color: var( --color-subtle, #555 )&quot;&gt;(subscription required)&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;[https://www.ethnologue.com/18/language/gdi/ Gundi (Ngundi)] at ''[[Ethnologue]]'' (18th ed., 2015) &lt;span style=&quot;font-size:0.95em; font-size:95%; color: var( --color-subtle, #555 )&quot;&gt;(subscription required)&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;[https://www.ethnologue.com/18/language/gnz/ Ganzi] at ''[[Ethnologue]]'' (18th ed., 2015) &lt;span style=&quot;font-size:0.95em; font-size:95%; color: var( --color-subtle, #555 )&quot;&gt;(subscription required)&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt;[https://www.ethnologue.com/18/language/bme/ Massa (Limassa)] at ''[[Ethnologue]]'' (18th ed., 2015) &lt;span style=&quot;font-size:0.95em; font-size:95%; color: var( --color-subtle, #555 )&quot;&gt;(subscription required)&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
! class=&quot;infobox-label&quot; scope=&quot;row&quot; style=&quot;white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;&quot; |&lt;div style=&quot;display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0; &quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;wrap&quot;&gt;[[Language family|Ezinụlọ asụsụ]]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
| class=&quot;infobox-data&quot; style=&quot;line-height:1.3em;&quot; |&lt;div style=&quot;text-align:left;&quot;&gt;[[Niger–Congo languages|Niger-Congo]]? 

* [[Atlantic–Congo languages|Atlantic-Congo]]
** [[Volta-Congo languages|Volta-Congo]]
*** Ọ̀ Bụ Savan?
**** [[Ubangian languages|Ubangịa]]
***** Sere-Mba
****** [[Ngbaka languages|Ngbaka]]
******* Ebe Ọdịda Anyanwụ
******** '''Baka'''
&lt;/div&gt;
|-
! colspan=&quot;2&quot; class=&quot;infobox-header&quot; style=&quot;color: black; background-color:  #ffddaa;&quot; |Koodu asụsụ
|-
! class=&quot;infobox-label&quot; scope=&quot;row&quot; style=&quot;white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;&quot; |&lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;[[ISO 639-3]]&lt;/span&gt;
| class=&quot;infobox-data&quot; style=&quot;line-height:1.3em;&quot; |N'ụzọ dị iche iche:&lt;code&gt;[[iso639-3:bkc|bkc]]&lt;/code&gt; - Baka&lt;code&gt;[[iso639-3:gdi|gdi]]&lt;/code&gt; - Gundi (Ngundi) &lt;code&gt;[[iso639-3:gnz|gnz]]&lt;/code&gt; - Ganzi&lt;code&gt;[[iso639-3:bme|bme]]&lt;/code&gt; - Massa (Limassa) &lt;br /&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&lt;br /&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&lt;br /&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&lt;br /&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;
|-
! class=&quot;infobox-label&quot; scope=&quot;row&quot; style=&quot;white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;&quot; |''[[Glottolog]]''
| class=&quot;infobox-data&quot; style=&quot;line-height:1.3em;&quot; |&lt;code&gt;[https://glottolog.org/resource/languoid/id/baka1271 baka1271]&lt;/code&gt;
|-
! class=&quot;infobox-label&quot; scope=&quot;row&quot; style=&quot;white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;&quot; |[[Endangered Languages Project|ELP]]
| class=&quot;infobox-data&quot; style=&quot;line-height:1.3em;&quot; |&lt;templatestyles src=&quot;Plainlist/styles.css&quot;&gt;&lt;/templatestyles&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlist&quot;&gt;
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20240226054448/https://www.endangeredlanguages.com/lang/5989 Baka (Ebe Ọwụwa Anyanwụ, Cameroon)]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20240226054448/https://www.endangeredlanguages.com/lang/562 Ganzi]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20240226054448/https://www.endangeredlanguages.com/lang/6035 Gundi]
&lt;/div&gt;
|}
'''[[Cameroon]]_and_[[Gabon]])&quot; id=&quot;mwEA&quot; rel=&quot;mw:WikiLink&quot; title=&quot;Baka (Cameroon and Gabon)&quot;&gt;Baka''' (nke a na-akpọkwa ''Be-bayaga, Be-bayaka,'' na Bibaya de L&quot;est) bụ ụyọkọ [[Asụsụ Ubangian]] nke ndị Baka Pygmies nke Cameroon na Gabon na-asụ. Ndị mmadụ nwere agbụrụ dị nso na Aka, nke a maara dị ka Mbenga (''Bambenga'').Otú ọ dị, asụsụ ndị ahụ enweghị njikọ, ma e wezụga ụfọdụ okwu na-ekwu maka akụ na ụba ọhịa, nke na-egosi na Aka nwere ike ịkwaga na Bantu, na atụmatụ mmadụ 15000 agbanweela.

== Nchịkọta ==
Ihe dị ka pasent iri atọ nke okwu Baka abụghị nke [[Asụsụ Ubangian|Ubangịa]]. Ọtụtụ &lt;ref&gt;Serge Bahuchet, 1993, ''History of the inhabitants of the central African rain forest: perspectives from comparative linguistics.'' In C.M. Hladik, ed., ''Tropical forests, people, and food: Biocultural interactions and applications to development.'' Paris: Unesco/Parthenon.&lt;/ref&gt;'ime nke a na-emetụta akụ na ụba ọhịa pụrụ iche, dị ka okwu maka ahịhịa ndị a na-eri eri, ahịhịhịa ọgwụ, na nchịkọta mmanụ aṅụ, a na-ekwukwa na ọ bụ ihe fọdụrụ n'asụsụ ndị Pygmy nke ndị nna ya na-apụ n'anya. Otú &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=http://www.rogerblench.info/Genetics/SAFA%202004%20genetics%20paper.pdf |title=Blench (in press) |accessdate=2024-02-26 |archivedate=2011-07-21 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110721174821/http://www.rogerblench.info/Genetics/SAFA%202004%20genetics%20paper.pdf }}&lt;/ref&gt; dị, ma e wezụga okwu ụfọdụ ndị Aka kerịtara, ọ dịghị ihe akaebe maka njikọ asụsụ sara mbara na nke ọ bụla n'ime ndị Pygmy ndị ọzọ.

== Nbudata ==
A na-asụ Baka n'ọtụtụ ebe n'ebe ndịda ọwụwa anyanwụ nke Cameroon, na: &lt;ref name=&quot;ALCAM2012&quot;/&gt;

* Ógbè Ọwụwa Anyanwụ
** Ngalaba Kadey (Ndélélé na [[Mbang, Cameroon|Mbang]] obodo) 
** Ngalaba Haut-Nyong (Dimako, Doumé, Abong-Mbang, Lomié, na Ngoyla obodo) 
** Ngalaba Boumba-et-Ngoko (Moloundou, Yokadouma, na Gari-Gombo communes) 
* Ógbè Ndịda
** Ngalaba Dja-et-Lobo (Bengbis, Meyomessala, Sangmelima, Djoum, Oveng, na Mintom communes) 

Ndị Baka na agbụrụ ndị ọzọ na-ebikọ ọnụ ndị dị n'okporo ụzọ ndị bụ isi. Ndị Baka na-asụ asụsụ dị nso na nke [[Asụsụ Mbaka|Ngbaka Ma'bo]] nke Central African Republic, nke na-egosi n'ụzọ doro anya na ndị Baka nke Cameroon si n'ebe dị anya n'ebe ọwụwa anyanwụ bịa n'oge na-adịbeghị anya. Na Cameroon, a na-akpọ ha ndị Pygmy nke Ọwụwa Anyanwụ, n'adịghị ka ndị [[Kwasio language|Bagyali]], ndị Pygmi si na Ngalaba Océan na-asụ Asụsụ Bantu (A80 subgroup). Ha dị puku iri abụọ na ise na Cameroon. A na-ahụkwa ha na Gabon (Phillips 1980) na Central African Republic . &lt;ref name=&quot;ALCAM2012&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|editor=Binam Bikoi|date=2012|title=Atlas linguistique du Cameroun (ALCAM)|language=fr|location=Yaoundé|publisher=CERDOTOLA|series=Atlas linguistique de l'Afrique centrale (ALAC)|isbn=9789956796069}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ụdị dị iche iche ==
Ọ bụghị ihe doro anya ma ọ bụrụ na Gundi (Ngundi), Ganzi na Massa (Limassa), na Baka n'onwe ha na-aghọta ibe ha. &lt;ref name=&quot;e18&quot;/&gt; ndị Massa agafeela Gundi, nke mmadụ 9,000 na-asụ.

Agbụrụ Ngombe na-asụ Gundi. O nwere ike ịbụ na e nwere mgbagwoju anya n'akwụkwọ na ndị [[Bangandu language|Ngombe]] na-asụ [[Bangandu language|Asụsụ Bangandu]].

== Ọmụmụ ụdaolu ==

=== Mkpụrụ okwu ===
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;
! colspan=&quot;2&quot; |
!Bilabial
!Alveolar
!Palatal
!Velar
!Egbugbere ọnụ&lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;br id=&quot;mwYg&quot;&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt;
!Mkpịsị aka
|-
! rowspan=&quot;4&quot; |Plosive
!&lt;small&gt;ala dị larịị&lt;/small&gt;
|p
|t
|
|k
|k͡p
|ʔ
|-
!&lt;small&gt;kwuru okwu&lt;/small&gt;
|b
|d
|
|ɡọ
|ɡ͡b
|
|-
!&lt;small&gt;tupu ịlụ di ma ọlị&lt;/small&gt;
|mb
|nd
|
|ŋɡ
|ŋɡ͡b
|
|-
!&lt;small&gt;implosive&lt;/small&gt;
|ɓ
|ka
|
|
|
|
|-
! rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |Ihe na-esiri ike
!&lt;small&gt;ala dị larịị&lt;/small&gt;
|Ọdịdị
|s
|
|
|
|h
|-
!&lt;small&gt;kwuru okwu&lt;/small&gt;
|β
|
|
|
|
|
|-
! rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |Africate
!&lt;small&gt;kwuru okwu&lt;/small&gt;
|
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; |d͡z ~ d͡ʒ
|
|
|
|-
!&lt;small&gt;tupu ịlụ di ma ọlị&lt;/small&gt;
|
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; |nd͡z ~ nd͡ʒ
|
|
|
|-
! colspan=&quot;2&quot; |N'akụkụ
|
|l
|
|
|
|
|-
! colspan=&quot;2&quot; |Ụgbọ imi
|m
|n
|ɲ
|
|
|
|-
! colspan=&quot;2&quot; |Ọkara ụdaolu
|
|
|j
|
|w
|
|}
&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|author=Bertille|first=Djoupee|title=Morphologie Nominale du Baka|publisher=Université de Yaoundé|year=2002}}&lt;/ref&gt; pụkwara ịnụ /d͡z/ dị ka post-alveolar [d͡ʒ], n'etiti olumba dị iche iche.

=== Mkpụrụedemede ===
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;
!
!N'ihu
!Ịlaghachi azụ
|-
!N'akụkụ
|i
|u
|-
!N'etiti etiti
|na
|o
|-
!N'etiti oghere
|Ọ bụ
|Ọ bụ n'oge a ka a na-eme ya
|-
!Emeghe
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; |a
|}
&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|title=Les Baka du Gabon dans une dynamique de transformations culturelles|author=Paulin|first=Pascale|year=2010}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Edensibia ==
ahịhịa ndị a na-eri eri, ahịhịhịa ọgwụ, na nchịkọta mmanụ aṅụ, a na-ekwukwa na ọ bụ ihe fọdụrụ n'asụsụ ndị Pygmy nke ndị nna ya na-apụ n'anya. Otú  dị, ma e wezụga okwu ụfọdụ ndị Aka kerịtara, ọ dịghị ihe akaebe{{Reflist}}

== Njikọ mpụga ==

* Baka Pygmies Omenala na foto, na ụda nke ogige Baka n'oké ọhịa
* Baka Forest People E debere  Wayback Machine Information, vidiyo, egwu na foto nke Baka si mpaghara Moloundou nke Cameroon.
* Baka: Asụsụ Dị n'Ihe Iche nke Northern Cameroon Ozi Baka na ndepụta okwu
* Nchịkọta ELAR: Ihe ndekọ nke asụsụ Baka-Gundi fọdụrụnụ Limassa nke Benedikt Winkhart debere
{{Pygmy languages}}{{Languages of Cameroon}}{{Languages of Gabon}}{{Ubangian languages}}{{Authority control}}</text>
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    <title>Asụsụ ndị dị n'Ebe Ọwụwa Anyanwụ Kainji</title>
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A na-asụ asụsụ East Kainji n'otu mpaghara dị na [[Jos]]_Jos Plateau na [[Naijiria|Naịjirịa]], nso Jos. E nwere ihe karịrị 20 n'ime ha, ọtụtụ n'ime ndị a na-amụ nke ọma.

== Akụkọ ihe mere eme ==
Asụsụ East Kainji dị obere karịa ụfọdụ alaka Plateau ndị ọzọ dị na Middle Belt nke Naijiria (Blench 2007). &lt;ref name=&quot;Blench2007&quot;&gt;Blench, Roger. 2007. ''[https://www.academia.edu/38612386/Language_families_of_the_Nigerian_Middle_Belt_and_the_historical_implications_of_their_distribution Language families of the Nigerian Middle Belt and the historical implications of their distribution]''. Presented to the Jos Linguistic Circle in Jos, Nigeria, July 25, 2007.&lt;/ref&gt;'akụkọ ihe mere eme, Asụsụ Chadic ndị na-adịghịzi n'ógbè ahụ emetụtala alaka East Kainji. &lt;ref name=&quot;Blench2007&quot; /&gt;, e nwere ihe karịrị 100,000 ndị na-asụ asụsụ East Kainji, ebe ihe fọrọ nke nta ka ọ bụrụ asụsụ niile nke asụsụ ndị ahụ na-eyi egwu site na asụsụ ndị buru ibu dị ka Hausa na Bekee. &lt;ref name=&quot;Blench2007&quot; /&gt; bụ ezie na ha dị mfe n'ụzọ ọdịdị, ha nwere ụda ọkwa 4 kama ụda ọkwa 3 nke mpaghara ahụ.

N'oge mmeri ndị Britain, ọtụtụ n'ime asụsụ ndị a nọ na usoro mgbanwe site na duodecimal gaa na usoro decimal. &lt;ref&gt;Shuji Matsushita, [https://web.archive.org/web/20081005230737/http://www3.aa.tufs.ac.jp/~P_aflang/TEXTS/oct98/decimal.html &quot;Decimal vs. Duodecimal: An interaction between two systems of numeration&quot;]&lt;/ref&gt; ndị a kwadoro na usoro ndị dị otú ahụ gụnyere Janji, Gure-Kahugu (Gbiri-Niragu) na Piti.

== Ihe ndị e ji mara ya ==
E jiri ya tụnyere asụsụ ndị dị nso na Plateau, asụsụ East Kainji dị mfe. Ha nwere ụda ọkwa anọ, n'adịghị ka ọtụtụ asụsụ ndị ọzọ dị na Middle Belt nke Naịjirịa nwere naanị ụda ọkwa atọ. Ụda &lt;ref name=&quot;Blench2007&quot;/&gt; anọ n'asụsụ East Kainji malitere dị ka ụda dị elu nke a na-eji eme akara dị iche iche.

Mkpụrụ okwu n'asụsụ East Kainji na-emeghe n'ozuzu (CV). &lt;ref name=&quot;Blench2007&quot;/&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;Blench2020&quot;&gt;Blench, Roger. 2020. ''[https://www.academia.edu/44092692/The_East_Kainji_languages_of_Central_Nigeria The East Kainji languages of Central Nigeria]''.&lt;/ref&gt; (2020) na-atụ aro na alaka East Kainji nwere njikọ chiri anya na Basa, ebe ọ bụ na ha abụọ nwere (C) V-CVCV phonotactic structures.

== Nchịkọta ==
&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.rogerblench.info/Language/Niger-Congo/BC/Kainji/KOP.htm|title=Roger Blench: Kainji languages|work=www.rogerblench.info|accessdate=2024-03-01|archivedate=2024-02-22|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20240222015204/http://www.rogerblench.info/Language/Niger-Congo/BC/Kainji/KOP.htm}}&lt;/ref&gt; na-eche na East Kainji bụ alaka mbụ nke [[Asụsụ Kainji]], mana nke a abụghịzi eziokwu. &lt;ref&gt;Blench 2004, ''[https://web.archive.org/web/20240301011205/http://www.rogerblench.info/Language/Niger-Congo/BC/Kainji/East%20Kainji/General/East%20Kainji%20State%20of%20the%20art.pdf The status of the East Kainji languages of Central Nigeria]'', p. 8&lt;/ref&gt;'ụzọ na-akpali akpali, Piti na Atsam yiri ka ha dị iche, mana ndị ọzọ na-emepụta usoro asụsụ na-aga n'ihu.

=== ''Glottolog'' ===
Nchịkọta Glottolog yiri nke Blench, mana aha Piti-Atsam ka dị. Na nkewa a, a na-achịkọta asụsụ niile ma e wezụga Piti-Atsam n'okpuru &quot;Jos&quot;. Amo, mgbe ọ nọ n'ime otu &quot;Jos&quot;, hapụrụ Kauru na Jera (ma ọ bụ &quot;Northern Jos&quot;, na-esote Blench). &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://glottolog.org/resource/languoid/id/kain1276|title=Glottolog 3.0 - Kainji Lake|work=glottolog.org|language=en|accessdate=2017-07-19}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Naanị Kurama, Gbiri-Niragu, Jere, Sanga na Lemoro nwere ihe karịrị puku ndị na-ekwu okwu.

== Aha na ebe ==
N'okpuru ebe a bụ ndepụta zuru oke nke aha asụsụ East Kainji, ndị mmadụ, na ebe ndị sitere na Blench (2019). &lt;ref name=&quot;BlenchAtlas4&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|title=An Atlas of Nigerian Languages|author=Blench|first=Roger|publisher=Kay Williamson Educational Foundation|year=2019|edition=4th|location=Cambridge}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ntụnyere nke okwu ==
Tebụl &lt;ref name=&quot;Blench2020&quot;/&gt;-esonụ na-egosi otu na ọtụtụ ụdị maka 'ogwe aka, aka' site na ụdị asụsụ dị iche iche nke East Kainji. Aha n&lt;ref&gt;Williamson, Kay .1972. ''Benue-Congo comparative wordlist: Vol. 2''. Ibadan: West African Linguistic Society.&lt;/ref&gt; dị n'ime oghere sitere na Williamson (1972). [1] Blench (2020) jikọtara data ahụ site na Williamson (1972), Shimizu (1979, 1982),&lt;ref&gt;Shimizu, Kiyoshi. 1979. Five wordlists with analyses from the northern Jos group of Plateau languages. In: ''Afrika und Übersee'' 62, 4: 253-271.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Shimizu, Kiyoshi. 1982a. Ten more wordlists with analyses from the northern Jos group of Plateau languages. In: ''Afrika und Übersee'' 65, 1: 97-134.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Shimizu, Kiyoshi. 1982b. Die Nord-Jos-Gruppe der Plateausprachen Nigerias. In: ''Afrika und Übersee'' 65, 2: 161-210. Westermann, Dietrich &amp; Margaret A. Bryan 1952. ''Languages of West Africa: Part II''. London: OUP for IAI.&lt;/ref&gt; na data Blench a na-ebipụtaghị.
{| class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot;
!Asụsụ
!Ìgwè
!'ogwe aka, aka'
!'ogwe aka, aka'
|-
|[[Piti Asụsụ|Bishi]] (Piti) 
|Ndịda
|Moɔk
|
|-
|[[Asusu Atsam|Atsam]] (Chaw) 
|Ndịda
|Igo
|
|-
|Kudu (Kuda) 
|Ningi
|Ọ̀ bụ nna
|
|-
|[[Asụsụ Kudu-Camo|Camo]] (Cham) 
|Ningi
|Ugboro ole na ole
|
|-
|Gamo (Buta) 
|Ningi
|ù-ʔára
|à-ʔára
|-
|[[Gyem language|Gyem]] (Gyem) 
|Mma agha
|ò-mek
|cè-rèèku
|-
|[[Asụsụ Shau|Shau]]
|Mma agha
|u-ʔara
|tu-ʔara
|-
|[[Lere language|Ọ bụrụ na]]
|Lere
|àya
|
|-
|[[Lere language|Mmeri]]
|Lere
|ù-ʔaya
|
|-
|[[Lere language|Takaya]] (Taur) 
|Lere
|na-aga
|
|-
|[[Asụsụ Zora|Izora]]
|Ebe ugwu nke etiti
|ù-ʔara
|tàara
|-
|[[Lemoro language|eMoro]]
|Ebe ugwu nke etiti
|wàʔara
|tàara
|-
|[[Asụsụ Sanga (Nigeria)|Sanga]]
|Ebe ugwu nke etiti
|ò-ʔàra
|tà-ʔàra
|-
|Janji (Janj) 
|Ebe ugwu nke etiti
|tààre
|
|-
|[[Boze language|εBoze]] (Buji) 
|Ebe ugwu nke etiti
|ò-wàrè
|tàre
|-
|[[Asụsụ Zele|iZele]]
|Ebe ugwu nke etiti
|ò-warè
|tà-are
|-
|[[Asụsụ Bunu (Nigeria)|iBunu]] (Ribn) 
|Ebe ugwu nke etiti
|Ọ ga-abụrịrị na
|tà-aré
|-
|iPanawa
|Ebe ugwu nke etiti
|Ọ ga-abụrịrị na
|M ga-abụrịrị
|-
|[[AsụsụLoro|iLoro]]
|Ebe ugwu nke etiti
|Ọ ga-abụrịrị na
|tàáré
|-
|iGuta
|Ebe ugwu nke etiti
|ù-wɨrɨ
|tɨ̀-ɨ̀rɨ
|-
|[[Map language|tiMap]] (Amo) 
|Ebe ugwu nke etiti
|Ọ ga-abụrịrị
|n'ebe a na-anọ
|-
|[[Sheni-Ziriya language|Ziriya]] †
|Sheni
|Ayí
|
|-
|[[Sheni-Ziriya language|Sheni]] (Shen) 
|Sheni
|taya
|Uta-taya
|-
|Gbiri
|Kauru
|ka-kiara
|na-
|-
|Niragu
|Kauru
|Ka-ara
|Kahu
|-
|[[Asụsụ Vori|Surubu]] (Surb) 
|Kauru
|Ka-ara
|na-
|-
|[[Asụsụ Kurama|Kurama]] (Krma) 
|Kauru
|aré
|ya-
|-
|Kono
|Kauru
|u-ihu
|ihu m
|}

== Hụkwa ==

* [[wiktionary:Appendix:List of Proto-Northern Jos reconstructions|Ndepụta nke Proto-Northern Jos reconstructions]] (Wiktionary) 

== Edensibia ==
, n'adịghị ka ọtụtụ asụsụ ndị ọzọ dị na Middle Belt nke Naịjirịa nwere naanị ụda ọkwa atọ. Ụda  anọ n'asụsụ East Kainji malitere{{Reflist}}Isiokwu a gụnyere ederede dị n'okpuru ikikere CC BY 3.0. 

* [http://comparalex.org/ ComparaLex], nchekwa data na ndepụta okwu East Kainji
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! class=&quot;infobox-label&quot; scope=&quot;row&quot; | Amụrụ
| class=&quot;infobox-data&quot; |&lt;div class=&quot;nickname&quot; style=&quot;display:inline&quot;&gt; William M. Edmondson&lt;/div&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;/br&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt; Ọnwa Iri na Abụọ 1874&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;/br&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;birthplace&quot; style=&quot;display:inline&quot;&gt; Davidson County, Nashville, Tennessee&lt;/div&gt;
|- class=&quot;birthplace&quot; style=&quot;display:inline&quot;
! class=&quot;infobox-label&quot; scope=&quot;row&quot; | Nwụrụ
| class=&quot;infobox-data&quot; | Ọnwa Abụọ 7, 1951&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;/br&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;deathplace&quot; style=&quot;display:inline&quot;&gt; [[Nashville, Tennessee]]&lt;/div&gt;
|-
! class=&quot;infobox-label&quot; scope=&quot;row&quot; | Ọrụ
| class=&quot;infobox-data role&quot; | Ọkpụkpụ
|}
William Edmondson (ihe dị ka 1874–1951) bụ onye mbụ na-ese nka n'Afrika-America ka e nyere ihe ngosi ngosi otu onye na Museum of Modern Art na New York City (1937).

== Akụkọ ndụ ==
Edmondson oge ụfọdụ na Disemba 1874 na Compton Plantation na Davidson County, [[Tennessee]] .  [1] Ọ maghị ụbọchị a n’ihi ọkụ nke bibiri ahịrịokwu.  [2] [3] Edmondson bụ otu n'ime nne isii nke Orange na Jane Edmondson bụ ndị agbaburu ohu tupu ha arụ ọrụ dị ka ndị na-eketa ihe.  N'ihi ihe ihe metụtara mmekọahụ na agba, e nyere &quot; mulattoes &quot; n'ubi ahụ ọrụ ndị a na- ihe, ebe Edmonson na-arụ ọrụ na ubi ọka na-edozi anụ ụlọ.  Ezin AMD Edmondson ọrụ n'ubi ahụ wee na-enweta dollar iri na abụọ kwa ọnwa.  N'oge ndị a n'ubi ọka ọ ga-ahụ &quot;ndị kwuo ozi n'ígwé ojii&quot; ma kwere na ọ bụ Chineke na-agwa ya okwu.  [1] Edmondson nwere obere akwụkwọ ma ọ bụ akara nkwado.

Mgbe nna ya nwụrụ na njedebe 1889, Edmondson dị afọ 16 ikike na-arụ ọrụ ike n'ubi ahụ wee kwaga Nashville.  [1] Ọrụ ezigbo ọrụ na-arụ ọrụ na nnukwu ụlọ ọrụ Nashville, Chattanooga na St. Louis Railroad ọhụrụ.  Mgbe ahụ ahụka n'ahụ akara aha Railway na 1907, Edmondson weere dị ka onye nkọwa n'ibu ọgwụ Nashville Women's Hospital, ebe ọ Manuel ọrụ ruo mgbe ụlọ ọgwụ mechiri na 1931. [2] N'oge a, Edmondson bi  na Nashville n'iwedị dịka nne ya, Jane, bụ onye ikpeazụ Compton Plantation.  Ka ọ na-erule afọ 39, ọrụ ya n na-abọgmụ ụmụ nwanyị nyere ya Bestarụ obere ụlọ na nnukwu oghere na Edgehill, mpaghara kewapụrụ iche na mpaghara Vanderbilt-Belmont nke Nashville.  [1] Edmondson alụrịta ma ya na nne ya na nwanne ya nwoke na-ekerịta ụlọ, yana kwa mgbe ụfọdụ, nwa nwanne na ụmụ nwanne.  Mgbe Jane nwụrụ na 1922, nwanne Edmonson, Sarah, n'oge na-adịghị anya ngosi nke ụlọ ahụ.  A na-ekwu na ọ na-ahụ àgwà na-egosi akara na-eme.  [1] Mgbe ụlọ ọgwụ ahụ mechiri na 1931, Edmondson ọrụ n'ahụ nwa oge dị iche iche na n'oge ndụ ya, ọ na-akpụ azụ azụ wee ree akwụkwọ nri ya. &lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|author=Edmondson|first=William|title=The Art of William Edmondson|date=1999|publisher=Univ. Press of Mississippi|isbn=9781578061815|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=mCOLisQ4eCkC&amp;pg=PA17|accessdate=June 13, 2018|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Na 1948 Edmondson ahụhụ akpụ.  Na February 7, 1951, mgbe ọ dị afọ iri asaa na isii, ọ nwụrụ n'ike ya na Nashville, Tennessee, bụ́ ebe ọrịa kpọchiri ya n'ihe ndina ruo ọtụtụ ọnwa.  Ebe ọ bụ onye ikpeazụ n’ime mgba ya ndị gara aga, ụmụ nwanne ya ise na ụmụ nwanne ya asaa mere emume olili ozu ya nke e mere n’echi ya.  [1] E liri Edmondson n'ili Ugwu Ararat, ugbu a Greenwood Cemetery (Nashville, Tennessee), ebe ili ozu ojii kacha ochie na Nashville.  Taa akara ngosi ili Edmondson n'ihi na n'oge ahụ a na-eji igbe osisi dị ọnụ ala lie [[Ndị Afụrịka ǹkè Amerịka|ndị Africa America]].  Ka osisi ahụ na-erekasị, ọ ga-eme ka ihe nrịbama ili ịbanye n'ime ala.  [1] Ihe ngosi olili ugwu Ararat nke oge ahụ tụfuru n'ọkụ, ndụ na ama osisi ebe ili ozu.

== Ọrụ nka ==
Edmondson ịhụnanya ihe ọkpụkpụ mgbe ọ dị ihe dị ka afọ 60 na 1934. Ọ kọrọ na ya USB sitere n'aka Chineke, bụ́ onye gwara ya ka ọ mụrụ ihe, sị: “M nọ n'okporo ụzọ awara.  awara ewere ihe ochie a kpụrụ akpụ mgbe m ya olu na-agwa m ka m buru ngwá ọrụ ọrụ m agha ọrụ n'elu nkume ili.  M leliri anya na mbara igwe ma n'ebe ahụ n'ehihie, o kowere nkume ili ka m mee, amaara m na Chineke na-agwa m ihe m ga-eme.  [1] Ọ kpụrụ okwute n'ili bụ isi site na obere nkume limestone a tụfuru n'iche ndị a kwaturu akwatu, bụ nke gwongworo ụlọ ọrụ na-emebi ihe na-ebugara ya.  Nkume ili mbinye aka Edmondson na-egosi nnukwu ike siri ike nke a ịrị na nkume ahụ.  [2] Dị egwu ya site n'ịrụ ọrụ n'elu nkume ili ndị a, nke ọ na-ere ma ọ bụ nye ndị enyi na mpaghara na obodo.  N'oge na-adịghị anya, ọ ahụmahụ ihe nkiri mma, ebe a na-asa akụkụ, na ihe ndị e ji achọ mma.  N'ogige ya eyịride akara &quot;Tomb-Nkume. Maka ire ere. Ogige ihe omume mma. Nkume Ọrụ WM Edmondson.&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;:4&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|author=Spires|first=Elizabeth|title=I Hear God Talking to Me|publisher=Farrar, Straus and Giroux|year=2009|isbn=9780374335281|location=New York|pages=50–52}}&lt;/ref&gt;

&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt;Okwukwe Ndị mmadụ na otu ya na azụ Primitive Baptist dị nso egwu ọrụ Edmondson.  Ihe ọkpụkpụ ya bụ ndị kwụ otu ma na-emesi ike sitere na otu ụkwụ ruo atọ n'ịdị elu, ọtụtụ na-ekerịta ihe ịhụnanya ya iche.  Ọ kpụrụ ihe osise nke Akwụkwọ Nsọ, ndị ọrụ ozi, nduru, nduru, ugo, oke bekee, ụgbọ na ihe ndị ọzọ e kere eke dị adị n'ezie.  Ihe oyiyi ya Igbe [[Njikọ̀taọ̀hà|Noa]] guzoro ogologo n'etiti azụ ụlọ ya.  Ọ mgba ọkwa limestone anọ a pịrị apị dị iche iche ma ọ bụrụ naanị ọrụ ụlọ dị na mkpokọta ya.  [1] Ọ kpụrụ akara ngosi obodo dị ka ndụ, ndị ọka iwu na ndị nkuzi ụlọ akwụkwọ, ndị ama n'ụbọchị ahụ bụ ndị dị mkpa maka obodo America America, dị ka onye na-agbata n'ọsọ Jack Johnson .  [2] Ọ kpụrụkwa ọtụtụ ndị ama ama dịka First Lady Eleanor Roosevelt .  [2] Edmondson mekwara ọnụ ọgụgụ ndị gba ɔtɔ.  [3] Ọtụtụ n'ime ihe osise Edmonson a pịrị apị nwere ihu akpụrụ akpụ na ìhè, nwere obere ọnụ na-ezu ike n'okpuru imi kwụpụta, na-eso iji mgbanaka na mkpụkọ nke brow.  Mgbe ụfọdụ, ọ na-egosi na ọ bụ akpụ nku anya wee họrọ ime ka imi sakwuo mbara.  Ekwenyere na o mere nke a iji nweta nsonye n'ime nchịkọta ihe osise ya.  [1] Ọbụlagodi na ihe ọrụ ya dị iche iche, ike a na-ahụ nke ihe ọkpụkpụ Edmondson bụ n'ihi ọnụ ọgụgụ ndị a pịrị n'ime ma ọ bụ site na nzu.  Ederede ụma na-edobe n'etiti ire ụtọ, chiseled, nke a na-egbu maramara ma ọ bụ nke siri ike dị n'ime ihe ọkpụkpụ ọ pel.  [1] Enwere ike ịhụ usoro ihu, fim nfe, na oke dị na ederede na Edmonson kacha mara amara Bess na Joe yana ọzọ na Mary na Martha .

&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|author=Thompson|first=Robert Farris|title=The Art of William Edmondson|date=January 1, 1999|publisher=Cheekwood Museum of Art|isbn=1578061814|location=Cheekwood Museum of Art|pages=3–14, 15–32, 33–44, 45–60|oclc=41932532}}&lt;/ref&gt; Edmondson nwere nnukwu ndị na-ege ntĩ na Edgehill dị ka ọtụtụ n'ime ọnụ ọgụgụ ya na-ama ọ bụghị nanị na mbara ala ya, kama na nke ụlọ na ubi ndị agbata obi.  Afọ ole na ole n'ime ọrụ ndị akpụ nke Edmondson, onye na-anụ ọkụ n'obi ụmụaka Peabody Sidney Hirsch ga-esi site na Edgehill wee bịa na mkpokọta ihe ọkpụkpụ Edmondson.  [1] A na-ede nkepụta a n'ọtụtụ ebe dị ka &quot;nchọpụta&quot; Edmondson nke Sidney Mttron Hirsch dere .  Hirsch n'onwe ya bụ onye nchịkọta nka nke Africa, Middle Eastern, na East Asia wee bụrụ otu n'ime ndị na-akwado Edmondson.  [1] Site na m ndabere a, ndị enyi Hirsch na ndị ọzọ ibe nke Nashville a ma ama ndị mma Edmondson si sculpture maka ụlọ ha, ubi, na ụlọ ọrụ, ọtụtụ n'ime ha e gosiri na ngo na Smithsonian American Art Museum na  Ogige Botanical Cheekwood na Museum of Art.  [2] N'ime ndị enyi Hirsch, Alfred na Elizabeth Starr, Alfred, onye na-ahụ maka usoro ihe nkiri ihe nkiri na-elekọta obodo ojii, na eje ya Elizabeth, onye na-ese ihe, ghọkwara ndị na-anụ ọkụ.  n'obi na ndị na-akwado ọrụ Edmondson.  Ha Harrise Edmondson na ọtụtụ ndị enyi na-ese ihe, a na-akpọ enyi nwoke Starr bụ Meyer (Mike) Wolfe na onye na Louise Dahl-Wolfe .  Dahl-Wolfe bụ onye na-ese foto nke akụkọ ọrụ na nso nso a maka akwụkwọ ọmụmụ ejiji Harper's Bazaar na New York .  O mere ihe otu ihe foto Edmondson na-arụ n'ike azụ azụ ya, nke o nyere onye nchịkọta akụkọ Harper's Bazaar .  Ọ na-akpa ibipụta ọrụ ya mana onye na-ahụ maka akwụkwọ ozi bụ William Randolph Hearst nwere aju mbunobi gosipụtara Negro art ka ọ na-ahụ ha dị ka ihe nkọwa ọzọ ụfọdụ ndị ohu.  [3] [4] O wetaziri ọrụ Edmondson n'aka onye Tennessean ibe Thomas Mabry na onye isi ya Alfred Barr, onye ntụziaka nke Museum of Modern Art (MoMA).

Ụbọchị Edmondson dịruru ihe dị ka afụ iri na ise.  Ọ dịghị mgbe ọrụ ya nyere nnukwu ego n'oge ndụ ya.  Na 1939 na ọzọ na 1941, ọ bụ ọrụ n'okpuru Ọrụ Ọganihu Ọrụ, mmemme mmemme na-akwado nke ndị na-ese ihe.  N'ọgwụgwụ 1940s, ekiri ya ịhụ mba na igha nka ya ibera.  Edmondson kwuru na ya pia gi na ama, na ọ dị ka ọ na-agbasi mbọ ike n'ụzọ ego n'ime afọ ikpeazụ nke ndụ ya.  Ekwenyere na o kere ihe dị ka ọrụ 300 n'oge ndụ ya na-arụ ọrụ.

== Ihe ngosi ==
[[Usòrò:Bird_ca._1937.jpg|alt=|thumb|291x291px| Nnụnụ ca. 1937, nkume limestone a pịrị apị, onyinye sitere na Margaret Z. Robson]]
Enyere Edmondson ihe ngosi nke otu nwoke, nke mbụ sitere n'aka onye omenkà Africa America, na Museum of Modern Art site na Ọktoba 20 ruo Disemba 1, 1937. [1] Na 1938, site na ụgbọ mmiri MoMA, e ji ihe ọkpụkpụ nke  William Edmondson na &quot;Centuries of Art in the United States&quot; na Paris .  Mmasị n'akwa ya na ọkwa mba na mba dị adị adịteghị aka, a na-elekwa ya anya dị ka ihe ọhụrụ, ma ọ bụ ihe atụ nke &quot;mgbe ochie&quot; akwụkwọ-ncheta nke onye na-agụghị akwụkwọ, onye ochie Negro nkume.  nkume.  Na mpaghara, Alfred Starr gara n'ihu na-agụnye ọrụ Edmondson nye ndị ya na ndị enyi ya, bụ ndị ọrụ ọrụ site na &quot;yard sculpture&quot; Edmondson ma ọ bụ site na mpaghara Lyzon Gallery.  Starr webatara onye na-ese foto ọgbara ọhụrụ Edward Weston na Edmondson na 1941, Weston wee mee ọtụtụ foto dị egwu nke Edmondson na-arụ ọrụ n'ike na njikere ya.  Na 1941, ọ natara ikike ihe ngosi solo ozi n'oge ndụ ya, na Nashville Art Gallery.

&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.si.edu/newsdesk/releases/smithsonian-american-art-museum-acquires-major-collection-self-taught-american-art|title=Smithsonian American Art Museum Acquires Major Collection of Self-Taught American Art|author=Baptiste|first=Laura|date=December 13, 2016|work=Smithsonian}}&lt;/ref&gt;Ka emechara ihe ngosi nke oge ụfọdụ site na 1950s na 1960s (nke ọma dị ka nke &quot;ihe ngosi nka&quot;), onye nchịkọta Edmund Fuller dere ndụ Edmondson nke e sere na 1973. E ji ihe osise ya na ihe ngosi &quot; Century  Two of Black American Art &quot; nke onye isi oche ngalaba ihe nka nke Fisk University David Driskell mere na 1976. Na 1981, Tennessee State Museum ọhụrụ mepere ihe ngosi solo na-adịgide adịgide yana ihe ọrụ isi Edmondson na-nwere ihe onye ọrụ agbazinye ego sitere  na nnakọta nke Elizabeth Starr, [1] na edemede ndị dị na katalọgụ so ya ndị iji ike ekele ọrụ Edmondson dị ka nka mara mma.  Site na 1980s na 1990s Edmondson's sculptures ka e mkpa nke ukwuu, n'agbanyeghị na ọ na-akpata na njedebe nke akara aha &quot;ndị ọzọ&quot;, &quot;ihe nka mmadụ&quot;, &quot;nke onwe ya kuziri&quot;, na &quot;naive&quot;.  N'afọ 1999, Nashville's Cheekwood Museum of Art welitere nnukwu ihe ngosi na katalọgụ na-eme njem nke akwụkwọ edemede dị nchọpụta na nchọpụta ndụ na ndụ ya na ọrụ ya.  Ngosipụta ihe ihe osise e nyere onyinye sitere na mkpokọta mkpokọta Fletcher, Formosa na Overton.  [2] Ihe ngosi 2006, &quot;William Edmondson, Bill Traylor, na Modernist Impulse&quot;, Edmondson na onye ọzọ na-ese ihe na-enyere onwe ya nke ọma wee rụrịta ụka maka ọmụmụ Edmondson dị ka onye na-ese ihe na-  akara mmachi akara.  Ihe ngosi a ịhụnanya iri abụọ na otu n'ime ihe ọkpụkpụ Edmondson nke bụ mkpokọta nka Edmondson kacha ukwuu na obodo ahụ.  [3] N'afọ 2016, Smithsonian American Art Museum ikike otu n'ime onya ya kacha ukwuu nke ọrụ nka n'aka Margaret Z. Robson, n'ime ha bụ ihe ọkpụkpụ Edmondson.

Ihe nka Edmondson kpamkpam na Newark Museum of Art, American Folk Art Museum, Hirshhorn Museum and Sculpture Garden, Philadelphia Museum of Art, Abby Aldrich Rockefeller Folk Art Museum, Smithsonian American Art Museum na Montclair Museum na [[Nú Jezị|New Jersey]]. &lt;ref name=&quot;:4&quot;/&gt;

== Ihe nketa ==
&lt;ref name=&quot;:4&quot;/&gt;N'August 20, 2014, Mayor Karl Dean meghere mbụ nke mbụ nke Nashville, aha ya na nọmba Edmondson.  Ogige ahụ, nke Nashville Metropolitan Development and Housing Agency na-elekọta, ndị ihe ọkpụkpụ nke Thornton Dial na [[Lonnie Holley]] sitere n'ike nss nke ọrụ William Edmondson.  Ogige mgbasa dị na agbata obi ndị Africa na America.  [1] N'agbanyeghị na saịtị nke ụlọ Edmondson na 1434 Fourteenth Avenue South bụzi ụlọ akwụkwọ ọha, akara akara nrịbama ihe mere eme Tennessee mara nke ọma.  [2] N'ihe dị ka kilomita ole na ole, a na-egosi ụfọdụ nkume ili Edmondson n'ebe a na-eli ozu dị n'ihe ahụ.

Kemgbe ọ nwụsịrị, ndị nkatọ na ndị na-anakọta ihe ji nke nta nke nta na-enwe ekele maka ọrụ Edmondson, ihe ọkpụkpụ ya na-enwetakwa ihe ruru $70,000-$300,000 na ọrịre. &lt;ref name=&quot;:4&quot;/&gt; Na Jenụwarị 2016, “A Boxer” rere na ọrịre nkeonwe maka $785,000 ọnụ ahịa kachasị elu akwụgoro maka ọrụ Edmondson. &lt;ref name=&quot;:5&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|author=Marshall|first=Jennifer Jane|date=2017|title=Nashville, New York, Paris, and Nashville: William Edmondson, Mobilized and Unmoved|journal=American Art|volume=31|issue=2|pages=69–76|doi=10.1086/694068}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ihe ngosi ahọpụtara nso nso a ==

* Ụlọ ihe ngosi nka nke Cheekwood, Nashville, TN
** ''Nkà nke William Edmondson'' 1999 haziri ya na American Folk Art Museum, New York, NY
** ''William Edmondson na ndị enyi: Ịgbaji Akpụkpọ ahụ, 2014''
** [https://web.archive.org/web/20190323184631/https://cheekwood.org/explore/art-4/exhibitions/past-exhibitons/edmondson-2017/ ''Ọhụụ sitere n’elu: Ndụ na Ọrụ nke William Edmondson''], 2017

== Nchịkọta nwere Edmondson na-arụ ọrụ ==
[[Usòrò:Rabbit-limestone-sculpture-collection-William-Edmondson-Smithsonian-1940.jpg|thumb| Oke bekee (ihe dị ka 1940) na Smithsonian]]

* American Folk Art Museum, New York, NY
* [https://collections.artsmia.org/search/William%20Edmondson Ụlọ ọrụ nka nke Minneapolis, Minneapolis, MN]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20240523165806/https://www.nga.gov/features/exhibitions/outliers-and-american-vanguard-artist-biographies/william-edmondson.html National Gallery of Art], [[Washington, D.C.|Washington, DC]]
* [https://americanart.si.edu/search?query=Edmondson Smithsonian Museum of American Art], Washington, DC
* [http://www.tnstate.edu/library/digital/EDMONDS.HTM Tennessee State Library], Nashville, TN
* [https://tnmuseum.org/temporary-exhibits/temporary%20exhibits/insearchofthenew Ụlọ ihe ngosi nka nke Tennessee State], Nashville, TN
* [https://cheekwood.org/ Ụlọ ihe ngosi nka nke Cheekwood], Nashville, TN nwere nchịkọta kachasị ukwuu nke ihe ọkpụkpụ William Edmondson.

== Ntụaka ==
{{Reflist}}
[[Òtù:Pages with unreviewed translations]]</text>
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{{Databox}}'''Kai Lossgott''' bụ onye omenkà na-emekọrịta ihe na South Africa nke ihe ya, ahụ ya na omume dabere na oghere gụnyere mpaghara arụmọrụ, foto, ide, eserese na ihe nkiri.

== Nzụlite na agụmakwụkwọ ==
A mụrụ Lossgott na Marktoberdorf, Germany. Ọ na-ejide BJOURN na akwụkwọ akụkọ na mgbasa ozi mgbasa ozi sitere na Mahadum Rhodes, na-amụ akwụkwọ na-agụghị akwụkwọ na ihe nkiri (1999-2002). Ọ nwetara diplọma dị elu na nka nka site na Mahadum South Africa na 2004 wee gụchaa nzere masta na ide ihe na Mahadum Cape Town na 2008. Enyere ogo niile na otuto. &lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;''Sa Sa Artist-in-Residence: Kai Lossgott''. 2016. Available: http://www.sasaart.info/pisaot_lossgott.htm [2016, December 31].&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Ihe ngosi ọha ===
Egosipụtala ọrụ Lossgott na ụlọ ọrụ dị na South Africa, dị ka Johannesburg Art Gallery na Museum Africa, yana n'ụlọ ngosi nka nkeonwe. Na mba ụwa, egosila ọrụ ya na Biennale nke Dakar, &lt;ref&gt;Afrikadaa. 2016. ''African Art Book Fair: Kai Lossgott''. Available: https://web.archive.org/web/20240528142859/https://issuu.com/africanartbookfair/docs/programme_aabf_-7 [2017, January 7].&lt;/ref&gt; [[Arnot Museum]] (New York), Whitechapel Gallery ([[London]]) &lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;/&gt; na Center Georges Pompidou (Paris). &lt;ref&gt;Musée L'ont Leux. 2016. ''Afrikadaa///'' . Available: https://web.archive.org/web/20180222105553/https://www.artslant.com/ew/events/show/455949-mus%C3%A9e-lont-leux [2017, January 7].&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Ihe nrite na nhọpụta ===

* Onye mmeri nke l'Atelier Art Award, ''obere na ihe nkịtị'' . Ntinye vidiyo. 2015 Absa Barclay's l'Atelier Art Competition. &lt;ref&gt;Holm, L. &amp; Clark-Brown, G. 2015. Kai Lossgott scoops Barclays L’Atelier Award ’15. ''The South African Art Times''. 8 August. Available: https://web.archive.org/web/20240528142859/https://issuu.com/arttimes/docs/south_african_art_times_august_2015 [2017, 4 December].&lt;/ref&gt;
* Magmart Festival Award, ''gụọ ụzọ ndị a'' . Vidiyo. 2011 Fondazione Forum Universal della Cultura, Naples. &lt;ref&gt;''Magmart Hall of Fame: Edition VI''. 2014. Available: http://www.magmart.it/halloffame.php [2017, November 8].&lt;/ref&gt;
* Nhọpụta, ''ekwughị'' . Mmekọrịta arụmọrụ na Anthea Moys. 2007. Spier Contemporary. &lt;ref&gt;Pather, J. Ed. 2007. ''Spier Contemporary 2007: Exhibition &amp; Awards''. Cape Town: Africa Centre 2007. Available: [http://www.spiercontemporary.co.za/wp-content/uploads/2009/05/SC2007%20catalogue.pdf http://www.spiercontemporary2010.co.za/wp-content/uploads/2009/05/SC2007%20catalogue.pdf] [Accessed: 2017, 4 December].&lt;/ref&gt;
* Nhọpụta, ''ngwa agha na njikere'' . Ntinye vidiyo. 2004 Brett Kebble Art Awards

=== Akwụkwọ ndị nka ===

* ''uwe ndụ ebighị ebi: ndetu kwupụta ekike maka ụmụ ụmụ, v xy hunter-gatherer'' . Igbe akwụkwọ omenka edobere, risograph nwere ụda abụọ na akwụkwọ akụkọ ejiri aka nyachie, igbe mkpofu postconsumer (2018).
* ''onye dinta'' . ABSA l'Atelier Award solo ngosi katalọgụ (2017).
* ''ọ bụghị n'azụ ụlọ m: ịchọta anthropocene'' . Igbe akwụkwọ ndị na-ese ihe nwere ibe mkpofu postconsumer. (2016).
* ''na-agwa osisi dị n'èzí windo m mgbe m na-ehi ụra'' . Dabere n'akwụkwọ onye na-ese ihe nke otu aha ahụ, akwụkwọ osisi a kanyere laser na akwụkwọ pergamano na igbe ọkụ (2010).
* ''na-akpali akpali: uri na foto'' (2007/2015).
* ''alfa'' . Akwụkwọ adreesị gbanwere na ihe nkiri nnwale na DVD (2007).

=== Akwụkwọ agụmakwụkwọ ===

* ''Johannesburg'', profaịlụ nke ụlọ ọrụ nka na-apụta, &quot;Art &amp; the Global Economy&quot;. &lt;ref&gt;Lossgott, K. 2017. Emerging Art Center: Johannesburg. In ''Art and the global economy''. J. Zarobell, Ed. California: University of California Press.&lt;/ref&gt;
* ''gụọ ụzọ ndị a: Na ngọnarị nke isiokwu na-abụghị nke anthropocentric na oghere mepere emepe'' (2013).
* ''ntụkwasị obi na telepresence'' (2012). &lt;ref&gt;Lossgott, K. 2012. Trust and Telepresence. ''Online Transnational collaboration, and curating Artists’ Film through the Internet''. ''The 27th Annual Savah Conference''. 4–7 July 2012, University of South Africa, Pretoria.&lt;/ref&gt;
* ''Ị bụ interface ahụ: Mmekọrịta, Ntinye aka na nsonye na 21st Century Media Ecologies'' (2012). &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;Lossgott, K. 2012. You are the Interface: Collaboration, Intervention and Participation in 21st Century Media Ecologies. ''Third level study guide BFA''. Pretoria: Unisa Press.&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ọrụ gara aga ==
Lossgott gara aga ajụjụ ajụjụ (onwe) nkọwa nke 21st narị afọ mmadụ n'ime mbara ala ecology na Anthropocene, &lt;ref&gt;Scherer, B.M. 2014. A Report on a Two-Year Endeavor. ''[http://www.hkw.de/en/programm/projekte/2014/anthropozaen/anthropozaen_2013_2014.php The Anthropocene Project]''. Haus der Kulturen der Welt.&lt;/ref&gt; site na ịnakọta na nnwale na ephemeral hụrụ ihe.

=== onye dinta (2016) ===
onye dinta jụrụ ihe ịbụ mmadụ pụtara n'oge ọgba aghara gburugburu ebe obibi . Ọrụ ahụ na-enyochagharị ma na-akọwapụta uru ihe etinyere na ihe ndị na-azụ ahịa, nke achọtara n'etiti okporo ụzọ mepere emepe na mgbochi nke ụlọ ọrụ. Emere Hunter-gatherer na Berlin, Zagreb, Dakar na Paris, ọkachasị na Center Georges Pompidou. &lt;ref&gt;Bilong, N. 2017. Hunter-Gatherer: On Survivalist Aesthetics in the work of Kai Lossgott. Art Africa. 11 January. Available: https://artafricamagazine.org/inconvenient-wonders-kai-lossgott/ [2017, November 8].&lt;/ref&gt;

=== obere na ihe nkịtị (2015) ===
Site na nkwusi ngagharị na foto nnukwu oge na-agafe, yana nkuzi ụda egwu na-emegharịgharị na mgbasa ifuru, olu onye na-ese ihe na-egosipụta n'ihe ndị dị nta na nke nkịtị na-ama ụma aghọta obere ihe ndị a na-ewere ejighị ya kpọrọ ihe. Nke a na-aghọ echiche gbatịrị agbatị na taxonomy anthropocentric na [[Iba|ịba]] uru. &lt;ref&gt;Watermeyer, N. 2015. Winner of the 2015 Barclays L’Atelier: Kai Lossgott. ''Creative Feel''. 3 August. Available: https://web.archive.org/web/20231205124429/https://creativefeel.co.za/2015/08/winner-of-the-2015-barclays-latelier-kai-lossgott/ [2016, December 31].&lt;/ref&gt; Ntule/nwụnye vidiyo a egosila uzuzu na ihe mkpofu, wee chọta ma tụfuo ụdị osisi, ahaziri dị ka onyinyo n'okpuru ntule ntule.

=== ikike nzuzo (2011) ===
Ike nzuzo nke nrụnye nwere akpụkpọ ụkwụ eji akwa 20 emeziri na grid 5 × 4 nwere oghere nke dabara adaba. Otu ụzọ dị oke ọnụ na-apụta na ndị ọzọ, na-enwu ọkụ na ọkụ na-emepụta LED, tinye ya na mgbidi ma tinye ya na mita ike. ikike nzuzo sitere na 2011 Occupy Movement na-akọwapụta etu ịhọrọ ịbụ “wepụ ya” dị ka mkpebi ibi ndụ maara nke ọma nwere ike inye aka chekwaa akụ ndị sitere n'okike na-ebelata, mana na-anọchitekwa anya ndị ikpe ziri ezi ihu igwe . &lt;ref&gt;Ludolff, C. 2012. The Body Remembers Everything. ''De Kat Magazine''. July–August: 32.&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Ọ dịghị ihe nwere akpụkpọ ahụ kpuru ìsì (2008-2010) ===
N'ime ihe ọ bụla na akpụkpọ ahụ kpuru ìsì, onye na-ese ihe na-elekwasị anya na ihe onwunwe nke akwụkwọ osisi dị ka 'anụ', na-ese ihe odide nnwale na ọdịnala nke narị afọ nke 19 ịhụnanya ịhụnanya uri na akwụkwọ site n'aka, typewriter na laser, wee gosipụta ha dị ka ụdị ihe atụ nke botanical. na igbe ọkụ. &lt;ref&gt;Vivier, N. 2011. Green Art of Kai Lossgott. ''Get It Cape Town''. June: 31-32.&lt;/ref&gt; A na-ebipụta foto na ederede ndị a na-egbuke egbuke na monograph nke onye na-ese ihe 'na-agwa osisi dị n'èzí windo m mgbe m na-ehi ụra'. &lt;ref&gt;Sophy. 2011. ''Book Launch: talking to the tree outside my window while I sleep by Kai Lossgott at the FLF'' [Blog, 11 May]. Available: http://bookslive.co.za/blog/2011/05/11/book-launch-talking-to-the-tree-outside-my-window-while-i-sleep-by-kai-lossgott-at-the-flf/[2016, December 31].&lt;/ref&gt;

* nkọwa dị ka. 2017. 04&lt;nowiki&gt;'31''&lt;/nowiki&gt;. DV PAL HD. Ntinye vidiyo.
* obere na ihe nkịtị. 2014. 03&lt;nowiki&gt;'13''&lt;/nowiki&gt;. DV PAL HD. Ntinye vidiyo.
* gụọ ụzọ ndị a. 2010. 03&lt;nowiki&gt;'59''&lt;/nowiki&gt;. DV PAL SD. Ntinye vidiyo.
* na-eje ije na rọba. 2009. 07'09&lt;nowiki&gt;''&lt;/nowiki&gt;. DV PAL SD. Ya na Mduduzi Nyembe na Bandile Gumbi.
* ndakpu mmiri. 2009. 02&lt;nowiki&gt;'24''&lt;/nowiki&gt;. DV PAL SD.
* mmalite I, Jenesis. 2008. 03&lt;nowiki&gt;'09''&lt;/nowiki&gt;. DV PAL SD. Onye omenkà mere ya.
* mmalite II, noesis. 2011. 03'28'. DV PAL SD. Nadja Lossgott mere ya.
* mmalite III, pangenesis. 2011. DV PAL SD. Ndị Kurt Lossgott na Celia De Villiers mere.
* alfa. 2007. 03&lt;nowiki&gt;'19''&lt;/nowiki&gt;. DV PAL SD.
* ngwa agha na njikere. 2004. 02&lt;nowiki&gt;'25''&lt;/nowiki&gt;. DV PAL SD.
* asụsụ nzuzo nke bourgeoisie. 2004. 01'54'. Anụmanụ dijitalụ maka nleba anya igwefoto onyunyo. DV PAL SD.
* mgbe ịdị ọcha gasịrị. 2003. 03&lt;nowiki&gt;'25''&lt;/nowiki&gt;. DV PAL SD.

== Ọrụ nhazi na imekọ ihe ọnụ ==
Lossgott agbasola ọrụ curatorial na onyonyo ngagharị, na-egosipụta mmasị ya na interdisciplinary, intermodality, nsogbu obodo na gburugburu ebe obibi.

=== Akwụkwọ ozi sitere na mbara igwe (2012) ===
N'ilekwasị anya na mmetụta nke mgbanwe ihu igwe, a na-enyocha akwụkwọ ozi sitere na mbara igwe n'ime ụgbọ okporo ígwè Climate na na ụlọ oriri na ọṅụṅụ ndị nnọchiteanya n'oge COP17 Climate Change Conference (Durban, South Africa) na gburugburu ebe ndị ọzọ na mba ahụ. &lt;ref&gt;Bell, S. 2010. Breathing life into the city. Cape Times. 28 May: 2.&lt;/ref&gt; Lossgott chịkọtara ihe ngosi 40 ndị nka sitere na mba iri na isii. Ihe nkiri ndị a bụ nzaghachi nye nchegbu mbụ nke Lossgott banyere otú mgbanwe ihu igwe si metụta ụwa n'ozuzu ya kamakwa ndụ nke onye ọ bụla na-eme ihe na-eme kwa ụbọchị. &lt;ref&gt;Dodd, A. 2012. Letters from the Sky. ''Art South Africa''. ''10''(3): 80-81.&lt;/ref&gt; A na-enyocha ya n'oge COP21 na Paris. &lt;ref&gt;Lossgott, K. 2016. Creating a Climate of Faith in Paris. ''ArtSouthAfrica''. 20 April. Available: https://artafricamagazine.org/creating-a-climate-of-faith-in-paris-by-kai-lossgott/ [2017, January 7].&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ọrụ na nso nso a ==
Carbon Project bụ ọrụ nyocha ogologo oge dị iche iche nke na-elekwasị anya n'isiokwu dịka ịlọ ụwa, obodo na oriri. N'ime oru ngo a, onye na-ese ihe na-eji ọtụtụ ihe nkiri na-agafe oge na-eme ka ọ pụta ìhè n'ihu ọha ihe nchoputa nke nyocha ya.

== Ntụaka ==
{{Reflist}}
[[Òtù:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ]]
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    <title>Senga Nengudi</title>
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{{Databox}} 
{{Infobox person|name=Senga Nengudi|image=Senga Nengudi.jpg|alt=&lt;!-- descriptive text for use by speech synthesis (text-to-speech) software --&gt;|caption=Nengudi, circa 1980s|birth_name=Sue Irons|birth_date={{Birth date and age|1943|09|18}}|birth_place=Chicago, Illinois, U.S.|other_names=|alma_mater=[[California State University, Los Angeles]],&lt;br&gt; [[Waseda University]]|occupation=Artist, Sculptor, Curator, Dancer|years_active=1960s–present|known_for=Visual art|notable_works=|movement=Studio Z, Performance Art, Sculpture|spouse=Elliott Fittz|awards=Nasher Prize Laureate 2023|website={{URL|http://www.sengasenga.com/}}}}

Senga Nengudi (née Sue Irons; amuru September 18, 1943) [1] bu onye nlere anya na onye nleba anya nke Afrika-Amerika .  A mara ya nke ọma maka ihe ọkpụkpụ ya na-ahụ ahụkebe na-akpata ihe ndị na-akwado ọchịchị choreographed.  Ọ bụ nke otu ndị omenkà avant-garde nke Africa-American na-arụ ọrụ na New York City na Los Angeles, site na 1960s wee gawa

Akpọrọ Nengudi aha 2023 Nasher Prize Laureate maka ebe aka ya na-ejide nke ọkpụkpụ

== Ndụ mmalite na agụmakwụkwọ ==
A አካላዊ Nengudi Sue Irons na Chicago, Illinois na 1943. [1] Mgbe nna ya nwụsịrị na 1949, ya na nne ya kwagara Los Angeles na Pasadena .  [2] N'ihi usoro ụlọ akwụkwọ dị iche iche, Nengudi ikikera onwe ya n'etiti ụlọ akwụkwọ, na-akwụkwọ azụ na azụ n'etiti Los Angeles na Pasadena.  Nwa nwanne nna ya bụ Eileen Abdulrashid bụkwa onye na-ese ihe&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.mutualart.com/Article/Repondez-sil-vous-plait--An-Interview-wi/71B964571BB7D4AF|title=Repondez s'il vous plait: An Interview with Senga Nengudi|author=Hegert|first=Natalie|date=September 28, 2016|work=MutualARt|accessdate=May 29, 2024|archivedate=April 18, 2023|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20230418233202/https://www.mutualart.com/Article/Repondez-sil-vous-plait--An-Interview-wi/71B964571BB7D4AF}}&lt;/ref&gt;

&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;/&gt;Mgbe ọ akwụkwọ akwụkwọ na Dorsey High School, Nengudi fim nkà na ịgba egwu n'oge 1960 na [[California]] State University, Los Angeles, na-agụsị akwụkwọ na nzere bachelọ na 1967. [1] Ọ pụta otu awụ na-agụ akwụkwọ na Mahadum  Waseda dị na Tokyo, na-enwe ndị na-enwe mmasị ikwu Gutai Art Association .  [2] Na 1967, ọ la mfe na California State University, site na nke ọ ndị a Master of Arts degree na ọkpụkpụ na 1971. N'oge akwụkwọ, na 1965, ọ gbara akwụkwọ na Watts Towers Art Center mgbe Noa Purifoy bụ onye isi  .  Ọ rụkwara ọrụ dịka onye nkuzi nka na Pasadena Art Museum na Fine Arts Community Workshop

Ọ kwagara New York City n'oge na-adịghị anya ka ọ gaa n'ihu n'ahụ ya dị ka onye na-ese ihe, ọ na-agakwa azụ na azụ n'etiti New York City na Los Angeles ugboro ugboro.  [1] Na 2016 ọ ama akara ugo mkpa nka nka na Colorado .  Ọ na-arụ ọrụ na Colorado Springs, Colorado ebe ya na di ya, Elliott Fittz bi &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Senga Nengudi Fittz - Colorado College|url=https://www.coloradocollege.edu/other/commencement/archive/2016/senga-nengudi-fittz.html|accessdate=2021-07-14|work=www.coloradocollege.edu|archivedate=2023-05-13|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20230513040701/https://www.coloradocollege.edu/other/commencement/archive/2016/senga-nengudi-fittz.html}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Oral history interview with Senga Nengudi, 2013 July 9-11|url=https://www.aaa.si.edu/collections/interviews/oral-history-interview-senga-nengudi-16131|accessdate=2021-07-14|work=www.aaa.si.edu|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ọrụ ==
Nengudi bụ akụkụ nke radical, avant-garde Black art ngosi na ma New York City na Los Angeles, n'oge 1960 na 1970s. Cheryl Banks bụ onye ọzọ na-ese ihe bụ onye ya na Nengudi rụkọrọ ọrụ na onye ya na ya na-ederịta akwụkwọ ozi ugboro ugboro gbasara ọrụ ha. &lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=Senga Nengudi Papers, 794|url=https://amistad-finding-aids.tulane.edu/repositories/2/resources/709|accessdate=2021-07-14|work=Amistad Research Center}}&lt;/ref&gt;

.Ọ bụ ọrụ na veranda abụọ: Pearl C. Woods Gallery na Los Angeles (nke Greg Pitts nwere ma duzie ya), na Just Above Midtown (JAM) na New York City.  JAM bụ nke Linda Goode Bryant nwere ma duzie ya, onye isi Nengudi.  [1] Ọ kọwapụtala ike okike nke ọrụ na veranda dị ka ndị a bụ, &quot;ịkụ ọkụtu akwụkwọ&quot; maka obodo ndị oji ojii &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;

=== Studio Z mkpokọta na arụmọrụ ===
N'ọgwụ 1970s, Nengudi arọ ọrụ n'okpuru Brockman Gallery's CETA na-akwado ọrụ nka, ebe ọ zutere Maren Hassinger .  Ihe omume a nyere Nengudi na Hassinger ọ karin emume maka Freeway Fets, ihe ngosi ya na ndị na-ese ihe David Hammons, Franklin Parker na ndị ọzọ bụ ụzọ nke Studio Z. [1] Nke a mkpokọta, nke ihe dị ka LA  Rebellion, ndị na-ese ihe nkiri America America &quot; dị iche site na vidiyo ha na omume akwụkwọ.&quot;  [2] [3] Hammons na Hassinger ozi ndị na-arụkọ ọrụ oge niile na ọrụ ya.  [4] Ndị ọzọ so na Studio Z egwu Ronn Davis, [5] Duval Lewis, RoHo, Barbara McCullough, [[Houston Conwill]], na Joe Ray (onye na-ese ihe) .  [6] N'afọ 1978, Nengudi akwụkwọ ya na Hassinger maka ụgwọ nke ndị nka abụọ ahụ kwalitere mgbe ha na-akpa n'ime nnukwu webụ pantyhose.  Ihe omume ahụ ụzọ ụzọ e si amachibido site na iwu okike mmadụ.  Nengudi mekwara ọtụtụ foto ahazi n'oge a.  Ọ na-achọkarị n'ime ha onwe ya n'asụsụ ama dị ka onye na-ahụ nwoke ma ọ bụ ajụ, na-agbagha agbagha.

=== Gburugburu nke ọrụ ===
Nhazi omenala, agbụrụ na agbụrụ na-agbagwoju anya ghọrọ isi n'ọrụ Nengudi dịka njikwa mmachi nwoke na nwanyị. Ọ na-ejikọtakarị ụdị nka nka nke Africa, Eshia na nke America maka iberibe arụmọrụ ya na foto emepụtara. Ọ bụ ezie na oeuvre ya na-akọwapụta okwu gbasara okike, agbụrụ na agbụrụ, ọrụ Nengudi na-elekwasị anya na ụzọ ndị agha usoro a si emetụta onye ọ bụla na-agba mbọ ịkwalite mkpali omenala maka ndị ikom na ndị inyom.

Ọ na-akpọkarị nkà ihe ọmụma Africa na Eastern dị ka ihe na-akwado ọrụ ya.

== Ọrụ ==

=== Usoro ''RSVP'', 1975–1977 ===
N'afọ 1975, mgbe a mụsịrị nwa ya nwoke wee hụ mgbanwe n'ahụ ya, Nengudi malitere usoro ''RSVP'' ya (nke a makwaara dị ka ''repondez s'il vous plait),'' nke a kacha mara ya. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|author=Gyarkye|first=Lovia|date=2020-11-09|title=An Artist's Continuing Exploration of the Human Form|language=en-US|work=The New York Times|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2020/11/09/t-magazine/senga-nengudi-art.html|accessdate=2020-11-12}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;/&gt; N'ịkọkọta mmasị ya na mmegharị ahụ na ihe ọkpụkpụ, Nengudi kere ihe osise na-adịghị ahụkebe nke ihe ndị a na-eme kwa ụbọchị site na usoro choreographed nke a na-eme n'ihu ndị na-ege ntị ma ọ bụ weghara na igwefoto. &lt;ref name=&quot;:5&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|author=Brownell|first=Jake|title=Colorado Springs Artist Senga Nengudi Takes the World Stage at Venice Biennale|url=https://www.cpr.org/2017/06/21/colorado-springs-artist-senga-nengudi-takes-the-world-stage-at-venice-biennale/|accessdate=2021-10-30|work=Colorado Public Radio|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; A na-eji ihe ndị a na-eme kwa ụbọchị mee ihe a kpụrụ akpụ, dị ka pantyhose, na akụkụ ndị a na-agbatị, gbagọrọ agbagọ, kechie, ma jupụta na ájá. &lt;ref name=&quot;:5&quot; /&gt; A na-ekokwasịkarị ihe ọkpụkpụ ndị a rụchara, bụ́ ndị e bu n’obi ka ndị na-ege ntị nwee ike imetụ ha aka, bụ́ ndị a na-ekokwasịkarị n’ahụ́ mgbidi gallery ma gbatịa n’ofe ebe a na-ese foto, na-eme ka ụdị akụkụ ahụ́ dị iche iche pụta, ara na-ada ada, na afọ nne. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://hammer.ucla.edu/now-dig-this/artists/senga-nengudi/|title=Senga Nengudi {{!}} Now Dig This! digital archive {{!}} Hammer Museum|work=Hammer Museum|language=en|accessdate=2018-03-04}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot;/&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://escholarship.org/content/qt29x9b6pn/qt29x9b6pn.pdf|title=Bodies in Action: Senga Nengudi's R.S.V.P. Répondez S'il Vous Plaît (1977/2003)|author=Taormina|first=Victoria Marie|date=June 2016|work=University of California, Riverside|accessdate=March 3, 2019}}&lt;/ref&gt; Maka ya, iji pantyhose eme ihe dị ka ihe na-egosipụta ngbanwe nke ahụ mmadụ, karịsịa ahụ nwanyị. &lt;ref name=&quot;:5&quot; /&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;hyperallergic.com&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://hyperallergic.com/146981/the-improvised-body-the-reemergence-of-senga-nengudi/|title=The Improvised Body: The Reemergence of Senga Nengudi|date=September 6, 2014|work=Hyperallergic|accessdate=April 13, 2019}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ọkpụkpụ ndị a yana mkpirisi arụmọrụ ya mechara gụnyere pantyhose gosipụtara ụdị anụ ahụ, njirimara agbụrụ, ọdịdị ahụ, na mmetụta ọha mmadụ na ahụ ụmụ nwanyị. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=http://www.chicagotribune.com/entertainment/museums/ct-ent-0921-senga-nengudi-20170919-story.html|title=Senga Nengudi stretches the limits of womanhood|author=Hawbaker|first=KT|work=chicagotribune.com|accessdate=2018-03-04|language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;
N'agbanyeghị na ọ na-etinyekwu aka na obodo ndị America America na-ese ihe na Los Angeles, mgbe usoro &quot;RSVP&quot; mere mpụta mbụ ya, ọ nweghị mmasị ọha na eze na ọrụ ya. Otu n'ime ezigbo ndị enyi Nengudi na otu n'ime ndị na-arụkọ ọrụ nka, David Hammons weputara nkọwa maka enweghị mmasị ọha na eze na ọrụ Nengudi, na-akọwa ya na ọmarịcha ihe ịchọ mma dị ugbu a n'ọtụtụ akụkụ Nengudi n'ime 1960s na 1970s. Ọzọkwa, ihe ọkpụkpụ “RSVP” nke Nengudi dị nnọọ iche na ọtụtụ ọrụ nka mere ndị ọgbọ ya nka na Los Angeles na New York na-ewu ewu. Emere Nengudi mara echiche nke nka nke ọha na eze ma e jiri ya tụnyere ihe osise nke ndị ọgbọ ya mere, karịsịa na New York, ebe ụfọdụ ndị chere na ọ naghị eme &quot;nkà ojii.&quot; &lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot;/&gt;

Ihe ọkpụkpụ &quot;RSVP&quot; nke Nengudi emeela ka ọ pụta ìhè n'oge na-adịbeghị anya na ihe ngosi otu ndị na-eme njem, gụnyere na ngosi, ''Ugbu a Dig Nke a!'' ''Art &amp; Black Los Angeles 1960–1980'' (site na 2011–2013) na ''Blues for Smoke'' (2013). &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://www.artinamericamagazine.com/reviews/senga-nengudi/|title=Senga Nengudi – Art in America|work=Art in America|accessdate=2018-03-04|language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== ''Ememe maka Fets okporo ụzọ'' (1978) ===
Nengudi na ndị otu Studio Z mkpokọta (gụnyere Hammons na Hassinger) iche, Ememe maka Freeway Fets (1978) n'okpuru okporo ụzọ ụzọ na Pico Boulevard na Los Angeles.  [1] Nengudi haziri uwe na akwa isi nke pantyhose mere maka ndị na-eme ihe nkiri.  Hammons na Hassinger nke ọrụ nke ike nwoke na-enwe, ebe Nengudi na-arụ ọrụ dịka ike iji ọgụ nwoke na ahụ.  Ma egwu egwu na egwu, nke ndị otu Studio Z mere, emelitere &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|author=Stillman|first=Nick|title=Senga Nengudi's &quot;Ceremony for Freeway Fets&quot; and Other Los Angeles Collaborations|url=http://eastofborneo.org/articles/senga-nengudis-ceremony-for-freeway-fets-and-other-los-angeles-collaborations|accessdate=February 7, 2014|publisher=East of Borneo}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== ''Warp Trance'' (2007) ===
N'oge obibi ya na 2007 na Fabric Workshop na Museum na Philadelphia, Nengudi webatara nka vidiyo n'ime omume ya nke mbụ.  [1] [2] N'oge ọ gara n'ebe a na-akwa akwa na gburugburu steeti ahụ, ọ de vidiyo na ihe ngosi nke igwe igwe akwa na-arụ ọrụ zuru oke, ma chịkọtakwa ihe dị ka ike Jacquard punch,  bụ nke ejiri igwe Jacquard loom, igwe igwe akwa.  Na nrụnye ikpeazụ, Nengudi tụpụtara vidiyo na ihuenyo puta nke ike ntụ n'ohere nwere ike gburugburu sitere na ngwaọrụ.  [1] Ụbọchị ahụ na-egosi isiokwu nke nkà na ẹzé, soja egwu nke ọrụ, egwu nke oge a, na ikwughachi egwu egwu nke ọrụ.

=== Abụ na curation ===
Na mgbakwunye na nrụnye ya, ihe ọkpụkpụ, na ihe ngosi ya, Nengudi na-emepụtakwa eserese, foto na uri. Ọ kọwapụtala ihe ngosi, gụnyere ihe ngosi solo nke Kira Lynn Harris na Cue Art Foundation na New York n'oge opupu ihe ubi nke 2009. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Kira Lynn Harris|url=http://cueartfoundation.org/kira-lynn-harri/|accessdate=2018-04-05|work=CUE Art Foundation|language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Ọ na-ede abụ n'okpuru pseudonyms Harriet Chin, Propecia Lee, na Lily B. Moor. &lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot;/&gt; N'ajụjụ ọnụ, Nengudi kọwara ka o siri kpebie iji aha pseudonym ndị a:&lt;blockquote&gt;&quot;Ọ niile malitere mgbe m hụrụ a ogbe nke akwụkwọ ozi na nkà na-enweghị atụ na nnọọ African-anya, ma mgbe m tụgharịrị n'elu akwụkwọ ozi ma hụ na onye na-ese bụ ọcha, m chere, &quot;Gịnị bụ heck? &quot;E mesịa, ajụrụ m ihe mere m ji zaghachi otú ahụ. Echere m banyere okwu a nke ịkpọ aha, na otú anyị si abanye ná nkwubi okwu dabeere na agbụrụ nke aha. N'ezie, ọ bụrụ na ọ dịghị aha jikọtara, mgbe ahụ, ndị mmadụ nanị ga-azaghachi na aha. na-arụ ọrụ n'onwe ya, ma ọ bụrụ na ọ bụ ọrụ nke onye aha ya bụ &quot;Yamamoto&quot; ma ọ bụ &quot;Rodriguez,&quot; e nwere ozugbo ọzọ nzacha nke anyị na-etinye na-ekiri ya dị ka Br'er Rabbit, na-agbalị ịbụ onye aghụghọ, iji ihe na-egwu egwu, na ime ka ndị mmadụ na-ele ihe anya n'ụzọ dị iche.&quot; --Senga Nengudi &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;/&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;

== Ihe ngosi ==
Nengudi na ọnụ ọgụgụ dị ukwuu nke ihe ngosi solo na veranda na ụlọ ngosi mgbe ihe ochie na United States na mba ụwa.  Ihe ngosi solo ya egwu Senga Nengudi (1971), Mahadum California State, Los Angeles ;  Vestige: Nchọpụta nke America site na Christopher Columbus'SD (1981), Dị n'elu Midtown Gallery, New York ;  Warp Trance (2007), [[Pensílvéníyạ|Pennsylvania]] Academy of the Fine Arts, Philadelphia ;  Senga Nengudi: Mmegharị ahụ na-emeziwanye (2015-2018), sitere na Mahadum Colorado Springs Galleries of Contemporary Art;  na Isi Azụ &amp; Elu: Senga Nengudi, Performance Objects (1976 - 2015) (2018), sitere na Baltimore Museum of Art  &lt;ref name=&quot;Gallery CV&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=Senga Nengudi|url=https://www.levygorvy.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/02/Nengudi-1.pdf|work=Lévy Gorvy|publisher=Lévy Gorvy Gallery|accessdate=23 July 2022|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20220628124108/https://www.levygorvy.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/02/Nengudi-1.pdf|archivedate=28 June 2022}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Onye na-ese ihe eso n'elu ihe ngosi na ihe ngosi otu, ngosi 57th Venice Biennale (2017) &lt;ref name=&quot;Gallery CV&quot;/&gt;

== Ọrụ ndị a ma ama na mkpokọta ọha ==
 

== Akwụkwọ ndị ahọpụtara ==

* Nengudi, Senga; Ụlọ ihe nkiri na ihe ngosi nka (2007). Senga Nengudi. Philadelphia, Pennsylvania: Ụlọ ihe ngosi nka na ihe ngosi nka.
* Nengudi, Senga; Ụlọ nkwakọba ihe (2012). Senga Nengudi : hụrụ gị n'anya. Syracuse, New York: Ụlọ nkwakọba ihe.
* Nengudi, Senga; Claus, Elisabeth (2012). Senga Nengudi. Aschaffenburg, Bavaria: Neuer Kunstverein Aschaffenburg eV KunstLANDing.
* Nengudi, Senga; Jones, Kelly ; Cube ọcha (2014). Senga Nengudi : alt. London, England: White Cube. [[ISBN (identifier)|ISBN]]&amp;nbsp;[[Special:BookSources/1906072876|1906072876]]
* Nengudi, Senga; Jones, Kelly; Luard, Mmanụ aṅụ; Ụjọ, Dorothy; Cube ọcha (2014). Senga Nengudi : Alt : n'ime White Cube. [[ISBN (identifier)|ISBN]]&amp;nbsp;[[Special:BookSources/9781906072872|9781906072872]]
* Nengudi, Senga; Burnett Abrams, Nora; Auther, Elissa; Jones, Amelia ; Pitts Angaza, Gregory (2015). Senga Nengudi : mmeghari mmegharị ahụ. Denver, Colorado: Museum of Contemporary Art Denver . [[ISBN (identifier)|ISBN]]&amp;nbsp;[[Special:BookSources/9780692536254|9780692536254]]
* Nengudi, Senga; Yasar, Begum; Bradley, Rizvana; Lévy, Dominique (2016). Senga Nengudi : [Septemba 10 - Ọktoba 24, 2015]. Obodo New York; London, England: Dominique Lévy. [[ISBN (identifier)|ISBN]]&amp;nbsp;[[Special:BookSources/9781944379025|9781944379025]]

== Ntụaka ==
{{Reflist}}

== Njikọ mpụga ==

* [https://web.archive.org/web/20211025185235/http://www.sengasenga.com/about.html Senga Nengudi webụsaịtị]
* [https://www.aaa.si.edu/collections/senga-nengudi-papers-17614 Akwụkwọ Senga Nengudi, 1947, gburugburu 1962-2017], sitere na Archives of American Art, Smithsonian Institution
* [http://www.moma.org/collection/artist.php?artist_id=40531 Senga Nengudi], MoMA
* [https://www.moma.org/learn/moma_learning/senga-nengudi-r-s-v-p-i-19772003 Senga Nengudi na mmụta MoMA]
* [https://aapaa.org/2009/12/14/senga-nengudi-biography/ Senga Nengudi na ebe nchekwa ihe ngosi nka nke Amerịka]
* [http://radicalpresenceny.org/?page_id=356 &quot;Senga Nengudi&quot;], Radical Presence NY
[[Òtù:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ]]
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Joseph Elmer Yoakum (c. Febụwarị 22, 1891 – Disemba 25, 1972) [1] bụ onye America na-ese ihe n’onwe ya kuziri.  [2] [3] Ọ bụ onye Africa-American na onye amaala America, amaara ya maka ihe osise odida obodo ya na ụdị nka nke ngosi .  [4] Ọ dị afọ 76 mgbe ọ ahụmahụ idekọ ihe nke ya n'ụdị ihu igwe wee jide ihe ọrụ 2,000 n'ime afọ iri ikpeazụ nke ndụ ya.

== Ndụ mbido ==
Ozi ndụ Joseph Elmer Yoakum siri ike ike mana o iwu na ya bụ onye Africa, French na Cherokee.  Onye nkatọ New York Times Will Heinrich gosiri ndị ndụ ya &quot;dị arịa ... Edeghị ya nke ọma, onye na-ese ihe n'onwe ya foto onye na-akọ ndị a luggara na ya.&quot;  [1] E nyewokwa ụbọchị ọkụ dị ka 1886, 1888, na 1891, na mmemme Veteran ya kwuru na enyi ya na Springfield, Missouri.  [2] Joe Yoakum dị afọ 9 na ngụkọ 1900 US na Greene County, Missouri, ihe dị ka Black ebe ebe nna ya depụtara dị ka mpaghara India.  [3] Edepụtara nna ya John Yoakum na ngụkọ 1880 dị ka Black na ebe nchegbu ya dị ka Cherokee Nation.

A mindi Yoakum na Ash Grove, Missouri, mana kọrọ akụkọ nke mmalite na [[Arizona]], na 1888, dị ka onye Navajo India na ndoputa Window Rock Navajo.  [1] [2] N'ịbụ onye na-anya isi n'ihe nketa ala nna ya na-ekwubiga okwu ókè, Yoakum ga-akpọ &quot;Navajo&quot; dị ka &quot;Na-va-JOE&quot; (dị ka ọ dị na &quot;  Joseph&quot;).  Ọ Time n'oge nwata ya n'ugbo Missouri. &lt;ref name=&quot;gse&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=Joseph E. Yoakum (1886-1972)|url=https://www.gseart.com/artist/Joseph-e-Yoakum/bio|accessdate=16 December 2018|work=Galerie St. Etienne}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Yoakum ụlọ ụlọ mgbe ọ dị afụ safar na Great Wallace Circus .  Dị ka akwụkwọ mmado paying, o sokwa Buffalo Bill 's Wild West Show na Ringling Brothers gafekwara US, n'ime egwuregwu egwuregwu ise dị iche iche.  O mechakwara gaa Yurop dị ka onye na-agba ọsọ.

Na 1908, ọ la ihie na Missouri wee pịa ya na enyi ya achọ Myrtle Julian, onye na ya nwere nwa nwoke mbụ na 1909;  Di na ngosi ngosi na 1910. [1] N'ihe dị ka 1916, ọ bụ ọrụ n'ebe a na-egwupụta coal, Hale Coal na Mining iji kwado ya.  [1] Edebere Yoakum n'ime ndị agha [[Njikọ̀taọ̀hà|United States]] na 1918 wee bụrụ ọrụ na 805th Pioneer Infantry na-arụzi okporo ụzọ na okporo ụzọ ụgbọ oloko.  [1] Mgbe ahụ agha ahụ, ọ gara gburugburu United States, na-arụ ọrụ ndị na-adịghị mma, ma ọghị aghọta ihe ya.  O mechara lụọ ndị ọzọ ma kwa [[Chicago]].  Na 1946, Yoakum etinyere ya n' ọgwụ mgbaka n'ebe ahụ.  N'oge na-adịghị anya ọ በቀላሉ na site na nwa 1950 ọ na-ese ihe mgbe niile.

== Ọrụ nka ==
[[Usòrò:Artwork_by_Joseph_E._Yoakum.jpg|thumb|260x260px| Otu n'ime ihe osise Yoakum]]
Yoakum bikwa ụzọ na ụzọ na Chicago na 1962. Tom Brand, onye nwe Galaxy Press nke dị n'ụdị ndị Chicago, na 1968 nwere ike isi ọ ga-ebuga na ụlọ ngwaọrụ a na-akpọ &quot;The Whole&quot;.  Mgbe ọ nọ n'ebe ahụ, ọ nọ ihe osise pensụl na-acha odo odo nke Yoakum ma were ha ike.  Brand nwere akaụntụ na Ed Sherbyn Gallery nke dị n'ụdị ugwu Chicago, ma ọ mere Sherbyn ka ọ igodo ọrụ Yoakum na ike bipụta akwụkwọ mmado nke ya maka ihe ngosi a.  Norman Mark nke Chicago Daily News dere otu gbasara gbasara Yoakum ihu &quot;Ihe osise m bụ m ike nke ike&quot;;  E eserese a n'azụ akwụkwọ mmado.  Brand gwara ndị enyi ya na-ese ihe (gụnyere Whitney Halstead ) gbasara Yoakum ma gbaa ha ume ileta ụlọ ọrụ &quot;The Whole&quot;.  Halstead, onye na-ese ihe na onye nkuzi na akwụkwọ edemede nke Art Institute of Chicago, ozi onye na-ibu ọrụ Yoakum n'oge ndụ ya.  O see na nke ya bụ &quot;ihe izi ezi eziokwu ... na emetụta ifo, ndụ Yoakum dịka ọ gaara achọ ibi ndụ ya.  &lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|author=Depasse|first=Derrel B.|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=4otJY4P1bJoC|title=Traveling the Rainbow: The Life and Art of Joseph E. Yoakum|publisher=University Press of Mississippi; [[Museum of American Folk Art]]|year=2001|isbn=1-57806-248-9|pages=3, 9, 11}}&lt;/ref&gt;

&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|date=1995-02-03|title='Outsider' Artist, And His Art, Still A Mystery|language=en|work=Chicago Tribune|url=http://articles.chicagotribune.com/1995-02-03/entertainment/9502030283_1_outsider-art-drawings-joseph-yoakum|accessdate=2017-09-21}}&lt;/ref&gt;Na 1967, Yoakum bụ obodo ndị na-eme ihe nkiri site n'aka John Hopgood, onye nkuzi na Chicago State College, bụ onye ọrụ Yoakum ka ọ kwụgidere na windo studio ya wee bụrụ onye foto iri abụọ na abụọ.  Otu ụmụ akwụkwọ Roger Brown, Gladys Nilsson, Jim Nutt, na Barbara Rossi, na ndị akwụkwọ na akwụkwọ nke Art Institute of Chicago, ray Yoshida na Whitney Halstead, nwere ngwaọrụ n'ịkwalite ọrụ ya.  Na 1972, otu otu ọnwa tupu ya, e nyere Yoakum ihe ngosi otu nwoke na Whitney Museum na New York City.

Ọ malitere ịbịaru ebe ndị a maara nke ọma, dị ka ''Green Valley Ashville Kentucky'', dị ka usoro iji jide ihe ncheta ya. Agbanyeghị, ọ tụgharịrị gaa n'ọdịdị mbara ala echiche n'ebe ọ na-agatụbeghị, dị ka ''Mt Cloubelle nke West India'' ma ọ bụ ''ugwu Mowbullan na Dividing Range nso Brisbane Australia'' . N'iji mkpịsị bọọlụ na-esepụta nkọwapụta, ọ na-adịkarịghị emezigharị, ọ na-eji agba mmiri na pastel agba eserese ya n'ime ahịrị. Ọ bịara mara ya maka ụdị organic ya, na-eji ahịrị abụọ mgbe niile na-akọwa oke ala.

N'ime ọnwa anọ ikpeazụ nke ndụ ya, ọrụ Yoakum bụ ojiji nke abstraction dị ọcha, dị ka n'ihe atụ ya Flooding of Sock River through Ash Grove Mo [Missouri] on July 4, 1914 in that [waters] drove many persons from Homes I were with the Groupe leiving Ụlọ [  . Ihe osise ahụ bụ otu n'ime akwụkwọ akụkọ ndụ ya.

Na 2018–19 ọrụ Yoakum ngosi na ngosi Outliers na American Vanguard Art na National Gallery of Art, High Museum of Art, na Los Angeles County Museum of Art.  [1] Na 2021, Museum of Modern Art nke ihe ụmụaka 100 ọrụ na ihe ngosi nke Joseph E. Yoakum: Ihe mpụta.  [2] Ọ bụ Art Institute of Chicago haziri ya, Museum of Modern Art, na Menil Drawing Institute, nke bụ nke mkpokọta Menil.  [3] A na-amị anya ọrụ ya na National Gallery of Art, n'etiti ụlọ ọrụ ndị ọzọ. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Artist Info|url=https://www.nga.gov/collection/artist-info.46122.html|accessdate=2023-02-09|work=www.nga.gov}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ntụaka ==
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== Ọgụgụ ọzọ ==

* {{Cite book|author=Depasse|first=Derrel B.|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=4otJY4P1bJoC|title=Traveling the Rainbow: The Life and Art of Joseph E. Yoakum|publisher=University Press of Mississippi; [[Museum of American Folk Art]]|year=2001|isbn=1-57806-248-9}}
* {{Cite book|author=Ash-Milby|first=Kathleen|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=FAkrEAAAQBAJ|title=Joseph E. Yoakum: What I Saw|publisher=Yale University Press|year=2021|isbn=9780300257489|editor=Pascale}}

== Njikọ mpụga ==

* Works by or about Joseph Yoakum at Internet Archive
* Atkins, Jacqueline M., [http://issuu.com/american_folk_art_museum/docs/clarion_15_1_win1989-90 &quot;Joseph E. Yoakum: Visionary Traveler&quot;] ''The Clarion'', Winter 1989/1990
* [http://ci13.cmoa.org/artists/joseph-yoakum Carnegie Museum of Art]</text>
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[[File:Portrait of Henry Ossawa Tanner.jpg|thumb|Henry Ossawa Tanner]]
'''Henry Ossawa Tanner''' (June 21, 1859 – Mee 25, 1937) bụ onye omenkà America nke nọrọ ọtụtụ ọrụ ya na [[France]]. Ọ ghọrọ onye mbụ na-ese ihe n'Africa na America nwetara otuto mba ụwa. Tanner kwagara Paris, France na 1891 ka ọ gụọ akwụkwọ na Académie Julian wee nweta otuto na okirikiri nka [[French Guianese Creole|French]]. A nabatara eserese ya Daniel na ọdụ ọdụm (1895, ebe a na-amaghị) na Salon 1896, ihe ngosi nka nke Académie des Beaux-Arts na Paris. Ndị ọchịchị France zụtara Mbilite n'ọnwụ Tanner nke Lazarọs (1896, Musée d'Orsay, Paris) mgbe ọ nwetasịrị nrite nke atọ na Salon 1897.  Na 1923, gọọmentị France họpụtara Tanner chevalier nke Legion of Honor.  &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Artist Info|url=https://www.nga.gov/collection/artist-info.1919.html|accessdate=November 25, 2021|publisher=www.nga.gov}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|author=Mosby|first=Dewey F.|url=http://archive.org/details/henryossawatanne01unse|title=Henry Ossawa Tanner|date=1991|location=Philadelphia; New York|publisher=Philadelphia Museum of Art; Rizzoli International Publications|others=Philadelphia Museum of Art|isbn=978-0-8478-1346-9}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Mgbe ọ gbasịrị nkà n'onwe ya dị ka nwa okorobịa, Tanner debanyere aha na Pennsylvania Academy of the Fine Arts na Philadelphia na 1879. Naanị nwa akwụkwọ ojii, ọ ghọrọ ọkacha mmasị nke onye na-ese ihe Thomas Eakins, bụ onye malitere izi ihe n'oge na-adịbeghị anya. Tanner mere njikọ ndị ọzọ n'etiti ndị na-ese ihe, gụnyere Robert Henri. N'ọgwụgwụ 1890s, onye na-ahụ maka nka Rodman Wanamaker kwadoro njem Tanner na Mutasarrifate nke Jerusalem mgbe ọ hụchara ihe osise nke isiokwu Akwụkwọ Nsọ. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Henry Ossawa Tanner|url=https://americanart.si.edu/artist/henry-ossawa-tanner-4742|accessdate=November 25, 2021|publisher=Smithsonian American Art Museum|language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Tanner lụrụ Jessie Macauley Olssen na Disemba 14, 1899 na [[London]]. Nwa ha nwoke, Jesse Ossawa Tanner, mụrụ na [[New York City|New York]] City na Septemba 25, 1903. Ezinụlọ ahụ mere France ebe obibi ha na-adịgide adịgide, na-eke oge n'etiti Paris na ugbo dị na Normandy.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Henry Ossawa Tanner|url=https://americanart.si.edu/artist/henry-ossawa-tanner-4742|accessdate=November 25, 2021|publisher=Smithsonian American Art Museum|language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ndụ mbido ==
[[Usòrò:Eakins,_Henry_Ossawa_Tanner_1902.jpg|áká_ịkẹngạ|thumb|Thomas Eakins, Portrait of Henry O. Tanner, 1900. Mmanụ n'elu ákwà, 241⁄8&quot; × 201⁄4&quot;. Nchịkọta Hyde.]]
A mụrụ Henry Ossawa Tanner na Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, nwa mbụ n'ime ụmụ itoolu; ụmụnne abụọ, Benjamin na Horace, nwụrụ na nwata.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|author=Woods|first=Naurice Frank|title=Henry Ossawa Tanner Art, Faith, Race, and Legacy|publisher=Taylor and Francis|year=2018|isbn=978-1-138-24194-7|location=New York, NY}}&lt;/ref&gt; Otu n'ime ụmụnne ya nwanyị, Halle Tanner Dillon Johnson, bụ nwanyị mbụ e nyere asambodo ịrụ ọrụ ọgwụ na Alabama.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|author=Wright|first=A. J.|date=May 18, 2017|title=Halle Tanner Dillon|url=http://www.encyclopediaofalabama.org/article/h-3925|accessdate=November 8, 2020|work=Encyclopedia of Alabama|archivedate=December 3, 2021|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20211203140828/http://encyclopediaofalabama.org/article/h-3925}}&lt;/ref&gt; Nne na nna ya nyere ya aha dị n'etiti nke na-echeta ọgụ na Osawatomie n'etiti ndị na-akwado na ndị na-emegide ịgba ohu.&lt;ref name=&quot;Baker&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|author=Kelly Jeanette Baker|title=Race, Religion, and Visual Mysticism|year=2003|url=https://diginole.lib.fsu.edu/islandora/object/fsu%3A169182|publisher=Florida State University}}&lt;/ref&gt; Nna ya Benjamin Tucker Tanner (1835-1923) ghọrọ bishọp na African Methodist Episcopal Church (AME), òtù ojii mbụ nwere onwe ya na United States. Ọ gụrụ akwụkwọ na Avery College na Western Theological Seminary na Pittsburgh, ma zụlite ọrụ edemede.&lt;ref&gt;[http://loc.gov/exhibits/civil-war-in-america/biographies/benjamin-tucker-tanner.html The Civil War in America: Benjamin Tucker Tanner], ''Library of Congress Exhibitions''&lt;/ref&gt; Na mgbakwunye, ọ bụ onye ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị, na-akwado mwepụ nke ịgba ohu. Nne Henry Tanner bụ Sarah Elizabeth Tanner nwere ike ịbụ na a mụrụ ya n'ohu na Virginia.  &lt;ref name=&quot;homespun&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|title=Homespun Heroines and other women of distinction|date=1988|publisher=Oxford University Press|location=New York|pages=32–33|url=https://archive.org/details/homespunheroines0000unse/page/32/mode/2up?q=miller}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;escape2&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=Mother of Henry O. Tanner|publisher=Smithsonian American Art Museum|url=https://americanart.si.edu/artwork/mother-henry-o-tanner-23670}}&lt;/ref&gt; Akụkọ abụọ dị iche iche apụtala banyere ibi ndụ ya na nnwere onwe; n'otu, nna ya na-akwọ ezinụlọ ahụ site na Winchester, Virginia gaa &quot;na steeti Pennsylvania nweere onwe ya&quot; n'ụgbọ ehi. Na nke ọzọ, ọ gbapụrụ dị ka onye gbara ọsọ ndụ gaa North site na Underground Railroad. N'ebe ahụ, ọ zutere ma lụọ Benjamin Tucker Tanner.&lt;ref name=&quot;homespun&quot; /&gt;

Ezinụlọ ahụ si na Pittsburgh kwaga Philadelphia mgbe Tanner dị afọ iri na ụma. N'ebe ahụ nna ya ghọrọ enyi Frederick Douglass, mgbe ụfọdụ na-akwado ya, mgbe ụfọdụ na-akatọ. Robert Douglass, Jr., onye na-ese ojii na-aga nke ọma na Philadelphia, bụ onye agbata obi mbụ nke ezinụlọ Tanner, Tanner dere na ọ &quot;na-agafe ma na-akwụsị mgbe niile ile foto ya na windo.&quot; Mgbe Tanner nọ.  ihe dị ka afọ 13, ọ hụrụ onye na-ese ihe nkiri na-arụ ọrụ na Fairmount Park, ebe ya na nna ya na-eje ije.  O kpebiri na ya chọrọ ịbụ onye na-ese ihe.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;/&gt;

== Agụmakwụkwọ ==
[[Usòrò:Henry_Ossawa_Tanner_-_Spinning_By_Firelight_(1894).jpg|áká_èkpè|thumb|200x200px|''Ịtụgharị site na ọkụ'', 1894]]
Ọ bụ ezie na ọtụtụ ndị na-ese ihe jụrụ ịnakwere nwa akwụkwọ [[Africa]]-American, na 1879 Tanner debara aha na Pennsylvania Academy of the Fine Arts na Philadelphia, na-aghọ nanị nwa akwụkwọ ojii. Mkpebi ya ịga ụlọ akwụkwọ ahụ bịara n'oge ụlọ akwụkwọ mmuta nka na-elekwasị anya n'ịmụ ihe site na ụdị ndụ karịa nkedo plasta.  Thomas Eakins, onye prọfesọ na Pennsylvania Academy, bụ otu n'ime ndị na-ese ihe America mbụ kwalitere ụzọ ọhụrụ maka agụmakwụkwọ nka gụnyere ịmụba ọmụmụ sitere na ụdị ndụ, mkparịta ụka gbasara arụ ọrụ na klaasị nke ụmụ akwụkwọ nwoke na nwanyị, na nkewa nke ndị cadaver iji kuzie ihe gbasara ahụ.  .  Ụzọ Eakins na-aga n'ihu na agụmakwụkwọ nka nwere mmetụta dị ukwuu na Tanner.  Onye na-ese ihe na-eto eto bụ otu n'ime ụmụ akwụkwọ kacha amasị Eakins;  afọ iri abụọ ka Tanner hapụrụ ụlọ akwụkwọ ahụ, Eakins sere foto ya.&lt;ref name=&quot;Parry, Ellwood C. III&quot;&gt;Parry, Ellwood C. III. ''Three Nineteenth Century Afro-American Artists.'' Cedar Rapids, IA: Cedar Rapids Art Center, 1980.&lt;/ref&gt;

Na Academy, Tanner mere enyi ndị na-ese ihe bụ ndị ọ na-akpakọrịta n'oge ndụ ya niile, karịsịa Robert Henri, otu n'ime ndị malitere Ụlọ Akwụkwọ Ashcan.  N'ime oge dị mkpirikpi na Academy, Tanner zụlitere nke ọma ihe ọmụma banyere mmewere ahụ na nkà iji gosipụta nghọta ya banyere ịdị arọ na nhazi nke ihe oyiyi mmadụ na akwa akwa.&lt;ref name=&quot;Matthews, Marcia&quot;&gt;Matthews, Marcia. ''Henry Ossawa Tanner: American Artist''. Chicago: The University of Chicago Press, 1969.&lt;/ref&gt;

Ọrịa mebiri ọmụmụ nka Tanner, nke a kọrọ na Nọvemba 1881 ma kwuo na ọ nọgidere na-aga n'ihu n'oge ọkọchị na-esote, mgbe Tanner nọrọ oge na-agbake n'Ugwu Adirondack.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|author=Woods|first=Naurice Frank Jr.|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=skUrDwAAQBAJ&amp;dq=tanner%20eakins&amp;pg=PA29|title=Henry Ossawa Tanner: Art, Faith, Race, and Legacy|date=July 6, 2017|publisher=Taylor &amp; Francis|isbn=978-1-315-27948-0|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Okwu gbasara ịkpa ókè agbụrụ ==
[[Usòrò:Henry_Ossawa_Tanner_-_Gateway,_Tangier.jpg|thumb|Gateway, Tangier, 1912, St. Louis Art MuseumEbe Ngosi Ihe Ochie St. Louis]]
Ọ bụ ezie na Tanner nwetara obi ike dị ka onye na-ese ihe ma malite ire ọrụ ya, ọ chere Ịkpa ókè agbụrụ ihu na-arụ ọrụ dị ka onye omenkà ọkachamara na Philadelphia.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Henry Ossawa Tanner {{!}} Smithsonian American Art Museum|url=https://americanart.si.edu/artist/henry-ossawa-tanner-4742|accessdate=June 4, 2021|work=americanart.si.edu|language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; N'akwụkwọ akụkọ ndụ ya, The Story of an Artist's Life, Tanner kọwara ibu arọ nke ịkpa ókè agbụrụ:&lt;blockquote&gt;Enwere m ezigbo ihere ma mee ka m chee na achọghị m, ọ bụ ezie na n'ebe enwere m ikike ịnọ, ọbụlagodi ọnwa ole na ole ka nke ahụ gasịrị mere ka m nwee ihe mgbu mgbe ụfọdụ. Oge ọ bụla n'ime ihe ndị a na-adịghị mma batara n'uche m, obi m mikpuru, a mekwara m ahụhụ ọzọ site n'echiche nke ihe m tachiri obi, ihe fọrọ nke nta ka ọ bụrụ ihe ahụ mere n'onwe ya.&lt;ref name=&quot;Bruce, Marcus C.&quot;&gt;Bruce, Marcus C. ''Henry Ossawa Tanner.'' New York: Crossroad Publishing, 2002.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;

== Ndụ ná mba ọzọ ==
[[Usòrò:Brooklyn_Museum_-_The_Arch_-_Henry_Ossawa_Tanner_-_overall.jpg|áká_èkpè|thumb|The Arch, c. 1914, Brooklyn MuseumEbe Ngosi Ihe Mgbe Ochie nke Brooklyn]]
N'olileanya nke inweta ego zuru oke iji gaa Europe, Tanner rụrụ ụlọ ọrụ foto na Atlanta n'oge ngwụcha 1880s.  Mwepụta ahụ enweghị ihe ịga nke ọma.  N'ime oge a Tanner zutere Bishọp Joseph Crane Hartzell, onye nlekọta nke kọleji Clark (nke bụ Mahadum Clark Atlanta ugbu a).  Hartzell na nwunye ya mere enyi Tanner, bụrụ ndị na-azụ ya, ma kwadoro ya maka ọrụ nkuzi na kọleji.[1]  Tanner kụziri ịse ihe na Clark College obere oge.&lt;ref name=&quot;Springfield&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.spfld-museum-of-art.org/collection/tanner.html|title=Henry Ossawa Tanner|publisher=Springfield Museum of Art|accessdate=August 5, 2006|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20060110063014/http://www.spfld-museum-of-art.org/collection/tanner.html|archivedate=January 10, 2006}}&lt;/ref&gt;

N'afọ 1891, ọ gara Paris, France, &lt;ref name=&quot;Villa&quot;&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://www.artnews.com/art-news/news/henry-ossawa-tanner-childhood-home-preservation-campaign-1234648277/|author=Angelica Villa|date=November 29, 2022|title=Preservationists Move to Save Painter Henry Ossawa Tanner's Childhood Home in Philadelphia|work=ARTnews}}&lt;/ref&gt; iji mụọ na Académie Julian . Ọ sonyekwara na American Art Students Club. Paris bụ ebe a nabatara Tanner; n'ime ndị na-ese ihe na France, agbụrụ adịghị mkpa. Tanner na-amụta ndụ ndị Paris ngwa ngwa. N'ebe ahụ, ọ zutere Atherton Curtis, onye ghọrọ enyi na onye nkwado nke nka ya.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=skUrDwAAQBAJ&amp;dq=atherton.curtis.killed&amp;pg=PA206|title=Henry Ossawa Tanner: Art, Faith, Race, and Legacy|year=2018|author=Woods|first=Naurice Frank Jr.|publisher=Taylor &amp; Francis|isbn=978-1-315-27948-0}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=nrVPAAAAMAAJ&amp;q=atherton.curtis.killed|title=Six Black Masters of American Art|author=Bearden, Romare|publisher=Zenith Books|year=1972|isbn=978-0-385-01211-9}}&lt;/ref&gt;
[[Usòrò:Portrait_of_Mr._and_Mrs._Atherton_Curtis_with_Still_Life_1983.95.192_1a.jpg|thumb|Atherton Curtis na nwunye ya, nke Tanner.]]
Ọ bụ akụkụ nke obodo ndị na-ese ihe na Ugwu Kisco, New York ruo ọnwa isii na 1902, na arịrịọ Curtis, wee laghachi n'oge oyi na-esote.[1]  Ewezuga nlọghachi ụlọ nkenke oge ụfọdụ, Tanner nọrọ oge ndụ ya niile na Paris.  N'ebe ahụ, a kpọbatara ya na ọtụtụ ndị na-ese ihe bụ ndị ọrụ ha ga-emetụta ụzọ o si eme nka.  Na Louvre, ọ zutere ma mụọ ọrụ Gustave Courbet, Jean-Baptiste Chardin na Louis Le Nain.[2]  Ndị na-ese ihe na-ese ihe nkiri nke ndị nkịtị na gburugburu ebe obibi ha, na mmetụta nke Tanner na-arụ ọrụ bụ nke a na-ahụ anya.  Enwere ike ịhụ nke Courbet's The Stone Breakers (1850; bibiri) na myirịta dị na Tanner's The Young Sabot Maker (1895).  Eserese abụọ a na-enyocha isiokwu mmụta na ọrụ  aka.[2]&lt;ref name=&quot;Shaw, Thomas M.&quot; /&gt;

Tanner gara n'ihu na ọmụmụ ihe ya n'okpuru ndị omenkà a ma ama dịka Jean [[Joseph Benjamin (actor)|Joseph Benjamin]] Constant na Jean-Paul Laurens . &lt;ref name=&quot;Bruce, Marcus C.&quot;&gt;Bruce, Marcus C. ''Henry Ossawa Tanner.'' New York: Crossroad Publishing, 2002.&lt;/ref&gt; Site na nduzi ha, Tanner malitere ịmepụta aha na France. Ọ biri na Étaples art colony na Normandy.

Na mbụ, Tanner eseela ihe nkiri mmiri banyere ọgụ ụmụ mmadụ na oké osimiri na-alụ, ma na 1895 ọ na-ekekarị ọrụ okpukpe.  Ngbanwe ya n'ise ihe nkiri nke Akwụkwọ Nsọ mere ka ọ na-agba mgba ime mmụọ.  N'akwụkwọ ozi o degaara ndị mụrụ ya na Krismas 1896, o kwuru, sị, &quot;Ekpebiwo m n'obi m iji ikwesị ntụkwasị obi jeere Ya [Chineke] ozi.&quot;  a tụbara n'elu ebili mmiri, nke Smithsonian American Art Museum na-ejide. &lt;ref&gt;Details on the [http://americanart.si.edu/collections/search/artwork/?id=23651 museum site]&lt;/ref&gt;
[[Usòrò:Henry_Ossawa_Tanner_-_The_Good_Shepherd_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg|thumb|300x300px|''Ezigbo Onye Ọzụzụ Atụrụ'', 1902-1903]]
Nke a dabeere na nkọwa nke ọrụ ebube dị n'Oziọma Matiu nke &quot;ụgbọ mmiri ahụ dị ugbu a n'etiti oké osimiri, nke ebili mmiri tụbara, n'ihi na ifufe megidere ya&quot; (14:24). Ihe onwunwe ndị dị mfe na Étaples kwekọrọ nke ọma na isiokwu ya, nke n'ọtụtụ ọnọdụ gosipụtara ndị dị na Bible n'ime ime ime.

A nabatara ihe osise Tanner Daniel n'ime ọdọ ọdụm n'ime Ụlọ Mmanya 1896.[1]  Mgbe afọ ahụ gasịrị, o sere Mbilite n'ọnwụ Lazarọs.[2]  Otuto dị oke egwu maka mpempe akwụkwọ a mere ka ọnọdụ Tanner sie ike na ndị ọkachamara nka ma kwupụta ntụzịaka ihe osise ya n'ọdịnihu, bụ nke mesoro ọtụtụ isiokwu Akwụkwọ Nsọ.  Mgbe ọ hụrụ Mbilite n'ọnwụ nke Lazarọs, [3] onye nkatọ nka Rodman Wanamaker nyere ohere ịkwụ ụgwọ niile maka njem Tanner na Middle East.[1]  Wanamaker chere na onye ọ bụla na-ese ihe nkiri nke Akwụkwọ Nsọ kwesịrị iji anya ya hụ gburugburu ebe obibi nakwa na onye na-ese ihe nke Tanner kwesịrị itinye ego ahụ.

Tanner nabatara onyinye a ngwa ngwa.  Tupu Salon ọzọ emepe, ọ gawara na mpaghara Palestine nke Levant.  Nchọgharị nke ụlọ alakụba dị iche iche na saịtị Akwụkwọ Nsọ, yana ọmụmụ ihe gbasara agwa ndị bi n'obodo ahụ, nyere ya ohere ịga n'ihu n'ọzụzụ nka ya.  Ihe osise ya mepụtara ikuku dị ike nke ihe omimi na ime mmụọ.  Tanner abụghị onye mbụ na-ese ihe na-amụ Middle East n'onwe ya: kemgbe 1830s, mmasị na Orientalism na-eto eto na Europe.  Ndị na-ese ihe dị ka Eugène Delacroix, David Roberts na, mgbe e mesịrị, Henri Matisse mere njem ndị dị otú ahụ iji mee ka ọchịchọ ịmata ihe pụta ìhè.&lt;ref name=&quot;Matthews, Marcia&quot;&gt;Matthews, Marcia. ''Henry Ossawa Tanner: American Artist''. Chicago: The University of Chicago Press, 1969.&lt;/ref&gt;

N'ụlọ nkuchi ya nke France, na 1923, a họpụtara Tanner Chevalier of the Legion of Honor, iwu kachasị elu nke mba. O weere &quot;ihe gọọmentị France kwuru dị ka nsọpụrụ kachasị ukwuu nke ọrụ ya a ma ama&quot;.&lt;ref name=&quot;PMA Cat&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|author=Mosby|first=Dewey F.|title=Henry Ossawa Tanner: catalogue|date=1991|publisher=Philadelphia Museum of Art|location=Philadelphia, PA|isbn=0-87633-086-3|url=https://archive.org/details/henryossawatanne0000mosb/page/32}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== ''Ihe Nkụzi Banjo'' ==
[[Usòrò:Henry_Ossawa_Tanner,_The_Banjo_Lesson_(darker).jpg|thumb|Ihe Omume Banjo, 1893]]
Ná nletaghachi dị mkpirikpi na United States n’afọ 1893, Tanner sere The Banjo Lesson, mgbe ọ nọ na Filadelfia.  N'ịtụle ọrụ ya a kacha mara amara, eserese ahụ na-egosi agadi nwoke ojii na-akụziri nwa nwoke, chere na ọ bụ nwa nwa ya, otu esi akpọ banjo.  Ngwakọta a dị jụụ na-enyocha ọtụtụ isiokwu dị mkpa.  Onyonyo nke onye isi ojii na-egwu banjo na-apụta n'oge nka America na njedebe narị afọ nke 19.  Thomas Worth,[1] Willy Miller, Walter M. Dunk, Eastman Johnson, na onye nkuzi Tanner Thomas Eakins agbaalala isiokwu a n'ihe osise ha. &lt;ref name=&quot;Shaw, Thomas M.&quot;&gt;Shaw, Thomas M. ''What Manner of Men? A Reconsideration across the Synapses of Art History of Three Paintings and their Images of Men of African Descent.'' Lanham, MD: University Press of America, 1997.&lt;/ref&gt;

Tanner mepụtara oge dị nro nke mmekọrịta mmadụ na ibe ya.  A na-egosi agadi nwoke ahụ na nwa nwoke na-eto eto ka ha na-arụ ọrụ siri ike, na-eleghara ụwa ndị ọzọ anya, na-ekerịta echiche nke kọntaktị na imekọ ihe ọnụ.  Tanner na-akọwa ndị na-anọdụ dị ka ndị nwere nkọwa dị ka eserese.

Ihe ngosi nke Tanner na-eme ka udo dị nke na-emesi obi umeala na ezinụlọ ike.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|title=African-American Art A visual and Cultural History|author=Farrington|first=Lisa|publisher=Oxford University Press|year=2017|isbn=978-0-19-999539-4|location=New York, New York|pages=97–98}}&lt;/ref&gt; E nwere ihe abụọ dị iche iche na-enye ìhè: Ọdịdị ọcha, na-acha anụnụ anụnụ site n'èzí na-abanye site n'aka ekpe, ebe ìhè na-ekpo ọkụ sitere na ọkụ na-apụta ìhè n'aka nri. A na-enye ihe ndị ahụ ìhè ebe isi mmalite abụọ ahụ zutere; ụfọdụ ekwuola na nke a bụ ngosipụta nke ọnọdụ Tanner na mgbanwe n'etiti ụwa abụọ, ihe gara aga ya na America na ụlọ ọhụrụ ya na France.&lt;ref name=&quot;Shaw, Thomas M.&quot;&gt;Shaw, Thomas M. ''What Manner of Men? A Reconsideration across the Synapses of Art History of Three Paintings and their Images of Men of African Descent.'' Lanham, MD: University Press of America, 1997.&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ụdị ihe osise ==
[[Usòrò:The_Annunciation,_Philadelphia_Museum_of_Art,_W1899-1-1-pma,_by_Henry_Ossawa_Tanner.jpg|áká_èkpè|thumb|''Nkwupụta'', 1898, Philadelphia Museum of ArtEbe Ngosi Ihe Ochie nke Philadelphia]]
Tanner sere ihe osise ala, ihe gbasara okpukpe, na ihe nkiri nke ndụ kwa ụbọchị n'ụdị dị adị nke na-ekwughachi nke Eakins.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.artcyclopedia.com/artists/tanner_henry_ossawa.html|title=Henry Ossawa Tanner Online|accessdate=August 5, 2006}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.huntfor.com/arthistory/c19th/realism.htm|archiveurl=http://arquivo.pt/wayback/20091007214144/http://www.huntfor.com/arthistory/c19th/realism.htm|archivedate=October 7, 2009|title=Realism – Realism Art|accessdate=August 5, 2006}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ọ bụ ezie na ọrụ dị ka The Banjo Lesson gosipụtara ihe omume kwa ụbọchị nke ndụ ndị Africa America, Tanner mechara see ihe gbasara okpukpe.&lt;ref name=&quot;Springfield&quot;/&gt; O yikarịrị ka nna Tanner, onye ụkọchukwu na African Methodist Episcopal Church, bụ mmetụta siri ike nye ya.&lt;ref name=&quot;Matthews, Marcia&quot;&gt;Matthews, Marcia. ''Henry Ossawa Tanner: American Artist''. Chicago: The University of Chicago Press, 1969.&lt;/ref&gt;

Tanner abụghị naanị otu ụzọ a kapịrị ọnụ maka eserese na eserese.  Ọrụ ya na-egosipụta mgbe ụfọdụ nlebara anya nke ọma na nkọwa zuru oke na nke na-adịghị mma, na-egosipụta nhịahụ n'ahụ ndị ọzọ.  Ọtụtụ mgbe, a na-eji ụzọ abụọ a arụ ọrụ n'otu oge.  Tanner nwekwara mmasị na mmetụta nke agba nwere ike inwe na eserese.[1]  Ihe ndị na-ekpo ọkụ na-ekpo ọkụ dị ka Mbilite n'ọnwụ Lazarọs (1896) na Annunciation (1898) na-egosipụta ike na ọkụ nke oge okpukpe, na mmụba nke ịdị elu n'etiti Chineke na mmadụ.  Eserese ndị ọzọ na-emesi ihu ọma dị mma, bụ nke ghọrọ isi n'ọrụ ya mgbe etiti afọ 1890 gasịrị.  Palette nke indigo na turquoise - nke a na-akpọ &quot;Tanner blues&quot; - na-akọwa ọrụ dịka The Three Marys (1910), Ọnụ ụzọ (1912) na The Arch (1919).[2]  Ọrụ ndị dị ka Ezi Onye Ọzụzụ Atụrụ (1903) na Nlaghachi nke Womenmụ nwanyị Dị Nsọ (1904) na-akpalite mmetụta nke okpukpere chi na nleba anya.

Tanner na-anwale ìhè n'ọrụ ya, nke na-agbakwunye ihe nnọchianya mgbe ụfọdụ. Na The Annunciation (1898), dịka ọmụmaatụ, a na-anọchite anya onyeisi ndị mmụọ ozi Gabriel dị ka ogidi nke ìhè nke na-emepụta, tinyere shelf dị n'elu aka ekpe, obe.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.philamuseum.org/doc_downloads/education/object_resources/104384.pdf|title=Teacher Resources: The Annunciation|work=The Annunciation, Henry Ossawa Tanner|publisher=Philadelphia Museum of Art|accessdate=June 6, 2016|archivedate=April 29, 2016|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160429192250/https://www.philamuseum.org/doc_downloads/education/object_resources/104384.pdf}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Alụmdi na nwunye na ezinụlọ ==
[[Usòrò:Henry_Ossawa_Tanner_Family.jpg|thumb|Ezinụlọ Tanner n'ụlọ na France. Ihe edere n'aka n'azụ na-akọwa ndị nọ ọdụ na tebụl dị ka: Jesse Tanner, Mrs. Tanner, Myron G. Barlow, Henry Ossawa Tanner.]]
Na 1899 ọ lụrụ Jessie Olsson, onye na-agụ opera nke Sweden-American.[1]  Otu onye dịkọrọ ndụ, Virginia Walker Course, kọwara mmekọrịta ha dị ka otu talent ha nhata, mana àgwà ịkpa ókè agbụrụ siri ọnwụ na mmekọrịta ahụ enweghị nha.&lt;blockquote&gt;Fan, ị nụtụbeghị banyere onye na-enweghị [sic] Olsson nke Portland? O nwere olu mara mma m kwenyere wee bịa Paris iji zụlite ya ma ọ lụọla onye omenkà gbara ọchịchịrị... Ọ bụ nwoke nwere nkà dị egwu mana ọ bụ onye isi ojii.[sic] ... O yiri ka ọ bụ nwa agbọghọ gụrụ akwụkwọ nke ọma ma dị ezigbo mma n'ezie mana ọ na-eme ka m na-arịa ọrịa ịhụ ka nwanyị gụrụ akwụkwọ lụọ nwoke dị ka nke ahụ. Amaghị m ọrụ ya mana ha na-ekwu na ọ nwere ezigbo nkà.&lt;ref&gt;Course, Virginia Walker qtd. by Jean-Claude Lesage in &quot;Tanner, the Pillar of Trepied&quot;. ''Modern Spirit''. Pennsylvania Academy of the Fine Arts. Philadelphia. 2012, p. 88.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;Jessie Tanner nwụrụ na 1925, afọ iri na abụọ tupu di ya, o wutere ya nke ukwuu site na 1920s.  Ọ rere ụlọ ezinaụlọ ahụ dị na Les Charmes ebe ha na-enwebu obi ụtọ ọnụ.  E liri ha n'akụkụ ibe ha na Sceaux, Hauts-de-Seine.. &lt;ref&gt;Marley (2012), p. 41.&lt;/ref&gt;

Ha nwere nwa nwoke, Jesse, onye nwụrụ Tanner mgbe ọ nwụrụ.&lt;ref name=&quot;Springfield&quot;/&gt;

== Afọ ndị sochirinụ ==
[[Usòrò:Sodom_and_Gomorrah,_by_Henry_Ossawa_Tanner.jpg|áká_èkpè|thumb|''Sọdọm na Gọmọra'', 1920]]
N'oge Agha Ụwa Mbụ, Tanner rụrụ ọrụ maka Red Cross Public Information Department, n'oge ahụ ọ na-esekwa ihe oyiyi si n'ihu agha.[1]  Ọrụ ya nke gosipụtara ndị agha Africa-America dị ụkọ n'oge agha ahụ.  Na 1923 steeti France mere ya onye ọchịagha nke Legion of Honor maka ọrụ ya dị ka onye na-ese ihe.

Tanner zutere onye Africa America na-ese ihe [[Palmer Hayden]] na Paris n'ihe dị ka 1927. Ha kwurịtara usoro nka ma nye Hayden ndụmọdụ gbasara mmekọrịta ya na ndị France.&lt;ref&gt;
{{Cite book|editor=Finkelman|year=2009|title=Encyclopedia of African American History (1896 to the present)|publisher=Oxford University Press|location=New York}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Ọtụtụ ihe osise Tanner zụtara site n'aka onye na-anakọta ihe osise Atlanta J.J. Haverty, onye tọrọ ntọala Haverty Furniture Co. ma nyere aka n'ịwube High Museum of Art.  Tanner's Étaples Fisher Folk so na ọtụtụ eserese sitere na mkpokọta Haverty ugbu a na mkpokọta na-adịgide adịgide nke High Museum..

Tanner nwụrụ n'udo n'ụlọ ya na Paris, France, na Mee 25, 1937. &lt;ref name=&quot;esper&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://esperstamps.org/aa8.htm|title=Henry Ossawa Tanner|accessdate=August 9, 2006|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20060829020120/http://esperstamps.org/aa8.htm|archivedate=August 29, 2006}}&lt;/ref&gt; E liri ya na Sceaux Cemetery na Sceaaux, Hauts-de-Seine, mpaghara Paris.

== Ihe Nketa ==
[[Usòrò:Henry_Ossawa_Tanner,_The_Seine,_c._1902,_NGA_52624.jpg|thumb|Tanner's The Seine (c. 1902), otu n'ime ihe osise atọ nke ndị Africa America gosipụtara na 2012 na National Gallery of Art's American Art gallery.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://blogs.artinfo.com/modernartnotes/2012/02/a-modest-improvement-at-the-national-gallery/|title=A modest improvement at the National Gallery &amp;#124; Tyler Green: Modern Art Notes &amp;#124; ARTINFO.com|publisher=Blogs.artinfo.com|date=February 3, 2012|accessdate=December 14, 2013}}&lt;/ref&gt;]]
Ọrụ Tanner nwere mmetụta n'oge ọrụ ya;  a na-akpọ ya &quot;onye na-ese ihe n'Africa kasị ukwuu ruo taa.&quot;[1] Ihe osise mbụ nke William Edouard Scott, onye mụụrụ Tanner na France, na-egosi mmetụta nke usoro Tanner.[2].  Na mgbakwunye, ụfọdụ n'ime ihe atụ Norman Rockwell na-ekwu maka otu isiokwu na edemede Tanner gbasoro.  Akwụkwọ akụkọ Rockwell tụrụ aro maka Literary Digest na 1922, dịka ọmụmaatụ, gosiri otu agadi nwoke ojii na-akpọ banjo maka nwa nwa ya.  Isi mmalite ọkụ fọrọ nke nta ka ọ bụrụ ndị ahụ dị na nkuzi Banjo Tanner.  Igwe ọkụ na-enwu n'akụkụ aka nri nke foto a, ebe ọkụ eke si n'aka ekpe na-abanye.  Ha abụọ na-eji ihe ndị yiri ya yana uwe, oche, okpu crumpled n'ala.[2]  Ụfọdụ ndị omenkà ndị ọzọ bụ Tanner nyere ndụmọdụ gụnyere William A. Harper na Hale Woodruff.

Tanner's Sand dunes na Sunset, Atlantic City (c. 1885; mmanụ na kwaaji) kwụgidere na Green Room na White House;  ọ bụ eserese mbụ nke onye omenkà America-Afrika zụtara maka mkpokọta White House na-adịgide adịgide.  Eserese a bụ odida obodo nke nwere &quot;nlegharị anya n'ofe isi awọ dị jụụ nke osimiri nwere onyinyo ka ọ bụrụ dunes mere pink site n'oge ìhè anyanwụ nke ehihie. Obere ikuku n'elu mmiri na-ezobe anyanwụ.&quot;  Ndị White House Endowment Fund zụtara ya maka $100,000 n'oge ọchịchị Bill Clinton n'aka Dr. Rae Alexander-Minter, nwa nne nke onye na-ese ihe. 

A na-ede akwụkwọ ozi ya na Curtis n'etiti 1904 na 1937 na Smithsonian Institution . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://transcription.si.edu/project/25431|title=Henry Ossawa Tanner correspondence with Atherton Curtis and Ingeborg Curtis (1904–1937)}}&lt;/ref&gt;

E tinyere ọrụ Tanner na ngosi 2015 We Speak: Black Artists na Philadelphia, 1920s-1970s na Woodmere Art Museum.&lt;ref name=&quot;Woodmere Art Museum&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=We Speak: Black Artists in Philadelphia, 1920s-1970s|url=https://woodmereartmuseum.org/experience/exhibitions/we-speak-black-artists-in-philadelphia-1920s-1970s-95|work=Woodmere Art Museum|accessdate=June 12, 2022|language=en-gb}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ihe nrite ==
[[Usòrò:Daniel_in_the_Lions’_Den,_by_Henry_Ossawa_Tanner,_1896.webp|áká_èkpè|thumb|Foto nke ihe osise furu efu nke Tanner, Daniel in the Lion's Den, 1896.]]

* 1895, Atlanta, Cotton States na International Exposition: ọla nchara maka The Bagpipe Lesson . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|title=Henry O. Tanner: Atlanta Interlude|author=Carlyn G. Crannell Romeyn|journal=The Atlanta Historical Journal|volume=27|issue=4|date=Winter 1983–1984|url=https://album.atlantahistorycenter.com/digital/collection/AHBull/id/24611/rec/1}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* 1896, Salon: aha nsọpụrụ  maka Daniel na Lions' Den &lt;ref name=&quot;awards&quot;&gt;{{Cite news|title=Henry Ossawa Tanner — Artist|work=The Northwestern Bulletin-Appeal|date=July 25, 1925|page=2|url=https://www.newspapers.com/article/the-northwestern-bulletin-appeal-henry-o/126437792/}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;dewey1&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|author=Mosby|first=Dewey F.|url=http://archive.org/details/henryossawatanne01unse|title=Henry Ossawa Tanner|date=1991|location=Philadelphia; New York|publisher=Philadelphia Museum of Art; Rizzoli International Publications|others=Philadelphia Museum of Art|isbn=978-0-8478-1346-9|quote=1895 May. Paris, Salon. ''Intérieur Bretagne'' [Brittany Interior], ''Le Jeune Sabotier'' [The Young Sabot Maker], pastel of New Jersey coast by moonlight.}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* 1897, Salon: ihe nrite klas nke atọ  maka Raising of Lazarus [2]&lt;ref name=&quot;timeline&quot;&gt;{{Cite news|title=Henry Ossawa Tanner 1859/1937|work=Detroit Free Press|date=July 14, 1991|pages=284–285|url=https://www.newspapers.com/article/detroit-free-press-henry-ossawa-tanner-t/126473501/}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* 1899, Philadelphia Academy of Fine Art: ihe nrite Walter Lippincott[2] maka ''Kraịst na Nikọdimọs n'elu ụlọ''[4]&lt;ref name=&quot;timeline&quot; /&gt;
* 1900, Paris Exposition: ihe nrite ọlaọcha  [2] maka Daniel na Lions' Den [3]&lt;ref name=obit&gt;{{cite news |title= Noted artist dies abroad |work= Pittsburgh Post-Gazette |place=Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania |date= May 27, 1937 |page= 17|url= https://www.newspapers.com/paper/pittsburgh-post-gazette/3518/}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;dewey1&quot; /&gt;
* 1901, Buffalo Exposition: ọlaọcha nrite  [2] maka Daniel na Lions' Den [3][5]&lt;ref name=&quot;dewey1&quot; /&gt;
* 1904, St. Louis Exposition: ihe nrite ọlaọcha  [2] maka Daniel na Lions' Den [3][5]&lt;ref name=&quot;dewey1&quot; /&gt;
* 1906, Salon: ihe nrite klas nke abụọ maka The Disciples at Emmaus}[3]&lt;ref name=&quot;dewey1&quot; /&gt;
* 1906, Art Institute of Chicago, Norman Wait Harris ọlaọcha nrite maka The Two Disciples at the Tomb  [2]&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|title=American Oil Paintings and Sculpture: 28th Annual Art Exhibition, Art Institute of Chicago November 16, 1915 to January 2, 1916|url=https://www.artic.edu/assets/5091f4d0-61b8-7e7d-385d-e1158fe7cd87}}&lt;/ref&gt;[4]&lt;ref name=&quot;timeline&quot; /&gt;
* 1915, Panama-Pacific International Exposition, San Francisco: ihe nrite ọla edo  [2] maka Kraịst n'Ụlọ Lazarọs [3] (Njikọ a bụ ọmụmụ ihe, ọ bụghị ihe osise ikpeazụ).[5]
* 1922, France: Knighthood of the Legion of Honor  maka mbọ ya na Agha Ụwa Mbụ, akụkụ nke Red Cross[2]
* 1927, New York, National Arts Club: ọla nchara maka Flight into Egypt (At the Gates) [3]&lt;ref name=&quot;dewey1&quot; /&gt;
* 1930, New York City, Grand Central Art Gallery: [[Walter L. Clark]] prize maka ''Etaples Fisher Folk''  [4][3]&lt;ref name=&quot;dewey1&quot; /&gt;

== Ihe ngosi ==
[[Usòrò:HenryOTanner.jpg|thumb|1973 stampụ ncheta US na-asọpụrụ Tanner.]]

* 1972: ''Nkà nke Henry Ossawa Tanner''. Glen Falls, New York: The Hyde Collection.
* 1972: 19th Century American Landscape. New York: Metropolitan Museum of Art.
* 1976: narị afọ abụọ nke Black American Art. Los Angeles County Museum of Art.
* 1989: Black Art Ancestral Legacy: The African Impulse in African-American Art. Dallas Museum of Art.
* 1993: ''Ịlaghachi na White City: American Art na 1893 World's Fair''&lt;ref name=&quot;Woods, Naurice Frank, Jr., Ph.D.&quot;&gt;Woods, Naurice Frank, Jr., Ph.D. ''Insuperable Obstacles: The Impact of the Creative and Personal Development of Four Nineteenth Century African American Artists''. The Union Institute, 1993.&lt;/ref&gt;
* 2010: ''Henry Ossawa Tanner na ndị ya na ha dịkọrọ ndụ'',  Des Moines Art Center (December-February 2011).
* 2012: Henry Ossawa Tanner: Modern Spirit,&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.pafa.org/museum/exhibitions/henry-ossawa-tanner-modern-spirit &quot;Henry Ossawa Tanner: Modern Spirit&quot;], PAFA.&lt;/ref&gt; Pennsylvania Academy of the Fine Arts, Philadelphia (January-April), mgbe ahụ na Cincinnati Art Museum&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.cincinnatiartmuseum.org/explore/exhibitions/upcoming-exhibitions/1-the-exhibitions/357-henry-ossawa-tanner-modern-spirit|title=Upcoming Exhibitions|accessdate=April 1, 2015|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140703182649/http://www.cincinnatiartmuseum.org/explore/exhibitions/upcoming-exhibitions/1-the-exhibitions/357-henry-ossawa-tanner-modern-spirit|archivedate=July 3, 2014}}&lt;/ref&gt; (May-September) na Houston Museum of Fine Arts (October-January 2013) 

== Ọrụ ndị a họọrọ ==
[[Usòrò:Henry_Ossawa_Tanner's_studio.jpg|thumb|450x450px|Ụlọ ọrụ Tanner]]

* ''Seascape-Jetty'' (ihe dị ka 1876-78) 
* ''Pomp na Zoo'' (1880). Nchịkọta nkeonwe
* ''Joachim Na-ahapụ Ụlọ Nsọ'' ahụ (ihe dị ka 1882-1888). Ebe Ngosi Ihe Ochie nke Baltimore
* ''Nwa nwoke na atụrụ na-edina n'okpuru osisi'' (1881). Nchịkọta onwe onye (Na ngosi na Philadelphia Museum of Art) 
* ''Sand Dunes na Sunset, Atlantic City'' (1886). Ihe onwunwe nke Sadie T. M. Alexander (Na ngosipụta na-adịgide adịgide na White House) 
* Ihe Nkụzi Bagpipe (1893). Ebe Ngosi Ihe Mgbe Ochie nke Mahadum Hampton, Virginia
* Ihe mmụta Banjo (1893). Ebe Ngosi Ihe Mgbe Ochie nke Mahadum Hampton, Virginia
* ''Ndị Ogbenye Na-enwe Ekele'' (1894). Àkwà Mmiri Art&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=The Thankful Poor|url=https://artbridgesfoundation.org/artworks/tanner-the-thankful-poor|accessdate=March 3, 2021|work=Art Bridges}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* Onye Na-eto eto Na-eme Sabot (1895). Ebe Ngosi Ihe Mgbe Ochie Nelson-Atkins, [[Kansas City, Missouri]]
* Daniel na ọdụm n'ogige (1895). Ebe Ngosi Ihe Ochie nke Los Angeles County
* ''Mbilite n'Ọnwụ Lazarọs'' (1896). Ebe Ngosi Ihe Mgbe Ochie nke Orsay, Paris
* ''Bishọp Benjamin Tucker Tanner'' (1897). Ebe Ngosi Ihe Ochie nke Baltimore
* Ọdụm n'ọzara (ihe dị ka 1897-1900). Smithsonian American Art Museum
* ''Nkwupụta'' (1898). Philadelphia Museum of Art, W.P. Wilstach Collection
* Moonlight Landscape (1898-1900). Muscarelle Museum of Art, Williamsburg, VA. 
* [[Usòrò:Henry_Ossawa_Tanner_1903.png|thumb|Foto nke Tanner nke V. Floyd Campbell]]''Ezigbo Onye Ọzụzụ Atụrụ'' (1903). Jane Voorhees Zimmerli Art Museum, Mahadum Rutgers
* Nlaghachi nke Ndị Inyom Dị Nsọ (1904). Cedar Rapids Art Gallery, Iowa
* Ndị na-eso ụzọ abụọ n'ili ahụ (1905-06). Ụlọ Ọrụ Nkà nke Chicago
* Nleta (1909-10). Ụlọ Ọrụ Nkà nke Kalamazoo
* ''Ezinụlọ Dị Nsọ'' (1909-10). Muskegon Museum of Art, Michigan, Hackley Picture Fund
* Moroccan Scene (ihe dị ka 1912). Birmingham Museum of Art, Alabama
* ''Obí Ikpe Ziri Ezi, Tangier'' (1912-13). Smithsonian American Art Museum&lt;ref name=&quot;WDL&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.wdl.org/en/item/512/|title=Palace of Justice, Tangier, Morocco|work=[[World Digital Library]]|date=1890–1900|accessdate=June 27, 2013|archivedate=November 9, 2013|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20131109023907/http://www.wdl.org/en/item/512/}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* ''Ihe nkiri na Cairo''. Ebe Ngosi Ihe Mgbe Ochie Mabee-Gerrer, Shawnee, Oklahoma

=== Ọrụ ndị ọzọ ===

: ''Lee: Ndepụta nke ihe osise nke Henry Ossawa Tanner na ihe ndị mere na ndụ ya''
&lt;gallery widths=&quot;170&quot; heights=&quot;200&quot;&gt;
Usòrò:Pomp_at_the_zoo,_by_Henry_ossawa_tanner.jpg|alt=Pomp at the zoo, circa 1880|''Pomp na zoo'', n'ihe dị ka 1880
Usòrò:Pomp_at_the_Philadelphia_Zoo.jpg|alt=Pomp at the Philadelphia Zoo, circa 1880-1886|''Pomp na Zoo Philadelphia'', n'ihe dị ka 1880-1886
Usòrò:Sister_Sarah,_by_Henry_Ossawa_Tanner.jpg|alt=Sister Sarah, 1882.|''Nwanne nwanyị Sarah'', 1882.
Usòrò:Woman_from_the_West_Indies,_by_Henry_Ossawa_Tanner.webp|alt=Woman from the West Indies, 1891, Brittany, France.|''Nwaanyị si West Indies'', 1891, Brittany, France.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Henry Ossawa Tanner Lot 41: Henry Ossawa Tanner, (American, 1859-1937), Woman from the French West Indies, c. 1891|url=https://www.invaluable.com/auction-lot/henry-ossawa-tanner-american-1859-1937-woman-from-41-c-bbe7af3fd7|quote=The artist arrived in Paris, France at this time and spent the summers on the west coast in Brittany. There, he adopted a predominately green palette with an emphasis on vertical brushstrokes as can be seen in the Woman from the French West Indies...we are looking at an image of a light-skinned woman from one of the islands of the French West Indies-Martinique, Guadeloupe or Dominica. This claim is supported by her costume and headdress.}}&lt;/ref&gt;
Usòrò:Henry_Ossawa_Tanner_-_The_Bagpipe_Lesson.jpg|alt=The Bagpipe Lesson, 1893|Ihe Nkụzi Bagpipe, 1893
Usòrò:Henry_Ossawa_Tanner_-_The_Young_Sabot_Maker_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg|alt=The Young Sabot Maker, 1895|Onye Na-eto eto Na-eme Sabot, 1895
Usòrò:Marshes_in_New_Jersey,_by_Henry_Ossawa_Tanner._SAAM-1984.149.3_1.jpg|alt=1895. Marshes in New Jersey; possibly the &quot;pastel of New Jersey coast by moonlight&quot; exhibited at the 1895 Salon with The Young Sabot Maker.|1895. Marshes na New Jersey; ikekwe &quot;pastel nke New Jersey coast site na ìhè ọnwa&quot; gosipụtara na Salon 1895 na The Young Sabot Maker. &lt;ref name=&quot;dewey1&quot;/&gt;
Usòrò:The_Annunciation_to_the_Shepards,_Henry_Ossawa_Tanner.jpg|The Annunciation to the Shepherds, c. 1895
Usòrò:Resurrection_of_Lazarus_by_Henry_Ossawa_Tanner.jpg|alt=The Resurrection of Lazarus, 1896. Won medal in 1897 Paris Salon, bought by French government.|''Mbilite n'Ọnwụ Lazarọs'', 1896. O nwetara ihe nrite na 1897 Paris Salon, nke gọọmentị France zụrụ. 
Usòrò:View_of_the_Seine_Looking_Toward_Notre_Dame,_by_Henry_Ossawa_Tanner.jpg|alt=View of the Seine, looking toward Notre Dame, 1896|''Ebe Osimiri Seine, na-ele anya na Notre Dame'', 1896
Usòrò:Nicodemus_Visiting_Jesus,_by_Henry_Ossawa_Tanner_adjusted3.jpg|alt=Jesus and Nicodemus, 1899. Displayed at Paris Salon and Pennsylvania Academy of Fine Arts, where won a Walter Lippincott Prize.|''Jizọs na Nikọdimọs'', 1899. E gosipụtara ya na Paris Salon na Pennsylvania Academy of Fine Arts, ebe o ritere ihe nrite Walter Lippincott.
Usòrò:Henry_Ossawa_Tanner_-_Salome_1900.jpg|alt=Salome, circa 1900. The body of John the Baptist lies at her feet.|''Salome'', n'ihe dị ka afọ 1900 OzuJọn Onye Na-eme Baptizimdị n'ụkwụ ugbu a.
Usòrò:Henry_Ossawa_Tanner_-_Abraham's_Oak_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg|alt=Abraham's Oak, 1905. Biblical subject, also called the Oak of Mamre.|''Osisi Oak nke Abraham'', 1905. Isiokwu Bible, nke a na-akpọkwaOak nke Mamre.
Usòrò:The_Savior_SAAM-1983.95.191_1.jpg|alt=The Savior, 1900–1905|Onye Nzọpụta, 1900-1905
Usòrò:Christ_in_the_home_of_Mary_and_Martha,_Henry_Ossawa_Tanner.jpg|alt=Christ in the home of Mary and Martha, 1905|Kraịst n'ụlọ Meri na Mata, 1905
Usòrò:The_Disciples_See_Christ_Walking_on_the_Water,_by_Henry_Ossawa_Tanner.jpg|alt=The Disciples See Christ Walking on the Water, c. 1907|Ndị na-eso ụzọ hụrụ Kraịst na-eje ije n'elu mmiri, c. 1907
Usòrò:Henry_Ossawa_Tanner_-_Angels_Appearing_before_the_Shepherds.jpg|alt=Angels Appearing before the Shepherds, c. 1910|''Ndị Mmụọ Ozi Na-apụta n'ihu Ndị Ọzụzụ Atụrụ'', ihe dị ka 1910
Usòrò:Christ_walking_on_the_water,_Henry_Ossawa_Tanner.jpg|alt=Christ walking on the water. Engraving, possibly a show catalog, 1910.|Kraịst na-eje axis n'elu mmiri. Ihe osise, ma eleghị anya akwụkwọ ngosi, 1910.
Usòrò:Three_Marys,_Henry_Ossawa_Tanner.jpg|alt=The Three Marys (at Jesus' tomb), 1910. Entered in the 1910 Salon. (From left) Mary Magdalene, Mary, mother of Jesus,  Mary Salome|Mary atọ (n'ili Jizọs), 1910. Ọ banyere na Salon nke 1910.  (Ebe nrụọrụ weebụ n'aka ekpe) Meri Magdalin,Meri, nne Jizọs,Mary Salome
Usòrò:Henry_Ossawa_Tanner_-_'A_View_of_Fez',_c._1912,_High_Museum.JPG|A View of Fez, c. 1912
Usòrò:Henry_Ossawa_Tanner_-_Fishermen_at_Sea.jpg|alt=Fishermen at Sea, c. 1913|''Ndị ọkụ azụ n'Oké Osimiri'', ihe dị ka 1913
Usòrò:Mary,_by_Henry_Ossawa_Tanner.webp|alt=Mary, 1914|''Meri'', 1914
Usòrò:Henry_Ossawa_Tanner_-_Coastal_Landscape,_France.jpg|alt=Coastal Landscape, France, 1919|Ebe Ọdịda Ụwa, France, 1919
Usòrò:Daniel_in_the_Lions'_Den_LACMA_22.6.3.jpg|alt=Daniel in the Lions' Den, 1907–1918. The original (now lost) was painted in 1895 and displayed in the 1896 Salon.|Daniel na ọdụ ụgbọ mmiri, 1907-1918. E sere nke mbụ (nke furu efu ugbu a) na 1895 m gosipụta ya na Salon 1896.&lt;ref name=&quot;marcia2&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|title=Henry Ossawa Tanner, American artist|author=Mathews, Marcia M|date=1969|publisher=University of Chicago Press|location=Chicago|pages=69–74|url=https://archive.org/details/henryossawatanne0000unse_v5o9/page/64/mode/2up}}&lt;/ref&gt;
Usòrò:Return_from_the_Crucifixion,_by_Henry_Ossawa_Tanner.jpg|alt=1936. Tanner's final painting,  Return from the Crucifixion. Mary and Joseph are in the front.|1936. Ihe osise ikpeazụ nke Tanner, Nlaghachi site na Crucifixion. Meri na Josef nọ n'ihu.
&lt;/gallery&gt;

== Hụkwa ==

* Ihe osise ndị Afrịka na America
* Ndepụta nke ndị na-ese ihe n'Ebe Ọwụwa Anyanwụ
* Ịhụnanya n'Ebe Ọwụwa Anyanwụ Ụwa
* Eziokwu (ihe osise) 

== Ntuaka ==
{{Reflist}}

== Njikọ mpụga ==
{{Commons category}}

* [https://web.archive.org/web/20110527044240/http://clinton2.nara.gov/WH/EOP/First_Lady/html/hot-bio.html Akụkọ ndụ White House]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20080530020919/http://www.springfieldart.museum/content/view/127/164/ Springfield Museum of Art Biography]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20060829020120/http://esperstamps.org/aa8.htm Ebony Society of Philatelic Events and Reflections Biography]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20080521062049/http://www.muskegonartmuseum.org/permanent005.htm Ebe Ngosi Ihe Ochie Muskegon]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20150512232513/http://www.pbs.org/wnet/ihas/icon/tanner.html Profaịlụ na PBS.org]
* Henry Ossawa Tanner: Modern Spirit (University of California Press, 2012) - akwụkwọ agụmakwụkwọ zuru oke ruo ugbu a nke e mepụtara na njikọ aka na Pennsylvania Academy of Fine Arts (PAFA), alma mater Tanner
* Ihe osise na gallery nke akụkọ ndụ na Smithsonian American Art Museum

; Ihe osise n'ịntanetị

* [https://www.artsbma.org/moroccan-scene/ ''Ihe nkiri Moroccan''] na Birmingham Museum of ArtEbe Ngosi Ihe Ochie nke Birmingham

'''Ihe ndekọ nke American Art'''

* [https://www.aaa.si.edu/collections/henry-ossawa-tanner-papers-9229 Akwụkwọ Henry Ossawa Tanner]
* [http://www.aaa.si.edu/collections/alexander-family-papers-relating-to-henry-ossawa-tanner-10243 Akwụkwọ ezinụlọ Alexander metụtara Henry Ossawa Tanner, 1912-1985]
* Ihe osise na akwụkwọ ozi sitere na ebe nchekwa ihe ochie PAFA E debere ya n'April 3, 2012, na Wayback Machine
* [https://www.aaa.si.edu/collections/henry-ossawa-tanner-papers-9229 Akwụkwọ Henry Ossawa Tanner, 1860s-1978, buru ibu 1890-1937]. Archives of American Art, Smithsonian Institution.
[[Òtù:Pages with unreviewed translations]]</text>
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'''Norma Merrick Sklarek''' (Eprel 15, 1926 - Febụwarị 6, 2012) bụ onye na-ese ụkpụrụ ụlọ America. Sklarek bụ nwanyị mbụ nke Afrịka America ghọrọ onye na-ese ụkpụrụ ụlọ ikike na steeti [[Nú Yọk|New York]] (1954) na [[California]] (1962), yana nwanyị ojii mbụ ghọrọ onye otu American Institute of Architecture (AIA). &lt;ref name=&quot;:03&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=News from California, the nation and world|url=https://www.latimes.com/|accessdate=2022-11-30|work=Los Angeles Times|language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;:12&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=Biography of Architect Norma Sklarek|url=https://www.thoughtco.com/norma-merrick-sklarek-faia-177422|accessdate=2022-11-30|work=ThoughtCo|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;:23&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=Pioneering Women of American Architecture|url=https://pioneeringwomen.bwaf.org/norma-merrick-sklarek/|accessdate=2022-11-30|work=Pioneering Women of American Architecture|language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|author=Margaret|first=Mazurkiewicz|date=2013|editor=Gale Publication|title=Contemporary Black Biography (Vol. 101.)|url=https://link.gale.com/apps/doc/CX2010700001/GVRL?u=nysl_ce_syr&amp;sid=bookmark-GVRL&amp;xid=175bfa4f|work=Gale eBooks}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ọrụ ya ndị a ma ama gụnyere ndị nnọchi anya [[Njikọ̀taọ̀hà|United States]] na Tokyo, [[Japan]] (1976) na ọdụ ọdụ Terminal One na ọdụ ụgbọ elu mba ụwa nke Los Angeles (1984). &lt;ref name=&quot;:23&quot; /&gt; A na-ekwu na Sklarek bụ onye nyere aka meghee ụzọ maka ụmụ nwanyị ndị ọzọ na-ese ụkpụrụ ụlọ. Onye isi oche AIA Anthony Costello kpọrọ ya &quot;[[Rosa Parks]] of architecture&quot; na akwụkwọ akụkọ AIA. &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;

== Ndụ mmalite na agụmakwụkwọ ==
Norma Merrick Sklarek mụrụ na April 15, 1926 na Harlem, New York. Ndị mụrụ ya, Dr. Walter Ernest Merrick, dọkịta, na Amy Merrick (née Willoughby), onye na-akwa akwa, bụ ndị si Trinidad kwabata. &lt;ref name=&quot;Ehrhart-Morrison 1997&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|author=Ehrhart-Morrison|first=Dorothy|url=https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/35599913|title=No mountain high enough : secrets of successful African American women|date=1997|publisher=Conari|isbn=0-943233-98-4|location=Berkeley, CA|oclc=35599913}}&lt;/ref&gt; O tolitere na Crown Heights, Brooklyn . &lt;ref name=&quot;Ehrhart-Morrison 1997&quot; /&gt; N’ụlọ, nna Norma tinyere aka n’ọtụtụ ihe omume, gụnyere ịkụ azụ̀, ise ihe, na ịkwa nkà. &lt;ref name=&quot;:23&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=Pioneering Women of American Architecture|url=https://pioneeringwomen.bwaf.org/norma-merrick-sklarek/|accessdate=2022-11-30|work=Pioneering Women of American Architecture|language=en-US}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;true&quot;&gt;[https://pioneeringwomen.bwaf.org/norma-merrick-sklarek/ &quot;Pioneering Women of American Architecture&quot;]. ''Pioneering Women of American Architecture''&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;2022-11-30&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt; Maka ụlọ akwụkwọ sekọndrị, Norma gara Hunter College High School, ụlọ akwụkwọ magnet nke ụmụ agbọghọ niile nwere ahụ ụmụ akwụkwọ na-acha ọcha. Norma mere nke ọma na agụmakwụkwọ, na-agbasosi ike nke ọmụmụ agụmakwụkwọ. &lt;ref name=&quot;blackhistory.news.columbia.edu&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=Norma Sklarek {{!}} Columbia Celebrates Black History and Culture|url=https://blackhistory.news.columbia.edu/people/norma-sklarek|accessdate=2022-11-30|work=blackhistory.news.columbia.edu}}&lt;/ref&gt; N'ịchọpụta na Norma nwere mmasị na nka na mgbakọ na mwepụ, nna ya tụrụ aro ka ọ gbasoo ụkpụrụ ụlọ dịka ọrụ. &lt;ref name=&quot;:23&quot; /&gt;

Na 1944, Sklarek debara aha na Barnard College . &lt;ref name=&quot;:23&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=Pioneering Women of American Architecture|url=https://pioneeringwomen.bwaf.org/norma-merrick-sklarek/|accessdate=2022-11-30|work=Pioneering Women of American Architecture|language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; Mgbe otu afọ gachara, ọ gafere na Mahadum Columbia, bụ ebe ọ gbasoro ọmụmụ ihe ụkpụrụ ụlọ. Ọ gụsịrị akwụkwọ na 1950 na Bachelors of Architecture, dị ka otu n'ime ụmụ nwanyị ole na ole, na naanị nwanyị Africa America na klas ya. &lt;ref name=&quot;:03&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=News from California, the nation and world|url=https://www.latimes.com/|accessdate=2022-11-30|work=Los Angeles Times|language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;:23&quot; /&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;:32&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|author=Lewis|first=Anna M.|url=https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/867631321|title=Women of Steel and Stone : 22 Inspirational Architects, Engineers, and Landscape Designers|year=2014|isbn=978-1-61374-509-0|edition=1st|location=Chicago|oclc=867631321}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;blackhistory.news.columbia.edu&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=Norma Sklarek {{!}} Columbia Celebrates Black History and Culture|url=https://blackhistory.news.columbia.edu/people/norma-sklarek|accessdate=2022-11-30|work=blackhistory.news.columbia.edu}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ọrụ ==
Mgbe ọ nwetasịrị akara ugo mmụta ya, a jụrụ Sklarek ọrụ maka ụlọ ọrụ ụkpụrụ ụlọ iri na itoolu. &lt;ref name=&quot;:4&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=Remembering Norma Merrick Sklarek, an Architect of Many Firsts|url=https://archive.pinupmagazine.org/articles/article-norma-merrick-sklarek-first-liscensed-black-woman-architect-new-york-california-natalia-torija|accessdate=2022-11-30|work=archive.pinupmagazine.org|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ọ natara ọkwa dị ka onye na-ede akwụkwọ nke nta na Ngalaba Ọha Ọha na New York. &lt;ref name=&quot;:12&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=Biography of Architect Norma Sklarek|url=https://www.thoughtco.com/norma-merrick-sklarek-faia-177422|accessdate=2022-11-30|work=ThoughtCo|language=en}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;true&quot;&gt;[https://www.thoughtco.com/norma-merrick-sklarek-faia-177422 &quot;Biography of Architect Norma Sklarek&quot;]. ''ThoughtCo''&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;2022-11-30&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;:23&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=Pioneering Women of American Architecture|url=https://pioneeringwomen.bwaf.org/norma-merrick-sklarek/|accessdate=2022-11-30|work=Pioneering Women of American Architecture|language=en-US}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;true&quot;&gt;[https://pioneeringwomen.bwaf.org/norma-merrick-sklarek/ &quot;Pioneering Women of American Architecture&quot;]. ''Pioneering Women of American Architecture''&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;2022-11-30&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;:4&quot; /&gt; Ka afọ anọ nke enweghị afọ ojuju n'ọkwa ahụ gasịrị, Sklarek debara aha maka nyocha akwụkwọ ikike nke onye na-ese ụkpụrụ ụlọ New York State, na-atụ anya na asambodo a ga-enye ya ohere ịnweta ọrụ n'ụlọ ọrụ ihe owuwu. &lt;ref name=&quot;:23&quot; /&gt; N'afọ 1954, Sklarek ghọrọ nwanyị ojii mbụ ghọrọ onye na-ese ụkpụrụ ụlọ ikike na steeti New York, mgbe ọ gafechara ule ikike na nnwale mbụ ya. &lt;ref name=&quot;:03&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=News from California, the nation and world|url=https://www.latimes.com/|accessdate=2022-11-30|work=Los Angeles Times|language=en-US}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;true&quot;&gt;[https://www.latimes.com/ &quot;News from California, the nation and world&quot;]. ''Los Angeles Times''&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;2022-11-30&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;:23&quot; /&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=Pioneering Women of American Architecture|url=https://pioneeringwomen.bwaf.org/norma-merrick-sklarek/|accessdate=2024-03-05|work=pioneeringwomen.bwaf.org|language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; N'ime otu afọ nke inweta akwụkwọ ikike ya, e goro ya na Skidmore, Owings &amp;amp;amp; Merrill, ọnọdụ nke kpughere ya n'ọrụ aka, nkà na-ewu ụlọ. &lt;ref name=&quot;:23&quot; /&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;:32&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|author=Lewis|first=Anna M.|url=https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/867631321|title=Women of Steel and Stone : 22 Inspirational Architects, Engineers, and Landscape Designers|year=2014|isbn=978-1-61374-509-0|edition=1st|location=Chicago|oclc=867631321}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation book cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;true&quot; id=&quot;CITEREFLewis2014&quot;&gt;Lewis, Anna M. (2014). [https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/867631321 ''Women of Steel and Stone : 22 Inspirational Architects, Engineers, and Landscape Designers''] (1st&amp;nbsp;ed.). Chicago. [[ISBN]]&amp;nbsp;[[Ọpụrụiche:Isi akwụkwọ/978-1-61374-509-0|&lt;bdi&gt;978-1-61374-509-0&lt;/bdi&gt;]]. [[OCLC (ihe nchọpụta)|OCLC]]&amp;nbsp;[https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/867631321 867631321].&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;cs1-maint citation-comment&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;true&quot;&gt;&lt;code class=&quot;cs1-code&quot;&gt;&lt;nowiki&gt;{{&lt;/nowiki&gt;[[Àtụ:Cite book|cite book]]&lt;nowiki&gt;}}&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;/code&gt;: CS1 maint: location missing publisher ([[Atiri:CS1 isi: ebe na-efu onye nkwusa|link]])&lt;/span&gt;
[[Category:CS1 maint: location missing publisher]]&lt;/ref&gt; Sklarek ga-edobe ọnọdụ a na SOM ruo afọ ise nke ghọrọ ntọala maka ọrụ ya dị ka onye na-ese ụkpụrụ ụlọ. N'oge a, Sklarek kụzikwara ụkpụrụ ụlọ na New York City Community College . &lt;ref name=&quot;:23&quot; /&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;:32&quot; /&gt;

Na 1960, Sklarek nakweere ọnọdụ nke nwanyị mbụ osote onye isi oche maka Gruen na Associates na Los Angeles, ebe ọ ga-arụ ọrụ afọ iri abụọ. &lt;ref name=&quot;:23&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=Pioneering Women of American Architecture|url=https://pioneeringwomen.bwaf.org/norma-merrick-sklarek/|accessdate=2022-11-30|work=Pioneering Women of American Architecture|language=en-US}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;true&quot;&gt;[https://pioneeringwomen.bwaf.org/norma-merrick-sklarek/ &quot;Pioneering Women of American Architecture&quot;]. ''Pioneering Women of American Architecture''&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;2022-11-30&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;Ehrhart-Morrison 1997&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|author=Ehrhart-Morrison|first=Dorothy|url=https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/35599913|title=No mountain high enough : secrets of successful African American women|date=1997|publisher=Conari|isbn=0-943233-98-4|location=Berkeley, CA|oclc=35599913}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation book cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;true&quot; id=&quot;CITEREFEhrhart-Morrison1997&quot;&gt;Ehrhart-Morrison, Dorothy (1997). [https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/35599913 ''No mountain high enough : secrets of successful African American women'']. Berkeley, CA: Conari. [[ISBN]]&amp;nbsp;[[Ọpụrụiche:Isi akwụkwọ/0-943233-98-4|&lt;bdi&gt;0-943233-98-4&lt;/bdi&gt;]]. [[OCLC (ihe nchọpụta)|OCLC]]&amp;nbsp;[https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/35599913 35599913].&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt; Afọ abụọ ka e mesịrị, na 1962, Sklarek ghọrọ onye mbụ na-ese ụkpụrụ ụlọ n'Africa nke nyere ikike na steeti California. &lt;ref name=&quot;:03&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=News from California, the nation and world|url=https://www.latimes.com/|accessdate=2022-11-30|work=Los Angeles Times|language=en-US}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;true&quot;&gt;[https://www.latimes.com/ &quot;News from California, the nation and world&quot;]. ''Los Angeles Times''&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;2022-11-30&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;:23&quot; /&gt; Na 1966, a kwalitere ya ka ọ bụrụ onye nduzi. &lt;ref name=&quot;:03&quot; /&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;:23&quot; /&gt; Sklarek bụ onye na-ahụ maka ndị ọrụ na-ewe ma na-ahụ maka ọrụ, ebe ọ na-emekọrịta ihe n'otu oge na nnukwu ọrụ nhazi, dị ka California Mart, Pacific Design Center, Fox Hills Mall, San Bernardino City Hall, Leo Baeck Temple na Embassy nke United States na Tokyo . &lt;ref name=&quot;:23&quot; /&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;:32&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|author=Lewis|first=Anna M.|url=https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/867631321|title=Women of Steel and Stone : 22 Inspirational Architects, Engineers, and Landscape Designers|year=2014|isbn=978-1-61374-509-0|edition=1st|location=Chicago|oclc=867631321}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation book cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;true&quot; id=&quot;CITEREFLewis2014&quot;&gt;Lewis, Anna M. (2014). [https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/867631321 ''Women of Steel and Stone : 22 Inspirational Architects, Engineers, and Landscape Designers''] (1st&amp;nbsp;ed.). Chicago. [[ISBN]]&amp;nbsp;[[Ọpụrụiche:Isi akwụkwọ/978-1-61374-509-0|&lt;bdi&gt;978-1-61374-509-0&lt;/bdi&gt;]]. [[OCLC (ihe nchọpụta)|OCLC]]&amp;nbsp;[https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/867631321 867631321].&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;cs1-maint citation-comment&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;true&quot;&gt;&lt;code class=&quot;cs1-code&quot;&gt;&lt;nowiki&gt;{{&lt;/nowiki&gt;[[Àtụ:Cite book|cite book]]&lt;nowiki&gt;}}&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;/code&gt;: CS1 maint: location missing publisher ([[Atiri:CS1 isi: ebe na-efu onye nkwusa|link]])&lt;/span&gt;
[[Category:CS1 maint: location missing publisher]]&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;:5&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|author=Bailey|first=Jeff|title=Legacy: A Pioneering African-American Architect|url=https://www.inc.com/rebecca-deczynski/power-of-purpose-list-impact-driven-companies.html|accessdate=November 30, 2022|work=Inc.com}}&lt;/ref&gt; A na-ekwukarị Sklarek dị ka &quot;onye na-ese ụkpụrụ ụlọ&quot; kama ịbụ &quot;ndị na-ese ụkpụrụ ụlọ&quot; n'ọtụtụ nnukwu ọrụ, n'agbanyeghị na ọ na-etinye aka na usoro nhazi ụlọ. Otu ihe dị iche na nke a bụ otuto ọ natara, n'akụkụ César Pelli, maka ịmepụta ụlọ ọrụ Embassy nke United States na Tokyo. &lt;ref name=&quot;:23&quot; /&gt; Omume nke ito ndị na-emepụta nwoke n'ihu ndị na-emepụta nwanyị bụ ihe a na-ahụkarị n'oge ọrụ Sklarek, na-akpali mmasị na ọrụ ya mgbe ọ gasịrị. &lt;ref name=&quot;:23&quot; /&gt;

N'afọ 1980, Sklarek ghọrọ nwanyị mbụ Afrịka America ka e buliri ya na College of Fellows of the American Institute of Architects, mgbe ọ bụrụla nwanyị mbụ African American so na American Institute of Architects na 1959. &lt;ref name=&quot;:03&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=News from California, the nation and world|url=https://www.latimes.com/|accessdate=2022-11-30|work=Los Angeles Times|language=en-US}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;true&quot;&gt;[https://www.latimes.com/ &quot;News from California, the nation and world&quot;]. ''Los Angeles Times''&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;2022-11-30&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;:23&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=Pioneering Women of American Architecture|url=https://pioneeringwomen.bwaf.org/norma-merrick-sklarek/|accessdate=2022-11-30|work=Pioneering Women of American Architecture|language=en-US}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;true&quot;&gt;[https://pioneeringwomen.bwaf.org/norma-merrick-sklarek/ &quot;Pioneering Women of American Architecture&quot;]. ''Pioneering Women of American Architecture''&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;2022-11-30&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;Ehrhart-Morrison 1997&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|author=Ehrhart-Morrison|first=Dorothy|url=https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/35599913|title=No mountain high enough : secrets of successful African American women|date=1997|publisher=Conari|isbn=0-943233-98-4|location=Berkeley, CA|oclc=35599913}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation book cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;true&quot; id=&quot;CITEREFEhrhart-Morrison1997&quot;&gt;Ehrhart-Morrison, Dorothy (1997). [https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/35599913 ''No mountain high enough : secrets of successful African American women'']. Berkeley, CA: Conari. [[ISBN]]&amp;nbsp;[[Ọpụrụiche:Isi akwụkwọ/0-943233-98-4|&lt;bdi&gt;0-943233-98-4&lt;/bdi&gt;]]. [[OCLC (ihe nchọpụta)|OCLC]]&amp;nbsp;[https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/35599913 35599913].&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;:6&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|author=Kaplan|first=Victoria|url=https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/62732678|title=Structural inequality : black architects in the United States|date=2006|publisher=Rowman &amp; Littlefield|isbn=0-7425-4582-2|location=Lanham, Md.|oclc=62732678}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Site na 1980 ruo 1985, Sklarek rụrụ ọrụ na Welton Becket Associates ebe ọ rụrụ ọrụ dị ka onye ntụzi ọrụ nke ihe owuwu nde $ 50 maka ọdụ ọdụ Terminal One na ọdụ ụgbọ elu International Los Angeles . &lt;ref name=&quot;:23&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=Pioneering Women of American Architecture|url=https://pioneeringwomen.bwaf.org/norma-merrick-sklarek/|accessdate=2022-11-30|work=Pioneering Women of American Architecture|language=en-US}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;true&quot;&gt;[https://pioneeringwomen.bwaf.org/norma-merrick-sklarek/ &quot;Pioneering Women of American Architecture&quot;]. ''Pioneering Women of American Architecture''&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;2022-11-30&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;:32&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|author=Lewis|first=Anna M.|url=https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/867631321|title=Women of Steel and Stone : 22 Inspirational Architects, Engineers, and Landscape Designers|year=2014|isbn=978-1-61374-509-0|edition=1st|location=Chicago|oclc=867631321}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation book cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;true&quot; id=&quot;CITEREFLewis2014&quot;&gt;Lewis, Anna M. (2014). [https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/867631321 ''Women of Steel and Stone : 22 Inspirational Architects, Engineers, and Landscape Designers''] (1st&amp;nbsp;ed.). Chicago. [[ISBN]]&amp;nbsp;[[Ọpụrụiche:Isi akwụkwọ/978-1-61374-509-0|&lt;bdi&gt;978-1-61374-509-0&lt;/bdi&gt;]]. [[OCLC (ihe nchọpụta)|OCLC]]&amp;nbsp;[https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/867631321 867631321].&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;cs1-maint citation-comment&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;true&quot;&gt;&lt;code class=&quot;cs1-code&quot;&gt;&lt;nowiki&gt;{{&lt;/nowiki&gt;[[Àtụ:Cite book|cite book]]&lt;nowiki&gt;}}&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;/code&gt;: CS1 maint: location missing publisher ([[Atiri:CS1 isi: ebe na-efu onye nkwusa|link]])&lt;/span&gt;
[[Category:CS1 maint: location missing publisher]]&lt;/ref&gt; Terminal One malitere ọrụ na Jenụwarị 1984, obere oge tupu obodo ahụ anabata asọmpi Olimpik Summer 1984 . &lt;ref name=&quot;:03&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=News from California, the nation and world|url=https://www.latimes.com/|accessdate=2022-11-30|work=Los Angeles Times|language=en-US}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;true&quot;&gt;[https://www.latimes.com/ &quot;News from California, the nation and world&quot;]. ''Los Angeles Times''&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;2022-11-30&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;:23&quot; /&gt;

Mgbe ọ hapụsịrị Welton Becket Associates na 1985, Sklarek kwadoro ụlọ ọrụ nke ya na Margot Siegel AIA na Katherine Diamond FAIA . &lt;ref name=&quot;:12&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=Biography of Architect Norma Sklarek|url=https://www.thoughtco.com/norma-merrick-sklarek-faia-177422|accessdate=2022-11-30|work=ThoughtCo|language=en}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;true&quot;&gt;[https://www.thoughtco.com/norma-merrick-sklarek-faia-177422 &quot;Biography of Architect Norma Sklarek&quot;]. ''ThoughtCo''&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;2022-11-30&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;:23&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=Pioneering Women of American Architecture|url=https://pioneeringwomen.bwaf.org/norma-merrick-sklarek/|accessdate=2022-11-30|work=Pioneering Women of American Architecture|language=en-US}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;true&quot;&gt;[https://pioneeringwomen.bwaf.org/norma-merrick-sklarek/ &quot;Pioneering Women of American Architecture&quot;]. ''Pioneering Women of American Architecture''&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;2022-11-30&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;:32&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|author=Lewis|first=Anna M.|url=https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/867631321|title=Women of Steel and Stone : 22 Inspirational Architects, Engineers, and Landscape Designers|year=2014|isbn=978-1-61374-509-0|edition=1st|location=Chicago|oclc=867631321}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation book cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;true&quot; id=&quot;CITEREFLewis2014&quot;&gt;Lewis, Anna M. (2014). [https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/867631321 ''Women of Steel and Stone : 22 Inspirational Architects, Engineers, and Landscape Designers''] (1st&amp;nbsp;ed.). Chicago. [[ISBN]]&amp;nbsp;[[Ọpụrụiche:Isi akwụkwọ/978-1-61374-509-0|&lt;bdi&gt;978-1-61374-509-0&lt;/bdi&gt;]]. [[OCLC (ihe nchọpụta)|OCLC]]&amp;nbsp;[https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/867631321 867631321].&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;cs1-maint citation-comment&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;true&quot;&gt;&lt;code class=&quot;cs1-code&quot;&gt;&lt;nowiki&gt;{{&lt;/nowiki&gt;[[Àtụ:Cite book|cite book]]&lt;nowiki&gt;}}&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;/code&gt;: CS1 maint: location missing publisher ([[Atiri:CS1 isi: ebe na-efu onye nkwusa|link]])&lt;/span&gt;
[[Category:CS1 maint: location missing publisher]]&lt;/ref&gt; Ụlọ ọrụ ahụ, Siegel Sklarek Diamond, bụ ụlọ ọrụ kachasị nke nwanyị nwere n'oge ahụ. Ụlọ ọrụ ahụ, n'okpuru nduzi Sklarek, ga-aga n'ihu ịrụzu ọrụ dịgasị iche iche n'ofe ndịda California, gụnyere Ụlọ Akwụkwọ Ndụmọdụ na Ụlọ Ọrụ Resource (1988) na Early Childhood Education Center (1989) na Mahadum California Irvine, yana Los Angeles Air Traffic Control Tower (1995). &lt;ref name=&quot;:5&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|author=Bailey|first=Jeff|title=Legacy: A Pioneering African-American Architect|url=https://www.inc.com/rebecca-deczynski/power-of-purpose-list-impact-driven-companies.html|accessdate=November 30, 2022|work=Inc.com}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;true&quot; id=&quot;CITEREFBailey&quot;&gt;Bailey, Jeff. [https://www.inc.com/rebecca-deczynski/power-of-purpose-list-impact-driven-companies.html &quot;Legacy: A Pioneering African-American Architect&quot;]. ''Inc.com''&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;November 30,&lt;/span&gt; 2022&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|author=Nancy|date=2021-03-29|title=An Inside Look at Siegel Sklarek Diamond|url=https://www.optima.inc/an-inside-look-at-siegel-sklarek-diamond/|accessdate=2022-11-30|work=Optima|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; Siegel Sklarek Diamond nwere ọrụ ọnụ ahịa ruru ihe ruru nde $50 na-aga n'otu oge. &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|author=Margaret|first=Mazurkiewicz|date=2013|editor=Gale Publication|title=Contemporary Black Biography (Vol. 101.)|url=https://link.gale.com/apps/doc/CX2010700001/GVRL?u=nysl_ce_syr&amp;sid=bookmark-GVRL&amp;xid=175bfa4f|work=Gale eBooks}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;true&quot; id=&quot;CITEREFMargaret2013&quot;&gt;Margaret, Mazurkiewicz (2013). Gale Publication (ed.). [https://link.gale.com/apps/doc/CX2010700001/GVRL?u=nysl_ce_syr&amp;sid=bookmark-GVRL&amp;xid=175bfa4f &quot;Contemporary Black Biography (Vol. 101.)&quot;]. ''Gale eBooks''.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt; Na-atụ anya ịrụ ọrụ na nnukwu ọrụ ọzọ, Sklarek hapụrụ ụlọ ọrụ ahụ na 1989 &lt;ref name=&quot;:03&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=News from California, the nation and world|url=https://www.latimes.com/|accessdate=2022-11-30|work=Los Angeles Times|language=en-US}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;true&quot;&gt;[https://www.latimes.com/ &quot;News from California, the nation and world&quot;]. ''Los Angeles Times''&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;2022-11-30&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;:23&quot; /&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;:6&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|author=Kaplan|first=Victoria|url=https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/62732678|title=Structural inequality : black architects in the United States|date=2006|publisher=Rowman &amp; Littlefield|isbn=0-7425-4582-2|location=Lanham, Md.|oclc=62732678}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation book cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;true&quot; id=&quot;CITEREFKaplan2006&quot;&gt;Kaplan, Victoria (2006). [https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/62732678 ''Structural inequality : black architects in the United States'']. Lanham, Md.: Rowman &amp; Littlefield. [[ISBN]]&amp;nbsp;[[Ọpụrụiche:Isi akwụkwọ/0-7425-4582-2|&lt;bdi&gt;0-7425-4582-2&lt;/bdi&gt;]]. [[OCLC (ihe nchọpụta)|OCLC]]&amp;nbsp;[https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/62732678 62732678].&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt; iji sonyere Jon Jerde Partnership dị ka onye isi. &lt;ref name=&quot;:03&quot; /&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;Ehrhart-Morrison 1997&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|author=Ehrhart-Morrison|first=Dorothy|url=https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/35599913|title=No mountain high enough : secrets of successful African American women|date=1997|publisher=Conari|isbn=0-943233-98-4|location=Berkeley, CA|oclc=35599913}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation book cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;true&quot; id=&quot;CITEREFEhrhart-Morrison1997&quot;&gt;Ehrhart-Morrison, Dorothy (1997). [https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/35599913 ''No mountain high enough : secrets of successful African American women'']. Berkeley, CA: Conari. [[ISBN]]&amp;nbsp;[[Ọpụrụiche:Isi akwụkwọ/0-943233-98-4|&lt;bdi&gt;0-943233-98-4&lt;/bdi&gt;]]. [[OCLC (ihe nchọpụta)|OCLC]]&amp;nbsp;[https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/35599913 35599913].&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt; Na njedebe ikpeazụ nke ọrụ ya, Sklarek ga-arụ ọrụ na Ụlọ Ahịa America . &lt;ref name=&quot;Ehrhart-Morrison 1997&quot; /&gt;

== Ụlọ ndị dị mkpa ==
Ọ bụ ezie na ma Sklarek na César Pelli, mgbe nọ na Gruen Associates, bụ ndị na-ahụ maka ịmepụta Ụlọ Ọrụ Embassy United States na Tokyo, Pelli bụ isi kwadoro maka ọrụ ahụ, na-ahapụ Sklarek enweghị ike ịmata ya. &lt;ref name=&quot;morton&quot;&gt;Morton, Patricia (2020). McLeod, Mary; Rosner, Victoria (eds.). [https://pioneeringwomen.bwaf.org/norma-merrick-sklarek/ &quot;Norma Merrick Sklarek&quot;]. ''Pioneering Woman of American Architecture''. Beverly Willis Architecture Foundation.&lt;/ref&gt; Ọrụ ya abụghị naanị n'ichepụta ụlọ ahụ, kamakwa ilekọta ndị ọrụ na iweta ndị ọrụ. &lt;ref name=&quot;morton&quot; /&gt; N'agbanyeghị na o meela ọtụtụ ihe na mmekorita ya na Pelli, a naghị akpọkarị ya aha maka mmezu a. &lt;ref name=&quot;morton&quot; /&gt;

Terminal One ọdụ dị na Los Angeles International Airport (LAX) bụ nnukwu ọrụ ọzọ Sklarek na Welton Becket Associates rụzuru na 1984, onye jere ozi dị ka onye isi ọrụ. &lt;ref name=&quot;Lewis2&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|author=Lewis|first=Anna M.|title=Women of Steel and Stone : 22 Inspirational Architects, Engineers, and Landscape Designers|date=2014|publisher=Independent Pub Group|isbn=978-1613745083|edition=First|pages=52–59}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ewubere ọdụ ọdụ Terminal One yana Tom Bradley International Terminal iji kwado ndị njem si mba ofesi, ọkachasị tupu ha aga egwuregwu Olimpik Summer site na Julaị-August nke afọ ahụ.. &lt;ref name=&quot;latimes&quot;&gt;Woo, Elaine. [http://articles.latimes.com/2012/feb/10/local/la-me-norma-sklarek-20120210 &quot;Pioneering African American architect&quot;]. ''Los Angeles Times'', Feb. 10, 2012.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;morton&quot;&gt;Morton, Patricia (2020). McLeod, Mary; Rosner, Victoria (eds.). [https://pioneeringwomen.bwaf.org/norma-merrick-sklarek/ &quot;Norma Merrick Sklarek&quot;]. ''Pioneering Woman of American Architecture''. Beverly Willis Architecture Foundation.&lt;/ref&gt;  A maara ya maka ọmarịcha ụkpụrụ ụlọ ya bụ okirikiri U. Ewubere ọdụ ụgbọ oloko $50 nde ihe fọrọ nke nta ka ọ bụrụ afọ iri abụọ ka e mesịrị iji kwalite ikike.

== Ọrụ ahọpụtara ==
Mgbe Sklarek bụ onye nduzi na Gruen Associates, ya na César Pelli rụkọrọ ọrụ na ọtụtụ ọrụ.

* 1961–66 – Fox Plaza, San Francisco, California
* 1961–63 – California Mart, Los Angeles, California
* 1963–65 – Ụlọ Nzukọ Obodo San Bernardino, San Bernardino, California &lt;ref name=&quot;latimes&quot;&gt;Woo, Elaine. [http://articles.latimes.com/2012/feb/10/local/la-me-norma-sklarek-20120210 &quot;Pioneering African American architect&quot;]. ''Los Angeles Times'', Feb. 10, 2012.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;griffith&quot;&gt;Griffith, Susan J. [http://www.blackpast.org/aah/sklarek-norma-merrick-1928-2012 &quot;Normal Merrick Sklarek&quot;]. Blackpast.org (website). Accessed Oct 27, 2015.&lt;/ref&gt;
* 1972–75 – Pacific Design Center, Los Angeles, California
* 1976–78 – Embassy nke United States na Tokyo, Japan
* 1980 - Ebe Santa Monica, Santa Monica
* 1984 – Terminal One, ọdụ ụgbọ elu mba ụwa nke Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California &lt;ref name=&quot;morton&quot;&gt;Morton, Patricia (2020). McLeod, Mary; Rosner, Victoria (eds.). [https://pioneeringwomen.bwaf.org/norma-merrick-sklarek/ &quot;Norma Merrick Sklarek&quot;]. ''Pioneering Woman of American Architecture''. Beverly Willis Architecture Foundation.&lt;/ref&gt; 
* 1989–92 – Nnukwu ụlọ ahịa America, Minneapolis, [[Minésótạ|Minnesota]]

== Ntụaka ==
dịgasị iche iche n'ofe ndịda California, gụnyere Ụlọ Akwụkwọ Ndụmọdụ na Ụlọ Ọrụ Resource (1988) na Early Childhood Education Center (1989) na Mahadum California Irvine, yana Los Angeles Air Traffic Control Tower (1995).   Siegel Sklarek Diamond nwere ọrụ ọnụ ahịa ruru ihe ruru nde $50 na-aga n'otu oge.  Na-atụ anya ịrụ ọrụ na nnukwu ọrụ ọzọ, Sklarek hapụrụ ụlọ{{Reflist}}

== Ọgụgụ ọzọ ==

* Rogers, Laurel Frances. &quot;Norma Merrick Sklarek.&quot; ''[https://papress.com/products/the-women-who-changed-architecture Ụmụ nwanyị ndị gbanwere ụkpụrụ ụlọ]'', ed. Jan Cigliano Hartman. Princeton Architectural Press, 2022. pp, 98-99 .
* Ehrhart-Morrison, Dorothy, ''Enweghị ugwu dị elu zuru oke: Nzuzo nke ụmụ nwanyị Afrịka America na-aga nke ọma'', Conari Press, 1997
* 
* Summers, Barbara, ed. ''M nrọ ụwa: Eserese nke ụmụ nwanyị ojii bụ ndị gbanwere America'' . Foto na ajụjụ ọnụ Brian Lanker. Onye na-ebipụta akwụkwọ, 1989.
* Lewis, Anna M, ''[https://books.google.com/books?id=5_9WAgAAQBAJ Women of Steel and Stone] ,'' Chicago Review Press, Inc, 2014. [[ISBN (identifier)|ISBN]]&amp;nbsp;[[Special:BookSources/978-1613745083|978-1613745083]]

== Njikọ mpụga ==

* [https://pioneeringwomen.bwaf.org/norma-merrick-sklarek/ Ụmụ nwanyị ọsụ ụzọ nke ihe owuwu ụlọ America, Norma Merrick Sklarek]
* [http://www.greatbuildings.com/architects/Norma_Sklarek.html &quot;Norma Sklarek&quot;]
* [https://bwaf.org/resources/podcast Beverly Willis Architecture Foundation, Nkeji 4: Norma Sklarek: Aka Dị Ike nke ukwuu]
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    <title>Henry K. Bush-Brown</title>
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      <text bytes="8467" sha1="blw1377exlusixjh881zcanrkmrqecq" xml:space="preserve">[[Usòrò:George_Meade_monument.JPG|áká_ịkẹngạ|thumb| Ihe oyiyi mbụ equestrian nke Bush-Brown bụ ihe ncheta nye Union General George Meade na Gettysburg Battlefield, nke dị nso na ebe a na-achụpụ Pickett Charge .]]
[[Usòrò:JFReynolds_GB1.jpg|áká_ịkẹngạ|thumb| Ihe ncheta nye General John F. Reynolds na ogige agha Gettysburg ; ịnyịnya ahụ nwere ụkwụ abụọ na-ebuli elu, na-enye nsogbu nke nguzozi na ihe owuwu.]]
[[Usòrò:LincolnGett.JPG|áká_ịkẹngạ|thumb| ''Ihe ncheta nke Lincoln'', nke Louis Henrick mere, ya na bust Abraham Lincoln nke Henry Kirke Bush-Brown, wuru na Gettysburg Battlefield na 1912 &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|author=Einhorn|first=Lois|title=Abraham Lincoln, the orator: penetrating the Lincoln legend|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=0RB3AAAAMAAJ&amp;q=%22Henry+Bush-Brown%22+lincoln|publisher=Greenwood Press|year=1992|isbn=0-313-26168-7}}&lt;/ref&gt;]]
Henry Kirke Bush-Brown (1857 – 1935) bụ onye ọkpụ America na nwa nwanne nna nke onye ọkpụ bụ Henry Kirke Brown .  A kara aka na Newburgh, New York wee gaa National Academy of Design na New York City.  Ọ bịara mara ya maka ihe ndị na-egosi ezi ihe mere eme na-egosi ihe mere eme America.

Bush-Brown ngosi Margaret White Lesley, bụkwa onye na-ese ihe, onye ya na ya nwere ụmụ atọ dị ndụ;   ada ha, Lidia, obe onye a ma ama na-ahụ ihe &lt;ref name=&quot;nmwa.org&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://clara.nmwa.org/index.php?g=entity_detail&amp;entity_id=1088|title=CLARA|accessdate=January 2, 2017|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20181114214534/http://clara.nmwa.org/index.php?g=entity_detail&amp;entity_id=1088|archivedate=November 14, 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;HellerHeller2013&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|author=Jules Heller|title=North American Women Artists of the Twentieth Century: A Biographical Dictionary|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=AYxmAgAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PR11|date=December 19, 2013|publisher=Routledge|isbn=978-1-135-63882-5}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Henry K. Bush-Brown bụ Louis oche mbụ nke Arts Club nke Washington .

== Na-arụ ọrụ na Gettysburg n'ọgbọ agha ==
Bush-Brown ihe ọkpụkpụ ọla atọ na-agba ọsọ na Gettysburg agha .  Ihe oyiyi mbụ equestrian nke Bush-Brown bu nke General George Meade, onye mmeri na Gettysburg.  [1] N'ịbụ nke dị na Hancock Avenue, ọ dị nso ebe &quot;Meade lere ndị agha otu ya na-ajụ ebubo Confederate.&quot;  Emere ihe oyiyi a mgbe afọ abụọ achọpụtachara, ma igodo &quot;Meade na- m okpu, dị ka ọ ቀለም n'oge agha,&quot; dị ka Bush-Brown nwanne maka izi ezi nke ihe mere eme.  [2] Meade na-ejide otu ụzọ binoculars n'aka nri ya na okpu ya n'aka ekpe ya.  Mma agha edoro n’ụdị aka ekpe nke ihe ya.  Ihe ahụ ahụ riri $37,500.  [3] Ihe ọkpụkpụ nke Meade na-ele anya n'ọgbọ agha n'ebe akpụrụ akpụ nke onye iro ya, Robert E. Lee.

N'ịgbaso nke Meade, Bush-Brown kere ihe na-eke 9,000-paụnd nke General John F. Reynolds (egburu na July 1, 1863), [1] nke egwu nwere obere ụkwụ abụọ n'ala.  [2] A raara ihe oyiyi a na afọ 1899 na emume nke Bush-Brown, nwa nwanne Reynolds na Gọvanọ Pennsylvania William Stone nọ ya.  Ihe ọkpụkpụ a dị ihe dịka 1100 ụkwụ site na akara ebe e gburugburu Reynolds. &lt;ref name=&quot;paulmartinart.com&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.paulmartinart.com/DutyHonorCountry.html|title=Duty, Honor, Country|publisher=Paulmartinart.com|date=January 1, 1980|accessdate=January 2, 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Bush-Brown rụpụtakwara bronze equestrian nke General John Sedgwick, onye kacha njọ Union nwụrụ na [[Agha Obodo America|agha obodo America]], bụ onye e gburugburu mechara na Agha Spotsylvania Courthouse na onye ngwaọrụ na Agha Gettysburg.  [1] Ihe oyiyi nke Sedgwick na-agụnye gụnyere ndị dị ka ihe ndị dị na scabard General na obere ihe nkedo a ịrịba na blanketị ụkwụ. 

Na mgbakwunye, Bush-Brown mere bust nke Abraham Lincoln, nke a raara nye na 1912 dịka ihe nke Lincoln Speech Memorial na-echeta adreesị Gettysburg Lincoln. &lt;ref name=&quot;nps.gov&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.nps.gov/archive/gett/getttour/tstops/tstd4-23.htm|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20061013024329/http://www.nps.gov/archive/gett/getttour/tstops/tstd4-23.htm|archivedate=October 13, 2006|title=Gettysburg National Military Park Virtual Tour Stop#23- The Gettysburg National Cemetery|accessdate=February 24, 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ọrụ ndị ọzọ ama ama ==
ọrụ ọzọ Bush-Brown a ma ama bụ ihe atụ nke Commodore Isaac Hull, otu n'ime ndị dike ụgbọ mmiri anọ nke America ibu site n'aka ndị na-ese ihe dị iche iche maka mmeri 1899 Dewey Arch na New York City's Madison  Square, na-echeta mmeri ndị agha mmiri nke Admiral George Dewey na Agha nke Obodo nke Manila Bay . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1899/09/16/100451190.pdf|title=New Dewey Parade Route|work=The New York Times|date=September 18, 1899|accessdate=December 29, 2009}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Bush-Brown kere ọtụtụ ihe ọkpụkpụ maka mpụta nke New York City's Beaux Arts 1907 Surrogate's Courthouse . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.forgottendelights.com/NYCsculpture/salute/SalutesJuly.htm|title=Forgotten Delights|accessdate=February 24, 2018|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20100724180659/http://www.forgottendelights.com/NYCsculpture/salute/SalutesJuly.htm|archivedate=July 24, 2010}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Na 1910 o kere ihe oyiyi nke Mary Jemison, &quot;Nwanyị ọcha nke Genesee&quot;, nke na-egosi ili ya na New York's Letchworth State Park. .

Bush-Brown rụpụtapụtakwara ndị nke onye na-ahụ maka ego na onye nhazi obodo Cyrus Clark (1911), bụ onye nyere aka na nhazi na nke New York City's Riverside Drive na Riverside Park .  Ihe edemede Brown nke Clark gbanyere n'ime okwute sitere n'okike nke dị nso n'ọnụ ụzọ 83rd Street na Riverside Park &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.nycgovparks.org/parks/riversidepark/highlights/10769|accessdate=January 6, 2010|title=Riverside Park Highlights}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Odee ==
E nwere ọtụtụ ihe ọkpụkpụ ya kwuru ihe mere eme America, Bush-Brown bụkwa onye dere akwụkwọ ndị na-enyere nke na-azọ ndụ na onye nwanne nna ya.  [1] Otu n'ime ihe odide ahụ dị na akwụkwọ ozi Bush-Brown na Smith College [2] na nke ọzọ bụ nke Library nke Congress na-ejide.  [3] (Leekwa mkpokọta Sophia Smith .)

== Ọnwụ ==
Bush-Brown nwụrụ na [[Washington, D.C.|Washington, DC]], wee lie ya na Baldwin Memorial United Methodist Church Cemetery na Millersville, Maryland . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.letchworthparkhistory.com/bushbrown.html|title=Henry Kirke Bush-Brown|publisher=Letchworthparkhistory.com|date=September 17, 1910|accessdate=February 14, 2024}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Osisi ==
&lt;gallery&gt;
Usòrò:JFReynolds_GB2.jpg|alt=Detail of John F. Reynolds sculpture from Gettysburg Battlefield.|Nkọwa nke ihe ọkpụkpụJohn F. Reynoldssitere na Gettysburg Battlefield.
Usòrò:Valley_Forge_Anthony_Wayne_statue.jpg|alt=American Revolutionary War General Anthony Wayne sculpture at Valley Forge, Pennsylvania.|AmericanAgha MgbanweIzugbeAnthony Wayneọkpụkpụ naValley Forge,[[Pensílvéníyạ|Pennsylvania]].
Usòrò:Dewey_Arch_1900_Color.jpg|alt=The Dewey Arch in New York City at Fifth Avenue and 24th street, 1900; Bush-Brown created the figure of Isaac Hull in the top row of four figures.|NkeDewey Archna New York City naỤzọ Fifthna okporo ụzọ 24, 1900; Bush-Brown kere ihe oyiyiIsaac Hulln'ahịrị elu nke ọnụ ọgụgụ anọ.
Usòrò:Union_Club_Philly_Statue_1.jpg|alt=1st Regiment Infantry National Guard of Philadelphia| 1st Regiment Infantry National Nche nke Philadelphia
&lt;/gallery&gt;

== Ntụaka ==
{{Reflist|2}}

== Njikọ mpụga ==
{{Commons category|Henry Kirke Bush-Brown}}

* [http://www.letchworthparkhistory.com/bushbrown.html Ozi gbasara ndụ], letchworthparkhistory.com. Enwetara February 15, 2024.
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20110716094128/http://collections.si.edu/search/results.jsp?q=Bush-Brown+Henry+K Katalọgụ na Smithsonian], collections.si edu. Enwetara February 15, 2024.
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20100724180659/http://www.forgottendelights.com/NYCsculpture/salute/SalutesJuly.htm Ọnụọgụ dị na Ụlọikpe Surrogates nke New York City]
* [http://www.pbase.com/mistermax/image/47098135 Onyonyo nke ''mmụọ nke '61'' ọkpụkpụ, Philadelphia, PA], pbase.com. Enwetara February 15, 2024.
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'''Rafael Marques de Morais''' (amụrụ n'afọ 1971 &lt;ref name=&quot;CCP&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.civilcourageprize.org/honoree-2006.htm|title=2006 Civil Courage Prize|date=2012|publisher=Civil Courage Prize|accessdate=5 August 2012}}&lt;/ref&gt;) bụ onye nta akụkọ [[Angola]] na onye na-emegide nrụrụ aka &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|author=Rafael Marques de Morais|title=Growing Wealth, Shrinking Democracy|date=August 29, 2012|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2012/08/30/opinion/in-angola-growing-wealth-but-shrinking-democracy.html|quote=Rafael Marques de Morais is a journalist and anti-corruption activist.}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|author=Adam Nossiter|title=Fortunes, and Tables, Turn for Portugal and Angola|date=November 19, 2011|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2011/11/20/world/africa/portugals-financial-crisis-leads-it-back-to-angola.html|quote=But government critics in Angola saw irony in Portugal's quest. &quot;The capital barely has any electricity,&quot; said Rafael Marques de Morais, an anticorruption campaigner.}}&lt;/ref&gt; onye natara ọtụtụ onyinye mba ụwa maka akụkọ ya gbasara diamond esemokwu na Nrụrụ aka gọọmentị na Angola. Ọ bụ onye isi nke onye na-ahụ maka nrụrụ aka Maka Angola ugbu a.&lt;ref name=&quot;MA&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://makaangola.org/a-nossa-equip/?lang=en|title=About Us|publisher=Maka Angola|accessdate=4 August 2012|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20121008164218/http://makaangola.org/a-nossa-equip/?lang=en|archivedate=8 October 2012}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Oge ọ malitere ==
Mgbe Marques na-etolite, ọnọdụ obodo ya na-akawanye njọ na-ewute ya: &quot;Ọ dịtụbeghị mgbe m nụtụrụla banyere ọkàiwu, amaghị m ihe ruuru mmadụ, enweghị echiche nke ịlụ ọgụ nrụrụ aka bụ&quot;, ka o mesịrị cheta. &quot;Aghọtara m na ụzọ isi dozie nsogbu ndị metụtara m bụ site n'ịbụ onye odeakụkọ.&quot;[5]

O nwetara BA (Hons) Anthropology &amp; Media site na Goldsmiths, Mahadum [[London]] na MSc na African Studies site na St Antony's College, Mahadum Oxford.[4] Ọ malitere ọrụ dị ka onye nta akụkọ na 1992 na akwụkwọ akụkọ steeti Jornal de Angola.

N'oge na-adịghị anya ka o sonyeere Jornal de Angola, Marques dere akụkọ banyere ntuli aka onye isi ala na-abịanụ nke o hotara nkatọ onye ndu mmegide megide dos Santos. O bughị n'obi ka e bipụta nhota ahụ n'akwụkwọ akụkọ, mana site na njehie ụfọdụ nke nchịkọta akụkọ ọ pụtara n'akwụkwọ ahụ. A tara Marques ahụhụ site na mbufe na tebụl akụkọ mpaghara. N'ihi na ọ na-aga n'ihu na &quot;ọchịchọ ịgbanye nkọwa mmekọrịta ọha na eze na-adịghị anabata n'ime akụkọ kachasị njọ&quot;, ọ gara n'ihu na-eweda ya ala. Otu ụbọchị, e kenyere ya ide banyere ọnụ ọgụgụ mba kachasị ọhụrụ, ọ gụnyere nyocha ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị. &quot;Nke ahụ bụkwa ahịhịa ikpeazụ&quot;, o mechara gwa onye nta akụkọ. A chụrụ ya n'ọrụ.[5]

N'afọ 1998, Agha Obodo Angola maliteghachiri. N'afọ 1999, obere oge ka o bipụtara echiche &quot;Cannon Fodder&quot; Marques malitere ịnakọta mbinye aka na mkpesa na-akpọ maka njedebe nke agha. A wakporo ya na redio na ndị nta akụkọ.&lt;ref name=&quot;Regan-Sachs&quot;/&gt;

== &quot;Ọkpụkpụ ọnụ nke ọchịchị aka ike&quot; ==
Na 3 Julaị 1999, magazin a na-ebipụta kwa izu bụ Agora bipụtara otu isiokwu nke Marques akpọrọ &quot;The Lipstick of Dictatorship&quot; (egwuregwu na okwu ndị dabeere na okwu Portuguese maka mkpara ndị uwe ojii). N'ime ya, ọ katọrọ Onye isi ala Angola bụ José Eduardo dos Santos. Marques kpọrọ Dos Santos onye ọchịchị aka ike ma boo ya ebubo ibibi Angola na ịkwalite &quot;enweghị ike, mmefu ego na nrụrụ aka dị ka ụkpụrụ ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị na mmekọrịta mmadụ na ibe ya&quot;. &lt;ref name=&quot;Regan-Sachs&quot;/&gt; Mgbe ọnwa atọ gachara, n'ụbọchị iri na isii n'ọnwa Ọktoba, e jidere Marques n'ụlọ ya dị na Luanda ma boo ya ebubo nkwutọ.&lt;ref name=&quot;CPJ&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://cpj.org/reports/2000/03/angola-marques-00.php|title=Rafael Marques on Trial|date=31 March 2000|publisher=Committee to Protect Journalists|accessdate=4 August 2012}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Ejidere ya ụbọchị iri anọ n'ebuboghị ya, ekwekwaghị ka ọ kpọtụrụ ezinụlọ ya ma ọ bụ onye ọka iwu. N’abalị, “ndị uwe ojii na-abata, kpọtee ya, ma gbalịa ịmanye ya ka ọ bịanye aka n’akwụkwọ ndị na-edoghị anya bụ́ ndị e mesịrị dee akwụkwọ megide ya.” Mgbe ọ jụrụ, ha gọnarị ya nri na mmiri. Marques gara n'ihu ọha na-agụ agụụ. N’ihi ya, a kpọfere ya n’ụlọ mkpọrọ ọzọ, bụ́ ebe e nyere ya nri, ma ebe ọnụ ụlọ ya juputara nke ukwuu nke na “ndị mkpọrọ na-ehi ụra na-adabere n’ahụ́ mgbidi ndị na-akpụ akpụ.”[5][7]

N'ihi nrụgide mba ụwa na-arị elu na Angola site na mbọ nke Open Society Institute, a tọhapụrụ Marques na mgbapụta na 25 November, na ọnọdụ na ọ nọgidere na Luanda ma ghara ịgwa ndị nta akụkọ okwu ma ọ bụ kwuo okwu ọha. Na 15 Disemba, na-enweghị nkọwa, ụlọ ikpe mpaghara Luanda wepụrụ ikpe ya na Courtlọikpe Kasị Elu nke Angola.[5][8][9]

Dị ka Kọmitii Na-echebe Ndị nta akụkọ si kwuo, gọọmentị dos Santos &quot;malitere mkpọsa mkparị megide Marques,&quot; na-ezo aka na nkwupụta nke onye omeiwu Mendes de Carvalho, n'oge arụmụka ndị omeiwu na Jenụwarị 19 2000 banyere nnwere onwe mgbasa ozi, na ọ bụrụ na Marques nọgide na-akatọ dos Santos, ọ &quot;agaghị adị ndụ ruo afọ 40.&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;Committee to Protect Journalists&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=Angola: Outspoken journalist will be tried|url=http://cpj.org/2000/03/angola-outspoken-journalist-will-be-tried.php|work=Committee to Protect Journalists|accessdate=May 6, 2013}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Ikpe ===
Ikpe ya malitere na 9 Machị 2000. E boro ya ebubo n'okpuru Iwu Angola 7/78, nke a makwaara dị ka Iwu na mpụ megide nchekwa steeti. Kọmitii na-echebe ndị nta akụkọ boro ebubo na &quot;Iwu 7/78 mebiri Akụkụ 35 nke Iwu Iwu Angola nke afọ 1992, nke na-enye ikike nnwere onwe ikwu okwu&quot;.&lt;ref name=&quot;Committee to Protect Journalists&quot;/&gt;

Ọ bụ ezie na e mere ndokwa ka a nụ ya n’ihu Ụlọikpe Kasị Elu, e zighachiri ikpe Marques n’Ụlọikpe Ngalaba Na-ahụ Maka Mpụ, bụ́ ebe a nụrụ ya n’ihu Joaquim de Abreu Cangato, onye bụbu onye uwe ojii nzuzo nke Angola nke na-enweghị ọzụzụ gbasara iwu.[6] Na Machị 10, ebigharịrị ikpe ahụ ruo Maachị 21. N'ụbọchị ahụ, Cangato nyere ndị na-ekiri ihe nkiri, gụnyere ndị ọrụ ụlọ ọrụ nnọchi anya US na Portuguese, ndị na-akwado ikike mmadụ, na ndị nta akụkọ, pụọ n'ụlọ ikpe ahụ, mgbe nke ahụ gasịrị, ikpe ahụ gara n'ihu na nzuzo.

Na 31 Maachị, a mara Marques ikpe maka ebubo mmetọ nke ndị nta akụkọ, butere “mmerụ ahụ” nye Onye isi ala.[7] A mara ya ikpe ịga mkpọrọ ọnwa isii, mana ọ ka nwere onwe ya ruo mgbe mkpegharị ikpe.[10] A tara ya ntaramahụhụ US $17,000.[11]

Ngalaba US State gosipụtara nchegbu na Marques enwetaghị ikpe ziri ezi.&lt;ref name=&quot;BBC313&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/africa/697643.stm|title=Journalist convicted of defaming Angolan President|date=31 March 2012|work=BBC News|accessdate=4 August 2012}}&lt;/ref&gt; Kọmitii US na-echebe ndị nta akụkọ &quot;katọrọ&quot; ikpe ahụ.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://cpj.org/2000/03/angola-outspoken-journalist-will-be-tried.php|title=Angola: Outspoken journalist will be tried|date=6 March 2000|publisher=Committee to Protect Journalists|accessdate=4 August 2012}}&lt;/ref&gt; N'abalị iri abụọ na asaa n'ọnwa Ọktoba, n'okpuru nrụgide mba ụwa, Ụlọikpe Kasị Elu gbanwere ikpe Marques ka ọ bụrụ ikpe a kwụsịtụrụ ma ọ bụrụhaala na ọ gaghị ede ihe ọ bụla na-akọwa gọọmentị maka afọ ise sochirinụ.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/africa/994559.stm|title=Angolan journalist's sentences reduced|date=27 October 2000|work=BBC News|accessdate=4 August 2012}}&lt;/ref&gt; E nyekwara ya iwu ka ọ kwụọ onye isi ala ụgwọ, e weghaara paspọtụ ya ruo na ngwụcha ọnwa Febụwarị afọ 2001.  &lt;ref name=&quot;Regan-Sachs&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|author=Regan-Sachs|first=Rebecca|title=Angola: Marques in Angola - the Perils of Speaking Truth to Power|url=http://allafrica.com/stories/201205280747.html?viewall=1|work=allAfrica|accessdate=May 6, 2013}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Rafael Marques de Morais&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=Rafael Marques de Morais|url=http://www.civilcourageprize.org/honoree-2006.htm|work=Civil Courage Prize|accessdate=May 6, 2013}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ọrụ ndị e mere mgbe e mesịrị ==
Mgbe nkwutọ ahụ gasịrị, Marques lekwasịrị anya n'ịkwụsị Agha Obodo Angola, na-ahazi njikọ nke ndị isi obodo na okpukpe 250 iji kpọọ maka mkpebi udo.&lt;ref name=&quot;CCP&quot;/&gt; N'abalị iri na anọ n'ọnwa Julaị n'afọ 2001, e jidere ya ọzọ mgbe ọ gachara ndị a chụpụrụ n'ogige ntụrụndụ n'èzí Luanda ya na onye nta akụkọ BBC bụ Justin Pearce; a chụpụla ndị nọ n'ogbe ahụ n'ike n'ógbè dị n'obodo ahụ nke o doro anya na a gbanwere maka mmepe azụmahịa.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/africa/1428756.stm|title=Free Press Threatened in Angola|date=14 July 2001|work=BBC News|author=Justin Pearce|accessdate=4 August 2012}}&lt;/ref&gt;

N'agbata afọ 1999 n'afọ 2002, Marques dere ọtụtụ isiokwu banyere azụmahịa nke diamond esemokwu na Luanda Province na nrụrụ aka na Cabinda Province, nnukwu ụlọ ọrụ mmanụ. Dị ka Civil Courage Prize ya si kwuo, &quot;nkatọ ya na-enweghị isi banyere obi ọjọọ ndị agha Angola na mmebi nke gọọmentị na ọdịmma mmanụ mba ọzọ tinyere ya n'ihe ize ndụ dị egwu&quot;. &lt;ref name=&quot;CCP&quot;/&gt;

N'afọ 2003, o dere Cabinda: A Year of Pain, akwụkwọ nke ọtụtụ narị mmegbu nke ikike mmadụ nke ndị agha gọọmentị na ndị ọzọ na-ekwu na ọ na-emegbu ndị mmadụ. N'ọtụtụ akụkọ gbasara ihe ndị ruuru mmadụ, na akwụkwọ Blood Diamonds: Corruption and Torture in Angola nke Septemba 2011, ọ kọwara ogbugbu na iyi egwu nke ndị obodo site n'aka ụlọ ọrụ nchekwa onwe ha na ndị ọrụ agha Angola n'aha ichebe ọrụ igwu ala. N'ọnwa Nọvemba afọ 2011, o wepụtara mkpesa mpụ na-ebo ndị ọchịagha itoolu nke Angola ebubo mpụ megide mmadụ n'ihe metụtara igwupụta diamond.

N'afọ 2008, o guzobere ebe nrụọrụ weebụ na-emegide nrụrụ aka a na-akpọ Maka Angola.&lt;ref name=&quot;Regan-Sachs&quot;/&gt;

== Ọrụ ndị ọzọ ==
Marques esonyewo n'ọtụtụ nzukọ na nzukọ ọmụmụ ihe mba ụwa, gụnyere &quot;Transitions: A Conversation with National Leaders,&quot; nke Mahadum New York na International Peace Academy kwadoro ma mee na New York na Machị n'afọ 2005; &quot;Beyond 'Conflict Diamonds:' a New Report on Human Rights and Angolan Diamonds,&quot; nke emere na Woodrow Wilson Center for International Scholars na [[Washington, D.C.|Washington, DC]], na 24 Machị n;afọ2005); na &quot;Angola's Oil's Curse,&quot; na Post-Nobel Conference for &quot;Oil Revenues From Counting - Blessing?&quot;, nke e mere na 17 Disemba 2004.  &lt;ref name=&quot;Rafael Marques on Trial&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=Rafael Marques on Trial|url=http://cpj.org/reports/2000/03/angola-marques-00.php|work=Committee to Protect Journalists|accessdate=May 6, 2013}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=2006 Civil Courage Prize Honoree|url=http://www.civilcourageprize.org/honoree-2006.htm|work=Civil Courage Prize|accessdate=May 6, 2013}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Nkwado ==
Marques natara Percy Qoboza Award nke US National Association of Black Journalists na 2000.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.nabj.org/?page=pastspecial|title=Past Special Honors Recipients|publisher=National Association of Black Journalists|accessdate=5 August 2012}}&lt;/ref&gt; N'afọ 2006, ọ natara Civil Courage Prize site na [[Northcote Parkinson Fund]], nke na-ekweta &quot;iguzogide ihe ọjọọ na nnukwu ihe ize ndụ onwe onye - karịa ike agha&quot;. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.civilcourageprize.org/about-prize.htm|title=Civil Courage Prize|year=2010|publisher=civilcourageprize.org|accessdate=11 May 2011}}&lt;/ref&gt; N'afọ 2015, Marques natara onyinye Index on Censorship Freedom of Expression Award.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/kerryadolan/2015/03/18/angolan-journalist-rafael-marques-de-morais-wins-freedom-of-expression-award-days-ahead-of-defamation-trial-in-luanda/|title=Angolan Journalist Rafael Marques De Morais Wins Freedom Of Expression Award Days Ahead Of Defamation Trial In Luanda|year=2015|work=Forbes.com|accessdate=25 March 2015}}&lt;/ref&gt;

N'October 1, n'afọ 2015, a mara Rafael Marques de Morais dị ka onye natara 2015 Allard Prize for International Integrity, na onye natara ya bụ John Githongo.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Rafael Marques De Morais &amp; John Githongo|url=http://www.allardprize.org/recipient-and-honourable-mentions/rafael-marques-de-morais-john-githongo|work=Allard Prize for International Integrity|publisher=Peter A. Allard School of Law|accessdate=2 October 2015|archivedate=23 January 2021|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20210123170517/https://www.allardprize.org/recipient-and-honourable-mentions/rafael-marques-de-morais-john-githongo}}&lt;/ref&gt; N'ikwu okwu n'oge a họpụtara ya, Marques kwuru na &quot;Ọ bụ ihe na-akwalite ọrụ m, na nkwụsị dị mkpa na nnọpụiche m na mmekpa ahụ mgbe niile. Ọ na-enyekwa ndị Angola olileanya na ọ dị mkpa ikpughe nrụrụ aka dị ka mmebi iwu na isi ihe otiti nke ọha mmadụ&quot;. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Rafael Marques De Morais: Allard Prize Finalist|url=http://www.allardprize.org/rafael-marques-de-morais-allard-prize-finalist|work=Allard Prize for International Integrity|publisher=Peter A. Allard School of Law|accessdate=7 August 2015|archivedate=6 October 2018|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20181006075438/http://www.allardprize.org/rafael-marques-de-morais-allard-prize-finalist}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Marches kesara 2014 Gerald Loeb Award maka akụkọ azụmahịa mba ụwa maka &quot;The Shortest Route to Riches&quot;.&lt;ref name=&quot;LOEB-2014&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=UCLA Anderson School of Management Announces 2014 Gerald Loeb Award Winners|url=http://www.anderson.ucla.edu/media-relations/2014/2014-gerald-loeb-awards|work=[[UCLA Anderson School of Management]]|date=June 24, 2014|accessdate=January 31, 2019}}&lt;/ref&gt;

N'ọnwa Mee n'afọ 2018, ụlọ ọrụ mgbasa ozi mba ụwa nyere Marques ihe nrite World Press Freedom Hero, na-aja ya mma maka &quot;nnukwu ọrụ ya ịchụso eziokwu n'agbanyeghị ihe ọ bụla&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=http://www.africanews.com/2018/05/24/angolan-journalist-rafael-marques-named-world-press-freedom-hero/|title=Angolan journalist Rafael Marques named 'World Press Freedom Hero' {{!}} Africanews|author=AfricaNews|work=Africanews|accessdate=2018-06-18|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ebensidee ==
{{Civil Courage Prize laureates}}

== Njikọ mpụga ==

* [http://makaangola.org Ebe nrụọrụ weebụ Maka Angola]
* Rafael MarquesnaX
* [https://www.forbes.com/sites/kerryadolan/2014/12/11/why-is-angola-putting-journalist-rafael-marques-on-trial-for-exposing-human-rights-abuses/ Gịnị mere Angola ji kpee onye nta akụkọ Rafael Marques ikpe maka ikpughe mmetọ nke ihe ndị ruuru mmadụ?], ''Forbes'', 12 Nọvemba 2014
{{Civil Courage Prize laureates}}{{GeraldLoebAward International}}{{Authority control}}{{DEFAULTSORT:Marques, Rafael}}
[[Òtù:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ]]
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N'afọ 2009, nna nkuchi ya dinara otu nwa agbọghọ Brazil dị afọ 9 ugboro ugboro wee tụrụ ime ejima; José Sobrinho, bụ́ achịbishọp ndị Katọlik, kwuru na a chụpụrụ nne nwa agbọghọ ahụ na ndị dọkịta ite ime ahụ ozugbo n’okpuru iwu iwu obodo. Nke a kpalitere ọtụtụ nkatọ mba na mba ụwa maka omume achịbishọp ahụ. Na nzaghachi, National Conference of Bishops of Brazil kwupụtara na ọ dịghị onye a chụrụ n'ọrụ n'okwu a, na n'akwụkwọ akụkọ e bipụtara na L'Osservatore Romano, onye na-ahụ maka bioethicist nke Holy See baara achịbishọp mba maka nkwupụta ọhaneze ya.

== Iwu ==

=== Iwu ntaramahụhụ nke Brazil ===
Iwu Brazil kwadoro ite ime n'ihe gbasara ime ime n'ike n'ike ma ọ bụ nke ịmụ nwa ga-etinye ndụ nne n'ihe ize ndụ. &lt;ref name=&quot;reuters&quot; /&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;BBC1&quot; /&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;Brazil2&quot; /&gt;

=== Iwu Canon ===
Usoro iwu Canon nke 1983 na-ekwu na nchụpụ latae sententiae na-enweta site na &quot;onye na-enweta afọ ime zuru oke&quot; (Canon 1398), ma ọ bụghị ma ọ bụrụ na, dịka ọmụmaatụ, e mere omume ahụ &quot;site n'aka onye ụjọ ji amanye. ọ bụrụgodị na ọ bụ naanị ili, ma ọ bụ n'ihi mkpa ma ọ bụ nnukwu nsogbu ọ gwụla ma omume ahụ dị njọ ma ọ bụ na-ebute mmerụ ahụ nke mkpụrụ obi.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Code of Canon Law: Table of Contents|url=https://www.vatican.va/archive/cod-iuris-canonici/cic_index_en.html|accessdate=2023-01-02|work=www.vatican.va}}&lt;/ref&gt;   &lt;sup class=&quot;noprint Inline-Template noprint Template-Fact&quot; style=&quot;white-space:nowrap;&quot;&gt;&amp;#x5B;''&lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;span title=&quot;This claim needs references to reliable secondary sources. (January 2023)&quot;&gt;non-primary source needed&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt;''&amp;#x5D;&lt;/sup&gt;

== Isikwopụ afọ ime ==
Nna nkuchi ya akwaala nwa agbọghọ ahụ n'ike ruo afọ anọ.[1][2] Mgbe a chọpụtachara na ọ dị ime ejima, ndị dọkịta nọ na Recife kpebiri na ndụ ya nọ n'ihe ize ndụ n'ihi afọ ndụ ya, ịdị arọ ya dị kilogram 80 (36 kg), na n'ihi na ọ dị ime ejima. Dị ka Fatima Maia, onye isi ụlọọgwụ CISAM siri kwuo, ọ bụrụ na ime na-aga n'ihu, nwatakịrị ahụ nwere ike ịta ahụhụ mgbawa akpanwa na ọbara ọgbụgba, ọ na-etinyekwa ihe ize ndụ nke ọrịa shuga, ọbara mgbali elu, [[eclampsia]] na ịmụ nwa ogologo ndụ.[3]. Ndị dọkịta mechara ite ime nke ụmụ ejima ahụ na 4 Maachị 2009.

== Echiche na omume Sobrinho ==
Sobrinho kwuru na nchụpụ nke ndị okenye nyeere nwa agbọghọ ahụ aka inweta ite ime na dọkịta mere ya sitere n'omume nwa agbọghọ ahụ nwetara ite ime. O mechara kwuo na ya onwe ya achụpụghị onye ọ bụla, mana ọ bụ naanị ihe mere o ji chọpụta na ịchụpụ ya bụ ihe na-akpaghị aka nke omume ndị a.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://expresso.sapo.pt/menina-violada-abortou-e-a-mae-foi-excomungada-toda-a-polemica=f502990|title=''Expresso'',&quot;Menina violada abortou e a mãe foi excomungada: Toda a polémica&quot;, 14 March 2009|accessdate=29 July 2018|archivedate=22 February 2014|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140222045930/http://expresso.sapo.pt/menina-violada-abortou-e-a-mae-foi-excomungada-toda-a-polemica=f502990}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://noticias.cancaonova.com/bispo-esclarece-que-aborto-e-causa-de-excomunhao-automatica/|title=&quot;Bispo esclarece que aborto é causa de excomunhão automática&quot; (interview granted to ''Canção Nova''&quot;, 5 March 2009|accessdate=16 February 2014|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140221212946/http://noticias.cancaonova.com/bispo-esclarece-que-aborto-e-causa-de-excomunhao-automatica/|archivedate=21 February 2014}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Arcebispo: não dei excomunhão; a lei da Igreja pune quem faz aborto|url=http://www.rainhamaria.com.br/Pagina/6529/Arcebispo-nao-dei-excomunhao-a-lei-da-Igreja-pune-quem-faz-aborto|accessdate=2023-01-02|work=www.rainhamaria.com.br}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.quadrante.com.br/artigos_detalhes.asp?id=289&amp;cat=4&amp;pagina=1|title=Francisco Faus, &quot;A menina, o aborto e a excomunhão&quot;|accessdate=16 February 2014|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140222141248/http://www.quadrante.com.br/artigos_detalhes.asp?id=289&amp;cat=4&amp;pagina=1|archivedate=22 February 2014}}&lt;/ref&gt; O kwuru na &quot;iwu Chineke dị elu karịa iwu mmadụ ọ bụla. Mgbe iwu mmadụ - ya bụ, iwu nke ndị omeiwu mmadụ mere - megidere iwu Chineke, iwu ahụ enweghị uru. Ndị okenye kwadoro, ndị mere ite ime a achụpụla ya. &quot;  N'ajụjụ ọnụ, ọ gbakwụnyere: &quot;Ha gburu ndụ onye aka ya dị ọcha. [[Iwepu afọ ime|Isikwopụ afọ ime]] dị njọ karịa igbu onye toro eto. Onye aka ya dị njọ ma ọ bụ na-enweghị ihe ọ bụla nwere ike ịbụ onye aka ya, mana nwa a na-amụbeghị bụ ihe aka ya. &quot;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=http://www.foxnews.com/story/2009/03/05/brazil-church-excommunicates-mom-doctors-after-raped-year-old-has-abortion/|date=5 March 2009|title=Brazil Church Excommunicates Mom, Doctors After Raped 9-Year-Old Has Abortion|accessdate=13 February 2014}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;time&quot;&gt;{{Cite news|url=http://www.time.com/time/world/article/0,8599,1883598,00.html|title=Nine-Year-Old's Abortion Outrages Brazil's Catholic Church|first=Andrew|author=Downie|date=6 March 2009|work=Time}}&lt;/ref&gt; A chụpụghị nwa agbọghọ ahụ n'ihi na a gụpụrụ ụmụaka n'ịchụpụ ha.&lt;ref name=&quot;cnn&quot;&gt;{{Cite news|url=http://edition.cnn.com/2009/WORLD/americas/03/11/brazil.rape.abortion/|publisher=CNN|title=Excommunicated doctor hailed for abortion on child rape victim|date=11 March 2009}}&lt;/ref&gt; Achịbishọp Sobrinho na diocese ya gbakwara mbọ igbochi ite ime site n'ịgakwuru ndị nne na nna nwatakịrị ahụ, Gọvanọ Steeti na ụlọ ọgwụ ebe mbụ a nabatara ya, mgbe nke ahụ gasịrị, ọ kwụsịtụrụ ite ime ruo mgbe ebighi ebi. Ndị ọka iwu ya wee nye egwu iwu megide ụlọ ọgwụ nke abụọ ebe nsikwopụ afọ ime mechara mee.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=Catholics For Choice Conscience VOL. XXXV—NO. 1 2014 Page 42|url=http://digital.graphcompubs.com/publication/?i=198105&amp;p=44&amp;view=issueViewer&amp;pp=1|accessdate=2023-01-02|work=digital.graphcompubs.com|language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;   &lt;sup class=&quot;noprint Inline-Template noprint noexcerpt Template-Fact&quot; style=&quot;white-space:nowrap;&quot;&gt;&amp;#x5B;''&lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;span title=&quot;This claim needs references to better sources. (March 2015)&quot;&gt;better&lt;span typeof=&quot;mw:Entity&quot;&gt;&amp;&lt;/nowiki&gt;nbsp;&lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt;source&lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;span typeof=&quot;mw:Entity&quot;&gt;&amp;&lt;/nowiki&gt;nbsp;&lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt;needed&lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt;''&amp;#x5D;&lt;/sup&gt;

== Mmeghachi omume gọọmentị ==
Onye isi ala [[Luiz Inácio Lula da Silva]] katọrọ ihe ọ kpọrọ &quot;àgwà nchedo&quot; nke achịbishọp n'okwu ebe ndị dọkịta kwuru na ha na-anwa ịzọpụta ndụ nwa agbọghọ ahụ, na-agbakwụnye, sị: &quot;N'okwu a, ọrụ ahụike ziri ezi karịa Chọọchị&quot; &lt;ref name=&quot;Brazil2&quot;&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://www.cbc.ca/news/world/vatican-backs-excommunication-of-brazilian-mds-over-child-s-abortion-1.825367|title=Vatican backs excommunication of Brazilian MDs over child's abortion|date=7 March 2008|publisher=CBC News|accessdate=7 March 2009}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;cnn&quot; /&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|title=Lula 'rues' Church abortion move|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/americas/7929712.stm|accessdate=13 February 2014|work=BBC News|date=6 March 2009}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Minista ahụike José Gomes Temporão kọwara ihe ọ kpọrọ ọnọdụ Chọọchị Katọlik dị ka &quot;nke siri ike, nke siri ike na nke na-ezughị ezu&quot;. &lt;ref name=&quot;reuters&quot;&gt;{{Cite news|author=Grudgings|first=Stuart|title=Brazil attacks church opposition to girl's abortion|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-brazil-abortion-idUSTRE5247DU20090305|accessdate=13 February 2014|work=Reuters|date=5 March 2009}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;BBC1&quot;&gt;{{Cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/7926694.stm|publisher=BBC|first=Gary|author=Duffy|title=Rape row sparks excommunications|date=5 March 2009}}&lt;/ref&gt; Temporão, onye na-ese okwu ugboro ugboro na Chọọchị na Ajụjụ ndị dị ka ite ime na nkesa steeti nke condoms n'efu, &lt;ref name=&quot;reuters&quot; /&gt; kpọrọ ndị sonyere na mgbakọ mba maka ahụike ụmụ nwanyị ka ha kweta ọrụ ndị otu ahụike mere ite ime. &lt;ref name=&quot;cnn&quot; /&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;DP&quot;&gt;{{Cite news|url=http://www.old.diariodepernambuco.com.br/vidaurbana/nota.asp?materia=20090309190626|title=Médico responsável por aborto de menina é aplaudido em Brasília|date=9 March 2009|publisher=Diário de Pernambuco|accessdate=29 June 2013}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Echiche ndị isi chọọchị ==

=== Nzukọ Mba nke Ndị Bishọp nke Brazil ===
Nzukọ Mba nke Ndị Bishọp nke Brazil jụrụ atụmatụ Sobrinho. &lt;ref name=&quot;ESP&quot; /&gt; Na mkparịta ụka ndị nta akụkọ, Bishọp Dimas Lara Barbosa, odeakwụkwọ ukwu nke Nzukọ ahụ, kwuru na a chụpụrụ nne nwa agbọghọ ahụ, ebe ọ bụ na o mere ihe n'okpuru nrụgide iji zọpụta ndụ nwa ya nwanyị, nakwa na enweghị ihe ndabere iji kwupụta na a chụrụ ndị dọkịta ahụ, n'ihi na nchụpụ (na-akpaghị aka) dabere na ogo nke onye ọ bụla ma ọ bụ naanị ndị &quot;mara ma na-ese okwu&quot; ka a chụpụ.&lt;ref name=&quot;ESP&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Globo&quot;&gt;{{Cite news|author=Bresciani|first=Eduardo|title=Para CNBB, ninguém foi excomungado em caso de aborto de menina de 9 anos|url=http://g1.globo.com/Noticias/Brasil/0,,MUL1040654-5598,00-PARA+CNBB+NINGUEM+FOI+EXCOMUNGADO+EM+CASO+DE+ABORTO+DE+MENINA+DE+ANOS.html|accessdate=13 February 2014|work=O Globo|date=12 March 2009}}&lt;/ref&gt; Na nzukọ ndị nta akụkọ, ndị nta akụkọ natara akwụkwọ gbasara nchụpụ nke onye na-ede akwụkwọ Enrique Pérez Pujol dere, onye kwusiri ike na ekwesighi itinye ntaramahụhụ ahụ n'etiti esemokwu.&lt;ref name=&quot;ESP&quot; /&gt;

Achịbishọp Geraldo Lyrio Rocha, onye isi oche nke nzukọ ahụ, zere ịza ajụjụ ma Sobrinho mere ngwa ngwa n'ikwu na nchụpụ na-akpaghị aka mere. O kwuru na &quot;ọ dịghị mgbe ọ chọrọ imerụ onye na-emerụ ahụ, mana ọ chọrọ naanị ịdọrọ uche gaa n'ihe dị njọ nke ime ime ime n'ihu nkwenye ụfọdụ gbasara ndụ nke onye a na-amụbeghị&quot;. O kwuru na Sobrinho achụpụghị onye ọ bụla, mana o kwuru na ite ime na-agụnye ohere nke ịchụpụ ya, nke bụ ihe e bu n'obi ime ka ọ bụghị naanị otu onye kamakwa ndị Chọọchị dum mara ịdị njọ nke omume ahụ. Banyere onye dinara n'ike, o kwuru na onye dinara &quot;anọghị na oriri nsọ&quot; na &quot;n'ime mmehie dị egwu&quot;, ọ bụ ezie na e depụghị ndina n'ike n'etiti mpụ ndị na-akpata nchụpụ na-akpaghị aka. O kwuru, sị: &quot;Idi iko bụ ihe jọgburu onwe ya nke na ọ dịghị mkpa ka Chọọchị mara ya. Usoro ikpe ziri ezi nke steeti na-enye ya ntaramahụhụ maka ite ime nke ukwuu. &quot; O kwuru na okwu banyere ịchụpụ mmadụ yiri ka o meela ka ndị mmadụ chefuo mpụ nke onye dinara mmadụ n'ike, onye chọrọ ka a taa ya ahụhụ. &lt;ref name=&quot;ESP&quot;&gt;{{Cite news|url=http://www.estadao.com.br/noticias/impresso,cnbb-desautoriza-iniciativa-de-bispo,338133,0.htm|title=CNBB desautoriza iniciativa de bispo|first=Luciana|author=Nunes Leal|date=13 March 2009|work=O Estadão de S.Paulo|accessdate=13 February 2014}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Globo&quot; /&gt;

=== Rino Fisichella ===
Akwụkwọ akụkọ Holy See na-abụghị nke gọọmentị, L'''Osservatore Romano'', bipụtara akụkọ ihu na 15 Machị 2009 site n'aka Rino Fisichella, Onye isi oche nke Pontifical Academy for Life, nke katọrọ ihe Sobrinho mere. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|title=Top Vatican ethicist says abortion saved life of nine-year-old rape victim|date=21 April 2009|url=http://www.christiancentury.org/article/2009-04/top-vatican-ethicist-says-abortion-saved-life-nine-year-old-rape-victim|work=The Christian Century|accessdate=13 February 2014}}&lt;/ref&gt; Fisichella kwuru na nchụpụ ahụ na-akpaghị aka, nke mere na ilekwasị anya na ya karịa inyere aka na ịkwado nwatakịrị ahụ gosipụtara enweghị ọmịiko nke mebiri ntụkwasị obi nke ozizi na-emegide ite ime nke Chọọchị.&lt;ref name=&quot;obrien&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|title=The Church and Abortion: A Catholic Dissent|first=George Dennis|author=O'Brien|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=VYBUE1ZZNA4C&amp;pg=PA86|publisher=Rowman &amp; Littlefield|year=2010|isbn=9781442205796}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;mines&quot; /&gt; Mgbe o kwughachiri nkatọ Chọọchị banyere ite ime, o dere na ọnọdụ omume siri ike n'ihi nwata nwanyị ahụ na ihe ize ndụ nye ndụ ya ma too ndị &quot;nyere  ohere ibi ndụ ma nyere  aka iweghachite olileanya na ntụkwasị obi&quot;.[her]&lt;ref name=&quot;mines&quot; /&gt; O dere, sị: &quot;Kọnuche nke dọkịta na-ahụ onwe ya naanị ya mgbe a manyere ya ikpebi ihe kachasị mma ime. Nhọrọ dị ka nke ịzọpụta ndụ, ịmara na mmadụ na-etinye onye nke abụọ n'ihe ize ndụ siri ike, anaghị abịa n'ụzọ dị mfe. &quot;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|date=21 March 2009|accessdate=13 February 2014|work=The Washington Post|title=Vatican Official Defends Child's Abortion|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2009/03/20/AR2009032002415.html|first=Francis X.|author=Rocca}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Nzukọ maka ozizi nke okwukwe zaghachiri na mgbasa ozi gbasara akụkọ Fisichella na-akpọ ya aghụghọ na mmegbu. O weputara nkọwa na isiokwu ahụ emeghị ka mgbanwe nke ozizi ma kwuo na &quot;ozizi Chọọchị banyere ite ime agbanwebeghị, ọ pụghịkwa ịgbanwe&quot;. &lt;ref name=&quot;obrien&quot; /&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;CDF&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=Clarification on procured abortion|url=https://www.vatican.va/roman_curia/congregations/cfaith/documents/rc_con_cfaith_doc_20090711_aborto-procurato_en.html|accessdate=2023-01-02|work=www.vatican.va}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Retractions. The Holy Office Teaches Archbishop Fisichella a Lesson|url=http://chiesa.espresso.repubblica.it/articolo/1339277bdc4.html?eng=y|accessdate=2023-01-02|work=chiesa.espresso.repubblica.it}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ndị ụkọchukwu nke achịbishọp nke Olinda na Recife nwere esemokwu na Fisichella, na-ekwu na chọọchị dị n'ógbè ahụ kwadoro nwa agbọghọ ahụ na nne ya.&lt;ref name=&quot;mines&quot;&gt;{{Cite news|work=L'Espresso|url=http://chiesa.espresso.repubblica.it/articolo/1337637?eng=y|date=23 March 2009|title=Drifting Mines. In Africa the Condom, in Brazil Abortion}}&lt;/ref&gt; Congregation for the Doctrine of the Faith kpebiri na Sobrinho mere &quot;n'ụzọ dị nro&quot;. &lt;ref name=&quot;obrien&quot; /&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;CDF&quot; /&gt; Ndị otu Academy nyere Fisichella vootu nke enweghị ntụkwasị obi n'ihi edemede ya, e zigakwara ya ọzọ n'afọ na-esote na Kansụl Popu maka ịkwalite ozi ọma ọhụrụ.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=http://ncronline.org/news/vatican/vatican-academy-mulls-how-pro-life-pro-life-enough|first=John L.|author=Allen Jr.|title=Vatican academy mulls how pro-life is pro-life enough|date=30 May 2012|work=National Catholic Reporter}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Ndị ọzọ ===
Giovanni Battista Re, onye isi nke Congregation for Bishops na onye isi oche nke Pontifical Commission for Latin America, kwara arịrị maka ihe ọ kpọrọ mwakpo na Chọọchị na Brazil: &quot;Ọ bụ ihe mwute, mana ezigbo nsogbu bụ na ejima ahụ tụụrụ ime bụ mmadụ abụọ aka ha dị ọcha, ndị nwere ikike ịdị ndụ ma enweghị ike iwepụ ha. A ghaghị ichebe ndụ. &quot;Ọ gbakwunyere na ịchụpụ ndị mere afọ ime ahụ bụ ihe ziri ezi mgbe niile. &quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;Brazil2&quot;&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://www.cbc.ca/news/world/vatican-backs-excommunication-of-brazilian-mds-over-child-s-abortion-1.825367|title=Vatican backs excommunication of Brazilian MDs over child's abortion|date=7 March 2008|publisher=CBC News|accessdate=7 March 2009}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation news cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;true&quot;&gt;[https://www.cbc.ca/news/world/vatican-backs-excommunication-of-brazilian-mds-over-child-s-abortion-1.825367 &quot;Vatican backs excommunication of Brazilian MDs over child's abortion&quot;]. CBC News. 7 March 2008&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;7 March&lt;/span&gt; 2009&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt; Nzukọ Mba nke Ndị Bishọp nke Brazil kwupụtara na nkwupụta Achịbishọp ahụ ezighi ezi.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=http://www.estadao.com.br/noticias/impresso,cnbb-desautoriza-iniciativa-de-bispo,338133,0.htm|title=CNBB desautoriza iniciativa de bispo|first=Luciana|author=Nunes Leal|date=13 March 2009|work=O Estadão de S.Paulo}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Bishọp Jean-Michel di Falco nke Gap, France, katọrọ ihe ọ hụrụ dị ka ọdịdị na-adịghị ka Kraịst nke nkwupụta Sobrinho. O kwuru na ndị bishọp kwesịrị ịrụ ọrụ dị ka ndị ụkọchukwu karịa ndị na-egbu mmadụ. Dị ka National Conference of Bishops of Brazil, ọ gọnahụrụ itinye Canon 1398 nke 1983 Code of Canon Law n'ọrụ n'aka nne nwa agbọghọ ahụ, n'ihi na nchụpụ dị otú ahụ anaghị emetụta onye na-eme ihe n'ihi egwu siri ike.

== Mmeghachi omume ndị ọzọ ==
N'abalị itoolu n'ọnwa Machị afọ 2009, Minista na-ahụ maka ahụike Temporão kwụsịrị emume mmeghe nke mgbakọ ahụike mba maka ahụike ụmụ nwanyị na Brasília iji jaa Olímpio Moraes, otu n'ime ndị dọkịta mere ite ime ahụ na Oge bịara. Ndị sonyere na-akụ Moraes aka.&lt;ref name=&quot;cnn&quot; /&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;DP&quot; /&gt;

Moraes gosipụtara ekele maka Sobrinho maka nchụpụ a, nke, o kwuru, dọtara uche na iwu mgbochi ime nke Brazil. Onye dọkịta ọzọ nke metụtara ya kwuru na ọ ga-aga n'ihu na-aga Mass, &quot;na-ekpe ekpere, soro Chineke na-akparịta ụka, na-arịọkwa ya ka o mee ka mụ na ndị ọrụ ibe m na ndị otu ụlọ ọgwụ anyị nyere anyị aka ilekọta ndị nwere ụdị ọnọdụ ahụ.&quot;.&lt;ref name=&quot;cnn&quot; /&gt;

Òtù Mba Ndị Dị n'Otu Maka Ihe Ndị Ruuru Nwatakịrị, na ntule ya nke January 2014 maka nrube isi nke Holy See na UN Convention on the Rights of Child, zoro aka na ikpe Brazil a. Ọ &quot;na-agba [d] Holy See ume ka ha nyochaa ọnọdụ ya na ite ime nke na-etinye ihe ize ndụ doro anya na ndụ na ahụike nke ụmụ agbọghọ dị ime na imezi Canon 1398 gbasara ite ime n'uche iji chọpụta ọnọdụ ndị a ga-ahapụ ohere ịnweta ọrụ ime ime. &quot;[d]&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://tbinternet.ohchr.org/_layouts/15/TreatyBodyExternal/Download.aspx?symbolno=CRC/C/VAT/CO/2&amp;Lang=en|title=Concluding observations on the second periodic report of the Holy See|date=25 February 2014|accessdate=2023-01-02|work=tbinternet.ohchr.org}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Human Life International nyere Sobrinho onyinye ya bụ Kadinal von Galen. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Pro-life group honors Brazilian archbishop for strong stand against abortion|url=https://www.catholicculture.org/news/headlines/index.cfm?storyid=2664}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== N'omenala a ma ama ==
Ikpe ahụ bụ ihe ndabere nke ihe nkiri Brazil nke afọ 2012 País do Desejo . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.pco.org.br/conoticias/imprimir_materia.php?mat=34821|title=Mulheres - Estréia em Portugal filme brasileiro sobre o caso de Alagoinha|date=26 January 2012|accessdate=21 May 2023|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20121220091632/http://www.pco.org.br/conoticias/imprimir_materia.php?mat=34821|archivedate=20 December 2012}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ebem si dee ==

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! colspan=&quot;2&quot; class=&quot;infobox-above summary&quot; style=&quot;background-color:#CEE0F2;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:110%;&quot; |2020 Njem Ụmụ nwanyị
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| colspan=&quot;2&quot; class=&quot;infobox-subheader&quot; style=&quot;background-color:#eeeeee;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;&quot; |Akụkụ nke Òtù na-ahụ maka ihe ndị ruuru ụmụ nwanyị na ngagharị iwe megide Donald Trump
|-
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; class=&quot;infobox-image&quot; style=&quot;text-align: center; border-bottom: 1px solid #aaa; line-height: 1.5em;&quot; |[[File:San_Francisco_Women's_March_20200118-9139.jpg|frameless]]&lt;div class=&quot;infobox-caption&quot; style=&quot;padding:0.35em 0.35em 0.25em;line-height:1.25em;&quot;&gt;San Francisco&lt;/div&gt;
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! class=&quot;infobox-label&quot; scope=&quot;row&quot; style=&quot;white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;&quot; |Ụbọchị
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! class=&quot;infobox-label&quot; scope=&quot;row&quot; style=&quot;white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;&quot; |Ụzọ e si eme ya
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Machị ụmụ nwanyị 2020 bụ ngagharị iwe ugboro abụọ emere na Jenụwarị 18 na Ọktọba 17, 2020 na [[Washington, D.C.]] na n'ofe United States.[1][2] Ọtụtụ ndị mmadụ na mba dị iche iche gburugburu ụwa sonyekwara na ngagharị nke ụmụ nwanyị zuru ụwa ọnụ.[3] Ngosipụta a sochiri ngagharị iwe yiri nke ahụ na 2017, 2018, na 2019. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|author=Doug Stanglin|date=January 18, 2020|title=Women's March draws thousands, brings 'renewed energy' to start new decade: 'We are not resting'|url=https://www.usatoday.com/story/news/nation/2020/01/18/womens-march-2020-protest-dc-chicago-nyc/4491444002/|work=USA Today|accessdate=January 18, 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Nchịkọta ==
N'afọ 2020, a na-eme ememme March ụmụ nwanyị kwa afọ na Jenụwarị 18, na Ọktoba 17, emere ngagharị nke abụọ n'ihi ọnwụ nke Courtlọikpe Kasị Elu Ruth Bader Ginsburg. Machị 2020 nke ụmụ nwanyị nke mbụ nwere ike ghara inwe nlebara anya nke ukwuu ma lekwasịrị anya na mkpọsa nke ahịhịa, [1] ebe Machị nke abụọ nke ụmụ nwanyị 2020 nwere nlebara anya karịa na itinyekwu uche na ntuli aka onye isi ala 2020 na mmegide maka usoro nhọpụta nke Courtlọikpe Kasị Elu nke Amy. Coney Barrett.&lt;ref name=&quot;:12&quot; /&gt;
== Machị ụmụ nwanyị mbụ nke 2020 (Jenụwarị 18, 2020) ==
Emere nke mbụ nke ụmụ nwanyị March 2020 na Jenụwarị 18, 2020, dabere na isiokwu atọ: ikike ọmụmụ, mbata na ọpụpụ na mgbanwe ihu igwe. Ọ bụ ezie na ndị a bụ isiokwu atọ maka March Women's 2020, nke sochiri ya bụ isiokwu bụ “Women Rising.”[1] Machị Washington, D.C. nwere ihe dị ka ndị bịara 10,000, nke bụ obere ntụgharị ma e jiri ya tụnyere njem ndị emere n'afọ ndị gara aga. .[2] [3] Njem DC ahụ mechiri n'otu oge nke ịgbachi nkịtị tinyere na-agụ egwu egwu ụmụ nwanyị Chile, Onye Rapist in Path gị, nke na-ezite ozi nke ikwusa ime ihe ike megide ụmụ nwanyị na obodo nna. [3] Martin Luther King III webatara nwunye ya, Andrea Waters King ka ọ gwa ndị gbakọtara okwu na 2020 bụ akara ngosi 100 kemgbe e nyere ụmụ nwanyị ikike ịme ntuli aka.[5] ihe omume ahụ nakwa site n'ịhazi ngagharị iwe na Chicago, ndị na-eme njem gwụchara ụzọ si Grant Park gaa Federal Plaza, ụfọdụ ndị na-eme njem na-aga ogbe ndịda Trump Tower, ebe ọnụọgụ gbadara n'ime narị otu narị njem ndị gara aga, ihe a na-elekwasị anya na njem nke mbụ bụ mgbasa ozi ndị nkịtị na ndị na-ewu ewu na ndị a ma ama.[2]. izu na-eduga na njem ahụ na Jenụwarị 2020. [1] E wezụga isi okwu nke March, a na-etinyekwa uche na mkpesa megide President Trump biri..&lt;ref name=&quot;washingtonpost.com&quot;&gt;{{Cite news|title=Women's March protesters in D.C. and across the country pledge it's only the beginning|language=en-US|work=Washington Post|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/local/womens-march-protests-set-for-saturday-as-organizers-pledge-its-only-the-beginning/2020/01/17/9a7186b2-3945-11ea-bb7b-265f4554af6d_story.html|accessdate=2023-03-07}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Machị ụmụ nwanyị nke abụọ nke 2020 (Ọktoba 17, 2020) ==

=== Ihe omume ndị dugara na Machị nke Abụọ nke Ụmụ nwanyị nke 2020 ===
E mere nke abụọ nke Women's March 2020 na October 17, 2020, n'ihi ọnwụ nke Justice Ruth Bader Ginsburg na September 18, 2020, ihe na-erughị izu asatọ site na ntuli aka onye isi ala. Ọbụna ka nzukọ Women's March mere nche na Washington, D.C., iji sọpụrụ onye ikpe ziri ezi nwụrụ anwụ, Onye isi ala [[Donald Trump]] bu n'obi iji mejupụta oche Ginsburg tupu ntuli aka 2020 site na nhọpụta Amy Coney Barrett.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;{{Cite news|title=Women's March in D.C. draws thousands in protest of Supreme Court nominee, Trump|language=en-US|work=Washington Post|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/dc-md-va/2020/10/17/womens-march-dc-updates/|accessdate=2021-09-24}}&lt;/ref&gt; A ga-enwe mmeri na Ụlọikpe Kasị Elu na Amy Coney Barrett n'ụlọ ikpe.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt; Òtù Women's March, na mmekorita ya na We Demand More Coalition, haziri ngagharị a na ebumnuche iziga ozi doro anya nye gọọmentị Trump banyere atụmatụ ikpe ya gbasara nhọpụta ikpe, ọkachasị na enwere ike iwepu Roe V Wade ma ọ bụrụ na Amy Coney Barrett gafere Senate nke GOP na-achịkwa ma sonye n'Ụlọikpe Kasị Elu.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|author=Pitofsky|first=Marina|date=2020-09-22|title=Women's March planned for October to protest Trump filling Ginsburg's Supreme Court seat|url=https://thehill.com/blogs/blog-briefing-room/news/517603-womens-march-planned-for-october-to-protest-trump-filling|accessdate=2020-10-04|work=TheHill|language=en|archivedate=2020-10-30|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20201030042617/https://thehill.com/blogs/blog-briefing-room/news/517603-womens-march-planned-for-october-to-protest-trump-filling}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:02&quot; /&gt; Ụfọdụ n'ime ọtụtụ ikike ndị dị n'okpuru Justice Barrett ga-agụnye ikike ite ime, ikike LGBTQ, na ikike ịtụ vootu.&lt;ref name=&quot;:4&quot; /&gt;

=== Ihe mgbaru ọsọ nke Ngagharị nke Abụọ nke Ụmụ nwanyị ===
Ọtụtụ n'ime ihe ndị a lekwasịrị anya na njem a bụ maka ntuli aka 2020, ọkachasị na mmegide megide Donald Trump na nkwado nke onye mmegide ya bụ Joe Biden.&lt;ref name=&quot;:5&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=Women's Marches Bring Thousands To Washington, D.C., And Cities Nationwide|url=https://www.npr.org/2020/10/17/924921098/womens-marches-being-held-in-washington-d-c-cities-nationwide|accessdate=2020-10-20|work=NPR.org|language=en|archivedate=2020-10-20|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20201020074032/https://www.npr.org/2020/10/17/924921098/womens-marches-being-held-in-washington-d-c-cities-nationwide}}&lt;/ref&gt; N'oge ọnwụ Ginsburg, ịtụ vootu n'oge site na akwụkwọ ozi na n'onwe ya amalitelarị n'ọtụtụ steeti dị ka Virginia na [[Minésótạ|Minnesota]]. Tinyere mgbasa ozi ndị na-eme ntụli aka maka ntuli aka 2020, ndị na-ahazi ya achọghị ọ bụghị naanị idebanye aha ndị na-atụ vootu maka ntuliaka na-abịanụ, kamakwa ha gwara ndị na-ahọrọ banyere ikike ụmụ nwanyị na atụmatụ ụmụ nwanyị maka ntuli Aka 2020 na mmetụta nke ihe dị na ya.&lt;ref name=&quot;:5&quot; /&gt; Ndị na-ahazi njem a chọkwara igosi ike vootu ụmụ nwanyị nwere ike inwe yana ịkwaga n'ihu na ndị na-aga n'ihu.&lt;ref name=&quot;:4&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|author=North|first=Anna|date=2020-10-17|title=In 2017, women marched against Trump. Now they're marching to get rid of him.|url=https://www.vox.com/2020/10/17/21520709/womens-march-dc-2020-rbg-ginsburg-barrett|accessdate=2020-10-20|work=Vox|language=en|archivedate=2020-10-20|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20201020075006/https://www.vox.com/2020/10/17/21520709/womens-march-dc-2020-rbg-ginsburg-barrett}}&lt;/ref&gt; Dị ka ọ dị na mbido afọ 2020, e nwere ihe dị ka mmadụ 10,000 ọzọ gara njem ahụ na Washington DC; n'otu ụbọchị ahụ, ọnụ ọgụgụ ihe omume ndị a haziri ahazi gafee mba ahụ (na steeti 50 niile) rịrị elu ruo 400, na ndị a tụrụ anya na ha sonyere 70,000. &lt;ref name=&quot;:5&quot; /&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;:4&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:12&quot;&gt;{{Cite news|author=Schmidt|first=Samantha|title=Women's March plans return to D.C. in October to protest Supreme Court nomination|language=en-US|work=Washington Post|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/dc-md-va/2020/09/28/womens-march-plans-return-dc-october-protest-supreme-court-nomination/|accessdate=2020-10-04}}&lt;/ref&gt; Na ngwụcha njem ahụ, e mere ederede-a-thon iji gbaa ndị na-eme ntụli aka ume, ọkachasị na steeti ndị na-agbanwe agbanwe, ka ha pụọ ma mee ntụli aka tupu na n'oge ntuli aka nke November 3, na ebumnuche nke ijikọ ụmụ nwanyị maka otu nzube ahụ. A gbara ụmụ nwanyị ume ka ha tie vootu na March nke ụmụ nwanyị, na ha na ndị otu ndebanye aha ndị na-eme ntụli aka jikọrọ aka.&lt;ref name=&quot;:02&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|author=Shacknai|first=Gabby|title=Everything You Need To Know About The October 17 Women's March|url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/gabbyshacknai/2020/09/30/everything-you-need-to-know-about-the-october-17-womens-march/|accessdate=2020-10-04|work=Forbes|language=en|archivedate=2020-10-04|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20201004082838/https://www.forbes.com/sites/gabbyshacknai/2020/09/30/everything-you-need-to-know-about-the-october-17-womens-march/}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ọ bụ ezie na ọtụtụ n'ime ndị na-eme ngagharị iwe bụ ụmụ nwanyị ọcha, ebumnuche ndị na-ahazi ya bụ iwulite òtù na-eme ihe ike ma lekwasị anya n'ebe ụmụ nwanyị nwere ọtụtụ agbụrụ nọ.&lt;ref name=&quot;:4&quot; /&gt; E mere mgbalị ka ukwuu iji mee ka ụmụ nwanyị niile, ọ bụghị naanị ụmụ nwanyị ọcha, dịrị n'otu iji bụrụ ndị nwere ike ịtụ vootu.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|author=North|first=Anna|date=2020-10-17|title=In 2017, women marched against Trump. Now they're marching to get rid of him.|url=https://www.vox.com/2020/10/17/21520709/womens-march-dc-2020-rbg-ginsburg-barrett|accessdate=2023-03-07|work=Vox|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Mmetụta COVID-19 ===
N'ihi oria ojoo nke COVID-19, a na-atụ anya ntugharị dị ala n'ihi ngụkọ igwe ochie nke ndị bụbu ndị sonyere na ngagharị nke ụmụ nwanyị. Etinyere nlezianya anya ebe ndị na-ahazi na-arịọ onye ọ bụla ka ọ nọrọ n'ebe dị anya ma na-ekpuchi ihu mgbe ha na-aga njem ndị a. Ndị na-ahazi March nke abụọ nke ụmụ nwanyị dụrụ ọdụ megide ndị nwere akara COVID-19 ịga na mmadụ; ha dụkwara ndị mmadụ ọdụ ka ha, ọ bụrụ na ọ ga-ekwe omume, nọgide na-eme njem obodo kama ịga Washington DC.[1] Women's March Organisation mekwara mmemme mebere n'otu ụbọchị njem ahụ yana ndị njem ụgbọ ala maka ndị na-enweghị ike ịga njem ahụ, na-elekwasị anya na ikike ịtụ vootu na mmegide megide usoro nkwenye nke Courtlọikpe Kasị Elu nke Amy Coney Barrett.&lt;ref name=&quot;:02&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|author=Shacknai|first=Gabby|title=Everything You Need To Know About The October 17 Women's March|url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/gabbyshacknai/2020/09/30/everything-you-need-to-know-about-the-october-17-womens-march/|accessdate=2020-10-04|work=Forbes|language=en|archivedate=2020-10-04|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20201004082838/https://www.forbes.com/sites/gabbyshacknai/2020/09/30/everything-you-need-to-know-about-the-october-17-womens-march/}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;true&quot; id=&quot;CITEREFShacknai&quot;&gt;Shacknai, Gabby. [https://www.forbes.com/sites/gabbyshacknai/2020/09/30/everything-you-need-to-know-about-the-october-17-womens-march/ &quot;Everything You Need To Know About The October 17 Women's March&quot;]. ''Forbes''. [https://web.archive.org/web/20201004082838/https://www.forbes.com/sites/gabbyshacknai/2020/09/30/everything-you-need-to-know-about-the-october-17-womens-march/ Archived] from the original on 2020-10-04&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;2020-10-04&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:12&quot;&gt;{{Cite news|author=Schmidt|first=Samantha|title=Women's March plans return to D.C. in October to protest Supreme Court nomination|language=en-US|work=Washington Post|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/dc-md-va/2020/09/28/womens-march-plans-return-dc-october-protest-supreme-court-nomination/|accessdate=2020-10-04}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation news cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;true&quot; id=&quot;CITEREFSchmidt&quot;&gt;Schmidt, Samantha. [https://www.washingtonpost.com/dc-md-va/2020/09/28/womens-march-plans-return-dc-october-protest-supreme-court-nomination/ &quot;Women's March plans return to D.C. in October to protest Supreme Court nomination&quot;]. ''Washington Post''. [[ISSN (ihe njirimara)|ISSN]]&amp;nbsp;[https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0190-8286 0190-8286]. [https://web.archive.org/web/20201003085204/https://www.washingtonpost.com/dc-md-va/2020/09/28/womens-march-plans-return-dc-october-protest-supreme-court-nomination/ Archived] from the original on 2020-10-03&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;2020-10-04&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:6&quot;&gt;{{Cite news|author=Schmidt|first=Samantha|title=Women's March in D.C. draws thousands in protest of Supreme Court nominee, Trump|language=en-US|work=Washington Post|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/dc-md-va/2020/10/17/womens-march-dc-updates/|accessdate=2020-10-20}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ebe ndị a na-anọ ==
 

=== United States ===

* [[Chicago]]&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|date=January 18, 2020|title=Women's March Chicago expected to draw thousands to Grant Park in support of women's right and civil liberties|url=https://abc7chicago.com/politics/womens-march-chicago-expected-to-draw-thousands-to-grant-park-/5858990/|work=ABC7 Chicago|accessdate=January 18, 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* Colorado Springs, Colorado (Jenụwarị 25) &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|author=Tony Keith|date=January 17, 2020|title='Womxn's' March, formally the Women's March, scheduled for Jan. 25 in Colorado Springs|url=https://www.kktv.com/content/news/Womxns-March-formally-the-Womens-March-scheduled-for-Jan-25-in-Colorado-Springs-567095821.html|work=KKTV-11|accessdate=January 18, 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* Dayton, Ohio&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|author=Breaking News Staff|date=January 18, 2020|title=Dayton Women's March scheduled for this afternoon|url=https://www.daytondailynews.com/news/local/dayton-women-march-scheduled-for-this-afternoon/jqPGbSgFGpfQZhLrsT3gSO/|work=Dayton Daily News|accessdate=January 18, 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* Eugene, [[Oregon]]&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|author=Taylor Perse|date=January 16, 2020|title=The Informal Women's March|url=http://eugeneweekly.com/2020/01/16/womens-march/|work=Eugene Weekly|accessdate=January 18, 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* Murfreesboro, Tennessee&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|author=Brinley Hineman|date=January 15, 2020|title=2020 Women's March in Murfreesboro: Workshops, training sessions and more|url=https://www.dnj.com/story/news/2020/01/15/2020-womens-march-murfreesboro-schedule-events/4424607002/|work=Murfreesboro Daily News Journal|accessdate=January 18, 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* Philadelphia &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|author=Oona Goodin-Smith|date=January 17, 2020|title=With 2020 election, Women's March on Philadelphia 'more important now than ever,' organizers say|url=https://www.inquirer.com/news/philadelphia/philadelphia-womens-march-2020-trump-election-vote-route-protest-20200117.html|work=The Philadelphia Inquirer|accessdate=January 18, 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|author=Annie McCormick|date=January 18, 2020|title=2020 Women's March on Philadelphia goes on in snow|url=https://6abc.com/society/2020-womens-march-on-philly-goes-on-in-snow/5860747/|work=6-ABC|accessdate=January 18, 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* Seneca Falls, New York&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|author=Chris Bolt|date=January 17, 2020|title=Seneca Falls Women's March Expecting Thousands for Equal Rights, to Honor 100th Suffrage Anniversary|url=https://www.waer.org/post/seneca-falls-womens-march-expecting-thousands-equal-rights-honor-100th-suffrage-anniversary|work=WAER 88.3|accessdate=January 18, 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* Vancouver, Washington&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|author=Jayati Ramakrishnan|date=January 16, 2020|title=Vancouver to host 2020 Women's March Saturday|url=https://www.oregonlive.com/clark-county/2020/01/vancouver-to-host-2020-womens-march-saturday.html|work=The Oregonian|accessdate=January 18, 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* Washington, D.C.

==== California ====

* Alameda&lt;ref name=&quot;KRON&quot;&gt;{{Cite news|date=January 18, 2020|title=Women's March 2020 kicks off across Bay Area|url=https://www.kron4.com/news/bay-area/womens-march-2020-kicks-off-across-bay-area/|work=KRON4|accessdate=January 18, 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* Los Angeles&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|author=Brooke Staggs|date=January 15, 2020|title=Here's the 2020 Women's March LA route, street closures and how to join in|url=https://www.dailynews.com/heres-the-2020-womens-march-la-route-street-closures-and-how-to-join-in|work=Los Angeles Daily News|accessdate=January 18, 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* Oakland&lt;ref name=&quot;KRON&quot; /&gt;
* Pasadena&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|author=Joey Reams|date=October 15, 2020|title=Women's March Coming to Pasadena City Hall|url=https://www.pasadenanow.com/main/womens-march-coming-to-pasadena-city-hall/|work=Pasadena Now|accessdate=October 20, 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* San Francisco&lt;ref name=&quot;KRON&quot; /&gt;
* San Jose&lt;ref name=&quot;KRON&quot; /&gt;
* Walnut Creek&lt;ref name=&quot;KRON&quot; /&gt;

=== Canada ===
Ọtụtụ obodo dị na Canada mere ihe omume Women's March na Jenụwarị 18, 2020.

* Calgary AB&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://globalnews.ca/news/6432275/calgary-womens-march-2020/|title=Bitter cold doesn't stop Calgarians|author=Pullen|first=Lauren|date=January 18, 2020|work=Global News|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20200127055557/https://globalnews.ca/news/6432275/calgary-womens-march-2020/|archivedate=January 27, 2020|accessdate=January 26, 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* Muskoka ON &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.muskokaregion.com/news-story/9813946-determined-group-of-women-s-advocates-brave-muskoka-storm/|title=Determined group of women's advocates brave Muskoka storm|author=Hartill|first=Mary Beth|date=January 20, 2020|work=MuskokaRegion.com|accessdate=January 27, 2020|archivedate=January 27, 2020|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20200127075946/https://www.muskokaregion.com/news-story/9813946-determined-group-of-women-s-advocates-brave-muskoka-storm/}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* Regina SK&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/saskatchewan/regina-womens-march-1.5432179|title='Still fighting': Women's March takes to Regina streets|author=Williams|first=Ethan|date=January 18, 2020|work=CBC News|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20200120210815/https://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/saskatchewan/regina-womens-march-1.5432179|archivedate=January 20, 2020|accessdate=January 27, 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ebem si dee ==</text>
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{{Databox}} 

'''Angela Cheryl Wanhalla''' FRSNZ bụ prọfesọ nke akụkọ ihe mere eme na Mahadum Otago dị na New Zealand. Akwụkwọ ya gbasara alụmdi na nwunye n'etiti agbụrụ na New Zealand meriri 2014 Ernest Scott Prize. A họpụtara Wanhalla ka ọ bụrụ onye otu Royal Society Te Apārangi na 2022.

== Ọrụ agụmakwụkwọ ==
Wanhalla sitere na agbụrụ Māori, yana ndị mmekọ na Kāi Te Ruahikihiki hapū nke Kāi Tahu . &lt;ref name=&quot;Otago profile&quot; /&gt; O tolitere na Rolleston, &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|author=Gibb|first=John|date=29 August 2009|title=Women researchers receive awards|url=https://www.odt.co.nz/news/dunedin/women-researchers-receive-awards|accessdate=17 November 2022|work=Otago Daily Times Online News|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; wee gụọ akwụkwọ na Mahadum Canterbury, na-emecha nzere bachelọ na nsọpụrụ na 1999, wee nweta akara ugo mmụta Master na 2001, akpọrọ ''Gender, agbụrụ na njirimara colonial. : ụmụ nwanyị na eugenics na New Zealand, 1918–1939.''  Emechara usoro mmụta PhD ya na 2004, ma dịkwa na akụkọ ihe mere eme nke ezinụlọ ndị sitere na Maitapapa agwakọtara site na 1830 ruo 1940. &lt;ref name=&quot;Otago profile&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=Professor Angela Wanhalla|url=https://www.otago.ac.nz/history/staff/otago036857.html|accessdate=17 November 2022|publisher=University of Otago}}&lt;/ref&gt;  Mgbe PhD ya gasịrị, ọ bụ onye otu post-doctoral na Mahadum Saskatchewan, ebe o nwere oche nyocha [[Kánada|Canada]] na mmekọrịta nwa afọ-ọhụrụ. &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;

A họpụtara Wanhalla onye nkuzi na akụkọ ihe mere eme na Mahadum Otago na 2005, wee bilie bụrụ onye prọfesọ zuru oke ebe ahụ na February 2022. &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;/&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|author=University of Otago|title=Monday 22 November 2021, Otago announces professorial promotions for 2022|url=https://www.otago.ac.nz/news/news/otago835020.html|accessdate=17 November 2022|publisher=University of Otago|archivedate=17 November 2022|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20221117042205/https://www.otago.ac.nz/news/news/otago835020.html}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Ọrụ Wanhalla lekwasịrị anya na okike na ọchịchị colonial, yana ọkachasị 'mmekọrịta mmekọrịta ọdịnala' nke obodo colonial na ụmụ amaala na New Zealand na Pacific. Ọ nyochara mmekọrịta nke ndị ọrụ US na ụmụ nwanyị Māori na Pasifika nọ na New Zealand dịka akụkụ nke ọrụ Marsden ''Mother's Darlings,'' nke Judith Bennett duziri. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|author=Rudd|first=Allison|date=5 January 2010|title=Pacific children of US servicemen for study|url=https://www.odt.co.nz/news/dunedin/pacific-children-us-servicemen-study|accessdate=17 November 2022|work=Otago Daily Times Online News|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Welcome to US Fathers of Pacific Children, University of Otago, New Zealand|url=https://www.otago.ac.nz/usfathers/|accessdate=17 November 2022|work=www.otago.ac.nz}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ọ bụ onye ndu nke ọrụ Marsden na-akwado ''Te Hau Kāinga: Akụkọ na Ọkpụkpụ nke Māori Home Front, 1939–45.'' &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Angela Wanhalla {{!}} Maori Home Front|url=https://www.maorihomefront.nz/en/about/angela-wanhalla/|accessdate=17 November 2022|work=www.maorihomefront.nz|language=en-NZ|archivedate=20 January 2023|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20230120085727/https://www.maorihomefront.nz/en/about/angela-wanhalla/}}&lt;/ref&gt; Wanhalla abụrụla onye ọka ikpe na panel na-abụghị akụkọ ifo nke Ockham New Zealand Book Awards, &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|author=Kidd|first=Rob|date=19 January 2019|title=Heavy summer reading load for first-time book award judges|url=https://www.odt.co.nz/news/dunedin/heavy-summer-reading-load-first-time-book-award-judges|accessdate=17 November 2022|work=Otago Daily Times Online News|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; nọ na bọọdụ nchịkọta akụkọ nke ''Australian Historical Studies'' na ''Journal of Pacific History'', ma bụrụ onye nchịkọta akụkọ nke ''New Zealand Journal of Akụkọ ihe mere eme'' . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Associate Professor Angela Wanhalla|publisher=Ngā Pae o te Māramatanga|url=https://www.maramatanga.co.nz/person/associate-professor-angela-wanhalla|accessdate=17 November 2022|archivedate=17 November 2022|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20221117064712/https://www.maramatanga.co.nz/person/associate-professor-angela-wanhalla}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ihe nrite ==
Enyere Wanhalla ihe nrite Rowheath Trust Award na Carl Smith Medal na 2008, sochiri ya na ihe nrite nyocha mbụ nke ọrụ na Mahadum Otago na 2009. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Inter-racial Connections. Early Career Awards for Distinction in Research.|url=https://www.otago.ac.nz/research/hekitenga2009/interracialconnections.html|accessdate=17 November 2022|publisher=University of Otago|archivedate=17 November 2022|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20221117080305/https://www.otago.ac.nz/research/hekitenga2009/interracialconnections.html}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Na 2014, Wanhalla nwetara onyinye Royal Society Te Apārangi Rutherford Fellowship, nke ruru $800,000, maka ọrụ akpọrọ ''Alụmdi na Nwunye: Ọchịchị nke Ndụ Onwe na New Zealand'' . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|author=Otago Bulletin Board|date=2 October 2013|title=Prestigious Rutherford Fellowships for Otago researchers|url=https://www.otago.ac.nz/otagobulletin/news/otago055500.html|accessdate=17 November 2022|work=University of Otago|language=en-nz|archivedate=17 November 2022|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20221117053829/https://www.otago.ac.nz/otagobulletin/news/otago055500.html}}&lt;/ref&gt; Akwụkwọ 2013 ya ''bụ ihe gbasara obi: A History of Interracial Marriage na New Zealand'' meriri 2014 Ernest Scott Prize, nke a na-enye kwa afọ maka onyinye kachasị mma na akụkọ ihe mere eme nke [[Ostraliya|Australia]] ma ọ bụ New Zealand. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|date=2013|title=Matters of the Heart: A History of Interracial Marriage in New Zealand|url=https://aucklanduniversitypress.co.nz/matters-of-the-heart-a-history-of-interracial-marriage-in-new-zealand/|accessdate=17 November 2022|publisher=Auckland University Press}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ndị ọkàikpe ahụ kọwara akwụkwọ ahụ dị ka &quot;ihe ọmụmụ na-emebi emebi nke mmekọrịta dị n'etiti agbụrụ&quot;. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|author=Gibb|first=John|date=15 July 2014|title=Australian history prize delights Dunedin academic|url=https://www.odt.co.nz/news/dunedin/australian-history-prize-delights-dunedin-academic|accessdate=17 November 2022|work=Otago Daily Times Online News|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ọkọ akụkọ ihe mere eme Australia bụ Ann McGrath dere na &quot;ihe ọ rụzuru bụ na Wanhalla ewepụtala oghere maka akụkọ ihe mere eme nke ịlụ di na nwunye dị ka ụdị ọhụrụ nke akụkọ ntolite mba.&quot; 

Na 2020, a kpọrọ Wanhalla onye nlekọta otu ụmụ akwụkwọ mahadum Otago nke afọ. Wanhalla kwuru &quot;Ọ na-amasị m ịrụ ọrụ na ụmụ akwụkwọ postgraduate. Ọ bụ otu n'ime ihe kachasị mma banyere ọrụ a.&quot; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|author=MacLean|first=Hamish|date=24 November 2020|title=University supervisors recognised|url=https://www.odt.co.nz/news/dunedin/university-supervisors-recognised|accessdate=17 November 2022|work=[[Otago Daily Times]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;

A họpụtara Wanhalla ka ọ bụrụ onye otu Royal Society Te Apārangi na 2022. Nhọpụta ya kwuru na ya &quot;emela nke ọma n'ịghọta otú mmekọrịta chiri anya, gụnyere nkekọ ịhụnanya, ime ihe ike mmekọahụ, na ihe nketa mmetụta uche nke agha zuru ụwa ọnụ na obodo ụmụ amaala, na-ejikọta ya na amụma na omume colonial. na-emeri ụzọ ọhụrụ, na-ejikọta nyocha nke archival na omenala anya na ihe onwunwe na akụkọ ọnụ na-akọ akụkọ ihe mere eme ọhụrụ nke New Zealand colonial gara aga site n'echiche nke ụmụ nwanyị ụmụ amaala na obodo ha&quot;. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|author=Otago Bulletin Board|date=18 March 2022|title=Seven Otago academics elected Royal Society Fellows|url=https://www.otago.ac.nz/otagobulletin/news/otago838666.html|accessdate=17 November 2022|publisher=University of Otago|language=en-nz|archivedate=17 November 2022|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20221117053819/https://www.otago.ac.nz/otagobulletin/news/otago838666.html}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Akwụkwọ ndị ahọpụtara ==

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== Ntụaka ==
{{Reflist}}

== Njikọ mpụga ==

* [https://www.royalsociety.org.nz/who-we-are/our-people/our-fellows/new-fellow-seminars/2021-new-fellow-seminars/2021-professor-angela-wanhalla-frnz-3/ Ọmụmụ ihe ọhụrụ nke Wanhalla] na Royal Society Te Apārangi
[[Òtù:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Androcentrism</title>
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Androcentrism (Greek oge ochie, ἀνήρ, &quot;nwoke, nwoke&quot;[1]) bụ omume, nke maara ma ọ bụ nke ọzọ, nke itinye echiche nwoke n'etiti echiche ụwa, omenala, na akụkọ ihe mere eme, si otú a na-eme ka omenaala wepụrụ nwanyị. Okwu metụtara ya bụ androcentric, ebe omume nke itinye echiche nke nwanyị na etiti bụ gynocentric.

A kọwawo Androcentrism dị ka ụdị mmekọahụ zuru ebe niile.[1][2] Otú ọ dị, a kọwawokwa ya dị ka mmegharị ahụ gbadoro ụkwụ na, na-emesi ike, ma ọ bụ na-achịkwa nke nwoke ma ọ bụ mmasị nwoke.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Androcentrism.com|url=https://androcentrism.com/}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Okwu mmalite ==
Androcentrism (Greek oge ochie, ἀνήρ, &quot;nwoke, nwoke&quot;[1]) bụ omume, nke mara ma ọ bụ nke ọzọ, nke echiche echiche nwoke n'etiti echiche ụwa, omenala, na ihe mere eme, si otú a na -eme ka omenaala wepụrụ. Okwu okwu ya bụ androcentric, ebe omume nke echiche nke echiche na etiti bụ gynocentric..&lt;ref name=&quot;CPG_1911&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|author=Perkins Gilman|first=Charlotte|authorlink=Charlotte Perkins Gilman|title=The man-made world: or, Our androcentric culture|publisher=Charlton|location=New York|year=1911|url=http://www.gutenberg.org/files/3015/3015-h/3015-h.htm|oclc=988836210}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Sayensị ==
Ruo narị afọ nke 19, a gbochiri ụmụ nwanyị nke ọma ịga ụlọ akwụkwọ sekọndrị na mba ndị dị n'Ebe Ọdịda Anyanwụ.[1] Ruo ihe karịrị afọ 300, Harvard nabatara nanị ndị ikom ọcha sitere n'ezinụlọ a ma ama.[1] Ọtụtụ mahadum, dịka ọmụmaatụ Mahadum Oxford, na-ama ụma na-eme nọmba clausus ma gbochie ọnụ ọgụgụ ụmụ nwanyị na-agụsị akwụkwọ na-agụsị akwụkwọ na ha nabatara.[2]. N'ihi ohere ụmụ nwanyị mechara nweta mahadum na ndụ agụmakwụkwọ, nsonye ụmụ nwanyị na nyocha bụ isi bụ obere ihe. Ụkpụrụ ndị bụ isi na sayensị, ọbụna sayensị mmadụ, bụ nke ndị mmadụ na-emekarị.

== Ọgwụ ==
E nwere ọdịiche dị n'ihe gbasara ahụike nwoke na nwanyị na ụmụ nwanyị na-akpa ókè ma na-achọpụta ha n'ụzọ na-ezighi ezi na ọgwụ.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|author=Lego|first=Vanessa di|date=2023|title=Uncovering the gender health data gap|journal=Cadernos de Saúde Pública|volume=39|issue=7|doi=10.1590/0102-311xen065423|issn=1678-4464|pmid=37585901}}&lt;/ref&gt; A na-eme nnyocha ahụike mbụ ihe fọrọ nke nta ka ọ bụrụ naanị na ozu ndị nwoke.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|author=Learmonth|first=Imogen|date=2020-09-09|title=The gender health gap: why women's bodies shouldn't be a medical mystery|url=https://thred.com/change/the-gender-health-gap-why-womens-bodies-shouldnt-be-a-medical-mystery/|accessdate=2024-01-23|work=Thred Website|language=en-GB|archivedate=2024-03-05|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20240305044540/https://thred.com/change/the-gender-health-gap-why-womens-bodies-shouldnt-be-a-medical-mystery/}}&lt;/ref&gt; A na-ewere ụmụ nwanyị dị ka &quot;obere ụmụ nwoke&quot; ma a naghị enyocha ha. Ruo taa, a na-ekwukarị na ọmụmụ ahụike maka ụmụ nwoke na ụmụ nwanyị sonyere na ya ma a naghị atụle ahụ nwanyị na nyocha anụmanụ, ọbụlagodi mgbe &quot;ọrịa ụmụ nwanyị&quot; metụtara. Otú ọ dị, ahụ nwanyị na nke nwoke dị iche, ruo n'ókè nke mkpụrụ ndụ. Otu ọrịa ahụ nwere ike ịnwe mgbaàmà dị iche iche na nwoke na nwanyị, na-akpọ maka ọgwụgwọ dị iche iche, na ọgwụ nwere ike ịrụ ọrụ dị iche iche n'ụzọ dị iche, gụnyere mmetụta dị iche iche. Ebe ọ bụ na mgbaàmà ụmụ nwoke na-apụta ìhè karị, ụmụ nwanyị na-enweghị mgbaàmà na nchọpụta na-ezighi ezi, ma nwee dịka ọmụmaatụ ohere 50% nke ịnwụ site na nkụchi obi. N'ebe a, ihe mgbaàmà nwoke na nke a maara bụ obi, na ubu mgbu, ihe mgbapụta nwanyị bụ ihe mgbu afọ na agbọ onunu.

== Akwụkwọ ==
Nchoputa nke Dr. David Anderson na Dr. Mykol Hamilton edeputala ihe nlere anya nke umu nwanyi n'ime ihe omuma nke akwukwo 200 nke gunyere akwukwo umuaka kacha ere site na 2001 na ihe omuma nke afo asaa nke akwukwo Caldecott na-enweta ihe nrite.[1] ] Enwere ihe fọrọ nke nta ka ọ bụrụ okpukpu abụọ ka ndị nwoke bụ isi na-eme ihe nkiri, na agwa nwoke pụtara na ihe atụ 53 pasent karịa agwa nwanyị. Ọtụtụ n'ime ahịrị nkata ahụ gbadoro ụkwụ na agwa nwoke na ahụmịhe ha nwere na ndụ.&lt;ref name=&quot;Hamilton&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|author=Hamilton|first=Mykol C.|title=Gender stereotyping and under-representation of female characters in 200 popular children's picture books: a twenty-first century update|journal=[[Sex Roles (journal)|Sex Roles]]|volume=55|issue=11&amp;ndash;12|pages=757&amp;ndash;765|doi=10.1007/s11199-006-9128-6|date=December 2006}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Nkà ==
N'afọ 1985, otu ìgwè ụmụ nwanyị na-ese ihe si New York, Guerrilla Girls, malitere ime mkpesa maka nnọchiteanya dị ala nke ụmụ nwanyị na'ese ihe. Dị ka ha si kwuo, ndị na-ese ihe nwoke na echiche nwoke nọgidere na-achịkwa ụwa nka anya. N'ihe ngosi nke afọ 1989 (nke egosiri na bọs NYC) nke akpọrọ &quot;Ndị inyom ga-agba ọtọ iji banye na Met. Museum?&quot; ha kọrọ na ihe na-erughị 5% nke ndị na-ese ihe na ngalaba Modern Art nke Met Museum bụ ụmụ nwanyị, mana 85% nke ndị gba ọtọ bụ ụmụ nwanyị.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|title=Guerilla Girls poster 1989|url=http://www.guerrillagirls.com/posters/getnaked.shtml|publisher=[[Guerrilla Girls]]|accessdate=17 March 2011}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Ihe karịrị afọ 20 ka e mesịrị, ụmụ nwanyị ka na-anọchite anya nke ọma n'ụwa nka. N'afọ 2007, Jerry Saltz (onye nta akụkọ si New York Times) katọrọ Museum of Modern Art maka ileghara ọrụ ụmụ nwanyị na-ese ihe anya. N'ime ọrụ nka 400 ọ gụrụ na Museum of Modern Art, naanị 14 bụ nke ụmụ nwanyị (3.5%). &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|author=Saltz|first=Jerry|authorlink=Jerry Saltz|title=Where are All the Women? On MoMA's Identity Politics|work=[[New York (magazine)|New York]]|url=http://nymag.com/arts/art/features/40979/|date=18 November 2007|accessdate=17 March 2011}}&lt;/ref&gt; Saltz chọpụtakwara ihe nnọchianya dị ịrịba ama nke ụmụ nwanyị na-ese ihe na ụlọ ọrụ nka isii ndị ọzọ ọ mụrụ.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|author=Saltz|first=Jerry|authorlink=Jerry Saltz|title=Data: Gender Studies. Is MoMA the worst offender? We tallied how women fare in six other art-world institutions|work=[[New York (magazine)|New York]]|url=http://nymag.com/arts/art/features/40980/|date=17 November 2007|accessdate=17 March 2011}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Asụsụ nwoke n'ozuzu ==
 
N'akwụkwọ, ojiji nke asụsụ nwoke na-ezo aka na ụmụ nwoke, ụmụ nwanyị, intersex, na ndị na-abụghị ndị binary nwere ike igosi ajọ mbunobi nwoke ma ọ bụ androcentric na ọha mmadụ ebe a na-ahụ ụmụ nwoke dị ka 'usoro', na ụmụ nwanyị, ndị intersex, da ndị na-adịghị na binary ka a na-ele anya dị ka 'ndị ọzọ'. Ọkà mmụta nkà ihe ọmụma Jennifer Saul na-ekwu na ojiji nke asụsụ nwoke na-eme ka ụmụ nwanyị, ndị na-abụghị ndị nwoke na nwanyị, na ndị na-anọghị na ọha mmadụ bụrụ ndị a chụpụrụ n'etiti.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|author=Saul|first=Jennifer|title=Feminist philosophy of language|url=http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/feminism-language/#1.1|work=plato.stanford.edu|publisher=Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy (online)|date=2004|accessdate=17 March 2011}}&lt;/ref&gt; N'afọ ndị na-adịbeghị anya, ụfọdụ ndị edemede amalitela iji asụsụ na-agụnye okike (dịka ọmụmaatụ, iji nnọchiaha ha / ha na iji okwu na-agụnyekwa okike dị ka mmadụ, onye, onye mmekọ, di, onye ọchụnta ego, onye mgbanyụ ọkụ, onyeisi oche, na onye uwe ojii).

Ọtụtụ nnyocha egosila na a naghị akọwa asụsụ nwoke dị ka nke na-agụnye nwoke na nwanyị n'ezie. Nnyocha nke uche egosiwo na, ma e jiri ya tụnyere okwu ndị na-enweghị ntụpọ dịka &quot;ha&quot; na &quot;mmadụ&quot;, okwu nwoke na-eduga n'echiche uche nwoke na-enweghị atụ n'uche onye na-ege ntị na onye na-ekwurịta okwu.

Nnyocha atọ nke Mykol Hamilton na-egosi na ọ bụghị naanị nwoke → ajọ mbunobi ndị mmadụ kamakwa ndị mmadụ → ajọ mbido nwoke.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|author=Hamilton|first=Mykol C.|title=&lt;nowiki&gt;Masculine bias in the attribution of personhood: people = male, male = people&lt;/nowiki&gt;|journal=[[Psychology of Women Quarterly]]|volume=15|issue=3|pages=393&amp;ndash;402|doi=10.1111/j.1471-6402.1991.tb00415.x|date=November 1991}}&lt;/ref&gt; N'ikwu ya n'ụzọ ọzọ, ajọ mbunobi nwoke na-anọgide ọbụna mgbe ndị mmadụ na-ahụ naanị asụsụ na-anọpụ iche na nwoke ma ọ bụ nwanyị (ọ bụ ezie na ajọ mbunobe na-ebelata). N'ime ọmụmụ abụọ ya, ọkara nke ndị sonyere (mgbe ha gosipụtara asụsụ na-anọpụ iche na nwoke) nwere ihe oyiyi nwoke na nwoke mana ndị ọzọ sonyere egosighi ajọ mbunobi nwoke ma ọlị. N'ọmụmụ ihe nke atọ ya, ọ bụ naanị ụmụ nwoke gosipụtara ajọ mbunobi nwoke (mgbe ha gosipụtara asụsụ na-anọpụ iche na nwoke) - ụmụ nwanyị gosipụtara ajọ ajọ mbunobe nwoke na nwanyị. Hamilton kwusiri ike na nke a nwere ike ịbụ n'ihi eziokwu ahụ bụ na ụmụ nwoke etolitela na-enwe ike iche echiche karịa ụmụ nwanyị nke &quot;onye ọ bụla&quot; dị ka &quot;ya,&quot; ebe ọ bụ na &quot;ya&quot; metụtara ha. Ọzọkwa, n'ime nhọrọ abụọ maka asụsụ na-anọpụ iche, asụsụ na-adịghị etinye aka nke na-akpọ ụmụ nwanyị aha (dịka, &quot;ya ma ọ bụ ya&quot;) na-ebelata androcentrism nke ọma karịa asụsụ na-enweghị atụ nke na-ekwughị banyere okike ọ bụla (dịka., &quot;mmadụ&quot;).  &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|author=Khosroshahi|first=Fatemeh|title=Penguins don't care, but women do: A social identity analysis of a Whorfian problem|journal=[[Language in Society]]|volume=18|issue=4|pages=505&amp;ndash;525|doi=10.1017/S0047404500013889|date=December 1989}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|author=Bailey|first=April H.|title=Who counts as human? Antecedents to androcentric behavior|journal=[[Sex Roles (journal)|Sex Roles]]|volume=76|issue=11&amp;ndash;12|pages=682&amp;ndash;693|doi=10.1007/s11199-016-0648-4|date=June 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Onye na-ahụ maka ụmụ nwanyị Sally Slocum na-ekwu na e nweela ajọ mbunobi nwoke ogologo oge n'echiche ụmụ mmadụ dịka okwu eji eme ihe mgbe ọ na-ezo aka na ọha mmadụ, ọdịbendị, na mmadụ. Dị ka Slocum si kwuo, &quot;A na-eji okwu 'nwoke' eme ihe n'ụzọ doro anya nke na ọ gaghị ekwe omume ikpebi ma ọ na-ezo aka na ụmụ nwoke ma ọ bụ naanị ụdị mmadụ n'ozuzu ya, gụnyere ụmụ nwoke na ụmụ nwanyị. &quot;&lt;ref&gt;Slocum, Sally (2012) [1975], &quot;[https://books.google.com/books?id=Kou0uQAACAAJ Woman the gatherer: male bias in anthropology]&quot;, in {{Cite book|editor=McGee|title=Anthropological theory: an introductory history|date=11 July 2011|pages=399&amp;ndash;407|publisher=McGraw-Hill|location=New York|isbn=9780078034886}}&lt;/ref&gt;

A ga-ekpe asụsụ ụmụ nwoke ikpe dị ka 'ụkpụrụ' na ihe ọ bụla ụmụ nwanyị na-eme n'asụsụ ga-ekpe ikpe megide nke a. A ga-akọwa okwu nke otu ndị nọ n'okpuru ọha na eze dị ka asụsụ na-ezughị ezu megide nke ndị otu na-achịkwa ọha na eze na-eji. Achọpụtala na ụmụ nwanyị na-eji ihe mkpuchi na qualifiers karịa ụmụ nwoke. A na-ele okwu ụmụ nwanyị anya dị ka nke na-anwa ime ihe ma were ya dị ka okwu na-enweghị ike. Nke a dabere n'echiche na okwu nwoke bụ ụkpụrụ.

== Ihe nnọchianya nwoke ==
N'ịntanetị, ọtụtụ avatar na-anọpụ iche na nwoke ma ọ bụ nwanyị (dị ka onyinyo nke ihu na-amụmụ ọnụ ọchị). Otú ọ dị, mgbe avatar bụ mmadụ ma nwee ọdịiche dị n'etiti nwoke na nwanyị, ọ na-adịkarị ka ọ bụ nwoke.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|author=Wade|first=Lisa|title=Default avatars: a collection|url=https://cyberpsychology.eu/article/view/6281/5883|work=[[University of Minnesota|The Society Pages]] &amp;#124; Sociological Images|publisher=[[University of Minnesota]]|date=4 May 2009|accessdate=17 March 2011}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|author=Bailey|first=April H.|title=Anonymously male: Social media avatar icons are implicitly male and resistant to change|journal=Journal of Psychosocial Research on Cyberspace|volume=10|issue=4|doi=10.5817/CP2016-4-8|date=2016}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Ihe ngosi nke ọkpụkpụ na-enwekarị ọdịdị nwoke karịa nwanyị, ọbụlagodi mgbe ọdịdị nke ọkpụ ahụ bụ nwanyị.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|author=Hughes|first=Katie|date=Aug 19, 2019|title=Skeletons and Gender Perception|url=https://medium.com/@katiehughes_60669/skeletons-and-gender-perception-6b23ed335cf5}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Mmetụta ==
Echiche androcentric na-emetụta ụmụ nwoke nke ukwuu.&lt;ref name=&quot;Bailey2020&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|author=Bailey|first=April H.|date=July 2020|title=Implicit androcentrism: Men are human, women are gendered|url=https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0022103119307012|journal=Journal of Experimental Social Psychology|language=en|volume=89|pages=103980|doi=10.1016/j.jesp.2020.103980}}&lt;/ref&gt; Agbanyeghị, echiche ahụ nwere mmetụta dị ukwuu n'ụzọ onye ọ bụla nọ n'ime ya si eche echiche. N'ime nnyocha nke afọ 2022, nke e gosiri mmadụ 3815 nhọrọ nke ihe oyiyi 256 nwere ihu efu (ihe, nke ụmụ mmadụ na-ahụ ihu), 90% nke ihe ndị ahụ bụ nke ndị sonyere na-akọwa dị ka nwoke.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|author=Wardle|first=Susan G.|date=February 2022|title=Illusory faces are more likely to be perceived as male than female|journal=Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences|language=en|volume=119|issue=5|doi=10.1073/pnas.2117413119|issn=0027-8424|pmid=35074880}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Hụkwa ==

== Ihe odide ==

[[Òtù:Pages with unreviewed translations]]</text>
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    <title>Asụsụ Flores-Lembata</title>
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Asụsụ Flores–Lembata bụ otu asụsụ Austronesian emetụtara (asụsụ Central–Eastern Malayo-Polynesia) nke a na-asụ na Sundas nta, na ọwụwa anyanwụ Flores na obere agwaetiti ozugbo n'akụkụ ọwụwa anyanwụ nke Flores, Indonesia.  A na-enyo enyo na ha nwere substratum na-abụghị nke Austronesia, nke nwere oke ọdịdị ọdịdị ọdịdị dị na Sika na nke abụọ na Alorese, ma ọ bụghị n'ókè dị ukwuu karịa asụsụ Central Malayo-Polynesian n'ozuzu ya...

== Asụsụ ==
Asụsụ Flores-Lembata a nabatara n'ozuzu ya bụ: 

* Kedang
* Sika
* [[Asụsụ Lamaholot|Lamaholot]]

Na mgbakwunye, a na-ejikọkarị ihe ndị a dịka olumba nke Lamaholot ma ọ bụ asụsụ nke ya:

* Adonara
* Alorese

Lamaholot bụ usoro asụsụ. Ethnologue na-emeso ụdị iri dị iche iche dị ka asụsụ dị iche iche.

== Nchịkọta ==
Elias (2017) na-atụ aro nkewa dị n'ime Flores-Lembata.
 
Mpaghara asụsụ bụ: 

* ''Ebe Ọwụwa Anyanwụ Lembata'': Kedan, Ebe Ọwụcha Lamaholot
* ''Lembata na-anọkarị otu ebe'': Eastern Lamaholot, Alorese, Western Lamaholot

== Hụkwa ==

* Asụsụ Central Flores

== Ihe odide ==
{{Reflist}}

== Ịgụ ihe ọzọ ==

*  

== Njikọ mpụga ==

* [https://web.archive.org/web/20191028055551/https://lexirumah.model-ling.eu/lexirumah/ LexiRumah] (akụkụ [http://www.model-ling.eu/ Ebe nchekwa data asụsụ Lesser Sunda]) 
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20201106013004/https://vici.marianklamer.org/ Ịrụzigharị ihe gara aga site na asụsụ nke oge a: Lesser Sunda Islands]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Asụsụ Achawa</title>
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Achagua, ma ọ bụ Achawa ( ), bụ asụsụ Arawakan a na-asụ na Ngalaba Meta nke Colombia, dịka Piapoco.  A na-eme atụmatụ na mmadụ 250 na-asụ asụsụ ahụ, ọtụtụ n'ime ha na-asụkwa Piapoco ma ọ bụ Spanish.

&quot;Achagua bụ nke nke Maipurean Arawakan nke ndị Achagua nke Venezuela na esetịpụ-etiti Colombia na-asụ.. &quot;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|author=Neira|first=Alonso de|title=The Art and Vocabulary of the Achagua Language|url=http://www.wdl.org/en/item/8993/|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130605155817/http://www.wdl.org/en/item/8993/|archivedate=2013-06-05|accessdate=2013-05-23|work=World Digital Library}}&lt;/ref&gt;

A na-ekwu na asụsụ &quot;Ponares&quot; sitere na aha nna, ọ pụkwara ịbụ Achawa ma ọ bụ Piapoco.

E nwere 1 ruo 5% ịgụ na ide na Achagua.

== Ọmụmụ ụdaolu ==

=== Mkpụrụ okwu ===
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; style=&quot;text-align:center&quot;
! colspan=&quot;2&quot; |
!Akpụkpọ ahụ
!Ezé / Alveolar&lt;br /&gt;
!Retroflex
!Palatal
!Velar
!Mkpịsị aka
|-
! rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |Plosive/Africate&lt;br /&gt;
!&lt;small&gt;enweghị olu&lt;/small&gt;
|p
|t
|
|tʃ
|k
|
|-
!&lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;small id=&quot;mwTA&quot;&gt;kwuru okwu&lt;/small&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt;
|b
|d
|
|
|
|
|-
! colspan=&quot;2&quot; |Ụgbọ imi
|m
|n
|
|
|
|
|-
! colspan=&quot;2&quot; |Ihe na-esiri ike
|
|s̪
|
|ʝ
|
|h
|-
! colspan=&quot;2&quot; |Ihe na-atọ ụtọ
|
|r
|
|
|
|
|-
! colspan=&quot;2&quot; |Ihe atụ
|w
|
|ɭ
|
|
|
|}

* /n/ na-aghọta dị ka [ɲ] mgbe ọ na-ebute ụdaume palatal.
* /k/ bụ palatalized  mgbe ọ na-esote /i/.
* A na-eme ka ụda /b, d/ pụta ìhè n'ime mkpụrụedemede accented ma ọ bụ mgbe mkpụrụedemede accessed gasịrị.
* /b/ na-aghọta dị ka [β] mgbe ọ na-eme n'etiti ụdaolu.
* /w/ na-aghọta dị ka [β] mgbe ọ na-esote /i/.
* /s̪/ na-aghọta dị ka [ʃ] mgbe ọ na-esote /i/.
* A na-anụ ya dị ka africate [dʒ] n'ọnọdụ mmalite okwu. A pụkwara ịghọta ya dị ka glide [j] n'efu n'ọnọdụ intervocalic.
* Enwere ike ịnụ /ī/ dị ka flap [ɾ] n'efu n'ihu /i/ .&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|author=Lozano|first=Miguel Ángel Meléndez|title=Esbozo grammatical de la lengua achagua|publisher=Santafé de Bogotá: Instituto Caro y Cuervo.|year=2000|location=Lenguas indígenas de Colombia: una visión descriptiva|pages=625–640}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Mkpụrụedemede ===
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; style=&quot;text-align:center&quot;
!
!N'ihu
!Central
!Ịlaghachi azụ
|-
!Elu
|i
|
|u
|-
!N'etiti
|e
|
|o
|-
!Ala Dị Ala
|
|a
|
|}

== Ihe edeturu ==
{{Reflist}}

== Njikọ mpụga ==

* {{Cite web|author=Neira|first=Alonso de|title=Arte y bocabulario de la lengua achagua: Doctrina christiana, confessionario de uno y otro sexo e instrucción de cathecumenos|url=http://www.wdl.org/en/item/8993/|accessdate=2013-05-23|work=[[World Digital Library]]|archivedate=2013-06-05|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130605155817/http://www.wdl.org/en/item/8993/}}
*  
* [http://www.language-archives.org/language/aca Ihe onwunwe OLAC na banyere asụsụ Achagua]
* [http://www.native-languages.org/achagua.htm Achagua na Asụsụ Ndị A mụrụ n'Amerịka]
* [http://globalrecordings.net/langcode/aca Gee ihe atụ nke Achagua site na Global Recordings Network]
* The Archive of Indigenous Languages of Latin America https://web.archive.org/web/20190411190014/https://www.ailla.utexas.org/islandora/search/Achagua%3Ftype%3Ddismax</text>
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    <title>Asụsụ Timoric</title>
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      <text bytes="3332" sha1="6hqlvsyf407kkwdxh7kotpuqf1aq7l7" xml:space="preserve">&lt;templatestyles src=&quot;Module:Infobox/styles.css&quot;&gt;&lt;/templatestyles&gt;Asụsụ Timor bụ otu Asụsụ Austronesian (nke dị na Central-Eastern subgroup) nke a na-asụ n' ụmụetiti Timor, Wetar dị nso, na (dabere na nkewa) Southwest Maluku n'ebe ndụ akwụkwọ.

N'ime otu ahụ, ndi a na-asảkarị bụ Uab Meto nke West Timor, Indonesia na Tetum nke East Timor, nke ọ ከላ nwere ihe dị ka ọkara nde ndị na-asụrụ ya, ọ bụ ebe na Tetum bụ ọrụ na akara a na-abụ n'etiti ndị na-azụ Tetum East Timorese.

== Asụsụ ==

=== Hull (1998) &amp; van Engelenhoven (2009) ===
Geoffrey Hull (1998) na-atụ aro otu ndị Timor dị ka ndị a:
 
Van Engelenhoven (2009) nabatara nhazi Hull, mana ọ na-agụnye [[Asụsụ Makuva|Makuva]] na asụsụ [[Asụsụ Luang|Luang]]-[[Asụsụ Kisar|Kisar]] (Kisar, [[Asụsụ Romang|Romang]], Luang, [[Asụsụ Luang|Wetan]], Leti) na alaka ọwụwa anyanwụ nke Timoric A.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|author=van Engelenhoven|first=Aone|date=2009|chapter=The position of Makuva among the Austronesian languages in East Timor and Southwest Maluku|editor=Adelaar, K. Alexander|title=Austronesian historical linguistics and culture history: a festschrift for Robert Blust|location=Canberra|publisher=Australian National University|pages=425–442|url=https://www.academia.edu/3709296}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Taber (1993) ===
[[Faịlụ:Timor_Sprache_en.png|áká_ịkẹngạ|thumb|350x350px|Asụsụ nke Àgwàetiti Timor]]
N'ime nhazi lexicostatistical nke asụsụ nke Southwest Maluku, Taber (1993:396) na-etinye alaka &quot;Southwest Maluku&quot; nke asụsụ Timoric, nke gụnyere asụsụ niile nke mpaghara ahụ, ma e wezụga [[Asụsụ West Damar|West Damar]] na [[Asụsụ Babar]].
 

=== Edwards (2021) ===
[[Faịlụ:Timor_languages_according_to_Edwards_(2020).pdf|thumb|Asụsụ Timor dị ka Edwards si kwuo (2020) &lt;ref name=&quot;Edwards2020&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|title=Metathesis and unmetathesis in Amarasi|location=Berlin|publisher=Language Science Press|date=2020|format=pdf|url=http://langsci-press.org/catalog/book/228|doi=10.5281/zenodo.3700413|isbn=978-3-96110-223-5}}
&lt;/ref&gt;]]
[[Faịlụ:Metos_cluster_according_to_
Edwards_(2020).pdf|
thumb|Map nke ụyọkọ asụsụ Meto &lt;ref name=&quot;Edwards2020&quot; /&gt;
Edwards (2021) kewara akwụkwọ Timor na Southwest Maluku n'ime alaka abụọ, Central Timor na Timor-Babar: 
 

== Ihe odide ==
{{Reflist}}

* [Ihe e dere n'ala ala peeji] 1998. &quot;Ihe ndị bụ isi na-emetụta asụsụ Austronesian nke Timor: nyocha mbụ&quot;. Studies in Languages and Cultures of East Timor 1:97-202.
* [Ihe e dere n'ala ala peeji] &quot;Toward a Better Understanding of the Indigenous Languages of Southwestern Maluku&quot;. 32, Nke 2 (Winter, 1993), peeji nke 389-441. &amp;nbsp;Mahadum nke Hawaii.

== Njikọ mpụga ==

* [https://web.archive.org/web/20191028055551/https://lexirumah.model-ling.eu/lexirumah/ LexiRumah] (akụkụ [http://www.model-ling.eu/ Ebe nchekwa data asụsụ Lesser Sunda]) 
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20201106013004/https://vici.marianklamer.org/ Ịrụzigharị ihe gara aga site na asụsụ nke oge a: Lesser Sunda Islands]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20080119191225/http://www.asianlang.mq.edu.au/INL/langs.html Asụsụ nke East Timor: Ụfọdụ Eziokwu] Ndị Dị Mkpa (Revised 24.8.2004) Geoffrey Hull</text>
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    <title>Asụsụ Sumba-Flores</title>
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Asụsụ Sumba-Flores, nke ikpeazụ na ọkara &quot;Ili&quot; title=&quot;Bima language&quot;&gt;Bima-Sumba&quot; subgroup na-ndị ụzọ Bima, bụ otu m Asụsụ Austronesian (nke mpaghara dị na Central-Eastern Malayo-Polynesian languages) nke a na-asụ na gburugburu Sumba na-enwe-etiti Flores na Lesser Sundas, Indonesia bụ Manes nke nwere ụfọdụ asụsụ.  kụnaụkwụ nke Flores, na Kambera, na otu ụzọ n'ụzọ anọ nde ndị na'asụ ya n' ụmụaka ndị mbụ nke Sumba Island..

A na-enyo Asụsụ Hawu nke Savu Island enyo na ọ nwere ihe na-ahụ nke Austronesian, mana ma menu anya ọ bụghị akara nke etiti na ndị Flores, dị ka Sika, ma ọ bụ n'ezie nke Central Malayo-Polynesian n'ozuzu..

== Nchịkọta ==
Blust (2008) &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|author=Blust|first=Robert|title=Is There a Bima-Sumba Subgroup?|journal=Oceanic Linguistics|year=2008|volume=47|issue=1|pages=45–113|doi=10.1353/ol.0.0006}}&lt;/ref&gt; na-enweta nkwado dị mma maka ijikọ asụsụ ọdịda anyanwụ na etiti Flores na Sumba-Hawu.
 

== Hụkwa ==
 

* [[Asụsụ Sumba]]
* [[Asụsụ Central Flores]]

== Ihe odide ==
{{Reflist}}

== Ịgụ ihe ọzọ ==

* Gasser, Emily 2014. [https://www.dropbox.com/s/deiasa6wbybjp2b/GasserGURTproofs.pdf?dl=1 Subgrouping na Nusa Tenggara: Ihe gbasara Bima-Sumba]. Na Jeffrey Connor-Linton na Luke Wander Amoroso (ed.), Measured Language: Quantitative Studies of Acquisition, Assessment, and Variation, 63-78. Washington, DC: Georgetown University Press.

== Njikọ mpụga ==

* [https://web.archive.org/web/20191028055551/https://lexirumah.model-ling.eu/lexirumah/ LexiRumah] (akụkụ [http://www.model-ling.eu/ Ebe nchekwa data asụsụ Lesser Sunda]) 
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20201106013004/https://vici.marianklamer.org/ Ịrụzigharị ihe gara aga site na asụsụ nke oge a: Lesser Sunda Islands]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Mahadum Delta State</title>
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'''Mahadum Delta State''' ('''DSU''') bụ mahadum ọha na eze dị na Cleveland, [[Mississippi]], United States, na Mississippi Delta .

== Akụkọ ihe mere eme ==
Steeti Mississippi hiwere ụlọ akwụkwọ a n'afọ 1924, na-eji akụrụngwa nke ụlọ akwụkwọ sekọndịrị Bolivar County mbụ, nke nwere ụlọ atọ na Cleveland.N'abalị iri na itolu nke ọnwa  Febrụwarị , n'afọ 1924, Senators William B. Roberts na Arthur Marshall kwadoro Senate Bill No. 263, nke guzobere Delta State Teachers College, nke Mississippi Gọvanọ Henry L. Whitfield bịanyere aka n'abalị itolu nke ọnwa Eprel, n'afọ 1924; Nellie Nugent Somerville, nwanyị mbụ jere ozi na ndị omeiwu steeti Mississippi, kwadoro iwu ahụ na Mississippi. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.nwhm.org/online-exhibits/legislators/Mississippi.html|title=Women Wielding Power-Mississippi|work=nwhm.org|accessdate=21 September 2015|archivedate=13 October 2017|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20171013225021/https://www.nwhm.org/online-exhibits/legislators/Mississippi.html}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ihe owuwu atọ ahụ bụ Hill Hall, ụlọ nchịkwa na klas, Hardee Hall, ụlọ ihi ụra ụmụ nwoke, na Taylor Hall, ụlọ obibi ụmụ nwaanyị.

N'abalị iri na anọ nke ọnwa Febrụwarị n'afọ 1924, a họpụtara James Wesley Broom ka ọ bụrụ onyeisi oche nke kọleji ahụ, kọleji ahụ meghekwara ọnụ ụzọ ya n'abalị iri na ise nke ọnwa Septemba n'afọ 1925. N'ọnwa Mee n'afọ 1926, Broom nwụrụ n'ihi nsogbu sitere n'ọrịa ntị. Akpọrọ William Zeigel onye nọchiri ya. Emebere akara nke kọleji n'afọ 1928 dị ka oru ngo nke klaasị nka.

[[World War II|Agha Ụwa nke Abụọ]] metụtara kọleji nke ukwuu. N'ịtụ anya agha n'afọ 1941, kọleji ahụ mepụtara mmemme ọzụzụ ndị na-anya ụgbọelu. Mgbe agha ahụ malitere, ụmụ akwụkwọ narị abụọ na iri ise na anọ nke Delta State sonyeere ndị agha. Mgbe agha ahụ biri, ndebanye aha ụmụ akwụkwọ na Delta State mụbara site na otu narị na iri asatọ na ise ruo narị anọ na iri asatọ na atọ, nke mmemme gọọmentị etiti maka ndị agha gara aga a maara dị ka GI Bill nyere aka iji kwalite agụmakwụkwọ.&lt;ref name=&quot;deltastate.edu&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.deltastate.edu/pages/1228.asp|title=Timeline 2|publisher=Deltastate.edu|accessdate=2012-08-13|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120207204348/http://www.deltastate.edu/pages/1228.asp|archivedate=2012-02-07}}&lt;/ref&gt;

N'oge nnọkọ nke afọ 1947 nke Delta Council, Dean Acheson (Under-Secretary of State na nchịkwa Truman) kwuru okwu na campus nke kpughere Marshall Plan. Ọ kọwapụtara atụmatụ maka enyemaka na itinye ego na Europe mgbe agha gasịrị iji nyere mba ndị ahụ aka ịgbake site na mbibi.&lt;ref name=&quot;deltastate.edu&quot;/&gt;

N'afọ 1955, a gbanwere aha '''Delta State Teachers College''' ka ọ bụrụ '''Delta State College'''. Delta State nwetara ikike zuru oke site na Southern Association of Colleges and Schools n'afọ 1963. Ọ mepụtara mmemme gụsịrị akwụkwọ, nke ọ meghere maka nnabata n'afọ 1965. N'inye mmemme gụsịrị akwụkwọ na mmepe nyocha, n'afọ 1974 ndị omeiwu steeti nyere ikike ka a kpọọ kọleji ahụ aha dị ka Mahadum Delta State ugbu a.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.deltastate.edu/pages/1229.asp|title=Timeline 3|work=Deltastate.edu|accessdate=2012-08-13|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120606205609/http://www.deltastate.edu/pages/1229.asp|archivedate=2012-06-06}}&lt;/ref&gt;

N'afọ 1965, Delta State malitere mmemme gụsịrị akwụkwọ (Master of Education in Elementary Education, Elementary Supervision, Guidance, English, History, Math, Music, Social Studies, Business Education, Physical Education, and Science). &lt;ref name=&quot;deltastate1&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.deltastate.edu/pages/1228.asp|title=Timeline 2 – Delta State University|accessdate=2015-06-28|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120207204348/http://www.deltastate.edu/pages/1228.asp|archivedate=2012-02-07}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Site n'afọ 1925 ruo n'afọ 1967 mahadum ahụ nwere iwu nnabata agbụrụ ndị ọcha. Afọ iri na atọ mgbe mkpebi Ụlọikpe Kasị Elu nke United States na ''Brown v. Board of Education'' (1954), na-ekpebi na Ịkpa ókè agbụrụ n'ụlọ akwụkwọ ọha na eze megidere iwu na afọ atọ mgbe agafechara Iwu Ikike Obodo nke afọ 1964, steeti na nchịkwa kwụsịrị ịkpa ókè Agbụrụ na DSU. Shirley Antoinette Washington bụ nwa akwụkwọ Africa America mbụ debanyere aha na DSU n'afọ ahụ.&lt;ref name=&quot;deltastate1&quot;/&gt;

Malite n'afọ 1980, mahadum ahụ mepụtara mmemme ụgbọ elu, nke na-aga n'ihu.

N'afọ 2005, Delta State nyeere ndị si n'Oké Ifufe Katrina pụọ aka site na imeghe Hugh White Hall dị ka ụlọ nwa oge.


=== Ndị isi ala ===

* James Wesley Broom - 1925-1926
* William Marion Kethley - 1926-1956
* James Milton Ewing - 1956-1971
* Aubrey K. Lucas - 1971-1975
* Kent Wyatt - 1975-1999
* David Potter - 1999-2002
* John Thornell - 2002-2003 (nke na-anọchi anya) 
* John Hilpert - 2003-2013
* William N. LaForge - 2013-2022
* E. E. Caston - 2022-2023 (nke na-anọchi anya) 
* Daniel J. Ennis - 2023-dị ugbu a

[[Faịlụ:Bologna_Performing_Arts_Center.jpg|áká_èkpè|thumb|Bologna Performing Arts Center]]
Delta State University is located on 332 acres (1.34 km2) at 1003 W Sunflower Rd (Highway 8 West), in the northwest area of Cleveland, MS, 38733.

Ihe dị ka pasentị iri na atọ nke ụmụ akwụkwọ bi n'ụlọ obibi na campus.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://petersons.com/|title=Peterson's Undergraduate Schools|work=petersons.com}}&lt;/ref&gt; Delta State na-enye ma ụlọ ihi ụra ụmụ nwoke na ụlọ ihi ụra ndị inyom, yana ụlọ maka ụmụ akwụkwọ lụrụ di.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.deltastate.edu/pages/204.asp|title=About DSU – Delta State University|accessdate=28 June 2015|archivedate=5 June 2008|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20080605044359/http://www.deltastate.edu/pages/204.asp}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Ọtụtụ n'ime ụlọ iri isii na anọ dị na ụlọ akwụkwọ na-eji otu brik nke odo, oroma, na brik ọcha. Ihe owuwu ndị a ma ama na Mahadum Delta State bụ nnukwu ụlọ ịgba mmiri maka ịme asọmpi igwu mmiri, Bologna Performing Arts Center (nke e sere n'aka ekpe) nwere ụlọ ihe nkiri abụọ (otu nke nwere oche 1,178, na nke ọzọ nke nwere oche 135), na ụlọ ndekọ ụda nke Delta Music Institute.

== Ụmụ anụmanụ ==
Delta State nwere mascots abụọ, onye Statesman (onye isi) na ọgụ Okra (nke na-abụghị akwụkwọ). Kemgbe mmalite ya, a na-akpọ ndị otu egwuregwu [[Ȯra Delta|steeti Delta]] dịka ndị steeti n'ihi ọrụ onye nnọchi anya steeti Walter Sillers Jr. rụrụ na ọnọdụ ụlọ akwụkwọ dị na Cleveland. Sillers bụ Ọkà Okwu nke Ụlọ Nnọchiteanya Mississippi afọ iri abụo. A na-akpọ otu ndị nwere ndị egwuregwu nwaanyị Lady Statesmen.

Agbanyeghị, kemgbe ngwụcha afọ 1980, otu ụmụ akwụkwọ ahụ nakweere Fighting Okra, mascot nke na-egosipụta otu okra yi uwe ọkpọ ọkpọ ma na-egosipụta okwu dị egwu..&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.sptimes.com/2004/05/23/Columns/In_nickname_realm__Fi.shtml|title=Columns: In nickname realm, Fighting Okra snappiest|accessdate=28 June 2015}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://sports.yahoo.com/blogs/ncaaf-dr-saturday/meet-delta-state-unofficial-mascot-fighting-okra-160434934.html|date=17 February 2012|first=Graham|author=Watson|title=Meet Delta State's unofficial mascot: The Fighting Okra|work=Yahoo Sports}}&lt;/ref&gt; N'afọ 2006, mascot bụ agwa na mmemme 2006 nke Ezi nri akpọrọ &quot;Okraphobia&quot;.E gosipụtara ọgụ Okra na azụmahịa ESPN n'oge egwuregwu asọmpi mba kọleji n'afọ 2023.

== Ndị ọkà mmụta ==
Mahadum ahụ na-enye ihe karịrị mmemme iri abụo nke undergraduate, mmemme iri na ise nke masta, na mmemme doctoral abụọ. A na-ahazi ha na kọleji atọ:

* Kọleji nke Mmụta, Nkà na Humanities &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.deltastate.edu/pages/249.asp|title=College of Arts and Sciences – Delta State University|work=deltastate.edu|accessdate=15 September 2015|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130627172811/http://www.deltastate.edu/pages/249.asp|archivedate=2013-06-27}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* Kọleji nke Azụmaahịa na Ụgbọelu &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.deltastate.edu/pages/250.asp|title=College of Business – Delta State University|work=deltastate.edu|accessdate=15 September 2015|archivedate=17 September 2013|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130917175835/http://www.deltastate.edu/pages/250.asp}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* Kọleji nke Nọọsụ, Ahụike na Sayensị &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.deltastate.edu/pages/251.asp|title=College of Education and Human Sciences – Delta State University|work=deltastate.edu|accessdate=15 September 2015|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130726140356/http://www.deltastate.edu/pages/251.asp|archivedate=2013-07-26}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Egwuregwu ==
[[Faịlụ:13290-LSC_Football_Festival-8563_(9778068981).jpg|thumb|Ndị otu bọọlụ Delta State na-alụ ọgụ megide Texas A&amp;M-Commerce Lions na 2013]]
Ngalaba na-ahụ maka egwuregwu na Mahadum Delta State na-akwado egwuregwu iri na atọ (yana Ịgba ume, nke NCAA anaghị ele anya dị ka egwuregwu), na-asọmpi na ọkwa NCAA Division II. DSU nwere njikọ na Gulf South Conference na New South Intercollegiate Swim Conference. Ụlọ ọrụ ahụ na-asọ mpi n'etiti ụmụ nwoke America na [[Footbọl|bọọlụ]], [[basketball]]&quot; id=&quot;mwyw&quot; rel=&quot;mw:WikiLink&quot; title=&quot;Basketball&quot;&gt;basketball, baseball, igwu mmiri, diving, tenis, [[Footbọl|bọọlụ]] na golf. Ihe omume intercollegiate nke ụmụ nwanyị nwere basketball, tennis, softball ngwa ngwa, cross-country, igwu mmiri, bọọlụ, cheerleading, na diving.

Otu n'ime ndị nkuzi egwuregwu a ma ama na Delta State bụ  (Lily) Margaret Wade (1912-1995). Wade gbara bọọlụ na Delta State, mana ụlọ akwụkwọ ahụ kwụsịrị egwuregwu ahụ mgbe ọ dị afọ iri na itoolu. Ụlọ akwụkwọ ahụ kwuru na egwuregwu ahụ &quot;na-esiri ụmụ agbọghọ ike&quot;. Wade zaghachiri, &quot;Anyị bere ákwá ma gbaa uwe anyị ọkụ mana ọ nweghị ihe ọzọ anyị nwere ike ime. &quot;E mere ka basketball dịghachi ndụ n'afọ 1973, a gwakwara Wade ka ọ zụọ ndị otu ahụ.  Ọ zụrụ ndị otu basketball ụmụ nwanyị na asọmpi mba AIAW atọ n'usoro na ndekọ 93-4, gụnyere mmeri egwuregwu iri ise na otu, n'oge ahụ, mmeri kachasị ogologo na basketball kọleji ụmụ nwanyị.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.hoophall.com/halloffamers/bhof-l-margaret-wade.html|title=Official Website of the Naismith Memorial Basketball Hall of Fame – Hall of Famers|accessdate=2008-02-08|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20080214040355/http://www.hoophall.com/halloffamers/bhof-l-margaret-wade.html|archivedate=2008-02-14}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;AIAW winners&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=Pre-NCAA Statistical Leaders and AIAW Results|url=http://fs.ncaa.org/Docs/stats/w_basketball_RB/2010/AIAW_wbkb.pdf|publisher=NCAA|accessdate=31 Oct 2012}}&lt;/ref&gt; Otu kpakpando nke ndị otu mmeri a bụ Luisa (Lucy) Harris, onye New Orleans Jazz dere n'afọ 1977. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1977/06/11/archives/nba-drafts-woman-and-jenner.html|title=N.B.A. Drafts Woman and Jenner New York Times|work=The New York Times|date=11 June 1977|accessdate=2022-01-23}}&lt;/ref&gt; A họpụtara Wade ka ọ bụrụ onye a ma ama na Basketball Hall of Fame n'afọ 1985. Taa, onye egwuregwu basketball ụmụ nwanyị nke Division I na-enweta Margaret Wade Trophy.

Lloyd Clark, onye Drew, weghaara usoro basketball ụmụ nwaanyị n'afọ 1983. N'ime afọ iri na itoolu sochirinụ, ọ chịkọtara ihe ndekọ dị egwu 494-98. Na mgbakwunye, ndị otu Clark meriri atọ NCAA Women's Division II Basketball Championship. N'ime afọ ndị ahụ, DSU gbara na asọmpi NCAA ugboro iri na isii, na 11 pụtara na Elite Eight. Ndị otu Clark nke afọ 1988-89 ghọrọ ndị otu NCAA mbụ meriri asọmpi mba n'ala ya. N'oge ọrụ ya, Clark chịkọtara ndekọ nke 206-38 (.845) na Gulf South Conference Games. Lloyd Clark bụ onye otu Mississippi Sports Hall of Fame tinyere ndị dike DSU ndị ọzọ Margaret Wade, Lusia Harris-Stewart, na onye bụbu onye na-agba ọsọ Boston Red Sox Dave &quot;Boo&quot; Ferriss. A na-akpọ ala ụlọ egwuregwu basketball aha Clark.

Boo Ferriss zụrụ mmemme baseball ruo ihe fọrọ nke nta ka ọ bụrụ afọ iri atọ ma duru ha pụta ugboro atọ na NCAA Division II College World Series tupu ọ laa ezumike nká n'afọ 1988. A mụrụ Boo na Shaw, Mississippi. onye na-ejide San Francisco Giants bụ Eli Whiteside gbara bọọlụ maka mahadum ahụ, dị ka onye na-agba bọọlụ Los Angeles Dodgers bụ Brent Leach. Matt Miller nke Cleveland Indians gbakwara ndị Statesmen bọọlụ.

Otu onye ama ama na-achọ ịbụ onye na-egwu baseball na nwa akwụkwọ nke e wepụrụ n'oge nnwale bụ onye edemede John Grisham. N'afọ 2008, Grisham laghachiri n'ụlọ akwụkwọ ahụ iji sonyere Ferriss n'otu mgbede nke akụkọ baseball, na-akpata ihe karịrị $ 100,000 maka mmemme egwuregwu.

Jeremy Richardson bụ onye egwuregwu NBA.

Delta State meriri 2004 NCAA Division II National Baseball Championship. Onye nkuzi Mike Kinnison eduziwo ndị Statesmen na 2004 NCAA National title, anọ College World Series appearances, itoolu NCAA South Regional appearances (1999-2005, 2007, 2008), 11 GSC West Division titles (1997-2005, 2007, 2008, atọ NCAA South Region championships, na anọ Gulf South Conference titles.

== Ụlọ akwụkwọ ụgbọ elu ==
Delta State nwere nnukwu ụlọ akwụkwọ ụgbọ elu ma bụrụkwa naanị mahadum dị na Mississippi na-enye nzere na Commercial Aviation.

=== Ụlọ agụmakwụkwọ ===

* Ụlọ Gibson-Gunn
* Ụlọ Ntụziaka Ụgbọelu

=== Ụgbọ Mmiri ===
Ka ọ na-erule June  ụgbọ elu DSU nke ụgbọelu 18 nwere ihe ndị a: &lt;ref name=&quot;AV&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.deltastate.edu/college-of-business/commercial-aviation/aviation-facilities/|title=Aviation Facilities|publisher=Delta State University, College of Business|accessdate=2024-06-21}}&lt;/ref&gt;

* 5 Cessna 152
* 5 Cessna 172P
* 5 Cessna 172R
* 1 Cessna U206G
* 3 Diamond DA42 L360
* 5 Ngwaọrụ Ọzụzụ Ụgbọelu

DSU Flight Operations nwere nnukwu ụlọ abụọ dị na Cleveland Municipal Airport na ụlọ Gibson-Gunn Commercial Aviation na Delta State Campus.&lt;ref name=&quot;AV&quot;/&gt;

== Ndụ ụmụ akwụkwọ ==
{| class=&quot;wikitable floatright sortable collapsible&quot;
|+ style=&quot;font-size:90%&quot; |Ndị gụsịrị akwụkwọ na-agụsị akwụkwọ n'oge mgbụsị akwụkwọ nke afọ 2023 &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=College Scorecard: Delta State University|url=https://collegescorecard.ed.gov/school/?175616-Delta-State-University|work=College Scorecard|publisher=[[United States Department of Education]]|accessdate=July 26, 2025}}&lt;/ref&gt;
!Agbụrụ na agbụrụ
! colspan=&quot;2&quot; data-sort-type=&quot;number&quot; |Ngụkọta
|-
|Ọcha|align=right| {{bartable|52|%|2||background:cyan}}
|-
|[[Ndị Afụrịka ǹkè Amerịka|Ọcha ojii]]|align=right| {{bartable|36|%|2||background:purple}}
|-
|Nwa akwụkwọ mba ọzọ|align=right| {{bartable|5|%|2||background:#008080}}
|-
|Ndị Hispanic|align=right| {{bartable|2|%|2||background:green}}
|-
|Agbụrụ abụọ ma ọ bụ karịa|align=right| {{bartable|2|%|2||background:violet}}
|-
|A maghị ya|align=right| {{bartable|2|%|2||background:grey}} 
|-
|Eshia|align=right| {{bartable|1|%|2||background:orange}}
|-
! colspan=&quot;4&quot; data-sort-type=&quot;number&quot; |Ọdịiche dị n'ihe gbasara akụ na ụba
|-
|Ndị na-enweta ego dị ala[a]|align=right| {{bartable|49|%|2||background:red}}
|-
|Ebe Ndị Na-asọba[b]|align=right| {{bartable|51|%|2||background:black}}
|}

=== Ụlọ obibi na ụlọ ụmụ akwụkwọ ===
E nwere ụlọ obibi ụmụ akwụkwọ isii na campus; ụmụ nwanyị atọ nọ n'ụlọ, ụmụ nwoke abụọ nọ n' ụlọ na otu bụ onye na-agụ akwụkwọ.

=== Ndụ ndị Gris ===
Ọ bụ ezie na Mahadum Delta State nwere obere fraternities na sororities na campus, ọtụtụ ụmụ akwụkwọ na-ekere òkè na ndụ ndị Gris. Na mbụ, Delta State nwere naanị òtù mpaghara, dị ka Delta Alpha Omega ma ọ bụ Cavaliers, nke dị ruo n'etiti afọ 1960, mgbe ndị otu ha sonyeere Kappa Alpha Order na Pi Kappa Alpha n'otu n'otu. [Nkọwa zuru ezu dị mkpa] Otú ọ dị, òtù mmekọrịta mba mbụ na Delta State bụ Phi Mu Alpha Sinfonia, na 1960. N'ime afọ iri, ọtụtụ isiakwụkwọ ndị ọzọ nke ụlọ ọrụ akwụkwọ Grik nke mba ahụ nyere ikike na Delta State. Ha na-achịkwa kansụl abụọ nwere onwe ha - Kansụl Interfraternity na Kansụl Panhellenic. 

== Ndị gụsịrị akwụkwọ a ma ama ==

* Steve Azar, onye egwu obodo
* Jack Gregory, onye na-agba bọọlụ
* Lusia Harris, onye na-agba bọọlụ bọọlụ, onye egwuregwu Olimpik
* Rowan Nathaniel House, onye na-ese ihe
* Jeanette W. Hyde, onye nnọchi anya US na Caribbean
* Caroline Jouisse, onye France na-egwu mmiri na onye egwuregwu Olimpik
* Anthony Maddox, onye na-agba bọọlụ
* Aubrey Matthews, onye na-agba bọọlụ
* Charlotte P. Morris, onye isi oche nke Mahadum Tuskegee
* Scott Nagy, onye nkuzi bọọlụ kọleji
* Viola B. Sanders, onye isi ụgbọ mmiri America
* Margaret Wade, onye nkuzi bọọlụ kọleji
* Eli Whiteside, onye na-agba bọọlụ baseball na onye nkuzi

== Ihe edeturu ==
&lt;nowiki&gt;.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}&lt;/nowiki&gt;

== Ebemsibịa ==
{{Reflist}}

== Ịgụ ihe ọzọ ==
 

== Njikọ mpụga ==

* Official website 
* [https://gostatesmen.com/ Ebe nrụọrụ weebụ egwuregwu]
{{Cleveland, Mississippi}}
[[Otú:Pages with unreviewed translations]]</text>
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    <title>Asụsụ Kawésqar</title>
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      <text bytes="8048" sha1="nufhzcelx6r6xuw5rh9gwlyy05qqx0h" xml:space="preserve">{| class=&quot;infobox vevent infobox-has-images-with-white-backgrounds&quot;
! colspan=&quot;2&quot; class=&quot;infobox-above above&quot; style=&quot;font-size:125%; color: black; background-color:  #c0dde6;&quot; |Kawésqar
|-
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; class=&quot;infobox-subheader&quot; style=&quot;font-size:110%; color: black; background-color:  #c0dde6;&quot; |Alacaluf
|-
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; class=&quot;infobox-subheader&quot; style=&quot;font-size:110%; color: black; background-color:  #c0dde6;&quot; |&lt;span qawasqar-language=&quot;&quot; text=&quot;&quot; title=&quot;&lt;span title=&quot;&gt;''Qawasqar''&lt;/span&gt;-language text&quot;&gt;''Kawésqar'', Qawasqar
|-
! class=&quot;infobox-label&quot; scope=&quot;row&quot; style=&quot;white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;&quot; |A mụrụ ya&amp;nbsp;
| class=&quot;infobox-data&quot; style=&quot;line-height:1.3em;&quot; |[[Chile]]
|-
! class=&quot;infobox-label&quot; scope=&quot;row&quot; style=&quot;white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;&quot; |Ógbè
| class=&quot;infobox-data&quot; style=&quot;line-height:1.3em;&quot; |Channel Region, ọdịda anyanwụ [[Patagonia]], Wellington Island n'ụsọ oké osimiri ndịda Chile, 49° ndịda, na etiti na Villa Puerto Edén.
|-
! class=&quot;infobox-label&quot; scope=&quot;row&quot; style=&quot;white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;&quot; |Agbụrụ
| class=&quot;infobox-data&quot; style=&quot;line-height:1.3em;&quot; |2,600 [[Alacaluf people|Ndị Alacaluf]] (ọnụ ọgụgụ afọ 2002) &lt;ref&gt;[https://www.ethnologue.com/18/language/alc/ Kawésqar language] at ''[[Ethnologue]]'' (18th ed., 2015) &lt;span style=&quot;font-size:0.95em; font-size:95%; color: var( --color-subtle, #555 )&quot;&gt;(subscription required)&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
! class=&quot;infobox-label&quot; scope=&quot;row&quot; style=&quot;white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;&quot; |&lt;div style=&quot;display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0; &quot;&gt;Ndị na-asụ asụsụ ala&lt;/div&gt;
| class=&quot;infobox-data&quot; style=&quot;line-height:1.3em;&quot; |10 (2019)&lt;ref name=&quot;EL&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.endangeredlanguages.com/lang/3101|title=Kawésqar|website=www.endangeredlanguages.com|language=en|access-date=2017-01-24|archive-date=2016-09-08|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160908220117/http://www.endangeredlanguages.com/lang/3101|url-status=live|accessdate=2026-03-06|archivedate=2016-09-08|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160908220117/http://www.endangeredlanguages.com/lang/3101}}&lt;/ref&gt;&amp;nbsp;
|-
! class=&quot;infobox-label&quot; scope=&quot;row&quot; style=&quot;white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;&quot; |&lt;div style=&quot;display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0; &quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;wrap&quot;&gt;[[Language family|Ezinụlọ asụsụ]]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
| class=&quot;infobox-data&quot; style=&quot;line-height:1.3em;&quot; |&lt;div style=&quot;text-align:left;&quot;&gt;[[Alacalufan languages|Alacalufan]]
* '''Kawésqar'''
&lt;/div&gt;
|-
! class=&quot;infobox-label&quot; scope=&quot;row&quot; style=&quot;white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;&quot; |&lt;div style=&quot;display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0; &quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;wrap&quot;&gt;[[Writing system|Usoro ide ihe]]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
| class=&quot;infobox-data&quot; style=&quot;line-height:1.3em;&quot; |[[Latin script|Latịn]]
|-
! colspan=&quot;2&quot; class=&quot;infobox-header&quot; style=&quot;color: black; background-color:  #c0dde6;&quot; |Koodu asụsụ
|-
! class=&quot;infobox-label&quot; scope=&quot;row&quot; style=&quot;white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;&quot; |&lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;[[ISO 639-3]]&lt;/span&gt;
| class=&quot;infobox-data&quot; style=&quot;line-height:1.3em;&quot; |&lt;code&gt;[[iso639-3:alc|alc]]&lt;/code&gt;
|-
! class=&quot;infobox-label&quot; scope=&quot;row&quot; style=&quot;white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;&quot; |''[[Glottolog]]''
| class=&quot;infobox-data&quot; style=&quot;line-height:1.3em;&quot; |&lt;code&gt;[https://glottolog.org/resource/languoid/id/qawa1238 qawa1238]&lt;/code&gt;
|-
! class=&quot;infobox-label&quot; scope=&quot;row&quot; style=&quot;white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;&quot; |[[Endangered Languages Project|ELP]]
| class=&quot;infobox-data&quot; style=&quot;line-height:1.3em;&quot; |[https://www.endangeredlanguages.com/elp-language/3101 Kawésqar]
|-
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; class=&quot;infobox-full-data&quot; style=&quot;line-height:1.3em;&quot; |[[File:Kawésqar.png|frameless]]
|-
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; class=&quot;infobox-full-data&quot; style=&quot;line-height:1.3em;&quot; |[[File:Lang_Status_20-CR.svg|frameless]]&lt;div style=&quot;text-align:left;&quot;&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;center&quot;&gt;A na-ahazi Kawésqar dị ka Critically Endangered site na [[UNESCO]] Atlas of the World's Languages in Danger.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
|-
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; class=&quot;infobox-below noprint selfref&quot; style=&quot;background-color:#E7E7FF;color:inherit;padding:0.3em 0.5em;text-align:left;line-height:1.3;&quot; |'''Isiokwu a nwere akara ụdaolu [[International Phonetic Alphabet|IPA]].''' Enweghị [[Help:IPA#Rendering issues|nkwado nsụgharị]] kwesịrị ekwesị, ị nwere ike ịhụ [[Unicode]]_block)#Replacement_character&quot; rel=&quot;mw:WikiLink&quot; title=&quot;Specials (Unicode block)&quot;&gt;akara ajụjụ, igbe, ma ọ bụ akara ndị ọzọ kama mkpụrụedemede Unicode. Maka ntuziaka mmeghe na akara IPA, lee Help:IPA.
|}
{{Reflist}}
'''Kawésqar''' (Qawasqar), nke a makwaara dị ka '''Alacaluf''',  bụ Asụsụ Alacalufan dị oke egwu nke Ndị Kawésqar na-asụ na ndịda [[Chile]]. Na mbụ akụkụ nke obere ezinụlọ, naanị asụsụ ugwu fọdụrụ.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|year=2020|title=Qawasqar|work=[[Glottolog]] 4.3|url=https://glottolog.org/resource/languoid/id/qawa1238|accessdate=2020-12-02|archivedate=2020-07-18|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20200718213031/https://glottolog.org/resource/languoid/id/qawa1238}}&lt;/ref&gt; naanị asụsụ ugwu fọdụrụ. Na 2009, ọ bụ naanị mmadụ ole na ole ka ndị agadi na-asụ asụsụ ahụ, ọtụtụ n'ime ha bi na Wellington Island dị n'akụkụ ndịda ọdịda anyanwụ nke ụsọ oké osimiri Chile.&lt;ref name=&quot;EL&quot;/&gt;

== Ọmụmụ ụdaolu ==

=== Mkpụrụedemede ===
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;
!
!N'ihu
!Central
!Ịlaghachi azụ
|-
!N'akụkụ
|i
|
|u
|-
!N'etiti
|e
|
|o
|-
!Emeghe
|æ
|a
|
|}

=== Mkpụrụ okwu ===
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;
! colspan=&quot;2&quot; |
!Akpụkpọ ahụ
!Alveolar
!Palatal
!Velar
!Uvular
!Mkpịsị aka
|-
! colspan=&quot;2&quot; |Ụgbọ imi
|m
|n
|
|ŋ
|
|
|-
! rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |Plosive
!&lt;small&gt;Ala Dị larịị&lt;/small&gt;
|p
|t
|t͡ɕ
|k
|q
| rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |ʔ
|-
!&lt;small&gt;Ihe E Mere Eme&lt;/small&gt;
|pʼ
|tʼ
|t͡ɕʼ
|kʼ
|
|-
! colspan=&quot;2&quot; |Ihe na-esiri ike
|f
|s
|
|x
|
|h
|-
! colspan=&quot;2&quot; |Tap / flap
|
|ɾ
|
|
|
|
|-
! colspan=&quot;2&quot; |Ihe na-atọ ụtọ
|
|r
|
|
|
|
|-
! colspan=&quot;2&quot; |Ihe atụ
|w
|l
|j
|
|
|
|}

== Mkpụrụ akwụkwọ ==

== Ọdịdị na nhazi okwu ==

== Hụkwa ==

* Ndị Kawésqar
* Ndepụta asụsụ ndị nọ n'ihe ize ndụ na South America

== Akwụkwọ ==

* [[Aguilera Faúndez, Oscar E.|Aguilera Faúndez, Oscar]] (1978). Akwụkwọ ozi Kawesqar-Spanish, Spanish-Kawesqar. Boletín de filología (Mahadum nke Chile, Facultad de Filosofía y Letras) 29.
* [[Oscar Aguilera Faúndez|Aguilera Faúndez, Oscar]] (2001): Gramática nke asụsụ kawésqar. Temuco: Ụlọ Ọrụ Mmepe Ụmụ Amaala.
* [[Christos Clairis|Clairis, Christos]] (1987): El qawasqar. Asụsụ Fuegian. Echiche na nkọwa. Valdivia: Universidad Austral de Chile [Anejo de Estudios Filológicos 12].
* [[Pieter C. Muysken|[Ihe e dere n'ala ala peeji]]] ''Asụsụ nke Andes''. Nnyocha Asụsụ Cambridge. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

== Edensibia ==
{{Reflist}}

== Njikọ mpụga ==

* Qawasqar dictionary online (họrọ nlegharị anya dị mfe ma ọ bụ dị elu) 
* [http://www.kawesqar.uchile.cl/lengua/alfabeto.html Mkpụrụ akwụkwọ Kawésqar]
* [http://www.kawesqar.uchile.cl Kawésqar]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20090323084429/http://www.serindigena.cl/territorios/kawesqar/territorio_kawesqar.htm SerIndigena - Ógbè Kawesqar]
* [http://wals.info/languoid/lect/wals_code_qaw Kawésqar na World Atlas of Language Structures Online]
* [[Archive of the Indigenous Languages of Latin America|AILLA]].utexas.org/search/view_resource.html?coll_id=99&quot; id=&quot;mwAQM&quot; rel=&quot;mw:ExtLink nofollow&quot;&gt;Nchịkọta Asụsụ Chilean nke Oscar Aguilera na José Tonko - gụnyere ndekọ na transcriptions nke akụkọ, akụkọ ifo, na mkparịta ụka na Kawésqar na AILLA.
* [https://ids.clld.org/contributions/313 Qawasqar] (Intercontinental Dictionary Series) 
* [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=lMShHq7i1sc Abụ ịhụnanya &quot;Chichili&quot; na Kawésqar]</text>
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    <title>Asụsụ Neo-Aramaic</title>
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Asụsụ Neo-Aramaic ma ọ bụ Asụsụ bụ ụdị asụsụ Aramaic nke malitere n'oge ngwụcha oge ochie na oge mbụ nke oge a, ma na-aga n'ihu ruo taa dị ka asụsụ obodo (a na-asụ) nke obodo ndị na-asụ Aramaic nke oge a.[1] N'ime ọmụmụ Aramaic,[2] nhazi asụsụ Neo-Aramaic abụrụla isiokwu nke mmasị pụrụ iche n'etiti ndị ọkà mmụta, bụ ndị tụrụ aro ọtụtụ nkewa, n'ime otu abụọ (ọdịda anyanwụ na ọwụwa anyanwụ), atọ (ọdịda anyanwụ, etiti na ọwụwa anyanwụ) ma ọ bụ anọ (ọdịda anyanwụ, etiti, ugwu ọwụwa anyanwụ na ndịda ọwụwa anyanwụ) otu isi.

N'ihe gbasara mmekọrịta mmadụ na ibe ya, a na-ekewa asụsụ Neo-Aramaic site na njirimara asụsụ na asụsụ okpukpe dị iche iche, na-agafe agbụrụ na okpukpe, ma na-agụnye ìgwè ndị na-agbaso [[Efefe Kraịst|Iso Ụzọ Kraịst]], Judaism, Mandaeism na Islam.[5]

Asụsụ Ndị Kraịst Neo-Aramaic adịla ogologo oge na Classical Syriac dị ka asụsụ edemede na liturgical nke Iso Ụzọ Kraịst Syriac. [6] Ebe ọ bụ na Classical Syriac na ụdị ochie ndị yiri ya, dị ka Targumic Aramaic (ụdị Judeo-Aramaic ochie) na Classiical Mandaic, abụghịzi asụsụ obodo, a naghịzi aha ha dị ka asụsụ Neo-Aramaik. Otú ọ dị, asụsụ oge ochie na-aga n'ihu na-enwe mmetụta n'asụsụ Neo-Aramaic.

The most prominent Neo-Aramaic varieties belong to Central Neo-Aramaic and Northeastern Neo-Aramaic groups. They are spoken primarily (though not wholly exclusively) by ethnic Assyrians, who are adherents of the Assyrian Church of the East, Ancient Church of the East, Syriac Orthodox Church, Chaldean Catholic Church, and some other denominations. Other speakers include Muslim and Christian Arameans (Syriacs)&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://friendsofmaaloula.de/en/|title=Hilfe für das Aramäerdorf Maaloula e.V. &amp;#124; an aid project in Syria|accessdate=2026-03-08|archivedate=2024-01-16|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20240116150614/https://friendsofmaaloula.de/en/}}&lt;/ref&gt; from Maaloula and Jubb'adin, who speak the endangered Western Neo-Aramaic language, Mandaeans, and some Mizrahi Jews. Today, the number of fluent Neo-Aramaic speakers is significantly smaller, and newer generations of Assyrians generally are not acquiring the full language, especially as many have emigrated and acculturated into their new resident countries, and other minority Aramaic languages are being surpassed by local majority languages.[10]

== Akụkọ ihe mere eme ==
[[Faịlụ:Syriac_Dialects_EN.svg|áká_ịkẹngạ|thumb|270x270px|Nkesa nke asụsụ Neo-Aramaic]]
[[Faịlụ:Villages_where_varieties_of_North-Eastern_Neo-Aramaic_are_spoken.png|áká_ịkẹngạ|thumb|270x270px|Ebe a na-asụ ụdị dị iche iche nke North-Eastern Neo-Aramaic]]
Aramaic aghọwo asụsụ a na-asụ n'Alaeze Ukwu Neo-Assyrian site na narị afọ nke asatọ BC, ma ndị na-esote Alaeze Ukwu Neo na Alaeze Ukwu Achaemenid, jiri nwayọọ nwayọọ wepụ Asụsụ Akkadian nke ndị Asiria na ndị Babilọn. N'oge Late Antiquity, na n'oge niile nke Middle Ages, mmepe asụsụ nke asụsụ Aramaic gosipụtara site na ịdị n'otu nke ụdị edemede na asụsụ obodo, ndị nke Asiria na Babilọn na-ejigide mmetụta ụtọ asụsụ Akkadian. Otu ụdị edemede kachasị n'etiti Ndị Kraịst na-asụ Aramaic bụ ''Edessan Aramaic'' (Urhaya) na-agbanwe na alaeze Neo-Assyrian nke Osroene, nke a bịara mara dị ka Classical Syriac (okwu nke ndị ọkà mmụta ọdịda anyanwụ chepụtara). N'otu oge ahụ, [[Jew|Ndị Juu]] na-asụ Aramaic nwere asụsụ nke ha (asụsụ ndị Juu na Aramaic). Tinyere ụdị edemede kachasị, a na-asụkwa ụdị asụsụ dị iche iche, na ọdịiche dị iche iche nke mpaghara. Ka ọ na-erule ngwụcha oge etiti oge, a na-enye ndị Kraịst na-asụ Aramaic ụdị edemede nke ndụ okpukpe (iji ya eme ihe n'ememe), ebe ụdị asụsụ obodo nọgidere na-etolite n'oge mmalite nke oge a. Nke nta nke nta, a malitekwara iji ụfọdụ n'ime ụdị asụsụ Neo-Aramaic mee ihe maka ebumnuche edemede.[11]

N'ime narị afọ nke iri na itoolu, a malitere ọmụmụ ihe nke asụsụ Neo-Aramaic na nke mbụ ya,  na mmalite nke narị afọ nke abụọ, ụfọdụ ụdị Neo-Aramuic abanyelarị n'oge ọgbara ọhụrụ nke mmepe asụsụ ha, nke a na-ahụ site na mpụta nke akwụkwọ Neo-Arameic dị iche iche, yana site na nguzobe ụlọ akwụkwọ nke oge a na ụlọ ọrụ ndị ọzọ.[12]

Ọganihu ahụ kwụsịrị nke ukwuu site na mmalite nke Agha Ụwa Mbụ (1914-1918) na arụrụala e mere megide obodo ndị na-asụ Aramaic n'oge Seyfo (mgbukpọ ndị Asiria). Mgbanwe nke ọtụtụ obodo ndị Asiria site na mpaghara ha mebiri ma puku afọ anọ nke ala na akụkọ ihe mere eme nke ndị Asiria na asụsụ, ma mepụta ìgwè ọhụrụ nke ndị na-asụ Neo-Aramaic n'ebe niile. Ihe omume ndị ahụ nwere mmetụta dị ukwuu na mmepe nke obodo Neo-Aramaic, na-emetụta akụkụ niile nke ndụ, gụnyere okwu ọdịbendị dị iche iche metụtara asụsụ ha.[12]

== Ụdị dị iche iche ==
 
N'akụkọ ihe mere eme nke Asụsụ Aramaic, e nwere ókèala nke na-ekewa ọdịda anyanwụ na ọdịda anyanwụ, na-agafe n'ofe Ọzara Siria site na ndịda ọwụwa anyanwụ ruo n'ebe ugwu ọdịda anyanwụ.[13]

Naanị asụsụ ndị Western Neo-Aramaic, nke ndị otu ndị Siria (Syria) nke Ndị Kraịst na ndị Alakụba na-asụ n'ugwu Anti-Lebanon, ka bụ ihe akaebe nye ụdị dị iche iche nke ọdịda anyanwụ, nke a na-ahụkarị na Levant (dịka a hụrụ n'ụdị dị iche iche site na puku afọ mbụ nke OA dịka ndị Sameria Aramaic, ndị Juu Palestine Aramaic na ndị Kraịst Palestine Aramaic) 

Asụsụ ndị ọzọ Neo-Aramaic bụ ụdị ndị dị n'ebe ọwụwa anyanwụ, nke ndị agbụrụ Asiria na-asụkarị, mana ha enweghị otu. Ihe kachasị dị iche n'ime otu a bụ Modern Mandaic, nke nwere nghọta dị ala na ụdị ndị ọzọ. Ọ bụ nwa nke Classical Mandaic, nke gbanyere mkpọrọgwụ ya azụ na Aramaic nke Persian-influenced nke Arsacid Empire. Ihe dị ka puku mmadụ ole na ole na-asụ asụsụ Mandaik nke Oge A nke ọma.

== Ndị ọkà okwu ==
A na-eme atụmatụ na ọnụ ọgụgụ ndị na-asụ asụsụ Neo-Aramaic nke oge a sitere na ihe dịka 575,000 ruo 1,000,000, ọtụtụ n'ime ha bụ Ndị Asiria. Ndị kasị ukwuu n'ime ndị na-asụ ya bụ ndị Assyrian Neo-Aramaic nwere ihe dị ka ndị na-ekwu 500,000, ndị Chaldean Neo-Arameic nwere ihe dịka ndị na-akpọ 240,000, ndị Turoyo (Surayt) nwere ihe dị hiwere 100,000 ndị na-agwa ya okwu na puku mmadụ ole na ole na-asụrụ asụsụ Neo-Aramuic ndị ọzọ (ya bụ ụdị Judeo-Aramaik nke oge a na Bohtan Neo-Aramiic, n'etiti ndị ọzọ), nke na-enye ngụkọta nke ihe karịrị 870,000 ndị na-Aramaiki nke ọma, ọ bụ ezie na-enweghị ihe ọmụma banyere asụsụ ahụ.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.ethnologue.com/language/cld|title=Chaldean Neo-Aramaic {{!}} Ethnologue}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.ethnologue.com/language/tru|title=Turoyo {{!}} Ethnologue}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Hụkwa ==
 

== Edemsibia ==
{{Reflist|2}}

== Ebe e si nweta ya ==
 
[[Otú:Pages with unreviewed translations]]</text>
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    <title>Asụsụ Totoro</title>
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      <text bytes="5193" sha1="s2nha2n0bvcq4i0vfwkoj2nn2ln5lfj" xml:space="preserve">{| class=&quot;infobox vevent infobox-has-images-with-white-backgrounds&quot;
! colspan=&quot;2&quot; class=&quot;infobox-above above&quot; style=&quot;font-size:125%; color: black; background-color:  #c0dde6;&quot; |Totoró
|-
! class=&quot;infobox-label&quot; scope=&quot;row&quot; style=&quot;white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;&quot; |A mụrụ ya&amp;nbsp;
| class=&quot;infobox-data&quot; style=&quot;line-height:1.3em;&quot; |[[Colombia]]
|-
! class=&quot;infobox-label&quot; scope=&quot;row&quot; style=&quot;white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;&quot; |Ógbè
| class=&quot;infobox-data&quot; style=&quot;line-height:1.3em;&quot; |[[Cauca Department|Ngalaba Cauca]]
|-
! class=&quot;infobox-label&quot; scope=&quot;row&quot; style=&quot;white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;&quot; |[[Extinct language|Ndị nwụrụ anwụ]]
| class=&quot;infobox-data&quot; style=&quot;line-height:1.3em;&quot; |site na 2016&lt;ref name=&quot;e19&quot;&gt;[https://www.ethnologue.com/19/language/ttk/ Totoró] at ''[[Ethnologue]]'' (19th ed., 2016) &lt;span style=&quot;position:relative; top: -2px;&quot;&gt;[[File:Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg|link=Paywall|alt=Closed access icon|14x14px|closed access publication – behind paywall]]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
! class=&quot;infobox-label&quot; scope=&quot;row&quot; style=&quot;white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;&quot; |&lt;div style=&quot;display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0; &quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;wrap&quot;&gt;[[Language family|Ezinụlọ asụsụ]]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
| class=&quot;infobox-data&quot; style=&quot;line-height:1.3em;&quot; |&lt;div style=&quot;text-align:left;&quot;&gt;[[Barbacoan languages|Asụsụ Barbacoan]]
* NorthernCoconucanTotoró
** [[Coconucan language|Akị bekee]]
*** '''Totoró'''
&lt;/div&gt;
|-
! colspan=&quot;2&quot; class=&quot;infobox-header&quot; style=&quot;color: black; background-color:  #c0dde6;&quot; |Koodu asụsụ
|-
! class=&quot;infobox-label&quot; scope=&quot;row&quot; style=&quot;white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;&quot; |&lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;[[ISO 639-3]]&lt;/span&gt;
| class=&quot;infobox-data&quot; style=&quot;line-height:1.3em;&quot; |&lt;code&gt;[[iso639-3:ttk|ttk]]&lt;/code&gt;
|-
! class=&quot;infobox-label&quot; scope=&quot;row&quot; style=&quot;white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;&quot; |''[[Glottolog]]''
| class=&quot;infobox-data&quot; style=&quot;line-height:1.3em;&quot; |&lt;code&gt;[https://glottolog.org/resource/languoid/id/toto1306 toto1306]&lt;/code&gt;
|-
! class=&quot;infobox-label&quot; scope=&quot;row&quot; style=&quot;white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;&quot; |[[Endangered Languages Project|ELP]]
| class=&quot;infobox-data&quot; style=&quot;line-height:1.3em;&quot; |[https://www.endangeredlanguages.com/elp-language/3495 Totoró]
|-
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; class=&quot;infobox-full-data&quot; style=&quot;line-height:1.3em;&quot; |[[File:Totoró.png|frameless]]&lt;div style=&quot;text-align:left;&quot;&gt;Map nke ebe a na-asụ Totoró na Colombia&lt;/div&gt;
|-
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; class=&quot;infobox-full-data&quot; style=&quot;line-height:1.3em;&quot; |[[File:Lang_Status_20-CR.svg|frameless]]&lt;div style=&quot;text-align:left;&quot;&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;center&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 85%;&quot;&gt;A na-ahazi Totoró dị ka Critically Endangered site na [[UNESCO]] Atlas of the World's Languages in Danger &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;&lt;cite class=&quot;citation book cs1&quot; id=&quot;CITEREFMoseley2010&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;cx-segment&quot; data-segmentid=&quot;96&quot;&gt;Moseley, Christopher, ed. &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;cx-segment&quot; data-segmentid=&quot;97&quot;&gt;(2010). &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;cx-segment&quot; data-segmentid=&quot;98&quot;&gt;[https://unesdoc.unesco.org/ark:/48223/pf0000187026/PDF/187026eng.pdf.multi ''Atlas of the World's Languages in Danger''] (3&amp;nbsp;ed.). &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;cx-segment&quot; data-segmentid=&quot;99&quot;&gt;Paris: UNESCO Publishing. &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;cx-segment&quot; data-segmentid=&quot;100&quot;&gt;pp.&amp;nbsp;&lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;16–&lt;/span&gt;17. &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;cx-segment&quot; data-segmentid=&quot;101&quot;&gt;[[ISBN (identifier)|ISBN]]&amp;nbsp;[[Special:BookSources/978-92-3-104096-2|&lt;bdi&gt;978-92-3-104096-2&lt;/bdi&gt;]].&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
|}
{{Reflist}}
'''Totoro''' ma ọ bụ '''Totoró''' bụ asụsụ Barbacoan nke a na-asụbu na ndịda ọdịda anyanwụ Colombia, na ngalaba Cauca site n'aka ndị Totoro, ndị dị ihe dị ka mmadụ 1,000. {{Sfn|Curnow|Liddicoat|1998|p=385}} Asụsụ ahụ kwụsịrị n'afọ 2016, naanị ndị na-asụ ya anọ a maara na 1998.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Did you know Totoró is dormant?|url=http://www.endangeredlanguages.com/lang/3495|accessdate=2025-06-15|work=Endangered Languages|language=en|archivedate=2025-07-08|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20250708075508/https://endangeredlanguages.com/lang/3495}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Nchịkọta ==
Totoro, tinyere [[Asụsụ Guambiano|Guambiano]] na [[Asụsụ Coconucan|Asụsụ Coconuco]]&lt;nowiki/&gt;nke na-adịghịzi adị, mejupụtara obere ìgwè nke [[Awan language|Asụsụ Barbacoan]]. A na-ewere ụdị asụsụ ndị a mgbe ụfọdụ dị ka olumba nke otu asụsụ Coconucan.

N'ime ezinụlọ Barbacoan, Coconucan na Awa Pit mejupụtara alaka ugwu ya.

== Edensibia ==
{{Languages of Colombia}}

== Akwụkwọ ==

* {{Cite journal|author=Curnow|first=Timothy Jowan|date=1998|title=The Barbacoan Languages of Colombia and Ecuador|url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/30028647|journal=Anthropological Linguistics|volume=40|issue=3|pages=384–408|issn=0003-5483}}
*  
* (es) Geny Gonzales Castaño, ̊ &quot;Anyị ga-adị iche&quot; Nkọwa maka ịtụgharị uche n'ihe odide asụsụ nam trik ̊, na Tulio Rojas Curieux, Corpus linguistico: ọmụmụ na itinye n'ọrụ na ime ka asụsụ ụmụ amaala dịghachi ndụ, Popayán, Mahadum Cauca, 2017 (gụọ n'ịntanetị), p. 103-128</text>
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    <title>Anike (rapper)</title>
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{{Databox}}

 
'''Ireoluwa-Anike Dees''' {{Audio|LL-Q34311 (yor)-Tunmise123-Ireoluwa-Anike.wav|Listen}} (amụrụ '''Mutiat Yewande Isola''' ), a maara ya nke ọma dịka '''Anike''' (onye a maara na mbụ dịka '''Wande''' ), &lt;ref name=&quot;Kramer McGinnis-2024&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|author=Kramer McGinnis|first=Kelsey|date=24 June 2024|title=You Can Love Rap, Jesus, and the Color Pink|url=https://www.christianitytoday.com/ct/2024/june-web-only/wande-anike-lecrae-reach-records-christian-hip-hop-chh.html|accessdate=8 July 2024|work=[[Christianity Today]]}} &lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;GospelNameChange&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://gospelmusic.org/news/wande-announces-name-change-to-anike|title=Wande Announces Name Change to Anike|date=July 5, 2024}}&lt;/ref&gt; bụ onye rap na Naịjirịa-Amerịka, onye na-eme ihe nkiri na onye bụbu onye nta akụkọ na onye nchịkwa A&amp;amp;amp;R si Austin, Texas, United States. Ọ bịanyere aka na ụlọ ọrụ egwu hip hop nke ndị Kraịst bụ Reach Records na 2019, ebe ọ rụrụ ọrụ dịka onye nchịkwa A&amp;R. Tupu nke ahụ, dịka onye na-ese ihe n'onwe ya, site na 2013 ruo 2018, o wepụtara ọtụtụ egwu egwu ma mee ọtụtụ ihe ngosi na egwu dị iche iche, ma rụọkwa ọrụ dịka onye nta akụkọ egwu . Ọ bụ nwanyị mbụ bịanyere aka na Reach. E wepụtara egwu mbụ ya (EP), ''Exit'', na Eprel 24, 2020, wee soro ya obere EP ''The Decision'' na Disemba 4, 2020.

== Akụkọ Ndụ ==

=== Ndụ mbido ===
A mụrụ Anike na Naịjirịa mana a zụlitere ya na Round Rock, Texas, wee zụlite ya na Austin, Texas, United States. &lt;ref name=&quot;Ebe-2019&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|author=Ebe|date=March 27, 2019|title=Women to Watch: Rapper, Wande Isola|url=https://www.onetribemag.com/2019/03/27/women-to-watch-rapper-wande-isola/|accessdate=March 25, 2020|work=OneTribeMag|archivedate=February 12, 2020|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20200212102918/https://www.onetribemag.com/2019/03/27/women-to-watch-rapper-wande-isola/}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;Ashcraft-2019&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|author=Ashcraft|first=Michael|date=April 12, 2019|title=Rising rapper overcame Muslim family opposition to follow Jesus|url=https://godreports.com/2019/04/rising-rapper-overcame-muslim-family-opposition-to-follow-jesus/|accessdate=March 27, 2020|work=God Reports}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ọtụtụ n'ime ndị ezinụlọ ya bụ [[Ndi áláküba|ndị Alakụba]], ma e wezụga nne ya, onye bụ Onye Kraịst. &lt;ref name=&quot;Ashcraft-2019&quot; /&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;Sarachik-2020b&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|author=Sarachik|first=Justin|date=2020-04-23|title=Muslim Born, Christian Made, Career Change, &amp; New Lane – Wande [Interview]|url=https://rapzilla.com/2020-04-wande-exit-interview-part-1/|accessdate=2020-11-29|work=[[Rapzilla]]|language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; Na mbụ, a naghị ekwe ka ọ gaa chọọchị, wee malite ibili n'elekere ise nke ụtụtụ ịgụ Baịbụl ma soro nne ya gaa ọrụ ka e wee buru ya gaa chọọchị. &lt;ref name=&quot;Relevant-2020&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|date=2020-05-11|title=Wande Is Reach Records' First Woman Artist and She's Just Getting Started|url=https://relevantmagazine.com/culture/wande-is-reach-records-first-woman-artist-and-shes-just-getting-started/|accessdate=2020-11-30|work=[[Relevant (magazine)|Relevant]]|language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; Anike kwuru na Eprel 2020 na ọ na-eme ihe ọchị &quot;na m ga-aga ụlọ alakụba na chọọchị&quot;. &lt;ref name=&quot;Sarachik-2020b&quot; /&gt; Mmasị o nwere gbasara Chineke mere ka ọ chọọ egwu rap Ndị Kraịst na ịntanetị, ihe mbụ ọ rụpụtara bụ egwu 2006 nke Lecrae dere. &lt;ref name=&quot;Sarachik-2020b&quot; /&gt; Mgbe ọ nọ na klas nke isii, ọ malitere ịkpọ ọjà ma mụọ egwu ruo ụlọ akwụkwọ sekọndrị dị elu. &lt;ref name=&quot;Sarachik-2020b&quot; /&gt; Ọ ghọrọ Onye Kraịst na klas nke asaa mgbe ọ na-arụ ọrụ n'ogige ndị agha na 2009 na Columbus, Texas, mkpebi nke mere ka o nweta mmegide site n'aka ezinụlọ ya. &lt;ref name=&quot;Ashcraft-2019&quot; /&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;Sarachik-2020b&quot; /&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;Ryan-2019&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|author=Ryan|first=Patrick|date=August 15, 2019|title=Christian hip hop is having a moment: 6 rappers you should know, including chart-topper NF|url=https://www.usatoday.com/story/entertainment/music/2019/08/15/christian-rappers-you-need-know-including-chart-topper-nf/1987932001/|accessdate=March 25, 2020|work=[[USA Today]]}}&lt;/ref&gt; Mgbe ọ nọ n'ogige ahụ, ọ hụkwara ihe ngosi nke otu ndị otu egwu hip hop nke Christian 116 Clique, nke Lecrae, Trip Lee, Tedashii, na Sho Baraka mere n'oge ahụ. &lt;ref name=&quot;Sarachik-2020b&quot; /&gt;

=== Ọrụ mbụ ===
N'agbanyeghị mmasị mbụ a na egwu, Anike chọrọ ịbụ dọkịta, ma debanye aha na mmemme ahụike na sayensị na ụlọ akwụkwọ sekọndrị dị elu. &lt;ref name=&quot;Sarachik-2020b&quot;/&gt; Ọ malitere inwe mmasị n'ịkụ egwu mgbe onye nkuzi bayọlọji nyere ya ohere ide egwu rap gbasara ụgbọ njem ekwentị kama ide edemede ma ọ bụ ime ihe ngosi. &lt;ref name=&quot;Ebe-2019&quot;/&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;Sarachik-2020b&quot; /&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|author=McCormick|first=Kiernan|date=March 21, 2022|title=UT alum, Christian hip-hop artist Wande Isola aims to empower women, encourage people to be themselves|url=https://thedailytexan.com/2022/03/21/ut-alum-christian-hip-hop-artist-wande-isola-aims-to-empower-women-encourage-people-to-be-themselves/|accessdate=2022-11-13|work=[[The Daily Texan]]}}&lt;/ref&gt; N'agbanyeghị nke a, ọ gara n'ihu na-amụ ahụike na sayensị na mbụ, ọbụna nweta ikike ịbụ onye enyemaka nọọsụ. &lt;ref name=&quot;Sarachik-2020b&quot; /&gt; Dịka Anike si kwuo, o nwere &quot;mgba dị n'ime ya na ihe rap niile. Ndị Africa anaghị akpata nsogbu n'ọrụ okike. Ị ga-aghọ dọkịta ma ọ bụ ọkaiwu.&quot; &lt;ref name=&quot;Sarachik-2020b&quot; /&gt; Agbanyeghị, o kpebiri ịgbanwe majors wee banye na akụkọ nta akụkọ na mmekọrịta ọha na eze na Mahadum Texas na Austin . &lt;ref name=&quot;Ashcraft-2019&quot;/&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;Sarachik-2020b&quot; /&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;Ryan-2019&quot;/&gt; Dịka onye nta akụkọ, ọ tụrụ anya na ya nwere ike ịnweta ndị na-ese ihe, gaa egwu egwu, ma duzie ajụjụ ọnụ. &lt;ref name=&quot;Sarachik-2020b&quot; /&gt; N'oge na-adịghị anya, ọ malitere ide ihe maka weebụsaịtị ndị hip hop Christian Rapzilla, wee malite inyere ụlọ ọrụ egwu hip hop Christian RMG aka. &lt;ref name=&quot;Sarachik-2020b&quot; /&gt; Ọ gbara egwu n'ihe omume kampus dịka ụdị ozi Ndị Kraịst . &lt;ref name=&quot;Ashcraft-2019&quot; /&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;Ryan-2019&quot; /&gt; Ọ bụ onye otu Alpha Kappa Alpha nke ọ katọrọ ma hapụ &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://elev8.com/2145796/wande-baptized/|title=Wande Gets Baptized!|date=May 2, 2024|accessdate=March 17, 2026|archivedate=September 10, 2025|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20250910200522/https://elev8.com/2145796/wande-baptized/}}&lt;/ref&gt; na Sigma Phi Lambda sororities, National Association of Black Journalists, IGotSole Dance Company, na Texas Orange Jackets. &lt;ref name=&quot;Ashcraft-2019&quot; /&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|author=Rollins|first=Kara|date=November 16, 2015|title=Look Out for Wande Isola|url=https://www.hercampus.com/school/texas/look-out-wande-isola|accessdate=March 29, 2020|work=[[Her Campus]]}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|date=May 2, 2018|title=Outstanding Spring 2018 Grads|url=https://moody.utexas.edu/news/outstanding-spring-2018-grads|accessdate=March 29, 2020|work=Moody College of Communication}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ndekọ mbụ ya ewepụtara bụ ihe nkiri na egwu &quot;BIG&quot; nke D-Flow dere na abọm ''Quarter to Vinci'' nke afọ 2013. &lt;ref name=&quot;Solis-2013&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|author=Solis|first=Steven|date=November 12, 2013|title=D-Flow 'Quarter To Vinci'|url=https://rapzilla.com/2013-11-d-flow-quarter-to-vinci/|accessdate=March 25, 2020|work=[[Rapzilla]]}}&lt;/ref&gt; O wepụtara egwu mbụ ya, &quot;No Flex&quot; nke gosipụtara ikleyledmarlon, na Mee 2016. &lt;ref name=&quot;Solis-2016&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|author=Solis|first=Steven|date=May 27, 2016|title=Free Download: Wande - No Flex ft. ikilledmarlon|url=https://rapzilla.com/2016-05-free-download-wande-no-flex-ft-ikilledmarlon/|accessdate=March 25, 2020|work=[[Rapzilla]]}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ọ rụrụ ọrụ na South by Southwest na 2016, &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|author=Harrington|first=Jim|date=March 10, 2016|title=SXSW 2016 music lineup: Here's the complete list|url=https://www.mercurynews.com/2016/03/10/sxsw-2016-music-lineup-heres-the-complete-list/|accessdate=March 29, 2020|work=[[The Mercury News]]}}&lt;/ref&gt; 2017, &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|author=Curtin|first=Kevin|date=January 19, 2017|title=SXSW Music List Four|url=https://www.austinchronicle.com/daily/music/2017-01-19/sxsw-music-list-four/|accessdate=March 29, 2020|work=[[The Austin Chronicle]]}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|date=March 11, 2017|title=SXSW 2017 Preview – Friday|url=https://www.qromag.com/features/sxsw-2017-preview-friday/|accessdate=March 29, 2020|work=QRO Magazine}}&lt;/ref&gt; na 2018. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|date=March 4, 2018|title=SXSW 2018 Preview – Friday|url=https://www.qromag.com/features/sxsw-2018-preview-friday/|accessdate=March 29, 2020|work=QRO Magazine}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ọ rụrụ ọrụ A&amp;R maka Ace Harris, na 2017, mgbe ọ ka na-agụ akwụkwọ mahadum, ọ malitere ọrụ ọzụzụ na Reach Records. &lt;ref name=&quot;Sarachik-2020c&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|author=Sarachik|first=Justin|date=2020-05-02|title=Signing a Deal, Changing the Game, &amp; Respecting the Name – How Wande is Leading the Charge Past 'Labels' [Interview]|url=https://rapzilla.com/2020-05-wande-leading-charge-past-labels-interview/|accessdate=2020-11-30|work=[[Rapzilla]]|language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;Moreno-2019&quot; /&gt; O wepụtara egwu iri na otu n'afọ 2018, wee sonye na ndepụta Rapzilla nke ndị Freshman iri na ise nke 2019. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|author=Sarachik|first=Justin|date=January 9, 2019|title=Rapzilla.Com's 15 Freshmen Of 2019|url=https://rapzilla.com/2019-01-rapzilla-coms-15-freshmen-of-2019/|accessdate=2022-11-13|work=[[Rapzilla]]}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;Voyage ATL-2019&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|date=August 7, 2019|title=Meet Wande Isola of Reach Records in Midtown|url=http://voyageatl.com/interview/meet-wande-isola-reach-records-midtown/|accessdate=2022-11-13|work=Voyage ATL|language=en-US|archivedate=2022-11-13|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20221113190835/http://voyageatl.com/interview/meet-wande-isola-reach-records-midtown/}}&lt;/ref&gt; Obere oge tupu ọ gụchaa akwụkwọ na 2018, e were ya n'ọrụ dịka onye nchịkwa maka A&amp;R nke label ahụ. &lt;ref name=&quot;Sarachik-2020c&quot; /&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;Moreno-2019&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|author=Moreno|first=Chelsea|date=May 1, 2019|title='Blessed Up': UT Austin alumna Wande Isola signs with record label|work=KXAN Austin|url=https://www.kxan.com/news/local/austin/blessed-up-ut-austin-alumna-wande-isola-signs-with-record-label/|accessdate=March 25, 2020|publisher=[[KXAN-TV]]|archivedate=March 25, 2020|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20200325033135/https://www.kxan.com/news/local/austin/blessed-up-ut-austin-alumna-wande-isola-signs-with-record-label/}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Reach Records (2018—ugbu a) ===
N'afọ sochirinụ, mgbe ọnwa ise gachara ọrụ ya dịka A&amp;R, e tinyere ya aka dịka onye na-ese ihe na Reach. &lt;ref name=&quot;Law-2019&quot; /&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|author=Yap|first=Timothy|date=April 24, 2020|title=Wande, the First Lady of Reach Records, Shares the Heart Behind &quot;Exit&quot;|url=http://www.hallels.com/articles/23702/20200424/wande-the-first-lady-of-reach-records-talks-about-the-heart-behind-exit.htm|accessdate=2022-11-13|work=JubileeCast|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; O wepụtara egwu mbụ ya na akara ahụ, &quot;Blessed Up&quot;, n'ọnwa Eprel. &lt;ref name=&quot;Blessed Up&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=Blessed Up - Single by Wande|url=https://music.apple.com/us/album/blessed-up-single/1459386367|accessdate=March 25, 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt; A ga-edepụta egwu ahụ n'afọ na-abịa na ndepụta egwu Michelle Obama . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|author=Hicks|first=Frederick|date=2020-08-07|title=Wand featured on Vol. 1 The Michelle Obama Playlist|url=https://rapzilla.com/2020-08-wande-featured-michelle-obamas-playlist/|accessdate=2020-11-30|work=[[Rapzilla]]|language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; Wande bụ nwanyị mbụ bịanyere aka na akara ahụ. &lt;ref name=&quot;Law-2019&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|author=Law|first=Jeannie|date=April 12, 2019|title=Lecrae signs first-ever female artist to Reach Records: Wande|url=https://www.christianpost.com/news/lecrae-signs-first-ever-female-artist-to-reach-records-wande.html|accessdate=March 25, 2020|work=[[The Christian Post]]}}&lt;/ref&gt; O kwupụtala olileanya na mbinye aka ya ga-eme ka ọ dịrị ụmụ nwanyị ndị ọzọ na-eme rap mfe ịchụso ọrụ na ụdị egwu hip hop nke ndị Kraịst nke ụmụ nwoke na-achị. &quot;Echere m na ọ ga-egosi akara ndị ọzọ na ị kwesịghị ịtụ egwu ịbịanye aka na ụmụ nwanyị. Ana m anụ ọtụtụ ihe ngọpụ dị ka, 'Ọ dị oke ọnụ' ma ọ bụ 'Oh, anyị amaghị etu ahịa ga-esi meghachi omume na nwanyị.' 'Ha ga-azụta egwu ya?' N'ụzọ doro anya, ọtụtụ ụlọ ọrụ Ndị Kraịst enweghị ego iji nwalee onye na-ese ihe na Ndị Kraịst n'enweghị nsogbu n'ihi na ị ga-ahụ na ha bara uru. Ya mere, ọtụtụ ụmụ nwanyị na-enweta obere njedebe nke osisi ahụ n'ihi na ha achọghị ịgba chaa chaa na nwanyị.&quot; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|author=Sarachik|first=Justin|date=April 12, 2019|title=Wande Talks About Signing to Reach Records &amp; What's Coming Next|url=https://rapzilla.com/2019-04-wande-talks-about-signing-to-reach-records-whats-coming-next/|accessdate=March 25, 2020|work=[[Rapzilla]]}}&lt;/ref&gt; O kwuru na o were oge tupu egwu ya apụta n'ihi nguzogide o zutere n'ụlọ ọrụ egwu n'ihi na e jighị ikike ya kpọrọ ihe n'ihi na ọ bụ nwanyị. Dịka ọmụmaatụ, ọ kọrọ na &quot;M ga-efega ebe ọzọ, dee otu abọm dum, ma rịọ maka egwu ahụ, onye ahụ agaghị ezipụkwa egwu ahụ. Amụtara m ọtụtụ ihe gbasara otú ndị mmadụ si eji gị kpọrọ ihe.&quot; &lt;ref name=&quot;Sarachik-2020c&quot;/&gt; O kwukwara ihe isi ike dị n'inweta mmasị n'egwu ya mgbe egwu ya na-ekwu maka mmekọahụ. &lt;ref name=&quot;Voyage ATL-2019&quot;/&gt;

Na Machị 30, 2020, Anike kwupụtara abọm mbụ ya na-abịa, ''Exit'', &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|author=McKinion|first=Caleb|date=March 30, 2020|title=Wande Announces Her Debut Album 'Exit'|url=https://rapzilla.com/2020-03-wande-announces-her-debut-album-exit/|accessdate=April 5, 2020|work=Rapzilla}}&lt;/ref&gt;, ewepụtarakwa otu egwu &quot;Happy&quot; na Eprel 3, 2020. &lt;ref name=&quot;Sarachik-2020a&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|author=Sarachik|first=Justin|date=2020-04-03|title=Wande Drops Epic Music Video for 'Happy'|url=https://rapzilla.com/2020-04-wande-drops-epic-music-video-for-happy/|accessdate=2020-04-05|work=[[Rapzilla]]}}&lt;/ref&gt; &quot;Be the Light&quot;, nke Evan na Eris gosipụtara, sochiri ya dịka otu egwu na Eprel 17, 2020. &lt;ref name=&quot;Sarachik-2020d&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|author=Sarachik|first=Justin|date=2020-04-17|title=Wande - Be the Light ft. Evan and Eris - Listen on Rapzilla|url=https://rapzilla.com/2020-04-wande-be-the-light-evan-and-eris/|accessdate=2020-11-30|work=[[Rapzilla]]|language=en-US|archivedate=2020-04-20|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20200420184504/https://rapzilla.com/2020-04-wande-be-the-light-evan-and-eris/}}&lt;/ref&gt; E wepụtara ''Exit'' na Eprel 24, 2020. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|author=Cluver|first=Ross|date=April 24, 2020|title=Wande 'Exit'|url=https://www.ccmmagazine.com/release/wande-exit/|accessdate=2020-11-30|work=[[CCM Magazine]]}}&lt;/ref&gt; Wande ewepụtakwala egwu nwere akụkụ nke 116 (nke bụbu 116 Clique). &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|author=Solis|first=Steven|date=2020-01-16|title=116 - Live Forever ft. 1K Phew, Aaron Cole, Hulvey, Tedashii, Tommy Royale, Trip Lee &amp; Wande - Listen on Rapzilla .com|url=https://rapzilla.com/2020-01-116-live-forever-ft-1k-phew-aaron-cole-hulvey-tedashii-tommy-royale-trip-lee-wande/|accessdate=2020-11-30|work=[[Rapzilla]]|language=en-US}}; {{Cite web|title=The Gift: Live Sessions (Video Album) by 116|url=https://music.apple.com/us/album/the-gift-live-sessions-video-album/1490284696|accessdate=2020-11-30|work=Apple Music|language=en-us}}; {{Cite web|author=Cluver|first=Ross|date=December 2, 2019|title=Reach Records Offers 'The Gift: A Christmas Compilation Deluxe'|url=https://www.ccmmagazine.com/news/reach-records-offers-the-gift-a-christmas-compilation-deluxe/|archiveurl=|archivedate=|accessdate=2020-11-30|work=[[CCM Magazine]]}}; {{Cite web|author=Sarachik|first=Justin|date=2020-10-23|title=116 Spanish Album 'Sin Vergüenza' Drops &amp; Highlights CHH's Latin Diversity|url=https://rapzilla.com/2020-10-116-spanish-album-sin-verguenza-drops-highlights-chh-latin-diversity/|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20210304153654/https://rapzilla.com/2020-10-116-spanish-album-sin-verguenza-drops-highlights-chh-latin-diversity/|archivedate=2021-03-04|accessdate=2020-11-30|work=[[Rapzilla]]|language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; O kwuru na ajụjụ ọnụ nke Eprel 2020 na nna ya na ya emeela udo maka mgbanwe ya na mkpebi ya ịchụso ọrụ egwu hip-hop. &lt;ref name=&quot;Relevant-2020&quot;/&gt; Na Disemba 4, 2020, o wepụtara obere egwu atọ nke akpọrọ ''The Decision'' . [ note 1 ]

=== Mgbanwe aha ===
Na Julaị 2024, ọ gbanwere aha ogbo ya site na Wande gaa na Anike, &lt;ref name=&quot;Kramer McGinnis-2024&quot;/&gt; obere ụdị aha iwu etiti ọhụrụ ya, Ireoluwa-Anike, nke bụ ahịrịokwu [[Asụsụ Yoruba|Yoruba]] nke pụtara &quot;ịdị mma nke Chineke&quot; &lt;ref name=&quot;GospelNameChange&quot;/&gt;

== Ndụ nkeonwe ==
E wezụga Bekee, Anike na-asụ [[asụsụ Yoruba]] nke ọma. &lt;ref name=&quot;Ebe-2019&quot;/&gt;

N'oge opupu ihe ubi nke afọ 2022, ọ lụrụ Darius Dees. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|author=Desirai|first=Kiara|date=2022-05-26|title=Wande announces she is officially married to fiancé Darius Dees|url=https://thelinkentertainment.com/2022/05/wande-announces-she-is-officially-married-to-fiance-darius-dees/|accessdate=2022-11-13|work=The Link Entertainment|language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ihe nkiri egwu ==

=== Abọm ===
{| class=&quot;wikitable plainrowheaders&quot; style=&quot;text-align:center&quot;
|+Ndepụta nke abọm nwere nkọwa ahọpụtara
! scope=&quot;col&quot; style=&quot;width:13em&quot; | Aha
! scope=&quot;col&quot; | Nkọwa
|-
! scope=&quot;row&quot; | ''Ụzọ ọpụpụ''
|
* E wepụtara ya: Eprel 24, 2020
* Akara: Nweta
* Usoro: Nbudata dijitalụ, gụgharia
|}

=== EPs ===
{| class=&quot;wikitable plainrowheaders&quot; style=&quot;text-align:center&quot;
|+Ndepụta nke EP nwere nkọwa ahọpụtara
! scope=&quot;col&quot; style=&quot;width:13em&quot; | Aha
! scope=&quot;col&quot; | Nkọwa
|-
! scope=&quot;row&quot; | ''Mkpebi ahụ''
|
* E wepụtara ya: Disemba 4, 2020
* Akara: Nweta
* Usoro: Nbudata dijitalụ, gụgharia
|-
! scope=&quot;row&quot; | ''Ngwakọta Rap''
|
* E wepụtara ya: Machị 28, 2025
* Akara: Nweta
* Usoro: Nbudata dijitalụ, gụgharia
|}

=== Ndị otu na-alụbeghị di ma ọ bụ nwunye ===

==== Dịka onye ndu omenkà ====
{| class=&quot;wikitable plainrowheaders&quot;
|+Ndepụta nke ndị na-abụ abụ dịka onye ndu na-egosi afọ ewepụtara na aha abọm
! scope=&quot;col&quot; | Aha
! scope=&quot;col&quot; | A tọhapụrụ
! scope=&quot;col&quot; | Abọm
|-
! scope=&quot;row&quot; | &quot;Enweghị ike&quot; &lt;ref name=&quot;Solis-2016&quot;/&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt; (featuring ikilledmarlon)
| rowspan=&quot;2&quot; | 2016| rowspan=8 {{n/a|Non-album singles}}
|-
! scope=&quot;row&quot; | &quot;Ha Amaghị&quot; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|author=Solis|first=Steven|date=July 14, 2016|title=Free Download: Wande - They Didn't Know|url=https://rapzilla.com/2016-07-wande-they-didnt-know/|accessdate=March 25, 2020|work=[[Rapzilla]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
! scope=&quot;row&quot; | &quot;Hiatus Freestyle&quot; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Hiatus Freestyle - Single by Wande|url=https://music.apple.com/us/album/hiatus-freestyle-single/1322792319|accessdate=March 25, 2020|archivedate=March 25, 2020|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20200325033137/https://music.apple.com/us/album/hiatus-freestyle-single/1322792319}}&lt;/ref&gt;
| 2017
|-
! scope=&quot;row&quot; | &quot;Ebuli elu&quot; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Elevated (feat. Byron Juane) - Single by Wande &amp; PoetiCS|url=https://music.apple.com/us/album/elevated-feat-byron-juane-single/1372835702|accessdate=March 25, 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt; (featuring Bryon Juane)
| rowspan=&quot;4&quot; | 2018
|-
! scope=&quot;row&quot; | &quot;Fuego&quot; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Fuego - Single by Wande|url=https://music.apple.com/us/album/fuego-single/1418927115|accessdate=March 25, 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
! scope=&quot;row&quot; | &quot;Fuego&quot; (mgwakọta ọhụrụ) &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Fuego (feat. Parris Chariz) [Remix] - Single|url=https://music.apple.com/us/album/fuego-feat-parris-chariz-remix-single/1435422083|accessdate=March 25, 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt; (featuring Parris Chariz)
|-
! scope=&quot;row&quot; | &quot;Aghaghị m ibi ndụ&quot; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=I Gotta Live - Single by Wande|url=https://music.apple.com/us/album/i-gotta-live-single/1446320078|accessdate=March 25, 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
! scope=&quot;row&quot; | &quot;Ngọzi Dị Elu&quot; &lt;ref name=&quot;Blessed Up&quot;/&gt;
| rowspan=&quot;4&quot; | 2019
|-
! scope=&quot;row&quot; | &quot;N'ime Luv&quot; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|author=Reach Records|title=Wande - In Luv|work=[[YouTube]]|date=July 18, 2019|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=xd9F-UwwBkE|accessdate=March 25, 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt;
| rowspan=&quot;2&quot; | ''Oge okpomọkụ nke iri na itoolu''
|-
! scope=&quot;row&quot; | &quot;BAND$&quot; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|author=Reach Records|date=July 18, 2019|title=Wande - BAND$ feat. Byron Juane|work=[[YouTube]]|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=K6Yjqv5WSlo|accessdate=March 25, 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt; (featuring Byron Juane)
|-
! scope=&quot;row&quot; | &quot;Enweghị oke&quot; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|author=Longs|first=Herb|date=November 14, 2019|title=Reach Records Recording Artist Wande Presents 'No Limits'|url=http://www.thechristianbeat.org/index.php/news-2/6889-reach-records-recording-artist-wande-presents-no-limits|accessdate=March 25, 2020|work=TheChristianBeat.org}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|{{n/a|Non-album single}}
|-
! scope=&quot;row&quot; | &quot;Obi ụtọ&quot; &lt;ref name=&quot;Sarachik-2020a&quot;/&gt;
| rowspan=&quot;4&quot; | 2020
| rowspan=&quot;2&quot; | ''Ụzọ ọpụpụ''
|-
! scope=&quot;row&quot; | &quot;Bụrụ Ìhè&quot; &lt;ref name=&quot;Sarachik-2020d&quot;/&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt; (featuring Evan and Eris)
|-
! scope=&quot;row&quot; | &quot;Bịa n'ụzọ m&quot; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|author=Clarks|first=Jessie|date=2020-07-29|title=Wande Releases New Track &quot;Come My Way&quot;|url=https://www.thechristianbeat.org/wande-releases-new-track-come-my-way/|accessdate=2022-11-13|work=The Christian Beat|language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt; (featuring Teni na Toyé)
| ''Oge okpomọkụ nke iri abụọ''
|-
! scope=&quot;row&quot; | &quot;Nke Ikpeazụ&quot; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|author=Clarks|first=Jessie|date=2020-12-10|title=Wande &quot;Last&quot; Official Video|url=https://www.thechristianbeat.org/wande-last-official-video/|accessdate=2022-11-13|work=The Christian Beat|language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;
| ''Mkpebi ahụ''
|-
! scope=&quot;row&quot; | &quot;Ngọzi Dị Elu&quot; (ngwakọta ọhụrụ) &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|author=Clarks|first=Jessie|date=2021-04-12|title=Wande Surprises Fans With &quot;Blessed Up Remix&quot; Feat. Lecrae &amp; Mike Todd|url=https://www.thechristianbeat.org/wande-surprises-fans-with-blessed-up-remix-feat-lecrae-mike-todd/|accessdate=2022-11-13|work=The Christian Beat|language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt; (featuring Lecrae na Mike Todd gosipụtara)
| rowspan=&quot;2&quot; | 2021|{{n/a|Non-album single}}
|-
! scope=&quot;row&quot; | &quot;Echegbula onwe gị maka ya&quot; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|author=Wande|date=August 12, 2021|title=Wande, Porsha Love - Don't Worry Bout It|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=MpN9oUjbNqs&amp;ab_channel=ReachRecords|accessdate=November 13, 2022}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt; (with Porsha Love)
| ''Oge okpomọkụ nke iri abụọ na otu''
|-
! scope=&quot;row&quot; | &quot;Chineke Ukwu&quot; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|author=Clarks|first=Jessie|date=2021-06-04|title=Wande Releases &quot;Big God&quot;|url=https://www.thechristianbeat.org/wande-releases-big-god/|accessdate=2022-11-13|work=The Christian Beat|language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;
| rowspan=&quot;2&quot; | 2022|rowspan=&quot;2&quot; {{n/a|Non-album singles}}
|-
! scope=&quot;row&quot; | &quot;Ha Amaghị II&quot; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=They Didn't Know II - Single by Wande|url=https://music.apple.com/us/album/they-didnt-know-ii-single/1614479408|accessdate=November 13, 2022}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|}

==== Dịka onye na-ese ihe nkiri pụtara ìhè ====

=== Mpụta ndị ọbịa ===
{| class=&quot;wikitable plainrowheaders&quot;
|+Ndepụta nke ndị ọbịa na-abụghị otu afọ ewepụtara, ndị omenkà ndị ọzọ apụtala, na aha abọm ahụ
! scope=&quot;col&quot; | Aha
! scope=&quot;col&quot; | Afọ
! scope=&quot;col&quot; | Ndị omenkà ndị ọzọ
! scope=&quot;col&quot; | Abọm
|-
! scope=&quot;row&quot; | &quot;Onye Ikpeazụ&quot; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|author=Andre|first=Joshua|date=June 9, 2020|title=Marty - Marty for President 2|url=https://www.365daysofinspiringmedia.com/reviews/marty-marty-for-president-2/|accessdate=2020-11-30|work=365 Days of Inspiring Media}}&lt;/ref&gt;
| rowspan=&quot;3&quot; | 2020
| Marty
| ''Marty maka Onyeisiala nke Abụọ''
|-
! scope=&quot;row&quot; | &quot;Ella&quot; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|date=2020-10-06|title='Sin Vergüenza' Album by 116; Tracklist, Cover Artwork &amp; Release Date|url=https://rapzilla.com/2020-10-116-sin-verguenza-album-tracklist-cover-artwork-release-date/|accessdate=2021-05-29|work=Rapzilla|language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;
| 116, Lizzy Parra
| ''Sin Vergüenza''
|-
! scope=&quot;row&quot; | &quot;Ngwagharị eweghachiri&quot; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|author=Cluver|first=Ross|date=November 13, 2020|title=Lecrae Releases 6 New Songs on 'Restoration: The Deluxe Album'|url=https://www.ccmmagazine.com/news/lecrae-releases-6-new-songs-on-restoration-the-deluxe-album/|accessdate=2020-11-30|work=[[CCM Magazine]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;
| Hulvey, 1K Phew
| ''Mweghachi: Abọm Deluxe''
|}

== Ihe nkiri ==
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
!Afọ
! Aha
! Ọrụ
! Ihe ndetu
|-
| 2023
| Stanton &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Stanton (2023) &amp;#124; Drama|work=[[IMDb]]|url=https://m.imdb.com/title/tt20201670/?ref_=fn_al_tt_0}}&lt;/ref&gt;
| Sarana
| Ihe nkiri a ma ama
|}

== Ihe ndetu ==
na-achị. &quot;Echere m na ọ ga-egosi akara ndị ọzọ na ị kwesịghị ịtụ egwu ịbịanye aka na ụmụ nwanyị. Ana m anụ ọtụtụ ihe ngọpụ dị ka, 'Ọ dị oke ọnụ' ma ọ bụ 'Oh, anyị amaghị etu ahịa ga-esi meghachi omume na nwanyị.' 'Ha ga-azụta egwu ya?' N'ụzọ doro anya, ọtụtụ ụlọ ọrụ Ndị Kraịst enweghị ego iji nwalee onye na-ese ihe na Ndị Kraịst n'enweghị nsogbu n'ihi na ị ga-ahụ na ha bara uru. Ya mere, ọtụtụ ụmụ nwanyị na-enweta obere njedebe nke osisi ahụ n'ihi na ha achọghị ịgba chaa chaa na nwanyị{{Reflist}}
[[Otú:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ]]
[[Otú:Articles with hCards]]
[[Otú:Short description is different from Wikidata]]
[[Otú:Articles with short description]]
[[Otú:Pages with unreviewed translations]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>BANZSL</title>
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      <text bytes="9087" sha1="4n5bqep26ga23f3kg3ztf0f2jcawyk7" xml:space="preserve">{{Short description|Ezinụlọ asụsụ ogbi}}

'''Asụsụ Ndị Ogbi nke Britain, Australia na New Zealand''' ('''BANZSL''', &lt;ref name=&quot;becauselanguage&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=https://becauselanguage.com/102-signed-language-mailbag/|title=102: Signed Language Mailbag (with Adam Schembri, Christy Filipich, and Mark Ellison)|work=Because Language|date=27 July 2024|access-date=26 August 2024}}&lt;/ref&gt;), ma ọ bụ ezinụlọ '''Asụsụ Ogbi nke Britain (BSL)''', bụ [[ezinụlọ asụsụ]] ma ọ bụ otu nke nwere [[asụsụ ogbi]] atọ metụtara: [[Asụsụ Ogbi nke Britain]], [[Auslan]] na [[Asụsụ Ogbi nke New Zealand]] (NZSL). Ndị ọkà mmụta asụsụ [[Trevor Johnston]] na Adam Schembri chepụtara okwu ahụ bụ ''BANZSL'' n'ụzọ na-abụghị nke ha na mmalite afọ 2000.&lt;ref&gt;Johnston, T. (2002). BSL, Auslan and NZSL: Three sign languages or one? In A. Baker, B. van den Bogaerde &amp; O. Crasborn (Eds.), &quot;Cross-linguistic perspectives in sign language research: Selected papers from TISLR 2000&quot; (pp. 47-69). Hamburg: Signum Verlag.&lt;/ref&gt; Agbanyeghị, na 2024, Schembri kwuru na akụkọ Wikipedia gbasara BANZSL amalitela ịkọwa ya na nkọwa doro anya ma ọ bụ nke ikike nke &quot;asụsụ nke asụsụ BSL nke oge a na asụsụ ndị ogbi Auslan na New Zealand si malite&quot;, ihe ọ pụtara bụ na &quot;obidoro ndụ nke aka ya ihe anyị na-ebughị n'obi&quot;.&lt;ref name=&quot;becauselanguage&quot;/&gt; N'ihi ya, Schembri kwuru na ya na Johnston ajụla okwu ahụ n'ihi mkpesa sitere n'aka ndị obodo ntị chiri, nchegbu na ọ na-anọchi aha nke asụsụ atọ ahụ.&lt;ref name=&quot;becauselanguage&quot;/&gt;

BSL, Auslan na NZSL niile sitere na asụsụ ndị ogbi nke e ji mee ihe na Britain n'oge narị afọ nke 19. Asụsụ atọ a na-ekwu okwu ha nwere njikọ n'otú ha si eji otu ụdị ụtọasụsụ ahụ, [[Aha abụọ e ji aka dee |Aha abụọ e ji aka dee]], na oke dị elu nke okwu (akara) na-ejikọta ọnụ.

[[Asụsụ Ndị Ogbi nke Amerịka]] na ụdị BANZSL abụghị otu asụsụ. Agbanyeghị, okwu ka nwere nnukwu ihe jikọrọ ọnụ, ikekwe n'ihi na ndị bịanyere aka n'ụdị BANZSL atọ niile gbaziri akwụkwọ ọkọwa okwu ọhụrụ, ọtụtụ ndị na-akatọ akwụkwọ na-eto eto amaghị ihe ndị bụ ihe ndị e bubatara ọhụrụ.

N'etiti Auslan, BSL na NZSL, 82% nke akara ndị ahụ yiri ibe ha (kwa [[Ndepụta Swadesh]]). Mgbe a na-atụle ihe ịrịba ama yiri ya na nke yiri ya ma ọ bụ nke yiri ya, e nwere ihe ịrịba ama [[cognate]] 98% n'etiti asụsụ ndị ahụ. Ma e jiri ya tụnyere ya, ASL na BANZSL nwere naanị 31%  ihe ịrịba ama ndị ahụ yiri nke ahụ, ma ọ bụ 44% jikọtara ọnụ. A ga-enweta ozi ndị ọzọ mgbe emechara BSL corpus,&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Home |url=http://bslcorpusproject.org.temp.link/ |website=BSL Corpus Project}}&lt;/ref&gt; allows for comparison with the Auslan corpus,&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.auslan.org.au/about/corpus/ Auslan corpus]&lt;/ref&gt; na ọrụ Asụsụ Ogbi nke New Zealand.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=School of Linguistics and Applied Language Studies &amp;#124; Victoria University of Wellington |url=http://www.victoria.ac.nz/lals/research/deafstudies/DSRU%20site/NZSL%20variation/variation%20project.aspx |url-status=bot: unknown |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081224104404/http://www.victoria.ac.nz/lals/research/deafstudies/DSRU%20site/NZSL%20variation/variation%20project.aspx |archive-date=24 December 2008 |access-date=26 July 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt;

A ka na-enwe mkparịta ụka asụsụ n'etiti BSL, Auslan na NZSL site na mbugharị (ndị ntị chiri na ndị ntụgharị okwu), mgbasa ozi (a na-edekọ ma na-ekesa mmemme telivishọn dịka See Hear, Switch, Rush na SignPost n'ụzọ na-ezighi ezi na mba atọ niile) na ogbako (na 1999, ọtụtụ ndị Britain ntị chiri gara Australia maka World Federation of the Deaf Conference, WFD, na Brisbane).

Dịka [[Henri Wittmann]] (1991) si kwuo, [[Asụsụ Ndị Ogbi nke Sweden]] sikwa na BSL pụta. Site na asụsụ Swedish SL [[Asụsụ Ndị Ogbi Portuguese]] na [[Asụsụ Ndị Ogbi Finnish]] malitere, nke ikpeazụ nwere ngwakọta mpaghara; [[Asụsụ Ndị Ogbi Danish]] nwere nghọta dị ukwuu na asụsụ Swedish SL, mana Wittmann tinyere ya na [[Ezinụlọ Asụsụ Ndị Ogbi nke French]].

Anderson (1979) kama, tụrụ aro na [[Asụsụ Ogbi nke Sweden|Akara Sweden]], [[Asụsụ Ihe Ogbi nke German|Ihe Ogbi nke German]] na [[Asụsụ Ihe Ogbi nke Britain|Ihe Ogbi nke Britain]] nwere otu mmalite n'asụsụ ihe ogbi nke &quot;North-West Europe&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last=Lucas |first=Ceil |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=lxpuT_s8AkEC&amp;q=Swedish&amp;pg=PA6 |title=The Sociolinguistics of Sign Languages |date=2001-10-04 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=978-0-521-79474-9 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

==Asụsụ==
{{tree list}}
*BSL (akara akaebe sitere na 1644 nwere ike ọ gaghị abụ BSL), ya na ihe dị ka ndị ọrụ 151,000&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.bda.org.uk/bsl-statistics|title=British Sign Language (BSL) Statistics}}&lt;/ref&gt;
**Australian SL (1860. ASL na mmetụta [[Asụsụ Ogbi Irish|ISL]]), yana ihe dị ka ndị ọrụ 10,000&lt;ref name=&quot;Australian Bureau of Statistics&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url= http://www.vicdeaf.com.au/files/editor_upload/File/Research%20Reports/The%20distribution%20of%20Victorian%20sign%20language%20users.pdf|title= The distribution of Victorian sign language users|access-date= 12 March 2016|author= Australian Bureau of Statistics|date= 2013|publisher= [[Australian Bureau of Statistics]]|url-status= live|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20160307105909/http://www.vicdeaf.com.au/files/editor_upload/File/Research%20Reports/The%20distribution%20of%20Victorian%20sign%20language%20users.pdf|archive-date= 7 March 2016|df= dmy-all|accessdate= 21 March 2026|archivedate= 7 March 2016|archiveurl= https://web.archive.org/web/20160307105909/http://www.vicdeaf.com.au/files/editor_upload/File/Research%20Reports/The%20distribution%20of%20Victorian%20sign%20language%20users.pdf}}&lt;/ref&gt;
*** Papua New Guinea Sign Language ({{circa|1990}}), nke bụ creole nke e ji Auslan mepụta, nke mmadụ 30,000 ji mee ihe&lt;ref&gt;[http://www-01.sil.org/iso639-3/cr_files/2015-066.pdf ISO request part 1][http://www-01.sil.org/iso639-3/cr_files/2015-066_pgz.pdf ISO request part 2]&lt;/ref&gt;
**New Zealand SL (1800s), ihe dị ka mmadụ 20,000 na-eji ya&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://archive.stats.govt.nz/Census/2013-census/data-tables/total-by-topic.aspx|title=2013 Census totals by topic|website=archive.stats.govt.nz|language=en-nz|access-date=2019-05-28|archive-date=2017-11-22|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171122042347/http://www.stats.govt.nz/Census/2013-census/data-tables/total-by-topic.aspx|url-status=dead|accessdate=2026-03-21|archivedate=2017-11-22|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20171122042347/http://www.stats.govt.nz/Census/2013-census/data-tables/total-by-topic.aspx}}&lt;/ref&gt;
**Northern Ireland SL (Narị afọ nke 19 - na mmetụta [[Asụsụ Ogbi nke Amerịka]] na [[Asụsụ Ogbi nke Ireland]])
**South African SL (ebe dị n'etiti 1846 na 1881), nke ikekwe mmadụ 235,000 ji mee ihe
**Maritime SL ({{circa| 1860}}), nwere ike ndị ọrụ 100 ka dị ugbu a&lt;ref name=Yoel&gt;{{cite web |last=Yoel |first=Judith |title=Canada's Maritime Sign Language |url=http://www.endangeredlanguages.com/lang/4896 |website=Endangered Languages |access-date=10 February 2017 |accessdate=21 March 2026 |archivedate=3 February 2023 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20230203064441/https://endangeredlanguages.com/lang/4896 }}&lt;/ref&gt; 
**? [[Swedish Sign Language family]] (1800)
*** Swedish Sign Language (1800)
*** Finnish SL (1850s, with local admixture)
*** Finland-Swedish SL (1850s, ụdị etiti dị n'etiti Finnish na Swedish SL)
*** Eritrean Sign (1955, nwere ọtụtụ ihe mgbakwunye mpaghara)
*** Portuguese SL (1823)
*** Cape Verdian Sign (1990s, na ngwakọta mpaghara)
{{tree list/end}}


==Leekwa==
* [[Old French Sign Language]] – nke dị ugbu a nke BANZSL
* [[French Sign Language family]]

==Ihe ndetu==
{{reflist}}

==Edensibia==
* Johnston, T. (2003). ''BSL, Auslan and NZSL: Three signed languages or one?''  In A. Baker, B. van den Bogaerde &amp; O. Crasborn (Eds.), &quot;Cross-linguistic perspectives in sign language research: Selected papers from TISLR 2000&quot; (pp.&amp;nbsp;47–69). Hamburg: Signum Verlag.
* McKee, D. &amp; G. Kennedy  (2000). Lexical Comparison of Signs from American, Australian, British, and New Zealand Sign Languages. In K. Emmorey and H. Lane (Eds), &quot;The signs of language revisited: an anthology to honor Ursula Bellugi and Edward Klima&quot;. Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, Inc.
* {{cite journal
|last1=Palfreyman
|first1=Nick
|last2=Schembri
|first2=Adam
|year=2022
|title=Lumping and splitting: Sign language delineation and ideologies of linguistic differentiation
|journal=Journal of Sociolinguistics
|volume=26
|issue=1
|pages=105–112
|doi=10.1111/josl.12524
}}

[[Category:BANZSL Sign Language family]]
[[Category:Sign language families]]</text>
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[[Faịlụ:Ann_Njogu_of_Kenya.png|thumb|Ann Njogu na 2010]]
 
'''Ann Njogu''' Ọ gara ụlọ akwụkwọ sekọndrị ụmụ agbọghọ Mugoiri wee mechaa gaa Mahadum Nairobi ebe ọ gụsịrị akwụkwọ na nzere iwu na 1989. Ọ bụ onye na-akwado ndị Kenya. &lt;ref name=&quot;state.gov&quot; /&gt; N'afọ 2010, ọ bụ onye nduzi nke Centre for Rights Education and Awareness, nke n'etiti ihe ndị ọzọ dere ihe ike metụtara mmekọahụ- na okike mgbe ntuli aka Kenya na Disemba 2007. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.huffingtonpost.com/janet-walsh/courage-and-heart-on-beha_b_493648.html|title=Courage, and Heart, on Behalf of Kenya's Women|work=The Huffington Post|date=10 May 2010}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ọ bụkwa onye na-ede akwụkwọ na onye na-akwado iwu Kenya's Sexual Offences Act, nke ghọrọ iwu na 2006.  &lt;ref name=&quot;state.gov&quot; /&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.chr.up.ac.za/undp/domestic/docs/legislation_40.pdf|title=Archived copy|accessdate=2014-09-02|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20180517092925/http://www.chr.up.ac.za/undp/domestic/docs/legislation_40.pdf|archivedate=2018-05-17}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.chr.up.ac.za/undp/domestic/docs/legislation_40.pdf|title=Kenyan Sexual offence act|date=21 July 2016|accessdate=2016-07-12|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20180517092925/http://www.chr.up.ac.za/undp/domestic/docs/legislation_40.pdf|archivedate=17 May 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ihe ndị mere n'oge gara aga ==
Tinyere ọrụ ya gbasara ime ihe ike mmekọahụ na okike, Njogu bụ onye isi oche nke Kọmitii Ọtụtụ Ngalaba maka Mgbanwe Iwu, onye isi oche nke Nzukọ Mkparịta ụka Njikọ aka na Mgbanwe Iwu, na onye nnọchi anya na Mgbakọ Mba Bomas na Mgbanwe Iwu.&lt;ref name=&quot;state.gov&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.state.gov/s/gwi/programs/iwoc/2010/bio/137494.htm|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120113191542/http://www.state.gov/s/gwi/programs/iwoc/2010/bio/137494.htm|archivedate=2012-01-13|title=Ann Njogu, Kenya|work=U.S. Department of State|accessdate=2026-04-20}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot;&gt;. ''U.S. Department of State''. Archived from [https://www.state.gov/s/gwi/programs/iwoc/2010/bio/137494.htm the original] on 2012-01-13.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt; N'afọ 2007, ndị uwe ojii steeti wakporo ya ma jide ya maka ịchọ ka ndị omeiwu nyochaa ụgwọ ọnwa ha, nke buru ibu n'agbanyeghị ịda ogbenye nke Kenya.&lt;ref name=&quot;state.gov&quot; /&gt; Ya na ndị ọzọ e jidere tinyere akwụkwọ iwu nke a maara nke ọma dị ka &quot;Ann Njogu na ndị ọzọ na steeti,&quot; nke nwere ihe ịga nke ọma n'igbochi oge a ga-ejide nwa amaala Kenya ruo awa 24.&lt;ref name=&quot;state.gov&quot; /&gt; N'afọ 2008, ọ bụ onye na-eme nzukọ nke Civil Society Congress, nke rụrụ ọrụ iji melite ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị mgbe ime ihe ike na ntuli aka Kenya nke Disemba 2007. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://us-africarelationsupdates.blogspot.com/2010/03/kenyan-zimbabwean-amongst-international.html|title=AMIP News|work=us-africarelationsupdates.blogspot.com|date=9 March 2010}}&lt;/ref&gt;

N'afọ 2008, ndị uwe ojii tiri ya ihe ma metọọ ya mgbe ha jidere ya na ndị ọzọ maka ịtụ aro na nrụrụ aka nwere ike ime na ire Grand Regency Hotel.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://mshale.com/2010/03/19/kenyas-ann-njogu-is-a-woman-of-courage/|title=Kenya's Ann Njogu, is a &quot;Woman of Courage&quot;|work=Mshale|date=19 March 2010|accessdate=20 April 2026|archivedate=2 July 2018|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20180702175945/https://mshale.com/2010/03/19/kenyas-ann-njogu-is-a-woman-of-courage/}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;state.gov&quot;/&gt;

Njogu natara onyinye International Women of Courage nke afọ 2010.&lt;ref name=&quot;state.gov&quot;/&gt;
[[Faịlụ:Secretary_Clinton_Shakes_Hands_With_Honoree_Ann_Njogue_(4425830000).jpg|thumb|Ann Njogu (n'etiti) na-enye aka na odeakwụkwọ nke US Hillary Clinton, 2010]]
N'afọ 2012, e boro ya na nwa ya nwoke ebubo na ha wakporo nna ya mana n'afọ 2013 ka a tọhapụrụ ha.

N'afọ ndị na-adịbeghị anya, Ann Njogu anọgidewo na-arụ ọrụ ikpe ziri ezi na mmekọrịta mmadụ na ibe ya, gụnyere nkwado ahụike. N'oge ọrịa COVID-19, o sonyere na mkpọsa megide enweghị nhata ọgwụ mgbochi, gụnyere mgbalị #EndVaccineInjusticeInAfrica nke ụlọ ọrụ dịka Amref Health Africa kwadoro.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Amref Health Africa Hero: Ann Njogu – an interview|date=2022-03-24|url=https://amrefcanada.org/our-stories/amref-health-africa-hero-ann-njogu/|publisher=Amref Canada}}&lt;/ref&gt; N'afọ 2022, o kwuru n'ajụjụ ọnụ na ọ na-ewere onwe ya dị ka &quot;onye na-eme ihe maka ndụ,&quot; na-akọwa ọrụ ya na-aga n'ihu n'ide akwụkwọ, ntụziaka obodo, na nkwado iwu.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|author=Mbori|first=Queenter|title=Ann Njogu: Meeting Oprah Winfrey was life-changing|url=https://www.standardmedia.co.ke/news/article/2001433708/ann-njogu-im-an-activist-for-life|publisher=The Standard|date=2022-01-11|accessdate=2025-02-17}}&lt;/ref&gt; Njogu edeela uri, gụnyere nchịkọta akpọrọ The Vernette's Heart, na-egosipụta isiokwu nke ntachi obi, njirimara, na ikpe ziri ezi.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|author=Mbori|first=Queenter|title=Ann Njogu: Meeting Oprah Winfrey was life-changing|url=https://www.standardmedia.co.ke/news/article/2001433708/ann-njogu-im-an-activist-for-life|publisher=The Standard|date=2022-01-11|accessdate=2025-02-17}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Edemsibia ==
{{International Women of Courage Awards}}
[[Otú:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ]]</text>
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    <title>Jheri curl</title>
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[[Faịlụ:O'Shea_Jackson,_1987.jpg|thumb|Onye nka na onye na-eme ihe nkiri [[Hip hop music|Hip-hop]] bụ Ice Cube na-eyi ụdị ntutu Jheri curl na 1987]]
'''Jheri curl''' (a na-asụpel ya di ka  '''Jerry curl''' ma ọ bu '''Jeri Curl''') bụ ụdị ntutu isi na-adịgide adịgide nke a ma ama n'etiti ndị na-eme ntutu isi [[Ndị Afụrịka ǹkè Amerịka|Black Amerika]] n'oge afọ 1980 na mmalite afọ 1990. Onye  na-akpụ isi mepụtara ya, Jheri Redding,&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,988079,00.html|title=Milestones|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20090812021231/http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,988079,00.html|archivedate=2009-08-12|date=March 30, 1998}}&lt;/ref&gt;  Mkpụchi Jheri na-eme ka onye yi ya maa mma nke na-egbuke egbuke ma na-agbagharị agbagharị. A kpọrọ ya ụdị &quot;ịsacha na yiri&quot; nke dị mfe ilekọta karịa ọgwụgwọ kemịkalụ ndị ọzọ a ma ama n'oge ahụ., ihe na-eme ka ntutu dị nro, ọ bụghị ihe na-eme ka ntutu dị nro zuru oke, kama ọ bụ iji mee ka ntutu dị nro ma ọ bụ ntutu dị nro dị ka mmiri mmiri site na kemikalu

== Ntinye na mmezi ==
Jheri curl chọrọ itinye akụkụ abụọ nkè nwéré ihe na-eme ka ọ dị nro (nke a na-akpọkarị &quot;rearranging cream&quot;) iji wepụ ntutu, na ihe ngwọta iji setịpụ curls. Ude eji emezi na-eji Ammonium thioglycolate, na-eme ka curls sie ike na-agbapụ.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|author=Aguh|first=Crystal|url=https://www.google.com/books/edition/Fundamentals_of_Ethnic_Hair/5DGuDQAAQBAJ|title=Fundamentals of Ethnic Hair: The Dermatologist's Perspective|date=2016-12-06|publisher=Springer|isbn=978-3-319-45695-9|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; A na-etinyezi curls ndị na-adịghị ike na perm rods na ngwọta kemịkal a na-akpọ neutralizer, na-abụkarị ihe oxidizing dị ka hydrogen peroxide, na ntutu iji mee ka ọ na-agbanye kpamkpam.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|author=Mensah|first=Charlotte|url=https://www.google.com/books/edition/Good_Hair/a67ODwAAQBAJ|title=Good Hair: The ultimate care and styling guide for afro, textured and curly hair from the award-winning hairstylist|date=2020-10-29|publisher=Penguin UK|isbn=978-0-241-98817-6|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

&quot;Perming&quot; bụ oge na ọrụ siri ike, ọ dịkwa oké ọnụ iji lekọta. Chemicals achọrọ màkà usoro ahụ na-emekarị ka ntutu nke onye na-eyi ya na-emebi emebi ma kpọọ nkụ.

Iji dozie nsogbu ndị metụtara ọnụahịa nke ọdịdị ahụ, Comer Cottrell mepụtara ihe dị ọnụ ala (nke ọ kpọrọ &quot;Curly Kit&quot;) nke enwere ike iji n'ụlọ, si otú ahụ na-enyere ndị na-enweta ego dị àlà aka iṅomi ụdị ndị nlereanya ha.&lt;ref name=&quot;NPR 11 October 2014&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|author=Grigsby Bates|first=Karen|title=Comer Cottrell, Creator Of The People's Jheri Curl, Dies At 82|url=https://www.npr.org/sections/codeswitch/2014/10/11/354931324/comer-cottrell-creator-of-the-peoples-jheri-curl-dies-at-82|date=11 October 2014|work=[[NPR]]|accessdate=27 September 2015|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150928203629/http://www.npr.org/sections/codeswitch/2014/10/11/354931324/comer-cottrell-creator-of-the-peoples-jheri-curl-dies-at-82|archivedate=28 September 2015}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Na mgbasa ozi ==

=== Egwú ===
Edmund Sylvers bụ ónyé Black Amerika mbụ na-agu egwu jiri Jheri curl na nwee mee mkpuchi abọm, nke pụtara na mbipụta ya na Casablanca na 1980 Have You Heard . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/music/articles/0125caa8-a00d-4bf8-98e1-089e2dac254f|title=Music hairstyles: a brief history of 12 iconic cuts - BBC Music|date=2016-10-14|accessdate=2017-05-26|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170225054128/http://www.bbc.co.uk/music/articles/0125caa8-a00d-4bf8-98e1-089e2dac254f|archivedate=2017-02-25}}&lt;/ref&gt;
[[Faịlụ:Michael_Jackson_in_1988.jpg|thumb|[[Michael Jackson]] na-agu egwu, 1988]]
[[Michael Jackson]] yi uwe Jheri n'ihu abọm ya bụ Thriller, nke e wepụtara n'afọ 1982. Jackson mepụtara Jheri curl ya na 1986, nkè egosiri nà mkpuchi nkè abọm ya nkè 1987 bu Bad . 

Ndị ọzọ a ma àmà na-eyi ụdị ahụ na 1980s na mmalite afọ 1990s gụnyere ndị rapper MC Eiht, DJ Quik, Eazy-E, Ice Cube, [[Hi-C (rapper)|Hi-C]], Arabian Prince na B.G. Knocc Out.

Onye na-agụ egwú na onye na-ede egwú India Arie kwuru màkà Jheri curls na egwu ya &quot;I Am Not My Hair&quot;, nke e wepụtara na afọ 2005. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=I'm Not My Hair lyrics by India.Arie from Girlfriends soundtrack.|url=https://www.stlyrics.com/lyrics/girlfriends/imnotmyhair.htm|accessdate=2022-09-12|work=www.stlyrics.com|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; Onye na-agụ egwu R&amp;amp;amp;B bụ Jorja Smith kwuru maka Jheri curls na njirimara ya na egwu &quot;Peng Black Girls&quot;, nke Enny wepụtara na 2020. 

=== Ihe nkiri ===
Keenen Ivory Wayans gosipụtara ónyé akpọrọ &quot;Jeri Curl&quot; na ihe nkiri Robert Townsend nkè afọ 1987 ''Hollywood Shuffle'' .

Onye gosi pụtara ihe nkiri Jules Winnfield (nke Samuel L. Jackson gosipụtara) yiri Jheri curl na ihe nkiri Pulp Fiction nke afọ 1994. Onye na-enyocha ihe nkiri bụ Owen Gleiberman weere ya dị ka &quot;nkwupụta na-atọ ọchị banyere ghettoization nke [ndị  ojii] na ihe nkiri&quot;.

=== Egwuregwu ===
A kọrọ na onye na-agba bọọlụ na Los Angeles Lakers bụ Billy Ray Bates bụ ónyé na-adịghị ewu ewu n'etiti ndị egwuregwu ndị ọzọ &quot;n'ihi na o nwere ezigbo Jheri curl di mmiri mmiri, nke mere ka bọọlụ  na-amị amị. &quot;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=UR726FSxsy0C&amp;q=Billy+Ray+Bates+jheri+curl&amp;pg=PT157|title=Showtime: Magic, Kareem, Riley, and the Los Angeles Lakers Dynasty of the 1980s|author=Jeff Pearlman|date=4 March 2014|publisher=Penguin|isbn=978-0698148611|accessdate=2016-06-05}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Hụkwa ==

* Ndepụta ntutu isi

== Ihe ngosi ==
&lt;gallery mode=&quot;packed&quot; heights=&quot;200&quot; caption=&quot;Ụdị ndozi isi Jerry Curl nke oge a &quot;&gt;
Faịlụ:Jerry_Curl_hairstyle_02.jpg
Faịlụ:Jerry_Curl_hairstyle_03.jpg
Faịlụ:Jerry_Curl_hairstyle_04.jpg
Faịlụ:Jerry_Curl_hairstyle_01.jpg
&lt;/gallery&gt;

== Edensibia ==
{{Reflist}}

== Njikọ mpụga ==

*  
*  
{{Human hair}}
[[Otú:Ụdị ntutu isi]]</text>
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[[Faịlụ:O'Shea_Jackson,_1987.jpg|thumb|Onye nka na onye na-eme ihe nkiri [[Hip hop music|Hip-hop]] bụ Ice Cube na-eyi ụdị ntutu Jheri curl na 1987]]
'''Jheri curl''' (a na-asụpel ya di ka  '''Jerry curl''' ma ọ bu '''Jeri Curl''') bụ ụdị ntutu isi na-adịgide adịgide nke a ma ama n'etiti ndị na-eme ntutu isi [[Ndị Afụrịka ǹkè Amerịka|Black Amerika]] n'oge afọ 1980 na mmalite afọ 1990. Onye  na-akpụ isi mepụtara ya, Jheri Redding,&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,988079,00.html|title=Milestones|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20090812021231/http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,988079,00.html|archivedate=2009-08-12|date=March 30, 1998}}&lt;/ref&gt;  Mkpụchi Jheri na-eme ka onye yi ya maa mma nke na-egbuke egbuke ma na-agbagharị agbagharị. A kpọrọ ya ụdị &quot;ịsacha na yiri&quot; nke dị mfe ilekọta karịa ọgwụgwọ kemịkalụ ndị ọzọ a ma ama n'oge ahụ., ihe na-eme ka ntutu dị nro, ọ bụghị ihe na-eme ka ntutu dị nro zuru oke, kama ọ bụ iji mee ka ntutu dị nro ma ọ bụ ntutu dị nro dị ka mmiri mmiri site na kemikalu

== Ntinye na mmezi ==
Jheri curl chọrọ itinye akụkụ abụọ nkè nwéré ihe na-eme ka ọ dị nro (nke a na-akpọkarị &quot;rearranging cream&quot;) iji wepụ ntutu, na ihe ngwọta iji setịpụ curls. Ude eji emezi na-eji Ammonium thioglycolate, na-eme ka curls sie ike na-agbapụ.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|author=Aguh|first=Crystal|url=https://www.google.com/books/edition/Fundamentals_of_Ethnic_Hair/5DGuDQAAQBAJ|title=Fundamentals of Ethnic Hair: The Dermatologist's Perspective|date=2016-12-06|publisher=Springer|isbn=978-3-319-45695-9|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; A na-etinyezi curls ndị na-adịghị ike na perm rods na ngwọta kemịkal a na-akpọ neutralizer, na-abụkarị ihe oxidizing dị ka hydrogen peroxide, na ntutu iji mee ka ọ na-agbanye kpamkpam.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|author=Mensah|first=Charlotte|url=https://www.google.com/books/edition/Good_Hair/a67ODwAAQBAJ|title=Good Hair: The ultimate care and styling guide for afro, textured and curly hair from the award-winning hairstylist|date=2020-10-29|publisher=Penguin UK|isbn=978-0-241-98817-6|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

&quot;Perming&quot; bụ oge na ọrụ siri ike, ọ dịkwa oké ọnụ iji lekọta. Chemicals achọrọ màkà usoro ahụ na-emekarị ka ntutu nke onye na-eyi ya na-emebi emebi ma kpọọ nkụ.

Iji dozie nsogbu ndị metụtara ọnụahịa nke ọdịdị ahụ, Comer Cottrell mepụtara ihe dị ọnụ ala (nke ọ kpọrọ &quot;Curly Kit&quot;) nke enwere ike iji n'ụlọ, si otú ahụ na-enyere ndị na-enweta ego dị àlà aka iṅomi ụdị ndị nlereanya ha.&lt;ref name=&quot;NPR 11 October 2014&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|author=Grigsby Bates|first=Karen|title=Comer Cottrell, Creator Of The People's Jheri Curl, Dies At 82|url=https://www.npr.org/sections/codeswitch/2014/10/11/354931324/comer-cottrell-creator-of-the-peoples-jheri-curl-dies-at-82|date=11 October 2014|work=[[NPR]]|accessdate=27 September 2015|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150928203629/http://www.npr.org/sections/codeswitch/2014/10/11/354931324/comer-cottrell-creator-of-the-peoples-jheri-curl-dies-at-82|archivedate=28 September 2015}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Na mgbasa ozi ==

=== Egwú ===
Edmund Sylvers bụ ónyé Black Amerika mbụ na-agu egwu jiri Jheri curl na nwee mee mkpuchi abọm, nke pụtara na mbipụta ya na Casablanca na 1980 Have You Heard . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/music/articles/0125caa8-a00d-4bf8-98e1-089e2dac254f|title=Music hairstyles: a brief history of 12 iconic cuts - BBC Music|date=2016-10-14|accessdate=2017-05-26|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170225054128/http://www.bbc.co.uk/music/articles/0125caa8-a00d-4bf8-98e1-089e2dac254f|archivedate=2017-02-25}}&lt;/ref&gt;
[[Faịlụ:Michael_Jackson_in_1988.jpg|thumb|[[Michael Jackson]] na-agu egwu, 1988]]
[[Michael Jackson]] yi uwe Jheri n'ihu abọm ya bụ Thriller, nke e wepụtara n'afọ 1982. Jackson mepụtara Jheri curl ya na 1986, nkè egosiri nà mkpuchi nkè abọm ya nkè 1987 bu Bad . 

Ndị ọzọ a ma àmà na-eyi ụdị ahụ na 1980s na mmalite afọ 1990s gụnyere ndị rapper MC Eiht, DJ Quik, Eazy-E, Ice Cube, [[Hi-C (rapper)|Hi-C]], Arabian Prince na B.G. Knocc Out.

Onye na-agụ egwú na onye na-ede egwú India Arie kwuru màkà Jheri curls na egwu ya &quot;I Am Not My Hair&quot;, nke e wepụtara na afọ 2005. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=I'm Not My Hair lyrics by India.Arie from Girlfriends soundtrack.|url=https://www.stlyrics.com/lyrics/girlfriends/imnotmyhair.htm|accessdate=2022-09-12|work=www.stlyrics.com|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; Onye na-agụ egwu R&amp;amp;amp;B bụ Jorja Smith kwuru maka Jheri curls na njirimara ya na egwu &quot;Peng Black Girls&quot;, nke Enny wepụtara na 2020. 

=== Ihe nkiri ===
Keenen Ivory Wayans gosipụtara ónyé akpọrọ &quot;Jeri Curl&quot; na ihe nkiri Robert Townsend nkè afọ 1987 ''Hollywood Shuffle'' .

Onye gosi pụtara ihe nkiri Jules Winnfield (nke Samuel L. Jackson gosipụtara) yiri Jheri curl na ihe nkiri Pulp Fiction nke afọ 1994. Onye na-enyocha ihe nkiri bụ Owen Gleiberman weere ya dị ka &quot;nkwupụta na-atọ ọchị banyere ghettoization nke [ndị  ojii] na ihe nkiri&quot;.

=== Egwuregwu ===
A kọrọ na onye na-agba bọọlụ na Los Angeles Lakers bụ Billy Ray Bates bụ ónyé na-adịghị ewu ewu n'etiti ndị egwuregwu ndị ọzọ &quot;n'ihi na o nwere ezigbo Jheri curl di mmiri mmiri, nke mere ka bọọlụ  na-amị amị. &quot;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=UR726FSxsy0C&amp;q=Billy+Ray+Bates+jheri+curl&amp;pg=PT157|title=Showtime: Magic, Kareem, Riley, and the Los Angeles Lakers Dynasty of the 1980s|author=Jeff Pearlman|date=4 March 2014|publisher=Penguin|isbn=978-0698148611|accessdate=2016-06-05}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Hụkwa ==

* Ndepụta ntutu isi

== Ihe ngosi ==
&lt;gallery mode=&quot;packed&quot; heights=&quot;200&quot; caption=&quot;Ụdịndizi isi Jerry Curl nke oge a&quot;&gt;
Faịlụ:Jerry_Curl_hairstyle_02.jpg
Faịlụ:Jerry_Curl_hairstyle_03.jpg
ndozi isi Jerry Curl nke oge a &quot;&gt;
File:Modern Jerry Curl hairstyle 03.png
Faịlụ:Jerry_Curl_hairstyle_05.jpg
Faịlụ:Jerry_Curl_hairstyle_01.jpg
&lt;/gallery&gt;

== Edensibia ==
{{Reflist}}

== Njikọ mpụga ==

*  
*  
{{Human hair}}
[[Otú:Ụdị ntutu isi]]</text>
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[[Faịlụ:O'Shea_Jackson,_1987.jpg|thumb|Onye nka na onye na-eme ihe nkiri [[Hip hop music|Hip-hop]] bụ Ice Cube na-eyi ụdị ntutu Jheri curl na 1987]]
'''Jheri curl''' (a na-asụpel ya di ka  '''Jerry curl''' ma ọ bu '''Jeri Curl''') bụ ụdị ntutu isi na-adịgide adịgide nke a ma ama n'etiti ndị na-eme ntutu isi [[Ndị Afụrịka ǹkè Amerịka|Black Amerika]] n'oge afọ 1980 na mmalite afọ 1990. Onye  na-akpụ isi mepụtara ya, Jheri Redding,&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,988079,00.html|title=Milestones|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20090812021231/http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,988079,00.html|archivedate=2009-08-12|date=March 30, 1998}}&lt;/ref&gt;  Mkpụchi Jheri na-eme ka onye yi ya maa mma nke na-egbuke egbuke ma na-agbagharị agbagharị. A kpọrọ ya ụdị &quot;ịsacha na yiri&quot; nke dị mfe ilekọta karịa ọgwụgwọ kemịkalụ ndị ọzọ a ma ama n'oge ahụ., ihe na-eme ka ntutu dị nro, ọ bụghị ihe na-eme ka ntutu dị nro zuru oke, kama ọ bụ iji mee ka ntutu dị nro ma ọ bụ ntutu dị nro dị ka mmiri mmiri site na kemikalu

== Ntinye na mmezi ==
Jheri curl chọrọ itinye akụkụ abụọ nkè nwéré ihe na-eme ka ọ dị nro (nke a na-akpọkarị &quot;rearranging cream&quot;) iji wepụ ntutu, na ihe ngwọta iji setịpụ curls. Ude eji emezi na-eji Ammonium thioglycolate, na-eme ka curls sie ike na-agbapụ.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|author=Aguh|first=Crystal|url=https://www.google.com/books/edition/Fundamentals_of_Ethnic_Hair/5DGuDQAAQBAJ|title=Fundamentals of Ethnic Hair: The Dermatologist's Perspective|date=2016-12-06|publisher=Springer|isbn=978-3-319-45695-9|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; A na-etinyezi curls ndị na-adịghị ike na perm rods na ngwọta kemịkal a na-akpọ neutralizer, na-abụkarị ihe oxidizing dị ka hydrogen peroxide, na ntutu iji mee ka ọ na-agbanye kpamkpam.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|author=Mensah|first=Charlotte|url=https://www.google.com/books/edition/Good_Hair/a67ODwAAQBAJ|title=Good Hair: The ultimate care and styling guide for afro, textured and curly hair from the award-winning hairstylist|date=2020-10-29|publisher=Penguin UK|isbn=978-0-241-98817-6|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

&quot;Perming&quot; bụ oge na ọrụ siri ike, ọ dịkwa oké ọnụ iji lekọta. Chemicals achọrọ màkà usoro ahụ na-emekarị ka ntutu nke onye na-eyi ya na-emebi emebi ma kpọọ nkụ.

Iji dozie nsogbu ndị metụtara ọnụahịa nke ọdịdị ahụ, Comer Cottrell mepụtara ihe dị ọnụ ala (nke ọ kpọrọ &quot;Curly Kit&quot;) nke enwere ike iji n'ụlọ, si otú ahụ na-enyere ndị na-enweta ego dị àlà aka iṅomi ụdị ndị nlereanya ha.&lt;ref name=&quot;NPR 11 October 2014&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|author=Grigsby Bates|first=Karen|title=Comer Cottrell, Creator Of The People's Jheri Curl, Dies At 82|url=https://www.npr.org/sections/codeswitch/2014/10/11/354931324/comer-cottrell-creator-of-the-peoples-jheri-curl-dies-at-82|date=11 October 2014|work=[[NPR]]|accessdate=27 September 2015|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150928203629/http://www.npr.org/sections/codeswitch/2014/10/11/354931324/comer-cottrell-creator-of-the-peoples-jheri-curl-dies-at-82|archivedate=28 September 2015}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Na mgbasa ozi ==

=== Egwú ===
Edmund Sylvers bụ ónyé Black Amerika mbụ na-agu egwu jiri Jheri curl na nwee mee mkpuchi abọm, nke pụtara na mbipụta ya na Casablanca na 1980 Have You Heard . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/music/articles/0125caa8-a00d-4bf8-98e1-089e2dac254f|title=Music hairstyles: a brief history of 12 iconic cuts - BBC Music|date=2016-10-14|accessdate=2017-05-26|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170225054128/http://www.bbc.co.uk/music/articles/0125caa8-a00d-4bf8-98e1-089e2dac254f|archivedate=2017-02-25}}&lt;/ref&gt;
[[Faịlụ:Michael_Jackson_in_1988.jpg|thumb|[[Michael Jackson]] na-agu egwu, 1988]]
[[Michael Jackson]] yi uwe Jheri n'ihu abọm ya bụ Thriller, nke e wepụtara n'afọ 1982. Jackson mepụtara Jheri curl ya na 1986, nkè egosiri nà mkpuchi nkè abọm ya nkè 1987 bu Bad . 

Ndị ọzọ a ma àmà na-eyi ụdị ahụ na 1980s na mmalite afọ 1990s gụnyere ndị rapper MC Eiht, DJ Quik, Eazy-E, Ice Cube, [[Hi-C (rapper)|Hi-C]], Arabian Prince na B.G. Knocc Out.

Onye na-agụ egwú na onye na-ede egwú India Arie kwuru màkà Jheri curls na egwu ya &quot;I Am Not My Hair&quot;, nke e wepụtara na afọ 2005. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=I'm Not My Hair lyrics by India.Arie from Girlfriends soundtrack.|url=https://www.stlyrics.com/lyrics/girlfriends/imnotmyhair.htm|accessdate=2022-09-12|work=www.stlyrics.com|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; Onye na-agụ egwu R&amp;amp;amp;B bụ Jorja Smith kwuru maka Jheri curls na njirimara ya na egwu &quot;Peng Black Girls&quot;, nke Enny wepụtara na 2020. 

=== Ihe nkiri ===
Keenen Ivory Wayans gosipụtara ónyé akpọrọ &quot;Jeri Curl&quot; na ihe nkiri Robert Townsend nkè afọ 1987 ''Hollywood Shuffle'' .

Onye gosi pụtara ihe nkiri Jules Winnfield (nke Samuel L. Jackson gosipụtara) yiri Jheri curl na ihe nkiri Pulp Fiction nke afọ 1994. Onye na-enyocha ihe nkiri bụ Owen Gleiberman weere ya dị ka &quot;nkwupụta na-atọ ọchị banyere ghettoization nke [ndị  ojii] na ihe nkiri&quot;.

=== Egwuregwu ===
A kọrọ na onye na-agba bọọlụ na Los Angeles Lakers bụ Billy Ray Bates bụ ónyé na-adịghị ewu ewu n'etiti ndị egwuregwu ndị ọzọ &quot;n'ihi na o nwere ezigbo Jheri curl di mmiri mmiri, nke mere ka bọọlụ  na-amị amị. &quot;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=UR726FSxsy0C&amp;q=Billy+Ray+Bates+jheri+curl&amp;pg=PT157|title=Showtime: Magic, Kareem, Riley, and the Los Angeles Lakers Dynasty of the 1980s|author=Jeff Pearlman|date=4 March 2014|publisher=Penguin|isbn=978-0698148611|accessdate=2016-06-05}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Hụkwa ==

* Ndepụta ntutu isi

== Ihe ngosi ==
&lt;gallery mode=&quot;packed&quot; heights=&quot;170&quot; caption=&quot;Ụdịndizi isi Jerry Curl nke oge a&quot;&gt;
Faịlụ:Jerry_Curl_hairstyle_02.jpg
Faịlụ:Jerry_Curl_hairstyle_03.jpg
ndozi isi Jerry Curl nke oge a &quot;&gt;
File:Modern Jerry Curl hairstyle 03.png
Faịlụ:Jerry_Curl_hairstyle_05.jpg
Faịlụ:Jerry_Curl_hairstyle_01.jpg
&lt;/gallery&gt;

== Edensibia ==
{{Reflist}}

== Njikọ mpụga ==

*  
*  
{{Human hair}}
[[Otú:Ụdị ntutu isi]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Paula Doress-Worters</title>
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      <timestamp>2026-05-03T21:30:49Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>King Waltz</username>
        <id>61379</id>
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      <comment>Ekere na itugharị ihụakwụkwọ nke a &quot;[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1344160324|Paula Doress-Worters]]&quot;</comment>
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      <text bytes="1277" sha1="rzgnushjtsu126jhjflidb7b4nqe4ah" xml:space="preserve">{{Databox}}'''Paula Doress-Worters''' (onye amụrụ n’oge afọ 1938- ruo 2026) bụ onye America na-ahụ maka ahụike ụmụ nwanyị ya na onye edemede. Ọ bụ onye guzobere otu Boston Women's Health Book Collective na onye so dee akwụkwọ ntuziaka ahụike nke ụmụ nwanyị Our Bodies, Ourselves . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2026/03/15/books/paula-doress-worters-dead.html|title=Paula Doress-Worters, an Author of 'Our Bodies, Ourselves,' Dies at 87|first=Penelope|author=Green|date=March 15, 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|author=Smith|first=Harrison|date=2026-03-07|title=Paula Doress-Worters, who helped break the silence on postpartum depression, dies at 87|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/obituaries/2026/03/07/paula-doress-worters-our-bodies-ourselves/|accessdate=2026-03-18|work=The Washington Post}}&lt;/ref&gt;

N'oge afọ 1987, o so dee akwụkwọ Ourselves, Growing Older: Women Aging with Knowledge and Power, nke e mezigharịrị n’oge afọ 1994 dịka The New Ourselves.&lt;ref&gt; {{Cite web|title=The New Ourselves, Growing Older: Women Aging with Knowledge and Power by Paula Brown Doress-Worters|url=https://www.publishersweekly.com/9780671872977|accessdate=2026-03-18|work=Publishers Weekly}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Edensibia ==
{{Reflist}}</text>
      <sha1>rzgnushjtsu126jhjflidb7b4nqe4ah</sha1>
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  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Imepụta akara ha: Ọrụ sitere na Shah Garg Collection</title>
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      <timestamp>2026-05-03T21:39:38Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>King Waltz</username>
        <id>61379</id>
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      <comment>Ekere na itugharị ihụakwụkwọ nke a &quot;[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1351731293|Making Their Mark: Works from the Shah Garg Collection]]&quot;</comment>
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Imepụta akara ha: Ọrụ sitere na Shah Garg Collection bụ ihe ngosi nka nke gara ọtụtụ ebe site n’oge afọ 2023 ruo ohe afọ 2027. &lt;ref name=&quot;Making Their Mark Foundation&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=Making Their Mark|url=https://www.makingtheirmark.org/making-their-mark-exhibition|work=Making Their Mark Foundation|accessdate=18 March 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ọ na-egosipụta ọrụ nke ụmụ nwanyị na-ese ihe site na nchịkọta Shah Garg Foundation. Ihe ngosi ahụ gụnyere ọrụ dị iche iche na mgbasa ozi dịgasị iche iche site na narị afọ nke iri abụọ na nke iri abụọ na otu. &lt;ref name=&quot;Mildred Lane Kemper Art Museum&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=Making Their Mark: Works from the Shah Garg Collection|url=https://www.kemperartmuseum.wustl.edu/on-view/on-view/making-their-mark-works-from-the-shah-garg-collection-20252026|work=Mildred Lane Kemper Art Museum|accessdate=19 March 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Ihe ngosi ahụ gosipụtara na

* 548 West 22nd Street, New York, New York na Nọvemba 2, 2023 ruo Machị 23, 2024&lt;ref name=&quot;Art Journal Open&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=A Re-evaluation of Impressions: Shah Garg Foundation’s Making Their Mark|url=https://artjournal.collegeart.org/?p=18934|work=Art Journal Open|accessdate=19 March 2026|date=20 June 2024}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* Berkeley Art Museum na Pacific Film Archive na Berkeley, California Ọktoba 27, 2024 ruo Eprel 20, 2025  &lt;ref name=&quot;KQED&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|author=Hotchkiss|first=Sarah|title=Women Make ‘Their Mark’ in Elegant BAMPFA Show|url=https://www.kqed.org/arts/13968681/making-their-mark-bampfa-shah-garg-collection-review|work=KQED|accessdate=19 March 2026|language=en|date=26 November 2024}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;BAMPFA&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=Making Their Mark: Works from the Shah Garg Collection|url=https://bampfa.org/making-their-mark|work=BAMPFA|accessdate=19 March 2026|language=en|date=21 March 2024}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* Mildred Lane Kemper Art Museum, Mahadum Washington na St. Louis, Missouri Septemba 12, 2025 ruo Jenụwarị 5, 2026  &lt;ref name=&quot;The Source&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|author=Otten|first=Liam|title=‘Making Their Mark: Works from the Shah Garg Collection’|url=https://source.washu.edu/2025/07/making-their-mark-works-from-the-shah-garg-collection/|work=The Source|accessdate=19 March 2026|date=23 July 2025}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;St. Louis Magazine&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|author=Schnapp|first=Grace|title=“Making Their Mark” exhibition celebrating women in art comes to the Kemper Art Museum|url=https://www.stlmag.com/culture/making-their-mark-kemper/|work=St. Louis Magazine|accessdate=19 March 2026|date=11 September 2025}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* National Museum of Women in the Arts na Washington, D.C. February 27, 2026 ruo July 26, 2026 &lt;ref name=&quot;NMWA&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=Making Their Mark: Works from the Shah Garg Collection {{!}} Exhibition|url=https://nmwa.org/exhibitions/making-their-mark-works-from-the-shah-garg-collection/|work=National Museum of Women in the Arts|accessdate=19 March 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ndị na-ese ihe ==
 

== Edensibia ==
{{Reflist}}</text>
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'''Imepụta akara ha: Ọrụ sitere na Shah Garg Collection''' bụ ihe ngosi nka nke gara ọtụtụ ebe site n’oge afọ 2023 ruo ohe afọ 2027. &lt;ref name=&quot;Making Their Mark Foundation&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=Making Their Mark|url=https://www.makingtheirmark.org/making-their-mark-exhibition|work=Making Their Mark Foundation|accessdate=18 March 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ọ na-egosipụta ọrụ nke ụmụ nwanyị na-ese ihe site na nchịkọta Shah Garg Foundation. Ihe ngosi ahụ gụnyere ọrụ dị iche iche na mgbasa ozi dịgasị iche iche site na narị afọ nke iri abụọ na nke iri abụọ na otu. &lt;ref name=&quot;Mildred Lane Kemper Art Museum&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=Making Their Mark: Works from the Shah Garg Collection|url=https://www.kemperartmuseum.wustl.edu/on-view/on-view/making-their-mark-works-from-the-shah-garg-collection-20252026|work=Mildred Lane Kemper Art Museum|accessdate=19 March 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Ihe ngosi ahụ gosipụtara na

* 548 West 22nd Street, New York, New York na Nọvemba 2, 2023 ruo Machị 23, 2024&lt;ref name=&quot;Art Journal Open&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=A Re-evaluation of Impressions: Shah Garg Foundation’s Making Their Mark|url=https://artjournal.collegeart.org/?p=18934|work=Art Journal Open|accessdate=19 March 2026|date=20 June 2024}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* Berkeley Art Museum na Pacific Film Archive na Berkeley, California Ọktoba 27, 2024 ruo Eprel 20, 2025  &lt;ref name=&quot;KQED&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|author=Hotchkiss|first=Sarah|title=Women Make ‘Their Mark’ in Elegant BAMPFA Show|url=https://www.kqed.org/arts/13968681/making-their-mark-bampfa-shah-garg-collection-review|work=KQED|accessdate=19 March 2026|language=en|date=26 November 2024}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;BAMPFA&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=Making Their Mark: Works from the Shah Garg Collection|url=https://bampfa.org/making-their-mark|work=BAMPFA|accessdate=19 March 2026|language=en|date=21 March 2024}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* Mildred Lane Kemper Art Museum, Mahadum Washington na St. Louis, Missouri Septemba 12, 2025 ruo Jenụwarị 5, 2026  &lt;ref name=&quot;The Source&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|author=Otten|first=Liam|title=‘Making Their Mark: Works from the Shah Garg Collection’|url=https://source.washu.edu/2025/07/making-their-mark-works-from-the-shah-garg-collection/|work=The Source|accessdate=19 March 2026|date=23 July 2025}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;St. Louis Magazine&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|author=Schnapp|first=Grace|title=“Making Their Mark” exhibition celebrating women in art comes to the Kemper Art Museum|url=https://www.stlmag.com/culture/making-their-mark-kemper/|work=St. Louis Magazine|accessdate=19 March 2026|date=11 September 2025}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* National Museum of Women in the Arts na Washington, D.C. February 27, 2026 ruo July 26, 2026 &lt;ref name=&quot;NMWA&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=Making Their Mark: Works from the Shah Garg Collection {{!}} Exhibition|url=https://nmwa.org/exhibitions/making-their-mark-works-from-the-shah-garg-collection/|work=National Museum of Women in the Arts|accessdate=19 March 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ndị na-ese ihe ==
 

== Edensibia ==
{{Reflist}}</text>
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'''Imepụta akara ha: Ọrụ sitere na Shah Garg Collection''' bụ ihe ngosi nka nke gara ọtụtụ ebe site n’oge afọ 2023 ruo ohe afọ 2027. &lt;ref name=&quot;Making Their Mark Foundation&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=Making Their Mark|url=https://www.makingtheirmark.org/making-their-mark-exhibition|work=Making Their Mark Foundation|accessdate=18 March 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ọ na-egosipụta ọrụ nke ụmụ nwanyị na-ese ihe site na nchịkọta Shah Garg Foundation. Ihe ngosi ahụ gụnyere ọrụ dị iche iche na mgbasa ozi dịgasị iche iche site na narị afọ nke iri abụọ na nke iri abụọ na otu. &lt;ref name=&quot;Mildred Lane Kemper Art Museum&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=Making Their Mark: Works from the Shah Garg Collection|url=https://www.kemperartmuseum.wustl.edu/on-view/on-view/making-their-mark-works-from-the-shah-garg-collection-20252026|work=Mildred Lane Kemper Art Museum|accessdate=19 March 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Ihe ngosi ahụ gosipụtara na

* 548 West 22nd Street, New York, New York na Nọvemba 2, 2023 ruo Machị 23, 2024&lt;ref name=&quot;Art Journal Open&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=A Re-evaluation of Impressions: Shah Garg Foundation’s Making Their Mark|url=https://artjournal.collegeart.org/?p=18934|work=Art Journal Open|accessdate=19 March 2026|date=20 June 2024}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* Berkeley Art Museum na Pacific Film Archive na Berkeley, California Ọktoba 27, 2024 ruo Eprel 20, 2025  &lt;ref name=&quot;KQED&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|author=Hotchkiss|first=Sarah|title=Women Make ‘Their Mark’ in Elegant BAMPFA Show|url=https://www.kqed.org/arts/13968681/making-their-mark-bampfa-shah-garg-collection-review|work=KQED|accessdate=19 March 2026|language=en|date=26 November 2024}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;BAMPFA&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=Making Their Mark: Works from the Shah Garg Collection|url=https://bampfa.org/making-their-mark|work=BAMPFA|accessdate=19 March 2026|language=en|date=21 March 2024}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* Mildred Lane Kemper Art Museum, Mahadum Washington na St. Louis, Missouri Septemba 12, 2025 ruo Jenụwarị 5, 2026  &lt;ref name=&quot;The Source&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|author=Otten|first=Liam|title=‘Making Their Mark: Works from the Shah Garg Collection’|url=https://source.washu.edu/2025/07/making-their-mark-works-from-the-shah-garg-collection/|work=The Source|accessdate=19 March 2026|date=23 July 2025}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;St. Louis Magazine&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|author=Schnapp|first=Grace|title=“Making Their Mark” exhibition celebrating women in art comes to the Kemper Art Museum|url=https://www.stlmag.com/culture/making-their-mark-kemper/|work=St. Louis Magazine|accessdate=19 March 2026|date=11 September 2025}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* National Museum of Women in the Arts na Washington, D.C. February 27, 2026 ruo July 26, 2026 &lt;ref name=&quot;NMWA&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=Making Their Mark: Works from the Shah Garg Collection {{!}} Exhibition|url=https://nmwa.org/exhibitions/making-their-mark-works-from-the-shah-garg-collection/|work=National Museum of Women in the Arts|accessdate=19 March 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ndị na-ese ihe ==
{{div col|colwidth=15em}}
*[[Pacita Abad]]
*[[Etel Adnan]]
*[[Emma Amos (painter)|Emma Amos]]
*[[Firelei Báez]]
*[[Jennifer Bartlett]]
*[[Lynda Benglis]]
*[[Carol Bove]]
*[[Andrea Bowers]]
*[[Cecily Brown]]
*[[Rosemarie Castoro]]
*[[Barbara Chase-Riboud]]
*[[Judy Chicago]]
*[[Melissa Cody]]
*[[Mary Corse]]
*[[Olga de Amaral]]
*[[Aria Dean]]
*[[Simone Fattal]]
*[[ Freedom Quilting Bee]]
*[[Sonia Gomes]]
*[[Françoise Grossen]]
*[[Trude Guermonprez]]
*[[Harmony Hammond]]
*[[Mary Heilmann]]
*[[Sheila Hicks]]
*[[Sheree Hovsepian]]
*[[Jacqueline Humphries]]
*[[Suzanne Jackson (artist)|Suzanne Jackson]]
*[[Virginia Jaramillo (artist)|Virginia Jaramillo]]
*[[Barbara Kasten]]
*[[Maria Lassnig]]
*[[Simone Leigh]]
*[[Tau Lewis]]
*[[Mary Lovelace O'Neal]]
*[[Julie Mehretu]]
*[[Joan Mitchell]]
*[[Elizabeth Murray (artist)|Elizabeth Murray]]
*[[Wangechi Mutu]]
*[[Senga Nengudi]]
*[[Magdalene Odundo]]
*[[Laura Owens]]
*[[Helen Pashgian]]
*[[Howardena Pindell]]
*[[Jaune Quick-to-See Smith]]
*[[Faith Ringgold]]
*[[Pinaree Sanpitak]]
*[[Joyce J. Scott]]
*[[Judith Scott (artist)|Judith Scott]]
*[[Kay Sekimachi]]
*[[Tschabalala Self]]
*[[Joan Semmel]]
*[[Amy Sillman]]
*[[Lorna Simpson]]
*[[Rose B. Simpson]]
*[[Janet Sobel]]
*[[Pat Steir]]
*[[Sarah Sze]]
*[[Toshiko Takaezu]]
*[[Elizabeth Talford Scott]]
*[[Lenore Tawney]]
*[[Rosemarie Trockel]]
*[[Uman (artist)|Uman]]
*[[Charline von Heyl]]
*[[Kay WalkingStick]]
*[[Mary Weatherford]]
*[[Dyani White Hawk]]
*[[Haegue Yang]]
*[[Portia Zvavahera]]
*[[Zarina (artist)|Zarina]]
{{div col end}}

== Edensibia ==
{{Reflist}}</text>
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  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Louisa Entwistle</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
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    <revision>
      <id>631840</id>
      <timestamp>2026-05-03T21:54:22Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>King Waltz</username>
        <id>61379</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Ekere na itugharị ihụakwụkwọ nke a &quot;[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1344544620|Louisa Entwistle]]&quot;</comment>
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{{Databox}}'''Louisa Entwistle''' (onye amụrụ n'oge afọ 1887) bụ onye mba England suffragette.

== Akụkọ ndụ ==
Onye a mụrụ Entwistle n’oge afọ 1887 na obodo Blackburn, Lancashire, England. Ọ rụrụ ọrụ dịka onye ọrụ ụlọ ọrụ na ihe igwe ihe.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Miss Louisa Entwistle|url=https://www.suffrageresources.org.uk/database/1824/miss-louisa-entwistle|accessdate=2026-03-19|work=Database - Women's Suffrage Resources}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Mgbe ọ dị oge afọ iri abụọ, Entwistle gara [[London]] maka ngagharị iwe n'èzí ụlọ omebe iwu nke Women's Social and Political Union (WSPU) haziri. Ọ nọ n'etiti otu ndị na-eme ngagharị iwe iri isii maka ikike nke ụmụ nwanyị na-eme ntụli aka bụ ndị wakporo House of Commons ma jide ha.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=SUFFRAGETTES: Amnesty of August 1914: index of people arrested, 1906-1914|url=https://discovery.nationalarchives.gov.uk/details/r/C4769024|accessdate=2026-03-19|work=National Archives}}&lt;/ref&gt; E kpere Entwistle ikpe n’ụbọchi 14 nke ọnwa Febụwarị n’oge afọ 1907 na Ụlọikpe Ndị Uwe Ojii Westminster na London. &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|author=Cowman|first=Krista|date=2018-02-06|title=Let’s not forget the working class suffragettes|url=https://www.newstatesman.com/politics/2018/02/suffragettes-women-100-years-working-class|accessdate=2026-03-19|work=[[New Statesman]]|language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; The Lancashire Evening Post kọrọ na n'oge ikpe ya Entwistle gwara onye majie na ọ bụ: &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|date=2020-03-09|title=Suffragettes honoured in street names|url=https://theshuttle.org.uk/suffragettes-honoured-in-street-names/|accessdate=2026-03-19|work=The Shuttle: Blackburn with Darwen Council News|language=en-GB}}&lt;/ref&gt;
 
A tụrụ Entwistle mkpọrọ otu izu na HM Holloway Prison.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|author=Cowman|first=Krista|date=2018-02-06|title=Let’s not forget the working class suffragettes|url=https://www.newstatesman.com/politics/2018/02/suffragettes-women-100-years-working-class|accessdate=2026-03-19|work=[[New Statesman]]|language=en-US}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot; id=&quot;CITEREFCowman2018&quot;&gt;Cowman, Krista (6 February 2018). [https://www.newstatesman.com/politics/2018/02/suffragettes-women-100-years-working-class &quot;Let's not forget the working class suffragettes&quot;]. ''[[New Statesman]]''&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;19 March&lt;/span&gt; 2026&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt; Mgbe ọ laghachiri n'ụlọ ya, ndi ''Blackburn Weekly Telegraph'' gbara ya ajụjụ ọnụ banyere omume ya.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Women's Suffrage|url=https://www.cottontown.org/Politics/Pages/Women's-Suffrage.aspx|accessdate=2026-03-19|work=Cotton Town}}&lt;/ref&gt;

N'oge afọ 2018, e mepụtara ihe osise nke gosipụtara Entwistle na ihe ncheta dị n'ihu Blackburn Museum na Art Gallery maka Ụbọchị Ụmụ nwanyị Mba Nile.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|date=2018-03-08|title=Artwork to celebrate International Women’s Day|url=https://theshuttle.org.uk/artwork-to-celebrate-international-womens-day/|accessdate=2026-03-19|work=The Shuttle: Blackburn with Darwen Council News|language=en-GB}}&lt;/ref&gt; N'oge afọ 2020, a gụrụ otu okporo ámá dị n'otu ụlọ na Blackburn aha iji were sọpụrụ Entwistle.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|date=2020-03-09|title=Suffragettes honoured in street names|url=https://theshuttle.org.uk/suffragettes-honoured-in-street-names/|accessdate=2026-03-19|work=The Shuttle: Blackburn with Darwen Council News|language=en-GB}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot;&gt;[https://theshuttle.org.uk/suffragettes-honoured-in-street-names/ &quot;Suffragettes honoured in street names&quot;]. ''The Shuttle: Blackburn with Darwen Council News''. 9 March 2020&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;19 March&lt;/span&gt; 2026&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|date=2020-03-08|title=Streets on Blackburn housing estate to be named after suffragettes|url=https://www.lancashiretelegraph.co.uk/news/18289784.streets-blackburn-housing-estate-named-suffragettes/|accessdate=2026-03-19|work=Lancashire Telegraph|language=en-GB}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Edensibia ==
{{Reflist}}</text>
      <sha1>g1bg93vaidlnvq3hz7fujpg2hoh5jbg</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>631841</id>
      <parentid>631840</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-05-03T21:55:56Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>King Waltz</username>
        <id>61379</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/* Akụkọ ndụ */</comment>
      <origin>631841</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="3669" sha1="3v08qvml10q850mm143el2a6vnuq526" xml:space="preserve">
{{Databox}}'''Louisa Entwistle''' (onye amụrụ n'oge afọ 1887) bụ onye mba England suffragette.

== Akụkọ ndụ ==
Onye a mụrụ Entwistle n’oge afọ 1887 na obodo Blackburn, Lancashire, England. Ọ rụrụ ọrụ dịka onye ọrụ ụlọ ọrụ na ihe igwe ihe.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Miss Louisa Entwistle|url=https://www.suffrageresources.org.uk/database/1824/miss-louisa-entwistle|accessdate=2026-03-19|work=Database - Women's Suffrage Resources}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Mgbe ọ dị oge afọ iri abụọ, Entwistle gara [[London]] maka ngagharị iwe n'èzí ụlọ omebe iwu nke Women's Social and Political Union (WSPU) haziri. Ọ nọ n'etiti otu ndị na-eme ngagharị iwe iri isii maka ikike nke ụmụ nwanyị na-eme ntụli aka bụ ndị wakporo House of Commons ma jide ha.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=SUFFRAGETTES: Amnesty of August 1914: index of people arrested, 1906-1914|url=https://discovery.nationalarchives.gov.uk/details/r/C4769024|accessdate=2026-03-19|work=National Archives}}&lt;/ref&gt; E kpere Entwistle ikpe n’ụbọchi 14 nke ọnwa Febụwarị n’oge afọ 1907 na Ụlọikpe Ndị Uwe Ojii Westminster na London. &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|author=Cowman|first=Krista|date=2018-02-06|title=Let’s not forget the working class suffragettes|url=https://www.newstatesman.com/politics/2018/02/suffragettes-women-100-years-working-class|accessdate=2026-03-19|work=[[New Statesman]]|language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; The Lancashire Evening Post kọrọ na n'oge ikpe ya Entwistle gwara onye majie na ọ bụ: &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|date=2020-03-09|title=Suffragettes honoured in street names|url=https://theshuttle.org.uk/suffragettes-honoured-in-street-names/|accessdate=2026-03-19|work=The Shuttle: Blackburn with Darwen Council News|language=en-GB}}&lt;/ref&gt;
 
A tụrụ Entwistle mkpọrọ otu izu na HM Holloway Prison.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|author=Cowman|first=Krista|date=2018-02-06|title=Let’s not forget the working class suffragettes|url=https://www.newstatesman.com/politics/2018/02/suffragettes-women-100-years-working-class|accessdate=2026-03-19|work=[[New Statesman]]|language=en-US}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot; id=&quot;CITEREFCowman2018&quot;&gt;Cowman, Krista (6 February 2018). [https://www.newstatesman.com/politics/2018/02/suffragettes-women-100-years-working-class &quot;Let's not forget the working class suffragettes&quot;]. ''[[New Statesman]]''&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;19 March&lt;/span&gt; 2026&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt; Mgbe ọ laghachiri n'ụlọ ya, ndi ''Blackburn Weekly Telegraph'' gbara ya ajụjụ ọnụ banyere omume ya.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Women's Suffrage|url=https://www.cottontown.org/Politics/Pages/Women's-Suffrage.aspx|accessdate=2026-03-19|work=Cotton Town}}&lt;/ref&gt;

N'oge afọ 2018, e mepụtara ihe osise nke gosipụtara Entwistle na ihe ncheta dị n'ihu Blackburn Museum na Art Gallery maka Ụbọchị Ụmụ nwanyị Mba Nile.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|date=2018-03-08|title=Artwork to celebrate International Women’s Day|url=https://theshuttle.org.uk/artwork-to-celebrate-international-womens-day/|accessdate=2026-03-19|work=The Shuttle: Blackburn with Darwen Council News|language=en-GB}}&lt;/ref&gt; N'oge afọ 2020, a gụrụ otu okporo ámá dị n'otu ụlọ na Blackburn aha iji were sọpụrụ Entwistle.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|date=2020-03-08|title=Streets on Blackburn housing estate to be named after suffragettes|url=https://www.lancashiretelegraph.co.uk/news/18289784.streets-blackburn-housing-estate-named-suffragettes/|accessdate=2026-03-19|work=Lancashire Telegraph|language=en-GB}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Edensibia ==
{{Reflist}}</text>
      <sha1>3v08qvml10q850mm143el2a6vnuq526</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>631842</id>
      <parentid>631841</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-05-03T21:57:52Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>King Waltz</username>
        <id>61379</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/* Akụkọ ndụ */</comment>
      <origin>631842</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="3401" sha1="m1b0xuma28r172ubmjzq55rzly7y3hb" xml:space="preserve">
{{Databox}}'''Louisa Entwistle''' (onye amụrụ n'oge afọ 1887) bụ onye mba England suffragette.

== Akụkọ ndụ ==
Onye a mụrụ Entwistle n’oge afọ 1887 na obodo Blackburn, Lancashire, England. Ọ rụrụ ọrụ dịka onye ọrụ ụlọ ọrụ na ihe igwe ihe.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Miss Louisa Entwistle|url=https://www.suffrageresources.org.uk/database/1824/miss-louisa-entwistle|accessdate=2026-03-19|work=Database - Women's Suffrage Resources}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Mgbe ọ dị oge afọ iri abụọ, Entwistle gara [[London]] maka ngagharị iwe n'èzí ụlọ omebe iwu nke Women's Social and Political Union (WSPU) haziri. Ọ nọ n'etiti otu ndị na-eme ngagharị iwe iri isii maka ikike nke ụmụ nwanyị na-eme ntụli aka bụ ndị wakporo House of Commons ma jide ha.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=SUFFRAGETTES: Amnesty of August 1914: index of people arrested, 1906-1914|url=https://discovery.nationalarchives.gov.uk/details/r/C4769024|accessdate=2026-03-19|work=National Archives}}&lt;/ref&gt; E kpere Entwistle ikpe n’ụbọchi 14 nke ọnwa Febụwarị n’oge afọ 1907 na Ụlọikpe Ndị Uwe Ojii Westminster na London. &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt; The Lancashire Evening Post kọrọ na n'oge ikpe ya Entwistle gwara onye majie na ọ bụ: &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|date=2020-03-09|title=Suffragettes honoured in street names|url=https://theshuttle.org.uk/suffragettes-honoured-in-street-names/|accessdate=2026-03-19|work=The Shuttle: Blackburn with Darwen Council News|language=en-GB}}&lt;/ref&gt;
 
A tụrụ Entwistle mkpọrọ otu izu na HM Holloway Prison.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|author=Cowman|first=Krista|date=2018-02-06|title=Let’s not forget the working class suffragettes|url=https://www.newstatesman.com/politics/2018/02/suffragettes-women-100-years-working-class|accessdate=2026-03-19|work=[[New Statesman]]|language=en-US}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot; id=&quot;CITEREFCowman2018&quot;&gt;Cowman, Krista (6 February 2018). [https://www.newstatesman.com/politics/2018/02/suffragettes-women-100-years-working-class &quot;Let's not forget the working class suffragettes&quot;]. ''[[New Statesman]]''&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;19 March&lt;/span&gt; 2026&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt; Mgbe ọ laghachiri n'ụlọ ya, ndi ''Blackburn Weekly Telegraph'' gbara ya ajụjụ ọnụ banyere omume ya.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Women's Suffrage|url=https://www.cottontown.org/Politics/Pages/Women's-Suffrage.aspx|accessdate=2026-03-19|work=Cotton Town}}&lt;/ref&gt;

N'oge afọ 2018, e mepụtara ihe osise nke gosipụtara Entwistle na ihe ncheta dị n'ihu Blackburn Museum na Art Gallery maka Ụbọchị Ụmụ nwanyị Mba Nile.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|date=2018-03-08|title=Artwork to celebrate International Women’s Day|url=https://theshuttle.org.uk/artwork-to-celebrate-international-womens-day/|accessdate=2026-03-19|work=The Shuttle: Blackburn with Darwen Council News|language=en-GB}}&lt;/ref&gt; N'oge afọ 2020, a gụrụ otu okporo ámá dị n'otu ụlọ na Blackburn aha iji were sọpụrụ Entwistle.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|date=2020-03-08|title=Streets on Blackburn housing estate to be named after suffragettes|url=https://www.lancashiretelegraph.co.uk/news/18289784.streets-blackburn-housing-estate-named-suffragettes/|accessdate=2026-03-19|work=Lancashire Telegraph|language=en-GB}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Edensibia ==
{{Reflist}}</text>
      <sha1>m1b0xuma28r172ubmjzq55rzly7y3hb</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Maria Luiko</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>75200</id>
    <revision>
      <id>631845</id>
      <timestamp>2026-05-03T22:32:14Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>King Waltz</username>
        <id>61379</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Ekere na itugharị ihụakwụkwọ nke a &quot;[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1344692048|Maria Luiko]]&quot;</comment>
      <origin>631845</origin>
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&lt;templatestyles src=&quot;Module:Infobox/styles.css&quot;&gt;&lt;/templatestyles&gt; 

'''Maria Luiko''' (onye amụrụ n’oge afọ 1904- ruo oge afọ 1941) bụ onye mba Germany na-ese ihe nke a maara maka Prints, watercolors ya na ihe osise ya. &lt;ref name=&quot;Erinnerungszeichen&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=Marie Luise Kohn (Künstlername: Maria Luiko)|url=https://erinnerungszeichen.de/en/biografien/biografie/1211.0--Marie-Luise-Kohn-(K%C3%BCnstlername--Maria-Luiko).html|work=Erinnerungszeichen|accessdate=20 March 2026|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

A mụrụ Luiko n’oge onwa Jenụwarị nke ụbọchi 25, nkr oge afọ 1904, na obodo Munich, Germany. &lt;ref name=&quot;Erinnerungszeichen&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=Marie Luise Kohn (Künstlername: Maria Luiko)|url=https://erinnerungszeichen.de/en/biografien/biografie/1211.0--Marie-Luise-Kohn-(K%C3%BCnstlername--Maria-Luiko).html|work=Erinnerungszeichen|accessdate=20 March 2026|language=en}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot;&gt;[https://erinnerungszeichen.de/en/biografien/biografie/1211.0--Marie-Luise-Kohn-(K%C3%BCnstlername--Maria-Luiko).html &quot;Marie Luise Kohn (Künstlername: Maria Luiko)&quot;]. ''Erinnerungszeichen''&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;20 March&lt;/span&gt; 2026&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt; Ọ gụrụ akwụkwọ na Academy of Fine Arts, Munich, ya na Munich School of Applied Arts. &lt;ref name=&quot;Fritz Ascher Society&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=&quot;Sweet Kitsch, I can't do that.&quot; Maria Luiko (1904-1941) With Wolfram P. Kastner and Mascha Erbelding|url=https://fritzaschersociety.org/exhibition-event/maria-luiko/|work=Fritz Ascher Society|accessdate=20 March 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt; Amụma ndị Nazi megide ndị Juu mere ka ọrụ ya ghara isi ike. E kweghị ka ọ sonye na Reichskammer der bildenden Künste [ de ] . O hiwere Munich Puppet Theatre for Jewish Artists, &lt;ref name=&quot;Erinnerungszeichen&quot; /&gt; ebe o chepụtara ma mee puppet . &lt;ref name=&quot;Fritz Ascher Society&quot; /&gt; Ka ọ na-erule oge afọ 1939, a kpọgara Luiko, ya na nwanne ya nwanyị na nne ya na &quot;Judenhaus&quot; (Ụlọ Ndị Juu). &lt;ref name=&quot;Gedenkbuch der Münchener Juden&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=Marie Luise Kohn (Künstlername: Maria Luiko)|url=https://gedenkbuch.muenchen.de/index.php?id=gedenkbuch_link&amp;gid=1211|work=Gedenkbuch der Münchener Juden|accessdate=20 March 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt; N’oge afọ 1941, a chụpụrụ mmadụ atọ ahụ na Kaunas, Lithuania ebe e gburu ha n’ọnwa Nọvemba. &lt;ref name=&quot;Erinnerungszeichen&quot; /&gt;

Luiko nwụrụ n’oge ọnwa Nọvemba n’ụbọchi 25, nke oge afọ 1941, na Kaunas . &lt;ref name=&quot;Gedenkbuch der Münchener Juden&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=Marie Luise Kohn (Künstlername: Maria Luiko)|url=https://gedenkbuch.muenchen.de/index.php?id=gedenkbuch_link&amp;gid=1211|work=Gedenkbuch der Münchener Juden|accessdate=20 March 2026}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot;&gt;[https://gedenkbuch.muenchen.de/index.php?id=gedenkbuch_link&amp;gid=1211 &quot;Marie Luise Kohn (Künstlername: Maria Luiko)&quot;]. ''Gedenkbuch der Münchener Juden''&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;20 March&lt;/span&gt; 2026&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;

N'oge afọ 2007, e mere ihe ngosi nke ọrụ ya, nke akpọrọ ''Grafiken na Figuren'' na Ụlọ Ọmụmụ nke Jewish Museum Munich (Jüdisches Museum München). &lt;ref name=&quot;Jüdisches Museum München&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=Maria Luiko (1904-1941): Grafiken und Figuren|url=https://www.juedisches-museum-muenchen.de/en/ausstellungen/ausstellungsarchiv/maria-luiko-1904-1941|work=Jüdisches Museum München|accessdate=20 March 2026|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

N'oge afọ 2021, etinyere stolperstein iji sọpụrụ ya na Loristraße 7, 80335 Munich. &lt;ref name=&quot;Initiative Stolpersteine für München e.V.&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=Marie Luise Kohn|url=https://www.stolpersteine-muenchen.de/stolperstein/marie-luise-kohn/|work=Initiative Stolpersteine für München e.V.|accessdate=21 March 2026|language=de|date=4 March 2024}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Edensibia ==
{{Reflist}}

== Njikọ mpụga ==
 {{Authority control}}
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'''Maria Luiko''' (onye amụrụ n’oge afọ 1904- ruo oge afọ 1941) bụ onye mba Germany na-ese ihe nke a maara maka Prints, watercolors ya na ihe osise ya. &lt;ref name=&quot;Erinnerungszeichen&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=Marie Luise Kohn (Künstlername: Maria Luiko)|url=https://erinnerungszeichen.de/en/biografien/biografie/1211.0--Marie-Luise-Kohn-(K%C3%BCnstlername--Maria-Luiko).html|work=Erinnerungszeichen|accessdate=20 March 2026|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

A mụrụ Luiko n’oge onwa Jenụwarị nke ụbọchi 25, nkr oge afọ 1904, na obodo Munich, Germany. &lt;ref name=&quot;Erinnerungszeichen&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=Marie Luise Kohn (Künstlername: Maria Luiko)|url=https://erinnerungszeichen.de/en/biografien/biografie/1211.0--Marie-Luise-Kohn-(K%C3%BCnstlername--Maria-Luiko).html|work=Erinnerungszeichen|accessdate=20 March 2026|language=en}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot;&gt;[https://erinnerungszeichen.de/en/biografien/biografie/1211.0--Marie-Luise-Kohn-(K%C3%BCnstlername--Maria-Luiko).html &quot;Marie Luise Kohn (Künstlername: Maria Luiko)&quot;]. ''Erinnerungszeichen''&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;20 March&lt;/span&gt; 2026&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt; Ọ gụrụ akwụkwọ na Academy of Fine Arts, Munich, ya na Munich School of Applied Arts. &lt;ref name=&quot;Fritz Ascher Society&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=&quot;Sweet Kitsch, I can't do that.&quot; Maria Luiko (1904-1941) With Wolfram P. Kastner and Mascha Erbelding|url=https://fritzaschersociety.org/exhibition-event/maria-luiko/|work=Fritz Ascher Society|accessdate=20 March 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt; Amụma ndị Nazi megide ndị Juu mere ka ọrụ ya ghara isi ike. E kweghị ka ọ sonye na Reichskammer der bildenden Künste [ de ] . O hiwere Munich Puppet Theatre for Jewish Artists, &lt;ref name=&quot;Erinnerungszeichen&quot; /&gt; ebe o chepụtara ma mee puppet . &lt;ref name=&quot;Fritz Ascher Society&quot; /&gt; Ka ọ na-erule oge afọ 1939, a kpọgara Luiko, ya na nwanne ya nwanyị na nne ya na &quot;Judenhaus&quot; (Ụlọ Ndị Juu). &lt;ref name=&quot;Gedenkbuch der Münchener Juden&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=Marie Luise Kohn (Künstlername: Maria Luiko)|url=https://gedenkbuch.muenchen.de/index.php?id=gedenkbuch_link&amp;gid=1211|work=Gedenkbuch der Münchener Juden|accessdate=20 March 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt; N’oge afọ 1941, a chụpụrụ mmadụ atọ ahụ na Kaunas, Lithuania ebe e gburu ha n’ọnwa Nọvemba. &lt;ref name=&quot;Erinnerungszeichen&quot; /&gt;

Luiko nwụrụ n’oge ọnwa Nọvemba n’ụbọchi 25, nke oge afọ 1941, na Kaunas . &lt;ref name=&quot;Gedenkbuch der Münchener Juden&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=Marie Luise Kohn (Künstlername: Maria Luiko)|url=https://gedenkbuch.muenchen.de/index.php?id=gedenkbuch_link&amp;gid=1211|work=Gedenkbuch der Münchener Juden|accessdate=20 March 2026}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot;&gt;[https://gedenkbuch.muenchen.de/index.php?id=gedenkbuch_link&amp;gid=1211 &quot;Marie Luise Kohn (Künstlername: Maria Luiko)&quot;]. ''Gedenkbuch der Münchener Juden''&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;20 March&lt;/span&gt; 2026&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;

N'oge afọ 2007, e mere ihe ngosi nke ọrụ ya, nke akpọrọ ''Grafiken na Figuren'' na Ụlọ Ọmụmụ nke Jewish Museum Munich (Jüdisches Museum München). &lt;ref name=&quot;Jüdisches Museum München&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=Maria Luiko (1904-1941): Grafiken und Figuren|url=https://www.juedisches-museum-muenchen.de/en/ausstellungen/ausstellungsarchiv/maria-luiko-1904-1941|work=Jüdisches Museum München|accessdate=20 March 2026|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

N'oge afọ 2021, etinyere stolperstein iji sọpụrụ ya na Loristraße 7, 80335 Munich. &lt;ref name=&quot;Initiative Stolpersteine für München e.V.&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=Marie Luise Kohn|url=https://www.stolpersteine-muenchen.de/stolperstein/marie-luise-kohn/|work=Initiative Stolpersteine für München e.V.|accessdate=21 March 2026|language=de|date=4 March 2024}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Edensibia ==
{{Reflist}}

== Njikọ mpụga ==
 {{Authority control}}
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'''Maria Luiko''' (onye amụrụ n’oge afọ 1904- ruo oge afọ 1941) bụ onye mba Germany na-ese ihe nke a maara maka Prints, watercolors ya na ihe osise ya. &lt;ref name=&quot;Erinnerungszeichen&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=Marie Luise Kohn (Künstlername: Maria Luiko)|url=https://erinnerungszeichen.de/en/biografien/biografie/1211.0--Marie-Luise-Kohn-(K%C3%BCnstlername--Maria-Luiko).html|work=Erinnerungszeichen|accessdate=20 March 2026|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

A mụrụ Luiko n’oge onwa Jenụwarị nke ụbọchi 25, nkr oge afọ 1904, na obodo Munich, Germany. &lt;ref name=&quot;Erinnerungszeichen&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=Marie Luise Kohn (Künstlername: Maria Luiko)|url=https://erinnerungszeichen.de/en/biografien/biografie/1211.0--Marie-Luise-Kohn-(K%C3%BCnstlername--Maria-Luiko).html|work=Erinnerungszeichen|accessdate=20 March 2026|language=en}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot;&gt;[https://erinnerungszeichen.de/en/biografien/biografie/1211.0--Marie-Luise-Kohn-(K%C3%BCnstlername--Maria-Luiko).html &quot;Marie Luise Kohn (Künstlername: Maria Luiko)&quot;]. ''Erinnerungszeichen''&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;20 March&lt;/span&gt; 2026&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt; Ọ gụrụ akwụkwọ na Academy of Fine Arts, Munich, ya na Munich School of Applied Arts. &lt;ref name=&quot;Fritz Ascher Society&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=&quot;Sweet Kitsch, I can't do that.&quot; Maria Luiko (1904-1941) With Wolfram P. Kastner and Mascha Erbelding|url=https://fritzaschersociety.org/exhibition-event/maria-luiko/|work=Fritz Ascher Society|accessdate=20 March 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt; Amụma ndị Nazi megide ndị Juu mere ka ọrụ ya ghara isi ike. E kweghị ka ọ sonye na Reichskammer der bildenden Künste [ de ] . O hiwere Munich Puppet Theatre for Jewish Artists, &lt;ref name=&quot;Erinnerungszeichen&quot; /&gt; ebe o chepụtara ma mee puppet . &lt;ref name=&quot;Fritz Ascher Society&quot; /&gt; Ka ọ na-erule oge afọ 1939, a kpọgara Luiko, ya na nwanne ya nwanyị na nne ya na &quot;Judenhaus&quot; (Ụlọ Ndị Juu). &lt;ref name=&quot;Gedenkbuch der Münchener Juden&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=Marie Luise Kohn (Künstlername: Maria Luiko)|url=https://gedenkbuch.muenchen.de/index.php?id=gedenkbuch_link&amp;gid=1211|work=Gedenkbuch der Münchener Juden|accessdate=20 March 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt; N’oge afọ 1941, a chụpụrụ mmadụ atọ ahụ na Kaunas, Lithuania ebe e gburu ha n’ọnwa Nọvemba. &lt;ref name=&quot;Erinnerungszeichen&quot; /&gt;

Luiko nwụrụ n’oge ọnwa Nọvemba n’ụbọchi 25, nke oge afọ 1941, na Kaunas . &lt;ref name=&quot;Gedenkbuch der Münchener Juden&quot; /&gt;

N'oge afọ 2007, e mere ihe ngosi nke ọrụ ya, nke akpọrọ ''Grafiken na Figuren'' na Ụlọ Ọmụmụ nke Jewish Museum Munich (Jüdisches Museum München). &lt;ref name=&quot;Jüdisches Museum München&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=Maria Luiko (1904-1941): Grafiken und Figuren|url=https://www.juedisches-museum-muenchen.de/en/ausstellungen/ausstellungsarchiv/maria-luiko-1904-1941|work=Jüdisches Museum München|accessdate=20 March 2026|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

N'oge afọ 2021, etinyere stolperstein iji sọpụrụ ya na Loristraße 7, 80335 Munich. &lt;ref name=&quot;Initiative Stolpersteine für München e.V.&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=Marie Luise Kohn|url=https://www.stolpersteine-muenchen.de/stolperstein/marie-luise-kohn/|work=Initiative Stolpersteine für München e.V.|accessdate=21 March 2026|language=de|date=4 March 2024}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Edensibia ==
{{Reflist}}

== Njikọ mpụga ==
 {{Authority control}}
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'''Maria Luiko''' (onye amụrụ n’oge afọ 1904- ruo oge afọ 1941) bụ onye mba Germany na-ese ihe nke a maara maka Prints, watercolors ya na ihe osise ya. &lt;ref name=&quot;Erinnerungszeichen&quot; /&gt;

A mụrụ Luiko n’oge onwa Jenụwarị nke ụbọchi 25, nkr oge afọ 1904, na obodo Munich, Germany. &lt;ref name=&quot;Erinnerungszeichen&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=Marie Luise Kohn (Künstlername: Maria Luiko)|url=https://erinnerungszeichen.de/en/biografien/biografie/1211.0--Marie-Luise-Kohn-(K%C3%BCnstlername--Maria-Luiko).html|work=Erinnerungszeichen|accessdate=20 March 2026|language=en}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot;&gt;[https://erinnerungszeichen.de/en/biografien/biografie/1211.0--Marie-Luise-Kohn-(K%C3%BCnstlername--Maria-Luiko).html &quot;Marie Luise Kohn (Künstlername: Maria Luiko)&quot;]. ''Erinnerungszeichen''&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;20 March&lt;/span&gt; 2026&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt; Ọ gụrụ akwụkwọ na Academy of Fine Arts, Munich, ya na Munich School of Applied Arts. &lt;ref name=&quot;Fritz Ascher Society&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=&quot;Sweet Kitsch, I can't do that.&quot; Maria Luiko (1904-1941) With Wolfram P. Kastner and Mascha Erbelding|url=https://fritzaschersociety.org/exhibition-event/maria-luiko/|work=Fritz Ascher Society|accessdate=20 March 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt; Amụma ndị Nazi megide ndị Juu mere ka ọrụ ya ghara isi ike. E kweghị ka ọ sonye na Reichskammer der bildenden Künste [ de ] . O hiwere Munich Puppet Theatre for Jewish Artists, &lt;ref name=&quot;Erinnerungszeichen&quot; /&gt; ebe o chepụtara ma mee puppet . &lt;ref name=&quot;Fritz Ascher Society&quot; /&gt; Ka ọ na-erule oge afọ 1939, a kpọgara Luiko, ya na nwanne ya nwanyị na nne ya na &quot;Judenhaus&quot; (Ụlọ Ndị Juu). &lt;ref name=&quot;Gedenkbuch der Münchener Juden&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=Marie Luise Kohn (Künstlername: Maria Luiko)|url=https://gedenkbuch.muenchen.de/index.php?id=gedenkbuch_link&amp;gid=1211|work=Gedenkbuch der Münchener Juden|accessdate=20 March 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt; N’oge afọ 1941, a chụpụrụ mmadụ atọ ahụ na Kaunas, Lithuania ebe e gburu ha n’ọnwa Nọvemba. &lt;ref name=&quot;Erinnerungszeichen&quot; /&gt;

Luiko nwụrụ n’oge ọnwa Nọvemba n’ụbọchi 25, nke oge afọ 1941, na Kaunas . &lt;ref name=&quot;Gedenkbuch der Münchener Juden&quot; /&gt;

N'oge afọ 2007, e mere ihe ngosi nke ọrụ ya, nke akpọrọ ''Grafiken na Figuren'' na Ụlọ Ọmụmụ nke Jewish Museum Munich (Jüdisches Museum München). &lt;ref name=&quot;Jüdisches Museum München&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=Maria Luiko (1904-1941): Grafiken und Figuren|url=https://www.juedisches-museum-muenchen.de/en/ausstellungen/ausstellungsarchiv/maria-luiko-1904-1941|work=Jüdisches Museum München|accessdate=20 March 2026|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

N'oge afọ 2021, etinyere stolperstein iji sọpụrụ ya na Loristraße 7, 80335 Munich. &lt;ref name=&quot;Initiative Stolpersteine für München e.V.&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=Marie Luise Kohn|url=https://www.stolpersteine-muenchen.de/stolperstein/marie-luise-kohn/|work=Initiative Stolpersteine für München e.V.|accessdate=21 March 2026|language=de|date=4 March 2024}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Edensibia ==
{{Reflist}}

== Njikọ mpụga ==
 {{Authority control}}
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    <title>Elisabeth Altmann-Gottheiner</title>
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      <comment>Ekere na itugharị ihụakwụkwọ nke a &quot;[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1344598076|Elisabeth Altmann-Gottheiner]]&quot;</comment>
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'''Elisabeth Altmann-Gottheiner''' (onye amụrọ n’ụbọchi 26 nke ọnwa Maachị n’oge afọ 1874 - ruo ụbọchi 21 nke ọnwa Ọktoba n’oge afọ 1930) bụ onye Germany na-ahụ maka akụ na ụba, onye nkuzi na onye na-ahụ Maka ihe ndị ruuru ụmụ nwanyị. Ọ bụ otu n'ime ụmụ nwanyị mbụ ghọrọ onye nkuzi mahadum na Germany.

== Ndụ ==
Amụrụ Altmann-Gottheiner n’ụbọchi 26 nke ọnwa Maachị n’oge afọ 1874 na mba Berlin.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=Elisabeth Altmann- Gottheiner (1874–1930)|url=https://frauen-und-geschichte.de/website.php?id=denktag/2009301707.html|accessdate=2026-03-21|work=Frauen und Geschichte|language=de}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ọ lụrụ onye economist aha ya bụ Samuel Paul Altmann [&lt;nowiki/&gt;[[:de:Samuel_Paul_Altmann|de]]] n’ọnwa November nke oge afọ 1906.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt;

Ọ malitere ọmụmụ ihe ya na London, England n'afọ 1899 wee gaa gụọ akwụkwọ na Mahadum Berlin . &lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=Elisabeth Altmann- Gottheiner (1874–1930)|url=https://frauen-und-geschichte.de/website.php?id=denktag/2009301707.html|accessdate=2026-03-21|work=Frauen und Geschichte|language=de}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot;&gt;[https://frauen-und-geschichte.de/website.php?id=denktag/2009301707.html &quot;Elisabeth Altmann- Gottheiner (1874–1930)&quot;]. ''Frauen und Geschichte'' (in German)&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;21 March&lt;/span&gt; 2026&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;
[[Category:CS1 German-language sources (de)]]&lt;/ref&gt; Na 1903, o nwetara akara ugo mmụta doctorate na Zürich, Switzerland &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.deutsche-biographie.de/sfz734.html|title=Altmann-Gottheiner, Elisabeth|accessdate=2014-03-27|work=Deutsche-Biographie.de|author=von Zahn-Harnack|first=Agnes}}&lt;/ref&gt; . Ka ọ na-erule afọ 1908, ọ bụ onye nkuzi na kọleji akụnụba dị na Mannheim, ma ka ọ na-erule afọ 1924, ọ nwetara ọkwa prọfesọ na akụnụba .


Ọ nwụrụ n’ụbọchi 21 nke ọnwa Ọktoba n’oge afọ 1930 n’ obodo Mannheim, mgbe ọ dị afọ iri ise na isii.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=Elisabeth Altmann- Gottheiner (1874–1930)|url=https://frauen-und-geschichte.de/website.php?id=denktag/2009301707.html|accessdate=2026-03-21|work=Frauen und Geschichte|language=de}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot;&gt;[https://frauen-und-geschichte.de/website.php?id=denktag/2009301707.html &quot;Elisabeth Altmann- Gottheiner (1874–1930)&quot;]. ''Frauen und Geschichte'' (in German)&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;21 March&lt;/span&gt; 2026&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;
[[Category:CS1 German-language sources (de)]]&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ndị ọkà mmụta ==
[[Faịlụ:Vorstand_des_ersten_deutschen_Frauenkongress_Anfang_März_1912_in_Berlin.jpg|thumb|Ndị nduzi nke German Women's Congress 1912 (German: ''Deutscher Frauenkongreß''), gụnyere (ahịrị azụ site n'aka ekpe): Altmann-Gottheiner, Martha Voß-Zietz, Alice Bensheimer, Anna Pappritz, (ahịrị ihu site n' aka ekpe) Helene von Forster, Gertrud Bäumer na Alice Solomon]]
O dere ọtụtụ akwụkwọ na isiokwu gbasara ajụjụ economics. Site n’oge afọ 1912 ruo oge afọ 1920 ọ dezigharịrị akwụkwọ afọ nke ụmụ nwanyị nke BDF, ''Jahrbuch der Frauenbewegung'' . &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.deutsche-biographie.de/sfz734.html|title=Altmann-Gottheiner, Elisabeth|accessdate=2014-03-27|work=Deutsche-Biographie.de|author=von Zahn-Harnack|first=Agnes}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot; id=&quot;CITEREFvon_Zahn-Harnack&quot;&gt;von Zahn-Harnack, Agnes. [http://www.deutsche-biographie.de/sfz734.html &quot;Altmann-Gottheiner, Elisabeth&quot;]. ''Deutsche-Biographie.de''&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;27 March&lt;/span&gt; 2014&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Elisabeth-Altmann-Gottheiner-Straße|url=https://www.marchivum.de/de/geschichte/infos-zur-stadtgeschichte/strassennamen/elisabeth-altmann-gottheiner-strasse|accessdate=2026-03-21|work=MARCHIVUM|language=de}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Mahadum nke obodo Mannheim na-enye onyinye kwa afọ &quot;Elisabeth Altmann-Gottheiner-Preis&quot; maka edemede ụmụ akwụkwọ na nyocha okike.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.uni-mannheim.de/1/universitaet/partner_ehrungen/partner/stiftungen/elisabeth_altmann_gottheiner_preis/|title=Elisabeth-Altmann-Gottheiner-Preis|publisher=University go Mannheim|accessdate=2014-03-27}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Edensibia ==
{{Reflist}}

== Ịgụ ihe ọzọ ==

* Salomon, Alice: &quot;Elisabeth Altmann-Gottheiner zum Gedächtnis&quot; (3. Jg., Nr. 9, 1. Dezember 1930) ''Die Österreicherin: Zeitschrift für alle Interessen der Frau'', hrsg. vom Bund österreichischer Frauenvereine, Wien, 1928 - 1938 (N'aka ekpe 2) 
* Zahn-Harnack, Agnes: &quot;Altmann-Gottheiner, Elisabeth.&quot; Na: Neue Deutsche Biographie (NDB). [Ihe e dere n'ala ala peeji]
{{Authority control}}
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'''Elisabeth Altmann-Gottheiner''' (onye amụrọ n’ụbọchi 26 nke ọnwa Maachị n’oge afọ 1874 - ruo ụbọchi 21 nke ọnwa Ọktoba n’oge afọ 1930) bụ onye Germany na-ahụ maka akụ na ụba, onye nkuzi na onye na-ahụ Maka ihe ndị ruuru ụmụ nwanyị. Ọ bụ otu n'ime ụmụ nwanyị mbụ ghọrọ onye nkuzi mahadum na Germany.

== Ndụ ==
Amụrụ Altmann-Gottheiner n’ụbọchi 26 nke ọnwa Maachị n’oge afọ 1874 na mba Berlin.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=Elisabeth Altmann- Gottheiner (1874–1930)|url=https://frauen-und-geschichte.de/website.php?id=denktag/2009301707.html|accessdate=2026-03-21|work=Frauen und Geschichte|language=de}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ọ lụrụ onye economist aha ya bụ Samuel Paul Altmann [&lt;nowiki/&gt;[[:de:Samuel_Paul_Altmann|de]]] n’ọnwa November nke oge afọ 1906.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt;

Ọ malitere ọmụmụ ihe ya na London, England n'afọ 1899 wee gaa gụọ akwụkwọ na Mahadum Berlin . &lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=Elisabeth Altmann- Gottheiner (1874–1930)|url=https://frauen-und-geschichte.de/website.php?id=denktag/2009301707.html|accessdate=2026-03-21|work=Frauen und Geschichte|language=de}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot;&gt;[https://frauen-und-geschichte.de/website.php?id=denktag/2009301707.html &quot;Elisabeth Altmann- Gottheiner (1874–1930)&quot;]. ''Frauen und Geschichte'' (in German)&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;21 March&lt;/span&gt; 2026&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;
[[Category:CS1 German-language sources (de)]]&lt;/ref&gt; Na 1903, o nwetara akara ugo mmụta doctorate na Zürich, Switzerland &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.deutsche-biographie.de/sfz734.html|title=Altmann-Gottheiner, Elisabeth|accessdate=2014-03-27|work=Deutsche-Biographie.de|author=von Zahn-Harnack|first=Agnes}}&lt;/ref&gt; . Ka ọ na-erule afọ 1908, ọ bụ onye nkuzi na kọleji akụnụba dị na Mannheim, ma ka ọ na-erule afọ 1924, ọ nwetara ọkwa prọfesọ na akụnụba .


Ọ nwụrụ n’ụbọchi 21 nke ọnwa Ọktoba n’oge afọ 1930 n’ obodo Mannheim, mgbe ọ dị afọ iri ise na isii.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=Elisabeth Altmann- Gottheiner (1874–1930)|url=https://frauen-und-geschichte.de/website.php?id=denktag/2009301707.html|accessdate=2026-03-21|work=Frauen und Geschichte|language=de}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot;&gt;[https://frauen-und-geschichte.de/website.php?id=denktag/2009301707.html &quot;Elisabeth Altmann- Gottheiner (1874–1930)&quot;]. ''Frauen und Geschichte'' (in German)&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;21 March&lt;/span&gt; 2026&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;
[[Category:CS1 German-language sources (de)]]&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ndị ọkà mmụta ==
[[Faịlụ:Vorstand_des_ersten_deutschen_Frauenkongress_Anfang_März_1912_in_Berlin.jpg|thumb|Ndị nduzi nke German Women's Congress 1912 (German: ''Deutscher Frauenkongreß''), gụnyere (ahịrị azụ site n'aka ekpe): Altmann-Gottheiner, Martha Voß-Zietz, Alice Bensheimer, Anna Pappritz, (ahịrị ihu site n' aka ekpe) Helene von Forster, Gertrud Bäumer na Alice Solomon]]
O dere ọtụtụ akwụkwọ na isiokwu gbasara ajụjụ economics. Site n’oge afọ 1912 ruo oge afọ 1920 ọ dezigharịrị akwụkwọ afọ nke ụmụ nwanyị nke BDF, ''Jahrbuch der Frauenbewegung'' . &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.deutsche-biographie.de/sfz734.html|title=Altmann-Gottheiner, Elisabeth|accessdate=2014-03-27|work=Deutsche-Biographie.de|author=von Zahn-Harnack|first=Agnes}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot; id=&quot;CITEREFvon_Zahn-Harnack&quot;&gt;von Zahn-Harnack, Agnes. [http://www.deutsche-biographie.de/sfz734.html &quot;Altmann-Gottheiner, Elisabeth&quot;]. ''Deutsche-Biographie.de''&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;27 March&lt;/span&gt; 2014&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Elisabeth-Altmann-Gottheiner-Straße|url=https://www.marchivum.de/de/geschichte/infos-zur-stadtgeschichte/strassennamen/elisabeth-altmann-gottheiner-strasse|accessdate=2026-03-21|work=MARCHIVUM|language=de}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Mahadum nke obodo Mannheim na-enye onyinye kwa afọ &quot;Elisabeth Altmann-Gottheiner-Preis&quot; maka edemede ụmụ akwụkwọ na nyocha okike.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.uni-mannheim.de/1/universitaet/partner_ehrungen/partner/stiftungen/elisabeth_altmann_gottheiner_preis/|title=Elisabeth-Altmann-Gottheiner-Preis|publisher=University go Mannheim|accessdate=2014-03-27}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Edensibia ==
{{Reflist}}

== Ịgụ ihe ọzọ ==

* Salomon, Alice: &quot;Elisabeth Altmann-Gottheiner zum Gedächtnis&quot; (3. Jg., Nr. 9, 1. Dezember 1930) ''Die Österreicherin: Zeitschrift für alle Interessen der Frau'', hrsg. vom Bund österreichischer Frauenvereine, Wien, 1928 - 1938 (N'aka ekpe 2) 
* Zahn-Harnack, Agnes: &quot;Altmann-Gottheiner, Elisabeth.&quot; Na: Neue Deutsche Biographie (NDB). [Ihe e dere n'ala ala peeji]
{{Authority control}}
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'''Elisabeth Altmann-Gottheiner''' (onye amụrọ n’ụbọchi 26 nke ọnwa Maachị n’oge afọ 1874 - ruo ụbọchi 21 nke ọnwa Ọktoba n’oge afọ 1930) bụ onye Germany na-ahụ maka akụ na ụba, onye nkuzi na onye na-ahụ Maka ihe ndị ruuru ụmụ nwanyị. Ọ bụ otu n'ime ụmụ nwanyị mbụ ghọrọ onye nkuzi mahadum na Germany.

== Ndụ ==
Amụrụ Altmann-Gottheiner n’ụbọchi 26 nke ọnwa Maachị n’oge afọ 1874 na mba Berlin.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=Elisabeth Altmann- Gottheiner (1874–1930)|url=https://frauen-und-geschichte.de/website.php?id=denktag/2009301707.html|accessdate=2026-03-21|work=Frauen und Geschichte|language=de}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ọ lụrụ onye economist aha ya bụ Samuel Paul Altmann [&lt;nowiki/&gt;[[:de:Samuel_Paul_Altmann|de]]] n’ọnwa November nke oge afọ 1906.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt;

Ọ malitere ọmụmụ ihe ya na London, England n'afọ 1899 wee gaa gụọ akwụkwọ na Mahadum Berlin . &lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=Elisabeth Altmann- Gottheiner (1874–1930)|url=https://frauen-und-geschichte.de/website.php?id=denktag/2009301707.html|accessdate=2026-03-21|work=Frauen und Geschichte|language=de}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot;&gt;[https://frauen-und-geschichte.de/website.php?id=denktag/2009301707.html &quot;Elisabeth Altmann- Gottheiner (1874–1930)&quot;]. ''Frauen und Geschichte'' (in German)&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;21 March&lt;/span&gt; 2026&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;
[[Category:CS1 German-language sources (de)]]&lt;/ref&gt; Na 1903, o nwetara akara ugo mmụta doctorate na Zürich, Switzerland &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.deutsche-biographie.de/sfz734.html|title=Altmann-Gottheiner, Elisabeth|accessdate=2014-03-27|work=Deutsche-Biographie.de|author=von Zahn-Harnack|first=Agnes}}&lt;/ref&gt; . Ka ọ na-erule afọ 1908, ọ bụ onye nkuzi na kọleji akụnụba dị na Mannheim, ma ka ọ na-erule afọ 1924, ọ nwetara ọkwa prọfesọ na akụnụba .


Ọ nwụrụ n’ụbọchi 21 nke ọnwa Ọktoba n’oge afọ 1930 n’ obodo Mannheim, mgbe ọ dị afọ iri ise na isii.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=Elisabeth Altmann- Gottheiner (1874–1930)|url=https://frauen-und-geschichte.de/website.php?id=denktag/2009301707.html|accessdate=2026-03-21|work=Frauen und Geschichte|language=de}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot;&gt;[https://frauen-und-geschichte.de/website.php?id=denktag/2009301707.html &quot;Elisabeth Altmann- Gottheiner (1874–1930)&quot;]. ''Frauen und Geschichte'' (in German)&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;21 March&lt;/span&gt; 2026&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;
[[Category:CS1 German-language sources (de)]]&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ndị ọkà mmụta ==
[[Faịlụ:Vorstand_des_ersten_deutschen_Frauenkongress_Anfang_März_1912_in_Berlin.jpg|thumb|Ndị nduzi nke German Women's Congress 1912 (German: ''Deutscher Frauenkongreß''), gụnyere (ahịrị azụ site n'aka ekpe): Altmann-Gottheiner, Martha Voß-Zietz, Alice Bensheimer, Anna Pappritz, (ahịrị ihu site n' aka ekpe) Helene von Forster, Gertrud Bäumer na Alice Solomon]]
O dere ọtụtụ akwụkwọ na isiokwu gbasara ajụjụ economics. Site n’oge afọ 1912 ruo oge afọ 1920 ọ dezigharịrị akwụkwọ afọ nke ụmụ nwanyị nke BDF, ''Jahrbuch der Frauenbewegung'' . &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Elisabeth-Altmann-Gottheiner-Straße|url=https://www.marchivum.de/de/geschichte/infos-zur-stadtgeschichte/strassennamen/elisabeth-altmann-gottheiner-strasse|accessdate=2026-03-21|work=MARCHIVUM|language=de}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Mahadum nke obodo Mannheim na-enye onyinye kwa afọ &quot;Elisabeth Altmann-Gottheiner-Preis&quot; maka edemede ụmụ akwụkwọ na nyocha okike.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.uni-mannheim.de/1/universitaet/partner_ehrungen/partner/stiftungen/elisabeth_altmann_gottheiner_preis/|title=Elisabeth-Altmann-Gottheiner-Preis|publisher=University go Mannheim|accessdate=2014-03-27}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Edensibia ==
{{Reflist}}

== Ịgụ ihe ọzọ ==

* Salomon, Alice: &quot;Elisabeth Altmann-Gottheiner zum Gedächtnis&quot; (3. Jg., Nr. 9, 1. Dezember 1930) ''Die Österreicherin: Zeitschrift für alle Interessen der Frau'', hrsg. vom Bund österreichischer Frauenvereine, Wien, 1928 - 1938 (N'aka ekpe 2) 
* Zahn-Harnack, Agnes: &quot;Altmann-Gottheiner, Elisabeth.&quot; Na: Neue Deutsche Biographie (NDB). [Ihe e dere n'ala ala peeji]
{{Authority control}}
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'''Elisabeth Altmann-Gottheiner''' (onye amụrọ n’ụbọchi 26 nke ọnwa Maachị n’oge afọ 1874 - ruo ụbọchi 21 nke ọnwa Ọktoba n’oge afọ 1930) bụ onye Germany na-ahụ maka akụ na ụba, onye nkuzi na onye na-ahụ Maka ihe ndị ruuru ụmụ nwanyị. Ọ bụ otu n'ime ụmụ nwanyị mbụ ghọrọ onye nkuzi mahadum na Germany.

== Ndụ ==
Amụrụ Altmann-Gottheiner n’ụbọchi 26 nke ọnwa Maachị n’oge afọ 1874 na mba Berlin.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt;Ọ lụrụ onye economist aha ya bụ Samuel Paul Altmann [&lt;nowiki/&gt;[[:de:Samuel_Paul_Altmann|de]]] n’ọnwa November nke oge afọ 1906.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt;

Ọ malitere ọmụmụ ihe ya na London, England n'afọ 1899 wee gaa gụọ akwụkwọ na Mahadum Berlin . &lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=Elisabeth Altmann- Gottheiner (1874–1930)|url=https://frauen-und-geschichte.de/website.php?id=denktag/2009301707.html|accessdate=2026-03-21|work=Frauen und Geschichte|language=de}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot;&gt;[https://frauen-und-geschichte.de/website.php?id=denktag/2009301707.html &quot;Elisabeth Altmann- Gottheiner (1874–1930)&quot;]. ''Frauen und Geschichte'' (in German)&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;21 March&lt;/span&gt; 2026&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;
[[Category:CS1 German-language sources (de)]]&lt;/ref&gt; Na 1903, o nwetara akara ugo mmụta doctorate na Zürich, Switzerland &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.deutsche-biographie.de/sfz734.html|title=Altmann-Gottheiner, Elisabeth|accessdate=2014-03-27|work=Deutsche-Biographie.de|author=von Zahn-Harnack|first=Agnes}}&lt;/ref&gt; . Ka ọ na-erule afọ 1908, ọ bụ onye nkuzi na kọleji akụnụba dị na Mannheim, ma ka ọ na-erule afọ 1924, ọ nwetara ọkwa prọfesọ na akụnụba .


Ọ nwụrụ n’ụbọchi 21 nke ọnwa Ọktoba n’oge afọ 1930 n’ obodo Mannheim, mgbe ọ dị afọ iri ise na isii.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=Elisabeth Altmann- Gottheiner (1874–1930)|url=https://frauen-und-geschichte.de/website.php?id=denktag/2009301707.html|accessdate=2026-03-21|work=Frauen und Geschichte|language=de}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot;&gt;[https://frauen-und-geschichte.de/website.php?id=denktag/2009301707.html &quot;Elisabeth Altmann- Gottheiner (1874–1930)&quot;]. ''Frauen und Geschichte'' (in German)&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;21 March&lt;/span&gt; 2026&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;
[[Category:CS1 German-language sources (de)]]&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ndị ọkà mmụta ==
[[Faịlụ:Vorstand_des_ersten_deutschen_Frauenkongress_Anfang_März_1912_in_Berlin.jpg|thumb|Ndị nduzi nke German Women's Congress 1912 (German: ''Deutscher Frauenkongreß''), gụnyere (ahịrị azụ site n'aka ekpe): Altmann-Gottheiner, Martha Voß-Zietz, Alice Bensheimer, Anna Pappritz, (ahịrị ihu site n' aka ekpe) Helene von Forster, Gertrud Bäumer na Alice Solomon]]
O dere ọtụtụ akwụkwọ na isiokwu gbasara ajụjụ economics. Site n’oge afọ 1912 ruo oge afọ 1920 ọ dezigharịrị akwụkwọ afọ nke ụmụ nwanyị nke BDF, ''Jahrbuch der Frauenbewegung'' . &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Elisabeth-Altmann-Gottheiner-Straße|url=https://www.marchivum.de/de/geschichte/infos-zur-stadtgeschichte/strassennamen/elisabeth-altmann-gottheiner-strasse|accessdate=2026-03-21|work=MARCHIVUM|language=de}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Mahadum nke obodo Mannheim na-enye onyinye kwa afọ &quot;Elisabeth Altmann-Gottheiner-Preis&quot; maka edemede ụmụ akwụkwọ na nyocha okike.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.uni-mannheim.de/1/universitaet/partner_ehrungen/partner/stiftungen/elisabeth_altmann_gottheiner_preis/|title=Elisabeth-Altmann-Gottheiner-Preis|publisher=University go Mannheim|accessdate=2014-03-27}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Edensibia ==
{{Reflist}}

== Ịgụ ihe ọzọ ==

* Salomon, Alice: &quot;Elisabeth Altmann-Gottheiner zum Gedächtnis&quot; (3. Jg., Nr. 9, 1. Dezember 1930) ''Die Österreicherin: Zeitschrift für alle Interessen der Frau'', hrsg. vom Bund österreichischer Frauenvereine, Wien, 1928 - 1938 (N'aka ekpe 2) 
* Zahn-Harnack, Agnes: &quot;Altmann-Gottheiner, Elisabeth.&quot; Na: Neue Deutsche Biographie (NDB). [Ihe e dere n'ala ala peeji]
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    <title>Mohamed Abdelrasoul (Actor)</title>
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      <comment>Jiri ''''Mohamed Abdelrasoul''' (amụrụ na Maachị 15, 1992) (Arabic: محمد عبدالرسول) bụ onye [[Egypt]] na-eme ihe nkiri.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=محمد عبد الرسول ينهى تصوير فيلم فاصل من اللحظات اللذيذة قبل عرضه بعيد الفطر|url=https://www.youm7.com/story/2024/4/5/%D9%85%D8%AD%D9%85%D8%AF-%D8%B9%D8%A8%D8%AF-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B1%D8%B3%D9%88%D9%84-%D9%8A%D9%86%D9%87%D9%89-%D8%AA%D8%B5%D9%88%D9%8A%D8%B1-%D9%81...' kere ihü</comment>
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      <text bytes="3750" sha1="bbwbbq5mlyaeuuboa7gefpzf36fwtkh" xml:space="preserve">'''Mohamed Abdelrasoul''' (amụrụ na Maachị 15, 1992) (Arabic: محمد عبدالرسول) bụ onye [[Egypt]] na-eme ihe nkiri.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=محمد عبد الرسول ينهى تصوير فيلم فاصل من اللحظات اللذيذة قبل عرضه بعيد الفطر|url=https://www.youm7.com/story/2024/4/5/%D9%85%D8%AD%D9%85%D8%AF-%D8%B9%D8%A8%D8%AF-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B1%D8%B3%D9%88%D9%84-%D9%8A%D9%86%D9%87%D9%89-%D8%AA%D8%B5%D9%88%D9%8A%D8%B1-%D9%81%D9%8A%D9%84%D9%85-%D9%81%D8%A7%D8%B5%D9%84-%D9%85%D9%86-%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%84%D8%AD%D8%B8%D8%A7%D8%AA-%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%84%D8%B0%D9%8A%D8%B0%D8%A9/6531838|work=اليوم السابع|date=2024-04-05|accessdate=2026-05-04|language=ar|author=ذكى مكاوى}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://m.akhbarelyom.com/news/newdetails/4183839/1/|title=محمد عبدالرسول يكشف تفاصيل مشاركته في فيلم «مشاعـر الأروْاح»|author=بوابة أخبار اليوم|accessdate=2023-12-03}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=بطولة ياسر جلال.. محمد عبدالرسول يكشف عن دوره في مسلسل &amp;quot;ألف ليلة وليلة&amp;quot;|url=https://gate.ahram.org.eg/News/4583910.aspx|work=بوابة الأهرام|accessdate=2026-05-04|language=ar}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=محمد عبدالرسول يكشف تفاصيل شخصيته أمام هدى حسين في «زوجة واحدة لا تكفي»|url=https://www.almasryalyoum.com/news/details/3127354|work=المصري اليوم|date=2024-03-21|accessdate=2026-05-04|language=ar|author=محمود زكي}}&lt;/ref&gt;

{{Databox|excludeProperties=Mohamed Abdelrasoul}}

== Akụkọ ndụ ==
A mụrụ ya na 15 Maachị 1992, Mohamed Abdelrasoul Ọ gụrụ azụmahịa na Mahadum Cairo, mana ọ hụrụ ụlọ ihe nkiri mahadum n'anya ma sonye na mmepụta .&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=محمد عبدالرسول يكشف دوره في فيلم&quot;حكاية عربية&quot;|url=https://www.masrawy.com/arts/zoom/details/2023/11/9/2493075/%D9%85%D8%AD%D9%85%D8%AF-%D8%B9%D8%A8%D8%AF%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B1%D8%B3%D9%88%D9%84-%D9%8A%D9%83%D8%B4%D9%81-%D8%AF%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%87-%D9%81%D9%8A-%D9%81%D9%8A%D9%84%D9%85-%D8%AD%D9%83%D8%A7%D9%8A%D8%A9-%D8%B9%D8%B1%D8%A8%D9%8A%D8%A9-|work=مصراوي.كوم|accessdate=2026-05-04|language=ar}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=الفنان محمد عبدالرسول ينتهي من تصوير فيلم &quot;نجاح القدر&quot; تمهيدًا لمشاركته فى المهرجانات العالمية|url=https://www.alwafd.news/5220177|work=بوابة الوفد الإلكترونية|date=2023-11-18|accessdate=2026-05-04|language=ar-eg}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=محمد عبدالرسول: الفن رسالة وطموحي أن أكون اسمًا مؤثرًا في الدراما العربية|url=https://www.albiladpress.com/news/2026/6400/spaces/993755.html|work=جريدة البلاد|accessdate=2026-05-04|language=ar}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ndụ ọkachamara ya ==
Mgbe ọ gụsịrị akwụkwọ, ọ rụrụ ọrụ na ndị nduzi ma nweta obere ọrụ na fim, mgbe ahụ ọrụ ya malitere site na ntinye aka ya na ndị na-eme ihe nkiri a ma ama na ọtụtụ fim.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=محمد عبدالرسول يكشف دوره فى مسلسل صلة رحم|url=https://www.elbalad.news/6036328|work=صدى البلد|date=2024-01-03|accessdate=2026-05-04|language=ar-eg}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.filfan.com/news/169700|title=محمد عبدالرسول ينضم لأبطال فيلم “سكة سفر”|accessdate=2024-02-29}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ihe nkiri ==

* Alf Leila wa Leila
* el-Diesel
* Al-Serb
* El-Kenz 2 
* Zawja Wahida La Takfi

== Edemsibịa ==
&lt;references /&gt;

== Njikọ mpụga ==

* Official website</text>
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    <title>Iryna Leushyna</title>
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      <comment>Ekere na itugharị ihụakwụkwọ nke a &quot;[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1341708040|Iryna Leushyna]]&quot;</comment>
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'''Iryna Alehauna Leushyna''' (Belarushian: Ірына Алегаўна Леўшына; amụrụ na 29 Nọvemba n'afọ 1965) bụ onye nta akụkọ Belarus. Ọ bụ onye nchịkọta akụkọ na onye nduzi nke ụlọ ọrụ akụkọ nnwere onwe BelaPAN, nke a kpọrọ ya onye nta akụkọ nke afọ n'ime 2018. A tụrụ Leushyna mkpọrọ n'etiti n'afọ 2021 na  afọ 2024 maka ebubo idu ndú &quot;òtù ndị na-eme ihe ike&quot;. 

== Akụkọ Ndụ ==
Leushyna gụrụ akwụkwọ akụkọ na mahadum tupu ọ lụọ di ma mụọ ụmụ. Ọ rụrụ ọrụ nwa oge maka akwụkwọ akụkọ Schastlivy sluchay na ''[[:be:Рэспубліка_(газета)|Respublika]]'', mana ọ gbalịrị ịchọta ọrụ oge niile n'ihi na ọ mụrụ nwa. N'ime afọ 1992, ọ malitere ịrụ ọrụ maka BelaPAN dị ka onye nchịkọta akụkọ. N'afọ 2018, mgbe onye guzobere ụlọ ọrụ ahụ, [[:be:Алесь_Ліпай|Ales Lipai]], nwụsịrị, Leushyna ghọrọ onye nduzi BelaPAN.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|date=12 December 2019|title=Ирина Левшина: Моя мечта — уважать руководство моей страны|url=https://reform.by/emancipation-irina-levshina|accessdate=4 March 2026|work=Reformation|language=ru}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Na 8 Ọgọst n'afọ 2018, Leushyna so n'ime ndị nta akụkọ 15 e jidere ruo awa 48 mgbe e boro ha ebubo izu ohi akụkọ sitere n'aka ụlọ ọrụ mgbasa ozi gọọmentị, BelTA, nke kpatara mfu ego ruru BYN 7000. E weghaara kọmputa Leushuyna ma chọọ ụlọ ya. Ndị otu mba ụwa gụnyere Organization for Security and Cooperation in Europe, European Union, Council of Europe and Reporters Without Borders katọrọ njide Leushyna na ndị ọzọ.[3][4] Mgbe e mesịrị n'ọnwa ahụ, a machiri Leushyna ịpụ na Belarus. Na Nọvemba n'afọ 2018, a kagburu ebubo ndị a na-ebo ndị nta akụkọ niile ma e wezụga Marina Zolotova, mana e nyere ha iwu ka ha kwụọ ụgwọ mmebi nke BYN 12,000 na ntaramahụhụ nke BYN 735.[5] Na ụbọchị iri atọ nke ọnwa Nọvemba afọ 2018, a họpụtara Leushyna dịka &quot;Onye nta akụkọ nke afọ&quot; site na onyinye mba maka ihe ndị a rụzuru n'ọhịa nke ikike mmadụ, ya na Tatyana Karavyankova na Alyaksandr Tamkovich, maka ijide n'aka na akụkọ gbasara ikike mmadụ apụọla n'ihu ọha. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|author=Prus|first=Justyna|date=10 December 2018|title=Białoruś: Dziennikarka Iryna Leuszyna z nagrodą obrońców praw człowieka|url=https://www.gazetaprawna.pl/wiadomosci/artykuly/1386550,bialorus-dziennikarka-iryna-leuszyna-z-nagroda-obroncow-praw-czlowieka.html|accessdate=4 March 2026|work=[[Dziennik Gazeta Prawna|Gazeta Prawna]]|language=pl}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|date=3 December 2018|title=Наш зямляк можа стаць Журналістам года. Вядомы шорт-ліст Нацыянальнай прэміі беларускіх праваабаронцаў|url=https://rh.by/ru/2018/12/03/nash-zyamlyak-mozha-stats-zhurnalistam-goda-vyadomy-short-list-natsyyanalnaj-premii-belaruskih-pravaabarontsau/|accessdate=4 March 2026|work=Rehijanalnaja Hazieta|language=be}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|date=30 November 2018|title=Вызначаны шорт-ліст Нацыянальнай прэміі беларускіх праваабаронцаў|url=http://archiwum.polradio.pl/4/88/Artykul/394821|accessdate=4 March 2026|work=[[Radio Poland|Polskaye Radyyo]]|language=be}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Na 18 Ọgọst n'afọ 2021, ndị uwe ojii wakporo ụlọ ọrụ BelaPAN, jide sava ya ma gbochie weebụsaịtị ya, ma jide Leushyna na ọtụtụ ndị ọrụ ndị ọzọ n'ebubo &quot;na-akwado ngagharị iwe ego&quot; na &quot;nhazi na itinye aka na ihe ndị na-emebi iwu ọha&quot;. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|date=18 August 2021|title=Lukaschenkos Regime geht gegen unabhängige Nachrichtenagentur vor|url=https://www.spiegel.de/ausland/belarus-lukaschenkos-regime-geht-gegen-unabhaengige-nachrichtenagentur-belapan-vor-a-0ccb58ef-b01e-4658-a445-28ca8ccaa283|accessdate=4 March 2026|work=[[Der Spiegel]]|language=de}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|date=19 August 2021|title=Praca redakcji BiełaPAN sparaliżowana po rewizji białoruskich służb. Agencja będzie kontynuować pracę z zagranicy|url=https://tvn24.pl/swiat/bialorus-bielapan-po-rewizji-sluzb-bedzie-kontynuowac-prace-z-zagranicy-st5197981|accessdate=4 March 2026|work=[[TVN24]]|language=pl}}&lt;/ref&gt; Na 19 Ọgọst, a nabatara Leushyna na ndị ọrụ BelaPAN ndị ọzọ ejidere dị ka ndị mkpọrọ ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị na nkwupụta nkwonkwo nke otu 10 na-ahụ maka ikike mmadụ, gụnyere Viasna, Belarusian Association of Journalists, Belarusian Helsinki Committee, Belarusian PEN Centre, na Pravavaya initsyyatyva. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|date=19 August 2021|title=Заява аб прызнанні трох супрацоўнікаў &quot;БелаПАН&quot; палітычнымі зняволенымі|url=https://spring96.org/be/news/104721|accessdate=4 March 2026|work=[[Viasna]]|language=be}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|date=19 August 2021|title=Зняволеныя супрацоўнікі «БелаПАН» прызнаныя палітвязнямі|url=https://novychas.by/hramadstva/znjavolenyja-supracouniki-belapan-pryznanyja-palit|accessdate=4 March 2026|work=[[Novy Chas]]|language=be}}&lt;/ref&gt;

N'ime ọnwa Nọvemba  n'afọ 2021, ndị KGB nke Belarus kpọrọ BelaPan dị ka òtù na-emebiga ihe ókè. Ikpe Leushyna malitere na 6 June n'afọ 2022, na ebubo ndị a na-ebo ya dị ka &quot;ịtọlite ma hazie otu ndị na-emebiga ihe ókè&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|date=6 June 2022|title=Суд па справе &quot;БелаПАН&quot;: у чым абвінавачваюць чатырох палітвязняў|url=https://spring96.org/be/news/107948|accessdate=4 March 2026|work=[[Viasna]]|language=be}}&lt;/ref&gt; N'abalị isii n'ọnwa Ọktoba n'afọ 2022, Ụlọikpe Mpaghara Minsk mara ya ikpe ịga mkpọrọ afọ anọ na ịkwụ ya ụgwọ 26, 500 BYN; Ụlọikpe Kasị Elu jụrụ mkpesa ndị ọzọ n'ụbọchị isii n'ọktoba n'afọ 2022 na ụbọchị isii n'enwetakwu n'afọ 2023 . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|date=6 January 2023|title=Вярхоўны суд пакінуў прысуды абвінавачаным па «справе БелаПАН»|url=https://novychas.online/hramadstva/vjarhouny-sud-pakinuu-prysudy-abvinavaczanym-pa-s|accessdate=4 March 2026|work=[[Novy Chas]]|language=be}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|date=6 October 2021|title=Białoruski sąd skazuje niezależnych dziennikarzy nawet na 14 lat więzienia|url=https://www.bankier.pl/wiadomosc/Bialoruski-sad-skazuje-niezaleznych-dziennikarzy-nawet-na-14-lat-wiezienia-8418628.html|accessdate=4 March 2026|work=Bankier|language=pl}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|date=6 October 2022|title=Białoruś: Dziennikarze niezależnej agencji informacyjnej z wyrokami od 4 do 14 lat więzienia|url=https://www.wnp.pl/rynki/rynki-zagraniczne/bialorus-dziennikarze-niezaleznej-agencji-informacyjnej-z-wyrokami-od-4-do-14-lat-wiezienia,630778.html|accessdate=4 March 2026|work=WNP|language=pl}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ministri nke Internal Affairs gbakwunyere Leushyna na ndepụta ya nke ụmụ amaala Belarus na-etinye aka n'ọrụ ndị na-emebiga ihe ókè.

Leushyna nọrọ afọ anọ n'ụlọ mkpọrọ ụmụ nwanyị dị na Gomel. A tọhapụrụ ya na Disemba 7 n'afọ 2024 mgbe ọ nọrọ afọ atọ, ọnwa atọ na izu atọ nke mkpọrọ ya. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|date=10 December 2024|title=BelaPAN editor-in-chief Iryna Leushyna released from prison|url=https://baj.media/en/belapan-editor-in-chief-iryna-leushyna-released-from-prison/|accessdate=4 March 2026|work=[[Belarusian Association of Journalists]]|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Edensibịa ==

[[Otú:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ]]
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      <comment>Ekere na itugharị ihụakwụkwọ nke a &quot;[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1341708040|Iryna Leushyna]]&quot;</comment>
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'''Iryna Alehauna Leushyna''' (Belarushian: Ірына Алегаўна Леўшына; amụrụ na 29 Nọvemba n'afọ 1965) bụ onye nta akụkọ Belarus. Ọ bụ onye nchịkọta akụkọ na onye nduzi nke ụlọ ọrụ akụkọ nnwere onwe BelaPAN, nke a kpọrọ ya onye nta akụkọ nke afọ n'ime 2018. A tụrụ Leushyna mkpọrọ n'etiti n'afọ 2021 na  afọ 2024 maka ebubo idu ndú &quot;òtù ndị na-eme ihe ike&quot;. 

== Akụkọ Ndụ ==
Leushyna gụrụ akwụkwọ akụkọ na mahadum tupu ọ lụọ di ma mụọ ụmụ. Ọ rụrụ ọrụ nwa oge maka akwụkwọ akụkọ Schastlivy sluchay na ''[[:be:Рэспубліка_(газета)|Respublika]]'', mana ọ gbalịrị ịchọta ọrụ oge niile n'ihi na ọ mụrụ nwa. N'ime afọ 1992, ọ malitere ịrụ ọrụ maka BelaPAN dị ka onye nchịkọta akụkọ. N'afọ 2018, mgbe onye guzobere ụlọ ọrụ ahụ, [[:be:Алесь_Ліпай|Ales Lipai]], nwụsịrị, Leushyna ghọrọ onye nduzi BelaPAN.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|date=12 December 2019|title=Ирина Левшина: Моя мечта — уважать руководство моей страны|url=https://reform.by/emancipation-irina-levshina|accessdate=4 March 2026|work=Reformation|language=ru}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Na 8 Ọgọst n'afọ 2018, Leushyna so n'ime ndị nta akụkọ 15 e jidere ruo awa 48 mgbe e boro ha ebubo izu ohi akụkọ sitere n'aka ụlọ ọrụ mgbasa ozi gọọmentị, BelTA, nke kpatara mfu ego ruru BYN 7000. E weghaara kọmputa Leushuyna ma chọọ ụlọ ya. Ndị otu mba ụwa gụnyere Organization for Security and Cooperation in Europe, European Union, Council of Europe and Reporters Without Borders katọrọ njide Leushyna na ndị ọzọ.Mgbe e mesịrị n'ọnwa ahụ, a machiri Leushyna ịpụ na Belarus. Na Nọvemba n'afọ 2018, a kagburu ebubo ndị a na-ebo ndị nta akụkọ niile ma e wezụga Marina Zolotova, mana e nyere ha iwu ka ha kwụọ ụgwọ mmebi nke BYN 12,000 na ntaramahụhụ nke BYN 735. Na ụbọchị iri atọ nke ọnwa Nọvemba afọ 2018, a họpụtara Leushyna dịka &quot;Onye nta akụkọ nke afọ&quot; site na onyinye mba maka ihe ndị a rụzuru n'ọhịa nke ikike mmadụ, ya na Tatyana Karavyankova na Alyaksandr Tamkovich, maka ijide n'aka na akụkọ gbasara ikike mmadụ apụọla n'ihu ọha. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|author=Prus|first=Justyna|date=10 December 2018|title=Białoruś: Dziennikarka Iryna Leuszyna z nagrodą obrońców praw człowieka|url=https://www.gazetaprawna.pl/wiadomosci/artykuly/1386550,bialorus-dziennikarka-iryna-leuszyna-z-nagroda-obroncow-praw-czlowieka.html|accessdate=4 March 2026|work=[[Dziennik Gazeta Prawna|Gazeta Prawna]]|language=pl}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|date=3 December 2018|title=Наш зямляк можа стаць Журналістам года. Вядомы шорт-ліст Нацыянальнай прэміі беларускіх праваабаронцаў|url=https://rh.by/ru/2018/12/03/nash-zyamlyak-mozha-stats-zhurnalistam-goda-vyadomy-short-list-natsyyanalnaj-premii-belaruskih-pravaabarontsau/|accessdate=4 March 2026|work=Rehijanalnaja Hazieta|language=be}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|date=30 November 2018|title=Вызначаны шорт-ліст Нацыянальнай прэміі беларускіх праваабаронцаў|url=http://archiwum.polradio.pl/4/88/Artykul/394821|accessdate=4 March 2026|work=[[Radio Poland|Polskaye Radyyo]]|language=be}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Na 18 Ọgọst n'afọ 2021, ndị uwe ojii wakporo ụlọ ọrụ BelaPAN, jide sava ya ma gbochie weebụsaịtị ya, ma jide Leushyna na ọtụtụ ndị ọrụ ndị ọzọ n'ebubo &quot;na-akwado ngagharị iwe ego&quot; na &quot;nhazi na itinye aka na ihe ndị na-emebi iwu ọha&quot;. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|date=18 August 2021|title=Lukaschenkos Regime geht gegen unabhängige Nachrichtenagentur vor|url=https://www.spiegel.de/ausland/belarus-lukaschenkos-regime-geht-gegen-unabhaengige-nachrichtenagentur-belapan-vor-a-0ccb58ef-b01e-4658-a445-28ca8ccaa283|accessdate=4 March 2026|work=[[Der Spiegel]]|language=de}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|date=19 August 2021|title=Praca redakcji BiełaPAN sparaliżowana po rewizji białoruskich służb. Agencja będzie kontynuować pracę z zagranicy|url=https://tvn24.pl/swiat/bialorus-bielapan-po-rewizji-sluzb-bedzie-kontynuowac-prace-z-zagranicy-st5197981|accessdate=4 March 2026|work=[[TVN24]]|language=pl}}&lt;/ref&gt; Na 19 Ọgọst, a nabatara Leushyna na ndị ọrụ BelaPAN ndị ọzọ ejidere dị ka ndị mkpọrọ ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị na nkwupụta nkwonkwo nke otu 10 na-ahụ maka ikike mmadụ, gụnyere Viasna, Belarusian Association of Journalists, Belarusian Helsinki Committee, Belarusian PEN Centre, na Pravavaya initsyyatyva. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|date=19 August 2021|title=Заява аб прызнанні трох супрацоўнікаў &quot;БелаПАН&quot; палітычнымі зняволенымі|url=https://spring96.org/be/news/104721|accessdate=4 March 2026|work=[[Viasna]]|language=be}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|date=19 August 2021|title=Зняволеныя супрацоўнікі «БелаПАН» прызнаныя палітвязнямі|url=https://novychas.by/hramadstva/znjavolenyja-supracouniki-belapan-pryznanyja-palit|accessdate=4 March 2026|work=[[Novy Chas]]|language=be}}&lt;/ref&gt;

N'ime ọnwa Nọvemba  n'afọ 2021, ndị KGB nke Belarus kpọrọ BelaPan dị ka òtù na-emebiga ihe ókè. Ikpe Leushyna malitere na 6 June n'afọ 2022, na ebubo ndị a na-ebo ya dị ka &quot;ịtọlite ma hazie otu ndị na-emebiga ihe ókè&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|date=6 June 2022|title=Суд па справе &quot;БелаПАН&quot;: у чым абвінавачваюць чатырох палітвязняў|url=https://spring96.org/be/news/107948|accessdate=4 March 2026|work=[[Viasna]]|language=be}}&lt;/ref&gt; N'abalị isii n'ọnwa Ọktoba n'afọ 2022, Ụlọikpe Mpaghara Minsk mara ya ikpe ịga mkpọrọ afọ anọ na ịkwụ ya ụgwọ 26, 500 BYN; Ụlọikpe Kasị Elu jụrụ mkpesa ndị ọzọ n'ụbọchị isii n'ọktoba n'afọ 2022 na ụbọchị isii n'enwetakwu n'afọ 2023 . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|date=6 January 2023|title=Вярхоўны суд пакінуў прысуды абвінавачаным па «справе БелаПАН»|url=https://novychas.online/hramadstva/vjarhouny-sud-pakinuu-prysudy-abvinavaczanym-pa-s|accessdate=4 March 2026|work=[[Novy Chas]]|language=be}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|date=6 October 2021|title=Białoruski sąd skazuje niezależnych dziennikarzy nawet na 14 lat więzienia|url=https://www.bankier.pl/wiadomosc/Bialoruski-sad-skazuje-niezaleznych-dziennikarzy-nawet-na-14-lat-wiezienia-8418628.html|accessdate=4 March 2026|work=Bankier|language=pl}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|date=6 October 2022|title=Białoruś: Dziennikarze niezależnej agencji informacyjnej z wyrokami od 4 do 14 lat więzienia|url=https://www.wnp.pl/rynki/rynki-zagraniczne/bialorus-dziennikarze-niezaleznej-agencji-informacyjnej-z-wyrokami-od-4-do-14-lat-wiezienia,630778.html|accessdate=4 March 2026|work=WNP|language=pl}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ministri nke Internal Affairs gbakwunyere Leushyna na ndepụta ya nke ụmụ amaala Belarus na-etinye aka n'ọrụ ndị na-emebiga ihe ókè.

Leushyna nọrọ afọ anọ n'ụlọ mkpọrọ ụmụ nwanyị dị na Gomel. A tọhapụrụ ya na Disemba 7 n'afọ 2024 mgbe ọ nọrọ afọ atọ, ọnwa atọ na izu atọ nke mkpọrọ ya. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|date=10 December 2024|title=BelaPAN editor-in-chief Iryna Leushyna released from prison|url=https://baj.media/en/belapan-editor-in-chief-iryna-leushyna-released-from-prison/|accessdate=4 March 2026|work=[[Belarusian Association of Journalists]]|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Edensibịa ==

[[Otú:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ]]
[[Otú:Articles with hCards]]</text>
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        <username>Quinlan83</username>
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      <comment>Fix</comment>
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      <text bytes="7855" sha1="31hal3e0iigxh2j1z4yp87v6d4gwojc" xml:space="preserve">'''Iryna Alehauna Leushyna''' (Belarushian: Ірына Алегаўна Леўшына; amụrụ na 29 Nọvemba n'afọ 1965) bụ onye nta akụkọ Belarus. Ọ bụ onye nchịkọta akụkọ na onye nduzi nke ụlọ ọrụ akụkọ nnwere onwe BelaPAN, nke a kpọrọ ya onye nta akụkọ nke afọ n'ime 2018. A tụrụ Leushyna mkpọrọ n'etiti n'afọ 2021 na  afọ 2024 maka ebubo idu ndú &quot;òtù ndị na-eme ihe ike&quot;. 

== Akụkọ Ndụ ==
Leushyna gụrụ akwụkwọ akụkọ na mahadum tupu ọ lụọ di ma mụọ ụmụ. Ọ rụrụ ọrụ nwa oge maka akwụkwọ akụkọ Schastlivy sluchay na ''[[:be:Рэспубліка_(газета)|Respublika]]'', mana ọ gbalịrị ịchọta ọrụ oge niile n'ihi na ọ mụrụ nwa. N'ime afọ 1992, ọ malitere ịrụ ọrụ maka BelaPAN dị ka onye nchịkọta akụkọ. N'afọ 2018, mgbe onye guzobere ụlọ ọrụ ahụ, [[:be:Алесь_Ліпай|Ales Lipai]], nwụsịrị, Leushyna ghọrọ onye nduzi BelaPAN.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|date=12 December 2019|title=Ирина Левшина: Моя мечта — уважать руководство моей страны|url=https://reform.by/emancipation-irina-levshina|accessdate=4 March 2026|work=Reformation|language=ru}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Na 8 Ọgọst n'afọ 2018, Leushyna so n'ime ndị nta akụkọ 15 e jidere ruo awa 48 mgbe e boro ha ebubo izu ohi akụkọ sitere n'aka ụlọ ọrụ mgbasa ozi gọọmentị, BelTA, nke kpatara mfu ego ruru BYN 7000. E weghaara kọmputa Leushuyna ma chọọ ụlọ ya. Ndị otu mba ụwa gụnyere Organization for Security and Cooperation in Europe, European Union, Council of Europe and Reporters Without Borders katọrọ njide Leushyna na ndị ọzọ.[3][4] Mgbe e mesịrị n'ọnwa ahụ, a machiri Leushyna ịpụ na Belarus. Na Nọvemba n'afọ 2018, a kagburu ebubo ndị a na-ebo ndị nta akụkọ niile ma e wezụga Marina Zolotova, mana e nyere ha iwu ka ha kwụọ ụgwọ mmebi nke BYN 12,000 na ntaramahụhụ nke BYN 735.[5] Na ụbọchị iri atọ nke ọnwa Nọvemba afọ 2018, a họpụtara Leushyna dịka &quot;Onye nta akụkọ nke afọ&quot; site na onyinye mba maka ihe ndị a rụzuru n'ọhịa nke ikike mmadụ, ya na Tatyana Karavyankova na Alyaksandr Tamkovich, maka ijide n'aka na akụkọ gbasara ikike mmadụ apụọla n'ihu ọha. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|author=Prus|first=Justyna|date=10 December 2018|title=Białoruś: Dziennikarka Iryna Leuszyna z nagrodą obrońców praw człowieka|url=https://www.gazetaprawna.pl/wiadomosci/artykuly/1386550,bialorus-dziennikarka-iryna-leuszyna-z-nagroda-obroncow-praw-czlowieka.html|accessdate=4 March 2026|work=[[Dziennik Gazeta Prawna|Gazeta Prawna]]|language=pl}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|date=3 December 2018|title=Наш зямляк можа стаць Журналістам года. Вядомы шорт-ліст Нацыянальнай прэміі беларускіх праваабаронцаў|url=https://rh.by/ru/2018/12/03/nash-zyamlyak-mozha-stats-zhurnalistam-goda-vyadomy-short-list-natsyyanalnaj-premii-belaruskih-pravaabarontsau/|accessdate=4 March 2026|work=Rehijanalnaja Hazieta|language=be}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|date=30 November 2018|title=Вызначаны шорт-ліст Нацыянальнай прэміі беларускіх праваабаронцаў|url=http://archiwum.polradio.pl/4/88/Artykul/394821|accessdate=4 March 2026|work=[[Radio Poland|Polskaye Radyyo]]|language=be}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Na 18 Ọgọst n'afọ 2021, ndị uwe ojii wakporo ụlọ ọrụ BelaPAN, jide sava ya ma gbochie weebụsaịtị ya, ma jide Leushyna na ọtụtụ ndị ọrụ ndị ọzọ n'ebubo &quot;na-akwado ngagharị iwe ego&quot; na &quot;nhazi na itinye aka na ihe ndị na-emebi iwu ọha&quot;. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|date=18 August 2021|title=Lukaschenkos Regime geht gegen unabhängige Nachrichtenagentur vor|url=https://www.spiegel.de/ausland/belarus-lukaschenkos-regime-geht-gegen-unabhaengige-nachrichtenagentur-belapan-vor-a-0ccb58ef-b01e-4658-a445-28ca8ccaa283|accessdate=4 March 2026|work=[[Der Spiegel]]|language=de}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|date=19 August 2021|title=Praca redakcji BiełaPAN sparaliżowana po rewizji białoruskich służb. Agencja będzie kontynuować pracę z zagranicy|url=https://tvn24.pl/swiat/bialorus-bielapan-po-rewizji-sluzb-bedzie-kontynuowac-prace-z-zagranicy-st5197981|accessdate=4 March 2026|work=[[TVN24]]|language=pl}}&lt;/ref&gt; Na 19 Ọgọst, a nabatara Leushyna na ndị ọrụ BelaPAN ndị ọzọ ejidere dị ka ndị mkpọrọ ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị na nkwupụta nkwonkwo nke otu 10 na-ahụ maka ikike mmadụ, gụnyere Viasna, Belarusian Association of Journalists, Belarusian Helsinki Committee, Belarusian PEN Centre, na Pravavaya initsyyatyva. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|date=19 August 2021|title=Заява аб прызнанні трох супрацоўнікаў &quot;БелаПАН&quot; палітычнымі зняволенымі|url=https://spring96.org/be/news/104721|accessdate=4 March 2026|work=[[Viasna]]|language=be}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|date=19 August 2021|title=Зняволеныя супрацоўнікі «БелаПАН» прызнаныя палітвязнямі|url=https://novychas.by/hramadstva/znjavolenyja-supracouniki-belapan-pryznanyja-palit|accessdate=4 March 2026|work=[[Novy Chas]]|language=be}}&lt;/ref&gt;

N'ime ọnwa Nọvemba  n'afọ 2021, ndị KGB nke Belarus kpọrọ BelaPan dị ka òtù na-emebiga ihe ókè. Ikpe Leushyna malitere na 6 June n'afọ 2022, na ebubo ndị a na-ebo ya dị ka &quot;ịtọlite ma hazie otu ndị na-emebiga ihe ókè&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|date=6 June 2022|title=Суд па справе &quot;БелаПАН&quot;: у чым абвінавачваюць чатырох палітвязняў|url=https://spring96.org/be/news/107948|accessdate=4 March 2026|work=[[Viasna]]|language=be}}&lt;/ref&gt; N'abalị isii n'ọnwa Ọktoba n'afọ 2022, Ụlọikpe Mpaghara Minsk mara ya ikpe ịga mkpọrọ afọ anọ na ịkwụ ya ụgwọ 26, 500 BYN; Ụlọikpe Kasị Elu jụrụ mkpesa ndị ọzọ n'ụbọchị isii n'ọktoba n'afọ 2022 na ụbọchị isii n'enwetakwu n'afọ 2023 . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|date=6 January 2023|title=Вярхоўны суд пакінуў прысуды абвінавачаным па «справе БелаПАН»|url=https://novychas.online/hramadstva/vjarhouny-sud-pakinuu-prysudy-abvinavaczanym-pa-s|accessdate=4 March 2026|work=[[Novy Chas]]|language=be}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|date=6 October 2021|title=Białoruski sąd skazuje niezależnych dziennikarzy nawet na 14 lat więzienia|url=https://www.bankier.pl/wiadomosc/Bialoruski-sad-skazuje-niezaleznych-dziennikarzy-nawet-na-14-lat-wiezienia-8418628.html|accessdate=4 March 2026|work=Bankier|language=pl}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|date=6 October 2022|title=Białoruś: Dziennikarze niezależnej agencji informacyjnej z wyrokami od 4 do 14 lat więzienia|url=https://www.wnp.pl/rynki/rynki-zagraniczne/bialorus-dziennikarze-niezaleznej-agencji-informacyjnej-z-wyrokami-od-4-do-14-lat-wiezienia,630778.html|accessdate=4 March 2026|work=WNP|language=pl}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ministri nke Internal Affairs gbakwunyere Leushyna na ndepụta ya nke ụmụ amaala Belarus na-etinye aka n'ọrụ ndị na-emebiga ihe ókè.

Leushyna nọrọ afọ anọ n'ụlọ mkpọrọ ụmụ nwanyị dị na Gomel. A tọhapụrụ ya na Disemba 7 n'afọ 2024 mgbe ọ nọrọ afọ atọ, ọnwa atọ na izu atọ nke mkpọrọ ya. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|date=10 December 2024|title=BelaPAN editor-in-chief Iryna Leushyna released from prison|url=https://baj.media/en/belapan-editor-in-chief-iryna-leushyna-released-from-prison/|accessdate=4 March 2026|work=[[Belarusian Association of Journalists]]|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Edensibịa ==

[[Otú:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ]]
[[Otú:Articles with hCards]]</text>
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        <username>Bigcee007</username>
        <id>24507</id>
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      <text bytes="7868" sha1="td5spnb9z4b7kfvh3yp4ywoknz7g254" xml:space="preserve">{{databox}} 
'''Iryna Alehauna Leushyna''' (Belarushian: Ірына Алегаўна Леўшына; amụrụ na 29 Nọvemba n'afọ 1965) bụ onye nta akụkọ Belarus. Ọ bụ onye nchịkọta akụkọ na onye nduzi nke ụlọ ọrụ akụkọ nnwere onwe BelaPAN, nke a kpọrọ ya onye nta akụkọ nke afọ n'ime 2018. A tụrụ Leushyna mkpọrọ n'etiti n'afọ 2021 na  afọ 2024 maka ebubo idu ndú &quot;òtù ndị na-eme ihe ike&quot;. 

== Akụkọ Ndụ ==
Leushyna gụrụ akwụkwọ akụkọ na mahadum tupu ọ lụọ di ma mụọ ụmụ. Ọ rụrụ ọrụ nwa oge maka akwụkwọ akụkọ Schastlivy sluchay na ''[[:be:Рэспубліка_(газета)|Respublika]]'', mana ọ gbalịrị ịchọta ọrụ oge niile n'ihi na ọ mụrụ nwa. N'ime afọ 1992, ọ malitere ịrụ ọrụ maka BelaPAN dị ka onye nchịkọta akụkọ. N'afọ 2018, mgbe onye guzobere ụlọ ọrụ ahụ, [[:be:Алесь_Ліпай|Ales Lipai]], nwụsịrị, Leushyna ghọrọ onye nduzi BelaPAN.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|date=12 December 2019|title=Ирина Левшина: Моя мечта — уважать руководство моей страны|url=https://reform.by/emancipation-irina-levshina|accessdate=4 March 2026|work=Reformation|language=ru}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Na 8 Ọgọst n'afọ 2018, Leushyna so n'ime ndị nta akụkọ 15 e jidere ruo awa 48 mgbe e boro ha ebubo izu ohi akụkọ sitere n'aka ụlọ ọrụ mgbasa ozi gọọmentị, BelTA, nke kpatara mfu ego ruru BYN 7000. E weghaara kọmputa Leushuyna ma chọọ ụlọ ya. Ndị otu mba ụwa gụnyere Organization for Security and Cooperation in Europe, European Union, Council of Europe and Reporters Without Borders katọrọ njide Leushyna na ndị ọzọ.[3][4] Mgbe e mesịrị n'ọnwa ahụ, a machiri Leushyna ịpụ na Belarus. Na Nọvemba n'afọ 2018, a kagburu ebubo ndị a na-ebo ndị nta akụkọ niile ma e wezụga Marina Zolotova, mana e nyere ha iwu ka ha kwụọ ụgwọ mmebi nke BYN 12,000 na ntaramahụhụ nke BYN 735.[5] Na ụbọchị iri atọ nke ọnwa Nọvemba afọ 2018, a họpụtara Leushyna dịka &quot;Onye nta akụkọ nke afọ&quot; site na onyinye mba maka ihe ndị a rụzuru n'ọhịa nke ikike mmadụ, ya na Tatyana Karavyankova na Alyaksandr Tamkovich, maka ijide n'aka na akụkọ gbasara ikike mmadụ apụọla n'ihu ọha. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|author=Prus|first=Justyna|date=10 December 2018|title=Białoruś: Dziennikarka Iryna Leuszyna z nagrodą obrońców praw człowieka|url=https://www.gazetaprawna.pl/wiadomosci/artykuly/1386550,bialorus-dziennikarka-iryna-leuszyna-z-nagroda-obroncow-praw-czlowieka.html|accessdate=4 March 2026|work=[[Dziennik Gazeta Prawna|Gazeta Prawna]]|language=pl}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|date=3 December 2018|title=Наш зямляк можа стаць Журналістам года. Вядомы шорт-ліст Нацыянальнай прэміі беларускіх праваабаронцаў|url=https://rh.by/ru/2018/12/03/nash-zyamlyak-mozha-stats-zhurnalistam-goda-vyadomy-short-list-natsyyanalnaj-premii-belaruskih-pravaabarontsau/|accessdate=4 March 2026|work=Rehijanalnaja Hazieta|language=be}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|date=30 November 2018|title=Вызначаны шорт-ліст Нацыянальнай прэміі беларускіх праваабаронцаў|url=http://archiwum.polradio.pl/4/88/Artykul/394821|accessdate=4 March 2026|work=[[Radio Poland|Polskaye Radyyo]]|language=be}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Na 18 Ọgọst n'afọ 2021, ndị uwe ojii wakporo ụlọ ọrụ BelaPAN, jide sava ya ma gbochie weebụsaịtị ya, ma jide Leushyna na ọtụtụ ndị ọrụ ndị ọzọ n'ebubo &quot;na-akwado ngagharị iwe ego&quot; na &quot;nhazi na itinye aka na ihe ndị na-emebi iwu ọha&quot;. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|date=18 August 2021|title=Lukaschenkos Regime geht gegen unabhängige Nachrichtenagentur vor|url=https://www.spiegel.de/ausland/belarus-lukaschenkos-regime-geht-gegen-unabhaengige-nachrichtenagentur-belapan-vor-a-0ccb58ef-b01e-4658-a445-28ca8ccaa283|accessdate=4 March 2026|work=[[Der Spiegel]]|language=de}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|date=19 August 2021|title=Praca redakcji BiełaPAN sparaliżowana po rewizji białoruskich służb. Agencja będzie kontynuować pracę z zagranicy|url=https://tvn24.pl/swiat/bialorus-bielapan-po-rewizji-sluzb-bedzie-kontynuowac-prace-z-zagranicy-st5197981|accessdate=4 March 2026|work=[[TVN24]]|language=pl}}&lt;/ref&gt; Na 19 Ọgọst, a nabatara Leushyna na ndị ọrụ BelaPAN ndị ọzọ ejidere dị ka ndị mkpọrọ ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị na nkwupụta nkwonkwo nke otu 10 na-ahụ maka ikike mmadụ, gụnyere Viasna, Belarusian Association of Journalists, Belarusian Helsinki Committee, Belarusian PEN Centre, na Pravavaya initsyyatyva. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|date=19 August 2021|title=Заява аб прызнанні трох супрацоўнікаў &quot;БелаПАН&quot; палітычнымі зняволенымі|url=https://spring96.org/be/news/104721|accessdate=4 March 2026|work=[[Viasna]]|language=be}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|date=19 August 2021|title=Зняволеныя супрацоўнікі «БелаПАН» прызнаныя палітвязнямі|url=https://novychas.by/hramadstva/znjavolenyja-supracouniki-belapan-pryznanyja-palit|accessdate=4 March 2026|work=[[Novy Chas]]|language=be}}&lt;/ref&gt;

N'ime ọnwa Nọvemba  n'afọ 2021, ndị KGB nke Belarus kpọrọ BelaPan dị ka òtù na-emebiga ihe ókè. Ikpe Leushyna malitere na 6 June n'afọ 2022, na ebubo ndị a na-ebo ya dị ka &quot;ịtọlite ma hazie otu ndị na-emebiga ihe ókè&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|date=6 June 2022|title=Суд па справе &quot;БелаПАН&quot;: у чым абвінавачваюць чатырох палітвязняў|url=https://spring96.org/be/news/107948|accessdate=4 March 2026|work=[[Viasna]]|language=be}}&lt;/ref&gt; N'abalị isii n'ọnwa Ọktoba n'afọ 2022, Ụlọikpe Mpaghara Minsk mara ya ikpe ịga mkpọrọ afọ anọ na ịkwụ ya ụgwọ 26, 500 BYN; Ụlọikpe Kasị Elu jụrụ mkpesa ndị ọzọ n'ụbọchị isii n'ọktoba n'afọ 2022 na ụbọchị isii n'enwetakwu n'afọ 2023 . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|date=6 January 2023|title=Вярхоўны суд пакінуў прысуды абвінавачаным па «справе БелаПАН»|url=https://novychas.online/hramadstva/vjarhouny-sud-pakinuu-prysudy-abvinavaczanym-pa-s|accessdate=4 March 2026|work=[[Novy Chas]]|language=be}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|date=6 October 2021|title=Białoruski sąd skazuje niezależnych dziennikarzy nawet na 14 lat więzienia|url=https://www.bankier.pl/wiadomosc/Bialoruski-sad-skazuje-niezaleznych-dziennikarzy-nawet-na-14-lat-wiezienia-8418628.html|accessdate=4 March 2026|work=Bankier|language=pl}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|date=6 October 2022|title=Białoruś: Dziennikarze niezależnej agencji informacyjnej z wyrokami od 4 do 14 lat więzienia|url=https://www.wnp.pl/rynki/rynki-zagraniczne/bialorus-dziennikarze-niezaleznej-agencji-informacyjnej-z-wyrokami-od-4-do-14-lat-wiezienia,630778.html|accessdate=4 March 2026|work=WNP|language=pl}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ministri nke Internal Affairs gbakwunyere Leushyna na ndepụta ya nke ụmụ amaala Belarus na-etinye aka n'ọrụ ndị na-emebiga ihe ókè.

Leushyna nọrọ afọ anọ n'ụlọ mkpọrọ ụmụ nwanyị dị na Gomel. A tọhapụrụ ya na Disemba 7 n'afọ 2024 mgbe ọ nọrọ afọ atọ, ọnwa atọ na izu atọ nke mkpọrọ ya. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|date=10 December 2024|title=BelaPAN editor-in-chief Iryna Leushyna released from prison|url=https://baj.media/en/belapan-editor-in-chief-iryna-leushyna-released-from-prison/|accessdate=4 March 2026|work=[[Belarusian Association of Journalists]]|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Edensibịa ==

[[Otú:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ]]
[[Otú:Articles with hCards]]</text>
      <sha1>td5spnb9z4b7kfvh3yp4ywoknz7g254</sha1>
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    <title>Uju Onwudiwe</title>
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        <id>24524</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Ekere na itugharị ihụakwụkwọ nke a &quot;[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1351549583|Uju Onwudiwe]]&quot;</comment>
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'''Uju Onwudiwe''', onye amara nke ọma dịka '''Igolo Njaba''', bụ onye ndọrọndọrọ ọchịchị Naijiria na onye otu ụlọ omeiwu Imo steeti. Ọ na-anọchi anya Njaba State Constituency na Owerri, [[Ọ̀hà Ímò|Imo State]] . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|author=Nation|first=The|date=2021-06-06|title=UJU ONWUDIWE: I never dreamt of going into politics|url=https://thenationonlineng.net/uju-onwudiwe-i-never-dreamt-of-going-into-politics/|accessdate=2026-04-12|work=The Nation Newspaper|language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ntọala agụmakwụkwọ ==
Uju Onwudiwe gụrụ akwụkwọ sekọndrị mbụ ya na Queen's College, Enugu. O mechara gụọ akwụkwọ na Akaụntụ na [[Enugu State University of Science and Technology|Mahadum Sayensị na Teknụzụ nke Enugu State]] (ESUT), ebe o nwetara nzere bachelọ nke Sayensị (B.Sc.). O nwetakwara nzere masta nke nchịkwa azụmaahịa (MBA) na [[University of Nigeria|Mahadum Naịjirịa]], Enugu Campus (UNEC). &lt;sup class=&quot;noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact&quot; style=&quot;white-space:nowrap;&quot;&gt;&amp;#x5B; ''[[wikipedia:Tinye edensibịa|&lt;span title=&quot;Wix is a free website builder, meaning this is a self-published, user-generated blog or fan site. (April 2026)&quot;&gt;achọrọ ntụaka&lt;/span&gt;]]'' &amp;#x5D;&lt;/sup&gt;

== Ọrụ ==
Uju Onwudiwe arụọla ọrụ dịka onye nchịkwa na ọkachamara n'ihe gbasara ego, nwee ahụmịhe n'òtù dịka Arab Contractors, Mefor Systems Inc., na Nnamdi Nwakwesi &amp; Co. 

Kemgbe e guzobere ya n'ụlọ omeiwu nke asatọ nke Imo State, o sonyekwala n'ọrụ iwu, gụnyere ịkwado ngagharịiwe na itinye aka na iwu ndị ahụ. Ọrụ ya lekwasịrị anya n'ihe ndị dị ka mbelata ịda ogbenye, mmepe akụ na ụba, na nchekwa ọha, ebe ọ na-anọchite anya ndị omeiwu ya. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|author=Okogba|first=Emmanuel|date=2017-01-17|title=How I survived attacks from Biafrans over grazing bill — Imo Lawmaker|url=https://www.vanguardngr.com/2017/01/survived-attacks-biafrans-grazing-bill-imo-lawmaker/|accessdate=2026-04-13|work=Vanguard News|language=en-GB}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Nkwanye ugwu na ihe nrite ==
Uju Onwudiwe anatala nkwanye ùgwù site n’aka òtù obodo na ụlọ ọrụ dị iche iche. Ụmụ nwanyị nọ na Njaba nyere ya aha Igolo (“ìhè na-enwu enwu”). &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|date=2021-03-15|title=Politics provides me platform for elaborate service to all – Onwudiwe|url=https://www.newsecho.com.ng/features/politics-provides-me-platform-for-elaborate-service-to-all-onwudiwe/|accessdate=2026-04-13|work=News Echo|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ntụaka ==

[[Otú:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ]]</text>
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      <comment>Ekere na itugharị ihụakwụkwọ nke a &quot;[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1337640986|Anarcha-feminism]]&quot;</comment>
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'''Anarcha-feminism''', nke a makwaara dị ka '''anarchist feminism''' ma ọ bụ '''anarcho-feminism''', bụ usoro nyocha nke na-ejikọta ụkpụrụ na nyocha ike nke [[Anarchism|ozizi anarchist]] na feminism . Ọ yiri [[Intersectionality|nkewa nke nwanyị na-agafe agafe]] . Anarcha-feminism na-ekwukarị na ọrụ nna ochie na okike ọdịnala dị ka ngosipụta nke ọkwa mmanye n'enweghị mmasị kwesịrị ka ejiri njikọ onwe onye nkewa dochie ya. Ndị Anarcha-feminists kwenyere na ọgụ megide nna ochie bụ akụkụ dị mkpa nke esemokwu klaasị na ọgụ anarchist megide steeti na kapitalizim . N'ikwu ya n'ụzọ dị mfe, nkà ihe ọmụma ahụ na-ahụ ọgụ anarchist dị ka akụkụ dị mkpa nke mgba nwanyị na nke ọzọ. Onye edemede anarcha-feminist nke Canada L. Susan Brown na-ekwu na &quot;dịka anarchism bụ nkà ihe ọmụma ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị nke na-emegide mmekọrịta niile nke ike, ọ bụ n'onwe ya ịbụ nwanyị&quot;. [ 1 ]

== Akụkọ ihe mere eme ==

=== Ihe ndabere ===
[[Anarchism|Ọchịchị Anarchism]] pụtara ìhè dịka ọchịchị n'oge a na-etinye aka n'usoro n'ime ka a [[Ịha nhatanha nwoke na nwanyị|ghara inwe ahaghị nhata n'etiti nwoke na nwanyị]], a na-ewepụkwa ụmụ nwanyị n'ọha na eze. Ndụ ha dị naanị n'ọrụ okike nke ndị nne na nwunye, n'ime usoro ezinụlọ nuklia . Karịsịa, a napụrụ ụmụ nwanyị nọ n'ọkwa ọrụ ma n'ọchịchị ma n'akụnụba, nke mere ka ha bịaruo nso na ọchịchị soshal midia na agha ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị . Ha malitere ịkpalite [[حقوق الإنجاب|ikike ịmụ nwa]] na ịhụnanya n'efu, nke mere ntọala maka echiche ụmụ nwanyị anarchist. [ 2 ]

Ndị mbụ kwadoro ọchịchị anarchism anaghị achọ itinye aka n'okwu gbasara ikike ụmụ nwanyị: Pierre-Joseph Proudhon kpọrọ asị n'ihu ọha maka arịrịọ ụmụ nwanyị gbasara nha nhata nwoke na nwanyị ma kwado ụkpụrụ ezinụlọ ọdịnala; [ 3 ] Peter Kropotkin chere na ebumnuche ụmụ nwanyị kwesịrị ịbụ nke a na-etinye n'okpuru mgba klas ; [ 4 ] Benjamin Tucker megidere arịrịọ nke &quot; [[Daidaiton Albashi Don Aikin Dai-Dai|ụgwọ nhata maka ọrụ nhata]] &quot;. [ 5 ] Ọ bụ naanị mgbe Mikhail Bakunin mere ka iwepụ [[Ịha nhatanha nwoke na nwanyị|enweghị nhata nwoke na nwanyị]] bụrụ otu n'ime ebumnuche nke International Alliance of Socialist Democracy ka ikike ụmụ nwanyị ghọrọ ihe kacha mkpa maka mmegharị anarchist. [ 6 ] Ndị Anarcho-communist nakweere nkatọ Friedrich Engels banyere ezinụlọ, nke kwuru na ọ bụ ya bụ isi ihe kpatara enweghị nhata nwoke na nwanyị na enweghị nhata akụ na ụba . [ 7 ] Nkatọ a na-emegide [[Ike (mmekọrịta na ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị)|ikike ọchịchị]] n'ime ụlọ ọrụ [[Agbamakwụkwọ|alụmdi na nwunye]] na ezinụlọ nuklia malitere ịdọta ọtụtụ ndị inyom na-achọ ọchịchị anarchism. [ 8 ] Mmekọ nke anarchism na feminism sochiri, ọ bụ ezie na a kpọghị ya nke ọma n'oge ahụ, mechara bụrụ ihe a maara dị ka anarcha-feminism. [ 9 ]

=== Ugboro nke mbụ (1880s-1940s) ===
[[Faịlụ:Soledad_Gustavo.jpg|thumb|Teresa Mañé, otu n'ime ndị mbụ kwadoro njikọ anarcha-feminist]]
N'afọ 1880, ndị na-akwado ndị Catalan bụ Teresa Mañé na Teresa Claramunt mepụtara usoro nke ndị anarchist feminism. [ 10 ] Ka ọ na-erule afọ 1890, ndị anarchist feminism agbasaala n'ụwa niile, nke ndị si Yuropu bịa na ndị si mba ọzọ bịa butere. [ 11 ] Ndị nta akụkọ anarchist malitere ibipụta nyocha nke ndị anarchist gbasara nha nhata nwoke na nwanyị na nkatọ gbasara alụmdi na nwunye, ezinụlọ nuklia na ịgba akwụna . Site na ''La Questione Sociale'' nke Errico Malatesta, akwụkwọ nta Teresa Mañé gbasara agụmakwụkwọ ụmụ nwanyị na [[Ịha nhatanha nwoke na nwanyị|enweghị nhata nwoke na nwanyị]] nwetara mbipụta sara mbara. [ 12 ] Ndị anarchist America Voltairine de Cleyre na Emma Goldman nabatara Feminism Anarchist ọzọ, [ 13 ] nke ikpeazụ n'ime ha wee bụrụ &quot;nne tọrọ ntọala&quot; nke anarcha-feminism. [ 14 ] [[Lucy Parsons]] guzobekwara Òtù Ndị Ọrụ Ụmụ Nwanyị na [[Chicago]] ma hụ na ụmụ nwanyị sonye na Ndị Ọrụ Ọrụ nke Ụwa dịka otu n'ime ndị guzobere ya. [ 15 ] Na England, onye na-akwado ọchịchị aka ike bụ Charlotte Wilson ghọrọ onye na-akwado &quot; [[Daidaiton Albashi Don Aikin Dai-Dai|ụgwọ ọrụ nhata maka ọrụ nhata]] &quot; ma kwalite agụmakwụkwọ ụmụ nwanyị. [ 16 ]

Ụmụ nwanyị Anarchist weere ọnọdụ dị mkpa n'ime bọọdụ nchịkọta akụkọ nke magazin (dịka Nne Ụwa ), n'ibipụta akwụkwọ, na dịka ndị ọkà okwu ọha. [ 17 ] Karịsịa, e kesara akwụkwọ ndị inyom, gụnyere ''Germinal'', ''El Oprimido'' na ''La Voz de la Mujer'', ebe ụmụ nwanyị anarchist na-agbachitere ụdị mgbanwe nke feminism. [ 18 ] Dịka ụzọ isi lụso Omenala Ezinụlọ ọgụ, nke kwadoro ihe onwunwe nke ezinụlọ nuklia, ụmụ nwanyị anarchist dị ka Charlotte Wilson meghere ụlọ ha n'ime &quot;ebe ọha na eze&quot; maka nzukọ ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị na nri obodo. [ 19 ] Ụmụ nwanyị anarchist sonyekwara n'ihe ike kpọmkwem, gụnyere mgbalị Vera Zasulich igbu onyeisi ndị uwe ojii Russia Fyodor Trepov ; ogbugbu Germaine Berton gburu onye ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị aka nri nke France bụ Marius Plateau ; [ 20 ] na atụmatụ Kanno Sugako igbu Eze Ukwu Meiji nke Japan. [ 21 ]

Mmalite nke ndị inyom anarchist kpalitere mmeghachi omume megide ụmụ nwanyị n'etiti ọtụtụ ndị ikom nọ na mmegharị ahụ anarchist, [ 22 ] bụ ndị weere ọgụ maka [[ikike ụmụ nwanyị]] dị ka ihe dị mkpa karịa ọgụ klas . [ 23 ] N'aka nke ya, ''La Voz de la Mujer'' katọrọ ndị ikom a dị ka &quot;ndị anarchist ụgha&quot; bụ ndị butere nnwere onwe ha ụzọ karịa nke ụmụ nwanyị. [ 24 ] N'akwụkwọ akụkọ ndị anarch-feminist nke China bụ́ ''Natural Justice'', He Zhen katọrọkwa ihe ọ hụrụ dị ka &quot;ọchịchọ ụmụ nwoke maka nnwere onwe n'aha nnwere onwe ụmụ nwanyị&quot;. [ 25 ] Ndị Anarch-feminists kwubiri na iro ụmụ nwoke megide ụmụ nwanyị gosiri na ha enweghị ntụkwasị obi na ebumnuche maka ikike ụmụ nwanyị, ma malite ịhazi mmegharị nke ha iji gboo mkpa nke ha. [ 26 ]

Ndị otu feminist nke mbụ guzobere otu ụmụ nwanyị dị ka otu dị larịị nke na-eji mkpebi nkwekọrịta eme ihe, na-egosipụta &quot;nghọta nnwere onwe na-enweghị isi&quot;. [ 27 ] E guzobere otu ụmụ nwanyị Anarchist n'ofe United States, nke bụkarị site n'aka ụmụ nwanyị si mba ọzọ si Itali, na ebumnuche nke ịchụso &quot;nnwere onwe ụmụ nwanyị&quot; site na enyemaka ibe ha na nhazi onwe onye . [ 28 ] Na Paterson, New Jersey, ''Gruppo Emancipazione della Donna'' guzobere klọb egwu ụmụ nwanyị, ma kpọsaa ọrụ nke feminism anarchist nke jikọtara ọgụ megide patria na ọgụ megide ''patria'' . [ 29 ] N'adịghị ka ndị anarchist nke Itali, ndị anarchist ndị Juu anaghị etolite otu ụmụ nwanyị kpọmkwem, ndị anarchist nke akwụkwọ akụkọ ''Fraye Arbeter Shtime'' na-ekwupụta na ha niile bụ ndị feminist. [ 30 ]
[[Faịlụ:Lucía_Sánchez_Saornil_&amp;_Emma_Goldman.jpg|áká_ịkẹngạ|thumb|Lucía Sánchez Saornil zutere Emma Goldman, n'oge nleta nke ikpeazụ na mba Spen Republic na 1938]]
Otu n'ime otu ụmụ nwanyị libertarian kacha pụta ìhè bụ Mujeres Libres, otu ndị inyom anarchist nke zubere maka nnwere onwe ụmụ nwanyị site na &quot;ohu atọ&quot; ha site n'amaghị ama, mmegbu na ịkpa ókè. E hiwere ya n'oge mgbanwe Spanish nke 1936 site n'aka Lucía Sánchez Saornil, [[Mercedes Comaposada|Mercè Comaposada]] na Amparo Poch y Gascón, Mujeres Libres mejuputara mmemme agụmakwụkwọ ụmụ nwanyị nke kụziiri ụmụ nwanyị nkà teknụzụ na mmụba agụm akwụkwọ ụmụ nwanyị. [ 31 ] Sánchez Saornil n'onwe ya dere uri nke kpọrọ oku ka ụmụ nwanyị mee ihe megide mmegbu ha, nke dọtara Emma Goldman ịga Spain ma sonye n'ọrụ Mujeres Libres dị ka onye na-akwado ya. [ 32 ]

Mana echiche ụmụ nwanyị ndị anarchist nke oge ahụ, nke lekwasịrị anya karịa n'ịmepụta obere otu ndị na-eme ngagharị iwe karịa ịmepụta ngagharị iwe ọtụtụ mmadụ, enweghị atụmatụ ziri ezi maka iru ikike ụmụ nwanyị, yabụ obere ihe e mere n'ụzọ ahụ. [ 33 ] Na mmalite narị afọ nke 20, echiche ụmụ nwanyị ndị socialist ji nwayọọ nwayọọ dochie echiche ụmụ nwanyị ndị anarchist, nke were ụzọ mgbanwe iji nweta [[Nnyocha ụmụ nwanyị|ntuli aka ụmụ nwanyị]] . [ 34 ] Ka ọ na-erule oge a, Charlotte Wilson hapụrụ ngagharị iwe ndị anarchist, na-etinye aka na nkwado ntuli aka ụmụ nwanyị ma mesịa sonye na otu Independent Labour Party . [ 35 ] Nkatọ ndị anarchist ndị feminist banyere ezinụlọ na ọchịchị aka ike malitere ịla n'iyi, mana a gbanwere ya mgbe usoro mgbanwe nke echiche ụmụ nwanyị pụtara. [ 34 ]

=== Ebili nke abụọ (1960-1980s) ===
[[Faịlụ:JoFreeman-09-26-06_crop.JPG|áká_ịkẹngạ|thumb|Jo Freeman, onye edemede ya nke afọ 1972 bụ The Tyranny of Structurelessness nwere mmetụta dị ukwuu n'oge nke abụọ nke anarcha-feminism]]
Ka ọ na-erule ngwụcha afọ 1960, echiche ụmụ nwanyị nke abụọ apụtala site na New Left, dịka akụkụ nke nnukwu ngagharị iwe megide mmegbu nke gụnyere mmegharị ikike obodo ma mechie ya na ngagharị iwe nke 1968. [ 36 ] Site na echiche ụmụ nwanyị nke socialist, echiche ụmụ nwanyị nke abụọ a chọrọ ịgba ume ịdị n'otu n'etiti ụmụ nwanyị, na-eme ka ha dị n'otu &quot; sisterhood &quot; dabere na ahụmịhe ha na-ekerịta. [ 37 ] N'oge a, ndị feminist chọtara ọrụ nke ndị feminist nke mbụ dịka Emma Goldman, n'oge na-adịghịkwa anya, mmegharị nnwere onwe ụmụ nwanyị malitere ịgbanwe mmegharị ndị anarchist. [ 38 ] Ọtụtụ ndị feminist nke abụọ bịara were anarchism dị ka &quot;ngosipụta nke feminism nke na-agbanwe agbanwe n'ụzọ ezi uche dị na ya&quot;, n'ihi njikọ ya na mgba maka nnwere onwe nke onye ọ bụla na nke maka nha anya ọha . [ 39 ] Peggy Kornegger kwuru na ndị feminist abụrụla &quot;ndị anarchist na-amaghị ihe n'ozizi na omume&quot; ma bụrụ naanị ndị na-akwado &quot;ịme ihe anarchism na-ekwusa&quot;. [ 40 ]

Gburugburu ebe obibi nke ịkpa ókè agbụrụ n'ọtụtụ akụkụ nke New Left nyere mkpali maka ntọala nke otu ụmụ nwanyị dịka akụkụ nke atụmatụ nkewapụ nke ndị inyom, nke dugara na ịmepụta ma nabata okwu ahụ bụ &quot;anarcha-feminist&quot; site n'aka ụmụ nwanyị anarchist. [ 41 ] Ndị inyom anarchist nke abụọ mepụtara otu njikọ nke ha dịka ụkpụrụ mmekorita, nkewapụ na nke gọọmentị etiti si dị, dị ka ihe ọzọ maka ma òtù ndị nna ochie na nke na-enweghị nhazi. [ 40 ] Mkpali nke anarcha-feminist iji tụlee ụdị nhazi ndị a bụ nke Jo Freeman dere na 1972 bụ ''The Tyranny of Structurelessness'', nke gbara ume ka e nwee usoro nha nhata n'ime mmegharị ahụ. [ 42 ]

E jikwa ngagharị iwe nke abụọ nke ndị anarchist feminism mara ya dịka ndị agha na-emekarị ihe ike, dịka egosiri na SCUM Manifesto . [ 43 ] Ndị Anarcha-feminist dịka Ann Hansen sonyere na mwakpo bọmbụ nke otu ndị agha obodo Direct Action, nke lekwasịrị anya n'ụlọ ọrụ ndị na-emepụta akụkụ maka ngwa agha na ụlọ ahịa vidiyo a na-ere nke na-ekesa ihe nkiri snap na ihe ndị na-akpali agụụ mmekọahụ ụmụaka . [ 20 ]

Ka ọ na-erule afọ 1980, agha mmekọahụ nke ndị inyom emeela ka e nwee nkewa n'ime echiche ụmụ nwanyị nke abụọ, nke kewara n'ọtụtụ echiche dị iche iche, ebe ọtụtụ ndị bụbu ndị inyom banyere n'ọrụ agụmakwụkwọ . [ 44 ]

=== Ebili nke atọ (afọ 1990–2000) ===
[[Faịlụ:AnarchaFeminism.png|thumb|Nchịkọta nke ngagharị iwe nke ụmụ nwanyị]]
Mmalite nke mmegharị megide ụwa dum kpaliri mmepe nke ebili mmiri ọhụrụ, yana ntụgharị uche na ebili mmiri nke abụọ mbụ na mmetụta nke ebili mmiri nke nwanyị mgbe ọchịchị gasịrị nke dugara na njikọta nke ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị njirimara n'ime usoro nke ebili mmiri nke nwanyị anarchist. [ 43 ] Mmalite nke ebili mmiri nke atọ nke ebili mmiri nke anarcha-feminism wetara nlebara anya ọhụrụ na [[Intersectionality|njikọta]], ka ndị anarcha-feminists zukọtara ọnụ iji dozie okwu ndị na-ejikọta ọnụ nke ịda ogbenye, ịkpa ókè agbụrụ na [[حقوق الإنجاب|ikike ịmụ nwa]], n'etiti ọtụtụ ndị ọzọ. [ 45 ] Echiche mbụ nke nwanyị na-eme ihe gbasara &quot; Nwanyị Ọhụrụ &quot; sokwa na ntọala maka ebili mmiri nke atọ nke ebili mmiri nke anarcha-feminism, nke gbara ụmụ nwanyị ume ka ha na-eme nha anya kama ịchọ ya. [ 46 ] Na [[Bolivia]], [[Ụmụ nwanyị na-emepụta ihe|Mujeres Creando]] mere ihe ndị gbara ọchịchịrị na ọrụ okike ọdịnala aka. [ 47 ] Na United States, ndị anarcha-feminists n'ime ihe nkiri anarcho-punk kpaliri mmepe nke ọdịbendị Riot grrrl . [ 48 ]

Ka narị afọ nke 21 na-amalite, e nwere mgbalị siri ike iji tụgharịa uche n'ụzọ e si akọwa akụkọ ihe mere eme nke anarcha-feminist, na-etinye uru n'ụzọ mkpokọta, mepere emepe na nke na-abụghị nke usoro nhazi nke ịchịkọta na ịgbanwe ihe ọmụma. [ 49 ] Ndị otu dịka Dark Star Collective rụrụ ọrụ nyocha mkpokọta site n'aka ndị otu dịka Dark Star Collective, nke bipụtara na 2002 akwụkwọ akụkọ nke ọrụ anarcha-feminist nke akpọrọ ''Quiet Rumours'' . [ 50 ] Na 2010, onye ọkọ akụkọ ihe mere eme nke ndị inyom bụ Judy Greenway kọwara ụzọ ise dị iche iche nke akụkọ ihe mere eme nke anarcha-feminist: [ 51 ]

# &quot;Ụzọ mgbakwunye&quot;, nke gụnyere ihe ndị a na-eleghara anya na akụkọ ihe mere eme dị ugbu a;
# &quot;Emma Goldman Short-Circuit&quot;, nke lekwasịrị anya n'ihe Emma Goldman tinyere n'ọrụ karịa ihe ndị ọzọ niile;
# &quot;Usoro nsogbu ụmụ nwanyị&quot;, nke na-elekwasị anya karịsịa n'okwu gbasara mmekọahụ na ikike ịmụ nwa;
# &quot;Ụzọ itinye aka&quot;, nke lekwasịrị anya n'ọrụ ụmụ nwanyị na ihe omume akụkọ ihe mere eme ama ama;
# &quot;Ụzọ mgbanwe&quot;, nke na-eleba anya nke ọma na mkpochapụ ụmụ nwanyị na ọnọdụ pụrụ iche nke ụmụ nwoke n'akụkọ ihe mere eme nke nwoke na nwanyị.

[[Faịlụ:Anarcha-feminist_pin_-_2025.jpg|thumb|Otu mkpịsị aka anarchist na-eji okirikiri A na ihe nnọchianya nke anarcha-feminism (2025) ]]
Greenway kwubiri na akụkọ ihe mere eme zuru oke nke ndị na-eme ihe ike na ụmụ nwanyị kwesịrị ịgbagha echiche ndị na-emegide usoro n'ime akụkọ ihe mere eme kachasị, kama naanị itinye akụkụ akụkọ ihe mere eme ehichapụrụ ma ọ bụ ilekwasị anya gabiga ókè n'otu ma ọ bụ mmadụ abụọ. [ 51 ]

=== Ebili nke anọ (2012–ugbu a) ===
Usoro nke anọ nke usoro nke nwanyị pụtara site na mmepe nke usoro nke [[Postfeminism|nwanyị na-esochi nwanyị]] na- esochi nwanyị na-esochi ụmụ nwanyị na iji njikọ mmekọrịta mmadụ na ibe ya mara ya. [ 52 ] [ nke anọ nke usoro nke nwanyị na-esochi nwanyị na-esochi nwoke na nwanyị na-esochi ...

N'isiokwu nke afọ 2017, Chiara Bottici rụrụ ụka na anarcha-feminism abụghị isiokwu nke mkparịta ụka zuru oke n'arụmụka ọha na eze na n'ụlọ akwụkwọ, n'ihi na ọ bụ iro sara mbara megide anarcha kamakwa n'ihi nsogbu dị n'ịmata ọdịiche dị n'etiti omume nke anarcha-feminism na nkà ihe ọmụma sara mbara nke anarcha. [ 54 ] Bottici rụrụ ụka na ihe egwu nke mbelata akụ na ụba nke pụtara na Marxist feminism, nke a na-aghọta mmegbu ụmụ nwanyị naanị n'okwu akụ na ụba, &quot;abụwo ... ihe dị iche na anarcha-feminism mgbe niile&quot;; dịka ọ na-arụ ụka, anarcha-feminism ka mma karịa Marxism maka njikọ aka na feminism. [ 55 ]

== Ozizi ==
Echiche Anarcha-feminism nwere ụdị echiche dị iche iche, mana a na-ejikarị ụkpụrụ nke [[Nnwere Onwe|nnwere onwe]] ụmụ nwanyị, ịhụnanya n'efu na mmekọrịta mmadụ [[Intersectionality|na ibe ya mara ya]] . [ 56 ] Ndị Anarcha-feminists na-agba mbọ inye [[Nkwado ụmụ nwanyị|ụmụ nwanyị ike]] na ndụ mmekọrịta mmadụ na ibe ya na ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị, na-emegide ọchịchị kapitalisti na steeti dị ka ihe dị mkpa maka ịkpa ókè agbụrụ megide ụmụ nwanyị. [ 57 ]

=== Mmegide ọchịchị aka ike ===
Nkatọ ụmụnwaanyị nke Anarcha gbasaara n'ụkpụrụ ọdịnala nke ndị anarchist nke mgbochi ọnụ ọgụgụ mmadụ, ndị na-emegide ndị ụkọchukwu na ndị na-emegide ọchịchị aka ike, na-egosi ọrụ ha na ịkpa ókè agbụrụ dị ka [[Ịkpa oke nwoke na nwanyị|ịkpa ókè agbụrụ]], ịkpa ókè agbụrụ na ndị na-edina ụdị onwe . [ 58 ] N'edemede ya nke afọ 1895 nke akpọrọ ''Ịgba Ohu Mmekọahụ'', Voltairine de Cleyre kwuru na ịkpa ókè agbụrụ sitere n'aka ọchịchị aka ike nke ndị ụkọchukwu na steeti kwadoro. [ 59 ]

Ndị Anarcha-feminists na-ahụ ọchịchị nna na steeti dị ka ngosipụta abụọ nke otu usoro mmegbu ahụ, ma kwubie na mbibi nke ụdị ọchịchị nna niile ga-agụnye iwepụ ọchịchị. [ 39 ] Emma Goldman n'onwe ya mere [[Intersectionality|nyocha]] nke steeti ahụ nke hụrụ ya dị ka ngwa ọrụ nke mmegbu mmekọahụ, wee si otú a jụ atụmatụ mgbanwe . [ 60 ] N'ihi ya, ndị otu mbụ nke ndị na-akwado ikike ụmụ nwanyị na-akatọ oku maka [[Nnyocha ụmụ nwanyị|ntuli aka ụmụ nwanyị]], na-ewere ha dị ka ihe na-ezughị ezu iji nweta nha anya nwoke na nwanyị. [ 61 ] He Zhen nwere obi abụọ maka nha anya nwoke na nwanyị pere mpe nke a na-enweta na ọchịchị onye kwuo uche ya nke ọdịda anyanwụ, nke ọ kọwara dị ka &quot;nnwere onwe ụgha na nha anya aghụghọ&quot;, ọbụna na-akatọ mmegharị ntuli aka ụmụ nwanyị na ndị inyom na-akwado &quot;okwu efu nke nnwere onwe&quot;. [ 62 ]

=== Ịhụnanya efu ===
[[Faịlụ:Emma_Goldman_seated.jpg|thumb|Emma Goldman, onye na-akwado ụmụ nwanyị na-enweghị nchịkwa na onye na-ahụ maka Ịhụnanya n'efu]]
Ndị otu feminist nke Anarchist emepụtala ụzọ na-anaghị amanye mmadụ imekọrịta ihe, nke na-akwado uru nke nkwenye . [ 63 ] Ndị otu feminist nke Anarchist dịka Voltairine de Cleyre na Emma Goldman katọrọ alụmdi [[Agbamakwụkwọ|na nwunye]] nke ukwuu, ebe ha weere ya dị ka ihe na-akpagbu ụmụ nwanyị n'ihi enweghị nkwenye ya. [ 64 ]

Nkatọ ha mere banyere alụmdi na nwunye mere ka ha kwado ma na-eme ịhụnanya n'efu, nke ha kwenyere na ọ bụ ihe ngwọta maka nkewapụ ụmụ nwanyị na ọha mmadụ . [ 65 ] Site na ntọala ya na nkwenye enyere n'efu, ịhụnanya n'efu nyere ụmụ nwanyị ohere iji wughachi mmekọahụ ha n'ụzọ nke lekwasịrị anya n'ikike na nnwere onwe nke ha. [ 66 ] Emma Goldman n'onwe ya hụrụ mmekọahụ dị ka &quot;ike mmekọrịta dị mkpa&quot; nke nnwere onwe ikwu okwu, [ 60 ] O gbasaara nke a gaa n'ihu na-agbachitere ikike ndị nwoke idina nwoke, [ 67 ] nke mere ka ụfọdụ ndị ọkà mmụta chepụta echiche gbasara mmekọahụ ya. [ 68 ]

N'aka nke ọzọ, [[Lucy Parsons]] megidere ịhụnanya n'efu, onye katọrọ ya dị ka ihe na-adịghị mma na enweghị usoro ọchịchị na maka mmụba nke ihe egwu nke afọ ime na [[Sexually Transmitted Infection|ọrịa ndị a na-ebute site na mmekọahụ]], kama ọ na-arụ ụka maka ụdị &quot; otu nwanyị na-alụbeghị di ma ọ bụ nwunye&quot;. [ 15 ]

=== Intersectionality ===
[[Faịlụ:NLN_Roxanne_Dunbar_Ortiz_(cropped).jpg|áká_ịkẹngạ|thumb|Roxanne Dunbar-Ortiz, otu n'ime ndị ọsụ ụzọ nke intersectional anarcha-feminism n'oge afọ 1970]]
Site na mmalite nke anarcha-feminism dị ka ihe na-eme ugbu a, ndị otu feminist anarchist etinyela aka na mgba ndị ọzọ na-ejikọta nsogbu ụmụ nwanyị, na-esonye n'ọtụtụ mmegharị dị iche iche megide ịkpa ókè agbụrụ na imegide ọchịchị. [ 69 ] Roxanne Dunbar-Ortiz na otu ya bụ Cell 16 malitere usoro mmegide megide ịkpa ókè agbụrụ n'afọ 1970. [ 70 ]

Na 1976, nkwupụta nke [[Osimiri Combahee|Combahee River Collective]] mepụtara tọrọ ntọala maka mmepe nke [[Intersectionality|njikọ]] . [ 71 ] Kemgbe usoro nke atọ, njikọ ejikọtala otu n'ime echiche bụ isi nke anarchist feminism, nke ejirila ya dị ka ụzọ isi mepụta [[Feminist ethics|ụkpụrụ omume nke ndị inyom]] nke nhazi onwe onye megide ụdị mmegbu niile. [ 43 ] Otu dị iche iche n'ime netwọk ndị na-eme ihe ike Ọ dịghị onye iwu na-akwadoghị (NOII) etinyela aka na mmegide anarcha-feminism megide ịkpa ókè agbụrụ dịka akụkụ nke nkwado ha megide ókèala, nke sitere na nkatọ megide statistics nke ịkpa ókè agbụrụ na ịkpa ókè agbụrụ n'ime usoro mbata na ọpụpụ steeti. [ 72 ]

Site n'ihe gbasara post-structuralism, postcolonialism na critical view, Deric Shannon atụpụtala usoro ọgbara ọhụrụ nke anarcha-feminism nke na-emetụta nke ọ bụla n'ime echiche ndị a, na-ejikọta mmegide nke isi obodo na ọnọdụ zuru oke nke njikọta megide ụdị mmegbu niile. [ 73 ]

=== Ịdị n'otu nkeonwe ===
[[Faịlụ:Voltairine_de_Cleyre_(Age_35).jpg|thumb|Voltairine nke Cleyre, onye na-akwado nnwere onwe n'onwe yaỊdị n'otu]]
Anarcha-feminism nwere ụkpụrụ na &quot;onwe bụ ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị&quot;, na-emepe nkatọ nke ndụ kwa ụbọchị nke na-achọ imebi [[Ike (mmekọrịta na ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị)|ike mmekọrịta mmadụ na ibe ya na ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị]], n'ịchụso ọha mmadụ ebe onye ọ bụla nwere ikike na &quot;ndụ nke ha, ọ bụghị ndị ọzọ&quot;. [ 40 ] Ndị Anarcha-feminist weere ezinụlọ nuklia dị ka isi ihe kpatara [[Ịha nhatanha nwoke na nwanyị|enweghị nha anya nwoke na nwanyị]] niile; ya mere, enwere ike inweta nha anya naanị site na ịgbatị nnwere onwe onwe onye na nnwere onwe akụ na ụba nye ụmụ nwanyị. [ 74 ] Ọ bụ ezie na ndị anarcho-komunist dị ka Emma Goldman katọrọ ntọala nke ihe onwunwe nkeonwe nke ọma, Voltairine de Cleyre kwadoro ya dị ka ụzọ isi mee ka ụmụ nwanyị nwere onwe ha n'akụ na ụba. [ 75 ]

Ndị otu ndị na-akwado ikike ụmụ nwanyị dịka [[Itō Noe]] akwadola echiche nke &quot; Nwanyị Ọhụrụ &quot;, na-agba ụmụ nwanyị ume ka ha gosipụta onwe ha ma zụlite echiche nkeonwe. [ 76 ] Emma Goldman chepụtara maka mgbanwe nke na-eme n'ime uche nke onye ọ bụla, yana na ọha mmadụ. [ 74 ] Goldman kwadoro ka ụmụ nwanyị jiri nnwere onwe ha mee ihe site n'imeri &quot;ndị ọchịchị aka ike dị n'ime&quot; nke ha, ma ọ bụ echiche nke ndị ezinụlọ ha ma ọ bụ ụkpụrụ mmekọrịta ọha na eze ọdịnala. [ 68 ] Dịka Martha Hewitt si kwuo, echiche anarcha-feminist nke mgbanwe bụ &quot;dị ka usoro, ''mgbanwe'' nke echiche, mmetụta, na ọrụ mmekọrịta ọha na eze.&quot; [ 46 ]

N'akwụkwọ nke afọ 1993 bụ́ ''The Politics of Individualism'', onye na-eme ihe ike n'otu n'otu bụ́ L. Susan Brown mepụtara ihe ọ kpọrọ &quot;onwe onye dị adị&quot;, nke kwadoro [[Nnwere Onwe|nnwere onwe]] nke onye ọ bụla na mmekorita afọ ofufo. [ 27 ]

=== Ikike ọmụmụ nwa ===
N'ime ngwụcha narị afọ nke iri na itoolu, ụmụ nwanyị anarchist so n'ime ndị mbụ nabatara oku maka ikike ọmụmụ, dịka akụkụ nke ndị anarchist feminist na-emegide ezinụlọ nuklia. Ndị na-akwado ụmụ nwanyị anarchist ekesawo ozi gbasara na ihe onwunwe maka igbochi ọmụmụ, nke a tụbara ọtụtụ n'ime ha n'ụlọ mkpọrọ.[77] Mgbe ọ na-arụ ọrụ dị ka onye na-amụ nwa n'oge afọ 1890, Emma Goldman ghọrọ onye a ma ama na-akwado ikike ọmụmụ ụmụ nwanyị,  na-akpọ maka ikike ụmụ nwanyị ime Atụmatụ ezinụlọ na nkwado ihu ọha maka Margaret Sanger. [78][79] N'ụzọ dị iche, ndị ọzọ na-akwado ụmụ nwanyị dịka [[Itō Noe]] megidere ite ime site n'echiche mmadụ, ebe ọ kwenyere na ndụ malitere na ime ime.[80]

Nkwado ndị Anarchist maka igbochi afọ ime mụbara mgbe Agha Ụwa Mbụ gasịrị, ebe amachibidoro omume ahụ na mba dịka France na United States, nke ndị anarchist feminist katọrọ ụzọ isi nọgide na-amụba ọnụọgụgụ mmadụ iji lụọ agha. [ 81 ] Mmegide ndị anarchist feminist kpọmkwem maka igbochi afọ ime gara n'ihu ọbụlagodi mgbe enyere iwu ka e mee ka ime ahụ dị mfe, ebe otu &quot;ndị na-emegide ụmụ nwanyị&quot; dịka Jane Collective nyere ụmụ nwanyị nri na nlekọta ahụike na-enweghị ohere ịnweta ụzọ nchekwa nke njikwa afọ ime. [ 82 ] Ndị anarchist feminist esonyekwala na mmegharị maka ikpe ziri ezi ọmụmụ, nke butere nnwere onwe anụ ahụ na mkpebi onwe onye nke ụmụ nwanyị agba. [ 83 ]

=== Ọrụ mmekọahụ ===
[[Faịlụ:Ito_Noe_2.jpg|áká_ịkẹngạ|thumb|[[Itō Noe]], onye na-akwado Ikike ndị ọrụ mmekọahụ]]
Ndị Anarcha-feminists anọwo na-ebute ụzọ n'ịkwado ikike ndị ọrụ mmekọahụ kemgbe ngwụcha narị afọ nke 19, mgbe ụmụ nwanyị anarchist na Germany na France na-eme mkpọsa maka iwepụ ọrụ mmekọahụ n'ụzọ iwu na-akwadoghị. Louise Michel boro ebubo na ọchịchị ego bụ ihe kpatara ọnọdụ akụ na ụba nke kpaliri ụmụ nwanyị ịga n'ọrụ mmekọahụ, nke o kwuru na enwere ike iwepụ naanị site na mgbanwe mmekọrịta mmadụ na ibe ya. [ 84 ] [[Itō Noe]] kwukwara na isi ihe kpatara ụmụ nwanyị ji amalite ọrụ mmekọahụ bụ ịda ogbenye, na kama ịgba mbọ ka a kwụsị ọrụ mmekọahụ, ndị mmadụ kwesịrị idozi ihe kpatara ịda ogbenye. [ 85 ] Emma Goldman katọkwara ndị na-akwụsị ọrụ mmekọahụ n'ihu ọha maka iji usoro iwu ụmụ nwoke mee mpụ megide ụmụ nwanyị, nke o kwenyere na ọ bụ ụdị ịkpa ókè agbụrụ . [ 84 ]

N'ịgbaso usoro nke abụọ nke ụmụ nwanyị, ndị na-ahụ maka mmekọahụ bụ ndị na-akwado ụmụ nwanyị na-eme ihe ike na-arụ ọrụ mmekọahụ. Grisélidis Réal haziri ndị ọrụ mmekọahụ ma mee usoro ihe maka ikike ndị ọrụ mmekọahụ, na-aga n'ihu iji guzobe ebe nchekwa maka akụkọ ihe mere eme nke ọrụ mmekọahụ. Ndị ọrụ mmekọahụ na-emebi iwu na Canada sokwa na mkpọsa nkwado, nke mechara jiri nkwupụta nke &quot;Ụbọchị Mba Nile Iji kwụsị Ime Ihe Ike megide Ndị Ọrụ Mmekọahụ&quot;.[86]{{Clear}}

== Hụkwa ==
 {{cols|colwidth=20em}}
* [[Anarchism and issues related to love and sex]]
* [[Ecofeminism]]
* [[Feminist economics]]
* [[Feminist political ecology]]
* [[Feminist political theory]]
* ''[[Free Society]]''
* [[Issues in anarchism]]
* [[Queer anarchism]]
* [[Relationship anarchy]]
* ''[[Seitō (magazine)|Seitō]]'' – Japanese feminist magazine also known as ''Bluestocking''
* [[Women's health]]
* [[Women in the EZLN]]
{{colend}}
[[Otú:Pages with unreviewed translations]]</text>
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      <comment>Ekere na itugharị ihụakwụkwọ nke a &quot;[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1352112539|Donna Pollach]]&quot;</comment>
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      <text bytes="4810" sha1="rkkmh26z02ozomomkcuelcxax61t3fb" xml:space="preserve">&lt;templatestyles src=&quot;Module:Message box/ambox.css&quot;&gt;&lt;/templatestyles&gt;'''Donna Pollach''' (1949 – Ọktoba 7, 2002) bụ onye America na-ese foto, onye na-akwado ikike mmadụ, na onye nkuzi a maara maka idekọ obodo ndị inyom nwanyị nwere mmasị nwanyị na Portland, Oregon, site na mmalite afọ 1970 ruo na mmalite afọ 2000. Foto ya na-enye ihe ndekọ dị mkpa nke ndụ nwanyị nwere mmasị nwanyị, ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị, na netwọk obodo na Pacific Northwest n'oge ngwụcha narị afọ nke iri abụọ.

Ọrụ ya gụnyere foto, foto ihe nkiri nke ngagharị iwe na nhazi ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị, yana onyonyo nke ndụ obodo kwa ụbọchị n'ime netwọk mmekọrịta nwanyị na nwanyị nwere mmasị nwanyị.

== Mmalite ndụ na agụmakwụkwọ ==
A mụrụ Pollach na Boston, Massachusetts, ma tolite na [[Los Angeles|Los Angeles, California]] na ejima ya bụ Karen. N'afọ 1969 ọ lụrụ Cameron Suttles wee kwaga Portland, Oregon, ebe ọ gara Mahadum Steeti Portland. Mgbe ọ na-agụ akwụkwọ n'ebe ahụ, ọ banyere na ngagharị nnwere onwe ụmụ nwanyị na-apụta ma sonyere na mmepe nke mmemme Ọmụmụ Ụmụ Nwanyị nke mahadum ahụ.&lt;ref name=&quot;archiveswest&quot; /&gt;

Pollach mechara malite ịrụ ọrụ na obodo ndị na-akwado ikike ụmụnwaanyị na ụmụnwaanyị nwanyị na Portland, nke ghọrọ isi ihe dị mkpa n'ọrụ foto ya.

== Ọrụ ==
Malite na mbido afọ 1970, Pollach sere foto n'obodo ndị na-akwado ụmụ nwanyị na ụmụ nwanyị ibe ha na Portland. Ọrụ ya dekọrọ ọtụtụ ihe omume mmekọrịta mmadụ na ibe ya na ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị, gụnyere nzukọ nnwere onwe ụmụ nwanyị, ngagharị iwe mpako, ngagharị iwe megide agha, na ngagharị iwe na-emegide nuklia.

Na mgbakwunye na idekọ ihe gbasara ngagharị iwe, Pollach sere foto ndụ kwa ụbọchị nke ndị otu ndị nwanyị ibe ha, gụnyere ọbụbụenyi, mmekọrịta, ezinụlọ, na nnọkọ mmekọrịta. Foto ndị a nyere ihe ndekọ anya nke nhazi obodo ndị nwanyị ibe ha n'oge mgbanwe mmekọrịta ọha na eze na ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị dị ukwuu na United States.

Pollach mekwara foto na foto nkwalite maka ndị na-ese ihe, ndị egwu, na ndị na-eme ihe nkiri na obodo ihe nkiri Portland 

== Isiokwu na ụdị ==
Foto Pollach jikọtara omenala akwụkwọ akụkọ na eserese. Ọtụtụ n'ime ọrụ ya lekwasịrị anya n'ịkọpụta ahụmịhe kwa ụbọchị nke obodo ndị inyom nwere mmasị nwanyị karịa onyonyo a na-eme n'usoro ma ọ bụ nke azụmahịa.

Foto ya na-egosikarị isiokwu obodo, ngagharị iwe, ezinụlọ ahọpụtara, na nkọwa ndị na-agbanwe agbanwe nke mmekọrịta na ịbụ nne n'ime obodo ndị nwere mmasị nwoke na nwanyị. 

Ọtụtụ n'ime foto ya na-egosi ndị enyi na ndị obodo nọ n'ime obodo ma ọ bụ n'ime ezinụlọ, na-egosipụta njikọ mmekọrịta chiri anya nke e ji mara obodo ndị inyom nwere mmasị nwanyị na Portland na ngwụcha narị afọ nke iri abụọ.

== Ihe ngosi ==
Ọrụ Pollach egosila na Oregon Historical Society Museum na Portland. E gosipụtara nnukwu ihe ngosi nke foto ya, We Were All Living a Dream: Reflections on Twentieth-Century Lesbian Feminism through the Photography of Donna Pollach, site na Eprel 4 n'afọ 2025, ruo Machị 29 n'afọ 2026. 

Ihe ngosi ahụ gosipụtara foto ndị na-edekọ nhazi ụmụ nwanyị, njem mpako, ngosipụta ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị, na ndụ kwa ụbọchị n'ime obodo ụmụ nwanyị Portland site na mmalite afọ 1970 ruo mmalite narị afọ nke iri abụọ na otu.

== Ebe nchekwa na ihe nketa ==
E chekwara ebe nchekwa foto Pollach n'ọbá akwụkwọ nyocha Oregon Historical Society . Nchịkọta ahụ nwere ihe dị ka mbipụta foto 1,450, ihe fọrọ nke nta ka ọ bụrụ 2,000 ihe na-adịghị mma, ọtụtụ narị mpempe akwụkwọ kọntaktị, ihe ngosi slide, na ihe onyonyo ọdịyo na-egosi obodo ndị nwanyị na-edina nwanyị na ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị n'etiti afọ 1970 n'afọ 2002. 

Ihe ncheta ahụ gụnyere foto, foto nke ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị, na foto nke ndụ ọdịbendị n'ime obodo ụmụ nwanyị na ụmụ nwanyị Portland.

Ndị ọkọ akụkọ ihe mere eme achọpụtala na nchịkọta ahụ dị ka ihe dị mkpa maka ọmụmụ ihe gbasara mmegharị ndị inyom nwanyị nwere mmasị nwanyị, akụkọ ihe mere eme LGBTQ, na ndụ obodo na Pacific Northwest n'oge ngwụcha narị afọ nke iri abụọ. 

== Mbipụta ==

* ''Foto nke Donna Pollach''. Nke Sue St. Michael dezigharịrị. [Ihe e dere n'ala ala peeji]

== Edensibịa ==

[[Otú:Pages with unreviewed translations]]</text>
      <sha1>rkkmh26z02ozomomkcuelcxax61t3fb</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>631898</id>
      <parentid>631897</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-05-04T10:58:01Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Bigcee007</username>
        <id>24507</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Ekere na itugharị ihụakwụkwọ nke a &quot;[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1352112539|Donna Pollach]]&quot;</comment>
      <origin>631898</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="4821" sha1="sy4x8frhla4s2sr2x23edcaa0nk6ykr" xml:space="preserve">&lt;templatestyles src=&quot;Module:Message box/ambox.css&quot;&gt;&lt;/templatestyles&gt;'''Donna Pollach''' (1949 – Ọktoba 7, 2002) bụ onye America na-ese foto, onye na-akwado ikike mmadụ, na onye nkuzi a maara maka idekọ obodo ndị inyom nwanyị nwere mmasị nwanyị na Portland, Oregon, site na mmalite afọ 1970 ruo na mmalite afọ 2000. Foto ya na-enye ihe ndekọ dị mkpa nke ndụ nwanyị nwere mmasị nwanyị, ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị, na netwọk obodo na Pacific Northwest n'oge ngwụcha narị afọ nke iri abụọ.

Ọrụ ya gụnyere foto, foto ihe nkiri nke ngagharị iwe na nhazi ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị, yana onyonyo nke ndụ obodo kwa ụbọchị n'ime netwọk mmekọrịta nwanyị na nwanyị nwere mmasị nwanyị.

== Mmalite ndụ na agụmakwụkwọ ==
A mụrụ Pollach na Boston, Massachusetts, ma tolite na [[Los Angeles|Los Angeles, California]] na ejima ya bụ Karen. N'afọ 1969 ọ lụrụ Cameron Suttles wee kwaga Portland, Oregon, ebe ọ gara Mahadum Steeti Portland. Mgbe ọ na-agụ akwụkwọ n'ebe ahụ, ọ banyere na ngagharị nnwere onwe ụmụ nwanyị na-apụta ma sonyere na mmepe nke mmemme Ọmụmụ Ụmụ Nwanyị nke mahadum ahụ.&lt;ref name=&quot;archiveswest&quot; /&gt;

Pollach mechara malite ịrụ ọrụ na obodo ndị na-akwado ikike ụmụnwaanyị na ụmụnwaanyị nwanyị na Portland, nke ghọrọ isi ihe dị mkpa n'ọrụ foto ya.

== Ọrụ ==
Malite na mbido afọ 1970, Pollach sere foto n'obodo ndị na-akwado ụmụ nwanyị na ụmụ nwanyị ibe ha na Portland. Ọrụ ya dekọrọ ọtụtụ ihe omume mmekọrịta mmadụ na ibe ya na ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị, gụnyere nzukọ nnwere onwe ụmụ nwanyị, ngagharị iwe mpako, ngagharị iwe megide agha, na ngagharị iwe na-emegide nuklia.

Na mgbakwunye na idekọ ihe gbasara ngagharị iwe, Pollach sere foto ndụ kwa ụbọchị nke ndị otu ndị nwanyị ibe ha, gụnyere ọbụbụenyi, mmekọrịta, ezinụlọ, na nnọkọ mmekọrịta. Foto ndị a nyere ihe ndekọ anya nke nhazi obodo ndị nwanyị ibe ha n'oge mgbanwe mmekọrịta ọha na eze na ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị dị ukwuu na United States.

Pollach mekwara foto na foto nkwalite maka ndị na-ese ihe, ndị egwu, na ndị na-eme ihe nkiri na obodo ihe nkiri Portland 

== Isiokwu na ụdị ==
Foto Pollach jikọtara omenala akwụkwọ akụkọ na eserese. Ọtụtụ n'ime ọrụ ya lekwasịrị anya n'ịkọpụta ahụmịhe kwa ụbọchị nke obodo ndị inyom nwere mmasị nwanyị karịa onyonyo a na-eme n'usoro ma ọ bụ nke azụmahịa.

Foto ya na-egosikarị isiokwu obodo, ngagharị iwe, ezinụlọ ahọpụtara, na nkọwa ndị na-agbanwe agbanwe nke mmekọrịta na ịbụ nne n'ime obodo ndị nwere mmasị nwoke na nwanyị. 

Ọtụtụ n'ime foto ya na-egosi ndị enyi na ndị obodo nọ n'ime obodo ma ọ bụ n'ime ezinụlọ, na-egosipụta njikọ mmekọrịta chiri anya nke e ji mara obodo ndị inyom nwere mmasị nwanyị na Portland na ngwụcha narị afọ nke iri abụọ.

== Ihe ngosi ==
Ọrụ Pollach egosila na Oregon Historical Society Museum na Portland. E gosipụtara nnukwu ihe ngosi nke foto ya, We Were All Living a Dream: Reflections on Twentieth-Century Lesbian Feminism through the Photography of Donna Pollach, site na Eprel 4 n'afọ 2025, ruo Machị 29 n'afọ 2026. 

Ihe ngosi ahụ gosipụtara foto ndị na-edekọ nhazi ụmụ nwanyị, njem mpako, ngosipụta ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị, na ndụ kwa ụbọchị n'ime obodo ụmụ nwanyị Portland site na mmalite afọ 1970 ruo mmalite narị afọ nke iri abụọ na otu.

== Ebe nchekwa na ihe nketa ==
E chekwara ebe nchekwa foto Pollach n'ọbá akwụkwọ nyocha Oregon Historical Society . Nchịkọta ahụ nwere ihe dị ka mbipụta foto 1,450, ihe fọrọ nke nta ka ọ bụrụ 2,000 ihe na-adịghị mma, ọtụtụ narị mpempe akwụkwọ kọntaktị, ihe ngosi slide, na ihe onyonyo ọdịyo na-egosi obodo ndị nwanyị na-edina nwanyị na ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị n'etiti afọ 1970 n'afọ 2002. 

Ihe ncheta ahụ gụnyere foto, foto nke ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị, na foto nke ndụ ọdịbendị n'ime obodo ụmụ nwanyị na ụmụ nwanyị Portland.

Ndị ọkọ akụkọ ihe mere eme achọpụtala na nchịkọta ahụ dị ka ihe dị mkpa maka ọmụmụ ihe gbasara mmegharị ndị inyom nwanyị nwere mmasị nwanyị, akụkọ ihe mere eme LGBTQ, na ndụ obodo na Pacific Northwest n'oge ngwụcha narị afọ nke iri abụọ. 

== Mbipụta ==

* ''Foto nke Donna Pollach''. Nke Sue St. Michael dezigharịrị. [Ihe e dere n'ala ala peeji]

== Edensibịa ==
{{Reflist}}
[[Otú:Pages with unreviewed translations]]</text>
      <sha1>sy4x8frhla4s2sr2x23edcaa0nk6ykr</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
</mediawiki>